Jain Dharma Darshan Ek Samikshatmak Parichay

Author(s): Mohanlal Mehta
Publisher: Mutha Chhaganlal Memorial Foundation Bangalore
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002139/1

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rAjasthAna evaM uttara pradeza kI sarakAroM dvArA puraskRta jaina dharma-darzana eka samIkSAtmaka paricaya DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA seTha u-mUthA chaganamala memoriyala phAuNDezana beMgalora - 560002 ain Education International _

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rAjasthAna evaM uttara pradeza kI sarakAroM dvArA puraskRta jaina dharma-darzana eka samIkSAtmaka paricaya DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA ema.e. (darzana va manovijJAna), pI-eca.DI., . zAstrAcArya, jaina-bauddha darzanazAstrI, Dip. jar. pUrva prAdhyApaka, jaina darzana, pUnA vizvavidyAlaya seTha-mUthA chaganamala memoriyala phAuNDezana 40, lakSmI kaoNmpleksa, ke. Ara. ror3a beMgalora - 560002

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prakAzaka: seTha-mUthA chaganamala memoriyala phAuNDezana 40, lakSmI kaoNmpleksa, ke. Ara. ror3a beMgalora - 560002 (c) sarvAdhikAra lekhakAdhIna mudraka : yoga eMTaraprAijeja 428, maMgalavAra peTha puNe - 411011 . prakAzana-varSa : san 1999 mUlya : 200 rupaye

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(san 1912 - 1981) svargIya zreSThivarya chaganamalajI mUthA kI puNyasmRti meM

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svargIya zreSTivarya chaganamalajI mUthA dakSiNa bhArata kA jana-jIvana rAjasthAna kI saMskRti evaM sabhyatA se otaprota evaM prabhAvita rahA hai / antima do zatAbdiyoM meM rAjasthAna ke kuzala vyApArI dakSiNa bhArata meM vyApArArtha Aye aura unhoMne apanI dUradarzitA, mitavyayitA, parizramazIlatA evaM vyApArika vicakSaNatA se arthopArjana hI nahIM kiyA apitu sthAnIya mAnavasamAja ke jIvana-vikAsa meM tana-mana-dhana se sakriya sahayoga dekara sabakA hArdika prema bhI prApta kiyaa| seTha zrI chaganamalajI mUlataH khAracI (mAravAr3a jaMkzana ke samIpa) ke nivAsI the / ve jetAraNa ke pAsa bardA grAma ke zreSThivarya dAnavIra zrI zaMbhUmalajI gaMgArAmajI mUthA ke yahA~ goda gaye the / zrI mUthAjI ke vyApArika pratiSThAna kI karnATaka tathA rAjasthAna ke aneka sthAnoM para zAkhAe~ calatI thIM / yaha pratiSThAna zrI zaMbhUmalajI gaMgArAmajI mUthA ke nAmase prasiddha evaM pratiSThita thA / prAmANikatA, dAnazIlatA evaM svadharmI-vatsalatA Adi guNa-garimA se isa pratiSThAna kI pratiSThA deza ke kone-kone meM nAmAMkita ho cukI thii| beMgalora ke azokanagara meM isa pratiSThAna kA vizAla kArobAra calatA thA / jaina samAja ke jyotirdhara AcArya zrI javAharalAlajI ke krAntadarzI jIvanopadeza se mUthA parivAra aura vizeSataH seTha zrI chaganamalajI mUthA bahuta prabhAvita the aura mahAtmA gAMdhI ke ahiMsA evaM anekAntamUlaka sarvodayI racanAtmaka kAryoM ko gatizIla banAne meM tana - mana - dhana se sakriya sahayoga dene meM apane jIvanako dhanya samajhate the| mahAtmA gAMdhI zrI mUthAjI kI rASTrIya bhAvanA dekhakara unake baMgale para bhI padhAre the taba unhoMne harijana koSa meM acchI dhanarAzi dekara gAMdhIjI kA abhinaMdana kiyA thA / zrI mUthAjI gAMdhI vicAradhArA ke anuyAyiyoM kI Arthika sthiti sudhArane meM bhI gupta Arthika yogadAna dete rahate the| rAjasthAna ke mukhyamaMtrI zrI mohanalAlajI sukhAr3iyA aura bhArata sarakArake zikSAmaMtrI zrI kAlalAlajI zrImAlI jaba kramazaH karnATaka ke rAjyapAla aura maisUra vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati ke rUpameM beMgalora meM padhAre taba ve donoM rAjasthAna ke sapUta zrI mUthAjI ko svajana-AtmIya samajhakara sarvaprathama unake

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baMgale para hI Thahare the aura donoM ne jaba zrI mUthAjI kI dAnavIratA ke saMbaMdha meM paricaya pAyA taba yahI kahA ki ye to rAjasthAna ke vartamAnakAlIna dAnavIra bhAmAzAha haiM / ukta donoM mahAnubhAvoM ne jaina zikSA samiti kI vighna-bAdhAoM ko dUra kara samiti ke zikSA kAryoM ko pragatizIla banAne meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA / . isI prakAra vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga ke adhyakSa, bhArata ke mahAn vijJAnavettA DaoN. daulatasiMhajI koThArI jaba beMgalora padhAre the taba ve mUthAjI ke baMgale para hI Thahare the aura unakA hArdika abhinaMdana zrI mUthAjI ne jaina zikSA samiti ke vizAla haoNla meM kiyA thA / DaoN. koThArI ne samiti kI jaina-vidyA aura rASTrabhASA hindI kI sevApravRtti dekhakara saMtoSa prakaTa kiyA thA aura sva. zrI surANAjI, zrI mUthAjI evaM zrI zarmAjI-isa tripuTI kI vidyA-sAdhanA kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI thii| niHsvArtha samAjasevaka, jaina saMskRti evaM rASTrabhASA hindI kI sevA kI dhunake pakke, cittaur3a-nivAsI, karmaTha sAmAjika kAryakartA paM. zrI jodharAjajI surANA evaM vidvadvareNya zikSAzAstrI zrI devadattajI zarmA-ina vidyApriya do sevakoM ne madrAsa meM zikSA pracAra kA kArya saphalatApUrvaka saMpanna kara jaba sarvaprathama beMgalora meM jaina-vidyA aura hindI-sevA kA kArya prAraMbha karane kA saMkalpa kiyA taba ina donoM ke saMkalpa kI pUrti ke sahAyaka bane udAracetA, zreSThivarya, zikSApremI zrI chaganamalajI mUthA / zrI surANAjI evaM zrI zarmAjI-ina yugala bandhuoM ne Aja se 51 varSa pUrva eka choTe se jJAnabIjakA AropaNa kiyA jo Aja vividha zikSA-zAkhAoM vAle eka vidyA-vaTavRkSa ke rUpameM aMkurita, pallavita, puSpita evaM phalAnvita huA hai aura usakI vizAla zItala chAyAmeM Aja taka hajAroM kI saMkhyA meM vidyArthiyoM ne vidyArjana kiyA hai aura apane jIvana ko yazasvI, tejasvI tathA ojasvI banAyA hai / beMgalora meM Aja bhI hindI zikSaNa saMgha evaM jaina zikSA samiti ke antargata vibhinna zikSaNa-saMsthAe~ cala rahI haiM aura rASTrIya saMsthAoM ke rUpa meM pragati ke patha para agrasara ho rahI haiM, yaha saMtoSa evaM gaurava kA viSaya hai / zrI mUthAjI svayaM zikSAzAstrI nahIM the lekina unake hRdaya meM rASTra, samAja

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(6) evaM dharma ke utthAna ke liye ciMtana, manana aura nididhyAsana kI jJAnadhArA bahatI rahatI thI / unhoMne zrI sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha meM samAjotthAna ke liye eka 'samAja yojanA' prastuta 'kI jo 'mUthA yojanA' ke nAma se pracalita huI / isa mUthA yojanA ko mUrta rUpa dene ke liye zrI mUthAjI ne to Arthika sahayoga diyA hI, jJAnapremI anya zreSThava ne bhI Arthika yogadAna dekara isa samAjopayogI yojanA ko saphala banAne meM koI kasara nahIM chodd'ii| AzA hai, yaha mUthA yojanA avazya samAjopayogI siddha hogI / zrI mUthAjI ke jIvanakAla meM unake nAma-nirdeza ke sAtha koI zikSApravRtti cAlU nahIM kI jA sakI kyoMki ve aisI pravRtti ko pasaMda nahIM karate the lekina unake maraNoparAnta zrI surANAjI ne unakI smRti meM mUthA granthAlaya kI sthApanA kI / isa granthAlaya meM zrI jaMbUkumArajI (dattaka putra zrI chaganamalajI mUthA) ne apane yahA~ jo jaina sAhitya vipula pramANa meM thA vaha isa granthAlaya ko samarpita kara diyaa| zrI surANAjI evaM zrI zarmAjI ne bhAratIya sAhitya - vaidika sAhitya, bauddha sAhitya evaM jaina sAhitya jo bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM evaM bhinna-bhinna viSayoM meM prakAzita thA, kharIdakara mUthA- granthAlaya ko karIba 6500 bahumUlya granthoM dvArA samRddha banAyA / bhAratake mUrdhanya vidvAn, padmabhUSaNa zrI dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne apanI amUlya durlabha sAhitya - saMpatti, jo karIba 5000 kI saMkhyA meM apanI nijI lAyabrerI meM saMgRhIta thI, mUthA - granthAlaya ko samarpita kara dI / sva. zrI chaganamalajI mUthA vAstava meM eka Adarza jaina the / unakA jIvana Adarza jaina ke guNoM se otaprota thA / koI bhI duHkhI bhAI- bahana sahAyatArtha unake pAsa Ate to unako sakriya sahayoga tathA Arthika sahAyatA denA ve apanA naitika kartavya samajhate the / koI bhI nirAza yA hatAza hokara nahIM jAtA thA / pratyeka duHkhI bhAI-bahana ko saccI salAha denA, mArgadarzana dekara unake kaSToM kA nivAraNa karanA ve apanA prAthamika kartavya samajhate the / ve dhanADhya hone ke sAtha hI guNADhya bhI the, tejasvI aura aparAbhUta arthAt kisI se DaranevAle nahIM the / apanI dAnavIratA, vatsalatA evaM kartavyaparAyaNatA ke kAraNa ve ajAtazatru aura sarvapriya samAjanetA the / zAMtilAla vanamAlI zeTha

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prakAzakIya prastuta grantha ke lekhaka pro. DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA antarrASTrIya khyAti ke jaina vidvAn haiM / inhoMne jainavidyA se sambaddha aneka viSayoM para mahattvapUrNa grantha likhe haiM / inake aMgrejI evaM hindI donoM bhASAoM ke grantha lokapriya siddha hue haiN| kucha grantha to tIna bAra prakAzita ho cuke haiN| inakA jaina darzana rAjasthAna evaM uttara pradeza kI sarakAroM dvArA san 1960 meM, jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga 3) uttara pradeza sarakAra dvArA san 1968 meM tathA jaina dharma-darzana (jaina darzana kA parivartita rUpa) uttara pradeza sarakAra dvArA san 1974 meM puraskRta huA hai| lA. da. bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda se prakAzita prAkRta propara nemsa inakI vizAla evaM viziSTa cirasthAyI kRti hai / DaoN. mehatA pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI ke saMsthApaka nidezaka evaM pUnA vizvavidyAlaya ke darzana vibhAga meM jaina darzana ke saMsthApaka prAdhyApaka raha cuke haiM / sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA se san 1959 meM prastuta pustaka kA prathama saMskaraNa (jaina darzana) prakAzita huA thA / isakA saMzodhita evaM saMvardhita dvitIya saMskaraNa (jaina dharma-darzana) pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI ne san 1973 meM prakAzita kiyA thA / vartamAna prakAzana isI kA saMzodhita evaM saMvardhita tRtIya saMskaraNa hai| isa saMskaraNa ke prakAzana kI anumati pradAna karane ke lie hama DaoN. mehatA ke hRdaya se AbhArI haiM / zrI mohanalAla khArIvAla, sI.e., eca. sI. khIMcA eNDa kampanI, 151, evenyU ror3a, beMgalora - 2, ke utsAha evaM ullAsapUrNa prayatna ke kAraNa hI yaha prakAzana saMbhava ho sakA hai / etadartha hama unakA hArdika AbhAra mAnate haiN| isa grantha ke prakAzana ke lie khIMcA eNDa khArIvAla ceriTebala TrasTa, beMgalora ne apanA yogadAna diyA etadartha phAuNDezana TrasTa kA vizeSa AbhArI hai / svargIya seTha zrI chaganamalajI mUthA kA paricaya prastuta karane ke lie zrI zAntilAla vanamAlI zeTha kA bahuta AbhAra mAnate haiN| pustaka ke svaccha evaM zuddha mudraNa ke lie yoga eMTaraprAijeja, puNe ke svatvAdhikArI DaoN. siddhezvara tagavAle ko hArdika dhanyavAda dete haiM /

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prAkkathana prastuta grantha meM bhAratIya dharma-darzana ke eka mahattvapUrNa aMga jaina dharmadarzana kA prAmANika paricaya diyA gayA hai / ise jaina dharma-darzana kA eka pratinidhi grantha kahA jAya to atyukti na hogI / vizvAsa hai ki hindI sAhitya meM isa kRti ko samucita sthAna prApta hogA tathA jaina dharma evaM darzana ke jJAnArjana meM yaha grantha ullekhanIya yogadAna karegA / isase pUrva prakAzita isake do saMskaraNa rAjasthAna evaM uttara pradeza kI sarakAroM dvArA puraskRta evaM sammAnita ho cuke haiN| prastuta pustaka sAta adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai / prathama adhyAya meM jaina paramparA kA aitihAsika paricaya diyA gayA hai / dvitIya adhyAya meM jaina dharma evaM darzana se sambaddha sAhitya kI saMkSipta rUparekhA hai / tRtIya adhyAya meM jaina darzanAbhimata tattvavyavasthA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / caturtha adhyAya meM jaina jJAnavAda evaM pramANazAstra kI mImAMsA kI gaI hai / paMcama adhyAya sApekSavAda arthAt syAdvAda - anekAntavAda se sambaddha hai / SaSTha adhyAya meM jaina karmasiddhAnta kA vistRta vivecana hai / saptama adhyAya meM jainAcAra arthAt zramaNAcAra tathA zrAvakAcAra kA saMkSipta paricaya diyA gayA hai / isa prakAra jaina dharma-darzana ke samasta mahattvapUrNa pahaluoM para prastuta pustaka meM paryApta prakAza DAlA gayA hai / yathAsthAna svatantra samIkSA bhI kI gaI hai / anta meM pariziSTa hai jisameM apane anyatra prakAzita jaina kalA evaM sthApatya, zramaNa-saMgha, hiMsA-ahiMsA kA jaina darzana, akalaMkadeva kI dArzanika kRtiyAM, hemacandrAcArya kI sAhitya-sAdhanA tathA mahAvIra brAhmaNa the, kSatriya nahIM - ina cha : mahattvapUrNa lekhoM kA samAveza hai / vizvAsa hai ki yaha grantha dharma-darzana ke jijJAsu pAThakoM, vidvajjanoM evaM vidyAlayoM, mahAvidyAlayoM tathA vizvavidyAlayoM ke vidyArthiyoM - sabake lie samAna rUpa se upayogI siddha hogaa| mohanalAla mehatA bI - 18, anagala pArka catuHzRMgI, puNe - 411016 25.8.1999

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1. jaina paramparA kA itihAsa - jainadharma pratimAvAda evaM digambaratva arhatoM ke anuyAyI - jaina saMskRti tathA drAvir3a saMskRti jainadharma tathA bauddhadharma pArzva kI aitihAsikatA neminAtha evaM anya tIrthaMkara mahAvIra sudharmA, jambU, bhadrabAhu aura sthUlabhadra samprati khAravela viSayAnukrama kAlakAcArya aura gardabhilla mathurA kA jaina - stUpa kumArapAla aura hemacandra digambara aura zvetAmbara 2. jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya Agama Agamika vyAkhyAe~ karmaprAbhRta aura kaSAyaprAbhRta dhavalA aura jayadhavalA Agamika prakaraNa tattvArthasUtra siddhasena samantabhadra mallavAdI siMhagaNi pAtrakezarI 3-20 om x 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 14 16 17 9 9 17 18 18 19 21-94 21 56 59 66 67 68 72 77 80 81 82

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(10) 95-245 96 akalaMka haribhadra vidyAnanda zAkaTAyana aura anantavIrya mANikyanandI, siddharSi aura abhayadeva prabhAcandra aura vAdirAja jinezvara, candraprabha aura anantavIrya vAdidevasUri hemacandra anya dArzanika yazovijaya tattvavicAra jaina dharma aura jaina darzana bhAratIya vicAra-pravAha kI do dhArAeM brAhmaNa saMskRti zramaNa saMskRti 'zramaNa' zabda kA artha jaina paramparA kA mahattva jaina dRSTi se loka sat kA svarUpa dravya aura paryAya bhedAbhedavAda dravya kA vargIkaraNa rUpI aura arUpI AtmA kA svataMtra astitva AtmA kA svarUpa jJAnopayoga darzanopayoga saMsArI AtmA 100 102 105 106 113 117 122 129 138 143 146 155 156 159 161 178 pudgala

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(11) aNu skandha pudgala kA kArya zabda bandha 183 192 197 198 199 saumya 200 200 200 9 90 0 0 0 0 0 200 sthaulya saMsthAna bheda tama chAyA Atapa udyota pudgala aura AtmA audArika zarIra vaikriya zarIra AhAraka zarIra taijasa zarIra kArmaNa zarIra 201 201 201 202 02 203 204 204 dharma 205 207 212 adharma AkAza addhAsamaya vizva kA svarUpa adholoka madhyaloka Urdhvaloka nArakI deva manuSya 219 226 228 230 233 234 236 240

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tIrthaMkara tiryaJca 4. jJAnamImAMsA AgamoM meM jJAnavAda matijJAna indriya mana avagraha IhA avAya dhAraNA zrutajJAna mati aura zruta avadhijJAna manaH na:paryayajJAna avadhi aura mana:paryaya kevalajJAna darzana aura jJAna AgamoM meM pramANacarcA tarkayuga meM jJAna aura pramANa jJAna kA prAmANya pramANa kA phala pramANa ke bheda pratyakSa parokSa 5. sApekSavAda (12) vibhajyavAda evaM anekAntavAda ekAntavAda aura anekAntavAda nityatA aura anityatA sAntatA aura anantatA 242 244 246-334 247 252 254 255 258 261 263 264 270 273 276 280 283 284 291 298 307 310 313 314 317 318 335-412 337 341 344 345

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352 353 356 358 359 365 374 382 394 395 396 398 399 (13) ekatA aura anekatA asti aura nAsti AgamoM meM syAdvAda anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI bhaMgoM kA AgamakAlIna rUpa saptabhaMgI doSa-parihAra nayavAda dravyArthika evaM paryAyArthika dRSTi dravyArthika evaM pradezArthika dRSTi * vyAvahArika tathA naizcayika dRSTi arthanaya aura zabdanaya naya ke bheda nayoM kA pArasparika sambandha karmasiddhAnta karmavAda aura icchA-svAtantrya karmavAda va anya vAda jaina siddhAnta kA mantavya karma kA astitva karma kA mUrtatva karma, AtmA aura zarIra Agama-sAhitya meM karmavAda karma kA svarUpa karmabandha kA kAraNa karmabandha kI prakriyA karma kA udaya aura kSaya karmaprakRti arthAt karmaphala karma kI sthiti karmaphala kI tIvatA-mandatA 400 411 413-503 414 0 416 424 425 427 428 429 442 458 459 460. 461 477 X/0/ national

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(14) 478 479 485 491 492 500 504-565 507 508 513 514 521 523 524 karma ke pradeza puNya aura pApa karma kI vividha avasthAeM karma aura punarjanma guNasthAna bandha aura mokSa AcArazAstra zramaNAcAra pAMca mahAvrata rAtribhojana-viramaNavrata chaH Avazyaka zramaNoM ke vibhinna prakAra vastramaryAdA sAmAcArI paMDitamaraNa zrAvakAcAra aNuvrata guNavata zikSAvrata saMlekhanA pratimAe~ grantha-sUcI anukramaNikA pariziSTa jaina kalA evaM sthApatya zramaNa-saMgha hiMsA-ahiMsA kA jaina darzana akalaMkadeva kI dArzanika kRtiyAM hemacandrAcArya kI sAhitya-sAdhanA mahAvIra brAhmaNa the, kSatriya nahIM 531 532 534 545 552 558 - 560 567 573 607-642 609 617 629 632 639

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jaina dharma-darzana

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jaina paramparA kA itihAsa bhAratIya saMskRti apanI vizeSatAoM ke lie prasiddha hai / isameM do dhArAeM pravAhita hotI haiM-zramaNa tathA brAhmaNa / brAhmaNa dhArA ke antargata vaidika, Arya athavA hindU paramparAeM AtI haiM tathA zramaNa dhArA meM jaina, bauddha aura isI taraha kI anya tApasI athavA yaugika paramparAeM samAviSTa haiN| brAhmaNa matAnuyAyI veda tathA vaidika sAhitya ko pramANabhUta mAnate haiN| jaitoM evaM bauddhoM ke apane-apane siddhAntagrantha haiM jinheM ve pramANarUpa aMgIkAra karate haiN| jainadharma : janadharma saMsAra ke prAcInatama dharmoM meM se eka hai| yaha bhArata kA eka ati prAcIna tathA svataMtra dharma hai| aisI dhAraNA bilkula hI galata hai ki isakA saMsthApana mahAvIra ke dvArA huaa| yahAM taka ki pArzvanAtha ko bhI isakA janmadAtA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / isI taraha yaha bhI kahanA sahI nahIM hai ki jainadharma kA janma vaidika dharma kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM huA hai| vAstava meM jainadharma pUrNataH eka svataMtra dharma hai| yaha eka prakAra se vaidika dharma se bhI purAnA hai / jaina saMskRti jo aba bhArata meM zramaNadhArA kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, apane niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM avaidika, anArya tathA abrAhmaNa hai| isakI apanI vizeSatAeM haiN| yaha smaraNAtIta kAla se isa bhArata bhUmi para apanA vikAsa evaM vistAra kara rahI hai| mohanajodar3o tathA har3appA kI sindhu-sabhyatA

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jaina dharma-darzana jaina saMskRti kI prAcInatA para paryApta prakAza DAlatI hai| isakA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki bhAratIya saMskRti kI donoM dhArAeM eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karatI rahI haiN| vAstava meM bhAratIya saMskRti eka milIjulI saMskRti hai jisake vikAsa meM isakI donoM hI dhArAoM-brAhmaNa aura dhamaNa-ne apanA-apanA yogadAna diyA hai / yaha satya hai ki donoM dhArAoM meM bahuta sI samAnatAeM haiM, kintu yaha bhI asatya nahIM hai ki donoM kI apanIapanI vizeSatAeM evaM vibhinnatAeM haiN| pratimAvAda evaM vigambaratva : ___ sindhu-sabhyatA kA samaya I0pUrva 3000 mAnA jAtA hai| yaha vaidika kAla meM pracalita Arya sabhyatA se bhinna hai| tulanA ke AdhAra para yaha pratIta hotA hai ki ina donoM sabhyatAoM meM tAdAtmya saMbaMdha nahIM thaa| vaidika dharma sAmAnyataH amUrtivAdI hai, parantu mohanajodar3o tathA har3appA meM mUrtivAda kI jhalaka spaSTa dIkhatI hai / mohanajodar3o ke gharoM meM vedikA kA abhAva dikhAI detA hai / sAtha hI vahAM para bahuta se nagna citra tathA nagna mUrtiyAM bhI milI haiM jinheM tapasvI yogiyoM ke citra athavA mUrtiyAM mAnA jA sakatA hai| mUrtivAda aura nagnatA jaina saMskRti kI pramukha vizeSatAeM haiN| mohanajodar3o kI nagna mUrtiyoM se yaha spaSTa iMgita hotA hai ki sindha-sabhyatA ke loga kevala yoga kI sAdhanA hI nahIM karate the apitu yogiyoM kI pratimAoM kI pUjA bhI karate the| vahAM mudrAoM para aMkita citroM meM baiThe hue devoM ke sAtha-sAtha khar3e hue devoM ke bhI citra haiM jo kAyotsarga avasthA ko pratibhAsita ___

Page #20
jaina paramparA kA itihAsa karate haiN| yaha avasthA vizeSataH jaina yoga athavA dhyAna kI avasthA hai| ahaMtoM ke anuyAyI : mahAvIra aura buddha se pahale bhI aise sampradAya the jinakI AsthA vedoM para nahIM thii| arhata tathA arhata-caitya ina donoM ke janma ke pahale bhI pAye jAte the| una arhatoM ke anuyAyI 'vrAtya' ke nAma se jAne jAte the| unhoMne gaNataMtra rAjya kI prathAapanAI huI thii| unake apane dharmasthAna, avaidika pUjana tathA dhArmika patha-pradarzaka the| ve ahiMsaka the tathA unakI prathAeM balivihIna thiiN| ye ve hI loga the jinake sAtha AryoM ko bhAratavarSa meM basane ke lakSya se jUjhanA par3A thaa| vaidika kAla meM kucha santa 'yati' kahalAte the| saMbhavata: ve yati avaidika mata ko mAnanevAle yAnI zramaNa samAja ke sadasya rahe hoNge| isake alAvA kucha nagna sAdhuoM ke bhI varNana milate haiM jinase kaThina saMnyAsasAdhanA kA anumAna hotA hai| aise loga jinhoMne tyAga ko pasanda kiyA aura sAMsArika sukhoM ko tilAMjali de dI, zramaNa samAja athavA avaidika samAja ke prabala stambha the| brAhmaNa mata isase kahIM bhinna thaa| usameM dIrghAyu, vIra santAna, dhana, zakti, khAdya evaM peya kI vipulatA tathA vipakSiyoM kI hAra kI kAmanA kI jAtI thii| ataeva aisA lagatA hai ki prArambha meM tyAga ke siddhAnta kA brAhmaNa athavA Arya samAja se saMbaMdha nahIM thaa| jaina saMskRti tathA drAvir3a saMskRti : jaina saMskRti tathA prAgvaidika drAvir3a saMskRti ke bIca aneka samAnatAeM pAI jAtI haiN| donoM hI sarala, spaSTa tathA nirAzA

Page #21
jaina dharma-darzana vAdI dRSTikoNavAlI saMskRtiyAM haiN| jainadharma nirAzAvAdIhai yAnI duniyA duHkhapUrNa hai, isameM vizvAsa karatA hai| vaidika AzAvAda meM isa taraha kI mAnyatA nahIM hai| jainadharma tathA drAvir3adharma donoM hI anIzvaravAda aura AtmA evaM bhautika padArthoM ke bIca ke dvandvavAda ko mAnate haiN| donoM hI punarjanma aura karmavAda ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana karate haiN| prArambha meM brAhmaNoM kI jAnakArI meM ye donoM siddhAnta the,aisA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ataH vidvAnoM kI aisI mAnyatA hai ki sindhu-sabhyatA ke loga drAvir3a the| mohanajodar3o-nivAsI drAvir3a the, unakI bhASA aura saMskRti bhI drAvir3a hI thii| jainadharma tathA bauddhadharma : jaina aura bauddha dharma zramaNa-saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| yadi bauddha aura jaina srotoM ke AdhAra para jainadharma kI prAcInatA ko AMkane kA prayAsa kiyA jAya to yaha spaSTa jJAta hogA ki jainadharma bauddhadharma se prAcIna hai / bauddhagranthoM ke 'nigaNTha nATaputte jainadharma ke antima tIrthakara mahAvIra hI haiN| unake nirvANa kA sthAna pAvA batAyA gayA hai| bauddhamatavAloM ne jainoM ko apanA pUrvasaMgaThita pratidvandvI mAnA hai| buddha ne satya kI khoja ke lie aneka prayoga kiye the para mahAvIra ke jIvana meM aisI bAta nahIM miltii| unhoMne purAne nigrantha dharma ko apanAyA aura usI kA upadeza diyaa| dIghanikAya ke sAmaJaphalasutta meM nirgrantha dharma ke caturyAma kA ullekha milatA hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki bauddha logoM ko jaina paramparA kI jAnakArI thii| bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUrva honevAle bhagavAn pArzva ne cAturyAma dharma kA upadeza diyA thaa|

Page #22
jaina paramparA kA itihAsa mahAvIra ne usI kA anugamana kiyA lekina usameM eka vrata bar3hAkara use paMcayAma-paMcavrata kA rUpa de diyA, yaha janoM ke uttarAdhyayana sUtra (a0 23) se spaSTa hotA hai| isa Agama grantha meM pArzva ke anuyAyI kezI tathA mahAvIra ke anuyAyI gautama ke bIca honevAle vArtAlApa kA bar3A hI rocaka varNana hai| isameM donoM hI pakSoM ke netAoM ne apane-apane dharmaguruoM ke siddhAntoM ko jAnA-pahacAnA hai / unhoMne caturyAma tathA paMcavrata kA vyAkhyAna kiyA hai aura yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki vAstava meM ye donoM (pArzva tathA mahAvIra ke) siddhAnta eka hI haiN| pAvaM kI aitihAsikatA : bhagavAn pArzva kI aitihAsikatA ko aba nirvirodha svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai| ve mahAvIra se 250 varSa pahale hue the| unakA janma vArANasI ke rAjA azvasena evaM rAnI vAmA ke putra ke rUpa meM huA thaa| 30 varSa kI avasthA meM ghara-bAra chor3akara unhoMne saMnyAsa liyA aura 83 dinoM taka lagAtAra tapasyA karate rhe| 84veM dina unheM sarvajJatA prApta huii| 70 varSa taka unhoMne upadeza diyA tathA 100 varSa kI avasthA meM unheM sammetazikhara para mokSa kI prApti huii| bhagavAn pArzva dvArA upadiSTa cAra vrata ye haiM-- hiMsA na karanA, jhUTha na bolanA, corI na karanA aura dhanasaMcaya na karanA / yadyapi inhIM meM brahmacarya vrata bhI antanihita hai tathApi pArzva aura mahAvIra ke bIca ke 250 varSoM meM AcAraviSayaka kamajoriyAM itanI adhika bar3ha gaI ki mahAvIra ko pUrvapratiSThita cAra vratoM meM brahmacarya vrata alaga se jor3anA pdd'aa| isa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIropadiSTa vratoM kI saMkhyA cAra ke sthAna para pAMca ho gii|

Page #23
jaina dharma-darzana neminAtha evaM anya tIrthaGkara : bhagavAna pArzva ke pahale honevAle neminAtha athavA ariSTanemi kRSNa ke cacere bhAI the| yadi kRSNa kI aitihAsikatA svIkAra kI jAtI hai to neminAtha ko bhI aitihAsika puruSa mAnanA cAhie / ve sauryapura ke andhakavRSNi ke pautra evaM samudravijaya ke putra the| dvArakA ke rAjA ugrasena kI suputrI rAjImatI ke sAtha kRSNa ne unakI zAdI ThIka kI thii| unheM raivata (giranAra) parvata para mukti prApta huI thii| aisI jaina paramparA hai ki meminAtha se pahale 21 tIrthaGkara aura hue the, jinameM RSabhadeva prathama the| una mahAn AtmAoM kI aitihAsikatA kI sthApanA koI AsAna kAma nahIM hai| mahAvIra : mahAvIra 24veM yAnI antima tIrthaGkara the| pAli granthoM ke anusAra ve buddha ke samasAmayika the para donoM kI kabhI bheTa nahIM huii| prArambha ke prAkRta granthoM meM buddha kA nAmollekha nahIM huA hai| isase mAlUma hotA hai ki mahAvIra aura unake anuyAyiyoM ne buddha ke vyaktitva ko vizeSa mahattva nahIM diyaa| lekina pAli-tripiTaka meM mahAvIra ko buddhakAlIna chaH tIrthaGkaroM meM se eka mAnA gayA hai| isase mAlUma hotA hai ki mahAvIra eka prabhAvazAlI puruSa evaM agragaNya zramaNa the| zvetAmbara jaina paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra vi0saM0 se 470 varSa pUrva mukta hue the aura digambara jaina paramparA ke anusAra unheM zaka saM0 se 605 varSa pUrva mukti prApta huI thii| ina donoM meM se kisI bhI gaNanA ke AdhAra para mahAvIra kA mukti-kAla I0 pUrva 527 AtA hai| cUMki unhoMne 72 varSa kI

Page #24
jaina paramparA kA itihAsa . avasthA meM nirvANa prApta kiyA ataH unakA janma-samaya I0pUrva 566 ke Asa-pAsa AtA hai| bauddha Agama-granthoM meM nATaputta (NAyaputta-jJAtaputra) evaM nigaMThoM (NiggaMthoM-nirgranthoM) arthAt mahAvIra evaM jainoM ke saMbaMdha meM bahuta se ullekha milate haiN| unameM nATaputta kI mRtyu pAvA meM usa samaya ullikhita hai jabaki buddha dharmopadeza meM lage hue the| hemacandra ke mata se mahAvIra ko candragupta ke rAjyAbhiSeka se 155 varSa pUrva mukti prApta huI thii| tadanusAra mahAvIra kA jIvana-kAla I0 pUrva 546 se 477 ke AsapAsa AtA hai arthAt unakI mRtyu buddha kI mRtyu se kucha bAda meM huii| kucha vidvAn isa mata kA samarthana karate haiN| ___ isameM koI zaka nahIM hai ki pArzva mahAvIra se 250 varSa pahale hue the| jaina AgamoM meM aisA ullekha hai ki mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA pArzva, jinakI mRtyu mahAvIra kI mRtyu (527 I0 pUrva) se 250 varSa pahale huI thI, ke anuyAyI the| cUMki pArzva kI Ayu 100 varSa kI thI ataH unakA samaya I0 pUrva 877777 AtA hai| mahAvIra kisI naye dharma ke pravartaka nahIM the apitu eka aise dharma ke saMzodhaka evaM ArAdhaka the jo bahuta pahale se calA A rahA thaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra (a0 23) se isa saMbaMdha meM kAphI acchI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| usameM isa prakAra ullekha hai : pAva-paramparA meM kezI nAma ke eka prasiddha AcArya the| ve eka bAra apane ziSyoM ke sAtha zrAvastI nagarI pahu~ce aura vahAM ke tinduka nAmaka udyAna meM tthhre|

Page #25
10 jaina dharma-darzana usI samaya mahAvIra ( vardhamAna) ke pramukha ziSya gautama indrabhUti bhI apanI ziSyamaMDalI ke sAtha zrAvastI pahuMce aura vahAM ke koSThaka nAmaka udyAna meM Thahare / donoM ke ziSya saMyama evaM tapa ko dhAraNa karanevAle the| unake mana meM isa prakAra vicAra utpanna hue : kyA hama logoM ke vrata - niyama sahI haiM yA ina logoM ke ? kyA hama logoM ke siddhAnta ThIka haiM yA ina logoM ke ? pArzva kA cAra vratoM vAlA dharma ThIka hai yA mahAvIra kA pA~ca vratoM vAlA ? kyA vaha niyama sahI hai jo sAdhuoM ke lie vastradhAraNa kA niSedha karatA hai athavA vaha jo muniyoM ko vastra dhAraNa karane kI anumati detA hai ? donoM kA eka hI uddezya hone para bhI yaha antara kyoM ? apane ziSyoM ke vicAroM ko jAnakara kezI tathA gautama donoM ne hI eka-dUsare se milane kA socaa| gautama tinduka udyAna meM gaye jahAM kezI ne unakA svAgata kiyaa| gautama kI anumati se kezI ne prazna upasthita kiyA- 'pArzva dvArA upadiSTa cAra vrata haiM tathA vardhamAna ne pAMca vratoM kA upadeza diyA hai / ye donoM prakAra ke niyama eka hI uddezya kI pUrti karate haiM, to Akhira donoM ke bIca antara hone kA kyA kAraNa hai ? kyA Apako isa viSaya meM koI saMzaya nahIM hai ?' gautama ne uttara diyA'prathama tIrthaMkara ke samaya ke sAdhu sarala para manda-buddhi the, antima tIrtha kara ke samaya ke muni manda buddhi hone ke sAtha-sAtha vakra bhI the tathA ina donoM ke bIca hone vAle sAdhu sarala aura samajhadAra the / ataH dharma kA do prakAra se pratipAdana kiyA gyaa|' isa uttara se kezI kI vaha zaMkA dUra ho gii| unhoMne

Page #26
jaina paramparA kA itihAsa 11 dUsarA prazna upasthita kiyA- 'vardhamAna ne vastradhAraNa kA niSedha kiyA hai lekina pArzva ne eka adhovastra tathA uparivastra dhAraNa karane kI anumati dI hai, ye donoM niyama eka hI uddezya kI pUrti ke liye banAye gaye haiM, to phira donoM meM antara kyoM ?" gautama ne uttara diyA- 'vibhinna bAhya cihnoM kA prayoga saMyamaviSayaka upayogitA tathAviziSTatA kI dRSTi se hotA hai parantu vAstava meM mokSa ke sAdhana to tIna hI haiM- samyak jJAna, samyak darzana tathA samyak cAritra / ' isa uttara se bhI kezI ko saMtoSa huA / taba unhoMne gautama se paMcavrata-dharma aMgIkAra kiyA / uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke isa varNana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki pArzva tathA mahAvIra ke anuyAyiyoM ke bIca pramukha do prakAra ke matabheda the - prathama kA saMbaMdha vratoM se thA aura dUsare kA vastroM se / pArzva ne cAra vratoM kA upadeza diyA thA parantu mahAvIra ne brahmacarya nAmaka pAMcavAM vrata usameM bar3hA diyA / pArzva ne sAdhuoM ko vastra dhAraNa karane ko anumati dI thI lekina mahAvIra ne vastra dhAraNa kA niSedha kiyA / astu, kezI aura unake ziSyoM ne vastratyAga ke binA hI paMcavrata grahaNa kiye aura isa taraha mahAvIra ke saMgha meM do prakAra ke muni huesacelaka arthAt jo vastra dhAraNa karate the aura acelaka arthAt jo vastra dhAraNa nahIM karate the / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma vaizAlI ke uttara bhAgAntargata kuNDapura (kuNDagrAma) ke kSatriya siddhArtha aura trizalA ke putra ke rUpa meM huA thaa| ve jJAtRvaMza ke the| unakA janma caitra zuklA trayodazI ke dina huA thA / jabase unhoMne trizalA ke garbha meM padA

Page #27
12 jaina dharma-darzana rpaNa kiyA taba se rAjya ke khajAne ke sone, cAMdI, javAharAta Adi kI vRddhi zurU ho gii| phalataH unakA nAma vardhamAna rakhA gyaa| vaise ve tIna nAmoM se prasiddha hue--vardhamAna, zramaNa aura mahAvIra / vardhamAna nAma unheM mAtA-pitA se milaa| logoM ne unheM zramaNa nAma se pukArA, kAraNa ve lagAtAra samabhAvapUrvaka sahaja sukha ke sAtha bahuta dinoM taka tapasyA meM lIna rahe / jaba unhone saba prakAra ke bhaya, saMgharSa, vipadAoM Adi para vijaya prApta kara lI to devatAoM ke dvArA unheM mahAvIra kI upAdhi milii| vardhamAna ne tIsa varSa taka gArhasthya jIvana vyatIta kiyaa| jaba unake mAtA-pitA svargavAsI ho gaye taba unhoMne apane zreSThajanoM kI svIkRti lekara apanI sArI sampatti sAlabhara taka garIboM ko bAMTI aura bAda meM ghara-bAra bhI tyAga diyA / do dina taka upavAsa karane ke bAda vardhamAna ne mAtra eka vastra dhAraNa karake candraprabhA nAmaka pAlakI para savAra hokara jJAtakhaNDa nAmaka udyAna kI ora prasthAna kiyaa| vahAM pahuMcakara ve pAlakI se utara gaye aura eka azoka vRkSa ke nikaTa apane sabhI AbhUSaNoM ko tyAga kara sira ke bAloM ko pA~ca muSTiyoM meM ukhAr3a kara pUrNataH anagAra arthAt gRhatyAgI bana gye| unhoMne sirpha eka sAla eka mAha taka eka vastra dhAraNa kiyA, usake bAda use bhI tyAga kara nagna bhramaNa karane lge| mahAvIra ne apanA dUsarA cAturmAsa--varSAvAsa rAjagRha ke upanagara nAlandA ke eka julAhe ke ghara vyatIta kiyaa| vahA~ gozAla nAmaka AjIvika unake pAsa pahucA aura apanA ziSya banA lene ke lie unase Agraha kiyaa| mahAvIra ne usake

Page #28
jaina paramparA kA itihAsa 13 Agraha para dhyAna nahIM diyA / varSAvAsa ke anta meM jaba unhoMne usa sthAna ko chor3a diyA taba gozAla ne unase phira prArthanA kii| isa bAra unhoMne use ziSyarUpa meM aMgIkAra kara liyA aura donoM eka lambI avadhi taka sAtha rahe / jaba donoM siddhArthapura meM Thahare hue the taba gozAla ne mahAvIra kI eka tila ke paudhe meM phala lagane kI bhaviSyavANI ko cunautI dete hue use ukhAr3a kara pheMka diyaa| saMyogavaza varSA huI jisase vaha paudhA phira harAbharA ho gayA aura usameM phala laga gaye / yaha dekhakara gozAla ne aisA ghoSita kiyA ki sabhI cIjeM pUrva nizcita haiM aura sabhI jIvoM meM punaH jIvita hone kI kSamatA hai / mahAvIra ne isa siddhAnta ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA / taba gozAla ne mahAvIra se apanA saMbaMdha viccheda kara liyA aura AjIvika nAmaka eka naye sampradAya ko janma diyA / mahAvIra ne pazcima baMgAla ke lAr3ha pradeza taka bhramaNa kiyaa| vahA~ para vajrabhUmi tathA zubhrabhUmi ke janArya kSetra meM unheM saba taraha kI yAtanAeM sahanI pdd'iiN| pratikUla jalavAyu, kAMTedAra jhAr3iyoM, viSaile jantuoM tathA una logoM ke kAraNa jo unake pIche kutte daur3A diyA karate the, mahAvIra ke sAmane bahuta-sI vipadAeM aaii| unhoMne apanA navAM cAturmAsa lAr3ha pradeza meM hI bitAyA / vibhinna bAdhAoM evaM ApadAoM ke hote hue bhI mahAvIra sthiracitta ho bAraha varSa taka kaThina tapasyA meM lIna rahe / terahaveM varSa kI vaizAkha zuklA dazamI ko jUM bhikagrAma ke bAhara RjupAlikA nadI ke uttara taTa para zyAmAka gRhastha ke kheta meM zAlavRkSa ke nIce usa mahAn tapasvI ko sarvajJatva kI prApti

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jaina dharma-darzana huI / taba unhoMne ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM dharmopadeza diyA aura caturvidha saMgha (sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka evaM zrAvikA) kI sthApanA kii| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane jIvana ke antima tIsa varSa sarvajJa ke rUpa meM vyatIta kiye / antima varSAvAsa pAvApurI meM kiyA aura vahIM para 72 varSa kI avasthA meM unheM kArtika kRSNA amAvasyA ke dina nirvANa prApta huaa| usa samaya vahAM para kAzI tathA kozala rAjya ke 18 rAjA, evaM mallakI aura lecchakI vaMza ke bhI aThAraha rAjA virAjamAna the| una logoM ne aisA socakara ki mRtyu ke sAtha hI AdhyAtmika jyoti vilupta ho gaI, dIpaka jalAkara bhautika jyoti prajvalita kii| ___ bhagavAn mahAvIra eka bRhatsaMgha ke adhiSThAtA the| usa saMgha meM 14000 sAdhu, 36000 sAdhviyAM, 156000 zrAvaka tathA 318000 zrAvikAeM thiiN| mahAvIra ke anuyAyI nimna prakAra ke the-mahAvratI sAdhu arthAt zramaNa, jaise indrabhUti Adi, mahAvratI sAdhviyAM arthAt zramaNiyAM, jaise-- candanA Adi, aNuvatI zrAvaka jaise- zaMkha Adi, aNuvratI zrAvikAeM, jaise- sulasA Adi, sAmAnya gRhastha puruSa, jaise-zreNika (bimbisAra), kuNika ( ajAtazatru ), pradyota, udAyana Adi, sAmAnya gRhasthI striyAM, jaise- celanA aadi| tIrtha kara ke tIrtha yA saMgha meM zramaNa, zramaNI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA, ina cAra prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kA hI samAveza hotA hai| sudharmA, jambU, bhadrabAhu aura sthUlabhadra : bhagavAn mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadharoM meM se kevala indrabhUti tathA sudharmA hI unaka nirvANoparAnta jIvita rhe| sudharmA

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jaina paramparA kA itihAsa ne mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 20 varSa bAda mukti prApta kii| gyAraha gaNadharoM meM sabase anta meM marane vAle ve hI the| jamba, jo antima sarvajJa the, unake ziSya the| jambU ne mahAvIranirvANa ke 64 varSa bAda mokSa prApta kiyaa| sudharmA ke bAda chaThI pIr3hI meM bhadrabAhu hue jinakA samaya tIsarI zatI I. pUrva hai| bhadrabAhu kI mRtyu mahAvIra-nirvANa ke 170 varSa bAda huii| ve antima zrutakevalI the| sthUlabhadra ko cAra pUrvo ke alAvA anya sabhI siddhAnta-granthoM kA jJAna thaa| unhoMne nepAlasthita bhadrabAhu se prathama dasa pUrva arthasahita aura antima cAra binA artha ke hI grahaNa kiye the / isa prakAra Agama granthoM kA kramaza: hrAsa hone lgaa| phira bhI bahuta se prAmANika mUla Agama-grantha abhI bhI surakSita haiN| lekina digambaroM kI aisI dhAraNA hai ki mUla Agama sabake saba lupta ho gye| jambU ke samaya taka digambara aura zvetAmbara paramparAoM meM dharmAcAryoM ke nAmAdi meM koI antara dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| ve donoM hI paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se upalabdha hote haiN| yadyapi bhadrabAhu ke jIvana se saMbaMdhita ghaTanAoM ke viSaya meM donoM meM vibhinna mAnyatAeM haiM, tathApi unheM donoM hI sampradAyoM meM samAna sthAna prApta hai| unake uttarAdhikArI ke nAma ke saMbaMdha meM bhI koI eka nivirodha mAnyatA nahIM hai| bIca ke AcAryoM ke nAmoM meM to kAphI antara hai hii| ina sabhI bAtoM ko dekhate hue aisA lagatA hai ki digambara tathA zvetAmbara donoM paramparAoM meM bhadrabAhu ( zrutakevalI) nAma ke alaga-alaga do AcArya hue haiM jo saMbhavataH samakAlIna the| zvetAmbara mata ke anusAra bhadrabAhu kI

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- jaina dharma-darzana ... mRtyu mahAvIra-nirvANa se 170 varSa bAda huI jabaki digambara matAnusAra bhadrabAhu kA dehAvasAna mahAvIra-nirvANa ke 162 varSa bAda huaa| zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra bhadrabAhu nepAla gaye the aura bahuta dinoM taka vahIM para tapasyA meM lIna rahe the| usI samaya dRSTivAda kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie sthUlabhadra tathA anya sAdhu unake pAsa gaye the| digambara paramparA bhadrabAhu ke anya sAdhuoM ke sAtha dakSiNa bhArata meM jAne para vizvAsa karatI hai| vaha mAnatI hai ki candragupta ke zAsanakAla ( I0 pU0 322-268 ) meM janasaMgha ke nAyaka bhadrabAhu the| ve antima zrutakevalI the| unhoMne bAraha varSa ke bhISaNa akAla kI bhaviSyavANI kI aura bahuta se jaina sAdhuoM ko sAtha lekara ve dakSiNa bhArata meM cale gye| vahAM jAkara ve karnATaka ke zravaNabelagolA nAmaka sthAna para rahane lge| bhadrabAhu kI vahIM mRtyu huii| zramaNadharma kA anuyAyI rAjA candragupta apanA rAja-pATa chor3akara zravaNabelagolA gayA, vahA~ para bahuta dinoM taka eka guphA meM tapasyA karatA rahA aura anta meM vahIM para mRtyu ko prApta huaa| samprati : jainadharma ke prasAra ke liye sthUlabhadra ke ziSya suhastI ne azoka ke pautra tathA uttarAdhikArI rAjA samprati ko prabhAvita kiyA thaa| samprati ke mana meM jainadharma ke vistAra ke liye bar3A utsAha thaa| usane sampUrNa deza meM aneka jana-mandira bnvaaye| suhastI ke nirdezana meM ujjaina

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jaina paramparA kA itihAsa 17 meM samprati ne eka bahuta bar3A dharmotsava kiyA / usa samaya rAjA ne jo zraddhA-bhakti dikhAI usase prabhAvita hokara usakI prajA bhI jainadharma kI ora AkarSita huI / rAjA samprati ne bahuta se dharmadUtoM arthAt dharmopadezakoM ko dakSiNa bhArata meM bhejA / unhoMne logoM ko una khAdya padArthoM tathA anya Avazyaka vastuoM kA jJAna karAyA jinheM jaina sAdhu grahaNa kara sakate haiM / isa prakAra kI taiyArI karake samprati ne aneka jainAcAryoM ko prerita kiyA ki ve jaina sAdhuoM ko una dezoM meM bhejeN| isa prakAra dakSiNa bhArata ke andhra aura dramila dezoM meM dharmopadezaka bheje gaye / khAravela : samprati ke samaya ke AsapAsa hI kaliMga deza meM khAravela nAmaka rAjA huA / usake khaNDagiri ke zilAlekha se, jisakA samaya karIba-karIba I0 pUrva dUsarI zatI kA madhya hai, yaha patA lagatA hai ki kisa prakAra usane jaina sAdhakoM ko khUba dAna diyA aura unake lie pASANagRhoM kA nirmANa kiyA / Aja bhI ur3IsA kI khaNDagiri, udayagiri aura nIlagiri pahAr3iyoM meM jaina guphAe~ milatI haiN| hAthIguphA eka vizAla prAkRtika guphA thI jisakA rAjA khAravela ne sudhAra kiyA / usameM khAravela kA eka bhagna zilAlekha milA hai jisakA prArambha jaina maMgalavidhi se huA hai / kAlakAcArya aura gardabhilla : I0 pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM, jabaki ujjaina para gardabhilla kA zAsana thA, kAlakAcArya nAmaka eka prasiddha jainAcArya hue / unakI bahana sarasvatI kA, jo eka jaina sAdhvI thI, garda - bhilla ne apaharaNa kara liyA / kAlakAcArya ne bAra-bAra rAjA

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18 jaina dharma-darzana se prArthanA kI aura use dhamakAyA bhI tAki vaha sAdhvI ko chor3a de para usane eka na sunii| taba unhoMne sindhu ke pazcima kI ora prasthAna kiyA aura zakoM ko gardabhilla ke virodha meM ubhaadd'aa| zakoM ne ujjaina para car3hAI kI aura gardabhilla ko harAkara vahAM para apanA Adhipatya jmaayaa| gardabhilla ke uttarAdhikArI vikramAditya ne kisI taraha AkramaNakAriyoM ko bhagAyA aura phira se apanA adhikAra sthApita kiyaa| mathurA kA jaina stUpa : mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle kI khudAI meM prApta eka jaina stUpa para IsA kI dUsarI zatI kA zilAlekha milA hai| usa zilAlekha se yaha jAnakArI hotI hai ki vaha stUpa devoM dvArA banAyA gayA thaa| kintu aise vizvAsa ke pIche chipA huA satya yaha hai ki usa samaya usa stUpa ko loga smaraNAtIta prAcIna mAnate the| mathurA kI mUrtiyAM tathA zilAlekha jainadharma ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiN| kumArapAla aura hemacandra : gujarAta-kAThiyAvAr3a meM prAraMbhika zatAbdiyoM meM bhI jainadharma kA pracAra thaa| madhyayuga meM siddharAja jayasiMha ( 10641143 I0) ne, jo svayaM zivopAsaka thA, eka mahAn jainAcArya tathA granthakAra hemacandra ko viziSTa vidvAn ke rUpa meM apane darabAra kA sadasya banAyA thaa| kumArapAla ( 1143-1173 I0 ) ne to hemacandra se prabhAvita hokara apane ko jainadharma kA anuyAyI hI banA liyA thaa| usane gujarAta ko eka Adarza jaina rAjya banAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| . usa samaya hemacandra ne avasara kA pUrNa lAbha uThAte hue apanI bahuvidha vaijJAnika racanAoM dvArA eka viziSTa jaina saMskRti

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jaina paramparA kA itihAsa . 16 kI sthApanA kI / ve 'kalikAlasarvajJa' kI upAdhi se vibhUSita hue| ___ dakSiNa meM kadamba, gaMga, rASTrakuTa, cAlukya tathA hoysala vaMza ke rAjA jainadharma ke anuyAyI the| digambara aura zvetAmbara : mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sacelaka tathA acelaka donoM hI prakAra ke sAdhu the| 'sacelaka' aura zvetAmbara zabda eka hI artha ke dyotaka haiM tathA 'acelaka' aura digambara zabda eka hI bhAva vyakta karate haiN| zvetAmbara sAdhu zveta vastra dhAraNa karate haiM jabaki digambara sAvu kisI bhI prakAra kA vastra nahIM phnte| 'digambara' kA zAbdika artha hotA hai 'AkAza: vastra' arthAt AkAza hI jisakA vastra hai| 'zvetAmbara' zabda kA artha hotA hai sapheda vastra yAnI sapheda vastra dhAraNa krnebaalaa| jambU ke samaya taka donoM paramparAe~ eka hI sAtha thiiN| bAda meM inakA apane-apane dharmanAyakoM ke nirdezana meM . alaga-alaga dharmapAlana zurU huaa| digambaroM aura zvetAmbaroM kI mAnyatAoM meM nimnalikhita mukhya bheda haiM : 1. digambara mAnyatAnusAra mUla Agama aba bilkula hI nahIM raha gaye haiM parantu zvetAmbara mata se abhI bhI bahuta se mUla Agamagrantha surakSita haiN| 2. digambaroM ke anusAra sarvajJa arthAt kevalI pArthiva bhojana grahaNa nahIM karate lekina zvetAmbara isa mata ko nahIM maante| ___

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20 jaina dharma-darzana 3. digambara matAnusAra binA nagna hue mukti prApta nahIM ho sakatI / cU~ki striyA~ nagna nahIM raha sakatIM ataH unheM mukti prApta nahIM ho sakatI / zvetAmbara matAnusAra mokSa prApta karane ke lie nagnatA anivArya nahIM hai, ataH striyA~ bhI mokSa prApta kara sakatI haiM / 4. digambara matAnuyAyI mAnate haiM ki mahAvIra ne zAdI nahIM kI thI kintu zvetAmbara mata ke anusAra mahAvIra ne zAdI kI thI aura unheM eka putrI bhI thI / 5. digambara loga tIrtha karoM kI mUrtiyoM ko kisI bhI prakAra nahIM sajAte lekina zvetAmbara loga unheM acchI taraha sajAte haiM / 1 ye do pramukha sampradAya anya choTe-choTe upasampradAyoM meM baMTe hue haiM / zvetAmbara sampradAya ke pradhAnataH tIna prabheda haiMmUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI / digambara sampradAya ke bhI mukhyata: tIna prabheda haiM- bIsapaMthI, terahapaMthI aura tAraNapaMthI / mUrtipUjaka tIrtha karoM kI mUrtiyoM kI pUjA karate haiM / sthAnaka - vAsI ( 16vIM zatI) mUrtipUjA meM vizvAsa nahIM karate / terApaMthI ( 18vIM zatI) bhI mUrtipUjA kA samarthana nahIM karate / ahiMsA ke sambandha meM inakA anya jaina sampradAyoM ke sAtha kucha matabheda hai / bIsapaMthI mUrtipUjA meM phala-phUla Adi kA prayoga karate haiM lekina terahapaMthI kevala nirjIva vastue~ hI kAma meM lAte haiN| tAraNapaMthI ( 16vIM zatI) pUjA meM mUrtiyoM ke sthAna para dhArmika granthoM ko rakhate haiM /

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya brAhmaNa dharma-darzana kA AdhArabhUta sAhitya saMskRta veda tathA vaidika grantha haiN| vauddha dharma-darzana kA AdhAra pAli tripiTaka tathA tanmUlaka sAhitya hai| jaina dharma-darzana prAkRta AgamoM evaM tadAdhArita granthoM para avalambita haiN| Agama : Agama se hamArA tAtparya AcArAMgAdi aMgagranthoM tathA aupapAtikAdi aMgabAhya granthoM se hai| svayaM mahAvIra ne kucha nahIM likhaa| mahAvIra ke upadezoM athavA vicAroM kA sAra unake gaNadharoM arthAt pradhAna ziSyoM ne zabdabaddha kiyA / jaba hama vartamAna AgamoM ko mahAvIra-praNIta kahate haiM to isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki artharUpa se inakA prarUpaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kiyA tathA grantharUpa se gaNadharAdi ne / AgamoM kA prAmANya gaNadharAdi kI apekSA se nahIM, apitu mahAvIra kI vItarAgatA kI apekSA se hai / Agama-racanA do prakAra ke puruSoM dvArA huI hai : 1. gaNadhara arthAt bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAkSAt pramukha ziSya tathA 2. sthavira arthAt anya variSTha AcArya / gaNadharakRta Agama aMga athavA aMgapraviSTa tathA sthavirakRta Agama anaMga athavA aMgabAhya kahalAte haiN| vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM kA sampAdana athavA saMskaraNa devaddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ne kiyA thaa| kAlakrama se smRti kA hrAsa hote dekha mahAvIra-nirvANa ke lagabhaga 160 varSa bAda, bAraha varSa kA lambA duSkAla samApta

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22 jaina dharma-darzana hone para pATaliputra (paTanA) meM jaina zramaNa saMgha ekatra huA / ekatra hue zramaNoM ne 12 aMgoM meM se 11 aMga to vyavasthita kara lie kintu dRSTivAda nAmaka bArahavA~ aMga unase saMgRhIta na ho sakA / usa samaya kevala AcArya bhadrabAhu hI aise vyakti the jinheM dRSTivAda kA jJAna thaa| cU~ki ve usa samaya nepAla meM eka vizeSa prakAra ke yogamArga kI sAdhanA meM lIna the isalie isa muni sammelana meM upasthita hone kI dazA meM na the / yaha dekha saMgha ne sthUlabhadra evaM anya sAdhuoM ko dRSTivAda kI vAcanA grahaNa karane ke lie bhadrabAhu kai pAsa bhejA / unameM se kevala sthUlabhadra hI dRSTivAda grahaNa karane meM samartha hue / bhadrabAhu ne sthUlabhadra ko kevala dasa pUrva hI sArtha par3hAye, pUrA dRSTivAda nhiiN| zeSa cAra pUrva vinA artha ke hI batAye / isa prakAra AcArya sthUlabhadra taka 12 aMga surakSita rahe / yaha AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA hai / isake bAda Agama- sAhitya kA kramazaH hrAsa hotA gayA / dvitIya vAcanA mathurA evaM balabhI ina do sthAnoM meM huii| eka lambe durbhikSa ke bAda Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM zramaNa saMgha mathurA meM ekatra huaa| jise jo yAda raha sakA usake AdhAra para zruta sAhitya kA punaH saMgraha kiyA gyaa| isa vAcanA kA kAla vIra - nirvANa saMvat 825 ke AsapAsa kA hai / isI samaya valabhI meM nAgArjunasUri kI adhyakSatA meM isI prakAra kA eka aura muni sammelana huA jisameM AgamoM ko vyavasthita kiyA gayA / dvitIya vAcanA ke ina do sammelanoM ke kAraNa AgamoM meM svAbhAvikatayA pAThAMtaroM kA praveza ho gayA / mAdhurI evaM vAlabhI vAcanA sampanna hone ke lagabhaga Der3ha sau varSa bAda vIra nirvANa saMvat 680 ( matAntara se 963 )

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 23 meM devaddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ne valabhI meM zramaNa-saMgha ko ekatra kara upalabdha samasta zruta ko granthabaddha kiyaa| devaddhigaNi ne kisI naI vAcanA kA pravartana nahIM kiyA apitu jo zrutapATha pUrva kI do vAcanAoM meM nizcita ho cuke the unhIM ko suvyavasthita evaM susampAdita karake granthabaddha kiyaa| unhoMne AgamoM ko granthabaddha karate samaya kucha mahattvapUrNa bAtoM ko dhyAna meM rkhaa| samAna pAThoM kI punarAvRtti na karate hue tatsambaddha granthavizeSa athavA sthAnavizeSa kA nirdeza kara diyaa| eka hI grantha meM vahI bAta bAra-bAra Ane para punaH-punaH na likhate hue 'jAva' arthAt 'yAvat' zabda kA prayoga karate hue usakA antima zabda likha diyaa| itanA hI nahIM, mahAvIra ke bAda kI kucha mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAoM ko bhI unhoMne AgamoM meM jor3a diyaa| mAthurI evaM vAlabhI ina do pAThoM meM se devaddhigaNi ne mAthurI pATha ko pradhAnatA dii| sAtha hI vAlabhI-pAThabheda ko bhI surakSita rkhaa| - aMga athavA aMgapraviSTa Agama-grantha 12 haiM : 1. AyAraAcAra, 2. sUyagaDa-sUtrakRta, 3. ThANa-sthAna, 4. samavAya, 5. viyAhapaNNatti-vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatI), 6. NAyAdhammakahA-jJAtAdharmakathA, 7. uvAsagadasA-upAsakadazA, 8. aMtagaDadasA-antakRtadazA, 6. aNuttarovavAiyadasA-anuttaraupapAtikadazA, 10. paNhAvAgaraNa-praznavyAkaraNa, 11. vivAgasuyavipAkazruta aura 12. diTThivAya-dRSTivAda / inameM se antima grantha arthAt dRSTivAda anupalabdha hai| AcArAMga jaina AcAra kI AdhArazilA hai / yaha do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta hai / prathama zrutaskandha gaNadharakRta tathA dvitIya zrutaskandha sthavirakRta hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM pahale nau adhya

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24 jaina dharma-darzana yana the kintu mahAparijJA nAmaka eka adhyayana kA lopa ho jAne ke kAraNa aba isameM ATha adhyayana hI raha gaye haiM / ina adhyayanoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM : 1. zastraparijJA, 2. lokavijaya, 3. zItoSNIya, 4. samyaktva, 5. lokasAra athavA AvaMti, 6. dhUta, 7. vimokSa aura 8. upadhAnazruta / ye adhyayana vibhinna uddezoM meM vibhakta haiN| prathama adhyayana ke sAta uddeza haiN| dvitIya Adi adhyayanoM ke kramaza: chaH, cAra, cAra, chaH, pA~ca, ATha aura cAra uddeza haiN| isa prakAra prathama zrutaskandha meM saba milAkara 44 uddeza haiN| prathama zrutaskandha ke adhyayanoM kA saMyukta nAma 'brahmacarya' hai| isIlie AcArya zIlAMka ne apanI TIkA meM isa zrutaskandha ko 'brahmacarya-zrutaskandha' kahA hai / yahA~ brahmacarya kA artha saMyama hai jo ahiMsA evaM samabhAva kI sAdhanA kA nAmAntara hai / dvitIya zrutaskandha ko niyuktikAra ne 'AcArAgra' nAma diyA hai| yaha vastutaH prathama zrutaskandha kA. pariziSTa hai / isIlie ise AcAracUlA athavA AcAracUlikA bhI kahA jAtA hai| viSaya ke vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa kI dRSTi se isa prakAra kI cUlikAeM granthoM meM jor3I jAtI haiM / AcArAgra athavA AcAracUlikA-rUpa dvitIya zrutaskandha pA~ca cUlAoM meM vibhakta hai / prathama cUlA meM piNDaiSaNAdi sAta tathA dvitIya cUlA meM sthAna Adi sAta adhyayana haiN| tRtIya, caturtha evaM paMcama cUlAeM eka-eka adhyayana ke rUpa meM hI haiN| prathama cUlA ke prathama adhyayana ke gyAraha, dvitIya tathA tRtIya adhyayanoM ke tIna-tIna aura antima cAra adhyayanoM ke do-do uddeza haiN| dvitIyAdi cUlAoM ke adhyayana eka-eka uddeza ke rUpa meM hI haiM / upalabdha samagra jaina sAhitya meM AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha prAcInatama hai, yaha isakI bhASA, zailI evaM bhAvoM se

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya siddha hai| isake prathama adhyayana 'zastraparijJA' ke sAta uddezoM meM hiMsA ke sAdhanoM arthAta zastroM kA parijJAna karAte hue unake parityAga kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| jIvaviSayaka saMyama isa adhyayana kA pratipAdya viSaya hai| prathama uddeza meM jIva kA sAmAnya nirUpaNa karake dvitIyAdi uddezoM meM chaH jIvanikAyoM kA kramazaH varNana kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka uddeza meM yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki jIvavadha se karmoM kA bandha hotA hai ataeva virati hI kartavya hai| 'lokavijaya' nAmaka dvitIya adhyayana chaH uddezoM meM vibhakta hai / isakA pratipAdya viSaya loka kA bandhana evaM usakA ghAta hai| isake chaH uddezoM kA arthAdhikAra arthAt pratipAdya viSaya kramazaH isa prakAra hai : 1. svajanoM meM Asakti kA parityAga, 2. saMyama meM zithilatA kA parityAga 3. mAna aura artha meM sAradRSTi kA parityAga, 4. bhoga meM Asakti kA parityAga, 5. loka ke Azraya se saMyama-nirvAha aura 6. loka meM mamatva kA parityAga / 'lokavijaya' kA zabdArtha hai kaSAya-rUpa bhAvaloka kA aupazamikAdi bhAvoM dvArA nirsn| 'zItoSNIya' nAmaka tRtIya adhyayana cAra uddezoM meM vibhakta hai / satkAra Adi anukUla parISaha 'zIta' tathA apamAna Adi pratikUla parISaha 'uSNa' kahe jAte haiN| prastuta adhyayana meM Antarika evaM bAhya zIta-uSNa kI carcA hai| isameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki zramaNa ko zItoSNa sparza, sukha-duHkha, anukUla-pratikUla parISaha, kaSAya, kAmavAsanA, zoka-santApa Adi ko sahana karanA cAhie tathA sadaiva tapa-saMyamaupazama ke lie udyata rahanA cAhie / prathama uddeza meM asaMyamI kA, dvitIya uddeza meM asaMyamI ke duHkha kA, tRtIya uddeza meM kevala kaSTa uThAnevAle zramaNa kA evaM caturtha uddeza meM kaSAya ke vamana kA varNana hai / 'samyaktva' nAmaka caturtha adhyayana bhI cAra uddezoM

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26 jaina dharma-darzana meM vibhakta hai| prathama uddeza meM samyakvAda arthAt yathArthavAda kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya uddeza meM dharmaprAvAdukoM kI parIkSA kA, tRtIya uddeza meM anavadya tapa ke AcaraNa kA tathA caturtha uddeza meM niyamana arthAt saMyama kA varNana hai / ina sabakA tAtparya yaha hai ki saMyamI ko sadaiva samyak jJAna, darzana, tapa aura cAritra meM tatpara rahanA caahie| paMcama adhyayana kA nAma 'lokasAra' hai / yaha chaH uddezoM meM vibhakta hai / isakA dUsarA nAma AvaMti bhI hai kyoMki isake prathama tIna uddezoM kA prArambha isI zabda se hotA hai / loka meM dharma hI sArabhUta tattva hai / dharma kA sAra jJAna, jJAna kA sAra saMyama evaM saMyama kA sAra nirvANa hai / prastuta adhyayana meM isI kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / prathama uddeza meM hiMsaka, samArambhakartA tathA ekala vihArI ko amuni kahA gayA hai / dvitIya uddeza meM virata ko muni tathA avirata ko parigrahI kahA gayA hai| tRtIya uddeza meM muni ko aparigrahI evaM kAmabhogoM se virakta batAyA gayA hai| caturtha uddeza meM agItArtha ke mArga meM AnevAle vighnoM kA nirUpaNa hai| paMcama uddeza meM muni ko hada arthAt jalAzaya kI upamA dI gaI hai| chaThe uddeza meM unmArga evaM rAgadveSa ke parityAga kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / SaSTha adhyayana kA nAma 'dhUta' hai / isameM bAhya evaM Antarika padArthoM ke parityAga tathA Atmatattva kI parizuddhi kA upadeza diyA gayA hai ataH isakA dhUta ( phaTakakara dhoyA huAzuddha kiyA huA) nAma sArthaka hai / isake prathama uddeza meM svajana, dvitIya meM karma, tRtIya meM upakaraNa aura zarIra, caturtha meM gaurava tathA paMcama meM upasarga aura sammAna ke parityAga kA upadeza hai / 'mahAparijJA' nAmaka saptama adhyayana vicchinna hai-lupta hai / 'vimokSa' nAmaka aSTama adhyayana -

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jaina dharma darzana kA sAhitya 27 meM ATha uddeza haiN| prathama uddeza meM asamanojJa arthAt asamAna AcAravAle ke parityAga kA upadeza hai / dvitIya uddeza meM akalpya arthAt agrAhya vastu ke grahaNa kA pratiSedha kiyA gayA hai / aMgaceSTA se sambaddha kathana yA zaMkA kA nivAraNa tRtIya uddeza kA viSaya hai| Age ke uddezoM meM sAmAnyataH bhikSu ke vastrAcAra kA varNana hai kintu vizeSataH caturtha meM vaikhAnasa evaM gArddhapRSThamaraNa, paMcama meM roga evaM bhaktaparijJA, SaSTha meM ekatvabhAvanA evaM iMginImaraNa, saptama meM pratimA evaM pAdapopagamanamaraNa tathA aSTama meM vayaH prApta zramaNoM kI bhaktaparijJA, iMginImaraNa evaM pAdapopagamanamaraNa kI carcA hai | navama adhyayana kA nAma 'upadhAnazruta' hai / isameM vartamAna jainAcAra ke prarUpaka antima tIrthaMkara zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra kI tapasyA kA varNana hai / prastuta adhyayana meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAdhaka - jIvana arthAt zramaNa jIvana kI sarvAdhika prAcIna evaM vizvasanIya sAmagrI upalabdha hai / isake cAra uddezoM meM se prathama meM zramaNa bhagavAn kI caryA arthAt vihAra, dvitIya meM zayyA arthAt vasati, tRtIya meM parISaha arthAt upasarga tathA caturtha meM AtaMka evaM tadviSayaka cikitsA kA varNana hai / ina saba kriyAoM meM upadhAna arthAt tapa pradhAna rUpa se rahatA hai ataH isa adhyayana kA 'upadhAnazruta' nAma sArthaka hai / isameM mahAvIra ke lie 'zramaNa bhagavAn', 'jJAtaputra', 'medhAvI', 'brAhmaNa', 'bhikSu', 'abahuvAdI' Adi vizeSaNoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / pratyeka uddeza ke anta meM unheM matimAn brAhmaNa evaM bhagavAn kahA gayA hai / dvitIya zrutaskandha kI pA~ca cUlAoM meM se antima cUlA AcAraprakalpa athavA nizItha ko AcArAMga se kisI samaya

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28 jaina dharma-darzana pRthak kara diyA gayA jisase AcArAMga meM aba kevala cAra cUlAeM hI raha gaI haiM / prathama zrutaskandha meM AnevAle vividha viSayoM ko ekatra karake ziSya hitArtha cUlAoM meM saMgRhIta kara spaSTa kiyA gyaa| inameM kucha anukta viSayoM kA bhI samAveza kara diyA gyaa| isa prakAra ina cUlAoM ke pIche do prayojana the : ukta viSayoM kA spaSTIkaraNa tathA anukta viSayoM kA grahaNa / prathama cUlA meM sAta adhyayana haiM : 1. piNDeSaNA, 2. zayyaiSaNA, 3. IrSyA, 4. bhASAjAta, 5. vastraM SaNA, 6. pAtraiSaNA aura 7. avagrahapratimA / dvitIya cUlA meM bhI sAta adhyayana hai : 9. sthAna, 2 niSIdhikA, 3. uccAra- prasravaNa, 4. zabda, 5. rUpa, 6. parikriyA aura 7 anyonyakriyA / tRtIya cUlA bhAvanA adhyayana ke rUpa meM hai| caturtha cUlA vimukti-adhyayanarUpa hai / prathama cUlA kA prathama adhyayana gyAraha uddezoM meM vibhakta hai| inameM bhikSu bhikSuNI kI piNDeSaNA arthAt AhAra kI gaveSaNA ke viSaya meM vidhi-niSedhoM kA nirUpaNa hai / 'zayyaiSaNA' nAmaka dvitIya adhyayana meM zramaNa zramaNI ke rahane ke sthAna arthAt vasati kI gaveSaNA ke viSaya meM prakAza DAlA gayA hai / isa adhyayana meM tIna uddeza haiM / 'IryA' nAmaka tRtIya adhyayana meM sAdhu-sAdhvI kI IryA arthAt gamanAgamana rUpa kriyA kI zuddhi - azuddhi kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM tIna uddeza haiM / 'bhASAjAta' nAmaka caturtha adhyayana ke do uddeza haiM jinameM bhikSabhikSuNI kI vANI kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| prathama uddeza meM solaha prakAra kI vacana-vibhakti tathA dvitIya meM kaSAyajanaka vacana - prayoga kI vyAkhyA hai| paMcama adhyayana 'vastraSaNA' ke bhI do uddeza haiN| inameM se prathama meM vastragrahaNa sambandhI tathA dvitIya meM vastradhAraNa sambandhI carcA hai / SaSTha adhyayana 'pAtraSaNA' ke bhI do uddeza haiM jinameM alAbu, kASTha evaM miTTI ke pAtra ke

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 26 gaveSaNa evaM dhAraNa kI carcA hai / 'avagrahapratimA' nAmaka saptama adhyayana bhI do uddezoM meM vibhakta hai jinameM vinA anumati ke kisI bhI vastu ko grahaNa karane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / dvitIya cUlA ke prathama adhyayana 'sthAna' meM zarIra kI halanacalanarUpa kriyA kA niyamana karanevAlI cAra prakAra kI pratimAeM arthAt pratijJAeM varNita haiM jinameM saMyamI kI sthiti apekSita hai / dvitIya adhyayana 'niSIdhikA' meM svAdhyAyabhUmi ke sambandha meM carcA hai / 'uccAra-prasravaNa' nAmaka tRtIya adhyayana meM mala-mUtra ke tyAga kI ahiMsaka vidhi batalAI gaI hai / 'zabda' nAmaka caturtha adhyayana meM vividha vAdyoM, gItoM, nRtyoM, utsavoM Adi ke zabdoM ko sunane kI lAlasA se yatra-tatra jAne kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / 'rUpa' nAmaka paMcama adhyayana meM vividha prakAra ke rUpoM ko dekhane kI lAlasA kA pratiSedha kiyA gayA hai / SaSTha adhyayana 'parakriyA' meM anya dvArA zArIrika saMskAra, cikitsA Adi karAne kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / saptama adhyayana 'anyonyakriyA' meM paraspara cikitsA Adi karane-karAne kA pratiSedha kiyA gayA hai / 'bhAvanA' nAmaka tRtIya cUlA meM pA~ca mahAvratoM kI bhAvanAoM ke sAtha hI tadupadezaka bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvanadarzana bhI diyA gayA hai / 'vimukti' nAmaka caturtha cUlA meM mokSa kI carcA hai| muni ko AMzika evaM siddha ko pUrNa mokSa hotA hai / samudra ke samAna yaha saMsAra dustara hai / jo muni ise pAra kara lete haiM ve antakRta - vimukta kahe jAte haiM / sUtrakRtAMga meM do zrutaskandha haiN| prathama zrutaskandha meM solaha tathA dvitIya meM sAta adhyayana haiM / isa sUtra meM mukhyatayA tatkAlIna dArzanika mantavyoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai|

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30 jaina dharma-darzana bhUtAdvaitavAda kA nirAkaraNa karake AtmA kI svatantra siddhi kI gaI hai / AtmAdvaitavAda ke sthAna para nAnAtmavAda kI sthApanA kI gaI hai / IzvaravAda kA khaNDana karake saMsAra ko anAdiananta siddha kiyA gayA hai| kriyAvAda, akriyAvAda, vinayavAda, ajJAnavAda Adi kA nirAkaraNa karake tarkasaMgata kriyAvAda kI sthApanA kI gaI hai / samavAyAMga tathA nandIsUtra meM sUtrakRtAMga kA paricaya dete hue batAyA gayA hai ki isameM svamata, paramata, jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Asrava, sauMvara, nirjarA, bandha, mokSa Adi ke viSaya meM nirdeza hai, navadIkSitoM ke lie bodhavacana haiM, 150 kriyAvAdI matoM, 84 akriyAvAdI matoM, 67 ajJAnavAdI matoM aura 32 vinayavAdI matoM isa prakAra saba milAkara 363 anya dRSTiyoM arthAt anyayUthika matoM kI carcA hai / sthAnAMga evaM samavAyAMga saMgrahAtmaka koza ke rUpa meM haiM / smRti athavA dhAraNA kI sugamatA kI dRSTi se yA viSayoM ko DhUMr3hane kI saralatA kI dRSTi se ina do aMgagranthoM kI yojanA kI gii| sthAnAMga ke dasa adhyayanoM meM se prathama meM eka saMkhyAvAle, dvitIya meM do saMkhyAvAle yAvat dazama meM dasa saMkhyA vAle padArthoM athavA kriyAoM kA nirUpaNa hai / samavAyAMga kI zailI bhI isI prakAra kI hai| isameM dasa se Age kI saMkhyAvAle padArthoM kA bhI nirUpaNa hai / pAligrantha nirUpaNa - zailI bhI isI prakAra kI hai / aguttaranikAya kI vyAkhyAprajJapti athavA bhagavatI ikatAlIsa zatakoM meM vibhakta hai / isameM dArzanika, AcAra-sambandhI, jJAna-sambandhI, tArkika, loka-sambandhI, gaNita-sambandhI, rAjanItika, aitihAsika, bhaugolika, sAmAjika, Arthika, zaikSaNika Adi aneka viSayoM para sAmagrI upalabdha hai tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra, gozAla,

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 31 jamAni Adi aneka mahattvapUrNa vyaktiyoM ke jIvana para paryApta prakAza DAlA gayA hai / anya aMgagranthoM kI apekSA adhika vizAlakAya evaM vipula sAmagrIyukta hone ke kAraNa vizeSa pUjyabhAvanA kI abhivyakti karanevAlA isakA bhagavatI nAma adhika prasiddha hai / ' jJAtAdharmakathA ke prathama zrutaskandha meM jJAtarUpa arthAt udAharaNa-rUpa unnIsa adhyayana haiM tathA dvitIya zrutaskandha meM dharmakathAoM ke dasa varga haiN| ina vargoM meM camara, bali, candra, sUrya, zakendra, IzAnendra Adi kI paTarAniyoM ke pUrvabhava kI kathAeM haiN| 1. vyAkhyAprajJapti praparanAma bhagavatIsUtra kA pandrahavAM zataka gozAla aura mahAvIra ke sambandhoM para kucha prakAza DAlatA hai| isa zataka ko akSaraza: par3hane para aisA vicAra utpanna hotA hai ki yaha prakaraNa isa rUpa meM thAgama meM zobhAM nahIM detA / mujhe to isameM bhI sandeha hai ki yaha zataka bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vItarAga vANI se sambaddha hai| isameM jisa azobhanIya DhaMga se mahAvIra va gozAla ke pArasparika kalaha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai tathA jisa prakAra kI asaMyata bhASA kA prayoga huA hai vaisA dhanya kisI bhI bhAgama-grantha meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| isa zataka meM eka sabase bar3A doSa yaha hai ki zatakakAra ne bhagavAn mahAvIra jaisI mahAna vibhUti para cikitsA ke nAma para mAMsAhAra kA kalaMka lagAyA hai| isa prakAra kA mahAvIra - carita manya kisI bhI bhAgama meM varNita nahIM hai| mAMsAhAraparaka zabdoM kA zAkAhAraparaka martha karake isa doSa ko dUra karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai kintu isase cintaka ko santoSaprada samAdhAna prApta nahIM hotaa| jina pramuka zabdoM kA prayoga isa zataka meM kiyA gayA hai jinakA ki zAkAhAraparaka artha kiyA jAtA hai una zabdoM kA prayoga bhAga

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32 jaina dharma-sana mika sAhitya meM anyatra jahAM-kahIM hupA hai, sAdhAraNa pracalita parva meM hI humA hai arthAt unakA mukAva mAMsAhAraparaka prartha kI ora hI hai / TIkAkAroM ne donoM prakAra ke artha kI ora saMketa kiyA hai / vastuta: prastuta zataka hI aneka visaMgatiyoM evaM doSoM se paripUrNa hai / yaha pUrA bhayavA adhikAMza kRtrima mAlUma par3atA hai| gozAla kI tIrthakara ke rUpa meM prasiddhi tathA usakA niyativAda ye donoM bAteM to bauddha sAhitya se bhI prakaTa hotI haiM kintu jisa DhaMga se isa zataka meM gozAla kA caritra citraNa humA hai vaha kucha vicitra-sA mAlUma par3atA hai|. mAgama aura usameM bhI aMgapraviSTa ke antargata isa prakAra kA varNana aura yaha bhI kahIM-kahIM sASAraNa sAdhu ko bhI zobhA na de vaisI bhASA meM upayukta pratIta nahIM hotA, cAhe vaha tathya para hI mAghArita kyoM na ho| ____gozAna-sambandhI prastuta zataka kA prArambha zrAvastI meM rahanevAlI mAjIvika mata arthAt gozAla ke mata niyativAda ko upAsikA hAnAhalA nAmaka kumhArina se hotA hai| sUtrakAra kahate haiM ki vaha zamRddhizAlinI tathA prabhAvasammanna thI evaM kisI se bhI parAbhUta nahIM ho sakatI pii| isa ullekha se aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra bhI use niyativAda kI payathArthatA evaM puruSArthavAda yA kamavAra ko yathArthatA samajhAne meM saphalatA prApta na kara sake prathavA samajhAne kA prayatna hI na kara sake / upAsakadazA sUtra ( saptama adhyayana ) meM saddAlaputra nAmaka eka kumhAra prAvaka kA varNana hai jo gozAla kA anuyAyI yA arthAt niyativAdI thaa| bAda meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne use yuktipUrvaka mapanA arthAt puruSAvAra kA manuyAyI banA liyA thaa| bhAjIvika matAnuyAyiyoM se sambandhita inase ullekhoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki gozAla ke adhikAMza anuyAcI kunakAra the| jaba bhagavAna mahAvIra ne saddAlaputra ko yuktipUrvaka apanA yAyo banA liyA to kyA ve hAlAhalA ko mAnI yuktiyoM se prabhAvita nahIM kara sakate the? hAlAhalA unake sAmane aparAbhUta kaise ho -

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya thI ? parAbhUta ho jAne para bhI apanA kadAgraha na chor3anA alaga bAta hai kintu mahAvIra jaise mahAna vyakti se bhI parAbhUta na honA dUsarI . bAta hai| prAjIvika-saMghAdhipati makhaliputra gozAla kA itivRtta sunAte hue bhagavAna mahAvIra apane pradhAna ziSya indrabhUti gautama ko batAte haiM ki kollAka sanniveza meM janatA dvArA bahula brAhmaNa ke yahAM huI divyavRSTi kA samAcAra sunakara gozAla ke mana meM vicAra utpanna humA ki mere dharmAcArya aura dharmopadezaka zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ko jaisI Rddhi, dyuti, yaza, bala, vIrya, puruSAkAra, parAkrama prApta hai vaisI Rddhi prAdi anya zramaNa-brAhmaNa ko prApta nahIM hai| ataH mere dharmAcArya va dharmopadezaka yahIM hone caahie| yaha socakara vaha khojatA-khojatA kollAka sanniveza ke bAhara manojJa bhUmi meM mere (mahAvIra ke) pAsa AyA aura tIna bAra pradakSiNApUrvaka vandana-namaskAra kara nivedana karane lagA-he bhagavan ! Apa mere dharmAcArya haiM aura maiM ApakA ziSya huuN| maiMne gozAla kI yaha bAta svIkAra kara lii| uparyukta kathana meM chadmastha (sarAga) mahAvIra ke viSaya meM ullikhita do bAteM vicAraNIya haiM : 1. mahAvIra ko dharmopadezaka kahA gayA hai, 2. mahAvIra ne gozAla ko apanA ziSya banAnA svIkAra kara liyA thaa| tIrthakara mahAvIra ne kevalI (vItarAga) hone ke bAda hI dharmopadeza kA kArya prArambha kiyA thaa| isase pUrva unake sAtha dharmopadezaka vizeSaNa lagAnA upayukta pratIta nahIM hotaa| sAdhanAvasthA meM tIrthakara tapaHkarma meM lIna rahatA hai, upadeza dene kA kAma nahIM krtaa| gozAla ne dharmopadeza se prabhAvita hokara nahIM apitu dipavRSTi prAdi se AkarSita hokara mahAvIra kA ziSyatva bhaMgIkAra karanA caahaa| pahalI bAra to mahAvIra ne gozAla kI bAta para dhyAna na diyA kintu dUsarI bAra ve use ziSya ke

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jaina dharma-darzana rUpa meM apane sAtha rakhane ke lie taiyAra ho gaye tathA usake sAtha chaH varSa taka lAbha-alAbha, sukha-duHkha, satkAra-asatkAra kA anubhava karate hue vicarate rhe| mahAvIra ne sAdhanAkAla meM gozAla ko apane sAtha rahane kI (aura vaha bhI ziSya ke rUpa meM) anumati kyoM dI ? kyA aisA karanA tIrthaGkara kI sarAgAvasthA meM vihita hai ? tIrthaGkara vItarAga hone ke bAda hI ziSya banAtA hai tathA unake sAtha vicaratA hai| sarAgAvasthA meM vaha akelA hI rahatA evaM vicaratA hai| usakA yahI AcAra hai / isa niyama kA apavAda kisI anya prAgama meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| hA~, AvazyakapUNi Adi vyAkhyA-granthoM meM vyAkhyAprajJapti ke prastuta zataka kA anugamana karake gozAla kA caritra avazya hI vicitra DhaMga se citrita kiyA gayA hai| eka vAra mahAvIra gozAla ke sAtha siddhArthagrAma se kUrmagrAma kI ora jA rahe the / mArga meM patra-puSpayukta eka tila ke paudhe ko dekhakara gozAla ne mahAvIra se pUchA-bhagavan ! yaha tila kA paudhA phalegA yA nahIM ? ye sAta tilapuSpa ke jIva marakara kahA~ utpanna hoMge ? mahAvIra ne kahA--gozAla ! yaha tila kA paudhA phalegA aura ye sAta tilapuSpa ke jIva marakara isI tila ke paudhe kI eka phalI meM sAta tiloM ke rUpa meM utpanna hoNge| gozAla ko mahAvIra kI bAta para vizvAsa nahIM humaa| mahAvIra ko jhaThA siddha karane kI bhAvanA se gozAla ne usa tila ke paudhe ko ukhAr3akara eka ora pheMka diyaa| bAda meM varSA ke kAraNa vaha tila kA paudhA usI miTTI meM jama gayA tathA baddhamUla ho gyaa| ve sAta tilapuSpa bhI marakara usI tila ke paudhe kI eka phalI meM tilarUpa meM utpanna hue / prastuta zataka ke upayukta varNana meM eka bAta. vicAraNIya hai / kyA mahAvIra chadmasthAvasthA meM jIva kI bhaviSyatkAlIna utpatti kA jJAna kara sakate the ? jIva arUpI dravya hai / asarvajJa apane avadhijJAna ke dvArA rUpI

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maina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya - - padArthoM ke viSaya meM to kisI prakAra kI bhaviSyavANI kara sakatA hai kintu prarUpI padArthoM ke viSaya meM isa prakAra kA kathana jaina jJAnavAda kI mAnyatA se viparIta hai / karma yukta hone para bhI jIva avadhijJAna kA sAkSAt viSaya nahIM ho sakatA / anyathA kevalajJAna aura pravadhijJAna meM antara hI kyA radegA ? avadhijJAnI tila ke paudhe ke bAre meM bhaviSyavANI kara sakatA hai kyoMki paudhA rUpI hai kintu tila ke jIva ke bAre meM vaisA nahIM kara sakatA kyoMki jIva arUpI hai| gozAla mahAvIra se pRthak hokara apane ko jina, kevalI, sarvajJa kahane lgaa| mahAvIra, joki vItarAga evaM sarvajJa ho cuke the, gozAla ko jina, kevalI, sarvajJa mAnane ke lie taiyAra na the| ve kahate the ki gozAla apane ko jina nahIM hote hue bhI jina, kevalI nahIM hote hue bhI kevalI, sarvajJa nahIM hote hue bhI sarvajJa ghoSita kara rahA hai| isake viparIta gozAla mahAvIra ko chamastha (prasarvajJa) hI samajhatA thaa| vaha unheM sarvajJa mAnane ke lie taiyAra na thA / loga kahate the ki do jina paraspara AkSepa-prakSepa kara rahe haiN| eka kahatA hai ki maiM sarvajJa hUM aura dUsarA kahatA hai ki maiM sarvaza haiN| inameM kauna saccA aura kauna jhUThA hai ? unameM jo mukhya va pratiSThita vyakti the ve kahate-zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra satyavAdI haiM aura makhaliputra gozAla mithyAvAdI hai| isa varNana se mAlUma hotA hai ki sarvajJa kI upasthiti meM bhI loga sarvazatA ke viSaya meM sarvasammata nirNaya nahIM kara pAte the| koI kisI eka ko sarvajJa mAnatA thA to koI kisI anya ko| vastutaH sarvajJa kona hai, isakA nirNaya una sarvajJoM ke sAmane bhI nahIM ho pAtA thaa| jaba tazakathita sarvaza hI mApasa meM lar3ate-jhagar3ate hoM tathA eka-dUsare para prAkSepa-prakSepa karate hoM to prasarvajJa loga sarvajJatA kI haMsI nahIM ur3AeMge to kyA kareMge ? sarvaza hokara logoM ko apane sarvajJatva kI pratIti na karA sake vaha sarvajJa kasA ? kisI kI koI bhI mAnyatA kyoM na ho, yadi koI vAstava meM

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jaina dharma-darzana sarvajJa hai to sabako use sarvajJa mAnanA hI pdd'egaa| sarvaza ke jJAna ke prabhAva ke sAmane kisI kA bhAgraha Tika hI nahIM sktaa| sarvajJa ko yaha kahane kI yA ghoSaNA karane kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM rahatI ki meM sarvazajina-kevalI hU~ aura amuka vyakti sarvajJa-jina-kevalI nahIM hai| janasamUha svayaM samajha legA ki kauna sarvajJa hai aura kona asrvjny| prastuta zataka meM mahAvIra aura gozAla ke bIca hue vAda-vivAda va lar3AI-jhagar3e kA jisa vicitra DhaMga se varNana kiyA gayA hai use dekhate hue to yahI kahanA par3egA ki na to mahAvora hI jina arthAt vItarAga evaM kevalI arthAt sarvajJa the paura na gozAla hI jina evaM kevalI thaa| donoM apane-apane saMSa meM prabhAvazAlI evaM pUjya the| donoM eka-dUsare ko apamAnita karane evaM nIcA dikhAne ke prayatna meM the| ____ gozAla ne to jo kucha kiyA so kiyA hI, mahAvIra ne bhI gozAla ko krodhita karane meM kasara na rkhii| mahAvIra khulegAma yaha ghoSita karate the ki gozAla jina nahIM kintu jinapralApI hai / gozAla baba bhanekoM manuSyoM se yaha bAta sunatA to vaha atyanta krodhita hotA-usake kroSa kA pAra na rhtaa| eka dina mahAvIra ke ziSya mAnanda ko cetAvanI dete hue gozAla ne kahA ki yadi prAja mahAvIra mere sambandha meM kucha bhI kaheMge to maiM apane tapa-teja dvArA unheM bhasma kara duuNgaa| mahAvIra bhI mAnate the ki gozAla apane tapa-teja se kisI ko bhI bhasma kara sakatA thA kintu arihaMta-bhagavaMtoM ko nahIM jalA sakatA thaa| hAM, unameM paritApa avazya utpanna kara sakatA thaa| isIlie mahAvIra ne apane ziSyoM ko gozAla ke sAtha carcA-vArtA karane kI manAhI kara rakhI thii| cUki vaha mahAvIra ko jalAkara bhasma nahIM kara sakatA thA ataH ve use kharI-khoTI sunAte the| eka bAra gozAla ko apane vyaktitva ko chipAne kI ceSTA karate hue| dekhakara vItarAga mahAvIra ne jarA phaTakArate hue kahA ki jisa prakAra koI /

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya cora grAmavAsiyoM se parAjita hokara bhAgatA huA kisI guphA, durga, khAI prathavA anya viSama sthAna ke na milane para sana, kapAsa, tRNa zrAdi ke agrabhAga se apane ko Dhakane kI ceSTA karatA hai tathA DhakA huprA nahIM hone para bhI apane ko DhakA huA samajhatA haichipA huA nahIM hone para bhI apane ko chipA huA samajhatA hai usI prakAra tU bhI apane ko chipAne ko ceSTA kara rahA hai, apane ko chipA huA samajha rahA hai, amya nahIM hote hue bhI apane ko anya batA rahA hai / yaha sunakara gozAla atyanta krodhita huA aura. mahAvIra ko burI taraha gAliyAM dene lgaa| usane kahA ki tU pAja hI naSTa, vinaSTa va bhraSTa ho jaaegaa| kadAcit tU Aja jIvita bhI nahIM rhegaa| gozAla kA yaha abhadra vyavahAra dekhakara mahAvIra ke do ziSyoM ne use samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA kintu gozAla ne krodhAbhibhUta ho apane tapa-teja se donoM ko jalAkara bhasma kara diyA / mahAvIra dekhate raha gaye / Age zatakakAra ne yaha batAyA hai ki sarvajJa vItarAga bhagavAn mahAvIra bhI apane jJAna evaM vyavahAra se gozAla ko tanika bhI prabhAvita na kara ske| jaise mahAvIra ke ziSyoM ne gozAla ko samajhAyA vaise hI mahAvIra ne bhI use smjhaayaa| gozAla mahAvIra para bhI usI prakAra kruddha huA tathA una para tejolezyA kA prahAra kara kahane lagA ki tU merI isa tapojanya tejolezyA se parAbhUta hokara pittajvarajanya dAha se pIr3ita ho chaH mAsa pazcAt chadmastha avasthA meM hI mRtyu ko prApta hogaa| mahAvIra ne gozAla ko usI bhASA meM pratyuttara dete hue kahA ki tU hI apanI tapojanya lezyA se parAbhUta hokara pittajvara se pIr3ita ho sAta rAtri pazcAta chadmastha avasthA meM hI kAla-kavalita hogaa| maiM to abhI solaha varSa taka jina ke rUpa meM aura vicaraNa karatA rhuuNgaa| gozAla va mahAvIra ke bIca hue isa jhagar3e kI carcA cAroM ora hone lgii| loga kahate thezrAvastI nagarI ke bAhara koSThaka caitya meM. do jina paraspara jhagar3a rahe haiN|

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jaina dharma-darzana inameM se eka kahatA hai ki tU pahale maregA aura dUsarA kahatA hai ki tU pahale maregA / una donoM kI zrasaMyata evaM prakSepapUrNa bhASA se ve loga saca-jhUTha kA nizcaya nahIM kara pAte the / 38 aba gozAla kI hataprabhatA evaM durbalatA kA lAbha uThAte hue arihaMta mahAvIra ne apane nirgrantha zramaNoM ko bulAkara gozAla ke viruddha uttejita karate hue kahA - jisa prakAra tRNa, kASTha, patra Adi kA Dhera agni se jala jAne para hataprabha ho jAtA hai usI prakAra gozAla bhI mere vadha ke lie tejolezyA nikAlakara hataprabha ho gayA hai / aba tuma loga usake sAmane jAkara usake mata ke pratikUla yatheccha vacana kaho, use vividha prakAra se niruttara karo / nirgrantha zramaNoM ne vividha prakAra ke praznottaroM dvArA gozAla ko niruttara kara diyA / isase gozAla atyanta krodhita huA kintu vaha nirgrantha zramaNoM kA kucha bhI na bigAr3a sakA / sarvajJa jinendra mahAvIra kI sAvadya bhaviSyavANI ke anusAra sAtavIM rAtri vyatIta hone para gozAla mRtyu ko prApta huA / mahAvora ko bhI atyanta pIr3AkArI pittajvara kA dAha utpanna huA tathA khUna kI dasteM lagane lgiiN| unakI yaha sthiti dekhakara loga Apasa meM carcA karane lageaba mahAvIra gozAla ke kathanAnusAra chaH mAsa pazcAt chadmasthAvasthA meM hI mRtyu prApta kreNge| mahAvIra ke ziSya siMha anagAra ne bhI yaha carcA sunii| isase unheM bahuta duHkha huA aura ve rudana karane lage / zatakakArakRta isa prakAra ke varNana se mAlUma hotA hai ki mahAvIra kI vItarAgatA, sarvajJatA evaM asAdhAraNatA se sAmAnya janasamUha to aparicita thA hI, unake kucha ziSya bhI ina viziSTa guNoM evaM zaktiyoM se paricita na the / athavA yoM kaha sakate haiM ki mahAvIra kI ina asAdhAraNa vizeSatAoM ke prati ina logoM ko pUrA vizvAsa nahIM thA / zranyathA ye loga isa prakAra zravizvAsapUrNa AcaraNa kyoM karate ? sarvajJa mahAvIra ne siMha anagAra kI nirgranthoM ko unheM bulAne ke lie bhejA / vedanA jAna lii| unhoMne siMha anagAra ke zrAne para

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya mahAvIra ne unheM zrAzvAsana dete hue kahA- maiM abhI nahIM marUMgA kintu solaha varSa taka zrIra jina ke rUpa meM vicaraNa karUMgA / ataH tu meMDhikagrAma meM revatI gRhapatnI ke yahAM jA / usane mere lie do kapotazarIra upaskRta kara taiyAra kara rakhe haiM kintu unakA mujhe prayojana nahIM hai| usake yahAM bAsI ( kala kA ) mArjArakRta kukkuTa mAMsa hai / vaha le bhA / usakA mujhe prayojana hai / siMha anagAra revatI gRhapatnI ke yahAM gaye evaM mahAvIra kI prAjJAnusAra kukkuTa-mAMsa lAye / mahAvIra ne usakA sevana kiyA jisase unakA pIDAkArI roga zAnta huA / isa zataka meM vafraMgata bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kukkuTamAMsa sevana se sambandhita prastuta prasaMga para vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA hai / vivAda kA viSaya kevala do-cAra zabdoM ke artha taka hI sImita nahIM hai / yaha pUrA kA pUrA zataka hI vivAdAspada hai / uparyukta kucha visaMgatiyoM evaM vicitratAoMoM ke atirikta isa zataka meM aura bhI aisI aneka truTiyAM haiM jo zatakakAra kI prAmANikatA meM sandeha utpanna karatI haiN| mujhe vo aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prastuta zataka meM vaNita mahAvIra - gozAla kA prazobhanIya vArtAlApa kAlpanika hai / ise kisI taraha saca mAna liyA jAya to bhI gozAla kI tejolezyA se mahAvIra jaise zratizayasampanna puruSa ko pratyanta pIr3AkArI pittajvara kA dAha utpanna honA evaM khUna kI dasteM laganA ajIba-sA mAlUma par3atA hai / yaha bhI kisI taraha saca mAna liyA jAya to bhI mahAvIra dvArA apane roga kI cikitsA karanA upayukta pratIta nahIM hotA kyoMki rogAtaMka ho yA na ho, mahAvIra ne cikitsA kI kAmanA kabhI nahIM kii| ise bhI kisI prakAra saca samajha liyA jAya phira bhI mahAvIra dvArA kukkuTamAMsa kA sevana to kadApi yuktiyukta nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| ina saba doSoM ko dekhate hue yaha mAnanA anucita na hogA ki vyAkhyAprajJapti kA prastuta zataka prakSipta, kRtrima evaM praprAmANika hai / 36

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jaina dharma darzana upAsakadazA ke dasa adhyayanoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dasa pramukha upAsakoM arthAt zrAvakoM kI kathAe~ haiM / 'Ananda' nAmaka prathama adhyayana meM zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM kA vizeSa vivecana hai / antakRtadazA meM ATha varga haiN| inameM kramazaH dasa, ATha, teraha, dasa, dasa, solaha, teraha aura dasa adhyayana haiN| antakRta arthAt saMsAra kA anta krnevaalaa| jisane apane saMsAra arthAt bhavacakra ( janma-maraNa ) kA anta kiyA hai aisI AtmA 'antakRta' kahI jAtI hai| antakRtadazA meM isI prakAra kI kucha AtmAoM kI dazA kA varNana hai| anuttaraupapAtikadazA tIna vargoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama varga meM dasa, dvitIya meM teraha aura tRtIya meM dasa adhyayana haiN| jo vyakti apane tapa evaM saMyama dvArA kisI anuttara ( zreSTha) vimAna meM devarUpa se utpanna hotA hai vaha 'anuttaraupapAtika' kahA jAtA hai / prastuta aMgagrantha meM isI prakAra ke kucha vyaktiyoM kI dazA kA varNana hai| praznavyAkaraNa kA jo paricaya sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga evaM nandIsUtra meM milatA hai usase upalabdha praznavyAkaraNa sarvathA bhinna hai| vidyamAna saMskaraNa meM hiMsAdika pA~ca AsravoM tathA ahiMsAdika pA~ca saMvaroM kA dasa adhyayanoM meM nirUpaNa hai| vipAkazruta do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta hai : duHkha vipAka aura sukhavidhAka / du:khavipAka meM azubha karma arthAt pApa ke vipAka arthAt phala kA dasa adhyayanoM meM dasa kathAoM ke mAdhyama se nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra sukhavipAka meM dasa kathAoM ke mAdhyama se zubha karma arthAt puNya ke vipAka kA dasa adhyayanoM meM nirUpaNa huA hai|

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya . - 41 aMgabAhya Agama pA~ca vargoM meM vibhakta haiM : upAMga, mUlasUtra, chedasUtra, cUlikAsUtra aura prakIrgaka / pratiSThA Adi kI dRSTi se aupAtika Adi kA sthAna aMgoM ke bAda hone ke kAraNa inheM upAMga kI koTi meM rakhA gayA hai / upAMga 12 haiM : 1. uvavAiya-aupapAtika, 2. rAyapaseNaiya-rAjapraznIya, 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama athavA jIvAbhigama, 4. paNNavaNA-prajJApanA, 5. sUrapaNNatti-sUryaprajJapti, 6. jaMbuddIvapaNNatti-jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 7. caMdapaNNatti-candraprajJapti, 8. nirayAva liyA-nirayAvalikA athavA kappiyAkalpikA, . 6. kappavaDaMsiyA-kalpAvataMsikA, 10. pupphiyApuSpikA, 11. pupphacUliyA-puSpacUlikA aura 12. vnnhidsaavRssnnidshaa| ____ aupapAtika kA prArambha campAnagarI ke varNana se kiyA gayA hai| isake bAda pUrNabhadra udyAna, kUNika rAjA, dhAriNI rAnI, mahAvIra svAmI Adi kA sAMskRtika zailI evaM sAhityika bhASA meM surucipUrNa varNana hai| prasaMgavazAt daNDa, mRtyu, vidhavA, vratI, sAdhu, tApasa, zramaNa, parivrAjaka, AjIvaka, nihnava Adi kA bhI yatheSTa paricaya diyA gayA hai / rAjapraznIya ke prathama bhAga meM sUryAbha deva evaM usake vimAna kA vistRta varNana hai| yaha deva bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samakSa upasthita hokara vividha nATaka-battIsa prakAra kI nATyavidhi prastuta karatA hai| dvitIya bhAga meM bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke zramaNa kezI aura zrAvastI ke rAjA pradezI ke bIca hue jIvaviSayaka sarasa saMvAda kA subodha varNana hai / rAjA pradezI jIva aura zarIra ko abhinna mAnatA hai| zramaNa kezI usake mata kA nirAkaraNa karate hue yuktipUrvaka jIva kA svatantra astitva

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42 jaina dharma-darzana. siddha karate haiM / jIvAjIvAbhigama meM bhagavAn mahAvIra aura gaNadhara gautama ke praznottara ke rUpa meM jIva aura ajIva ke bhedaprabheda kA vistRta varNana hai| isameM nau pratipattiyA~ ( prakaraNa ) haiN| tIsarI pratipatti sabase bar3I hai jisameM devoM tathA dvIpasamudroM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai / prajJApanA meM prajJApanA, sthAna, alpabahutva, sthiti, vizeSa, vyutkrAnti Adi chattIsa padoM kA pratipAdana hai / jaise aMgoM meM bhagavatI sUtra sabase vistRta hai vaise hI upAMgoM meM prajJApanA sabase bar3A hai / isa upAMga ke racayitA vAcakavaMzIya zyAmAcArya haiM jo vIranirvANa saMvat 376 meM vidyamAna the / sUryaprajJapti meM sUrya, candra aura nakSatroM kI gati Adi kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai / isameM bIsa prAbhUta ( prakaraNa ) haiM / upalabdha candraprajJapti aura sUrya prajJapti kA viSaya bilakula ekasamAna hai / nAmoM se pratIta hotA hai ki candraprajJapti meM candra ke paribhramaNa kA varNana rahA hogA tathA sUrya prajJapti meM sUrya ke paribhramaNa kA / Age jAkara donoM milakara eka ho gaye hoMge / jambUdvIpa prajJapti sAta vakSaskAroM meM vibhakta hai| tIsare vakSaskAra meM jambUdvIpAntargata bhAratavarSa evaM usake rAjA ( cakravartI) bharata kI vijayayAtrA kA varNana hai / nirayAvalikA meM rAjA zreNika ke kAla, sukAla, mahAkAla Adi putroM se sambaddha dasa adhyayana haiM / ye rAjakumAra apane jyeSTha bhrAtA kUNika ke pakSa meM apane nAnA ceTaka se yuddha karate hue marakara naraka meM gaye / kalpAvataMsikA meM zreNika ke padma, mahApadma, bhadra, subhadra Adi pautroM se sambaddhaM dasa adhyayana haiM / puSpikA meM candra, sUrya, zukra Adi devoM se sambaddha dasa adhyayana haiM / puSpacUlikA meM bhI dasa adhyayana haiM jinameM zrI, hrI, dhRti Adi deviyoM kA varNana hai| vRSNidazA meM vRSNivaMza 7 ke nisaDha Adi rAjakumAroM se sambaddha bAraha adhyayana haiM / ye

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya rAjakumAra vAsudeva kRSNa evaM bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke samaya meM hue| mUlasUtra cAra haiM : 1. uttarAdhyayana, 2. Avazyaka, 3. dazavaikAlika, 4. piNDa niyukti athavA oghaniyukti / ina granthoM meM zramaNa-jIvana ke mUlabhUta niyamoM kA upadeza hone ke kAraNa inheM mUlasUtra kahA jAtA hai| . bhASA, viSaya Adi kI dRSTi se uttarAdhyayana kI prAcInatA kI vistRta carcA zANTiyara, jekobI Adi ne kI hai| isa mUlasUtra meM chattIsa adhyayana haiM jinameM vinaya, parISaha, caturaMga, akAmamaraNa, pravrajyA, bahuzrutapUjA, uttamabhikSu, brahmacaryasamAdhi, pravacanamAtA, yajJa, sAmAcArI, mokSamArga, samyaktvaparAkrama, tapomArga, karmaprakRti, lezyA, anagAra Adi vividha viSayoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| yaha grantha dRSTAntoM, rUpakoM, upamAoM evaM saMvAdoM kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| Avazyaka meM zramaNa ke nitya ke kartavyoM-Avazyaka anuSThAnoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| isameM chaH adhyayana haiM : 1. sAmAyika, 2. catuvizatistava, 3. vandana, 4. pratikramaNa, 5. kAyotsarga, 6. pratyAkhyAna / sAmAyika meM yAvajjIvanajIvana-bhara ke lie saba prakAra ke sAvadya yoga-pApakArI kRtyoM kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai| caturvizatistava meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti kI jAtI hai| vandana meM guru kA namaskArapUrvaka stavana kiyA jAtA hai| pratikramaNa meM vratoM meM lage aticAroM kI AlocanA kI jAtI hai evaM bhaviSya meM una doSoM kI punarAvRtti na karane kI pratijJA kI jAtI hai / kAyotsarga meM zarIra se mamatvabhAva haTAkara use dhyAna ke lie sthira kiyA jAtA hai| pratyAkhyAna meM eka nizcita avadhi ke lie

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jaina dharma-darzana cAra prakAra ke AhAra-azana, pAna, khAdya aura svAdya kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai| dazavakAlika ke kartA AcArya zayyambhava haiN| isameM dasa adhyayana haiN| anta meM do cUlikAeM bhI haiN| yaha mUtra vikAla arthAt sandhyA ke samaya par3hA jAtA hai| drumapuSpita nAmaka prathama adhyayana meM batAyA gayA hai ki jaise bhramara puSpoM ko binA kaSTa pahuMcAye unameM se rasa kA pAna kara apane-Apako tRpta karatA hai vaise hI bhikSu AhAra Adi kI gaveSaNA meM kisI ko tanika bhI kaSTa nahIM phuNcaataa| zrAmaNyapUrvika nAmaka dvitIya adhyayana meM batAyA gayA hai ki jo kAmabhogoM kA nivAraNa nahIM kara sakatA vaha saMkalpa-vikalpa ke adhIna hokara pada-pada para skhalita hotA huA zrAmaNya ko prApta nahIM kara sktaa| jaise agandhana sarpa agni meM jalakara prANa tyAganA svIkAra kara letA hai kintu vamana kiye hue viSa kA punaH pAna nahIM karatA vaise hI saccA zramaNa tyAge hue kAmabhogoM kA kisI bhI paristhiti meM punaH grahaNa nahIM krtaa| kSullikAcArakathA nAmaka tIsare adhyayana meM nirgranthoM ke lie auddezika bhojana, krIta bhojana, rAtribhojana, rAja piNDa Adi kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai tathA batAyA gayA hai ki jo grISma Rtu meM AtApanA lete haiM, zItakAla meM ThaNDa sahana karate haiM tathA varSARtu meM eka sthAna para rahate haiM ve yatnazIla bhikSu kahe jAte haiN| cauthA adhyayana SaDjIvanikAya se sambaddha hai / isameM pRthvIkAya, apakAya, tejaskAya, vAyukAya, vanaspatikAya evaM trasakAya ko mana, vacana evaM tana se hAni pahuMcAne kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai tathA sarva prANAtipAta-viramaNa, mRSAvAdaviramaNa, adattAdAna-viramaNa, maithuna-viramaNa aura parigrahaviramaNarUpa mahAvratoM evaM rAtribhojana-viramaNarUpa vrata kA prati

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 45 pAdana kiyA gayA hai| pA~cavA~ piNDaSaNA adhyayana do uddezoM meM vibhakta hai / inameM bhikSA-sambandhI vividha vidhi-vidhAna haiM / chaThe adhyayana kA nAma mahAcArakathA hai| isameM caturtha adhyayanokta chaH vratoM evaM chaH jIvanikAyoM kI rakSA kA vizeSa vicAra kiyA gayA hai| sAtavA~ adhyayana vAkyazuddhi se sambaddha hai| sAdhu ko hamezA nirdoSa, akarkaza evaM asaMdigdha bhASA bolanI cAhie / AThave adhyayana kA nAma AcArapraNidhi hai / isameM mana, vacana aura kAya se SaTakAya jIvoM ke prati ahiMsaka AcaraNa ke viSaya meM aneka prakAra se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vinayasamAdhi nAmaka navA~ adhyayana cAra uddezoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM zramaNa ke vinayaguNa kA vividha dRSTiyoM se vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai / sabhikSu nAmaka dasave adhyayana meM batAyA gayA hai ki jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke vacanoM meM jisakI pUrNa zraddhA hai, jo SaTkAya ke prANiyoM ko Atmavat samajhatA hai, jo pA~ca mahAvatoM kI ArAdhanA evaM pA~ca AsravoM kA nirodha karatA hai vaha bhikSu hai ityAdi / rativAkya nAmaka prathama cUlikA meM caMcala mana ko sthira karane kA upAya batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra . lagAma se caMcala ghor3A vaza meM ho jAtA hai, aMkuza se unmatta hAthI vaza meM A jAtA hai usI prakAra aThAraha bAtoM kA vicAra karane se caMcala citta sthira ho jAtA hai ityAdi / viviktacaryA nAmaka dvitIya cUlikA meM sAdhu ke kucha kartavyAkartavyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| piNDaniyukti meM piNDa arthAt bhojana ke sambandha meM paryApta vivecana hai / dazavakAlika ke pA~cave adhyayana piNDaiSaNA kI niyukti ke vistRta ho jAne ke kAraNa use piNDaniyukti ke nAma se eka alaga grantha mAna liyA gyaa| isI prakAra opaniyukti

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46 jaina dharma-darzana bhI Avazyakaniyukti kA hI eka aMza hai / isameM zramaNa-jIvana ke sAmAnya niyamoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| cheda kA artha hotA hai nyUnatA athavA kmii| kisI sAdhu ke AcAra meM amuka prakAra kA doSa lagane para usake zramaNaparyAya ( sAdhu-jIvana ke samaya kI gaNanA) meM variSThatA kI dRSTi se kucha kamI kara dI jAtI hai| isa prakAra ke prAyazcitta ko cheda prAyazcitta kahate haiN| sambhavataH isa prAyazcitta kA vidhAna karane ke kAraNa amuka sUtroM ko chedasUtra kahA gayA ho / vartamAna meM upalabdha chedasUtra cheda prAyazcitta kA hI nahIM, anya prAyazcittoM evaM viSayoM kA bhI pratipAdana karate haiN| nimnokta chaH grantha chedasUtra kahalAte haiM : 1. dazAzrutaskandha, 2. bRhatkalpa, 3. vyavahAra, 4: nizItha, 5. mahAnizItha, 6. jItakalpa athavA paMcakalpa / chedasUtroM meM zramaNAcAra se sambaddha pratyeka viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| yaha pratipAdana utsarga, apavAda, doSa evaM prAyazcitta se sambaddha hai| isa prakAra kA pratipAdana aMgAdi sUtroM meM nahIM miltaa| isa dRSTi se chedasUtroM kA jaina AcArasAhitya meM vizeSa mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| dazAzrutaskandha, bRharakalpa evaM vyavahAra AcArya bhadrabAhu (prathama) kI kRtiyA~ haiM / ... dazAzrutaskandha ko AcAradazA ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai / isameM dasa adhyayana haiN| prathama adhyayana meM druta gamana, apramANita gamana, duSpramArjita gamana, atirikta zayyAsana Adi bIsa asamAdhisthAnoM kA ullekha hai / dvitIya adhyayana meM hastakarma, maithunapratisevana, rAtribhojana, AdhAkarmagrahaNa, rAjapiNDagrahaNa Adi ikkIsa prakAra ke zabaladoSoM kA varNana hai / tRtIya adhyayana meM taitIsa prakAra kI AzAtanAoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| caturtha adhyayana meM ATha prakAra kI gaNisampadAoM

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 47 AcAra-sampadA, zruta-sampadA, zarIra-sampadA, vacana-sampadA, vAcanA-sampadA Adi kA varNana hai| paMcama adhyayana dasa prakAra ke cittasamAdhi-sthAnoM se sambaddha hai / SaSTha adhyayana meM ekAdaza upAsaka-pratimAoM tathA saptama adhyayana meM dvAdaza bhikSu-pratimAoM kA varNana hai / aSTama adhyayana kA nAma paryuSaNAkalpa hai| varSARtu meM zramaNa kA eka sthAna para rahanA paryuSaNA kahalAtA hai / paryuSaNA-viSayaka kalpa arthAt AcAra kA nAma hai paryuSaNAkalpa / prastuta adhyayana meM paryuSaNAkalpa ke lie vizeSa upayogI mahAvIracarita-sambandhI pA~ca hastottaroM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai : 1. hastottara nakSatra meM mahAvIra kA devaloka se cyuta hokara garbha meM AnA, 2. hastottara meM garbha-parivartana honA, 3. hastottara meM janma-grahaNa karanA, 4. hastottara meM pravrajyA lenA, 5. hastottara meM kevalajJAna kI prApti honA / kalpasUtra ke rUpa meM pracalita grantha isI adhyayana kA pallavita rUpa hai / isameM zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jIvanacarita ke atirikta mukhya rUpa se pArzva, ariSTanemi aura RSabha ina tIna tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvanI bhI dI gaI hai / anta meM sthavirAvalI evaM sAmAcArI (zramaNa-jIvanasambandhI niyamAvalI) bhI jor3a dI gaI hai / navama adhyayana meM tIsa mohanIya sthAnoM kA varNana hai / dazama adhyayana kA nAma AyatisthAna hai| isameM vibhinna nidAna-karmoM arthAt mohajanya icchApUrtimUlaka saMkalpoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai jo janma-maraNa kI prApti ke kAraNa haiM / isa prakAra dazAzrutaskandha ke dasa adhyayanoM meM eka adhyayana zrAvakAcAra se sambaddha hai jisameM upAsaka-pratimAoM kA varNana hai / zeSa nau adhyayana zramaNAcAra-sambandhI haiN| bRhatkalpa meM cha: uddeza haiN| prathama uddeza meM tAlapralamba, mAsakalpa, ApaNagRha, ghaTImAtraka, cilimilikA, dakatIra,

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Adi Adi pravrajyApAtikrAnta azA evaM mahInA karanI 48 jaina dharma-darzana citrakarma, sAgArikanizrA, adhikaraNa, cAra, vairAjya, avagraha, rAtribhakta, adhvagamana, uccArabhUmi, svAdhyAyabhUmi, AryakSetra Adi viSayaka vidhi-niSedha haiN| kahIM-kahIM apavAda evaM prAyazcitta kI bhI carcA hai / dvitIya uddeza meM prathama bAraha sUtra upAzraya-viSayaka haiN| Age ke teraha sUtroM meM AhAra, vastra evaM rajoharaNa kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai / tRtIya uddeza meM upAzraya-praveza, carma, vastra, samavasaraNa, antaragRha, zayyA-saMstAraka, senA Adi se sambaddha vidhi-vidhAna haiN| caturtha uddeza meM batAyA gayA hai ki hastakarma, maithuna evaM rAtribhojana anudghAtika prAyazcitta ke yogya haiN| duSTa evaM pramatta zramaNa ke lie pArAMcika prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai / sAdharmika stanya, anyadhArmika stanya, muSTiprahAra Adi ke lie anavasthApya prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA hai / paNDaka, klIba Adi pravrajyA ke ayogya haiN| nirgrantha-nirgranthiyoM ko kAlAtikrAnta evaM kSetrAtikrAnta azanAdi grahaNa karanA akalpya hai| unheM gaMgA, yamunA, sarayU, kozikA evaM mahI nAmaka pAMca mahAnadiyA~ mahIne meM eka bAra se adhika pAra nahIM karanI caahie| airAvatI Adi choTI nadiyA~ mahIne meM do-tIna bAra pAra kI jA sakatI haiM / paMcama uddeza meM brahmApAya, parihArakalpa, pulAkabhakta Adi dasa prakAra ke viSayoM se sambaddha doSoM evaM prAyazcittoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / SaSTha uddeza meM batAyA gayA hai ki nirgrantha-nirgranthiyoM ko chaH prakAra ke vacana nahIM bolane cAhie : alIka vacana, hIlita vacana, khisita vacana, paruSa vacana, gArhasthika vacana aura vyavazamitodIraNa vacana / kalpasthiti-AcAradazA chaH prakAra kI batAI gaI hai : sAmAyikasaMyatakalpasthiti, chedopasthApanIyasaMyatakalpasthiti, nirvizamAnakalpasthiti, nirviSTakAyikakalpasthiti, jinakalpasthiti aura sthavirakalpasthiti /

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46 jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya vyavahAra meM dasa uddeza haiN| pahale uddeza meM niSkapaTa aura sakapaTa Alocaka, ekalavihArI sAdhu Adi se sambaddha prAyazcittoM kA vidhAna hai| dUsare uddeza meM samAna sAmAcArIvAle doSI sAdhuoM se sambaddha prAyazcitta, sadoSa rogI kI sevA, anavasthita Adi kI puna: saMyama meM sthApanA, gaccha kA tyAga kara punaH gaccha meM milanevAle kI parIkSA evaM prAyazcittadAna Adi para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| tIsare uddeza meM ina bAtoM kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai : gacchAdhipati kI yogyatA, padavIdhAriyoM kA AcAra, taruNa zramaNa kA AcAra, gaccha meM rahate hue athavA gaccha kA tyAga kara anAcAra sevana karanevAle ke lie prAyazcitta aura mRSAvAdI ko padavI pradAna karane kA niSedha / caturtha uddeza meM ina viSayoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai : AcArya Adi padavIdhAriyoM kA zramaNa parivAra, AcArya Adi kI mRtyu ke samaya zramaNoM kA kartavya, yuvAcArya kI sthApanA ityAdi / paMcama uddeza sAdhviyoM ke AcAra, sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke pArasparika vyavahAra, vaiyAvRttya Adi se sambaddha hai| SaSTha uddeza yathAnirdiSTa viSayoM se sambaddha hai : sAdhuoM ko apane sambandhiyoM ke ghara kaise jAnA cAhie, AcArya Adi ke kyA atizaya haiM, zikSita evaM azikSita sAdhu meM kyA vizeSatA hai, mathunecchA ke lie kyA prAyazcitta hai ityAdi / sAtaveM uddeza meM ina bAtoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai : sambhogI arthAt sAthI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kA pArasparika vyavahAra, sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kI dIkSA, sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AcAra kI bhinnatA, padavI pradAna karane kA samucita samaya, rAjyavyavasthA meM parivartana hone kI sthiti meM zramaNoM kA kartavya Adi / AThave uddeza meM zayyA-saMstAraka Adi upakaraNa grahaNa karane kI vidhi para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| nave uddeza meM

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50 jaina dharma-darzana makAna-mAlika ke yahA~ rahe hue atithi Adi ke AhAra se sambaddha kalpAkalpa kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai / dasave uddeza meM yavamadhyapratimA, vajramadhyapratimA; pA~ca prakAra kA vyavahAra, bAladIkSA, vividha sUtroM ke paThana-pAThana kI yogyatA Adi kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| nizItha meM cAra prakAra ke prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai : gurumAsika, laghumAsika, gurucAturmAsika aura laghucAturmAsika / an yahA~ gurumAsa athavA mAsaguru kA artha upavAsa tathA laghumAsa athavA mAsalaghu kA artha ekAzana samajhanA caahie| yaha sUtra bIsa uddezoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama uddeza meM ina kriyAoM ke lie gurumAsa kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai : hastakarma karanA, aMgAdAna ko kASThAdi kI nalI meM DAlanA athavA kASThAdi kI nalI ko aMgAdAna meM DAlanA, aMgulI Adi ko aMgAdAna meM DAlanA athavA aMgAdAna ko aMguliyoM se pakar3anA yA hilAnA, aMgAdAna kA mardana karanA, aMgAdAna ke Upara kI tvacA dUra kara aMdara kA bhAga khulA karanA, puSpAdi sUMghanA, dUsaroM se paradA Adi banavAnA, sUI Adi ThIka karAnA, apane lie mA~gakara lAI huI sUI Adi dUsaroM ko denA, pAtra Adi dUsaroM se sApha karAnA, sadoSa AhAra kA upabhoga karanA Adi / dvitIya uddeza meM ina kriyAoM ke lie laghumAsa kA vidhAna hai : dArudaNDa kA pAdaproMchana banAnA, kIcar3a ke rAste meM patthara Adi rakhanA, pAnI nikalane kI nAlI Adi banAnA, sUI Adi ko svayameva ThIka karanA, tanika bhI kaThora vacana bolanA, hamezA eka hI ghara kA AhAra khAnA, dAnAdi lene ke pahale athavA bAda meM dAtA kI prazaMsA karanA, niSkAraNa paricita gharoM meM praveza karanA, anyatIthika athavA gRhastha kI saMgati karanA, makAna-mAlika ke ghara

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 51 kA AhAra- pAnI grahaNa karanA aadi| tIsare, cauthe evaM pAMcaveM uddeza meM bhI laghumAsa se sambaddha kriyAoM kA ullekha hai / chaTe uddeza meM maithuna sambandhI nimnokta kriyAoM ke lie gurucAtumAsika prAyazcitta kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai: strI athavA puruSa se maithuna sevana ke lie prArthanA karanA, maithuna kI kAmanA se hastakarma karanA, strI kI yoni meM lakar3I Adi DAlanA, ati chidra Adi meM aMgAdAna praviSTakara zukrapudgala nikAlanA, vastra dUra kara nagna honA, nirlajja vacana bolanA, prema-patra likhanA - likhavAnA, gudA athavA yoni meM liMga DAlanA - DalavAnA Adi / sAtaveM, AThaveM, naveM, dasaveM evaM gyArahaveM uddeza meM bhI maithunaviSayaka evaM anya prakAra kI doSapUrNa kriyAoM ke lie gurucAturmAsika prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| bArahaveM se unnIsaveM uddeza taka laghucAturmAsika prAyazcitta se sambaddha kriyAoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / ye kriyAeM isa prakAra haiM : pratyAkhyAna kA bAra-bAra bhaMga karanA, gRhastha ke vastra, bhojana Adi kA upayoga karanA, darzanIya vastuoM ko dekhane ke lie utkaNThita rahanA, prathama prahara meM grahaNa kiyA huA AhAra caturtha prahara taka rakhanA, do kosa se Age jAkara AhAra lAnA, apane upakaraNa abhyatIrthika athavA gRhastha se uThavAnA, hastarekhA Adi dekhakara phalAphala batAnA, mantra-tantra sikhAnA, virecana lenA athavA auSadhi kA sevana karanA, zithilAcArI ko vandanA - namaskAra karanA, pAtrAdi mola lenA, mola livAnA, mola lekara denevAle se grahaNa karanA, vATikA Adi meM TaTTI pezAba DAlanA, gRhastha Adi ko AhAra-pAnI denA, dampati ke zayanAgAra meM praveza karanA, jugupsita kuloM se AhArAdi grahaNa karanA, gIta gAnA, vAdyayantra bajAnA, nRtya karanA, akAraNa nAva meM baiThanA, svAmI

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52 jaina dharma-darzana kI anumati ke binA nAva meM baiThanA, indramahotsava, skandamahotsava, yakSamahotsava, bhUtamahotsava Adi ke samaya svAdhyAya karanA, asvAdhyAya ke kAla meM svAdhyAya karanA, svAdhyAya ke kAla meM svAdhyAya na karanA, anyatIrthika athavA gRhastha ko par3hAnA yA usase par3hanA, zithilAcAriyoM ko par3hAnA athavA unase par3hanA Adi / bIsaveM uddeza meM AlocanA evaM prAyazcitta karate samaya laganevAle vividha doSoM ke lie vizeSa prAyazcitta kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| isa uddeza ke anta meM tIna gAthAeM haiM jinameM nizIthasUtra ke praNetA AcArya visAgaNi ( vizAkhagaNi) kI prazasti kI gaI hai| nizIyasUtra jainAcAra-zAstrAntargata nirgrantha- daNDazAstra kA ati mahattvapUrNa grantha hai / upalabdha mahAnizItha bhASA evaM viSaya kI dRSTi se bahuta prAcIna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isameM yatra-tatra Agametara granthoM evaM AcAryoM ke nAma bhI milate haiM / yaha cha: adhyayanoM evaM do cUlAoM meM vibhakta hai / prathama adhyayana meM pApa-rUpI zalya kI nindA evaM AlocanA kI dRSTi se aThAraha pApasthAnakoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya adhyayana meM karmavipAka kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| tRtIya evaM caturtha adhyayanoM meM kuzIla sAdhuoM kI saMgati na karane kA upadeza hai / inameM mantra-tantra, namaskAra - mantra, upadhAna, jinapUjA Adi kA vivecana hai| paMcama adhyayana meM gaccha ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / SaSTha adhyayana meM prAyazcitta ke dasa evaM AlocanA ke cAra bhedoM kA vivecana hai / isameM AcArya bhadra ke gaccha meM pA~ca sau sAdhu evaM bAraha sau sAdhviyA~ hone kA ullekha hai / cUlAoM meM susaDha Adi kI kathAe~ haiM / tRtIya adhyayana meM ullekha hai ki mahAnizItha ke dImaka ke khA jAne para haribhadrasUri ne isakA uddhAra evaM saMzodhana -

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 53 kiyA tathA AcArya siddhasena, vRddhavAdI, yakSasena, devagupta, yazovarddhana, ravigupta, nemicandra, jinadAsagaNi Adi ne ise mAnyatA pradAna kI / jItakalpa jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa kI kRti hai| isameM nirgrantha-nirgranthiyoM ke vibhinna aparAdhaviSayaka prAyazcittoM kA jIta - vyavahAra ( paramparA se prApta evaM zreSTha puruSoM dvArA anumata vyavahAra ) ke AdhAra para prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / sUtrakAra ne batAyA hai ki saMvara aura nirjarA se mokSa hotA hai tathA tapa saMvara aura nirjarA kA kAraNa hai / prAyazcitta tapoM meM pradhAna hai ataH prAyazcitta kA mokSamArga kI dRSTi se atyadhika mahattva hai | isake bAda sUtrakAra ne prAyazcitta ke nimnalikhita dasa bhedoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyA hai: 1. AlocanA, 2. pratikramaNa, 3. ubhaya, 4. viveka, 5 vyutsarga, 6. tapa, 9. cheda, 8. mUla, 6. anavasthApya aura 10. pArAMcika / ina dasa prAyazcittoM meM se antima do arthAt anavasthApya evaM pArAMcika antima caturdazapUrvadhara ( prathama bhadrabAhu ) taka hI vidyamAna rahe / tadanantara unakA lopa ho gayA / paMcakalpa vartamAna meM anupalabdha hai / kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki paMca kalpasUtra aura paMcakalpamahAbhASya donoM eka hI haiM / nandI aura anuyogadvAra cUlikAsUtra kahalAte haiM / cUlikA zabda kA prayoga usa adhyayana athavA grantha ke lie hotA hai jisameM avaziSTa viSayoM kA varNana athavA varNita viSayoM kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai / dazavaikAlika aura mahAnizItha ke anta meM isa prakAra kI cUlikAeM - cUlAe~ - cUDAeM upalabdha haiM / inameM mUla grantha ke prayojana athavA viSaya ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue

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54 jaina dharma-darzana aisI kucha Avazyaka bAtoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai jinakA samAveza AcArya grantha ke kisI adhyayana meM na kara sake / Ajakala isa prakAra kA kArya pustaka ke anta meM pariziSTa jor3akara sampanna kiyA jAtA hai / nandI aura anuyogadvAra bhI AgamoM ke lie pariziSTa kA hI kAma karate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, AgamoM ke adhyayana ke lie ye bhUmikA kA bhI kAma dete haiM / yaha kathana nandI kI apekSA anuyogadvAra ke viSaya meM adhika satya hai / nandI meM to kevala jJAna kA hI vivecana kiyA gayA hai jabaki anuyogadvAra meM prAyaH AgamoM ke samasta mUlabhUta siddhAntoM kA svarUpa samajhAte hue viziSTa pAribhASika zabdoM kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai jinakA jJAna AgamoM ke adhyayana ke lie Avazyaka hI nahIM, anivArya hai / prakIrNaka arthAt vividha / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke tIrtha meM prakIrNako - vividha Agamika granthoM kI saMkhyA 14000 kahI gaI hai / vartamAna meM prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA mukhyatayA dasa mAnI jAtI hai / ina dasa nAmoM meM bhI ekarUpatA nahIM hai / nimnalikhita dasa nAma vizeSa rUpa se mAnya haiM 1. catu: zaraNa, 2. Atura - pratyAkhyAna, 3. mahApratyAkhyAna, 4 bhaktaparijJA, 5. tandulavaicArika, 6. saMstAraka, 7. gacchAcAra, 8. gaNividyA, 6. devendrastava aura 10. maraNasamAdhi / catuHzaraNa (causaraNa) kA dUsarA nAma kuzalAnubandhiadhyayana ( kusalANubaMdhiajjhayaNa ) hai / isameM 63 gAthAeM haiM / cUMki isameM arihaMta, siddha, sAdhu evaM kevalikathita dharma-ina cAra ko 'zaraNa' mAnA gayA hai isalie ise catuHzaraNa kahA gayA hai / AturapratyAkhyAna ( AurapaccakkhANa ) ko maraNa se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa antakAlaprakIrNaka bhI kahA jAtA

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 55 hai| ise bRhadAturapratyAkhyAna bhI kahate haiN| isameM 70 gAthAe~ haiM / dasavIM gAthA ke bAda kA kucha bhAga gadya meM hai| isa prakIrNaka meM pradhAnatayA bAlamaraNa evaM paNDitamaraNa kA vivecana hai / mahApratyAkhyAna (mahApaccakkhANa) prakIrNaka meM 142 gAthAe~ haiN| isameM pratyAkhyAna arthAt tyAga kA vistRta vyAkhyAna hai| bhaktaparijJA (bhattapariNNA) meM 172 gAthAeM haiN| isa prakIrNaka meM 'bhaktaparijJA' nAmaka maraNa kA vivecana hai / tandulavaicArika (taMdulaveyAliya) prakIrNaka meM 136 gAthAeM haiM / bIcabIca meM kucha sUtra bhI haiN| isameM vistAra se garbha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| grantha ke antima bhAga meM nArI-jAti ke sambandha meM ekapakSIya vicAra prakaTa kiye gaye haiN| sau varSa kI AyuvAlA puruSa kitanA tandula arthAt cAvala khAtA hai, isakA saMkhyApUrvaka vizeSa vicAra karane ke kAraNa upalakSaNa se yaha sUtra tandulavaicArika kahA jAtA hai| saMstAraka (saMthAraga) prakIrNaka meM 123 gathAe~ haiM / isameM mRtyu ke samaya apanAne yogya saMstAraka arthAt tRNa Adi kI zayyA kA mahattva varNita hai| saMstAraka para AsIna hokara paNDitamaraNa prApta karanevAlA muni mukti kA varaNa karatA hai / isa prakAra ke aneka muniyoM ke dRSTAnta prastuta prakIrNaka meM diye gaye haiN| gacchAcAra (gacchAyAra) prakIrNaka meM 137 gAthAeM haiN| isameM gaccha arthAt samUha meM rahanevAle sAdhusAdhviyoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai| yaha prakIrNaka mahAnizItha, kalpa (bRhatkalpa ) tathA vyavahAra ke AdhAra para banAyA gayA hai| gaNividyA (gaNivijjA) meM 82 gAthAeM haiN| yaha gaNitavidyA arthAt jyotirvidyA kA grantha hai| isameM ina nau viSayoM ( navabala ) kA vivecana hai : 1. divasa, 2. tithi, 3. nakSatra, 4. karaNa, 5. grahadivasa, 6. muhUrta, 7. zakuna, 8.

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56 jaina dharma-darzana lagna aura 6. nimitta / devendrastava (devidathaya) prakIrNaka meM 307 gAthAe~ haiM / isameM battIsa devendroM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| maraNasamAdhi (maraNasamAhI) kA dUsarA nAma maraNavibhakti ( maraNavibhattI) hai| isameM 663 gAthAe~ haiN| yaha prakIrNaka yathAnirdiSTa ATha prAcIna zrutagranthoM ke AdhAra para nirmita huA hai : 1. maraNavibhakti, 2. maraNavizodhi, 3. maraNasamAdhi, 4. saMlekhanAzruta, 5. bhaktaparijJA, 6. AturapratyAkhyAna, 7. mahApratyAkhyAna aura 8. ArAdhanA / Agamika vyAkhyAe~: jaina AgamoM kI prAkRta vyAkhyAe~ tIna rUpoM meM milatI haiM: niyukti, bhASya aura cUNi / niyukti aura bhASya padya meM haiM tathA cUNi saMskRtamizrita gadya meN| upalabdha niyuktiyA~ bhadrabAhu ( dvitIya ) kI racanAeM haiN| isakA samaya vikrama kI chaThI zatI hai| inhoMne yathAnirdiSTa dasa AgamoM para niyuktiyA~ likhI haiM : 1. Avazyaka, 2. dazavaikAlika, 3. uttarAdhyayana, 4. AcArAMga, 5.sUtrakRtAga, 6.dazAzrutaskandha, 7. bRhatkalpa, 8. vyavahAra, 6. sUryaprajJapti aura 10. Rssibhaassit| sUryaprajJapti aura RSibhASita kI niyuktiyA~ upalabdha nahIM haiN| govindAcAryaracita eka anya niyukti ( govindaniyukti) bhI anupalabdha hai / saMsaktaniyukti bahuta bAda kI eka racanA hai| jaisA ki pahale batAyA jA cukA hai, odhaniyukti Avazyakaniyukti meM se tathA piNDaniyukti dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM se alaga kiye gaye aMza haiM jinakI ginatI mUlasUtroM meM kI jAtI hai / niyukti kI vyAkhyAna-zailI bahuta prAcIna hai|

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya bhASyakAroM meM saMghadAsagaNi aura jinabhadragaNi vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| inakA samaya vikrama kI sAtavIM zatI hai| jaina AgamoM ke nimnalikhita ATha mahAkAya bhASya upalabdha haiM : 1. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 2. bRhatkalpalavubhASya, 3. bRhatkalpabRhadbhASya, 4.paMcakalpamahAbhASya, 5. vyavahArabhASya, 6. nizIthabhASya, 7. jItakalpabhASya aura 8. oghaniyuktimahAbhASya / inameM se bRhaskalpalaghubhASya tathA paMcakalpamahAbhASya ke praNetA saMghadAsagaNi haiM evaM vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke racayitA jinabhadragaNi haiM / ina mahAkAya bhASyoM ke atirikta Avazyaka, odhaniyukti, piNDaniyukti, dazava kAlika Adi para laghubhASya bhI haiN| cUrNikAroM meM jinadAsagaNi mahattara vizeSa prasiddha haiN| inakA samaya vikrama kI AThavIM zatI hai / nimnokta AgamoM kI cUNiyA~ upalabdha haiM : 1. AcArAMga, 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 3. vyAkhyAprajJapti, 4. jIvAjIvAbhigama, 5. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 6. prajJApanA, 7. dazAzrutaskandha, 8. bRhatkalpa, 6. vyavahAra, 10. nizItha, 11. paMcakalpa, 12. jItakalpa, 13. Avazyaka, 14. dazavaikAlika, 15. uttarAdhyayana, 16. piNDaniyukti, 17. nandI aura 18. anuyogadvAra / nizIthasUtra kI vizeSacUNi hI prApta hai| bRhatkalpa kI cUNi aura vizeSacUNi donoM hI upalabdha haiN| dazavakAlika para bhI do cUNiyA~ haiM : eka agastyasiMhakRta tathA dUsarI jindaaskRt| anuyogadvAra meM jo aMgula pada hai usapara jinabhadra ne alaga se cUNi likhI hai / cUNisAhitya sAMskRtika dRSTi se vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| saMskRta TIkAkAroM meM AcArya haribhadra kA vizeSa mahattva hai| jaina AgamoM para prAcInatama saMskRta TIkAe~ inhIM kI haiN| inakA samaya vi0 saM0 757 meM 827 ke bIca kA hai / haribhadra ne prAkRta

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58 jaina dharma-darzana cUNiyoM ke AdhAra se hI TIkAe~ likhI haiN| bIca-bIca meM dArzanika dRSTi kA vizeSa upayoga kiyA hai| haribhadra ke bAda zIlAMkasUri ne saMskRta TIkAeM likhiiN| inakA kAla dasavIM zatAbdI hai / inake bAda TIkAkAra zAntyAcArya hue| inhoMne uttarAdhyayana para bRhat TIkA likhii| inake bAda prasiddha TIkAkAra abhayadeva hue| inhoMne nava aMgoM para TIkAeM likhiiN| inakA samaya vi0 saM0 1088 se 1135 taka kA hai| isI samaya maladhArI hemacandra bhI hue jinhoMne vizeSAvazyakabhASya para vRtti likhii| AgamoM para saMskRta TIkAeM likhanevAloM meM malayagiri kA vizeSa sthAna hai / inakI TIkAeM dArzanika carcAyukta sundara bhASA meM haiN| pratyeka viSaya para suspaSTa DhaMga se likhane meM inheM acchI saphalatA milI hai / ye bArahavIM zatAbdI ke vidvAn the| AgamoM kI saMskRta vyAkhyAoM kI bahulatA hote hue bhI bAda ke AcAryoM ne janahita kI dRSTi se lokabhASAoM meM bhI vyAkhyAeM likhanA Avazyaka samajhA / pariNAmataH tatkAlIna apabhraMza arthAt prAcIna gujarAtI meM kucha AcAryoM ne sarala evaM subodha bAlAvabodha likhe / isa prakAra ke bAlAvabodha likhane vAloM meM vikrama kI solahavIM zatI meM vidyamAna pArzvacandragaNi evaM aThArahavIM zatI meM vidyamAna loMkAgacchIya muni dharmasiMha ke nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| muni dharmasiMha ne 27 AgamoM para bAlAvabodha-Tabe likhe haiN| hindI vyAkhyAoM meM muni hastimalakRta dazavaikAlika-saubhAgyacandrikA evaM nandIsUtra-bhASATIkA; upAdhyAya AtmArAmakRta dazAzrutaskandha-gaNapatiguNaprakAzikA, dazavakAlika-AtmajJAnaprakAzikA evaM uttarAdhyayana-AtmajJAnaprakAzikA; upAdhyAya amaramunikRta Avazyaka-vivecana (zramaNasUtra) Adi ullekhanIya haiN|

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jaina dharma-darzana ko sAhitya karmaprAbhUta aura kaSAyaprAbhRta zva etAmbara-sampradAya meM AcArAMgAdi grantha Agama-rUpa se mAnya haiM jaba ki digambara-sampradAya meM karmaprAbhRta evaM kaSAyaprAbhRta ko Agama mAnA jAtA hai / karmaprAbhRta ko mahAkarmaprakRtiprAbhUta, Agama siddhAnta, SaTkhaNDAgama, paramAgama, khaNDasiddhAnta, SaTkhaNDasiddhAnta Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai / karmaviSayaka prarUpaNA ke kAraNa ise karmaprAbhRta athavA mahAkarmaprakRtiprAbhUta kahA jAtA hai / Agamika evaM saiddhAntika grantha hone ke kAraNa ise AgamasiddhAnta, paramAgama, khaNDasiddhAnta Adi nAma diye jAte haiM / cUMki isameM cha: khaNDa haiM isalie ise SaTkhaNDAgama athavA SaTkhaNDasiddhAnta kahA jAtA hai / 56 karmaprabhRta kA udgamasthAna dRSTivAda nAmaka bArahavA~ aMga hai jo ki aba lupta hai / dRSTivAda ke pA~ca vibhAga haiM: parikarma, sUtra, prathamAnuyoga, pUrvagata aura cUlikA / inameM se pUrvagata ke caudaha bheda haiM / inhIM ko caudaha pUrva kahA jAtA hai / inameM se agrAyaNIya nAmaka dvitIya pUrva se karmaprAbhRta nAmaka SaTkhaNDAgama utpanna huA hai / agrAyaNIya pUrva ke yathAnirdiSTa caudaha adhikAra haiM : 1. pUrvAnta, 2. aparAnta, 3. dhruva, 4. adhruva, 5. cayanalabdhi, 6. apama, 7. praNidhikalpa, 8. artha, 6. bhauma, 10. vratAdika, 11. sarvArtha, 12. kalpaniryANa, 13. atIta siddha-baddha aura 14. anAgata siddha-baddha / inameM se paMcama adhikAra cayanalabdhi ke bIsa prAbhRta haiM jinameM caturtha prAbhRta karmaprakRti hai / isa karmaprakRtiprAbhRta se hI SaTkhaNDasiddhAnta kI utpatti huI hai / SaTkhaNDasiddhAnta rUpa ka maMprAbhRta AcArya puSpadanta aura bhUtabali kI racanA hai / inhoMne prAcIna karmaprakRtiprAbhUta ke

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. jaina dharma-darzana 8 AdhAra se prastuta grantha kA nirmANa kiyA / karmaprAbhata (SaTakhaNDAgama ) kI dhavalA TIkA meM ullekha hai ki saurASTra deza ke girinagara kI candraguphA meM sthita dharasenAcArya ne aMgazruta ke viccheda ke bhaya se mahimAnagarI meM sammilita hue dakSiNApatha ke AcAryoM ke pAsa eka lekha bhejaa| AcAryoM ne lekha kA prayojana bhalI bhAMti samajhakara zAstradhAraNa karane meM samartha do pratibhA sampanna sAdhuoM ko Andhradeza ke vennAtaTa se dharasenAcArya ke pAsa bhejA / dharasena ne zubha tithi, zubha nakSatra evaM zubha vAra meM unheM grantha par3hAnA prArambha kiyaa| kramazaH byAkhyAna karate hue ASAr3ha mAsa ke zuklapakSa kI ekAdazI ke pUrvAhna meM grantha samApta kiyaa| vinayapUrvaka grantha kI parisamApti se. prasanna hue bhUtoM ne una do sAdhuoM meM se eka kI puSpAvalI Adi se samAroha ke sAtha pUjA kI . jise dekhakara dharasena ne usakA nAma 'bhUtabali' rkhaa| dUsare kI bhUtoM ne pajAkara asta-vyasta dantapaMkti ko samAna kara diyA jise dekhakara dharasena ne usakA nAma 'puSpadanta' rkhaa| vahAM se prasthAna kara una donoM ne aMkulezvara meM varSAvAsa kiyaa| varSAvAsa samApta kara AcArya puSpadanta vanavAsa gaye tathA bhaTTAraka bhUtabali dramiladeza pahu~ce / puSpadanta ne jinapAlita ko dIkSA dekara ( satprarUpaNA ke ) bIsa sUtra banAkara jinapAlita ko par3hAkara bhUtabali ke pAsa bhejaa| bhUtabali ne jinapAlita ke pAsa sUtra dekhakara tathA puSpadantaM ko alpAyu jAnakara mahAkarmaprakRtiprAbhUta ( mahAkammapayaDipAhuDa ) ke viccheda kI AzaMkA se dravyapramANAnugama se prArambha kara Age kI grantha-racanA kii| ataH isa khaNDasiddhAnta kI apekSA se bhUtabali aura puSpadanta bhI zruta ke

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 61 kartA kahe jAte haiM / isa prakAra mUlagranthakartA vardhamAna bhaTTAraka haiM, anugranthakartA gautama svAmI haiM tathA upagranthakartA rAgadveSamoharahita bhUtabali-puSpadanta munivara haiM / SaTkhaNDAgama ke prArambhika bhAga satprarUpaNA ke praNetA AcArya puSpadanta haiM tathA zeSa samasta grantha ke racayitA AcArya bhUtabali haiM / dhavalAkAra ne puSpadantaracita jina bIsa sUtroM kA ullekha kiyA hai ve satprarUpaNA ke bIsa adhikAra hI haiM kyoMki unhoMne Age spaSTa likhA hai ki bhUtabali ne dravyapramANAnugama se apanI racanA prArambha kI / satprarUpaNA ke bAda jahAM se saMkhyAprarUpaNA arthAt dravyapramANAnugama prArambha hotA hai vahA~ para bhI dhavalAkAra ne kahA hai ki aba caudaha jIvasamAsoM ke astitva ko jAna lenevAle ziSyoM ko unhIM jIvasamAsoM ke parimANa ke pratibodhana ke lie bhUtabali AcArya sUtra karate haiM / AcArya dharasena, puSpadanta aura bhUtabali kA samaya vividha pramANoM ke AdhAra para vIra nirvANa ke 600-700 varSa ke pazcAt siddha hotA hai / karma prAbhRta ke chaH khaNDoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM : 1. jIvasthAna, 2. kSudrakabandha, 3 bandhasvAmitvavicaya, 4. vedanA, 5. vargaNA aura 6. mahAbandha | jIvasthAna ke antargata ATha anuyogadvAra tathA nau cUlikAeM haiN| ATha anuyogadvAra inase sambaddha haiM : 1. sat, 2. saMkhyA ( dravyapramANa ), 3. kSetra, 4 sparzana, 5. kAla, 6. antara, 7. bhAva aura 8. alpabahutva | nau cUlikAe~ ye haiM : 1. prakRti - samutkIrtana, 2 sthAnasamutkIrtana 3-5 prathama dvitIya tRtIya mahAdaNDaka, 6. utkRSTasthiti, 7 jaghanyasthiti, 8. samyaktvItpatti aura gati - Agati /

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62 jaina dharma-darzana kSudrakabandha ke gyAraha adhikAra haiM : 1. svAmitva, 2. kAla, 3. antara, 4. bhaMgavicaya, 5, dravyapramANAnugama, 6. kSetrAnugama, 7. sparzanAnugama, 8. nAnA-jIvakAla, 6. nAnA-jIva-antara, 10. bhAgAbhAgAnugama aura 11. alpbhutvaanugm| bandhasvAmitvabicaya meM ye viSaya haiM : karmaprakRtiyoM kA jIvoM ke sAtha baMdha, karmaprakRtiyoM kI guNasthAnoM meM vyucchitti, svodayabaMdha-rUpa prakRtiyA~, parodayabaMdha-rUpa prkRtiyaaN| vedanA khaNDa meM kRti aura vedanA nAmaka do anuyogadvAra haiN| kRti sAta prakAra kI hai : 1. nAmakRti, 2. sthApanAkRti, 3. dravyakRti, 4. gaNanAkRti, 5. granthakRti, 6 karaNakRti aura 7. bhAvaka ti / vedanA ke solaha adhikAra haiM : 1 nikSepa, 2. naya, 3 nAma, 4. dravya, 5. kSetra, 6. kAla, 7. bhAva, 8. pratyaya, 6. svAmitva, 10. vedanA, 11. gati, 12. anantara, 13. sannikarSa, 14. parimANa, 15. bhAgAbhAgAnugama aura 16. alpbhutvaanugm| vargaNA khaNDa kA mukhya adhikAra baMdhanIya hai, jisameM vargaNAoM kA vistRta varNana hai| isake atirikta isameM sparza, karma, prakRti aura baMdha ina cAra adhikAroM kA bhI aMtarbhAva kiyA gayA hai| tIsa hajAra zloka-pramANa mahAbaMdha nAmaka chaThe khaNDa meM prakRtibaMdha, sthitibaMdha, anubhAgabaMdha aura pradezabaMdha ina cAra prakAra ke baMdhoM kA bahuta vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa mahAbaMdha kI prasiddhi mahAdhavala ke nAma se bhI hai| kasAyapAhuDa athavA kaSAyaprAbhUta ko pejjadosapAhuDa athavA preyodveSapra bhUta bhI kahate haiN| pejja kA artha preya arthAt rAga aura dosa kA artha dveSa hotA hai| cUMki prastuta grantha meM rAga mational

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jaina dharma darzana kA sAhitya 63 aura dveSa rUpa kaSAya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai isalie isake donoM nAma sArthaka haiM / grantha kI pratipAdana - zailI ati gUr3ha, saMkSipta evaM sUtrAtmaka hai / pratipAdya viSayoM kA kevala nirdeza kara diyA gayA hai / karbha prAbhRta arthAt SaTkhaNDAgama ke hI samAna kaSAyaprAbhRta kA udgamasthAna bhI dRSTivAda nAmaka bArahavA~ aMga hI hai / usake jJAnapravAda nAmaka pA~caveM pUrva kI dasavIM vastu ke prayodveSa nAmaka tIsare prAbhRta se kaSAyaprAbhRta kI utpatti huI hai / jisa prakAra karmaprakRtiprAbhRta se utpanna hone ke kAraNa SaTkhaNDAgama ko karmaprAbhRta, karmaprakRtiprAbhRta athavA mahAkarmaprakRtiprAmRta kahA jAtA hai usI prakAra preyodveSaprAbhRta se utpanna hone ke kAraNa kaSAyaprAbhRta ko preyodveSaprAbhRta kahA jAtA hai / kaSAyaprAbhRta ke racayitA AcArya guNadhara haiM jinhoMne gAthAsUtroM meM prastuta graMtha ko nibaddha kiyA hai| AcArya guNadhara ne isa kaSAyaprAbhRta graMtha kI racanA kyoM kI ? isakA samAdhAna karate hue jayadhavalA TIkA meM AcArya vIrasena ne batAyA hai ki jJAnapravAda ( pA~caveM ) pUrva kI nirdoSa dasavIM vastu ke tIsare kaSAyaprAbhRta rUpI samudra ke jalasamudAya se prakSAlita matijJAna rUpI locanasamUha se jinhoMne tInoM lokoM ko pratyakSa kara liyA hai tathA jo tribhuvana ke paripAlaka haiM una guNadhara bhaTTAraka ne tIrtha ke vyuccheda ke bhaya se kaSAyaprAbhRta ke artha se yukta gAthAoM kA upadeza diyA / kaSAyaprAbhRtakAra AcArya guNadhara ke samaya kA ullekha karate hue jayadhavalAkAra ne likhA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt 683 varSa vyatIta hone para aMgoM aura

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64 jaina dharma-darzana pUrvo kA ekadeza AcArya-paramparA se guNadharAcArya ko prApta huaa| unhoMne pravacana-vAtsalya ke vazIbhUta ho graMtha-viccheda ke bhaya se 16000 padapramANa pejjadosapAhuDa kA 180 gAthAoM meM upasaMhAra kiyaa| mahAkarmaprakRtiprAmRta arthAt SaTkhaNDAgama ke praNetA AcArya puSpadanta evaM bhUtabali ke samaya kA ullekha bhI dhavalA meM isI rUpa meM hai| ina ullekhoM ko dekhane se aisI pratIti hotI hai ki kaSAyaprAbhRtakAra aura mahAkarmaprakRti prAbhRtakAra sambhavataH samakAlIna rahe hoNge| dhavalA evaM jayadhavalA ke adhyayana se aisI koI pratIti nahIM hotI ki amuka prAbhUta kI racanA amuka prAbhRta se pahale kI hai athavA vAda kI / anya kisI prAcIna graMtha meM bhI etadviSayaka koI spaSTa ullekha upalabdha nahIM hotaa| kaSAyaprAbhUtakAra ne svayameva do gAthAoM meM apane graMtha ke pratipAdya viSayoM arthAta arthAdhikAroM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| ina gAthAoM kI vyAkhyA cUrNisUtrakAra aura jayadhavalAkAra ne bhinna-bhinna rUpa se kI hai| yadyapi ye donoM isameM ekamata haiM ki kaSAyaprAbhUta ke 15 arthAdhikAra haiM tathApi unakI gaNanA meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| cUrNisUtrakAra ne arthAdhikAra ke nimnokta 15 bheda ginAye haiM : 1. pejjadosa (preyodveSa ), 2. ThidiaNubhAgavihatti (sthiti-anubhAgavibhakti ), 3. baMdhaga athavA baMdha (baMdhaka yA baMdha), 4. saMkama (saMkrama), 5. vedaa athavA udaa ( vedaka yA udaya ), 6. udIraNA, 7. uvajoga (upayoga), 8. cauThANa (catu:sthAna), 6. vaMjaNa (vyaJjana), 10. sammatta athavA dasaNamohaNIya-uvasAmaNA (samyaktva yA darzamamohanIya kI upazAmanA , 11 saNamohaNIyakkhavaNA (darzanamohanIya kI kSapaNA). 12. desaviradi

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya (dezavirati), 13. saMjama-uvasAmaNA athavA carittamohaNIya. uvasAmaNA (saMyamaviSayaka upazAmanA yA cAritramohanIya kI upazAmanA, 14. saMjamakkhavaNA athavA carittamohaNIyakkhavaNA (saMyamaviSayaka kSapaNA yA cAritramohanIya kI kSapaNA) aura 15. addhAparimANaNiddesa ( addhAparimANanirdeza ) / jayadhavalAkAra ne jina padraha arthAdhikAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai ve ye haiM : 1. preyodveSa, 2. prakRtivibhakti, 3. sthitivibhakti, 4. anubhAgavibhakti, 5. pradeza vibhakti-kSINAkSINa. pradeza-sthityantikapradeza, 6. bandhaka, 7. vedaka, 8. upayoga, 6. catuHsthAna, 10. vyaJjana, 11. samyaktva, 12. dezavirati, 13. saMyama, 14, cAritramohanIya kI upazAmanA aura- 15. cAritramohanIya kI kSapaNA / isa sthAna para jayadhavalAkAra ne yaha bhI nirdeza kiyA hai ki isI taraha anya prakAroM se bhI pandraha arthAdhikAroM kA prarUpaNa kara lenA caahie| isase pratIta hotA hai ki kaSAyaprAbhUta ke adhikAroM kI gaNanA meM ekarUpatA nahIM rahI hai| vaise to kaSAya prAbhRta meM 233 gAthAe~ mAnI jAtI haiM kintu vastuta: isa graMtha meM 180 gAthAe~ hI haiN| zeSa 53 gAthAe~ kaSAyaprAbhRtakAra guNadharAcArya-kRta na hokara sambhavataH AcArya nAgahasti-kRta haiM jo vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM bAda meM jor3I gaI haiN| yaha bAta ina gAthAoM ko tathA jayadhavalA TIkA ko dekhane se spaSTa mAlUma hotI hai / kaSAyAbhUta ke mudrita 'saMskaraNoM meM bhI sampAdakoM ne inake pRthakkaraNa kA pUrA dhyAna rakhA hai| AcArya nAgahastI kaSAyaprAbhUtacUrNikAra AcArya yativRSabha ke guru haiN| yativRSabhAcArya ne yadyapi ina gAthAoM para bhI cUNisUtra likhe haiM tayApi unake kartRtva ke viSaya meM dekhane se bhI sampAdako nA kaSAyaprAyadyapi ina gAya meM

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jaina dharma-darzana kisI prakAra kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| sambhavataH isa prakAra kA ullekha unhoMne Avazyaka na samajhA ho kyoMki kaSAyaprAtakAra ke nAma kA bhI unhoMne apane cUrNisUtroM meM koI nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki unheM etadviSayaka vizeSa jAnakArI prApta na huI ho evaM paramparA se calI AnevAlI gAthAoM para artha ke spaSTIkaraNa kI dRSTi se cUrNisUtra likha diye hoN| jo kucha bhI ho, itanA nizcita hai ki kaSAyaprAbhUta kI 233 gAthAoM meM 180 gAthAe~ to svayaM granthakAra kI banAI huI haiM aura zeSa 53 gAyAeM parakRta haiN| jayadhavalAkAra ne jahA~-kahIM kaSAyaprAbhUta kI gAthAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai, sarvatra 180 kI saMkhyA hI dI hai| yadyapi unhoMne eka sthAna para 233 gAthAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura yaha siddha karane kI ceSTA kI hai ki ye saba gAthAeM yAnI 233 gAthAe~ guNadharAcArya-kRta haiM kintu unakA vaha samAdhAna santoSakAraka nahIM hai| ghavalA aura jayadhavalA: - vIrasenAcArya-viracita dhavalA TIkA karmaprAbhUta (SaTkhaNDAgama ) kI ati mahattvapUrNa bRhatkAya vyAkhyA hai| dhavalA se pUrva racI gaI karmaprAbhUta kI TIkAoM kA ullekha indranandi-kRta zrutAvatAra meM milatA hai| ye TIkAeM vartamAna meM anupalabdha haiN| karmaprAbhata kI upalabdha TIkA dhavalA ke kartA kA nAma vIrasena hai| ye Aryanandi ke ziSya tathA candrasena ke praziSya the evaM elAcArya inake vidyAguru the| vIrasena siddhAnta, chanda, jyotiSa, vyAkaraNa tathA pramANazAstra meM nipuNa the evaM bhaTTAraka-pada se vibhUSita the / kaSAyaprAbhata kI dIkA

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya jayadhavalA ke prArambha kA eka-tihAI bhAga bhI inhIM vIrasena kA likhA huA hai| indranandi-kRta zrutAvatAra meM batAyA gayA hai ki bappadeva guru dvArA siddhAntagranthoM kI TIkA likhe jAne ke kitane hI kAla pazcAt siddhAntatatvajJa elAcArya hue| unake pAsa vIrasena guru ne sakala siddhAnta kA adhyayana kiyA tathA SaT khaNDAgama para 72000 zloka-pramANa prAkRta-saMskRtamizrita dhavalA TIkA likhii| isake bAda kaSAyaprAbhUta kI cAra vibhaktiyoM para 20000 zloka-pramANa jayadhavalA TIkA likhane ke pazcAt ve svargavAsI hue| isa jayadhavalA ko unake ziSya jayasena (jinasena) ne 40000 zloka-pramANa TIkA aura likhakara pUrNa kiyaa| vIrasenAcArya kA samaya dhavalA evaM jayadhavalA ke anta meM prApta prazastiyoM evaM anya pramANoM ke AdhAra para zaka kI AThavIM zatI siddha hotA hai| Agamika prakaraNa : AgamAntargata vibhinna viSayoM kA vizeSa vyavasthita pratipAdana karane kI dRSTi se race gaye choTe-bar3e grantha prakaraNa kahalAte haiN| isa prakAra ke prakaraNa tIna vargoM meM vibhakta hote haiM : Agamika, tArkika aura aupadezika / tAkika prakaraNa adhika nahIM haiN| aupadezika prakaraNa bhI Agamika prakaraNoM kI tulanA meM kama haiN| Agamika prakaraNa sarvAdhika haiN| ___ AcArya siddhasena-kRta sanmatitarka, AcArya haribhadra-kRta dharmasaMgrahaNI, upAdhyAyayazovijaya-kRta tattvaviveka, dharmaparIkSA Adi kA samAveza takapradhAnatA ke kAraNa tArkika prakaraNoM meM hotA hai| AcArya kundakunda-kRta pravacanasAra, samayasAra, niyamasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra Adi grantha bhI isa varga meM samAviSTa hote haiN|

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jaina dharma-darzana aupadezika prakaraNoM meM AcArya dharmadAsa kRta upadezamAlA, zAntisUri-kRta dharma ratnaprakaraNa, devendrasUri-kRta zrAddhavidhiprakaraNa, maladhArI hemacandrasUrikRta bhavabhAvanA, varddhamAnasUri kRta dharmopadezamAlA Adi kA samAveza hotA haiM / vaTTakerAcArya - kRta mUlAcAra evaM zivArya - kRta mUlArAdhanA bhI AcArazAstrAntargata aupadezika koTi ke utkRSTa graMtha haiM / 68 Agamika prakaraNoM meM mukhyatayA dravyAnuyoga ( tattvajJAna ) evaM gaNitAnuyoga ( bhUgola -khagola ) se sambaddha graMthoM kA samAveza hotA hai / isa prakAra ke kucha grantha ye haiM : zivazarmapraNIta karmaprakRti, candaSi-praNIta paMcasaMgraha, jinabhadra- kRta vizeSaNavatI, haribhadra - kRta yogazataka, municandra - vihita vanaspatisaptati, zrIcandra - vihita saMgrahaNIprakaraNa, cakrezvarapraNIta siddhAntasAroddhAra, devendra praNIta karmagrantha paMcaka, somatilaka - kRta bRhatkSetra samAsaprakaraNa, ratnazekhara - racita kSetra samAsa, yativRSabha viracita trilokaprajJapti, nemicandra - vihita gommaTasAra, padmanandi kRta jambUdvIpaprajJaptisaMgraha / - tattvArtha sUtra : AcArya umAsvAti ne jaina tattvajJAna, AcAra, khagola, bhUgola Adi aneka viSayoM kA saMkSepa meM pratipAdana karane kI dRSTi se prasiddha grantha 'tattvArthasUtra' likhA / grantha kI bhASA prAkRta na rakhakara saMskRta rakhI / umAsvAti kaba hue, isa viSaya meM abhI koI nizcita mata nahIM hai / vAcaka umAsvAti kA prAcIna se prAcIna samaya vikrama kI pahalI zatAbdI aura arvAcIna se arvAcIna samaya tIsarIcauthI zatAbdI hai / ina tIna-cAra sau varSa ke bIca meM unakA samaya par3atA hai /

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya AcArya umAsvAti sarvaprathama saMskRta-lekhaka haiM jinhoMne jaMna darzana para apanI kalama utthaaii| unakI bhASA sarala evaM saMkSipta hai / zailI meM pravAha hai| unakA tattvArthAdhigamasUtra zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se mAnya hai| isameM dasa adhyAya haiM jinameM jaina darzana aura jaina AcAra kA saMkSipta nirUpaNa hai| khagola aura bhUgolaviSayaka mAnyatAoM kA bhI varNana hai| yoM kahanA cAhie ki yaha grantha jaina tattvajJAna, AcAra, bhUgola, khagola, AtmavidyA, padArthavijJAna, karmazAstra Adi aneka viSayoM kA saMkSipta koSa hai| prathama adhyAya meM jJAna se sambandha rakhanevAlI nimna bAtoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai : jJAna aura darzana kA svarUpa, nayoM kA lakSaNa, jJAna kA prAmANya / sarvaprathama darzana kA artha batAyA gayA hai| tadanantara pramANa aura nayarUpa se jJAna kA vibhAga kiyA gayA hai| phira mati Adi pA~ca jJAnoM kA pratyakSa aura parokSa pramANoM meM vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai| usake bAda mati jJAna kI utpatti aura usake bhedoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| taduparAnta zrutajJAna kA varNana hai| phira avadhi, manaHparya ya aura kevalajJAna aura unake bheda-prabheda tathA pArasparika antara kA kathana hai / tatpazcAt pA~coM jJAnoM kA tAratamya batalAte hue unakA viSaya-nirdeza evaM unakI sahacAritA kA digdarzana karAyA gayA hai| tadanantara mithyA-jJAnoM kA nirdeza hai| anta meM naya ke bhedoM kA kathana hai| dUsare adhyAya meM jIva kA svarUpa, jIva ke bheda, indriyabheda, mRtyu aura janma kI sthiti, janmasthAnoM ke bheda, zarIra ke bheda, Adi viSayoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| tIsare adhyAya meM adholoka ke vibhAga, nAraka jIvoM kI

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70 jaina dharma-darzana dazA, dvIpa, samudra, parvata, kSetra Adi kA varNana ityAdi bhaugo lika viSayoM para kAphI carcA hai / cauthe adhyAya meM devoM kI vividha jAtiyA~, unake parivAra, bhoga, sthAna, samRddhi, jIvanakAla aura jyotimaMNDala Adi dRSTiyoM se khagola kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / hai pAMcaveM adhyAya meM nimna viSayoM para prakAza DAlA gayA : dravya ke mukhya bheda, unakI paraspara tulanA, unakI sthiti, kSetra evaM kArya, pudgala kA svarUpa, bheda aura utpatti, sat kA svarUpa, nitya kA lakSaNa, paudgalika bandha kI yogyatA aura ayogyatA, dravya - lakSaNa, kAla svatantra dravya hai yA nahIM isakA vicAra evaM kAla kA svarUpa, guNa aura pariNAma ke bheda | chaThe adhyAya meM Asrava kA svarUpa, usake bheda evaM tadanurUpa karmabandhana Adi bAtoM kA vivecana hai / sAtaveM adhyAya meM vrata kA svarUpa, vrata grahaNa karanevAloM ke bheda, vrata kI sthiratA, hiMsA Adi aticAroM kA svarUpa, dAna svarUpa ityAdi viSayoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / AThaveM adhyAya meM karmabandhana ke hetu aura bheda kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai / naveM adhyAya meM saMvara, usake sAdhana aura bheda, nirjarA aura usake upAya, sAdhaka aura usakI maryAdA para vizada vivecana hai / dasaveM adhyAya meM kevalajJAna ke hetu, mokSa kA svarUpa, muktAtmA kI gati va svarUpa Adi para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / tattvArtha sUtra para eka bhASya milatA hai jo umAsvAti kI "

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jaina dharma darzana kA sAhitya 71 apanI hI racanA hai| isake atirikta 'sarvArthasiddhi' nAma kI eka saMkSipta kintu ati mahattvapUrNa TIkA milatI hai| yaha TIkA pUjyapAda kI kRti hai jo chaThI zatAbdI meM hue the / ye / digambara paramparA ke AcArya the / akalaMka ne 'rAjavArtika' kI racanA kI / yaha TIkA bahuta vistRta hai / isameM darzana ke pratyeka viSaya para kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM prakAza DAlA gayA hai / kahIM-kahIM khaNDana maNDana kI dRSTi kI mukhyatA hai / vidyAnandakRta 'zlokavArtika' bhI mahattvapUrNa TIkA hai| ye donoM bhI digambara paramparA ke hI AcArya the / siddhasena aura haribhadra ne kramaza: bRhatkAya aura laghukAya vRttiyoM kI racanA kI / ye donoM zvetAmbara paramparA ke AcArya the| ina TIkAoM meM bhI dArzanika dRSTikoNa kI hI pradhAnatA hai / jaina darzana kI Age kI pragati para ina TIkAoM kA kAphI prabhAva par3A / jisa prakAra diGnAga ke 'pramANa samuccaya' para dharmakIrti ne 'pramANavArtika' likhA aura usI ko kendrabindu mAnakara samagra bauddha darzana vikasita huA usI prakAra tatvArthasUtra kI ina TIkAoM ke AsapAsa jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA vikAsa huaa| ina TIkAoM ke atirikta bArahavIM zatAbdI meM malayagiri ne aura caudahavIM zatAbdI meM cirantana muni ne bhI tatvArtha sUtra para TIkAeM likhiiN| aThArahavIM zatAbdI meM navyanyAya zailI ke prakANDa paNDita yazovijaya ne bhI TIkA likhI / digambara paramparA ke zratasAgara, vibudhasena, yogIndradeva, yogadeva, lakSmIdeva, abhayanandI Adi vidvAnoM ne bhI tattvArtha sUtra para apanI-apanI TIkAeM likhI thiiN| bIsavIM zatAbdI meM paM0 sukhalAlajI saMghavI Adi vidvAnoM ne hindI Adi bhASAoM meM tattvArthamUtra para sundara vivecana likhe haiM / *

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72 siddhasena : bhAratIya dArzanika kSetra meM nAgArjuna ne eka bahuta bar3I halacala macA dI thii| jaba se nAgArjuna isa kSetra meM Aye, dArzanika vAda-vivAdoM ko eka nayA rUpa prApta huA / zraddhA ke sthAna para tarka kA sAmrAjya ho gayA / pahale tarka na thA. aisI bAta nahIM hai| tarka ke hote hue bhI adhika kAma zraddhA se hI cala jAtA thA / yahI kAraNa thA ki darzana kA vyavasthita AkAra na bana pAyA / nAgArjuna ne isa kSetra meM Akara eka krAntikArI parivartana kara diyaa| yaha krAnti bauddha darzana taka hI sImita na rhii| isakA prabhAva bhArata ke sabhI darzanoM para bar3A gaharA par3A / pariNAmasvarUpa jaina darzana bhI usase achUtA na raha sakA / siddhasena aura samantabhadra jaise mahAn tArkikoM ko paidA karane kA bahuta-kucha zreya nAgArjuna ko hI hai / yaha samaya pA~cavIM chaThI zatAbdI kA hai| jaMnAcAryoM ne isa yuga meM mahAvIra ke samaya se bikhare rUpa meM cale Ate hue anekAMtavAda ko sunizcita rUpa pradAna kiyA / isa yuga meM pA~ca prasiddha jainAcArya hue haiM / siddhasena aura samantabhadra ke atirikta mallavAdI, siMhagaNi aura pAtrakezarI ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / jaina dharma-darzana nAgArjuna ne zUnyavAda kA samarthana kiyA / zUnyavAdiyoM ke anusAra tattva na sat hai, na asat hai, na sadasat haiM, na anubhaya / 'catuSkoTivinirmukta' rUpa se tattva kA varNana kiyA jA sakatA hai / vicAra kI cAroM koTiyA~ tattva ko grahaNa karane meM asamartha haiN| vicAra jisa cIja ko grahaNa karatA hai vaha mAtra loka vyavahAra hai| buddhi se vivecana karane para hama kisI eka svabhAva taka nahIM pahu~ca sakate / hamArI buddhi kisI

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya eka svabhAva kA avadhAraNa nahIM kara sktii| isalie sabhI padArtha anabhilApya haiM, niHsvabhAva haiN| isa prakAra zUnyavAda ne tattva ke niSedhapakSa para bhAra diyaa| vijJAnavAda ne vijJAna para jora diyA aura kahA ki tattva vijJAnAtmaka hI hai| vijJAna se bhinna bAhyArtha kI siddhi nahIM kI jA sktii| jaba taka vyakti ko vijJaptimAtratA ke sAtha ekarUpatA kA bodha nahIM ho jAtA taba taka jJAtA aura jJeya kA bheda banA hI rahatA hai| isake viparIta naiyAyika, vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka bAhyArtha kI svatantra sattA siddha karane lge| sAMsyoM ne satkAryavAda kA samarthana kiyA aura kahA ki saba sat hai| hInayAna bauddhoM ne kSaNikavAda kI sthApanA kI aura kahA ki jJAna aura artha donoM kSaNika haiN| isake viparIta mImAMsakoM ne zabda Adi kSaNika padArthoM ko bhI nitya siddha kiyaa| naiyAyikoM ne zabdAdi padArthoM ko kSaNika aura AtmAdi padArthoM ko nitya maanaa| isa prakAra bhAratIya darzana ke kSetra meM bhArI saMgharSa hone lgaa| jaina dArzanika bhI isa avasara ko khone vAle na the| unheM isa saMgharSa se preraNA milii| apane mata kI puSTi ke lie unhoMne bhI isa kSetra meM para rakhA aura DaMke kI coTa sabake sAmane aaye| mahAvIropadiSTa nayavAda aura syAdvAda ko mukhya AdhAra banAkara siddhasena ne apanA kArya prArambha kiyaa| siddhasena ne sanmatitarka, nyAyAvatAra aura battIsiyoM kI racanA kii| sanmatitarka meM nayavAda kA acchA vivecana hai| usa samaya taka nayavAda para aisA sundara graMtha kisI ne nahIM likhA thA aura Aja bhI aisA dUsarA graMtha zAyada hI ho| yaha graMtha prAkRta meM hai| isameM tIna kANDa haiN| prathama kANDa meM dravyArthika aura .

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jana dharma-darzana paryAyAthika dRSTi kA sundara vivecana hai / dUsare kANDa meM jJAna aura darzana para acchI carcA hai| tRtIya kANDa meM guNa aura paryAya, anekAnta-dRSTi aura tarka va zraddhA para acchA prakAza DAlA gayA hai| ___ mUla rUpa se do naya haiM-dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika / sabhI nayoM kA samAveza ina do nayoM meM ho jAtA hai| jahA~ dRSTi dravyasAmAnya athavA abhedamUlaka hotI hai vahAM dravyAthika naya kArya karatA hai aura jahA~ dRSTi paryAyavizeSa athavA bhedamUlaka hotI hai vahA~ paryAyArthika naya kArya karatA hai| hama pratyeka tattva kA ina do dRSTiyoM meM vibhAjana kara sakate haiN| tattva kA koI bhI pahala ina do dRSTiyoM kA ullaMghana nahIM kara sakatA arthAt yA to vaha sAmAnyAtmaka hogA yA vizeSAtmaka / ina do dRSTiyoM ko chor3akara vaha kahIM nahIM jA sktaa| siddhasena ne dekhA ki dArzanika jagat meM jitanA bhI jhagar3A hotA hai vaha ina do dRSTiyoM ke kAraNa hI hotA haiN| koI dArzanika kevala dravyArthika dRSTi ko hI saba kucha mAna letA hai to dUsarA paryAyArthika dRSTi ko hI antima satya samajha baiThatA hai| ina donoM dRSTi yoM kA ekAnta Agraha hI sAre kleza kA mUla hai / anekAnta dRSTi donoM kA samAna rUpa se sammAna karatI hai / isa prakAra kI dRSTi hI samyagdRSTi hai| isa prakAra kArya-kAraNabhAva kA jo jhagar3A hai vaha bhI anekAntavAda kI dRSTi se sulajhAyA jA sakatA hai| kArya aura kAraNa kA ekAnta bheda mithyA hai| nyAya, vaizeSika Adi darzana isalie apUrNa haiM ki ve kArya aura kAraNa meM ekAnta bheda mAnate haiM / sAMkhya kA mata hai ki kArya aura kAraNa meM ekAnta abheda hai| kAraNa hI kArya hai athavA kArya kAraNarUpa hI

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 75 hai / yaha abhedadRSTi bhI ekAMgI hai| siddhasena ne kAraNa aura kArya kA yaha virodha dravyAthika aura paryAyArthika dRSTi ke AdhAra para dUra kiyA hai / dravyArthika dRSTi se kAraNa aura kArya meM koI bheda nahIM / paryAyArthika dRSTi se donoM meM bheda hai / anekAntavAda - mArga yahI hai ki donoM ko satya mAnA jAya / vastutaH na kArya aura kAraNa meM ekAnta bheda hai aura na ekAnta abheda hI / yahI samanvaya kA mArga haiM / tattvacintana ke samyakpatha kI vyAkhyA karate hue siddhasena ne ATha bAtoM para jora diyaa| inameM se cAra bAteM to ve hI haiM jina para svayaM mahAvIra ne jora diyA thA / ye cAra bAte haiM- dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva / inake atirikta paryApta, deza, saMyoga aura bheda para bhI unhoMne jora diyaa| vaise dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva meM zeSa cAroM kA bhI samAveza ho jAtA hai kintu dRSTi kA aura sAtha-hI-sAtha padArtha kA kucha aura adhika acchI taraha vizleSaNa karane ke lie unhoMne ATha bAtoM kA vivecana kiyA / siddhasena pakke tarkavAdI the, isameM koI saMzaya nahIM / itanA hote hue bhI ve yaha jAnate the ki tarka kA kSetra kyA hai | dUsare zabdoM meM, ve tarka kI maryAdA samajhate the / tarka ko sarvatra apratihatagati samajhane kI bhUla unhoMne nahIM kii| unhoMne anubhava ko do kSetroM meM bA~Ta diyA / eka kSetra meM tarka kA sAmrAjya thA to dUsare kSetra meM zraddhA ko pUrNa svataMtra banA diyA / jo bAteM zuddha Agamika thIM, jaise bhavya aura abhavya kA vibhAga, jIvoM kI saMkhyA kA prazna Adi, una para unhoMne tarka kA prayoga karanA ucita na samajhA / unheM yathAvat grahaNa kara liyA / jo bAteM tarkabala se siddha yA asiddha kI jA

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76 jaina dharma-darzana sakatI thIM unako unhoMne acchI taraha se tarka kI kasauTI para kasA / siddhasena kA kathana hai ki dharmavAda do prakAra kA hai - ahetuvAda aura hetuvAda | bhavyAbhavyAdika bhAva ahetuvAda ke antargata hai / samyagdarzana, jJAna, cAritra Adi niyama duHkha kA nAza karanevAle haiM ityAdi bAteM hetuvAda meM haiM / / siddhasena ne eka naI paraMparA sthApita kii| vaha paraMparA hai darzana aura jJAna ke abheda kI / jainoM kI Agamika paraMparA thI sarvajJa ke darzana aura jJAna ko bhinna mAnane kI / isa paraMparA para unhoMne prahAra kiyA aura apane tarkabala se yaha siddha kiyA ki sarvajJa ke darzana aura jJAna meM koI bheda nahIM hai / sarvajJatva ke stara para pahu~ca kara donoM ekarUpa ho jAte haiN| unhoMne avadhi aura mana:paryaya ko bhI eka siddha karane kA prayatna kiyaa| sAtha hI jJAna aura zraddhA ko bhI eka siddha kiyaa| jainAgamoM meM prasiddha naMgamAdi sAta nayoM ke sthAna para chaH nayoM kI sthApanA kii| naigama ko svatantra naya na mAnakara saMgraha aura vyavahAra meM samAviSTa kara diyaa| unhoMne yaha bhI kaha diyA ki jitane vacana ke prakAra ho sakate haiM utane hI naya ke prakAra ho sakate haiM aura jitane nayavAda ho sakate haiM utane hI mata-matAntara bhI ho sakate haiM / jJAna aura kriyA ke aikAntika Agraha ko cunautI dete hue siddhasena ne ghoSaNA kI ki jJAna aura kriyA donoM Avazyaka haiN| jJAna-rahita kriyA usI prakAra vyartha hai jisa prakAra kriyArahita jJAna nikammA hai| jJAna aura kriyA kA samyaka saMyoga hI vAstavika sukha pradAna kara sakatA hai| janma aura maraNa se mukti pAne ke lie jJAna aura kriyA donoM Avazyaka haiM /

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 77 nyAyAvatAra aura battIsiyoM meM bhI siddhasena ne apanI mAnyatAoM kI puSTi kA pUrNa prayatna kiyA hai| siddhasena ne sacamuca jaina darzana ke itihAsa meM eka naye yuga kI sthApanA kI / samantabhadra : zvetAmbara paramparA meM siddhasena kA jo sthAna hai vahI digambara paramparA meM samantabhadra kA hai / samantabhadra kI pratibhA vilakSaNa thI, isameM koI saMdeha nhiiN| unhoMne syAdvAda kI siddhi ke lie athaka parizrama kiyA / unakI racanAoM kA chipA huA lakSya syAdvAda hI hotA hai / stotra kI racanA ho to kyA aura dArzanika kRti ho to kyA sabhI kA lakSya eka hI thA aura vaha thA syAdvAda kI siddhi / sabhI vAdoM kI aikAntikatA meM doSa dikhA kara unakA anekAntavAda meM nirdoSa samanvaya kara denA samantabhadra kI hI khUbI thI / svayambhU stotra meM caubIsa tIrtha karoM kI stuti ke bahAne dArzanika tattva kA kyA hI sundara evaM adbhuta samAveza kiyA hai / yaha stotra stutikAvya kA utkRSTa namUnA to hai hI, sAtha hI isake andara bharA huA dArzanika vaktavya atyanta mahattva kA haiM / pratyeka tIrthaMkara kI stuti meM kisI-na-kisI dArzanika vAda kA nirdeza karanA ve nahIM bhUle / svayambhUstotra kI taraha yuktyanuzAsana bhI eka utkRSTa stutikAvya hai / isa kAvya meM bhI yahI bAta hai / stuti ke bahAne anya aikAntika vAdoM meM doSa dikhAkara svasammata bhagavAn ke upadezoM meM guNoM ke darzana karAnA isa kAvya kI vizeSatA hai / yaha to ayogavyavaccheda huaa| isake atirikta bhagavAn ke upadezoM meM jo guNa haiM ve anya kisI ke upadeza meM nahIM, yaha likhakara unhoMne anyayogavyavaccheda ke siddhAnta kA bhI AdhAra liyA /

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78 jaina dharma-darzana ___ina stotroM ke atirikta unakI eka kati AptamImAMsA hai| dArzanika dRSTi se yaha zreSTha kRti haiN| arhanta kI stuti ke prazna ko lekara unhoMne yaha graMtha prArambha kiyaa| arhanta kI hI stuti kyoM karanI cAhie ? isa prazna ko sAmane rakhakara unhoMne AptapuruSa kI mImAMsA kI hai| Apta kauna ho sakatA hai ? isa prazna ko lekara vividha prakAra kI mAnya tAoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai / devAgamana, nabhoyAna, cAmarAdi vibhUtiyoM kI mahattA kI kasauTI kA khaNDana karate hue yaha siddha kiyA hai ki ye bAhya vibhUtiyA~ Aptatva kI sUcaka nahIM haiM / ye saba cIjeM to mAyAvI puruSoM meM bhI dikhAI de sakatI haiM / isI prakAra zArIrika RddhiyA~ bhI AptapuruSa kI mahattA siddha nahIM kara sktiiN| devaloka meM rahanevAle bhI aneka prakAra kI RddhiyA~ prApta kara sakate haiM kintu ve hamAre lie mahAn nahIM ho skte| isa prakAra bAhya pradarzana kA khaNDana karate hue ve yahA~ taka pahu~cate haiM ki jo dharma-pravartaka kahe jAte haiM, jaise-buddha, kapila, gautama, kaNAda, jaiminI Adi, kyA unheM Apta mAnA jAya ? isake uttara meM ve kahate haiM ki Apta vahI ho sakatA hai jisake siddhAnta doSayukta na hoM, viruddha na hoN| sabhI dharma-pravataka Apta nahIM ho sakate kyoMki unake siddhAnta paraspara viruddha haiN| kisI eka ko hI Apta mAnanA caahie| vaha eka kauna hai ? isakA uttara dete hue samantabhadra ne kahA ki jisameM mohAdi doSoM kA sarvathA abhAva hai aura jo sarvajJa hai vahI Apta hai| aisA vyakti arhanta hI ho sakatA hai kyoMki arhanta ke upadeza pramANa se bAdhita nahIM hote| yaha jaina dRSTi kI pUrvabhUmikA hai| jaina darzana nirdoSa evaM sarvajJa arhantoM

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya kI vANI ko hI Apta-praNIta mAnatA hai| jo vANI pramANa se bAdhita haiM vaha sarvajJa kI vANI nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki sarvajJa kI vANI kabhI bAdhita nahIM hotii| abAdhita vANI hI Aptavacana hai / isa prakAra ke Aptavacana hI pramANabhata mAne jA sakate haiM / pratyakSAdi pramANa se bAdhita siddhAntoM ko Aptavacana nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isa prakAra abAdhita siddhAnta hI Aptatva kI kasauTI hai| isa kasauTI ko hAtha meM lekara samantabhadra Age bar3hate haiM aura sabhI prakAra ke aikAntika vAdoM meM pramANa-virodha dikhAkara anekAntavAda kI dhvajA UMcI phaharAte haiN| ekAntavAda ke do mukhya pahalU haiN| eka pakSa ekAnta sat kA pratipAdana karanA hai to dUsarA pakSa ekAnta asat kaa| eka pakSa zAzvatavAda kA Azraya letA hai to dUsarA pakSa ucchedavAda kA pratipAdana karatA hai| isI prakAra nityakAnta aura anityakAnta, bhedaikAnta aura abhedaikAnta, sAmAnya kAnta aura vizeSakAnta, guNakAnta aura dravya kAnta, sApekSakAnta aura nirapekSakAnta, hetuvAdakAnta aura ahetuvAdakAnta, vijJAnakAnta aura bhUtakAnta, devakAnta aura puruSArtha kAnta, vAcyakAMta aura avAcyakAMta Adi dRSTikoNa ekAMtavAda ke samarthaka haiN| . samantabhadra ne AptamImAMsA meM do virodhI pakSoM ke aikAMtika Agraha se utpanna honevAle doSoM ko dikhAkara syAdvAda kI sthApanA kI hai| syAdvAda ko lakSya meM rakhakara saptabhaMgI kI yojanA kI hai| pratyeka do virodhI vAdoM ko lekara saptabhaMgI kI yojanA kisa prakAra ho sakatI hai, isakA spaSTIkaraNa samantabhadra ne kiyA hai|

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80 jaina dharma-darzana mallavAdI: mallavAdI siddhasena ke samakAlIna the / unakA nAma to kucha aura hI thA kintu vAda meM kuzala hone ke kAraNa unheM mallavAdI pada se vibhUSita kiyA gayA aura yahI nAma pracalita bhI ho gyaa| unakI sanmatitarka kI TIkA bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| yaha TIkA isa samaya upalabdha nahIM hai| unakA prasiddha evaM zreSTha grantha nayacakra haiN| Aja taka ke granthoM meM yaha eka adbhuta grantha hai| tatkAlIna sabhI dArzanika vAdoM ko sAmane rakhate hue unhoMne eka vAdacakra bnaayaa| usa cakra kA uttarauttaravAda, pUrva-pUrvavAda kA khaNDana karake apane-apane pakSa ko prabala pramANita karatA hai| pratyeka pUrvavAda apane ko sarvazreSTha evaM nirdoSa samajhatA hai| vaha yaha socatA hI nahIM ki uttaravAda merA bhI khaNDana kara sakatA hai / itane meM turanta uttaravAda AtA hai aura pUrvavAda ko pachAr3a detA hai| antima vAda punaH prathama vAda se parAjita hotA hai| anta meM koI bhI vAda aparAjita nahIM raha jaataa| parAjaya kA yaha cakra eka adbhuta zRMkhalA taiyAra karatA hai / koI bhI ekAntavAdI isa cakra ke rahasya ko nahIM samajha sakatA / eka taTastha vyakti hI isa cakra ke bhItara rahanevAle pratyeka vAda kI sApekSika sabalatA aura nirbalatA mAlUma kara sakatA hai| yaha bAta tabhI ho sakatI hai jaba use pUre cakra kA rahasya mAlama ho| cakra nAma dene kA uddezya bhI yahI hai ki usa cakra ke kisI bhI vAda ko prathama rakhA jA sakatA hai aura anta meM jAkara vaha apane antima vAda kA khaNDana kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra pratyeka vAda kA khaNDana ho jAtA hai| AcArya kA vAstavika uddezya yahI hai ki pratyeka bAda apanI-apanI dRSTi se saccA hai, parantu jyoMhI

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jIna dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 51 kA Agraha karatA hai tyoMhI dUsarA vaha 'maiM hI saccA hU~ vAda Akara use samApta kara detA hai / pratyeka vAda kI apanI-apanI yogyatA aura apanA-apanA kSetra hai / vaha apane kSetra meM saccA hai / isa prakAra anekAMta dRSTi kA Azraya lene se hI sabhI vAda surakSita raha sakate haiM / anekAnta ke binA koI bhI vAda surakSita nahIM / anekAntavAda paraspara viruddha pratibhAsita hone vAle sabhI vAdoM kA nirdoSa samanvaya kara detA hai / usa samanvaya meM sabhI vAdoM ko ucita sthAna prApta ho jAtA hai / koI bhI vAda bahiSkRta ghoSita nahIM kiyA jaataa| jisa prakAra breDale ke 'sampUrNa' (Whole ) meM sAre pratibhAsoM ko apanA-apanA sthAna mila jAtA hai usI prakAra anekAntavAda meM sAre ekAntavAda samAM jAte haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki ekAntavAda tabhI taka mithyA hai jaba taka vaha nirapekSa hai / sApekSa hone para vahI ekAnta saccA ho jAtA haisamyak ho jAtA hai / samyak ekAnta aura mithyA ekAnta meM yahI bheda hai ki samyak ekAnta sApekSa hotA hai jabaki mithyA ekAnta nirapekSa hotA hai / naya meM samyak ekAnta acchI taraha raha sakate haiM / mithyA ekAnta durnaya hai-nayAbhAsa hai isIlie vaha jhUThA hai - asamyaka hai / siMhagaNi " siMhagaNi ne nayacakra para 18000 zloka - pramANa eka TIkA likhii| isa TIkA meM siMhagaNi kSamAzramaNa kI pratibhA acchI taraha jhalakatI hai / isameM siddhasena ke granthoM ke uddharaNa haiM kintu. samantabhadra kA koI ullekha nahIM / isI taraha diGnAga aura bhartRhari ke kaI uddharaNa haiM kintu dharmakIrti kA koI uddharaNa nahIM / mallavAdI aura siMhagaNi donoM zva etAmbarAcArya the / N

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82 jaina dharma-darzana pAtrakezarI : isI samaya eka tejasvI AcArya digambara paramparA meM hue jinakA nAma pAtrakezarI thaa| inhoMne pramANa-zAstra para eka grantha likhA jisakA nAma trilakSaNakadarthana hai / jisa prakAra siddhasena ne pramANa-zAstra para nyAyAvatAra likhA usI prakAra pAtrakezarI ne ukta grantha likhA / isa grantha meM diGanAga-samarthita hetu ke vilakSaNa kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / anyathAnupapatti hI hetu kA avyabhicArI lakSaNa ho sakatA hai, yaha bAta vilakSaNakadarthana meM siddha kI gaI hai| jaina nyAyazAstra meM yahI lakSaNa mAnya hai| durbhAgya se yaha grantha upalabdha nahIM hai| . diGanAga ke vicAroM ne bhAratIya pramANazAstra aura nyAyazAstra ko preraNA dii| diGanAga bauddha tarkazAstra kA pitA kahA jA sakatA hai| dinAMga kI pratibhA ke phalasvarUpa hI prazastapAda, udyotakara, kumArila, siddhasena, mallavAdI, siMhagaNi, pUjyapAda, samantabhadra, Izvarasena, aviddhakarNa Adi dArzanikoM kI racanAeM hamAre sAmane aaii| ina racanAoM meM diDanAga kI mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana thaa| isI saMgharSa ke yuga meM dharmakIrti paidA hue| unhoMne diGnAga para AkramaNa karane vAle sabhI dArzanikoM ko karArA uttara diyA aura diGnAga ke darzana kA naye prakAza meM pariSkAra kiyaa| dharmakIti kI paramparA meM arcaTa, dharmottara, zAntarakSita, prajJAkara Adi hue jinhoMne unake pakSa kI rakSA kii| dUsarI ora prabhAkara, umbeka, vyomaziva, jayanta, sumati, pAtrakezarI, maMDana Adi bauddhatara dArzanika hue jinhoMne bauddha pakSa kA khaNDana kiyaa| isa saMgharSa ke phalasvarUpa AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI meM jaina darzana ke samarthaka akalaMka, haribhadra Adi dArzanika maidAna meM aaye|

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya bhakalaMka: - jaina paramparA meM pramANazAstra kA svataMtra rUpa se vyavasthita nirUpaNa akalaMka kI dena hai| diGanAga ke samaya se lekara akalaMka taka bauddha aura bauddhatara pramANazAstra meM jo saMgharSa calatA rahA use dhyAna meM rakhate hue jaina pramANazAstra kA prAcIna maryAdA ke anukUla pratipAdana karane kA zreya akalaMka ko hai| pramANasaMgraha, nyAyavinizcaya, laghIyastraya Adi grantha isa mata kI puSTi karate haiN| anekAntavAda ke samarthana meM unhoMne samantabhadrakRta AptamImAMsA para aSTazatI nAmaka TIkA likhii| siddhivinizcaya meM bhI unakA yahI dRSTikoNa hai| tattvArtharAjavArtika meM darzana aura dharma ke aneka pahaluoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| akalaMka ne pramANa-vyavasthA kA upanyAsa isa prakAra kiyA hai : 1. pramANa ke do bheda-1. pratyakSa aura 2. parokSa / 2. pratyakSa ke do bheda-1. mukhya aura 2. sAMvyavahArika / 3. parokSa ke pAMca bheda-1. smRti, 2. pratyabhijJAna, 3.tarka, 4. anumAna, 5. aagm| 4. mukhya pratyakSa ke upabheda-1. avadhi, 2. manaHparyaya, 3. kevala / 5. sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa (iMdriyAnindriya prtykss)-mtijnyaan| yaha vyavasthA AgamoM meM bhI milatI hai| tattvArthasUtra meM bhI isI vyavasthA kA pratipAdana hai| tattvArtha kI vyavasthA isa prakAra hai: 1. jJAna (pramANa) ke pAMca bheda-1. mati, 2. zruta, 3. avadhi, 4. manaHparyaya aura 5. kevala /

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84 jaina dharma-darzana 2. parokSa jJAna ke do bheda - 1. mati aura 2. zruta / 3. pratyakSa jJAna ke tIna bheda - 1. avadhi, 2. mana:paryaya, 3. kevala / nandIsUtra kI pramANa-vyavasthA meM thor3A sA parivartana ka parivardhana hai / vaha isa prakAra hai : jJAna do prakAra kA hai - pratyakSa aura parokSa / pratyakSa tIna prakAra kA hai-- indriya, no-indriya aura matijJAna / indriyoM ke pA~ca bheda sparzana, rasana, ghrANa, cakSu aura - zrotra / nI- iMdriyajJAna ke tIna bheda - avadhi, mana:paryaya aura kevala / matijJAna ke do bheda - zrutanizrita, azrutanizrita / zrutanizrita ke cAra bheda - avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA / azrutanizrita ke cAra bheda - autpattikI, vainayikI, karmajA ora pAriNAmikI / parokSa jJAna - zrutajJAna / haribhadra : AcArya haribhadra ne pramANazAstra para koI svatantra grantha to nahIM likhA kintu apanI anya kRtiyoM meM isa viSaya kA paryApta pratipAdana kiyA / anekAntajayapatAkA likhakara unhoMne bauddha evaM itara dArzanikoM ke AkSepoM kA uttara diyA aura anekAnta ke svarUpa ko naye rUpa meM sabake sAmane rkhaa| haribhadra ne diGnAgakRta nyAyapraveza para TIkA likhI / isa TIkA dvArA unhoMne jJAna ke kSetra meM

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya eka nayA udAharaNa rakhA / unhoMne yaha siddha kiyA ki jJAnasAmagrI para kisI sampradAyavizeSa yA vyakti-vizeSa kA adhikAra nahIM hai| vaha to bahatA huA pravAha hai jisameM koI bhI snAna kara sakatA hai| sAtha-hI-sAtha unhoMne yaha bhI sUcita kiyA ki jaina AcAryoM ko nyAyazAstra kI ora bhI kadama bar3hAnA caahiye| zAstravArtAsamuccaya, SaDdarzanasamuccaya Adi granthoM meM haribhadra ne pramANa-zAstra para bahuta-kucha likhaa| inake atirikta unake SoDazaka, aSTaka Adi grantha bhI mahattvapUrNa haiM / lokatattvanirNaya meM samanvayadRSTi para acchA prakAza DAlA gayA hai| unakI udAra dRSTi kA paricaya dene ke lie yaha grantha kAphI hai| dArzanika viSayoM ke atirikta unhoMne yoga para bhI likhA aura isa prakAra cintana ke kSetra meM jaina paramparA ko eka naI dizA pradAna kii| yoga-zAstra para vaidika aura bauddha sAhitya meM jo kucha likhA gayA usakA jaina dRSTi se samanvaya haribhadra kI vizeSa dena hai| haribhadra ke pUrva kisI bhI AcArya ne isa prakAra kA prayatna nahIM kiyA thA / yogabindu, yogadRSTisamuccaya, yogavizikA, SoDazaka Adi granthoM meM yahI prayatna kiyA gayA hai / dharmasaMgrahaNI unakA prAkRta kA grantha hai| isameM jaina darzana kA acchA pratipAdana hai| AgamoM evaM tattvArthasUtra para unakI TIkAeM mahattvapUrNa haiM hii| vidyAnanda : ___ AcArya vidyAnanda jainadarzana ke itihAsa meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhate haiN| unakI tArkika kRtiyA~ advitIya haiN| anekAntavAda ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue unhoMne aSTasahasrI kI jo

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jaina dharma-darzana racanA kI vaha to adbhuta hI hai| jaina-darzana ke granthoM meM isa prakAra kA Thosa evaM vidvattApUrNa grantha zAyada dUsarA nahIM hai / samantabhadra kI AptamImAMsA para akalaMka kI jo aSTazatI nAma kI TIkA thI usa para unhoMne aSTasahasrI nAmaka TIkA likhii| isa prakAra yaha grantha samantabhadra, akalaMka aura vidyAnanda tInoM kI pratibhA se eka advitIya kRti bana gii| vizeSa kaThina hone ke kAraNa vidvAnoM meM isa grantha kI prasiddhi kaSTasahasrI ke nAma se hai| vidyAnanda kI zailI hai vAdI aura prativAdI ko lar3A denA aura svayaM donoM kI durbalatA kA lAbha uThAnA / pramANazAstra para vidyAnanda kA svatantra grantha pramANaparIkSA hai| jaina-darzanapratipAdita pramANa aura jJAna ke svarUpa kA isameM acchA samarthana hai / tattvArthasUtra para unhoMne zlokavArtika nAmaka TIkA likhI jo zailI aura sAmagrI donoM dRSTiyoM se uttama hai| ina granthoM ke alAvA AptaparIkSA, patraparIkSA, satyazAsanaparIkSA Adi grantha bhI vidyAnanda ne likhe haiM / vidyAnanda ke samakAlIna AcArya anantakIrti hue haiM jinhoMne laghusarvajJasiddhi, bRhatsarvajJasiddhi aura jIvasiddhi nAmaka grantha banAye haiN| zAkaTAyana aura anantavIrya : - anya dArzanikoM ke sAtha saMgharSa karate-karate kucha AcArya Antarika saMgharSa meM bhI par3a gye| zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM kI kucha viziSTa mAnyatAoM ko lekara donoM meM saMgharSa honA prArambha ho gyaa| amoghavarSa ke samakAlIna zAkaTAyana ne strImukti aura kevalibhukti nAmaka svatantra prakaraNoM kI racanA kii| Age calakara ina viSayoM para kAphI .

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 87 carcA hone lgii| zvetAmbara aura digambara mAnyatAoM ke pArasparika khaNDana-maNDana ne adhika jora pakar3a liyA / anantavIrya ne akalaMka ke siddhivinizcaya para TIkA likha kara jaina-darzana kI bar3I sevA kii| siddhivinizcaya ko samajhane meM yaha TIkA ati sahAyaka siddha hotI hai| akalaMka ke sUtravAkyoM ko ThIka taraha se samajhane ke lie anantavIrya kA siddhivinizcaya-vivaraNa Avazyaka hai| mANikyanandI, siddhaSi aura abhayadeva : dasavIM zatAbdI meM mANikyanandI ne parIkSAmukha nAmaka eka nyAyagrantha bnaayaa| yaha grantha jaina nyAyazAstra meM praveza karane ke lie bahuta upayogI hai / isakI zailI mUtrAtmaka hote hue bhI sarala hai| yaha grantha bAda meM likhe jAne vAle jaina nyAyazAstra ke kaI granthoM ke lie Adarza rahA / isI samaya piddharSi ne nyAyAvatAra para saMkSipta aura sarala TIkA likhii| abhayadeva ne sanmatiTIkA kI racanA kI / isameM anekAntavAda kA pUrNa vistAra hai| tatkAlIna sabhI dArzanika vAdoM kA vistAra pUrvaka vivecana kiyA gayA hai / yaha tatkAlIna dArzanika granthoM kA nicor3a hai / anekAMtavAda kI sthApanA ke atirikta pramANa, prameya Adi viSayoM para bhI acchI carcA kI gaI hai| prabhAcandra aura vAdirAja : prameyakamalamArtaNDa aura nyAyakumudacandra ye do grantha pramANazAstra ke mahattvapUrNa grantha haiN| prameyakamalamArtaNDa, mANikyanandIkRta parIkSAmukha para eka bRhatkAya TIkA hai| pramANazAstra se sambaddha sabhI viSayoM para prakAza DAlakara prabhAcandra ne isa grantha ko utkRSTa koTi meM rakha diyA hai| strImukti aura kevalikavalAhAra

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jaina dharma-darzana kA khaNDana karake digambara paramparA kI rakSA kA pUrA prayatna kiyA hai / zAkaTAyana aura abhayadeva dvArA diye gaye zvetAmbara pakSa ke hetuoM kA vistAra se khaNDana kiyA hai| nyAyakumudacandra laghIyastraya para TIkA-rUpa meM likhA gayA grantha hai / isameM bhI mukhya rUpa se pramANazAstra kI carcA hai / itanA hote hue bhI isameM prAyaH pratyeka dArzanika viSaya para pUrA prakAza DAlA gayA hai / vAstava meM dekhA jAya to prabhAcandra ke granthoM kI zailI pramANazAstra ke anurUpa hai kintu sAmagrI kI dRSTi se unameM pratyeka viSaya kA samAveza hai| tatvajJAna, zabdazAstra, jAtivAda Adi sabhI viSayoM para prabhAcandra kI kalama calI hai| mUla sUtroM aura kArikAoM kA to mAtra AdhAra hai| jo kucha unheM kahanA thA vaha kisI na kisI bahAne kaha ddaalaa| prabhAcandra kI eka vizeSatA aura hai-vaha hai vikalpoM kA jAla phailAne kii| kisI bhI prazna ko lekara dasa-pandraha vikalpa sAmane rakha denA to unake lie sAmAnya bAta thii| unakA samaya vi0 saM0 1037 se 1122 taka kA hai| vAdirAja prabhAcandra ke samakAlIna the| inhoMne akalaMkakRta nyAyavinizcaya para vivaraNa likhA hai / granthoM ke uddharaNa denA inakI vizeSatA hai| pramANazAstra kI dRSTi se yaha vivaraNa mahattvapUrNa hai / jagaha-jagaha anekAntavAda kI puSTi kI gaI hai aura vaha bhI paryApta mAtrA meN| jinezvara, candraprabha aura anantavIrya : jinezvara kI racanA hai nyAyAvatAra para pramAlakSma nAmaka vArtika / isameM itara darzanoM ke pramANabheda, lakSaNa Adi kA

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 86 khaNDana kiyA gayA hai aura nyAyAvatAra-sammata parokSa ke do bheda sthira kiye gaye haiM / vArtika ke sAtha usakI svopajJa vyAkhyA bhI hai / isakA racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1065 ke Asa-pAsa hai / AcArya candraprabhasUri ne vi0 saM0 1946 ke Asa-pAsa prameyaratnakoSa nAmaka eka saMkSipta grantha likhA / yaha grantha prArambhika adhyayana karane vAloM ke lie bahuta kAma kA hai / isI samaya AcArya anantavIrya ne parIkSAmukha para prameyaratnamAlA nAmaka eka saMkSipta aura sarala TIkA likhii| yaha TIkA sAmAnya staravAle adhyetAoM ke lie vizeSa upayogI hai / isameM prameyakamalamArtaNDa kI taraha lambe-caur3e vivAdoM ko sthAna na dete hue mUla samasyAoM kA hI saumya bhASA meM samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai / vAdidevasUri : pramANazAstra para parIkSAmukha ke samAna hI eka anya grantha likhane vAle vAdidevasUri haiN| parIkSAmukha kA anukaraNa karate hue bhI unhoMne apane grantha pramANanayatattvAloka meM do naye prakaraNa jor3e jo parIkSAmukha meM nahIM the| eka prakaraNa to nayavAda para hai jisakA mANikyacandra ne apane grantha meM samAveza nahIM kiyaa| yaha prakaraNa jaina nyAyazAstra kI pUrNatA ke lie Avazyaka hai / isa prakaraNa ke atirikta pramANanayatattvAloka meM eka prakaraNa vAdavidyA para bhI hai / isa dRSTi se parIkSAmukha kI apekSA yaha grantha kahIM adhika upayogI hai| vAdidevasUri itanA hI karake santuSTa na hue apitu unhoMne isa grantha para svopajJa TIkA bhI likhI / yaha TIkA syAdvAdaratnAkara ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isa bRhatkAya TIkA meM unhoMne dArzanika samasyAoM kA usa samaya taka jitanA

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jaina dharma-darzana vikAsa huA, sabakA samAveza kiyaa| prabhAcandrakRta strImukti aura kevalikavalAhAra kI carcA kA zvetAmbara dRSTi se uttara dene se bhI ve na cUke / itanA hI nahIM apitu kahIM-kahIM to unhoMne anya dArzanikoM ke AkSepoM kA uttara bilakula naye DhaMga se diyA / isa taraha vAdidevasUri apane samaya ke eka zreSTha dArzanika the, isameM koI saMzaya nhiiN| inakA samaya vi0 saM0 1143 se 1226 taka hai| hemacandra : ___ AcArya hemacandra kA janma vi0 saM0 1145 kI kArtikI pUrNimA ke dina ahamadAbAda ke samIpa dhandhukA grAma meM huaa| inakA bAlyakAla kA nAma caMgadeva thaa| inake pitA zaivadharma ke anuyAyI the aura mAtA jainadharma pAlatI thiiN| Age jAkara ye devacandrasuri ke ziSya bane aura inakA nAma somacandra rakhA gyaa| devacandrasUri apane ziSya ke guNoM para bahuta prasanna the aura sAtha hI somacandra kI vidvattA kI dhAka bhI mAnate the| vi0 saM0 1166 kI vaizAkha zuklA tRtIyA ke dina somacandra ko nAgaura meM AcAryapada pradAna kiyA gyaa| somacandra ke zarIra kI prabhA aura kAnti suvarNa ke samAna thI ataH unakA nAma hemacandra rakhA gayA / yaha unake nAma kA itihAsa hai| ___ AcArya hemacandra kI pratibhA bahumukhI thI, yaha unakI kRtiyoM ko dekhane se spaSTa mAlUma ho jAtA hai| koI aisA mahattvapUrNa viSaya na thA jisa para unhoMne apanI kalama na calAI ho / vyAkaraNa, koza, chanda, alaMkAra, kAvya, caritra, nyAya Adi aneka viSayoM para vidvattApUrNa grantha likhe haiN| pramANazAstra para AcArya hemacandra kA pramANamImAMsA grantha atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM pahale sUtra haiM aura phira una para

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya svopajJa vyAkhyA hai| isa grantha kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha sUtra aura vyAkhyA donoM ko milAkara bhI madhyamakAya hai| yaha na to parIkSAmukha aura pramANanayatattvAloka jitanA saMkSipta hI hai aura na prameyakamalamArtaNDa aura syAdvAdaratnAkara jitanA vizAla hii| isameM nyAyazAstra ke mahattvapUrNa praznoM kA madhyama pratipAdana hai| isa grantha ko samajhane ke lie nyAyazAstra kI pUrvabhUmikA jAnanA atyanta Avazyaka hai| durbhAgya se yaha grantha pUrNa upalabdha nahIM hai| isake atirikta hemacandra kI ayogavyavacchedikA aura anyayogavyavacchedikA nAmaka do dvAtriMzikAeM bhI haiN| inameM se anyayogavyavacchedikA para malliSeNa ne syAdvAdamaMjarI nAmaka TIkA likhI hai jo zailI aura sAmagrI donoM dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai / hemacandra kI mRtyu vi0 saM0 1228 meM huii| anya dArzanika : __ bArahavIM zatAbdI meM hue zAntyAcArya ne nyAyAvatAra para svopajJa TIkA-sahita vArtika likhaa| isameM unhoMne akalaMka dvArA sthApita pramANa ke bhedoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai aura nyAyAvatAra kI paramparA ko punaH sthApita kiyA hai| syAdvAdaratnAkara ko samajhane meM saralatA ho, isa dRSTi se vAdidevasUri ke hI ziSya ratnaprabhasUri ne-jinhoMne syAdvAdaratnAkara ke lekhana meM bhI sahAyatA dI thI-avatArikA bnaaii| yaha grantha ratnAkarAvatArikA nAma se prasiddha hai / grantha kI bhASAviSayaka ADambaratA ne ise syAdvAdaratnAkara se bhI kaThina banA diyaa| itanA hote hue bhI isa grantha kA itanA prabhAva par3A ki syAdvAdaratnAkara kA paThana-pAThana prAyaH banda-sA ho gyaa| sabhI. loga isI se apanA kAma nikAlane lge| isakA pariNAma yaha

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62 jaina dharma-darzana huA ki Aja syAdvAdaratnAkara jaise mahattvapUrNa grantha kI eka mI sampUrNa prati upalabdha nahIM hai / AcArya hemacandra ke zivya rAmacandra aura guNacandra ne milakara dravyAlaMkAra nAmaka dArzanika kRti kA nirmANa kiyA / candrasena ne vi0 saM0 1207 meM utpAdAdisiddhi kI racanA kI / isa grantha meM utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya rUpa vastu kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai| haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya para vi0 saM0 1389 meM somatilaka ne eka TIkA likhii| dUsarI TIkA guNaratna ne likhI jo adhika upAdeya bnii| yaha TIkA pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM likhI gaI / isI zatAbdI meM merutuMga ne SaDdarzananirNaya nAmaka grantha likhA / rAjazekhara ne SaDdarzanasamuccaya, syAdvAdakalikA, ratnAkarAvatArikApaMjikA Adi grantha likhe / unhoMne prazastapAdabhASya kI TIkA kandalI para paMjikA bhI likhI / jJAnacandra ne ratnAkarAvatArikApaMjikATippaNa likhA / bhaTTAraka dharmabhUSaNa ne myAyadIpikA likhI jo jaina nyAyazAstra kA prArambhika grantha hai | sAdhuvijaya ne solahavIM zatAbdI meM vAdavijaya aura hetukhaNDana nAmaka do grantha likhe / yazovijaya : tattvacintAmaNi nAmaka nyAya ke grantha se nyAyazAstra kA eka nayA adhyAya prArambha hotA hai / isakA zreya vikrama kI terahavIM zatAbdI meM mithilA meM paidA hone vAle gaMgeza nAmaka pratibhAsampanna naiyAyika ko hai / tattvacintAmaNi navIna paribhASA aura nUtana zailI meM likhA gayA eka adbhuta grantha hai / isakA viSaya nyAyasammata pratyakSAdi cAra pramANa haiM / ina cAroM pramANoM kI siddhi ke lie gaMgeza ne jisa paribhASA, tarka aura zailI kA

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jaina dharma-darzana kA sAhitya 63 prayoga kiyA vaha nyAyazAstra ke kSetra meM eka bahuta bar3I krAnti thI / nyAya ke zuSka aura nIrasa viSaya meM eka naye rasa kA saMcAra kara denA aura use AkarSaNa kI vastu banA denA sAmAnya bAta nahIM thI / gaMgeza ne jisa nUtana aura sarasa zailI ko janma diyA vaha zailI uttarottara bar3hatI hI gaI / cintAmaNi ke TIkAkAroM ne isa navIna nyAyagrantha para utanI hI mahattvapUrNa TIkAe~ likhIM / nyAyazAstra prAcIna aura navIna nyAyoM meM vibhakta ho gayA / isa yuga kA itanA adhika prabhAva par3A ki sabhI dArzanika apane - apane darzana ko navIna nyAya kI bhUmikA para pariSkRta karane lage / isa zailI kA anusaraNa karake jitane bhI grantha bane unakA darzana ke itihAsa meM bahuta mahattva hai / pratyeka darzana ke lie yaha Avazyaka ho gayA ki yadi vaha jIvita rahanA cAhatA hai to navIna nyAya kI zailI meM apane pakSa kI sthApanA kare / itanA hote hue bhI jainadarzana ke AcAryoM kA dhyAna isa ora bahuta zIghra nahIM gayA / satrahavIM zatAbdI ke anta taka jaina-darzana prAcIna paramparA aura zailI ke cakkara meM hI par3A rhaa| jahA~ anya darzana navIna sajadhaja ke sAtha raMgamaMca para A cuke the, jaina darzana parde ke pIche hI aMgar3AiyA~ le rahA thA / yazovijaya ne aThArahavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM jaina darzana ko nayA prakAza diyA / vi0 saM0 1669 meM ahamadAbAda ke jainasaMgha ne AcArya nayavijaya aura yazovijaya ko kAzI bhejA / AcArya nayavijaya yazovijaya ke guru the isalie donoM sAtha Aye / vidyA kA pavitra dhAma kAzI usa samaya darzana ke kSetra meM prasiddha thA / yahA~ Akara yazovijaya ne bhAratIya darzana - zAstra kA gambhIra adhyayana kimA / sAtha-hI-sAtha anya zAstroM kA bhI pANDitya prApta kiyaa| inake pANDitya evaM pratibhA se prabhAvita ho inheM nyAya

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jaina dharma-darzana vizArada kI padavI pradAna kI gii| __pAMca sau va kI jaina-darzana kI kSati ko yadi kisI ne pUrA kiyA to ve yazovijaya hI the| inhoMne dhar3Adhar3a jaina-darzana para grantha likhane prArambha kiye| anekAntavyavasthA nAmaka grantha navyanyAya kI zailI meM likhakara anekAntavAda kI punaH pratiSThA kii| pramANazAstra para jainatarka bhASA aura jJAnabindu likhakara jaina paramparA kA gaurava bddh'aayaa| naya para bhI nayapradIpa, nayarahasya aura nayopadeza Adi grantha likhe / nayopadeza para to nayAmRtataraMgiNI nAmaka svopajJa TIkA bhI likhii| isake atirikta apTasahasrI para vivaraNa likhA tathA haribhadrakRta zAstravArtAsamuccaya para syAdvAdakalpalatA nAmaka TIkA likhii| isa prakAra aSTasahasrI aura zAstravArtAsamuccaya ko nayA rUpa milA / bhASArahasya, pramANa rahasya Adi aneka granyoM ke alAvA nyAyakhaNDakhAdya aura nyAyAloka likhakara navIna zailI meM hI naiyAyikAdi dArzanikoM kI mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana bhI kiyaa| darzana ke atirikta yogazAstra, alaMkAra, AcArazAstra Adi se sambandha rakhane vAle grantha bhI likhe / saMskRta ke atirikta prAcIna gujarAtI Adi bhASAoM meM bhI inhoMne kAphI likhA hai / isa taraha akele yazovijaya ne hI jaina sAhitya kA bahuta bar3A upakAra kiyA hai| jaina-vAGamaya kA gaurava bar3hAne meM unhoMne kucha bhI uThA na rakhA / jaina-darzana kI sammAna-vRddhi meM unhoMne pUrNa yoga diyaa| yazovijaya ke atirikta usa yuga meM yazasvatsAgara ne saptapadArthI, pramANa vAdArtha, vAdArthanirUpaNa, syAdvAdamuktAvalI Adi dArzanika grantha likhe| vimaladAsa ne saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI kI racanA navya-nyAya kI zailI meM kii|

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tattvavicAra jaina paramparA darzana ke antargata AtI hai yA usakA samAveza dharma ke andara hotA hai ? yaha hama jAnate haiM ki darzana narka aura hetuvAda para avalambita hai, jabaki dharma kA AdhAra mukhya rUpa se zraddhA hai| zraddhA aura tarka donoM kA Azraya mAnava hai, tathApi ina donoM meM prakAza aura andhakAra jitanA antara hai| zraddhA jisa bAta ko sarvathA satya mAnatI hai, tarka usI bAta ko phUMka se ur3A detA hai| zraddhA ke lie jo sarvasva hai, tarka kI dRSTi meM usI kA sarvathA abhAva ho sakatA hai / jo vastu zraddhA ke lie AkAza-kusumavat hotI hai, hetu usI ke pIche apanI pUrI zakti lagA detA hai| aisI sthiti meM kyA yaha saMbhava hai ki eka hI paramparA dharma aura darzana donoM ho ? bhAratIya vicAradhArA to yahI batAtI hai ki darzana aura dharma sAtha-sAtha cala sakate haiN| zraddhA aura tarka ke sahAnavasthAnarUpa virodha ko bhAratIya para. mparA AcAra aura vicAra ke vibhAjana se zAnta karatI hai| pratyeka paramparA do dRSTiyoM se apanA vikAsa karatI hai| eka ora AcAra kI dizA meM usakI gati yA sthiti kA nirmANa hotA hai aura dUsarI ora buddhi evaM tarka-zakti ke saMtoSa ke lie vicAra kA vikAsa hotA hai| zraddhAlu vyaktiyoM kI santuSTi ke lie AcAra-mArga sahAyaka hotA hai tathA cintanazIla vyaktiyoM kI tRpti ke lie vicAra-paramparA kA sahayoga milatA hai|

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jaina dharma-darzana jaina dharma aura jaina darzana : ___ bauddha paramparA meM hInayAna aura mahAyAna ke rUpa meM AcAra aura vicAra kI do dhArAeM milatI haiN| hInayAna mukhya rUpa se AcArapakSa para bhAra detA hai| mahAyAna kA vicArapakSa para adhika bhAra hai| bauddha darzana meM prANa DAlane kA kArya yadi kisI ne kiyA hai to mahAyAna paramparA ne hI / zUnyavAda mAdhyamika tathA yogAcAra vijJAnAdvaitavAda ne bauddha vicAradhArA ko itanA dRr3ha evaM puSTa banA diyA ki Aja bhI darzanajagat usakA lohA mAnatA hai| pUrvamImAMmA aura uttaramImAMsA ke nAma se vedAnta meM bhI yahI huaa| kaI vidvAnoM kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki mImAMsA aura vedAnta eka hI mAnyatA ke do bAjU haiN| eka bAjU pUrvamImAMsA (pracalita nAma mImAMsA) hai aura dUsarA vAjU uttaramImAMsA (vedAnta) hai| pUrvamImAMsA AcArapakSa hai evaM uttaramImAMsA vicArapakSa hai / mImAMsAsUtra aura vedAntasUtra eka hI grantha ke do vibhAga haiM-do adhyAya haiM / AcArapakSa kI sthA. panA mImAMsAsUtra kA viSaya hai, parantu vedAntasUtra kA prayojana vicArapakSa kI siddhi hai| sAMkhya aura yoga bhI vicAra aura AcAra kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| sAMkhya kA mukhya prayojana tattvanirNaya hai| yoga kA mukhya dhyeya cittavRtti kA nirodha haiyogazcittavRttinirodhaH / ' isI prakAra jaina paramparA bhI AcAra aura vicAra ke bheda se do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kI jA sakatI hai| yadyapi isa prakAra ke do bhedoM kA spaSTa ullekha isa paramparA meM nahIM milatA tathApi yaha nizcita hai ki AcAra aura vicArarUpa donoM dhArAeM isameM barAbara pravAhita hotI rahI haiM / AcAra ke nAma para ahiMsA kA jitanA vikAsa jaina paramparA 1. pAtaMjala yogadarzana, 1. 2.

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tatvavicAra meM huA hai utanA bhAratIya paramparA kI kisI anya dhArA meM zAyada hI huA ho athavA yoM kahie ki nahIM huA / yaha jaina paramparA ke lie gaurava kA viSaya hai| vicAra kI dRSTi se anekAntavAda kA jo samarthana jaina darzana ke sAhitya meM milatA hai usakA zatAMza bhI anya darzanoM meM nahIM milatA; yadyapi prAyaH sabhI darzana kisI na kisI rUpa meM anekAntavAda kA samarthana karate haiM / anekAntavAda ke AdhAra para phalita hone vAle anya aneka viSayoM para jainAcAryoM ne pratibhAyukta grantha likhe haiM jinakA yathAvasara paricaya diyA jA cukA hai| itanA hI nahIM apitu kaI bAteM jaina darzana meM aisI bhI haiM jo Adhunika vijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI yathArtha haiM / yadyapi vaijJAnika paddhati se jainAcArya kisI prakAra ke AviSkArAtmaka prayoga na kara sake, kintu unakI dRSTi itanI sUkSma tathA arthagrAhI thI ki unakI aneka bAteM Aja bhI vijJAna kI kasauTI para kamI jA sakatI haiM | zabda, aNu, andhakArAdi viSayaka aneka aisI mAnyatAeM haiM jo Aja kI vaijJAnika dRSTi se viruddha nahIM haiM / tAtparya yaha hai ki jaina paramparA dharma aura darzana donoM kA milA-julA rUpa hai| darzana kI kucha mAnyatAeM vijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI ThIka haiM | AcAra meM ahiMsA aura vicAra meM anekAntavAda kA pratinidhitva karane vAlI jaina paramparA dharma aura darzana donoM ko apane aMka meM chipAye hue hai / astu, dharma kI dRSTi se vaha jaina dharma hai; darzana kI dRSTi se vaha jaina darzana hai / bhAratIya vicAra pravAha ko do dhArAe~ : bhAratIya saMskRti aneka prakAra ke vicAroM kA vikAsa hai| isa saMskRti meM na jAne kitanI dhArAeM pravAhita hotI rahI haiM / anekatA meM ekatA aura ekatA meM anekatA - yahI hamArI

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jaina dharma-darzana saMskRti kI prAcIna paramparA hai| yahA~ para aneka prakAra kI vicAradhArAe~ bahIM / prAcInatA aura navInatA kA saMgharSa barAbara hotA rahA / isa saMgharSa meM navInatA panapatI rahI, kintu prAcInatA sarvathA naSTa na ho skii| navInatA aura prAcInatA donoM kA hI yathocita sammAna hotA rhaa| kisI samaya prAcInatA ko vizeSa sammAna milA to kabhI navInatA kA vizeSa Adara huA / vividhatAoM ke vaise to aneka rUpa rahe haiM, kintu ye sArI vividhatAe~ do rUpoM meM bA~TI jA sakatI haiM : eka vaidika paramparA aura dUsarI avaidika paramparA / ye donoM paramparAeM kramazaH brAhmaNa paramparA aura zramaNa paramparA ke nAma se prasiddha haiM / brAhmaNa paramparA adhika prAcIna hai yA zramaNa paramparA ? isa prazna kA santoSaprada uttara denA jarA kaThina hai / brAhmaNa paramparA kA prAcInatama upalabdha AdhAra vaidika sAhitya hai / vedoM se adhika prAcIna sAhitya duniyA ke kisI bhI bhAga meM upalabdha nahIM hai / duniyA kI koI bhI dUsarI saMskRti itane prAcIna sAhitya kA dAvA nahIM kara sktii| yaha eka aitihAsika satya hai / isI satya ke AdhAra para brAhmaNa saMskRti kA yaha dAvA hai ki vaha duniyA kI prAcInatama saMskRti hai / dUsarI ora zramaNa saMskRti ke upAsaka yaha dAvA karate haiN| ki zramaNa saMskRti kisI bhI dRSTi se vaidika saMskRti se kama prAcIna nahIM hai / aupaniSadika sAhitya, jo ki vedoM (saMhitAmaMtrabhAga) ke bAda kA sAhitya hai, zramaNa paramparA se pUrNarUpa se prabhAvita hai| vaidika mAnyatAoM kA upaniSad ke tattvajJAna se bahuta virodha hai / jo AcAra aura vicAra vedoM meM upalabdha hote haiM unase bhinna AcAra-vicAra upaniSadoM meM milate haiM /

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tattvavicAra eE yaha ThIka hai ki upaniSad brAhmaNa paramparA dvArA mAnya haiM, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM ki ve zramaNa paramparA ke prabhAva se sarvathA achUte haiM / vAstava meM upaniSadoM kA nirmANa karane vAle RSiyoM ne vaidika mAnyatAoM ke prati eka prakAra kA chipA vidroha kiyA aura usa vidroha ke pIche zramaNa paramparA kA mukhya hAtha thA / brAhmaNa paramparA kA yaha dAvA ki vaha bhArata kI yA vizva kI sabase purAnI saMskRti hai. ThIka nahIM hai / usI prakAra zramaNa paramparA kI yaha dhAraNA ki usI ke prabhAva se upaniSadoM ke RSiyoM kI dRSTi meM akasmAt parivartana huA, mithyA hai| ye donoM dhAraNAe~ isalie mithyA haiM ki inakA AdhAra mAtra aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi hai| kucha sahasra varSoM ke upalabdha sAhitya ko dekhakara kevala usI para se kisI antima nirNaya para pahu~ca jAnA sabase bar3I aitihAsika bhana hai| kauna dhArA prAcIna hai, isakA jaba hama nirNaya karate haiM to unakA artha hotA hai-kauna sabase prAcIna hai / jahA~ para sabase prAcInatA kA prazna AtA hai vahA~ para aitihAsika dRSTi kabhI saphala nahIM hotI, kyoMki vaha svayaM adhUrI hai| jaba taka vaha apane Apako pUrNa na banAye, usakA nirNaya hamezA adharA rahegA - sApekSa rahegA sImita rahegA | apanI maryAdA kA ullaMghana kiye binA usakA jo nirNaya hogA vaha satya ho sakatA hai / itihAsa kA AdhAra bAhya sAmagrI hai / jitanI sAmagrI upalabdha hogI utane hI parimANa meM usakA nirNaya satya yA asatya hogaa| vartamAna samaya kA itihAsa isa bAta kA dAvA nahIM kara sakatA ki usakI sAmagrI pUrNa hai / satya yaha hai ki apane-Apa meM donoM vicAradhArAeM anAdi haiN| na to brAhmaNa paramparA adhika prAcIna hai aura na zramaNa

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100 jaina dharma darzana prmpraa| donoM sadaiva sAtha-sAtha calI haiM aura mAtha-sAtha calatI rheNgii| ye donoM paramparAeM aitihAsika paramparAeM nahIM haiM, apitu mAnava-jIvana kI do dhArAe~ haiN| ina donoM dhArAoM kA AdhAra do sampradAyavizeSa nahIM haiM, apitu sampUrNa mAnavajAti hai| mAnava svayaM ina do dhArAoM kA srota hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, ye donoM dhArAeM manovaijJAnika satya para avalambita haiM / mAnava kA svAbhAvika pravAha hI aisA hai ki vaha ina donoM dhArAoM meM pravAhita hotA hai| kabhI vaha eka dhArA ko adhika mahattva detA hai to kabhI dUsarI ko| sattArUpa se donoM dhArAeM usameM hamezA maujUda rahatI haiN| jaba taka ki vaha mAnavatA ke stara para rahatA hai, usase sarvathA Upara nahIM uTha jAtA athavA nIce nahIM gira jAtA, taba taka vaha ina donoM dhArAoM meM pravAhita hotA hI rahatA hai| brAhmaNa saMskRti yA vaidika saMskRti donoM dhArAoM meM se eka kI pratIka hai| zramaNa saMskRti yA saMtasaMskRti dUsarI dhArA para bhAra detI hai| eka samaya aisA AtA hai jaba pahalI dhArA kA mAnava-samAja para adhika prabhAva rahatA hai| dUsarA samaya aisA hotA hai jaba dumarI dhArA vizeSa prabhAvazAlI hotI hai| yaha paramparA na kabhI prArambha huI hai aura na kabhI samApta hogii| yaha pravAha anAdi hai, ananta hai| donoM dhArAeM isa pravAha meM rahI haiM, Aja bhI haiM aura Age bhI rheNgii| una para na kAla kA vizeSa prabhAva hai, na vikAsa kA hI koI khAsa asara hai / kAla aura vikAsa unhIM ke do rUpa haiN| brAhmaNa saMskRti : brAhmaNa aura zramaNa paramparAoM meM utanA hI antara hai jitanA bhoga aura tyAga, hiMsA aura ahiMsA, zoSaNa aura poSaNa, andhakAra aura prakAza meM antara hai| eka dhArA mAnava

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tattvavicAra jIvana ke bAhya svArtha kA poSaNa karatI hai to dUsarI dhArA manuSya ke Atmika vikAsa ko bala pradAna karatI hai / eka kA AdhAra vaiSamya hai to dUsarI kA AdhAra sAmya hai| isa prakAra brAhmaNa aura zramaNa paramparA kA vaiSamya evaM sAmyamUlaka itanA adhika virodha hai ki mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ne ahi-nakula evaM go-vyAghra jaise zAzvata virodha vAle udAharaNoM meM brAhmaNa-zramaNa ko bhI sthAna diyaa| jisa prakAra ahi aura nakula, gau aura vyAghra meM janmajAta virodha hai, ThIka usI prakAra brAhmaNa aura zramaNa meM svAbhAvika virodha hai|' AcArya hemacandra bhI apane grantha meM isI bAta kA samarthana karate haiN| ina udAharaNoM ko upasthita karane kA artha yaha nahIM ki brAhmaNa aura zramaNa samAja meM eka sAtha nahIM raha skte| isakA abhiprAya kevala itanA hI hai ki jIvana ke ye do pakSa eka-dUsare ke virodhI haiM / jIvana kI ye do vRttiyA~ virodhI AcAra aura vicAra ko prakaTa karatI haiM / ye donoM dhArAe~ mAnava-jIvana ke bhItara rahI huI do bhinna svabhAvavAlI vRttiyoM kI pratIka mAtra haiN| brAhmaNa paramparA kA upalabdha mAnya sAhitya veda hai / veda se hamArA abhiprAya usa bhAga se hai jo saMhitA-maMtrapradhAna hai| yaha paramparA mUla meM 'brahman' ke AsapAsa zurU aura vikasita huI hai, aisA pratIta hotA hai / 'brahman' zabda ke aneka artha hote haiN| yahA~ para hama kevala do artho ko samajhane kA prayatna kreNge| pahalA stuti yA prArthanA aura dUsarA yajJayAgAdi karma / vaidika mantroM aura sUktoM kI sahAyatA se jo nAnA prakAra kI prArthanAeM evaM stutiyA~ kI jAtI haiM use 'brahman' kahate haiM / vaidika mantroM dvArA 1. mahAbhASya, 2. 4. 6. 2. siddhahema, 3. 1. 141.

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102 jaina dharma-darzana hone vAlA yajJayAgAdi karma bhI 'brahman' kahalAtA hai / una mantroM evaM sUtroM kA pATha karane vAlA evaM yajJayAgAdi karma karAne vAlA purohita 'brAhmaNa' kahalAtA hai| isa paramparA ke lie 'zarman' zabda kA prayoga bhI hotA hai / yaha '' dhAtu se banatA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai-hiMsA karanA / yahA~ yaha prazna uThatA hai ki 'zarman' kA artha hiMsA karane vAlA to ThIka hai, kintu kisakI hiMsA ? isa prazna kA uttara- ' zRNAti azubham' arthAt jo azubha kI hiMsA kare vaha 'zarman' isa vyutpatti se milatA hai / jahA~ taka azubha kI hiMsA kA prazna hai vahA~ taka to ThIka hai, kintu azubha kyA hai, isa prazna kA jahA~ taka sambandha hai, vaidika paramparA meM manuSya ke bAhya svArtha meM bAdhaka pratyeka cIja azubha ho jAtI hai| yAjJika hiMsA kA samarthana isI AdhAra para huA hai / " mA hiMsyAt sarvabhUtAni" kaha kara "vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati" kA nArA lagAne kA AdhAra manuSya kA bhautika svArtha hI hai / yajJa kA artha utsarga yA tyAga hai, yaha ThIka hai, kintu kisakA utsarga ? yahA~ para phira vaidika paramparA vahI Adarza sAmane rakhatI hai| tyAga aura utsarga ke nAma para dUsare prANiyoM ko sAmane rakha detI hai aura bhoga aura Ananda ke nAma para manuSya svayaM sAmane A dhamakatA hai / apane sukha ke lie dUsare kI Ahuti denA, yahI isa paramparA kA Adarza hai / zramaNa saMskRti : yaha dhArA mAnava ke una guNoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai jo usake vaiyaktika svArtha se bhinna haiM / dUsare zabdoM meM, zramaNa paramparA sAmya para pratiSThita hai / yaha sAmya mukhyarUpa se tIna bAtoM meM

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tasvafvacAra 103 dekhA jA sakatA hai : 1. samAjaviSayaka, 2. sAdhyaviSayaka, 3. prANijagat ke prati dRSTiviSayaka / samAja viSayaka sAmya kA artha hai - samAja meM kisI eka varNa kA janmasiddha zreSThatva yA kaniSThatva na mAnakara guNakRta evaM karmakRta zreSThatva yA kaniSThatva mAnanA | zramaNa saMskRti samAja racanA evaM dharma-viSayaka adhikAra kI dRSTi se janmasiddha varNa aura liMgabheda ko mahattva na dekara vyakti dvArA samAcarita karma aura guNa ke AdhAra para hI samAja-racanA karatI hai / usakI dRSTi meM janma kA utanA mahattva nahIM hai jitanA ki puruSArtha aura guNa kA / mAnava samAja kA sahI AdhAra vyakti kA prayatna evaM karma hai, na ki janmasiddha tathAkathita zreSThatva | kevala janma se koI zreSTha yA hIna nahIM hotA / hInatA aura zreSThatA kA vAstavika AdhAra svakRta karma hai / sAdhya-viSayaka sAmya kA artha hai - abhyudaya kA eka sarIkhA rUpa / zramaNa saMskRti kA sAdhya-viSayaka Adarza vaha avasthA hai jahA~ kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM rahatA / vaha eka aisA Adarza hai jahA~ aihika evaM pAralaukika sabhI svArthI kA anta ho jAtA hai / vahA~ na isa loka ke svArtha satAte haiM, na paraloka kA pralobhana vyAkulatA utpanna karatA hai / vaha aisI sAmyAvasthA hai jahA~ koI kisI se kama yogya nahIM rahane pAtA / vaha avasthA yogyatA aura ayogyatA, adhikatA aura nyUnatA, hInatA aura zreSThatA - sabhI se pare hai / prANi-jagat ke prati dRSTiviSayaka sAmya kA artha hai - jIva jagat ke prati pUrNa sAmya / aisI samatA ki jisameM na kevala mAnava 1. jainadharma kA prAraNa, pR0 1. 2. bhagavatIsUtra, 6.6.383.

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204 jaina dharma-darzana samAja yA pazu-pakSIsamAja hI samAviSTa ho, apitu vanaspati jaise atyanta sUkSma jIvasamUha kA bhI samAveza ho / yaha dRSTi vizvaprema kI adbhuta dRSTi hai / vizva kA pratyeka prANI, cAhe vaha mAnava ho yA pazu, pakSI ho yA kITa, vanaspati ho yA anya kSudra jIva, Atmavat hai / kisI bhI prANI kA vadha karanA athavA use kaSTa pahu~cAnA AtmapIr3A ke samAna hai / 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI bhUmikA para pratiSThita yaha sAmyadRSTi zramaNa paramparA kA prANa hai / sAmAnya jIvana ko hI apanA carama lakSya mAnane vAlA sAdhAraNa vyakti isa bhUmikA para nahIM pahu~ca sakatA / yaha bhUmikA sva aura para ke abheda kI pRSThabhUmi hai / yahI pRSThabhUmi zramaNa-saMskRti kA sarvasva hai / zramaNa paramparA kI aneka zAkhAeM rahI haiM aura Aja bhI maujUda haiN| jaina, bauddha, AjIvika Adi vizeSarUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / jaina aura bauddha paramparAeM to spaSTarUpa se zramaNa saMskRti kI zAkhAeM haiM / AjIvika Adi bhI isI paramparA kI zAkhAeM haiM, kintu durbhAgya se Aja unakA maulika sAhitya upalabdha nahIM hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki nizcitarUpa se inake viSaya meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| aisA hote hue bhI itanA avazya mAnanA par3egA ki ye paramparAeM bhI vaidika paramparA kI virodhI rahI haiM / jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAeM vedoM ko pramANa nahIM mAnatIM / ve yaha bhI nahIM mAnatIM ki veda kA kartA Izvara hai athavA veda apauruSeya hai / brAhmaNa varga kA jAti kI dRSTi se yA purohita ke nAte gurupada bhI svIkAra nahIM karatIM / unake apane-apane grantha haiM, jo nirdoSa Apta vyakti kI racanAeM haiN| unake lie ve hI graMtha pramANabhUta haiM / jAti kI apekSA vyakti kI pUjA donoM ko mAnya hai aura vyakti-pUjA kA AdhAra hai guNa aura karma / donoM / 1

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tattvavicAra 105 paramparAoM ke sAdhaka aura tyAgI varga ke lie zramaNa, bhikSu, anagAra, yati, sAdhu, parivrAjaka, arhat, jina Adi zabdoM kA prayoga hotA rahA hai| eka 'nirgrantha' zabda aisA hai jisakA prayoga jaina paramparA ke sAdhakoM ke lie hI huA hai / yaha zabda jaina granthoM meM 'niggaMtha' aura bauddha granthoM meM 'nigaMTha' ke nAma se milatA hai / isIlie jainazAstra ko 'nirgrantha- pravacana' bhI kahAgayA hai / yaha 'niggaMtha-pAvayaNa' kA saMskRta rUpa hai / 'zramaNa' zabda kA artha : zramaNa ke lie prAkRta sAhitya meM 'samaNa' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| jaina-sUtroM meM jagaha-jagaha 'samaNa' zabda AtA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai sAdhu / ukta 'samaNa' zabda ke tIna rUpa ho sakate hai : zramaNa, samana aura zamana / zramaNa zabda 'zram' dhAtu se banatA hai / 'zram' kA artha hotA hai - parizrama karanA / tapasyA kA dUsarA nAma parizrama bhI hai / " jo vyakti apane hI zrama se utkarSa kI prApti karate haiM ve zramaNa kahalAte haiM / samana kA artha hotA hai samAnatA / jo vyakti prANI mAtra ke prati samabhAva rakhatA hai, viSamatA se hamezA dUra rahatA hai, jisakA jIvana vizva - prema aura vizvabandhutva kA pratIka hotA hai, jisake lie sva-para kA bheda-bhAva nahIM hotA, jo pratyeka prAMNI se usI bhA~ti prema karatA hai jisa prakAra khuda se prema karatA hai, use kisI ke prati dveSa nahIM hotA aura na kisI ke prati use rAga hI hotA hai / vaha rAga aura dveSa kI tuccha bhAvanA se Upara uThakara sabako eka dRSTi se dekhatA hai| usakA vizvaprema ghRNA aura Asakti kI chAtrA se sarvathA achUtA rahatA hai / vaha sabase prema karatA hai kintu usakA prema rAga kI koTi meM 1. zrAmyantIti zramaNAH tapasyantItyarthaH - dazavekAlikavRtti, 1.3.

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jaina dharma-darzana nahIM AtA / vaha prema eka vilakSaNa prakAra kA prema hotA hai, jo rAga aura dveSa donoM kI sImA se pare hotA hai| rAga aura dvaSa sAtha-sAtha calate haiM, kintu prema akelA hI calatA hai| zamana kA artha hai-zAnta karanA / jo vyakti apanI vRttiyoM ko zAnta karane kA prayatna karatA hai, apanI vAsanAoM kA damana karane kI koziza karatA hai aura apane isa prayatna meM bahuta-kucha saphala hotA hai vaha zramaNa-saMkRti kA saccA anuyAyI hai| hamArI aisI vRttiyA~ jo utthAna ke sthAna para patana karatI haiM, zAnti ke bajAya azAnti utpanna karatI haiM, utkarSa kI jagaha apakarSa lAtI haiM ve jIvana ko kabhI saphala nahIM hone detiiN| aisI akuzala vRttiyoM ko zAnta karane se hI sacce lakSya kI prApti ho sakatI hai / isa prakAra kI kuvRttiyoM ko zAnta karane se hI AdhyAtmika vikAsa ho sakatA hai| zramaga-saMskRti ke mUla meM zrama, sama aura zama-ye tInoM tattva vidyamAna haiN| maina paramparA kA mahatva : zramaNa-saMskRti kI aneka dhArAoM meM jaina paramparA kA bahuta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| yaha hama dekha cuke haiM ki zramaNasaMskRti kI do mukhya dhArAeM Aja bhI jIvita haiN| unameM se bauddha paramparA kA bhAratIya jIvana se vizeSa sambandha nahIM raha gayA hai / yadyapi ra sakA thor3A-bahuta prabhAva kisI rUpa meM Aja bhI maujUda hai aura Age bhI rahegA, kintu bhAratIya jIvana ke nirmANa aura parivartana meM jaina paramparA kA jo hAtha atIta meM rahA hai, vartamAna meM hai aura bhaviSya meM rahegA, vaha kucha vilakSaNa hai| yadyapi Aja kI pracalita jaina vicAradhArA bhArata ke bAhara apanA prabhAva na jamA sakI, kintu bhAratIya vicAradhArA aura

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tattvavicAra 107 AcAra ko badalane meM isane jo mahattvapUrNa kAma kiyA hai vaha isa deza ke jana-jIvana ke itihAsa meM bahuta samaya taka amara rhegaa| jaina paramparA aura bauddha paramparA zramaNa saMskRti ke antargata haiM, kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM ki jaina paramparA aura bauddha paramparA donoM eka haiN| zramaNa paramparA donoM meM pravAhita hone vAlI eka sAmAnya paramparA hai| zramaNa paramparA kI dRSTi se donoM eka haiM, kintu paraspara kI apekSA se donoM bhinna haiM / buddha aura mahAvIra donoM bhinna-bhinna vyakti haiN| buddha kI paramparA Aja bauddha-dharma ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura mahAvIra kI paramparA jaina-dharma ke nAma se| yaha bAta hama bhAratIyoM ke lie vivAda se pare hai / hamaloga ina donoM paramparAoM ko bhinna paramparAoM ke rUpa meM dekhate Aye haiM / isake viruddha kucha videzI vidvAn yahA~ taka likhane laga gaye the ki buddha aura mahAvIra eka hI vyakti haiM, kyoMki jaina aura bauddha paramparA kI mAnyatAoM meM bahuta samAnatA hai| pro0 lAsena Adi kI isa mAnyatA kA khaMDana karate hue pro0 vebara ne yaha khoja kI ki jainadharma bauddhadharma kI eka zAkhA-mAtra hai| pro0 yAkobI ne ina donoM mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana karate hue yaha siddha kiyA ki jaina aura bauddha donoM sampradAya svatantra haiN| itanA hI nahIM apitu jaina sampradAya bauddha sampradAya se prAcIna hai / jJAtRputra mahAvIra to usa saMpradAya ke antima tIrthakara mAtra haiM / isa prakAra jaina paramparA kA svatantra astitva svIkAra karane meM aba kisI ko Apatti bAta hama bhAna paramparAokalane laga gaye the ki | Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXII, Intro duction, pp. 18-19. ww

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106 jaina dharma-darzana nahIM rahI hai| itanA hI nahIM apitu aitihAsika sAmagrI ke AdhAra para to yaha bhI siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha paramparA para jaina paramparA kA pUrA prabhAva hai| kucha bhI ho, jaina paramparA kA svatantra astitva hai, yaha nirvivAda satya hai isa paramparA kA bhAratIya jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM prabhAva hai / AcAra aura vicAra donoM para isakI amiTa chApa hai| aba hama yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki jaina paramparA ke AcAra aura vicAra kI bhitti kyA hai / jaina paramparA dvArA mAnya AcAra aura vicAra ke maulika siddhAnta kyA haiN| kina siddhAntoM para jainAcAra aura jaina vicAra khar3e haiN| jainAcAra kI mUlabhitti ahiMsA hai / ahiMsA kA jitanA sUkSma vivecana jaina paramparA meM milatA hai utanA zAyada hI kisI anya paramparA meM ho / pratyeka AtmA, cAhe vaha pRthvI-sambandhI ho, cAhe vaha jalagata ho, cAhe usakA Azraya kITa athavA pataMga ho, cAhe vaha pazu aura pakSI meM rahatI ho, cAhe usakA nivAsasthAna mAnava ho, tAttvika dRSTi se usameM koI bheda nahIM hai| jainadRSTi kA yaha sAmyavAda bhAratIya saMskRti ke lie gaurava kI cIja hai| isI sAmyavAda ke AdhAra para jaina paramparA yaha ghoSaNA karatI hai ki sabhI jIva jInA cAhate haiM / koI vAstava meM marane kI icchA nahIM krtaa| isalie hamArA yaha kartavya hai ki hama mana se bhI kisI kA vadha karanA na soceN|' zarIra se kisI kI hatyA kara denA to pApa hai hI, kintu mana se tadviSayaka saMkalpa karanA, yaha bhI pApa hai| mana, vacana aura kAya se kisI jIva ko santApa na pahuMcAnA, usakA vadha na karanA, use pIr3A na pahu~cAnA-yahI pahuMcAnA vacana aura kAyAkalpa karanA, yaha 1. AcArAMga, 1. 1. 6.

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gaha kA mAnA aura yathAzakti jo bhAra tattvavicAra 101 saccI ahiMsA hai|' vanaspati se lekara mAnava taka kI ahiMsA kI yaha kahAnI jaina paramparA kI viziSTa dena hai| vicAroM meM eka AtmA-eka brahma kA Adarza anyatra bhI mila sakatA hai kintu AcAra para jitanA bhAra jaina paramparA ne diyA hai utanA anyatra nahIM mila sktaa| AcAra-viSayaka ahiMsA kA yaha utkarSa jaina paramparA kI apanI dena hai, jo Aja bhI adhikAMza bhAratIya janatA ke jIvana meM vidyamAna hai| jaina paramparA ke anuyAyI to isase pUre-pUre prabhAvita haiM hI, isameM koI saMzaya nhiiN| ____ ahiMsA ko kendra mAnakara amRSAvAda, asteya, amaithuna aura aparigraha kA Adarza sAmane rakhA gyaa| yathAzakti jIvana ko svAvalambI, sAdA aura sarala banAne ke lie hI zramaNa paramparA ne ina saba bAtoM ko adhika mahattva diyA / asatya kA tyAga, anadhikRta vastu kA agrahaNa aura saMyama kA paripAlana ahiMsA kI pUrNa sAdhanA ke lie Avazyaka haiN| sAtha hI sAtha aparigraha kA jo Adarza hai, vaha bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai / parigraha ke sAtha AtmavikAsa kI ghora zatrutA hai / jahA~ parigraha rahatA hai vahA~ AtmavikAsa nahIM raha sktaa| parigraha manuSya ke Atma-patana kA bahuta bar3A kAraNa hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, parigraha pApa:kA bahuta bar3A saMgraha hai| jitanA adhika parigraha bar3hatA jAtA hai utanA hI adhika pApa bar3hatA jAtA hai / mAnava-samAja meM vaiSamya utpanna karane kA sabase bar3A uttaradAyitva parigrahabuddhi para hai| parigraha kA dUsarA nAma granthi bhI hai| jitanI adhika gA~Tha bA~dhI jAtI hai utanA hI adhika parigraha bar3hatA hai / kisI kI gA~Tha mana taka hI sImita rahatI hai to koI bAhya vastuoM kI gA~The bA~dhatA hai| yaha gA~Tha jaba taka nahIM khulatI / ina saba bAjAra sarala banAne mahAna kA pAlaaparigraha Atma 1. AcArAMga, 1. 4. 1.

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jaina dharma-darzana taba taka vikAsa kA dvAra banda rahatA hai| mahAvIra ne granthibhedana para bahuta adhika bhAra diyA hai| isalie unakA nAma nirgrantha par3a gayA aura unakI paramparA bhI nirgrantha-sampradAya ke nAma se prasiddha huii| jaina paramparA ko chor3a anya kisI paramparA ko yaha nAma nahIM diyA gyaa| aparigraha kA mArga vizvazAnti kA prazasta mArga hai| isa mArga kA ullaMghana karanevAlA saMsAra ko sthAyI zAnti nahIM de sakatA / vaha svayaM patanonmukha hotA hai, sAtha hI sAtha anya prANiyoM ko bhI apadastha karatA hai-nIce girAtA hai / svAdhInatA kI rakSA ke lie aparigraha atyanta Avazyaka hai| ... AcAra kI isa bhUmikA para karmavAda kA janma hotA hai| karmavAda kA artha hai kArya-kAraNavAda / pratyeka kArya kA koI na koI kAraNa hotA hai aura pratyeka kAraNa kisI na kisI kArya ko utpanna karatA hai| yaha kAraNa aura kArya kA pArasparika sambandha hI jagat kI vividhatA aura vicitratA kI bhUmikA hai| hamArA koI karma vyartha nahIM jaataa| hameM kisI bhI prakAra kA phala binA karma ke nahIM miltaa| karma aura phala kA yaha avicchedya sambandha hI AcArazAstra ko nIMva hai / yaha eka alaga prazna hai ki vyakti ke karmoM kA samAja para kyA prabhAva par3atA hai aura samAja ke karma vyakti ke jIvana-nirmANa meM kitane aMza meM uttaradAyI haiM ? itanA nizcita hai ki vinA karma ke kisI prakAra kA phala nahIM mila sktaa| binA kAraNa ke koI kArya utpanna nahIM ho sktaa| karmavAda kA artha yahI hai ki vartamAna kA nirmANa bhUna ke AdhAra para hotA hai aura bhaviSya kA nirmANa vartamAna ke AdhAra pr| vyakti apanI maryAdA ke anusAra vartamAna aura bhaviSya ko parivartita kara sakatA hai, kintu yaha parivartana bhI karmavAda kA hI aMga

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tatvavicAra 111 hai| jaina paramparA niyativAda' meM vizvAsa na karake icchAsvAtantrya' ko mahatva detI hai kintu eka sImA taka / prANI kI rAgadveSAtmaka bhAvanAoM ko jaina darzana meM bhAvakarma kahA gayA hai / ukta bhAvakarma ke dvArA AkRSTa sUkSma bhautika paramANu dravyakarma hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana kA karmavAda caitanya aura jar3a ke sammizraNa dvArA anAdikAlIna paramparA se vidhivat agrasara hotI huI eka prakAra kI dvandvAtmaka Antarika kriyA hai| isa kriyA ke AdhAra para hI punarjanma kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai / isa kriyA kI samApti hI mokSa hai| jainadarzana-pratipAdita caudaha guNasthAna isI kriyA kA kramika vikAsa hai, jo anta meM AtmA ke asalI rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai / AtmA kA apane svarUpa meM vAsa karanA, yahI jaina darzana kA paramezvarapada hai / pratyeka AtmA ke bhItara yaha pada pratiSThita hai| AvazyakatA hai use pahacAnane kii| 'je appA se paramappA' arthAt 'jo AtmA hai vahI paramAtmA hai'-jaina paramparA kI yaha ghoSaNA sAmyadRSTi kA antima svarUpa hai, samabhAva kA antima vikAsa hai, samAnatA kA antima dAvA hai / vicAra meM sAmyadRSTi kI bhAvanA para jo jora diyA gayA hai usI meM se anekAntadRSTi kA janma huA hai| anekAntadRSTi tattva ko cAroM ora se dekhatI hai| tattva kA svabhAva hI aisA hai ki vaha aneka prakAra se jAnA jA sakatA hai / vastu ke aneka dharma hote haiN| kisI samaya kisI kI dRSTi kisI eka dharma para bhAra detI hai to kisI samaya dUsare kI dRSTi kisI dUsare dharma para jora detI hai| tattva kI dRSTi se usa vastu meM sabhI dharma 1. Pre-determinism. 2. Freedom of Will.

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112 jaina dharma-darzana haiM / isIlie vastu ko aneka dharmAtmaka kahA gayA hai| apekSAbheda se dRSTibheda kA pratipAdana karanA aura usa dRSTibheda ko vastudharma kA eka aMza samajhanA, yahI anekAntavAda hai / apekSAbheda ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue ananta-dharmAtmaka tattva kA pratipAdana 'syAd' zabda dvArA ho sakatA hai, ataH anekAntavAda kA nAma syAdvAda bhI hai / syAdvAda kA yaha siddhAnta jaina darzana ke atirikta anya darzanoM meM bhI milatA hai| mImAMsA, sAMkhya aura nyAyadarzana meM yatra-tatra anekAntavAda bikharA huA milatA hai / buddha kA vibhajyavAda syAdvAda kA hI niSedhAtmaka rUpAntara hai| itanA hote hue bhI kisI darzana ne syAdvAda ko siddhAntarUpa se svIkRta nahIM kiyaa| apane pakSa kI siddhi ke lie unheM yatra-tatra syAhAda kA Azraya avazya lenA par3A; parantu unhoMne jAnabUjha kara use apanAyA ho. aisI bAta nahIM hai| jaina paramparA ne jaise ahiMsA para adhika bhAra diyA hai vaise hI anekAntavAda para bhI atyadhika bhAra diyA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM anekAntavAda jaina darzana kA prANa hai| jaina paramparA kA pratyeka AcAra aura vicAra anekAntadRSTi se prabhAvita hai| jaina vicAradhArA kA koI aisA kSetra nahIM jisa para anekAnta-dRSTi kI chApa na ho| jaina dArzanikoM ne isa viSaya para eka nahIM, anekoM grantha likhe haiM / anekAnta-dRSTi ke AdhAra para hI nayavAda kA vikAsa huA hai| syAdvAda aura nayavAda jaina paramparA kI amUlya sampatti hai / jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA mukhya AdhAra anekAntadRSTi kI bhUmi meM utpanna hokara bar3hane vAle syAdvAda aura nayavAda haiN| Agamika sAhitya se lekara Aja taka kA sAhitya syAdvAda aura nayavAda ke maulika siddhAntoM se bharA huA hai| jaina vidvAnoM kA yaha dRSTikoNa vizva kI dArzanika paramparA meM advitIya hai|

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tattvavicAra jaina dRSTi se loka : vizva ke sabhI darzana kisI na kisI rUpa meM loka kA svarUpa samajhane kA prayatna karate haiM / dArzanika khoja ke pIche prAyaH eka hI hetu hotA hai aura vaha hetu hai sampUrNa loka / koI bhI dArzanika dhArA kyoM na ho, vaha vizva kA svarUpa samajhane ke lie hI nirantara bar3hatI rahatI hai| yaha ThIka hai ki koI dhArA kisI eka pahalU para adhika bhAra detI hai aura koI kisI dUsare pahalU para / pahaluoM ke bheda ke rahate hue bhI sabakA viSaya loka hI hotA hai / sAre pahalU loka ke bhItara hI hote haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, vibhinna pahalU va samasyAeM loka kI hI samasyAeM hotI haiN| jise hamaloga lokottara samajhate haiM vaha bhI vAstava meM loka hI hai / loka ko samajhane ke dRSTikoNa jitane vibhinna hote haiM utanI hI vibhinna dArzanika vicAradhArAeM saMsAra meM utpanna hotI rahatI haiN| jaina darzana meM loka kA svarUpa isa prakAra batAyA gayA hai : gautama-bhagavan ! loka kyA hai ? mahAvIra-gautama ! loka paMcAstikAyarUpa hai| paMcAstikAya ye haiM : dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, jIvAstikAya, pudgalAstikAya / ' ___ bhagavatIsUtra kA uparyukta saMvAda yaha batAtA hai ki pAMca astikAya hI loka hai| yahA~ eka prazna uTha sakatA hai ki mahAvIra ne loka ke svarUpa meM kAla kI gaNanA kyoM nahIM kI? jaina darzana ke anya kaI granthoM meM kAla kA svatantra astitva svIkRta kiyA gayA hai, aisI dazA meM mahAvIra ne loka kA svarUpa 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 13. 4. 481.

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114 jaina dharma-darzana batAte samaya kAla ko pRthak kyoM nahIM ginAyA ? svayaM bhagavatI - sUtra meM hI anyatra kAla kI svatantra rUpa se gaNanA kI gaI hai, ' to phira uparyukta saMvAda meM kAla ko svatantra rUpa se kyoM nahIM ginAyA ? isakA samAdhAna yahI ho sakatA hai ki yahA~ para kAla ko svatantra dravya na mAnakara jIvadravya aura ajIvadravya donoM ke antargata mAna liyA gayA hai| jIva aura ajIva - cetana aura acetana donoM kA svarUpa varNana parivartana ke binA apUrNa hai / parivartana kA dUsarA nAma vartanA bhI hai / vartanA pratyeka dravya kA Avazyaka evaM anivArya guNa hai / vartanA ke abhAva meM dravya ekAntarUpa se nitya ho jAyagA / ekAnta nitya padArtha arthakriyA nahIM kara sakatA / arthakriyAkAritva ke abhAva meM padArtha asat hai / aisI sthiti meM vartanA - pariNAma - kriyA - parivartana dravya kA Avazyaka dharma hai / pratyeka dravya svabhAva se hI parivartanazIla hai, ataH kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnane kI koI AvazyakatA nhiiN| dUsarI bAta yaha mAlUma hotI hai ki bhagavatIsUtra ke uparyukta saMvAda meM astikAya kI dRSTi se loka kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai / jahA~ para kAla kI svataMtra sattA svIkAra kI gaI hai vahA~ para use astikAya nahIM kahA gayA hai / isalie. mahAvIra ne paMcAstikAya meM kAla kI pRthak gaNanA nahIM kI / kAla-viSayaka prazna ke ye do samAdhAna ho sakate haiM / jahA~ para kAla kI pRthak gaNanA kI gaI hai vahA~ para chaH dravya ginAye gae haiM / ina dravyoM kA svarUpa samajhane se pahale hama tattva kA artha samajha leM to acchA rahegA / tattva kA sAmAnya artha samajha lene para tattva ke bhedarUpa dravyoM kA svarUpa samajhanA ThIka hogA / 1. vahI, 25. 2, 25. 4.

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tatvavicAra 115 jainAcArya sat, tattva, artha, dravya, padArtha, tattvArtha Adi zabdoM kA prayoga prAyaH eka hI artha meM karate rahe haiN| jaina darzana meM tattvasAmAnya ke lie ina sabhI zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| anya darzanoM meM ina zabdoM kA eka hI artha meM prayoga huA ho, aisA nahIM milatA / vaizeSikasUtra meM dravyAdi chaH ko padArtha kahA hai, kintu arthasaMjJA dravya, guNa aura karma ina tIna padArthoM kI hI rakhI gaI hai| sattA ke samavAya sambandha se dravya, guNa aura karma ina tInoM ko hI sat kahA gayA hai| nyAyasUtra meM AnevAle pramANAdi solaha tattvoM ke lie bhASyakAra ne sat zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| sAMkhya prakRti aura puruSa ina do ko hI tattva mAnatA hai| ____ isa pRSThabhUmi ko samajha lene ke bAda hama tattva ke svarUpa kI ora bar3hate haiM / yaha hama jAnate haiM ki jaina darzana tattva aura sat ko ekArthaka mAnatA hai| dravya aura sat meM bhI koI bheda nahIM hai, yaha bAta umAsvAti ke 'sat dravyalakSaNam' isa sUtra se siddha hotI hai| sarvArthasiddhi aura zlokavArtika meM yaha sUtra svatantra rUpa se upalabdha hotA hai kintu rAjavArtika meM yaha bAta utthAna meM hI kahI gaI hai / tattvArthabhASya meM uparyukta sUtra bhAvarUpa se likhA gayA hai| kucha bhI ho, umAsvAti sat aura dravya ko ekArthaka mAnate the| dravya kA kyA lakSaNa hai ? isake uttara meM umAsvAti ne kahA ki dravya kA lakSaNa sat hai| jo sat hai vahI dravya hai| jo 1. vaizeSikasUtra, 1. 1. 4. 2. vahI, 8. 2. 3. 3. vahI, 1. 1.8. 4, tattvArthasUtra, 5. 26.

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116 jaina dharma-darzana dravya hai vaha avazya sat hai / sat aura dravya kA yaha sambandha tAdAtmya sambandha hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, sat aura dravya eka hai| tattva ko cAhe sat kahie cAhe dravya kahie / sattA sAmAnya kI dRSTi se saba sat hai / jo kucha hai vaha sat avazya hai, kyoMki jo sat nahIM hai vaha hai kaise ? athavA jo asat hai vaha bhI asat rUpa se sat hai, anyathA vaha asat nahIM hogA, kyoMki yadi asat sat na hokara asat hai to vaha sat ho jaaegaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, sat hI asat ho sakatA hai, kyoMki asat sat kA niSedha hai| sarvathA asat kI kalpanA ho hI nahIM sktii| jisakI kalpanA nahIM ho sakatI usakA asat rUpa se jJAna kaise ho sakatA hai ? jisakA jJAna nahIM ho sakatA vaha sat hai yA asat yaha nirNaya bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / isalie jo kucha hai vaha sat hai / jo sat hai vahI anya rUpa se asat ho sakatA hai| isI dRSTikoNa ko sAmane rakhate hue yaha kahA gayA hai ki saba eka hai, kyoMki saba sat hai|' isI bAta ko dIrghatamA RSi ne 'ekaM sad viprA bahudhA vadanti'2 sat to eka hai kintu vidvAna usakA kaI prakAra se varNana karate haiM aise kahA hai / sthAnAMga sUtra meM isI siddhAnta ko dUsarI taraha se samajhAyA gayA hai| vahA~ para 'eka AtmA' aura 'eka loka' kI bAta kahI gaI hai| jaina darzana kI yaha mAnyatA advaita AdarzavAda ke atyanta samIpa pahuMca jAtI hai / antara itanA hI hai ki advaitavAda bheda kI pAramArthika sattA svIkAra nahIM karatA, jaba ki jaina darzana bheda ko bhI usI prakAra yathArtha aura sat mAnatA hai jisa prakAra ki abheda ko| hegala evaM breDale ke 1. sarvamekaM sadavizeSAt-tattvArtha bhASya, 1. 35. 2. Rgveda, 1. 164. 46. 3. sthAnAMga, :1.:1..4.

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tatvavicAra 117 mAdarzavAda aura jaina darzana kI isa mAnyatA meM aura adhika samAnatA hai kyoMki ve bheda ko mithyA nahIM kahate / AdhyAtmikatA aura bhautikatA kA bheda vahAM para bhI bheda kI dIvAra khar3I kara hI detA hai / tathApi jainadRSTi aura hegala evaM breDale kI dRSTi meM kAphI samAnatA hai| janadRSTi se jIva aura ajIva donoM samAna rUpa se sat haiN| na jIva ajIva ho sakatA hai aura na ajIva jIva bana sakatA haiN| donoM sat haiM, kintu donoM bhinna svabhAva vAle hokara hI sat haiN| sattA unakA svabhAva-bheda dUra nahIM kara sakatI, kyoMki svabhAva-bheda sat hai-yarthArtha hai-pAramArthika hai| tattva jar3a aura cetana ubhayarUpa se sat hai / jar3a aura cetana ko chor3akara sattA nahIM raha sktii| sam kA svarUpa : sat ke svarUpa kA vizleSaNa karate hue tattvArthasUtrakAra ne kahA hai ki sat utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyayukta hai|' Age jAkara isI bAta ko 'guNa aura paryAyavAlA dravya hai| isa prakAra kahA hai| utpAda aura vyaya ke sthAna para paryAya AyA aura dhrauvya ke sthAna para guNa / utpAda aura vyaya parivartana ke sUcaka haiN| dhrauvya nityatA kI sUcanA detA hai| guNa nityatA-vAcaka hai aura paryAya parivartana-sUcaka / kisI bhI vastu ke do rUpa hote haiMekatA aura anekatA, nityatA aura anityatA, sthAyitva aura asthAyitva, sadRzatA aura visdRshtaa| inameM se prathama pakSa dhrauvyasUcaka hai-guNasUcaka hai| dvitIya pakSa utpAda aura vyayasUcaka hai-paryAyasUcaka hai| vastu ke sthAyitva meM ekarUpatA 1. tattvArthasUtra, 5. 26. 2. vahIM, 5. 37. ona

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118 jaina dharma-darzana hotI hai, sthiratA hotI hai / asthAyitva (parivartana) meM pUrva rUpa kA vinAza hotA hai, uttara rUpa kI utpatti hotI hai / vastu ke vinAza aura utpAda meM vyaya aura utpatti ke rahate hue bhI vastu sarvathA naSTa nahIM hotI aura na sarvathA navIna hI utpanna hotI hai / vinAza aura utpAda ke bIca eka prakAra kI sthiratA rahatI hai jo na to naSTa hotI hai aura na utpnn| yaha jo sthiratA yA ekarUpatA hai vahI dhrauvya hai-nityatA hai| isI ko 'tadbhAvAvyaya' kahate haiN| yahI nitya kA lakSaNa hai|' AcArya kundakunda ne dravya kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai-jo aparityakta svabhAvavAlA hai, utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyayukta hai, guNa aura paryAyayukta hai vahI dravya hai / dravya aura sat eka hI hai, isalie yahI lakSaNa sat kA bhI hai| tattvArthasUtra ke 'utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat' 'guNaparyAyavadravyam' aura 'tadbhAvAvyayaM nityam' ina tInoM sUtroM ko eka hI gAthA meM bA~dha diyaa| sattA kA lakSaNa batAte hue anyatra bhI unhoMne yahI bAta likhI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM sat ekAntarUpa se nitya yA anitya nahIM mAnA gayA hai| vaha kathaMcit nitya hai aura kathaMcit anitya hai| guNa athavA anvaya kI apekSA se vaha nitya hai aura paryAya kI dRSTi se vaha anitya hai| kUTastha nitya hone para usameM tanika bhI parivartana nahIM ho sakatA aura sarvathA anitya hone para usameM 1. tattvArthasUtra, 5.30. 2. apariccattasahAveNuppAdabvayadhuvaktasaMjuttaM / guNavaM ca sapajjAyaM, jaM taM davvaM ti buccaMti // -pravacanasAra, 2. 3. 3. sattA savvapayatthA, savissarUvA aNaMtapajjAyA / bhaMguppAdadhu vattA, sappaDivakkhA havadi ekkA // -paMcAstikAyasAra, gA0 8.

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119 tattvavicAra thor3I-sI bhI ekarUpatA nahIM raha sktii| aisI dazA meM vastu nitya aura anitya ubhayAtmaka honI caahie| jainadarzana-sammata yaha lakSaNa anubhava se avyabhicArI hai| __ jaina darzana sadasatkAryavAdI hai, ataH vaha utpAda kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra karatA hai-svajAti kA parityAga kiye binA bhAvAntara kA grahaNa karanA utpAda hai| miTTI kA piNDa ghaTaparyAya meM pariNata hotA huA bhI miTTI hI rahatA hai| miTTIrUpa jAti kA parityAga kiye binA ghaTarUpa bhAvAntara kA jo grahaNa hai vahI utpAda hai| isI prakAra vyaya kA svarUpa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki svajAti kA parityAga kiye binA pUrvabhAva kA jo vigama hai vaha vyaya hai| ghaTa kI utpatti meM piNDa kI AkRti kA vigama vyaya kA udAharaNa hai| piNDa jaba ghaTa banatA hai taba usakI pUrvAkRti kA vyaya ho jAtA hai / isa vyaya meM miTTI vahI banI rahatI hai, kevala AkRti kA nAza hotA hai| arthAt miTTI kI paryAya parivartita ho jAtI hai, miTTI vahI rahatI hai| anAdi pAriNAmika svabhAva ke kAraNa vastu kA sarvathA nAza na honA dhruvatva hai| udAharaNa ke lie piNDAdi avasthAoM meM miTTI kA jo anvaya hai vaha dhrauvya hai| ina tInoM dazAoM ke jo udAharaNa diye gaye haiM ve kevala samajhane ke lie haiN| miTTI hamezA miTTI hI rahe, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| jaina darzana pRthvI Adi paramANuoM ko nitya nahIM mAnatA hai| paramANu eka avasthA ko chor3akara dUsarI avasthA ko grahaNa kara sakatA hai / jar3a aura cetana kA jo vibhAga hai, jIva kA bhavya aura abhavyasambandhI jo vibhAga hai vaha nitya kahA jA sakatA hai| 1. sarvArthasiddhi, 5. 30.

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120 jaina dharma-darzana sat aura dravya ko ekArthaka mAnane kI paramparA para dArzanika dRSTi kA prabhAva mAlUma hotA hai| jaina AgamoM meM sat zabda kA prayoga dravya ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM nahIM huA hai / vahA~ dravya ko hI tattva kahA gayA hai aura sat ke svarUpa kA sArA varNana dravya-varNana ke rUpa meM rakhA gayA hai / anuyogadvAra sUtra meM tattva kA sAmAnya lakSaNa dravya mAnA gayA hai aura vizeSa lakSaNa ke rUpa meM jIvadravya aura ajIvadravya mAne gaye haiM / " vAcaka umAsvAti ne Agamika mAnyatA ko darzana ke stara para lAkara dravya ko sat kahA / unakI dRSTi meM sat aura dravya meM koI bheda na thA / Agama kI mAnyatA ke anusAra bhI sat aura dravya meM koI bheda nahIM hai / kintu isa siddhAnta kA AgamakAla meM suspaSTa pratipAdana na ho sakA / umAsvAti ne dArzanika puTa dekara ise spaSTa kiyA / 'sat' zabda kA artha vAcaka umAsvAti ne anya paramparAoM se bhinna rakhA hai / nyAya-vaizeSika Adi vaidika paramparAeM sattA ko kUTastha nitya mAnatI haiN| ina paramparAoM ke anusAra sattA sarvadA ekarUpa rahatI hai / usameM tanika bhI parivartana kI sambhAvanA nahIM rahatI / jo parivartita hotI hai vaha sattA nahIM ho sakatI / dUsare zabdoM meM, naiyAyika aura vaizeSika sattA ko sAmAnya nAmaka eka bhinna padArtha mAnate haiM jo sarvadA ekarUpa rahatA hai, kUTastha nitya hai, aparivartanazIla hai / isake viparIta vAcaka umAsvAti ne sat ko kevala nitya hI nahIM mAnA apitu parivartanazIla bhI mAnA hai / utpAda, vyaya aura dhauvya tInoM kA avirodhI samanvaya hI sata kA lakSaNa hai / utpAda aura vyaya anityatA ke sUcaka haiM tathA dhauvya nityatA kA sUcaka hai / nityatA kA lakSaNa kUTastha 1. avise siedavve, visesie jIvadavve ajIvadavve ya-sU0 123.

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tattvavicAra 121 nitya na hokara taddbhAvAvyaya hai / tadbhAvAvyaya kA kyA artha hai, ise spaSTa karate hue kahA ki jo apane bhAva ko na to vartamAna meM chor3atA hai aura na bhaviSya meM chor3egA vaha nitya hai aura vahI tadbhAvAvyaya hai / " utpAda aura vyaya ke bIca meM jo hamezA rahatA hai vaha tadbhAvAvyaya hai / sattA nAmaka koI bhinna padArtha nahIM hai jo hamezA eka-sA rahatA hai / vastu svayaM hI trayAtmaka hai / tattva svabhAva se hI utpAda, vyaya aura dhauvyayukta hai / padArtha svataH sat hai / sattA sAmAnya ke sambandha se sat mAnane meM aneka doSoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai / jo sata hai vahI padArtha hai kyoMki jo sat na ho aura phira bhI padArtha ho, yaha paraspara virodhI bAta hai / jo sarvathA asat hai vaha sattA ke sambandha se bhI sat nahIM ho sakatA, jaise gaganAravinda | sat aura asat se bhinna koI aisI koTi nahIM jisameM padArtha rakhA jA sake | isalie dravya na svataH sat hai na svataH asat hai kintu sattA ke sambandha se sat hai, yaha kahanA ThIka nahIM / dravya sat hokara hI dravya ho sakatA hai| jo sat na ho vaha dravya nahIM ho sakatA / sattA nAmaka koI aisA padArtha upalabdha nahIM hotA jisake sambandha se dravya sat hotA ho / kadAcit aisA padArtha mAna bhI liyA jAya phira bhI samasyA hala nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki usa padArtha kA khuda kA astitva khatare meM hai / vaha svataH sat hai yA nahIM ? yadi vaha svataH sat hai to yaha siddhAnta ki 'padArtha sattA ke sambandha se hI sat hotA hai' khaNDita ho jAtA hai / yadi vaha svataH sat nahIM hai aura usakI sattA ke lie kisI anya sattA kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai to anavasthA doSa kA 2. yat sato bhAvAnna vyeti na vyeSyati tannityam / - tattvArthabhASya, 5.30.

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122 jaina dharma-darzana sAmanA karanA pdd'egaa| aisI paristhiti meM yahI acchA hai ki pratyeka padArtha ko svabhAva se hI sat mAnA jAya aura sat aura padArtha meM koI bheda na mAnA jAya / dravya aura paryAya : dravya zabda ke aneka artha hote haiM unameM se sat, tattva athavA padArtha paraka artha para hama vicAra kara cuke haiN| jaina sAhitya meM dravya zabda kA prayoga sAmAnya ke lie bhI huA hai / jAti athavA sAmAnya ko prakaTa karane ke lie dravya aura vyakti athavA vizeSa ko prakaTa karane ke lie paryAya zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / dravya athavA sAmAnya do prakAra kA hai - tiryak sAmAnya aura UrdhvatA sAmAnya / eka hI kAla meM sthita aneka dezoM meM rahane vAle aneka padArthoM meM jo samAnatA kI anubhUti hotI hai vaha tiryaka sAmAnya hai / jaba hama kahate haiM ki jIva aura ajIva donoM sat haiM, dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya Adi dravya haiM, taba hamArA abhiprAya tiryak sAmAnya se hai / jaba hama kahate haiM ki jIva do prakAra kA hai - saMsArI aura siddha / saMsArI jIva ke pA~ca bheda haiM- ekendriya, dvIndriyaAdi / pudgala cAra prakAra kA haiskandha, skandhadeza, skandhapradeza aura paramANu / isI prakAra anya prakAra ke sAmAnyamUlaka bhedoM meM tiryaka sAmAnya abhIpsita hai / eka jAti kA jahA~ nirdeza hotA hai, aneka vyaktiyoM meM eka sAmAnya jahA~ vivakSita hotA hai vahA~ tiryak sAmAnya samajhanA cAhie / jaba kAlakRta nAnA avasthAoM meM kisI vizeSa dravya kA ekatva yA anvaya vivakSita ho, eka vizeSa padArtha kI aneka avasthAoM kI eka ekatA yA dhrauvya apekSita ho, taba usa

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tattvavicAra 123 ekatva athavA dhrauvyasUcaka aMza ko UrdhvatA sAmAnya kahA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie jaba yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jIva dravyArthika dRSTi se zAzvata hai' aura paryAyArthika dRSTi se azAzvata hai taba jIvadravya kA artha UrdhvatA sAmAnya se hai| jaba yaha kahate haiM ki avyucchitti naya kI apekSA se nAraka zAzvata hai| tava avyucchitti naya kA viSaya jIva UrdhvatA sAmAnya se vivakSita hai| isa prakAra jahA~ kisI jIva-vizeSa yA anya padArtha-vizeSa kI aneka avasthAoM kA varNana kiyA jotA hai vahA~ ekatva athavA anvayasUcaka pada UrdhvatA sAmAnya kI dRSTi se prayukta hotA hai| jisa prakAra dravya yA sAmAnya do prakAra kA hai usI prakAra paryAya athavA vizeSa bhI do prakAra kA hai| tiryaka sAmAnya ke sAtha rahane vAle jo vizeSa vivakSita hoM ve tiryaka vizeSa haiM aura UrdhvatA sAmAnyAzrita jo paryAyeM hoM ve UrdhvatA vizeSa haiN| aneka dezoM meM jo bhinna-bhinna dravya yA padArtha-vizeSa haiM ve tiryak sAmAnya kI paryAyeM haiN| ve tiryak vizeSa haiN| aneka kAloM meM eka hI dravya kI arthAt UrdhvatA sAmAnya kI jo vibhinna avasthAeM haiM-jo aneka vizeSa athavA paryAyeM haiM ve UrdhvatA vizeSa haiN| jIvaparyAya kitane haiM ? isake uttara meM mahAvIra ne kahA ki jIvaparyAya ananta haiN| yaha kaise ? isakA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue unhoMne kahA ki asaMkhyAta nAraka haiM, asaMkhyAta asurakumAra haiM, yAvat asaMkhyAta stanitakumAra haiM, asaMkhyAta pRthvIkAya haiM, yAvat asaMkhyAta vAyukAya haiM, ananta vanaspati haiM, asaMkhyAta dvIndriya haiM, yAvat asaMkhyAta 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 7. 2. 273. 2. vahI, 7. 3. 276.

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124 jaina dharma-darzana manuSya haiM, asaMkhyAta vANavyantara haiM, yAvat ananta siddha haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jIvaparyAya ananta haiN|' isa carcA meM jo paryAya vivakSita haiM ve tiryak vizeSa kI apekSA se haiM kyoMki ye paryAya aneka dezoM meM rahane vAle vibhinna jIvoM se sambandhita haiM / inameM sabhI jIvoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai, ataH aneka jIvAzrita paryAya hone se tiryak vizeSa haiN| UrdhvatA vizeSa kI dRSTi se socane para vizeSa kA AdhAra dUsarA ho jAtA hai| yadi hama kaheM ki pratyeka jIva ke ananta paryAya haiM aura kisI jIva-vizeSa ke viSaya meM soceM to hamArA dRSTikoNa UrdhvatA vizeSa ko viSaya karatA hai| udAharaNa ke taura para eka nAraka jIva ko lete haiN| usake ananta paryAya hote haiM / jIva-sAmAnya ke ananta paryAyoM kA kathana tiryak sAmAnyAzrita paryAya kI dRSTi se hai, kintu vizeSa nArakAdi ke ananta paryAyoM kA kathana UrdhvatA sAmAnyAzrita paryAya kI dRSTi se hai| eka nAraka-vizeSa ke ananta paryAya kaise ho sakate haiM, isakA spaSTIkaraNa isa prakAra hai : eka nAraka dUsare nAraka se dravya kI apekSA se tulya hai| pradezoM kI apekSA se bhI tulya hai / avagAhanA kI apekSA se syAt catuHsthAna se hIna, syAt tulya, syAt catuHsthAna se adhika hai| sthiti kI apekSA se avagAhanA ke samAna hai kintu zyAmavarNaparyAya kI apekSA se syAt SaTsthAna hIna, syAt tulya, syAt SaTsthAna adhika hai| isI prakAra zeSa varNaparyAya, donoM gandhaparyAya, pA~coM rasaparyAya, AThoM sparzaparyAya, matijJAna aura matyajJAnaparyAya, zrutajJAna aura zrutAjJAnaparyAya, avadhijJAna aura 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 25. 5.

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tatvavicAra 125 vibhaMgajJAnaparyAya, cakSurdarzanaparyAya, acakSurdarzanaparyAya, avadhidarzanaparyAya-ina sabhI paryAyoM kI apekSA se syAt SaTsthAnapatita hIna hai, syAt tulya hai, syAt SaTsthAnapatita adhika hai| isIlie nAraka ke ananta paryAya kahe jAte haiN|' dravyadRSTi se pratyeka nAraka samAna hai| AtmA ke pradeza bhI sabake asaMkhyAta haiN| zarIra kI dRSTi se eka nAraka kA zarIra dUsare nAraka ke zarIra se choTA bhI ho sakatA hai, samAna bhI ho sakatA hai aura bar3A bhI ho sakatA hai, zarIra kI asamAnatA asaMkhyAta prakAra kI ho sakatI hai| sarvajaghanya avagAhanA aMgula ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga ke barAbara hogii| kramaza: eka-eka bhAga kI vRddhi se sarvotkRSTa 500 dhanuSa-pramANa taka pahuMcatI hai| isake bIca ke prakAra asaMkhyAta hoNge| ataH avagAhanA kI apekSA se nAraka ke asaMkhyAta prakAra ho sakate haiN| yahI bAta Ayu ke viSaya meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai / yaha to sAmAnya bAta huI / eka nAraka ke jo ananta paryAya kahe gaye haiM, ve kaise ? zarIra aura AtmA ko kathaMcit abhinna mAnakara varNa, rasa, gandha aura sparza ko bhI nAraka ke paryAya mAnakara socA jAya to nAraka ke ananta paryAya ho sakate haiN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki kisI bhI guNa ke ananta bheda mAne gaye haiN| yadi hama kisI eka varNa ko leM aura koI bhAga ekaguNa zyAma ho, koI dviguNa zyAma ho, koI triguNa zyAma ho aura isa prakAra usakA anantavA~ bhAga anantaguNa zyAma ho to varNa ke ananta paryAya siddha ho sakate haiN| anya varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta ghaTAI jA sakatI hai / yaha to bhautika athavA paudgalika guNoM kI bAta huii| jJAnAdi AtmaguNoM ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta kahI 1. prajJApanA, 5. 248.

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126. jaina dharma-darzana jA sakatI hai / AtmA ke jJAnAdi guNa kI taratamatA kI mAtrAoM kA vicAra karane se anantaprakAratA kI siddhi ho sakatI hai| ye sAre bheda eka nAraka meM kAlabheda se ghaTa sakate haiN| UrdhvatA sAmAnyAzrita paryAya kAlabheda ke AdhAra se hI hote haiM / eka jIva kAlabheda se aneka paryAyoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai / ye paryAya UrdhvatA sAmAnyAzrita vizeSa haiN| yahI UrdhvatA vizeSa kA lakSaNa hai| dravya ke UrdhvatA sAmAnyAzrita paryAyoM ko pariNAma bhI kahA jAtA hai| bhagavatIsUtra aura prajJApanA sUtra meM isa prakAra ke pariNAmoM kA varNana hai| vizeSa aura pariNAma donoM dravya ke paryAya hai, kyoMki donoM parivartanazIla haiN| pariNAma meM kAla-bheda kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai jaba ki vizeSa meM deza-bheda mukhya hotA hai| jo kAla kI dRSTi se pariNAma haiM ve hI deza kI dRSTi se vizeSa haiN| isa prakAra paryAya, vizeSa, pariNAma, utpAda aura vyaya prAyaH ekArthaka haiN| dravya-vizeSa kI vividha avasthAoM meM ina sabhI zabdoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai / dravya aura paryAya kA svarUpa samajha lene ke bAda yaha jAnanA bhI Avazyaka hai ki dravya aura paryAya kA sambandha kyA hai ? dravya aura paryAya bhinna haiM yA abhinna ? isa prazna ko sAmane rakhate hue mahAvIra ne jo vicAra hamAre sAmane rakhe una para eka sAmAnya dRSTi DAlanA ThIka hogaa| bhagavatIsUtra meM pArzvanAtha ke ziSyoM aura mahAvIra ke ziSyoM meM hue eka vivAda kA varNana hai / pArzvanAtha ke ziSya yaha kahate haiM ki unake pratipakSI sAmAyika kA artha nahIM jAnate / mahAvIra ke ziSya unheM samajhAte haiM-AtmA hI sAmAyika hai / AtmA hI sAmAyika kA

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127 tattvavicAra artha hai|' yahA~ para AtmA eka dravya hai aura sAmAyika AtmA kI avasthA-vizeSa hai arthAt paryAya hai / sAmAyika AtmA se bhinna nahIM hai arthAt paryAya dravya se bhinna nahIM hai / yaha dravya aura paryAya kI abhedadRSTi hai| isa dRSTi kA samarthana ApekSika hai| kisI apekSA se AtmA aura sAmAyika donoM eka haiM, kyoMki sAmAyika AtmA kI hI eka avasthA hai-AtmaparyAya hai, ataH sAmAyika AtmA se abhinna hai| anyatra dravya aura paryAya ke bheda kA bhI samarthana kiyA gayA hai| 'asthira paryAya kA nAza hone para bhI dravya sthira rahatA hai| isa vAkya se spaSTa bhedadRSTi jhalakatI hai| yadi dravya aura paryAya kA sarvathA abheda hotA to paryAya ke naSTa hote hI dravya bhI naSTa ho jAtA / isakA artha yaha hai ki paryAya hI dravya nahIM hai / dravya aura paryAya kathaMcit bhinna bhI haiN| dravya kI paryAyeM badalatI rahatI haiM kintu dravya apane Apa meM nahIM bdltaa| dravya kA guNa kabhI naSTa nahIM hotA, bhale hI usakI avasthAeM miTatI raheM aura paidA hotI rheN| paryAyadaSTi kI pradhAnatA se dravya aura paryAya ke bheda kA samarthana kiyA jA sakatA hai aura dravyadRSTi kI pradhAnatA se dravya aura paryAya ke abheda kI puSTi kI jA sakatI hai| dRSTi-bheda se dravya aura paryAya ke bheda aura abheda kI kalpanA karanA hI mahAvIra ko abhISTa thaa| isa prakAra AtmA aura jJAna ke viSaya meM bhI mahAvIra ne vahI bAta kahI hai| jJAna AtmA kA eka pariNAma hai| vaha 1. AyA Ne ajjo ! sAmAie AyA Ne ajjo ! sAmAiyassa aTThe / -~-bhagavatIsUtra, 16.76. 2. se nUNaM bhaMte athire paloTTai, no thire paloTTai- vahI. 3.. AcArAMga, 1. 5. 5.

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128 jaina dharma-darzana sadaiva badalatA rahatA hai / jJAna kI avasthAoM meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai kintu Atmadravya to vahI rahatA hai| aisI avasthA meM jJAna aura AtmA bhinna haiM / jJAna kI AtmA se bhinna svatantra sattA nahIM hai| vaha AtmA kI hI eka avasthA-vizeSa hai / isa dRSTi se jJAna aura AtmA abhinna haiN| yadi AtmA aura jJAna meM ekAnta abheda hotA to jJAna ke nAza ke sAtha-hI-sAtha AtmA kA bhI nAza ho jaataa| aisI avasthA meM eka zAzvata Atmadravya kI upalabdhi na hotii| yadi jJAna aura AtmA meM ekAnta bheda hotA to eka vyakti ke jJAna aura dUsare vyakti ke jJAna meM koI antara na hotaa| eka vyakti ke jJAna kI smRti dUsare vyakti ko ho jAdI athavA usa vyakti ke jJAna kA smaraNa use khuda ko bhI na ho pAtA / aisI avasthA meM jJAna ke kSetra meM arAjakatA aura avyavasthA ho jaatii| isalie jJAna aura AtmA kA kathaMcit bheda aura kathaMcit abheda mAnanA hI ucita hai| dravya-dRSTi se jJAna aura AtmA kA abheda mAnanA cAhie aura paryAya-dRSTi se donoM kA bheda mAnanA caahie| ___ AtmA ke ATha bhedoM kI bAta bhagavatIsUtra meM kahI gaI hai| gautama mahAvIra se pUchate haiM-he bhagavan ! AtmA ke kitane prakAra haiM ? mahAvIra uttara dete haiM. he gautama ! AtmA ATha prakAra kA kahA gayA hai| ve ATha prakAra ye haiM-dravyAtmA, kaSAyAtmA, yogAtmA, upayogAtmA, jJAnAtmA, darzanAtmA, cAritrAmA aura vIryAtmA / ' ye bheda dravya aura paryAya donoM dRSTiyoM se haiN| 1. kahavihA NaM bhaMte AyA paNNattA? goyamA! aTThavihA AyA pnnnnttaa| taM jahA-daviyAyA, kasAyAyA, jogAyA, uvaogAyA, NANAyA, daMsaNAyA, carittAyA, viiriyaayaa| -bhagavatIsUtra, 12. 10.466.

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tattvavicAra 126 dravyAtmA dravyadRSTi se aura zeSa sAta paryAyadRSTi se haiM / isa prakAra kI aneka carcAeM jaina dArzanika sAhitya meM milatI haiM jinase dravya aura paryAya ke sambandha kA patA lagatA hai / dravya aura paryAya eka-dUsare se isa prakAra mile hue haiM ki eka ke binA dUsare kI sthiti asambhava hai| jisa prakAra dravyarahita paryAya kI upalabdhi nahIM ho sakatI usI prakAra paryAyarahita dravya kI upalabdhi bhI asambhava hai| jahA~ paryAya hogA vahA~ dravya avazya hogA aura jahA~ dravya hogA vahA~ usakA koI na koI paryAya avazya hogaa| bhedAbhedavAda : darzana ke kSetra meM bheda aura abheda ko lekara mukhya rUpa se cAra pakSa bana sakate haiM / eka pakSa kevala bheda kA samarthana karatA hai, dUsarA pakSa kevala abheda ko svIkAra karatA hai, tIsarA pakSa bheda aura abheda donoM ko mAnatA hai, cauthA pakSa bheda-viziSTa abheda kA samarthana karatA hai| bhaidavAdI kisI bhI padArtha meM anvaya nahIM maantaa| vaha pratyeka kSaNa meM bhinna-bhinna tattva aura bhinna-bhinna jJAna kI sattA meM vizvAsa karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM bheda ko chor3akara kisI bhI prakAra kA tattva nirdoSa nahIM hotA / jahA~ bheda hotA hai vahIM vAstavikatA rahatI hai| bhAratIya darzana meM vaibhASika aura sautrAntika isa pakSa ke prabala samarthaka haiM / ve kSaNa-bhaMgavAda ko hI aMtima satya mAnate haiN| pratyeka padArtha kSaNika hai / pratyeka kSaNa meM padArtha kI utpatti aura vinAza hotA hai| koI bhI vastu cirasthAyI nahIM hai / jahA~ sthAyitva nahIM vahA~ abheda kaise ho sakatA hai ? jJAna aura padArtha donoM kSaNika haiM / jise hama AtmA kahate haiM vaha paMcaskandha ke atirikta aura kucha nahIM hai| vijJAna, vedanA,

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130 jaina dharma-darzana saMjJA, saMskAra aura rUpa ina pAMcoM skandhoM kA samudAya hI AtmA hai|' jise hama bAhyapadArtha kahate haiM vaha kSaNika paramANupuja ke atirikta kucha bhI nahIM hai| yaha samudAyavAda bauddha darzana meM saMghAtavAda ke nAma se prasiddha hai| bhinna-bhinna niraMza tattvoM kA samudAya saMghAta kahalAtA hai / AtmA nAma kA koI eka akhaNDa aura sthAyI dravya nahIM hai| isI ko anAtmavAda yA pudgalanarAtmya kahA gayA hai / bAhya padArtha kSaNika aura niraMza paramANuoM kA eka samudAya mAtra hai| isI kA nAma dharmanairAtmya hai| yaha deza kI apekSA se huaa| isI prakAra kAla kI apekSA se mantAnavAda kA samarthana kiyA jAtA hai| citta aura paramANu kI santati ko dekhakara hama 'yaha vahI hai| aisA kahate haiM / vAstava meM yaha yaha hai aura vaha vaha hai| yaha vahI kaise ho sakatA hai jaba ki saba kucha kSaNika hai| hamArA jitanA vyavahAra hai vaha saba saMghAtavAda aura santAnavAda para Azrita hai| saMghAtavAda se dezIya ekatA kA bodha hotA hai aura saMtAnavAda se kAlika ekatA kA jJAna hotA hai / abheda athavA anvaya santAna-janya hai| vAstava meM pratyeka jJAna aura padArtha niraMza evaM bhinna hai / ekatA saMtAna ke atirikta kucha nahIM hai| saMtAna-paramparA se kucha samAna padArthoM ko dekhakara unameM ekatA kA Aropa kara dete haiN| vAstava meM saba kSaNika haiM evaM ekadUsare se atyanta bhinna haiN| parivartana kI zIghratA ekatA yA anvaya kI bhrAnti utpanna karatI hai| pratyeka padArtha itanI tIvragati se parivartita hotA rahatA hai ki hama usa parivartana kA jJAna nahIM kara pAte aura use nitya yA sthAyI samajhate rahate haiM / jisa prakAra ghUmatA huA ratha kA cakra kevala eka bindu para ghUmatA hai aura rukate samaya bhI kevala eka bindu para rukatA hai usI prakAra - 1. SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 2-5.

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tattvavicAra prANI kA jIvana kevala vicAra ke eka kSaNa taka ThaharatA hai| jaise hI vicAra kA vaha kSaNa samApta ho jAtA hai vaise hI vaha prANI samApta ho jAtA hai|' pAzcAtya paramparA meM grIka dArzanika herAkliTasa isI vicAradhArA kA samarthaka thaa| usane abhedavAda ko bhrAnti btaayaa| usane yahA~ taka kahA ki eka hI kSaNa meM padArtha vahI hai bhI sahI aura nahIM bhI hai / parivartana hI padArtha kA prANa hai / padArtha eka kSaNa taka ThaharatA hai, aisA bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki padArtha hamezA badalatA rahatA hai| ekatA aura anvaya kI pratIti indriyajanya bhrAnti hai / jo indriyoM kA vizvAsa karatA hai vahI ekatA ke dhokhe meM phaMsatA hai| tarka yA hetu se vyakti kadApi ekatA kI siddhi nahIM kara sakatA / jo vyakti indriyoM se Upara uTha jAtA hai aura buddhi para vizvAsa rakhatA hai vaha ekatA ke bhrama se hamezA dUra rahatA hai| nityatA kI bhrAnti indriyoM kI dena hai| tarka ke bala se hI hama parivartana yA anityatA taka pahuMca sakate haiN| hya ma ne bhI ekatA ko samAnatA kahakara anvaya aura abheda kA khaNDana kiyaa| usane kahA-maiM apanI AtmA ko kadApi nahIM pakar3a sakatA / jaba kabhI maiM aisA karane kA prayatna karatA hUM to amuka anubhava hI mere hAtha lagatA hai| viliyama jemsa ne kahA ki calatA huA vicAra svayaM hI vicA 1. vizuddhi mArga, 8. 2. The illusion of permanence is ascribed to the senses. It is by reason that we arise to the knowledge of the . law of becoming. 3. I never can catch 'myself'. Whenever I try, I stum. ble on this or that perception,

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132 jaina dharma-darzana raka hai / " bargasA~ ke zabdoM meM pratyeka vastu eka viziSTa pravAha kI abhivyakti mAtra hai| bhedavAda ke uparyukta udAharaNoM se yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki ekatA jaisI koI vastu nahIM / saba kucha parivartana evaM pravAhazIla hai| ekatA kI pratIti bhrAnti mAtra hai | vAstavika satya to kSaNikatA hI hai / yahI kSaNikatA pravAha, parivartana, anityatA aura bheda-sUcaka hai / bhedabhAva kA yaha vivecana bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya paramparA kI etadviSayaka mAnyatA ko samajhane ke lie kAphI hai / abhedavAda kA samarthana karanevAle bheda ko mithyA kahate haiM / unakI dRSTi meM ekatva kA hI mUlya hai, anekarUpatA kI koI kImata nahIM / jitane bheda yA aneka rUpa haiM, saba mithyA haiM / hamArA ajJAna bheda kI pratIti meM kAraNa hai / avidyAjanita saMskAroM ke kAraNa bheda aura anekarUpatA kI pratIti hotI hai / jJAniyoM kI pratIti hamezA abheda-mUlaka hotI hai / tattva abheda meM hI hai, bheda meM nahIM / dUsare zabdoM meM, abheda hI tattva hai / bhAratIya paramparA meM upaniSad aura vedAnta ke kucha samarthaka abhedavAda kA samarthana karate haiN| abhedavAdI eka hI tattva mAnatA hai kyoMki abheda kI antima sImA ekatva hai / vaha ekatva apane Apa meM pUrNa va ananta hotA hai / jahA~ pUrNatA hotI hai vahA~ ekatva hI hotA hai, kyoMki do kadApi pUrNa nahIM ho sakate / jahA~ do hote haiM vahA~ donoM apUrNa va sImita hote haiM / asIma va pUrNa eka hI ho sakatA hai / isI hetu ke AdhAra para bhAratIya AdarzavAda kA prabala samarthaka advaita vedAnta 1. The passing thought itself is the thinker. 2. Everything is a manifestation of the flow of Elan Vital,

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tattvavicAra 133 eka tattva meM vizvAsa rakhatA hai| vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda kI antima bhUmikA meM bhI isI vicAradhArA ke darzana hote haiN| pAzcAtya paramparA meM pArmeniDIsa abhedavAda kA pravartaka kahA jA sakatA hai| usane kahA ki parivartana vAstavika nahIM hai kyoMki vaha badala jAtA hai / jo vastu vAstavika evaM satya hai vaha kadApi nahIM badala sakatI / jo badala jAtI hai vaha satya nahIM ho sktii| ina sAre parivartanoM ke bIca meM jo nahIM badalatA hai vahI satya hai / jo aparivartanazIla hai vaha sat hai, jo parivartanazIla hai vaha asat hai / jo sat hai vahI vAstavika hai / jo asat hai vaha vAstavika nahIM hai / jo sat hai vaha hamezA maujUda hai kyoMki vaha paidA nahIM ho sakatA / yadi sat paidA hotA hai to vaha asat se paidA hogA, kintu asat se sat paidA nahIM ho sktaa|' yadi sat sat se paidA hotA hai to vaha paidA nahIM hotA kyoMki vaha svayaM sat hai| paidA to vaha hotA hai jo sat na ho / jo sat na ho vaha paidA ho hI nahIM sakatA, isalie jo vAstavika hai vaha saba sat hai| sat hone se saba eka hai| jo sat hai vaha sat hI hai, ata: vahA~ bheda kA koI prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| jahA~ koI bheda nahIM hai vahA~ abheda hI hai / isa prakAra abhedavAda kI siddhi karanevAlA pArmeniDIsa bheda ko indriyajanya bhrAnti batAtA hai| jitane bheda dRSTigocara hote haiM, saba indriyoM ke kAraNa haiN| herAkliTasa ne abheda kI pratIti meM jo kAraNa batAyA, pArmeniDIsa ne vahI kAraNa bheda kI pratIti meM diyaa| abheda kI pratIti hI saccI pratIti hai aura vaha hetuvAda ke AdhAra para siddha kI jA sakatI hai / yaha bAta pArmeniDIsa ne khii| jeno ne anekatA kA tarkasaMgata 1. Ex nihilo nihil fit.

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134 jaina dharma-darzana khaNDana kiyA aura ekatA ke AdhAra para abheda kI sthApanA kii| ___ tIsarA pakSa bheda aura abheda donoM kA samarthana karatA hai, bheda aura abheda donoM ko svatantra rUpa se sat mAnakara donoM meM sambandha sthApita karatA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika darzana sAmAnya aura vizeSa nAma ke do bhinna-bhinna padArtha mAnatA hai| ve donoM padArtha svatantra evaM eka-dUsare se sarvathA bhinna haiN| kisI sambandhavizeSa ke AdhAra para sAmAnya aura vizeSa mila jAte haiM / sAmAnya ekatA kA sUcaka hai| vizeSa bhoda kA sUcaka hai| vastu meM bheda aura abheda vizeSa aura sAmAnya ke kAraNa hote haiM / ekatA kI pratIti abheda ke kAraNa hai-sAmAnya ke kAraNa hai| saba gAyoM meM gotva sAmAnya rahatA hai isalie saba meM 'go'-aisI ekAkAra pratIti hotI hai| yahI pratIti ekatA kI pratIti hai| usI prakAra saba gAeM vyaktigata rUpa se alaga bhI mAlUma hotI haiN| unakA apanA bhinna-bhinna vyaktitva hai| jAti aura vyakti kA sambandha hI bheda aura abheda kI pratIti hai| vaise donoM eka-dUsare se atyanta bhinna haiM kintu samavAya sambaMdha ke kAraNa donoM mile hue mAlUma hote haiN| isa prakAra bheda aura abheda ko bhinna mAnanevAlA pakSa donoM ko sambandha-vizeSa se milA detA hai kintu vAstava meM donoM ko bhinna mAnatA hai / yadyapi jAti aura vyakti kabhI bhinna-bhinna upalabdha nahIM hote kyoMki ve ayutasiddha haiN|' tathApi donoM svatantra evaM eka-dUsare se atyanta bhinna haiN| cauthA pakSa bhedaviziSTa abheda kA hai / isake do bheda ho jAte haiM / eka ke mata se abhada pradhAna rahatA hai aura bheda gauNa 1. ayutasiddhAnAmAdhAryAdhArabhUtAnAM ihapratyayahetuH sambandhaH sa samavAyaH / -syAdvAdamaMjarI, kA0 7.

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tattvavicAra 135 ho jAtA hai / udAharaNa ke lie rAmAnuja kA viziSTAdvaita lIjie / rAmAnuja ke mata se tIna tatva antima aura vAstavika haiM- acit, cit aura Izvara / ye tIna tattva 'tattvatraya' ke nAma se prasiddha haiM / yadyapi tInoM tattva samAnarUpa se sat evaM vAstavika haiM tathApi acit aura cit IzvarAzrita haiM / yadyapi ve apane Apa meM dravya haiM kintu Izvara ke sambandha kI dRSTi se ve usake guNa ho jAte haiM / ve Izvara zarIra kahe jAte haiM aura Izvara unakI AtmA hai / isa prakAra Izvara cidacidviziSTa hai / cit aura acit Izvara ke zarIra kA nirmANa karate haiM aura tadAzrita haiN|" isa mata ke anusAra bha eda kI sattA to avazya rahatI hai kintu abhadAzrita hokara / abha ed pradhAnarUpa se rahatA hai aura bheda tadAzrita hokara gauNarUpa se / bha eda kA sthAna svatantra na hokara abha eda para avalambita hai / bheda parataMtra hotA hai aura abhada svataMtra / bhada abha eda kI dayA para jItA hai| usakA svataMtra astitva mAnya nahIM hotA / bha eda aura abha eda ko bhinna mAnanevAlA pakSa donoM ko svataMtra rUpa se sat mAnatA haiM jabaki uparyukta pakSa abha eda ko pradhAna mAnakara bha eda ko gauNa evaM parAzrita banA detA hai / usakI dRSTi meM abheda kA vizeSa mahattva rahatA hai / bha eda kI mAnyatA to hai kintu isalie ki vaha abha eda ke AdhAra para TikA huA hai / jaina dRSTi isase bhinna hai / bha eda aura abha eda kA saccA samanvaya jaina darzana kI viziSTa dena hai / jaba hama bhedAbhedavAda kI vyAkhyA karate haiM to usakA artha hotA hai-bhedaviziSTa abheda aura abhedaviziSTa bheda / bheda aura abheda donoM samAnarUpa se sat haiN| jisa prakAra abheda vAstavika hai ThIka usI prakAra bheda vAstavika 1. sarvaM paramapuruSeNa sarvAtmanA - zrIbhASya 2.1.6.

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136 jaina dharma-darzana hai / tattva kI dRSTi se jo sthAna abheda kA hai ThIka vahI sthAna bheda kA hai / bheda aura abheda donoM isa DhaMga se mile hue haiM ki eka ke binA dUsare kI upalabdhi nahIM ho sktii| vastu meM donoM kA avicchedya samanvaya hai / jahA~ bheda hai vahA~ abheda hai aura jahA~ abheda hai vahA~ bhoda hai| bheda aura abheda kisI sambandhavizeSa se jur3e hoM, aisI bAta nahIM hai / ve to svabhAva se hI eka-dUsare se mile hue haiN| pratyeka padArtha svabhAva se hI sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hai-bhedAbhedAtmaka hai-nityAnityAtmaka hai / jo sat hai vaha bhedAbhedAtmaka hai / pratyeka padArtha sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka hai / vastu yA tattva ko kevala bhedAtmaka kahanA ThIka nahIM kyoMki koI bhI bheda abheda ke binA upalabdha nahIM hotA / abheda ko mithyA yA kalpanA mAtra kahanA kAphI nahIM jaba taka ki vaha kisI pramANa se mithyA siddha na ho / pramANa kA AdhAra anubhava hai aura anubhava abheda ko mithyA siddha nahIM krtaa| isI prakAra ekAnta abheda ko mAnanA bhI ThIka nahIM kyoMki jo doSa ekAnta bheda meM hai vahI doSa ekAnta abheda meM bhI hai| bheda aura abheda ko do svatantra padArtha mAnanA bhI ThIka nahIM kyoMki ve. bhinna-bhinna upalabdha nahIM hote aura unako jor3anevAlA koI anya padArtha bhI upalabdha nahIM hotaa| unako jor3anevAlA padArtha hotA hai, aisA mAna liyA jAya, phira bhI doSa se mukti nahIM mila sakatI kyoMki usako jor3ane ke lie eka anya padArtha kI AvazyakatA hogI aura isa taraha anavasthA doSa kA prasaMga upasthita hogA / aisI dazA meM vastu svayaM hI bhedAbhedAtmaka hai, aisA mAnanA hI ThIka hogaa| tattva kathaMcit sadRza hai, kathaMcit visadRza hai, kathaMcit vAcya hai, kathaMcit avAcya hai, kathaMcit sat hai, kathaMcit asat

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tattvavicAra 137 hai|' ye jitane bhI dharma haiM, vastu ke apane dharma haiN| ina dharmoM kA kahIM bAhara se sambandha sthApita nahIM hotA hai| vastu svayaM sAmAnya aura vizeSa hai, bhinna aura abhinna hai, eka aura aneka hai, nitya aura kSaNika hai| ThIka isI prakAra kI mAnyatA erisToTala kI bhI hai| vaha vastu ko sAmAnya aura vizeSa ubhayAtmaka mAnatA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki koI bhI sAmAnya vizeSa ke binA upalabdha nahIM hotA aura koI bhI vizeSa sAmAnya ke binA upalabdha nahIM hotaa| dravya sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM kA samanvaya hai / koI bhI vastu ina donoM rUpoM ke binA upalabdha nahIM ho sktii| jaina-darzana-sammata bhedAbhedavAda vastu ke vAstavika rUpa ko grahaNa karatA hai| yaha bhedAbhedadRSTi anekAntadRSTi kA eka prakAra se kAraNa hai / do paraspara virodhI pratIta honevAle guNoM ko eka hI vastu meM eka sAtha mAnanA bhedAbhedavAda kA artha hai / bheda aura abheda kI ekatra sthiti vastu ke rUpa ko naSTa nahIM karatI apitu usako vAstavika rUpa meM prakaTa karatI hai| bheda aura abheda ke sambandha ke viSaya meM bhI syAdvAda kA hI prayoga karanA caahie| bheda aura abheda kathaMcit bhinna haiM aura kayaMcit abhinna haiM / dravya aura paryAya ke lie jisa hetu kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai usI hetu kA prayoga bheda aura abheda ke lie bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai / dravya abhedamUlaka hai aura paryAya bhedamUlaka hai / isalie dravya aura abheda eka haiM aura paryAya aura bheda eka haiN| bheda aura abhedaviSayaka itanA vivecana kAphI hai| 1. syAnnAzi nityaM sadRzaM virUpa, vAcyaM na vAcyaM sadasatadeva / -anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, kA0 25. 2. dekhie-ACritical History of Greek Philosophy.

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jaina dharma-darzana 138 dravya kA vargIkaraNa : dravya ke kitane bheda ho sakate haiM ? isa prazna kA uttara aneka taraha se diyA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka dravya-sAmAnya . kA prazna hai, saba eka hai| vahA~ kisI prakAra kI bheda-kalpanA . utpanna hI nahIM hotii| jo dravya hai vaha sat hai aura vahI tattva hai| sattAsAmAnya kI dRSTi se jar3a aura cetana, eka aura aneka, sAmAnya aura vizeSa, guNa aura paryAya saba eka haiM / yaha dRSTikoNa saMgraha-naya kI dRSTi se satya hai / saMgraha-naya sarvatra abheda dekhatA hai| bhoda kI upekSA karake abheda kA jo grahaNa hai vaha saMgraha-naya kA kArya hai| abhedagrAhI saMgraha-naya bheda kA niSedha. nahIM karatA apitu bheda ko apane kSetra se bAhara samajhatA hai / isa naya kA antima viSaya sattAsAmAnya hai, jise hama parasAmAnya yA mahAsAmAnya kaha sakate haiM / pratyeka dravya sat hai / sattAsAmAnya kA grahaNa ekatA kA antima sopAna hai, jahA~ sAre bheda bhedarUpa se sat hote hue bhI abhedarUpa se pratibhAsita hote haiN| sattA bhedoM ko naSTa nahIM karatI apitu unameM ekatva aura sadbhAva sthApita karatI hai / bheda rahate hue bhI jahA~ abheda kA darzana hotA hai, anekatA meM bhI jahA~ ekatA dikhAI detI hai| isa dRSTi se dravya athavA tattva eka hai / jo loga advaita meM vizvAsa rakhate haiM unase hamArI mAnyatA meM yaha bheda hai ki ve kevala sAmAnya ko yathArtha mAnate haiM aura bheda arthAt vizeSa kA apalApa karate haiM jabaki jaina dRSTi se bheda kA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vahA~ prayojana ke abhAva meM bheda kI upekSA avazya kI jA sakatI hai| upekSA kA artha yaha nahIM ki bheda asat hai-mithyA hai| abheda kI dRSTi ko pradhAnatA dete samaya hamArA bheda se koI prayojana nahIM hotA hai isIlie usakI

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tattvavicAra 136 upekSA kI jAtI hai| upekSA aura apalApa meM jitanA antara hai, advaitavAda aura jaina darzana kI mAnyatA meM utanA hI antara hai| isa prakAra saMgraha-naya arthAt saMgrahadRSTi kI pradhAnatA svIkAra kI jAya to dravya eka hI siddha hogA aura vaha hogA sattAsAmAnya ke rUpa meN| yadi hama dvaitadRSTi se dekheM to dravya ko do rUpoM meM dekha sakate haiM / ye do rUpa haiM jIva aura ajIva / ' caitanya dharmavAlA jIva hai aura usase viparIta ajIva hai| isa prakAra sArA loka do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho jAtA hai / caitanya lakSaNavAle jitane bhI dravyavizeSa haiM ve saba jIva-vibhAga ke antargata A jAte haiN| jinameM caitanya nahIM hai isa prakAra ke jitane bhI dravyavizeSa haiM una saba kA samAveza ajIvavibhAga ke antargata ho jAtA hai / __ jIva aura ajIja ke anya bheda karane para dravya ke chaH bheda bhI hote haiM / 2 jIva dravya arUpI hai| ajIva dravya ke do bheda kiye gaye haiM-rUpI aura aruupii| rUpI dravya ko pudgala kahA gyaa| arUpI ke punaH cAra bheda hue-dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, addhAsamaya-kAla / isa prakAra dravya ke kula 6 bheda ho jAte haiMjIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura addhAsamaya / ina chaH dravyoM meM se prathama pAMca dravya astikAya haiM aura chaThA astikAya nahIM hai| bheda-prabheda kA spaSTa : vivaraNa isa prakAra hai : 1. vise sie jIvadabve ajIbadave ya--anuyogadvAra, sU. 123. 2. bhagavatIsUtra, 15. 2-4. 3. vahI, 2. 10. 117; sthAmAMga, 5. 441.

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140 1. jIva rUpI 2. pudgala astikAya T 1. jIva 2. pud gala 3. dharma 4. adharma 5. AkAza rUpI 1. pudgala jaina dharma-darzana (1) dravya (2) dravya dravya 2. ajIva arUpI 3. dharma 4. adharma 5. AkAza 6. addhAsamaya anastikAya 6. addhAsamaya arUpI 2. jIva 3. dharma 4. adharma 5. AkAza 6. addhAsamaya

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tatvavicAra yahA~ kucha pAribhASika zabdoM kA spaSTIkaraNa kara denA ThIka hogaa| ajIvadravya rUpI aura arUpI do bhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / rUpI kA sAmAnya artha hotA hai rUpayukta / isa artha meM cakSurindriya kI pradhAnatA dikhAI detI hai| jainadarzana meM rUpI kA artha kevala cakSurindriya taka hI sImita nahIM hai| sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa ina cAroM se jo yukta hai vaha rUpI hai|' sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa ye cAroM eka sAtha rahate haiN| jahA~ sparza hai vahA~ rasAdi bhI haiM, jahA~ varNa hai vahA~ sparzAdi bhI haiM / jahA~ ina cAroM meM se eka bhI ho vahA~ zeSa tIna avazya haiM / ataH jahA~ rUpI zabda kA prayoga ho vahA~ sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa cAroM kI sthiti samajhanI cAhie / pudgala ke kisI bhI aMza meM ye cAroM guNa rahate haiM, ataH vaha rUpI hai| jo rUpI na ho use arUpI samajhanA caahie| pudgala ko chor3akara zeSa pA~ca dravyoM meM sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa nahIM haiM, ataH ve arUpI haiN| astikAya kA artha hotA hai pradeza-bahutva / 'asti' aura 'kAya' ina donoM zabdoM se astikAya banatA hai / asti kA artha hai vidyamAna honA aura kAya kA artha hai aneka pradezoM kA samUha / jahA~ aneka pradezoM kA samUha hotA hai vaha astikAya kahA jAtA hai / isI cIja ko aura spaSTa karane ke lie hameM pradeza kA artha bhI samajhanA caahie| pudgala kA eka aNu 1. rUpiNaH pudgalA: -tattvArthasUtra, 5. 4. sparza rasagandhavarNavantaH pudgalA : -vahI, 5. 23. 2. saMti jado teNede, asthiti bhaNaMti jiNavarA jamhA / kAyA iva bahudesA, tamhA kAyA ya asthikAyA ya / / -dravyasaMgraha, 24.

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142 jaina dharma-darzana jitanA sthAna (AkAza) gheratA hai use pradeza kahate haiN| yaha eka pradeza kA parimANa hai| isa prakAra ke aneka pradeza jisa dravya meM pAye jAte haiM vaha dravya astikAya kahA jAtA hai / pradeza kA ukta parimANa eka prakAra kA nApa hai / isa nApa se pudgala ke atirikta anya pA~coM dravya bhI nApe jA sakate haiM / yadyapi jIvAdi dravya arUpI haiM kintu unakI sthiti AkAza meM hai aura AkAza svapratiSThita hai| ataH unakA parimANa samajhane ke lie nApA jA sakatA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki pudgala dravya ko chor3akara zeSa dravyoM kA indriyoM se grahaNa nahIM ho sakatA, kintu buddhi se unakA parimANa nApA evaM samajhA jA sakatA hai| dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura jIva ke aneka pradeza hote haiN| ataH ye pA~coM dravya astikAya kahe jAte haiN| ina pradezoM ko avayava bhI kaha sakate haiN| aneka avayavavAle dravya astikAya haiN| addhAsamaya arthAt kAla ke svatantra niranvaya pradeza hote haiN| vaha aneka pradeza vAlA eka akhaNDa dravya nahIM hai, apitu usake svatantra aneka pradeza haiN| pratyeka pradeza svatantrarUpa se apanA kArya karatA hai| unameM eka avayavI kI kalpanA nahIM kI gaI, apitu svatantra rUpa se sAre kAlapradezoM ko bhinna-bhinna dravya mAnA gayA / isa prakAra ye kAla dravya eka dravya na hokara aneka dravya haiN| lakSaNa kI samAnatA se sabako 'kAla' aisA eka nAma de diyA gyaa| dharma Adi dravyoM ke samAna kAla eka dravya nahIM hai| isalie kAla ko anastikAya kahA gayA / astikAya aura anastikAya kA yahI svarUpa hai| 1. jAvadiyaM AyAsaM, avibhAgI puggalANu vaddhaM / ta kha padesaM jANe, savvANuTTANadANarihaM / / -vahIM, 27,

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tattvavicAra 143 rUpI aura arUpI: jaina darzana meM jIva, pudgala, dharma (gati kA mAdhyama), adharma, (sthiti kA mAdhyama), AkAza aura kAla-ye chaH tattva arthAt SaDdravya mAne gaye haiN| sArA vizva inhIM chaH tattvoM se nirmita hai| inameM se pudgala dravya rUpI kahA jAtA hai arthAt vaha indriyoM se dekhA-jAnA jA sakatA hai| zeSa pAMcoM dravya arUpI haiM arthAt unheM indriyoM se dekhA-jAnA nahIM jA sktaa| jIva arthAt AtmA bhI arUpI hai aura dharma Adi bhI arUpI haiM / taba phira jIva aura dharma Adi meM kyA antara hai ? jIva cetana hai jabaki dharma Adi jar3a haiN| pudgala arthAt bhUta bhI jar3a hai tathA dharma Adi bhI jar3a haiM / to phira pudgala se dharma Adi meM kyA vizeSatA hai ? pudgala mUrta arthAt rUpI jar3a hai jabaki dharma Adi amUrta arthAt arUpI jar3a haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki jIva cetana arUpI hai, pudgala jar3a rUpI hai tathA dharmAdi jar3a arUpI haiM / koI aisA tattva nahIM hai jo cetana rUpI ho kyoMki rUpa cetana kA nahIM, jar3a kA hI guNa hai| kintu yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki saba jar3a tattva rUpI hI hoM kyoMki dharmAdi tattva jar3a hote hue bhI arUpI haiN| yahAM rUpI aura arUpI kA artha itanA hI samajhanA cAhie ki jo sAdhAraNatayA jJAnendriyoM se anubha ta ho sake vaha rUpI hai tathA jisakA anubhava jJAnendriyoM se na ho sake vaha arUpI hai| arUpI padArthoM ke sAkSAt jJAna ke lie vizeSa yogyatA apekSita hai| arUpI padArtha itane sUkSma hote haiM ki hamArI indriyAM unakA grahaNa nahIM kara sktiiN| unakA sAkSAt jJAna hamArI indriyoM kI zakti ke bAhara hotA hai| kisI asAdhAraNa zakti yA sAmarthya kI upasthiti meM hI arUpI padArtha sAkSAt anubhUti ke viSaya bana sakate haiN|

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144 jaina dharma-darzana jo arUpI athavA amUrta tattvoM kA sAkSAt jJAna karatA hai vaha una tattvoM ko kisa rUpa se jAnatA hai ? kyA vaha unakA koI nizcita AkAra-prakAra anubhava karatA hai ? yadi yaha kahA jAya ki vaha unheM kisI nizcita AkAra-prakAra ke rUpa meM jAnatA hai to ve AkAravAle hone ke kAraNa mUrta arthAt rUpI ho jAeMge kyoMki AkAra rUpa ke binA saMbhava nhiiN| aisI sthiti meM unakA arUpI honA ayathArtha ho jaaygaa| yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki arUpI tattvoM kA jJAtA kisI nizcita AkAra-prakAra ke binA hI una padArthoM ko jAnatA hai to prazna uThatA hai ki usake jJAna meM jo padArtha pratibhAsita ho rahe haiM unakA koI nizcita sthAna hai yA nahIM? yadi unakA astitva kisI nizcita sthAna meM hai, cAhe phira vaha sthAna sArA loka hI kyoM na ho, to vaha kyA vastu hai jo usa sthAna meM hai aura anyatra nahIM ? binA kisI nizcita AkAra-prakAra ko mAne unakI sthiti kisI sthAna-vizeSa meM siddha nahIM ho sakatI / jo kisI sthAna meM rahatA hai usakA koI-na-koI AkAra-prakAra honA hI cAhie anyathA vaha kyA hai jo usa sthAna ko vyApta karatA hai ? kisI nizcita sthAna ko vyApta karane ke lie koI nizcita AkAra anivArya hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki una padArthoM kA koI nizcita sthAna nahIM hai to bhI ThIka nahIM kyoMki pratyeka padArtha kI sattA kisI-na-kisI sthAnavizeSa se hI sambaddha hotI hai| jaina darzana kI bhI yahI mAnyatA hai ki jIva, dharma, adharma Adi samasta dravya AkAza meM sthita haiM evaM AkAza meM rahakara hI apanA kArya karate haiN| dharmAdi jar3a dravyoM kI to bAta hI kyA, jIva bhI nizcita AkAra-prakAra evaM nizcita sthAna meM rahatA hai| saMsArI AtmAe~ to zarIra-mambaddha hone ke kAraNa nizcita AkAra-prakAravAlI arthAt svadeha-parimANa hotI hI haiM, mukta

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tattvavicAra 145 AtmAeM bhI nizcita AkAra dhAraNa karatI huI nizcita sthAna meM arthAt loka ke anta meM rahatI haiM / to phira arUpI kA kyA artha hai ? sAmAnya indriyoM dvArA arthAt indriyoM kI sAmAnya zakti dvArA jisa padArtha kA sAkSAt jJAna prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA vaha padArtha arUpI kahA jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se rUpI pudgala kA sUkSmatama aMza aNu bhI arUpI hai| ____jo padArtha AkArayukta hai vaha rUpa, rasa, gandha evaM sparzayukta hai yA nahIM? yadi use rUpAdiyukta mAnA jAya to rUpI aura arUpI kA antara hI samApta ho jAtA hai / yadi usameM rUpAdi kA abhAva mAnA jAya to AkAra kA koI artha nahIM rahatA kyoMki rUpAdi ke abhAva meM AkAra kaise saMbhava ho sakatA hai ? AkAra kyA hai ? sthAnavizeSa meM honevAlI sthitivizeSa kA nAma hI AkAra athavA AkRti hai / AkAra meM kama-se-kama rUpa to honA hI caahie| yadi rUpa mAna liyA jAya to rUpasahabhAvI anya guNa svataH siddha ho jAte haiM / aisI sthiti meM pudgala aura jIvAdi ke guNoM meM kyA bhinnatA raha jAegI? pratIta hotA hai ki vividha tattvoM meM do prakAra ke antara haiM : 1. pratyeka tattva kA apanA-apanA vizeSa kArya hai jo ki unheM eka-dUsare se bhinna karatA hai| 2. jIvAdi tattva pudgalAdi tattvoM se sUkSmasUkSmatara haiM jisase pudgala kA to indriyoM se grahaNa arthAt jJAna ho jAtA hai kintu anya dravyoM kA indriyajanya jJAna nahIM ho pAtA arthAt unheM indriyAM grahaNa karane meM asamartha rahatI haiM / hama kevala unake kAryoM dvArA unake astitva kA anumAna kara sakate haiM / ve indriyoM ke pratyakSa viSaya nahIM bana skte| jo viziSTa zaktisampanna athavA sAdhanasampanna vyakti unakA pratyakSa jJAna karate haiM ve unheM kisa yathAsthita rUpa meM dekhate haiM, hama nahIM kaha skte| 10

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146 AtmA kA svatantra astitva : jIva kA svarUpa jAnane ke pahale hama yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki jIva kI svatantra sattA hai yA nahIM / cArvAka Adi dArzanika jIva kI svatantra sattA meM vizvAsa nahIM karate / ve bhautika tattvoM ke viziSTa saMyoga se AtmA kI utpatti mAnate haiM / jIva yA AtmA nAma kA koI pRthak svatantra tattva nahIM hai / jisa prakAra nAnA dravyoM ke saMyoga se mAdakatA utpanna ho jAtI hai usI prakAra bhUtoM ke viziSTa mela se caitanya paidA ho jAtA hai| bhArata meM cArvAka aura pazcima meM thelisa, enAksimAMDara, enAksimInesa Adi ekajar3avAdI tathA DemokreTasa Adi anekajar3avAdI isI mAnyatA ke pakSapAtI haiM / jaina dharma-darzana vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM AtmA ke svatantra astitva ke lie kaI pramANa diye gaye haiM / sarvaprathama hama pUrvapakSa kA vicAra kareMge / AtmA kA astitva svIkRta na karanevAlA pahalA hetu yaha detA hai ki AtmA nahIM hai kyoMki usakA indriyapratyakSa nahIM hotA / ghaTa sat hai kyoMki vaha indriyapratyakSa se grAhya hai / AtmA sat nahI hai kyoMki vaha ghaTa ke samAna indriyoM se grAhya nahIM hai / jo indriyagrAhya nahIM hotA vaha asat hotA hai jaise AkAzakusuma / AtmA indriyagrAhya nahIM hai isalie AkAza- - kusuma ke samAna asat hai / koI yaha kaha sakatA hai ki aNu yadyapi indriyapratyakSa kA viSaya nahIM hai phira bhI vaha sat hai, aisA kyoM ? P 1. Monistic Materialists. 2. Pluralistic Materialists. 3. jIve tuha saMdeho paccakkhaM jaM na vippai ghaDo vva / accatApaccakkhaM ca Natthi loe khapuSkaM va // - vizeSAvazyaka bhAgya, 1549.

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tattvavicAra 147 isakA uttara yaha hai ki niHsandeha aNu aNu ke rUpa meM pratyakSagrAhya nahIM haiM, kintu jaba ve kisI sthUla padArtha ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAte haiM taba indriyapratyakSa kA viSaya banate haiM / ghaTarUpa se pariNata paramANu cakSurindriyagrAhya hote haiM / jaba taka ve paramANu kisI kAryarUpa meM pariNata nahIM hote taba taka unakA pratyakSa nahIM hotA / ghaTAdi kAryarUpa meM pariNata hone para unakA pratyakSa hotA hai / isalie yaha kahanA ThIka nahIM ki aNu pratyakSa kA viSaya na banatA huA bhI sat hai / aNu kA kArya jaba pratyakSagrAhya hai taba aNu bhI sat hai, aisA kahane meM koI bAdhA nahIM / AtmA ke viSaya meM aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA kyoMki AtmA kisI bhI dazA meM indriyapratyakSa kA viSaya nahIM bana sakatI / ataH AtmA asat hai / AtmA anumAna kA viSaya bhI nahIM bana sakatI kyoMki anumAna pratyakSapUrvaka hotA hai| jaba kisI vastu ke avinAbhAva - sambandha kA grahaNa hotA hai, usa sambandha kA kahIM pratyakSa hotA hai aura pUrva sambandha grahaNa kI smRti hotI hai taba anumAna-janya jJAna paidA hotA hai / AtmA aura usake kisI avinAbhAvI liMga kA kabhI pratyakSa hI nahIM hotA, aisI dazA meM AtmA anumAna kA viSaya kaise bana sakatI hai ? hameM AtmA ke kisI bhI aise liMga kA jJAna nahIM jise kA anumAna kara sakeM / " dekhakara AtmA Agama-pramANa se bhI AtmA ke svatantra astitva kI siddhi nahIM kI jA sakatI kyoMki jisakA pratyakSa hI nahIM vaha Agama kA viSaya kaise bana sakatA hai ? Agama pramANa kA mukhya AdhAra pratyakSa hai / koI aisA vyakti nahIM jise AtmA kA pratyakSa ho 1. bahI, 1550-51 .

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148 - jaina dharma-darzana aura jisake vacanoM ko pramANa mAnakara AtmA kA astitva siddha kiyA jA sake / ' yadi kisI ko AtmA kA pratyakSa hotA to usake vacanoM ko pramANa mAnakara AtmA ke astitva kI siddhi kI jaatii| aise vyakti ke abhAva meM Agama-pramANa bhI vyartha hai| thor3I dera ke lie yadi Agama-prAmANya mAna bhI liyA jAya tathApi AtmA kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki Agama paraspara virodhI bAteM batAte haiN| kisI ke Agama meM kisI bAta kI siddhi milatI hai to kisI kA Agama usI bAta kA khaNDana karatA hai / koI Agama eka bAta ko satya evaM vAstavika mAnatA hai to dUsarA usI bAta kA khaNDana karatA hai| koI Agama eka vAta ko satya evaM vAstavika mAnatA hai to dUsarA usI bAta ko mithyA evaM kAlpanika samajhatA hai / aisI sthiti meM Agama ko AdhAra mAnakara AtmA ke astitva kI siddhi karanA khatare se khAlI nhiiN| upamAna se bhI AtmA kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki jagat meM koI aisA padArtha nahIM jisakI samAnatA ke AdhAra para AtmA kA astitva siddha kiyA jA sake / jaba AtmA kA hI pratyakSa nahIM to amuka padArtha AtmA ke sadRza hai, aisA kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? mUla ke abhAva meM sAdRzyajJAna kevala kalpanA hai| 'yaha usake samAna hai' aisA kathana tabhI saMbhava hai jaba usa padArtha kA, jisake samAna amuka padArtha hai, kabhI pratyakSa huA ho / jaba mUla padArtha kA hI pratyakSa na ho taba samAnatA ke AdhAra para usa padArtha kA jJAna honA asambhava hai| arthApatti se bhI AtmA kA astitva siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / aisA koI padArtha nahIM jisake sadbhAva ko dekhakara yaha 1. vahI, 1552. ernational

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satvavicAra 146 kahA jA sake ki AtmA ke abhAva meM isa padArtha kA sadbhAva nahIM ho sakatA / jaba isa padArtha kA sadbhAva hai to AtmA kA sadbhAva avazya honA caahie| ataH arthApatti bhI AtmA ko siddha karane meM asamartha hai| isa prakAra jaba pAMcoM sadbhAvasAdhaka pramANoM se AtmA ke astitva kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI taba svAbhAvikataura se abhAvapramANa kI pravRtti hotI hai / abhAvapramANa asadbhAva sAdhaka hai / ataH yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki AtmA asat hai / yaha abhAva, amuka sthAna para AtmA nahIM hai, aisA nahIM kahatA, apitu sarvatra AtmA nahIM hai, isa prakAra ro AtmA ke Atyantika abhAva kI sUcanA detA hai / kisI vastu kA eka jagaha pratyakSa hotA hai aura anyatra pratyakSa nahIM hotA taba yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki abhAva ne amuka kSetra meM amuka vastu ke asadbhAva kI sthApanA yA siddhi kii| AtmA kA kahIM pratyakSa nahI hotA ataH AtmA ke abhAva kA jo jJAna hai vaha Atyantika abhAva kA sUcaka hai / isa prakAra pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM AtmA ke astitva ke virodha meM uparyukta hetu upasthita kiye gaye / ina hetuoM kA mukhya AdhAra pratyakSa haiindriyapratyakSa hai| indriyapratyakSa ke abhAva meM AtmA kA sadbhAva siddha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 'ina hetuoM kA isa prakAra khaNDana ho sakatA hai prathama hetu meM pratyakSa kA abhAva batAyA gayA, vaha ThIka nhiiN| kevala indriyapratyakSa ko hI kisI tattva kI siddhi meM pramANa mAnanA yuktiyukta nhiiN| aisA mAnane para sukha-duHkhAdi kA bhI abhAva siddha hogA kyoMki ve indriyapratyakSa ke viSaya na hokara mAnasika anubhava ke viSaya haiM / AtmA pratyakSa se siddha hai kyoMki saMzaya Adi jitanI bhI mAnasika aura bauddhika kriyAe~ haiM saba AtmA ke kAraNa hI haiN| jahA~ saMzaya hotA hai

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150 jaina dharma-darzana vahA~ AtmA kA astitva avazya svIkAra karanA par3atA hai / jo pratyakSa anubhava se siddha hai use siddha karane ke lie kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI / AtmA svayaM siddha hai kyoMki usI ke AdhAra para saMzayAdi utpanna hote haiM / sukhaduHkhAdi ko siddha karane ke lie bhI kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nahIM / ye saba AtmapUrvaka hI ho sakate haiM / ahaM pratyaya kA AdhAra koI na koI avazya honA cAhie kyoMki usake binA traikAlika ahaM pratyaya nahIM ho sktaa| jar3a bhUtoM meM vaha zakti nahIM ki ve ahaM pratyaya ko utpanna kara sakeM kyoMki ahaM pratyaya ke abhAva meM jar3a kA jJAna hI nahIM ho sakatA / pahale ahaM pratyaya hotA hai taba 'yaha jar3a hai' aisA jJAna hotA hai| aisI dazA meM jar3a se ahaM pratyaya utpanna hotA hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / ahaM pratyaya ke abhAva meM jar3a tattva kI siddhi hI nahIM ho sakatI, phira yaha kaise bana sakatA hai ki jar3a se ahaM pratyaya utpanna ho / ahaM pratyaya- pUrvaka hI jar3a pratIti hotI hai, jar3apratIti pUrvaka ahaM pratyaya nahIM / yadi AtmA nahIM hai to ahaM pratyaya kaise hotA hai ? AtmA ke abhAva meM yaha sandeha kaise ho sakatA hai ki AtmA hai yA nahIM ?" yaha hetu manovaijJAnika dRSTi se hai| smRti, pratyabhijJAna, saMzaya, nirNaya Adi jitanI bhI manovaijJAnika kriyAeM haiM, kisI eka sthAyI cetana tattva ke abhAva meM nahIM ho sakatIM / ye sArI kriyAeM kisI eka cetana tattva ko AdhAra yA kendra banAkara hI ghaTa sakatI haiM / jJAna, saMvedanA aura icchA kisI eka Atmika tattva ke binA sambhava nahIM / ye tInoM kriyAeM 1. vahI, 1556. 2. Cognition, Affection and Conation.

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tattvavicAra 151 bikharI huI avasthA meM upalabdha na hokara vyavasthita DhaMga se ekadUsare se sambaddha aura sApekSa rUpa meM milatI haiN| kisI eka sAmAnya tattva ke abhAva meM unakA pArasparika sambandha nahIM ho sktaa| inakI ekarUpatA aura anvaya binA kisI sAmAnya AdhAra ke sambhava nhiiN| zuddha bhautika mastiSka isa prakAra kI ekarUpatA, vyavasthA aura anvaya ke prati kAraNa nahIM ho sktaa| saMzaya aura saMzayI kA prazna bhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| saMzaya ke lie kisI aise tattva kI anivAryatA hai jo usakA AdhAra ho| binA adhiSThAna ke kisI jJAna kI utpatti nahIM ho sktii| saMzaya kA adhiSThAna koI-na-koI avazya honA caahie| sAMkhyakArikA meM puruSa kI siddhi ke lie eka hetu 'adhiSThAnAt' bhI diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra se bhoktRtvAdi hetu bhI upasthita kiye gaye haiN| ye sAre hetu yahA~ prayukta ho sakate haiN| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM bha0 mahAvIra gautama se kahate haiM ki he gautama ! yadi saMzayI hI nahIM hai to "maiM hUM yA nahIM hUM" yaha saMzaya kahA~ se utpanna hotA hai ? yadi tuma svayaM hI apane khuda ke viSaya meM sandeha kara sakate ho to phira kisameM saMzaya na hogA? AtmA kI siddhi ke lie guNa aura guNI kA hetu bhI diyA jAtA hai| ghaTa ke rUpAdi guNoM ko dekhakara ghaTa kA astitva siddha kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra AtmA ke jJAnAdi guNoM kA 1. saMghAtaparArthatvAta , triguNAdiviparya yAdadhiSThAnAt / puruSo'sti bhoktRbhAvAt, kaivalyArtha pravRttezca // -sAMkhyakArikA, 17. 2. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1557.

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152 jaina dharma-darzana anubhava karake AtmA ko siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai / guNa aura guNI kA sambandha avicchedya hai| jahA~ guNa hote haiM vahA~ guNI avazya hotA hai aura jahA~ guNI rahatA hai vahA~ guNa avazya hote haiM / na to guNa guNI ke abhAva meM raha sakate haiM aura na guNI guNa ke binA raha sakatA hai| jaba guNa kA anubhava hotA hai taba guNI kA astitva bhI honA hI caahie|' ___vAdI isa hetu ko mAna letA hai, kintu vaha kahatA hai ki jJAnAdi guNoM kA AdhAra zarIra ke atirikta anya kucha nahIM hai / jJAnAdi jitane bhI guNa pAye jAte haiM, saba zarIrAzrita haiN| aisI dazA meM zarIra se bhinna eka svatantra AtmA mAnane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM / jJAnAdi zarIra kI hI kriyAe~ haiM ataH unakA AdhAra zarIra se bhinna koI dravya nahIM hai| vAdI kA hetu yoM hai-jJAnAdi zarIra ke guNa haiM kyoMki ve kevala zarIra meM hI pAye jAte haiM, jo zarIra meM hI pAye jAte haiM ve zarIra ke guNa hote haiM, jaise moTAI aura dubalApana aadi| vAdI kA yaha hetu vyabhicArI hai| yaha kaise ? isakA uttara yoM hai-jJAnAdi guNa bhautika zarIra ke guNa nahIM ho sakate kyoMki he arUpI haiM, jaba ki zarIra rUpI hai, jaise ghaTa / rUpI dravya ke guNa arUpI nahIM ho sakate, jaise ghaTa ke guNa arUpI nahIM haiM kyoMki ve indriya-grAhya haiN| jJAnAdi guNa arUpI haiM kyoMki ve indriya-grAhya nahIM haiN| isalie jJAnAdi guNa zarIra ke guNa nahIM ho sakate kyoMki zarIra rUpI hai aura usake guNa bhI rUpI haiM aura cakSurAdi indriyoM se una guNoM kA grahaNa hotA hai| isalie jJAnAdi guNoM kA anya Azraya honA caahie| yaha Azraya AtmA hai jo arUpI hai| 1. vizeSAvazyakabhApya, 1558.

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tattvavicAra 153 dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki kabhI-kabhI yaha bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki zarIra kI upasthiti meM bhI jJAnAdi guNoM kA abhAva rahatA hai|' suSupti, mUrchAdi avasthAoM meM zarIra ke vidyamAna rahate hue bhI jJAnAdi guNa nahIM milte| isase mAlUma hotA hai ki jJAnAdi guNa zarIra ke nahIM, apitu kisI anya tattva ke haiM / yadi zarIra ke guNa hote to rUpAdi kI bhA~ti ve bhI kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM upalabdha hote| zarIra jJAnAdi guNoM kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki zarIra bhautika tattvoM kA kArya hai aura bhautika tattva cetanAzUnya haiM / jaba bhUtoM meM hI caitanya nahIM hai to unake kArya meM caitanya kahA~ se A jaaygaa| pratyeka kArya kAraNa meM anudbhata rUpa se rahatA hai / jaba vaha kAraNa kAryarUpa meM pariNata hotA hai taba vaha zaktirUpa se rahA huA kArya abhivyaktarUpa meM hamAre sAmane A jAtA hai / isake atirikta kAraNa aura kArya meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM hai| jaba bhautika tattvoM meM hI cetanA nahIM hai taba yaha kaise sambhava hai ki zarIra caitanyaguNavAlA ho jAya ? yadi cetanA pratyeka bhautika tattva meM nahIM hai to una tattvoM ke saMyoga se bhI vaha utpanna nahIM ho sktii| reNu ke pratyeka kaNa meM na rahanevAlA taila reNukaNoM ke saMyoga se utpanna nahIM ho sktaa| ataH yaha kahanA yuktisaMgata nahIM ki caitanya caturbhUta ke viziSTa saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai yadyapi ina cAroM 1. jJAnaM na zarIraguNaM, sati zarIre ni vartamAnatvAt / -prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pR0 114. 2. pratyekamasatI teSu na syAd reNutailavat / -zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 44. 3. SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 6. 83.

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154. jaina dharma-darzana bhUtoM meM pRthaka-pRthaka caitanya nahIM hai / kiNvAdi dravyoM ke viziSTa saMyoga se utpanna honevAlI mAdakatA sarvathA navIna ho, aisI bAta nahIM hai / mAdakatA kA kucha-na-kucha aMza pratyeka dravya meM avazya rahatA hai / anyathA unake atirikta anya kisI bhI dravya se vahI mAdakatA kyoM nahIM utpanna ho jAtI ? zaktirUpa se rahanevAlI mAdakatA hI abhivyaktarUpa se prakaTa hotI hai / jo zaktirUpa se sat na ho vaha abhivyakta rUpa se bhI asat hI rahatA hai / jo vastu sarvathA asat hai vaha kabhI bhI sat nahIM ho sakatI - jaise khapuSpa / jo vastu sat hotI hai vaha kabhI bhI sarvathA asat nahIM ho sakatI - jaise caturbhUta / yadi caitanya sarvathA asat hai to vaha kabhI bhI sat nahIM ho sakatA aura yadi sat hai to sarvathA asat nahIM ho sakatA / caturbhUrta meM caitanya kI upalabdhi nahIM hotI, ataH usakA Azraya AtmA hai / AtmA kI pRthak siddhi meM eka hetu yaha bhI hai ki AtmA yA jIva zabda sArthaka hai kyoMki vaha vyutpattimUlaka hai aura zuddhapada hai| jo pada vyutpattiyukta evaM zuddha hotA hai usakA koI na koI viSaya yA vAcya avazya hotA hai, jaise ghaTa zabda kA vAcya eka viziSTa AkAravAlA padArtha hai / jo pada sArthaka nahIM hotA usakI vyutpatti nahIM hotI aura vaha zuddhapada nahIM hotA / 'Dittha' pada zuddha hotA huA bhI vyutpattimUlaka nahIM hai, ataH vaha nirarthaka hai / 'AkAzakusuma' pada vyutpattimUlaka hotA huA bhI nirarthaka hai kyoMki vaha zuddhapada nahIM hai / 'jIva' pada ke lie yaha bAta nahIM hai, ataH usakA vAcya koI na koI artha avazya 1. nAsato vidyate bhAvo nAbhAvo vidyate sataH / - bhagavadagItA, 2. 16.

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tattvavicAra honA cAhie / " yaha artha AtmA hai / AtmA kA svarUpa : tattvArtha sUtra meM jIva kA lakSaNa batAte samaya upayoga zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / upayoga bodharUpa vyApAra - vizeSa hai / yaha vyApAra caitanya ke kAraNa hotA hai| jar3a Adi padArthoM meM upayoga nahIM hai kyoMki unameM cetanA zakti kA abhAva hai / yaha cetanA zakti AtmA ko chor3akara anya kisI bhI dravya meM nahIM pAyI jAtI / ataH ise jIva kA lakSaNa kahA gayA hai / upayoga ke atirikta utpAda, vyaya, dhauvya, sattva, prameyatvAdi aneka sAdhAraNa dharma bhI usameM pAye jAte haiM / jIva kA vizeSa dharmaM cetanA hI tattvArthaMkAra ke zabdoM meM upayoga hai, ataH vahI usakA lakSaNa hai / lakSaNa meM unhIM guNoM kA samAveza hotA hai jo asAdhAraNa hote haiM | upayoga ko jo AtmA kA lakSaNa kahA gayA hai vaha moTe taura se hai / vaise caitanya hI AtmA kA dharma hai / yaha caitanya kevala upayogarUpa hI nahIM hai, apitu sukha aura vIryAtmaka bhI hai / upayoga kA artha hotA hai jJAna aura darzana / 3 AtmA meM ananta catuSTaya hotA hai-anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantasukha aura anantavIryaM / upayoga kevala jJAna aura darzana hI hai / sukha aura vIrya kA isI ke andara antarbhAva karane se yaha lakSaNa pUrNa ho sakatA hai| ananta catuSTaya saMsArI AtmA meM apane pUrNarUpa meM nahIM hotA / mukta AtmA athavA 1 1. jIvo tti satyamiNaM suddhattaNao ghaDAbhihANaM va / 2. upayogo lakSaNam / - tattvArtha sUtra, 2.8. 3. sa dvividho'STacaturbhedaH / - vahI, 2. 9. - vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1575. 155

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jaina dharma-darzana kevalI kI dRSTi se isakA grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya karma ke kSaya se kramazaH anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantasukha aura anantavIrya prAdurbhUta hotA hai / ' ina cAra ghAtikarmoM ke kSaya se prAdurbhUta honevAlI cetanA kI vizeSa zaktiyoM ko hI ananta catuSTaya kA nAma diyA gayA hai / vaise jIva yA AtmA kA lakSaNa cetanA hI hai| jJAnopayoga : ___ jJAnopayoga aura darzanopayoga meM yaha antara hai ki jJAna sAkAra hai, jaba ki darzana nirAkAra hai| jJAna savikalpaka hai aura darzana nirvikalpaka hai| upayoga kI sarvaprathama bhUmikA darzana hai jisameM kevala sattA kA bhAna hotA hai / isake bAda kramazaH upayoga vizeSagrAhI hotA jAtA hai| yaha jJAnopayoga hai| pahale darzana hotA hai phira jJAna hotA hai| isIlie darzana nirAkAra aura nirvikalpaka hai aura jJAna sAkAra aura savikalpaka hai| darzana ke pahale jJAna ko grahaNa isalie kiyA jAtA hai ki jJAna nirNayAtmaka hone ke kAraNa adhika mahattva rakhatA hai| vaise utpatti kI dRSTi se jJAna kA sthAna bAda meM hai aura darzana kA sthAna pahale hai| jJAnopayoga ke do bheda haiM-svabhAvajJAna aura vibhAvajJAna / svabhAvajJAna pUrNa hotA hai| use kisI bhI indriya kI apekSA nahIM rhtii| sIdhA AtmA se honevAlA pUrNa jJAna svabhAvajJAna - hai / yaha jJAna pratyakSa evaM sAkSAt hai / isI jJAna ko jaina darzana 1. mohakSayAjjJAnadarzanAvaraNAntarAyakSayAcca kevalam / -vahI,10. 1.. 2. pramANanayatattvAloka, 2. 7. 3. NANuvaogo duviho, sahAvaNANaM vibhAvaNANaMti |-niymsaar,10.

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157 tattvavicAra meM kevalajJAna kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| yaha jJAna akelA hI hotA hai ata: kevalajJAna kahalAtA hai / kevala kA artha hai asahAyaakelA / yaha jJAna kabhI mithyA nahIM hotaa| vibhAvajJAna ke punaH do bheda hote haiM-samyagjJAna aura mithyAjJAna / samyagjJAna cAra prakAra kA hotA hai-matijJAna, zrutajJAna avadhijJAna, aura manaHparyayajJAna / ___matijJAna-indriya aura mana se paidA honevAlA jIva aura ajIvaviSayaka jJAna matijJAna hai| __zrutajJAna-kisI Apta ke vacana sunane se athavA AptavAkyoM ko par3hane se jo jJAna hotA hai vaha zrutajJAna hai| yaha jJAna AptavAkya ke saMketasmaraNa se paidA hotA hai| ise AgamajJAna yA zabdajJAna bhI kaha sakate haiN| avadhijJAna-rUpI padArthoM kA pratyakSa jJAna avadhijJAna hai / isa jJAna se rUpI dravya hI jAne jAte haiM, arUpI dravya nahIM jAne jA skte| - manaHparyayajJAna-mana kA vividha paryAyoM kA pratyakSa jJAna manaHparya yajJAna hai| mithyAjJAna tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-matyajJAna, zrutAjJAna aura vibhaMgajJAna / ' matyajJAna-mativiSayaka mithyAjJAna matyajJAna hai| * zrutAjJAna-zrutaviSayaka mithyAjJAna kA nAma zrutAjJAna hai| vibhaMgajJAna-avadhiviSayaka mithyAjJAna ko vibhaMgajJAna kahA gayA hai| mithyAjJAna aura samyagjJAna kA AdhAra viSaya na hokara jJAtA hai / jo jJAtA mithyA-zraddhAvAlA hotA hai usakA sArA 1. matizratAvaSayo viparyayazca / -tasvArthasUtra, 1. 32.

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158 jaina dharma-darzana jJAna mithyA hotA hai / jisa jJAtA kI zraddhA ( darzana ) samyak hotI hai usakA jJAna bhI samyak hotA hai / samyaktva aura mithyAtva kA AdhAra zraddhA hai, bAhya padArtha nahIM / jJAna AtmA kA svabhAva hai / jo jIva apanI svAbhAvika avasthA meM hotA hai usakA jJAna pUrNa hotA hai / yahI jJAna kevalajJAna hai / isa jJAna ke lie AtmA ko kisI anya kAraNa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI / indriyAdi kAraNa usake lie kisI prakAra bhI upakAraka nahIM hote / jJAnAvaraNa karma kA prabhAva hone se saMsArI - baddha AtmA kA jJAna pUrNa nahIM hotaa| yaha apUrNa jJAna cAra prakAra kA hotA hai / jisa jJAna kA AdhAra indriya aura mana hotA hai vaha jJAna matijJAna kahalAtA hai| jisa jJAna kA AdhAra anya puruSa kA jJAna hotA hai vaha jJAna zrutajJAna hai / jo jJAna pratyakSa to hotA hai arthAt indriyAdi bAhya karaNoM kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA kintu sImita hotA hai - apUrNa hotA hai vaha avadhijJAna hai / jo jJAna mana sarIkhe sUkSma rUpI dravya ko apanA viSayaM banAtA hai vaha mana:paryayajJAna hai / yaha jJAna bhI mana taka hI sImita hai / yaha kabhI mithyA nahIM hotA / uparyukta apUrNa jJAna ke cAra prakAroM meM se prathama tIna prakAra haiM / ye tIna prakAra ke jJAna mithyAtvamohanIya kAraNa hote haiM / jaba zraddhA samyak ho jAtI hai taba tInoM jJAna samyak ho jAte haiM / isa prakAra jJAnopayoga ke kula ATha 1 bheda hue - 1. kevalajJAna (svabhAvajJAna), 2. matijJAna, 3. zrutajJAna, 4. avadhijJAna, 5 mana:paryayajJAna, 6. matyajJAna, 7 zrutAjJAna, 8. vibhaMgajJAna / mithyA bhI hote karma ke udaya ke

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156 inhIM ATha bhedoM ko tattvArthasUtrakAra ne isa prakAra batAyA : pahale jJAna ke pA~ca bheda kiye - mati, zruta, avadhi, manaH paryaya aura kevala / inameM se prathama do arthAt mati aura zruta ko parokSa kahA / zeSa tIna arthAt avadhi, mana:paryaya aura kevala ko pratyakSa kahA / ina pA~ca jJAnoM meM se prathama tIna jJAnoM ko viparyaya kahA / isa prakAra do parokSa, tIna pratyakSa aura tIna viparIta yoM kula milAkara jJAna ke ATha bheda hue / jJAnopayoga kI carcA ina ATha bhedoM ke sAtha samApta hotI hai / darzanopayoga : tattvavicAra jJAnopayoga kI taraha darzanopayoga bhI do prakAra kA haisvabhAvadarzana aura vibhAvadarzana / svabhAvadarzana AtmA kA svAbhAvika upayoga hai / svabhAvajJAna kI taraha yaha bhI pratyakSa evaM pUrNa hotA hai / ise kevaladarzana kahate haiM / vibhAvadarzana tIna prakAra kA hotA hai - cakSurdarzana, acakSudarzana, avadhidarzana / cakSurdarzana- cakSurindriya se honevAlA nirAkAra aura nirvikalpaka bodha cakSurdarzana hai / cakSurindriya kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa cakSurdarzana nAmaka svatantra bheda kiyA gayA hai / acakSurdarzana- cakSurindriyAtirikta indriyoM tathA mana se hone vAlA jo darzana hai vaha acakSurdarzana hai / avadhidarzana - sIdhA AtmA se honevAlA rUpI padArthoM kA darzana avadhidarzana hai / 1. tattvArtha sUtra, 16 - 12; 1.32.

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jaina dharma-darzana isa prakAra darzanopayoga ke cAra bheda hue 1. kevaladarzana ( svabhAvadarzana ), 2. cakSurdarzana, 3. acakSudarzana, 4 avadhidarzana | 160 jJAnopayoga aura darzanopayoga ke bhedoM meM yaha antara hai ki darzanopayoga kabhI mithyA nahIM hotA / sattAmAtra kA upayoga mithyA nahIM ho sakatA / jaba upayoga savikalpaka rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai --vizeSagrAhI hotA hai taba mithyA hone kA avasara AtA hai / sAmAnya sattAmAtra kA grahaNa mithyAtva se pare hai kyoMki vahA~ kevala sattA kA pratibhAsa hai / sattA ke pratibhAsa meM samyaktva aura mithyAtva kA bheda nahIM hotA / vaha to ekarUpa hotA hai aura vaha rUpa yathArtha hotA hai / dUsarA antara yaha hai ki mana:paryayadarzana nahIM hotA kyoMki avadhidarzana ke viSaya ke anantaveM bhAga kA jJAna hI mana:paryayajJAna hai / mana:paryaya upayoga avadhijJAna kA hI vizeSa vikAsa hai / aisI dazA meM mana:paryaya nAmaka bhinna darzana kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM / sUkSma vivecana kiyA jAya to mana:paryayajJAna bhI avadhijJAna se bhinna nahIM hai / avadhijJAna aura mana:paryayajJAna eka hI upayoga kI do bhUmikAeM haiN| tIsarA antara yaha hai ki zrutajJAna kI taraha zrutadarzana nahIM hotA kyoMki zrutopayoga hamezA savikalpaka hotA hai| cakSudarzana aura acakSurdarzana matijJAna kI hI bhUmikAe~ haiM / ina donoM kA nAma matidarzana isalie nahIM rakhA ki darzana meM cakSurindriya ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai / cakSu ke mahattva ke kAraNa eka bheda cakSu ke nAma se rakhA gayA aura dUsarA cakSu se itara indriyoM aura mana ke nAma se / sAmAnyarUpa se AtmA kA yahI svarUpa hai / aise jIvoM ke do bheda kiye gaye haiM- saMsArI aura mukta / ' mukta jIva kA lakSaNa 1. saMsAriNI muktAzcaM / - vahI, 2.10.

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tattvavicAra 161 svabhAvopayoga hai / kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzanarUpa AtmA kA zuddha aura svabhAvopayoga hI muktAtmA kI pahacAna hai / saMsArI jIvoM ke samanaska aura amanaska, trasa aura sthAvara, paryApta aura aparyApta Adi kaI bheda haiM / ina saba bhedoM kA vizeSa vicAra na karake saMsArI jIva ke svarUpa kA jarA vistRta vivecana kareMge | sAtha-hI-sAtha anya darzanoM se isa viSaya meM kyA matabheda hai, isakA bhI ullekha karane kA prayatna kareMge / saMsArI AtmA : vAdidevasUri ne saMsArI AtmA kA jo svarUpa batAyA hai usameM jaina darzana-sammata AtmA kA pUrNa rUpa A jAtA hai / yahA~ usI svarUpa ko AdhAra banAkara vivecana kiyA jAyagA / vaha svarUpa yaha hai AtmA pratyakSAdi pramANoM se siddha hai / vaha caitanyasvarUpa hai, pariNAmI hai, kartA hai, sAkSAt bhoktA hai, svadehaparimANa hai, pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna hai, paudgalika karmoM se yukta hai / " 'AtmA pratyakSAdi pramANoM se siddha hai' isa kathana kA tAtparya yaha hai ki cArvAkAdi jo loga AtmA kA pRthak astitva nahIM mAnate unheM usakI svatantra sattA meM vizvAsa karanA caahie| isake lie hama bahuta kucha likha cuke haiM ataH yahA~ use doharAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM / 'vaha caitanyasvarUpa hai' yaha lakSaNa vaizeSika aura naiyAyikAdi una dArzanikoM ko uttara dene ke lie hai jo caitanya ko 1. pramAtA pratyakSAdiprasiddha AtmA / caitanyasvarUpaH pariNAmI karttA sAkSAdbhoktA svadeha parimANaH pratikSetraM bhinna paudgalikAdRSTavAMzcAyam / - pramANanayatattvAloka, 7.55-56. 11

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162 jaina dharma-darzana AtmA kA Agantuka aura aupAdhika guNa mAnate haiN| AtmA svarUpa se cetana nahIM hai| buddhayAdi guNoM ke sambandha se usameM jJAna yA cetanA utpanna hotI hai / jisa prakAra agni ke sambandha se ghaTa meM raktatA utpanna hotI hai usI prakAra AtmA meM cetanA guNa utpanna hotA hai|' jaba taka AtmA meM caitanya utpanna nahIM hotA taba taka vaha jar3a hai| jo loga isa prakAra caitanya kI utpatti mAnate haiM unaka mata se AtmA svabhAva se cetana nahIM hai / ve caitanya ko AtmA kA Avazyaka guNa nahIM mAnate / caitanya athavA jJAna eka bhinna tattva hai aura AtmA eka bhinna padArtha hai| donoM ke sambandha se AtmA meM jJAna utpanna hotA hai| isI sambandha ke kAraNa hama kahate haiM ki yaha AtmA jJAnavAn hai / jisa prakAra daNDa ke sambandha se puruSa daNDI kahA jAtA hai usI prakAra jJAna ke sambandha se AtmA jJAnavAn kahA jAtA hai| vAstava meM jJAna aura AtmA atyanta bhinna haiN| uparyukta mAnyatA kA khaNDana karate hue yaha kahA gayA ki AtmA caitanyasvarUpa hai| caitanya AtmA kA mUla guNa hai, Agantuka yA aupAdhika nhiiN| AtmA aura caitanya meM ekAnta bheda nahIM hai| yadi AtmA aura jJAna ko ekAnta bhinna mAnA jAya tA caitra kA jJAna caitra kI AtmA se utanA hI bhinna hai jitanA ki maitra kI AtmA se / isI prakAra maMtra kA jJAna bhI maitra kI AtmA se utanA hI bhinna hai jitanA ki caitra kI AtmA se / caitra aura maitra donoM kA jJAna donoM kI AtmAoM ke lie eka sarIkhA 1. agnighaTasaMyogajarohitAdiguNavat / --zAMkarabhASya, 2. 3. 188.

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tattvavicAra 163 hai| aisI sthiti meM isakA kyA kAraNa hai ki caitra kA jJAna caitra kI hI AtmA meM hai aura maitra kA jJAna maitra kI hI AtmA meM ? donoM jJAna donoM meM samAna rUpa se rahane cAhie / vAstava meM 'usakA jJAna', 'isakA jJAna' yA 'merA jJAna' jaisI koI vastu nahIM hai / sabhI jJAna savase samAna rUpa se bhinna haiM kyoMki jJAna AtmA kA svabhAva nahIM hai / vaha bAda meM AtmA se jur3atA hai| ___ isa kaThinAI ko dUra karane ke lie yaha hetu diyA jAtA hai ki yadyapi jJAna aura AtmA bilkula bhinna haiM tathApi jJAna AtmA se samavAya sambandha se sambaddha hai / jo jJAna jisa AtmA ke sAtha sambaddha hotA hai vaha jJAna usI AtmA kA kahA jAtA hai, anya kA nhiiN| isa prakAra samavAya sambandha hamArI sArI kaThinAI dUra kara detA hai| caitra kA jJAna caitra kI AtmA se sambaddha hai, na ki maitra kI AtmA se / isI taraha maitra kA jJAna maitra kI AtmA ke sAtha samavAya sambandha se sambaddha hai, na ki caitra kI AtmA ke sAtha / jo jJAna jisa AtmA ke sAtha samavAya sambandha se jur3A huA hotA hai vaha jJAna usI AtmA kA jJAna kahA jAtA hai| naiyAyikoM aura vaizeSikoM kA yaha hetu ThIka nhiiN| samavAya eka hai, nitya hai aura vyApaka hai / amuka jJAna kA sambandha caitra se hI honA cAhie, maitra se nahIM, isakA koI santoSaprada uttara nahIM hai| jaba samavAya eka, nitya aura vyApaka hai taba aisA kyoM ki amuka jJAna kA sambandha amuka AtmA ke sAtha hI ho aura anya AtmAoM ke sAtha nhiiN| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki nyAyavaizeSika darzana ke anusAra AtmA bhI sarvavyApaka hai isalie eka AtmA kA jJAna saba AtmAoM meM rahanA cAhie / isa taraha caitra kA jJAna maitra meM bhI rhegaa|

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164 jaina dharma-darzana kisI taraha yaha mAna bhI liyA jAya ki jJAna saMmavAya sambandha se AtmA ke sAtha sambaddha ho jAtA hai, taba bhI eka prazna bAkI raha jAtA hai aura vaha yaha ki samavAya kisa sambandha se jJAna aura AtmA ke sAtha sambaddha hotA hai ? yadi isake lie kisI anya samavAya kI AvazyakatA hotI hai to anavasthA doSa kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki vaha apaneApa jur3a jAtA hai to phira jJAna aura AtmA apane-Apa kyoM nahIM sambaddha ho jAte ? unake lie eka tIsarI cIja kI AvazyakatA kyoM rahatI hai ? ___ naiyAyika aura vaizeSika eka dUsarA hetu upasthita karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki AtmA aura jJAna meM kartR-karaNabhAva hai ataH donoM bhinna hone caahie| AtmA kartA hai aura jJAna karaNa haiM ataH AtmA aura jJAna eka nahIM ho skte| jaina dArzanika kahate haiM ki yaha hetu ThIka nahIM hai / jJAna aura AtmA kA sambandha sAmAnya karaNa aura kartA kA sambandha nahIM hai / 'devadatta dAtra se kATatA hai| yahA~ dAtra eka bAhya karaNa hai| jJAna isa prakAra kA karaNa nahIM hai jo AtmA se bhinna ho|' yadi dAtra kI taraha jJAna bhI AtmA se bhinna siddha ho jAya taba yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jJAna aura AtmA meM karaNa aura kartA kA sambandha hai, phalataH jJAna AtmA se bhinna hai| hama kaha sakate haiM ki devadatta netra aura dIpaka se dekhatA hai| yahA~ para devadatta se dIpaka jisa prakAra bhinna hai usa prakAra A~kheM bhinna nahIM haiN| yadyapi dIpaka aura netra donoM karaNa haiM kintu donoM meM bahuta antara hai| 1. karaNa dvividha jJeyaM, bAhyamAbhyantaraM budhaiH / yathA lunAti dAtreNa, meruM gacchati cetasA / / -syAhAdamaMjarI, pR0 42. .

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tattvavicAra 165 usI prakAra jJAna AtmA kA karaNa hotA huA bhI AtmA se sarvathA bhinna nahIM hai / vaha AtmA kA svabhAva hai isalie AtmA se abhinna hai| yahA~ para eka zaMkA hotI hai ki yadi AtmA aura jJAna abhinna haiM to una donoM meM kartR-karaNabhAva kaise bana sakatA hai ? jisa prakAra sarpa apane hI zarIra se apane ko lapeTatA hai' usI prakAra AtmA apane se hI apane Apako jAnatA hai| vahI AtmA jAnanevAlA hai-kartA hai aura usI AtmA se jAnatA hai-karaNa hai / kartA aura karaNa kA yaha sambandha paryAyabheda se hai| AtmA kI hI paryAya karaNa hotI haiN| una paryAyoM ko chor3akara dUsarA koI karaNa nahIM hotaa| ataH AtmA caitanyasvarUpa hai| AtmA 'pariNAmI hai' yaha vizeSaNa una logoM ke mata ke khaNDana ke lie hai jo AtmA ko caitanyasvarUpa mAnate hue bhI ekAnta rUpa se nitya evaM zAzvata mAnate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki AtmA apariNAmI hai-aparivartanazIla hai| udAharaNa ke lie sAMkhya darzana ko liijie| vaha puruSa ko kUTastha nitya mAnatA hai / jo kucha bhI parivartana hotA hai vaha prakRti meM hotA hai| puruSa na kabhI baddha hotA hai aura na kabhI mukta / bandhana aura muktirUpa jitane bhI pariNAma haiM ve prakRtyAzrita haiM, puruSAzrita nhiiN| puruSa nitya hai ataH janma, maraNa Adi jitane bhI pari1. sarpa AtmAnamAtmanA veSTayati / -syAdvAdamaMjarI, pR0 43. 2. tasmAnna badhyate'ddhA na mucyate nA'pi saMsarati kazcit / saMsarati badhyate mucyate ca nAnA''zrayA prakRtiH // -sAMkhyakArikA, 62.

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166 jaina dharma-darzana NAma haiM unase vaha bhinna hai-aspRzya hai / isIlie puruSa apariNAmI hai / pariNAmavAda kA samarthana karanevAlA jaina darzana kahatA hai ki yadi prakRti hI baddha hotI hai, prakRti hI mukta hotI hai to vaha kyA haiM jisase prakRti baddha hotI haiM aura jisake abhAva meM use mukti milatI hai ? prakRti ke atirikta koI aisA tattva nahIM jise sAMkhya darzana mAnatA ho / isa lae prakRti kisI anya tattva se to baddha nahIM ho sakatI / yadi prakRti svayaM hI baddha hotI hai aura svayaM hI mukta hotI hai to bandhana aura mukti meM koI antara nahIM hogA kyoMki prakRti hamezA prakRti hai / vaha jaisI haiM vaisI hI rahegI kyoMki usameM bheda DAlanevAlA koI anya kAraNa nahIM hai / akhaNDa tattva meM apane-Apa avasthAbheda nahIM ho sakatA / yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki puruSa prakRti ke parivartana meM kAraNa hai taba bhI samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM ho sakatA / puruSa hamezA prakRti ke sammukha rahatA hai / yadi vaha hamezA ekarUpa hai to prakRti bhI ekarUpa rhegii| yadi usameM parivartana hotA hai to prakRti meM bhI parivartana hogA / aisA nahIM ho sakatA ki puruSa to sadaiva ekarUpa rahe aura prakRti meM parivartana hotA rahe / yadi puruSa prakRti ke parivartana meM kAraNa hai to usameM bhI parivartana honA caahie| binA usameM parivartana hue prakRti meM parivartana hotA rahe, yaha samajha meM nahIM AtA / yadi prakRti ke parivartana ke lie puruSa meM parivartana mAnA jAya to jisa balA se bacane ke lie prakRti kI zaraNa lenI par3I vahI balA punaH gale meM A par3I / sAMkhya darzana kI dhAraNA ke anusAra sukha-duHkhAdi jitanI bhI mAnasika kriyAeM haiM saba prakRti kI dena haiN| puruSa kA buddhi meM pratibimba par3atA hai / isa pratibimba ke kAraNa puruSa yaha

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tattvavicAra 167 samajhatA hai ki sukha-duHkhAdi mere bhAva haiN| yaha dhAraNA bhI pariNAmavAda kI ora jAtI hai / puruSa apane mUla svarUpa ko bhUlakara sukha-duHkhAdi ko apanA samajhane lagatA hai, isakA artha yaha huA ki usake mUla rUpa meM eka prakAra kA parivartana ho gyaa| binA apane asalI rUpa ko chor3e yaha kabhI nahIM ho sakatA ki vaha sukha-duHkhAdi ko, jo vAstava meM usake nahIM hai, apanA samajhane lge| jyoMhI vaha apane mUlarUpa ko bhUlakara anya rUpa meM A jAtA hai tyoMhI usake svabhAva meM parivartana ho jAtA hai| yaha parivartana apariNAmI puruSa meM kadApi sambhava nhiiN| ataH puruSa pariNAmI hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki sukhaduHkhAdi pariNAma caitanyapUrvaka haiN| jar3a prakRti ko ina pariNAmoM kA anubhava nahIM ho sakatA / aisI dazA meM yahI mAnanA cAhie ki puruSa pariNAmI hai| ___sAMkhya puruSa ko kartA nahIM mAnatA / puruSa sAkSI mAtra hai, aisA usakA vizvAsa hai| pariNAmavAda kI siddhi ke sAtha hI kartRtva bhI siddha ho jAtA hai| sukha-du.khAdi kA anubhava binA kriyA ke nahIM ho sakatA / athavA kahanA cAhie ki sukhaduHkhAdi kriyArUpa hI haiN| aisI avasthA meM puruSa ko akartA aura niSkriya kahanA ThIka nhiiN| AtmA 'kartA hai' yaha lakSaNa isI bAta kI puSTi ke lie hai| 'AtmA sAkSAt bhoktA hai' yaha vizeSaNa bhI sAMkhyoM kI mAnyatA ke khaNDana ke lie hai| sAMkhyaloga puruSa meM sAkSAt bhoktRtva nahIM mAnate / ve kahate haiM ki buddhi kA jo bhoga hai 1. tasmAcca viparyAsAt siddhaM sAkSitvamasya puruSasya / ___ kaivalyaM mAdhyasthyaM dRSTatvamakatuMbhAvazca // -sAMkhyakArikA, 16.

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168 jaina dharma-darzana usI ko puruSa apanA mAna letA hai| vaise puruSa meM svataH bhogakriyA nahIM hai| jainoM kA kathana hai ki bhogarUpa kriyA jar3a buddhi meM nahIM ghaTa sktii| usakA sambandha sIdhA puruSa se hai-AtmA se hai| jisa.prakAra pariNAma aura kriyA kA Azraya AtmA hI honA cAhie usI prakAra bhogarUpa kriyA kA Azraya bhI AtmA hI honA cAhie / isake atirikta, puruSa kA buddhi meM pratibimba nahIM par3a sakatA kyoMki puruSa AdhyAtmika aura cetana tattva hai jabaki buddhi jar3a aura bhautika hai kyoMki vaha prakRti kA vikAsa hai| caitanya kA jar3a tattva meM pratibimba kaise par3a sakatA hai ? pratibimba to jar3a kA jar3a meM hI par3a sakatA hai / jaina darzana-sammata AtmA aura karma ke sambandha meM ye saba doSa lAgU nahIM hote kyoMki vaha saMsArI AtmA ko pariNAmI aura kathaMcit mUrta mAnatA hai / sAMkhya darzana ekAntavAdI hai / vaha puruSa ko ekAnta rUpa se nitya mAnatA hai / pariNAma kA bhI Atyantika abhAva mAnatA hai| aisI sthiti meM prakRti aura puruSa kA kisI bhI prakAra kA sambandha nahIM ghaTa sktaa| sambandha ke lie parivartana-pariNAma atyanta Avazyaka hai| jahA~ pariNAma kA abhAva hai vahA~ kartRtva, bhoktRtva Adi sabhI kriyAoM kA abhAva hai| AtmA 'svadehaparimANa hai' yaha lakSaNa una sabhI dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA kA khaNDana karane ke lie hai jo AtmA ko sarvavyApaka mAnate haiN| naiyAyika, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, mImAMsaka Adi AtmA kA anekatva to svIkRta karate haiM kintu sAtha-hI-sAtha AtmA ko sarvavyApaka bhI mAnate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra AkAza sarvavyApaka hai usI prakAra pratyeka AtmA sarvavyApaka hai / bhAratIya darzanazAstra meM AtmA kA svatantra

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tatvavicAra 166 astitva mAnakara bhI use svadeha-parimANa mAnanA jaina darzana kI hI vizeSatA hai| jaina darzana ke atirikta koI aisA darzana nahIM hai jo AtmA ko zarIra-parimANa mAnatA ho| jainoM kA kathana hai ki kisI bhI AtmA ko zarIra se bAhara mAnanA anubhava evaM pratIti se viparIta hai| hamArI pratIti hameM yahI batAtI hai ki jitane parimANa meM hamArA zarIra hai utane hI parimANa meM hamArI AtmA hai| zarIra se bAhara AtmA kA astiH| kisI bhI pramANa se siddha nahIM ho sktaa| jahA~ para jisa vastu ke guNa upalabdha hote haiM vaha vastu vahI para hotI hai| kumbha vahIM hai jahA~ kumbha ke guNa rUpAdi upalabdha hai| isI prakAra AtmA kA astitva bhI vahIM mAnanA cAhie jahA~ AtmA ke guNa jJAna, smRti Adi upalabdha hoN| ye sAre guNa yadyapi bhautika zarIra ke nahIM haiM tathApi upalabdha vahIM hote haiM jahA~ zarIra hotA hai, ataH yaha mAnanA ThIka nahIM ki AtmA sarvavyApaka hai / ___koI yaha pUcha sakatA hai ki gandha dUra rahatI hai phira bhI hama kaise sUMgha lete haiM ? isakA uttara yahI hai ki gandha ke paramANu ghrANendriya taka pahuMcate haiM isIlie hameM gandha AtI hai| yadi ghrANendriya ke pAsa pahuMce vinA hI gandha kA anubhava hone lage to sabhI vastuoM kI gandha A jAnI caahie| aisA nahIM hotA, kintu jisa vastu ke gandhANu hamArI ghrANendriya taka pahu~cate haiM usI vastu kI gandha kI pratIti hotI hai / AtmA ke sarvagatatva kA khaNDana karane ke lie nimnokta hetu hai___ AtmA sarvagata nahIM hai kyoMki usake guNa sarvatra upalabdha nahIM hote| jisake guNa sarvatra upalabdha nahIM hote vaha sarvagata nahIM hotA, jaise ghaTa / AtmA ke guNa sarvatra upalabdha nahIM hote 1. anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, kA0 6.

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170 jaina dharma-darzana ataH AtmA sarvagata nahIM hai / jo sarvagata hotA hai usake guNa sarvatra upalabdha hote haiM, jaise AkAza / * naiyAyika. isa mAnyatA kA khaNDana karate hue kahate haiM ki hamArA adRSTa sarvatra kArya karatA rahatA hai / usake rahane ke lie AtmA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| vaha kevala AkAza meM nahIM rahatA kyoMki pratyeka AtmA kA adRSTa bhinna-bhinna hai / jaba adRSTa sarvavyApaka hai taba AtmA bhI sarvavyApaka hI hogI kyoMki jahA~ AtmA hotI hai vahIM adRSTa rahatA hai| jaina dArzanika isa cIja ko nahIM mAnate / ve kahate haiM ki pratyeka vastu kA apanA-apanA svabhAva hotA hai jisake anusAra vaha kArya karatI hai / agni kA svabhAva jalanA hai isalie vaha jalatI hai / yadi pratyeka vastu ke lie adRSTa kI kalpanA kI jAyagI to vAyu kA tiryaggamana, agni kA 'prajvalana Adi jagat ke jitane bhI kArya haiM sabake lie adRSTa kI sattA mAnanI pdd'egii| aisA mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM kyoMki pratyeka vastu kA eka viziSTa svabhAva hotA hai jisake anusAra vaha kArya karatI hai / vaha svabhAva usakA svarUpa hai, adRSTa-pradatta guNa nahIM / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki yadi sabhI vastuoM ke svabhAva kA nirmANa adRSTa dvArA mAnA jAya to Izvara ke lie jagat meM koI sthAna nahIM rahegA / eka prazna yaha ho sakatA hai ki yadi AtmA vibhu nahIM hai to zarIra-nirmANa ke lie paramANuoM ko kaise khIMcegI ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki zarIra nirmANa ke lie vibhatva kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / yadi AtmA ko vibhu mAnA jAya to usakA zarIra jagatparimANa ho jAyagA kyoMki jagatvyApI hone se vaha 1. syAdvAdamaMjarI, pR0 46.

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tattvavicAra 171 sAre jagat ke paramANuoM ko khIMca legI / aisI avasthA meM na jAne usakA zarIra kitanA bhayaMkara hogA jagat meM eka hI zarIra hogA / aura zAyada sAre naiyAyika eka aura zaMkA uThAtA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki AtmA ko zarIra - parimANa mAnane se AtmA sAvayava ho jAyagI aura sAvayava hone se kArya ho jAyagI, jaise zarIra svayaM kArya hai / kArya hone se AtmA anitya ho jaaygii| jaina dArzanika isa pariNAma ko bar3e garva se svIkRta karate haiN| ve AtmA ko kUTasya nitya mAnate hI nhiiN| isalie AtmA ko anitya mAnanA unheM iSTa hai / jainoM kI mAnyatA hai ki AtmA ke pradeza hote haiM, yadyapi sAdhAraNa artha meM avayava nahIM hote / AtmA pAriNAmika hai, sAvayava hai, sapradeza hai / aisI sthiti meM anityatA kA doSa jainoM para nahIM AtA / AtmA saMkoca aura vikAsazAlI haiM ataH eka zarIra se dUsare zarIra meM pahuMcane para usake parimANa meM parivartana ho jAtA hai / rAmAnuja jisa prakAra jJAna ko saMkoca vikAsazAlI mAnatA hai usI prakAra jaina darzana AtmA ko saMkoca vikAsazAlI mAnatA hai / AtmA 'pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna hai' yaha bAta una dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA ke khaNDana ke rUpa meM kahI gaI hai jo AtmA ko kevala eka AdhyAtmika tattva mAnate haiM / unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra pratyeka AtmA kI svatantra sattA nahIM hai / jaina darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra eka hI zarIra meM aneka AtmAeM raha sakatI haiM kintu eka AtmA aneka zarIroM meM nahIM raha sakatI / nayAyika Adi dArzanika bhI aneka AtmAoM kI svatantra sattA meM vizvAsa karate haiN| isa anekatA kI dRSTi se jaina darzana meM aura unameM 1. jJAnaM dharma saMkocavikAzayogyam / - tatvatraya, pR0 35. : .

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172 jaina dharma-darzana 1 mataikya hai ( svadehaparimANa kI dRSTi se jo matabheda hai usakA vicAra kara cuke haiM ) | advaita vedAnta mAnatA hai ki AdhyAtmika tattva eka hI hai / vaha sarvavyApaka hai aura sarvatra samAna rUpa se rahatA hai / avidyA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hama yaha samajhate haiM ki bhinna-bhinna AtmAeM haiM aura unakA bhinna-bhinna astitva hai / jisa prakAra eka hI AkAza ghaTAkAza, paTAkAza Adi rUpoM meM pratibhAsita hotA hai usI prakAra avidyA ke kAraNa eka hI AtmA aneka AtmAoM ke rUpa meM pratibhAsita hotI hai / eka hI paramezvara kUTastha nitya vijJAna dhAtu avidyA ke kAraNa aneka prakAra kA mAlUma hotA hai / ' isa mAnyatA kA khaNDana karate hue jainAcArya kahate haiM ki jahA~ taka AkAza kA prazna hai, yaha kahanA ucita hai ki vaha eka hai kyoMki aneka vastuoM ko apane andara avagAhanA dete hue bhI vaha ekarUpa rahatA hai / usake andara koI bheda dRSTigocara nahIM hotA / athavA AkAza bhI sarvathA ekarUpa nahIM hai kyoMki vaha bhI ghaTAkAza, paTAkAza, maThAkAza Adi aneka rUpoM meM pariNata hotA rahatA hai| dIpaka kI taraha vaha bhI kathaMcit nitya hai aura kathaMcit anitya / phira bhI mAna lIjie ki AkAza ekarUpaM hai / kintu jahA~ taka AtmA kA prazna hai, aisI koI bhI ekatA mAlUma nahIM hotI jisake kAraNa sAre bheda samApta ho jAte hoM / yaha ThIka hai ki unakA svarUpa eka sarIkhA hai / aisA hote hue bhI unameM aikAntika abheda nahIM hai / mAyA ko bIca meM DAlakara bheda ko mithyA siddha karanA yuktisaMgata nahIM kyoMki 1. teSAM sarveSAmAtmaikatvasamyagdarzanapratipakSabhUtAnAM pratibodhAyedaM zarIrakamArabdham / eka eva paramezvarasya kUTastha nityo vijJAnadhAturavidyayA mAyayA mAyAvivadanekadhA vibhAvyate, nAnyo vijJAnadhAturasti / - zArIrakabhApya, 1. 3. 16.

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tattvavicAra 173 mAyA svayaM hI asiddha hai| AtmA pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna hai, pratyeka piNDa meM alaga hai| saMsAra ke sabhI jIvita prANI bhinnabhinna haiM kyoMki unake guNoM meM bheda hai, jaise ghaTa / jahA~ kisI vastu ke guNoM meM anya vastu ke guNoM se bheda nahIM hotA vahA~ vaha usase bhinna nahIM hotI, jaise AkAza / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki yadi sAre saMsAra kA antima tattva eka hI AtmA hai to sukha, duHkha, bandhana, mukti Adi kisI kI bhI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| jahA~ eka hai vahA~ koI bheda ho hI nahIM sakatA / bheda hamezA anekapUrvaka hotA hai / bheda kA artha hI anekatA hai| mAyA yA avidyA bhI isa samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM kara sakatI kyoMki jahA~ kevala eka tatva hai vahA~ mAyA yA avidyA nAma kI koI cIja nahIM ho sakatI / usake lie koI gaMjAiza nahIM rhtii| tAtparya yaha hai ki ekatattvavAdI bheda kA saMtoSajanaka samAdhAna nahIM kara sktaa| yaha hamAre anubhava kI bAta hai ki bheda hotA hai isalie bheda kA apalApa bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / aisI dazA meM sukha, duHkha,janana, maraNa, bandhana, mukti Adi aneka dazAoM ke santoSaprada samAdhAna ke lie aneka AtmAoM kI svatantra sattA mAnanA atyAvazyaka hai|' ___ AtmA ke guNoM meM bheda kaise hai, isakA uttara dete hue kahA gayA hai ki AtmA kA sAmAnya lakSaNa upayoga hai| kintu yaha upayoga ananta prakAra kA hotA hai kyoMki pratyeka AtmA meM bhinnabhinna upayoga hai| kisI AtmA meM upayoga kA utkarSa hai to kisI meM apakarSa hai / utkarSa aura apakarSa kI antima avasthAoM 1. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1582.

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174 jaina dharma-darzana ke bIca meM aneka prakAra haiN| AtmAe~ ananta haiM isalie AtmA ke bheda se upayoga ke bheda bhI ananta haiM / ' yahA~ para sAMkhya darzana ke una tIna hetuoM kA bhI nirdeza kara denA cAhie jinase puruSabahutva kI siddhi kI gaI hai| ye tInoM hetu AtmA ke bahutva kI siddhi ke lie bahuta upayogI haiM / pahalA hetu hai 'jananamaraNakaraNAnAM pratiniyamAt' arthAt utpatti, mRtyu aura indriyAdikaraNoM kI vibhinnatA se puruSabahutva kA anumAna ho sakatA hai| dUsarA hetu hai 'ayugapatpravRte:' arthAt alaga-alaga pravRtti ko dekhakara puruSabahutva kI kalpanA ho sakatI hai / tIsarA hetu hai 'traiguNyaviparyayAt' arthAt sattva, rajas aura tamam kI asamAnatA se puruSabahutva kI siddhi ho sakatI hai / sattva, rajas aura tamas kI asamAnatA ke sthAna para jaina karma kI asamAnatA kA prayoga kara sakate haiM / AtmA ke bahutva kI siddhi ke lie itanI carcA kAphI hai / AtmA 'paudgalika karmoM se yukta hai' yaha lakSaNa do bAtoM ko prakaTa karatA hai / pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki jo loga karma Adi kI sattA meM vizvAsa nahIM rakhate unake siddhAnta kA khaNDana karatA hai / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki jo loga karmoM ko mAnate haiM kintu unheM paugalika arthAt bhautika nahIM mAnate unake mata ko dUSita ThaharAtA hai / 'karma' patra se prathama bAta nikalatI hai aura 'paudgalika' pada se dUsarI bAta prakaTa hotI haiN| 1. vahI, 1583. 2. jananamaraNakaraNAnAM pratiniyamAdayugapat vRtezva | puruSabahutvaM guNyaviparyayA // siddha - sAMkhyakArikA, 18. --

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tattvavicAra 175 cArvAka jo ki karma kI sattA meM vizvAsa nahIM karate unakI mAnyatA kA khaNDana karate hue kahA jA sakatA hai ki sukhaduHkhAdi kI viSamatA kA koI-na-koI kAraNa avazya hai kyoMki yaha eka prakAra kA kArya hai, jaise aMkurAdi / kevala AtmA meM sukhaduHkhAdi kI viSamatA nahIM hotii| vaha to anantasukhAtmaka hai aura phira cArvAka AtmA ko mAnate bhI nahIM / bhUtoM kA viziSTa saMyoga bhI isa viSamatA kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki usa saMyoga kI viSamatA ke pIche koI-na-koI anya kAraNa avazya honA cAhie jisake kAraNa saMyoga meM vaiSamya hotA hai| vaha kAraNa kyA hai ? usa kAraNa kI khoja meM vartamAna ko chor3akara bhRta taka pahu~canA par3atA hai| vahI kAraNa karma hai / yadi koI yaha kahe ki hameM karmo kA pratyakSa nahIM hotA isalie karma mAnane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / aisI avasthA meM use yaha uttara diyA jA sakatA hai ki jo vastu indriya-pratyakSa kA viSaya na ho vaha hai hI nahIM, aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA, anyathA bhUta aura bhaviSya ke jitane bhI padArtha haiM saba asata ho jAyeMge kyoMki unakA hameM isa samaya pratyakSa nahIM ho rahA hai / aisI dazA meM sArA vyavahAra lupta ho jaaygaa| pitA kI mRtyu ke bAda 'maiM apane pitA kA putra hU~' aisA nahIM kahA jA sakegA kyoMki pitA kA pratyakSa hI nahIM hai| isa kaThinAI ko dUra karane ke lie anumAna kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai / 'putra' kArya hai isalie usakA kAraNa 'pitA' avazya honA caahie| isI prakAra karmoM ke kAryo ko dekhakara kAraNa rUpa karmoM kA anumAna lagAnA. hI par3atA hai / isI cIja ko dUsarI taraha se dekheM / paramANu indriya-pratyakSa kA viSaya nahIM hai kintu ghaTAdi kArya dekhakara tatkAraNarUpa paramANuoM kA anumAna kiyA

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176 jaina dharma-darzana jAtA hai / isI prakAra sukha-duHkhAdi ke vaiSamya ko dekhakara tatkAraNarUpa karmoM kA anumAna karanA yuktisaMgata hai / yahA~ uTha sakatA hai / candana, aMganAdi ke saMyoga vyakti sukha kI prApti hotI hai aura viSa, kaNTaka, sarpA se duHkha milatA hai / ye pratyakSa dikhAI denevAle kAraNa hI sukha aura duHkha ke kAraNa haiM / aisI dazA meM hama adRzya kAraNoM kI kalpanA kyoM kareM ? jo kAraNa dikhAI dete haiM unheM chor3akara aise kAraNoM kI kalpanA karanA jo apratyakSa haiM, ThIka nhiiN| prazna bahuta acchA hai kintu usameM thor3A-sA doSa hai / doSa yaha hai ki vaha vyabhicArI hai / yaha hamArA pratidina kA anubhava hai ki eka hI prakAra ke sAdhanoM ke rahate hue eka vyakti adhika sukhI hotA haiM, dUsarA kama sukhI hotA haiM, tIsarA duHkhI hotA hai / samAna sAdhanoM se sabako samAna sukha nahIM miltaa| yahI bAta duHkha ke sAdhanoM ke viSaya meM bhI kahI jA sakatI haiN| aisA kyoM hotA hai ? isake lie kisI-na-kisI adRSTa kI kalpanA karanI par3atI haiM / jisa prakAra hama yuvakadeha ko dekhakara bAla deha kA anumAna karate haiM usI prakAra bAladeha ko dekhakara bhI kisI anya deha kA anumAna karanA cAhie / yaha deha 'kArmaNa zarIra' hai / " yaha paramparA anAdikAla se calI AtI hai / hama zarIrarUpa kArya se karmarUpa kAraNa kA anumAna karate haiM / zarIra bhautika hai - paudgalika hai aisI dazA meM karma bhI paudgalika hI hone cAhieM kyoMki paudgalika kArya kA kAraNa bhI paudgalika hI ho sakatA hai| jaina darzana tarka kI isa mAMga kA samarthana karatA hai tathA karma ko paudgalika siddha karane ke lie nimna hetu upasthita karatA hai 1. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1614. M

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tatvavicAra 1. karma paudgalika haiM kyoMki unase sukha-duHkhAdi kA anubhava hotA hai / jisake sambandha se sukha-duHkhAdi kA anubhava hotA hai vaha paudgalika hotA hai, jaise bhojanAdi / jo paudgalika nahIM hotA usake sambandha se sukha-duHkhAdi bhI nahIM hote, jaise AkAza / 2. jisake sambandha se tIvra vedanAdi kA anubhava hotA hai vaha paudgalika hotA hai, jaise agni / karma ke sambandha se tIvra vedanAdi kI pratIti hotI hai, ataH karma paudgalika haiN| 3 podgalika padArtha ke saMyoga se paudgalika padArtha kI hI vRddhi ho sakatI hai, jaise ghaTa tailAdi ke saMyoga se vRddhaya nmukha hotA hai / yahI sthiti hamArI haiN| hama bAhya padArthoM ke saMyoga se vRddhi kI prApti karate haiN| yaha vRddhi kAmika hai aura paudgalika padArthoM ke saMyoga se hotI hai, ataH karma paudgalika haiN| 4. karma paudgalika haiM kyoMki unakA parivartana AtmA ke parivartana se bhinna hai| karmoM kA pariNAmitva (parivartana) unake kArya zarIrAdi ke pariNAmitva se jAnA jAtA hai| zarIrAdi kA pariNAmitva AtmA ke pariNAmitva se bhinna hai kyoMki AtmA kA pariNAmitva arUpI hai jaba ki zarIra kA pariNAmitva rUpI hai / ataH karma paudgalika haiN| saMsArI AtmA kA karmoM se saMyoga isalie ho sakatA hai ki karma mUrta haiM aura saMsArI AtmA bhI karmayukta hone se kathaMcit mUrta hai / AtmA aura karma kA yaha saMyoga anAdi hai, ataH yaha prazna hI nahIM uThatA ki pahale pahala AtmA aura karma kA saMyoga kaise huA? eka bAra isa saMyoga ke sarvathA samApta ho jAne para punaH saMyoga nahIM hotA kyoMki usa samaya AtmA apane zuddha amUrta rUpa meM pahuMca jAtA hai| yahI mokSa hai| yahI saMsAra-nivRtti hai| yahI siddhAvasthA hai| yahI IzvarAvasthA hai|

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178 jaina dharma-darzana yahI antima sAdhya hai / yahI duHkha kI Atyantika nivRtti hai / yahI sukha kA antima rUpa hai / yahI jJAna, darzana, sukha aura vIrya kI parAkASThA hai / pudgala : bhautika tattva AdhyAtmika tattva se svatantra hai | jise sAmAnyatayA jar3a yA bhautika kahA jAtA hai vahI jaina darzana meM pudgala zabda se vyavahRta hotA hai / bauddha darzana meM pudgala zabda kA AtmA ke artha meM prayoga huA hai| pudgala zabda meM do pada haiM- 'pud' aura 'gala' / 'pud' kA artha hotA hai pUraNa arthAt vRddhi aura 'gala' kA artha hotA hai galana arthAta hAsa / jo dravya pUraNa aura galana dvArA vividha prakAra se parivartita hotA hai vaha pudgala hai / " pUraNa aura galanarUpa kriyA kevala pudgala meM hI hotI hai, anya meM nahIM / pudgala kA eka rUpa dUsare rUpa meM pUraNa aura galana dvArA hI parivartita hotA hai / pudgala ke mukhya cAra dharma hote haiM- sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNaM / pudgala ke pratyeka paramANu meM ye cAroM dharmaM hote haiN| inake jaina darzana meM bIsa bheda kiye jAte haiM / sparza ke ATha bheda hote haiM - mRdu, kaThina, guru, laghu, zIta, uSNa, snigdha aura rUkSa | rasa ke pA~ca bheda hote haiM- tikta, kaTuka, Amla, madhura aura kaSAya / 1. pUraNagalanAnvarthasaMjJatvAt pud galAH / 2. bahI, 5. 23.7-10. -tattvArtha rAjavArtika, 5.1.24. -

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tatvavicAra gandha do prakAra kI hai-- surabhigandha aura durabhigandha / varNa ke pA~ca prakAra haiM- nIla, pIta, zukla, kRSNa aura lohita / ye bIsa mukhya bheda haiM / inakA saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura ananta bhedoM meM vibhAjana ho sakatA hai / " eka pudgala paramANu meM kama-se-kama kitane sparzAdi hote haiM, isakA nirdeza paramANu ke svarUpa varNana ke samaya kiyA jAyagA / varNAdi pudgala ke apane dharma haiM yA hama loga ina dharmoM kA pudgala meM Aropa karate haiM ? isa prazna kA uttara yahI hai ki ye dharma pudgala ke hI dharma haiM / jo dharma jisakA na ho usakA hamezA aropa nahIM ho sakatA anyathA koI bhI dharma vAstavika na hogA / yaha ThIka hai ki varNAdi ke pratibhAsa meM thor3A-bahuta antara par3a sakatA hai / eka vastu eka vyakti ko adhika kAlI dIkha sakatI hai aura dUsare ko thor3I kama kAlI / isakA artha yaha nahIM hotA ki vastu kA kAlA varNa hI yathArtha hai / yadi aisA hotA to koI bhI vastu kAlI dikhAI detI kyoMki kAlApana vastu meM to hai nahIM / jisakI jaba icchA hotI kAlI vastu dikhAI detI / isalie varNAdi dharmoM ko vastugata hI mAnanA caahie| unakI pratIti ke lie kucha kAraNoM kA honA kucha prANiyoM ke lie Avazyaka hai, yaha ThIka hai; kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM ki ve guNa apane Apa meM kucha nahIM haiM / guNa svatantra rUpa se yathArtha haiM aura unakI pratIti ke kAraNa alaga haiN| donoM bhinna-bhinna cIjeM haiN| na to guNoM kI sattA se Avazyaka kAraNa asat ho sakate haiM aura na kAraNoM ke rahane se guNa hI mithyA ho sakate haiM / donoM kA svatantra astitva hai / 1. sarvArthasiddhi, 5. 23. 176

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180 jaina dharma-darzana __ samIkSA-jo tattva sAmAnyataH jar3a athavA bhUta kahA jAtA hai vahI jaina darzana meM 'pudgala' kahA gayA hai / 'pudgala' pada meM do zabda haiM-'pud' aura 'gala' / 'pud' kA artha hai pUraNa yAnI vRddhi aura 'gala' kA artha hai galana yAnI hrAsa / isa prakAra pudgala kA artha hotA hai vRddhi tathA hrAsa dvArA vividha rUpoM meM parivartita honevAlA tattva athavA dravya / jaina darzana-pratipAdita SaDdravyoM meM kevala pudgala hI aisA dravya hai jo vRddhi evaM hrAsa dvArA parivartana ko prApta hotA hai| anya dravyoM meM parivartana avazya hotA hai kintu vRddhi va hrAsa dvArA nahI apitu anya prakAra kI prakriyAoM dvaaraa| dUsare zabdoM meM, vRddhi evaM hrAsarUpa kriyAeM kevala pudgala meM hI hotI haiM, anya dravyoM meM nhiiN| pudgala dravya kA hI eka rUpa ( paryAya ) dUsare rUpa meM vRddhi tathA hrAsa dvArA parivartita hotA hai| pudgala ke vizeSa dharma yA guNa cAra haiM : sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa / zabda bhI paudgalika hotA hai / sparzAdi cAra guNoM tathA zabdoM ko indriyoM se grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / sparza kA sparzanendriya, rasa kA rasanendriya, gandha kA ghrANendriya, varNa kA cakSurindriya tathA zabda kA zrotrendriya se grahaNa hotA hai / isa prakAra pudgala vividha jJAnendriyoM kA viSaya banatA hai / varNa arthAt rUpa kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa pudgala ko rUpI ( mUrta) kahA jAtA hai| hamArI indriyAM rUpI padArthoM arthAt paudgalika vastuoM kA jJAna karane meM hI samartha haiM / arUpI arthAt apodgalika padArtha indriyajJAna ke viSaya nahIM banate / jIva (AtmA), dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla arUpI haiM / inakA jJAna indriyoM dvArA nahIM ho sktaa| ye yA to mana kI cintanazakti (antanirIkSaNa, anumAna, mAgama

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tattvavicAra 181 Adi ) dvArA jAne jAte haiM yA inakA AtmA dvArA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| ___kyA varNAdi dharma vastutaH pudgala meM haiM yA hamArI indriyoM kA padArthoM ke sAtha amuka prakAra kA sambandha hone para hameM vaisI pratIti hone lagatI hai? dUsare zabdoM meM, varNAdi pudgala ke apane dharma haiM yA hamaloga ina dharmoM kA pudgala meM Aropa karate haiM ? yaha to nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki pudgala meM varNAdi guNoM kA sarvathA abhAva hotA hai tathA hamArI indriyA~ ina guNoM ko amuka avasthAoM meM svataH utpanna kara letI haiM / varNAdi ke abhAva meM to pudgala kA hI abhAva ho jAyagA / jaba pudgala hI abhAvarUpa ho jAyagA to varNAdi kI utpa ta kA prazna hI nahIM utthegaa| hAM, yaha avazya mAnA jA sakatA hai ki indriyAdi kA padArtha ke sAtha amuka prakAra kA sambandha hone para varNAdi kI pratIti hotI hai / isakA artha yaha nahIM ki indriyAM varNAdi guNoM ko utpanna karatI haiM / indriyoM aura varNAdi guNoM meM jJAtA aura jJeya kA sambandha hai, kAraNa aura kArya kA nahIM / indriyoM kI utpatti unake apane kAraNoM se hotI hai tathA varNAdi kI utpatti unake apane kAragoM se / indriyAdi varNAdi ko prabhAvita kara sakate haiM evaM vargAdi indriyAdi ko / jahAM taka inakI sattA kA prazna hai, donoM kA svatantra astitva hai / varNAdi kA jJAna indriyasApekSa hai, astitva nahIM / anyathA jJAnabheda kA koI AdhAra hI nahIM rhegaa| yadi varNAdi dharma vastutaH padArtha meM haiM arthAt vastugata haiM to unake pratibhAsa meM antara kyoM hotA hai ? sabako varNAdi kI sadA samAna pratIti honI cAhie kintu aisA dikhAI nahIM detaa| varNAdi ke pratibhAsa meM dezagata, kAlagata evaM vyaktigata antara

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182 jaina dharma-darzana dRSTigocara hotA hai| aisA kyoM ? isa antara kA kAraNa do prakAra kA hai : Antarika evaM bAhya / Antarika kAraNa meM indriyabheda, indriyadoSa Adi kA samAveza hotA hai tathA bAhya kAraNa meM anya paristhitiyoM kaa| ina do prakAra ke kAraNoM se varNAdi ke pratibhAsa meM antara athavA doSa A jAtA hai / jo kucha bhI ho, itanA nizcita hai ki pudgala meM kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM varNa, rasa, gandha evaM sparza hotA hI hai| . eka dArzanika mAnyatA yaha hai ki hamArA jitanA bhI jJAna yA anubhava hai vaha dRzyajagat taka hI sImita hai| hameM vAstavika jagat kA jJAna nahIM ho sakatA / yaha kaise ? hamAre jJAna kI utpatti meM bahuta se aise kAraNa haiM jinase padArtha ke vAstavika rUpa kA anubhava nahIM ho sakatA / udAharaNa ke lie mere ghaTajJAna ko liijie| isa ghaTajJAna meM samaya kA aMza avazya rahegA kyoMki maiM kisI-na-kisI samaya meM hI ghaTa kA anubhava kruuNgaa| isameM sthAna kA bhAga bhI rahegA hI kyoMki merA yaha ghaTajJAna kisI-nakisI sthAna para rakhe hue ghaTa ke viSaya meM hI hogaa| maiM usa ghaTa ko asti yA nAsti arthAt hai yA nahIM hai athavA kArya yA kAraNa yA anya kisI rUpa meM hI jaanuuNgaa| isa prakAra merA ghaTajJAna deza, kAla aura vicAra kI kisI-na-kisI koTi se sambaddha-sImita hogaa| tAtparya yaha hai ki hamAre jJAna meM deza, kAla aura vicAra kI maryAdAeM haiN| hameM ina saba maryAdAoM ke bIca padArtha jaisA dikhAI detA hai vaisA hI hama use jAnate haiN| vAstava meM padArtha kaisA hai arthAt deza, kAla aura vicAra kI sImAoM se pare vastu kA kyA svarUpa hai, isakA jJAna hameM nahIM ho sakatA / hama dRzya jagat kA jJAna kara sakate haiM, vAstavika jagat kA nahIM / padArtha jisa rUpa meM hamAre sAmane pratibhAsita hote haiM usa rUpa meM hama unheM jAna sakate haiM, apane asalI rUpa meM nhiiN|

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tatvavicAra 183 jaina darzana padArtha-jagat ko isa prakAra kI dRzya aura adRzya rekhAoM se vibhAjita nahIM krtaa| yaha sahI hai ki kisI bhI vastu kA jJAna dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI sImAoM se Abaddha hotA hai kintu isase vastu kA vAstavika rUpa jJAta nahIM hotA hai, aisI bAta nahIM hai| deza, kAla Adi kI maryAdAoM meM rahakara bhI padArtha kA vAstavika rUpa jAnA jA sakatA hai / pratyeka padArtha svabhAvata: evaM sarvadA deza-kAlasApekSa hotA hai arthAt kSetra evaM samaya se sambaddha hotA hai| deza-kAlanirapekSa vastu kI kalpanA nirAdhAra hai / aisI vastu koI ho hI nahIM sakatI / deza-kAlasambaddha padArthajJAna vAstavika hI hai evaM tadAdhArita asti-nAsti Adi ke rUpa meM vicArAbhivyakti bhI yathArtha hI hai| deza, kAla evaM vicArakoTiyoM se vastu kA vAstavika svarUpa AvRta nahIM hotaa| aNu : pudgala ke mukhyatayA do bheda hote haiM-aNu aura skandha / pudgala kA vaha antima bhAga jisakA phira vibhAga na ho sake, agu kahalAtA hai| aNu itanA sUkSma hotA hai ki vahI apanA Adi, madhya aura anta hai|' aNu ke andara ina sabakA koI bheda nahIM hotaa| pudgala kA sabase choTA hissA aNu hai / usase koI choTA nahIM ho sakatA / grIka dArzanika jeno ne eka zaMkA uThAI thI ki pudgala kA antima vibhAga ho hI nahIM sktaa| Apa usakA kitanA bhI choTe se choTA vibhAga kareM, vaha rUpAdi yukta hogA, ataH usakA phira vibhAga ho sakatA hai / vaha vibhAga 1. antAdi antamajjha, antantaM va indie gejjha / jaM davvaM avibhAgI, taM paramANu vijANIhi // --tattvArtha rAjavAtika, 5. 25. 1.

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jaina dharma-darzana bhI usI prakAra rUpAdi guNoM se yukta hogA, isalie usakA phira vibhAga ho skegaa| isa prakAra anavasthA kA sAmanA karanA pdd'egaa| isalie yaha kahanA ThIka nahIM ki pudgala kA sabase choTA vibhAga ho sakatA hai / jeno kI isa dhAraNA kA khaNDana karate hue erisToTala ne uttara diyA ki z2eno kI yaha dhAraNA ki kisI cIja kA antima vibhAga nahIM ho sakatA, bhrAnta hai / yaha ThIka hai ki kalpanA se kisI vastu kA vibhAga kiyA jAya to usakA anta nahIM A sakatA kintu vAstava meM aisA nahIM ho sktaa| jaba hama kisI vastu kA vAstavika vibhAga karate haiM taba vaha vibhAga kahIM-na-kahIM jAkara avazya ruka jAtA hai| usase Age usakA vibhAga nahIM ho sktaa| kAlpanika vibhAga ke viSaya meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki usakA koI anta nahIM A sktaa| yahI samAdhAna jaina darzanAdisammata paramANu ke lie prayukta kiyA jA sakatA hai| . sparzAdi guNoM kA eka aNu meM kisa mAtrA meM astitva rahatA hai ? isakA uttara dete hue kahA gayA hai ki aNu meM eka rasa, eka varNa, eka gandha aura do sparza hote haiN| aNu svayaM zabda nahIM hai kintu zabda kA kAraNa avazya hai| jo skandha se bhinna hai kintu skandha ko banAnevAlA hai|' isa kathana kA tAtparya yaha hai ki eka aNu meM uparyukta sparzAdi guNoM ke bIsoM prakAra nahIM rahate kintu sparza ke do prakAra jo paraspara virodhI na hoM, rasa kA eka prakAra, gandha kA eka prakAra, varNa kA eka prakAra-isa taraha pA~ca prakAra rahate haiN| eka niraMza paramANu meM inase adhika prakAra nahIM raha sakate / mRdu aura kaThina, guru aura laghu ye cAroM sparza aNu meM nahIM hote kyoMki ye cAroM 1. paMcAstikAyasAra, 88.

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tatvavicAra 185 guNa sApekSa haiM ataH skandha meM hI ho sakate haiM / aNu zabda nahIM hai kyoMki zabda ke lie aneka aNuoM kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai / skandha bhI eka se adhika aNu kA hotA hai ataH aNu aura skandha meM bheda hai / aNu hamArI indriyoM ke viSaya nahIM bana sakate / ve itane sUkSma hote haiM ki hamArI indriyA~ unakA jJAna nahIM kara sakatIM / yadi aisI bAta hai to unheM arUpI kyoM na mAna liyA jAya ? aNu arUpI nahIM haiM kyoMki unakA skandhAdi kArya rUpI hai / jo tattva arUpI hotA hai usakA kArya bhI arUpI hI hotA hai / skandhAdi rUpI kAryoM se paramANu ke rUpa kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai / isalie indriyajanya jJAna ke viSaya na hote hue bhI aNu rUpI haiN| jaina darzana mAnatA hai ki skandha se jo aNu paidA hote haiM ve bhedapUrvaka haiM / isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki jo pudgala vartamAna meM aNurUpa se sat nahIM haiM vaha aNu ho sakatA hai yA nahIM ? yadi ho sakatA hai to kaise ? pudgala ke do rUpa batAye jA cuke haiM / unameM se jo pudgala aNurUpa meM rahA huA hai usakI utpatti kA koI prazna hI paidA nahIM hotA / jo pudgala aNurUpa meM nahIM hai apitu skandharUpa meM hai vaha kyA aNurUpa meM A sakatA hai ? isakA uttara hai- hA~, vaha aNurUpa meM A sakatA hai / yaha kaise ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki bhedapUrvaka / jaba skandha meM bheda hotA hai-skandha TUTatA hai tabhI aNu paidA ho sakatA hai / skandha kA eka avibhAgI aMza hI aNu hai / isa prakAra skandha kA bheda hI aNu kI utpatti meM kAraNa hai| saMyoga se aNu utpanna 1. bhedAdaNu tatvArtha sUtra, 5.27.

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mArNa, rasa aura gAyukta hI mAnatabya meM A jAte jana guNoM 106 jaina dharma-darzana nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki jahA~ saMyoga hogA vahA~ kama-se-kama do aNu avazya hoMge aura do aNuvAlA skandha hotA hai, na ki aNu / vaizeSika nau dravya mAnate haiM-pRthvI, apa, teja, vAyu, AkAza, kAla, dik, AtmA aura mana / ' ina nau dravyoM meM se prathama cAra arthAt / pRthvI, ap, teja aura vAyu-inameM jina guNoM ko mAnate haiM ve saba guNa pudgala dravya meM A jAte haiN| vaizeSika vAyu ko sparza guNayukta hI mAnate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki vAyu meM varNa, rasa aura gandha nahIM haiM / jaina dArzanika isa bAta ko nahIM mAnate / ve kahate haiM ki rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza sahacArI haiM / jahA~ ina cAroM meM se eka bhI guNa kI pratIti hotI ho vahA~ zeSa tIna guNa bhI avazya rahate haiN| unakI sUkSmatA ke kAraNa cAhe spaSTa pratIti na hotI ho kintu unakA sadbhAva vahA~ avazya hotA hai| rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza cAroM guNa pratyeka bhautika dravya meM rahate haiN| vAyu meM rUpa hotA hai kyoMki vaha sparzAvinAbhAvI hai, jaise ghaTa meM rUpa hai kyoMki vahA~ sparza hai| rUpa hote hue bhI rUpa kA grahaNa kyoM nahI hotA? kyoMki cakSurAdi indriyA~ sthUla viSaya kA grahaNa karatI haiN| jaise sUkSma gandha ke rahate hue bhI ghrANendriya se usakA grahaNa nahIM hotA usI prakAra vAyu meM sUkSma rUpa rahatA hai tathApi cakSurindriya usakA grahaNa nahIM kara sktii| jainoM kI yaha mAnyatA Adhunika vijJAna kI kasauTI para bhI saccI utaratI hai / vijJAna mAnatA hai ki 'niraMtara ThaMDA karate rahane se vAyu eka prakAra ke nIle rasa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai jisa prakAra ki vASpa pAnI ke rUpa meM pari1. vaizeSikadarzana, 1.1.5. 2. vahI, 2.1.4. .

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tattvavicAra . 187 vartita kiyA jA sakatA hai|' jaba vAyu meM rUpa siddha ho jAtA haiM to rasa aura gaMdha to siddha ho hI jAte hai / vaizeSika teja meM rasa aura gandha nahIM mAnate / ve kahate haiM ki teja meM sparza aura rUpa hI hotA hai / yaha dhAraNA bhI mithyA hai| teja-agni bhI eka prakAra kA pudgala dravya hai isalie usameM cAroM guNa hote haiN| vijJAna bhI isa bAta ko mAnatA hai ki agni eka bhautika dravya hai aura usameM uSNatA kA aMza adhika rahatA hai| __gandha kevala pRthvI meM hI hai, aisA vaizeSikoM kA vizvAsa hai| yaha bhI ThIka nhiiN| hameM sAdhAraNa taura se vAyu, agni Adi meM gaMdha kI pratIti nahIM hotii| isake AdhAra para hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki inameM gaMdha hai hI nhiiN| cIMTI jitanI AsAnI se zakkara kI gaMdha kA patA lagA letI hai utanI AsAnI se hama nahIM lagA sakate / billI jitanI saralatA se dahI aura dUdha kI gaMdha ke AdhAra para vahA~ taka pahu~ca jAtI hai utanI saralatA se hamaloga nahIM pahuMca skte| isakA artha yahI hai ki kisI kI iMdriyazakti itanI tIvra hotI hai ki vaha bahuta dUra se sAdhAraNa sI vastu kI gaMdha kA patA lagA letA hai| kisI kI indriyazakti itanI manda hotI hai ki use tIvra gaMdha kA bhI patA nahIM laga sktaa| isI prakAra vAyu, pAnI, agni Adi meM gaMdha kI sAdhAraNatayA pratIti nahIM hotI tathApi unameM rUpa, rasa Adi kI taraha gaMdha bhI hotI hai| vaizeSika darzana jisa prakAra pRthvI Adi dravyoM meM bhinna guNa mAnatA hai usI prakAra bhinna dravyoM ke bhinna paramANu bhI mAnatA 1. Air can be converted bluish liquid by continuous cooling, just as steam can be converted into water.

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188 jaina dharma-darzana hai / pRthvI ke paramANu alaga haiM, pAnI ke paramANu alaga haiM, teja . ke paramANu alaga haiM aura vAyu ke paramANu alaga haiN| ye sAre paramANu eka-dUsare se bhinna haiM / pRthvI ke paramANu pAnI ke paramANu nahIM bana sakate, pAnI ke paramANu pRthvI ke paramANuoM meM parivartita nahIM ho sakate aadi| yaha vaizeSika darzana kA paramANunityavAda hai / saba dravyoM ke paramANu nitya hote haiN| unakA kArya badalatA rahatA hai kintu ve kabhI nahIM badalate / jaina darzana aisA nahIM mAnatA / pRthvI Adi kisI bhI.. pudgala dravya ke paramANu ap Adi rUpoM meM pariNata ho sakate haiM / paramANuoM ke rUpoM meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai| naye-naye skandhoM ke bheda se naye naye paramANa banate rahate haiN| kisI anya skandha meM mila jAne para ve usa skandha ke samAna ho jAte haiM aura puna: bheda hone para usa naye rUpa meM rahane laga jAte haiN| paramANuoM kI aisI jAtiyA~ nahIM banI huI haiM jinameM ve. nitya rahate hoN| eka paramANu kA dUsare rUpa meM badala jAnA sAdhAraNa bAta hai / vaizeSikoM ke paramANu-nityavAda meM jaina darzana vizvAsa nahIM rkhtaa| grIka dArzanika lyusipasa aura DemokriTasa bhI isI taraha paramANuoM meM bheda nahIM maante| ve saba paramANuoM ko eka jAti kA mAnate haiN| vaha jAti hai bhUtasAmAnya yA jar3asAmAnya / samIkSA--pudgala kA avibhAjya aMza aNu athavA paramANu kahalAtA hai / aNu itanA sUkSma hotA hai ki usakA koI vibhAga nahIM ho sktaa| vaha pudgala kA sUkSmatama evaM antima bhAga hotA hai| usakI sUkSmatA kA anumAna isI se ho sakatA hai ki vahI apanA Adi hai, vahI apanA madhya hai aura vahI apanA anta hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, paramANu itanA sUkSma hotA hai ki usake Adi, madhya aura anta jaise vibhAga nahIM ho skte| usakI

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186 tasvavicAra Adi hI usakA madhya hotA hai evaM madhya hI ant| usake Adi, madhya aura anta-tInoM eka hI hote haiN| jaba vaha itanA sUkSma hai to svAbhAvika hai ki usakA indriyoM se jJAna nahIM ho sakatA arthAt vaha indriyoM dvArA agrAhya hai / ___ kyA pudgala kA antima arthAt sUkSmatama vibhAga ho sakatA hai ? kisI padArtha kA choTA-se-choTA vibhAga kiijiye| vaha vibhAga rUpa, rasa, gandha evaM sparza se yukta hogA ataH usakA punaH vibhAga ho skegaa| vaha vibhAga bhI usI prakAra rUpAdi guNoM se yukta hogA ataH upakA bhI punaH vibhAga ho skegaa| isa prakAra yaha prakriyA calatI hI jaaegii| isa prakriyA ke antargata jo bhI vibhAga hogA vaha rUpAdiyukta hogaa| ataeva usakA punaH vibhAga ho skegaa| aisI sthiti meM antima arthAt avibhAjya aMza jaisI koI vastu hogI hI nhiiN| isa zaMkA kA samAdhAna yoM kiyA jA sakatA hai : kalpanA se kisI vastu kA vibhAga kiyA jAya to usakA anta nahIM A sakatA, kintu vAstavika vibhAga karane para aisA nahIM ho sakatA / jaba kisI vastu kA vAstavika vibhAga kiyA jAtA hai taba vaha vibhAga kahIM-na-kahIM jAkara avazya ruka jAtA hai arthAt usa vibhAga kA kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM anta avazya AtA hai| usase Age usakA vibhAga nahIM ho sktaa| yaha antima vibhAga hI agu athavA paramANu kahalAtA hai| pudgala mUrta arthAt rUpI hai ataH paramANu bhI rUpI hI mAnA gayA hai kyoMki rUpI kA vibhAga rUpI hI hogA, arUpI nhiiN| jaba paramANu rUpI hai taba vaha indriyoM kA viSaya kyoM nahIM banatA ? paramANu rUpI hote hue bhI indriyoM se isalie nahIM jAmA jAtA ki vaha ati sUkSma hai / usakA indriyoM se samparka

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190 jaina dharma-darzana hote hue bhI indriyA~ usakA jJAna karane meM asamartha hotI haiN| udAharaNArtha cInI kA eka choTA-sA dAnA muMha meM rahane para bhI jihvA ko usake svAda kA saMvedana nahIM hotA / aisA hote hue bhI cInI ke usa dAne ko svAdayukta mAnanA hI hogA kyoMki vaise dAnoM kI adhikatA hone para rasanendriya ko svAda kI spaSTa anubhuti honI hai| isI prakAra paramANuoM ke samudAya kA indriya-saMvedana hone ke kAraNa eka paramANu ko bhI mRta hI mAnanA cAhie / jo amUrta hotA hai vaha kadApi mUrta nahIM ho sakatA, jaise Atmatattva / paudgalika arthAt bhautika padArtha sAmAnyatayA cAra prakAra ke mAne gaye haiM : pRthvI, apa, teja aura vAyu / kucha dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA hai ki ina cAroM taraha ke padArthoM ke paramANu bhitrabhinna jAti ke hote haiM / ve kadApi eka-dUsare meM parivartita nahIM ho sakate / pRthvI ke paramANu hamezA pRthvI ke rUpa meM hI rheNge| ve kadApi jala Adi ke rUpa meM parivartita nahIM ho sakate / isI prakAra jala Adi ke paramANu pRthvI Adi ke rUpa meM nahIM badala sakate / jaina darzana isa prakAra ke aikAntika paramANu nityavAda meM vizvAsa nahIM krtaa| vaha mAnatA hai ki pRthvI Adi pudgala dravya ke hI vibhinna rUpa hai / unake paramANu itane vilakSaNa nahIM haiM ki eka-dUsare ke rUpa meM parivartita na ho skeN| pRthvI Adi kisI bhI paudgalika rUpa ke paramANu ap Adi kisI bhI paudgalika rUpa meM yathAsamaya pariNata ho sakate haiM / paramANuoM ke rUpoM meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai| paramANuoM kI nitya jAtiyA~ athavA prakAra nahIM haiM / eka prakAra ke paramANu jaba dUsare prakAra ke padArtha ( skandha ) meM milakara tadrUpa hokara punaH paramANuoM ke rUpa meM Ate haiM taba unakA rUpa usa padArtha ke anurUpa hotA hai| isa prakAra padArthoM ke rUpoM ke anusAra paramANuoM

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tatvavicAra 191 ke rUpoM meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai| naye-naye padArthoM ke vibhAjana se naye-naye paramANu banate rahate haiN| vastutaH samasta paramANuoM kI eka hI jAti hai aura vaha hai pudgala athavA bhUta / jaina darzana kI eka mAnyatA yaha hai ki eka AkAza-pradeza meM arthAt eka paramANu-pramANa sthAna meM ananta paramANa raha sakate haiM / yaha kaise? paramANuoM meM sUkSmabhAva kI pariNati hone ke kAraNa aisA hotA hai / sUkSmabhAva se pariNata ananta paramANu eka AkAza-pradeza meM rahate haiM : paramANvAdayo hi sUkSmabhAvena pariNatA ekaikasminnAkAzapradeNe'nantAnantA avatiSThante / isa mAnyatA meM virodha kI pratIti hotI hai| paramANu pudgala kA sUkSmatama aMza hai| yadi sUkSmatama kI bhI sUkSmabhAva se pariNati hone lage to use sUkSmatama kahane kA koI artha hI nahIM rhtaa| jo paramANu avibhAjya hai, jisake Adi, madhya aura anta eka hI haiM vaha sUkSmabhAva se kaise pariNata hogA? kisI vastu ke sUkSmabhAva se pariNata hone ke do hI rUpa hote haiM : 1. usake kisI aMza kA viccheda honA, 2. usakA saMkucita honA / paramANu meM inameM se kisI bhI rUpa ke sadbhAva kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai| paramANu niraMza evaM avibhAjya hai ataH usake kisI aMza ke viccheda kA prazna nahIM utthtaa| vaha saMkucita bhI nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki saMkucana lambAI, caur3AI evaM UMcAI sApekSa hai| jisakI na koI lambAI hai, na koI caur3AI hai aura na koI UMcAI hai vaha saMkucita kaise ho sakatA hai ? saMkucana athavA prasaraNa na to AkAza ke eka pradeza meM saMbhava hai aura na pudgala ke eka paramANu meM hI / AkAza ke aneka pradeza evaM pudgala ke aneka paramANu vidyamAna hone para hI saMkucana-prasaraNa kI zakyatA hotI hai| aisI sthiti meM eka AkAza-pradeza meM ananta paramANu mANu meM inama niraMza evaM AtA / vaha sacAI sApekSa hai| cana lmbaa| koI cauDA saMkucana pudagala .

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162 jaina dharma-darzana to kyA, do paramANu bhI nahIM raha sakate / AkAza ke jisa eka pradeza meM koI eka paramANu sthita ho usa pradeza meM anya paramANu A hI kaise sakatA hai kyoMki vahA~ usake lie na to sthAna hI rikta hai aura na pUrvasthita paramANu kisI prakAra kI guMjAiza hI kara sakatA hai / vaha pradeza navAgantuka paramANu ko tabhI prApta ho sakatA hai jaba pUrvasthita paramANu vahA~ se haTa jAya / jaba eka paramANu ne kisI pradeza ko ( sarvataH ) vyApta kara rakhA hai taba dUsarA paramANu vahA~ raha hI kaise sakatA hai ? usa pradeza meM yA to pahale vAlA paramANu hI rahegA yA bAda vAlA hI / donoM eka sAtha vahA~ nahIM raha sakate kyoMki vaha pUrA sthAna eka ke lie hI hai tathA rahane vAle meM yaha sAmarthya bhI nahIM hai ki vaha anya ko apane sAtha rakha sake / eka pradeza kA artha hI hai eka paramANu jitanA sthAna | skandha : yaha pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki skandha aNuoM kA samudAya hai / skandha tIna taraha se banate haiM-bhedapUrvaka, saMghAta - pUrvaka aura bheda aura saMghAta ubhayapUrvaka / " 2 bheda do kAraNoM se hotA hai -- Abhyantara aura bAhya / Abhyantara kAraNa se jo eka skandha kA bheda hokara dUsarA skandha banatA hai usake lie kisI bAhya kAraNa kI apekSA nahIM rahatI / skandha meM svayaM vidAraNa hotA hai / bAhya kAraNa se honevAle bheda ke lie skandha ke atirikta anya kAraNa kI 1. bhedasaMghAtebhya utpadyante / - tattvArtha sUtra, 5.26. 2. sarvArthasiddhi 5. 26. 1

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tattvavicAra 193 AvazyakatA rahatI hai / usa kAraNa ke hone para utpanna vAle hone bheda ko bAhya kAraNapUrvaka kahA gayA hai| vivikta arthAt pRthak bhUtoM kA ekIbhAva saMghAta hai| yaha bAhya aura Abhyantara bheda se do prakAra kA ho sakatA hai| do pRthaka-pRthak aNuoM kA saMyoga saMghAta kA udAharaNa hai| jaba bheda aura saMghAta donoM eka sAtha hote haiM taba jo skandha banatA hai vaha bheda aura saMghAta ubhayapUrvaka honevAlA skandha kahA jAtA hai| jaise hI eka skandha kA eka hissA alaga huA aura usa skandha meM usI samaya dUsarA skandha Akara mila gayA jisase eka nayA skandha bana gayA / yaha nayA skandha bheda aura saMghAta ubhayapUrvaka hai| isa prakAra skandha ke nirmANa ke tIna mArga haiN| ina tIna mArgoM meM se kisI bhI mArga se skandha bana sakatA hai / kabhI kevala bheda se hI skandha banatA hai to kabhI kevala saMghAtapUrvaka hI skandha kA nirmANa hotA hai to kabhI bheda aura saMghAta ubhayapUrvaka skandha nirmita hotA hai| } saMghAta athavA bandha kaise hotA hai ? isa prazna ke uttara meM jaina dArzanika kahate haiM ki 'pudgala meM snigdhatva aura rUkSatva ke kAraNa bandha hotA hai / '' snigdha aura rUkSa do sparza haiN| inhIM ke kAraNa pudgala meM baMdha hotA hai / bandha ke lie nimnalikhita bAteM jarUrI haiM :2 1. snigdharUkSatvAd bndhH|-tttvaarth sUtra, 5.32. 2. na jaghanya guNAnAm / guNasAmye sadazAnAm / / dvayadhikAdiguNAnAM tu / -vahIM, 5.33-35. 13

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jaina dharma-darzana 1. jaghanya guNavAle avayavoM kA bandha nahIM hotaa| 2. samAnaguNa hone para sadRza arthAt snigdha se snigdha . avayavoM kA tathA rUkSa se rUkSa avayavoM kA bandha nahIM hotaa| 3. dvayadhikAdi guNavAle avayavoM kA bandha hotA hai / bandha ke lie sarvaprathama bAta yaha hai ki jina paramANuoM meM snigdhatva yA rUkSatva kA aMza arthAt guNa jaghanya ho unakA pArasparika baMdha nahIM ho sakatA / isakA artha yaha huA ki madhyama aura utkRSTa guNavAle snigdha aura rUkSa avayavoM kA pArasparika baMdha ho sakatA hai / isa siddhAMta ko punaH sImita karate hue dUsarI bAta kahI gii| usake anusAra samAna guNavAle sadRza avayavoM kA pArasparika bandha nahIM ho sakatA / isakA artha yaha huA ki asamAna guNavAle sadeza avayavoM kA bandha ho sakatA hai| isakA niSedha karate hue tIsarA siddhAnta sthApita kiyA gyaa| isake anusAra asamAna guNavAle sadRza avayavoM meM bhI yadi eka avayava kA snigdhatva yA rUkSatva do guNa, tIna guNa Adi adhika ho to una do sadRza avayavoM kA bandha ho sakatA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki eka avayava ke snigdhatva yA rUkSatva kI apekSA dUsare avayava kA snigdhatva yA rUkSatva kevala eka guNa adhika ho to unakA bandha nahIM ho sakatA, anyathA unakA bandha ho sakatA hai| bandha kI isa carcA kA jaba aura spaSTa vivecana kiyA jAtA hai taba hamAre sAmane do paramparAeM upasthita hotI haiM / zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra do paramANu jaba jaghanya guNavAle hoM tabhI unakA bandha niSiddha hai| yadi eka paramANu jaghanya guNa vAlA ho aura dUsarA jaghanyaguNa na ho to unakA bandha ho sakatA hai / digambara mAnyatA ke anusAra jaghanya guNavAle eka bhI paramANu ke rahate hue bandha nahIM hotA / zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra

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tattvavicAra 195 eka ava pava se dUsare avayava meM snigdhatva yA rUkSatva ke do, tIna, cAra, yAvat ananta guNa adhika hone para bhI bandha ho jAtA hai, kevala eka aMza adhika hone para bandha nahIM hotaa| digambara mAnyatA ke anusAra kevala do guNa adhika hone para hI bandha mAnA jAtA hai / eka avayava se dUsare avayava meM snigdhatva yA rUkSatva tIna, cAra yAvat ananta guNa adhika hone para bandha nahIM mAnA jAtA / zvetAmbara paramparA kI dhAraNA ke anusAra do, tIna Adi guNoM ke adhika hone para jo bandha kA vidhAna hai vaha sadRza avayavoM ke lie hI hai, asadRza avayavoM ke lie nhiiN| digambara dhAraNA ke anusAra yaha vidhAna sadRza aura asadRza donoM prakAra ke avayavoM ke lie hai| zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM ke bandha-viSayaka matabheda kA sAra' nimnalikhita hai : zvetAmbara-paramparA visadRza nahIM the ho guNa sadaza 1-jaghanya+jadhanya2-jaghanya+ekAdhika 3-jaghanya+dvayadhika 4-jaghanya + adhikAdi 5--jaghanyetara+ samajaghanyetara nahIM 6-jaghanyetara + ekAdhika jaghanyetara nahIM / 7-jaghanyetara + dvayadhika jaghanyetara hai 8-jaghanyetara + vyadhikAdi jaghanyetara hai| to the to to to sto do 1. tattvArthasUtra (paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI), pR0 202-203.

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jaina dharma-darzana guNa nahIM nahIM nahIM nahIM digambara-paramparA sadRza visadRza 1-jaghanya+jaghanya 2-jaghanya+ ekAdhika 3-jaghanya+dvadhika 4-jaghanya+yadhikAdi 5-aghanyetara+samajaghanyetara nahIM 6-jaghanye tara+ekAdhika jaghanyetara nahIM 7--jaghanyetara+dvayadhika jaghanyetara hai 8-jaghanyetara +tryadhikAdi jaghanyetara nahIM bandha ho jAne para kauna se paramANu kina paramANuoM meM pariNata hote haiM ? sadRza aura visadRza paramANuoM meM se kauna kisako apane meM pariNata karatA hai ? samAna guNavAle sadRza avayavoM kA to bandha hotA hI nhiiN| visadRza bandha ke samaya kabhI eka sama dUsare sama ko apane rUpa meM pariNata kara letA hai, kabhI dUsarA sama pahale ko apane rUpa meM badala letA hai / dravya, kSetrAdi kA jaisA saMyoga hotA hai vaisA ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra kA bandha eka prakAra kA madhyama bandha hai| adhika guNa aura hInaguNa ke bandha ke samaya adhika guNavAlA hIna guNavAle ko apane rUpa meM pariNata kara letA hai| jisa paramparA meM samAna guNa kA pArasparika bandha kataI nahIM hotA vahA~ adhikaguNa hInaguNa ko apane rUpa meM pariNata kara letA hai, yahI mAnanA kAphI hai|| pudgala dravya ke aNu aura skandha ye do mukhya bheda haiM / ina 1. bandhe samAdhiko paarinnaamiko|-tttvaarthsuutr, 5.36. 2. bandhe'dhiko pAriNAmiko |-vhii, 5.37. .

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tattvavicAra 167 bhedoM ke AdhAra se banane vAle cha: bhedoM kA bhI varNana milatA hai|' ye chaH bheda nimnalikhita haiM - 1. sthUlasthUla-miTTI, patthara, kASTha Adi Thosa padArtha isa zreNI meM Ate haiN| 2. sthUla-dUdha, dahI, makkhana, pAnI, taila Adi drava padArtha sthUla vibhAga ke antargata haiM / 3. sthUlasUkSma-prakAza, vidyut, uSNatA Adi abhivyaktiyA~ sthUlasUkSma koTi meM AtI haiN| 4. sUkSmasthUla-vAyu, vASpa Adi sUkSmasthUla bheda ke antargata haiN| . 5. sUkSma-manovargaNA Adi acAkSuSa (jo cakSurAdi indriyoM ke viSaya nahIM haiM ) skandha sUkSma haiN| 6. sUkSmasUkSma-antima niraMza pudgala-paramANu sukSmasUkSma koTi meM Ate haiN| jo pudgala-skandha acAkSuSa hai vaha bheda aura saMghAta se cAkSuSa hotA hai / jaba kisI skandha meM sUkSmatva kI nivRtti hokara sthUlatva kI utpatti hotI hai taba kucha naye paramANu usa skandha meM avazya milate haiN| itanA hI nahIM apitu kucha paramANu usa skandha meM se alaga bhI ho jAte haiN| milanA aura alaga honA, yahI saMghAta aura bheda hai| isIlie yaha kahA gayA hai ki acAkSuSa se cAkSuSa hone ke lie bheda aura saMghAta donoM anivArya haiN| pudgala kA kArya : sthUla-sthUla, sthUla, sthUla-sUkSmAdi bhedoM kA sAmAnya paricaya diyA jA cukA hai| yahA~ pudgala ke kucha viziSTa kAryoM kA paricaya 1. niyamasAra, 21.

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168 jaina dharma-darzana dene kA prayatna kreNge| ve kArya haiM- zabda, bandha, saukSmya, sthaulya, saMsthAna, bheda, tama, chAyA, Atapa aura udyota / " zabda : vaizeSika Adi bhAratIya darzana zabda ko AkAza kA guNa mAnate haiM / sAMkhya zabda tanmAtrA se AkAza kI utpatti mAnatA hai / jaina darzana ina donoM mAnyatAoM ko mithyA siddha karatA hai / AkAza paudgalika nahIM hai ataH zabda, joki paudgalika hai, indriyoM kA viSaya banatA hai, AkAza se kaise utpanna ho sakatA hai ? zabdatanmAtrA se bhI AkAza kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki zabda paudgalika hai ataH zabda - tanmAtrA bhI paudgalika hI honI cAhie aura yadi zabda - tanmAtrA paudgalika hai to usase utpanna hone vAdA AkAza bhI paudgalika honA cAhie, kintu AkAza paudgalika nahIM hai ataH zabda - tanmAtrA se AkAza utpanna nahIM ho sakatA / jaba eka paudgalika avayava kA dUsare paudgalika avayava se saMgharSa hotA hai taba zabda utpanna hotA hai / akelA skandha zabda utpanna nahIM kara sakatA taba akelA paramANu zabda kaise paidA kara sakatA hai ? 'paramANu kA rUpa atyanta sUkSma hotA hai / vaha pRthvI, ap, teja aura vAyu kA kAraNa hai aura azabdAtmaka hai / zabda kA kAraNa skandhoM kA paraspara meM TakarAnA hai / " ataH zabda pudgala kA kArya hai / zabda do prakAra kA hai -- bhASAlakSaNa aura tadviparIta abhASAlakSaNa / bhASA-lakSaNa do prakAra kA hai - akSarIkRta aura anakSarI1. zabdabandhasaukSmyasthaulyasaMsthAnabhe datamazchAyAtapoddyotavantazca / - tattvArtha sUtra, 5.24. 2. paMcAstikAyasAra, 85-86.

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tattvavicAra 169 kRta / akSarIkRta manuSya Adi kI spaSTa bhASA hai aura anakSarIkRta dvIndriyAdi prANiyoM kI aspaSTa bhASA hai| bhASA-lakSaNa prAyogika hI hai| abhASAlakSaNa ke do bheda haiM--prAyogika aura vainasika / vastrasika zabda binA kisI Atma-prayatna ke utpanna hotA hai| bAdaloM kI garjanA Adi vainasika hai / prAyogika zabda ke cAra prakAra haiM -tata, vitata, dhana aura sauSira / carma se bane vAdya mRdaMga, paTaha Adi se utpanna honevAlA zabda tata kahalAtA hai| tAravAle vAdya vINA, sAraMgI Adi se paidA honevAlA zabda vitata hai| . ghaMTA, tAla Adi se utpanna zabda ghana kahalAtA hai / phUMka kara bajAye jAnevAle zaMkha, baMsI Adi se paidA honevAlA zabda sauSira kahalAtA hai|' bandha: __ vainasika aura prAyogika bheda se baMdha bhI do prakAra kA hai| vanasika baMdha ke punaH do bheda hote haiM-AdimAna aura anAdi / snigdha aura rUkSa guNa-nirmita vidyut, ulkA, jaladhAra, agni, indradhanurAdiviSayaka bandha AdimAna hai| dharma, adharma aura AkAza kA jo bandha hai vaha anAdi hai / prAyogika bandha do prakAra kA hai : ajIvaviSayaka aura jIvAjIvaviSayaka / jatukASThAdi kA bandha ajIvaviSayaka hai / jIvAjIvaviSayaka bandha karma aura nokarma ke bheda se do prakAra. kA hai| jJAnAvaraNAdi ATha prakAra kA bandha karma-bandha hai / audArikAdi-viSayaka bandha nokarma bandha hai| 1. tattvArtha rAjavAtika, 5. 24. 2-6. 2. vahI, 5. 24. 10-13.

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200 jaina dharma-darzana saumya : saukSamya do prakAra kA hai-antya aura ApekSika / ' paramANa kI sUkSmatA antya hai kyoMki usase adhika sUkSmatA nahIM ho sktii| anya padArthoM kI sUkSmatA ApekSika hai, jaise kele se AMvalA choTA hai, A~vale se vera choTA hai Adi / sthaulya : sthaulya bhI antya aura ApekSika ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai| jagadvyApI mahAskandha antya sthaulya hai / bera, A~valA, kelA Adi sthaulya ApekSika haiN| saMsthAna : itthaMlakSaNa aura anitthaM lakSaNa ke bheda se saMsthAna do prakAra kA hai / vyavasthita AkRti itthaM lakSaNa hai| meghAdi kI taraha avyavasthita AkRti anitthaMlakSaNa hai| bheda: bheda ke chaH prakAra haiM-utkara, cUrNa, khaNDa, cUrNikA, pratara aura aNucaTana / karapatrAdi se kASThAdi kA cIranA utkara hai| gehU~, jau Adi kA ATA cUrNa hai| ghaTAdi ke Tukar3oM ko khaNDa kahate haiN| cAvala, dAla Adi ke chilake nikalanA cUNikA hai / abhrapaTalAdi kA alaga honA pratara hai / taptalohe ke piNDa ko ghanAdi se pITane para sphuliMga kA nikalanA aNucaTana hai / 1. vahI, 5. 24. 14. 2. vahI, 5. 24, 15. .. 3. vahI, 5. 24. 16. 4. vahI, 5. 24. 18:

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tattvavicAra 201 tama: tama dRSTi ke pratibandha kA eka kAraNa hai / yaha prakAza kA virodhI hai / naiyAyikAdi tama ko svatantra bhAvAtmaka dravya na mAna kara prakAza kA abhAva mAnate haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra tama . abhAva mAtra nahIM hai, apitu prakAza kI hI bhAMti bhAvAtmaka dravya hai / jaise prakAza meM rUpa hai usI prakAra tama meM bhI rUpa hai, ataH tama prakAza ko hI taraha bhAvarUpa hai| jisa prakAra prakAza kA bhAsura rUpa aura uSNa sparza loka meM prasiddha hai usI prakAra andhakAra kA kRSNa rUpa aura zIta sparza loka kI pratIti kA viSaya hai / tama dravya hai kyoMki usameM guNa haiM / jo jo guNavAn hotA hai vaha vaha dravya hotA hai, jaise AlokAdi / / chAyA: prakAza para AvaraNa A jAne se chAyA hotI hai / isake do prakAra haiM-tadvarNAdi vikAra aura pratibimba / ' darpaNa Adi svaccha padArthoM meM jo mukha kA bimba par3atA hai aura usameM AkAra Adi jyoM kA tyoM dekhA jAtA hai vaha tadvarNAdi vikArarUpa chAyA hai| anya asvaccha dravyoM para pratibimba mAtra kA par3anA pratibimvarUpa chAyA hai| Atapa: sUrya, agni Adi kA uSNa prakAza Atapa hai| udyotaH candra, maNi, khadyota Adi kA zIta prakAza udyota hai| 1. vahI, 5. 24. 20-21.

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202 jaina dharma-darzana . pudgala ke kAryoM kA yaha eka digdarzana mAtra hai| isI prakAra ke anya jitane bhI kArya haiM, saba pudgala ke hI samajhane cAhie / zarIra, vANI, mana, niHzvAsa, ucchvAsa, sukha, du.kha, jIvana, maraNa Adi sabhI pudgala ke hI kArya haiM / ' kucha kArya zuddha paudgalika hote haiM aura kucha kArya AtmA aura pudgala donoM ke sambandha se hote haiM / zarIra, vANI Adi kArya AtmA aura pudgala ke sambandha se hote haiN| . pudgala aura AtmA : . AtmA pudgala se prabhAvita hotI hai yA nahIM? jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki saMsArI AtmA pudgala ke binA nahIM raha sktii| jaba taka jIva saMsAra meM bhramaNa karatA hai taba taka pudgala aura jIva kA sambandha avicchedya hai| pudgala AtmA ko kisa prakAra prabhAvita karatA hai ? isakA uttara, jaisA ki pahale likhA jA cukA hai, yahI hai ki pudgala se hI zarIra kA nirmANa hotA hai, vANI, mana aura zvAsocchavAsa bhI pudgala ke hI kArya haiM / yahI bAta jIvakANDa meM isa prakAra kahI gaI hai___"pudgala zarIra-nirmANa kA kAraNa hai| AhArakavargaNA se audArika, vaikriya aura AhAraka ye tIna prakAra ke zarIra banate haiM tathA zvAsocchavAsa kA nirmANa hotA hai / tejovargaNA se tejasa zarIra banatA hai| bhASAvargaNA vANI kA nirmANa karatI hai| manovargaNA ro mana kA nirmANa hotA hai| karmavargaNA se kArmaNa zarIra banatA hai / ''3 1. zarIravAGa manaHprANApAnA: pudgalAnAm / sukhaduHkhajIvitamaraNopagrahAzca |-tttvaarth sUtra, 5. 16-20. 2. gAthA 606-608..

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tattvavicAra 203 zvAsocchvAsa, vANI aura mana kA vizeSa paricaya dene kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| zvAsa ko andara khIMcanA aura bAhara nikAlanA zvAsocchavAsa hai| bhASA Adi kA vyavahAra vANI hai / mana eka sUkSma Abhyantarika indriya hai| vaha cakSurAdi sabhI indriyoM ke artha kA grahaNa karatA hai| vaizeSika darzana mana ko aNumAtra mAnatA hai| jaina darzana kA kahanA hai ki mana ko aNamAtra mAnane se sampUrNa indriya se artha kA grahaNa nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki mana eka aNapramANa sthAna para hI rahatA hai| mana AzusaMcArI bhI nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki vaha acetana hai| ataH mana skandhAtmaka hai, aNupramANa nhiiN| aba hama audArikAdi pA~ca prakAra ke zarIra kA svarUpa dekheNge| ovArika zarIra : tiryaMca aura manuSya kA sthUla zarIra audArika zarIra hai| udara yukta hone ke kAraNa isakA nAma audArika hai| rakta, mAMsa Adi isa zarIra ke lakSaNa haiN| vaikriya zarIra : devagati aura narakagati meM utpanna honevAle jIvoM ke vaikriya zarIra hotA hai| labdhiprApta manuSya aura tiryaMca bhI isa zarIra ko prApta kara sakate haiM / yaha zarIra sAdhAraNa indriyoM kA viSaya nahIM hotA / vibhinna AkAroM meM parivartita honA isa zarIra kI vizeSatA hai| isameM rakta, mAMsa Adi kA sarvathA abhAva hotA hai| AhAraka zarIra : sUkSma padArtha ke jJAna ke lie athavA kisI zaMkA ke samA .

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204 jaina dharma-darzana dhAna ke lie pramattasaMyata ( muni ) eka viziSTa zarIra kA nirmANa karatA hai / yaha zarIra bahuta dUra taka jAtA hai aura zaMkA-samAdhAna ke sAtha punaH apane sthAna para A jAtA hai / ise AhAraka zarIra kahate haiM / tejasa zarIra : yaha eka prakAra ke viziSTa pudgala paramANuoM (tejovargaNA) se banatA hai / jaTharAgni kI zakti isI zarIra kI zakti hai / yaha audArika zarIra aura kArmaNa zarIra ke bIca kI eka Avazyaka kar3I hai / kArmaNa zarIra : Antarika sUkSma zarIra, jo ki mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika sabhI prakAra kI pravRttiyoM kA mUla hai, kArmaNa zarIra hai / yaha ATha prakAra ke karmoM se banatA hai / indriyoM se kevala zeSa zarIra itane nahIM kara sakatIM / uparyukta pAMca prakAroM meM se hama apanI audArika zarIra kA jJAna kara sakate haiN| sUkSma haiM ki hamArI indriyA~ unakA grahaNa koI vItarAga kevalI hI unakA pratyakSa kara sakatA hai / ye zarIra uttarottara sUkSma haiM / " tejasa aura kArmaNa zarIra kA kisI se bhI pratighAta nahIM hotA / ve lokAkAza meM apanI zakti ke anusAra kahIM bhI jA sakate haiM / unake lie kisI bhI prakAra kA bAhya bandhana nahIM hai / ye donoM zarIra saMsArI AtmA se anAdikAla se sambandhita haiM / pratyeka jIva ke sAtha kama se kama ye do zarIra to rahate hI haiM / janmAntara ke samaya ye do zarIra hI hote haiM / adhika-se-adhika eka sAtha cAra zarIra ho 1. tattvArthasUtra, 2. 38.

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tattvavicAra 2.5 sakate haiM / ' jaba jIva ke tIna zarIra hote haiM to tejasa, kArmaNa aura audArika yA tejasa, kArmaNa aura vaikriya, jaba cAra hote haiM to tejasa, kArmaNa, audArika aura vaikriya yA tejasa, kArmaNa, audArika aura AhAraka samajhane caahie| pA~ca zarIra eka sAtha nahIM hote kyoMki vaikriya labdhi aura AhAraka labdhi kA upayoga eka sAtha nahIM ho sakatA / vaikriya labdhi ke prayoga ke samaya evaM zarIra banA lene para bhI niyamataH pramatta dazA hotI hai.2 kintu AhAraka zarIra ke viSaya meM yaha bAta nahIM hai| AhAraka labdhi kA prayoga to pramatta dazA meM hotA hai, kintu AhAraka zarIra banA lene ke bAda zuddha adhyavasAya hone ke kAraNa apramattAvasthA rahatI hai / ataH eka sAtha ina do zarIroM kA rahanA sambhava nhiiN| zaktirUpa se eka sAtha pA~coM zarIra raha sakate haiM kyoMki AhAraka evaM vaikriya labdhi kA sAtha rahanA sambhava hai kintu unakA prayoga eka sAtha nahIM ho sakatA, ataH pA~coM zarIra abhivyakti rUpa se eka sAtha nahIM raha skte| isa carcA ke sAtha zarIracarcA aura sAtha-hI-sAtha pudgala-carcA bhI samApta hotI hai| dharma : ____ jIva aura pudgala gati karate haiM / isa gati ke lie kisIna-kisI mAdhyama kI AvazyakatA hai| yaha mAdhyama dharma dravya hai| cUMki yaha astikAya hai isalie ise dharmAstikAya bhI kahate haiN| koI yaha zaMkA kara sakatA hai ki gati karane ke lie kisI mAdhyama kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? kyA jIva aura pudgala svayaM gati nahIM kara sakate ? isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki gati to jIva 1. vahI, 2.41-44. 2. tattvArtha bhASyavRtti, 2. 44.

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206 jaina dharma-darzana aura pudgala hI karate haiM, kintu unakI gati meM jo sahAyaka kAraNa hai-mAdhyama hai vaha dharma hai| yadi binA dharma ke bhI gati ho sakatI to muktajIva alokAkAza meM bhI pahuMca jAtA / alokAkAza meM AkAza ke sivAya koI dravya nahIM hai / muktajIva svabhAva se hI Urdhva gativAlA hotA hai| aisA hote hue bhI vaha loka ke anta taka jAkara ruka jAtA hai, kyoMki alokAkAza meM dharmAstikAya nahIM hai| dharmAstikAya ke abhAva meM gati nahIM ho sakatI isIlie aisA hotA hai| dharma kA lakSaNa batAte hue rAjavAtikakAra kahate haiM ki svayaM kriyA karanevAle jIva aura pudgala kI jo sahAyatA karatA hai vaha dharma hai / yaha nitya hai, avasthita hai aura arUpI hai / nitya kA artha hai tadbhAvAvyaya / gati (kriyA) meM sahAyatA dene rUpa bhAva se kabhI cyuta nahIM honA hI dharma kA tadbhAvAvyaya hai| avasthita kA artha hai jitane pradeza haiM utane hI pradezoM kA hamezA rahanA / dharma ke asaMkhyAtaM pradeza haiN| ye pradeza hamezA asaMkhyAta hI rahate haiM / arUpI kA artha pahale batAyA jA cukA hai| sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa rahita dravya arUpI hai| dharmAstikAya pUrA eka dravya hai / jIvAdi kI taraha dharma bhinna-bhinna rUpa se nahIM rahatA apitu eka akhaNDa dravya ke rUpa meM rahatA hai| yaha sAre loka meM vyApta hai| loka kA aisA koI bhI bhAga nahIM hai jahA~ dharma dravya na ho / jaba yaha sarvalokavyApI hai taba yaha svataH siddha hai ki use eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna meM jAne kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| 1. tadanantaramUrdhva gacchatyAlokAntAt |-tttvaarthsuutr, 10.5. 2. tattvArtharAjavArtika, 5.1. 16. 3. tattvArtha sUtra, 5.4. .

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tatvavicAra 207 gati kA artha hai eka deza se dUsare deza meM jAne kI kriyA / isalie kriyA ko gati bhI kaha sakate haiN| dharma isa prakAra kI kriyA athavA gati meM sahAyaka hai| jisa prakAra machalI svayaM tairatI hai kintu usakI yaha kriyA binA pAnI ke nahIM ho sakatI, pAnI ke rahate hue hI vaha tAlAba, kUpa yA samudra meM taira sakatI hai / pAnI sUkha jAne para usameM tairane kI zakti rahate hue bhI vaha nahIM taira sakatI / isakA artha yahI hai ki pAnI tairane meM sahAyaka hai / jisa samaya machalI tairanA cAhatI hai usa samaya use pAnI kI sahAyatA lenI hI par3atI hai / na tairanA cAhe to pAnI usake sAtha balaprayoga nahIM karatA / bahate hue pAnI kA prazna dUsarA hai / usI prakAra jaba jIva yA pudgala gati karatA hai taba use dharma dravya kI sahAyatA lenI par3atI hai / / adharma : jisa prakAra gati meM dharma kAraNa hai usI prakAra sthiti meM adharma kAraNa hai / " jIva aura pudgala jaba sthitizIla hone vAle hote haiM taba adharma dravya unakI sahAyatA karatA hai / jisa prakAra dharma ke abhAva meM gati nahIM ho sakatI usI prakAra adharma ke abhAva meM sthiti nahIM ho sakatI / adharma eka akhaNDa dravya hai / isake asaMkhyAta pradeza haiM / dharma kI taraha yaha bhI sarvalokavyApI hai / jisa prakAra sampUrNa tila meM tela hotA hai usI prakAra sampUrNa lokAkAza meM adharmAstikAya hai| eka calate hue pathika ke vizrAma meM jisa prakAra eka vRkSa sahAyaka hotA hai usI prakAra gati karate hue jIva aura pudgala kI sthiti meM adharma dravya 1. niyamasAra, 30. 2. lokAkAze samaste'pi dharmAdharmAstikAyayoH / tileSu tailaMvat prAhuravagAhaM maharSayaH // - tatsvArthasAra, 3.23.

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jaina dharma-darzana sahAyaka hotA hai / dharma aura adharmaM dravya kI yaha dhAraNA jana darzana kI apratima dena hai / 208 koI yaha zaMkA kara sakatA hai ki dharma aura adharma mUlataH eka hI dravya ke antargata haiN| aisA kyoM ? kyoMki ye donoM lokAkAza vyApI haiM ataH donoM kA deza-sthAna eka hai| donoM kA parimANa bhI eka hai kyoMki donoM sAre lokAkAza meM vyApta haiN| donoM kA kAla bhI eka hai kyoMki donoM hI kA lika haiN| donoM hI amUrta haiM, ajIva haiM, anumeya haiN| isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki ina sArI ekatAoM ke hone para bhI unheM eka nahIM kahA jA sakatA kyoMki una donoM ke kArya bhinna-bhinna haiN| eka kA kArya gati meM sahAyatA denA hai to dUsare kA sthiti meM sahAyaka honA hai / isa prakAra do vibhinna aura virodhI kAryoM ke karate hue donoM eka kaise ho sakate haiM ? dravyatva kI dRSTi se bhale hI eka hoM kintu apane-apane kArya yA svabhAva kI dRSTi se donoM bhinna haiM / dharma aura adharma amUrta dravya haiM, aisI sthiti meM ve gati aura sthiti meM kaise sahAyaka ho sakate haiM ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki sahAyatA dene kI samarthatA ke lie mUrtatA anivArya guNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / koI dravya amUrta hokara bhI apanA kArya kara sakatA hai / udAharaNa ke lie AkAza yadyapi amUrta hai phira bhI padArtha ko AkAza -sthAna detA hai / yadi AkAza ke lie avakAzapradAnarUpa kArya asambhava nahIM to dharma aura adharma ke lie gati aura sthiti meM sahAyatArUpa kAryaM kyoMkara kaThina hai ? samIkSA - jIvAdi chaH tattvoM meM se jIva aura pudgala ye do tattva aise haiM jo eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para jAte haiM arthAt

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tattvavicAra 209 gati karate haiN| gati karanevAle ye donoM tattva sadaiva gatizIla nahIM hote arthAt hamezA gati nahIM kiyA karate apitu kahIM para rukate bhI haiM arthAt sthitizIla bhI hote haiM / isa prakAra jIva aura pudgala sthitizIla tathA gatizIla donoM hI hote haiN| zeSa tattva nitya avasthita haiM / jaina darzana gati aura sthiti ko jIva tathA pudgala kI svakRta kriyAeM mAnatA huA bhI inake lie do vizeSa mAdhyama svIkAra karatA hai| ye mAdhyama haiM dharma aura adharma / dharma gati kA mAdhyama hai' tathA adharma sthiti kaa| -- gati aura sthiti donoM ke lie do mAdhyama svIkAra na karate hue yadi ina donoM meM se kisI eka ko jIva aura pudagala kA sahaja svabhAva mAna liyA jAya tathA zeSa eka ke lie kevala eka mAdhyama svIkAra kiyA jAya to kyA hAni hai ? aisA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki gati aura sthiti donoM hI kriyAeM sahajarUpa se jIva evaM pudgala meM pAI jAtI haiN| na kevala sthiti hI inakA svabhAva hai aura na kevala gati hii| kisI samaya kisI meM sthiti hotI hai to kisI samaya kisI meM gati / kisI samaya koI sthiti se gati meM AtA hai to kisI samaya koI gati se sthiti meN| aisA koI niyama nahIM hai ki saba padArtha svabhAva se sthitizIla hI hoM athavA gatizIla hii| loka meM cAroM prakAra ke padArtha pAye jAte haiM : 1. sthiti se gati ko prApta honevAle, 2. gati se sthiti ko prApta honevAle, 3. sadaiva sthitizIla rahanevAle, 4. sadaiva gatizIla rhnevaale| sthiti se gati ko tathA gati se sthiti ko prApta honevAle padArthoM ke udAharaNa dene kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| 1. Medium of Motion. 2. Medium of Rest.

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210 jaina dharma-darzana mukta AtmAeM sadaiva sthitizIla rahatI haiN| candra Adi hamezA gatizIla rahate haiM / ataH gati evaM sthiti donoM hI svAbhAvika haiM, donoM hI yathArtha haiM tathA donoM ke lie do bhinna-bhinna mAdhyama mAnanA yuktisaMgata hai / ___svayaM gati karanevAle jIva evaM pudgala kI jo sahAyatA karatA hai vaha dharma hai| gati kA artha hai eka deza se dUsare deza meM arthAt eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna meM jAne kI kriyA / dharma vaha tattva hai jo isa prakAra kI kriyA meM sahAyaka hotA hai / jisa prakAra machalI svayaM tairane kI kriyA karatI hai kintu isake lie pAnI kI AvazyakatA hotI hai usI prakAra jIva aura pudgala svayaM gati karate haiM kintu usake lie dharma kA mAdhyama Avazyaka hotA hai| machalI meM tairane kA sAmarthya hote hue bhI pAnI ke binA tairane kI kriyA nahIM ho sktii| ThIka isI prakAra jIva aura pudgala meM gati karane kI kSamatA hote hue bhI dharma dravya ke abhAva meM gati saMbhava nahIM hotii| dharma sAre loka meM vyApta hai| gati ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM dharma dravya kA astitva kevala jaina darzana meM hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai athavA anyatra bhI isakA sadbhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai ? anya bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya darzanoM meM gati ko yathArtha mAnate hue bhI gati ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM dharma jaise kisI vizeSa tattva kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava nahIM kiyA gyaa| hAM, Adhunika bhautika vijJAna 'Ithara'' ke rUpa meM gati-sahAyaka eka aisA tattva avazya mAnatA hai jisakA kArya dharma dravya se milatA-julatA hai| yaha tattva 1. Ether. 2. nyAya-vaizeSika darzana meM AkAza ko 'Ithara' kahA jAtA hai| isakA guNa athavA kArya zabda hai /

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tattvavicAra 211 atyanta sUkSma evaM patale tarala padArtha ke rUpa meM hai jo sAre jagata meM vyApta hai / adharma dravya jIva aura pudgala kI sthiti meM sahAyatA pahu~cAtA hai / jisa prakAra dharma gati meM sahAyaka hai usI prakAra adharma sthiti meM sahAyaka hai| dharma kI taraha adharma bhI sarvalokavyApI hai / jaise vRkSa kI chAyA pathikoM ke vizrAma meM sahAyaka hotI hai vaise hI adharma dravya jIva aura pudgala kI sthiti meM sahAyaka hotA hai / dharma gati kA mAdhyama athavA sahAyaka hai, yaha bAta udAharaNa Adi se spaSTa rUpa se samajha meM A jAtI hai kintu adharma kisa prakAra sthiti kA mAdhyama athavA sahAyaka hai, spaSTa rUpa se samajha meM nahIM AtA / koI padArtha jaba gati karatA huA ruka jAtA hai to use hama sthita kahate haiN| jaise machalI pAnI kI sahAyatA se cala rahI ho aura calate-calate pAnI meM hI ruka jAya to vaha gatizIla na rahakara sthitizIla ho jAyagI / isa sthiti meM use pAnI ke atirikta kisI anya padArtha kI sahAyatA kaise milI ? hAM, yadi vaha bhUmi para sthita hotI hai to bhUmi usakI sthiti meM sahAyaka kAraNa avazya mAnI jAyagI / pathika aura vRkSa kA udAharaNa hI leN| jaise pAnI ke binA machalI kA tairanA saMbhava nahIM kyA vaise hI vRkSa kI athavA kisI anya prakAra kI chAyA ke binA pathika vizrAma nahIM kara sakatA ? isa kaThinAI ko dUra karane ke lie eka anya udAharaNa bhI diyA jAtA hai / jisa prakAra pRthvI azva Adi prANiyoM kI sthiti meM sahAyaka hotI hai usI prakAra adharma jIva aura pudgala kI sthiti meM sahAyaka hotA hai / mUla prazna yaha hai ki adharma sthiti meM kisa DhaMga se athavA kyA sahAyatA karatA hai ? jaise yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki dharma ke

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212 jaina dharma-darzana abhAva meM gati nahIM ho sakatI arthAt kevala sthiti hI raha jAyagI, kyA vaise hI yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki adharma ke abhAva meM sthiti nahIM ho sakatI arthAt kevala gati hI raha jAyagI ? jaina darzana ke anusAra aisA hI hai / adharma dravya ke binA kisI prakAra kI santulita sthiti athavA santulana' saMbhava nahIM hai / jo tattva padArthoM ke santulana kA mAdhyama hai arthAt jIva aura pudgala kI santulita sthiti meM sahAyaka hotA hai vaha adharma huuN| kucha Adhunika vidvAn adharma kI tulanA athavA samAnatA gurutvAkarSaNa evaM 'phIlDa' ke sAtha karate haiN| mujhe aisA pratIta hotA hai ki adharma ina donoM se bhinna eka svatantra tattva hai jisakI AvazyakatA kevala jaina dArzanikoM ne hI mahasUsa kI hai| ___ yadi dharma kI taraha adharma ko bhI sarvavyApaka mAnA jAyagA to donoM eka-dUsare se mila jAyaMge / phira unameM kyA bheda raha jAyagA? eka se adhika padArthoM athavA tattvoM ke sarvavyApaka hone para bhI unameM apane-apane kArya kI dRSTi se usI prakAra bhinnatA rahatI hai jisa prakAra ki aneka dIpakoM athavA battiyoM ke prakAzoM ke eka-dUsare se mila jAne para bhI unameM bhinnatA rahatI hai tathA ve yathAvasara apanA-apanA kArya karate haiN| paraspara mizrita hote hue bhI unameM se kisI kA astitva samApta nahIM ho jaataa| cUMki dharma aura adharma sampUrNa loka meM vyApta haiM ataH unheM eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna meM jAne kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / ve nitya avasthita haiN| AkAza : jo dravya jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma aura kAla ko sthAna detA 1.. Equilibrium. 2. Gravity. 3. Field.

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tatvavicAra 213 hai-avagAha detA hai vaha AkAza hai / ' yaha sarvavyApI hai, eka hai, amUrta hai aura ananta pradezavAlA hai| isameM sabhI dravya rahate haiM / yaha arUpI hai / AkAza ke do vibhAga haiM-lokAkAza aura alokAkAza / jahA~ puNya aura pApa kA phala dekhA jAtA hai vaha loka hai / loka kA jo AkAza hai vaha lokAkAza hai / jaise jala ke AzrayasthAMna ko jalAzaya kahate haiM usI prakAra loka ke AkAza ko lokAkAza kahate haiN| yahA~ yaha prazna uTha sakatA hai ki AkAza jaba eka hai-akhaNDa hai taba usake do vibhAga kaise ho sakate haiM ? lokAkAza aura alokAkAza kA jo vibhAjana hai vaha anya dravyoM kI dRSTi se hai, AkAza kI dRSTi se nhiiN| jahA~ para jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma aura kAla rahate haiM vahIM puNya aura pApa kA phala dekhA jAtA hai, isalie vahI lokAkAza . hai| jisa AkAza meM yaha nahIM hotA vaha alokAkAza hai| vaise sArA AkAza eka hai, akhaNDa hai, sarvavyApI hai| usameM koI bheda nahIM ho sakatA / bheda kA AdhAra anya hai / AkAza kI dRSTi se lokAkAza aura alokAkAza meM koI bheda nahIM hai| AkAza sarvatra ekarUpa hai| __ AkAza kA lakSaNa batAte hue yaha kahA gayA ki avakAza denA AkAza kA dharma hai| lokAkAza pA~ca dravyoM ko avakAza detA hai, ataH use hama AkAza kaha sakate haiN| alokAkAza kisI ko Azraya nahIM detA, aisI dazA meM use AkAza kyoM kahA jAya ? isa zaMkA kA samAdhAna isa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki AkAza kA dharma avakAzadAna hai, kintu AkAza avakAza use hI de sakatA hai jo usake andara rahatA hai / alokAkAza meM koI bhI dravya nahIM rahatA to phira AkAza avakAza kise de ? hA~, yadi vahA~ koI dravya hotA aura phira bhI AkAza 1. AkAzasyAvagAhaH |-tttvaarthsuutr, 5.18.

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214 jaina dharma-darzana use avakAza na detA to hama kaha sakate ki aloka ko AkAza nahIM kahanA cAhie kintu jaba vahA~ koI bhI dravya nahIM pahuMcatA to alokAkAza kA kyA aparAdha hai / vaha to avakAza dene ke lie sarvadA prastuta hai / koI bhI dravya vahA~ pahu~ce to sahI / isIlie aloka ko AkAza mAnane meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai / AkAza-svabhAva vahA~ bhI hai / usase lAbha uThAnevAlA koI bhI dravya vahA~ nahIM hai / isIlie use alokAkAza kahate haiM / lokAkAza ke asaMkhyAta pradeza haiM aura alokAkAza ke ananta pradeza haiM / sAre AkAza ke ananta pradeza haiM, yaha kahA jA cukA hai / ananta pradezoM meM se asaMkhyAta pradeza nikAla dene se jo pradeza bacate haiM ve bhI ananta ho sakate haiM kyoMki ananta bahuta bar3A hai / itanA hI nahIM, ananta meM se ananta nikAla dene para bhI ananta raha sakatA hai kyoMki ananta parItAnanta, yuktAnanta aura anantAnanta ke bheda se tIna prakAra kA hai / ' dharma, adharma aura AkAza ye tInoM sarvalokavyApI haiM to inameM paraspara vyAghAta kyoM nahIM hotA ? vyAghAta hamezA mUrta padArthoM meM hotA hai, amUrta padArthoM meM nahIM / dharma, adharma aura AkAza amUrta haiM, ataH eka sAtha nirvirodha raha sakate haiM / AkAza anya dravyoM ko avakAza detA hai, yaha ThIka hai, kintu AkAza ko kauna avakAza detA hai ? AkAza svapratiSThita hai / usake lie kisI anya dravya kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / yadi aisA hai to sabhI dravyoM ko svapratiSThita kyoM na mAna liyA jAya ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki nizcaya dRSTi se to sabhI dravya Atma-pratiSThita haiM kintu vyavahAra dRSTi se anya dravya AkAzAzrita haiM / ina dravyoM kA sambandha anAdi hai / anAdi sambandha hote 1. tattvArtha rAjavArtika, 5.10.2.

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tatvavicAra 215 hue bhI inameM zarIra - hastAdi kI taraha AdhArAdheya bhAva ghaTa sakatA hai | AkAza anya dravyoM se adhika vyApaka hai, ataH vaha sabakA AdhAra hai / AkAza ko kucha dArzanikoM ne svatantra dravya mAnA hai aura kucha ne nahIM mAnA / jinhoMne use svatantra dravya mAnA hai unameM se kisI ne bhI jaina darzana kI taraha lokAkAza aura alokAkAza ke rUpa meM nahIM mAnA / pAzcAtya darzanazAstra ke itihAsa meM rikta AkAza (Empty Space ) hai yA nahIM' isa viSaya para kAphI vivAda hai, kintu isa DhaMga ke do alaga-alaga vibhAga vahA~ bhI nahIM haiM / samIkSA - AkAza kyA hai ? isa viSaya meM do mata haiM / kucha dArzanika AkAza ko rikta sthAna ke rUpa meM arthAt abhAvAtmaka mAnate haiM, jabaki kucha dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA hai ki AkAza bhI usI prakAra eka bhAvAtmaka tattva hai jisa prakAra ki anya tattva | jaina darzana AkAza ko eka arUpI arthAt amUrta bhAvAtmaka tattva mAnatA hai / jo dravya ( tattva) jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma aura kAla ko sthAna detA hai vaha AkAza hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, AkAza rUpI aura arUpI arthAt mUrta aura amUrta sabako sthAna detA hai kintu vaha svayaM arUpI hai| cU~ki AkAza sabakA AdhAra hai ataH vaha sarvavyApI hai / AkAza ke do vibhAga haiM: lokAkAza aura alokAkAza / lokAkAza meM jIva, pudgala Adi saba dravya rahate haiM / alokAkAza meM jIva Adi kisI kI bhI sattA nahIM hai / lokAkAza athavA loka sAnta hai, jabaki alokAkAza athavA aloka ananta hai / AkAza svapratiSThita hai ataH usake lie kisI anya AdhAra

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216 jama dharma-darzana kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| anya dravyoM se adhika vyApaka hone ke kAraNa AkAza sabakA AdhAra hai| ___ AkAza kisI padArtha ko kisa prakAra sthAna detA hai ? kyA jise sthAna prApta nahIM hai use sthAna detA hai athavA jise pahale se hI sthAna prApta hai use nayA sthAna detA hai ? cU~ki pratyeka padArtha kahIM-na-kahIM sthita to hotA hI hai ataH jise sthAna prApta nahIM hai use sthAna dene kA koI prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| jise pahale se hI sthAna prApta hai use hI nayA sthAna diyA jA sakatA hai| AkAza bhI anAdi hai arthAt hamezA se hai aura anya dravya bhI anAdi haiM arthAt unakI sattA bhI hamezA se hai| inakA yugapat astitva hone para bhI eka ko AdhAra mAnakara anya ko Adheya mAnanA kahA~ taka yuktiyukta hai ? yugapat astitva hone para bhI inameM zarIra aura hastAdi kI taraha AdhArAdheya-bhAva mAnA jA sakatA hai| cUMki AkAza anya dravyoM se adhika vistRta hai ataH vaha AdhAra evaM usameM rahanevAle anya dravya Adheya mAne gaye haiN| jisa taraha zarIra aura hastAdi meM AdhArAdheya-bhAva dekhA jAtA hai usa taraha AkAza aura anya dravyoM meM AdhArAdheya-bhAva dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| samasta padArtha eka-dUsare ke AdhAra se hI Tike hue dekhe jAte haiM / pRthvI ina sabakA dRSTa AdhAra hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra pRthvI kA AdhAra jala, jala kA AdhAra vAyu tathA vAyu kA AdhAra AkAza hai| AkAza kA koI anya AdhAra nahIM hai| vaha svAdhRta hai| nyAya-vaizeSika darzana meM AkAza ko sUkSma bhautika tattva mAnA gayA hai jisakA kArya zabda hai| zabda guNa se AkAza dravya ke astitva kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| AkAza sarvavyApaka ...

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. tattvavicAra 217 dravya hote hue bhI pRthvI, jala, teja evaM vAyu ke samAna eka bhautika tattva hI hai| isakA kArya avakAzadAna (sthAna denA) nahIM apitu zabda hai| cUMki jaina darzana meM zabda ko pudgala dravya kA kArya arthAt paudgalika mAnA gayA hai ataH AkAza ko zabda utpanna karanevAlA dravya na mAnate hue avakAza denevAle dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / bauddha darzana meM AkAza ko zUnya arthAt avastu mAnA gayA hai / vaha AvaraNAbhAva' arthAt vastu kI AvRti ke abhAva ke rUpa meM hai| jahA~ koI padArtha nahIM hotA arthAt jo sthAna padArtha ke AvaraNa se rahita hotA hai use hamaloga AkAza kA nAma de dete haiN| vastutaH vaha koI bhAvAtmaka tattva, vastu yA padArtha nahIM hai / use to abhAva, avastu athavA zUnya ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA caahie| jaina darzana meM gati ke lie dharma tathA sthiti ke lie adharma dravya mAnA gayA hai / / jIva Adi sabhI dravyoM kI sattA anAdi kAla se hai evaM ananta kAla taka rhegii| koI bhI padArtha yA to gatizIla hogA yA sthitishiil| ina donoM avasthAoM ke mAdhyamoM ke rUpa meM dharma aura adharma haiM hii| to phira AkAza kI kyA AvazyakatA? jisa prakAra AkAza svapratiSThita hai, kyA usI prakAra jIvAdi svapratiSThita nahIM ho sakate ? kisI zAzvata dravya ke astitva ke lie kisI anya dravya kI kalpanA kyoM kI jAya? hA~, kisI padArtha ke eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para jAne ke lie arthAt sthAnAntaraNa ke lie rikta sthAna ke rUpa meM abhAvAtmaka AkAza avazya mAnA jA sakatA hai / ise gaNitIya AkAza' kahate haiN| isameM sUkSma 1. Negation of Occupation. 2. Mathematical Space.

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218 jaina dharma-darzana tattvoM athavA padArthoM kI vidyamAnatA hote hue bhI sthUla padArthoM kA yathAvasara praveza tathA niSkramaNa ho sakatA hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki AkAza ke AdhAra ke binA kisI padArtha kI sattA hI saMbhava nahIM hai to prazna hogA ki AkAza ko sAmAnya AdhAra na mAnane para kyA samasta tattvoM kA abhAva ho jAyagA ? kyA koI bhI dravya loka meM na rahegA? aisA nahIM ho sktaa| jo sat hai vaha asat nahIM ho sktaa| samasta dravya apane svabhAva se hI loka meM vidyamAna haiN| unako sthAna athavA AdhAra pradAna karane kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| hA~, yadi unheM pahale se hI sthAna milA huA na hotA to sthAna dene kI AvazyakatA hotI tathA sthAna denevAle kisI anya dravya kI sattA svIkAra karanI pdd'tii| samasta jar3a evaM cetana padArtha eka-dUsare ke AdhAra athavA AkarSaNa se loka meM sthita haiN| isake lie AkAza ke rUpa meM kisI sthAnadAtA kI kalpanA karanA nirarthaka hai| hA~, AvaraNAbhAva ke rUpa meM AkAza ko zUnya athavA avastu mAnanA anupayukta nahIM hai| anubhava ke AdhAra para sahaja hI aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaba AkAza koI bhAvAtmaka tattva nahIM hai taba AkAza ke AdhAra para lokAkAza aura alokAkAza kI kalpanA na karate hue kevala loka aura alokarUpa vibhAjana ko hI svIkAra karanA caahie| jIvAdi tattvoM kA samUha ( jisameM tadantargata sApekSa rikta sthAna bhI samAviSTa hai) loka hai tathA unakA abhAva aloka hai| aloka koI bhAvAtmaka tattva nahIM hai apitu kevala abhAvAtmaka zUnya hai| loka sAnta arthAt sImita hai| aloka avastu hai ataH usake viSaya meM vizeSa vicAra karanA anAvazyaka hai / loka ati vizAla hai| jIva athavA pudgala kI gati yA sthiti loka meM .

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tattvavicAra 216 hI saMbhava hai| sthUla padArtha eka-dUsare kI gati aura sthiti meM vAdhaka hote haiN| sUkSma padArtha vaisA nahIM krte| pudgala ke sthUla evaM sUkSma donoM rUpa hote haiN| anya tattva kevala sUkSma rUpa meM hI hote haiN| yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki pratyeka jIva athavA pratyeka pudgala pratyeka avasthA meM loka ke kisI bhI bhAga meM gati athavA sthiti kara sake / jIva evaM pudgala vibhinna avasthAoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke sAmarthya se yukta hote haiN| tadanusAra hI ve gati yA sthiti kara sakate haiN| addhAsamaya : parivartana kA jo kAraNa hai use addhAsamaya yA kAla kahate haiN| kAla kI vyAkhyA do dRSTiyoM se kI jA sakatI hai| dravya kA svajAti ke parityAga ke binA vaisrasika aura prAyogika vikArarUpa pariNAma' vyavahAra dRSTi se kAla ko siddha karatA hai| pratyeka dravya parivartita hotA rahatA hai| parivartanoM ke hote hue bhI usakI jAti kA kabhI vinAza nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra ke parivartana pariNAma kahe jAte haiN| ina pariNAmoM kA jo kAraNa hai vaha kAla hai| yaha vyavahAra dRSTi se kAla kI khyA huii| pratyeka dravya aura paryAya kI pratikSaNabhAvI svasattAnubhUti vartanA hai / isa vartanA kA kAraNa kAla hai| yaha kAla kI pAramArthika vyAkhyA hai| pratyeka dravya utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyAtmaka vRttivAlA hai| yaha vRtti pratikSaNa rahatI hai| koI bhI kSaNa isa vRtti ke binA nahIM raha sktaa| yahI pAramArthika kAla kA kArya hai| kAla kA artha hai parivartana / parivartana ko samajhane ke lie anvaya kA jJAna honA Avazyaka hai| aneka 1. tattvArtharAjavAtika, 5. 22. 10. 2. vahI, 5.22.4.

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220 jaina dharma-darzana parivartanoM meM eka prakAra kA anvaya rahatA hai| isI anvaya ke AdhAra para yaha jAnA jA sakatA hai ki isa vastu meM parivartana huaa| yadi anvaya na ho to kyA parivartana huA, kisameM parivartana huA-isakA jarA bhI jJAna nahIM ho sktaa| yahI bAta Upara kahI gaI hai| svajAti kA tyAga kiye binA vividha prakAra ke parivartana honA kAla kA kArya hai| isI kAla ke AdhAra para hama ghaMTA, minaTa, sekaNDa Adi vibhAga karate haiN| yaha vyAvahArika kAla hai| pAramArthika yA nizcaya dRSTi se pratyeka padArtha kA kSaNikatva kAla kA dyotaka hai / kSaNa-kSaNa meM padArtha meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai| yaha parivartana bauddha parivartana kI taraha aikAntika na hokara dhrauvyayukta hai| isa prakAra donoM dRSTiyoM se kAla kA lakSaNa parivartana hai| ____kAla asaMkhyAta pradeza-pramANa hotA hai| ye pradeza eka avayavI ke pradeza nahIM haiM apitu svatantra rUpa se sat haiN| isIlie kAla ko anastikAya kahA gayA hai| lokAkAza ke pratyeka pradeza para eka-eka kAla-pradeza baiThA huA hai / ratnoM kI rAzi kI taraha lokAkAza ke eka-eka pradeza para jo eka-eka dravya sthita hai vaha kAla hai / yaha asaMkhyAta dravya-pramANa hai|' isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki kAla eka dravya nahIM hai, apitu asaMkhyAta dravyapramANa hai| parivartana kI dRSTi se yadyapi kAla ke sabhI pradezoM kA eka svabhAva hai tathApi ve paraspara bhinna haiN| ve saba milakara eka avayavI kA nirmANa nahIM krte| jisa prakAra upayoga sabhI AtmAoM kA 1. loyAyAsapadese, ikkekke je ThiyA hu ikkekkA / rayaNANaM rAsI iva, te kAlANU asaMkhadavvANi // -dravyasaMgraha, 2.2. .

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tattvavicAra 221 svabhAva hai. kintu sabhI AtmAeM bhinna-bhinna haiM, usI prakAra vartanAlakSaNa kA sAmya hote hae bhI pratyeka kAla bhinna-bhinna hai / jIvatva sAmAnya ko lekara sabhI AtmAoM ko jIva kahA jAtA hai, usI prakAra kAlatva ( vartanA ) sAmAnya kI dRSTi se ORIGINE sabhI kAloM ko kAla kahA gayA hai| ataH kAla vartanA-sAmAnya kI dRSTi se asaMkhyAta haiN| kAla ko astikAya na mAnakara anastikAya kyoM mAnA gayA ? isakA santoSaprada uttara denA kaThina hai / yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki dravya ke pratyeka avayavaaMza kA parivartana svataMtra hai| isalie pratyeka kAla svatantra hai| yahA~ eka kaThinAI hai| parivartana pratyeka dravya ke pratyeka aMza meM hotA hai| pudgala dravya ke ananta pradeza haiM / isI prakAra saba jIvoM ke ananta pradeza haiN| aisI sthiti meM asaMkhyAta pradezapramANavAlA kAla ananta pradezoM meM parivartana kaise kara sakatA hai ? jahA~ taka asaMkhyAta pradezavAle AkAza meM ananta pradeza ke rahane kA prazna hai, yaha bAta kisI taraha mAna bhI leM ki paraspara vyAghAta ke binA dIpakoM ke prakAza kI taraha unakA rahanA sambhava hai parantu parivartana aisI cIja nahIM ki eka kAla eka se adhika aMza meM parivartana kara sake / AkAza kI taraha parivartana kI bAta bhI kisI taraha ghaTa sakatI, yadi kAla AkAza kI bhA~ti eka akhaNDa dravya hotA / isa kaThinAI ko dUra karane ke lie yaha mAnA gayA ki kAla lokAkAza ke pratyeka pradeza para sthita hai, na ki jIva yA pudagala ke pratyeka pradeza para / jaba lokAkAza ke pratyeka pradeza para kAla kI sattA mAnI gaI to kyA kAraNa hai ki AkAza kI taraha kAla ko akhaNDa dravya nahIM mAnA gayA ? AkAza kA dharma avakAzadAna hai aura avakAza meM vizeSa vibhinnatA nahIM hotii| kAla kA

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222 jaina dharma-darzana dharma vartanA hai-pariNAma hai| isameM atyadhika vibhinnatA hotI hai| pratyeka parivartana vilakSaNa hotA hai| yadi kAla eka akhaNDa dravya hotA to parivartana meM vilakSaNatA nahIM aatii| sambhavataH isIlie pratyeka kAla ko svataMtra dravya mAnA gyaa| yaha samAdhAna bhI santoSajanaka nahIM hai| parivartana kI vilakSaNatA meM svayaM dravya kI vilakSaNatA kAraNa hai| kAla kA usase koI sambandha nahIM hai| isake atirikta aura koI hetu dikhAI nahIM detA jisake AdhAra para pratyeka kAla ko svataMtra dravya mAnA jaay| zAyada inhIM kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa kAla sarvasammata rUpa se svataMtra dravya nahIM mAnA gyaa|' samIkSA-kAla parivartana kA mAdhyama athavA sahAyaka kAraNa hai| pratyeka padArtha svabhAvataH parivartanazIla hai| usameM pratikSaNa parivartana hotA rahatA hai / navIna paryAyoM kI utpatti va prAcIna paryAyoM kA nAza arthAt rUpAntaraNa hI parivartana hai| parivartana meM padArtha kA mUla svarUpa naSTa nahIM hotaa| jIvAdi dravya parivartita hote hue bhI apanA mUla svabhAva banAye rakhate haiM arthAt jIva hamezA jIva hI rahatA hai, kadApi ajIva nahIM hotA tathA ajIva hamezA ajIva hI rahatA haiM, kadApi jIva nahIM hotaa| isa nityatA ko dhrauvya kahate haiN| navIna paryAya arthAt naye rUpa kI utpatti ko utpAda tathA prAcIna paryAya arthAt purAne rUpa ke nAza ko vyaya kahate haiN| utpAda aura vyaya arthAt parivartana ke madhya dhrauvya arthAt sthAyitva kA astitva 1. kaalshcetyeke| -tattvArthasUtra, 5.38. 2. Medium of Change. 3. Auxiliary Cause of Change.

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tattvavicAra 223 vartanA kahalAtA hai / kAla aise parivartana kA kAraNa hai jisameM sthAyitva vidyamAna hotA hai| kAla se niranvaya vinAza nahIM honA apitu vartanA hotI hai- sAnvaya parivartana hotA hai| isa prakAra kAla pratyeka vastu ke svAbhAvika parivartana kA mAdhyama athavA sahAyaka kAraNa hai / kAla athavA parivartana ko vyAvahArika dRSTi se nApane - samajhane ke lie vividha saMketoM athavA pratIkoM kA AdhAra liyA jAtA hai / parivartana aura sthAyitva padArtha ke svAbhAvika dharma haiM / kyA isake lie kisI anya kAraNa athavA mAdhyama kI AvazyakatA hai ? kyA kAla ke mAdhyama ke binA padArthoM meM parivartana nahIM ho sakatA ? mAnA ki parivartana ke lie kAla nAmaka tattva Avazyaka hai / aba prazna yaha hai ki kAla para-parivartana kA kAraNa hai athavA sva-parivartana kA athavA donoM kA ? spaSTa hai ki kAla ko kevala para-parivartana athavA kevala sva-parivartana kA kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / use sva-paraprakAzaka dIpaka kI bhA~ti donoM prakAra ke parivartana kA kAraNa mAnanA par3egA arthAt jIvAdi padArthoM ke parivartana athavA vartanA ke lie to kAla nAmaka eka svatantra tattva kI sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA hai kintu kAla ke svayaM ke parivartana ke lie kisI anya tattva kI sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / kAla apane svabhAva ke anusAra svataH parivartita hotA rahatA hai| jaise kAla svata: parivartanazIla hai vaise kyA jIvAdi padArtha svataH parivartanazIla nahIM ho sakate ? unake parivartana ke lie kisI anya sahAyaka kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki jaise dIpaka svataH prakAzita hotA huA anya padArthoM ko prakAzita karatA hai vaise hI kAla svataH parivartita hotA huA jIvAdi ko pari

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224 jaina dharma-darzana vartita karatA hai| dIpaka ko prakAzita karane ke lie kisI anya prakAza kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI kyoMki dIpaka svayaM prakAzamAna hai kintu anya padArthoM ko prakAzita karane ke lie dIpaka kI upayogitA hai kyoMki ve aprakAzamAna haiN| dIpaka aprakAzamAna ko prakAzita karatA hai, prakAzamAna ko nhiiN| prakAzamAna ko prakAzita karane se anavasthA utpanna hotI hai| jisa prakAra dIpaka aprakAzamAna vastu ko prakAzita karatA hai usI prakAra kyA kAla bhI aparivartanazIla padArthoM ko parivartita karatA hai ? nahIM, aisA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| pratyeka padArtha svabhAva se hI parivartanazIla hai ataH use aparivartanazIla kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? jaba vastu svayaM parivartanazIla hai taba parivartana ke lie kAla kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? kAla parivartana kA sahAyaka kAraNa hai arthAt parivartanazIla padArthoM ke parivartana meM sahAyatA pahuMcAtA hai| jaise dharma gati meM tathA adharma sthiti meM sahAyaka hotA hai vaise hI kAla parivartana meM sahAyaka banatA hai| aisA mAnane meM bhI eka kaThinAI hai| gati athavA sthiti vastu kA anivArya dharma nahIM hai / vastu kabhI gatizIla hotI hai to kabhI sthitishiil| jIva athavA padgala jaba gati karanA cAhatA hai taba dharma dravya usakI sahAyatA karatA hai| isI prakAra jIva yA pudgala jaba sthita honA cAhatA hai taba adharma dravya usakI madada karatA hai| jIva aura pudgala kI gati evaM sthiti aicchika haiM, anivArya nhiiN| aicchika kriyA kabhI hotI hai, kabhI nahIM hotii| ataH usakA koI mAdhyama athavA sahAyaka kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| parivartana athavA sthAyitva isa prakAra kA dharma yA guNa yA kriyA nahIM hai jo aicchika ho-kisI kI icchA para nirbhara ho-kabhI ho aura kabhI na

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tattvavicAra 225 ho| yaha to padArtha kA svAbhAvika evaM anivArya dharma hai / isakA vastu kI sattA ke sAtha avicchedya sambandha hai| jaise sattA ke lie koI sahAyaka kAraNa apekSita nahIM hai vaise hI parivartana evaM sthAyitva ke lie bhI kisI sahAyaka kAraNa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| padArya svabhAva se hI utpAda, vyaya tathA dhrauvyayukta hai| isake lie kAla nAmaka kisI tattvavizeSa kI kalpanA anAvazyaka hai| padArthoM meM jaise svAbhAvika parivartana dRSTigocara hotA hai vaise hI eka-dUsare ke prabhAva se utpanna parivartana bhI dikhAI detA hai| kaisA hI parivartana kyoM na ho, vastu ko parivartanazIlasvabhAva mAnanA hI hogaa| yadi vastu svabhAvataH parivartanazIla nahIM hai to kisI bhI prakAra se athavA kisI bhI anya padArtha kI upasthiti meM bhI usameM koI bhI parivartana nahIM ho skegaa| vaise padArtha paraspara prabhAvita hote rahate haiM, eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karate rahate haiN| sAmAnyatayA parivartana athavA vartanA anivArya hai, aicchika nhiiN| yaha sarvatra evaM svataH pravartita hai| ___ taba phira kAla kyA hai ? vastu ke kisI bhI parivartana, pariNAma athavA paryAya ko kAla kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai| kAla parivartana ko samajhane kA eka saMketa hai| yaha vividha rUpoM meM vividha avasthAoM kA bodha karAtA hai| vastu kI vibhinna avasthAoM (paryAyoM ) ke AdhAra para kAla ke vibhinna rUpoMvartamAna, bhUta, bhaviSyat, yogapadya, kramikatva, pUrva, pazcAt Adi kA bodha hotA hai| samaya kI gaNanA meM bhI padArthoM kA hI AdhAra liyA jAtA hai| padArthoM ke atirikta kAla dravya ke aNuoM-kAlANuoM kI svatantra sattA mAnane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| samasta padArtha nitya svabhAvataH parivartana avasthAoM (paryAyA kA bodha karAtA hai| yaha vividha

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226 jaina dharma-darzana zIla haiM / yaha parivartana svataH hotA hai / kAla na to isakA upAdAnakAraNa hai, na nimittakAraNa hI / viparIta isake yaha parivartana hI kAla kA AdhAra hai| kucha jaina dArzanikoM ne kAla ko svatantra dravya na mAnate hue anya dravyoM ke paryAya ke rUpa meM mAnA bhI hai / vizva kA svarUpa : vizva, jagat athavA saMsAra ke lie jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyarUpa se loka zabda kA vyavahAra huA hai / yaha loka kyA hai ? isakA uttara do rUpoM meM milatA hai / kahIM para paMcAstikAya ko loka kahA gayA hai to kahIM para Sadravya ko loka mAnA gayA hai / vyAkhyAprajJapti ( bhagavatIsUtra ) meM eka sthAna para batAyA gayA hai ki loka paMcAstikAyarUpa hai| paMcAstikAya ye haiM : 1. dharmAstikAya, 2. adharmAstikAya, 3. AkAzAstikAya, 4 jIvAstikAya 5. pudgalAstikAya / pravacanasAra meM loka kA svarUpa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jo AkAza pudgala aura jIva se saMyukta hai tathA dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya aura kAla se bharA huA hai vaha loka hai / " sAmAnyatayA loka meM chaH tattva haiM : 1. jIva, 2. pudgala, 3. dharma, 4. adharma, 5. AkAza, 6. kAla / 3 loka ina chaH tattvoM kA samuccaya hai / ina chaH tattvoM meM sArA loka samAviSTa ho jAtA hai| inake atirikta loka kucha nahIM hai| ye chaH tattva anAdi - ananta haiM / ye svataH 1 1. vyAkhyAprajJapti, 13.4. 2. pravacanasAra, 2.36. 3. jIva arthAt cetana tattva, pud gala arthAt rUpI jar3a tattva, dharma arthAt gatisahAyaka tattva, adharma arthAt sthitisahAyaka tattva, AkAza arthAt avakAzadAtA ( sthAna denevAlA ) tattva, kAla arthAt parivartana sahAyaka tattva /

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tattvavicAra 227 sat haiM / inako na kisI ne banAyA hai aura na koI miTA sakatA hai / ye hamezA se haiM aura hamezA rheNge| inameM sadaiva parivartana hote rahate haiM kintu ye sarvathA naSTa nahIM hote / inakI na ekadama naI utpatti hI hotI hai aura na sarvathA vinAza hI / ye utpatti aura vinAza meM bhI sthira rahate haiN| inakI utpatti. vinAza aura sthiratA ke lie ye svayaM jimmedAra haiM, anya koI zakti nhiiN| vizva kA AkAra niyata evaM aparivartanIya hai / isake nApa ke lie rajju' kA AdhAra liyA jAtA hai| vizva kI UMcAI 14 rajjupramANa hai / caur3AI uttara-dakSiNa meM 7 rajju hai / pUrvapazcima meM sabase nIce 7 rajju hai, phira kramaza: ghaTate-ghaTate ThIka madhyabhAga meM arthAt sAta-rajju kI U cAI para 1 rajju raha jAtI hai, phira dhIre-dhIre bar3hate-bar3hate zeSa ardhabhAga ke madhya meM 5 rajju ho jAtI hai, phira kramaza: ghaTate-ghaTate sabase Upara 1 rajju raha jAtI hai / vizva kA ghanAkAra nApa 343 rajjupramANa hai| yaha digambara-mata hai| ___ zvetAmbara-matAnusAra uttara-dakSiNa va pUrva-pazcima donoM ora kI caur3AI kramazaH ghaTatI-bar3hatI hai kintu vizva kA ghanAkAra nApa 343 rajjupramANa hI rahatA hai / vizva tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai : adhaH, madhya aura Urdhva / adhobhAga meruparvata ke samatala se 600 yojana" nIce se 1. rajju kI paribhASA ke lie dekheM-trilokaprajJapti, 1. 63-132. 2. dekheM-trilokaprajJapti Adi grantha. 3. dekheM-vyAkhyA prajJapti Adi grantha. 4. meparvata ke varNana ke lie dekheM-jambUdvIpaprajJapti kA cauthA vakSaskAra. 5. yojana ke svarUpa ke lie dekheM-anuyogadvAra kA kSetrapramANa prakaraNa. ruw

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228 jaina dharma-darzana prAraMbha hotA hai| samatala se 600 yojana Uce se UrdhvabhAga zurU hotA hai| Urdhvaloka se nIce aura adholoka se Upara 1800 yojana kA madhyabhAga arthAt madhyaloka hai| adholoka kA AkAra auMdhe kiye hue zarAva ke samAna hai arthAt nIce-nIce vistIrNa hai| madhyaloka thAlI ke samAna golAkAra hai arthAt samAna lambAI-caur3AI vAlA hai / Urdhvaloka AkAra meM pakhAvaja ke samAna hai| adholoka : ____ adholoka meM sAta bhUmiyAM haiM jinameM nArakiyoM ke nivAsa sthAna arthAt naraka haiM / ye bhUmiyAM samazreNI meM nahIM haiM apitu eka-dUsare ke nIce haiM / inakI lambAI-caur3AI eka-sI nahIM hai| nIce-nIce kI bhUmiyAM Upara-Upara kI bhUmiyoM se adhika lambIcaur3I haiM / ye bhUmiyAM eka-dUsare ke nIce hai kintu eka-dUsare se saTI huI nahIM haiM / bIca-bIca meM kAphI antara hai / isa antarAla meM ghanodadhi, vAta aura AkAza haiN|' pratyeka pRthvI ke nIce kramazaH dhana jala, dhana vAta, tanu vAta aura AkAza hai| isI bAta ko vyAkhyAprajJapti meM isa prakAra kahA gayA hai : trasasthAvarAdi prANiyoM kA AdhAra pRthvI hai, pRthvI kA AdhAra udadhi hai, udadhi kA AdhAra vAyu hai aura vAyu kA AdhAra AkAza hai / vAyu ke AdhAra para udadhi aura udadhi ke AdhAra para pRthvI kaise Tika sakatI hai ? isakA samAdhAna isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai : eka mazaka meM havA bhara kara Upara se use bAMdha diyA jaay| bAda meM use bIca se bAMdha kara Upara kA muMha khola diyA jaay| isase Upara ke bhAga kI havA nikala jaaygii| phira usa khAlI bhAga meM pAnI bhara kara Upara se muMha bAMdha diyA 1. tattvArthasUtra, 3.1-2. 2. sarvArthasiddhi, 3. 1.

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tasyavicAra 226 jAya va bIca kI gAMTha khola dI jaay| isase Upara ke bhAga meM bharA huA pAnI nIce ke bhAga meM bharI huI havA ke AdhAra para TikA rahegA / isI prakAra pRthvI Adi bhI vAyu ke AdhAra para pratiSThita haiM / athavA jaise koI manuSya apanI kamara para havA se bharI huI mazaka bAMdhakara pAnI ke Upara tairatA hai vaise hI vAyu ke AdhAra para pRthvI Adi Tike hue haiM / " adholoka kI sAta bhUmiyoM ke nAma ye haiM : 1 . ratnaprabhA, 2. zarkarAprabhA, 3. vAlukAprabhA, 4. paMkaprabhA, 5. dhUmaprabhA, 6. tamaH prabhA, 7. mahAtamaH prabhA / inakA varNa kramazaH ratna, zarkarA, vAlukA, paMka, dhUma, tama aura mahAtama ( ghanAndhakAra ) ke sadRza hone ke kAraNa inake ye nAma haiM / ratnaprabhA bhUmi ke tIna kANDa haiM / sabase Upara kA prathama kharakANDa ratnabahula hai / usakI moTAI arthAt Upara se nIce taka kA vistAra 16,000 yojana hai / usake nIce kA dUsarA kANDa paMkabahula hai jisakI moTAI 84,000 yojana hai / usake nIce kA tRtIya kANDa jalabahula hai jo moTAI meM 80,000 yojana hai| tInoM kANDoM kI moTAI milAne se ratnaprabhA kI moTAI 1,80,000 yojana hotI hai / dUsarI se lekara sAtavIM bhUmi taka aise kANDa nahIM haiM / unameM jo bhI padArtha haiM, sarvatra eka samAna haiM / dUsarI bhUmi kI moTAI 1,32,000 yojana, tIsarI kI 1,28,000, cauthI kI 1,20,000, pAMcavI kI 1,18,000, chaThI kI 1,16,000 aura sAtavIM kI 1,08,000 yojana hai / sAtoM bhUmiyoM ke nIce jo ghanodadhi Adi haiM unakI moTAI bhI vibhinna pramANoM meM hai / 1. vyAkhyAprajJapti, 1. 6. 2. sarvArthasiddhi ( 3.1) Adi.

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230 jana dharma-darzana ratnaprabhA Adi kI jitanI-jitanI moTAI hai usake Upara tathA nIce ke eka-eka hajAra yojana chor3akara zeSa bhAga meM narakAvAsa haiN| jaise ratnaprabhA kI 1,80,000 yojana kI moTAI meM se Upara-nIce ke eka-eka hajAra yojana arthAt kula do hajAra yojana chor3akara zeSa (1,80,000-2000) 1,78,000 yojanapramANa madhyabhAga meM narakAvAsa haiN| dvitIyAdi bhUmiyoM kI moTAI meM se bhI isI prakAra do-do hajAra yojana kI kamI kara lenI cAhie / zeSa bhAgoM meM narakAvAsa haiN|' madhyaloka: ___ madhyaloka meM asaMkhyeya dvIpa aura samudra haiM / sarvaprathama evaM saba dvIpa-samudroM ke madhya meM jambUdvIpa hai| usake bAda lavaNasamudra hai| tadanantara dhAtakIkhaNDa (dvIpa) hai / isa prakAra kramazaH dvIpa ke bAda samudra aura samudra ke bAda dvIpa avasthita haiN| jambUdvIpa kA vistAra pUrva se pazcima tathA uttara se dakSiNa taka eka-eka lAkha yojana hai / lavaNasamudra kA vistAra jambUdvIpa se dugunA hai| dhAtakIkhaNDa kA vistAra lavaNasamudra se dugunA hai| isa prakAra kramazaH dugunA hote-hote antima dvIpa-svayambhUramaNadvIpa se dugunA antima samudra-svayambhUramaNasamudra kA vistAra ho jAtA hai| jambUdvIpa lavaNasamudra se veSTita hai, lavaNa samudra ghAtakIkhaNDa se, dhAtakIkhaNDa kAlodadhi se, kAlodadhi puSkaravaradvIpa se tathA puSkaravaradvIpa puSkaravarasamudra se veSTita hai| yaha krama anta taka arthAt svayambhU ramaNasamudra paryanta calatA hai| jambUdvIpa thAlI ke samAna gola hai tathA anya saba dvIpa-samudra cUr3I 1. tattvArthasUtra (paM0 mukhalAlajIkRta vivecanasahita), pR0 121.

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tattvavicAra ke samAna AkRtivAle arthAt valayAkAra haiM / ' jambUdvIpa ke madhya meM meru parvata hai / meru kI U~cAI 1,00,000 yojana hai / isameM se 1000 yojanapramANa bhAga bhUmi ke nIce tathA 66,000 yojanapramANa bhAga bhUmi ke Upara hai / bhUmi ke bhItara ke bhAga kI lambAI-caur3AI sarvatra 10,000 yojana pramANa hai / bAhara ke bhAga ke Upara kA aMza, jahA~ se coTI nikalatI hai, 1000 yojana lambA-caur3A hai / vaise meru ke tIna kANDa haiM : prathama kANDa 1000 yojanapramANa hai ( jo jamIna meM hai ), dvitIya kANDa 63,000 yojanapramANa tathA tRtIya kANDa 36,000 yojanapramANa hai / prathama kANDa meM miTTI, kaMkar3a Adi kI, dvitIya meM cA~dI, sphaTika Adi kI evaM tRtIya meM svarNa kI pracuratA hai / lAkha yojana kI U~cAI ke bAda meru parvata para eka coTI hai jo 40 yojana UMcI haiM / yaha coTI mUla meM 12 yojana, madhya meM 8 yojana tathA Upara 4 yojana lambIcaur3I hai / jambUdvIpa sAta khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai / ye khaNDa varSa athavA kSetra kahalAte haiM / inake nAma haiM: bharata, haimavata, hari, videha, ramyaka, hairaNyavata aura airaavt| ina kSetroM ko pRthak karanevAle pUrva-pazcima meM lambe cha: parvata haiM jo varSadhara kahalAte haiM : himavAn, mahAhimavAn, niSadha, nIla, rukmI aura zikharI | 3 bharata aura haimavata ke bIca himavAn hai, haimavata aura hari ke bIca mahAhimavAn hari aura videha ke bIca niSadha, videha aura ramyaka ke bIca nIla, ramyaka aura hairaNyavata ke bIca 1. tattvArtha sUtra, 3.7-8 va svopajJa bhASya Adi. 2. tattvArtha sUtra, 3.6 evaM sarvArthasiddhi Adi TIkAeM. 3. tattvArthasUtra, 3.10-11. 231

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232 jaina dharma-darzana rukmI tathA haraNyavata aura airAvata ke bIca zikharI parvata hai| cUMki videha kSetra ina sabake madhya meM hai ataH meru parvata videha ke bIcoMbIca sthita hai| bharata kSetra kI uttarI sImA para sthita himavAn parvata ke donoM chora pUrva-pazcima meM lavaNasamudra meM gaye hue haiN| isI prakAra airAvata kSetra kI dakSiNI sImA para sthita zikharI parvata ke donoM chora bhI lavaNasamudra meM pahuMce hue haiN| pratyeka chora do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hone ke kAraNa donoM parvatoM ke ATha kinAre lavaNasamudra meM gaye hue haiN| pratyeka kinAre para manuSyoM kI vastIvAle sAta-sAta sthAna hai| isa prakAra kula chappana aise sthAna haiM jo antaradvIpa kahalAte haiN|' jambUdvIpa meM caudaha mukhya nadiyA~ haiM : 1. gaMgA, 2. sindhu, 3. rohit, 4. rAhitAsyA, 5. harit, 6. harikAMtA, 7. sItA, 8. sItodA, 6. nArI, 10. narakAntA, 11. suvarNakUlA, 12. rUpyakUlA, 13. raktA, 14. raktodA / inameM se gaMgA aura sindhu bharata kSetra meM bahatI haiN| isI prakAra do-do kA jor3A zeSa chaH kSetroM ke lie bhI samajha lenA cAhie / ina sAta jor3oM meM se pahalI sAta nadiyA~ pUrva meM tathA bAda kI sAta nadiyAM pazcima meM bahatI haiN| dhAtakIkhaNDa meM meru, varSa athavA kSetra aura varSadhara parvatoM kI saMkhyA jambUdvIpa kI apekSA dugunI hai / usameM do meru, caudaha varSa athavA kSetra aura bAraha varSadhara parvata haiN| meru Adi kI jo saMkhyA dhAtakIkhaNDa meM hai vahI puSkarAdha dvIpa meM hai| isa prakAra jambUdvIpa, dhAtakIkhaNDa aura puSkarArdha ( AdhA puSkaravara dvIpa)-ina DhAI dvIpoM meM kula pAMca meru, paiMtIsa varSa athavA 1. vyAkhyAprajJapti, 6. 3. 2. sarvArthasiddhi, 3. 20-22.

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tattvavicAra 233 kSetra evaM tIsa varSadhara parvata haiM / yahI manuSyakSetra athavA manuSyaloka hai / puSkaravara dvIpa ke madhya meM mAnuSottara nAmaka eka parvata hai / usa parvata ke bAda manuSyaloka kA abhAva hai / ' mAnuSottara parvata taka ke bhAga kA nAma manuSyaloka evaM usa parvata kA nAma mAnuSottara isalie par3A ki vahAM taka manuSyoM kA astitva hai / usake bAda ke kSetra meM na to koI manuSya janma grahaNa karatA hai, na rahatA hai aura na maratA hai / avaloka: Urdhvaloka meM vaimAnika deva rahate haiN| ye do prakAra ke hote haiM : kalpopapanna aura kalpAtIta / kalpopapanna deva kalpa vimAnoM meM rahate haiN| kalpAtIta devoM ke vimAna kalpa vimAnoM ke Upara hote haiM / kalpa ke saudharma Adi bAraha athavA solaha bheda haiN| saudharma kalpa jyotizcakra ( jisakA kSetra meru ke samatala bhUbhAga se 760 yojana kI UMcAI se AraMbha hokara 600 yojana kI UMcAI taka rahatA hai ) ke Upara asaMkhyeya yojana jAne ke bAda meru ke dakSiNa bhAga se upalakSita pradeza meM sthita hai / usake bahuta Upara uttara kI ora aizAna kalpa hai| saudharma ke Upara samazreNi meM sAnatkumAra kalpa hai aura aizAna ke Upara samazreNi meM mAhendra kalpa hai| ina donoM ke Upara madhya meM brahmaloka kalpa hai| brahmaloka ke Upara samazreNi meM kramazaH lAntava, mahAzukra aura sahasrAra kalpa eka-dUsare ke Upara haiN| inake Upara dakSiNa meM Anata evaM uttara meM prANata kalpa haiN| inake Upara samazreNi meM AraNa aura 1. tattvArthasUtra, 3. 12-14. 2. zvetAmbara sampradAya meM bAraha kalpa mAne gaye haiM. jabaki digambara sampradAya meM solaha kalpoM kI mAnyatA hai /

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234 jaina dharma-darzana acyuta kalpa haiM / ina saba kalpoM ke Upara anukrama se nau kalpAtIta vimAna eka-dUsare ke Upara sthita haiM / ye vimAna puruSAkAra loka ke grIvAsthAnIya bhAga meM hone ke kAraNa graiveyaka kahalAte haiM / inake Upara vijaya, vaijayanta, jayanta, aparAjita aura sarvArthasiddha - ye pAMca kalpAtIna vimAna eka-dUsare ke Upara haiM jo sabase uttara arthAt pradhAna athavA zreSTha hone ke kAraNa anuttara' kahalAte haiM / saudharma se acyuta taka ke vimAnoM meM rahanevAle deva kalpopapanna tathA inake Upara ke sabhI vimAnoM meM basanevAle deva kalpAtIta kahe jAte haiM / sarvArthasiddha vimAna ke Upara bAraha yojana kI dUrI para ISatprAgbhAra pRthvI ( siddhazilA ) hai / yaha khule chAte ke AkAra kI, paiMtAlIsa lAkha yojana lambI-caur3I ( gola ) tathA bIca meM ATha yojana moTI hai / aloka se isakI dUrI eka yojana hai / isa yojana ke sabase Upara ke bhAga meM siddha arthAt mukta AtmAeM anantakAla taka rahatI haiN| isa sthAna ke bAda loka kA anta ho jAtA hai tathA kevala AkAza arthAt aloka raha jAtA hai / nArakI : hamaloga madhyaloka meM rahate haiM / Urdhvaloka meM deva rahate haiM tathA adholoka meM nArakI / adholoka meM eka ke bAda dUsarI 1. digambara paramparA meM brahmottara, kApiSTha, zukra aura zatAra nAmaka cAra kalpa adhika mAne gaye haiM jo kramazaH chaThe, AThaveM, naveM aura gyArahaveM krama para haiM / 2. anuttara arthAt jisase koI anya zreSTha na ho yAnI sarvazreSTha / 3. tasvArthasUtra, 4. 17-20. 4. uttarAdhyayana, 36. 58-64.

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tatvavicAra 235 aisI isa pRthvIsahita sAta pRthviyAM haiN| pratyeka pRthvI ghana jala se ghirI huI hai / ghana jala kA gherA ghanI havA ke ghere se ghirA huA hai| ghanI havA kA gherA tanvI havA se ghirA huA hai / tanvI havA kA gherA AkAza para AdhArita hai aura AkAza apane Apa para / jaise-jaise nIce kI ora bar3hate jAte haiM vaise-vaise nArakI jIvoM meM kurUpatA, bhayAnakatA Adi vikRtiyAM bar3hatI jAtI haiM / ve ati tApa tathA ati zIta se kaSTa pAte haiM / ve vaise karma karanA cAhate haiM jinase sukha kI prApti ho para unase vahI kAryaM hote haiM jinase unheM pIr3A pahu~catI haiN| jaba ve eka-dUsare ke nikaTa Ate haiM to unakA krodha bar3ha jAtA hai aura ve apane pUrva - jIvana ko yAda kara kuttoM aura zRgAloM kI taraha jhagar3ate haiM / ve apane hI banAye hue zastroM tathA hAtha, paira, dA~ta Adi se eka-dUsare ko Ahata kara Tukar3e-Tukar3e kara dete haiM / cU~ki unakA zarIra vaikriya hotA hai ataH vaha pAre kI taraha pUrvavat jur3a jAtA hai / nArakiyoM ko duSTa devoM se bhI kaSTa prApta hotA hai jo unheM pighale lohe kA pAna, vakSa se garma loha-stambha kA sparza tathA kAMTedAra vRkSoM para car3hane aura utarane ko bAdhya karate haiM / isa prakAra ke deva paramAdhArmika kahalAte haiM jo pahalI tIna bhUmiyoM taka jAte haiM / ye eka prakAra ke asura-deva haiM jo bahuta krUra svabhAvavAle tathA pAparata hote haiM / inakA svabhAva hI aisA hotA hai ki inheM dUsaroM ko satAne meM ho Ananda AtA hai / inakI nimnokta pandraha jAtiyA~ haiM : 1. amba, 2. ambarISa, 3. zyAma, 4. zabala, 5. rudra, 6. uparudra, 7. kAla, 8. mahAkAla, 6. asipatra, 10. dhanuSa, 11. kumbha, 12. vAluka, 13. vaitaraNI, 14. kharasvara, 15. mahAghoSa / nArakI jIvoM ke jIvana-kAla

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236 jaina dharma-darzana ko kama nahIM kiyA jA sakatA arthAt ve akAla mRtyu se nahIM mara skte| deva : deva eka vizeSa prakAra kI zayyA para janma lete haiN| ve garbhaja nahIM hote, akAla mRtyu se nahIM marate, parivartanazIla zarIra dhAraNa karate haiM tathA pahAr3oM evaM sAgaroM se ghire hue dharAtala ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM svatantra vicarate aura Ananda lete haiN| inameM adbhuta parAkrama hotA hai| devoM ke cAra prakAra hote haiM : bhavanavAsI, vyantara, jyotiSka aura vaimaanik| inake kramazaH 10, 8,5 aura 12 upabheda haiN| ve svarga jinameM indra, sAmAnika Adi pada hote haiM, kalpa kahe jAte haiN| kalpoM meM utpanna deva kalpopapanna kahalAte haiN| kalpoM se Upara koI padavibhAjana nahIM hotaa| ataH aise svargoM meM utpanna honevAle deva kalpAtIta kahe jAte haiN| ye saba deva samAna hote haiN| ye sabhI indravat hone se ahamindra kahalAte haiN| kisI nimitta se manuSyaloka meM jAne kA prasaMga upasthita hone para kalpopapanna deva hI.jAte haiM, kalpAtIta nhiiN| bhavanavAsI tathA aizAna kalpa taka ke anya deva vAsanAtmaka sukha-bhoga manuSyoM kI bhAMti hI karate haiN| sAnatkumAra tathA mAhendra kalpa ke devagaNa deviyoM ke zarIra kA mAtra sparza karake kAmasukha prApta karate haiN| brahma, brahmottara, lAntava aura kApiSTha kalpoM ke deva deviyoM kI sundaratA ko dekhakara hI apanI vAsanA kI pUrti karate haiN| zukra, mahAzukra, zatAra aura sahasrAra kalpoM meM devaloga sirpha deviyoM kA madhura gAna Adi sunakara hI apanI vAsanA ko tRpta karate haiN| Anata, prANata, AraNa aura acyuta kalpoM ke devagaNa mAtra 1. tattvArthasUtra, 2. 52; 3. 3-5; samavAyAMga, 15.

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237 tatvavicAra deviyoM ko yAda karake hI apanI kAmecchA ko zAnta karate haiN| zeSa deva kAma-vAsanA se rahita hote haiN| bhavanapatiyoM athavA bhavanavAsiyoM meM nimnokta devoM kI gaNanA hotI hai : 1 asurakumAra, 2. nAgakumAra, 3. vidyutkumAra, 4. suparNakumAra, 5. agnikumAra, 6. vAtakumAra, 7. stanitakumAra, 8. udadhikumAra, 6. dvIpakumAra aura 10. dikkumAra / cUMki ye devagaNa apane vastrAbhUSaNoM, zastrAstroM, vAhanoM Adi se yuvA dIkhate haiM ataH kumAra kahe jAte haiN| ___ asurakumAroM ke bhavana prathama naraka ke paMkabahula bhAga meM hote haiN| anya kumAroM ke nivAsasthAna prathama pRthvI ratnaprabhA ke Thosa bhAga kI UparI aura nIcI tahoM meM eka-eka hajAra yojana chor3a kara hote haiM / 3 / kinnara, kimpuruSa, mahoraga, gandharva, yakSa, rAkSasa, bhUta aura pizAca vyantara deva haiN| rAkSasa paMkabahula bhAga meM rahate haiN| anya vyantara devoM ke nivAsasthAna asaMkhya dvIpoM aura sAgaroM se pare UparI Thosa bhAga meM hote haiM / jyotiSka devoM meM sUryo, candramAoM, grahoM, nakSatroM aura tAroM kA samAveza hotA hai| inameM sabase nIce tAre hote haiM jo 760 yojana kI UMcAI para ghUmate haiN| sUrya unase 10 yojana adhika UMce ghUmate haiN| inase 80 yojana adhika UMce candra ghUmate haiN| unase cAra yojana adhika Uce nakSatra haiN| inase cAra yojana adhika Uce budha graha hai| inase tIna yojana adhika UMce zukra haiN| inase bhI tIna yojana adhika Uce bRhaspati, 1. tattvArthasUtra, 2. 35, 47, 52; 4. 1-10, 17-18. 2. vahI, 4. 11. 3. sarvArthasiddhi, 4. 10. 4. vahI, 4. 11.

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.238 jaina dharma-darzana unase bhI tIna yojana adhika UMce aMgAraka tathA unase bhI tIna yojana adhika U~ce zanaizcara haiM / ye jyotiSka deva meru parvata ke cAroM ora manuSyakSetra ke antargata, jo ki DhAI dvIpoM aura do sAgaroM taka hai, sadA gatimAna rahate haiN| manuSyakSetra se bAhara ye sthira rahate haiN| jambUdvIpa meM 2, lavaNasamudra 4, dhAtakIkhaNDa meM 12, kAlodadhi meM 42 aura puSkarArdha meM 72 isa prakAra kula milAkara manuSyakSetra meM 132 sUrya aura 132 hI candra haiM / samaya- vibhAjana ina jyotirmaya devoM kI gati se hI nirdhArita hotA hai / " vaimAnika deva do prakAra ke hote haiM: kalpoM meM janma lene vAle arthAt kalpopapanna aura kalpoM se pare janma lenevAle arthAt kalpAtIta / kalpoM meM rahanevAle devoM ke 12 indra haiM / jo kalpoM se pare janma lete haiM unake indra Adi nahIM hote / Upara-Upara ke vaimAnika deva nIce-nIce ke vaimAnika devoM se Ayu, bala, sukha, teja Adi kI dRSTi se zreSThatara hote haiM / kalpopapatra devoM meM nimnokta 10 pada hote haiM : 1 indra-jo sAmAnika Adi saba prakAra ke devoM ke svAmI hoM, 2. sAmAnika jo samRddhi meM indra ke samAna hoM kintu jinameM indratva na ho. 3. trAstrirA- jo maMtrI kA kAma karate hoM, 4. pAriSadya-jo mitra kA kAma karate hoM, 5. AtmarakSa-jo zastra uThAye pIche khar3e rahate hoM, 6. lokapAla- jo sImA kI rakSA karate hoM, 7. anIka - jo sainikarUpa hoM, 8. prakIrNaka- jo nAgarika ke samAna hoM, E. abhiyogya - jo sevaka ke tulya hoM, 10. kilviSika- jo antyaja ke samAna hoM / bhavanapatiyoM meM bhI ye dasa pada hote haiM / 1. vahI, 4. 12-15; dhavalA, pustaka 4, pR0 150-151. 2. tattvArtha sUtra, 4.18, 21.

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tattvavicAra 236 vyantaroM evaM jyotiSkoM meM prAyastriMga aura lokapAla ko chor3a zeSa ATha pada hI hote haiN|' ___ brahma athavA brahmaloka nAmaka pAMcaveM svarga (kalpa) ke cAroM ora dizAoM-vidizAoM meM lokAntika' deva rahate haiN| ye viSayarati se rahita hone ke kAraNa devarSi kahalAte haiN| inameM pArasparika ucca-nIca bhAva kA abhAva hotA hai| ye tIrthaGkaroM ke abhiniSkramaNa arthAt gRhatyAga ke samaya unake sAmane upasthita hokara pratibodha dene kA apanA AcAra pAlate haiN| ____ gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI ke AsapAsa meM hinduoM ke prabhAva se jainadharma meM aneka navIna deva-deviyoM kA praveza huaa| inakI saMkhyA dhIre-dhIre bar3hatI gii| inameM kucha pramukha deviyoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM : ambikA, cakrezvarI, jvAlinI athavA jvAlAmAlinI, padmAvatI, cAmuNDA, mahAdevI, bhAratI athavA srsvtii| inameM se kucha ke nAma tIrthaGkaroM kI zAsanadeviyoM ke rUpa meM Ate haiN| ___ RSabhadeva Adi caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM ke yakSoM, zAsanadeviyoM evaM lAMchanoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM tIrthaGkara yakSa zAsanadevI lAMchana 1. RSabhadeva gomukha cakrezvarI baila (AdinAtha) 2. ajitanAtha mahAyakSa ajitA / 3. saMbhavanAtha trimukha duritAri ghor3A 4. abhinandana Izvara kAlI baMdara 5. sumatinAtha tuMburu mahAkAlI krauMca 1. vahI, 4. 4-5. 2. sarvArtha siddhi, 4. 24-25. 3. pravacanasAroddhAra, gA0 373-76, 376-80. hAthI

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240 jaina dharma-darzana 6. padmaprabha kusuma acyutA kamala 7. supArzvanAtha mAtaMga zAntA svastika 8. candraprabha vijaya jvAlA candra 6. suvidhinAtha ajita sutArA magara 10. zItalanAtha brahma azokA zrIvatsa 11. zreyAMsanAtha manuja zrIvatsA gaiMDA 12. vAsupUjya surakumAra pravarA bhaisA 13. vimalanAtha SaNmukha vijayA sUara 14. anantanAtha pAtAla aMkuzA bAja 15. dharmanAtha kinnara pannagA vaz2a 16. zAntinAtha garuDa nirvANI hirana 17. kuMthunAtha gandharva acyutA bakarA 18. aranAtha yakSendra dharaNI nandAvarta 16. mallinAtha kUbara vairoTyA kalaza 20. munisuvrata varuNa acchuptA kachaA 21. neminAtha bhRkuTI gAndhArI nIlakamala 22. ariSTanemi gomedha ambA zaMkha (neminAtha) 23. pArzvanAtha vAmana padmAvatI sarpa 24. mahAvIra mAtaMga siddhAyikA (varSamAna) manuSya : * manuSya tathA tiryaJca (pazu-pakSI evaM per3a-paudhe Adi) madhya loka meM rahate haiM / manuSya do prakAra ke hote haiM : Arya tathA mleccha / jo sadguNoM ko dhAraNa karate haiM ve Arya kahalAte haiN| inake bhI do bheda haiM : eka jo alaukika zakti dhAraNa karate haiM aura dUsare jinheM aisI zakti prApta nahIM hotI / asAdhAraNa siMha

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tatvavicAra 241 jJAna, rUpa-parivartana, tapa, bala, auSadhazakti, sAdhAraNa bhojana ko svAdiSTa vanA dene kA asAdhAraNa sAmarthya evaM vyaktiyoM kI saMkhyA bar3ha jAne para bhI sAmagrI ko samApta na hone dene kI zakti ke AdhAra para prathama ke sAta upabheda hote haiM / kSetra, jAti, karma, cAritra aura zraddhA ke AdhAra para dUsare pAMca prakAra ke hote haiM / mleccha bhI do prakAra ke hote haiM- eka jo antadvIpoM meM janma lete haiM aura dUsare jo karmabhUmiyoM meM janma lete haiM / antadvIpoM kI saMkhyA chappana hai tathA karmabhUmiyoM kI saMkhyA pandraha hai ( pAMca bharata, pAMca airAvata aura pAMca videha ) | devakuru, uttarakuru, hemavata, hari, ramyaka, hairaNyavata aura antadvIpa bhogabhUmi ke nAma se sambodhita hote haiM / karmabhUmi meM puruSArtha kI pradhAnatA hotI hai / bhogabhUmi meM AvazyakatA kI sabhI vastueM kalpavRkSoM se prApta hotI haiM / Aryaloga karmabhUmi ke sabhya kSetroM meM hI janma lete haiM / mleccha karmabhUmi ke asabhya kSetroM tathA bhogabhUmi ke samasta kSetroM evaM antadvIpoM meM rahate haiM / kevala AryakSetra meM hI tIrthaMkara kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai aura Aryaloga hI unake upadezoM se lAbhAnvita hote haiN| mAtra karmabhUmi meM hI mukti saMbhava hotI hai / bhogabhUmi sirpha sAMsArika vastuoM ko bhogane kA sthAna hai / vaha saMnyAsa yA saMyama ke anukUla nahIM hotI, jisase mokSa prApta hotA hai / bhogabhUmi meM koI bhI sAMsArika sukha tyAgakara AtmasaMyama kI bAta nahIM socatA / bhogabhUmi ke loga sadA sAMsArika sukhoM ke pIche par3e rahate haiM / ataH ve mukti pAne meM asamartha hote haiN| yahAM taka ki devatAoM ko bhI mokSa pAne ke lie karmabhUmi meM janma lenA par3atA hai / ' 1. Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXII, p. 195fn. etc.

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242 jaina dharma-darzana tIrthaMkara : ___ 'tIrtha' sthApita karanevAle ko tIrthakara kahate haiM / tIrtha ke antargata sAdha, mAdhvI, zrAvaka aura dhAvikA ina cAra prakAra ke batiyoM kA samAveza hotA hai| mAnava jIvana kI ye cAra avasthAeM muktiprApti meM sahAyaka hotI haiM arthAt inase jo tIrtha banatA hai vaha mukti kI ora le jAtA hai| tIrthaMkara sarvajJa evaM marvadarzI tathA saba prakAra ke doSoM se rahita hote haiN| ve tIrtha arthAt dharmasaMgha kI sthApanA karate haiM tathA dharmopadeza dete haiM / tIrthakara apanI mAtA ke garbha meM jisa dina praveza karate haiM usa rAta meM unakI mAtA ko 14 prakAra ke svapna dikhAI par3ate haiM-~1. sapheda hAthI, 2. sulakSaNa ujalA sAMr3a, 3. sundara siMha, 4. zubha abhiSeka, 5. manamohinI mAlA, 6. candra, 7. sUrya, 8 sundara patAkA, 6. zuddha jala se pUrNa tathA kamala ke gucchoM se zobhAyamAna kalaza, 10. kamala se suzobhita sarovara, 11. kSIrasAgara, 12. devavimAna, 13. ratnarAzi aura 14. agnishikhaa|' ___ tIrthaGkara 34 prakAra ke atizaya arthAt vaiziSTya se yukta hote haiM- 1. mastaka ke keza, dAr3hI, mUcha, roma aura nakhoM kA maryAdA se adhika na bar3hanA, 2. zarIra kA svastha evaM nirmala rahanA, 3. rakta aura mAMsa kA gAya ke dUdha ke samAna zveta rahanA, 4. padmagaMdha ke samAna zvAsocchavAsa kA sugandhita honA, 5. AhAra aura zauca kriyA kA pracchanna honA, 6. tIrthaGkara deva ke Age AkAza meM dharmacakra rahanA, 7. unake Upara tIna chatra rahanA, 8. donoM ora zreSTha caMvara rahanA, 6. AkAza ke samAna svaccha 1. kalpasUtra, m0 5. 2. samavAyAMga, sama0 34.

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tattvavicAra 243 sphaTika maNi kA banA huA pAdapITha vAlA siMhAsana honA, 10. tIrthaGkara deva ke Age AkAza meM indradhvaja kA calanA, 11. jahA~-jahA~ arahaMta bhagavaMta Thaharate haiM yA baiThate haiM vahA~ usI kSaNa patra, puSpa, aura pallava se suzobhita chatra, dhvaja, ghaMTa evaM patAkA sahita azoka vRkSa kA utpanna honA, 12. kucha pIche mukuTa ke sthAna para tejomaMDala kA honA tathA andhakAra hone para dasa dizAoM meM prakAza honA, 13. jahA~-jahA~ padhAreM vahA~-vahA~ ke bhUbhAga kA samatala honA, 14, kaMTako kA adhomukha honA, 15. RtuoM kA anukUla honA, 16. saMvartaka vAyu dvArA eka yojana paryanta kSetra kA zuddha ho jAnA, 17. megha dvArA raja kA upazAnta honA, 18. jAnupramANa devakRta puSpoM kI vRSTi honA evaM puSpoM ke DaMThaloM kA adhomukha honA, 16. amanojJa zabda, rUpa, rasa, gandha evaM sparza kA na rahanA, 20. manojJa zabda, rUpa, rasa, gandha evaM sparza kA prakaTa honA, 21. yojana paryanta sunAI denevAlA hRdayasparzI svara honA, 22. ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM upadeza karanA, 23. ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA upasthita Arya, anArya, dvipada, catuSpada, mRga, pazu, pakSI aura sarisRpoM kI bhASA meM pariNata honA tathA unheM hitakArI, sukhakArI evaM kalyANakArI pratIta honA, 24. pUrvabhava ke vairAnubandha se baddha deva, asura, nAga, suparNa, yakSa, rAkSasa, kiMnara, kiMpuruSa, garuDa, gaMdharva aura mahoraga kA arahaMta ke samIpa prasannacitta hokara dharma sunanA, 25. anyatIthikoM kA natamastaka hokara vandanA karanA, 26 arahaMta ke samIpa Akara anyatIrthikoM kA niruttara honA, 27. jahA~-jahA~ arahaMta bhagavaMta padhAreM vahA~vahA~ paccIsa yojana paryanta cUhe Adi kA upadrava na honA, 28. plega Adi mahAmArI kA upadrava na honA, 26. svasenA kA

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244 jaina dharma-darzana viplava na karanA, 30. anya rAjya kI senA kA upadrava na honA, 31. adhika varSA na honA, 32. varSA kA abhAva na honA, 33. dubhikSa na honA, 34. pUrvotpatra utpAta tathA vyAdhiyoM kA upazAnta honaa| tiryaJca : tiryaJca prANiyoM ke do bheda hote haiM-trasa ( cala ) tathA sthAvara ( acala ) / sthAvara ke pA~ca prakAra hote hai-pRthvIkAya, akAya, tejaskAya, vAyu kAya tathA vanaspatikAya / ye punaH aneka upabhedoM meM vibhakta hote hai| ye sUkSma athavA sthUla hote haiN| pRthvIkAya meM inakA mamAveza hotA hai-miTTI, kaMkar3a, bAla, patthara, patharIlA namaka, lohA, tA~bA, cA~dI, sonA, hIrA Adi / jala, osakaNa, kuharA Adi apkAya haiM / agni, bijalI Adi kI ginatI tejaskAya meM hotI hai| dhImI havA, dhanI havA, teja havA Adi vAyukAya kI zreNI meM Ate haiN| vanaspatikAya meM bahutoM kA eka hI sAmAnya zarIra ( sAdhAraNa zarIra ) hotA hai yA sabake alaga-alaga zarIra ( pratyeka zarIra ) hote haiN| trasa jIvoM ke cAra prakAra hote haiM-do indriyoMvAle, tIna indriyoMvAle, cAra indriyoMvAle tathA pAMca indriyoMvAle / kITa, sIpa,ghoMghA Adi ko do indriyAM(sparzana aura rasana)hotI haiN| khaTamala Adi ko tIna indriyAM (sparzana, rasana aura ghrANa) hotI haiN| makkhI. macchara, Adi ko cAra indriyAM (sparzana, rasana, ghrANa tathA cakSu) hotI haiN| paMcendriya (sparzana, rasana, ghrANa, cakSu tathA zrotra ) jIvoM ke do bheda hote haiM-sammUcchima arthAt ve jo binA garbha ke sahaja utpanna hote haiM aura garbhaja arthAt ve jo garbha dvArA janma lete haiN| inameM se bhI pratyeka ke tIna-tIna prakAra hote haiM--pAnI meM rahanevAle (jalacara), bhUmi para rahanevAle (sthalacara) tathA vAyu yAnI AkAza meM rahanevAle ( nbhcr)|

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tattvavicAra 245 machaliyAM, kachae, ghar3iyAla Adi jalacara hote haiN| sthalacara jantuoM ke do prakAra hote haiM-caupAye tathA reMganevAle / caupAyoM ke cAra prakAra hote haiM-Thosa khuravAle jaise ghor3e Adi, do khuravAle jaise gAyeM Adi, kaI khuravAle jaise hAthI Adi, vaise jAnavara jinake nakhavAle paMje hote haiM jaise siMha Adi / reMganevAle jantuoM ke do bheda hote hai-ve jo apanI bAhoM para calate haiM aura ve jo chAtI ke bala reMgate haiN| chipakalI Adi prathama prakAra ke haiM tathA sAMpa Adi dvitIya prakAra ke / nabhacaroM ke cAra prakAra hote haiM-ve jinake para jhillIdAra hote haiM, ve jinake para paMkha vAle hote haiM, ve jinake para peTI kI taraha hote haiM aura ve jo paroM ko bAhara karake baiThate haiN|' 1. uttarAdhyayana, 36. 66.185

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: 4 : jJAnamImAMsA jJAna aura AtmA kA sambandha daNDa aura daNDI ke sambandha se bhinna hai| jJAna AtmA kA svAbhAvika guNa hai| jJAna ke abhAva meM AtmA kI kalpanA karanA sambhava nhiiN| nyAya-vaizeSika darzana jJAna ko Agantuka mAnatA hai, maulika nhiiN| jaina darzana jJAna ko AtmA kA maulika dharma mAnatA hai| kahIM-kahIM to jJAna ko itanA adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai ki AtmA ke anya guNoM kI upekSA karake jJAna aura AtmA ko eka mAna liyA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne vyavahAranaya aura nizcayanaya kA sahArA lekara kahA ki vyavahAranaya se AtmA aura jJAna meM bheda hai, kintu nizcayanaya se AtmA aura jJAna meM koI bheda nhiiN|' yahA~ para AtmA ke anya guNoM ko jJAnAntargata kara liyA gayA hai, anyathA yaha kabhI nahIM ho sakatA ki jJAna hI AtmA ho jAya, kyoMki AtmA meM aura bhI kaI guNa haiN| isa bAta kA pramANa Age milatA hai| pravacanasAra meM unhoMne spaSTa likha diyA hai ki anantasukha anantajJAna hai| sukha aura jJAna abhinna haiN| jaina AgamoM meM bhI yahI bAta milatI hai| AtmA aura jJAna ke abheda kI carcA bahuta purAnI hai| kundakunda ne sarvajJa kI carcA karate samaya bhI yahI kahA ki vyavahAradRSTi se kevalI sabhI dravyoM ko jAnatA hai / paramArthataH vaha AtmA ko 1. samayasAra, 6-7. 2.1.56-60.

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jJAnamImAMsA 247 hI jAnatA hai / " AtmA aura jJAna meM koI bheda nahIM, ataH kevala AtmA ko jAnatA hai, isakA artha yaha huA ki kevalI apane jJAna ko jAnatA hai / apane jJAna ko kaise jAnA jA sakatA hai ? usake lie kisI anya jJAna kI AvazyakatA rahane para anavasthA hotI hai| jJAna svayaM ko svayaM se jAnatA hai, yaha bAta jaldI samajha meM nahIM aatii| koI bhI catura naTa apane khuda ke kandhoM para nahIM car3ha sakatA / agni apane Apa ko nahIM jalA sakatI / jaina darzana mAnatA hai ki jJAna apane Apa ko jAnatA huA hI dUsare padArthoM ko jAnatA hai / vaha dIpaka kI taraha svayaM prakAzaka hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki AtmA kA svarUpa samajhane ke lie jJAna kA svarUpa samajhanA bahuta Avazyaka hai / isIlie jJAna kA itanA mahattva hai / AgamoM meM jJAnavAda : AgamoM meM jJAna sambandhI jo mAnyatAe~ milatI haiM ve bahuta prAcIna haiM / sambhavataH ye mAnyatAe~ bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pahale kI hoN| paMcajJAna kI carcA Agama sAhitya meM milatI hai / usake viSaya meM rAjapraznIya sUtra meM eka vRttAnta milatA hai| zramaNa kezikumAra apane mukha se kahate haiM - hama zramaNa nirgrantha pA~ca prakAra ke jJAna mAnate haiM-AbhinibodhikajJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, mana:paryayajJAna, kevalajJAna / kezikumAra pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke sAdhu the / unhoMne apane mukha se pA~ca jJAnoM kA 1. jANadi passadi saLAM, vavahAraNaeNa kevalI bhagavaM / kevalaNANI jANa di, passadi niyameNa appANaM // - niyamasAra, 158. 2. evaM khu paesI amhaM samaNANaM nimgaMthAgaM paMcavihe nANe paNNatte / taMjA -- abhiNi vohiyanANe, suyanANe, ohiNANe, maNapajjavaNANe kevalaNANe | 165.

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248 jaina dharma-darzana nAma liyA hai| ThIka ve hI pA~ca jJAna mahAvIra kI paramparA meM bhI pracalita hue / mahAvIra ne jJAnaviSayaka koI navIna prarUpaNA nahIM kI / yadi pArzvanAtha kI paramparA se mahAvIra kA etadviSayaka kucha bhI matabheda hotA to vaha AgamoM meM avazya milatA / paMcajJAna kI mAnyatA zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM prAya: eka sI hai / isa viSaya para kevala - jJAna aura kevaladarzana Adi kI eka-do bAtoM ke atirikta koI vizeSa matabheda nahIM hai / jaina AgamoM meM paMcajJAna kI mAnyatA ke kitane rUpa milate haiM va unake bheda-prabhedoM meM kyA antara hai, isa para thor3A vicAra kareM / AgamoM meM jJAnacarcA kI tIna bhUmikAeM milatI haiM / " 1. prathama bhUmikA meM hai aura prathama bheda ke punaH bhagavatIsUtra meM isa prakAra hai Abhinibodhika zruta jJAna kA sIdhA pA~ca bhedoM meM vibhAga cAra bheda kie gae haiN| yaha vibhAga 2 jJAna avadhi mana:paryaya avagraha IhA avAya dhAraNA 2. dvitIya bhUmikA meM jJAna ko pratyakSa aura parokSa meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / tadanantara pratyakSa aura parokSa ke bheda-prabheda karake jJAna kA vistAra kiyA gayA hai / yaha yojanA sthAnAMga sUtra meM hai : kevala 1. nyAyAvatAravArtikavRtti, prastAvanA, pR0 58 ( paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ). 2. bhagavatIsUtra, 8.2. 317.

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jJAnamImAsA 246 jJAna pratyakSa parokSa kevala nokevala Abhinibodhika zruta avadhi manaHparyaya bhavapratyaya kSAyopazamika Rjumati vipulamati zrutaniHsRta azrutaniHsRta arthAvagraha vyaMjanAvagraha arthAvagraha vyaMjanAvagraha aMgapraviSTa aMgabAhya Avazyaka Avazyakavyatirikta kAlika utkAlika 3. dvitIya bhUmikA meM indriyajanya matijJAna kA parokSa ke andara samAveza kiyA gyaa| tRtIya bhUmikA meM isa viSaya meM thor3A-sA parivartana ho gyaa| indriyajanya matijJAna ko pratyakSa aura

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250 jaina dharma-darzana parokSa donoM meM sthAna diyA gyaa| isakA kAraNa laukika prabhAva mAlUma hotA hai| nandIsUtra ke anusAra isa bhUmikA kA sAra yaha hai : jJAna Abhinivodhika zrata avadhi manaHparyaya kevala pratyakSa parokSa parokSa indriyapratyakSa noindriyapratyakSa Abhinibodhika zruta 1. zrotrendriyapratyakSa 1. avadhi 2. cakSurindriyapratyakSa 2. manaHparyaya 3. ghrANendriyapratyakSa 3. kevala 4. rasanendriyapratyakSa 5. sparzanendriyapratyakSa zrutaniHsRta azrutaniHmRta avagraha IhA avAya dhAraNA vyaMjanAvagraha arthAvagraha aulpattikI vainayikI karmajA pAriNAmikI uparyukta tInoM bhUmikAoM ko dekhane se patA lagatA hai ki

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jJAnamImAMsA / 251 prathama bhUmikA meM dArzanika puTa kA abhAva hai / yaha bhUmikA prAcIna paramparA kA sIdhA-sA digdarzana hai / jJAna ko prArambha se hI pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta karake matijJAna ke avagrahAdi prabheda karanA bahuta prAcIna paripATI hai| isI paripATI kA digdarzana bhagavatIsUtra meM hai / dvitIya bhUmikA para dArzanika cintana kA prabhAva hai aura sAtha hI sAtha zuddha jaina dRSTi kI chApa bhI hai / sarvaprathama jJAna ko pratyakSa aura parokSa meM vibhakta kiyA gayA / yaha vibhAga bAda ke jaina tArkikoM dvArA bhI mAnya huA / isa vibhAga ke pIche vaizadya aura avaizadya kI bhUmikA hai / vaizadya kA AdhAra AtmapratyakSa hai aura avaizadya kA AdhAra indriya aura manojanya jJAna hai| jaina darzana kI pratyakSa aura parokSa sambandhI vyAkhyA isI AdhAra para hai / anya darzanoM kI pratyakSa-viSayaka mAnyatA se jaina darzana kI pratyakSa viSayaka mAnyatA meM yahI antara hai ki jaina darzana AtmapratyakSa ko hI vAstavika pratyakSa mAnatA hai, jaba ki anya darzana indriyajanya jJAna ko bhI pratyakSa mAnate haiM / avadhijJAna, mana:paryayajJAna aura kevalajJAna pratyakSa ke bheda haiM / kSetra, vizuddhi Adi kI dRSTi se inameM tAratamya hai / kevalajJAna zuddhi, kSetra Adi kI antima sImA hai / isase bar3hakara koI jJAna vizuddha yA pUrNa nahIM hai / AbhinibodhikajJAna aura zrutajJAna parokSa ke bheda haiM / AbhinibodhikajJAna ko matijJAna bhI kahate haiM / zrutajJAna kA AdhAra mana hai / matijJAna kA AdhAra indriyA~ aura mana donoM haiM / mati, zrutAdi ke aneka avAntara bheda haiM / tRtIya bhUmikA meM jaina dRSTi aura itara dRSTi donoM kA puTa hai| pratyakSa ko indriya- pratyakSa aura noindriya- pratyakSa ina do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA / indriya- pratyakSa meM indriyajanya jJAna ko sthAna milA, jo vAstava meM indriyAzrita hone se parokSa hai| noindriya

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252 jaina dharma-darzana pratyakSa meM vAstavika pratyakSa rakhA gayA, jo indriyAzrita na hokara sIdhA AtmA se utpanna hotA hai / indriyapratyakSa jainetara dRSTi kA, jise hama laukika dRSTi kaha sakate haiM, pratinidhitva karatA hai / noindriyapratyakSa jaina darzana kI vAstavika paramparA kA dyotaka hai hI / AbhinibodhikajJAna ke avagrahAdi bhedoM kA bAda ke tArkikoM ne bhI acchA vizleSaNa kiyA hai / smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna Adi kI ina tArkikoM ne dArzanika bhUmikA para jisa DhaMga se vyAkhyA kI hai vaisI vyAkhyA AgamakAla meM nahIM milatI / isakA kAraNa dArzanika saMgharSa hai / AgamakAla ke bAda jaina dArzanikoM ko anya dArzanika vicAroM ke sAtha kAphI saMgharSa karanA par3A aura usa saMgharSa ke pariNAmasvarUpa eka nae DhaMga ke DhAMce kA nirmANa huA / isa DhA~ce kI zailI aura sAmagrI donoM kA AdhAra dArzanika ciMtana rahA / sarvaprathama hama pA~coM jJAnoM kA svarUpa dekheMge / isake lie AvazyakatAnusAra AgamagraMtha aura dArzanika graMtha donoM kA upayoga kiyA jAegA / tarkazAstra aura pramANazAstra se sambandhita smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna Adi kA vivecana pramANacarcA ke samaya kiyA jaaegaa| isa vivecana kA mukhya AdhAra pramANazAstra se sambandhita dArzanika graMtha hoMge / matijJAna : hama dekha cuke haiM ki AgamoM meM matijJAna ko AbhinibodhikajJAna kahA gayA hai / umAsvAti ne mati, smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha ko ekArthaka batAyA hai / ' bhadrabAhu ne mati1. mati: smRti: saMjJA cintA'si nibodha ityanarthAntaram / --tasvArthasUtra 1.13.

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zAnamImAMsA 253 jJAna ke lie nimnalikhita zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai-IhA, apoha, vimarza, mArgaNA, gaveSaNA, saMjJA, smRti, mati, prajJA / ' naMdIsUtra meM bhI ye hI zabda haiN| matijJAna kA lakSaNa batAte hue tattvArthasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki indriya aura mana se utpanna hone vAlA jJAna matijJAna hai / svopajJabhASya meM matijJAna ke do prakAra batAe gae haiM-indriyajanyajJAna aura manojanyajJAna / ye do bheda uparyukta lakSaNa se hI phalita hote haiN| siddhasenagaNi kI TIkA meM tIna bhedoM kA varNana hai-indriyajanya, anindriyajanya (manojanya) aura indriyAnindriyajanya / indriyajanya jJAna kevala indriyoM se utpanna hotA hai / anindriyajanya jJAna kevala mana se paidA hotA hai / indriyAnindriyajanya jJAna ke lie indriya aura mana donoM kA saMyukta prayatna Avazyaka hai| ye tIna bheda bhI uparyukta sUtra se hI phalita hote haiN| kI TIkA mayukta lakSaNa se hAnyajJAna aura meM __ akalaMka ne samyagjJAna ( pramANa ) ke do bheda kie haiMpratyakSa aura parokSa / pratyakSa do prakAra kA hai-mukhya aura sAMvyavahArika / mukhya ko atIndriya pratyakSa aura sAMvyavahArika ko indriyAnindriya pratyakSa kA nAma bhI diyA hai / " indriya pratyakSa ke cAra bheda kie gae haiM--avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA / anindriya pratyakSa ko smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha meM vibhakta kiyA hai| zruta, arthApatti, anumAna, upamAna 1. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 366. 2. tadindriyAnindriyamimittam , 1.14. 3. tattvArthabhASya, 1.14. 4. tattvArthasUtra para TIkA, 1.14. 5. laghIyastraya, 3-4.

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254 jaina dharma-darzana Adi parokSAntargata haiN|' indriyapratyakSa ke cAra bheda batAe gae haiM-avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhaarnnaa| inake avAntara bheda bhI hai, jinakA nirdeza Age kiyA jaaegaa| anindriya pratyakSa ke smRti, saMjJA Adi bheda haiN| yahA~ para hama avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA ke svarUpa kA vicAra kreNge| ye cAroM matijJAna ke mukhya bheda haiN| isake pahale indriya aura mana kA kyA artha hai, yaha dekha leN| indriya : AtmA kI svAbhAvika zakti para karma kA. AvaraNa hone se sIdhA AtmA se jJAna nahIM ho sktaa| isake lie kisI mAdhyama kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai| yaha mAdhyama indriya hai| jisakI sahAyatA se jJAna kA lAbha ho sake vaha indriya hai| aisI indriyA~ pA~ca hai--sparzana, rasana, ghrANa, cakSu aura zrotra / sAMkhya Adi darzana vAka, pANi Adi karmendriyoM ko bhI iMdriya-saMkhyA meM ginate haiN| jJAnendriyAM pA~ca hI haiN| pratyeka indriya do prakAra kI hotI haidravyendriya aura bhAvendriya / pudgala kA DhA~cA dravyendriya hai aura AtmA kA pariNAma bhAvendriya hai| dravyendriya ke punaH do bheda haiMnirvRtti aura upakaraNa / indriyoM kI Abhyantara AkRtiyA~ nirvRtti dravyendriya hai evaM bAhya AkRtiyA~ upakaraNa dravyendriya hai / bhAvendriya bhI labdhi aura upayoga rUpa se do prakAra kI hai| jJAnAvaraNa karma Adi ke kSayopazama se prApta hone vAlI Atmika zakti-vizeSa labdhi hai / labdhi prApta hone para AtmA eka vizeSa prakAra kA . 1. vahI, 61.

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255 jJAnamImAMsA vyApAra karatI hai| yahI vyApAra upayoga hai| sparzanendriya kA viSaya sparza hai / rasanendriya kA viSaya rasa hai| ghrANendriya kA viSaya gandha hai / cakSurindriya kA viSaya varNa hai| zrotrendriya kA viSaya zabda hai / ' mana : pratyeka indriya kA bhinna-bhinna viSaya hai| eka indriya dUsarI indriya ke viSaya kA grahaNa nahIM kara sktii| mana eka aisI sUkSma indriya hai jo sabhI indriyoM ke sabhI viSayoM kA grahaNa kara sakatA hai / isalie ise sarvArthagrAhI indriya kahate haiN| isako anindriya isalie kahA jAtA hai ki yaha atyanta sUkSma hai / anindriya kA artha indriya kA abhAva nahIM apitu ISat indriya hai / jaise anudarA kanyA kA artha binA udaravAlI lar3akI nahI hotA apitu aisI lar3akI hotA hai jisakA udara garbhabhAra sahana karane meM asamartha hai| usI prakAra cakSurAdi ke samAna pratiniyata deza, viSaya, avasthAna kA abhAva hone se mana ko anindriya kahate haiN| isakA nAma antaHkaraNa bhI hai kyoMki isakA anya indriyoM kI taraha koI bAhya AkAra nahIM hai| ise sUkSma indriya isalie kahate haiM ki yaha anya indriyoM kI apekSA atyanta sUkSma hai| indriyoM kI taraha mana bhI do prakAra kA hai-dravyamana aura bhAvamana / dravyamana paudgalika hai / bhAvamana labdhi aura upayoga rUpa se do prakAra kA hai| matijJAna ke viSaya meM eka zaMkA kA samAdhAna karake phira akgrahAdi ke viSaya meM likheNge| zaMkA yaha hai ki matijJAna kI 1. pramANamImAMsA, 1. 2. 21-23. 2. sarvArthagrahaNaM manaH / -vahI, 1. 2. 24.

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256 jaina dharma-darzana utpatti ke lie kavala indriya aura mana kAphI nahIM haiM / udAharaNa ke lie cakSurindriya ko lIjie / usake dvArA jJAna tabhI utpanna hotA hai jaba prakAza aura padArtha donoM upasthita hoN| isalie matijJAna kI utpatti ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki indriya aura mana ke atirikta padArtha tathA anya Avazyaka sAmagrI upasthita ho / jaina darzana isa zarta ko nahIM maantaa|arth, Aloka Adi jJAna kI utpatti meM anivArya nimitta nahIM haiM kyoMki jJAnotpatti aura arthAloka meM koI vyApti nahIM hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, bAhya padArtha aura prakAza jJAnotpatti ke Avazyaka aura avyavahita kAraNa nahIM haiN| yaha ThIka hai ki ve AkAza, kAla Adi kI taraha vyavahita kAraNa ho sakate haiN| yaha bhI ThIka hai ki ve matijJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM ke kSayopazama ke prati upakAraka haiN| itanA hote hue bhI unheM jJAnotpatti ke prati kAraNa isalie nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki unakA aura jJAna kA avinAmAva sambandha nahIM hai / yaha kaise ? Aloka aura artha jJAnotpatti meM avyavahita kAraNa tabhI mAne jAte jaba Aloka aura artha ke abhAva meM jJAna kI utpatti hotI hI nhiiN| kintu aisI bAta nahIM hai| naktaMcara, mArjAra Adi rAtri meM bhI dekhate haiN| yadi Aloka ke abhAva meM rUpajJAna nahIM hotA to unheM kaise dikhAI detA? yaha kahane se kAma nahIM cala sakatA ki unake netroM meM teja hotA hai ataH ve rAtri meM bhI dekha sakate haiM, kyoMki aisA kahane kA artha hogA apanI pratijJA kA tyaag| dUsarI ora ulUkAdi dina ke prakAza meM nahIM dekha sakate / ve rAtri meM hI dekha sakate haiN| yadi prakAza jJAnotpatti kA Avazyaka kAraNa hotA to unheM dina meM dikhAI detaa| hamAre sAmane donoM taraha ke udAharaNa vidyamAna haiN| pahalA udAharaNa

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zAnamImAMsA 257 rAtri aura dina-andhakAra aura Aloka donoM meM rUpajJAna kI utpatti kA hai| dUsarA udAharaNa bilkula viparIta hai| kevala aMdhakAra meM hI hone vAlA rUpajJAna 'Aloka ke abhAva meM rUpajJAna nahIM ho sakatA' isa siddhAnta kA sarvanAza karatA hai| inake atirikta hamAre sAmane aise udAharaNa bhI haiM jinase yaha siddha hotA hai ki Aloka ke hone para hI rUpajJAna kI utpatti hotI hai| sAdhAraNa manuSyoM kA rUpajJAna isI zreNI kA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki aisA ekAMta niyama nahIM hai ki Aloka ke hone para hI rUpajJAna utpanna ho| kahIM para Aloka ke hone para hI rUpajJAna hotA hai, kahIM para andhakAra ke hone para hI rUpajJAna hotA hai aura kahIM para Aloka aura aMdhakAra donoM prakAra kI avasthAoM meM rUpajJAna hotA hai| isalie yaha kathana ucita nahIM ki Aloka jJAnotpatti kA anivArya kAraNa hai / artha ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai| marIcikAjJAna binA hI artha ke utpanna hotA hai| svapnajJAna ke samaya hamAre sAmane koI padArtha nahIM rhtaa| ina jJAnoM ko mithyA kaha kara nahIM TAlA jA sakatA kyoMki ye mithyA hote hue bhI jJAna to haiM hii| yahA~ prazna satya aura mithyA kA nahIM hai| prazna hai artha ke abhAva meM jJAnotpatti kaa| jJAna kaisA bhI ho kiMtu yadi artha ke abhAva meM utpanna ho jAtA hai to yaha pratijJA samApta ho jAtI hai ki artha ke hone para hI jJAna utpanna hotA hai / svapnAdijJAnoM ko thor3I dera ke lie chor3a bhI deM, to bhI yaha siddhAMta ThIka nahIM utaratA, kyoMki bhUta aura bhaviSya ke pratyakSa kI siddhi isa AdhAra para nahIM kI jA sktii| yogiyoM ke jJAna kA viSaya bhI yadi vartamAna padArtha hI mAnA jAya to trikAla-viSayaka jJAna kI bAta vyartha ho jAtI hai| ataH artha bhI jJAnotpatti ke prati anivArya kAraNa nahIM hai| 17

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258 jaina dharma-darzana avagraha: avagraha ko batAne vAle kaI zabda haiN| naMdIsUtra meM avagraha ke lie avagrahaNatA, upadhAraNatA, zravaNatA, avalambanatA aura medhA kA prayoga huA hai|' tattvArthabhASya meM nimna zabda Ate haiM-avagraha, graha, grahaNa, Alocana aura avadhAraNa / 2 indriya aura artha kA sambandha hone para nAma Adi kI vizeSa kalpanA se rahita sAmAnya mAtra kA jJAna avagraha hai| isa jJAna meM yaha nizcita pratIti nahIM hotI ki kisa padArtha kA jJAna huA hai| kevala itanA mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha kucha hai / indriya aura artha kA jo sAmAnya sambandha hai vaha darzana hai / darzana ke bAda paidA hone vAlA sAmAnya jJAna avagraha hai| isameM kevala sattA kA hI jJAna nahIM hotA apitu padArtha kA prAraMbhika jJAna ho jAtA hai| avagraha do prakAra kA hotA haivyaMjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha / artha va indriya kA saMyoga jJAna vyaMjanAvagraha hai| Upara jo avagraha kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai vaha vAstava meM arthAvagraha hai| isa vyAkhyA ke anusAra vyaMjanAvagraha darzana kI koTi meM AtA hai aura avagraha kA artha arthAvagraha hI hotA hai| vyaMjanAvagraha ko jJAna mAnane vAloM ke lie darzana indriya aura artha ke spaSTa saMyoga yA sambandha se bhI pahale hotA hai| yaha eka pratibhAsa mAtra hai jo sattA mAtra kA grahaNa 1. 30. 2. 1. 15. 3. akSArtha yoge darzanAnantaramartha grahaNamavagrahaH / -pramANamImAMsA, 1. 1. 26. 4. arthasya / vyaM janasyAvagraha: / -- tattvArtha sUtra, 1. 17-18.

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zAnamImAMsA 256 karatA hai| usake bAda artha aura indriya kA saMyoga hotA hai jise vyaMjanAvagraha kahate haiM / indriya aura artha ke saMyoga ke sambandha se pahale darzana kaise ho sakatA hai ? isakA samAdhAna yahI ho sakatA hai ki unakA sambandha avazya hotA hai kintu vaha sambandha vyaMjanAvagraha se bhI pahale hotA hai| vyaMjanAvagraharUpa jo sambandha hai vaha jJAnakoTi meM AtA hai aura usase bhI pUrva jo eka sattA sAmAnya kA sambandha hai-sattA sAmAnya kA bhAna hai vaha darzana hai| isake atirikta aura kyA samAdhAna ho sakatA hai, yaha hama nahIM jAnate / / arthAvagraha kA pUrvavartI jJAnavyApAra, jo indriya kA viSaya ke sAtha saMyoga hone para utpanna hotA hai aura kramazaH puSTa hotA jAtA hai, vyaMjanAvagraha kahalAtA hai| yaha jJAna avyaktajJAna hai| yaha jJAna kramaza: kisa prakAra puSTa hotA hai aura arthAvagraha kI koTi meM AtA hai, yaha samajhane ke lie eka udAharaNa denA ThIka hogaa| kumbhakAra ne apane AvApa ( avAr3A) meM se eka tAjA zarAva (sakorA) nikAlA, nikAlakara usameM eka-eka bUMda pAnI DAlatA gyaa| prathama bindu DAlate hI sUkha gyaa| dUsarA vindu bhI sUkha gyaa| tIsarA, cauthA aura isa taraha aneka bindu sUkhate ge| aMtatogatvA eka samaya aisA AtA hai jaba vaha zarAva pAnI ko sukhAne meM asamarthatA dikhAne lagatA hai| dhIre-dhIre vaha pAnI se bhara jAtA hai| prathama vindu se lagAkara aMtima bindu taka kA sArA pAnI zarAva meM hotA hai, kintu pahale kucha binduoM kI itanI kama zakti hotI hai ki ve spaSTa rUpa se digvAI nahIM dete / jyoM-jyoM pAnI kI zakti bar3hatI jAtI hai tyoM-tyoM usakI abhivyakti bhI spaSTa hotI jAtI hai| isI taraha jaba ki pI soye hue vyakti ko pukArA jAtA hai taba pahale ke kucha zabda kAna meM jAkara cupacApa baiTha jAte haiN| unakI abhivyakti nahIM

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260 jaina dharma-darzana ho paatii| do-cAra bAra pukArane para usake kAna meM kAphI zabda ekatra ho jAte haiM / tabhI use yaha jJAna hotA hai ki mujhe koI bulA rahA hai| yaha jJAna pahale zabda ke samaya itanA aspaSTa aura avyakta hotA hai ki use isa bAta kA patA nahIM lagatA ki koI bulA rahA hai / jaba zabdoM kA jalabinduoM kI taraha kAphI mAtrA meM saMgraha ho jAtA hai taba use yaha jJAna hotA hai ki mujhe koI pukAra rahA hai| prathama koTi kA vyaka jJAna arthAvagraha hai| vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha meM avyaktatA aura vyaktatA kA bheda hai| sAmAnyAtmaka jJAna avagraha hai| isI jJAna ke vikAsa-krama ke do rUpa haiN| prathama rUpa avyakta jJAnAtmaka hai / yahI vyaMjanAvagraha hai| dvitIya rUpa vyakta jJAnAtmaka hai| yahI arthAvayaha hai| ____ kyA vyaMjanAvagraha sabhI indriyoM se hotA hai ? isakA uttara dete hue kahA gayA hai ki cakSu aura mana se vyaMjanAvagraha nahIM hotaa|' cakSu aura mana se vyaMjanAvagraha kyoM nahIM hotA? kyoMki ye donoM aprApyakArI haiN| vyaMjanAvagraha ke lie artha aura indriyoM kA saMyoga apekSita hai| saMyoga ke lie prApyakAritva anivArya hai| cakSu aura mana aprApyakArI haiM, ataH inake sAtha artha kA saMyoga nahIM hotaa| saMyoga na hone se vyaMjanAvagraha nahIM hotaa| mana ko aprApyakArI mAnA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu cakSu aprApyakArI kaise hai ? cakSu aprApyakArI hai, kyoMki vaha spRSTa artha kA grahaNa nahIM karatA / yadi prApyakArI hotA to tvagindriya ke samAna spRSTa aMjana kA grahaNa krtaa| cUki vaha grahaNa nahIM karatA ataH aprApyakArI hai / koI yaha kaha sakatA hai ki cakSu prApyakArI 1. na cakSuranindriyAbhyAm |-tttvaarthsuutr, 1. 16.

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jJAnamImAMsA 261 hai kyoMki vaha AvRta vastu kA grahaNa nahIM karatA - jaise tvagindriya | yaha ThIka nahIM, kyoMki cakSu kAca, abhra, sphaTika Adi se AvRta artha kA grahaNa karatA hai / yadi cakSu aprApyakArI hai to vaha vyavahita aura ativiprakRSTa artha kA bhI grahaNa kara legA / yaha zaMkA ThIka nahIM, kyoMki cumbaka aprApyakArI hote hue bhI amuka sImA ke andara rahane vAle lohe ko hI pakar3atA hai, vyavahita aura ativiprakRSTa ko nahIM / cakSu svayaM prApyakArI nahIM hai apitu usakI taijasa razmiyA~ prApyakArI haiM / yaha bhI ThIka nahIM, kyoMki hameM yaha bhI anubhava nahIM hotA ki cakSu tejasa hai / yadi cakSu taijasa hotA to cakSurindriya kA sthAna uSNa hotA / naktaMcara prANiyoM ke netroM meM rAta ko razmiyA~ dikhAI detI haiM ataH cakSu razmiyukta hai, yaha dhAraNA ThIka nahIM / ataijasa dravya meM bhI bhAsurarUpa dekhA jAtA hai - jaise maNi Adi / ataH cakSu prApyakArI nahIM hai / aprApyakArI hote hue bhI tadAvaraNa ke kSayopazama se vastu kA grahaNa hotA hai / isalie mana aura cakSu se vyaMjanAvagraha nahIM hotA / zrotra, ghrANa, rasana aura sparza ina cAra indriyoM se vyaMjanAvagraha hotA hai / arthAvagraha saMyogarUpa nahIM hai apitu sAmAnyajJAnarUpa hai / cakSU aura mana se arthAvagraha hotA hai kyoMki ina donoM kA kA viSaya-grahaNa sIdhA sAmAnyajJAnarUpa hotA hai / isa prakAra arthAvagraha pAMca indriyA~ aura chaThA mana - ina chaH se hotA hai / IhA avAya aura dhAraNA bhI pA~coM indriyoM aura mana pUrvaka hote haiM / IhA : : avagraha ke bAda jJAna IhA meM pariNata hotA hai / avagRhItArtha ko vizeSa rUpa se jAnane kI icchA IhA hai / " nandIsUtra 1. avagR hItArtha vizeSakAMkSaNa mIhA / - pramANanayatattvAloka, 2.8.

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262 jaina dharma-darzana meM IhA ke lie nimna zabda Ate haiM-AyogaNatA, mArgaNatA, gaveSaNatA, cintA, vimarSa / ' umAsvAti ne IhA, Uha, tarka, parIkSA, vicAraNA aura jijJAsA kA prayoga kiyA hai| avagraha se gujarate hue IhA taka kaise pahuMcate haiM, ise samajhane ke lie punaH zabda kA udAharaNa lete haiN| avagraha meM itanA jJAna ho jAtA hai ki kahIM se zabda sunAI de rahA hai / zabda sunane para vyakti socatA hai ki kisakA zabda hai ? kauna bola rahA hai ? strI hai.yA puruSa ? isake bAda svara kI tulanA hotI hai| svara mIThA aura AkarSaka hai, isalie kisI strI kA honA caahie| puruSa kA svara kaThora evaM rUkhA hotA hai| yaha svara puruSa kA nahIM ho sakatA / IhA meM jJAna yahA~ taka pahuMca jAtA hai| IhA saMzaya nahIM hai kyoMki saMzaya meM do palar3e barAbara rahate haiN| jJAna kA kisI eka ora jhukAva nahIM hotaa| 'puruSa hai yA strI' ? isakA jarA bhI nirNaya nahIM hotaa| na to puruSa kI ora jJAna jhukatA hai, na strI kI or| jJAna kI dazA trizaMku-sI rahatI hai| IhA meM jJAna eka ora jhuka jAtA hai| avAya meM jisakA nizcaya hone vAlA hai usI ora jJAna kA jhukAva ho jAtA hai| yaha strI kA zabda honA cAhie kyoMki isakI yaha vizeSatA hai'-isa prakAra kA jJAna IhA hai / yadyapi IhA me pUrNa nirNaya nahIM ho pAtA tathApi jJAna nirNaya kI ora jhuka avazya jAtA hai| saMzaya meM jJAna kisI ora nahIM jhuktaa| saMzaya IhA ke pahale hotA hai| IhA ho jAne para saMzaya samApta ho jAtA hai| 1. 31. 2. tattvAbhASya, 1. 15.

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jJAnamImAMsA 263 avAya: IhitArtha kA vizeSa nirNaya avAya hai|' IhA meM hamArA jJAna yahA~ taka pahu~ca jAtA hai ki yaha zabda kisI strI kA honA cAhie / jaba yaha nizcita ho jAtA hai ki yaha zabda strI kA hI hai taba hamArA jJAna avAya kI koTi taka pahu~ca jAtA hai| isameM samyak-asamyak kI vicAraNA pUrNa rUpa se paripakva ho jAtI hai aura asamyak kA nivAraNa hokara samyak kA nirNaya ho jAtA hai| jo guNa vAstavika haiM unakA nizcita jJAna ho jAtA hai, aura jo guNa avAstavika haiM unakA pRthakkaraNa ho jAtA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhApya meM eka mata yaha bhI milatA hai ki jo guNa padArtha ke andara nahIM haiM unakA nivAraNa avAya hai aura jo guNa padArtha meM haiM unakA sthirIkaraNa dhAraNA hai / bhASyakAra ke mata se yaha siddhAnta ThIka nahIM hai| cAhe asadguNoM kA nivAraNa ho, cAhe sadguNoM kA sthirIkaraNa ho, cAhe donoM eka sAtha hoM--saba avAyAntargata haiN| nandIsUtra meM avAya ke nimna paryAya haiM--AvartanatA, pratyAvartanatA, avAya, buddhi, vijJAna / tattvArthabhASya meM avAya ke lie nimna zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai--apagama, apanoda, apavyAdha, apeta, apagata, apaviddha, apanuta / " ye zabda niSedhAtmaka haiN| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM jisa mata kA ullekha hai , sambhavataH vaha yahI paramparA ho / avAya aura apAya donoM zabdoM ko dekhane se mAlUma hotA hai ki apAya niSedhAtmaka hai aura avAya vidhyA1. IhitavizeSanirNa yo'vaayH| ---pramANa mImAMsA, 1.1.28, 2. 185. 3. 186. 4. 32.

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264 jaina dharma-darzana tmaka hai / jo paramparA isa jJAna ko niSedhAtmaka mAnatI hai usameM adhikatara apAya zabda kA prayoga huA hai| jisa paramparA meM isakA vidhyAtmaka vidhAna bhI hai usameM adhikatara avAya zabda kA prayoga huA hai| yaha jJAna dhAraNA kI koTi meM pahuMca kara hI pakkA hotA hai, isalie yaha matabheda hai| avAya meM kucha kamI avazya rahatI hai / vidhyAtmaka mAnakara bhI usakI dRr3hAvasthA dhAraNA meM hI mAnI gaI hai| isalie ina donoM paramparAoM meM vizeSa bheda nahIM raha jaataa| .. dhAraNA : avAya ke bAda dhAraNA hotI hai| dhAraNA meM jJAna itanA dRr3ha ho jAtA hai ki vaha smRti kA kAraNa banatA hai / isIlie dhAraNA ko smRti kA hetu kahA gayA hai| yaha saMkhyeya athavA asaMkhyeya samaya taka rahatI hai|4 naMdIsUtra meM dhAraNA ke lie ina zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai--dhAraNA, sthApanA, pratiSThA, kosstthaa| umAsvAti ne nimnalikhita paryAya die haiM-pratipatti, avadhAraNA, avasthAna, nizcaya, avagama, avabodha / 5 jinabhadra ne dhAraNA kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki jJAna kI avicyuti ko dhAraNA kahate haiM / jo jJAna zIghra hI naSTa na ho jAya apitu smRti ke lie hetu kA kArya kara sake, vahI jJAna dhAraNA hai| yaha dhAraNA tIna prakAra kI hai : 1. avicyuti-padArtha ke jJAna kA vinAza na honA; 2. vAsanA-saMskAra kA nirmANa honA; 1. sarvArtha siddhi, rAjaghAtika Adi. 2. tattvArtha-bhAgya, hAribhadrIya TIkA, siddhasenIya TIkA. 3. smRtihenurdhAraNaH |-prmaann mImAMsA, 1.1.26, 4. 35. 6. aviccui dhAraNA rasa |-vishessaavshyk-bhaassy, 180. ____

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jJAnamImAMsA 265 3. anusmaraNa-bhaviSya meM una saMskAroM kA jAgrata honaa|' isa prakAra avicyuti, vAsanA aura smRti tInoM dhAraNA ke aMga haiM / vAdidevasUri ke anusAra yaha mata ThIka nahIM hai| dhAraNA avAya-pradatta jJAna kI dRr3hatamAvasthA hai| kucha kAla ke lie avAya kA dRr3ha rahanA---yahI dhAraNA hai| dhAraNA smRti kA kAraNa nahIM bana sakatI kyoMki kisI jJAna kA itane lambe kAla taka varAvara calate rahanA sambhava nhiiN| yadi dhAraNA itane lambe kAla taka calatI rahe to dhAraNA aura smRti ke bIca ke kAla meM dUsarA jJAna honA sarvathA asambhava hai kyoMki eka sAtha do upayoga nahIM ho sakate / 2 saMskAra eka bhinna guNa hai jo AtmA ke sAtha rahatA hai| dhAraNA usakA vyavahita kAraNa ho sakatI hai| kintu dhAraNA ko sIdhA smRti kA kAraNa mAnanA yuktisaMgata nhiiN| dhAraNA apanI amuka samaya kI maryAdA ke bAda samApta ho jAtI hai| usake bAda nayA jJAna paidA hotA hai / isa taraha eka jJAna ke bAda dUsare jJAna kI paramparA calatI rahatI hai| vAdidevasUri kA yaha kathana yuktisaMgata hai| - matijJAna ke avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA-ye cAra bheda kie ge| avagraha ke vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha-ye do bheda hue| inameM se arthAvagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA-ye cAra prakAra ke jJAna zrotra, cakSu, ghrANa, rasana, sparzana aura manaina cha: se hote haiM / vyaMjanAvagraha kevala zrotra, ghrANa, rasana aura sparzana-ina cAra indriyoM se hotA hai / cakSu aura mana aprApyakArI haiM, ataH ina donoM se vyaMjanAvagraha nahIM hotA / arthAvagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA-ye cAra pA~ca indriyA~ aura mana-ina cha: 1. vahI, 261. 2. syAdvAdaratnAkara, 2.10.

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266 jaina dharma-darzana se hote haiM, ataH inake 44 6= 24 bheda hue / vyaMjanAvagraha mana aura cakSu ko chor3akara cAra indriyoM se hotA hai, ataH usake 4 bheda he| ina 24+4-28 prakAra ke jJAnoM meM se pratyeka jJAna pUna: vaha, alpa, bahuvidha, alpavidha, kSipra, akSipra, anizrita, nizrita, asaMdigdha, saMdigdha, dhruva aura adhruva-isa prakAra bAraha prakAra kA hotA hai / ' ye nAma zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra haiN| digambara paramparA meM ina nAmoM meM thoDA-sA antara hai| usameM anizrita aura nizrita ke sthAna para aniHsRta aura ni:sRta tathA asaMdigdha aura saMdigdha ke sthAna para anukta aura ukta kA prayoga hai| bahu kA artha aneka aura alpa kA artha eka hai / aneka vastuoM kA jJAna bahugrAhI hai / eka vastu kA jJAna alpagrAhI hai / aneka prakAra kI vastuoM kA jJAna bahuvidhagrAhI hai| eka hI prakAra kI vastu kA jJAna alpavidhagrAhI hai / bahu aura alpa saMkhyA se sambandhita haiM aura bahuvidha tathA alpavidha prakAra yA jAti se sambandhita haiM / zIghratApUrvaka hone vAle avagrahAdi jJAna kSipra kahalAte haiM / vilamba se hone vAle jJAna akSipra haiN| anizrita kA artha hetu ke binA hone vAlA vastujJAna hai| nizrita kA artha pUrvAnubhUta kisI hetu se hone vAlA jJAna hai| jo anizrita ke sthAna para aniHsRta aura nizrita ke sthAna para niHsRta kA prayoga karate haiM unake matAnusAra aniHmRta kA artha hai asakalarUpa se AvirbhUta pudgaloM kA grahaNa aura niHsRta kA artha hai sakalatayA AvirbhUta pudgaloM kA grahaNa / asaMdigdha kA artha hai nizcitajJAna aura saMdigdha kA artha hai anizcitajJAna / avagraha 1. bahubahuvidhakSiprAnizritAsandigdhadhra vANAM setarANAm / -tattvArthasUtra, 1.16. 2. savArthasiddhi, rAjavAtika Adi, 1.16. .

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267 zAnamImAMsA aura IhA ke anizcaya se isameM bheda hai| isameM amuka padArtha hai-aisA nizcaya hote hue bhI usake vizeSa guNoM ke prati sandeha rahatA hai| asaMdigdha aura saMdigdha ke sthAna para anukta aura ukta-aisA pATha mAnane vAle anukta kA artha karate haiM abhiprAya mAtra se jAna lenA aura ukta kA artha karate haiM kahane para hI jAnanA / dhruva kA artha hai-avazyambhAvI jJAna aura adhruva kA artha hai-kadAcitbhAvI jJAna / ina bAraha bhedoM meM cAra bheda prameya kI vividhatA para avalambita haiM aura zeSa ATha bheda pramAtA ke kSayopazama kI vividhatA para Azrita haiN| uparyukta 28 bhedoM meM se pratyeka ke 12 bheda hone para kula 28 x 12%3 336 bheda ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra matijJAna ke 336 bheda haiM / isakA vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa isa prakAra hai : matijJAna - avagraha IhA avAya dhAraNA vyaMjanA- arthA- 11. sparzana 17. sparzana 23. sparzana vagraha vagraha 12. rasana 18. rasana 24. rasana / 13. ghrANa 16. ghrANa 25. ghrANa 1. sparzana 5. sparzana 14. zrotra 20. zrotra 26. zrotra 2. rasana 6. rasana 15. cakSu 21. cakSu 27. cakSu 3. ghrANa 7. ghrANa 16. mana 22. mana 28. mana 4. zrotra 8. zrotra 6. cakSu 10. mana

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268 (2) bahugrAhI alpa bahuvidha alpavidha kSipra akSipra anizrita nithita asaMdigdha saMdigdha dhra va adhra va grAhI grAhI prAhI grAhI nAhI grAhI grAhI grAhI grAhI grAhI nAhI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 spazana vyajanAvagraha " , " " " " " " " rasana vyaMjanAvagraha " , " " " " " " " " ghrANa vyaMjanAvagraha " " " " " " " " " " " zrotra vyaMjanAvagraha sparzana arthAvagraha rasana arthAvagraha ghrANa arthAvagraha zrotra arthAvagraha cakSu arthAvagraha mana arthAvagraha sparzana IhA rasana IhA ghrANa IhA jaina dharma-darzana

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For Private & Personal Use Only zrotra cakSu hA mana IhA sparzana avAya rasana avAya ghrANa avAya zrotra avAya cakSu avAya ly IhA mana avAya sparzana dhAraNA rasana dhAraNa ghrANa dhAraNA zrotra dhAraNA cakSu dhAraNA mana dhAraNA 28 " " " " 32 "" " "3 1=1 11 " " " 16 1:1 11 28 3 "" "} "3 " 14 19 " 11 17 17 " " 34 34 " 19 11 28 x 33 11 " " 11 6 133 " }} "1 " 15 "7 2: "" 21 37 28 5 " 11 "1 19 "" "1 13 " " 33 " 11 11 "1 28 W 12 " " 1) 31 " " "1 11 "" ko 11 11 " 1= "" 19 28 "1 "" 11 " " " "3 "" 11 73 11 34 " 3 "} 12 28 51 34 " = "" "? = 13 124 " " 13 17 19 17 34 " " "" 13 28 11 m 32 " " " "1 31 " 11 "" "5" " 1: " "} = 11 28 F 8 14 " ", 7? 31 1:4 "9 = "" 34 17 17 11 t " 35 " " "" 28 11 1=3 " 31 " "" "" "} 11 34 " 11 11 " 91 34 19 15 28 12 " " 11 17 19 33 " 19 17 " 17 "" "3 " " 28 = 336 jJAnamImAMsA W m

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270 jaina dharma-darzana zrutajJAna : zrutajJAna kA artha hai vaha jJAna jo zruta arthAt zAstranibaddha hai| Apta puruSa dvArA praNIta Agama yA anya zAstroM se jo jJAna hotA hai vaha zrutajJAna hai| zrutajJAna matipUrvaka hotA hai| usake do bheda haiM-aMgavAhya aura aMgapraviSTa / aMgavAhya aneka prakAra kA hai / aMgapraviSTa ke vAraha bheda haiN|' zrutajJAna matipUrvaka hotA hai| isakA kyA artha hai ? zrutajJAna hone ke lie zabda-zravaNa Avazyaka hai kyoMki zAstra vacanAtmaka hai| zabdazravaNa mati ke antargata hai kyoMki yaha zrotra kA viSaya hai| jaba zabda sunAI detA hai taba usake artha kA smaraNa hotA hai| zabda-zravaNarUpa jo vyApAra hai vaha matijJAna hai| tadanantara utpanna hone vAlA jJAna zrutajJAna hai / isIlie matijJAna kAraNa hai aura zrutajJAna kArya hai / matijJAna ke abhAva meM zutajJAna nahIM ho sakatA / zrutajJAna kA vAstavika kAraNa to zrutajJAnAvaraNa kA kSayopazama hai| matijJAna to usakA bahiraMga kAraNa hai| matijAna hone para bhI yadi zrutajJAnAvaraNa kA kSayopazama na ho to zrutatAna nahIM hotA / anyathA jo koI zAstra-vacana sunatA, sabako zrutajJAna ho jaataa| ____ aMgabAhya aura aMgapraviSTa rUpa se zrutajJAna do prakAra kA hai| aMgapraviSTa use kahate haiM jo sAkSAt tIrthaMkara dvArA prakAzita hotA hai aura gaNadharoM dvArA sUtrabaddha kiyA haA hotA hai| Ayu, bala, buddhi Adi kI kSINa avasthA dekha kara bAda meM hone vAle AcArya sarvasAdhAraNa ke hita ke lie aMgapraviSTa granthoM ko AdhAra banAkara bhinna-bhinna viSayoM para 1. zrutaM matipUrva dvayanekadvAdazabhedam |-tttvaarthsutr, 1.20.

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jJAnamImAMsA 271 grantha likhate haiN| ye grantha aMgabAhya jJAna ke antargata haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki jina granthoM ke racayitA svayaM gaNadhara haiM ve aMgapraviSTa aura jinake racayitA usI paramparA ke anya AcArya haiM ve aMgabAhya grantha haiN| aMgabAhya grantha kAlika, utkAlika Adi aneka prakAra ke haiN| aMgapraviSTa ke bAraha bheda haiN| ye bAraha aMga kahalAte haiN| inake nAma pahale ginAye jA cuke haiN| zruta vAstava meM jJAnAtmaka hai, kintu upacAra se zAstroM ko bhI zruta kahate haiM kyoMki ve jJAnotpatti ke sAdhana haiM / zrutajJAna ke bheda moTe taura para samajhane ke liye haiN| Avazyakaniyukti meM kahA gayA hai ki jitane akSara haiM aura unake jitane vividha saMyoga haiM utane hI zrutajJAna ke bheda haiN| isalie usake sAre bheda ginAnA sambhava nhiiN| zrutamAna ke caudaha mukhya prakAra haiM-akSara, saMjJI, samyak, sAdika, saparyavasita, gamika aura aMgapraviSTa ye sAta aura anakSara, asaMjJI, mithyA, anAdika, aparyavasita, agamika aura aMgabAhya ye sAta inase vipriit|' nandIsUtra meM ina bhedoM kA svarUpa batAyA gayA hai / akSara zruta ke tIna bheda kiye gaye haiM-saMjJAkSara, vyaMjanAkSara aura labdhyakSara / varNa kA AkAra saMjJAkSara hai| varNa kI dhvani vyaMjanAkSara hai| jo varNa sIkhane meM samartha hai vaha labdhyakSaradhArI hai| saMjJAkSara aura vyaMjanAkSara dravyazruta hai| labdhyakSara bhAvazruta hai| khAMsanA, U~cA zvAsa lenA Adi anakSarazruta hai| saMjJI zruta ke bhI tIna bheda haiM-dIrghakAlikI, hetUpadezikI aura dRSTivAdo deshikii| vartamAna, bhUta aura bhaviSya trikAlaviSayaka vicAra dIrghakAlikI saMjJA hai| kevala 1. Avazyakaniyukti, 17-16. 2. nandIsUtra, 38. " - -

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272 jaina dharma-darzana vartamAna kI dRSTi se hitAhita kA vicAra karanA hetupadezikI saMjJA hai| samyak zruta ke jJAna ke kAraNa hinAhita kA bodha honA dRSTivAdopadezikI saMjJA hai| jo ina saMjJAoM ko dhAraNa karate haiM ve saMjI kahalAte haiN| jo ina saMjAoM ko dhAraNa nahIM karate ve amaMjI haiM / amaMjI tIna taraha ke hote haiN| jo samanaska hote hue bhI soca nahIM sakate ve prathama koTi ke asaMjJI haiN| jo amanaska haiM ve dUsarI koTi ke asaMjI haiM / amanaska kA artha manarahita nahIM hai apitu atyanta sUkSma mana vAlA hai / jo mithyAzrata meM vizvAsa rakhate haiM ve tIsarI koTi ke asaMjJI haiN|' sAdika dhuna vaha hai jisakI Adi hai| jisakI koI Adi nahIM hai vaha anAdika zruta hai / dravyarUpa se zruta anAdika hai aura paryAyarUpa se sAdika hai| saparyavasita zruta vaha hai jisakA anta hotA hai / jisakA kabhI anta nahIM hotA vaha aparyavasita zruta hai| yahA~ bhI dravya aura paryAya dRSTi kA upayoga karanA cAhie / gamika use kahate haiM jisake sadaza pATha upalabdha haiN| agamika asadazAkSarAlApaka hotA hai| aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya ke viSaya meM likha hI cuke haiN| zrutajJAna kA mukhya AdhAra zabda hai| hastasaMketa Adi anya sAdhanoM se bhI yaha jJAna hotA hai| vahA~ para ye sAdhana zabda kA hI kArya karate haiM / anya zabdoM kI taraha unakA spaSTa uccAraNa kAnoM meM nahIM pdd'taa| mauna uccAraNa se hI ve apanA kArya karate haiN| zrutajJAna jaba itanA abhyasta ho jAtA hai ki usake lie saMketasmaraNa kI AvazyakatA nahIM raha jAtI taba vaha matijJAna ke antargata AjAtA hai| zrutajJAna ke lie cintana aura 1. vahI, 36-40.

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273 jJAnamImAMsA saMketasmaraNa atyanta Avazyaka hai| abhyAsa dazA meM aisA na hone para vaha jJAna zruta kI koTi se bAhara nikala kara mati kI koTi meM A jAtA hai| mati aura zruta : ... jaina darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra pratyeka jIva meM kama-sekama do jJAna-mati aura zruta avazya hote haiN| kevalajJAna ke samaya ina donoM kI sthiti ke viSaya meM matabheda hai| kucha loga usa samaya bhI mati aura zruta kI sattA mAnate haiM aura kahate haiM ki kevalajJAna ke mahAprakAza ke sAmane unakA alpa prakAza daba jAtA hai| sUrya ke pracaNDa prakAza ke rahate hue candra Adi kA prakAza nahIMvat mAlUma hotA hai| kucha loga yaha bAta nahIM mAnate / unake mata se kevalajJAna akelA hI rahatA hai| mati, zrutAdi kSAyopazAmika haiM / jaba sampUrNa jJAnAvaraNa kA kSaya ho jAtA hai taba kSAyopazamika jJAna nahIM raha sakatA / yaha mata jaina darzana kI paramparA ke anukUla hai| kevalajJAna kA artha hI akelA jJAna hai| vaha asahAya hI hotA hai / use kisI kI sahAyatA apekSita nahIM hai| mati aura zruta ke pArasparika sambandha ke viSaya meM umAsvAti kA mata hai ki zrutajJAna matipUrvaka hI hotA hai, jaba ki matijJAna ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki vaha zrutapUrvaka hI ho|' nandIsUtra kA mata hai ki jahA~ Abhinibodhika jJAna (mati) hai vahA~ zrutajJAna bhI hai aura jahA~ zrutajJAna hai vahA~ matijJAna bhI - 1. zrutajJAnasya matijJAnena niyana: sahabhAvaH tatpUrvakatvAt / yasya zrutajJAnaM tasya niyataM matijJAnaM, yasya tu matijJAnaM tasya RtajJAnaM sthAdvA na veti |-tttvaarth bhASya, 1.31. 18

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274 jaina dharma-darzana hai|' sarvArthasiddhi aura tattvArtharAjavAtika meM bhI isI mata kA samarthana hai| yahA~ prazna yaha hai ki kyA ye donoM mata paraspara virodhI haiM ? eka mata ke anusAra zrutajJAna ke lie matijJAna anivArya hai, jabaki matijJAna ke lie zrutajJAna Avazyaka nhiiN| dUsarA mata kahatA hai ki mate aura zruta donoM sahacArI haiM / eka ke abhAva meM dUsarA nahIM raha sakatA / jahA~ mati hogI vahA~ zruta avazya hogA aura jahA~ zruta hogA vahA~ mati avazya hogii| hama samajhate haiM ki ye donoM mata paraspara virodhI nahIM haiN| umAsvAti jaba yaha kahate haiM ki zruta ke pUrva mati Avazyaka hai to usakA artha kevala itanA hI hai ki jaba koI vizeSa zrutajJAna utAna hotA hai taba vaha tadviSayaka matipUrvaka hI hotA hai / pahale zabda sunAI detA hai aura phira usakA zrutajJAna hotA hai| matijJAna ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki pahale zrutajJA aura * phira matinAna ho, kyoMki matijJAna pahale hotA hai aura zrutajJAna vAda meM / yaha bhI Avazyaka nahIM ki jisa viSaya kA matijJAna ho usakA zrutajJAna bhI ho / aisI dazA meM donoM sahacArI kaise ho sakate haiM ? nandImUtra meM jo sahacAritva hai vaha kisI vizeSa jJAna kI apekSA se nahIM hai| vaha to eka sAmAnya siddhAnta hai / sAmAnyatayA mati aura zruta sahacArI haiM kyoMki pratyeka jIva meM ye donoM jJAna sAtha-sAtha rahate haiN| mati aura zruta ke binA koI jIva nahIM hai| ekendriya se lagAkara saMjI paMcendriya taka hareka jIva meM kama-se-kama ye do jJAna rahate haiM / isI dRSTi se yaha kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ matijJAna hai vahA~ zrutanAna bhI hai aura jahA~ zrunajAna hai vahA~ matijJAna bhI hai| ye 1. 24. 2. sarvArtha sidi. 1.30; tatvArtha rAjavArtika, 1.6.30.

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jJAnamImAMsA 275 donoM jJAna jIva meM kisI-na-kimI mAtrA meM hara samaya rahate haiM / zaktirUpa me inakI sattA sadaiva rahatI hai| jIva kI dRSTi se yaha sahacAritva hai, na ki kisI vizeSa jJAna kI dRSTi se| jinabhadra kahate haiM ki jo jJAna zrutAnusArI hai, indriya aura mana se paidA hotA hai tathA niyana artha ko samajhAne meM samartha hai vaha bhAvathata hai| zeSa mati hai| kevala zabdajJAna zruta nahIM hai| jisa zabdatAna ke pIche zrunAnamArI maMketasmaraNa hai aura jo niyata artha ko samajhAne meM samartha hai vahI zabdajJAna zruta hai| isake atirikta jitanA bhI zabdajAna hai, maba mati hai| sAmAnya zabdajJAna, jo ki kevala matijAna hai. bar3hate-bar3hate upayukta stara taka pahuMcatA hai tabhI vaha zrutajJAna banatA hai| zabdajJAna hone se koI bhI zabdajJAna zruta nahIM ho jAtA / zruna ke lie jo zarte haiM unheM pUrI karane para hI zabdajJAna zruta banatA hai| zrutajJAna ke prati kAraNa hone se zabda ko dravyazruta kahA jAtA hai| vAstava meM bhAvazruta hI zruta hai| vaha AtmasApekSa hai. ataH zrutAnumAritva, indriya aura manojanya vyApAra aura niyata artha ko samajhAne kA sAmarthya-ye saba bAteM honA Avazyaka hai / Age isI bAta ko adhika spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vanA yA zrotA kA vahI jJAna zruta hai jo zrutAnusArI hai| jo jJAna zrutAnumArI nahIM hai vaha mati hai| kevala zabda-saMsarga se hI jJAna 1. iMdiyamaNonimina, jaM viNNANaM sugaNusAreNa / niyayatyuttisa matyaM taM bhAvamuyaM maI iyarA // -vizeSAvazyakabhapya, 100. 2. bhaNo muNao va suyaM taM jAmaha suyANumAri viSNAm / doNha pi suyAIya, jaM viNNANaM tayaM buddhii|| -vahI, 121.

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276 jaina dharma-darzana zruta nahIM ho jAtA / anyathA IhA, avAya Adi bhI zruta hI hote kyoMki ye binA zabda-saMsarga ke utpanna nahIM hote / mana meM 'yaha strI kA zabda hai yA puruSa kA' yaha vikalpa binA antarjalpa ke nahIM ho sktaa| yaha antarjalpa zabda-saMsarga hai / zabda-saMsarga hote hue jahA~ zrutAnusAritva ho vaha jJAna zruta hai / zratAnusArI kA artha hai-zabda va zAstra ke artha kI kAra kA anusaraNa karane vaalaa| avadhijJAna :... - AtmA kA svAbhAvika guNa kevalajJAna hai / karma ke AvaraNa kI taratamatA ke kAraNa yaha jJAna vividha rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA hai| mati aura zruta indriya tathA mana kI gahAyatA se utpanna hote haiM, ataH ve AtmA kI dRSTi se parokSa haiN| avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevala sIdhe AtmA se hote haiM, ataH unheM pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| kevalajJAna sakala pratyakSa hai aura avadhi aura manaHparyaya vikalapratyakSa haiM / avadhijJAna aura manaHparyayajJAna AtmA se paidA hote haiM isalie pratyakSa haiM kintu apUrNa haiM ataH vikala haiM / avadhi kA artha hai 'sImA' athavA 'vaha jo sImita hai' / avadhijJAna kI kyA sImA hai ? avadhi kA viSaya kevala rUpI padArtha hai|' jo rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparzayukta hai vahI avadhi kA viSaya hai| isase Age arUpI padArthoM meM avadhi kI pravRtti nahIM ho sktii| dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAya to chaH dravyoM meM se kevala eka dravya avadhi kA viSaya ho sakatA hai| vaha dravya hai pudgala, kyoMki kevala pudgala hI rUpI hai| anya pA~ca dravya usake viSaya nahIM ho skte| .. .. .. avadhijJAna ke adhikArI do prakAra ke hote haiM-bhavapratyayI 1. rUpiSvavadhaiH / -tattvArthasUtra, 1. 28.

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jJAnamImAMsA 277 aura guNapratyayI / bhavapratyaya avadhijJAna deva aura nAraka ko hotA hai / " guNapratyaya kA adhikArI manuSya yA tiryazva hotA hai / bhavapratyaya kA artha hai janma se prApta hone vAlA / jo avadhijJAna janma ke sAtha-hI-sAtha prakaTa hotA hai vaha bhavapratyaya hai / deva aura nAraka ko paidA hote hI avadhijJAna prApta hotA hai / isake lie unheM vrata, niyamAdi kA pAlana nahIM karanA par3atA / unakA bhava hI aisA hai ki vahA~ paidA hote hI avadhijJAna ho jAtA hai / manuSya aura anya prANiyoM ke lie aisA niyama nahIM hai / mati aura zrutajJAna to janma ke sAtha hI hote haiM, kintu avadhijJAna ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai / vyakti ke prayatna se karmoM kA kSayopazama hone para hI yaha jJAna paidA hotA hai / deva aura nAraka kI taraha manuSyAdi ke lie yaha jJAna janmasiddha nahIM hai, apitu vrata, niyama Adi guNoM ke pAlana se prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai / isIlie ise guNapratyaya athavA kSAyopazamika kahate haiM / yahA~ eka prazna uTha sakatA hai ki jaba yaha niyama hai ki avadhijJAnAvaraNa ke kSayopazama se hI avadhijJAna prakaTa hotA hai taba yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki deva aura nAraka janma se hI avavijJAnI hote haiM ? unake lie bhI kSayopazama Avazyaka hai / unameM aura dUsaroM meM antara itanA hI hai ki unakA kSayopazama bhavajanya hotA hai arthAt usa jAti meM janma lene para avadhijJAnAvaraNa kA kSayopazama ho hI jAtA hai / vaha jAti hI aisI hai ki jisake kAraNa yaha kArya binA vizeSa prayatna ke pUrA ho jAtA hai| manuSyAdi anya jAtiyoM ke liye yaha niyama nhiiN| vahA~ to vrata, niyamAdi kA vizeSarUpa se pAlana karanA par3atA hai| tabhI avadhijJAnAvaraNa kA kSayopazama 1. sthAnAMgasUtra, 71; naMdIsUtra, 7-6 tattvArtha sUtra, 1.22-23.

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278 jaina dharma-darzana hotA hai / kSayopazama to sabhI ke lie Avazyaka hai / antara sAdhana meM hai / jo jIva kevala janma mAtra se kSayopazama kara sakate haiM unakA avadhijJAna bhavapratyaya hai / jinheM isake lie vizeSa prayatna karanA par3atA hai unakA avadhijJAna guNapratyaya hai / guNapratyaya avadhi ke chaH bheda hote haiM - anugAmI, ananugAmI, vardhamAna, hIyamAna, avasthita aura anavasthita / ' jo avadhijJAna eka sthAna ko chor3akara dUsare sthAna para cale jAne para bhI naSTa na ho, apitu sAtha-sAtha jAve vaha anugAmI hai / utpattisthAna kA tyAga kara dene para jo naSTa ho jAya vaha ananugAmI hai / jo avadhijJAna utpatti ke samaya se kramazaH bar3hatA jAya vah vardhamAna hai / yaha vRddhi kSetra, zuddhi Adi kisI bhI dRSTi se ho sakatI hai / jo avadhijJAna utpatti ke samaya se pariNAmoM kI vizuddhi kama ho jAne ke kAraNa kramazaH alpa-viSayaka hotA jAtA hai vaha hIyamAna hai / jo na to bar3hatA hai aura na kama hotA hai, apitu jaisA utpanna hotA hai vaisA kA vaisA banA rahatA hai, janmAntara ke samaya athavA kevalajJAna hone para naSTa hotA hai vaha avasthita hai| jo avadhijJAna kabhI ghaTatA hai, kabhI bar3hatA hai, kabhI prakaTa hotA hai, kabhI tirohita ho jAtA hai use anavasthita avadhijJAna kahate haiM / 1. anugAmyananugAmivardhamAna hIyamAnAvasthitAnavasthitabhedAt SaDvidhaH / -tatvArtha rAjavArtika, 1.22.4.

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jJAnamImAMsA 279 avadhijJAna ke uparyukta cha: bheda svAmI ke guNa kI dRSTi se haiN| inake atirikta kSetra Adi kI dRSTi se tIna bheda aura hote haiM-dezAvadhi, paramAvadhi aura sarvAvadhi / ' dezAvadhi evaM paramAvadhi ke punaH tIna bheda hote haiM-jaghanya, utkRSTa aura ajaghanyotkRSTa / sarvAvadhi eka hI prakAra kA hotA hai| __ jaghanya dezAvadhi kA kSetra utsedhAMgula' kA asaMkhyAtavA~ bhAga hai| utkRSTa dezAvadhi kA kSetra sampUrNa loka hai| ajadhanyotkRSTa dezAvadhi kA kSetra ina donoM ke bIca kA hai, jo asaMkhyAta prakAra kA hai| jaghanya paramAvadhi kA kSetra eka pradezAdhika loka hai / utkRSTa paramAvadhi kA kSetra asaMkhyAta lokapramANa hai| ajaghanyotkRSTa paramAvadhi kA kSetra ina donoM ke bIca kA hai| sarvAvadhi kA kSetra utkRSTa paramAvadhi ke kSetra se bAhara asaMkhyAta kSetra-pramANa hai| loka se adhika kSetra nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki loka ke bAhara koI padArtha nahIM jise avadhijJAnI jAna ske| isalie jahA~ loka se adhika kSetra kA nirdeza hai vahA~ uttarottara utane hI pramANa meM jJAna kI sUkSmatA samajhanA caahie| jisa taraha kSetra kI dRSTi se vibhinna prakAra haiM usI prakAra kAla kI dRSTi se bhI aneka bheda ho sakate haiN| una saba kA varNana karanA yahA~ abhISTa nhiiN| 1. punarapare'vadhastrayo bhedAH dezAvadhiH paramAvadhiH sarvAvadhizceti / -vahI, 1.22.5. 2. aMgula eka prakAra kA kSetra kA nApa hai / yaha tIna prakAra kA hai utsedhAMgula, pramANAMgula aura AtmAMgula / bhinna-bhinna padArthoM ke jApa ke lie bhinna-bhinna aMgula nizcita haiN|

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jaina dharma-darzana Avazyaka niyukti meM kSetra, saMsthAna, avasthita, tIvra, manda Adi caudaha dRSTiyoM se avadhijJAna kA lambA varNana hai / " vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM sAta prakAra ke nikSepa se avadhijJAna ko samajhane kI sUcanA hai / ye sAta nikSepa haiM-nAma, sthApanA, dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhava aura bhAva / 1 250 mana:paryayajJAna : manuSyoM ke mana ke cintita artha ko prakaTa karane vAlA jJAna mana:paryayajJAna hai / yaha manuSya kSetra taka sImita hai, guNa ke kAraNa utpanna hotA hai aura cAritravAn vyakti hI isakA adhikArI hai / yaha mana:paryayajJAna kI vyAkhyA AvazyakaniryuktikAra ne kI hai / mana eka prakAra kA paudgalika dravya hai / jaba vyakti kisI viSaya kA vicAra karatA hai taba usake mana kA vividha paryAyoM meM parivartana hotA hai / usakA mana tadtad paryAyoM meM pariNata hotA hai / mana:paryayajJAnI una paryAyoM kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai / usa sAkSAtkAra ke AdhAra para vaha yaha jAna sakatA hai ki yaha vyakti isa samaya yaha bAta soca rahA hai| anumAnakalpanA se kisI ke viSaya meM yaha socanA ki 'amuka vyakti amuka vicAra kara rahA hai' mana:paryayajJAna nahIM hai| mana ke pariNamana kA AtmA se sAkSAt pratyakSa karake manuSya ke cintita artha ko jAna lenA mana:paryayajJAna hai / yaha jJAna AtmapUrvaka hotA hai, na ki manaHpUrvaka / mana to viSaya mAtra hotA hai / jJAtA sAkSAt AtmA hai / 1. 26-28. 2. maNapajjavaNANaM puNa, jaNamaNaparicitiyatthapAgaDaNaM / mANusakhettanibaddhaM, guNapaccaiyaM caritavao || - Avazyaka niryukti, 76.

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jJAnamImAMsA 281 manaHparyayajJAna ke do prakAra haiM-Rjumati aura vipulmti|' Rjumati kI apekSA vipulamati kA jJAna vizuddhatara hotA hai kyoMki vipulamati Rjumati kI apekSA mana ke sUkSmatara pariNAmoM ko bhI jAna sakatA hai| dUsarA antara yaha hai ki Rjumati pratipAtI hai arthAt utpanna hone ke bAda calA bhI jAtA hai kintu vipulamati naSTa nahIM ho sktaa| vaha kevalajJAna kI prApti paryanta avazya rahatA hai / manaHparyayajJAna ke viSaya meM do paramparAeM calI A rahI haiN| eka paramparA to yaha mAnatI hai ki manaHparyayajJAnI cintita artha kA pratyakSa kara letA hai| dUsarI paramparA isake viparIta yaha mAnatI hai ki manaHparyayajJAnI mana kI vividha avasthAoM kA to pratyakSa karatA hai, kintu una avasthAoM meM jo artha rahA huA hai usakA anumAna karatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, eka paramparA artha kA hI pratyakSa mAnatI hai aura dUsarI paramparA mana kA to pratyakSa mAnatI hai kintu artha kA jJAna anumAna se mAnatI hai| mana kI vividha pariNatiyoM ko manaHparyayajJAnI pratyakSarUpa se jAna letA hai aura una pariNatiyoM ke AdhAra se usa artha kA anumAna lagAtA hai jisake kAraNa mana kA usa rUpa se pariNamana huA ho| isI bAta ko aura spaSTa kreN| pahalI paramparA mana ke dvArA cintita artha ke jJAna ke lie mana ko mAdhyama na mAna kara sIdhA usa artha kA pratyakSa mAna letI hai| mana ke paryAya aura artha ke paryAya meM liMga aura liMgI kA sambandha nahIM maantii| 1. RjuvipulamatI manaHparyAyaH / -tattvArthasUtra, 1.24. 1. vahI, 1.25. 3. sarvArtha siddhi, 1.6; tattvArtharAjavArtika, 1.26.6-7. 4. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 814.

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282 jaina dharma-darzana mana kevala eka sahArA hai / jaise koI yaha kahe ki 'dekho, bAdaloM meM candramA hai' to isakA artha yaha nahIM hotA ki candramA sacamuca bAdaloM meM hai / yaha to dRSTi ke lie eka AdhAramAtra hai| isI prakAra mana bhI artha jAnane kA eka AdhAramAtra hai| vAstava meM pratyakSa to artha kA hI hotA hai / isake lie mana ke AdhAra kI AvazyakatA avazya rahatI hai| dUsarI paramparA yaha mAnane ke lie taiyAra nhiiN| vahA~ mana kA jJAna mukhya hai aura artha kA jJAna usa jJAna ke bAda kI cIja hai| mana ke jJAna se artha kA jJAna hotA hai, na ki sIdhA arthajJAna / manaHparyaya kA artha hI yaha hai ki mana kI paryAyoM kA jJAna, na ki artha kI paryAyoM kA jnyaan| uparyukta do paramparAoM meM se dUsarI paramparA yuktisaMgata mAlUma hotI hai / manaHparyayajJAna se sAkSAt arthajJAna honA sambhava nahIM, kyoMki usakA viSaya rUpI dravya kA anantavA~ bhAga hai|' yadi vaha mana ke sampUrNa viSayoM kA sAkSAt jJAna kara letA hai to arUpI dravya bhI usake viSaya ho jAte haiM, kyoMki mana se arUpI dravya kA bhI vicAra ho sakatA hai| aisA honA iSTa nhiiN| manaHparyayajJAna bhUrta dravyoM kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai aura vaha bhI avadhijJAna jitanA nhiiN| avadhijJAna saba prakAra ke pudgala dravyoM kA grahaNa karatA hai kintu manaHparyayajJAna unake anantaveM bhAga arthAt manarUpa bane hue pudgaloM kA mAnuSottara kSetra ke antargata hI grahaNa karatA hai| mana kA sAkSAtkAra ho jAne para taccintita artha kA jJAna anumAna se ho sakatA hai| aisA hone para mana ke dvArA cintita mUrta, amUrta sabhI dravyoM kA jJAna ho sakatA hai| 1. tadanantabhAge mana:paryAyasya / -tattvArtha sUtra, 1. 26.

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jJAnamImAMsA 283 avadhi aura manaHparyaya : ___ avadhi aura manaHparyaya donoM jJAna rUpI dravya taka sImita haiM tathA apUrNa arthAt vikalapratyakSa haiN| itanA hote hue bhI donoM meM antara hai| yaha antara cAra dRSTiyoM se hai-vizuddhi, kSetra, svAmI aura viSaya / ' manaHparyayajJAna apane viSaya ko avadhijJAna kI apekSA vizadarUpa se jAnatA hai / ata: usase vizuddhatara hai| yaha vizuddhi viSaya kI nyUnAdhikatA para nahIM kintu viSaya kI sUkSmatA para avalambita hai / adhika mAtrA meM viSaya kA jJAna honA utanA mahattvapUrNa nahIM jitanA viSaya kI sUkSmatAoM kA jJAna hAnA / manaHparyayajJAna se rUpI dravya kA sUkSma aMza jAnA jAtA hai / avadhijJAna utanI sUkSmatA taka nahIM pahuMca sktaa| avadhijJAna kA kSetra aMgula ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga se lekara sArA loka hai| manaHparyayajJAna kA kSetra manuSyaloka ( mAnuSottara parvata paryanta ) hai| avadhijJAna kA svAmI deva, naraka, manuSya aura tiryaJca kisI bhI gati kA jIva ho sakatA hai| manaHparyayajJAna kA svAmI kevala cAritravAn manuSya hA ho sakatA hai / avadhijJAna kA viSaya sabhI rUpI dravya haiM (saba payAya nahIM), kintu manaHparyayajJAna kA viSaya kevala mana hai jo ki rUpI dravya kA anantavA~ bhAga hai| __uparyukta vivecana ko dekhane se mAlUma par3atA hai ki avadhijJAna aura manaHparyayajJAna meM koI aisA antara nahIM jisake AdhAra para donoM jJAna svatantra siddha ho skeN| donoM meM eka hI jJAna kI do bhUmikAoM se adhika antara nahIM hai / eka jJAna kama vizuddha hai, dUsarA jJAna adhika vizuddha hai| donoM ke viSayoM meM 1. vishuddhikssetrsvaamivissyebhyo'vdhimn:pryaayyoH| -tattvArthasUtra, 1. 26.

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284 jaina dharma-darzana bhI samAnatA hI hai| kSetra aura svAmI kI dRSTi se bhI sImA kI nyUnAdhikatA hai / koI aisA maulika antara nahIM dIkhatA jisake kAraNa donoM ko svatantra jJAna kahA jA sake / donoM jJAna AMzika Atma-pratyakSa kI koTi meM haiN| mati aura zrutajJAna ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai| kevalajJAna : __ yaha jJAna vizuddhatama hai / mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya ke kSaya se kaivalya prakaTa hotA hai / ' mati, zruta, avadhi aura manaHparyaya kSAyopazamika jJAna haiM / kevalajJAna kSAyika hai| kevalajJAna ke cAra pratibaMdhaka karma haiM-mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya / yadyapi ina cAroM karmoM ke kSaya se cAra bhinna-bhinna zaktiyA~ utpanna hotI haiM, kintu kevalajJAna una sabameM mukhya hai, isalie uparyukta vAkya kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama moha kA kSaya hotA hai| tadanantara antamuhUrta bAda hI jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya-ina tInoM karmoM kA kSaya hotA hai| tadanantara kevalajJAna paidA hotA hai aura usake sAtha-hI-sAtha kevaladarzana Adi tIna anya zaktiyA~ bhI utpanna hotI haiM / kevalajJAna kA viSaya sarva dravya aura sarva paryAya haiN| koI bhI vastu aisI nahIM hai jise kevalajJAnI na jAnatA ho| koI bhI paryAya aisA nahIM hai jo kevalajJAna kA viSaya na ho| jitane bhI dravya haiM aura unake vartamAna, bhUta aura bhaviSya ke jitane bhI paryAya haiM, saba kevalajJAna ke viSaya haiN| AtmA kI jJAnazakti kA pUrNa vikAsa yA AvirbhAva kevalajJAna hai| isa jJAna ke hote hI jitane choTe-moTe kSAyopazamika jJAna haiM, saba 1. tattvArthasUtra, 10. 1. 2. sarva dravyaparyAyeSu kevalasya / -tattvArthasUtra, 1.30. .

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zAnamImAMsA 285 samApta ho jAte haiN| mati Adi kSAyopazamika jJAna AtmA ke apUrNa vikAsa ke dyotaka haiN| jaba AtmA kA pUrNa vikAsa ho jAtA hai taba inakI svataH samApti ho jAtI hai| pUrNatA ke sAtha apUrNatA nahIM Tika sktii| dUsare zabdoM meM, pUrNatA ke abhAva kA nAma hI apUrNatA hai| pUrNatA kA sadbhAva apUrNatA ke asadbhAva kA dyotaka hai| kevalajJAna sakala-pratyakSa haisampUrNa hai, ataH usake sAtha mati Adi apUrNa jJAna nahIM raha skte| jaina darzana kI kevalajJAna-viSayaka mAnyatA vyakti ke jJAna ke vikAsa kA antima sopAna hai| kevalajJAnI ko sarvajJa bhI kahate haiN| sarvajJa kA zAbdika artha hai saba-kucha jAnanevAlA / jisakA jJAna amuka padArthoM taka hI sImita nahIM hotA apitu jise samasta padArthoM kA jJAna hotA hai use sarvajJa kahate haiM / samasta padArthoM kA jJAna bhI kevala vartamAna kAla taka hI sImita nahIM rahatA apitu sampUrNa bhUta evaM bhaviSyatkAla taka bhI jAtA hai| isI bAta ko jaina pAribhASika padAvalI meM yoM kahA gayA hai ki sarvajJa samasta dravyoM evaM paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai| ___asarvajJa arthAt sAmAnya prANI kA jJAna indriyoM evaM mana para AdhRta hotA hai| sarvajJa ke jJAna kA sambandha sIdhA AtmA se hotA hai arthAt vaha indriyoM evaM mana se nirapekSa AtmA se hI jJAna prApta karatA hai| jaba taka vaha sazarIra rahatA hai taba taka indriyA~ usake sAtha rahatI avazya haiM kintu jJAna kI prApti ke lie ve nirarthaka hI hotI haiN| aisA hote hue bhI use rUpI aura arUpI donoM prakAra ke padArthoM kA sAkSAt jJAna hotA hai| sarvajJatA kA vicAra karate samaya hamAre sanmukha do mahattvapUrNa

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286 jaina dharma-darzana prazna upasthita hote haiM : 1. kyA samasta padArthoM arthAt saba dravyoM aura unake saba paryAyoM kA jJAna sambhava hai ? 2. kyA rUpI padArthoM kA jJAna sIdhA AmA se ho sakatA hai ? jahAM taka saba dravyoM ke jJAna kA prazna hai, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki loka meM sthita samasta tattva arthAt draga sarvajJa ke jJAna ke viSaya ho sakate haiM kyoMki loka sImita hai ata: usameM sthita tattva bhI kSetra kI daSTi se sImita hI haiN| yadi sarvajJa ke jJAna meM sAmAnyarUpa se sampUrNa loka pratibhAsita hotA hai to yaha svataH siddha hai ki lokasthita samasta tattva usake jJAna meM pratibhAsita hoMge hI kyoMki una tattvoM ke saMgaThana athavA samuccaya kA nAma hI loka hai| loka ke bAhara arthAt aloka meM AkAza ke atirikta anya koI tattva nahIM hai ( aisI jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai ) / yaha alokAkAza asImita hai arthAt ananta hai| asImita vastu kisI ke jJAna meM kisa prakAra evaM kitanI pratibhAsita hogI, yaha samajhanA kaThina hai| yadi vaha apUrNa pratibhAsita hogI to jJAna meM bhI apUrNatA A jaaygii| yadi vaha sampUrNa pratibhAsita hogI to usakI anantatA lupta ho jAyagI arthAt vaha sImita ho jAyagI kyoMki jJAna meM usakA eka sAmAnya rUpa nizcita ho jAyagA jisase adhika vaha nahIM ho sakatI arthAt vaha sArI-kI-sArI jAna lI jAyagI jisase Age usakA astitva hI nahIM rhegaa| aisI sthiti meM vaha sImita hI ho jAyagI, asImita kaise rahegI? jo vastu ananta hotI hai usakA antima chora to jAnA hI nahIM jA sakatA anyathA usakI anantatA kA koI artha hI nahIM hogaa| yaha nahIM ho sakatA ki koI vastu ( astitva kI dRSTi se ) ananta bhI ho aura usakA antima chora bhI jAnA jA sake arthAt vaha sampUrNa kisI ke jJAna meM pratibhAsita ho sake / aisI

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zAnamImAMsA 287 sthiti meM sarvajJa ke jJAna meM sampUrNa alokAkAza kA pratibhAsita honA tarkasaMgata pratIta nahIM hotaa| athavA alokAkAza kI anantatA kI samApti kA prasaMga upasthita hotA hai| taba yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki sarvajJa saba dravyoM kA sAkSAta jJAna karatA hai ? aloka meM sthita ananta AkAza ke jJAna ke abhAva meM usakA jJAna pUrNa kaise ho sakatA hai ? hA~, saba dravyoM ke svarUpajJAna kI dRSTi se usakA jJAna sAkSAt evaM pUrNa ho sakatA hai| paryAya arthAt dravya kI vizeSa athavA vividha avsthaaeN| paryAyoM kA koI anta nahIM hai arthAt paryAya ananta haiN| kisI bhI dravya ke paryAyoM ko kAla kI dRSTi se tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM : vartamAnakAlIna, bhUtakAlIna aura bhaviSyatkAlIna / jahA~ taka vartamAnakAlIna paryAyoM kA prazna hai, veM kAla kI dRSTi se sImita haiM ata: unakA sarvajJa ke jJAna meM pratibhAsa saMbhava ho sakatA hai / bhUtakAla aura bhaviSyakAla asImita haiM arthAt bhatakAla anAdi hai tathA bhaviSyatkAla ananta hai| aisI sthiti meM Adirahita bhatakAlIna evaM antarahita bhaviSyatkAlIna samasta paryAyoM kA jJAna kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ? yadi isa prakAra kA jJAna sambhava mAnA jAyagA to anAdi kI Adi aura ananta kA anta mAnanA par3egA kyoMki Adi aura anta taka pahuMce binA samasta pUrNa nahIM ho skegaa| ataH sarvajJa dravyoM ke saba paryAyoM kA jJAna karane meM kaise samartha ho sakegA, yaha samajhanA kaThina hai / itanA hI nahIM, bhUtakAlIna paryAya, joki naSTa ho cuke haiM tathA bhaviSyatkAlIna paryAya, joki utpanna hI nahIM hue haiM, una sabakA pratibhAsa sarvajJa ke jJAna meM kaise ho sakegA? hama asarvajJoM kI taraha sarvajJa meM smRti, kalpanA, anumAna Adi ko vidyamAnatA nahIM hotI hai

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188 jaina dharma-darzana arthAt usakA sampUrNa jJAna indriyoM va mana para AdhRta na hokara sIdhA AtmA se sambaddha hotA hai tathA pratyakSa evaM sAkSAt hotA hai / aisI sthiti meM avidyamAna paryAya sarvajJajJAna meM kaise pratyakSa ho sakeMge, sarvajJa unakA sAkSAtkAra kaise kara sakegA ? jina paryAyoM athavA padArthoM kA sarvajJa ko pratyakSa arthAt sAkSAtkAra hotA hai unakI lambAI, cauDAI, vajana Adi kA bhI kyA vaha sIdhA AtmA se jJAna kara sakatA hai ? dUsare zabdoM meM, kyA sarvajJa binA kinhIM sAdhanoM kI sahAyatA ke kevala AtmajJAna se vizva ke samasta padArthoM kA, jinameM parvata, samudra, sUrya, candra Adi bhI samAviSTa haiM, nApa-taula jAna sakatA haibatA sakatA hai ? padArthoM kI lambAI-caur3AI Adi kA binA nApa-taula ke hInAdhika rUpa se arthAt anumAnataH to kaI bAra jJAna hotA dikhAI detA hai kintu ThIka-ThIka jJAna ke lie to bAhya sAdhanoM kI sahAyatA apekSita rahatI hI hai| bhautika vastuoM kA nApa-taula kevala AdhyAtmika ekAgratA se sahI-sahI rUpa meM kaise ho sakatA hai, ise samajhanA-samajhAnA asarvajJa ke lie azakya hai / hA~, sAmAnyataura se kisI vastu kA nApa-taula anumAnataH jAnA jA sakatA hai aura vaha kabhI - kabhI pUrA sahI bhI ho sakatA hai kintu isa prakAra kA jJAna asaMdigdha rUpa se yathArtha hI hogA, yaha nizcita nahIM hai / yaha ho sakatA hai ki koI padArtha yA kSetra sAdhAraNa vyakti ko utanA spaSTa evaM pratyakSa nahIM hotA jitanA ki sarvajJa ko ho sakatA hai kintu usakA ThIka-ThIka nApa-taula binA tatsambaddha sAdhanoM kI sahAyatA ke asaMdigdharUpa se honA zakya pratIta nahIM hotA / sarvajJa ke kahe jAnevAle bhUgola- khagolasambandhI vacanoM kI aprAmANikatA se bhI yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai| itanA hI nahIM,

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zAnamImAMsA 286 arraf sarvajJoM ko sudUra parvatoM, samudroM, candra, sUrya Adi kI sthiti kA vizeSa pratyakSa thA yA nahIM, yaha bhI saMdigdha hai / rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza evaM zabda kA jJAna indriya-sApekSa hai arthAt amuka indriya se rUpa kA jJAna hotA hai, amuka se rasa ET, amuka se gandha kA ityAdi / saMsAra meM aisA koI bhI prANI dRSTigocara nahIM hotA jise cakSu Adi indriyoM ke abhAva meM rUpa Adi viSayoM kA jJAna hotA ho / mana kI pravRtti bhI indriyagRhIta padArthoM meM hI dekhI jAtI hai / janmAndha vyakti kA mana kitanA hI balavAn kyoM na ho, usakA jJAna kitanA hI mahAn evaM vizAla kyoM na ho, vaha rUpa-raMga kI kalpanA kathamapi nahIM kara sakatA / kyA sarvajJa indriyoM kI upasthiti meM bhI indriyasApekSa rUpa, rasa Adi kA jJAna indriyoM dvArA na karate hue sIdhA AtmA se karatA hai ? yadi hA~ to kaise ? vaha saMsAra ke sabhI rUpI padArthoM ke rUpa, rasa, gandha evaM sparza kA yugapat sAkSAt jJAna karatA hai athavA kramaza: ? kramazaH hone vAlA jJAna to asarvajJatA evaM apUrNatA kA dyotaka hai ataH vaisA jJAna sarvajJa ko nahIM ho sakatA / yugapat rUpa-rasa- gandha-sparza kA jJAna hone para inameM pArasparika bheda-rekhA khIMcanA kaise saMbhava hogA ? kisa AdhAra se rUpa ko rama se, rasa ko gandha se, gandha ko sparza se evaM anya prakAra se inheM eka-dUsare se pRthaka kiyA jA sakegA ? kevala AtmA meM rUpa-rasa- gandha-sparza kA alaga-alaga jJAna karane kI kSamatA nahIM hai kyoMki cakSu Adi indriyoM ke abhAva meM rUpa Adi kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI / AtmA meM aise koI vibhAga nahIM haiM jo indriyoM ke viSayoM kA usI prakAra bhinna-bhinna guNoM ke rUpa meM jJAna kara sakeM / rUpI padArthoM kA hamAre jJAna ( indriyajJAna ) se sarvathA 16

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260 jaina dharma-darzana bhinna prakAra kA koI viziSTa jJAna sarvajJa ko hotA ho jisameM rUpAdi kI bhinna-bhinna guNoM ke rUpa meM pratIti na hokara unakA eka samanvita pratibhAsa hotA ho to bhI samasyA hala nahIM hotI hai kyoMki isa prakAra ke jJAna meM rUpAdi kI spaSTatA nahIM hogI / rUpa-rasa- gandha-sparza kI spaSTatA ke abhAva meM sarvajJa yaha kaise kaha sakegA ki pratyeka rUpI padArtha meM rUpAdi cAroM guNa rahate haiM arthAt pudgala ( rUpI tattva ) sparza-rasa- gandha-varNayukta hai ? sarvajJa meM samasta rUpI padArthoM evaM unake samasta guNoM kA sAkSAt jJAna mAnane para eka bhayaMkara doSa AtA hai / saMsAra meM jitane bhI rama- gandha-sparza - zabda- varNa hoMge una sabakA sarvajJa ko sAkSAt anubhava hogA / usa samaya usakI kyA sthiti hogI, isakA anumAna hI lagAyA jA sakatA hai / hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki vaha jisakA cAhegA usakA jJAna athavA anubhava karegA aura anya ko yoM hI chor3a degA / isa prakAra kI icchA kA koI yuktisaMgata kAraNa nahIM hai| jaba samasta padArtha yathArtha haiM, unake samasta guNa yathArtha haiM, sarvajJa kI AtmA samasta Avaraka karmoM se mukta hai to koI kAraNa nahIM ki vaha amuka samaya meM amuka padArtha athavA guNa kA jJAna ( anubhava ) to kare aura amuka kA na kare / vAstava meM use samasta vastuoM kA sadaiva sAkSAt anubhava honA cAhie kyoMki usake lie samIpa dUra, prApta aprApta, sAmarthya asAmarthya, icchA - anicchA Adi kA koI vyavadhAna nahIM hai| yadi aisA hai to sarvajJa kI prApyakArI indriyAM aura aprApyakArI indriyAM samAna ho jAeMgI / taba usake zarIra se agni kA sparza ho yA na ho, koI antara nahIM par3egA; usakI jIbha para viSa rakhA jAya athavA nahIM, koI vizeSatA utpanna nahIM hogI; bhayaMkara durgandha usakI nAka ke pAsa ho athavA kosoM dUra, koI bheda dRSTigocara nahIM hogA;

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jJAnamImAMsA 261 nagAr3e usake kAna ke pAsa bajAye jAyaM athavA dUra, use utanA hI sunAI degA / dUsare zabdoM meM, usakI samasta indriyAM eka prakAra se saMjJA-vihIna ho jaaeNgii| aisI sthiti meM use sukhaduHkha kA anubhava (jaina karmasiddhAnta sarvajJa meM vedanIya karma kA astitva mAnatA hai ) kaise hogA, yaha samajha meM nahIM AtA / sarvaja kA artha yadi tattvajJa mAnA jAya to aneka asaMgatiyAM dUra ho sakatI haiM / tattvajJa arthAt vizva ke mUlabhUta tattvoM ko sAkSAt jAnanevAlA - pratyakSa anubhava karanevAlA | jo tattva ko sAkSAt jAna letA hai vaha saba kucha jAna letA hai / tattvajJAna ho jAne ke bAda aura jAnane yogya rahatA hI kyA hai ? jise samyak tattvajJAna ho jAtA hai aura vaha bhI pratyakSataH usakA AcAra svataH samyak ho jAtA hai / naizcayika samyak jJAnAcArasampanna vyakti hI tattvajJa hai aura vahI eka prakAra se sarvajJa kahA jA sakatA hai / isa prakAra kA mahAmAnava kITausakI pataMgoM evaM kaMkar3a-pattharoM kI saMkhyA jAne yA na jAne, mahattA meM koI antara nahIM AtA / darzana aura jJAna : WEING AtmA kA svarUpa batAte samaya hama kaha cuke haiM ki upayoga jIva kA lakSaNa hai / yaha upayoga do prakAra kA hotA haianAkAra aura sAkAra / anAkAra upayoga ko darzana kahate haiM aura sAkAra upayoga ko jJAna / ' anAkAra kA artha hai - nirvi kalpaka aura sAkAra kA artha hai - savikalpaka / jo upayoga kA grahaNa karatA hai vaha nirvikalpaka hai aura jo vizeSa kA grahaNa karatA hai vaha savikalpaka hai / sattA sAmAnya sAmAnya 1. tattvArtha bhASya 2.6. 1

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262 jana dharma-darzana kI sarvotkRSTa bhUmikA hai| sattA meM bheda hote hI vizeSa prArambha ho jAtA hai / jaina darzana meM darzana aura jJAna kI mAnyatA bahuta prAcIna hai| karmoM ke ATha bhedoM meM pahale ke do bheda jJAna aura darzana se sambandhita haiM / karmaviSayaka mAnyatA jitanI prAcIna hai, jJAna aura darzana kI mAnyatA bhI utanI hI prAcIna hai| jJAna ko AcchAdita karane vAle karma kA nAma jJAnAvaraNa karma hai| darzana kI zakti ko AvRtta karane vAle karma ko darzanAvaraNa karma kahate haiN| ina donoM prakAra ke AvaraNoM ke kSayopazama se jJAna aura darzana kA AvirbhAva hotA hai / AgamoM meM jJAna ke lie 'jANai ' ( jAnAti ) arthAt jAnatA hai aura darzana ke lie 'pAsa' ( pazyati) arthAt dekhatA hai kA prayoga huA hai / 1 sAkAra aura anAkAra ke sthAna para eka mAnyatA yaha bhI dekhane meM AtI hai ki bahirmukha upayoga jJAna hai aura antarmukha upayoga darzana hai | AcArya vIrasena likhate haiM ki sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka bAhyArtha kA grahaNa jJAna hai aura tadAtmaka AtmA kA grahaNa darzana hai / ' tattva sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka hai| cAhe AtmA ho, cAhe AtmA se itara padArtha hoM - saba isI lakSaNa se yukta haiM / darzana aura jJAna kA bheda yahI hai ki darzana sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka AtmA kA upayoga hai - svarUpadarzana hai, jaba ki jJAna AtmA se itara prameya kA grahaNa karatA hai / isake atirikta darzana aura jJAna meM koI antara nahIM hai / jo loga yaha mAnate haiM ki sAmAnya kA grahaNa darzana hai aura vizeSa kA grahaNa jJAna hai ve isa mata ke anusAra darzana aura jJAna kA svarUpa nahIM 1. sAmAnyavizeSAtmakabAhyArthagrahaNaM jJAnam, tadAtmaka svarUpagrahaNaM darzana miti siddham / - SaTkhaNDAgama para dhavalA TIkA, 1. 1.4. -

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jJAnamImAMsA 263 jAnate / sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM padArtha ke dharma haiM / eka ke abhAva meM dUsarA nahIM raha sktaa| darzana aura jJAna ina donoM dharmoM kA grahaNa karate haiM / kevala sAmAnya yA kevala vizeSa kA grahaNa nahIM ho sktaa| sAmAnya-vyatirikta vizeSa kA grahaNa karanevAlA jJAna apramANa hai| isI prakAra vizeSa-vyatirikta sAmAnya kA grahaNa karanevAlA darzana mithyA hai|' isI mata kA samarthana karate hue brahmadeva kahate haiM ki jJAna aura darzana kA do dRSTiyoM se vicAra karanA cAhie / eka tarkadRSTi hai aura dUsarI siddhAntadRSTi hai| darzana ko sAmAnya grAhI (sattAgrAhI) mAnanA tarkadRSTi se ThIka hai| siddhAntadRSTi arthAt AgamadRSTi se AtmA kA saccA upayoga darzana hai aura bAhya artha kA grahaNa jJAna hai| . vyavahAradRSTi se jJAna aura darzana kA bheda hai| nizcayadRSTi se jJAna aura darzana abhinna haiN| AtmA jJAna aura darzana donoM kA Azraya hai| AtmA kI dRSTi se donoM meM koI bheda nhiiN| jJAna aura darzana kA vizeSa aura sAmAnya ke AdhAra para jo bheda hai usakA spaSTIkaraNa dUsarI taraha se bhI kiyA gayA hai| anya darzanavAloM ko samajhAne ke lie sAmAnya aura vizeSa kA prayoga hai| jo jaina tattvajJAna se 1. SaTkhaNDAgama para dhavalA TokA, 1.1.4. 2. evaM tarkAbhiprAyeNa sattAvalokanadarzanaMvyAkhyAtam / ata Urga siddhAntAbhiprAyeNa kathyate / tathAhi uttarajJAnotpattinimittaM yat prayalaM tadrUpaM yat svasyAtmanaH paricchedanamavalokanaM taddarzanaM bhnnyte| tadanantaraM yada bahiviSaye vikalparUpeNa padArthagrahaNaM tajjJAnamitivAttikam / -dravyasaMgraha-vRtti, gA0 44. 3. vahI, 44.

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264 jaina dharma-darzana paricita haiM unake lie to zAstrIya vyAkhyAna hI grAhya hai / zAstrIya paramparA ke anusAra AtmA aura itara kA bheda hI vAstavika hai / " AtmA aura taditara ke bheda se darzana aura jJAna meM bheda mAnanevAle AcAryoM kI saMkhyA adhika nahIM hai / darzana ke kSetra meM Age bar3hane vAle AcAryoM meM se adhikAMza ne sAkAra aura anAkAra ke bheda ko hI mAnA / vIrasena kI yaha yukti ThIka hai ki tattva sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka hai / koI bhI jaina darzana kA AcArya isa siddhAnta ko asvIkRta nahIM karatA / darzana ko sAmAnyagrAhI mAnane kA artha kevala itanA hI hai ki usa upayoga meM sAmAnya dharma jhalakatA hai jaba ki jJAnopayoga meM vizeSa dharma kI ora pravRtti rahatI hai| isakA yaha artha nahIM ki sAmAnya kA tiraskAra karake vizeSa kA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai athavA vizeSa ko eka ora pheMkakara sAmAnya kA sammAna kiyA jAtA hai / vastu meM donoM dharmoM ke rahate hue bhI upayoga kisI eka dharma kA mukhya rUpa se grahaNa kara sakatA hai / yadi aisA na hotA to hama sAmAnya aura vizeSa kA bheda hI nahIM kara pAte / upayoga meM dharmoM kA bheda ho sakatA hai, vastu meM nahIM | upayoga meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa kA bheda kisI bhI taraha vyabhicArI nahIM hai / jJAna aura darzana meM kyA bheda hai, isakA vivecana ho cukA / aba yaha dekheMge ki kAla kI dRSTi se donoM kA kyA sambandha hai ? jahA~ taka chadmastha arthAt sAmAnya vyakti kA prazna hai, sabhI AcArya ekamata haiM ki darzana aura jJAna yugapad na hokara kramaza: hote haiN| hA~, kevalI ke prazna ko lekara AcAryoM meM matabheda hai / 1. vahI.

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jJAnamImAMsA . 265 kevalI meM darzana aura jJAna kI utpatti kaise hotI hai, isa prazna ke viSaya meM tIna mata haiN| eka mata ke anusAra darzana aura jJAna kramazaH hote haiN| dUsarI mAnyatA ke anusAra darzana aura jJAna yugapad hote haiN| tIsarA mata yaha hai ki jJAna aura darzana meM abheda hai-donoM eka haiN| Avazyakaniyukti meM kahA gayA hai ki kevalI ke do upayoga eka sAtha nahIM ho skte|' Agama isa viSaya meM ekamata haiN| ve darzana aura jJAna ko yugapad nahIM maante|| digambara AcArya dUsarI mAnyatA kA samarthana karate haiN| isa viSaya meM ve sabhI ekamata haiM ki kevaladarzana aura kevalajJAna yugapad hote haiN| umAsvAti kA kathana hai ki mati, zruta Adi meM upayoga krama se hotA hai, yugapad nhiiN| kavalI meM darzana aura jJAnAtmaka upayoga pratyeka kSaNa meM yugapad hotA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne spaSTarUpa se isakA samarthana kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM- jisa prakAra sUrya meM prakAza aura tApa eka sAtha rahate haiM usI prakAra kevalI meM darzana aura jJAna eka sAtha rahate haiN|'4 sarvArthasiddhikAra bhI isI siddhAnta kA samarthana karate haiN| ve kahate haiM-'jJAna sAkAra hai, darzana anAkAra hai| chadmastha meM ve 1. savvassa kelissa vi juganaM do natthi uvogaa| -673. 2. bhagavatIsUtra, 18.8. 3. matijJAnAdiSu caturvA paryAyeNopayogo bhavati na yugapad / sambhinnajJAnadazanasya tu bhagavataH kevalino yugapad .. ..... bhavati / --tattvArthabhASya, 1.31. 4. jugavaM vaTTa i nANaM, kevalaNANissa dasaNa ca tahA / diNayarapayAsatApa jaha vaTai taha muNeyannaM ||-niymsaar, 156.

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296 jaina dharma-darzana kramazaH hote haiM, kevalI meM yugapad hote haiM / '' isa prakAra digambara paramparA ke sabhI AcAryoM ne kevaladarzana aura kevalajJAna kI utpatti yugapad maanii| jahA~ taka chadmastha ke darzana aura jJAna kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara paramparA aura digambara paramparA donoM ekamata haiN| tIsarI paramparA siddhasena divAkara kI hai| ve kahate haiM ki manaHparyaya taka to jJAna aura darzana kA bheda siddha kara sakate haiM, kintu kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana kA bheda siddha karanA sambhava nhiiN| darzanAvaraNa aura jJAnAvaraNa kA yugapad kSaya hotA hai| usa kSaya se hone vAle upayoga meM 'yaha pahale hotA hai aura yaha bAda meM hotA hai| isa prakAra kA bheda kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai| jisa samaya kaivalya kI prApti hotI hai usa samaya sarvaprathama mohanIya kA kSaya hotA hai, tadanantara jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya kA yugapad kSaya hotA hai / jaba darzanAvaraNa aura jJAnAvaraNa donoM ke kSaya meM kAla kA bheda nahIM hai taba yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki pahale kevaladarzana hotA hai, phira kevalajJAna hotA hai| isa kaThinAI ko dUra karane ke lie koI yaha mAne ki donoM kA yugapad sadbhAva hai to bhI ThIka nahIM, kyoMki eka sAtha do upayoga nahIM ho skte| isa kaThinAI ko dUra karane kA sabase sarala evaM yuktisaMgata mArga yahI hai ki kevalI avasthA meM darzana aura jJAna meM bheda nahIM hotA / darzana aura jJAna 1. sarvArtha siddhi, 2.9. 2. maNapajjavaNANato NANassa ya darisaNassa ya viseso / kevalaNANaM puNa daMsaNaMti NANaM ti ya samANaM / / -sanmatitarkaprakaraNa, 2.3. 3. vahI, 2.9.

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jJAnamImAMsA 287 ko bhinna mAnane meM eka kaThinAI aura hai / yadi kevalI eka hI kSaNa meM saba kucha jAna letA hai to use hamezA ke liye saba kucha jAnate rahanA caahie| yadi usakA jJAna hamezA pUrNa nahIM hai to vaha sarvajJa kisa bAta kA ?" yadi usakA jJAna sadaiva pUrNa hai to krama aura akrama kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| vaha hamezA ekarUpa hai / vahA~ darzana aura jJAna meM koI antara nahIM / 'jJAna savikalpa hai aura darzana nirvikalpa hai' isa prakAra kA bheda AvaraNarUpa karme ke kSaya ke bAda nahIM rahatA / savikalpaka aura nirvikalpaka kA bheda vahIM hotA hai jahA~ upayoga meM apUrNatA hotI hai| pUrNa upayoga meM kisI taraha kA bheda-bhAva nahIM rhtaa| eka kaThinAI aura hai / jJAna hamezA darzanapUrvaka hotA hai, kintu darzana jJAnapUrvaka nahIM hotA / kevalI ko jaba eka bAra sampUrNajJAna ho jAtA hai taba punaH darzana nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki darzana jJAnapUrvaka nahIM hotA / isalie jJAna aura darzana kA kramabhAva nahIM ghaTa sakatA / jJAna aura darzana kI isa carcA ke sAtha Agama- pratipAdita paMcajJAna kI svarUpa carcA samApta hotI hai| jJAna se sambandhita eka aura viSaya hai aura vaha hai pramANa | kauna-sA jJAna pramANa hai ora kauna-sA apramANa ? prAmANya kA AdhAra kyA hai ? 1. jai savdhaM sAyAraM, jANai ekkasamaeNa savvaNNU / jujjai sayA vi evaM ahavA savva Na yANAi // -sanmatitarka prakaraNa, 2.10. 2. parisuddhaM sAyAraM, aviyattaM daMsaNaM aNAyAraM / Naya khINAvara Nijje, jujjai suviyattamaviyattaM // 3. daMsaNapuvvaLa gANaM gANaNimittaM tu daMsaNaM Natthi / leNa suviNicchiyAmo, daMsaNaNANA aNNattaM // vahI, 2.22. - vahI, 2.11.

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jaina dharma-darzana pramANa kA kyA phala hai ? Adi praznoM kA pramANa-carcA ke samaya vicAra kiyA jaaygaa| AgamoM meM pramANacarcA : pramANacarcA kevala tarka yuga kI dena nahIM hai / Agamayuga meM bhI pramANaviSayaka carcA hotI thii| AgamoM meM kaI sthaloM para svatantrarUpa se pramANa-carcA milatI hai| jJAna aura pramANa donoM para svatantrarUpa se cintana hotA thA, aisA kahane ke lie hamAre pAsa paryApta pramANa haiN| ___ bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra aura gautama ke bIca eka saMvAda hai| gautama mahAvIra se pUchate haiM--'bhagavan ! jaise kevalI antima zarIrI ( jo isI bhava se mukta honevAlA ho) ko jAnate haiM, vaise hI kyA chadmastha bhI jAnate haiM ?' mahAvIra uttara dete haiM'gautama ! ve apane-Apa nahIM jAna skte| yA to sunakara jAnate haiM yA pramANa se| kisase sunakara? kevalI se.........| kisa pramANa se ? pramANa cAra prakAra ke kahe gae haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura aagm| inake viSaya meM jaisA anuyogadvAra meM varNana hai vaisA yahA~ bhI samajhanA caahie|" sthAnAMgasUtra meM pramANa aura hetu donoM zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai| nikSepa paddhati ke anusAra pramANa ke nimna bheda kiye gaye haiMdravyapramANa, kSetrapramANa, kAlapramANa aura bhAvapramANa / hetu 1. goyamA ! No tiNache samaThe / soccA jANati pAsati, pamANatA vA............."se ki tapamANe ? pamANe caubbihe paNNatte taM jahA paccavakkhe aNumANe ovamme Agame, jahA aNuogaddAre..! -bhagavatIsUtra, 5.4.161-162. 2. cauvihe pamANe paNNatte, ta jahA-davappamANe, khettappamANe, kAlappamANe, bhaavppmaanne|-321.

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jJAnamImAMsA zabda kA jahA~ prayoga hai vahA~ bhI cAra bheda milate haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura Agama / ' kahIM-kahIM para pramANa ke tIna bheda bhI milate haiM / sthAnAMgasUtra meM vyavasAya ko tIna prakAra kA kahA hai-pratyakSa, prAtyayika aura AnugAmika / ' vyavasAya kA artha hotA hai nizcaya / nizcayAtmaka jJAna hI pramANa hai| ___ pramANa ke kitane bheda hote haiM, isa viSaya meM aneka paramparAeM pracalita rahI haiM / AgamoM meM jo vivaraNa milatA hai vaha tIna aura cAra bhedoM kA nirdeza karatA hai| sAMkhya pramANa ke tIna bheda mAnate Ae haiN| naiyAyikoM ne cAra bheda mAne haiN| ye donoM paramparAeM sthAnAMgasUtra meM milatI haiN| anuyogadvAra meM pramANa ke bhedoM kA kisa prakAra varNana hai ? saMkSepa meM dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jaaegaa| pratyakSa-pratyakSa pramANa ke do bheda haiM-indriyapratyakSa aura noindriyprtykss| indriyapratyakSa ke pA~ca bheda haiM-zrotrendriyapratyakSa, cakSuri1. ahavA heU cauvihe paNNatte, taM jahA-paccakkhe, aNumANe, ovamme, Agame / -338. 2. tivihe vavasAe paNNatte, taM jahA-paccakkhe, paccaie, aNugAmie / -185. vyavasAyo nizcayaH sa ca pratyakSa avadhimanaHparyayakevalAkhyaH, pratyayAta indriyalakSaNAta nimitAjjAtaH prAtyayikaH sAdhyamagnyAdikamanugacchatisAdhyAbhAve na bhavati yodhUpAdihetuH so'nugAmI tato jAtam AnugAmikam-anumAnam, tadyovyavasAya-AnugAmika eveti / athavA pratyakSaH svayaMdarzanalakSaNaH prAtyayika prAptavacanaprabhavaH, tRtIyastaya. beti| -abhayadevakRta vyAkhyA.

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jaina dharma-darzana ndriyapratyakSa, ghrANendriyapratyakSa, jihvandriyapratyakSa aura sparzanendriyapratyakSa / noindriyapratyakSa ke tIna prakAra haiM-avadhipratyakSa, manaHparyayapratyakSa aura kevala pratyakSa / mAnasapratyakSa ko alaga nahIM ginAyA gayA hai| sambhavataH usakA pA~coM indriyoM meM samAveza kara liyA gayA hai| Age ke dArzanikoM ne ise svatantra sthAna diyA hai| ___ anumAna-anumAna pramANa ke tIna bheda kiye gaye haiM-pUrvavat, zeSavat aura dRSTasAdharmyavat / nyAya, bauddha aura sAMkhya darzana meM bhI anumAna ke ye hI tIna bheda batAye gaye haiN| unake yahA~ antima bheda kA nAma dRSTasAdharmyavat na hokara sAmAnyatodRSTa hai| pUrvavat-pUrvaparicita liMga ( hetu ) dvArA pUrvaparicita padArtha kA jJAna karanA pUrvavat anumAna hai| eka mAtA apane putra ko bAlyAvasthA ke samaya dekhatI hai| putra kahIM bAhara calA jAtA hai| kucha varSoM ke bAda vaha yuvAvasthA meM praviSTa ho jAtA hai| jaba vaha vApisa ghara AtA hai to pahale mAtA use nahIM pahacAna pAtI hai| thor3I dera bAda usake zarIra para koI aisA cihna dekhatI hai jo bAlyAvasthA meM bhI thaa| yaha dekhate hI vaha turanta jAna jAtI hai ki yaha merA hI putra hai / yaha pUrvavat anumAna kA udAharaNa hai| 1. nyAyasUtra, 1.1.5; upAyahRdaya,pR0 13; sAMkhyakArikA, 5-6. 2. mAyA puttaM jahA naLaM juvANaM puNarAgayaM / kAI paccabhijANeujA, puliMgeNa keNaI / taM jahA-khatteNa vA daNNeNa vA laMbaNeNa vA maseNa vA tilaeNa vA / -anuyogadvArasUtra, pramANa prakaraNa.

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jJAnamImAMsA 301 zeSavata-zeSavat anumAna pAMca prakAra kA hai-kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna, kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna, guNa se guNI kA anumAna, avayava se avayavI kA anumAna aura Azrita se Azraya kA anumaan| . zabda se zaMkha kA, tAr3ana se bherI kA, Dhakkita se vRSabha kA, kekAyita se mayUra kA, heSita se azva kA, gulagulAyita se gaja kA, ghaNaghaNAyita se ratha kA anumAna kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna hai| tantu se hI paTa hotA hai, paTa se tantu nahIM, mRtpiNDa se hI ghaTa banatA hai, ghaTa se mRtpiNDa nahIM ityAdi kAraNoM se kAryavyavasthA karanA kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna hai / nikaSa se suvarNa kA, gandha se puSpa kA, rasa se lavaNa kA, AsvAda se madirA kA, sparza se vastra kA anumAna guNa se guNI kA anumAna hai| sIMga se bhaiMse kA, zikhA se kukkuTa kA, dA~ta se hAthI kA, dAr3ha se varAha kA, piccha se mayUra kA, khura se ghor3e kA, nakha se vyAghra kA, keza se camarI gAya kA, pUcha se bandara kA, do paira se manuSya kA, cAra paira se pazu kA, bahuta paira se gojara Adi kA, kesara se siMha kA, kakubha se vRSabha kA, valayavAlI bhujA se mahilA kA, parikarabandha se yoddhA kA, adhovastra-laha~ge se nArI kA anumAna avayava se avayavI kA anumAna hai| dhUma se vahni kA, balAkA se pAnI kA, abhravikAsa se vRSTi kA, zIlasamAcAra se kulaputra kA anumAna Azrita se Azraya kA anumAna hai| __ ye pAMca bheda apUrNa mAlUma hote haiN| kAraNa aura kArya ko lekara do bheda kara die kintu guNa aura guNI, avayava aura

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jaina dharma-darzana avayavI tathA Azrita aura Azraya ke do bheda nahIM kie / jaba kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna kara sakate haiM to guNI se guNa, avayavI se avayava aura Azraya se Azrita kA anumAna bhI ho sakatA hai| sUtrakAra ne kisa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para pA~ca bheda kiye, nahIM kahA jA sktaa| dRSTasAdharmyavata-isake do bheda haiM-sAmAnyadRSTa aura vizeSadRSTa / kisI eka vastu ke darzana se sajAtIya sabhI vastuoM kA jJAna karanA athavA jAti ke jJAna se kisI vizeSa padArtha kA jJAna karanA sAmAnyadRSTa anumAna hai| eka puruSa ko dekhakara puruSajAtIya sabhI vyaktiyoM kA jJAna karanA athavA puruSajAti ke jJAna se puruSavizeSa kA jJAna karanA sAmAnyadRSTa anumAna kA dRSTAnta hai| ___ aneka vastuoM meM se kisI eka vastu ko pRthak karake usakA jJAna karanA vizeSadaSTa anumAna hai| aneka puruSoM meM khar3e hue vizeSa puruSa ko pahacAnanA ki 'yaha vahI puruSa hai jise maiMne amuka sthAna para dekhA thA' vizeSadRSTa dRSTasAdharmyavat anumAna kA udAharaNa hai| sAmAnyadRSTa upamAna ke samAna lagatA hai aura vizeSadRSTa pratyabhijJAna se bhinna pratIta nahIM hotaa| kAla kI dRSTi se bhI anumAna tIna prakAra kA hotA hai / anuyogadvAra meM ina tInoM prakAroM kA varNana hai : 1. atItakAlagrahaNa-tRNayuktavana, niSpannazasyavAlI:pRthvI, jala se bhare hue kuNDa-sara-nadI-tAlAba Adi dekhakara yaha anumAna karanA ki acchI varSA huI hai, atItakAlagrahaNa hai| 2. pratyutpannakAlagrahaNa bhikSAcaryA ke samaya pracura mAtrA

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zAnamImAMsA meM bhikSA prApta hotI dekhakara yaha anumAna karanA ki subhikSa hai, pratyutpanna kAlagrahaNa hai| 3. anAgatakAlagrahaNa-meghoM kI nirmalatA, kAle-kAle pahAr3a, vidyutyukta bAdala, meghagarjana, vAtodbhama, rakta aura snigdha sandhyA Adi dekhakara yaha siddha karanA ki khUba varSA hogI, anAgatakAlagrahaNa hai| ___ ina tInoM lakSaNoM kI viparIta pratIti se viparIta anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| sUkhe vanoM ko dekhakara kuvRSTi kA, bhikSA kI prApti na hone para durbhikSa kA aura khAlI bAdala dekhakara varSA ke abhAva kA anumAna karanA viparIta pratIti ke udAharaNa haiN| ____ anumAna ke avayava-mUla AgamoM meM avayava kI carcA nahIM hai| avayava kA artha hotA hai dUsaroM ko samajhAne ke lie jo anumAna kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai usake hisse| kisa DhaMga se anumAna kA prayoga karanA cAhie ? usake lie kisa DhaMga se vAkyoM kI saMgati baiThAnI cAhie ? adhika se adhika kitane vAkya hone cAhie ? kama se kama kitane vAkyoM kA prayoga honA cAhie? ityAdi bAtoM kA vicAra avayava-carcA meM kiyA jAtA hai / AcArya bhadrabAhu ne dazavakAlikaniyukti meM avayavoM kI carcA kI hai| unhoMne do se lagAkara dasa avayavoM taka ke prayoga kA samarthana kiyA hai|' dasa avayavoM ko bhI unhoMne do prakAra se ginAye haiN| do avayavoM kI gaNanA meM udAharaNa kA 1. katthai paMcAvayavayaM dasahA vA savvahA Na paDikutthaMti / --dazavakAlikaniyukti, 50. 2. dazavakAlikaniyukti, 62.

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304 jaina dharma-darzana nAma hai, hetu kA nhiiN| bhadrabAha ne kitane avayava mAne haiM aura ve kauna-kauna se haiM, isakI gaNanA isa prakAra hai : do-pratijJA, udAharaNa tIna-pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa pA~ca-pratijJA, hetu. dRSTAnta, upasaMhAra, nigamana 1. dasa-pratijJA, pratijJAvizuddhi, hetu, hetuvizuddhi , dRSTAnta, dRSTAntavizuddhi, upasaMhAra, upasaMhAravizuddhi, niga mana, nigamanavizuddhi 2. dasa--pratijJA, pratijJAvibhakti, hetu, hetuvibhakti, vipakSa, pratiSedha, dRSTAnta, AzaMkA, tatpratiSedha, nigamana do, tIna aura pA~ca avayavoM ke nAma vahI haiM jinakA anya dArzanikoM ne ullekha kiyA hai| dasa avayavoM ke nAmoM kA bhadrabAhu ne svatantra nirmANa kiyA hai / upamAna-upamAna do prakAra kA hai-sAdhopanIta aura vaidhopanIta / ___ sAdhopanIta ke tIna bheda haiM-kicitsAdhopanIta, prAyaHsAdhopanIta aura sarvasAdhopanIta / kiMcitsAdhopanIta-jaisA mandara hai vaisA sarSapa hai, jaisA sarSapa hai vaisA mandara hai| jaisA samudra hai vaisA goSpada hai, jaisA goSpada hai vaisA samudra hai / jaisA Aditya hai vaisA khadyota hai, jaisA khadyota hai vaisA Aditya hai| jaisA candra hai vaisA kumuda hai, jaisA kumuda hai vaisA candra hai| ye udAharaNa kicitsAdhopanIta upamAna ke haiN| mandara aura sarSapa kA thor3A-sA sAdharmya hai| isI prakAra Aditya aura khadyota Adi kA samajha lenA caahie| 1. pratijJAhetUdAharaNopanayanigamanAnyavayavAH / -nyAyasUtra, 1.1.32. mational

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zAnamImAMsA 305 prAyaHsAdhopanIta-jaisA gau hai vaisA gavaya hai, jaisA gavaya hai vaisA go hai| yahA~ gau aura gavaya kA bahuta-kucha sAdharmya hai / yaha prAyaHsAdhopanIta kA udAharaNa hai| __sarvasAdhopanIta-jaba kisI vyakti kI upamA usI vyakti se dI jAtI hai taba sarvasAdhopanIta upamAna hotA hai / arihaMta arihaMta hI hai, cakravartI cakravartI hI hai-ityAdi prayoga sarvasAdhopanIta ke udAharaNa haiM / vAstava meM yaha koI upamAna nahIM hai| ise to upamAna kA niSedha kaha sakate haiM / upamA anya vastu kI anya vastu se dI jAtI hai| vaidhopanIta bhI tIna prakAra kA hai-kiMcidvaidhopanIta, prAyovaidhopanIta aura sarvavaidhopanIta / kiMcidvaidhopanIta-isakA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai ki jaisA zAbaleya hai vaisA bAhuleya nahIM hai, jaisA bAhuleya hai vaisA zAbaleya nahIM hai| prAyovaidhopanIta-jaisA vAyasa hai vaisA pAyasa nahIM hai, jaisA pAyasa hai vaisA vAyasa nahIM hai| yaha prAyovaidhopanIta kA udAharaNa hai| sarvavaidhopanIta-isakA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai ki nIca ne nIca jaisA hI kiyA, dAsa ne dAsa jaisA hI kiyaa| yaha udAharaNa ThIka nhiiN| isameM to sarvasAdhopanIta kA hI AbhAsa milatA hai| koI aisA udAharaNa denA cAhie jisameM do virodhI vastue~ hoN| nIca aura sajjana, dAsa aura svAmI Adi udAharaNa diye jA sakate haiN| Agama-Agama ke do bheda kiye gaye haiM-laukika aura lokottr| 20

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jaina dharma-darzana ___ laukika Agama meM jainetara zAstroM kA samAveza hai, jaise rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, veda Adi / lokottara Agama meM jainazAstra Ate haiN| * mAgama ke dUsarI taraha ke bheda bhI milate haiM / inakI saMkhyA tIna hai-AtmAgama, anantarAgama aura paramparAgama / tIrthakara artha kA upadeza dete haiM aura gaNadhara usake AdhAra se sUtra banAte haiM / artharUpa Agama tIrthaGkara ke lie AtmAgama hai aura sUtrarUpa Agama gaNadharoM ke lie AtmAgama hai| artharUpa Agama gaNadharoM ke lie anantarAgama hai kyoMki tIrthakara gaNadharoM ko sAkSAt lakSya karake artha kA upadeza dete haiM / gaNadharoM ke ziSyoM ke lie artharUpa Agama paramparAgama hai kyoMki unheM artha kA sAkSAt upadeza nahIM diyA jAtA apitu paramparA se prApta hotA hai / arthAgama tIrthaMkara se gaNadharoM ke pAsa jAtA hai aura gaNadharoM se unake ziSyoM ke pAsa AtA hai / sUtrarUpa Agama gaNadhara-ziSyoM ke lie anantarAgama hai kyoMki sUtroM kA upadeza unheM sAkSAta gaNadharoM se milatA hai / gaNadhara-ziSyoM ke bAda meM hone vAle AcAryoM ke lie arthAgama aura sUtrAgama donoM paramparAgama haiN| ___isa vivecana ke AdhAra para sahaja hI isa nirNaya para pahuMcA jA sakatA hai ki jaina AgamoM meM pramANazAstra para pracura mAtrA meM sAmagrI bikharI par3I hai| jisa prakAra jJAna kA vivecana karane meM Agama pIche nahIM rahe haiM usI prakAra pramANa kI carcA meM bhI pIche nahIM haiN| jJAna ke prAmANya-aprAmANya ke viSaya meM AgamoM meM acchI sAmagrI hai / yaha ThIka hai ki bAda meM hone vAle darzana ke AcAryoM ne isakA jisa DhaMga se tarka ke AdhAra para vicAra kiyA hai-pUrvapakSa aura uttarapakSa ke rUpa meM jina yuktiyoM kA AdhAra liyA hai aura jaina pramANazAstra kI nIMva

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jJAnamImAMsA 307 ko sudRr3ha banAne kA saphala prayatna kiyA hai vaisA prayatna AgamoM meM nahIM milatA kintu mUlarUpa meM yaha viSaya unameM avazya hai / tarkayuga meM jJAna aura pramANa : umAsvAti ne jJAna aura pramANa meM kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM rkhaa| unhoMne pahale pA~ca jJAnoM ke nAma ginAe aura phira kaha diyA ki ye pA~coM jJAna pramANa haiN| pramANa kA alaga lakSaNa batAkara, phira jJAna meM usa lakSaNa ko ghaTAkara, jJAna aura pramANa kA abheda siddha karane ke bajAya jJAna ko hI pramANa kaha diyA | prAmANya- aprAmANya kA alaga vicAra na karake jJAna ke svarUpa ke sAtha hI unakA svarUpa samajha lene kA saMketa kara diyA / bAda meM hone vAle tArkikoM ne isa paddhati meM parivartana kara diyA / unhoMne pramANa kI svatantra rUpa se vyAkhyA karanA prArambha kiyA / unakA lakSya prAmANya- aprAmANya kI ora adhika rahA / mAtra jJAnoM ke nAma ginAkara aura unako pramANa kA nAma dekara hI ve santuSTa na hue apitu pramANa kA anya dArzanikoM kI taraha svatantra vivecana kiyaa| usakI utpatti aura jJapti para bhI vizeSa bhAra diyA / jJAna ko pramANa mAnate hue bhI kauna-sA jJAna pramANa ho sakatA hai, isakI vizada carcA kI / isa carcA ke bAda meM isa nirNaya para pahu~ce ki jJAna aura pramANa kathaMcid abhinna haiM / pramANa kyA hai ? isa prazna ko hastagata karane ke lie ekado AcAryoM kA AdhAra leM / mANikyanandI pramANa kA lakSaNa batAte hue kahate haiM ki vahI jJAna pramANa hai jo sva kA aura apUrva artha kA nirNaya karatA hai / " jJAna apane ko bhI jAnatA 1. parIkSAmukha, 1.2.

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3.05 - jaina dharma-darzana hai aura bAhya artha ko bhI jAnatA hai / jJAnarUpa pramANa ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane ko bhI jAne aura artha ko bhI jAne / arthajJAna meM bhI piSTapeSaNa na ho apitu kucha navInatA ho| isalie artha ke pahale 'apUrva' vizeSaNa hai| jJAna hI pramANa kyoM hai ? isakA uttara dete hue.kahA gayA hai ki jJAna hI pramANa hai kyoMki iSTa vastu kA grahaNa aura aniSTa vastu kA tyAga jJAna ke kAraNa hI ho sakatA hai|' grahaNa aura tyAgarUpa kriyAe~ jJAna ke abhAva meM nahIM ghaTa sktiiN| ataH jJAna hI pramANa ho sakatA hai| vAdidevasUri ne pramANa kA lakSaNa yoM batAyA-sva aura para kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna pramANa hai| inhoMne apUrva vizeSaNa haTA diyaa| apUrva artha kA ho yA pUrva artha kA hokaisA bhI jJAna ho, yadi vaha nizcayAtmaka hai to pramANa hai| jJAna hI yaha batA sakatA hai ki kyA abhIpsita hai aura kyA anabhIpsita hai, ataH vahI prANa hai / AcArya hemacandra ne pramANamImAMsA meM likhA-artha kA samyak nirNaya pramANa hai| yahA~ para 'sva aura para' aisA prayoga nahIM hai| artha kA nirNaya svanirNaya ke abhAva meM nahIM ho . sakatA, ataH arthanirNaya kA avinAbhAvI svanirNaya svataH siddha hai / jaba svanirNaya hotA hai tabhI arthanirNaya hotA hai / hemacandra ne isI siddhAnta ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue 'svanirNaya' vizeSaNa kA prayoga nahIM kiyaa| 1 vahI, 1.2. 2. svaparavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANam |-prmaannnytttvaalok, 1.2. 3. vahI, 1. 3. 4. samyagartha nirNayaH pramANam |-prmaannmiimaaNsaa, 1.1.2.

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jJAnamImAMsA 306 pramANa ke upayukta lakSaNoM ko dekhane se yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki jJAna aura pramANa meM abheda hai| jJAna kA artha samyagjJAna hai, na ki mithyAjJAna / jJAna jaba kisI padArtha kA grahaNa karatA hai to svaprakAzaka hokara hii| jaina darzana meM jJAna ko svaparaprakAzaka mAnA gayA hai / jJAna kA aisA svabhAva hai ki vaha svayaM prakAzita hokara hI artha kA prakAza karatA hai| jo svayaM aprakAzita hotA hai vaha dUsare ko prakAzita nahIM kara sktaa| dIpaka jaba utpanna hotA hai to ghaTAdi padArthoM ko prakAzita karane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha apane ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai| usako prakAzita karane ke lie kisI dUsare dIpaka kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| vaha prakAza rUpa utpanna hokara hI dUsare padArthoM ko prakAzita karatA hai| isI prakAra jJAna bhI prakAzarUpa hai jo svaprakAza ke sAtha artha ko prakAzita karatA hai| isalie jJAna ko svaparaprakAzaka kahA gayA hai / jaina darzana meM nizcayAtmaka jJAna ko pramANa mAnA gayA hai| nizcayAtmaka kA artha hai savikalpaka / vahI jJAna pramANa ho sakatA hai jo nizcayAtmaka ho-vyavasAyAtmaka ho-nirNayAtmaka ho-savikalpaka ho| nyAyabindu meM nirvikalpaka jJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa kahA gayA hai| vahA~ kalpanApor3ha' zabda hai jisakA artha hai kalpanA arthAt vikalpa se rahita / jaina darzana isa siddhAnta kA khaNDana karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki jo nirvikalpaka hotA hai vaha pramANa-apramANa kucha nahIM hotaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, jJAna nirvikalpaka ho hI nahIM sktaa| jahA~ vikalpa arthAt nizcaya yA nirNaya hotA hai vahIM jJAna hotA hai| jJAna bhI ho aura vikalpa bhI na ho, yaha kaise ho sakatA hai ? nirvikalpaka upayoga to 1. nyAya bindu kA prathama prakaraNa.

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310 jaina dharma-darzana darzanamAtra hai| jJAna usake bAda kA upayoga hai / aisI sthiti meM jJAna nirvikalpaka kaise ho sakatA hai ? pramANa aura apramANa kA nirNaya karane ke lie nizcayAtmaka upayoga honA Avazyaka hai / jJAna kA prAmANya : dekhA | , samyagjJAna hI pramANa hotA hai, yaha hamane kauna-sA jJAna samyaka hai aura kauna-sA mithyA ? isakA nirNaya karanA bAkI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jJAna ko jisake kAraNa pramANa kahA jAtA hai vaha prAmANya kyA hai ? prAmANya kI kasauTI kyA hai jisake AdhAra para hama yaha nirNaya kara sakeM ki amuka jJAna to pramANa hai aura amuka jJAna apramANa / prAmANya aura aprAmANya kA nirNaya kaise ho ? jaina tArkika kahate haiM ki jJAna ke prAmANya kA nizcaya yA to svataH hotA hai yA parataH / " kisI paristhiti meM jJAna kA prAmANya svataH nizcita ho jAtA hai / kisI paristhiti meM prAmANya - nizcaya ke lie dUsare sAdhanoM kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai / mImAMsaka svataHprAmANyavAdI haiM / naiyAyika parataH prAmANyavAdI haiM / mImAMsaka kahate haiM ki jJAna pramANarUpa hI utpanna hotA hai / usameM jo aprAmANya AtA hai vaha bAhya doSa ke kAraNa hai| jJAna ke prAmANyanizcaya ke lie kisI anya vastu kI AvazyakatA nahIM | prAmANya svataH utpanna hotA hai aura jJAta hotA hai / prAmANya kI utpatti aura jJapti svata: hai / ise svataH prAmANyavAda kahate haiM / naiyAyika svataH prAmANyavAda ko nahIM mAnate / ve kahate haiM ki jJAna pramANa hai yA apramANa, isakA 1. prAmANyanizcayaH svataH parato vA / pramANamImAMsA, 1.1.5.

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jJAnamImAMsA 311 nirNaya kisI bAhya padArtha ke AdhAra para hI kiyA jA sakatA hai / jo jJAna yathArtha arthAt artha se avyabhicArI hotA hai vaha pramANa hai / jo jJAna arthAvyabhicArI nahIM hotA vaha apramANa hai / prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM kI kasauTI bAhya vastu hai | jJAna svataH na to pramANa hai aura na apramANa / pramANa aura apramANa kA nirNaya tabhI hotA hai jaba vaha vastu se milAyA jAtA hai| jaisI vastu hai vaisA hI jJAna hotA hai to use hama pramANa kahate haiM / viparIta jJAna hotA hai to use hama apramANa kahate haiM / naiyAyikoM kA yaha siddhAnta parata:prAmANyavAda hai / isameM prAmANya kA nizcaya svataH na hokara parata: hotA hai / sAMkhya darzana kI mAnyatA kA bhI ullekha kara denA cAhie / sAMkhyoM kI mAnyatA hai ki prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM svataH haiM / amuka jJAna pramANa hai yA amuka jJAna apramANa hai, ye donoM nirNaya svataH hote haiM / yaha mAnyatA naiyAyikoM se bilkula viparIta hai / astu, naiyAyika prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM parataH mAnate haiM jaba ki sAMkhya prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM svataH mAnate haiM / jaina darzana ina tInoM se bhinna siddhAnta kI sthApanA karatA hai / prAmANyanizcaya ke lie svataH prAmANyavAda aura parataH prAmANyavAda donoM kI AvazyakatA hai / svataH prAmANyavAda ke udAharaNa dekhieeka vyakti apanI hathelI hamezA dekhatA hai / vaha usase khUba paricita hai / usa vyakti ke hathelI-viSayaka jJAna ke prAmANya kA nizcaya karane ke lie kisI bAhya vastu kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI / hathelI ko dekhate hI vaha vyakti nizcaya kara letA hai ki yaha merI hI hathelI hai / dUsarA udAharaNa pAnI kA hai / eka vyakti ko pyAsa lagI hai| vaha pAnI pItA hai aura turanta pyAsa bujha jAtI hai| pyAsa bujhate hI vaha samajha letA hai ki

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312 jaina dharma-darzana maiMne pAnI hI piyA / vaha pAnI thA yA nahIM, isakA nizcaya karane ke lie use dUsarI vastu kA sahArA nahIM lenA par3atA / kaI bAra aise avasara Ate haiM jaba vyakti apane Apa apane jJAna ke prAmANya kA nizcaya nahIM kara pAtA / use kisI bAhya vastu kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai / udAharaNa ke lie eka kamare meM choTA-sA cheda hai / usase thor3A-sA prakAza bAhara nikala rahA hai / vaha prakAza dIpaka kA hai yA maNi kA, isakA nirNaya nahIM ho rahA hai / isake nirNaya ke lie kamarA kholA jAtA hai / dIpaka kI battI dikhAI detI hai / tela kA pratyakSa hotA hai / ina saba cIjoM ko dekhakara yaha nizcaya ho jAtA hai ki merA dIpaka-viSayaka jJAna to saccA hai aura maNi-viSayaka jJAna jhUThA / dInaka-viSayaka jJAna ke prAmANya kA nizcaya hotA hai aura maNi-viSayaka jJAna ke aprAmANya kA / isa nizcaya ke lie battI, tela Adi kA AdhAra lenA par3A | dUsarA udAharaNa liijie| eka jagaha sapheda Dhera lagA huA hai / hameM aisI pratIti ho rahI hai ki yaha zakkara hai, kintu isakA nizcaya kaise ho ki yaha zakkara hI hai / usameM se thor3I-sI mAtrA uThAkara mu~ha meM DAla lI / muha mIThA ho gayA / turanta nizcaya ho gayA ki yaha zakkara hai / isa nirNaya ke lie padArtha ke kArya yA pariNAma kI pratIkSA karanI pdd'ii| svataH nirNaya na ho sakA / yadi vahI Dhera pahale dekhA huA hotA to turanta nirNaya ho jAtA ki yaha zakkara kA Dhera hai / usa avasthA meM honevAlA jJAna kA prAmANya svataH hotA / Age ke pariNAma kI pratIkSA karane para hone vAlA prAmANya - nizcaya parataH prAmANyavAda ke antargata hai / jaina darzana svataH prAmANyavAda aura parataH prAmANyavAda donoM kA bhinna-bhinna dRSTi se samarthana karatA hai / abhyAsAvasthA Adi meM hone vAlA nizcaya svataH prAmANya t

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jJAnamImAMsA 313 vAda kA sAkSI hai / kisI anya AdhAra para hone vAlA prAmANyanizcaya parataH prAmANyavAda kA samarthaka hai / pramANa kA phala : 2 pramANa ke bheda-prabheda kI carcA karane ke Avazyaka hai ki pramANa kA phala kyA hai ? kyoM kI jAya ? pramANa carcA se kyA lAbha hai ? pramANa kA prayojana kyA hai ? pramANa kA mukhya prayojana arthaprakAza hai / " artha kA ThIka-ThIka svarUpa samajhane ke lie pramANa kA jJAna Avazyaka hai / pramANa- apramANa ke viveka ke binA artha ke yathArtha - ayathArtha svarUpa kA jJAna nahIM ho sktaa| isI bAta ko dUsarI taraha se yo kaha sakate haiM- pramANa kA sAkSAt phala ajJAna kA nAza hai / kevalajJAna ke lie usakA phala sukha aura upekSA hai / zeSa jJAnoM ke lie grahaNa aura tyAgabuddhi hai / " sAmAnya dRSTi se pramANa kA phala yahI hai ki ajJAna nahIM rahane pAtA / jaise sUrya ke udaya se andhakAra kA sarvanAza ho jAtA hai usI prakAra pramANa se ajJAna kA vinAza hotA hai / yaha sAdhAraNa phala hai / isa ajJAnanAza kA kisake lie kyA phala hai, ise batAne ke lie kahA gayA hai ki jise kevalajJAna hotA hai usake lie ajJAnanAza kA yahI phala hai ki use Atma-sukha prApta hotA hai aura jagat ke padArthoM ke prati usakA upekSAbhAva rahatA hai / dUsare logoM ke lie ajJAnanAza kA phala grahaNa aura vyAgarUpa buddhi kA utpanna honA hai / amuka vastu nirdoSa 1. phalamartha prakAza: / vahI, 1.1.34. - 2. pramANasya phalaM sAkSAdajJAna vinivartanam / kevalasya sukhopekSe, zeSasyAdAnahAnadhIH // pahale yaha jAnanA pramANa kI carcA -nyAyAvatAra, 28.

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314 jaina dharma-darzana hai ataH usakA grahaNa karanA caahie| amuka vastu sadoSa hai ataH usakA tyAga karanA caahie| isa prakAra kA viveka ajJAna ke vinAza se jAgrat hotA hai / yahI viveka satkArya meM pravRtti karane kI preraNA detA hai, asatkArya se dUra haTane kA bodha karAtA hai / pramANa kA yaha phala jJAna se bhinna nahIM hai / pUrvakAlabhAvI jJAna uttarakAlabhAvI jJAna ke lie pramANa hai aura uttarakAlabhAvI jJAna pUrvakAlabhAvI jJAna kA phala hai / yaha paramparA uttarottara bar3hatI jAtI hai / pramANa ke bheda : jJAna kA vivecana karate samaya hamane yaha dekhA hai ki jaina darzana mukhyarUpa se jJAna ke do bheda mAnatA hai- pratyakSa aura parokSa / pratyakSa sIdhA AtmA se utpanna hone vAlA jJAna hai aura parokSa indriyAdi karaNoM kI sahAyatA se paidA hotA hai| jaina tArkikoM ne isI AdhAra para pramANa ke bhI do bheda kiye haiMpratyakSa aura parokSa / ' bauddhoM ne pramANa ke jo do bheda kiye haiM unase ye bhinna haiM / pratyakSa aura parokSa aise do bheda na karake bauddha tArkikoM ne pramANa ke pratyakSa aura anumAna aise do bheda kiye haiM / 2 jaina darzana ke anusAra anumAna parokSa kA eka bheda hai / isalie bauddha darzana kA pramANa-vibhAjana apUrNa hai / cArvAka darzana kevala indriyapratyakSa ko hI pramANa mAnatA hai / isa mAnyatA kA khaNDana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki kevala indriyapratyakSa ke AdhAra para hamArA jJAna pUrNa nahIM ho sakatA / 'yaha pramANa hai, yaha pramANa nahIM hai' yaha vyavasthA anumAna ke abhAva meM nahIM ho sakatI / 'amuka vyakti amuka prakAra kI bhASA kA 1. pramANaM dvidhA / pratyakSaM parokSaM ca / - - pramANamImAMsA, 1.1.6-10. 2. pratyakSamanumAnaM ca / nyAyabindu, 1.3. 1

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jJAnamImAMsA 315 prayoga kara rahA hai, amuka prakAra kI usakI ceSTAeM haiM ataH usake mana meM isa samaya yaha bhAvanA kAma kara rahI hai isa prakAra dUsare kI ceSTA kA jJAna karanA pratyakSa se sambhava nahIM / 'pratyakSa hI pramANa hai, anumAnAdi parokSa nahIM isa prakAra kA niSedha bhI pratyakSa ke AdhAra para nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / isa prakAra binA anumAna ke na to koI vyavasthA ho sakatI hai, na dUsare kA abhiprAya jAnA jA sakatA hai, na svapakSa kI siddhi athavA parapakSa kA niSedha hI ho sakatA hai / " inhIM saba kaThinAiyoM ko sAmane rakhate hue jaina dArzanika anumAnAdirUpa parokSa pramANa ko bhI mAnyatA dete haiM tathA jo loga kevala indriyapratyakSa ko pramANa mAnate haiM unakI mAnyatA kA virodha karate haiM / jo jJAna yathArtha hotA hai arthAt artha ke anukUla hotA hai vahI jJAna pramANa mAnA jAtA hai / pratyakSa, anumAna Adi saba ke lie yaha siddhAnta samAnarUpa se grAhya hai / dvicandrajJAna pratyakSa hote hue bhI pramANa nahIM hai kyoMki vaha jJAna yathArtha nahIM hai / usakA viSaya candra to eka hai kintu jJAna meM do candro kA pratibhAsa hotA hai| jJAna aura artha meM anukUlatA nahIM hai / ataH vaha jJAna mithyA hai / isI prakAra anumAnAdijanya jJAna bhI mithyA ho sakatA hai / jisa prakAra eka pratyakSa jJAna ke mithyA hone se sAre pratyakSa jJAna mithyA nahIM ho jAte usI prakAra anumAnAdi meM eka jagaha vyabhicAra hone se sAre jJAna vyabhicArI nahIM ho jAte / pratyakSa kI taraha arthAnukUla utpanna hone se anumAnAdi avyabhicArI haiM / yadi kahIM-kahIM pratyakSa meM 1. vyavasthAnyadhIniSedhAnAM siddheH pratyakSetarapramANasiddhi: / --pramANamImAMsA, 1.1.11.

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316 jaina dharma-darzana * doSa yA vyabhicAra A sakatA hai to anumAnAdi meM bhI vaisI saMbhAvanA ho sakatI hai| aisI sthiti meM eka ko pramANa mAnanA aura dUsare ko apramANa mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jisa yathArthatA ke kAraNa pratyakSa meM pramANatA kI sthApanA kI jA sakatI hai usI yathArthatA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue anumAnAdi ko bhI pramANa kahA jA sakatA hai| vaizeSika aura sAMkhya tIna pramANa mAnate haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama / naiyAyika cAra pramANa svIkAra karate haiMpratyakSa, anumAna, Agama aura upamAna / prAbhAkara pA~ca pramANa mAnate haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna, Agama, upamAna aura arthaaptti| bhATTa isase bhI Age bar3hate haiN| ve pratyakSa, anumAna, Agama, upamAna, arthApatti aura abhAva-ye chaH pramANa mAnate haiN| jaina darzana-sammata donoM pramANoM meM ye saba pramANa samA jAte haiN| pratyakSa ko anya darzanoM kI taraha jaina darzana bhI pramANa mAnatA hai| anumAna jaina darzana-sammata parokSa kA eka bheda hai / Agama bhI parokSa kA hI eka prakAra hai| upamAna bhI parokSa pramAgAntargata hai / arthApatti anumAna se bhinna nhiiN| abhAva pratyakSa kA hI eka aMza hai| vastu bhAva aura abhAva ubhayAtmaka haiN| donoM kA grahaNa pratyakSa se hI hotA hai| jahA~ hama kisI ke bhAvAMza kA grahaNa karate haiM vahA~ usake abhAvAMza kA bhI abhAva rUpa se grahaNa ho hI jAtA hai anyathA abhAvAMza kA bhI bhAvarUpa se grahaNa hotA / vastu bhAva aura abhAva-ina do rUpoM ko chor3akara tIsare rUpa meM nahIM miltii| eka vastu jisa dRSTi se bhAvarUpa hai, taditara dRSTi se abhAvarUpa hai| jaba bhAvarUpa kA grahaNa hotA hai taba abhAvarUpa kA bhI grahaNa hotA hai| donoM pratyakSagrAhya haiN| aisI sthiti meM abhAvagrAhaka bhinna pramANa kI AvazyakatA nahIM raha jaatii| abhAva kI dUsarI taraha se parIkSA kreN| isa ___

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jJAnamImAMsA 317 bhUmi para ghaTa nahIM hai' yaha abhAva kA udAharaNa hai / yahA~ abhAva pramANa ghaTAbhAva kA grahaNa karatA hai / yaha ghaTAbhAva kyA hai ? yadi hama isakA vicAra kareM to mAlUma hogA ki yaha ghaTAbhAva zuddha bhUtala ke atirikta kucha nahIM hai / jisa bhUtala para pahale hamane ghaTa dekhA thA usI bhUtala ko aba hama zuddha bhUtala ke rUpa meM dekha rahe haiM / yaha zuddha bhUtala hI ghaTAbhAva hai aura isakA darzana pratyakSapUrvaka hai / isa vizleSaNa se yahI phalita hotA hai ki abhAva pratyakSa se bhinna nahIM hai / eka kA abhAva dUsare kA bhAva hai / pratyakSa : pratyakSa kA lakSaNa vaizadya yA spaSTatA hai / " sannikarSa yA kalpanApoDhatva pratyakSa kA lakSaNa nahIM mAnA gayA hai / vaizadya kise kahate haiM ? jisake pratibhAsa ke lie kisI pramANAntara kI AvazyakatA na ho athavA jo 'yaha' idantayA pratibhAsita hotA ho use vaizadya kahate haiN| pramANAntara kA niSedha isalie kiyA gayA hai ki pratyakSa apane viSaya ke pratibhAsa ke lie svayaM samartha hai / use kisI dUsare pramANa se sahAyatA kI apekSA nahIM / anumAna, AgamAdi pramANa apane Apa meM pUrNa nahIM haiM / unakA AdhAra pratyakSa hai / pratyakSa apane meM pUrNa hai / use kisI anya I 1. vizada: pratyakSam / pramANamImAMsA, 1.1.13. spaSTaM pratyakSam |--pramANanayatattvAloka, 2.2. vizadaM pratyakSamiti / -- parIkSAmukha, 2.3. 2. pramANAntarAnapekSe dantayA pratibhAso vA vaizadyam / - pramANamImAMsA, 1.1.14. pratItyantarAvyavadhAnena vizeSavattayA vA pratibhAsanaM vaizadyam / - parIkSAmukha, 2.4.

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318 jaina dharma-darzana AdhAra ke sahayoga kI AvazyakatA nahIM / 'yaha' isa rUpa se pratibhAsita honA bhI pratyakSapUrvaka hI hai / 'yaha' kA artha spaSTa pratibhAsa hai / jisa pratibhAsa meM spaSTatA na ho, bIca meM vyavadhAna ho, eka pratIti ke AdhAra se dUsarI pratIti taka pahuMcanA par3atA ho vaha pratibhAsa 'yaha' etadrUpa pratibhAsa nahIM hai / aise vyavahita pratibhAsa ko parokSa kahate haiM / pratyakSa meM isa prakAra kA koI vyavadhAna nahIM rahatA / hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki jaina tArkikoM ne pratyakSa kA do dRSTiyoM se pratipAdana kiyA / eka lokottara yA pAramArthika dRSTi hai aura dUsarI laukika yA vyAvahArika dRSTi hai / pAramArthika daSTi se pAramArthika pratyakSa kA vizleSaNa kiyA aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kA anumodana kiyA / pAramArthika pratyakSa sakala aura vikala ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai / sakalapratyakSa kevalajJAna hai aura vikalapratyakSa avadhijJAna va mana:paryayajJAna haiN| sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA - ye cAra bheda hote haiM / pAramArthika aura sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke bheda-prabhedoM kA varNana pahale kiyA jA cukA hai / yahA~ hama parokSa para thor3A-sA prakAza DAleMge | parokSa : jo jJAna avizada athavA aspaSTa hai vaha parokSa hai / parokSa pratyakSa se ThIka viparIta hai / jisameM vaizadya athavA 1. tad dviprakAraM sAMvyavahArikaM pAramArthikaM ca / ---pramANanayatatvAloka, 2.4. 2. avizadaH parokSam / - pramANamImAMsA, 1.2.1. aspaSTaM parokSam / - pramANanayatattvAloka, 3.1.

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spaSTatA kA tarka, anumAna hone para smRti zAnamImAMsA spaSTatA kA abhAva hai vaha parokSa hai| parokSa ke pAMca bheda haiMsmRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura Agama / ' smRti-vAsanA kA udbodha hone para utpanna hone vAlA 'vaha' isa AkAra vAlA jJAna smRti hai| smRti atIta ke anubhava kA smaraNa hai| kisI jJAna yA anubhava kI vAsanA kI jAgRti se utpanna hone vAlA jJAna smRti kahalAtA hai| vAsanA kI jAgRti kaise hotI hai ? samAnatA, virodha Adi aneka kAraNoM se vAsanA kA udbodha ho sakatA hai| cUMki smRti atIta ke anubhava kA smaraNa hai isalie 'vaha' isa prakAra kA jJAna smRti kI vizeSatA hai| __ bhAratIya darzanazAstra ke 'itihAsa meM jaina darzana ho aisA hai jo smRti ko pramANa mAnatA hai / smRti ko pramANa na mAnane vAle dArzanika khAsa doSa yaha dete haiM ki smRti kA viSaya atIta kA artha hai / vaha to naSTa ho cukaa| usake jJAna ko isa samaya pramANa kase kahA jA sakatA hai ? jisa jJAna kA koI viSaya nahIM, jisa anubhava kA koI vartamAna AdhAra nahIM, vaha utpanna hI kaise ho sakatA hai ? binA viSaya ke jJAnotpatti kaise sambhava hai ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki jJAna ke prAmANya kA AdhAra vastu kI yathArthatA hai, na ki usakI vrtmaantaa| padArtha kisI bhI samaya upasthita kyoM na ho, yadi jJAna usakI vAstavikatA kA grahaNa karatA hai to vaha pramANa hai| vartamAna, bhUta aura bhaviSya kisI bhI kAla meM rahane vAlA padArtha jJAna kA viSaya bana sakatA hai| yadi vartamAnakAlIna padArtha ko hI jJAna kA viSaya mAnA jAya to anumAna bhI pramANa kI koTi se 1. smaraNapratyabhijJAnatarvAnumAnAgamabhedatastat paMcaprakAram |-bhii,3.2. 2. vAsanobodhahetukA tadityAkArA smRtiH |-prmaannmiimaaNsaa, 1.2.3.

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320 jaina dharma-darzana bAhara ho jAyagA kyoMki vaha vaikAlika vastu kA grahaNa karatA hai| kevala vartamAna ke AdhAra para anumAna kI bhitti nahIM bana sktii| smRti yadi atIta ke artha kA grahaNa karatI huI yathArtha hai to pramANa hai| jo loga yaha Agraha rakhate haiM ki vartamAna padArtha kA jJAna hI pramANa ho sakatA hai, unake virodha meM koI yaha bhI kaha sakatA hai ki atIta ke padArtha kA jJAna hI pramANa hai| kathanamAtra se yadi koI bAta siddha ho jAtI ho to pramANa aura apramANa kI parIkSA hI vyartha hai / jJAna ko pramANa isalie nahIM mAnA jAtA hai ki vaha vartamAna vastu kA grahaNa karatA hai yA atIta artha ko apanA viSaya banAtA hai yA anAgata padArtha kA cintana karatA hai| jJAna vastu kI yathArthatA kA grAhaka hone se pramANa mAnA jAtA hai| vaha yathArthatA tInoM kAloM meM rahane vAlI ho sakatI hai| virodhI eka doSa aura detA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki jo vastu naSTa ho cukI hai vaha jJAnotpatti kA kAraNa kaise bana sakatI hai ? jaina darzana padArtha ko jJAnotpatti kA anivArya kAraNa nahIM mAnatA, yaha vAta artha aura Aloka kI carcA ke samaya siddha kI jA cukI hai| jJAna apane kAraNoM se utpanna hotA hai| padArtha apane kAraNoM se utpanna hotA hai| jJAna meM aisI zakti hai ki vaha padArtha ko apanA viSaya banA sakatA hai| padArtha kA aisA svabhAva hai ki vaha jJAna kA viSaya bana sakatA hai| padArtha aura jJAna meM kAraNa aura kArya kA sambandha nahIM hai| unameM jJeya aura jJAtA, prakAzya aura prakAzaka, vyavasthApya aura vyavasthApaka kA sambandha hai| ina saba tathyoM ko dekhate hue smRti ko pramANa mAnanA yuktisaMgata hai| smRti ko pramANa na mAnane para anumAna bhI pramANa nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki liMga aura liMgI kA sambandha-grahaNa pratyakSa kA

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jJAnamImAMsA 321 viSaya nahIM hai / aneka bAra ke darzana ke bAda nizcita hone vAlA liMga aura liMgI kA sambandha smRti ke abhAva meM kaise sthApita ho sakatA hai ? liMga ko dekhakara sAdhya kA jJAna bhI binA smRti ke nahIM ho sakatA / sambandha smaraNa ke binA anumAna sarvathA asambhava hai / / pratyabhijJAna - darzana aura smaraNa se utpanna hone vAlA 'yaha vahI hai', 'yaha usake samAna hai,' 'yaha usase vilakSaNa hai,' 'yaha usakA pratiyogI hai' ityAdi rUpa meM rahA huA saMkalanAtmaka jJAna pratyabhijJAna hai / " pratyabhijJAna meM do prakAra ke anubhava kArya karate haiM - eka pratyakSa darzana, jo vartamAna kAla meM rahatA haiM aura dUsarA smaraNa, jo bhUtakAla kA anubhava hai / jisa jJAna meM pratyakSa aura smRti ina donoM kA saMkalana rahatA hai vaha jJAna pratyabhijJAna hai / 'yaha vahI ghaTa hai' isa prakAra kA jJAna abheda kA grahaNa karatA hai / 'yaha' pratyakSa darzana kA viSaya hai aura 'vahI' smRti kA viSaya hai / ghaTa donoM meM eka hI hai / ataH yaha abhedaviSayaka pratyabhijJAna hai / 'yaha ghaTa usa ghaTa ke samAna hai' yaha jJAna sAdRzyaviSayaka hai / isI jJAna ko anya darzanoM meM upamAna kahA gayA hai / ' gavaya gau ke samAna hai' yaha zAstrIya udAharaNa hai / 'bhaiMsa gAya se vilakSaNa hai' isa prakAra kA jJAna visadRzatA kA grahaNa karatA hai / yaha jJAna sAdRzyaviSayaka jJAna se vivarIta hai / yaha usase choTA hai, yaha usase dUra hai - ityAdi jJAna bheda kA grahaNa karate haiM / yaha jJAna abhedagrAhaka jJAna se viparIta hai / tulanAtmaka jJAna, cAhe vaha kisI bhI prakAra kA kyoM na ho, pratyabhijJAna ke andara samAviSTa ho jAtA 1. darzanasmaraNasambhavaM tadevedaM tatsadRzaM tadvilakSaNaM tattratiyogItyAdisaMkalanaM pratyabhijJAnam / - pramANamImAMsA, 1.2.4. 21

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322 jaina dharma-darzana hai| kevala upamAna ko hI pratyabhijJAna kA paryAyavAcI mAnanA ThIka nhiiN| sAdRzya, vailakSaNya, bheda, abheda Adi saba kA grahaNa karane vAlA jJAna pratyabhijJAna hai| tarka-upalambhAnupalambhanimitta vyAptijJAna tarka hai| ise Uha bhI kahate haiN|' upalambha kA artha hai liMga ke sadbhAva se sAdhya ke sadbhAva kA jJAna / dhUma liMga hai aura agni sAdhya hai| dhama ke sadbhAva ke jJAna se agni ke sadbhAva kA jJAna karanA upalambha hai| anupalambha kA artha hai sAdhya ke asadbhAva se liMga ke asadbhAva kA jJAna / 'jahA~ agni nahIM hai vahA~ dhUma nahIM ho sakatA' isa prakAra kA nirNaya anupalambha hai| upalambha aura anupalambharUpa jo vyApti hai usase utpanna hone vAlA zAna tarka hai| 'isake hone para hI yaha hotA hai, isake abhAva meM yaha nahIM ho sakatA' isa prakAra kA jJAna tarka hai| tarka kA dUsarA nAma Uha hai| pratyakSa se vyApti kA grahaNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki pratyakSa kA viSaya sImita hai| jisa viSaya se pratyakSa utpanna hotA hai usI viSaya taka vaha sImita rahatA hai| trikAlaviSayaka vyAptijJAna usase utpanna nahIM ho sktaa| sAdhAraNa pratyakSa kA viSaya vartamAnakAlIna sImita padArtha haiN| kisI kAlika nirNaya para pahuMcanA pratyakSa ke basa kI bAta nhiiN| isake lie to kisI svatantra pramANa kI AvazyakatA hai jo trikAlaviSayaka nirNaya para pahuMcane meM samartha ho| yaha pramANa tarka hai| anumAna bhI tarka kA sthAna nahIM le sakatA, kyoMki anumAna kA AdhAra hI tarka hai| jaba taka tarka se vyAptijJAna na ho jAya 1. upalambhAnupalambhanimitaM vyAptijJAnamUhaH / -pramANamImAMsA, 1. 2. 5.

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jJAnamImAMsA 323 taba taka anumAna kI pravRtti hI asambhava hai| dUsare zabdoM meM,. yadi tarka jJAna nahIM hai to anumAna kI kalpanA hI nahIM ho sktii| anumAna svayaM tarka para pratiSThita hai| aisI avasthA meM tarka kA sthAna anumAna kaise le sakatA hai| jo jJAna jisase pUrva utpanna hotA hai aura jisakA AdhAra hotA hai vaha jJAna tadrUpa nahIM ho sakatA; anyathA pUrva aura pazcAt kA sambandha hI naSTa ho jAyagA, AdhAra aura Adheya kI vyavasthA hI samApta ho jaaegii| ataH take anumAna se bhinna hai tathA svatantra pramANa hai| tarka kI vyAkhyA karate hue yaha kahA gayA ki vyAptijJAna tarka hai| vyApti kyA hai, isakA spaSTIkaraNa bAkI hai| 'vyApya ke hone para vyApaka hotA hI hai athavA vyApaka ke hone para hI vyApya hotA hai-isa prakAra kA jo niyama hai vaha vyApti hai| dhUma aura agni ke udAharaNa se ise aura spaSTa kara leN| dhUma vyApya hai aura agni vyApaka hai| dhUma ( vyApya ) ke hone para agni ( vyApaka ) hotI hI hai athavA agni ( vyApaka ) ke hone para hI dhUma ( vyApya ) hotA hai| dhUma aura agni kA yaha sambandha vyApti hai| jahA~ vyApaka hotA hai vahA~ jyApya ho bhI sakatA hai aura nahIM bhii| jahA~ agni hotI hai vahA~ dhUma ho bhI sakatA hai aura nahIM bhii| jahAM vyApya hotA hai vahA~ vyApaka hotA hI hai| jahA~ dhUma hotA hai vahA~ agni hotI hI hai / vyApya vyApaka ke hone para hI ho sakatA hai| dhUma agni ke hone para hI ho sakatA hai / isa prakAra kA jo vyApaka aura vyApya kA 1. vyAptiApakasya vyApye sati bhAva eva, vyApyasya vA tatrauva bhAvaH / -pramANamImAMsA, 1.2.6.

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324 jaina dharma-darzana sambandha hai vahI vyApti hai| isa sambandha kA grahaNa karane vAlA jJAna tarka hai-Uha hai| anumAna-sAdhana se sAdhya kA jJAna honA anumAna hai|' sAdhana kA artha hai hetu athavA siNg| sAdhana ko dekhakara tadavinAbhAvI sAdhya kA jJAna karanA anumAna hai| udAharaNa ke lie dhUma, jo ki agni kA sAdhana hai, use dekhakara agni, jo ki sAdhya hai, usakA jJAna karanA anumAna hai| sAdhana aura sAdhya ke bIca avinAbhAva sambandha avazya honA caahie| avinAbhAva kA artha hai kisI ke binA na honaa| jo cIja jisake binA nahIM ho sakatI usa cIja ke hone para usakA honA avinAbhAva ke kAraNa hai| dhUma agni ke binA nahIM ho sktaa| dhUma ke hone para agni kA honA avinAbhAva ke kAraNa hai| anumAna do prakAra kA hai-svArthAnumAna aura praarthaanumaan| __svArthAnumAna-sAdhya ke sAtha avinAbhAva sambandha se rahane vAle svanizcita sAdhana se sAdhya kA jJAna karanA svArthAnumAna hai|' avinAbhAva kA eka aura lakSaNa dekhie| sahabhAvI aura kramabhAvI kAryoM kA kramabhAva aura sahabhAvaviSayaka jo niyama hai vaha avinAbhAva hai| kucha kArya sahabhAvI hote haiM aura kucha krmbhaavii| rUpa aura rasa sahabhAvI haiN| rUpa ko 1. sAdhanAt sAdhyavijJAnamanumAnam / -vahI, 1.2.7. 2. svArtha svanizcitasAdhyAvinAbhAvakalakSaNAt sAdhanAta sAdhya jJAnam / -pramANamImAMsA, 1.2.6. 3. sahakramabhAvino: sahaka mabhAvaniyamo'vinAbhAvaH / -vahI,1.2.10

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jJAnamImAMsA 325 dekhakara rasa kA anumAna karanA athavA rasa- darzana se rUpa kA anumAna karanA sahabhAvI avinAbhAva hai| eka ke hone para dUsare kA honA kramabhAva hai / kRttikA ke udita hone para zakaTa kA udaya honA kramabhAvI avinAbhAva hai / kAraNa aura kArya kA sambandha bhI kamabhAva ke antargata AtA hai / agni se dhUma kI utpatti kramabhAvI avinAbhAva hai / isa prakAra ke avinAbhAva kA jaba vyakti svataH jJAna karatA hai aura sAdhya ke sAtha avinAbhAvI sAdhana ko dekhakara svayaM sAdhya kA anumAna karatA hai taba jo jJAna paidA hotA hai vaha svArthAnumAna hai| svArthAnumAna ke lie eka vyakti dUsare vyakti para nirbhara nahIM rahatA / sAdhana ko dekhakara sAdhya kA anumAna vyakti svayaM kara letA hai / isalie isa prakAra ke anumAna kA nAma 'svArthAnumAna' arthAt 'apane lie anumAna' hai / I sAdhana -- sAdhana kitane prakAra ke haiM, isa para bhI jarA vicAra kara leM | AcArya hemacandra ne pA~ca prakAra ke sAdhana mAne haiN| ye pA~ca prakAra haiM- svabhAva, kAraNa, kArya, ekArthasamavAyI aura virodhI / " vastu kA svabhAva hI jahA~ sAdhana ( hetu ) banatA hai vaha svabhAvasAdhana hai / 'agni jalAtI hai kyoMki vaha uSNasvabhAva hai,' 'zabda anitya hai kyoMki vaha kArya haiM' Adi svabhAvasAdhana yA svabhAvahetu ke udAharaNa haiM / amuka prakAra ke megha dekhakara varSA kA anumAna karanA kAraNa sAdhana hai / jisa prakAra ke bAdaloM ke nabha meM Ane para varSA hotI hai vaise bAdaloM ko dekhakara varSA hone kA anumAna 1. svabhAva: kAraNaM kAryamekArthasamavAyi virodhi ceti paMcadhA sAdhanam / - pramANamImAMsA, 1.2.12.

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326 jaina dharma-darzana karanA kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna hai / sAdhAraNa se kAraNa ko dekhakara kArya kA anumAna nahIM kiyA jaataa| usI kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai jisake hone para kArya avazya hotA hai| bAdhaka kAraNoM kA abhAva aura sAdhaka kAraNoM kI sattA ye donoM Avazyaka haiN| kisI kAryavizeSa ko dekhakara usake kAraNa kA anumAna karanA kArya-sAdhana hai| pratyeka kArya kA koI-na-koI kAraNa hotA hai / binA kAraNa ke kAtpitti nahIM ho sktii| kAraNa aura kArya ke sambandha kA jJAna hone para hI kArya ko dekhakara kAraNa kA anumAna ho sakatA hai| nadI meM bAr3ha AtI huI dekhakara yaha anumAna karanA ki kahIM para joradAra varSA haI hai, kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna hai| dhUma ko dekhakara agni kA anumAna karanA bhI kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna hai| eka artha meM do yA adhika kAryo kA eka sAtha rahanA ekArtha-samavAya hai| eka hI phala meM rUpa aura rasa sAtha-sAtha rahate haiN| rUpa ko dekhakara rasa kA anumAna karanA yA rasa ko dekhakara rUpa kA anumAna karanA ekArtha-samavAya kA udAharaNa hai| rapa aura rasa ma na kArya-kAraNa bhAva hai, na rUpa aura rasa kA eka svabhAva hai| ina donoM kI ekatrasthiti ekArthasamavAya ke kAraNa hai| kisI virodhI bhAva se kisI ke abhAva kA anumAnavirodhI sAdhana se hone vAlA anumAna hai| 'yahA~ para ThaNDa nahIM hai kyoMki agni jala rahI hai', 'yahA~ para agni kA abhAva hai payAki Thaga laga rahI hai' Adi virodhI sAdhana ke udAharaNa haM / agni aura gAika kA paraspara virodha hai, isalie eka ke hone para dUgarI nahIM ho sakatI / virodhI kI mAtrA ThIka-ThIka

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jJAnamImAMsA 327 hone para hI virodhI sAdhana kA prayoga ho sakatA hai| agni kI choTI-sI cinagArI se ThaNDaka ke abhAva kA anumAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / khUba agni hone para hI ThaNDaka ke abhAva kA anumAna karanA samyaka hai| parArthAnumAna-sAdhana aura sAdhya ke avinAbhAva sambandha ke kathana se utpanna hone vAlA jJAna parArthAnumAna hai|' svArthAnumAna kA vivecana karate samaya hamane dekhA hai ki vaha vyakti meM dUsare kI sahAyatA ke binA hI utpanna hotA hai| parArthAnumAna isase viparIta hai / eka vyakti ne svayaM sAdhana aura sAdhya ke avinAbhAva kA grahaNa kiyA hai aura dUsarA vyakti aisA hai jise isa sambandha kA jJAna nahIM hai / pahalA vyakti apane jJAna kA prayoga dUsare vyakti ko samajhAne ke lie karatA hai / usake kathana se utpanna hone vAlA jJAna parArthAnumAna hai / yaha anumAna usake lie nahIM hai jo sAdhana aura sAdhya ke sambandha se paricita hai apitu usake lie hai jise isa sambandha kA jJAna nahIM hai, ataH isakA nAra parArthAnumAna hai| parArthAnumAna jJAnAtmaka hai kintu upacAra se use batAne vAle vacana ko bhI parArthAnumAna kahA gayA hai / jJAnAtmaka parArthAnumAna kI utpatti vacanAtmaka parArthAnumAna para nirbhara hai, isalie upacAra se vacana ko bhI parArthAnumAna kahA jAtA hai| parArthAnumAna ke lie hetu kA vacanAtmaka prayoga do taraha se ho sakatA hai| sAdhya ke hone para hI sAdhana kA honA batAne vAlA eka prakAra hai| sAdhya ke abhAva meM sAdhana kA na honA 1. yathoktasAdhanAbhidhAnajaH parArtham / -pramANamImAMsA, 2.1.1. 2. pakSahetuvacanAtmakaM parArthamanumAnamupacArAt / -pramANanayatattvAloka, 3 23.

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jaina dharma-darzana batAne vAlA dUsarA prakAra hai| ye donoM prakAra eka hI bhAva ko batAne ke bhinna-bhinna mArga haiN| jisa artha kA pratipAdana pahalA prakAra karatA hai usI artha kA pratipAdana dUsarA prakAra bhI karatA hai| antara hai kevala vAkyaracanA kaa| donoM prakAra ke vacanoM kA prayoga kaise hotA hai, ise udAharaNa dvArA dekha leN| parvata meM agni hai, kyoMki agni ke hone para hI dhUma ho sakatA hai| agni-rUpa sAdhya kI sattA hone para hI dhUmarUpa sAdhana kI utpatti ho sakatI hai| yaha pahalA prakAra hai| isI artha kA pratipAdana dUsarI taraha se ho sakatA hai| parvata meM agni hai, kyoMki agni ke abhAva meM dhUma nahIM ho sktaa| agnirUpa sAdhya ke abhAva meM dhUmarUpa sAdhana ke abhAva kA pratipAdana karane vAlA dUsarA prakAra hai|| parArthAnumAna ke avayava-avayava ke viSaya meM dArzanikoM meM matabheda hai / sAMkhya parArthAnumAna ke tIna avayava mAnate haiM-pakSa, hetu aura udAharaNa / mImAMsaka cAra avayavoM kA prayoga ucita samajhate haiM--pakSa, hetu, udAharaNa aura upanaya / naiyAyika pA~ca avayavoM kA prayoga Avazyaka mAnate haiM-pakSa, hetu, udAharaNa, upanaya aura nigamana / jaina dArzanika kitane avayava anivArya mAnate haiM, isakA vizleSaNa AgamakAlIna avayava-carcA meM kiyA jA cukA hai| jJAnavAn ko samajhAne ke lie pakSa aura hetu hI kAphI haiN| manda buddhi vAle vyakti ko samajhAne ke lie dasa avayavoM taka kA prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAdhAraNatayA pA~ca avayavoM kA prayoga hotA hai, ataH inakA svarUpa samajha lenA ThIka hogaa| pratijJA-sAdhya kA nirdeza karanA pratijJA hai| jisa bAta 1. sAdhyanirdezaH prtijnyaa| -pramANamImAMsA, 2.1.11.

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jJAnamImAMsA 326 ko hama siddha karanA cAhate haiM usakA prathama nirdeza pratijJA hai| isase yaha mAlUma ho jAtA hai ki hamArA sAdhya kyA hai| hama kyA siddha karanA cAhate haiN| pratijJA ko pakSa bhI kahate haiN| 'isa parvata meM agni hai' yaha pratijJA yA pakSa kA udAharaNa hai|| hetu-sAdhanatva ko abhivyakta karane vAlA vacana hetu hai|' saMskRta meM paMcamI yA tRtIyA vibhakti ke sAtha samApta hone vAlA sAdhanavAcaka vacana hetu kahalAtA hai| hindI meM kyoMki, cUki Adi zabdoM se sAdhana kA pratipAdana hotA hai| 'isa parvata meM agni hai kyoMki isameM dhUma hai' yaha hetu kA udAharaNa hai| isI ko adhika spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki agni ke hone para hI dhUma ho sakatA hai athavA agni ke abhAva meM dhUma nahIM ho sktaa| sAdhana aura sAdhya ke sambandha ko dikhAte hue isakA prayoga kisI bhI prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa-hetu ko acchI taraha samajhAne ke lie dRSTAnta kA prayoga karanA udAharaNa hai| udAharaNa kA prayoga do taraha se ho sakatA hai-sAdharmya aura vaidharmya / sAdRzya batAne vAle udAharaNa kA prayoga karanA sAdhamryodAharaNa hai| 'jahA~-jahA~ dhUma hotA hai vahA~-vahA~ agni hotI hai-jaise pAkazAlA' yaha sAdharmya dRSTAnta hai| vaidharyodAharaNa meM visadRzatA ko prakaTa karane vAlA dRSTAnta diyA jAtA hai| 'jahA~ para agni nahIM hotI vahA~ para dhUma nahIM hotA-jaise jalAzaya' yaha vaidharmyadRSTAnta hai / donoM meM se kisI eka kA prayoga karanA caahie| 1. sAdhanatvAbhivyaMja vibhaktyantaM sAdhanavacanaM hetu: / / --pramANamImAMsA, 2.1.12. 2. dRSTAntavacanamudAharaNam / -vahA, 2.1.13.

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jaina dharma-darzana upanaya-hetu kA dharmI meM upasaMhAra karanA upanaya hai|' jahA~ sAdhya rahatA hai vaha dharmI kahalAtA hai| isa parvata meM agni hai| yahA~ agni sAdhya hai aura parvata dharmI hai, kyoki agnirUpa sAdhya parvata meM rahatA hai| hetu kA dharmI meM upasaMhAra karanA arthAt "yaha hetu isa dharmI meM hai| isa prakAra ke vacana kA prayoga karanA upanaya hai| agni kI siddhi ke lie dhUma hetu diyA gayA hai| 'isa parvata meM dhUma hai' yaha usa hetu kA upasaMhAra hai / yahI upanaya hai| nigamana-sAdhya kA punarkathana nigamana hai / pratijJA ke samaya jo sAdhya kA nirdeza kiyA jAtA hai usako upasaMhAra ke rUpa meM punaH doharAnA nigamana kahalAtA hai| yaha antima nirNayarUpa kathana hai / isalie yahA~ agni hai' yaha kathana nigamana kA udAharaNa hai| ina pA~coM avayavoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue parArthAnumAna kA pUrNa rUpa isa prakAra hogA____ isa parvata meM agni hai, kyoMki isameM dhUma hai, jahA~-jahA~ dhUma hotA hai vahA~-vahA~ agni hotI hai-jaise pAkazAlA (sAdharmya dRSTAnta) tathA jahA~ para agni nahIM hotI vahA~ para dhUma nahIM hotAjaise jalAzaya ( vaidharmya dRSTAnta ), isa parvata meM dhUma hai, isalie yahA~ agni hai| __Agama -Apta puruSa ke vacana se AvirbhUta hone vAlA artha 1. hetoH sAdhyamiNyupasaMharaNamupanayaH yathA dhUmazcAtrapradeze / -pramANanayatattvAloka, 3.46-50 , 2. sAdhyadharmasya punani gamanama / yathA tasmAdagniratra / / -vahI, 3.51-52

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jJAnamImAsA saMvedana Agama hai|' Apta puruSa kA artha hai tattva ko yathAvasthita jAnane vAlA va tattva kA yathAvasthita nirUpaNa karane vAlA / rAgadveSAdi doSoM se rahita puruSa hI Apta ho sakatA hai, kyoMki vaha mithyAvAdI nahIM ho sktaa| aise puruSa ke vacanoM se hone vAlA jJAna Agama kahalAtA hai| upacAra se Apta ke vacanoM kA saMgraha bhI Agama hai| parArthAnumAna aura Agama meM yahI antara hai ki parArthAnumAna ke lie Aptatva Avazyaka nahIM hai, jaba ki Agama ke lie Aptatva anivArya hai| amuka puruSa Apta hai isIlie usake vacana pramANa haiN| unake prAmANya ke lie anya koI hetu nhiiN| parArthAnumAna ke lie hetu kA AdhAra Avazyaka hai| hetu kI sacAI para jJAna kI sacAI nirbhara hai| laukika aura lokottara ke bheda se Apta do prakAra ke hote haiN| sAdhAraNa vyakti laukika Apta ho sakate haiN| lokottara Apta tIrthaMkarAdi viziSTa puruSa hI hote haiN| ____ AgamoM, zAstroM athavA granthoM kI prAmANikatA kA AdhAra kyA hai ? kyA kisI grantha ko Agama yA zAstra kaha dene mAtra se vaha svataH prAmANika ho jAtA hai ? athavA kisI grantha kI gaNanA zAstroM meM nahIM kI jAne se kyA usakI prAmANikatA svataH samApta ho jAtI hai ? kisI grantha ko zAstra kyoM kahA jAtA hai ? isalie ki vaha prAmANika hai ? yadi prAmANikatA ke kAraNa kisI grantha ko zAstra kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai to gAyoM kI sakhyA asImita ho jAyegI kyoMki vizva meM aise janaka grantha likhe gaye haiM, likha jA rahe haiM aura likhe jAyeMge jo pUrNataH prAmANika haiM arthAt jinakI prAmANikatA sarvasammata hai| udAharaNa ke taura para bhASA, gaNita, vijJAna, bhUgola, 1. AptavacanAdAvibhUtamartha saMvedanamAgamaH / -vahI, 4.1.

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332 jaina dharma-darzana itihAsa, saMvidhAna Adi aneka viSayoM ke anaginata aise choTebar3e grantha mila sakeMge jo sarvAnumata hoM arthAt jinakI prAmANikatA saba mAnate hoN| kyA una saba granthoM ko zAstra nahIM kaha sakeMge ? viparIta isake aise aneka zAstrasaMjJaka grantha mileMge jinakI prAmANikatA aMzataH athavA pUrNataH khaMDita ho cukI hai| aisI avasthA meM kisI grantha ko zAstra nAma mila jAne mAtra se vaha prAmANika nahIM ho jAtA / isI prakAra koI grantha kevala isalie aprAmANika nahIM ho jAtA ki usakI zAstra saMjJA nahIM hai / kisI grantha kI zAstra saMjJA honA yA na honA usakI prAcInatA, prasiddhi granthakAra kA vyaktitva, anuyAyiyoM kI zraddhA, paramparA kA prabhAva Adi aneka bAtoM para nirbhara hai| yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki pratyeka zAstra nAmadhArI grantha prAmANika hI ho tathA pratyeka itara grantha aprAmANika hI ho / zAstra bhI aMzata: athavA pUrNata prAmANika evaM aprAmANika ho sakate haiM tathA anya grantha bhI / samasta granthoM kI prAmANikatA - aprAmANikatA tad-tadgata guNa-doSoM para nirbhara hai / prAmANikatA aprAmANikatA kA AdhAra vyakti ke pratyakSAdi jJAnasAdhana haiM jinakI sahAyatA se aneka bAteM nirvivAda rUpa se siddha hotI haiM / pUrvAgrahahita madhyastha bhAva se kisI tathya ko svIkAra karanevAlA janasamudAya pratyakSAdisiddha bAtoM ko sahaja taura se svIkAra kara letA hai| yadi aise logoM dvArA mAnya pratyakSAdisiddha siddhAntoM evaM tathyoM ko bhI satya na mAnA jAya to satya kI sArvajanIna kasauTI hI samApta ho jAya / jo tathya spaSTa nahIM haiM athavA saMdigdha haiM unake viSaya meM vivAda athavA mAnyatA- bheda ke lie pUrNa avakAza hai kintu jo bAteM suspaSTa haiM, susiddha haiM, supratyakSa haiM, suvidita haiM, sumAnya haiM unake

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jJAnamImAMsA 333 kA bAre meM kevala kalpanAjanya tarkoM athavA zAstroM evaM granthoM kI sahAyatA se anyathA mata nirdhAraNa karanA nirarthaka hai / ___ adhikAMza prAcIna zAstroM athavA granthoM meM jo sAmagrI rahatI hai vaha prAyaH tIna AdhAroM para AvRta hotI hai : 1. paramparA, 2. svAnubhava, 3. vicAra athavA kalpanA / Adhunika granthoM meM bhI isa prakAra kI sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai| jo sAmagrI paramparA se prApta hotI hai vaha usa samaya taka calI AnevAlI mAnyatAoM evaM siddhAntoM ko prastuta karatI hai| saMbhava hai ki ve saba yA kucha mAnyatAeM athavA siddhAnta pUrNataH athavA aMzataH mithyA siddha ho jAeM kyoMki unakA nirmANa nirdoSa anubhava, prayoga athavA vicAra para na huA ho| aisA sthiti meM nayI khojoM athavA naye anubhavoM ke kAraNa kisI zAstra athavA grantha kI prAmANikatA aMzataH athavA pUrNataH dUSita ho jAe to ise asvAbhAvika nahIM samajhanA caahie| hA~, naye anubhavoM evaM nayI khojoM kA sAdhAra evaM sunizcita honA Avazyaka hai| svAnubhava ke AdhAra para prApta sAmagrI kA vizeSa mahattva hotA hai| yadi zAstrakAra athavA granthakAra kA anubhava nirdoSa evaM nirvikAra hotA hai to usa anubhava, jJAna athavA pratIti kA pratyakSAdi kisI bhI pramANa se khaNDana nahIM ho sktaa| usa jJAna ke AdhAra para nirmita grantha athavA granthAMza ko kisI bhI cunautI kA sAmanA karane meM tanika bhI hicakicAhaTa nahIM hotii| adhikatara to yahI hotA hai ki isa prakAra ke jJAna ko saba taTastha vicAraka nirvivAda svIkAra karate haiN| yadi koI vastutaH nirdoSa hai arthAt usameM kisI prakAra kA rAga-dveSaajJAna-pramAda-ahaMkAra-bhaya nahIM hai to usakA kathana mithyA ho

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jaina dharma-darzana hI nahIM sktaa| vaha jo kucha kahegA, yathArtha hI kahegA kyoMki ayathArtha vacana athavA jJAna ke kAraNoM kA usameM sarvathA abhAva hai| aisI sthiti meM usake vacana jisameM samAviSTa haiM vaha grantha mithyA kaise ho sakatA hai ? usa grantha kA pratyakSAdi pramANoM se khaNDana kaise ho sakatA hai ? yadi kisI zAstra athavA grantha meM varNita evaM pratipAdita bAtoM kA pratyakSAdi jJAnasAdhanoM se nirasana hotA hai to samajhanA cAhie ki vaha kathana kisI sadoSa vyakti kA hai, nirdoSa vyakti kA nhiiN| nirdoSa vyakti kA kathana kisI bhI pramANa se khaNDita nahIM ho sktaa| vicAra athavA kalpanA ke AdhAra para bhI grantha athavA granthAMza kA nirmANa hotA hai| yadi isa prakAra kA kathana pratyakSAdi pramANoM se aviruddha hai to use sahaja hI svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| vicAroM kI gati nirdoSa hone para unake AdhAra para nikalane vAlA niSkarSa bhI nirdoSa hotA hai| vicAroM meM doSa hone para tajjanya niSkarSa bhI sadoSa hotA hai| yahI siddhAnta kalpanA para bhI lAgU hotA hai| kisI zAstra athavA grantha kI prAmANikatA-aprAmANikatA kI kasauTI tadgata sAmagrI hI hai| vaha sAmagrI jitane aMzoM meM pramANapuraHsara hogI utane hI aMzoM meM vaha zAstra athavA grantha bhI prAmANika hogaa| sAmagrI kI parIkSA kiye binA zAstra athavA grantha kI prAmANikatA kA nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|

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sApekSavAda bhagavAn mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna hone ke pUrva kucha svapna Aye the, aisA bhagavatIsUtra meM ullekha hai| una svapnoM meM se eka svapna isa prakAra hai-citra-vicitra paMkhoM vAle eka bar3e puskokila ko svapna meM dekhakara ve pratibuddha hue|' isa svapna kA kyA phala hai, isakA vivecana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jo citra-vicitra puskokila svapna meM dekhA hai usakA phala yaha hai ki ve svaparasiddhAnta kA pratipAdana karane vAle vicitra dvAdazAMga gaNipiTaka kA upadeza deNge| isa varNana ko par3hane se yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki zAstrakAra ne kitane sundara DhaMga se eka siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| citravicitra paMkhavAlA puskokila kauna hai ? yaha syAdvAda kA pratIka hai| jaina darzana ke prANabhUta siddhAnta syAdvAda kA kaisA sundara citraNa hai ! vaha eka varNa ke paMkha vAlA kokila nahIM hai apitu citravicitra paMkha vAlA kokila hai| jahA~ eka hI taraha ke paMkha hote haiM vahA~ ekAntavAda hotA hai, syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda nhiiN| jahA~ vividha varNa ke paMkha hote haiM vahA~ 1. egaM ca NaM mahaM cittavicittapakkhagaM pusakoilagaM suviNe pAsittA NaM paDibuddhe / -bhagavatIsUtra, 16.6. 2. japaNaM samaNaM bhagavaM mahAvIre egaM mahaM cittavicittaM jAva paDibaddha taNNaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre vicittaM sasamayaparasamaiyaM duvAlasaMga gaNipiDagaM Aghaveti pannaveti parUveti / --vahI. mational

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336 jaina dharma-darzana anekAntavAda yA syAdvAda hotA hai, ekAntavAda nhiiN| eka varNa ke paMkha vAle aura citravicitra paMkha vAle kokila meM yahI antara hai| tattva utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyAtmaka hai, yaha bAta pahale likhI jA cukI hai| utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya vastu ke cinna vicitra paMkha haiN| mahAvIra ne isI prakAra ke tattvajJAna kA upadeza diyaa| unhoMne vastu ke svarUpa kA sabhI dRSTiyoM se pratipAdana kiyaa| jo vastu nitya mAlUma hotI hai vaha anitya bhI hai / jo vastu kSaNika pratIta hotI hai vaha nitya bhI hai| nityatA aura anityatA donoM eka-dUsare kA svarUpa samajhane ke lie Avazyaka haiN| jahA~ nityatA kI pratIti hotI hai vahA~ anityatA avazya rahatI hai| anityatA ke abhAva meM nityatA kI pahacAna hI nahIM ho sktii| isI prakAra anityatA kA svarUpa samajhane ke lie nityatA kI pratIti anivArya hai / yadi padArtha meM dhrauvya yA nityatA nahIM hai to anityatA kI pratIti hI nahIM ho sktii| nityatA aura anityatA sApekSa haiN| eka kI pratIti dvitIya kI pratItipUrvaka hI hotI hai| anekAneka anitya pratItiyoM ke bIca jahA~ eka sthira pratIti hotI hai vahI nityatva yA dhrauvya kI pratIti hai| dhrauvya yA nityatva kA mahattva tabhI mAlUma hotA hai jaba usake sAtha meM aneka anitya pratItiyA~ hotI haiM / anitya pratIti ke na hone para 'yaha nitya hai| aisA jJAna hI nahIM ho sktaa| jahA~ nityatA kI pratIti nahIM hai vahA~ 'yaha anitya hai' aisA bhAna hI nahIM ho sktaa| nityatA aura anityatA donoM kI pratItiyA~ svabhAva se hI paraspara sambaddha haiN| jahA~ eka pratIti hogI vahA~ dUsarI avazya hogii|

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sApekSavAda __337 vibhajyavAda evaM anekAntavAda : ___ majjhimanikAya' meM mANavaka ke prazna ke uttara meM buddha kahate haiM : 'he mANavaka ! maiM vibhajyavAdI , ekAMzavAdI nhiiN|' mANavaka kA prazna thA : 'bhagavan ! maiMne suna rakhA hai ki gRhastha hI ArAdhaka hotA hai, pravajita nahIM / isa viSaya meM Apa kyA kahate haiM ?' buddha ne uttara diyA : 'gRhastha bhI yadi mithyAvAdI hai to nirvANamArga kA ArAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA aura tyAgI bhI yadi mithyAtvI hai to nirvANamArga kI ArAdhanA nahIM kara sktaa| donoM yadi samyak pratipattisampanna haiM to donoM ArAdhaka ho sakate haiN|' yaha uttara vibhajyavAda kA udAharaNa hai| kisI prazna kA uttara ekAntarUpa se de denA ki yaha aisA hI hai athavA yaha aisA hai hI nahIM, ekAMzavAda hai| buddha ne gRhastha aura tyAgI kI ArAdhanA ke prazna ko lekara vibhAjanapUrvaka uttara diyA, ekAntarUpa se nahIM, isIlie buddha ne apane Apako vibhajyavAdI kahA hai, ekAMzavAdI nhiiN| sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI ThIka isI zabda kA prayoga hai| bhikSu ko kaisI bhASA kA prayoga karanA cAhie, isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki bhikSu 'vibhajyavAda' kA prayoga kare / 2 jaina darzana meM isa zabda kA artha anekAntavAda yA syAdvAda kiyA jAtA hai / jisa dRSTi se jisa prazna kA uttara diyA jA sakatA ho usa dRSTi se usakA uttara denA syAdvAda hai| kisI eka apekSA se isa prazna kA yaha uttara ho sakatA hai| kisI dUsarI apekSA se isI prazna kA yaha uttara bhI ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra eka prazna ke aneka uttara ho sakate haiN| isI dRSTi ko syAdvAda, sApekSavAda, 1. sutta 66. 2. bhikkhU vibhajjavAyaM ca viyAgarejjA-1.14.22. 22

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330 jaina dharma-darzana anekAntavAda yA vibhajyavAda kahate haiN| buddha kA vibhajyavAda utanA Age nahIM bar3ha sakA jitanA ki mahAvIra kA vibhajyavAda anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda ke rUpa meM Age bar3ha gyaa| mahAvIra ne isa dRSTi para bahuta bhAra diyA, jabaki buddha ne yathAvasara usakA prayoga to kara liyA parantu use vizeSa mahattva na diyaa| buddha ke vibhajyavAda aura mahAvIra ke anekAntavAda meM kitanI adhika samAnatA hai, ise samajhane ke lie kucha udAharaNa diye jAte haiM : jayantI-bhagavan ! sonA acchA hai yA jAganA ? mahAvIra-jayanti ! kucha jIvoM kA sonA acchA hai aura kucha jIvoM kA jAganA acchA hai / jayantI-yaha kaise? mahAvIra-jo jIva adharmI haiM, adharmAnuga haiM, adharmiSTha haiM, adharmAkhyAyI haiM, adharmapralokI haiM, adharmapraraJjana haiM, adharmasamAcAra haiM, adhArmika vRttiyukta haiM ve sote raheM, yahI acchA hai, kyoMki yadi ve sote raheMge to aneka jIvoM ko pIr3A nahIM hogii| isa prakAra ve sva, para aura ubhaya ko adhArmika kriyA meM nahIM lagAeMge, ataeva unakA sonA acchA hai / jo jIva dhArmika haiM, dharmAnuga haiM, yAvat dhArmika vRttivAle haiM unakA jAganA acchA hai, kyoMki ve aneka jIvoM ko sukha dete haiN| sva, para aura ubhaya ko dhArmika kArya meM lagAte haiM / ataeva unakA jAganA acchA hai| ___jayantI-bhagavan ! balavAn honA acchA hai yA nirbala honA ? mahAvIra-jayanti ! kucha jIvoM kA balavAn honA acchA hai aura kucha jIvoM kA nirbala honA acchA hai / .

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sApekSavAda jayantI-yaha kaise ? mahAvIra-jo jIva adhArmika haiM yAvat adhArmika vRttivAle haiM unakA nirbala honA acchA hai, kyoMki yadi ve balavAn hoMge to aneka jIvoM ko kaSTa deNge| jo jIva dhArmika haiM yAvat dhArmika vRttivAle haiM unakA balavAn honA acchA hai, kyoMki ve balavAna hone se adhika jIvoM ko sukha deNge|' gautama-bhagavan ! jIva sakampa haiM yA niSkampa ? mahAvIra-gautama ! jIva sakampa bhI haiM aura niSkampa bhii| gautama--yaha kaise ? mahAvIra-jIva do prakAra ke haiM : saMsArI aura mukta / mukta jIva do prakAra ke haiM : anantara siddha aura parampara siddha / parampara siddha niSkampa haiM aura anantara siddha sakampa / saMsArI jIvoM ke bhI do bheda haiM : zailezI aura ashaileshii| zailezI jIva niSkampa hote haiM aura azailezI sakampa / gautama-jIva savIrya haiM yA avIrya / mahAvIra-jIva savIrya bhI haiM aura avIrya bhii| gautama-yaha kaise ? mahAvIra-jIva do prakAra ke haiM : saMsArI aura mukta / mukta to avIrya haiN| saMsArI jIva do prakAra ke haiM : zailezIpratipatra aura azailezIpratipanna / zailezIpratipanna jIva labdhivIrya kI apekSA se savIrya haiM aura karaNavIrya kI apekSA se avIrya haiN| 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 12.2.443. 2. vahI, 25. 4.

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340 jaina dharma-darzana azailezIpratipanna jIva labdhivIrya kI apekSA se savIrya haiM aura karaNavIrya kI apekSA se savIrya bhI haiM aura avIrya bhii| jo jIva parAkrama karate haiM ve karaNavIrya kI apekSA se savIrya haiN| jo jIva parAkrama nahIM karate ve karaNavIrya kI apekSA se avIrya haiN|' gautama-yadi koI yaha kahe ki maiM sarvaprANa, sarvabhUta, sarvajIva, sarvasattva kI hiMsA kA pratyAkhyAna (tyAga) karatA hUM to usakA yaha pratyAkhyAna supratyAkhyAna hai yA duSpratyAkhyAna ? mahAvIra-kathaMcit supratyAkhyAna hai aura kathaMcit duSpratyAkhyAna hai| gautama-yaha kaise? mahAvIra--jo yaha nahIM jAnatA ki ye jIva haiM aura ye ajIva, ye sa haiM aura ye sthAvara, usakA pratyAkhyAna duSpratyAkhyAna hai / vaha mRSAvAdI hai| jo yaha jAnatA hai ki ye jIva haiM aura ye ajIva, ye trasa haiM aura ye sthAvara, usakA pratyAkhyAna supratyAkhyAna hai| vaha satyavAdI hai| mahAvIra kI dRSTi kA patA lagAne ke lie ye saMvAda kAphI haiM / buddha ne ArAdhanA ko lekara jisa prakAra vibhAjanapUrvaka uttara diyA, mahAvIra ne bhI ThIka usI zailI se apane ziSyoM kI zaMkA kA samAdhAna kiyaa| jo prazna pUchA gayA usakA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA ki isa prazna kA kyA artha hai| kisa dRSTi se isakA kyA uttara diyA jA sakatA hai| jitanI dRSTiyA~ sAmane AI utanI dRSTiyoM se prazna kA samAdhAna kiyA gyaa| eka 1. vahI, 1. 8. 72. 2. vahI, 7. 2. 170.

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sApekSavAda 341 dRSTi se aisA ho bhI sakatA hai, dUsarI dRSTi se socane para aisA nahIM bhI ho sktaa| ho sakatA hai vaha kaise, aura nahIM ho sakatA hai vaha kaise ? praznottara kI yaha zailI vicAroM ko sulajhAnevAlI zailI hai / isa zailI se kisI vastu ke aneka pahaluoM kA ThIkaThIka patA laga jAtA hai| usakA vizleSaNa ekAMgI, ekAMzI yA ekAnta nahIM hone pAtA / buddha ne isa dRSTi ko vibhajyavAda kA nAma diyA / isase viparIta dRSTi ko ekAMzavAda khaa| mahAvIra ne isI dRSTi ko anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda khaa| isase viparIta dRSTi ko ekAntavAda kA nAma diyaa| buddha aura buddha ke anuyAyiyoM ne isa dRSTi kA pUrA pIchA nahIM kiyaa| mahAvIra aura unake anuyAyiyoM ne isa dRSTi ko apanI vicAra-sampatti samajhakara usakI pUrI rakSA kI tathA dina-pratidina use khUba bddh'aayaa|) . ekAntavAda aura anekAntavAda : (9) ekAntabAda kisI eka dRSTi kA hI samarthana karatA hai| yaha kabhI sAmAnya yA vizeSa ke rUpa meM milatA hai to kabhI sat yA asat ke rUpa meM / kabhI nirvacanIya yA anirvacanIya ke rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai to kabhI hetu yA ahetu ke rUpa meM / jo loga sAmAnya kA hI samarthana karate haiM ve abhedavAda ko hI jagat kA maulika tatva mAnate haiM aura bheda ko mithyA kahate haiM / usake virodhI rUpa bhedavAda kA samarthana karane vAle isase viparIta satya kA pratipAdana karate haiN| ve abheda ko sarvathA mithyA samajhate haiM aura bheda ko hI ekamAtra pramANa mAnate haiM / sadvAda kA ekAntarUpa se samarthana karane vAle kisI bhI kArya kI utpatti yA vinAza ko vAstavika nahIM mAnate / ve kAraNa aura kArya meM bhada kA darzana nahIM krte| dUsarI ora asadvAda ke samarthaka

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lakSaNAta Apa vizva 342 jaina dharma-darzana haiN| ve pratyeka kArya ko nayA mAnate haiN| kAraNa meM kArya nahIM rahatA, apitu kAraNa se sarvathA bhinna eka nayA hI tattva utpanna hotA hai / kucha ekAntavAdI jagat ko anirvacanIya samajhate haiM / unake mata se jagat na sat hai, na asat hai| dUsare loga jagat kA nirvacana karate haiN| unakI dRSTi se vastu kA nirvacana karanA arthAt lakSaNAdi batAnA asambhava nhiiN| isI taraha hetuvAda aura ahetuvAda bhI Apasa meM TakarAte haiM / hetuvAda kA samarthana karane vAle tarka ke bala para vizvAsa rakhate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki tarka se saba kucha jAnA jA sakatA hai| jagat kA koI bhI padArtha tarka se agamya nhiiN| isa vAda kA virodha karate hue ahetuvAdI kahate haiM ki tarka se tattva kA nirNaya nahIM ho sktaa| tattva tarka se agamya hai| ekAntavAda kI chatrachAyA meM palane vAle ye vAda hamezA jor3e ke rUpa meM milate haiM / jahA~ eka prakAra kA ekAntavAda khar3A hotA hai vahA~ usakA virodhI ekAntavAda turanta mukAbale meM khar3A ho jAtA hai| donoM kI Takkara prArambha hote dera nahIM lgtii| yaha ekAntavAda kA svabhAva hai| isake binA ekAntavAda panapa hI nahIM sktaa| ekAntavAda ke isa pArasparika zatrutApUrNa vyavahAra ko dekhakara kucha logoM ke mana meM vicAra AyA ki isa kleza kA mUla kAraNa kyA hai ? satyatA kA dAvA karane vAle pratyeka do virodhI pakSa Apasa meM itane lar3ate kyoM haiM ? yadi donoM pUrNa satya haiM to donoM meM virodha kyoM ? isase mAlUma hotA hai ki donoM pUrNarUpa se satya to nahIM haiM / taba kyA donoM pUrNa mithyA haiM ? aisA bhI nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki ye jisa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karate haiM usakI pratIti avazya hotI hai| binA pratIti ke kisI bhI siddhAnta kA pratipAdana sambhava nhiiN| aisI sthiti

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sApekSavAda meM inakA kyA sthAna hai ? ye donoM aMzataH satya haiM aura aMzataH mithyA / eka pakSa jisa aMza meM saccA hai, dUsarA pakSa usI aMza meM jhUThA hai| isIlie unameM paraspara kalaha hotA hai| eka pakSa samajhatA hai ki maiM pUrA saccA hU~ aura merA pratipakSI bilkula jhUTA hai| dUsarA pakSa bhI ThIka yahI samajhatA hai| yahI kalaha kA mUla kAraNa hai| - jaina darzana isa satya se paricita hai| vaha mAnatA hai ki 'vastu meM aneka dharma haiN| ina dharmoM meM se kisI bhI dharma kA apalApa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jo loga eka dharma kA apalApa karake dUsare dharma kA samarthana karate haiM ve ekAntavAda kI cakkI meM pisa jAte haiN| vastu kathaMcit bhedAtmaka hai, kathaMcit abhedAtmaka hai; kathaMcit satkAryavAda ke antargata hai, kathaMcit asatkAryavAda ke antargata hai; kathaMcit nirvacanIya hai, kathaMcit anirvacanIya hai; kathaMcit . tarkagamya hai, kathaMcit tAMgamya hai| pratyeka dRSTi kI evaM pratyeka dharma kI eka maryAdA hai| usakA ullaMghana na karanA hI satya ke sAtha nyAya karanA hai| jo vyakti isa bAta ko na samajhakara apane Agraha ko jagat kA tattva mAnatA hai vaha bhrama meM hai| use tattva ke pUrNa rUpa ko dekhane kA prayatna karanA caahie| jaba taka vaha apane ekAntavAdI Agraha kA tyAga nahIM karatA taba taka tattva kA pUrNa svarUpa nahIM samajha sakatA / kisI vastu ke eka dharma ko to sarvathA satya mAna lenA aura dUsare dharma ko sarvathA mithyA kahanA vastu kI pUrNatA ko khaMDita karanA hai| paraspara virodhI pratIta honevAle dharma avazya hI eka-dUsare ke virodhI haiM, kintu sampUrNa vastu ke virodhI nahIM haiM vastu to donoM ko samAnarUpa se Azraya detI hai| yahI dRSTi syAdvAda hai, anekAntavAda hai,

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344 jaina dharma-darzana sApekSavAda hai / paraspara virodhI pratIta honevAle dharmoM kA samanvaya kaise ho sakatA hai ? padArtha meM ve kisa DhaMga se rahate haiM ? hamArI pratIti se unakA kyA sAmya hai ? ityAdi praznoM kA AgamoM ke AdhAra para vicAra kareM / nityatA aura anityatA : buddha ke vibhajyavAda kA svarUpa hama dekha cuke haiM / kucha aise prazna haiM jinheM buddha ne avyAkRta kahA hai / ve prazna vibhajyavAda ke antargata nahIM aate| aise praznoM ke viSaya meM buddha ne na 'hA~' kahA, na 'nA' kahA / loka kI nityatA aura anityatA ke viSaya meM bhI buddha kA yahI dRSTikoNa hai / " mahAvIra ne aise praznoM ke viSaya meM mauna dhAraNa karanA ucita na samajhA / unhoMne una praznoM kA vividharUpa se uttara diyA / loka nitya hai yA anitya ? isa prazna kA uttara mahAvIra ne yoM diyA jamAli ! loka zAzvata bhI hai aura azAzvata bhii| tInoM kAloM meM aisA eka bhI samaya nahIM mila sakatA jaba loka na ho, ataeva loka zAzvata hai / loka sadA ekarUpa nahIM rahatA / vaha avasarpiNI aura utsarpiNI meM badalatA rahatA hai| ataeva loka azAzvata bhI hai / mahAvIra ne prastuta prazna kA do dRSTiyoM se uttara diyA hai| 1. majjhimanikAya, cUlamAlaMkyasutta. 2. asAsae coe jamAlI ! jao osappiNI bhavitA ussappiNI saba usrANi bhavitA osapiNI bhavai / - bhagavatIsUtra, 6.6.387.

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sApekSavAda 345 loka hamezA kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM rahatA hai, isalie vaha nitya hai-dhruva hai-zAzvata hai-aparivartanazIla hai| loka hamezA ekarUpa nahIM rhtaa| kabhI usameM sukha kI mAtrA bar3ha jAtI hai to kabhI duHkha kI mAtrA adhika ho jAtI hai / kAlabheda se loka meM vividharUpatA AtI rahatI hai| ataH loka anitya hai, azAzvata hai, asthira hai, parivartanazIla hai, adhruva hai, kSaNika hai| sAntatA aura anantatA : loka kI sAntatA aura anantatA ke prazna ko lekara bhI mahAvIra ne isI prakAra kA samAdhAna kiyaa| . loka cAra prakAra se jAnA jAtA hai-dravya se, kSetra se, kAla se aura bhAva se| dravya kI apekSA se loka eka hai aura sAnta hai| kSetra kI apekSA se loka asaMkhyAta yojana koTAkoTi vistAra aura asaMkhyAta yojana koTAkoTi parikSepa pramANa kahA gayA hai / isalie kSetra kI apekSA se loka sAnta hai| kAla kI apekSA se koI kAla aisA nahIM jaba loka na ho, ataHloka dhruva hai, nitya hai, zAzvata hai, akSaya hai, avyaya hai, avasthita hai| usakA anta nahIM hai| bhAva kI apekSA se loka ke ananta varNaparyAya, gandhaparyAya, rasaparyAya, sparzaparyAya haiN| ananta saMsthAnaparyAya haiM, ananta gurulaghuparyAya haiM, ananta agurulaghuparyAya haiN| usakA koI anta nhiiN| isalie loka dravyadRSTi se sAnta hai, kSetra dRSTi se sAnta hai, kAladRSTi se ananta hai, bhAvadRSTi se ananta haiN|' loka kI sAntatA aura anantatA kA cAra dRSTiyoM se 1. evaM khalu mae khaMdayA ! cauvihe loe pannate, taMjahA-davyA khetto kAlo bhaavo| davao NaM ege loe saaMte / khettao

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jaina dharma-darzana vicAra kiyA gayA hai / dravya kI dRSTi se loka sAnta hai, kyoMki vaha saMkhyA meM eka hai| kSetra kI dRSTi se bhI loka sAnta hai, kyoMki sakala AkAza meM ke kucha kSetra meM hI loka hai| vaha kSetra asaMkhyAta koTAkoTi yojana kI paridhi meM hai| kAla kI dRSTi se loka ananta hai, kyoMki vartamAna, bhUta aura bhaviSyat kA koI kSaNa aisA nahIM jisameM loka kA astitva na ho| bhAva kI dRSTi se bhI loka ananta hai, kyoMki eka loka ke ananta paryAya haiM / mahAvIra ne sAntatA aura anantatA kA apanI dRSTi se upayukta samAdhAna kiyaa| buddha ne sAntatA aura anantatA donoM ko avyAkRta koTi meM rkhaa|| . buddha ne jIva kI nityatA aura anityatA ke prazna ko bhI avyAkRta koTi meM rkhaa| mahAvIra ne isa prazna kA syAdvAda dRSTi se samAdhAna kiyaa| unhone mokSa-prApti ke lie isa prakAra ke praznoM kA jJAna bhI Avazyaka maanaa| AcArAMga ke prArambhika kucha vAkyoM se isa bAta kA patA lagatA hai-jaba taka yaha mAlUma na ho jAya ki maiM arthAt merA jIva eka gati se NaM loe asaMkhejjAo joynnkoddaakoddiio| AyAmavikkhaMbheNaM asaMkhejjAo joynnkoddaakoddiio| parikkheveNaM pnnttaa| atthi puNa saaMte / kAlao NaM loe Na kayAvi na AsI, na kayAvi na bhavati, na kayAvi na bhavissati, bhavisu ya bhavati ya bhavissai ya, dhuve Nitie sAsate akkhae anvA avaTThie Nicce, Nasthi puNa se aNte| bhAvao NaM loe aNatA vaNNapajjavA * gadha0 rasa0 phAsapajjavA, aNaMtA saMThANapajjavA, aNatA guru ya lahu ya paujavA, aNatA aguru ya lahu ya pAjavA, nasthi puNa se aNte| se taM kha dagA ! davao loe saaMte, khettao loe sate, kAlato loe aNate, bhAvao loe aNate / -bhagavatIsUtra, 2.1.60..

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sApekSavAda dUsarI gati meM jAtA hai, jIva kahA~ se AyA, kauna thA aura kahA~ jAegA, taba taka koI jIva AtmavAdI nahIM ho sakatA, lokavAdI nahIM ho sakatA, karmavAdI nahIM ho sakatA aura kriyAvAdI nahIM ho sktaa| ye saba bAteM mAlUma hone para hI jIva AtmavAdI, lokavAdI, karmavAdI aura kriyAvAdI bana sakatA hai|' jIva kI zAzvatatA aura azAzvatatA ke lie nimna saMvAda dekhie gautama-bhagavan ! jIva zAzvata hai yA azAzvata ? mahAvIra-gautama ! jIva kisI dRSTi se zAzvata hai, kisI dRSTi se azAzvata hai / gautama ! dravyAthika dRSTi se zAzvata hai, bhAvArthika dRSTi se azAzvata hai| dravyadRSTi abhedavAdI hai aura paryAya dRSTi bhedavAdI hai| dravyadRSTi se jIva nitya hai aura paryAyadRSTi arthAt bhAvadRSTi 1. ihamegesi no sannA bhavaI taMjahA-purasthimAo vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi, dAhiNAo vA........... Agao ahamasi / evamegesi no nAyaM bhavai-asthi me AyA uvvaaie| naritha me AyA uvavAie / ke ahaM AsI, ke vA io cuo iha peccA bhavissAmi ? se jaM puNa jANejjA sahasammaiyAe paravAgaraNeNaM anesi vA antie soccA taMjahA-purathimAo....... ....asthi me AyA ........se AyAvAI, logAvAI, kammAvAI, kiriyAvAI / ~AcArAMga, 1.1.1.2.3. 2. jIvANaM bhaMte ! ki sAsayA asAsayA? goyamA ! jIvA siya sAsayA siya asaasyaa| goyanA ! davaTThayAe sAsayA bhAvaLyAe asAsayA / -bhagavatIsUtra, 7. 2. 273.

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348 jaina dharma-darzana se jIva anitya hai / jIva meM jIvatva sAmAnya kA kabhI abhAva nahIM hotA / vaha kisI bhI avasthA meM ho-jIva hI rahatA hai, ajIva nahIM hotA / yaha dravyadRSTi hai / isa dRSTi se jIva nitya hai / jIva kisI-na-kisI paryAya meM rahatA hai / eka paryAya ko chor3akara dUsarI paryAya grahaNa karatA rahatA hai / isa dRSTi se vaha azAzvata hai- anitya hai / jIva sAmAnya kI nityatA- anityatA ke atirikta nArakAdi jIvoM kI nityatA-anityatA kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai : bhagavan ! nAraka zAzvata haiM yA azAzvata ? gautama ! kathaMcit zAzvata haiM: kathaMcit azAzvata haiM / bhagavan ! yaha kaise ? gautama ! avyucchittinaya kI apekSA se zAzvata haiM, vyucchittinaya kI apekSA se azAzvata haiM / isI prakAra vaimAnika devoM ke viSaya meM bhI samajhanA cAhie / ' avyucchittinaya kA artha hai dravyArthika naya aura vyucchittinaya kA artha hai paryAyArthika naya / jaise jIva sAmAnya ko dravya kI apekSA se nitya kahA gayA hai vaise hI nArakAdi jIvoM ko bhI jIva dravya kI apekSA se nitya kahA gayA hai| jaise jIva sAmAnya ko narakAdi gatirUpa paryAyoM kI apekSA se anitya kahA 1. neraiyA NaM bhaMte ! kiM sAsayA asAsayA ? goyamA ! siya sAsayA siya asAsayA / se keNaTThaNaM bhaMte ! evaM vuccai ? goyamA ! avvocchittiNaya yAe sAsayA, vocchittiNayaTTyAe asAsayA / evaM jAva vemANiyA / vahI, 7. 3. 276, 0..

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sApekSavAda 346 gayA hai vaise hI nAraka jIva ko bhI nArakAdi paryAyoM kI apekSA se anitya kahA gayA hai|| jIva kI nityatA viSayaka sthiti ko adhika spaSTatApUrvaka samajhane ke lie eka aura saMvAda kA ullekha karate haiN| mahAvIra jamAli ko yaha bAta samajhA rahe haiM : tInoM kAloM meM aisA koI kSaNa nahIM, jaba ki jIva na ho| isIlie jIva dhruva hai, nitya hai, zAzvata hai"| jIva nArakAvasthA kA tyAga kara tithaMca avasthA ko prApta karatA hai, tiyaMca miTa kara manuSya hotA hai, manuSya se deva hotA hai| ina vibhinna bhavasthAoM kI dRSTi se jIva anitya hai| eka avasthA kA tyAga aura dUsarI avasthA kA grahaNa anityatA ke binA nahIM ho sktaa|' loka kI nityatA-anityatA ke lie jo hetu diyA gayA hai, ThIka vahI hetu yahA~ para bhI upasthita kiyA gayA hai| tInoM kAloM meM jIva jIvarUpa meM rahatA hai, ataH vaha nitya hai| usakI vividha avasthAe~ parivartita hotI rahatI haiM, isalie vaha anitya hai| buddha kA jIva kI sAntatA aura anantatA ke viSaya meM vahI dRSTikoNa hai jo nityatA aura anityatA ke viSaya meM thaa| mahAvIra ne isa viSaya kA apanI dRSTi se pratipAdana kiyaa| 1. sAsae jIve jamAlI ! jaM na kayAi NAsI, No kayAvi na bhavati, Na kayAvi Na bhavissaI, bhuvi ca bhavaI ya bhavissAha ya, dhuve Nitie sAsae akkhae avvara avaTThie Nicce / asAsae jIve jamAlI! jannaM neraie bhavittA tirikkhanoNie bhavai, tirikkhajoNie bhavittA maNusse bhavai, maNusse bhavitA deve bhvi| -bhagavatIsUtra, 6. 6. 357; 1. 4. 42.

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350 jaina dharma-darzana jIva sAnta bhI hai aura ananta bhI hai| dravya kI dRSTi se jIva sAnta hai| kSetra kI apekSA se jIva asaMkhyAta pradeza vAlA hai, ata. vaha sAnta hai| kAla kI dRSTi se jIva hamezA hai, isalie vaha ananta hai / bhAva kI apekSA se jIva ke ananta jJAnaparyAya haiM, ananta darzanaparyAya haiM, ananta cAritraparyAya haiM, ananta agurulaghuparyAya haiM / isalie vaha ananta hai|' dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ina cAra daSTiyoM se jIva kI sAntatA-anantatA kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| dravya aura kSetra kI dRSTi se jIva sImita hai, ataH sAnta hai| kAla aura bhAva kI dRSTi se jIva asImita hai, ataH ananta hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki jIva kathaMcit sAnta hai, kathaMcit ananta hai / - dravya kA sabase choTA aMza, jisakA puna: vibhAga na ho sake, paramANu hai| paramANu ke cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiM-dravyaparamANu, kSetraparamANu, kAlaparamANu aura bhAvaparamANu / varNAdiparyAya kI vivakSA ke binA jo sUkSmatama dravya hai vaha dravyaparamANu hai| ise pudgalaparamANu bhI kahate haiN| AkAza 1. je vi ya khaMdayA ! jIve saste jIve aNaMte jIve, tassa vi ya gaM eyamajhe-evaM khalu jAva davyo NaM ege jIve saaMte, khettao NaM jIve asaMkhejjapae sie asaMkhejjapaesogAde asthi puNa se aMte, kAlao NaM jIve na kayAvi na Asi jAva nicce natthi puNa se aMte, bhAvao NaM jIve aNaMtA NANapajjavA, azaMtA daMsaNapajjavA, aNaMtA carittapaujavA, aNaMtA agurulahuyapajja vA natthi puNa se aNte| --bhagavatIsUtra, 2.1.60. 2. goyamA ! cadunvihe paramANu pannatte taMjahA-davaparamANu, khenapara mANa, kAlaparamANu, bhAvaparamANa / --vahI, 20. 5.

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sApekSavAda 351 davya kA sUkSmatama pradeza kSetraparamANu hai| samaya kA sUkSmatama pradeza kAlaparamANu hai| dravya-paramANu meM varNAdiparyAya kI vivakSA hone para jisa paramANu kA grahaNa hotA hai vaha bhAvaparamANa hai| ___ jaina darzana ke atirikta anya bhAratIya darzana ( vaizeSika Adi ) dravya-paramANu ko ekAnta nitya mAnate haiN| ve usameM tanika bhI parivartana nahIM maante| paramANu kA kArya anitya ho sakatA hai, paramANu svayaM nhiiN| __ mahAvIra ne isa siddhAnta ko nahIM maanaa| unhoMne apane amogha astra syAdvAda kA yahA~ bhI prayoga kiyA aura paramANu ko nitya aura anitya donoM prakAra kA mAnA : bhagavan ! paramANu-pudgala zAzvata hai yA azAzvata ? gautama ! syAd zAzvata hai. syAd azAzvata hai| yaha kaise ? gautama ! dravyAthika dRSTi se zAzvata hai| varNaparyAya yAvat / sparzaparyAya kI dRSTi se azAzvata hai|' ___ anyatra bhI pudgala kI nityatA kA pratipAdana karate hue yahI bAta kahI ki dravyadRSTi se pudgala nitya hai| unhoMne spaSTa kahA ki tInoM kAloM meM aisA koI kSaNa nahIM jisa samaya pudgala pudgalarUpa meM na ho| isI prakAra pudgala kI 1. paramANupoggale NaM bhaMte ! ki sAsae asAsae ? goyamA ! siya sAsae siya asAsae / se keNaTheNaM.....? goyamA ! danvaTThayAe sAsae, vanapajja vehiM jAva phAsapajjavehi asaase| --vahI, 14.4.512. 2. vahI, 1.4.42. sparzaparyAya kA pudgala kITa se pudgala kSaNa nahIM

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352 jaina dharma-darzana anityatA kA bhI paryAyadRSTi se pratipAdana kiyaa| gautama aura mahAvIra ke saMvAda ke ina zabdoM ko dekhie places bhagavan ! kyA yaha sambhava hai ki atIta kAla meM kisI eka samaya meM jo pudgala rUkSa ho vahI anya samaya meM arUkSa ho ? kyA vaha eka hI samaya meM eka deza se rUkSa aura dUsare deza se arUkSa ho sakatA hai ? kyA yaha bhI sambhava hai ki svabhAva se yA anya prayoga ke dvArA kisI pudgala meM aneka varNapariNAma ho jAyeM aura vaisA pariNAma naSTa hokara bAda meM eka varNapariNAma bhI ho jAya ? hA~, gautama ! yaha sambhava hai / ' isa prakAra mahAvIra ne paramANu nityavAda kA khaNDana kiyaa| unhoMne aise paramANu kI sattA mAnane se inakAra kara diyA jo ekAnta nitya ho / jaise paramANu ke kArya ghaTAdi meM parivartana hotA hai aura vaha anitya hai, usI prakAra paramANu bhI anitya hai / donoM kA samAnarUpa se nityAnitya svabhAva hai / ekatA aura anekatA : mahAvIraM pratyeka dravya meM ekatA aura anekatA donoM dharma mAnate haiM / jIva dravya kI ekatA aura anekatA kA pratipAdana karate hue unhoMne kahA - 'somila ! dravyadRSTi se maiM eka hU~ / jJAna aura darzana kI dRSTi se maiM do hU~ / na badalane vAle pradezoM 1. esa NaM bhaMte ! poggale tItamanaMtaM sAsayaM samayaM lukkhI samayaM alukkhI samayaM lukkhI vA alukkhI vA ? puvvi ca NaM karaNeNaM agavanna aNegarUvaM pariNAmaM pariNamati, aha se pariNAme nijjine bhavati tao pacchA egavanne egarUve siyA ? daMtA gauyamA ! ...... egarU ve siyaa| vahI, 14.4.510.

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sApekSavAda 353 kI dRSTi se maiM akSaya hU~, avyaya hUM, avasthita huuN| badalate rahane vAle upayoga kI dRSTi se maiM aneka huuN|" ___isI prakAra ajIva dravya kI ekatA aura anekatA kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue unhoMne kahA-'gautama ! dharmAstikAya dravya dRSTi se eka hai, isalie vaha sarvastoka hai| vahI dharmAstikAya pradezoM kI apekSA se asaMkhyAtaguNa bhI hai|'2 isI prakAra adharmAstikAya, AkAza Adi dravyadRSTi se eka aura pradezadRSTi se aneka haiN| paraspara virodhI mAne jAne vAle dharmoM kA eka hI dravya meM avirodhI samanvaya karanA anekAntavAda kI dena hai| asti aura nAsti : buddha ne 'asti' aura 'nAsti' donoM ko mAnane se inakAra kiyaa| saba hai, aisA kahanA eka anta hai / saba nahIM hai, aisA kahanA dUsarA anta hai| ina donoM antoM ko chor3akara tathAgata madhyama mArga kA upadeza dete haiN| mahAvIra ne 'sarvamasti' aura 1. somilA ! damvaTThayAe ege ahaM, nANadaMsaNaThThayAe duvihe ahaM, paesaThThayAe akkhae vi ahaM, avvae vi ahaM, aTThie vi ahaM, uvaogaTThayAe aNega yabhAva bhavie vi ahaM / -vahI,1.8.1.. 2. goyamA ! samvatthove ege dhammasthikAe davaTThayAe, se ceva paesa yAe asNkhejjgunne..| samvatthove poggalatyikAe davaTThayAe, se ceva paesaTThayAe asNkhejjgunne| -prajJApanA, 3.56. 3. savvaM atthIti kho brAhmaNa aya eko ante / ... savvaM natthIti kho brAhmaNa ayaM dutiyo anto| ete te brAhmaNa ubho ante anupagamma majjhena tathAgato dhamma dese tiavajApaMcayA sakhArA......! --saMyuttanikAya, 12.47,

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654 jaina dharma-darzana 'sarvaM nAsti' ina donoM siddhAntoM kI parIkSA kii| parIkSA karake kahA ki jo asti hai vahI asti hai aura jo nAsti hai vahI nAsti hai / unhIM ke zabdoM meM- 'hama asti ko nAsti nahIM kahate, nAsti ko asti nahIM khte| hama jo asti hai use asti kahate haiM, jo nAsti hai use nAsti kahate haiM / " asti aura nAsti donoM pariNamanazIla haiN| yaha bAta bhI mahAvIra ne svIkAra kii| AtmA meM astitva aura nAstitva donoM ke pariNamana kA siddhAnta sthApita kiyA / isa prakAra asti aura nAsti ke sambandha meM bhI anekAnta dRSTi kI sthApanA kI / 2 'asti' aura 'nAsti' ko mAnane vAle do ekAntavAdI pakSa haiN| eka pakSa kahatA hai ki saba sat hai- 'sarvamasti' | dUsarA 1. no khalu vayaM devANu piyA ! asthibhAvaM natyitti vadAmo, natthibhAvaM asthiti vadAmo / amhe gaM devANupiyA ! savva asthibhAva athitti vadAmI, savvaM natthibhAvaM natthitti vadAmI | - bhagavatIsUtra, 7.10.304. pariNamai, natthitaM natthitte "pariNamai / japaNaM bhaMte ! atthittaM atthitaM pariNamai natthittaM natthite pariNamai, taM ki paogasA vIsasA ? 2. se nUNaM bhaMte! atthitta atthita pariNamai ? haMtA goyamA gomA ! paogasA vi taM vIsA vitaM / jahA te bhaMte! atthitaM asthittaM pariNama, tahA te nasthittaM natthitte pariNamad ? jahA te natthittaM natthitta pariNamai tahA te atthitaM atthite pariNamai ? haMtA goyamA ! jahA meM asthittaM * pariNamai / - vahI, 1.3.33.

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355 sApekSavAda kahatA hai ki saba asat hai-'sarve nAsti' / buddha ne ina donoM pakSoM ko ekAntavAdI kahA, yaha ThIka hai, kintu unhoMne unakA sarvathA tyAga kara diyaa| usa tyAga ko unhoMne madhyama mArga kA nAma diyA / buddha kA yaha mArga niSedhapradhAna hai| mahAvIra ne donoM pakSoM kA niSedha na karake vidhirUpa se anekAntavAda dvArA samarthana kiyaa| unhoMne kahA ki 'saba sat hai', yaha ekAnta dRSTikoNa ThIka nhiiN| isI prakAra 'saba asat hai, yaha ekAnta dRSTi bhI ucita nhiiN| jo sat hai, usI ko sat mAnanA caahie| jo asat hai, usI ko asat mAnanA caahie| sat aura asatasti aura nAsti ke bheda ko sarvathA lupta nahIM karanA caahie| saba apane dravya, kSetra Adi kI apekSA se sat hai, para dravya, kSetra Adi kI apekSA se asat hai| sat aura asat kA vivekapUrvaka samarthana karanA caahie| jo jisa rUpa se sat ho, use usI rUpa se sat mAnanA caahie| jo jisa rUpa se asat ho, use usI rUpa se asat mAnanA caahie| sat aura asat ke isa bheda ko samajhe binA ekAntarUpa se sabako sat yA asat kahanA doSapUrNa hai| ___ uparyukta vivecana se yaha bAta mAlUma ho jAtI hai ki eka aura aneka, nitya aura anitya, sAnta aura ananta, sad aura asad dharmoM kA anekAntavAda ke AdhAra para kisa prakAra samanvaya ho sakatA hai| yaha samajhanA bhUla hai ki anekAntavAda svatantra dRSTi na hokara do ekAntavAdoM ko milAne vAlI eka mizrita dRSTi mAtra hai| vastu kA ThIka-ThIka svarUpa samajhane ke lie anekAnta dRSTi hI upayukta hai| yaha eka vilakSaNa va svatantra dRSTi hai, jisameM vastu kA pUrNa svarUpa pratibhAsita hotA hai| kevala do ekAntavAdoM ko milA dene se anekAntavAda nahIM

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356 naina dharma-darzana bana sakatA, kyoMki do ekAntavAda kabhI ekarUpa nahIM ho sakate / ve hamezA eka-dUsare ke virodhI hote haiN| syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda eka akhaNDa dRSTi hai, jisameM vastu ke sabhI dharma nirvirodha rUpa se pratibhAsita hote haiN| AgamoM meM syAdvAda: yaha vivecana par3ha lene ke bAda isameM to tanika bhI sandeha nahIM rahatA ki syAdvAda kA bIja jainAgamoM meM maujUda hai| jagahajagaha 'siya sAsayA', 'siya asAsayA'-syAt zAzvata, syAt azAzvata Adi kA prayoga dekhane ko milatA hai| isase yaha siddha hai ki AgamoM meM 'syAt' zabda prayukta huA hai| yahA~ para eka prazna hai ki kyA AgamoM meM 'syAdvAda' isa pUre pada kA prayoga huA hai ? sUtrakRtAMga kI eka gAthA meM se 'syAdvAda' aisA pada nikAlane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai|' gAthA isa prakAra hai : no chAyae no vi ya lUsaejjA mANaM na sevejja pagAsaNaM ca / na yAvi panne parihAsa kujjA na yAsiyAvAya viyAgarejjA // 1.14. 16. isakA jo 'na yAsiyAvAya' aMza hai usake lie TIkAkAra ne 'na cAzAdi' aisA saMskRta rUpa diyA hai| jo isa gAthA meM se 'syAdvAda' pada nikAlanA cAhate haiM unake matAnusAra 'na cAsyAdvAda' aisA rUpa honA caahie| AcArya hemacandra ke niyamoM ke anusAra 'AziS' zabda kA prAkRta rUpa 'AsI' hotA hai| hemacandra ne 'AsIyA' aisA eka dUsarA rUpa bhI diyA hai / / 1. orieNTala konphareMsa-navama adhivezana kI kAryavAhI ( DA0 e. ena0 upAdhye kA mata ), pR0 671. 2. prAkRta-vyAkaraNa, 8. 2. 174.

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sApekSavAda 'syAdvAda' ke lie prAkRta rUpa 'siyAvAo' hai|' isake lie eka aura hetu diyA gayA hai ki yadi isa 'siyAvAo' zabda para dhyAna diyA jAya to uparyukta gAthA meM asyAvAda vacana ke prayoga kA hI niSedha mAnanA ThIka hogA, kyoMki yadi TIkAkAra ke matAnusAra AzIrvAda vacana ke prayoga kA niSedha mAnA jAya to kathAnakoM meM jo 'dharmalAbha' rUpa AzIrvAda kA prayoga milatA hai vaha asaMgata siddha hogaa| yaha hetu vizeSa mahattva nahIM rkhtaa| 'dharmalAbha' ko AzIrvAda kahanA ThIka vaisA hI hai jaisA mukti kI abhilASA ko rAga khnaa| jo loga mokSAvasthA ko sukharUpa nahIM mAnate haiM ve sukharUpa mAnane vAle dArzanikoM ke sAmane yaha doSa rakhate haiM ki sukha kI abhilASA to rAga hai aura rAga bandhana kA kAraNa hai, na ki mokSa kA, ataH mokSa sukharUpa nahIM ho sktaa| sukha kI abhilASA ko jo rAga kahA gayA hai vaha sAMsArika sukha kI dRSTi se hai, na ki mokSarUpa zAzvata sukha kI dRSTi se / isa siddhAnta se aparicita loga hI mokSa kI abhilASA ko rAga kahate haiN| AzIrvAda bhI sAMsArika aizvarya aura sukha kI prApti ke lie hI hotA hai| dharma ke lie koI AzIrvAda nahIM hotaa| 'dharmalAbha' yA 'dharma kI jaya' AzIrvAda nahIM hai / yaha to satya kI abhivyakti hai-satyapatha kA nidarzana hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki uparyukta hetu meM koI khAsa bala nahIM hai| vyAkaraNa ke prayogoM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para sambhavataH 'na cAsyAdvAda' pada kA aucitya siddha ho sakatA hai| jo kucha bhI ho, yaha to nirvivAda siddha hai ki 'syAt' pUrvaka vacana 1. vahI, 8. 2. 107.

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358 jaina dharma-darzana prayoga AgamoM meM dekhe jAte haiM / 'syAdvAda' aisA akhaNDa prayoga na bhI mile, to bhI syAdvAda siddhAnta AgamoM meM maujUda hai, ise koI inakAra nahIM kara sktaa| anekAntavAda aura syAvAda : __jaina darzana eka vastu meM ananta dharma mAnatA hai| ina dharmoM meM se vyakti apane icchita dharmoM kA samaya-samaya para kathana karatA hai| vastu ke jitane dharmoM kA kathana ho sakatA hai, ve saba dharma vastu ke andara rahate haiN| aisA nahIM ki vyakti apanI icchA se una dharmoM kA padArtha para Aropa karatA hai| ananta yA aneka dharmoM ke kAraNa hI vastu anantadharmAtmaka yA anekAntAtmaka kahI jAtI hai| ___anekAntAtmaka vastu kA kathana karane ke lie 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga karanA par3atA hai| 'syAt' kA artha hai kathaMcit / kisI eka dRSTi se vastu isa prakAra kI kahI jA sakatI hai| dUsarI dRSTi se vastu kA kathana isa prakAra ho sakatA hai| yadyapi vastu meM ye saba dharma haiM, kintu isa samaya hamArA dRSTikoNa isa dharma kI ora hai, isalie vastu etadrUpa pratibhAsita ho rahI hai| vastu kevala etadrUpa hI nahIM hai, apitu usake anya rUpa bhI haiM, isa satya ko abhivyakta karane ke lie 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| isa 'syAt' zabda ke prayoga ke kAraNa hI hamArA vacana 'syAdvAda' kahalAtA hai| 'syAt' pUrvaka jo 'vAda' arthAt vacana hai-kathana hai vaha 'syAdvAda' hai / isIlie yaha kahA gayA hai ki anekAntAtmaka artha kA kathana syAdvAda' hai|' 'syAdvAda' ko 'anekAntavAda' bhI kahate haiN| isakA kAraNa 1. anekAntAtmakArthakathanaM syAdvAdaH / -laghIyastrayaTIkA, 62.

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sApekSavAda 356 yaha hai ki 'syAdvAda' se jisa padArtha kA kathana hotA hai vaha anekAntAtmaka hai / anekAntAtmaka artha kA kathana hI 'anekAntavAda' hai / 'syAt' yaha avyaya 'anekAnta' kA dyotaka hai, isIlie 'syAdvAda' ko 'anekAntavAda' kahate haiM / ' 'syAdvAda' aura 'anekAntavAda' donoM eka hI haiN| 'syAdvAda' meM 'syAt' zabda kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai / 'anekAntavAda' meM 'anekAnta ' dharma kI mukhyatA rahatI hai / 'sthAt' zabda 'anekAnta' kA dyotaka hai, 'anekAnta' ko abhivyakta karane ke lie 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / yaha spaSTIkaraNa isalie hai ki jaina granthoM meM kahIM syAdvAda zabda AyA hai to kahIM anekAntavAda zabda kA prayoga huA hai / jaina dArzanikoM ne ina donoM zabdoM kA eka hI artha meM prayoga kiyA hai / ina donoM zabdoM ke pIche eka hI hetu rahA huA hai aura vaha hai vastu kI anekAntAtmakatA / yaha anekAntAtmakatA anekAntavAda zabda se bhI prakaTa hotI haiM aura syAdvAda zabda se bhii| vaise dekhA jAya to syAdvAda zabda adhika prAcIna mAlUma hotA hai, kyoMki AgamoM meM 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga dekhane meM AtA hai / jahA~ vastu kI anekarUpatA kA pratipAdana karanA hotA hai vahA~ 'siya' zabda kA prayoga sAdhAraNa-sI bAta hai / anekAntavAda zabda para dArzanika puTa kI pratIti hotI hai, kyoMki yaha zabda ekAntavAda ke virodhI pakSa ko sUcita karatA hai / syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI : (7) yaha hama dekha cuke haiM ki syAdvAda ke mUla meM do virodhI dharma 1. syAdityavyayamanekAntadyotakaM tataH syAdvAdo'nekAntavAdaH / - syAdvAdamaJjarI, 5 .

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360 jana dharma-darzana rahate haiN| ina do virodhI dharmoM kA apekSA-bheda se kathana syAdvAda hai| udAharaNa ke lie hama sat ko lete haiN| pahalA pakSa hai sat kA / jaba sat kA pakSa hamAre sAmane AtA hai to usakA virodhI pakSa asat bhI sAmane AtA hai / mUla rUpa meM ye do pakSa haiM / isake bAda tIsarA pakSa do rUpoM meM A sakatA hai yA to donoM pakSoM kA samarthana karake yA donoM pakSoM kA niSedha karake / jahA~ sat aura asat donoM pakSoM kA samarthana hotA hai vahA~ tIsarA pakSa banatA hai sadasat kA / jahA~ donoM pakSoM kA niSedha hotA hai vahA~ tIsarA pakSa banatA hai anubhaya arthAt na sat na asata / sat, asat, aura anubhaya ina tIna pakSoM kA prAcInatama AbhAsa Rgveda ke nAsadIyasUkta meM milatA hai| upaniSadoM meM do virodhI pakSoM kA samarthana milatA hai| 'tadejati tanejati", 'aNoraNIyAn mahato mahIyAn', 'sadasadvareNyam' Adi vAkyoM meM spaSTarUpa se do virodhI dharma svIkRta kiye gaye haiN| isa parama ke anusAra tIsarA pakSa ubhaya arthAt sadasat kA banatA hai / jahA~ sat aura asat donoM kA niSedha kiyA gayA vahA~ anubhaya kA cauthA pakSa bana gyaa| isa prakAra upaniSadoM meM sat, asat, sadasat aura anubhaya ye cAra pakSa milate haiM / anubhaya pakSa avaktavya ke nAma se bhI prasiddha hai / avaktavya ke tIna artha ho sakate haiM-1. sat aura asat donoM kA niSedha karanA, 2. sat, asat aura sadasat tInoM kA niSedha karanA, 3. sat aura asat donoM ko akrama se arthAt yugapad svIkRta krnaa| 1. IzopaniSad, 5. 2. kaThopaniSad, 1.2.20. 3. muNDakopaniSada, 2.2.1. 4. 'na sannacAsat'-zvetAzvataropaniSad, 4.15.

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sApekSavAda 361 * jahA~ avaktavya kA tIsarA sthAna hai vahA~ sat aura asat donoM kA niSedha samajhanA caahie| jahA~ avaktavya kA cauthA sthAna hai vahA~ sat asat aura sadasat tInoM kA niSedha samajhanA cAhie | sat aura asat donoM kA yugapad pratipAdana karane kI sUjha tarkayuga ke jainAcAryoM kI mAlUma hotI hai / yaha bAta Age spaSTa ho jAegI / avaktavyatA do taraha kI hai- eka sApekSa aura dUsarI nirapekSa / sApekSa avaktavyatA meM isa bAta kI jhalaka hotI hai ki tattva sat, asat aura sadasat rUpa se avAcya hai / itanA hI nahIM apitu nAgAjuna jase mAdhyamika bauddhadarzana ke AcArya ne to sat, asat, padasat aura anubhaya ina cAroM dRSTiyoM se tattva ko avAcya maanaa| unhoMne spaSTa kahA ki vastu catuSkoTivinirmukta hai| isa prakAra sApekSa avaktavyatA eka, do, tIna yA cAro pakSoM ke niSedha para khar3I hotI hai / jahA~ tattva na sat ho sakatA hai, na asat ho sakatA hai, na sat aura asat donoM ho sakatA hai, na anubhaya ho sakatA hai ( ye cAroM pakSa eka sAtha hoM yA bhinna-bhinna ) vahA~ sApekSa avaktavyatA hai / nirapekSa avaktavyatA ke lie yaha bAta nahIM hai / vahA~ to tattva ko sIdhA 'vacana se agamya' kaha diyA jAtA hai / " pakSa ke rUpa meM jo avaktavyatA hai vaha sApekSa avaktavyatA hai, aisA samajhanA cAhie / upaniSadoM meM sat, asat, sadasat aura avaktavya ye cAroM pakSa milate haiM, yaha hama likha cuke haiN| bauddha tripiTaka meM bhI ye cAra pakSa milate haiM / sAntatA aura anantatA, nityatA aura anityatA Adi praznoM ko buddha ne avyAkRta kahA hai / usI 1. yato vAco nivartante /

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362 jaina dharma-darzana prakAra ina cAroM pakSoM ko bhI avyAkRta kahA gayA hai / udAharaNa ke lie nimna prazna avyAkRta haiM : 1. hoti tathAgato paraMmaraNAti ? na hoti tathAgato paraMmaraNAti ? hoti ca na hoti ca tathAgato paraMmaraNAti ? neva hoti na na hoti tathAgato paraMmaraNAti ? 1 2. sayaMkataM dukkhavaMti ? paraMkataM dukkhavaMti ? sayaMkataM paraMkataM ca dukkhavaMti ? asayaMkAra aparaMkAraM dukkhati ? buddha kI taraha saMjayavelaTThiputta bhI isa prakAra ke praznoM kA na 'hA~' meM uttara detA thA, na 'nA' meM / usakA kisI bhI viSaya meM kucha bhI nizcaya na thA / buddha to kama-se-kama itanA kaha dete the ki ye prazna avyAkRta haiM / saMjaya unase bhI eka kadama Age baDhA huA thA / vahana 'hA~' kahatA, na 'nA' kahatA, na avyAkRta. kahatA, na vyAkRta khtaa| kisI bhI prakAra kA vizeSaNa dene meM vaha bhaya khAtA thaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, vaha saMzayavAdI thA / kisI bhI viSaya meM apanA nizcita mata prakaTa na karatA thA / pAzcAtya darzanazAstra meM hyama kA jo sthAna hai, prAyaH vahI sthAna bhAratIya darzanazAstra meM saMjayaveladiputta kA hai| hyUma bhI yahI mAnatA thA ki hamArA jJAna nizcita nahIM hai, isalie hama apane jJAna se kisI antima tattva kA nirNaya nahIM kara sakate / sImita avasthA meM rahate hue sImA se bAhara ke tattva kA nirNaya 1. saMyuttanikAya, 44.1. 2. vahI, 12.17.

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sApavAda 363 karanA hamAre sAmarthya se pare hai| saMjaya ne jina praznoM ke viSaya meM vikSepavAdI vRtti kA paricaya diyA, unameM se kucha ye haiM '--- 1. paraloka hai ? paraloka nahIM hai ? paraloka hai aura nahIM hai ? na paraloka hai aura na nahIM hai ? 2. aupayAtika haiM ? aupayAtika nahIM haiM ? aupayAtika hai aura nahIM hai ? na aupayAtika haiM na nahIM haiM ? 3. sukRta-duSkRta karma kA phala hai ? sukRta-duSkRta karma kA phala nahIM hai ? sukRta-duSkRta karma kA phala hai aura nahIM hai ? sukRta-duSkRta karma kA phala na hai na nahIM hai ? 4, maraNAnantara tathAgata hai ? maraNAnantara tathAgata nahIM hai ? maraNAnantara tathAgata hai aura nahIM hai ? maraNAnantara na tathAgata hai na nahIM hai ? syAdvAda aura saMjaya ke saMzayavAda meM yahI antara hai ki syAdvAda nizcayAtmaka hai, jaba ki saMjaya kA saMzayavAda anizcayAtmaka hai| mahAvIra pratyeka pakSa kA apekSAbheda se nizcita uttara dete the| ve na to buddha kI taraha avyAkRta kahakara TAla diyA karate aura na saMjaya kI taraha anizcaya kA bahAnA bnaate| jo loga syAdvAda ko saMjayavelaTTiputta kA saMzayavAda 1. dIghanikAya-sAmaJaphalasutta.

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jaina dharma-darzana samajhate haiM ve syAdvAda kA svarUpa hI nahIM jaante| jaina darzana ke AcArya bAra-bAra yaha kahate haiM ki syAdvAda saMzayavAda nahIM hai, syAdvAda ajJAnavAda nahIM hai, sthAdvAda asthiravAda yA vikSepavAda nahIM hai / vaha nizcayavAda hai, jJAnavAda hai| upaniSadoM meM va bauddha tripiTaka meM tattva ke viSaya meM cAra pakSa kisa rUpa meM milate haiM, yaha likha cuke / aba hama jaina AgamoM meM milane vAle cAroM pakSoM ko dekheN| isase hameM mAlUma ho jAegA ki bhAratIya darzanazAstra kI paramparA meM ye cAroM pakSa ati prAcIna haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM milane vAle kucha udAharaNa dekhie : [a] 1. AtmArambha 2. parArambha 3. tadubhayArambha 4. anArambha [A] 1. guru 2. laghu 3. gurulaghu 4. agurulaghu 1. satya 3. satyamRSA 2. mRSA 4. asatyamRSA isa vivecana se spaSTa jhalakatA hai ki asti, nAsti, astinAsti aura avaktavya ye cAra bhaMga prAcIna evaM maulika 1. 1.1.17. 2. 1.6.74. 3. 13.7.463.

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sApekSavAda 365 haiN| mahAvIra ne ina cAra bhaMgoM ko adhika mahattva diyA / yadyapi AgamoM meM inase adhika bhaMga bhI milate haiM, tathApi ye cAra bhaMga maulika haiM, ataH inakA adhika mahattva hai / ina bhaMgoM meM avaktavya kA sthAna kahIM tIsarA hai' to kahIM cauthA hai / aisA kyoM ? isakA uttara hama pahale hI de cuke haiM ki jahA~ asti aura Asti ina do bhaMgoM kA niSedha hai vahA~ avaktavya kA tIsarA sthAna hai aura jahA~ asti, nAsti aura astinAsti (ubhaya ) tInoM kA niSedha hai vahA~ avaktavya kA cauthA sthAna hai / ina cAra bhaMgoM ke atirikta anya bhaMga bhI milate haiM kintu ve ina bhaMgoM ke kisI-na-kisI saMyoga se hI banate haiN| ye bhaMga kisa rUpa meM AgamoM meM milate haiM, yaha dekheM / bhaMgoM kA AgamakAlIna rUpa : bhagavatIsUtra ke AdhAra para hama syAdvAda ke bhaMgoM kA svarUpa samajhane kA prayatna kareMge / gautama mahAvIra se pUchate haiM : bhagavan ! ratnaprabhA pRthvI AtmA hai yA anya ? isakA uttara dete hue mahAvIra kahate haiM : 1. ratnaprabhA pRthvI syAt AtmA hai / 2. ratnaprabhA pRthvI syAt AtmA nahIM hai / 3. ratnaprabhA pRthvI syAt avaktavya hai / yaha kaise ? 1. AtmA ke Adeza se AtmA hai / 2. para ke Adeza se AtmA nahIM hai / 3. ubhaya ke Adeza se avaktavya hai / 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 12.10.466. 2. AptamImAMsA, 16.

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jaina dharma-darzana ___ anya pRthviyoM, devalokoM aura siddha zilA ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta kahI gaI hai| paramANu ke viSaya meM pUchane para bhI yahI uttara milaa| dvipradezI skandha ke viSaya meM mahAvIra ne isa prakAra uttara diyA1. dvipradezI skandha syAt AtmA hai|| 2. dvipradezI skandha syAt AtmA nahIM hai / 3. dvipradezI skandha syAta avaktavya hai| 4. dvipradezI skandha syAta AtmA hai aura AtmA nahIM hai| 5. dvipradezI skandha syAt AtmA hai aura avaktavya hai| 6. dvipradezI skandha syAt AtmA nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai / yaha kaise ? 1. dvipradezI skandha AtmA ke Adeza se AtmA hai| 2. para ke Adeza se AtmA nahIM hai| 3. ubhaya ke Adeza se avaktavya hai| 4. eka aMza (deza) sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura dUsarA aMza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, ataH dvipradezI skandha AtmA hai aura AtmA nahIM hai| 5. eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura eka deza ubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, ataeva dvipradezI skandha AtmA hai aura avaktavya hai| 6. eka deza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura dUsarA deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, ataH dvipradezI skandha AtmA nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai| tripradezI skandha ke viSaya meM pUchane para nimna uttara milA1. tripradezI skandha syAt AtmA hai|

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sApekSavAda 367 2. tripradezI skandha syAt AtmA nahIM hai / 3. tripradezI skandha syAt avaktavya hai| 4. tripradezI skandha syAt AtmA hai aura AtmA nahIM hai| 5. tripradezI skandha syAt AtmA hai aura ( do) AtmAeM nahIM haiN| 6. tripradezI skandha syAt ( do) AtmAeM haiM aura AtmA nahIM hai| 7. tripradezI skandha sthAt AtmA hai aura avaktavya hai| 8. tripradezI skandha syAt AtmA hai aura ( do ) AtmAeM __ avaktavya haiN| 6. tripradezI skandha syAt (do) AtmAeM haiM aura avaktavya hai| 10. tripradezI skandha syAt AtmA nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai| 11. tripradezI skandha syAt AtmA nahIM hai aura (do) avakta vya haiN| 12. tripradezI skandha syAt (do) AtmAe~ nahIM haiM aura avaktavya hai| 13. tripradezI skandha syAt AtmA hai, AtmA nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai| aisA kyoM? 1. tripradezI skandha AtmA ke Adeza se AtmA hai| 2. tripradezI skandha para ke Adeza se AtmA nahIM hai| 3 tripradezI skandha tadubhaya ke Adeza se avaktavya hai| 4. eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura eka deza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, isalie tripradezI skandha AtmA hai aura AtmA nahIM hai|

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jaina dharma-darzana 5. eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura do deza asad bhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, ataH tripradezI skandha AtmA hai aura (do) AtmAeM nahIM haiN| 6. do deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM aura eka deza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, ataeva tripradezI skandha (do) AtmAeM haiM aura AtmA nahIM haiN| 7. eka deza sadabhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura dUsarA deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, ataH tridezI skandha AtmA hai aura avaktavya hai| 8. eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura do deza tadu- bhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM, ataeva tripradezI skandha AtmA hai aura (do) avaktavya haiN| 6. do deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM aura eka deza tadu bhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, isalie tripradezI skandha (do) AtmAe haiM aura avaktavya hai / 10. eka deza AdiSTa hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura dUsarA deza AdiSTa hai tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataeva tripradezI skandha AtmA nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai / 11. eka deza AdiSTa hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura do deza __ AdiSTa haiM tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataH tripradezI skandha AtmA nahIM hai aura (do) avaktavya haiN| 12. do deza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM aura eka deza tadu pyaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, ata: tripradezI skandha (do) AtmAeM nahIM haiM aura avaktavya hai / 13. eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, eka deza asadbhAva

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vya hai| sApekSavAda . 366 paryAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura eka deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, ataeva tripradezI skandha AtmA hai, AtmA nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai| catuSpradezI skandha ke viSaya meM prazna karane para mahAvIra ne 16 bhaMgoM meM utara diyaa| isa uttara kA spaSTIkaraNa isa prakAra hai1. catuSpradezI skandha AtmA ke Adeza se AtmA hai| 2. catuSpradezI skandha para ke Adeza se AtmA nahIM hai| 3. catuSpradezI skandha tadubhaya ke Adeza se avaktavya hai| 4. eka deza AdiSTa hai sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura eka deza AdiSTa hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se, ataeva catuSpradezI skandha AtmA hai aura AtmA nahIM hai / 5. eka deza AdiSTa hai sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura aneka deza AdiSTa haiM asadbhAvaparyAyoM se, ataH catuSpradezI skandha AtmA hai aura (aneka) AtmAeM nahIM haiN| 6. aneka deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvAryAyoM se aura eka deza AdiSTa hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se, ata: catuSpradezI skandha (aneka) AtmAeM haiM aura AtmA nahIM hai| 7. do deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura do deza AdiSTa haiM amadbhAvaparyAyoM se, ataH catuSpradezI skandha (do) AtmAeM haiM aura (do) AtmAeM nahIM haiN| 8. eka deza AdiSTa hai sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura eka deza AdiSTa hai tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ata: catuSpradezI skandha AtmA hai aura avaktavya hai /

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370 jaina dharma-darzana 8. eka deza AdiSTa hai sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura aneka deza AdiSTa haiM tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataH catuSpradezI skandha AtmA hai aura ( aneka) avaktavya haiM / 10. aneka deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura eka deza AdiSTa hai tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataH catuSpradezI skandha ( aneka ) AtmAeM haiM aura avaktavya hai / 11. do deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura do deza AdiSTa haiM tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataH catuSpadezI skandha (do) AtmAe~ haiM aura (do) avaktavya haiM / 12. eka deza AdiSTa hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura eka deza AdiSTa hai tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataeva catuSpradezI skandha AtmA nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai / 13. eka deza AdiSTa hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura aneka deza AdiSTa haiM tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataeva catuSpradeNI skandha AtmA nahIM hai aura ( aneka ) avaktavya haiM / 14. aneka deza AdiSTa haiM asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura eka deza AdiSTa hai tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataeva catuSpadezI skandha ( aneka ) AtmAeM nahIM haiM aura avaktavya hai / 15. do deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvayoM se aura do deza AdiSTa haiM tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataeva catuSpadezI skandha ( do ) AtmAeM nahIM haiM aura ( do ) avalavya haiM / 16. eka deza sadbhAvoM se AdiSTa hai, eka deza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura eka deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, isalie caturUpradezI skandha AtmA hai, nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai /

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sApekSavAda 371 17. eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, eka deza asadbhAva paryAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura do deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM, isalie catuSpradezI skandha AtmA hai, nahIM hai aura (do) avaktavya haiN| 18. eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, do deza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM aura eka deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, isalie catuSpradezI skandha AtmA hai, (do) nahIM haiM aura avaktavya hai| 16. do deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM, eka deza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura eka deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, isalie catuSpradezI skandha (do) AtmAeM haiM, nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai| catuSpradezI skandha kA 16 bhaMgoM meM uttara dekara paMcapradezI skandha ke viSaya meM 22 bhaMgoM meM uttara dete haiM1. paMcapradezI skandha AtmA ke Adeza se AtmA hai| 2. paMcapradezI skandha para ke Adeza se AtmA nahIM hai| 3. paMcapradezI skandha tadubhaya ke Adeza se avaktavya hai| 4-6. catuSpradezI skandha ke samAna haiM / 7. do yA tIna deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura do yA tIna deza AdiSTa haiM asadbhAvaparyAyoM se, ataeva paMcapradezI skandha ( do yA tIna ) AtmAe~ haiM aura ( do yA tIna ) AtmAeM nahIM haiM ( sadbhAvaparyAyoM meM yadi do deza lene hoM to asadbhAvaparyAyoM meM tIna deza lene cAhie aura sadbhAvaparyAyoM meM yadi tIna deza lene hoM to asadbhAvaparyAyoM meM do deza lene caahie)|

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jaina dharma-darzana 8-10. catuSpradezI skandha ke samAna haiN| 11 do yA tIna deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura do yA tIna deza AdiSTa haiM tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataeva paMcapradezI skandha ( do yA tIna ) AtmAeM haiM aura ( do yA tIna ) avaktavya haiN| 12-14. catuSpradezI skandha ke samAna samajhanA caahie| 15. do yA tIna deza AdiSTa haiM asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura do yA tIna deza AdiSTa haiM tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataeva paMcapradezI skandha (do yA tIna) AtmAeM nahIM haiM aura ( do yA tIna ) avaktavya haiN| 16. catuSpradezI skandha ke samAna hai| 17. eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, eka deza asadbhAva paryAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura aneka deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM, ataH paMcapradezI skandha AtmA hai, nahIM hai aura ( aneka ) avaktavya haiN| 15. eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, aneka deza asa dbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM aura eka deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, ataH paMcapradezI svandha AtmA hai, ( aneka ) AtmAeM nahIM haiM aura avaktavya hai| 16 eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, do deza asadbhAva paryAyoM se AdiSTa haiM aura do deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM, ataH paMcapradezI skandha AtmA hai, (do) AtmAeM nahIM haiM aura (do) avaktavya haiN| 20 aneka deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se, eka deza AdiSTa hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura eka deza AdiSTa hai tadubhaya national

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sApekSavAda 373 paryAyoM se, ataH paMcapradezI skandha ( aneka ) AtmAeM haiM, AtmA nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai / 21. do deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se, eka deza AdiSTa hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura do deza AdiSTa haiM tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataH (do) AtmAe haiM, AtmA nahIM hai aura (do) avaktavya haiM / 22. do deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se do deza AdiSTa haiM asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura eka deza AdiSTa hai tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataH paMcapradezI skandha (do) AtmAeM haiM, (do) AtmAeM nahIM haiM aura avaktavya hai / isI prakAra SaTpadezI skandha ke 23 bhaMga kiye gaye haiM / 22 kA pUrvavat nirdeza kiyA gayA hai tathA 23vA~ bhaMga isa prakAra hai do deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM, do deza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM aura do deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM, ataeva SaT pradezI skandha (do) AtmAeM haiM, (do) AtmAe~ nahIM haiM aura (do) avaktavya hai / ' uparyukta bhaMgoM ko dekhane se hama isa nirNaya para pahu~cate haiM ki syAdvAda se phalita hone vAlI saptabhaMgI bAda ke AcAryoM kI sUjha nahIM hai / yaha AgamoM meM milatI hai aura vaha bhI apane prabhedoM ke sAtha / 23 bhaMgoM taka kA vikAsa bhagavatIsUtra ke uparyukta sUtra meM milatA hai / yaha to eka digdarzana mAtra hai / nAnA prakAra ke vikalpoM ke AdhAra para aneka bhaMgoM kA nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai / yaha pravaktA ke buddhikauzala para nirbhara hai / ina saba bhaMgoM kA nicor3a sAta bhaMga haiM : asti, nAsti, anubhaya 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 12.10.469.

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374 jaina dharma-darzana (avaktavya), ubhaya ( astinAsti ), asti-avaktavya, nAstiavaktavya, asti-nAsti-avakta-ya / ina sAta meM bhI prathama cAra mukhya haiM-asti, nAsti, anubhaya aura ubhaya / ina cAra meM bhI do maulika haiM-asti aura nAsti / tattva ke mukhya rUpa se do pahalU haiN| donoM parasparAzrita haiN| 'asti' nAstipUrvaka hai aura 'nAsti' astipUrvaka / bAda ke dArzanikoM ne sAta bhaMgoM para hI vizeSa bhAra diyA evaM syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI ekArthaka ho gaye / bhaMga sAta hI kyoM hote haiM, adhika yA kama kyoM nahIM hote, isakA bhI samAdhAna karane kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| jaina darzana kI maulika dhAraNA asti aura nAstimUlaka hI hai| cAra aura sAta bhaMga to asti aura nAsti kI hI vizeSa avasthAeM haiM / asti aura nAsti eka nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki donoM virodhI dharma haiN| saptabhaMgI: vastu ke aneka dharmoM ke kathana ke lie aneka zabdoM kA prayoga karanA caahie| kisI eka dharma kA kathana kisI eka zabda se hotA hai| hamAre lie yaha sambhava nahIM ki anekAntAtmaka vastu ke sabhI dharmoM kA varNana kara sakeM, kyoMki eka vastu ke sampUrNa varNana kA artha hai-sabhI vastuoM kA sampUrNa varNana / sabhI vastueM paraspara sambandhita haiM, ataH eka vastu ke kathana ke sAtha anya vastuoM kA kathana anivArya hai| aisI avasthA meM vastu kA jJAna yA kathana karane ke lie hama do dRSTiyoM kA upayoga karate haiM / inameM se eka dRSTi sakalAdeza kahalAtI hai aura dUsarI vikalAdeza / sakalAdeza kA artha hai kisI eka dharma ke sAtha anya dharmo kA abheda karake vastu kA varNana krnaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, eka guNa meM azeSa vastu kA saMgraha

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sApekSavAda 375 karanA sakalAdeza hai|' udAharaNa ke lie kisI vastu ke astitva dharma kA kathana karate samaya itara dharmoM kA astitva meM hI samAveza kara lenA sakalAdeza hai| 'sthAdastirUpameva sarvam' aisA jaba kahA jAtA hai to usakA artha hotA hai sabhI dharmoM kA astitva se abheda / astitva ke atirikta anya jitane bhI dharma haiM, saba kisI dRSTi se astitva se abhinna haiM, ata: 'kathaMcit saba hai hI' (syAdastyeva sarvam) yaha kahanA anekAntavAda kI dRSTi se anucita nahIM hai / eka dharma meM sAre dharmo kA samAveza yA abheda kaise hotA hai ? kisa dRSTi se eka dharma anya dharmo se abhinna hai ? isakA samAdhAna karane ke lie kAlAdi ATha dRSTiyoM kA AdhAra liyA jAtA hai| ina ATha dRSTiyoM meM se kisI eka ke AdhAra para eka dharma ke sAtha anya dhamA kA abheda kara liyA jAtA hai aura isa abheda ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue hI usa dharma kA kathana sampUrNa vastu kA kathana mAna liyA jAtA hai| yahI sakalAdeza hai| vikalAdeza meM eka dharma kI hI apekSA rahatI hai aura zeSa kI upekssaa| jisa dharma kA kathana abhISTa hotA hai vahI dharma dRSTi ke sAmane rahatA hai| anya dhamoM kA niSedhaM nahIM hotA, apitu unakA usa samaya koI prayojana na hone se grahaNa nahIM hotaa| yahI upekSAbhAva hai| natha kA svarUpa batAte samaya isakA vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jAegA / aba hama sakalAdeza kI kAlAdi ATha dRSTiyoM kA svarUpa samajhane kA prayatna kreNge| 1. ekaguNa mukhe nAzeSavasturUpaya grahAla makalAdezaH / / ~~tattvArtha rAjavAtikA, 4.42.18. 2. syAhAdaratnAkara, 4.44.

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376 jaina dharma-darzana kAla-jisa samaya kisI vastu meM astitva dharma hotA hai usI samaya anya dharma bhI hote haiM / ghaTa meM jisa samaya astitva rahatA hai usI samaya kRSNatva, sthUlatva, kaThinatva Adi dhama bhI rahate haiN| isalie kAla kI apekSA se anya dharma astitva se abhinna haiN| AtmarUpa-jisa prakAra astitva ghaTa kA guNa hai usI prakAra kRSNatva, kaThinatva Adi bhI ghaTa ke guNa haiM / astitva ke samAna anya guNa bhI ghaTAtmaka hI haiN| ataH AtmarUpa kI dRSTi se astitva aura anya guNoM meM abheda hai| ___ artha-jisa ghaTa meM astitva hai usI ghaTa meM kRSNatva, kaThinatva Adi dharma bhI haiN| sabhI dharmoM kA sthAna eka hI hai / ataH artha kI dRSTi se astitva aura anya guNoM meM koI bheda nhiiN| sambandha-jisa prakAra astitva kA ghaTa se sambandha hai usI prakAra anya dharma bhI ghaTa se sambandhita haiM / sambandha kI dRSTi se astitva aura itaraguNa abhinna haiN| upakAra-astitva guNa ghaTa kA jo upakAra karatA hai vahI upakAra kRSNatva, kaThinatva Adi guNa bhI karate haiN| isalie yadi upakAra kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to astitva aura anya guNoM meM abheda hai| guNideza-jisa deza meM astitva rahatA hai usI deza meM ghaTa ke anya guNa bhI rahate haiN| ghaTa rUpa guNI ke deza kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to astitva aura anya guNoM meM koI bheda nhiiN| ___ saMsarga-jisa prakAra astitva guNa kA ghaTa se saMsarga hai usI prakAra anya guNoM kA bhI ghaTa se saMsarga hai| isalie saMsarga kI dRSTi se dekhane para astitva aura itaraguNoM meM koI bheda dRSTi

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377 sApekSavAda gocara nahIM hotaa| saMsarga meM bheda kI pradhAnatA hotI hai aura abheda kI apradhAnatA / sambandha meM abheda kI pradhAnatA hotI hai aura bheda kI aprdhaantaa| zabda-jisa prakAra astitva kA pratipAdana 'hai' zabda dvArA hotA hai usI prakAra anya guNoM kA pratipAdana bhI 'hai' zabda se hotA hai| 'ghaTa meM astitva hai', 'ghaTa meM kRSNatva hai', 'ghaTa meM kaThinatva hai' ina saba vAkyoM meM 'hai' zabda ghaTa ke vividha dharmo ko prakaTa karatA hai| jisa 'hai' zabda se astitva kA pratipAdana hotA hai usI 'hai' zabda se kRSNatva, kaThinatva Adi dharmoM kA bhI pratipAdana hotA hai| ataH zabda kI dRSTi se bhI astitva aura anya dharmoM meM abhada hai / astitva kI taraha pratyeka dharma ko lekara sakalAdeza kA saMyojana kiyA jA sakatA hai| ___ sakalAdeza ke AdhAra para jo saptabhaMgI banatI hai use pramANasaptabhagI kahate haiM / vikalAdeza kI dRSTi se jo saptabhaMgI banatI hai vaha nayasaptabhaMgI hai / saptabhaMgI kyA hai ? eka vastu meM avirodhapUrvaka vidhi aura pratiSedha kI vikalpanA saptabhagI hai|' pratyeka vastu meM koI bhI dharma vidhi aura niSedha ubhayasvarUpa vAlA hotA hai, yaha hama dekha cuke haiN| jaba hama astitva kA pratipAdana karate haiM taba nAstitva bhI niSedharUpa se hamAre sAmane upasthita ho jAtA hai / jaba hama sat kA pratipAdana karate haiM taba asat bhI sAmane A jAtA hai| jaba hama nityatva kA kathana karate haiM taba anityatva bhI niSedharUpa se sammukha upasthita ho jAtA hai| kisI bhI vastu ke vidhi aura niSedharUpa do pakSa vAle dharma kA vinA virodha ke pratipAdana karane se jo sAta 1. praznavazAdekasmin vastunyavirodhena vidhipratiSedhavikalpanA sptbhNgii| -tattvArtha rAjavArtika, 1.6.5.

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378 jaina dharma-darzana prakAra ke vikalpa banate haiM vaha saptabhagI hai / vidhi aura niSedharUpa dharmoM kA vastu meM koI virodha nahIM hai| donoM pakSa eka hI vastu meM avirodharUpa se rahate haiN| yaha dikhAne ke lie 'avirodhapUrvaka' aMza kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / ghaTa ke astitva dharma ko lekara jo saptabhaMgI banatI hai vaha isa prakAra hai : - 1. kathaMcit ghaTa hai| 2. kathaMcit ghaTa nahIM hai| -- 3. kathaMcit ghaTa hai aura nahIM hai / 4. kathaMcit ghaTa avaktavya hai| 5. kathaMcita ghaTa hai aura avaktavya hai| 6. kathaMcit ghaTa nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai / 7. kathaMcit ghaTa hai, nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai| prathama bhaMga vidhi kI kalpanA ke AdhAra para hai| isameM ghaTa ke astitva kA vidhipUrvaka pratipAdana hai| dUsarA bhaMga pratiSedha kI kalpanA ko liye hue hai| jisa astitva kA prathama bhaMga meM vidhipUrvaka pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai usI kA isameM niSedhapUrvaka pratipAdana hai| prathama bhaMga meM vidhi kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| dUsare meM vidhi kA pratiSedha kiyA gayA hai| tIsarA bhaMga vidhi aura niSedha donoM kA kramazaH pratipAdana karatA hai| pahale vidhi kA grahaNa karatA hai aura bAda meM niSedha kA / yaha bhaMga prathama aura dvitIya donoM bhaMgoM kA saMyoga hai| __cauthA bhaMga vidhi aura niSedha kA yugapat pratipAdana karatA ___

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sApekSavAda 376 hai| donoM kA yugapat pratipAdana honA vacana ke sAmarthya ke bAhara hai, ata: isa bhaMga ko avaktavya kahA gayA hai| pA~cavA~ bhaMga vidhi aura yugapat vidhi aura niSedha donoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai| prathama aura caturtha ke saMyoga se yaha bhaMga banatA hai| chaThe bhaMga meM niSedha aura yugapat vidhi aura niSedha donoM kA kathana hai / yaha bhaMga dvitIya aura caturtha kA saMyoga hai| sAtavA~ bhaMga krama se vidhi aura niSedha aura yugapat vidhi aura niSedha kA pratipAdana karatA hai| yaha tRtIya aura caturtha bhaMga kA saMyoga hai| pratyeka bhaMga ko nizcayAtmaka samajhanA cAhie, anizcayAtmaka yA sandehAtmaka nhiiN| isake lie kaI bAra 'hI' (eva) kA prayoga bhI hotA hai, jaise kathaMcit ghaTa hai hI Adi / yaha 'hI' nizcita rUpa se ghaTa kA astitva prakaTa karatA hai| 'hI' kA prayoga na hone para bhI pratyeka kathana ko nizcayAtmaka hI samajhanA caahie| syAdvAda sandeha yA anizcaya kA samarthaka nahIM hai, yaha pahale kahA jA cukA hai| cAhe 'hI' kA prayoga ho, cAhe na ho, kintu yadi koI vacana-prayoga syAdvAda-sambandhI hai to yaha nizcita hai ki vaha 'hI' pUrvaka hI hai| isI prakAra kathaMcit yA syAt zabda ke viSaya meM bhI samajhanA caahie| unakA prayoga na hone para bhI sandarbha se vaha samajha liyA jAtA hai|' 1. aprayukto'pi sarvatra syAtkAro'rthAt pratIyate / vidhI niSedhe'pyanyatra kuzalazcet prayojakaH / / -~-laghIyastraya, 63.

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380 jaina dharma-darzana __'kathaMcit ghaTa hai' isakA kyA artha hai ? kisa apekSA se ghaTa hai ? svarUpa kI apekSA se ghaTa hai aura pararUpa kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai| saba svarUpa kI apekSA se hai aura pararUpa kI apekSA se nahIM hai / yadi aisA na ho to saba sat ho jAe athavA svarUpa kI kalpanA hI asambhava ho jaae|' koI bhI padArtha svarUpa kI dRSTi se sat hai aura pararUpa kI dRSTi se asat hai / yadi vaha ekAnta rUpa se sat ho to sarvatra aura sarvadA upalabdha honA cAhie, kyoMki vaha hamezA sat hai| jo hamezA sat hotA hai vaha kadAcit nahIM hotaa| svarUpa kyA hai aura pararUpa kyA hai, isakA aneka dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| hama kucha dRSTiyoM se yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki svarUpa aura pararUpa kA kyA abhiprAya hai ? svarUpa se kyA samajhanA cAhie? pararUpa kA kyA artha lenA cAhie? nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva se jisakI vivakSA hotI hai vaha svarUpa yA svAtmA hai| vaktA ke prayojana ke anusAra artha kA grahaNa karanA svAtmA kA grahaNa kahalAtA hai| yaha prayojana bhASA ke vividha prayogoM meM jhalakatA hai| eka zabda prayojana ke anusAra aneka arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai| pratyeka zabda kA moTe taura para cAra arthoM meM vibhAga kiyA jAtA hai| isI arthavibhAga ko nyAsa kahate haiN| ye vibhAga haiM-nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhaav| sAmAnya taura para kisI kA eka nAma rakha denA nAmanikSepa hai| mUrti, citra Adi sthApanAnikSepa hai| bhUta yA bhaviSyat kAla meM rahane vAlI yogyatA kA vartamAna 1. sarvamasti svarUpeNa pararUpeNa nAsti ca / anyathA sarvasattvaM syAt svarUpasyApyasambhavaH / /

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381 sApekSavAda meM Aropa karanA dravyanikSepa hai| vartamAnakAlIna yogyatA kA nirdeza bhAvanikSepa hai| ina cAroM nikSepoM meM rahane vAlA jo vivakSita artha hai vaha svarUpa athavA svAtmA kahalAtA hai| svAtmA se bhinna artha parAtmA yA pararUpa hai| vivakSita artha kI dRSTi se ghaTa hai aura taditara dRSTi se ghaTa nahIM hai| yadi itara dRSTi se bhI ghaTa ho to nAmAdi vyavahAra (nikSepa) kA uccheda ho jAya / svarUpa kA dUsarA artha yaha hai ki vivakSita ghaTavizeSa kA jo pratiniyata saMsthAnAdi hai vaha svAtmA hai / dUsare prakAra kA saMsthAnAdi parAtmA hai / pratiniyata rUpa se ghaTa hai / itara rUpa se nhiiN| yadi itara rUpa se bhI ghaTa ho to saba ghaTAtmaka ho jAya / paTa Adi kisI kA svatantra astitva na rhe| kAla kI apekSA se bhI svAtmA aura parAtmA kA arthagrahaNa hotA hai| ghaTa kI pUrva aura uttara kAloM meM rahane vAlI kuzala, kapAlAdi avasthAeM parAtmA hai| tadantarAlavartI avasthA svAramA hai| ghaTa kuzUla, kapAlAdi kI antarAlavartI avasthA kI dRSTi se sat hai, kuzUla, kapAlAdi avasthAoM kI dRSTi se sat nahIM hai / yadi ina avasthAoM kI dRSTi se bhI sat hotA to usa samaya ye bhI upalabdha hotiiN| kapAlAdi avasthAoM ke lie puruSa ko prayatna na karanA pdd'taa| __ svAtmA aura parAtmA kA eka artha yaha bhI hai ki pratikSaNabhAvI dravya kI jo paryAyotpatti hai vaha svAtmA hai aura atIta evaM anAgata paryAyavinAza tathA paryAyosatti hai vaha parAtmA hai| pratyutpanna paryAya kI apekSA se ghaTa hai aura atIta evaM anAgata paryAyoM kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai| yadi atIta evaM anAgata paryAyoM kI apekSA se ghaTa sat ho to eka hI

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382 jaina dharma-darzana kSaNa meM ghaTa kI sArI avasthAeM upalabdha ho jaae| aisI avasthA meM atIta, vartamAna aura anAgata kA koI bheda hI na rhe| dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI dRSTi se svarUpa aura pararUpa kA vivecana karanA anucita na hogaa| yadyapi Upara ke vivecana meM inakA samAveza ho jAtA hai tathApi vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa ke lie yaha upayogI hogaa| ghaTa kA dravya miTTI hai / jisa miTTI se ghaTa banA hai usakI apekSA se vaha sat hai| anya dravya kI apekSA se vaha sat nahIM hai| kSetra kA artha sthAna hai| jisa sthAna para ghaTa hai usa sthAna kI apekSA se vaha sat hai| anya sthAnoM kI apekSA se vaha asat hai| kAla ke viSaya meM kahA jA cukA hai| jisa samaya ghaTa hai usa samaya kI apekSA se vaha sat hai aura usa samaya se bhinna samaya kI apekSA se asat hai| bhAva kA artha hai paryAya yA AkAravizeSa / jisa AkAra yA paryAya kA ghaTa hai usakI apekSA se vaha sat hai / taditara AkA-: roM yA paryAyoM kI apekSA se vaha asat hai| svadravya, svakSetra, svakAla aura svabhAva kI apekSA se ghaTa hai| paradravya, parakSetra, parakAla aura parabhAva kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai| kathaMcit yA syAt zabda kA prayoga yahI sUcita karane ke lie hai| isase pratyeka padArtha kI maryAdA kA jJAna hotA hai| usakI sImA kA patA lagatA hai| isake abhAva meM ekAntavAda kA bhaya rahatA hai / anekAntavAda ke lie yaha maryAdA anivArya hai| doSa-parihAra : syAdvAda kA kyA artha hai va usakA darzana ke kSetra meM kitanA mahattva hai, yaha dikhAne kA yathAsambhava prayatna kiyA gayA hai| aba hama syAvAda para Ane vAle kucha AropoM kA nirAkaraNa

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sApekSavAda 383 1 karanA cAhate haiM / syAdvAda ke vAstavika artha se aparicita bar3e-bar3e dArzanika bhI usa para mithyA Aropa lagAne se nahIM cUke / unhoMne ajJAnavaza aisA kiyA yA jAnakara, yaha kahanA kaThina hai / kaise bhI kiyA ho, kintu kiyA avazya / dharmakIrti nesyAdvAda ko pAgaloM kA pralApa kahA aura jainoM ko nirlajja ' batAyA / zAntarakSita ne bhI yahI bAta kahI / syAdvAda jo ki sat aura asat, eka aura aneka, bheda aura abheda, sAmAnya aura vizeSa jaise paraspara virodhI tattvoM ko milAtA hai, pAgala vyakti kI baukhalAhaTa hai / isI prakAra zaMkara ne bhI syAdvAda para pAgalapana kA Aropa lagAyA / eka hI zvAsa uSNaaura zIta nahIM ho sakatA / bheda aura abheda, nityatA aura anityatA, yathArthatA aura ayathArthatA, sat aura asat andhakAra aura prakAza kI taraha eka hI kAla meM eka hI vastu meM nahIM raha sakate / isI prakAra ke aneka Aropa syAdvAda para lagAye gaye haiM / jitane Aropa lagAye gaye haiM athavA lagAye jA sakate haiM una saba kA hama eka-eka karake nirAkaraNa karane kA prayatna kareMge / 1. vidhi aura niSedha paraspara virodhI dharma haiM / jisa prakAra eka hI vastu nIla aura anIla donoM nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki nIlatva aura : anIlatva virodhI varNa haiM, usI prakAra vidhi aura niSedha paraspara virodhI hone se eka hI vastu meM nahIM raha sakate / isalie yaha kahanA virodhI hai ki eka hI vastu bhinna 1. pramANavArtika, 1.182-185. 2. tattvasaMgraha, 311-327. 3. zArIrakabhASya 2.3.33.

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384 jaina dharma-darzana bhI hai aura abhinna bhI hai, sat bhI hai aura asat bhI haiM, vAcya bhI hai aura avAcya bhI hai| jo bhinna haiM vaha abhinna kaise ho sakatI hai| jo eka hai vaha eka hI hai, jo aneka haiM vaha aneka hI hai| isI prakAra anya dharma bhI pArasparika virodha sahana nahIM kara sakate / syAdvAda isa prakAra ke virodhI dharmoM kA ekatra samarthana karatA hai / isalie vaha sadoSa haiM / yaha doSAropaNa mithyA hai| pratyeka padArthaM anubhava ke AdhAra para isI prakAra kA siddha hotA hai| eka dRSTi se vaha nitya pratIta hotA hai aura dUsarI dRSTi se anitya / eka dRSTi se eka mAlUma hotA hai aura dUsarI dRSTi se aneka / syAdvAda yaha nahIM kahatA ki jo nityatA hai vahI anityatA hai yA jo ekatA hai vahI anekatA hai / nityatA aura anityatA, ekatA aura anekatA Adi dharma paraspara virodhI haiM yaha satya hai, kintu unakA virodha apanI dRSTi se hai, vastu kI dRSTi se nahIM / vastu donoM ko Azraya detI hai| donoM kI sattA se hI vastu kA svarUpa pUrNa hotA hai| eka ke abhAva meM padArtha adhUrA hai / jaba eka vastu dravyadRSTi se nitya aura paryAyadRSTi se anitya mAlUma hotI hai to usameM virodha kA koI prazna hI nahIM hai / virodha vahA~ hotA hai jahA~ virodha kI pratIti ho / virodha kI pratIti ke abhAva meM bhI virodha kI kalpanA karanA satya ko cunautI denA hai| jaina hI nahIM, bauddha bhI citrajJAna meM virodha nahIM mAnate / jaba eka hI jJAna meM citravarNa kA pratibhAsa ho sakatA hai aura usa jJAna meM virodha nahIM hotA to eka hI padArtha meM do virodhI dharmoM kI sattA mAnane meM kyA hAni hai ? naiyAyika citravarNa kI sattA mAnate hI haiM / eka hI vastra meM saMkoca aura vikAsa ho sakatA hai, eka hI vastra rakta

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sApekSavAda 385 aura arakta ho sakatA hai, eka hI vastra pihita aura apihita ho sakatA hai, aisI dazA meM eka hI padArtha meM bheda aura abheda, nityatA aura anityatA, ekatA aura anekatA kI sattA kyoM virodhI hai, yaha samajha meM nahIM aataa| isalie syAdvAda para yaha Aropa lagAnA ki vaha paraspara virodhI dharmo ko ekatra Azraya detA hai, mithyA hai| syAdvAda pratIti ko yathArtha mAnakara hI Age bar3hatA hai| pratIti meM jaisA pratibhAsa hotA hai aura jisakA dUsarI pratIti se khaNDana nahIM hotA vahI nirNaya yathArtha hai-avyabhicArI hai-avirodhI hai| 2. yadi vastu bheda aura abheda ubhayAtmaka hai to bheda kA Azraya bhinna hogA aura abheda kA Azraya usase bhinna / aisI dazA meM vastu kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jaaygii| eka hI vastu dvirUpa ho jaaygii| yaha doSa bhI nirAdhAra hai| bheda aura abheda kA bhinna-bhinna Azraya mAnane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM / jo vastu bhedAtmaka hai vahI vastu abhedAtmaka hai| usakA jo parivartana dharma hai vaha bheda kI pratIti kA kAraNa hai| usakA jo dhrauvya dharma hai vaha abheda kI pratIti kA kAraNa hai| ye donoM dharma akhaNDa vastu ke dharma haiM / aisA kahanA ThIka nahIM ki vastu kA eka aMza bheda yA parivartana dharmavAlA hai aura dUsarA aMza abheda yA dhrauvya dharmayukta hai| vastu ke Tukar3e-Tukar3e karake aneka dharmoM kI sattA svIkAra karanA syAhAdI ko ipTa nhiiN| jaba hama vastra ko saMkoca aura vikAsazIla kahate haiM taba hamArA tAtparya eka hI vastra se hotA hai| vahI vastra saMkocazAlI hotA hai aura vahI vikaasshaalii| yaha nahIM ki usakA eka hissA saMkoca dharmavAlA hai aura dUsarA hissA vikAsa dharmavAlA hai / vastu ke do 25

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386 jaina dharma-darzana alaga-alaga vibhAga karake bheda aura abhedarUpa do bhinna-bhinna dharmoM ke lie do bhinna-bhinna AzrayoM kI kalpanA karanA syAdvAda kI maryAdA se bAhara hai| vaha to ekarUpa vastu ko hI aneka dharmayukta mAnatA hai / 3. vaha dharma jisameM bheda kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai aura vaha dharma jisameM abheda ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, donoM kA kyA sambandha hogA ? donoM paraspara bhinna haiM yA abhinna ? bhinna mAnane para punaH yaha prazna uThatA hai ki vaha bheda jisameM rahatA haiM usase vaha bhinna hai yA abhinna ? isa prakAra anavasthA kA sAmanA karanA pdd'egaa| abhinna mAnane para bhI yahI doSa AtA hai / yaha abheda jisameM rahegA vaha usase bhinna hai yA abhinna ? donoM avasthAoM meM punaH sambandha kA prazna khar3A hotA hai / isa prakAra kisI bhI avasthA meM anavasthA se mukti nahIM mila sakatI / anavasthA ke nAma para yaha doSa bhI syAdvAda ke sira para nahIM mar3hA jA sakatA / jaina darzana yaha nahIM mAnatA ki bheda alaga hai aura vaha bheda jisameM rahatA hai vaha dharma alaga hai / isI prakAra jaina darzana yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA ki abheda bhinna hai aura abheda jisameM rahatA hai vaha dharma usase bhinna haiM / vastu ke pari vartanazIla svabhAva ko hI bheda kahate haiM aura usake aparivartanazIla svabhAva kA nAma hI abheda hai / bheda nAmaka koI bhinna padArtha Akara usase sambandhita hotA ho aura usake sambandha se vastu meM bheda kI utpatti hotI ho, yaha bAta nahIM hai| isI prakAra abheda bhI koI svatantra padArtha nahIM hai jo kisI sambandha se vastu meM rahatA ho| vastu svayaM hI bhedAbhedAtmaka hai| aisI dazA meM isa prakAra ke sambandha kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| jaba

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sApekSavAda 387 sambandha kA prazna hI vyartha hai taba anavasthA doSa kI vyarthatA svataH siddha hai, yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM / 4. jahA~ bheda hai vahIM abheda hai aura jahA~ abheda hai vahIM bheda hai / bheda aura abheda kA bhinna-bhinna Azraya na hone se donoM ekarUpa ho jAeMge / bheda aura abheda kI ekarUpatA kA artha hogA saMkara doSa / syAdvAda ko saMkara doSa kA sAmanA taba karanA par3atA jaba bheda abheda ho jAtA / Azraya eka hone kA artha yaha nahIM hotA ki Azrita bhI eka ho jAya~ / eka hI Azraya meM aneka Azrita raha sakate haiN| eka hI jJAna meM citravarNa kA pratibhAsa hotA hai' phira bhI saba varNa eka nahIM ho jAte / eka hI vastu meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM rahate haiM phira bhI sAmAnya aura vizeSa eka nahIM ho jAte / bheda aura abheda kA Azraya eka hI padArtha hai, kintu ve donoM eka nahIM haiM / yadi eka hote to eka hI kI pratIti hotI, donoM kI nahIM / jaba donoM kI bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM pratIti hotI hai taba unheM ekarUA kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? ve 5. jahA~ bheda hai vahA~ abheda bhI hai aura jahA~ abheda hai vahA~ bheda bhI hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, jo bhinna hai vaha abhinna bhI hai aura jo abhinna hai vaha bhinna bhI hai| bheda aura abheda donoM paraspara badale jA sakate haiM / isakA pariNAma yaha hogA ki syAdvAda ko vyatikara doSa kA sAmanA karanA par3egA / jisa prakAra saMkara doSa syAdvAda para nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA usI prakAra vyatikara doSa bhI syAdvAda kA kucha nahIM bigAr3a 1. bauddha. 2. taiyAyika - vaizeSika.

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388 jaina dharma-darzana sakatA / donoM dharma svatantra rUpa se vastu meM rahate haiM aura unakI pratIti ubhayarUpa se hotI hai| aisI dazA meM vyatikara doSa kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM / jaba bheda kI pratIti svatantra hai aura abheda kI svatantra tava bheda aura abheda ke parivartana kI AvazyakatA hI kyA hai ? aisI sthiti meM vyatikara doSa kA koI artha nahIM / bheda kA bhedarUpa se aura abheda kA abhedarUpa se grahaNa karanA - yahI syAdvAda kA artha hai / ataH yahA~ vyatikara jaisI koI cIja hI nahIM hai / 6. tattva bhedAbhedAtmaka hone se kisI nizcita dharma kA nirNaya nahIM hone pAyegA / jahA~ kisI nizcita dharma kA nirNaya nahIM hogA vahA~ saMzaya utpanna ho jAyegA, aura jahA~ saMzaya hogA vahA~ tattva kA jJAna hI nahIM hogA / yaha doSa bhI vyartha hai / bhedAbhedAtmaka tattva kA bhedAbhedAtmaka jJAna honA saMzaya nahIM hai / saMzaya to vahA~ hotA hai jahA~ yaha nirNaya na ho ki tattva bhedAtmaka hai yA abhedAtmaka hai yA bheda aura abheda ubhayAtmaka hai ? jaba yaha nirNaya ho rahA hai ki tattva bheda aura abheda ubhayAtmaka hai taba yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki kisI nizcita dharma kA nirNaya nahIM hogA ? jahA~ nizcita dharma kA nirNaya hai vahA~ saMzaya paidA nahIM ho sakatA / jahA~ saMzaya nahIM vahA~ tattvajJAna hone meM koI bAdhA nahIM / isalie saMzayAzrita jitane bhI doSa haiM, syAdvAda ke lie saba nirarthaka haiM | ye doSa syAdvAda para nahIM lagAe jA sakate / 7. syAdvAda ekAntavAda ke binA nahIM raha sakatA / syAdvAda kahatA hai ki pratyeka vastu yA dharma sApekSa hai| sApekSa dharmoM ke mUla meM jaba taka koI aisA tattva na ho jo saba dharmoM ko eka sUtra meM bA~dha sake taba taka ve dharma Tika hI nahIM skte| unako

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sApekSavAda 386 ekatA ke sUtra meM bA~dhane vAlA koI-na-koI tattva avazya honA cAhie jo svayaM nirapekSa ho / aise nirapekSa tattva kI sattA mAnane para syAdvAda kA yaha siddhAnta ki pratyeka vastu sApekSa hai, khaNDita ho jAtA hai / syAdvAda jo vastu jaisI hai use vaisI hI dekhane ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karatA hai / saba padArthoM yA dharmoM meM ekatA hai, ise syAdvAda mAnatA hai / bhinna-bhinna vastuoM meM abheda mAnanA syAdvAda ko abhISTa hai / syAdvAda yaha nahIM kahatA ki aneka dharmo meM koI ekatA nahIM hai / vibhinna vastuoM ko eka sUtra meM bAMdhane vAlA abhedAtmaka tattva avazya hai, kintu aise tattva ko mAnane kA yaha artha nahIM ki syAdvAda ekAntavAda ho gayA / syAdvAda ekAntavAda taba hotA jaba vaha bheda kA khaNDana karatA - anekatA kA tiraskAra karatA / anekatA meM ekatA mAnanA syAdvAda ko priya hai, kintu anekatA kA niSedha karake ekatA ko svIkAra karanA usakI maryAdA se bAhara hai | 'sarvamekaM sadavizeSAta' arthAt saba eka hai, kyoMki saba sat hai - isa siddhAnta ko mAnane ke lie syAdvAda taiyAra hai, kintu anekatA kA niSedha karake nahIM apitu use svIkAra karake / ekAntavAda anekatA kA niSedha karatA hai - anekatA ko ayathArtha mAnatA hai-bheda ko mithyA kahatA hai, jaba ki anekAntavAda ekatA ke sAtha-sAtha anekatA ko bhI yathArtha mAnatA hai / ekatAmUlaka yaha tattva ekAntarUpa se nirapekSa hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / ekatA anekatA ke binA nahIM raha sakatI aura anekatA ekatA ke abhAva meM nahIM raha sakatI / ekatA aura anekatA isa prakAra milI huI haiM ki eka ko dUsare se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| aisI dazA meM ekatA ko sarvathA nirapekSa kahanA yuktiyukta nahIM / ekatA anekatAzrita hai aura anekatA -

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360 jaina dharma-darzana ekatAzrita hai| donoM eka-dUsare kI apekSA rakhatI haiN| ekatA ke binA anekatA kA kAma nahIM cala sakatA aura anekatA ke binA ekatA kucha nahIM kara sakatI / tattva ekatA aura anekatA donoM kA milA-julA rUpa hai / use na to ekAntarUpa se eka kaha sakate haiM aura na ekAntataH anek| vaha eka bhI hai aura aneka bhii| isalie ekatA ko vAstavika mAnate hue bhI syAdvAda ko ekAntavAda yA nirapekSavAda kA koI bhaya nahIM hai / 8. yadi pratyeka vastu kathaMcit yathArtha hai aura kathaMcit ayathArthaM to syAdvAda svayaM bhI kathaMcit satya hogA aura kathaMcit mithyA / aisI sthiti meM syAdvAda hI se tattva kA yathArtha jJAna ho sakatA hai, yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? syAdvAda tattva kA vizleSaNa karane kI eka dRSTi hai | anekAntAtmaka tattva ko anekAntAtmaka dRSTi se dekhane kA nAma hI syAdvAda hai / jo vastu jisa rUpa meM yathArtha hai use usa rUpa meM yathArtha mAnanA aura taditara rUpa meM ayathArtha mAnatA syAdvAda hai / syAdvAda svayaM bhI yadi kisI rUpa meM ayathArtha yA mithyA hai to vaisA mAnane meM koI harja nahIM / yadi hama ekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa leM aura syAdvAda kI ora dekheM to vaha bhI mithyA pratIta hogA / anekAnna dRSTi se dekhane para syAdvAda satya pratIta hogA / donoM dRSTiyoM ko sAmane rakhate hue hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki syAdrAda kathaMcit mithyA hai arthAt ekAntadRSTi kI apekSA se mithyA hai aura kathaMcit satya hai arthAt anekAntadRSTi hi apekSA se satya hai / jisakA jisa dRSTi se jaisA pratipAdana ho sakatA hai usa dRSTi se vaisA pratipAdana karane ke lie syAdvAda taiyAra hai| isameM usakA kucha nahIM bigar3atA / jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki pratyeka padArtha svarUpa se sat hai aura pararUpa se asat hai

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sApekSavAda 361 to hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki syAdvAda svarUpa se arthAt anekAntarUpa se sat hai - yathArtha hai aura pararUpa se arthAt ekAntarUpa se asat hai - ayathArtha hai / hamArA yaha kathana bhI syAdvAda hI hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, syAdvAda ko kathaMcit yathArtha aura kathaMcit ayathArtha kahanA bhI syAdvAda hI hai / 6. saptabhaMgI ke pIche ke tIna bhaMga vyartha haiM, kyoMki ve kevala do bhaMgoM ke yoga se banate haiM / isa prakAra ke yoga se hI saMkhyA bar3hAnA ho to sAta kyA ananta bhaMga bana sakate haiM / yaha hama pahale hI kaha cuke haiM ki mUlataH eka dharma ko lekara do pakSa banate haiM - vidhi aura niSedha / pratyeka dharma kA yA to vidhAna hogA yA pratiSedha / ye donoM bhaMga mukhya haiN| bAkI ke bhaGga vivakSAbheda se banate haiN| tIsarA aura cauthA ye donoM bhaMga bhI svatantra nahIM haiM / vidhi aura niSedha kI krama se vivakSA hone para tIsarA bhaGga banatA hai aura yugapat vivakSA hone para cauthA bhaGga banatA hai| isI prakAra vidhi kI aura yugapat vidhi aura niSedha ko vivakSA hone para pAcavA~ bhaGga banatA hai / Age ke bhaGgoM kA bhI yahI krama hai / yaha ThIka hai ki jainAcAryoM ne sAta bhaGgoM para hI jora diyA, aura sAta bhaGga hI kyoM hote haiM, kama yA adhika kyoM nahIM hote, ise siddha karane ke lie aneka hetu bhI die, kintu jaina darzana kI mUla samasyA sAta kI nahIM, do kI hai| bauddha darzana aura vedAnta meM jina cAra koTiyoM para bhAra diyA jAtA hai vaha bhI saptabhaGgI kI taraha hI hai / usameM bhI mUla rUpa meM do hI koTiyA~ haiM / tIsarI aura cauthI koTi meM maulikatA nahIM hai / koI yaha kaha sakatA hai ki do bhaGgoM ko bhI mukhya kyoM mAnA jAya, eka hI bhaGga mukhya hai / yaha ThIka nahIM, kyoMki hama yaha dekha cuke haiM

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362 jaina dharma-darzana ki vastu na to sarvathA sat yA vidhyAtmaka ho sakatI hai, na sarvathA asatyA niSedhAtmaka / vidhi aura niSedha donoM rUpoM meM vastu kI pUrNatA rahI huI hai| na to vidhi niSedha se balavAn hai aura na niSedha vidhi se zaktizAlI hai / donoM samAna rUpa se vastu kA yathArthatA ke prati kAraNa haiM / vastu kA pUrNa rUpa dekhane ke lie donoM pakSoM kI sattA mAnanA Avazyaka hai / isalie pahale ke do bhaGga mukhya haiN| hA~, yadi koI aisA kathana ho jisameM vidhi aura niSedha kA samAna rUpa se pratinidhitva ho, donoM meM se kisI kA bhI niSedha na ho, to usako mukhya mAnane meM jaina darzana ko koI Apatti nahIM / vastu kA vizleSaNa karane para prathama do bhaGga avazya svIkAra karane par3ate haiM / vivakSAbheda se 23 bhaGgoM kI racanA bhagavatIsUtra meM pahale dekha hI cuke haiM / 10. syAdvAda ko mAnane vAle kevalajJAna kI sattA meM vizvAsa nahIM rakha sakate, kyoMki kevalajJAna ekAnta rUpa se pUrNa hotA hai / usakI utpatti ke lie bAda meM kisI kI apekSA nahIM rahatI / syAdvAda aura kevalajJAna meM tattvajJAna kI dRSTi se koI bheda nahIM hai / kevalI vastu ko jisa rUpa se jAnegA, syAdvAdI bhI use usI rUpa se jAnegA / antara yaha hai ki kevalI jisa tattva ko sAkSAt jAnegA - pratyakSa jJAna se jAnegA, syAdvAdI chadmastha use parokSa rUpa se jAnegA - zrutajJAna ke AdhAra se jAnegA / kevalajJAna pUrNa hotA hai, isakA artha yahI hai ki vaha sAkSAt AtmA se hotA hai aura usa jJAna meM kisI prakAra kI bAdhA kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai / pUrNatA kA yaha artha nahIM ki vaha ekAntavAdI ho gayA / tattva ko to vaha sApekSa - anekAntAtmaka rUpa meM hI dekhegaa| itanA hI nahIM, usameM utpAda, vyaya aura dhauvya

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sApekSavAda 363 ye tInoM dharma rahate haiM / kAla jaise padArtha me parivartana karatA hai vaise hI kevalajJAna meM bhI parivartana karatA hai / jaina darzana kevalajJAna ko kUTastha nitya nahIM mAnatA / kisI vastu kI bhUta, varta - mAna aura anAgata- ye tIna avasthAeM hotI hai / jo avasthA Aja anAgata hai vaha kala vartamAna hotI hai / jo Aja vartamAna hai vaha kala bhUta meM pariNata hotI hai / kevalajJAna Aja kI tIna prakAra kI avasthAoM ko Aja kI dRSTi se jAnatA hai / kala kA jAnanA Aja se bhinna ho jAegA, kyoki Aja jo vartamAna hai kala vaha bhUta hogA aura Aja jo anAgata hai kala vaha vartamAna hogaa| yaha ThIka hai ki kevalI tInoM kAloM ko jAnatA hai, kintu jisa paryAya ko usane kala bhaviSyat rUpa se jAnA thA use Aja vartamAna rUpa se jAnatA hai / isa prakAra kAla-bheda se kevalI ke jJAna meM bhI bheda AtA rahatA hai / vastu kI avasthA ke parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha jJAna kI avasthA bhI badalatI rahatI hai / isalie kevalajJAna bhI kathaMcit anitya hai aura kathaMcit nitya / syAdvAda aura kevalajJAna meM virodha kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM / mahAvIra ne kevalajJAna hone ke pahale citra-vicitra paMkha - vAle eka bar3e puMskokila ko svapna meM dekhA / isa svapna kA vizleSaNa karane para syAdvAda phalita huA / puMskokila ke citra-vicitra paMkha anekAntavAda ke pratIka haiM / jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM vastu kI anekarUpatA kI sthApanA syAdvAda ke AdhAra para kI gaI usI prakAra bauddha darzana meM vibhajyavAda ke nAma para isI prakAra kA aMkura prasphuTita huA kintu ucita mAtrA meM pAnI aura havA na milane ke kAraNa vaha murajhA gayA aura anta meM naSTa ho gayA / syAdvAda ko samaya-samaya para upayukta sAmagrI milatI rahI jisase vaha Aja dina taka barAbara bar3hatA rahA /

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364 jaina dharma-darzana bhedAbhedavAda, sadasadvAda, nityAnityavAda, nirvacanIyAnirvacanIyavAda, ekAnekavAda, sadasatkAryavAda Adi jitane bhI dArzanika vAda haiM, sabakA AdhAra syAdvAda hai / jaina darzana ke AcAryoM ne isa siddhAnta kI sthApanA kA yuktisaMgata prayatna kiyA / AgamoM meM isakA kAphI vikAsa dikhAI detA hai / jaina darzana meM syAdvAda kA itanA adhika mahattva hai ki Aja syAdvAda jaina darzana kA paryAya bana gayA hai / jaina darzana kA artha syAdvAda ke rUpa meM liyA jAtA hai / jahA~ jaina darzana kA nAma AtA hai, anya siddhAnta eka ora raha jAte haiM aura syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda yAda A jAtA hai / vAstava meM syAdvAda jaina darzana kA prANa hai / jaina AcAryoM ke sAre dArzanika cintana kA AdhAra syAdvAda hai / nayavAba: zruta ke do upayoga hote haiM-sakalAdeza aura vikalAdeza sakalAdeza ko pramANa yA syAdvAda kahate haiM / vikalAdeza ko naya kahate haiM / dharmAntara kI avivakSA se eka dharma kA kathana vikalAdeza kahalAtA hai / syAdvAda yA sakalAdeza dvArA sampUrNa vastu kA kathana hotA hai| naya arthAt vikalAdeza dvArA vastu ke eka deza kA kathana hotA hai / sakalAdeza meM vastu ke samasta dharmoM kI vivakSA hotI hai / vikalAdeza meM eka dharma ke atirikta anya dharmoM kI vivakSA nahIM hotI / vikalAdeza isIlie samyak mAnA jAtA hai ki vaha apane vivakSita dharma ke atirikta jitane bhI dharma haiM unakA pratiSedha nahIM karatA apitu una dharmoM ke prati usakA upekSAbhAva hotA hai / zeSa dharmoM se usakA koI prayojana nahIM hotA / prayojana ke abhAva meM vaha una dharmoM kA na to vidhAna karatA hai aura na niSedha | sakalAdeza aura vikalAdeza

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sApekSavAda 365 donoM kI daSTi meM sAkalya aura vaikalya kA antara hai| sakalAdeza kI vivakSA sakala dharmoM ke prati hai, jaba ki vikalAdeza kI vivakSA vikala dharma ke prati hai| yadyapi donoM yaha jAnate haiM ki vastu aneka dharmAtmaka hai-anekAntAtmaka hai. kintu donoM ke kathana kI maryAdA bhinna-bhinna hai| eka kA kathana vastu ke sabhI dharmo kA grahaNa karatA hai, jaba ki dUsare kA kathana vastu ke eka dharma taka hI sImita hai| anekAntAtmaka vastu ke kathana kI do prakAra kI maryAdA ke kAraNa syAdvAda aura naya kA bhinna-bhinna nirUpaNa hai / syAdvAda sakalAdeza hai aura naya vikalAdeza hai / ' dravyAthika evaM paryAyAthika dRSTi : vastu ke nirUpaNa kI jitanI bhI dRSTiyA~ haiM, do dRSTiyoM meM vibhAjita kI jA sakatI haiN| ve do dRSTiyA~ haiM dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika / dravyAthika dRSTi meM sAmAnya yA abhedamUlaka samasta dRSTiyoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| vizeSa yA bhedamUlaka jitanI bhI dRSTiyA~ haiM, saba kA samAveza paryAyArthika dRSTi meM ho jAtA hai| AcArya siddhasena ne ina donoM dRSTiyoM kA samarthana karate hue kahA ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pravacana meM mUlataH do hI dRSTiyA~ haiM-dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika / zeSa sabhI dRSTiyA~ inhIM kI zAkhA-prazAkhAe~ haiN| mahAvIra kA ina do dRSTiyoM se kyA abhiprAya hai, yaha bhI AgamoM ko dekhane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai / bhagavatIsUtra meM nAraka jIvoM kI zAzvatatA aura azAzvatatA kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki avyucchittinaya kI 1. syAdvAdaH sakalAdezo na yo vikalasaMkathA / . ~laghIyastraya, 3.6.62. 2. sanmatitakaM prakaraNa, 1.3.

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366 jaina dharma-darzana apekSA se nAraka jIva zAzvata hai aura vyucchittinaya kI apekSA se vaha azAzvata hai / " avyucchittinaya dravyArthika dRSTi kA hI nAma hai / dravyadRSTi se dekhane para pratyeka padArtha nitya mAlUma hotA hai / isIlie dravyArthika dRSTi abhedagAmI hai - sAmAnyamUlaka hai - anvayapUrvaka hai / vyucchittinaya kA dUsarA nAma hai paryAyArthika dRSTi / paryAyadRSTi se dekhane para vastu anitya mAlUma hotI hai- azAzvata pratIta hotI hai| isIlie paryAyArthika dRSTi bhedagAmI hai- vizeSamUlaka hai| hama kisI bhI dRSTi ko leM, vaha yA to bhedamUlaka hogI yA abhedamUlaka, yA to vizeSamUlaka hogI yA sAmAnyamUlaka / ukta do prakAroM ko chor3akara vaha anyatra kahIM nahIM jA sktii| isalie mUlataH dravyAthika aura paryAyArthika ye do hI dRSTiyA~ haiM aura ina do dRSTiyoM kA pratinidhitva karane vAle do naya haiM / anya dRSTiyA~ inhIM ke bhedaprabheda - zAkhA prazAkhAoM ke rUpa meM haiM / dravyAthika evaM prdesh|rthik dRSTi : dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika dRSTi kI bhA~ti dravyAthika aura pradezAyika dRSTi se bhI padArtha kA kathana ho sakatA hai / dravyArthika dRSTi ekatA kA pratipAdana karatI hai, yaha hama dekha cuke haiM / pradezArthika dRSTi anekatA ko apanA viSaya banAtI hai / paryAya aura pradeza meM yaha antara hai ki paryAya dravya kI deza aura kAlakRta nAnA avasthAeM haiN| eka hI dravya deza aura kAla ke bheda se vividha rUpoM meM parivartita hotA rahatA hai| isake vividha rUpa hI vividha paryAya haiM / dravya ke avayava pradeza kahe jAte haiM / eka dravya ke aneka aMza ho sakate haiN| eka-eka aMza 1. 7.2.276

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sApekSavAda 367 eka-eka pradeza kahalAtA hai| pudgala kA eka paramANu jitanA sthAna gheratA hai vaha eka pradeza hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra kucha dravyoM ke pradeza niyata haiM aura kucha ke aniyata / jIva ke pradeza sarva deza aura sarva kAla meM niyata haiN| unakI saMkhyA na kabhI bar3hatI hai, na kabhI ghaTatI hai| ve jisa zarIra kA vyApta karate haiM usakA parimANa ghaTa-bar3ha sakatA hai, kintu pradezoM kI saMkhyA utanI hI rahatI hai / yaha kaise ho sakatA hai, isakA samAdhAna karane ke lie dIpaka kA dRSTAnta diyA jAtA hai| jaise eka hI dIpaka ke utane hI pradeza choTe kamare meM bhI A sakate haiM aura bar3e kamare meM bhI, usI prakAra eka hI AtmA ke utane hI pradeza choTe zarIra ko bhI vyApta kara sakate haiM aura bar3e zarIra ko bhI / dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya aura AkAzAstikAya ke pradeza bhI niyata haiM / pudgalAstikAya ke pradazoM (paramANuoM) kA koI nizcita niyama nhiiN| unameM skandha ke anusAra nyUnAdhikatA hotI rahatI hai / paryAya ke lie aisA koI niyama nahIM hai| ve niyata saMkhyA meM nahIM milte| jisa prakAra paryAyadRSTi se bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vastu kA vicAra kiyA hai usI prakAra pradezadRSTi se bhI padArtha kA cintana kiyA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki maiM dravyadRSTi se eka hU~, jJAna aura darzanarUpa paryAyoM kI dRSTi se do hu~, pradezoM kI dRSTi se akSaya hU~, avyaya hU~, avasthita hU~ / yahA~ para mahAvIra ne pradeza dRSTi kA upayoga ekatA kI siddhi ke lie kiyA hai| saMkhyA kI dRSTi se pradeza niyata haiM, ataH usa dRSTi se AtmA akSaya hai, avyaya hai, avasthita hai / pradezadRSTi kA upayoga anekatA kI siddhi ke lie bhI kiyA jAtA hai / dravyadRSTi se vastu ekarUpa mAlUma hotI hai, kintu vahI vastu pradezadRSTi se anekarUpa dikhAI detI hai, kyoMki pradeza aneka haiM / AtmA dravyadRSTi se eka hai kintu pradezadRSTi se aneka hai,

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368 jaina dharma-darzana kyoMki usake aneka pradeza haiM / isI prakAra dharmAstikAya dravyadRSTi se eka hai kintu padedRSTi se aneka hai / anya dravyoM ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta samajhanI caahie| jaba kisI vastu kA dravyadRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAtA hai taba dravyArthika naya kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai / pradezadRSTi se vicAra karate samaya pradezArthika naya kAma meM lAyA jAtA hai / vyAvahArika tathA naicayika dRSTi : vyavahAra aura nizcaya kA jhagar3A bahuta purAnA hai / jo vastu jaisI pratibhAsita hotI hai usI rUpa meM vaha satya hai yA kisI anya rUpa meM ? kucha dArzanika vastu ke do rUpa mAnate haiM - prAtibhAsika aura pAramArthika / cAvaki Adi dArzanika pratibhAsa aura paramArtha meM kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM krte| unakI dRSTi meM indriyagamya tattva pAramArthika hai / mahAvIra ne vastu ke donoM rUpoM kA samarthana kiyA aura apanI-apanI dRSTi se donoM ko yathArtha batAyA / indriyagamya vastu kA sthUla rUpa vyavahAra kI dRSTi se yathArtha hai / isa sthUla rUpa ke atirikta vastu kA sUkSma rUpa bhI hotA hai jo indriyoM kA viSaya nahIM ho sakatA | vaha kevala zruta yA AtmatyakSa kA viSaya hotA hai / yahI naizcayika dRSTi hai / vyAvahArika dRSTi aura naizcayika dRSTi meM yahI antara hai ki vyAvahArika dRSTi indriyAzrita hai, ataH sthUla hai, jaba ki naizcayika dRSTi indriyAtIta hai, ataH sUkSma hai / 'eka dRSTi se padArtha ke sthUla rUpa kA jJAna hotA hai aura dUsarI se padArtha ke sUkSma rUpa kA donoM dRSTiyA~ samyak haiM / donoM yathArthatA kA grahaNa karatI haiM / 1 mahAvIra aura gautama ke bIca eka saMvAda hai| gautama 'mahAvIra se pUchate haiM- bhagavan ! patale guDa ( phANita ) meM kitane

Page #414
sApekSavAda 366 varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza hote haiM ? mahAvIra uttara dete haiMgautama ! isa prazna kA uttara do nayoM se diyA jA sakatA hai / vyAvahArika naya kI dRSTi se vaha madhura hai aura naizcayika naya kI apekSA se vaha pA~ca varNa, do gandha, pA~ca rasa aura ATha sparza vAlA hai / isI prakAra gandha, sparza Adi se sambandhita aneka viSayoM ko lekara vyavahAra aura nizcayanaya se uttara diyA hai / ' ina do dRSTiyoM se uttara dene kA kAraNa yaha hai ki ve vyavahAra ko bhI satya mAnate the / paramArtha ke Age vyavahAra kI upekSA nahIM karanA cAhate the / vyavahAra aura paramArtha donoM dRSTiyoM ko samAna rUpa se mahattva dete the / ' arthanaya aura zabdanaya : AgamoM meM sAta nayoM kA ullekha hai / anuyogadvAra sUtra meM zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta ko zabdanaya kahA gayA hai / 3 bAda ke dArzanikoM ne sAta nayoM ke spaSTa rUpa se do vibhAga kara die - arthanaya aura zabdanaya / Agama meM jaba tIna nayoM ko zabdatya kahA gayA to zeSa cAra nayoM ko arthanaya kahanA yuktisaMgata hI hai| jo naya artha ko apanA viSaya banAte haiM ve arthanaya haiM / prArambha ke cAra naya - naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra aura RjusUtra artha ko viSaya karate haiM, ataH ve arthanaya haiM / antima tIna naya - zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta zabda ko viSaya karate haiM, ataH ve zabdanaya haiM / ina sAtoM nayoM ke svarUpa kA vizleSaNa karate samaya mAlUma ho jAegA ki naigamAdi cAra kA viSaya 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 18.6. 2. anuyogadvAra, 156; sthAnAMga, 7.552. 3. 'tihUM saddanayANaM' - anuyogadvAra, 148.

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400 bana dharma darzana artha kyoM hai aura zabdAdi tIna kA viSaya zabda kyoM hai ? arthanaya aura zabdanaya ke bheda kI yaha sUjha naI nahIM hai| AgamoM meM isakA ullekha hai| naya ke bheda: naya kI mukhya dRSTiyAM kyA ho sakatI haiM, yaha hamane dekhaa| aba hama usake bhedoM kA vicAra kreNge| AcArya siddhasena' ne likhA hai ki vacana ke jitane bhI prakAra yA mArga ho sakate haiM, naya ke utane hI bheda haiN| jitane naya ke bheda haiM utane hI mata haiN| isa kathana ko yadi ThIka mAnA jAya to naya ke ananta prakAra ho sakate haiN| ina ananta prakAroM kA varNana hamArI zakti kI maryAdA ke bAhara hai| moTe taura para naya ke kitane bheda hote haiM, yaha batAne kA prayatna jaina darzana ke AcAryoM ne kiyA hai| yaha to hama dekha cuke haiM ki dravya aura paryAya meM sAre bheda samA jAte haiN| dravya aura paryAyoM ko adhika spaSTa karane ke lie unake avAntara bheda kiye gaye haiN| ina bhedoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM koI nizcita paramparA nahIM hai| jaina darzana ke itihAsa ko dekhane para hameM etadviSayaka tIna paramparAeM milatI haiM / eka paramparA sIdhe taura para naya ke sAta bheda karatI hai| ye sAta bheda haiM-nagama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evNbhuut| Agama aura digambara grantha isa paramparA kA pAlana karate haiN| dUsarI paramparA naya ke chaH bheda mAnatI hai| isa paramparA ke anusAra naigama svatantra naya 1. jAvaiyA vayaNabahA, tAvaiyA ceva hoti nnyvaayaa| jAvaiyA NayavAyA, tAvaiyA ceva parasamayA / / __ -sanmatitarkaprakaraNa, 3.47. 2. sthAnAMga, 7.552; tattvArtha rAjavArtika, 1.33.

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sApekSavAda . nahIM hai| AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne isa paramparA kI sthApanA kI hai|' tIsarI paramparA tattvArthasUtra aura usake bhASya kI hai|' isa paramparA ke anusAra mUlarUpa meM naya ke pA~ca bhada haiMnaigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra aura shbd| inameM se prathama arthAt naigamanaya ke deza-parikSepI aura sarva-parikSepI isa prakAra ke do bheda ho jAte haiM tathA antima arthAt zabdanaya ke sAMprata, 'samabhirUDha aura evaMbhUta aise tIna bheda haiN| sAta bhedoM vAlI paramparA adhika prasiddha haiM ata: nagamAdi sAta bhedoM ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA jaaygaa| naigama-guNa aura guNI, avayava aura avayavI, jAti aura jAtimAn, kriyA aura kAraka Adi meM bheda aura abheda kI vivakSA karanA naigamanaya hai| guNa aura guNI kathaMcit bhinna haiM aura kathaMcit abhinna / isI prakAra avayava aura avayavI, jAti aura jAtimAn Adi meM bhI kathaMcit bheda hai aura kathaMcit abhed| kisI samaya hamArI vivakSA bheda kI ora hotI hai, kisI samaya abheda kI ora / jisa samaya hamArI vivakSA bheda kI ora hotI hai usa samaya abheda gauNa ho jAtA hai aura jisa samaya hamArA prayojana abheda se hotA hai usa samaya bheda gauNa ho jAtA hai / bheda aura abheda kA gauNa aura pradhAna bhAva se grahaNa karanA naigamanaya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, bheda kA grahaNa karate samaya abheda ko gauNa samajhanA aura bheda ko mukhya samajhanA aura abheda kA grahaNa karate samaya bheda ko gauNa 1. sanmatitarka meM naya prakaraNa. 2. 1.34-35. 26

Page #417
402 jaina dharma-darzana aura abheda ko mukhya samajhanA, naigama hai / " udAharaNa ke lie guNa aura guNI ko leN| jIva guNI hai aura sukha usakA guNa hai / 'jIva sukhI hai' isa kathana meM kabhI jIva aura sukha ke abheda kI pradhAnatA hotI hai aura bheda kI apradhAnatA, kabhI bheda kI pradhAnatA hotI hai aura abheda kI apradhAnatA / donoM vivakSAoM kA grahaNa naigamanaya hai / kabhI eka pradhAna hotI hai to kabhI dUsarI, kintu honA cAhie donoM kA grahaNa | kevala eka kA grahaNa hone para naigama nahIM hotaa| donoM kA grahaNa hone se yaha sakalAdeza ho jAegA, kyoMki sakalAdeza meM sampUrNa vastu kA kathana hotA hai, aura vastu bheda aura abheda ubhayarUpa se hI sampUrNa hai / jaba naigama naya bheda aura abheda donoM kA grahaNa karatA hai to vaha sampUrNa vastu kA grahaNa karatA hai, yaha svataH siddha hai / yaha zaMkA ThIka nahIM / sakalAdeza meM pradhAna aura gauNa bhAva nahIM hotA / vaha samAna rUpa se saba dharmoM kA grahaNa karatA hai, jaba ki naigama naya meM vastu ke dharmoM kA pradhAna aura gauNa bhAva se grahaNa hotA hai / dharma aura dharmI kA gauNa aura pradhAna bhAva se grahaNa karanA bhI naigamanaya hai / kisI samaya dharma kI pradhAna bhAva se vivakSA hotI hai aura dharmI kI goNa bhAva se kisI samaya dharmI kI mukhya vivakSA hotI hai aura dharma kI gauNa / ina donoM dazAoM meM naigama kI pravRtti hotI hai / 'sukha jIva-guNa hai' isa vAkya meM sukha pradhAna hai kyoMki vaha vizeSya hai aura jIva gauNa hai kyoMki vaha sukha kA vizeSaNa hai / yahA~ dharma kA pradhAna bhAva se grahaNa kiyA gayA hai aura dharmI kA gauNa bhAva se / 'jIva sukhI 1. anyonyaguNabharta kabhedAbhedarUpaNAt / namo'rthAntaratvokto naMgamAbhAsa iSyate // - laghIyastraya, 2.5.36.

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sApekSavAda 403 hai' isa vAkya meM jIva pradhAna hai kyoMki vaha vizeSya hai aura sukha gauNa hai kyoMki vaha vizeSaNa hai / yahA~ dharmI kI pradhAna bhAva se vivakSA hai aura dharma kI gauNa bhAva se / 1 kucha loga naigama ko saMkalpamAtragrAhI mAnate haiN| jo kArya kiyA jAnevAlA hai usa kA saMkalpamAtra naigamanaya hai / udAharaNa ke lie eka puruSa kulhAr3I lekara jaMgala meM jA rahA hai / mArga meM koI vyakti milatA hai aura pUchatA hai - 'tuma kahA~ jA rahe ho ?' vaha puruSa uttara detA hai- 'maiM prastha lene jA rahA hU~ / ' yahA~ para vaha puruSa vAstava meM lakar3I kATane jA rahA hai / prastha to bAda meM banegA / prastha ke saMkalpa ko dRSTi meM rakhakara vaha puruSa uparyukta DhaMga se uttara detA hai / usakA yaha uttara naigamanaya kI dRSTi se ThIka hai| isI prakAra jaba koI vyakti kisI dukAna para kapar3A lene ke lie jAtA hai aura usase koI pUchatA hai ki tuma kahA~ jA rahe ho to vaha uttara detA hai ki jarA koTa silAnA hai / vAstava meM vaha vyakti koTa ke lie kapar3A lene jA rahA hai, na ki koTa silAne ke lie jA rahA hai / koTa to bAda meM siyA jAegA, kintu usa saMkalpa ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue vaha kahatA hai ki koTa silAne jA rahA hU~ / saMgraha --sAmAnya yA abheda kA grahaNa karane vAlI dRSTi saMgraha1. yadvA naikagamo naigamaH, dharmadharmiNoguNapradhAnabhAvena viSayIkaraNAt / 'jIvaguNaH sukham' ityatra hi jIvasyAprAdhAnyam vizeSaNatvAt, sukhasya tu prAdhAnyam, vizeSyatvAt / 'sukhI jIva:' ityAdI tu jIvasya prAdhAnyam, na sukhAdeH, viparyayAt / 2. arthasaMkalpamAtragrAhI naigamaH / - nayaprakAzastava vRtti, pR0 10. -tattvArtha rAjavArtika 1.3.2.

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404 jaina dharma-darzana naya hai / svajAti ke virodhI ke binA samasta padArthoM kA ekatva meM saMgraha karanA saMgraha kahalAtA hai / yaha hama jAnate haiM ki pratyeka padArtha sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka hai, bhedAbhedAtmaka hai| ina do dharmoM meM se sAmAnya dharma kA grahaNa karanA aura vizeSa dharma ke prati upekSAbhAva rakhanA saMgrahnaya hai / yaha naya do prakAra kA hai - para aura apara / para saMgraha meM sakala padArthoM kA ekatva abhipreta hai / jIva-ajIvAdi jitane bhI bheda haiM, sabakA sattA meM samAveza ho jAtA hai| koI bhI padArtha aisA nahIM hai jo sat na ho / dUsare zabdoM meM, jIvAjIvAdi sattAsAmAnya ke bheda haiN| eka hI sattA vibhinna rUpoM meM dRSTigocara hotI hai / jisa prakAra nIlAdi AkAra vAle sabhI jJAna jJAna- sAmAnya ke bheda haiM usI prakAra jIvAdi jitane bhI padArtha haiM, saba sat haiM / para saMgraha kahatA hai ki 'saba eka hai, kyoMki saba sat haiM / " sattAsAmAnya kI dRSTi se sabakA ekatva meM antarbhAva ho jAtA hai / apara saMgraha dravyatvAdi apara sAmAnyoM kA grahaNa karatA hai / sattAsAmAnya, jo ki para sAmAnya athavA mahA sAmAnya hai, usake sAmAnyarUpa avAntara bhedoM kA grahaNa karanA apara saMgraha kA kArya hai / sAmAnya ke do prakAra haiM-para aura apara / para sAmAnya sattAsAmAnya ko kahate haiM, jo pratyeka padArtha meM rahatA hai / apara sAmAnya para sAmAnya ke dravya, guNa Adi bhedoM meM rahatA hai / dravya meM rahane vAlI sattA para sAmAnya hai aura dravya kA jo dravyatvasAmAnya hai vaha apara sAmAnya hai / 1. jIvAjIvaprabhedA yadantarlInAstadasti sat / ekaM yathA svanirbhAsi jJAnaM jIvaH svaparyayaH // 2. sarvamekaM sadavizeSAt / - laghIyastraya, 2. 5.31.

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sApekSavAda 405 isI prakAra guNa meM sattA para sAmAnya hai aura guNatva apara sAmAnya hai| dravya ke bhI kaI bheda-prabheda hote haiN| udAharaNa ke lie jIva dravya kA eka bheda hai| jIva meM jIvatvasAmAnya apara sAmAnya hai| isa prakAra jitane bhI apara sAmAnya ho sakate haiM una savakA grahaNa karane vAlA naya apara saMgraha hai| para saMgraha aura apara saMgraha donoM milakara jitane bhI prakAra ke sAmAnya yA abheda ho sakate haiM, sabakA grahaNa karate haiN| saMgrahanaya sAmAnya grAhI dRSTi hai| vyavahAra-saMgrahanaya dvArA gRhIta artha kA vidhipUrvaka avaharaNa karanA vyavahAranaya hai|' jisa artha kA, saMgrahanaya grahaNa karatA hai usa artha kA vizeSa rUpa se bodha karAnA ho taba usakA pRthakkaraNa karanA par3atA hai| saMgraha to sAmAnyamAtra kA grahaNa kara letA hai, kintu vaha sAmAnya kiMrUpa hai, isakA vizleSaNa karane ke lie vyavahAra kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai| dUsare zabdo meM, saMgrahagRhIta sAmAnya kA bhedapUrvaka grahaNa karanA vyavahAranaya hai| yaha naya bhI upayukta donoM nayoM kI bhA~ti dravya kA hI grahaNa karatA hai, kintu isakA grahaNa bhedapUrvaka hai, abhedapUrvaka nhiiN| isalie isakA antarbhAva dravyAthika naya meM hai, paryAyAthika naya meM nhiiN| isakI vidhi isa prakAra hai-para saMgraha sattAsAmAnya kA grahaNa karatA hai| usakA vibhAjana karate hue vyavahAra kahatA hai-sat kyA hai ? jo sat hai vaha dravya hai yA guNa ? yadi vaha dravya hai to jIva dravya hai yA ajIva dravya ? kevala jIva dravya kahane se bhI kAma nahIM cala sktaa| vaha jIva nAraka hai, deva hai, manuSya haiM yA tiryaJca hai ? isa prakAra 1. ato vidhipUrvakamatraharaNaM vyavahAraH / -tattvArtha rAjavArtika, 1.33.6.

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406 jaina dharma-darzana vyavahAranaya vahA~ taka bheda karatA jAtA hai jahA~ punaH bha eda kI sambhAvanA na ho| isa naya kA mukhya prayojana vyavahAra kI siddhi hai / ' kevala sAmAnya ke bodha se yA kathana se hamArA - vyavahAra nahIM cala sktaa| vyavahAra ke lie hamezA bhedabuddhi kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai / yaha bha edabuddhi paristhiti kI anukUlatA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue antima bha eda taka bar3ha sakatI hai, jahA~ punaH bha eda na ho ske| dUsare zabdoM meM, vaha antima vizeSa kA grahaNa kara sakatI hai / vyavahAragRhIta vizeSa paryAyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM hote apitu dravya ke bheda ke rUpa meM hote haiM / isalie vyavahAra kA viSaya bha edAtmaka aura vizeSAtmaka hote hue bhI dravyarUpa hai, na ki paryAyarUpa / yahI kAraNa hai ki dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika nayoM meM se vyavahAra kA samAveza dravyArthika naya meM kiyA gayA hai| naigama, saMgraha aura vyavahAra ina tInoM nayoM kA dravyArthika naya meM antarbhAva hotA hai / zeSa cAra naya paryAyArthika naya ke bha eda haiM / RjusUtra - bheda athavA paryAya kI vivakSA se jo kathana hai vaha RjusUtranaya kA viSaya hai / jisa prakAra saMgraha kA viSaya sAmAnya athavA abheda hai usI prakAra RjusUtra kA viSaya paryAya athavA bheda hai / yaha naya bhUta aura bhaviSyat kI upekSA karake kevala vartamAna kA grahaNa karatA hai / paryAya kI avasthiti vartamAna kAla meM hI hotI hai / bhUta aura bhaviSyat kAla meM 1. vyavahArAnukUlyAttu pramANAnAM pramANatA / nAnyathA bAdhyamAnAnAM jJAnAnAM tatprasaMgataH // - laghIyastraya, 3.6.70. 2. bhedaM prAdhAnyato'nvicchan Rjusutranayo mataH / - laghIyastraya, 3. 6. 71.

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sApekSavAda 407 dravya rahatA hai / manuSya kaI bAra tAtkAlika pariNAma kI ora jhuka kara kevala vartamAna ko hI apanA pravRtti kSetra banAtA hai / aisI sthiti meM usakI buddhi meM aisA pratibhAsa hotA hai ki jo vartamAna hai vahI satya hai / bhUta aura bhAvI vastu se usakA koI prayojana nahIM rahatA / isakA artha yaha nahIM ki vaha bhUta aura bhAvI kA niSedha karatA hai / prayojana ke abhAva meM unakI ora upekSA-dRSTi rakhatA hai / vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki vastu kI pratyeka avasthA bhinna hai | isa kSaNa kI avasthA meM aura dUsare kSaNa kI avasthA meM bheda hai / isa kSaNa kI avasthA isI kSaNa taka sImita hai / dUsare kSaNa kI avasthA dUsare kSaNa taka sImita hai| isI prakAra eka vastu kI avasthA dUsarI vastu kI avasthA se bhinna hai / 'kauA kAlA hai' isa vAkya meM kaue aura kAlepana kI jo ekatA hai usakI upekSA karane ke lie RjusUtranaya kahatA hai ki kauA kauA hai aura kAlApana kAlApana hai / kauA aura kAlApana bhinna-bhinna avasthAe~ haiM / yadi kAlApana aura kauA eka hote to bhramara bhI koA ho jAtA kyoMki vaha kAlA hai / RjusUtra kSaNikavAda meM vizvAsa rakhatA hai / isalie pratyeka vastu ko asthAyI mAnatA hai / jisa prakAra kAlabheda se vastubheda kI mAnyatA hai usI prakAra dezabheda se bhI vastubheda kI mAnyatA hai / bhinna-bhinna deza meM rahane vAle padArtha bhinna-bhinna haiM / isa prakAra RjusUtra pratyeka vastu meM bheda hI bheda dekhatA hai / yaha bheda dravyamUlaka na hokara paryAyamUlaka hai / ataH yaha naya paryAyArthika hai / yahIM se paryAyArthika naya kA kSetra Arambha hotA hai / " zabda -kAla, kAraka, liMga, saMkhyA Adi ke bheda se arthabheda mAnanA zabdanaya hai / yaha naya va Age ke donoM naya zabdazAstra

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408 jaina dharma-darzana se sambaddha haiN| zabdoM ke bheda se artha meM bheda karanA inakA kArya hai| zabdanaya eka hI vastu meM kAla, kAraka, liMga Adi ke bheda se bheda mAnatA hai| liMga tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-pulliga, strIliga aura npuNskliNg| ina tInoM liMgoM se bhinna-bhinna artha kA bodha hotA hai| zabdanaya strIliMga se vAcya artha kA bodha pulliga se nahIM maantaa| pulliga se vAcya artha kA bodha napuMsakaliga se nahIM maantaa| isI prakAra anya liMgoM kI yojanA bhI kara lenI cAhie / strIliMga meM pulliMga kA abhidhAna kiyA jAtA hai| jaise tArakA strIliMga hai aura svAti pulliga hai| pulliga se strIliMga ke abhidhAna kA udAharaNa hai avagama aura vidyA ! strIliMga meM napuMsakaliMga kA prayoga hotA hai-jaise vINA ke lie Atodya kA pryog| napuMsakaliMga meM strIliMga kA abhidhAna kiyA jAtA hai-jaise Ayudha ke lie zakti kA pryog| pulliga meM napuMsakaliMga kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai-jaise paTa ke lie vastra kA prayoga / napuMsakaliMga meM pulliga kA abhidhAna hotA hai-jaise dravya ke lie parazu kA pryog| zabdanaya ina sabameM bheda mAnatA hai| saMkhyA tIna prakAra kI hai-ekatva, dvitva aura bahutva / ekatva meM dvitva kA prayoga hotA hai-jaise nakSatra aura punarvasu / ekatva meM bahutva kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai-jaise nakSatra aura zatabhiSak / dvitva meM ekatva kA prayoga hotA hai-jaise jinadatta, devadatta aura manuSya / dvitva meM bahutva kA prayoga hotA hai-jaise punarvasu aura pNctaarkaa| bahutva meM ekatva kA prayoga hotA hai-jaise Ama aura vana / bahatva meM dvitva kA abhidhAna kiyA jAtA hai-jaise devamanuSya aura ubhayarAzi / zabda naya ina prayogoM meM bheda kA vyavahAra karatA hai| kAla ke bheda se arthabha da kA udAharaNa hai-kAzI nagarI thI aura kAzI nagarI hai| ina donoM vAkyoM ke artha

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sApekSavAda 406 meM jo bheda hai vaha zabdanaya ke kAraNa hai| kAraka-bhada se arthabheda ho jAtA hai-jaise mohana ko, mohana ke lie, mohana se Adi zabdoM ke artha meM bheda hai| isI prakAra upasarga ke kAraNa bhI eka hI dhAtu ke bhinna-bhinna artha ho jAte haiN| saMsthAna, prasthAna, upasthAna Adi ke artha meM jo vibhinnatA hai usakA yahI kAraNa hai| 'sam' upasarga lagAne se saMsthAna kA artha AkAra ho gayA, 'pra' upasarga lagAne se prasthAna kA artha gamana ho gayA aura 'upa' upasarga lagAne se upasthAna kA artha upasthiti ho gyaa| isa taraha vividha saMyogoM ke AdhAra para vividha zabdoM ke arthamada kI jo aneka paramparAeM pracalita haiM ve sabhI zabdanaya ke antargata A jAtI haiN| zabdazAstra kA jitanA vikAsa huA hai usake mUla meM yahI naya rahA hai / samabhirUDha-zabdanaya kAla, kAraka, liMga Adi ke bheda se hI artha meM bheda mAnatA hai| eka liMga vAle paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM maantaa| zabdabheda ke AdhAra para arthabheda karane vAlI buddhi jaba kucha aura Age bar3ha jAtI hai aura vyutpatti-bheda ke AdhAra para paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM arthabhada mAnane ke lie taiyAra ho jAtI hai taba samabhiruDha naya kI pravRtti hotI hai| yaha naya kahatA hai ki kevala kAla Adi ke bheda se arthabheda mAnanA hI kAphI nahIM hai apitu vyutpattimUlaka zabdabheda se bhI arthabheda mAnanA caahie| pratyeka zabda apanIapanI vyutpatti ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna artha kA pratipAdana karatA haiN| udAharaNa ke lie hama indra, zakra aura purandara ina tIna zabdoM ko leN| zabdanaya kI dRSTi se dekhane para ina tInoM zabdoM kA eka hI artha hotA hai| yadyapi ye tInoM zabda bhinna-bhinna vyutpatti ke AdhAra para banate haiM kintu inake vAcya artha meM

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jaina dharma-darzana 410 koI bheda nahIM hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki ina tInoM kA liMga eka hI hai / samabhirUDha yaha mAnane ke lie taiyAra nahIM / vaha kahatA hai ki yadi liMga-bheda, saMkhyA-bha eda Adi se arthabha eda mAna sakate haiM to zabdabha eda se arthabha eda mAnane meM kyA hAni hai ? yadi zabdabha eda se arthabha eda nahIM mAnA jAya to indra aura zakra donoM kA eka hI artha ho jAya / indra zabda kI vyutpatti 'indanAdindraH' arthAt 'jo zobhita ho vaha indra hai' isa prakAra hai / 'zakanAcchakraH' arthAt 'jo zaktizAlI hai vaha zakra hai' yaha zaka kI vyutpatti hai / 'pUrdAraNAt purandaraH' arthAt 'jo nagara Adi kA dhvaMsa karatA hai vaha purandara hai' isa prakAra ke artha ko vyakta karane vAlA purandara zabda hai / jaba ina zabdoM kI. vyutpatti bhinna-bhinna hai taba inakA vAcya artha bhI bhinna-bhinna hI honA caahie| jo indra hai vaha indra hai, jo zakra hai vaha zatra hai aura jo purandara hai vaha purandara hai| na to indra zaka ho sakatA hai aura na zakra puraMdara ho sakatA hai / isI prakAra nRpati, bhUpati, rAjA ityAdi jitane bhI paryAyavAcI zabda haiM, saba meM arthabhada hai / evambhUta - samabhirUDhanaya vyutpattibha eda se arthabha eda mAnane taka hI sImita hai, kintu evambhUtanaya kahatA hai ki jaba vyutpatti siddha artha ghaTita hotA ho tabhI usa zabda kA vaha artha mAnanA caahie| jisa zabda kA jo artha hotA ho usake hone para hI usa zabda kA prayoga karanA evambhUtanaya hai / isa lakSaNa ko indra, zakra aura puraMdara zabdoM ke dvArA hI spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai / 'jo zobhita hotA hai vaha indra hai' isa vyutpatti ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue jisa samaya vaha indrAsana para zobhita ho rahA ho usI samaya use indra kahanA cAhie / zakti kA prayoga karate samaya yA anya kArya karate samaya usake lie iMdra zabda kA

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sApekSavAda 411 prayoga karanA ThIka nahIM / jisa samaya vaha apanI zakti kA pradarzana kara rahA ho usI samaya use zaka kahanA cAhie / Age aura pIche zaka kA prayoga karanA isa naya kI dRSTi meM ThIka nahIM / dhvaMsa karate samaya hI use purandara kahanA cAhie, pahale yA bAda meM nahIM / isI prakAra nRpati, bhUpati, rAjA Adi zabdoM ke prayoga meM bhI samajhanA cAhie / nayoM kA pArasparika sambandha : uttara-uttara naya kA viSaya pUrva-pUrva naya se kama hotA jAtA hai / naigamanaya kA viSaya mabase adhika hai kyoMki vaha sAmAnya aura vizeSa -bha eda aura abha eda donoM kA grahaNa karatA hai / kabhI sAmAnya ko mukhyatA detA hai aura vizeSa kA gauNarUpa se grahaNa karatA hai to kabhI vizeSa kA mukhyarUpa se grahaNa karatA hai aura sAmAnya kA gauNarUpa se avalambana karatA hai / saMgraha kA viSaya naigama se kama ho jAtA hai / vaha kevala sAmAnya athavA abheda kA grahaNa karatA hai / vyavahAra kA viSaya saMgraha se bhI kama hai kyoMki vaha saMgraha dvArA gRhIta viSaya kA kucha vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para pRthakkaraNa karatA hai / RjusUtra kA viSaya vyavahAra se kama hai kyoMki vyavahAra kAlika viSaya kI sattA mAnatA hai, jaba ki RjusUtra vartamAna padArtha taka hI sImita rahatA hai, ataH yahIM se paryAyArthika naya kA prArambha mAnA jAtA hai / zabda kA viSaya isase bhI kama hai kyoMki vaha kAla, kAraka, liMga, saMkhyA Adi ke bha eda mAnatA hai / samabhirUDha kA viSaya zabda se vaha paryAya - vyutpattibheda se arthabheda mAnatA hai, paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM kisI taraha kA bheda aGgIkAra nahIM karatA / evambhUta kA viSaya samabhirUDha se bhI kama hai kyoMki bheda se artha meM kama hai kyoMki jaba ki zabda

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412 jaina dharma-darzana vaha artha ko tabhI usa zabda dvArA vAcya mAnatA hai jaba artha apanI vyutpattimUlaka kriyA meM lagA huA ho| ataeva yaha spaSTa hai ki pUrva-pUrva naya kI apekSA uttara-uttara naya sUkSma aura mUkSmatara hotA jAtA hai| uttara-uttara naya kA viSaya pUrva-pUrva naya ke viSaya para hI avalambita rahatA hai| pratyeka kA viSaya-kSetra uttarottara kama hone se inakA pArasparika paurvAparya sambandha hai| sAmAnya aura vizeSa ke AdhAra para inakA dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika meM vibhAjana kisI khAsa dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| pahale ke tIna naya sAmAnya tatva kI ora vizeSarUpa se jhuke hae haiM aura bAda ke cAra naya vizeSa tatva para adhika bhAra dete haiN| prathama tIna nayoM meM sAmAnya kA vicAra adhika spaSTa hai aura zeSa cAra meM vizeSa kA vicAra adhika spaSTa hai| sAmAnya aura vizeSa kI isI spaSTatA ke kAraNa sAta nayoM ko dravyArthika aura paryAyAthika meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| vAsta. vikatA yaha hai ki sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM eka hI tattva ke do avibhAjya pakSa haiM / aisI sthiti meM ekAntarUpa sAmAnya kA yA vizeSa kA grahaNa sambhava nhiiN| ___ arthanaya aura zabdanaya ke rUpa meM jo vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai vaha bhI isI prakAra kA hai| vAstava meM zabda aura artha ekAntarUpa se bhinna nahIM ho skte| artha kI pradhAnatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue prathama cAra nadhoM ko arthanaya kahA gayA hai| zabda-prAdhAnya kI dRSTi se zeSa tIna naya zabdanaya kI koTi meM Ate haiN| isa prakAra pUrva-pUrva naya se uttara-uttara naya meM viSaya kI sUkSmatA kI dRSTi se, sAmAnya aura vizeSa kI dRSTi se, artha aura zabda kI dRSTi se bheda avazya hai kintu yaha bheda aikAntika nahIM hai|

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: 6 : karmasiddhAnta bhAratIya tattvacintana meM karma siddhAnta kA ati mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / cArvAkoM ke atirikta bhArata ke sabhI zreNiyoM ke vicAraka karmasiddhAnta ke prabhAva se prabhAvita rahe haiM / bhAratIya darzana, dharma, sAhitya, kalA, vijJAna Adi para karmasiddhAnta kA prabhAva spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai| sukha-duHkha evaM sAMsArika vidhya kA kAraNa DhU~r3hate hue bhAratIya vicArakoM ne karma ke adbhuta siddhAnta kA anveSaNa kiyA hai / bhArata ke janasAdhAraNa kI yaha sAmAnya dhAraNA rahI hai ki prANiyoM ko prApta hone vAlA sukha athavA duHkha svakRta karmaphala ke atirikta aura kucha nahIM hai / jIva anAdikAla se karmavaza ho vividha bhavoM meM bhramaNa kara rahA hai / janma evaM mRtyu kI jar3a karma hai / janma aura maraNa hI sabase bar3A duHkha hai / jIva apane zubha aura azubha karmoM ke sAtha parabhava meM jAtA hai jo jaisA karatA hai use vaisA hI phala bhoganA par3atA hai / 'jaisA booge vaisA kAToge' kA tAtparyArtha yahI hai / eka prANI dUsare prANI ke karmaphala kA adhikArI nahIM hotA / pratyeka prANI kA karma svasambaddha hotA hai, parasambaddha nahIM / karmasiddhAnta kI sthApanA meM yadyapi bhArata kI sabhI dArzanika evaM naitika zAkhAoM ne apanA yogadAna diyA hai phira bhI jaina paramparA meM isakA jo suvikasita rUpa dRSTigocara hotA . hai vaha anyatra anupalabdha hai| jaina AcAryoM ne jisa DhaMga se /

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414 jaina dharma-darzana karmasiddhAnta kA suvyavasthita, susambaddha evaM sarvAGgapUrNa nirUpaNa kiyA hai vaisA anyatra durlabha hI nahIM, aprApya hai| karma siddhAnta jaina vicAradhArA evaM AcAraparamparA kA eka avicchedya aMga hai / jaina darzana evaM jaina AcAra kI samasta mahattvapUrNa mAnyatAe~ va dhAraNAe~ karmasiddhAnta para avalambita haiM / karmasiddhAnta ke AdhArabhUta hetu ye haiM : 1. pratyeka kriyA kA koI-na-koI phala avazya hotA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, koI bhI kriyA niSphala nahIM hotii| ise kAryakAraNabhAva athavA karma - phalabhAva kahate haiM / 2. yadi kisI kriyA kA phala prANI ke vartamAna jIvana meM prApta nahIM hotA to usake lie bhaviSyakAlIna jIvana anivArya hai / 3. karma kA kartA evaM bhoktA svatantra Atmatattva nirantara eka bhava se dUsare bhAva meM gamana karatA rahatA hai / kisI-na-kisI bhava ke mAdhyama se hI vaha eka nizcita kAlamaryAdA meM rahatA huA apane pUrvakRta karmoM kA bhoga tathA navIna karmoM kA bandha karatA hai / karmoM kI isa paramparA ko tor3anA bhI usakI zakti ke bAhara nahIM hai / 1 4. janmajAta vyaktibheda karmajanya haiM / vyakti ke vyavahAra tathA sukha-duHkha meM jo asAmaJjasya athavA asamAnatA dRSTigocara hotI hai vaha karmajanya hI hai / 5. karmabandha tathA karmabhoga kA adhiSThAtA prANI svayaM hai / tadatirikta jitane bhI hetu dRSTigocara hote haiM ve saba sahakArI athavA nimittabhUta haiM / karmavAda aura icchA-svAtantrya : prANI anAdikAla se karmaparamparA meM ulajhA huA hai /

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karmasiddhAnta 415 purAne karmoM kA bhoga evaM naye karmoM kA bandha anAdi kAla se calA A rahA hai| prANI apane kRtakoM ko bhogatA jAtA hai tathA navIna karmoM kA upArjana karatA jAtA hai / itanA hote hue bhI yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki prANI sarvathA karmAdhIna hai arthAt vaha karmabandha ko nahIM roka sktaa| yadi prANI kA pratyeka kArya karmAdhIna hI mAnA jAegA to vaha apanI Atmazakti kA svatantratApUrvaka upayoga kaise kara sakegA? dUsare zabdoM meM, prANI ko sarvathA karmAdhIna mAnane para icchA-svAtantrya kA koI mUlya nahIM raha jaataa| pratyeka kriyA ko karmamUlaka mAnane para prANI kA na apane para koI adhikAra raha jAtA hai, na dUsaroM pr| aisI dazA meM usakI samasta kriyAe~ svacAlita yantra kI bhAMti svataH saMcAlita hotI rheNgii| prANI ke purAne karma svataH apanA phala dete raheMge evaM usakI tatkAlIna nizcita karmAdhIna paristhiti ke anusAra naye karma baMdhate raheMge jo samayAnusAra bhaviSya meM apanA phala pradAna karate hae karmaparamparA ko svacAlita yantra kI bhA~ti barAbara Age bar3hAte rheNge| pariNAmataH karmavAda niyativAda athavA anivAryatAvAda' meM pariNata ho jAegA tathA icchAsvAtantrya athavA svatantratAvAda2 kA prANI ke jIvana meM koI sthAna na rhegaa| karmavAda ko niyativAda athavA anivAryatAvAda nahIM kaha skte| karmavAda kA yaha tAtparya nahIM ki icchA-svAtantrya kA koI mUlya nhiiN| karmavAda yaha nahIM mAnatA ki prANI jisa 1. Determinism or Necessitarianism. 2. Freedom of Will or Libertarianism.

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'416 jaina dharma-darzana prakAra karma kA phala bhogane meM paratantra hai usI prakAra karma kA upArjana karane meM bhI paratantra hai / karmavAda kI mAnyatA ke anusAra prANI ko apane kiye hue karma kA phala kisI-nakisI rUpa meM avazya bhoganA par3atA hai kintu navIna karma kA upArjana karane meM vaha kisI sImA taka svatantra hai / kRtakarma kA bhoga kiye binA mukti nahIM ho sakatI, yaha satya hai kintu yaha anivArya nahIM ki prANI amuka samaya meM amuka karma hI upArjita kre| Antarika zakti evaM bAhya paristhiti ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue prANI naye karmoM kA upArjana roka sakatA hai / itanA hI nahIM, vaha amuka sImA taka pUrvakRta karmoM ko zIghra yA dera se bhI bhoga sakatA hai athavA unameM pArasparika parivartana bhI ho sakatA hai / isa prakAra karmavAda meM sImita icchA -svAtantrya kA sthAna avazya hai, yaha mAnanA par3atA hai / icchA-svAtantrya kA artha koI yaha kare ki 'jo cAhe so kare' to karmavAda meM vaise svAtantrya kA koI sthAna nahIM hai / prANI apanI zakti evaM bAhya paristhiti kI avahelanA karake koI kArya nahIM kara sakatA / jisa prakAra vaha paristhitiyoM kA dAsa hai usI prakAra use apane parAkrama kI sImA kA bhI dhyAna rakhanA par3atA hai / itanA hote hue bhI vaha karma karane meM sarvathA paratantra nahIM apitu kisI hada taka svatantra hai / karmavAda meM yahI icchA - svAtantrya hai / isa prakAra karmavAda niyativAda aura svatantratAvAda ke bIca kA siddhAnta hai - madhyamavAda hai / 1 karmavAda va anya vAda : vizva vaicitrya ke kAraNa kI khoja karate hue kucha vicArakoM ne karmavAda ke sthAna para anya vAdoM kI sthApanA kI ina vAdoM meM pramukha ye haiM : kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda, hai

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karmasiddhAnta 417 niyativAda, yadRcchAvAda, bhUtavAda, puruSavAda, devavAda aura puruSArthavAda / kAlavAda - kAlavAda ke samarthakoM kA kathana hai ki vizva kI samasta vastueM tathA prANiyoM ke sukha-dukha kAlAzrita haiM / kAla hI saba bhUnoM kI sRSTi karatA hai tathA unakA saMhAra karatA hai / kAla hI prANiyoM ke samasta zubhAzubha pariNAmoM kA janaka hai / kAla hI prajA kA saMkoca aura visgara karatA hai / atharvaveda ke anusAra kAla ne pRthvI ko utpanna kiyA hai, kAla ke AdhAra para sUrya tapatA hai, kAla ke hI AdhAra para samasta bhana rahate haiM / kAla ke hI kAraNa A~kheM dekhatI haiM, kAla hI Izvara hai, kAla prajApati kA bhI pitA hai, kAla sarvaprathama deva hai. kAla se bar3hakara koI anya zakti nahIM hai|' mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki karma athavA yajJayAgAdi sukha-duHkha ke kAraNa nahIM haiN| manuSya kAla dvArA hI saba kucha prApta karatA hai / samasta kAryoM kA kAla hI kAraNa hai / zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM kAlavAda kA svarUpa isa prakAra batAyA gayA hai : kisI prANI kA mAtRgarbha meM praveza karanA, bAlyAvasthA prApta karanA, zubhAzubha anubhavoM se samparka honA Adi ghaTanAeM kAla ke abhAva meM nahIM ghaTa sakatIM / ataH kAla ho saba ghaTanAoM kA kAraNa hai / kAla bhUtoM ko paripakva avasthA meM pahuMcAtA hai, kAla prajA kA saMhAra karatA hai, kAla sabake sone rahane para bhI jAgatA hai, kAla kI sImA kA ullaMghana karanA kisI ke lie sambhava nahIM hai| mUMga kA pakanA anukUla kAla ke binA zakya nahIM hotA, cAhe anya 1. atharvaveda kA kAlasUkta ( 16.53 - 54 ). 2. mahAbhArata kA zAntiparva ( adhyAya 25, 28, 32 Adi ). 27

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jaina dharma-darzana sAmagrI upasthita kyoM na ho| ata: mudgapakti bhI kAla ke hI kAraNa hai| kAla ke abhAva meM garbhAdi samasta ghaTanAeM astavyasta ho jaaeNgii| ataeva jagat kI saba ghaTanAoM kA kAraNa kAla hI hai|' svabhAvavAda-svabhAvavAdiyoM kA kathana hai ki saMsAra meM jo kucha hotA hai, svabhAva ke kAraNa hI hotA hai| svabhAva ke atirikta anya koI bhI kAraNa vizva-vaicitrya ke nirmANa meM samartha nahIM hai / buddhacarita meM svabhAvavAda kA svarUpa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki kAMToM kA nukIlApana, pazu-pakSiyoM kI vicitratA Adi svabhAva ke kAraNa hI haiM / kisI bhI pravRtti meM icchA athavA prayatna kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM svabhAvavAda kA varNana karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki kisI prANI kA mAtA ke garbha meM praviSTa honA, bAlyAvasthA prApta karanA, zubhAzubha anubhavoM kA bhoga karanA Adi ghaTanAeM svabhAva ke binA ghaTita nahIM ho sktii| ataH svabhAva hI saMsAra kI samasta ghaTanAoM kA kAraNa hai| jagat kI saba vastueM svabhAva se hI apane-apane svarUpa meM vidyamAna rahatI haiM tathA anta meM naSTa ho jAtI haiN| svabhAva ke binA mUga kA pakano bhI saMbhava nahIM hotA, bhale hI kAla Adi upasthita kyoM na hoN| yadi kisI svabhAvavizeSa vAle kAraNa ke abhAva meM bhI kisI kAryavizeSa kI utpatti saMbhava mAna lI jAya to avyavasthA utAnna ho jaaegii| yadi miTTI meM na ghar3A banAne kA svabhAva hai, na kapar3A banAne kA taba yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki wer 1. zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 165-168. 2. buddhacarita, 52.

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karmasiddhAnta . . miTTI se ghaTa hI utpanna honA cAhie, paTa nahIM ? ataeva saMsAra kI saba ghaTanAoM kA kAraNa svabhAva hI hai|' niyativAda-niyativAdiyoM kI mAnyatA hai ki jo honA hotA hai vahI hotA hai athavA jo honA hotA hai vaha hotA hI hai| ghaTanAoM kA avazyambhAvitva pUrvanirdhArita hai / jagata kI pratyeka ghaTanA pahale se hI niyata arthAta nizcita hotI hai / kisI ke icchA-svAnAya kA koI mUlya nahIM hai / vastuta: icchA. svAtantrya nAma kI koI cIja hI nahIM hai| manuSya kevala apane ajJAna ke kAraNa aisA socatA hai ki maiM bhaviSya ko badala sakatA huuN| jo kucha honA hogA vaha hogA hii| anAgata arthAt bhaviSya bhI vaise hI sunizcita evaM aparivartanIya hai jaise atIta arthAt bhana / ataeva AzA, bhaya, cintA adi nirarthaka haiM evaM kisI kI prazaMsA karanA athavA kisI para doSa lagAnA bhI vyartha hai| bauddha Agama dIghanikAya ke sAmaJaphalasutta meM niyativAda kA varNana karate hae kahA gayA hai ki prANiyoM kI pavitratA kA koI kAraNa nahIM hai| ve kAraNa ke binA hI apavitra hote haiN| isI prakAra prApiyoM kI pavitratA kA bhI koI kAraNa nahIM hai| ve kAraNa ke binA hI pavitra hote haiN| apane sAmarthya ke bala para kucha bhI nahIM hotaa| puruSa ke sAmarthya ke kAraNa kisI padArya kI sattA hai, aisA nahIM hai / na bala hai, na vIrya hai, na zakti hai aura na parAkrama hI hai| sabhI sattva, sabhI prANI, sabhI jIva avaza haiM, durbala haiM, vIryavihIna haiN| unameM niyati, jAti, vaiziSTya evaM svabhAva ke kAraNa parivartana hotA hai| ve chaH jAtiyoM meM se kisI eka jAti meM rahakara saba duHkhoM kA upabhoga karate haiN| caurAsI lAkha mahAkalpoM ke cakra meM bhramaNa karane 1. zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 166-172.

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420 jaina dharma-darzana ke bAda buddhimAn aura mUrkha donoM ke duHkha kA nAza ho jAtA hai| yadi koI kahe ki maiM zIla, vrata, tapa athavA brahmacarya ke dvArA aparipakva karmoM ko paripakva karUMgA athavA paripakva karmoM ko bhogakara nAmazeSa kara dUMgA to aisA kadApi nahIM ho sakatA / sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti ( bhagavatIsUtra), upAsakadazAMga Adi jaina AgamoM meM bhI niyativAda kA aisA hI varNana hai| zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM niyativAda kA svarUpa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa vastu ko jisa samaya jisa kAraNa se jisa rUpa meM utpanna honA hotA hai vaha vastu usa samaya usa kAraNa se usa rUpa meM nizcita utpanna hotI hai| aisI sthiti meM niyati ke siddhAnta kA kauna khaNDana kara sakatA hai ? 2 cUMki saMsAra kI samasta vastueM niyata rUpavAlI hotI haiM isalie niyati ko hI unakA kAraNa mAnanA caahie| niyati ke binA koI bhI kArya nahIM hotA, bhale hI kAla Adi samasta kAraNa upasthita kyoM na hoN| .. yadRcchAvAda-yadRcchAvAda kA mantavya hai ki kisI kAraNavizeSa ke binA hI kisI kAryavizeSa kI utpatti ho jAtI hai| kisI ghaTanA athavA kAryavizeSa ke lie kisI nimitta athavA kAraNavizeSa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| kisI nimitta kAraNa ke abhAva meM hI kArya utpanna ho jAtA hai| koI bhI ghaTanA sakAraNa arthAt kisI nizcita kAraNa kA sadbhAva hone se nahIM apitu akAraNa arthAt akasmAt hI hotI hai| jaise kAMTe kI tIkSNatA animitta arthAta kisI nimittavizeSa ke binA hI 1. sUtrakRtAMga, zru. 2, a. 1, 6; bhagavatIsUtra, za. 15; upAsaka dazAMga, a. 6-7. 2. zAstravAsimuccaya, 174,

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karma siddhAnta 421 hotI hai vaise hI bhAvoM kI utpatti kisI hetuvizeSa ke abhAva meM hI hotI hai / yadRcchAvAda, akasmAtvAda, animittavAda, akAraNavAda, ahetuvAda Adi ekArthaka haiN| inameM kAryakAraNabhAva athavA hetuhetumadbhAva kA abhAva hotA hai / isa prakAra kI mAnyatA kA ullekha zvetAzvatara upaniSad,' mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva, nyAyasUtra Adi meM upalabdha hotA hai / 2 3 bhUtavAda - bhUtavAdiyoM kI mAnyatA hai ki pRthvI, jala, agni aura vAyu ina cAra bhUtoM se hI saba padArthoM kI utpatti hotI hai| jar3a aura cetana samasta bhAvoM kA AdhAra ye cAra bhUta ho haiM / ina bhUtoM ke atirikta koI anya cetana athavA acetana tattva jagat meM vidyamAna nahIM hai| jise anya darzana Atmatattva yA cetanatattva kahate haiM use bhUtavAdI bhautika hI mAnatA hai / AtmA - jIva- caitanya bhUtoM kA hI eka kAryaMvizeSa hai jo avasthAvizeSa kI upasthiti meM utpanna hotA hai tathA usakI anupasthiti meM naSTa ho jAtA hai / jaise pAna, supArI, katthA, cUnA Adi vastuoM kA sammizraNavizeSa hone para rakta varNa kI utpatti hotI hai usI prakAra bhUtacatuSTaya ke sammizraNavizeSa se caitanya utpanna hotA hai / isa dRSTi se AtmA bhautika zarIra se bhinna tattva siddha na hokara zarIrarUpa hI siddha hotA hai / sUtrakRtAMga" meM tajjIvataccharIravAda tathA paMcabhUtavAda kA jo varNana upalabdha hotA hai vaha isI mAnyatA se sambandhita hai / tajjIvataccharIravAda kA mantavya hai ki zarIra aura jIva eka haiMabhinna haiM / ise anAtmavAda athavA nAstikavAda bhI kaha sakate 3. 4. 1.22. 1. 1.2. 4. sarvadarzanasaMgraha, a. 1. 5. zru. 2, a. 1. 2. 33.23.

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422 jaina dharma-darzana haiM | paMcabhUtavAda kI mAnyatA hai ki pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura AkAza ye pAMca bhUna hI yathArtha haiM aura inhIM se jIva kI utpatti hotI hai / tajjIvataccharIravAda aura paMcabhUtavAda meM sUkSma antara yaha hai ki eka ke mata se zarIra aura jIva eka hI haiM arthAt donoM meM koI bheda hI nahIM hai jabaki dUsare ke mata se pAMca bhUtoM ke sammizraNa se zarIra kA nirmANa hone para jIva kI utpatti hotI hai evaM zarIra kA nAza hone para jIva bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai / bhUtavAdI AtmA ko svatantra tattva na mAnakara zarIra se sambaddha caitanya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM evaM zarIra ke nAza ke sAtha hI usakA bhI nAza mAnate haiM / ataH ve punarjanma tathA paraloka kI sattA meM vizvAsa nahIM rkhte| unakI dRSTi meM jIvana kA ekamAtra dhyeya aihalokika sukha kI prApti hai / saMsAra kI samasta ghaTanAe~ evaM vicitratA bhUtoM kA hI khela hai / vikAsavAda kA siddhAnta bhI bhUtavAda athavA bhautikavAda kA hI eka rUpa hai / DArvina ke isa siddhAnta kA abhiprAya hai ki prANiyoM kI zArIrika tathA prANazakti kA kramazaH vikAsa hotA hai| jar3atatva ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha caitanya kA bhI vikAsa hotA jAtA hai / caitanya jar3atattva kA hI eka aMga hai, usase mitra svatantra tattva nahIM / cetanAzakti kA vikAsa jar3atattva ke vikAsa se sambaddha hai / puruSavAda - puruSavAdiyoM kI mAnyatA hai ki sRSTi kA racayitA, pAlanakartA evaM saMhartA puruSavizeSa arthAt Izvara hai jisakI jJAnAdi zaktiyA~ pralayAvasthA meM bhI vidyamAna rahatI haiM / puruSavAda ke do rUpa haiM : brahmavAda aura IzvaravAda / brahmavAdiyoM kA mata hai ki jaise makar3I jAne ke lie,

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kamasiddhAnta 423 candrakAntamaNi jala ke lie evaM vaTavRkSa jaTAoM ke lie hetubhUta hai vaise hI brahma sampUrNa jagat ke prANiyoM kI sRSTi, sthiti tathA saMhAra ke lie nimittabhUta hai|' isa prakAra brahmavAda ke matAnusAra brahma hI saMsAra ke samasta padArthoM kA upAdAnakAraNa hai| IzvaravAdiyoM kA mantavya hai ki svayaMsiddha cetana aura jar3a dravyoM (padArthoM ) ke pArasparika saMyojana meM Izvara nimittabhUta hai| jagat kA koI bhI kArya Izvara kI icchA ke binA nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra IzvaravAda ke matAnusAra Izvara saMsAra kI samasta ghaTanAoM kA nimittakAraNa hai| vaha svayaMsiddha jar3a aura cetana padArthoM ( upAdAnakAraNa ) kA niyantraka evaM niyAmaka ( nimittakAraNa ) hai-vizva kA saMyojaka evaM vyavasthApaka hai| devavAda-devavAda aura bhAgyavAda ekArthaka haiN| kevala pUrvakRta karmoM ke AdhAra para baiThe rahanA evaM kisI prakAra kA puruSArtha arthAt prayatna na karanA daivavAda hai| isameM svatantratAvAda arthAt icchA-svAtantrya kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| sArA ghaTanAcakra anivAryatAvAda arthAt paratantratA ke AdhAra para calatA hai| prANI apane bhAgya kA dAsa hai| use asahAya hokara apane pUrvakRta karmoM kA phala bhoganA par3atA hai| vaha ina karmoM ko na to zIghra yA dera se hI bhoga sakatA hai aura na unameM kisI prakAra kA parivartana hI kara sakatA hai| jisa samaya jisa karma kA jisa rUpa meM phala bhoganA niyata hotA hai usa samaya usa karma kA usI rUpa meM phala bhoganA par3atA hai| devavAda aura 1. prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pR0 65. 2. AptamImAMsA (kA. 88-91) meM deva aura puruSArtha kA samanvaya kiyA gayA hai|

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424 jaina dharma-darzana niyativAda meM samAnatA hote hue bhI mukhya antara yaha hai ki daivavAda karma kI sattA meM vizvAsa rakhatA hai jabaki niyativAda karma kA astitva nahIM maantaa| donoM kI parAdhInatA Atyantika evaM aikAntika hote hue bhI daivavAda kI parAdhInatA parataH arthAt prANI ke karmoM ke kAraNa hai jabaki niyativAda kI parAdhInatA binA kisI kAraNa ke arthAt svataH hai / . puruSArthavAda-puruSArthavAdiyoM kA mata hai ki iSTAniSTa kI prApti buddhipUrvaka prayatna karane se hI hotI hai| bhAgya athavA daiva nAma kI koI vastu nahIM hai| puruSArtha arthAt prayatna hI saba-kucha hai / prANI apanI buddhi evaM zakti ke anusAra jaisA prayatna karatA hai vaisA hI phala pAtA hai| isameM bhAgya kI kyA bAta hai ? kisI bhI kArya kI saphalatAasaphalatA prANI ke puruSArtha para hI nirbhara hotI hai / puruSArthavAda kA AdhAra svataMtratAvAda yAnI icchAsvAtantrya hai| jaina siddhAnta kA mantavya : jaina siddhAnta karma ko prANiyoM kI vicitratA kA pradhAna kAraNa mAnatA huA bhI kAlAdi kA sarvathA apalApa nahIM krtaa| AcArya haribhadra kA kathana hai ki kAlAdi saba milakara hI garbhAdi kAryoM ke kAraNa banate haiN| cUMki ye pRthak pRthak kahIM bhI kisI kArya ko janma dete nahIM dekhe jAte ataH yaha mAnanA yuktisaMgata hai ki ye saba milakara hI samasta kAryoM ke kAraNa banate haiN|' siddhasena divAkara ne kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakRta karma aura puruSArtha ina pAMca kAraNoM 1. zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 191-192. - -

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karma siddhAnta 425 meM se kisI eka ko hI kAryaniSpatti kA kAraNa mAnane aura zeSa kI avahelanA karane ko mithyA dhAraNA kahA hai / kArya niSpatti meM kAlAdi samasta kAraNoM kA samanvaya karanA samyak dhAraNA hai / ' AcArya samantabhadra ne deva aura puruSArthaM kA samanvaya karate hue kahA hai ki buddhipUrvaka kArya na karane para bhI iSTa athavA aniSTa vastu kI prApti honA daivAdhIna hai tathA buddhipUrvaka kArya karane para iSTAniSTa kI prApti honA puruSArtha ke adhIna hai| kahIM deva pradhAna hotA hai to kahIM puruSArtha / ataH deva aura puruSArtha ke viSaya meM anekAnta dRSTi rakhanI caahie| ina donoM ke samanvaya se hI arthasiddhi hotI hai / jaina siddhAnta meM cetana aura jar3a padArthoM ke niyantraka evaM niyAmaka se rUpa meM puruSavizeSa arthAt Izvara kI sattA svIkAra nahIM kI gaI hai / vizva anAdi evaM ananta hai tathA prANI svakRta karmoM ke anusAra isameM janma-maraNa kA anubhava kiyA karate haiM / yaha cakra binA kisI puruSavizeSa kI sahAyatA ke svabhAvataH svataH calatA rahatA hai / karma se hI prANI ke janma, sthiti, maraNa Adi kI siddhi ho jAtI hai| karma apane naisargika svabhAva ke anusAra svataH phala pradAna karane meM samartha hotA hai / karma kA astitva : prANiyoM meM karmajanya aneka vicitratAeM pAI jAtI haiM / ina vicitratAoM meM sukha-duHkha kA vizeSa sthAna hai| karma ke astitva kI siddhi ke lie jo hetu prastuta kiye jAte haiM unameM 1. sanmatitarka prakaraNa, 3.53. 2. AptamImAMsA, 68- 91.

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426 jana dharma-darzana sukha-dukha hetu mukhya hai / vaha hetu isa prakAra hai : sukha-duHkha kA koI kAraNa avazya honA cAhie, kyoMki vaha kArya hai, jaise aMkurarUpa kArya kA kAraNa bIja hai / sukha-duHkharUpa kArya kA jo kAraNa hai vahI karma hai / " yahA~ yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yadi sukha-duHkha kA koI dRSTa kAraNa siddha ho to karmarUpa adRSTa kAraNa kA astitva mAnane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? candana Adi padArtha sukha ke tathA sarpaviSa Adi duHkha ke janaka siddha haiM / ina dRSTa kAraNoM ko chor3akara adRSTa karma kI sattA svIkAra karane kI koI AvazyakatA pratIta nahIM hotI / isakA samAdhAna karate hue kahA gayA hai ki dRSTa kAraNoM meM doSa dRSTigocara hotA hai / ataH adRSTa kAraNa mAnanA anivArya hai / sukha-duHkha ke dRSTa kAraNoM ke samAna rUpa se vidyamAna rahane para bhI unake kAryoM meM jo tAratamya dikhAI detA hai vaha akAraNa nahIM ho sakatA / usa tAratamya kA jo adRSTa kAraNa hai vahI karma hai / karma-sAdhaka dUsarA hetu isa prakAra hai: Adya bAla- zarIra dehAntarapUrvaka hai, kyoMki vaha indriyAdi se yukta hai, jaise yuvadeha bAla dehapUrvaka hai / Adya bAlazarIra jisa dehapUrvaka hai vahI karma ( kArmaNa zarIra ) hai | 3 karma kA astitva siddha karane vAlA tIsarA hetu isa prakAra hai : dAnAdirUpa kriyA kA koI phala avazya honA cAhie, kyoMki vaha sacetana vyaktikRta kriyA hai, jaise kRSi / dAnAdi 1. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1610-1612. 2. vahI, 1612 - 1613. 3. vahI, 1614.

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karma siddhAnta 427 / rUpa kriyA kA jo phala hai vahI karma hai| yahA~ koI yaha prazna kara sakatA hai ki jaise kRSi Adi kA dRSTa phala dhAnyAdi hai vaise hI dAnAdi kA phala bhI manaHprasAda Adi kyoM na mAna liyA jAya? isa dRSTa phala ko chor3akara karmarUpa adRSTa phala kI sattA svIkAra karane se kyA lAbha ? isakA uttara dete hue kahA gayA hai ki manaHprasAda bhI eka prakAra kI kriyA hai, ataH sace. tana kI anya kriyAoM ke samAna usakA bhI phala mAnanA caahie| vahI phala karma hai| karma kA mUrtatva : ___zarIra Adi ke mUrta hone ke kAraNa tannimittabhUta karma bhI mUrta honA cAhie, isa tarka ko svIkAra karate hue jaina darzana meM karma ko mUrta mAnA gayA hai| jaise paramANuoM kA ghaTAdi kArya mUrta hai ataH paramANu bhI mUrta hai vaise hI karma kA zarIrAdi kArya mUrta hone se karma bhI mUrta hai| karma kA mUrtatva siddha karane vAle anya kucha hetu isa prakAra haiM : ___ karma mUrta hai, kyoMki usase sambandha hone para sukha Adi kA anubhava hotA hai, jaise bhojana / jo amUrta hotA hai usase sambandha hone para sukha Adi kA anubhava nahIM hotA, jaise aakaash| ___ karma mUrta hai, kyoMki usake sambandha se vedanA kA anubhava hotA hai, jaise agni / jo amUrta hotA hai usake sambandha se vedanA kA anubhava nahIM hotA, jaise AkAza / 1. vahI, 1615-1616. 2. vahI, 1625. 3. vahI, 1626-1627.

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428 jaina dharma-darzana karma mUrta hai, kyoMki usameM bAhya padArthoM se balAdhAna hotA hai, jaise ghaTa / jisa prakAra ghaTAdi mUrta vastuoM para tela Adi bAhya padArthoM kA vilepana karane se balAdhAna hotA hai arthAt snigdhatA Adi kI utpatti hotI hai usI prakAra karma meM bhI mAlA, candana, vanitA Adi bAhya padArthoM ke saMsarga se balAdhAna hotA hai arthAt uddIpanAdi kI utpatti hotI hai| ataH karma mUrta hai| karma, AtmA aura zarIra : ___karma mUrta hai tathA AtmA amUrta / aisI sthiti meM karma AtmA se sambaddha kaise ho sakatA hai ? mUrta dvArA amUrta kA upadhAta yA upakAra kaise ho sakatA hai ? jaise vijJAnAdi amUrta haiM kintu madirA, viSa Adi mUrta vastuoM dvArA unakA upaghAta hotA hai tathA ghI, dUdha Adi pauSTika padArtho se unakA upakAra hotA hai vaise hI mUrta karma dvArA amUrta AtmA kA upaghAta yA upakAra hotA hai / ' athavA saMsArI AtmA ekAntataH amUrta nahIM hai / jIva aura karma kA anAdikAlIna sambandha hone ke kAraNa kathaMcit jIva bhI karmapariNAmarUpa hai ataH vaha usa rUpa meM mUrta bhI hai| isa prakAra mUrta AtmA se mUrta karma sambaddha ho sakatA hai tathA karma AtmA kA upaghAta evaM upakAra kara sakatA hai| jisa prakAra AtmA aura karma kA sambandha anAdi hai usI prakAra zarIra aura karma kA sambandha bhI anAdi hai / zarIra aura karma meM paraspara kArya-kAraNabhAva hai / jaise bIja se aMkura tathA 1. vahI, 1637. 2. vahI, 1638.

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karmasiddhAnta 426 * aMkUra se bIja kI utpatti hotI hai aura isa taraha bIjAMkurasantati anAdikAlIna siddha hotI hai vaise hI zarIra se karma tathA karma se zarIra kA udbhava hotA hai evaM zarIra aura karma kI paramparA anAdikAlIna pramANita hotI hai|' isa prakAra karma, AtmA aura zarIra kA sambandha anAdi hai| Agama-sAhitya meM karmavAda : karmavAda kI aitihAsika samIkSA ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki sarvaprathama vedakAlIna karmaviSayaka mAnyatA kA vicAra kiyA jAya kyoMki upalabdha samasta sAhitya meM veda prAcInatama haiN| vaidika kAla ke RSiyoM ko karmavAda kA jJAna thA yA nahIM, isa viSaya meM do mata haiN| kucha vidvAnoM kI dhAraNA hai ki vedoM arthAt saMhitA-granthoM meM karmavAda kA ullekha nahIM hai| isake viparIta anya vidvAn yaha mAnate haiM ki saMhitA-granthoM ke racayitA karmavAda se paricita the| vedoM meM karmavAda-jo yaha mAnate haiM ki vedoM meM karmavAda kA vicAra nahIM huA hai unakA kathana hai ki vaidika kAla ke RSiyoM ne prANiyoM meM vidyamAna vaividhya athavA vaicitrya kA anubhava avazya kiyA kintu unhoMne isakA kAraNa antarAtmA meM hU~r3hane ke bajAya bAhya tattva meM mAnakara hI santoSa kara liyaa| unameM se kisI ne yaha kalpanA kI ki sRSTi kI utpatti kA kAraNa eka bhautika tattva hai| kisI ne aneka bhautika tattvoM ko sRSTi kI utpatti kA kAraNa maanaa| kisI ne prajApati ko sRSTi kI utpatti ke kAraNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| vaidika yuga kA samasta tattva 1. vahI, 1636.

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430 jaina dharma-darzana * cintana deva aura yajJa kI paridhi meM sampanna huaa| pahale aneka devoM kI aura bAda meM eka deva kI mahattA sthApita kI gaI / apane sukha ke lie tathA zatruoM ke nAza ke lie devastuti kA sahArA liyA gayA evaM sajIva aura nirjIva vastuoM kI yajJa meM Ahuti dI gii| yaha mAnyatA saMhitA kAla se lekara brAhmaNa-kAla taka vikasita huI / devoM ko prasanna kara apanI manokAmanA pUrI karane ke sAdhanabhUta yajJakarma kA kramazaH vikAsa huA tathA yajJa karane kI prakriyA dhIre-dhIre jaTila hotI gaI / " AraNyaka aura vizeSataH upaniSad-kAla meM devoM aura yajJakarmoM kI mahattA kA anta nikaTa Ane lagA / isa yuga meM aise vicAra utpanna hone lage jinakA saMhitA va brAhmaNa-granthoM meM abhAva thaa| ina vicAroM meM karma arthAt adRSTaviSayaka nUtana cintana bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai / upaniSadoM ke pUrvakAlIna vaidika granthoM meM karmaviSayaka isa cintana kA abhAva hai / unameM adRSTarUpa karma kA spaSTa darzana nahIM hotaa| itanA hI nahIM, karma ko vizvavaicitrya kA kAraNa mAnane meM upaniSad bhI ekamata nahIM haiM / zvetAzvatara upaniSad ke prArambha meM vizvavaicitrya ke jina aneka kAraNoM kA ullekha hai unameM karma kA samAveza nahIM hai / vahA~ kAla, svabhAva, niyati yadRcchA, bhUla aura puruSa hI nirdiSTa haiM / jinakI yaha mAnyatA hai ki vedoM arthAt saMhitA granthoM meM karmavAda kA ullekha haiM ve vahate haiM ki karmavAda, karmagati Adi zabda bhale hI vedoM meM na hoM kiMtu saMhitAoM meM karmavAda 1. AtmamImAMsA, pR0 76 80

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karmasiddhAnta kA ullekha hI nahIM hai, yaha dhAraNA sarvathA nirmUla hai| karmavAda ke sambandha meM Rgveda-saMhitA meM jo mantra haiM ve isa prakAra haiM: __ zubhaspatiH ( zubha karmoM ke rakSaka), dhiyatiH ( satkarmoM ke rakSaka), vicarSaNiH tathA vizvacarSaNiH ( zubha aura azubha karmoM ke draSTA ), vizvasya karmaNo dhartA (sabhI karmoM ke AdhAra) Adi padoM kA devoM ke vizeSaNoM ke rUpa meM prayoga huA hai| kaI mantroM meM yaha spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki zubha karma karane se amaratva kI prApti hotI hai / jIva aneka bAra isa saMsAra meM apane karmoM ke anusAra utpanna hotA hai tathA mRtyu ko prApta karatA hai| vAmadeva ne pUrva ke apane aneka janmoM kA varNana kiyA hai| pUrva janma ke duSTa karmoM ke kAraNa loga pApakarma karane meM pravRtta hote haiM ityAdi ullekha vedoM ke mantroM meM saSTa haiN| pUrva janma ke pApakarmoM se chaTakArA pAne ke lie manuSya devoM se prArthanA karatA hai| saMcita tathA prArabdha karmoM kA varNana bhI mantroM meM hai| isI prakAra devayAna evaM pitR. yAna kA varNana tayA kisa prakAra acche karma karane vAle loga devayAna ke dvArA brahmaloka ko aura sAdhAraNa karma karane vAle pitRyAna ke dvArA candraloka ko jAte haiM, ina bAtoM kA varNana bhI mantroM meM hai| jIva pUrva janma ke nIca karmoM ke bhoga ke lie kisa prakAra vRkSa, latA Adi sthAvara-zarIroM meM praviSTa hotA hai, isakA bhI varNana Rgveda meM milatA hai| "mA vo gujemAnyajAtameno", "mA vA eno anyakRtaM bhajema" Adi mantroM se yaha bhI mAlUma hotA hai ki eka jIva dUsare jIva ke dvArA kiye gaye karmoM kA bhI bhoga kara sakatA hai jisase bacane ke lie sAdhaka ne ina mantroM meM prArthanA kI hai| yadyapi sAdhAraNataH

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432 jaina dharma-darzana jo jIva karma karatA hai vahI usake phala kA bhoga bhI karatA hai| kintu vizeSa zakti ke prabhAva se eka jIva ke karmaphala ko dUsarA bhI bhoga sakatA hai / ' kA uparyukta donoM matoM ko dekhane se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vedoM meM karmaviSayaka mAnyatAoM kA abhAva to nahIM hai kintu yajJavAda evaM devavAda ke prabhutva ke kAraNa karmavAda nirUpaNa ekadama gauNa ho gayA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki karma kyA hai, kaise upArjita hotA hai, kisa prakAra chUTatA hai Adi praznoM kA vaidika saMhitAoM meM spaSTa samAdhAna nahIM hai / unameM adhikAMzataH yajJakarma ko hI karma mAna liyA gayA hai tathA devoM kI sahAyatA kI atyadhika apekSA rakhI gaI hai / karmavAda kA jo rUpa jaina, bauddha evaM anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM upalabdha hotA hai usakA vedoM meM niHsandeha abhAva hai| jaina darzana meM pratipAdita karmavyavasthA kA to vedoM meM kyA kisI bhI bhAratIya paramparA meM darzana nahIM hotaa| jaina paramparA isa viSaya meM sarvathA vilakSaNa hai / karmavAda kA vikAsa- - vaidika yuga meM yajJavAda aura devavAda donoM kA prAdhAnya thA / jaba yajJa tathA deva kI apekSA karma kA mahattva bar3hane lagA tatra yajJavAda evaM devavAda ke samarthakoM ne ina donoM vAdoM kA karmavAda ke sAtha samanvaya karane kI ceSTA se yajJa ko hI deva tathA karma banA diyA evaM yajJa se hI samasta phala kI prApti svIkAra kI / isa mAnyatA kA dArzanika rUpa mImAMsA darzana hai / vaidika paramparA meM pradatta yajJa evaM devaviSayaka mahattva ke kAraNa yajJakarma ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha 1. bhAratIya darzana ( umeza mizra ), pR0 36-41.

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kamasiddhAnta 423 devaviSayaka vicAraNA kA bhI vikAsa haa| brAhmaNa-kAla meM aneka devoM ke sthAna para eka prajApati devAdhideva ke rUpa meM pratiSThita haa| prajApativAdiyoM ne bhI karma ke sAtha prajApati kA samanvaya karane kA prayatna kiyA evaM kahA ki prANI apane karma ke anusAra phala avazya prApta karatA hai kintu yaha phalaprApti svataH na hokara devAdhideva Izvara ke dvArA hotI hai| Izvara jIvoM ko apane-apane karma ke anusAra hI phala pradAna karatA hai. manamAne DhaMga se nhiiN| vaha nyAyAdhIza kI bhAMti AcaraNa karatA hai svecchAcArI kI bhAMti nhiiN| isa mAnyatA ke samarthaka darzanoM meM nyAya-vaMzeSika, sezvara sAMkhya tathA vedAnta kA samAveza hotA hai| vaidika paramparA meM yajJAdi anuSThAnoM ko karma kahA gayA kintu unakI usI samaya samApti ho jAne se ve asthAyI anuSThAna svayameva phala kaise de sakate haiM ? ataH phala pradAna karane ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM eka adaSTa padArtha kI kalpanA kI gaI jime mImAMmA darzana meM 'apUrva' nAma diyA gayA hai| vaize. Sika darzana meM 'adRSTa' eka guNa mAnA gayA hai jisake dharma-adharmarUpa do bheda kie gae haiN| nyAya darzana meM dharma tathA adharma ko 'saMskAra' kahA gayA hai| jaina aura vauddha paramparAoM meM to karma kI adRSTa zakti kA prarUpaNa prAraMbha se hI huA hai| ina donoM paramparAoM kA mUla eka hI hai| ye karmapradhAna zramaNasaMskRti kI dhArAeM haiN| jaina Agama-sAhitya meM karmavAda-jaina karmavAda para aneka Agametara svatantra grantha to haiM hI, upalabdha Agama-sAhitya meM bhI isa viSaya para paryApta prakAza DAlA gayA hai| yadyapi

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xx jaina dharma-darzana karmaviSayaka aise aneka pahalU haiM jina para Agama-granthoM meM vizeSa vicAra nahIM huA hai kintu karmasiddhAnta kI mUla bhittiyoM kA inameM abhAva nahIM hai / vaise to prAyaH pratyeka Agama-grantha meM kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM karmaviSayaka cintana upalabdha hotA hai kintu AcArAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti ( bhagavatIsUtra ), prajJApanA evaM uttarAdhyayana meM karmavAda para vizeSa sAmagrI prApta hotI hai / AcArAMga meM karmabandhana ke kAraNoM kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki maiMne kiyA, maiMne karavAyA, maiMne karate hue kA anumodana kiyA Adi kriyAeM arthAt mana-vacana-kAya kI pravRttiyA~ karmabandhana ke hetu haiM / ' jo Asratra arthAt bandhana ke hetu haiM ve kaI bAra parisrava arthAt bandhana ke nAza ke hetu bana jAte haiM aura jo bandhana ke nAza ke hetu haiM ve kaI bAra bandhana ke hetu bana jAte haiM / isI prakAra jo anAsratra arthAt bandhana ke ahetu haiM ve kaI bAra aparisrava arthAt banvata ke hetu bana jAte haiM aura jo bandhana ke hetu haiM ve kaI bAra bandhana ke ahetu bana jAte haiM / mana kI vicitratA ke kAraNa jo bandhana kA kAraNa hotA hai vahI mukti kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai tathA jo mukti kA kAraNa hotA hai vahI bandhana kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai kyoMki vastutaH mana hI bantra evaM mokSa kA kAraNa hai / saMsAra meM Upara, nIce, tirache sarvatra karma ke srota vidyamAna haiN| jahA~ jIva ko Asakti hotI hai vahA~ karma kA bandhana hotA hai / 3 do prakAra ke ( sAmparAyika - kaSAyasahita aura IryApathika kaSAyarahita ) karmoM ko jAnakara tathA Asrava ke kAraNoM, pApa ke srotoM evaM mana 2. zra0 1, a0 4, u0 2. 1. zra0 1, a0 1, u0 1. 3. zra0 1, 05, u0 6.

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karma siddhAnta vacana-kAya kI pravRttiyoM ( yoga ) kA sarvataH jJAna prApta kara medhAvI jJAnI ( bhagavAn mahAvIra ) ne anupama saMyamAnuSThAna (kriyA) kA kathana kiyaa| pAparahita ahiMsA kA svayaM Azraya liyA tathA pApajanaka vyApAra se dUsaroM ko nivRtta kiyaa| striyoM ko saba karmoM kA mUla jAnakara unhoMne strI-moha kA parityAga kiyaa|' guNasampanna muni ke sAvadhAnIpUrvaka vividha pravRttiyA~ karate hue kadAcit zarIrasaMsparza se koI prANI mRtyu prApta kare to usa zithila pApakarma kA isI bhava meM vedana hokara svataH kSaya ho jAtA hai| AkuTTipUrvaka arthAt hiMsA-buddhi se yAnI jAna-bUjhakara hiMsAdi kArya karane para honevAlA pApakarma dRr3ha hotA hai jisakA isa bhava meM kSaya prAyazci na karane para hI ho sakatA hai / * tAsarya yaha hai ki kaSAyarahita kriyA se hone vAlA karmavandhana durvala evaM alpAyu hotA hai tathA kapAyasahita kriyA se hone vAlA karmabandhana balavAn evaM dIrghAyu hotA hai / prathama prakAra kA bandha IryApavika tathA dvitIya prakAra kA sAmpa. rAyika kahalAtA hai| saMyama meM saMlagna medhAvI saba prakAra ke pApakarmoM ko naSTa kara detA hai| jo dUsaroM ko hone vAle duHkhoM ko jAnatA hai vaha vIra Atmapayara rakhakara viSayoM meM nahIM phaMsatA huA pArakarmoM se dUra rahatA hai / jo karahita ho jAtA hai vaha samasta sAMsArika vyavahAra se mukta ho jAtA hai kyoMki karmoM se hI saba AdhipA utpanna hotI haiM / isalie he dhIra puruSo! tuma mulakA (ghAtI karna) aura agrakarma ( aghAtI karma ) ko apanI AtmA se pRthak kro| isa 1. zru0 1, a0 6, u0 1. 2. a0 1, a0 5, u0 4. 3. zu. 1, 10 3, u0 2. 4. zra. 1, 40 3, 30 1. -

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436 dhana dharma-darzana prakAra karmoM ko tor3akara tuma karmarahita arthAt mukta ho jAoge / ' AcArAMga ke ina va isa taraha ke anya ullekhoM se spaSTa prakaTa hotA hai ki karmavAda ke mUlabhUta siddhAntoM kA isa aMga - sUtra meM saMkSipta nirUpaNa huA hai / karma ke Asrava aura bandha tathA saMvara aura nirjarA ke sAtha hI sAmparAyika evaM IrSyApathikarUpa tathA ghAtI evaM AghAtIrUna bhedoM kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai / karma ko hI saMsAra kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai tathA karma ke abhAva ko mokSa kahA gayA hai| sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga meM karmavAda para kucha adhika vicAra huA hai| karma ke Asrava ke hetuoM kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki AsravadvAra pA~ca haiM : 1. mithyAtva ( mithyA zraddhA ), 2. avirati ( vratAbhAva ), 3. pramAda, 4. kaSAya ( krodha- mAna-mAyA - lobha ), 5. yoga ( mana-vacana-kAya kI pravRtti ) | puNya arthAt zubha karmabandha ke nau kAraNa haiM : 1. annadAna, 2. pAnadAna, 3. vastradAna, 4. gRhadAna, 5. zayanadAna, 6. mana: prasAda ( guNI janoM ko dekhakara vitta meM prasannatA honA ), 7. vacanaprazaMsA ( guNI janoM kI vANI se sarAhanA karanA), 8. kAya sevA ( zarIra se zuzrUSA karanA ), 6. namaskAra / pApa arthAt azubha karma bandha ke bhI nau kAraNa haiM : 1. hiMsA, 2. jhUTha, 3. corI, 4. maithuna, 5. parigraha, 6. krodha, 7. mAna, 8. mAyA, 6. lobha 13 karmabandha cAra prakAra kA hai : 1. prakRti bandha 2. sthitibandha, 3. anubhAvabandha, 4. pradezabandha / karma * 1. zru0 1, a0 3, u0 2. 2. sthAnAMga, 418; samavAyAMga, 5. 3. sthAnAMga, 676-677. 4. sthAnAMga, 296; samavAyAMga 4, ( prakRti - svabhAva, sthiti = kAla, anubhAva = rasa, pradeza = pudgala - paramANu )

Page #452
karmasiddhAnta bhI cAra prakAra kA hai : 1. zubha aura zubhAnubandhI, 2. zubha aura azubhAnubandhI, 3. azubha aura azubhAnubandhI, 4. azubha aura shubhaanubndhii| prakRtivandha ATha prakAra kA hai : 1 jJAnAvaraNIya (jJAna arthAt vizeSa bodha ko AvRta karanevAlA), 2. darzanAgharaNIya ( darzana arthAt sAmAnya bodha ko AvRta karanevAlA), 3. vedanIya (zArIrika sukha-duHkha pradAna karane vAlA), 4. mohanIya (AtmA meM moha utpanna karanevAlA), 5 Ayu (bhavasthiti pradAna karanevAlA), 6 nAma ( zArIrika vaividhya pradAna karanevAlA), 7 gotra ( zArIrika uccatva-nIcatva pradAna karanevAlA), 8. antarAya ( AdAna-pradAnAdi meM vighna utpanna krnevaalaa)| inake upabhedoM kI bhI gaNanA kI gaI hai| isI prakAra sthitibandha evaM anubhAvabandha para bhI kiMcit prakAza DAlA gayA hai| pradezabandha ke viSaya meM donoM sUtroM meM kisI prakAra ko vizeSa carcA nahIM hai| saMvara arthAt Asrava-nirodha ke pA~ca hetu batAe gae haiM : 1. samyaktva (samyak zraddhA), 2. virati (vrata), 3. apramAda, 4 akaSAya, 5. ayog| nirjarA arthAt karmanAza ke bhI pA~ca hetu haiM : 1. prANAtipAta viramaNa ( hiMsA-tyAga), 2. mRSAvAda-viramaNa ( asatya-tyAga), 3. adattAdAna-viramaNa ( caurya-tyAga), 4. maithuna-viramaNa ( abrahma tyAga ), 5. parigraha-viramaNa (aaskti-tyaag)|' 1. sthAnAMga, 362. (zubha = puNya, azubha-pApa / zubha ke udaya ke samaya punaH zubha kA baMdha honA prathama prakAra hai| isI taraha anya prakAra bhI samajhane caahie|) 2. sthAnAMga, 596. 3. samavAyAMga, 5.

Page #453
438 jaina dharma-darzana karmavizuddhi kI apekSA se arthAt Atmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se jIva ke caudaha sthAna ( guNasthAna ) ginAye gaye haiM: 1. mithyAdRSTi, 2 sAsvAdana samyagdRSTi, 3. samyaGa mithyA dRSTi, 4. avirata - samyagdRSTi, 5 viratAvirata 6. pramattasaMyata, 7. apramattamayata 8 nivRttitrAdara, 6 anivRttivAdara, 10. sUkSmasamparAya ( upazamaka athavA kSapaka), 11. upazAntamoha, 12. kSINamoha, 13. sayogI-kevalI, 14. ayogI-kevalI / " " vyAkhyAprajJapti ( bhagavatIsutra ) meM karmavAda ke vividha rUpoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai / arjita karma kA bhoga kiye binA mukti nahIM hotI, isa tathya kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki kRta karmoM kA vedana kiye binA nairayika, tiryaJca, manuSya tathA deva kI vimukti nahIM arthAt unheM mokSa prApta nahIM hotA / karma do prakAra ke haiM : pradezakarma aura anubhAgakarma / inameM jo pradezakarma haiM unakA vedana hotA hI hai kintu anubhAgakarmoM kA vedana hotA bhI hai aura nahIM bhI / jIva tIna kAraNoM se alpa AyuSya bA~dhatA hai : 1. prANa-hiMsA, 2. asatyabhASaNa, 3. tathArUpa zramaNabrAhmaNa ko aneSaNIya azana-pAna - khAdima - svAdima kA dAna | nimnokta tIna kAraNoM se dIrgha AyuSya ba~dhatA hai 1 ahiMsApAlana, 2. satyabhASaNa, 3. tathArUpa ko eSaNIya azana-pAna khAdima svAdima kA hiMsA Adi kAraNoM se jIva cirakAlaparyanta jIne kA AyuSya bA~dhatA hai tathA ahiMsA-pAlana Adi kAraNoM se prANI dIrgha kAla taka zubha rUpa se jIne kA AyuSya bA~dhatA hai / mahAkartayukta, mahAkriyAyukta mahAAsravayukta aura mahA : zramaNa-brAhmaNa dAna | prANaazubha rUpa se 1. samavAyAMga, 14. 2. za0 1, u0 4. 3. za05, u0 6.

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karmasiddhAnta 439 vedanAyukta prANI ko saba ora se saba prakAra ke karmapudgaloM kA nirantara bandha, caya aura upacaya hotA rahatA hai| pariNAmataH usakI AtmA ( vAhya AtmA-zarIra ) bAra-bAra kurUpa, kuvarNa, durgandha, kurasa evaM duHsmarza rUpa meM, aniSTa, akAnta, amanojJa, azubha, anabhIpsita evaM anabhidheya sthiti meM tathA anunata ( nimna ) evaM asukharUpa ( duHkharUpa ) avasthA meM pariNata hotI rahatI hai| alpakarmayukta, alpakriyAyukta, allAsravayukta aura alpavedanAyukta prANI ke karmapudgala nirantara chedita aura bhedita hote rahate haiM tathA vidhvaMsita hokara sarvayA naSTa bhI ho jAte haiN| pariNAmataH usakI AtmA surUpa yAvat sukharUpa avasthA meM pariNata ho jAtI hai|' vastroM ko pudgaloM kA upacaya arthAt maila laganA prayoga se arthAt dUsaroM ke dvArA bhI hotA hai aura svAbhAvika bhii| jIvoM ko karmapudgaloM kA upacaya prayoga se hI hotA hai, svAbhAvika nhiiN| jIvoM ke prayoga tIna prakAra ke haiM : mana:prayoga, vacanaprayoga aura kAyaprayoga / ina tIna prakAra ke prayogoM dvArA hI jIvoM ko karmopacaya hotA hai| paMcendriya jIvoM ke tIna -manaHprayoga, vacanaprayoga aura kAyaprayoga, ekendriya jIvoM ke eka-kAyaprayoga tathA vikalendriya (dvIndriya, zrIndriya aura caturindriya ) jIvoM ke do-vacanaprayoga aura kAyaprayoga hote haiN| isa prakAra vyAkhyAprajJapti meM karmasambandhI aneka samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai| prajJApanA meM karmavAda kA pAMca padoM arthAt adhyAyoM meM vyavasthita vyAkhyAna hai| karmaprakRti-pada meM jJAnAvaraNIya Adi 1. za0 6,u. 3. 2. vahI.

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jaina dharma-darzana ATha mUlaprakRtiyoM evaM AbhinitrovikajJAnAvaraNIya (matijJAnAvaraNIya ) Adi aneka uttaraprakRtiyoM kA varNana hai / karmabandha-pada meM jJAnAvaraNIya Adi karmoM ko bAMdhate hue jIva kitanI kamaMtrakRtiyA~ bA~dhatA hai usakA vicAra hai / karmavedapada meM jJAnAvaraNIya Adi karmoM ko bA~dhate hue jIva kitanI karma prakRtiyoM kA vedana karatA hai-isakA vicAra kiyA gayA hai / karmavedabandha-pada meM jJAnAvaraNIya Adi karmoM kA vedana karate hue jIva kitanI karma prakRtiyA~ bA~dhanA hai - isakA vicAra huA hai / karmavedaveda-pada meM isa bAta kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki jIva jJAnAvaraNIya Adi karmoM kA vedana karate hue kitanI karmaprakRtiyoM kA vedana karatA hai / jIva do kAraNoM se jJAnAvaraNIya karma bA~dhatA hai : rAga se aura dveSa se / rAga do prakAra kA hai : mAyA aura lobha / dveSa bhI do prakAra kA hai : krodha aura mAna / isI prakAra darzanAvaraNIya yAvat antarAya karma ke viSaya meM bhI samajhanA cAhie / " jJAnAvaraNIya karma kI jaghanya sthiti antarmuhUrta kI evaM utkRSTa sthiti tIsa koTAkoTi sAgaropama kA hai / abAdhA-kAla arthAt anudaya kAla tIna hajAra varSa kA hai| isI taraha anya karmoM ke viSaya meM vividha prakAra kI jaghanya evaM utkRSTa sthiti tathA abAdhA-kAla jAna lenA cAhie / jIva jJAnAvaraNIya aura darzanAvaraNIya karma bA~dhate hue ATha karmaprakRtiyoM kA vedana karatA hai, vedanIya kama bAMdhate hue ATha, sAta athavA cAra karmaprakRtiyoM kA vedana karatA hai ityAdi / 44. 1. 50 23, sU0 30 2. 50 23, sU0 21-28. 3. 10 25, sU0 1.

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karma siddhAnta 442 uttarAdhyayana ke karmaprakRti nAmaka taiMtIsaveM adhyayana meM karma kI ATha mUlaprakRtiyoM kI aneka uttaraprakRtiyoM kI gaNanA kI gaI hai tathA karmoM ke pradeza, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kA svarUpa batAyA gayA hai / jJAnAvaraNIya karma pA~ca prakAra kA hai : 1. Abhinibodhaka - jJAnAvaraNa, 2. zruta jJAnAvaraNa, 3. avadhi jJAnAvaraNa, 4. mana:paryaya - jJAnAvaraNa, 5. kevljnyaanaavrnn| darzanAvaraNIya karma ke no bheda haiM : 1. nidrA, 2. nidrA-nidrA, 3. pracalA, 4. pracalApracalA 5. styAnagRddhi, 6. cakSurdarzanAvaraNa, 7. acakSurdarzanAvaraNa, 8 avadhidarzanAvaraNa, kevaladarzanAvaraNa | vedanIya karma do prakAra kA hai : 9. sAtAvedanIya aura asAtAvedanIya | ina donoM ke punaH aneka bheda haiN| mohanIya karma ke do bheda hai : darzanamohanIya aura cAritramohanIya darzanamohanIya tIna prakAra kA hai : samyaktvamohanIya, mithyAtvamohanIya aura samyaGamithyAtva - mohanIya | cAritramohanIya do prakAra kA hai : kaSAyamohanIya aura nokaSAyamohanIya / kaSAyamohanIya ke punaH solaha evaM nokaSAyamohanIya ke sAta athavA nau bheda haiN| Ayu karma ke cAra prakAra haiM : 1. narakAyu, 2 tiryagAyu, 3. manuSyAyu, 4. devAyu / nAma karma do prakAra kA hai : zubhanAma aura azubhanAma / ina donoM ke punaH aneka bheda haiM / gotra karma do prakAra hai : uccagotra aura nIcagotra / ina donoM ke punaH ATha-ATha bheda hai / antarAya karma ke pA~ca prakAra kA hai : 1. dAnAntarAya, 2. lAbhAntarAya, 3. bhogAntarAya, 4. upabhogAntarAya, 5. vIryAntarAya / isa prakAra Agama sAhitya meM jaina karmavAda kA mUla DhAMcA surakSita hai / uttaravartI karma - sAhitya meM isI DhAMce kA vividha rUpoM meM vikAsa huA hai /

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42 jaina dharma darzana karma kA svarUpa : ___ karma kA zAbdika artha kArya, pravRtti athavA kriyA hotA hai arthAt jo kucha kiyA jAtA hai use karma kahate haiM, jaise-khAnA, pInA, calanA, daur3anA, ronA, haMsanA, socanA, bolanA Adi / vyavahAra meM kAma-dhandhe athavA vyavasAya ko karma kahA jAtA hai| karmakANDI mImAMsaka yajJa Adi kriyAoM ko karma kahate haiN| smArta vidvAn cAra varNoM aura cAra AzramoM ke kartavyoM ko karma kI saMjJA dete haiN| paurANika loga vrata-niyama Adi dhArmika kriyAoM ko karmarUpa mAnate haiM / vyAkaraNazAstra meM kartA jise apanI kriyA dvArA prApta karanA cAhatA hai arthAt jisa para kartA ke vyApAra kA phala giratA hai use karma kahate haiN| nyAyazAstra meM utkSepaNa, apakSepaNa, AkuMcana, prasAraNa tathA gamanarUpa pAMca prakAra kI kriyAoM ke lie karma zabda vyavahRta hotA hai| yoga dazana meM saMskAra ko vAsanA, apUrva athavA kama kahA jAtA hai| bauddha darzana jIvoM kI vicitratA ke kAraNa ko karma kahatA hai jo vAsanArUpa hai| jaina darzana meM rAgadveSAtmaka pariNAma arthAt kaSAya bhAvakarma tathA kArmaNa varga kA pudgala arthAt jar3a tattvavizeSa, joki kaSAya ke kAraNa AtmA arthAt cetana tattva ke sAtha ghula-mila jAtA hai, dravyakarma kahalAtA hai| AtmA kI saMsAra meM sthiti karma ke kAraNa hI hai| karma kA sampUrNa kSaya hone para AtmA kI mukti arthAt pUrNa vizuddhi ho jAtI hai| isa avasthA meM karma paramANu AtmA se hamezA ke lie alaga ho jAte haiN| vibhinna paramparAoM meM karma-jisa artha meM jaina darzana meM karma zabda kA prayoga huA hai usa athavA usase milate-julate artha meM anya darzanoM meM mAyA, avidyA, prakRti, apUrva, vAsanA, avijJapti,

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karmasiddhAnta Azaya, dharmAdharma, adRSTa, saMskAra, deva, bhAgya Adi zabda prayukta hue haiM / vedAnta darzana meM mAyA, avidyA aura prakRti zabdoM kA prayoga dRSTigocara hotA hai / mImAMsA darzana meM apUrva zabda kA prayoga huA hai / bauddha darzana meM vAsanA evaM avijJapti zabda vizeSarUpa se milate haiM / sAMkhya-yoga darzana meM AzA zabda vizeSataH upalabdha hotA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika darzana meM adRSTa, saMskAra tathA dharmAdharma zabda vizeSatayA pracalita haiN| deva, bhAgya, puNya-pApa Adi aneka zabda aise haiM jinakA prayoga sAmAnyataH saba darzanoM meM huA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM kevala cArvAka darzana hI aisA haiM jo karmavAda meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA / cUMki vaha AtmA arthAt cetana tattva kA svatantra astitva nahIM mAnatA isalie karma evaM tapariNAmarUpa punarbhava evaM paraloka ko sattA kI bhI AvazyakatA anubhava nahIM karatA / cArvAka darzana ke atirikta samasta bhAratIya darzanoM na kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM ayadA kisI-na-kisI nAma se karma kI sattA svIkAra kI hai tathA taniSpana punarbhava tathA paraloka kA astitva mAnA hai| ___nyAya darzana ke anusAra rAga, dveSa aura moha ina tInoM doSoM se preraNA prApta kara jIvoM ke mana, vacana aura kAya kI pravRttiyA~ hotI haiM / ina pravRttiyoM se dharma tathA adharma kI utpatti hotI hai / ye dharma aura adharma saMskAra kahalAte haiM / vaizeSika darzana meM jo caubIsa guNa mAne gaye haiM unameM adRSTa bhI samAviSTa hai| yaha guNa saMskAra se bhinna hai tathA isake dharma aura adharma ye do / bheda haiN| isa prakAra nyAya darzana meM jina dharma-adharma kA samA1. nyAyabhASya, 1.1.2 Adi. 2. prazastapAdabhASya (caukhambA saMskRta sirIja, banArasa, 1930), pR. 47.

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jaina dharma-darzana veza saMskAra ke antargata kiyA gayA hai ve hI vaizeSika darzana meM adRSTa ke antargata samAviSTa kiye gaye haiM / rAgAdi doSoM se saMskAra, saMskAra se janma, janma se rAgAdi doSa tathA ina doSoM se punaH saMskAroM kI utpatti hotI hai| isa prakAra jIvoM kI yaha saMsAra-paramparA bIjAMkuravat anAdi mAnI gaI hai| sAMkhya yoga darzana ke anusAra avidyA, asmitA, rAga, dveSa aura abhiniveza ina pA~ca klezoM ke kAraNa kliSTa vRtti utpanna hotI hai / isa kliSTa vRtti se dharmAdharmarUpa saMskAra kI utpatti hotI haiM / saMskAra ko Azaya, vAsanA, karma evaM apUrva bhI kahA jAtA hai / isa darzana meM bhI kleza aura saMskAra kI paramparA bIjAMkuravat anAdi mAnI gaI hai / " mImAMsA darzana meM yajJAdi karmajanya apUrva nAmaka padArtha kA astitva mAnA gayA hai / manuSya dvArA kiye jAne vAle yajJAdi anuSThAna apUrva nAmaka padArtha ko utpanna karate haiM / yaha apUrva una anuSThAnoM - yajJAdi karmoM kA phala pradAna karatA hai| vedavihita karma se prAdurbhUta hone vAlI yogyatA athavA zakti kA hI nAma apUrva hai, anya karmajanya sAmarthya kA nahIM / vedAnta darzana meM anAdi avidyA athavA mAyA ko vizva vaicitrya kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / 3 Izvara, jo svayaM mAyAjanya haiM, karma ke anusAra jIva ko phala pradAna karatA hai ataH phalaprApti karma se na hokara Izvara se hotI hai / * 1. yogadarzanabhASya, 1. 5 Adi. 2. zAbarabhASya, 2. 1. 5; tantravArtika, 2. 1. 5 Adi. 2. zAMkarabhASya, 2. 1. 14. 4. vahI, 3.2. 38-41..

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karmasiddhAnta FIL bauddha darzana meM manojanya saMskAra arthAt karma ko vAsanA tathA vacana evaM kAyajanya saMskAra (karma) ko avijJapti kahA gayA hai / lobha, dveSa aura moha karmoM kI utpatti ke hetu haiM / lobha, dveSa evaM mohayukta hokara prANI mana, vacana aura kAya kI pravRttiyA~ karatA hai tathA punaH lobha, dveSa evaM moha ko utpanna karatA hai / isa prakAra saMsAra-cakra gatimAna rahatA hai / yaha cakra anAdi hai / " 1 jaina darzana meM karma kA svarUpa - jaina darzana karma ko pudgalaparamANuoM kA piNDa mAnatA hai| jIvoM kI vividhatA kA mUla kAraNa yahI karma hai / jIva aura karma kA sambandha anAdi hai / jo pudgala - paramANu karmarUpa se pariNata hote haiM unheM karma-vargaNA kahate haiM tathA jo zarIrarUpa se pariNata hote haiM unheM nokarmavargaNA kahate haiM / loka ina donoM prakAra ke paramANuoM se pUrNa hai / jIva apane mana, vacana aura kAya kI pravRttiyoM se ina paramANuoM ko grahaNa karatA rahatA hai| mana, vacana athavA kAya kI pravRtti tabhI hotI hai jaba jIva ke sAtha karma sambaddha ho tathA jIva ke sAtha karma tabhI sambaddha hotA hai jaba mana, vacana athavA kAya kI pravRtti ho / isa prakAra karma se pravRtti tathA pravRtti se karma kI paramparA anAdi kAla se calI A rahI hai / karma aura pravRtti ke isa kArya kAraNabhAva ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue pudgalaparamANuoM ke piNDarUpa karma ko dravyakarma tathA rAgadveSAdirUpa pravRttiyoM ko bhAvakarma kahA gayA hai / dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma kA kArya kAraNabhAva murgI aura aNDe ke samAna anAdi hai / 1. aMguttaranikAya, 3. 33. 1; saMyuttanikAya, 15.5.6. 2. karma prakRti ( nemicandrAcArya viracita ), 6.

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jaina dharma darzana karma kA vicAra karate samaya yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki pudgala aura AtmA arthAt jar3a aura cetana tattvoM ke sammizraNa se hI karma kA nirmANa hotA hai / cAhe dravya-karma ho cAhe bhAvakarma, jar3a aura cetana donoM prakAra ke tattva usameM mile rahate haiM / jar3a aura cetana kA mizraNa hae binA kisI bhI prakAra ke karma kI racanA nahIM ho sktii| dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma kA bheda padgala aura AtmA kI pradhAnatA-apradhAnatA ke kAraNa hai, na ki eka-dUsare ke sadbhAva-asadbhAva ke kAraNa / dravyakarma meM paudgalika tattva kI pradhAnatA hotI hai tathA Atmika tattva kI apradhAnatA, jabaki bhAvakarma meM Atmika tattva kI pradhAnatA hotI hai tathA paudagalika tattva kI aprdhaantaa| yadi dravyakarma ko pudgala-paramANuoM kA zuddha piNDa hI mAnA jAya to karma aura pudgala meM antara hI kyA rahegA? isI prakAra yadi bhAvakarma ko AtmA kI zuddha pravRtti hI mAnI jAya to karma aura AtmA meM bheda hI kyA rahegA? karma ke kartRtva aura bhoktRtva kA vicAra karate mamaya saMsArI AtmA arthAt baddha AtmA aura siddha AtmA arthAt mukta AtmA kA antara dhyAna meM rakhanA caahie| karma ke kartRtva-bhoktRtva kA sambandha baddha AtmA se hai, mukta AtmA se nhiiN| baddha AtmA karmoM se baMdhA huA hotA hai arthAt caitanya aura jar3atva kA mizraNa hotA hai / mukta AtmA karmoM se rahita hotA hai arthAt vizuddha caitanya hotA hai| baddha AtmA kI pravRtti ke kAraNa jo pudgala-paramANu AkRSTa hokara usake sAtha mila jAte haiM arthAt nIrakSIravat ekameka ho jAte haiM ve hI karma kahalAte haiM / isa prakAra karma bhI jar3a-cetana kA mizraga hI hai| jaba saMsArI AtmA bhI jar3a-cetana kA mizraNa hai evaM karma bhI taba

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donoM meM anta kahalAtA hai to nahIM haiN| inakA prayukta karmasiddhAnta donoM meM antara kyA hai ? saMsArI AtmA kA cetana aMza jIva athavA AtmA kahalAtA hai tathA jaDa aMza karma kahalAtA hai| ye cetana aMza aura jar3a aMza aise nahIM haiM jinakA saMsArAvasthA meM pRthaka-pRthaka anubhava kiyA jA ske| inakA pRthakkaraNa to muktAvasthA meM hI hotA hai| saMsArI AtmA sadaiva karmayukta hotA hai tathA karma sadaiva saMsArI AtmA se saMbaddha hotA hai| AtmA jaba karma se sarvathA mukta ho jAtA hai taba vaha saMsArI AtmA na rahakara muka AtmA arthAt zuddha caitanya bana jAtA hai| isI prakAra karma jaba AtmA se alaga ho jAtA hai taba vaha karma na raha kara zuddha pudgala bana jAtA hai| AtmA se sambaddha pudgala dravyakarma kahalAtA hai tathA dravyakarmayukta AtmA kI pravRtti bhAvakarma kahalAtI hai / tAttvika dRSTi se AtmA va pudgala ke tIna rUpa banate haiM : 1. zuddha AtmA (mukta AtmA), 2. zuddha pudgala, 3. AtmA aura pudgala kA sammizraNa (saMsArI aatmaa)| karma ke kartRtva-bhoktRtva Adi kA sambandha tIsare rUpa se hai| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya-jaina darzana meM karma siddhAnta kA vivecana nizcayaSTi va vyavahAradRSTi se bhI kiyA gayA hai| ina dRSTiyoM se vivecana karanevAloM kA mata hai ki jo paranimitta ke binA vastu ke asalI svarUpa kA kathana karatA hai use nizcayanaya (nizcayadRSTi) kahate haiM aura paranimitta kI apekSA se jo vastu kA kathana karatA hai use vyavahAranaya (vyavahAradRSTi) kahate haiN|' nizcaya aura vyavahAra kI isa vyAkhyA ke anusAra kyA karma ke kartRtva-bhoktRtva Adi kA nirUpaNa ho sakatA hai ? paranimitta ke binA vastu ke asalI svarUpa ke kathana kA artha hotA hai zuddha vastu ke svarUpa kA kathana / isa 1. pacama karma grantha, prastAvanA, pR0 110 -

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re jaina dharma-darzana artha ke anusAra nizcayanaya zuddha AtmA evaM zuddha pudgala kA hI kathana kara sakatA hai, pudgalamizrita AtmA kA athavA Atmamizrita pudgala kA kathana nahIM kara sktaa| aisI sthiti meM karma ke kartRtva-bhoktRtva Adi kA nirUpaNa nizcayanaya se kaise ho sakatA hai ? kyoMki karma kA sambandha saMsArI AtmA se hai jo jIva aura pudgala kA sammizraNa hai| cUMki vyavahAranaya paranimitta kI apekSA se vastu kA kathana karatA hai ataH saMsArI AtmA' arthAt karmayukta AtmA kA kathana vyavahAranaya se hI ho sakatA hai| vastutaH nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya meM koI virodha nahIM hai kyoMki ina donoM kI viSaya-vastu bhinnabhinna hai-inakA kSetra alaga-alaga hai| nizcayanaya padArtha ke zuddha svarUpa kA kathana karatA hai arthAt jo vastu svabhAvata: apane Apa meM jaisI hai use vaimI hI pratipAdita karatA hai| vyavahAra. naya padArtha ke azudra arthAt mizrita rUpa kA pratipAdana karatA hai| saMsArI AtmA evaM karma jIva aura ajIva kI azuddha arthAt mizrita avasyAeM haiM ataH isakA pratipAdana vyavahAranaya se hI ho sakatA hai| aisI dazA meM karma ke kartRtva-bhoktRtva Adi kA nirUpaNa nizcayanaya se karanA ayuktiyukta hai| kevala zuddha AtmAoM arthAt mukta jIvoM tathA pudgala Adi zuddha ajIvoM kA pratipAdana nizcayanaya se ho sakatA hai| karma kA kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva-nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kI isa maryAdA kA dhyAna na rakhate hae kucha vicArakoM ne karma ke kartRtva-bhovatRtva Adi kA nirUpaNa nizcayanaya se karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| pariNAmataH karmasiddhAnta meM aneka prakAra kI ulajhaneM utpanna huI haiN| ina ulajhanoM kA mukhya kAraNa hai saMsArI jIva arthAt karmayukta

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karmasiddhAnta jaba AtmA aura siddha jIva arthAt karmamukta AtmA ke bheda kA vismaraNa / isake sAtha hI karma aura pudgala kA antara bhI kabhI-kabhI vismRta kara diyA gayA hai / ina vicArakoM ko dRSTi meM jIva ( saMmArI AtmA ) na to karmoM kA kartA ho hai aura na unake phala kA bhoktA hI / ve kahate haiM ki karmoM ke kartRtva aura bhoktRtva ke bAre meM hama nizcayadRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to jIva na to dravyakarmoM kA kartA hI pramANita hotA hai aura na unake phala kA bhokA hI kyoMki dravyakarma paudgalika haiM - pudgaladravya ke vikAra haiM ataH para haiN| unakA kartA cetana jIva kaise ho sakatA hai ? cetana kA karma cetanarUpa hotA hai aura acetana kA karma acetanarUpa / yadi cetana kA karma bhI acetanarUpa hone lagegA to cetana aura acetana kA bheda naSTa hokara mahAn saMkara doSa upasthita hogA / ataH pratyeka dravya svabhAva kA kartA hai, parabhAva kA nahIM / " isa kathana meM jIva ko arthAt saMsArI jIva ko karmoM kA arthAt dravyakarmoM kA kartA va bhoktA isalie nahIM mAnA gayA hai ki karma paudgalika haiM / yaha kaise ho sakatA hai ki cetana jIva acetana karma ko utpanna kare ? ima hetu meM saMsArI jIva ko arthAt azuddha AtmA ko zuddha caitanya mAna liyA gayA hai tathA karma ko zuddha padmalaM / vastutaH na saMsArI jIva zuddha caitanya hai aura na karma zuddha pula / saMsArI jIva cetana aura acetana dravyoM kI mizrita avasthA hai-sva aura para kA milAjulA rUpa hai| isI prakAra karma pudgala kA zuddha rUpa nahIM hai kintu eka vikRta avasthA hai jo saMsArI jIva kI pravRtti nirmita huI hai tathA usase sambaddha hai / yadi jIva aura pudgala apanI-apanI svAbhAvika se 1. vahI, pR0 11-12. 26

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jaina dharma darzana arthAt zuddha avasthA meM hoM yAnI svabhAva meM hoM to karma kI utpatti kA koI prazna hI nahIM uThatA-parabhAva ke kartRtva kA koI savAla hI paidA nahIM hotaa| jaba hama yaha jAnate haiM ki saMsArI jIva svabhAva meM sthita nahIM hai kintu sva aura para bhAvoM kI mizrita avasthA meM sthita hai taba use kevala svabhAva kA kartA kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki jIva karmoM kA kartA hai to hamArA tAtparya yaha nahIM hotA ki jIva pudgala kA nirmANa karatA hai| pudgala to pahale se hI maujUda hai| usakA nirmANa jIva kyA karegA? jIva to apane AsapAsa meM sthita pudgala-paramANuoM ko apanI pravRttiyoM ke dvArA apanI ora AkRSTa kara apane meM milA kara nIrakSIravat ekameka kara detA hai| isI kA nAma hai karmoM kA yAnI dravyakarmoM kA kartRtva / aisI sthiti meM yaha kathana anupayukta pramANita hotA hai ki jIva dravyakarmoM kA kartA nahIM hai| yadi jIva dravyakarmoM kA kartA nahIM hai to kauna hai ? pudgala svataH karmarUpa meM pariNata nahIM hotA hai| use jIva hI karmarUpa meM pariNata karatA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki dravyakarmoM ke kartRtva ke abhAva meM bhAvakarmoM kA kartRtva kaise saMbhava hogA? dravyakarma hI to bhAvakarma kI utpatti meM kAraNa hai anyathA dravyakarmo se mukta siddha AtmAoM meM bhI bhAvakoM kI utpatti ho jaaegii| jaba jIva karmoM kA kartA arthAt pudgala-paramANuoM ko karmoM ke rUpa meM pariNata karanevAlA pramANita ho jAtA hai to vaha karmaphala kA bhoktA bhI siddha ho hI jAtA hai kyoMki jo karmo se baddha hotA hai vahI unakA phala bhI bhogatA hai| isa prakAra saMsArI jIva karmoM kA kartA tathA unake phala kA bhoktA pramANita hotA hai| mukta jIva na to karmo kA kartA hI pramANita hotA hai aura na unake phala kA bhoktA hii|

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karmasiddhAnta 451 jIva ko karmo kA kartA aura bhoktA na mAnane vAle vicAraka eka udAharaNa dete haiM ki jaise koI sundara yuvA puruSa kAryavaza kahIM jA rahA ho aura koI taruNa sundarI usa para mohita hokara usakI anugAminI bana jAya to isameM usa puruSa kA kyA kartRtva hai ? kI to vaha strI hai| puruSa to usameM kevala nimitta kAraNa hai|' isI prakAra yadi padgala jIva kI ora AkarSita hokara karma ke rUpa meM pariNata hotA hai to isameM jIva kA kyA kartRtva hai ? kartA to pudgala svayaM hai| jIva to usameM kevala nimitta kAraNa hai| yahI bAta karmo ke bhoktRtva ke viSaya meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai / yadi vastutaH sthiti aisI hI hai to AtmA na kartA siddha hogA, na bhoktA; na baddha siddha hogA, na mukta; na rAga-dveSAdi bhAvoM se yukta siddha hogA, na unase rahita / para vastusthiti aisI nahIM hai| jisa prakAra kisI sundara yuvA puruSa para koI taruNa sundarI akasmAt mohita hokara apane Apa usake pIche laga jAtI hai usa prakAra jar3a pudgala cetana AtmA ke pIche nahIM lgtaa| pudgala apane Apa AkarSita hokara AtmA kI ora nahIM bhaagtaa| jaba jIva sakriya hotA hai tabhI pudgala-paramANu usakI ora AkRSTa hote haiM tathA apane ko usI meM milAkara usake sAtha ekameka ho jAte haiM evaM samaya Ane para apanA phala dekara usase punaH alaga ho jAte haiN| isa sArI prakriyA ke lie jIva pUrNarUpeNa uttaradAyI hai / jIva kI kriyA ke kAraNa hI pudgala-paramANu usakI ora AkRSTa hote haiM, usase sambaddha hote haiM tathA use yathocita phala pradAna karate haiN| yaha prakriyA na to akele jIva se sambhava hai aura na akele padgala se| 1. vahI, pR0 12. lel

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452 jaina dharma-darzana donoM ke sammilita evaM pArasarika prabhAva ke kAraNa ho yaha saba hotA hai| karma ke kartRva meM jIva kI aisI nimittA nahIM hai ki jIva mAMkhya puruSa kI taraha niSkriya avasthA meM nirlipta bhAva se vidyamAna rahatA ho aura pudgala svataH karma ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA ho / jIva aura pudgala ke mizraNamilana- liptabhAva se hI karma kI utpatti hotI hai / jIva ko ekAntarUpa se cetana evaM karma ko ekAntarUpa se jar3a nahIM mAnanA cAhie | jIva bhI karma ( pudgala ) ke saMsarga ke kAraNa kathaMcit jar3a hai tathA karma bhI jIva ( caitanya ) ke saMsarga ke kAraNa kathaMcit cetana hai / jaba jIva aura karma eka-dUsare se bilakula alaga-alaga ho jAte haiM arthAt unameM koI samparka nahIM raha jAtA taba ve apane zuddha svarUpa meM A jAte haiM yAnI jIva ekAntarUpa se cetana ho jAtA hai aura karma ekAntarUpa se jar3a | saMsArI jIva aura dravyakarmarUpa pudgala ke mizraNa evaM paraspara ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hI jIva meM rAga-dveSAdi bhAvakarma kI utpatti saMbhava hotI hai / yadi jIva apane zuddha svabhAva kA hI kartA ho tathA pudgala apane zuddha svabhAva kA hI, to rAgadveSAdi bhAvoM kA kartA kauna hogA ? rAga dveSAdi bhAva na to - jIva ke zuddha svabhAva ke antargata haiM aura na pudgala ke zuddha svabhAva ke antargata / aisI sthiti meM unakA kartA kise mAnA jAya ? cetana AtmA aura acetana dravyakarma ke mizrita rUpa ko hI ina azuddha- vaibhAvika bhAvoM kA kartA mAnA jA sakatA hai / jaise rAga dveSAdi cetana aura acetana dravyoM ke mizraNa se utpanna hote haiM vaise hI mana-vacana-kAyAdi bhI inake mizraNa se

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karmasiddhAnta hI banate haiN| karmoM kI vibhinnatA evaM vividhatA ke kAraNa hI ina saba meM vaicitrya hotA hai / AtmA apane svAbhAvika bhAva jJAna, darzana Adi tathA vaibhAvika bhAva rAga, dveSa Adi kA kartA hai kintu unake nimitta se jo pudgala-paramANuoM meM karmarUpa pariNamana hotA hai usakA vaha kartA nahIM hai, isa bAta ko samajhAne ke lie kuMbhakAra aura ghaTa kA udAharaNa diyA jAtA hai aura kahA jAtA hai ki ghaTa kA kartA mRttikA hI hai, kumbhakAra nhiiN| kumbhakAra ko jo loka meM ghaTa kA kartA kahA jAtA hai usakA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki ghaTa-paryAya meM kumbhakAra nimitta hai| vAstava meM ghaTa mRttikA kA hI eka bhAva hai ataH usakA kartA bhI mRtikA hI hai|' yaha udAharaNa AtmA aura karma kA sambandha prakaTa karane meM upayukta nahIM hai| ghaTa aura kumbhakAra meM vaha sambandha nahIM hai jo karma aura AtmA meM hai| karma aura AtmA nIrakSIravat ekameka ho jAte haiM, jabaki ghaTa aura kumbhakAra kabhI ekamaka nahIM hote / ataH karma aura AtmA kA pariNamana ghaTa aura kunbhakAra ka pariNamana se bhinna prakAra kA hai| karma-paramANuoM aura Atma- dezoM kA pariNamana jar3a aura cetana kA eka mizrita pariNamana hotA hai jisameM donoM eka-dUsare se anivAryataH prabhAvita hote haiN| ghaTa aura kumbhakAra ke viSaya meM yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| unakA apaneapane DhaMga se alaga-alaga pariNamana hotA hai| AtmA karmoM kA kevala nimitta hI nahIM hai, unakA kartA aura bhoktA bhI hai| AtmA ke vaibhAvika bhAvoM ke kAraNa pudgala-paramANu usakI 1. vahI, pR0 13.

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jaina dharma-darzana aura AkRSTa hote haiM ataH vaha unake AkarSaNa kA nimitta huaa| ve paramANu Atma-pradezoM ke sAtha ekameka hokara karmarUpa meM pariNata ho jAte haiM ataH AtmA karmoM kA kartA huaa| AtmA ko hI vaibhAvika bhAvoM ke rUpa meM unakA phala bhoganA par3atA hai ataH vaha karmo kA bhoktA bhI huaa| karma kI maryAdA-jaina siddhAnta kA yaha nizcita mata hai ki karma kA sambandha vyakti ke zarIra, mana aura AtmA se hai| cUMki vyakti kA zarIra, mana evaM AtmA eka nizcita sImA meM baddha haiM arthAt sImita haiM ataH karma bhI usI sImA meM rahakara apanA kArya karatA hai| yadi karma kI yaha sImA na mAnI jAya to vaha AkAza kI taraha sarvavyApaka ho jaaegaa| vastutaH AtmA kA svadehaparimANatva karma ke hI kAraNa hai| jaba AtmA karma ke kAraNa apane zarIra meM hI baddha rahatI hai taba karma use chor3akara kahA~ jA sakatA hai ? hA~, AtmA jaba saba prakAra ke zarIroM ko tyAgakara mukta ho jAtI hai taba karma kA usase koI sambandha nahIM raha jAtA ataH karma aura AtmA hamezA ke lie alaga-alaga ho jAte haiM / athavA yoM kahie ki karma kA AtmA se hamezA ke lie alaga ho jAne kA nAma hI mukti athavA mokSa hai / saMsArI AtmA athavA jIva sadaiva kisI-na-kisI prakAra ke zarIra meM baddha rahatA hai tathA usase sambaddha karmapiNDa bhI usI zarIra kI sImAoM meM sImita rahatA hai| kyA zarIra kI sImAoM meM baMdhA huA karma apanI sImAoM kA ullaMghana kara phala pradAna kara sakatA hai ? kyA karma vyakti ke zarIra arthAt tana-mana-vacana se asambaddha yAnI bhinna padArthoM kI utpatti, prApti, vinAza Adi ke lie uttaradAyI ho

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karma siddhAnta 455 sakatA hai ? jisa kriyA athavA ghaTanA se kisI vyakti kA pratyakSa yA parokSa kisI bhI prakAra kA sambandha na ho usake lie bhI kyA usa vyakti ke karma ko kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai ? jaina karmazAstra meM karma ke jina ATha pramukha prakAroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai unameM koI bhI prakAra aisA nahIM hai jisakA sambandha AtmA aura zarIra se bhinna kisI anya padArtha se ho / jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya karma AtmA ke mUla guNa jJAna, darzana, sukha aura vIrya kA ghAta karate haiM tathA vedanIya, Ayu, nAma aura gotra karma zarIra kI vividha avasthAoM kA nirmANa karate haiM / isa prakAra ina AThoM taraha ke karmoM kA sAkSAt sambandha AtmA aura zarIra se hI hai, anya padArthoM evaM ghaTanAoM se nhiiN| paramparA se svetara padArthoM aura ghaTanAoM se bhI karmoM kA sambandha ho sakatA hai, yadi vaisA siddha ho / jaba karmoM kA sIdhA sambandha AtmA aura zarIra se hai taba dhana-sampatti Adi kI prApti ko puNyajanya kyoM mAnA jAtA hai ? yadi dhana-sampatti Adi se sukhAdi kI anubhUti ho to zubha karmodaya kI nimittatA ke kAraNa bAhya padArthoM ko bhI upacAra se puNyajanya mAnA jA sakatA hai / vAstava meM puNya kA kArya sukhAdi kI anubhUti hai, dhanAdi kI prApti nahIM / dhanAdi kI prApti ho yA na ho, yadi sukhAdi kA anubhava hotA hai to use puNya yA zubha karmoM kA phala samajhanA cAhie / bAhya padArthoM kI nimittatA ke binA bhI sukhAdi kI anubhUti ho sakatI hai / yahI bAta duHkhAdi ke viSaya meM bhI samajhanI cAhie / sukha-duHkha yA anya kisI bhI prakAra kI zArIrika-mAnasikaAtmika anubhUti kA mUla kAraNa Antarika hai, bAhya nahIM /

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jaina dharma-darzana karma kA sambandha isa Antarika kAraNa se hai, bAhya vastuoM se nhiiN| bAhya vastuoM kI utpatti, prApti, vinAza Adi apaneapane kAraNoM se hotA hai, hamAre karmoM ke kAraNa nhiiN| hamAre karma hama taka hI sImita haiM, sarvavyApaka nahIM / jA hamAre karma hama taka hI sImita haiM arthAt hamAre zarIra aura AtmA taka hI maryAdita haiM taba ve hamase bhinna ati dUra ke padArthoM ko kaise utpanna kara sakate haiM, kaise AkaSita kara sakate haiM, kaise hama taka pahuMcA sakate haiM, kaise bar3hA-ghaTA sakate haiM, kaise naSTa kara sakate haiM, kaise surakSita rakha sakate haiM ? ye sAre kArya hamAre karmoM se nahIM, anyAnya kAraNoM se hote haiM / sukha-duHkhAdi kI anubhUti meM nimitta, sahAyaka ayavA uttejaka hone ke kAraNa upacAra se yA paraMsarA se bAhya vastuoM ko puNya-pApa kA pariNAma mAna liyA jAtA hai| jaina siddhAnta jIva kI vividha avasthAoM ko karmajanya mAnatA hai, saMsAra ke samasta kAryoM ko nhiiN| zarIra, indriyA~, zvAsoccha gasa, vacana, mana Adi jIva kI vividha avasthAeM karma ke kAraNa hotI haiN| anya kArya apane-apane kAraNoM se hote haiM / unakA kAraNa karma nahIM hotaa| patnI yA pati kI prApti athavA mRtyu. putra yA putrI kI prApti athavA mRtyu, vyavasAya meM hAni-lAbha, kisI prakAra kI Akasmika durghaTanA, saMyogaviyoga, lAbha-hAni, mRtyu va anya saMkaTa, Rtu kI tIvratA-mandatA, sukAla yA duSkAla. prakRti-prakopa, rAjyakRta athavA anyakRta prakopa, zatru-mitra, suputra-kuputra Adi apane-apane kAraNoM se hote haiM, hamAre karmo se nahIM / inameM se kucha kAryoM athavA ghaTanAoM ke prati hamArI yatkiJcit nimitta tA avazya

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karma siddhAnta 457 ho sakatI hai kintu unakA pramukha athavA mUtra kAraNa to unhIM ke bhItara vidyamAna rahatA hai, hamAre andara nahIM / putra athavA anya kisI priyajana kI prApti ko hama apane zubha karma arthAt puNya kA kArya samajhate haiM tathA usakI mRtyu ko apane azubha karma arthAt pApa kA phala mAnate haiM / yaha mAnyatA yuktiyukta nahIM hai / jitA ke puNyodaya se putra kI utpatti yA pitA ke pApodaya se putra kI mRtyu nahI hotI / putra kI utpatti tathA mRtyu kA kAraNa usakA apanA karmodaya eva karmakSaya hai, pitA kA puNyodaya evaM pApodaya nhiiN| hAM, putra kI utpatti hone ke bAda pitA ko, yadi vaha jIvita hai tathA mohanIya karma se yukta hai to, harSa ho sakatA hai evaM mRtyu hone para zoka | isa harSa evaM zoka kA mUla kAraNa pitA kA puNyodaya evaM pApodaya hai tathA nimitta kAraNa putra kI utpatti evaM mRtyu hai / isa prakAra pitA kA puNyodaya va pApodaya putra kI utpatti va mRtyu kA kAraNa nahIM hai apitu putra kI utpatti va mRtyu pitA ke puNyodaya va pApodaya kA nimitta bana sakatI hai / yahI bAta isA prakAra kI anya ghaTanAoM ke viSaya meM bhI samajha lenI cAhie / vyakti ke karmadaya, karmakSaya, karmoMpazama Adi kI eka sImA hai aura vaha hai usakA zarIra, mana Adi / isa sImA se bAhara arthAt mana-vacana-kAya kI paridhi kA ullaMghana kara karmodaya Adi nahIM hotA / yahI kAraNa hai ki vastutaH svetara samasta padArthoM kI utpatti Adi apane-apane kAraNo se hotI hai, hamAre karmodaya Adi se nahIM / AtmA aura karma kA sambandha anAdi hai / jIva purAne karmoM kA kSaya karatA huA navIna karmoM kA upArjana karatA rahatA hai / jaba taka prANI ke pUrvopArjita samasta karma naSTa nahIM ho jAte evaM navIna karmoM kA Agamana banda nahIM ho jAtA taba taka

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458 jaina dharma-darzana usakI bhavabandhana se mukti nahIM hotii| eka bAra samasta karmoM kA vinAza ho jAne para punaH karmopArjana nahIM hotA kyoMki usa avasthA meM karmabandhana kA koI kAraNa vidyamAna nahIM rahatA / AtmA kI isI avasthA ko mukti, mokSa, nirvANa athavA siddhi kahate haiN| karmabandha kA kAraNa : jaina paramparA meM karmopArjana athavA karmabandha ke sAmAnyatayA do kAraNa mAne gaye haiM : yoga aura kaSAya / zarIra, vANI aura mana kI pravRtti ko yoga kahate haiM / krodhAdi mAnasika Avega kaSAyAntargata haiN| yoM to kaSAya ke aneka bheda ho sakate haiM kintu moTe taura para usake do bheda kiye gaye haiM : rAga aura dveSa / rAga-dveSajanita zArIrika evaM mAnasika pravRtti hI karmabandha kA kAraNa hai / vaise to pratyeka kriyA karmopArjana kA kAraNa hotI hai kintu jo kriyA kaSAyajanita hotI hai usase honevAlA karmabandha vizeSa balavAn hotA hai jabaki kaSAyarahita kriyA se hone vAlA karmabandha ati nirbala evaM alpAyu hotA hai| use naSTa karane meM alpa zakti evaM alpa samaya lagatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, yoga aura kaSAya donoM hI karmabandha ke kAraNa haiM kintu ina donoM meM prabala kAraNa kaSAya hI hai| naiyAyika tathA vaizeSika mithyAjJAna ko karmabandha kA kAraNa mAnate haiM / yoga evaM sAMkhya darzana meM prakRti-puruSa ke abhedajJAna ko karmabandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| vedAnta Adi darzanoM meM avidyA athavA ajJAna ko karmabandha kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| bauddhoM ne vAsanA athavA saMskAra ko karmopArjana kA kAraNa mAnA hai / jaina paramparA meM saMkSepa meM mithyAtva karmabandha

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karma siddhAnta 456 kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| jo kucha ho, yaha nizcita hai ki karmopArjana kA koI bhI kAraNa kyoM na mAnA jAe, rAga-dveSajanita pravRtti hI karmabandha kA pradhAna kAraNa hai / rAga-dveSa kI nyUnatA athavA abhAva se ajJAna, vAsanA athavA mithyAtva kama ho jAtA athavA naSTa ho jAtA hai / rAga-dveSarahita prANI karmopArjana ke yogya vikAroM se sadaiva dUra rahatA hai| usakA mana hamezA apane niyantraNa meM rahatA hai / karmabandha kI prakriyA : 1 jaina karmagranthoM meM karmabandha kI prakriyA kA suvyavasthita varNana kiyA gayA hai / sampUrNa loka meM aisA koI bhI sthAna nahIM hai jahA~ karmayogya pudgala - paramANu vidyamAna na hoN| jaba prANI apane mana-vacana athavA tana se kisI bhI prakAra kI pravRtti karatA hai taba cAroM ora se karmayogya pudgala - paramANuoM kA AkarSaNa hotA hai (Asrava) / jitane kSetra arthAt pradeza meM usakI AtmA vidyamAna rahatI hai utane hI pradeza meM vidyamAna paramANu usake dvArA usa samaya grahaNa kiye jAte haiM, anya nahIM / pravRtti kI taratamatA ke anusAra paramANuoM kI saMkhyA meM bhI tAratamya hotA hai / pravRtti kI mAtrA meM adhikatA hone para paramANuoM kI saMkhyA meM bhI adhikatA hotI hai evaM pravRtti kI mAtrA meM nyUnatA hone para paramANuoM kI saMkhyA meM bhI nyUnatA hotI hai / gRhIta pudgala - paramANuoM ke samUha kA karmarUpa se AtmA ke sAtha baddha honA (bandha) jaina karmavAda kI paribhASA meM pradeza bandha kahalAtA hai / inhIM paramANuoM kI jJAnAvaraNa 1 jaina darzana ko mAnyatA hai ki AtmA zarIravyApI hai / deha se bAhara Atmatattva vidyamAna nahIM hotA / 1

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460 jaina dharma-darzana ( jina karmoM se AtmA kI jJAna-zakti AvRta hotI hai ) Adi aneka rUpoM meM pariNati hotA prakRti-bandha kahalAtA hai| pradezabandha meM karma-paramANuoM kA parimANa abhipreta hai jabaki prakRtibandha meM karma - paramANuoM kI prakRti arthAt svabhAva kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai / bhitra-bhitra svabhAva vAle karmoM kI bhinna bhinna paramANu saMkhyA hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, vibhinna karmaprakRtiyoM ke vibhinna karmapradeza hote haiM / jaina karmazAstroM meM isa prazna para bhI paryApta prakAza DAlA gayA hai ki kisa karma prakRti ke kitane pradeza hote haiM evaM unakA tulanAtmaka anupAta kyA hai / karmarUpa se gRhIta pudgala - paramANuoM ke karmaphala ke kAla evaM vipAka kI tIvratA - mandatA kA nizcaya AtmA ke adhyavasAya arthAt kaSAya kI tIvratA mandatA ke anusAra hotA hai / karmavipAka ke kAla tathA tIvratA - mandatA ke isa nizcaya ko kramazaH sthiti-bandha tathA anubhAga-bandha kahate haiN| kaSAya ke abhAva meM karma-paramANu AtmA ke sAtha sambaddha nahIM raha sakate / jisa prakAra sUkhe vastra para raja acchI taraha na cipakate hue usakA sparza kara alaga ho jAtI hai usI prakAra AtmA meM kaSAya kI ArdratA na hone para karma-paramANu usase sambaddha na hote hue kevala usakA sparza kara alaga ho jAte haiM / IryApatha ( calanA-phiranA Adi) se hone vAlA isa prakAra kA nirbala karmabandha aparAyika bandha kahalAtA hai / sakaSAya karma-bandha ko sAMparAyika bandha kahate haiM / asAMparAyika bandha bhava- bhramaNa kA kAraNa nahIM hotA / sAmparAyika bandha se hI prANI ko saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karanA par3atA hai / karma kA udaya aura kSaya : karma ba~dhate hI apanA phala denA prArambha nahIM kara dete / kucha

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karma siddhAnta 461 samaya taka vaise hI par3e rahate haiM / karma ke isa phalahIna kAla ko jaina paribhASA meM abAdhAkAla kahate haiM / abAdhAkAla ke vyatIta hone para hI baddhakarma apanA phala denA prArambha karate haiM / karmaphala kA prArambha hI karma kA udaya kahalAtA hai / karma apane sthiti bandha ke anusAra udaya meM Ate haiM evaM phala pradAna kara AtmA se alaga ho jAte haiM / isI kA nAma nirjaMga hai / jima karma kI jitanI sthiti kA baMdha hotA hai vaha karma utanI hI avadhi taka kramazaH udaya meM AtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, karmanirjarA kA bhI utanA hI kAla hotA hai jitanA karma sthiti kA / jaba navIna karma kA upArjana ruka jAtA hai (saMbara) tathA pUrvopArjita sabhI karma kSINa ho jAte haiM (nirjarA) taba prANI karma-mukta ho jAtA hai / AtmA kI isI avasthA ko mukti (mokSa) kahate haiM / karmaprakRti arthAt karmaphala : jaina karmazAstra meM karma kI ATha mUla prakRtiyAM mAnI gaI haiN| ye prakRtiyA~ prANI ko vibhinna prakAra ke anukUla evaM pratikUla phala pradAna karatI haiN| ina prakRtiyoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM : 1. jJAnAvaraNa, 2. darzanAvaraNa, 3. vedanIya, 4. mohanIya, 5. Ayu, 6. nAma, 7. gotra aura = antarAya / jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya ye cAra ghAtI prakRtiyA~ haiM kyoMki inase AtmA ke cAra mUla guNoM (jJAna, darzana, sukha aura vIrya ) kA ghAta hotA hai / zeSa cAra aghAtI prakRtiyA~ haiM kyoMki ye AtmA ke kisI guNa kA ghAta nahIM karatIM / itanA hI nahIM, ye AtmA ko aisA rUpa pradAna karatI haiM jo usakA nijI nahIM apitu paulika-bhautika hai / jJAnAvaraNa AtmA ke jJAnaguNa kA ghAta karatA hai / darzanAvaraNa se

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jaina dharma-darzana hai| antarAma pratikUla saMvedakA ghAta hotA AtmA ke darzanaguNa kA ghAta hotA hai| mohanIya sukha-Atmasukha-paramasukha-zAzvatasukha kA ghAtaka hai| antarAya se vIrya arthAt zakti kA ghAta hotA hai| vedanIya anukUla evaM pratikala saMvedana arthAt sukha-duHkha kA kAraNa hai| Ayu se AtmA ko nArakAdi vividha bhavoM kI prApti hotI hai| nAma ke kAraNa jIva ko vividha gati, jAti, zarIra Adi prApta hote haiM / gotra prANiyoM ke uccatva-nIcatva kA kAraNa hai| jJAnAvaraNIya karma kI pAMca uttara-prakRtiyA~ haiM : 1. matijJAnAvaraNa, 2. zrutajJAnAvaraNa, 3. avadhijJAnAvaraNa, 4. manaHparyaya, manaHparyava athavA mana:paryAya-jJAnAvaraNa aura 5. kevalajJAnAvaraNa / matijJAnAvaraNIya karma matijJAna arthAt indriya aura mana se utpanna hone vAle jJAna ko AcchAdita karatA hai / zrutajJAnAvaraNIya karma zrutajJAna arthAt zAstroM athavA zabdoM ke paThana tathA zravaNa se honevAle arthajJAna kA nirodha karatA hai| avadhijJAnAvaraNIya karma avadhijJAna arthAt indriya tathA mana kI sahAyatA ke binA hone vAle rUpI dravyoM ke jJAna ko AvRta karatA hai / mana paryAyajJAtAvaraNIya karma manaHparyAyajJAna arthAt indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA saMjJI-samanaska -mana vAle jIvoM ke manogata bhAvoM ko jAnane vAle jJAna ko AcchAdita karatA hai| kevalajJAnAvaraNIya karma kevalajJAna arthAta loka ke atIta, vartamAna evaM anAgata samasta padArthoM ko yugapat-eka sAtha jAnane vAle jJAna ko AvRta karatA hai| darzanAvaraNIya karma kI nau uttara-prakRtiyA~ haiM : 1. cakSurdarzanAvaraNa, 2. acakSurdarzanAvaraNa, 3. avadhidarzanAvaraNa, 4. kevaladarzanAvaraNa, 5. nidrA, 6. nidrA-nidrA, 7. pracalA,

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karma siddhAnta 462 8 pracalApracalA aura hai. styAnaddhi - styAnagRddhi / A~kha ke dvArA padArthoM ke sAmAnya dharma ke grahaNa ko cakSurdarzana kahate haiM / isameM padArtha kA sAdhAraNa AbhAsamAtra hotA hai / cakSurdarzana ko AvRta karane vAlA karma cakSurdarzanAvaraNa kahalAtA hai / A~kha ko chor3akara anya indriyoM tathA mana se jo padArthoM kA sAmAnya pratibhAsa hotA hai use acakSurdarzana kahate haiM / isa prakAra ke darzana ko AvRta karane vAlA karma acakSurdarzanAvaraNa kahalAtA hai / indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA kI apekSA na rakhate hue AtmA dvArA rUpI padArthoM kA sAmAnya bodha hone kA nAma avadhidarzana hai / isa prakAra ke darzana ko AvRta karane vAlA karma avadhidarzanAvaraNa kahalAtA hai / saMsAra ke akhila traikAlika padArthoM kA sAmAnyAvabodha kevaladarzana kahalAtA hai / isa prakAra ke darzana ko AvRta karane vAlA karma kevaladarzanAvaraNa ke nAma se prasiddha hai / nidrA Adi pA~ca avasthAeM bhI darzanAvaraNIya karma kA hI kArya hai / jo soyA huA prANI thor3I-sI AvAja se jAga jAtA hai arthAt jise jagAne meM parizrama nahIM karanA par3atA usakI nIMda ko nidrA kahate haiM / jisa karma ke udaya se isa prakAra kI nIMda AtI hai usa karma kA nAma bhI nidrA hai / jo soyA huA prANI bar3e jora se cillAne, hAtha se jora se hilAne Adi se bar3I muzkila se jAgatA hai usakI nIMda evaM tannimittaka karma donoM ko nidrA-nidrA kahate haiM / khar3ekhar3e yA baiThe-baiThe nIMda lene kA nAma pracalA hai / usakA hetubhUta karma bhI pracalA kahalAtA hai / calate-phirate nIMda lene kA nAma pracalApracalA hai | tannimitabhata karma ko bhI pracalApracalA kahate haiN| dina meM athavA rAta meM soce hue kAryavizeSa ko nidrAvasthA meM sampanna karane kA nAma styAnaddhi - styAnagRddhi hai / jisa karma

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464 jaina dharma-darzana ke udaya se isa prakAra kI nIMda AtI hai usakA nAma bhI styAnaddhi athavA styAnagRddhi hai| vedanIya athavA vedya karma kI do uttaraprakRtiyAM haiM : sAtA aura amAtA / jisa karma ke udaya se prANI ko anukUla viSayoM kI prApti se sukha kA anubhava hotA hai use mAtAvedanIya karma kahate haiN| jisa karma ke udaya se pratikala viSayoM kI prApti hone para duHkha kA savedana hotA hai use asAtAvedanIya karma kahate haiN| AtmA ko viSayanirapekSa svarUpa-sukha kA saMvedana kisI bhI karma ke udaya kI apekSA na rakhate hue svataH hotA hai| isa prakAra kA vizuddha sukha AtmA kA nijI dharma hai| vaha sAdhAraNa sukha kI koTi se Upara hai / __ mohanIya karma kI mukhya do uttara-prakRtiyA~ haiM : darzanamoha arthAt darzana kA ghAta aura cAritramoha arthAt cAritra kA ghAta / jo padArtha jamA hai use vaisA hI samajhane kA nAma darzana hai| yaha tattvArtha-zraddhAnarUpa AtmaguNa hai| isa guNa kA ghAta karane vAle karma kA nAma darzanamohanIya hai| jisake dvArA AtmA apane yathArtha svarUpa ko prApta karatA hai use cAritra kahate haiM / cAritra kA ghAta karane vAlA karma cAritramohanIya kahalAtA hai| darzanamohanIya karma ke punaH tIna bheda haiM : samyaktvamohanIya, mithyAtvamohanIya aura mizramohanIya / samyaktvamohanIya ke dalika-karmaparamANu zuddha hote haiM / yaha karma zuddhasvaccha paramANuoM vAlA hone ke kAraNa tattvaruvirUpa samyaktva meM bAdhA nahIM pahuMcAtA kintu isake udaya se AtmA ko svA. bhAvika samyaktva-karmanirapekSa samyaktva-kSAyika samyaktva nahIM ho pAtA / pariNAmataH use sUkSma padArthoM ke cintana meM zaMkAeM huA karatI haiN| mithyAtvamohanIya ke dalika azuddha hote

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karma siddhAnta haiN| isa karma ke udaya se prANI hita ko ahita samajhatA hai aura ahita ko hita / viparIta buddhi ke kAraNa use tattva kA yathArtha bodha nahIM hone paataa| mizramohanIya ke dalika arthavizuddha hote haiN| isa karma ke udaya se jIva ko na to tattvaruci hotI hai, na atattvaruci / isakA dUsarA nAma samyak-mithyAtvamohanIya hai| yaha samyaktvamohanIya aura mithyAtvamohanIya kA mizrita rUpa hai jo tattvArtha-zraddhAna aura atattvArtha-zraddhAna ina donoM avasthAoM meM se zuddha rUpa se kisI bhI avasthA ko prApta nahIM karane detaa| mohanIya ke dUsare mukhya bheda cAritramohanIya ke do bheda haiM : kaSAyamohanIya aura nokaSAyamohanIya / kaSAyamohanIya mukhyarUpa se cAra prakAra kA hai : krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha / krodhAdi cAroM kaSAya tIvratA-mandatA kI dRSTi se punaH cAra-cAra prakAra ke haiM : anantAnubandhI, apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa, pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa aura saMjvalana / isa prakAra kaSAyamohanIya karma ke kula solaha bheda hue jinake udaya se prANI meM krodhAdi kaSAya utpanna hote haiN| anantAnubandhI krodhAdi ke prabhAva se jIva anantakAla taka saMsAra meM bhramaNa karatA hai| yaha kaSAya samyaktva kA ghAta karatA hai| apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya ke udaya se dezaviratirUpa zrAvakadharma kI prApti nahIM hone pAtI / isakI avadhi eka varSa hai| pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya ke udaya se sarvaviratirUpa zramaNadharma kI prApti nahIM hone paatii| isakI sthiti cAra mahIne kI hai| saMjvalana kaSAya ke prabhAva se zramaNa yathAkhyAta-cAritrarUpa sarvavirati prApta nahIM kara sakatA / yaha eka pakSa kI sthiti vAlA hai| uparyukta kAlamaryAdAeM sAdhAraNa dRSTi-vyavahAra naya se haiN| inameM yathAsaMbhava parivartana bhI ho sakatA hai / kaSAyoM ke udaya ke sAtha jinakA

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466 jaina dharma-darzana udaya hotA hai athavA jo kaSAyoM ko uttejita karate haiM unheM nokaSAya kahate haiM / ' nokaSAya ke nau bheda haiM : 1. hAsya, 2. rati, 3. arati, 4. zoka, 5. bhaya, 6. jugupsA, 7. strIveda. 8. puruSaveda aura 6. napuMsakaveda / strIveda ke udaya se strI ko puruSa ke sAtha saMbhoga karane kI icchA hotI hai| puruSaveda ke udaya se puruSa ko strI ke sAtha saMbhoga karane kI icchA hotI hai / napuMsakaveda ke udaya se strI aura puruSa donoM ke sAtha saMbhoga karane kI kAmanA hotI hai| yaha veda saMbhoga kI kAmanA ke abhAva ke rUpa meM nahIM apitu tIvratama kAmAbhilASA ke rUpa meM hai jisakA lakSya strI aura puruSa donoM haiN| isakI nivRtti-tuSTi cirakAla evaM ciraprayatnasAdhya hai| isa prakAra mohanIya karma kI kula 28 uttara-prakRtiyA~-bheda haiM : 3 darzanamohanIya+16 kaSAyamohanIya+6 nokaSAyamohanIya / ___ Ayu karma kI uttaraprakRtiyA~ cAra haiM : 1. devAyu, 2. manuSyAyu, 3. tiryaJcAyu aura 4. narakAyu / Ayu karma kI vividhatA ke kAraNa prANI devAdi jAtiyoM meM raha kara svakRta nAnAvidha karmoM ko bhogatA evaM navIna karma upAjita karatA hai| Ayu karma ke astitva se prANI jItA hai aura kSaya se maratA hai / Ayu do prakAra kI hotI hai : apavartanIya aura anapavartanIya / bAhya nimittoM se jo Ayu kama ho jAtI hai arthAt niyata samaya se pUrva samApta ho jAtI hai use apavartanIya Ayu kahate haiM / isI kA pracalita nAma akAlamRtyu hai| jo Ayu kisI bhI kAraNa se kama na ho arthAt niyata samaya para hI samApta ho use anapavartanIya Ayu kahate haiN| 1. kaSAyasahavartitvAt, kaSAyapreraNAdapi / hAsyAdinavakasyoktA, nokaSAyakaSAyatA / /

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karmasiddhAnta nAma karma kI eka sau tIna uttaraprakRtiyA~ haiM / ye prakRtiyAM cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta haiM : piNDaprakRtiyA~, pratyekaprakRtiyA~, trasadazaka aura sthAvaradazaka / ina prakRtiyoM ke kAraNarUpa karmoM ke bhI ve hI nAma haiM jo ina prakRtiyoM ke haiN| piNDaprakRtiyoM meM pacahattara prakRtiyoM kA samAveza hai : 1. cAra gatiyA~-deva, naraka, tiryaJca aura manuSya; 2. pA~ca jAtiyA~-ekendriya, dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya aura paMcendriya; 3 pAMca zarIraaudArika, vaikriya, AhAraka, tejasa aura kArmaNa; 4. tIna upAMga-audArika, vaikriya aura AhAraka (taijasa aura kArmaNa zarIra ke upAMga nahIM hote); 5. paMdaraha bandhana-audArika audArika, audArika-tejasa, audArika-kArmaNa, audArikatejasa-kArmaNa, vaikriya-kriya, vaikriya-taijasa, vaikriya-kArmaNa, vaikriya-taijasa-kArmaNa, AhAraka-AhAraka, AhAraka-taijasa, AhAraka-kArmaNa, AhAraka-taijasa-kArmaNa, taijasa-taijasa, taijasa-kArmaNa aura kArmaNa-kArmaNa; 6. pA~ca saMghAtana-audArika, vaikriya, AhAraka, taijasa aura kArmaNa; 7. chaH saMhananavajraRSabhanArAca, RSabhanArAca, nArAca, ardhanArAca, kIlika aura sevAta; 8. chaH saMsthAna-samacaturasra, nyagrodhaparimaMDala, sAdi, kunja, vAmana aura huNDa; 6. zarIra ke pA~ca varNa-kRSNa, nIla, lohita, hAridra aura sita; 10. do gandha-surabhigandha aura durabhigandha; 11. pA~ca rasa-tikta, kaTu, kaSAya, Amla aura madhura; 12. ATha sparza-guru, laghu, mRdu, karkaza, zIta, uSNa, snigdha aura rUkSa; 13. cAra AnupUrviyA~-devAnupUrvI, manuSyAnupUrvI, tiryaJcAnupUrvI aura narakAnupUrvI; 14. do gatiyA~-zubhavihAyogati aura azubhavihAyogati / pratyeka prakRtiyoM meM nimnokta ATha prakRtiyA~ samAviSTa haiM : parAghAta,

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jaina dharma-darzana ucchavAsa, Atapa, udyota, agurulaghu, tIrthakara, nirmANa aura upaghAta / trasadazaka meM nimna prakRtiyA~ haiM : trasa, bAdara, paryApta, pratyeka, sthira, zubha, subhaga, susvara, Adeya aura yaza:kIrti / sthAvaradazaka meM trasadazaka se viparIta dasa prakRtiyA~ samAviSTa haiM : sthAvara, sUkSma, aparyApta, sAdhAraNa, asthira, azubha, durbhaga, duHsvara, anAdeya aura ayaza:kIti / isa prakAra nAma karma kI upayukta eka sau tIna (75 piNDaprakRtiyA~+ 8 pratyeka prakRtiyA~ +10 trasadazaka+10 sthAvarada zaka) uttaraprakRtiyA~ haiN|' inhIM prakRtiyoM ke AdhAra para prANiyoM ke zArIrika vaividhya kA nirmANa hotA hai| ___ gotra karma kI do uttaraprakRtiyA~ haiM : ucca aura nIca / jisa karma ke udaya se prANI ucca kula meM janma grahaNa karatA hai use uccagotra karma kahate haiM / jisa karma ke udaya se prANI kA janma nIca kula meM hotA hai use nIcagotra karma kahate haiM / ucca kula kA artha hai saMskArI evaM sadAcArI kula / nIca kula kA artha hai asaMskArI evaM AcArahIna kula / zArIrika ( mAnasikasahita ) vaividhya ke kAraNoM meM pradhAnataH do prakAra ke karma samAviSTa hote haiM : nAma aura gotra / nAma karma saMkSepataH zubha evaM azubha zarIra kA kAraNa 1. mAma karma se sambandhita vizeSa vivecana ke lie dekhie-karmagrantha, prathama bhAga arthAt karmavipAka (paM0 sukhalAlajIkRta hindI anu. vAdasahita), pR058-105; Outlines of Jaina Philosophy (M. L. Mehta), pR0142-5; Outlines of Karma in Jainism (M. L. Mehta), pR0 10-13.

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karmasiddhAnta 466 hai tathA gotra karma zArIrika uccatva evaM nIcatva kA zubha zarIra sukha kA kAraNa hotA hai tathA azubha zarIra duHkha kA / isI prakAra uccatva sukha kA tathA nIcatva duHkha kA kAraNa hai / zubha zarIra aura ucca zarIra meM tathA azubha zarIra aura nIca zarIra meM kyA antara hai jisake kAraNa nAma aura gotra ina do prakAra ke karmoM kI alaga-alaga vyavasthA karanI par3I ? jaba nAma karma se sampUrNa zArIrika vaividhya kA nirmANa ho sakatA hai jisameM zubhatva, azubhatva, uccatva, nIcatva, surUpatva, kurUpatva Adi samasta kAyika sadguNa-durguNa samAviSTa hote haiM taba gotra karma kI alaga mAnyatA se kyA lAbha? jaina karmavyavasthA ko dekhane se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki nAma karma kA sambandha vyakti ke una zArIrika guNoM se hai jo usake apane haiM arthAt jinakA kisI kulavizeSa yA vaMzavizeSa se sambandha nahIM hai, jabaki gotra karma kA sambandha usake una zArIrika guNoM se hai jo usake kula yA vaMza se sambaddha haiM tathA apane mAtA-pitA ke mAdhyama se hI usameM Aye haiM ! mAtA-pitA ke mAdhyama se Ane vAle guNoM ke lie santAna kA karma uttaradAyI kaise ho sakatA hai ? jo koI bhI acchAI yA burAI mAtA-pitA ke kAraNa kisI meM utpanna hotI hai usake lie vaha vyakti kisa prakAra uttaradAyI ho sakatA hai ? isa prazna kA samAdhAna yaha hai ki amuka jIva kA amuka sthAna para amuka rUpa meM utpanna honA usake amuka prakAra ke karma para hI nirbhara hotA hai / jIva jaba apane karma ke anurUpa amuka avasthA ko prApta karatA hai taba vaha tatkAlIna paristhiti evaM svazakti va sthiti ke anusAra amuka guNoM ko bhI grahaNa karatA hai / inameM se kucha guNa aise hote haiM jinakA sambandha mAtA-pitA se athavA hai

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470 jaina dharma-darzana vaMza-paramparA se hotA hai| isa prakAra mAtA-pitA ke mAdhyama se AnevAle acche-bure zArIrika guNoM ke lie santAna kA karma pratyakSa rUpa se na sahI, parokSa rUpa se avazya uttaradAyI hotA hai / vaMza-paramparA ke sadguNa-durguNa saba meM samAna rUpa se avatarita nahIM hote| isakA mukhya kAraNa vyakti kI apanI karmasampatti hai| jisakI karmasampatti apekSAkRta jitanI adhika samRddha arthAt zubha hogI usakA gotra karma utanA hI adhika ucca hogA tathA jisakI karmasampatti apekSAkRta jitanI adhika asamRddha arthAt azubha hogI usakA gotra karma bhI utanA hI adhika nIca hogaa| jaise manuSya Adi gatiyoM, paMcendriya Adi jAtiyoM, audArika Adi zarIroM evaM isI prakAra ke anya zArIrika lakSaNoM se nAma karma kI pahacAna hotI hai vaise gotra karma kI pahacAna ke kyA zArIrika lakSaNa haiM ? rUpa, raMga, dharma, jAti, varNa Adi se ucca athavA nIca gotra kA patA nahIM laga sakatA kyoMki kisI bhI rUpa, kisI bhI raMga, kisI bhI dharma, kisI bhI jAti, kisI bhI varNa kA vyakti ucca gotra kA bhI ho sakatA hai aura nIca gotra kA bhii| kisI raMga-rUpavizeSa yA varNa-jAtivizeSa ko dekhakara yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki isa raMga-rUpa vAlA yA isa varNa-jAti vAlA vyakti ucca gotra kA hai evaM taditara vyakti nIca gotra kaa| raMga aura rUpa kA sambandha nAma karma se hai tathA varNa, jAti, dharma Adi kA sambandha zarIra se na hokara sAmAjika, sAmpradAyika evaM zAstrIya vyavasthAoM aura mAnyatAoM se hai| amuka samAja athavA amuka deza meM jisa varNa athavA jAti ko nIca samajhA jAtA hai, anyatra use vaisA nahIM mAnA jaataa| itanA hI nahIM, usa samAja athavA deza meM bhI

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karmasiddhAnta 471 amuka vyakti ko taba taka nIca nahIM samajhA jAtA jaba taka ki usake viSaya meM yaha jJAta nahIM ho jAtA ki vaha amuka varNa athavA jAti kA hai| yadi varNa, jAti Adi se ucca-nIca kA sambandha hotA to usakI sarvadA evaM sarvatra vaisI pratIti hotii| kintu bAta aisI nahIM hai| ataH yaha mAnanA cAhie ki uccanIca gotra kA sambandha varNa, jAti Adi se na hokara vaMza, kula athavA mAtA-pitA se hai jo kisI bhI varNa, jAti, samAja, deza, dharma, raMga ke ho sakate haiN| jaise nAma karma kA sambandha zarIra se hai vaise hI gotra karma bhI zarIra se hI sambaddha hai / yadi gotra karma kA sambandha zarIra se hai to aise kauna se zArIrika lakSaNa haiM jinheM dekhane se yaha mAlUma ho jAya ki amuka vyakti ucca gotra kA hai aura amuka nIca gotra kA ? vaMzAgata zArIrika svasthatA, surUpatA, saMskArasampannatA Adi ucca gotra ke lakSaNa haiM tathA asvasthatA, kurUpatA, saMskArahInatA Adi nIca gotra ke| jisa vyakti meM vaMzAgata jaise zArIrika guNa arthAt lakSaNa pAye jAyaMge vaha vyakti unhIM lakSaNoM ke anurUpa gotra vAlA samajhA jAyagA, cAhe usakI sAmAjika jAti koI bhI ho| jisa prakAra zubha nAma karma ke udaya se zArIrika zubhatva tathA azubha nAma karma ke udaya se zArIrika azubhatva prApta hotA hai usI prakAra ucca gotra karma ke udaya se zArIrika utkRSTatA ( kulInatA ) tathA nIca gotra karma ke udaya se zArIrika nikRSTatA ( kulahInatA ) prApta hotI hai| jaise kisI bhI varga kA vyakti zubha nAma karma ke kAraNa zubha zarIra vAlA evaM azubha nAma karma ke kAraNa azubha zarIra vAlA ho sakatA hai vaise hI kisI bhI varga kA vyakti ucca gotra karma ke kAraNa utkRSTa zarIra vAlA evaM nIca gotra karma ke kAraNa

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472 cana dharma-darzana nikRSTa zarIra vAlA ho sakatA hai| nAma aura gotra karmoM meM itanA hI antara hai ki nAma karma kA sambandha vyakti ke nijI zArIrika guNoM se hai, jabaki gotra karma kA sambandha vaMzAgata arthAt paramparAgata zArIrika guNoM se hai / jaise vyakti ke nijI guNoM meM amuka sImA taka prayatna dvArA parivartana ho sakatA hai vaise hI usake paramparAgata guNoM meM bhI amuka sImA taka prayatnajanya parivartana sambhava hai| ___antarAya karma kI pAMca uttaraprakRtiyA~ haiM : dAnAntarAya, lAbhAnta rAya, bhogAntarAya, upabhogAnta rAya aura vIryAntarAya / jisa karma ke udaya se upayukta avasara para dAna karane kA utsAha nahIM hotA vaha dAnAntarAya karma hai| jisa karma kA udaya hone para udAra dAtA kI upasthiti meM bhI lAbha arthAta prApti kI bhAvanA na ho vaha lAbhAntarAya karma hai| ayavA yogya sAmagrI ke rahate hue bhI abhISTa vastu kI prApti kI bhAvanA na honA lAbhAntarAya karma kA kArya hai| bhoga kI sAmagrI maujUda ho aura bhoga karane kI icchA bhI ho phira bhI jisa karma ke udaya se prANI bhogya padArthoM kA bhoga karane meM samartha na ho vaha bhogAntarAya karma hai| isI prakAra upabhogya vastuoM kA upabhoga-asAmarthya upabhogAntarAya karma kA phala hai| jo padArtha eka bAra bhoge jAte haiM ve bhogya haiM tathA jo padArtha bAra-bAra bhoge jAte haiM ve upabhogya haiN| anna, jala, phala Adi bhogya padArtha haiN| vastra, AbhUSaNa, strI Adi upabhogya padArtha haiN| jisa karma ke udaya se prANI apane vIrya arthAt sAmarthya-zakti-bala kA cAhate hue bhI upayoga karane meM samartha na ho use vIryAntarAya karma kahate haiN| antarAya karma ke viSaya meM prAyaH aisI mAnyatA pracalita dikhAI detI hai ki kisI vastu kI prApti Adi meM bAhya vighna

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karmasiddhAnta 473 upasthita hone para bhI yaha kaha diyA jAtA hai ki antarAya karma ke udaya ke kAraNa amuka vastu prApta na ho sakI Adi / kyA antarAya karma kA sambandha bAhya padArthoM kI aprApni Adi se hai ? antarAya karma kA svarUpa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki antarAya zabda kA artha hai vighna / jisase dAnAdi labdhiyA~ vizeSatayA hanI jAtI haiM arthAt vinaSTa kI jAtI haiM use vighna yAnI antarAya kahate haiM :.."vizeSeNa hanyante-dAnAdilabdhayo vinAzyante'neneti... .. vighnam' anta rAyam / ' isa vyutpatti meM dAnAdi labdhiyoM ko naSTa karane vAle karma ko antarAya karma kahA gayA hai / labdhi kA artha hotA hai sAmarthya-vizeSa arthAt zaktivizeSa / jo karma dAna-lAbha-bhoga-upabhoga-vIryarUpa zaktiyoM kA hanana yAnI nAza karatA hai vaha antarAya karma hai| jisa prakAra jJAnAvaraNAdi ghAtI karma AtmA ke jJAnAdi mUla guNoM kA ghAta arthAta nAza karate haiM usI prakAra antarAya karma bhI AtmA ke vIrya rUpI mUla guNa kA ghAtaka hai arthAt zakti kA nAza karane vAlA hai| AtmA meM asIma zakti hai kintu antarAya karma ke udaya ke kAraNa yaha zakti kuNThita ho jAtI hai| jaise AtmA meM jJAna, darzana aura sukha kI parAkASThA svabhAvataH vidyamAna rahatI hai kintu jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura mohanIya karma ke udaya ke kAraNa unakA ghAta hotA hai vaise hI AtmA meM zakti kI parAkASThA svabhAvataH vidyamAna hone para bhI antarAya karma ke udaya ke kAraNa usakA pAta hotA hai| yaha ghAta athavA vighna viSayabheda se pAMca prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai : 1 dAnAntarAya, 2. lAbhAntarAya, 3. bhogAntarAya, 4. upabhogAntarAya, 5. vIryAnta1 saTIka prathama karma grantha, pR0 5. 2. pAiasaddamahaNNava, pR0 722.

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474 jaina dharma-darzana rAya / ' dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga aura vIrya se sambandhita padArtha arthAt viSaya bAhya haiM tathA tatsambaddha karma yAnI dAnAntarAya Adi karma Antarika haiN| deya vastu ke vidyamAna rahane evaM upayukta avasara ke upasthita hone para bhI dene kI bhAvanA na honA dAnAntarAya karma ke udaya kA phala hai| isa karma ke udaya se vyakti ke antara meM dene kI bhAvanA yA icchA utpanna nahIM ho paatii| viparIta isake dAnAntarAya karma kA kSaya-upazama hone para vyakti ke antara meM dene kI bhAvanA paidA hotI hai| Antarika bhAvanA ke abhAva meM bAhya padArtha kA dAna na karanA evaM Antarika icchA hone para bAhya vastu kA dAna karanA bhAvanA ke asadbhAva evaM sadbhAva kA sAdhAraNa phala hai| vizeSa paristhiti meM aisA bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki Antarika icchA ke abhAva meM bhI bAhya vastu pradAna kI jAtI hai tathA Antarika bhAvanA kA sadbhAva hone para bhI bAhya vastu pradAna nahIM kI jA sktii| ina avasthAoM meM dAnAntarAya karma ke udaya-kSaya-upazama kA nirNaya bAhya padArthoM ke pradAna ke AdhAra para nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bAhya padArtha denA yA de pAnA athavA nahIM denA yA nahIM de pAnA apane se bhinna anya paristhitiyoM para bhI nirbhara karatA hai| ina paristhitiyoM kA apane dAnAntarAya karma se sambandha nahIM hotaa| apanA dAnAntarAya karma apanI bhAvanAoM se sambaddha hotA hai, bAhya padArthoM athavA bAhya paristhitiyoM se nahIM / hA~, bAhya vastue~ evaM paristhitiyA~ karmoM ke udaya-kSaya-upazama kA nimitta avazya bana sakatI haiM kintu upAdAna to Antarika hI rhegaa| dAnAntarAya Adi 1. saTIka prathama karma grantha, pR0 58.

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karma siddhAnta karmoM kA nirNaya vyakti kI Antarika bhAvanAoM, AkAMkSAoM, icchAoM, zaktiyoM, kAmanAoM ke AdhAra para karanA cAhie, bAhya padArtho evaM paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para nahIM / labhya vastu ke vidyamAna rahane evaM anukUla avasara ke upasthita hone para bhI jisake udaya ke kAraNa prApta karane kI icchA utpanna na ho use lAbhAntarAya karma kahate haiM / lAbhAntarAya karma kA kArya lAbha yAnI prApti kI icchA paidA na hone denA mAtra hai / icchA paidA hone para bhI vastu kI prApti honA yA na honA anya paristhitiyoM para bhI nirbhara karatA hai / deya vastu bhI vidyamAna ho, dAtA kI bhAvanA bhI anukUla ho, prAptakartA bhI grahaNa karana kI icchAvAlA ho phira bhI anya paristhitiyoM kI pratikUlatA ke kAraNa abhISTa vastu kI prApti na honA koI anahonI bAta nahIM hai / lAbhAntarAya karma kA kArya prAptakartA kI Antarika icchA kA nirodha karanA hai, na ki prApya vastu kI prApti meM bAdhaka bananA / bAhya vastu kI prApti aprApti kA karma se pratyakSa sambandha to hai hI nahIM, parokSa sambandha bhI anivAryataH nahIM hai / karma kA udaya-kSayaupazama hone para bhI anivAryataH bAhya vastu kI prApti aprApti nahIM hotI / paristhitiyoM kI anukUlatA pratikUlatA ke anusAra prApti aprApti meM parivartana ho sakatA hai / dAnAntarAya karma kA udaya na hone para bhI dAnakriyA meM vighna A sakatA hai, dAnAntarAya karma kA udaya hone para bhI dAnakriyA ho sakatI hai, lAbhAntarAya karma kA udaya na hone para bhI prAptikriyA meM bAdhA A sakatI hai, lAbhAntarAya karma kA udaya hone para bhI prAptikriyA ho sakatI hai Adi / 475 www.jainelibrary:org

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bhoga aura upabhoga se bhoga kahate kahate haiM / AhAra hai| 476 jaina dharma-darzana bhoga aura upabhoga meM yahI antara hai ki jisakA eka bAra upayoga kiyA jAtA hai use bhoga kahate haiM tathA jisakA bArabAra upayoga kiyA jAtA hai use upabhoga kahate haiN| AhArAdi bhoga ke antargata haiM tathA vastrAdi upabhoga meM samAviSTa haiN| jisa antarAya karma kA sambandha bhoga se ho use bhogAntarAya tathA jisakA sambandha upabhoga se ho use upabhogAntarAya karma kahate haiN| jaise dAnAntarAya evaM lAbhAntarAya karma kA sIdhA sambandha vyakti kI bhAvanA athavA icchAzakti se hai vaise hI bhogAntarAya evaM upabhogAnta rAya karma bhI pratyakSataH prANI ke Antarika sAmarthya se sambaddha hai, bAhya padArtha se nhiiN| AhArAdi kI anukUlatA evaM AvazyakatA hone para bhI jisake udaya ke kAraNa khAne-pIne kI icchA na ho-ruci na ho-zakti na ho use bhogAntarAya karma kahate haiN| isI prakAra vastrAdi se sambandhita karma kA nAma upabhogAntarAya hai| bhojya evaM upabhojya padArthoM kI upalabdhi evaM bhoga-upabhogAntarAya karma kA kSaya-upazama hote hue bhI bAhya paristhitiyoM kI pratikUlatA ke kAraNa bhogopabhoga meM bAdhA A sakatI hai| vIrya arthAt sAmAnya sAmarthya yA shkti| jisa karma ke udaya se svastha evaM sabala zarIra dhAraNa karate hue bhI prANI choTA-sA kArya karane meM bhI asamartha ho use vIryAntarAya karma kahate haiM / kabhI-kabhI aisA bhI dekhane meM AtA hai ki prANI meM zakti arthAt sAmarthya vidyamAna hote hue bhI bAharI bAdhAoM ke kAraNa vaha apanI usa zakti kA upayoga nahIM kara paataa| isa sthiti ko vIryAntarAya karma kA udaya nahIM samajhanA caahie| jaba prANI ke sAmarthya meM Antarika vighna utpanna ho arthAt vaha apane karma ( adRSTa ) ke kAraNa vidyamAna zakti

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karmasiddhAnta 477 kA samaya para upayoga na kara pAye tabhI usake vIryAntarAya karma kA udaya samajhanA caahie| isa prakAra antarAya karma kA sambandha bAhya padArthoM kI aprApti Adi se nahIM apitu Antarika zaktiyoM ke hanana se hai| jo karma dAna-lAbha-bhoga-upabhogavIryarUpa Abhyantarika zaktiyoM kI abhivyakti meM bAdhaka banatA hai vaha antarAya karma hai| ATha prakAra ke bhUla karmoM athavA mUlaprakRtiyoM ke kula eka so aThAvana bheda hote haiM jo isa prakAra haiM : 1. jJAnAvaraNIya karma 2. darzanAvaraNIya karma 3. vedanIya karma 4. mohanIya karma 5. Ayu karma 6. nAma karma 7. gotra karma 8. antarAya karma yoga 158 pharma kI sthiti : jaina karmagranthoM meM jJAnAvaraNIya Adi karmoM kI vibhinna sthitiyA~ (udaya meM rahane kA kAla) batAI gaI haiM jo isa prakAra haiM : ___ karma adhikatama samaya adhikatama samaya nyUnatama samaya 1. jJAnAvaraNIya tIsa koTAkoTi sAgaropama antarmuhUrta 2. darzanAvaraNIya 3. vedanIya bAraha muhUrta

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478 jaina dharma-darzana 4. mohanIya sattara koTAkoTi sAgaropama antarmuhUrta 5. Ayu taitIsa sAgaropama 6. nAma bIsa koTAkoTi sAgaropama ATha muhUrta 7. gotra 8. antarAya tIsa koTAkoTi sAgaropama antarmuhUrta sAMgaropama Adi samaya ke vividha bhedoM ke svarUpa ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie anuyogadvAra Adi granthoM kA avalokana karanA caahie| isase jainoM kI kAlaviSayaka mAnyatA kA bhI jJAna ho skegaa| karmaphala kI tIvratA-mandatA : ___ karmaphala kI tIvratA aura mandatA kA AdhAra tannimittaka kaSAyoM kI tIvratA-mandatA hai| jo prANI jitanA adhika kaSAya kI tIvratA se yukta hogA usake pApakarma arthAt azubhakarma utane hI prabala evaM puNyakarma arthAt zubhakarma utane hI nirbala hoNge| jo prANI jitanA adhika kaSAyamukta evaM vizuddha hogA usake puNyakarma utane hI adhika prabala evaM pApakarma utane hI adhika durbala hoNge| karma ke pradeza : prANI apanI kAyika Adi kriyAoM dvArA jitane karmapradeza arthAt karmaparamANuoM kA saMgraha karatA hai ve vividha prakAra ke karmoM meM vibhakta hokara AtmA ke sAtha baddha hote haiN| Ayu karma ko sabase kama hissA milatA hai| nAma karma ko usase kucha adhika hissA milatA hai| gotra karma kA hissA bhI nAma karma jitanA hI hotA hai| usase kucha adhika bhAga jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya aura antarAya inameM se pratyeka karma ko prApta

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karmasiddhAnta 479 hotA hai| ina tInoM kA bhAga samAna rahatA hai| isase bhI adhika bhAga mohanIya karma ke hisse meM jAtA hai| sabase adhika bhAga vedanIya karma ko milatA hai| ina pradezoM kA punaH uttaraprakRtiyoM-uttarabhedoM meM vibhAjana hotA hai| pratyeka prakAra ke baddha karma ke pradezoM kI nyUnatA-adhikatA kA yahI AdhAra hai| puNya aura pApa : jaina karmavAda ke anusAra saMsAra kA pratyeka kArya karmajanya nahIM hotA / isI prakAra jagat kI pratyeka ghaTanA karma ke kAraNa nahIM hotii| vizva meM hone vAle kAryoM evaM ghaTanAoM ke vividha kAraNa hote haiM / kucha ghaTanAeM paudgalika hotI haiM, kucha kAlajanya, kucha svAbhAvika, kucha Akasmika yA saMyogavaza evaM kucha vaiyaktika athavA sAmAjika prayatnajanya hotI haiM / jaina karmavAda vizuddha vyaktivAdI hai| jisa prakAra jaina tattvavAda AtmA ko svadeha-parimANa mAnatA hai usI prakAra jaina karmavAda karma ko svazarIra-pramANa mAnakara use vyakti taka hI sImita rakhatA hai| jaise jIva apane zarIra meM baddha rahakara hI apanA kArya karatA hai vaise hI karma bhI apane zarIra kI sImA meM rahakara hI apanA kAma karatA hai| jaise AtmA sarvavyApaka nahIM hai vaise hI karma bhI sarvavyApaka nahIM hai / cUki AtmA evaM karma ke kArya athavA guNa deha taka hI sImita haiM ataH tadAdhArabhUta AtmA evaM karma bhI svadeha taka hI parimita hai| vastutaH AtmA aura karma (nokarmasahita) ke mizrita rUpa kA nAma hI deha hai / jaina karmavAdI naiyAyikoM kI bhAMti kAryamAtra ke prati karma ko kAraNa mAnane ke pakSa meM nahIM haiN| jaina karmavAda se viparIta naiyAyika Izvara aura karma ko kAryamAtra ke prati sAdhAraNa kAraNa mAnate haiN| ___

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480 jaina dharma-darzana karma do prakAra ke hote haiM : zubha aura ashubh| zubha karma kA dUsarA nAma puNya hai aura azubha karma kA dUsarA nAma pApa / isa prakAra puNya evaM pApa zubha evaM azubha karmoM ke atirikta anya kucha nahIM hai / cUki zubha aura azubha ina donoM prakAra ke karmoM kA sambandha prANI ke zarIra (sacetana) se hai ataH puNya aura pApa ina donoM kA sambandha bhI usI zarIra se hI hai| jaba yaha kahA jAtA hai ki amuka vyakti puNyavAn hai to jaina karmavAda kI dRSTi se isa kathana kA tAtparya yaha hotA hai ki usa vyakti kA zarIra zubha karmodayayukta hai arthAt usa vyakti ke zarIra se sambaddha indriyA~, vANI, mana Adi evaM unakI pravRttiyAM yAnI mana-vacana-kAya kI kriyAeM zubha arthAt sukhada haiM / dUsare zabdoM meM, vaha vyakti saba prakAra se athavA sAmAnya taura se athavA adhikAMzataH sukhI hai / isI taraha jo vyakti pApI hotA hai vaha saba prakAra se yAvat adhikAMzataH duHkhI hotA hai| isa prakAra puNya aura pApa kA phala sukha aura duHkha hai| sukha evaM duHkha vyakti ke vyaktitva arthAt zArIrika evaM mAnasika gaThana para avalambita hai jisakA nirmANa puNya aura pApa arthAt zubha aura azubha karmoM ke AdhAra se hotA hai| yadi pApa-puNya se hI duHkha-sukha hotA hai to bAhya padArthoM kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? yadi pApa-puNya duHkha-sukha kI utpatti kA hI kAraNa hai to bAhya padArthoM kI prApti kina kAraNoM se hotI hai ? dUsare zabdoM meM, sukha-duHkha kI utpatti meM bAhya padArthoM kA kyA yogadAna hai tathA inakI prApti ke kyA kAraNa haiM ? ye do prazna isa prasaMga meM svAbhAvikatayA paidA hote haiN| bAhya vastueM evaM paristhitiyA~ sukha-duHkha kI utpatti meM avazya sahAyaka banatI haiM, isameM koI sandeha nahIM, kintu inhIM

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karma siddhAnta jar ko sukha-duHkha kA mUla kAraNa mAnanA ayuktisaMgata hai| jisa vyakti meM sukha-duHkha kI utpatti kI zakti yA yogyatA vidyamAna rahatI hai arthAt jisameM puNya evaM pApa kI sattA hotI hai usI meM bAhya padArtha sukha evaM duHkha utpanna kara sakate haiM / jo vyakti amuka prakAra ke sukha athavA duHkha se pare hai arthAt jisameM amuka prakAra kA sukha-duHkha utpanna nahIM ho sakatA use usa sImA taka bAhya padArtha prabhAvita nahIM karate / tAtparya yaha hai ki bAhya padArtha kisI vyakti ko usI sImA taka prabhAvita karate haiM jisa sImA taka usakA vyaktitva unase prabhAvita ho sakatA hai / koI bhI padArtha athavA vAtAvaraNa sabako samAna rUpa se prabhAvita nahIM kara sakatA / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki pratyeka vyakti kA vyaktitva bhinna-bhinna prakAra kA hai arthAta hareka ke puNya pApa kI saMciti yAnI sukha-duHkha kA anubhava karane kI yogyatA alagaalaga taraha kI hai| vAhya vastueM evaM paristhitiyA~ vyakti meM vidyamAna yogyatA ke anusAra hI sukha-duHkha utpanna karane meM sahAyaka kAraNa ke rUpa meM kArya karatI haiM / sukha-duHkha kA mUla kAraNa to vyakti meM hI maujUda hotA hai jo puNya-pApa ke saMgraha ke rUpa meM rahatA hai / isa prakAra sukha-duHkha kA upAdAna - kAraNa arthAt mUla kAraNa svayaM vyakti hai, jabaki bAhya padArtha nimittakAraNa arthAt sahAyaka kAraNa ke rUpa meM haiN| isa dRSTi se bAhya vastuoM evaM paristhitiyoM kA mahattva svIkAra karanA hogA kyoMki kisI bhI kArya kI utpatti meM upAdAna kAraNa kI pradhAnatA hote hue bhI nimitta kAraNa kA bhI yogadAna hotA hai / upAdAna - kAraNa kI samAnatA hote hue bhI nimitta kAraNa kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa kArya meM kucha bhinnatA A hI jAtI hai / isI prakAra sukha-duHkha kA anubhava karane kI zakti arthAt puNya-pApa 31

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42 jaina dharma-darzana ke saMcaya kI samAnatA hote hue bhI bAhya padArthoM tathA paristhitiyoM kI asamAnatA ke kAraNa sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti meM kucha antara AnA asvAbhAvika nahIM hai| jaise bAhya vastuoM kI abhinnatA athavA samAnatA hone para bhI vyaktitva kI asamAnatA ke kAraNa sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti meM antara A jAtA hai vaise hI vyaktitva kI abhivatA athavA samAnatA hone para bhI bAhya paristhitiyoM kI asamAnatA ke kAraNa sukha-duHkha ke anubhava meM bhinnatA AnA svAbhAvika hai| bAhya padArthoM athavA sAdhanoM kI prApti ke kaI kAraNa haiN| una saba kAraNoM ko hama do vargoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM : apane puruSArtha arthAt prayatna dvArA padArtha kI prApti aura svataH arthAt binA kisI prayatna ke vastu kI upalabdhi / prayatna dvArA vastu kI prApti meM aneka bAhya kAraNoM ke sAtha-hI-sAtha puNyapAparUpa Antarika kAraNa bhI apanA yathocita yogadAna karatA hai| vyakti kA kisI vastu kI prApti ke lie anukUla athavA pratikUla prayatna karanA usakI buddhi, zakti, vicAradhArA, vizvAsa Adi para nirbhara hotA hai| ye saba guNa vyakti ke puNya pApapuMja ke anusAra hote haiM arthAt jisa samaya vyakti ke vyaktitva kA jaisA rUpa hotA hai usa samaya vaha usI ke anurUpa buddhi Adi ke dvArA bAhya paristhitiyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue prayatna karatA hai| usake puNya-pAra se sarvayA asambaddha bAhya paristhitiyoM kI anukUlatA athavA pratikUlatA kI sthiti meM phalaprApti meM antara AnA arthAt kabhI icchita phala kI prApti honA, kabhI icchita phala kI prApti na honA, kabhI adhika phala kI prApti honA, kabhI kama phala kI prApti honA ityAdi usake puNya-pApa para nirbhara nahIM hai| isake lie na usake puNya kI

Page #498
kamasiddhAnta 483 prazaMsA karanI cAhie, na usake pApa kI nindaa| jahAM taka usako buddhi, zakti, zramazIlatA Adi kA usa phalaprApti se sambandha ho vahIM taka usake puNya-pApa ko sarAhanA-kosanA caahie| saMyogavazAt alpa prayatna karane para bhI adhika lAbha ho sakatA hai tathA pracura puruSArtha karane para bhI paryApta lAbha nahIM ho sakatA itanA hI nahIM, kabhI-kabhI puruSArtha ke abhAva meM hI akasmAt bhArI lAbha ho jAtA hai tathA isake viparIta kabhI-kabhI athaka prayatna karane para bhI kucha bhI prApta nahIM hotaa| ina saba dazAoM kA puNya-pApa se koI sambandha nahIM hai| kimI vyakti kA puNya-pApa usake vyaktitva ko saMcAlita evaM prabhAvita karatA hai, usake niyantraNa ke andara kI paristhitiyoM ko niyantrita evaM nirmita karatA hai| jo paristhitiyAM evaM ghaTanAeM usake niyantraNa ke bAhara haiM unake lie vaha uttaradAyI nahIM hai, unase usake puNya-pApa kA koI sambandha nahIM haiN| aisI paristhitiyA~ evaM ghaTanAeM apane-apane viziSTa kAraNoM se utpanna hotI haiM jinakA usa vyakti se sAkSAt yA asAkSAt koI sambandha nahIM hotaa| saMyogavazAt yA akasmAt ve paristhitiyA~ tathA ghaTanAeM usa vyakti ke mukha-duHkha kA kAraNa bana jAtI haiM / hA~, una paristhitiyoM evaM ghaTanAoM se prabhAvita hone kI yogyatA usakI apanI hotI haiusake puNya-pApa kI dena hotI hai| bAA sAdhanoM arthAt dhanAdi kI upalabdhi puNya se hI hotI hai, aisA koI aikAntika niyama nahIM hai| puNyazAliyoM arthAt sadAcAriyoM kI bhA~ti pApI arthAt durAcArI evaM bhraSTAcArI bhI samRddhi prApta karane vAle dekhe jAte haiN| itanA - hI nahIM, bahudhA pApI loga puNyAtmAoM se samRddhi meM Age bar3he

Page #499
jaina dharma-darzana hue dikhAI dete haiM / isakA jo bhI kAraNa ho, itanA nizcita hai ki pApapUrNa AcaraNa se bhI dhanAdi kI prApti ho sakatI hai arthAt pApI bhI samRddhizAlI ho sakate haiM / pamRddhi ho yA na ho, sukha-duHkha kA anubhava pradhAnatayA Antarika kAraNoM arthAt puNya-pApa ke AdhAra para hotA hai| samRddhizAlI bhI duHkhI dekhe jAte haiM, jabaki nirdhana vyakti bhI sukha kA anubhava karane vAle hote haiN| vipula saMgraha karane vAle bhI duHkhI pAye jAte haiM, jabaki akiMcana bhI sukhI dikhAI dete haiN| jaise aisA niyama nahIM hai ki dhanAdi kI upalabdhi puNya se hI hotI hai vaise hI aisA bhI niyama nahIM hai ki puNya se dhanAdi kI prApti hotI hI hai / puNyapUrNa kRtya ho athavA pApapUrNa kRtya, paristhitiyoM kI anukUlatA evaM pratikUlatA ke anusAra dhanAdi kI prApti ho bhI sakatI hai aura nahIM bhii| jisa prakAra dhanAdi kI prApti puNyayukta evaM pApayukta arthAt acche aura bure donoM prakAra ke kAryoM se ho sakatI hai usI prakAra dhanAdi kA upayoga bhI puNyamaya aura pApamaya donoM prakAra ke kAryoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| puNyamaya arthAt satkArya meM kiyA jAne vAlA dhanopayoga zubha karmoM kA upArjana karane vAlA hone ke kAraNa sukhada hotA hai, jabaki pApamaya arthAt asatkArya meM kiyA jAne vAlA dhanopayoga azubha karmo kA upArjana karane vAlA hone ke kAraNa duHkhada hotA hai / yahI bAta puNyayukta evaM pApayukta dhanopArjana ke viSaya meM bhI samajhanI caahie| puruSArtha dvArA hone vAlI arthAt prayatnajanya kisI vastu kI prApti puNya-pApa se sambaddha ho sakatI hai kintu binA kisI prakAra ke puruSArtha ke arthAta svataH hone vAlI dhanAdi kI prApti kA gupaya-pApa se koI sambandha dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| jo

Page #500
karmasiddhAnta sAdhana-sAmagrI kisI ke janma ke pUrva hI kahIM maujUda ho aura use saMyogavaza binA kisI prakAra kA puruSArtha kiye hI prApta ho jAya to isameM usake puNya kA hAtha kaise ho sakatA hai ? usake janma ke pUrva to usakA puNya vahA~ hai hI nahIM ataH usa sAdhana-sAmagrI ke upArjana se usakA sambandha hone kA prazna hI utpanna nahIM hotA / anubhava to yahI batAtA hai ki usa sAmagrI kA upArjana kisI anya ke puruSArtha dvArA hI huA hai| vaha to saMyogavazAt usakA svAmI bana gayA hai| usane usa sAmagrI ke upArjana meM kisI prakAra kA prayatna nahIM kiyA hai| aisI sthiti meM vaha sAdhana-sAmagrI usake puNya se kaise sambaddha ho sakatI hai? hA~, usa sAmagrI ke nimitta se hone vAlA sukha-duHkha avazya usa vyakti ke puNya-pApa se sambaddha hotA hai / yahI bAta saMyogajanya sAdhana-sAmagrI kI aprApti ke viSaya meM bhI samajhanI cAhie arthAt svataH prApta nirdhanatA pAra kA pariNAma nahIM hai apitu usa nirdhanatA se hone vAlA sukha-duHkha puNya-pApa kA pariNAma hai| isa prakAra puNya-pApa kA phala amIrI-garIbI nahIM apitu sukhaduHkha hai / cUki zubhAzubha karmoM kA sambandha zarIra se hai ataH puNya-pApa aura tatpariNAmarUpa sukha-duHkha-bhI zarIra se hI sambaddha hai / bAhya padArtha sukha-duHkha kI utpatti meM nimitta-kAraNa hA sakata hai / sukha-duHkha kA upAdAna-kAraNa to zubhAzubha karmarUpa puNya-pApa hI hai| karma ko vividha avasthAe~ : jaina karmazAstra meM karma kI vividha avasthAoM kA varNana milatA hai / ye avasthAeM karma ke bandhana, parivartana, sattA, udaya, kSaya Adi se sambandhita haiN| inakA hama moTe taura para gyAraha bhedoM meM vargIkaraNa kara sakate haiN| unake nAma isa prakAra haiM :

Page #501
486 jaina dharma-darzana 1. bandhana, 2. sattA, 3. udaya, 4. udIraNA, 5. udvartanA, 6. apavartanA, 7. saMkramaNa, 8. upazamana, 6. nidhati, 10. nikAcana, 11. abAdha / ' 1. bandhana-AtmA ke sAtha karma paramANuoM kA baMdhanA arthAt kSIranIravat ekarUpa ho jAnA bandhana kahalAtA hai| bandhana ke bAda hI anya avasthAeM prArambha hotI haiM / bandhana cAra prakAra kA hotA hai : prakRtivandha, sthitibandha, anubhAgabandha athavA rasabandha aura pradezabandha / inakA varNana pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| 2. sattA-baddha karma-paramANu apanI nirjarA arthAt kSaya hone taka AtmA se sambaddha rahate haiN| isI avasthA kA nAma sattA hai / isa avasthA meM karma apanA phala pradAna na karate hue vidyamAna rahate haiN| 3. udaya-karma kI svaphala pradAna karane kI avasthA kA nAma udaya hai / udaya meM Ane vAle karma-pudgala apanI prakRti ke anusAra phala dekara naSTa ho jAte haiM / karma-pudgala kA nAza kSaya athavA nirjarA kahalAtA hai| 4. uvoraNA-niyata samaya se pUrva karma kA udaya meM AnA udIraNA kahalAtA hai| jaina karmavAda karma kI ekAnta niyati meM vizvAsa nahIM krtaa| jisa prakAra prayatnapUrvaka niyata kAla se pahale phala pakAye jA sakate haiM usI prakAra prayatnapUrvaka niyata samaya se pUrva baddha karmoM ko bhogA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnyataH jisa karma 1. dekhie-AtmamImAMsA, pR0 128-131; Jaina Psychology, pR0 25-26.

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karma siddhAnta kA udaya jArI hotA hai usake sajAtIya karma ko hI udIraNA saMbhava hotI hai / bandhana, sattA, udaya aura udIraNA meM kitanI karma- prakRtiyA~ ( uttaraprakRtiyA~ ) hotI haiM, isakA bhI jaina karmazAstra meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai / bandhana meM karma prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA eka sobIsa, udaya meM eka sau bAIsa, udIraNA meM bhI eka sau bAIsa tathA sattA meM eka sau aThAvana mAnI gaI hai| nIce kI tAlikA ' meM ina cAroM avasthAoM meM rahanevAlI uttaraprakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA dI jAtI hai : 1. jJAnAvaraNIya karma 2. darzanAvaraNIya karma 3. vedanIya karma 4. mohanIya karma 5. Ayu karma 6. nAma karma 7. gotra karma 8. antarAya karma bandhana 2 26 67 2 udaya udIraNA 5 5 67 5 122 28 40 67 sattA 5 e 2 28 AW K 5 5. yoga 120 122 158 sattA meM samasta uttaraprakRtiyoM kA astitva rahatA hai jinakI saMkhyA eka sau aThAvana hai / udaya meM kevala eka sau bAIsa prakRtiyA~ rahatI haiM kyoMki isa avasthA meM paMdaraha bandhana tathA pA~ca saMvAtana -- nAma karma kI ye bIsa prakRtiyA~ alaga se nahIM ginI gaI haiM apitu pA~ca zarIroM meM hI unakA samAveza kara 1. karmavipAka (paM0 sukhanAlajIkRta hindI anuvAda), pR0 111. 103 2

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jaina dharma-darzana diyA gayA hai| sAtha hI varNa, gandha, rasa tathA sparza ina cAra piNDaprakRtiyoM kI bIsa uttaraprakRtiyoM ke sthAna para kevala cAra hI prakRtiyA~ ginI gaI haiN| isa prakAra kula eka sau aThAvana prakRtiyoM meM se nAma karma kI chattIsa (bIsa aura solaha ) prakRtiyA~ kama kara dene para eka sau bAIsa prakRtiyA~ zeSa raha jAtI haiM jo udaya meM AtI haiM / udIraNA meM bhI ye hI prakRtiyA~ rahatI haiM kyoMki jisa prakRti meM udaya kI yogyatA rahatI hai usI kI udIraNA hotI hai| bandhanAvasthA meM kevala eka sau bIsa prakRtiyoM kA hI astitva mAnA gayA hai| samyaktvamohanIya aura mizramohanIya karmoM kA bandhana alaga se na hokara mithyAtva-mohanIya karma ke rUpa meM hI hotA hai kyoMki (karmajanya) samyaktva aura samyak-mithyAtva mithyAtva kI hI vizodhita avasthAeM haiN| ina do prakRtiyoM ko uparyukta eka sau bAIsa prakRtiyoM meM se kama kara dene para eka sau bIsa prakRtiyA~ bAkI bacatI haiM jo bandhanAvasthA meM vidyamAna rahatI haiM / 5. udvartanA-baddhakarmoM kI sthiti aura anubhAga-rasa kA nizcaya bandhana ke samaya vidyamAna kaSAya kI tIvratA-mandatA ke anusAra hotA hai| usake bAda kI sthitivizeSa athavA bhAvavizeSa-adhyavasAyavizeSa ke kAraNa usa sthiti tathA anubhAga meM vRddhi ho jAnA udvartanA kahalAtA hai| isa avasthA ko utkarSaNa bhI kahate haiN| 6. apavartanA-baddhakarmoM kI sthiti tathA anubhAga meM adhyavasAyavizeSa se kamI kara dene kA nAma apavartanA hai| yaha avasthA udvartanA se bilkula viparIta hai| isakA dUsarA nAma apakarSaNa bhI hai / ina avasthAoM kI mAnyatA se yahI siddha

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karmasiddhAnta 486 hotA hai ki kisI karma kI sthiti evaM phala kI tIvratA-mandatA meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana nahIM ho sakatA, aisI bAta nahIM hai| apane prayatnavizeSa athavA adhyavasAyavizeSa kI zuddhatAazuddhatA se unameM samaya-samaya para parivartana hotA rahatA hai| eka samaya hamane koI azubha kArya kiyA arthAt pApakama kiyA aura dUsare samaya zubha kArya kiyA to pUrvabaddha karma kI sthiti Adi meM yathAsambhava parivartana ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra zubha kArya dvArA bA~dhe gaye karma kI sthiti Adi meM bhI azubha kArya karane se samayAnusAra parivartana ho sakatA hai| tAtpaya yaha hai ki vyakti ke adhyavasAyoM ke anusAra karmoM kI avasthAoM meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai / isI tathya ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue jaina karmavAda ko icchAsvAtantrya kA virodhI nahIM mAnA gayA hai| 7. saMkramaNa-eka prakArake karmapudgaloM kI sthiti Adi kA dUsare prakAra ke karmapudgaloM kI sthiti Adi meM parivartana athavA pariNamana honA saMkramaNa kahalAtA hai| saMkramaNa kisI eka mUlaprakRti kI uttaraprakRtiyoM meM hI hotA hai, vibhinna mUla prakRtiyoM meM nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, sajAtIya prakRtiyoM meM hI saMkramaNa mAnA gayA hai, vijAtIya prakRtiyoM meM nhiiN| isa niyama ke apavAda ke rUpa meM AcAryoM ne yaha bhI batAyA hai ki Ayu karma kI prakRtiyoM meM paraspara saMkramaNa nahIM hotA aura na darzanamohanIya aura cAritramohanIya meM tathA darzanamohanIya kI tIna uttaraprakRtiyoM meM hI (kucha apavAdoM ko chor3akara) paraspara saMkramaNa hotA hai / isa prakAra Ayu karma kI cAra uttaraprakRtiyA~, darzanamohanIya aura cAritramohanIya va darzanamohanIya kI tIna uttaraprakRtiyA~ uparyukta niyama ke apavAda haiM /

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caina dharma-darzana 8. upazamana - karma kI jisa avasthA meM udaya athavA udIraNA saMbhava nahIM hotI use upazamana kahate haiM / isa avasthA meM udvartanA, apavartanA aura saMkramaNa kI saMbhAvanA kA abhAva nahIM hotA / jisa prakAra rAkha se AvRta agni usa avasthA meM rahatI huI apanA kAryavizeSa nahI karatI kintu AvaraNa haTate hI punaH prajvalita hokara apanA kArya karane ko taiyAra ho jAtI hai usI prakAra upazamana avasthA meM rahA huA kama usa avasthA ke samApta hote hI apanA kArya prArambha kara detA hai arthAt udaya me Akara phala pradAna karanA zurU kara detA hai / 420 6. nitti - karma kI vaha avasthA nighatti kahalAtA hai jisameM udIraNA aura saMkramaNa kA sarvathA abhAva rahatA hai / isa avasthA meM udvartanA aura apavartanA kI asaMbhAvanA nahI hotI / 10. nikAcana-karma kI usa avasthA kA nAma nikAcana hai jisameM udvartanA, apavartanA, saMkramaNa aura udIraNA ye cAroM avasthAe~ asambhava hotI haiM / isa avasthA kA artha hai karma kA jisa rUpa meM ba~dha huA usI rUpa meM use anivAryataH bhoganA / isI avasthA kA nAma niyati hai / isameM icchA svAtantrya kA sarvathA abhAva rahatA hai / kisI-kisI karma kI yahI avasthA hotI hai / 11. abAdhA -karma kA baMdhane ke bAda amuka samaya taka kisI prakAra kA phala na denA usakI abAdhA - avasthA hai / isa avasthA ke kAla ko abAdhAkAla kahate haiM / isa para pahale prakAza DAlA jA cukA hai /

Page #506
kamagiddhAnta udaya ke lie anya paraMparAoM meM prArabdha zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra sattA ke lie saMcita, bandhana ke lie AgAmI athavA kriyamANa, nikAcana ke lie niyatavipAkI, saMkramaNa ke lie AvAgamana, upazamana ke lie tanu Adi zabdoM ke prayoga upalabdha hote haiN|' karma aura punarjanma : karma aura punarjanma kA avicchedya sambandha hai| karma kI sattA svIkAra karane para usake phalarUpa paraloka athavA punarjanma kI sattA bhI svIkAra karanI hI par3atI hai| jina karmoM kA phala isa janma meM prApta nahIM hotA una karmoM ke bhoga ke lie punarjanma mAnanA anivArya hai / punarjanma evaM pUrvabhava na mAnane para kRta karma kA nirhetuka vinAza-kRtapraNAza evaM akRta karma kA bhoga-akRtakarmabhoga mAnanA pdd'egaa| aisI avasthA meM karma-vyavasthA dUSita ho jaaegii| inhIM doSoM se bacane ke lie karmavAdiyoM ko punarjanma kI sattA svIkAra karanI par3atI hai| isIlie vaidika, bauddha evaM jaina tInoM prakAra kI bhAratIya paramparAoM meM karmamUlaka punarjanma kI sattA svIkAra kI gayI hai| jaina karmasAhitya meM samasta saMsArI jIvoM kA samAveza cAra gatiyoM meM kiyA gayA hai : manuSya, tiryaJca, naraka aura deva / 1. dekhie-yogadarzana tathA yogavizikA (pa0 sukhalAlajI dvArA sampA dita), prastAvanA, pR0 54; Outlines of Indian Philoso- phy (P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar),pR. 62. 2. ina paramparAoM ko punarjanma evaM paraloka-viSayaka mAnyatAoM ke lie dekhie-AtmamImAMsA, pR0 134-152.

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jaina dharma-darzana mRtyu ke pazcAt prANI apane karma ke anusAra ina cAra gatiyoM meM se kisI eka gati meM jAkara janma grahaNa karatA hai jaba jIva eka zarIra ko chor3akara dUsarA zarIra dhAraNa karane ke lie jAtA hai taba AnupUrvI nAma karma use apane utpatti-sthAna para pahuMcA detA hai / AnupUrvI nAma karma ke lie nAsA-rajju arthAt 'nAtha' kA duSTAnta diyA jAtA hai| jaise baila ko idharaudhara le jAne ke lie nAtha kI sahAyatA apekSita hotI hai usI prakAra jIva ko eka gati se dUsarI gati meM pahuMcane ke lie AnupUrvI nAma karma kI madada kI jarUrata par3atI hai| samazreNI-- Rjugati ke lie AnupUrvI ko yAvazyakatA nahIM rahatI apitu vizreNI-vakragati ke lie rahatI hai| gatyantara ke samaya jIva ke sAtha kevala do prakAra kA zarIra rahatA hai : taijasa aura kArmaNa / anya prakAra ke zarIra (audArika athavA vaikriya) kA nirmANa vahA~ pahucane ke bAda prArambha hotA hai| guNasthAna : AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko vyAvahArika paribhASA meM cAritravikAsa kaha sakate haiN.| manuSya ke Atmika guNoM kA pratibimba usake cAritra meM par3e binA nahIM rhtaa| cAritra kI vividha dazAoM ke AdhAra para AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmikAoM athavA avasthAoM kA sahaja hI anumAna ho sakatA hai| AtmA kI vividha avasthAoM ko tIna mukhya rUpoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai : nikRSTatama, utkRSTatama aura tadantarvartI / ajJAna athavA moha kA pragAr3hatama AvaraNa AtmA kI nikRSTatama avasthA hai| vizuddhatama jJAna athavA Atyantika vyapagatamohatA AtmA kI utkRSTatama avasthA hai| ina donoM carama avasthAoM .

Page #508
karma siddhAnta 463 ke madhya meM avasthita dazAeM tRtIya koTi kI avasthAeM haiN| prathama prakAra kI avasthA meM cAritra - zakti kA sampUrNa hAsa tathA dvitIya prakAra kI avasthA meM cAritra zakti kA sampUrNa vikAsa hotA hai / ina donoM prakAra kI avasthAoM ke atirikta cAritra vikAsa kI jitanI bhI avasthAeM haiM, una sabakA samAveza - ubhaya caramAntarvartI tIsarI koTi meM hotA hai / Atma-vikAsa athavA cAritra vikAsa kI samasta avasthAoM ko jaina karmazAstra meM caudaha bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai jo 'caudaha guNasthAna' ke nAma se prasiddha haiM / ye jainAcAra ke caturdaza sopAna arthAt jaina cAritra kI caudaha sIr3hiyAM haiM / sAdhaka ko inhIM sIr3hiyoM se car3hanA-utaranA par3atA hai / I Atmika guNoM ke vikAsa kI kramika avasthAoM ko guNasthAna kahate haiM / jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki AtmA kA vAstavika svarUpa zuddha jJAnamaya va paripUrNa sukhamaya hai / ise jaina padAvalI meM anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantasukha va anantavIrya kahA jAtA hai / isa svarUpa ko vikRta athavA AvRta karane kA kArya karmoM kA hai| karmAvaraNa kI ghaTA jyoM-jyoM ghanI hotI jAtI hai tyoM-tyoM Atmika zakti kA prakAza manda hotA jAtA hai / isake viparIta jaise-jaise karmoM kA AvaraNa haTatA jAtA hai athavA zithila hotA jAtA hai vaise-vaise AtmA kI zakti prakaTa hotI jAtI hai / Atmika zakti ke alpatama AvirbhAva vAlI avasthA prathama guNasthAna hai / isa guNasthAna meM Atmazakti kA prakAza atyanta manda hotA hai / Age ke guNasthAnoM meM yaha prakAza kramazaH bar3hatA jAtA hai / antima arthAt caudahaveM guNasthAna meM AtmA apane asalI rUpa meM pahuMca jAtI haiM /

Page #509
494 jaina dharma-darzana Atmazakti ke cAra prakAra ke AvaraNoM-jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya-meM mohanIyarUpa AvaraNa pradhAna hai| moha kI tIvratA-mandatA para anya AvaraNoM kI tIvratA-mandatA nirbhara rahatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki guNasthAnoM kI vyavasthA meM zAstrakAroM ne mohazakti kI tIvratA-mandatA kA vizeSa avalambana liyA hai| moha mukhyatayA do rUpoM meM upalabdha hotA hai : darzanamohanIya aura cAritramohanIya / darzanamohanIya AtmA ko yathArthatA-samyaktva-vivekazIlatA se dUra rakhatA hai| cAritramohanIya AtmA ko vivekayukta AcaraNa arthAt pravRtti nahIM karane detA / darzanamohanIya ke kAraNa vyakti kI bhAvanA, vicAra, dRSTi, cintana athavA zraddhA samyaka nahIM ho pAtI-sahI nahIM bana paatii| samyaka dRSTi kI upasthiti meM bhI cAritramohanIya ke kAraNa vyakti kA kriyAkalApa samyak arthAt nirdoSa nahIM ho paataa| isa prakAra moha kA AvaraNa aisA hai jo vyakti ko na to samyaka vicAra prApta karane detA hai aura na use samyak AcAra kI ora hI pravRtta hone detA hai| micyA dRSTi-prathama guNasthAna kA nAma darzanamohanIya ke . hI AdhAra para mithyAdRSTi rakhA gayA hai| yaha AtmA kI adhastama avasthA hai| isameM moha kI prabalatama sthiti hone ke kAraNa vyakti kI AdhyAtmika sthiti bilakula girI huI hotI hai| vaha mithyA dRSTi arthAt viparIta zraddhA ke kAraNa rAgadveSa ke vazIbhUta ho AdhyAtmika kiMvA tAttvika sukha se vaMcita rahatA hai| isa prakAra isa guNasthAna kA mukhya lakSaNa mithyA darzana athavA mithyA zraddhAna hai| mational

Page #510
karma siddhAnta 495 * alpakAlIna samyak dRSTi- dvitIya guNasthAna kA nAma sAsvAdana samyagdRSTi athavA sAsAdana- samyagdRSTi hai / isakA kAla ati alpa hai / mithyAdRSTi vyakti ko moha kA prabhAva kucha kama hone para jaba kucha kSaNoM ke lie samyaktva arthAt yathArthatA kI anubhUti hotI hai- tatvadRSTi prApta hotI hai- saccI zraddhA hotI hai taba usakI jo avasthA hotI hai use sAsvAdana samyagadRSTi guNasthAna kahate haiM / isa guNasthAna meM sthita AtmA taranta mohodaya ke kAraNa samyaktva se girakara punaH mithyAtva meM praviSTa ho jAtI hai | isa avasthA meM samyaktva kA ati alpakAlIna AsvAdana hone ke kAraNa ise svAsvAdana - samyagdRSTi nAma diyA gayA hai / isameM AtmA ko samyaktva kA kevala svAda cakhane ko milatA hai, pUrA rasa prApta nahIM hotA / mizra dRSTi - tRtIya guNasthAna AtmA kI vaha mizrita avasthA hai jisameM na kevala samyagadaSTi hotI hai, na kevala mithyAdRSTi / isameM samyaktva aura mithyAtva mizrita avasthA meM hote haiM jisake kAraNa AtmA meM tattvAtattva kA yathArtha viveka karane kI kSamatA nahIM raha jAtI / vaha tattva ko tattva samajhane ke sAtha hI tattva ko bhI tattva samajhane lagatI hai / isa prakAra tRtIya guNasthAna meM vyakti kI vivekazakti pUrNa vikasita nahIM hotI / yaha avasthA adhika lambe kAla taka nahIM calatI / isameM sthita AtmA zIghra hI apanI tatkAlIna paristhiti ke anusAra yA to mithyAtva - avasthA ko prApta ho jAtI hai yA samyaktva - avasthA ko / isa guNasthAna kA nAma mizra arthAt samyak - mithyAdRSTi hai / graMthibheda evaM samyak zraddhA -- mithyAdava avasthA meM rahI huIM

Page #511
466 baina dharma-darzana AtmA anukUla saMyogoM arthAt kAraNoM ko vidyamAnatA ke kAraNa moha kA prabhAva kucha kama hone para jaba vikAsa kI ora agrasara hone kA prayatna karatI hai taba usameM tIvratama rAga-dveSa ko kiMcit maMda karane vAlA balavizeSa utpanna hotA hai| ise jaina karmazAstra meM granthibheda kahA jAtA haiN| graMthibheda kA artha hai tIvratama rAga-dveSa arthAt moharUpa gA~Tha kA chedana arthAt zithilIkaraNa / graMthibheda kA kArya bar3A kaThina hotA hai| isake lie AtmA ko bahuta lambA saMgharSa karanA par3atA hai| caturtha guNasthAna AtmA kI vaha avasthA hai jisameM moha kI zithilatA ke kAraNa samyak zraddhA arthAt sadasadviveka to vidyamAna rahatA hai kintu samyak cAritra kA abhAva hotA hai| isameM vicAra-zuddhi kI vidyamAnatA hote hue bhI AcAra-zuddhi kA asadbhAva hotA hai| isa guNasthAna kA nAma avirata-samyagdRSTi hai| dezavirati-dezavirata-samyagdaSTi nAmaka pA~caveM guNasthAna meM vyakti kI Atmika zakti aura vikasita hotI hai| vaha pUrNarUpa se samyak cAritra kI ArAdhanA to nahIM kara pAtA kintu AMzika rUpa se usakA pAlana avazya karatA hai / isI avasthA meM sthita vyakti ko jaina AcArazAstra meM upAsaka athavA zrAvaka kahA gayA hai| zrAvaka kI AMzika cAritra-sAdhanA aNuvata ke nAma se prasiddha hai / aNuvrata kA artha hai sthUla, choTA athavA AMzika cAritra athavA niym| aNuvatI upAsaka pUrNarUpeNa athavA sUkSmatayA samyak cAritra kA pAlana karane meM asamartha hotA hai / vaha moTe taura para hI cAritra kA pAlana karatA hai / sthUla hiMsA, jhUTha Adi kA tyAga karate hue apanA vyavahAra calAtA huA yatkicit AdhyAtmika sAdhanA karatA hai|

Page #512
karmasiddhAnta 467 sarvavirati-chaThe guNasthAna meM sAdhaka kucha aura Age bar3hatA hai| vaha dezavirati aryAta AMzika virati se sarvavirati arthAt pUrNavirati kI ora AtA hai| isa avasthA meM vaha pUrNatayA samyaka cAritra kI ArAdhanA prArambha kara detA hai| usakA vrata aNuvrata na kahalA kara mahAvata kahalAtA hai| vaha aNuvratI upAsaka athavA zrAvaka na kahalA kara mahAvratI sAdhaka athavA zramaNa kahalAtA hai / yaha saba hote hue bhI aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki isa avasthA meM sthita sAdhaka kA cAritra sarvathA vizuddha hotA hai arthAt usameM kisI prakAra kA doSa AtA hI nahIM / yahA~ pramAdAdi doSoM ko thor3I-bahuta saMbhAvanA rahatI hai ataeva isa guNasthAna kA nAma pramatta-saMyata rakhA gayA hai| sAdhaka apanI AdhyAtmika paristhiti ke anusAra isa bhamikA se nIce bhI gira sakatA hai tathA Upara bhI car3ha sakatA hai| apramatta avasthA-sAtaveM guNasthAna meM sthita sAdhaka pramAdAdi doSoM se rahita hokara AtmasAdhanA meM lagna hotA hai| isIlie ise apramattasaMyata guNasthAna kahA jAtA hai| isa avasthA meM rahe hue sAdhaka ko pramAdajanya vAsanAeM ekadama nahIM chor3a detiiN| ve bIca-bIca meM use parezAna karatI rahatI haiN| pariNAmataH vaha kamI pramAdAvasthA meM vidyamAna rahatA hai to kabhI apramAdAvasthA meM / isa prakAra sAdhaka kI naiyA chaThe va sAtaveM guNasthAna ke bIca meM DolatI rahatI hai| ___ apUrvakaraNa-yadi sAdhaka kA cAritra-bala vizeSa balavAn hotA hai aura vaha pramAdApramAda ke isa saMgharSa meM vijayI bana kara vizeSa sthAyI apramatta avasthA prApta kara letA hai to use tadanugAmI eka aisI zakti kI maMprApti hotI hai jisase rahe

Page #513
jaina dharma-darzana sahe moha-bala ko bhI naSTa kiyA jA ske| isa guNasthAna meM sAdhaka ko apUrva AtmaparimANarUpa zaddhi arthAta pahale kabhI prApta na huI viziSTa AtmaguNazuddhi kI prApti hotI hai| cUMki isa avasthA meM rahA huA sAdhaka apUrva AdhyAtmika karaNa arthAt pUrva meM aprApta AramaguNarUpa sAdhana prApta karatA hai athavA usake karaNa arthAt cAritrarUpa kriyA kI apUrvatA hotI hai ataH isakA nAma apUrvakaraNa guNasyAna hai| isakA dUsarA nAma nivRtti guNasthAna bhI hai kyoMki isameM bhAvoM kI arthAt adhyavasAyoM kI viSayAbhimakhatA-punaH viSayoM kI ora lauTane kI kriyA vidyamAna rahatI hai| sthUla kaSAya-dRSTa, zruta athavA bhukta viSayoM kI AkAMkSA kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa naveM guNasthAna meM adhyavasAyoM kI viSayAbhimukhatA nahIM hotI arthAt bhAva punaH viSayoM kI ora nahIM lauTate / isa prakAra bhAvoM-adhyavasAyoM kI anivRtti ke kAraNa isa avasthA kA nAma anivRtti guNasthAna rakhA gayA hai / isa guNasthAna meM AtmA bAdara arthAt sthUla kaSAyoM ke upazamana athavA kSaNa meM tatpara rahatI hai ata: ise anivRttibAdara guNasthAna, anivRtti-bAdara-samparAya (kaSAya) guNasthAna athavA bAdara-samparAya guNasthAna bhI kahA jAtA hai| sUkSma kaSAya-dasavA~ guNasthAna sUkSma-samparAya ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isameM sUkSama lobharUpa kaSAya kA hI udaya rahatA hai| anya kaSAyoM kA upazama athavA kSaya ho cukA hotA hai| upazAMta kaSAya-jo sAdhaka krodhAdi kaSAyoM ko naSTa na kara upazAMta karatA huA hI Age bar3hatA hai-vikAsa karatA hai vaha kramaza: cAritrazuddhi karatA huA gyArahaveM guNasthAna ko prApta karatA hai| isa guNasthAna meM sAdhaka ke samasta kaSAya upazAnta ho jAte haiM-daba jAte haiM / isIlie isakA upazAnta

Page #514
karmasiddhAnta kaSAya guNasthAna athavA upazAnta-moha guNasthAna nAma sArthaka hai| isa guNasthAna meM sthita AtmA moha ko eka bAra sarvathA dabA to detI hai kintu nirmUla nAza ke abhAva meM dabA huA moha rAkha ke nIce dabI huI agni kI bhAMti samaya Ane para punaH apanA prabhAva dikhAne lagatA hai| pariNAmataH AtmA kA patana hotA hai| AtmA ima avasthA se eka bAra avazya nIce giratI hai - isa bhUmikA se gira kara nIce kI kisI bhUmikA para A TikatI hai / yahA~ taka ki isa guNasthAna se girane vAlI AtmA kabhI-kabhI sabase nIcI bhUmikA arthAt mithyAtva guNasthAna taka pahuMca jAtI hai / isa prakAra kI AtmA punaH apane prayAsa dvArA kaSAyoM ko upazAnta athavA naSTa karatI huI pragati kara sakatI hai| kSINa kaSAya-kaSAyoM ko naSTa kara Age bar3hane vAlA sAdhaka dasaveM guNasthAna ke anta meM lobha ke antima avazeSa ko vinaSTa kara moha se sarvathA mukti prApta kara letA hai| isa avasthA kA nAma kSINa kaSAya athavA kSINamoha guNasthAna hai| isa guNasthAna ko prApta karane vAle vyakti kA kabhI patana nahIM hotA / gyArahaveM guNasthAna se viparIta svarUpa vAle isa bArahaveM guNasthAna kI yahI vizeSatA hai| __sadeha mukti-moha kA kSaya hone para jAnAdinirodhaka anya karma bhI naSTa ho jAte haiN| pariNAmataH AtmA meM vizuddha jJAnajyoti prakaTa hotI hai| AtmA kI isI avasthA kA nAma sayogikevalI guNasthAna hai| kevalI kA artha hai kevalajJAna arthAt sarvathA vizuddhajJAna se yukta / sayogI kA artha hai yoga arthAt kAyika Adi pravRttiyoM se yukt| jo vizuddha jJAnI

Page #515
500 jaina dharma-darzana hote hue bhI zArIrika pravRttiyoM se mukta nahIM hotA vaha sayogI kevalI kahalAtA hai / yaha terahavA~ guNasthAna hai / videha mukti-terahaveM guNasthAna meM sthita sayogI kevalI jaba apanI deha se mukti pAne ke lie vizuddha dhyAna kA Azraya lekara mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika vyApAroM ko sarvathA roka detA hai taba vaha AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI parAkASThA para pahuMca jAtA hai / AtmA kI isI avasthA kA nAma ayogikevalI guNasthAna hai / yaha cAritra-vikAsa athavA AtmavikAsa kI carama avasthA hai| isameM AtmA utkRSTatama zukladhyAna dvArA sumeru parvata kI taraha niSprakampa sthiti ko prApta kara anta meM dehatyAgapUrvaka siddhAvasthA ko prApta hotI hai| isI kA nAma paramAtmapada, svarUpasiddhi, mukti, nirvANa athavA mokSa hai| yaha AtmA kI sarvAMgINa pUrNatA, pUrNa kRtakRtyatA evaM parama puruSArtha-siddhi hai| isameM AtmA ko ananta evaM avyAbAdha alaukika sukha kI prApti hotI hai / bandha aura mokSa : jaina karmavAda meM karmopArjana ke do kAraNa mAne gaye haiM : yoga aura kaSAya / zarIra, vANI aura mana ke sAmAnya vyApAra ko jaina paribhASA meM yoga kahate haiM / dUsare zabdoM meM, jaina paribhASA meM prANI kI pravRttisAmAnya kA nAma yoga hai| kaSAya mana kA vyApAravizeSa hai| yaha krodhAdi mAnasika AvegarUpa hai / yaha loka karma kI yogyatA rakhane vAle paramANuoM se bharA huA hai / jaba prANI apane mana, vacana athavA tana se kisI prakAra kI pravRtti karatA hai taba usake Asa-pAsa rahe hue karmayogya paramANuoM kA AkarSaNa hotA hai arthAt AtmA apane

Page #516
kamasiddhAnta cAroM ora rahe hue karmaparamANuoM ko karmarUpa se grahaNa karatI hai| isa prakriyA kA nAma Asrava hai| kaSAya ke kAraNa karmaparamANuoM kA AtmA se mila jAnA arthAt AtmA ke sAtha baMdha jAnA bandha kahalAtA hai| vaise to pratyeka prakAra kA yoga arthAt pravRtti karmabandha kA kAraNa hai kintu jo yoga krodhAdi kaSAya se yukta hotA hai usase hone vAlA karmabandha dRDha hotA hai| kaSAyarahita pravRtti se hone vAlA karmabandha nirbala hotA hai / yaha nAma mAtra kA bandha hai / isase saMsAra nahIM bddh'taa| yoga arthAt pravRtti kI taratamatA ke anusAra karmaparamANuoM kI mAtrA meM tAratamya hotA hai / baddha paramANuoM kI rAzi ko pradeza-bandha kahate haiN| ina paramANuoM kI vibhinna svabhAvarUpa pariNati ko arthAt vibhinna kAryarUpa kSamatA ko prakRti-bandha kahate haiM / karmaphala kI bhukti kI avadhi arthAt karma bhogane ke kAla ko sthitibandha tathA karmaphala kI tIvratAmandatA ko anubhAga-bandha kahate haiM / karma baMdhane ke bAda jaba taka ve phala denA prArambha nahIM karate taba taka ke kAla ko abAdhA. kAla kahate haiN| karmaphala kA prArambha hI karma kA udaya hai| jyoM-jyoM karmoM kA udaya hotA jAtA hai tyoM-tyoM karma AtmA se alaga hote jAte haiN| isI prakriyA kA nAma nirjarA hai| jaba / AtmA se samasta karma alaga ho jAte haiM taba usakI jo avasthA hotI hai use mokSa kahate haiM / jaina karmazAstra meM prakRti-bandha ke ATha prakAra mAne gaye haiM arthAt karma kI mUla prakRtiyA~ ATha ginAI gaI haiN| ye prakRtiyA~ prANI ko bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke anukUla evaM pratikUla phala pradAna karatI haiM / inake nAma isa prakAra haiM : 1 jJAnAvaraNIya,

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102 jaina dharma-darzana 2. darzanAvaraNIya, 3. vedanIya, 4. mohanIya, 5. Ayu, 6. nAma, 7. gotra, 8. antarAya / inameM se jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya va antarAya-ye cAra prakRtiyA~ ghAtI kahalAtI haiM kyoMki inase AtmA ke cAra mUla guNoM-jJAna, darzana, sukha aura vIrya kA ghAta hotA hai / zeSa cAra prakRtiyA~ aghAtI haiM kyoMki ye kisI AtmaguNa kA ghAta nahIM krtiiN| ye zarIra se sambandhita hotI haiM / jJAnAvaraNIya prakRti AtmA ke jJAna arthAt vizeSa upayogarUpa guNa ko AvRta karatI hai| darzanAvaraNIya prakRti AtmA ke darzana arthAt sAmAnya upayogarUpa guNa ko AcchAdita karatI hai / mohanIya prakRti AtmA ke svAbhAvika sukha meM bAdhA pahuMcAtI hai / antarAya prakRti se vIrya arthAt Atmazakti kA nAza hotA hai| vedanIya karmaprakRti zarIra ke anukUla evaM pratikUla saMvedana arthAt sukha-duHkha ke anubhava kA kAraNa hai| Ayu karmaprakRti ke kAraNa naraka, tiyaMca, deva evaM manuSya bhava ke kAla kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| nAma karmaprakRti ke kAraNa narakAdi gati, ekendriyAdi jAti, audArikAdi zarIra Adi kI prApti hotI hai| gotra karmaprakRti prANiyoM ke AnuvaMzika uccatva evaM nIcatva kA kAraNa hai / karma kI sattA mAnane para punarjanma kI sattA bhI mAnanI par3atI hai| punarjanma athavA paraloka karma kA phala hai / mRtyu ke bAda prANI apane gati nAma karma ke anusAra punaH manuSya, tiryaJca, naraka athavA deva gati meM utpanna hotA hai / AnupUrvI nAma karma use apane utpatti-sthAna para pahuMcA detA hai / sthAnAntaraNa ke samaya jIva ke sAtha do prakAra ke sUkSma zarIra rahate haiM : tejasa aura kArmaNa / audArikAdi sthUla zarIra kA nirmANa apane utpatti-sthAna para pahuMcane ke bAda prArambha hotA hai / isa prakAra jaina karmazAstra meM puna

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karmasiddhAnta janma kI sahaja vyavasthA kI gaI hai| ___ karmabandha kA kAraNa kaSAya arthAt rAga-dveSajanya pravRtti hai| isase viparIta pravRtti karmamukti kA kAraNa banatI hai / karma mukti ke lie do prakAra kI kriyAeM Avazyaka haiM : navIna karma ke upArjana kA nirodha evaM pUrvogAjita karma kA kSaya / prathama prakAra kI kriyA kA nAma saMvara tathA dvitIya prakAra kI kriyA kA nAma nirjarA hai| ye donoM kriyAeM kramazaH Asrava tathA bandha se viparIta haiM / ina donoM kI pUrNatA se AtmA kI jo sthiti hotI hai arthAt AtmA jisa avasthA ko prApta hotI hai use mokSa kahate haiN| yahI karmamukti hai| navIna karmoM ke upArjana kA nirodha arthAt saMvara nimnokta kAraNoM se hotA hai : gupti, samiti, dharma, anuprekSA, parISahajaya, cAritra va tpsyaa| samyak yoganigraha arthAt mana, vacana va tana kI pravRtti kA suSThu niyantraNa gupti hai ! samyak calanA, bolanA, khAnA, lenA-denA Adi samiti kahalAtA hai| uttama prakAra kI kSamA, mRdutA, RjutA, zuddhatA Adi dhama ke antargata haiM / anuprekSA meM anityatva, azaraNatva, ekatva Adi bhAvanAoM kA samAveza hotA hai / kSudhA, pipAsA, sardI, garmI Adi kaSToM ko sahana karanA parISahajaya hai| cAritra sAmAyika Adi bhaMda se pA~ca prakAra kA hai| tapa bAhya bhI hotA hai va Abhyantara bhii| anazana Adi bAhya tapa haiM, prAyazcitta Adi Abhyantara tapa kahalAte haiN| tapa se saMvara ke sAtha-sAtha nirjarA bhI hotI hai / saMvara va nirjarA kA paryavasAna mokSa meM-karmamukti meM hotA hai|

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: 7: AcArazAstra AcAra aura vicAra vyaktitva ke samAna zaktivAle anyonyAzrita do pakSa haiM / ina donoM pakSoM kA saMtulita vikAsa hone para hI vyaktitva kA vizuddha vikAsa hotA hai / isa prakAra ke vikAsa ko hama jJAna aura kriyA kA saMyukta vikAsa kaha sakate haiM jo duHkhamukti ke lie anivArya hai / AcAra aura vicAra kI anyonyAzritatA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue bhAratIya cintakoM ne dharma va darzana kA sAtha-sAtha pratipAdana kiyA | unhoMne tattvajJAna ke sAtha hI AcArazAstra kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA evaM batAyA ki jJAnavihIna AcaraNa netrahIna puruSa kI gati ke samAna hai jabaki AcaraNarahita jJAna paMgu puruSa kI sthiti ke sadRza hai / jisa prakAra abhISTa sthAna para pahuMcane ke lie nirdoSa A~kheM va paira donoM Avazyaka haiM usI prakAra AdhyAtmika siddhi ke lie doSarahita jJAna va cAritra donoM anivArya haiM / bhAratIya paramparAoM meM AcAra va vicAra donoM ko samAna sthAna diyA gayA hai / udAharaNa ke lie mImAMsA paramparA kA eka pakSa pUrvamImAMsA AcArapradhAna hai jabaki dUsarA pakSa uttaramImAMsA (vedAnta ) vicArapradhAna hai / sAMkhya aura yoga kramazaH vicAra aura AcAra kA pratipAdana karane vAle eka hI

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AcArazAstra paramparA ke do aMga haiM / bauddha-paramparA meM hInayAna aura mahAyAna ke rUpa meM AcAra aura vicAra kI do dhArAeM haiN| hInayAna AcArapradhAna hai tathA mahAyAna vicArapradhAna / jaina paramparA meM bhI AcAra aura vicAra ko samAna sthAna diyA gayA hai| ahiMsAmUlaka AcAra evaM anekAMtamUlaka vicAra kA pratipAdana jaina vicAradhArA kI vizeSatA hai| ___ jainAcAra kA prANa ahiMsA hai / ahiMsaka AcAra evaM vicAra se hI AdhyAtmika utthAna hotA hai jo karmamukti kA kAraNa hai| ahiMsA kA jitanA sUkSma vivecana eva AcaraNa jaina paramparA meM upalabdha hai utanA zAyada hI kisI jainetara paramparA meM ho / ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAra AtmasAmya hai / pratyeka AtmA-cAhe vaha pRthvIsambandhI ho, cAhe usakA Azraya jala ho, cAhe vaha kITa athavA pataMga ke rUpa meM ho, cAhe vaha pazu athavA pakSI me ho, cAhe usakA vAsa mAnava meM ho tAttvika dRSTi se samAna hai| sukha-duHkha kA anubhava pratyeka prANI ko hotA hai / jIvana-maraNa kI pratIti sabako hotI hai| sabhI jIva jInA cAhate haiM / vAstava meM koI bhI marane kI icchA nahIM krtaa| jisa prakAra hameM jIvana priya hai evaM maraNa apriya, sukha priya hai evaM duHkha apriya, anukUlatA priya hai evaM pratikUlatA apriya, mRdutA priya hai evaM kaThoratA apriya, svatantratA priya hai evaM paratantratA apriya, lAbha priya hai evaM hAni apriya, usI prakAra anya jIvoM ko bhI jIvana Adi priya haiM evaM maraNa Adi apriya / isalie hamArA kartavya hai ki hama mana se bhI kisI ke vadha Adi kI bAta na soceM / zarIra se kisI kI hatyA karanA athavA kisI ko kisI prakAra kA kaSTa pahuMcAnA to pApa hai hI, mana athavA

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501 jaina dharma-darzana vacana se isa prakAra kI pravRtti karanA bhI pApa hai| mana, vacana evaM kAya se kisI ko saMtApa na pahuMcAnA saccI ahiMsA haipUrNa ahiMsA hai| vanaspati Adi ekendriya jIvoM se lekara mAnava taka ke prati ahiMsaka AcaraNa kI bhAvanA jaina paramparA kI pramukha vizeSatA hai / ise ahiMsaka AcAra kA carama utkarSa kaha sakate haiM / AcAra kA yaha ahiMsaka vikAsa jaina saMskRti kI amUlya nidhi hai| ___ahiMsA ko kendrabindu mAnakara amRSAvAda, asteya, amaithuna evaM aparigraha kA vikAsa huaa| Atmika vikAsa meM bAdhaka karmabandha ko rokane tathA baddhakarma ko naSTa karane ke lie ahiMsA tathA tadAdhArita amRSAvAda Adi kI anivAryatA svIkAra kI gii| isameM vyakti evaM samAja donoM kA hita nihita hai| vaiyaktika utthAna evaM sAmAjika utkarSa ke lie asatya kA tyAga, anadhikRta vastu kA agrahaNa tathA saMyama kA paripAlana Avazyaka hai| inake abhAva meM ahiMsA kA vikAsa nahIM ho pAtA / pariNAmataH AtmavikAsa meM bahuta bar3I bAdhA upasthita hotI hai| ina sabake sAtha aparigraha kA vrata atyAvazyaka hai| parigraha ke sAtha AtmavikAsa kI ghora zatrutA hai| jahA~ parigraha rahatA hai vahA~ AtmavikAsa kA mArga avaruddha ho jAtA hai / itanA hI nahIM, parigraha Atmapatana kA bahuta bar3A kAraNa banatA hai| parigraha kA artha hai pApa kA saMgraha / yaha Asakti se bar3hatA hai evaM Asakti ko bar3hAtA bhI hai| isI kA nAma mUrchA hai| jyoM-jyoM parigraha bar3hatA hai tyoM-tyoM mUrchAgRddhi-Asakti bar3hatI jAtI hai| jitanI adhika Asakti bar3hatI hai utanI hI adhika hiMsA bar3hatI hai / yahI hiMsA mAnava-samAja meM vaiSamya utpanna karatI hai / isI se Atmapatana bhI hotA hai /

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zramaNAcAraH AcArazAstra aparigrahavRtti ahiMsAmUlaka AcAra ke samyak paripAlana ke lie anivArya hai / 507 zramaNa, bhikSu, muni, nirgrantha, anagAra, saMyata, virata Adi zabda ekArthaka haiM | zramaNa ke vrata mahAvrata arthAt bar3e vrata kahalAte haiM kyoMki vaha hiMsAdi kA pUrNataH tyAgI hotA hai / zrAvaka, upAsaka, dezavirata, sAgAra, zrAddha, dezasaMyata Adi zabda eka hI artha ke dyotaka haiM / zrAvaka ke vrata aNuvrata arthAt choTe vrata kahalAte haiM kyoMki vaha hiMsAdi kA aMzataH tyAga karatA hai / sarvavirati arthAt sarvatyAgarUpa mahAvrata pA~ca haiM : 1. sarvaprANAtipAta viramaNa, 2. sarvamRSAvAda - viramaNa, 3. sarva adattAdAna - viramaNa, 4. sarva maithuna - viramaNa, 5. sarvaparigraha - viramaNa / prANAtipAta arthAt hiMsA kA sarvataH viramaNa yAnI pUrNataH tyAga athavA sarva prANAtipAta arthAt sampUrNa hiMsA kA viramaNa yAnI tyAga sarvaprANAtipAta viramaNa kahalAtA hai / isI prakAra mRSAvAda arthAt jhUTa, adattAdAna arthAt corI, maithuna arthAt kAmabhoga aura parigraha arthAt saMgraha athavA Asakti kA pUrNataH tyAga kramaza: sarvamRSAvAda - viramaNa, sarvaadattAdAna- viramaNa, sarvamaithuna-viramaNa aura sarvaparigraha-viramaNa kahalAtA hai / isa prakAra ke tyAga ko navakoTi pratyAkhyAna kahA jAtA hai kyoMki isameM hiMsA Adi ke karanA, karAnA aura anumodana karanA rUpa tIna karaNoM kA mana, vacana aura kAyarUpa tIna yogoM se pratiSedha kiyA jAtA hai arthAt hiMsA Adi kA mana se karanA, karAnA evaM anumodana karanA, vacana se karanA, karAnA evaM anumodana karanA tathA kAya se karanA, karAnA evaM anumodana

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508 . jaina dharma-darzana karanA-isa prakAra nau bhaMgapUrvaka pratyAkhyAna arthAt tyAga kiyA jAtA hai| pAMca mahAvata : jaina dharma meM chaH jIvanikAya mAne gaye haiM : pRthvIkAya, apkAya, tejaskAya, vAyukAya, vanaspatikAya aura trasakAya / ina jIvanikAyoM kI hiMsA kA navakoTi-pratyAkhyAna sarvaprANAtipAta-viramaNa mahAvrata kahalAtA hai| pRthvokAya arthAt bhUmi, apkAya arthAt jala, tejaskAya arthAt vahni, vAyukAya arthAt pavana, vanaspatikAya arthAt harita aura trasakAya arthAt dvIndriyAdi praannii| mahAvratadhArI zramaNa kA kartavya hai ki vaha dina meM athavA rAtri meM akele athavA samUha meM, sote hue athavA jAgate hue bhUmi, bhitti, zilA, patthara, dhUliyukta zarIra, vastra Adi ko hasta, pAda, kASTha, aMgulI, zalAkA Adi se na jhAr3e, na poMche, na idhara-udhara hilAye, na chedana kare, na bhedana kare apitu vastrAdi mRdu sAdhanoM se sAvadhAnIpUrvaka jhAr3e-poche / udaka, osa, hima, Ardra zarIra athavA Ardra vastra ko na chae, na sukhAe, na nicor3e, na jhaTake, na agni ke pAsa rkhe| apane gIle zarIra Adi ko sAvadhAnIpUrvaka sukhAe athavA sUkhane de| agni, aMgAra, cinagArI, jvAlA athavA ulkA ko na jalAye, na bujhAye, na hilAye, na jala se zAnta kare, na bikhere / paMkhe, patra, zAkhA, vastra, hasta, mukha Adi se havA na kre| bIja, aMkura, paudhe, vRkSa Adi para paira na rakhe, na baiThe, na soye / hAtha, paira, sira, vastra, pAtra, rajoharaNa, zayyA, saMstAraka Adi meM kITa, pataMga, kuMthu, cIMTI Adi dikhAI dene para unheM sAvadhAnIpUrvaka ekAnta meM chor3a de| pratyeka jIva jIne kI icchA karatA hai| koI bhI maranA nahIM caahtaa| jisa prakAra hameM apanA

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AcArazAstra } jIvana priya hai usI prakAra dUsaroM ko bhI apanA jIvana priya hai / isalie nirgrantha muni prANavadha kA tyAga karate haiM / asAvadhAnIpUrvaka baiThane, uTane, calane, sone, khAne pIne, bolane se pApakarma baMdhatA hai / isalie bhikSu ko samasta kriyA sAvadhAnIpUrvaka karanI cAhie / jo jIva aura ajIva ko jAnatA hai vahI vastutaH saMyama ko jAnatA hai| jIva aura ajIva ko jAnane para hI saMyamI zramaNa jIvoM kI rakSA kara sakatA hai isIlie kahA gayA hai ki pahale jJAna hai, phira dayA / jo saMyamI jJAnapUrvaka dayA kA AcaraNa karatA hai vahI vastutaH dayAdharma kA pAlana karatA hai / ajJAnI na puNya-pApa ko samajha sakatA hai, na dharma-adharma ko jAna sakatA hai, na hiMsA-ahiMsA kA viveka kara sakatA hai / prANAtipAta viramaNa kI surakSA ke lie nimnokta pA~ca bhAvanAeM haiM : 1. IryAviSayaka samiti -- gamanAgamanasambandhI sAvadhAnI, 2 mana kI apApakatA - mAnasika vikArarahitatA, 3. vacana kI ApApakatA - vANI kI vizuddhatA, 4 bhANDopakaraNaviSayaka samiti - pAtrAdi upakaraNasambandhI sAvadhAnI, 5. bhaktapAnaviSayaka AlokikatA - khAna-pAnasambandhI sacetatA / 2 ye evaM isI prakAra kI anya prazasta bhAvanAe~ ahiMsAvata kA sudRr3ha evaM surakSita karatI haiN| 506 jisa prakAra sarvavirata zramaNa jIvakAya kI hiMsA kA sarvathA tyAga karatA hai usI prakAra vaha mRSAvAda se bhI sarvathA virata hotA hai / asatya hiMsAdi doSoM kA janaka hai, yaha samajha kara vaha kadApi asatya vacana kA prayoga nahIM krtaa| vaha hamezA 1. dazarvakAlika, 4.1-15. 2. AcArAMga, 2.3.

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510 jaina dharma-darzana nirdoSa, akarkaza, asaMdigdha vANI bolatA hai| krodha, mAna, mAyA va lobhamUlaka vacana tathA jAna-bUjhakara athavA ajJAnavaza prayoga kiye jAne vAle kaThora vacana anArya vacana haiN| ye doSayukta hone ke kAraNa tyAjya haiM / zramaNa ko saMdigdha athavA anizcita dazA maiM nizcaya vANI kA prayoga nahIM karanA caahie| samyaktayA nizcaya hone para hI nizcaya vANI bolanI caahie| sadoSa, kaThora, jIvoM ko kaSTa pahuMcAne vAlI bhASA bhikSu na bole / vaha satya, mRdu, nirdoSa, abhUtopaghAtinI bhASA kAma meM le | satya hone para bhI avajJAsUcaka zabdoM kA prayoga na kare kintu sammAnasUcaka zabda prayoga meM le / " saMkSepa meM kahA jAya to sarvavirata bhikSu ko krodhAdi kaSAyoM kA parityAga kara, samabhAva dhAraNa kara vicAra va vivekapUrvaka saMyamita satya bhASA kA prayoga karanA cAhie / satyavrata kI pA~ca bhAvanAeM ye haiM : 1. vANIviveka, 2. krodhatyAga, 3. lobhatyAga, 4. bhayatyAga, 5. hAsyatyAga / 2 vANIviveka arthAt soca-samajhakara bhASA kA prayoga karanA / tyAga arthAt gussA na karanA / lobhatyAga arthAt lAlaca meM na phaMsanA / bhayatyAga arthAt nirbhIka rahanA / hAsyatyAga arthAt haMsI-majAka na karanA / ina va isI prakAra kI anya prazasta bhAvanAoM se satyavrata kI rakSA hotI hai / adattAdAna se sarvathA nivRtti lene vAlA zramaNa koI bhI binA dI huI vastu grahaNa nahIM karatA / vaha binA anumati ke eka tinakA uThAnA bhI steya arthAt corI samajhatA hai / kisI 1. dazavekAlika, 7.1-12. 2. AcArAMga, 2. 3. 3. dazavekAlika, 6 13.

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511 kI girI huI, bhUlI huI, rakhI huI athavA ajJAta svAmI kI vastu ko chUnA bhI usake lie niSiddha hai| AvazyakatA hone para vaha svAmI kI anumati se arthAt upayukta vyakti ke dene para hI kisI vastu ko grahaNa karatA hai athavA usakA upayoga karatA hai / jisa prakAra vaha svayaM adattAdAna kA sevana nahIM karatA usI prakAra kisI se karavAtA bhI nahIM aura karanekarAne vAloM kA samarthana bhI nahIM karatA / asteyavrata kI dRDhatA evaM surakSA ke lie pA~ca bhAvanAeM isa prakAra batalAI gaI haiM : 1. soca-vicAra kara vastu kI yAcanA karanA, 2 . AcArya Adi kI anumati se bhojana karanA, 3. parimita padArtha svIkAra karanA, 4 punaH punaH padArthoM kI maryAdA karanA, 5 . sAdharmika (sAthI zramaNa ) se parimita vastuoM kI yAcanA karanA / " AcArazAstra zramaNa ke lie maithuna kA pUrNa tyAga anivArya hai / usake maithunatyAga ko sarvamaithuna - viramaNa kahA jAtA hai| usake lie mana, vacana evaM kAya se maithuna kA sevana karane, karavAne tathA anumodana karane kA niSedha hai| ise navakoTi brahmacarya athavA navakoTi- zIla kahate haiM / maithuna ko adharma kA mUla tathA mahAdoSoM kA sthAna kahA gayA hai| isase aneka prakAra ke pApa utpanna hote haiM, hiMsAdi doSoM aura kalaha - saMgharSa - vigraha kA janma hotA hai / yaha saba samajhakara nirgrantha muni maithuna kA sarvathA tyAga karate haiN| jaise murgI ke bacce ko billI se hamezA 2 1. AcArAMga, 2.3. 2 dazakAlika 6.16.

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512 jaina dharma-darzana Dara rahatA hai usI prakAra saMyamI zramaNa ko strI ke zarIra evaM saMyata zramaNI ko puruSa kI kAyA se sadA bhaya rahatA hai| ve strI-puruSa ke rUpa, raMga, citra Adi dekhanA tathA gIta Adi sunanA bhI pApa samajhate haiN| yadi usa ora dRSTi calI bhI jAya to ve turanta sAvadhAna hokara apanI dRSTi ko khIMca lete haiN|' ve bAla, yuvA evaM vRddha sabhI prakAra ke nara-nAriyoM se dUra rahate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, ve kisI bhI prakAra ke kAmottejaka athavA indriyAkarSaka padArtha se apanA sambandha nahIM jodd'te| brahmacaryavrata ke pAlana ke lie pAMca bhAvanAeM nimnokta rUpa meM batalAI gaI haiM : 1. strI-kathA na karanA, 2. strI ke aMgoM kA avalokana na karanA, 3. pUrvAnubhUta kAma-krIr3A Adi kA smaraNa na karanA, 4. mAtrA kA atikramaNa kara bhojana na karanA, 5. strI Adi se sambaddha sthAna meM na rhnaa|2 jisa prakAra zramaNa ke lie strI-kathA Adi kA niSedha hai usI prakAra zramaNI ke lie puruSa-kathA Adi kA pratiSedha hai| ye evaM isI prakAra kI anya bhAvanAeM sarvamaithuna-viramaNa vrata kI saphalatA ke lie anivArya haiN| sarvavirata zramaNa ke lie sarvaparigraha-viramaNa bhI anivArya hai| kisI bhI vastu kA mamatvamUlaka saMgraha parigraha kahalAtA hai| sarvavirata zramaNa svayaM isa prakAra kA saMgraha nahIM karatA, dUsaroM se nahIM karAtA aura karane vAloM kA samarthana 1. vahI, 8.54-55. 2. AcArAMga, :,3. .

Page #528
AcArazAstra nahIM krtaa| vaha pUrNatayA anAsakta evaM akiJcana hotA hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaha apane zarIra para bhI mamatva nahIM rkhtaa| saMyamanirvAha ke lie vaha jo kucha bhI alpatama upakaraNa apane pAsa rakhatA hai una para bhI usakA mamatva nahIM hotaa| unake kho jAne athavA naSTa ho jAne para use zoka nahIM hotA tathA prApta hone para harSa nahIM hotaa| vaha unheM kevala saMyamayAtrA ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM kAma meM letA hai / jisa prakAra vaha apane zarIra kA anAsakta bhAva se pAlana-poSaNa karatA hai usI prakAra apane upakaraNoM kA bhI nirmama bhAva se rakSaNa karatA hai| mamatva athavA Asakti Antarika granthi hai / jo sAdhaka isa anyi kA chedana karatA hai vaha nirgrantha kahalAtA hai| sarvavirata zramaNa imI prakAra kA nirgrantha hotA hai| aparigrahavata kI pAMca bhAvanAeM ye haiM : 1. zrotrendriya ke viSaya zabda ke prati rAga-dveSarahitatA arthAt anAsakta bhAva, 2. cakSarindriya ke viSaya rUpa ke prati anAsakta bhAva, 3. ghrANendriya ke viSaya gandha ke prati anAsakta bhAva, 4. rasanendriya ke viSaya rasa ke prati anAsakta bhAva, 5. sparzanendriya ke viSaya sarza ke prati anAsakta bhAva / / rAtribhojana-viramaNavata: mUlAcAra ke mUlaguNa nAmaka prathama prakaraNa meM sarvavirata zramaNa ke 28 mUla guNoM kA varNana hai : pAMca mahAvrata, pAMca samitiyA~, pA~ca indriyoM kA nirova, chaH Avazyaka, loMca, 1. dazavakAlika, 6.20. 2. pAcArAMga, 2. 1.

Page #529
514 jaina dharma-darzana acelakatva, asnAna, kSitizayana, adaMtadhAvana, sthitibhojana aura ekabhakta / ekabhakta kA artha batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki muni sUryodaya va sUryAsta ke madhya meM kevala ekabAra bhojana karatA hai / sUryAsta va sUryodaya ke bIca yAnI rAtri meM usake bhojana kA sarvathA tyAga hotA hai / dazavaikAlika ke kSullikAcAra- kathA nAmaka tRtIya adhyayana meM nirgranthoM ke lie auddezika bhojana, krIta bhojana, AmantraNa svIkAra kara grahaNa kiyA huA bhojana yAvat rAtribhojana kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / SaDjIvanikAya nAmaka caturtha adhyayana meM pA~ca mahAvratoM ke sAtha rAtribhojana - viramaNa kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai evaM use chaThA vrata kahA gayA hai / AcArapraNidhi nAmaka AThaveM adhyayana meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki rAtribhojana hiMsAdi doSoM kA janaka hai / ataH nirgrantha sUrya ke asta hone se lekara sUrya ke udaya hone taka kisI bhI prakAra ke AhArAdi kI mana se bhI icchA na kare / isa prakAra jaina AcAra-granthoM meM sarvavirata ke lie rAtribhojana kA sarvathA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / vaha AhAra, pAnI Adi kisI bhI vastu kA rAtri meM upabhoga nahIM karatA / jaina AcAra - zAstra ahiMsAvrata kI sampUrNa sAdhanA ke lie rAtribhojana kA tyAga anivArya mAnatA hai / chaH Avazyaka : digambara-paramparA ke bhUlAcAra Adi evaM zvetAmbara - paraMparA ke Avazyaka Adi granthoM meM sarvavirata muni ke lie SaDAvazyaka arthAt chaH AvazyakoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| inake nAma donoM paramparAoM meM vahI haiM / krama kI dRSTi se pA~caveM va chaThe nAmoM meM viparyaya hai| digambara-paramparA meM inakA krama isa prakAra hai : 1. sAmAyika, 2. caturviMzatistava, 3. vandanA, 4. - .

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mAcArazAstra 515 pratikramaNa, 5. pratyAkhyAna, 6 kaayotsrg| zvetAmbara-paraMparAbhimata SaDAvazyaka-krama yoM hai : 1. sAmAyika, 2. caturvizatistava, 3. vandanA, 4. pratikramaNa, 5. kAyotsarga, 6. pratyAkhyAna / jo avazya karane yogya hotA hai use Avazyaka kahate haiN| sAmAyika Adi muni kI pratidina karane yogya kriyAeM haiM ataH inheM Avazyaka kahA jAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, sAmAyikAdi SaDAvazyaka nirgrantha ke nityakarma haiN| inheM zramaNa ko pratidina donoM samaya arthAt dina va rAtri ke anta meM avazya karanA hotA hai| sama kI Aya karanA arthAt trasa aura sthAvara sabhI prANiyoM para samabhAva rakhanA sAmAyika hai| jisakI AtmA saMyama, niyama va tA meM saMlIna hotI hai arthAta jo AtmA ko mana, vacana va kAya kI pApapUrNa pravRttiyoM se haTAkara niravadya vyApAra meM pravRta karatA hai use sAmAyika kI prApti hotI hai| sAmAyika meM bAhya dRSTi kA tyAgakara antardRSTi apanAI jAtI hai-bahimuMkhI pravRtti tyAgakara antamukhI pravRtti svIkAra kI jAtI hai / sAmAyika samasta AdhyAtmika sAdhanAoM kI AdhArazilA hai / jaba sAdhaka sarva sAvadha yoga se virata hotA hai, chaH kAyoM ke jIvoM ke prati saMyata hotA hai, mana-vacana-kAya ko niyantrita karatA hai, AtmasvarUpa meM upayukta hotA hai, yatanApUrvaka AcaraNa karatA hai taba vaha sAmAyikayukta hotA hai|| samabhAvarUpa sAmAyika ke mahAn sAdhaka evaM upadezaka caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti karanA catuviMzatistava kahalAtA hai / tyAga, vairAgya, saMyama va sAdhanA ke mahAn Adarza evaM sAmAyika

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116 jaina dharma-darzana dharma ke parama puraskartA vItarAga tIrthaMkaroM ke utkIrtana se AdhyAtmika bala prApta hotA hai / unakI stuti se sAdhanA kA mArga prazasta hotA hai| unake guNa-kIrtana se saMyama meM sthiratA AtI hai| unakI bhakti se prazasta bhAvoM kI vRddhi hotI hai| tIthaMkaroM kI stuti karane se prasupta Antarika cetanA jAgrata hotI hai / kevala stuti se hI mukti prApta ho jAtI hai, aisA nahIM mAnanA cAhie / stuti to soI huI AtmacetanA ko jagAne kA kevala eka sAdhana hai| tIyaMkaroM kI stutimAtra se hI mokSa kI prApti nahIM ho jAtI / mukti ke lie bhakti evaM stuti ke sAtha-sAtha saMyama evaM sAdhanA bhI Avazyaka hai| jisa prakAra muni ke lie tIrthakara-stava Avazyaka hai usI prakAra guru-stava bhI Avazyaka hai| guru-stava ko vandanA athavA vandana kahA jAtA hai| tIrthaGkara ke bAda yadi koI vandana karane yogya hai to vaha guru hai kyoMki garu ahiMsA Adi kI utkRSTa ArAdhanA karane ke kAraNa ziSya ke lie sAkSAt Adarza kA kArya karatA hai| usase use pratyakSa preraNA prApta hotI hai| usake prati sammAna hone para usake guNoM ke prati sammAna hotA hai / tIrthaGkara ke bAda saddharma kA upadeza denevAlA guru hI hotA hai / guru jJAna va cAritra donoM meM bar3A hotA hai ataH vandanayogya hai| gurudeva ko vandana karane kA artha hotA hai gurudeva kA utkIrtana va abhivAdana karanA / vANI se utkIrtana arthAt stavana kiyA jAtA hai tathA zarIra se abhivAdana arthAt praNAma / guru ko vandana isalie kiyA jAtA hai ki vaha guNoM meM guma arthAt bhArI hotA hai / guNahIna vyakti avandanIya hotA hai / jo guNahIna arthAt avaMdya ko vandana karatA hai usake karmo kI nirjarA nahIM hotI, usake saMyama kA poSaNa nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra ke .

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110 vandana se asaMyama kA anumodana, anAcAra kA samarthana, doSoM kA poSaNa aura pApa karma kA bandhana hotA hai / isa prakAra kA vandana kevala kAyakleza hai / avandya ko vandana karane se vandana karane vAle evaM vandana karAne vAle donoM kA patana hotA hai / AcArazAstra pramAdavaza zubha pravRtti se cyuta hokara azubha pravRtti ko prApta hone ke bAda punaH zubha pravRtti ko prApta honA pratikramaNa hai / ' mana, vacana athavA kAya se kRta, kArita athavA anumodita pApoM kI nivRtti ke lie AlocanA karanA, pazcAttApa karanA tathA azuddhi kA tyAga kara punaH zuddhi prApta karanA pratikramaNa hai| hiMsA, asatya, caurya, maithuna evaM parigraharUpa jina pApakarmoM kA nirgrantha zramaNa ke lie pratiSedha kiyA gayA hai unakA pramAdavaza upArjana karane para pratikramaNa karanA cAhie / sAmAyika, svAdhyAya Adi jina zubha pravRttiyoM kA sarvavirata saMyamI ke lie vidhAna kiyA gayA hai unakA AcaraNa na karane para bhI pratikramaNa karanA cAhie, kyoMki akartavya karma ko karanA jaise pApa hai vaise hI karttavya karma ko na karanA bhI pApa hI hai / pratikramaNa kevala kriyA taka sImita nahIM rahanA caahie| usase vastutaH doSa-zuddhi honI caahie| tabhI pratikramaNa karanA sArthaka kahA jAegA / kAya ke utsarga arthAt zarIra ke tyAga ko kAyotsarga kahate haiM / yahA~ zarIratyAga kA artha hai zarIrasambandhI mamatA kA tyAga / zArIrika mamatva ko chor3akara Atma-svarUpa meM lIna hone kA nAma kAyotsarga hai| sAdhaka jaba bahirmukhavRtti kA 1. Avazyaka - cUrNi ( uttara bhAga ), pR0 52.

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118 na dharma-vana tyAga kara antarmukhavRtti ko svIkAra karatA hai taba vaha apane zarIra ke prati bhI anAsakta ho jAtA hai arthAt sva-zarIrasambandhI mamatA kA tyAga kara detA hai| isa sthiti meM usa para jo kucha bhI saMkaTa AtA hai use vaha samabhAvapUrvaka sahatA hai| dhyAna kI sAdhanA arthAt citta kI ekAgratA ke abhyAsa ke lie kAyotsarga anivArya hai| kAyotsarga meM hilanA-DulanA, bolanAcalanA, uThanA-baiThanA Adi banda hotA hai| eka sthAna para baiThakara ayavA khar3e hokara niHzvala evaM niHspanda mudrA meM AtmadhyAna meM laganA hotA hai| sarvavirata zramaNa pratidina prAtaH va sAyaM kAyotsarga dvArA zarIra va AtmA ke sambandha meM vicAra karatA hai ki yaha zarIra anya hai aura maiM anya huuN| maiM cetana hU~ jaba ki yaha zarIra jar3a hai / apane se bhinna isa zarIra para mamatva rakhanA anucita hai| isa prakAra kI udAtta bhAvanA ke abhyAsa ke kAraNa vaha kAyotsarga ke samaya athavA anya prasaMga para Ane vAle sabhI prakAra ke upasargo-kaSToM ko samyak prakAra se sahana karatA hai| aisA karane para hI usakA kAyotsarga saphala hotA hai| kAyotsarga do prakAra kA hai| zarIra kI ceSTAoM kA nirodha karake eka sthAna para nizcala evaM niHspanda sthiti meM khar3e rahanA athavA baiThanA dravya-kAyotsarga hai| dhyAna arthAt Atmacintana bhAva-kAyotsarga hai / kAyotsarga meM dhyAna kA hI vizeSa mahattva hai| zArIrika sthiratA dhyAna kI nirvighna sAdhanA ke lie Avazyaka hai| kAyaceSTA-nirodharUpa dravya-kAyotsarga AtmacintanarUpa bhAva-kAyotsarga kI bhUmikA kA kArya karatA hai| pratyAkhyAna kA artha hai tyaag| vaise to sarvavirata muni ke hiMsAdi doSoM se yukta sarva padArthoM kA tyAga hotA hI hai

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bAcArazAstra kintu nirdoSa padArthoM meM se bhI amuka kA tyAga kara amuka kA sevana karanA anAsakta bhAva ke siMcana ke lie Avazyaka hai| pratyAkhyAna Avazyaka isI uddezya kI pUrti karatA hai| isake dvArA muni amuka samaya taka ke lie athavA jIvana bhara ke lie amuka prakAra ke athavA saba prakAra ke padArthoM ke sevana kA tyAga karatA hai| isase tRSNA, lobha, azAnti Adi manovikAroM kA niyantraNa hotA hai| tana, mana va vacana azubha pravRttiyoM se rukakara zubha pravRttiyoM meM pravRtta hote haiN| bhagavatIsUtra ke sAtaveM zataka ke dUsare uddezaka meM pratyAkhyAna ke vividha bhedoM kA varNana hai| inameM anAgata Adi dasa bheda pratyAkhyAna kA svarUpa samajhane ke lie vizeSa upayogI haiN| ina dasa prakAra ke pratyAkhyAnoM ke nAma ye haiM : 1. anAgata, 2. atikrAnta, 3. koTiyukta, 4. niyantrita, 5. sAgAra, 6. anAgAra, 7. kRtaparimANa, 8. niravazeSa, 6. sAMketika, 10. kAlika / parva Adi viziSTa avasaroM para kiyA jAne vAlA pratyAkhyAna arthAt tyAgavizeSatapavizeSa kAraNavazAt parva Adi se pahale hI kara lenA anAgata pratyAkhyAna hai| parva Adi ke vyatIta ho jAne para tapavizeSa kI ArAdhanA karanA atikrAnta pratyAkhyAna hai| eka tapa ke samApta hote hI dUsarA tapa prArambha kara denA koTiyukta pratyAkhyAna hai| roga Adi kI bAdhA Ane para bhI pUrvasaMkalpita tyAga nizcita samaya para karanA evaM use dRr3hatApUrvaka pUrNa karanA niyantrita pratyAkhyAna hai| tyAga karate samaya AgAra arthAt apavAdavizeSa kI chUTa rakha lenA sAgAra pratyAkhyAna hai| AgAra rakhe binA tyAga karanA anAgAra pratyAkhyAna hai| bhojya padArtha Adi kI saMkhyA athavA mAtrA kA nirdhAraNa karanA kRtaparimANa pratyAkhyAna hai| azanAdi caturvidha arthAt sampUrNa

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jaina dharma-darzana AhAra kA tyAga karanA niravazeSa pratyAkhyAna hai| isameM pAnI kA tyAga bhI zAmila hai| kisI prakAra ke saMketa ke sAtha kiyA jAnevAlA tyAga sAMketika pratyAkhyAna kahalAtA hai, yathA muTThI bA~dhakara, gA~Tha bA~dhakara athavA anya prakAra se yaha pratyAkhyAna karanA ki jaba taka merI yaha muTThI yA gA~Tha baMdhI huI hai athavA amuka vastu amuka prakAra se par3I huI hai taba taka maiM caturvidha AhAra, trividha AhAra Adi kA tyAga karatA huuN| kAlavizeSa kI maryAdA arthAt samaya kI nizcita avadhi ke sAtha kiyA jAne vAlA tyAga kAlika pratyAkhyAna kahalAtA hai| uttarAdhyayana-sUtra ke samyaktva-parAkrama nAmaka unatIsaveM adhyayana meM SaDAvazyaka kA saMkSipta phala isa prakAra batalAyA gayA hai: sAmAyika se sAvadha yoga (pApakarma) se nivRtti hotI hai| caturvizatistava se darzana-vizuddhi (zraddhA-zuddhi) hotI hai / vandana se nIca gotrakarma kA kSaya hotA hai, ucca gotrakarma kA baMdha hotA hai, saubhAgya kI prApti hotI hai, apratihata AjJAphala milatA hai tathA dAkSiNyabhAva (kuzalatA) kI upalabdhi hotI hai| pratikramaNa se vratoM ke doSarUpa chidroM kA nirodha hotA hai| pariNAmataH Asrava (karmAgamana-dvAra) banda hotA hai tathA zuddha cAritra kA pAlana hotA hai| kAyotsarga se prAyazcitta-vizuddhi hotI hai-aticAroM ko zuddhi hotI hai jisase AtmA prazasta dharmadhyAna meM ramaNa karatA huA paramasukha kA anubhava karatA hai| pratyAkhyAna se Asrava-dvAra banda hote haiM tathA icchA kA nirodha hotA hai| icchA kA nirodha hone ke kAraNa sAdhaka vitRSNa arthAt niHspRha hotA huA zAntacitta hokara vicaratA hai| .

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AcArazAstra 121 ghamaNoM ke vibhinna prakAra : - mUlAcAra ke samayasAra nAmaka dasaveM prakaraNa meM muni ke lie cAra prakAra kA liMgakalpa (AcAracihna) batAyA gayA hai : 1. acelakatva, 2. loMca, 3. vyutsRSTazarIratA, 4. prati. lekhana / acelakatva kA artha hai vastrAdi sarva parigraha kA parihAra / loMca kA artha hai apane athavA dUsare ke hAthoM se mastakAdi ke kezoM kA apanayana / vyutsRSTa zarIratA kA artha hai snAna-abhyaMgana-aMjana-parimardana Adi sarva saMskAroM kA abhAva / pratilekhana kA artha hai mayUrapiccha kA grahaNa / acelakatva ni:saMgatA arthAt anAsakti kA cihna hai / loMca sadbhAvanA kA saMketa hai / vyutsRSTazarIratA aparAgatA kA pratIka hai| pratilekhana dayApratipAlana kA cihna hai| yaha cAra prakAra kA liMgakalpa cAritropakAraka hone ke kAraNa AcaraNIya hai| - AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke dhUta nAmaka chaThe adhyayana meM spaSTa batalAyA gayA hai ki kucha anagAra aise bhI hote haiM jo saMyama grahaNa karane ke bAda ekAgracitta hokara saba prakAra kI Asakti kA tyAga kara ekatva-bhAvanA kA avalambana lekara muNDa hokara acela bana jAte haiM arthAt vastra kA bhI tyAga kara dete haiM tathA AhAra meM bhI kramazaH kamI karate hue sarva kaSToM ko sahana kara apane karmoM kA kSaya karate haiM / aise muniyoM ko vastra phaTane kI, naye lAne kI, sUI-dhAgA juTAne kI, vastra sIne kI koI cintA nahIM rhtii| ve apane ko laghu arthAt halakA (bhAramukta) tathA sahaja tapa kA bhAgI mAnate hue saba prakAra ke kaSToM ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahana karate haiM / vimokSa nAmaka AThaveM adhyayana meM acelaka muni ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi usake mana meM yaha vicAra Ae ki maiM nagnatAjanya zItAdi sahana kara, naye lAne kI ve apane ko lahue saba pra

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522 jaina dharma-darzana kaSToM ko to sahana kara sakatA hU~ kintu lajjAnivAraNa karanA mere lie zakya nahIM, to use kaTibandhana dhAraNa kara lenA cAhie / acelaka arthAt nagna muni ko sacelaka arthAt vastradhArI muni ke prati hInabhAva nahIM rakhanA caahie| isI prakAra sacelaka muni ko acelaka muni ke prati tucchatA kI bhAvanA nahIM rakhanI cAhie / acelaka va sacelaka muniyoM ko eka-dUsare kI nindA nahIM karanI cAhie / nindaka muni ko nirgranthadharma kA anadhikArI kahA gayA hai / vaha saMyama kA samyaktayA pAlana nahIM kara sakatA - AtmasAdhanA kI nirdoSa ArAdhanA nahIM kara sakatA / acelaka va sacelaka muniyoM ko apanI-apanI AcAramaryAdA meM rahakara nirgrantha-dharma kA pAlana karanA cAhie / bRhatkalpa ke chaThe uddeza ke anta meM chaH prakAra kI kalpasthiti ( AcAramaryAdA) batalAI gaI hai : 1. sAmAyikasaMyatakalpasthiti, 2. chedopasthApanIyasaMyata-kalpasthiti, 3. nirvizamAna - kalpasthiti, 4. nirviSTakAyika- kalpasthiti, 5. jinakalpasthiti, 6 . sthavira - kalpasthiti | sarvasAvadyayogaviratirUpa sAmAyika svIkAra karane vAlA sAmAyikasaMyata kahalAtA hai / pUrva paryAya arthAt pahale kI sAdhu avasthA kA cheda arthAt nAza athavA kamI karake saMyama kI punaH sthApanA karane yogya zramaNa chedopasthApanIyasaMyata kahalAtA hai / isa kalpasthiti meM munijIvana kA adhyAya punaH prAraMbha hotA hai athavA punaH Age bar3hatA hai / parihAravizuddhi kalpa (tapavizeSa) kA sevana karane vAlA zramaNa nirvizamAna kahA jAtA hai| jisane parihAravizuddhika tapa kA sevana kara liyA ho use niviSTakAyika kahate haiM / gaccha se nirgata arthAt zramaNasaMgha kA tyAga kara ekAkI saMyama kI sAdhanA karane vAle sAdhuvizeSa jina arthAt -

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523 jinakalpika kahalAte haiM / gacchapratibaddha arthAt zramaNasaMgha meM rahakara saMyama kI ArAdhanA karane vAle AcArya Adi sthavira arthAt sthavirakalpika kahe jAte haiM / jinakalpika prAyaH acelakadharma kA AcaraNa karate haiM jabaki sthavirakalpika prAyaH sacelakadharma kA pAlana karate haiM / jinakalpika prAyaH bhojanAdi ke lie pAtra kA upayoga nahIM karate apitu apane hAthoM meM hI AhArAdi grahaNa karate haiM / sthavirakalpika bhojanAdi ke lie pAtra kA upayoga karate haiM / isa dRSTi se jinakalpika muni ko karapAtra athavA pANipAtra kaha sakate haiM / vastra maryAdA : AcArazAstra AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke aSTama adhyayana meM nirvastra, ekavastradhArI, dvivastradhArI evaM trivastradhArI nirgranthoM tathA dvitIya zrutaskandha kI prathama cUlA ke pA~caveM adhyayana meM caturvastradhArI nirgranthiyoM kA ullekha haiM / jo bhikSu tIna vastra rakhane vAlA hai use cauthe vastra kI kAmanA athavA yAcanA nahIM karanI cAhie / jo vastra use kalpya haiM unhIM kI kAmanA evaM yAcanA karanI cAhie, akalpya kI nahIM / kalpya vastra jaise bhI mileM, unheM binA kisI prakAra kA saMskAra kiye dhAraNa kara lenA cAhie / unheM dhonA athavA raMganA nahIM cAhie / yahI bAta do vastradhArI evaM eka vastradhArI bhikSu ke viSaya meM bhI samajhanI cAhie / taruNa bhikSu ke lie eka vastra dhAraNa karane kA vidhAna hai / bhikSuNI ke lie cAra vastra - saMghATiyA~ rakhane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai jinakA nApa isa prakAra hai: eka do hAtha kI, do tIna-tIna hAtha kI aura eka cAra hAtha kI ( lambI ) / do hAtha kI saMghATI upAzraya meM pahanane ke lie, -

Page #539
524 jaina dharma-darzana tIna-tIna hAtha kI do saMghATiyoM meM se eka bhikSAcaryA ke samaya dhAraNa karane ke lie tathA dUsarI zauca jAne ke samaya pahanane ke lie va cAra hAtha kI saMghATI samavasaraNa (dharmasabhA) meM sArA zarIra DhaMkane ke lie hai, aisA TIkAkAroM kA vyAkhyAna hai| yahA~ bhikSuNiyoM ke lie jina cAra vastroM ke dhAraNa kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai unakA 'saMghATI' (sAr3I athavA cAdara) zabda se nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| TIkAkAroM ne bhI inakA upayoga zarIra para lapeTane arthAt or3hane ke rUpa meM hI batAyA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki ina cAroM vastroM kA upayoga vibhinna avasaroM para or3hane ke rUpa meM karanA abhISTa hai, pahanane ke rUpa meM nahIM / ataH inheM sAdhviyoM ke uttarIya vastra arthAt sAr3I athabA cAdara ke rUpa meM samajhanA cAhie, antarIya vastra arthAt lahaMgA yA ghotI ke rUpa meM nhiiN| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki do hAtha aura yahA~ taka ki cAra hAtha lambA vastra Upara se nIce taka pUre zarIra para dhAraNa bhI kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataeva bhikSuNiyoM ke lie Upara jina cAra vastroM ke grahaNa evaM dhAraNa kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai unameM antarIya vastra kA samAveza nahIM hotA, aisA samajhanA caahie| bhikSuoM ke viSaya meM aisA kucha nahIM hai| ve eka vastra kA upayoga antarIya ke rUpa meM kara sakate haiM, do kA antarIya va uttarIya ke rUpa meM kara sakate haiM, Adi / yahAM taka ki ve acela arthAt nirvastra bhI raha sakate haiN| sAmAcArI : samAcArI athavA sAmAcArI kA artha hai samyakcaryA / zramaNa kI dinacaryA kaisI honI cAhie? isa prazna kA jaina AcArazAstra meM vyavasthita uttara diyA gayA hai| yaha uttara do rUpoM hai : sAmAnya dinacaryA va paryuSaNAkalpa / uttarAdhyayana Adi

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AcArazAstra maiM muni kI sAmAnya dinacaryA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai tathA kalpasUtra Adi meM paryuSaNAkalpa arthAt varSAvAsa (cAturmAsa ) se sambandhita viziSTa caryA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / 525 uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke chabbIsaveM adhyayana ke prArambha meM zramaNa kI sAmAnya caryArUpa sAmAcArI ke dasa prakAra batalAye gaye haiM : 1. AvazyakI, 2. naiSedhikI, 3. ApRcchanA, 4. pratipRcchanA, 5 chandanA, 6. icchAkAra, 7. mithyAkAra, 8. tathAkAra athavA tathyetikAra, 8. abhyutthAna, 10 upasaMpadA / kisI Avazyaka kArya ke nimitta upAzraya se bAhara jAte samaya 'maiM Avazyaka kArya ke lie bAhara jAtA hU~' yoM kahanA caahie| yaha AvazyakI sAmAcArI hai| bAhara se vApasa Akara 'aba mujhe bAhara nahIM jAnA hai' yoM kahanA caahie| yaha naiSedhikI sAmAcArI hai| kisI bhI kArya ko karane ke pUrva guru athavA jyeSTha muni se pUchanA cAhie ki kyA maiM yaha kArya kara lUM ? ise ApRcchanA kahate haiN| guru athavA jyeSTha muni ne jisa kArya ke lie pahale manA kara diyA ho usa kArya ke lie AvazyakatA hone para punaH pUchanA ki kyA aba maiM yaha kArya kara lUM. pratipRcchanA hai / lAye hue AhArAdi ke lie apane sAthI zramaNoM ko AmaMtrita kara dhanya honA chaMdanA hai / paraspara eka-dUsare kI icchA jAnakara anukUla vyavahAra karanA icchAkAra kahalAtA hai / pramAda ke kAraNa hone vAlI truTiyoM ke lie pazcAttApa kara unheM mithyA arthAt niSphala banAnA mithyAkAra kahalAtA hai / guru athavA jyeSTha muni kI AjJA svIkAra kara unake kathana kA 'tahatti' ( ApakA kathana yathArtha hai ) kahakara Adara karanA tathAkAra athavA tathyetikAra kahalAtA hai / uThane baiThane Adi meM apane se bar3oM ke

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529 jaina dharma-darzana prati bhakti evaM vinaya kA vyavahAra karanA abhyutthAna hai| bhagavatI (vyAkhyAprajJapti) sUtra (zataka 25) meM abhyutthAna ke sthAna para nimantraNA zabda hai| nimantraNA kA artha hai AhArAdi lAne ke lie jAte samaya sAthI zramaNoM ko bhI sAtha Ane ke lie nimantrita karanA athavA unase yaha pUchanA ki kyA Apake lie bhI kucha letA AUM? jJAnAdi kI prApti ke lie yogya guru kA Azraya grahaNa karanA upasaMpadA hai| isake lie zramaNa apane gaccha kA tyAga kara anya gaccha kA Azraya bhI le sakatA hai| __ muni ko divasa ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara apanI dinacaryA sampanna karanI caahie| use divasa ke prathama prahara meM mukhyataH svAdhyAya, dvitIya meM dhyAna, tRtIya meM bhikSAcaryA tathA caturtha meM phira svAdhyAya karanA caahie| isI prakAra rAtri ke cAra bhAgoM meM se prathama meM svAdhyAya, dvitIya meM dhyAna, tRtIya meM nidrA evaM caturtha meM punaH svAdhyAya karanA caahie| isa prakAra dina-rAta ke ATha pahara meM se cAra pahara svAdhyAya ke lie, do pahara dhyAna ke lie, eka pahara bhojana ke lie tathA eka pahara sone ke lie hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki zramaNa kI dinacaryA meM adhyayana kA sarvAdhika mahattva hai| isake bAda dhyAna ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| khAne-pIne ke lie dina meM eka bAra eka pahara kA samaya diyA gayA hai / isI prakAra sone ke lie bhI rAta ke samaya kevala eka pahara diyA gayA hai| svAdhyAya athavA adhyayana meM nimnokta pAMca kriyAoM kA samAveza kiyA jAtA hai : vAcanA, pRcchanA, parivartanA (punarAvartana), anuprekSA (cintana) aura dhrmkthaa| zramaNa kI isa saMkSipta dinacaryA kA vivecana karate hue batalAyA gayA hai ki. divasa ke prathama prahara ke prArambha ke

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520 caturtha bhAga meM vastra pAtrAdi kA pratilekhana ( nirIkSaNa) karane ke bAda guru ko namaskAra karasarva duHkhamukti ke lie svAdhyAya karanA cAhie / isI prakAra divasa ke antima prahara ke anta ke caturtha bhAga meM svAdhyAya se nivRtta hokara guru ko vaMdana karane ke bAda vastra pAtrAdi kA pratilekhana karanA cAhie / pratilekhana karate samaya paraspara vArtAlApa nahIM karanA cAhie aura na kisI anya se hI kisI prakAra kI bAtacIta karanI cAhie apitu apane kArya meM pUrNa sAvadhAnI rakhanI caahie| tRtIya prahara meM kSudhA vedanA kI zAnti Adi ke lie AhArapAnI kI gaveSaNA karanI caahie| AhAra- pAnI lene jAte samaya bhikSu ko pAtra Adi kA acchI taraha pramArjana kara lenA cAhie / bhikSA ke lie adhika-se-adhika AdhA yojana (do kosa ) taka jAnA cAhie / caturtha prahara ke anta meM svAdhyAya se nivRtta hone para evaM vastra pAtrAdi kI pratilekhanA kara lene para mala-mUtra kA tyAga karane kI bhUmi kA avalokana karane ke bAda kAyotsarga karanA caahie| kAyotsarga meM divasasambandhI aticAroM-- doSoM kI cintanA evaM AlocanA karanI cAhie / tadanantara rAtrikAlIna svAdhyAya Adi meM laga jAnA cAhie / rAtri ke caturtha prahara meM isa DhaMga se svAdhyAya karanA cAhie ki apanI AvAja se gRhastha jaga na jAyeM / caturtha prahara kA caturtha bhAga zeSa rahane para punaH kAyotsarga karanA cAhie evaM rAtrisambandhI aticAroM kI cintanA va AlocanA karanI cAhie / AcArazAstra kalpasUtra ke sAmAcArI nAmaka aMtima ullekha hai ki zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne varSA rAtasahita eka mahInA bItane para arthAt ASAr3ha . prakaraNa meM yaha Rtu kA bIsa mAsa ke anta

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520 jaina dharma-darzana kara lA kI utpatti kAyatayA cAtumAma taka meM cAturmAsa lagane ke bAda pacAsa dina vyatIta hone para varSAvAsa kiyaa| isa prakaraNa meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki isa samaya se pUrva bhI varSAvAsa kalpya hai kintu isa samaya kA ullaMghana karanA kalpya nahIM / isa prakAra jaina AcArazAstra ke anusAra muniyoM kA varSAvAsa cAturmAsa lagane se lekara pacAsa dina bItane taka kabhI bhI prArambha ho sakatA hai arthAt ASAr3ha zuklA caturdazI se lekara bhAdrapada zuklA paMcamI taka kisI bhI dina zurU ho sakatA hai| sAmAnyatayA cAturmAsa prArambha hote hI jIvajantuoM kI utpatti ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue muni ko varSAvAsa kara lenA cAhie / paristhitivizeSa kI dRSTi se use pacAsa dina kA samaya aura diyA gayA hai / isa samaya taka use varSAvAsa avazya kara lenA cAhie / varSAvAsa meM sthita nirgrantha-nirgranthiyoM ko bhI cAroM ora savA yojana arthAt pA~ca kosa taka kI avagraha-maryAdA-gamatAgamana kI kSetra-sImA rakhanA kalpya hai / hRSTapuSTa, Arogyayukta evaM balavAn nirgrantha-nirgranthiyoM ko dUdha, dahI, makkhana, ghI, tela Adi rasavikRtiyA~ bAra-bAra nahIM lenI caahie| __ nityabhojI bhikSa ko gocarakAla meM AhAra-pAnI ke lie gRhastha ke ghara kI ora eka bAra jAnA kalpya hai| AcArya Adi kI sevA ke nimitta adhika bAra bhI jAyA jA sakatA hai| caturthabhakta arthAt upavAsa karane vAle bhikSu ko upavAsa ke bAda prAtaHkAla gocarI ke lie nikala kara ho sake to usa samaya milane vAle AhAra-pAnI se hI usa dina kAma calA lenA caahie| vaisA zakya na hone para gocarakAla meM AhAra

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AcArazAstra 226 pAnI ke lie gahapati ke ghara kI ora eka bAra aura jAyA jA sakatA hai / isI prakAra SaSThabhakta arthAta do upavAsa karane vAle bhikSa ko gocarI ke samaya AhAra-pAnI ke lie gRhastha ke ghara ko ora do bAra aura jAnA kalpya hai / aSTamabhakta arthAt tIna upavAsa karane vAlA bhikSu gocarI ke samaya AhAra-pAnI ke lie gRhapati ke ghara kI ora tIna bAra aura jA sakatA hai| vikRSTabhakta arthAt aSTamabhakta se adhika tapa karane vAle bhikSa ke lie etadviSayaka koI nirdhArita saMkhyA athavA samaya nahIM hai| vaha apanI suvidhAnusAra kisI bhI samaya evaM kitanI hI bAra AhAra-pAnI ke lie gRhastha ke ghara jA sakatA hai| use isa viSaya meM pUrNa svatantratA hai| nitya bhojI bhikSu ko saba prakAra kA nirdoSa pAnI lenA kalpya hai| caturthabhakta karane vAle bhikSa ko nimnokta tIna prakAra kA pAnI grahaNa karanA kalpya hai : utsvedima arthAt pise hue anAja kA pAnI, saMsvedima arthAt ubale hue pattoM kA pAnI aura tandulodaka arthAt cAvala kA pAnI / SaSThabhakta karane vAle bhikSu ke lie nimnokta tIna prakAra kA pAnI vihita hai : tilodaka arthAt tila kA pAnI, tuSodaka arthAt tuSa kA pAnI aura yavodaka arthAt jI kA pAnI / aSTamabhakta karane vAle bhikSu ke lie nimnokta tIna prakAra kA pAnI vihita hai : AyAma arthAt pake hue cAvala kA pAnI, sauvIra arthAt kAMjI aura zuddhavikaTa arthAt garama paanii| vikRSTabhakta karane vAle bhikSa ko kevala garama pAnI grahaNa karanA kalpya hai / pANipAtra bhikSa ko tanika bhI pAnI barasatA ho to bhojana ke lie athavA pAnI ke lie nahIM nikalanA caahie| pAtra

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13. pena dharma-darzana dhArI bhikSu adhika varSA meM AhAra- pAnI ke lie bAhara nahIM jA sakatA / alpa varSA hotI ho to eka vastra aura or3hakara AhAra pAnI ke lie gRhastha ke ghara kI ora jA sakatA hai / bhikSA ke lie bAhara gayA huA muni varSA A jAne kI sthiti meM vRkSa Adi ke nIce Thahara sakatA hai evaM AvazyakatA hone para vahA~ AhAra- pAnI kA upabhoga bhI kara sakatA hai / use khApIkara pAtrAdi sApha kara sUrya rahate hue apane upAzraya meM cale jAnA cAhie kyoMki vahA~ rahakara rAtri vyatIta karanA akalpya hai / muni ko apane zarIra se pAnI Tapakane kI sthiti meM athavA apanA zarIra gIlA hone kI avasthA meM AhAra- pAnI kA upabhoga nahIM karanA cAhie / jaba use yaha mAlUma ho ki aba merA zarIra sUkha gayA hai taba AhAra pAnI kA upabhoga karanA caahie| paryuSaNA ke bAda arthAt varSARtu ke pacAsa dina vyatIta hone para nirgranya-nirgranthI ke sira para golomapramANa arthAt gAya ke bAla jitane keza bhI nahIM rahane caahie| kaiMcI se apanA muNDana karane vAle ko Adhe mahIne se muMDa honA cAhie, ustare se apanA muNDana karane vAle ko eka mahIne se tathA loMca se muMDa hone vAle ko arthAt hAthoM se bAla ukhAr3akara apanA muNDana karane vAle ko chaH mahIne se muNDa honA caahie| sthavira (vRddha) vArSika loMca kara sakatA hai / zramaNa zramaNiyoM ko paryuSaNA ke bAda adhikaraNayukta arthAt klezakArI vANI bolanA akalpya hai / paryuSaNA ke dina unheM paraspara kSamAyAcanA karanI cAhie evaM upazamabhAva kI vRddhi

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AcArazAstra 531 karanI cAhie kyoMki jo upazamabhAva rakhatA hai vahI ArAdhaka hotA hai| zramaNatva kA sAra upazama hI hai ataH jo upazamabhAva nahIM rakhatA vaha virAdhaka kahA jAtA hai| paMDitamaraNa : maraNa do prakAra kA hotA hai : bAlamaraNa aura paMDitamaraNa / ajJAniyoM kA maraNa bAlamaraNa evaM jJAniyoM kA maraNa paMDitamaraNa kahA jAtA hai| jo viSayoM meM Asakta hote haiM evaM mRtyu se bhayabhIta rahate haiM ve ajJAnI bAla maraNa se marate haiN| jo viSayoM meM anAsakta hote haiM yathA mRtyu se nirbhaya rahate haiM ve jJAnI paMDitabharaNa se marate haiM / cUMki paMDitamaraNa meM saMyamI kA citta samAdhiyukta hotA hai arthAt saMyamI ke citta meM sthiratA evaM samabhAva kI vidyamAnatA hotI hai ataH paMDitamaraNa ko samAdhimaraNa bhI kahate haiN| jaba bhikSu yA bhikSuNI ko yaha.pratIti ho jAya ki merA zarIra tapa Adi ke kAraNa atyanta kRza ho gayA hai athavA roga Adi kAraNoM se atyanta durvala ho gayA hai athavA anya kisI Akasmika kAraNa se mRtyu samIra A gaI hai evaM saMyama kA nirvAha asaMbhava ho gayA hai taba vaha kramaza: AhAra kA saMkoca karatA huA kaSAya ko kRza kare, zarIra ko samAhita kare evaM zAnta citta se zarIra kA parityAga kre| isI kA nAma samAdhimaraNa athavA paMDitamaraNa hai| cUMki isa prakAra ke maraNa meM zarIra evaM kaSAya ko kRza kiyA jAtA hai-kuredA jAtA hai ataH ise saMlekhanA bhI kahate haiM / saMlekhanA meM nirjIva ekAnta sthAna meM tRNazayyA (saMstAraka) bichA kara AhArAdi kA parityAga kiyA jAtA hai ataH ise saMthArA (saMstAraka) bhI kahate haiM /

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jaina dharma-darzana AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke AThaveM adhyayana meM samAdhimaraNa svIkAra karane vAle ko buddha va brAhmaNa kahA gayA hai evaM isa maraNa ko mahAvIropadiSTa batAyA gayA hai / samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karane vAle kI mAdhyasthyavRtti kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vaha saMyamI na jIvita rahane kI AkAMkSA rakhatA hai, na mRtyu kI prArthanA karatA hai / vaha jIvana aura maraNa meM Asaktirahita hotA hai - samabhAva rakhatA hai / isa avasthA meM yadi koI hiMsaka prANI usake zarIra kA mAMsa va rakta khA jAya to bhI vaha usa prANI kA hanana nahIM karatA aura na use apane zarIra se dUra hI karatA hai / vaha yaha samajhatA hai ki ye prANI usake nazvara zarIra kA hI nAza karate haiM, amara AtmA kA nahIM / 532 zrAvakAcAra : jaina AcArazAstra meM vratadhArI gRhastha zrAvaka, upAsaka, aNuvratI, dezavirata, sAgAra Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai / cUMki vaha zraddhApUrvaka apane gurujanoM arthAt zramaNoM se nirgranthapravacana kA zravaNa karatA hai ataH use zrAddha athavA zrAvaka kahate 'haiN| zramaNavarga kI upAsanA karane ke kAraNa vaha zramaNopAsaka athavA upAsaka kahalAtA hai / aNuvratarUpa ekadezIya arthAt apUrNa saMyama athavA virati dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa use aNuvratI, dezavirata, dezasaMyamI athavA dezasaMyata kahA jAtA hai / cUMki vaha AgAra arthAt ghara vAlA hai - usane gharabAra kA tyAga nahIM kiyA hai ataeva use sAgAra, AgArI, gRhastha, gRhI Adi nAmoM se pukArA jAtA hai | zrAvakAcAra se sambandhita graMthoM athavA prakaraNoM meM upAsaka-dharma kA pratipAdana tIna prakAra se kiyA gayA hai : 1. bAraha vratoM ke AdhAra para, 2. gyAraha pratimAoM ke -

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mAcArazAstra 533 AdhAra para, 3. pakSa, caryA athavA niSThA evaM sAdhana ke AdhAra pr| AsakadazAMga, tattvArthasUtra, ratnakaraNDaka-zrAvakAcAra Adi meM saMlekhanAsahita bAraha vratoM ke AdhAra para zrAvaka-dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne cAritraprAbhata meM, svAmI kArtikeya ne anuprekSA meM evaM AcArya vasunandi ne vamanandizrAvakAcAra meM gyAraha pratimAoM ke AdhAra para zrAvaka-dharma kA prarUpaNa kiyA hai| paMDita AzAdhara ne sAgAradharmAmRta meM pakSa, niSThA evaM sAdhana ke AdhAra para zrAvaka-dharma kA vivecana kiyA hai / isa paddhati ke bIja AcArya jinasena ke AdipurANa (parva 36)meM pAye jAte haiM / isameM sAvadha kriyA arthAt hiMsA kI zuddhi ke tIna prakAra batAye gaye haiM : pakSa, caryA aura sAdhana / nirgrantha deva, nirgrantha guru tathA nirgrantha dharma ko hI mAnanA pakSa hai| aisA pakSa rakhane vAle gRhastha ko pAkSika zrAvaka kahate haiM / aise zrAvaka kI AtmA meM maitrI, pramoda, karuNA va mAdhyasthyavRtti hotI hai / jIvahiMsA na karate hue nyAyapUrvaka AjIvikA kA upArjana karanA tathA zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM evaM gyAraha pratimAoM kA pAlana karanA caryA athavA niSThA hai / isa prakAra kI caryA kA AcaraNa karane vAle gRhastha ko naiSThika zrAvaka kahate haiM / jIvana ke anta meM AhArAdi kA sarvathA tyAga karanA sAdhana hai / isa prakAra ke sAdhana ko apanAte hue dhyAnazuddhipUrvaka Atmazodhana karane vAle gRhastha ko sAdhaka zrAvaka kahate haiM / zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM meM se prathama pA~ca aNuvrata, bAda ke tIna guNavrata evaM antima cAra zikSAvrata kahalAte haiN| yadyapi zvetAmbara va digambara graMthoM meM guNavatoM evaM zikSAvratoM ke nAmoM va gaNanAkrama meM paraspara evaM Antarika donoM prakAra ke matabheda haiM tathApi yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki dizAparimANa, bhogo ___

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534 baina dharma-darzana pabhogaparimANa evaM anarthadaNDaviramaNarUpa guNavata tathA sAmAyika, dezAvakAzika, pauSadhopavAsa evaM atithisaMvibhAgarUpa zikSAbata sAdhAraNatayA abhISTa evaM upayukta haiN| aNuvrata : zramaNa ke ahiMsAdi pA~ca mahAvratoM kI apekSA laghu hone ke kAraNa zrAvaka ke prathama pA~ca vrata aNuvrata arthAt laghuvrata kahalAte haiN| jisa prakAra sarvavirata zramaNa ke lie pA~ca mahA ta prANabhata haiM usI prakAra zrAvaka ke lie pAMca aNuvrata jIvanarUpa haiN| jaise pAMca mahAvratoM ke abhAva meM zrAmaNya nirjIva hotA hai vaise hI pA~ca aNuvratoM ke abhAva meM zrAvaka-dharma niSprANa hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki aguvratoM ko zrAvaka ke mUlaguNa kahA jAtA hai| zrAvaka ke mUlaguNarUpa pA~ca aNuvratoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM : 1 syUla prANAtipAta-viramaNa, 2. sthUla mRSAvAdaviramaNa, 3. sthUla adattAdAna-viramaNa, 4. svadAra-saMtoSa, 5. icchA-parimANa / 1. sthUla prANAtipAta-viramaNa-sarvavirata arthAt mahAvatI muni prANAtipAta arthAt hiMsA kA pUrNa tyAgI hotA hai (pramAdajanya athavA kaSAyajanya hiMsA kA sarvathA tyAga karatA hai) jabaki deza virata arthAt aNuvratI zrAvaka kevala syUla hiMsA kA tyAga karatA hai kyoMki gRhastha hone ke nAte use aneka prakAra se sUkSma hiMsA to karanI hI par3atI hai| isIlie zrAvaka kA prANAtipAtaviramaNa arthAt hiMsA-virati sthUla hai / zramaNa kI sarva hiMsA-virati kI tulanA meM zrAvaka kI sthUla hiMsAvirati dezavirati arthAt AMzika virati kahI jAtI hai| isake dvArA vyakti AMzika ahiMsA kI sAdhanA karatA hai-ahiMsAvata

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AcArazAstra 135 kA AMzika rUpa se pAlana karatA hai| zramaNa mana, vacana athavA kAyA se kisI bhI prANI kI-cAhe trasa ho athavA sthAvara-na to hiMsA karatA hai, na kisI se karavAtA hai aura na karane vAle kA samarthana hI karatA hai| isa prakAra zramaNa hiMpA kA tIna yoga (mana, vacana va kAyA ) aura tIna karaNa ( karanA, karavAnA va anumodana karanA) pUrvaka tyAga karatA hai| usakA yaha tyAga sarvavirati kahalAtA hai| zrAvaka isa prakAra hiMsA kA tyAga nahIM krtaa| vaha kevala trasa (dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya evaM paMcendriya ) prANiyoM kI hiMsA se virata hotA hai| usakI yaha virati sAmAnyatayA tIna yoga va tIna karaNapUrvaka nahIM apitu tIna yoga va do karaNapUrvaka hotI hai| vaha niraparAdha prANiyoM ko mana, vacana athavA kAyA se na svayaM mAratA hai aura na dUsaroM se maravAtA hai| zrAvaka aisI koI bhI pravRtti karane ke lie svatantra hotA hai jisameM sthUla himA kI saMbhAvanA na ho / isa prakAra kI pravRtti vaha dUsaroM se bhI karavA sakatA hai| sAvadhAnIpUrvaka vrata kA pAlana karate hue bhI kabhI kabhI pramAdavaza athavA ajJAnavaza doSa lagane kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai| isa prakAra ke doSoM ko aticAra kahA jAtA hai / sthUla ahiMsA athavA sthUla prANAtipAta-viramaNa ke pA~ca mukhya aticAra haiM : 1. bandha, 2. vadha, 3. chaviccheda, 4. atibhAra, 5. annapAnanirodha / ye athavA isI prakAra ke anya aticAra zrAvaka ke jAnane yogya haiM, AcaraNa karane yogya nhiiN| bandha kA artha hai kisI trasa prANI ko kaThina baMdhana se bA~dhanA athavA use apane iSTa sthAna para jAne se rokanA / apane adhInastha vyaktiyoM ko nizcita samaya se adhika kAla taka rokanA, unase nirdiSTa /

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136 jaina dharma-darzana samaya ke uparAnta kArya lenA, unheM apane iSTa sthAna para jAne meM aMtarAya pahuMcAnA Adi baMba ke hI antargata haiN| kisI bhI trasa prANI ko mAranA vadha hai / pITanA bhI vadha kA hI eka rUpa hai / apane Azrita vyaktiyoM ko athavA anya kisI ko nirdayatApUrvaka yA krodhavaza mAranA pITanA, gAya, bhaiMsa, ghor3A, baila Adi ko lakar3I, cAka, patthara Adi se mAranA, kisI para anAvazyaka athavA anucita Arthika bhAra DAlanA, kisI kI lAcArI kA anucita lAbha uThAnA, kisI kA anaitika DhaMga se zoSaNa kara apanI svArthapUrti karanA Adi kriyAe~ vadha meM samAviSTa haiM / pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se kisI prANI kI hatyA karanA, kisI ko mAranA pITanA, saMtApa pahuMcAnA, tar3apAnA, cUsanA Adi vadha ke hI vividha rUpa haiM / anItipUrvaka kisI kI AjIvikA chInanA athavA naSTa karanA bhI vadha kA hI eka rUpa hai / tIsarA aticAra chaviccheda hai / kisI bhI prANI ke aMgopAMga kATanA chaviccheda kahalAtA hai / cUMki chaviccheda se prANI ko pIr3A hotI hai ataH vaha tyAjya hai / chaviccheda kI taraha vRtticcheda bhI doSayukta hai / kisI kI vRtti arthAt AjIvikA kA sarvathA cheda karanA yAne rojI chIna lenA to vavarUpa hone ke kAraNa doSayukta hai ho, ucita pArizramika meM nyUnatA karanA, kama vetana denA, kama majadUrI denA, anucita rUpa se vetana yA majadUrI kATa lenA, naukara yA majadUra ko chuTTI Adi kI pUrI suvidhAeM na denA Adi kriyAe~ bhI chaviccheda kI hI bhA~ti doSayukta haiN| cauthA aticAra atibhAra hai| baina, UMTa, azva Adi pazuoM para athavA majadUra, naukara Adi manuSyoM para unakI zakti se adhika bojha lAdanA atibhAra kahalAtA | hai zakti evaM samaya hone para bhI apanA kAma khuda na kara dUsaroM se

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AcArazAstra 530 karavAnA athavA kisI se zakti se adhika kAma lenA bhI atibhAra hI hai| pAMcavA~ aticAra annapAna nirodha hai| kisI ke khAna-pAna meM rukAvaTa DAlane vAlA isa aticAra kA bhAgI hotA hai| naukara Adi ko samaya para khAnA na denA, pUrA khAnA na denA, ThIka khAnA na denA, apane pAsa saMgraha hone para bhI AvazyakatA ke samaya kisI kI sahAyatA na karanA, apane adhInastha pazuoM evaM manuSyoM ko paryApta khAnA Adi na denA annapAnanirodha hai / zrAvaka ko ina saba aticAroM se dUra rahanA cAhie-isa prakAra ke aneka doSoM se bacanA caahie| 2. sthUla mRSAvAda-viramaNa-jisa prakAra zramaNopAsaka ke lie sthUla prANAtipAta arthAt hiMsA se bacanA Avazyaka hai usI prakAra usake lie sthUla mRSAvAda arthAt jhUTha se bacanA bhI jarUrI hai / jisa prakAra hiMsA na karanA prANAtipAta-viramaNa vrata kA niSedhAtmaka pakSa hai tathA rakSA, anukampA, paropakAra Adi karanA ahiMsA kA vidheyAtmaka rUpa hai usI prakAra asatya vacana na bolanA mRSAvAda-viramaNa vrata kA niSedhAtmaka pakSa hai tathA satya vacana bolanA isa vrata kA vidheyAtmaka rUpa hai| isase vyakti ko satyaniSTha hone kI zikSA milatI hai| usake jIvana meM sacAI va ImAnadArI kA vikAsa hotA hai / ahiMsA kI ArAdhanA ke lie satya kI ArAdhanA anivArya hai| jhUThA vyakti sahI artha meM ahiMsaka nahIM ho sktaa| saccA ahiMsaka kabhI asatya AcaraNa nahIM kara sktaa| satya aura ahiMsA kA itanA adhika ghaniSTha sambandha hai ki eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI ArAdhanA azakya hai / ye donoM paraspara pUraka tathA anyonyAzrita haiN| gRhastha ke lie sAdhAraNatayA mRSAvAda kA sarvathA tyAga

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530 baina dharma-darzana arthAt makSA asatya kA parityAga zakya nahIM hotaa| hA~, vaha sthUla mRSAvAda kA tyAga avazya kara sakatA hai| isIlie zrAvaka ke lie sthUla prANAtipAta-viramaNa ke vidhAna kI bhA~ti sthUla mRSAvAda-viramaNa kA bhI vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| sthala jhU kA tyAga bhI sAdhAraNatayA sthUla hiMsA ke tyAga ke hI samAna do karaNa va tIna yogapUrvaka hotA hai| sthUla jhUTha kise samajhanA cAhie? jisa jhUTha se samAja meM pratiSThA na rahe, sAthiyoM meM prAmANikatA na mAnI jAya, logoM meM apratIti ho, rAjadaNDa kA bhAgI honA par3e use sthUla jhUTha samajhanA caahie| isa prakAra ke jhUTha se manuSya kA caturmukhI patana hotA hai| aneka kAraNoM se manuSya sthUla jhUTha kA prayoga karatA hai / udAharaNa ke lie apane putra-putriyoM ke vivAha ke nimitta sAmane vAle pakSa ke sammukha jhUThI prazaMsA karanA-karavAnA, pazu-pakSiyoM ke kraya-vikraya ke nimitta mithyA prazaMsA kA Azraya lenA, bhUmi ke sambandha meM jhUTha bolanA-bulavAnA, anya vastuoM ke viSaya meM jhUTha kA prayoga karanA, naukarI Adi ke lie asatya kA Azraya lenA, kisI kI dharohara Adi dabAkara vizvAsaghAta karanA, jhUThI gavAhI denA-dilAnA, rizvata khAnA-khilAnA, jhUThe ko saccA yA sacce ko jhaThA siddha karane kA prayatna karanA Adi / zrAvaka ke isa prakAra kA jhUTha bolane-bulavAne kA mana, vacana va tana se tyAga hotA hai| ... sAvadhAnIpUrvaka sthUla mRSAvAda-viramaNa vrata kA pAlana karate hue bhI etadviSayaka jina aticAroM-doSoM kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai ve pradhAnatayA pA~ca prakAra ke haiM. : 1. sahasA-abhyAkhyAna, 2. rahasya-abhyAkhyAna, 3 svadAra athavA svapati-maMtrabheda, 4.. mRSA-upadeza, 5. kUTa-lekhakaraNa / binA soce-samajhe, binA ___ ..

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AcArazAstra 139 dekhe-sune kisI ke viSaya meM kucha dhAraNA banA lenA athavA nirNaya de denA, kisI para mithyA kalaMka lagAnA, kisI ke prati logoM meM galata dhAraNA paidA karanA, sajjana ko durjana, guNI ko avaguNI, jJAnI ko ajJAnI kahanA Adi sahasA-abhyAkhyAna aticAra ke atargata haiM / kisI kI gupta bAta kisI ke sAmane prakaTa kara usake sAtha vizvAsaghAta karanA rahasya-abhyAkhyAna hai| pati-patnI kA eka-dUsare kI gupta bAtoM ko kisI anya ke sAmane prakaTa karanA svadAra athavA svapati-maMtrabheda hai / kisI ko saca-jhUTha samajhAkara kumArga para le jAnA mRpopadeza hai| jhUThe lekha likhanA, jhUThe dastAveja taiyAra karanA, jhUThe hastAkSara karanA athavA jhUThA aMgUThA lagAnA, jhaThe bahI-khAte taiyAra karanA, jhUThe sikke banAnA athavA calAnA Adi kUTa-lekhakaraNa aticAra ke antargata haiM / zrAvaka ko ina sabase tathA isa prakAra ke anya aticAroM se bacanA caahie| use sadA sAvadhAna rahakara satya kI ArAdhanA karanI caahie| ..3. sthUla adattAdAna-viramaNa-ahiMsA va satya ke samyaka pAlana ke lie atrIrya arthAt adattAdAna-viramaNa Avazyaka hai| zrAvaka ke lie jisa prakAra kA acaurya athavA asteya Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai use sthUla adattAdAna-viramaNa kahate haiM / sAdhu ke lie to vinA anumati ke daMtazodhanArtha tRNa uThAnA bhI vajita hai arthAt vaha binA dI huI koI bhI vastu grahaNa nahIM krtaa| zrAvaka ke lie aisA Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gayA hai| vaha sUkSma adattAdAna kA tyAga na bhI kare tathApi use sthUla adattAdAna kA tyAga to karanA hI par3atA hai / adattAdAna kA zabdArtha hai binA dI huI vastu. (adatta) kA grahaNa (AdAna) / ise sAmAnya bhASA meM corI kahate haiM / zrAvaka ke lie aisI corI kA tyAga ani

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jaina dharma-darzana vArya hai jisake karane se rAjadaNDa bhoganA par3e, samAja meM avizvAsa utpanna ho, prAmANikatA naSTa ho, pratiSThA ko dhakkA lage / isa prakAra kI corI kA tyAga hI jaina AcAra-zAstra meM sthUla adattAdAna- viramaNa vrata ke nAma se prasiddha hai / sthUla corI ke kucha udAharaNa ye haiM : kisI ke ghara Adi meM seMdha lagAnA, kisI kI gA~Tha kATanA, kisI kA tAlA tor3anA, kisI ko lUTanA, kisI kI cIja binA pUche uThAkara rakha lenA, kisI kA gar3A huA dhana nikAla lenA, DAkA DAlanA, ThaganA, milI huI vastu kA patA lagAne kI koziza na karanA athavA patA lagane para bhI use na lauTAnA, cauryabuddhi se kisI ko vastu uThA lenA athavA apane pAsa rakha lenA Adi / zrAvaka corI kA tyAga bhI sAdhAraNatayA do karaNa va tIna yogapUrvaka hI karatA hai / 54 adattAdAna - viramaNa vrata ke mukhya pA~ca aticAra haiM : 1. stenAhRta, 2 . taskaraprayoga, 3. rAjyAdiviruddha karma, 4. kUTatola kUTamAna, 5. tatpratirUpaka vyavahAra | ajJAnavaza yaha samajha kara ki corI karane va karAne meM pApa hai kintu curAI huI vastu lene meM kyA harja hai, corI kA mAla lenA stenAhRta aticAra hai / corI karane kI preraNA denA, cora ko sahAyatA denA, taskara ko zaraNa denA, zastrAstra Adi dvArA DAkuoM kI madada karanA, luTeroM kA pakSa lenA Adi kriyAeM taskaraprayoga ke antargata haiM / prajA ke hita ke lie bane hue rAjya Adi ke niyamoM ko bhaMga karanA rAjyAdiviruddha karma hai / isa aticAra ke antargata nimnokta kAryoM kA samAveza hotA hai : avaidhAnika vyApAra karanA, kara curAnA, binA anumati ke pararAjya kI sImA meM praveza karanA, niSiddha vastueM eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para athavA

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AcArazAstra 541 eka deza se dUsare deza meM lAnA-lejAnA, rAjyahita ke viruddha gupta kArya karanA, svArthavaza rAjya ke kisI bhI kAnUna kA bhaMga karanA, samAja ke kisI bhI hitakara niyama kI avahelanA karanA Adi / lena-dena meM nyUnAdhikatA kA prayoga karanA kUTatolakUTamAna kahalAtA hai| vastuoM meM milAvaTa karanA tatpratirUpaka vyavahAra hai / bahumUlya vastu meM alpamUlya vastu milAnA, zuddha vastu meM azuddha vastu milAnA, supathya vastu meM kupathya vastu milAnA aura isa prakAra anucita lAbha uThAnA zrAvaka ke lie vajita hai| 4 svadAra-santoSa-apanI bhAryA ke sivAya zeSa samasta striyoM ke sAtha maithunasevana kA mana, vacana va kAyApUrvaka tyAga karanA svadAra-santoSa vrata kahalAtA hai| jisa prakAra zrAvaka ke lie svadAra-santoSa kA vidhAna hai usI prakAra zrAvikA ke lie svapati-santoSa kA niyama samajhanA caahie| apane bhartA ke atirikta anya samasta puruSoM ke sAtha mana, vacana aura kAyApUrvaka mathunasevana kA tyAga karanA svAti-santoSa kahalAtA hai| zrAvaka ke lie svadAra-santoSa evaM zrAvikA ke lie svapati-santoSa anivArya hai| zramaNa-zramaNI ke lie maithuna kA sarvathA tyAga vihita hai jabaki zrAvaka-zrAvikA ke lie maithuna kI maryAdA nizcita kI gaI hai| sthUla prANAtipAta-viramaNa Adi kI samakakSa bhASA meM ise sthUla maithuna-viramaNa kaha sakate haiN| jaba zrAvaka maithunasevana kI svadArasaMtoSarUpa maryAdA nizcita karatA hai to usameM paradAratyAga, vezyAtyAga, kumArikAtyAga Adi svataH A jAte haiN| aisA hote hue bhI kaI bAra viSaya

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542 jaina dharma-darzana vRtti kI adhInatA ke kAraNa vaha jAne - ajAne aisI galata galiyA~ nikAla sakatA hai jinase vratabhaMga bhI na ho aura maithunecchA bhI pUrI ho jAya / yahI galiyA~ sthUla maithuna viramaNa vrata ke aticAra haiM / ye doSarUpa hone ke kAraNa tyAjya haiM / inakA anya vratoM ke aticAroM kI hI bhA~ti nimnokta pA~ca rUpoM meM pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai: itvarika parigRhItA- gamana, aparigRhItA - gamana, anaMgakrIr3A, paravivAhakaraNa aura kaambhogtiivraabhilaassaa| jo striyA~ paradArakoTi meM nahIM AtIM aisI striyoM ko dhana Adi kA lAlaca dekara kucha samaya taka apanI banA lenA arthAt svadArakoTi meM le AnA tathA unake sAtha kAmabhoga kA sevana karanA itvarika parigRhInA-gamana kahalAtA hai / itvara arthAt alakAla parigrahaNa arthAt svIkAra, gamana arthAt kAmabhoga- sevana / itvarika parigRhItA-gamana arthAt alpakAla ke lie svIkAra kI huI strI ke sAtha kAmabhoga kA sevana karanA - kucha samaya ke lie rakhI huI kisI mahilA ke sAtha maithunasevana karanA / jo strI apane lie aparigRhIta arthAt asvIkRta hai usake sAtha kAmabhoga kA sevana karanA aparigRhItA-gamana hai / isa prakAra kI striyoM meM nimnokta nAriyoM kA samAveza hotA hai : jisake sAtha sambandha nizcita ho gayA ho kintu vivAha na huA ho, jo avivAhita kanyA ke rUpa meM hI ho, jisakA pati mara gayA ho, jo vezyA kA vyavasAya karatI ho, jo apane pati dvArA chor3a dI gaI ho athavA jisane apane pati ko chor3a diyA ho, jisakA pati pAgala ho gayA ho, jo apanI dAsI athavA naukarAnI ke rUpa meM kAma karatI ho ityAdi / ina sava prakAra kI striyoM ke sAtha svadAra saMtoSa, jisakA ki niSedhAtmaka rUpa paradAravivarjana hai, kA pUrA artha na samajhane ke

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AcArazAstra 543 kAraNa athavA bhUla se maithuna sevana kA prasaMga upasthita honA aparigRhItA-gamana aticAra hai| jisa kisI strI ke sAtha kAmotejaka krIr3A karanA, jisa kisI strI kA kAmottejaka AliMgana karanA, hastakarma Adi kuceSTAeM karanA, kRtrima sAdhanoM dvArA kAmAcAra kA sevana karanA Adi kAmavardhaka pravRttiyA~ anaMgakrIr3A ke antargata AtI haiM / (kanyAdAna meM puNya samajhakara athavA rAgAdi ke kAraNa dUsaroM ke lie lar3ake-lar3akiyA~ DhUMDhanA, unakI zAdiyAM karanA Adi karma paravivAhakaraNa aticAra ke antargata haiN| kartavyabuddhi athavA sahAyatAbuddhi se vaisA karane meM koI doSa nhiiN| svasantati ke vivAha Adi kA dAyitva to svadArasaMtoSa se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa zrAvaka para svataH A jAtA hai / ataeva apane putra-putriyoM kI zAdI Adi kA samucita prabandha karanA zrAvaka ke caturtha aNuvrata svadAra-santoSa kI maryAdA ke hI antargata hai| pA~ca indriyoM meM se cakSu aura zrotra ke viSaya rUpa aura zabda ko kAma kahate haiM kyoMki inase kAmanA to hotI hai kintu bhoga nahIM hotaa| ghrANa, rasanA va sparzana ke viSaya gaMdha, rasa va sparza bhogarUpa haiM kyoMki ye tInoM indriyA~ apane apane viSaya ke bhoga se hI tRpta hotI haiN| ina kAmarUpa evaM bhogarUpa viSayoM meM atyanta Asakti rakhanA arthAt inakI atyadhika AkAMkSA karanA kAmabhoga-tIvrAbhilApA aticAra kahalAtA hai| bAjIkaraNa Adi ke sevana dvArA athavA kAmazAstrokta prayogoM dvArA maithunecchA ko adhikAdhika uddIpta karanA bhI kAmabhoga-tIvAbhilASArUpa aticAra hai| apanI patnI ke sAtha amaryAdita Dhaga se maithuna kA sevana karanA bhI kAmabhoga-tIvrAbhilASA aticAra hI kahalAtA hai kyoMki isase santoSaguNa kA ghAta hotA hai tathA mana meM sadA kAmottejanA

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544 baina dharma-darzana banI rahatI hai jo apane Apa ke lie tathA apanI patnI ke lie duHkhadAyI hotI hai| uparyukta aticAroM se sadAcAra dUSita hotA hai| ataH zrAvaka ko inase bacanA caahie| zrASikA ke lie svapati-santoSarUpa sthala maithuna-viramaNa vrata kA tathA tadviSayaka samasta aticAroM kA Avazyaka parivartana ke sAtha yathocita zabdoM meM saMyojana kara lenA caahie| 5. icchA-parimANa-manuSya kI icchA AkAza ke samAna ananta hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki yadi icchA para niyantraNa na kiyA jAya to vaha kadApi tRpta nahIM ho sakatI / icchA-tRpti kA zreSTha upAya hai icchA-niyantraNa / gRhasthAvasthA meM rahate hue icchAoM kA sarvathA tyAga saMbhava nhiiN| hA~, icchAoM kI maryAdA avazya bA~dhI jA sakatI hai / isI icchA-maryAdA athavA icchAniyantraNa kA nAma hai icchA-parimANa / yaha zrAvaka kA pAMcavAM aNuvrata hai| jaba icchA parimita ho jAtI hai taba tamUlaka mamatva tathA tajjanya saMgraha athavA parigraha bhI parimita ho jAtA hai| pariNAmataH zrAvaka jo kucha bhI upArjana athavA saMgraha karatA hai vaha kevala AvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie hI hotA hai| usase vaha saMtoSapUrvaka apanI tathA apane AzritoM kI parimita icchA kI pUrti karatA hai| zrAvaka kI isa prakAra kI parigrahaparimiti kA hI dUsarA nAma sthUla parigraha-viramaNa hai| anya vratoM kI bhAMti icchA-parimANa arthAt parigraha-parimANa vrata ke bhI pA~ca aticAra batalAye gaye haiM jo vividha padArthoM kI maryAdA ke ullaMghana se sambandhita haiN| ye aticAra isa prakAra haiM : 1 kSetra vAstu-parimANa-atikramaNa, 2. hiraNyasuvarNa-parimANa-atikramaNa, 3. dhanavAnya-parimANa-atikramaNa,

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AcArazAstra 545 meM gumANa vrata, aNavatoM kI hotI hai aviza 4. dvipadacatuSpada-parimANa-atikramaNa, 5. kupya'-parimANaatikramaNa / maryAdA se adhika parigraha kI prApti hone para usakA dAnAdi satkAryoM meM upayoga kara lenA caahie| isase parigraha-parimANa vrata kI AsAnI se rakSA ho sakatI hai tathA samAjahita ke kAryoM ko Avazyaka protsAhana mila sakatA hai| guNavata: aNuvratoM kI rakSA tathA vikAsa ke lie jaina AcArazAstra meM guNavatoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| guNavrata tIna haiM : 1. dizAparimANa vrata, 2. upabhoga-paribhoga-parimANa vrata, 3. anarthadaNDaviramaNa vrata / aNuvratoM kI bhAvanAoM kI dRr3hatA ke lie jina vizeSa guNoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai unheM guNavrata kahA jAtA hai| inakI upasthiti meM aNuvratoM kI rakSA vizeSa saralatA se ho sakatI hai| 1. dizA-parimANa-apanI tyAgavRtti ke anusAra vyavasAyAdi pravRttiyoM ke nimitta dizAoM kI maryAdA nizcita karanA dizA-parimANa vrata hai| isa guNavrata se icchA-parimANa athavA parigraha-parimANarUpa pA~caveM aNuvrata kI rakSA hotI hai| dizA-parimANa vrata ke nimnokta pA~ca aticAra haiM : 1. UrdhvadizA-parimANa-atikramaNa, 2. adhodizA-parimANa-atikramaNa, 3. tiryadizA-parimANa-atikramaNa, 4. kSetravRddhi, 5. smRtyantardhA / pramAdavaza athavA ajJAna ke kAraNa UMcI dizA ke nizcita parimANa kA ullaMghana karane para lagane vAle doSa kA nAma UrdhvadizA-parimANa-atikramaNa hai| nIcI dizA ke parimANa kA 1. kupya arthAt suvarNa aura cAMdI ko chor3akara anya dhAtu Adi ke upakaraNa /

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546 yena dharma-darzana ullaMghana karane para jo doSa lagatA hai use adhodizA- parimANaatikramaNa kahate haiN| UMcI va nIcI dizAoM ke atirikta pUrvAdi samasta dizAoM ke parimANa kA ullaMghana karanA tiryagdizA - parimANa atikramaNa hai / eka dizA ke parimANa kA amuka aMza dUsarI dizA ke parimANa meM milA denA va isa prakAra manamAne DhaMga se kSetra kI maryAdA bar3hA lenA kSetravRddhi aticAra hai / sImA kA smaraNa na rahane para lagane vAle doSa arthAt aticAra kA nAma smRtyantardhA hai| maiMne sau yojana kI maryAdA kA vrata grahaNa kiyA hai yA pacAsa yojana kI maryAdA kA ? isa prakAra kA sandeha hone para athavA smaraNa na hone para pacAsa yojana se Age na jAnA hI anumata hai, cAhe vAstava meM maryAdA sau yojana kI hI kyoM na ho / yadi ajJAna athavA vismRti se kSetra ke parimANa kA ullaMghana huA ho to vApisa lauTa AnA cAhie, mAlUma hone para Age nahIM jAnA cAhie, na kisI ko bhejanA hI caahie| vaise hI koI gayA ho to usake dvArA prApta vastu kA upayoga bhI nahIM karanA caahie| vismRti ke kAraNa khuda gayA ho va koI vastu prApta huI ho to usakA bhI tyAga kara denA cAhie / 2. upabhogaparibhoga- parimANa - jo vastu eka bAra upayoga meM AtI hai use upabhoga kahate haiN| bAra-bAra kAma meM Ane vAlI vastu ko paribhoga kahA jAtA hai / upabhoga evaM paribhoga kI maryAdA nizcita karanA upabhogaparibhoga-parimANa vrata hai / isa vrata se ahiMsA evaM saMtoSa kI rakSA hotI hai| isase jIvanameM saralatA evaM sAdagI AtI hai tathA vyakti ko mahArambha, mahA parigraha tathA mahAtRSNA se mukti milatI hai / zAstrakAroM ne upabhogaparibhogasambandhI 26 prakAra kI vastuoM kI ginatI

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47 kI hai| zrAvaka ko ina vastuoM kI tathA inake atirikta aura bhI jitanI vastueM usake kAma meM AtI hoM una sabakI maryAdAnizcita kara lenI cAhie jisase usake jIvana meM hamezA zAnti evaM saMtoSa vidyamAna rahe / maryAdA nizcita karane meM viveka kA vizeSa upayoga karanA caahie| jinameM adhika hiMsA aura prapaMca kI sambhAvanA ho una padArthoM kA tyAga karanA cAhie tathA alpArambha va alpaprapaMcayukta vastuoM kA maryAdApUrvaka sevana karanA cAhie / upabhoga- paribhogasambandhI vastuoM ke 26 prakAra ye haiM : 1. zarIra Adi poMchane kA aMgochA Adi, 2. dA~ta sApha karane kA maMjana Adi, 3 phala, 4. mAliza ke lie tela Adi, 5. ubaTana ke lie lepa Adi, 6. snAna ke lie jala, 7. pahanane ke vastra, 8. vilepana ke lie candana Adi, 6. phUla, 10. AbharaNa, 11. dhUpa-dIpa, 12. peya, 13. pakvAnna, 14. odana, 15. sUpa arthAt dAla, 16. ghRta Adi vigaya, 17. zAka, 18. mAdhuraka arthAt mevA, 16. jemana arthAt bhojana ke padArtha, 20. pIne kA pAnI, 21 mukhavAsa, 22. vAhana, 23. upAnat arthAt jUtA, 24. zayyAsana, 25. sacitta vastu, 26. khAne ke anya padArthaM / AcArazAstra upabhogaparibhoga-parimANa vrata ke bhI pAMca pradhAna aticAra haiM : 1. sacittAhAra, 2. sacitta- pratibaddhAhAra, 3 . apakvAhAra, 4. duSpakvAhAra, 5. tucchaussdhibhkssnn| ye aticAra bhojanasambandhI haiM / jo sacitta vastu maryAdA ke andara nahIM hai usakA bhUla se AhAra karane para sacittAhAra doSa lagatA hai / vyakta sacitta vastu se saMsakta arthAt lagI huI acitta vastu kA AhAra karane para sacitta- pratibaddhAhAra doSa lagatA hai - jaise vRkSa se lagA huA goMda, guThalIsahita Ama, piNDakhajUra Adi khAnA /

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548 jaina dharma-darzana .. sacitta vastu kA tyAga hone para binA agni ke pake AhAra kA sevana karane para apakvAhAra doSa lagatA hai| athavA hare arthAt kacce zAka, phala Adi kA tyAga hone para binA pake phala Adi kA sevana karane para apakvAhAra aticAra lagatA hai| isI prakAra ardhapakva AhAra kA sevana karane para duSpakvAhAra doSa lagatA hai| jo vastu khAne meM kama Ae tathA pheMkane meM adhika jAe arthAt khAne ke lie ThIka taraha se taiyAra na huI ho aisI vastu kA sevana karane para tucchauSadhibhakSaNa aticAra lagatA hai / upabhogaparibhoga-parimANa vrata ke ArAdhaka ko ina aticAroM se bacanA caahie| aticAra-sevana kA prasaMga upasthita hone para AlocanA evaM pratikramaNarUpa pazcAttApa arthAt prAyazcitta karanA caahie| upabhoga evaM paribhoga kI vastuoM kI prApti ke lie kisIna-kisI prakAra kA karma arthAt vyApAra-vyavasAya-udyoga-dhandhA karanA par3atA hai| jisa vyavasAya meM mahArambha hotA ho-sthUla hiMsA hotI ho-adhika pApa hotA ho vaha vyavasAya zrAvaka ke lie niSiddha hai| isa prakAra ke vyavasAyoM ko karmAdAna kahA gayA hai / upAsakadazAMga meM nimnalikhita 15 karmAdAna - zrAvaka ke lie varjita kiye gaye haiM : 1. aMgArakarma, 2. vanakarma, 3. zakaTakarma, 4. bhATakakarma, 5. sphoTakakarma, 6. daMtavANijya, 7. lAkSAvANijya, 8. rasavANijya, 6. kezavANijya, 10. viSavANijya, 11. yantrapIDanakarma, 12. nilAMchanakarma, 13. dAvAgnidAnakarma, 14. sarohradataDAgazoSaNatAkarma, 15. asatIjanapoSaNatAkarbha / aMgArakarma arthAt agni-sambandhI vyApAra-jaise koyale banAnA, IMTe pakAnA Adi / vanakarma arthAt vanaspati-sambandhI vyApAra-jase vRkSa kATanA, ghAsa kATanA Adi / zakaTakarma arthAt

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42 Q vAhanasambandhI vyApAra -- jaise gAr3I banAnA Adi / bhATakakarma arthAt vAhana kirAye para denA Adi / sphoTakakarma arthAt bhUmi phor3ane kA vyApAra - jaise khAneM khudavAnA Adi / daMtavANijya arthAt hAthIdAMta Adi kA vyApAra / lAkSAvANijya arthAt lAkha Adi kA vyApAra / rasavANijya arthAt madirA Adi kA vyApAra / kezavANijya arthAt bAloM va bAlavAle prANiyoM kA vyApAra / viSavANijya arthAt jaharIlI vastuoM tathA hiMsaka astra-zastroM kA vyApAra / yantra- pIDana karma arthAt mazIna calAne Adi kA dhandhA / nilachinakarma arthAt prANiyoM ke avayavoM ko chedane, kATane Adi kA vyavasAya / dAvAgni-dAnakarma arthAt jaMgala, kheta Adi meM Aga lagAne kA kArya / sarohRdataDAgazoSaNatAkarma arthAt sarovara, jhIla, tAlAba Adi ko sukhAne kA kArya / asatIjanapoSaNatAkarma arthAt kulaTA striyoM ke poSaNa, hiMsaka prANiyoM ke pAlana, samAjavirodhI tattvoM ke saMrakSaNa Adi kA kArya / zrAvaka ke lie ina saba prakAra ke vyavasAyoM va inase milate-julate anya prakAra ke kAryoM kA niSedha isalie kiyA gayA hai ki inake garbha meM mahatI hiMsA rahI huI hai / prakAra ke hiMsApUrNa kRtyoM se karuNAsampanna zrAvaka apanI AjIvikA kaise calA sakatA hai ? uparyukta 15 karmAdAnoM meM se kucha karma aise bhI haiM jinheM yadi vivekapUrvaka evaM viziSTa sAdhanoM kI sahAyatA se kiyA jAya to sthUla hiMsA kA upArjana nahIM hotA / vyavasAya koI bhI ho, yadi usameM do bAteM dRSTigocara hoM to vaha zrAvaka ke lie AcaraNIya hai / pahalI bAta yaha hai ki usameM sthUla hiMsA arthAt sa jIvoM kI hiMsA na hotI ho athavA kama-sekama hotI ho / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki usake dvArA kisI vyakti, varga athavA samAja kA zoSaNa na hotA ho athavA kama-se-kama isa AcArazAstra

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-550 jaina dharma-darzana hotA ho / isa prakAra kA zoSaNa pratyakSata: hiMsA bhale hI na ho kintu parokSata: hiMsA hI hai| isa prakAra kI hiMsA kabhI-kabhI sAdhAraNa sthUla hiMsA se bhI bhArI ho jAtI hai| kauna-sA vyavasAya zrAvaka ke karane yogya hai aura kauna-sA karane yogya nahIM hai, isakA nirNaya mukhyataH ina do dRSTiyoM se hI karanA cAhie / 3. anarthadaNDa- viramaNa - apane athavA apane kuTumba ke jIvana nirvAha ke nimitta hone vAle anivArya sAvadya arthAt hiMsApUrNa vyApAra-vyavasAya ke atirikta samasta pApapUrNa pravRttiyoM se nivRtta honA anarthadaNDa viramaNa vrata hai / isa guNavrata se pradhAnatayA ahiMsA evaM aparigraha kA poSaNa hotA hai / anarthadaNDa - viramaNa vratadhArI zrAvaka nirarthaka kisI kI hiMsA nahIM karatA aura na nirarthaka vastu kA saMgraha hI karatA hai kyoMki isa prakAra ke saMgraha se hiMsA ko protsAhana milatA hai / anarthadaNDa arthAt nirarthaka pApapUrNa pravRttiyA~ cAra prakAra kI batAI gaI haiM : apadhyAnAcaraNa, pramAdAcaraNa, hiMsApradAna aura pApakarmopadeza / apadhyAna arthAt kudhyAna | dhyAna ke cAra prakAra haiM : ArtadhyAna, raudradhyAna, dharmadhyAna va zukladhyAna / inameM se prathama do dhyAna azubha dhyAna - kudhyAna haiM tathA bAda ke do dhyAna zubha dhyAna - sudhyAna haiM / ArtadhyAna cAra prakAra kA hai : iSTaviyoga, aniSTasaMyoga, rogacintA aura nidAna / priya vastu athavA vyakti kA viyoga hone para usake saMyoga ke lie zokAkula rahanA iSTaviyoga-ArtadhyAna hai / apriya vastu athavA vyakti kA saMyoga hone para usake viyoga ke lie vyAkula rahanA aniSTasaMyoga - ArtadhyAna hai / zArIrika athavA mAnasika pIr3A dUra karane kI vyAkulatA ko rogacintA - ArtadhyAna kahate haiM / aprApta viSayoM ko prApta karane it kAmanA se tIvra saMkalpa karanA nidAna - ArtadhyAna hai / raudra .

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AcArazAstra dhyAna arthAt krUratApUrNa cintana / jisakA mana krUra hotA hai vaha rudra kahalAtA hai| rudra vyakti kA dhyAna raudradhyAna hai| hiMsA, asatya, corI Adi se sambandhita cintana raudradhyAna ke antargata hai kyoMki usameM krodha, IrSyA, kapaTa, lobha, ahaMkAra Adi krUra vRttiyoM kI vidyamAnatA hotI hai| ArtadhyAna va raudradhyAna kA sevana hI apadhyAnAcaraNa hai| pramAdAcaraNa arthAt Alasya kA sevana / zubha pravRtti meM Alasya rakhanA arthAt zubha pravRtti karanA hI nahIM athavA asAvadhAnIpUrvaka zubha pravRtti karanA pramAdAcaraNa hai| isakA vidheyAtmaka rUpa azubha kAryoM meM udyamazIla rahanA hai / hiMsApradAna kA artha hai kisI ko hiMsaka sAdhana-jaise astra-zastra, viSa Adi dekara hiMsaka kRtyoM meM sahAyaka honA / jisa upadeza se sunane vAlA pApakarma meM pravRtta ho vaisA upadeza denA pApakarmopadeza kahalAtA hai| jaise hiMsA se virata vyakti kisI ko hiMsaka sAdhana dekara hiMsaka kRtyoM meM sahAyaka nahIM hotA usI prakAra pApakarma se' nivRtta vyakti kisI ko pApakarma kA upadeza dekara pApapUrNa kRtyoM meM sahAyaka nahIM banatA / isa prakAra apadhyAnAcaraNa, pramAdAcaraNa, hiMsApradAna va pApakarmopadeza tathA isI prakAra kI anya nirarthaka pApapUrNa pravRttiyoM se nivRtta honA anarthadaNDaviramaNavratI ke lie Avazyaka hai / anya vratoM kI bhAMti anarthadaNDa-viramaNa vrata ke bhI pA~ca pradhAna aticAra haiM : 1. kandarpa, 2. kautkucya, 3. maukharya, 4. saMyuktAdhikaraNa, 5. upabhogaparibhogAtirikta / vikAravardhaka vacana bolanA yA sunanA kandarpa hai| vistAravardhaka ceSTAeM karanA yA dekhanA kautkucya hai| asambaddha . evaM anAvazyaka vacana bolanA maukharya hai| jina upakaraNoM ke saMyoga se hiMsA kI saMbhAvanA bar3ha jAtI ho unheM saMyukta kara rakhanA saMyuktAdhikaraNa hai / udAharaNa ke lie bandUka ke sAtha

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552 na dharma-darzana kAratUsa, dhanuSa ke sAtha tIra saMyukta kara rakhanA / AvazyakatA se adhika upabhoga evaM paribhoga kI sAmagrI saMgraha karanA upabhogaparibhogAtirikta hai / ye saba aticAra nirarthaka hiMsA kA poSaNa karane vAle haiM ataH zramaNopAsaka ko inase bacanA caahie| zikSAvata : zikSA kA artha hai abhyAsa / jisa prakAra vidyArthI punaH punaH vidyA kA abhyAsa karatA hai usI prakAra zrAvaka ko kucha vratoM kA puna:-punaH abhyAsa karanA par3atA hai| isI abhyAsa ke kAraNa ina vratoM ko zikSAvrata kahA gayA hai / aNuvrata evaM guNavrata eka hI bAra grahaNa kiye jAte haiM jabaki zikSAvrata bAra-bAra grahaNa kiye jAte haiM / dUsare zabdoM meM, aNuvrata evaM guNavata jIvanabhara ke lie hote haiM jabaki zikSAvrata amuka samaya ke lie hI hote haiM / zikSAvrata cAra haiM : 1 sAmAyika vrata, 2. dezAvakAzika vrata, 3 pauSadhopavAsa vrata, 4. atithisaMvibhAga vrata / 1. sAmAyika-'sAmAyika pada ke mUla meM 'samAya' zabda hai| samAya zabda 'sama' aura 'Aya' ke saMyoga se banatA hai| sama kA artha hai samatA athavA samabhAva aura Aya kA artha hai lAbha athavA prApti / ina donoM arthoM ko milAne se samAya kA artha hotA hai samabhAva kA lAbha athavA samatA kI prApti / samAyasambandhI bhAva athavA kriyA ko sAmAyika kahate haiM / isa prakAra sAmAyika AtmA kA vaha bhAva athavA zarIra kI vaha kriyAvizeSa hai jisase manuSya ko samabhAva kI prApti hotI hai / dUsare zabdoM meM. jo trasa aura sthAvara sabhI jIvoM ke prati samabhAva rakhatA hai vaha sAmAyika kA ArAdhaka hotA hai| sAmAyika ke

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AcArazAstra 553 lie mAnasika svasthatA aura zArIrika zuddhi donoM Avazyaka haiN| zarIra svastha, zuddha evaM sthira ho kintu mana asvastha, azuddha evaM asthira ho to sAmAyika kI sAdhanA nahIM kI jA sktii| isI prakAra mana svastha, zuddha tathA sthira ho kintu zArIrika svasthatA, zuddhatA tathA sthiratA kA abhAva ho to bhI sAmAyika kI nivighna ArAdhanA nahIM kI jA sktii| sAmAyika karane vAle ke mana, vacana aura karma tInoM pavitra hote haiN| mana, vacana aura karma meM sAvadhatA arthAt doSa na rahe, yahI sAmAyika kA prayojana hai / isIlie sAmAyika meM sAvadyayoga arthAt doSayukta pravRtti kA tyAga evaM niravadya yoga arthAt doSarahita pravRtti kA AMcaraNa karanA hotA hai| amuka samaya taka sAmAyika vrata grahaNa karane vAlA vyakti kramazaH apane sampUrNa jIvana meM samatA kA vikAsa karatA hai / dhIre-dhIre samabhAva kA abhyAsa karate-karate vaha pUre jIvana ko samatAmaya banA letA hai / jaba taka samatA jIvanavyApI nahIM ho jAtI taba taka usakA abhyAsa calatA rahatA hai / yahI sAmAyika vrata kA yathArtha ArAdhanA hai / nimnalikhita pA~ca aticAroM se sAmAyika vrata dUSita hotA hai : 1. manoduSpraNidhAna, 2. vAgduSpraNidhAna, 3. kAyaduSpraNidhAna, 4. smRtyakaraNa, 5. anavasthitakaraNa / mana se sAvadha bhAvoM kA anucintana karanA manoduSpraNidhAna hai| vANI se sAvadha vacana bolanA vAgduSpraNidhAna hai / zarIra se sAvadha kriyA karanA kAyaduSpraNidhAna hai| sAmAyika kI smRti na rakhanA arthAt sAmAyika karanI hai yA nahIM, sAmAyika kI hai yA nahIM, sAmAyika pUrI huI haiM yA nahIM-ityAdi viSayaka smRti na honA smRtyakaraNa hai / yathAvasthita sAmAyika na karanA, samaya pUrA hue binA hI sAmAyika pUrI kara lenA anavasthitakaraNa hai| :

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554 jaina dharma-darzana 2. dezAvakAzika-dizAparimANa vrata meM jIvana bhara ke lie maryAdita dizAoM ke parimANa meM kucha ghaNToM athavA dinoM ke lie vizeSa maryAdA nizcita karanA arthAt vizeSa kamI karanA dezAvakAzika vrata hai| deza arthAt kSetra kA eka aMza aura avakAza arthAta sthAna / cUki isa vrata meM jIvanaparyanta ke lie gRhIta dizAparimANa arthAt kSetramaryAdA ke eka aMzarUpa sthAna kI kucha samaya ke lie vizeSa sImA nirdhArita kI jAtI hai isalie ise dezAvakAzika vrata kahate haiM / yaha vrata kSetramaryAdA ko saMkucita karane ke sAtha hI upalakSaNa se upabhoga-paribhogAdirUpa anya maryAdAoM ko bhI saMkucita karatA hai| maryAdita kSetra se bAhara na jAnA, bAhara se kisI ko na bulAnA, na bAhara kisI ko bhejanA aura na bAhara se koI vastu maMgavAnA, bAhara kraya-vikraya na karanA Adi prastuta vrata ke lakSaNa haiN| dezAvakAzika vrata ke nimnokta pA~ca aticAra haiM : 1. Anayanaprayoga, 2. preSaNaprayoga, 3. zabdAnupAta, 4. rUpAnupAta, 5. pudgalaprakSepa / maryAdita kSetra se bAhara kI vastu lAnA, maMgavAnA Adi Anayanaprayoga hai / maryAdita kSetra ke bAhara vastu bhejanA, lejAnA Adi preSaNaprayoga hai| kisI ko nirdhArita kSetra se bAhara khar3A dekha kara khA~sI Adi zabdasaMketoM dvArA use bulAne Adi kI ceSTA karanA zabdAnupAta hai / sImita kSetra se bAhara rahe hue logoM ko bulAne Adi kI ceSTA se hAtha, muMha, sira Adi kA izArA karanA arthAt rUpasaMketoM kA prayoga karanA rUpAnupAta hai| maryAdita kSetra se bAhara rahe hue vyakti ko apanA abhiprAya jatAne ke lie kaMkar3a, kAgaja Adi pheMkanA pudagalaprakSepa hai| 3. pauSadhopavAsa-vizeSa niyamapUrvaka upavAsa karanA arthAt

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AcArazAstra 555 jamAe Atmacintana ke nimitta sarva sAvadhakriyA kA tyAga kara zAntipUrNa sthAna meM baiThakara upavAsapUrvaka niyata samaya vyatIta karanA pauSadhopavAsa hai| isa vrata meM upavAsa kA mukhya prayojana Atmatattva kA poSaNa hotA hai ataH ise pauSadhopavAsa vrata kahate haiN| AtmapoSaNa ke nimitta pauSadhopavAsa ko aMgIkAra karane vAlA zrAvaka bhautika pralobhanoM se dUra rahatA hai, bhautika ApattiyoM se vyAkula athavA vicalita bhI nahIM hotA / isa vrata meM sthita sAdhaka zramaNavat sAdhanArata hotA hai| vaha AhAra ke parityAga ke sAtha hI sAtha upalakSaNa se zarIrasatkAra arthAt zArIrika zRMgAra, abrahmacarya arthAt maithuna evaM sAvadha vyApAra arthAt hiMsaka kriyA kA bhI tyAga karatA hai| . pauSadhopavAsa vrata ke nimnokta pA~ca aticAra haiM : 1. apratilekhita-duSpratilekhita zayyAsaMstAraka, 2. apramAjitaduSpramAjita zayyAsaMstAraka, 3 apratilekhita-duSprati lekhita uccAraprasravaNabhUmi, 4. apramAjita-duSprAjitama uccAraprasravaNabhUmi, 5. paussdhopvaas-smygnnupaalntaa| zayyA arthAt vasati-makAna aura saMstAraka arthAt bichaunAkaMbalAdi kA pratilekhana arthAt pratyavekSaNa-nirIkSaNa bilakula na karanA athavA ThIka DhaMga se na karanA apratilekhita-duSpratilekhita zayyAsaMstAraka aticAra hai| zayyA va saMstAraka ko pramAjita kiye binA arthAt poche binA-sApha kiye binA athavA binA acchI taraha sApha kiye kAma meM lenA apramAjita-duSpramAjita zayyAsaMstAraka ativAra hai| isI prakAra malamUtra kI bhUmi kA binA dekhe athavA acchI taraha na dekhakara upayoga karanA apratilekhita-duSpratilekhita uccAra-prasravaNabhUmi aticAra hai tathA sApha kiye binA athavA binA acchI taraha sApha kiye

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556 jaina dharma-darzana upayoga karanA apramArjita-duSpramAjita uccAraprasravaNabhUmi aticAra hai| pauSadhopavAsa kA samyak prakAra se pAlana na karanA arthAt AtmapoSaka tattvoM kA bhalIbhA~ti sevana na karanA pauSadhopavAsa-samyagananupAlanatA aticAra hai / ina saba aticAroM se dUra rahane vAlA zrAvaka pauSadhopavAsa vrata kI yathArtha ArAdhanA kara sakatA hai / prathama cAra aticAroM meM anirIkSaNa athavA dunirIkSaNa evaM apramArjana athavA kupramArjana ke kAraNa hiMsAdoSa kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai-jIvajantu kA hanana hone kI zakyatA rahatI hai| 4. atithisaMvibhAga-yathAsiddha arthAt apane nimitta banAI huI apane adhikAra kI vastu kA atithi ke lie samucita vibhAga karanA yathAsaMvibhAga athavA atithisaMvibhAga kahalAtA hai| jaise zrAvaka apanI Aya ko apane tathA kuTumba ke lie vyaya karanA apanA kartavya samajhatA hai vaise hI vaha atithi Adi ke nimitta apanI Aya kA amuka bhAga sahajatayA vyaya karanA bhI apanA kartavya mAnatA hai| yaha kArya vaha kisI svArtha ke kAraNa nahIM karatA apitu vizuddha paramArtha kI bhAvanA se karatA hai| isalie usakA yaha tyAga utkRSTa koTi meM AtA hai| jisake Ane-jAne kI koI tithi arthAta dina nizcita na ho use atithi kahate haiN| jo ghUmatA-phiratA kabhI bhI kahIM pahuMca jAya vaha atithi hai / usakA koI nizcita kAryakrama nahIM hotA, jAne-Ane ke nizcita sthAna nahIM hote / itanA hI nahIM, usakA bhojana Adi grahaNa karane kA bhI koI nizcita kAryakrama nahIM hotaa| use jahA~ jisa samaya jaisI bhI upayukta sAmagrI upalabdha ho jAtI hai vahA~ usa samaya usI se santoSa prApta kara letA hai / nirgrantha zramaNa ko isI prakAra kA atithi kahA gayA hai|

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AcArazAstra 557 AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke lie jisane gRhavAsa kA tyAga kara anagAradharma svIkAra kiyA hai usa bhramaNazIla padayAtrI nirgrantha zramaNa bhikSuka ko nyAyopArjita nirdoSa vastuoM kA niHsvArthabhAva se zraddhApUrvaka dAna denA utkRSTa koTi kA atithisaMvibhAga vrata hai| jisa prakAra nirgrantha atithi ko dAna denA zramaNopAsaka kA kartavya hai usI prakAra niHsvArtha bhAva se anya atithiyoM athavA vyaktiyoM kI samucita madada karanA, dIna-duHkhiyoM kI yathocita sahAyatA karanA bhI zrAvaka kA dharma hai| isase karuNAvRtti kA poSaNa hotA hai jo ahiMsAdharma ke upayukta vikAsa evaM prasAra ke lie Avazyaka hai| ___atithisaMvibhAga vata ke nimnalikhita pAMca aticAra batAye gaye haiM jo mukhyatayA AhAra se sambandhita haiM : 1. sacittanikSepa, 2. sacittapidhAna, 3. kAlAtikrama, 4. paravyapadeza, 5. mAtsarya / na dene kI bhAvanA se arthAt kapaTapUrvaka sAdhu ko dene yogya AhArAdi ko sacitta--sacetana vanaspati Adi para rakhanA sacitta. nikSepa hai kyoMki nirgrantha zramaNa aisA AhArAdi grahaNa nahIM krte| isI prakAra AhArAdi ko sacitta vastu se DhakanA sacittapidhAna hai| atithi ko kucha na denA par3e, isa bhAvanA se arthAt kapaTapUrvaka bhikSA ke ucita samaya se pUrva athavA pazcAt bhikSuka se AhArAdi grahaNa karane kI prArthanA karanA kAlAtikrama aticAra hai| na dene kI bhAvanA se apanI vastu ko parAyI kahanA athavA parAyI vastu dekara apanI vastu bacA lenA athavA apanI vastu svayaM na dekara dUsare se dilavAnA paravyapadeza hai| sahajabhAva se arthAt zraddhApUrvaka dAna na dete hue dUsare ke dAnaguNa kI IrSyA se dAna denA mAtsarya aticAra hai|

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558 jaina dharma-darzana saMlekhanA : jIvana ke antima samaya meM arthAt mRtyu Ane ke samaya tapavizeSa kI ArAdhanA karanA saMlekhanA kahalAtA hai / ise zAstrIya paribhASA meM apazcima-mAraNAntika saMlekhanA kahate haiN| a. zcima kA artha hai jisake pIche koI dUsarA nahIM hai arthAt sabase antima / mAraNAntika kA artha hai mRtyurUpa anta meM hone vaalii| saMlekhanA kA artha hai jisake dvArA kaSAyAdi kRza hoM vaisI samyak AlocanAyukta tapasyA / isa prakAra apazcima-mAraNAntika-saMlekhanA kA artha hotA hai maraNAnta ke samaya apane bhUtakAlIna samasta kRtyoM kI samyak AlocanA karake zarIra va kaSAyAdi ko kRza karane ke nimitta kI jAnevAlI sabase antima tapasyA / isakA sIdhe zabdoM meM artha hotA hai antima samaya meM AhArAdi kA tyAga kara (pahale anna va bAda meM jala athavA donoM eka sAtha chor3akara) samAdhipUrvaka mRtyu prApta karanA / isa dRSTi se saMlekhanA prANAnta anazana hai| saMlekhanApUrvaka hone vAlI mRtyu ko jaina AcArazAstra meM samAdhimaraNa va paNDitamaraNa kahA gayA hai| ise saMthArA bhI kahA jAtA hai| samAdhimaraNa va paMDitamaraNa kA artha hotA hai svastha cittapUrvaka va vivekayukta prApta hone vAlI mRtyu / saMyAra arthAt saMstAraka kA artha hotA hai bichaunaa| cUki saMlekhanA meM vyakti saMstAraka grahaNa karatA hai arthAt AhArAdi kA tyAga kara bichaunA bichA kara zAnta citta se eka sthAna para leTA rahatA hai isalie ise saMthArA kahate haiN| jaba vyakti kA zarIra itanA nirbala ho jAtA hai ki vaha saMyama arthAt AcAra ke pAlana ke lie sarvathA anupayukta siddha hotA hai taba usase mukta honA hI sAdhaka ke lie zreyaskara hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jaba zarIra kisI national

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AcArazAstra 8 kAma kA na raha kara kevala bhArabhUta ho jAtA hai taba usase mukti pAnA hI zreSTha hotA hai / aisI avasthA meM binA kisI prakAra kA krodha kiye prazAnta evaM prasanna citta se AhArAdi kA tyAga kara Atmika cintana karate hue samabhAvapUrvaka prANotsarga karanA saMlekhanA vrata kA mahAn uddezya hai / athavA anya prakAra se mRtyu kA prasaMga upasthita hone para nirvikAra cittavRtti se deha kA tyAga karanA bhI saMlekhanA hai / zrAvaka va zramaNa donoM ke lie saMlekhanA vrata kA vidhAna hai| ise vrata na kaha kara vratAnta kahanA hI adhika upayukta hogA kyoMki isameM samasta vratoM kA anta rahA huA hai / isameM jaise zarIra kA prazasta anta abhISTa hai vaise hI vratoM kA bhI pavitra anta vAMchita hai / 1 uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki saMlekhanA athavA saMthArA AtmaghAta nahIM hai / AtmaghAta ke mUla meM atizaya krodhAdi kaSAya vidyamAna hote haiM jabaki saMlekhanA ke mUla meM kaSAyoM kA sarvathA abhAva hotA hai / AtmaghAta citta kI azAnti evaM aprasannatA kA dyotaka hai jabaki saMlekhanA citta kI prasannatA evaM zAnti kI sUcaka hai / AtmaghAta meM mAnasika asantulana kI parisImA hotI hai jabaki saMlekhanA meM samabhAva kA utkarSa hotA hai / AtmaghAta vikRta cittavRtti kA pariNAma hai jabaki saMlekhanA nirvikAra cittavRtti kA phala hai / saMlekhanA jIvana ke antima samaya meM arthAt zarIra kI atyadhika nirbalatA - anupayuktatA - bhArabhUtatA kI sthiti meM athavA anyathA mRtyu kA prasaMga upasthita hone para kI jAtI hai jabaki AtmaghAta kisI bhI samaya para kiyA jA sakatA hai / saMlekhanApUrvaka hone vAlI niSkaSAyamaraNa, samAdhimaraNa evaM paNDitamaraNa hai jabaki AtmahatyA sakaSAyamaraNa, bAlamaraNa evaM ajJAnamaraNa hai / saMlekhanA mRtyu

Page #575
560 jaina dharma-darzana AdhyAtmika vIratA-nirbhIkatA hai jabaki AtmahatyA nirAzAmaya kAyaratA-bhIratA hai| dvAdaza vratoM kI hI bhA~ti saMlekhanA ke bhI mukhya pA~ca aticAra batAye gaye haiM jo isa prakAra haiM : 1. ihalokAzaMsAprayoga, 2. paralokAzaMsAprayoga, 3. jIvitAzaMsAprayoga, 4. maraNAzaMmAprayoga, 5. kAmabhogAzaMsAprayoga / ihaloka arthAt manuSyaloka, AzaMsA arthAt abhilASA, prayoga arthAt pravRtti / ihalokAzaMsAprayoga arthAt manuSyalokaviSayaka abhilASArUpa pravRtti / saMlekhanA ke samaya isa prakAra kI icchA karanA ki AgAmI bhava meM isI loka meM dhana, kIrti, pratiSThA Adi prApta ho-ihalokAzaMsAprayoga aticAra hai / isI prakAra paraloka meM deva Adi banane kI icchA karanA paralokAzaMsAprayoga aticAra hai| apanI prazaMsA, pUjA-satkAra Adi hotA dekhakara adhika kAla taka jIvita rahane kI icchA karanA jIvitAzaMsAprayoga aticAra hai / satkAra Adi na hotA dekha kara athavA kaSTa Adi se ghabarAkara zIghra mRtyu prApta karane kI icchA karanA maraNAzaMsAprayoga aticAra hai| AgAmI janma meM manuSyasambandhI athavA devasambandhI kAmabhoga prApta karane kI icchA kAmabhogAzaMsAprayoga aticAra hai| mAraNAntikI saMlekhanA kI ArAdhanA karanevAle ko ina va isa prakAra ke anya aticAroM se bacanA caahie| pratimAe~: pratimA kA artha hai pratijJAvizeSa, niyamavizeSa, vratavizeSa, tapavizeSa athavA abhigrahavizeSa / zrAvaka ke lie gyAraha pratimAoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA haiN|

Page #576
561 prathama pratimA meM samyagdRSTi arthAt Astika dRSTi prApta hotI hai / isameM sarvadharmaviSayaka ruci arthAt sarvaguNaviSayaka prIti hotI hai / dRSTi doSoM kI ora na jAkara guNoM kI ora jAtI hai| yaha pratimA darzanazuddhi arthAt dRSTi kI vizuddhatAzraddhA kI sacAI se sambandha rakhatI hai / isameM guNaviSayaka ruci kI vidyamAnatA hote hue bhI zIlavrata, guNavrata, pratyAkhyAna, pauSadhopavAsa Adi kI samyak ArAdhanA nahIM hotii| isakA nAma darzanapratimA hai| AcArazAstra dvitIya pratimA kA nAma vratapratimA hai| isameM zIlavrata, guNavrata, viramaNavrata, pratyAkhyAna, pauSadhopavAsa Adi to samyaktayA dhAraNa kiye jAte haiM kintu sAmAyika vrata evaM dezAvakAzika vrata kA samyak pAlana nahIM hotA / tRtIya pratimA kA nAma sAmAyikapratimA hai| isameM sAmAyika evaM dezAvakAzika vratoM kI samyak ArAdhanA hote hue bhI caturdazI, aSTamI, amAvasyA, pUrNimA Adi ke dinoM meM pauSadhopavAsa vrata kA samyak pAlana nahIM hotA / caturtha pratimA meM sthita zrAvaka caturdazI Adi ke dinoM meM pratipUrNa pauSadha vrata kA samyaktayA pAlana karatA hai / isakA nAma pauSadhapratimA hai / pA~cavIM pratimA kA nAma hai niyamapratimA / isameM sthita zramaNopAsaka nimnokta pA~ca niyamoM kA vizeSa rUpa se pAlana karatA hai : 1. snAna nahIM karanA, 2 . rAtribhojana nahIM karanA, 3. dhotI kI lAMga nahIM lagAnA, 4 dina meM brahmacArI rahanA evaM rAtri meM maithuna kI maryAdA karanA 5 ekarAtrikI pratimA 36

Page #577
562 jaina dharma-darzana kA pAlana karanA arthAt mahIne meM kama se kama eka rAta kAyotsarga avasthA meM dhyAnapUrvaka vyatIta karanA / chaThI pratimA kA nAma brahmacaryapratimA hai kyoMki isameM zrAvaka dina kI bhA~ti rAtri meM bhI brahmacarya kA pAlana karatA hai / isa pratimA meM sarva prakAra ke sacitta AhAra kA parityAga nahIM hotA / sAtavIM pratimA meM sabhI prakAra ke sacitta AhAra kA parityAga kara diyA jAtA hai kintu Arambha (kRSi, vyApAra Adi meM hone vAlI alpa hiMsA) kA tyAga nahIM kiyA jAtA / isa pratimA kA nAma hai sacittatyAgapratimA / AThavIM pratimA kA nAma ArambhatyAgapratimA hai / isameM upAsaka svayaM to AraMbha karane kA tyAga kara detA hai kintu dUsaroM se AraMbha karavAne kA tyAga nahIM karatA / navIM pratimA dhAraNa karanevAlA zrAvaka AraMbha karavAne kA bhI tyAga kara detA hai / isa avasthA meM vaha uddiSTa bhakta arthAt apane nimitta se bane hue bhojana kA tyAga nahIM karatA / isa pratimA kA nAma preSyaparityAgapratimA hai kyoMki isameM AraMbha ke nimitta kisI ko kahIM bhejane bhijavAne kA tyAga hotA hai / AraMbhavardhaka parigraha kA tyAga hone ke kAraNa ise parigrahatyAgapratimA bhI kahate haiM / dasavIM pratimA meM uddiSTa bhakta kA bhI tyAga kara diyA jAtA hai / isa pratimA meM sthita zramaNopAsaka ustare se muNDita hotA huA zikhA dhAraNa karatA hai arthAt sira ko ekadama sApha na karAtA huA coTI jitane bAla sira para rakhatA hai / dasavIM

Page #578
AcArazAstra 563 pratimA dhAraNa karane vAle gRhastha ko jaba koI eka bAra athavA aneka bAra bulAtA hai yA eka athavA aneka prazna pUchatA hai taba vaha do hI uttara detA hai| jAnane para kahatA hai ki maiM yaha jAnatA huuN| na jAnane kI sthiti meM kahatA hai ki mujhe yaha mAlUma nhiiN| cUki isa pratimA meM uddiSTa bhakta kA tyAga abhipreta hotA hai ataH isakA nAma uddiSTabhaktatyAgapratimA hai| ___gyArahavIM pratimA kA nAma zramaNabhUtapratimA hai| zramaNabhUta kA artha hotA hai zramaNa ke sadRza / jo gRhastha hote hue bhI sAdhu ke samAna AcaraNa karatA hai arthAt zrAvaka hote hue bhI zramaNa ke samAna kriyA karatA hai vaha zramaNabhUta kahalAtA hai| zramaNabhUtapratimApratipanna zramaNopAsaka bAloM kA ustare se muNDana karavAtA hai athavA hAtha se luMcana karatA hai / isa pratimA meM coTI nahIM rakhI jaatii| veSa, bhANDopakaraNa evaM AcaraNa zramaNa ke hI samAna hotA hai| zramaNabhUta zrAvaka muniveSa meM anagAravat AcAra-dharma kA pAlana karatA huA jIvana yApana karatA hai| sambandhiyoM va jAti ke logoM ke sAtha yatkiMcit snehabandhana hone ke kAraNa unhIM ke yahA~ se arthAt pariciva gharoM se hI bhikSA grahaNa karatA hai| bhikSA lete samaya vaha isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhatA hai ki dAtA ke yahA~ usake pahuMcane ke pUrva jo vastu bana cukI hotI hai vahI grahaNa karatA hai, anya nhiiN| yadi usake pahuMcane ke pUrva cAvala paka cuke hoM aura dAla na pakI ho to vaha cAvala le legA, dAla nhiiN| isI prakAra yadi dAla paka cukI ho aura cAvala na pake hoM to vaha dAla le legA, cAvala nhiiN| pahuMcane ke pUrva donoM cIjeM bana cukI hoM to donoM le sakatA hai aura eka bhI na banI ho to eka bhI nahIM le sktaa|

Page #579
564 jaina dharma-pana pratimAeM tapaHsAdhanA kI kramazaH bar3hatI huI avasthAeM haiM ataH uttara-uttara pratimAoM meM pUrva-pUrva pratimAoM ke guNa svataH samAviSTa hote jAte haiN| jaba zrAvaka gyArahavIM arthAt antima pratimA kI ArAdhanA karatA hai taba usameM prArambha se lekara anta taka kI samasta pratimAoM ke guNa rahate haiN| usake bAda apanI zakti ke anusAra cAhe vaha munidharma kI dIkSA grahaNa kara sakatA hai, cAhe usI pratimA ko dhAraNa kiye raha sakatA hai| zvetAmbara va digambara paramparA-sammata upAsaka-pratimAoM ke krama tathA nAmoM meM nagaNya antara hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM ekAdaza upAsaka-pratimAoM ke nAma kramAnusAra isa prakAra milate haiM : 1. darzana, 2. vrata, 3. sAmAyika, 4. pauSadha, 5. niyama, 6. brahmacarya, 7. sacittatyAga, 8. ArambhatyAga, 6. preSyaparityAga athavA parigrahatyAga, 10. uddiSTa maktatyAga, 11. zramaNabhUta / digambara-paramparA meM ina pratimAoM ke nAma isa krama se milate haiM : 1. darzana, 2. vrata, 3. sAmAyika, 4. pauSadha, 5. sacittatyAga, 6. rAtribhuktityAga, 7. brahmacarya, 8. ArambhatyAga, 6. parigrahatyAga, 10. anumatityAga, 11. uddisstttyaag| uddiSTa tyAga ke . do bheda hote haiM jinake lie kramazaH kSullaka aura ailaka zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai| ye zrAvaka kI utkRSTa avasyAeM hotI haiN| zvetAmbara va digambara-sammata prathama cAra nAmoM meM koI antara nahIM hai| sacittatyAga kA krama digambara-paramparA meM pAcavA hai jabaki zvetAmbara-paramparA meM sAtavAM hai| digambarAbhimata rAtribhuktityAga zvetAmbarAbhimata pAMcavIM pratimA niyama ke antargata samAviSTa hai| brahmacarya kA krama zvetAmbara-paramparA meM chaThA hai jabaki digambara-paramparA meM sAtavA~ hai| digambarasammata anumatityAga zvetAmbarasammata meM pAcavAM nahIM hai| sacitasammata prathama cAvasyAeM hotI :

Page #580
AcArazAstra 565 uddiSTabhaktatyAga ke hI antargata samAviSTa hai kyoMki isameM zrAvaka uddiSTabhakta grahaNa na karane ke sAtha hI kisI prakAra ke Arambha kA samarthana bhI nahIM krtaa| zvetAmbarAbhimata zramaNabhUtapratimA hI digambarAbhimata uddiSTatyAgapratimA hai kyoMki ina donoM meM zrAvaka kA AcaraNa bhikSuvat hotA hai| kSullaka va ailaka zramaNa ke hI samAna hote haiN|

Page #581

Page #582
grantha-sUcI anuyogadvAra anyayogavyavacchedadvAtrizikA-hemacandra aSTasahasrI-vidyAnanda AcArAMga AtmamImAMsA-dalasukha mAlavaNiyA AptamImAMsA-samantabhadra Avazyakaniyukti-bhadrabAhu IzopaniSad uttarAdhyayana Rgveda kaThopaniSad karmagrantha, bhAga 1-5-devendrasUri . karmagrantha, bhAga 6-candraSi mahattara karmagrantha sArtha-jIvavijaya karmavipAka-sukhalAla saMghavI kalpasUtra gommaTasAra-nemicandra chAndogyopaniSad jaina AcAra-mohanalAla mehatA jainatarkabhASA-yazovijaya jaina darzana-mohanalAla mehatA jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana-dalasukha mAlamiyA jainadharma kA prANa-mukhalAla saMghako

Page #583
jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 1-4 jJAnabinduprakaraNa-yathovijaya zAnArNava-zubha candra tattvatraya-lokAcArya tattvasaMgraha-zAntarakSita tatvArtha-bhASya-umAsvAti tasvArtha-bhASya-vatti-siddhasenagaNi tattvArtha rAjavAtika-akalaMka tattvArtha-zlokavArtika-vidyAnanda tattvArthasAra-amRtacandra tattvArthasUtra-umAsvAti tattvArthasUtra-vivecana-sukhalAla saMghavI tarkasaMgraha-annaM bhaTTa trizikA-vasubandhu dazavakAlika-niyukti-bhadrabAhu dazavakAlika-vRtti-haribhadra dIghanikAya dravyasaMgraha-nemicandra dravyasaMgraha-vRtti-brahmadeva dhavalA (SaTkhaNDAgama-TIkA)-vIrasena dhyAnazataka-jinabhadra nandIsUtra nandIsUtra-vRtti-haribhadra nandIsUtra-vRtti-malayagiri / nayakaNikA-vinayavijaya nayaprakAzastava-vRtti-padmasAgara

Page #584
niyamasAra - kundakunda nyAyakandalI - zrIdhara nyAyabindu - dharmakIrti nyAyabindu TIkA - dharmottara nyAyabhASya - vAssyAyana nyAyamaMjarI - jayanta nyAyavArtika- udyotakara ( 569 ) nyAyasUtra - gautama nyAyAvatAra - siddhamena nyAyAvatAra-vArtika-vRtti-zAsyAcArya parIkSAmukha - mANikyanandI pAtaJjala yogadarzana paMcasaMgraha - candra mahattara paMcAstikAyasAra -kundakunda prajJApanA pramANanayatatvAloka - vAdidevasUri pramANamImAMsA - hemacandra pramANavArtika-- dharmakIrti prameyakamalamArtaNDa - prabhAcandra pravacanasAra -- kundakanda pravacanasAroddhAra - nemicandrasUri - prazastapAdabhASya - prazastapAda prAkRta-vyAkaraNa - hemacandra buddhacarita - azvaghoSa bauddha darzana aura vedAnta - candradhara zarmA bhagavatIsUtra

Page #585
bhagavadgItA bhAratIya darzana - umeza mizra majjhimanikAya mahAbhASya - pataMjali mAdhyamikakArikA nAgArjuna muktAvalI - vizvanAtha muNDakopaniSad yogasUtra - pataMjali ratnAkarAvatArikA (pramANanayatatvAloka - TIkA ) - ratnaprabha rAjapraznIya laghIyastraya - akalaMka lIstraya - TIkA - akalaMka laMkAvatArasUtra vizuddhimArga ( 570 ) vizeSAvazyakabhASya - jinabhadra viMzatikA - vasubandhu vedAntasiddhAntamuktAvalI - prakAzAnanda vaizeSikasUtra - kaNAda zAGkarabhASya (zArIrakabhASya ) - zaMkarAcArya zAbarabhASya- zabarasvAmI zAntiparva (mahAbhArata) zAstra vArtAsamuccaya - haribhadra zramaNa (mAsika) zrIbhASya - rAmAnuja zlokavArtika - kumArila zvetAzvataropaniSad

Page #586
( 571 ) SaDdarzanasamuccaya-haribhadra sanmatitarka --siddhasena samayasAra-kundakunda samavAyAMga sarvadarzanasaMgraha-mAdhavAcArya sarvArthasiddhi-pUjyapAda saMyuttanikAya sAMkhyakArikA-IzvarakRSNa sAMkhyatattvakaumudI-vAcaspati mizra sAMkhyapravacana-bhASya-vijJAnabhikSu sAMkhyapravacana-sUtra-kapila sAMkhyasUtra-vRtti-aniruddha siddhahema-hemacandra sUtrakRtAMga sthAnAMga syAdvAdamaMjarI-malliSeNa syAdvAdaratnAkara-vAdidevasUri Cosmology : Old and New--G. R. Jain -Critical History of Greek Philosophy-Stace Doctrine of Karman in Jain Philosophy -Glasenapp History of Philosophy--Thilly History of Western Philosophy-Russell Indian Philosophy-C. D. Sharma Jaina Philosophy-M. L. Mehta Jaina Philosophy of Non-Absolutism -S. K. Mookerjee

Page #587
( 572 ) Jaina Psychology-M. L. Mehta Life and Philosophy in Contemporary British Philosophy-Bosanquet Outlines of Karma in Jainism-M. L. Mehta Principles of Philosophy-H. M. Bhattacharya Problems of Philosophy-Russell Prolegomena to an Idealistic Theory of Knowledge-N. K. Smith Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXII Studies in Jaina Philosophy-N. M. Tatia Varieties of Religious Experience -William James

Page #588
zabda aMkuzA aMga aMtarAya aMtadvapa aMdhakavRSNi aMgha aMba 21, 23 aMgapraviSTa 21, 23, 270,271 aMgabAhya 21, 41, 270, 271 aMguttaranikAya 30 aMtaHkaraNa 255 aMtakAlaprakIrNaka Y aMtakRtadazA 23, 40 aMtagaDadasA 23 aMtaradvIpa 232 462, 472. 241 aMbarISa aMbA aMbikA akalaMka akasmAtvAda akAraNavAda akAlamRtyu anukramaNikA pRSTha 240 8 17 235 235 240 236 71, 83 421 421 466 zabda akriyAvAda akSara akSarIkRta agamika agrakamaM agastya siMha agurulaghu agnikumAra acakSurdarzana acakSurdarzanAvaraNa acela acelaka bacchuptA acyuta acyutA ajAtazatru ajita ajitanAtha ajitA ajIva ajJAnamaraNa ajJAnavAda pRSTha 30 271 168 271 435 57 468 237 156 462 521 11, 16, 521 240 234 240 14 240 23e 236 136 556 30

Page #589
574 jana dharma-darzana aNa 465 aNuvratI 466 242 zabda pRSTha zabda pRSTha 183 anaMtAnubaMdhI aNucaTana 200 anakSara 271 aNuttarovavAiyadasA 23 anakSarIkRta 198 aNuvrata 534 ananugAmI 278 anapavartanIya atithisaMvibhAga anarthadaNDa-viramaNa 550 atibhAra anavasthita 278 atizaya anavasthitakaraNa 553 adRSTa 433,443 anastikAya 142 addhAsamaya 136, 219 anAtmavAda 130, 421 atavedAnta 132, 172 anAdika 271 adharma anAdeya adharmAstikAya 136,207 / / anityatA 120, 344 aghodizA-parimANa anindriya 255 Na 545 animittavAda adholoka 228 anivAryatAvAda adhovastra anivRtti adhyayana 526 anivRtti-bAdara 498 anaMga 21 anivRti-bAdara-samparAya anaMgakrIr3A 542 anIka 238 anaMtakoti anugAmI 278 anaMtatA . 345 anuttara 234 anaMtanAtha 240 anuttaropapAtikadazA 23, 40 anaMtarAgama 306 anuprekSA 503, 526 anaMtavIrya 86 anubhAgakarma 438 FEER REEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 207 468 421 W. 468

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zabda anubhAga-bandha anubhAva-bandha anumatityAga pRSTha zabda 460 437 564 anumAna 268, 300, 316, 324 anuyogadvAra 54, 366 anusmaraNa anekatA anekAnta vyavasthA annapAna-nirodha anyayogavyavacchedikA anekAntajayapatAkA anekAnta dRSTi 111 anekAntavAda 67, 112, 335, 337, 341, 358 anyonyakriyA apakvAhAra apagata apagama anukramaNikA apadhyAnAcaraNa apanuta apanoda aparAjita aparigRhItA-gamana aparigraha aparigrahavata 265 352 84 24 535 61 28 547 263 263 550 263 263 234 542 506 513 aparyavasita aparyApta apaviddha apavartanA apavartanIya apavyAdha apazcima - mAraNAntika saMlekhanA apAya apUrva apUrvakaraNa apeta apoha aprati lekhita duSpratilekhita uccAraprasravaNabhUmi apratilekhita duSprati lekhita zayyAsaMstAraka apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa apramattasaMyata apramArjita - duSpramArjita uccAra sravaNabhUmi apramArjita - duSpramArjita zayyArAstAraka abAdha abAdhAkAla 575 pRSTha 271 468 263 558 263 436, 443 46 455 466 263 263 253 555 555 465 427 555 555 464 461

Page #591
576 zabda abhayadeva abhayanandI abhAva abhASAlakSaNa abhinandana abhinibodha abheda abhyutthAna amaramuni amRSAvAda amaithuna amoghavarSa ayazaHkIrti ayogavyavacchedikA ayogikevalI arati aranAtha ariSTanemi arUpI athaM arthanaya arthApatti arthAvagraha ardhamAgadhI arhat jaina dharma-darzana pRSTha 58, 87 71 316 AkAza 168 avagama 236 avagAha 252 avagraha 126 525 58 506 506 86 468 61 500 466 240 8,47, 240 136, 141, 143 115, 256, 376 366 316 258 14 5 zabda arhat caitya alokAkAza avagrahaNatA avagrahapratimA avagrahamaryAdA avadhAraNa avadhAraNA avadhi avadhijJAna avadhijJAnAvaraNa avadhidarzana avadhidarzanAvaraNa avabodha avalambanatA avasthAna avasthita avAya avicyuti avijJapti avidyA avinAbhAva pRSTha 5 213 213 264 213 258 258 28 528 258 264 283 276, 283 462 156 462 264 258 264 278 263 264 443 443 324

Page #592
468 6 AgAmI AgArI 240 504 85 anukramaNikA 577 pRSTha zabda pRSTha avirata-samyagdRSTi AkAza 212 avyucchittinaya 365 AkAzAstikAya 136 azAzvatatA 347 Agama 21, 298, 305, azubha azoka AgamasiddhAnta 56 azoka-vRkSa azokA 23, 532 azvasena AcAra aSTaka AcAracUlA aSTazatI 83 AcAracalikA aSTasahasrI 85, 64 AcAradazA asaMjJI AcAraprakalpa asAparAyika 46. AcArazAstra 504 asAtAvedanIya 464 AcArAMga 23, 434 prasipatra 235 AcArAgra 24 asurakumAra 237 AjIvika 13, 104 asti Atapa 201, 468 astikAya 141 AturapratyAkhyAna 54, 56 asteya AtmaghAta 556 asteyavrata 511 AtmarakSa 238 asthira 468 AtmarUpa 376 ahamadAbAda 63 AtmA 120, 146, 155, ahiMsA 96, 108, 505 161, 202, 246, 428 ahetuvAda 421 AtmAgama / 306 AurapaccakkhANa 54 AtmAdvaitavAda 30 271 353 506

Page #593
578 zabda AtmArAma AdinAtha Adeya Anata Anayanaprayoga AnupUrvI Andhrapradeza ApRcchanA Apta AptaparIkSA AptamImAMsA AbhinibodhikajJAna Abhiyogya AyAra Ayu AyuSya AyogaNatA AraNa ArambhatyAgapratimA ArAdhanA Arya AryakSetra Aryanandi Aloka Alocana AvaMti jaina dharma-darzana pRSTha 58 236 468 233 554 467, 462 60 525. 331 86 78 252 238 23 462, 466 438 262 233 562 56 240 241 66 256 258 24 zabda AvartanatA Avazyaka AvazyakI AvApagamana Azaya Asrava AsravadvAra Asravanirodha AhAraka AhArakavargaNA iMginImaraNa iMdra iMdranandi iMdrabhUti iMdriya IryA IryApathika Izvara IzvaravAda ISatprAgbhAra IhA pRSTha 263 43, 514 525 461 443 434, 456, 501 436 437 icchAkAra icchA - parimANa icchA-svAtaMtrya itvarika- parigRhItA-gamana ihalokAzaMsAprayoga 202, 203 202 27 238 66 10, 14 254 525 544 414 542 560 28 435 236 30, 422 234 253, 261

Page #594
anukramaNikA 469 zabda pRSTha zabda pRSTha ugrasena upanaya uccagotra 468 upabhoga uccAra-prasravaNa upabhogaparibhoga-parimANa 546 ucchavAsa 202, 468 upabhogaparibhogAtirikta 551 ujjana 16, 17 upabhogAntarAya 472, 476 ur3IsA 17 upamAna 298, 304 utkara 200 upayoga 155 uttaramImAMsA uparivastra uttarAdhyayana 43, 434 uparudra 235 utpAda 110 upazamana utpAdAdisidi 62 upazAntakaSAya 498, 49E udadhikumAra 230 upazAntamoha udaya 461,486 . upasaMpadA udayagiri upAMga udAyana upAsaka udAharaNa 326 upAsakadazAMga udIraNA 486 upAsakadazA 23, 40 uddiSTatyAgapratimA 565 upAsakadharma 532 uhiSTabhaktatyAgapratimA 563 umAsvAti udyota 201, 468 uvavAiya udvartanA 488 uvAsagadasA upakAra 376 ustarA upaghAta UrvatAvizeSa 123 upadezamAlA UrvatAsAmAnya 122 upadhAnazruta 24 UrvadizA-parimANaupadhAraNatA 258 atikramaNa 545 525 17 - 68 41 530 468

Page #595
580 jaina dharma-darzana pRSTha zabda Urdhvaloka 233 kadeba 16 Uha 262, 322 kandarpa 551 RjupAlikA kappavaDaMsiya Rjumati - 281 kappiyA RjusUtra 406 kamala RSabha 47 karapAtra 523 RSabhadeva 8, 236 kartRtva ekatA 352 karnATaka karma 175, 413, 425, 427, ekatvabhAvanA 436,442,454 ekabhakta 514 karmanathapaMcaka ekavastradhArI 523 karmaprakRti 68, 441, 461 ekAMtavAda 341 karmaprakRti-pada ... 436 enAksimAMDara 146 karmapradeza 478 enAksimInesa 146 karmaprAbhata .. 56 erisToTala 184 karma phala elAcArya 66 karmabaMdha 436, 458 evaMbhUta 410 karmabaMdhana airAvata 231 karmabaMdha-pada ailaka karmabhUmi 241 aizAna 233 karmavargaNA 202 oniyukti 43, 45 karmavAda 110, 414, 426 odhaniyuktimahAbhASya 57 karmaveda-pada 440 audArika 203 karmavedabaMdha-pada 440 aupapAtika karma vedaveda-pada kaMkAlI-TolA 18 karmasiddhAnta kachuA 240 karmAdAna 434 440 564 440 mr : :

Page #596
anukramaNikA 581 pRSTha 461 4 67 kuMbha tuletustila i zabda pRSTha zabda . karmopArjana 458 kAzI 14, 63 kalaza 240 kinnara 237, 240 kaliMga kimpuruSa 237 kalikAlasarvajJa kilviSika 238 kriyamANa kalpa kriyAvAda kalpasUtra kalpasthiti kuMthunAtha 240 kalpAtIta kuM dakuda kalpikA kuNika kalpopapanna -236, 238 kaSAya 458, 500 kuNDagrAma kaSAyaprAbhUta 56, 62 kuNDapura kaSAyamohanIya kupya-parimANa-atikramaNa 545 kasAyapAhuDa kAThiyAvADa kuzalAnubaMdhi adhyayana kAmabhoga-tIvAbhilASA 542 kusalANubaMdhi ajmayaNa 240 kAmabhogAzaMsAprayoga 560 kaTatola-kUTamAna 540 kAyaduSpraNidhAna 553 kUTa-lekhakaraNa kAyotsarga 515 kAmaNa kUbara 240 kRSNa kAla 13, 136, 216, 235, 376, 382 kevalajJAna 284, 265, 362 kAlakAcArya kevalajJAnAvaraNa 462 kAlavAda 417 kevaladarzana 156, 265 kAlAtima 557 kevaladarzanAvaraNa kAlI 236 kevalibhukti kumArapAla 15 CC kusuma 204 462

Page #597
582 zabda kezI kaicI kozala koSThaka koSThA kautkucya krodha krauMca kSaNikavAda kSINakaSAya kSINa moha kSullaka kSetra kSetra vAstu-parimANa ati kSetravRddhi kSetrasamAsa khaNDa khaNDafift khaNDa siddhAnta kharasvara khAravela gaMga gaMgA gaMgeza gaMdha bena dharma-darzana pRSTha 7, e 530 14 10 264 55 1 461 236 73 4EE 42& 564 382 kramaNa 544 545 68 zabda gandharva 176, 467 gacchAcAra gacchAyAra gaNadhara gaNivijjA gaNividyA gati gamika garur3a gardabhilla garbhaja gaveSaNatA gaveSaNA gAMdhArI gArddhapRSThamaraNa girinagara girinAra gujarAta guNa guNacandra guNa pratyaya guNavata 200 17 56 235 17 16 guNaratna 232 guNasthAna 62 guNideza gupti pRSTha 237, 240 54, 55 55 63 55 54, 55 205, 467 271 240 17 244 262 253 240 27 60 8 15 117 62 277 545 2 438, 462 376 503

Page #598
zabda gRhastha gRhI gaiMDA gocarakAla gotra gomukha gomedha gommaTasAra govindaniyukti gozAla gautama graha grahaNa graiveyaka ghana ghor3A causaraNa caMgadeva caMdanA caMdapaNNatta caMdra caMdragupta caMdraprajJapti caMdaprabha caMdraprabhA caMdramA anukramaNikA pRSTha 532 532 240 528 462, 468 236 240 68 56 12, 30 7, 10, 336 237, 258 258 234 166 236 54 60 14 41 240 16 41 88,240 zabda caMdraSi caMdrasena cakrezvara cakrezvarI cakSudarzana cakSudarzanAvaraNa catuHzaraNa caturyAma caturvastradhArI catuvizatistava caryA cAturyAma cAmuNDA cAritra cAritramohanIya cArvAka cAlukya citana citA cirantana cUrNa cUrNi 12 cUrNikA 237 cUlikAsUtra 583 pRSTha 68 66, 62 68 236 156 462 * 6 523 515 533 6, 525 236 503 464 146, 161, 175, 413 16 526 252, 262 71 200 56 200 41, 53

Page #599
584 jaina dharma-darzana . x celanA 2 pRSTha zabda 14 jinabhadragaNi 53, 57 caitanya jinasena chaMdanA jinezvara chaviccheda 535 jItakalpa 46, 53 chAyA 201 jItakalpabhASya chedasUtra 41, 46 jIva 136, 146, 155 chedopasthApanIyasaMyata 522 jIvana 202 jaMbuddIvapaNNatti 41 jIvasiddhi jaMbU 14 jIvAjIvAbhigama jaMbUdvIpa . 230, 231 / / jIvAbhigama jaMbUdvIpaprajJapti _41 jIvitAzaMsAprayoga jaMbUdvIpaprajJaptisaMgraha jugupsA jagata 226 ja bhikagrAma jamAli jeno 133, 183 jayaMta 234 jaina jayaMtI 338 jainatarkabhASA 64 jayadhavalA jainadarzana 16 jainadharma _ 3, 6, 66 jayasena jainaparamparA jalacara 244 jana-stUpa jAti 467 janAcAra jijJAsA 262 jJAtaputra jinakalpika 523 jJAtAdharmakathA 23, 31 jinadAsagaNi 53, 57 jJAtRkhaNDa jinapAlita jJAtRvaMza jinabhadra 68 jJAna 127, 246, 261, 307 104 jayasiMha 67 108

Page #600
anukramaNikA 585 . . . 525 525 zabda jJAnacaMdra jJAnabiMdu jJAnamImAMsA jJAnavAda jJAnAvaraNa jJAnAvaraNIya jyotiSka jvAlA jvAlAmAlinI jvAlinI ThANa DAvina xxx 503 18 240 DemokreTasa pRSTha zabda 62 tattvArtha * 14 tattvArtha rAjavAtika 246 tattvArtha sUtra 247 tathAkAra 461 tathyetikAra 462 tanu 461 tapa tapasyA 503 tama 236 201 tama:prabhA 236 226 262, 322 23 422 taskaraprayoga 540 tAraNapaMthI tArA 237 tinduka tiryaka vizeSa 123 tiryak sAmAnya 122 54, 55 tiyega dizA-parimANa421 atikramaNa 545 196 tiryaJca 240, 244 115 tiyaMJcAyu 466 540 tIrtha kara 241, 242, 468 tIrtha 14, 242 261 tuburu 236 135 tucchoSadhibhakSaNa 547 67 tejovargaNA 202 146 20 NAyaputta NAyAdhammakahA NiggaMtha taMdulaveyAliya taMdunavaicArika tajjIvataccharIravAda tata tatva tatpratirUpaka vyavahAra tattvaciMtAmaNi tattvajJa tattvatraya tatvaviveka

Page #601
586 jaina dharma-darzana pRSTha 524 271 202 ur wmorum mr 468 11 146 terahapaMthI terApaMthI tejasa trasa trasadazaka trAyastriza trimukha vilakSaNakadarthana trilokaprajJapti trivastradhArI siy'aalaa thelisa dakSiNApatha darzana darzanapratimA darzanamohanIya darzanAvaraNa darzanAvaraNIya darzanopayoga dazavaikAlika dazAzru taskaMdha dAnAntarAya dikkumAra digambara digambaratva diGa nAga pRSTha zabda 20 didrivAya dinacaryA 204 dizA-parimANa 244, dIghanikAya 467 dIrghakAlikI duHkha duHsvara duritAri durbhaga duSpakvAhAra dRSTasAdharmyavat dRSTAnta daSTivAda 261 daSTivAdopadezikI deva 464 devagupta devacandrasUri devaddhigaNi 156 devavAda 43, 44 devidathaya devendra 237 devendrasUri devendrastava dezavirata 82 dezasaMyata 302 329 22, 23 271 236,430 m 60 . 21, 23 devAyu m MAur Us m m 472 m .. 54, 56 532 .

Page #602
zabda dezasaMyamI dezAvakAzika dezAvadhi deva devavAda dramila dramiladeza dravya dravyakarma dravyamana dravyArthika dravyAlaMkAra dravyendriya drAvir3a drAvidharma dvArakA dvipadacatuSpada parimANa atikramaNa 532 554 276 443 423 17 60 115, 122, 138, 380, 382 446 255 365 dvivastradhArI dvIpa dveSa dhanadhAnya- parimANa dhana-sampatti dhanuSa atikramaNa anukramaNikA pRSTha 62 254 5 da 545 523 230 440 zabda dhandhukA dharaNI dharasena dharasenAcArya dharma dharmakathA dharmakIrti dharmadAsa dharmanAtha dharmaparIkSA dharma bhUSaNa dharma ratnaprakaraNa dharma saMgrahaNI dharmasiMha dharmAdharma dharmAstikAya dharmopadezamAlA ghavalA dhAtakIkhaNDa dhAraNA dhUta dhUma prabhA dhyAna 44 zrIvya 455 naMdAvarta 235 naMdI 587 pRSTha 60 240 61 60 205, 503 526 383 68 240 67 62 68 67, 85 58 443 136, 205 68 66 230 264 24 226 526, 550 117 240 *

Page #603
588 zabda nakSatra nagnatA napuMsaka veda nabhacara naminAtha naya nayantraka nayapradIpa nayarahasya nayavAda nayavijaya naya saptabhaMgI nayAmRtataraMgiNI nayopadeza naraka narakAMtA narakAyu narakAvAsa nAgakumAra nAgahastI nAgArjuna nAgArjunasUri nAgora nAnAtmavAda nAma nArakI 466 244 240 364, 400, 411 80 jaina dharma-darzana pRSTha 237 4 94 24 73, 112, 364 63 377 64 64 228 232 466 230 237 65 72 22 60 30 380, 467 234 zabda nArI nAlaMdA nAsti nAstikavAda nikAcana nikSepa nigaMTa nigaMThanATaputta nigaMtha nigamana niggaMtha nityatA nityabhojI nidrA nidrA-nidrA nidhatti niyamasAra nirayAvalikA nirayAvaliyA nirgrantha nirjarA 462 462 460 niyatavipAkI 46 1 niyativAda 415, 416, 424 niyamapratimA 561 nirmANa niyukti pRSTha 232 12 352 421 460 381 6, 105 6 105 330 6, 105 120, 344 526 67 41 41. 105 437, 501 468 56

Page #604
anukramaNikA pRSTha 87 KWK 202 134, 163 94 28 zabda paSTha zabda nirvastra 523 nokaSAyamohanIya nirvANa 500 nyAyakumudacaMdra nirvANI 240 nyAyakhaNDakhAdya nivizamAna 522 nyAyadIpikA niviSTakAyika 522 nyAyapraveza ni:zvAsa nyAyavinizcaya nizItha 27, 46, 50 nyAyavizArada nizIthabhASya nyAyavaizeSika nizcaya nyAyAloka nizcayanaya 447 nyAyAvatAra niSadha nyAsa niSIdhikA paMkaprabhA niSkaSAyamaraNa paMcakalpa niSThA paMcakalpamahAbhASya nIcagotra paMcajJAna nIla 231 paMcabhUtavAda nIlakamala 240 paMcayAma nIlagiri 17 paMcavata nepAla 16, 22 paMcasaMgraha nemicaMdra 53, 68 paMcAstikAya neminAtha 8, 240 paMcAstikAyasAra naMgama 401 paMDitamaraNa nayAyika 73, 161, 168, pakSa 316, 458 paTanA nazcayika paNNavaNA naSedhikI 525 paNhAvAgaraNa 380 226 46, 53 533 468 H-MAGAGGG WWE .67 531, 558 22 23

Page #605
560 jaina dharma darzana pRSTha 434 262 87 503 318 468 117, 122 365 306 524 patraparIkSA padArtha padmanaMdi padmaprabha padmAvatI pannaga paraMparAgama parakriyA parataHprAmANyavAda paramAgama paramANu paramAtmapada paramAthAmika paramAvadhi paralokAzaMsAprayoga paravivAhakaraNa paravyapadeza parasAmAnya parAghAta parArthAnumAna parigraha parigrahatyAgapratimA pariNAma paribhoga parivartana parivartanA pRSTha zabda 86 parisrava 115 parIkSA 68 parIkSAmukha 240 parISahajaya 236, 240 parokSa 240 paryApta paryAya 28 paryAyAdhika 311 paryuSaNA paryuSaNAkalpa pATaliputra pANipAtra pAtAla pAtrakezarI 560 pAtradhArI 542 pAtraSaNA pAdapopagamanamaraNa pApa 467 pApakarmopadeza pAriSadya pArmeniDIsa pAva 126, 216 pAzcaMdragaNi 546 pArzvanAtha 216 pAvA 526 pAvApurI 523 240, 526 mmmxxxr Ora > Um Wym w 276 82 526 28 436, 476 550 238 6, 7, 9, 47 14 .

Page #606
zabda piNDaniyukti piNDaprakRti piNDeSaNA pizAca puNya puNya-pApa pudgala pudgalaprakSepa punarAvartana punarjanma pupphacUliyA puSkiyA puruSavAda puruSaveda puruSArthavAda puSpacUlikA puSpadaMta puSpikA pUjyapAda pUrva pUrvamImAMsA pUrvavat pejjadoMsa pAhuDa poSadhapratimA pauSadhopavAsa anukramaNikA pRSTha 43, 237 436, 455, 476 443 136, 178, 167, 202 554 526 461 41 41 422 466 45 467 = 424 41 61 41 71 22 6 300 62 561 554 56, 60, zabda pauSadhopavAsa- samyagananupAlanatA prakIrNaka prakRti prakRtibaMdha pracalA pracalApracalA prajApati prajJA prajJApanA pratara pratikramaNa pratijJA pratipatti pratipRcchanA pratimA pratimAvAda pratiSThA pratyakSa pratyabhijJAna pratyAkhyAna pratyeka pratyeka prakRti 561 pRSTha pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa pratyAvartanatA 443 437, 460, 501 462 463 426, 433 253 41, 434 200 515 328 264 525 27, 560 4 555 41, 54, 238 264 268, 266, 316, 317 321 514 465 263 468 467

Page #607
562 zabda pradeza pradezakarma pradezabaMdha pradezAfthaka pradyota prabhAcaMdra pramattasaMyata pramANa pramANacarcA pramANanayatattvAloka pramANaparIkSA pramANamImAMsA pramANa rahasya pramANavAdArtha yena dharma-darzana pRSTha 141 438 437, 460, 501 366 14 87 467 268, 307, 313, 314, 394 268 86 86 60 baMdhana 64 bakarA 64 83 377 550 88 87 te 86 pramANasaMgraha pramANasaptabhaMgI pramAdAcaraNa pramalikSma prameyakamalamArtaNDa prameyaratnakoSa prameyaratnamAlA prayoga pravacanasAra pravarA praznavyAkaraNa zabda prANata prANAtipAta viramaNa prAbhAkara prAmANya prAyogika prArabdha 240 23, 40 preyodveSaprAbhUta preSaNa prayoga preSyaparityAgapratimA baMdara baMdha battItI aff bAja bAdara bAdara-saMparAya bAlamaraNa bibasAra * bIsapaMthI 436 buddha 67 buddhi pRSTha 233 506 316 310 166 461 62 554 562 236 163, 166, 456, 500, 501, 535 467, 486 240 73 132 240 468 468 531, 556 14 20 6, 8, 337, 361 263 46, 47, 55 57 bRhatkalpa bRhatkalpabRhad bhASya

Page #608
anukramaNikA 563 pRSTha 237 236 277 va 443 423 bhATTa m bhAva 236 380,382 446 bd brahman 255 zabda pRSTha zabda bRhaskalpalaghubhASya 57 bhavanapati bRhatkSetrasamAsaprakaraNa 68 bhavanavAsI bRhatsarvajJasiddhi 86 bhavapratyaya bRhadAturapratyAkhyAna 55 bhavabhAvanA bala 236 bhAgya bauddha 104, 314, 458 bhAgyavAda bauddhadharma brahma 240 bhAratI brahmacarya 7, 24 brahmacarya pratimA 562 bhAvakarma brahmacarya vrata 512 bhAvanA 101 bhAvamana brahmaloka bhAvendriya brahmavAda 422 bhASAjAta brAhmaNa 3, 102 bhASArahasya brAhmaNa paraMparA 68 bhASAlakSaNa brAhmaNa-zramaNa 101 bhASAvargaNA brAhmaNa saMskRti 100 bhASya breDale 81, 116 bhUta bhaktaparijJA 27, 54, 55, 56 bhUtabali bhagavatI 23, 30 bhUtavAda bhagavatIsUtra 365, 434 bhUtAdvaitavAda bhattapariNNA .55 bhakUTI bhadrabAhu 14, 22, 46, 56 bheda bhaya ..466 bhedAbhedavAda bharata 231 bhaisA 254 28 64 168 202 56, 57 237 56, 60, 61 421 240 126, 200 126 . 240

Page #609
jaina dharma-darzana pRSTha 240 18, 22 zabda pRSTha zabda bhoktRtva 448 maraNa vibhatti bhogabhUmi 241 maraNavizodhi bhogAntarAya 472, 476 maraNasamAdhi 54, 56 bhautikavAda 422 maraNasamAhi maMtrabheda maraNAzaMsAprayoga 560 magara maladhArI hemacaMdra ___58, 68 majjhimanikAya malayagiri 58, 71 mati 252, 273 mallakI matijJAna 252, 267, 273 mallavAdI matijJAnAvaraNa 462 matharA mallinAtha madhyaloka malliSeNa mana 202, 203, 255 mahAkammapayaDipAhuDa manaHparyaya 283, 462 mahAkarmaprakRtiprAmRta 56, manaHparyayajJAna 280, 283 mahAkAla 235 mana:paryava 462 mahAkAlI 236 manaHparyAya-jJAnAvaraNa 462 mahAghoSa 235 manuja 240 mahAtamaHprabhA 226 manuSya 240 mahAdevI manuSyakSetra 233 - mahAdhavala manuSyaloka 233 mahAnizItha 46, 52, 55 manuSyAyu 466 mahApaccakkhANa manoduSpraNidhAna 553 mahAparijJA 24 manovargaNA 202 mahApratyAkhyAna 54, 55, 56 maraNa 202, 531 mahAbaMdha maraNavibhakti 56 mahAbhArata 417

Page #610
zabda mahAyakSa mahAyAna mahAvIra mahAvrata mahAzukra anukramaNikA pRSTha 23e 6 6, 8, 12, 27, 30, 47, 240, 338 508 233 138 231 60 237 337 87 240 557 medhA 4 meru 233 merutuga 443, 465 mokSa mohanajodar3o mohanIya maurya mleccha mahAsAmAnya mahAhimavAn mahimAnagarI mahoraga mANavaka mANikyanaMdI mAtaMga mAtsarya mAna mAnuSottara mAyA mArgaNatA mArgaNA mahendra mithyA mithyAkAra mithyAtvamohanIya mithyAdRSTi mizramohanIya mImAMsaka 262 252 233 271 525 464 464 464 73, 168 zabda mImAMsA mImAMsAsUtra mukta mukti municaMdra munisuvrata mUrtipUjaka mUrtivAda mUla karma mUlasUtra mUlAcAra mUlArAdhanA mRSA upadeza yakSa yakSasena yakSendra yajJa 565 pRSTha 66 66 160, 234 241, 500 68 240 20 4 435 41, 43 68 68 538 258 231 62 500, 501 4 462, 464 551 240 237 53 240 430

Page #611
596 jaina dharma-darzana pRSTha 62 14 77 zabda yajJavAda 432 ratnAkarAvatArikA-paMjikAyati TippaNa yativRSabha 65, 68 ramyaka 231 yadRcchAvAda 420 ravigupta 53 rasa yaza:kIti 175,467 468 rasavikRti 528 yazasvatasAgara rahasya-abhyAkhyAna / 538 yazovarddhana rAkSasa 237 yazovijaya 67, 71, 62 rAga yAkobI 107 rAjagaha yuktyanuzAsana rAjapraznIya yoga 6 6, 458, 500 rAjavArtika yogadRSTisamuccaya rAjazekhara yogadeva rAjImatI yogabindu rAjyAdiviruddha-karma 540 yogavizikA rAtribhuktityAga yogazataka rAtribhojana-viramaNavrata yogIndra rAmacaMdra 62 raktA raktodA rAmAnuja 232 rAyapaseNaiya rati rASTrakUTa ralaprabhasUri rukmI 231 ratnaprabhA 226 rudra ratnazekhara 68 rUpa 28 ratnAkarAvatArikA 61 rUpAnupAta 554 ratnAkarAvatArikA-paMjikA 2 rUpI 136, 141, 143 94 232 227 235

Page #612
zabda rUpyakalA revata roga rohita rohitAsyA lakSmIdevI laghIyastraya laghu sarvaMza siddhi labdhyakSara lavaNa samudra lAMtava lAr3ha lAbhAntarAya lAsena lecchako loMca loka lokatattvanirNaya lokapAla lokavijaya lokasAra lokAMtika lokAkAza lobha vaMdanA vajra anukramaNikA pRSTha 232 8 27 232 232 71 83 86 271 230 233 13 472, 475 107 24 530 113, 226 85 zabda vajrabhUmi vaTTakerAcArya vahidasA vadha vanaspatisaptati vappadeva varuNa varNaM vartanA vastramaryAdA vastreSaNA vAgduSpraNidhAna vAcanA vANI vAtakumAra vAdavijaya varddhamAnasUri vardhamAna 10, 12, 240, 278 varSAvAsa 525, 528 valabhI 22, 23 523 28 553 526 238 24 24 236 213 465 vAmana 515 vAmA 240 vAdArthanirUpaNa vAdidevasUri vAdirAja vArANasI 567 pRSTha 13 68 41 535 68 67 240 176, 467 216 68 202 237 62 64 86, 161 87 240

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56, jaina dharma-darzana Www 1 cm wo 0 18 262 113, 226 zabda vAluna vAlukAprabhA vAsanA vAsupUjya vikalAdeza vikAsavAda vikramAditya vicAra vicAraNA vijaya vijayA vijJAna vijJAnavAda ditata videha vidyAnaMda vidyutakumAra vinayavAda vidhAkazruta vipAkasUtra dipulamati vibudhasena vibhajyavAda vimarza vimarSa vimaladAsa pRSTha zabda 235 vimalanAtha 226 vimukti 264, 443 vimokSa 240 viyAhapaNNatti 374, 377, 364 / / vivAgasuya 422 viziSTAdvaita vizeSa vizeSaNavatI vizeSAvazyakabhASya 234, 240 vizva 240 - vIrasena vIrasenAcArya 73, 133 vIryAntarAya 166 vRddhavAdI 231 vRSNidazA 71, 85 veda 27 vedanIya 30 vedAMta 23 vedAMtasUtra 40 vennAtaTa 281 vebara 71 vaikriya 337 vaikhAnasa 253 vaijayaMta 262 vaitaraNI 64 vaidika saMskRti 472, 476 53 41 426 462, 464 66, 458 m 107 203 MWww...

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anukramaNikA 566 pRSTha 235 366 24 383 zabda paSTha zabda vaidhopanIta 304 zamana 105 vaibhASika 126 zavala vaimAnika 233, 236, 238 zabda 28, 168, 377, 407 varoTyA 240 zabdanaya vaizAlI 11 zabdAnupAta vaizeSika 73, 161, 168, zayyambhava 44 186, 458, 316 zayyaSaNA 28 vaisasika 169 zarIra 202, 203, 428, 467 vyaMjanAkSara 271 zarAprabhA 226 vyaMjanAvagraha 258 zarman 102 vyatara 236 zastraparijJA vyaya 117 zAMtarakSita vyavasAya 296 zAMtA 240 vyavahAra 46, 46, 55, 405 zAMtinAtha vyavahAranaya zAMtisUri vyavahArabhASya zotyAcArya 58, 61 vyAkhyAprajJapti 23, 30,420, zAkaTAyana zAlavakSa . vyAvahArika 368 zAzvatatA 347 vyucchittinaya 366 zAstra 331 vratapratimA 561 zAstra vArtAsamuccaya 85, 64, vrAtya 417 383 zikSAvata 552 zaMkha 18 zivazarma zama 106 zivArya 240 68 434 13 zaMkara 231 14, 240 zikharI w l zaka w l

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jaina dharma-darzana pRSTha zItalanAtha zItoSNIya zIlAMkasUri 240 273 270, 273 zubha . zubhrabhUmi zUnyavAda r zeSavat ur zoka zyAma zyAmAka 240 71, 86 202 zrama al pRSTha zabda 240 zrIvatsa 24 zrIvatsA zruta 868 zrutajJAna zrutajJAnAvaraNa 72,133 zrutasAgara 301 zrutAvatAra zreNika 235 zreyAMsanAtha 13 zlokavArtika 106 zvAsocchvAsa 3, 12, 105 zvetAmbara 18 SaTakhaNDasiddhAnta 563 paTkhaNDAgama 18, SaDAvazyaka 507 gaDadarzanasamuccaya paNmukha 258 SoDazaka saMkramaNa 532 maMgraha saMgrahaNIprakaraNa rAMgha 533 saMghadAsagaNi 532 saMghAta saMghAtana 68 saMghAtavAda 56 0 514 8 85, 62 zramaNa zramaNa paraMparA zramaNabhUtapratimA zramaNa saMskRti thamaNAcAra zramaNopAsaka zravaNatA zravaNabelagolA zrAddha zrAddhavidhiprakaraNa zrAvaka zrAvakadharma zrAvakAcAra zrAvastI zrIcaMdra ur 486 403 G WG KA MK 0 0 Es 532 193 467 130

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anukramaNikA 601 pRSTha pRSTha zabda saMcita 461 saMhanana 467 saMjayavelaTTiputta 362 sakalAdeza 374, 377, 364 saMjJA 252, 253 sakaSAyamaraNa saMjJAkSara 271 sacittatyAgapratimA saMjI 271 sacittanikSepa saMjvalana 465 sacittapidhAna 557 saMtasaMskRti 100 sacitta-pratibaddhAhAra 547 saMthAraga 55 sacittAhAra 547 saMthArA 531, 558 sacelaka 11, 16 saMprati 115, 115 saMbaMdha 376 sattA 120, 486 saMbhavanAtha 239 sattAsAmAnya 138 saMmUcchima 244 satyavrata ___510 saMyuktAdhikaraNa 551 satyazAsanaparIkSA saMlekhanA 531, 558 sanmatiTIkA salekhanAzruta 56 sanmatitarka 67, 73 saMvara 437, 503 saparyavasita . 271 saMzaya 262 saptapadArthI saMsaktaniyukti 56 saptamaMgI 356, 374, 377, saMsarga 376 361 saMsAra 226 saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI 64 saMsArI samaMtabhadra 77, 425 saMsArI AtmA saMskAra 265, 433, 443 samaNa 105 saMstAraka 54, 55, 531, 558 samana 105 saMsthAna 200, 467 samabhirUr3ha 4 106

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602 jaina dharma-darzana 233 mr 345 w 7 sAgAra 464 zabda pRSTha zabda pRSTha samayasAra 67 sarvAvadhi 276 samavAya 23 sahasA abhyAkhyAna 538 samavAyAMga ___30, 434 sahasrAra samAcArI 524 sAMkhya 73, 66, 165, 167, samAdhimaraNa 168, 174, 316, 458 samiti sAMtatA samudra 230 sAMparAyika 435, 460 samudravijaya sAMprata sammetazikhara 532 samyaka 271 sAtAvedanIya samyaktva sAdika 271 samyaktvamohanIya 464 sAdhana 325, 533 samyaka-mithyAtvamohanIya 465 / / sAdhopanIta 304 samyak-mithyAdRSTi 465 sAdhAraNa 468 sayogikevalI 466 sAdhuvijaya sarasvatI 17, 236 sAnatkumAra sarpa sApekSavAda sarvaadattAdAna-viramaNa sAmaaphalasutta 6, 416 sarvajJa sAmAcArI .47, 524 sarvajJatA sAmAnika sarvaparigraha-viramaNa 507 sAmAnya 122 sarvaprANAtipAta-viramaNa 507 sAmAyika .515, 552 sarvamRSAvAda-viramaNa 507 sAmAyikapratimA 561 sarvamathuna-viramaNa 507 sAmAyikasaMyata 522 sarvArthasiddha 234 sAmya sarvArthasiddhi 71 sAsAdana-samyagdRSTi >> om mx 240 507 285 285 102 ___www.jainelibrary:org

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anukramaNikA 603 For Pu. siMdhu siMha 468 240 167, 468 468 167 197 zabda pRSTha zabda sAsvAdana-samyagdRSTi 465 sumatinAtha 18, 232 surakumAra 240 sulasA siMhagaNi suvarNakanA siddha 234 suvidhinAtha siddharAja 18 susvara siSi 87 sahastI siddhazilA 234 sUara siddhasena 53, 67,71,72, sUkSma ..365, 400 sUkSma-samparAya siddhasena divAkara 266, 424 sUkSmasUkSma siddhAMtasAroddhAra sUkSmasthUla siddhAyikA 240 sUtrakRta siddhArtha sUtrakRtAMga siddhArthapura siddhivinizcaya sUyagaDa siddhivinizcaya-vivaraNa sUrapaNNatti sItA 232 sUrya sItodA 232 sUryaprajJapti sukha 202 somacaMdra sukhalAlajI saMghavI 71 somatilaka sutArA 240 somila sudharmA 14 sokSamya suparNakumAra 237 sautrAntika supAzvanAtha 240 saudharma 468 saurASTra 26, 237, 356, 420 or orm 237 Mm 68, 92 352 - 200 129 : 233 subhaga

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604 jaina dharma-darzana pRSTha `mr 200 h w M 523 47 zabda pRSTha zabda sauryapura 8 sthUla-mRSAvAda-viramaNa 537 soSira 166 sthUla-maithUna-viramaNa skaMdila 22 sthUlasUkSma 160 skaMdha 162 sthUlasthUla 167 stanitakumAra 237 sthaulya stenAhata 540 sparza 178, 467 styAnaddhi 463 smRti 252, 253, 265, 316 strImukti smRtyakaraNa 553 strIveda smRtyantardhA 545 sthalacara 244 syAdvAda 112, 335, 337, sthavirakalpika 356, 358, 356, sthavirAvalI sthAna 23, 28 syAdvAdakalikA sthAnakavAsI syAdvAdakalpalatA sthAnAMga 30, 434 syAdvAdamaMjarI sthApanA 264, 380 syAdvAdamuktAvalI sthAvara 244, 468 syAdvAdaratnAkara sthAvaradazaka 467 svataMtratAvAda sthiti 207 svata:prAmANyavAda sthitibaMdha 437, 460, 501 svadAra-santoSa sthira svapati-santoSa . 541 sthUla 167 svabhAvavAda sthUla-adattAdAna-viramaNa 536 svayaMbhUramaNadvIpa 230 sthUla-parigraha-viramaNa 544 svayaMbhUramaNasamudra 230 sthUla-prANAtipAta-viramaNa 534 svayaMbhUstotra 77 sthUlabhadra 14, 22 svarUpasiddhi 86 415 541 468 Page #620
anukramaNikA 605 pRSTha 240 har3appA pRSTha zabda svastika 240 hiraNya-suvarNa-parimANasvAdhyAya 526 atikramaNa svArthAnumAna 324 hirana hInayAna 73, 66 hari 231 hIyamAna 278 harikAMtA 232 hegana harita 232 hetu 298, 329 haribhadra 57, 67, 68, 71, hetukhaNDana 84,424 hetUpadezikI haribhadrasUri 52 hemacaMdra 18, 60 hastimala 58 hemacaMdrasUri 236 herAkliTasa hApIgumphA . 17 haimavata 231 hAsya 466 haraNyavata hiMsApradAna 550 hoyasala himavAn 231 hya ma 131, 362 . 271 hAthI 131 231

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pariziSTa

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jaina kalA evaM sthApatya kalA tathA sthApatya ke kSetra meM jainoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| jaina kalA evaM sthApatya ne vizeSa prakAra kI AkRtiyAM evaM pratIka bhI prastuta kiye haiN| jaina samAja kalA tathA sthApatya ko saMrakSaNa pradAna karane ke lie suvikhyAta hai| jaina kalA kA prAcInatama rUpa kaliMga deza ke rAjA khAravela se tathA jaina sthApatya kA sabase purAnA rUpa mauryakAla se saMbaMdhita hai| jaina pratimAvijJAna : sAmAnyataH yaha svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai ki prArambha meM brAhmaNapratimAvijJAna meM mUrti pUjA ko sthAna nahIM diyA gayA thaa| jahA~ taka abrAhmaNapratimAvijJAna kI bAta hai, aisA lagatA hai ki buddha kI mUrtipUjA ke pahale jina kI mUrtipUjA prArambha huii| dUsare zabdo meM bauddha pratimAvijJAna kI apekSA jaina pratimAvijJAna meM mUrtipUjA ko pahale sthAna milaa| jaina pratimAvijJAna meM bhI jinamUrti-pUjA athavA tIrthaMkaramUrti-pUjA bahuta prAcIna nahIM hai| kisI bhI jaina Agamagrantha meM 24 tIrthakaroM meM se kisI kI bhI mUrtipUjA athavA kisI ke nAma para mandira banavAne kA ullekha nahIM huA hai / AgamoM meM bahuta se caityoM kA ullekha hai jinameM yakSoM kI pratiSThA huI thii| vyAkhyAprajJapti tathA upAsakadazAMga meM arhat caityoM (jina- caityoM) kI sAmAnya carcA huI hai / jJAtAdharmakathA se draupadI ke dvArA jina - mUrtipUjA hone kI sAmAnya jAnakArI hotI hai| rAjapraznIya, sthAnAMga tathA jIvAbhigama meM zAzvata pratimAoM kA varNana hai| vidvAnoM kA yaha mata hai ki I. pUrva cauthI zatAbdI ke prArambha taka jainoM meM jina - mUrtipUjA vizeSa pracalita nahIM ho pAI thii| paTanA ke nikaTastha lohAnIpura se prApta eka jinamUrti ke ati camakIle ghaDa se jAnakArI prApta hotI hai ki I. pUrva tIsarI zatI athavA usase kucha pahale jinamUrti-pUjA prArambha huii| jaina Agama granthoM meM jinamUrti-pUjA kA ullekha bahuta hI kama huA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra athavA unake nikaTa ke uttarAdhikAriyoM ke samaya taka jinamUrti pUjA pracalita nahIM ho pAI thI /

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610 jaina dharma-darzana prAcInatama jaina mUrtiyA~ : lohAnIpura se prApta jinamUrtiyoM ke do dhar3a, jo mauryakAla ke haiM, aba taka kI prApta jaina mUrtiyoM meM sabase prAcIna haiN| unameM se eka to kAphI camakIlA hai parantu dUsare para koI camaka nahIM hai| ina dhar3oM ke sAtha eka vargAkAra mandira kI nIMvoM se bahuta-sI IMTeM tathA cA~dI kA eka Ahata sikkA milA hai| dhar3a tIrthaMkaroM ke mAlUma par3ate haiM tathA nIMveM khudAI se prApta sabase prAcIna jaina mandira kii| maurya rAjA samprati jaina mandiroM ke nirmANakartA ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| isa viSaya meM purAtattvasambandhI koI pramANa prApta nahIM huA hai| do jaina guphAe~ : ur3IsA kI udayagiri aura khaMDagiri pahAr3iyoM meM khodI gaI do guphAe~ zuMga kAla ke jaina smAraka ke rUpa meM ullekhanIya haiN| hAthIguMphA kA kaliMga deza ke rAjA khAravela ne uddhAra evaM sudhAra kiyA thaa| ur3IsA kI sabhI guphAoM meM rAnIguMphA bRhadAkAra hai tathA vistRta alaMkaraNa se yukta hai| isake sundara mUrtialaMkaraNa meM yuddha, paMkhavAle mRga ke zikAra aura nArI ko bhagA le jAne Adi ke dRzya bane hue haiN| guphA kI do maMjileM haiM jinameM barAmade bhI bane hue haiN| jaina stUpa : mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle kI khudAI se IMTa kA banA huA eka vizAla jaina stUpa aura do mandiroM ke bhagnAvazeSa prApta hue haiN| usameM dvitIya zatAbdI kA eka zilAlekha bhI milA hai| usa lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki stUpa devatAoM ke dvArA nirmita huA thaa| aisI dhAraNA bana jAne kA kAraNa yaha hai ki usa samaya stUpa ko smaraNAtIta prAcIna mAnA jAtA thaa| vividha tIrthakalpa (14 vIM zatAbdI) se jAnakArI hotI hai ki stUpa kI marammata pArzvanAtha (I. pUrva 877777) ke samaya meM huI aura eka hajAra varSa ke bAda bappabhaTTisUri dvArA usakA navInIkaraNa kiyA gyaa| stUpa kA nirmANa sAtaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAn supArzva ke sammAna meM huA thaa| jainadharma ke itihAsa ke dRSTikoNa se mathurA se prApta hone vAlI mUrtiyA~ tathA zilAlekha bahuta mahattvapUrNa haiN| inameM eka AyAgapaTa hai jise eka mandira

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jaina kalA evaM sthApatya 611 meM pUjA ke uddezya se lagAyA gayA thaa| AyAgapaTa kA zilAlekha iMgita karatA hai ki vaha loNazobhikA kI putrI vasu nAmaka gaNikA kI bheMTa hai| usameM pradhAnataH usa jaina stUpa kA nirUpaNa hai jo vedikA se ghirI huI eka UMcI jagatI para sthita hai, jahA~ para alaMkRta daravAje kI ora le jAne vAlI 9 sIr3hiyoM ke dvArA pahu~cA jAtA hai| eka dUsare AyAgapaTa ke madhya meM baiThe hue jina kA citraNa huA hai jisake cAroM ora vividha pratIka haiN| rAjagira kA mandira : rAjagRha (rAjagira) ke vaibhAragiri parvata para eka bhagna mandira hai| isa mandira meM eka garbhagRha hai jo cAroM tarapha se choTe-choTe kakSoM se ghirA huA hai| pradhAna bhavana se nIce eka aura mandira hai jisameM 22 veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAn neminAtha kI baiThI huI pratimA hai| sAtha kA zilAlekha guptakAlIna lipi meM hai| pITha ke madhya meM sthita dharmacakra ke donoM ora lAMchanasvarUpa zaMkha hai| akoTA kI kAMse kI mUrtiyA~ : bar3audA ke nikaTastha akoTA se guptakAla (5vIM zatI) kI kAMse kI eka jaina mUrti prApta huI hai| yaha Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI kAyotsargasthita (khar3I) pratimA hai| isake nIce kA bhAga aprApya hai tathA pITha, hAtha aura paira TUTe hue haiN| dhotI dhAraNa kiye hue yaha sabase prAcIna jaina pratimA hai| akoTA ke saMgraha meM chaThI se gyArahavIM zatI kI bahuta sI kAMse kI jaina mUrtiyA~ prApta huI elorA kA jaina guphAmandira : elorA kA 'indrasabhA' nAmaka mandira madhyayuga ke jaina guphAmandiroM meM sabase acchA hai| yaha Thosa caTTAna ko kATakara banAyA gayA hai| isakA AMgana dakSiNa kI ora patthara ke bane hue parde se ArakSita hai| pUrva meM eka caityAlaya hai jisake sAmane do stambha aura pIche bhI do stambha bane haiN| AMgana meM praveza karate samaya dAhinI ora cabUtare para eka hAthI aura bAyIM ora patthara kA ekAzmaka stambha hai jo aba gira cukA hai| isa staMbha ke zIrSa para eka tIrthaMkara kI caturmukhI pratimA sthApita hai| madhyabhAga meM eka vistRta vargAkAra maNDapa banA huA hai| eka

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jaina dharma-darzana prakAra ke dohare barAmade se mandira ke nIce vAle sabhA maNDapa meM jAne ko mArga milatA hai| barAmade ke eka chora para 16veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAn zAntinAtha kI do bar3I-bar3I mUrtiyA~ haiM / dUsare chora para patthara kI sIr3hiyA~ haiM jo UparavAle sabhAmaNDapa meM jAtI haiN| donoM hI sabhA maNDapa stambhoM se susajjita haiN| Upara ke sabhAmaMDapa kI dIvAreM jina mUrtiyoM se alaMkRta haiN| aMkita mUrtiyoM meM bhagavAn pArzva, bhagavAn mahAvIra tathA gommaTa ( bAhubali) pramukha haiN| gommaTezvara kI vizAla mUrti : 612 dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina sthApatya meM do prakAra ke mandira samAviSTa haiM 'basti' aura 'betta' / tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM se suzobhita mandira basti kahe jAte haiN| betta pahAr3I coTiyoM para khule AMgana kI taraha bane haiM aura unameM gommaTezvara kI pratimAe~ haiN| prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke putra bAhubali kA hI aparanAma gommaTa yA gommaTezvara hai| maisUra se 62 mIla kI dUrI para sthita zravaNabelagolA meM vindhyagiri kI coTI para, jo jamIna se 470 phITa kI U~cAI para hai, gommaTezvara kI vizAla mUrti khar3I hai| prAcIna hote hue bhI yaha bRhadAkAra mUrti pUrNa surakSita hai| isakI U~cAI 57 phITa hai| kaMdhe kI caur3AI 26 phITa, paira kA aMgUThA 2 phITa, madhyama aMguli 5 phITa, er3I kI U~cAI 2 phITa, kAna kI lambAI 3 9 4 9 2 5 phITa tathA kamara kA gherA 10 phITa hai| mUrti naMgI hai aura uttara dizA kI ora mu~ha karake sIdhI khar3I hai| yaha Thosa caTTAna ko kATakara banAI gaI hai| yaha bRhadAkAra mUrti zravaNabelagolA se 15 mIla dUrataka cAroM tarapha se dikhAI par3atI hai / Upara car3hane ke lie caTTAna meM kATI huI 500 sIr3hiyoM kA mArga taya karanA par3atA hai| mUrti para prApta zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha mUrti cAmuNDarAya ne banavAI thii| vaha rAjamalla athavA rAcamalla kA prasiddha maMtrI thA, jisane I. san 974 se 984 taka rAjya kiyA thaa| mUrti kA nirmANa I. san 983 meM huA thaa|

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jaina kalA evaM sthApatya 613 khajurAho kA pArzvanAtha mandira : uttara bhArata meM khajurAho jainadharma kA pradhAna kendra thaa| vahA~ para bane maMdiroM meM se eka tihAI jaina mandira haiN| jaina mandiroM meM pArzvanAtha kA mandira sabase bar3A aura sabase sundara hai| vahA~ ke anya mandiroM kI taraha yaha bhI I.san 950-1050 ke bIca kA banA huA mAlUma par3atA hai| yaha 62 phITa lambA va 31 phITa caur3A hai| isakI bAharI dIvAreM aneka alaMkaraNa paTTiyoM tathA mUrtiyoM kI tIna paMktiyoM se suzobhita hai| delavAr3A ke jaina mandira : AbU kI pahAr3I para sthita delavAr3A kSetra meM cAra mukhya jaina mandira haiM jinameM se do sabase adhika prasiddha haiM aura kisI dRSTi se bhArata ke sabhI mandiroM meM agragaNya haiN| donoM meM se jo adhika purAnA hai aura vimalavasahI ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai vaha vimalazAha nAmaka eka dhanI jaina zrAvaka ke dvArA sana 1031 meM banavAyA gayA thA tathA prathama tIrthakara AdinAtha (bhagavAna RSabhadeva) ko samarpita kiyA gayA thaa| dUsarA mandira san 1230 meM tejapAla aura vastupAla nAmaka do dhanI jaina bhAiyoM ke dvArA nirmita huA thA tathA 22veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha (ariSTanemi) ko samarpita kiyA gayA thaa| vimalazAha, tejapAla tathA vastupAla gujarAta ke mantrI the| donoM mandiroM kA vinyAsa samAna hai / donoM apekSAkRta bAhara se sAde haiM para bhItara kI sajAvaTa anokhI hai / donoM pUrNataH sapheda saMgamaramara ke bane haiN| cAra hajAra phITa se bhI adhika U~cI pahAr3I para inakI sthiti bar3I hI manohArI hai| donoM hI mandira caukora AMgana ke bIca khaDe haiM jinake cAroM carapha tIrthaMkaroM tathA anya devatAoM kI mUrtiyoM se sajI huI devakulikAe~ haiM / mUla prAsAda para pirAmiDIya zikhara hai / usase lagA huA eka gUr3hamaMDapa hai / usake sAmane eka khulA huA raMgamaNDapa yA sabhAmaNDapa banA huA hai jo stambhoM se susajjita hai tayA jisakA gumbadAkAra chata ATha stambhoM para AdhArita hai / vitAnoM, stambhoM, daravAjoM, caukhaToM tathA gavAkSoM kI mahIna kArIgarI atyanta sundara hai / saMgamaramara kI laharadAra, patalI, pAradarzaka zilpakArI ati utkRSTa hai / mandira kI sampUrNa

Page #629
jaina dharma-darzana racanA manohArI aura vismita kara dene vAlI hai / mandiravAle zahara yA devakulapATaka : 1 gujarAta meM pAlItAnA ke nikaTa zatruMjaya mandiroM se suzobhita eka bahuta hI prasiddha sthAna hai / vahA~ alaga-alaga TUMkoM meM 500 se bhI adhika mandira haiM tathA tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM kI saMkhyA to 5000 se bhI adhika hai / unameM se kucha mandira 10 vIM zatAbdI ke haiM / vimalavasahI TraMka meM AdinAtha kA mandira san 1530 meM dasavIM zatI ke eka purAne mandira ke sthAna para banAyA gayA thA / mandira ke eka choTe se kakSa meM sthita puMDarIka kI mUrti 10 vIM zatAbdI kI mUrtikalA kA eka acchA namUnA hai / ahamadAbAda ke nagaraseTha dvArA san 1840 meM banAyA huA eka choTA sA mandira apane bAharI barAmade ke sAtha stambhoM para AdhArita sabhAmaNDapavAlA eka anokhA devAlaya hai / isake pharza para bAraha khambhe haiM jo choTe-choTe 9 vargoM meM vibhAjita haiM / isakI gumbadAkAra chata khambhoM para AdhArita meharAba para TikI huI hai| isameM cAroM tarapha praveza dvAra haiM jinameM pazcima kA praveza dvAra pradhAna hai| zatruMjaya ke kucha mandiroM kI aneka bAra marammata ho cukI hai / 614 gujarAta meM hI jUnAgar3ha ke nikaTa giranAra bhI mandiravAlA zahara hai| yahA~ ke jaina mandiroM meM neminAtha kA mandira sabase bar3A aura sambhavataH sabase purAnA hai / isa para prApta eka zilAlekha se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki san 1278 meM isakI marammata huI thI / mandira 195 phITa lambe tathA 130 phITa caur3e caukora A~gana meM sthita hai tathA choTI-choTI 70 devakulikAoM se ghirA huA hai jinameM tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ haiM / mandira meM eka prAsAda aura eka maNDapa hai / prAsAda (garbhagRha) meM neminAtha kI mUrti hai / maNDapa meM praveza pAne ke lie pArzvamaNDapa bhI hai / vastupAla mandira (san 1230 ) meM vibhinna tIna mandira mile hue haiM / bIca ke eka maNDapa se tIna ora nikAsa haiM jo vibhinna mandiroM meM le jAte haiN| aura cauthI ora mukhya pravezadvAra hai / bIcavAlA mandira 19 veM tIrthaMkara mallinAtha ko samarpita kiyA gayA hai / uttara-mandira meruparvata tathA dakSiNa-mandira sammetazikhara se sambandhita hai / -

Page #630
jaina kalA evaM sthApatya AdinAtha kA caumukhI mandira : rANapura athavA rANakapura (jodhapura - rAjasthAna) AdinAtha ke caumukhI mandira ke lie prasiddha hai jisakA nirmANa san 1439 meM huA thA / yaha mandira caturmukha yugAdIzvara - vihAra aura tribhuvanadIpaka caturmukha jinAlaya ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai / yaha 40000 varga phITa ke kSetra meM sthita hai| isameM 29 maNDapa aura 420 khambhe haiM jinameM se koI bhI do khambhe banAvaTa kI dRSTi se samAna nahIM haiM / sampUrNa mandira eka U~cI jagatI para khar3A hai jo cAroM tarapha se U~cI Thosa dIvAroM se ghirI huI hai / vAstava meM yaha madhya kakSa meM cAroM tarapha saMmitIyatA se bane hue mandiroM kA yogarUpa hai| isake bhItara samAnupAtika rUpa se bane hue vividha bhAga haiM / yaha bIca-bIca meM bane hue khule A~ganoM se vizRMkhalita tathA vyavasthita prakAza ke bimba pratibimboM se camatkRta stambhoM kA eka antarahita dRzya prastuta karatA hai / bhitti citrakalA : - 615 ur3IsA meM bhuvanezvara ke nikaTa eka jaina guphA meM citrakArI ke kucha avacihna prApta hue haiM jo I. pUrva prathama zatI ke mAlUma par3ate haiM / hAthIguMphA kA rAjA khAravela (I. pUrva 161 ) kA zilAlekha sabase prAcIna jaina citrakArI prastuta karatA hai / taMjora ke nikaTastha sItannavasala se sAtavIM zatI kI kucha mahattvapUrNa jaina citrakArI prApta huI hai / yaha caTTAna ko kATakara banAye gaye eka jaina mandira ke chata, zIrSa evaM stambhoM ke UparI bhAga meM surakSita hai / mandira ke barAmade ke sampUrNa zIrSa kI citrakArI kalA kI dRSTi se bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai / usameM kamala ke phUloM se AcchAdita eka sarovara kA dRzya prastuta kiyA gayA hai jisameM machaliyoM, haMsoM, bhaiMsoM, hAthiyoM tathA tIna puruSoM ke bhI citra aMkita haiN| puruSoM ke citra bahuta hI AkarSaka haiN| ve saba apane - apane hAthoM meM kamala liye hue haiN| khambhoM para nAcatI huI bAlAoM ke citra haiM / tiruparuttikunaram yA jina-kAMcI ( kAMjIvaram) ke eka jaina mandira meM sundara bhitti citrakArI ke avazeSa milate haiN| zravaNabelagolA kA jainamaTha vibhinna bhitticitroM se alaMkRta hai /

Page #631
616 jaina dharma-darzana laghu citrakArI : jaina kalA ke vikAsa meM zAstroM kI laghu citrakArIyukta sajAvaTa bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| isa taraha kI citrakArI prastuta karanevAlI zailI kI sthApanA 12 vIM zatI ke prArambha meM gujarAta tathA rAjasthAna meM huI, jo bAda meM bhI vikasita hotI rahI / alaMkaraNa ke lie cune gaye granthoM meM kalpasUtra, kAlakAcAryakathA tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra pramukha haiM / jaina laghu citrakArI kA sabase purAnA namUnA tAr3apatra para aMkita nizIthacUrNi se prApta hotA hai jo san 1100 kA hai / jJAtAdharmakathA evaM anya aMgoM kI tAr3apatrIya hastaprati meM prApta san 1127 ke do citra adhika mahattvapUrNa haiM / jaina laghucitroM meM caudahavIM evaM pandrahavIM zatI ke tAr3apatra athavA kAgaja para bane citra sabase acche hai| inameM se bahuta se citra kalpasUtra tathA jJAtAdharmakathA se sambandhita haiM / jaina citrakalA kA kramika itihAsa Adhunika kAla taka calA AtA hai jo grAma athavA nagara ke jaina samAja dvArA varSAvAsa ke lie jaina AcAryoM ke pAsa bheje jAnevAle beloM se alaMkRta AmaMtraNa patroM ke rUpa meM hai / isakA sabase purAnA namUnA IsA kI 17 vIM zatI kA hai / vastra para aMkita citrakArI paToM ke rUpa meM milatI hai / sabase prAcIna paTa san 1354 kA hai / zramaNa, janavarI 1979

Page #632
zramaNa saMgha ? jainasaMgha ke cAra aMga haiM : zrAvaka, zrAvikA sAdhu aura sAdhvI / zrAvakazrAvikAoM kA vaisA koI suvyavasthita evaM niyamita dhArmika saMgaThana nahIM hotA jaisA sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kA zramaNasaMgha hotA hai| zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ko apane vrata, niyama, kartavya Adi ke pAlana meM vyaktigata svatantratA hotI hai / ve apanI ruci, zakti, paristhiti Adi ke anusAra yathAyogya dhArmika kriyA-kANDa karate haiM evaM samAja ke sAmAnya niyamAnusAra vyAvahArika pravRttiyoM meM lage rahate haiM / sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kA suvyavasthita saMgaThana hotA hai tathA unheM anivAryataH dhArmika vidhAnAnusAra kArya karanA par3atA hai / jaina AcArazAstra meM sthavirakalpika muni ke lie vratapAlana kI bhinna vyavasthA kI gaI hai evaM jinakalpika muni ke lie bhinna / jinakalpika muni kA AcAra ati kaThora tapomaya hotA hai, ataH use vizeSa prakAra ke saMgaThana athavA sAmUhika maryAdAoM meM na bA~dhakara ekAkI vicarane kI anumati dI gaI hai / vaha ekalavihArI evaM ekAntavihArI hokara hI apane lakSya ko prApta kara sakatA hai| sthavirakalpika ke viSaya meM yaha bAta nahIM hai / vaha ekAkI rahakara saMyama kA pAlana samucita rUpa se nahIM kara sakatA / usakI mAnasika bhUmikA athavA AdhyAtmika bhUmikA itanI vikasita nahIM hotI ki vaha akelA rahakara sarvavirata zramadharma kA pAlana kara sake / isalie sthavirakalpikoM ke lie saMghavyavasthA kI gaI hai| saMgha se pRthak hokara vicaraNa karane vAle sthavirakalpikoM ke viSaya meM AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke paMcama adhyayana meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki ekacArI bahukrodhI, bahumAnI, bahumAyI evaM bahulobhI hote haiM / ve 'hama to dha rma meM udyata haiM, aisA apalApa karate haiM / vastutaH unakA durAcaraNa koI dekha na le isalie ve ekAkI vicarate haiM / ve apane ajJAna evaM pramAda ke kAraNa dha rma ko nahIM jAnate / vyavahArasUtra ke prathama uddeza meM ekalavihArI sAdhu ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki koI sAdhu gaNa kA tyAga kara akelA hI vicare aura bAda meM punaH gaNa meM sammilita honA cAhe to use AlocanA Adi (prAyazcitta)

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jaina dharma-darzana karavAkara prathama dIkSA kA cheda arthAt bhaMga kara naI dIkSA aMgIkAra karavAnI cAhie / jo niyama sAmAnya ekalavihArI nirgrantha ke lie hai vahI ekalavihArI gaNAvacchedaka, upAdhyAya, AcArya Adi ke lie bhI hai / gaccha, kula, gaNa va saMgha : 618 zramaNa saMgha ke mUla do vibhAga haiM: sAdhuvarga va sAdhvIvarga / saMkhyA kI vizAlatA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue ina vargoM ko aneka upavibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai / jitane sAdhuoM va sAdhviyoM kI suvidhApUrvaka dekha-rekha va vyavasthA kI jA sake utane sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke samUha ko gaccha kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra ke gaccha ke nAyaka ko gacchAcArya kahate haiM / gaccha ke sAdhuoM athavA sAdhviyoM kI saMkhyA bar3I hone para unakA vibhinna vargoM meM vibhAjana kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa prakAra ke varga meM kama se kama kitane sAdhu hoM, isakA vidhAna karate hue vyavahArasUtra ke caturtha uddeza meM batAyA gayA hai ki hemanta tathA grISma Rtu meM AcArya evaM upAdhyAya ke sAtha kama se kama eka anya sAdhu rahanA cAhie / anya varganAyaka, jise jaina paribhASA meM gaNAvacchedaka kahate haiM, ke sAtha hemanta evaM grISma Rtu meM kama se kama do anya sAdhu rahane cAhieM / varSARtu meM AcArya evaM upAdhyAya ke sAtha do tathA gaNAvacchedaka ke sAtha tIna anya sAdhuoM kA rahanA anivArya hai / paMcama uddeza meM sAdhviyoM kI alpatama saMkhyA kA vidhAna karate hue kahA gayA hai ki pravartinI (pradhAna AryA) ko hemanta evaM grISma Rtu meM kama se kama do tathA varSA Rtu meM kama se kama tIna anya sAdhviyoM ke sAtha rahanA caahie| gaNAvacchedinI ke sAtha varSAkAla meM kama se kama cAra tathA anya samaya meM kama se kama tIna sAdhviyA~ rahanI cAhieM / gaccha ke vibhinna vargoM ke sAdhu-sAdhvI gacchAcArya kI AjJA ke anusAra hI vicaraNa karate haiM / isa prakAra ke aneka gacchoM ke samUha ko kula kahate haiM / kula ke nAyaka ko kulAcArya kahA jAtA hai / aneka kuloM ke samUha ko gaNa tathA aneka gaNoM ke samudAya ko saMgha kahate haiM / gaNanAyaka gaNAcArya athavA gaNadhara tathA saMghanAyaka saMghAcArya athavA pradhAnAcArya kahalAtA hai |

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zramaNa-saMgha 619 AcArya : zramaNa zramaNiyoM meM AcArya kA sthAna sarvopari hai| usake bAda upAdhyAya, gaNI Adi kA sthAna AtA hai| vyavahArasUtra ke tRtIya uddeza meM AcArya-pada kI yogyatAoM kA digdarzana karAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jo kama se kama pA~ca varSa kI dIkSAparyAya vAlA hai, zramaNAcAra meM kuzala hai, pravacana meM pravINa hai yAvat dazAzrutaskandha, kalpa arthAt bRhatkalpa evaM vyavahAra sUtroM kA jJAtA hai use AcArya evaM upAdhyAya ke pada para pratiSThita karanA kalpya hai| ATha varSa kI dIkSAparyAya vAlA zramaNa yadi AcArakuzala, pravacanapravINa evaM asaMkliSTamanA hai tathA kama se kama sthAnAMga va samavAyAMga sUtroM kA jJAtA hai to use AcArya, upAdhyAya, sthavira, gaNI, gaNAvacchedaka Adi kI padavI pradAna kI jA sakatI hai| ye sAmAnya niyama haiN| apavAda ke taura para to vizeSa kAraNavazAt saMyama se bhraSTa ho punaH zramaNAcAra aMgIkAra karane vAle nirgrantha ko eka dina kI dIkSAparyAya vAlA hone para bhI AcAryAdi pada para pratiSThita kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra kA nirgrantha saMskAroM kI dRSTi se sAmAnyatayA pratItikArI, dhairyazIla, vizvasanIya, samabhAvI, pramodakArI, anumata evaM bahumata kula kA honA Avazyaka hai| itanA hI nahIM, usameM khuda meM pratIti, dhairya, samabhAva Adi svakulopalabdha guNoM kA honA jarUrI hai| sUtroM kA jJAna to Avazyaka hai hii| isa prakAra kA nirgrantha kulasampanna evaM guNasampanna hone ke kAraNa apane dAyitva kA samyaktayA nirvAha kara sakatA hai| __ maithuna sevana karanevAle zramaNa ko AcArya Adi kI padavI pradAna karane kA niSedha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo gaccha se alaga hue binA arthAt gaccha meM rahate hue hI maithuna meM Asakta ho use jIvanaparyanta AcArya, upAdhyAya, pravartaka, sthavira, gaNI evaM gaNAvacchedaka kI padavI denA niSiddha hai| gaccha kA tyAga kara maithuna sevana karanevAle ko punaH dIkSita ho gaccha meM sammilita hone ke bAda tIna varSa taka AcAryAdi kI padavI pradAna karanA niSiddha hai| tIna varSa vyatIta hone para yadi usakA mana sthira ho, vikAra zAnta hoM, kaSAyAdi kA abhAva ho to use AcArya Adi ke pada para pratiSThita kiyA jA sakatA hai| zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki ve AcArya Adi pUjya

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620 jaina dharma-darzana puruSoM kI anupasthiti meM vicaraNa na kareM aura na kahIM raheM hii| vyavahArasUtra ke caturtha uddeza meM batAyA gayA hai ki grAmAnugrAma vicarate hue yadi apane gaNa ke AcArya kI mRtyu ho jAya to anya gaNa ke AcArya ko pradhAna ke rUpa meM aMgIkAra kara rAgadveSarahita hokara vicaraNa karanA caahie| yadi usa samaya koI yogya AcArya na mila sake to apane meM se kisI yogya sAdhu ko AcArya kI padavI pradAna kara usakI AjJA ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA caahie| isa prakAra ke yogya sAdhu kA bhI abhAva ho to jaba taka apane amuka sAdharmika sAdhu na mila jAyeM taba taka mArga meM eka rAtri se adhika na Thaharate hue lagAtAra vihAra karate rahanA caahie| rogAdi vizeSa kAraNoM se kahIM adhika ThaharanA par3a jAya to koI hAni nhiiN| varSARtu ke dinoM meM AcArya kA avasAna hone para bhI isI prakAra AcaraNa karanA caahie| isa prakAra kI vizeSa paristhiti meM varSAkAla meM bhI vihAra vihita ninthiyoM ke viSaya meM vyavahArasUtra ke saptama uddeza meM batAyA gayA hai ki tIna varSa kI dIkSAparyAya vAle nirgrantha ko tIsa varSa kI dIkSAparyAya vAlI nirgranthI upAdhyAya ke pada para pratiSThita kara sakatI hai| isI prakAra pA~ca varSa kI dIkSAparyAya vAle nirgrantha ko sATha varSa kI dIkSAparyAya vAlI nirgandhI AcArya athavA upAdhyAya ke pada para pratiSThita kara sakatI hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko binA AcAryAdi ke niyantraNa ke svacchandatApUrvaka nahIM rahanA caahie| apane jIvana ke antima samaya meM AcArya vividha padoM para niyuktiyA~ kara sakatA hai| etadviSayaka viziSTa vidhAna karate hue vyavahArasUtra ke caturya uddeza meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi AcArya adhika bImAra ho aura usake jIne kI vizeSa AzA na ho to use apane pAsa ke sAdhuoM ko bulAkara kahanA cAhie ki merI Ayu pUrNa hone para amuka sAdhu ko amuka pada pradAna kreN| AcArya kI mRtyu ke bAda yadi vaha sAdhu ayogya pratIta na ho to use usa pada para pratiSThita karanA caahie| ayogya pratIta hone para kisI anya yogya sAdhu ko vaha pada pradAna karanA caahie| anya yogya sAdhu ke abhAva meM AcArya ke sujhAva ke anusAra kisI

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zramaNa-saMgha 621 bhI sAdhu ko asthAyI rUpa se koI bhI pada pradAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| anya yogya sAdhu ke taiyAra ho jAne para asthAyI padAdhikArI ko apane pada se alaga ho jAnA caahie| AcArya kA sAmAnya kArya apane adhInastha sAdhu-sAdhvIvarga kI saba taraha kI dekha-rekha rakhanA hai| vaha unakA mukhya adhikArI hotA hai| usakA vizeSa kArya sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko ucca kakSA kI zikSA pradAna karanA hai- ucca adhyApana karanA hai| AcArya ke bAda upAdhyAya kA sthAna hai aura usake bAda pravartaka, sthavira, gaNI, gaNAvacchedaka, rAlika athavA ratnAdhika Adi kaa| upAdhyAya: upAdhyAya kA mukhya kArya sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko prAthamika evaM mAdhyamika kakSA kI zikSA pradAna karanA hai| vyavahArasUtra ke tRtIya uddeza meM upAdhyAya-pada kI yogyatAoM kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo kama se kama tIna varSa kI dIkSAparyAya vAlA hai, zramaNAcAra meM kuzala hai, saMyama meM susthita hai, pravacana meM pravINa hai, prAyazcitta pradAna karane meM samartha hai, gaccha ke lie kSetrAdi kA nirNaya karane meM niSNAta hai, nirdoSa AhArAdi kI gaveSaNA meM nipuNa hai, saMkliSTa pariNAmoM - bhAvoM se aspRSTa hai, cAritravAn hai, bahuzruta hai vaha upAdhyAya pada para pratiSThita karane yogya hai| pravartaka, sthavira, gaNI, gaNAvacchedaka evaM ratnAdhika : pravartaka kA mukhya kartavya sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko zramaNAcAra kI pravRtti meM pravRtta karanA evaM tadviSayaka zikSA denA hai| pravartaka zramaNa-saMgha kA AcArAdhi kArI hotA hai| vaha AcAra va vicAra donoM meM kuzala hotA hai| sthavira (vRddha) tIna prakAra ke kahe gaye haiM : jAti-sthavira, sUtra-sthavira aura pravrajyA sthvir| sATha varSa kI Ayu hone para zramaNa jAti-sthavira hotA hai| sthAnAMgAdi sUtroM kA jJAtA sAdhu sUtra-sthavira kahalAtA hai| dIkSA grahaNa karane ke bIsa varSa bAda arthAt bIsa varSa kI dIkSAparyAya ho jAne para nirgrantha pravrajyA sthavira kahalAne lagatA hai| sthavira kA mukhya dAyitva zramaNa saMgha meM praviSTa hone vAle nirgrantha-nirgranthiyoM ko zramaNa-dharmopayogI prAraMbhika zikSA pradAna karanA hai|

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jaina dharma-darzana gaNI kA mukhya kArya apane gaNa ko sUtrArtha denA arthAt zAstra par3hAnA hai | gaNI ko vAcanAcArya athavA gaNadhara bhI kahA jAtA hai| 622 gaNAvacchedaka amuka gaccha athavA varga kA nAyaka hotA hai| usa varga ke samasta sAdhuoM kA niyantraNa usake hAtha meM hotA hai / zramaNa saMgha ke viziSTa jJAnAcArasampanna nirgrantha rAnika athavA ratnAdhi ka kahalAte haiN| ye mahAnubhAva vividha anukUla-pratikUla prasaMgoM para AcAryAdi kI sahAyatA ke lie sadaiva tatpara rahate haiN| mUlAcAra, anagAradharmAmRta Adi digambara graMthoM meM bhI zramaNa saMgha ke viziSTa puruSoM athavA adhikAriyoM ke nAma lagabhaga isI rUpa meM milate haiN| unameM AcArya, upAdhyAya, gaNadhara, sthavira, pravartaka, rAnika Adi nAma upalabdha hote haiN| nirgranthI-saMgha : nirgrantha-saMgha kI hI bhA~ti nirgranthI saMgha bhI AcArya evaM upAdhyAya ke hI adhIna hotA hai| aisA hote hue bhI usake lie bhinna vyavasthA karanA anivArya hai, kyoMki usakA saMgaThana svatantra hI hotA hai| nirgranthiyoM ko nirgranthoM ke sAtha baiThane, uThane, Ane, jAne, khAne, pIne, rahane, phirane Adi kI manAhI hai| nirgranthiyoM ko apane hI varga meM rahakara saMyama kI ArAdhanA karanI hotI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki nirgranthI saMgha meM bhI viziSTa padAdhikAriyoM kI niyuktiyA~ kI jAtI haiN| isa prakAra kI niyuktiyA~ mukhyataH nimnokta cAra padoM se sambandhita hotI haiM : pravartinI, gaNAvacchedinI, abhiSekA aura prtihaarii| pUre zramaNa-saMgha meM AcArya kA jo sthAna hai vahI sthAna nirgranthI saMgha meM pravartinI kA hai| usakI yogyatAe~ bhI AcArya Adi ke hI samakakSa haiM arthAt ATha varSa kI dIkSAparyAyavAlI sAdhvI AcArakuzala, pravacanapravINa tathA asaMkliSTa cittavAlI evaM sthAnAMga samavAyAMga kI jJAtA hone para pravartinI ke pada para pratiSThita kI jA sakatI hai| pravartinI ko mahattarA ke rUpa meM bhI pahacAnA jAtA hai| AcArya - upAdhyAya ke adhIna hone ke kAraNa use mahattamA nahIM kahA jaataa| kahIM-kahIM pradhAnatama sAdhvI ke lie gaNinI zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai| sAdhvI saMgha meM gaNAvacchedinI kA vahI sthAna hai jo

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zramaNa-saMgha zramaNa-saMgha meM upAdhyAya kA hai| isIlie gaNAvacchedinI ko upAdhyAyA ke rUpa meM bhI pahacAnA jAtA hai| zramaNa-saMgha meM jo sthAna sthavira kA hai vahI sthAna sAdhvIsaMgha meM abhiSekA kA hai| isIlie use sthavirA bhI kahA jAtA hai| pratihArI rAlika athavA ratnAdhika zramaNa ke samakakSa mAnI jA sakatI hai| pratihArI nirgranthI ko pratizrayapAlI, dvArapAlI athavA saMkSepa meM pAlI ke rUpa meM bhI pahacAnA jAtA hai| nirgranthI-saMgha kI padAdhikAriNiyA~ bhI nirgrantha padAdhikAriyoM ke hI samAna jJAnAcAra-sampanna hotI haiN| mUlAcAra ke sAmAcAra nAmaka caturya adhikAra meM saMgha ke zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ke pArasparika vyavahAra kA vicAra karate hue kahA gayA hai ki taruNa zramaNa ko taruNa zramaNI ke sAtha saMbhASaNa Adi nahIM karanA cAhie, zramaNoM ko zramaNiyoM ke sAtha nahIM ThaharanA cAhie, zramaNiyoM ko AcArya se pA~ca hAya dUra, upAdhyAya se chaH hAtha dUra tathA anya sAdhuoM se sAta hAtha dUra baiThakara vaMdanA karanI caahie| zramaNiyoM ko pArasparika saMrakSaNa kI bhAvanA se tIna, pA~ca athavA sAta kI saMkhyA meM bhikSA ke lie jAnA caahie| vaiyAvRtya : vaiyAvRtya arthAt sevA ke viSaya meM sthavirakalpikoM ke lie sAmAnya niyama yahI hai ki sAdhu sAdhvI se evaM sAdhvI sAdhu se kisI prakAra kA kAma na le| apavAda ke rUpa meM sAdhu-sAdhvI paraspara sevA-zuzrUSA kara sakate haiN| sarpadaMza Adi viSama paristhiti meM AvazyakatAnusAra koI bhI strI athavA puruSa sAdhu-sAdhvI kI auSadhopacArarUpa sevA kara sakatA hai / jinakalpikoM ko tyAgI athavA gRhastha kisI se kisI bhI prakAra kI sevA lenA athavA karanA akalpya nirgrantha nigranthiyoM ke lie sAmAnyatayA dasa prakAra kI sevA AcaraNIya batAI gaI hai : 1. AcArya kI sevA, 2. upAdhyAya kI sevA, 3. sthavira kI sevA, 4. tapasvI kI sevA, 5. zaikSa arthAt chAtra kI sevA, 6. glAna arthAt rogI kI sevA, 7. sAdharmika kI sevA, 8. kula kI sevA, 9. gaNa kI sevA, 10. saMgha kI sevA / isa prakAra kI sevA se mahAnirjarA kA lAbha hotA hai /

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624 jaina dharma-darzana dIkSA : pravrajyA athavA dIkSA ke viSaya meM sAmAnya niyama yahI hai ki sAdhu strI ko tathA sAdhvI puruSa ko dIkSita na kare / yadi kisI aise sthAna para strI ko vairAgya huA ho jahA~ AsapAsa meM sAdhvI na ho to sAdhu use isa zarta para dIkSA de sakatA hai ki dIkSA dene ke bAda use yathAzIghra kisI sAdhvI ko supurda kara de / isI zarta para sAdhvI bhI puruSa ko dIkSA pradAna kara sakatI hai| tAtparya itanA hI hai ki dIkSA ke nAma para kisI prakAra se sAdhu strIsaMga ke doSa kA bhAgI na bane aura sAdhvI puruSasaMga ke doSa se dUra rahe / ise dhyAna meM rakhate hue dIkSA dene kI aupacArika vidhi kisI bhI yogya nirgrantha athavA nirgranthI dvArA sampanna kI jA sakatI hai / dIkSita hone ke bAda sAdhu kA nirgrantha-varga meM evaM sAdhvI kA nirgranthI-varga meM sammilita honA Avazyaka hai / nirgrantha-nirgranthiyoM ko niyamAnusAra kisI bhI avasthA meM ATha varSa se kama Ayu ke bAlaka-bAlikAoM ko dIkSA nahIM denI caahie| dIkSA ke lie vicAroM kI paripakvatA bhI Avazyaka hai| aparipakva Ayu, aparipakva vicAra evaM aparipakva vairAgya dIkSA ke pavitra uddezya kI saMprApti meM bAdhaka siddha hote haiN| paMDaka, klIva Adi ayogya puruSoM ko bhI dIkSA nahIM denI cAhie / prAyazcitta : prAyazcitta kA artha hai vrata meM laganevAle doSoM ke lie samucita daNDa / zramaNa saMgha kI vyavasthA sucAru rUpa se cale, isake lie daNDavyavasthA Avazyaka hai / kisI bhI vyavasthA ke lie cAra bAtoM kA vicAra Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai - 1. utsarga, 2. apavAda, 3. doSa, 4. prAyazcitta / kisI viSaya kA sAmAnya athavA mukhya vidhAna utsarga kahalAtA hai / vizeSa athavA gauNa vidhAna kA nAma apavAda hai / utsarga athavA apavAda kA bhaMga doSa kahalAtA hai / doSa se sambandhita daNDa ko prAyazcitta kahate haiM / prAyazcitta se lage hue doSoM kI zuddhi hone ke sAtha hI sAtha naye doSoM kI bhI kamI hotI jAtI hai / yahI prAyazcitta kI upayogitA hai / yadi prAyazcitta se na to lage hue doSoM kI zuddhi ho aura na naye doSoM kI kamI to vaha nirarthaka hai - nirupayogI hai |

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zramaNa-saMgha 625 jItakalpa sUtra meM nirgrantha-nirgranthiyoM ke lie dasa prakAra ke prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai : 1. AlocanA, 2. pratikramaNa, 3. ubhaya, 4. viveka, 5. vyutsarga, 6. tapa, 7. cheda, 8. mUla, 9. anavasthApya, 10. pArAMcika / ina dasa prakAroM meM se antima do prakAra caturdazapUrvadhara (prathama bhadrabAhu) taka hI vidyamAna rahe / tadanantara unakA viccheda ho gayA - vyavahAra baMda ho gayA / mUlAcAra ke paMcAcAra nAmaka paMcama adhikAra meM bhI prAyazcitta ke dasa hI prakAra batAye gaye haiN| unameM antima do ke sivAya saba nAma vahI haiM jo jItakalpa meM hai| antima do prakAra parihAra va zraddhAna ke rUpa meM haiM / sambhavataH antima do prAyazcittoM kA vyavahAra banda ho jAne ke kAraNa yaha antara ho gayA ho| AhArAdigrahaNa, bahirnirgama, malotsarga Adi pravRttiyoM meM laganevAle doSoM kI zuddhi ke lie AlocanA rUpa prAyazcitta kA sevana kiyA jAtA hai / AlocanA kA artha hai sakheda aparAdha-svIkRti / pramAda, AzAtanA, avinaya, hAsya, vikathA, kandarpa Adi doSoM kI zuddhi ke lie pratikramaNa rUpa prAyazcitta kA sevana kiyA jAtA hai / pratikramaNa kA artha hai duSkRta ko mithyA karanA arthAt kiye hue aparAdhoM se pIche haTanA / anAtmavazatA, duzcintana, durbhASaNa, duzceSTA Adi aneka aparAdha AlocanA va pratikramaNa ubhaya ke yogya haiN| azuddha AhAra Adi kA tyAga karanA viveka prAyazcitta kahalAtA hai| viveka kA artha hai azuddha bhaktAdi kA vicArapUrvaka parihAra / gamanAgamana, zruta, svapna Adi se sambandhita doSoM kI zuddhi ke lie vyutsarga arthAt kAyotsarga kiyA jAtA hai / kAyotsarga kA artha hai zarIra kI mamatA kA tyaag| jJAnAticAra Adi vibhinna aparAdhoM kI zuddhi ke lie ekAzana, upavAsa, SaSThabhakta, aSTamabhakta Adi tapasyAoM kA sevana kiyA jAtA hai / isI kA nAma tapa prAyazcitta hai|

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jaina dharma-darzana cheda kA artha hai dIkSAparyAya meM kamI / isa prAyazcitta meM vibhinna aparAdhoM ke lie dIkSAvasthA meM vibhinna samaya kI kamI kara dI jAtI hai / isa kamI se aparAdhI zramaNa kA sthAna saMgha meM apekSAkRta nIcA ho jAtA hai| jo tapa ke garva se unmatta hai athavA tapa ke lie sarvathA ayogya hai, jisakI tapa para tanika bhI zraddhA nahIM hai athavA jisakA tapa se damana karanA ati kaThina hai, usake lie cheda prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| __ paMcendriyaghAta, maithunapratisevana Adi aparAdhoM ke lie mUla prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai / mUla kA artha he aparAdhI kI pUrva pravrajyA ko mUlataH samApta kara use punardIkSita karanA arthAt naI dIkSA denaa| tIvra krodhAdi se praruSTa cittavAle ghora pariNAmI zramaNa ke lie anavasthApya prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai / anavasthApya kA artha hai aparAdhI ko turanta naI dIkSA na dekara amuka prakAra kI tapasyA karane ke bAda hI punaH dIkSita krnaa| pArAMcika prAyazcitta dene kA artha hai aparAdhI ko hamezA ke lie saMgha se bAhara nikAla denA / tIrthakara, pravacana, AcArya, gaNadhara Adi kI abhinivezavaza punaH punaH AzAtanA karanevAlA pArAMcika prAyazcitta kA adhikArI hotA hai / use zramaNa-saMgha se sthAyI rUpa se bahiSkRta kara diyA jAtA hai / kisI bhI avasthA meM use punaH pravrajyA pradAna nahIM kI jaatii| bRhatkalpa ke caturya uddeza meM duSTa evaM pramatta zramaNa ke lie pArAMcika prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai tathA sAdharmikastainya, anyadhArmikastainya evaM muTipahAra ke lie anavasthApya prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA hai / / nizIthasUtra meM cAra prakAra ke prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai : gurumAsika, laghumAsika,gurucAturmAsika aura laghucAturmAsika / yahA~ gurumAsa athavA mAsaguru kA artha upavAsa tathA laghumAsa athavA mAsalaghu kA artha ekAzana arthAt ardha-upavAsa samajhanA cAhie / isa prakAra gurumAsika Adi tapa prAyazcita ke hI bheda haiN| aMgAdAna kA mardana karanA, aMgAdAna ke Upara kI tvacA dUra karanA,

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'pramaNa-saMgha 627 aMgAdAna ko nalI meM DAlanA, puSyAdi jhUdhanA, pAtra Adi dUsaroM se sApha karavAnA, sadoe AhAra kA upayoga karanA Adi kriyAe~ gurumAsika prAyazcitta ke yogya - dArudaNDa kA pAdapoMchana banAnA, pAnI nikalane ke lie nAlI banAnA, dAnAdi lene ke pUrva athavA pazcAt dAtA kI prazaMsA karanA, niSkAraNa paricita gharoM meM praveza karanA, anyatIrthika athavA gRhastha kI saMgati karanA, zayyAtara arthAt apane Thaharane ke makAna ke mAlika ke yahA~ kA AhAra-pAnI grahaNa karanA Adi kriyAe~ laghumAsika prAyazcitta ke yogya haiN| - strI athavA puruSa se maithunasevana ke lie prArthanA karanA, maithunecchA se hastakarma karanA nagna honA, nirlajja vacana bolanA, premapatra likhanA; gudA athavA yoni meM liMga DAlanA, stana Adi hAtha meM pakar3a kara hilAnA athavA masalanA, pazu-pakSI ko strIrUpa athavA puruSarUpa mAnakara unakA AliMgana karanA, maithunecchA se kisI ko AhArAdi denA, AcArya kI avajJA karanA, lAbhAlAbha kA nimitta batAnA, kisI zramaNa-zramaNI ko bahakAnA, kisI dIkSArthI ko bhar3akAnA, ayogya ko dIkSA denA, acala hokara sacela ke sAtha rahanA athavA sacela hokara acela ke mAtha rahanA athavA acela hokara acela ke sAtha rahanA Adi kriyAe~ gurucAturmAsika prAyazcitta ke yogya hai| pratyAkhyAna kA bAra-bAra bhaMga karanA, gRhastha ke vastra, pAtra, zayyA Adi kA upayoga karanA, prathama prahara meM grahaNa kiyA huA AhAra catartha prahara taka rakhanA. ardhayojana arthAta do kosa se Age jAkara AhAra lAnA, virecana lenA athavA auSadhi kA sevana karanA, zithilAcArI ko namaskAra karanA, vATikA Adi sArvajanika sthAnoM meM TaTTI-pezAba DAlakara gaMdagI karanA. gRhastha Adi ko AhAra-pAnI denA, dampati ke zayanAgAra meM praveza karanA, samAna AcAravAle nirgrantha-nirgranthI ko sthAna Adi kI suvidhA na denA, gIta gAnA, vAdyayantra bajAnA, nRtya karanA, asvAdhyAya ke kAla meM svAdhyAya karanA athavA svAdhyAya ke kAla meM svAdhyAya na karanA, ayogya ko zAstra par3hAnA athavA yogya ko zAstra na par3hAnA, anyatIrthika athavA gRhastha ko par3hAnA athavA usase par3hanA Adi ___

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628 jaina dharma-darzana kriyAe~ laghucAturmAsika prAyazcitta ke yogya haiM / nizIthasUtra ke antima uddeza meM sakapaTa AlocanA ke lie niSkapaTa AlocanA se ekamAsika atirikta prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai tathA prAyazcitta karate hue punaH doSa lagane para vizeSa prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA hai / vyavahArasUtra ke prathama uddeza meM bhI isa viSaya para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / kahIM-kahIM aisA bhI dekhane meM AtA hai ki eka hI prakAra ke doSa ke lie bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke prAyazcitta niyata kiye gaye haiN| isakA kAraNa paristhiti kI bhinnatA, aparAdhI kI bhAvanA evaM aparAdha kI tIvratA-maMdatA hai / Upara se samAna dikhAI dene vAle doSa meM paristhiti kI vizeSatA evaM aparAdhI ke Azaya ke anurUpa tAratamya honA svAbhAvika hai| isI tAratamya ke anusAra aparAdha kI tIvratA - maMdatA kA nirNaya kara tadanurUpa daNDa-vyavasthA kI jAtI hai / ataH eka hI prakAra ke doSa ke lie bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke prAyazcitta dene meM kisI prakAra kA virodha nahIM hai / sAmAnyatayA prAyazcitta dene kA adhikAra AcArya ko hotA hai / paristhitivizeSa ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue anya adhikArI bhI isa adhikAra kA upayoga kara sakate haiM / aparAdha vizeSa athavA aparAdhI vizeSa ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue sampUrNa saMgha bhI etadviSayaka Avazyaka kAryavAhI kara sakatA hai / isa prakAra prAyazcitta dene kA athavA tadviSayaka nirNaya kA kArya paristhiti, aparAdha evaM aparAdhI ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue AcArya, anya koI padAdhikArI athavA sakala zramaNa-saMgha sampanna karatA hai / zramaNa, sitambara 1977

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hiMsA-ahiMsA kA jaina darzana ahiMsA hiMsA kA niSedhAtmaka rUpa athavA abhAvAtmaka pakSa hai / hiMsA kA svarUpa jAnanA ahiMsA ke samyagjJAna ke lie anivArya hai / jaina dArzanikoM ne usa kriyA ko hiMsA kahA hai jo pramAda athavA kaSAyapUrvaka hotI ho / dUsare zabdoM meM, pramattayoga athavA sakaSAya pravRtti se hone vAlA prANavadha hiMsA hai / vaise pramAda aura kaSAya meM antara hai kintu yahAM donoM ko hiMsA kA kAraNa samajhanA cAhie / pramatta avasthA meM kaSAya kI vidyamAnatA hotI hI hai kintu kaSAya kI upasthiti meM pramAda kA sadubhAva hotA bhI hai aura nahIM bhI / pramAda athavA kaSAya hiMsA kA kAraNa hai aura prANavadha kArya / prANavadha kA artha prANivadha nahIM hai, yadyapi prANivadha kA samAveza bhI prANavadha meM hotA hai / prANa kA artha hai jIvana kI zakti vizeSa / yaha zakti vividha indriyoM, mana, vacana, kAya, zvAsocchvAsa aura Ayu ke rUpa meM upalabdha hotI hai / inameM se kisI eka ko athavA aneka ko athavA sabako hAni pahuMcAnA hiMsA hai - prANavadha hai / yaha hiMsA mana se athavA mana kI, vacana se athavA vacana kI evaM kAya se athavA kAya kI hotI hai arthAt jinase hiMsA kI jAtI hai unhIM kI hiMsA hotI bhI hai / saMkSepa meM hiMsA kA sambandha do se hai : mana se aura zarIra se / mana meM una sabakA samAveza hotA hai jinakA pramAda, kaSAya Adi se sambandha hai| ise jaina paribhASA meM bhAva hiMsA (mAnasika hiMsA) kahate haiN| zarIra meM ve saba samAviSTa haiM jo kAyika athavA sthUla haiN| ise jaina vicAraka dravya hiMsA (zArIrika hiMsA) kahate haiM / ___ yadi bhAva aura dravya ke isa rUpa ko hama dhyAna meM rakheM to hiMsA-ahiMsA ke nimnokta cAra rUpa banate haiN| 1. jo hiMsA bhAvarUpa bhI hai aura dravyarUpa bhI, aisI hiMsA ko hama pUrNa hiMsA kaheMge / isameM hiMsaka pramatta pravRtti bhI karatA hai aura prANavadha bhI / yaha hiMsA kA utkRSTa rUpa hai / 2. jo hiMsA kevala bhAvarUpa hai, aisI hiMsA kisI aMza meM apUrNa hotI hai / isameM kevala pramatta pravRtti hotI hai / ise hama apUrNa ahiMsA bhI kaha sakate haiM /

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jaina dharma-darzana 3. jo hiMsA kevala dravyarUpa hai, aisI hiMsA ko apUrNa ahiMsA athavA apUrNa hiMsA kahA jA sakatA hai| isameM kevala prANavadha hotA hai / 4. jahAM na bhAvarUpa hiMsA hai na dravyarUpa hiMsA, aisI sthiti kA nAma pUrNa ahiMsA hai / isameM na pramatta pravRtti hotI hai na prANavadha / hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viSaya meM mUlabhUta prazna yaha hai ki hiMsA ko anAvaraNIya evaM ahiMsA ko AcaraNIya kyoM kahA gayA ? isa prazna kA eka uttara yaha hai ki cUMki jagat ke saba prANI jInA cAhate haiM, koI bhI prANI maranA nahIM cAhatA; saba ko sukha priya hai, kisI ko bhI duHkha priya nahI hai ityAdi, isalie kisI kI bhI hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhie, kisI ko bhI kaSTa santApa pIr3A nahIM pahuMcAnI caahie| yaha uttara para kI dRSTi se hai, sva kI dRSTi se nhiiN| saba kucha bhI cAheM kintu maiM vaha kyoM karUM ? kyA merA bhI usa kriyA se koI sambandha hai ? hiMsA vyakti ke lie anAcaraNIya isalie hai ki isase usakI AtmA azubha karmoM se baddha hotI hai / pramatta yoga arthAt pramAdayukta athavA kaSAyayukta pravRtti se kaSAyavardhaka yAnI vikAravardhaka karmoM kI paramparA bar3hatI hai| isIlie hiMsA Adi kupravRttiyA~ tyAjya haiM - anAcaraNIya haiM / yaha isa prazna kA tarkasaMgata uttara hai| ahiMsA hiMsA se viparIta hai ataH ahiMsaka arthAt apramatta evaM kaSAyamukta pravRtti vyakti ke lie AcaraNIya hai / yaha jaina dRSTi se ahiMsA kI upAdeyatA hai / hiMsA kA niSeSa isalie kiyA gayA hai ki hiMsA kaSAya kA kAraNa bhI haiM aura 'kArya bhI / yaha kaSAya se utpanna bhI hotI hai aura kaSAya ko utpanna bhI karatI hai / ahiMsA na to kaSAya kA kAraNa hai aura na kaSAya kA kArya / ataH vaha AcaraNIya hai / 630 bhAva hiMsA kA sambandha kaSAya se hai ataH vaha tyAjya hai kintu dravya hiMsA tyAjya kyoM ? dravya hiMsA bhAva hiMsA se utpanna hotI hai aura bhAva hiMsA ko utpanna bhI karatI hai / yaha kaise ? kisI ke mana meM krUratA hone para prANihatyA kI kriyA utpanna hotI hai aura prANihatyA kI kriyA se krUratA kI vRddhi bhI hotI hai / eka vyakti aisA hai jo kevala vadha kI bhAvanA karatA hai, dUsarA bhAvanA ke bAda vadha bhI karatA hai aura tIsare se bhAvanA ke binA hI vadha ho jAtA hai / ina tInoM

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hiMsA-ahiMsA kA jaina darzana 631 kI hiMsA meM asamAnatA hai| sabase alpa hiMsA kA bhAgI vaha vyakti hotA hai jisake dvArA nibhAvanA ke vadha ho jAtA hai kyoMki hiMsA-ahiMsA kA mukhya sambandha bhAvanA se hai| jo kevala vadha kI bhAvanA karatA hai vaha usase adhika hiMsA kA bhAgI hotA hai / jo mAnanA aura vadha donoM karatA hai vaha sarvAdhika hiMsA kA bhAgI hotA hai kyoMki bhAvanA ke sAtha vadha karane vAle kI bhAvanA meM adhika tIvratA hotI hai jisakA kevala bhAvanA karane vAle meM abhAva hotA hai / vadha ho jAnA aura vadha karanA, kaSTa pahu~canA aura kaSTa denA, hAni ho jAnA aura hAni pahu~cAnA -I- do prakAra kI kriyAoM meM bahuta antara hai| prathama prakAra kI kriyA bhAvanA se asambaddha hone ke kAraNa atyalpa hiMsaka hone se ahiMsA ke samakakSa hotI hai jabaki dvitIya prakAra kI kriyA bhAvanA se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa hiMsA kI koTi meM AtI hai| . jaise hiMsA ke krUratA, kaThoratA, zoka, vaira, krodha, dveSa, IrSyA Adi aneka rUpa hote haiM vaise hI ahiMsA ke bhI anukampA, karuNA, dayA, anugraha, maitrI. samatA, sahAyatA. upakAra, pramoda Adi vividha rUpa hote haiM / hiMsA vidhi rUpa hote hue bhI niSedhAtmaka rUpoM meM upalabdha hotI hai tathA ahiMsA niSedhAtmaka hote hue bhI vidhyAtmaka rUpoM meM milatI hai| .. zramaNa, pharavarI 1980

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akalaMkadeva kI dArzanika kRtiyA~ AcArya akalaMka jaina pramANazAstra ke pramukha prasthApaka haiM / jaina paramparA meM pramANazAstra kA svatantra rUpa se suvyavasthita nirUpaNa akalaMka kI pramukha dena hai / diGnAga ke samaya se lekara akalaMka ke samaya taka bhAratIya darzanoM meM pramANazAstraviSayaka jo saMgharSa calatA rahA use dRSTi meM rakhate hue jaina pramANazAstra kA tadanurUpa pratipAdana karane kA sarvAdhika zreya akalaMka ko hai / inake dvArA racita sabhI grantha jaina darzana aura jaina nyAyaviSayaka haiM / ye vikrama kI sAtavIMAThavIM zatI meM hone vAle dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina dArzanika haiM / akalaMkadeva kI kRtiyA~ do vargoM meM vibhakta haiM : svatantra grantha aura TIkAgrantha / ladhIyastraya, nyAyavinizcaya, siddhivinizcaya aura pramANasaMgraha svatantra grantha haiM tathA tattvArtharAjavArtika aura aSTazatI TIkA-grantha haiM / laghIyatraya Adi cAroM mUlagranthoM para svopajJavRtti bhI hai / laghIyatraya - yaha tIna choTe-choTe prakaraNoM kA saMgaha-grantha hai / prathama prakaraNa kA nAma pramANapraveza, dvitIya kA nayapraveza tathA tRtIya kA pravacanapraveza hai / pramANapraveza meM cAra pariccheda haiM : pratyakSa, prameya, parokSa aura Agama / laghIyastraya meM kula 78 kArikAe~ haiM / nyAyavinizcaya - isa grantha meM tIna prastAva haiM : pratyakSa, anumAna aura pravacana / tInoM prastAvoM meM kula 480 kArikAe~ haiN| pratyakSa prastAva meM indriyapratyakSa kA lakSaNa, cakSurAdi buddhiyoM kA vyavasAyAlakatva, jJAna ke parokSavAda kA khaNDana, jJAna ke svasaMvedana kI siddhi, sAkArajJAnanirAsa, nirAkArajJAnasiddhi Adi viSayoM kA samAveza hai / anumAna prastAva meM anumAna kA lakSaNa, anumAna kI bahirarthaviSayatA, sAdhya evaM sAdhyAbhAsa ke lakSaNa, zabda kA arthavAcakatva, sAdhana evaM sAdhanAbhAsa ke lakSaNa, prameyatva hetu kI anekAntasAdhakatA, tarka kI pramANatA, vAda kA lakSaNa Adi viSaya pratipAdita haiM / pravacana prastAva meM prakcana kA svarUpa, Agama ke apauruSeyatva kA nirAkaraNa, sarvajJatva kA samarthana, zabda nityatvanirAsa, jIvAditatvanirUpaNa, mokSa kA svarUpa, saptabhaMgInirUpaNa Adi

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akalaMkadeva kI dArzanika kRtiyA~ viSaya samAviSTa haiM / siddhivinizcaya - isa grantha meM bAraha prastAva haiN| prathama prastAva kA viSaya pratyakSasiddhi hai / dvitIya prastAva meM savikalpasiddhi, tRtIya meM pramANAntarasiddhi, caturtha meM jIvasiddhi, paMcama meM jalpasiddhi, SaSTha meM hetulakSaNasiddhi, saptama meM zAstrasiddhi, aSTama meM sarvajJasiddhi, navama meM zabdasiddhi, dazama meM arthanayasiddhi, ekAdaza meM zabdanayasiddhi aura dvAdaza meM nikSepasiddhi kI gaI hai / isa prakAra isa grantha kA siddhivinizcaya nAma sArthaka hai / 633 pramANa-saMgraha - isa grantha meM nau prastAva evaM 87 kArikAeM haiM / prathama prastAva meM pratyakSa kA lakSaNa, zruta kA pratyakSa-anumAna-AgamapUrvakatva, pramANa kA phala Adi viSaya varNita haiM / dvitIya prastAva meM smRti evaM pratyabhijJAna kA prAmANya, tarka kA lakSaNa Adi viSayoM kA pratipAdana hai / tRtIya prastAva anumAna ke avayava, sAdhya evaM sAdhana ke lakSaNa, sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka vastu kI sAdhyatA, anekAntAtmaka vastu meM diye jAne vAle saMzayAdi doSoM kI samIkSA Adi se sambandhita hai / caturtha prastAva hetuviSayaka hai / paMcama prastAva meM hetvAbhAsa kA vivecana hai / SaSTha prastAva meM vAda kA svarUpa batAte hue jayaparAjayavyavasthA Adi se sambandhita viSayoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| saptama prastAva meM pravacana kA lakSaNa, sarvajJa kI siddhi, apauruSeyatva kA khaNDana Adi viSayoM kA pratipAdana hai / aSTama prastAva meM saptabhaMgI kA nirUpaNa karate hue naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evambhUta ina sAta nayoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai / antima prastAva meM pramANa, naya tathA nikSepa kA upasaMhAra hai / tattvArtharAjanArtika - umAsvAtikRta tattvArthasUtra jaina tattvajJAna, AcAra, bhUgola, khagola, AtmavidyA, padArthavijJAna, karmazAstra Adi samasta mahattvapUrNa viSayoM kA laghu koza hai / isa para pUjyapAdakRta sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka eka saMkSipta kintu ati mahattvapUrNa TIkA hai| isa TIkA ke AdhAra para akalaMka ne 16000 zlokapramANa eka vistRta vyAkhyA kA nirmANa kiyA jo rAjavArtika ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isa tattvArtharAjavArtika meM darzana ke pratyeka viSaya para kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM prakAza DAlA gayA hai / kahIM-kahIM khaNDana - maNDana kI pradhAnatA hai / isa

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634 jaina dharma-darzana vArtika kI eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM jitane bhI mantavyoM kI carcA huI hai una rAbakA samAdhAna anekAntavAda ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai| apane samaya taka vibhinna dArzanika paramparAoM ke vidvAnoM ne anekAntavAda para jo AkSepa kiye evaM usakI jo truTiyA~ batalAI una sabakA nirAkaraNa karane evaM anekAntavAda yA syAdvAda kA vAstavika svarUpa batalAne ke lie hI akalaMka ne prastuta vArtika kI racanA kI hai / sarvArthasiddhi meM jo Agamika viSayoM kA prAdhAnya hai use rAjavArtikakAra ne kama karake dArzanika viSayoM ko pradhAnatA dI hai| . aSTazatI - samantabhadrakRta AptamImAMsA jaina darzana kI eka zreSTha kRti hai| Apta kauna ho sakatA hai? isa prazna ke uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki jisake siddhAnta doSayukta na hoM, pratyakSa tathA anumAna se bAdhita na hoM vahI Apta ho sakatA hai / jisameM mohAdi doSoM kA sarvathA abhAva hai tathA jo sarvajJa hai vahI Apta hai / aisA vyakti jina yA arhat hI ho sakatA hai kyoMki usake upadeza pramANa se bAdhita nahIM hote / uparyukta AptamImAMsA para akalaMka ne eka TIkA likhI hai jo 800 zlokapramANa hai | ataH yaha aTazatI kahalAtI hai| isameM vibhinna darzanoM ke dvaita-advaitavAda, nitya-anityavAda, vaktavya-adhyaktavyavAda, bheda-abhedavAda, hetu-ahetuvAda, vijJAna-bahirarthavAda, daiva puruSArthavAda, puNyapApavAda, bandha-mokSavAda Adi aneka paraspara viruddha vAdoM kI samIkSA karate hue anekAntAtmaka vastutattva kI siddhi kI gaI hai| . jaina vidvAnoM meM akalaMka ke granthoM kA vizeSa sammAna hai / ina granthoM para kaI TIkAe~ bhI likhI gaI / laghIyastraya para abhayacandra tathA prabhAcandra ne, nyAyavinizcaya para anantavIrya tathA vAdirAja ne, pramANa-saMgraha evaM siddhivinizcaya para anantavIrya ne tathA aMdhazatI para vidyAnandi ne vistRta TIkAe~ likhI haiM / mANikyanandikRta parIkSAmukha akalaMka ke hI pramANazAstrIya vicAroM kA sUtrabaddha rUpa hai| .. zramaNa, janavarI 1977

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hemacandrAcArya kI sAhitya-sAdhanA AcArya hemacandra kA jaina sAhityakAroM meM hI nahIM, samasta saMskRta sAhityakAroM meM pramukha sthAna hai / inhoMne sAhitya ke pratyeka aMga para kucha na kucha likhA hai / koI aisA mahattvapUrNa viSaya nahIM jisa para hemacandra ne apanI lekhanI na calAI ho / inhoMne vyAkaraNa, koza, chanda, alaMkAra, kAvya, caritra, nyAya, darzana, yoga, stotra, nIti Adi aneka viSayoM para vidvattApUrNa grantha likheM haiM / ina saba granthoM kA parimANa lagabhaga do lAkha zloka-pramANa hai / samagra bhAratIya sAhitya meM itane vizAla vAGmaya kA nirmANa karanevAlA anya AcArya durlabha hai / hemacandra kI isI pratibhA evaM jJAna-sAdhanA se prabhAvita hokara vidvAnoM ne unheM 'kalikAlasarvajJa' kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA / ___ hemacandrasUri kA janma vikrama saMvat 1145 kI kArtikI pUrNimA ko gujarAta ke dhuMdhukA grAma meM huA thA / inakA bAlyAvasthA kA nAma cAMgadeva thA / 1154 meM ye devacandrasUri ke ziSya bane evaM inakA nAma somacandra rakhA gayA / devacandrasUri apane ziSya ke guNoM para bahuta prasanna the evaM somacandra kI vidvattA se ati prabhAvita the, ataH unhoMne apane suyogya ziSya ko 1166 kI vaizAkha zuklA tRtIyA ko AcAryapada pradAna kara diyA / somacandra ke zarIra kI prabhA evaM kAnti svarNa ke samAna thI, ataH unakA nAma hemacandra rakhA gayA / saMvat 1229 meM hemacandra kA nidhana huA / hemacandraviracita vividhaviSayaka granthoM kA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra zabdAnuzAsana - yaha vyAkaraNazAstra hai / isa para svopajJa laghuvRtti, bRhadvRtti, bRhanyAsa, prAkRtavRtti, liMgAnuzAsana saTIka, uNAdigaNavivaraNa, dhAtupArAyaNa-vivaraNa Adi haiM / granthakAra ne apane pUrvavartI vyAkaraNoM meM rahI huI truTiyoM se rahita sarala vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI hai| isameM sAta adhyAya saMskRta ke lie hai tathA eka adhyAya prAkRta (evaM apabhraMza) ke lie haiM / isa vyAkaraNa kI racanA itanI AkarSaka hai ki isa para lagabhaga 60 TIkAe~ evaM svatantra racanAeM

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636 jaina dharma-darzana upalabdha hotI haiN| kAvyAnuzAsana - yaha alaMkArazAstra hai / isameM kAvya ke prayojana, hetu, guNa-doSa, dhvani ityAdi siddhAntoM para gahana evaM vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isa para svopajJa alaMkAra-cUDAmaNi nAmaka vRtti evaM viveka nAmaka vyAkhyA chandonuzAsana- hemacandra ne zabdAnuzAsana aura kAvyAnuzAsana kI racanA karane ke bAda chandonuzAsana likhA hai / isameM saMskRta, prAkRta evaM apabhraMza ke chandoM kA sarvAMgINa paricaya hai / isa para chandazcUDAmaNi nAmaka svopajJa vRtti bhI bacAzrayamahAkAvya - isa kAvya kI racanA AcArya ne apane vyAkaraNa grantha zabdAnuzAsana ke niyamoM ko bhASAgata prayoga meM samajhAne ke lie kI hai / jisa prakAra zabdAnuzAsana saMskRta aura prAkRta bhASAoM meM vibhakta hai usI prakAra yaha mahAkAvya bhI saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM bhASAoM meM hai / isake 28 sargoM meM se prArambha ke 20 sarga saMskRta meM haiM jo saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko udAhRta karate haiM tathA antima 8 sarga (kumArapAlacarita) prAkRta meM hai jo prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyama udAhRta karate haiM / isa vyAzraya kAvya ke do prayojana haiM : eka to vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko samajhAnA aura dUsarA gujarAta ke caulukyavaMza kA itihAsa prastuta karanA / isa aitihAsika kAvya meM caulukyavaMza kA aura vizeSataH usa vaMza ke nRpa siddharAja jayasiMha aura kumArapAla kA guNavarNana kiyA gayA hai| viSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita - isa caritra-grantha meM jaina paramparA ke 63 zalAkApuruSoM arthAt mahApuruSoM kA kAvyAtmaka jIvanavRtta hai| ye zalAkApuruSa isa prakAra haiM - 24 tIrthakara, 12 cakravartI, 9 vAsudeva, 9 baladeva aura 9 prativAsudeva / isa vizAla grantha kI racanA hemacandrAcArya ne apane jIvana kI uttarAvasthA meM kI thI / isameM jaina purANa, itihAsa, siddhAnta evaM tattvajJAna ke saMgraha ke sAtha hI sAtha samakAlIna sAmAjika, dhArmika aura dArzanika praNAliyoM kA pratibimba bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai| isakA pariziSTaparva arthAt sthavirAvalicarita

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heyacandrAcArya kI sAhitya-sAdhanA jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai / koza - AcArya hemacandra ne cAra kozagranthoM kI racanA kI hai - 1. abhidhAnacintAmaNi, 2. anekArthasaMgraha, 3. nighaNTuzeSa, 4. dezInAmamAlA / abhidhAnacintAmaNi meM amarakoza ke samAna eka artha arthAt vastu ke lie aneka zabdoM kA ullekha hai / isa para svopajJa TIkA bhI hai| anekArthasaMgraha meM eka zabda ke aneka artha diye gaye haiM / abhidhAnacintAmaNi ekArthakakoza hai jaba ki anekArthasaMgraha nAnArthakakoza hai / nighaNTuzeSa meM vanaspatiyoM ke nAmoM kA saMgraha hai / yaha koza AyurvedazAstra ke lie vizeSa upayogI hai / ise abhidhAnacintAmaNi kA pUraka kahA jA sakatA hai / dezInAmamAlA meM 3500 dezI zabdoM kA saMkalana hai / ye zabda saMskRta athavA prAkRta vyAkaraNa se siddha nahIM hote / dezI zabdoM kA aisA anya koza upalabdha nahIM hai / isa para svopajJa TIkA bhI hai| pramANamImAMsA - nyAyazAstra ke isa grantha meM pahale sUtra haiM aura phira una para svopajJa vyAkhyA hai / isa grantha kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha sUtra aura vyAkhyA donoM ko milAkara bhI madhyamakAya hai / yaha na to parIkSAmukha aura pramANanayatattvAloka jitanA saMkSipta hI hai aura na prameyakamalamArtaNDa aura syAdvAdaralAkara jitanA vistRta hI / isameM pramANazAstra ke mahattvapUrNa praznoM kA madhyama pratipAdana hai / durbhAgya se yaha grantha pUrNa upalabdha nahIM hai / yogazAba- isameM jaina yoga kI prakriyA kA padyabaddha pratipAdana hai / yaha zramaNa-dharma evaM zrAvaka-dharma ke siddhAntoM kI vivecanA karatA huA dhyAnamArga ke dvArA muktiprApti kA nirUpaNa karatA hai / isa para svopajJa TIkA bhI hai| bArjizikAe~-stotra-sAhitya kI dRSTi se hemacandrakRta ayogavyavacchedikA aura anyayogavyavacchedikA nAmaka dvAtriMzikAe~ uttama racanAe~ haiM / inameM battIsabattIsa zloka hone ke kAraNa inheM 'dvAtriMzikA' nAma diyA gayA hai / ayogavyavacchedikA meM jaina siddhAntoM kA sarala pratipAdana hai / anyayogavyavacchedikA meM jainetara siddhAntoM kA nirAkaraNa hai tathA isa para malliSeNa ne syAdvAdamaMjarI nAmaka TIkA likhI hai jo jaina darzana kA eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai / AInIti - yaha jaina nItizAstra kI eka uttama kRti hai / isameM rAjA,

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638 ... jaina dharma-darzana ... mantrI, senApati tathA rAjya ke vividha adhikAriyoM evaM prazAsakoM ke kartavyoM aura adhikAroM kA nirdeza hai / ise laghu-arhantrIti bhI kahate haiN| ina mahattvapUrNa kRtiyoM ke atirikta bItarAgastotra, mahAdevastotra, dvijavadanacapeTikA, ahanAmasahastrasamuccaya Adi ke racayitA bhI AcArya hemacandra hI haiM / inakA jJAna bahumukhI thA, inakI pratibhA vilakSaNa thI / zramaNa, maI 1977

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mahAvIra brAhmaNa the, kSatriya nahIM kalpasUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jIvana kA jo citraNa kiyA gayA hai usameM batAyA gayA hai ki zakrendra ke Adeza se hAranegameSI deva ne narbhasya mahAvIra ko devAnandA brAhmaNI kI kukSi se nikAlakara vizalA kSatriyANI kI kukSi meM sthApita kiyA evaM trizalA ke garbha ko devAnandA kI kukSi meM pahu~cAyA / isa garbha-parivartana kA kAraNa batAte hue sUtrakAra ne likhA hai ki cUMki ArehaMta bhagavaMta isa prakAra ke antakula, prAntakula, tucchakula, kRpaNakula, daridrakula, bhikSukakula yAvat brAhmaNakula meM janma nahIM lete apitu unakula, bhogakula, rAjanyakula, jJAtUkula, kSatriyakulaM, ikSvAkukUla, harivaMzakula evaM isI prakAra ke anya vizuddha jAti-kula-vaMza meM janma grahaNa karate haiN| ataH zakrendra ne mahAvIra ke garbhastha piNDa ko brAhmaNI devAnandA kI kukSi se nikalavAkara kSatriyANI trizalA kI kukSi meM pahu~cavA diyaa|' AcArAMga meM bhI isa ghaTanA kA ullekha huA hai kintu usameM na to harinaigameSI kA nAma hI AyA hai aura na garbha parivartana kA koI vizeSa kAraNa hI batAyA hai| bhagavatIsUtra (vyAkhyAprajJapti) meM samavasaraNa meM svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mukha se yaha kahalAyA gayA hai ki yaha devAnandA merI jAnI hai arthAt maiM isakA Atmaja huuN| isIlie mujhe dekhakara isake stana dUdha se bhara gaye haiM aura ise harSaromAMca ho gayA hai| jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha ina ullekhoM ko dekhakara mana meM aneka prazna utpanna hote haiN| anya praznoM ko eka aura rakhakara yahAM para mukhyarUpa se isa prazna para vicAra kiyA jAegA ki mahAvIra ke vAstavika pitA aura mAtA arthAt janaka evaM jananI kauna haiM ? kyA bhagavatIsUtra ke ullekhAnusAra devAnandA brAhmaNI mahAvIra kI vAstavika jananI yAnI mahAvIra ko janma denevAlI mAtA hai athavA AcArAMga 1. kalpasUtra, sU..20-27 2- AcArAga, 2.176 : 3 - bhagavatIsUtra, sU. 381 :... 3. . ...

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640 jaina dharma-darzana evaM kalpasUtra ke ullekhAnusAra trizalA kSatriyANI ne mahAvIra ko janma diyA ? mahAvIra ke vAstavika pitA trizalA ke pati siddhArtha haiM athavA devAnandA ke pati RSabhadatta ? jahAM taka mahAvIra ke vAstavika pitA kA prazna hai, bhagavatIsUtra evaM AcArAMga tathA kalpasUtra ina tInoM AgamagranthoM ke anusAra nizcitarUpa se RSabhadatta brAhmaNa hI arihaMta bhagavaMta tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke vAstavika pitA haiN| RSabhadatta kI bhAryA devAnandA ne hI apane pati ke dvArA mahAvIra ko garbha meM dhAraNa kiyA thA tathA usa garbhAdhAna kI tithi se nau mAsa sAr3he sAta dina vyatIta hone para mahAvIra kA janma huA thaa| aisI sthiti meM kisI bhI dRSTi se vicAra karane para bhagavAn mahAvIra ke janaka brAhmaNa RSabhadatta hI siddha hote haiM; kSatriya siddhArtha nhiiN| isa prakAra mahAvIra brAhmaNaputra hI the, kSatriyaputra nhiiN| devAnandA aura trizalA ina donoM meM se kisane mahAvIra ko janma diyA arthAt mahAvIra kI jananI kauna hai, isa prazna kA samAdhAna mere vicAra meM to yahI AtA hai ki devAnandA hI mahAvIra kI jananI hai| garbhadhAraNa ke viSaya meM to uparyukta tInoM Agama-granthoM kA aikamatya hai ki devAnandA brAhmaNI ne mahAvIra ko garbha meM grahaNa kiyA thaa| prasavana ke sambandha meM bhagavatIsUtra aura AcArAMga evaM kalpasUtra meM matabheda hai| bhagavatIsUtra ke anusAra devAnandA brAhmaNI hI mahAvIra 'kI jananI hai arthAt mahAvIra RSabhadatta brAhmaNa kI bhAryA devAnandA ke hI Atmaja haiN| AcArAMga evaM kalpasUtra ke anusAra devAnandA mahAvIra kI garbhadhAriNI mAtA hai, prasavinI mAtA nahIM / prasavakArya to siddhArtha kSatriya kI bhAryA trizalA ne kiyA thA / ataH mahAvIra trizalA ke hI Atmaja haiM arthAt trizalA hI mahAvIra kI jananI hai| isa viSaya meM bhagavatIsUtra kA ullekha adhika prAmANika pratIta hotA hai tathA AcArAMga evaM kalpasUtra kA ullekha kama prAmANika / isa pratIti ke nimnokta kAraNa haiM - 1 - bhagavatIsUtra (pandrahaveM zataka ko chor3akara) AcArAMga (pariziSTarUpa) dvitIya zrutaskandha (jisameM mahAvIraviSayaka uparyukta kathana AtA hai) tathA kalpasUtra ( dazAzrutaskandha ke aSTama uddeza paryuSaNAkalpa kA parivardhita rUpa) se

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mahAvIra brAhmaNa the, kSatriya nahIM adhika prAcIna hai, yaha tathya ina tInoM Agama-granthoM ke Antarika parIkSaNa se spaSTa prakaTa hotA hai| AcArAMga kA dvitIya zrutaskaMdha kalpasUtra se avazya prAcIna hai kintu bhagavatIsUtra se to vaha arvAcIna hI hai, ataH bhagavatIsUtra kA kathana ina donoM kI apekSA adhika prAmANika mAnanA caahie| 2 - AcArAMga meM garbhaparivartana kA jIta-AcAra arthAta paramparAgata vyavahAra ke atirikta koI anya kAraNa nahIM batAyA gayA hai, aura na isa kriyA ke kartA kisI vizeSa deva kA hI nAma diyA gayA hai, jabaki kalpasUtrakAra ne jAtivAda ke saMskAra ke kAraNa managaDhanta kAraNa dete hue isa kriyA ke lie harinaigameSI kA nAma bhI sAtha meM jor3a diyA / 3-kalpasUtra meM brAhmaNakula ko nimnakoTi kA batAyA hai jo granthakAra kI apanI sUjha hai / isase pUrva kisI bhI Agama-grantha meM brAhmaNakula ko hIna nahIM batAyA gayA hai / itanA hI nahIM, AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha meM to bhagavAn mahAvIra ko hI aneka bAra brAhmaNa kahA gayA hai| AcArAMga kA yaha aMza AgamasAhitya meM prAcInatama hai / hAM, pIche ke cUrNi Adi vyAkhyA-sAhitya meM kalpasUtra kA anusaraNa karate hue brAhmaNoM ko ghigjAtIya avazya kahA gayA hai / 4-kalpasUtra meM varNita garbhaparivartana kA kAraNa kAlpanika evaM ayathArtha hai / usakA koI prAcIna AdhAra nahIM hai / vaise bhI garbhaparivartana kI prakriyA asvAbhAvika,anAvazyaka evaM azakya pratIta hotI hai| khIMca-tAnakara use zakya siddha karanA dUsarI bAta hai| 5 - bhagavatIsUtra meM siddhArtha tathA trizalA kA kahIM nAma taka nahIM hai| pandrahaveM zataka meM eka sthAna para mahAvIra kI pravrajyA ke pUrva unake mAtApitA kA nidhana hone kA ullekha huA hai, jo naveM zataka meM ullikhita devAnandA evaM RSabhadatta ke prasaMga se viruddha hai / isa viruddhatA kA kAraNa yaha hai ki bhagavatIsatra kA gozAlaviSayaka pandrahavAM zataka prAcInatA evaM prAmANikatA kI dRSTi se sandehAspada hai / ise prakSipta, kRtrima evaM aprAmANika siddha kara isa 4 - AcArAMga, 1.7.1.997, 1.7.8.36, 1.9.1.64, 1.9.2.74 5 - uttarAdhyayana-cUrNi, pR. 89; Avazyaka-cUrNi, bhA. 1. pR. 495, bhA. 2. pR. 21,206 6 - dekheM - jaina dharma-darzana, pR. 31 kI pAdaTippaNI

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jaina dharma-darzana viruddhatA ko AsAnI se dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM jitane nAma evaM vizeSaNa Aye haiM unameM eka bhI aisA zabda nahIM hai jisase yaha pratIta ho ki mahAvIra siddhArtha evaM trizalA ke putra the / samavAyAMga Adi jina anya Agama-granthoM meM mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA ke rUpa meM trizalA evaM siddhArtha ke nAmoM kA ullekha AtA hai ve saba grantha AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha tathA bhagavatIsUtra ke pazcAtkAlIna haiM tathA AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha Adi se prabhAvita haiM / bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke lie 'jJAtRputra' nAma kA prayoga avazya huA hai, kintu usameM athavA kisI anya prAcIna Agama grantha meM aisA ullekha upalabdha nahIM hotA ki jhAtRvaMza (Aryakula) kSatriyakula se sambaddha hai ! AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha evaM kalpasUtra meM jJAtRvaMza ko kSatriyakula se sambaddha batAyA gayA hai jo prAmANika pratIta nahIM hotA / mahAvIra ke jJAtRvaMza ko kSatriya siddha karane kI bhAvanA se hI aisA kiyA gayA mAlUma hotA hai / 142 AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha evaM kalpasUtra meM kalpita mahAvIra carita kA prabhAva evaM pracAra itanA adhika bar3hA ki diyambara paramparA ne to ardhakalpita carita ko bhI eka ora rakhakara pUrNakalpita carita ko hI apanA liyA arthAt RSabhadatta evaM devAnandA kA to nAmanizAna hI mitra diyA tathA siddhArtha aura trizalA ko mahAvIra ke ekamAtra janaka jananI mAna liyA evaM garbha-parivartana kI kRtrimatA se mukti prApta kara lii| parAmarza (hindI), jUna 1985

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9 apraila, 1928 ko kAnor3a (udayapura - rAjasthAna) ke eka nirdhana parivAra meM janma / prArambhika zikSA kAnor3a evaM byAvara (jaina gurukula) meM / 1946 se 1956 taka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI ke chAtra / san 1955 meM darzana meM DaoNkTareTa kI upAdhi / san 1956 se 1961 taka rAjasthAna sarakAra ke zikSA vibhAga meM rAjapatrita adhikArI / pro. DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA san 1961 se 1964 taka lA. da. bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda ke upanidezaka / san 1964 se 1977 taka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI ke nidezaka tathA banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM jainavidyA evaM prAkRta ke sammAnya prAdhyApaka / san 1977 se 1988 taka pUnA vizvavidyAlaya me jaina darzana ke prAdhyApaka / san 1975 meM vizvayAtrA evaM vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM tathA saMsthAnoM meM jainavidyA ke vividha pahaluoM para vyAkhyAna / uttara pradeza tathA rAjasthAna kI sarakAroM dvArA vibhinna pustakeM puraskRta / - prakAzita grantha 1. Outlines of Jaina Philosophy (1954) 10. jaina darzana (1959). 2. Outlines of Karma in 11. gaNitAnuyoga (1959) Jainism (1954) 3. Jaina Psychology (1957) 12. jaina AcAra (1966) 4. Jaina Culture (1969) 5. Jaina Philosophy (1971) 13. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa 12. 6. Prakrit Proper Names (1966-68) (1970-72) 7. Jaina Technical Terms 14. prAkRta aura usakA sAhitya (1966) (1981-84) 8. Jaina Theory of Knowledge 15. jaina dharma-darzana (1973) (1995) 16. jaina dharma-darzana : eka 9. Jaina Philosophy: An Introduction (1998) samIkSAtmaka paricaya (1999)