Premi Abhinandan Granth

Author(s): Premi Abhinandan Granth Samiti
Publisher: Premi Abhinandan Granth Samiti
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010849/1

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pemI-abhinaMdana-tha premI - abhinaMdana -graMtha-samiti

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prakAzaka yazapAla jaina vI0 e0, ela-ela0 vI0 matrI-premI-abhinadana-gaya-samiti, TIkamagaDha (sI0 AI0) - mUlya dama rupayA aktUbara 164 je dArmA ilArAvAda to janana prema glAgAra

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coretand med att zrI nAthUrAma premI

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samarpaNa jinhone apanI vidvattA aura satata sAdhanA se hindI kI apUrva sevA kI hai, unhI zrI nAthUrAma jI premI ke karakamalo

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SANIS [kalAkAra khAstagIra } savi pustakAlaya gapura zraddhAjali playli KAN

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(a) zrAyojanA aura usakA itihAsa (A) AbhAra (i) nivedana 1- abhinaMdana 1 upakRtta ( kavitA ) 2. zrAyojana kA svAgata 3. prabhinadana 4 saumanasya ke dUta 5. premI jI : jIvana-paricaya 6 mArga-darzaka prakAzaka 7 zrI nAthUrAma jI premI 'hindI graya- ratnAkara' aura usake mAlika merA sadbhAgya 10. merI bhASA ke nirdezaka 11 pa0 nAthUrAma jI premI 12. jugajuga jiyaha ( kavitA ) 13 saitIsa varSa 14 premI jI 15 smaraNAdhyAya 16 premI jI ke vyaktitva kI eka jhalaka 17 ve madhura kSaNa 18 kucha smRtiyA~ 16. svAvalamvI premI jI 20 zrAdarza prakAzaka 21. hArdika kAmanA 22. itihAsakAra premI jI 23 premI jI kI dena ? 24 AbhAra 25 sudhAraka premI jo viSaya-sUcI pRSTha yazapAla jaina gyAraha Arthika sahAyatA pradAna karane vAlo kI sUcI satraha vanArasIdAna caturvedI aThAraha * zrI siyArAmazaraNa gupta sara sarvapallI rAvAkRSNan zrI puruSottamadAma TaDana zrI kAkA kAlelakara sa0 [saM0 dhanyakumAra jaina zrI haribhAU upAdhyAya pa0 vecaradAma jI0 dogI sva0 hemacadra modI zrI jainendrakumAra zrI kizorIdAsa vAjapeyI zrI zrAdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye zrI buddhilAla zrAvaka zrI padumalAla punnAlAla vaszI zrI rAmacadra varmA prAcArya 10 suvalAla saghavI rAya kRSNadAsa zrI narendra jaina ema0 e0 zrI zivasahAya caturvedI zrI lAlacaMdra vI0 meThI muni jinavijaya zrI kRSNalAla varmA * zrI bhAnukumAra jaina zrI mAmA varerakara zrI go0 khuzAla jaina ema0 e0 pa0 devakInaMdana 1-62 3 4 4 4 5 EUR 10 13 22 25 26 26 27 32 35 40 42 45 47 & 50 51 v B 60

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cha] 2- bhASA-vijJAna aura hindI - sAhitya 1 bhAratIya Arya-bhASA meM bahubhASitA 2 'bIca' ko vyutpatti 3 azvo ke kucha viziSTa nAma 4 saMskRta vyAkaraNa meM lakAravAcI sajJAe~ 5 'go' zabda ke arthoM kA vikAsa 6 maraNa se ( kavitA ) 7 hamAre purAne sAhitya ke itihAsa kI sAmagrI 8 vrajabhASA kA gadya-sAhitya 6 gota 10 phorTa viliyama kaoNleja aura vilima prAisa 11 mAnava aura maiM ( kavitA ) 12 hindI gadya nirmANa kI dvitIya zravasthA 13 pRthvIrAja rAso kI vividha vAcanAe~ 16 sAdhanA hai gAna mere ( kavitA ) 17 samAlocanA aura hindI meM usakA vikAsa 18 adRSTa ( kavitA ) 16 hindI kavitA ke kalAmaMDapa 20. jAyasI kA pakSiyoM kA jJAna 21 upekSita bAla-sAhitsa 22 meM hU~ nitya vartamAna ( kavitA ) 23 hindustAna meM chApekhAne kA AraMbha (sacitra) 24 bhArata meM samAcAra-patra aura svAdhInatA 25 gota DA0 sunIti kumAra cATurjyA DA0 Aryendra zarmA zrI udayagakara bhaTTa pro0 satyeMdra pro0 mUlarAja jaina 14. kAphala pAkkU ( kavitA ) zrI caMdrakuMvara bartvAla 15 vikrama aura betAla-kathA meM tathyAnveSaNa (sacitra) zrI sUryanArAyaNa vyAsa pro0 suvondra pro0 pI0 ke0 goDe pro0 kSitIzacaMdra caTTopAdhyAya 5 hindU-muslima savAla kA prAdhyAtmika pahalU 6 prAcIna AryoM kA jalayAtrA - prema (sacitra) 7 zyUzrAn cunA aura unake bhAratIya mitroM ke bIca kA patra-vyavahAra DA0 magaladeva zAstro zrI maithilIzaraNa gupta zrI hajArIprasAda dvivedI zrI premanArAyaNa TaDana zrI sohanalAla dvivedI DA0 lakSmIsAgara vASrNeya pro0 vinayamohana zarmA ThA0 gopAlagaraNasiMha pro0 sudhIndra zrI sureza siMha sarvazrI khaddara jo aura daddA jo zrI vIrendrakumAra zrI anaMta kAkAvA zrI amvikApramAda vAjapeyI pa0 gokulacaMdra zarmA 3- bhAratIya saMskRti, purAtattva aura itihAsa 1 saskRti yA sabhyatA ? 2 hamArI saskRti kA zradhikaraNa 3 dAdU aura rahIma 4. uttara bhArata ke nAya-sampradAya kI paramparA meM bagAlI prabhAva zrI kizoralAla gha0 mazrUvAlA sata nihAlasiMha AcArya kSitimohana sena DA0 sukamAra sena pa0 sundaralAla zrI kRSNadatta vAjapeyI DA0 prabodhacadra bAgacI pRSTha 63-160 65 74 81 85 60 65 16 100 110 111 120 122 130 135 136 143 144 186 150 157 163 166 167 182 160 161-262 193 194 168 202 205 210 213

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8. RSibhirvahuvA gItam 6. do mahAna saskRtiyoM kA samanvaya 10. kucha jaina zranuzrutiyAM aura purAtattva 11. jaina pratho meM bhogolika sAmagrI aura bhAratavarSa meM jaina-dharma kA prasAra 12. hindU rAjanIti meM rASTra ko utpatti 13 itihAsa kA zikSaNa 14. devagar3ha kA guptakAlIna maMdira 15. mathurA kA jainastUpa aura mUrtiyA~ (sacitra) 16 mahArAja mAnasiMha aura 'mAna - kautUhala' (sacitra) 17 jaina zraura vaiSNavo ke pArasparika mela-milApa kA eka zAsana-patra 4 - jaina- darzana 1. jaina tattvajJAna 2. jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA sihAvalokana 3 parama sAkhya 4. jainadarzana kA itihAsa zraura vikAsa 5. syAdvAda aura saptabhagI 6. sarvajJatA ke pratIta itihAsa kI jhalaka 7. jaina-mAnyatA meM dharma kA zrAdi samaya zrIra usakI maryAdA 5- saMskRta, prAkRta aura jaina sAhitya 1. sumitrA pacadazI 2. vikramasiMha racita pArasI saMskRta - koSa 3. pANini ke samaya kA saMskRta-sAhitya DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla pro0 zAntiprasAda varmA DA0 motIcadra 6. 'bhagavatI - zrArAdhanA' ke kartA zivAyaM 10. zrIdeva-racita 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' meM anya prathoM aura prathakAro ke ullekha DA0 jagadIzacaMdra jaina To aTukRSNa ghoSa zrI ramikalAla choTAlAla pArIka pa0 mAghavasvarUpa 'vatsa' zrI madanamohana nAgara pro0 hariharanivAsa dvivedI DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla pa0 sukhalAla maghavI pro0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA zrI jainendrakumAra pa0 mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya pa0 kailAzacaMdra siddhAntazAstrI pa0 phUlacaMdra jaina siddhAntazAstrI pa0 vazIdhara vyAkaraNAcArya DA0 vahAduracaMdra chAvaDA DA0 banArasIdAma jaina pro0 valadeva upAdhyAya pa0 sukhalAla saghavI 4. pratibhA - mUrti siddhasena divAkara 5. siddhasena divAkarakRta 'vedavAdadvAtrizikA' 6. nayacadra aura unakA gratha 'rabhAmajarI' 7. prAkRta aura saMskRta paca-sagraha tathA unakA zrAdhAra zrI hIrAlAla jaina siddhAntazAstro 8. zrAcArya zrI haribhadra sUri aura unakI samaramayaMkAkahA pa0 sugvalAla saghavI DA0 zrAdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye muni puNyavijaya zrI jyotipramAda jaina DA0 vI0 rAghavana [ sAta pRSTha 217 220 226 250 26e 273 276 276 285 260 263-362 265 303 323 327 334 345 356 363-512 365 367 372 377 384 411 417 424 425 426

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ATha 436 445 448 455 464 470 473 488 468 506 513-62 11. apabhraza bhASA kA 'jambUsvAmicarita' ___ aura mahAkavi vIra pa0 paramAnada jaina 12. paTkhaDAgama, kammapayaDI, sataka aura sittarI prakaraNa pa0 hIrAlAla jaina 13. jaina-sAhitya zrI hajArIprasAda dvivedI 14 jana-sAhitya meM prAcIna aitihAsika mAmagrI zrI kAmatA prasAda jaina 15. jaina-sAhitya ko hindI-sAhitya ko dena zrI rAmasiMha tomara 16. jaina-sAhitya kA pracAra muni nyAyavijaya 17 jana-sAhitya kA bhaugolika mahatva zrI agaracada nAhaTA 18. mahAkavi ranna kA duryodhana zrI ke0 bhujavalI gAstrI 16 abhinava dharmabhUSaNa aura unakI 'nyAyadIpikA' 10 daravArIlAla koThiyA 20. 'jana-siddhAnta-bhavana ke kucha hastalikhita hindI-atha zrI paramAnada jaina 21 'mANikacadra-prathamAlA' aura usake prakAzana zrI rAjakumAra jaina nAhityAcArya 6-marAThI aura gujarAtI sAhitya 1. marAThI sAhitya kI kahAnI pro0 prabhAkara mAcave 2. marAThI meM jaina-sAhitya aura sAhityika zrI gavajI ne zahA 3 marAThI-sAhitya meM hAsyarasa zrI ke0 nA0 DA~ge 4. marAThI kA kozasAhitya zrI prA0 vA0 nA0 muDI. 5. rAsayuga ke gujarAtI-sAhitya kI jhalaka zrI kezavarAva kAzIrAma zAstrI 6. aitihAsika mahatva kI eka prazasti zrI sArAbhAI maNilAla navAva 7 caudahavIM sadI kA gujarAta kA rAjamArga zrI dhIrajalAla dhanajIbhAI zAha 8. nala-davadantI-caritra pro0 bhogIlAla jayacadabhAI mADemarA 7-bundelakhaDa 1 bundelakhaNDa (kavitA) mva0 muzI ajamerI jI 2. bundelakhaNDa ke itihAsa kI kucha mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika sAmagrI DA0 raghuvIrasiMha 3. bundelakhaNDa ke darzanIya sthala sarvazrI rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI aura ziva sahAya caturvedI 4. bundelakhaNDa ko pAvana bhUmi (kavitA) sva. rasikaMdra 5. premI jI ko janmabhUmi devarI zrI zivasahAya caturvedI 6 bundelakhaNDa kI patra-patrikAe~ zrI devIdayAla caturvedI 'masta' 7. bundelakhaNDa kA eka mahAna sagItajJa 8. vara badanIya bundelakhaNDa (kavitA) zrI vRndAvanalAla varmA 9. vidhyakhaNDa ke vana sva0 ghAsIrAma 'vyAsa DA0 raghunAthasiMha 515 530 538 541 543 563-627 565 574 583 584 588 563

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, [nau 632 653 676 10. bundelI loka-gIta sarvazrI gaurIzakara dvivedI aura devendra satyArthI 607 11. bundelakhaNDa ke kavi (kavitA) zrI gaurIzakara dvivedI 621 12. ahAra aura usakI mUrtiyAM zrI yazapAla jaina 624 8-samAja-sevA aura nArI-jagata 627-668 1. jaina-saskRti meM sevA-bhAva jaina-muni zrI amaracadra upAdhyAya 626 2. samAja-sevA mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna 3. saskRti kA mArga-samAja-sevA zrI bhagavAnadAsa kelA 4 samAja-sevA kA prAdarza zrI ajitaprasAda 646 5. jaina-samAja ke vIsavIM sadI ke pramukha Andolana zrI parameSThIdAsa jaina 6 Rgveda meM sUryA kA vivAha pro0 dharmendranAtha zAstrI 657 7. bhAratIya nArI kI vartamAna samasyAe~ zrImatI kamalAdevI caTTopAdhyAya 8. bhAratIya nArI kI bauddhika dena zrImatI satyavatI mallika 670 & saskRta-sAhitya meM mahilAo kA dAna DA0 yatIndra vimala caudharI 10. bhAratIya gRhoM kA alakaraNa zrI jayalAla mehatA 680 11. dharmasevikA prAcIna jaina deviyA~ va0 cadAvAI 684 12. kAzmIrI kaviyitriyA~ kumArI premalatA kaula ema0 e0 662 9-vividha* 666-746 1. kauTilya-phAlIna rasAyana DA0 satyaprakAza 701 2. jaina-gaNita kI mahattA zrI nemicadra jaina 713 3. vizva-mAnava gAdhI zrI kAzinAtha trivedI 724 4 eka kalAkAra kA nirmANa zrI kAti ghoSa 735 5 abhinadanIya premI jI zrI jugalakizora mukhtAra 740 6 sAdhaka premI jI pa0 banArasIdAsa caturvedI 742 10-citra-paricaya 747-751 citra-sUcI pRSTha 1 zrI nAthUrAma premI tIna 2 zraddhAjali cAra 3 sva0 hemacadra, zrI nAthUrAma premI aura hemacadra kI mAtA sva. ramAbAI4 sva0 hemacadra (1612) 5. sva0 hemacadra (san 1932) * isa vibhAga meM sphuTa lekho ke atirikta kucha aise lekha bhI diye gaye hai, jo dera se prApta hone ke kAraNa ukta vibhAgo meM nahIM jA sake /

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dasA 136 141 166 208 224 240 256 272 280 281 r 6 ci0 vidyAdhara, yazodhara aura campAvAI 7 pozita bhRttikA 8 ujjaina ke vetAla-madira kA eka dRzya 6 sittannavAmala kI nRtya-mugdhA apsarA 10 devagaDha kA viSNumadira 11 viSNu-madira kA praveza dvAra 12 zepa-zAyI viSNu 13 naranArAyaNa-tapazcaryA 14 gajendra-mokSa 15 pAyAgapaTTa, jisa para vauddhastUpa kA nakazA banA hai 16 uttara-gupta-kAlIna tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ 17 gupta-kAlIna tIrthakara-mUrti 18 mahArAja mAnasiMha tomara dvArA nirmita mAnamadira ke bhitti-citra aura patthara kI kArIgarI 16 mahArAja mAnasiha ke pUrvaja DUgarendradeva dvArA nirmita gvAliyara gaDha kI tIrthakaro kI mUrtiyAM 20 mAnamadira kI vizAla hathiyA paura21 mahArAja mAnamiha dvArA gUjarI rAnI mRganayanA ke lie vanavAyA gayA 'gUjarI mahala' 22 prakRti-kanyA 23-26 bundelakhaNDa-citrAvalI (1) orachA kA kilA (2) orachA meM vetravatI (3) bundelakhaNDa kA eka grAmINa melA (4) upA-vihAra (5) baro-ghATa (6) jatArA (morachA rAjya) ke sarovara kA eka dRzya (7) kuNDezvara kA jala-prapAta 30 prahAra kA eka dRzya 31 bhagavAna zAtinAtha kI mUrti 32 bhagavAna kuthanAtha kI mUrti 33 pabhAjali 34 nRtyamattA 285 286 287 288 560 565 576 586 605 606 614 624 625 626 672 736

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AyojanA aura usakA itihAsa advaya nAyUrAma jo premI ko abhinadana-praya bheMTa karane kA vicAra vAstava meM usa dina udaya huA, java AdaraNIya pa0 vanArasIdAsa jo caturvedI ne zrI rAmalocanazaraNa vihArI kI svarNa-jayatI ke avasara para prakAzita aura zrI zivapUjanasahAya jI dvArA sampAdita 'jayato-smAraka-praya' Agare ke 'sAhitya-bhaNDAra' me dekhaa| lauTa kara unhone vaha graya paTane se maMgAyA aura hama dikhA kara kahA ki aise gratha ke adhikArI premI jo bhI hai, jinhone hindI ko itanI Thona sevA kI hai aura jo vijJApana se sadA vacate rahe hai| isake kucha hI dina bAda jaina-patro me samAcAra chapA ki jaina-chAtra-sagha (kAzI) ko ora se premI jo ko eka abhinadana-atha bheMTa karane kA nizcaya kiyA gayA hai / isa para TokamagaDha ke sAhitya-seviyo kI ora se eka patra ukta sagha ko bhejA gayA, jisame sagha se hama logo ne anurodha kiyA ki cUki premo jo hindI-jagata kI vibhUti hai, ata yaha sammAna unheM samasta hindI-jagat kI ora se milanA caahie| isa Azaya kA eka vaktavya hindI ke pramukha patro meM prakAzita huaa| chAtra-sagha ne hamArI vAta ko svIkAra kara liyaa| abhinadana ke savadha meM hindI ke vidvAno kI sammati lI gaI to sabhI ne usakA svAgata karate hue apanA sahayoga dene kA vacana diyaa| katipaya vidvAno aura sAhityakAro ke udgAra yahA~ diye jA rahe hai maithilIzaraNa jI gupta . "zrI nAthUrAma jo premI ke abhinadana kA mai hRdaya se samarthana karatA huuN| ve sarvathA isake yogya hai / aise avasara para maiM unheM saprema praNAma karatA huuN|" pa0 sundaralAla jI : "merA hArdika AzIrvAda isa zubhakArya meM Apake sAtha hai|". ___ DA0 sunItikumAra cATuA. "zrI nAthUrAma jI premI ke abhinadana ke lie jisa prabadha-sagraha-atha ke taiyAra karane kI ceSTA ho rahI hai, usake mAtha merI pUrI sahAnubhUti hai|" paM0 mAkhanalAla caturvedI : "zrIyuta premI jo abhinadana se bhI adhika Adara aura smaraNa ko vastu hai| zrApake isa Ayojana se mai sahamata huuN| Apane zreSThatara kArya kiyA hai|" zrI siyArAmazaraNa gupta : "zrI nAthUrAma jI premI ko abhinadana-praya arpita karane kA vicAra svayaM abhinadanIya hai| premo jo hindI-bhASiyo meM suruci aura jJAna ke apratima prakAzaka hai| unakA adhyavasAya, unako karmaniSThA aura unakA niratara AtmadAna atyanta vyApaka hai / isake lie sArA hindI-samAja unakA RNI hai| merI vinamra zraddhA unake prati sAdara samarpita hai|" zrI jaineMdrakumAra : "zraddheya premI jI ko abhinadana-patha bheTa karane ke vicAra se merI hArdika sahamati hai aura mai Apako isake lie vadhAI denA caahuuNgaa|" / zrI vyauhAra rAjendrasiMha : "premI jI ko abhinadana-atha bheMTa karane kI bAta sundara hai|" DA0 rAmakumAra varmA . "zrImAn zraddheya nAthUrAma jI premI ko abhinadana-atha dene ke nizcaya ke sAtha merI pUrNa sahamati aura sadbhAvanA hai / premo jI ne hindI ko jo sevA kI hai, vaha sthAyI aura stutya hai|" zrI devIdatta zukla : "zrImAn premI jI kA avazya abhinadana honA caahie| premI jI ke upayukta hI abhinadana kA samAroha ho| premI jI ke dvArA hindI ke prakAzana me eka naI krAti huI hai| ve suruci ke jJAtA sAhityika bhI hai|" zrI gulAbarAya : "hindI ke prati premI jo kI jo sevAeM hai, ve cirasmaraNIya rheNgii| unhone vyakti rUpa

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vAraha] ne jitanA prakAzana-kArya ko Age baDhAyA hai, utanA koI sasyA bhI nahI kara sakatI thii| unheM abhinadana-patha diyA jAnA upayukta hI hai|" ___ zrI zAtipriya dvivedI : "maiM Apake abhinadana-kArya kA abhinadana karatA hU~, kyoki vaha eka nAhityika sAdhaka ko arghadAna dene kA anuSThAna hai|" ___uparyukta vidvAno aura sAhityakAro ke atirikta anya sAhitya-seviyo ne, jiname zraddheya vAvUrAva viSNu parADakara, rAyakRSNadAsa, DA0 motIcada, AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI, AcArya padmanArAyaNa, zrI kRSNakiMkarasiMha prabhRti ke nAma ullekhayogya hai, isa prastAva kA hArdika samarthana kiyaa| jaina-vidvAno me AcArya jugalakizora mustAra, muni jinavijayajI, mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna, pa0 sukhalAla jI, DA. hIrAlAla jaina, pa0 vecaradAna jI0 dozI, pro0 dalasuma mAlavaNiyA, DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, pa0 kailAzacadra jI, pa0 phUlacandra jI Adi ne bhI isa AyojanA kA pUrNa svAgata kiyaa| hindI ke kaI patro ne isa bAre meM apane vicAra prakaTa kiye| kAzI ke dainika 'sasAra' ne likhA "hindI para hamArI mAtR-bhASA maura rASTra-bhApA para-nAthUrAma jI kA jo upakArabhArahai, une hama kabhI bhI nahIM utAra keNge| hamArA kartavya hai ki unakA abhinadana karane kI jo yojanA kI gaI hai, usame hama yayAkti hAya baTAve aura gaya ke prakAzita ho jAne para usakA pratyeka sAkSara ghara me pracAra kre|" zubhaciMtaka (javalapura) "zrI nAthUrAma jI premI hindI-sAhitya ke zreSTha lekhaka aura prakAzaka hai| unakA hindI-sevA stutya hai / vagalA kA zreSTha sAhitya hindI-bhApA-bhApiyo ko unake payatno se hI upalabdha ho sakA hai| isake atirikta unakI hindI-sevA bhI apanA eka vizeSa sthAna rakhatI hai|" jApati (kalakattA). "jisa mAM-bhAratI ke lAla ne sAhityika kopa ko bharane ke lie maulika gaya diye tayA umake bhaNDAra ko anya unnata bhApAmo ke anuvAda-payo se pUrNa karane kA prayatna kiyA, una zrI nApUrAma premI ke abhinadana prastAva kA kauna muktakaNTha se samarthana na karegA? Aja agara hindI me usake lekhako kA sammAna baDhA hai to unakA zreya zrI premI jI dvArA sacAlita "hindI-naya-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya', vambaI ko hai|" eka ora yaha Ayojana cala rahA thA, dUsarI pora premI jI ne apane 27 disambara 1942 ke patra meM caturvedI jI ko likhA "kAzI ke chAtroM ne to khaira laDakapana kiyA, para yaha Apa logo ne kyA kiyA? mai to lajjA ke mAre marA jA rahA huuN| bhalA meM isa sammAna ke yogya hU~? maine kiyA hI kyA hai ? apanA vyavasAya hI to calAyA hai| koI paropakAra to kiyA nhiiN| Apa logo kI to mujha para kRpA hai, para dUsare kyA kaheMge? mero hAtha joDa kara prArthanA hai ki mujhe isa sakaTa se bcaaie| yaha samaya bhI upayukta nahIM hai|" anatara 4 pharavarI 1944 ke patra meM yazapAla jaina ko likhA "eka jarUrI prArthanA yaha hai ki prApa cauve jI ko samajhA kara mujhe isa abhinadana-naya kI asahya vedanA se mukta kraadeN| usake vicAra se hI mai atyanta udvigna ho uThatA huuN| mai usake yogya padApi nahI huuN| mujhe vaha samasta hindI-sasAra kA apamAna mAlUma hotA hai / mai hAtha joDatA hU~ aura giDagiDAtA hU~. mujhe isa kaSTa se vcaaie|" premI jo atyanta makocazIla hai aura namA-sosAyaTI tathA mAna-sammAna ke Ayojano se sadA dUra hI rahate hai| ata isa Ayojana se unhone na kevala apanI asahamati hI prakaTa kI, apitu usase mukti mI cAhI, lekina usa samaya taka yojanA bahuta Age vaDha cukI tho aura hindI tathA anya bhASAmo ke vidvAno kA Agraha thA ki use avazya pUrA kiyA jaay|| isake bAda caturvedI jI, bhAI rAjakumAra jI sAhityAcArya tathA yazapAla jaina ne isa sabaMdha meM kaI sthAno kI yAtrA kI aura vidvAno ke parAmarza se nimnalikhita kArya-samiti kA sagaThana kiyA gayA

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DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla pa0 banArasIdAsa caturvedI zrI jainendrakumAra yazapAla jaina vI0 e0, ela- ela0 vI0 sa0 si0 dhanyakumAra jaina mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna jI 10 mAkhanalAla caturvedI pro0 hIrAlAla jaina zrImatI satyavatI mallika DA0 rAmakumAra varmA pa0 kailAzacaMdra jaina siddhAntagAstrI 3. jaina-darzana- 4. saMskRta zrIra prAkRta-sAhitya --- 5. bhASA-vijJAna --- graMtha ke nimnalikhita aThAraha vibhAga rakve gaye tathA unake sampAdana kA bhAra vibhAgo ke sAmane ullikhita vidvAno ko unakI anumati lekara sauMpA gayA vibhAga 1. sasmaraNa aura jIvanI ---- 2. bhAratIya saMskRti- 6 kalA zradhyakSa upAdhyakSa 7 purAtatva- 8. hindI - sAhitya (gadya) - 11 maMtrI sayukta maMtrI sadasya sampAdaka pa0 banArasIdAsa caturvedI (mayojaka ) zrI jainendrakumAra DA0 sunItikumAra cATurjyA ( mayojaka ) zrI bhadanta grAnanda kausalyAyana DA0 venIprasAda pro0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ( mayojaka ) muni jinavijayajI pa0 sukhalAla saghavI pa0 mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ( sayojaka ) Dato jagadIzacandra zAstrI pa0 vecaradAsa dozI DA0 sunIti kumAra cATurjyA ( sayojaka ) DA0 magaladeva zAstrI AcArya padmanArAyaNa zrI jayabhagavAna jaina DA0 venIprasAda [ teraha DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ( sayojaka ) DA0 motIcandra prAcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ( sayojaka ) zrI padumalAla punnAlAla varuNI zrI rAmacandra varmA

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caudaha ] hai hindI-kAvya pa0 harizakara zarmA (sayojaka) zrI siyArAmazaraNa gupta DA0 rAmakumAra varmA 10 jana-sAhitya AcAya jugalakizora mukhtAra (sayojaka) 50 phUlacandra jaina zAstrI pa0 parameSThIdAsa jaina pa0 jaganmohanalAla gAstrI 11 vagalA-sAhitya prAcArya kSitimohana sena (sayojaka) zrI dhanyakumAra jaina 12. gujarAtI-sAhitya pa0 becaradAsa jI0 dozI 13 marAThI sAhitya pro0 prabhAkara mAcave 14 agrejI pro0 e0 ena0 upAdhye 15 sAhitya-prakAzana-- yagapAla jaina (sayojaka) zrI kRSNalAla varmA 16 bundelakhaNDa zrI zivasahAya caturvedI (sayojaka) zrI vyauhAra rAjendra siMha zrI vRndAvanalAla varmA 17 samAja-sevA zrI ajitaprasAda jaina (sayojaka) mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna vairisTara jamanAprasAda jaina 18 nArI-jagata zrImatI satyavatI mallika (mayojikA) " subhadrAkumArI cauhAna " kamalA devI caudharI , ramArAnI jaina isa vibhAjana ke pazcAt kArya-samiti ke adhyakSa zrI vAsudevazaraNa jI agravAla ne gratha ke pratyeka vibhAga ke lie eka upayogI yojanA taiyAra kI, jise saba sampAdako kI sevA meM bhejA gyaa| yojanA ima prakAra thI "sasmaraNa aura jIvanI' jitane sayata aura sakSipta Dhaga se likhI hogI, utanI hI vaDhiyA hogii| mai isake lie tIsa pRSTha paryApta samajhatA huuN| 'bhAratIya saskRti-vibhAga meM anya lekho ke atirikta eka lekha 'bhAratIya maskRti kA videzo meM vistAra' zIrSaka se rahe to bahuta acchA hai| isa vibhAga me sau pRSTha kI sAmagrI ho sakatI hai| 'jaina-darzana-vibhAga' me jaina-darzana ke aitihAsika tithi-krama para eka lekha bahuta upayukta hogaa| saskRta aura prAkRta-sAhitya-vibhAga' meM adhikAza aprakAzita yA ajJAta sAhitya kA paricaya denA caahie| isa vibhAga meM tIna sau pRSTha ho-mau maskRta ke lie aura do sau prAkRta ke lie| gupta-kAla se lekara lagabhaga akavara ke mamaya taka jaina, vauddha aura brAhmaNa vidvAno ne saskRta-sAhitya kI jo pramukha sevA kI, usakA paricaya tIna lekho me avazya rahanA cAhie, jinameM gratho ke nAma paricaya sahita, racayitAo ke nAma aura unake samaya kA nirdeza honA caahie| saskRta-kathA-sAhitya, vizeSakara jaina-kahAnI-sAhitya yA to isa vibhAga meM yA jaina-sAhitya vAle vibhAga meM rakhanA caahie|

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[ pandraha "prAkRta-sAhitya ko khAsa jagaha dene kI jarUrata hai| usake lie do sau pRSTha diye jAye to acchA hai, kyoki prAkRta-sAhitya ke viSaya meM hindI-jagat ko abhI bahuta-kucha paricaya dene kI AvazyakatA hai| bhavisamatta kahA, samarAicca kahA, pAumacarya kahA sadRza prAkRta-grantho ke paricaya dene vAle Adhe darjana lekha rahe / bIsa pRSTho meM jainaprAkRta-sAhitya ke pramukha natho kI prakAzita aura aprakAzita eka tAlikA aitihAsika tithi-krama ke anusAra de dI jAya to bahuta lAbhaprada hogii| bhASA-vijJAna-vibhAga meM pAlI, prAkRta aura apabhraza kI paramparA dvArA hindI bhASA kA svarUpa kisa prakAra vikasita huA hai, isI para do-tIna lekho meM dhyAna kendrita kiyA jAya to sAmayika upayoga kI vastu hogii| isa vibhAga ke lie sATha pRSTha aura 'kalA-vibhAga ke lie cAlIsa pRSTha paryApta hai| kalA ke antargata apabhraza kAlIna citrakalA para eka lekha aura dUsarA zilpa-sAhitya ke viSaya-paricaya ke bAre meM ho| mathurA, devagaDha aura AbU kI zilpa sAmagrI ke paricayAtmaka lekha bhI ho sakate hai| 'purAtattva-vibhAga' meM pacAsa pRSTha aura do lekha rheNge| "hindI-sAhitya (gadya) aura 'hindI-kAvya ke lie sau-sau pRSTha paryApta samajhatA huuN| hindI-sAhityavibhAga meM purAnI hindI ke kAla kI sAhityika kRtiyo aura dhArmika pravRttiyo kA paricaya vizada rUpa se ho, jo zrI hajArIprasAda jI dvivedI kA mukhya adhyayana-viSaya hai aura jisake sambandha meM hindI-jagat kA jJAna abhI adhUrA hai| jAyasI para bhI eka lekha ho to acchA hai| 'hindI-kAvya' ke antargata navIna kRtiyo ke prakAzana kI apekSA prAcIna hindI, maithilI, rAjasthAnI Adi ke kAvyo kA prakAzana acchA hogaa| vidyApati aura hindI meM rAso-sAhitya para bhI do lekha raha sakate hai| ""jaina-sAhitya-vibhAga ke antargata apabhraza sAhitya kA bharapUra paricaya denA caahie| jaina-bhaDAro meM hindI ke hastalikhita gratho ke paricaya para bhI eka lekha rahanA acchA hogaa| zrI jugalakizora mukhtAra ne isa sambandha me 'anekAnta' dvArA upayukta sUciyA~ prakAzita kI hai, kintu unake mathe hue sAra se hindI-jagat ko adhika paricita hone kI AvazyakatA hai| ____'bagalA-sAhitya', 'gujarAtI-sAhitya' aura 'marAThI-sAhitya vibhAgo meM pratyeka ke lie pacAsa pRSTha kA ausata rkhie| ina nivandho meM sAhitya kA prAcIna kAla se abataka kA sakSipta itihAsa aura vikAsa, Adhunika pravRttiyA~, sAhitya kA kAma karane vAlI sasthAno kA paricaya yadi ho to hindI ke lie kAma kI cIz2a hogI / 'sAhityaprakAzana' ke vibhAga me bhAratIya sAhitya aura saskRti eva itihAsa kA prakAzana karane vAlI dezI-videzI pradhAna grathamAlAo kA paricaya denA upayogI hogA / bhAvI kArya-krama kI yojanAo aura kArya ke vistRta kSetra para bhI lekha ho sakate hai| "agrejI sAhitya to vahuta baDI cIja hai / usako kevala eka dRSTi se hama isa gratha me dekhane kA prayala kare, arthAt bhAratavarSa kI bhUmi, usa bhUmi para vasane vAle jana aura usa jana kI saskRti ke sambandha meM jo kArya agrejI ke mAdhyama se huA hai, paccIsa-tIsa pRSTho me usakA isa dRSTi se paricaya ki hindI meM vaisA kArya karane aura usakA anuvAda karane kI ora hamArI janatA kA dhyAna AkarSita ho| bundelakhaNDa-prAta-vibhAga ke lie sau pRSTha rkheN| uname bundelakhaNDa kI bhUmi, usa bhUmi se sambandha rakhane vAlI vividha pArthiva sAmagrI, bundelakhaNDa ke nivAsI eva unakI saMskRti se samvandha rakhane vAlA atyanta rocaka adhyayana hameM prastuta karanA cAhie, jisameM isa pradeza ke janapadIya dRSTikoNa se kiye hue adhyayana kA eka namUnA diyA jA sakatA hai / 'samAja-sevA' aura 'nArI-jagat' vibhAgo ke lie pacAsa-pacAsa pRSTha kAphI hoge| 'samAjasevA' ke antargata hamAre rASTrIya aura jAtIya guNo aura zruTiyo kA sahAnubhUtipUrNa vizlepaNa denA cAhie / sAmAjika sagaThana meM jo prAcIna paramparAmo kI acchAI hai aura hamAre jIvana kA jo bhAga videzI prabhAva se aba taka achUtA vacA hai umako janatA ke sammukha prazasAtmaka zabdo meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai| pazcimI dezo me sAmAjika vijJAna paripardai

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tolaha ] (insTITyUTa oNva sogala nAiteja) jisa prakAra kA prANamaya adhyayana karatI hai unakA sUtrapAt hamAre yahAM bhI honA Avazyaka hai / eka-do lekho meM usakI kucha diyA sujhAI jA sake to Age ke lie acchA hogaa|" inI rUpa-rekhA ke pAvAra para hama atha kI nAmagrI kA sagraha karAnA cAhane the, lekina inake lie namaya apekSita thaa| dUsare kaI eka mampAdakI ke pAsa samaya kI itanI kamI thI ki icchA rakhate hue bhI ve hama vipa nahayoga ndenke| DA0 venIpramAda jI ne hameM AzvAsana diyA thA ki yadi hama unake 'kalA'-vibhAga kI sAmagrI ekatra kara deM to ve unakA sampAdana kara deMge aura eka lekha apanA bhI de deMge, lekina kAla kI krUra gati ko kauna jAnatA hai| devIca meM hI cale gaye / isI prakAra premI jo ke nikaTatama va vAbU sUrajabhAnu jI vakIla kA dehAvasAna ho gayA aura ve bhI hameM kucha na bheja ske| ya meM aThAraha vibhAga ra gaye the aura eka hajAra pRSTha, lekina jaba kAgaz2a ke lie hamane likhA-paDhI kI to yukta-prAta ke pepara-kanTrolara mahodaya ne pahale to svatatra rUpa se graya-prakAgana ko anumati dene se hI inkAra kara diyA, lekina bAda meM jaba unase bahuta anurodha kiyA gayA to unhone kRpA-pUrvaka anumati tode dI, para kAgaja kuta sAta sau pRSTha kA diyaa| lAcAra hokara hameM sAmagrI kama kara denI paDI aura kaI vibhAgoM ko milA kara eka kara denA pdd'aa| hameM isa bAta kA vaDAhI kheda hai ki bahuta sI racanAoM ko hama isamaya meM sammilita nahIM kara sake aura inake lie lekhako se samAnArthI haiN| sahA varSa ke parizrama se graya jaisA bana sakA, pAThako ke sAmane hai / vastuta devA jAya to premI jI to na naya ko taiyArI meM upalana mAtra hai| unake bAre meM kevala 62 pRSTha rakkhe gaye haiN| zepa pRSThoM meM vibhinna viSayoM kI upAdeya sAmI ikako kI gaI hai / isake magraha meM hindI ke jina sAhityakArIne mahyoga diyA hai, unheM tathA apane sampAdakamaNDala ko hama hArdika dhanyavAda dete haiM / gujarAtI, marAThI tayA vagalAke vidvAna lekhako ke to hama vipatpane AbhArI haiM, jinhone isa Ayojana ko apanA kara hameM apanA makriya sahayoga pradAna kiyaa| kArpamiti ke adhyakSa DA. vAnudevagaraNa jI agravAla ne kaI dina dekara pUre praya kI mAmI ko dekhA, usake samAdana meM hameM yoga diyA aura samaya-samaya para upayogI sujhAva dete rahe, tadayaM hama unake kRtajJa hai| samiti ke anya padAdhikAriyo ko bhI hama dhanyavAda dete hai| praya ko citrita karane ke lie sarvazrI asitakumAra haladAra, kanu desAI, rAla jI, rAmagopAla vijayavargIya, je0 ema0 ahivAsI prabhRti kalAkAro ne ragIna citra denA svIkAra kara liyA thA-ahivAtI jI tayA zrI suvIra khAstagIra ne to ragIna citra bheja bhI diye lekina paryApta sAvana na hone ke kAraNa hama unakI kRpA kA lAma na le ske| zrI suvIra khAstagIra ne kaI citra hameM isa graya ke lie diye haiM, jinake lie hama unake AbhArI hai| zrI rAmacadra jI varmA ko bhI hama dhanyavAda dete haiM, jinhone kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA se lelo ke ata meM dene ke lie kaI blaoNka uvAra dilavA dene kI kRpA kii| hama una mAvana-sammanna vadhuo ke bhI anugrahIta hai, jinako udAra sahAyatA ke vinA gratha kA kArya pUrNa honA asamava thA / bandhuvara dhanyakumAra jI jaina ne svaya eka hajAra eka rupaye dene ke atirikta dhana-saMgraha me hameM paryApta sahAyatA dI aura hara prakAra se varAvara sahayoga dete rhe| lekina ve hamAre itane najadIpha hai ki dhanyavAda ke rUpa meM hama kucha kaha bhI to nahIM skte| prArama se lekara aMta taka preraNA, sujhAva aura mahayoga dene vAle zraddheya 50 banArasIdAsa jI caturvedI to isa Ayojana se itane abhinna haiM ki unake prati kRtajJatA prakaTa karanA mahaz2a puSTatA hogii| ___ilAhAvAda laoN jarnala prena ke prabaMdhaka zrI kRSNaprasAda jI dara tayA unake karmacAriyo kA bhI hama AbhAra svIkAra karate haiM, jinakI sahAyatA se atha kI chapAI itanI sApha aura sundara ho skii|

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[ satraha isa janapada kI prakRti ke bhI hama RNI hai, jisake nikaTa sAhacarya meM hame isa anuSThAna ke karane kI sphUrti aura preraNA milii| ata meM hama bhagavAna se prArthanA karate hai ki premI jI dIrghAyu ho aura sAdhanA-patha para uttarottara agrasara hote rahane kI zakti unhe prApta hotI rhe| pacavaTI kuNDezvara -~-yazapAlana matrI AbhAra hama nimnalikhita mahAnubhAvo ke AbhArI hai, jinakI udAra sahAyatA se isa gratha kA kArya sampanna huA hai 1 sAha zAtiprasAda jI jaina (DAlamiyA nagara) 1001) 2. sa0 siM0 dhanyakumAra jaina (kaTanI) 1001) 3 rA0pa0 lAlacada jI seThI (ujjaina) 1000) 4 rA0va0 hIrAlAla jI kAzalIvAla (idaura) 1000) 5 seTha lakSmIcandra jI (bhelasA) 1000) 6 sAhu zreyAMsaprasAda jI (vavaI) 500) 7 zrI choTelAla jI jaina (kalakattA) 300) 8 sva0 vizvambharadAsa jI gArgIya (jhAMsI) 101 9 zrI bAlacandra jI malaiyA (sAgara) 101) 10 vaidya kanhaiyAlAla jI (kAnapura) 101) 11 zrI vijayasiMha nAhara (kalakattA) 25) -matrI

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nivedana jo kisAna kheta para ghora parizrama karake apane khUna ko pasInA banA kara anna utpanna karate haiM, jo majadUra lokopayogI vo me apanA jIvana khapAte hue bhAvI sAmAjika vyavasthA ke nirmANa ke lie apanI zakti tathA samaya ko arpita karate haiM, jo grAmINa adhyApaka magaja paccI karake pacAso chAtro ko akSara-jJAna karAte hai, jo baDhaI athavA luhAra janatA ke nityaprati kAma Ane vAlI cIje banAte haiM, athavA jo patrakAra yA lekhaka nAnA prakAra ke kaSTo ko sahate hue sarvaghAsAraNa ko sAttvika mAnasika bhojana dete hai ve sabhI apane-apane DhaGga para vandanIya hai, abhinandanIya hai| parizramI lekhaka, nippakSa anveSaka aura ImAnadAra pustaka prakAzaka kI haisiyata me premI jI kA sammAna honA hI caahie| ina abhinandano meM do vAto kA dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka hai eka to yaha ki sammAna-kArya umavyakti kI ruci, dRSTikoNa tayA lakSya ko dhyAna meM rakha kara kiyA jAya aura dUsarI yaha ki abhinandana kArya ke pIche eka nizcita loka-kalyANakArI nIti ho| pAThaka dekheMge ki premI-abhinandana-grantha meM ina dono vAto kA khayAla rakkhA gayA hai| premI jI ke viSaya meM kula jamA 62 pRSTha hai / zepa pRSTha anya Avazyaka viSayo ko de diye gaye hai / saca to yaha hai ki premI jI ke vAra-bAra manA karane para bhI unakI icchA ke sarvathA viruddha isa AyojanA ko jArI rakkhA gayA hai| janatA kI zraddhA se lAbha uThAye vinA isa garIva mulka me hama apane janopayogI kArya nahIM calA sakate, phira sAhityika athavA sAskRtika yajJo kA sacAlana to aura bhI kaThina hai| daraasala bAta yaha hai ki premI jI ke prati logo kI jozraddhA hai usakA sadupayoga hamane isa grantha me kara liyA hai| dAna-sUcI tathA lekha-sUcI se pAThako ko patA laga jAyagA ki premI jI ke prati zraddhA rakhane vAlo kI sakhyA paryApta hai / yadyapi jo paisA isa yajJa meM vyaya huA hai vaha sava jaina samAja ke pratiSThita sajjano kA hI hai--grantha ke zarIra ke nirmANa kA zreya unhI ko hai-tathApi grantha kI AtmA kA nirmANa sarvathA nisvArtha bhAva se prerita vidvAno ne hI kiyA hai| isa yajJa ke pradhAna hotA DAkTara vAsudevazaraNa jI agravAla rahe hai, jo apanI ucca saskRti, pariSkRta ruci tathA taTastha vRtti ke liye hindI jagat me suprasiddha hai| grantha kA tIna-cauthAI se adhika bhAga unakI nigAha se guz2arA hai aura zepa sAmagrI ko unake vizvAsapAtra vyaktiyo ne desa liyA hai| zrI agravAla jI janapadIya kArya kramake pravartaka hai aura isa viSaya me unake anuyAyI vanane kA saubhAgya hame kaI varSoM se prApta rahA hai| vicAro ke jisa ucca dharAtala para ve rahate haiM, vahA~ kisI bhI prakAra kA aviveka, pakSapAta athavA nirarthaka vAda-vivAda pahu~ca hI nahI sktaa| grantha meM yadi upayogI masAle kA cunAva ho sakA hai to usakA zreya mukhyatayA agravAla jI ko hI hai / yadi kAgaz2a kI kamI na ho gaI hotI to kama-se-kama cAra sau pRSTho kI sAmagrI isa grantha me aura jA sakatI thii| khAsa taura para vundelakhaDa ke viSaya meM aura bhI adhika lekha tathA citra ityAdi dene kA hamArA vicAra thaa| isa grantha ke vipaya meM hameM jo anubhUtiyAM huI hai unake vala para hama nimnalikhita prastAva bhAvI abhinandana granyo ke vipaya meM upasthita karate hai (1) abhinandana grantha me ikyAvana phIsadI pRSTha vandanIya vyakti ke janapada ke viSaya me hone cAhie, paitAlIsa phIsadI usakI ruci ke vipayo para aura zepa cAra phIsadI usake vyaktitva ke bAre meN| (2) vidvattApUrNa lekho ke mAtha-sAtha prasAda-guNayukta sajIva aura yugadharma ke anukUla racanAe~ chApI jAyeM / bhAvI sAmAjika vyavasthA aura sAskRtika tathA sAhityika AyojanAmo ko ucita sthAna diyA jAya /

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vIsa ] (3) mAnava jagat hI nahIM, pazu-pakSI, vana-vRkSa, nadI-sarovara, garaz2a yaha ki cAro gora kI prakRti ko grantha meM sthAna mile| abhiprAya yaha hai ki pratyeka abhinandana grantha ko hama bijalI ke sajIva tAra kI taraha spandanazIla aura jAgrata banAne ke pakSa meM hai| udAharaNa ke lie hama eka lekha sAgara kI do dena-premI' jI aura jAmanera (nadI)isa anya ke lie likhanA cAhate the| jAmanera nadI kA udgama sAgara jile me hI hai aura usake dosundara dRzya isa grantha meM diye bhI gaye haiN| puruSa tathA prakRti kA yaha milana hI hame Ananda-prada tathA jana-kalyANakArI pratIta hotA hai| hameM apane vistRta deza kA punarnirmANa karanA hai aura yaha tabhI sambhava hai jaba hama choTe-choTe janapado kA sAhityika tathA sAskRtika punanirmANa prArambha kara deN| jo mahattva Aja ine-gine gaharI vyaktiyo ko prApta hai vahI hameM jAnapada jano ko denA hai aura premI jI nissandeha eka jAnapada jana hai-TheTha grAmINa vyakti / sAdhAraNa jana-samAja se uThakara unhone asAdhAraNa kArya kara dikhAyA hai| unakA abhinandana karate hue hama sAmAnya jana (Common man) kA sammAna kara rahe haiN| una jaise saikaDo-sahasro vyakti pratyeka janapada ke bhinna-bhinna kSetro meM utpanna ho, apane kartavya kA pAlana karate hue ve apanA sarvottama mAtRbhUmi ke caraNo me arpita kare aura isa prakAra vizva-kalyANa ke bahumukhIna kAryakrama meM sahAyaka ho, yahI hamArI hArdika abhilApA hai| Amranikuja / kuNDezvara / baganArakomA nAca

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abhinaMdana

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upakRta zrI siyArAmazaraNa gupta apane isa phara se usa kara ne pAyA ho jo dAna , diyA tumhArA thA vaha aisA, gayA na jisa para dhyAna | pau phaTatI dhuMdhalI velA meM bhaga meM paga ye manda / gayA na dhyAna ki gati meM pAI sugati kahA~ svacchanda / antarikSa meM dUra kahIM se pAyA jo pAloka, jAna paDA bhItara-bAhara jyo nija kA hI prAnanda ! kiyA svaya apane ko hamane usakA zreya pradAna , diyA tumhArA thA vaha aisA, gayA na jisa para dhyAna ! xxx diyA prathama jisa prAta pavana ne nava gati kA udvodha , ho kaise jIvana meM usake usa RNa kA parizodha / vasA huaA hai tana meM, mana meM usakA surabhi-parAga, phUMka gayA vaha ghUma-puja meM ghag-dhag karatI prAga / aba isa dopaharI meM phira-phira dekara smRti-sasparza , rakSita rakkhe hai vaha mere calane kA anurAga ! usakA bhAra-vahana detA hai halakepana kA bodha , RNI rahU~ cirakAla, yahI hai usakA RNa-parizodha / ciragAMva ]

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Ayojana kA svAgata sara sarvapallI rAdhAkRSNan mujhe yaha jAnakara prasannatA huI ki zrI nAthUrAmajI premI ko eka abhinandana-granya bheTa kiyA jA rahA hai| premIjI svaya vidvAn hai aura unhone ucca koTi ke bahuta me granya prakAzita kiye hai| una granyo ke dvArA unhone hindIprakAsana-kSetra me ucca Adarza sthApita kiyA hai| mujhe mAlUma huA hai ki unake prakArAna-gRha, hindI-ganya-ratnAkara', kA hindI-jagat meM bar3A sammAna hai| meM isa Ayojana kI saphalatA cAhatA huuN| banArasa] abhinaMdana zrI puruSottamadAsa TaNDana zrI nAthUrAma jI premI ne hindI kI smaraNIya sevA kI hai| unhone hindI meM UMce stara ke ganya-prakAzana kI kalpanA usa samaya kI java isa ora bahuta kama logo kA dhyAna thaa| hindI-sAhitya kI vRddhi me aura usake pracAra meM unakA jo bhAga rahA hai, usake lie vaha hamArI kRtajJatA ke pAtra haiN| unake mammAnArtha premI-abhinadana-graya prakAzita karana kI yojanA kA mai hArdika svAgata karatA hU~ aura usakI saphalatA cAhatA huuN| ilAhAvAda] saumanasya ke dUta zrI kAkA kAlelakara zrI nAthUgama jI premI svaya eka vaDI sasthA hai| unakI kI huI hindI kI sevA hindI ke upAsaka kabhI bhI bhUla nahI skeNge| unakA kiyA huA sazodhana mArake kA hai| anuvAda-grayo meM bhI unhone acchI abhiruci vatAI hai| gujarAtI, baMgalA, marAThI aura hindI, ina pradhAna bhASAo ke ve saumanasya ke dUta (Ambassador of goodrill and understanding) hai| aise vyakti kA abhinadana avazya honA cAhie thaa| madarAsa meM man 1934 ke karIva svargIya zrI premacanda jI ke sAtha ve Aye the| taba maine premIjI se prArthanA ko thI ki premacanda jI ke granyo me aravI-phArasI ke jo ganda Ate hai, unakA hindI me artha dene vAlA eka nAgarI-koSa hame diijie| baDI hI sphUti se unhone hame devanAgarI urdU-hindI-kopa taiyAra karavA kara diyaa| isa koSa ne rASTra-bhASA hindustAnI kI utkRSTa mevA kI hai| isake lie hama premIjI ke bahuta hI kRtajJa hai| mujhe ummIda hai ki premIjI se, isI prakAra, bahuna-kucha sevA hameM milegii| vardhA

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premI jI : jIvana-paricaya savAI sighaI dhanyakumAra jaina zrI nAthUrAmajI premI ke pUrvaja mAlavA- pradeza me narvadA - kachAra kI ora ke the / vahA~ se calakara ve do zreNiyo me ba~Ta gaye / kucha to bundelakhaNDa kI ora cale prAye aura kucha gaDhA - prAnta ( tripurI ) kI ora cale gaye / zrataeva svaya premIjI ke vazIya 'gaDhAvAla' kahalAte the / ve gaDhA - prAnta ke nivAsI the aura vahA~ se calakara cedi rAjya ke sAgara jilAntargata'devarI" nAmaka kasve meM rahane lge| vahI gahana sudI 6 mavat 1138 ko premIjI kA janma huA 1) (premIjI ke pitA sva0 Tu~DelAlajI tIna bhAI the zrIra unake do bahane thii| pahalI mA~ se eka bhAI aura dUsarI se do / dAdI kA vyavahAra itanA sarala aura snehazIla thA ki pArasparika bheda-bhAva kA kabhI kisI ko grAbhAsa taka nahI huA / vAda meM tIno cAciyo meM anavana ho jAne ke kAraNa mava alaga ho gaye / una dino kA udyoga-dhanvA khetI-bArI aura sAhUkArI thA, lekina pitAjI itane sarala aura sIdhe the ki sAhUkArI me jo kucha lagAyA, ume ve kabhI bhI vasUla na kara sake / 'lahanA-pAvanA sava DUba gyaa| khetI kI surakSA zraura prabandha ke tarIko se anabhijJa hone ke kAraNa khetI bhI caupaTa ho gii| dhIre-dhIre gRhasthI kI hAlata itanI bigaDa gaI ki khAne-pIne taka kA ThikAnA na rahA ) vajI bhauMrI kara zAma ko jaba pitAjI do-eka cIthiyA' anAja lekara lauTane to bhojana kI samasyA hala hotI / eka lambe arase taka yahI silasilA calatA rahA / ( aisI sakaTApanna sthiti me premIjI ne devarI kI pAThazAlA me vidyArambha kiyaa|) vidyAbhyAsa aura jIvikA- premIjI kI vRddhi vaDI kuzAgra thI / (paDhane likhane me itane tez2a the ki apanI kakSA me sadA prathama yA dvitIya rahate / gaNita aura hindI meM unakI vizeSa ruci thI / hoziyAra bAlako para mAsTara svabhAvata kRpAlu rahate hai ! ta premIjI ko bhI apane adhyApako kA kRpA-pAtra banate dera na lagI / chaThI kI parIkSA meM uttIrNa hone para premIjI ko pahalI kakSA paDhAne ke lie DeDha rupaye mAsika kI mAnITarI mila gaI / isa kAma ko karate hue skUla ke haiDamAsTara zrI nanhUrAmasiMha ne, jo bAda meM nAyaba, phira tahasIladAra aura anta meM aiksTrA asisTeMTa kamiznara hokara khaniyAvAnA sTeTa ke dIvAna ho gaye, premIjI ko apane ghara paDhAkara TIcarsa TreniMga kI parIkSA do varSa meM dilA dii| usI samaya skUla meM eka nAyava kA sthAna kha lI huA / una dino nAyava murdAra ko cha-sAta rupayA mAsika vetana milatA thaa| premIjI ne jI-toDa prayatna kiyA / haiDamAsTara ne bhI siphAriza kI, lekina unhe maphalatA na milI aura vaha sthAna myUnisapala memvara ke kisI snehapAtra ko mila gayA / isase premIjI ko vaDI nirAgA huI / para karate kyA ? parivAra ke bojha ko halkA karane kI lAlasA mana-kI-mana meM hI raha gii| phira bhI ve prayatnazIla rahe / inhI dino premIjI meM kavitA karane kI dhuna samAI / sAhityika sahayogiyo kI eka maNDalI banI zraura kavitA-pATha hone lagA / ( devarI ke prasiddha sAhityakAra sva0 saiyada amIra alI 'mIra' usa maNDalI ke pradhAna tathA mArga-darzaka the / premIjI ko 'mIra' sAhaba bahuta cAhate the / premIjI kI racanAe~ pa0 manoharalAla ke sampAdakatva meM kAnapura se prakAzita hone vAle 'rasikamitra', 'kAvyasudhAkara' tathA 'rasikavATikA' patrikA me chapane lagI / 'premI' 'upanAma tabhI kA hai, parantu premIjI isa kSetra me bahuta zrAge nahI baDhe / ) anAja nApane kA savAsera kA bartana |

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premI-abhinadana-pratha unnati ke lie ve nirantara udyoga karate rhe| (anta meM unhe khuraI se pATha mIla dUra khimalAsA nAmaka grAma ma nAyava murisa kI jagaha mila gii| gaI-vItI hAlata me bhI mohavarA mAtA-pitA ikalaute beTe ko apane se alaga karane ke lie taiyAra na the, para mIra sAhava ke samajhAne-bujhAne para ve rAjI ho gye| yaha san 1868-69 kI vAta hai| usa samaya premIjI kI avasthA satraha-aThAraha varSa kI thii| posTamAsTarI isI samaya skUla ke heDamAsTara ke chuTTI jAne para sthAnApanna kA kArya karate hue premIjI ko sthAnIya posTaAphisa kI posTamAsTarI bhI kucha dina sa~bhAlanI pdd'ii| ina dino premI jI kA mAsika kharca tIna rupayA thaa| zeSa cAra rupaye ve ghara bheja dete the| karma-niSTha premI jI cha mAsa khimalAmA aura cha mAsa DhAnA me rahane ke vAda premIjI ne nAgapura ke egrIkalcara skUla meM vanaspatizAstra, rasAyana-zAstra aura kRSi-zAstra kA adhyayana kiyaa| lekina ghuTane me vAta kA darda ho jAne ke kAraNa parIkSA diye vinA hI ghara lauTa AnA paDA aura tava do-tIna mahIne ke vAda prApakA tavAdilA vaDA tahasIla me kara diyA gyaa| vaime bhI ve Atmika vikAsa ke sAdhana cAhate the, jo yahA~ upalabdha na the| ata vAhara jAkara kisI upayukta sthAna me kArya karane kA vicAra karane lge| bhAgya kI vAta ki bambaI prAntika sabhA meM eka klarka kI jagaha khAlI huii| paccIsa rupaya mAsika vetana thaa| premIjI ne pa0 pannAlAlajI bAkalIvAla ke pAsa Avedana-patra bheja diyaa| svIkRti A gaI,para jeba me vambaI jAne ke lie rela-kirAyA taka na yA / jaise-taise unake paricita meTha khUbacandajI ne TIpa likhA kara dasa rupaye udhAra diye| isI samaya cA~dapura ke mAlagujAra ne lagAna na cukane ke kAraNa ghara kI kuDakI karavA lii| aimI viSama paristhiti meM vairya dhAraNa kiye naye kSetra meM parIkSaNa karane ke lie premIjI vambaI ko ravAnA hue| klarkI kA jIvana yaha san 1901 kI vAta hai| tIna varSa taka premIjI ne isa pada para kAma kiyaa| vambaI prAntika mabhA meM 'janamitra ke bhivAya upadezakIya tathA tIrthakSetra-kameTI kA daphtara bhI zAmila thaa| una savakA kAma bhI premIjI ko hI karanA par3atA thaa| __ una dino sabhA kA Aphima bhoIvADe me thA, jisakI dekhabhAla pa0 pannAlAlajI kAgalIvAla karate the| ve vidvAn, gambhIra aura samajhadAra vyakti the| zrI lallUbhAI premAnanda ela. sI0 I0 prAntika sabhA ke mannI aura cunnIlAla javeracanda jauharI tIrthakSetra kameTI ke mantrI the| isI kAla meM hAtharasa kA eka navayuvaka kAryAlaya meM Ane-jAne lgaa| vaha baDA calatA-purjA thaa| kucha dina vAda jaba paricaya vaDha gayA to eka roz2a usane seTha mANikacandrajI se kahA ki premIjI tijorI meM rakhe dhana kA apane kAma meM anucita upayoga karate hai| bAta kucha aise Dhaga se kahIM gaI ki seThajI prabhAvita ho gaye aura eka dina cupacApa pahu~cakara talAzI lene kI vAta nizcita ho gii| nizcaya ke anusAra eka dina lallUbhAI premAnanda ela0 sI0 I0 aura cunnIlAla javeracandajI kAryAlaya phuNce| java ve gujarAtI me kucha kAnAphUsI karate Upara kI majila para caDha rahe the, premIjI nIce pAnI pI rahe the| ve bhAMpa gaye ki kucha dAla meM kAlA hai| pAnI pIkara Upara pahuMce to ve dono mahAnubhAva pUcha-tAcha kara rahe the| premIjI ke pahuMcate hI inhone rojanAmacA mAMgakara dekhA aura tijorI khulavAkara usa roja kI rokaDavAkI milA dene ko khaa| tijorI kholI gaI to rokaDa meM dasavIrA rupaye adhika nikale / prazna huA ki rokaDa kyo vaDhatI hai ? uttara meM premIjI ne apanI nijI hisAva kI noTa-buka unake sAmane pheMka dii| rokaDa pAnA-pAI se ThIka mila gii|

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premI jI jIvana-paricaya itane apamAna ke bAda premIjI ke lie vahA~ kArya karanA asambhava thA / unhone tijaurI kI cAbiyA~ kAzalI vAla jI ke sAmane rakha dI aura kahA, "maiM kala me yahA~ kAma nahI karUMgA / eka bAra jaba avizvAsa ho gayA to phira kAma kaise ho sakatA hai ?" gratha- sampAdana --- (kAryAlaya meM klarkI karate hue premIjI ko 'jainamitra' ke sampAdana se lekara patra DAka me choDane taka kA kAma karanA paDatA thA |> puujyvr pa0 gopAladAsajI vraiy| baiMka kA kAma choDakara morenA vidyAlaya me cale gaye the / 'jaina-mitra' ke sampAdaka vahI the / sampAdakIya lekha ke lie viSaya-nirdeza kara dete the, lekina likhanA sava premIjI ko hI paDatA thA / isa kArya - bhAra ko vahana karate hue premIjI ne 'brahmavilAsa' kI bhUmikA likhI / yaha grantha una dino chapa rahA thA / isake atirikta premIjI ne 'daulatapadasagraha', 'jinazataka' tathA 'banAramI vilAsa' zrAdi kA sampAdana kiyA / premIjI kI pratibhA ke vikAsa ke mAdhana ava nirantara juTane lage / itanA kAma karate hue bhI premIjI ne saskRta paDhane kA samaya nikAlA zrIr jaina mandira kI pAThazAlA meM subaha DeDha ghaTe saMskRta kA abhyAsa karane lage / isI mamaya unhone gujarAtI aura marAThI bhI sIkhI aura pa0 vAkalIvAlajI me ba~galA kA jJAna prApta kiyA / vastuta vAkalI - * vAlajI ne premIjI ko vaDA sahArA diyA / yahI kAraNa hai ki premIjI unheM gurutulya mAnate the aura prAja bhI unakI pramA karate hai / 0 san 1904 yA 5 me eka ghaTanA aura ghttii| zolApura ke zrI nAthAragajI gAdhI ne sabase pahale grantha- prakAzana kA kArya prArambha karAyA thA zrIra pacAsa haz2Ara ke dAna se eka prakAzana-sasthA kholI thI / usa samaya zAstro, purANo tathA anya dhArmika grantho ke chApe jAne ke virodha me z2ora se prAndolana cala rahA thaa| seTha rAmacandrajI nAthA ne apane prakAzita hue 'svAmIkArtikeyAnuprekSA', 'paMcAdhyAyI' zrAdi grantho kI kucha pratiyA~ bheja dI thI, jo 'jaina- mitra'kAryAlaya kI alamArI me rakha dI gaI thii| una dino pratyeka jinAlaya meM prakAzita grantha rakhane para pratibandha thA / 'jainamitra' kA daphtara bhoIvADe ke jainamandira ke UparI bhAga me thA / mandira me jo loga pUjA karate the, uname se adhikAza kA pegA dalAlI thA aura ve seThI aura munImo ke darzana karane Ate hI taiyAra kiye hue zrarghyaM pAtra unake hAtho me thamA dete the / premIjI ne unakI ima ceSTA para eka vyagyapUrNa lekha 'pujArIratrona' nAma se likhA, jo 'jainamitra' ke mukha pRSTha para chpaa| use paDhakara pujArI Aga babUlA ho gaye aura uname se mandira ke mukhya pujArI ne 'jainamina' kI vaha prati rUDhivAdI seTho ko dikhAI / zraka me zrImato kI bhI grAlocanA thii| itanA hI nahI, pujArI ne alamArI meM rakkhe prakAzita grantha bhI meTho ko dikhAye / pariNAma yaha huA ki meTho ne alamArI se nikAlakara grantho ko to sar3aka para phekA hI, sAtha hI Aphisa kA sAmAna bhI bAhara pheka diyA / seTha mANikacandrajI prAntika sabhA ke adhyakSa the / hIrAbAga usa samaya banakara taiyAra hI huA thA / unhone turanta sabhA ke kAryAlaya kA hIrAvAga me pravandha kara diyA, jahAM vaha grAja taka cala rahA I svataMtra jIvana aura adhyavasAya- premIjI ne aba svatantra rUpa se kucha karane kA nizcaya kiyA aura prAntika sabhA se tyAga patra de diyA / pa0 dhannAlAlajI kAgalIvAla ne bahuterA samajhAyA, para ve apane nizcaya para dRDha rahe / jaba zrI gopAladAsajI varaiyA ne bhI bahuta davAva DAlA to premIjI ne sirpha 'jaina- mina' ke sampAdana kara dene kA kArya svIkAra kara liyA / sabhA kI naukarI choDane hI premIjI ko anuvAda kA bahuta-sA kAma mila gayA / rAmacandra jaina granthamAlA ke stambha manasukhalAla khajI bhAI ne gujarAtI kI 'mokSamAlA' nAma kI pustaka kA anuvAda unase karAyA / premIjI ne DeDha mI pRSTha kI pustaka kA anuvAda pandraha-bIsa dina me kara diyA aura vizeSatA yaha ki gadya kA gadya aura padya kA dya meM anuvAda kiyA / pArizramika ke rUpa me sattara-assI rupaye premIjI ko mile| AzA se yaha rakama kahI adhika

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premI - zrabhinaMdana - pratha thI / isase harpa ke sAtha premIjI kA sAhasa bhI baDhA / premI jI ke svatantra jIvana kI saphalatA ke prathama adhyAya kA zrI yahA~ se hI huA / vaha pANDulipi bAda me kho gaI / 'premIjI 'jainamitra' kA sampAdana va prakAzana vaDI lagana aura tatparatA se karate rahe aura varaiyAjI ne jo kucha pArizramika diyA, use vinA 'nanunaca' kiye lete rhe| pahale varSa me savA so, dUsare me DeDha sau zrAdi / 8 1. sva0 hemacadra 2. zrI nAthUrAma premI 3 hemacaMdra kI mAtA sva0 ramAbAI (san 1913) isake bAda premIjI para 'jainahitaiSI' ke sampAdana kA dAyitva bhI A paDA, jise unhone gyAraha cAraha varSa taka yogyatApUrvaka vahana kiyA / 'jainahitaiSI' ke sampAdana -kAla meM hI unhone mAdhavarAva sapre ganyamAlA ke dvitIya puSpa 'svAdhInatA' ko 'muvaI vaibhava' presa se chapavA kara prakAzita kiyA aura usI gamaya (san 1912 me) 'hindI-grantha- ratnAkara' kI sthApanA kI / 'hindI - grantha - ratnAkara' sIrIja kA 'svAdhInatA' hI prathaga grantha banAyA gayA / yaha kAryAlaya zrAja apanI vikasita avasthA meM hindI - jagat ke sammukha vidyamAna hai /

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mArga-darzaka prakAzaka & premIjI ne aneka maulika grantho kI racanA kI hai aura prAcIna jaina sAhitya ke anusandhAna kA mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| tIna- cAra saskRta grantho kA unhone anuvAda bhI kiyA hai / baMgalA, gujarAtI aura marAThI ke bhI aneka upayogI grantho kA hindI rUpAntara svaya kiyA hai aura apane sahayogiyo se karavAyA hai / kula milAkara premIjI kI tIsa-battIsa pustake hai | apane yahA~ se pustako ke prakAzana meM premIjI baDe sajaga rahe hai aura unake cunAva me loka-hita kI dRSTi ko pradhAnatA dI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki 'hindI-grantha - ratnAkara' se eka bhI halkI cIja prAja taka prakAzita nahI huI / parivAra durghaTanAe-- (premIjI ko banAne me bahuta-kucha hAtha unakI patnI kA thA / ve baDI hI kaSTa-sahiSNu aura mevA - parAyaNa thii| kapTa-kAla me unhone sadaiva premIjI ko DhADhasa ba~dhAyA aura samAja-sudhAra ke kAryo me utsAhita kiyA / (22 aktUbara 1632 ko unakA dehAnta ho gayA / premIjI ne apanI AzAe~ apane ekamAtra putra hemacandra para kendrita kI zrIra baDe lADa-pyAra se unakA lAlanapAlana kiyA / hemacandra vilakSaNa buddhi ke ye / alpAyu meM hI unhone aneka vipayo meM dakSatA prApta kara lI thI aura sAhitya kA gahana adhyayana kiyA thA, lekina 33 varSa kI avasthA me 1642 kI maI mAsa kI 16 tArIkha ko ve bhI cale gaye / ava premIjI ke parivAra me unakI putravadhU campAdevIjI tathA do nAtI yagodhara aura vidyAdhara hai / ) premI jI eka anupama dena - premIjI kA eka nijI vyaktitva hai / apanI kArya kSamatA, zramazIlatA aura pANDitya se hiMdI - jagat ko unhone jo kucha bheTa kiyA hai usase sAhitya kI maryAdA vaDhI hai| premIjI jIvana ke causaTha varSa pAra kara cuke hai / isa sudIrgha kAla me unhone asAdhAraNa saphalatA prApta kI hai| jAne kitane prAghAta unhone dhairyapUrvaka sahana kiye hai aneka sakaTa grasta vadhuo ko DhADhasa baMdhAyA hai / adhyayanazIlatA premIjI kA vyasana hai / ucita upAyo dvArA dhanopArjana ke sAtha-sAtha apane bauddhika vikAsa satata udyamazIla rahanA ve kabhI nahI bhUle / aneka udIyamAna lekhako ko patha-pradarzana dvArA unhone sAhitya kSetra me grAge vaDhAyA hai / uttama grantha prakAzana, puraskAra vitaraNa, lekhako, zranuvAdako zrIra sampAdako ko unakI racanAo para pArizramika dAna, vidyArthiyo ko chAtravRtti, kaThinAiyo maM paDe baghuyo kI sahAyatA dvArA ve apane dhana kA sadupayoga karate rahate hai / unakA dvAra choTe-vaDe sabake lie hara ghaDI khulA rahatA hai / kaTanI ] rga-darzaka prakAzaka zrI haribhAU upAdhyAya premIjI hindI ke una thoDe-se prArambhika prakAzako meM haiM, jiname AdarzavAditA, sahRdayatA va vyApArikatA kA sundara sAmajasya huA hai / unhone jo kucha sAhitya hindI - sasAra ko diyA hai, usame hindI - pAThako kI AtmA puSTa hI huI hai aura hindI - prakAzako ke lie vaha dizA darzaka rahA hai / apanI sevAo ke kAraNa ve hindI - jagat me AdaraNIya hai aura isa zubha avasara para meM bhI apanA sammAna unake prati pradarzita karane hue zrAnanda va gaurava kA anubhava kara rahA hU~ / ajamera ]

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zrI nAthUrAma jI premI pa0 cecaradAsa jI0 dozI premIjI bundelakhaDI hai, mai kAThiyAvADI, unakI bhASA hindI hai, merI gujarAtI, ve janma se digambara jaina hai, meM zvetAmbara / itanA bheda hote hue bhI hama dono meM vicAra-pravAha kI adhika samAnatA hai| ata 'samAnazIla vyasaneSu satyam ke anumAra hamAre bIca anyonya ajaya mitratA banI huI hai| eka samaya thA java mai kaTTara sAmpradAyika thA, yahAM taka ki zvetAmbara sAhitya ke sivAya itara kimI bhI sAhitya ko paDhanA mere lie pApa-sA thaa| banArasa ma kaI nAla rahA / to bhI jima vRtti se zvetAmbara mandira meM jAtA, usa vRtti se kabhI bhI digambara mandira me nahI gyaa| kabhI gayA bhI no dikhAve kI bhAvanA se| hamArIpAThazAlAkI sthApanA ke bAda digambara pAThagAlA, syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya, kAgI kI sthApanA huii| usa samaya vambaI ke zrImAna vidyApremI zrI mANikacanda seTha kAzI padhAre the aura nAgoM meM kampanI vAga ke sAmane digambara mandira me digambara pAThazAlA kA sthApana-samArambha thaa| vahAM bhI hamArI mArI maDalI gaI thI, parantu digamvara zvetAmbara dono sahodara bhAI hai, isa vRtti se nhiiN| kevala bAhya upacAra aura divAve kA vyavahAra hI hamAre jAne kA kAraNa thaa| kAzI meM mai nyAya,pradhAnata jaina nyAya, vyAkaraNa aura sAhitya pAdi paTa trukA thA aura prAkRta arthAt mAgadhI, gaurasenI bhApAyo kA merA adhyayana pUrNa ho cukA thaa| bAda me maiM yagovijaya-jaina-ganthamAlA ke sampAdana-kArya meM juTa gyaa| usa samaya mai koI vIsa-ikkIsa varSa kA thaa| mAgadhI bhASA kA jJAna hone ke kAraNa mai zvetAmbara mUla jaina-Agamo ko svaya paDhane lagA, samajhane lagA aura kaThastha bhI karane lgaa| java maine AnArAga Adi aga ThIka taraha se paDhe tava mere citta meM parama AhlAda kA anubhava huA aura merI mArI sAmpradAyika kaTTaratA ekadama raphUcakkara ho gii| yadyapi maiM jaina sAdhuno ke sahavAsa meM adhika rahA hU~, unakI sevA bhI kAphI ko hai, unake batAye hue aneka-vidha kriyAkADo me rasa bhI liyA hai, parantu svayameva mUla jaina-Agama paTane para aura unakA marma samajhane para merI jaDa-kriyAkADa meM aruci eva sAdhuno ke prati andha-bhakti kA lopa ho gyaa| aura svaya zodha karane kI tarapha lakSa gyaa| sAghuro ke prati vyaktiza nahIM, parantu samUha sasthA kI tarapha merI aruci ho gaI aura mujhako spaSTa mAlUma huA ki Agama vacana dUsare prakAra ke hai, para apane ko AgamAnusArI mAnane vAle magha kI pravRtti anya prakAra kI hai| pracalita kriyAkADo kA uddezya hI vismRta-sA ho gayA hai| mere mana meM ye bhAva uThane nage ki logoM ke sAmane Agama vacano ko rakkhA jAya aura unakA acchI taraha anuvAda karake prakAzita kiyA jAya, jisase vyartha ke ADambara ke cakkara meM phaMsI huI janatA vastu-tattva kA vicAra kara sake / ava taka mujhako yaha mAlUma nahIM thA ki hama thAvaka loga pAgamo ko svaya nahI par3ha sakate athavA Agamo kA anuvAda bhASA me karanA pApamA hai, kyoMki jaba mai pAThazAlA me Agamo kA adhyayana karatA thA tava kimI ne mujhako manA nahIM kiyA thaa| ata maine ThAna liyA ki pAThazAlA se bAhara nikala kara Agamo ke anuvAda kA kArya hI sarva prathama kruuNgaa| ina dino pUjya gAjI bhAratavarSa meM Aye hue the aura sAre deza ke vAtAvaraNa meM krAnti kI lahare hilore lene lagI thii| jaba maine grAgamA ke anuvAda kI pravRtti kA zrIgaNeza kiyA to jaina sAdhuo ne usakA baDe joro se virodha kiyaa| virodha kyA riyA, una pravRni ko banda karane ke lie bhayAnaka Andolana ina sAdhuo ne kiye aura mujha para to ghora AkSepo ko vRSTi hona lgii| mere kuTumba vAle aura merI mAtA jI bhI svaya kahane lagI ki anuvAda ke kAma kI apekSA AtmaghAta ko mara jAnA acchA hai| vyavahAra ke kSetra meM merA prathama hI praveza thA aura mere sAmane mAdhu-samAja aura zrAvakamamAja kA niropa bhI bhayakara thaa| taba bhI mai apane nizcaya se Tasa-se-masAnahI huaa| maine Agamo ke vacano kA jo grAmyAda liyA thA usakA anubhava Ama janatA bhI kare,yahI merA eka nizcaya thaa| seTha pujAbhAI hIrAcanda ahamadAnAda bAno ne mere nizcaya me yA pradAna kiyaa| ata unake mahAre mai Agamo ke anuvAda kI pravRtti ke lie bambaI pAyA / yahA~ uma mamaya yo pramAjI me marva-prathama paricaya unakI hIrAvAga vAlI dukAna meM huaa| unhone mujhako

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zrI nAthUrAma jI premI 11 vaDA protsAhana diyaa| una dino ve 'jaina-granya-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya' calAte the aura hIrAvAga ke pAsa hI candAvADI me rahate the| gAyada 'mANikacanda-jana-granthamAlA' ke bhI sacAlaka the aura 'paramazruta prabhAvaka maDala' me bhI unakA sambandha thaa| isa prakAra zrI premIjI se hamArI mitratA karIva Aja sattAIsa-aTThAIsa varSa se calI AI hai aura jaba taka hamArI cetanA jAgarUka hai taba taka calatI rhegii| kevala premIjI se hI nahIM, apitu unake kuTumba ke sAtha bhI hamAre kuTumba kI mitratA vana gaI hai| premIjI kuTumba-vatsala, mUka bhAva se krAnti ke preraka, sAmAjika kurUDhiyo ke bhajaka, svaccha sAhitya ke pracAraka aura prAmANika vyavasAyI hai| eka bAra jaba mai apanI patnI ke sAtha pUne me thA tava premI jI bhI vahAM nivAsa ke lie Aye the| sAtha meM unakI patnI sva. ramAvahina aura unakA putra sva. hemacandra bhI thaa| ramAvahina atyanta namra, maryAdAzIla eva kuTumba-vatmala gRhaNI thI aura hemacandra to manohara mugdha satayuga kA vAlaka yaa| hama do the aura premIjI kA kavIlA tIna vyaktiyo kA thaa| hama pA~co jane 'bhADArakara prAcya mandira' ke pIche UPL 13 - 11 ETA PRANAAD Ayms . .. AsASK HTTAYEVER WKTA LI sva0 hemacadra (1912) kI pahADiyo para nitya prAta kAla ghUmane jAte aura aneka prakAra kI vAte hotii| adhikatara sAmAjika kurUDhiyo kI aura dhArmika mithyArUDhiyo kI carcA calatI thii| sva0 hemacandra bhI 'daddA daddA' kahakara manohara vAlasulabha vAte pUchA krtaa| kimI TekarI para caDhane me striyo ko apanI pozAka ke kAraNa vAdhA AtI to dono yAnI ramAvahina aura merI patnI kacchA lagAkara TekarI para caDha jaatii| usa samaya hama logo ne jo sukhAnubhava kiyA, vaha phira kabhI nahIM kiyaa| premIjI sAhitya aura itihAsa ke kITa hone para bhI kitane kuTumba-vatsala the, usakA patA vahA~ TekarI para hI lagatA thaa| una dino premIjI 'jaina-hitaiSI' calAte the| usameM sAhitya, itihAsa ityAdi ke viSaya meM baDI AlocanA-pratyAlocanA rahatI thii| 'jana-hitaiSI' ke mukha-pRSTha para eka citra AtA thA, jisame dhvaja-daDa sahita eka devakulikA thI aura usake zikhara meM rassI ko phAMsakara eka tarapha zvetAmvara khIca rahA hai, dUsarI tarapha digamvara / yaha hAla jaina-mamAja kA Aja taka bhI vaisA hI banA huA hai| isa citra se premIjI ke anta sthita krAntimaya mAnama

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12 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha kA pUrA patA calatA hai| vaise to premIjI ne jozIle vyAkhyAna nahI diye aura jozIle lekha bhI nahIM lise, parantu unhone mUka bhAva se krAnti kI preraNA kI hai| usakA dUsarA udAharaNa vAbU sUrajabhAnu vakIla dvArA sampAdita-prakAgita 'satyodaya' nAmaka mAsika hai| sUrajabhAnu jI bhI premIjI ke asAdhAraNa miga hai| koI bhI vicAraka premIjI ke sasarga me Ave aura unase prazAnta bhAva se zAstrIya va sAmAjika rUDhiyo kI carcA kare to unake krAntimaya vicAro kA patA use jarUra lgegaa| premIjI dRDha sakalpa se rUDhiyo kA bhajana karate rahe hai| premIjI ke prayatna se hI zAstra chapavAne ke virodhI digambara-samAja meM bhI jaina-sAhitya kA acchA mudraNa-prakAzana prArambha huaa| 'mANikacandra-jainagranthamAlA' me aneka acche-acche ganya premIjI kI dekhabhAla meM susampAdita hokara prakAzita hue| ava to yaha kArya itanA agrasara huA hai ki jo grantha aAja taka mUDabidrI me kevala pUje hI jAte the aura yAtriyo ke kevala darzana viSaya bane hue the, ve dhavalA ityAdi grantha bhI bhASAntara ke sAtha chapa kara prakAza meM Ane lage hai| itanA hI nahI, parantu kaI paDita naye yuga ke raga me ra~gakara digambara zvetAmbara ke aikya kI khoja me laga rahe hai aura yahAM taka vicAra kiyA jAne lagA hai ki dono sampradAya me koI virodha nahIM hai| merI samajha me zrI premIjI aura unake mino ne jo kAntike vIja boye the, ve uge aura unhone vRkSo kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA hai / abhI phala kacce hai, parantu java paka jAya~ge taba mAre jainasamAja ko apUrva pramoda hogaa| premIjI ne jaina-sAhitya kI to sevA kI hI, parantu unhone vizAla aura vyApaka dRSTi ravikara sAre hindI sAhitya kI mevA ke lie tatpara hokara apanA 'jaina-grantha-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya' 'hindI-grantha-ralAkarakAryAlaya' ke rUpa meM pariNata kara diyA aura usake dvArA hindI bhASA me zuci aura svastha mAhitya prakAgita karanA * zuru kara diyaa| kahAnI, itihAsa, vAcanamAlA, vijJAna, dharma, samAja-vyavasthA, arthazAstra, rAjakAraNa Adi aneka viSayo para sundara sAhitya unhone prakAzita kiyA aura Aja taka kara rahe hai| yadyapi vyavamAya kI dRSTi se unhone saikaDo hindI ke grantha prakAzita kiye hai to bhI grantho ko dekhane se vyavasAya kI apekSA unakI sAhitya-sevA ko hI dRSTi jhalakatI hai / vyavasAyI loga to janatA kI adhobhUmikA kA lAbha lekara zRgAramaya vIbhatsa sAhitya bhI prakAzita kara garIbo kA dhana hara le jAte hai, parantu premIjI ke gantha-ratnAkara me aimI koI bhI pustaka nahIM mila sktii| isa prakAra zrI premIjI hindI-sAhitya-kSetra me hIrA hai to hamAre jaina-sAhitya-kSetra meM ve ujjvala maNi ke samAna hai| apane ikalaute putra zrI hamacandra ke avasAna ke kAraNa premIjI ko bhArI prAghAta huA hai aura isI kAraNa unakI deha ava adhika jarjarita ho gaI hai / ata asvAsthya ke kAraNa aba ve anutsAhita se dIgva paDate hai, phira bhI mahAtmA banAramI dAsajI kI taraha ve ThIka antarmukha hai| isI kAraNa apanI sAhitya-sevA kI pravRtti se ve tanika bhI vicalita nahIM hue hai| bhale hI unakA vega manda huA ho, parantu pravRtti calatI hI rahatI hai| abhI unakI 'jaina-sAhitya kA itihAsa' tathA 'ardhakathAnaka pustake prakAzita huI hai| ve unakI antarmukhatA kI gavAhI hai / / anta meM premIjI kI eka anukaraNIya vAta kahakara isa lekha ko samApta kruuNgaa| premIjI ne apanA sArA bojha apane hI kandhe para Dhote hue samAja-sevA, kAntipracAra, rUDhi-bhajana, sucAra-pravRtti aura sAhitya-sevA Adi prazasanIya pravRttiyAM Aja taka kI hai| isI prakAra hama loga bhI apanA bojha samAja va rASTra para na DAlakara svaya use saMbhAlate hue yathAsAdhya kArya meM lageM to avazya hI acchA kArya kara skege| premIjI vAhara se sIdhe-sAde aura antaraga se gambhIra cintaka hai / Aja taka unhone jo kAma kiyA hai, sthirabhAva se, sthitaprajJa kI-sI vRtti se| krAnti kA utAvalApana yA rUDhipriyatA kA zora-gula unameM nahIM hai / 'kAla kAlasya kAraNam' samajha kara jo vanA, vaha sacAI aura ImAnadArI ke sAtha kara diyA, yahI unakA svabhAva hai| ahamadAbAda ] 'kheda hai ki ava zrI sUrajabhAnu jI kA svargavAsa ho gayA hai| 'arghakathAnaka' prAtmacarita ke lekhaka, jinheM apanI nau santAnoM kA viyoga apanI A~kho dekhanA par3A thaa|

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'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' aura usake mAlika sva0 hemacandra modI yaha lekha bahuta hI sundara aura rocaka hai / 'pitA-putra ke sambandha ke hote hue bhI lekhaka ne kahIM apane ko satya se bahakane nahIM diyA hai| isameM sarvatra hemacandra jI kI painI buddhi kI chApa hai| jAna paDatA hai ki satya ke rAjamArga para calane kI unakI eka prAdata-sI bana gaI thii| vizeSa ghaTanAo kA ullekha karate hue unake pIche jo sAmAnya satya hai usakI ora isa lekha meM kaI sthAnoM para bahumUlya sujhAva diye gae hai| harSa kI bAta hai ki zrI nAthUrAma jI kA aisI sadvivekinI zailI se likhA huA caritra upalabdha ho skaa| sva0 hemacandra ke sivA sambhavata isa kArya ko koI dUsarA itane acche Dhaga se pUrA na utAra sakatA thaa| -vAsudevazaraNa agravAla] vambaI kA 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya' hindI meM eka aisI prakAzana-sasthA rahI hai, jisane logo kA bahuta-kucha dhyAna AkarSita kiyA hai / isake vAre meM jyAdA jAnane ke lie loga utsuka bhI rahe hai, para isa vijJApanavAz2I ke z2amAne meM na jAne kyo isake sacAlaka hamegA Atma-vijJApana kI ora isa taraha upekSA dikhalAte rahe hai ki logo kI utsukatA khurAka ke abhAva me abhijJatA ke spa me nahI palaTa paaii| koziza karane para loga isake bAre me isake ' nAma ke alAvA itanA hI jAna pAye hai ki isake mAlika zrI nAthUrAma premI nAmaka koI vyakti vizeSa hai / hA~, koI ATha-dasa sAla pahale vyaktigata ciTThiyo me savAla-para-savAla pUchakara pUjya pa0 vanArasIdAsajI caturvedI kucha jAnakArI pA gaye the, jise unhone 'vizAla bhArata' me chApa diyA thaa| para isake dvArA logo kI utsukatA vaDhI thI, ghaTI nahI thii| mai pitAjI ko na jAne kaba se 'dAdA' kahatA AyA hU~ aura merI dekhAdekhI nikaTa paricaya me Ane vAle hindI ke bahuta se lekhaka bhI unhe 'dAdA' kahane aura patro me likhane lage hai| hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' ke sAtha ve isa taraha mazliSTa hai ki jo loga thoDe bhI paricaya meM Aye hai, ve dono meM bheda nahI kara paate| itanA hI nahIM, merA kaI sAla kA anubhava hai ki ve svaya bhI apane Apako cepTA karane para bhI 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' se alaga nahIM kara pAte / apane kArya se itanA adhika ekAtmya duniyA meM bahuta kama loga anubhava karate hai| yaha ekAtmya yahA~ taka rahA hai ki kabhIkabhI mujhe yaha bhAsane lagatA hai ki jisa pitR-sneha kA mai hakadAra thA, usakA eka bahuta baDA hissA imane curA liyA hai aura mujhe yAda hai ki merI svargIyA mA~ bhI aneka vAra isame apanI mauta kA darzana karatI rahI hai, parantu mere nikaTa - hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' koI cIz2a nahI hai| mere nikaTa to vasa mere dAdA hai| mai yahA~ apane dAdA kA hI paricaya dUMgA, kyoki mere lie ve hI saba kucha hai| mere nikaTa 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' hai to kevala unake eka pratIka ke rUpa meN| mujhe * vizvAsa hai ki pAThaka bhI jaDa 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' kI apekSA cetana 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' ko hI jAnane ke lie jyAdA utsuka hoge| para isakA matalaba yaha nahIM hai ki dAdA mujhe cAhate nahI hai yA merI mAtA ke prati unakA vyavahAra ucita nahI thaa| saca pUcho to dAdA merI mA~ ko cAhate nahIM the, unakI bhakti karate the| java ve kisI cIz2a ke lie kahatI thI tava vaha mAMga unhe itanI tuccha pratIta hotI thI ki unake khyAla se una jaisI devI ko zobhA na detI thii| unhone isa vAta kA khyAla nahI kiyA ki eka devI ke zarIra me bhI manuSya kA hRdaya raha sakatA hai| unakI mRtyu ke ATha sAla vAda Aja bhI java ve unakA smaraNa karate hai taba unakA hRdaya dukha se bhara uThatA hai / Apa kahege, "yaha tumane acchA jhagaDA lgaayaa| 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' me tumhArI mAM kA kyA samvandha ?" para merA vizvAsa hai ki dAdA ne jo

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premI-abhinadana-graMtha 14 bhI kucha kiyA, 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' ko zrApa jaimA kucha dekhate haiM, usame agara yaha kahA jAya ki dAdA kI apekSA merI mA~ kA adhika hissA hai to zAyada kucha jyAdA atizayokti na hogI / puruSa kitanA hI tyAga-vRtti kA ho, mevAparAyaNa aura kartavyaniSTha ho, para agara strI apane pati ke vrata ko apanA vrata nahIM banA letI to avazya hI usa purupa -- kA patana hotA hai| kArlamArksa kitane hI middhAnlavAdI hote, para unakI patnI lobhI, vilAseccha hotI to ve kabhI ke pUMjIvAdiyo ke mAyAjAla meM phaMsa jAte / baDe-baDe honahAra deza-bhakto, tyAgiyo aura mahApumpo kA patana unakI . patnI ke apAtivratya ke kAraNa hI huA hai / apane pati ke vrata ko ve apanA vrata na mAna raakii| jaba kabhI hama loga phursata ke vakta dAdA ke pAsa baiThate hai taba ve apane jIvana kI smaraNIya ghaTanAgro aura bAto ko kahate hai / unako sunane aura una para vicAra karane para hameM mAlUma hotA hai ki unake caritra aura svabhAva ke phina guNo ne unheM Age baDhAyA aura usa kArya ke karane ke lie prerita kiyA aura kina paristhitiyo ne ugame madada phuNcaaii| dAdA kI bAto meM sabase pahalI vAta jo Upara taira pAtI hai vaha atyanta daridratA kI hai| dAdA ke pitA arthAt mere Aje kA nAma thA TUDe modii| hama loga devarI jilA sAgara (madhya prAnta) ke rahane vAle paravAra vaniye hai| paravAra loga apane mUla me mevADa ke rahane vAle the| pahale hathiyAra vA~dhate the, para vAda meM aura bahuta-gI kSaniya jAtiyo kI taraha vyApAra karane lage aura vaizya kahalAne lge| purAne gilA-lekho me isa jAti kA nAma 'paurapaTTa' milanA hai aura ye mevADa ke pura yA paura kamave ke rahane vAle hai aura sAre bundelapaDa me vahutAyata se phaile hue hai| magara hamAre Aje TUDe modI mahAjano me apavAda-rUpa the| apanI hArdika udAratA ke rAvava ve apane prAsAmiyo rI karja diyA huA rupayA kabhI vasUla na kara sakate the aura kisI ko kaSTa me dekhate the to pArA me rupayA rakhakara dene se inkAra na kara makane the| isa kAraNa ve atyanta daridratA ke zikAra ho gaye / dekhane ko hajAro rupaye kI dastAveje thI, para ghara me yAne ko anna kA dAnA nahIM thaa| dAdA sunAte hai ki bahuta dino taka ghara kA yaha hAla thA ki ve java ghoDe para namaka, guDa vagairaha mAmAna lekara dehAta me baMcane jAte the aura dina bhara mehanata karake cAra paime lAte ye taba kahI jAkara dUsare dina ke bhojana kA intajAma hotA thaa| ve karjadAra bhI ho gaye the| eka vAra kI bAta hai ki ghara meM cUlhe para dAla-cAvana paka kara taiyAra hue the aura mava khAne ko vaiThane hI vAle the ki sAhUkAra kuDakI lekara AyA / ugane vamUlI meM cUlhe para kA pItala kA bartana bhI mAMga liyaa| usase kahA ki bhAI, yoDI dera tthhr| hame khAnA mA lene de| phira vartana le jaanaa| para usane kucha na sunaa| vartana vahI rAkha me uDela diye / khAnA rAva nIce gAva me mila gayA aura vaha vartana lekara calatA vnaa| sAre vATumba ko usa dina phAkA karanA pdd'aa| __ aisI garIvI me gA~va ke madarase me dAdA paDhe, TreniMga kI parIkSA pAsa kI aura mAsTarI kI naukarI kara lii| ve kaI dehAtI skUlo meM mAsTara rhe| mAsTara hone ke pahale kucha dina unhone DeDha rupayA mahIne kI mAnITarI kI naukarI kii| mAsTarI meM unheM cha rupayA mahInA milatA thaa| vAda meM sAta rupayA mahInA milane lagA thaa| isame se ve apanA kharca tIna rupaye me calAte the aura cAra rupayA mahInA ghara bhejate the| ina dino jo kama-kharcI kI yAdata par3a gaI, vaha dAdA se abhI taka nahIM chuutttii| eka tarapha to unameM itanI udAratA hai ki dUsaro ke lie hajAro rupaye de dete hai, para apane kharca ke lie ve eka paisA bhI muzkila se nikAla pAte haiN| anya guNo ke sAtha milakara isa Adata kA asara 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' ke sacAlana para bhI gaharA par3A hai| kitAvo kI bikrI kA jo bhI kucha paimA pAtA rahA, vaha kucha vyaktigata kharca nikAla kara naye prakAzano meM hI lagatA gyaa| vambaI ke jIvana kA bahuta baDA himsA unhone dasa-bAraha rupaye mahInA kirAye ke makAno meM hI nikAla diyA hai, jaba ki unakI hAlata aisI thI ki khuzI se pacAsa rupayA mahInA kirAyA kharca kara sakate the| isa Adata ke kAraNa hI unheM kabhI kisI acche grantha ko chapAne ke lie, jimakI ki ve AvazyakatA samajhate ho, rupayo kA ToTA nahI paDA aura na kabhI bhAja taka karz2a meM kisI kA paisA lekara dhandhe meM lgaayaa| kabhI kisI presa vAle kA yA kAgaz2a vAle kA eka paisA bhI udhAra nahIM rkkhaa| yahI pAdata unhe sabhI kisma ke vyasano se aura lobha se bhI bacAye rhii| saTTevAz2a mAravADiyo ke bIca rahakara bhI hamezA ve saTTe ke pralobhana

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''hadI-graMtha-ratnAkara' aura usake mAlika 15 se bace rhe| unhone kabhI kisI aisI pustaka ko nahI chApA, jimakA uddezya kevala paisA kamAnA ho aura na lobha me paDa kara kabhI koI aisA kArya kiyA, jo nIti kI dRSTi se girA huA ho / kabhI aisA maukA AtA hai to ve kaha dete hai, "z2arUrata paDane para phira mai eka vAra cha rupaye mahIne me guz2ArA kara lU~gA, para kamAI ke lie yaha pustaka na chApU~gA / " yahA~ mujhe yaha bhI kahanA cAhie ki alpasantApitA se eka burAI bhI paidA ho gaI haiM / vaha yaha ki anya pustakaprakAzaka apanI pustaka becane ke lie jitanI koziza kara pAte hai aura kabhI-kabhI jitanI jyAdA veca lete hai utanI hama nahI kara pAte / vikrI kI dauDa meM 'hindI-grantha - ratnAkara' madA pIche hI rahA hai, para inameM bahuta se prati prayatnazIla prakAzaka cAra dina camaka kara grasta ho gaye, para 'hindI-grantha - ratnAkara' apanI kachue kI cAla se calA hI jA rahA hai / karIba do sAla dAdA mAsTarI karate rhe| isI jamAne meM devarI me vargIya amIra alI 'mIra' ke sasarga se dAdA ko kavitA karane kA zauka huA aura unhone 'premI' ke upanAma se bahuta mI kavitAe~ likhI, jo uma jamAne me samasyApUrti ke 'ramika mitra', 'kAvya -sudhAkara' Adi patro me chapA karatI thI / paDhane kA bhI zauka huyA aura zrAsapAma me jo bhI pustakeM hindI kI milatI thI, sabhI paDhI / koI do sAla mAsTarI kI naukarI karane ke bAda sarakAra ne unheM nAgapura kRpi-kAleja meM paDhane bheja diyA / una dinoM usa kAleja meM hindI meM paDhAne kA pravandha kiyA gayA thA / para nAgapura meM ve adhika dina svastha na raha make vImAra paDa gaye aura ghara lauTa jAnA paDA / apane vidyArthI jIvana kI sabase adhika smaraNIya vAta ve usa svAvalamvana kI zikSA ko samajhate haiM, jo usa samaya unheM milI / uma z2amAne meM kAlejo ke sAtha grAjakala kI taraha voDiMga nahI the / sava vidyArthiyo ko apane hAtha se hI roTI banAnI paDatI thI / dAdA ko roTI banAne meM AdhA ghaTA lagatA thA / dAdA voDiMgo kI prathA ko bahuta burI prathA samajhate haiM, jisase unameM vilAmitA ghara kara jAtI hai / / 'mIra' sAhava ke masarga meM jo unheM kAvya-sAhitya kA zauka huA mo hamezA hI banA rhaa| sAtha hI jJAna kI pipAmA jAgrata ho gaI / khuda sundara kavitA karane lage, para isase adhika apane anya kaviyo kI kavitAo kA uttama mazodhana karane kA bahuta acchA abhyAsa ho gayA / grAge calakara isa grabhyAsa kI aisI vRddhi huI ki kaI acche kavi apanI kavitA kA mazodhana karAne meM prasannatA kA anubhava karate the / dAdA kA kahanA hai ki unako kavitA prayatnapUrvaka vanAnI paDatI hai / ve svabhAvata kavi nahI hai / isalie unhone bAda me kavitA likhanA vanda kara diyaa| ve 'premI' upanAma se kavitA karate the aura isI nAma se ve prasiddha ho gaye / para kavitA ke sazodhana aura doSa-darzana meM jitanI kulatA unheM hAsila hai, utanI kucha ine-gine logo ko hogI / kahI koI zabda vadalanA ho, kahI koI kAphiyA ThIka na baiThatA ho to ve turanta nayA zabda sujhA dete hai aura kAphiye ko ThIka kara dete haiM / ( imI mamaya eka akhavAra meM vijJApana nikalA ki 'vambaI - prAntika-digambara jaina sabhA' ko eka klArka kI jarUrata hai / dAdA ne apanA Avedana-patra isa jagaha ke lie bheja diyA / unakA Avedana majUra huA aura bambaI Ane ke lie sUcanA A gaI / para Apa jAnate haiM ki unakA Avedana majUra hone kA mukhya kAraNa kyA thA ? Avedana-patra to vahuto ne bheje the, para unakA zrAvedana majUra hone kA mukhya kAraNa unakI hastalipi kI sundaratA thI / zrAjakala loga hamta lekha ko sundara banAne para bahuta kama dhyAna dete hai / dAdA ke motI marIkhe jame hue akSara grAja bhI vahuto kA mana haraNa kara lete hai / 'dAdA ke akSara sundara na hote to unakA vambaI grAnA na hotA aura na 'hindI-grantha - ratnAkara' kA unake hAtho janma hI hotA / vacapana me unhone apanI hastalipi ko sundaratA ke lie kAphI prayatna kiyA thA zrIra kasve ke sarakArI skUla ke sAre takhte unhIM ke hAtha ke likhe the / zrakasara dekhA jAtA hai ki jina laDako ke akSara acche hote hai, ve paDhane meM pichar3e hote haiM, para dAdA apanI kakSA meM hamezA pahale do laDako meM rahe / vaimbaI meM grAkara unheM apanI zaktiyo ke vikAsa kA bharapUra avasara milA / yahA~ Ate hI unhone samkRta, ba~galA, marAThI aura gujarAtI sIkhanA zuru kara diyA / cha -mAta ghaTe Aphisa kA kAma karake bacata ke samaya meM ve ina bhASAoM kA abhyAsa karate the / daphtara meM ekamevAdvitIya the / ciTThI-patrI likhanA, rokaDa mamhAlanA aura 'jainamitra'

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16 premI-prabhinaMdana-praya nAmaka mAsika patra ke sampAdana se lekara patro ko liphApho me banda karanA, TikaTa cipakAnA, DAkakhAne me jAkara DAla Ane taka kA kAma unakA thA aura milatA thA unako isake badale meM sirpha paccIsa rupayA mAhavAra jisa kAma ko unhone akele kiyA, usI ke lie bAda meM kaI AdamI rakhane paDe / / apane naukarI ke jIvana kI sabase smaraNIya vAta jo dAdA sunAte hai, vaha yaha ki jaba kabhI jitanI bhI tanakhvAha unheM milI, hamezA usase unheM behada santoSa rahA / unhone hamezA yahI samajhA ki mujhe apanI liyAkata se bahuta jyAdA mila rahA hai| kabhI tanakhvAha baDhavAne ke lie koI koziza nahIM kI aura na kabhI kisI se isakI zikAyata kI, para sAtha hI apanI yogyatA baDhAne kI satata koziza karate rhe| eka sAmAjika naukarI karate hue bhI kabhI kisI seThasAhUkAra kI khuzAmada nahI kI aura hamezA apane svAbhimAna kI rakSA karate rhe| svAbhimAna para coTa pahuMcate hI unhone naukarI choDa dii| jina seTha sAhaba kI dekha-rekha meM dAdA kAma karate the, unake kucha logo ne kAna bhare ki dAdA rokaDa ke rupayo me se kucha rupaye apane vyaktigata kAma me le Ate hai| eka dina meTha sAhaba acAnaka daphtara meM A dhamake aura bole ki tijorI kholakara batAo ki kitane rupaye hai| dAdA ne tijorI kholakara rupaye-pAne-pAI kA pUrA-pUrA hisAba turanta de diyA aura phira tijorI kI cAvI unhI ko dekara bAhara cale gaye aura kaha gaye ki Apako merA vizvAsa nahIM rhaa| isalie aba maiM yaha naukarI na kruuNgaa| Apa dUsarA AdamI rakha lIjie / bahuta Agraha karane para bhI dAdA ne naukarI to na kI, para 'janamitra' kI sampAdakI kA kAma karate rhe| usa samaya vambaI ke jainiyo meM pa0 pannAlAla jI vAkalIvAla nAmaka eka tyAgI vyakti the| unhone Ajanma samAja-sevA kA, vizepa karake jaina-sAhitya kI sevA kA, vrata liyA thA aura Ajanma avivAhita rahane kI pratijJA kI thii| ve logo meM 'gurujI' ke nAma se prasiddha the aura apane jamAne me jaina samAja ke ine-gine vidvAno meM se the| ve bahuta varSa bagAla ke durgApura (raMgapura) nAmaka sthAna meM apane bhAI kI dukAna para rahe the aura dAdA ne unase bagAlI bhASA sIkha lI thii| dAdA para unake caritra kA, unakI nispRhatA kA aura samAja-sevA kI bhAvanA kA bhI vaDA gaharA asara huA aura unase unakA sambandha pragADha hotA gyaa| unhone jainiyo me zikSA ke prasAra ke lie aura jaina-grantho ke prakAzana ke lie 'jana-grantha-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya' nAmaka eka prakAzana-sasthA kI sthApanA kI thii| isame 'jaina-hitaiSI' nAma kA eka mAsika patra prakAzita hotA thA aura bahuta-sI jaina-pustake prakAzita huI thii| dAdA ne bhI dhIre-dhIre unake isa kAma meM hAtha baTAnA zurU kiyaa| dAdA kI yogyatA aura parizrama kA gurujI para baDA prabhAva paDA aura thoDe hI samaya bAda ve sArA kAma dAdA ko sauMpakara cale gye| pahale dAdA ko apane pariyama ke badale me kitAvo kI vikI para kucha kamIzana milatA thaa| kucha dino vAda 'jaina-grantha-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya meM dAdA kA AdhA hissA kara diyA gyaa| yahAM itanA kaha denA Avazyaka hai ki 'jaina-grantha-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya me kitAvo kI zakla me jo pUMjI thI, vaha adhikAza karja kI thI, jisakA vyAja denA par3atA thA, para jinakI vaha pUMjI thI ve aise vyakti nahIM the, jo ekAeka kabhI Akara apane rupaye talaba karane lge| vAda me dAdA ne aura chaganamalajI ne yaha sArA rupayA 'kamAkara cukaayaa| kucha dina bAda gurUjI ne apanI jagaha para apane bhatIje zrI chaganamalajI vAkalIvAla ko rakha diyaa| dAdA aura chaganamalajI dono milakara jaina-pranyo ke prakAzana me juTa gye| dukAna kA pravandha-sambandhI sArA kAma chaganamala jI samhAlate the aura grantho kA sampAdana, mazodhana aura 'jaina-hitapI' ke sampAdana kA kAma dAdA samhAlate the| isa samaya karIva sAsa-paisaTha jaina-dharma-sambandhI grantha prakAzita kiye / 'jaina-hitaipI' ne mamAja meM sabase jyAdA pratiSThA prApta kii| umakA sampAdana itanA acchA hotA thA ki usa jamAne kI 'sarasvatI' se hI usakA mukAvilA kiyA jA sakatA thaa| koI bhI jAtIya patra usakA mukAbilA na kara sakatA thaa| gurUjI kA sArA karja dhIre-dhIre adA kara diyA gayA aura yoDA-sA kharca jAkara jo vacane lagA so prakAzana meM hI lagane lgaa| irA z2amAne kI sabase jyAdA smaraNIya bAta hai svargIya bheTha mANikacandra pAnAcandra kI sahAyatA / digambara

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''haMdI -tha- ratnAkara' aura usake mAlika 17 - samAja kA jitanA adhika upakAra seTha mANikacandra jI kara gaye, utanA gAyada hI kisI eka vyakti ne kiyA ho / yaha upakAra unhone koI dharmAdA sasthAo ko bahuta-sA rupayA dekara kiyA ho, so vAta nahI / unhone jitanI sasthAe~ qAyama kI unakA bahuta mundara pravandha karake hI unhone vaha kArya kiyA / jitanA kAma unhone eka rupaye ke kharca me kiyA, utanA dUsare dhanavAn vyakti sau rupayA kharca karake bhI na kara pAye / ima maphalatA kA rahasya uname kAryakartAo ke cunAva kI jo javaradasta gakti thI, usameM nihita hai| sAtha hI aura loga jahA~ dAna me apanI sArI sampatti kA eka choTA hissA hI dete haiM vahA~ ve apanI lagabhaga mArI sampatti dAna meM de gaye / vambarDa kA hIrAbAga, jisameM ki zuru Aja taka 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara kAryAlaya' kA daphtara rahA hai, unake diye dAna kI eka aisI hI sasthA hai / se jaina-grantho ke prakAzana meM ve ima rUpa meM sahAyatA dete the ki jo bhI koI uttama grantha kahI se prakAzita hotA thA, usakI do-tIna mau pratiyA~ eka sAtha tIna vIyAI kImata meM kharIda lete the / pratyeka prakAzaka ke lie yaha bahuta kAphI sahAyatA thI, jisame chapAI kA karIba sArA kharca nikala AtA yA / dAdA ko bhI isa taraha kAphI sahAyatA milI / pustaka - prakAzana meM sahAyatA kA yaha Dhaga itanA sundara hai ki dAdA kA kahanA hai ki agara hindI meM uttama pustako ke prakAzana ko protsAhana dene ke lie yaha Dhaga akhtiyAra kiyA jAya to hindI - mAhitya kI bahuta kucha kamI vAta-kI-vAta dUra ho sakatI hai / isameM lekhaka aura prakAzaka dono ko utsAha milatA hai / sirpha lekhako ko puraskAra dene kI athavA prakAzana ke lie naI prakAzana-masthAe~ kholane kI jAM rIti hai, usameM kharca ke anupAta se lAbha nahI hotA | hindI meM avikArI lekhako kA abhAva nahI haiM, para prakAzako kA z2arUra prabhAva hai / javanaka vikane kI AzA na ho tabataka prakAzaka gracchI pustake nikAlate sakucAte haiM / pustaka acchI hogI to lekhaka z2arUra puraskAra prApta karegA, para prakAzaka ko usame kyA lAbha hogA ? yUropa kI taraha yahA~ to puraskAra kI bAta sunakara usa lekhaka kI pustaka lene ko to dauDeMge nahI / aisI paristhiti meM yA to lekhaka ko svaya hI prakAzaka vanakara pustaka chapAnI paDatI hai aura yaha vaha nabhI karatA hai java ki use puraskAra prApta karane kA nizcaya hotA hai aura yA kisI prakAzaka ko kisI taraha rAz2I kara pAtA hai / para prakAzaka isa taraha rAjI nahI hote / ve hamezA kucha TeDhe tarIke se lAbha uThAne kI bAta socate haiM aura prAya isa taraha kAlejo ke prophesaroM kI aura TeksTa- cuka kameTI ke maimbaro kI hI kitAve chapa pAtI hai / anya yogya lekhaka yo hI raha jAte hai / naI sArvajanika prakAzana-sasthAe~ kholane para prakAzana to pIche zurU hotA hai, para Aphisa zrAdi kA kharca pahale hI hone lagatA hai aura jitanA kharca vAstavika kArya ke pIche honA cAhie, usame jyAdA kharca Upara ke grAphima Adi ke Upara hotA hai aura kahI usane patra nikAlA aura presa kiyA to samajhiye ki vaha vinA mauta hI mara gaI / purAnI prakAzana -sasyAo ke hote hue naI prakAzana sasthAe~ paidA karanA dono ko bhUkhA mArane ke varAvara hotA hai aura asagaThita rUpa se naye-naye prakAzaka roja hone se na unakI pustako kI bikrI kA ThIka saMgaThana hI hotA hai aura na paDhane vAlI ko pustakeM mila pAtI hai / svargIya seTha mANikacandra jI ke prati dAdA kA jo kRtajJatA kA bhAva thA, usase prerita hokara unake svargavAsa ke vAda unhone 'mANikacandra- digambara jaina grantha- mAlA' nAma kI sasthA khaDI kI, jisakA kArya maskRta, prAkRta ra apabhraga bhApAgro ke luptaprAya prAcIna jaina-grantha susampAdita rUpa me prakAzita karanA hai / isa samaya taka isame sirpha are haz2Ara kA candA huA hai aura cAlIsa grantha nikala cuke hai| dAdA isa mAlA ke prArambha se hI avaitanika mantrI rahe hai aura usakA kArya isa bAta kA udAharaNa rUpa rahA hai ki kisa prakAra kama-se-kama rupaye meM adhika-se-adhika ra acche se acchA kAma kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoki grantho kI kImata lAgata mAtra rakkhI jAne ke kAraNa aura eka-muzta sau rupayA dene vAlo ko mAre grantha muphta diye jAne ke kAraNa vikrI ke rUpa meM mUla rakama vasUla karane kI zrAgA hI nahI kI jA sktii| bahuta se grantho kA sampAdana dAdA ne khuda hI kiyA hai aura bahuto kA dUsaro ke sAtha aura zeSa kA gracche AdamiyoM ko cunakara karavAyA hai| pahale to isa kArya ke yogya vidvAnoM kA hI prabhAva thaa| bAda me jaba vidvAna milane rupayo kA prabhAva ho gyaa| yahA~ itanA kahanA jarUrI hai ki apane prAcIna grantha prakAzita karane kI thora 3

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premI-abhinaMdana graMtha digambara-jaina-samAja kA bahuta hI durlakSya hai / vaDI muzkila se usake lie rupayA milanA hai / prAcAna jana-zatahAsa kA adhyayana aura ina grantho ke sampAdana meM dilacaspI ke kAraNa dAdA ko saskRta, prAkRta aura apabhrama bhASAgro kA itanA kAphI jJAna ho gayA hai ki ina bhASAo ke baDe-baDe vidvAn unakI vAka mAnate hai / braja bhASA kA sundara jJAna to dAdA ko apane kavi-jIvana me hI hai / 18 'jaina - hitaiSI' kA sampAdana karate hue aura jaina -pustako kA prakAzana karane hue dAdA hamegA ba~galA, marAThI, gujarAtI zraura hindI kI bAharI pustake bahuta kucha paDhA karate the / ina saba ke sAhitya ko paDhakara unhe yaha bAta bahuta khaTakatI thI ki hindI meM acche grantho kA abhAva hai aura ye bhASAe~ barAvara Age vaDha rahI hai / usa samaya unake paDhane ma pa0 mahAvIra prasAda jI dvivedI dvArA anuvAdita jaoNna sTuArTa mila kA prasiddha grantha 'libarTI' AyA, jo 'svAdhInatA' ke nAma se svargIya pa0 mAghava rAva sapre kI 'hindI -grantha prakAzana -maDalI' se prakAzita huA thA / use paDhakara dAdA kI icchA huI ki isakI sau-domo pratiyAM lekara jainiyo me pracAra kare, tAki unakI kaTTaratA kama ho aura ve vicArasvAtantrya kA mahattva samajhe / para talAza karane para mAlUma huA ki vaha grantha aprApya hai / tava isake lie unhone dvivedI jI ko likhA / usa samaya taka dAdA ko gumAna bhI nahI thA ki ve kisI dina hindI ke bhI prakAzaka banege / unhone to apane kAryakSetra ko jaina grantho ke prakAzana aura jaina samAja kI mevA taka hI sImita rakha chor3A thA / dvivedIjIne batAyA ki gavarnameMTa dezI bhASAtro me isa taraha kA sAhitya chApanA ipTakara nahI samajhatI / isalie isake prakAzana me jokhama hai / para dAdA rAjanaitika sAhitya khUva paDhate the aura unhe vaDA joga yA / unhone use chApane kA bIDA uThA liyA | presa sambandhI kaThinAiyA~ bhAI, para ve hala ho gaI aura dvivedIjI ke AzIrvAda aura unakI 'svAdhInatA' ke prakAzana se tA0 24 sitambara 1912 ko 'hindI - grantha- ratnAkara -granthamAlA' kA janma huA / 'hindI - grantha - ratnAkara' sabase pahalI granthamAlA thI, jo hindI me prakAzita huI / marAThI vagairaha bhASAo me usa samaya kaI granthamAlAe~ nikala rahI thI / unhI ke anukaraNa meM inhone bhI sthAyI grAhaka kI phIsa ATha AnA rakkhI, jo posTeja vaDha jAne ke kAraNa vAda meM eka rupayA kara dI gii| yaha grantha-mAlA hindI meM saba taraha kA mAhitya dene ke uddezya se nikAlI gaI thI / usa samaya logo me yaha bhAvanA thI ki hindI me jo bhI navIna sAhitya chape, mava kharIdA jAya, kyoki usa samaya hindI meM navIna sAhitya thA hI kitanA / usa samaya logo meM sAhitya ko avalamvana dene kA bhAva bhI thA / isalie dhIre-dhIre mAlA ke DeDha do hajAra grAhaka AsAnI se ho gaye aura hareka pustaka kA pahalA saskaraNa do hajAra kA nikalane lagA / lagabhaga DeDha haz2Ara to pustaka nikalate hI calI jAtI thI, vAkI dhIre-dhIre vikatI rahatI thI / samAlocanA kA una dino yaha asara thA ki 'sarasvatI' pustaka kI sau- DeDha sau pratiyA~ turanta hI vika jAtI thI aura vijJApana kA bhI tatkAla asara hotA thA / mahAyuddha eka acchI samAlocanA nikalate hI. jamAne meM bAraha grAne pauNDa kA kAgaja kharIda kara bhI granthamAlA varAvara cAlU rakkhI gii| para isa jamAne kA lAbha ke dAdA vahuta samaya taka aura pUrA na le ske| kaI sasta aura lambI bImAriyA~ unheM jhelanI paDI / sAtha hI unheM jainasamAja kI aura sAhitya kI sevA karane kI ghuna jyAdA thI / jyAdA vakta aitihAsika lesa likhane aura 'jaina- hitaiSI' ke sampAdana meM kharca hotA thA / jitanA parizrama aura kharca unhone 'jaina - hitaiSI' ke sampAdana meM kiyA, usame zrAdhe parizrama meM hindI kA acche se acchA mAsika patra calAyA jA sakatA thA aura sampAdaka aura lekhaka ke taura para vaDA kamAyA jA sakatA thaa| sivAya isake vijJApana kA eka bahuta sundara sAdhana bhI vana sakatA thA / para isa sava samAja ke lie kI gaI mehanata kA pariNAma kyA huA hai ? dAdA taba ugra aura svatantra mijAja ke vyakti the| kisI se bhI davanA unake svabhAva ke khilApha thA aura aisI vyaga aura kaTAkSa bharI lekhanI thI ki jisake khilApha likhate the usakI zAmata zrA jAtI thii| isake sivAya seTha logo ke ve hamezA khilApha likhate the| pahale 'jaina-hitaiSI' kI grAhaka-sakhyA khUba baDhI / itanI baDhI ki jaina samAja me kisI bhI sAmAjika patra kI kabhI utanI nahI huI / dAdA ke vicAra pratyanta sudhAraka the aura chApe kA pracAra, vijAtIya vivAha vagairaha ke kaI zrAndolana usame zurU

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hiMdI-pratha-ratnAkara' aura usake mAlika kiye, para jaba unhone vidhavA-vivAha ke pracAra kA Andolana usameM zurU kiyA to usakA cAro ora se bahiSkAra prArambha huaa| usake viruddha pracAra karane ke lie kaI upadezaka rakkhe gye| ina sAmAjika lekho ke alAvA usame aitihAsika lekha vahuta hote the, jinakI kImata usa samaya nahI AMkI gaI, para unake lie Aja usake purAne ako ke . lie saikaDo dezI aura vilAyatI sasthAeM dasa gunI kImata dene ko rAjI hai, lekina Aja ve bilakula hI aprApya hai| vidhavA-vivAha ke pracAra ke lekha hI dAdA ne nahIM likhe, balki aneka vidhavA-vivAho meM ve zAmila hue aura apane bhAI kA bhI vidhavA-vivAha unhone kraayaa| pariNAma yaha huA ki unheM kaI jagaha jAti se vahipkRta honA paDA tathA samAja meM unakA sammAna vilakula hI kama ho gayA, para isase ve jarA bhI vicalita nahIM hue| Akhira samAja ko hI unase hAra mAnanI pddii| para hA~, vImArI aura ghATe ke savava usa samaya patra vanda kara denA pdd'aa| saba milAkara vaha patra gyAraha varSa claa| usakA sArA kharca aura ghATA 'jaina-grantha-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya' khuda hI bardAzta karatA rhaa| kimI se eka paise kI sahAyatA nahI lii| sthAyI grAhaka banane kA silasilA tabhI taka rahA, jabataka ki DAka-vyaya kI dara kama rhii| pahale eka-do rupaye taka kI vIpiyo ko rajisTara karAne kI jarUrata nahIM hotI thI aura isalie jahAM bhI kisI ekAdha rupaye kI pustaka kA bhI vijJApana grAhaka dekhatA thA yA samAlocanA paDhatA thA ki turanta kArDa likhakara ArDara de detA thA aura bahuta kama kharca meM use ghara baiThe pustaka mila jAtI thii| usa jamAne meM itane ArDara Ate the ki unakI pUrti karanA muzkila thA aura chaganamala jI anya prakAzako kI pustake becane ke lie rakhate nahIM the| phira bhI sAla meM karIva pAMca-cha hajAra vIpiyA~ jAtI thii| yaha vAta 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' ke purAne rajisTaro se bakhUbI siddha kI jA sakatI hai ki jisa anupAta meM DAka-vyaya kI dara vaDhatI gaI, ThIka usI anupAta meM jAne vAlI vIpiyo kI sakhyA ghaTatI gii| dAdA kA khyAla hai ki agara hame deza me sthAyI sAkSaratA aura saskRti kA vistAra karanA hai to sabase pahale pustako ke lie posTeja kI dara kama karAne kA Andolana karanA cAhie / kAMgresa kA dhyAna bhI isa tarapha pUrI taraha se nahIM khIcA gayA hai| ciTThiyo aura kAryoM para DAka-mahasUla kI dara bhale hI kama na ho, para kitAvo para jarUra hI kama ho jAnI caahie| agara yaha nahIM hogA to koI bhI prAndolana saphala nahIM ho sktaa| cAhe samAjavAda ho, cAhe rASTravAda ho aura cAhe gAdhIvAda, javataka usakA sAhitya saste posTeja ke dvArA ghara-ghara na pahu~ca sakegA tavataka kisI me saphalatA na hogii| kitAvo kI kImata sastI rakhakara kucha dUrI taka sAhitya ke pracAra meM sahAyatA pahuMcAI jA sakatI hai, para vaha adhika nhiiN| eka rupaye kI pustaka maMgAne para agara ATha-dasa Ane posTeja meM hI laga jAveM to pustaka ke sastepana se usakI pUrti kaise kI jA sakatI hai ? aisI paristhiti me to sabhI yaha socege ki pustaka phira kabhI maMgA lI jAyagI aura phira kabhI kA samaya nahIM paataa| hAla me hI 'maoNDarna-rivyU' me java rAmAnanda vAbU kA posTeja ke bAre me amerikA ke presIDeMTa rujavelTa kI DikrI para noTa paDhA taba mujhe isakA khyAla huA ki amerikA jaise dhanavAna deza meM kitAbo ke lie DAkakhAne ne posTeja kA reTa phI pauNDa tIna paisA (2 seMTa) rakha choDA hai taba hindustAna kA cAra pAne phI pauNDa se Upara kA reTa * kitanA jyAdA hai| mere khyAla se isake lie agara eka bAra satyAgraha Andolana bhI cheDA jAya to bhI ucita hI hai| - posTeja ke reTa baDhane para dhIre-dhIre hindI-grantha-ratnAkara-sIrIz2a ke aura usake anukaraNa me nikalane vAlI anya mAlAo ke grAhaka TUTa gaye / vAda ko sava ne bahuta koziza kI, niyamo me vahuta-sI DhIla DAlI gaI, para koI sthAyI lAbha nahI huaa| isa taraha pustaka-bikrI kA purAnA sagaThana naSTa ho gayA aura nayA paidA bhI nahIM hone pAyA / sAhityika pustako kI vikrI ke lie baDe-baDe zaharo meM bhI avataka koI ucita prabandha nahI ho sakA hai aura honA vaDA muzkila hai, kyoki sAhityika pustako kI itanI vikrI abhI bahuta kama jagaha hai ki usase kisI sthAnIya pustakavikretA kA peTa bhara ske| phira kamIzana kI niyamitatA ne isakI jo kucha sambhAvanA thI use bhI naSTa kara diyA hai| skUlI pustakeM becane vAle vikretA saba jagaha hai, dhArmika aura bAz2ArU pustake becane vAle bhI hai, para ve sAhityika pustakeM rakhanA pasanda nahIM karate /

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premI-prabhinadana-pratha khaira, posTeja kI kamI ke savava se "hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' ko apanI unnati me jo sahArA milA, use to hama nimitta kAraNa kaha sakate hai, bhale hI vaha nimitta-kAraNa kitanA hI mahattvapUrNa kyo na ho / umakI unnati ke pramukha - kAraNa dUsare hI hai| merI samajha meM nIce likhe kAraNa usame mukhya hai (1) granyo kA cunAva-dAdA apane yahA~ me prakAzita hone vAle granyo kA cunAva vaDhI mehanata se karate haiN| prakAzanArtha jitane anya hamAre yahAM Ate hai, unameM se so me me picAnave to vApisa lauTA diye jAte hai| phira bhI loga vahuta jyAdA apanI pustake dAdA ke pAsa bhejate hai| hindI me anya prakAzako ke yahAM ne prakAzita ho jAne vAlI aneka pustake aimI hotI hai jo hamAre yahA~ se vApisa kara dI gaI hotI hai| cunAva ke vakta dAdA nIna bAto para dhyAna dete haiM (a) prathama zreNI kI pustaka ho, cAhe usake vikane kI AzA ho, cAhe na ho| (mA) pustaka madhyama zreNI kI ho, magara jyAdA vikane kI AzA ho / (i) lekhaka pratibhAzAlI ho to use utsAha dene ke lie| (adhama zreNI kI kitAba ko, cAhe usake kitane hI vikane kI AgAho, ve kabhI nahI pakAgita krte| sacita pralobhana dekara jo loga apanI pustaka prakAzita karavAnA cAhate hai, unakI pustaka ve kabhI nahI chaapte| eka daphe kI bAta mujhe yAda hai ki eka mahAzaya ne, jinakA hindI mAhitya-sammelana ke parIkSA-vibhAga me sambandha thA, dAdA ko patra likhA ki meM apanA amuka upanyAsa aura kahAnI-saMgraha Apako bheja rahA huuN| ise Apa apane yahAM se prakAzita kara diijie| maiM bhI Apake lie kAphI koziza kara rahA huuN| ApakI nIna pustake mai madhyamA ke pAThyakrama meM lagA rahA huuN| kahanA na hogA ki dAdA ne unakA upanyAsa aura kahAnI-saMgraha vairagahI vApisa bheja diyaa| sammelana kA pAThyakrama chAte-chapate usame se bhI pAThyakrama meM lagI pustako ke nAma gAyava ho gye| bAda meM kabhI bhI dAdA kI koI pustaka nahIM lii| (2) uttama sazodhana aura sampAdana-hindI ke bahuta se prasiddha lekhaka avataka bhI zuddha bhApA nahIM livte| kucha dina hue eka purAne lekhaka ne hamAre yahAM eka poyI chapane bhejI thI, jisame hindI kI prasiddha patra-patrikAoM aura pustako meM kI vyAkaraNa aura racanA-sambandhI hajAro galatiyA~ sagRhIta kI gaI thI, para usa pothI ko dAdA ne chApA nhiiN| jo bhI pustake "hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' se prakAzita hotI haiM, unakA sazodhana vaDe parizramapUrvaka kiyA jAnA hai aura antima prUpha lekhaka kI sammati ke lie rasake pAsa bheja diyA jAtA hai| mazodhana meM isa bAta kA dhyAna rakkhA jAtA hai ki usase lekhaka kI legvana-zailI meM pharka na hone paave| sazodhana me dAdA ne svargIya pa0 mahAvIra prasAda jI dvivedI ke Dhaga ko burI taraha apanA liyA hai| jAna sTuarTa mila ko dvivedI jI ne jisa taraha mazodhita kiyA thA use dAdA ne apane mAnasa-paTala para rakha choDA hai| anuvAda-grantho ke prakAzita karane ke pahale mUla se akSara-prakSara dAdA apane hAtha se milAte hai yA mujhame milavAte hai| hindI ke prasiddha anuvAdaka bhI aimI bhaddI galatiyoM karate hai ki kyA kahA jaay| eka hI anuvAdaka kI 'hindI-granya-ratnAkara' se nikalI pustaka me aura anyatra me nikalI pustaka me bahuta bAra baDA antara dIva pddegaa| yaha saba mehanata karake bhI sampAdaka yA sazodhaka ke rUpa meM apanA nAma dene kA dAdA ko zauka nahIM hai| (3) chapAI-saphAI-kitAvo kI chapAI-saphAI acchI ho, isa para dAdA kA vaDA dhyAna rahatA hai| unakA . kahanA hai ki vambaI meM ve isIlie paDe rahe hai ki yahA~ ve apane mana kI chapAI-saphAI karavA sakate hai / eka daphe unhone ghara kA presa karane kA vicAra kiyA thA aura vilAyata ko mazInarI kA ArDara bhI de diyaa| para usI samaya do aisI ghaTanAeM ho gaI, jinhone unake mana para vaDA amara kiyA aura turanta hI unhone ghATA dekara presa kI mazIneM bikavA dii| usa samaya marAThI me svargIya zrI kAzInAtha raghunAtha mitra kA mAsika patra 'manorajana' vaDA lokapriya thA aura karIva pAMca-cha hajAra khapatA thaa| use ve pahale 'nirNaya-sAgara presa meM aura vAda meM 'karnATaka-presa' meM chapavAte the| presa meM kAma kI adhikatA ke kAraNa kabhI-kabhI unakA patra leTa ho jAtA thaa| karnATaka prema ke mAlika svargIya zrI gaNapati rAva kulakarNI ne khAma unake kAma ke lie karja lekara eka bahuta baDI kImata kI mazIna mNgaaii| isI bIca meM mitra mahAgaya ko khuda hI apanA presa karane kI sUjhI aura unhone presa kara liyaa| presa kara lene ke bAda vAhara ke

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__ hiMdI-graMtha-ratnAkara' aura usake mAlika 21 kAma ke lobha ke kAraNa aura presa para dhyAna baTa jAne ke kAraNa 'manorajana' jahA~ pahale ekAdha mahInA leTa nikalatA thA vahA~ ava do-do mahIne leTa nikalane lagA aura kAryAdhikya aura cintA ke kAraNa unakI mRtyu ho gii| yahA~ karnATaka presa kI vaha mazIna vekAra par3I rahI aura karja ko cintA ke mAre gaNapati rAva kI mRtyu ho gaI / ina ghaTanAo ne dAdA para vaDA prabhAva ddaalaa| unhone pratijJA kI ki apanI z2indagI meM mai kabhI presa nahI kruuNgaa| ghara kA presa hone para umame cAhe chapAI acchI ho yA burI apanI pustakeM chApanI hI paDatI hai| dUsare usa para dhyAna baTa jAne para apanA sazodhana vagairaha kA kArya DhIlA par3a jAtA hai| tIsare presa ko hamezA kAma dete rahane kI cintA ke kAraNa acchI-burI mabhI taraha kI pustake prakAzita karanI paDatI hai aura isa taraha yaza me dhavvA lagatA hai / niyamita kAma dene para joreTa kisI bhI presa se pAye jA sakate haiM ve hamezA usase kama hote hai, jo rakama kA vyAja vAda dene para gharU presa karane para ghara meM par3a sakate hai| (4) sadvyavahAra-dAdA kA vyavahAra apane lekhako, apane sahayogI prakAzako aura mitro me acchA rahA hai| isa vyavahAra kI kujI rahI hai gama khAnA / para ve kabhI kisI ne dave nahIM hai, na kabhI kisI kI cApalUsI hI unhone kI hai / prakAzako ko unhone apanA pratispardhI nahIM samajhA / aneka vAra aimA'huA hai ki koI naI pustaka prakAzana ke lie AI hai aura usI vakta koI prakAzaka-mitra unake pAsa Aye hai / unhone kahA hai ki yaha pustaka to prakAzana ke lie mujhe de dIjie aura usI vakta khuzI-khuzI dAdA ne vaha pustaka unheM de dii| kabhI koI pustaka khuda na chapA make to dUsare prakAzako me pravandha kara diyaa| isI taraha sava garne ta ho jAne para lekhaka kA haka na raha jAne para bhI agara kabhI lekhaka ne koI utrita mAMga kI hai to unhone ume turanta pUrA kiyA hai| kisI bhI lekhaka kI koI pustaka unhone davAkara nahIM rakkhI / paDhakara use nuranta vApisa kara diyA hai| hamegA unhone sava se nirlobhitA aura udAratA kA vyavahAra rakkhA hai| anta me ava mai 'hindI-granya-ratnAkara' kI kucha vizeSatAyo kA digdarzana karAnA ucita samajhatA huuN| 'hiMdI-grantha-ratnAkara' me hindI ke adhikAza lekhako kI pahalI cIje nikalI hai / svargIya premacandra jI kI sabase pahalI racanAe~ 'nava nidhi' aura 'maptasaroja' karIva-karIva eka sAtha yA kucha Age-pIche nikalI thii| jainendra jI, caturasena jI zAstrI, sudarzana jI vagairaha kI pahalI racanAe~ 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' se hI niklii| 'hindI-grantharatnAkara' ke nAma kI itanI pratiSThA hai ki hama apanI pustake becane ke lie na Alocako kI khuzAmada karanI paDatI hai aura na vizepa vijJApana hI karanA paDatA hai / 'hindI-anya-ratnAkara' kA nAma hI usake lie uttama cIz2a kA pratyaya hotA hai / lekhaka kI pahale se vizeSa pramihi ho, isakI bhI jarUrata nahIM hotii| hamAre yahA~ Akara lekhaka apane Apa prasiddha ho jAtA hai / AlocanArtha pustake bhI hamAre yahA~ se bahuta kama bhejI jAtI hai| hindI ke bahuta se baDe AdamI apanA haka samajhate hai ki AlocanA ke bahAne unheM muphta me kitAveM milA kre| aise logo se dAdA ko baDI ciDha hai / unheM ve zAyada hI kabhI kitAva bhejate hai / patro ke pAsa bhI AlocanA ke lie kinAveM kama hI bhejI jAtI hai| pahale java AlocanAyo kA prabhAva thA aura ImAnadAra samAlocaka the tava jarUra dAdA unakI baDI phikra karate the aura AlocanAmo kI katarane rakhate the aura sUcIpatra meM unakA upayoga bhI karate the| aba kevala khAsa-khAsa vyaktiyo ko, jina para dAdA kI zradvA hai, AlocanA ke lie kitAbeM bhejI jAtI hai / isakI jarUrana nahI samajhI jAtI ki vaha AlocanA kimI patra meM chape / unakA hastalikhita patra hI isake lie kAphI hotA hai aura jarUrata par3ane para usakA vijJApana meM upayoga kara liyA jAtA hai / vambaI]

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merA sadbhAgya zrI jainendrakumAra prema kA nAma bahuta chuTapana me pustako para dekhA thA / usI AdhAra para san '26 me apanI 'parakha' unake pAsa bhejane kA sAhasa kara baiThA / sAhasa ko samajhAnA muzkila hai| meM lekhaka na thA aura isa kalpanA se hI jI sahama jAtA thA ki kitAba chapa sakatI hai| kitAbo para chape lekhako ke nAma alaukika lagate the aura prakAzako ke bAreme taraha-taraha kI kathAe~ sunI thii| to bhI premIjI ke nAma para mana meM sAhasa bAMdhakara maiMne likhe kAgajoM kA pulindA bambaI bheja diyA / jAnatA thA ki kucha na hogaa| kitAva to chapegI hI nahI, uttara bhI na aayegaa| eka naye prakAzaka / yahI kAgaja cha mahIne paDe rahe the 'hindI - anya - ratnAkara' to unheM pUchegA hI kyo ? para cauthe roja pANDulipi kI pahu~ca zrA gaI / patra khuda premIjI ke hAtha kA thA / likhA thA ki jaldI pustaka dekhakara likhuuNgaa| cAra-pA~ca roja and - na-bItate dUsarA patra yA gayA ki pustaka ko chApane ko taiyAra hai zrora zramuka mahIne meM presa meM de skege| vAta utanI hI likhI gaI, jitanI kI gaI aura samaya kA akSaraza pAlana huA / - isa anubhava ne mujhe baDA mahArA diyaa| maiM jagat ko avizvAsa se dekha rahA thaa| dhAraNA thI ki aparicita ke lie duniyA eka bAz2Ara hai, jahA~ chala aura saudA hai / apane-apane lAbha kI sabako paDI hai aura eka kA khyAla dUsare ko nahI hai / lekhaka aura prakAzaka ke bIca meM to usa bAjAra ke sivA kucha hai hI nhii| lekina premIjI ke prathama samparka ne mujhe isa nAstikatA se uvAra liyaa| unakI prAmANikatA se maine apane jIvana meM yaha gambhIra lAbha prApta kiyA / isake bAda se to maiM unakA ho rahA / yaha kabhI nahI socA ki apanI kitAba kisI aura ko bhI jA sakatI hai / apanA likhA unheM saupa kara khuda meM nizcinta rhaa| likhI sAmagrI kaba chapatI hai, kaise chapatI hai, kaimI vikatI hai aura kyA lAbha lAtI hai, idhara maine dhyAna hI nahI diyaa| kabhI isameM zakA nahI huI ki unake hAtho merA hita usase adhika surakSita hai ki jitanA meM khuda rakha sakatA hU~ / loga hai jo bAjAra meM nahI hai aura nItiniSTha hai / lekina dukAna lekara yaha atyanta durlabha hai ki sAmane kI ajJAnatA kA lAbha lene se cUkA jAya / vyavasAya me yaha anyAya nahI hai aura kuzalatA hai / vyavasAya kiyA hI dravyopArjana ke lie jAtA hai / karma kauzala ke tAratamya se hI usameM lAbha-hAni hotI hai| hAni vAlA grapane ko hI dopa de sakatA hai aura lAbha jo jitanA kara letA hai, vaha usakI caturAI hai / vyavasAya meM isa taraha mAno eka aTUTa 'karmasiddhAnta' vyApta hai / jo jitanI U~cI kamAI karatA hai, karma kI dRSTi se vaha utanA hI pAtra hai / use apane kA hI isa rUpa me phala bhoga milatA hai / zubha karmo usI bAjAra me dUsare ke hita kA yathocita mAna karane vAlI prAmANikatA eka taraha zrakuzalatA bhI hai| para dekhate hai ki premIjI ne mAno usa zrakuzalatA ko svecchA se svIkAra kiyA hai / pahalI pustaka 'parakha' san '30 me chapa zraI / maiM taba jela meM thA / vahA~ premIjI kI ora se taraha-taraha kI pustakeM mujhe bhejI jAtI rahI / parokSa ke paricaya me se hI isa bhA~ti unakA vAtsalya aura sneha pratyakSa hokara mujhe milane lagA / jela ke bAda karAcI - kAgresa se usI sneha meM khicA meM bambaI jA pahu~cA / mere jela rahate premIjI khuda mere ghara ho Aye the / lekina mere lie bambaI meM unakA yaha prathama darzana thA / para sAkSAt ke pahale hI roz2a se unake yahA~ to maine apane ko ghara meM pAyA / kSaNa ko bhI na anubhava kiyA ki mahamAna hU~ yA parAyA hU~ /

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merA sadbhAgya 23 vahA~ unake kAma karane kA DhaMga dekhA / eka zabda meM, atha se iti taka, vaha prAmANika hai / mAlika se adhika vaha zramika hai / pUrA-pUrA lAbha mAlika ko AtA hai / isalie acaraja nahI ki mAlika bhI zrama pUrA-pUrA kre| lekina nahI, premIjI kI bAta aura hai| zrama unake svabhAva me hai / mAliko kI aksara nIti hotI hai kAma lenA / baDe vyavasAyI aura udyogapati isa karane kI jagaha kAma lene kI nIti se vaDe banate hai / ve zrama karate nahI, karAte hai aura savake zrama ke phAyade kA adhika bhAga apane lie rakhate hai / vyavasthApaka isa taraha adhikAza zramika nahI hote, catura hote haiM / premIjI kI - truTi kahie ki vizeSatA kahie, ve vaDe vyavasAyI nahI hai aura nahI ho pAye / kAraNa, ve svaya auro se adhika zrama karane ke AdI aura abhyAsI hai / pustaka unake hAtho Akara sadoSa nahI raha sakatI / bhASA dekheMge, bhAva dekheMga, pakcuezana dekhege aura chapate samaya bhI chapAI aura gaiTapa Adi kA pUrA dhyAna rakkhege / kahI kisI ora pramAda nahI raha pAyagA / apanI pustaka ke samvandha meM itanI sAvadhAnI aura sayatnatA rakhane vAlA prakAzaka dUsarA mere dekhane meM nahI AyA / vasa, unake lie ghara aura dukAna | dukAna se zAma ko ghara aura ghara se savere dukAna / isa svadharma kI maryAdA se koI tRSNA unheM bAhara nahI lA sakI / yahI sadgRhastha kA Adarza hai / vezaka vaha Adarza Aja kI paristhiti kI mA~ga meM kucha zrochA paDatA jA rahA hai, lekina apanI jagaha usameM sthira mUlya hai aura premIjI usa para atyanta saya * Diga bhAva se kAyama rahe hai| ghara-giristI meM apane ko vA~Takara rahanA, zeSa ke prati sadbhAva rakhanA aura nyAyopArjita dravya ke upabhoga kA hI apane ko adhikArI mAnanA, sadgRhastha kI yaha maryAdA hai / premIjI kA guNa-sthAna vahI hai aura bhAvanA se yadyapi ve U~ce pahu~cate rahe, vyavahAra meM ThIka vahI rahe / usase nIce mere anumAna meM kabhI nahI utare / unakA prArambha jaina jijJAsu ke rUpa se huA, lekina sAmpradAyikatA ne unheM nahI chuna / jainatva me nAtmika aura mAnasika ke alAvA aihika lAbha lene kI unhone nahI socI / dharma se aihika lAbha uThAne kI bhAvanA se vyakti sAmpradAyika banatA hai / vaha vRtti unameM nahI huI, phalata hara prakAra kA prakAza vaha svIkAra karate gaye / unakI jijJAsA banda nahI huI, isase vikAsa manda nahI huaa| sahAnubhUti phailatI gaI aura satsAhitya kI pahacAna unakI sahaja aura sUkSma hotI calI gii| unakI yahI prAntarika vRtti kAraNa thI ki vinA kahI paDhe apane vyavasAya meM rahate sahate vividha viSayo kA gambhIra jJAna vaha prApta kara sake aura nissandeha eka se adhika viSayoM ke U~cI-se-U~cI koTi ke vidvAnoM ke samakakSa gine jAne lage / vaha jJAna unameM sacita na rahA, unheM siddha ho gayA / use unheM smaraNa na rakhanA paDA, vaha Apa hI samupasthita rahA / isI meM unake svabhAva kI prAmANikatA mA milI to unakI sammati vidvAno ke lie lagabhaga nirNIta tathya kA mUlya rakhane lagI / kAraNa, inake kathana meM pakSa na hotA, na Aveza, na zrutirajana, na pratyukti / eka bAta kA mujha para gaharA prabhAva paDA hai / apane ko sAdhAraNa se bhinna samajhate maine unheM kabhI nahI dekhA / kabhI unhone apane me koI viziSTatA anubhava nahI kI / isa sahaja nirabhimAnatA ko maiM atyanta durlabha aura mahAna guNa mAnatA hU~ / mere mana to yahI jJAnI kA lakSaNa hai / jo apane ko mahattva nahI detA, vahI isa avasthA meM hotA hai ki zepa sabako mahattva de ske| isa dRSTi se premIjI ko jaba maine dekhA hai, vismita raha gayA hU~ / unakI isa khulI nirIha sAdhAraNatA ke samakSa maine sadA hI bhItara se apane ko nata mastaka mAnA hai aura aisA mAnakara eka kRtArthatA bhI anubhava kI hai / aisA anubhava isa duniyA meM adhika nahI milatA ki jahA~ saba apane-apane ko ginane ke AdI aura bAkI dUsaro ko pAra kara jAne ke zrAkAkSI hai / unakI sahaja dharma-bhIrutA ke udAharaNa yatratatra aneka milege / eka sajjana ne hisAba meM bhUla se eka haz2Ara kI rakama jyAdA bheja dI / vaha jamA ho gaI aura hisAba sAla para sAla Age AtA gayA / tIna-cAra sAla ho gaye / dono tarapha khAtA vevAka samajhA jAtA thA / eka aseM vAda pAyA gayA ki kaMhI se eka haz2Ara kI rakama baDhatI hai / khoja-paDatAla kI gaI / bahuta dekhane para patA calA ki amuka ke hisAva me vaha rakama jyAdA A gaI hai / turanta una

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premI-abhinaMdana graMtha 24 sajjana ko likhA gayA ki vaha kRpayA apanA hisAva dekhe / mAdhAraNata una sajjana ne likha diyA ki himAva to sApha haiM aura vAqa hai, lekina premIjI kI ora se unheM mujhAyA gayA ki tIna-cAra varSa pahale kI himAva vahI dese, hamAre pAsa eka hajAra kI rakama jyAdA yA gaI haiN| isa taraha apanI cora se vaDhI rakama ko pUre prayatna me jAnane ke bAda ki vaha yathArtha meM kisakI hai aura mAlUma hone para tatkAla ume unhI ko loTAye binA premIjI ne caina nahI liyA / yaha zrapramatta ImAnadArI sAvanA se hAtha AtI hai / para premIjI kA vaha svabhAva ho gaI hai / unakA jIvana andara se dhArmika hai / isI se Upara se utanA dhArmika nahI bhI dIkhe / yaha dharma unakA zvAsa hai, svatva nahI / prApta kartavya me dattacitta hokara bAharI tRSNAo aura vipadAo se prakuNThita rahe haiM / patnI gaI, bhara - umara ma putra gayA / premIjI jaime savedanazIla vyakti ke lie yaha viyoga kisI se kama dummaha nahI thA / ima vichoha kI vedanA ke nIce unheM bImArI bhI bhugatanI huI, lekina madA hI apane kAma me se vaha dhairya prApta karate rahe / prApta me me jI ko haTA kara aprApta grathavA vigata para unhone apane ko vizeSa nahIM bharamAyA / anta taka kAma meM juTe rahe aura bhAgane kI ceSTA nahI kI / maiMne unheM abhI inhI dino kAma meM vyasta desA hai ki mAno zrama unakA dharma ho aura dharma unakA zrama | aime zramazIla aura satpariNAmI puruSa ke samparka ko apane jIvana meM meM anupama madbhAgya ginatA hU~ / dillI ]

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merI bhASA ke nirdezaka zrI kizorIdAsa bAjapeyI man 1920 yA '21 meM jaliyAMvAle vAga ke sambandha meM maine eka AkhyAyikA likhI thii| eka prakAra kA upanyAma khie| use prakAzanArya "hindI-granya-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya" (vambaI) ko bhejaa| uttara me zrI nAthUrAma jI premI ne likhA "ApakI cIz2a acchI hai, para hama prakAzita na kara skeNge| hamAre yahAM se sthAyI sAhitya hI prakAzita hotA hai| parantu ApakI bhApA mujhe bahuta acchI lgii| eka zAstrI kI aimI TakasAlI marala bhApA prazasanIya hai| yadi Apa kucha jaina-granyo ke hindI-anuvAda kara deM to mai bheja duuN| unhe 'jaina-granya-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya' prakAzita kregaa| pahale pradyumna-carita', 'aniruddha-carita' tathA 'pArzvanAtha-carita' kA anuvAda hogaa| prati pRSTha eka rupaye ke hisAva se pArizramika diyA jaaygaa| icchA ho to likheN| ApakI likhI pustaka vApisa bheja rahA huuN|" ima patra se maiMne samajhA ki loga kaisI bhApA pasanda karate hai| isase pahale mujhe imakA jJAna na thaa| jaisI pravRtti thI, likhatA thaa| isase maine apanI bhASA kA svarUpa sadA ke lie sthira kara liyaa| isa prakAra premIjI merI bhASA ke dizA-nirdezaka hai| premIjI ne tIna grantha mere pAsa bheje| pahale maiMne 'pradyumna-carita' aura 'aniruddha-carita' dekhe| vaiSNava-bhAvanA thI aura inake kathAnaka kI kalpanA mujhe pasanda nahI AI, vizeSata rukmiNI ke pUrvajanma kI kathA / ata anuvAda karane kI merI pravRtti na huii| vaha merI bhAvukatA hI thI, anyathA Arthika lAbha aura sAhityika jIvana ke prArambha meM nAmArjana, kucha kama pralobhana na thaa| ___ maine premIjI ko likha bhejA ki granyo meM kathAnaka-kalpanA mere lie rucikara nahI hai| isalie anuvAda meM nahIM kara mkuuNgaa| isake uttara meM premIjI ne likhA "Apane zAyada ThIka nahIM samajhA hai / jaina-siddhAnta me karma kA mahattva batalAne ke lie hI mahApurupo ke pUrvajanmo kA vaisA varNana aura krama-vikAsa hai| Apa phira soceN| merI samajha me to Apa anuvAda kara ddaaleN| acchA rhegaa|" parantu phira bhI merI samajha me na AyA aura mai anuvAda karanA svIkAra na kara skaa| ima patra-vyavahAra se mere Upara premIjI kI gaharI chApa pddii| maiMne unake mAnasika mahattva ko smjhaa| Age calakara merI do pustake bhI unhone prakAzita kI, jinameM se 'rama aura alakAra' vambaI sarakAra ne san 1931 me jana kara lI, kyoki umameM udAharaNa sava-ke-sava rASTrIya the| pustaka to jabta ho gaI, lekina pArizramika mujhe pUrA mila gyaa| isa viSaya meM premIjI Adarza hai / mujhe to pezagI pArizramika bhI milatA rahA hai / ____vAstava meM premIjI kA jIvana aisI bhAvanAo se paripUrNa hai, jinakA citraNa karanA hara kisI ke lie sambhava nhii| mai premIjI ko eka Adarza sAhitya-sevI aura ucca vicAra kA eka aisA vyakti mAnatA hU~, jisake prati svata hI zraddhA kA udreka hotA hai| kanakhala]

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paM0 nAthUrAma jI premI zrI zrAdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye paDita premIjI eka sacce anveSaNakarttA zraura sAhitya sevI hai / jinheM unake nikaTa samparka meM thAne kA avasara milA hai, ve unakI tRpta na hone vAlI jJAna-pipAsA tathA vidyA-vRddhi ke lie hArdika sacAI meM tatkAla prabhAvita hue hoge / apane vicAro ke prati uname haThadharmI nahI hai aura na naye jJAna kA svAgata karate hue ve kahI thame hai / unakA mastiSka sadaiva tAjrA aura custa hai / samasta navIna bAto kA ve icchApUrvaka svAgata karate hai aura eka khilADI kI bhA~ti apanI sthiti kI jAMca-paDatAla karate rahate hai / unake vRddha zarIra meM yuvA mastiSka eva snehI hRdaya nivAsa karatA hai aura inheM krUra pArivArika durghaTanAo tathA lambI-lambI bImAriyo ke bAda bhI unhone surakSita rakhA hai| ve sacce kAryakarttAo ko aura vaDhiyA kAma karane ke lie sadaiva protsAhana dete haiN| unakA dRSTikoNa vyApaka hai aura unakI vRtti vizva ke prati maitrI bhAva se paripUrNa hai / unakA svabhAva nizcita rUpa mAnavIya hai / unakI kRpA aura Atithya kA dvAra unake premiyo tathA Alocako ke lie bhI hamezA khulA rahatA hai| dopo ko ve ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM, lekina dopI ke prati sahAnubhUtipUrNa vyavahAra karate hai aura usake sudhAra ke nimitta mana se prayatna karate hai / purAtana aura navIna dono ke prati ve sadaiva vivekapUrNaM satulana rakhate hai / navIna athavA purAtana, dono meM se kisI ke prati bhI uname kaTTaratA nahI hai / ve naitikatA eva ucca mAnavIya mUlyoM kI kasauTI para pratyeka cIz2a ko kamakara dekhate hai| apane zabdo ke prayoga me ve bahuta nape-tule rahate haiM aura jo kahate haiM, vahI unakI bhAvanA bhI hotI hai / se pati jo durlabha guNo ke mUrtimAna svarUpa haiM aura yahI kAraNa hai ki ve aneko anvepako aura sAhitya seviyo ke sakhA aura mArga darzaka hai / kolhApura ] devarI ] juga juga jiyahU [ premIjI ke bAla-bandhu kI zubha kAmanA ] , 'premI' prabhu-pada-padma ke, nemI tattva-vicAra | jiyahu- jiyahu, juga juga jiyahu, saha 'zrAvaka' -AcAra || - buddhilAla 'zrAvaka'

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saiMtIsa varSa zrI padumalAla punnAlAla vastI sva. dvivedI jI me lekara jainendra taka hindI-sAhitya kI jo vikAsa-gAthA hai, usI meM premIjI ke bhI sAhityajIvana kI kayA hai| gata saitIsa varSoM meM deza meM svAdhInatA kI jAgrati ke vAda logo ne apanI yathArtha sthiti kI samIkSA kI aura umI samIkSA ke vAda sAmyavAda ko lekara vartamAna krAnti-yuga AyA hai| ye tIno vAte svAdhInatA, dezadarzana aura mAmyavAda ke kramaya prakAzana se prakaTa ho jAtI hai| kalpanA ke kSetra meM pratibhA', 'navanidhi', 'vAtAyana' aura 'ghRNAmayoM meM hindI ke kathA-sAhitya ko pUrNa kathA hai| inake Adarza meM bhI samAja kI vahI bhAvanAeM sphuTa huI hai| mAhitya ke kSetra meM eka aura mRjana kA kArya hotA hai aura dUsarI ora pracAra kA / sRjana-kArya kI mahattA ke viSaya meM kisI ko bhI sandeha nahIM ho sakatA, para pracAra kA kAma bhI kama mahattva kA nahIM hai| jina kalAkAro kI sRSTi deza aura kAla kI mImA ko atikramaNa kara sadaiva cira navIna banI rahatI hai unako bhI prakAza me lAne ke lie suyogya prakAgako kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / yadi lekhako ke prayAsa stutya hai to prakAgako ke bhI kArya abhinandanIya hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki sAhitya ke kSetra me ekamAtra lekhaka yA sampAdaka hI kAma nahIM krte| sAhitya ke nirmANa, pracAra, unnati aura vRddhi meM jo loga sammilita hai una sabhI ke kArya prazasanIya hai| hindI kI vartamAna sthiti meM to prakAzako ke kArya vizeSa gauravapUrNa hai| saca to yaha hai ki yadi lekhaka sAhitya kA nirmANa karate hai to prakAzaka hI lekhako kA nirmANa karate hai / mAhitya kA sacAlana-bhAra prakAzaka para hI rahatA hai aura isIlie prakAzaka kA kAma vizeSa uttaradAyitvapUrNa hai| yaha to spaSTa hai ki pustaka prakAzana bhI anya vyavasAyo kI taraha eka vyavasAya hai| vyavasAya kA pahalA siddhAnta yahI hotA hai ki kama-se-kama ke dvArA avika-se-adhika lAbha uThAyA jAya / isI meM vyavasAya kI saphalatA mAnI jAtI hai| hindI-sAhitya kI abhI aisI sthiti hai ki usameM sAdhAraNa yogyatA ke lekhako ko hI adhika kArya karanA par3atA hai| jo ucca koTi ke lekhaka hai, ve apane pada-gaurava ke kAraNa prakAzakose bhale hI sammAnita ho, para unakI sAhitya-sevA abhI taka agaNya hI hai| isI prakAra ekamAtra apanI kRti kI loka-priyatA ke Upara nirbhara rahane vAle sAhitya-mevI do hI cAra hai| hindI ke adhikAga lekhako meM yaha kSamatA nahI hai ki ve svaya kucha kara ske| unhe prakAzako ke Azraya para hI nirbhara honA paDatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki adhikAMza lekhaka yaha samajhate hai ki prakAzaka unheM Thaga rahe hai,adhika-se-adhika kAma karA kara kama-se-kama pArizramika de rahe hai / prakAzaka yaha samajhate hai ki lekhaka unheM Thaga rahe hai, kama-se-kama kAma kara adhika-se-adhika pArizramika le rahe hai| pAThaka yaha samajhate hai ki prakAzaka aura lekhaka donoM hI unheM Thaga rahe hai / raddI kitAvo ke lie unase adhika-se-adhika mUlya le rahe hai| Ajakala patro meM lekhako ke dvArA prakAzana ke sambandha me jo eka asantoSa kI bhAvanA prakaTa ho rahI hai, usakA mUla kAraNa yahI hai / hindI meM pAThako kI sakhyA parimita hone ke kAraNa mAdhAraNa anyo kA adhika pracAra nahIM hotaa| pAThya-pustako ke dvArA prakAzako ko jo lAbha hotA hai vaha kisI bhI ucca koTi kI racanA prakAzita karane se nahIM hotaa| isI kAraNa adhikAza ko apane vyavasAya kI saphalatA ke lie aisI nIti kA bhI avalambana karanA paDatA hai, jo vizeSagauravajanaka nahI / kSudra bhAvo kI hI preraNA se hindI-sAhitya meM kabhI-kabhI jo dala bana jAte hai unase kevala kaTutA aura vaimanasya ko hI vRddhi hotI hai / aimI sthiti me hindI kI sarvAGgapUrNa unnati ke lie aise prakAzako kI vaDI AvazyakatA

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premI-abhinaMdana-pratha 28 haiM, jo kevala vyavasAyI na ho, jo lekhako ke mitra ho, sahacara ho, patha-pradarzaka ho aura sacce sahAyaka ho / premI jI meM yahI saba vAte hai / premIjI ne svaya jo sAhitya kI sevA kI hai usakA mUlya to vijJa hI nirdiSTa kareMge, para apane prakAzana-kArya ke dvArA unhone sAhitya ke kSetra ko jitanA vistRta kiyA hai, lekhako ko protsAhita kara unakI ThIka yogyatA ke anusAra unake lie sAhitya sevA meM jitanI adhika suvidhAe~ kara dI hai aura jitanA adhika bhArga - padarzana kara diyA hai, pAThako kI jitanI adhika ruci pariSkRta kara dI hai aura unameM jitanA adhika sat- sAhitya kI ora anurAga utpanna kara diyA hai, vaha mere jaise pAThako aura lekhako ke lie vizeSa abhinandanIya hai| isI dRSTi se zrAja meM yahA~ inhI ke jIvana ko lakSya kara setIsa sAla kI sAhitya gati para vicAra karanA cAhatA hU~ / ( 2 ) gAdhunika hindI sAhitya kA abhI nirmANa ho rahA hai / bhAratendu jI se lekara Aja taka hindI mAhitya hraft kisI bhI prakAra kA avarodha nahI huA hai / kramaza unnati hI hotI jA rahI hai| Adhunika hindI sAhitya ke nirmAtAo me kitane hI vijJo ke nAma liye jA sakate hai / una sabhI kI sevAe~ stutya hai / to bhI yadi hama prAdhunika sAhitya kI tulanA hindI ke prAcIna sAhitya se kare to hame yaha spaSTa prakaTa ho jAtA hai ki prAcIna mAhitya meM jo sthAyI grantha-ratna hai unake samAna grantho kI racanA Adhunika hindI sAhitya me abhI adhika nahI huI hai / Adhunika lekhako meM jinakI racanAe~ adhika loka priya hai unakI mahattA ko svIkAra kara lene para bhI yaha dRDhatApUrvaka nahI kahA jA sakatA ki unakI racanAo meM kitanA sthAyitva hai / sAhitya ke prArambhika kAla meM navInatA kI ora zradhika Agraha hone ke kAraNa adhikAza loga kisI kI bhI navIna kRti ke sambandha meM ucca dhAraNA banA lete hai / para java vahI navIna racanA kucha samaya ke bAda apanI navInatA kho baiThatI hai taba usake prati logo meM Apa se- zrApa virakti kA-sA bhAva zrA jAtA hai / kAvya ke kSetra meM paDita zrIdhara pAThaka, paDita nAthrAma zakara zarmA, paDita rAmacarita upAdhyAya, sanehIjI, zrAdi kaviyoM kI racanAe~ kucha hI samaya pahale pAThako ke lie kevala AdaraNIya hI nahI, spRhaNIya bhI thI, parantu zrava yaha nissakoca kahA jA sakatA hai ki Adhunika hindI kAvya ke vikAsa meM unakA eka vizeSa sthAna hone ke kAraNa ve zrava AdaraNIya hI hai / Ajakala maithilIzaraNa gupta, prasAda, siyArAmazaraNa gupta, nirAlA, panta, rAmakumAra varmA, mahAdevI varmA, vaccana, dinakara zrAdi kaviyo kI racanAeM spRhaNIya avazya hai, para navIna kAvya-dhArA ke pravAha meM unakI racanAo kA gaurava kabataka banA rahegA, yaha nizcaya-pUrvaka nahI kahA jA sakatA / kavi-sammelano meM naye kaviyo kI racanAo kI ra navayuvako kA jo Agraha prakaTa hotA hai vaha zrAgraha ukta labdha pratiSTha kaviyo kI racanAo ke prati nahI dekhA jAtA / kucha vijJa yaha bhI anubhava karane lage hai ki aba hindI meM uttama eva sAdhanA sampanna sAhitya-sRjana tathA niSpakSa aura nirbhIka samAlocanA kI baDI avahelanA hotI hai / isa kathana meM cAhe jitanA satya ho, isameM sandeha nahI ki hindI abhI pariSkRta loka ruci kA nirmANa nahI huA / yahI kAraNa hai ki loga abhI ucca koTi ke sAhitya kI ora zranurakta nahI hote / sAhitya ke kSetra meM jabataka ucca zrAdarza ko lekara grantho kA prakAzana nahI hogA tavataka sarvasAdhAraNa kI ruci pariSkRta nahI hogI / jisa loka-zikSA ke bhAva se hindI meM dvivedI jI ne 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana kiyA thA usI loka zikSA ke bhAva se prerita hokara premIjI ne 'hindI- prantha-ratnAkara' kA prakAzana kiyA thA / sAhitya ke kSetra me jo parivartana 'sarasvatI' ke dvArA huA hai, vahI 'hindI - anya - ratnAkara' ke dvArA bhI huA hai / 'hindI-grantha - ratnAkara' ke grantho kA sarva sAdhAraNa para kitanA prabhAva paDA hai, yaha usakI lokapriyatA se hI prakaTa ho jAtA hai| usa samaya meM chAtra thA / 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya' dvArA savase pahale dvivedI jI kI 'svAdhInatA' kA prakAzana huA / usake bAda 'pratibhA' aura phira 'phUlo kA gucchA' niklaa| kitane hI loga 'hindI-grantha - ratnAkara' ke sthAyI grAhaka ho gaye / 1912 se lekara 1916 taka mere ghara meM bhI 'hindI-grantha - ratnAkara' ke sabhI grantha Ate rahe / 1916 meM mere

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saitIsa varSa 26 saubhAgya se usI granthamAlA meM merA 'prAyazcita' nAmaka eka nATaka bhI prakAzita ho gayA / tabhI maiM premIjI se vizeSa paricita huA / isI samaya jabalapura me akhila bhAratavarSIya hindI sAhitya sammelana huA / vahI para maine premIjI ko pahalI bAra dekhA / merI vaDI icchA thI ki meM 'hindI - anya - ratnAkara - kAryAlaya' meM kAma karU~ / premIjI ko maine kaI vAra likhA aura unhone sabhI samaya mujhe bambaI Ane ke lie likhA, parantu vambaI meM gayA kitane hI varSo ke vAda / isa taraha apanI chAtrAvasthA se lekara abhI taka premIjI ke 'hindI - anya - ratnAkara' se merA samvandha vanA huA hai / mere samAna sAdhAraNa pAThako ke hRdaya meM 'hindI-grantha - ratnAkara' kA kyA sthAna hai, yahI batalAne ke lie mai yahA~ apanI chAtrAvasthA kA varNana kara rahA hU~ / ( 3 ) chAtrAvasthA meM sabhI ko apane bhaviSya ke lie adhyayana karanA paDatA hai / yaha adhyayana kAla sabhI ke lie eka samAna nahI hai / koI cAra-pAMca varSa hI paDhakara apanA chAtra jIvana samApta kara DAlate hai, koI ATha-dasa sAlataka paDhate hai aura koI pandraha-solaha varSo taka adhyayana meM lage rahate hai| jisakI jaisI sthiti hotI hai usI ke anusAra usakA chAtra jIvana nirdiSTa hotA hai / kucha ucca zikSA pA lete hai zraura adhikAza usa zikSA sevacita rahate hai / para eka vAra jIvana kSetra meM praviSTa hote hI phira sabhI ko usI me zrAjIvana salagna rahanA paDatA hai / eka vidvAna kA kathana hai ki chAtrAvasthA meM khUba parizrama ke sAtha hama jo kucha paDhate haiM, use bhUla jAne ke vAda jJAna kA jo aga avaziSTa raha jAtA hai, usI se hamArI mAnasika avasthA kI unnati hotI isame sandeha nahI ki chAtrAvasthA meM hama logo ko kitanI hI bAteM yAda karanI paDatI hai / una bAto kA jIvana me kyA upayoga hotA hai, yaha to hama loga nahIM jAnate / para isameM sandeha nahI ki chAtra -kAla meM unhI vAto ke lie atyadhika parizrama karanA paDatA hai / san 1602 me lekara 1916 taka mujhe apanA chAtrajIvana vyatIta karanA paDA / vaha samaya mere lie jaise nirmANakAla thA, vaise hI bhAratavarSa ke lie bhI nirmANakAla thA / ina caudaha varSoM ke bhItara bhAratavarSa me eka naye hI yuga kA nirmANa ho gayA / kyA samAja, kyA sAhitya aura kyA rAjanIti, sabhI kSetro me vilakSaNa parivartana huA / eka ke vAda eka bhArata meM jo ghaTanAeM huI haiM, unase deza unnati ke patha para hI agrasara huA hai / vaha surendranAtha, gokhale, tilaka aura aravinda kA samaya thA / vaha ravIndranAtha kA yuga thA / hindI me vaha bAlamukunda gupta, zrIdhara pAThaka, aura mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI jI kA kAla thA / eka ora jaba bhAratavarSa meM unnati kI yaha lahara vaha rahI thI tava meM apane hI chAtrajIvana kI samasyAo ko lekara ulajhA huA thaa| deza me java vagabhaga, svadezI Andolana aura bAyakATa kI khUba carcA ho rahI thI tava meM ilAhAvAda ke vizvavidyAlaya kI parIkSAoM ke prazna-patro ko lekara vyasta thA / mere lie bhUgola, itihAsa, gaNita, saMskRta aura agarejI ye bhinna-bhinna prazna deza ke rAjanaitika prazno se kahI adhika mahattvapUrNa pratIta hote the / mujhe unake lie satat prayatna karanA paDatA thA / para samAcAra-patro meM bhinna-bhinna lekha paDhane ke lobha ko bhI mai nahI roka sakatA thA / zivazabhu zarmA ke patra 'bhArata mitra' meM prakAzita hote the / unheM meM khUba dhyAna se paDhatA thA / java 'hindI-kesarI' kA prakAzana huA tava hama logo ke prAnta meM bhI eka ghUma sI maca gii| 'mahAtmA tilaka ke ye upAya TikAU nahI hai', 'deza kI bAta' Adi lekho ko maine bhI paDhA thA / usI samaya saprejI kI granthamAlA meM dvivedI jI kI 'svAdhInatA' niklii| para apane mastiSka ko maine itihAsa, rekhAgaNita, jAmeTrI Adi viSayo se hI bhara liyA thA / usa samaya apanI parIkSA ke lie jitanI bAteM mukhAgra yAda karanI paDI uname se zAyada eka bhI vAta mere mastiSka meM nahI hai / chAtrAvasthA meM jina pATho ko maine parizrama ke sAtha svAyatta kiyA thA ve bhI na jAne kahA~ vilIna ho gaye hai / yahI nahI, sAhitya ke jina prasiddha grantho ko usa mamaya mujhe parizrama se paDhanA paDA thA unase ava na jAne kyo virakti-sI ho gaI hai / ava unheM phira se paDhane kI icchA taka nahI hotI hai /

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 30 sacamuca yaha nahI jAna par3atA ki hama logo ke jIvana para kina ganyo kA sabase adhika pabhAva paDatA hai| mAja jaba mai yaha vicAra karane baiThatA hU~ ki mere jIvana para kina tyo kA sabase adhika prabhAva par3A hai tA mujhe yahI jJAta hotA hai ki unameM eka bhI merI pAThya pustako me nahI hai| Aja jo sarvadhA agaNya hai, unhI 'candrakAntA , parIkSAguru' aura 'devIsiMha ne merI kalpanA-zakti ko jitanA uttejita kiyA, utanA anya kisI upanyAsa ne nahIM kiyA / para racanA kI ora merI pravRtti huI 'hindI-ganya-ratnAkara' ke granyo se / isame sandeha nahI ki 'pratibhA', cauve kA niTThA, vakima nivandhAvalI ko maine pacAsa vAra se adhika par3A hogaa| unake kAraNa eka vizeSa melI ko apanAkara hindI sAhitya meM likhane kI ora merA dhyAna gyaa| kucha samaya pahale hindI-sAhitya ke eka premI sajjana ne mujhase pUchA ki hindI ke kina-kina upanyAso para merA vizeSa anurAga hai| isa prazna kA uttara denA mere lie vaDA kaThina ho gayA hai| vAta yaha hai ki avasthA kI vRddhi ke sAtha jaise hama naye logo me paricaya nahI vaDhAnA cAhate, vaise hI naye upanyAso se bhI hame anurAga nahIM hotaa| jo loga samIkSaka yA pAlocaka hote hai unakI vAta dUsarI hai| para sAdhAraNa pAThako ke lie yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki ve navIna kalAkAro kI navIna kRtiyo ko paDhe / pathikAna pAThako ke lie vizeSa lekhaka itane priya ho jAte haiM ki ve anya logo ko kRtiyo ko paDha hI nahIM skte| merI bhI yahI sthiti hai| apanI chAtrAvasthA meM jina granthopara merA anurAga ho gayA thA paura jinheM maine vAra-cAra paDhA hai, una nandrakAnnA, parIkSAguru, aura devIsiMha ko choDa karaprAya nabhI anuvAda panya hai aura ve sabhI prAya 'hindI-ganya-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya dvArA prakAzita hue hai| 'pratibhA', 'phUlo kA gucchA', 'AMkha kI kirakirI', 'annapUrNA kA mandira', 'cauve kA ciTThA', 'vakima nivandhAvalI' yahI saba to mere vizeSa priya granya vane hai| inhI ke kAraNa mai yaha samajhatA hai ki premIjI ke 'hindI-ganya-ratnAkara kAryAlaya' se merA jIvana kitane hI varSoM se sambaddha ho gayA hai| premIjI ke kAraNa sAhitya kI ora merI anurAga-vRddhi huI aura unhI ke kAraNa mai hindI-sAhitya ke kSetra me 'prAyazcina' nAmaka nATaka lekara praviSTa bhI huaa| yaha to bilakula spaSTa hai ki kisI bhI sAhitya kA mahattva usake maulika granthoM para nirbhara hai| para hindIsAhitya ke mamAna anunnata sAhitya meM to anuvAda kI hI vizeSa AvazyakatA hai| hindI-sAhitya me abhI taka labdhapratiSTha vijJo kI racanA nahIM hai| hindI-sAhitya ke sevako me adhikAza apanI vidyA bhora jJAna kA abhimAna nahI kara sakate / anuvAdo meM sabase baDA lAbha yaha hotA hai ki usase jJAna kA pramAra vaDI saralatA se ho jAtA hai, ucca AdarzoM kA pracAra sugamatA se hotA hai aura bhASA Apa-se-Apa pariSkRta hotI hai| anuvAda kA yaha kAma kaSTa-mAdhya hai| hindI-sAhitya meM abhI taka bhAvo ko spaSTa rIti se saralatA-pUrvaka vyakta karane meM kaThinatA hotI hai / 'hindIanya-lAkara-kAryAlaya' se jo anuvAda anya prakAzita hue, unake dvArA bhApA kI yatheSTa unnati huI hai| kitane hI navako para usakA sthAyI prabhAva par3A hai| Adhunika nATaka, upanyAsa, AkhyAyikA aura nivandha to apanA mUla unhI meM pA sakate hai| maine bhI manutAda se hI apanA sAhityika jIvana prArambha kiyA hai aura mujhe premIjI aura dvivedIjI ke samAna yogya sampAdako ke kAraNa apane kAma meM viphalatA nahIM milii| ___ kucha samaya taka mai bambaI me premIjI ke sAtha raha bhI cukA hai| usa samaya mujhe pAThya pustake taiyAra karanI pdd'ii| maiMne taba yaha dekhA ki premIjI kitane manoyoga se apanA kAma karate haiN| premIjI khUva parizrama kiyA karate hai| ve khUba dhyAna se lekho ko paDhate hai aura khUba dhyAna se unheM chapavAte hai / prUfa denvane me ve aura bhI vizeSa sAvadhAna rahate hai / unako sAvadhAnatA ke kAraNa kisI bhI prakAra kI bhUla nahI ho sktii| unhone pustako ke vAhya rUpa para bhI vizeSa dhyAna diyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unako pustako kA vizeSa Adara hotA hai aura mere samAna kitane hI lesako kI yahI lAlasA banI rahatI hai ki unakI racanAe~ 'hindI-gantha-ratnAkara kAryAlaya dvArA prakAzita ho /

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saitIsa varSa vizva ke karmakSetra me manuSya apane prayAso ke dvArA jo saphalatA yA viphalatA prApta karatA hai usI ke anusAra loga usake jIvana meM sArthakatA dekhate haiN| sasAra meM kIrti athavA apakIrti, yaza athavA apayaza manuSya-mAtra ke unhI prayAso kA puraskAra hai, jo sasAra kI ora se use prApta hotA hai| parantu apane jIvana-sagrAma meM use jo kaSTa jhelanA paDatA hai, jo vedanA sahanI paDatI hai, jo durvaha bhAra uThAnA paDatA hai usakI tIvratA kA anubhava kevala vahI karatA hai / sarovara ke vakSa sthala para khile hue kamalo ke saundarya aura saurabha para hama sabhI mugdha hote hai, para una kamalo ke vikAsa ke bhItara jo paka chipA huA hai, usa para kisI kI bhI dRSTi nahI jAtI hai / zakarajI ke viSapAna kI taraha sarovara bhI sAre paka ko udaramya kara detA hai| apane vyavasAya kI unnati aura sAhi~-sevA ke mArga meM premI jI ne bhI kaSTa mahA hai, vighno aura Apattiyo ko jhelA hai aura yAtanAo kA anubhava kiyA hai| unheM apane yaza-maurabha ke lie jo prayAsa karanA par3A hai, usame unake dhairya, sahiSNutA, parizrama-zIlatA aura nipuNatA Adi guNo kI kaThora parIkSA huI hai| para vedanA ke jisa tIvra prAghAta ko ve hRdaya para saha kara cupacApa zAnta aura gambhIra hokara apane kAryoM meM nirata hai, use kevala vahI anubhava kara sakate hai / khairAgaDha ]

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premI jI zrI rAmacandra varmA naine pahale-pahala prenIjI ko unI namya jAnA thA jaba unhoMne 'hindI - ganya- ratnAkara kA prakAzana prArambha kiyA thA aura usa nAtA meM pahale puSpa ke rUpa meM AcArya dvivedI jI kI svAdhInatA prakAzita huI thI / 'svAvInatA' ne hindI-jagat ko nRgya kara liyA thaa| maiM bhI unI hindI jagat ke eka kone meM baiThA huA mana hI mana premIjI va una prayatna kI prazaMkhA karatA thA aura apane mana meM isa kAmanA ko popa karatA thA ki hindI meM isa prakAra kI aneka Adarza punnava nAlAe~ prakAzita ho / jaba anya-ralAkara se thoDe hI samaya meM kaI acche acche rAjya maja na me aura utkRSTa rUpa meM prakAzita hue naba hindI ke bahuta se lekhaka usameM apane grantha prakAzita karane ke lie unAvale hone lge| unhIM meM me meM bhI eka thA, parAyAnya-ratnAkara se prakAzita hone ke yogya pustaka meM likha bhI sakUMgA yA nahIM ? bahuta-kucha socavicAra ke bAda maiMne 'netA aura usakI bhAvanA ke upAya' nAma kI eka choTI pustaka likhakara premIjI ke pAsa bhejI / bandI hI prenIjI kI svIkRti A gaI aura thoDe hI samaya meM pustaka chapa bhI gii| gandha- ratnAkara ne apanI pustaka prakAzita hone kA mujhe garva nA huA / usale bhI baTakara ha isa bAta kA huA ki premIjI marose nuyogya mora sajjana vyakti se merA paricaya huA / yaha paricaya varSoM taka darAvara vaDanA rahA, para kevala patravyavahAra ke rUpa meM / vIre-dhIre unane pratyakSa paricaya prApta karane kI utsuktA mana meM bar3hane lgii| nocatA thA ki kaba avanara mile aura kaba premIjI ne bheMTa ho / nayoga se vaha avasara bhI kA gyaa| jabalapura meM hindI sAhitya sammelana kA adhivezana huaa| vahI maiMne sunA ki premIjI nI Aye haiN| maiM unane milanA cAhatA thA / asmAt eka dina savere una me bheMTa huii| ve nala para nAna karake toDa rahe the aura meM snAna karane jA rahA thA / eka mitra ne batalAyA ki yahI prenIjI hai / meM Age baDhakara unane milA / unheM apanA paricaya diyA, para eka-do bAteM hokara raha gaI / ve apane rAle cale gaye aura meM papane rAnte / maiM atyanta dukhI aura nirAga huA / jina premIjI ko ne abataka bahuta hI sajjana aura mahRdaya samabha rahA thA, ve isa pahalI bheMTa ke samaya mujhe nitAnta maura sojanya-vihIna jAna paDe / meM mana meM pranna bhI huA aura pTa bhI / unI rora ke kAraNa maine unase phira milane kA prayatna bhI na kiyA / ima prakAra pahalI bheMTa nitAnna nirAmApUrNa huI / kAzI loDane para cAra-pAMca dina bAda premIjI kA patra milaa| unameM phira vahI bhojanya aura vahI mahRdayatA marI thI, jo pahale patra meM rahA karatI thI / yadyapi maiM moca cukA thA ki atra unane koI vizeSa samparka na karUMgA, para usa patra kA uttara denA hI par3A / phira vahI patra-vyavahAra calane lgaa| para merI samajha meM na AyA ki Akhira nIjI kina taraha ke AdamI hai| mana meM AtA bhI kaise ? premajI ye satajugI mahApurapa aura meM yA kiMcit kalajugI / unake saujanya para nantratA aura Atma-gopana ke jo baDe-baDe AvaraNa caDhe hue the, unheM bhedakara unake antakaraNa meM chipI huI mahattA taka pahu~canA sahaja nahIM yA / inake lie kucha adhika ghaniSTa paricaya kI AvazyakatA thI / kucha dinoM bAda vaha avasara bhI A gyaa| mujhe nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke eka Avazyaka kArya ke lie pahale jayapura aura phira bandaI jAnA par3A / jayapura se bambaI jAne ke pahale maiMne premIjI ko apane bambaI pahuMcane kI sUcanA de dI thI, para vaha sUcanA thI kevala aupacArika / maiM apane mitra sva0 zrI madanagopAla jI gADodiyA ke yahA~ ThaharanA cAhatA thaa| motrA yA ki premIjI ne bhI mita lUMgA / para bambaI pahuMcane para mere Azcarya kA ThikAnA na rahA /

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- premI jI sTezana para na to gADodiyA jI dikhAI diye aura na unakA koI aadmii| (unheM merA patra hI mere bambaI pahuMcane ke sAta-ATha ghaTe vAda milA thaa|) hA~, premIjI mujhe avazya ivara-udhara DhUMDhate hue dikhAI paDe / savere cha baje kA smy| jADe kA dina / AkAza meM kucha vAdala aura kuharA-sA chAyA huaa| aise mamaya meM mai svapna meM bhI AzA nahIM karatA thA ki premIjI mujhe sTezana para dikhAI deNge| para ve mujhe jisa tatparatA se DhUMDha rahe the, usI kA mujha para yatheSTa prabhAva pdd'aa| usa dina se aAja taka merA aura unakA bhAiyo kA-sA vyavahAra calA AtA hai| premIjI javaradastI mujhe apane ghara le gye| rAste meM hI jo vAteM huIM, unase maine samajha liyA ki javalapura meM premIjI ko pahacAnane meM mujhase vaDI bhUla huI thii| premIjI ko mai jitanA sajjana aura sahRdaya samajhatA thA, usase ve kahI adhika vaDhakara nikale / pachatAte hue maine apanI bhUla una para prakaTa kii| sunakara vole, "varmA jI, mai sIvAsAdA AdamI huuN| Ajakala kI vyavahAra-cAturI mujhameM nahIM hai| isalie koI kucha samajha letA hai, koI kuch|" unhIM 'koDayo meM maiM bhI eka 'koI' thaa| para Aja usa varga se nikala kara aura premIjI ke antastala taka pahuMcakara maine usakA pUrA-pUrA nirIkSaNa kiyaa| sAtha hI yaha pratijJA kI ki Age se mai kisI ke vyaktitva ke sambandha meM itanI jaldI koI vAraNA na banA liyA kregaa| yaha pahalI zikSA thI, jo premIjI se pahalI bheMTa meM mujhe prApta huii| para mai nahI jAnatA thA ki abhI mujhe inase aura bhI bahuta-sI vAteM sIkhane ko mileNgii| premIjI ke ghara pahuMcate hI mai avAk raha gyaa| bahuta hI choTA-sA averA ghr| maiM samajhatA thA ki premIjI ne prakAzana kArya se pacIsa-pacAsa hajAra rupaye kamAye hai| ve kucha to ThATha-bATa se rahate hoge, para vahAM ThATha-bATa kA nAma nahI thA / ghara kI sabhI bAteM bahuta hI mAvAraNa thii| para maine turanta apane Apako sNbhaalaa| maine socA ki yahA~ mI premIjI kA vahIM sIvApana apanA paricaya de rahA hai, jisakI carcA unhone sTezana se Ate samaya kI thii| aura bAta bhI vahI thii| yo premIjI mitavyayI to hai hI, para isase bhI baDhakara ve sarala aura nitAnta sAtvika vRtti ke puruSa hai| ve apanI AvazyakatAe~ bahuta hI kama karake isa siddhAnta kA ujjvala udAharaNa hamAre sAmane rakhate hai ki jisakI AvazyakatAe~ jitanI hI kama ho, vaha Izvara ke utanA hI samIpa hotA hai| premIjI kA ghara dekhane meM to bahuta hI sAdhAraNa thA, para mujhe sukha milA svarga kaa-saa| unakI svargIya sAdhvI patnI kA nitAnta nizchala aura niSkapaTa svAgata-satkAra bahuta adhika prabhAva DAlatA thaa| bAlaka hemacandra, jisako duHkhada smRti ne bahuto ke hRdaya meM sthAyI rUpa se ghara kara liyA hai, usa samaya dasa-yAraha varSa kA thaa| usakI saralatA aura sahRdayatA tathA premapUrNa vyavahAra mAno premIjI ke ina saba guNo ko bhI mAta karane vAlA thaa| AThahI dama ghaTo meM mujhe vahAM ghara se baDhakara sukha aura Ananda milane lgaa| para usa sukha kA mai adhika upabhoga na kara skaa| sandhyA hote hI gADodiyA jI moTara lekara A pahuMce aura mujhe javaradastI apane nivAsa sthAna para (dAdara) uThA le gye| para apane prAya eka mAsa ke vambaI pravAsa meM premIjI ke AkarSaka prema ke kAraNa merA AdhA samaya hIrAvAna meM hI biitaa| - isake bAda kaI vAra vambaI jAne kA avasara milA hai aura hara vAra meM premIjI ke yahA~ hI ThaharA huuN| mai hI kyo, premIjI ke prAya sabhI mitra aura adhikAza hindI-premI unhI ke yahA~ Thaharate hai| jo loga kabhI kimI kAraNa me dUsarI jagaha jA Thaharate hai, unheM bhI premIjI vivaza karake apane yahA~ le Ate hai| yaha premIjI kA svAbhAvika guNa hai| isa sone meM eka sugandha bhI prAna milatI thii| vaha sugandha thI unake vAla-vacco kA snehapUrNa aura ghara kA-sA vyavahAra / para hAya | hemacandra ke cale jAne me vaha suganva hI nahI uDa gaI, balki monA bhI garama rAkha kI baDI taha ke nIce dava gyaa|

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premI-abhinadana-praya vahuta-se loga premIjI ko kevala prakAzaka ke rUpa meM jAnate hai / kucha loga unheM hindI ke lekhaka ke rUpa me bhI jAnate haiN| unheM isa taraha jAnane vAle sabhI loga unakI satyazIlatA, sadvyavahAra, sadAcAra, namratA Adi guNo se itane adhika paricita hai ki isa sambandha meM vizeSa kahanA vAhulya-mAtra hai| phira bhI vaiyaktika tathA naitika kSetra meM premIjI meM itane adhika guNa hai ki unakA pUrA aura ThIka varNana karanA kaThina hai| premIjI apanI maikaDo-hajAro kI hAni vilakula cupacApa saha lege, para kisI se laDanA-jhagaDanA kabhI pasanda na kreNge| yadi koI unheM jabaradastI kisI taraha kI laDAI meM ghasITane meM samartha bhI huA to ve sadA jaldI-se-jaldI pIchA chur3Ane kA hI prayatna kareMge aura vizeSatA yaha ki apane parama zatru ke lie bhI kisI prakAra ke amagala yA ahita kA svapna meM bhI vicAra nahIM krte| unake isa guNa kA paricaya mujhe kaI vAra mila cukA hai| unakI sajjanatA se gahe koI kitanA hI anucita lAbha uThA le, para kisI ke apakAra karane kA vicAra bhI ve apane mana meM nahIM lA skte| sAdhAraNata premIjI ke jIvana kA yahI sabase baDA sArvajanika aga samajhA jAtA hai, para vastuta unake jIvana kA isase bhI eka baDA aga hai, jisase apekSAkRta kama hI loga paricita hai| premIjI ucca zreNI ke vicArazIla vidvAn hai| vizeSata prAkRta ke ve acche paDita hai aura apanA vahuta-sA samaya adhyayana aura vidyA-vipayaka anusandhAna me lagAte hai| uname yaha kamI hai ki ve aMgarejI bahuta kama jAnate hai, para apanI isa kamI ke kAraNa ve apane kArya-kSetra meM kabhI kisI se pIche nahI rahate / jaina-itihAsa ke ve acche jJAtA hai aura isa viSaya ke lekha Adi prAya likhate rahate hai| ve aneka viSayo kI naI khojo ke, jo prAya aMgarejI me hI nikalA karatI hai, vivaraNo kI sadA talAza meM rahate hai aura jaba unheM isa taraha kI kisI naI khoja kA patA calatA hai taba ve apane kisI mitra kI sahAyatA se usakA vRtta jAnane kA prayatna karate hai| unakA yaha vidyA-prema prazasanIya to hai hI, anukaraNIya bhI hai| premIjI meM eka aura bahuta vaDA guNa hai| ve kabhI apane Apako prakaTa nahIM karanA cAhate-kabhI prakAza me nahI pAnA cAhate / hA~, yadi prakAza svaya hI una taka jA pahuMce to vAta dUsarI hai| ve kAma karanA jAnate hai, parantu cupacApa / aneka viSayo kA ve prAya adhyayana aura manana karate rahate haiM aura kabhI kucha likhane ke uddezya se aneka prakAra kI sAmagrI bhI ekatra karate rahate hai, para java unheM patA calatA hai ki koI sajjana kisI viSaya para kucha likhana lage hai taba ve unake upayoga ko apanI sArI sAmagrI apanI svAbhAvika udAratA se isa prakAra cupacApa unheM dete hai ki kisI ko kAnokAna bhI khabara nahIM hotii| premIjI ke aneka guNo meM ye bhI ve thoDe-se guNa hai, jinake kAraNa ve bahuta hI sAmAnya avasthA se Upara uThate hue itane ucca stara para pahuMce hai| bahuta hI dukha kI bAta hai ki aise suyogya aura sajjana vidvAna kA pArivArika tathA zArIrika jIvana prAya kaSTo se aura vaha bhI bahuta baDe kaSTo me sadA bharA rhaa| ho sakatA hai ki ye zArIrika aura pArivArika kaSTa hI unake svarNa-tulya jIvana ko tapAkara nikhArane vAlI agni ke rUpa me vidhAtA kI bhora meM prApta hue ho| apanI gati vahI jAne / banArasa ]

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smaraNAdhya zrAcArya paM0 sukhalAla saghavI mere smaraNagrantha meM premIjI kA smaraNa eka adhyAya hai, jo prati vistRta to nahI hai, para mere jIvana kI dRSTi me mahattva kA aura sukhada avazya hai / isa sAre gravyAya kA navanIta tIna vAto meM hai, jo premIjI ke itane lambe paricaya maM maine dekhI hai aura jinakA prabhAva mere mAnama para gaharA paDA hai / ve ye hai (1) athaka vidyAvyAmaga / (2) saralatA aura (3) sarvayA sAmpradAyika aura ekamAtra matyagavepI dRSTi / premIjI kA paricaya unake 'janahitaipI' gata lekho ke dvArA zurU huA / maiM apane mitro aura vidyArthiyoM ke sAtha gare meM rahatA thA / tatra mAya-prAta kI prArthanA meM unakA nimnalikhita padya roja par3he jAne kA krama thA, jisana hama sabako bahuta AkRSTa kiyA thA dayAmaya aimI mati ho jAya / tribhuvana kI kalyANa-kAmanA, dina-dina baDhatI jAya // 1 // zrIroM ke sukha ko sukha samajhU, sukha kA karU~ upAya // apane dukha saba sahU~ kintu, paradukha nahi dekhA jAya // 2 // prathama zrajJa aspRzya zradharmI, dukhI zrIra zrasahAya // vana jAya || 3 || samudAya // savake zravagAhana hita mama ura surasari sama bhUlA bhaTakA ulaTI mati kA, jo hai jana use sujhAU~ saccA satpaya, nija sarvasva satya dharma ho satya karma ho, satya dhyeya vana jAya // satyAnveSaNa meM hI 'premI', jIvana yaha laga jAya // 5 // lagAya // 4 // premIjI ke lekho ne mujhako itanA prAkRSTa kiyA thA ki meM jahA~ kahI rahatA, 'jaina- hitaiSI' milane kA prAyojana kara lenA aura usakA pracAra bhI karatA / merI aitihAsika dRSTi kI puSTi me pramIjI ke lekho kA thoDA himsA zravazya hai / premIjI ke nAma ke sAtha 'paNDita' vizeSaNa chapA dekhakara usa jamAne meM mujhe zrAzcarya hotA thA ki eka to ye paNDita hai aura dUsare jaina paramparA ke / phira inake lekhoM meM itanI taTasthatA aura nirbhayatA kahA~ se ? kyoki tabataka jitane bhI mere paricita jaina-mitra aura paNDita rahe, jinakI makhyA kama na thI, unameM se eka-prAdha apavAda choDakara kimI ko bhI maine vaimA zramAmpradAyika aura nirbhaya nahI pAyA thA / isalie merI aisI dhAraNA vana gaI thI ki jaina paNDita bhI ho zrI nirbhaya sAmpradAyika ho, yaha duHsambhava hai / premIjI ke lekho ne merI vAraNA ko kramaNa galata sAvita kiyA / yahI unake prati zrAkarSaNa kA prathama kAraNa thA / 1918 meM meM pUnA meM thaa| rAta ko acAnaka premIjI sakuTumba muni zrI jinavijaya jI ke vAsasthAna para zrAye / maine ukta padya kI antima kaDI bola kara unakA svAgata kiyaa| unheM kahIM mAlUma thA ki mere padya ko koI prArthanA meM bhI paDhatA hogA / ima prasaga ne paricaya kI parokSatA ko pratyakSa rUpa meM badala diyA aura yahI sUtrapAta dRr3ha bhUmi banatA gayA / unake lekho me unakI bahuzrutatA aura yamAmpradAyikatA kI chApa to mana para paDI hI thii| isa

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36 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha pratyakSa paricaya ne mujhe unakI akRtrima saralatA kI ora AkRSTa kiyaa| isIse mai thoDe hI dino vAda jaba vambaI AyA to unase milane gyaa| ve candAvADI meM eka kamarA lekara rahate the| vividha carcA meM itanA dUvA ki Akhira ko apane Dere para jAkara jImane kA samaya na dekhakara premIjI se maine kahA ki maiM aura mere mitra ramaNikalAla modI yahI jiimeNge| unhone hameM utanI hI saralatA aura prakRtrimatA se jimAyA aura paricayasUtra pakkA huaa| phira to mere lie vambaI meM Ane kA eka artha yaha bhI ho gayA ki premIjI se avazya milanA aura naI jAnakArI paanaa| MATERNITION .6A fe1 4 HK ":" / SAAL .. sva0 hemacadra (1932) bambaI me mere cira paricita aura nikaTa mitra seTha haragovindadAsa rAmajI rahate hai| premIjI ke bhI ve gADha sakhA vana gaye the| yahA~ taka ki una dono kA vAsasthAna eka thA yA samIpa-samIpa / ghATakopara, mulunda jaise upanagaroM meM bhI ve nikaTa rahate the| ataeva mujhe premIjI kI paricaya-vRddhi kA vaDA suyoga milaa| mai unake ghara kA aga-sA bana gyaa| unakI patnI ramAvahna aura unakA ikalautA prANapriya putra hemacandra dono ke sampUrNa vizvAsa kA bhAgI mai vana gyaa| ghATakopara kI Tekariyo meM ghUmane jAtA to premIjI kA kuTumba prAya sAtha ho jaataa| AhAra sambandhI mere prayogokA kucha asara unake kuTumba para par3A to taruNa hemacandra ke nava prayoga meM kabhI mai bhI sammilita

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smaraNAdhyAya 37 hunA | lahasuna DAlakara uvAlA dUdha pIne se peTa para acchA asara hotA hai / isa anubhavasiddha zrAgrahapUrNa hemacandra kI ukti ko mAnakara maine bhI unake taiyAra bheje vaise dugdhapAna ko Az2amAyA / kabhI meM ghATakopara se zAntAkrUja juhU taTa taka paidala calakara jAtA to anya mitro ke sAtha hemacandra aura campA dono bhI sAtha calate / dono kI nirdoSatA aura mukta hRdayatA mujhe yaha mAnane ko rokatI thI ki ye dono pati-patnI hai / java kabhI premIjI zarIka ho taba to hamArI goSThI meM do dala zravazya ho jAte aura merA jhukAva niyama me premIjI ke viruddha hemacandra kI ora rahatA / dhArmika, sAmAjika, sAhityika Adi viSayo meM premIjI kA ( jo kabhI skUla-kaoNleja meM nahI gaye) dRSTivindu maine kabhI gatAnugatika nahIM dekhA, jisakA ki vizeSa vikAma hemacandra ne apane me kiyA thaa| AgarA, ahamadAbAda, kAzI Adi jahA~kahI se maiM bambaI prAtA to premIjI se milanA aura pAramparika sAhityika evaM aitihAsika carcAe~ khula karake karanA mAno merA eka svabhAva hI ho gayA thaa| Agare se prakAzita hue mere hindI grantha to unhone dekhe hI the, para grahamadAbAda prakAzita java merA 'sanmatitakaM' kA maskaraNa premIjI ne dekhA to ve mujhe nyAyakumudacandra kA vaisA hI saskaraNa nikAlane hat graha karane lage aura nadayaM umako eka purAnI likhita prati bhI mujhe bheja dI, jo bahuta varSo taka mere pAsa rahI zrIra jisakA upayoga 'sanmatitarka' ke maskaraNa meM kiyA gayA hai / sampAdana me sahakArI rupa se paNDita kI hame zrAvazyakatA hotI thI to premI jI bAra-bAra mujhe kahate the ki zrApa kisI honahAra digambara paNDita ko rasie, jo kAma sIkha kara Age vaisA hI digambara- sAhitya prakAzita kre| yaha sUcanA pa0 daravArIlAla 'satyabhakta', jo usa samaya indaura me the, unake mAtha patra-vyavahAra meM pariNata huii| premIjI mANikacanda jaina granthamAlA kA yogyatApUrvaka sampAdana karate hI the, para unakI icchA yaha thI ki nyAyakumudacandra Adi jaise grantha 'manmatitarka' ke Dhaga para sampAdita ho / unakI lagana pravala thI, para samaya-paripAka na huA thaa| bIca me varSaM vIte, para nikaTatA nahI bItI / zrataeva hama dono eka-dUsare kI sampradAya viSayaka dhAraNA ko ThIka-ThIka samajha pAye the aura hama donoM ke bIca koI panya-granthi yA sampradAya granthi phaTakatI na thI / eka bAra premIjI ne kahA, "hamArI paramparA meM paNDita bahuta hai bhaura uname kucha acche bhI zravazya hai, para me cAhatA hUM ki unameM se kisI ko bhI panya-granthi DhIlI ho / " maiMne kahA ki yahI bAta meM zvetAmbara sAghuno ke vAre maiM bhI cAhatA hU~ / zrIyuta jugala kizora jI mukhtAra eka purAne leMsaka aura itihAsarasika hai| premIjI kA uname khAsA paricaya thA / premIjI kI icchA thI ki zrI mukhtAra jI kabhI sazovana aura itihAsa ke udAtta vAtAvaraNa me rahe / Antarika icchA sUcita karake premIjI ne zrIyuta mustAra jI ko zrahamadAvAda bhejA / ve hamAre pAsa Thahare zrIra eka nayA paricaya prArambha huaa| gujarAta vidyApITha ke aura khAsakara tadantargata purAtattvamandira ke vAtAvaraNa aura kAryakartA kA zrIyuta mukhtAra jI ke Upara acchA prabhAva paDA, aisI mujhe unake paricaya se pratIti huI thI, jo kabhI maiMne premI jI se prakaTa bhI kI thI / premIjI mujhase kahate the ki mukhtAra sAhaba kI ganthi-zithilatA kA javAba samaya hI degA / para premIjI ke kAraNa mujhako zrIyuta mustAra jI kA hI nahIM, balki dUsare aneka vidvAno eva sajjano kA zubhaga paricaya huA hai, jo avismaraNIya hai / premIjI ke ghara yA dUkAna para baiThanA mAno aneka hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI aura viziSTa vidvAnoM kA paricaya sAdhanA thA / pa0 daravArIlAla jI 'satyabhavata' kI merI maMtrI isI goSThI kA zranyatama phala hai / merI maitrI una logo me kabhI myAyI nahI banI, jo sAmpradAyika aura niviDa-granthi ho / 1931 ke varSAkAla meM paryUSaNa vyAkhyAnamAlA ke prasaga para hamane premIjI aura pa0 daravArIlAla jI 'satyabhakta' ko kuTumba ahamadAbAda bulAyA / unhone zrasAmpradAyika aura sAmayika vividha viSayo para vidvAno ke vyAkhyAna sune, khuda bhI vyAkhyAna diye| sAtha hI unakI icchA jAgrata huI ki aisA Ayojana bambaI meM bhI ho / bambaI ke yuvako ne agale sAla se paryUSaNa vyAkhyAnamAlA kA Ayojana bhI kiyaa| premIjI kA sakriya sahayoga rhaa| mere kahane para unhone purAne sudhAraka vayovRddha bAbU sUrajabhAnu jI vakIla ko vambaI meM bulAyA, jinake lekha meM varSoM pahale paDha cukA thA aura jiname milane kI cirAbhilASA bhI thI / ukta bAbU jI 1932 meM bambaI padhAre aura vyAkhyAna bhI diyaa| merI yaha abhilApA ekamAtra premIjI ke hI kAraNa saphala huI /

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premI-abhinavana-pratha 38 ughara hemacandra kI umra baDhatI jAtI thI aura premIjI kI cintA bhI baDhatI jAtI thI ki yaha aneka viSayoM kA dhunI prayogavIra jogI kArovAra kaise sNbhaalegaa| para merA nizcita vizvAsa thA ki hemacandra viraja vibhUti hai| premIjI hai to janma se sI0 pI0 ke aura dehAtI saMkIrNa saskAra kI paramparA ke, para unakI sAmAjika mAnyatAeM dhArmika mAnyatAo kI taraha bandhanamukta vana gaI thii| ataeva unake ghara meM lAja-parade kA koI vandhana na thA aura Aja bhI nahIM hai / hemacandra kI patnI, jo usa samaya kizorI aura taruNI thI, vaha utanI hI svatantratA se sabake sAtha peza AtI, jitanI svatantratA se ramAvahana, hemacandra aura premIjI khuda / premIjI pUre sudhAraka hai| isIse unhone apane bhAI kI pUna gAdI vidhavA se karAI aura rUDhivAdiyo ke khaphA hone kI paravAha nahIM kii| premIjI ke mAtha campA kA vyavahAra dekhakara koI bhI anajAna AdamI nahIM kaha sakatA ki yaha unakI putrA hai| use AbhAsa yahI hogA ki vaha unakI ikalautI aura lADilI putrI hai| jaba kabhI jAno, premIjI ke nikaTa mukta vAtAvaraNa paanoge| rUDhicusta aura sudhAraka dono isa bAta meM sahamata hoge ki premIjI khuda ajAtazatru hai| premIjI garIbI kI hAlata aura mAmUlI naukarI se U~ce uThakara itanA vyApaka aura U~cA sthAna pAye hue hai ki Aja unako sArA hindI sasAra sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhatA hai| isakI kujI unakI saccAI, kAryaniSThA aura bahuzrutatA meM hai| yadyapi ve apane ikalaute satyahRdaya yuvaka putra ke viyoga se dukhita rahate hai, para maine dekhA hai ki unakA AzvAsana ekamAtra vividha viSayaka vAcana aura kAryapravaNatA hai| ve kase hI bImAra kyo na ho, vaidya, DaoNkTara aura mitra kitanI hI manAI kyo na kareM, para unake vistare aura sirahAne ke irda-girda vAcana kI kucha-na-kucha naI mAmagrI maiMne avazya dekhI hai| premIjI ke cAhane vAlo meM mAmUlI-se-mAmUlI AdamI bhI rahatA hai aura viziSTa-se-viziSTa vidvAn kA bhI samAveza hotA hai / abhI-abhI maiM harakisanadAsa haoNmpITala meM dekhatA thA ki unakI khaTiyA ke irda-girda unake arogya ke icchuko kA dala hara vakta jamA hai| premIjI parimitavyayI aura sAdagIjIvI hai, para ve mehamAno aura snehiyo ke lie utane hI udAra hai / isIse unake yahAM jAne me kisIko sakoca nahIM hotaa| 1933 kI julAI kI tIsarI tArIkha ko mai java hindU yUnivasiTI me kAma karane ke lie vambaI se ravAnA huA tava premIjI ne usa purAnI lagana ko tAjA karake mujhase kahA ki kAzI meM taruNa pa0 mahendrakumAra jI hai| Apa unase naI paddhati ke anusAra nyAyakumudacandra kA sampAdana avazya karavAe~ / prathama se hI paricita 50 kailAzacandra jI kAzI me the hii| mahendrakumAra jI naye mile| dono se premIjI kA vicAra kahakara usa kAma kI pUrvabhUmikA kA vicAra maine kahA / dono tatkAla kRtanizcaya hue aura hindU yUnivarsiTI meM pAne lge| cintana-goSThI jmii| samaya Ate hI premIjI kI icchA ke anusAra ukta dono paDito ne nyAyakumudacandra kA susaskRta sampAdana karake use mANikacanda jaina-pranyamAlA se prakAzita kraayaa| pa0 mahendrakumAra jI nyAyAcArya mere kAma meM bhI sahayogI bane aura vyApaka adhyayana cAlU rakkhA / phalata unhone 'sindhI-jaina-sIrIz2a' me svatantra bhAva se akalaka granyatraya kA aura sahakArI rUpa se pramANa-mImAsA Adi grantho kA sampAdana kiyA, jisase premIjI kI icchA azata avazya pUrNa huI hai, parantu maiMne dekhA hai ki premIjI utane mAtra se sampUrNa santuSTa nhii| unakI utkaTa abhilASAe~ kama-se-kama tIna hai / eka to ve anya sAtvika vidvAno kI taraha apanI paramparA ke paNDito kA dharAtala itanA U~cA dekhanA cAhate hai ki jisase paNDitagaNa sArvajanika pratiSThA lAbha kara skeN| dUsarI kAmanA unakI sadA yaha rahatI hai ki jaina-bhaNDAro ke-kama-sekama digambara-bhaNDAro ke-uddhAra aura rakSaNa kA kArya sarvathA navayugAnusArI ho aura paNDito eva ghaniko kI zakti kA sumela isa kArya ko siddha kre| unakI tIsarI adamya AkAkSA yaha dekhI hai ki phirako kI aura khAsakara jAtipAMti kI sakucitatA paura caukAbandhI khatma ho eva striyo kI khAsakara vidhavAmo kI sthiti sudhare / maine dekhA hai ki premIjI ne apanI ora se ukta icchAo kI pUrti ke lie svaya athaka prayatna kiyA hai aura dUsaro ko bhI prerita kiyA hai / Aja jo digambara paramparA meM navayugAnusArI kucha pravRttiyAM dekhI jAtI hai uname sAkSAt yA paramparA se

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smaraNAdhyAya pramIjI kA thoDA-bahuta asara avazya hai| purAne vicAra ke jo loga premIjI ke vicAra se sahamata nahI, ve bhI premIjI ke sadguNo ke prazamaka avazya rahe hai / yahI unakI jIvanagata asAdhAraNa vizeSatA hai| premIjI meM asAmpradAyika va satyagaveSI dRSTi na hotI to ve anya bAto ke hote hue bhI jaina-janetara jagat meM aisA sammAnyasthAna kabhI nahI pAte / maiMne tattvArtha aura umAsvAti ke bAre meM aitihAsika dRSTi se jo kucha likhA hai, premIjI kI nirbhaya gaveSaka dRSTi ne usakA kevala samarthana hI nahIM kiyA, balki sAmpradAyika virodho kI paravAha vinA kiye merI khoja ko aura bhI Age baDhAyA, jisakA phala siMdhI smRti aka bhAratIya vidyA meM vistRta lekharUpa se unhoMne abhI prakaTa kiyA hai| Ajakala premIjI merA dhyAna eka viziSTa kArya kI ora sAgraha khIca rahe hai ki 'upalabdha jainaAgamika sAhitya kA aitihAsika dRSTi se mUlyAkana tathA bhAratIya saMskRti aura vAGmaya meM usakA sthAna' isa viSaya para sAdhikAra likhanA Avazyaka hai| ve mujhe bAra-bAra kahate hai ki alpazruta aura sAmpradAyika logo kI galata dhAraNAo ko sudhAranA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| koI bhI aitihAsika bahuzruta vidvAna ho, premIjI usase phAyadA uThAne se nahIM cuukte| AcArya zrI jinavijaya jI ke sAtha unakA cira paricaya hai| maiM dekhatA AyA hU~ ki ve unake sAtha vividha viSayo kI aitihAsika carcA karane kA maukA kabhI jAne nahIM dete| anta meM mujhe itanA hI kahanA hai ki premIjI kI satayugIna vRttiyo ne sAmpradAyika kaliyugI vRttiyo para saralatA se thoDI-bahuta vijaya avazya pAI hai| . bambaI HOSH

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premI jI ke vyaktitva kI eka jhalaka rAya kRSNadAsa premIjI ko mai nikaTa se nahIM ke barAbara jAnatA huuN| phira bhI unake vyaktitva ko mai jitanA jAnatA hU~, sambhavata usase adhika unake atyanta nikaTavartI bhI na jAnate hoge| isake pIche eka ghaTanA hai, jisakI smRti pAja paccIsa barasa bAda bhI TaTakI hai| premIjI jisa samaya prakAzaka ke rUpa me hindI-jagat ke sAmane Aye, usa samaya vaha parapaTa par3A huA thaa| Aja kI taraha na prakAzako kI bharamAra thI, na grantho kI / pAThaka grantho ke lie lAlAyita ho rahe the, hindI ke zubhaMpI usake bhaNDAra ko grantha-ratno se bharA-pUrA dekhanA cAhate the| aisI paristhiti meM 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' eka varadAna ke rUpa meM avatarita huaa| usake prakAzita baMgalA ke anuvAda hI tava pAThako ke lie saba kucha the| z2amIna taiyAra ho rahI thii| utane hI se hindI vAle phUle na samAte the| isake pahale kaI prakAzana-yojanAe~ cAlU huI thI aura akurita ho-hokara mArI gaI thii| ataeva premIjI kA samArambha unake lie to mAhasa aura Atma-vizvAsa kA kAma thA hI, vAcako ke lie bhI vaha dhaDakate hue hRdaya kI eka bahuta baDI AzA thii| jahAM prakAzaka aura vAcaka aisI paristhiti me the, vahAM eka tIsarA vargabhI thA, jo baDI matRSNa dRSTi se prakAzano kI ora dekha rahA thaa| yaha varga thA una lekhako kA, jo mAsika payo taka to kisI bhAMti pahuMca pAte the, kintu usake Age jinakI rasAI na thii| vaha Aja kA jamAnA na thA jaba lekhako aura patro kI bharamAra to hai ho, sampAdakIya anuzAsana bhI aisA-hI-vaisA hai| vaha dvivedIyuga thA, jaba lekhako ke lie mAsika patra kA dvAra bahuta hI avaruddha pIra kaTakAkIrNa thaa| isakA yaha tAtparya nahIM ki lekhaka kisI prakAra hatotsAha kiye jAte the| vAta vilakula ulaTI thii| usa samaya to AcArya dvivedI jI aura unake anukaraNa meM anya sampAdaka lekhako ke taiyAra karane meM lage hue the| phira bhI dvivedI jI ne lekhana kA stara itanA U~cA kara rakkhA thA ki sahasA kisI ke lie lekhaka bana jAnA sambhava na thA aura na dUsare patrakAra hI apane patra kA stara girAne kA sAhasa kara sakate the| ve yathAsambhava 'sarasvatI' ko hI mAnadaNDa banAkara apanA pana calAte the| yahI kAraNa thA ki unhI lekhako kI kucha pUcha thI, jo apanA sthAna banA cuke the athavA jinameM kisI vizeSatA kA akura thaa| aise lekhako ke lekha yadyapi pAThako ke jJAnavarddhana kI acchI sAmagrI hote to bhI unameM sthAyI mahattva ke ine-gine hI hote the| phira bhI unake lekhaka cAhate ki unakI kRti pustaka rUpa meM nikala jAya / aise hI eka mahAgaya ne zAstra' para eka lekhamAlA 'indu' meM nikaalii| yahA~ 'indu' kA thoDA-sA paricaya de denA anucita na hogaa| prasAda jI san 1908 ke anta me naI bhAvanAe~ lekara hindI-sasAra meM aaye| unakA suratI kA paitRka samRddha vyApAra bhI thA, jisake kAraNa unakA kula-nAma 'sudhanIsAva' paDa gayA thaa| so apanI naI bhAvanAyo ko vyakta karane ke lie, sAtha hI apane paitRka kAravAra ke vijJApana ke lie, unhone apane bhAnaje sva0 ambikAprasAda gupta se 'idu' ko san 1906 ke bhArabha me nikalavAyA thaa| isa mAsika patra kI eka apanI hastI thii| prasAda jI kI racanAmo ke sivA unase prabhAvita aura protsAhita kitane hI naye lekhaka isameM likhA karate the| yadyapi isakI chapAI-saphAI kA darjA bahuta hI sAdhAraNa thA, phira bhI lekho ke nAte yaha eka naye utthAna kA sUcaka thaa| isI 'indu' meM ve' zAstra' vAle lekha dhArAvAhika rUpa meM nikale the| viSaya nayA thaa| ataeva usakI ora aneka logo kA dhyAna gayA aura patro meM kucha carcA bhI huii| jaba yaha lekhamAlA pUrI ho gaI taba lekhaka mahAzaya ne usakA svatva premIjI ko de diyA aura unhone use pustakAkAra nikAla diyaa| usa samaya ke vicAra se usakI acchI

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premIjI ke vyaktitva kI eka jhalaka 41 mAMga huI aura ekAvika saskaraNa bhI hue| taba lekhaka mahAzaya kI nIyata meM phitUra AyA aura unhone premIjI se aura aiMThane kA vA~dhanU vAvA / premIjI the sacce aura khare aadmii| unhone yaha mAmalA pacAyata meM DAla diyaa| sarvazrI DA0 bhagavAnadAsa, sva0 zivaprasAda gupta, zrIprakAza, rAmacandra varmA aura maiM, usake sadasya the| pacAyata ne kadamakadama para pAyA ki lekhaka mahAzaya ne jisa rUpa meM mAmalA khaDA kiyA thA, usameM unakI jabaradastI hI nahI, bahuta vaDI jaghanyatA bhI thii| saca bAta to yaha hai ki unhone jo harakata kI thI usake lie ulaTe premIjI ko harajAnA milanA cAhie thA, kintu una dino lekhaka mahAzaya ne rASTrIya vAnA dhAraNa kara liyA thaa| ataeva ve kucha paco kI nigAha meM koI cIja ho gaye the| nidAna, 'dayApUrNa' phaisalA yaha huA ki yadyapi unhone kAma to anucita kiyA hai phira bhI unheM premIjI amuka rakama pradAna kreN| premIjI ne tatkAla vinA kisI nanunaca ke isa 'nyAva' kI tAmIla kara dii| lekhaka mahAgaya ko premIjI se likhita kSamA mAMgane kI AjJA bhI huI thii| so mAnoM ukta rakama usI kSamA prArthanA kI phIsa cukavAI gaI thii| premIjI Arambha se hI nilipta rahe / ve to gharamodharama yahA~ taka taiyAra the ki kApIrAiTa tathA chapI pratiyAM lekhaka mahAzaya ko yo hI de deN| unhone na kabhI lAchita karane vAle karma kiye the, na karanA cAhate the| yahI unakA jIvana-vrata hai, jisa para ve Aja bhI samArUDha hai| isa ghaTanA meM maiMne do vAteM paaii| pahalI to premIjI ke nikhare hue vyaktitva kI eka jhalaka aura dUsare yaha ki .gosAI jI kI ye paktiyAM mavAsolaha Ane saca hai "lakhi suveSa jaga bacaka jeka / veSa pratApa pUjihi teU // " banArasa ]]

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ve madhura kSaNa! zrI narendra jaina ema0 e0 zraddheya premIjI kA nAma to bahuta dino se sunA thA, lekina sAkSAtkAra huA usa samaya, java mai kaoNleja kI adhyApakI pAne kI AzA meM vambaI gyaa| ghara para pahuMcA to premIjI bhojana kara rahe the| unheM dekhakara mujhe aisA mAlUma huA ki durdaiva ke prahAro se ve jhuka avazya gaye hai, para use cunautI dene kI kSamatA mAno ava bhI uname zepa hai| rugNA putravadhU aspatAla me thii| isase kucha cintita the| maiMne unhe nAriyala kI taraha paayaa| Upara se kaThora, para antara meM koml| premIjI kI sahAyatA se naukarI prApta ho jAne para phira to anekoM bAra unase bheTa aura vAtacIta karane kA avasara milA aura aba bhI milatA rahatA hai| jI nahI lagatA to prAya unake pAsa calA jAtA huuN| unake choTe-se parivAra ke kaI madhura citra mere sAmane hai / eka dina jassU (pautra) apanI kitAvo kA vastA TrAma me bhUla paayaa| maiMne kahA ki calo, chuTTI huii| lekina jassU bahuta susta thaa| AMkho meM AMsU jhalakane lge| dAdA (premIjI) usakI vyathA ko tADa gye| bole, "beTA, tU kyA phikara karatA hai / are, dukAna to terI hI hai / tere lie eka-eka choDa do-do kinAve abhI ma~gAye detA huuN|" yaha AzvAsana pAkara jassU uchalane lgaa|| eka roz2a bole, "are veTA campA,'bacce vAriza me bhIgate jAte hai| unake lie eka-eka varasAtI kharIda de|" campA bolI, "dAdA, inake pAsa chatarI hai to| phira varasAtI kI kyA jarUrata hai ?" "lo bhaI veTA passU, kahI vAriza chatarI se bhI rukatI hai / yaha mAM kaisI bAte karatI hai ?" premIjI ne haMsate hue khaa| passU khilakhilA pddaa| volA, "hA~, dAdA, dekho, mAM kitanI makkhIcUsa hai|" kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki zIghra hI do vaDhiyA varamAtI A gii| yo hI baiThe hue eka dina maiMne pUchA, "yaha reDiyo kitane meM kharIdA thA ?" vole, "patA nhii| saba vahI (hemacandra) lAyA thaa| hamane to yaha zAstra paDhA hI nhiiN|" apane vyavasAya meM premIjI jitane sajaga aura kuzala hai, ghara-gRhasthI kI cIjo ke bAre meM utane hI anabhijJa / cIz2oM kA mola-tola karanA unase AtA hI nhiiN| eka dina jassU vikrI ke pAMca rupaye vAraha pAne hAtha me khanakhanAtA uchalatA huA pAyA |-"meraa baTuA kahA~ hai ? baTuA kahA~ hai ?" usane hallA macA diyA / premIjI bole, "vaDA dukAnadAra vanA hai | are, roTI to khA le, veTe | mujhe kyo satAtA hai ?" para jassU sunane vAlA AsAmI nhii| "premIjI phira cillAe, "veTA campA, isake kAna to pakaDa / roTI nahI khaataa|" jassU apanI dhuna me masta rahA aura jaba paise baTue me bhara liye nava roTI khAne baitthaa| thAlI pAte hI lagA cillAne, "cAvala lAyo, cAvala / " premIjI ne haMsate hue kahA, "are, yaha kyA hoTala hai| vAha, beTA vAha, mere ghara ko tonune hottlhiivnaadiyaa|" hama saba khilakhilA kara ha~sa pdde| 'putrvdhuu| pautr|

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ve madhura kSaNa ! premIjI ne apanI dukAna kI kitAveM paDhanekI chUTa mujhe de rakkhI hai / eka dina 'zAhajahA~' (DI0 ela0 rAya kRta) nATaka lekara jora-jora se paDhane lgaa| prarAga thA ki jihanakhAM dArA kA sira kATane pAtA hai / dArA kA beTA sipara pitA ko nahI choDatA aura jallAdo se kahatA hai ki tuma unheM nahIM mAra sakate / dRzya baDA hI karuNa thaa| paDhate-paDhate merI A~kheM gIlI ho pAI / nigAha Upara uThI to dekhatA hU~ ki premIjI ke TapTap A~sU gira rahe hai / vAstava me premIjI bahuta hI narama dila ke hai| aime prasago para unheM apane hema kI yAda bhI ho pAtI hai| 1 na ALTRA REM 45 13RT 1. ci0 vidyAdhara (passU) 2. ci0 yazodhara (jassU) 3 capAvAI (sva0 hemacadrake putra aura ptnii|) premIjI meM vinodapriyatA bhI khUba hai / apanI haMsI Apa hI uDAnA, yaha unake svabhAva kI vizepatA hai / bundelakhaNDa kA eka grAma-gIta-"DukarA toko mota kataU~ naiyA~"-baDe lahaje ke sAtha gAyA karate hai| kabhI-kabhI passU macala jAtA hai| kahatA hai, "dAdA, hama to vahI kahAnI suneNge|" jAnate hue bhI dAdA pUchate hai, "kauna-sI kahAnI bhaiyA ?"

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44 premI-abhinaMdananAtha "are, vahI-allA miyAM baDe syaane| pahale hI kATa liye do bhaane|" haMsate-haMsate dAdA pUrI kahAnI sunA dete haiN| kabhI jaba passU kisI se nArAja hokara rone lagatA hai to premIjI usake kAna me vahI bhallA miyAM vAlA mantra phUMka dete hai aura vaha khilakhilAne lagatA hai| isa prakAra kI aneko ghaTanAe~ usa ghara meM dekhatA huuN| ye ghaTanAe~ choTI avazya hai, para aisI ghaTanAmo se hamAre parivAro me madhura rasa kA sacAra hotA hai| premIjI kI prAzA apane inhI dono poto para nirbhara hai| ve yogya ho jAye to unake kandho para sArA dAyitva sauMpakara cupacApa duniyA se vidA le le, yahI unakI abhilASA jAna paDatI hai| bambaI - - - - - . - - - - - -

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cha smRtiyA~ zrI zivasahAya caturvedI san 1906 yA 10 kI bAta hai / uma samaya meM kesalI meM mAsTara thA / disambara kI chuTTI meM ghara zrAyA thA / abhI taka premIjI se merI ghaniSTatA nahI huI thI / sAdhAraNa paricaya mAtra thA / eka dina sandhyA samaya maine dekhA ki bAz2Ara kI eka dahalAna meM premIjI ko ghere hue bahuta se mAsTara baiThe hai aura kucha likha rahe haiM / kautUhalavaza maiM bhI vahA~ jA phuNcaa| mAlUma huA, premIjI bambaI se Aye hai / kucha dina yahA~ raheMge / mAsTaro ke Agraha para prati-dina ba~galA bhASA sikhAyA kreNge| isa samAcAra ne mujhe harSa-viSAda ke gambhIra Avarta meM DAla diyA / harSa isa bAta kA ki eka naI bhASA sIkhane kA avasara hai / viSAda isalie ki mai isa avasara se lAbha uThAne meM asamartha thA / merI chuTTI samApta ho cukI thI aura mujhe dUsare dina prAta kAla kesalI jAnA thaa| maine apanI abhilASA aura kaThinAI premIjI ko kaha sunAI / kaThinAI kI isa viSama gutthI ko eka sudakSa puruSa kI nAI unhone tatkAla sulajhA diyA / ba~galA bhASA ke 'sAhitya' nAmaka patra kI eka phAila unake sAmane rakkhI thI / use merI cora baDhAte hue unhone kahA, " prApa ise le jAie / mai ba~galA varNamAlA kI pahicAna karAye detA hU~ / bAkI abhyAsa se Apa svaya sIkha jAveMge / " phAila lekara maiM usake panne idhara-udhara palaTane lagA / moTe-moTe zIrSaka ke akSaroM meM premIjI ne batalAyA ki dekho, yaha a hai, yaha kha aura yaha bha / ityAdi / premIjI batalAte gaye aura meM peMsila se una para hindI meM likhatA gayA / dUsare dina maiM kesalI calA gyaa| thoDe hI dina ke abhyAsa se maiM usa phAila ke lekha paDhane lagA / abhyAsa se kucha-kucha matalaba bhI samajha meM Ane lagA / jaba kisI zabda kA artha mAlUma na paDatA taba usa zabda ko ghaTo khojatA ki vaha kahA~ aura kisa artha meM AyA hai / isa taraha usake zabdo, vibhaktiyoM Adi se paricita hotA gayA / eka mahIne pIche maine premajI ko baMgalA meM eka patra likhA / ve usa samaya bambaI pahu~ca cuke the / premIjI kI dUkAna ke sAjhIdAra zrI chaganamala bAkalIvAla ko bahuta samaya bagAla meM rahane kA avasara milA thaa| ve ba~galA acchI taraha likha aura bola sakate the / unhone mere patra kA uttara ba~galA meM diyA / mere parizrama kI sarAhanA karate hue unhone ba~galA kI tIna-cAra gadya-padya kI pustakeM mere abhyAsa ke lie bheja dI kucha samaya pIche maine premIjI kI dI huI 'sAhitya' kI phAila meM se 'kaJchukA', 'jayamAlA' Adi galpo kA anuvAda karake unake pAsa bhejA / ye galpeM 'jaina - hitaiSI' mAsikapatra me prakAzita huI aura pazcAt 'hindI- anya - ratnAkara - kAryAlaya' se prakAzita 'phUlo kA gucchA' nAmaka kahAnI-saMgraha meM bhI sammilita / kI gaI / X 'X X I madhya-pradeza ke tatkAlIna cIpha kamiznara beJjAmana rAbarTasana daure para devarI A rahe the / yaha san 1918 kI bAta hai| unakI rasada ke intajAma ke nAma para tahasIla ke sipAhiyoM ne devarI tathA nikaTavartI dehAto meM khUba lUTa macA rakkhI thI / lakaDI, ghAsa, khATa palaga, bartana Adi aneka vastue~ sagraha kI jA rahI thI / gADI-baila, bhaiMse begAra meM dasa-pandraha dina pahale se hI pakar3e jA rahe the / sipAhI logo ke ghara jA khaDe hote aura yadi unake hAtha garama na kara diye jAte to ve unakI vastue~ balAt le jAte the / sAhava bahAdura ke cale jAne ke pazcAt rasada kA bacA huA sAmAna nIlAma kiyA gayA / sthAnIya halavAiyo ko khUba khovA becA gyaa| usa samaya saubhAgya se premIjI devarI Aye hue the / garIba logo kI yaha tavAhI unase na dekhI gii| unhoMne isa viSaya meM "devarI meM nAdirazAhI, cIpha kamiznara kA daurA aura prajA kI tabAhI" zIrSaka eka lekha 'pratApa' meM bheja diyA / lekha chapate hI aphasaro meM khalabalI maca gii| tahasIladAra aura choTe sAhava dauDe Aye / tahaqIqAta kI gaI / lekha likhane vAle para mukaddamA calAne kI

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46 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha dhamakI bhI dI gii| para bAta saca thii| becAre kyA karate ? anta meM ucita mAvajA dekara logoM ko zAnta kara diyaa| kucha sipAhI barakhAsta kara diye gaye aura pravandhakartA tahasIladAra kI badalI ho gaI / devarI ke itihAsa meM isa taraha ke rAjakarmacAriyoM kI jyAdatI kA pratirodha samAcAra-patra dvArA karane kA yaha pahalA hI avasara thaa| x premIjI vidhavA-vivAha ke samarthaka hai| unhone jaina-samAja meM isake pracAra ke lie samaya-samaya para yatheSTa Andolana kiyA hai / unake laghu bhrAtA seTha nanhelAla jI kI patnI kA svargavAsa ho jAne para unhone 6 disambara 1928 ko unakA vivAha hanotiyA grAma-nivAsI eka vAIsa varSIya paravAra-vidhavA ke sAtha karake apane vidhavA-vivAha-viSayaka vicAro ko amalI rUpa diyaa| usa samaya virodhiyo ne virodha karane meM kucha kasara nahI raksI / jaina-jAti ke mukhiyo ko vivAha meM bhAga lene se rokA gayA, satyAgraha karane taka kI dhamakI dI gaI, para premIjI ke adamya utsAha aura kartavyazIlatA ke kAraNa virodhiyo kI kucha dAla na glii| vivAha sAgara me cakarAghATa para eka susajjita maDapa ke nIce kiyA gayA thaa| cAra-pAMca hajAra AdamI ekatra hue the| sAgara ke prAya sabhI vakIla, jaina jAti ke bahu-sakhyaka mukhiyA aura sAgara ke bahuta se pratiSThita vyakti isa vivAha meM sammilita hue the| jaina-arjana vIso vaktApro ke vidhavA-vivAha ke samarthana meM bhASaNa hue| vivAha ke pazcAt devarI meM premIjI ne 12 disambara ko eka prIti-bhoja diyaa| umI dina sthAnIya myUnisipailiTI ke adhyakSa pa0 gopAlarAva dAmale bI0 e0, ela-ela0 vI0 kI adhyakSatA me ukta vidhavA-vivAha kA abhinandana karane ke lie eka sArvajanika sabhA kI gii| sabhA me saiyyada amIraalI 'mIra', dazarathalAla zrIvAstava, zivasahAya caturvedI, buddhilAla zrAvaka, brajabhUSaNalAla jI caturvedI aura nAthUrAma jI premI ke bhASaNa hue / sabhApati mahodaya ne aitihAsika pramANo ke dvArA vidhavA-vivAha kA samarthana kiyA aura sabhA visarjita huii| kahane kA tAtparya yaha ki svargIya saiyyada amIraalI 'mIra' aura zrI nAthUrAma jI premI ke satsaga se devarInivAsiyo meM vidyAbhiruci tathA anyAya ke prati virodha karane kA sAhasa utpanna huaa| premIjI ke 'prajA ko tabAhI vAle lekha ke pazcAt sthAnIya adhikAriyo kI svecchAcAritA aura anyAya ke viruddha bahuta me lekha likhe gaye, jisake phalasvarUpa anyAya kI kamI huI aura aneka yuvako meM kavitA karane tathA sAhityika lekha likhane kI ruci utpanna huii| devarI - - -

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svAvalambI premI jI zrI lAlacandra vI0 seThI lagabhaga,san 1912 kI bAta hai, jaba prathama bAra vambaI meM zrI premIjI se merI bheTa huii| usa samaya 'jana-grantharatnAkara-kAryAlaya kA kArya-sacAlana karate hue unhone 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya kA bhI kArya prArambha kara diyA thA aura usa samaya taka 'svAdhInatA' va 'phUlo kA gucchA' ye do pustakeM prakAzita bhI ho cukI thii| una dino premIjI vaDI yogyatA ke sAtha 'jana-hitaiSI' kA sampAdana kara rahe the| mai use vaDI ruci se paDhatA thaa| jitane samaya taka premIjI ne isa patra kA sampAdana kiyA, vaDI nirbhIkatA aura vicAra-svAtantrya ke sAtha kiyaa| 'jana-hitaiSI' kI phAilo meM unake yuga-sandeza-vAhaka tathA yuktipUrNa lekha Aja bhI paDhane yogya hai / premIjI kI unnata vicArazIlatA, caritra-niSThA aura sudhAraka manovRtti kA paricaya hameM unakI lekhanI se likhe gaye lekho meM barAbara milatA hai| . 'jainiyoM meM sarva-prathama zrI premIjI ne hI jaina-itihAsa para kalama utthaaii| unhone apane gambhIra aura vizAla adhyayana ke dvArA jaina-prAcAryoM kA paricaya prakAzita karanA prArambha kiyaa| dhIre-dhIre ve unakA samaya-nirNaya karane lage aura vAda ko to ve eka pUre itihAsajJa hI vana gye| Aja samAja meM jaina-itihAsa kI jo itanI vizada carcA dikhAI detI hai, usakA pradhAna zreya premIjI ko hI hai| 'zrI mANikacandra-granthamAlA' kA prArambha eka choTI-sI pUMjI se huA thA, para premIjI ne apanI kuzalatA aura avizrAnta parizrama se lagabhaga paitAlIsa alabhya aura anupama grantho kA prakAzana kara unheM sarvatra sulabha kara diyA hai| Aja se tIsa varSa pUrva saskRta-prAkRta grantho kI hasta-likhita prAcIna pratiyoM kA prApta karanA, unakI presa-kApI karAnA, chapAI kI vyavasthA karanA, prUpha-sazodhana karanA Adi kitanA gurutara kArya thA, yaha bhuktabhogI logo se avidita nahI hai| magara apanI saccI lagana aura dRDha adhyavasAya ke dvArA premIjI ne isa dizA meM eka Adarza upasthita kiyaa| umIse preraNA pAkara Aja aneko granthamAlAe~ cAlU hai / 'mANikacandra-granthamAlA' ke avaitanika mantrI hote hue bhI premIjI ne ni svArthabhAvaM aura kevala prAcIna grantho ke uddhAra ko dRSTi meM rakhakara itane mitavyaya se isakA kArya kiyA hai ki jisakA dUsarA udAharaNa milanA kaThina hai| premIjI prAtma-prazasA aura prasiddhi se sadaiva dUra rahe hai, yahA~ taka ki maine unheM kabhI kisI sabhA-sosAiTI meM jAte yA sabhApati banate aura vyAkhyAna dete hue nahI dekhA / para jo bhI vyakti nijI taura para unase milA, unhone usase baDI spaSTatA aura Thosa yuktiyo ke sAtha zAntipUrvaka apane vicAro kA pratipAdana kiyaa| premIjI ne jisa bAta yA vicAra ko saca samajhA, vinA kisI sakoca ke spaSTa kahA aura likhaa| vyaktigata virodha yA bahiSkAra kI unhone kabhI koI cintA nahIM kI aura na usake kAraNa unhone apane vicAro ko davAyA hii| ___'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya' se Aja taka mAM sau se bhI Upara pustakeM prakAzita ho cukI hai| uname kaI-eka pustakeM to bilakula navIna lekhako kI hai| premIjI ne navIna lekhako ko sadaiva protsAhana diyA hai / bahuta sI pustako me bhASA, bhAva, anuvAda Adi kI dRSTi se paryApta sazodhana svaya karate hue bhI unhone sArA zreya lekhaka ko hI diyA hai / sazodhaka yA sampAdaka ke rUpa meM apanA pUrNa adhikAra hote hue bhI unhone kabhI kisI pustaka para apanA nAma nahI diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki unake kAryAlaya kI nindA Aja taka kisI lekhaka se sunane meM nahI AI, pratyuta sva0 zrI premacandra jI, zrI bakhzI jI, zrI jainendrakumAra jI Adi ke dvArA premIjI ke khare, para premamaya nirmala vyavahAra kI prazasA hI sunane ko milI hai| premIjI ke yahAM se jitanI pustakeM prakAzita huI hai, ve saba chapAI, saphAI, sazuddhi, kAgaja, rUpa-raga Adi kI dRSTi se sarvottama rahI hai| zarat-sAhitya-mAlA, muzI-sAhitya, Adi jo sastI mAlAe~

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premI-abhinadana-praya 40 premIjI ne prakAzita kI hai, ve hindI ke lie hI nahIM, apitu anya bhASAno ke lie bhI Adarza hai| uttama vicAro ke pracAra kI dRSTi se premIjI ne ina granya-mAlAo kA prArambha kiyA thaa| gata varSoM meM mujhe bambaI aneka vAra jAnA par3A hai aura mai pratyeka pravAsa meM premIjI se mile vagaira nahI rahA hai| maine unheM naye lekhako ko sadaiva satparAmarza dete aura utsAha ke sAtha unakA mArga-pradarzana karate hue dekhA hai| mai java-java unase milane gayA hU~, ve apanA saba kAma choDakara baDe prema ke sAtha mile hai| vividha viSayo para ghaTo vicAra-vinimaya hotA rahA hai| unake vicAra mujhe hindI aura agrejI ke baDe-baDe vicAraka vidvAno se bhI ucca pratIta hue| unake vicAro kI dUradarzitA kA isIse patA laga sakatA hai ki jina vAto ko unhone Aja se paccIsa-tIsa varSa pUrva kahA yA likhA thA, ve Aja kAryarUpa meM pariNata ho rahI hai| premIjI apane vicAro ke svaya Adarza hai| yadi unhone kabhI 'vidhavA-vivAha' kA samarthana kiyA to svaya apane choTe bhAI zrI nanhelAla kA sarvaprathama usI prakAra vivAha kara dikhaayaa| premIjI kA dhyeya 'hindI-granya-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya kA sacAlana, navIna sAhitya kA adhyayana aura sarjana, purAne sAhitya kI zova, navIna lekhako ko protsAhana, Agantuko ko satparAmarza denA eva svaya satya kA anveSaNa karate rahanA hai| Aja isa uttarAvasthA meM apane ekamAtra putra ke cira-viyoga jaise vajrAghAta ke hone para bhI ve apanA adhyayana varAvara karate rahate hai aura nita naI khojo se jaina-prAcAryoM kA itihAsa prakAza meM lAkara jana-sAhitya kA bhaDAra bhara rahe haiN| vigata varSoM meM java-java premIjI se milA tava-tava unake suputra sva0 hemacandra se bhI milA huuN| vaha apane pitA ke samAna adhyayanazIla, sarala aura nizchala thaa| vividha viSayo ko paDhane aura likhane kI ruci Adi aneka aise guNa the, jo usane apane pitA se prApta kiye the| yadi vaha jIvita rahatA to ni sandeha suyogya pitA kA suyogya putra nikalatA, para daivagati ke sAmane kisakI calatI hai! premIjI svAvalamvI aura apane pairo khaDe hone vAle vyakti hai / unhone bahuta choTI-sI pUMjI se pustakaprakAzana kA kArya prArambha kiyA thaa| Aja unake adamya utsAha, saccI lagana, anavarata parizrama aura kartavya-parAyaNatA se unake kAryAlaya ko sacamuca 'hindI-grantha-ratnAkara' kahalAne kA gaurava prApta hai| mujhe Aja lagAtAra unase milate hue tIsa varSa ho gae, magara unhoMne pAna taka kabhI kisI prakAra ke nijI svArya kA prastAva nahIM rkkhaa| yaha vizeSatA maiMne bahuta kama vyaktiyo meM pAI hai| merI samajha se svAvalambI hokara dUsaro kI sevA karanA hI saccI samAjasevA hai| aise Adarza sAhitya-sevI aura samAja-hitaiSI vyakti ke sammAna meM jo bhI kRtajJatA prakaTa kI jAya, thoDI hai| ujjana ] - - - - - - X

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vi nU aura Adarza prakAzaka zrI bhAnukumAra jaina merI dhAraNA hai ki jo prakAzaka yA pustaka vikretA sAhityika nahI hai, vaha saphala pablizara athavA bukaselara nahI ho sakatA / pustaka-vyavasAya ko mai rASTra yA samAja kA vikAma karana vAlA dhanvA mAnatA hU~ / durbhAgya se ava yaha dhanvA anaitika ho gayA hai / yenakena prakAreNa paisA kamAnA hI isakA dhyeya raha gayA hai / mujhe harpa hai ki merI AMkho ke sAmane eka aisA vyakti hai, jo prakAzana ke isa kSudratApUrNa uddezya ko apane zrAcaraNa meM nahI grAne detA, jo kharca karane meM pratyanta makocazIla hai, para rupaye kA kaisA bhI pralobhana use apanI ImAnadArI se nahI DigA sakatA | vaDe-se-baDA vyakti bhI yadi usase kahatA hai, "bhAI, rupaye le lo, lAgata bhI hamArI aura baDhiyA-sebaDhiyA chapAI karo, para hamArI kitAva apane yahA~ se prakAzita kara do" to vaha uttara meM cupacApa pANDulipi lauTAkara vinayapUrvaka apanI zrasamarthatA prakaTa kara detA hai / maiM nita apanI A~kho detA hU~ aura dAve ke sAtha kahatA hU~ ki premIjI kI kamAI kA eka-eka paisA ImAnadArI kA paisA hai | prakAzana meM unakA vejA svAyaM kabhI nahI rahA aura zravasaravAditA kA Azraya lekara unhone kabhI bhI lAbha nahI uThAyA / ve rAtadina parizrama karate haiM / kimI bhI mahAn lekhaka yA anuvAdaka kI kRti kyo na ho, svaya javataka zabda mUla se milAkara sazodhita, parimArjita aura zuddha nahI kara lete tabataka koI bhI pANDulipi presa meM nahI jAtI / kisI racanA ko svIkAra bhI taba karate hai, jaba vaha unakI apanI kasauTI para kharI utara AtI hai| bar3e nAmo ke prati unheM koI zrAkarSaNa nahIM haiM aura pasanda A jAya to sAdhAraNa lekhaka kI cIja bhI svIkAra karane meM unheM jhijhaka nahI hotI | hindI ke mAne hue zrAcAryo aura vidvAno kI racanAe~ kasauTI para kharI na utarane ke kAraNa unhone lauTA dI aura una granthakAro ke kopabhAjana bane / vyaktigata rUpa me aise Adamiyo dvArA premIjI kI zrAlocanA sunane meM A jAtI hai, para ye mahAnubhAva yaha nahI socate ki premIjI ke isa svagya aura niSpakSa dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa hI hindI kI prakAzanasamyAzro meM 'hindI-grantha- ratnAkara' sarvazreSTha prakAzana saMsthA mAnI jAtI hai / premIjI ne bhartI ke grantha nahI chApe / svaya hI hara kitAva ke prUpha dekhe haiM / pustako kI chapAI -saphAI meM bAz2Ara kA dhyAna rakhakara unhone grADambarayukta sajAvaTa kI bAta kabhI nahI socI / yaha to huA unakA vyAvasAyika pahalU / zrava eka dUsarA pahalU zrIra dekhe / premIjI jaina vidvAn hai / 'jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa' meM unake ve khoja - samvandhI lekha hai, jinake lie Aja se tIsa varSaM pUrva utanI sAmagrI sulabha nahIM thI, jitanI zrAja hai / zrAja to vidvAn loga bhI premIjI ke ina lekho kA sahArA lete hai / 'mahAkavi svayambhU' ko prakAza me lAne kA zreya mahApaDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ko diyA jAtA hai, lekina zrAja se paccIsa varSa pUrvaM do lekha premIjI ne usake bAre meM 'jaina- hitaiSI' meM likha diye the, jo unakI 'jaina sAhitya zrIra itihAsa' pustaka meM sakalita hai| yadi prakAzana ke kArya meM hI premIjI kA samaya na calA gayA hotA to nizcaya hI ve svayaM apanI bahuta-sI mUlyavAna racanAo se hindI sAhitya kI abhivRddhi kara sakate the / kauTumbika dukho se premIjI pisa gaye hai| ikalotA, nirbhIka, caritravAna aura vidvAn veTA hemacandra cala vasA / usake pahale premIjI kI patnI kI mRtyu ho gaI thii| isa para zvA~sa jaba-taba parezAna kara DAlatA hai / anavarata parizrama aura adhyayana ne bhI premIjI ke svAsthya ko bahuta kSati pahu~cAI hai, para unake manovala, satat 7

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premI abhinaMdana graMtha 50 jAgarUkatA ke sakalpa aura do choTe potoM ne unheM jIvita rakkhA hai aura mAnasika dRDhatA se ve asvasthatA para vijaya pAye hue haiN| hamArI kAmanA hai ki premIjI abhI bahuta dino taka apane paripakva anubhava tathA jJAna ke dvArA hamArA mArgapradarzana karate raheM / bambaI] hArdika kAmanA zrI mAnA varerakara vagIya aura gurjara bhASA meM se cunindA sAhitya hindI bhASiyoM ko sulabha kara dene ke kArya meM jinhoMne apanA sarvasva de diyA tathA jinhone pratyata suvIdha hindI bhASA meM cune hue sAhitya-praya zranuvAdita karAkara sarvasAdhAraNa pAThaka ko sante mUlya meM prApya karA diye aura isa prakAra svAyaMtyAgapUrNa pustaka prakAzana-vyavasAya calAyA, yuddha se utpanna bhayAnaka paristhiti meM bhI jinhone marAThI yA anya prakAzako kI bhAti apanI pustako kI kImate bahuta adhika nahIM vaDhAI aura apane grAhakoM ko aisI dazA meM bhI satuSTa rakhane kA prayatna kiyA, aura isa prakAra hiMdI bhASA kA vaibhava tathA hiMdI bhASiyoM ke sAhityaprema ko jinhone upayukta rIti se baDhAyA - aise zrI nAthUrAma 'premI' ko dIrghAyurArogya prApta ho, aisI hRdaya se kAmanA karatA hU / mere mitra sva0 zaraccaMdra caTTopAdhyAya kA sAhitya hiMdI meM anUdita kara unhoMne bagalA tathA hiMdI dono bhASAoM para jo upakAra kiyA hai, vaha vADmaya ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se amUlya hai / usI bhAti bhASA kA adhikRta vAGmaya hiMdI bhASiyo ko suparicita karA dene kI ora bhI AgAmI kAla meM unakA dhyAna prAkRSTa ho, aisI meM zrAzA pradarzita karatA hU |

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itihAsakAra 'premIjI' zrI0 go0 khuzAla jaina ema0 e0 __ pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA yaha Aropa thA ki bhAratIya vidvAno meM aitihAsika cetanA nahI thii| prata unakI kRtiyo ke AdhAra para kisI vaza, paramparA, sthAna Adi kA itihAsa tayAra nahI kiyA jA sktaa| itanA hI nahIM, una lekhako ke prAmANika jIvana-carita bhI unakI racanAoM ke AdhAra para nahI likhe jA sakate / lekina videzI tathA bhAratIya purAtattva-vizAradI kI satat sAdhanA se udbhUta gambhIra aura sUkSma zodho ne ukta kathana kI nissAratA ko hI siddha nahIM kiyA hai, apitu prAcIna bhArata kA sarvAGga sundara rAjanaitika eva sAskRtika itihAsa bhI prastuta kara diyA hai| bhArata kI prAcIna saMskRtiyo meM se anyatama jaina-saskRti ke aitihAsika anuzIlana ke lie jina vidvAno ne mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai, unameM premIjI kA UMcA sthAna hai| premIjI ke sAhityika jIvana kA sUtrapAta kucha Age-pIche 'janahitapI' ke sampAdakatva, 'mANikacandra granyamAlA' ke mantritva aura "hindI-granya-ralAkara kAryAlaya' ke svAmitva ke anumaga se huA hai| unakI cintA maulika, talaspI aura udAra hai| ataeva ve 'janahitapI' meM usa samaya kI prathA ke anusAra cAlU vastu dekara hI apane sampAdakIya dAyitva kI itizrI nahI kara ske| isa yuga kA pradhAna lakSaNa yuktivAda unheM pratyeka pariNAma aura mAnyatA kI gaharAI meM praveza karane kI preraNA karatA thaa| unhone jabalapura meM hue sAtaveM hindI sAhitya-sammelana me 'jaina-hindI-sAhitya" zIrSaka nivandha paDhA thaa| yaha nivandha unakI zodhaka vRtti kA paricaya dene ke lie paryApta hai| imase spaSTa hai ki premIjI ne prArambha se hI apane dRSTikoNa ko vaijJAnika tayA kAlakramAnugata banAne ke lie athaka parizrama kiyA tayA isa dizA meM lekhanI calAne ke pahale vividha zAstra-bhaDAro meM baiTha kara bahumUlya sAmagrI sakalita kii| 'mANikacandra-granya-mAlA' ke sacAlana ne unakI jijJAmA ko aura bhI prakhara kara diyA thaa| hasta-likhita granyoM ko kevala chapavA kara nikAla dene meM hI premIjI ko koI rasa na thA, goki janasamAja meM prakAzana kI yaha paddhati pahale thI hI nahIM, Aja jo hai| unakI jAgarUka cetanA una prAcAryoM ke sthAna, pUrvaja, guru, kAla, sahakarmI, prazasaka tathA racanAo ko jAnane ke lie vyAkula ho uThI, jinake pratyeka vacana meM sasAra kI ulajhI gutthiyo ko sulajhAne ke upAya hai| isa mAnasika bhUkha ko zAnta karane ke lie jaba premIjI ne purAtattva kI ora dRSTi pherI hogI to vividha sAhitya se paripUrNa nAnA zAstra-bhaDAro, devAlayo, mUrtiyo, zilAlekho, tAmrapatro, paTTAvaliyo, lokoktiyo Adi vizAla sAmagrI ko dekha kara avazya hI kucha kSaNoM ke lie ve dvividhA me paDa gaye hoge| lekina kaThinAiyo se ghabarAnA unake svabhAva ke viruddha hai| ata: dhairyapUrvaka sayata bhAva se usa vipula sAmagrI kA adhyayana karake unhone prAcAryoM kA paricaya dene para apanA dhyAna kendrita kiyaa| isake bAda jana-samAja meM prakAzana kA eka nayA yuga prArambha huA, jisakA zreya 'mANikacandra-anyamAlA' ko aura usake karNadhAra premIjI ko hI hai| magalAcaraNa, guru tayA zreSTha puruSo ke smaraNa aura udAharaNa svarUpa Aye puruSo ke ullekha tathA prazastiyo ke prAmANika eva pAlakArika varNana meM premIjIne kamAla kara dikhaayaa| sAhitya samAjodbhUta hote hue bhI usakI jIvana-dhArA kA akSaya srota hai| ataeva usameM Aye vividha sAskRtika viSaya bhI premIjI kI painI dRSTi se nahIM baca ske| phalasvarUpa unhone aneka prakAra kI aitihAsika racanAeM kI, jinheM suvidhA ke vicAra se do bhAgo meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-(a) janasAhitya kA itihAma tathA (mA) sphuTa jaina-sAskRtika itihAsa / "jana hitaiSI' pra0 12 pu0, 541-568, pra0 13 pR0 10-35

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premI-abhinadana-pratha pU2 jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa-jainasAhitya kA bhaNDAra atyanta samRddha hai| ata yaha dekha kara Azcarya hotA hai ki premIjI ne (1) sAhityakAro ke itihAsa, (2) grantho kA vizeSa adhyayana tathA (3) katipaya grantho kI vyApaka tulanA karane ke lie paryApta samaya kahA~ se nikAlA.hogA! isa para bhI vizeSatA yaha ki premIjI kI lekhanI ne eka-do viSaya ke vidvAno ke hI zabda-citra nahI khIce hai, apitu dharmazAstrI, naiyAyika, vaiyAkaraNa, samAlocaka tathA sraSTA kavi, purANa-nirmAtA, TIkAkAra, AyurvedazAstrI, tAntrika Adi sabhI ke caritra unakI zodha aura lekhanI ke sahAre mUrtimAna hue hai| ___sAhityakAro kA itihAsa-'kavi caritAvalI' sarva prathama vidvadratnamAlA' ke rUpa meM prakAza meM AI thii| imameM purANakAra mahAkavi jinasena guNabhadra, dharmazAstrI AzAghara tathA amitagati, sarvazAstra cakravartI vAdirAja, nATakakAra malliSeNa tathA naiyAyiko ke dIkSAguru svAmI samantabhadra ke jIvana sakalita hai| ina nivandho meM premIjI ne pratyeka AcArya kI janmabhUmi, vidyAsthala tathA grantha nirmANa kSetra kA varNana kiyA hai, vividha sroto ke sahAre pUrvajo kA paricaya diyA hai aura unakA samaya-nirdhAraNa kiyA hai| sAtha hI unakI prApya-aprApya racanAo kA bhI paricaya diyA hai| tatpazcAt yaha dhArA 'jana-hitaSI' tathA anya zodhaka patro ke lekho tathA granthamAlA ke granyo kI bhUmikA ke spa me pravAhita huii| phalasvarUpa AcArya vIrasena', amRtacandra, zivArya, amitagati, pAzAdhara Adi dharmazAstrakAra vidvAno ke itihAsa nirmita hue hai| AcArya vIrasena kI kRtiyAM jisa prakAra mahattvapUrNa hai, usI prakAra unake sambandha kI jo sAmagrI premIjI ne sakalita kI hai, vaha bhI, vizAla aura bahuupayogI hai| paDitAcArya AzAdhara jI ke viSaya meM premIjI ne jo kucha likhA hai, vaha unake pADitya para hI prakAza nahI DAlatA, apitu anya lekhako ke lie upayogI sAmagrI bhI upasthita karatA hai| unhone adhyAtma-rahasya, yogazAstra, rAjamitI vipralambha Adi sabhI viSayo para saphalatApUrvaka lekhanI calAI thii| svAmI samantabhadra, AcArya prabhAcandra, devasenasUri, anantakIrti Adi naiyAyika the| premIjI ke lekho ko dekhane para inakI vidvattA kA mAnacitra sAmane A jAtA hai| AcArya prabhAcandra ne sabhI viSayo para likhA hai, kintu unakI kIrti-patAkA nyAya ke grantho para hI laharAtI hai| , AcArya jinasena,, guNabhadra," cAmuNDarAya' Adi apane samaya kI anupama vibhUtiyAM thii| inakA prabhAva kevala sAhityika kSetra meM hI nahIM pratiphalita huA thA, apitu sarvavyApI thaa| prAcArya jinasena kI purANa-nirmANa zailI to zatiyo taka purANa-nirmAtAo ke lie Adarza thii| AcArya puSpadanta" tathA vimalasUri" ne prAkRta 'vambaI, janamitra kAryAlaya, 1912 janahitaiSI 1911 janahitaiSI 1920 "anekAnta 1931 'janahitaiSI 1608 'janahitaiSI 1906 "vidvadratnamAlA pR0 156 'anekAnta 1941 'janahitaiSI 1921 janahitaiSI 1915 "janahitaiSI 1911 janahitaiSI 1916 "janasAhitya sazodhaka 1923 janasAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 272

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53 itihAsakAra 'premIjI' bhASA meM purANo kI racanA karake jana-sAdhAraNa ke lie dharmakathA ko mArga khola diyA thaa| dinodina prakAza me Ane vAlI kRtiyA~ inake sAhityika kSetra ko vistRta hI karatI jA rahI hai| inake tathA svayabhU, tribhuvana svayabhU prabhRti prAkRta kaviyo ke viSaya meM jo kucha likhA gayA hai usame patA calatA hai ki premIjI ne apabhraza bhApAno kA kitanA mUkSma adhyayana kiyA hai| premIjI ke udyoga se hI kavi caturmukha' kI sthiti spaSTa ho sakI hai| apabhraza ke adhyayana-mArga ke to premIjI eka prakAra me pravartaka hI hai| kavirAja haricandra, vAdabhisiMha,' dhanajaya, mahAsena, jayakIti, vAgbhaTa Adi kavi the| inakI racanAeM maskRta sAhitya kI amUlya niviyA~ hai / jahA~ dhanajaya kA 'dvisandhAna kAvya' samasta kaviyo ko nirastra kara detA hai, vahAM haricandra kA 'dharmagarmAbhyudaya' saralatA se " santi trayo guNa" ko caritArtha karatA hai| pUjyapAda devanandi' tayA muni zAkaTAyana' zabdazAstrI the| malliSeNa" tathA vAdicandra' nATakakAra th| TIkAkAra zrutasAgara", nItivAkyAmRta ke racayitA momadevasUri" tayA prAdhyAtmarasavettA AcArya zubhacandra" apane Dhaga ke nirAle vidvAna the| inakI kRtiyAM apane-apane viSaya kI anupama racanAeM hai / ina sava ko prakAza meM lAne kA zreya premIjI ko hI hai| anya paricaya-kitane hI saskRta tayA prAkRta granyo kA gambhIra adhyayana karake premIjI ne unakA mahattva prakaTa kiyaa| isa prakAra ke adhyayana kI badaulata hI ArAdhanA' kI aneka TIkAeM prakAzita huI hai| 'nItivAkyAmRta' kA anuzIlana kevala premIjI kI udAra mamAlocaka vRtti kA hI paricAyaka nahIM hai, apitu anya kI mahattA ko bhI suspaSTa kara detA hai| unhone isakI kauTilya ke arthazAstra ke sAtha jo tulanA kI hai, vaha to apane Dhaga kI eka hI hai| isI prakAra lokavibhAga tiloyapaNNatti tayA jambUdvIpa paNNatti ke vizleSaNa jainAcAryoM kI tIkSNa bhaugolika abhiruci ke paricAyaka hai| premIjI kI bahumukhI sAhityika eva aitihAsika pravRttiyo kA isa lekha meM vistRta paricaya denA sambhava nhii| prApya, aprakAzita tathA aprApya grantho kA paricaya dekara unhone sAhitya kI mahAna sevA kI hai| ve kevala saskRta tayA prAkRta ke kaviyo ko hI khyAti meM nahIM lAye hai, karNATaka Adi prAntIya bhASAo ke kaviyo ko bhI unhone prakAzita kiyA hai / ataeva premIjI kI kRtiyo ko sva0 viNTaranitya ke jaina-sAhitya ke itihAsa" kA pUraka hI nahI, parivarddhaka bhI kahanA ucita hI hogaa| 'janasAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 370 jainasAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 472 'kSatracUNAmaNi (bhUmikA) 1910 "janasAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 464 "janasAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 123 'anekAnta 1931 "janasAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 482 'janahitaiSI 1921 'janahitaiSI 1916 "vidvadratnamAlA pR0 154 "janasAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 267 11 janahitaiSI 1921 "janasAhitya sazodhaka 1923 "anekAnta 1940 "janahitaiSI 1917 "janasAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 251 "hisTrI oNva iNDiyana liTarecara kalakattA vi0 vi0 1933 "karNATaka jaina kavi, bambaI 1914 pahisTrI prAva iNDiyana liTarecara / vi0vi1933

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54 premI-abhinadana-graMtha ___sTa tAskRtika itihAsa kI ora dRSTipAta karane para jJAta hotA hai ki premIjI ne saskRti ke inegine pago kA hI popaNa nahIM kyiA hai, balki tIrthakSetra, vaza, gotra Adi ke nAmo kA vikAsa tathA vyutpatti, prAcArasAla ke nipano kA bhAgya vividha saMskAro kA vicAra, dAnika mAnyatAo kA vizleSaNa Adi sabhI viSayo kA aitihAnika dRSTi se vivecana kyiA hai| "hamAre tIrthakSetra", "dakSiNa ke tIrthakSetra tathA "tIrthoM ke jhagaDo para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra " ina nivanyo ke dvArA paurANika varNana, nirvANakANDa, zilAlekha, pratiSNaprazasti, tIrthamAlA gadi upalabdha nAmatrI ke AdhAra para premIjI ne tIyoM kI tIrthatA kA kAraNa, unake bheda, mUla sthAna tathA prAcInatA kA vizada vivecana kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, aitihAsika vikAna kI dhArA kA nirUpaNa karake yaha bhI siddha kara diyA hai ki unake lie jhagaDanA saskRti-virodhI hI nahIM hai, sarvayA nissAra bhI hai| ___ siMghaI, siAI, saghavI, sI, sAdhu, sAhu', patipalI ke samAna nAma' Adi TippaNiyAM jitanI rocaka hai usase adhika pava-pradarzaka bhI haiN| unase gotra Adi ke zuddha jainasvalpa ko samajhane kI preraNA milatI hai| pariraha parimANa ke dAsa-dAniyo kA prakhara parIkSaNa, jainadharma ko anIzvaravAditA kA poSaNa tathA yajJopavIta aura jainadharma kA sambandha-vicAra premIjI kI parizramapUrNa khoja ke ghotaka hai| __ AcAryoM ke samaya, sthAna, preraka, zrotA, Adi ke vivecana ke prasana me premIjI ne aneka rAjAo, zilAlekho Adi kA ullekha kyiA hai| yayA-pAcArya jinatena ke sAtha bhaNDikula bhUSaNa mahArAja indrAyapa, rASTravazI zrI vallabha-govinda dvitIya, pratIhAravazI vatsarAja kA vivecana, muni zAkavAyana ke prakaraNa se mahArAja amoghavarSa tayA zaka rAjAoM kA nirUpaNa, paNDitAcArya AgAdhara jI ke sambandha meM paramAra vindhya varmA, sumaTa varmA, arjuna varmA, devapAla tathA jayasiMha dvitIya kA ullekha, bhAcArya somadeva ke anusaga se rASTrakUTa kRSNarAja tRtIya kI siMhala, cola, vara vijayo kA varNana, zrIcandra ke sAtha paramAra bhoja, AcArya prabhAcandra ke sAtha paramAra jayasiMha, mAdi kA vivecana / ina khojose kevala AcAryoM ke samaya tayA tyAna, Adi kA hI nirNaya nahIM huA hai, apitu ina AcAryoM ke nirdezo ke dvArA ina vazo ke itihAca kI aneka mAnyatAmro kA poSaNa, parivartana aura parivarddhana bhI humA hai| isa prakAra premIjI ne itihAsa kI bhI paryApta sevA kI hai| yApanIya sAhitya ke viSaya meM premIjI kI khole atyanta gambhIra aura pramANo se paripuSTa haiN| yApanIya saMgha ke prAramma, bheda, AcArya-ziSya paramparA Adi sabhI ago kA premI jI ne vividha dRSTiyo se vivecana kiyA hai| isake anunaga se pacastUpa, sena Adi aneka anvaya bhI prakAza meM A gaye haiN| 'jaina middhAnta bhAskara 1636 'anekAnta 1640 'jaina hitaiSI 1921 'jana sAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 540 'jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 541 'jana sAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 542 "jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 546 'jaina sAhitya aura itihAta pR0 562 'jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 526 "iNDiyana epTokvAyarI pra0 27, 1898, 67-81, 62-104, 122-136

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itihAsakAra 'premInI spaSTa hai ki premI jI kI pravRtti isa kSetra meM sarvatomukhI hai| itanA hone para bhI premIjI zuddha jijJAsu rahe hai| unheM kisI bhI mAnyatA meM pakSapAta nahIM hai| kisI bhI mAvana kA upayoga karate samaya unakI dRSTi vastu-sthiti para hI rahatI hai, apane abhISTa pariNAma para nhiiN| unake sabhI niSkarSa taTastha rahate hai| dRSTi udAra hai, isIlie jAti, dharma, dega, Adi kA vicAra unake anuzIlana ko kimI prakAra bhI prabhAvita nahIM krtaa| navIna sAmagrI ke prakAza meM ve apane prAcIna mantavyo ko sahaja hI parivartita kara dete hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki 'jaina-sAhitya tayA itihAsa, meM hama unakI adhikAma pUrva prakAzita racanAoM ko sarvathA nUtana tathA pariSkRta rUpa meM pAte hai| unakI sarala, suvodha aura sarasa zailI ne itihAsa jaise zuSka viSaya ko bhI rocaka banA diyA hai| premIjI kI ina kRtiyo se jaina-saskRti para to prakAga paDA hI hai, sAtha hI hindI-sAhitya bhI unase samRddha huA hai| pArA] "hindI-graMtha-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya dvArA prakAzita 1942

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premIjI kI dena 10 devakInandana premIjI se merA bahuta purAnA paricaya hai| mere vicAra se unake lekho se jana-janatA kI manovRtti meM jitanA parivartana huA hai, utanA anya kAraNo se nhiiN| unhoMne kisI bhI zikSA premI ko, cAhe vaha sudhAraka ho, athavA sthitipAlaka, apanI dRSTi se zikSA dene kA prayatna nahIM chodd'aa| unakA mata mAnya hotA hai yA nahIM, isakI unhone adhika cintA nahIM kii| apane mata kI puSTi sayata Dhaga se nirantara karate rahe hai| ina bAto se niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki premIjI apane vicAro meM dRDha hai aura prabhAvazAlI Dhaga se unakA pracAra karate hai| yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki ve apane vicAro kA bhASaNa dvArA nahI, balki vaiyaktika paricaya eva samparka dvArA dUsaro para prabhAva DAlate hai / jana-samAja meM zAyada hI koI aisA vidvAna ho, jisane premIjI ke samAna apanI svAbhAvika jinAmA eva prAmANikatA ke dvArA deza ke vidvAno me itanA nAma kamAyA ho| san 1907 meM premIjI apane pustaka-sambandhI kisI mAmale meM kAzI gaye the| mai bhI vahAM phuNcaa| usa samaya syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya ke chAtro ke samakSa bhASaNa dete hue premIjI ne kahA thA-kevala agejI paDha-likhakara hI koI suvAraka nahI bana sakatA / saccA sudhAraka to vahI ho sakatA hai, jo saskRti kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karake apane vicAro ko puSTa kre| Aja ke ye paDita loga kAlAntara meM sudhAraka bana jaayeNge| premIjI ke isa kathana ko itane varSa vAda Aja mai svaya apanI A~kho satya hote de premIjI kI sadA se yaha bhAvanA rahI hai ki vidyAlayo meM prAkRta aura apabhraza kA paThana-kama rakkhA jAya tathA ina bhASAoM ke vyAkaraNa eva koSa chapAye jaayeN| isase jijJAsuno ko jainAgamo kA rahasya samajhane meM vaDI sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| isa prayala meM premIjI ko pUrI saphalatA to nahI milI, lekina sAhitya-premiyo kA dhyAna bhASA aura vijJAna ke adhyayana kI ora avazya AkRSTa huA hai| premIjI ne apane jJAna kA arjana svaya kiyA hai| unake jIvana kI sabase baDI khUbI yahI hai ki ve prArambha se hI svAvalambI rahe hai aura sAtvika dRSTi se vividha viSayo kA adhyayana karake lagana aura parizrama ke mAtha unhone pAThako ko svastha mAnasika bhojana pradAna kiyA hai| kArajA]

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AbhAra muni jinavijaya suhRdvara premIjI ke sAtha merA prathama paricaya san 1912-13 ke lagabhaga patra-vyavahAra dvArA huaa| premIjI usa samaya 'janahitaiSI' nAmaka choTe-se hindI mAsika patra kA sampAdana karate the, jisameM jaina-itihAsa aura sAhitya-viSayaka lekha vizeSa Dhaga se likhe jAte the| mere prArambhika adhyayana kI ruci bhI inhI viSayo meM adhika thii| java se mujhe patA calA tava se maine premIjI dvArA sampAdita usa mAsika ko niyamita rUpa se paDhanA prArabha kara diyA aura usameM premIjI ke sAhitya eva itihAsa-sambandhI lekho ko manana-pUrvaka pacAne kA prayatna karane lagA / jyo-jyo premIjI ke lekha paDhatA thA, merI usa viSaya kI jijJAsA vaDhatI jAtI thii| mai bhI usa viSaya me kucha lekhana aura sazodhana karane kA manoratha karane lagA, para usa samaya merI tadviSayaka adhyayana-kSamatA bahuta hI svalpa thI aura usake baDhAne kI utkaTa abhilASA hone para bhI vaisI koI sAdhana-sAmagrI mujhe prApya nahI thI, lekina premIjI ke lekha paDha kara jaina-sAhitya aura itihAsa viSayaka lekha hindI meM likhane kI yogyatA prApta karanA mere jIvana kA dhyeya bana gayA aura maine yathAzakti eva yathAsAdhana apanI jJAna-sAdhanA kA lakSya-vindu usa dizA meM sthira kara liyaa| kasI abodhAvasthA meM premIjI ke lekho ne mujhe preraNA dI aura kisa prakAra mai apane jIvana-lakSya ke nikaTa pahuMcane kI svalpa yogyatA prApta kara sakA, isakA smRticitra mere mAnasa-paTa para, jaba mai premIjI ke bAre meM apane dIrghakAlIna smRti-citro kA siMhAvalokana karane baiThatA hU~ to sabase pahale uTha pAtA hai| mere hRdaya ke viziSTa kone me mere jIvana ke prArambha se hI premIjI ne kaisA mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta kara rakkhA hai, usakI spaSTa kalpanA karane ke lie yahAM kucha nijI bAteM akita karanA Avazyaka hai| maiM una dino sarvathA prathamAbhyAsI kI dazA meM thaa| na hindI likhanA jAnatA thA aura na gujraatii| kAraNa ki merA adhyayana kisI skUla yA pAThazAlA meM nahI huA thaa| mevADa ke eka choTe se gAMva meM eka apaDha rAjapUta-ghara meM maine janma pAyA thA aura nI-dasa varSa kI avasthA meM mujhe vahAM se uThA kara eka jaina yati kI zaraNa meM rakha diyA gayA thaa| , yati jI mahArAja ne mujhe sarva prathama 'pro namaH siddham sikhAyA aura varNamAlA kA paricaya kraayaa| usa jamAne meM rAjapUtAne ke grAmINa vidyAlayo me sarvatra pracalita 'siddho varNaH' se prArambha hone vAlA vaha sUtrapATha raTAyA jAtA thA, jo kAtantra vyAkaraNa kA prathama pAdarUpa hai aura saskRtAnmijJa zikSako kI ajJAnatA ke kAraNa itanA bhraSTa ho gayA hai ki usakA artha na kisI zikSaka kI samajha me AtA thA aura na kisI ziSya kii| phira mujhe paTTI-pahADe par3hAye gye| basa itane hI me merI prAimarI zikSA pUrI ho gii| anantara yati jI ne jainadharma ke 'NamokAra mantra' Adi paDhAnA zurU kiye| sAtha hI cANakya nIti ke zloko kA bhI pATha kraayaa| 'prajJAna timirAndhasya jnyaanaanyjnshlaakyaa| cakSurunmunmIlita yena' isa suprasiddha zloka me 'jise prathama guru batalAyA gayA hai, mere prathama guru ve yati jI hI the| vasa utanA-sA cakSurunmIlana kara ve svarga sidhAra gaye aura maiM AzrayahIna hokara kisI anya guru kI zodha meM idhara-udhara bhaTakane lgaa| bhaTakate-bhaTakate sthAnakavAsI jaina sampradAya ke eka sAdhu se bheMTa ho gaI, jinake pAsa maine dakSiA le lii| pAMca-sAta varSa taka unakI sevA kI aura jo kucha jJAna-lAbha karane kA avasara milA, prApta kiyaa| lekina yaha jJAna kevala sampradAyopayogI aura sarvathA ekadezIya thaa| ata merI jJAnapipAsA yatkiMcita bhI zAnta na hokara aura bhI adhika tIvra ho utthii| anta meM maine usa sampradAya kA tyAga kara diyA aura mUrtipUjaka-sampradAya ke eka prajJAsapadadhAraka muni mahArAja kI sevA meM jA phuNcaa| isa sampradAya me vidyAdhyayana kA kSetra apekSAkRta kucha vizAla thA aura usake sAdhana bhI kucha adhika rUpa me sulabha hone se maine apanI jJAnapipAsA ko adhikAdhika santuSTa karane kA prayatna kiyaa|

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 58 ajJAta ko jJAta karane kI merI utkaTa abhilASA ne mujhe itihAsa ke viSaya kI ora prerita kiyaa| jainadharma ke zvetAmbara sampradAya ke sthAnakavAsI aura mUrtipUjaka pakSa ke pArasparika matabhedo kA vAstavika mUla kyA hai aura usake sAtha hI jaina-zAstro meM bhAratavarSa Adi ke purAtana yuga ke viSaya meM jo bAte likhI huI hai unakA vAstavika svarUpa kyA hai, isake jAnane kI mujhe svAbhAvika hI vaDI utkaThA hone lgii| usake samAdhAna ke lie kauna-sA sAhitya hai aura vaha kaise prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai, isakA mujhe koI jJAna nahI thaa| jaina sAdhuno kI tadvipayaka koI pustaka milatI to mai usakA vicArapUrvaka manana karatA rahatA thaa| isa samaya taka meM hindI aura gujarAtI dono bhASAe~ ThIka-ThIka samajhane lagA thA, parantu apane sampradAya ke sivAya ina bhASAmo meM likhI gaI anya pustakeM paDhane yA dekhane kA koI avasara nahIM milA thaa| eka dina akasmAta eka bahuta hI vidvAna samajhe jAne vAle mahAmunirAja ke atyanta priya ziSya ke pAsa hindI-gujarAtI kI ukta prakAra ko pustako kA Dhera paDA dekhA, jiname TaoNDa ke rAjasthAna kA hindI rUpAntara bhI thaa| usa pustaka ko maine AdyopAnta paDhA aura paDhane para aisA pratIta huA mAno maine koI adbhuta jJAna prApta kara liyA hai| apanI jAti ke paramAravaza taka kA mujhe abataka kucha bhI jJAna na thaa| TaoNDa kA rAjasthAna par3ha kara mujha meM apanI jAti ke gaurava kI ahantA jAgrata hone lgii| isI anya meM jana-samAja aura jaina-garma ke itihAsa ke bhI kucha ullekha yatra-tatra paDhane me pAye, jisase jaina-jAtiyo aura tIrthoM Adi ke itihAsa kI ora bhI merI jijJAsA bar3hane lgii| isake bAda se to meM itihAsa kI pustako ke prApta karane kI koziza meM nirantara lIna rahane lgaa| ukta sAdhu mahArAja ke pAsa se 'sarasvatI' ke kucha praka prApta karake paDhe / unameM sabhI viSaya ke acche-acche vidvAno dvArA likhe lekha the| yadyapi una saba lekho ko mai nahI samajha sakA tathApi jo bhI merI samajha meM Aye, unheM maiMne kaI bAra pddh'aa| kucha samaya pazcAt mujhe pATaNa Adi ke purAtana jaina-bhaDAro kA samuddhAra karane vAle itihAma-premI pUjyapAda pravartaka zrI kAntivijaya jI mahArAja kI sevA meM rahane kA saubhAgya prApta huaa| yahAM mujhe pATaNa ke bhaDAro tathA 'sarasvatI' patrikA ke ako ko dekhane kA avasara milaa| premIjI dvArA sampAdita 'janahitaiSI' maine sarvaprathama yahI para dekhA / usake saba praka, jo vahA~ sulabha ho sake, baDe cAva se par3ha gyaa| taba se 'sarasvatI' aura 'janahitaiSI' kI hindI ko maine apanI bhAvI Adarza bhASA ke rUpa meM nizcita kiyaa| 'jaina-hitaSI' me jaina-itihAsa aura sAhitya viSayaka choTe-baDe lekha premI jI niyamita rUpa se likhA karate the| unheM paDha-par3ha kara mai bhI vaise hI lekha lisane kA prayatla karane lgaa| isa bIca premIjI kA eka choTA-sA lekha jaina zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa para likhA huA mere paDhane meM aayaa| una zAkaTAyanAcArya ke viSaya meM eka navIna pramANa mujhe zvetAmbara grantha meM upalabdha huA thA, jisake AdhAra para maine eka choTA-sA lekha taiyAra kiyaa| usa lekha ko pahale to 'janahitaiSI' meM chapane ke lie bhejane kI icchA huI, lekina vicAra huA ki premIjI digambara sampradAyAnuyAyI hone ke kAraNa zAyada merA lekha apane patra meM chApanA pasanda na kreN| premIjI se usa samaya taka merA koI vizeSa paricaya na thaa| kevala itanA hI jAnatA thA ki ve 'jainahitapo' ke sampAdaka hai aura hindI ke eka acche lekhaka mAne jAte hai| ata 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzanArtha vaha lekha maine pa0 mahAvIraprasAda jI dvivedI ke pAsa bheja diyaa| koI dasa-bAraha dina bAda mujhe dvivedI jI ke hAtha kA likhA eka posTakArDa milaa| likhA thA "zrIman, zAkaTAyanAcArya para kA ApakA lekha milA / dhanyavAda / lekha acchA hai| chaapuugaa| , vinIta ma0pra0dvivedI"

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prAbhAra pUra 'sarasvatI' ke agale aka me vaha lekha A gyaa| usake do-eka mahIne bAda premI jI kA eka posTakArDa milA, jisameM likhA thA"mAnyavara muni mahArAja, 'sarasvatI' me zAkaTAyanAcArya para likhA huA ApakA lekha paDha kara mujhe baDI khuzI huI / Apane bar3e acche pramANa khoja nikAle hai| kabhI 'janahitapI' meM bhI koI lekha bhejane kI kRpA kareMge to bahuta anugrahIta hU~gA / " basa isI posTakArDa dvArA premIjI se mere sneha-sambandha kA sUtrapAta huaa| premIjI kA yaha kArDa mere lie vahuta hI preraNAdAyaka aura utsAhavardhaka siddha haa| 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita usa prathama lemva ke chApane kI svIkRti kI sUcanA dene vAlA pa0 mahAvIraprasAda jI dvivedI kA posTakArDa prApta kara jo mujhe anirvacanIya Ananda prApta huA thA, usase kahI adhika prAnanda mujhe premIjI ke isa posTakArDa se milaa| usase mujhe vigiSTa sphUrti milI, kyoki merA Adarza premI jo kI taraha jaina-itihAsa aura sAhitya ke bAre meM likhanA thaa| mujha meM AtmavizvAsa paidA huaa| imake vAda premIjI ke sAtha merA patravyavahAra prArambha huaa| jaina-itihAsa aura sAhitya ke viSaya meM paraspara vicAro kA AdAna-pradAna hone lagA aura dono ke bIca kAphI snehabhAva bar3ha gyaa| san 1916 ko jUna me zrI kAntivijaya jI mahArAja ke sAtha pAdabhramaNa karatA huA mai bhI vambaI meM cAturmAsa karane ke nimitta aayaa| jisa dina goDI jI ke jainamandira ke upAzraya meM hamane praveza kiyA usI dina dopahara ko do vaje premIjI mujhame milane Aye aura vahI unase prathama vAra mAkSAtkAra huaa| uma vAta ko Aja lagabhaga tIsa varSa pUre hone jA rahe hai| ina tIsa varSoM meM hama dono kA pArasparika sneha sambandha dina-pratidina baDhatA hI rahA hai| premIjI mere nikaTa eka atyanta yAtmIya jana jaise bana gaye hai| isa sudIrghakAlIna sambandha kA sakSipta paricaya denA bhI yahA~ zakya nahIM hai| mere hRdaya meM premI jI kA kyA sthAna hai aura mere jIvana ke kArya-kSetra meM unakA kauna-sA bhAga hai, yaha sava isa lekha se svaya spaSTa ho jAtA hai| bambaI ] - - - - - D -

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sudhAraka premIjI zrI kRSNalAla varmA (1) san 1912 meM jaba dillI meM pacama jArja kA rAjyArohaNa-utsava huA thA, lAkho kI bhIDa ikaTThI huI thii| jainiyo ke bhI aneka vidvAn Aye the| premIjI bhI padhAre aura guruvarya sva0 arjunalAla jI seThI ke sAtha mai bhI gyaa| isI avasara para jaina-vidvAno ke svAgatArtha pahADIdhIraja para lA jaggImala jI ke makAna para eka sabhA huI, jisame premIjI bhI upasthita the| unase prathama paricaya isI sabhA meM huaa| sabhA kI samApti para saba loga bAhara aaye| bhojana kI usa dina vahI vyavasthA kI gaI thI, lekina premIjI nahI tthhre| jAne lage to seThI jI ne lA0 jaggImala se kahA, "premIjI jA rahe hai| unheM rokiye|" premIjI Age baDha gaye the| lAlA jI ne apane gumAzte ko unhe bulAne ke lie bhejaa| gumAzte ne pukArA, "o, myA~ paDijjI / pro myA~ paDijjI / " lekina premIjI nahI ruke| unheM kyA patA thA ki 'myAM paDijjI / ' kaha kara unhI ko pukArA jA rahA hai / anta meM gumAztA dauDa kara premIjI ke sAmane gayA aura bolA, "ajI sAhaba, Apako lAlA jI bulA rahe haiN|' premIjI lauTa Aye aura 'myAM paDijjI' sambodhana para khAsI dillagI rhii| x khAsa-khAsa jainI bhAiyo ke lie dillI vAlo ne eka sthAna para bhojanazAlA kI vyavasthA kara dI thii| pahale hI dina bundelakhaDa ke eka siMghaI ko sAtha lekara bhojanazAlA kA patA lagA kara premIjI vahAM pahuMce to dekhate kyA hai ki pAjAmA pahane nage badana kaI AdamI rasoI banA rahe hai| unhI jaise aura bhI AdamI kAma meM lage the| siMghaI jI ko sandeha huaa| bole, "are, yahA~ to musalamAna bhare hue hai| kahI hama loga bhUla to nahI gaye?" premIjI ne kahA, "nahI, ye agravAla jainI hai|" "jainI "siMghaI jI Azcarya se vole, "ye kaise jainI hai ki jinake sira para coTI bhI nahIM hai aura badana para dhotI ke bajAya pAjAmA pahane hai|" premIjI unheM muzkila se samajhA ske| (2) x x san 1913 kI vAta hai / maiM usa samaya varddhamAna vidyAlaya jayapura meM paDhatA thaa| eka dina sva0 arjuna lAla jI seThI ke sva0 putra prakAzacandra jI kA janmotsava manAyA gyaa| usa avasara para samAja-sudhAraka aura rASTrIya krAntikArI loga hI sammilita hue the| unake pragatizIla vicAro ke AdhAra para eka lekha taiyAra karake maine 'jaina hitaiSI' me chapane ke lie premIjI ke pAsa bheja diyaa| AzA to na thI ki chapa jAyagA , lekina kucha dina bAda hI premIjI kA patra milaa| likhA thA_ "lekha milA / chapa jaaygaa| likhate samaya bhASA kA dhyAna rakkhA kro| isa taraha ke lekha jaba maukA mile, avazya bhejo|"

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sudhAraka premIjI isa patra meM yaha bhI batAyA gayA thA ki lekha likhane meM kina-kina bAto kA dhyAna rakhanA caahie| pUre do panne kI ciTThI thii| usase mujhe apane vikAsa kA mArga nizcita karane me baDI sahAyatA milI aura mujhameM Atma-nirbharatA utpanna huii| ___ jaba vaha lekha chapA tava maine dekhA ki merI bhAvanA spI beDaula mUrti ko catura kArIgara ne chIlachAla kara suDaula aura sundara banA diyA hai aura Azcarya yaha ki mujhe hI usakA nirmAtA batAyA hai / premI jI vidhavA-vivAha aura antarjAtIya vivAha ke pracAraka aura poSaka rahe hai| unhone sarvaprathama vidhavA-vivAha kA Andolana amadAvAda-nivAmI sva0 maNilAla nabhUbhAI dvivedI ke eka gujarAtI lekha kA anuvAda prakAzita karake prArabha kiyaa| muddata taka pakSa-vipakSa meM lekha nikalate rhe| ina lekho se prabhAvita hokara aura apanI virAdarI kI koI kvArI laDakI zAdI ke lie na milane ke kAraNa sva0 pa0 udayalAla jI kAzalIvAla ne vidhavA-vivAha karane kA irAdA kiyaa| unake paramasnehI vardhA nivAsI meTha cirajIlAla jI vaDajAtyA ne pahale to kvArI laDakI hI talAza karane kA prayatna kiyA, lekina saphalatA na milI to paDita jI ne eka vidhavA se hI zAdI kara lii| samAroha meM zvetAmbara aura digavara samAja ke aneka pratiSThita mahAnubhAva upasthita the| premIjI ne bhI paryApta sahAyatA kii| mamkAra-vidhi suprasiddha samAja-sudhAraka sva0 pa0 arjunalAla jI seThI ne kraaii| zAdI toho gaI, lekina turata hI bhUlezvara (vavaI) ke digaMvara jainamadira meM khaDelavAlo kI pacAyata huii| vivAha meM bhAga lene vAle sabhI vyaktiyo ko Amantrita kiyA gayA thaa| sva0 seTha sukhAnanda jI aura pa0 dhannAlAla jI pacAyata ke mukhiyA the| ___ bahuta vAda-vivAda ke bAda seTha sukhAnanda jI ne pUchA, "ava hama logo ke sAtha ApakA kasA vartAva rahegA ?" sava cupa the| jAti se alaga hone kA sAhasa kisI meM bhI nahI thaa| premIjI vole, "hama garIva AdamI dhaniko ke sAtha koI savadha nahIM rakhanA caahte|" / ___ seTha jI ne kahA, "agara Apa loga mAphI mAMga leM aura pratijJA kareM ki bhaviSya meM kabhI aise kAma meM zAmila na hoge to Apa logo ko mApha kiyA jA sakatA hai|" ___isa para premIjI se na rahA gayA / bole, "mAphI | mAphI ve mAMgate hai, jo kucha gunAha karate hai| hamane koI gunAha nahIM kiyaa| vidhavA-vivAha ko mai samAja ke lie kalyANakArI samajhatA huuN| jaina samAja meM eka tarapha hajAro vAla-vidhavAeM hai aura dUsarI tarapha hajAro garIva yuvaka kvAre phira rahe hai| unhone samAja ke jIvana ko kaluSita kara rakkhA hai| Aye dina bhrUNa-hatyAe hotI rahatI hai| inase chuTakArA pAne kA sirpha eka hI ilAja hai aura vaha hai vidhvaa-vivaah|" ___ itanA kahakara premIjI vahAM se cala diye| kahanA na hogA ki ve aura unake samarthaka pacAyata se alaga kara diye gye| kucha samaya pazcAt premI jI ne apane choTe bhAI nanheM lAla kI zAdI eka vidhavA se kii| isa vAra paravAro kI pacAyatoM ne unheM bhAI-sahita jAti-cyuta kara diyaa| kucha logo ne premIjI ko salAha dI ki kaha dIjiye ki nanheMlAla ke sAtha ApakA khAnapAna kA savadha nahI hai| lekina premIjI ne kahA, "yadyapi mai babaI meM rahatA hU~ aura nanheMlAla apane gA~va devarI meM, isase sAtha khAnepIne kA prazna hI nahI uThatA, tathApi mai aisI koI ghoSaNA nahI kara sktaa| ghopaNA karane kA matalaba yaha hai ki maiM apane siddhAnta para kAyama nahIM raha sakatA huuN| Darapoka hU~ aura svaya apanI bAta para AcaraNa na kara samAja ko gumarAha kara rahA huuN|"

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premI-abhinavana-patha itanA hI nahI, yaha jAhira karane ke lie ki unakA nanhelAla ke sAtha pahale jaisA hI savadha hai, premIjI lagabhaga eka mAsa devarI jAkara rahe / premI jI atarjAtIya vivAha kA bhI Andolana karate the| jisa prakAra vidhavA-vivAha savadhI apanI mAnyatA ko amalI jAmA pahanAne kA prazna unake sAmane rahatA thA, usI prakAra antarjAtIya vivAha savadhI apanI mAnyatA ko bhI vyAvahArika rUpa dene ke lie ve utsuka the| ata jaba unake putra sva0 hemacandra ke vivAha kI bAta AI to unhone icyA prakaTa kI ki usake lie paravAra-samAja se bAhara kI laDakI dekhI jAya / lekina premIjI ke mitro kA Agraha huA ki zAdI paravAra lar3akI se hI kI jaay| isase vidhavA-vivAha ke virodhI logo ko patA laga jAyagA ki ve cAhe jitanA virodha kareM, cAhe jitane prastAva pAsa kareM, lekina samAja vidhavA-vivAha karane vAlo ke sAtha hai| premI jI baDe asamajasa meM paDe / eka ora to apane siddhAto kI rakSA kA prazna thA aura dUsarI bhora yaha pramANita karane kA pralobhana ki samAja vidhavA-vivAha ke samarthako ke sAtha hai| bahuta socA-vicArI ke bAda unhone yahI nizcaya kiyA ki paravAra kanyA ke sAtha hI zAdI kI jAya aura damoha ke caudharI phUlacada jI kI laDakI ke sAtha sagAI pakkI kara dii| jaba yaha samAcAra babaI pahuMcA to premI jI ke eka atyanta zraddhApAtra paDita jI ne paravAra-samAja ke eka netA ko likhA ki Apako isa bAta kA prayatla karanA cAhie ki premIjI ke samadhI ko bhI virAdarI se alaga kara diyA jAya aura zAdI meM paravAra-samAja kA eka baccA bhI zAmila na ho| isa para unhone vizeSa rUpa se daurA karake sAgara, damoha aura kaTanI Adi kI pacAyato meM prastAva pAsa karAe ki zAdI meM koI bhI sammilita na ho , lekina isakA koI bhI pariNAma na niklaa| samAja aura bAhara ke kaI sau pratiSThita vyakti sammilita hue aura vivAha baDI dhUmadhAma se sampanna huaa| virodhI muMha tAkate raha gaye / vambaI | -

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: 2: bhASA-vijJAna aura hindI-sAhitya

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bhAratIya Arya-bhASA meM bahubhASitA zrI sunItikumAra cATuA ema0 e0 (kalakattA), Do0-liTa0 (ladana) navya bhAratIya AryabhASA ke zabda nimnAkita vargoM meM se kisI eka ke atargata pAte hai (1) uttarAdhikAra-sUtra se prApta bhAratIya Arya (ido-yUropIya) gabda' (zabda, dhAtu tayA pratyaya), jo prAkRtaja yA tadbhava rUpa me milate hai| (2) saMskRta se uvAra lie hue zabda, jo tatsama aura parva-tatsama zabda kahalAte hai| (3) bhAratIya anArya zabda, TheTha dezI rUpa, jo bhAratIya Arya-bhASA me Adya bhAratIya Arya-kAla se lekara navya bhAratIya Arya-bhASA ke nirmANa-kAla taka pracalita rhaa| isa zreNI ke adara una zabdo kA eka vaDA samUha AtA hai, jinakI utpatti vAstava me ido-yUropIya nahI hai, aura jinake lie upayukta anArya (drAviNa tathA oNsTrika) sabavo kA patA lagAyA gayA hai| (4) videzI bhASAo ke zabda, jo Adya bhAratIya Arya-kAla se (jisakA prArabha vaidika zabdo me kucha mesopoTemiyana zabdo ke milane se hotA hai)lekara vAda taka pracalita milate hai| ina zabdo me prAcIna IrAnI, prAcIna grIka, madhya IrAnI, eka yA do prAcIna cInI, navIna IrAnI (athavA Adhunika phArasI, jinameM turkI aura arabI bhI hai) purtagAlI, phreMca, Daca aura agrez2I gine jAte hai| (5) inake atirikta kucha ajJAtamUlaka zabda hai, jo na to bhAratIya Arya-bhASA ke hai aura na videzI hai, kiMtu jinakA savaya, jahA~ taka hame jJAta hai, bhArata ko anArya-bhApAno ke sAtha bhI nizcaya rUpa se nahIM joDA jA sktaa| Upara ke pA~ca vargoM meM bhAratIya Arya-bhASA ke sampUrNa zabda pA jAte hai| navya bhAratIya Arya-bhASApro ke ve zabda apane yA nijI hai, jo varga (1) ke antargata hai, aura bhAratIya-utpatti-vAle uccakoTi ke nijI saskRta-garbhita zabda dvitIya varga ke andara Ate haiN| varga (3), (4) aura (5) ke zabda bAharI boliyo se liye gaye hai, cAhe ve dezI ho yA videshii| uttara bhArata ke anAryoM ne prArya-bhASAmo ko usa samaya se apanAnA prArambha kara diyA thA, java AryabhASA-bhASI pajAva meM vasa kara apane prabhAva ko phailA rahe the aura jaba ki brAhmaNya dharma aura saskRti kI sthiti pahalI mahasrAbdI I0pU0 ke prathama bhAga meM gagA kI upatyakA meM dRDha ho gaI thii| yaha hAlata Aja taka jArI rahI hai, jaba ki uttara bhArata meM anArya-bhASA-bhASI dhIre-dhIre Arya-bhASAo ko apanA rahe hai aura jisake phalasvarUpa kucha zatAbdI meM anArya-bhASA ke sabhI rUpo kA lopa ho jAnA avazyambhAvI dIkha paDa rahA hai / java pUrva vaidika kAla meM pAryoM aura anAryoM kA sammilana prArambha ho gayA thA taba yaha aparihArya thA ki aneka anArya zabda tathA anAryoM ke kucha bolacAla ke rIti-rivAja; yadi pratyakSa nahI to parokSa yA gupta rUpa se, Arya-bhASAo meM mila jaayeN| Adya tathA madhya bhAratIya Arya-bhApAtro tayA navya bhAratIya Arya-bhApAtro me anArya zabdo kI utpatti isI prakAra huii| una videzI bhASAbhASiyo se, jo bhArata meM vijetA ke rUpa meM Akara yahI basa gaye, yahA~ ke nivAsiyo kA melajola hone ke kAraNa pArasparika sAskRtika samparka baDhA, aura isake pariNAma svarUpa bhAratIya bhASAyo me aneka videzI zabdo kA prAdurbhAva ho gyaa| ___ jo zabda bhASA me kimI kamI kI pUrti karatA hai, vaha prAkRtika rUpa se zIghra hI usa bhASA kA aga vana jAtA hai| jahA~ para do bhASA-bhASiyo kA samparka ghaniSTha ho jAtA hai, vahAM usa samparka ke prabhAva se eka dUsare kI bhASA ke kucha zabdo se paricita ho jAnA svAbhAvika hI hai| isa prakAra ke bhASA-samvandhI pArasparika prabhAva ke Arambha me yaha

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premI-abhinadana-graMtha 66 Avazyaka yA aparihAryaM hai ki eka bhASA kA prayoga karane vAle ke lie dUsarI bhASA ke zabdo ke samvandha meM kucha vyAkhyA dI jAya jisase vaha una zabdo ko bhalI prakAra samajha skeN| mAna lIjiye ki kisI dezI bhASA-bhASI ko koI aimA videzI zabda samajhAnA hai, jise kevala usa videzI zabda ke uccAraNa- mAtra se vaha nahI samajha sakatA, tava yaha zrAvazyaka ho jAtA hai ki usa videzI zabda kA anuvAda dezI bhASA meM isa prakAra diyA jAya ki dezI bhASA-bhASI use samajha ske| isa prakAra ke anuvAdamUlaka samAsa yA samasta pada (Translation-compounds ) sabhI bhASAo me milate hai, jo kisI jIvita bhASA ke samparka meM Akara unase prabhAvita huI hai / udAharaNArtha agrejI bhASA ko liijie| prAcIna madhya-zragrejI-kAla meM, jaba ki nArmana phreMca tathA agrejI iglaiDa me sAtha-sAtha volI jAtI thI, tatkAlIna likhita sAhitya meM isa prakAra kI vyAkhyAe~ milatI hai ---- jaise ki lagabhaga 1225 IsvI meM likhI huI pustaka Anchene Rimile meM - Cherite thet is luve; in desper anuce that is in unhope and in unbleave forte beon iboruwen, understondeth thet two manere temptaciuns-two kunne vondunges-beoth, pacience thet is tholemodnesse, lecher re thet is golnesse, ignorance that is wisdom and martenesse, ityAdi (dekhie - Jespersen, 'Growth and Structure of the English Language, Oxford, 1927, P 89 ) java iglaiMDa me phreMca kA vizeSa calana thA aura usake zabda adhikAza meM apanAye jA rahe the, tava zAyada uparyukta rIti adhika pracalita ho gaI thI, jisase bAharI bhASAo ke upayukta zabdo ko bhASA meM cAlU kiyA jA sake / madhyazragrez2I kAla ke kavi (Chaucer) caoNsara ne aise darjano jumale istemAla kiye hai, jinameM koI bhAva phreMca zabda ke dvArA prakaTa kiyA gayA hai aura phira usI kI vyAkhyA aura anuvAda eka agrejI zabda dvArA kiyA gayA hai, yA eka agrejI zabda kI puSTi pheca zabda ke dvArA karA dI gaI hai ( dekhie, yesparasena, vahI pR0 98 ), udAharaNArtha - he coude songes make and wel endyte, faire and fetisly, sminken with his handes and labome, of studie took he most cure and most hede; poynaunt and sharp; lord and sire kaiksTana (Caxton) ke graMtho meM -- bonom and worship, olde and anmcyent, advenge and weke, feblest and wekest, good ne proffyt, fonwle and dishonestly, glasse or m11 01, ityAdi / agrejI meM phreMca zabda vilakula svAbhAvika ho gaye hai, aura zrava isa bAta kI AvazyakatA nahI hai ki ina zabdo ko samajhAne ke lie agrejI meM vyAkhyA dI jAya / bhAratIya Arya bhASAo meM videzI zabdo ko kisI dezI yA anya jJAta zabda ke dvArA spaSTa karane kI prathA milatI hai| inameM aneka samasta - pada (Compounds) pAye jAte haiM, jinameM do zabda hote hai aura dono prAya eka hI artha ke sUcaka hote haiM / navya bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke anuvAda-mUlaka zabdo me ve pada spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hote haiM, jinameM eka zabda videzI hotA hai, yA eka aisA nayA videzI zabda hotA hai, jisakI vyAkhyA eka prAcIna yA pracalita zabda ke dvArA dI hotI hai| ina anuvAdamUlaka samasta pado meM prAya vaDI zakti hotI hai aura kabhI-kabhI ve kisI bAta ko viziSTa rUpa se prakaTa kara dete hai / videzI yA naye zabda kisI abhiprAya ke navIna dRSTikoNa ko sUcita karate hai / yahA~ va~galA bhASA se kucha udAharaNa diye jAte hai - cA-khaDI = cAka (blaikavorDa para likhane ke lie) / yaha agrejI ke usa cauk yA coka zabda kA samastapada hai, jo pahale-pahala Amataura para logokI samajha meM nahI zrAtA thA, aura jisakA agrejI meM uccAraNa cAkU tIna yA cAra pIDhiyo pahale thA / isake sAtha ba~galA kI khaDI (khaDiyA) zabda milAne se cAka khaDI yA cAkhaDI ho gayA / pAu~-ruTI (= hindI pAu~-roTI ) purtagAlI pac, paon pAo (roTI, uccAraNa pAu) + vagalA ruTTI, hindustAnI roTI (capAtI) samAsa kA pada agrejI tandUra kI roTI yA khamIra dI huI roTI ke abhiprAya maM zrAtA hai, jo hindustAna meM pracalita capAtI se bhinna hai /

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bhAratIya prArya-bhASA meM bahubhASitA kAja-ghara baTana kA cheda / casa (uccAraNa kAma)=makAna+baMgalA meM ghara makAna / ata ghara (vaTana ke lie)| sIla-mohara-kimI vyakti kI dhAtu kI mohara jima para usakA nAma yA cihna akita rahatA hai, aMgrejI ke sola+phAgmI ke muhara ke yoga me banA hai, aura vagalA meM sirpha mohara ke ayaM meM prayukta hone lagA hai| __phAramI tathA bhAratIya gabdo ke yoga mai mile hue ganda kAphI makhyA meM milate haiN| yahA~ baMgalA se kucha udAharaNa denA paryApta hogaa| (hindustAnI tathA bhArata kI anya bhASAoM meM aise yA inase milate-julate aura kabhIkabhI bilakula eka jaise hI rUpa avazya mileNge)| prAzA-soTA-gadA fArasI-aravI kA zabda asA+hindustAnI soTA soTA DaDA yA gadA / khela-tamAzA khela-kUda Adi hindustAnI khela+phArasI tmaashaa| zAka-sabjI-harI tarakArI maskRta zabda zApha-harI tarakArI,jaDI-bUTI+phAramI sanjA-harI bhaajii| lAja-zarama yA lajjA-sarama hindunnAnI lAja (Arya-bhASA kA prAkRtaja ganda) aura lajjA (saMskRta)+ phAgmI shrm| dono gabdo kA eka hI artha hai| dhana-daulata sampatti hindunnAnI+phAramI (phaarmii-arbii)| jantu-jAnavara bhAratIya jaMtu+phAramI jAnavara / rAjA-bAdazAha rAjA, gAmaka hindumnAnI rAjA+phAramI vAdazAha / loka-lazkara naukara-cAkara hindustAnI loka (logo kA samUha)+phAramI lazkara (phauja, dl)| hATa-bAjAra-bAjAra, melA hindustAnI hATa+phAramI baajaar| dono kA eka hI artha hai| jhADA-nizAna-jhaDA, dhvajA hindustAnI jhaDA+phAramI nizAna (vaganA kA jhADA-nizAna, hindI bhddii-nishaan)| hADI-murdapharAza jhADU lagAnevAle, masAna yA goramyAna meM zavo ke satkAra karane vAle hindustAnI hADI (mahanaro kA adbhUta varga)+phArasI murdA-pharoza murdA ddhonevaale| lepa-kAyA Dhakane kA vamya, rajAI Adi lepa phAramI lihApha+baMgalA kAyA-maskRta kathA (purAne kapar3I kI milI huI kyrii)| prAdAya-usUla karja yA mADe kA ugAhanA mamkRta prAdAya-phArasI-aravI kA vsuul| kAgraja-patra kAg2ajAta phAramI kAgraja+saskRta patra / gomastA-karmacArI pratibhU yA karmacArI phAramI gumAztA+saskRta krmcaarii| nirIha becArA-sIdhA-sAdA, garIva vyakti maskRta nirIha+phArasI vecArA / Upara ke udAhRta anuvAda-mUlaka samasta-pado ke atirikta jinameM videzI prabhAva spaSTa hai, kucha aura pada hai jinake dono bhAgo meM dezIpana milatA hai| udAharaNArtha pAhADa (pahADa) parvata=dezI pAhADa (utpatti kA mUla ajJAta)+ saskRta parvata / ghara-bADI-ghara (makAna)+vAr3I (ZgRha+vATikA /vRt-)| gAcha-pAlA-pode gAya/gacya+pAlA / pllv| hAMDI-kuMDI miTTI ke vartana, hAMDI / bhANDa+phuNDa / aise udAharaNa anya Adhunika Arya-mApAnao se bahuza diye jA sakate hai| iname se kucha dvandva samAsa sarIkhe hai, jinameM mayoga yA sammelana kA bhAva hotA hai| udAharaNArtha___kApaDa-copaDha kapaDe aura DaliyAM kApaDa / pharpaTa kapar3e, cIthaDe+copaDa; milAo cupaDI, copar3I =ddliyaa|

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premI-abhinadana-praya navata pahale handvAtmaka bhAvanA yahA~ thI, kintu bahuta se sthAno me hama sabdo ko ekArthI hone ke kAraNa eka-danako vyAlyA karate hue pate haiN| jaine vaMgalA vAsa-paMjA-bakase cora piTAre, projI bes (jisakA encAraNa eka tAbdI pahale baks pA)+vAlA peMTA, peMr3A/ peTaka-hindI petto| nha daMgala ke zabdoM meM denIpana tApha nalakatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie vaMgalA polA-pAna-bacce (pUrvI baMgalA kI bolI meM payukta)-pahA~ polA saskRta pota-tate hai aura pAna AsTika ganda patIta hotA hai jo napAlI (ko)meM haoNpaoNna pane milatAhai pAna isa zabda kA sAdA pa hai| isI prakAra baMgalA chale-pile kA bhI prarpa laDa-bacce haiM aura inakI utpattiprAcIna vAlA ghaaliyaa-pilaatehaiN| [dhAliyA yA chAvAliyA prAcIna bhAnIya pAryazAva--sAla+-ika-mAra aura pilA, jo snospa ne uDiyA bhApAne prayakta hotA hai paura jinake / nAne taDakA, baccA yA jAnavara kAvancAinakA nava drAviDa bhApA ke sAtha joDa diyA gayA hai (milAmo tAmila pillai gnd)]| __ ina prakAra nanya bhAratIya pArya-bhASA nehale mApA-sapImiNa kA patA calanA hai,jo panalina bhASAmA meM prayukta milatA hai| ina pagAra ke sabdI-jaina le-pile, bAkhaDI, pAva-roTI, rAjA-bAdazAha pAdi ke vizleSaNa meM patA calatA hai ki ve sapane samasta-pada mUlka manda haiM aura ve apane rUpa ko kAyama rakhate hue bhI eka mAmUlI bAta kohI nUcita karate haiN| yaha bhI jAta hotA hai ki dina prakAra vibhinna bhASAoM ke bando ne milakara nara bhAratIya pArya-mApA ke nimApane yoga diyA hai| bhAratIya pAkRta tathA nana ne gaye hue gando ke po ke nApa-nAya yahA~ dagI yA anArya bhASAoM ke tapAphAratI, paravI purtagAlI pora mojI ke bhI gandokA paDalle meM prayoga pAte haiN| ina zabdo meM isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa nilnA hai ki navya bhAratIya pAryakAla meM bhAratIya logo meM bahubhASitA pracalita ho gaI thii| jaba hama nadhya-bhAratIya pArya tathA pAca bhAratIya Arya-bhApApoM ne jinakA sAhitya aneka prakAra kI prAhato tathA sankRta meM hai, uparyukta vAta kA patA lagAte hai to uname bhI vahI sthiti pAI jAtI hai| isa samaya thoDe hI prAkRta aura saskRta gabdo kI vAvata hIM mAlUma hai, jinase patA calatA hai ki 1500, 2000 yA 2500 varSa pahale bhI bhArata meM na kevala bhAratIya bhArya-bhASAe~ hI pracalita pI, apitu anArya-coliyAM tapA videzI voliyAM bhI volo nato thI, jo bahuta hI nAtU hAlAne thI, yAra jinakA bhAratIya mArya-bhASA para vyApaka prabhAva paDA thaa| hama yahAM kucha aine nankRta aura prAkRta zabdoM para vicAra kareMge, jo vAstava ne anuvAdamUlaka tamatta-pada hai| (3) masta kApiNa=pAlI kahApana, prAkRta bahAdapa, baMgalA kAhana 'eka prakAra kA bAMTa, 'eka kArSa kI tota kA sikkA / yaha bhabda do mabdo ke yoga ne banA hai-kArSa tathA paNa / pahale gabda kA mUla karSa hai, jinakA parva hai eka nApa yA tol| mAlUna hotA hai ki karSa zabda havAmanI (Achaemensan) IrAna kA ha jina deza kA prAcIna bhArata kI sajanaitika tathA prArthika baktyA para kAphI prabhAva par3A thaa| paNa zabda ko DA0 prabodhacadra vAgavI ne satyAtUcaka ganda mAnA hai, aura isakI utpatti oNsTrika (kola) bhASA se mAnI hai| isa prakAra kApiNa manda eka vyAtyAtmaka namAna-pada hai, jisame prAcIna IrAnI bhASA tayA pArya-bhASA-prabhAvita praoNnTika kA sammilita rUpa dRSTigocara hai| (2) vAli hona-yaha dUsarA manorajaka manda hai, jo naskRta se milatA hai| yaha zabda prAcIna kAvya meM azva kA ghotaka hai, ainA nAniyara viliyamsa (Alonier-Williams) ne apane saMskRta abhiyAna me likhA hai| purAne haga ke vidvAno ne itakI vyAlyA isa prakAra kI hai ki ghoDe kA zAli-hotra nAma isa kAraNa hai ki utte zAli (dhAna) bhojana (hotra) ke lie apita kiyA jAtA hai| azva ko zAli-hotrin bhI kahA jAtA hai| pAlatU dAnavaroM kI bImAriyo ke navava meM eka RSi ne eka pratha likhA thA, una RSi kA nAma bhI zAlihotra milatA hai| ina artha meM yaha ganda bhAratIya senA meM aba bhI cAlU hai, jittame ghuDasavAra senA ke ghoDokA ciktika solanI kahalAtA

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bhAratIya Arya-bhASA meM bahubhASitA 66 hai| hindustAnI me yaha zabda zArotarI yA sAlotarI likhA jAtA hai| zAlihotra gabda dvandva hai, aura isake dono zabda bhinna-bhinna boliyo ke hote hue bhI eka hI artha ke sUcaka hai| saMskRta zabda zAli kA, jisakA artha cAvala hai, mUla dUsarA hai| yahA~ zAli-hotra kA zAli zabda nissadeha vahI hai, jo hameM zAli-vAhana me milatA hai| zAli kA dUsarA pATha sAta (sAtavAhana) meM bhI milatA hai| bhA pazeluski (Jean Przyluski) ne yaha siddha kiyA hai ki zAli yA sAta zabda prAcIna kola (praoNsTrika) kA zabda hai, jisakA prayoga ghoDe ke artha me hotA hai (sayAlI bhApA me ime sAd-om, sAdoma volA jAtA hai)| prAcIna bhArata kI cAlU voliyo me sAda yA sAdi (ghoDA) ke prayukta hone kA pramANa saskRta zabda sAda (ghoDe kI pITha para) vaiThanA yA caDhanA' meM milatA hai| isake anya spa sAdi, sAdin, sAdit (milAyo prazva-sAdi-ghoDe para caDhane vAlA) bhI milate hai| yahI ganda nimmadeha zAli-vAhana, sAta-vAhana tathA zAlihotra ke mAtha jur3A huA hai / ata yaha spaSTa hai ki zAli zabda, jisakA artha azva hai, mUlata oNsTrika bhASA kA zabda hai| hotrI, hotra gabda kA artha bhI mabhavata yahI hogaa| yaha zAyada eka aiyA zabda hai, jise hama drAviDo ke sAtha savadhita kara makate hai| ghoDe ke lie ido-yUropIya zabda jo saskRta meM milatA hai, vaha azva hI hai| bAda meM , azva ke lie ghoTa zabda bhI prayukta hone lagA, jisakA mUla ajJAta hai| bhArata ke uttara-pazcima sImAnta kI pigAca yA darada bhApAno me eka yA do ko choDakara bhArata me azva zabda kA prayoga anyatra nahIM pAyA jaataa| ghoTa tathA usase nikale hue anya zabda, jo azva ke lie prayukta hote hai bhAratIya Arya tathA drAviDa bhApAyo meM pAye jAte hai| ghoTa gabda mUlata prAkRta kA mAlUma hotA hai| isake prAcIna rUpa ghutra aura ghotra the| ina spo me drAviDa bhASA ke azva-vAcaka zabda kAphI milate-julate hai| udAharaNArtha, tAmila kutira, kannaDa phudure, telagu 'gurii-m| ghutra, ghoTa tathA kutira zabdoM kA mUla anizcita hai, para ye kAphI prAcIna gabda hai aura inakA pracalana pazcima-egiyA ke dezo meM bahuta adhika hai| ghoDe ke lie prAcIna mistrI (Egyptian) bhApA kA eka zabda, jo nissadeha eziyA (egiyA-mAinara yA maimopoTemiyA) se AyA hai hatara (htr) hai, jo ghutra kA eka dUsarA spa pratIta hotA hai| gadhe ke lie Adhunika grIka zabda garos (gadaros) tathA khaccara ke lie turkI zabda kAtira (Katyr) ghutra-hatara zabda me hI mavadhita jAna paDate hai / isa sthAna para hama isa zabda ko bhArata se bAhara kA (eziyA-mAinara kA ?) yAnI anArya bhApA kA kaha sakate hai, jise sabhavata drAviDa loga yahA~ lAye / ho sakatA hai ki yaha asalI drAviDa zabda hai aura yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai ki svaya drAviDa zabdo kI mUla utpatti zAyada bhUmadhyamAgara ke AsapAsa yA krITa dvIpa se huii| zAlihona zabda ke dUsare pada meM ghoTa kA prAcIna rUpa ghotra kA vikAra hotra bhI dikhAI paDatA hai| zAlihotra azvaghoDe ke lie prayukta oNsTrika zabda sAda+usakA samAnArthI drAviDa zabda ghotra / isa dazA meM azva-sAdi zabda Arya tathA praoNsTrika bhASAo kA sammilita anuvAdamUlaka samasta-pada hogaa| (3) pichale maskRta-sAhitya meM pAlakApya muni kA nAma hAthiyo ko zikSita karane ke savadha me likhe hue eka natha ke praNetA ke rUpa meM AtA hai| usake savadha meM kucha kathAeM bhI milatI hai, jinase patA calatA hai ki ve agrejI aupanyAsika raDiyarDa kipaliMga (Rudyard Kipling)dvArA varNita eka prakAra ke mAvaglI (Mowglie) the, mAvaglI aisA laDakA thA, jo ki vacapana se lakkaDavAgho ke dvArA pAlita huA thA, aura pAlakApya kA bhI hAthiyo dvArA pAlana huA thA, aura ve hAthiyo ke bIca meM rahA karate the| pAlakApya nAma kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra dI gaI hai ki pAla vaiyaktika nAma hai aura kApya gotra kA nAma hai| kApya kI utpatti kapi se huI hai, jisakA saskRta meM prAya badara ke lie prayoga hotA hai| parantu jAna paDatA hai ki pAlakApya eka anuvAdamUlaka samasta-pada hai, jo bilakula zAli-hotra zabda ke hI samAna vanA hai| pAlakApya ke dono zabda do bhinna bhASAmo se liye gaye hai aura pratyeka zabda hAthI ke lie 'dekhie JRAS , 1929, 2 273

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70 premI-abhinadana-praya prayukta huA hai, aura jisa prakAra zAlihotra zabda vaiyaktika nAma kA sUcaka hai, usI prakAra pAla-kApya sajJA eka aise Rpi kI dI huI hai, jo hAthI ke pAlana Adi ke savadha meM acche jJAnI aura adhikArI lekhaka samajhe jAte the| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki zAli-hotra aura pAla-kApya jaise sAdhAraNa ganda bhI kisa prakAra vyakti-vizepa ke sUcaka zabda vana sakate hai| drAviDa bhASAoM meM pAla zabda hAthI aura hAthI-dAMta kA sUcaka hai| iname isa zabda ke aneka rUpa milate hai| isa bAre me eka bAta aura jAna lenI hai ki pAla-kApya RSi kA eka anya nAma karaNa-bhU ( hathinI kA putra) bhI milatA hai, jisase patA calatA hai ki RSi ke nAma kA kucha savadha hAthiyo se avazya hai| kApya zabda kI vyutpatti zrI prabodhacadra vAgacI ne apane lekha me dI hai aura unhone yaha sApha dikhA diyA hai ki kapi zabda hAthI kA bhI sUcaka hai, kama-me-kama hAthI ke samAnArthaka zabda ke rUpa meM usakA prayoga milatA hai| DA0 bAgacI ne gaja-pippalI ganda ke lie kari-pippalI, ibha-kaNa, kapi-vallI tathA kapillikAmAdi aneka samAnavAcI zabda diye hai, jinameM gaja, kari, ibha tathA kapi ganda nissadeha eka hI artha ke bodhaka hai| jagalI kathA kA eka nAma kapitya (milAyo azvatya =pIpala) pAyA jAtA hai| isa phala ko hAthI vaDe zauka se khAte hai saura saskRta meM eka lokokti hai-ja-bhukta kapityavat (=eka aise kapitya phala ke samAna, jise hAthI ne khAyA ho| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jaba hAthI kapitya phala ko nigala letA hai taba usa phala kA UparI kaDA golA vaise-kA-vaisA hI banA rahatA hai aura phala kA gUdA hAthI ke peTa meM calA jAtA hai| isa prakAra phala kA UparI Dhakkana hI vAhara raha jAtA hai|) kyA isa bAta se hama yaha kaha sakate hai ki kapitya kA kapi zabda bhI hAthI kA sUcaka hai ? isa vAta kI puSTi isase bhI hotI hai ki kucha pazcima eziyAI tathA AsapAsa ke dezo kI bhApAo-udAharaNArtha hibrU tathA prAcIna misrI (Egyptian)-me eka samAnavAcI zabda hAthI ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| hindU meM hAthIdAMta ke lie zen-havvIm (Shen-habbim) zabda hai| zena kA artha 'dA~ta' aura havvIma kA artha 'hAthI' hai yaha zabda havv vana jaaygaa| prAcIna misrI bhASA meM hAthI ke lie hav yA habb zabda hai / hibrUtathA misrI gavdI-havv aura hava kI tulanA kapi zabda se kI jA sakatI hai| kapi-hava zabda kA mUla ajJAta hai| sabhavata yaha usI prakAra kA hai, jaise ghoTa-dhutra-kutira-hatara-gadairos-kAtira zabda / merA yaha anumAna hai ki pAla-kApya drAviDa tathA bhArata-bahirbhUta aura kisI anArya bhApA ke do pado se milakara banA huA eka anuvAdamUlaka samasta-pada hai, asagata na tthhregaa| (4) gopatha brAhmaNa me dantavAla ghona nAmaka eka RSi kA ullekha hai, jo janmejaya ke samakAlIna the| yaha nAma dantAla dhImya se bhinna hai, jo jaiminIya brAhmaNa me janaka videha ke mamakAlIna kahA gayA hai| ghaumra apatya nAma hai, para dantavAla zabda kA, jo ki eka vaiyaktika nAma hai, kyA artha ho sakatA hai ? kyA yaha danta-pAla ke lie prayukta huA hai, jo dUsarA dantAla nAma hai ? usakA arya'lave yA vaDe dAMto vAlA' ho sakatA hai| para vAla/pAla pratyaya ('jo rakhane vAlA' yA 'pAlane vAlA' ke artha ko sUcita karatA hai) bhAratIya Arya-bhASA ke itihAsa meM apabhraza vAlI sthiti ke pahale nahIM pAyA jAtA / ata vaha bahuta prAcIna nahI hai| merA anumAna hai ki danta-vAla zabda danta-pAla ke lie hI prayukta huA hai aura Arya tathA drAviDa bhApAnI meM eka-eka pada me mila kara vanA hunmA samasta-pada hai, jisakA artha hAyI yA hAthI kA dA~ta hai| isameM nta saskRta zabda hai, aura pAla drAviDa / (5) bhAratIya itihAsa ke zaka-kAla me aneka zaka (tathA anya IrAnI) nAma aura viruda ko ke dvArA 'isa savadha meM vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekhie-J_Przyluski, Notes Indrennes, Journal Asiatique, 1925, pp 46-57 am sit stateras amet * Indian Historical Quarterly, 1933. Pp 258 meM prvdh| 'DA. hemacadrarAya caudhurI kA mai kRtajJa hU~ jinhone merA dhyAna ina nAmoM kI ora Akarpita kiyA hai|

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71 bhAratIya prAya-bhASA meM bahubhASitA bhArata meM lAye gaye / eka aimA hI nAma muruNDa hai, jisakA artha zaka-bhASA me rAjA hai| bhAratIya zako ke abhilekho meM muruNDa-svAminI zabda milatA hai, jo uparyukta samAnArthaka samAsa-pada kA eka udAharaNa hai| (6) isI prakAra kucha anya gabda bhI vicAraNIya hai, parantu abhI taka una zabdo kI utpatti tathA unake tulanAtmaka vicAra ke savadha meM vidvAno kA dhyAna nahIM gyaa| prAgjyotipa ke rAjA vaidyadeva (11vI zatI kA uttarabhAga) ke kamaulI se mile hue tAmra-patra me jaugalla nAmaka eka choTI nadI kA ullesa hai / yaha gabda do pado se mila kara vanA hai-jau /saskRta jatu= lAkha yA lAha+galla (baMgalA kA gAlA), jimakA bhI artha lAkha hai (baMgalA bhASA me bhI jatu-jau kA jo rUpa milatA hai)| zAyada galla ke mAne pahale-pahala galAI huI lAkha rahA ho, parantu Upara jo udAharaNa diye jA cuke haiM, unameM isa prakAra nabdo kA garlDamaDDa samajha me A skegaa| (7) mahAvastu meM ikSu-gaDa nAmaka eka zabda Igya yA ganne ke lie prayukta huA hai / navya bhAratIya AryabhApAyo meM ikSa ke rUpame Ikha,pAkha,pAukha,akha, Usa milate hai| gaNDa gabda kA navya bhAratIya Arya-bhApA (hiMdustAnI) meM gannA yA gaMDerI rUpa hai / isa prakAra hama yahAM bhI do samAnArthaka zabdo ko jo prAcIna bhArata meM pracalita do bhinna bhASAoM meM me liye gaye hai, sammilita rUpa meM prayukta pAte haiN| (8) imI prakAra mahAvastu meM eka dUsarA gavda gaccha-piNDa hai| yaha eka vicitra samAma hai aura isakA artha vRkSa hai| gaccha zabda baMgalA meM (tathA ugane sabadhita pUrva bhArata kI bhASA me ) gAcha-'vRkSa' ke rUpa me pAnA hai| mUlata isa zabda kA artha 'savardhana' hai, jo eka pode ke U~ce uThane yA vaDhane kA sUcaka hai (saskRta dhAtu /gam gaccha se)| piNDa kA artha samUha yA Dhera hai| isa prakAra gaccha piNDa kA artha 'baDhatA huA Dhera' bahuta vicitra mAlUma pddegaa| parantu eka paude yA vRkSa jainI mAmUlI vastu ke lie aimA TeDhe artha vAlA zabda kyo prayukta kiyA gayA ? hame yAda rakhanA cAhie ki piNDa zabda kA hI hiMdustAnI meM pracalita spa peMDa hai, jo vRkSa ke lie pAtA hai| isa peMDa zabda kA mUla kyA hai ? navya bhAratIya Arya-bhApA dvArA hama isI pariNAma para pahuMceMge ki gacca-piNDa kA aura koI zAbdika artha na hokara kevala 'vRkSa-vRkSa' hai| (8) gaccha-piNDa tayA anya zabdo ke samAna hI apabhraza kA gabda accha-bhalla hai, jo rIcha yA bhAlU ke lie prayukta hotA hai| accha zabda Arya yA ido-yUropIya hai| maskRta meM RkSa zabda hai (jisakA hiMdustAnI me prAcIna ardhanatsama rUpa rIba hai)| bhalla navya bhAratIya Arya-bhApAyo ke bhallaka vAcaka kucha zabdo kA mUla rUpa hai, jisame bhAlU (hiMdustAnI) tathA bhAluka, bhAlluka (vagalA) zabda bane, jina mavakA artha 'rIcha' hai| kucha logo ne bhalla ko pAdya bhAratIya Arya-bhASA ke bhadra zabda kA spa mAnA hai| aimA mAnane para accha-bhalla kA artha acchA-yA mISA 'bhAlU hogaa| vaha bhI asabhava nahI, kyoki prAya bure yA bhayakara jAnavaro kA kevala nAma lenA prazasta nahI samajhA jAtA (isa prakAra ke jAnavaro kA nAma lene se yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vaha jAnavara nikaTa A jaaygaa)| isI vicAra ke AdhAra para zAyada rIcha kA nAma bhalla 'acchA yA sIdhA jAnavara' rakkhA gayA, aura dhIre-dhIre yahI nAma uma jAnavara kA ho gyaa| aimI hI vAta rUmI bhASA me hai, jisame rIcha ko meved ('madhu khAne vAlA', milAmo sa0 madhvad) kahate haiN| isa bAta kA anusaghAna ki bhalla zabda kA savadha bhAratIya Arya-bhASAo ke bAhara kisI bhASA meM milatA hai yA nahIM, zAyada manorajaka siddha hogaa| (10) maskRta ke zabda kaJcUla, phaJcUlikA (=kacukI, jAkaTa) colikA zabda se milAye jA sakate hai, jisakA bhI artha vahI hai / ye zabda bhArata kI Adhunika pracalita bhApAmo meM bhI milate haiN| kaJcUla yA kaJcukI pahale pahala 'stano ke Upara vAMdhe jAne vAle vastra' ke sUcaka the / colikA paTTa kA artha 'madhya bhAga ke lie prayukta vastra' hai / kaJcUla, kaJcUlikA-kan+colikA ina do zavdI se mila kara bane hue jAna paDate hai / kan oNsTrika zabda hai jisakA baMgalA kA mpa kAni='cIthaDA' hai (milAo malAyana zabda kAin =(Kain) kpddaa)| cola zabda cela (-vastra) me savadhita ho sakatA hai| cela zabda kI utpatti ajJAta hai|

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'premI-abhinadana-graMtha (11) kAyastha-prabhu-mahArASTra meM yaha eka jAti kA nAma hai| kAyastha prAcIna kAla meM lekhako ke varga kA nAma thA, rASTra ke kucha anya dIvAnI aphasara bhI isI jAti ke hone the, paratu kAyastha zabda kI utpatti kaise huI, yaha ajJAta hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yaha zabda mUlana IrAnI hai, prAcIna phArasI me rAjA ke lie khapAyathiya (Khshayathiya) zabda milatA hai| isase prAcIna prAkRta kA rUpa khAyathiya banA hogA, jisame kAyastha bana sakatA hai, aura usase saskRta rUpa kAyastha ho gayA hogaa| eka keMdrita zAsana meM choTe aphasarI, klarko tathA maniyo Adi ke lie sammAnArtha prayukta kAyastha zabda sabhavata uma kAla kI ora maketa karatA hai jaba uttara-pazcima bhArata me IrAnI zAsana ko prabhutA thii| ata mahArASTra meM pracalita kAyastha-prabhu ganda muruDa-svAminI zabda kI taraha, (Upara na05), eka anuvAda-mUlaka samasta-pada siddha hogaa| (12) saMskRta kA gaura zabda eka prakAra kI bhaisa ke lie prayukta hotA hai| gaura kA zAbdika artha 'sapheda' hai| kiMtu bhaisa kAlI hotI hai, aura usake sAtha isa vizeSaNa ko sabaddha karanA asagata pratIta hotA hai| gavaya, gavala tathA goNa anya saskRta nAma hai, jo bhaisa aura vaila ke lie prayukta hote hai| inakI utpatti gI yA gava se huI hai| ho sakatA hai ki gaura eka anuvAdamUlaka samasta-pada hai, jo Arya-bhASA ke gau, go tathA oNsTrika (kola) ke ura (=jAnavara) zabdo se milakara banA hai / sathAlI aura muDArI bhASAmo me uri gabda gAya aura bhaima ke lie prayukta hotA hai| (13) saskRta tuDi-cela='eka prakAra kA vstr'| aise vastra kA ullesa bauddha atha 'divyAvadAna' meM milatA hai| cela Arya-bhASA kA zabda hai, jisakA savadha cora zabda se hai, jo usI dhAtu se nikalA hai, jisase hiMdI kA cIranA aura baiMgalA kA ciraa| isa prakAra cora, cela kA abhiprAya 'vastra ke TukaDe' se hai| tuDi-cela ke pahale pada kA mUla rUpa drAviDa bhASAo me milatA hai (tAmila tuTu yA tuDu, kannaDa tuDu, telagu tuTa='TukaDA, kapaDe kA eka choTA TukaDA, tauliyaa')| (14) saMskRta musAra-galva'eka kisma kA mUgA, eka prakAra kA camakIlA kImatI ptyr'| maine anyatra musAra zabda kI vyutpatti ke viSaya me vistAra se likhA hai| mere mata se yaha zabda prAcIna cInI bhASA se bhArata meM AyA hai, jisameM kImatI yA mAmUlI patthara ke lie mvA-sAra (mwa-sar) zabda AtA hai| prAcIna cInI bhASA meM isa zabda kA mavava phArasI aura aravI ke bissada aura bussada (bissad, bussad) (=bhUgA) zabdo se jAna par3atA hai| [Adhunika cInI meM isakA uccAraNa hai mU-sA (mu-sa) prAcIna cInI meM isakA uccAraNa thA mvara-sAra (mwa-sar) aura bvA-sAth (bwa-sadh) ] | dusarA pada galva, jisakA rUpa galla bhI milatA hai, mere vicAra se patthara ke lie sAdhAraNata prayukta drAviDa zabda hai| tAmila me isakA rUpa kal, telagu me kallu aura jAhuI me khal milatA hai| siMhalI bhApA me galla zabda AtA hai, jo prAcIna drAviDa bhASA ke gala yA galla se liyA gayA hai| isa prakAra musAra-galla zabda cInI tayA drAviDa bhASAmo kA sammilita anuvAdamUlaka rUpa hai, jise prAcIna bhArata me pahale prAkRto meM aura phira saskRta meM apanA liyA gayA hai| yadyapi spaSTa tathA bhalIbhAti pramANita udAharaNo kI saMkhyA bahuta nahI hai, to bhI Adya bhAratIya Arya (saMskRta) tathA madhya bhAratIya Arya (prAkRta) bhASAo ke jina thoDe se zabdo kA vivecana Upara kiyA gayA hai, usame hama ima upapatti para pahuMca sakate haiM ki prAcIna bhArata meM vibhinna bhASAo ke bIca AdAna-pradAna jArI thaa| anArya boliyAM bhI pracalita thI aura unakI zakti do sahasra varSa pUrva tathA usake bAda taka bahuta pravala thI aura bhAratIya AryabhApAyo ke brAhmaNya, jaina tathA vauddha dharma-savadhI sAhitya me unakA prabhAva dRSTigocara hai| isa aora abhI taka vidvAno kA vyAna nahIM gayA hai| anArya bhApAno se aneka zabdo aura nAmo kA bhAratIya Arya-bhASAmo me AnA jArI thaa| pIche java ki asalI anArya bhASAo kA lopa ho gayA, taba sAtha hI unake mahattva kA bhI prata hunA, sivA isake ki kahI-kahI bhUle-bhaTake unakA astitva ava bhI mila jAtA hai| videzI bhASAe~-grIka, prAcIna phArasI aura anya aneka

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bhAratIya prArya-bhASA meM bahubhASitA 73 IrAnI bhASAe~-loga vaDI sakhyA me volate the aura unakA pracalana bahuta vistRta thaa| ina bhASAo se bhI bhAratIya Arya-bhASAmo meM zabda lie jA rahe the| nissadeha aise zabdo kI sakhyA tatkAlIna pracalita prAntIya bhASApro meM una zabdo se kahI adhika thI, jinheM hama vartamAna paristhiti me saskRta tathA sAhityika prAkRto me pA rahe hai| vAstava meM, prAcIna bhArata meM pracalita bhASAo ke savadha meM bhI yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai, jaisI isa samaya hai| kevala usa samaya anArya-bhASAmo kA kSetra Ajakala kI apekSA bahuta adhika vyApaka thaa| jaisA ki AryAvarta meM hama Aja pAte hai, sabhavata prAcIna kAla me bhI janatA ke adhikAza bhAga meM anArya-bhASAmo (drAviDa tathA oNsTrika) kA prabhAva pArya-bhASAo kI apekSA kahI adhika thaa| vastuta do sahasra varSa pUrva tathA usase bhI pahale bhArata meM bahubhASitA kA pracalana lagabhaga utanA hI thA, jitanA ki vartamAna bhArata meM hai|

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'bIca' kI vyutpatti zrI Aryendra zarmA ema0 e0, DI-phila0 hindI kA vIca' zabda "madhya, kendra, antara, avakAza, sthAna" Adi arthoM meM tathA adhikaraNa kAraka me, 'me' ke sthAna para, prayukta hotA hai| anya Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM bhI yaha zabda, inhI artho me, vartamAna haipajAbI meM 'vicca', gujarAtI me 'vace', 'vice', 'vacce', nepAlI meM 'vica', ityAdi / vrajabhASA tathA avadhoM meM bhI 'vica' athavA 'vIca' kA prayoga varAvara milatA hai| ___ ina saba zabdo kA mUla prAkRta (tathA apabhraza) kA 'vicca', (saptamI eka0 meM 'viccammi', 'vicci', 'vicce') zabda hai / hemacandra ke prAkRta-vyAkaraNa' meM do sthalo para 'vicca' zabda kA ullekha hai-adhyAya 4, sUna 350 nathA sUtra 421 / inake atirikta, pAiyasaddamahaNNavo' ke anusAra, puSpamAlA prakaraNa 427, nigAvirAmakulaka 16, kumArapAlacarita tathA bhavisattakahA 56 11 meM bhI 'vicca' zabda milatA hai / pAiyasahamahaNNavo meM 'vicca' ke do artha diye gaye hai, "vIca, madhya" tathA "mArga, raastaa"| dUsare artha ("mArga") ke udAharaNo ke lie pA0 sa0 ma0 ne hemacandra ke uparyukta dono sUtro tathA kumArapAlacarita aura bhavisattakahA ke sthalo kA nirdeza kiyA hai| vAstava me pA0 sa0 ma0 ne "mArga" artha hemacandra ke "viSaNNoktavartmano bunnavRttaviccam / 4 421 / (apabhraza meM saMskRta ke 'viSaNNa', 'ukta' tathA 'vartman' zabdo ke sthAna para kramaza 'vunna', 'vutta' tathA 'vicca' zabdo kA Adeza hotA hai)|" ima sUtra ke AdhAra para diyA hai| kintu, jaisA AlsaDorpha' ne siddha kiyA hai, ina sabhI sthalo para prakaraNa, sandarbha Adi kI dRSTi se 'vicca' kA artha "madhya" athavA "antara" hI ho sakatA hai, "garga" nhiiN| isake atirikta hemacandra ke sa0 'vama' prA0 'vicca', isa samIkaraNa meM dhvani-garivartana sambandhI kaThinatA bhI spaSTa hai / '-' ke sthAna para 'vi-'Adeza aura -ma-ke lopa ko kisI bhI taraha niyamAnukUla nahI kahA jA sktaa| 'vartma-' ke '-tke sthAna para 'c- ho jAnA bhI sambhava nhiiN| niyama ke anusAra sa0 'ta-' kA prAkRta meM 'TTa honA caahie| svaya hemacandra ne adhyAya 2, sUtra 30 meM yahI niyama batA kara sa0 'kaivarta-'>prA0 kavaTTa', sa0 'vati->prA0 vaTTI' Adi udAharaNa diye hai| phira pAlI meM sa0 'vartma- kA parivartita rUpa 'vaTuma'- ("dIghanikAya", bhAga 2, pR0 8, tathA "sayuttanikAya", bhAga 4, pR0 52) pahale hI se vartamAna hai, jo, gAigara ("pAlI litarAtUra ud prAkhe"58 2) ke anusAra 'vama-' se * vaTTama', *vaTTama- se *vaTma', aura 'vaTma-se svarabhakti dvArA 'vaTuma-', isa prakAra vikasita huA hai| svaya prAkRta meM bhI sa0 'vartman- se sambaddha 'vaTTa- (<*sa0 'varta-, hindI 'vATa') "pizela (Pischel) dvArA sampAdita, hAle (Halle), jarmanI 1877-80 / '50 haragovindadAsa trikamacanda zeTha dvArA sampAdita, kalakattA, vi0 sa0 1976-85 / "apabhraza-STUDiena', lAipsiza ((Apabhramsa-Studien, Leipzig), 1937, pRSTha 77-78 / "pizel, 'prAmATik dera prAkRta-prAjen, STrAsburga (Pischel, 'Grammatik der PrakritSprachen,' Strassburg), 1900, 1218-Adi, gAigara, 'pAlI litarAtUra ud prAkheM' (Gciger, 'Pah Literatur und Sprache')-agrejI anuvAda DA0 vaTakRSNa ghoSa, kalakattA, 1943, aura 64 / 42

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75 'vIca' ko vyutpatti zabda upalabdha hai| phalata prA0 "vicca-' sa0 'vartma-' kA parivartita rUpa nahI ho sktaa| yaha vyutpatti asambhava hai| pizel ("grAmATik der prAkRta-pAkhen" / 202) prA0 'vicca-' kI vyutpatti eka dUsare prakAra se karate hai| inake anusAra 'vicca-' kA vikAsa prA0 'vaccaI' (Page #97
premI-abhinadana- pratha 76 ko Tarnara spaSTa hI 'vi+ac (aJc ) ' dhAtu athavA 'vyac-' dhAtu se banAte haiM, kyoki tulanA ke lie unakA diyA huA 'uruvyaJc-' zabda 'vi+ac (graJc ) ' dhAtu se aura 'vyacas'- 'tryac' dhAtu se banA huA hai|' iname se 'vi + ac (aJc)' se 'vIcya-' kA banAnA sarala hai, kyoki "nirvala" rUpo meM 'ac- (aJc ) ' kA 'tha' lupta ho jAtA hai, zrIra usake pUrvavartI 'i- 'u' dIrghaM ho jAte hai / ' kintu 'vyac' dhAtu se 'vIcya'- banAne meM kucha kaThinatA hai / 'vyac' kA dUsarA, "nirbala", rUpa 'vic' milatA hai, ' 'vIc' nahI, aura 'vic' se 'vinya-' vana sakatA hai, 'vIcya-' nahI / hA~, eka taraha se Tarnara ko bAta kA samAdhAna bhI ho sakatA hai| saMskRta vyAkaraNa meM 'vyac' eka svatanna dhAtu hai, kintu Adhunika vidvAno kI sammati hai ki yaha dhAtu vAstava meM 'vi+ac (aJc )' kA hI samasta rUpa hai, pRthak dhAtu naho / 'vyac' kA artha hai "apane meM sameTa lenA, ghera lenA, apane meM samA jAne denA, apane andara avakAza yA sthAna denA " tathA "dhokhA denA, chalanA" / 'ac' athavA 'aJc" kA artha hai "jAnA, calanA, muDanA, jhukanA, rujhAna honA" aura 'vi+ac (zraJc)' kA artha hai "vividha dizAo meM jAnA, idhara-udhara haTa jAnA, vistAra karanA" tathA "idharaughara calanA, doharI cAla calanA, dhokhA denA" / isa prakAra 'vyac' prora 'vi+ac (aJc )' ke arthoM meM paryApta sAdRzya hai | rUpa meM to dono tulya hai hI / ata ina dono ko mUla me eka mAna lene meM koI bAdhA nahI / itanI vAta avazya hai ki saMskRta bhASA meM vaidika kAla se hI 'vyac' kA apanA pRthak astitva vana gayA hai / astu / 'vi + ac (aJc)' athavA 'vyac' dhAtu se sa0 * ' vIcya-' aura sa0 * ' vIcya-' se prA0 'vicca' kI utpatti, dhvani-parivartana kI dRSTi se, kisI na kisI taraha sambhava mAnI jA sakatI hai / kintu artha kI kaThinatA Tarnara kI vyutpatti meM bhI raha jAtI 1 prA0 'vicca' kA artha "mArga" karanA gramagata hai, yaha Upara spaSTa kiyA jA cukA hai / phira " mArga" kA 'vyac' athavA 'vi + ac (zraJc ) ' dhAtugro ke uparyukta se koI sIdhA sambandha bhI nahI banatA aura na ina dhAtuoM ke artho se "madhya" artha kI hI sagati banatI hai / 'vicca' ke anya arthaM "antara, avakAza" se 'vyac' aura 'vi + ac (aJc )' ke "vistAra karanA, pravakAza denA " arthoM kA samvandha avazya vana sakatA hai / (tulanA ke lie diye gaya 'uruvyaJc-' tathA 'vyacas' zabdo ge bhI yahI saketa milatA hai)| kintu "antara, avakAza" vicca' kA mukhya artha nahI hai (de0 pR0 66) / anta meM eka bAta yaha bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai ki Tarnara ne prA0 'vicna' ke do cakAro ke kAraNa isake pUrvaja saMskRta zabda ko *'vIcya' kalpita kiyA hai, kyoki saMskRta ke dIrghasvara -1 vyaJjanasayoga ke sthAna para prAkRta me hrasvasvara + vyaJjanasayoga, athavA dIrghasvara + eka vyaJjana ho jAtA hai,' jaise sa0 'mArga' > prA0 'magga-', sa0 'dIrgha' > prA0 'dIgha-' ityAdi / kintu sa0 * 'vicya -' kA bhI prA0 me 'vicca' hI bnegaa| phira "vIcya-' kI kalpanA karanA sarvathA anAvazyaka hai / pratyuta 'vyac' dhAtu se *' vicya -' banAnA hI sarala, niyamAnukUla hai, 'vIcya-' banAne me 'dekhiye grAsaman, "vuirtar-bukh tsum Rgveda" (Woeiter - buch zum Rig-Veda, lAipsiza, dvitIya saskaraNa, 1936) meM yahI donoM zabda / vizeSa vivaraNa nIce, pR0 66 para / sa0 kA 'vIci'- ("chala, kapaTa, lahara, taraGga" ) zabda bhI sambhavata 'vi + zrac' dhAtu se banA hai| dekhiye, maoNniyara viliyamsa meM 'vIci' zabda | dekhiye, vhiTne, "eN saskRta premara", 1682 | * dekhiye, vhiTne,,'eN saMskRta premara", 1087 (f), tathA maoNniyara viliyamsa, "igliza-sa0 DikzanarI" meM 'vyac' dhAtu / 'vAstava meM 'ac' aura 'zraJca' eka hI dhAtu hai / 'aJc "prabala" rUpa hai aura 'zrac' "nirbl"| dekhiye, nIce pR0 66 tathA maoNniyara viliyamsa meM yahI dono dhAtue~ / 'dekhiye, pizela "grAmATika, der prAkRta-prAsten" 62-65, 74-76 /

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'vIca' kI vyutpatti kaThinatA hai (dekhie pRSTha 64 ) / aura yadi prA0 'vicca' ke mUlabhUta saMskRta zabda ko 'vyac' dhAtu me na vanAkara, 'vi+ac (aJc)' dhAtu se vanAnA zrAvazyaka mAnA jAya, to bhI *" vIcya' kI kalpanA karanA anAvazyaka hai / prA0 'vicca' kA vikAsa sa 0 * ' bIca ' se bhI ho sakatA hai, kyoki maskRta ke dIrghasvara + eka vyaJjana ke sthAna para bhI kabhIkabhI prAkRta meM hrasvasvara + vyaJjanasayoga (dvitva) ho jAyA karatA hai, jaise sa 0 ' nIDa - ' > prA0 'NiDDU - ', sa0 'pUjA -> prA0 'pujjA-' / ' 'vicca' ke artha "antara, avakAza' se 'vi+ac (graJca ) ' dhAtu ke artha kA sambandha vanAne ke lie bhI * ' vIcya-' kI apekSA 'vIca' hI adhika upayukta hai / sAmAnyatayA * ' vIcya-' kA artha hogA "vistAra karane yogya" zraura* 'vIca' kA "vistAra" / sArAza yaha ki prA0 'vicca' ke lie *'vicya-' ('vyac' dhAtu) athavA * ' vIca ' ('vi + ac' dhAtu) kI hI kalpanA karanA adhika sarala mArga hai / uparyukta vivecana se spapTa hai ki yadyapi Tarnara kI vyutpatti zrava taka dI huI sava vyutpattiyo se adhika sagata ra bhASA-vijJAna ke niyamo ke anukUla hai, phira bhI ise sarvathA santoSa janaka nahI kahA jA sakatA / " isa prakAra uparyukta cAro vyutpattiyo me se koI bhI upAdeya siddha nahI hotii| nIce kI paktiyo meM eka naI vyutpatti' vidvAno ke vicAra ke lie upasthita kI jAtI hai / ( kintu ina paktiyo ke lekhaka ko apanI vyutpatti kI 'mAnyatA' ke viSaya meM koI zrAgraha nahI hai / isa prakAra kI vyutpattiyo ke viSaya meM matabheda honA svAbhAvika hai ) / saMskRta meM 'ac' athavA 'zraJc' ("jAnA, muDanA, jhukanA " ) dhAtu se vane hue aneka vizepaNa vAcaka zabda haiM, jinameM 'graJca' kA artha " kI ora " athavA " kI ora na ( yA jAne vAlA" hotA hai / udAharaNa ke lie 'adharAJc -' ('ghara + Jca) "nIce vI thora" athavA "nIce kI ora jAne vAlA', 'granvaJc-' ('anu + aJc') "kisI ke pIche jAne vAlA, anugAmI', 'udaJc' ('ut + aJc') "Upara (uttara) kI ora" athavA " Upara kI zrora jAne vAlA", 'nyaJc-' ('ni+graJc') "nIce kI ora" athavA "nIce kI ora jAne vAlA", 'prAJ-' ('pra+ zrac') "Age kI ora (pUrva ) " athavA " Age kI ora jAne vAlA", 'pratyaJc -" ("prati + aJc ) "viruddha digA, pIche kI ora (pazcima) " athavA "viruddha dizA kI ora jAne vAlA", 'samyaJc' ('sami + aJc', 'sami' = 'sam ' ) 77 'vAstava meM yaha parivartana " bhrama - mUlaka" hai / bAta yaha hai ki pAlI tathA prAkRta kA yaha eka sAmAnya niyama hai ki dIrghasvara ke bAda kevala eka vyaJjana raha sakatA hai, vyaJjanasayoga nahIM; kintu hrasva svara ke bAda eka vyaJjana bhI raha sakatA hai, aura vyaJjanasayoga bhI / phalata saMskRta ke dIrghasvara + vyaJjanasayoga ke sthAna para hrasvasvara - + vyaJjanasayoga athavA dIrghasvara + eka vyaJjana ho jAtA hai / saMskRta kA dIrghasvara + eka vyaJjana prAkRta meM bhI dIrghasvara - + eka vyaJjana raha sakatA hai / kintu uparyukta niyama ko vyApakatA ke kAraNa kabhI-kabhI isakA " durupayoga" bhI ho jAtA hai-- saskRta ke dIrghasvara + eka vyaJjana ko prAkRta meM jyo kA tyo rakhA jA sakane para bhI, hrasvasvara + do vyaJjana meM parivartita kara diyA jAtA hai| phira bhI isa " durupayoga" ke AdhAra para bhI sa0 * 'vIca' ko prA0 'vicca' meM parivartita karanA sambhava hai hI / vizeSata isaliye ki zrarya kI dRSTi se 'vIca' - ( " vistAra") adhika upayukta hai / dekhiye, grAlsDorpha, "apabhraMza - sTUDiena", pR0 76 - " Tarnara kI vyutpatti mujhe mAnya nahIM ja~catI / kintu isa sthAna para koI anya adhika ucita, vyutpatti rakhane meM bhI asamartha hU~ " / , yaha vyutpatti yadyapi Tarnara kI vyutpatti se milatI-julatI hai, aura usake AdhAra para kisI ko sUjha sakatI hai, phira bhI maiM ise "naI" isaliye kaha sakA hU~ ki maine Tarnara kI vyutpatti dekhane se kaI mAsa pUrva ise socA thA aura "noT" karake par3A rahane diyA thaa| isa lekha ke liye masAlA ikaTThA karate samaya ho mujhe Tarnara kI vyutpatti kA patA claa| isake atirikta, Tarnara kI vyutpatti aura isa vyutpatti meM, dhvani vikAsa kI zrAzika samAnatA hote hue bhI artha-vikAsa kA vivecana bilakula bhinna hai /

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premI-abhinaMdana - pratha "eka sAtha" athavA "eka sAtha jAne vAlA", "viSvaJc-' ('vipu+ zraJc') "vibhinna dizAzro kI ora, saba ora" athavA "vibhinna dizAo meM jAne vAlA', 'devAJc-' ('deva + aJc') "devatAo kI thora" athavA "devatAo kI ora jAne vAlA" ityAdi / # 78 ina zabdo kI vibhinna vibhakti Adiko meM 'aJca' ke tIna rUpa milate hai--' graJca', 'ac' aura ' c' / '-aJca' ko "prabala" rUpa, 'ac' ko "madhyama" rUpa zrIra' c' ko " nirbala" rUpa kahA jAtA hai / "pravala" aura "madhyama" rUpo me '-aJc athavA '-ac' kA '--' apane pUrvavartI svara me mAmAnya mandhi-niyamo ke anusAra mila jAtA hai, kintu " nirbala" rUpo me lupna huA 'a- apane se pUrvavartI 'i' 'u' ko dIrgha vanA jAtA hai / Upara diye hue zabda "pravala" rUpo ke haiM / "madhyama" rUpo meM yahI zabda 'gharAc', 'anvac', 'nyac', 'pratyac' Adi vana jAte hai zrIra " nirbala" rUpo meM 'adharAc', ' 'anUc', 'nIc', 'pratIc' Adi / ina zabdo meM se adhikAza ke pUrva-pada upasarga ('pra, parA, ni, prati grAdi) hai, kintu kucha ke pUrvapada vizeSaNa athavA sajJAe~ bhI haiM, jaise 'agharAJc-' zraura 'devAJca me / sabhI zabda dizA-vAcaka prathavA ApekSika-sthiti-vAcaka hai, yaha spaSTa hI hai / ina vidyamAna 'aJc -' vizeSaNo ke AdhAra para anya vizeSaNa bhI kalpita kiye jA sakate hai / prA0 'vicca' ( " madhya") prApekSika sthiti - vAcaka zabda hai / isakI vyutpatti ke lie eka nayA 'zraJca vizeSaNa, 'dvi--- zraJca', kalpita kara lenA zAyada abhagata na hogA / uparyukta niyama ke anusAra 'dvi + praJca' kA " nirbala" rUpa 'dvoc-' banegA jaise 'ni+aJc' kA 'nIc-' aura 'prati + thaJca' kA 'pratIc-' banatA hai / 'dvIc-' ke 'dvI ' aza kI tulanA sa0 'dvIpa -' zabda se kI jA sakatI hai| 'dvIpa-' 'dvi - ap' ('jala') se banA hai| 'aJca' kI taraha 'ap' ke nirbala spo meM bhI '--' kA lopa ho jAtA hai aura usake pUrvavartI 'i', 'u' dIrgha ho jAte hai, jaise 'anUpa' ('anu + zrap') zrara 'nIpa-' ('ni+ap') me|' isa prakAra 'nIca' aura 'dvIpa -' zabdo ke AdhAra para 'dvIca ' ('dvi + zraJc + a ' ) zabda kI kalpanA kara lene meM kucha bhI bAdhA nahI hai / * 'dvIca ' kA artha hogA "dono ora jAne vAlA, dono ora pahu~cane vAlA", arthAt "dono zrora (dono bhAgo se ) sambaddha", arthAt "mdhy"| "madhya" artha se "do ke madhya me sthAna, do ke bIca kA antara" yaha artha, aura isa artha se "antara, avakAza" Adi artha sahaja hI vikasita ho sakate haiM / ( kintu, dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki isake viparIta "antara, zravakAza" grathoM se "madhya" zrartha kA vikAsa honA kaThina hai / isakA pramANa svaya 'madhya' zabda ke artha-vikAsa kA itihAsa hai / 'madhya' ke artha veda brAhmaNAdi grantho meM "vIca me, bIca kA, madhyatama, kendra" hai / "do ke bIca kA grantara, avakAza" artha pahale-pahala mahAbhArata me milatA hai / ") "do kA madhya" se "aneka kA madhya, kendra ( bIcobIca )" vana jAnA bhI svAbhAvika hI hai / / thoM ke viSaya me * dvIca ' kI tulanA uparyukta 'zraJcu ' vizeSaNa 'viSvaJc-' aura usase samvaddha 'viSuvat ' zavda se kI jA sakatI hai / ina dono zabdo ke mUla meM 'viSu-' gavda hai, jisakA artha hai "dono ora, vividha zrora, sava or"|" 'dekhiye, vhiTne, "saMskRta premara " [[407 - 410 / 'a' ke pUrva vAlA zabda yadi akArAnta ho to "madhyama" aura " nirbala" rUpa eka se banate haiM / dekhiye, maoNniyara viliyamsa meM yahI zabda | 'de0 maoN0 vi0 meM 'madhya' zabda | 5 'grAsaman ("vuitaMrabukh tsuma Rgveda" ) ke anusAra 'viSu' zabda ke mUla meM 'vi' upasarga hai, aura maoN0 vi0 ke anusAra 'viSu' kA sambandha 'vizva' - ( " saba " ) zabda se haiM / kintu kyA yaha sambhava nahIM ki 'viSu-' kA samvandha 'dvi-' (>'ci-') zabda se ho ? maoN0 vi0 to 'vi' upasarga ko bhI 'dvi-' se udbhUta mAnane ko taiyAra hai /

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'bIca' ko vyutpatti 76 phalata 'vipvaJca- kA artha hotA hai "dono ora, sava ora, sarvatra" athavA "dono ora (sava pora) jAne vAlA, sarvatra vyaapt"| isI prakAra "viSuvat- zabda ke artha hai "dono ora tulya bhAga vAlA, do ke madhya ma sthita, sabake madhya me sthita, kendra", jo 'dvIca-' ke uparyukta aryoM se pUrI-pUrI samAnatA rakhate haiM aura unakI yukti-yuvatatA siddha karane hai| 'viSuvad-rekhA-'"pRthvI kI madhyarekhA" aura 'vipuvad-dina- "vaha dina jaba sUrya madhyarekhA para AtA hai, aura rAta tathA dina bagavara hote hai" bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai| sArAza yaha ki artha kI dRSTi se 'dIca-' ko prA0 "vicca' kA pUrvaspa mAnanA sabhI taraha se sagata aura nyAyya hai| dhvani kI dRSTi se bhI ma0 'dvIca-' kA prA0 "vicca' meM parivartita ho jAnA niyamAnukUla hai| prAkRta ke aneka gando meM saskRta ke 'dvi-' ke sthAna para 'vi-' athavA 'vi-' aura saskRta 'dvA-' ke sthAna para 'vA-' athavA 'vA-'ho gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie ma0 dvi-'>prA0 "vi' ('vi') "dUsarA", ma0 "dvika-'>prA0 "via- ("vipra-') "yugma, joDA", sa0 "dvitIya-'>prA. 'viijja-(viijja-') "dUmaga", sa0 'dvAdaga-'>prA0 'vArasa-' 'vArasa', 'vAraha', 'vAha', ma. dvAviMga-'> prA0 'vAvIsa-', 'vAvIma-' "vAIsa", sa0 'dvAra-' > prA0 'vAra- ('bAra-') "dvAra", sa. dvArakA-'>prA0 'vAragA-' 'vAragA-' ityAdi / phalata ma0 'dvIca-' kA bhI prA0 me * 'vIca-' athavA 'vIcabana sakatA hai / isake bAda 'nIDa' > "Nihu' kI taraha (pR0 65 tathA Ti0 1)* 'vIca-' kA 'vicca-' bana jAnA bhI sarvathA sambhava hai| isa prakAra arya aura rUpa dono dRSTiyo me prA0 "vicca' ko sa0* 'dvIca-' se vikasita mAnA jA sakatA hai| prA0 "vicca' kA vikAsa Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhApAno me kaI rUpo meM huA hai-hindI me 'bIca', 'vica', pajAvI meM 'vicca',gujarAtI meM "vice','vace', 'vacce', nepAlI meM "vica' ityaadi| inameM se 'vicca'> 'vIca'to,prAkRta kA hratvasvara+vyaJjanasayoga > hindI Adi meM dIrghasvara+eka vyaJjana, isa atyanta vyApaka niyama ke anusAra, svAbhAvika hI hai| pajAvI 'vicca' bhI, pajAvI bhApA kI, prAkRta ke hrasvamvara-+vyaJjanasayoga ko aparivartita rakhane kI sAmAnya pravRtti ke anukUla hai| isI prakAra baja0, avadhI aura nepAlI ke 'vica' meM pUrvasvara ko dIrgha kiye binA eka 'n-' kA lopa bhI amAdhAraNa nahIM hai| gujagatI 'vacce' prA0 "vicce' (='vicca' meM) kA aura 'vaca' ('vaca-mA'="vIca meM") "vica' kA parivartita spa hai| 'vIca' aura 'me' ke artha meM vraja me 'vime, vima, viseM, vipe, viSa, vise, visa' aura guja0 meM 'vize', 'vipe' kA bhI prayoga hotA hai| isa zabda kA prArambhika spayadi 'vipa 'vi' hai taba to spaSTa hI isakA sambandha saskRta ke 'vipaya' 'pizela 443 Adi / prAkRta meM 'va' . 'va' kA vinimaya suprasiddha hai| 'tulanA ke liye, prA0 'kamma'>hi. 'kAma',prA0 'hatya'>hi. 'hAya', prA0 'visa'>hi. 'vIsa' ityaadi| isa dhvani-parivartana kA pariNAma kabhI-kabhI yaha hotA hai ki prAkRta se vikasita hindI prAdi ke zabda ulaTa kara phira una saMskRta zabdo ke sarUpa ho jAte hai, jinase prAkRta zabda vikasita hue the, jaise sa0 'pUjA-'>prA0 'pujjA'>hi0 'pUjA', sa0 'eka'>prA0 'eNkka' > hi0 'eka', sa0'taila->prA0 "tilla'>hi0 'tela', sa0 'nIca'>prA0 "Nica' > hi0 'nIca' ityAdi / isI prakAra kA parivartana 'vIca' meM mAnA jA sakatA hai-sa0 * 'dvIca-'> prA0 *'vIca-'>"vicca-'> hi0 'vIca', jo ThIka 'nIca'>'Nicca' > 'nIca' ke hI samAna hai| "dekhiye, sunItikumAra cATuA , "iDo-Aryana aiMDa hindI" (ahamadAvAda, 1942), pR0 114,170 / "dekhiye, su0 cATA , "praoNrijina aiMDa DevalapameMTa oNv da veMgAlI laiMgveja" (kalakattA, 1926), pR0 160 / "kintu Azcarya hai ki yaha zabda na to "hindI-zabda-sAgara" meM aura na DA0 dhIrendra varmA ke "vrajabhASA vyAkaraNa" (ilAhAbAda, 1937) meM diyA gayA hai / prayoga ke udAharaNa ke liye dekhiye "satasaI-saptaka" (zyAmasundaradAsa dvArA sampAdita, ilAhAbAda, 1631), pR0 288, vohA 16 /

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80 premI-abhinadana-pratha zabda se hai| kintu yadi vise', 'viseM' ko prArambhika rUpa aura 'vige' 'vi' virSa' ko 'vime' phA "paDitA" rUpa tayA 'vikheM "vikhai' ko isa "paDitA" rUpa se parivartita mAnA jAya, to isa zabda ko bhI prA0 'vicca' me sambaddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| kyoki 'ca', 'cha' aura 'sa', 'za' ke vinimaya ke aneka udAharaNa pAlI, prAkRta tathA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo meM milate hai| pAlI prAkRta me sa0 cca' tathA'cha' ke sthAna para 'sa' athavA 'mma' dekhane meM prAtA hai, jaise sa0 pRcchati'>prA0 'puchaI', 'pusai' tathA 'pusai',sa0 "cikilA-'>prA0 'cikichA-'tapA'ciksiA -', na0 'ucca-' >prA0 'utsa' ityAdi / Adhunika bhASAo me vagAlI, marAThI, gujarAtI tathA rAjasthAnI ke aneka gando ge 'ca' ke sthAna para 'sa''tta athavA 'za' kA uccAraNa pracalita hai / udAharaNa ke lie na0 'cuka > va 'guru' (nigA), sa0 'cora'>ma0 'lora',saH 'ucca'>gu0 'uno', hi0 'akkI'> rAja 'sI' yaadi| mihalI bhASA ke to prAya sabhI zabdome 'ca' ke sthAna para 'sa'ho gayA hai-ma0 catvAra'>mi0 'satara',ma0 'paJca'>mi0 'para' ityaadi| isI prakAra ke vinimaya ne 'vice' (="vIca meM") ko 'vise' banA diyA ho, to koI pAzcarya nhiiN| 'vimeM' kA vise' 'visa', 'vimai' Adi vana jAnA sAdhAraNa vAta hai| haidarAvAda] . - - %EM 'prArambhika rUpa kauna sA hai, isakA nirNaya tabhI ho sakatA hai, jaba isa zabda ke prayoga ke samasta udAharaNa prAmANika hastalikhita pratiyoM se sagahIta kiye jAyeM aura unakI vivecanA kI jAya / isa sAmagrI kI alabhyatA hote hue prArambhika rUpa kA nirNaya karanA mere vaza ke bAhara kI bAta hai| vistRta vivecanA ke lie dekhiye, su0 cATuD "baMgAlI " pR0 466-67, pizel, 'grAmA0 prA0 prA0" 327 aadi| 'su0 cATuA , "baMgAlo- ", pR0 466 / "su0 cATuA , "baMgAlI ", pR0 551 / "de0 priyarsana kA lekha, "jarnala oNk da raoNyala eziyATika sosAiTI", 1913, pR0 361- / 'de0 gAigara, "litarAtUra ud prAkhne der siMhAlejana" STrAsavarga (Literatur und Sprache der Singhalesen, Strassburg), 1900, 55 14 (6), 23 (1) /

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azvoM ke kucha viziSTa ( I0 pUrva ke 1000 se 1200 taka) zrI pI0 ke0 goDe ema0 e0 hemacandra (1088 se 1172) ne apane abhidhAnacintAmaNi zabda-koza meM varNAnusAra azvo ke nimnalikhita nAmo kA ullekha kiyA haikrama nAma varNa hemacandra kI vyAkhyA 1 karka karoti pramoda karka "kRgo vA" (uNA-23) iti ka (amarakoSa meM 'karka' kA ullekha zveta azva ke lie AyA hai-"sita karka") kokAha kokavat pAhanti bhuva kokAha (ja'-1) khoGgAha zvetapiGgala khamudgAhate khoGgAha , pRpodarAditvAt, zvetazcAsau piGga(ja-2) lazca zvetapiGgala serAha pIyUSavarNa pIyUSa amRta dugdha vA tadvadvarNo'sya pIyUpavarNa tatra sIrava dAhanti bhuva serAha mita . . pIta hariM varNa yAti hariyaH hariyA (ja-3) khuGgAha kRSNavarNa khurAhate khuGgAha. kriyAha lohita nIlaka kriyA na jahAti nIla eva nIlaka pAnIla (ja-8) (sa-7) triyUha kapila trIn yUthAni triyUha aya triyUha. eva vyomni ullaghate vollAha vollAha (ja-21) urAha (ja-14) (sa-13) kapila aura pANDu kezara vAladhi manAka pANDu aura kRSNajagha urasA Ahanti urAha sa-somezvara / 'j--jydtt| 11

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82 krama 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 20 nAma sUruhaka (dekhiye sarurAhaka) (ja-21) vorukhAna (ja-15) kulAha (ja-13) ukanAha (ja-16) zoNa harika (ja-3) hAlaka paGgula dekhiye piGgala (sa-20 ) ilAha (ja-11) ( sa - 18 ) varNa gardabhAma pATala manApIta kRSNa syAt yadi jAnu ni pItaraktacchAya aura premI abhinaMdana graMtha kRSNaraktacchAya kokanadacchavi pItaharitacchAya " sitakAcAbha citrita hemacandra kI vyAkhyA sukhena rohati surUha vairiNa khanati vorukhAna kulam zrajihIte kulAha ucce nahyate ukanAha / saNva ukanAha / kRSNaraktacchAya san kvaciducyate / zoNa. zoNavarNa harideva harika halati kSmA hAlaka paGgan lAti paGgula citrito karpUravarNI halavadAhanti halAha hemacandra ne vibhinna ghoDo kI ukta sUcI ( bhUmikANDa, chanda 303 se 309 ) ko nimnalikhita TippaNI dekara pUrNa kara diyA hai -- "khoGgAhAdaya zabdA dezoprAyA / vyutpattistveSA varNAnupUrvI nizcayArtham " ( khoGgAha tathA dUsare nAma prAya dezI hai / nizcaya artha meM unakI vyutpatti ghoDo ke vibhinna varNoM ke AdhAra para kI gaI hai / ) hemacandra ke isa kathana se ki vibhinna varNoM ke azvo ke ye nAma 'dezIprAyA 'hai, patA calatA hai ki hemacandra vizvasta nahI the ki ye nizcita rUpa se dezI zabda hI haiM / phira bhI yaha spaSTa hai ki ina nAmo kA pracalana hemacandra ke samaya arthAt gyArahavI zatAbdI meM thA / aba hama dekheM ki ye nAma yA inameM se kucha hemacandra ke samaya meM athavA usake nikaTavartI varSoM me race gaye anya saMskRta grantho meM milate haiM yA nahI / vastuta cAlukya vazI rAjA somezvara dvArA san 1130 I0 ke lagabhaga ( jabaki hemacandra karIva 42 varSa ke the) racita 'mAnasollAsa " ( athavA 'abhilaSitArtha cintAmaNi' ) nAmaka vizvakoza ke polo- adhyAya meM, jise 'vAjivAhyAlI vinoda' kahA gayA hai, hameM kucha nAmo kA ullekha milatA hai / isa adhyAya me adhikArI aphasara dvArA lAye gaye aneka prakAra ke ghor3oM, unakI naslo aura varNoM kI parIkSA karane ke lie rAjA ko parAmarza diye gaye hai / rAjA ko ghoDo kI nasla kA nirNaya jina dezo se ve Aye the, unake AdhAra para karanA thA / vibhinna dezo ke nAma, jinameM ghoDo kI utpatti huI thI, somezvara ne diye hai / unhone ghoDo ke zarIra ke viziSTa cihno kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai aura vargoM tathA jAti ke AdhAra para, jo ki sasyA meM cAra hai, vargIkaraNa kiyA hai| unhone 'gAyakavADa oriyaTala sIrIja baDodA meM prakAzita, bhAga 2 (1636) pU0 211 - - tathA bhUmikA, pR0 34 //

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azvo ke kucha viziSTa nAma vibhinna prakAra ke ghoDo kI vizeSatAno para bhI, jinamai ghoDo ke zarIra kI gaThana bhI sammilita hai, prakAza DAlA hai| yahAM unhone 'pacakalyANa' tathA 'aSTamaGgala' ghoDo kA ullekha kiyA hai / tadanantara ghoDo kI gati-adhika, madhyama aura dhImI-kA vibhAjana kiyA hai / doSapUrNa ghoDo ke cihna bhI unhone diye hai / ghoDo ko sajA dene tathA zikSaNa yogya banAne ke tarIko ko bhI batAyA hai| zikSaNa pUrNa ho jAne para ye ghoDe rAjA ke kAma Ate the| sarvottama azvo ko sarvottama jona tathA AbhUSaNo se susajjita kiyA jAtA thA aura rAjA una para savArI karate the| vargoM ke AdhAra para ghoDo ke nAma dene ke pUrva somezvara likhate hai "zvetaH kRSNo'ruNaH pIta. zuddhAzcatvAra eva hi / mizrAstvanekaghA varNAsteSAM bheda pravakSyate // 52 // " (aryAt sapheda, kAle, lAla aura pIle, ye hI cAra vizuddha varNa hai| unake mizraNa to aneka hai| unake bhedo ko Age batAyA jaaygaa)| vibhinna vargoM tathA jAtiyo ke ghoDo ke somezvara dvArA ullikhita nAmo kA nIce dI huI tAlikA para eka nigAha me hI AbhAsa ho jAyagAna0 nAma varNa jAti vivaraNa 1 kaka (ka) zveta vipra kezA vAlAzca romANi varma caiva khuraastthaa| zvataretairbhavedazva kakA (U) ho viprajAtija // 3 // 2 kattala zukla yA zveta pUrvavatsarvazuklAGgastvacA kRSNo bhavedyadi / varNanAmnA sa vijJeya kattalo'ya turaGgama // 4 // 3 kAla kRSNa zUdra lomabhi kezavAlazca tvacA kRSNaH khurairpi| kAla ityucyate vAjI zUdraH shauryaadhikstthaa||8|| 4 kapAha (kavAha) rohita kSatrajAti kezaprabhRti vAlAnta sarvAGge rohito ydi| (ha-7) kayAha iti vikhyAta kSatrajAti turaGgama // 86 // serAha kAJcanAbha vaizya kezastanuruharvAla kAJcanAbhasturaGgama / serAha iti vikhyAta vaizyajAti samudbhava // 7 // 6 cora sila+lohita silalohita romANi sarvAGge mizritAni ca / mukhAGghri vAlakezeSu lohitazcora ucyate // 18 // / 7 nIla sitakRSNa kezavAlAGghrituNDe ca mecako rurusannibha / nIla ityucyate vAjI sitakRSNe tanUruhe // 86 // 8 ka yA(pA)ha kRSNa ityAdi pATalIpuSpasakA (zo)zAnalakeSu sitetara / kRSNanthikayA(pA)hozva saGgrAme vijayaprada // 60 // hai moha madhUka valkala madhUkavalkalacchAyo moha ityucyate haya / 10 jamba pakvajambUphala pakvajambUphalacchAyo jamba ityabhidhIyate // 6 // 11 harita (ha-5) pIta+lohita kezavAleSu pItazca lohito harito mata / (ha-17) 12 sapta (pti) rundIra unduravarNa undureNa samacchAya sapta (pti) rundIra ucyate // 12 // 13 urAha mecaka+pIta+ kezakesara pucche ca jAnuno'dhazca mecakaH / (ha-11). lohita sarvAGgalohita pItairurAha. kathyate haya // 6 //

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premI-abhinadana-pratha varNa jAti vivaraNa na0 nAma 14 gaNThi (maNTha) varNa zoNa ityAdi vaizya zepa (zoNa)stepveva dezeSu sarvAGge kiJcidujvala / raktarekhAGkita pRSThe gaNThi (maNTha)varNasturaGgama // 14 // 15 paJcakalyANa pANDura yenakenApi varNena mukhe pucche ca (pAdeSu)pANDura / / paJcakalyANa nAmAya bhApita somabhUbhujA // 6 // 16 aSTamaThA (Gga)la pANDura kezeSu vadane pucche vaze pAde ca pANDura / aNTa maNThA (Gga)la nAmA ca sarvavarNepu zasyate // 6 // 17 dhautapAda zveta ityAdi zveta sarveSu pAdepu pAdayopi yo bhavet / dhautapAda sa vijJeya prazasto mugapuNDaka // 17 // 18 halAha (ha-20) zveta ityAdi vigAle paTTakai zveta sthAne sthAne virAjita / yena kenApi varNena halAha iti kathyate // 98|| 16 taraja citrita citrita pArvadeze ca zvetavindukadambake / yo vA ko vA bhavedvarNastaraja kathyate hya // 16 // 20 piGgala sita+kRSNa ityAdi , sitasya vindava kRSNA syUlA sUkSmA samantata / dRzyante vAjino yasya piGgala sa nigadyate // 10 // 21 bahulayA malina zveta+zyAmala , zvetasya sarvagAtreSu zyAmalA maNDalA yadi / ___ eke ta vahula prAhurapare malina budhA // 101 // somezvara kI ukta sUcI kI hemacandra kI sUcI se tulanA karane para hameM patA calatA hai ki nimnalisita nAma donoM sUciyo meM hai (1) karka (2) serAha (3) nIla yA nIlaka (4) urAha (5) halAha aura sabhavata (6) piGgala yA pnggl| ___ yaha kevala sayoga kI vAta nahI hai / yadyapi somezvara dakSiNa meM rAjya karate the aura hemacandra gujarAta meM rahate the tathApi ina dono prAnto meM nirantara pArasparika samparka rahatA thaa| hemacandra ke AzrayadAtA mahArAja kumArapAla ne do vAra kokana para AkramaNa kiyA aura zilAhAra vaza kA rAjA mallikArjuna ina AkramaNo me se eka meM mArA gyaa| yaha bahuta sambhava hai ki dakSiNa kI kucha azvavidyA gujarAta pahu~cI hogI aura gujarAta kI dakSiNa me, kyoki nirantara yuddha meM rata rAjApo ke lie azvavidyA kA vaDA mUlya thaa| somezvara aura hemacandra ne jina nAmo kA gyArahavI zatAbdI meM ullekha kiyA hai, uname se kucha vijayadatta ke putra mahAsAmanta jayadatta ke dvArA ghoDo ke viSaya me likhe 'azvavaidyaka nAmaka nivandha me bhI pAye jAte hai| nivandha ke anta me kucha mAdaka dravyo ke nAma bhI Ate hai aura sampAdaka kA kathana hai ki unakA jayadatta ne ullekha kiyA hai / una nAmo meM mujhe pRSTha 3 para 'ahiphaina' yA 'aphIma' kA nAma milatA hai| yadi yaha kathana sahI hai to mujhe kahanA paDatA hai ki yaha nibandha musalamAno ke bhArata meM Agamana ke pazcAt likhA gayA hai, kyoki AThavI zatAbdI meM musalamAno 'esa0 citrAva zAstrI (pUnA) racita 'madhyayugInacaritrakoza' 1937, pR0 240 / prAkRta vyAzrayakAvya (sarga 6) ke 41 se 70 taka chada dekhiye, jinameM kumArapAla ke koMkaNa para kUca kA varNana hai| sampAdaka umezacandra gupta, viba0 iDikA, kalakattA, 1886 / tIsare adhyAya ke 98-110 chando meM vargoM ke anusAra ghoDoM kI kismoM kA varNana hai| (pRSTha 38-43) /

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azvo ke kucha viziSTa nAma 85 ke Ane ke pUrva bhAratIya sAhitya me kahI bhI 'aphIma' kA nAma nahI thaa| sambhavata yaha nivandha san 800 aura 1200 ke vIca likhA gayA thaa| nakula dvArA racita 'azvacikitsita' nAmaka azva-sambandhI nivandha meM, jisakA sampAdana san 1987 me vibliothikA iDikA me ullikhita jayadatta ke grantha ke sampAdaka ne kiyA thA, hemacandra, somezvara aura jayadatta dvArA batAye gaye ghoDo ke nAma nahI aate| phira bhI nakula ke grantha ke tIsare adhyAya meM varNoM ke AdhAra para ghoDo kA ullekha hai, para unake nAma bhinna hai| ve nAma saskRta me hai, 'dezI prAyA' nahI hai, jaisA ki hemacandra ne likhA hai| nIce kI tAlikA me mai savistara varNoM ke hisAba se ghoDo ke kucha vizepa nAma detA hU~, jinakA ullekha jayadatta ne apane 'azvavaidyaka' meM kiyA hai 20 naM0 nAma nAma varNa 1 kokAha (ha-2) 2 khuGgAha (piGgAha) zveta kRSNa vivaraNa zveta kokAha ityukta kRSNa khunAha ucyate 3 harita (ha-5-17) pItaka pItako harita prokta 4 kaSAya raktaka kaSAyo raktaka smRta 5 kayAha (sa-8) pakvatAlanibha pakvatAlanibho vAjI kayAha parikIrtita / 6 serAha (ha-4) (sa-5) pIyUSavarNa pIyUSavarNa serAha 7 suruhaka (ha-12) gaIbhAbha gaIbhAbha suruhaka 8 nIla (ha-8) (sa-7) nIlaka nIlo nIlaka zyAvAzva 6 triyUha (ha-6) kapila triyUha. kapila smRta 10 khilAha (zilaha) kapila khilAha kapilo vAjI pANDukezaravAladhi / 11 halAha (ha-20)(sa-18) citrala halAha' citralazcaiva 12 khaDgAha (khegAha) zvetapItaka khagAha zvetapItaka 13 kulAha (ha-14) ISatpIta ISatpIta kulAhastuyobhavetkRSNajAnuka 14 urAha (urUha) kaSNa-pANDu kRSNAcAsye bhavellekhA pRsstthvshaanugaaminii|| (ha-11) (sa-13) ityAdi urAha kRSNajAnustu manAkpANDu stu yo bhavet // 104 // 15 veruhAna (vIrahaNa) pATala veruhAnaH smRto vAjI pATalo ya prakIrtita / (ha-13) raktapItakaSAyotyavarNajo yazca dRzyate // 10 // 16 ukanAha (dukUlAha) dehaja varNa ukanAha sa vikhyAto varNoM vAhasya dehaja / (ha-15) 17 kokurAha mukhapuNDraka ke sAtha kokAha puNDakeNAzva kokurAha prakIrtita 18 khararAha khararAhazca khaDgAho (puNDrakeNa) 16 harirohaka hariko harirohaka (puNDrakeNa) 'hemacandra ke prAzrayadAtA jayasiMha siddharAja (I0 1093-1143) kI rAjadhAnI aNahilapura meM ala idrisI nAmaka bhUgola-vizeSajJa gayA thaa| vaha likhatA hai-"zahara meM bahuta se musalamAna-vyApArI hai, jo yahAM vyApAra karate hai| rAjA unakA khUba satkAra karatA hai|". (dekhiye pAra0 sI0 pArIkha kRta kAvyAnusAra kI bhUmikA, pRSTha 194, bambaI, 1938, / s-someshvr|

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premI-abhinaMdana-graMya varNa 1 vivaraNa na0 nAma 20 murAha mukhapuNDraka ke sAtha kulAha murAha (puNDrakeNa) muragahana vollAha sarAhaka (puNDakeNa) munhaka (ha-12) 22 volgaha vIrAha vorAha (puNDrakeNa) 23 durAha dukulAha durAha (puNDakeNa) 24 triyurAha citralAga triyaha triyurAhazca citralAGgazca yo bhavet / maMne jayadatta ke 'azvavaidyaka' meM me ghoDoM ko nAmAvalI kI tAlikA jitanI acchI taraha se use samajhakara banA sakatA thA, banA dI hai| yaha nAmAvalI uma nAmAvalI se bhinna hai, jo gAlihotra ne ghoTo-mamvandhI apane nivanya meM dI hai aura jisakA bAra-bAra japaDhana ne ullekha kiyA hai| jayadatta ke samaya me prAcIna paribhASA g2alata nAbina ho cukI thI aura isI kAraNa jayadatta ne apane samaya meM pracalita nAmAvalI ko hI liyA, kyoki isa prakAra ke ullesa kI vyAvahArika upayogitA thii| jayadatta ne nimnilimvita chandoM meM apane isa dhyeya ko vyakta kiyA hai "vaktvAkAdibhirvarNe zAlihotrAdibhi smRta / pATalAdyaJca lokasya vyavahAro na sAmpratam // 18 // tammAtprasiddhakAnvarNAn vAjinA desambhavAn / mamAnena yathAyogya kathayAmyanupUrvaga // 6 // ghoDo ke vargoM ke AdhAra para unake nAmo kI tIno mUciyo se patA calatA hai ki jayadatta aura somezvara (1130) kI bhUciyAM hemacandra kI apekSA adhika pUrNa hai / ina tIno mUciyoM meM bahuta se nAma samAna hone se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki gyArahvI aura vArahavI zatAbdI meM azva-vidyA kA khUba pracalana thaa| isa azva-vidyA kA nizcita vpa ne videzI azva-vyApAra se bhI nambanva thA, jo lagabhaga 800 I0 pU0 ke bAda bhAratIya vandaragAho ke mAya cala rahA thA, jaisA maine anyatra likhA hai| hemacandra kahate hai ki yaha nAmAvalI dagIprAyA hai| merA yaha vizvAsa hai ki ina nAmo me me kucha phArasI hai aura kucha arakhI, aura ve phArasI, aravI, turkI tathA anya ghoDo kI naslo ke bhArata meM Ane ke mAya Aya, jainA ki vistAra se mArko polo ne apane yAtrA-vivaraNo (1298 I.) meM likhA hai| ghoTI ke videgI AyAta ke sambandha meM mAkoM polo ke vivaraNa kI puSTi DA0 ema0 ke0 eyagara ke nimnalikhita vivaraNa se ho jAtI hai, jo unhona 'kAyala' nAmaka malAvAra ke bandaragAha meM 1600 I0 ke lagabhaga pracalita azva-vyApAra ke bAre meM taiyAra kiyA thA dakSiNa meM manAra kI khADI me tamaraparNI ke muhAne para kAyala nAmaka eka bahuta hI surakSita vandaragAha thA, jo muprasiddha 'korakArDa' (jise yUnAnI bhUgola-lemvako ne 'kolakhoDa' kahA hai) se dUra na thaa| 1260 I0 ke lagabhaga kAyala eka prasiddha vyApArika kendra thA aura vahAM para 'kiga ke eka aravI naradAra malikulaislAma jamAluddIna ne, jo vAda meM 'phA'kA phArmara janarala ho gayA thA, eka ejenmI kAyama kI thii| 'vasapha ke kathanAnusAra isa samaya lagabhaga dasa hajAra ghoDe kAyala aura bhArata ke anya bandaragAho meM vyApAra ke lie bAhara se lAye gayethe, jinameM 1400 ghoDe svaya jamAluddIna ke ghoTo kI nasla ke the| hara eka ghoDe kA ausata mUlya camakate hue sone ke bane hue 220 dInAra thaa| una ghoDo kA mUlya nI jo rAste meM mara gaye the pADya rAjA ko, jisake lie ve lAye gaye the, denA par3A thaa| mAlUma hotA hai, jamAludvAna kA ejenTa fakroruhIna abdurrahamAna muhammadutaTayaivI kA veTA, jise marajavAna (mAragreva) ke nAma se bhI pukArA 'bhADArakara oriyaTala risarca isTIcyUTa kI patrikA, bhAga 26, pR0 89-105

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azvo ke kucha viziSTa nAma gayA hai, jamAluddIna kA bhAI thaa| isa ejenTa kA heDakvArTara kAyala me thA aura 'phitAna' aura mAlIphitAna ke anya vandaragAho para bhI usakA niyantraNa thaa| isa vRttAnta se patA calatA hai ki vaha isa bhU-pradeza meM arabavAsiyo ke bhArata me AyAta-vyApAra kA ejenTa-janarala thaa| isa AdhAra para yaha nizcita hai ki isa pradeza kA vyApAra usa samaya bahuta vaDhA-caDhA thaa| vasapha ke zabdo me malAvAra lamvAI meM kulama se nIlapara (nIlaura) taka lagabhaga tIna-sau parasaga samudra ke kinAre-kinAre phailA huA hai aura usa deza kI bhASA meM rAjA devara' kahalAtA hai, jisakA artha hai rAjya kA mAlika / 'cina' aura 'macina' kI viziSTa cIje tathA hinda aura sinva kI paidAvAra se lade hue parvatAkAra jahAz2a (jinheM ve 'jaka' kahate the) vahA~ pAnI kI sataha para isa prakAra cale Ate the mAno unake havA ke pakha lage ho| khAsa taura para phArasa kI khADI ke TApumo kI sampatti aura IrAka aura khurAsAna tathA ruma aura yorupa ke bahuta-se bhAgo kI saundaryapUrNa tathA sajAvaTa kI cIje 'malAvAra' ko hI pahuMcatI hai| malAvAra kI sthiti aisI hai ki use 'hinda kI kujI' kaha sakate haiN| ___ uparyukta 1260 I0 ke bhArata ke videzI vyApAra aura vizeSakara azva-vyApAra ke vizada varNana se varNAnusAra, jaisA hemacandra, somezvara aura jayadatta ne ullekha kiyA hai, ghoDo ke nAmo kI utpatti spaSTa ho jaaygii| yaha vAta dhyAnapUrvaka aura dilacaspI ke sAtha dekhane kI hai ki una 10,000 ghoDo meM se, jo kAyala me vAhara se lAye gaye the, 1400 ghoDe jamAluddIna ke khuda ke ghoDo kI nasla ke the| isa sambandha meM mujhe yaha kahanA paDatA hai ki 'vorukhAna' ghoDe kA nAma, jisakA ullekha hemacandra ne kiyA hai, 'vorukhAna' azvapAlaka ke nAma para hI rakkhA gayA hogaa| yadi vaha anumAna satya hai to hemacandra ke "vairiNa khanati vorukhAna" nAma kI vyAkhyA usakI anya ghoDo ke nAma kI vyAkhyA kI taraha dikhAvaTI tathA kAlpanika ho sakatI hai / hemacandra ne 'vorukhAna' ghoDe kA pATala varNa batalAyA hai / jayadatta ne 'veruhAna' yA 'vIrahaNa' ghoDe kA pATala raga vatalAyA hai| mere vicAra se 'vorukhAna' aura 'verUhAna' dono zabda eka hI hai| ve isa nAma ke kisI aravI azvapAlaka kI pora hI saketa karate hai, jaisA ki Upara kaha cukA huuN| prastuta lekha meM tIna alaga-alaga saskRta ke samakAlIna AdhAro para azvanAmAvalI taiyAra karane meM mujhe kucha saphalatA milI hai| isa viSaya meM dilacaspI rakhane vAle vidvAno se merA anurodha hai ki ve itara-saskRta grantho ke AdhAra para isa bAre meM prakAza DAlane kI kRpA kreN| sambhavata itara-saskRta granyo me, jhenophona kA grIka nibandha tathA zAlihotra, jayadatta eva nakula ke saskRta nivandha bhI isa viSaya para prakAza DAla sakate hai| pUnA] 3ill 'iliyaTa, 3, 32, esa0 ke0 aiyagara, 'sAuya iDiyA eMDa hara muhaimeDana inavaiDarsa', prAksaphorDa yUnivarsiTI presa, 1921, pR0 70-71 'hemacandra kI sUcI meM prayukta bIsa nAmo meM se pandraha jayadatta kI sUcI meM pAye jAte hai| isa prakAra ke sayoga se hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate hai ki kAlakrama ke anusAra hemacandra aura jayadatta eka dUsare se bahuta dUra nahIM hai, vizeSakara jaba hameM isa bAta kA smaraNa hotA hai ki hemacandra ne ina nAmoM kA ullekha apane samaya ke pracalita nAmoM ke AdhAra para hI kiyA hai| dUsare, jayadatta ne spaSTa likhA hai ki usane kevala apane samaya ke pahale ke pracalita nAmo ko hI liyA hai, kyoMki zAlihotra tathA anya vyaktiyo dvArA likhI gaI azvanAmAvaliyoM meM pAye hue nAmoM kA prayoga usake samaya meM banda ho gayA thaa|

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saMskRta vyAkaraNa meM lakAra-vAcI saMjJAe~ __ zrI kSitIzacandra caTTopAdhyAya zAstrI, ema0 e0 pANini meM jo lakAravAcI sajJAe~ prasiddha hai, unake sambandha me yaha nahIM jAna paDatA ki kyo 'laT' Adi nAmo se vartamAna Adi kAlo kA hI grahaNa kiyA jAya? isa samaya saskRta vyAkaraNa meM kAla-(bhUta, bhaviSya, vartamAna) aura bhAvo-(AjJA, AzIrvAda, kriyAtipatti Adi) kA bheda nahI pAyA jaataa| parantu pANini me pUrvavartI vyAkaraNo me sambhavata isa prakAra kA bheda vidyamAna thA aura dasa lakAra spaSTata do bhAgo me vibhakta ye, eka kAla kA bodha karAne vAle, jaise vartamAna, parokSa Adi aura dUsare AjJA Adi bhAva-vAcI / kAtantra vyAkaraNa meM, jo abhI taka surakSita hai, kucha pahalI sajJAe~ vaca gaI hai| 'kAle' (331310) aura 'tAsAm svasajJAbhi kAlavizepa / ' 'prayogatazca' (361 15-16), ina sUtro ke adhikAra me yaha kahA gayA hai ki kAla vizeSa kI vAcaka apanI-apanI sajJAno kA prayoga kiyA jAnA caahie| sambhavata 'kAla' zabda ke 'la' ko alaga karake usI ke AdhAra para svaro ke krama se 'Ta' aura 'i' kI 'it' sajJA joDa kara pANini ne laT, liT, luT, luT, leTa, loT, laD, liD, luD aura luDa, ina sajJAmo kI racanA kii| AzIrvAdAtmaka bhAva ke lie koI vizeSa sajJA na banAkara pANini ne kevala 'liDAzipi' niyama se hI kAma calAyA hai| yaha bhI vidita hogA ki pradhAna lakAro ke nAmo meM 'T' akSara kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai aura gINa pratyayo ke lie 'D' kaa| jahA~ 'Ta' kI 'it' sajJA hai, usakA tAtparya yaha hai ki Agama usase pahale raksA jaaygaa| imI taraha se 'D' kI 'it' sajJA yaha batAtI hai ki Adeza antima akSara ke sthAna meM hotA hai / isa dRSTi se yaha upayukta hI hai ki pradhAna pratyayo ke nAma-vAcI lakAro ke lie 'T' anuvandha kA prayoga kiyA gayA aura 'i' anuvandha apradhAna yA gINa pratyayo vAle lakAro ke lie prayukta huaa| sabase pahale pANini ne bhUta, bhaviSyat, vartamAna-vAcI sajJAo kA nAmakaraNa kiyA aura unhe laT, liT, luT khaa| ina sajJAmo meM a, i, u, ina tIna svaro kI sahAyatA lI gaI hai| usake bAda lRT zrAtA hai, jo ki sAmAnya bhaviSya kAla kI sajJA hai / 'luT' sajJA 'luTa' ke bAda isalie rakkhI gaI hai, kyoki usame 'sya' itanA adhika joDA jAtA hai| isake bAda pANini ne e aura o, ina dosandhyakSarokA prayoga karake 'leT' aura 'loT' sajJAe~ vanAI, jinase kriyAtipatti aura AjJA ina do bhAvo kA voSa hotA hai| kyoki 'leT' lakAra me bahuta karake 'ti', 'tas' Adi pratyaya yathAvat bane rahate hai, isalie isa lakAra ko 'loT' se pahale rakkhA gayA hai, jisame ki pratyayo meM prAya vikAra ho jAtA hai| DkArAnta lakAro meM lar3a aura liD usI prakAra eka dUsare se Age-pIche rakkhe gaye hai, jaise luTu aura loTa eka dUsare se / laG (anadyatana bhUta) ke vAda AcArya ko luG (sAmAnya bhUta) kahanA cAhie thA, lekina pANini ne aba kI krama badala kara kAla aura bhAva-vAcI sajJAno ko eka dUsare ke bAda bArI-bArI se rakkhA hai| isI kAraNa laD ke vAda liD, phira luG aura usake bAda luG rakkhA gayA hai| cUMki luG lakAra ke rUpo meM laD aura luT, ina dono kA mela dekhA jAtA hai, isalie sUtrakAra ne lar3a ko sabake anta me rakkhA hai| pANini kA sUtra hai-'vartamAne laT' (3 / 2 / 123), arthAt vartamAna kAla me laT lakAra kA prayoga hotA hai / isI ko anukRti karake kAtantra vyAkaraNa ne laT ke lie 'vartamAnA' sajJA kA prayoga kiyA hai| kAtyAyana ke vArtika se (3 / 3 / 211) jJAta hotA hai ki vartamAna kAla ke lie pUrvAcAryoM ke anusAra 'bhavantI' sajJA thii| usase bhI pahale kI sajJA 'kurvat' yA 'kurvatI' jAna paDatI hai, kyoki aitareya brAhmaNa meM kurvat, kariSyat aura kRtam ye vartamAna, bhaviSya aura bhUtakAla kI sajJAeM hai| bAda ke zAkhAyana pAranyaka me 'kR' ke sthAna para 'bhU' dhAtu ko apanAkara tIna kAlo ke lie bhavat, bhaviSyat aura bhUtam, ye sajJAe~ svIkRta huI / bopadeva ke vyAkaraNa meM 'bhavat', 'bhUta' aura 'bhavya' sajJAnI

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___ saMskRta vyAkaraNa meM lakAra-vAcI saMjJAe~ 86 kA prayoga huA hai, jo prAcIna paramparA ke adhika nikaTa hai| zAkaTAyana ke vyAkaraNa meM 'bhavat' ke sthAna para 'sat' aura 'bhaviSyat' ke lie 'vartasyat' prayukta hue hai|| kAtantra meM 'liT' ke lie 'parokSA' sajJA hai, jo pANini ke sUtra 'parokSa liT' (3 / 2 / 115) se milatI hai / parokSA sajJA caturadhyAyikA grantha me, jo atharvaveda kA, prAtizAkhya hai aura kAtyAyana ke vArtiko me bhI milatI hai (bhApya sh2|18 para zloka vaartik)| 'luTu' (anadyatana bhaviSya) ke lie kAtantra vyAkaraNa meM 'zvastanI' sajJA hai, jo pANini sUtra 'anadyatane luT (3 / 3 / 15) se milatI hai| isI sUtra para kAtyAyana ke vArtika meM bhI yaha sajJA pAI hai-'paridevane zvastanI bhavijyantyA arthe / ' luT (sAmAnya bhavipya) ke lie kAtantra meM bhaviSyatI sajJA kA prayoga huA hai| yaha sajJA kAtyAyana ke Upara likhe hue vArtika me A cukI hai aura pANini ke bhaviSyati gamyAdaya' eva 'luT zepe ca' sUtro se milatI hai|| 'leT lakAra kA kevala veda meM prayoga hotA hai| ataeva pANini ke uttarakAlIna vyAkaraNo meM isakI carcA nahI hai, kintu atharva prAtizAsya meM isake lie 'negamI' sajJA kA prayoga huA hai (23 / 2, cturdhyaayikaa)| 'nagamI' majJA 'nigama' (veda) se banAI gaI hai| 'loT' (AjJA) kA prAcIna nAma kAtantra vyAkaraNa me nahI miltaa| vahAM ise 'pacamI' kahA gayA hai, kyoki pANini ke lakAro me isakA pAMcavAM sthAna hai, yadi leT' ko usa sUcI se nikAla diyA jAya / yaha bhI sambhava hai ki kimI samaya prathamA, dvitIyA, tRtIyA vibhaktiyo kI taraha lakAro ke bhI vaise hI nAma the| prayogaratnamAlA meM (jo kAtantra sammata hai) 'loT' nAma kA hI grahaNa kiyA gayA hai aura kAtantra ke racayitA zarvavarmana dvArA prayukta 'pacamI' isa sajJA kA vahiSkAra huA hai / Upara likhe hue atharva prAtizAkhya meM (2 / 1 / 11, 2 / 3 / 21) 'loT' ke lie 'preSaNI' (pAThAntara 'preSaNI') sajA kA prayoga huA hai, jo ki pANini sUtra 3 / 2 / 163 'praipAti sarga prApta kAleSu kRtyAzca' se milatI hai| __ laD (anadyatana)-bhUta ke lie kAtantra meM 'hyastanI' sajJA kA nAma AyA hai| yaha nAma pANini ke 'anadyatane laD' (2 / 111) se milatA hai aura 'zvastanI' sajJA kA ulTA hai / kriyA ke sambandha meM 'hyastana' gavda kA mahAbhASya meM prayoga huA hai, [atha kAlavizeSAn abhi samIkSya yazcAdyatana pAko yazca zastano yazca zvastana (mahAbhASya 331 67)] kintu kAlavAcI 'hyastanI' sajJA kA ullekha vArtika aura bhApya meM nahIM miltaa| 'liD' lakAra ke lie bhI prAcIna nAma kAtantra meM nahI aataa| vahA~ use saptamI kahA gayA hai, lekina prayogaratnamAlA me 'liD' nAma kA hI grahaNa huA hai| 'luD' ke lie prAcIna nAma 'adyatanI' thA, jo ki kAtyAyana ke vArtiko meM kaI vAra AyA hai (2 // 4 // 322, 322102 / 6, 64111413) / 'luD' ke lie kAtantra vyAkaraNa meM 'kriyAtipatti' sajJA kA prayoga huA hai , jo ki pANinIya sUtra 'liD kriyAtipatto' (3 / 3 / 136) se liyA gayA hai| candravyAkaraNa meM bhI pANini ke lakAra-nAmo kA grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| kAlAntara ke vyAkaraNo para sAmpradAyikatA kI chApa paDI aura sIdhI-sAdI vyAkaraNa kI sajJAnI ko bhI devatAo ke nAmo ke sAtha joDa diyA gyaa| udAharaNa ke lie harinAmAmRta vyAkaraNa meM dasa samAnAkSarI ke lie viSNu ke dasa avatAro ke nAma rakkhe gaye hai aura dasa lakAro ke lie bhI acyuta, adhokSaja Adi sajJAe~ prayukta huI hai / zAkto ke eka vyAkaraNa meM to dama lakAro ke lie kAlI, tArA, poDazI, bhuvanezvarI, bhairavI, chinnamastA, dhUmAvatI, vagalA, mAtagI aura kamalA, ina dama mahAvidyAo ke nAma le liye gaye hai| kalakattA ] 12 -

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'go' zabda ke artho kA vikAsa zrI maGgaladeva zAstrI, ema0 e0, DI0 phila ( zraoNksana) aneka zabdo aura unake artho kA itihAsa kitanA manorajaka ho sakatA hai, isI viSaya ko hama 'go' zabda ke udAharaNa dvArA dikhalAnA cAhate hai / isa dRSTi se saMskRta tathA tadbhava hindI yAdi bhApAtrAM meM 'go' zabda se adhika rocaka zabda kadAcit hI dUsarA hogA / kozo ke anusAra 'go' zabda ke vaidika tathA laukika saMskRta meM aneka artha hai, yadyapi unameM se kaI thayoM ke sAhityika udAharaNa kaThinatA se mileNge| pradhAnata hama vaidika saMskRta ke arthI ko lekara hI vicAra karege, kyoMki unake udAharaNa spaSTata mila jAte haiM / laukika saMskRta ke viziSTa zraryo para sakSipta rIti se hI lekha ke anta meM vicAra kiyA jAvegA / nighaNTu nirukta ke anusAra 'go' zabda ke nimnalikhita zrartha hai (1) go- pRthivI / jaise "zrabhavat pUrvyA bhUmanA go" (R0 sa0 10 31 / 6) / (2) go = dyuloka zrathavA sUrya / jaise "utAda parupe gavi " (R0 sa0 6 15613) tathA " gavAmasi gopati' 11 (R0 sa0 786) / (3) go- razmi yA kiraNa / jaise " yatra gAvo bhUrizRGgA prayAsa " (R0 sa0 11154 | 6 ) | (4) go = vAk, athavA antarikSasthAnIyA vAgdevatA, athavA stutirUpA vAk / jaise "aya sa ziGGkte yena gaurabhIvRtA ( R0 sa0 1 164 (29) | (5) go = go-pazu | isake udAharaNa ko zrAvazyakatA nahIM hai / go-pazuvAcI 'go' zabda kA prayoga niruktakAra ne gauNarUpa se go-sambandhI yA gau ke kisI avayava se vane hue padArthoM ke lie bhI vaidika bhASA me dikhalAyA hai / isa kAraNa 'go' kA artha sagati ke anusAra (ka) go-dugdha, (kha) gocarma jisa para baiThakara soma kA rasa nikAlA jAtA thA, (ga) go kI carbI, (gha) gau kI snAyu yA tA~ta, (Ga) dhanuSa kI jyA yA DorI, cAhe vaha gau yA anya pazu kI tA~ta se banI ho / (6) go =stotA / isa artha kA koI vAstavika udAharaNa nahI diyA gayA hai / ina vibhinna zrarthI ke viSaya meM mukhya prazna yaha uThatA hai ki ki kyA ye saba arthaM svatantra aura paraspara asambaddha hai, yA inameM se eka ko maulika artha mAnakara anya artho kA vikAsa goNavRtti ke dvArA usI se dikhalAyA jA sakatA hai| * sAmAnya rUpa se aise zranekArthaka zabdo ke viSaya me yahI mAnA jAtA hai ki unake vibhinna artha svatantra tathA paraspara asamvaddha hai| pAtaJjala - mahAbhASya (112264 ) meM zranekArthaka 'akSa', 'pAda', 'mApa' zabdo ke ullekha ke prakAra se yahI dhvani nikalatI hai| prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa nAgeza bhaTTa ne bhI apane 'laghu-majUSA' grantha meM isI siddhAnta ko lekara vicAra kiyA hai, jaise -- " tAdAtmyamUlakasya sambandhatve'rthabhedAttattattAdAtmyApannazabdeSu bhedaucityenArthabhedAcchandabheda ityupapadyate / samAnAkAratvamAtreNa tu eko'ya zabdo nAnArthaM iti vyavahAra" ( zaktiprakaraNa) / TIkAkAro ke anusAra mahAbhASya meM diye gaye anekArthaka 'kSa', 'pAda' jaise zabdo se hI yahA~ abhiprAya hai / ukta siddhAnta kA - saba nAma zrAkhyAtaja yA vyutpanna hai yA nahI - isa vicAra se koI Avazyaka ghaniSTha samvandha nahIM haiN| para jo loga samasta nAmo ko zrAkhyAtaja mAnate hai, unake sAmane bhI 'go' jaise anekArthaka zabdo ke viSaya meM yaha siddhAnta-bheda ho sakatA hai ki ve aise zabda ko eka maulika artha meM zrAkhyAtaja mAnakara bhI usake anya

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' 'goM zabda ke arthoM kA vikAsa aneka artho ko usa mUla artha se hI paramparayA vikasita svIkAra kareM, yA una sava arthoM ko svatantra mAnakara eka yA aneka maulika dhAtvarthoM se hI unakA sAkSAt sambandha maane| / nirukta meM yAska prAcArya ne anekArthaka zabdo ke vipaya meM uparyukta siddhAntabheda spaSTatayA kahI pratipAdita nahI kiyA hai / yadyapi unakA jhukAva aneka arthoM ko svatantra mAnane kI ora adhika dIkhatA hai, to bhI unake "pAda padyate / tanidhAnAtpadam / pazupAdaprakRti prabhAgapAda / prabhAgapAdasAmAnyAditarANi padAni" (ni0 217) jaise kathano se yaha spaSTa hai ki ve vibhinna arthoM ke eka maulika.artha se vikAsa ke siddhAnta ko bhI svIkAra karate the| ukta uddharaNa kA abhiprAya yahI hai ki gatyarthaka 'pada' ghAtu se bane hue 'pAda' zabda ke maulika artha para se hI gauNI vRtti ke dvArA anya arthoM kA vikAsa huA hai, jaise (1) pAda(para) jahA~ rakkhA jAve usa sthAna para usake cihna ko yA sAmAnya rUpa se sthAna mAtra ko 'pada' kahate hai, (2) pazu ke paira cAra hote hai, ata 'pAda' kA artha cauthA bhAga ho gayA, (3) vAkya ke aga yA bhAga hone se vAkyagata zabdo ko bhI 'pada' kahate hai / yAskAcArya ke ukta kathana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki unako anekArthaka zabdo ke viSaya meM uparyukta siddhAnta bhI svIkRta hai| aisA hone para bhI unhone 'go' zabda ke uparinirdiSTa arthoM ko svatantra rUpa se hI dikhalAyA hai| para Adhunika bhApA-vijJAna meM zabdo kI vyutpatti ke viSaya meM yahI siddhAnta mAnA jAtA hai ki anekArthaka vyutpanna zabdo ke vibhinna arthoM kA vikAsa kisI eka maulika artha se hI mAnanA caahie| isakA apavAda kevala una thoDe-se zabdo meM mAnA jAtA hai, jinakA vikAsa vibhinna sroto se huA hai aura isI kAraNa, varNAnupUrvI ke sAdRzya ke rahane para bhI, ve vibhinna arthoM meM vastuta svatantra yA niSpanna pRthak zabda hI mAne jAne caahieN|| ___yahA~ hama yahI dikhalAnA cAhate hai ki 'go' zabda ke aneka arthoM kA vikAsa vAstava meM usake maulika artha go-pazu se hI huA hai / anekArthaka zabdo kA maulika artha yathAsambhava aindriyaka yA sannikaTa pratyakSa jagat se sambandha rakhane vAlA honA cAhie-isa siddhAnta ke anusAra 'go' zabda kA maulika artha go-pazu hI mAnanA caahie| isa * artha kI sAhityika tathA vyAvahArika vyApakatA se bhI yahI siddha hotA hai| yahI nahI, 'go' zabda ke bhAratayUropIya bhASAoM meM jo rUpAntara dIkha paDate hai unakA prayoga bhI 'goM pazu ke hI artha me hotA hai, jaise agrejI meM Cow yA laiTina meM bos 'go' zabda spapTatayA gatyarthaka 'gama' yA 'gA' dhAtu se banA hai aura isa dhAtvartha kI sagati bhI go-pazu meM ThIka vaiTha jAtI hai| gau=pRthivI nighaNTu meM pRthivIvAcaka 21 zabdo meM 'go' savase prathama diyA hai| yAskAcArya isa para apanI vyAkhyA meM kahate hai-"gauriti pRthivyA nAmaya yadura gatA bhavati yaccAsyA bhUtAni gacchanti / gAtevAkAro nAmakaraNa" (215) / - arthAt pRthivI ko gau isalie kahate hai, kyoki vaha vaDhI dUra taka phailI calI gaI hai yA kyoki usa para prANI calate hai, arthAt unake mata se pRthivI artha ko rakhane vAlA 'go' zabda 'gama' yA 'gA' dhAtu se svatantra rUpa se banA hai| hamAre mata se pRthivI ke lie 'goM' zabda ke prayoga kA mukhya kAraNa yahI ho sakatA hai ki gau ke tulya pRthivI se bhI manuSya apanI sava annAdirUpI kAmanAo ko duhatA hai, arthAt unakI prApti karatA hai| isa bhAva ke dyotaka aneka prayoga bhI vaidika tathA laukika sAhitya meM milate hai / udAharaNArtha "dudoha gA sa yajJAya" (raghuvaga za26)= arthAt, dilIpa ne yajJasampAdana ke nimitta pRthivI-rUpI gau ko duhaa| zatapathabrAhmaNa (222 / 121) meM to spaSTatayA kahA hai "dhanuriva vA iya (=pRthivI) manuSyebhya sarvAn kAmAn duhe"| arthAt, yaha pRthivI gau kI taraha manuSyo kI samasta kAmanAyo ko duhatI hai| isI paramparAgata vicAra ke kAraNa purANo meM pRthivI ko prAya gorUpadharA dikhalAyA gayA hai| zata0 brAhmaNa meM 'dhenuriva' (=gau kI taraha) isa kathana se tathA 'duha' dhAtu ke ukta sthalo me prayoga se hamAre mata kI prAmANikatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai|

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premI-prabhinadana- pratha varSA dvArA pRthivI ko garbhavatI karake annAdi ko utpanna karane vAle dyuloka me vRpabha (baila) kI kalpanA ke dvArA bhI, jo vaidika mantro meM prAya pAI jAtI hai, pRthivI meM go kI kalpanA ko avazya hI aura bhI puSTi milI hogI / gau= dyuloka tathA Aditya 1 nighaNTa ke anusAra 'go' zavda dyuloka tathA zrAditya dono artho me bhI prayukta hotA hai / nirukta meM 'go' zabda kI vyAkhyA isa prasaga meM isa prakAra kI hai - "gaurAdityo bhavati / gamayati rasAn, gacchatyantarikSe / zratha dyauryatpRthivyA zradhi dUra gatA bhavati, yaccAsyA jyotIpi gacchanti" (2:14) / zrarthAt pRthivI se raso ko le jAne (yA khIcane) ke kAraNa athavA antarikSa meM calane ke kAraNa zrAditya ko go kahate hai aura pRthivI se dUra jAne ke kAraNa yA isalie ki nakSatrAdi usame calate haiM, dyuloka ko go kahate haiM / TIkAkAro dvArA ukta dono arthoM meM diye hue 'go' zabda ke udAharaNa asandiggha nahI kahe jA sakate / tisa para bhI, yadi nighaNTukAra ke prarthoM ko mAna liyA jAve to unakI vyAkhyA, hamArI dRSTi se, yahI ho sakatI hai ki dyuloka aura Aditya ko go kahane kA hetu vRSTi karane ke kAraNa unakA vRpabha yA vRpan (go) honA hI hai| zrAditya aura dyuloka kA sAhacarya hone se vRSTi karma kA samvandha dono se hai / yAskAcArya ne " zrathaitAnyAdityabhavatIni / zramau loka varSA (711) isa prakAra isI sAhacarya ko dikhalAyA hai| kAlidAsa ke "dudoha gAsa yajJAya sasyAya maghavA divam" (raghuvaga 1 / 26 ) isa padya meM to pRthivI-spI gau ke samAna dyu-rUpI gau ko kalpanA bhI spaSTa hai / "Aya gau pRznirakramIt" (R0 sa0 10 1891 ) isa mantra meM citra-vicitra go (pRthivI/ yA sUrya) ke lie 'akramIt' meM paira uThAkara calane ke artha me Ane vAlI kram dhAtu kA prayoga bhI yahI siddha karatA hai ki mantradraSTA kI dRSTi meM sUrya (yA pRthivI) ke lie 'go' zabda ke prayoga kA pAramparika zrAdhAra 'go' pazu hI para hai / gau- razmi yA kiraNa 62 31 * razmi yA kiraNa ke arthaM me bhI 'go' zabda kA prayoga nighaNTu-nirukta ke anusAra hotA hai / isa artha meM niruvatakAra ne nimnalikhita udAharaNa diyA hai- "tA vAM vAstUnyuzmasi gamadhye yatra gAvo bhUrizRGgA prayAsa / atrAha tadurugAyasya vRSNa parama padamavabhAti bhUri ||" (R0 111546) arthAt, hama loga tuma dono (yajamAnadampatI ) ke lie usa sthAna ( = dyuloka ) kI prApti kI kAmanA karate hai jahA~ ghUmane-phirane vAlI yA gamanazIla aneka sIgo vAlI gauyeM (= kiraNeM ) rahatI hai / aura vahA~ mahAzaktisampanna vRpan (varSA karane vAle viSNu yA sUrya ) kA utkRSTa sthAna atyanta prakAzamAna hai / yahA~ kiraNo ko gau kahane ke mUla meM unakA go-pazu ke sAtha koI-na-koI sAmya hI kAraNa hai yaha 'bhUrizRGgA' ( aneka sIMgo vAlI) isa vizeSaNa se hI spaSTa hai / ukta sAmya kA spaSTIkaraNa mantra se hI ho jAtA hai / 'prayAsa' ( = gamanazIla) isakA yahI abhiprAya hai ki jisa prakAra gaue~ rAtri meM goSTha meM avaruddha rahatI hai aura sUryodaya ke samaya kholI jAne para gocara bhUmi me dauDa jAtI hai, isI taraha go-rUpI kiraNeM rAtri meM sUrya - maMDala meM rahakara sUryodaya ke samaya rasAharaNArthaM pRthivI para phaila jAtI hai / yaha kalpanA anekatra mantro meM dekhI jAtI hai aura yahI nissandeha gautro ke sAtha kiraNo ke sAmya kA mUlakAraNa hai / isI kalpanA ke AdhAra para vaiSNavo ke 'goloka' kI kalpanA kI gaI hai / gau=vAk nighaNTu meM 57 zabda vANI-vAcI diye hai / unameM 'go' tathA 'ghenu' zabda bhI haiN| isa artha meM 'go' zabda kA prayoga prAya dekhA jAtA hai / vidyut kI kaDaka aura vAdalo kI garaja meM apane ko prakaTa karane vAlI 'mAdhyamikA vAk

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'go' zabda ke prayoM kA vikAsa 63 yA 'antarikSasthAnIyA devatA' ke lie bhI 'go' zabda kA prayoga veda meM prAya dekhane meM AtA hai / isa artha meM 'gau' kA nirvacana nighaNTu ke TIkAkAra devarAja yajvan ne "gacchati yajJeSvAhUtA, gIyate 'stUyate vA" (jo yajJo meM AhUta hokara jAtI hai yA jo gAI jAtI hai yA jisakI stuti kI jAtI hai) isa prakAra diyA hai / para hamArI sammati me to vANI (yA mAdhyamikA vAk ) ke lie bhI 'go' zabda ke prayoga ke mUla meM vahI gopazu kI kalpanA hai / isa bAta kI puSTi anekAneka udAharaNo se kI jA sakatI hai, jaise- " gauramImedanu vatsam hiDukRNot. sRkvANam abhivAvazAnA mimAti mAyum" ( R0 11164/28 ) / arthAt raso ko razmiyo ke dvArA haraNa karane vAle vatsarUpI sUrya ke prati gau (mAdhyamikA vAk ) hukAra karatI hai aura (gau kI taraha) zabda karatI hai | "upahvaye sudurdhA dhenum" (R0 1|164 / 26) / arthAt, maiM acchA dUdha dene vAlI mAdhyamikA vAk (rUpI gau) ko bulAtA hU~ / "duhAnA dhenurvAgasmAnupa suSTutaitu" (R0 8 / 100 / 11) / arthAt, dUdha dene vAlI sustutA vAk rUpI dhenu hamAre pAsa zrAve / isa prasaga meM yAskAcArya kA kahanA hai ki " vAgartheSu vidhIyate" (11 / 27), arthAt nAnA prakAra ke zrarthoM ko vANI dvArA hI prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai / "avenvA carati mAyayaiSa vAca zuzruva aphalAmapuSpAm" (R0 10/7115 ) isakI vyAkhyA meM yAskAcArya kahate hai - 'nAsmai kAmAn dugdhe vAgdohyAn devamanupyasthAneSu yo vAca zrutavAn bhavatyaphalAmapuSpAm" (1 / 20), arthAt jo vinA samajhe vANI ko sunatA hai usake lie vANI rUpI go laukika yA pAralaukika kAmanA ko nahI duhatI / gatapathabrAhmaNa ( 14 | 8 | 6 | 1 ) meM spaSTatayA vAgurupI gau ke cAra stano kA varNana kiyA hai - "vAca ghenumupAsIta tasmAzcatvAra stanA" ityAdi / Upara ke udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki artharUpI dugdha ke dvArA nAnA manoratho kI pUrti karane ke kAraNa hI vANI me go-pazu kI kalpanA mantra- draSTA RSiyo ne kI thI / yahI vAta mahAkavi bhavabhUti ne "kAmAn dugdhe viprakarSatyalakSmI dhenu ghIrA sUnRtA vAcamAhu" (uttararAmacarita) ina zabdo meM prakaTa kI hai / mAdhyamikA vAk meM gau ke sAmya ko kalpanA kA zrAdhAra eka aura bhI ho sakatA hai / prAcIna vaidika kAla me AdAna-pradAna kA mukhya sAvana hone se gau hI mukhya ghana samajhA jAtA thA / isalie gauo ke lie yuddho kA varNana aura zatruo dvArA unake apaharaNa kI kathAe~ vaidika sAhitya tathA mahAbhArata meM bhI pAI jAtI hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki megharUpI vRtra ke dvArA avaruddha kI huI jalarUpI gozro kI paricAyaka hone se kadAcit mAdhyamikA vAk kA varNana bhI gau ke rUpa meM veda meM kiyA gayA hai| jo kucha ho, Upara diye hue udAharaNo se, jinameM vatsa (gau kA bachaDA ), mAyu (= gau kA vizepa zabda), vAvazAnA ( = gau kA zabda ) jaise zabdo ke sAtha mAdhyamikA vAk kA 'go' zabda se varNana kiyA gayA hai, yaha nisandeha siddha ho jAtA hai ki mAdhyamikA vAk meM gotva kA vyavahAra go-pazu-mUlaka hI hai / Upara hamane kahA hai ki stuti ke lie bhI 'go' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai / isakA kAraNa spaSTa hai / vaidika mantro meM jisa vAk kA varNana hai vaha prAya stutirUpa hI hai / ata 'gau' kA artha vAk ke sAtha-sAtha stuti bhI dekhA jAtA hai / gau- stotA 1 nighaNTu meM stotAvAcI 13 zabdo meM 'go' bhI diyA hai / isa artha meM isakI vyutpatti nighaNTu ke TIkAkAra ne " gIyante stUyante'nena devatA " ( = jisake dvArA devatAo kI stuti kI jAtI hai) isa prakAra dI hai / para isa artha ke jo udAharaNa TIkAkAra ne diye hai vahA~ stotA kA artha zrAvazyaka nahIM dIkhatA / isalie isa artha ko udAharaNo dvArA siddha karanA kaThina hai / tisa para bhI, yadi isa zrartha ko mAna hI liyA jAve to bhI usakA kAraNa vahI hai jo gau ke stuti artha kA Upara hamane dikhalAyA hai / P

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premI-abhinadana-praya laukika saskRta me 'go' zabda * Upara hamane dikhalAyA hai ki vaidika sAhitya me 'go' zabda ke jo vibhinna artha liye jAte hai unakA maulika AdhAra go-pazu hI hai / laukika saskRta ke kozo meM uparyukta arthoM ke atirikta 'go' zabda ke aura bhI aneka artha diye gaye hai / yahA~ hama kevala amarakoza ko hI lete hai| usake anusAra go ke artha nimnalikhita hai svargepupazuvAgvajadiDnetraghRNibhUjale / .. lakSyadRSTyA striyA pusi go (3 / 3 / 25) arthAt 'go' zabda ke artha hai--(1) svarga, (2) vANa, (3) pazu, (4) vAk, (5) vaz2a, (6) dizA, (7) nena, (8) kiraNa, (9) pRthvI, aura (10) jl| inameM se svarga (=vaidika dyuloka), vAla, kiraNa aura pRthvI artha to upara A hI cuke hai / pazu se abhiprAya prAya go me hI liyA jAtA hai| yadi isakA abhiprAya pazumAtra se hai tava bhI isakA AdhAra go-bhUyastva para hI hogaa| vANa artha kA vikAsa usI taraha gINavRtti se huA hogA jisa taraha vANa kI jyA ke lie 'go' zabda kA prayoga, yAskAcArya ke anusAra, hama Upara dikhalA cuke hai / anirUpa indra kA 'vaja' mAyu (-go kA zabda) karane vAlI mAdhyamikA vAk kA hI eka rUpa hai| dizA ke artha kA gau ke sAtha sAkSAt yA asAkSAt sambandha spaSTa nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai ki isakA vikAsa kiraNa yA dhu yA Aditya ina arthoM ke dvArA paramparayA huA ho| netra artha kA prAdhAra spaSTatayA gau jaise gocarabhUmi me jAtI hai usI taraha nendriya ke svavipaya kI ora jAne para hai| indriyo ke vipayo ko 'gocara' kahane kA mUla-kAraNa bhI yahI hai| isI AdhAra para pichale saskRta sAhitya meM indriya-mAtra ke lie 'go' zabda kA vyavahAra huA hai| usI artha ko lekara 'gosvAmI' zabda pracalita huA hai| jala ke artha kA mUla vAdalarUpI vRtra ke dvArA jala-rUpI gopro ke avarodha kI uparyukta kalpanA hI pratIta hotI hai| ' isI prakAra ke kucha aura artha bhI 'go' zabda ke pichale kAla ke saskRta ke kozo meM milate hai| unakA vikAsa. bhI prAya upari-nirdiSTa paddhati se sahaja hI dikhalAyA jA sakatA hai| para laukika saskRta ke kozo meM diye hue arthoM ke viSaya meM sabase mukhya Apatti yaha hai ki unakA sAhityika prayoga dikhAnA kaThina hai| isIlie una arthoM kA hamArI dRSTi meM mahattva, kama hai| 'go' zabda ke aitihAsika mahattva ko ThIka samajhane ke lie usase bane hue aneka zabdo para vicAra karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, para vistAra-bhaya se usakA isa lekha meM samAveza karanA sambhava nahIM hai| phAzI] - - - - -

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maraNa se zrI maithilIzaraNa gupta bhukA sakegA mujhe kabhI tU ? kartA kA ketana hU~ maiM, maraNa, nitya nava jIvana hU~ mai, tU jar3a hai, cetana hU~ maiN| __ mere pIche lAkha par3A raha, Age pA na sakegA tU , royA kara jI cAhe jitanA, mujha-sA gA na sakegA tuu| chadma rUpa rakhakara jA to bhI bhava ko bhA na sakegA tU , sar3A-galA bhI kabhI peTa bhara pAmara, pA na sakegA tU / raha rUkhA-sUkhA ujAr3a tU, harA-bharA upavana hU~ maiM; maraNa, nitya nava jIvana hU~ maiM, tU jar3a hai, cetana hU~ mai / naye naye paTa-parivartana kara prakaTa nATyazAlA merI, vacita hI isa svara-laharI ke rasa se rasanAe~ terii| phaNi, koI maNi hai to vaha to corI kI hI hathapherI, saraka vahIM tU jahA~ naraka se kUDe-ghUDe kI ddherii| dekha dUra se krUra roga tU yoga-siddha jana-dhana hU~ maiM, maraNa, nitya nava jIvana hU~ mai, tU jar3a hai, cetana hU~ maiM ! ciragAMva ]

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hamAre purAne sAhitya ke itihAsa kI sAmagrI zrI hajArIprasAda dvivedI hindI-sAhitya kA itihAsa kevala sayoga aura saubhAgyavaza prApta huI pustako ke AdhAra para nahI likhA jA sktaa| hindI kA sAhitya sampUrNata loka-bhASA kA sAhitya hai| usake lie sayoga se milI pustake hI paryApta nahI hai| pustako me likhI bAto se hama samAja kI kisI vizeSa cintAdhArA kA paricaya pA sakate hai, para usa vizepa cintAdhArA ke vikAsa meM jina pArzvavartI vicAro aura prAcAro ne prabhAva DAlA thA, ve, bahuta sambhava hai, pustaka rupa meM kabhI lipibaddha hue hI na ho aura yadi lipivaddha hue bhI ho to sambhavata prApta na ho sake ho| kabIradAsa kA bIjaka dIrghakAla taka vundelakhaDa se jhArakhaDa aura vahAM se vihAra hote hue dhanautI ke maTha me paDA rahA aura bahuta bAda meM prakAzita kiyA gyaa| usakI ramainiyoM se eka aisI dharma-sAdhanA kA anumAna hotA hai, jisake pradhAna upAsya nirajana yA dharmarAja the| uttarI uDIsA aura jhArakhaDa meM prApta pustako tathA sthAnIya jAtiyo kI AdhAra-paramparA ke adhyayana se yaha anumAna puSTa hotA hai| pazcimI vagAla aura pUrvI vihAra meM dharma ThAkura kI paraparA aba bhI jArI hai| isa jIvita sampradAya tathA uDIsA ke arddhavismRta sampradAyo ke adhyayana se vIjaka ke dvArA anumita dharmasAdhanA kA samarthana hotA hai| isa prakAra kavIradAsa kA vIjaka isa samaya yadyapi apane purAne vizuddha rUpa me prApta nahI hai-usame vAda ke aneka pada prakSipta hue hai-tathApi vaha eka janasamudAya kI vicAra-paramparA ke adhyayana meM sahAyaka hai| kavIra kA vIjaka kevala apanA hI paricaya dekara samApta nahI hotaa| vaha usa se adhika hai| vaha apane irdagirda ke manuSyo kA itihAsa batAtA hai| maiMne apanI 'kavIrapathI sAhitya' nAmaka zIghra hI prakAzita hone vAlI pustaka meM isakI vistArapUrvaka carcA kI hai| bhAratIya samAja ThIka vaisA hI hamezA nahIM rahA hai, jaisA Aja hai| naye-naye janasamUha isa vizAla deza meM varAvara Ate rahe haiM aura apane-apane vicAroaura prAcAro kA prabhAva choDate rahe hai| Aja kI samAja-vyavasthA koI sanAtana vyavasthA nahIM hai| Aja jo jAtiyA~ samAja ke nicale stara meM par3I huI hai / ve sadA vahI rahI hai, aisA mAnane kA koI kAraNa nahIM hai| isI prakAra samAja ke UparI stara meM rahane vAlI jAtiyAM bhI nAnA paristhitiyo ko pAra karatI huI vahA~ pahu~cI hai / isa virATa janasamudra kA sAmAjika jIvana kAphI sthitizIla rahA hai| phira bhI aisI dhArApo kA nitAnta prabhAva bhI nahIM rahA hai , jinhone samAja ko Upara se nIce taka AloDita kara diyA hai| aisA bhI eka jamAnA thA, jaba isa deza kA eka bahuta baDA janasamAja brAhmaNadharma ko nahIM mAnatA thaa| usakI apanI alaga paurANika paramparA thI, apanI samAjavyavasthA thI, apanI loka-paraloka-bhAvanA thii| musalamAno ke Ane ke pahale ye jAtiyAM hindU nahIM kahI jAtI thii| kisI virATa sAmAjika davAva ke phalasvarupa eka vAra samUce janasamAja ko do vaDe-baDe kaimpo me vibhakta ho jAnA paDA--hindU aura musalamAna / gorakhanAtha ke bAraha sampradAyo me unase pUrva kAla ke aneka bauddha, jaina, zaiva aura zAkta sampradAya sagaThita hue the| uname kucha aise sampradAya, jo kendra se atyanta dUra paDa gaye the, musalamAna ho gaye, kucha hindU / hindI-sAhitya kI pustako se hI usa parama zaktizAlI sAmAjika davAva kA anumAna hotA hai| itihAsa meM isakA koI aura pramANa nahI hai, parantu pariNAma dekhakara nissandeha isa natIje para pahuMcanA paDatA hai ki musalamAno ke Agamana ke samaya isa deza meM pratyeka janasamUha ko kisI-na-kisI vaDe kaimpa me zaraNa lenI par3I thii| uttarI pajAba se lekara vagAla kI DhAkA kamiznarI taka ke arddhacandrAkRti bhUbhAga meM basI huI julAhA jAti ko dekha kara rijalIne (pIpulsa praoNva inDiyA, pR0 126)anumAna kiyA thA ki inhone kabhI sAmUhika rUpa meM musalamAnI dharma svIkAra kiyA thaa| hAla kI khojose isa mata kI puSTi huI hai| ye loga nA-hindU-nA-musalamAna yogI sampradAya ke ziSya the|

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hamAre purAne sAhitya ke itihAsa kI sAmagrI 67 sAhitya kA itihAsa pustako, unake lejako aura kaviyo ke udbhava aura vikAsa kI kahAnI nahIM hai| vaha vastuta anAdi kAla-pravAha meM nirantara pravahamAna jIvita mAnava-samAja kI hI vikAsa-kathA hai| anya aura granthakAra, kavi aura kAvya, sampradAya aura unake AcArya usa parama zaktizAlI prANavArA kI aura sirpha izArA bhara karate haiN| vehI mukhya nahIM hai| mukhya hai manuSya / jo prANavArA nAnA anukUla-pratikUla avasthAnoM se bahatI huI hamAre bhItara pravAhita ho rahI hai usako samajhane ke lie hI hama sAhitya kA itihAsa paDhate haiN| sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI ke vAda se lekara terahavI-caudahavI zatAbdI kA lokabhASA kA jo sAhitya vanatA rahA, vaha avikAza upekSita hai / vahuta kAla taka logo kA vyAna idhara gayA hI nahIM thaa| kevala lokasAhitya hI kyo, vaha vizAla zAstrIya sAhitya bhI upekSita hI rahA hai, jo usa yuga kI samasta sAhityika aura mAskRtika cetanA kA utsa thaa| kAzmIra ke zaiva sAhitya, vaiSNava sahitAo kA vipula sAhitya, pAzupata zaivo kA itastato vikSipta sAhitya, tanvatanya, jaina aura vauddha apabhrama granya abhI kevala zurU kiye gaye hai| zreDara ne jamakara parizrama na kiyA hotA to sahitAyo kA vaha vipula sAhitya vidvanmaDalI ke sAmane upasthita hI nahIM hotA, jisane vAda meM sAre bhAratavarSa ke sAhitya ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| merA anumAna hai ki hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa likhane ke pahale nimnalikhita sAhityo kI jA~ca kara lenA vaDA upayogI hogaa| inakI acchI jAnakArI ke vinA hama na to bhakti-kAla ke sAhitya ko samajha __ sakeMge aura na vIragAthA yA rItikAla ko| 1 jaina aura vauddha apabhraza kA sAhitya / 2 kAzmIra ke zavo aura dakSiNa tathA pUrva ke tAntriko kA sAhitya / 3 uttara aura uttara-pazcima ke nAtho kA sAhitya / 4 vaiSNava aagm| 5 purANa / 6 nivanvagrantha / . 7 pUrva ke pracchanna vauddha-vaiSNavo kA sAhitya / 8 vividha laukika kathAnI kA sAhitya / jaina apabhraza kA vipula sAhitya abhI taka prakAzita nahIM huA hai / jitanA bhI yaha sAhitya prakAzita huA hai, utanA hindI ke itihAsa ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| joindu (yogIndra) aura rAmasiMha ke doho ke pAThaka svIkAra kareMge ki kyA vauddha, kyA jaina aura kyA gaiva (nAtha) sabhI sampradAyo meM eka rUDhivirodhI aura antarmukhI sAdhanA kA dAnA dasavIM zatAbdI ke bahuta pahale baMdha cukA thaa| vauddha apabhraMza ke grantha bhI isI bAta ko siddha karate haiN| yoga-pravaNatA, antarmukhI sAdhanA aura parama prAptavya kA zarIra ke bhItara hI pAyA jA sakanA ityAdi vAte usa dezavyApI mAvanA kA kendra thii| yahI vAteM Age calakara vividha nirguNa sampradAyo meM anya bhAva se sthAna pA gaI / nirguNa sAhitya taka hI yaha sAhitya hamArI sahAyatA nahIM kregaa| kAvya ke rUpo ke vikAsa aura tatkAlIna lokacintA kA bhI usase paricaya milegaa| rAhula jI jaise vidvAna to svayambhU kI rAmAyaNa ko hindI kA sabase zreSTha kAvya mAnate haiN| yadyapi vaha apabhraza kA hI kAvya hai, parantu mahApurANa Adi granyo ko jisane nahI paDhA, vaha sacamuca hI eka mahAn rasasrota se vacita raha gyaa| rItikAla ke adhyayana meM bhI yaha sAhitya sahAyaka siddha hogaa| kAzmIra kA zaiva nAhitya apratyakSa rUpa se hindI-sAhitya ko prabhAvita karatA hai / yadyapi zrI jagadIza vanarjI aura mukundarAma gAstrI Adi vidvAno ke prayatna se vaha prakAza meM AyA hai, phira bhI usakI ora vidvAnI kA jitanA dhyAna jAnA cAhie utanA nahIM gayA hai| hindI meM paM0 valadeva upAdhyAya ne isake aura tantro ke tattvavAda kA makSipta rUpa meM paricaya karAyA hai, para isa viSaya para aura bhI pustakeM prakAzita honI caahie| yaha Azcarya kI bAta hai ki

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 68 uttara kA advaita mata dakSiNa ke parazurAmakalpasUtra ke siddhAnto se atyadhika milatA hai| sAdhanA kI anta pravAhita bhAvadhArA ne deza aura kAla ke vyavadhAna ko nahIM maanaa| hindI meM gorakhapanthI sAhitya bahuta thoDA milatA hai| madhyayuga meM matsyendranAtha eka aise yugasandhikAla ke AcArya hai ki aneka sampradAya unheM apanA siddha prAcArya mAnate hai / hindI kI pustako me inakA nAma 'machandara' AtA hai| paravartI saskRta grantho me isakA zuddhIkRta' saskRta rUpa hI milatA hai / vaha rUpa hai 'matsyendra', parantu sAdhAraNa yoga matsyendra kI apekSA 'macchandara' nAma hI jyAdA pasanda karate hai / zrI candranAtha yogI jaise gikSita aura sudhAraka yogiyo ko ina 'azikSito' kI yaha pravRtti acchI nahIM lagI hai (yogisampradAyAviSkRti, pR0 448-9) / parantu hAla kI zodho se aisA lagatA hai ki macchandara' nAma kAphI purAnA hai aura zAyada yahI sahI nAma hai / matsyendranAtha (macchanda) kI likhI huI kaI pustakeM nepAla daravAra lAibrerI me surakSita hai / uname se eka kA nAma hai kaulajJAna nirnny| isakI lipi ko dekhakara svargIya mahAmahopAdhyAya pa0 haraprasAda zAstrI ne anumAna kiyA thA ki yaha pustaka san ImavI kI navI zatAbdI kI likhI huI hai (nepAla sUcIpatra dvitIya bhAga, pR0 19) / hAla hI meM DA0 prabodhacandra vAgacI mahodaya ne usa pustaka ko matsyendranAtha kI anya pustakoM (akulavIratantra, kulAnanda aura jJAnakArikA) ke sAtha sampAdita karake prakAzita kiyA hai| isa pustaka kI puSpikA meM macchaghra, macchanda Adi nAma bhI Ate hai| parantu lakSya karane kI vAta yaha hai ki zava dArzaniko me zreSTha prAcArya abhinavagupta pAda ne bhI macchanda nAma kA hI prayoga kiyA hai aura rUpakAtmaka artha samajhAkara usakI vyAkhyA bhI kI hai| unake mata se AtAnavitAna vRtyAtmaka jAla ko batAne ke kAraNa macchanda kahalAe (tantraloka, pR0 25) aura yantrAloka ke TIkAkAra jayadratha ne bhI isI se milatA-julatA eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, jisake anusAra maccha capala cittavRttiyo ko kahate hai| una capala vRttiyo kA chedana kiyA thaa| isIlie ve macchanda khlaae| kabIradAsa ke sampradAya meM Aja bhI matsya, maccha Adi kA sAketika artha mana samajhA jAtA hai (dekhie kavIra vIjaka para vicAradAsa kI TIkA, pR0 40) / yaha paramparA abhinava gupta taka jAtI hai| usake pahale bhI nahI rahI hogI, aisA kahane kA koI kAraNa nahI hai| adhikatara prAcIna vauddha-siddho ke pado se isa prakAra ke pramANa sagraha kiye jA sake hai ki prajJA hI matsya hai (jarnala oNva rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI oNva vagAla, jilda 26, 1630 I0,na01TucI kA prbndh)| isa prakAra yaha AsAnI se anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki matsyendranAtha kI jIvitAvasthA meM rUpaka ke artha meM unheM macchanda kahA jAnA nitAnta asagata nahI hai| ina choTI-choTI bAto se patA calatA hai ki una dino kI ye dhArmika sAdhanAe~ kitanI anta sambaddha hai| yaha atyanta kheda kA viSaya hai ki bhakti-sAhitya kA adhyayana ava bhI bahuta uthalA hI huA hai / saguNa aura nirguNadhArA ke adhyayana se hI madhyayuga ke manuSya ko acchI taraha samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhagavat-prema madhyayuga kI savase jIvanta preraNA rahI hai| yaha bhagavatprema indriyagrAhya viSaya nahI hai aura mana aura buddhi ke bhI atIta samajhA gayA hai| isakA prAsvAdana kevala AcaraNa dvArA hI ho sakatA hai / tarka vahAM taka nahI pahuMca sakatA, parantu phira bhI isa tattva ko anumAna ke dvArA samajhane-samajhAne kA prayala kiyA gayA hai aura una pAcaraNo kI to vistRta sUcI banAI gaI hai, jinake vyavahAra se isa apUrva bhAgavatarasa kA pAsvAdana ho sakatA hai| prAgamo me se bahuta kama prakAzita hue hai| bhAgavata ke vyAkhyAparaka sagraha-grantha bhI kama hI chape hai| tulasIdAsa ke 'rAmacaritamAnasa' ko prAzraya karake bhakti-zAstra kA jo vipula sAhitya banA hai, usakI vahuta kama carcA huI hai| ina saba kI carcA hue vinA aura inako jAne vinA madhyayuga ke manuSya ko ThIka-ThIka nahI samajhA jA sktaa| tAntrika prAcAro ke bAre meM hindI-sAhitya ke itihAsa kI pustakeM ekadama mauna hai, parantu nAthamArga kA vidyArthI mAsAnI se usa viSaya ke sAhitya aura prAcAro kI bahulatA lakSya kara sakatA hai| bahuta kama loga jAnate hai ki kavIra dvArA prabhAvita aneka nirguNa sampradAyo meM aba bhI ve sAdhanAeM jI rahI hai jo purAne tAntriko ke pacAmRta, pacapavitra aura catuzcandra kI sAdhanAyo ke avazepa hai| yahAM prasaga nahIM hai| isalie isa bAta ko vistAra se nahIM likhA gayA,

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hamAre purAne sAhitya ke itihAsa kI sAmagrI parantu itanA to spaSTa hai ki hamAre isa sAhitya ke mAdhyama se manuSya ko paDhane ke aneka mArgoM para abhI calanA bAkI hai| ay kabIradAsa ke bIjaka meM eka sthAna para likhA hai ki "brAhmana vaisnava ekahi jAnA" ( 12vI dhvani) / isase dhvani nikalatI hai ki brAhmaNa aura vaiSNava paraspara virodhI mata hai / mujhe pahale-pahala yaha kucha ajIba bAta mAlUma huI / jyo-jyo maiM bIjaka kA adhyayana karatA gayA, merA vizvAsa dRDha hotA gayA ki bIjaka ke kucha zraza pUrvI aura dakSiNI vihAra ke dharmamata se prabhAvita hai / merA anumAna thA ki koI aisA pracchanna bauddha vaiSNava sampradAya una dino usa pradeza meM avazya rahA hogA, jise brAhmaNa loga sammAna kI dRSTi se nahI dekhate hoge / zrI nagendranAtha vasu ne uDIsA ke pA~ca vaiSNava kaviyo kI racanAo ke adhyayana se yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki ye vaiSNava kavi vastuta' mAdhyamika mata ke bauddha the aura kevala brAhmaNa pradhAna rAjya ke bhaya se apane ko vauddha kahate rahe / maine apanI naI pustaka 'kavIrapaMthI sAhitya' meM vistAra pUrvaka isa bAta kI jA~ca kI hai / yahA~ prasaga kevala yaha hai ki hindI - sAhitya ke grantho kA adhyayana aneka lupta aura supta mAnava-cintA-pravAha kA paricaya de sakatA hai / kevala pustako kI tithi-tArIkha taka hI sAhitya kA itihAsa sImAvaddha nahI kiyA jA sakatA / manuSya-samAja vaDI jaTila vastu hai / sAhitya kA adhyayana usakI aneka gutthiyo ko sulajhA sakatA hai / parantu ina savase adhika Avazyaka hai vibhinna jAtiyo, sampradAyo aura sAdhAraNa janatA me pracalita dantakathAe~ / inase hama itihAsa ke aneka bhUle hue ghaTanA-prasago kA hI paricaya nahI pAyeMge, madhyayuga ke sAhitya ko samajhane kA sAghana bhI pA sakeMgeM / jhArakhaDa zraura uDIsA tathA pUrvI madhyaprAnta kI aneka loka pracalita dantakathAe~ una aneka gutthiyo ko sulajhA sakatI hai, jo kavIrapantha kI bahuta gUDha aura durUha vAteM samajhI jAtI hai / isa ora vahuta adhika dhyAna dene kI AvazyakatA hai / vibhinna A~kaDo aura nRtattvazAstrIya pustako meM itastastovikSipta bAto kA saMgraha bhI bahuta acchA nahI huA hai / ye sabhI vAteM hamAre sAhitya ko samajhane meM sahAyaka hai / inake vinA hamArA sAhityika itihAsa adhUrA hI rahega zAtiniketana ]

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brajabhASA kA gadya - sAhitya [ prAraMbhika kAla se san 1800 taka ] zrI premanArAyaNa TaNDana em0 e0 vIragAthAkAla meM kAvyabhASA kA DhA~cA prAya zaurasenI se vikasita purAnI vrajabhASA kA hI thA / kAvyabhASA ke rUpa meM isakA pracAra bahuta samaya pUrva se thA aura caudahavI zatAbdI ke prArambha taka to itanA baDha gayA thA ki jina pazcimI pradezo kI bolacAla kI bhASA khaDIvolI thI vahA~ bhI kavitA ke lie vrajabhASA kA hI prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| phArasI ke prasiddha lekhaka amIra khusaro (mRtyu san 1325) ke, jinakA racanAkAla san 1283 ke grAsapAsa se prArambha hotA hai, gIta aura dohe isI vrajabhASA meM haiM / 'vAso', 'bhayo', 'vAko', 'mohi acambho prAvata', 'vasata hai', 'dekhata me', 'mero', 'sovai', 'bhayo hai', 'DarAvana lAge', 'Dasa- isa jAya', jaise vrajabhASA-rUpa unakI kavitA meM barAbara milate haiM / vIragAthAkAla ke prApya grantho me kucha gorakhapanthI grantho kA samvandha, jinake viSaya prAya haThayoga, brahmajJAna Adi hai, vrajabhASA gadya se hai| inameM eka ke racayitA kA nAma kumuTipAva hai aura zepa gorakhanAtha zrIra unake ziSyo ke race zrathavA sakalita hai / vAvA gorakhanAtha saMskRta aura hindI ke paDita aura zaivamata ke pravartaka the / karmakADa, upAsanA aura yoga tIno kI kucha bAteM inake pantha meM pracalita hai / tantravAda se bhI inheM ruci thI aura usI ke sahAre adbhuta camatkAroM dvArA ye janatA ko prabhAvita karate the / gorakhapura inakA mukhya sthAna hai / usake grAsa-pAsa inake anuyAyI paryApta saMkhyA meM vase hai| mahArASTra meM bhI inake mAnane vAle pAye jAte hai / bAbA gorakhanAtha prasiddha siddha the / inakA janma naipAla athavA usakI tarAI meM huA thA / zravataka inakA samaya san 1350 mAnA jAtA thA / inasAiklopIDiyA briTainikA meM inakA samaya IsavI san kI vArahavI zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai / parantu idhara kI khoja ke AdhAra para DAkTara pItAmvaradatta jI vaDathvAla' tathA zrIyuta rAhula sAMkRtyAyana' jI ne inakA samaya san 650 ke lagabhaga siddha kiyA hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki inake guru machandaranAtha (matsyendranAtha) ke pitA mInapA' kA samaya san 870 ke Asa-pAsa mAnA gayA hai| zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana jI ke anusAra bhI inake dAdA guru jAlandharapAda zrathavA AdinAtha kA samaya san 867 ke pAsa hI zrAtA hai| isa hisAba se machandaranAtha kA samaya san 150 aura gorakhanAtha kA san 1050 ke Asa-pAsa samajhanA caahie| isa anumAna kI puSTi eka aura pramANa se hotI hai / nAthapanthI mahAtmA jJAnadeva (jJAnezvara) kA kAla san 1230 ke zrAsapAsa mAnA jAtA apane vaDe bhAI nivRttinAtha se upadeza grahaNa kiyA thA / itihAsakAro ne inakA samaya san 1970 ke lagabhaga anumAnA inhone hai / " nivRttinAtha ke guru grainInAtha the jo bAbA gorakhanAtha ke ziSya the / isa taraha gainInAtha kA samaya 1110 ora vAvAjI kA 1050 ke AsapAsa mAna sakate hai | 'nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, navIna saskaraNa bhAga 11 meM DAkTara sAhaba kA "hindI kavitA meM yoga pravAha" zIrSaka lekha / 'gaMgA' (purAtavAka) bhAga 3 aka 1, zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana jI kA "mantrayAna, vajrayAna aura caurAsI siddha" zIrSaka lekha | 'mizravandhuvinoda - prathama bhAga, pR0 140 / * 'mizravandhuvinoda'1- prathama bhAga, pR0 140 1

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kA gadya-sAhitya gorakhanAtha jI kA samaya jAnane meM jalandharanAtha, cauraMgInAtha, kaNerIpAva, carapaTanAtha, cuNakaranAtha Adi ke jIvanakAla kI tithiyo se sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| prathama mahAzaya unake guru machandaranAtha ke gurubhAI the, dvitIya aura caturtha unhI ke gurubhAI the, tRtIya sajjana prathama arthAt jalanvaranAtha ke ziSya the aura prathama cuNakaranAtha ke samakAlIna the| ina pAMco ke samayo meM lagabhaga 75 varSoM kA antara honA Avazyaka jAna paDatA hai, parantu mizravandhupro ne ina pA~co kA samaya vAvA gorakhanAtha kA pUrva-pracalita aura mAnyakAla savat 1350 (san 1407) mAna liyA hai|' vastuta aisA karanA bhramotpAdaka hai| prasiddha hai ki inake guru machandaranAtha (matsyendranAtha) apane zipya ko upadeza dene ke pazcAt phira sAsArika vyavahAra meM lipta ho gye| usa samaya gorakhanAtha ne unheM isa mAyAjAla se chuDAyA / isa kiMvadantI se yaha Azaya nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki guru se dIkSA lene ke pazcAt gorakhanAtha ke jJAnopadeza apane guru machandaranAtha se bhI mahattva ke hote the, unakA janatA meM paryApta sammAna thA aura zipya kI guru se adhika prasiddhi unhI ke jIvanakAla me ho calI yii| kucha vidvAnoM kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki ina racanAo kI jo hastalikhita pratiyAM milI hai ve itanI purAnI nahI hai| ataeva yaha sandigva hI hai ki ye kRtiyAM ina pratiyo meM apane mUla rUpa meM pAI jAtI hai / parantu zukla jI jaise vidvAn ina sava khojo aura vicAro kI vivecanA karane ke pazcAt bhI inakA samaya nizcita rUpa se dasavI zatAbdI mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM hai|' jo ho, vAvA gorakhanAtha ke nAma se pracalita 48 granya ava taka khoja meM prApta hue hai| inakI sUcI kimI bhI itihAma-grantha me dekhI jA sakatI hai| ina granyo kI bhASA aura varNanazailI kI vibhinnatA dekhakara anumAna hotA hai ki ukta granyo meM kucha hI gorakhanAtha ke banAye hue ho sakate hai| zepa kI racanA, unakA sakalana athavA sampAdana unake ziSyoM ne kiyA hogaa| yaha kArya unakI sammati se ho sakatA hai aura unakI mRtyu ke bAda bhI kiyA jAnA sambhava hai| kAraNa, apane jIvanakAla me hI inako paryApta prasiddhi prApta ho gaI thI aura aisI dazA meM ziSyo kA unake nAma para anya sakalita, sampAdita karanA athavA racanA svAbhAvika hI ho gayA hogaa| ina grantho meM kucha gadya ke hai| unakI bhASA yaha hai (1) so vaha puruSa sampUrNa tIrtha prasnAna kari cuko, aru sampUrNa pRthvI brAhmanani ko de cukau, zaru sahasra jajJa kari cukau, aru devatA sarva pUji cukau, aru pitarani ko santuSTa kari cukau, svargaloka prApta kari cukI, jA manuSya ke mana chanamAtra brahma ke vicAra baittho| (2) zrI guru paramAnanda tinako daMDavata hai / hai kaise paramAnanda ? aAnanda svarUpa hai zarIra jinhi ko / jinhIM ke nitya gAva hai sarIra cetanni aru Anandamaya hotu hai| mai ju hauM goraSa so machandaranAya ko daDavata karata hai| hai kaise ve machandaranAtha ? AtmAjoti nizcala hai, antahakarana jinhako aru mUla dvAra te chaha caka jinhi nIkI taraha jAna / aru jugakAla phalpaini kI racanAtatva jini gaayo| sugandha ko samudra tinhi ko merI daMDavata / svAmI tumheM to sataguru amha to sipa savada eka pUchivA dayA kari kahibA mani na karivA ros| vAvA gorakhanAtha ke nAma se pracalita sabhI grantha aisI vrajabhASA meM likhe gaye hai jisameM sampUrNa, prApta, sarva, svargaloka, santuSTa, mAtra, manuSya, svarUpa, nitya, AtmA, nizcala, cakra, kalpa, tattva, suganva, Adi saskRta ke tatsama zabdo kA prayoga pracuratA se huA hai| gorakhanAtha ne apane pantha ke pracAra ke lie bhArata ke pazcimI bhAga-pajAva, "mizravaMdhu vinoda, prathama bhAga, pR0161-2 / / "hindustAnI bhAga 5, aM0 3, pR0 229 meM zrI narottama svAmI ema0 e0 kA "hindI kA gadyasAhitya" zIrSaka lekh| "hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa (saMzodhita aura parivaddhita saMskaraNa) sa0 167, pR0 17 / *"hindI bhASA aura sAhitya kA vikAsa' (dvitIya saskaraNa) sa0 1667, pR0 630 /

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102 premI-abhinadana-pratha rAjapUtAnA Adi pradeza-cune the| isalie unakI vrajabhASA me 'amhai', 'pUchibA', kahivA' 'karivA', Adi rAjasthAnI zabda bhI milate hai| 'jA manuSya ke mana chanamAtra brahma ke vicAra baiTho', jaise vAkyAzo para pUrabIpana kI chApa bhI spaSTa hai / yadyapi ukta avataraNo ko dekhakara zukla jI ko yaha zakA hotI hai ki yaha kisI saskRta lekha kA 'kathabhUtI' anuvAda na ho, tathApi unhone nizcayarUpa se ise sa0 1400 ke gadya kA namUnA mAnA hai|' hindI meM pracalita tadbhava rUpa bhI ina gratho meM bahuta adhika milate hai / kahI-kahI to tadbhava rUpo kI adhikatA dekhakara anumAna hone lagatA hai ki lekhaka kA dhyAna zabdo ke saskRta rUpa kI ora adhika nahI hai| jajJa, asnAna, chana, sarva, pUji cukau, pitarana Adi zabda isI rUpa meM ina grantho me milate hai, saskRta ke zuddha rUpa meM nhiiN|' vastuta ina zabda-rUpo ke apanAye jAne kA eka kAraNa hai| prAcIna hindI kavitA meM kucha to tuka kI AvazyakatA se aura kucha bhASA kI sarasatA tathA vyavahAra kI svAbhAvikatA ke kAraNa saskRta zabdo ke hindI spo kA vyavahAra Arambha se hI kiyA gayA hai| gadya-racanAo me bhI lekhako ne yahI pravRtti apanAnA ucita smjhaa| vAvA gorakhanAtha hI nahI, unake pazcAt viTThalanAtha, gokulanAtha, nAbhAdAsa, banArasIdAsa Adi sabhI prAcIna gadyalekhako me yaha pravRtti samAna hai| __gorakhanAtha kI bhASA ke udAharaNa-rUpa meM jo ukta avataraNa hamAre sAhitya-itihAso me uddhRta rahate hai, vrajabhASA-vikAsa kI dRSTi se ve prAya sabhI yaha samasyA upasthita karate hai ki yadi gorakhanAtha kA samaya gyArahavI zatAbdI mAnA jAya to yaha gadya unakA likhA huA nahI ho sakatA aura yadi yaha gadya unhI kA hai to caudahavI zatAbdI se tIna sau varSa pahale aisI sApha vrajabhASA pracalita nahI mAnI jA sktii| mizravandhuo ne bAbA gorakhanAtha ko hI hindI gadya kA prathama lekhaka mAnA hai, parantu unhone isa samasyA para vicAra nahI kiyaa| anya itihAsakAra bhI pramANa ke abhAva meM anumAna se kAma calAte hai| zrI rAhula sAkRtyAyana jI unakA samaya IsavI san kI gyArahavI zatAbdI hI mAnate hai, parantu unake gadya ke sambandha meM spaSTa mata kadAcita unhone bhI nahI diyA hai|" mata-vizeSa ke pracArakArya se sambandha rakhane ke kAraNa gorakhanAtha kA gadya upadezapUrNa ho gayA hai| isalie usase hama kevala sAdhAraNa kriyA-rUpo aura hindI gadya para saskRta ke prabhAva-mAtra ko jAna sakate hai / siddhAnto ke varNana kI ceSTA hone ke kAraNa kahI-kahI usameM sAhityika bhASA kI-sI jhalaka milatI hai| kumuTipAva ke nAma para milA dUsarA grantha bhI haThayoga se sambandha rakhatA hai| kumuTipAva sambhavata caurAsI siddhi vAle kumuripA hai| isa grantha meM SaTcakra aura paca mudrAo kA varNana hai| isakA lipikAla san 1840 hai aura racanAkAla jJAta nahI hai| isakI bhASA ke rUpa ko dekhakara kahanA par3atA hai ki yaha grantha caudahavI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga hI likhA gayA hogA aura isa dRSTi se isakI bhASA kA yaha rUpa vicAraNIya hai| namUnA dekhie ajayA jayantI mahAmuni iti brahmacakra jApa prabhAva volIye / brahmacakra Upara guhyacakra sIsa maDala sthAne basai / ikaIsa brahmADa boliiye| |prm sUnya sthAna Upara je na vinase na pAve na jAI yoga yogendra he smaaii| sunau devI pArvatI Izvara kathita mahAjJAna / isa avataraNa meM eka ora jayantI, sthAne, kathita, jJAna Adi rUpa hai aura dUsarI ora bolIye, basa, na vinase, 'hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa (sazodhita aura parivartita saskaraNa) sa0 169, pR0 476 mizrabandhuvinoda, prathama bhAga-bhUmikA pRSTha 53 // // // pRSTha 157 // // // // 161 'kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA kA aDatAlIsavAM vArSika vivaraNa, sa0 1967, pR0 10

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vrajabhASA kA gadya-sAhitya 103 nAve na jAI, samAI, sunI ityAdi / isase prakaTa hotA hai ki siddho kI racanAo me saskRta ke sAtha lokabhASA ko bhI sthAna milane lagA thaa| . vIragAthAkAla ke pazcAt bhaktiyuga meM eka vizepa parivartana yaha huA ki sAhitya kendra rAjasthAna na rahakara vraja aura kAzI ke AsapAsa ho gyaa| phalata rAjasthAnI ke sAtha-sAtha vrajabhASA aura avadhI ko bhI kAvyabhASA hone kA saubhAgya prApta huyA aura kucha hI varSoM meM dono bhASAyo me aneka mundara kAvya race gye| Age calakara dhArmika utthAna kA Azraya pA jAne ke kAraNa vrajabhASA kA kSetra avaghI se bahuta vistRta ho gyaa| kAvya kI sarvamAnya bhApA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho jAne ke sAtha-sAtha aneka gadya-grantha bhI umameM race gaye / bhaktikAla me likhe hue jitane gadya-grantha ava taka khoja me prApta hue hai, unakI makhyA yadyapi adhika nahIM hai, tathApi gadya-racanA ke krama kA patA unase avazya calatA hai| molahavI zatAbdI ke antima varSoM meM likhI eka ciTThI kucha varSa hue khoja me prApta huI thI jo rAvAvallabhI sampradAya ke pravartaka gosAI hitaharivaza kI likhI batAI jAtI hai| vaha ciTThI' isa prakAra hai zrImukha patrI likhati / zrI sakala guNa sampanna rasarIti vahAvani ciraMjIva mere prAnani ke prAna bIThaladAsa jojJa likhati zrI vRndAvana rajopasevI zrI harivaza jorI sumirana vacanI / jorI sumirina matta rhii| jorI jo hai sukha varakhata hai| tuma kusala svarUpa hai / tihAre hastAkSara vArambAra prAvata hai / sukha amRta svarUpa hai| bAMcata prAnanda umaDi cala hai| merI vRddhi kI itanI zakti nahIM ki kahi skii| para tohi jAnata hauN| zrI svAminI jU tuma para bahuta prasanna hai / hama kahA prAzIrvAda daihi / hama yahI prAzIrvAda deta hai ki tihAropAyusa bddh'ii| aura tihArI sakala sampatti vddhau| aura tihAre mana ko manortha pUrana hohu / hama netrana sukha dekheM / hamArI bheMTa yahI hai| yahAM kI kAhU vAta kI cintA mati krii| terI pahicAni te mokI zrI zyAmAjU bahuta supa dete hai| tuma liSyo ho dina daza meM aavegeN| teI pAsA prAna rahe hai| zrI zyAmAjU vegi lai prAva / cirajIva kRSNadAsa kI jorI sumirana vAcanau / govindadAsa santadAsa kI daDIta / gAMgU medA ko kRSNa sumirana vAMcanI / kRSNadAsa mohanadAsa ko kRSNa sumirana / ragA kI daDIta / vanamAlI dharmasAlA ko kRSNa sumirana bAMcanI / yaha ciTThI gosAI zrI harivaza jI ne apane priya ziSya vIThaladAsa jI ko likhI thii| gosAI jI kA janma sa0 1556 hai| zukla jI ne inakA racanAkAla sa0 1600 se sa0 1640 taka mAnA hai| parantu "sAhitya samAlocaka" kA kahanA hai ki yaha ciTThI savat 1565 meM likhI gaI thii|' spapTa hai ki yadi yaha ciTThI vAstava meM gosAI jI kI likhI huI hai to savat likhane meM avazya bhUla huI hai| hama samajhate hai ki yaha san 1538 (sa0 1565) ke AsapAsa likhI gaI hogii| isakA gadya vilakula spaSTa hai aura yadi yaha ciTThI ThIka hai to una vidvAno ko vaDe Azcarya meM DAlane vAlI middha hogI jo vrajabhApA gadya ko vilakula aspaSTa aura avyavasthita samajhate hai / isameM saskRta zabdo kA pracura prayoga huA hai, yadyapi tatmama rUpa unheM lipikAra kI kRpA se milA jAna paDatA hai| ___ solahavI zatAbdI ke prArambha meM mahAprabhu zrI vallabhAcArya jI (san 1458-1530) ke putra aura uttarAdhikArI gosAI viTThalanAtha (san 1515-1585) kA gadya sAmane AtA hai / inhone 'zRgArarasa maDana' aura 'rAdhAkRSNavihAra' nAmaka do grantha vrajabhASA me likhe the| ina dono kI bhASA kA namUnA dekhie 'samAlocaka' (traimAsika) bhAga 1, aM0 4, pR0 326 (akTUbara 1935) hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa (sazoSita, parivaddhita saskaraNa) sa0 1997, pR0 216 'samAlocaka' (akTUvara '25) 1-4-316 -

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premI-abhinadana-graMtha (1) jama ke sira para sabdAyamAna karata hai, vividha vAyu vahata hai, he nisarga snehArda sakhI kU~ sambodhana priyA netra kamala kUM kachu mudrita dRSTi hoya ke vAramvAra kachu sabhI kahata bhaI, yaha mero mana sahacarI eka chana ThAkura ko tyajata bhaI / - 'rAdhAkRSNa vihAra' se / ' 104 (2) prathama kI sakhI kahatu haiM / jo gopIjana ke carana viSai sevaka ko dAsI kari jo inako premAmRta meM vi ke inake manda hAsya ne jIte hai / amRta samUha tA kari nikuja viSai zRgArarasa zreSTha rasanA kono so pUrNa bhaI / - 'zRgArarasamaDana' se ' yaha gadya gorakha-panthI grantho ke lagabhaga do sau varSa pazcAt kA namUnA hai / bhASA ke parimArjana ke lie do zatAbdiyo kA samaya zrAja bahuta hotA hai, parantu saMskRta kI pradhAnatA ke usa yuga meM, jaba 'bhASA' kI kavitA bhI sammAna kI dRSTi se nahI dekhI jAtI thI, gadya meM likhane kA calana adhika nahI thA / ata do sau varSa bAda bhI gadya ko usI prakAra parimArjita aura avyavasthita dekhakara hameM Azcarya nahI honA cAhie / Upara diye hue prAya sabhI avataraNo meM eka bAta jo samAna rUpa se pAI jAtI hai vaha hai saMskRta ke tatsama zabdo kA prayoga / 'yogAbhyAsa mudrA' ke gadya meM siddho kI vANI me saMskRta padAvalI ke madhya hindI bhASA kA akura dekhA jAtA hai / gorakhapanthI grantho meM to saskRta ke tatsama zabda prayukta hue hI hai / vahI bAta gosAI viTThalanAtha kI bhASA meM bhI dekhane ko milatI hai, jahA~ vividha, nisarga, snehArdra, samvodhana, mudrita dRSTi, sahacarI, kSaNa, caraNa, premAmRta, mandahAsya, samUha, nikuja, zreSTha rasanA, pUrNa yAdi zabdo kA svatantratA ke sAtha prayoga kiyA gayA hai / 'harizrogha' jI kI sammati' meM, zrImadbhAgavata kA pracAra aura rAdhAkRSNalIlA kA sAhityakSetra meM viSaya ke rUpa meM praveza karanA hI isa saMskRta zabdAvalI kI loka-priyatA tathA usake phalasvarUpa hindI gadya meM usake sthAna pAne kA kAraNa jAna paDatA hai / prAntIya bhASAo ke prabhAva bhI ukta avataraNo meM dikhAI paDate hai / 'pai' ke sthAna para 'para' aura 'ko', 'ko' athavA 'koM' ke sthAna para 'kU' kA prayoga aise hI prabhAvo kA pariNAma hai / ' satrahavI zatAbdI ke vrajabhASA - gadya lekhako meM sabase pahalA nAma harirAya kA zrAtA hai / inakA jIvanakAla sa0 1607 mAnA gayA hai / ye mahAprabhu vallabhAcArya ke ziSya eva saMskRta tathA hindI ke acche jJAtA batAye gaye hai / inake kaI grantho kA vivaraNa sabhA kI pichalI kaI riporToM meM AyA hai| * san 1932-34 ke traivArSika vivaraNa meM inake race grantha-- - (1) kRSNapremAmRta (2) puSTi dRDhAvana kI vArtA ( lipikAla san 1856) (3) puSTi pravAhamaryAdA (4) sevAvidhi (lipikAla san 1807 ) ( 5 ) varSotsava kI bhAvanA (6) vasanta horI kI bhAvanA (lipikAla san 1845) (7) bhAva-bhAvanA / ina sAta grantho meM antima gadya kA eka vizAlakAya grantha hai, jisameM 'rAvAjI ke caraNa-cihnoM kI bhAvanA, nitya kI sevAvidhi, varSotsava kI bhAvanAe~, Dola utsava kI bhAvanA, chappana bhoga kI rIti, hiMDorAdi kI bhAvanAeM, sAto svarUpa kI bhAvanA eva bhoga kI sAmagrI Adi banAne kI rIti dI gaI hai | nIce 'bhAva-bhAvanA' meM se inake gadya kA udAharaNa diyA jAtA hai so puSTimArga meM jitanI kriyA hai, so saba svAminI jI ke bhAvate hai / tAteM bhagalAcaraNa gAveM / prathama zrI svAminI jI ke caraNa-kamala koM namaskAra karata hai / tinakI upamA deve ko mana daso disA dorayo / parantu 'hindI bhASA aura sAhitya kA vikAsa (dvitIya saskaraNa) sa0 1667, pR0 631 'hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa (sazodhita, parivaddhita saskaraNa) 1997, 'hindI bhASA aura sAhitya kA vikAsa (dvi0 saskaraNa) sa0 1997, pR0 631-32 476 * dekhie-- ri0 1600 I0 sa0 38, 1606-11 I0 sa0 115, 1917-16 I0 sa074, 1e23-25 I0 sa0 160, 1626-31 I0, 1932-34 I0 "prAcIna hastalikhita hindI grantho kI khoja kA pandrahavAM traivArSika vivaraNa (san 1932-34) pU0 376

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prajabhASA kA gadya-sAhitya 105 kaha pAyo nhiiN| pAche zrI svAminI jI ke caraNa-kamala ko Azraya kiyo hai| taba upamA deve kU hRdaya meM sphUrti bhaI / jaise zrI ThAkAra jI ko adharabimba prArakta hai rasarUpa / teseI zrI svAminI jI ke caraNa pArakta hai / so nAte zrI caraNa-kamala ko namaskAra karata hai| tina meM anavaTa vichumA nUpura Adi AbhUSaNa hai| . yaha gadya bilakula spaSTa aura vyavasthita hai| isase patA lagatA hai ki san 1553 ke lagabhaga gadya kA prayoga grantharacanA ke lie varAvara kiyA jAtA thaa| ukta avataraNa meM saskRta ke tatsama aura tadbhava zabdo kA prayoga pracuratA se kiyA gayA hai| 'puSTimArga me jitanI kriyA hai', 'zrI svAminI jI ke caraNa Arakta haiM', 'nUpura Adi prAbhUSaNa hai', ityAdi prayoga rAdhAvallabhI sampradAya ke pravartaka gomAI zrI hitaharivaza jI kI ciTThI meM Aye hue, 'sukha amRta svarUpa hai' 'tuma para bahuta prasanna hai', 'hamArI bheTa yahI hai' Adi se milate-julate hai| isI samaya ke lagabhaga caurAsI vaiSNavo kI vArtA' aura 'do sau bAvana vaiSNavo kI vArtA' kA gadya sAmane AtA hai| aba taka ye grantha gosvAmI viTThalanAtha ke putra gosvAmI gokulanAtha ke nAma para, jinakA samaya san 1568 se 1593 ke AsapAsa hai, pracalita the| idhara apane itihAsa ke naye saskaraNa meM zukla jI ne apanA yaha mata diyA hai ki prathama 'vArtA' gokulanAtha ke kisI ziSya kI likhI jAna paDatI hai, kyoki isameM gokulanAtha kA kaI jagaha baDe bhaktibhAva se ullekha hai / isame vaiSNava bhakto tathA AcArya zrI vallabhAcArya jI kI mahimA prakaTa karane vAlI kathAe~ likhI gaI hai| isakA racanAkAla vikrama kI satrahavI zatAbdI kA uttarArddha mAnA jA sakatA hai| do sau vaiSNavo kI vArtA' to aura bhI pIche auragajeba ke samaya ke lagabhaga likhI gaI jAna paDatI hai / DAkTara dhIrendra varmA kA bhI yahI mata hai ki ye dono 'vArtAe~' eka hI lekhaka kI racanAe~ nahI hai| isa sambandha me hame yaha nivedana karanA hai ki gokulanAtha jI kA baDe bhaktibhAva se ullekha dekhakara hI hama prathama 'vArtA' ko unake kisI ziSya kI likhI mAnane ke pakSa me nahI hai / sambhava hai, jina sthalo para gosvAmI jI kI prazasA kI gaI hai ve prakSipta ho| gokulanAtha jI ke samakAlIna kaviyo ke kAvyo me bhI java prakSipta aza pAyA jAtA hai-kAvyo me kucha joDanA gadya kI apekSA svabhAvata kaThina haitava gadya meM aisA honA asambhava nahI jAna paDatA hai| jo ho, ye 'vArtAe~' satrahavI zatAbdI me racI mAnane ke lie prAya sabhI vidvAna taiyAra hai| inakI bhASA kA namUnA dekhie(1) caurAsI vaiSNavana kI vArtA (ka) taba sUradAsa jI apane sthala teM prAyake zrI prAcArya mahAprabhUna ke darzana ko paaye| taba zrI prAcArya mahAprabhUna ne kahyo jo sUra pAvI baittho| tava sUradAsa jI zrI prAcArya jI mahAprabhUna ke darzana karike Age Aya baiThe taba zrI prAcArya mahAprabhUna ne kahI jo sUra kacha bhagavadyaza varNana krau| tava sUradAsa ne kahI jo praajnyaa|' / (kha) so sUradAsa jI ke pada dezAdhipati ne sune / so suni ke yaha bicArI jo sUradAsa jI kAhU vidhi so mile to bhalo / so bhagavadicchA te sUradAsa jI mile / so sUradAsa jI so ko dezAdhipati ne jo sUradAsa jI meM sunyo hai jo tumane binayapada bahuta kIye haiM / jo moko paramezvara ne rAjya dIyo hai so saba gunIjana merau jasa gAvata hai tAte tumahU~ kachu gAvI / tava sUradAsa jI ne dezAdhipati ke Age kIrtana gaayo|' "hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa (sazodhita aura parivaddhita saskaraNa) sa0 1967, pR0 479-80 dekhie 'hindustAnI' apraila 1932, bhAga 2, sa0 2, pR0 183 "caurAsI vaiSNavoM kI vArtA', pR0 274 "jo-ki / 'ki' kA prayoga bahuta samaya bAda hone lagA thaa| sambhava hai, vaha phArasI se liyA gayA ho| yadyApa kaI vidvAnoM kI rAya isake pratikUla hai| ve isakI utpatti 'kim' se mAnate hai| dekhie-phuTanoTa-hindustAnI (5-3) pR0 254 "caurAsI vaiSNavoM kI vArtA, pR0 276 14

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premI-abhinadana pratha 106 (2) do sau bAvana vaiSNavana kI vArtA -- (ka) nandadAsa jI tulasIdAsa jI ke choTe bhAI hate / so vinayU~ nAca-tamAsA dekhane ko tathA gAna sunave ko zoka bahuta hato / so vA deza meM sU~ eka saga dvArakA jAta hato / so nandadAsa jI aise vicAra ke meM zrI raNachoDa jo ke darzana kU~ nAU~ to acchI hai / java visane tulasIdAsa jI sUM pUMchI taba tulasIdAsa jI zrI rAmacandra jI ke ananya bhakta hate / " jAsUM vinane dvArakA jAyave kI nAhIM khii|" (kha) taba nandadAsa jI zrI gokula cale / taba tulasIdAsa jI kUM saga saga Aye / tava zrAyake nandadAsa jI ne zrI gusAI jI ke darzana kare / sASTAga daDavata karI, aura tulasIdAsa jI ne daDavata karI nahIM / aura nandadAsa jI phU~ tulasIdAsa jI ne kahI ke jaise darzana tumane vahA~ karAye vaise hI yahA~ karAo / tava nandadAsa jI ne zrI gusAI jI so vinatI karI ye mere bhAI tulasIdAsa haiN| zrI rAmacandra jI vinA aura kUM nahIM nameM hai / tava zrI gusAI jI ne kahI tulasIdAsa jI baittho| isa bhASA ke sambandha meM do vAteM mukhyata smaraNa rakhanI caahie| pahalI bAta yaha ki ukta zravataraNa janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita aisI bhASA ke hai, jinameM bhAva vyajanA kI sundara zakti jAna paDatI hai / inake lekhaka ne kahI apanI yogyatA athavA kisI prakAra kA camatkAra dikhAne kA prayatna nahI kiyA hai / saskRta ke tatsama tadbhava tathA zranya pracalita zabda bhI isameM prayukta hue hai / isase jAna paDatA hai ki saMskRta ke prabhAva se mukta eka kAvya-bhASA usa samaya gadya-bhASA kA rUpa dhAraNa karane kI ora paira baDhA rahI thii| tIsare avataraNa meM prayukta 'tamAsA', 'zoka' zrAdi zabdo se jJAta hotA hai ki lekhaka aravI - phArasI ke pracalita zabdo ko apanAne ke bhI pakSa meM thaa| yahI nahI, mizrabandhuo kI sammati meM gujarAtI mAravADI boliyo kA bhI inako bhASA para prabhAva paDA hai / " dUsarI bAta kriyApado ke rUpa se samvandha rakhatI hai| bAbA gorakhanAtha, gosAI viTThalanAtha, harirAya Adi gadyalekhako kI bhASA kI kriyAe~ tathA kucha anya zabda isa bAta ke samarthaka hai ki unakI racanAe~ vrajabhASA kI hI hai / isa gadya kA kramaza vikAsa hotA gayA / 'vArtAo' ke lekhaka kI bhASA me yadyapi kriyApado kA rUpa bahuta kucha pUrvavat hI banA rahA, tathApi kucha aise kriyArUpo kA prayoga bhI unhone kiyA jo naye to nahI kahe jA sakate, para jinakA prayoga pUrvavartI lekhako ke gadya meM vahuta kama huA hai / udAharaNa ke lie hama nimnalikhita paktiyo meM rekhAMkita kriyAo kI ora pAThako kA dhyAna AkarSita karanA cAhate hai so eka dina nandadAsa jI ke mana meM aisI aaii| jo jaise tulasIdAsa jI ne rAmAyaNa bhASA karI hai| so hamahU~ zrImadbhAgavata bhASA kreN| ina paktiyo meM zrAI, karI hai, kareM tathA 'Upara ke zravataraNo meM prayukta Aye, vaiThe, sune, mile, cale, kare karAo, karAye, grAdi kriyArUpa prAya ve hI hai, jo vartamAna khaDIvolI meM prayukta hote hai| yahI nahI, 'vArtAo' kI bhASA pUrvavartI lekhako kI bhASA se kucha zuddha bhI hai / 'pUrNa hota bhaI' kI taraha para ' tyajata bhaI', 'kahata bhaI' Adi jo prayoga gosvAmI viTThalanAtha Adi kI bhASA meM hai unake sthAna para 'vArtAo' meM hameM inake vrajabhASA ke zuddha rUpa milate hai / isake atirikta inameM kAraka cihnoM kA prayoga bhI apekSAkRta adhika nizcita rUpa se huA hai / 'vArtAo' meM khaTakane vAlI eka bAta hai sarvanAma kA ucita prayoga na kiyA jaanaa| isakA phala yaha huA ki majJA zabdo kI bhaddI punarukti ho gaI hai / viSaya pratipAdana kI dRSTi se inakA gadya sajIva aura svAbhAvika hai / sAdhA 'do sau bAvana vaiSNavana kI vArtA, pR0 28 do sau bAvana vaiSNavana kI vArtA, pR0 35 "mizrabandhuvinoda prathama bhAga, pR0 285 'do sau bAvana vaiSNavoM kI vArtA, pR0 32

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vrajabhASA kA gadya sAhitya 107 raNa varNana kI pravRtti hone se lekhako ne bhASA ko sAhityika aura zuddha banAne kA kRtrima prayatna nahI kiyA / ina vizeSatAoM ko dekhate hue kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'vArtAe~' gadya kI sundara racanAe~ hai aura inakI bhASA viSayAnukUla aura vyavasthita hai / yaha to huI 'vArtAo' kI bAta / inake atirikta svAmI gokulanAtha ke banAye hue cha grantha - vanayAtrA, puSTimArga ke vacanAmRta (li0 kA0 san 1848), rahasyabhAvanA ( li0 kA 0 san 1854), sarvottama stotra, siddhAnta - rahasya, aura vallabhASTaka - prakAza me Aye hai / ye sava grantha vrajabhASA meM haiM aura inameM puSTimArga ke siddhAnto tathA bhakti viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| yadi 'vArtAzro' kA racayitA gosvAmI gokulanAtha ko bhI mAneM taba bhI uvata grantho ko dekhakara DA0 vaDathvAla unheM aneka gadya -antho kA nirmAtA, utkRSTa vidvAna aura zreSTha lekhaka svIkAra karate hai / matrahavIM zatAbdI ke anya gadya-lekhako me nandadAsa, nAbhAdAsa, tulasIdAsa, banArasIdAsa, kizorIdAsa aura vaikuThamaNi zukla ke gadyagrantho kA patA lagatA hai / ye grantha sAhityika dRSTi se to vizeSa mahattva ke nahI hai, tathApi vrajabhASA - vikAsa kI dRSTi se inakA mUlya avazya hai / isase hameM tatkAlIna gadya-bhASA ke rUpa kA kucha paricaya avazya milatA hai aura hame yaha kahane kA avasara bhI milatA hai ki hamAre kavi kabhI-kabhI gadya meM likhA karate the / aSTachApa ke prasiddha kavi nandadAsa ke likhe 'nAsiketa purANa bhASA' aura 'vijJAnArtha pravezikA' nAmaka grantha milate haiM / inakA racanAkAla san 1568 ke grAsapAsa honA cAhie, kyoki inake 'anekArthanAmamajarI' nAmaka grantha kA racanAkAla san 1567 hai / ukta dono grantha vrajabhASA gadya meM batAye jAte hai / prathama grantha usI nAma kI saMskRta racanA kA anuvAda hai aura dvitIya eka saMskRta grantha kI vrajabhASA-gadya meM TIkA, jo mizravandhuo ne chatarapura me dekhI thii| inake pazcAt 'bhaktamAla' ke prasiddha kavi nAbhAdAsa jI ne san 1603 ke aAsapAsa 'apTanAma' nAmaka eka pustaka vrajabhASA - gadya me likhI / usame bhagavAna rAma kI dinacaryA kA varNana hai / isa pustaka kI bhASA kA namUnA' yaha haitava zrI mahArAjakumAra prathama vaziSTha mahArAja ke carana chui pranAma karata bhaye / phira Upara vRddha samAja tinakoM pranAma karata bhaye / phira zrI rAjAdhirAja koM johAri karikaM zrI mahendranAtha dazaratha jU ke nikaTa baiThata bhaye 1 nAbhAdAsa jI kA yaha gadya gosvAmI viTThalanAtha kI bhASA se milatA-julatA hai / 'karata bhaye', 'baiThata bhaye', Adi se milate-julate rUpa hama unakI bhASA meM dekha cuke hai / san 1600 ke lagabhaga premadAsa nAmaka eka aura gadyalekhaka ke prAdurbhAva kA patA idhara lagA hai| inhone hitaharivaza jI (janma san 1502 ) ke 'hitacaurAsI' nAmaka gratha kI TIkA baDe vistAra se lagabhaga 500 pRSTho meM kI thii| premadAsa kA samaya pUrNata nizcita nahI hai / hitaharivaza jI kA racanAkAla san 1540 se 1580 taka mAnya / ata premadAsa kI TIkA isake bAda likhI gaI hogI / isI samaya ke lagabhaga kA gosvAmI tulasIdAsa jI kA likhA huA eka pacanAmA milatA hai / usakI kucha paktiyA~" isa prakAra hai sa0 1666 samaye kumAra sudI terasI bAra zubha dine likhIta patra AnandarAma tathA kanhaI ke praza vibhAga pUrva mu zrAge je zrAgya dunahu jane mA~gA je zrAgya bhai ze pramAna mAnA dunahu jane vidita taphasIla aza ToDaramala ke mAha je vibhAga padu hota rA / / mauje bhadenI maha praza pA~ca tehi ma~ha zraza dui zrAnandarAma tathA laharatArA sagareu tathA pitupurA zraza ToDaramaluka tathA tamapurA zraza ToDaramala kI hIla hujjatI nAztI / 'prAcIna hastalikhita grantho kI khoja kA pandrahavAM traivArSika vivaraNa, pR0 368 mizravandhuvinoda prathama bhAga, pR0 226 2 , 'hindustAnI-5-3, pR0 255 4 * hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa --- sazodhita saskaraNa, pR0 219 7 5 'hindI bhASA aura sAhitya kA vikAsa -- ( dvi0 saskaraNa) sa0 1967, pR0 635 T

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 108 isa pacanAme kI bhASA vraja nahI, bolacAla kI avadhI hai / parantu isameM prayukta 'mAMgA', 'mAnA' Adi zabda dhyAna dene yogya hai| isI prakAra taphasIla, hujjatI, Adi phArasI ke zabda sambhavata isa bAta kI yAda dilAte hai ki ToDaramala kI kRpA se rAjakAja kI bhASA phArasI ho gaI thI aura isake phalasvarUpa pacanAme meM aise zabdo kA prayoga karanA Avazyaka thaa| isa pacanAme kI racanA san 1612 meM huI thii| isI samaya ke AsapAsa jaunapura ke vanArasIdAsa (janma san 1586) nAmaka eka jaina matAvalambI kavi ke likhe hue kucha upadeza bajabhApA-gadya meM milate haiN| san 1613 ke lagabhaga inhoMne eka pustaka likhI thii| usakI kucha paktiyA~ dekhie samyag dRSTi kahA ? so suno / sazaya, vimoha, vibhrama tIna bhAva jAma nAhIM so samyag vRSTI / sazaya, vimoha, vibhrama kahA~ ? tAko svarUpa dRSTAnta kari dikhAiyatu hai so suno| / / vaikuThamaNi (san 1625 ke lagabhaga vartamAna) kI do choTI-choTI pustake 'agahanamAhAtmya' aura 'vaizAkhamAhAtmya' milatI hai / ye porachA ke mahArAja jasavantasiMha kI mahArAnI ke lie likhI gaI thii| yaha vAta dvitIya pustikA me svaya lekhaka ne isa prakAra likhI hai ___ saba devatana kI kRpA teM baikaThamani sukula zrI mahArAnI zrI rAnI candrAvatI ke parama paDhive ke bharaya yaha jayarUpa grantha baisAkha-mahAtma bhASA karata bhaye / isa vAkya se hameM ina grantho kI bhASA kA namUnA mila jAtA hai aura yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki ye anuvAda mAtra hai| inakI racanA kA samaya san 1625 ke AsapAsa samajhanA caahie| vaikuThamaNi ke samakAlIna viSNupurI nAmaka lekhaka ne san 1633 me bhaktiralAvalI' nAma kA eka anya vrajabhASA meM anuvAdita kiyaa| isa kAla kI anya racanAo se yaha vaDA hai / 'bhuvanadIpikA' nAmaka eka grantha inake kisI samakAlIna lekhaka kA banAyA jAna paDatA hai, kyoki isakA racanAkAla san 1614 hai| vaikuThamaNi ke dono 'mAhAtmyo' ke lagabhaga 80 varSa pazcAt san 1705 ke AsapAsa 'nAsiketopAkhyAna' nAmaka eka grantha likhA gyaa| isakI bhASA kA namUnA dekhie he RSIzvaroM! aura suno, dekhyo hai so phhuuN| kAle varNa mahAdukha ke rUpa jakikara dekheN| sarpa, vocha, rIcha, vyAghra, siMha, vaDe-baDe gragha dekhe / pantha meM pApakarmI ko jamadUta calAi ke mugdara aru loha ke daDa kara mAra deta hai| Age aura jIvana ko trAsa deta dekhe hai| su mero roma-roma kharohota hai| isake pAMca-cha varSa bAda san 1710 meM pAgareM ke surati mizra ne vrajabhApA meM 'vaitAlapacImI' likhI / imakA kathAnaka saskRta ke 'vaitAlapacaviMzati' se liyA gayA thaa| isake atirikta "vihArIsatasaI' kI 'amaracandrikA' nAma se kavipriyA tathA rasikapriyA kI unhI nAmo se TokAe~ bhI mizra jI ne kii| 'amaracandrikA' kA racanAkAla san 1734 hai aura zeSa dono kA san 1740 ke aaspaas| ina TokApro se itanA to spaSTa hai hI ki kabhI-kabhI zAstrIya viSayoM ke nispaNa ke lie hamAre prAcArya gadya kA bhI upayoga kiyA karate the| isa sambandha meM sva0 zukla jI kA mI yahI mata hai| __ san 1765 me, lagabhaga 85 varSa pazcAt, hIrAlAla ne jayapura-nareza savAI pratApasiMha kI AjJA se 'prAIna akavarI kI bhApA vacanikA' taiyAra kii| isakI bhASA kA namUnA yaha hai 'dekhie phuTanoTa-hindustAnI-50-3-255 'inhoMne svaya likhA hai-sUrata mizra kanaujiyA, nagara prAgare vAsa / 'hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa-sazo0 saskaraNa, pR0 340 hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa-saMzo0 saskaraNa, pR. 266 "hindI bhASA aura mAhitya kA vikAsa (dvi0 saskaraNa) pR0 636

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- vrajabhASA kA gadya sAhitya . 106 aba zekha abula phajala grantha ko karatA prabhu ko nimaskAra karikai akabara vAdasyAha kI tArIpha likhane ko karuta kareM hai / aru kahe hai- -yA kI bar3AI aru ceSTA zraru cimatkAra kahA~ taka likhUM / kahI jAta nAhIM / teM yA parAkarama aru bhA~ti bhA~ti ke dastUra va manasUbA duniyA meM pragaTa bhaye, tAko sakhepa likhata hai / ina avataraNI kI bhASA bahuta kucha vyavasthita hote hue bhI "vArtAyo" kI bhASA kA so DeDha sau varSoM meM vikasita rUpa nahI kahA jA makatA / inheM dekhakara itanA avazya kahA jA makatA hai ki vrajabhASA meM yadA-kadA gadya-grantha likha liye jAte the / parantu ukta lekhako ke pazcAt vrajabhASA gadya kA vikAsa nahI huA / rItikAla ke lekhako ne to imakA prayoga kAvya-pranyo kI kevala gAvdI TIkA karane ke lie kiyA, yahA~ taka ki eka bhI svatantra aura proDha vrajabhApA kA gratha isa samaya nahI likhA gyaa| TIkA aura bhApya isa samaya ke avazya milate hai--eka bihArI satasaI kI hI kaI TIkAe~ pAI jAtI hai, parantu bhASA-zailI ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se inakA vizeSa mUlya nahI hai / kAraNa yaha hai ki inakI bhASA prAya zravyAvahArika aura avyavasthita hai tathA zailI aparimArjita aura paDitAU Dhaga kI / 'rAmacandrikA' kI man 1815 ke lagabhaga likhI huI TIkA kA eka udAharaNa dekhie rAghava zara lAghava gati chatra mukuTa yo hayo / haMsa savala asu sahita mAnahu uDi ke gayo // TIkA - sabala kaha aneka raga mizrita hai prasu kahe kiraNa jAke aise je sUrya haiM jina sahita mAno kalindAgirisehata samUha uDi gayo hai / yahA~ jAhi viSai eka vacana hai| hasana ke sadRza sveta chatra hai aura sUryAni ke sadRza aneka nabha-jaTita mukuTa hai / 'vArtA' kI bhASA se isa bhASA kI tulanA karane para spaSTa hotA hai ki vrajabhASA ke gadya kA vikAsa na hokara hrAsa hone lagA / yadi 'vArtAo' kI bhASA meM umI prakAra svatantra rUpa me gadya-grantha racanA hotI rahatI to kadAcit bhASA kI vyajanA-zakti baDhatI jAtI, parantu eka to viSaya kI paratantratA aura dUsare TIkAkAro kI sakucita manovRtti ke kAraNa aisA na ho sakA / 'kavipriyA', 'rasikapriyA', 'vihArIsatamaI', 'zRgAragataka' Adi aneka grantho kI TIkAe~ ima yuga meM huIM aura surati mizra, kizoradAsa tathA saradAra kavi Adi aneka vyaktiyo ne isa kSetra meM kAma kiyA, parantu prAya sabhI kI bhASA Upara diye hue namUne kI taraha anagar3ha aura aniyantrita hI hai, jimase mUla pATha TIkAo meM marala aura spaSTa na hokara durvova aura ampaSTa ho gayA hai / TIkAo kA mUlya kitanA hai, yaha ima kathana se ThIkaThIka jJAta ho jAyagA ki mUla paDhakara usakA artha bhale hI samajha liyA jAya, parantu ina TIkAo kA samajhanA eka kaThina samasyA hai | C brajabhASA-gadya ke viSaya meM jaisA grava taka hama dekha cuke hai, paryApta mAmagrI milatI hai / phira bhI hamAre itihAsa-lekhako ko jo gadya kA koI vikAsa krama nahI milatA usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki unhone vrajabhASA - gadya ke vikAma kA kSetra samajhane kA prayatna nahI kiyA / vastuta vrajabhASA- gadya kA vikAsa do sAhityika dalo ne svatantra rUpa se kiyA - ( 1 ) bhakta kavi aura AcAryoM ne (2) rItikAlIna prAcAryoM ne / bhaktAcAryo ne gadya meM grantha likhane pahale Arambha kara diye the, kyoki eka to unakA prAdurbhAva pahale huA aura dUsare jana sAdhAraNa kI bhASA apanAne kI AvazyakatA unheM apekSAkRta adhika thI / ina bhakto kA gadya do rUpo meM vikasita huA / eka to svAnta sukhAya grantha racanA ke lie aura dUsare paDitAU Dhaga me kathAvArtA ke lie / rItikAlIna kaviyo ne gadya meM granyaracanA bahuta dera me prArambha kI aura dUmare una para saskRta ke paDitAU Dhaga kA bhI prabhAva thA / bhakto ke paDitAU Dhaga kI bhASA se inakA gadya vahuta-kucha milatA-julatA hai / 'hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa - pR0 482

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110 premI-abhinadana-praya __ hindI gadya kI tIna dhArAmo me-do bhaktAcAryoM ko aura eka rItyAcAryoM kI kevala prathama kA vikAsa kucha krama se huA aura isake pramANa-svaspa anya milate bhI haiN| ina sava kI bhASA kramaza vikasita aura vyavasthita hotI gaI hai| anya dono rUpo kI-bhaktAcAryoM kI paDitAU aura rItyAcAryoM kI zAstrIya bhASA avyavasthita aura zithila hai| solahavI, satrahavI aura aThArahavI zatAbdI meM aisI bhASA ke anya bhI milate hai aura prathama prakAra kI vyavasthita aura vikasita bhASA ke bhii| yahI dekhakara hamAre itihAsa lekhaka Azcarya meM par3a jAte haiM aura kabhI-kabhI likha mArate hai ki hindI gadya kA kramaza vikAsa nahIM huaa| vastuta tathya yaha hai ki pratyeka zatAbdI me gadyagrantha race to avazya gaye, parantu unake lekhako kA lakSya gadya-sAhitya kI unnati karanA nahIM thaa| ve granya racate the aura parokSa rUpa se isa prakAra gadya kI unnati hotI gii| lakhanaU gIta zrI sohanalAla dvivedI karuNA kI varSA ho aviralA santApita prANoM ke Upara lahare pratipala zItala aMcala ! malayAnila lAye nava maranda, vikaseM murajhAye sumanavRnda, sarasija meM madhu ho, madhukara ke mAnasa meM mAdaka prIti tarala ! kokila ko suna kAtara pukAra Aye vasanta le madhura bhAra, kAnana kI sUkhI DAloM meM, phUTeM navanava pallava komala ! kAlI rajanI kA uThe chora / lekara prakAza nava hase bhora, avanI ke prAMgana neM USA, barasAye magala kukamajala! karuNA kI varSA ho avirala! vidaphI]

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phorTa viliyama kaoNleja aura viliyama prAisa zrI lakSmIsAgara vASrNeya em0 e0, DI0 phil0 prAcIna kAla se bhArata kA vyApArika samvandha videzo se rahA hai / a~garejo se pahale yUnAna, roma tathA anya pazcimI rASTro ke sAtha isa vyApAra kA patA calatA hai| yaha vyApAra phArasa kI khADI, lAlasAgara aura bhArata ke uttara-pazcima se madhya - eziyA vAle mArgoM se hotA thA / vyApArI loga ina mArgoM dvArA, vizeSata phArasa kI khAr3I se hokara, bhAratavarSa zrAte the aura yahA~ se mAla kharIda kara videza bhejate the / isase bhAratIya vyApArika unnati ke sAtha-sAtha videzI vyApArI bhI dhanopArjana karate the / kintu pandrahavI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga madhya se kucha rAjanaitika kAraNo me yUropa ke vyApAriyo ko bhAratavarSa aura vyApAra karane meM asuvidhA hone lgii| usa samaya nikaTastha musalamAnI rASTro kA samudrI vyApAra para zrAdhipatya sthApita ho gayA thA / isalie yUropa - nivAsI bhAratavarSa ke lie eka nayA samudrI mArga khojane ke lie agrasara hue| yaha kArya pandrahavI zatAbdI ke madhya se hI zurU ho gayA thA / IsA kI aThArahavI zatAbdI taka spena, purtagAla, phrAsa, haoNlaiMDa, briTena, svIDana, DenamArka, AsTriyA Adi rASTro ne bhAratavarSa meM apanI-apanI kampaniyA~ kholI zrora karmacArI bheje, parantu a~garejo kI zakti aura unake pravala virodha eva kUTanIti ke kAraNa anya vyApArika sasthAo ko koI vizeSa lAbha na huyA aura unhone apanA kAma vanda kara diyA / aMgareja bhAratavarSa meM vyApAra karane Aye the / unase unhone apAra dhana -sacaya bhI kiyaa| deza ke zAsaka vana baiThane kA unakA vicAra nahI thA, kintu yoropIya praudyogika krAnti ke phalasvarUpa briTena ke tatkAlIna rAjanaitika sacAlako kI vRhattara briTena kI zrAkAkSA se protsAhana grahaNa kara tathA sAtha hI patanonmukha mug2ala sAmrAjya kI nAjuka paristhiti se lAbha uThAkara unhone deza meM apanA prabhutva sthApita kara liyA / prathamata ve apanI vyApArika unnati meM hI lage rahe / 1757 I0 meM plAsI yuddha ke phala-svarUpa vagAla prAnta para pUrNa rUpa se unakA adhikAra sthApita ho gayA / 1764 I0 meM vaksara kI lar3AI ke bAda unakI sainika zakti aura bhI baDhI / avadha aura bihAra kI dIvAnI bhI unake hAtha meM A gaI / isa prakAra dhIre-dhIre unhone uttara bhArata meM apane zAsana kI jaDa jamA lI / klAiva dvArA sthApita yaha sAmrAjya deza ke pUrva pratiSThita sAmrAjyo se anekAza meM bhinna thaa| 1787 I0 ke vAda bhAratavarSa me sthApita briTiza Adhipatya ke sacAlana kA bhAra una logo ko saupA jAne lagA, jinheM isa deza ke samvandha meM kucha bhI anubhava hI thA aura jo igalaiDa ke zAsaka varga ke pratinidhi the / ye vyakti vahA~ ke mantri-maMDala dvArA niyukta kiye jAte the / svabhAvata ve apane deza meM pracalita rAjanaitika vicAra lekara yahA~ Ate the / unhone bhArata meM sthApita briTiza sAmrAjya kA bhAratIya prathA ke anusAra nahI, varan 'bRhattara briTena' kI bhAvanA se prerita hokara zAsana karanA prArambha kiyA / isa nIti kA anusaraNa kara aura bhAratIya narezo ke sandhi vigraha meM paDakara unhone bhAratavarSa meM a~garez2I sAmrAjya kI nIva sudRDha banA dI / aise vyaktiyo meM laoNrDa velejalI kA nAma pramukha rUpa se liyA jA sakatA hai / ve 1768 I0 se 1805 I0 taka gavarnara-janarala rahe / TIpU sulatAna, niz2Ama, phAsIsiyo aura marahaTho ko parAjita karane meM unhone pUrI zakti lagA dI / unake samaya meM kampanI kI zakti bhAratIya rAjanaitika gagana meM sUrya ke samAna camaka uThI / ' kampanI ke rAjya meM eka navIna zAsana praNAlI aura rAjanIti kA bIja boyA gyaa| bhAratIya zAsana vyavasthA ke itihAsa meM yaha eka yugAntakArI ghaTanA thI /

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 112 kampanI kI rAjanaitika sattA sthApita karane me to velejalI tathA unake pUrvavartI zAsako ne pUrNa yoga diyA thA, kintu abhI taka kampanI ke karmacAriyo tathA usake apane zAsana kI ora kisI ne dhyAna na diyA thaa| zurU me kampanI ke karmacAriyo kI niyukti DAirekTaro ke sambandhiyo meM se hotI thii| ina karmacAriyo kI sacAI aura ImAnadArI meM unheM pUrA-pUrA bharosA rahatA thaa| koI kAma bigaDa jAne para karmacAriyo ko kevala jurmAnA bhara denA par3atA thaa| niyukti ke samaya kevala unake vyApArika jJAna kI parIkSA lI jAtI thii| parantu kucha samaya ke vAda DAirekTaro kI nIti badala gii| aba ve caudaha-pandraha varSa ke una yuvako ko bhArata bhejane lage jo hisAva lagAne meM nipuNa hote the yA acchI taraha paDha-likha sakate the| karmacAriyo ke bhAratIya bhASAo aura AcAra-vicAra-sambandhI jJAna kI ora bhI unhone adhika dhyAna na diyaa| zikSA bhI unakI apUrNa rahatI thii| kampanI ke sacAlako kI yaha nIti usa samaya taka banI rahI javataka kampanI pradhAna rUpa se eka vyApArika sasthA mAtra thii| kintu isase karmacAriyo me aneka naitika aura cAritrika doSa utpanna ho gaye, jisase aMgarez2a jAti kI pratiSThA para kalaka kA TIkA lagane kI AzakA thii| zAsana-sUtra grahaNa karate samaya velejalI ne karmacAriyo kI zikSA, yogyatA, sadAcaraNa aura anuzAsana kI dekha-rekha ke prabandha ke abhAva ko sAmrAjya ke hita ke lie ghAtaka smjhaa| kampanI kI uttarottara baDhatI huI rAjanaitika zakti ke anurUpa ve unheM catura aura kUTanItijJa zAsaka banAnA cAhate the| unhe karmacAriyo kI vaNika vRtti briTiza sAmrAjya kI pratiSThA ke sarvathA viruddha jNcii| ataeva unhone unake pAzcAtya rAjanIti eva jJAna-vijJAna ke sAtha bhAratIya itihAsa, rIti-rasmo, kAyade-kAnUno aura bhASAo ke jJAna kI sagaThita vyavasthA ke lie 1800 I0 me phorTa viliyama kaoNleja kI sthApanA kii| anya viSayo kI zikSA vyavasthA ke sAtha-sAtha kaoNleja me hindustAnI bhASA tathA sAhitya ke adhyayana kI AyojanA bhI kI gii| DaoN. jaoNna vIryavik gilakrAisTa (1756-1841 I0) hindustAnI vibhAga ke adhyakSa niyukta hue| unakI adhyakSatA meM aneka muzI aura paDita rakkhe gye| yadyapi velejalI kI kaoNleja-samvandhI vRhat yojanA korTa ke DAirekTaro dvArA, gavarnara-janarala kI Arthika aura rAjanaitika nIti se matabheda hone ke kAraNa asvIkRta ThaharI aura 27 janavarI, 1802 I0 ke patra meM kaoNleja toDa dene kI AjJA ke bAda kevala 'vagAla seminarI' (1805 ke lagabhaga prArambha se) kA sacAlana hotA rahA, to bhI bhAratIya sAhitya aura bhASAo ke itihAsa meM kaoNleja kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| kaoNleja kI sthApanA rAjanaitika dhyeya ko lekara avazya huI thI, kintu ghuNAkSara nyAya se bhASA, sAhitya, zikSA, jJAna-vijJAna, navIna viSayo ke adhyayana ke sUtrapAta Adi kI dRSTi se bhAratavAsiyo kA hita-sAdhana hI huaa| bhASA aura sAhitya ke kSetra meM, presa kI sahAyatA se, aisA sagaThita prayAsa pUrva samaya meM kabhI na huA thaa| kaoNleja ke kAraNa hI deza ke vibhinna bhAgo ke vidvAn vahAM ekatrita hue aura kalakattA eka pradhAna sAhityika kendra bnaa| prAcIna sAhitya aura bhASAo ke paThana-pAThana ke sAthasAtha Adhunika sAhitya aura bhASAo kI unnati kI ora bhI dhyAna diyA gyaa| kaoNleja ke pAThyakrama kA yaha dvitIya pakSa hI vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| kaoNleja kI sthApanA ke pUrva, anya aneka yUropIya vidvAno ke atirikta, gilakrAisTa bhI hindustAnI ke paThanapAThana meM salagna the| 1783 I0 meM ve IsTa iDiyA kampanI ke sarakSaNa meM sahAyaka sarjana niyukta hokara bhAratavarSa pAye the| usa samaya kampanI phArasI bhASA kA prayoga karatI thI, kintu gilakrAisTa ne usake sthAna para hindustAnI kA calana hI adhika paayaa| gavarnara-janarala kI AjJA se tatkAlIna banArasa kI jamIdArI meM rahakara unhone hindustAnI kA adhyayana bhI kiyA aura tatpazcAt aneka grantho kI racanA kii| kampanI ke karmacAriyo meM unhone hindustAnI kA pracAra kiyaa| 1798 I0 meM jaba velejalI kalakattA pahuMce to unhone gilakrAisTa ke parizrama kI sarAhanA kI aura unake adhyayana se pUrA lAbha uThAnA caahaa| unhone vaitanika rUpa se gilakrAisTa tathA kucha muziyo ko hindustAnI aura phArasI bhASAmo kI zikSA ke lie rkkhaa| isa sasthA kA nAma 'oNrieTala seminarI' rakkhA gyaa| sarakArI

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phorTa viliyama kaoNleja aura viliyama prAisa 113 AnA ke anusAra gilakrAisTa yahA~ kA mAsika kArya-vivaraNa ('jarnala') sarakAra ke pAsa bhejate the| kaoNleja kI sthApanA ke samaya unheM hindustAnI vibhAga kA adhyakSa niyukta kiyA gyaa| hindI sAhitya ke aba taka likhe gaye itihAno meM lallUlAla aura unake 'premasAgara' ke nAte gilakrAisTa kA hindI gadya ke unnAyaka ke rUpa meM nAma liyA jAtA rahA hai, kintu yadi hama unake bhASA-sambandhI vicAro kA adhyayana kareM to unakI vAstavika sthiti kA patA calate dera na lgegii| unhone apane bhASA-sambandhI vicAra 'oNrieTala seminarI' ke 'jarnala' ke prathama vivaraNa tathA apane granyo meM prakaTa kiye hai| gilakrAisTa kA hindustAnI se usa bhASA se tAtparya thA jisake vyAkaraNa ke siddhAnta, kriyA-rUpa Adi, to halahaMDa dvArA kahI jAne vAlI vizuddha yA maulika hindustAnI ('pyora aura orijinala hindustAnI') aura svaya unake dvArA kahIM jAne vAlI 'hindavI' yA 'vrajabhASA' ke AdhAra para sthita the, lekina jisameM arabI-phArasI ke sajJA-gabdo kI bharamAra rahatI thii| isa bhASA ko kevala ve hI hindU aura musalamAna volate the jo zikSita the aura jinakA sambandha rAja-daravAromethA,yA jo sarakArI naukara the| likhane meM phArasI lipi kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| isI hindustAnI ko unhoMne hindI', 'urdU, urduvI' aura 'rekhtA' bhI kahA hai| 'hindI ke zabdArtha kI dRSTi se isa zabda kA prayoga ucita hai| lallUlAla kI bhASA hindI nahIM, hindavI' thii| 'hindI' ke sthAna para 'hindustAnI' zabda unhone isalie pasanda kiyA ki 'hinduvI', 'hinduI' yA 'hindavI' aura 'hindI' zabdo se, jo bahuta kucha milate-julate haiM, koI gaDavaDI paidA na ho nke| yaha 'hindavI bhASA kevala hinduo kI bhASA thii| musalamAnI AkramaNa se pahale yahI bhASA deza meM pracalita thii| gilakrAisTane 'hindavI' aura 'hindustAnI kA yaha bheda karatIna pracalita zailiyA~ nirdhArita kI-(1) daravArI yA fArasI zailI, (2) hindustAnI zailI aura (3) hindavI shailii| pahalI zailI duruha, ataeva agrAhya thii| tImarI zailI gaeNvArU thii| isalie unako dUsarI zailI pasanda aaii| isa zailI meM dakSatA prApta karane ke lie phArasI bhApA aura lipi kA jJAna anivArya thaa| mIra, darda, saudA Adi kaviyo ne yahI zailI grahaNa kI thii| hindustAnI meM pAribhASika zabdAvalI bhI isa prakAra rakkhI gaI, jaise, istisAra', 'itikhAba', 'maphUla', 'sifata', 'harpha jarfa', 'jarphI jamAna', 'jarphI mukAna' Adi / vAkya-vinyAsa bhI bahuta-kucha phArasI kA hI apanAyA gyaa| gilakrAisTa ke vicAro tathA apane granyo meM diye gaye hindustAnI bhASA ke udAharaNo' kA adhyayana karane para hama isI niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki hindustAnI se gilakrAisTa kA tAtparya thA hindavI+aravI+phArasI-hindustAnI imI bhASA ko munIti vAvU ne 'musalamAnI hindI' athavA 'urdU' kahA hai| lipiyo meM devanAgarI lipi ko gilakrAisTa ne avanya prazraya diyA, kintu isase bhASA ke rUpa aura usakI sAskRtika pIThikA meM koI antara nahIM pdd'taa| vastuta. unake vicAro tathA vyavahAra meM prayukta bhASA se urdU gadya kI unnati huI, na ki hindI gadya kI / ' lallUlAla kRta 'premasAgara', sadala mitra kRta 'nAsiketopAkhyAna' tathA ina granyo ke anurUpa bhApA ke prApta anya sphuTa udAharaNo kA mukhya prayojana siviliyana vidyArthiyo ko hindustAnI kI AdhArabhUta bhASA ('hindavI') se paricita karAnA thaa| 'premamAgara', 'nAsiketopAkhyAna' Adi racanAo ne hindustAnI ke jJAnopArjana meM gAre-cUne kA kAma diyaa| gilakrAisTa ke samaya meM tathA unake vAda 'hindustAnI' meM prakAzita granyo kI saMkhyA hI adhika hai| hindI (Adhunika artha me) athavA 'hindavI' meM race gaye granyo meM premasAgara', 'rAjanIti' aura 'nAsiketopAkhyAna' kA hI nAma liyA jA sakatA hai| 'nAsiketopAkhyAna' to kabhI pAThya-krama meM bhI nahIM rakhA gyaa| ye tathya bhI hamAre kathana kI puSTi karate hai| 'dekhie, 'hindustAnI', bhAga 10, aMka 4, akTUbara 1940 meM 'gilakrAisTa aura hindI' zIrSaka lekha / 'gilakrAisTa kRta "di orieMTala ligvisTa' (1802 sa0) bhUmikA, pR0 1 / / 'eDavarDa vAlaphara : 'di insAiklopIDiyA oNva iDiyA' (1885 I0), jilda 1, pR0 1203

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 114 kintu kaoNleja kI yaha bhASA-sambandhI vyavasthA kucha varSoM ke bAda na cala skii| isa samaya taka aMgarejI rAjya kA vistAra pUrNa rUpa se hindI pradeza taka ho cukA thaa| phalata kaoNleja kI bhASA-sambandhI nIti meM bhI parivartana honA anivArya thaa| zAsana ke sucAru rUpa se calane ke lie adhikAriyo ko idhara dhyAna denA hI pddaa| kaoNleja ke 25 julAI, 1815 I0 ke vArSikotsava ke dina oNna0 ena0 bI0 eDamaoNnsaTana, aikTiga vijiTara, ne adhyApako tathA anya upasthita vyaktiyo kA dhyAna isa ora AkarSita kiyA thaa| tatkAlIna pazcima pradeza se Ane vAle bhAratIya sainika adhikAza meM vrajabhASA athavA hindI (Adhunika artha me) bhASA kA prayoga karate the| isalie 1815 I0 ke bAda kaoNleja me brajabhASA kI ora adhika dhyAna diyA jAne lagA, kintu isase vrajabhApA athavA hindI gadya ke naye grantho kA nirmANa na ho sakA aura sAtha hI kaoNleja me hindustAnI kI pradhAnatA banI rhii| yaha vyavasthA hindustAnI vibhAga ke adhyakSa je0 DablyU. Telara ke samaya taka vidyamAna thii| 23 maI, 1823 I0 ke sarakArI AjJApatra ke anusAra Telara ne kaoNleja ke kArya se avakAza gahaNa kiyA, kyoki usa samaya ve lephTineMTa karnala ho gaye the aura sainika kArya se unheM chuTTI nahI mila pAtI thii| isalie sapariSad gavarnara janarala ne usI AjJApatra ke anusAra kaipTena (vAda ko mejara) viliyama prAisa ko hindustAnI vibhAga kA adhyakSa niyukta kiyaa| viliyama prAisa mahodaya kA sambandha neTiva inphaiTrI ke bIsave rejImeMTa se thaa| 1815 I0 se (usa samaya ve kevala lephTineTa the) aba taka ve vrajabhASA, baMgalA aura saskRta ke sahAyaka adhyApaka aura hindustAnI, phArasI Adi bhASAo ke parIkSaka kI haisiyata se kaoNleja meM kArya kara rahe the| jahA~ taka hindI (Adhunika artha meM) se sambandha hai viliyama prAisa kA vizeSa mahattva hai, kyoki inhI ke samaya meM kaoNleja meM hindustAnI ke sthAna para hindI kA adhyayana huaa| kaoNleja ke patro me 'hindI' zabda kA prAdhunika artha meM prayoga pradhAnata prAisa ke samaya (1824-25 I0 ke lagabhaga) se hI milatA hai| hindustAnI vibhAga bhI ava kevala hindI vibhAga athavA hindI-hindustAnI vibhAga aura prAisa, hindI prophesara athavA hindI-hindustAnI prophesara kahalAye jAne lage the| viliyama prAisa ke adhyakSa hone ke bAda hI 24 sitambara, 1824 I0 ko kaoNleja kauMsila ke mantrI raDela ne sarakArI mantrI sI0 laziMgaTana ko eka patra likhA, jisameM unhone nimnalikhita vicAra prakaTa kiye "hindustAnI, jisa rUpa meM kaoNleja meM par3hAI jAtI hai aura jise urdU, dillI jabAna prAdi yA dillI-darabAra kI bhASA ke nAmo se pukArA jAtA hai, samasta bhAratavarSa meM ucca zreNI ke dezI logo, vizeSa rUpa se musalamAno, dvArA bolacAla kI bhASA ke rUpa meM prayukta hotI hai| lekina kyoki murAlo ne ise janma diyA thA, isalie isakI mUla srota aravI, phArasI tathA anya uttara-pazcimI bhASAe~ hai| adhikAza hindU aba bhI use eka videzI bhASA samajhate hai / "phArasI aura arabI se ghaniSTa sambandha hone ke kAraNa yaha spaSTa hai ki prAya pratyeka vidyArthI kaoNleja meM vidyAdhyayana kI avadhi kama karane kI dRSTi se phArasI aura hindustAnI bhASAe~ le lete hai / phArasI ke sAdhAraNa jJAna se ve zIghra hI hindustAnI meM Avazyaka dakSatA prApta karane yogya ho jAte hai| kintu bhArata kI kama-se-kama tIna-cauthAI janatA ke lie unako arabI-phArasI zabdAvalI utanI hI duruha siddha hotI hai jitanI svaya unake lie saskRta, jo samasta hindU voliyoM kI jananI hai| ___sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki saskRta kA eka vidvAn hinduoM meM pracalita vibhinna boliyo ke pratyeka zabda kI utpatti mUla saMskRta srota se siddha kara sakatA hai| baMgalA aura uDiyA lipiyo ke atirikta unakI lipi bhI nAgarI hai| vyAkaraNa ke siddhAnta (zabdo ke rUpa prAdi) bhI bahuta-kucha samAna hai| anya bhASAmro kA adhyayana karane vAle vyakti ko apekSA saskRta kA sAdhAraNa jJAna-prApta vyakti ina bhASAmro para adhika adhikAra prApta kara sakatA hai| x 'dekhie, 'eziyATika jarnala', 1816, meM 'kaoNleja praoNva phorTa viliyama' zIrSaka vivaraNa /

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phorTa viliyama kaoNleja aura viliyama prAisa 115 "hamArA vizvAsa hai ki baMgalA aura uDiyA apane mUla udgama ke adhika samIpa hai| kintu khaDIbolI, TheTha hindI, hinduI Adi vibhinna nAmo se pracalita 'vrajabhAkhA' kA sAmAnyataH samasta bhAratavarSa meM pracAra hai--vizeSa rUpa se jayapura, udayapura aura koTA kI rAjapUta jAtiyo meN| isake atirikta yaha usa zreNI ke saba hinduo kI bhASA hai jahA~ se hamArI tathA anya dezI senAo ke sainika pAte hai|" ___ kaoNleja kauMsila ne sapariSad gavarnara-janarala se prArthanA kI ki hindustAnI bhASA ke sthAna para phArasI ke atirikta baMgalA athavA 'vrajabhAkhA' (jise TheTha hindI aura hinduI bhI kahA jAtA thA) ke paThana-pAThana ke lie kaoNleja ke vidhAna meM Avazyaka parivartana kiye jAyeM / sarakArI mantrI laziMgaTana ne 30 sitambara, 1824 I0 ke patra dvArA gavarnara-janarala kI svIkRti bheja dii| isa patra ke anusAra kauMsila ne kaoNleja ke vidhAna kA navIna-sAtavA~ -pariccheda gavarnara-janarala ke sammukha prastuta kiyA aura sAtha hI harTaphorDa me vidyArthiyo ko nAgarI lipi aura hindI tathA baMgalA kI zikSA dene ke sambandha meM korTa ko patra likhane kI prArthanA kii| 28 aktUbara, 1824 I0 ko gavarnarajanarala ne kaoNleja ke nava-vidhAna para apanI svIkRti de dI aura korTa ko patra likhane kA vacana diyaa| kaoNleja kausila ne nava-vidhAna ke sAtha viliyama prAisa kA likhA eka patra bhI bhejA thA, jisameM unhone apane bhApA-samvandhI vicAra prakaTa kiye hai / unake aura gilakrAisTa ke vicAromeM spaSTa antara hai| viliyama prAisa kA kahanA hai "uttarI prAntoM kI bhASAo ko Apasa meM eka dUsarI se bhinna samajhI jAne aura eka hI mUla rupa ke vibhinna rUpa na samajhe jAne ke kAraNa unake sambandha meM baDI ulajhana paidA ho gaI hai| una saba kA vinyAsa eka-sA hai, yadyapi unameM kabhI-kabhI zabda-vaibhinya mila jaaygaa| "yadi yaha mAna liyA jAya ki gagA kI ghATI ke hindustAna kI volacAla kI bhASA aura saMskRta ke sambandha para vicAra karane kA samaya ava nahIM rahA, to Adhunika bhASAoM kA svatantra vyAkaraNa kava vanA ? Adhunika bhASAoM ke svatantra vyAkaraNa ke kAraNa saskRta aura hindI ke vibhinna rUpoM ke mukhya-mukhya bheda hai| yadyapi kucha zabdo ke santoSajanaka saskRta rUpa jJAta nahIM kiye jA sakate, to bhI aise zabdo kI saMkhyA bahuta kama hai| adhika adhyayana karane para aise zabdo kI saMkhyA aura bhI kama raha jaaygii| itanA to nissandeha hai, kintu sahAyaka kriyA honA' saMskRta dhAtu 'bhU' se nikalI hai, yaha mAnanA kaThina hai| "sAtha hI aise udAharaNa bhI milate hai ki kriyA saskRta hai, kintu sAmAnya rUpa ko choDa kara usakI vibhaktiyA~ saskRta se nahIM miltii| kriyAo ke rUpa aura kAraka-cinha bhI sAmAnyata. bilakula ajIva hai| vartamAna kAla aura bhUta-kRdanta ke sAtha sahAyaka kriyA kA prayoga aura para-sarga lagA kara sajJAnoM ke kAla vanAnA saskRta bhASA ke siddhAnto ke viruddha hai| mUla rUpa cAhe jo kucha rahA ho, ava eka svatantra hindI vyAkaraNa hai jo eka ora to apane pradeza kI mUla bhASA ke vyAkaraNa se bhinna hai aura dUsarI ora saskRta se nikalI bhASAo, jaise, baMgalA aura marAThI, se bhinna hai| isalie usa bhASA kA svatantra astitva mAnane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM ho sakatI, jise hama saralatA-pUrvaka 'hindI' nAma se pukAra sakate hai, yadyapi hinduI-apabhraza hindavI-zabda adhika upayukta hotaa| ___ "videzI zabdo ke pracAra ne hindI kA kucha aisA rUpa-parivartana kara diyA hai ki usakI kucha boliyAM eka-dUsarI se vilakula bhinna pratIta hotI hai| urdU ke baDe-bar3e vidvAn to 'vrajabhAkhA' kA eka vAkya bhI nahIM par3ha sakate / paNDita yA muMzI aura musalamAna zahajAdA yA hindU jamIMdAra ke pArasparika samparka se boliyAM Apasa meM aura ghula-mila gaI 'prosIDiMgja prAva di kaoNleja oNva phorTa viliyama, 15 disambara, 1824, homa DipArTameMTa, misaleniyasa, jilda 6, pR0 466-467, impIriyala rekaoNrDsa DipArTameMTa, naI dillii|| vahI, pR0 501-503

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116 premI-abhinadana-pratha hai| isa para bhI prAcIna aura saJcita prAntIya pravRttiyoM Adi ne ina parivartano ko aura bhI vaDhA kara hindI bhASA ko ananta rUpa pradAna kiye hai| kintu ina vibhinna rUpo kA vyAkaraNa aparivartita rahA hai| hindI pradhAnata rahI eka hI bhASA hai| kliSTa se kliSTa urdU aura sarala se sarala bhASA kA vinyAsa lagabhaga eka-sA hai| urdU aura bhASA ke kramaza 'kA', 'kI' aura 'ko', 'ke 'kI' sambandha kAraka cinhoM meM koI bahuta adhika antara nahIM hai / bhASA kA 'mai mArayo jAtu hU~' urdU ke 'mai mArA jAtA hU~' ke lagabhaga samAna hI hai| ___ vrajabhASA aura urdU kA jo thoDA-sA bheda abhI dikhAyA gayA hai vaha kevala prAdezikatA mAtra hai / anya voliyo meM aisI anya prAdezikatAe~ ho sakatI hai| kintu ve asthira hai aura unakA mahattva bhI vizeSa nahIM hai| voliyoM kA prayoga bhI kama huA hai| unakA pracAra avazya adhika hone se ve hindI ke hI nikaTa hai, jaisA ki hindustAnI ke sambandha meM hai| yaha bAta khaDIbolI ke viSaya meM bhI lAgU hotI hai| khaDIbolI hI, na ki 'vrajabhAkhA', jaisA ki DaoN. gilakrAisTa kA kahanA hai, hindustAnI kA AdhAra hai, usI ke anurUpa hindustAnI kA vyAkaraNa hai| "ataeva prAdezikatA ke atirikta anya samAnAntara viSayo kI ora vidyArthiyo kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| kaoNleja meM jo bhASAe~ paDhAI jAtI hai unake vyAkaraNa meM kisI prakAra ke parivartana kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| hA~, anya dRSTi se kucha parivartana Avazyaka hai| __ "hindI aura hindustAnI meM sabase baDA antara zabdo kA hai| hindI ke lagabhaga sabhI zabda saMskRta ke hai| hindustAnI ke adhikAza zabda arabI aura phArasI ke hai / isa sambandha meM DaoN0 gilakrAisTa kRta 'paoNlIglauTa phainyUlisTa' se eka choTA-sA udAharaNa lekara hama santoSa kara sakate hai __"hindustAnI-"eka bAra, kisI zahara meM, yUM zuharata huI, ki usake najadIka ke pahAr3a ko janane kA darda utthaa|" "hindI-"eka samaya, kisI nagara meM, carcA phailI, ki usake paDausa ke pahADa ko janane kA darda utthaa|" "dono ke zabda kahAM se liye gaye hai, isa sambandha meM batAne kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / dono ke rUpa ko vigADe binA antara aura bhI adhika ho sakatA thaa| "hindI ke sambandha meM eka aura mahattvapUrNa viSaya yaha hai ki vaha nAgarI akSaro meM likhI jAnI caahie| saskRta-pradhAna racanA java phArasI lipi meM likhI jAtI hai to zabda kaThinatA se vodhagamya hote hai| kaoNleja ke pustakAlaya meM eka aise hindI kAvya, padmAvata, kI do pratiyA~ hai jinake par3hane meM merA aura bhASA muzI kA nirantara parizrama vyartha gayA hai| "naI lipi aura naye zabda sIkhane meM vidyArthiyo ko kaThinAI hogii| kintu isase unake jJAna kI vAstavika vRddhi hogii| unakA hindustAnI jJAna thoDe parivartana ke sAtha phArasI-jJAna ke atirikta aura kucha nahIM hai| isase ve na to bhASA aura na deza ke vicAroM ke sAtha hI paricita ho pAte hai| hindI ke adhyayana meM bhI isase koI mahAyatA nahIM miltii| kintu hindI ke sAtha-sAtha phArasI-jAna se vidyArthI hindustAnI racanAe~ saralatApUrvaka paDha sakeMge eva hinduo aura unake vicAro se paricaya prApta karane meM bhI koI kaThinAI na hogii|" viliyama prAisa ke vicAro tathA kaoNleja kI pUrvavartI bhASA-sambandhI nIti meM spaSTa antara hai| jahA~ taka hindI-hindustAnI ke AdhAra se sambandha hai, dono meM koI antara nahI hai| kintu Age calakara dono ne do bhinna mArgoM kA avalamvana grahaNa kiyaa| rAjanaitika kAraNo se khaDIbolI kA pracAra samasta uttara bhArata meM ho cukA thA / TIpU sulatAna ise dakSiNa meM bhI le gayA thaa| arabI-phArasI zikSita hindU aura musalamAno athavA muslima rAjadarabAro 'prosIDiMgja prAva di kaoNleja oNva phorTa viliyama, 15 disambara, 1824, homa DipArTameMTa, misaleniyasa, jilda 6, pR0 503-506, impIriyala rekaoNrDsa DipArTameMTa, naI dillii|

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phorTa viliyama kaoNleja aura viliyama prAisa 117 se samvandha rakhane vAle vyaktiyo meM phArasI-jJAna kA pracAra svaya spaSTa hai| isalie uname khaDIbolI ke arabI-phArasI rUpa kA pracAra honA koI Azcaryajanaka viSaya nahI hai / aMgarez2o kA sarvaprathama samparka aise hI vyaktiyo se sthApita huA thaa| ata hindustAnI (urdU athavA khaDIvolI ke arabI-phArasI rUpa) ko prazraya denA unake lie svAbhAvika hI thaa| prArambha meM hindI-pradeza se unakA adhika ghaniSTa sambandha sthApita na ho sakA thA, kintu jyo-jyo yaha sambandha ghaniSTa hotA gayA tyo tyo unheM bhASA-sambandhI vastusthiti kA patA bhI calatA gayA aura eka samaya aisA AyA jaba unheM vAstavika paristhiti kI dRSTi se bhASA-nIti meM parivartana karanA pddaa| gavarnara-janarala aura kaoNleja ke vijiTara rAiTa oNnebula viliyama piTa, laoNrDa aimharsTa, ne bhI apane 1825 I0 ke dIkSAnta bhASaNa me viliyama prAisa ke vicAro kA pUrNa samarthana kiyA thaa| unake vicArAnusAra bhI phArasI aura urdU janasAdhAraNa ke lie utanI hI videzI bhASAe~ thI jitanI aNgrejii| isalie unhone pazcimI prAnto kI ora jAne vAle sarakArI karmacAriyo ko hindI kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie sAgraha Adeza diyA thaa|' isa naI bhASA-vyavasthA ke anusAra kaoNleja ke purAne muziyo se kArya siddha na ho sakatA thaa| ina muziyo ke nikaTa hindI aura nAgarI lipi dono hI videzI vastue~ thii| pahale kucha sainika vidyArthI aise avazya the jo vrajabhASA kA adhyayana karate the| unake lie hindU adhyApaka rakkhe bhI gaye the, kintu naipAla-yuddha ke chiDate hI una vidyArthiyo ko sainika kArya ke kAraNa kaoNleja choDa denA pddaa| phalasvarUpa adhyApaka bhI idhara-udhara cale gaye / aba kaoNleja ke adhikAriyo ko phira hindI-jJAna-prApta adhyApako kI AvazyakatA huI aura sAtha hI navIna pAThya pustako kI bhii| kintu ina dono viSayo ke sambandha meM viliyama prAisa koI navInatA pradarzita na kara ske| jo muzI pahale se adhyApanakArya kara rahe the unhI se hindI bhASA aura nAgarI lipi ke jJAna kI AzA kI gii| isake lie unheM samaya diyA gayA aura anta meM parIkSA lI gii| isa parIkSA meM lagabhaga sabhI muzI asaphala rahe / jo saphala hue unheM hindI ke adhyApanakArya ke lie rakha liyA gyaa| zeSa ko yaha cetAvanI dekara kucha aura samaya diyA gayA ki yadi nizcita samaya meM ve hindI-parIkSA meM uttIrNa na ho sakeMge to unake sthAna para anya suyogya vyakti rakha liye jaayNge| bhaviSya meM huA bhI aisA hii| aneka purAne muziyo ke sthAna para naye adhyApaka rakkhe gye| pAThya pustako ke sambandha meM unhone lallUlAla ke granyo tathA 'rAmAyaNa', bihArI kRta 'satasaI' Adi para nirbhara rahanA hI ucita samajhA / hindI gadya meM ve naye grantho kA nirmANa na kara sake aura na karA ske| . to bhI viliyama prAisa kI adhyakSatA meM bhASA ke svarUpa meM parivartana avazya huaa| gilakrAisTa kI adhyakSatA 1 prayukta bhASA se tulanA karane para yaha bheda spaSTa jJAta ho jaaygaa| nimnalikhita uddharaNa gilakrAisTa kRta 'di praoNrieTala liMgvisTa' ke 1802 I0 ke saskaraNa se liyA gayA hai vAda ajAna kAjI muphtI se pUchA, kaho aba isakI kyA sajA hai, unhoMne arja kI, ki agara ibarata ke vAste aisA zakhsa katla kiyA jAve, to durusta hai| taba use katla kiyA aura usake beTe ko usakI jagaha sarpharAja pharmAyA, zahara-zahara ke hAkima isa adAlata kA AvAja sunakara jahAM ke tahA~ sarI hisAba ho gaye " gilakrAisTa ke ziSya viliyama baTavartha belI ne kaoNleja ke niyamAnusAra hone vAle vArSika vAda-vivAda me 6 pharavarI, 1802 I0 ko 'hindustAnI' para eka dAvA paDhA thA, jisakI bhASA isa prakAra hai _ "araba ke saudAgaro kI prAmava oraphta se aura musalamAnoM ko akasara yUriza aura hukUmati kAmI ke bAisa alaphAji arabI aura phArasI usI purAnI bolI meM bahuta mila gaye aura aika jabAna naI bana gaI jaise ki buniyAdi kadIma para tAmIri nau hove|" 'de0 'eziyATika jarnala', 1826, meM 'kaoNleja oNva phorTa viliyama' zIrSaka vivaraNa /

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premI - zrabhinadana- pratha kevala lipi nAgarI hai / kintu isase hamAre kathana meM koI antara nahI paDatA / isake pazcAt, janavarI, 1810 meM lallUlAla ne apanI 'nakliyAta i-hindI' nAmaka racanA ke samvandha meM kaoNleja kauMsila ke pAsa eka prArthanApatra bhejA thA, jo phArasI bhASA aura lipi meM hai 118 "khudAvandAna naimatadAma iqabAla ahama na liyAta - i - hindI tasanIpha phidavI vajavAna rekhatA matajamana akasara jarUba ala misAla va dohA va latAyapha o natrAta nakliyAta marakUmata ula sadara vara pravurdA va tarjumA karadA jaoNna viliyama Telara va kaptAna ibrAhama lokeTa sAheva bajabAna a~garejI asvala hukuma sAhiba mudaraMsa jaha tA sAhavAna-imusallamIna mubtadI muntavaha mekardada va nakliyAta majakUrA tabakatI hurda jyAdA aphatAva daulata tAvA~ va darakhzavAda zrarajI phidavI zrIlAla kavi 12 sambhava hai viliyama prAisa se pUrva likhe gaye hindI ke udAharaNa mileM, kintu unakA vahI mahattva aura mUlya hogA jo hindustAnI kI prAyojanA tathA hindustAnI ke anekAneka prakAzita grantho ke vIca 'premasAgara', 'rAjanIti' zrIra 'nAsiketopAkhyAna' kA thA--zrarthAt hindustAnI (urdU) kI zrAdhArabhUta bhASA kA jJAna karAne kI dRSTi se / hamAre patha-pradarzaka to pradhAnata gilakrAisTa ke bhASA samvandhI vicAra hone caahie| apane vicAro ko hI unhone kAryAnvita kiyA thA / ava viliyama prAisa kI adhyakSatA meM bhASA ke jisa rUpa kA prayoga huA vaha dhyAna dene yogya hai / 15 janavarI, 1825 I0 kI baiThaka meM kaoNleja kauMsila ne grantha- prakAzana ke sambandha meM bheje jAne vAle prArthanA-patro ke lie kucha niyama banAye the / kaoNleja kauMsila kI AjJA se ye niyama phArasI, hindI, ba~galA aura a~garez2I meM sava ke sUcanArthaM prakAzita hue the / hindI me nAgarI lipi kA prayoga huA hai / sUcanA isa prakAra hai " istahAra yaha diyA jAtA hai ki jo koI pothI chapAne ke lie kAlija kaunasala se sahAya cAhatA ho vaha apanI darakhAsa meM yaha likhe 1 ki poyI meM kettA patrA aura patre meM kittI zrI pAti kittI labI 2 kitanI pothiyA chApegA zrau kAgada kaisA tisa lie zrakSara aura kAgada kA namUnA lAvegA 3 pro kisa chApakhAnA meM chApegA zrau sava chapa jAne meM kittA kharaca lagegA 4 tayAra hue para poyI kitte dAma ko vaigA / "" avyavasthita vAkya-sagaThana hote hue bhI yaha hindI hai / unnIsavI zatAbdI pUrvArddha ke gadya se yaha gadya adhika bhinna nahI hai / gilakrAisTI bhASA meM zabdAvalI hI nahI varan vAkya vinyAsa bhI videzI hai / 1825 I0 ke udAharaNa meM hama yaha vAta nahI paate| isI prakAra eka aura udAharaNa prApta hai jo kaoNleja kI parivartita bhASA-nIti kI thora saketa karatA hai / lallUlAla ne apane grantha 'nakliyAta - i - hindI' ke lie phArasI me prArthanA patra likhA thA / julAI 1841 I0 meM gavarnameMTa saMskRta kaoNleja ke paDita yogadhyAna mizra 'premasAgara' kA eka nayA saskaraNa prakAzita karane ke lie sarakArI sahAyatA cAhate the / unakA prArthanA-patra isa prakAra hai - 'prosoDigja naoNva di kaoNleja oNoNva phorTa viliyama, 1 pharavarI, 1810, homa DipArTameMTa, misaleniyasa, jilda 2, pR0 182, impIriyala rekaoNrDsa DipArTameMTa, naI dillI / 'prosIDiMgja oNoNya di kaoNleja praoNva phorTa viliyama, 15 janavarI, 1825, homa DipArTameMTa, misaleniyasa, jilda 10, pR0 31, impIriyala rekaoNrDsa DipArTameMTa, naI dillI /

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phorTa viliyama kaoNleja aura viliyama prAisa "svasti zrIyuta phorTa uliyama kAlija ke nAyaka sakalaguNanidhAna bhAgavAna kapatAna zrI mArsala sAhava ke nikaTa muja dIna kI prArthanA f 116 maiMne sunA ki kAlija meM premasAgara kI alpatA hai isa kAraNa meM chapavAne kI icchA karatA hu aura mere yahAM chApe kA yantra zrI uttama akSara naye (?) DhAle prastuta hai isalie maiM cAhatA hU ki jo mujhe ApakI AjJA hoya to meM vahI pustaka uttama vilAyatI kAgaja para acchI zyAhI se ApakI anumati ke anusAra chapavA dUM paraMtu vaha pustaka cAra peMcI pharameM se anumAna 260 do sau sATha pRSTha hogI jo 6) cha rupaiyo ke lekhe 200 do sau pustaka zrApa leveM to chApe ke vyaya kA nirvAha ho sake // // // iti kimadhika // tA0 1 julAI zrI yogadhyAna mizra // " " sa0 1841 / yaha lekha unnIsavI zatAbdI pUrvArddha ke hindI gadya kA eka utkRSTa udAharaNa samajhA jA sakatA hai / viliyama prAisa disambara, 1831 I0 meM pada tyAga kara yUropa cale gaye the / unake vAda hindI hindustAnI vibhAga kA adhyakSa bhI koI nahI huA / zrataeva yogadhyAna mizra kA lekha unase dasa varSa bAda kA aura unakI bhASA nIti ke nizcita pariNAma kA dyotaka hai / prayAga ] yadyapi viliyama prAisa hame koI nayA gadya-grantha na de sake to bhI unake vicAro ne kaoNleja kI bhASA nIti meM jo parivartana kiyA vaha gilakrAisTa ke vicAro kI bhramAtmakatA siddha karane eva vartamAna bhASA samvandhI gutthI ke sulajhAne kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai / 24 janavarI, 1854 ke sarakArI AjJA-patra ke anusAra kaoNleja toDa diyA gayA / 'prosIDiMgja naoNva di kaoNleja praoNva phorTa viliyama, 18 navambara, 1837 - 30 aktUbara, 1841, homa DipArTameMTa, misaleniyasa jilva 16, pR0 605, impIriyala rekaoNrDsa DipArTameMTa, naI dillI /

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mAnava aura maiM zrI udayazakara bhaTTa timira meM, pralaya meM, na tUphAna meM bhI kadama ye ruke hai, na ruka pAyeMge hii| . jagat kI subaha se calA cala paDA maiM, aDI coTiyAM para na pIche muDA mai, na mai ruka sakA bAdaloM kI ghaTA meM , calA A rahA hU~, na pIche haTA mai| ar3I thIM zilAe~, khaDI jhADiyAM thIM, nadI thI taragita, udhara khADiyAM thIM, uphanatI huI pAra karatA sarit ko, camakatI huI pyAra karatA taDit ko, gagana cUmatI auM uchalatI lahara ko, liyA vAMdha dina-rAta ko, pala-prahara ko, kadama se kadama bAMdha kara sAtha mere, calI mRtyu dina-rAta, sAya-sabere / pragati roka de jo bhalA kauna aisA?--aDeM vighna unako nigala jAyeMge hii| jighara meM calA, bana gaI rAha merI, jahA~ hAtha rakkhA, vahIM cAha merI, calA pA rahA Asa dila meM chipAye,, kiraNa ne utara kara naye patha banAye , ighara eka merA bahuta bana gayA jaba, aMdherA uSA meM milA haMsa gayA jaba , sabhI sRSTi ke sAz2a maine sajAye, udadhi ne garaja jIta ke gIta gAye, lie eka kara sRSTi-sahAra pAyA, liye dUsare sRSTi vyApAra AyA, sacAI milI pyAra meM mor3a DAlA, ahakAra ko zakti me joDa DAlA , sabhI khUda abhizApa Age calA mai, svaya garva kI Aga meM hU~ jalA mai| na phira bhI haTe paira pIche hamAre-cale the, cale hai, cale jAyaMge hii| lagI Aja prAsAda meM Aga mere, virodhI hue Aja anurAga mere,

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mAnava aura maiM 121 svaya bandhano meM baMdhA mai vyathA ke, badala bhI gaye rUpa jIvana-kathA ke, calA mai bure pantha para, neka patha para , prayogI vanA kintu baiThA na 'artha' para , calUMgA bhale hI burA mArga hI ho, calUMgA bhale hI bhalA mArga hI ho, milegI burAI use tyAga dUMgA, milegI bhalAI use bhAga lUMgA , kaho mata ki ThaharUM, ThaharanA nahIM hai| calUMgA udhara dera bhI ho rahI hai, uchalatA, umaDatA tathA toDatA mai , naI sAMsa le, svara naye joDatA maiN| ki hara bhUla se hai jur3A satya kA patha, rukeMge nahIM, lakSya ko pAyeMge hii| na maiM cAhatA mukti ko prApta karanA , na maiM cAhatA vyakti-svAtantrya haranA, sabhI vizva merA, sabhI prANa mere| calUMgA sabhI vizva ko sAtha ghere , sabhI svapna hai dekhate eka majila , sabhI jAgaraNa meM nihita eka hI dila , jahAM phUlatA vizva khilatA rahegA, lahara se jahAM zazi macalatA rahegA, naraka bhI jahA~ svarga banakara khilegA, pralaya meM jahAM sRSTi kA svara milegA, jahA~ anta meM 'artha' naye prANa bhara kara , pragati meM prakhara satya kA jJAna bhara kara, vahAM sAMsa nirmANa kA svara sunAtI , vahAM bhUla navalakSya kA patha dikhaatii| niyata ke, pragati ke kadama do bar3hAkara, kisI dina kisI lakSya ko pAyeMge hii| timira meM, pralaya meM, na tUphAna meM bhI-kadama ye ruke hai, na ruka pAyeMge hI // lAhaura]

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hindI-gadya-nirmANa kI dvitIya avasthA [ 'hiMdI-pradIpa' ke dvArA] zrI satyendra ema0 e0 pa0 bAlakRSNa bhaTTa jI ne 'hindI-pradIpa' me bhAratendu jI kI eka pustaka kI AlocanA karate hue unakI prazasA me likhA thA, "Akhira usa rasika-ziromaNi kI candrikA hai, jisa candra ke prakAza se isa naye Dhaga kI hindI ne prakAza pAyA hai| bhAratendu jI ne to yaha ghoSita kiyA hI thA ki ava se hindI naye Dhaga meM DhalI, usa samaya ke anya vidvAn sAhitya-sevI bhI isa mata ko mAnate the| para yahA~ eka bhrama ko dUra rakhane kI AvazyakatA hai| kucha mahAnubhAva ina kathano kA artha yaha lagA sakate hai ki bhAratendu ke samaya se Adhunika hindI kA Arambha huaa| jaise izAallAkhA~ ke isa kathana kA ki 'hindI chuTa' kisI aura bhASA kA puTa bhI na ho, yaha artha lagAyA jAtA hai ki unhone eka naI bhASA gaDhI aura isalie urdU purAnI bhASA hai aura hindI naI athavA lallUjIlAla ke eka kathana kA yaha artha lagAyA jAtA hai ki unhone urdU bhASA ke zabdo ko nikAla kara unake sthAna para saskRta ke zabdo kA samAveza kiyA, java ki yathArthatA inase vilakula bhinna thii| bhAratendu jI ne koI naI bhASA nahI banAI thii| isake eka naye Dhaga ko apanA liyA thaa| vaha nayA Dhaga unakA banAyA huA nahI thA, na use sikhAne ke lie unhone koI pAThazAlAhI sthApita kI thii| bhAratendujI ne koI pAThyapustaka bhI nahIM banAI thii| unakI zailI kA phira bhI bolabAlA huaa| yathArthata bhAratendu jI ne jisa zailI ko apanAyA, vaha loka-pracalita zailI thii| isa samaya taka sAhitya me isa zailI kA vizeSa sammAna na thaa| pahale rAjA zivaprasAda 'sitAre hinda' ne bhI isI zailI ko apanAyA thaa| unakA 'rAjA bhoja kA sapanA' isa zailI kA hI pramANa hai aura isI zailI ko bhAratendu jI ne sAhitya ke lie grAhya banAne ke lie apane patro kI mAdhyama bnaayaa| imI zailI ko java rAjA zivaprasAda sitAre hinda' choDane lage tabhI se unase sagharSa bhI honA prArambha huaa| bhAratendu kI zailI ko 'zuddha hindI' nAma se vibhUpita avazya kiyA gayA, para isa artha vAlA nAma use diyA nahI jA sktaa| imame saba prakAra ke zabda vyavahRta hue hai / kisI bhI zabda se usa zabda kI jAti ke kAraNa ghRNA nahI kI gii| isameM kisI taassuva se kAma nahIM liyA gyaa| vaha eka pracalita aura valavatI bhASA thii| aba taka vaha ziSTa jano dvArA tyAjya thii| ume hI unhone yuga kI pukAra ke AdhAra para usake yogya sthAna para lAkara biThA diyaa| rAjA zivaprasAda kA mata bhinnthaa| ve jisa varga meM rahate the, usa varga ko adhikArI varga aura ziSTa varga kahA jaaygaa| usa varga me rAjanaitika dRSTi se, vyavasthA (Administration) kI dRSTi se aura nijI suruci aura saskAra kI dRSTi se bhASA-sambandhI eka vizeSa naphAsata kA bhAva vaddhamUla thaa| jabataka sAkSaratA ke prasAra kA prazna rahA, rAjA sAhaba lokabhASA ke pakSa meM rahe, para jaise hI use sAhitya aura ucca kSetra kA mAdhyama banAne kA prazna uThA, ve palAyana karake apane yogya vargazoSaka varga ke sAthI ho gye| ve usI purAnI paripATI meM cale gaye, jo loka-bhASA ko 'gavArUkahakara ghRNA aura upahAma karatI thii| isa samaya kAMgresa Adi loka-tantra ko poSita karane vAlI sasthAe~ bana gaI thiiN| lokabhASA kA pradana mUlata rAjanaitika prazna thA / use rAjA jaise mahAnubhAva adhika protsAhana kaise dete ? usa lokaruci ke anukUla DhalI huI lokabhASA ko bhAratendu jI ne Upara utthaayaa| usakI yathAsthAna pratiSThA kii| unakI bhASA yathArtha lokabhASA "hindI pradIpa agasta, 1876, pR0 16

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hindI-gadya-nirmANa kI dvitIya avasthA 123 hindI thii| unhone koI naI bhASA gaDhI nahI thii| unhone yaha dizA-darzana kiyA ki sabhI ne use svIkAra kara liyaa| usa bhASA kA sabase adhika svAbhAvika rUpa pa0 pratApanArAyaNa mizra me milatA hai, athavA pa0 bAlakRSNa bhaTTa me / pa0 bAlakRSNa bhaTTa ne 'hindI pradIpa' kA sampAdana 1878 san se karanA prArambha kiyA thaa| isa samaya bhAratendu jI jIvita the| sara saiyada ahamadakhAM aura svAmI dayAnanda bhI jIvita the| ye sabhI mahAnubhAva pa0 bAlakRSNa bhaTTa ke sAhitya-sevA-kAla meM iha-lIlA samApta kara gaye / yuga palaTa gyaa| 1600 san me 'sarasvatI' kA prakAzana huaa| zIghra hI 'dvivedIyuga' kA prArambha honA prArambha huaa| pa0 vAlakRSNa bhaTTa kA 'hindIpradIpa' bhAratendu kAla aura dvivedI kAla kI zRkhalA ke bIca kI kaDI hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se hameM spaSTa hI 1878 yA 79 ke ako kI apekSA 1906-7-8 ke ako me bahuta antara pratIta , hotA hai| sitambara 1878 ke 'pradIpa' me hameM prAya yaha bhASA milatI hai 1. "hama logo kA muMha banda karane vAlA presa aikTa ke mutAbile meM jo laDAI lar3I gaI usameM surkharU ho phatahamAbI kAmukha dekhanA yadyapi hameM mayassara na huA para etane se hameM zikastaha dila na honA cAhie hama nizcayapUrvaka kaha sakate hai ki yaha pahilA hamArA prayAsa sarvathA niSphala nahIM huA kyoki isameM aneka kAryasiddhi ke cihna dekha paDate hai" (pR0 2, aka 1) isI kAla meM aise bhI vAkya mileMge 2 "aisI udAra gavarnameNTa jo apane ko prasiddha kiye hai ki hama nyAya kA bAnA bA~dhe hai vahI jaba anyAya karane para kamara kasa liyA" inake adhyayana se kucha vAteM spaSTa prakaTa hotI hai| isa kAla kA lekhaka virAma cihno se aparicita hai| usakI racanAo me eka sAtha hI hindI kI dono zailiyo kA sayojana milatA hai / avataraNa kA pUrvArddha jisa zailI me hai, usakA hI parAddhaM dUsarI zailI meM hai| kucha zabdo kA uccAraNa adbhuta hai| vAkya me vyAkaraNa kA koI sthira niyama kAma me nahI lAyA gyaa| muhAviro kI ora jahA~ AkarpaNa hai, vahA~ bhASA meM DhilAI milatI hai| jahA~ muhAviro kI ora AkarSaNa nahI, vahA~ custI hai / ava 1608 ke pharavarI aka meM se eka uddharaNa liijie| tIsa varSa vAda kA "astu ava yahAM para vicAra yaha hai ki vaha apane mana se koI kAma na kara gujare jaba taka saba kI rAya na le le aura sabo kA mana na TaTola le| dUsare usameM zAnti aura gamakhorI kI bar3I jarUrata hai / jisa kAma ke banane para usakA lakSya hai usa para najara bhiDAye raheM dala meM kucha loga aise hai jo usake lakSya ke baDe virodhI hai, aura ve hara taraha para usa kAma ko bigADA cAhate hai| agunA ko aisI 2 bAta kaheMge aura khAra dilAyeMge ki vaha udhara se muMha moDa baiThe aura krodha meM prApa sarvathA nirasta ho jaay|" (pR0 8) . Upara ke uddharaNo se tulanA karane para antara spaSTa ho jAtA hai| bhASA vaha rUpa grahaNa karane lagI hai, jisameM vizeSa suruci aura parimArjana kA puTa lagA dene se vaha 'dvivedI-kAla' kI vana jaay| yathArthatA isa samaya se dvivedIkAla ko prArambha hone ke lie kevala dasa-pandraha varSa hI raha gaye the| 'hindI-pradIpa' hI vaha akelA patra hai, jo bhAratendu ke samaya se lekara dvivedI-kAla taka AyA aura jo Adi se anta taka eka vyakti kI rIti-nIti, zAsana tathA sampAdana me claa| 1908 meM yaha DeDha varSa ke lie banda ho gayA thaa| puna prakAzana para bhaTTa jI ne yaha TippaNI dI thI "sarvavyApI sarvazaktimAna saccidAnanda paramAtmA ko koTiza dhanyavAda hai ki vighna bAhulya ko

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premI-prabhinadana- pratha pAra kara pradIpa dIpamAlikA kI dIpAvalI ke sAtha prAja phira jagamagA uThA pyAre pAThaka ! Apase vidhura isa Der3ha varSa kI apanI U~cI-nIcI dazA kI kahAnI sunAya hama Apake premaparipluta citta ko nahIM dukhAyA caahte| basa itane hI se zrApa hamAre nikRSTa jIvanayAtrA kI TaTola kara sakate haiM ki dezasevA mAtRbhUmi tathA mAtRbhASA kA prema baDI kaThina tapasyA hai / " (jilda 31, sa0 1, pR0 1-2 ) isameM sandeha nahI ki isakI yaha dIrgha Ayu pa0 bAlakRSNa bhaTTa kI sampAdana -kuzalatA ke kAraNa thii| sAtha hI unakI kaSTa-sahiSNu aura dhIra-pravRtti bhI isameM sahAyaka thI, kyoki grAhako kI 'nAdehandagI' kA ronA 'brAhmaNa' patra kI bhA~ti 'hindI-pradIpa' ko bhI ronA paDatA rahA / phira bhI yaha patra khUba calA, aisA ki jaisA usa kAla kA koI dUsarA patra na claa| java hama una kAraNo para vicAra karate hai, jinase 'hindI- pradIpa' itanI sevA karane meM saphala ho sakA to anya kAraNo ke sAtha usakI bhASA para dRSTi jAtI hai| unhone apanI bhASA ko usa samaya ke do vargoM ke madhya kI bhASA rkkhaa| eka nAgarika - ziSTa --- paDhA likhA varga thA, dUsarA grAmINa - sAdhAraNa -- jise paDhe-likhe hone kA garva nahI thA, yo paDhA likhA sAdhAraNata vaha bhI thA / ziSTa varga yA to saMskRta kA par3ita thA, yA phArasI-urdU kA kAmila / jaisA Upara diye gaye udAharaNo se vidita hotA hai, inhone 'hindI- pradIpa' me AvazyakatAnusAra dono vargoM kI bhASAzailiyoM ko apanAyA / phira bhI inakI tathA bhAratendu jI kI bhASA me koI vizeSa antara nahI thA / ye usI hindI kA upayoga kara rahe the, jise bhAratendu jI ne naye rUpa meM DhAlA thA aura jisakA inheM pUrA jJAna thA / inhone eka bAra nahIM, kaI vAra 'hindI' bhASA ke sambandha me aura usakI dazA ke sambandha me TippaNiyAM likhI hai / isa samasta caitanya ke atirikta bhI ve kabhI anudAra nahI hue / unakI bhASA yathArthata sArvajanIna bhASA vidita hotI hai, jisame kisI bhI prakAra ke zabdo ke lie hicakicAhaTa yA sakoca nahI / unhone apraila, 1882 ke aka me "pazcimottara aura auSa meM hindI kI hona dazA" zIrSaka se jo TippaNI dI usakI bhASA aura usake artha dono hI dRSTi meM lAne yogya hai"isa bAta ko saba loga mAnate hai ki hindustAna meM musalmAno kI apekSA hindU kahIM jyAdA hai aura musalamAnoM meM thoDe se zahara ke rahanevAle paDhe-likhe ko chor3a bAqI saba musalmAna hindI hI bolate hai varana dihAtI meM bahuta se musalmAna aise milate hai jo urdU-phArasI eka akSara nahIM jAnate / to bhI janatA " kabhI roke ruka sakatI hai kisake kisake gale meM DAirekTara sAhaba a~gulI deMge ki tuma loga apanI mAtRbhASA hindI na volo | 33 124 lekhaka bhalI prakAra jAnatA hai ki hindI kA virodha kevala zahara ke hI paDhe-likho ke dvArA hai| usakI bhASA isIlie gA~va kI ora jhukI huI hai aura AvazyakatAnusAra usane urdU-phArasI se bhI zabda lene meM kahI sakoca nahI kiyA / isame sandeha nahI ki inake samaya kI bhASA meM bahuta parivartana ho gayA hai / Aja inake samaya ke aneko zabda prayoga ke bAhara ho gaye hai, muhAvire to jaise bhASA meM se uTha hI gae hai| inakI bhASA kI kasoTI zraura srota sAdhAraNa janatA thI, vizeSata grAmINa / yahA~ hama kucha aise zabda dete haiM aura muhAvire bhI, jo zrAja kAma meM nahI Ate, prayoga se bAhara ho gaye haivAnA-dhanA, chona-dIna, aikamatya, yAvata, vageta, karamaphuTI, gaeNjiyA kI gaMjiyA lur3haka jAya, lesA DehuDA, cUDA thAnA, jathA bA~dhakara, peTa sutuhI sA hai, yahIM ( maiM hI ke lie), khajja prakhajja, chalakamiyo, loka lete, gabaDAkara, khapagI, zera kI bhugata, pata, kukurihAva, Azaya (nibandha ke lie), kacarabhoga, sadupadezakI, kakedarAjI, aeNjhiTa, etanI, ketanI, jetanI, helavAI / ina kucha thoDe zabdo kA sakalana anAyAsa hI kiyA hai, zranyathA to pUrA eka koNa chA~TA jA sakatA hai| aise zabdo ko chA~Tane kI zrAvazyakatA bhI hai, para apanA prakRta uddezya kucha aura hai / ina zabdo para eka dRSTi DAlane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vyAkaraNa kI bAta to dUra, zabdo ke uccAraNa kA bhI koI zrAdarza (Standard ) niyama nahI

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hindI-gadya-nirmANa kI dvitIya avasthA 125 sthApita ho pAyA thaa| sabhI zabda sAdhAraNa bola-cAla ke uccAraNa ke anukaraNa para likhe gaye hai| uparokta zabdo meM se mai samajhatA hU~ ki saba nahI to adhikAza aise hoge, jo Aja bhI grAmINa boliyo meM prayoga meM Ate hoge| sAhitya ne unheM parimArjana kI dRSTi se aura grAmyatva doSa se bacane ke lie tyAjya ThaharA diyA hai| bhAratendu yuga meM aise zataza zabda hoge, jo Aja bhUle jA cuke hai| 'hindI-pradIpa' meM, jaisA Upara kahA jA cukA hai, tIna zailiyA~ zabdaprayoga kI dRSTi se kAma meM lAI gaI thI aura ve tIno prAya sAtha milatI calI jAtI hai / yo unameM koI niyama kAma karatA huA nahI vidita hotA, phira bhI jaba ve sAdhAraNa TippaNiyAM likhate ho to ve grAmyatva kI ora jhukAva ke sAtha sAdhAraNa hindI-saskRta-phArasI-urdU ke zabdo kA prayoga karate calate hai| jaba ve koI vidvattA kI vAta kahate hote hai to saskRta ke zabdo kA prayoga bahula ho uThatA hai aura java sarakArI vyaktiyo kI ora dRSTi DAlakara kucha likhate hai to urdU-phArasI ke zabdo kA puTa vaDha jAtA hai| isase bhI vizeSa niyama yaha milatA hai ki java lekhaka mauja meM Akara likhatA hai to zabda kI ragInI para usakI dRSTi rahatI hai aura vaha sabhI ora se vividha raga ke zabdo, muhAviro, kahAvato aura uddharaNo ko lekara apane ko sajA detA hai| jaba gambhIra hai to saskRta aura aMgrejI kA pallA pakaDa letA hai| 'hindI-pradIpa' ke mukhapRSTha para yaha sUcanA rahatI thI "vidyA, nATaka, samAcArAvalI, itihAsa, parihAsa, sAhitya, darzana, rAjasambandhI ityAdi ke viSaya meM yo yaha mAsika patrikA vividha viSaya vibhUpita thii| pratyeka aka meM samAcAra aura parihAsa to prAya Avazyaka se hI the| rAja-sambandhI AlocanA bhI avazya hI rahatI thii| nATaka ke eka-do aMka bhI rahate the| kucha kAvya bhI rahatA thaa| isake atirikta kabhI koI vijJAna kI carcA, kabhI Ayurveda yA svAsthya viSayaka, kabhI dharma yA darzana-sambandhI kamI itihAsa Adi samvandhI nivanya rahate the| samAcAro ke lie eka yA do kAlama rahate the, inameM samAcAro ke sAtha kabhI-kabhI sampAdaka manorajaka TippaNI bhI de detA thA / udAharaNArtha prayAga meM divAlI khUba manAI jA rahI hai| isa samAcAra ko usane yo diyA hai ___"pulisa ispekTara kI kRpA se divAlI yahAM pandarahiyo ke pahile se zurU ho gaI thI para ava to khUba hI galI-galI juA kI dhUma macI hai, khaira lakSmI to rahI na gaI jo dIpamAlikA kara mahAlakSmI pUjanotsava hama loga karate to pUjanotsAha kara lakSmI ko vahina daridrA hI kA prAvAhana shii| (pR0 16, navamvara 1878) ye samAcAra kabhI-kabhI dUsarI patrikAo se uddhRta karake bhI de diye jAte the, sAtha me usakA ullekha bhI rahatA thaa| ina anya patro me bhI yahI 'pradIpa' jaisI zailI thii| samAcAra mAlocanA se pariveSTita rahatA thA "aMgarejo ke caraNa-kamala jahAM hI padhAreMge vahAM hI Taiksa kI dhUma maca jaaygii| saipresa abhI thoDe hI dina inheM liye huA para Taiksa kI asantoSa dhvani suna paDatI hai; Taiksa inake janma kA sAthI hai| vi0va0" kintu AlocanA karane kI ora abhiruci itanI vizeSa thI ki isa prakAra samAcAro kA sagraha denA niyamita rUpa se nahIM cala sakatA thaa| patrikA meM adhikAza nivandha kisI-na-kisI vizeSa ghaTanA ko lakSya karake hI likhA jAtA thaa| isa kAla ke prAya sabhI nivandho meM samaya ko baDI pravala chApa rahatI thii| isa prakAra sampAdaka athavA lekhaka ke vicAro se zrAvRta hokara choTe-choTe lekho kA rUpa dhAraNa kiye hue samAcAra patrikA meM yatra-tatra vikhare mileNge| zIrSaka dekhakara Apa jise koI lekha yA nivandha mamajheMge, usame Age paDhane para Apako kisI ghaTanA kI AlocanA milegI, athavA kisI vartamAna tAtkAlika pravRtti para chotte| Apane zIrSaka dekhA 'Fear and Respect' "bhaya aura samucitAdara"-socA isa nivandha meM bhaya aura Adara para dArzanika athavA vaijJAnika vicAra sAmagrI upalabdha hogii| prArabha meM kucha aisI sAmagrI milI bhii| Apane par3hA

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premI-abhinadana-pratha "bhaya aura samucita Adara ye dono eka dUsare se pRthak haiM / bhaya kA zrakura dila kI kamajorI se phavakatA hai, jaba hama dUsare ke rova meM zrAya bhAre Dara ke hA~ meM hA~ milAveM aura jI se yahI samajheM ki hocA hai| kATa hI legA isase isakI bharapUra pUjA-sammAna karate jAyeM tabhI bhalA hai to yaha samucita zrAdara kI hadda ke bAhara nikala jAnA huA, ( maI 1880, pR0 4) 21 para Age baDhakara sikandara - porasa kA ullekha kara lekhake jA pahu~cA "sAhavAna a~gareja aura hamAre amIra zrIra riyAsatadAroM kI mulAkAta" para T para kyA majAla jo cuhala aura sAhitya-sparza chUTa jAya / "ghaDI ghaDI ghaDiyAla pukArai, kauna ghaDI dhoM kaisI zrAve", yaha zIrSaka hai| isame samaya kI parivartana-zIlatA para koI vizeSa vyApaka nivandha nahI, lArDa liTana ke anAyAsa hI padatyAga karane kI ghaTanA kA manoraMjaka varNana hai 126 "hamAre zrImAna lArDa liTana kahA~ isa vicAra meM the ki zimalA kI zItala vAyu meM calakara svargasukha kA anubhava kareMge aura gavarnarI ke vo eka varSa jo bAqI raha gaye hai unameM apane dIkSA guru DitarelI ke batAye mantra ko siddha kara jahA~ taka ho sakegA do eka aura naye aikTa pAsa kara nirjIva hindustAna kI rahI-sahI kamara tor3a-phoDa taba vilAyata jAyeMge kahA~ eka vAragI libarala logo ke vijaya kA aisA tAra A girA jisane saba kutAra kara diyA " ( maI 1880, pR0 16 ) isa prakAra eka zIrSaka hai 'eka anokhe DhaMga kI taharIra uklaidisa' yaha eka parihArA hai, jise zrAja kala 'pairoDI' kahA jAtA hai / uklaidisa, jyAmeTro kI pairoDI para sarakAra kI naukarI samvandhI nIti kA parihAsa kiyA gayA hai / Aja bhI isase manorajana ho sakatA hai "misTara eDiTara rAmarAma prophesara ukleksi ke nagaradAdA ne sAtaeN saraga se yaha anokhe DhaGga ko yuklida tumhAre pAsa bhejA hai ise apane patra meM sthAna hai zrAzA hai sasAra bhara ko isake pracAra se ciravAdhita kIjiegA / paribhASA sUtra 1 gavarnameMTa ko ikhatiyAra hai ki sarakArI naukarI kI sImA jahA~ taka cAhe vahA~ taka mahadUda kara sakatI hai // 2 usa sImA kA eka chora jisakA nAma siviliyana hai jahA~ taka cAho vaDha bhI jAya to kucha cintA nahIM para dUsarI sImA sarakArI hindustAnI naukara vAlI kevala 200 rupaye ke bhItara rahe aura unhI ke vAste risarvaDa kI gaI jo anakaveneNTeDa kerAnI yA yUreziyana hai || 3 usa sImAbaddha rekhA para kisI nukhate se koI dAyarA hindustAniyo ke lie gavarnameNTa saraveMTa kA nahIM khIMcA jA sakatA pahale adhyAya kA 49vA~ sAdhya eka aisI rekhA jisakA eka chora sImAbaddha arthAt mahadUda nahIM kiyA gayA aura dUsare ke lie bhA~ta - bhA~ta ko qaida hai usa para jo lamba khIMcA jAyagA vaha sama viSama do koNa paidA karegA // (mArca 1880, pR0 23) 'hindI- pradIpa' kI pradhAna pravRtti rAjanIti kI ora athavA rAjakIya kAryoM kI AlocanA kI ora thI / vaha uma kAla kI jana-jAgrati kA pravala samarthaka thA aura sarakArI kAmo kI paryApta uddaDa aura tIkhI samAlocanA karatA thA / kintu usako zailI caTapaTI aura anyokti jaisI thii| kisI anya viSaya kI vAteM karate-karate aura sAtha hI ighara-ughara ke vividha vRtta dekara unake sAtha hI udAharaNArthaM zrathavA prasagAnukUla rAjakIya kRtya kA bhI ullekha kara diyA jAtA thA /

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127. isa kAla kA kavi bhI apane samaya ko nahI bhUle hue thA / aneko kavitAe~ tatkAlIna sthiti kI AlocanA karate hue likhI gaI thI / eka holI yo hai-- praha sUrya 6 candramA hindI gadya-nirmANa kI dvitIya zravasthA - varasa yahA~ bIta calyo rI kaho sabai kAha lakhyo rI // zrAvata prathama lakhyo rahyo jaiso taisoi jAtahu chorI / barasa kikana bItata aise kAbula yudha na miTo rI / bhalo sukha liTana dayo rI // 1 // zrarvAha sunaM zraphagAna zAnta saba saba kachu ThIka bhayo rI / kAhi uThi suniyata larive ko phira sabai dala jorI / kiyo imi hAni na thorI // 2 // dala ko nava AhvAna uThyo rI / kanasarveTiva bhaye pada hInA libarala svatva lahyo rI / pheri pAliyAmeNTa ke nanda suni sabana kiyo rI // 3 // palaTana dala mAnyo hama sabahU bhArata graha palaTo rI / zrAzAlatA DahaDaha hovai lagoM hiya prati harakha baDhyo rI / manahu~ dhana khoyo milyo rI // 4 // jina ThAnyo kAbula yudha, presa zraru zrarmasaMkTa gaDhyo rI / tInahi varasa mA~hi bhArata ko jina diyo kleza karorI / tApa var3hAvana liTana liTana soI itaso dUra bahyo -rI / tA sama nara phira nahIM jagadIzvara zrAvai bhArata zrorI / yaha sabai mila vinayo rI // 5 // ina saba uddharaNo se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki lekhaka kI samasta sphUrti samaya ke pravAha se prApta hotI thI / sAdhAraNata vaha pragati kA hI pakSapAtI thA / usakI zailI meM tAz2agI thI aura eka pravAha thaa| sAtha hI vaha anagaDhapana thA, jo jIvana kI svAbhAvikatA kA paryAya mAnA jAnA caahie| cuhala aura manoraMjakatA bhI isa sAhitya kA aza thI / usameM eka to maulika kalpanA kA prabhUta pradarzana milatA hai, vinoda ke aise-aise vividha aura navIna rUpa prastuta kiye gaye hai ki ve pada-pada para jIvana meM anubhUta yathArtha parihAsa kI pratikRtiyA~ pratIta hotI hai| yuga kI sajIvatA kA itanA prabhAva thA ki pa0 vAlakRSNa bhaTTa ke pADitya para bhI usane apanI pUrI chApa jamA lI hai / uparokta zailiyoM ke atirikta do zailiyA~ aura pramukha pratIta hotI hai / eka to kisI vizeSa varNana ke lie alakAra yA rUpako kA sahArA / udAharaNa ke lie "eka anokhe putra kA bhAvI janma" meM myunisipAliTI ke garbhiNI hone aura 'hAusa Taiksa' nAmaka putra ko janma dene kI bhaviSyavANI kI gaI hai| sAtha hI usakI zrAlocanA bhI hai / imI prakAra eka cakra banAkara bhArata ke vividha adhikArI kA rUpa jJAna karAyA gayA hai "bhAratIya mahA navagraha dazA cakrama" nAma graha zrImAna mahAmahima lArDa ripana misTara hyUma M zrAyudha nyAya satya dayA prajAhita para ilvarTa vila ke Andolana meM eMglo iMDiyana grahaNa ke samaya saba goThila ho gae / nyAya satya apakSapAta

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A 128 graha maGgala budha zukra. guru vA bRhaspati sAkSAt vAcaspati svarUpa -- zikSA kamizana guru - hindI ke parama zatru-haTara sAhava manamAnI vyavasthA dene vAle kAzI ke paDito mukhiyA jo koI ho zanaizcara premI-abhinadana-pratha rAhu ketu nAma graha mahA amagala kI khAna sakalaguNanidhAna meDarAja vividha rAjanIti vibhUpita parama nirdUSita saiyada ahamada khA~ bahAdura . zrAyudha khuzAmada svArtha sAdhana urdU kI jaDa puSTa karane vAlI ukti yukti kATachA~Ta cAro veda aThAro purANa sArA korAna sAre sAensa tathA aDa vaDa saDa anargala vidyA sara greDa Dapha madrAsa ke gavarnara jo selama ke dhIga ghogA niraparAdhI raIso para janma bhara ke lie Ae aura unheM kAle pAnI ke sapta dvIpa dikhAe mahAmAnya riyarsa TAmsana la0 ga0 bagAla TAmsana ke sahayogI mahA aiMglo iDiyana anyAya-avidyA - jalana-kuDhana ilvarTa vila meM virodha ke hetu pAyoniyara igaliza maina Adi a~garejI akhabAra aisI racanAe~ zrAja ke kArTUno kA kAma karatI pratIta hotI hai / dUsarI zailI hai nATakIya savAdazIlatA / mauja meM likhe gaye ina nibandho meM lekhaka jaise do vyaktiyo kI upasthiti kI kalpanA kara letA hai| kahI kahI ina do vyaktiyo meM eka to lekhaka aura dUsarA pAThaka mAnA jA sakatA hai| kahI kahI to ina dono kA pRthakatva vaha aise zabdo ko dekara prakaTa kara detA hai jaise ki "Apa kaheMge", kahI kevala varNanazailI se hI yaha antara prakaTa hotA hai / 'paJca ke paJca sarapaJca' meM aisI hI zailI me do kalpitapAtra haiM / "no alabele yahA~ akele baiThA kyA makkhiyA~ mAra rahA hai jarA mele-Thele kI bhI hoza rakkhA kara, cala dekha nAveM melA hai jhamelA hai| zivakoTI kA melA hai kucha nazApAnI na kiyA ho to le yaha eka botala rama zrA~kha mIca DhAla jA, vAha guru kyoM na aba bana gayA saba bahAra najara paDA vinA isake kahA~ dila lagI, dekha samhalA raha kahIM pA~va laDakhaDAkara kIcaDo meM na phisala paDe / " ina sabake sAtha yaha patrikA cuTakalo, pradbhuta zabda sayojano, anokhI vyAkhyAzro, cubhatI parihAsamayI paribhASAo, jJAna aura cuhala ke sakSipta savAdo, gadya-padya ke cuTIle parihAso - pairoDiyo se yukta milegI / kramaza prakAzita hone vAle upanyAsa tathA nATaka bhI prAya niyamata rahate the / isa prakAra vinoda hAsya- parihAsa ke kSetra meM to isa yuga ke ina patro se Aja ke patrakAra bhI kucha sIkha sakate haiM / 4 0: isa kAla kI sampAdakIya nIti vizeSata 'hindI- pradIpa' kI bahuta hI zlAghya mAnI jAnI caahie| sampAdaka ne sampAdakIya ImAnadArI se kahI hAtha nahI dhoyA / satya ko Dake kI coTa para kahA hai, para vipakSI ke prati bhI ghRNA kA bhAva prakaTa nahI kiyA, dukha bhalehI prakaTa kiyA ho| patro meM usa samaya bhAratIya mahattvAkAkSA aura pragati kA virodhI mukhyata 'pAyoniyara' thaa| eka bAra nahI, aneka bAra usakA ullekha huA hai, para kahI usameM roSa athavA ghRNA nahI / kevala eka AlocanAdRSTi athavA sAdhAraNa tathya kathana milegA / puruSo meM jana hita virodhI rAjA zivaprasAda 'sitAre hinda' the / inakA bhI ullekha kaI sthAno para kaI prakAra se huA hai / yahA~ bhI parihAsa aura phabtiyA~ tathA AlocanA to mileMgI, para mAlinya athavA dveSa nahI dIkhegA / 'kimvadantI' zIrSaka se 1883 jUna ke bhaka meM yaha TippaNI hai

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hindI-gadya-nirmANa kI dvitIya avasyA 126 "kimbadantI hai ki rAjA zivaprasAda ne kauMsila kI membarI se isatIphA diyA thA para lArDa ripana ne maMjUra nahIM kiyA; hama pUrA vizvAsa karate haiM ki yaha bhI gurupoM kI gurunAI hai samAja meM apanA gaurava banAye rakhane ko khAsakara banArasa ke logoM ke bIca rAjA hI ne zAyada isa aphavAha ko ur3A diyA hai nahIM to lArDa ripana sAhaba ko aisA kyA moga hai ki rAnA bhAgate phirate aura lArDa ripana inheM dhAya 2 ke pkdd'te| Thaura 2 putalA jalAyA gayA isa mulAhije se ripana sAhaba kyA inheM nahIM chor3A cAhate yA hA~ meM hAM milAne inheM bahuta acchA AtA hai isase ina para ukta mahodaya bahuta prasanna haiM yA ki ghara 2 aura AdimI 2 meM inakI akoti kI kAlimA chA rahI isa anurovana se inheM rakhanA hI ucita samajhate haiM yA ki janma paryanta zariste tAlIma rahakara mivA miyA~gIrI ke dUsare kAma ke kabhI DA~r3e nahIM gae isase rAjanIti kA marma samajhane vAlo isa pazcimottara aura auva meM dUsarA koI paidA hI nahIM huA imalie lAcAra hoina para hamAre vAyasarAya sAhaba kI ina para vajA Agraha hai no ho vAta nirI vebuniyAda aphavAha mAlUma hotI hai / " (pR0 5-6) vArmika kSetra meM ve suvAro ke pakSapAtI the, para akAraNa hI pratyeka prayA aura AcaraNa kA virodha unheM sahya nahIM thaa| yo unhone jAti-pAMti kA pana liyA hai aura kitane hI sthAno para yaha batAyA hai ki 'jAti-pAti svaya kisI unnati meM vAdhaka nahIM, phira bhI sAtha-sAtha bhojana karane kA pakSa popita kiyA hai| AryasamAja aura svAmI dayAnanda ke siddhAnto se ve pUrNarUpeNa sahamata nahIM ho pAye, phira bhI vAla-vivAha, vRddha-vivAha kA virodha kiyA hai aura svAmI dayAnanda ke vyaktitva ke prati zraddhAjali arpita kI hai| naI roganI ko vipa ke rUpa meM unhoMne mAnA hai, para isalie nahIM ki ve bhArata kI tamovRta kurItiyo ko banAye rakhanA cAhate the| naI rozanI kI navase avika khaTakane vAlI vAte unheM eka to bhakSya-abhakSya kA dhyAna rakhanA, dUsare gabdo meM mAna-madirA kA caskA aura dUsarI strI-puruSo kA svecchAcAra, tIsarI nAstikatA lagatI thii| zoSaka varga aura gAsaka varga ke prati namra rahate hue bhI kaThora AlocanA karate, una para phabtiyAM kasane meM 'hindI-pradIpa' ke pRSTha cUkate na the| eka sthAna para mAravADI ko khaTamala kalpita kiyA hai| vallabha-sampradAya para chITA kasane meM kabhI kasara nahIM chodd'ii| mathuriyA cauvo ko bhI aura tIratha ke paDo ko bhI kSamA nahIM kiyA gyaa| yadyapi AstikatA aura dharma meM vizvAsa kA popaNa unhone vAra-bAra kiyA hai, para inake pravala udgAro meM ve sthala hai jahAM unhone dharma-sampradAyo aura majahabo ko ghora apragatigAmI batAyA hai| unhoMne yadyapi yaha anubhava kiyA thA ki musalamAna aura sarakAra hinduo para mava prakAra se atyAcAra kara rahI hai, isa mambandha meM yayAvasara saTippaNa ghaTanAoM kA bhI ullekha karane meM kabhI kamI nahIM kI, phira bhI 'hindI-pradIpa' pravAnata hindU-muslima ekatA kA pravala popaka rahA hai / "haha vahI jo rAma raca rAkhA" meM unhoMne spaSTa likhA hai "Agare meM hindU musalamAno ko Apasa meM lar3AI bhI vahI bAta hai nahIM to kyA ava yaha honA cAhie ki sarIhana dekha rahe hai ki prApasa kI phUTa hI ne eka tIsare ko hamAre mAnamardana ke lie sAta samudra pAra se lAya hamAre Upara khar3A kara diyA cAhie ava bhI sAhuta se cala Apasa meM mela rakkheM hama dono kA jo isI bhUni ke udara se janme haiM eka prakAra kA samudAya ho jAne se tAkateM aura baDhe so na hokara vyartha ko majahavI jhagaDI ke pIche Apasa hI meM kaTe marate hai yaha Izvara kI icchA nahIM to kyA hai ? hamane vahuta dino taka isa behUdagI ke pIche sira pacAyA aura aneka yatna kiyA ki apane bhAiyoM ko samajhAya-bujhAya unheM rAha lagAe~ Adi - (navambara 1883, pR0 5-6) "hindI-pradIpa' ke pRSTho ko ulaTane se vidita ho jAtA hai ki usane sadA nyAya kA pakSa grahaNa kiyA hai aura aneko maghoM meM hokara vaha gayA hai, para apanI natulita lekhanI ko kahI kalakita nahIM hone diyA hai| 'hindI-pradIpa ne isa prakAra hindI gadya ko bhAratendu se lekara 'dvivedI-yuga' taka pahuMcA diyaa| AgarA ] 17

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pRthvIrAjarAso kI vividha vAcanAeM zrI mUlarAja jaina ema0 e0, ela-ela0 vI0 zrava taka pRthvIrAjarAso kI nimnalikhita pratiyo' ke astitva kA patA laga sakA hai( 1 ) bIkAnera phorTa lAibrerI meM ATha pratiyA~ / (2) bIkAnera vRhadjJAna bhaMDAra meM eka prati / (3) vIkAnera ke zrI zragaracanda nAhaTA kI eka prati / (4) paMjAba yUnivarsiTI lAibrerI, lAhaura meM cAra pratiyA~ / (5) bhaDArakara zroriyaTala risarca insTiTyUTa, pUnA me do pratiyA~ / (6) raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, bambaI zAkhA me tIna pratiyA~ / (7) jodhapura sumera lAibrerI me do pratiyAM / (8) udayapura vikToriyA hAla lAibrerI me eka prati / (e) AgarA kAlija, zrAgarA me cAra bhAgo me eka prati / (10) kalakattA nivAsI svargIya pUrNacanda nAhara kI eka prati / (11) raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, vagAla meM kucha pratiyA~ / ( 12 ) nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI kI kucha pratiyA~ / (13) kizanagar3ha sTeTa lAibrerI kI kucha pratiyA~ / (14) alavara lAibrerI kI pratiyA~ / (15) canda ke vAghara nenUrAma kI do pratiyA~ / (16) yUropa ke bhinna-bhinna pustakAlayoM meM katipaya pratiyA~ / ina pratiyo ke nirIkSaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki pRthvIrAjarAso kA pATha hama taka mukhyatayA tIna vAcanAo meM pahu~cA hai - (1) bRhada vAcanA, (2) madhyama vAcanA aura ( 3 ) laghu vAcanA / bRhadbAcanA' me 64 se 66 taka samaya' zrI solaha-satraha sahasra padya hai / isakA parimANa eka lAkha zloka mAnA gayA hai, kintu vAstava meM hai paiMtIsa haz2Ara zloka ke lagabhaga / yahI vaha vAcanA hai, jise nAgarI pracAriNIsabhA, kAzI ne sampUrNatayA aura kalakatte kI eziyATika sosAyaTI va bagAla ne Azika rUpa meM mudrita kiyA thA / vidvAno ne rAso samvandhI apanA UhApoha prAya isI vAcanA ke AdhAra para kiyA hai / 'inameM se kucha kA vivaraNAtmaka paricaya chapa cukA hai| dekhie hastalikhita hindI pustakoM kI khoja kI vArSika riporTa, TesiTarI DiskripTiva kaiTalaoNga praoNva bArDika eDa hisTorikala mainaskripTsa, bhAga 2 (1), 'rAjasthAnI' 1936 meM zrI agaracanva nAhaTA kA lekha; nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA sa0 1666 meM zrI dazaratha zarmA kA lekha zrAdi / 1 bRhaddhAcanA kI pratiyAM yUropa meM tathA bambaI, kalakattA, kAzI, zrAgarA, bIkAnera Adi sthAno meM paryApta satyA meM vidyamAna hai / " " rAso meM 'samaya' zabda kA prayoga sarga, zradhyAya yA khaDa ke artha meM huA hai /

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pRthvIrAjarAso ko vividha vAcanAeM 131 madhyama vAcanA' me 40 se 47 taka mamaya hai aura isakA parimANa dana-bAraha sahana gloka taka kA hai| isake pahale do samayo kA sampAdana mahAmahopAdhyAya pa0 mayurAprasAda dIkSita ne lAhaura ke aoriyaTala kAlija megaz2Ina (hindI vibhAga) meM kiyA hai / yaha vidvAn ine amalI rAmo mAnate hai| . laghu vAcanA' meM 19 samaya aura do sahana ke lagabhaga padya hai| isakA parimANa kevala tIna hajAra pA~ca mau gloka ke karIvahI vaiThatA hai| isakA patA TemiTarI ne lagAyA thA, jinhone san 1913 meM sarvaprathama rAmo kI do vAcanAoM ko sambhAvanA kI aura naketa kiyA thaa| kintu vidvAno ne isa ora vizeSa dhyAna nahIM diyaa| eka-do pratiyo meM ina vAcanAyo meM se do yA tIno hI ke pATha kA sammizraNa bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai, jaise pUnA kI prati na0 1455 // 1887-61 meN| ___vAcanAoM kA viSaya-vizleSaNa-rAso ko laghu vAcanA' meM nimnalikhita ghaTanAeM varNita hai(1) dazAvatAra-varNana (kRSNacarita vizepa vistRta hai)| (2) cauhAna vaza kA itihAsa aura pRthvIrAja kA janma / (2) pRthvIrAja kA dhana prApta karanA aura dillI goda jaanaa| (4) sayogitA kA janma, vinaya-magala pATha, pRthvIrAja dvArA jayacanda ke yajJa kA vidhvama tayA mayogitA-apaharaNa aura dmpti-vilaam| (5) pATaNa ke bholA bhIma para pRthvIrAja kI vijaya / (6) kmaas-vdh| (7) jaitakhabha-AropaNa aura vIra kA gorI ke hAtho pakar3a jaanaa| (8) pRthvIrAja aura gahAbuddIna gorI ke yuddha (ka) prayama yuddha java pRthvIrAja bhIma se laDa rahA thaa| (kha) dvitIya yuddha jisameM zahAbuddIna ghora ke hAtho vandI huaa| (ga) antima yuddha jiname pRthvIrAja svaya vandI huaa| (9) vANa-veva / __ madhyama vAcanA meM laghu vAcanA kA sArA viSaya kucha vistRta rUpa meM milatA hai aura isake atirikta kaI anya ghaTanAo kA varNana bhI milatAhai, jaise agnikuDa se cauhAna vanakI utpatti; padmAvatI, hamAvatI, gazivratA, paDihAranI Adi aneka rAjakumAriyo se pRthvIrAja kA vivAha, pRthvIrAja ke vividha yuddha, pRthvIrAja aura zahAbuddIna meM aneka vAra yuddha honA tathA hara vAra zahAbuddIna kA vandI honA, bhIma dvArA somezvara vava, aadi-aadi| ___ rAmo kI vRhad vAcanA meM laghu vAcanA kA viSaya vizeSa vistAra se milatA hai aura isake atirikta isameM madhyama vAcanA kI ghaTanAgrI tayA aimI aneka anya ghaTanAgmo kA samAveza bhI hai| 'madhyama vAcanA kI pratiyAM bIkAnera, lAhaura, pUnA tathA kalakattA meM milI hai| 'pharavarI, maI, agasta san 1935; pharavarI, maI san 1938 / 'laghu vAcanA ko tIna pratiyA~ bIkAnera phorTa lAibrerI meM upalabdha huI hai| inameM se eka kI prAdhunika pratilipi lAhaura ko pajAva yunivasiTI lAibrerI meM bhI hai| "TesiTaro : uparyukta, poyI 24 kA vivrnn| "yaha saM0 1805 kI likhita hai aura prArambha meM isakA pATha prAya. laghu vAcanA se milatA hai, kintu hA~sI yuddha tayA kannauja khaDa vRhad vAcanA ke AdhAra para likhita pratIta hote hai| 'dekhie zrI vazaraya zarmA kA uparokta lekha /

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premI-abhinadana-praya rAso ke viSaya vizleSaNa se yaha spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki isame mukhyatayA do hI ghaTanAo kA varNana hai - eka to pRthvIrAja dvArA sayogitA-apaharaNa kA aura dUsare pRthvIrAja tathA zahAbuddIna ke antima yuddha kA / zranya ghaTanAe~ to gauNa rUpa se hI AI hai / zrata inakA varNana vistRta rUpa se nahI huA / laghu vAcanA me ina pradhAna ghaTanAo kA 'varNana kaI-kaI samayo meM huyA hai, kintu bRhad vAcanA meM kevala eka-eka hI samaya me huA hai aura usame bhI prakSepa A gaye haiM / samaya pAkara sayogitA zrapaharaNa kI ghaTanA itanI lokapriya huI ki ise eka vistRta svatantra' grantha kA rUpa mila gayA jo candavaradAI kI hI racanA mAnI gaI hai| laghu vAcanA meM mahobA vAlI ghaTanA kA ullekha mAtra hI hai, ' parantu vRhad vAcanA meM yaha eka pUrNa samaya letI hai aura phira ise kaI khaDo vAle grantha kA zrAkAra milA, jisake racayitA ke rUpa me candavaradAI kA hI nAma liyA jAtA hai / sambhava hai ki isameM canda kA eka bhI zabda na ho, kyoki isakI bhASA vahuta arvAcIna hai / 132 vAcanAoM kA kAla - krama -- ina vAcanAcI ke kAla-krama kA nirdhAraNa inako pratiyo ke lipikAla ke zrAdhAra para ho sakatA hai / laghu vAcanA kI kisI bhI prati meM usakA lipikAla nahI diyA, kintu uname se eka kA anumAna ho sakatA hai, kyoMki vaha akabara ke samakAlIna prasiddha mantrI karmacanda ke putra bhAgacanda ke lie likhI gaI thii| karmacanda kA dehAnta sa0 1657 me huA aura vaha sa0 1647 meM vIkAnera choDa cuke the / unake putra sa0 1679 meM kAma prAye / isalie hamArI yaha prati kama-se-kama sa0 1676 se pUrva kI haiN| zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ke kathanAnusAra isa vAcanA kI dUsarI prati bhI 17vI zatAbdI vikrama kI likhita hai aura tIsarI dUsarI kI pratilipi mAtra hai / " madhyama vAcanA kI kucha pratiyo kA lipikAla milatA hai aura kucha kA nhii| jinakA milatA hai ve vikrama kI aThArahavI zatAbdI kI yA usake AsapAsa kI likhita hai, jaise sa0 1738, 1736, 1758, 1792 kI likhita pratiyA~ vidyamAna hai / jinameM lipikAla nahI milatA, ve do sau varSa purAnI pratIta hotI haiN| bRhad vAcanA kI pratiyo kA lipikAla prAya 16 zatAvdI vikrama meM haiM, kintu eka kA sa0 1747 bhI hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki laghu vAcanA 17vI zatAbdI vikrama me, madhyama vAcanA 18vI zatAvdI meM zrIra vRhad vAcanA 19vI zatAbdI meM yA kramaza inase kucha pUrva vizeSa prasiddha tathA pracalita huiiN| kahate hai ki kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA 17vI za0 vi0 kI lipikAlakRta bRhadbAcanA kI pratiyA~ 'isakI pratiyA~ banArasa tathA kalakattA meM upalabdha hai / dekhie rAso laghu vAcanA samaya 6, padya 56 AranI ajameri ghummi ghavanI kamaDa maDovara / bhorA rA mura muDa daDa davano aggI uviSTa kara // ratya bhari yabha sIsa ahara ni jala juSTa kaoNlajara | krippAna cahu vAna jAna ghanayo gharno pi gorI gharA // yahA~ para bhI mahobA kA ullekha nahIM, apitu kAliMjara kA hai / ' ise 'paramAlarAso' ke nAma se nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ne prakAzita kiyA hai / 4 'isakI antima puSpikA isa prakAra hai---- mantrIzvara maDana tilaka, vacchA vaza bhara bhAga / karamacanda suta karama vaDa bhAgacanda srava jANa // 1 // tasu kAraNa likhiyo sahI, pRthvIrAja caritra / paDhatA sukha sarpati sakala, mana sukha hovaM mitra // 2 // zubha bhavatu // " zrI agaracaMda nAhaTA kA uparyukta lekha, pR0 22 /

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pRthvIrAjarAso kI vividha vAcanAe 133 aura nenUrAma' vAlI sa0 1455 kI prati isa niyama kA apavAda upasthita karatI hai, kintu kaI vidvAno ke matAnusAra ___ inakA lipikAla sadigdha hai / ata javataka prAcyalipizAstravettA inakA nirIkSaNa karake lipikAla nirdhArita nahIM karate, inako itanA prAcIna mAnanA ucita nhiiN| . nimnokta vAte bhI isI anumAna kI puSTi karatI hai (1) viSaya-krama-kaI sthalo me laghu vAcanA kA viSaya-krama madhyama athavA vRhad vAcanA kI apekSA adhika samIcIna dikhAI detA hai / madhyama tathA bRhad vAcanA ke prathama samaya meM pahale magalAcaraNa aura phira pRthvIrAja ke janma kA varNana hai aura dvitIya samaya me dazAvatAra-varNana hai, kintu laghuvAcanA meM maMgalAcaraNa tathA dazAvatAra-varNana prathama samaya meM hai aura pRthvIrAja kA janma dUsare me / honA bhI aisA hI cAhie, kyoki dazAvatAra-varNana magalAcaraNa kA rUpAntara hai aura magalAcaraNa sadA grantha ke prArambha meM hotA hai / laghuvAcanA ke nAyaka pRthvIrAja ke janma-vRttAnta ke pazcAt hI tIsare samaya meM nAyikA sayogitA ke janma kA vRttAnta pAtA hai, parantu madhyama tathA bRhadvAcanAo me ina dono vRttAnto ke bIca kaI samayo kA antara hai / vRhadvAcanA me kannauja-khaDa ke prArambha me pRthvIrAja kA sayogitA ke lie taDapanA aura sAla bhara taka eka-eka Rtu meM bhinna-bhinna rAniyo dvArA sayogitA kI prApti me vAdhAe~ upasthita karanA kavi ko SaDRtu-varNana kA avasara dete hai, kintu laghu tathA madhyama vAcanAno me yahI varNana pRthvIrAja ke sayogitA ko dillI le Ane para AtA hai| yaha krama adhika ucita pratIta hotA hai, kyoki yadi pRthvIrAja ko sayogitA se saccI lagana thI to vaha kadApi eka varSa taka use prApta kiye binA na ruktaa| (2) baDhatI anaitihAsikatA-laghuvAcanA kI apekSA madhyama me tathA madhyama kI apekSA vRhat me anaitihAsika ghaTanAmo kA Adhikya dRSTigocara hotA hai, jaise laghu vAcanA meM pRthvIrAja tathA zahAbuddIna ke tIna yuddho kA varNana hai, madhyama meM lagabhaga ATha kA aura vRhat meM vIsa kaa| vAstava meM inake bIca do hI yuddha hue the| isI prakAra bhIma dvArA somezvaravadha, pRthvIrAja dvArA bhImavadha, jayacanda kA mevADa-adhipati samarasI tathA gujarAta-nareza ke sAtha yuddha, agni kuDa se cauhAna-vaza kI utpatti Adi anaitihAsika ghaTanAo kA varNana madhyama athavA vRhad vAcanAo meM hI milatA hai, laghu meM nhii| yaha sambhava nahI ki candavaradAI ne svaya apanI racanA meM aisI anaitihAsika ghaTanAo kA samAveza kiyA ho; kyoMki vaha pRthvIrAja ke samakAlIna tathA sakhA the| yaha adhika sagata pratIta hotA hai ki canda ke paravartI bhATo ne itihAsa-krama kI ora dhyAna na dete hue pRthvIrAja ke yazogAna ke nimitta ina ghaTanAo kA samAveza pRthvIrAja rAso meM kara diyaa| (3) ghaTanAoM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi-ina vAcanAmo meM samAna ghaTanAmo kI saMkhyA meM uttarottara vRddhi hotI jAtI hai / jaise laghuvAcanA meM pRthvIrAja ke kevala do vivAho kA icchini tathA sayogitA ke sAtha-varNana hai, madhyama meM pAMca kA aura bRhata meM caudaha kaa| isI prakAra pRthvIrAja-zahAbuddIna-yuddho kI saMkhyA laghuvAcanA meM tIna, madhyama me lagabhaga ATha tathA bRhat meM vIsa ke lagabhaga hai| (4) varNana-vistAra-ina vAcanAmo meM varNana-vistAra bhI kramaza vRddhi para hai / aura laghuvAcanA kI apekSA madhyama aura madhyama kI apekSA vRhata me dazAvatAra-varNana kannauja se lauTate samaya kA yuddha-varNana tathA antima'yuddha-varNana kramaza adhika vistRta hai| (5) bhASA-yadi bhASA kI dRSTi se rAso kI viviva vAcanAmo kI jAMca kI jAye to bhI unako aisI hI paristhiti kA jJAna hotA hai| jaise laghu, madhyama tathA vRhad vAcanAo me bhASA ke arvAcIna rUpo kA prayoga kramaza adhika hotA jAtA hai| ThIka yahI vAta rAso meM videzI zabdo ke prayoga para bhI lAgU hotI hai| 'zrI agaracada nAhaTA kA uparyukta lekha, pR0 45 /

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134 prenI-abhinaMdana-praca () pacatalyA laghu vAcanA ke bhinna-bhinna namayo kI padya-galyA me paraspara bheda kama hai, kyoki inameM 31 16 tApaca hai| vRvAcanA neto yaha bheda atyadhika ho jAtA hai| isake samaya kI padasalyA kma-ne-kama 12 aura adhika-ne-adhika 2553 hai| nhAkAvya ke lakSaNa ke anusAra aisA nahIM honA caahie| prata sambhava nahIM ki candavaradAI ne svaya aisA kiyA ho / yaha unake paravartI bhATo kAhI prabhAva pradarzita karatA hai| uparokta vicAradhArA ke AdhAra para hama isa niphSa para pahuMcate haiM ki pRthvIrAjarAto kA mUlapa bahuta hI bodAthA, kintu kAlAntara meM prakSepa milane ke kAraNa isakA kalevara vaTatA gyaa| intIprakSepo ke AdhAra para omA jI jaise uccakoTi ke vidvAno ne rAno ko prAnANikatA meM nandeha prakTa kiyA hai| rAno ko upalabdha vAcanAoM meM se laghu vAcanA zeSa donoM kI apekSA adhika prAmANika tayA prAcIna hai| sAhaura] 'isa vAcanA meM kama-se-kama padya-salyA aryAt 31 caturya samaya meM hai aura adhikAdhika arthAt 166 prathama samaya meM hai| zeSa samayoM kA parimANa ina dono satyAno ke bIca hai| 'vRhad vAcanA meM laghutama samaya 65vA hai, jisameM kevala 12 padya hai tayA 61vA (phanavajja samaya) doyatama hai aura isameM 2553 padya hai| 'dekhie / nAtisvalpA nAtivIrghA sarnA aSTAdhikA iha // sAhityadarpaNa, pariccheda 6, zloka 320 /

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kAphala-pAkkU zrI candrakuMvara bAla [hindI ke isa ajJAta para prati zreSTha kavi ke nimnalikhita muktaka meM pahalI bAra zelI kI 'skAIlArka' kA ullAsa prApta huA hai| vAsudevazaraNa agravAla] hai mere pradeza ke bAsI! chA jAtI vasanta jAne se jaba sarvatra udAsI jharate jhara-jhara kusuma kabhI, dharatI banatI vidhavA-sI gandha-andha ali hokara mlAna gAte priya samAdhi para gAna ! taTa ke agharo se haTa jAtI java kRza ho saritAe~ / jaba nirmala ura meM na khelatI cacala jala-mAlAe~ ! ho jAte mIna nayana udAsa lahareM pukAratI pyAsa pyAsa ! galane lagatI sakaruNa-svara se jaba hima-bharI himAnI jaba zikharo ke prANa pighala kara vaha jAte bana pAnI ! vAnI rahate pASANakhaDa jina para tapatA dinakarapracaDa, sUkhe patroM kI zayyA para, rotI ati vikala banAnI ! chAyA kahIM khojatI phiratI bana-bana meM vana-rAnI ! jisake Upara kumhalA kisalaya girate sukha-se ho karake kSaya usI samaya maru ke antara meM sarasvatI-dhArA-sI le kara tuma Ate ho he khaga, he nandana-bana-bAsI ! plAvita ho jAte ubhaya kUla / dharatI uThatI sukha-sahita phUla ! pI isa madhura kaMTha kA amRta khila uThatI bana-rAnI latA-latA meM hone lagatI gujita gaI javAnI | . tuma zaraccandra se madhura-kiraNa ! Aloka rUpa, tuma amRta-kaNa , kisalaya kI jhuramuTa meM chipa kara sudhA-dhAra karate varSaNa ! sunatI vasudhA gvAla-bAlikA-sI ho kara ke prema-magana ! 'kAphala-pAkkU eka pahADI pakSI kA nAma hai jo grISma Rtu meM parvatapradezoM meM prAtA hai| usakI bolI 'kAphalapAkkU, kAphala pAkkU hone ke kAraNa usakA yaha nAma paDA hai| kAphala eka pahADI jagalI phala kA nAma hai| bolI se samajhA jAtA hai ki yaha pakSI kAphala ke pakane kI sUcanA de rahA hai|

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 24 36 rakha mRdula hathelI para dhAnana sukha se mUMdeM ve malina nayana zailo se utarI prAtI nIrada nivAsinI pariyAM bajatI madhura svaroM se jinake caraNo kI majariyA~ ! grAmo se pAtI, mugdhAe~ kokila-kaThI priya latikAe~ kSaNa bhara meM tuma kara dete isa pRthivI ko nandana ! jahA~ apsarAeM karatI haiM chAyA meM saMcAraNa ! - phAno meM vajate hai kakaNa AMkhoM meM karatA rUpa ramaNa ! phUle rahate hai madA phUla bhaure karate nizi-dina gujana ! (2) mere hima-pradeza ke vAsI, janma-bhUmi taja, dUra deza meM rahane lagA pravAsI mAvana AyA, dukha se mere, umaDI atula udAsI varasI jhara-jhara jhara azrudhAra ! zailoM para chAyA andhakAra ! lakha uttara kI dizA jala-bhare megha manohara uDate pala-pala meM capalA camakAte, zaila-zaila para rukate pIche ko lakhate bAra-bAra / barasAte. raha-raha vindu-dhAra / mai ghAyala para-hIna vihaga-sA kisI vijana meM mana mAre kisI taraha rahatA thA ro-ro phara nija jIvana dhAre ura meM uThatI bAteM aneka mai kaha pAtA thA para na eka eka a~dherI rAta, barasate the jaba megha garajate jAga uThA thA mai zayyA para dukha se rote-rote,karatA nija jananI kA cintana nija mAtRbhUmi kA prema-smaraNa usI samaya tama ke bhItara se, mere ghara ke bhItara Akara lagA gUMjane dhIre eka madhura paricita svara, 'kAphala pAkkU', 'kAphala pAkkU svapna na thA vaha, kyoMki kholakara vAtAyana mai bAharadekha rahAthA, bAra-vAra sunatA vaha hI paricita svara / ura meM uThatA thA harSa-jvAra nayanoM meM thI Ananda-dhAra 43 8

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LATION PALSEAN MalNAME . RWAIMARATSWALLinute continentmanKE... : LivingIOM - pozita-bhRttikA, [ kalAkAra-zrI sudhIra khAstagIra ]

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137 kAphala pAkkU mai to vivaza yahA~ pAyA hU~, para yaha kaise pAyA } kyA mujhako merI nananI kA hai saMdeza kucha lAyA ? mujhame kahna ko bhAna rAta pAyA jo yaha pAzA-prabhAta ayavA kyA ve zala baha gaye, jinameM yaha thA rahatA ukhar3a gaye ve pATapa pyAre jinameM yaha thA gAtA? kyA uma vana meM laga gaI prAga , jo yaha pAyA nina vipina tyAga ? hima parvata kA kyA sava tupAra vana gayA malila kI tarala ghAra ? raha gaye zeSa naMge pahAr3a hima-hIna dIna mUkhe canADa no yaha pAyA hima-zela tyAga ? he mere pradeza ke vAsI! eka bAra phira kaTha milAkara gAne kA hU~ abhilaapii| ava kadamba kI ghana yAyA meM vyAkula-kaMTha prvaasii| hone para bhI jIvana samAna kyoM rahate ho tuma dUra prANa ? kitanI bAra tumheM jIvana meM mane pAsa bulAyA kintu na nAne tuma ko bhI kyoM pAnA kabhI na bhAyA! tuma madA jAnane ho kumArakitanA karatA mai tumheM pyAra ! kala hI nava bhAI aAMdhI tuma taru para se Darakara boletumheM mArga dene ko mane nija gavAkSa-paTa khole| bhIge pasoM meM rakha pAnana kyoM durA diye tumane locana ? merAkumhalAyA zrAnana lakha, lakhakara mere sAzru nayanahaMsakara grAha! kara gaye tuma kyoM viSama vivazavandI jIvana ? jIvana meM maine prathama vAra jIvana bhara ko thA kiyA pyAra bhUla gayA mai jananI ke dhIre-dhIre priya-cuMbana ! ina laharoM ke sAtha vaha gayA vaha merA mRdu-jIvana ! tumame sundara thA vAlya-kAlayaha bhI hotA he vihaga-bAlaeka vipina meM rahakara bhI tuma dUra rahe haiM pyAre / aba yaha hRdaya-kusuma phUlegA phisa sparza sahAre? 18

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138 premI-abhinadana-graMtha phailA Upara se vahI gaganasaMva ko vaha eka pavana chUtA phira kyo mujhe zrAha / zrakulAhaTa, kyo mujhako hI pIDA ? kyo mujhako unmana pAgalapana ? tumako itanI vrIDA ? meM jitanA zrAtA pAsa-pAsa tuma uDa jAte he zvAsa- zrAsa ? kahA~ kho diyA tumane apanA sarala hRdaya he sundara ? kisa mAnava ne tumheM dikhAyA hai sone kA piMjara ? tuma dina bhara tara ke kAno meM apanI viraha vyathA kahate mujhe dekhate hI sahasA kyo ruka kara cupa ho jAte ? merI mAnavatA mujhe zApa merI mAnavatA mujhe pApa tumheM kabhI vizvAsa na hogA aisI mAnavatA para ? maiM na tumheM kyA kabhI dekha pAU~gA nija hAtho para ? gAyeMge hama kyA phira na kabhI kaTho meM kaTha milAkara kAphala kI chAyA ke nIce meM, tuma U~ce taru para eka sAtha kahane ho --" kAphala pAkkU, kAphala pAkkU" maine pAyA hai avizvAsa, bhaya, ghRNA aura dAruNopahAsa ! zrava kaise mAnava meM tumako, he priya, pAsa bulAU~gujana svara meM hRdaya cIrakara kaise zrAja batAU~ ? hotA bhU para meM bharA phUla taja kara DAlI ke tIkSNa zUla tava to tuma A~sU bhara merI sukha samAdhi para gAtetava to dala usa romila-ura kA mRdu sparza to pAte ? para meM unmana rAvaNa dAnava ! merI tRSNA vana jAtI yadi vana meM komala pallavita DAlausa zayyA meM rahakara nizi bhara gAte taba to tuma vihaga-vAla 2 ho pAte mere A~sU yadi - megho ke ye bharate locanadhote taba to he mere priya mere A~sU terA zrAnana ? kyo rotA meM yo bAra-vArakyo hotA meM pratipala adhIra / kyo vahatA aba taka azru-nIra ! bhagavan maiM hoU~ khaga-kumAra ! 2 } 100 104 113 121 134

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vikrama aura betAla-kathA meM tathyAnveSaNa zrI sUryanArAyaNa vyAsa vikrama savat kI dvi-sahasrAbdI ke utsAha ne zikSita samudAya me eka sAskRtika cetanA hI jAgrata kara dI hai| sAhitya ke vibhinna ago para isa avasara para jitanA vikrama ke viSaya meM likhA gayA hai, utanA zAyada hI kisI samaya likhA gayA ho| yadi yaha sava sAhitya eka jagaha ekatrita kiyA jAve to nissandeha pAMca hajAra se adhika pRSTho kI sAmagrI ho jAvegI aura usase vikramAditya-sambandhI jijJAsA ke samAdhAna meM paryApta sahAyatA milegii| vikramAdityaviSayaka vividha kalpanAe~ hajAro mIla dUra basane vAle videzI vimarzako ne to java-tava kI bhI hai, para hamAre deza kA mukhyata mahArASTra prAnta tathA kucha azo meM gujarAta aura vagAlahI ina zAstrIya carcAmo meM rasa lete rahe hai aura videziyo kI dhAraNAmo ko bhrAnta siddha karate rahe hai| DA0 jAyasavAla yA majUmadAra prabhRti mahAnubhAva bhI isa dizA meM sajaga rahe hai / mahArASTrIya aura vagIya vidvAno kI isa vivecanAtmaka pravRtti kA paricaya vidvadvara sva0 mahAvIraprasAda jI dvivedI hindI-bhASI-sasAra ko prAya dete rahate the, parantu itara prAntIya paDito ne isa dizA meM kama hI abhiruci prakaTa kI hai| mahArASTra kI jAgarUkatA Aja bhI yathApUrva hai| vikrama, kAlidAsa jaisI vizva-vandya vibhUtiyo ke vipaya meM unakI adhyayana-zIlatA ni sandeha abhinandanIya hai| gujarAta aura vagAla ke lalita-sAhitya kI ArAdhanA meM tatpara rahate hue bhI vahA~ vikrama aura kAlidAsa ke prati vaDA anurAga hai / ravIndranAtha kI vizva-vanditA vANI ne sahasro gItokI sRSTime ujjayinI, vikrama, kAlidAsa, zakatalA, urvazI, kAdambarI, vAsavadattA ko bhulAyA nahIM, balki unakA itanAsarasa varNana kiyA hai ki pAThako kA mana usa madhurimA meM masta hue binA nahI rhtaa| rAjanIti aura yoga kI satat sAdhanA me aravinda ne bhI apanI pratibhA kA prasAda ukta viSaya para pradAna kiyA hai, parantu vikrama kI dvi-sahasrAbdI ke avasara para Aja to ajasra vArA hI pravAhita ho rahI hai| vigata do varSoM ke andara jo sAhitya-sRjana huA hai, usameM adhyayana aura maulikatA ke mAna se yadyapi viSaya-vastu kI adhikatA nahI hai, tathApi adhikAza videzI vimarzako ke vibhinna mato kA sakalana aura apane zabdo me prakaTIkaraNa usameM avazya hai| yaha vicArako ke lie vibhinna dRSTikoNo kA samanvaya-sAdhaka sAhitya hai aura yaha hamAre lie mArga prazasta kara dene aura vicArako ko preraNA dene kA kArya sulabha kara sakatA hai| vikramAditya-viSayaka sahasraza dantakathAe~ aura lokoktiyA~ vibhinna prAnto meM vividha bhASAmo meM yatra-tatra phailI huI hai| unakA samIkaraNa kiyA jAya to vaha bhI avazya aneka tathyo ko prakAza me lA sakatI hai| prAkRta, saskRta, jaina, pAlI tathA kathA-antho meM bhI aneka vicitra aura vismayakArI gAthAo, kA saMgraha hai| ye sabhI kevala nirAdhAra racanAe~ hai, aisA to nahI kahA jA sktaa| kathA-gAthAno me tathyAnveSaNa kI pravRtti se hamane kAma hI kaba liyA hai ? ina kathA-kiMvadantiyo ne na jAne kitanI purAtana paramparAmo aura sAskRtika sUtro kA poSaNa kiyA hai| vikramAditya kI zataza rocaka kathAo kA sAhitya jaina zvetAmbarIya grantho meM atyadhika bharA paDA hai / usakA sAmpradAyika AvaraNa haTAkara vastu-vimarzaka dRSTi se anveSaNa kiyA jAya to aneka abhinava tathyo kA svarUpa pratyakSa ho sakatA hai / saskRta-sAhitya kI kathA-kRtiyo meM abhI taka hamane rocakatA kI dRSTi hI rakkhI hai, anveSaNa kI pravRtti ko preraNA nahI dii| 'sihAsana dvAviMzati' kA hindI rUpAntara hI nahI, sabhI vizvabhASAmo meM anuvAda hokara jagat ke sAmane A cukA hai / yaha "siMhAsana-battIsI' apanI AkarSaka kathA ke kAraNa hI jana-mana meM praviSTa huI hai, parantu battIsa putaliyo vAle siMhAsana para AsIna hone vAle 'vikrama' kI isa kathA meM loka-rajana ke atirikta usakI lokapriyatA kA aura bhI kucha kAraNa ho sakatA hai, yaha socane kA hamane prayala nahI kiyaa|

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140 - premI-abhinaMdana-preya vatAla-patravimati' kI bhI yahI sthiti hai| yahAM hama isI para vicAra kareMge ki ina atirocaka kathA-panya ke mUla meM kyA hai| 'vaitAta-pava-vimati' naskRta-sAhitya kA prasiddha kyA-pratya hai| isakA deza-videza kI aneka bhApAmomeM anuvAda ho gayA hai, jo isakI rokatA kA pranAga hai| yadyapi kathA-kalpanAe~ apane nirmANa ke pUrva yA samakAlIna namAja-sthiti aura sarvapriya pratranita viSapo aura vAtAvaraNoM para hI nirmita hotI hai tathApi kayA-gAyA-granyo kA mUcAkna aitihAnika AdhAra para avalambita nahIM nyiA jaataa| ukta pacaviMgati ko bhI inI paramparA ke kAraNa 'kayA' kA nahata hI milanA za rahA hai| inase adhika ujata pulaka kI kayAso ko itihAsa kI kanoTI para kamA gayA yA nahIM inakA hameM patA nhiiN| 'vaitAla pacaviMzati kA uttara prAnto meM kitanA adhika pracAra hai, yaha bhI hameM ThIka nAlUna nahIM, para mAlava-dena meM to ne atyadhika lora-priyatA prApta hai| naskRta ke bAda jana-mApA me vaha vaitAtapacconI ke rUpa meM sarvAnya eva sarvapriya sthAna para adhiplihai| vaitAla ko ina dilacaspa kayA-mAlikA kI nigepatA yaha hai ki hara eka kayA ke pUrehote na hone detAla apane sthAna para vApisa lauTAtA hai aura Nana athavA zrotA ke mana meM eka atRpta lAlanA banI rahatI hai| vetAta kI kayA meM vikramAditya kAhI mahattva hai| isa kayA kI prArambhika paramparA kaba se aura kina kAraNo se huI, yaha batalAnA kaThina hai| 5. itanA spaSTa hai ki yaha abhinava to kadApi nahIM hai| matAndiyo pUrva se isakA paryApta pracAra rahA hai| gyArahavI zatAbdI meM isa kathA kA srota thoDe phera-phAra nAya kayArilAgara meM prApta hotA hai, knui kayA saritsAgara meM isakA avataraNa to paizAcI bhASA kI vRhatkathA sehI huAhai, jo ki prathama gatI kI racanA thii| nI kA nanepa kyArilAgara hai| makara kavi ke pazcAt caudahavI matI meM jana-ti ke sUtrabaddha-partA jaina vidvAna mestuga mUri ne apanI pravanva-cintAmaNi' meM bhI isa Agika rUpa meM sthAna diyA hai| isa prakAra kaI bhatiyo kI paramparA ko lekara yaha apane tathya-rUpa meM vyApaka loka-priyatA liye hue adhAvavi nirajIvI hai| tAla-padizati meM vina ke rAjyArohaNa kI kayA rocaka rUpa se varNita huI hai| ujjaina ke rAjanihAsana para dIrSa kAla paryanta koI bhI eka rAjA sthAyI rUpa se nahI baiTha pAtA thaa| prAya rAta ko koI bhakti grAka se apanA nakSya banA letI thii| phlata pratidina eka-eka vyakti cuna kara lAyA jAtA aura vaha ayogya niza hokara una manti kA bhavya vana pAyA karatA thaa| nArapura-prAnta meM aisA nAtta aura Ataka thA ki koI rAjA banane ko taiyAra hI nahIM hotA thaa| isI silasile meM eka dina 'vikrama nAnaka eka nirdhana vyakti kI vArI aaii| vaha siMhAsana para pAkara baiga aura usane apane bauddhika cAturya aura mAha se kAma liyaa| usane vicAra kiyA ki jo ajJAta zakti mAsaka kI bali letI hai, use anya prakAra se santuSTa kara liyA jAya aura satarka rahakara unakA mukAbalA diyA jaay| yaha soca vividha rata ke pakavAno kI yojanA karake vikrama saGgahasta ho ekAnta meM dhuta kar3A ho gyaa| madhya-nizA ke niviDAnvakAra meM sahatA dvAra se ghUma-paTalo aura lapaTo ke praveza ke bAda panta kI bhAMti eka bhayAnaka puraSa ne kakSa meM padArpaNa kiyaa| Ate hI khuvAtura ho usane pakavAno para hAtha DAlA aura tRpti kii| Apa kI isa abhinava yojanA aura vaTiyA svAda se use vaDA nantoSa huaa| vimrAnti ke bAda vetAla ne una caturamAnaka ko prakaTa ho jAne ke lie Amantrita kiyaa| abhaya vacana lekara vikrama pratyakSa upasthita ho gyaa| tAla ne apanA paricaya 'agni-betAta ke rUpa meM dekara Atithya ke upalakSya meM vikrama ko ujjaina kA sthAyI nareza ghoSita kara diyA aura apane dainika Atithya kI ucita vyavasthA kA vacana le liyaa| taba se vetAla vikrama kA sahAyaka ho gyaa| yaha kayA bahuta sundaratA se pratipAdita huI hai| sakSepa meM kayA kA Azaya yahI hai aura vibhinna kayAmao meM vizmako parIkSA ko gaI hai, jinameM vaha zreSTha siddha hotA gayA hai| kucha bhI ho, mAlava me isa kayA meM satya kI vizvasta vAraNA hai aura usake kucha kAraNa bhI haiN| eka bAta ina kayA ve saSTa ho jAtI hai ki vikramAditya ko vetAla jaisI mahA zakti kA sahayoga prApta thA

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vikrama aura betAla-kathA meM tathyAnveSaNa 141 aura usa vetAla kI dRSTi meM, jisane aneka zAsako kA astitva nAmazeSa kara diyA thA aura eka dina se adhika unheM zAsaka nahI rahane diyA thA, vikrama tula gayA thA aura Age ke lie vaha sthAyI zAsaka vanA diyA gayA / vetAla kA sahayoga bhI vikrama ko prApta rhaa| isa kathA meM se 'rUpaka' kA AvaraNa haTA diyA jAya to bhI itanA spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vikrama ke nikaTa vetAla kI advitIya zakti thI / usI ke kAraNa koI siMhAsana para sthAyI rUpa se nahI baiTha sakatA thA aura yadi vikrama baiThA to usI kI kRpA se / isase yaha vidita hotA hai ki betAla avazya hI ujjaina ke zAsana kA vaDA hI ugra aura tejasvI netA rahA hogA / yahA~ yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki kevala zAsana taka hI vetAla kA Ataka thA / isase anumAna hotA hai ki vaha zuddha rAjanaitika netA thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki usakI kathAo meM kahI bhI prajA upadrava kI carcA nahI hai / isa savase hamArI mAnyatA yahI hotI hai ki vetAla zrAga kI taraha tejasvI thA / koI Azcarya nahI ki vaha mAnava- gaNo me se hI koI pramukha ho / use vyaktiza zAsaka banane kA zauka nahI thA, kintu vaha rAjAo kA nirmAtA (King-maker) aura unakA sacAlaka bananA cAhatA thA / zrI vijaya bhaTTa jaise vidvAn ne apane vikramAditya citra-paTa meM vetAla ko tejasvI zrIra mahAn deza-bhakta pravAna amAtya vanAkara usake dvArA jo kArya sampAdita ujjaina ke vetAla-maMdira kA eka dRzya karavAyA hai, vaha ucita hI pratIta hotA hai aura usase betAla kI vAstavika sthiti kI pratiSThA hotI hai / vetAla ko bhUta-preta Adi kI zreNI meM viThalA dene kA kArya sambhavata zaka-kAla meM zaka athavA anya zAsana ke kisI zrAzrita ne rUpaka dekara kiyA hogA / yaha to jagadvizruta hai ki savat pravartaka vikrama kA zAsana ujjaina para rahA hai / phira cAhe vaha koI bhI vikrama ho, usakA sahAyaka vetAla bhI thaa| kSemakara ne 'kathA - saritsAgara' me. vetAla kA nAma 'agnizikha' batalAyA hai aura merutuga sUri ne use 'agnivarNa', kahA hai| dono se eka hI bAta prakaTa hotI hai, arthAt vetAla 'agni' kI taraha ugra tejasvI vyakti thA / mAlavI bhASA meM isI ko 'AgiyA (agnitulya) vetAla' kahakara sambodhita kiyA hai / itanA hI nahI,

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142 premI-abhinadana-pratha ujjaina meM agni vetAla kA mandira bhI banA huA hai| samasta nagaravAsI usa mandira ko isI nAma se pukArate hai| vetAla kI kathA ke anurUpa usake bhakSya kI zarta kI pUrti vikrama kI taraha Aja bhI na jAne kaba se prati varSa navarAtri meM rAjya kI ora se bali-pradAna ke rUpa meM kI jAtI hai| isa vali prathA aura mandira ko pratyakSa dekhate hue yaha jJAta hotA hai ki ukta 'vetAla-kathA' kI pRSTha-bhUmi meM koI tathya-ghaTanA avazya hai, jisakI smRti-svarUpa vetAla kA yaha mandira paurANika astitva kI sAkSI detA huA Aja bhI isa nagarI meM khaDA hai| yadi vetAla kI ukta kathA kevala galpa hI hai to isa mandira aura vali-prathA kI paramparA aura avantI-purANa, skanda-purANa kI kathA kI sagati kA kyA artha hai ? purANo ko navI zatI kI racanAe~ hI svIkRta kI jAye to bhI yaha to svIkAra karanA hI paDegA ki usa samaya vikrama aura vetAla kI kathA ko itanI adhika lokapriyatA prApta thI ki ve mandira aura pUjanIya sthAna kI pratiSThA ko prApta kara ske| ukta khyAti ke vazIbhUta hokara hI vetAla kI isa samAdhi kA paurANika varNana sambhava huA hogaa| eka bAta aura / vikrama kI navaratla-mAlikA meM eka vetAla bhaTTa kA varNana pAyA hai| yaha 'bhaTTa' brAhmaNa honA caahie| Azcarya nahIM ki vahI vetAla, jo apratima sAmarthya rakhatA thA, Age vikrama kA sahAyaka ho jAne ke kAraNa usakI rAja-sacAlikA-sabhA kA eka viziSTa ratna bana gayA ho| gyArahavI sadI me jise kSemakara aura caudahavI meM jise mestuga ne 'agnizikha' aura 'agnivarNa' vatalAyA hai, sabhava hai, yaha vahI vetAla-bhaTTa ho| itihAsAnvepaNa-zIla vidvAnoM kA dhyAna isa kathA aura ujjaina ke vetAla mandira ke astitva kI pora tathyAnveSaka dRSTi se AkarSita honA Avazyaka hai| yaha avantI kA vetAla-smAraka hamArA dhyAna sahasA AkRpTa kiye vinA nahI rhtaa| merutuga-vaNita-pravandha meM vikrama ke eka mitra kA nAma bhaTTa mAtra batalAyA gayA hai| sambhava hai, bhaTTa mAtra kA nAma vetAla bhaTTa hI ho aura zAkta-paramparA ke mAnane vAlo me se hone ke kAraNa bali prathA kI paramparA Ajataka usake sAtha juDI huI ho| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki vikrama ne usakI deza-prema kI una bhAvanA ke vazIbhUta ho hiMsaka pravRtti kI sahaja mAnyatA de dI ho| yahI cIz2a usa brAhmaNa-varcasva kAla meM zAyada vetAla ko bhUta-preta kI zreNI meM rakhane kA kAraNa vana gaI ho| kucha bhI ho, vetAla yA vetAla bhaTTa athavA agnizikha yA agnivarNa kevala rocaka kathA kA nAyaka hI nahI, kalpita pAtra hI nahIM, avazya hI vikrama ke sAtha yojita hone vAlI koI apUrva ojasvI rAjanaitika zakti thI, jo apane smRti-sthala kA ujjaina meM Aja bhI astitva dhAraNa kiye itihAsAnvepaNazIlo ko apanI ora Amantrita kara rahI hai| ujjaina]

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sAdha haiM gAna mere! zrI sudhIndra em0 e0 vividha gIto meM nirantara gA rahA mai prAtma-paricaya , bhara unhIM meM svagata sukha-dukha,praNaya-pariNaya, jaya-parAjaya / ghola dete vizvajana hai gAna meM apanI vyathAe~ , gUMtha dete hai unhIM meM sukha-dukhoM kI nija kathAe~ , gIta banate vizvajana ke ye sarala pAkhyAna mere| lakSya kucha gopana liye saba cala rahe apane patho se , eka hI patha dIkhatA mujhako sabhI ke una ratho se , rUpa savakI putaliyo meM maiM svaya kA hI nirakhatA, aura agharo para sabhI ke prema kA pIyUSa cakhatA , bana gaye hai gAna hI ye Aja anusandhAna mere ! zvAsa jo do vAhu se phaile ki leM nija preya ko bhara, bAMdhane Aye mujhe ve Aja zata-zata pAza banakara , eka tumako bAMdhane ko jo race ye rUpa agaNita, raha gayA unameM svayaM meM Aja pATho yAma parimita , basa gaye ina bandhano meM Aja mukti-vidhAna mere / dekhane tumako yahAM maine maraNa ke dvAra khole / "DUva lo mujha meM prathama" yo pralaya-pArAvAra vole / maraNa jIvana-nATaya ke hai paTa jinheM ki uThA rahe tuma amara abhinetA bane mujha meM 'sva'rupa racA rahe tuma | pA gaye tumako mujhI meM Aja praNayI prANa mere ! sAdhanA hai gAna mere ! vanasthalI ]

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samAlocanA aura hindI meM usakA vikAsa zrI vinayamohana zarmA ema0 e0 sAhitya ke yathArthaM darzana kA nAma samAlocanA hai / vaha svaya 'sAhitya' hai, jo zrAlocaka kI vRddhi, saMskRti hRdaya-vRtti se nirmita hotA hai / buddhi meM Alocaka kI adhyayana sImA, saskRti meM usakA viSayagrAhI dRSTikoNa aura hRdaya - vRtti meM viSaya ke sAtha samarasa hone kI lalaka jhalakatI hai| sAhitya kI vartamAna sarvAgINa avasthA ke sAtha mUta-kAlIna saskRti-saskAra kI zrRMkhalA juDI rahatI hai / ata sAhitya ko samajhane ke lie samAja, dharma, rAjanIti aura sAhitya kI tatkAlIna avasthA tathA 'rUDhiyo' se paricita honA Avazyaka hai / yadyapi mAnava-bhAvanAo -vikAro yuga kA hastakSepa nahI hotA, parantu vicAro aura paramparAno meM parivartana kA krama sadA jArI rahatA hai / ina parivartanatattvo ke adhyayana aura vizleSaNa ke prabhAva meM yaha nirNaya denA kaThina hotA hai ki Alocya sAhitya anugAmI hai, athavA purogAmI / anugAmI se merA Azaya usa sAhitya se haiM, jo samaya ke sAtha hai aura bhUta-kAlIna sAhitya kA RNI hai / 'purogAmI' se bhAvI yuga kA saketa karane vAle sajaga preraNAmaya sAhitya kA artha samajhanA cAhie / isa prakAra kA sAhitya anukaraNa karatA nahI, karAtA hai / sAhitya-samAlocanA ke do bhAga hote haiM, eka 'zAstra' aura dUsarA 'parIkSaNa' / 'zAstra' zrAlocanA ke siddhAnto kA nirdhAraNa aura parIkSaNa meM 'sAhitya' kA una siddhAnto ke anusAra yA anya kisI prakAra se mUlyAkana hotA hai / samaya-samaya para mUlyAkana ke mApa-daDa me parivartana hotA rahatA hai / 'zAstra' meM sAhitya ke vibhinna gokAvya, nATaka, upanyAsa, kahAnI, nivandha Adi ke racanAtantra - niyamo kA varNana rahatA hai| ye niyama pratibhAzAlI mahAn sAhityakAro kI kRtiyo ke sUkSma parizIlana ke pazcAt unakI abhivyajanAo Adi kI adhika samAnatA para AdhArita aura nirdhArita hote hai / 'parIkSaNa' meM sAhitya kI parakha hotI hai, jo sAhitya-zAstra ke niyamo ko mApadaDa mAnakara kI jAtI hai aura isa mApadaDha kI kucha yA sarvathA upekSA karake bhI kI jAtI hai / zAstrIya mApada ko kitane aza meM grahaNa kiyA jAya aura kitane aza meM nahI, isa prazna ko lekara yUropa meM sAhityAlocanA kI aneka praNAliyoM kA janma huA aura hotA jA rahA hai| hindI sAhitya kI Adhunika parIkSaNa praNAliyoM para pAzcAtya praNAliyo kA prabhAva - prAdhAnya hone se yahA~ unakI carcA aprAsaMgika na hogI / yUropa meM arastU (Aristotle), horesa (Horace) aura bAilU (Boileau) sAhitya - zAstra ke AcArya mAne jAte hai / "inhone sAhitya kI vyAkhyA kI aura mahAkAvya, TrejeDI aura dukhAnta nATako ke niyama banAye / " varSoM taka sAhitya jagat meM inake niyamo ne sAhitya sarjana aura usakI samIkSA meM patha pradarzaka kA kAma kiyA, para unameM gItikAvya aura romAcakArI racanAo (Romantic works) ke niyamo kA prabhAva thA / ata samaya kI pragati meM ve zAstra sAhitya ke kalAtmaka pakSa kA nirdeza karane meM asamartha ho gaye / nATakakAro - zeksapiyara Adi ne - zAstriyo ko ghatA vatAnA prArambha kara diyA / isake pariNAmasvarUpa kucha rUDhivAdI Alocako ne zeksapiyara kI zAstra- niyama-bhagatA kI upekSA to nahI kI, para yaha kahakara kSamA zravazya kara diyA ki "vaha jhakkI ---- zravyavasthita pratibhAvAn hai / " rinesA ke yuga ne solahavI zatAbdI meM anya rUr3hiyo ke sAtha samAlocanA ke zAstrIya bandhano ko bhI zithila kara ddaalaa| usake sthAna para vyaktigata ruci ko thoDA prazraya diyA gayA / parantu aThArahavI zatAbdI meM igalaiMDa me 'klAsikala-yuga' ne puna arastU zrora horesa ko jIvita kara diyaa| DrAiDana, eDIsana, jaoNnasana Adi ne unake zAstrIya niyamo kI kasauTI para sAhitya ko kasanA prArambha kara diyaa| baoNsavela ne jaba eka bAra DA0 jAnasana se eka padya para apanI rAya dete hue kahA, "merI samajha me yaha bahuta sundara hai / " taba DAkTara ne jhallA kara uttara diyA,

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samAlocanA aura hindI meM usakA vikAsa 145 "mahAgaya, Apake mamajhane mAtra se yaha padya mundara nahIM vana jaaygaa|" uma mamaya vyaktigata ruci kA sAhityAlocana meM koI mUlya hI nahI mAnA jAtA thaa| unnIsavI zatAbdI ke asta hote-hote sAhitya meM romATika yuga ne A~kheM kholI, jisakA netRtva jarmanI me lesiMga, igalaiMDa meM varDsavartha aura phrAsa me meTa viu (Beuve) ne grahaNa kiyaa| isa yuga ma 'vyaktigata ruci' aura 'itihAsa' ko sAhitya-parIkSaNa kA prAvAra mAnA gyaa| igalaiMDa meM sarva-prathama kaoNlahila ne rASTra ke itihAsa aura sAhitya me sambandha dekhane kI ceSTA kii| jarmana dArzanika phize (Fichte) aura hIgala ne isa siddhAnta ko vaDA mahattva diyaa| "sAhitya se hama itihAsa kA jJAna prApta kara sakate hai aura itihAsa se sAhitya pravAha kI lahareM gina sakate hai| yadyapi arastU-horema ke bandhana se mukti mila gaI, para 'vyaktigata ruciyo' ne sAhityAlocana me itanI vibhinnatA aura avyavasthA upasthita kara dI ki eka Agla Alocaka ke gabdo me "unnIsavI zatAbdI kI AlocanA meM kisI tAratamya ko khojanA kaThina hai|" azAstrIya parIkSaNa ke vibhinna rUpo meM (1) prabhAvavAdI AlocanA (Impressionist criticism), (2) saundaryavAdI (Aesthetical) (3) prazasAvAdI (Appreciative) aura (4) mArksavAdI (Marxian) __AlocanAe yUrupa ke Adhunika mAhitya-jagat ko abhibhUta karatI rahI hai| __'prabhAvavAdI AlocanA' me Alocaka anAtole phrAsa ke zabdo me, "sAhitya ke bIca vicaraNa karane vAlI apanI AtmA ke anubhavo kA varNana karatA hai|" isa prakAra kI AlocanA "mai"-paraka hotI hai| usameM Alocaka kA vyakti pradhAna hokara bolane lagatA hai| 'History of the People of Israel' kI AlocanA me Alocaka anAtole phrAma kI Atma-vyajanA kA hI sundara rUpa milatA hai| 'prabhAvavAdI AlocanA' meM jahA~ Alocaka apane ko vyakta kara Atmavibhora ho jAtA hai, vahA~ saundaryavAdI AlocanA' meM vaha sAhitya meM kevala 'sundaram' hI dekhatA hai| yaha saundarya zailI kA ho sakatA hai aura kalpanA kA bhii| 'prazasAvAdI AlocanA' me zAstrIya,prabhAvavAdI aura saundaryavAdI ina tIno prakAra kI praNAliyo kA mamAveza hotA hai / isa prakAra kI AlocanA meM na mAhitya kI vyAkhyA hotI hai aura na kinhI niyamo kA mApa-tola / usame hara srota me 'pAnanda-rama' ko sacita kiyA jAtA hai| apane isa Ananda ko apanI hI kalpanA ke sahAre Alocaka citrita karatA hai|* __isa prakAra kI AlocanA kI ekAgitA spaSTa hai| ina dino pAzcAtya dezo meM AlocanA kA eka prakAra aura pracalita hai, jo 'mAkrsavAdI AlocanA' ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isameM pAlocaka kRti meM dekhatA hai ki 'kyA isameM zopaka aura gopita' vargoM kA magharpa hai ? kyA zoSita varga ke prati lekhaka kI sahAnubhUti hai aura kyA usakI zopaka varga para vijaya dikhAI gaI hai ? yadi inakA uttara "hA~" hai to vaha sAhitya kI 'zreSTha kRti' hai / yadi "nahIM" to usakA mUlya 'zUnya' hai| yaha bAlocanA jIvana aura mAhitya ko eka mAnakara calatI hai| molTana ne Adhunika AlocanA ke cAra prakAra prastuta kiye hai (1) vyAkhyAtmaka (Inductive criticism) (2) nirNayAtmaka (Judicial method) (3) dArzanika paddhati, jisameM sAhitya kI dArzanikatA para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai aura (4) svacchanda pAlocanA (Free or subjective criticism), * The criticism is primarily not to explain and not to judge or dogmatize, but to enjoy, to realise the manifold charm the work of art has gathered into itself from all sources, and to interpret this charm imaginatively to the men of his own day and generation" (Studies and Appreciation ) 16

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premI - abhinadana- pratha molTana ne vyAkhyAtmaka AlocanA ko zeSa tIna prakAra kI AlocanAo kA AdhAra mAnA hai / vicesTara ne apanI 'Some Principles of Literary criticism' meM AlocanAo ke vibhinna bhedo kI mImAsA na kara AlocanA ke lie tIna bAteM Avazyaka batalAI hai / Apake mata se Alocaka ko (1) sAhitya kI aitihAsika pRSTha bhUmi se avagata ho jAnA cAhie, kyoki koI sAhitya apane samaya se sarvathA aprabhAvita nahI raha sakatA / (2) sAhityakAra ke vyaktigata jIvana se bhijJa ho jAnA cAhie / isase sAhitya ko samajhanA AsAna ho jAtA hai / para isI tattva kI ora vizeSa dhyAna dene se AlocanA kA tola vigaDa sakatA hai aura (3) kRti kI sAhityika vizeSatAo kI udbhAvanA kI jAnI cAhie / vicesTara ne antima tattva para hI vizeSa jora diyA hai / sAhityika vizeSatAo ke antargata kalpanA, bhAvanA, bhASA Adi kA vicAra AtA hai| isa paddhati ko sAhitya kI 'vaijJAnika parIkSA' kahA jA sakatA hai, jisameM zAstrIya niyamo ke na rahate hue bhI kRti kI parakha 'niyama-rahita' nahI hai / nIce vRkSa dvArA pAzcAtya AlocanA kI dhArAo kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai - samAlocanA 146 zAstra zAstrIya parIkSaNa 1 azAstrIya prabhAvavAdI saundaryavAdI prazasAvAdI vijJAnavAdI mArksavAdI hindI me AlocanA ke parIkSaNa --praga ke darzana hone ke pUrva zAstra-grantho kA nirmANa saMskRta zAstra-pranyo ke AdhAra para prArambha ho gayA thaa| saMskRta meM AlocanA zAstra ke pA~ca skUla the 1 - rasa sampradAya ( skUla ) - yaha sampradAya bahuta purAnA hai / bharata ke nATya zAstra meM isakI carcA hai| hamAre yahA~ AcAryoM ne sAhitya kI AtmA 'rasa' meM dekhI thii| 'Ananda'kI parama anubhUti kA nAma hI 'rasa' hai / usakI utpatti ke viSaya me bharata kA kahanA hai " vibhAvAnubhAvavyabhicAri sayogAdrasaniSpatti / " rUpaka meM 'rasa' kI sRSTi darzako yA pAThaka me hotI hai yA pAtra yA nATaka ( kAvya ) meM, isa prazna ko lekara bharata ke bAda meM hone vAle AcAryoM meM kAphI matabheda rahA / para adhika mAnya mata yahI hai ki jaba darzaka yA pAThaka kA mana pAtra yA 'kAvya' ke sAtha 'samarasa' ho jAtA hai -- ( jaba sAdhAraNIkaraNa kI avasthA utpanna ho jAtI hai) tabhI "rasa" kI niSpatti hotI hai / rasa kI sthiti vAstava meM darzaka yA pAThaka ke mana me hI hotI hai| nATaka dekhane-paDhane se usake mana ke soye hue 'saskAra' jAga uThate hai aura vaha 'kRti' meM apanA bhAna bhUlakara zrAnanda-vibhora ho jAtA hai / (2) rasa sampradAya ke sAtha-sAtha alakAra sampradAya kA bhI janma huA pratIta hotA hai / bhAmaha ko isa skUla kA prathama jJAta AcArya kahA jAtA hai| unake bAda daDI, rudraTaka, aura udbhaTa kA nAma zrAtA hai / ina AcAryo ne "alakArAeva kAvye pradhAnamiti prAcyAnA mata " kaha kara kAvya meM alakAro ko hI saba kucha mAnA hai| ukta AcAryo ne zavda aura aryAlakAro kI vAvana sakhyA taka vyAkhyA kI hai, para yaha saMkhyA kramaza vaDhatI gaI / , (3) rIti-sampradAya meM guNa (mAdhurya, oja, aura prasAda Adi) aura rIti yukta racanA ko zreSTha mAnA gayA hai / AcArya vAmana ne guNo kI mahattA meM kahA hai ki guNa-rahita kAvya manorajaka nahI ho sakatA / guNa hI kAvya kI zobhA hai / vAmana ne zabda ke dasa aura artha ke bhI itane hI guNa batalAye haiM /

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samAlocanA aura hindI meM usakA vikAsa 147 (4) vakrokti sampradAya - kRtaka ne vakrokti ko hI kAvya kA bhUSaNa mAnA hai / isake pUrva bhAmaha ne isakI 'carcA kI thI / kutaka ne vakrokti meM hI rasa, alakAra aura rIti sampradAyo ko sammilita karane kI ceSTA kI / kucha AcArya vakrokti ko alakAra ke antargata mAna kara mauna ho jAte haiM | (5) dhvani-sampradAya ne vAcyArtha aura lakSyArtha se bhinna artha ko, jo 'vyagArtha ' kahalAtA hai, mahattva diyA hai / isake prakaTa AcArya zrAnanda vardhanAcArya mAne jAte hai / isa siddhAnta ne saMskRta - pralocanA sAhitya me krAnti macA dI | dhvani meM hI kAvya kA sarvasva suna paDane lagA / pariSkRta bhAvaka 'dhvani' - kAvya ke hI grAhaka hote hai / zrabhighAparaka kAvya se unameM rasa kI niSpatti nahI hotI / hindI meM ukta sampradAyo meM me 'rasa' aura 'alakAra' - sampradAyo ko hI apanAyA gayA / prAja yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki hindI me rasa zraura alakAra - zAmtro kI racanA kaba se huI / kezavadAsa (sa0 1612) ko (?) hI kAvya kA Adi yAMcA mAnA jA sakatA hai| unake pazcAt ( 2 ) jasavantasiMha (bhASA - bhUpaNa) (3) bhUSaNa tripAThI ( zivarAja bhUSaNa) (4) matirAma tripAThI (lalita lalAma) (5) deva (bhAva vilAsa ) (6) govinda ( karNAbharaNa ) (7) bhikhArIdAsa - ( kAvya nirNaya ) (8) dUlaha (kaThAbharaNa) (6) rAmasiMha ( zralakAra darpaNa) (10) gokula kavi (caita candrikA) (11) padmAkara (padmAbharaNa) (12) ladhirAma (13) bAbUrAma visthariyA ( nava-rasa ) (14) gulAvarAya ( nava-rama) (15) kanhaiyAlAla poddAra (zralakAra prakAza aura kAvya kalpadruma) (16) arjunadAsa keDiyA ( bhAratIbhUSaNa ) ( 17 ) lAlA bhagavAnadIna ( alakAra - majUSA ) (18) jagannAthaprasAda 'bhAnu' (chanda prabhAkara ) (19) zyAmasundaradAna (sAhityAlocana) aura (20) jagannAthadAma ratnAkara (samAlocanAdarza) zrAdi ne isa dizA zrama kiyA hai| zAstra kI racanA ke sAtha mamAlocanA- praNAliyoM kA hamAre yahA~ pAzcAtya dezo kI bhA~ti zIghra pracAra nahI huA / savame pahale sakSipta sammati pradAna kI AzIrvAdAtmaka prathA kA janma huA / 'bhaktamAla' meM ( vikrama kI solahavI zatAbdI me ) " vAlmIki tulamI bhayo" jaisI sUtramaya sammati mila jAtI hai| sAhitya-kRti kI antarAtmA meM praviSTa ho usake vivecana kA samaya bahuta vAda meM zrAtA hai / harizcandra- kAla se kRti ke guNa-dopa vivecana kI zAstrIya zrAlocanA kA zrIgaNeza hotA hai / pa0 badrInArAyaNa caudharI kI 'Ananda kAdamvinI' meM 'sayogatA svayavara' kI vistRta AlocanA ne hindI meM eka krAnti kA sandeza diyaa| para jaisA ki AlocanA ke prArambhika dino me svAbhAvika thA, Alocako kA dhyAna 'dopo' para hI adhika jAtA thA / mizrabandhu likhate hai, " savat 1956 meM 'sarasvatI' nikalI / mavat '57 meM isI patrikA ke lie hamane hammIra haTha aura pa0 zrIdhara pAThaka kI racanAo para samAlocanAe~ likhI aura hindI - kAvya- zrAlocanA meM sAhitya-praNAlI ke doSo para vicAra kiyA / savat 1958 me uparyukta lekho meM doSAropaNa karane vAle kucha zrAlocako ke lekho ke uttara diye gaye / pa0 zrIvara pAThaka- samvandhI lekha meM doSoM ke vizeSa varNana hue / hindI kAvya-yAlocanA ke viSaya meM akhabAro me eka varSa taka vivAda calate rahe, jisame devIprasAda 'pUrNa' ne bhI kucha lekha likhe / " pa0 mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne bhI 'doSa-nirUpaka zrAlocanA' ko vizeSa prazraya diyA / ima kAla taka 'zAstrIya zrAlocanA' se Age hamAre zrAlocaka nahI baDhe / mizra vandhuo ne jaba 'hindI - nava-ratna' me kaviyo ko vaDA choTA siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA tava pa0 padmasiMha zarmA ne vidvattApUrNa DhaMga se 'bihArI' kI tulanA saMskRta aura urdU-phArasI ke kaviyo se kara hindI me tulanAtmaka AlocanA - praNAlI ko janma diyaa| isa praNAlI me zAstrIya niyamo kA sarvathA vahiSkAra nahI hotA, para usameM Alocaka kI vyaktigata ruci kA prAdhAnya avazya ho jAtA hai / yUrupa meM aisI tulanAtmaka AlocanA ko mahattva nahI diyA jAtA, jisameM lekhako-kaviyo ko 'ghaTiyA-baDhiyA' siddha karane kI ceSTA kI jAtI haiM / , - zarmA jI kI isa AlocanA -paddhati kA anukaraNa hindI me kucha samaya taka hotA rahA, para cU~ki isameM bahubhASA - vijJatA aura sAhitya - zAstra ke gambhIra adhyayana kI apekSA hotI hai, isalie isa dizA me bahuta kama vyakti saphala ho sake / patra-patrikAo kI sakhyA baDha jAne ke kAraNa sakSipta sUcanA aura lekha - rUpa meM AlocanAe~ adhika

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148 premI-abhinadana-pratha chapane lagI, jinameM na to Alocako kA vyaktitva hI prativimvita ho pAyA aura na kRti kA yathArtha drshn-vivecnhii| chAyAvAda kAla me prabhAvavAdI samAlocanAo kA bAhulya rahA hai / para sAtha hI 'sAhitya' kI AtmA se ekatA sthApita karane kI ceSTA bhI kama nahI huii| isa yuga meM zAstrIya AlocanA kA mahattva bahuta ghaTa gyaa| niyamovanvano ke prati usI prakAra vidroha dIkha paDA, jisa prakAra yUrupa me romATika yuga meM dokhA thaa| sAhitya ke samAna AlocanA bhI nirvandha hone lgii| kaI bAra sAhitya-kRti kI apekSA samAlocanA meM bhASA saundarya aura kalpanA ko sukumAratA adhika AkarSaka pratIta hotI thii| chAyAvAda kI adhikAza racanAo ko jisa prakAra samajhanA kaSTakara hotA thA usI prakAra tatkAlIna kaI AlocanAe~ bhASA ke AvaraNa me chipa jAtI hai| ina chAyAvAdI AlocanAo meM saundarya-tattva aura (Alocaka kA) ruci-tattva pramukha hai| dvivedI-yuga me pa0 rAmacandra zukla ne agrez2I AlocanApaddhati ke anusAra hindI meM aitihAsika pRSTha-bhUmi para katipaya kaviyo ko zAstrIya AlocanA (atha rUpa meM) prastuta kara mArga-darzana kA kArya kiyaa| chAyAvAda-kAla kI zuddha prabhAvavAdinI AlocanAyo kA astitva bhI adhika samaya taka nahI Thahara skaa| san 1934 ke lagabhaga deza me sAmyavAdiyo kI lahara ke phailate hI sAhitya me bhI usakA astitva anubhava hone lgaa| pa0 sumitrAnandana panta Adi ne mArksavAda kA adhyayana kiyA aura usI ke siddhAnto kI popaka racanAo kI sRSTi kii| AlocanA meM bhI eka praNAlI uTha khaDI huI, jo apane me mArksavAdI dRSTikoNa bhara kara calane lagI, parantu imameM bhAratIya rAjanaitika sthiti ke vaiSamya aura usake duSpariNAmo ke tattvo kA bhI samAveza kara diyA gyaa| isa prakAra kI AlocanA 'pragativAdI' AlocanA bhI kahalAtI hai| isame zAstrIya niyamo kI avahelanA aura saundarya-tattva kA bahiSkAra kara 'vyaktigata ruci' kA svIkAra pAyA jAtA hai| zrI hIrena mukharjI ke zabdo me pragatizIla pAlocanA ko sAmAnyata do vurAiyo ke kAraNa kSati uThAnI paDato hai / eka ora to nakalI mArksavAdI kA asayama, jo apane utsAha meM yaha bhUla jAtA hai ki likhanA eka zilpa hai, jisakI apanI lambI aura anUTho paramparA hai / aura dUsarI ora garovo aura dIno ke dukho ke phoTo sadRza citraNa kI prazasA karate na thakane vAle aura vAkI sArI cIz2o ko pratigAmI pukArane vAle bhAvanA-pradhAna vyakti kI korI bhaavuktaa| yaha laDakapana kI vAte hai, jinase sAhitya meM pragati ke icchuka sabhI logo ko apanA pIchA chuDAnA caahie| Aja hindI kA AlocanA-sAhitya samunnata nahIM diikhtaa| AlocanA ke nAma para jo nikalatA hai, usakA ninyAnave pratizata aga saccI parakha se hIna hotA hai, sAhityakAra kA atyadhika svIkAra yA tiraskAra hI usame pAyA jAtA hai| nirbhIkatA aura spaSTatA usameM bahuta kama milatI hai / isa adhakacarepana me na koI Azcarya kI bAta hai aura na nirAzA kI hii| abhI 'sAhitya' ke vibhinna aMga hI aparipakva hai / kucha uga rahe hai, kucha khilanA cAhate hai aura kucha mahaka rahe hai / aisI dazA me sAhitya kI samyak AlocanA kA samaya Aja se sau, do sau varSa vAda hI A sakatA hai| isa samaya prAcIna sAhitya ke parIkSaNa kI dizA me kArya honA Avazyaka hai, para prAcIna sAhitya ke samajhane, parakhane ke lie vibhinna dRSTiyo se gambhIra adhyayana kI z2arUrata hai| isake lie hamAre Alocaka kava taiyAra hoge? nAgapura -

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naIgar3hI adRSTa ThAkura gopAlazaraNa siMha kyA tuma chipa sakate ho mana meM ? " 1 lalita latA ke mRdu zraJcala meM, vikasita nava-prasUna ke dala meM, prativimvita himakaNa ke jala meM tumheM dekhatA hU~ meM santata " pika- kUjita kusumita kAnana meM / kyA tuma chipa sakate ho mana meM ? ratnAkara, liye saGga meM parama manohara, tArAvali - rUpI hai nabha meM chipa gayA kalAdhara, kintu dekhatA hU~ meM tumako cala-capalA me jyotita dhana meM / kyA tuma chipa sakate ho mana meM ? jala kI lalanAo ke ghara meM, gAte hue marasa mRdu svara meM, tuma ho chipe tala sAgara meM, meM dekhA karatA hU~ tuma ko caJcala laharo ke narttana meM / kyA tuma chipa sakate ho mana meM ? " jaba meM vyAkula ho jAtA hU~, kahIM nahIM tuma ko pAtA huuN| milanAtura ho ghabarAtA hU~, taba tuma zrAkara bhara dete ho nava prakAza mere jIvana meM / kyA tuma chipa sakate ho mana meM ? X Create C

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hindI kavitA ke kalA-maNDapa zrI sudhIndra ema0 e0 pichalI ardhagatAbdI se hindI kavitA me jo pragati huI hai vaha nissandeha udIyamAna bhArata-rASTra kI vANI hindI ke sarvathA anurUpa hI hai / kAvya ke aneka upakaraNo para samIkSako aura samAlocako ne yathAvasara prakAza DAlA hai, kintu abhItaka kisI ne yaha digdarzana karAne kA prayatna nahI kiyA hai ki hindI ke chanda ne isa yuga me kitanI samRddhi vibhUti sacita kI hai| usakA mUlyAkana honA bhI Avazyaka hai / isa ardha zatAbdI me hindI kavitA ne apane vihAra ke lie atyanta manorama zraura bhavya kalA-maDapa saMvAre hai / kavitA kI rasAtmakatA me chando kA yoga kama nahI hai / chanda kI gati ( laya) kI madhurimA aisI madhurimA hai, jo rasajJa Share bhI 'gUMge kA guDa' hI rahI hai / hindI ke svanAmadhanya kavi 'prasAda', panta, gupta, mahAdevI tathA anya kavigaNo kI lekhanI se jo kavitA prasUta huI haiM, usame chanda ke itane vividha prayoga hue hai ki unhone hindI ke 'chanda prabhAkara' kabhI choTA kara diyA hai / kavi kI dRSTi 'prabhAkara' kI kiraNa se bhI dUra pahu~cI hai aura usane chando kA eka navIna chAyAloka hI nirmita kara diyA hai / chanda kI maMdira gati ko svacchanda chanda ke kavi bhI choDa nahI sake, cAhe ve 'nirAlA' ho, cAhe siyArAmazaraNa, yA 'prasAda' yA sohanalAla dvivedI / ina chando ko prakRti meM kaI bAteM vizeSata ullekhanIya hai (1) ( mAtrika chando me zAstrakAro ne lakSaNa batAte samaya unake caraNAnta me laghu guru Adi ke krama kA bhI vidhAna kara diyA thA, kintu kavi kI pratibhA isa niyama meM baddha na raha sakI aura kalA ne ina bandhano ko sughaDatA se dUra kara diyA / eka udAharaNa le 'chandaprabhAkara' - kAra 'harigItikA' kA lakSaNa dete hai--- / ' 12 . zRgAra bhUSaNa anta la ga jana gAie harigItikA / arthAt 16, 12 para yati aura anta me laghu guru honA cAhie, kintu kavi (maithilIzaraNa gupta ) ne isa gati ke niyama kA bhaga karake bhI isakI sahaja madhurimA ko naSTa nahI hone diyA hai, baDhA hI diyA hai mAnasa bhavana meM zrAryajana, jisakI utAreM bhAratI / 14, 14, bhagavAn bhAratavarSa meM, gUMje hamArI bhAratI / 14, 14, he bhadrabhAvodbhAvinI, he bhAratI, he bhagavate ! 14, 14, sItApate, sItApate, gItAmate, gItAmate / 14, 14, ( bhAratabhAratI ) isI prakAra varNika chanda savaiyA me bhI laghu guru ke kaThina vandhana kA tyAga kara kavi ne chanda kA saundarya dviguNita hI kiyA hai * karane cale taga pataga jalAkara miTTI meM miTTI milA cukA hU~ / tama toma kA kAma tamAma kiyA duniyA ko prakAza meM lA cukA hU~ / nahIM cAha 'sanehI' saneha kI aura saneha meM jo meM jalA cukA hU~ / ne kA mujhe kucha dukha nahIM, patha saikaDo ko dikhalA cukA hU~ / - sanehI

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hindI kavitA ke kalA-maNDapa 151 ATha sagaNa (laghu-laghu-guru) ke ima 'durmila' savaiyA kA gaNa vicAra kIjie / kavi ne kitanI svatantratA grahaNa kI hai, parantu sauSThava vaDhA hI hai / (2) piMgalakAra yaha bhI vidhAna karane hai ki chanda 4 caraNo kA hotA hai, (jaise vaha koI catuSpada 'jantu' ho|) parantu isa rUDhi ko bhI kaviyo ne kaI vAra gAMTha vA~dhakara paurANiko ke lie ghara diyA / ava to do caraNo aura tIna caraNo kI ruci prAya dekhI jAtI hai / kabhI-kabhI antyAnuprAsa kevala pahale, dUsare aura cauthe caraNa kAhI milAte hai| jaise(ka) do caraNo kA antyAnuprAsa timira meM vujha kho rahe vidyuta bhare nizvAsa mere nisva hoge prANa mere zUnya ura hogA savere / ('dIpazikhA' mahAdevI) (kha) tIna caraNo kA antyAnuprAsa kuTI khola bhItara jAtA huuN| to vaisA hI raha jAtA huuN| tujhako yaha kahate pAtA hU~! ('jhakAra' gupta jI) (ga) prathama, dvitIya tayA caturtha caraNo kA antyAnuprAsa raja meM zUloM kA mRdu cumbana , nabha meM megho kA dhAmantraNa, Aja pralaya kA sindhu kara rahAmerI kampana kA abhinandana ! ('dIpazikhA' mahAdevI) (3) kavi-pratibhA ne do chando ke sayoga se naye chanda kI racanA karane kI svatantratA kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai / savase pahale sambhavata 'aSTachApa' ke kavi nandadAsa ne isa dizA meM padanikSepa kiyA thaa| unhone 'rolA' aura 'dohA' ke sammizraNa aura anta meM eka 10 mAtrIya caraNa aura joDakara chanda ko savAyA sundara kara diyaa| varNa-sakara hokara bhI isa santati ne apane zIla dvArA hindIbhASI janatA ko itanA mugdha kiyA ki isa zatAbdI ke kavivara satyanArAyaNa ne bhI vahI mArga pkddaa| eka udAharaNa leM nandadAsa jo mukha nAhiMna hato, kaho kina mAkhana khAyo, pAyana vina gosaga kaho bana-vana ko dhAyo, prAMkhina meM ajana dayo govardhana layo hAtha , nanda jasodA pUta hai kuMvara kAnha vrajanAtha / sakhA suna syAma ke| ('bhaMvara gIta')

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 152 satyanArAyaNa 'kaviratna'-je taji mAtRbhUmi so mamatA hota prvaasii| tinheM bidesI taga karata hai bipadA khaasii| nahi prAye nirdaya daI. prAye gaurava jAya / sAMpa-chachUdara gati bhaI, mana hI mana akulAya / rahe sabake svai| ('bhramara dUta') 'eka bhAratIya prAtmA' ne bhI 'puSpa kI abhilASA' kavitA me-'tATaka' aura 'vIra' (arddhAza) kA sundara sayoga karake navIna paTpadI prastuta kii| aisI aneka SaTpadiyA~ likhI, gaI hai aura likhI jaayegii| gIti-kAro ne to isa paripATI ko apanA hI liyA(1) Aja isa yauvana ke mAdhavI kuJja meM kokila bola rahA! madhu pIkara pAgala hunA, karatA prema-pralApa , zithila huzrA jAtA hRdaya jaise apane praap| lAja ke vandhana khola rahA? ('candragupta' 'prasAda') jaDa nIlama zRgo kA vitAna, marakata kI krUra zilA dharatI, dherai pASANI parighi tujhe kyA mRdu tana meM kampana bharatI ? yaha jala na sake yaha gala na sake, yaha miTakara paga bhara cala na sake tU mAMga na inase panthadAna ! ('dIpazikhA' mahAdevI) 'sUrasAgara' ke sana pado me jitane bhI chanda prayukta hue hai kyA unakA kabhI lekhA-jokhA huA hai ? kyA hindI ke abhinava zAstrakAro ke sAmane yaha mahAna kArya nahI paDA hai ? kAvya ke pazcAt piMgala zAstra kI sRSTi hotI hai| hindI kA piMgala abhI zapanI kavitA se kitanA pichaDA huA hai | kyA usake chando kA eka adyavat vaijJAnika aura zAstrIya adhyayana prastuta nahI kiyA jA sakatA ? yaha eka gambhIra anusandhAna kA mahattvapUrNa viSaya hai| chando ke adhyayana karanevAle ko avazya hI kaI naye chando ke darzana hoge aura unakA nAmakaraNa hue vinA Age gati nahI hogii| isa lekhaka ko bhI yaha karanA par3A, jisakA pariNAma nIce prastuta hai / karuNA 14 mAtrAmo kA chanda lakSaNa-siddhi rAga yatimaya karuNA / udAharaNa-karuNA kaJjAraNya rave! guNa ratnAkara Adi kave! kavitA-pita ! kRpA-vara do, bhAva-rAzi mujhameM bhara do| ('sAketa')

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hindI kavitA ke kalA-maNDapa . .153 madhumAlA . 16 mAyAno kA yanda / lakSaNa-vasu-vamu yati vara 'madhumAlA' gaa| (8, 8 para virAma, anta meM guru) udAharaNa--meM madhu-vikretA ko pyArI, madhu ke ghaTa mujha para blihaarii| ('mavuvAlA' 'vaccana') kokila 16 mAtrAno kA chnd| lakSaNa-siddhi middhi ghara gA cala 'kokila'' (8, 8 para vigama anta meM laghu) udAharaNa-gA kokila bhara svara meM kampana , jhareM jAti-kula varNa-parNa-ghana , andhanIDa me rUr3ha rIti-chana , vyakti rASTrAta rAga-dveSa-raNa / jhareM mareM vismRti meM tatkSaNa ! gA kokila, barasA pAvaka kaNa ! ('yugAnta' panta) 'madhukara' 16 mAtrAoM kA chanda / lakSaNa-4 cokala, anta meM magaNa udAharaNa-mai premI uccAdarzoM kA saMskRti ke svagika sparzoM kA, . jIvana ke harSa-vimoM kA, ('gujana' panta) 'yazovarA' 22 mAtrAoM kA chanda / lakSaNa-middhi middhi rasa yativara gAno 'yazodharA' / (8,8, 6 para yati, kula 23 mAtrAe~, anta meM 'guru') udAharaNa-yaha jIvana bhI yazodharA kA aMga huA, hAya, maraNa bhI pAja na mere saga huA! sakhi vaha thA kyA, sabhI svapna jo bhaga huA, merA rasa kyA hunA aura kyA raga humA! ('yazovarA' gupta) (18, 10 mAnAno para yati vAle,) 24 mAtrAgrI ke 'rUpamAlA' kA dUsarA nAma 'gIti' rakhanA ucita hogA, kyoMki ugame 'haggiIti', 'harigItikA' aura 'gItikA' kA anuvanya vaiTha makegA'gIti' "aAja yAyA hai dRgo meM vibho puNya prakAzaupA-pAyA se raMgA hai Aja hRdayAkA !"

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154 premI-abhinadana-graMtha / "priyahari 23 mAtrAmo kA chanda / lakSaNa-sapta svara nidhi yati alakRta maju 'priyahari' gA / (7,7,6 para yati, kula 23 mAtrAe~, anta meM guru) udAharaNa-"vizvavyApI vedanA yaha priya-viraha kI hai, amita nabha meM jo agaNya svarUpa racatI hai !" (gItAjali'-anuvAda) 'harigIti' 26 mAtrAtro kA chanda lakSaNa-(gIti' ke prArambha meM eka guru) , * guru gIti ke prArambha meM ghara, gAie 'harigIti' / udAharaNa-"kucha svarNa sA, kucha rajata sA, sita pIta asitAkAza / " ('harigItikA' kA antya 'guru' haTAne para yahI chanda banatA hai / ) madhumata 28 mAtrAmo kA chanda 144 lakSaNa-Aja vidyA-rala madhuvrata anta meM madhumaya lagA gaa| (14, 14 para yati, anta me magaNa, yagaNa, yA laghu yA laghuguru yA guru guru) udAharaNa-mai uSA sI jyoti-rekhA kusuma vikasita prAta re mana ! --'prasAda' maNimAlA 28 mAtrAno kA chanda lakSaNa-vidyA, vidyA para yatighara gA yugala-sakhI 'mnnimaalaa| (14, 14 para yati, anta meM guru guru) udAharaNa-jaga ke urvara prAMgana meM baraso jyotirmaya jIvana / baraso laghu-laghu tRNa taru para, he cira avyaya, nita nUtana! baraso phusumoM meM madhu vana prANoM meM amara praNayadhanasmiti-svapna apara palako meM, ura agoM meM sukha yauvana ('gujana' pata) ('AMsU' . 'prasAda' kA chanda yahI hai / yaha 14 mAtrA vAle 'sakhI' chanda (kalabhUvana sakhI raci mAyA) kA dUnA hai|) madhumAlAhAra 28 mAtrAmo kA chanda (madhumAtA+hAra) madhumAlA * (pIche dekheM) hAra / 12 mAtrAmo kA eka caraNa ___ dinamaNi sA hAra lgaa| udAharaNa-komala drumadala niSkampa rahe, ThiThakA-sA candra khaDA mAdhava sumanoM meM gUMtha rahA, tAro kI kirana anI (yadyapi 'antyAnuprAsa nahIM hai, parantu chanda vahI hai) ('candragupta' prasAda)

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* zRgAratANDava : 28 mAtrAtroM kA chanda zRgAra aura tANDava ke yoga se yaha chanda vanatA hai hindI kavitA ke kalA-maNDapa 1 zRgAra (pAdAkulaka kA eka bheda zrAdi 3+2, anta = 3 * sajata sava gvAla vadhU zRgAra / 12 tANDava : taraNi 'tANDava' meM gola (12 mAtrAe~, gurulaghu anta meM) udAharaNa - nArikA sI tuma divyAkAra, candrikA kI bhaGkAra, prema-pakho meM ur3a anivAra, apsarA-sI laghubhAra svarga se utarI kyA sodgAra, praNaya-hasini sukumAra ? hRdaya-sara meM karane zrabhitAra, rajata-rati, svarNa-vihAra 1 C mAghavI kokila - ( pIche dekhie ) dharaNI - tramugati varaNI-caDikA ( 13 mAtrAe~ ) isakA dUsarA nAma 'caDikA' bhI hai / dono ke yoga se 'mAvavI' banegA / udAharaNa 1 vaijayantI 30 mAtrAgrI kA chanda 26 mAtrAo kA chanda lakSaNa - 'kokila-varaNI maya kara priyavara gAyo madhumaya mAdhavI / ' gU~ja rahA sAre zrambara meM terA tIkhA gAna hai ! raMga-virage zram - smitimaya zrAzA jisakI tAna hai ! hama donoM ke vRhad pradarzana se dyuta vyoma-vitAna hai| spaMdita prANa vAyu ko karatI terI merI tAna hai | " 1 'chandaprabhAkara, pR0 53 zRGgAra . 'sajata sava gvAlavadhU zrRMgAra / ' gopI kalA tithi, gA gA priya gopI ('gujana') udAharaNa - "brahmANDa meM saba ora jisakI hai phaharatI vaijayantI / " zRgAragopikA 31 mAtrAo kA chanda ( zRgAra -+- gopI) S lakSaNa - zRgAra, vidyA yatimayI harigItikA-gA, vaijayantI / ( 16, 14 para yati, harigItikA + 5) ( 15 mAtrAe~ anta meM do guru) ( ' gItAjali' - anuvAda ) 155

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156 premI-abhinadana-pratha udAharaNa-"prAja isa yauvana ke mAdhavI kabja meM kokila bola rhaa|" ('candragupta' 'prasAda') vIravimbita 32 mAtrAmo kA chanda '('vIra' me eka laghu vaDhA dene se yaha chanda vanatA hai) lakSaNa-"caupAI yuga milA manohara, kavivara vIra bilamvita gaao|" udAharaNa-kaoNpa bhUdhara sAgara kApe, tAraka-loka khamaNDala kA , yaha virATa bhUmaNDala kApe, ravimaNDala AkhaNDala kApe, parivartana kAkrAtipralaya kA,gaMja uThesavora ghora svara, dekha dRSTi hukAra zravaNakara andha gandha vaha maNDala kAMpe ! ('pralayavINA') (yaha chanda upacitrA' yA 'madhukara' kA bhI dugunA hotA hai|) muktAhAra 32 mAtrAmo kA chanda / lakSaNa-sajA do zobhAmaya 'zRgAra' use pahanAyo muktaahaar|' ('zRgAra' chanda kA dugunA) udAharaNa-himAlaya ke AMgana meM use prathama kiraNo kA ye uphaar| uSA ne haMsa abhinandana kiyA aura pahanAyA hIrakahAra / jage hama lage jagAne vizva loka meM phailA phira paalok| vyoma-sama-puJja huA taba naSTa akhila sasati ho uThI azoka / ('skandagupta' 'prasAda')' isa prakAra zata-sahasra naye-naye chando ke nUpura hindI-bhAratI ne apane agapratyaga meM sajAye hai, jinake rununa-sunana se hindI-premiyo kI zrutiyAM rasamagna ho rahI hai| vanasthalI - - -

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jAyasI kA pakSiyoM kA jJAna zrI surezasiMha __ "mUra mUra tulamI mamI uDugana kezavadAsa" ke racayitA ne bhale hI jAyasI ko choDa diyA ho, lekina jisako sAhitya kA thoDA bhI jJAna hai vaha bhalI bhAMti jAnatA hai ki hamAre sAhitya-gagana me jAyasI Aja bhI dhruva kI taraha abala aura amanda hai| sUra kI brajamAvurI ne sAre deza ko mavumaya avazya kara diyA aura tulasI ne apanI bhakti kI mandAkinI se samUce rASTra meM cetanatA kI eka lahara avazya dauDA dI, lekina ina dono bhakta mahAkaviyo ke pUrva hI janatA ke isa kavi ne prema kA jo vizada varNana apane 'padmAvata' meM kiyA hai vaha hamAre sAhitya kI eka nidhi hai| janatA kI saccI anubhUti, umake rahana-sahana, AcAra-vicAra aura usakI vAstavika sthiti kA jaisA sajIva citra jAyasI ne khIMcA hai, vasA citra khIcane meM zAyada hI kisI kavi ko itanI saphalatA milI ho|| vrajabhASA apane mAdhurya se deza ke kone-kone meM sAMsa ke samAna bhale hI samAI rahI ho, para mahAkAvya race jAne kA gaurava avadhI ko hI milaa| 'rAmacaritamAnasa' aura 'padmAvata' avadhI bhApA ke do mahAkAvya hai, jo hamAre lie Aja bhI patha-pradarzaka kA kAma kara rahe hai| vIragAthA ke mahAkAvya pRthvIrAja rAso kA samaya bIta cukA yaa| deza vijetA ke sammukha natamastaka khaDA thaa| vaha rAjanaitika dAsatA kI zRkhalA zithila hone se pahale hI mAnasika gulAmI kI jaMjIra meM baMdhane jA rahA thaa| deza kI rakSA karane vAle talavAra phekakara ima loka kI apekSA paraloka kI cintA meM par3a gae the| deza meM eka prakAra kI astavyastatA-sI phailI thii| aise parivartana ke samaya jAyasI sAhityAkAza meM eka prakAza puja ke samAna udita hue| unhone apanI premagAthA kI lorI sunAkara deza ko sulAne kA prayatna kiyA, kintu deza meM jo azAnti aura kSobha ke ghane vAdala ghire the ve gama-kRSNa ke prema kI zata-gata dhArAo se varasa pdde| sUra aura tulamI ke bhakti-pravAha ke Age koI bhI na Thahara sakA aura sArA deza rAma-kRSNamaya ho utthaa| uma pravala A~dhI me jAyasI ekadama pIche paDa gaye aura yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja hama unakI amara racanA ke bAre meM bahuta kama jAnate haiN| ___yaha saba hote hue bhI jAyasI kA mahattva kisI prakAra kama nahIM hotaa| unakA 'padmAvata' urdU-phAramI kI mamanaviyoM ke Dhaga kA premagAthA kAvya bhale hI ho, lekina yaha to mAnanA hI paDegA ki usakA nirvAha unhone hindI ma bahuta saphalatA se kiyA hai| prema kI rIti-nIti aura loka vyavahAra kI aisI jAnakArI isa kavi ko thI ki jisa viSaya para usane kalama uThAI hai, ume pUrNa hI karake choDA hai|| ___kyA yuddhavarNana, kyA nagaravarNana aura kyA prAkRtika saundaryavarNana, sabhI to apanI caramasImA taka pahuMca gaye hai| vAdagAha-bhojabaDa to jAyamI kI vahumukhI pratimA kI vAnagI hI hai| isake alAvA unakA pazu-pakSI varNana to itanA svAbhAvika huaA hai ki vahA~ taka hindI kA koI bhI kavi Aja taka nahIM pahuMca sakA / pratyeka viSaya kA itanA nAna kaimai eka vyakti ko prApta ho gayA, kabhI-kabhI yaha moca kara Azcaryacakita ho jAnA paDatA hai| phira pakSinAstra ke adhyayana kA to hamAre yahAM koI sAdhana bhI nahI thaa| hamAre kavi pakSiyo ke kAlpanika varNana meM hI sadA ne trh| unheM hasa ke kSIranIraviveka, cakravAka ke rAtriviyoga, koyala-papIhe kI vighapukAra, cakora kA candra ke prayAga meM Aga khAne ke khela aura totA-mainA kI kahAnI se hI avakAza nahIM milatA thA, anya pakSiyo kA vAstavika pana kase karate / kintu jAyamI ne isa sAhityika paripATI kA nirvAha karate hue pakSiyo kA bahuta hI svAbhAvika kAra mundara varNana kiyA hai, jisase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki isa viSaya kA unakA kitanA vyApaka adhyayana thaa|

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158 premI-abhinavana-graMtha __vastu-varNana-kauzala meM bhI jAyasI bhASA ke kisI kavi se pIche nahI rhe| kahI-kahI to unhone saskRta kaviyo taka me Takkara lI hai| isake lie unhone kaI aise sthalo ko cunA hai, jinakA vistRta varNana bahuta hI bhAvapUrNa huA hai| siMghaladvIpa varNana meM jahA~ vAga-bagIcI, nagara-hATa aura sarovaro kA varNana hai, vahI pazupakSiyo kI carcA bhI chUTane nahIM pAI hai| siMghaladvIpa-yAtrA-varNana meM kavi ne atizayoktiyo se bahuta kAma liyA hai aura samudravarNana meM to unhone paurANika kathAo ko vAstavikatA se adhika mahattva de diyA hai| samudra ke jIva-jantu prAya kAlpanika AdhAra para hI rakhe gaye hai, jisase jAna paDatA hai ki jAyasI kA isa viSaya para nija kA kucha bhI anubhava nahIM thaa| isI prakAra vivAhavarNana, yuddhavarNana, SaTRtuvarNana tathA rUpamaundaryavarNana meM kavi ne kAphI UMcI uDAna bharI hai, lekina sAtha-hI-sAtha jahA~ kahI bhI pakSiyo kA ullekha pAyA hai, usane isI bAta kA prayatna kiyA hai ki unakI kAlpanika kathAo kI apekSA unakA vAstavika varNana hI adhika rahe / dehAta meM raha kara pakSiyo kA sUkSma nirIkSaNa karane ke kAraNa jAyasI ne pakSiyo ke sAhityika nAmo kI apekSA unake lokaprasiddha nAmo ko hI rakhanA ucita samajhA hai| vaise to hamAre sAhitya-upavana meM hasa, pika, cAtaka, zuka, sArikA, kAka, kapota, khajana, cakora, cakravAka, vaka, sArasa, mayUra prAya inhI thoDe se pakSiyo kA varNana milatA hai, jinakA alaga-alaga kAma hamAre sAhityakAro ne vAMTa rkkhaahai| inameM se kucha nakhazikha varNana meM, kucha virahavarNana me aura kucha prakRtivarNana ke silasile meM yAda kiye jAte haiN| kucha ke vAstavika guNo ko choDa kara unake bAre meM aisI kAlpanika kathAeM gaDha lI gaI hai, jo sundara hone para bhI vAstavikatA se koso dUra hai| hasa kA motI cunanA aura nIrakSIra ko alaga kara denA, cakavA-cakaI kA rAtrikAla meM alaga ho jAnA, cAtaka kA svAtijala ke sivA koI dUsarA pAnI na pInA aura cakora kA candramA ke dhokhe meM agAra khAne kI kathA jahA~ kaviyo ne kitanI hI bAra duharAI hai vahI pika aura cAtaka kI mIThI volI ko virahAgni prajvalita karane vAlI kahA hai| zuka-sArikA jaise piMjaDe me vanda rahane ke lie hI banAye gaye hai| inase prAya kisse sunAne kA kAma liyA gayA hai| kapota se kaTha kI, zuka kI coca se nAsikA kI aura khajana se netro kI upamA aksara dI jAtI hai| sArasa kA joDA AjIvana abhinnatA ke pAza meM baMdhe rahane ke lie prayukta hotA hai| kAka aura vaka prAya tulanAtmaka varNana meM istemAla hote hai aura mayUra ko varSAgamana kI sUcanA dene ke lie smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| ina saba pakSiyo ke alAvA hamAre kaviyo ne anya pakSiyo kI ora yA to dhyAna hI nahIM diyA, yA unheM itanA avakAza hI nahIM thA ki ve apanI sAhityavATikA se bAhara nikala kara prakRti ke vizAla nIlAkAza meM dina bhara ur3ane vAlI anya ciDiyo kI ora bhI dRSTipAta karate / lekina jAyasI darabArI kavi na hokara janatA ke kavi the| unakA dRSTikoNa una rAjasabhA ke kaviyo se bhinna thA, jo hasa ko vinA dekhe hI usake varNana meM nahIM hicakate / jAyasI ne pakSiyo kA svaya bhalIbhAMti nirIkSaNa karake unakA svAbhAvika aura sajIva varNana kiyA hai| jAyasI ke 'padmAvata' meM lagabhaga sATha pakSiyo ke nAma pAte hai, jo hamAre AsapAsa rahane vAle paricita pakSI hai| 'padmAvata' meM vaise to aneko sthAnoM para ciDiyo kA varNana AyA hai, lekina kaI sthala aise hai jahA~ jAyasI ko taraha-taraha ke pakSiyo ko ekatra karane kA avasara milA hai| pahalA sthala to siMghaladvIpa varNana ke antargata hai| siMghaladvIpa me jahA~ aneko prakAra ke vRkSa maujUda hai, bhalA pakSiyo kI kamI kaise rhtii| tabhI to vasahi pakhi bolAha bahu bhAkhA, karahiM hulAsa dekhi ke saakhaa| bhora hota bolahiM cuhacUhI', bolahiM pADuka' "eka tU ho"| 'cuhacuhI bhujagA pkssii| . 'pAr3akapaDakI, phraantaa|' -

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156 * jAyasI kA pakSiyoM kA jJAna sArauM' sunA jo rahacaha pharahIM, kurahiM parevA zrI krbrhiiN| "pIva pIva" kara lAga papIhA, "tuhI tuhI" kara gaDurI jiihaa| "kuhU kuha" kari koili rAkhA, zrI bhiMgarAja bola bahu bhAkhA / "dahI dahI" kari mahari' pukArA, hArila binavai prApana haaraa| kuhakahiM mora suhAvana lAgA, hoi phurAhara bolahiM kaagaa| jAvata pakhI jagata ke, bhari baiThe amarAu~, prApani prApani bhASA, lehi daI kara nAu~ / kaisA sundara aura svAbhAvika varNana hai / jagata ke jitane bhI pakSI hai, amarAI me baiThe hai aura apanI-apanI volI meM Izvara kA nAma le rahe hai| saba pakSiyo ko ekatra karane kA kaisA upayukta sthAna jAyasI ne cunA hai| prAma kI ghanI amarAI ina pakSiyo se bhara gaI hai aura inake cahacahAne se gUja rahI hai| bhora hote hI cuhacuhI bolane lagatI hai| dehAta ke gIto me Ajakala bhI "bhora hota cuhacuhiyA bole" aksara sunane ko milatA hai| jAyasI bhalA phira saba kucha jAna-bUjha kara usake isa adhikAra ko kaise chIna lete ? paDakI yA phAkhatA bhI apanA "eka tUhI" se milatA-julatA zabda raTane lagatI hai-sArauM (sArikA) aura suzrA apane rahacaha (cahacahAne) se eka prakAra kA mamA~ alaga hI vA~dhe hue hai| kabUtara apanI 'guTaragU kara rahe hai to papIhA apanI 'pI kahA~' aura guDarI 'tuhI tuhI' kI dhuna lagAye hue hai-koyala to sivA 'kUU kUU' ke aura kucha jAnatI hI nahI, lekina bhUgarAja to bolI ke lie prasiddha hai| vaha aneka prakAra kI boliyAM bolatA hai| mahari 'dahI dahI' pukAratI hai aura mora kuhakatA hai, para hArila kucha bolanA nahI jaantaa| isase vaha hAra mAna kara apanI dInatA pradarzita karatA hai| kaisA svAbhAvika varNana hai / sava-ke-saba peDa para rahane vAle pakSI hai, jo apanI boliyo ke lie prasiddha hai| jahA~ taka ho sakA hai, kavi ne pakSiyo kI anukRti ko dhyAna meM rakhA hai| paDakI kA 'ekai tuhI', papIhA kA 'pIva kahA~'--guDarI kI 'tuhI tuhI', koyala kI 'kuhU kuhU' aura mahari kA 'dahI dahI' to bahuta prasiddha hai, lekina mora kA kahakanA bhI kavi kI painI dRSTi se nahI baca skaa| grAmyagIto meM mora kI bolI ko "kuhakanA" aura koyala kI bolI ko "pihakanA" Aja bhI kahate hai| hArila apanI ragIna pozAka ke kAraNa choDA nahI jA sakatA thaa| isase kavi ne baDI khUbI se na bolane kI majabUrI dikhA kara usakI maujUdagI kA nivAha kiyA hai| / thoDI dUra Age calane para eka tAla milatA hai, jahA~ mAthe kanaka gAgarI, pAvahiM rUpa anUpa , jehi ke asa panihArI, so rAnI kehi rUpa / aisI sundariyAM usa tAla meM pAnI bharane AtI hai| tAla talAva varani nahiM jAhI, sUjhe vAra pAra kichu naahiiN| , phUle kumuda seta ujiyAre, mAnahu~ ue gagana maheM taare| utarahiM megha caDhahiM le pAnI, camakahiM maccha vIju ke baanii| * paurahiM paMkhi susahi sagA, seta, pIta, rAte bahu rgaa| cakaI cakavA keli karAhI, nisi ke vichoha dinahi mili jaahii| 'sArauM sArikA, mainaa| 'mahari pahAr3I muttrii| gaDurI-eka prakAra kA btter| 'pkhi-pkssii|

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160 premI abhinavana patha . kurarahiM sArasa karahiM hulAsA, jIvana marana so ekahi pAsA / volahiM sona', Dheka', baga', ledI, rahI abola mIna jlbhedii| naga amola tehi tAlahi, dinahi varahiM jasa diip| jo marajiyA hoi taha, so pAvai- vaha sIpa // vaDA vistRta tAla hai, jimakA orachora nahI dIkha paDatA, jisake nIla jala me sveta kamala aise lagate hai, mAno AkAza meM nakSatra vikhara paDe hai / vAdala java sarovara se jala bhara kara uThane lagate hai to uname machaliyo kI camaka vidyutarekhA-sI jAna paDatI hai / taraha-taraha ke sapheda, pIle aura lAla pakSI tAla meM eka hI saga taira rahe hai| rAtriviyoga ke pazcAta dina ko milane para cakaI-cakavA jalakrIDA meM tallIna hai| mArasa apane joDe ke sAtha karkaza volI vola kara pAnandamagna hai| unakA jIvana aura maraNa itanA nikaTa rahatA hai ki unako cintA kisa bAta kI? sona, Dheka, vaga aura ledI to apanI-apanI bolI bolatI hai, lekina jala meM rahane vAlI machaliyAM becArI avola hI raha jAtI hai| usa tAla meM kucha amUlya ratna bhI hai jo dina meM bhI apanA prakAza phailAye rahate hai, lekina usameM bhI mIpa vahI lA sakatA hai, jo jAna hathelI para liye phiratA ho| jAyasI ne tAla kI ciDiyo ko usa amarAI se dUra isa sarovara me jamA kiyA hai| iname cakravAka, vata, Dheka, sArasa, vaka aura ledI sabhI tAlAva meM rahane vAlI prasiddha ciDiyA~ hai--cakravAka kA cakaI-cakavA, vata yA kAz2a kA sona, A~jana vagalA kA Dheka aura choTI muragAvI kA ledI bahuta pracalita nAma hai / jAyasI ne isI kAraNa inhI nAmo ko sAhityika nAmo kI apekSA adhika pasanda kiyA hai| sArasa ke lie "jIvana marana so ekahi sAthA" likha karake kavi ne kisa sundara Dhaga se isa ora saketa kiyA hai ki sArasa kA joDA phUTa jAne para vacA humA dUsarA pakSI apanI jAna de detA hai| sarovara kI anya vastupro ke varNana meM atizayokti se kAma lekara bhI jAyamI ne pakSiyo ke varNana me svAbhAvikatA se kAma liyA hai| dUsarA sthala jahA~ jAyasI ko pakSiyo ke sagraha kA avasara prApta huA hai 'nAgamatI kA viyogakhaDa' hai| tulasIdAsa jI ne to zrI rAma se "he khaga, mRga, he madhukara senI, kahu~ dekhI sItA mRgnnii|" kevala itanA hI kahalA kara chuTTI le lI hai, lekina jAyasI ne nAgamatI ko eka varSa taka rulAne ke bAda bhI usakI viraha vedanA kama nahIM hone dii| tabhI to vaha barasa divasa ghani roi ke, hAri parI jiya jhakhi , mAnusa ghara ghara bUjhi ke, vUjha nisarI pakhi / eka varSa taka rone ke pazcAt jI se hAra kara vaha pakSiyo se rAjA ko patA pUchane nikalI, kyoki manuSyo ke ghara-ghara pUchane para bhI use koI lAbha na humaa| nAgamatI-ke viyoga-khaDa kA yaha do arthoM vAlA varNana bhI kavitvamaya huA hai| dekhiye nAgamatI kI kaisI dazA ho gaI hai bhaI puchAra lInha vanabAsU , bairini savati dInha cilavAsU / hoi kharavAna viraha tanu lAgA, jo piu pAvai uDahi to kaagaa| hArila bhaI patha mai sevA, aba 'taha paThavauM phona prevaa| 'sona=savana, kAja, bata, kalahasa / 'baga-bagalA / Dheka=prAMjana bglaa| "levI-eka choTI batakha /

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jAyasI kA pakSiyo kA jJAna dhaurI par3aka kahu piu nAU~, jauM citarokha na dUsara ThAU~ / jAhi vayA hoi piu kaThalavA, kara merAva soi gauravA / koila bhaI pukArati rahI, mahari pukAre "lei leha dahI " / peDa tilorI zrI jalahasA, hiradaya paiThi viraha kaTanasA / 161 jehi pakhI ke niyara hUM, kaha~ viraha ke bAta / soI pakhI jAi jari, tarivara hoya nipAta // kuhuka huki jasa koila roI, rakta prAMsu ghuMghacI vana boI / mai karamukhI naina tanarAtI, ko serAva, virahA dukha tAtI / jaha jaha ThADha hoi vanavAsI, taha~ taha~ hoi ghuMghuci ke rAsI / bU~da bU~da maha~ jAnahu jIU, gujA gUMji kareM "piu pIU" / teMhi dukha bhare parAsa nipAte, lohU vUDi uThe hU~ rAte / rAte biMva bhIji tehi lohU, paravara pAka phATa hiya gohU / dekhoM jahA~ hoi soi rAtA, jahA~ so ratana kahai ko bAtA / naha pAvasa zrohi desarA, nahi hevanta vasanta / nA kokila na papIharA, jehi suni zrAvai kanta // kitanA sajIva varNana hai / virahAgni se pakSiyo ke bhasma ho jAne meM atizayokti avazya hai, lekina "rakata A~su ghuMghacI vana borDa" kaimI sundara yukti vana paDI hai / jAyasI ne koyala ko bolI ke lie aura kaue tathA hasa ko raga kI tulanA ke lie nahI yAda kiyA hai, balki dehAta meM striyo ko apane priya ke Agamana ke vAre meM jo andhavizvAsa hai usakA svAbhAvika varNana kiyA gayA hai| striyA~ koeM ko baiThA dekha kara kahatI hai- "yadi merA priya Ane vAlA ho to uDa jA / " agara sayoga se kauA usa jagaha se jalda hI uDa gayA to unake hRdaya meM priya ke Ane kI AzA dRDha ho jAtI hai / kaue ke lie jAyasI ne eka dUsare sthAna para aura bhI anokhI ukti peza kI hai bhora hoi jo lAge uThahi rora ke kAga / masi chUTe saba raina ke kAgahi kara prabhAga // jaba prabhAta hone lagatA hai to kauA isI lie kA~va-kA~va karatA hai ki rAtri kI sArI kAlimA to chUTa gaI, lekina durbhAgyavaza usakI syAhI pahale kI taraha vidyamAna hai / tIsarA sthala hai vAdazAha bhoja khaDa, jahA~ pakSiyoM kA varNana milatA hai / rAjA ne vAdazAha ko dAvata dI hai| sabhI, taraha ke pakavAna taiyAra ho rahe haiN| bAga-bagIce ke pakSiyoM kA varNana zramarAI meM aura jala ke nikaTa rahane vAlI ciDiyo kA varNana sarovara ke sAtha ho hI cukA thA / zrata yahA~ jAyasI ne sava prakAra ke zikAra ke pakSiyo ko ekatra kiyA hai / puchAra = (1) pUchane vAlI (2) mora, mayUra / cilavA~sa = ciDiyA pha~sAne kA eka phandA / kharavAna = (1) tIkSNa vANa (2) eka pakSI, kharabAnaka / hArila = (1) hArI huI, thakI huI (2) hArila pakSI, hariyala dhaurI == (1) sapheda (2) ghavara pakSI, phAnatA kI eka jAti / paDuka= (1) pIlA (2) paDakI / citarokha= (1) citta meM roSa (2) citarokhA pakSI, phAsatA kI eka jAti / jAhi vayA = sandesa lekara jA aura phira zrA ( vayA = ( zrA) phArasI), (2) vayA pakSI / kaThalavA = (1) gale meM lagAne vAlA (2) kaThalavA pakSI, lavA kI eka jAti | gauravA= (1) gauravapUrNa, vaDA (2) gauravA, caTaka pakSI / koila = (1) koyalA (2) koyala pakSI / dahI - (1) dadhi (2) dagdha, jalI / tilorI = teliyA mainA / kaTanAsA = (1) kATatA aura naSTa karatA hai (2) nIlakaMTha, kaTanAsa pakSI / nipAta = patrahIna / serAva = ThaDhA kare / parAsa = palAza / 21

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162 premI-abhinadana-pratha tItara baTaI lavA na bAMce, sArasa phUja puchAra jo naace| ghare parevA par3aka herI, khehA guDaru usr-bgerii| ' hArila caraga cAha baMdi pare, bana kukkuTa jalakukkuTa ghare / cakaI cakavA aura pidAre, nakaTA, ledI, sona, salAre / kaTha parI jaba chUrI, rakata durA hAMsu, kita Apana tana pokhA, bhakhA parAvA mAMsu / Upara ke uddharaNa me jina ciDiyo ke nAma pAye hai ve hamAre yahA~ ke bahuta prasiddha zikAra ke pakSI hai / cUki bhoja rAjA kI ora se diyA gayA hai, isase jAyasI ne grAmakukkuTa kI jagaha vana-kukkuTa rakyA hai / "A~su durane" kA mAdhurya ve hI samajha sakate hai jinakA sambandha abhI dehAta se nahI chUTA hai| "rahimana asuzrA nayana Dhari, nija dukha pragaTa karehi , ke "asuA DhAri" se A~su Dhurane me kahI jyAdA miThAsa hai / A~sU vahane meM vaha vAta kabhI A hI nahI sktii| isake alAvA padmAvata me khajana, hasa, kauDiyA, cakora, rAyamunI, sacAna, bhujelA, mahokha, vUmaTa, sArI (sArikA) aura kokilA Adi pakSiyo kA sthAna-sthAna para bahuta hI svAbhAvika varNana hai / muA to padmAvata kA eka mukhya pAtra hI hai| jAyasI ne saskRta kaviyo ke hasa ko sandezA le jAne kA kAma nahI saupaa| hasa sundara bhale hI ho aura usakI uDAna cAhe kitanI hI lambI hotI ho, lekina vaha usa saphalatA se sandezA nahI sunA sakatA, jima khUbI se yaha kAma manuSya kI volI kI nakala karane vAlA totA kara sakatA hai| isIse jAyasI ne hasa kI jagaha tote ko cunA hai aura usako usake lokapracalita nAma 'suprA' athavA 'paravattA' se hI yAda kiyA hai| pahADI tote ke lie Aja bhI dehAta meM 'parabattA' zabda pracalita hai| phira padmAvata ke hIrAmana tote kA kyA kahanA | usake vinA to yaha kathA hI adhUrI raha jaatii| jAyamI ne usake lie cAra khaDa alaga kara diye hai-suAkhaDa, nAgamatI suprAsavAdakhaDa, rAjA sugrAsavAdakhaDa aura padmAvatI suA ttkhdd| isake atirikta aura kaI jagaho para bhI hIrAmana kA varNana karane meM jAyasI nahI cuuke| nAgamatI suprA ko apanI viraha dazA kaise dIna zabdo meM sunAtI hai cakaI nisa bichurai, dina milA, hauM dina rAti viraha kokilaa| raini akeli sAtha nahiM sakhI, phaise jiya vichohI pkhii| viraha sacAna bhaeu tana jADA, jiyata khAi zrI mue na chaaNddaa| rakata durA mAsUgarA hADa bhaeu saba sakha / ghani sArasa hoi rari muI, pIu sameTahi pakha // yaha to huA padmAvata meM varNita pakSiyo kA eka sakSipta varNana maatr| isa mahAkavi kI amarakRti kA rasAsvAdana karane ke lie usakA koI prAmANika anuvAda prakAzita honA Avazyaka hai| kAlAkAkara ] baTaI-baTera / kUja-kuja, krauMca, kulaga pkssii| puchAra-mora / parevA kbuutr| paDukapaDakI phaakhtaa| khehAtItara kI jAti kA eka pkssii| usara-bagerI=eka bhArdUla jAti kA choTA pkssii| caraga= carata, kegmora, sohana ciDiyA jAti kA mora se choTA pkssii| cAha-cAhA pkssii| banakukkuTa jagalI murgii| jalakukkuTa jalamuragI, ttikrii| pidAre-piddA / nakaTA eka prakAra kI batakha / ledI-choTI muragAvI, eka choTI batakha / sona=savana, bata, kalahasa / salAre milarI, yA silaharI, eka prakAra kI batakha /

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upekSita bAla-sAhitya zrI khaddarajI aura dabAjI hamAre bhAratIya parivAroM meM jisa prakAra bacce upekSita rahate hai, usI prakAra hindI-sAhitya meM vAla-sAhitya upekSita hai| hameM yaha lajjApUrvaka svIkAra karanA par3atA hai ki hindI meM vAla-sAhitya kA jitanA abhAva hai, utanA gAyada hI kimI prAntIya bhApA me ho / gujarAtI kA vAla-sAhitya to itanA samRddha hai ki dekhakara jI Anandita ho uThatA hai / isa abhAva kA eka kAraNa to yaha bhI hai ki bacco ke abhibhAvaka isa ora se atyanta udAsIna hai| usa roja hama loga dillI ke ghaTAghara ke pAsa tAMge kI talAza meM khaDe the| itane me eka moTara vahA~ Akara rukii| usame cAra-pAMca bacce the aura eka prauDha, jo unake pitA pratIta hote the| bacco ne hamAre hAtha me vAlako kI kucha pustakeM dekhii| unakI nigAha una para jama gii| pitA unheM phala aura miThAI khilAnA cAhate the| bacce vAla-sAhitya ke bhUkhe the| pitAjI khAne kA mAmAna lene cale gaye to vacco ne moTara se utara kara hame ghera liyaa| vole, "ye kitAbeM vecate ho ?" hama uttara de ki tavataka unhone jeva se paise nikAla kara ikaTThe kara liye| unakA dhyAna pustako para kendrita thA, para bhayabhIta netro me ve vAra-bAra pitA jI kI ora dekha lete the| hamane unheM pustakeM vinA paise liye de dI aura ve tejI se kAra meM jA baitthe| pitA jI Aye aura gADI me baiTha gye| vacco ke hAtha meM java unhone pustake dekhI to phaTakAra karavole, "inameM kyA rakkhAhai ? kyA phala aura miThAI se bhI jyAdA tumheM ye kitAva pasanda hai ?" pitAjI koSa prakaTa kara rahe the aura hama khaDe-khaDe soca rahe the ki jisa deza meM vaDe-bUDhe AdamI bacco kI mAnasika bhUkha ko nahI samajha sakate, usa deza ke ujjvala bhaviSya kI kalpanA kaise kI jA sakatI hai? . dillI ke eka seTha jI ko hama loga vidA karane sTezana gaye the| unhone rAste me paDhane ke lie relave vuka-sTaoNla se kucha pustakeM mNgvaaii| bacco ne dekhI to unhone bhI apane matalava kI kucha pustako kI mAMga kii| seTha jI ne puna naukara bhejaa| thor3I dera meM vaha lauTA to khAlI hAtha / seTha jI ne pUchA, "kyo, kitAveM nahIM lAye?" naukara ne uttara diyA, "agrejI meM to hai, para nAgarI me bacco kI eka bhI kitAva nahIM milii|" gArDa ne sITI bajAI aura gADI cala dii| seTha jI namaskAra kara rahe the| hama logo ne bhI hAtha joDa diye, lekina hamArI A~kheM una DavaDavAye netro ko dekha rahI thI, jinameM baDe-baDe lekhako ke lie bhArI roSa thA ki ve moTemoTe pothe to likhate hai, kintu kabhI yaha nahIM socate ki vaTo kI duniyA ke atirikta eka nanhI duniyA bhI hai, jisameM mAnamika bhUkha se vacce dinarAta taDapa rahe hai| usa sAtvika krodha kA, jo una DavaDavAI A~kho meM thA, kyA hama kabhI pratikAra kara sakeMge? zikSaka varAvara ima kamI ko mahasUma karate hai, para ve kisase kahe ? deza ke prakAzaka aura lekhaka vAla-sAhitya ko Avazyaka hI nahIM smjhte| unheM zikAyata hai ki hindI meM pustakeM kama vikatI hai, lekina kabhI unhone isake kAraNa para bhI dhyAna diyA hai ? bacco ko choTI Ayu se hI pustakeM paDhane ko mileM to koI vajaha nahI ki Age calakara unakI kitAva paDhane kI Adata chaTa jaay| kaThinAI to yaha hai ki bacco meM paDhate kI Adata ko panapane denA to dUra, use kucala diyA jAtA hai| ata kala ke bacce aura Aja ke prauDha me pustako ke prati anurAga utpanna ho to kaise ? yaha kahanA to vyarya hai ki hindI jAnane vAlo kI sakhyA kama hai / yadi lekhaka tathA prakAzaka vAla-sAhitya kI ora dhyAna dekara sundara eva vaijJAnika vAla-sAhitya kA nirmANa kare aura bacco meM usake lie ruci paidA kara deM to hama dekheMge ki yahI vacce prauDha hokara bhojana aura vastra ke samAna pustako para bhI kharca karanA Avazyaka smjhege| tava nissandeha vaDI pustakoM kA bhI pracAra dhaDalle ke sAtha hogaa| hamArA nizcita mata hai ki jisa prakAra vinA jaDa

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164 premI-abhinadana-pratha ko sIce mahaz2a patto para pAnI chiDaka dene se vRkSa harA-bharA nahI raha sakatA, usI prakAra vAla-sAhitya ke vinA hamArA prauDha-sAhitya bhI panapa nahIM sktaa| Aja vAla-sAhitya ke nAma para jo kucha nikala rahA hai, use dekhakara kaSTa hotA hai| chapAI aura UparI TIpaTApa ke atirikta una pustako me sAra kucha bhI nahIM hotaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ina pustako ke adhikAza lekhaka vAlamanovijJAna se aparicita hai| kucha aise bhI lekhaka hai, jinhone vAla-manovijJAna kA zAstrIya adhyayana kiyA hai, kintu vAlako kI duniyA ke nikaTa samparka meM na rahane ke kAraNa usakA vyAvahArika jJAna unameM nahIM hai / yaha nirvivAda hai ki vinA vyAvahArika jJAna ke vAla-sAhitya kA nirmANa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ___ kucha loga aise bhI hai, jo bacco ke sAtha kAma karate hai aura vyAvahArika vAla-manovijJAna se bhI paricita hai, lekina vAla-sAhitya me prakAzako kI ruci na hone ke kAraNa unheM nirAza honA paDatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hindI meM avataka jo bhI vAla-sAhitya likhA gayA hai, usameM ninyAnave pratizata avaijJAnika, nikammA aura vAlaka ke antaramana me viSama granthiyAM paidA karane vAlA siddha ho rahA hai| hamane adhikAza vAla-sAhitya kA vivecanAtmaka eva pAlocanAtmaka roti se adhyayana kiyA hai aura use vAla-manovijJAna kI vyAvahArika kasauTI para khare utarate nahI pAyA hai| yahAM kucha udAharaNa denA aprAsagika na hogaa| __bacco kI eka pustaka meM hamane paDhA thA, "bhodUrAma jI ghara se thoDo dUra gaye the| eka strI ko jAte hue Apane dekhA, Apa Thahare rasika, strI pAsa se gujare aura Apa use na dekheM, yaha karo ho sakatA thA ?" lekhaka bhArata ke eka baDe prakAzaka hai| hama nahIM samajha pAte ki vacco ke lie isa prakAra ke zabda unakI kalama se kaise nikale? . eka dUsarI pustaka me, jo prayAga se prakAzita huI hai, lekhaka likhate hai, "yaha pichale karmoM kA phala hai / brAhmaNa ne pichale janma meM bure karma kiye the| Aja phAMsI milanI cAhie thii| kintu isa janma meM acche karma karane ke kAraNa sirpha kAMTA lagA hai|" hama samajhate hai ki koI bhI manovijJAna kA vidyArthI aura samajhadAra zikSaka isa prakAra kI pustaka vacco ke hAtha meM dekara unake mana ko punarjanma aura bhAgya ke bhaMvara me nahIM phNsaavegaa| hindI ke eka suprasiddha vidvAna ne bacco ke lie eka pustaka likhI hai| usame ve likhate hai, "sava vastuno ke naSTa ho jAne para bhI Izvara kAyama rahatA hai| aura manuSyoM ke pApa-puNya kA nyAya karatA hai / Izvara kA nAma bAravAra japane aura usakA upakAra mAnane se vaha khuza hotA hai|" hamArI dhAraNA hai ki bacco ke komala hRdaya para pApapuNya kI vipama rekhAe~ khIca kara ina lekhaka mahodaya ne deza ke AdhAra-stambha vAla-samAja kA vaDA apakAra kiyA hai| hama nahI samajhate ki vacco ko aise tatva-darzana kA zikSaNa dene kI koI AvazyakatA hai| spaSTa hai ki Aja vAlako ke lie hindI ke baDe-baDe lekhako aura prakAzako dvArA isa prakAra ke avaijJAnika aura asAmAjika sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA jA rahA hai aura vivaza hokara hameM yahI kUr3A-kacarA aura vipailA sAhitya vacco ke hAtha meM denA par3atA hai| hamane deza ke baDe-baDe rASTrIya zikSAlayo aura pustakAlayo taka meM vAlako ko aisA hI sAhitya paDhate pAyA hai| yadi prauDha-sAhitya meM azlIla aura asAmAjika pustake prakAzita hotI hai to varSoM una para vAda-vivAda calatA hai, lekina vAla-sAhitya itanA anAtha hai ki koI kucha bhI likhatA rahe, kisI ke kAna para jUM taka nahIM reNgtii| hamArA sujhAva hai ki jisa prakAra dAdA gorkI ne rUsa meM vahA~ ke mAtA-pitA aura zikSako ko sAtha lekara vAlamAhitya ke nirmANa ke lie sagaThita prayatna kiyA thA, usI prakAra hama loga bhI isa dizA me prayala kreN| maiksima gorkI ne rUsa ke bacco kI sAhitya-samvandhI abhiruci ko jAnane ke lie vahA~ ke bacco se kucha prazna pUche the| prazno ke jo uttara prAye, unhI ke AdhAra para vahAM ke sAhityiko ne vAla-sAhitya taiyAra kiyaa| prAya bacco ne jagala ke pazu-pakSI aura satAye hue bacco kI karuNa kahAnI sunanA adhika pasanda kiyaa| kucha ne sAhasika yAtrAmo aura vaijJAnika

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upekSita vAla-nAhitya 165 khoja-sambandhI kahAniyo nayA mahApuruSo ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM ke paDhane meM abhiruci dikhaaii| uma saba ko dhyAna meM rakhakara pustako kI racanA kI gii| hama loga bhI gata dasa varSoM meM isa dizA meM lage hue hai| apane sUkSma adhyayana me hama jisa pariNAma para Aye hai, vaha makSepa meM isa prakAra hai 1 hameM avaijJAnika mAhitya vacco ko nahIM denA caahie| na aimA sAhitya jimameM vivAdAspada cIjeM ho| jame punarjanma, Izvara, svarga, narka aura bhUta-preta kI kahAniyA~ / aimA mAhitya, jo vaccoM ke mana meM bhaya utpanna karatA hai, vaccI ke svAsthya aura pAcana-kriyA para ghAtaka prabhAva DAlatA hai| imI ke kAraNa bacce rAta ko vistare para pezAva kara dete hai| 2 ainI avAstavika kahAniyo ne bacco ko dUra rakhanA cAhie, jinheM paDhakara mAta varSa kI umra ke bAda bhI ve kAlpanika jagat meM vicaraNa karate rhe| 3 bacco ko aisI kahAniyAM tathA nAhitya diyA jAya, jo matya ke AdhAra para likhA gayA ho, bhale hI umama varNita ghaTanAe~ kalpita ho / arthAt tarka ke dvArA una bacco ko samajhAyA jA ske| jame jAdU ke ghoDe ke sthAna para hama eka aime ghoDe kI kalpanA kara sakate hai, jisameM eka magIna lagI ho| vaTana davAte hI ghoDA zrAkAga meM uDa sake / yahAM jAdU ke ghoDe pIra kala ke ghoTe meM yaha antara hai ki jAdU kA ghoDA vacce ko gekhacillI vanAvegA, java ki mazIna kA ghoDA ume isa prakAra kA ghoDA banAne kI preraNA degaa| 4 aimI kavitAe~ aura kahAniyAM naiyAra kI jAyeM, jo bacce ke mana meM rahane vAle bhaya, cintA eva kumamkArajanita mithyA dhAgNAgrI ko dUra kara skeN| 5 aimI kahAniyAM likhI jAye, jinameM dikhAyA gayA ho ki loga jinheM bhUta-preta samajhate the, vaha vAstava meM ghogbA thaa| asatya thaa| 6 aimI kahAniyA~ baTI lAbhadAyaka hotI hai, jo vaccI ko vikaTa paristhitiyo me vacane kI zikSA de makaM / 7 jina kahAniyo me vacco ko baDe-baTa kArya karane kI preraNA mile, unakI racanA upayogI hotI hai| 8 emI kahAniyA~ limbI jAyeM, jinameM upekSita bacco kA caritra-citraNa kiyA gayA ho| unheM mevA-miThAI, acche kapaDe tathA anya Avazyaka vastueM, jo unheM vAstavika jIvana meM nahIM milatI, kimI pAya dvArA dilavAI gaI ho| aimI kahAniyo ko paDhakara upekSita vAlaka vaDe yAnanda kA anubhava karate hai| 9 vacco ko aimI kahAniyA~ dI jAye, jo unameM me hInatA kI bhAvanA ko dUra karake unameM zrAtma-vizvAsa paidA kreN| unake caritra kA nirmANa kreN| hamArI abhilApA hai ki deza ke prakAzaka, lekhaka, vacco ke mAtA-pitA tathA zikSaka mAmUhika rUpa se vicAra kareM ki hamAre deza ke baccoM ke lie kisa prakAra kA mAhitya upayogI hogaa| eka aise pragatizIla vAla-mAhitya-samAlocaka magha kI sthApanA kI jAya, jisakA uddezya vAla-sAhitya ke lekhako kA patha-pradarzana aura ve jo sAhitya taiyAra kareM, usakI kharI AlocanA karanA ho| yaha magha vaccoM ke hAtha meM dene yogya vanAnika mAhitya kI sUcI taiyAra kare aura avaijJAnika mAhitya ke viruddha sagaThita rUpa me AvAja uThAne kI preraNA de| ima punIta avamara para hama mAdhana-sampanna prakAgako, suyogya lekhako, samajhadAra mAtA-pitA aura zikSako ko ima dizA meM vyavasthita rUpa se kadama uThAne ke lie Amantrita karate hai| bacco para deza kI prAzA kendrita hotI hai aura yadi hama apane deza ke bacco ko yogya banA sake to hamArI dagA badalate dera na lgegii| naI dillI ]

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idora maiM hU~ nitya vartamAna zrI vIrendrakumAra jaina em0 e0 mai hU~ nitya vartamAna, cirantana pravarttamAn / digata kA viSAda kaisA ? anAgata kI zakA kaisI ? jaba ki hU~ nizcita sanAtana meM vartamAna / smRti ke tAro kI dUrAgata jhakAra, kSINa-sI TakarAtI cetana ke ruddha dvAra, hote hI zrAtmA mukta, ho jAtI havA-sI vaha khiDakiyoM ke prArapAra / cidrUpa meM hai mava eka-mAna, eka-tAna / chAyA - calacitro kI jagatI yaha, kSaNa-kSaNa nava-navIna, kSaNa-kSaNa tiromAna / isa sabake antara meM, maiM hU~ cira vartamAna ! khiDakI se jhA~ka rahA zarada ke prabhAta kA yaha nIlA AsamAna, aura isa nIlimA meM athAha pIpala kI DAla para pallava ve cikane gola khela rahe Dola-Dola, navIna madhu kiraNo ke jhUlana para gAte ve amara gAna divya mauna | isI nita-navIna lIlAmayatA meM maM to hU~ eka tAna vartamAna ! isa kAla - sAgara ke taTa para khar3A bAlaka-mA khela rahA hU~ ina cacalA laharo ko bhara-bhara a~guliyoM meM, meM uchAla detA, havA ina candra-sUrya, graha-nakSatro para vAra detA / ina taraga-pheno ko raMga detA hU~ apane hI sapano se ! apanI hI isa citrasArI meM apane ko nitya meM vanA detA, miTA detA / mai to hU~ vartamAna, nirantara pravartamAna ! 3

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hiMdustAna meM chApekhAne kA AraMbha ___ zrI ananta kAkAvA priyoLakara vI0 e0 [isa nivandha ke vidvAn lekhaka prAcIna sAhitya kI khoja karane vAlo meM apanA mukhya sthAna rakhate hai| aba taka inhoMne aneka granyo kA sampAdana kiyA hai| bambaI yUnIvarsiTI ne san 1935 meM inake dvArA sampAdita raghunAtha paDita viracita 'damayantI svayavara' nAmaka grantha ko marAThI meM sarvotkRSTa grantha mAnakara usake lie 'tarakhaDaphara prAija', jo marAThI ke sarvotkRSTa grantha ke lie diyA jAtA hai, inheM pradAna kiyA thaa| samaya-samaya para marAThI eva gujarAtI kI sAhityika sasthAo meM inake vyAkhyAna hote rahate hai| prAcIna zodha-sambandhI inake lagabhaga sau nivandha ava taka pustaka rUpa meM yA mAsika patro meM prakAzita ho cuke hai|-smpaadk] ___ yaha bAta vilakula sahI hai ki jaise lekhana-kalA ke pracAra se jJAna-prApti kA mArga sulabha huA hai, vaise hI chApane kI kalA ke pracAra se yaha mArga sahasra gunA adhika sulabha aura vistRta ho gayA hai| isalie chApekhAne kA itihAsa jAnanA Avazyaka hai| mudraNakalAchApAkhAne-kI zodha sabase pahale cIna meM huI thii| vahAM san 1600 meM eka chapI huI pustaka milI thI, jisameM chApane kI tA0 11 maI san 868 thii| yaha chapAI blaoNka-priMTiMga meM huI thii| magara kahA jAtA hai ki alaga-alaga TAipa vanAne aura unase chApane kI kalA kA prAvipkAra pI0 zega (Pi Sheng) ne IsvI san 1041 se 1046 ke bIca kiyA thaa| yUrupa ke chApekhAne ke sambandha meM kahA jAtA hai ki vahAM chApane kI kalA kI zodha aura usakA vikAsa svatantra rUpa se huA thaa| IsvI san 1440 ke pUrva citrAdi lakaDI ke blaoNka banAkara chApe jAte the| TAipa banAkara unase chApane kA kaba se aura kahAM se prArambha huA, isa sambandha meM vibhinna mata hai / jarmanI, phrAsa, haoNlaiMDa aura iTalI ina dezo meM se hareka deza kahatA hai ki chapAI kA prArambha hamAre yahA~ se huA thaa| magara hameM isa vAda-vivAda meM par3ane kI z2arUrata nahIM hai| adhikAza logo kA mata hai ki suprasiddha jarmana mudraka 'jona gaTenavarga' (Johann Gutenberg) ne, jisakA samaya 1398 se 1468 mAnA jAtA hai, TAipa banAkara chApane kI kalA kA vikAsa kiyA thaa| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki pandrahavIM sadI meM jarmanI meM chapAI kA zrIgaNeza huaa| chApane kI kalA kA pravega hindustAna me isake sau varasa vAda huaa| yaha vAta jesuiTa logo ke patra-vyavahAra se mAlUma hotI hai / * 26 mArca san 1556 ke dina, jemuiTa mizana kI eka TukaDI avImIniyA jAne ke lie purtagAla ke vele nAmaka vandara se jahAz2a para caDhI / isake sAtha hI mudraNakalA kA jAnakAra juAna da vustAmAti (Juan de Bustamante) apane eka sahayogI ke sAtha govA jAne vAle jahAz2a para mavAra huaa| vaha 6 sitambara san 1556 ke dina govA phuNcaa| vaha apane sAtha chapAI ke avizyaka mApana lekara AyA thaa| isalie usane govA pahuMcate hI 'meMTapAla' nAmaka kaoNleja meM chApAkhAnA khaDA kara chApane kA kAma zurU kara diyaa| 6 navambara san 1556 ko pATriyArka kA likhA huyA eka patra milA hai| usameM isa chApekhAne meM tattvajJAna kA nirNaya' (Conclusoes Philosophicas) nAmaka grantha chapA thA, isakA ullekha hai| usameM yaha bhI likhA hai ki seMTa jeviyara kRta 'ImAI dharma ke siddhAnta' (Doutrina Christa) nAmaka anya chApane kA vicAra ' ' * Rerum Aethiopic Script, Vol x, pp 55-61

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168 premI-abhinadana-praya bhI ho rahA thaa| yaha grantha san 1557 meM chapA thA aura praznottara ke rUpa meM mudrita huA thaa| isa 'IsAI dharma ke siddhAnta' pustaka kA ullekha phrAsisa da sauja nAma ke pAdarI ne apane portugIz2a bhASA ke gantha 'oriaiti kokistAdu-zrA jesusa kristu' (Oriente Conquistado a Jesus Christo) meM kiyA hai| parantu ye dono grantha ava nahI milte| magara govA ke prathama Arcavizapa do gAspAra da liyAva ne 'kopediyu spirituAla da hida kristA' IESV. COMPENDIO SPIRIT VAL DA VIDA Chrittaa, tiradode muitos autores pello primeiJO ARCEBISPO de Goa, e per elte pregado no pri meiro anno a seusfregue. ses, peraglona chorra de IESU CHRISTO nollo SALVADOR, e edi ficacam de suas OVELHAS. Naleguinte folha se dostara o conccudo neste Tratado. kopeMdiyu pustaka kA TAyaTila pRSTha (1560) (Compendio Spiritual da vida Christa) nAma ko pustaka likhI thii| vaha nyUyArka (amerikA) kI pablika lAibrerI meM maujUda hai / vaha pustaka seTa pAla kaoNleja govA ke isI chApekhAne meM san 1560 me chapI thii| isI taraha iglaiMDa ke briTiza myUjiyama meM 'kolokiyus dusa siplis i draoNgas' (Coloquios dos simples edrogas) nAmaka pustaka hai| yaha bhI isI chApekhAne meM san 1563 me chapI thii| isakA viSaya vaidyaka-zAstra aura lekhaka gAsiya da oNrta (Garcia de Orta) hai| seMTa paoNla kaoNleja govA ke chApekhAne meM jo pustakeM chapI thI, ve prAya iTeliyana yA portugIja bhASA meM thii| imalie bhAratIya bhASAmo kI dRSTi se isa chApekhAne kA khAsa mahattva nahIM hai| isakA mahattva isI meM hai ki yaha hamako bhArata meM chApekhAne ke Arambha kA itihAsa batAtA hai|| kucha samaya bAda govA ke rAyatUra (Rachol) ke seMTa ignezasa kaoNleja me eka chApAkhAnA aura prArambha huA, jisameM bhAratIya bhASAoM meM pustakeM chapane lgii| + Con I, Div I, para 23.

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166 hiMdustAna meM chApekhAne kA prAraMbha phAdara thomasa sTiphama (Father Thomas Stephens) nAma kA aMgreja sabase pahale hindustAna meM AyA thaa| isane 'ovI" (chanda vizeSa) meM 'krAisTa purANa' nAmaka anya marAThI bhASA meM likhaa| usameM karIva gyAraha hajAra proviyA~ hai| vaha grantha seTa ignezasa kaoNleja ke chApekhAne meM san 1616 IsvI meM chpaa| usakI bhASA marAThI hai, parantu akSara romana lipi ke hai| usakI san 1646 meM dUsarI aura san 1654 meM tIsarI AvRtti prakAzita huI, parantu Azcarya to isa bAta kA hai ki ina tIna pAvRttiyo meM se eka kI bhI prati kahI nahI miltii| maine portugAla phrAsa, jarmanI, roma aura iMglaiMDa meM isakI talAza kI, parantu kahI nahIM milii| hA~, isa grantha kI romana, devanAgarI aura kannaDI lipi meM bahuta sI hasta-likhita pratiyAM milatI hai| viena (Wien) ke 'nezanala vAigliyothika' (National Bibliothek) nAmaka sarakArI saMgrahAlaya meM ima grantha kI devanAgarI meM hastalikhita prati hai| isI taraha landana ke 'dI skUla oNva aoriaTala sTaDIja' (The school of Oriental Studies) ke sagrahAlaya meM bhI isakI eka prati hai| isa grantha kI cauthI zrAvRtti man 1907 meM mi0 mAlaDAnA ne prakAzita kI thii| EngsVsMARIA TARTE-DAN LIN GOA CANAS COMPOSTA PELO PADRE Ihon az cstcoao d2 Con paobja die SE IESV $ & acrecentada pelo Padr PEDiogesbiroda midoa cipanthias El noucmcare rcuifta. Bomendada por el Dontrog gro Paaresdamelma Com k'' sol parhiz, HnipavasariERHERI - - care & Org EXComicacadas.Inqallie dinario Eco Rachol no Collegio de S. Ignacio led da Companhia de IESV Anno de 1640. 101. kAnArI vyAkaraNakA TAyaTila pRSTha (1640) rAyatUra ke chApAkhAne me san 1634 meM eka aura anya marAThI bhASA meM chapA thaa| isakA nAma hai 'seTa piTara purANa' / isameM vAraha hajAra ke karIba proviyA~ hai| isakI eka prati gove ke viblisoteka nAsiyonAla' (Biblioteca 'mahArASTra ke prasiddha mahAtmA jJAnezvara kA dhArmika grantha isI 'ovI'chanda meM likhA gayA hai| mahArASTra meM inakI proviyAM isI taraha prasiddha hai, jisa taraha uttara bhArata meM santa kabIradAsa kI sAkhiyA~ aura mahAtmA tulasIdAma kI caupaaiyaaN| 22

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premI-abhinaMdana-graMtha 170 Nacional) nAma ke sarakArI saMgrahAlaya meM hai| isa grantha ke prArambha ke paccIsa pRSTha naSTa ho gaye hai| isalie yaha nizcaya karanA baDA kaThina hai ki isakA banAne vAlA kauna thaa| magara isa grantha kI chapI huI eka prati purtagAla meM milI hai| isIse yaha nizcita huA hai ki isakA nirmANakartA 'phAdara etiena da lA kruvA' (Fr. Etienne de la Crorx) thA aura yaha san 1634 meM rAyatUra ke chApekhAne meM chapI thii| isI chApekhAne meM chapI huI eka dUsarI kitAva lisvana ke grantha-sagrahAlaya meM milI hai| yaha gove kI marAThI volI kA vyAkaraNa hai| isakA nAma 'prAti da liMgva kAnArI' (Arte de Lingua Canarim) hai| isako phAdara sTiphasa ne banAyA hai| isakA mudraNa kAla san 1640 hai|' lisvana ke sagrahAlaya meM tIsarI kitAva rAyatUra ke chApekhAne meM chapI huI aura hai / vaha marAThI bhASA meM hai| usakA nAma 'khristI dharma siddhAnta' (Doutrina Christa) aura banAne vAlA sTiphasa hai| isakA mudraNa kAla san 1622 IsvI hai| isI sagrahAlaya meM ukta chApekhAne kI chapI huI cauthI kitAva 'seMTa aTanI kA purANa' hai| usakA lekhaka 'phAdara Antoniya da sAladAjya' (Fr Antonio de Saldanha) hai / yaha san 1655 IsvI meM chapI thii| gove ke sarakArI grantha-sagrahAlaya meM san 1658 IsvI kI chapI huI eka aura pustaka hai / usako 'phAdara miMgela da Alamaida' (Fr Minguel de Almeida) ne banAyA hai| isakA nAma hai 'kisAna kA vAga' (Jardim dos Pastores) / isakI bhASA kokaNI marAThI aura lipi romana hai| gove ke sagrahAlaya meM san 1660 meM rAyatUra ke chApekhAne meM chapI 'daivika Atmagata bhASaNa' (Sohloqulos Divinos) nAmaka pustaka aura hai, jisake kartA jujhAva da peMdroja (Joao de Pedroza) hai / isakI bhASA kokaNI marAThI aura lipi romana hai| portugIz2a ke dharma-pracAraka IsAI logo kA malAvAra meM bhI dharma-pracAra kA prayatna joro se cala rahA thaa| phAdara phAsiska da sIja apane uparinirdiSTa grantha meM likhatA hai ki juvAva gosAlavis (Joao Gonsalves) ne malAvArI lipi ke TAipa banAye the| usane kannaDI lipi ke TAipa banAne kA bhI irAdA kiyA thA, parantu akSaro kI vicitra AkRti, uccAraNa nizcita karane kI kaThinAI aura bolane vAle logo kI sakhyA kI kamI ke kAraNa usane yaha irAdA choDa diyaa| gove ke andara bolI jAne vAlI marAThI ko portugIja 'kAnArI' volI kahate hai| prAcIna kAla meM marAThI bhASA kannaDI lipi meM bhI likhI huI milatI hai| ___ pahale chApekhAne ko 'lihita maDapa' kahate the| san 1658 meM chapI huI 'kisAna kA vAga' nAmaka pustaka meM likhA hai-"lihita maDapI gsilaa|" yaha nAma sabase pahale portugIz2a logo ne chApekhAne ko diyA thaa| isase pahale chApane kI mazIna kA koI dezI nAma nahIM thaa| x X hindustAna meM chApAkhAnA prArambha karane kA dUsarA prayatla Deniza mizanariyo ne kiyaa| 9 julAI san 1706 ko 'vAratholomeva jijenavalga' (Bartholomew Ziegenbalg) nAmaka mizanarI apane sAthI 'henarI phuzcAna' (Henry Plutschan) ke sAtha hindustAna meM aayaa| usa samaya phreDarika caturtha rAjya karatA thaa| usane tajAvara ke pAsa Akara TrAkvevAra (Tranquebar) meM IsAI dharma pracAra karane kA kAma prArambha kiyaa| zurU-zurU meM use vaDI kaThinAiyA~ jhelanI paDI, parantu pIche usako saphalatA prApta hone lgii| usane 'tAnAvaDI' nAmaka prasiddha tAmila kavi ko IsAI bnaayaa| isa kavi ne tAmila bhASA meM mahAtmA IsA kA padya meM jIvanacarita likhaa| X 'isa sambandha meM vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie lekhaka ko 'marAThI vyAkaraNAcI kulakathA' nAmaka pustaka dekhie /

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hiMdustAna meM chApekhAne kA prArabha 171 yaha mizana mArTina lUthara ke anuyAyI proTesTaiTa logo kA thaa| isalie DenmArka kI taraha jarmanI va iglaiMDa ke proTesTeMTa logo ne isa mizana kI sahAyatA kii| vahA~ se 'jaoNna phinke' (Jonas Fincke) nAmaka presamaina (Pressman) chApAkhAnA, TAipa aura kucha portugIja bhASA meM chapI huI 'naye karAra' kI pustako ke sAtha hindustAna bhejA gyaa| magara brez2ila ke pAsa phreMca logo ne usa jahAz2a para hamalA kiyA, jisameM phinke A rahA thaa| phinke yuddha-vandI kI taraha pakaDA gyaa| kucha samaya ke bAda vaha choDa diyA gyaa| magara durbhAgya se vaha rAste meM hI jvara se pIDita hokara mara gyaa| chApAkhAnA hindustAna meM AyA, parantu usako calAne vAlA koI na thaa| kucha dina vAda mAlUma huA ki IsTa iDiyA kampanI kI phauja meM eka sipAhI hai| vaha mudraNakalA kI kucha jAnakArI rakhatA hai| vaha bulAyA gayA aura usakI sahAyatA se chApAkhAnA khaDA kiyA gyaa| isameM kucha dhArmika pustake, praznottara ke rUpa meM aura prArthanA ke rUpa meM chApI gii| unameM se eka bhI pustaka ava nahIM miltii| isI mizana meM 'phreDarika skvArTa ja' (Frederick Schwartz) nAmaka eka pAdarI thaa| usane prayatna karake najAvara ke rAjA saraphaujI se usakI rAjadhAnI meM eka chApAkhAnA kAyama kraayaa| isa chApekhAne me marAThI aura saskRta bhASA me pustakeM chApI giiN| briTiza myUjiyama meM marAThI bhASA me chapI huI 'Isapa-nIti' nAma kI sacitra pustaka hai| isakA anuvAda saraphojI mahArAja ke mukhya mantrI sakhaNNA paDita ne kiyA thaa| isakI eka prati saraphaujI mahArAja ne 'sara alekjeMDara jaoNnasTona' ko, jaba ve tajAvara gaye the, bheMTa meM dI thii|' isase spaSTa hai ki yaha pustaka san 1817 ke pUrva kisI samaya tajAvara ke chApekhAne meM chapI thii| __ tajAvara ke 'sarasvatI mahala' pustakAlaya meM isa chApekhAne meM chape hue mAghakAvya, kArikAvalI, va muktAvalI nAma ke saskRta grantha maujUda hai| ye mUla grantha na to maiMne dekhe hai, na unakA koI chAyA-citra hI mere pAsa hai| isalie unake sambandha meM vizeSa rUpa se kucha nahI kahA jA sakatA, parantu itanA to jJAta hai hI ki chapAI blaoNka-priMTiMga nahIM hai, TAipa-priMTiMga hai| isa kathana kA AdhAra yaha hai jisa 'Isapa nIti' kA Upara jikra kiyA hai, usa para hAtha se likhA hai, "The present Raja of Tanjore procured a printing press from England, established it in his own palace and had a great many of the Brahmins, who held appointments near his person, instructed in printing with Marathi and Sanskrit types" (arthAt-tajAvara ke vartamAna rAjA ne iglaiMDa se eka prema maMgavA kara apane mahala meM khaDA kiyaa| usake lie kaI AdamI (brAhmaNa) rkkhe| unhone marAThI aura saskRta TAipo meM chApanA sikhaayaa|) sambhavata yaha vaha prati hogI jise saraphaujI mahArAja ne 'sara elekjeMDara jaoNnasTona' ko bheTa kiyA thA aura isameM mara elekjeMDara ne svaya yA usake anya kisI vyakti ne uparyukta vAta likha dI hogii| phira use briTiza myUjiyama ko bheTa kara diyA hogaa| saraphaujI mahArAja kI taraha hI pezavAI ke prasiddha rAjanItijJa 'nAnA phaDanavIsa' ne mudraNa-kalA kI tarapha lakSa kiyA thaa| usa samaya lahie grantha likhakara vecate the| garIva brAhmaNa grantha nahIM kharIda sakate the| isalie panika loga grantha kharIdate the aura brAhmaNo ko dAna meM dete the| java 'nAnA phaDanavIsa' ne aMgrejI meM chape grantha dekhe tava unake mana meM bhI nAgarI akSara vanavA kara unameM gItA chapavAne kI icchA jAgrata huii| unhone nAgarI blaoNka taiyAra karane History of Modern Marathi Literature by GC Bhate 1939, p 65 * The Journal of the Tanjore Saraswati Mahal Library, Vol I, No 2, 1939-40, P17 History of Modern Marathi Literature, p 65

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172 premI-abhinadana-graMtha ko kArIgara niyukta kiyA, parantu yaha kAma abhI pUrA nahI huA thA ki dUsare vAjIrAva rAjA hue aura 'nAnA phaDanavIsa' ko pUnA choDanA pdd'aa| kArIgara vicArA nirAza huaa| magara bhAgya se usakI mIraja ke guNagrAhI rAjA zrImanta gagAdhara rAva govinda paTavardhana se meMTa ho gii| unhone kArIgara'ko Azraya diyA aura gItA chApane kA kAma san 1805 IsvI meM pUrA huaa| gItA kI chapI huI prati aura jina blAko se vaha chApI gaI thI ve blaoNka ava bhI mIraja riyAsata ke saMgrahAlaya meM maujUda hai / ' kArIgara aMgrez2I jaisA TAipa nahI banA sakA thaa| isalie usane eka tAMbe ke patra meM akSara khode, phira usa patre ko dUsare tAMbe ke patra meM ulTA jaDA / unhe lakaDI ke presa meM ThokA aura phira lAkha kI syAhI se chaapaa| * gaajiigraahgliilaa maMtrohamahovAjyamahAniiMdA / pitAmadhyajagatomAtAmAtApitAmahaH / vegraMpavitramoMkAinarakalAmaya holna ra 17 gati tImA sAlI nivAsa bAloM gItA-jisake mudraNa kA Adeza nAnA phaDanavIsa ne diyA thaa| (blAka priMTiMga-1805) I0 sa0 1678 meM blaoNka-priMTiMga se chapA huA eka devanAgarI akSaro kA lekha 'horaTasa iDikasa, malAvArIkasa' (Hortus Indicus Malabaricus) nAmaka leTina bhASA kI pustaka ke eka khaDa me hai / yaha lekha kokaNa kI marAThI bolI meM, kucha paDito dvArA likhA huA pramANapatra hai| yaha aisA dikhAI detA hai ki jaise z2ika kA blaoNka banAkara chApA gayA ho / granya raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI vambaI ke sagrahAlaya meM hai| unnIsavI sadI me chape hue dezI bhASA ke aneka purAne grantha liyo-presa meM chape hue milate hai| isase aneka loga yaha samajhane lage hai ki lithogrApha-priMTiMga TAipa-priMTiMga kI prathamAvasthA hai| magara yaha vAta ThIka nahIM hai / kAraNa, 'lithogrAphI' (Lythography) kI zodha to san 1796 meM 'sTInaphelaDara' (Stenefelder) ne, jaba vaha phoTogrAphI ke AviSkAra meM lagA huA thA, kI thii| TAipa-priMTiMga kI chapAI to pahale se hI prArambha ho gaI thii| prArambha meM TAipa-priMTiMga kI apekSA litho-priMTiMga adhika phailaa| isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki isameM TAipa kI kaThinatA nahIM thii| gujarAta meM litho-preso kA pracAra adhika huA thaa| portugIja yA Deniza mizanariyo ne mudraNakalA-prasAra kA prayatna kiyA thaa| inake sivA eka dUsare mahAnubhAva ne bhI isakA prayatla kiyA thaa| bhImajI pArakha nAma ke eka gujarAtI sajjana ne san 1670 IsvI meM korTa oNva DAirekTasa se prArthanA kI ki hameM brAhmaNa-granya chApane hai| isalie eka mudraka, chApAkhAnA aura TAipa bhijavA dIjie / tadanusAra 'henarI hila' 'adhika jAnakArI ke lie rAvabahAdura da0 ba0 pArasanIsa aura rA0 sundararAva vaidya ke 'navayuga' (jUna 1915, pu0563 va jana 1816, pR0628) meM prakAzita lekha dekhiye|

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hiMdustAna meM chApekhAne kA zrAraMbha 173 nAmaka eka agreja bambaI bhejA gayA / parantu usake sAtha TAipa phAuDarI na thI / isalie vaha yahA~ ke (Bantan type) vaniyA TAipa' na vanA sakA / ata korTa graoNva DAirekTarsa se phira prArthanA kI gaI aura unhone eka TAipa phAuDarI bhijavAI | uparyukta samAcAra 'dI TAimsa praoNva iMDiyA' ke 1 janavarI san 1934 ke zaka meM mi0 zrAra0 vI0 pe mAsTara prakAzita kiyA thA, parantu isa chApekhAne meM kauna-kauna-sI pustakeM chapIM, isakA patA Ajataka nahI calA / isake bAda karIva sau varama taka mudraNakalA ke samvandha meM hindustAna meM koI prayatna huA ho, aisA mAlUma nahI hotA / san 1777 meM rustama jI karmA jI ne bAz2Ara sTrITa phorTa vambarDa meM eka chApAkhAnA zurU kiyA aura usameM san 1780 IstrI kA bambaI pacAga (Bombay Almanac ) chApA / lagabhaga isI samaya vagAla meM chApAkhAnA zurU kiyA gayA aura usameM mi0 netheniela hAlaheDa (Mr Natheniel Halhed) kA vagAlI vyAkaraNa chApA gyaa| yaha bAta usake mRtyu-lekha meM dI gaI hai / " 533 Till following roots faccording to ml 509) take after the reduplicated confonant and fuch of them as contam a nalal may occa. Gomally drop it in the common, as in the profier funm yas Fall zanIyam zanotrasti or zanogramIti, & Or, zanIyama, zanograsti o zanIyaMmIni 48 dhvam Fall, danIdhvam, danIdhyasIti, &c. bhram Fall, vanIm, banIbhrasti or banIbhramIni, &c pana Move, fall, panIpana, panIpati or panIpanIrti, &c paTU Go, flep, panIpaTU, panIpani or panIpadIni, &c. skandra Jump, leap, canIskad, canIskani or canIskadIni, &c. vac Deceive, vaNIvac, vaNIyakti or vaNIyacIni, &c. * Or, according to lone, yaNIvac, peNIvati or vaNIvaMcIni, &ce kam Go, move, canakam, canIkasti or canIksIni, &c. 594 daMzU Bite, and bhaja Break, drop their nafals, aud, make daMdRSTi, saMskRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa (1808 ) isa vyAkaraNa ko chApane meM jima TAipa kA upayoga kiyA gayA thA, vaha mi0 cArlsa vilkinsa (phira ve 'sara' ho gaye the) ke banAye hue meTriseja se taiyAra kiyA gayA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki dezI bhASA meM chapI huI yaha sarvaprathama pustaka hai / - vilkiMma ne bhagavadgItA kA bhI igliza anuvAda kiyA thaa| hindustAna hI meM do kArIgaroM kI sahAyatA se vilkisa ne devanAgarI TAipa bhI taiyAra kiyA, parantu acAnaka usake kAryAlaya meM Aga laga gaI / isalie usakA 1 'sambhavata vaniyA TAipa se zrabhiprAya gujarAtI TAipa se hai / The Bombay Calendar and Almanac 1856. * The Friend of India, 19th August 1838 * isIlie mi0 vilkiMsa ko keksaTana oNva iMDiyA (The Caxton of India) kahate haiM /

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174 premI-abhinaMdana-praya vaha TAipa kharAva ho gayA aura vaha isa TAipa me yahAM koI pustaka na chApa skaa| parantu vaha 'paca' aura maTrisa' iglaiMDa le gyaa| vahAM usane devanAgarI TAipa DAlA aura usase usane apanI pustaka 'saMskRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa'(AGrammar of the Sanskrit Language) san 1808 me landana me chaapii| yaha kitAva IsTa iMDiyA kaoNleja, haoNrTaforDa (The East India College at Hertford) ke sacAlako ke utsAha se prakAzita karAI gaI thii| yahanaiyAra to bhArata me hI kara lI gaI thI, magara yahAM chapa nahI skii| isa bAta kA ullekha unhone apane vyAvaraNa kI prastAvanA meM kiyA hai| jina do sahAyako kA mi0 vilkinsa ne apanI prastAvanA me nirdeza kiyA hai ve pacAnana aura manohara the| unheM TAipa banAne kI katA prApta huI thii| magara usa kalA kA upayoga ve svaya karane meM asamartha the| unako vilkisa ke jaise kittI niyojaka kI AvazyakatA thii| saubhAgya se unheM DA0 viliyama kerI nAma kA eka sadgRhastha milaa| yadi unheM DA0 kerI na milA hotA to sambhava thA ki yaha kalA dono kArIgaro ke mAra hI calI jAtI aura kaI varSa taka hindustAna meM mudraNakalA kA pracAra na hotaa| DA0 kerI mizanarI thaa| vaha san 1763 me hindustAna AyA / unakA mukhya uddezya bhArata me ImAiyo ke prasiddha dharma ganya zubhavartamAna kA pracAra karanA thaa| usako saskRta, vagAlI, marAThI ityAdi dezI bhASAo kA acchA jJAna thaa| phorTa viliyama kaoNleja, kalakattA meM bhI vaha dezI bhASAe~ sikhAne kA prophesara niyukta huaa| jisa samaya vaha itta vicAra meM thA ki kisI taraha dezI bhASAno ke TAipa DhAle jAye aura usameM vAivila chApI jAya, usI samaya me usakI pacAnana se mulAkAta huI aura nIrAmapura ke chApekhAne kA udyoga zurU huaa| san 1807 meM prakAzita 'anuvAda ke sasmaraNa' (A memoir relative to the translations) nAmaka pustaka meM DaoN0 kerI ne likhA hai The first Section of the Shree Bhagvatu, A~ naimile inisiyanene adhayaH zatakAdayaH satraM hAya lokAva sahastamamAsata taekadA tu munathaH prAtatijalAyayaH / sakataM sUta mAsonaM anachurimAdarAt .. Im. Shouauku, aan the other sages, im Nircishu, thic, DA0 kerI ke saskRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa hamane sIrAmapura meM kAma Arabha kiyaa| usake kucha hI dina bAda, bhagavAn kI dayA se hama vaha prAdamI milA jisane mi0 vilkisa ke sAtha TAipa banAne kA kAma kiyA thA aura jo isa kAma meM hoziyAra thaa| usakI madada se hamane eka TAipa phAuDarI bnaaii| yadyapi vaha ava mara gayA hai| parantu vaha bahuta se dUsare prAdamiyo ko yaha kAma sikhA gayA hai aura ve TApa banAne kA kAma kiye jA rahe hai| itanA hI nahIM, ve meTriseja bhI banAte haiN| ve itanI

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hiMdustAna meM chApekhAne kA prAraMbha 175 ThIka hotI hai ki yUropiyana kArIgaroM kI banAvaTa se mamatA karatI hai| inhoMne hamAre lie baMgAlI ke tIna-cAra phAuTa banAye hai| aba hamane unako vartamAna TAipa kI sAija, jitanI kama karane ke kAma meM lagAyA hai| unake taiyAra hone se vaha jitanA hogaa| usase kAgaja kI bacata hogI aura pustaka bhI choTI ho jaaygii| magara isa bAta kA pUrA khayAla rakhA jAyagA ki akSara aime varne jo chapane para sApha-sApha paDhe jA skeN| ____ hamane devanAgarI akSaro kA bhI eka phAuTa banAyA hai / isake akSara hindustAna meM sabase mundara hai / isameM karIba 1000 bhinna-bhinna akSaroM kA samUha hai| isako banAne meM kevala 1500 rupayA kharca hue hai / isa kharce meM TAipa DhAlane kI aura dUsarI cIjoM kI kImata zAmila nahIM hai| pAgArase paramI paayii| padA pry|- - usameM rakamayA ghAusadA mAmAyAra pA pAdamI pUrA dhamnI pA yArthAArase padhArApA bure kAmatema para gaharA avasAvaTevA poSa reTI jnmii| usako sapava sAdhAvArapAcI pAra thApAmA cha vA pAMcavA bhI yA uData parivAra upasaMtI dilI dhUrya papara L- saba khegise dona sameTe apaaye| gharame pare thAyamIbhagAne bhArope . dina fear pAra pAne bhalemapAle niyamita pAne yAne pozA vAcA vApara mipAvarakArane yAdamI bhakke loka | viSApAsora uTha minati mevAta / Ama vibhA zamAyApale kAmAne mere TAne pAya viSAvAgAmAra vA 1 diyaa| prArayiSaya paratA- / visI dina voTa fulgekAsa para bAje pAya vA vAyabhI unkageca paayaa| sada yasapane nAma ki kase pAyA prItama 1. pravApa de yaha kahA ki zAma pise vAra dharma-pustaka (sudharA humA TAipa) DaoN0 kerI ne saskRta vyAkaraNa prakAzita kraayaa| usakA devanAgarI TAipa moTA aura UvaDa-khAbaDa hai| sambhavata yaha usakA pahalA prayatna thaa| sudhAre hue TAipo kA upayoga usane bAibila ke hindI anuvAda meM kiyA hai, aisA isakI chapAI se mAlUma hotA hai| yadyapi vilkisa ne dezI bhASAo ke TAipa banAne kA kArya prArambha kiyA thA, parantu TAipo ke sudhAra aura pracAra kA pariNAma to DaoN0 kerI kA udyoga hI hai| nIce usake dvArA prakAzita vAibilo ke anuvAdo kI sUcI prakAzanasan ke sAtha dI jAtI hai / usase usake mahAn udyoga kI pAThaka kalpanA kara sakeMge The Life of William Carey by George Smith, 1887, p 213

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premI-abhinadana-graMtha 176 san * san 1801 1811 1828 1815-16 1824 1814-24 1808 1906-11 1822-32 1815-22 1820 1822 1815 1821 1521 1522 1823 karAra bhASA karAra nayA karAra bagAlI 1802-6 jUnA karAra uDiyA 1816 mAgadhI X X AsAmI 1932 jUnA karAra khAsI X maNipurI 1811-18 jUnA karAra saskRta hindI 1813-18 jUnA karAra vrajabhASA kannaujI x X nayA karAra khosAlI (isameM kevala methyu kI bAtacIta (Gospel) hI chapI hai|) udayapurI jayapurI vaghelI (Bhungeli) mAravADI hADotI 1823 1824 bIkAnerI ujjanI (mAlavI) bhATI pAlapA kumAyUM gaDhavAlI nepAlI marAThI gujarAtI kokanI marAThI pajAbI multAnI sindhI (kevala methyu kA vArtAlApa) kAzmIrI ( , , , ) DogarI ( . . . ) 1820 1832 1826 1832 1821 1521 1820 1816 1815 1816 1825 1820 1520 1816 1815 1818 1822 jUnA karAra " , nayA karAra 1821 1822 (Penta tench) (Penta fench) pazto valacI telagU - , kAnaDI "

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hiMdustAna meM chApekhAne kA prArabha 177 DaoN. kerI ne kevala vAivila ke anuvAdahI prakAzita nahIM kiye the, balki usane bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM ke vyAkaraNa koza, loka-kayA Adi-anya bhI hindustAna ke vidvAno kI sahAyatA se chApe the| mIrAmapura prema meM vAivila ke mivAya nIce likhI marAThI pustakeM bhI mudrita huI haisan pustaka kA nAma 1805 marAThI bhASA kA vyAkaraNa 1807 magala mamAcAra 1810 marAThI-igliza koza 1814 siMhAsana battIsI 1815 hitopadeza 1818 rAghojI bhosale kI vazAvalI pratApAditya kA caritra mArAsagA pulAnace panapI pInanAzAsANaM prapamarAH prAya * bhAnUpU maMgaLAcanaNa panIra yo maMgece preNAce pramANe prabhaLA mAde prapAma , ppo yA madhapAne pAnugramane sAmu memna sAtha. marma soya ghe/ payanIma gregesopazava saramarA gorA pANakha / pANI sarpaka gaudhara peyonA pANI nogA ghyA go / * yopana manappa pAvana pyaNI sAmanAce khAsA bhejana - pIcyA paNo dhana bonAmano paNachIna yamAne zaDI gdy tt yaa smaattaa ttn maar'aa mr'chu| ppaNo pApaNe pramAgaNe pIdhyA janubhama prama meM vDA ra po mA nImonAna pIyeca khANe sagaryoogArTana noyarA paNa sAdhyAsa ppaNI padAyA yI pANachan pIcyA gana nIca / manuSyAma ghaya rAna sAv bhanuppAs guNAmya nAnmAra , hitopadeza (1815) marAThI bhASA me pustake prakAzita karAne ke kAma meM use nAgapura ke vaijanAtha nAmaka paDita kI pUrI sahAyatA milI thii| __marAThI bhASA devanAgarI akSaroM meM hI likhI jAtI hai / isalie isameM hI marAThI pustakeM chapI thI, parantu mahArASTra meM likhane ke vyavahAra meM adhika pracalita 'moDI' akSaro ke TAipa bhI usane bnvaaye| isakA kAraNa umane svaya batAyA hai - 03

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178 premI-abhinadana-praya __ "yadyapi mahArASTra ke par3he-likhe loga devanAgarI acchI taraha jAnate hai tathApi vyApArI logo meM ye (moDI) asara adhika pracalita hai| ye devanAgarI se prAkRti meM choTe aura rUpa meM kucha bhinna hai| sakhyA ina akSaro kI devanAgarI ke samAna hI hai| hamane isa (moDI) TAipa kA eka phAuTa vanavAyA hai aura isameM marAThI kA 'nayA karAra' pIra marAThI koza chapAnA zurU kiyA hai| ye TAipa sundara, spaSTa aura madhyama prAkRti ke hai|" AMPUR are RAIPIgs mAnA manApAsanAne - (211 -- bhAra mAdAra che nAnA kul negu bhaPHY bharAma zara bhare -- apamAna pArapara mApAsapeza nispamitapaNe matapasyAaivANa patyAne apacArA mahamapacAra JHARAT payAgane - Hits meM VRITI : They pyARTERY TeTaste << k nara vaniyA gujarAtI (pahalA kaoNlama) aura moDI marAThI (dUsarA kaoNlama) TAipa ke namUne pacAnana kI mRtyu ke bAda usake mAtha kAma karane vAlA manohara luhAra usakI jagaha kAma karane lgaa| manohara ekaniSTha hindU thaa| vaha apane pArAdhya deva ke sAmane baiThakara hI TAipa banAne kA kAma kara sakatA thaa| anyatra usame kAma nahIM hotA thaa| isa bAta kA sana 1836 meMrejemsa ne usakI sthiti dekhakara ullekha kiyA hai| sIrAmapura me apane presa ke lie hI TAipa nahI DhAle jAte the, balki dUsare preso ke lie bhI yahI se TAipa DAlakara bheje jAte the| sana 1860 taka pUrva meM mIrAmapura ko phAuDarI hI mukhya thii| vilkima aura pacAnana hindustAna me mudraNa-kalA ke prAdya pravartaka hai aura pUrva me unhoMne isakA prArabha kiyA thA, parantu anya prAnto meM yaha kalA kaba aura kaise phailI, khAsa karake bhAratIya logo ke hAtha meM yaha kAma kava AyA, isakI jAnakArI manorajaka hogii| yadyapiisakA pUrNa itihAsa upalabdha nahIM hai, tathApi jo jAnakArI prApya hai, vaha yahA~ dI jAtI hai| vambaI meM san 1817 IsvI meM 'meMTa methyU kA zubha vartamAna' nAmaka pustaka magaThI bhASA meM chpii| isakA prakAzaka amerikana bhigana thaa| isamejo TAipa hai, kahA jAtA hai, vaha mIrAmapura kI TAipa phAuDarI se lAyA gayA thaa| magara san 1816 me sIrAmapura presa dvArA prakAzita 'jUnA karAra' aura man 1817 me amerikana presa dvArA prakAzita 'meTa methya kAzubha vartamAna' dono ke TAipome vahuta pharka hai| mambhava hai, isake lie khAsa taraha se alaga TAipa vanavAyA gayA ho|

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hiMdustAna meM chApekhAne kA prArama vambaI meM TAmasa grehama ne san 1836 me rAmajI va jIvanavallabha nAma ke luhAra kArIgaro se devanAgarI TAipa vanavAyA thA aura phira ghore-dhIre gujarAtI TAipa bhii| magara inakA koI namUnA Aja sulabha nahI hai / hA~, kuriyara . -- -- -7 jo purupa dusar2yAco adekhAyoM karinanAhI. koNAcIhI jyAsa dayA yete. ApaNa durbaLa asona samarthAcA Ava ghAlita nAhI-koNIhI vAITa ge lilA tathApi sAhato.asA purUpa prazasasa yogya hotoM-jo uddhaTapaNA karita nAhI. ApalA tho rapaNA puDheMkarUna dusayAvA tiraskAra karita nA hI koNAsa kaThiNa bolata nAhI. azA puruSA sarvaloka hitava karitAheta jo mAge paDalele vaira punaH utpanna karita nA. vidura nIti (nAgarI lipi meM mudrita prathama marAThI pustaka-1823) presa vambaI meM san 1823 meM devanAgarI akSaro meM chapI huI 'viduranIti' aura san 1824 meM chapI haI 'siMhAsanavattIsI' nakiyAta naku.1.1 aika bAdazAha ne apane vIrame pUchA ki saba me vihatara mere haka meM kyA hai| arja ko ki aTTa karanA aura rayata kA pAlanA / aika zaravama ne aika ko kahA ki na to Age muhatAja thA -aimA kyA kAma kiyA jo dolata mada hogyaa| javAba diyA ki jo kora apane AkAM ko kharakhAhI karegA - so thoDe dinoM meM mAla dAra hogA 2--3 aika ne kisI se pUchA ki Ageta bahuta garIba prathama hindI pustaka, jo iglaiMDa meM nAgarI lipi meM chapI upalabdha hai| ye TAipa vilkisa kI phAuDarI ke hai / sambhavata kuriyara presa ne ye TAipa iglaiMDa se maMgavAye hoge|

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180 premI-abhinadana-praya isa taraha dezo bhASAo me pustake prakAzita hone ke bAda yaha svAbhAvika thA ki deza me mamAcAra-patroM kA prakAzana bhI prArambha ho aura vaha huA bhii|| hindustAna meM sabase pahalA samAcAra patra agrejI meM niklaa| unakA nAma pA 'vegAla-gajeTa' (Bengal Gazette) / isakA prathama aka 26 janavarI san 1780 ke dina nikalA thaa| yaha mAptAhika thaa| isake sampAdaka mi0 hikI (Hickey) the| yaha patra prAya isake sampAdaka ke nAma se hI pahacAnA jAtA thaa| .isake bAda vagAla meM 'vagAla harakara' ityAdi patra prakAzita hue| isI taraha vambaI meM san 1760 me gaijeTa' (Gazette) aura san 1791 meM 'koriyara' (Courner) prakAzita hue| inhI igliga patro ko dekhakara man 1818 me baMgalA bhASA meM 'manAcAndana',nan 1820 maiM gujarAtI bhASA me 'mumbaI samAcAra' san 1826 meM hindI bhASA meM 'udanta mArtaDa', aura nan 1832 me maga bhASA meM 'darpaNa' patra prakAgita hue| marakArane java zikSA kA prArambha kyiA tava zikSopayogI, bhASA, gaNita, itihAsa aura bhUgola ityAdi viSayoM ko pustakeM bhI prakAzita hone lgii| ___ isa taraha chayo pustako aura patro kA pracAra dekhakara purANa-ganyI cauMka utthe| unhoneM chapI pustako aura patroM kA virodha prArambha kiyaa| isa virodha kA kAraNa mambhavata yaha thA ki ina chApe ke prAva pracAraka mizanarI the| ina lie unheM chape kAgajo meM IsAI-dharma ke pracAra ko bU pAne ngo| zrIyuta govinda nAgayaNa mADagAMvakara ne apanI pustaka 'mumbaI varNana', jo san 1863 meM prakAzita huI thI, ke pa0 248 para likhA hai| hamAre kucha bhole va naiSThika brAhmaNa chape kAgraja kA sparza karate Darate the aura prAja bhI (san 1863 meM bhI) Darate hai / dambaI meM aura bambaI se bAhara bhI aise bahuna se loga hai, jo chapI huI pustaka ko paDhanA to dUra rahA, ipe kArAja kA sparza taka nahIM karate hai| logo ko kalpanA yo ki myAhI me caravI kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, jo vajita hai| isalie una syAhI se chapI huI pustakeM amagalakArI hai| chApanA java anivArya samajhA jAne lagA tava kucha logoM ne nyAhI meM ghI kA upayoga karane ko himAyata kii| gata zatAbdoM ke anta meM patro meM 'tUpAce (gho kA) gurucaritra' haiDiMga vAle vijJApana prakAzita hote the, jiname yaha bAta pramANita hotI hai ki loga sacamuca ho caravI ko jagaha syAhI meM ghI kA upayoga karate the| "gurucaritra" marAThI bhASA kA eka dhArmika granya hai| usakA caravI ko syAhI meM chapanA gunAha mAnA gyaa| isIlie vaha ghI kI syAhI me chApA gyaa| munA jAtA hai ki jaina-logo me bhI aisI hI bhAvanA thii| kalakatte meM karIva vIsa varasa pahale pa0 pannAlAla jI vAkalIvAla ne eka jana-niddhAnta-prakAzinI' sasthA kAyama kI thii| usane apanA eka presa prArambha kiyA / usa presa meM kahI bhI caravo yA dUsaro aimI cIz2o kA upayoga nahIM kiyA jAtA thA, jo jaina-dRSTi se azuddha mAnI jAtI ho / ve una cIz2o kI jagaha kisI vanaspati se banI cIja kAma meM lAte the aura grantha chApate the| bhAratiyo ke hRdayoM meM bhI svatantra rUpa se chApAkhAne calAne kI icchA kA utpanna honA svAbhAvika thaa| unako yaha icchA pUrI bhI huii| sarvaprathama gaNapata kRSNAjI ne chApAkhAnA prArambha kiyaa| ye pahale eka amerikana mizanarI presa meM premamana the| vahI inhone mudraNAlaya se sambandha rakhane vAlI sArI bAteM sIkhI thii| inake sambandha meM go0 nA0 mADagAMvakara ne apanI pustaka 'mumbaI varNana' meM likhA hai " amerikana mizanariyo ne san 1813 meM chApAkhAnA zurU kiyaa| litho presa meM IsAI-dharma se sambandha stane vAlI aneka pustakeM chpii| inheM dekhakara paraloka-gata bhaDArI jAti ke 'gaNapata kRSNAjI' ke mana meM (san

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hiMdustAna meM chApekhAne kA AraMbha 181 1840) AyA ki mai bhI isI taraha kA eka chApakhAnA Arabha kara hindU-dharma se sambandha rakhane vAlI tathA anya pustakeM chApUM, parantu na to chApane ke sAdhana unake pAsa the aura na vambaI meM usa samaya usake sAdhana milate hI the| isalie unhone khuda amerikana prema dekhakara usake jaisA presa vanAne kA udyoga Arambha kiyaa| prArambha me unhone eka lakaDI kA sA~cA taiyAra kiyA aura idhara-ughara se chApane lAyaka patthara ke choTe TukaDe jamA karake una para akSara kaise uThate hai yaha jAMca kii| magara chApane ko syAhI nahIM thii| isalie syAhI taiyAra karane ke kAma me lge| aneka taraha ke -eksaperimeMTa (prayoga) ke bAda ve syAhI vanAne meM saphala hue| usake bAda unhoMne lohe kA eka presa vnvaayaa| phira chApane kA patthara kharIda kara choTI-choTI pustakeM chApane kA kAma prArambha kiyaa| zake 1763 (san 1841) meM unhone svata likhakara marAThopacAga chApakara prakAzita kiyaa| usakI kImata ATha Ane rkkhii| yaha sApha chapA huA thA / jyotiSa ko aneka vAte usameM turanta mila jAtI thii| yaha dekhakara brAhmaNa loga, yadyapi chapI pustako ke virodhI the, lekina isa pacAga ko kharIdane lage aura umIse savatsara pratipadA (caitra sudI 1) ke dina varSa-phala paDhakara logo ko sunAne lge| "inhone apane chApAkhAne me chapI huI kucha pustake le jA kara DaoN. vilamana, pAdarI gareTa aura pAdarI Alana ko vtaaii| pustake dekhakara una logo ne gaNapata kRSNAjo ko buddhi ko prazasA kI aura unakA utsAha vaDhAne ke lie unheM kucha chApane kA kAma dene lge| phira to ghore-dhIre unake chApekhAne kI bahuta prasiddhi huI aura unheM chapAI kA vahuta kAma milane lgaa| "zake 1765 (san 1843) meM gaNapata kRSNAjI ne TAipa banAne kA udyoga prArambha kiyaa| sAMce taiyAra karake akSara DhAlo kA kArakhAnA zurU kiyA aura saba taraha ke TAipa taiyAra karake TAipa kA chApAkhAnA bho Arambha kara diyA aura usame pustakeM chapane lgii| ___"isa taraha gaNapata kRSNAjo ne dono chApekhAno me hajAro gujarAtI aura marATho kI pustakeM chaapii| isa chApAkhAne meM marATho chApane kA jaisA sundara kAma hotA hai, vaisA anyatra nahIM hotaa|" mahArASTra meM gaNapata kRSNAjo ne jaisA kAma kiyA, vaisA uttara hindustAna, vagAla, gujarAta Adi prAto ke mudrako ko vistRta jAnakArI prakAzita hone se pAThako ko vaDA lAbha hogaa| vambaI]

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bhArata meM samAcAra-patra aura svAdhInatA zrI ambikAprasAda bAjapeyI Ajakala jise samAcAra patra kahate hai, agarejo ke yahA~ Ane ke pahale usakA astitva nahI thaa| pahalA patra jo isa deza me nikalA, vaha bhI aMgarejI me aura aMgarez2a nehI nikAlA, kyoki aMgarez2a vicArasvAtantrya ke pakSapAtI hI nahI hai, ve sAdhAraNata anAcAra ke virodhI bhI hai / ve jAnate hai ki aniyantrita rAjasattA anAcAra kI jananI hai aura anAcAra para prakAza DAlane ke lie samAcArapatra kI AvazyakatA hai tathA javataka anAcAra para prakANa nahI paDatA tavataka anyAya-atyAcAra kA andhakAra bhI dUra nahIM hotaa| aise vicAro kI preraNA se jemsa oNgasTa hikI ne 1780 meM 'baMgAla gaijeTa' vA 'kailakaTA jenarala aiDavaraTAijara' nAmaka patra nikAlA thaa| inhone apane prakAgana-patra kA uddezya isa eka vAkya me hI batA diyA thA-"I take a pleasure in enslaving my body in order to purchase freedom for my mind and soul " arthAt-"mujhe apane mana aura AtmA ke nimitta svatantratA mola lene ke lie apane zarIra ko dAsa banAne me Ananda AtA hai|" usa samaya vArena hesTiMgja bagAla ke gavarnara-janarala the aura itihAsa ke vidyArthI jAnate hai ki ve kaime zAsaka the| hikI kAgaijeTa sAptAhika thA aura do tAvo para nikalatA thA, jisakA pratyeka pRSTha pATha ica cauDAaura bAraha ica lambA hotA thaa| jaisA usake nAma se prakaTa hai, vaha samAcArapatra kI apekSA vijJApana-patra adhika thA, parantu usameM vijJApana ho nahI rahate the, viziSTa puruSo kI prAiveTa bAto para TippaNiyA~ bhI rahatI thI, jinakA mukhya lakSya vArena hesTigja hI hotA thaa| hikI baDe sAhasI the| isalie unhone apanI nIti ke viSaya meM patra para chApa rakkhA thA "A weekly political and commercial paper open to all paitics and influenced by none" arthAt-"eka sAptAhika rAjanaitika aura vyApArika patra, jo khulA to sava pArTiyo ke lie hai, para prabhAvita kisI se nahI hai|" hama samajhate hai ki hikI ke dono siddhAnta Aja bho samAcAra-patro ke sampAdako aura sacAlako ke sAmane rahane caahie| hamArI samajha se Aja ke pralobhana usa samaya se adhika hai| hikI ne apane siddhAnto kI rakSA meM jela kATI aura ghATA bhI utthaayaa| __ - kalakatte kI dekhAdekhI madrAsa aura vambaI ke yUropiyano ne bhI patra nikAle, parantu patro ke sacAlana aura sampAdana meM mAnasika, zArIrika tathA Arthika hAni uThAne vAlo me agraNI kalakatte ke hI aMgarez2a rhe| dezI bhASA kA pahalA patra bhI aMgarejo ne hI nikAlA, para ye vyApArI na the, vaipaTisTa mizanarI the| sIrAmapura ke baipaTisTa mizanarI kerI aura mArzamaina ne IsAI dharma ke pracArArtha baMgalA me kaI patra nikaale| 1818 meM mAsika 'digdarzana' aura 'samAcAradarpaNa' nAma ke patro ko janma ina mizanariyo ne ho diyaa| jozamA mArzamaina 'mamAcAradarpaNa ke sampAdaka the| isI samaya 'AtmIya sabhA ke sadasya harucandrarAya aura gaGgAkizora bhaTTAcArya ke sampAdakatva me ba~galA me 'bagAla gaijeTa' niklaa| yaha 'AtmIya sabhA' brAhmasamAja kA pUrvarUpa jAna paDatI hai, kyoki sampAdakadvaya brAhmasamAja ke sasthApaka rAjA rAmamohana rAya ke mitra the| isa samaya musalamAnI amaladArI kA anta ho cukA thA aura aMgarejI zAsana kI jaDa jama rahI thii| Aja jaisA aMgarejo kA volavAlA hai, vaisA hI musalamAnI rAja meM phArasI kA thaa| loga zAsako se samparka rakhane ke lie phArasI paDhate the, isalie fArasI eka prakAra se usa samaya ke zikSita-samAja kI akhila bhAratIya bhASA thii| rAjA rAmamohana rAya ne apane vicAro kA akhila bhAratIya pracAra karane ke abhiprAya se phArasI me 'morAta-ula-akhabAra' nikAlA thaa| kalakatte meM aMgarejI, baMgalA aura phArasI ke hI patra prakAzita nahIM hote the, pahalA hindI patra bhI yahI se nikalA

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bhArata meM samAcAra-patra aura svAdhInatA 183 thaa| isakA nAma 'udanta mArtaNDa' thaa| isake sampAdaka aura prakAzaka yugulakizora zukla the, jo sadara dIvAnI adAlata meM vakAlata karate the| yaha sAptAhika patra thA aura isakI pahalo sakhyA 30 maI 1826 ko prakAzita huI thii| isakA mAsika candA do rupaye thaa| isI samaya kalakatte se 'nAme jahAMnumA' nAma kA jo phArasI patra nikalatA thA, use sarakAra se sahAyatA milatI thii| 'mArtaNDa' ke sampAdaka samajhate the ki unheM bhI sahAyatA milegI, para jaba na milI aura apane vala para ve patra na calA sake to 4 disambara 1827 ko use vanda kara diyaa| vambaI aura madrAsa presIDensiyo kA mahattva yadyapi vagAla ke samAna na thA, tathApi inameM bhI svatantra vicAra ke vyApArI aMgarez2a the aura inhone samAcArapatro ko janma diyA thaa| vambaI se 1786 me 'vAmbe heralDa' aura eka varSa vAda 'vAmbe koriyara' nikalA, jisakA uttarAdhikArI Aja 'TAimsa oNva iDiyA' hai| 'koriyara' ke sacAlaka vyavasAyakugala the| isalie aMgarejI meM patra nikAla kara bhI gujarAtI bhASA-bhASI vyApAriyo ko AkarSita karane ke lie vijJApana gujarAtI meM nikAlate the| madrAsa meM hamphrIz2a ne 1795 meM 'madrAsa heralDa' nikAlA thaa| vambaI me gujarAtI ke pahale patra pAramiyo ne prakAzita kiye the, para inakA uddezya pacAgo kI gaNanA kA vAda-vivAda thaa| isalie ye bahuta dina nahI cale / ata 'mumbaI vartamAna' ko hI gujarAtI kA pahalA patra kahanA caahie| yaha 1830 meM sAptAhika rUpa se nikalA thA aura sAla bhara vAda hI arddha-sAptAhika ho gyaa| 1831 me sanAtanI pArasiyo kA mukhapatra 'jAme jamazeda' niklaa| dezI bhASA kA itanA purAnA patra zAyada koI nahIM hai| 1851 meM dAdAbhAI navarojI ke sampAdakatva meM "rAsta guphtAra' niklaa| 1831 taka urdU kA koI patra nahIM nikalA thaa| golokavAsI vAvU vAlamukunda gupta ne 'bhAratamitra' meM likhA thA ki AvehayAta' me mau0 muhammadahusaina AjAda kA kathana hai ki '1833 IsvI me urdU kA pahalA akhavAra dillI meM jArI huA' aura AjAda sAhava ke anusAra 'unake pitA ke kalama se niklaa|' para DA0 kAlIdAsa nAga ne samAcArapatro ke itihAsa kA jo sagraha prakAzita kiyA hai, usameM likhA hai ki 1837 meM sara saiyada ahamada khAM ke bhAI muhammadakhAM ne urdU meM pahalA akhavAra nikAlA, jisakA nAma 'saiyadula akhabAra' thaa| 1838 meM 'dehalI akhabAra' prakAzita huA aura isake bAda hI 'phavAyade nAjarIna' aura 'kurAna-ula-samAdIna' nAma ke do urdU akhavAra hinduo dvArA sampAdita aura prakAzita hone lge| - hindI kA dUsarA patra bhI kalakatte se hI niklaa| isakA nAma 'vanadUta thaa| yaha vaMgalA, phArasI aura hindI tIna bhASAoM meM prakAzita hotA thaa| prathama aka 6 maI 1826 ko nikalA thaa| isake sampAdaka rAjA rAmamohana rAya ke mitra aura anuyAyI nIlaratana haladAra the| yaha rAjA kA hI patra thaa| isake bahuta dino vAda taka hindI kA koI patra kalakatte se nahIM niklaa| hindI kA tIsarA patra 'banArasa akhabAra' samajhA jAtA hai, jise rAjA zivaprasAda 'sitAre hinda' ne 1844 me jArI kiyA thaa| banArasa se aura bhI kaI patra nikale the, jinameM eka 'sudhAkara' bhI thA, jisake nAma para prasiddha jyotiSI ma0 ma0 suvAkara dvivedI kA nAmakaraNa huA thaa| ise tArAmohana mitra nAmaka vagAlI sajjana sampAdita karate the| bhAratendu harizcandra ke kAraNa banArasa bahuta dino taka hindI kA kendra rahA, kyoki ye likhate aura likhAte hI nahIM the, lekhako ko dhana bhI dete the| dillI, almoDA, lAhora, kAnapura, meraTha, alIgaDha, mirjApura, kalakattA Adi aneka sthAno se hindI patra nikle| ye vahughA hindI kA hI Andolana karate the aura udAra bhAva vyakta karate the| __ samAcArapatro ke prativandha dUra karane meM aMgarez2a mampAdako aura macAlako ne jo tyAga aura kaSTa-sahiSNutA dikhAI hai, usake lie samAcAra-patra unake sadA kRtajJa rhege| bhAratavAsiyo ne jelayAtanA pacAsa varSa pahale nahIM bhogI thI, para aMgareja sampAdako ne jela hI nahI kATI, ve nirvAsita hue aura unakI sampatti bhI jabta huii| phira bhI apane Adarza kA unhone tyAga nahIM kiyaa| pahale sampAdaka hikI the, jo jela gaye aura jinako sarakAra kI icchA ke viruddha patra-prakAzana ke kAraNa ghATA bhI sahanA pddaa| dUsare viliyama DubAnI the, jinhone apane 'iDiyana varlDa'

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184 premI-abhinadana- pratha me bhaDAphoDa kyA kiyA, baiThI vareM utthaaii| ye nirvAsita kiye gaye aura inakI tIsa hajAra kI sampatti sarakAra haDapa gii| tIsare sampAdaka madrAsa ke hamphrIja the, jinhone sarakAra se lAisensa vA adhikAra-patra liye vinA hI patra prakAzita karanA prArambha kiyA thaa| inake lekho se sarakAra itanI ciDha gaI ki jahAja para inhe iMglaiMDa ke lie caDhA diyA / para ye rAste se hI nikala bhAge / lArDa hesTiMgz2a ke pahale niyama thA ki chapane ke pahale lekhAdi dekha liye jAya~ / para inhone yaha pri-sensarazipa uThA dii| isa subhIte ke sAtha hI eka vaDA asubhItA yaha ho gayA ki 1688 meM 'vila praoNva rAiTsa' dvArA vyaktisvAtantrya aura bhASaNasvAtantrya ke jo adhikAra briTiza prajA ko mile the, ve 1818 ke tIsare regulezana dvArA bhAratIya prajA se chIna liye gaye, kyoki isake anusAra koI manuSya vinA vicAra ke hI varSo kaida kiyA jAne lagA / yaha regulezana Aja bhI vyavahAra meM AtA hai aura naukarazAhI ke zastrAgAra kI zobhA baDhA rahA hai / patro kI pArTiyA~ jaisA Upara batAyA gayA hai IsTa iMDiyA kampanI ke karmacAriyo ko nirakuzatA se morcA lene ke lie a~gareja sampAdaka hI sAmane Ate rahe aura unhone vaDe sAhasa, niSThA aura tyAga se yaha kAma kiyaa| isa mamaya patro kI pArTiyoM bana gaI thI / eka pArTI to paramparAvAdiyo kI thI aura dUsarI muvArako kii| dUsarI ke netA rAjA rAmamohana rAya the / ye dono bhAratavAsiyo kI pArTiyAM thI, parantu inameM a~garez2a bhI zAmila ho jAte the / jo nirakuzatA ke samarthaka the, ve paramparAvAdiyo kI hA~ meM hA~ milAte the aura jo unnatizIla vicAro ke pakSapAtI the, ve sudhArako ke mahAyaka the / ye hI samAcAra-patro kI svatantratA ke lie laDate the| pahale mahAsamara me hama logo ne dekhA thA ki sarakAra ne mi0 bI0 jI0 (venajAmina gAi) hArnimaina ko bhArata se nirvAsita kara diyA thA / para una dinoM yUropiyana sampAdako kA nirvAsana sAdhAraNa ghaTanA thii| hamphrIz2a aura nAnI ke bAda vagAla sarakAra ne silka vakiMghama ko bhI jahAja para vaiThAkara iMglaiMDa ravAnA kara diyA thaa| ye rAjA rAmamohana rAya ke mitra aura Adarza patrakAra the / silka bakiMghama ke 'kailakaTA jarnala' kA prabhAva ghaTAne ke lie vipakSa ne 1021 meM 'jAna bula' nikAlA / para sava udArapatra isake virodhI ho gaye aura yaha nIma sarakArI patra samajhA jAne lagA / lArDa hesTigz2a ke jAte aura jAna aiDama ke asthAyI gavarnara janarala banate hI silka bakiMghama para grAphata A gaI / inhoMne DA0 brAima kI niyukti kA virodha kiyA thA / DA0 brAisa skAcacacaM ke caipalena the aura sTezanarI klarka niyukta hue the| basa, bukiMghama jahAz2a para caDhAkara iMglaiMDa bheja diye gaye / para brAisa kI niyukti korTa zraoNpa DAirekTarsa ko bhI pasanda na zrAI / isalie bakiMghama ne sarakAra aura kampanI dono ko penazana dene ke lie lAcAra kiyA aura phira vahI se 'proriyaMTala heralDa' nikAla diyA / phira bhI aiDama apanI harakato se bAja nahI Aye aura unhone patro aura preso para naye pratibandha lagAye, jinake phalasvarUpa rAjA rAmamohana rAya ko apanA phArasI patra 'morAta-ula-akhabAra' banda karanA paDA / benaTika kI udAratA * lArDa aimhaTaM ne regulezano kA kaDAI se pAlana kiyA, para 1828 meM lArDa viliyama venaTika ke Ate hI havA badala gii| inhone khullama khullA kahA, 'maiM samAcAra patroM ko mitra mAnatA hU~ aura suzAsana meM sahAyaka samajhatA hU~ / " jaba rAjA rAmamohana ko gavarnara janarala kA yaha rukha mAlUma huA tava ve phira patra prakAzana meM pravRtta hue / 1826 meM unhoMne 'baMgAla heralDa' nikAlA aura apane mitra rAvarTa mATagomarI mArTina ko usakA sampAdaka niyukta kiyA / ye vahI mATagomarI mArTina the, jinhone hisAva lagAkara batAyA thA ki bhArata se kitanA dhana iglaiMDa gayA hai aura avataka khiMcA calA jAtA hai / mATagomarI mArTina ke isa siddhAnta ko hI dAdAbhAI navarojI ne apanI 'Poverty and un-British Rule in India' meM pramukha sthAna diyA thaa| rAjA rAmamohana aura dvArakAnAtha ThAkura ( kavIndra ravIndranAtha ke pitAmaha) satIprathA ke bhI viruddha the aura jaba lArDa viliyama vernATaka ne briTiza bhArata se ( kyoki ve

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bhArata meM samAcAra-patra aura svAdhInatA 185 bagAla ke hI nahI, briTiza bhArata ke bhI gavarnara janarala niyukta ho cuke the) satI prathA uThA dI taba sudhAravAdI-patro kA bala bahuta vaDha gyaa| samAcArapatro kI svatatratA lArDa viliyama benaTika kI udAratA ke yuga meM bhI presIDensiyo meM kucha manamAnI calatI hI thii| madrAsa sarakAra aiDama regulezana ke Dhage para presa regulezana banAne kI soca rahI thii| usane bagAla sarakAra se isakI prati bhI mAMgI thii| yadyapi isI samaya lArDa viliyama benaTika bhArata ke gavarnara-janarala banA diye gaye the, usase presIDensiyo kI svecchAcAritA me lagAma laga gaI thI, tathApi inakA kAryakAla samAptaprAya thaa| isalie 6 pharavarI 1835 ko aiDama regulezana radda karane ke lie jo memoriyala gavarnara-janarala ko diyA gayA thA, usa para vicAra bhI lArDa viliyama ke cale jAne ke bAda huaa| naye gavarnara-janarala ke Ane meM dera thii| isalie unakI kaunsila ke sIniyara membara sara cArlsa bheTakApha asthAyI gavarnara-janarala banA diye gye| jo memoriyala inhe diyA gayA, usa para viliyama aiDama, dvArakAnAtha ThAkura, rasikalAla malika, I0 ema0 gArDana, rasamaya datta, ela0 ela0 klArka, sI0 hAga, TI0 eca0 bakina yaga, DeviDa heyara, TI0 I0 ema0 TarTana-yaga aura je0 sadaralaiMDa ke hastAkSara the| 3 agasta 1835 ko apanI kaunsila ke sarvamato se sara cArlsa ne aiDama regulezana radda kara presa ko svatantra kara diyaa| isa vidhAna se bagAla kA 1823 kA regulezana hI nahI, bambaI ke 1825 aura madrAsa ke 1827 ke regulezano kA bhI saphAyA ho gyaa| sara cArlsa ne isa siddhAnta para presa ko svatantra kara diyA ki savako apane vicAra prakaTa karane kI svatantratA honI caahie| pahalA dainika patra 'bagAla harakArA' sabase purAnA dainika patra aMgarejI me nikalA thaa| saimuela smitha nAma ke eka aMgareja ne ise kharIda kara udAra vicAro ke pracAra meM lagAyA thaa| prinsa dvArakAnAtha isake sarakSaka the aura ise Arthika sahAyatA diyA karate the| 'bagAla-harakArA' ke sAtha hI 'iDiyA gaijeTa' bhI dvArakAnAtha ke hAtha A gayA thA aura phira ye dono Age calakara 'iDiyana DelI nyUja rUpa se dainika meM pariNata ho gaye the| anta samaya taka DelI nyUja' me udAra vicAra prakaTa kiye jAte the| isake mAlika kalakatte ke prasiddha vairisTara mi0 grahama the| anudAra aura apragatizIla do hI patra kalakatte meM samAcAra-patro ke svAtantrya ke samaya the-eka 'jAna bula' aura dUsarI bagalA kI 'samAcAra cndrikaa'| 'jAna vula' ne je0 eca0 sTokvelara ke hAtha me paDakara apanA nAma 'iglizamaina' dhara liyaa| kisI prakAra kucha varSa isake vIte aura anta meM 'sTeTsamaina' ne ise kharIda kara vanda kara diyaa| gaigiMga aikTa (galAghoTU kAnUna) 1857 ke gadara ke pahale bhArata meM bahuta se patra nikala cuke the, para inakA kendra kalakattA hI thaa| 1856 meM lArDa kainiMga gavarnara-janarala hokara pAye the aura isake eka varSa ke andara hI gadara ho gayA thaa| aMgarejo ke anudAra patra sarakAra ko hindustAniyo ke viruddha bhaDakAte the| yahI nahIM, ThaDhe dimAga se kAma karane vAle lArDa kainiMga para aise kaTAkSa karate the, mAno gadara ke netA yahI the / hindustAnI patra bhAratavAsiyo kI nirdoSitA siddha karate the| kalakatte ke 'hindU paiTriyaTa' ke sampAdaka harizcandra mukarjI aura bambaI ke gujarAtI patro ke sampAdaka vizeSakara dAdAbhAI navarojI apane 'rAsta guphtAra' dvArA sayata bhASA meM sava AkSepo ke uttara dete the| phira bhI asAdhAraNa uttejanA kA vaha samaya thaa| isalie lArDa kainiMga ne sAre bhArata ke patro para 13 jUna 1857 ko aiDama regulezana lagA diyA, jo Gagging Act (galAghoTU kAnUna) khlaayaa| kalakatte ke 'dUrabIna', 'sulatAna-ula-akhabAra' aura 'samAcAra sudhAvarSaNa' para mAmale cale aura 'phreMDa oNva iDiyA' ko cetAvanI dI gii| isane likhA thA ki Aja bhArata meM AdhA darjana bhI yUropiyana na hoge, jo lArDa keniMga ke pakSa me hAtha utthaaveNge| 24

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premI-abhinadana-graMtha samAcArapatro kI bADha 'galAghoTa kAnUna' eka nizcita avadhi ke lie jArI kiyA gayA thA, kyoki lArDa kainiMga samAcArapatro kI svAdhInatA chInanA nahI cAhate the| yaha avadhi bItane para samAcArapatro kI vADha A gii| bambaI ke vAmbe sTaiMDarDa, TeligrApha aura koriyara tIno milakara 'bAmbe TAimsa' aura phira 18 sitambara 1861 ko 'TAimsa praoNva iDiyA' nAma se nikale / 1858 me 'vAmbe TAimsa' ke sampAdaka rAvarTa nAiTa niyukta hue, jo vAda ko 1875 meM kalakattApAikapADe ke rAjA indracandra siMha kI sahAyatA aura dhana se prakAzita hone vAle 'sTeTsamaina' ke sampAdaka hue the| 1867 me meTakApha aikTa ke badale nayA aikTa banA, jisameM chApAkhAno aura akhabAro ke niyantraNa tathA chapI pustako kI vyavasthA kI gii| 1868 samAcArapatro ke itihAsa meM mahattvapUrNa varSa huA, kyoki isI varSa vagAla ke jemara jile se zizirakumAra ghoSa aura motIlAla ghoSa ne ba~galA meM 'amRta bAjAra patrikA' nAma se sAptAhika patra nikAlA, jo Aja bhAratIya patra-patrikAo meM sarvazreSTha nahI to viziSTa avazya hI kahA jaaygaa| 1870 meM brAhma samAja ke netA kezavacandra sena ne janatA ke hitArtha eka paise kA akhavAra 'sulabha samAcAra' nikaalaa| hindI patro kI vRddhi - 1871 se hindI patro meM AzAtIta vRddhi huI aura aise samaya huI, java hindI upekSita bhASA thii| deza kI bhASA rahanepara bhI vaha davI huI thI, kyoki sarakAra ne urdU ko hindI pradeza kI bhApA kA pada de diyA thaa| gaDhavAla pradeza yukta pradeza meM sabase pIche aMgarejI rAja meM zAmila huyA, para patra prakAzana meM kimI se pIche na rahA / almoDe se 1871 meM 'almoDA akhavAra' aura kalakatte se 1872 me "vihAravandhu' niklaa| 'vihAravandhu' paTanA-jile ke vihAra grAma nivAsI madanamohana, sAdhorAma aura kezavarAma bhaTTa ne kalakatte se prakAzita kiyA thaa| 1870 se 1880 taka lAhaura se kalakatte taka aneko hindI patra nikle| ina patro meM Age calakara vizepa prasiddha 'bhAratamitra huA, kyoMki usa samaya ke prasiddha puruSo taka ke lekha isameM prakAzita hote the| 'bhAratamitra' 1878 me pAkSika nikalA thA aura vaha thoDe hI dino vAda sAptAhika ho gayA thaa| unnIsavI zatAbdI ke antima dazaka meM vaha do vAra dainika huA aura eka sAla se adhika na raha skaa| tIsarI vAra 1911 meM aura cauthI bAra 1912 me vaha dainika huaa| Age calakara usakA sAptAhika saskaraNa banda ho gayA aura 1934-35 meM bhArata se 'bhAratamitra' kA nAmonizAna miTa gyaa| parantu 'bhAratamitra' ke dikhAye mArga para aneka dainika patra hindI meM nikale, jinameM kucha to Aja bhI prakAzita ho rahe hai aura kucha kAla-kavalita ho gye| phira bhI isameM sandeha nahIM ki yaha yuga dainika patro kA hai, sAptAhiko kA nhiiN| varnAkyulara presa aikTa 1876 meM lArDa liTana vAyasarAya banakara Aye / isa samaya baMgalA me kaI sAptAhika patra nikala rahe the, jinameM 'amRtavAjArapatrikA' kA prabhAva baDha rahA thaa| yaha sarakArI karmacAriyo kA bhaDAphoDa kiyA karatI thii| isalie isakA prabhAva naSTa karane ke uddezya se dezI bhASAyo ke sabhI patro kA damana karane ko lArDa liTana ne 'varnAkyalara presa aikTa' vnaayaa| isa samaya bambaI presIDensI se bAsaTha patra marAThI, gujarAtI, phArasI aura hindustAnI meM (patA nahI yaha hindI thI yA urdU), pazcimottara pradeza vA vartamAna yuktapradeza se (avadha ko choDakara) sATha, madhyapradeza se pacAsa, vagAla se pacAsa aura madrAsa presIDensI se unnIsa patra nikalate the| jo patra aMgarejI me nikalate the, unheM to liTana aikTa se koI Dara nahI thaa| isalie kaI naye aMgarejI patra nikale, yathA 20 sitambara 1878 ko madrAsa se 'hindU, 1876 meM kalakatte se 'baMgAlI aura 1860 meM bambaI se 'iDiyana sozala riphArmara' prakAzita huaa| pahile ke janaka jI0 subrahmaNya aiyara, dUsare ke surendranAtha banarjI aura tIsare ke bairAmajI malAbArI the| surendranAtha siviliyana the, para koI kAgaja

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bhArata meM samAcAra-patra aura svAdhInatA 187 bhUla se davA paDA raha gayA thaa| isalie sivila sarvisa se haTA diye gaye the| ye advitIya vaktA the aura apane bhASaNo aura lekho se inhone deza kI baDI sevA kI thii| eka vAra kalakattA hAIkorTa meM jasTisa naurisa ne hAIkorTa meM zAlagrAma zilA lAne kI AjJA dI thI aura kAzI ke paDita rAmamizra zAstrI ne isake samarthana meM vyavasthA bhI de dI thii| parantu surendra vAvU ne isakA virodha kiyA aura vadanAma aMgarez2a jaja jepharIz2a se naurisa kI tulanA kii| isa para nyAyAlaya kA apamAna karane ke aparAdha meM inheM jela bhI jAnA pddaa| para naurisa kI AjJA na clii| - 'amRtavAjArapatrikA' kA kucha aza ina dino baMgalA meM aura kucha aMgarejI meM nikalatA thA aura ise vanda karanA hI liTana kA lakSya thaa| parantu patrikA ke sampAdaka gizirakumAra ghopa ne sArI patrikA aMgarejI meM hI kara dI aura tavase usakA baMgalA aza sadA ke lie haTa gyaa| lArDa liTana ke kAna isa prakAra java zizira vAbU ne kATa liye tava unakA manobhAva kaisA huaA hogA, isakI kalpanA hI kI jA sakatI hai| 14 mArca 1878 ko liTana kA jo aikTa pAsa huyA thA, umameM sarakAra ko yaha adhikAra diyA gayA thA ki vaha dezI bhASA ke kisI patra ke mudraka aura prakAzaka se yaha pratijJA karA sakatI hai ki koI aisA vipaya na prakAzita kiyA jAyagA, jisase rAjadroha phaila sakatA ho| jo mudrakaprakAzaka isake viruddha AcaraNa karatA, use pahale to cetAvanI dI jAtI aura vAda meM usakA presa chIna liyA jaataa| isase bacane ko loga apane patra kI kApI sensara karane ke lie de sakate.the / zizira vAvU ne usake badale 21 mArca 1878 me patrikAsa~garez2I meM karadI aura lArDa liTana apanA-sA muMha lekara raha gye| ripana ne Akara isa aikTa ko radda kiyaa| 1981 me pUne kA 'kesarI' nikalA, jo lo0 tilaka ke kAraNa bhArata ke dezabhASA ke patro meM sabase prasiddha huaa| baGga-bhaGga kA prabhAva bhAratIya patro ko sakhyA dina dUnI rAta caugunI baDhane lagI aura 1905 meM vaga-bhaga ke Andolana se to bahuta adhika ho gii| isa Andolana ke do rUpa the, eka hiMsAtmaka aura dUsarA ahiMsAtmaka / khullamakhullA hiMsA kA pracAra karane vAlA patra krAntivAdiyo ne 'yugAntara' nAma se baMgalA me nikAlA thaa| isake damana ke lie 1608 meM hiMsA ko uttejana dene ke sambandha kA (Incitement to Violence) aikTa bnaa| isake sAtha hI aMgarejI kA dainika patra 'vandemAtaram' bhI isI kAnUna se vanda kiyA gayA, yadyapi isakI nIti hiMsAvAda kI nahI thii| itane se hI sarakAra ko santopa na huA aura usane 1910 meM presa aikTa' banAyA, jo itanA vyApaka thA ki 'kAneDa' ke mAmale meM kalakattA hAIkorTa ke cIpha jasTisa sara lArensa jenakinsa ne kahA ki acche-se-acyA sAhitya presa-aikTa ke anusAra dUSita Thahara sakatA hai| yaha presa-aikTa 1916 meM radda kara diyA gayA, para 1916 meM pajAva me jo ghaTanAeM huI, una para vicAra karake sarakAra ne 1920 se use phira jArI kara diyA aura Aja bhI vaha dezI patro kI chAtI para mUMga dala rahA hai| isake pahale pInala koDa vA tAjIrAta hinda meM do dhArAe~ aura vaDhAI gaI, eka 124a aura dUsarI 153a / pahalI ke anusAra rAjadroha-pracArakA abhiyoga sampAdako aura lekhako para lagane lagA aura dUsarI ke anusAra jAti-dveSapracAra ke mAmale una para calAye jAne lge| 1897 meM lokamAnya tilaka para rAjadroha-pracAra kA mAmalA calAyA gayA thaa| usameM bambaI hAIkorTa ke daurA-jaja sTrecI ne ukta dhArA meM 'disaffection' zabda kA artha 'want of affection' kiyA thaa| aisI avasthA meM unheM DeDha sAla kI sajA denA jasTisa sTrecI ke lie ThIka hI thaa| 1908 meM unheM cha varSa kA daDa vaise hI abhiyoga para jasTisa dAvara ne diyA thA, jo 1897 vAle mAmale meM unake bairisTara the| yuddhakAla meM aura vizeSakara gata mahAsamara meM to patro kI koI svAdhInatA hI nahI thI aura Aja bhI nahI ke barAvara hI hai| unnIsavI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha me hindI ke jo patra jahA~ se aura jisake sampAdakatva me nikale, unakA sakSipta - vivaraNa nIce diyA jAtA hai| 1871 meM 'almoDA akhabAra', 1872 me bihArabandhu, 1874 meM 'sadAdarza' (dillI, sampAdaka lAlA zrInivAsadAsa),1876 meM bhAratabandhu' (alIgaDha, sampAdaka totArAma varmA), 1877 meM 'mitravilAsa'

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 188 (lAhaura, pa0 mukundarAma jo), 'hindUbAndhava' (lAhaura, navInacandra rAya), 1878 me 'hindIpradIpa' (prayAga) athavA usake pahale 'zubhacintaka' (kAnapura), 1878 'bhAratamitra' (kalakattA), 1876 'sArasudhAnidhi' (kalakattA), 1880 meM 'ucitavaktA (kalakattA), 1886 me 'rAjasthAna-samAcAra', (ajamera), 'prayAga samAcAra' (prayAga), 1884 meM 'bhArata jIvana' (kAzI), 1860 meM 'hindIvaGgavAsI' (kalakattA) zrIra 1894 me 'veMkaTezvara samAcAra' vambaI se nikalA / mirjApura se upAdhyAya badarInArAyaNa caudharI 'premaghana' sAptAhika 'nAgarI nIrada' aura mAsika 'zrAnandakAdambinI prakAzita karate the| aura bhI kaI patra 1600 taka nikle| kucha cale aura kucha vanda ho gye| rAjyo se bhI patra nikale jiname sarvazreSTha patra udayapura kA 'sajjanakItisudhAkara' 1874 me niklaa| pIche calakara cAlIsa varSa bAda isame prazasA yogya kucha nahI raha gayA thaa| uddhRta lekha chapate the aura TAipa bhI ghisA huA hotA thaa| 'mAravADa gajaTa' jodhapura se isase ATha varSa pahale nikalA thaa| 1887 me rIvA se 'bhAratabhrAtA' aura 1860 meM bUMdI se 'sarvahita' niklaa| rAjyo se aise patra bhI nikale, jo hindI aura urdU athavA hindI aura aMgarejo meM nikalate the| 'gavAliyara gajaTa' aura 'jayapura gajaTa' dUsarI zreNI ke the / 'jayapura gajaTa' to 1876 me hI jArI huA thaa| jodhapura kA 'mAravADa gajaTa' aura ajamera kA 'rAjapUtAnA gajaTa' hindI aura urdU dono me nikalate the| Azcarya hai ki jina rAjyo meM Aja se sATha-sattara varSa pahale ina patro kA prakAza thA, Aja gvAliyara ko choDakara jahA~ se 'jayAjI pratApa aMgarejI aura hindI meM nikalatA hai, ukta sabhI rAjyo me andhakAra hai| __ dainika patro me kAlAkAMkara kA 'hindosthAna' savase pahalA hai / iglaiMDa meM 1883 se 1885 taka rAjA rAmapAla siMha ne prakAzita kiyA thaa| pahale yaha a~garejI aura hindI me aura bAda ko urdU meM bhI chapatA thA arthAt tIna bhASAo meM nikalatA thaa| 1 navambara 1885 se kAlAkAMkara se vaha dainika hindI me nikalatA thaa| isake bAda bAvUsItArAma ne kAnapura se eka dainika patra hindI me nikAlA thA, jo zAyada cha mahIne claayaa| 'rAjasthAna-samAcAra' jise muzo samartharAma ne ajamera se nikAlA thA, zAyada vora yuddha ke samaya pahale dvidainika aura vAda ko dainika kara diyA thaa| isakA vArSika mUlya dasa rupayA thaa| yo to 'bhAratamitra' eka vAra 1867 me aura dUsarI vAra 1868 meM dainika huA, para eka sAla se adhika vaha dUsarI bAra bhI dainika na rahA / para 1912 se koI vIsa-paccIsa varSa taka vaha dainika rhaa| Aja to hindI meM cAra dainika kalakatte se, do vambaI se, cAra dillI se, do lAhaura se, tIna kAnapura se, eka prayAga se, tIna kAzI se aura do paTane se, isa prakAra eka darjana se adhika dainika, nikala rahe hai| 1613 taka dainika patro meM tAz2A khavaro kI koI vyavasthA na thii| isa sAla 'bhAratamitra' me pahale-pahala tAra liye gaye / isake bAda 'kalakattA samAcAra' niklaa| isame bhI tAjA tAro kA pravandha thaa| Ajakala kaI dainika patro meM TelipriMTara bhI lage hue hai| Upara se dekhane meM hindI-samAcAra-patro kI vaDI unnati huI hai| kisI ko ghATe-ToTe kI zikAyata nahIM hai, parantu likhA-paDhI meM zithilatA A gaI hai| dainikapatro kI bhASA meM kucha truTi to rahatI hI hai, para saca to yaha hai ki bhASA ko aora sampAdako kA dhyAna bhI nahIM hai / aura to kyA, kabhI-kabhI aMgarejI kA ulthA bho vaDAveDhagA hotA hai| mAliko ko arthakaSTa hotA to ve ina truTiyo ko dUra karate, para unhe artha kI cintA nahI hai| sampAdako ko zikSA kA mukhya kArya bhASA aura anuvAda se prArambha honA caahie| isake vinA sampAdaka ko zikSA vyartha ho jaaygii| sampAdako ko yaha na samajhanA cAhie ki hama sarvajJa hai, para unhe sarvajJatA prApta karane ke lie nirantara parizrama karanA caahie| svAdhInatA ke agradUta __ bhAratIya samAcArapatrasvAdhInatA ke agradUta hai / Aja jisa pUrNa svarAjya vA svAdhInatA ke lie Andolana ho rahA hai, usako kalpanA pahale samAcArapatra 'vandemAtaram' ne prakaTa kI thii| mere AdaraNIya mitra svargIya vAbU vipinacandra pAla na apane agarejo dainika 'vandemAtaram' dvArA pUrNa svAdhInatA kI pAkAkSA vyakta kI thii| ise hI vAvU aravinda

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186 bhArata meM samAcAra-patra aura svAdhInatA ghoSa ne apane lekho se puSTa kiyA thaa| unhone kahA ki hame aisI svAdhInatA cAhie, jisameM briTiza niyantraNa na ho| yaha 1905-6 kI vAta hai, jaba kAgresa meM svatantratA, svAdhInatA vA svarAjya jaise kisI zabda kA prayoga nahI huA thaa| 1906 meM dAdAbhAI navarojI ne kAgresa ke sabhApati kI haisiyata se pahale-pahala svarAja kI mAMga peza kii| isI samaya se svarAja kAgresa kA dhyeya huaa| 1907 me svarAja zabda ke prayoga para vagAla sarakAra ko Apatti huI taba kalakattA hAIkorTa ke jasTisa sAradAcaraNa mitra aura jasTisa phlecara ne nirNaya kiyA ki aupanivezika zAsana hI svarAja hai / isalie svarAja kA Andolana karanA rAjadroha nahI hai / 'vandemAtaram' isa prakAra ke svarAjya kA virovI thA, kyoki isakA kahanA thA ki aupanivezika loga to aMgarejo ke bhAIvanda hai, para hamArA unase koI nAtA nahI hai / isalie hameM unakA svarAjya nahI, pUrNa svatantratA caahie| 1906 meM 'vandemAtaram' banda ho gayA aura pUrNa svatantratA kA Andolana bhI ruka gayA / kAgresa para 1916 taka mADareTo kA prAdhAnya rahA aura ye pUrNa svatantratA kA nAma lenA bhI pApa samajhate the| isake bAda hI lokamAnya tilaka para rAjadroha kA mAmalA na calAkara sarakAra ne rAjadroha pracAra na karane ke lie unase jamAnateM lene kA mAmalA claayaa| para lokamAnya ne yaha siddha kiyA ki zAsana meM parivartana karAne ke lie hameM vartamAna zAsana kI truTiyA~ dikhAnA Avazyaka hai aura aisA karanA rAjadroha pracAra karanA nahI hai / vambaI hAIkorTa ne yaha siddhAnta svIkAra kiyA aura isa samaya se gAmana ko zruTiyAM dikhAne kA hamArA adhikAra svIkAra kiyA gyaa| 1920 se kAgresa meM pUrNa svAdhInatAvAdI eka dala utpanna ho rahA thaa| dhIre-dhIre yaha baDhane lagA aura 1930 meM kAgresa ne pUrNa svAdhInatA vA svarAja apanA dhyeya ghoSita kiyaa| mahAtmA gAndhI bhI isase sahamata hue| zrAja briTiza sarakAra bhI bhArata kA pUrNa svAdhInatA kA adhikAra svIkAra karatI hai, para detI nahI hai / rAjanaitika Andolana idhara kaI varSoM se kAgresa calA rahI hai sahI, parantu bhAratIya sAmAcAra-patra hI usake agradUta rahe hai aura hai / jahA~ samAcArapatro kA prAvalya nahIM hai, vahI anAcAra, atyAcAra aura andhakAra hai| isalie samAcAra-patro kA vala vaDhAnA pratyeka svAdhInatApremI dezabhakta kA kartavya hai| hamAre deza meM eka bhI aisA patra nahI hai, jisakI eka lAkha pratiyA~ nikalatI ho / yUropa aura amerikA me aise aneko patra hai jinakI lAkho pratiyAM chapatI hai / hamAre deza meM bhI zahara-zahara aura jile-jile meM patra hone caahie| isase hamArI svatantratA bahuta nikaTa A jaaygii| kAzI]

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alIgar3ha ] gIta zrI gokulacandra zarmA ema0 e0 kA~patA raM, kyo pujArI ? 2 zrAratI meM hAtha hilate mantra tere kyo phisalate ? kyo na mana ke mukula khilate ? Dara gayA kisa pApa se tU, ho rahA hai hRdaya bhArI / bhakti ko yaha rIti kyA hai ? prIti hai, phira bhIti kyA hai ? nIti aura anIti kyA hai ? sauMpa saba usakA usI ko dekha apanI gaila nyArI ha~sa uThe mandira, munA tU, rAga apanA gunagunA tU, choDa vAnA avavanA tU, ghuna lagA de yA rahe 'he, muskarAte mana - bihArI /

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bhAratIya saMskRti, purAtattva aura itihAsa

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saMskRti yA sabhyatA ? zrI kizoralAla gha0 mazrUvAlA merI rAya meM sArI duniyA meM do hI taraha kI mAnava-saskRtiyAM (Cultures) hai| eka ko mai bhadra-maskRti kahanA hU~ aura dUsarI ko santa-namkRti / ) (bhadra-nakRti vibhUti zrara aivanayaM pradhAna hai| vaha duniyAvI jJAna-vijJAna, zradhikAra, parAkrama, vaibhava Adi meM zraddhA rakhatI hai / svaya ko aura apane logo ko duniyA meM mahAna-bhUmA banAnA cAhatI hai / vaha saba manuSyoM kA eka-nA vikAra svIkAra nahIM karatI / unameM U~ca-nIca, adhikArI-zranadhikArI Adi bhedo ke lie jagaha hai / Tambara kA zauka hai | manta-maskRti guNa pradhAna haiN| unakI jJAna meM zraddhA hai, para usame bhI adhika saujanya zrIra samadRSTi meM hai / bhoga aura sampatti meM maryAdA aura namAnatA para aura U~ca-nIca ke bhAva ko miTAne para usakA jora rahatA hai / zrADambara ko acchA nahI samajhatI / naskRti kI aisI do dhArAeM hone hue bhI ve do bilakula bhinna dizAzrI meM eka dUsarI se alaga nahIM vahatI / eka dUsarI kI mImA kabhI-kabhI parapanA muzkina hotA hai / lekina jagat bhara meM ina do ke alAvA koI nomarI saskRti nahIM hai / bhAratIya mankRti, pAznAtya saskRti, islAmI saskRti, itanA hI nahIM, balki vaidika saMskRti, jaina-saskRti, gujarAnI -namkRti, prAndhrakRti zrAdi zraneka naskRtiyoM kA zrAja nAma liyA jAtA hai| inheM sabhyatA (Civilisation) kahe to zAyada zracchA ho / merI rAya meM ina nava sabhyatAoM meM koI nyAyI tattva nahIM hai / deza, kAla, zikSA, abhyAsa zrAdi ke kAraNa bane hue ye zrAcAra, vicAra zrIra svabhAva ke bheda haiM / ve inake badalane meM badala jAte hai / inameM koI cIja aisI nahI hai, jise badala denA gramambhava ho / ve kabhI-kabhI prAnuvadhika me dikhAI dete haiM, para vAstava me ve grAnuvazika hai nahI / deza, kAla, zikSA, abhyAsa yAdi javata eka me rahane hai tavataka kAyama rahate hai aura eka deza yA parivAra meM unakA pIDhiyoM taka ekamA rahanA sambhava hai / imalie prAnuvadhika me mAlUma hote haiM / ina sabhyatA yA mAnI huI mamkRtiyoM ke zrAcAra, vicAra aura svabhAva acche bure aura graguNa, tIno taraha ke hote haiM / inakA kaTTara Agraha yA abhimAna rakhanA meM acchA nahI samajhatA / aisI alaga-alaga mabhyatAe~ aura viziSTatAe~ TikanI hI cAhie, aimA meM nahI samajhatA / inakI hara eka bAta kI hameM viveka se taTanya hokara jA~ca karanI cAhie aura mAnava hita ke lie jina zrazI ko pheMka dene kI AvazyakatA ho, unheM himmata se pheka denA caahie| hama dUmaro se kucha alaga DhaMga ke dIna par3eM, aisI koI jarurata meM anubhava nahI karatA / jo koI viziSTatA ho, vaha sAre mAnava hita meM Avazyaka ho to hI vaha nibhAne yogya samajhanI cAhie / viziSTa dIkhanA hI siddhAnta hai, aisA nahIM samajhanA cAhie / (manta-samkRti sArI duniyA me eka-mI hai / bhadra-saskRtiyo me hI bahuta rUpa-raga zrIra jhagaDe hai / ) sevAgrAma ] / 25

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hamArI saMskRti kA adhikaraNa nihAlasiMha eka choTI-sI miTTI kI sigaDI, jo U~cAI meM eka phuTa bhI na hogI, lAla miTTI se putI vilakula sApha-suthare pharza ke bIca meM rakkhI thI / usake Upara eka beDhagI lohe kI bhabharI para lambe aura patale hAtha ke vine koyale ke kaDe jamA the| eka choTI-sI dubalI-patalI strI apanI Azcarya janaka lubhAvanI citavana ke sAtha miTTI kI bhIto vAle usa kamare meM praviSTa huI, jisakI sAdI chata ko zahatUta kI kaDiyA~ sa~bhAle hue thii| eka turkI DhaMga kA lAla purAnA kapaDA 'bAga', jo usa strI kI kalA- pravINatA ke kAraNa apanA 'vAga' nAma sArthaka kara rahA thA, usake kandho para sunahale U~ce mukuTa para se gira rahA thaa| apane choTe hAtho meM, jo utane hI dRDha the, jitane ki sundara, vaha eka choTI DaliyA liye thI / jalate hue koyale, jinheM usane khule hue prAMgana ke pIche rasoIghara kI a~gIThI se nikAlakara bAhara rakha diyA thA, dhIme-dhIme camaka rahe the / sigaDI ke pAsa baiThakara usane DaliyA nIce rakha dI aura phurtI ke sAtha, jise usane bahuta dino ke abhyAsa se prApta kiyA hogA, usane sigaDI ke koyalo ko idhara-udhara haTAkara bIca meM thoDI jagaha kara lI aura vahA~ naye koyalo ko rakha diyA / phira jhukakara apane sundara noTho ko kholakara dhIre-dhIre Aga ko phUkA / usake phUle hue gAla una lAla sagamaramara ke TukaDo -jaise lagate the, jinheM usane kucha samaya pahale hI mujhe 'bhalA AdamI' hone ke evaja meM inAma meM diyA thA / " basa, aba ThIka taraha se Aga jalegI / " usake pati ne prasannatA prakaTa karate hue kahA / apanI usa choTI-sI patnI se vaha pUrA do phuTa U~cA thA / usakA tundila peTa patnI dvArA dina meM do bAra DaTakara vaDhiyA bhojana milane kA hI pariNAma thA / vaha dUsarI ora sigaDI ke sAmane baiThA thA / usakI labI toda sigaDI ko lagabhaga chU rahI thii| ghara meM sadA dudhArI bhaisa banI rahatI thI / patnI apane hAtha se nikAle hue tAz2e varpha se sapheda makkhana se gehU~, makkA yA bAjare kI roTiyo ko khUba tara kara detI thii| sAtha hI dahI, maTThA bhI rahatA thA aura mausama meM saraso kA sAga / apane lambe-cauDe aura phurtIle hAtho meM yaha bhUrI, dADhI vAlA puruSa eka lambI pItala kI phuMkanI liye hue thA, jisa para sundara citrakArI akita thI / jaba vaha apanI pyArI strI ko rasoIghara meM bheja detA to isI phuMkanI se vaha Aga prajvalita kiye rahatA thA / eka yA do gaja dUra baiThakara Azcaryacakita zrAMkho se meM usakI pratyeka kArravAI ko dekha rahA thA / java vaha nizcala huA aura kevala phuMkanI kI 'papha-papha' AvAz2a raha gaI to maine A~kha uThAkara utsukatA se usake avayavo kI ora dekhA / usakA sira kucha vaDA thA aura uma para ghara kI bunI aura ragI huI eka choTI-sI pagaDI baMdhI thI / mAthA U~cA, cauDA aura vRttAkAra thaa| usa para gahare vicAra ke kAraNa lakIreM paDI huI thii| bhUrI, jaTIlI moheM una A~kho ke Upara chAI huI thI, jo kisI adRzya dIpti se jagamagA rahI thI / usake gAlo kA raMga lAla thA, mAno una lAla gehu~gro se prApta huA ho, jinake khAne kA vaha bahuta hI zaukIna thA / ye gehU~ una kheto meM ugate the, jo usake kamare se, jisameM vaha aura meM dono baiThe the, eka pharlAMga bhI dUra nahI the / X X X X

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hamArI saMskRti kA adhikaraNa 195 thoDI dera meM vaha uThakara mere baiThane ke sthAna se paralI tarapha gayA, jahA~ kSaNa bhara pahale mai sikuDakara baiThA thaa| acchI prakAra se yaha dekhane ke lie ki aba vaha kyA karane jA rahA hai, mai darI ke TukaDe se uThakara dUsarI ora calA gyaa| Age jo kucha maine dekhA vaha merI sthAna parivartana kI takalIpha ke badale meM bahuta vahA Anada thaa| sapheda dhAtu kI saDAsI se usane eka choTA-sA pAtra uThAyA aura use Aga para rakha diyaa| yadyapi mai abhI baccA thA to bhI maine yaha bhalIbhAMti dekha liyA ki usane kitanI sAvadhAnI ke sAtha yaha kAma kiyA, mAno vaha koI dhArmika kRtya ho, jisake karane meM baDI tatparatA kI AvazyakatA ho / usane pAtra ko usa samaya taka nahI choDA jaba taka ki use pUrA vizvAsa nahI ho gayA ki vaha bhalI bhAMti Aga ke bIca meM sthira ho gayA hai| usakA aisA karane kA abhiprAya kyA thA? vaha kyA karane jA rahA thA ? -Adi prazna mere mastiSka meM bharane lge| ve mere mukha se avazya nikala paDate, parantu bAta yaha thI ki usane mujhe isa zarta para usa kamare me Ane kI AjJA dI thI ki maiM apanI javAna banda rakkhU / usa umara taka jitane vyaktiyo se merA pAlA paDA thA, vaha unameM sabase adhika kaDe mijAja kA AdamI thaa| jisa bAta para dRDha ho jAtA, usase use prArthanAeM to dUra, koI ro-dhokara bhI cAhe to nahI haTA sakatA thaa| isIlie mujhe bhI jhakha mArakara vaha zarta nibhAnI thI, jo mujhe usake sAtha karanI paDI thI-arthAt dekhane ko mai saba kucha dekha sakatA thA, parantu Aga ke pAsa apane sthAna para bilakula cuppI sAdhakara baiThanA Avazyaka thaa| "dekho, prazna eka bhI nahIM karanA / samaya AvegA to isakI vAbata mai svaya hI tumheM saba kucha batA duugaa|" yahI usakA spaSTa nirdeza thA, jisako mai acchA na samajhate hue bhI Adara ke sAtha pAlana karatA thaa| eka kSaNa rukane ke bAda usane yaha bhI kahA thA-"dekho, tumhAre bApa ne merI z2indagI barbAda kara dI, lekina mai use apanI isa prayogazAlA ke andara ghusane taka nahIM dUgA, yaha batAnA to dUra rahA ki mai yahA~ kAma kyA karatA huuN| maiM jAnatA hU~ ki vaha ina bAto ke jAnane kA vaDA utsuka hai| vaha mere rahasyo ko jAnanA cAhatA hai, lekina mai use batAUMgA nahI, kadApi nahI / " isa 'kadApi nahIM' meM vaha spaSTavAditA thI, jise maiMne use choDakara apane anya paricita jano meM bahuta kama pAyA thaa| "para tuma / tumhArI vAta dUsarI hai / tuma mere aparicita nahIM ho| tuma to mere hI khUna ho| isalie tumheM mai sikhaauuNgaa| lekina dekho, tumheM merI bAto kA Adara karanA cAhie / dhairya rakkho -dhairy|" - ___ mujhe dharma hI rakhanA paDA-bahuta adhika, anyathA khAka bhI na sIkha paataa| merA guru kisI prakAra bhI apane rahasyo ko na vtaataa| usa kamare meM itanI drutagati se kriyAeM ho rahI thI ki vastuta kisI bAta para vicAra karane kA samaya hI na thaa| koyalo para vaha choTA-sA pAtra bhalIbhAMti rakkhA hI gayA thA ki usane eka bhUre raMga kI thailI ko sAvadhAnI ke sAtha kholakara usameM se koI cIja nikAla kara pAtra meM DAlanA zurU kiyaa| kucha kAle aura lambe TukaDe usa choTe vartana meM gire| ve pighaleM ki unhone eka gahare hare raMga ke thaile ko kholA, jo pahale se baDA nahI thaa| usameM se bhI koI vastu nikAlakara pAtra meM ddaalii| isI prakAra eka tIsare thaile meM se, jo usake samIpa hI darI para par3A thaa| yahA~ Akara kriyA ruka gii| kama-se-kama maine aisA hI socA aura dekhA ki pighalA huA tarala padArtha ubalakara pAtra ke Upara taka A gayA hai| . merA yaha vicAra ThIka thA, kyoki aba unhone phukanI uThAkara baDe hI sadhe hue Dhaga se phUkanA zurU kiyaa| koyale adhika tejI se camakane lage aura drava padArtha khaulane lgaa|

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premI-abhinadana-praya 166 tava Azcaryajanaka phurtI ke sAtha unhone apanA hAtha eka thaile meM DAlA, jo pahale ke tIno thailo se vaDA thA aura umameM se koI sUkhI jaDI-bUTI nikAlakara usake choTe-choTe TukaDe kiye| phira una TukaDo ko apanI bAI hathelI para rakha dAhinI hathelI se dabAkara ragaDA aura vArIka kara ddaalaa| usa pAuDara ko bAI hathelI para rakhakara unhone dAhine hAtha me phukanI uThAI aura usake dvArA prAga tez2a kii| java drava meM se nIle raMga kA dhuvAM nikalane lagA tava unhone dhIre se phukanI nIce rakha dI aura bAeM hAtha vAlA pAuDara pAtra meM chor3a diyaa| usake varNana meM mujhe jitanA samaya lage, usase bhI kama meM eka vicitra ghaTanA huI / jyohI pAuDara ke TukaDe usa drava meM dhule ki pAtra ke padArtha kA raga hI vadala gyaa| kAlA raga bilakula gAyava ho gyaa| eka kSaNa pahale jahA~ aisA kAlA pAnI thA, jaisA ki patIlI kA ghovana hotA hai, vahA~ ava barpha me bhI sapheda namaka maujUda thaa| maine namaka vicAra kara hI likhA hai / na jAne kisa jAdU ke jora se usa ubalate drava kI pratyeka vUda gAyava ho gaI aura usake sthAna para eka prakAra kA pAuDara raha gayA jo ki cA~dI kI taraha camaka rahA thA / xx ___ apane kautUhala ko mai adhika na roka skaa| maine ava mauna rahane kI apanI vaha pratijJA toDa hI dI, jisake dvArA mujhe usa purAnI kiMtu jJAnapUrNa prayogazAlA me praviSTa hone tathA vahAM kAma dekhane kA saubhAgya prApta huA thaa| bhAvukatA se bharI huI AvAz2a me maine pUchA, "nAnA, yaha kyA ho gayA ? sUkhI lakaDiyA~ kahA~ calI gaI ? dhAtu ke kAle Tukar3e kyA hue ? pAtra kA sArA drava pIkara badale meM yaha camakIlA pAuDara kona choDa gayA ?" _ "vacce, ThaharoM", nAnA ne isa bAra apanI kaThora spaSTavAditA ke sthAna me Azcaryajanaka sahAnubhUti dikhAte hue kahA-"isa pAtra kI vastu ko hAni pahuMcane ke pahale hI khAlI na kara dU taba taka dhairya rkkho| agnideva Aja apane anukUla hai| unhone mere karma para prasanna hokara use saphalatA se maDita kiyA hai|" hAtha ke vane kaDe aura maTamaile kAgaz2a ko phailAkara usane usa para pAtra ko auMdhA diyaa| phira mujhase kahA"isa pAuDara meM se thoDA-sA lo aura use apane aMgUThe aura tarjanI u~galI ke bIca rakhakara ragaDo, jaise ki mai ragaDa rahA huuN|" yaha kahakara unhone mujhe ragaDane kI kriyA dikhaaii| mai volA, "lekina nAnA, ise ragaDane kI kyA jarUrata hai ?" yaha to usa maidA se bhI adhika mahIna hai, jise hamAre nagara (rAvalapiMDI, pajAva) kA halavAI miThAiyAM banAne meM istemAla karatA hai| ___maiM jAnatA hU~ ki isa pAuDara ko adhika mahIna banAne kI icchA se ragaDanA vyartha hai", nAnA ne khaa| unake seba-jaise gulAbI gAla santoSa se camaka rahe the / "pahADI namaka ko itanA mahIna pIsane vAlI hAtha kI mazIna Aja taka IjAda nahI huii| agnidevatA kI zaktiyo ko eka nAzavAn mAnava kahA~ prApta kara sakatA hai ? yadi koI aisI dhRSTatA kare bhI to usakA prayAsa vyartha hI hogaa| mere pyAre bacce, merI isa bAta ko gAMTha vAMgha lo|" "lekina nAnA, agnidevatA itanA hI to kara sakate the ki una vibhinna AkAra ke choTe-baDe TukaDo ko, jinheM Apane pAtra meM rakkhA thA, galA deN| unhone avazya hI drava ko ubAla kara usameM zabda aura dhuvA~ utpanna kara diyaa| basa, itanA hI to unhone kiyaa| "pAtra kA padArtha baDA bhaddA dIkhatA rahA java naka ki Apane umameM vaha jAdU kI jaDI nahI choddii| tabhI rUpa aura raga meM parivartana huaa| so yaha to mere nAnA kI hI karAmAta hai ki yaha ajIva vAta paidA huii|" "agni kI hI sahAyatA se aisA huA, mere bcce|" unhone kahA / unakI AvAz2a manda paDa rahI thii| aAMkho kA dUsarAhI raga thaa| unameM vaha dIpti thI, jo jJAna dvArA arjita saphalatA se prApta hotI hai / "ve sundara lakaDI ke TukaDe kyA the, nAnA?"

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x hamArI saMskRti kA adhikaraNa - 167 "tuma abhI bacce ho| acchA, tumhArI umara kyA hai ? cha ? nahI lagabhaga saat| isa umara ke bacce para vizvAsa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki vaha kisI rahasya ko gupta rakha ske| khaira, koI bAta nahI / mai tumheM kisI dina vatA hI dUgA / maiMne jo kucha sIkhA hai vaha sava tuma jAna loge| vinA kucha chipAye mai tumheM saba vatA duugaa| lekina abhI nahI, java tuma baDe ho jAoge aura apane sasAra se vidA lene se pahale hii| . X X mere nAnA kA jisa samaya dehAnta huA, mai unase bahuta dUra thaa| unhone apane pIche koI aisA lekha nahI choDA, jisase mai yaha jAna pAtA ki unhone kisa prakAra vaha karAmAta dikhAI thii| aura bhI aneka karAmAteM thI jinheM sIkhane kI merI vaDI utkaThA thii| yadi unhone mere zaizava kI una A~kho ke lie, jo unakA rahasya dekha sakI thI, kucha likhA bhI hogA to vaha mujhe prApta nahIM ho skaa| AdhI zatAbdI se adhika mere jIvana kAla meM aneka avasara aise Ae java meM isa bAta para vicAra karatA rahA ki kyA sasAra meM maiM hI eka aisA abhAgA vyakti hU jo durbhAgya se isa prakAra jJAna prApta kara sakane se vacita raha gayA ho / mere nAnA ne apanI choTI-sI prayogazAlA meM rakkhI huI sigaDI se satya kA anubhava kiyaa| isa bAta ko socate-socate mere mastiSka meM AzA kI eka kiraNa kA udaya huA, jisake dvArA mujhe eka dUsare pAtra kA, jo nAnA ke pAtra se bhI kahI adhika vaDA aura purAnA thA, patA claa| vAstava meM yaha pAtra itanA vizAla thA ki na to mai usakA peMdA hI dekha sakatA thA aura na usakA UparI bhaag| yahAM taka ki usake kinAre jo vAhara kI ora uThe hue the, mujhe dikhalAI nahI paDate the| yaha sava hote hue bhI mujhe usakA jJAna thaa| apanI jAgrat avasthA ke pratyeka kSaNa meM mujhe usakA dhyAna rahatA thaa| yahAM taka ki svapnAvasthA me bhI merA vicAra varavasa usakI ora AkRSTa ho jAtA thaa| mujhe sacamuca yaha pratIta hotA thA ki ukta pAtra mere cAro ora hai / vastuta merA sampUrNa vyaktitva usI meM thA-mai usIke andara rahatA aura ghUmatA-phiratA thaa| kevala mai hI nahIM, mere sAthI aura kuTumbI bhii| ve laDake bhI jo ki kisI vAstavika yA kAlpanika manomAlinya ke kAraNa mujhase rUThe hue the, isI pAtra ke andara the aura ve laDake-laDakiyAM, strI-puruSa bhI, jo mere lie vilakula aparicita the, isa pAtra kI paridhi se vAhara na the| yaha pAtra svaya bhAratamAtA thii| ajJAta kAla se sasAra ke kone-kone se loga pAkara bhAratabhUmi para calatephirate aura kAma karate rhe| ve vibhinna jAtiyo aura vibhinna dharmoM vAle the| unake rUpa-raMga, bhASAe~ aura AcAravicAra bhI eka dUsare se bhinna the| unameM se adhikAza yahA~ khAlI hAtha aaye| lekina dimAga unakA khAlI nahI thaa| pratyeka Agantuka kA mastiSka vicAro me paripUrNa thA aura usake hRdaya meM apanI-apanI janmabhUmi meM pracalita vicAro tathA sasthAo ke prati vizeSa zraddhA-bhakti thii| jyohI bAharI loga bhArata-vAsiyo ke samparka meM Aye aura sabake bhAvo aura vicAra-paramparAgo meM AdAna-pradAna hokara saba loga Apasa meM ghula-mila gaye taba usa saskRti kA udbhava - huA, jise hama 'bhAratIya saMskRti' kahate hai| yaha saskRti itanI viziSTa thI ki dUsarI maskRtiyo se usakI bhinnatA spaSTa dRSTigocara ho sakatI thii| isameM itanI jIvana-zakti thI ki una pradezo se bhI, jo ki zatAbdiyo se bhAratabhUmi se pRthaka rahe hai, vaha naSTa nahIM ho skii| deharAdUna ]

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dAdU aura rahIma prAcArya kSitimohana sena zAstrI, ema0 e0 bhakto ke bIca yaha prasiddha hai ki akabara ke vikhyAta sahakArI abdura rahIma khAnakhAnA ke sAtha, jo ki eka mahApaDita, bhakta aura kavi the, dAdU kA paricaya huA thaa| rahIma jaise vidvAn, utsAhI aura anurAgI ke lie dAda sarIkhe mahApuruSa ko dekhane kI icchA na honA hI Azcarya kI bAta hai| 1544 I0 meM dAdU kA janma huA thA aura 1556 I0 me rahIma kA / isa hisAva se rahIma, dAdU se bAraha varSa choTe the| koI-koI aisA bhI kahate haiM ki rahIma kA janma 1553 I0 me huA thaa| 1586 I0 meM java prakavara ke sAtha dAdU kA milana huA, usa samaya nAnA kAja me vyasta rahane ke kAraNa rahIma, dAdU se vAtacIta na kara ske| sambhavata anya sabhI logo ke bhIDabhaDakke me isa mahApuruSa ko dekhane kI icchA bhI rahIma kI na rahI ho / jo ho, isake kucha samaya ke uparAnta hI dAdU ke ekAnta pAzrama meM jAkara rahIma ne dAdU kA darzana kiyA aura unase bAtacIta kii| bhakta logo kA kahanA hai ki rahIma ke kaI-eka hindI doho me isa sAkSAtkAra kI chApa raha gaI hai| dAdU ke nikaTa rahIma ke jAne para parabrahma ke sambandha me bAtacIta clii| dAdU ne kahA, "jo jJAna buddhi ke lie agamya hai, unakI vAta vAkya meM kaise prakaTa kI jA sakatI hai ? yadi koI prema aura Ananda se unakI upalabdhi bhI kare to use prakaTa karane ke lie usake pAsa bhASA kahA~ hai ?" isI prakAra ke bhAva kavIra aura dAdU kI vANI me aneka sthAno para pAye jAte hai| __ mauna gahe te bAvare bole khare ayAna / (sAca aga, 106) ___arthAt-"jo mauna rahatA hai, vaha pAgala hai, aura jo bolatA hai vaha vilakula prajJAna hai|" vahI rahIma ke dohe meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai rahimana vAta agamya ko kahana sunana kI naahiN| je jAnata te kahata nahiM kahata te jAnata nAhiM // / arthAt- "he rahIma, usa agamya kI vAta na kahI jAtI hai aura na sunI jAtI hai| jo jAnate hai ve kahate nahI aura jo kahate hai ve jAnate nhiiN|" prasaga ke krama me dAdU ne kahA, "unako viSaya arthAt para mAnakara dekhane se nahIM calegA, unako apanA banAkara dekhanA hogaa| yadi maiM aura ve ekAtma na ho, eka dUsare se bhinna raheM to isa vizva-brahmANDa me aisA koI sthAna nahI jo hamI dono jano ko apane me rakha ske|" isIlie dAdU ne kahA-"jahA~ bhagavAn hai, vahAM hamArA (aura koI svatantra) sthAna nahIM / jahA~ hama hai vahA~ unakI jagaha nhiiN| dAdU kahate hai ki vaha mandira sakIrNa hai, do jana hone se hI vahA~ aura sthAna nahIM rhtaa|" jahA~ rAma taha meM nahIM, mai taha nAhIM rAma / dAdU mahala bArIka hai dvai ko nAhI ThAma // (paracA aga, 44) "vaha mandira sUkSma aura sakIrNa hai|" mihIM mahala bArIka hai| (paracA aga, 41) dAdU kahate hai "he dAdU, mere hRdaya meM hari vAsa karate hai, vahA~ aura dUsarA koI nahI / vahA~ aura dUsare kisI ke lie sthAna hI nahI hai, dUsare ko vahAM rakkhU to kahA~ rakkhU ?"

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dAdU aura rahIma mere hRdaya hari vasai dUjA nAhIM aur| kaho kahA~ dha rAkhiye nahIM Ana kIM Thaura // (nihakarmI pativratA aga, 21) rahIma ke dohoM meM bhI hama dekhate hai rahimana galI hai sA~karo, jo nA ThaharAhi / pu hai to hari nahIM, hari to Apu nAhi // arthAt- "he rahIma, sakIrNa hai vaha mArga, do jano kA khaDA honA vahA~ asambhava hai / ApA rahane se hari nahI rahatA aura hari rahane se ApA nahIM / " unake sAtha isa prakAra ekAtma hone se bhajana, tyajana sava eka ho jAtA hai / unake sAtha koI bheda to hai nahI / imolie bhajana karane para bhI aura kisI dUsare kA bhajana nahIM kiyA jAtA / bhajA jAya to kise aura tajA jAya to kirma ? dAdU ne isI prazna ko aura isI samaya ko agavan sagraha ke viraha aga ( 214 - 267 ) meM vyakta kiyA hai| unakI aDAnA rAgiNI kA 116vA~ gAna isa prasaga meM smaraNa kiyA jA sakatA haibhAI re tava kA kathisi giyAnAM, jaba dUsara nAhIM zrAnA~ / . arthAt-"are bhAI, java koI dUsarA hai hI nahI to phira kyA jJAna kI bAta chA~Ta rahA hai / " rahIma kI vANI meM bhI isa bhAva kA dohA hai . bharjI to kAko bharjI, taja to kAko thAna, 166 bhajana tajana te vilaga hai, tehi rahIma tU jAna / arthAt -- "he rahIma, agara bhajanA hI cAhate ho to kise bhajoge aura tajanA hI cAhate ho to kise tajoge / bhajana aura vajana ke jo atIta hai, tuma unako hI jAno / " aura rahIma ne bhI kahA hai masAra ke sAtha sAdhanA kA aura vizva ke sAtha vyakti kA koI virodha nahI hai / isa vizva ke samAna hI hamAre bhI jina prakAra AtmA hai usI prakAra deha bhI hai / isIlie dAdU ne kahA hai, "deha yadi sasAra meM rahe aura antara yadi bhagavAn ke pAma to aise bhakta ko kAla kI jvAlA, du kha aura trAsa kucha bhI vyApa nahI sakate / " deha raheM saMsAra meM, jIva rAma ke pAsa / dAhU kucha vyApe nahIM, kAla jhAla dukha trAsa // ( vicAra aga, 27 ) tana rahIma hai karma vasa, mana rAkho hi zrora / jala meM ulaTI nAva jyo, khaicata guna ke jora // mana java isa prakAra bhagavAn meM bharapUra rahatA hai taba sasAra usa para koI prabhAva nahI DAla sktaa| usa samaya sArikatA ko haTAne ke lie kimI banAvaTI Ayojana kI jarUrata nahI paDatI / bhagavadbhAva se bhare hue citta meM se sAMsArika vAsanA svaya dUra ho jAtI hai| dAdU mere hRdaya hari vasai dUjA nAhIM aura / kahI kahA~ dha rAkhie nahIM zrAna ko Thaura // ( nihakarmI pativratA aga, 24) arthAt -"dAdU kahate hai ki mere hRdaya meM ekamAtra hari hI vAsa karate haiM aura koI dUsarA nahI / aura maiM bhalA kisako rakkhU~ yahA~ ? dUsare ke lie jagaha kahA~ haiM. " dUjA dekhata jAigA eka rahA bharipUra / ( nihakarmI pativratA aga, 24) eka hI isa prakAra paripUrNa hokara virAjamAna hai ki dUsarA use dekhate hI haTa jAyagA /

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200 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha ThIka dAdU kI taraha hI rahIma ne bhI kahA hai, "priyatama kI chavi, priyatama kI zobhA AMkho me bharapUra hokara vasI hai| dUsare kI chavi ke praveza karane kI jagaha kahA~ hai / he rahIma, bharI huI pAnyazAlA ko dekhakara dUsare pathika svaya hI lauTa jAte hai|" prItama chavi nainana basI, para chavi kahA~ basAya / bharI sarAya rahIma lakhi, pathika prApa phiri jaay|| aisI avasthA me kRtrima veza aura sAja-sajjA kucha bhI acchA nahIM lgtaa| jo jIvana bhagavAna se paripUrNa hai, vaha kyA koI kRtrima sAja-sajjA saha sakatA hai ? dAdU ne kahA hai virahina ko siMgAra na bhAve visare ajana majana cIrA, viraha vyathA bahu vyApai piiraa| (rAga, goDI 20) aura Age calakara dAdU ne kahA hai_ jinake hRdaya hari basa mai calihArI jaauuN| (sAya aga, 63) rahIma ne isIse milatA-julatA dohA kahA hai, "jina A~kho meM ajana diyA hai unameM kirakiga suramA nahI diyA jA sktaa| jina AMkho me zrI bhagavAn kA rUpa dekhA hai, valihArI hai una A~kho kI / " ajana diyA to kirakirI, suramA diyo na jAya / jina A~khina se hari lakhyo, rahimana bali bali jAya // dAdU ne kahA hai, "aisI A~kha sAre sasAra meM bhagavAn kI nitya rAsa-lIlA ko dekhatI hai| aisI AMkha dekhatI hai ki ghaTa-ghaTa me vahI lIlA cala rahI hai| pratyeka ghaTa mahAtIrtha hai| ghaTa-ghaTa me gopI hai| ghaTa-ghaTa meM kRSNa / ghaTa-ghaTa meM rAma kI amarapurI hai| pratyeka antara me gagA-yamunA vaha rahI hai aura pratyeka meM sarasvatI kA pavitra jala spandita hai / vahAM pratyeka ghaTa meM kujakeli kI nityalIlA cala rahI hai, sakhiyo kA nityarAma khelA jA rahA hai / vinA veNu ke hI vahA~ vamI vaja rahI hai aura sahaja hI sUrya, candra aura kamala vikasita ho rahe hai / ghaTa-ghaTa me pUrNa brahma kA pUrNa prakAza vikIrNa ho rahA hai aura dAsa dAdU apanI zobhA dekha rahA hai| ghaTi ghaTi gopI ghari ghaTi kAnha / ghaTi ghaTi rAma amara prasthAna / / gagA yamunA antaraveda / sarasuti nIra vaha paraneda // kuja keli taha parama vilAsa / sava sagI mili khela rAsa / taha vinu vena vAje tUra / vigasa kamala canda aru sUra / / pUraNa brahma parama parakAsa / taha nija dekhai dAdU dAsa // avatAra kA tattva samajhAte hue rahIma kahate hai, "he rahIma, yadi prema kA smaraNaM nirantara ekatAna bhAva se hotA rahe to vahI sarvazreSTha hai / khoye hue priyatama ko citta meM phira se pA lenA hI to avatAra hai|" rahimana sughi sava te bhalI, lAga jo ikatAra / bicharai prItama cita mila, yaha jAna avatAra //

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dAdU aura rahIma 201 * barAbarI kA na hone se prema kI lIlA nahI cala sakatI / prema ke lie bhagavAn ne bhakta ko apane samAna banA liyA hai, yaha mAno vindu kA sindhu ke samAna ho jAnA hai / rahIma ne Azcarya ke sAtha kahA hai ki isa adbhuta prema-lIlA meM heranahAra apane meM hI herA jAtA hai (kho jAtA hai)| bindu bho sindhu samAna, ko acaraja kAsoM khai| heranahAra herAna, rahimana apane Apa teN|| dAdU ne kahA hai, "bhItara hI ropro| manahi mAhi jhUranA, (viraha aga, 18) aura vahA~ vAkya kI apekSA hI kahA~ hai / vahAM mauna rahane meM hAni hI kyA hai ? bhalA jisane hRdaya me hI ghara banA liyA hai, usase kahane ko vaca hI kyA rahA?" jihi rahIma tana mana liyo, kiyau hiye vica bhauna / tAso sukha dukha kahana ko rahI bAta ava kauna // yaha prema ke bhAva meM bhagavAn aura bhakta kA jo abheda hai, usakA paricaya nAnA bhAva se kabIra, dAdU Adi mahApuruSo kI vANI meM pAyA jAtA hai / yahA~ unakA vistAra karanA niSprayojana hai| dAdU ke sAtha rahIma kI bAtacIta eka hI vAra huI thI, yA kaI bAra dono kA milanA huA thA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| lekina ina sava sAdhako ke mata kA prabhAva unakI kavitA para par3A hai, yaha vAta spaSTa hai| lekina yaha bhI saca hai ki dukha kA AghAta pAye vinA manuSya bhagavAn kI ora nahI jhuktaa| isIlie rahIma ne baDe dukha ke sAtha kahA hai ki viSaya-vAsanA meM lipaTA huA manuSya rAma ko hRdaya meM nahIM dhAraNa kara sktaa| pazu tinakA to vaDe prema se khAtA hai, lekina guDa use guliyA kara khilAyA jAtA hai| rahimana rAma na ura dharai, rahata viSaya lapaTAya / * pazu khaDa khAta mavAda so, guDa guliyAye khAya // akavara javataka jIvita the, rahIma sukhapUrvaka the / nAnA prakAra ke dAna aura praudArya se unakI khyAti deza bhara meM vyApta ho gaI thii| vAda me jaba rahIma para dukha aura durdina pAyA to dAdU paraloka sidhAra cuke the| isIlie una dino rahIma ko dAdU jaise mahApuruSa ke pAsa jAkara sAntvanA pAne kA avasara nahIM milaa| usa avasthA meM rahIma, dAdU ke putra garIvadAsa ke pAsa gaye the aura unase apane mana kI vyathA kahIM thii| garIbadAsa baDe hI bhagavapremI the| kahate hai ki inake sasarga meM Ane para hI rahIma kA citta bhagavadbhakti se bhara uThA thA aura unhone gadgada hokara kahA thA samaya dasA kula dekhi ke, sarva karata sanmAna / rahimana dIna anAtha ko, tuma bina ko bhagavAna // garIvadAsa ke samparka meM Ane ke bAda hI rahIma ne anubhava kiyA thA ki dukha durdazA hone se yadi priyatama kA milanA sulabha hotA hai to dukha durdazA hI acchI hai| priya se milAne vAlI rAta akele-akele kaTane vAle dina kI apekSA kahI acchI hai| rahimana rajanI hI bhalI, piya soM hoya milApa / kharo divasa kihi kAma ko, rahibo prApuhi zrApa // isI bAta ko eka aura Dhaga se rahIma ne kahA hai kAha karauM baikuTha le, kalpa bRccha kI chA~ha / rahimana DhAka suhAvano, jo gala pItama vaha // zAntiniketana] 26

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uttara bhArata ke nAtha sampradAya kI paramparA meM baMgAlI prabhAva zrI sukamAra sena ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0 (phalakattA) yaha vAta bahuta samaya se vicAragrasta rahI hai ki sabhavata bagAla me hI nAtha--yoga sampradAya kI utpatti huI hai| goIcada yA gopIcada tathA unakI mAtA mainAvatI kI paurANika kathA, jo ki isa mapradAya se savadhita kathAo meM sabase adhika manorajaka hai, vagAla se uThakara uttara nathA pazcima ke kono taka phaila gaI hai| isa kathA kA prasAra Adhunika nahIM hai, kyoki malika muhammada jAyasI ke gratha padmAvatI meM bhI hame isakA eka me adhika bAra ullekha milatA hai, parantu kathA kA bagAlIpana vilakula gAyava nahIM ho sakA hai| bahuta purAne kAla se yogI yA nAtha-sapradAya kA gaharA savadha vagAla prAnta ke vizeSa laukika saMpradAya se, jo ki dharma-mapradAya kahalAtA hai, rahA hai| yaha eka agya pramANa hai, jisame puSTa honA hai ki nAtha-sapradAya kI utpatti vagAla meM hI huii| , isa nAtha-sapradAya kI dUsarI mahattvapUrNa kathA, jisameM isa bAta kA varNana hai ki kisa prakAra yogI matsyendranAtha kadalI nAmaka deza kI striyoM ke moha meM phasa gae, tathA ata meM kisa prakAra unakA uddhAra unake ziSya gorakSanAtha ne kiyA, bagAla ke vAhara itanI adhika prasiddha nahIM hai, parantu kathA kA sAra aryAt kisa prakAra ziSya se guru ko jJAna kI prApti huI, uttara tathA pazcima bhArata ke yogiyo ke pAramparika upadezo meM tathA unake praznottara savayI gayo me vAravAra milatA hai| ina sabakA sagraha DA0 pItAmvaradatta bar3athvAla ne gorakha-bAnI nAmaka eka acche gratha ke rUpa meM sampAdita kiyA hai jo hindI mAhitya-sammelana, prayAga se prakAzita huA hai| isa sundara sagraha me na kevala vAniyo ke rUpa tathA unake muhAvaro para, apitu pUre-pUre vAkyAgo tathA anya tulanAtmaka vAto para nissadeha vagAlI pragAva prakaTa hotA hai| gorakha-vAnI ke doho tathA pado me yadi sabhI nahIM to adhikAza pahale-pahala bagalA meM likhe gaye the, isakI puSTi me kitane hI zabdo ke bhUtakAlika Adi rUpa die jA sakate hai, jisase vagalA bhASA kA prabhAva spaSTa hogA (ka) bhUtakAlika rUpa-ila-(udA0-pAilA, rahilA, jAilA, kahilA, vimAilA, karilA, marilI, tajilI, tajilA, rAkhile, muDAile Adi) / (kha) bhaviSyat-rUpa-iba-(udA0--khelivA, gAivA, dekhivA, pAibA, muDAivA aadi)| (ga) kucha muhAvare---diDha phari (majabUtI se, pRSTha 3), dayA kari (pRSTha 186), mastaka muDAile (sira muDAliyA, pRSTha 45) / (gha) kucha vAkyAza-koTyA madhe gurudevA goTA eka bujhe (he gurudeva, karoDa meM se koI eka samajhe, pRSTha 151) aadi| nIce kI samAnatAe~ bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai| (1) phucI tAlI (nAlA) suSamana kare (pRSTha 46), milAo purAnI bagalA-sAsu ghare, ghAli, kocA tAla (sAsa ke ghara ko tAlA aura kujI denA, caryApada 4) / 'jo bhala hota rAja zrI bhogU / gopicanda nahiM sAdhata jogU // jogIkhaDa 5, gopicanda tui jItA jogU-sihaladvIpakhaDa 1; mAnata bhoga gopicanda bhogii| lei apasavA jalandhara jogii| nAgamatIviyogakhaDa, 1, ityAdi /

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uttara bhArata ke nAtha sampradAya kI paramparA meM bagAlI prabhAva 203 (2) gagana zikhara pAcha ambara pAnI (pRSTha 61), milAno purAnI vagalA-mai ahArila gaNata panimA (mere dvArA gagana kA pAnI piyA gayA hai, caryApada 35) / (3) UMce UMce parabata viSama ke ghaatt| tihAM gorakhanAtha ke liyA se vATa // (pRSTha 134), milAmo puganI bagalA-U~cAUMcA pAvata tahi basai zabarI bAlI (U~ce-U~ce parvato para zavarI vAlikA vasatI hai, caryApada 28) / (4) ginAna cI DAlilA pAlakhu (pRSTha 140); milAmo purAnI vagalA-tima dhAu khATa paDilA (tridhAtu kI khATa paDI hai, caryApada 28) / (5) mAyA (-mAa, mAtA) mArilI, mAvasI (mausI), tajilI, tajilA kuTamba vandhu / sahasradala kavala tahAM gorakha mana sandhU // ' (pRSTha 141), milAno purAnI bagalA mAria zAsu nananda ghare shaalii| mAna mAriA kAnha bhaima kavAlI // (sAma, nanada aura sAlI ko tathA mAtA ko mAra kara kAnha kApAlika ho gayA, caryApada 11) / (6) gyAna guru nAu' tUbA amhAra manasA cetani DADI (pRSTha 106) milAno purAnI bagalAsUja lAu zazI lAgelo tAtI, aNahA dADI (sUrya vINA kI laukI bana gayA, cadramA tAta vanA, aura anahada kI DaNDI ho gaI, caryApada 17) / (7) gAvaDI ke mukha meM bAghalA vinAilA' (pRSTha 127), milAno purAnI bagalA-valada vinAila gavinA vAjhe (vaila ke to bachaDA utpanna huA aura bAjha gAya se, caryApada 33), madhyakAlIna bagalA-vyAghrara samukhe jena samarpilA gorU (mAno vyAghra ke sammukha eka gAya sauMpI gaI, gorakSa-vijaya pRSTha 121) / (8) nAcata gorakhanAtha dhugharI cai ghAta (pRSTha 87), bagalA se milAyo nAcati ne gorkhanAya ghugharera role (gorakhanAtha ghughuruyo ke gale yA gabda para nRtya karate hai, gorakSa-vijaya pRSTha 187) / (9) divasai bAdhaNI mana mohai, rAti sarovara sopai / jANi bujhi re murikha loyA ghari ghari bAdhaNI poSai // (pR0 137) / milAmo madhyakAlIna baMgalA prabhAgiyA naraloke kichui nAhi bujhe re, ghare ghare pAlana bAdhinI / divA haile vAghinI jagatamohinI re, rAtri hale savAga shosse| (gorakSa-vijaya pR0 187) (10) purila vakanAli (pR0 155), milAno madhyakAlIna ba~galA-bAMkA nAle sAgho guru (he gurudeva, cakranAla arthAt suSamnA yoga ko sAdhanA karie, gorakSa-vijaya pR0 15) / 'gorakha-bAnI' ke kucha chado kA vRtta prAya spaSTarUpa me bagalA kA chada payAra hai| ina chado kI bhASA meM bhI vagalA prabhAva dRSTigocara hai| Upara ke uddharaNo me kucha udAharaNa draSTavya hai| anya udAharaNa nIce die jAte hai - (ka) ete kachu kahilA garu sabai bhelA bhole / sarvarasa khoilA guru vAghanI ke kola // (pR0 88), milAno-sarvadhana hArAilA kAminIre kole (tumane kAminI kI goda meM sava dhana naSTa kara diyA, gorakSa-vijaya pR0 66) / 'isa pakti kA pATha azuddha hai / zuddha pATha 'mahasara kavala tahA~ gorakha vAlA jahA~ mana manasA sura sandhU' hogaa| paatthaatr-do'| 'paatthbhed-bivaailaa'| 'paatthaatr-kpyilaa| "pAThAtara-poIlA, nissadeha bagalA kA 'khoyaailaa'| 'paatthaatr-bole|

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204 premI-abhinadana-praya (kha) badata gorakhanAya, jAti merI telii| tela goTA pIDi liyA, khali' doI melI // (pR0 117) (ga) kaise volI paDitA, deva kaune tthaaii| nija tata nihAratA, amhe tumhe nAhI // (pR0 131) (gha) vAraha kalA ravi polaha kalA ssii| cAri kalA gurudeva niratara vasI / (pR0 241) vagAla ke dharmadeva-sampradAya kI vicitra sRSTi-utpatti meM yaha kathana hai ki matsyendranAtha (mInanAtha) cAra anya siddho ke sahita Adi deva yA AdinAtha ke gaDe hue mRta garIra meM se utpanna hue the| gorakha-bAnI meM kaI jagaha macchindra ko AdinAtha (nirajana yA dharma) tayA manasA kA putra kahA gayA hai|' vagAlI paramparA meM bhI (jaisA ki dharmasampradAya kI sRSTi-utpatti meM kathita hai) ketakA ko (jo vAda meM 'ziva kI putrI' tathA 'so kI devI' kahI gaI hai) prAvidevI kahA gayA hai, tathA vaha Adideva kI palI hai| ___behulA (vipulA), lakhindara (lakSmIdhara) tathA devI netA (nityA yA netrA) jo triveNI ke ghATa para kapaDe poyA karatA thA-ina sava kI kathA kA janma-sthAna vagAla hI hai, jahA~ yaha kathA pacTima meM vanArasa tathA sabhavata usake Age ke pradeza taka phailii| vagAla ke yogiyo ne ima kathA ke kucha aga ko apane gupta yoga ko prakaTa karane ke svarUpa meM apanA liyA, tathA unase bhArata ke anya pradezo ke yogiyo ne use grahaNa kiyaa| gorakha-bAnI ke do yA tIna pado meM isa prAdhyAtmika kathA kI ora saketa pAyA jAtA hai| cAda goTA khuTA karile, surija pharila pATi / ahanisi ghobI ghova, triveNI kA ghATi // (pR0 151) cAda karila khuTA, suraji karilai pATa / nita uThi ghovI ghovai, triveNI ke ghATa / / (pR0 151) jhalakattA] 'paatth-bhed-paal| paatthaatr-dovii| pitA boliye nirajana nirAkAra (pR0 202) / 'udAharaNArya, 'mAtA hamAro manamA boliye

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hindU-muslima-sa AdhyAtmika pahalU paMDita sundaralAla AdamI kI jindagI ke hara savAla ko kaI taraha se aura kaI pahalu se dekhA jA sakatA hai| jitane alaga-alaga pahalU hama jindagI ke hai, yA ho sakate haiM, utane hI taraha ke saba savAlo ke ho sakate haiN| moTe taura para insAna kI jindagI ke tIna pahalU hameM dikhAI dete haiM / eka tArIkhI yA itihAmI pahalU / dUsarA samAjI, kalcarala yAnI Ae dina kI jindagI aura rahana-sahana kA pahalU aura tIsarA zrAdhyAtmika yA rUhAnI pahalU / jisa savAla kI hama isa lekha meM carcA kareMge usa kA eka aura cauthA siyAsI yAnI rAjakAjI pahalU bhI eka khAsa pahalU hai / ina saba pahaluo, khAsakara AdhyAtmika pahalU ko sAmane rakhakara hI hama zrAjakala ke hindU-muslima- savAla para eka sarasarI nigAha DAlanA cAhate hai / yU~ to yaha savAla usa jamAne se calA AtA hai, java se isa deza ke andara hindU aura musalamAna dono dharmoM ke mAnane vAle sAtha-sAtha rahane lage, para vIsavI sadI IsvI ke zurU se isa savAla kA jo rUpa banatA jA rahA hai, vaha eka darje taka nayA rUpa hai| 'premI-zrabhinandana-pranya' eka aisA grantha hai, jo mumakina hai, hindU-muslima savAla ke maujUdA rUpa ke miTa jAne yA hala ho jAne ke bAda bhI logo ke hAtho meM dikhAI de aura unheM apanI aura apane deza kI Age kI tarakkI kA rAstA dikhAtA rhe| aisI mUrata meM isa lekha ke kucha hisse kA mola sirpha itihAsI mola hI raha jAyagA, lekina kucha hissA aisA bhI hogA jo jyAdA dera taka kAma kA sAvita ho / isa savAla kA itihAsI pahalU eka lambI cIz2a hai / thoDe se meM usakA nicoDa yaha hai / deza meM kaI alaga-alaga majahavI khyAlo ke loga rahate the| unakI mAnatAo, majahavI usUlo aura rahana-sahana ke tarIko meM kAphI pharaka thA / koI nirAkAra ke pUjane vAle, koI sAkAra ke / koI mUrtipUjaka, koI mUrti pUjA ko pApa samajhane vAle / koI Izvara ko jagata kA kartA mAnane vAle aura koI kisI bhI karttA ke hone se inkAra karane vAle / koI mAsa khAne ko apane dharma kA jarUrI hissA mAnane vAle aura koI use pApa samajhane vAle / koI devI ke sAmane havana meM madirA car3hAne vAle aura koI madirA chUne taka ko gunAha samajhane vAle / vag2airaha-vagairaha / lekina ye saba loga kisI taraha eka giroha meM gina lie jAte the, jise hindU kahA jAtA thaa| thoDe se IsAI aura yahUdI bhI deza ke kisI-kisI kone meM the, para deza kI grAma jindagI para unakA asara nahIM ke varAvara thA / aisI hAlata meM eka nayA majahava isa deza meM AyA, islAma / isa nae dharma ke mAnane vAle eka Izvara ko mAnate the / jAta-pAta aura chuAchUta, jo hindU dharma kA eka khAsa hissA bana cukI thI, unameM vilkula na thI / mUrti-pUjA ko ve gunAha samajhate the / ve eka nirAkAra ke upAsaka the / unameM mAmUlI grAdamiyo ra Izvara ke bIca kisI purohita kI z2arUrata na thI / zrAdamI -zrAdamI sava varAvara / lekina unake dharmaM ko janma dene vAle mahApuruSa hajarata muhammada arava meM janme the, hindustAna meM nahI / unakI khAsa majahavI kitAva qurAna ravI meM likhI huI thI, maskRta yA kimI hindustAnI javAna meM nahI / hindU-dharma ke sAtha islAma kI thoDI-bahuta Takkara honA kudaratI thA / yaha Takkara koI naI cIja nahI thI / isa deza ke itihAsa meM isa se pahale purAne drAviDa- dharma aura nae zrArya dharma meM kaI haz2Ara varasa taka Takkara raha cukI thI / hajArI varasa taka vedo ke mAnane vAle zrAryaM apane vaidika devatAo jaise mitra, varuNa aura indra kI pUjA ko mukhya samajhate the / yahA~ ke amalI vAzinde apane purAne devatAo, ziva aura caturbhuja viSNu kI pUjA ko hI jArI rakhanA cAhate the / vahaseM huIM, giroha ke giroha miTA DAle gae / AkhIra meM kaI haz2Ara varama ko Takkaro ke vAda java donI dhArAe~ gaMgA thora jamunA kI taraha eka dUsare meM mila gaI to Aja yaha patA lagAnA bhI muzkila hai ki isa milI-julI jIvana-dhArA kA kauna sA kaNa Arya hai aura kauna sA drAviDa / mitra, varuNa aura indra ke mandira hindustAna bhara meM Aja DhUMDhe se bhI milane muzkila hai, 4

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206 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha para drAviDa jAti ke zivAja karoDo ke deva deva mahAdeva vana kara lagabhaga hara mandira ke andara maujUda hai| caturbhuja viSNu itane apanA lie gae ki hinduo ke saba avatAra viSNu ke avatAra gine jAte hai| yaha usa mahAna samanvaya kI sirpha eka choTI-sI mimAla hai| jisa taraha kI Takkara mAryoM aura drAviDo meM rahI, usI taraha kI thoDI-bahuta usake bAda ke z2amAne me hinduo aura jainiyo meM aura AThavI sadI IsvI taka zavo aura zAkto meM, yahAM taka ki rAma ke bhakto aura kRSNa ke upAsako meM varAvara hotI rhii| ina Takkaro meM eka dUsare kA bahiSkAra bhI huA aura lAThiyAM aura talavAre bhI clii| Ajataka'hastinApIDyamAno'pina gacchata jainamandiram' jaise phikare deza ke sAhitya se miTe nahIM hai| ye sava TakkareMeka kudaratI Dhaga se paidA huI aura utane hI kudaratI Dhaga se miTa gii| purAne jamAne ke ye saba savAla Aja itihAsa kI eka kahAnI raha gae hai| islAma ke Ane ke sAtha deza meM naI Takkaro kA honA kudaratI thaa| TakkareM zurU huii| deza ke alaga-alaga hisse meM aura jindagI ke alaga-alaga pahaluo meM unhone alaga-alaga rUpa liye| phira bhI sAta sau-pATha sau barasa taka deza ke isa sire se usa sire taka saikaDo zaharoaura haz2Aro gAMvo meM hindU aura musalamAna prema ke sAtha milajula kara rahate rhe| isa sAre samaya meM vAhara se Akara deza meM basa jAne vAle musalamAno kI tAdAda kucha hajAra se jyAdA nahIM thii| vAkI saba lAkho aura karoDo AdamI, jinhone islAma dharma ko apanAyA, yahI ke rahane vAle aura yahI ke hindU mAtA-pitA kI polAda the| hara gAMva aura hara zahara meM hindU aura musalamAna eka hI javAna bolate the| eka-dUsare ke tyauhAro aura takarIvo, vyAha-zAdiyo aura rIti-rivAjo meM zarIka hote the| eka-dUsare ko 'cAcA','tAyA','mAmA', 'bhAI' vagairaha kahakara pukArate the| jyAdAtara musalamAna gharAno meM Ajataka saikaDo hindU-rasmeM pAlana kI jAtI hai / jaise dasUThana, sAlagiraha, kanachedana, nakachedana, zAdI meM daravAje kA cAra, tela caDhAnA, haldI car3hAnA, kalevA vA~dhanA, kaMganA vA~dhanA, mNddvaa| aise hI hinduo ne kAphI rasmeM musalamAno se lii| jaise, ghoDI car3hanA, jAmA, seharA, shhvaalaa| dono ne milakara isa deza kI kArIgarI, citrakArI, udyoga-dhandhe, kalA-kauzala, tijArata, saMgIta vagairaha ko apUrva unnati dii| mugalo kI saltanata kA z2amAnA ina saba vAtoM meM isa deza kA sabase jyAdA tarakkI kA z2amAnA mAnA jAtA hai| sattarahavI sadI IsvI ke AkhIra aura aThArahavI sadI ke zurU ke saba videzI yAtrI, jo samaya-samaya para isa deza meM pAye, isa bAta meM eka rAya hai ki usa jamAne me duniyA kA koI deza dhana-dhAnya, sukha-samRddhi, tijArata aura udyogadhandho meM hindustAna kA mukAvilA nahI kara sakatA thaa| rAjAmao rAjAno meM laDAiyA~ hotI thI, para jisa taraha kahIkahI hindU aura musalamAna laDe hai, usI taraha hindU hindU aura musalamAna musalamAna bhI Apasa meM laDe hai / vAhara se hamalA karane vAle musalamAno ke khilApha deza ke musalamAna hukamarAno kA DaTakara laDanA aura yahA~ ke hindU rAjAoM kA unakA sAtha denA eka mAmUlI ghaTanA thii| musalamAna bAdazAho kI phauja meM hindU sipAhI aura hindU senApati, aura hindU rAjAo kI senA meM musalamAna sipAhI aura musalamAna senApati, aise hI hindU rAjApro ke musalamAna pradhAna mantrI aura musalamAna bAdazAho ke hindU vajIre-Az2ama sAta sau varasa ke bhAratIya itihAsa meM kadama-kadama para dekhane ko milate hai| ___ uma sAre jamAne meM hameM mulka ke jIvana meM tIna sApha alaga-alaga lahareM bahatI huI dikhAI detI hai / eka islAma ke Ane se pahale ko brAhmaNo ke prabhutva, jAta-pAta aura chuvAchUta kI taga hindU lahara / dUsarI phikaha (karmakADa) kA kaTTaratA se pAlana karane vAlI taga islAmI lahara aura tIsarI donoM ke mela-jola kI vaha prema kI lahara, jo dono kI taga-pyAliyoM se Upara uThakara dono ke guNo ko apane andara liye hue thii| rahana-sahana, khAna-pAna, citrakArI, makAno kA banAnA, dharma aura saskRti, sava meM ye tIno lahareM sApha dikhAI de rahI thii| inameM dhIre-dhIre taga-khyAlI kI dono lahare mUkhatI jAnI thI aura mela-milApa kI lahara baDhatI aura phailatI jA rahI thii| AzA hotI thI ki deza meM mamanvaya kI purAnI paramparA ko kAyama rakhate hue eka dina yaha prema kI lahara sAre maidAna ko Dhaka legI aura deza ke andara

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hindU-muslima-savAla kA AdhyAtmika pahalU 207 'usa naI saskRti, naye samAja aura naI dhArmika kalpanA ko janma degI, jo alaga-alaga sakIrNa kalpanAmo se vaDhakara aura unase UMcI hogii| ina tIno alaga-alaga laharo kI hama eka choTI-sI misAla IMTa-pattharo kI Thosa zakala meM denA cAhate hai| phanne tAmIra yAnI gRha-nirmANa-kalA meM agara hame eka tarapha islAma se pahale ke purAne hindU prAdarzo ko dekhanA ho to dakSiNa ke mandira hai| kursI ke Upara kursI, kagUre ke Upara kagUrA, Thosa patthara, AsamAna se bAta karate hue kalaza aura mandira ke cAro tarapha kI dIvAro kI eka-eka ica jagaha mUrtiyo se DhakI, ThIka usI taraha jisa taraha hindustAna ke ghane jagala / ina imArato kA apanA eka gaurava hai| dUsarI tarapha vAhara se Ane vAle islAmI Adarza kA namUnAajamera aura dillI kI masajideM, sApha-saphAcaTa dIvAre, jinameM mivAya allAha ke koI cIz2a dikhAI na de, gola sapheda gumbada aura U~ce mInAra, arava ke bayAvAna registAna kI yAda dilAne vAle / inakI bhI apanI eka alaga zAna hai| tIsare ina dono AdoM kA mela, inakI eka dUsare para kalama, inakA premAliMgana agara dekhanA ho to Agare kA tAja, jo duniyA kI sabase sundara imArato me ginA jAtA hai aura jo Aja bhI isa deza ke saDe-gale jisma para jhUmara kI taraha laTaka rahA hai| yahI hAla hameM aura saba kalAo aura vidyAoM meM dikhAI detA hai / mugala saltanata ke z2amAne meM na jAne kitane naye paudhe, kitanI naI taraha ke phala, naye phUla, naye-naye jAnavara, naI taraha ke kapaDe isa mulka me Aye aura na jAne kitane naye-naye khAne aura naI-naI miThAiyAM jArI huii| Ajakala ke dillI yA prAgare yA mathurA ke kisI bhI halavAI kI dukAna kI miThAiyA~ tathA DhAkA aura murzidAvAda ke rezamI aura sUtI kapaDo ke nAma hame apanI IjAda ke samaya kI yAda dilA rahe hai| yaha mela-milApa kI lahara hamAre rUhAnI yAnI AdhyAtmika jIvana me bhI gaharI calI gaI thii| kavIra, dAdU, nAnaka, palTU, caitanya, tukArAma, vAvA pharIda, vullezAha, muInuddIna ciztI aura yArI sAhava jaise saikaDo hindU aura musalamAna phakIra hindU dharma aura islAma, dono ke UparI karma-kANDo se Upara uThakara hame prema-dharma kA sandeza sunA rahe the aura dezabhara meM cAro ora prema ke sote bahA rahe the| hindU dharma ne islAma ke samparka se apane andara aneka sudhAra kI lahareM paidA kii| aneka hindU prAcAryoM ne jAta-pAta aura chuvAchUta ko toDane aura prAdamI AdamI ke bIca varAvarI kAyama karane kA upadeza diyaa| hindU dharma ke samparka se islAma kA jarUrata se jyAdA nukIlApana yA kaTIlApana bhI TUTA / musalamAna phakIro aura mahAtmAgro ke majAro para vasanta ke dina vasantI cAdare caDhAI jAne lgii| musalamAna vAdazAho ke daravAro meM holI, divAlI, rakSAvanvana aura dazaharA jagaha-jagaha usI prema, usI joza aura usI umaga se manAyA jAtA thA, jisa taraha hindU daravAro meN| koI sandeha nahIM ki agara thoDA-sA aura samaya mila gayA hotA to yaha deza usa jamAne ke hindU dharma aura islAma ke mela se apane andara usI taraha eka nayA milAjulA aura jyAdA UMcA jIvana paidA karake dikhalA detA, jisa taraha isase pahale kI sava Takkaro ke vAda dikhalA cukA thA, para usa zubha dina ke Ane se ThIka pahale deza meM eka tIsarI tAkata ne kadama rakkhA / isa naI videzItAkata ko apanA bhalA isI me dikhAI diyA ki deza kI ina dono jamAto ko eka dUsare se milane se roke / ina dono ko phADe rakhane meM hI use apanI z2indagI dikhAI dii| san 1757 se lekara Ajataka taraha-taraha kI cAlo, kUTanItiyo aura siyAsI tadavIro ke jariye deza ke hindU aura musalamAno ko eka dUsare se alaga rakhane ke pUre jatana kiye gye| roga bIja rUpa meM zarIra ke andara maujUda thaahii| use sirpha bhaDakAne aura vaDhAne kI jarUrata thii| sarakArI naukariyo meM hoDa,myUnisapailiTiyo aura esembaliyo ke cunAva,pRthak nirvAcana (Separate electorate), alaga-alaga yUnIvarsiTiyoM, mahAsabhA aura lIga, akhaDa bhArata aura pAkistAna, ina saba ne deza kI isa kaThina samasyA ko ulajhAne meM hissA liyA hai| para ye rAjakAjI hathakaDe hameM sirpha isIlie nukasAna pahuMcA sake, kyoki phUTa, alahadagI aura duI ke vIja hamAre andara maujUda the| bAhara ke kITANu yA jarsa usa samaya taka roga paidA nahI kara sakate,

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208 premI-paminaMdana-prayavAkakijina ke andara kA samatolana bigar3A ho, cabataka ki khUna ke andara koI-na-koI isa taraha kI kamajorI kamI pAvezIpadAna ho gaI ho, vo unakIvANuoM ko vahAM Tikane aura panapane kA maukA de|, ".., . hamArI isa tahako prAdAbeM, isa taraha ke vicAra jaise hindUvAti aura hindU saMskRti ko vacAvarakhane kI bandarata hai, islAma mora muslima kalvara khatare meM hai', hindU dharma kI rakSA ke lie hindU saMganna jarUrI hai islAma kI hizApa de die mubhavamgoM kI atma nadIma nAz2imI hai, vRddhi aura tavalIga,bolane vAlane aura likhane pahanI ko javAna ko eka tarapha naskRta ke aura dUsarI taraphArasI aura akho ke jyAdA nadIka lAne kI kozizeM, rASTrIya kAlopIna rASTrIya pratyAoM taka meM hindU raMga-DhaMga aura hindUtAsvarokoM ko varakhane aura camakAne kI lAlasA ye saba vo ina rAta ko sAbita kara rahI hai ki hamane abhI taka Aro rIti-rivAjoM ke pharakoM se kara eka milI-cunI kaunI jindagIkAra karane ke udaka ko pUrI taraha nahIM sIkhA, bokudarata hameM inadonoM dharmoM ko eka barahalAkara sikhAnA cAhatI thii| roga kA ilAva ne sApha hai| isa sArI bhUla-mulaiyoM meM se hama cAheM to apanA rAstA sApha dekha skte| haiN| rAstA nahIM hai, vo isase pahale kI TakkaroM meM se nikalane kA raastaayaa| vaktaka AdamI AdamI hai| sama taraha-taraha ke vicAroM kA paidA honA, usake taraha-taraha ke vizvAsa aura taraha-taraha kI mAnatAeM honA kudaratI hai| yahacaudha vaisohI yudaratI hai, jI eka vizAla vana yA sundara upavana ke andara taraha-taraha kI vanasatiyoM aura raga-virala phUloM kAuganA / harekakA apanA saundarya / hareka kI apanI payogitA / vinake maoNDe haiM, unheM isa niciztA meM hI, isa raNavirale-pana meM hI, kudarata ke vAra kA asalI saundarya dikhAI degaa| isa vicitratA meM hI mAnava vikAsa kA rAstA milatA hai| koI deza namava taka umpa nahIM kahA jA sakatA, baktaka kisake, rahane vAloM ko apane vicAroM aura vizvAza meM, apanI pUnA aura ibAdata ke tarIkoM meM pUrI AbAdI hAsila nho| hamAre deza ke andara nItahaha ke vicAroM kA hajAroM varakhane eka dUsare ke sAtha rahanA aura pAkhIra meM ghula-mita dAnA isa bAta ko sAbita kara rahA hai ki hama jindagI ke isa sunahale usUla ko kAphI cAnate aura samam rahe hai / / vahana-sI bAna meM hinduoM aura niyoM, vaiSNavoM aura zAntoM, sanAtanadharmiyoM mora mAryasamAviyoM, varmAdhamiyoM, aura brAhapoM meM vinA mUlI pharaka hai, bhAva-samAviyoM aura musalamAnoM yA mAnUlI hinduoM maura musanamAnoM meM usase kahIM kama hai| bAta ni itanI hai, vaisA hama para kaha cuke haiM, ki hamAre itihAsa kAyahAjirI umanvaya abhI pUrA nahIM ho pAyA thA ki bAharI tAjJoM ne cheDakara hamArI hAlata ko ghor3A-sATila kara diyA aura kucha dera ke lie deza meM eka kaTa paidA ho gyaa| hameM prava tithaM do bAteM samamnI hai| eka yaha ki mabahavI ronikhiAoM yA pUjA-pAnake tarIkoM ke pratA alaga hote hue bhI hameM deza meM eka milI-julI canAjI jindagI, milA-julA rahana-cala, milI-julI javAna panAkalI hai, kAnI hai aura use kAyama rakhanA hai| rIti-rivAva sabamarI cauveM haiN| hara deza meM ve badalate rahe hai aura badalate rheNge| sitaha zarIra kA badalanA bava-taba jarUrI ho vAtA hai, usI taraha ina parI rIti-rivAloM kA badale rahanA nI samAdI vindago ke lie varUrI hotA hai| hinduoM kI canmanA vAti, vAtapAta bhora chumAsta, kisI bhI dUsare ke chUne se kisI ke bhojana aura pAnI kA nApAka ho jAnA, eka aisI sar3I-galI aura hAnikararUr3hi hai, jisakA anta karanA hamAre samAvI vIvana ko kAyama rakhane ke lie urUrI hai| buddha bhagavAn ke samaya se lekaracIca ke jamAne ke santoM, kabIra aura dAdU taka saba hameM yahI upadeza dete cale Aye haiN| aise hI volacAla meM yA kitAboM aura bhavana meM AvazyakatA' kI bagaha 'vAta' yA 'carUrata' kI jagaha 'AvazyakatA' para cora denA, numAiza se bhAmaphahama zabda ko badala kara pradazinoM karalA, havAIjahAda' ko vAyuyAna' yA 'yAra' kahane kI kozikalAekavImAye hai, vo hamArI samAvI jindagI ko Tukar3e-Tukar3e kara rahI hai aura hamArI prAlAoM ko saMkIrNa banA rahI hai| eka sauSauzAdoM, milA-bulI, Amavhama bolI kI vAha saMskRta bharI hindI yA phAratI aravI bharI jrdU ko tarasa jAne

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ranine L kA eka EX ma 1. -- InHERERANI .' -REAM . 1 F . . . . ............. waad a n - - - .. . devagaDha kA viSNumaMdira

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hindU-muslima savAla kA AdhyAtmika pahalU 206 ko svAhiga una cIz2o meM me hai, jinhoMne hindU-muslima-mavAla ko paidA kiyA aura bddhaayaa| hameM hindI aura urdU dono ko hindustAnI bhASA mAnanA hogaa| dono se prema karanA hogA aura dono ke macce magama me eka rASTra-mApA hindustAnI ko rUpa denA, vaDhAnA aura mAlAmAla karanA hogaa| isI taraha apanI rASTrIya masthAno, kAgreso, kAnphramo, skUlo, kAlejo vagairaha me hama mile-jule tarIke aura isa taraha ke Dhaga varatane hoge, jo saba dharmo aura majahabo ke dezavAmiyoM ko eka-se pyAre lgeN| hama Upara likha cuke hai ki hama Aja se canda pIDhI taka isI taraha kI eka milI-julI samAjo jindagI aura milI-julI kalcara kI tarapha baDha rahe the| hame apanI usa yoTe dina pahale kI pravRtti ko phira se tAjA karanA hogaa| __dUsarI vAta,jo hame samajhanI hai, vaha isame bhI jyAdA gaharI hai / aura vaha isa hindU-muslima savAla kA prAdhyAtmika yAnI rUhAnI pahalU / duniyA ke alaga-alaga dharmoM ke kAyama karane vAlI ne agara kimI bAta para sabase jyAdA jora diyA hai to vaha yahI hai ki saba insAna eka koma hai, hama saba milakara eka choTA-sA kuTumba hai, saba eka jimma ke alaga-alaga ago kI naraha hai| sava kA eka hI Izvara yA allAha hai| Izvara eka hai aura mava usI ke vande hai to jAhira hai ki sabakA dharma bhI eka hI hai| phira ye alaga-alaga dharmoM ke pharaka kyo? ina dharmoM ke itihAsa aura unakI pAka kitAvo ko prema ke sAtha dekhane meM mAfa patA calatA hai ki ina mava dharmoM aura mata-matAntaro ke mUla tattva eka hai| inameM pharaka sirpha yA to una aTakalI vAto me hai, jinameM AdamI kA dimAga pAkhirI phaimale nahIM kara pAtA, jame jIva aura brahma kA eka honA yA do honA, naraka aura svaga kI kalpanAeM vagairaha, aura yA UparI rIti-rivAjo aura karmakANDo meM hai, jaime pUraba kI tarapha muMha karake pUjA karanA yA pacchima kI tarapha muMha karake, saskRta meM dugnA mAMganA yA aravI meN| ye savaM pharaka gauNa hai| hame iname Upara uThakara aura inake bhItara me mava dharmoM kI maulika ekatA ko mAkSAt karanA hogaa| itanA hI nahIM, hama yaha samajhanA hogA ki khudA kI naz2aro meM duniyA kI koI bhApA dUsarI bhASA meM jyAdA pavitra nahIM hai| koI kAro rIti-rivAja dUsare rIti-rivAja me jyAdA pAka nahIM hai| AdamI, AdamI hai| hameM matra dharmoM ke kAyama karane vAle mahApuruSoM ko ijz2ata karanI hogI, una saba ko apanAnA aura unheM mAnavamamAja ke sacce hitacintaka aura mArga-pradarzaka mAnanA hogA, mava dharma-pustako ko prema ke sAtha paDhanA aura uname savaka hAsila karanA hogA / ina dharmoM aura kitAvI ke pharaka mava deza aura kAla ke pharaka hai| hame inase Upara uThakara mava dharmoM ke mAra yAnI uma mAnava-varma, usa prema-dharma, uma majahave-izka, usa majahave-imAniyata ko mAkSAt karanA hogA, jo aAjakala ke mava mana-matAntaro ko jagaha bhAvI mAnava-samAja kA ekamAtra dharma hogA, jisakI buniyAde saccAI, sadAcAra aura prema para hogI aura jo sava ke andara eka Izvara ke darzana karate hue AdhyAtmika jIvana kI una gaharAiyo taka pahu~cane aura una samasyAoM ke hala karane kI koziza karegA, jina taka pahuMcanA aura jinakA hala karanA isa pRthvI para manuSya ke jIvana kA antima aura amalA lakSya hai| yahI vaha kImatI savaka hai, jo kudarata hama Ajakala kI isa choTo mI hindU-muslima samasyA ke jariye mikhAnA cAhatI hai| hamArA deza ima mamaya isI sacce mAnavadharma ko paidA karane ko prasavavedanA meM se hokara nikala rahA hai / mArA masAra zubha dina kI bATa joha rahA hai| ilAhAbAda 27

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prAcIna AryoM kA jalayAtrA-prema zrI kRSNadatta bAjapeyI em0 e0 boku sasAra ke anya dezo se sambandha sthApita karake unako apanI saMskRti se prabhAvita karane ke lie bhAratIya AryoM ne bahuta prAcIna kAla se hI videza yAtrA ko upAdeya samajhA thA / isa sambandha se sAskRtika lAbha ke sAtha-sAtha vyApAra dvArA Arthika lAbha kA mahattva bhAratIyoM ko suvidita thA / isIlie unhoMne dUra- dezoM ko jAne ke lie jalamArgoM ko khoja nikAlA aura phira aneka prakAra ke nirmita jahAjoM aura naukAoM para ArUDha hokara ve svadeza kA gaurava khAne ke lie vistRta samudroM meM nikala pdd'e| apane mahAn uddezya kI pUrti ke lie hamAre pUrvava bhAyoM meM mArga kI kaThi nAiyo kI paravAha na kI / unake dRDha adhyavasAya ke kAraNa bhArata zatAbdiyoM taka sasAra ke vyApAra kA kendra banA rahA aura sudUra pazcima tathA sudUra pUrva taka isa deza ke netRtva kI dhAka jamI rhii| AryoM ko naukA-nirmANa- kalA tathA unake jalayAtrA-prema kA paricaya hamAre sabase prAcIna grantha Rgveda prApta hotA hai / isa grantha meM naukAoM tathA samudra- yAtrAbho ke manoraMjaka varNana aneka sthAnoM para milate haiN| eka jaMgaha RSi apane iSTadeva se prArthanA karate hai- "he deva, hamAre Ananda bhaura kalyANa ke lie hamako jahAja ke dvArA samudrapAra se carcA" (1978) viSNu ke sAtha maziSTha kI samudra yAtrA kA varNana bahA rocaka hai Keeee pa bhAryoM kI jalayAtrA varuNa ke lie kahA gayA hai ki ve samudra kA pUrA jJAna rakhate haiM aura unake sipAhI samudra meM cAro ghora phirA karate haiM, (1127) / kaI sthaloM para varuNa ko jala kA adhipati kahA gayA hai / sambhavata isI AdhAra para paurANika kAla meM varuNa ke svarUpa meM jala-pUjana kA mahattva huA aura kAlAntara meM jala ( sAgara, saritA aura sara) ke samIpa base hue sthAno ko tIrthoM ke rUpa meM vaDA gaurava pradAna kiyA gyaa| I Rgveda meM lambI yAtrAghro meM jAne vAle jahAjo ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| RSi tupa ne apane lar3ake bhujya ko eka bahuta baDe jahAja meM baiThAkara zatruoM se laDane ko bhejA thA (1 / 11633) / bahuta sambhava hai ki vaidika kAla meM, aise hI baDhe jahAjoM para baiThakara viz ('paNi') loga pazcimI dezo taka jAte the aura vahA~ se vyApAra-vinimaya karate kh

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prAcIna pAryoM kA jalayAtrA-prema 211 the| isa kAla meM vyApArika yAtrAo ke pracalita hone ke pramANa vaidika mAhitya me pAye jAte hai| aise paNiyo yA vyApAriyo ke ullekha milate hai jo lobhavaza adhika dhana-prApti ke lie apane jahAz2a videzo ko bhejate the (R0 // 48 // 3) / aise logo kI yaha kahakara nindA kI gaI hai ki 'ye dhana ke lAlaca se apane jahAjo dvArA sAre samudra ko matha DAlate hai' (1156 / 2) / aisA anumAna hotA hai ki vaidika kAla meM bhArata kA samudrI vyApAra cAlDiyA, mizra tathA bebIlona se hotA thA, kyoki pazcimI jagat meM mizra kI sabhyatA tathA sumerI logo kI sabhyatA isa kAla meM unnata thii| Arya-vyApAriyo ke lie 'devapaNi' zabda prayukta huA hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki 'paNi' zabda zAyada drAviDa yA anArya vyApAriyo kA sUcaka hai / pichale vaidika kAla tathA mahAkAvya yuga me bhI AryoM ke jalayAtrA-sambandhI ullekha milate hai / rAmAyaNa meM jahAz2o ke dvArA dakSiNa tathA pUrva ke dvIpo aura dezo meM jAne ke varNana milate hai / kiSkindhA kADa me sugrIva bAnaro ko pUrva ke dvIpo meM jAne kA Adeza detA hai (rAmA0 4140 / 23-5) / yahI koSakAra dvIpa (?), yavadvIpa (jAvA) tathA suvarNa dvIpa (sumAtrA) meM bhI jAne ko kahA gayA hai| Adhunika lAlasAgara kA prAcIna nAma rAmAyaNa me lohitasAgara AyA hai| isI grantha meM eka jahAjI veDe ke yuddha kA varNana hai, jisame kaI sau choTI-baDI naukAe~ pratyeka pakSa meM thI (raamaa04184178)| mahAbhArata me bhI jahAjo aura naukAo ke dvArA jala-yAtrAM ke ullekha milate hai| bauddha grantho me jala-yAtrAo ke aneka manorajaka varNana milate hai| vAberu jAtaka meM bhArata se bAberu (vevIlona) ko bhAratIya vyApAriyo ke jAne kA kathana hai| samuddavanija jAtaka, janaka jAtaka aura balAhassa jAtaka meM vyApAriyo kI dIrgha yAtrAo ke AkarSaka varNana milate hai| dIghanikAya (12222) me cha mahIne kI lambI samudrayAtrA kA varNana hai| ina yAtrAmo me mAjho loga eka vizeSa prakAra ke samudrI-pakSI apane sAtha rakhate the, jo samudrI kinAro kA patA apane svAmiyo ko dete the| kutubanumA kA isa prAcIna kAla me AviSkAra nahI huA thA aura ye pakSI hI kutubanumA kA kAma dete the| jAtaka grantho se vidita hotA hai ki bauddhakAla me deza samRddha aura dhanadhAnyapUrNa thaa| isakA zreya dezI tathA videzI vyApAra ko thaa| nagaro me saba prakAra kI vastue~-anna, vastra, tela, sugandhita dravya, sonA, cAMdI, ratla aadi-thii| nagaro meM vyApAriyo ke sagha bana gaye the, jo "nigama' kahalAte the aura unake mukhiyA 'seTThI' (zreSThI) kahAte the| isa kAla me jahAjo ke AkAra aura parimANa ke bhI ullekha bauddhagrantho me milate hai| janaka jAtaka me aise jahAjo ke varNana hai, jinameM sAta-mAta sau yAtrI baiThakara yAtrA ke lie gaye the| vi0 pU0 400 ke lagabhaga siMhaladvIpa se vahA~ kA rAjA vijaya sAta sau yAtriyo ko eka jahAz2a meM baiThAkara bagAla ke rAjA siMhabAhu ke yahA~ gyaa| ina sakhyAo se jahAjo ke AkAra ke bahuta baDe hone me sandeha nhii| mahAvaza, suttapiTaka, sayuktanikAya, aguttaranikAya Adi grantho me bhI baDe AkAra vAle jahAjo tathA una para baiThakara yAtrArtha jAne vAle vaNiko ke varNana milate hai| maurya-zuga kAla (325 I0 pU0-100 I0 pU0) me bhArata kI jala-yAtrA bahuta bddhii| isa kAla meM mizra ke TAlemI zAsako ne pUrvI dezo-vizeSata bhArata-se vyApAra baDhAne ke lie sveja nahara kholI, jisase bhArata se pazcimI dezo kA yAtAyAta lAla sAgara ke mArga se hone lgaa| isa yuga meM bhArata meM dezI jahAjo tathA naukAyo kA nirmANa baDI sakhyA me hotA thaa| niarkasa ne apanI yAtrA ke lie uttarI pajAba kI jAtiyo se nAve taiyAra karavAI thii| TAlemI ke kathanAnusAra ina naukAo kI sakhyA do hajAra thI, jina para ATha sahasra yAtrI, sahasro ghoDe tathA anya sAmAna lAdakara itanI dUra kI yAtrA me gaye the| megAsthanIz2a ne maurya-sAmrAjya ke jahAja-nirmAtAo ke samUha kA ullekha kiyA hai| kauTilya ke arthazAstra (2 / 28) se bhI vidita hotA hai ki vyApAra ke lie eka alaga mahakamA thA, jisakI vyavasthA anya mukhya mahakamo kI taraha acche Dhaga se hotI thii| zaka sAtavAhana tathA gupta-kAla meM bhArata kA videzo se vyApAra bahuta unnata huaa| tatkAlIna sAhitya tathA videzI yAtriyo ke varNana se bhAratIyo ke yAtrA-prema, unako vyApAra-kuzalatA tathA tajjanita bhAratIya samRddhi kA patA

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premI abhinaMdana graMtha 212 calatA hai| sTrebo nAmaka yUnAnI yAtrI ne arava aura phArasa ke kinAro se mizra ko jAte hue eka sau vIsa jahAz2I ke bhAratI beDe ko dekhA thA (sTrebo, 2 / 5 / 12) / plinI ne sindhu aura pattala se uttara-pazcima ke dezI ko jAte hue vaDe jahAjo ke samUha ko dekhA / sA~cI aura kanherI tathA zrajantA kI guphAo me aneka baDe jahAjo ke bhitti citra milate hai / madurA ke mandira me bhI eka vizAla jahAja citrita hai| koromaMDala se mile hue yajJazrIzAtakaNi ke kucha sikko para do mastUla vAle jahAz2o ke citra hai / manusmRti, yAjJavalkya smRti, nArada smRti tathA bRhatsahitA Adi grantho se aneka prakAra kI jala-yAtrAo ke varNana pAye jAte haiM / ajantA me vihAra yAtrAo ke lie prayukta aneka sundara naukAo ke bhI citra hai / madhyakAla meM bhAratIyo kI jalayAtrA ko deza kI samRddhi ke kAraNa adhika protsAhana milaa| isa yuga meM bhArata aura arava ke bIca vyApArika samvandha ghaniSTha hue / ala idrisI Adi aravI yAtriyo ke varNano se bhArata kI vyApArika unnati tathA bhAratIya bandaragAho kI vRddhi kA hAla jJAta hotA hai / dakSiNa-pUrva ke dezo aura dvIpo meM bhAratIya upaniveza gupta kAla ke pahale hI sthApita ho cuke the / madhyakAla me zrIkSetra, kavujarASTra (kavoDiyA), campA ( anAma ), svarNadvIpa (sumAtrA) tathA suvarNabhUmi (barmA) Adi dezo se bhArata ke sAskRtika aura vyApArika samvandha adhika ghaniSTha hue| cIna tathA jApAna se bhI ye sambandha dRDha hue / tatkAlIna cInI grantho tathA hventyAga, itsiMga, sugayuna Adi cInI yAtriyo ke varNano se vidita hotA hai ki bhArata tathA cIna ke paDito tathA dono dezo ke praNidhi-varga kA pArasparika AvAgamana pUrvavat drutagati se jArI rhaa| bhArata se cIna taka kA mArA samudra- pradeza bhAratIya upanivezo tathA bandaragAho se bharA paDA thA / itsiMga ne aise dasa bhAratIya upanivezo kA varNana kiyA hai, jahA~ mamkRta ke mAtha sAtha bhAratIya rIti-rivAjo kA pracalana thA / mAgha - racita 'zizupAlavadha' meM mAla se lade hue jahAz2o ke videza jAne aura pazcima se dvArakA kI ora zrAte hue jahAz2o ke varNana hai / rAjataragiNI tathA kathA-maritsAgara Adi meM bhI bhAratIyo kI samudrI yAtrAo kA patA calatA hai / lagabhaga 1000 I0 me mAlave ke paramAra rAjA bhoja ne 'yuktikalpataru' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI / nau-zAstra kA yaha grantha apane viSaya kA bejoDa aura anamola hai / isame bhAratIya jahAz2o zraura naukAo ke aneka rUpo ke nirmANa aura sacAlana Adi kA vizada varNana hai / isame prakaTa hotA hai ki bhAratIya jahAjI-kalA kitanI prAcIna tathA unnatizIla rahI hai / vibhinna prakAra ke jahAjo ke lie upayukta lakaDiyo, jahAjo ke svarUpo tathA nirmANa sambandhI vidhiyo ke jo vistRta varNana isa grantha-ratna meM hai unase bhAratIya mastiSka ke vaijJAnika vikAsa kA patA calatA hai, sAtha hI bhAratIyo ke jala-yAtrA viSayaka prema kA bhI pramANa milatA hai / musalamAno ke rAjya-kAla meM bhI bhAratIyo kI yaha ruci vRddhagata rahI / mArkopolo, zroDarika (1321 I0 ), ibnavatUtA (1325-46 I0), abdurrajjAka Adi ne jo yAtrA-varNana likhe hai, unase bhArata kI atula jahAjI zakti tathA vyApAra-pravINatA kA patA calatA hai / vaha pravRtti marAThA kAla (laga0 1725-1800 I0) taka calatI rahI, jisake pramANa zivAjI, kAnhojI agirA tathA zambhUjI yAdi ke dvArA nau- zakti - sagaThana me milate hai / madhyakAla ke anta meM lagabhaga I0 12vI zatAbdI meM samAja kA kucha varga samudra yAtrA kA virodhI ho gayA thA / isakA pradhAna kAraNa isa kAla meM jAti bandhano kA kaDA ho jAnA thA / para vaNik samAja tathA anya vyApArI loga ina nava-nirmita smRtiyoM ke jala-yAtrA - virodhI vacano se vicalita nahI hue| ve bAhya dezo se barAvara AvAgamanasamvandha vanAye rahe, kyoki isase unheM zrArthika aura sAskRtika lAbha the aura ina logo se bhAratIya janatA zatAbdiyo se paricita thI / parantu satrahavI zatAbdI ke anta me nirmita kucha dharmazAstra nibandha grantho me samudrayAtrA ko nindita kahA gayA aura jAtIya prathA ke sakucita ho jAne se janatA bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM samudrayAtrA se vimukha ho gii| isakA phala pratyakSa huA hai aura deza ko videza yAtrA ke aneka lAbho se vacita rahanA paDA hai / zrava vaha samaya A gayA hai ki bhAratavAsI apane pUrvajo kA anukaraNa kara anya sabhya dezo se jJAna-vijJAna- samvandhI AdAna-pradAna kara apane deza ko unnata aura samRddha banAveM / lakhanaU ]

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zyUAn-cuA aura unake bhAratIya mitroM ke bIca kA patravyavahAra zrI prabodhacandra bAgacI ema0 e0, DI0 liTa0 mahAn cInIyAtrI zyUprAn-cuADa bhArata meM solaha varSa taka (630-645 I0) rhaa| usakA adhikAza samaya nAlandA me tatkAlIna AcArya zIlabhadra ke pAsa vauddha darzana kA adhyayana karane meM biitaa| samrATa harSavardhana ne tIna vAra use rAjadhAnI meM Ane kA nimantraNa diyA, para usane svIkAra nahI kiyaa| bAda me java harSa se bheTa huI tava usane isakA kAraNa puuchaa| zyUAn-cupAD ne uttara diyA ki vaha itanI dUra se bauddhadharma ko jijJAsA aura bauddha darzana ke adhyayana kA dhyeya lekara AyA thA aura kyoki usakA vaha uddezya tavataka pUrA nahI huA thA, isalie vaha samrATa se milane na A makA (bIla, zyUprAn-cunAD kA jIvanacarita, pR0 173-174) / isase nAlandA me adhyayana ke prati usakI gaharI Asakti prakaTa hotI hai| apane guru zIlabhadra aura apane sahapAThiyo ke, vizeSakara jJAnaprabha ke lie jo zIlabhadra ke pradhAna ziSya the, usake mana me aisA hI gaharA prema thaa| zyUmAn-cuprAi ke bhAratIya mitro ke mana meM bhI usake lie vaise hI bhAva the| nAlandA se usake vidA lete mamaya jo ghaTanA ghaTI usame isakA kucha paricaya milatA hai| yaha sunakara ki vaha cIna lauTane ke lie taiyAra thA, nAlandA vihAra ke mava bhikSu milakara usake pAsa Aye aura yahI raha jAne ke lie anurodha karane lge| unhone kahA ki bhAratavarSa bhagavAn vuddha ko janmabhUmi hai, cIna isa taraha kI torya-bhUmi nahIM hai| unhone vAtacIta ke silasile me yahA~ taka kaha DAlA ki buddha kA janma cIna meM kabhI na ho sakatA thA, aura isalie cIna ke nivAsiyo meM vaha dharma-bhAva kahA~ sambhava hai / kintu zyUaAn-cuaAD ne uttara diyA ki buddha kA dharma sAre samAra me phailane ke lie hai, isalie cIna deza ko vuddha ke anugraha me vacita nahI rakhA jA sktaa| java mava yuktiyA~ vyartha huI tava unhone yaha dukhada samAcAra prAcArya zIlabhadra ke pAsa phuNcaayaa| tava zIlabhadra ne myUgrAn-cuADa ko bulAkara kahA-"kyo bhadra, tumane aisA nizcaya kisa kAraNa se kiyA hai ?" zyUpAn-cuvAD ne uttara diyA-"yaha deza vuddha kI janmabhUmi hai| isake prati prema na ho sakanA asambhava hai| lekina yahAM Ane kA merA uddezya yahI thA ki apane bhAiyo ke hita ke lie mai bhagavAn ke mahAn dharma kI khoja karUM __ merA yahA~ AnA bahuta hI lAbhadAyaka siddha huA hai| ava yahA~ se vApisa jAkara merI icchA hai ki jo maine paDhA-sunA hai, ume dUsaro ke hitArtha vatAU~ aura anuvAda rUpa me lAU~, jisake phalasvarUpa anya manuSya bhI Apake prati usI prakAra - kRtajJa ho sakeM, jisa prakAra maihuA hai|" isa uttara se zIlabhadra ko vaDI prasannatA huI aura unhone kahA-"ye udAtta vicAra to vodhisatvo jaise hai| merA hRdaya bhI tumhArI sadAgAno kA samarthana karatA hai|" tava unhone usakI vidAI kA sava pravandha karA diyA (vIla-vahI, pR0 166) / usa vichuDane meM dono pakSo ne hI vaDe duHkha kA anubhava kiyA hogaa| cIna ko lauTa jAne ke bAda bhI usa yAtrI kA apane bhAratIya mitro ke sAtha vaisA hI ghaniSTa samvandha banA rahA / huai-lI (Hut-1) ne jo zyUmAna-cunAi kA jIvanacarita likhA hai (mUla cI0 pustaka, adhyAya 7) usameM tIna aise patra surakSita hai, jo mUla saskRta bhASA meM the aura zyUprAn-cunA aura usake bhAratIya mitro ke bIca likhe gaye the| unameM se do pAzika rUpa se cIna ke vauddha vizvakoSa pho-cu-li-tAy-thuG-cAya nAmaka grantha me sanniviSTa hai, jinakA zAvAna (Chavannes) ne phiragI bhASA meM anuvAda kiyA thaa| (vodhagayA ke cInI lekha, 'la iskriptsiA zinumA 'agrejI aura phreMca hijje ke kAraNa jisa nAma ko hama hindI meM prAya yuana cvAi yA huana-sAga likhate hai usakA zuddha cInI uccAraNa 'zyUprAn-cunAi' hai |-anuvaadk (vAsudevazaraNa agravAla)

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214 premI - zrabhinadana-pratha da bodhagayA', 1896) / yahA~ para hama una tIno patro kA pUrA anuvAda de rahe haiM, kyoki inase usa prAcIna samaya meM bhI bhAratIya aura videzI vidvAno ke pArasparika ghaniSTa samvandho para paryApta prakAza paDatA hai / zyUnAn-cunADu ke do saskRta nAma the / mahAyAnI use 'mahAyAnadeva' kahate the aura hInayAna ke anuyAyI use 'mokSadeva' yA 'mokSAcArya' kahakara pukArate the / nIce ke patro meM yahI dUsarA nAma prayukta huA hai / ( 1 ) prajJAdeva aura jJAnaprabha kA zyUAn- cuADa ke nAma patra * (zyUnAn-cunADu kA jIvanacaritra, nAnakiD maskaraNa, tRtIya, adhyAya 7, pR0 15 a -15 zrA) (3 savat 712 (655 I0) ke pacama mahIne me grISma Rtu ke samaya, zrAryabhikSu jJAnaprabha (cInI nAma ca- kuzADu), prajJAdeva' (cInI rUpa huai-thizrAn) tathA madhya deza ke mahAbodhi vihAra ke dUsare bhikSugro ne mokSAcArya ke pAsa eka patra bhejA / jJAnaprabha hInayAna aura mahAyAna dono sAhityo ke tathA anya dharmoM ke sAhitya jaise cAra veda aura pAMco vidyAo ke bhI prakA vidvAn the / mahAn AcArya zIlabhadra ke sava ziSyo meM jJAnaprabha savase mukhya the / prajJAdeva hInayAna bauddha dharma ke aThAraha sampradAyo ke samasta mAhitya se paricita aura usame niSNAta the / apanI vidyA zrora caritravala ke kAraNa unhe sava kA Adara prApta thA / bhArata me rahate hue zyUnAn-cuA ko hInayAna ke vidvAno ke khaDana ke viruddha mahAyAna ke siddhAnto kA pakSa lenA paDA thA, kintu bhadratA se kiye hue una zAstrArthI ke kAraNa usake prati unake mana me jo Adara aura prema kA bhAva thA, usameM tanika bhI antara nahI paDA / isalie prajJAdeva ne usI vihAra ke bhikSu dharmavardhana' (phA-cAD) ke haste apane race hue eka stotra aura dhautavastra yugala ke sAtha eka patra zyUgrAn-cuAD ke pAsa bhejA / vaha patra isa prakAra thA -- " sthavira prajJAdeva, jisane mahAbodhi mandira me bhagavAn buddha ke vajrAsana ke pAsa rahane vAle vidvAno kA satsaga kiyA hai, yaha patra mahAcIna ke una mokSAcArya mahodaya kI sevA me bhejate haiM, jo sUtra, vinaya zrIra zAstro ke sUkSma jJAtA hai / merI prArthanA hai ki Apa sadA roga zrIra dukho se mukta raheM / * mai- bhikSu prajJAdeva - ne ava buddha ke mahAna aura divya rUpAntaro para eka stotra ( nikAyastona ? ) tathA eka dUsarA grantha 'sUtro aura zAstro kA tulanAtmaka vicAra' viSaya para banAyA hai| unheM meM bhikSu phA cAr3a ko zrApake pAsa pahu~cAne ke lie de rahA hU~ / mere sAtha AcArya Arya bhadanta jJAnaprabha, jo bahuzruta aura gambhIravettA hai, zrApakA kuzala samAcAra jAnanA cAhate hai / yahA~ ke upAsaka Apake lie apanA abhivAdana bhejate hai / saba kI ora se eka dhItavastra yugala ApakI sevA meM arpita karate hai / kRpayA isase yaha vicAre ki hama Apako bhUle nahI hai / mArga lambA hai / zrataeva isa bheTa kI alpatA para kRpayA dhyAna na kara hamArI prArthanA hai ki zrApa ise svIkAra kre| jo sUtra aura gratha gAsna cAhie kRpayA unakI eka sUcI bhijavA deN| hama unakI pratilipi karake zrApa ke pAsa bheja dege / priya mokSAcArya, hamArA itanA nivedana hai / " ( 2 ) zyUAn- cuADa kA uttara jJAnaprabha ke nAma- phA-cAD (dharmavardhana) dUsare mAsa meM vasanta-kAla ( yUG-hui varSa meM ) vikrama saMvat meM vApisa ge| usI varSaM zyUAn-cuprAGne jJAnaprabha ke nAma nIce likhA patra dharmavardhana ke hAtha bhejA-- ''prajJAdeva' nAma cInI se ulthA kiyA gayA hai, para isake sahI hone kA nizcaya nahIM hai / mUla cInI zabdoM kA artha hai - matideva / kintu cInI bhASA meM 'hunai' pada ke do zrartha hai-mati aura prajJA aura dono meM kabhI-kabhI gaDabaDa ho jAtA hai / cInI phA-cA kA artha hai 'dharma- lambA' / isakA saskRta rUpa dharmavardhana ho sakatA hai / eka cInI mitra kI sammati meM 'phA-cA' kA mUla dharmanAyaka bhI sambhava hai / ( anuvAdaka kI TippaNI )

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zyUnAn- cunA aura unake bhAratIya mitro ke bIca kA patravyavahAra 215 "mahAn thADu vazI rAjAo ke deza kA nivAsI bhikSu zyUtrAn cumrAG madhya deza meM magadha ke dharmAcArya tripiTakAcArya bhadanta jJAnaprabha kI sevA me namratA pUrvaka likhatA hai / mujhe lauTe hue daza varSa se adhika ho cuke / hamAre ubhaya dezo kI sImAe~ eka dUsare se bahuta dUra hai| mujhe dyApakA kucha samAcAra nahIM milaa| isalie merI cintA baDha rahI thI / ava bhikSu phA cAG se pUchane para jJAta huA ki Apa saba kugala me hai| isa samAcAra se mujhe jitanA harpa huA, lekhanI usakA varNana nahIM kara sakatI / vahA~ kI jalavAyu ava uSNa hotI jA rahI hogI aura meM kaha nahI sakatA ki zrAge cala kara kyA hAla hogA / " / bhAratavarSa se hAla hI meM lauTe hue eka sandezahara se mujhe patA calA hai ki pUjya zrAcArya zolabhadra zrava isa loka meM nahIM rhe| yaha samAcAra pAkara mujhe apAra dukha huA goka hai, isa dukhamaya bhavasAgara kI vaha naukA DUba gaI, manuSyo zrIra devatAo kA netra muda gyaa| unake na rahane ke dukha ko kisa prakAra prakaTa karU~ ? purAkAla meM jaba bhagavAna buddha ne apanA prakAza sameTa liyA thA, kazyapa ne unake kArya ko jArI rakkhA aura vddhaayaa| zoNavAsa ke isa samAra se vidA ho lene para upagupta ne unake sundara dharma ke upadeza kA silasilA banAe rakkhA / zrava dharma kA eka senAnI apane sacce vAma ko calA gayA hai, ataeva usake vAda meM rahe dharmAcAryoM ko cAhie ki apane karttavya kA pAlana kreN| "merI to yahI abhilApA hai ki ( dharma ke) pavitra upadezo aura sUkSma vicAro kI mahormiyA~ cAra samudro kI laharo kI taraha phailatI rahe aura pavitra jJAna pA~ca parvatoM ke samAna sadA sthira rahe / jo sUtra aura zAstra meM iyUmAn cugrAG grapane sAtha lAyA thA uname se yogAcAra - bhUmi - zAstra kA tathA anya grantho kA anuvAda tIsa jildoM meM meM samApta kara cukA hU~ / kopa zrIra nyAyAnumAra zAstra' kA anuvAda abhI pUrA nahI huA hai, para isa sAla ve zravazya pUre ho jAege / ima samaya yahA~ thADu vaza ke devaputra samrAT apane dharmAcaraNa aura aneka kalyANo ke dvArA deza kA zAsana kara rahe hai aura prajA ko sukha zAnti de rahe hai / cakravartI ke tulya apanI bhakti se aura dharmarAja kI bhA~ti ve dharma ke dUra-dUra taka pracAra meM sahAyaka ho rahe hai| jina sUtro aura zAstro kA hamane zranuvAda kiyA hai una ke lie samrAT ne apanI pavitra lekhanI se eka bhUmikA likha dene kA anugraha kiyA hai / una ke viSaya meM adhikAriyo ko yaha bhI Adeza milA ki ve ina granyo kA saba dezo me pracAra kre| jisa samaya isa zrAdeza para pUrI taraha amala hogA, hamAre paDomI dezo me bho sava grantha pahu~ca jAege / yadyapi kalpa ke anta hone ke dina nikaTa hai, phira bhI dharma kA phailA huA prakAza zrabhI taka baDA mavura aura pUrNa hai| zrAvastI ke jetavana meM jo dharma kA zrAvirbhAva huA thA usa se yaha prakAza vilkula bhinna nahI hai / mai namratA-pUrvaka Apako yaha bhI sUcita kara denA cAhatA hU~ ki sindhu nada pAra karate samaya sAtha lAe hue dharmagrantho ko eka gaTharI usameM gira paDI thI / zrava isa patra ke sAtha unakI eka sUcI natyI kara rahA huuN| merI prArthanA hai ki avasara milate hI kRpayA unheM bheja diijiegaa| merI thora se kucha tuccha bheTa preSita hai| kRpayA unheM svIkAra kreN| mArga itanA lambA hai ki adhika kucha bhejanA sambhava hI nahI hai / kRpayA isa se zravajJA na mAniegA / zyUAn-cunADu kA praNAma / " 'yahA~ bhAratavarSa kI karArI garmI kI ora saketa hai / * kopa kA tAtparya vasubandha ke tIsa zradhyAyAtmaka zrabhidharma koSavyAkhyA nAmaka grantha (nanjino kA sUcIpatra sa0 1267) se hai / imakA anuvAda 651 60 ke pA~caveM mahIne kI 10 tArIkha ko zurU kiyA gayA aura san 654 ke sAtaveM mAsa ko 27 tA0 ko samApta huaa| dUsarA granya saghabhadra viracita 'nyAyAnusAra zAstra' (nanjinno, sa0 1265) hai| isakA anuvAda san 653 meM pahale mahIne kI pahalI tArIkha ko zurU huA aura san 654 meM veM mAsa kI 10 tA0 ko samApta huA / yaha patra san 654 ke pAMcaveM mAsa meM likhA gayA thA /

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premI - zrabhinadana- pratha ( 3 ) prajJAdeva ke nAma zyUAn- cuADa kA patra "mahAn thA deza ke bhikSu imrAn-cuA mahAvodhi vihAra ke dharmAcArya, tripiTakAcArya, prajJAdeva se sAdara nivedana karate hai-vahuta samaya vyatIta ho gayA / ApakA koI samAcAra na milA thA, jisake kAraNa meM bahuta cintita thA / isa cintA ko dUra karane kA koI sAdhana bhI na thA / java bhikSu dharma-vardhana ( phA - cAD ) zrApa kA patra le kara pahu~cA to mujhe mAlUma huA ki Apa saba kuzala se hai| isa se mujhe baDA harSa huA / zrApa ke bheje hue vastra yugala aura stotra saMgraha mujhe mila ge| yaha aisA vaDA sammAna Apa ne kiyA, jisa ke meM yogya nahI thA / isake kAraNa meM lajjita hU~ / Rtu dhIre-dhIre garma ho rahI hai / maiM nahI jAnatA ki kucha dina bAda yaha kitanI garma ho jAyagI aura Apa saba kisa prakAra rheNge| Apa ne saikaDo sampradAyo ke zAstro kI dhajjiyA~ ur3A dI hai aura navAga buddha zAsana ke sUtra grantho kI satyatA pramANita kara dI hai / satyadharma kI dhvajA ko grApane U~cA uThA diyA hai aura sava ko lakSya taka pahu~cane meM sahAyatA dI hai| apane vijaya kI dundubhi bajA kara vipakSiyoM ko parAsta kara diyA hai| zrApane jJAna ke ekacchava adhikAra se sava rAjAzro ko bhI cunautI de DAlI hai| sacamuca Apa isake kAraNa mahAn zrAnanda kA anubhava karate hoge / * mai iyUmAn cunA prabudha hU~ / isa samaya buDhApA thA rahA hai aura merI zakti ghaTa rahI hai / meM zrApake guNo kA smaraNa karatA hU~ aura ApakI kRpA ke lie mere mana meM bahuta sammAna hai / phira, ina vicAro se mujhe aura bhI kheda ho rahA hai / jaba maiM bhArata me thA, merI Apase kAnyakubja kI sabhA meM bheTa huI / usa samaya aneka rAjAo aura dharmAnuyAyiyo ke sAmane siddhAnto kA nizcaya karane ke lie maiMne Apase zAstrArtha kiyA / eka pakSa mahAyAna kA popaNa kara rahA thA aura dUsarA pakSa hInayAna (zra-pUrNa dharma) kA samarthana / zAstrArtha ke samaya kabhI vAtAvaraNa baDA ugra ho jAtA thA aura kabhI zAnta / merA uddezya kevala yukti aura tarka ko grahaNa karanA thA, kisI prakAra kA pakSapAta dikhAnA nhii| isI kAraNa hama dono eka dUsare ke viruddha the| jaba vaha sabhA samApta huI, hamArA virodha bhI usI ke sAtha samApta ho gayA / ava sandezahara ke hAtha Apane apanA patra aura kSamAprArthanA bhejI hai| zrApa usa bAta ko mana me kyo rakha rahe hai ? Apa agAdha vidvAn haiM, ApakI zailI spaSTa haiM, grApakA nizcaya dRDha hai aura zrApakA caritra ucca | anavatapta sarovara meM uThane vAlI laharo kI bhI tulanA zrApakI pravRttiyo se nahI kI jA sktii| maNi kI svacchatA bhI ApakI varAvarI nahI kara sakatI / Apa apane ziSyo ke lie ujjvala Adarza hai| mai cAhatA hU~ ki dharma ke vyAkhyAna meM Apane bhI mahAyAna kA Azraya liyA hotaa| jaba yukti avikala hotI hai to usako prakaTa karane vAle zabda bhI apanI parAkASThA ko prApta kara lete hai / mahAyAna se baDhakara anya kucha nahI hai / mujhe kheda hai ki ApakI zraddhA usame gaharI na ho sakI / Apa ghaulI gAya ko choDakara bakarI aura hirana ko le rahe hai aura maNi ke sthAna para sphaTika se santuSTa hai / Apa to svaya prakAza aura udAtta guNo ke AgAra hai| phira mahAyAna kI upekSA kaise kara rahe hai ? miTTI ke ghaTa kI taraha ApakA zarIra nazvara aura alpasthAyI hai| kRpayA samyak dRSTi niSpanna kIjie jisase mRtyu se pahale pachatAnA na paDe / yaha sandezahara aba bhArata ko lauTegA / maiM yaha sammati Apake prati apane prema ko prakaTa karane ke lie hI de rahA hU~ / Apake upahAra ke prati nijI kRtajJatA pradarzita karane ke lie meM bhI eka tuccha bheMTa bheja rahA hU~ / zrApake lie mere mana meM jo gaharA sammAna haiM, use yaha vyakta nahI kara sakatA / AzA hai ki Apa merA bhAva samajhate haiM | vApisI yAtrA meM sindhu pAra karate samaya dharmagrantho kI eka gaTharI nadI meM gira gaI thii| unakI eka sUcI isa patra ke sAtha bhejatA hU~ / prArthanA hai ki unheM bhejane kI kRpA kare / bhikSu dhAn-cuA kA praNAma / " zAtiniketana ] 216 'iyUnAn-cunADu ne jisa kSamAprArthanA kA saketa kiyA hai vaha prajJAdeva ke patra meM ullikhita 'sUtroM aura zAstro kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana' isa grantha meM rahI hogI / zyUnAn cunAI kI kucha yuktiyo kA uttara dene ke lie hI spaSTata isa grantha kI racanA huI thI /

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pini hudhA gItam zrI vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ema0 e0, pI0eca0 DI0 bhArata jaise vizAla deza ke lie vicArajagat kA eka hI amRtasUtra ho sakatA thA aura use yahA~ ke vicArazIla vidvAno ne tattva-manthana ke mArga para calate hue Arambha meM hI DhUMDha nikAlA / vaha sUtra isa prakAra hai eka sadviprA bahudhA vadanti (Rgveda 11164146) 'eka sat tattva kA mananazIla vipra loga bahuta prakAra se varNana karate hai / ' ___ isa nicoDa para jitanA hI vicAra kiyA jAya utanI hI adhika zraddhA isake mUladraSTA ke prati mana meM jAgatI hai| sacamuca vaha vyakti apane mana ke aparimita audArya ke kAraNa bhAratIya dArzaniko ke bhUta aura bhAvI sagha kA ekamAtra saghapati hone ke yogya thaa| bhAratIya deza meM dArzanika cintana kI jo bahumukhI dhArAe~ vahI hai, jinhone yugayugAntara meM svacchandatA se deza ke mAnasa-kSetra ko sIcA hai, unakA pahalA srota 'eka sadviprA bahudhA vadanti' ke 'bahudhA pada meM prasphuTita huA thaa| hamAre rASTrIya mAnasa-bhavana kA jo vahiritoraNa hai usake utarage para hameM yaha mantra likhA huA dikhAI paDatA hai| mantra kA vahudhA' pada usakI prANazakti kA bhaDAra hai, jisake kAraNa hamAre cintana kI halacala sagharSa ke bIca meM hokara bhI apanI pragati banAye rakha skii| apane hI vojha se jaba kabhI usakA mArga avaruddha yA kuThita hone lagA hai tabhI usa avarodha para vijaya pAkara 'bahudhA' pada ke prANavanta vega ne use Age baDhAne kA rAstA diyaa| ' 'eka sadviprA bahudhA vadanti' yaha vicAra-sUtra na kevala hamAre vistRta deza kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti karatA hai, kintu vicAra ke jagat meM hamAre manISI jitanA U~cA uTha sake the usake bhI mAnadaDa ko prakaTa karatA hai| - isa vizAla deza meM aneko prakAra ke jana, vividha bhASA, anamila vicAra, nAnA bhAMti kI rahana-sahana, anamila dhArmika vizvAsa aura rIti-rivAjo ke kAraNa paraspara ragaDa khAte hue eka sAtha basate rahe hai| kintu jisa prakAra himAlaya meM gagA nadI apane udara meM paDe hue khaDa-pattharokI kora chA~Takara unhe gola gagaloDho meM badala detI hai, usI se milatIjulatI samanvaya kI prakriyA hamAre deza ke itihAsa meM bhI pAI jAtI hai| na jAne kaisI-kaisI khaDa-jAtiyAM yahA~ Akara vasI, kaise-kaise akkhaDa vicAra isa deza me phaile, kintu itihAsa kI durdharSa Takkaro ne sava kI kora chAMTa kara unheM eka rASTrIya saskRti ke pravAha me DAla diyaa| unakI ApasI ragaDa se vibhinna vicAra bhI ghula-milakara eka hote gaye. ThIka usI prakAra jisa prakAra gagA ke ghaNTa meM pisI huI vAlU, jisake kaNo meM bheda kI apekSA sAmya adhika hai| saubhAgya se hamAre itihAsa ke sunahale upa kAla meM hI samanvaya aura sahiSNutA ke bhAva sUrya-razmiyo kI taraha hamAre jJAnAkAza meM bhara gye| rASTrIya jana kI prAkRtika vibhinnatA kI ora saketa karate hue 'pRthivI sUkta' kA RSi kahatA hai jana vibhratI bahudhA vivAcasaM nAnAdharmANa pRthivI yathokasam (atharva, 12 / 1 / 45) arthAta "bhinna-bhinna bhASA vAle, nAnA dharmoM vAlejana ko yaha pRthivI apanI-apanI jagaha para dhAraNa kara rahI hai, aura saba ke lie dudhAra gAya kI bhA~ti dhana kI sahasro dhArAeM vahA rahI hai|" hamAre rASTrIya jana ko prakRti kI ora se hI vahadhApana' milA hai| para mAnavI mastiSka ne una bhautika bhedo ke bhItara paiThakara unameM piroI huI bhAvamayI ekatA 28

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218 premI-abhinaMdana-praya ko DhUMDha nikaalaa| rASTranavarvana ke mArga meM manuSya kI yaha vijaya hI saccI vijaya hai / inI kA hamAre nitya jIvana ke lie vAstavika mUlya hai / maulika ekatA aura samanvaya para bala dene vAle vicAra aneka rUpo meM hamAre mAhitya aura itihAsa meM prakTa hote rahe hai| atharvaveda (2013) meM kahA hai pazyantyasyAzcarita pRthivyA pRthai naro vahudhA miimaasmaanaaH| aryAta-"isa vizva kA nirmANa karane vAlI jo prANavArA hai, usakI bahuta prakAra kI alaga-alaga mImAsA vicAranIla loga karate haiM, para unameM virova yA vipratitti nahIM hai| kAraNa ki ve nava mantavya vicAroM ke vikalpa mAtra haiM, mUlagata gakti yA tattva eka hI hai|" uttarakAlIna darzana imI bheda ko samanvaya pradAna karane ke lie aneka prakAra se prayatna karate haiN| ainA pratIta hotA hai, jaise bheda ne vitrana se khinna hokara ekatA kI vANI vAra-bAra pratyeka yuga meM UMce svara ne pukAra uThanI hai| aneka devatAoM ke jajAla meM jaba vuddhi ko kartavyAkartavya kI yAha na lagI to kinI tattvadargI ne usa yuga kA samanvayapravAna gIta ina prakAra prakaTa kiyA 'AkAga ne girA huA jala jaise samudra kI ora vaha jAtA hai, usI prakAra cAhe jina devatA ko praNAma karo nava kA paryavanAna kegava kI bhakti meM hai" AkAzAtpatita toya yayA gacchati saagrm| sarvadevanamaskAra. kezava pratigacchati // avazya hI ina gloka kA kezava pada nijI iSTa devI kA samanvaya karane vAle usI eka mahAn deva ke lie hai, jisake lie prArambha me hI kahA gayA thA--ekmevAdvitIyam / vaha eka hI hai, dUsarA, tIsarA, cauthA, pAMcavAM nahIM hai / vahI eka AtmA vaha suparNa yA pakSI hai jine vidvAn (vipra) kaviyoM ne nAnA nAmo ne kahA hai supaNaM viprA kavayo vacobhireka santa bahudhA kalpayanti / zava aura vaiSNavo ke pArasparika vavaDaro ne itihAsa ko kAphI kSubdha kiyA, parantu usa manyana ke bIca me bhI yuga kI gaNI ne prakaTa hokara pukArA ekAtmane namastubhyaM haraye ca harAya ca ayavA kAlidAsa ke zabdo meM___ ekava mUtivibhide tridhA sA sAmAnyameSA prayamAvaratvam / (kumAra0 7444) "maccI bAta to yaha hai ki brahmA, viSNu aura ziva eka hI mUrti ke tIna rUpa ho gaye hai| ina sava meM choTevaDe kI kalpanA nimAra hai|" parantu mamanvaya kI yaha pravRtti hindU dharma ke sampradAyo taka hI sImita nahIM rhii| vauddha aura jaina dharmoM ke prAgaNa me bhI isa bhAva ne apanA pUrA prabhAva phailaayaa| sarvaprathama to hamAre itihAsa ke svarNa-yuga ke mavase utkRSTa aura mevAvI vidvAn mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne hI yugavANI ke rUpa meM yaha ghoSaNA kI bahudhApyAgamabhinnAH panthAna siddhihtv.| tvayyeva nipatantyoghA jAhnavIyA ivArNave // __ (raghu0 10126) "jaise gagAjI ke sabhI pravAha samudra meM jA milate hai, usI prakAra bhinna-bhinna gAstro meM kahe hue siddhi prApta karAne vAle aneka mArga Apa meM hI jA pahuMcate hai|"

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RSibhirvahudhA gItam 216 bhinna-bhinna Agamo ke prati samanvaya aura sahiSNutA kA bhAva - yahI to saskRta yuga athavA vikrama kI prathama sahasrAbdI kA savame mahAn racanAtmaka bhAva hai, jisane rASTrIya saMskRti ke vaicitrya ko ekatA ke sA~ce meM DhAlA / jainadarzana ke parama udbhaTa RSi zrI midvasena divAkara ne apane 'vedavAdadvAtriMzikA (battIsI ) ' nAmaka grantha me upaniSado kemarasa jJAna ke prati bharapUra AsthA prakaTa kI hai| vikrama kI aSTama zatAbdI ke diggaja vidvAn zrI haribhadra sUri ne, jinake pADitya kA lohA Aja taka mAnA jAtA hai, spaSTa aura nizcita zabdo meM apane niSpakSapAta aura RjubhAva ko vyakta kiyA hai pakSapAto na me vIre na dveSa. kapilAdiSu / yuktimadvacana yasya tasya kArya parigraha | "mahAvIra kI vANI ke prati merA pakSapAta nahI aura na kapila Adi dArzanika RSiyo ke prati mere mana meM vaira bhAva hai / merA to yahI kahanA hai ki jisakA vacana yukti-pUrvaka ho use hI svIkAra karo / " parantu isa bhAva kA sabase U~cA zikhara to zrI hemacandrAcArya meM milatA hai / hemacandra madhyakAlIna sAhityika maskRti ke camakate hue hore haiN| vikrama ko bArahavI zatAbdI meM jaisI teja A~kha unako prApta huI, vaisI anya kisI ko nahI / vastuta ve hindI yuga ke prAdi prAcArya hai / unakI 'dezI nAmamAlA' saMskRta aura prAkRta ke atirikta TheTha bhASA yA hindI ke zabdo kA vilakSaNa saMgraha-grantha hai / yaha vaDe harSa aura saubhAgya kI bAta hai ki hemacandra isa prakAra kA eka dezI gabdasagraha hamAre lie taiyAra kara gaye / hindI ke pUrva yuga athavA bhASAo ke sandhikAla meM race jAne ke kAraNa usakA mahattva atyadhika hai / vicAra ke kSetra meM bhI eka prakAra se hemacandra Age Ane vAle yuga ke RSi the / hemacandra kI samanvaya buddhi meM hindI ke grATha sau varSo kA rahasya DhUMDhA jA sakatA hai| prasiddha hai ki mahArAja kumArapAla ke sAtha jima samaya hemacandra somanAtha ke mandira me gaye, unake mukha se yaha amara udgAra nikala paDA bhavavIjAkurajananA rAgAdyA kSayamupAgatA yasya / brahmA vA viSNurvA haro jino vA namastasmai // "samAra rUpI vIja ke akura ko harA karane vAle rAga-dveSa yAdika vikAra, jisake miTa cuke hai, nerA praNAma usake lie hai, phira vaha brahmA, viSNu, ziva yA tIrthakara, inameM se koI kyo na ho / " isa prakAra kI udAtta vANI dhanya hai / jina hRdayo meM isa prakAra kI udAratA prakaTa ho ve dhanya hai / isa prakAra kI bhAvanA rASTra ke lie amRta varasAtI hai / naI dillI ] 1 Upara likhe hue zrI haribhadra sUri aura hemacandrAcArya ke vacano ke lie hama zrI sArAbhAI maNilAla navAba ke RNI hai /

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do mahAna saMskRtiyoM kA samanvaya zrI zAntiprasAda varmA ema0 e0 musalamAno ke samparka meM Ane ke pahale hindU-sabhyatA vikAsa ke eka UMce zikhara taka pahuMca cukI thii| dharma aura saskRti, kalA aura vijJAna, sAhitya aura sadAcAra, mabho me usane eka abhUtapUrva mahAnatA prApta kara lI thii| uvara arava meM islAma ko sthApanA ke sAtha-hI-sAtha eka aisI sabhyatA kA janma huA jo apane jIvana ke prArambhika varSoM meM hI eka ke bAda eka naI sabhyatA ke samparka me pAtI gaI aura dhIre-dhIre kaI mRtaprAya saskRtiyo ko punarjIvita karato huI aura svaya apane me naye-naye tattvo kA samAveza karatI huI spena ke pazcima se cIna ke dakSiNa taka phaila gii| hindustAna ko jamIna para ina do mahAn maskRtiyo kA samparka muslima rAjya kI sthApanA ke bahuta pahale se prArambha ho cukA thaa| ima samparka kA sUtrapAta dakSiNa bhArata meM huA / dakSiNa bhArata se arava-vAmiyo ke vyApArika sambandha zatAbdiyo pahale se cale A rahe the| unake muslima-dharma svIkAra kara lene se ina sambandhoM meM kisI prakAra kI rukAvaTa nahI pddii| dakSiNa bhArata ke hindU-nivAsI usI prema aura Adara se arava vAlo kA svAgata karate rahe, jaimA vaha pahale kiyA karate the| musalamAno ke lie sthAna-sthAna para masjideM vanA dI gii| malAvAra ke kaI rAjAo ne islAma dharma ko dIkSA le lo thii| dakSiNa ke prAya sabhI rAjyo meM musalamAna ucca pado para niyukta kiye jAte the|' malika kAphUra ne java dakSiNabhArata para AkramaNa kiyA to vora vallAla ko jisa senA ne usakA mukAvilA kiyA thA usameM vAsa hajAra musalamAna bhI the| khalIphA umara ne bahuta pahale yaha phanavA de diyA thA ki hindustAna aisA deza nahIM hai jise jotane ko AvazyakatA ho, kyoki yahAM ke nivAsI vinamra aura sahiSNu mAne jAte the aura yaha vizvAma kiyA jAtA thA ki ve musalamAno ke dhArmika kRtyo me kisI prakAra kI rukAvaTa nahIM ddaalege| Ane vAlI zatAbdiyo me java musalamAno ne uttarI bhArata para AkramaNa kiyA to unakA uddezya isa deza meM islAma-dharma kA pracAra karane kA nahIM thaa| ve yA to lUTamAra ke uddezya se Aye the, yA madhya eziyA kI Arthika aura rAjanaitika paristhitiyo ne unheM majabUra kara diyA thA ki ve yahA~ pAkara Azraya khojeN| muhammada gajanI kA spaSTa uddezya hamAre mandiro aura tIrtha-syAno meM ekatrita kI gaI dhana-rAzi ko lUTa le jAne kA thaa| usase vaha g2az2anI ko samRddhi ko vaDhAnA cAhatA thA aura sAtha hI apanI vijaya se prApta pratiSThA ko vaha madhya eziyA meM apanI rAjanaitika sthiti ko majabUta banAne meM lagAnA cAhatA thaa| mohammada gorI aura usake sAthiyo ke sAmane yaha AkAkSA bhI 'masUdI ne,jo dasavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM dakSiNa bhArata meM pAyA thA, malAvAra ke eka hI nagara meM dasa hajAra musalamAno ko base hue paayaa| adulapha muhAlhila inna saIda va mArko polo ne bhI isI prakAra kA varNana kiyA hai| inna batUtA ne caudahavIM zatAbdI meM samasta malAvAra-pradeza ko musalamAno se bharA huA paayaa| usane sthAna-sthAna para unakI bastiyAM va masjido ke hone kA jikra kiyA hai| -iliyaTa aura DaoNsana, pahalA bhAga 'logana * malAvAra, zlA bhAga, pR0 245 'sundara pADaya ke zAsana kAla meM taqIuddIna ko mantritva kA bhAra sauMpA gayA aura kaI pIDhiyoM taka yaha pada usI ke kuTumba meM rhaa| -iliyaTa aura DaoNsana, tIsarA bhAga 'inna datUtA ne isa ghaTanA kA jikra kiyA hai| "vistRta adhyayana ke lie dekhie Tarachand Influence of Islam on Indian Culture Habib Mahmud of Ghazni

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do mahAna saMskRtiyo kA samanvaya 221 nahIM thii| madhya eziyA meM unake lie koI sthAna nahIM raha gayA thaa| yahAM kI usa samaya kI rAjanaitika duravasyA kA lAbha uThAkara ve loga yahAM basa rahanA cAhate the| ina vijetAoM meM na to imlAma ko samajhane kI zakti thI, na use phailAne kA joga / svabhAvata hI unake sAtha islAma jima rUpa meM hindustAna meM AyA, vaha usake uma rUpa se bahuta bhinna thA, jo dakSiNa bhArata ke rahane vAlo ne-arava vyApAriyo ke vizvAsa meM dekhA thaa| islAma kA yaha rUpa haz2arata mahammada mAhiva ke zikSaNa aura prArambhika khalIphAo ke jIvana me vilakula bhinna thA-dono ke bIca kaI zatAbdiyAM kA antara thA-zatAbdiyAM jinhone islAma ke itihAsa meM kaI utAra-caDhAva dekhe the, umayyada-kAla kI pracaDanA aura abbAsI-kAla kA vaibhava, mabhya IrAna kI vArmika kaTTaranA aura varvara magolo kI pAzavika rkt-pipaasaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki uttarI bhArata meM hindU aura muslima saskRtiyAM eka mAya, vinA kimI vyavadhAna ke, bahuta nikaTa samparka meM nayA mkii| hindU, rAjanaitika magaThana kI kamI ke kAraNa musalamAnoM kI vijaya ke patha meM to koI vaDI rukAvaTeM khaDI nahIM kara sake, para unakI varvaratA aura dhArmika asahiSNutA me khIjha kara unhoMne apane dhArmika aura mAmAjika jIvana ke cAroM ora eka majabUta kilebandI kara lii| mumalamAna deza ko jIta sakate the, para umake nivAsiyoM ke mAmAjika jIvana meM unakA praveza vilakula nipiddha thaa| vaha hamAre khAna-pAna aura vivAha-sambanvo me vahipkRta the| yaha pahalA maukA thA java hindU samAja ne apane cAro ora niSedha kI itanI majabUta dIvAreM baDI kara lI thiiN| isake pahale sadA hI vAhara vAlo ke lie unake dvAra khule rahA karate the| dUsarI ora bhI yaha pahalA hI avamara thA java mumalamAno ne kisI deza para vijaya prApta kI thI, para ve usake mAmAjika jIvana meM isa prakAra alahadA pheMka diye gaye the| kucha aitihAmika paristhitiyoM ne, jo bahuta kama dina Tika sakI, sAmAjika asahayoga kI isa bhAvanA ko majabUta banAyA / musalamAna bahuta thoDI makhyA meM isa deza meM Aye the| thoDe hI dino meM vaha aAMdhI kI taraha cAro ora phaila gaye the aura mahAsAgara meM dUra-dUra phaile hue dvIpo ke mamAna unhone apane choTe-choTe rAjya khaDe kara liye the| janatA ke magaThita tiraskAra ke sAmane unake lie bhI yaha jarUrI ho gayA ki ve muslima samAja ke sabhI tattvo aura vivAha-sambanvo se unheM vahipkRta ttIaura vivAha-sambanvo se unhe vahipkRta kreN| yaha pahalA maukA thA java hinda-samAja ne apane cAromora nAmAjika vahiSkAra kI inanI majabUta zRkhalAeM gaDhanA Arambha kii| isake pahale sadA hI bAhara vAlo ke lie unake dvAra khule rahA karate the| dUsarI ora bhI, yaha pahalAhI avasara thA, jaba musalamAna kimI deza meM ghusa to paDe, para usake mAmAjika jIvana meM lega-mAtra bhI prabhAva na DAla ske| kucha aitihAsika paristhitiyo ne isa sAmAjika bhAvanA ko dRDha vnaayaa| musalamAna AMvI kI taraha samasta uttarI hindustAna meM phaila to gaye the, para makhyA kI dRSTi amahayoga kI se unakI sthiti aimIhI thI jaime ki eka mahAsAgara meM phaile hue choTe-choTe dvIpo kI hotI hai| isalie hinduno ke sAmAjika vahipkAra ke sAmane, unake lie bhI yaha jarUrI huA ki vaha apanA sagaThana majabUta bnaaeN| imI kAraNa hama muslima samAja ke kaI tattvo, gAsaka varga, vArmika netAgo aura muslima matAnuyAyiyo ko eka dUsare ke bahuta nikaTa samparka meM Ate hue pAte hai| para yaha sthiti aprAkRtika thI aura adhika dino taka Tika nahIM sakatI thii| do jIvita, jAgrata, unnatizIla samAja itanA naz2adIka rahakara eka dUsare ke samparka me apane ko bacA nahIM sakate the| isI kAraNa hama dekhate hai ki iltunamiga ne musalamAno ke Antarika magaThana kI jima nIti kI nIva DAlI thI aura jisake prAvAra para hI vaha uttarI bhArata meM muslima-mAmrAjya kI sthApanA kara sakA thA, vaha usakI mRtyu ke bAda kucha dino bhI Tika na skii| valavana ne usakI upekSA kI, alAuddIna khilajI ne dharma aura rAjanIti ke bheda ko adhika spaSTa kiyA aura muhammada tug2alaka ne eka virovI noti ko vikAma kI carama-mImA taka pahuMcA diyaa| isa makucita nIti ke TUTa jAne kA kAraNa spaSTa yaa| mumalamAna-vijetAoM ke mAtha-mAtha, unake pIche-pIche, kamI unake pAzraya meM aura kabhI svAdhIna rUpa se, musalamAna varma-pracArako ko eka anavarata zRkhalA bhI isa deza meM dAkhila hotI rhii| Aja jo hama apane deza kI AvAdI kA caturyAza islAma ke anuyAyiyoM ko pAte hai, usakA kAraNa ina pracArako kA prayatna hai, na ki musalamAna zAsako kI

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premI-abhinadana-graMtha 222 jvrdstii|* dasavI zatAbdI me masUra ala hallAja, gyArahavI meM vAvArIhAna aura unake darvezo kA dala, zekha inmAila vubArI aura vArahavI meM pharIduddIna attAra aura tajAkirata-ula-auliyA terahavI me tvAjA muInuddIna ciztI aura zekha jalAluddona tavarejI, naiyada jalAluddIna bukhArI aura vAvA pharIda, caudahavI me abdula karIma aljIlo-aura inake sAtha aura asatya choTe-moTe pracAraka-ina sabakA eka tAMtA-sA bana gyaa| unake tejasvI vyaktitva aura AkarSaka pracAra ne asakhya hinduo ko apanI ora AkarSita kiyaa| dono samAjo kA ApanI samparka dRDha se dRr3hatara hotA gayA / vyavadhAna kI prAcIre eka-eka karake Dhaha clii| ___sAmAjika sahayoga yahA~ hameM ina vAta ko bhI bhulA nahIM denA hai ki jo musalamAna vAhara se isa deza meM pAye uname ve loga nahI the, jinhone paigambara me athavA prArambhika khalIphAgo ke netRtva meM islAma kA jhaDA dUra-dUra dezo me gADA thA aura jinakI AtmA eka mahAn Adarza se prajvalita ho uThI thI, balki ve loga the jinake nAmane koI vaDA Adarza nahIM thA, jo bhinnabhinna phirako meM baMTe hue the aura jinheM lUTa-mAra kI bhAvanA ne prerita kucha svArthI netAoM ne bhinna-bhinna dezo ne baTora liyA thaa| vijaya kA mada uname thA, para vaha kaba taka Tika pAtA ? dhArmika pracAraka kevala dhama kA sandeza lAye the| sAmAjika saMgaThana kI vibhinnatA ko surakSita rakhane para unakA Agraha nahIM thaa| unake prabhAva meM jina lAvo vyaktiyo ne islAma ko dIkSA lo, unheM uma namAja-vyavasthA ko tanika bhI jAnakArI nahIM thI, jimakA nirmANa musalamAno ne hindustAna ke bAhara ke dezo meM kiyA thaa| aisI paristhiti meM vahI huA jo ki svAbhAvika thaa| musalamAna dharma ke dvArA isa deza kI nanAtana paramparA se palahadA ho gaye, para unhone na to isa deza kI namAja-vyavasthA ko naSTa-bhraSTa karane ko ceSTA ko aura na usake mukAvile me kisI anya samAja-vyavasthA kA nirmANa kiyaa| hindU-manyAeM kAyama rahI aura ghore-dhore musalamAna unheM svIkRta karate gye| isa prakAra yAmINa artha-vyavasthA kI chatrachAyA me eka naye samAja kA nirmANa huA, jiname vibhinna matAvalambI to the, para jo eka hI samAja-vyavasthA ko mAnate the| dazaharo me magaThana ko diyA kucha bhinna yo, para vahAM bhI hindU aura musalamAna vANijya aura vyApAra ke Doro dvArA eka dUsare ne baMdhate gye| gAsana-vyavasthA meM bhI hindU padAdhikAriyo kI sakhyA vaDhane lgii| cAro ora sahayoga, sAhvarya aura nauhArdra kI bhAvanA ne jora pkddaa| jo varvara vijetA ke rUpa meM Aye the, ve hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ke eka aga vana gye| kevala eka cIz2a vyavadhAna banakara unake bIca meM jaDI raha gaI thii| vaha thA unakA dhArmika matabheda, para dharma dhore-dhIre vyakti ke vizvAsa aura prAcAra kI vastu bana gyaa| hindU aura musalamAna eka dUsare ke dhArmika pracAra aura vyavahAra ke prati sahiSNu bana gaye aura mAmAjika gharAtala para unhone eka dUsare ke dhArmika kRtyo me bhI udAratA se bhAga lenA Arambha kara diyaa| dhArmika sahiSNutA sAmAjika sahayoga ke sAtha-sAtha dhArmika sahiSNutA kI bhAvanA bhI pravala hotI clii| Upara se dekhane se to yaha jAna paDatA hai ki mUtti-pUjaka hindU-dharma aura mUtti-bhajaka islAma me kahI tAdAtmya haihI nahIM, para kaI zatAbdiyo pahale se vauddha dharma aura hindU vedAnta ke pracAraka muslima dezo meM phaila gaye the aura sUphI mata ke vikAsa para unakA prabhAva spaSTa hI paDa rahA thA, yadyapi yaha bhI saca hai ki sUphI siddhAnto kI buniyAda hame kurAna-zarIpha kI kucha Asto meM hI mila jAtI hai / sUpho-mata ke vAda ke siddhAnto para hindU-darzana kA prabhAva pdd'aa| nirvANa, sAdhanA, bhoga Adi ne hI phanA, tarIkA, marAqavA kA rUpa le liyaa| dUsarI ora islAma ke siddhAnto kA bahuta vaDA prabhAva hindU-darzana para bhI par3A / suvAra ko naI dhArA kA prArambha dakSiNa-bhArata se hI huA thA, jahAM hindU-darzana pahalI bAra islAma *T W. Arnold Preaching of Islam .

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do mahAna saskRtiyo kA samanvaya 223 ke middhAntoM ke samparka meM AyA thaa| dakSiNa-bhArata meM hI bauddha aura jaina dharmoM ke rUkhe adhyAtma kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM gava aura vaiSNava panyo kA prArambha huaa| inakA Agraha prArambha me hI jIvana ke upAsanA-pakSa para thaa| upAsanA ke AdhAra ke lie maguNa-brahma kI AvazyakatA pddii| yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki saguNa-brahma kI kalpanA ke pIche islAma ke naye siddhAnto kA prabhAva kitanA thA, para gakarAcArya ke adhyAtma-darzana para islAma kA prabhAva, jo unakI janma-bhUmi ke AsapAma pUre jora para thA, bilakula bhI nahI padA, yaha mAnanA bhI AsAna nahIM hai| madhya-kAla kA hindU-darzana jyojyA vikAma pAtA gayA, imlAma kA prabhAva usa para adhika spaSTa hotA gyaa| zakarAcArya ke advaitavAda ne dhIre-dhIre gamAnujAcArya ke viziSTAdvaita kA rUpa liyA, aura taba vaha vallabhAcArya ke dvaitavAda meM vikasita huyA / dvaitavAda kI manorama kalpanA ke pIche me, sUphI-mata ke adhika sIdhe samparka ke pariNAma svarUpa, bhakti kI dhArA kA phUTa nikalanA to mahaja-svAbhAvika hI thaa| uttarI-bhArata meM terahavI, caudahavI aura pandrahavI zatAbdiyoM meM jo siddhAnta phaile una para to muslima prabhAva bahuta sIdhA hI paDa rahA thaa| gamAnanda ne viSNu kI kalpanA ko aura bhI mahaja-sulabha banAkara rAma kA rUpa diyaa| unhoMne bhakti kI dIkSA cArI vargoM ko dii| kabIra ne to rIti-rivAja aura jAta-pAta ko uThA kara eka ora rakha diyA aura rAma aura rahIma kI ekatA para pUrA jora diyaa| unake middhAnto para to maulAnA smI, zekha sAdI aura dUsare mUphI kaviyoM aura mantI kA prabhAva bahuta spaSTa hai| nAnaka aura dAdU kI mAkhiyo me hindU aura musalamAna dhamoM ke mAmajanya ke isa prayatna ko hama aura bhI baDhA huA pAte hai| nAnaka to sUphI-raga meM itane raMga gaye the ki yaha kahanA kaThina ho jAtA hai ki hindU-dharma kA una para kitanA prabhAva thaa| vaidika aura paurANika siddhAnto kI unhe kama hI jAnakArI thii| dAdU kA bhI yahI hAla thaa| do-tIna gatAbdiyoM taka deza bhakti kI uttAla tarago me eka naI preraNA se npandita-vibhonita hokara ivatA-utarAtA rahA / hindupro meM bhakti-Andolana apane pUre jora para thA aura musalamAnoM meM mUphiyo kI naI-naI jamAteM, ciztI, suharAvardI, nakzavandI Adi 'prema kI pIra' kA pracAra kara mhI yo| bhAvanA ke ima vyApaka pradeza meM hindU aura mumalamAno kA eka dUsare ke samIpa se samIpatara Ate jAnA svAbhAvika hI thaa| usase bhI nIce nara para, jahAM mAdhAraNa janatA ke AcAra-vicAra, rIti-rivAja, pIra-pUjA aura mAnatA-manautI kA sambandha thA, hindU aura mumalamAno meM bheda karanA asambhava hI thaa| eka hI pIra yA sAcukI parastima-gAha para hindU aura musalamAna mabhI ikaTThA hote the| rAjanaitika samajhautA hRdaya kI ima ekatA ke AdhAra para rAjanaitika samajhaute kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa pAnA bhI sahaja aura svAbhAvika hI thaa| yaha eka aitihAsika matya hai ki bhAratIya itihAsa ke samasta muslima-kAla me, kevala do musalamAna-gAmaka, phArAja tugranaka aura poragajeba, aise hue hai jinhone apane gAmana-kAla meM dhArmika asahiSNutA kI nIti kA pAlana kiyA, aura vaha bhI thoDe varSoM ke lie aura vizepa rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ke kaarnn| anya zAsako ne, aura ina dono gAmakA ne bhI, apane gAsana-kAla ke zepa bhAga meM dhArmika mAmalo meM hastakSepa na karane kI nIti kA hI pAlana kiyaa| dhana islAma kA pakSa liyA, para hindU-dharma ke sAtha durbhAvanA nahIM rkkhii| akabara ke bahuta pahale kazmIra kA sultAna vidAna apanI dhArmika mahipNatA kI nIti ke lie prasiddha thaa| usane jajiyA haTA diyA aura saskRta ka kaI anyo kA phArasI meM anuvAda kiyA / vagAla meM alAuddIna husaina zAha kI bhI vahI nIti rhii| zerazAha hindU janatA ma vakpha vAMTA karatA thaa| samrATa akabara ke zAsanakAla meM yaha pravRtti apanI caramasImA taka jA phuNcii| gala samrATI ne samasta gAsana kA sagaThana jina siddhAnto para kiyA ve bhAratIya pahale the, sairesenika, IrAnI yA muslima vAda me / masthAno me thoDA hera-phera hayA, para malata ve vahI rahI jo sanAtana kAla se calI A rahI thii| vAmika mahiSNutA kI nIti ne bhAratavarSa ke mamlima zAmana me dharma kA sthAna le liyA thaa|

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224 premI-abhinadana-praya dhArmika sahiSNutA kI isa nIti kA hI yaha pariNAma thA ki muslima-zAsana isa dena me itanA adhika lokapriya hogayA ki mugala sAmrAjya ke patana ke DeDha sauvarata ke vAda bhI, 1857 ke gadara meM, mugala-vaga ke hI kisI uttarAdhikArI ko samasta deza kA bhAsaka banAne kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| vIca meM bhI lagAtAra isa prakAra ke prayatna calate rhe| uttara bhArata meM 1772 se 1794 taka mahAdAjI sindhiyA kA Adhipatya rahA, para apane zAsana ke lie naitika bala prApta karAne kI dRSTi ne usake lie yaha Avazyaka huyA ki vaha mug2ala-vaga ke mAha Alama ko agrejo kI kaida se chaDA kara dillI kI gaddI paraviThAe aura javagulAma kAdira ke dvArA gAha pAlama kI prAMkheM phoDa dI gaI tava bhI to mahAdAjI une zAhagAhe Alama mAnatA nhA / saca to yaha hai ki hindU aura musalamAno ke nau sau varSoM ke namparka me yadyapi rAjanaitika kSetra meM kAphI sagharSa rahA, para usa sagharSa ne kabhI, dhArmika athavA nAskRtika sAvAra lekara, sAmpradAyika sagharSa kA rUpa nahIM liyaa| caudahavI aura pandrahavI zatAbdiyo me madhya-bhArata meM, gujarAta, mevADa aura mAlavA meM lagAtAra sagharSa rahA, para iname gujarAta ke sultAna prAya utanI hI vAra mevADa ke rANA ke pakSa me, aura mAlavA ke sultAna ke khilApha laDe, jitanI bAra vaha mAlavA ke sultAna ke pakSa me, mevADa ke rANA ke jilApha, laDe / vAvara aura humAyU ne, paThAno ke khilApha, rAjapUto kA sAtha diyaa| mug2ala-mAmrAjya ke patana ke bAda bhI nijAma marAga-nAnAjya ke antargata thA, na ki maisUra ke sultAna ke sAtha aura rAjapUto kI sahAnubhUti marATho ke nApa kama aura ruhelo ke sAtha jyAdA rhii| yaha eka aitihAnika natya hai ki bIsavIM zatAbdI ke pahale hindU aura munalamAna kabhI eka dUsare ke khilApha dhArmika athavA sAmpradAyika matabheda ke AdhAra para nahIM laDe the| sAskRtika samanvaya rAjanaitika ekatA kA sahArA lekara sAskRtika samanvaya kI sthApanA huii| isa pravRtti kA prArambha to eka sAmAnya bhASA kI utpatti ke sAtha hI ho cukA thaa| hindI brajabhASA aura phArasI ke sammizraNa kA pariNAma thii| usakA zabdakoSa, vAkya-vinyAsa, vyAkaraNa, sabhI dono bhASAyo kI sAmAnya dena hai| hindU aura musalamAna dono ne isa bhASA ko dhanI bnaayaa| amIra khusaro hindI bhI utanIhI dhArApravAha likhanakatAthA jitanA phaarsii| akavara ne use protsAhana diyaa| khAnakhAnA, rasakhAna aura jAyasI, hindI sAhitya ke gaurava hai| jAyanI to madhya-kAlIna hidI ke tIna sarvazreSTha lekhako meM hai aura hRdaya kI sUkSmatama bhAvanAo kI abhivyakti meM kaI sthalo para tulatI aura nUra se bhI vAjI mAra le gaye haiN| anya prAntIya bhASAo, marAThI, baMgalA, gujarAtI, sindhI Adi para bhI musalamAno kA prabhAva utanA hI pUrNa paDA / marAThI to vahamanI-vaza ke sarakSaNa meM hI mAhityikatA kI sataha taka uTha skii| baMgalA kA vikAsa bhI muslima-gAsana kI sthApanA ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI huaa| dinezacandra sena kA mata hai ki "yadi hindU mAmaka svAdhIna bane rahate to (saskRta ke prati unakA adhika dhyAna hone ke kAraNa) baMgalA ko gAhI daravAra taka pahuMcane kA maukA kabhI nahIM miltaa|" sAskRtika samanvaya kI yaha pravRtti vAstukalA aura citra-kalA ke kSetro meM apanI carama-sImA taka pahuMcI hai| muslima vAnnukalA kA sarvocca vikAsa isI deza meM huaa| kAhirA kI masjido meM bhI phaiz2a pAzA ke zabdo meM "kalA kI sampUrNa manoramatA nahIM hai / sAmaMjasya, abhivyakti, sajAvaTa, sabhI me eka aisI apUrNatA hai, jo adhikAza uttarI Alocako kA dhyAna varavasa apanI ora khIcatI hai|" IrAna kI muslima kalA meM bhI hama yahI vAta-bhavya majAvaTa aura vaijJAnika kauzala kA abhAva-pAte hai| tAjamahala hindustAna meM muslima vAstukalA kA sarvazreSTha udAharaNa hai, parantu vaha sasAra kI anya islAmI imArato se vilakula bhinna hai| usake nirmANa meM hindU zilpa-zAstro ke siddhAnto kA adhika pAlana kiyA gayA hai| bIca me eka vaDA gumbada aura usake AsapAsa cAra choTe-choTe gumbada dekhakara pacaratna kI kalpanA kA smaraNa ho AtA hai| gumvado kI jaDo meM kamala kI khulI huI pakhaDiyAM hai jo mAno gumbada ko dhAraNa kiye hue haiN| zikhara ke samIpa kamala kI ulTI pakhar3iyAM hai| zikhara ke Upara trizUla hai| haivala ne

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do mahAna saMskRtiyo kA samanvaya 225 ThIka hI likhA hai ki seTapAla kA girajA aura vaisTaminsTara eve agrejI kalA ke utane sacce namUne nahI hai jitanA tAja hindustAnI kalA kA / lekina haivala ke isa mata se mai mahamata nahI hU~ ki hindustAna meM muslima vAstukalA isa kAraNa hI mahAna ho sakI ki usakA vikAma una hindU kArIgarI ke hAthI huA jo hindU-saMskRti me DUbe hue the / isa deza meM Ane ke pahale hI musalamAna isa kSetra meM bahuta mahattvapUrNa saphalatA prApta kara cuke the / muslima kAla kI bhAratIya vaastukl| ke pIche islAmI preraNA bhI utanI hI pravala hai jitanA hindU prabhAva / yaha muslima preraNA kA hI pariNAma thA ki unake zAsanakAla meM vAstukalA kA itanA vikAsa ho sakA / sara jaoNna mArzala kA mata hai ki purAnI dillI kI kuvvanula islAma masjida aura tAja ke pavitra aura bhavya makavare kI kalpanA muslima prabhAva ke vinA nahI kI jA sakatI / bhArata kI muslima kalA kI mahAnatA isI meM hai ki vaha do mahAn saskRtiyoM ke sammizraNa kA pariNAma hai / citrakalA ke kSetra meM bhI hama yahI bAta pAte haiN| mugala citrakAro ke sAmane eka ora to ajantA kI paddhati thI, dUmarI thora samarakanda aura hirAta, issahAna zrIra vag2adAda ke citrakAro kI kRtiyA~ thiiN| dono ke samanvaya se mug2ala-kalA kA janma huA / ajantA kI kalA meM eka vicitra jIvana-zakti thI / samarakanda aura hirAta kI kalA meM samanvara, mantulana aura sAmajasya kI bhAvanA pramukha thI / donI ke mizraNa meM jahA~ eka ora donoM kI mUla preraNAo ko kucha kSati pahu~cI, vahA~ raga kA rUpa aura rekhA kI savedanazIlatA nikhara uThI / * zAhajahA~ ke pramukha citrakAroM meM hameM eka ora to kalyANadAna, anUpa catara aura manohara ke nAma milate hai aura dUsarI ora muhammada nAdira mamaraqandI mIra hAzima aura muhammada phaqIrullA khAM ke / hindU aura musalamAna kalAkAro ne milakara mugala- citrakalA ko janma diyA thaa| DaoN0 kumArasvAmI aura kucha anya lekhako ne mug2ala aura rAjapUta kalAo meM kucha mUlabhUta bheda batAne kI ceSTA kI hai, para gaharAI me dekhA jAye to rAjapUta kalA, eka vibhinna vAtAvaraNa meM, mug2ala-kalA ke siddhAnto ke prayoga kA hI udAharaNa hai / satrahavI zatAbdI matabheda kA prArabha hindU aura muslima saskRtiyo me sahayoga aura samanvaya kI jo pravRtti zatAvdiyo kI sImAo ko lAMghatI hu dRr3hatara hotI jA rahI thI, sanahavI zatAbdI me usame eka gaharI Thesa pahu~cI / eka ora to kavIra, dAdU aura dUsare santoM kI vANI dvArA rUDhipriyatA aura kaTTaratA para jo zrAkramaNa kiyA jA rahA thA aura dUsarI ora bhakti ke Avega meM jo ucchRGkhalatA phailatI jA rahI thI, usakA prabhAva sAmAjika sagaThana para acchA nahI paDa rahA thA / isakI pratikriyAsvarUpa samAja kI maryAdA para jora dene vAle vicAraka hamAre sAmane yAye / mahArASTra ke santo kA jora samAja kI maryAdAoM ko toDa pheMkane para nahI thA, parantu usameM rahate hue sudhAra karate rahane para thaa| tulasIdAsa aura unakA rAmacaritamAnasa to sAmAjika ucchRGkhalatA kI pratikriyA ke mAno pratIka hI hai / dharma kA zrAvAra lekara samAja meM subAra karane kI jo pravRtti baDhatI jA rahI thI, unakA rAjanaitika stara para A jAnA sahaja-svAbhAvika isalie thA ki muslima zAsana una udAra pravRttiyoM ke sAtha, jinakA virodha kiyA jA rahA thA, itanA adhika samvaddha ho gayA thA ki unheM eka dUsare se alaga nahI kiyI jA sakatA thaa| isI kAraNa marATho aura bundelo, rAjapUto aura sikho meM jo naI dhArmika aura sAmAjika pravRttiyA~ janma le rahI thI, ve pravala hote hI mugala sAmrAjya se jA TakarAI / hindU samAja meM uttarottara vaDhatI huI ina pravRttiyo ne mugala sAmrAjya ko eka ajIva ulajhana meM DAla diyA / zravataka ume hinduo kA pUrA mahayoga mila rahA thA, para aba ve usase na kevala kucha khica se cale, apitu unhone apane svatantra rAjyoM kI sthApanA karanA prArambha kiyA / isakI pratikriyA yaha huI ki mug2ala zAsana meM musalamAno kA eka aimA dala uTha khaDA hugrA jisane use kaTTara musalamAno kI sasthA banAne kA prayatna kiyaa| isa vicAra dhArA kA Arambha *P Brown Indian Painting 26

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226 premI - abhinaMdana graMtha to jahA~gIra ke zAsana kAla meM hI ho cukA thA, para zAhajahA~ ke kamajora zAsana meM use apanA sagaThana karane kA avasara mila gayA / zAhajahA~ ke jIvana ke antima varSoM meM usake yogya putra zroragajeva ne isa dala kA netRtva apane hAtho meM liyA / auragajeba kaTTara musalamAna to thA hI, zAsana ke anubhava aura yogyatA me bhI apane sava bhAiyo se adhika baDhA-caDhA thA / gaddI para baiThane ke bAda kucha varSoM taka auragajeva ne hindU svatvo kA virodha na karate hue isalAma ke siddhAnto para zAsana kA punarnirmANa karane kI ceSTA kI, para vicAro kA vega zrora usake jora meM ghaTanAo kA cakra, itanI tejI se cala rahA thA ki auragajeva isa kaThina siddhAnta kA adhika dino taka polana na kara sakA / jyo-jyo marATho aura sikho kA sagaThita vizeSa adhika tIvra hotA gayA, auragajeba ko vivaza hokara hindU-virodhI nIti kA pAlana karanA paDA / jajiyA phira se lagA diyA gayA / hindU-mandira toDe jAne lage / paristhitiyo ne muslimazAsana ko phira eka bAra usI sthAna para lAkara khar3A kara diyA thA, jahAM se usakA prArambha huA thA / usane phira eka kaTTara musalamAno kI sasthA kA rUpa le liyA thA / isa sambandha meM kaI bAteM dhyAna meM rakhanA jarUrI hai| muslima zAsana ko bhAratIya jIvana dhArA se alahadA kara lene kA yaha prayatna bahuta thoDe musalamAno taka aura kevala rAjanaitika kSetra taka hI sImita thA / vaha eka galata zrIra asvAbhAvika prayatna thA, isameM to zaka hI nhii| isI kAraNa hama yaha dekhate hai ki 1707 I0 me zroragajeva kI mRtyu hone ke sAtha hI isa prayatna kA bhI anta ho gyaa| bhAratIya jIvana kI do pramukha dhArAe~ hindU aura musalamAna, phira eka dUsare ke sAtha-sAtha vaha clii| auragajeva ke uttarAdhikAriyo ke lie hindU janatA kA samarthana prApta kara lenA jarUrI ho gyaa| zAsana ko phira udAratA kI nIti varatanI pddii| para isa bIca hindU aura musalamAna samAjo kI vibhinnatA bahuta spaSTa ho gaI thI / hindI aura urdU ke alahadA ho jAne se isa pravRtti ko aura bhI sahArA milaa| isI bIca kucha kAraNa aise hue jina ke pariNAma svarUpa muslima samAja patana kI ora baDha claa| bAhara ke muslima jagata kA samparka bilkula samApta ho cukA thaa| IrAna ke saphavI rAjavaMza ke patana ke vAda IrAnI sabhyatA bhI patana kI ora baDha rahI thii| isa kAraNa usa se preraNA pAnA bhI sambhava nahI raha gayA thA / nimna zreNiyo ke hinduo kA adhika sakhyA meM musalamAna ho jAne kA bhI acchA asara nahI paDa rahA thaa| musalamAno meM garIbI aura zikSA kA prabhAva dono vaDha rahe the| rAjanaitika sattA hAtho se jA rahI thii| sabhava hai ki mug2ala sAmrAjya yadi apane prAcIna vala aura vaibhava ko prApta kara pAtA to dono saskRtiyoM ke samanvaya kI dhArA eka bAra phira apane pravala vega se vaha nikalatI, para rAjanaitika paristhitiyA~ pratikUla thii| jo tAra eka vAra TUTA vaha phira jur3a na skaa| para yaha socanA ki dhakkA bahuta gaharA athavA sAghAtika lagA, itihAsa kI sacAI ko ThukarAnA hai| samAja ke antarAla meM zatAbdiyoM meM jisa samanvaya kI jaDa jama cukI thI, vaha AsAnI se ukhAr3a kara pheMkI nahI jA sakatI thii| DA0 venI prasAda ke zabdoM meM, "nikaTa bhUtakAla ke anubhava bhulAe nahI jA sake, hindU-muslima-saMskRti kA jo DhA~cA pA~ca zatAbdiyo ke jJAta athavA ajJAta sahayoga prayatno dvArA banAyA gayA thA vaha na sirpha qAyama hI rahA, aura majabUta bnaa| vaha kaDI se kaDI parIkSA meM kharA utara cukA thA aura deza kI pUMjI kA vana cukA thaa|"* agrejI zAsana kA prabhAva patana aura anizcaya kI usa sakramaNa ghaDI meM agrez2a isa deza meM aae| ve apane sAtha eka naI sabhyatA lAe the, hindU-samAja jo patanonmukha to thA, para muslima samAja jitanA girA huA nahI thA, pazcima ke nae vicAro ke samparka se punarjIvita ho utthaa| isa kAla ke bagAla ke hindU yuvako meM hama pazcima ke kalA aura vijJAna, sabhyatA aura saskRti se adhika-se-adhika sIkha lene kI pravRtti ko apane pUre vega para pAte haiN| IsAI mizanariyo dvArA khole gae skUla aura chAtrA * Beni Prasad * Hindu Muslim Questions

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do mahAna saskRtiyoM kA samanvaya 227 vAsoM, kampanI ke naukarI ke lie khole gae phorTa viliyama kaoNleja va zelavarna, Derojiyo Adi videzI zikSako ke sapoM ke pariNAma svarUpa hindU samAja me jIvana aura jAgrati kI eka naI cetanA lahara uThI / agnejI tahajIva ke prati musalamAno kA dRSTi-koNa vilkula bhinna thaa| unameM kaTTaratA kI mAtrA baDhI huI thii| saikaDo varSa taka isa deza para zAsana karane ke mada ko ve bhUle nahI the| unake lie gulAmI ke nae tauka ko svIkAra kara lenA utanA AsAna nahI thaa| rAjya ke vaDe-baDe mohade unake hAtha se cale hI gae the| jo kalA-kauzala unake hAtha meM the, IsTa-iDiyA kampanI kI bhAratIya udyoga-dhadho ko khatma kara dene kI nIti se una para vaDA dhakkA lgaa| agrez2I zAsaka bhI unake prati sazaka hI the| ina saba bAto kA pariNAma yaha huA ki kAphI lambe arse taka musalamAna agrez2I-sabhyatA se vimukha aura aMgrejI-zAsana se khiMce rhe| isI kAraNa hama dekhate hai ki eka ora jahAM hindU samAja me brahma-samAja, prArthanA-samAja Adi dhArmika aura sAmAjika pravRttiyo ne janma liyA, jo pazcima kI sabhyatA ke acche guNa le lene ke pakSa meM thI, muslima samAja meM pharajI aura vahAvI Adi Andolana, jo mUlata agrez2I zAsana ke khilApha the, phaile| musalamAno kA agrejI-zAsana ke prati kyA rukha thA, isakA acchA paricaya hameM mirjA abUtAliva kI 'agrez2I ahada meM hindustAnI tamaduna kI tArIkha' meM milatA hai| musalima samAja meM naI pravRttiyo kA sUtrapAta, hindU-samAja ke mukAvile meM, bahuta dera se huaa| navayuga aura prAcIna kA punanirmANa navIna jIvana kI jo cetanA bhAratIya samAja me, cAhe vaha hindU ho athavA musalamAna, vyApaka hotI jA rahI thI, usake do pakSa the, jinheM kabhI hama eka dUsarese milate hue, kabhI sAtha-sAtha vikasita hote hue aura kabhI virodha meM pAte hai| Adhunika bhArata kA nayA jIvana kucha to pazcima ke prabhAva meM vikasita huA hai, kucha usakI pratikriyA svruup| dhArmika vicAro meM, sAhitya meM, citrakalA meM, sabhI jagaha eka vicAra-dhArA aisI pAte hai jo pazcima ke raga meM DUbI huI hai aura dUsarIjobhAratIya paramparAkAsIdhA vikAsa hai| rAma mohana para, upaniSado meM unakA dRDha vizvAsa hote hue bhI, pazcimI * vicArokA gaharA prabhAva spaSTa thaa| dUsarI ora rAdhAkAnta deva aura rAma komala sena kaTTara hindU-siddhAnto meM vizvAsa rakhate the| premacanda ne Aja kI samasyAo kA vizleSaNa prAja ke Dhaga se kiyA hai| jaya zakara 'prasAda' kI A~khoM meM prAcIna ke svapna nAcA karate the| vambaI ke citrakAra pazcima se preraNA prApta karate hai, bagAla kI citrakalA ajantA kI bhIto se praraNA prApta karatI hai, bhAratIya rASTrIya Andolana meM, navInatA kA khule hAtho svAgata karane vAlI aura prAcInatA ke punanirmANa meM vyasta ye dono pravRttiyAM eka sAtha pAI jAtI hai, yadyapi yaha kahanA galata nahI hogA ki hamArI rASTrIyatA ko mukhya AdhAra-bhitti Aja bhIpApanikatAkI nIva para utanI sthApita nahIM hai, jitanI prAcInatA ke stambho pr| hindU-samAja meM jina aneka dhArmika aura sAmAjika sudhAra-pravRttiyo ne janma liyA, unake pIche prAcInatA ke punanirmANa ko yaha bhAvanA spaSTa hI hai| rAma mohana rAya dvArA 1828 I0 meM sthApita kie jAnevAle brahma-samAja meM hama isa bhAvanA ko pAte hai| dayAnanda sarasvatI dvArA 1875 I0 me prasthApita Arya-samAja kA to vaha mUla-AdhArahI thii| Apa samAja vedo ko brahma-vAkya mAnakara calA thaa| svAmI dayAnanda ne smRtiyo aura purANo ko usa hada taka amAnya harAyA jahA~ unameM vedo kA virodha pAyA jAtA thaa| Arya samAja ne to samasta deza ko eka bAra Arya-saskRti ke bhADe tala lA khaDA karane kA mahAn Ayojana kiyA thaa| usameM se sabhI videzItatvoko nikAla pheMkane kA unakA nizcaya kA Aya-samAja hindustAna meM pazcimI saskRti ke saghAtaka prabhAvako haTAnA to cAhatA hI thA, vaha use eka hajAra varasa ke gahare musalima prabhAva se bhI AjAda karA lenA cAhatA thaa| paoNlkaoNTa kI thiyosiphikala sosAiTI ne isa bhAvanA ko aura bhI puSTa kiyaa| usakI daSTi meM hara vastu aura hara vicAra jisakA vikAsa, isa deza meM huA thA, sukha zAnika aura cirantana satya thaa| yahI bhAvanA nae vedAnta kA samarthana karane vAlI sasthAmo dvArA eka bhora sAra sanAtana dharma mahAmaNDala Adi rUDhivAdI sasthAno dvArA dUsarI ora se, dRDha vanAI jAne lgii| sava jagaha

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228 premI-abhinaMdana-praya prAcInatA kI ora lauTane kI pukAra thI-bIca ke aMdhere yuga ko cIrate hue prAcInatA ke svapno ko AtmasAt kara lene kI llk| muslima samAja me bhI isI prakAra kI pravRtti jora para thii| islAma meM bhI eka vibhinna vAtAvaraNa ke prabhAva aura eka vibhinna netRtva meM isI prakAra ke pratikriyAvAdI Andolana uTha khaDe hue| isakA prAdhAra bhI prAcIna kI ora lauTane-kurAna, paigambara aura hadIsa ko svIkAra karane para thaa| ina 'kurAna kI ora loTo' Andolano meM, dillI ke zAha abdula ajIja ne islAma ko una adhavizvAso aura rUDhiyo se mukta karane kA prayatna kiyA jo usane hindU-samAja me lI thI aura prAcIna islAma ke una siddhAnto kA pracAra karane kI ceSTA kI jo paigambara dvArA nirdhArita kie gae the| varelI ke saiyada ahamada ne hindustAna ko 'dArula harva' karAra diyA, jahAM ki musalamAno ko 'jihAda' (pRthaka dharma-yuddha) karate rahanA Avazyaka thaa| isa pravRtti kA nAma, 'tarIkae mohammadiyA' athavA muhammada ke tarIke kI ora loTanA thaa| jaunapura ke zAha karAmata alI itane ugra vicAro ke nahIM the, para unhone bhI prasasya musalamAno ko zuddha islAmI jIvana kI ora lauTane meM baDI sahAyatA phuNcaaii| pharIdapura ke, hAjI garIyatullA ne pharadI-Andolana ko janma diyA, jo arddha-dhArmika aura arddha rAjanaitika thaa| unake putra dUdhU miyA~ ke netRtva meM yaha Andolana bahuta pravala ho gayA thaa| ahale hadIsa aura mirjA gulAma ahamada kAdiyAnI ke anuyAyiyo meM bhI yahI pravRtti kAma kara rahI thii| prAcIna ke punanirmANa kI yaha pravRtti pratyeka deza ke navayuga kA eka musya aga hai| yUrupa meM bhI pandrahavI zatAbdI meM nae jIvana kI jisa cetanA ne apanI uttAla tarago ke prabala prAghAto se madhya-kAla ke dhvasa-cinho ko naSTa-bhraSTa kara DAlA umake pIche bhI IsA ke pahile kI yUnAnI sabhyatA ke jIrNoddhAra kA prayatna kAma kara rahA thaa| hindustAna meM bhI isa pravRtti kI upasthiti svAbhAvika hI thii| java koI rASTra nirAzA ke gaDhe meM girAhotA hai, jaba vartamAna se usakA vizvAsa uTha gayA hotA hai tava prAcIna mahAnatA kI smRti hI use bhaviSya kI naI AzAgo aura nae svapno ko jAnata karane meM sahAyaka hotI hai| yaha saca hai ki aisI sthiti me kalpanA kabhI-kabhI itanI pravala ho jAtI hai ki aitihAsika satya usaketUphAnI satya parani sahAya-sA DUbane utarAne lagatA hai| dUra ke to bAdala bhI suhAvane lagate hai, vizeSakara usa samaya java usake pIche se DUbate hue sUraja kI kiraNe phUTa nikalatI hai| hindU aura musalamAna dono samAjo ke lie toprAcIna me vizvAsa rakhane kA yatheSTa kAraNa bhI thaa| isa pravRtti kA pariNAma yaha huA ki hamAre deza meM hindU aura musalamAna dono samAjo para navayuga kI cetanA kA prabhAva do vibhinna rUpo meM pddaa| hinduprokI dRSTi uma prAcIna saMskRti para paDI jisakA vikAsa gagA aura jamunA ke kinAre,Arya-RSiyo dvArA una zatAbdiyo meM huA thA java bhAratavarSamuslima saparka se vilkula achUtA thaa| dUsarI ora musalamAno kI dRSTi unakI apanI prAcIna sabhyatA kI ora gaI, jisakA vikAsa arava ke marusthala meM, paigambara aura unake sAthI khalIphAodvArA huaA thA,aura jo apanI carama sImA kA sparza, aura use pAra kara cukI thI, hindustAna ke saparka me Ane ke zatAbdiyo pahile / vedono bhUla gae-jaise kisI dUra kI vastu ko dekhane ko tallInatA aura tanmayatA meM kabhI-kabhI pAsa kI vastu ko bhUla jAte hai-ki una dono ne isa deza ke saikaDo varSoM ke sAmAnya jIvana meM aura sAtha meM prApta kie gae sukha aura dukha ke sahasra-sahasra anubhavo me eka mahAn sAmAnya sabhyatA kA nirmANa kiyA thA, sAmAnya sAmAjika sasthAo aura dharma-siddhAnto aura kalA aura sAhitya kI sAmAnya pRSTha-bhUmi para jisake lie ve dono utanAhI gaurava anubhava kara sakate the, jitanA kisI anya sabhyatA ke sambandha meN| meraTha]

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kucha jaina anuzrutiyAM aura purAtattva zrI motIcandra ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0 ( ladana) bhAratIya itihAsa ke vidyArthiyo ko aitihAsika anuzrutiyo kA mahattva bhalI bhA~ti vidita hai / brAhmaNa, vauddha aura jaina anuzrutiyo se itihAsa ke aise dhuMdhale pahaluo para bhI prakAza paDatA hai, jinakA patA bhI purAtattva kI khudAiyo se abhI taka nahIM calA hai / azoka ke pUrva aura bAda bhI gupta kAla taka paurANika anuzrutiyA~ hameM bhinnabhinna kulo ke rAjAo ke nAma tathA unake sambandha kI aura bhI jAnakArI kI vAteM batAtI hai / I0 kI cauthI zatAbdI ke vAda se lekara hame purAtattva kI taraha-taraha kI sAmagriyA~ itihAsa nirmANa ke lie milatI hai phira bhI rUkhe itihA kI kaThoratA meM sajIvatA lAne ke lie hame purANo tathA aitihAsika kAvyo meM varNita prAsaMgika gAthAo kA sahArA bhI lenA paDatA hai / purAtattva hI eka aisI vidyA hai jisake sahAre hama bhAratavarSa ke rIti-rivAja, rahana-sahana, vyApAra tathA bhAratIya jIvana ke aura pahaluo kA bhI kramabaddha itihAsa nirmANa kara sakate haiM, para dukha ke sAtha kahanA paDatA hai ki sindha aura pajAba kI prAgaitihAsika khudAI ko choDakara, vaijJAnika anveSaNa kI ora bhAratIya purAtattva ne abhI nAma mAtra ke lie hI kadama uThAyA hai / aisI avasthA meM bhI lAcAra hokara hameM sAhitya kI sahAyatA se hI samAja ke itihAsa kA DhA~cA khaDA karanA paDatA hai, yaha DhA~cA cAhe sahI ho yA galata, kyoki abhI taka hama sadigdha rUpa se apane sAhitya ke zramararatno kA bhI kAla ThIka-ThIka nirNaya nahI kara sake hai / 1 aitihAsika anuzrutiyo kI khoja meM purANo, kAvyo aura nATako kI kAphI chAna-bIna kI jA cukI hai / vauddhasAhitya ke tripiTaka, aTTakathAo, mahAvasa aura dIghavasa tathA saMskRta vauddha sAhitya kI aura bhI bahuta sI kathAo se bhAratIya itihAsa ra purAtattva para kAphI prakAza DAlA jA cukA hai / kyA hI acchA hotA ki hama jaina sAhitya ke bAre meM bhI yahI bAta kaha sakate / kucha videzI vidvAno ne jinameM vebara, yAkovI, laoNyamAna tathA zuvariMga mukhya hai jaina sAhitya kA sarvAMgINa adhyayana karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, lekina jo kucha bhI kAma avataka huA hai vaha kSetra kI vyApakatA dekhate hue nahI-sA hai / videzI aura bhAratIya vidvAno kI kRpA se hama jaina-darzana aura dharma kI rUpa-rekhA se avagata ho gaye hai, para jaina-sAhitya meM jo bhArata ke sAskRtika itihAsa kA masAlA bharA paDA hai usakI ora biralo hI kA dhyAna gayA hai| agara hama dhyAna se dekhe to isa udAsInatA kA kAraNa acchI taraha sampAdita jaina-prantho kA abhAva hai / na to jaina Agamo meM TippaNiyA~ hI dekha paDatI hai, na prastAvanAe~ / anukramaNikAoM kA to sarvathA abhAva rahatA hai / sampradAya vizeSa ke grantha hone se saba ko inake milane me bhI vaDI kaThinAI hotI hai, yahA~ taka ki baDe-baDe vizvavidyAlayo ke pustakAlayo meM bhI jaina-aga yA cheda-sUtra vaDI kaThinatA se hI prApta hote hai / ina kaThinAiyo ke sAtha-sAtha bhASA kA bhI prazna hai / mahArASTrI prAkRta jo jaina grantho kI bhASA hai aksara logo ke samajha meM nahI AtI aura bahuta se sthala aise zrAte hai jo vizeSa adhyayana ke vinA samajha hI meM nahI aate| ina saba kaThinAiyo ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue vidvAno ne jaina-zAstro ko jabataka unake upAdeya saskaraNa na nikala cukeM alaga hI choDa diyA hai / lekina vAstava meM aisA karanA nahI caahie| azuddha TIkA zro, cUrNiyo aura cheda-sUtroM meM bhI hame aise mArke kI sAmagriyA~ milatI hai jo aura kahI upalabdha nahI hai / ina zranuzrutiyo kA mahattva, jaisA hama Age calakara dekheMge, isalie zrora bhI vaDha jAtA hai ki ve purAtattva kI bahuta sI khojo para prakAza DAlakara unakI aitihAsika nIva ko aura bhI majabUta banAtI hai / yahA~ yaha bhI prazna uThatA hai ki aitihAsika anuzrutiyo aura purAtattva kI khojo kA pArasparika samvandha kyA hai ? purAtattva vaijJAnika zrAzrayo para avalambita hai aura purAtattva kA vidyArthI tabataka kisI siddhAnta para nahI pahu~catA javataka vaha khudAI ke pratyeka stara se nikalI huI vastuyo kA vaijJAnika rIti se adhyayana na kara le / apane siddhAnto

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230 premI-prabhinaMdana-preya ko aura adhika vaijJAnika banAne ke lie vaha eka jagaha se milI sAmagriyo ko ThIka usI stara para dUsarI jagahoM se milI sAmapriyo se tulanA karake tava kisI vizeSa niSkarSa para pahu~catA hai| isake viparIta anuzrutiyAM saikaDo puzto se javAnI calI AtI hai aura peztara inake ki ve likha lI jAveM, maukhika AdAna-pradAna ke kAraNa uname bahuta se pheraphAra aura vyartha kI bAto kA samAveza ho jAtA hai, jinase unakI sacAI meM kAphI sandeha kI jagaha raha jAtI hai| ina saca vAto se yaha svAbhAvika hI haiM ki purAtattva kI vaijJAnika paddhati maukhika anuzrutiyo ko sandeha kI dRSTi se dekhe aura unakI satyatA ko tabhI mAne jaba khudAiyo se yA abhilekho se bhI unakI puSTi hotI ho / vidvAno ne purAtattva kI avahelanA aura 'sAhityika prAtattva' para vizvAsa kI kAfI joradAra samAlocanA kI hai| lekina isa vivAda se yaha na namabha lenA cAhie ki anuzrutiyo meM kucha tattva hI nahIM haiM / Thosa aitihAsika sAmagriyoM ke abhAva meM kevala anuzrutiyA~ hI kucha jaTila prazno ko sulajhAne meM namartha ho sakatI hai| lekina anuzrutiyo kA mUlya samajhate hue bhI yaha bAta Avazyaka haiM ki unakA prayoga vijJAna kI tarAjU para taula kara ho / agara purAtattva se anuzrutiyo kA samvandha hai to dono ke nAmajasya ne hI eka vizeSa nirNaya para pahu~canA caahie| anuzrutiyo ke adhyayana ke lie yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki eka hI taraha kI bhinna-bhinna anuzrutiyoM ko paDhakara unakI jaDa taka pahu~cA jaaye| aisA karane se svaya hI vidita hone lagegA ki kauna sI bAteM purAnI aura asala hai aura kauna sI vAda meM joDa dI gaI haiM / jaina - zAstra kI ghoDI nI anuzrutiyo kA pravyayana karate hue hamane isa vAta kA pUrNa dhyAna rakkhA hai ki purAtattva se una para kyA prakANa paDatA hai / isa chAna-bIna se hameM patA calA ki anuzrutiyoM meM kisa taraha eka satya kI rekhA nihita rahatI hai aura kima taraha dhIre-dhIre kapolakalpanAe~ usake cAro ora ikaTThI hokara satya ko Dhaka dene kI koziza karatI rahatI haiN| purAtattva ke sahAre te yaha satya puna nikhara uThanA hai| nIce ke pRSTho meM purAtattva ke prakAza meM kucha jaina anuzrutiyo kI jAMcapaDatAla kI gaI hai aura yaha dikhalAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra anuzrutiyAM aura purAtattva eka dUsare ke sahAre se itihAsa - nirmANa meM hAtha ba~TAte haiM / ( 1 ) jinheM uttara-bhArata ko baDI nadiyo se paricaya hai unheM yaha bhI mAlUma hogA ki anavarata varSA se ina nadiyo meM kainai pralayakArI pUra A sakate hai / garamI meM jo nadiyAM sUkhakara kevala nAlA vana jAtI hai ve hI nadiyAM ghanaghora varasAta ke bAda bar3I garaja-taraja ke sAtha uphanatI huI vastiyo aura kheto ko bahAne ke lie taiyAra dikhalAI paDatI hai / hamAre hoza meM hI aisI bahuta sI vADhe nA cukI hai jinane ghana-jana kA kAphI nukasAna huA thA / prAcIna bhArata meM bhI bahuta sI aisI bAteM AyA karatI thI, jiname se bahuta baDo ko yAda anuzrutiyo meM baca gaI hai| prAya dhanuzrutiyo meM ina vAr3hoM kA kAraNa RSi-muniyo kA zrApa yA rAjA kA atyAcAra mAnA jAtA hai / isa prakAra kI eka vADha kA varNana, jisane pATaliputra ko tahasa nahasa kara diyA 'tittyogAlI paiNNaya' meM diyA huA hai / isa anuzruti kA sambandha pATaliputra kI khudAI se samajhAne ke lie muni kalyANavijaya jI dvArA tityogAlI ke kucha avataraNo kA anuvAda nIce diyA jAtA hai - kalkI kA java janma hogA tava mathurA meM rAma aura kRSNa ke mandira gireMge aura viSNu ke utthAna ke dina (kArtika sudI 11) vahA~ jana-mahAraka ghaTanA hogii| isa jagat-prasiddha pATaliputra nagara meM hI 'caturmukha' nAma kA rAjA hogA / vaha itanA abhimAnI hogA ki dUsare rAjAo ko tRNa samAna ginegA / nagaracaryA meM nikalA huA vaha nando ke pA~ca stUpo ko dekhegA aura unake sambandha 'muni kalyANavijaya, vIra nirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAla gaNanA, pR0 37-40, mUla, 41-45 jAlora saM0 1687 /

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kucha jaina anubhutiyAM aura purAtattva 231 meM pacha-tAcha karegA, tava use uttara meM kahA jAyegA ki yahAM para bala, rUpa, dhana aura yaza se samRddha nanda rAjA bahuta samaya taka rAja kara gayA hai, usI ke banavAye hue ye stUpa hai| inameM usane suvarNa gADA hai, jise koI dUsarA rAjA grahaNa nahI kara sakatA / yaha suna kalkI una stUpo ko khudavAyegA aura unameM kA tamAma suvarNa grahaNa kara legaa| isa dravyaprApti se usakA lAlaca vaDhegA aura dravya prApti kI AzA se vaha sAre nagara ko khudavA degaa| tava jamIna meM se eka patthara kI gau nikalegI, jo 'loNadevI' khlaaegii| loNadevI Ama rAste me khaDI rahegI aura bhikSA nimitta Ate-jAte sAdhupro ko mAra girAvegI, jisase unake bhikSApAtra TUTa jAyeMge tathA hAtha-paira aura zira bhI phUTege aura unakA nagara meM calanA-phiranA muzkila ho jaaygaa| tava mahattara (sAdhuo ke mukhiyA) kaheMge-zramaNo, yaha anAgata doSa kI-jise bhagavAn barddhamAnasvAmI ne apane jJAna se pahale hI dekhA thA-agna sUcanA hai| saadhuo| yaha gau vAstava meM apanI hitacintikA hai| bhAvI sakaTa kI sUcanA karatI hai / isa vAste calie, jaldI hama dUsare dezo me cale jaayeN| ___ gau ke upasarga se jinhone jina-vacana satya hone kI sambhAvanA kI ve pATaliputra ko choDakara anya deza ko cale gye| para bahutere nahI bhI gye| gagA-zoNa ke upadrava viSayaka jina-vacana ko jinhone sunA ve vahA~ se anya deza ko cale gye| para vahutere nahI bhI gye| "bhikSA yatheccha mila rahI hai, phira hameM bhAgane kI kyA jarUrata hai ?" yaha kahate hue kaI sAdhU vahA~ se nahI gye| dUra gaye bhI pUrvabhavika karmoM ke to nikaTa hI hai| niyamita kAla meM phalane vAle karmoM se kauna dUra bhAga sakatA hai ? manuSya samajhatA hai, mai bhAga jAU~ tAki zAnti prApta ho, para use mAlUma nahIM ki usake bhI pahale karma vahAM pahuMca kara usakI rAha dekhate hai| vaha durmukha aura adharmyamukha rAjA caturmukha (kalkI) sAdhugrI ko ikaTThA karake unase kara mAMgegA aura na dene para zravaNa-sagha tathA anya mata ke sAdhuo ko kaida kregaa| taba jo sonA-cAMdI Adi parigraha rakhane vAle sAdhu hoge ve saba 'kara' dekara chtteNge| kalkI una pAkhaDiyo kA javaran veSa chinavA legaa| lobhagrasta hokara vaha sAdhuno ko bhI taga kregaa| tava sAdhuno kA mukhiyA kahegA-'he rAjan / hama akiMcana haiM, hamAre pAsa kyA cIja hai jo tujhe kara-svarUpa dI jAya?' isa para bhI kalkI unheM nahI choDegA aura zramaNasagha kaI dino taka vaisA hI rokA huA rhegaa| tava nagara-devatA Akara kahegA-'are nirdaya rAjan / tU zramaNasagha ko hairAna karake kyo marane kI jaldI taiyArI karatA hai ? jarA savara kr| terI isa anIti kA AkhirI pariNAma taiyAra hai|' nagaradevatA kI isa dhamakI se kalkI dhavarA jAyagA aura Ardra vastra pahina kara zramaNasagha ke pairo meM girakara kahegAhe bhagavan / kopa dekha liyA / ava prasAda cAhatA huuN|' isa prakAra kalkI kA utpAta miTa jAne para bhI adhikatara sAdhu vahA~ rahanA nahI cAheMge, kyoki unheM mAlUma ho jAyagA ki yahAM para nirantara ghora vRSTi se jala pralaya hone vAlA hai| tava vahAM nagara kI nAza kI sUcanA karane vAle divya, mAntarikSa aura bhauma utpAta zurU hoge ki jinase sAdhusAdhviyo ko pIDA hogii| ina utpAto se aura atizAyI jJAna se yaha jAnakara ki-'sAvatsarika pAraNA ke dina bhayakara upadrava hone vAlA hai ?'-sAdhu vahA~ se vihAra kara cale jaayeNge| para upakaraNa, makAno aura zrAvako kA prativandha rakhane vAle tathA bhaviSya para bharosA rakhane vAle sAdhu vahA~ se jA nahI skeNge| tava satraha rAta-dina taka nirantara vRSTi hogI, jisase gagA aura zoNa meM bADha aayeNgii| gagA kI vADha aura zANa ke durghara vega se yaha ramaNIya pATaliputra nagara cAro ora se baha jaaygaa| sAdhu jo dhIra hoge ve AlocanA prAyazcitta karate hue aura jo zrAvaka tathA vasati ke moha meM phaMse hue hoge ve sakaruNa dRSTi se dekhate hue makAno ke sAtha

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232 premI-abhinaMdana - pratha hI gaMgA ke pravAha me vaha jAya~ge / jala meM bahate hue ve kaheMge - 'he svAmi sanatkumAra / tU zramaNasagha kA zaraNa ho, yaha vaiyAvRtya karane kA samaya hai|' isI prakAra sAdhviyA~ bhI sanatkumAra kI sahAyatA mA~gatI huI makAno ke sAtha vaha jAya~gI / inameM koI-koI zrAcArya aura sAdhu-sAdhviyA~ phalaka Adi ke sahAre tairate hue gaMgA ke dUsare taTa para utara jAyeMge / yahI dazA nagaravAsiyo kI bhI hogii| jinako nAva - phalaka zrAdi kI madada milegI ve baca jAya~ge, bAkI mara jaayeNge| rAjA kA khajAnA pADivata AcArya aura kalkI rAjA yAdi kisI taraha baceMge, para adhikatara baha jAya~ge / bahuta kama manuSya hI isa pralaya se vacane pAyeMge / isa prakAra pATaliputra ke baha jAne para dhana aura kIrti kA lobhI kalkI dUsarA nagara vasAyegA aura bAga-bagIce lagavA kara use devanagara-tulya ramaNIya banA degA / phira vahA~ deva mandira banege zrIra sAdhuo kA vihAra zurU hogA / nukUla vRSTi hogI aura anAja vagairaha itanA upajegA ki use kharIdane vAlA nahI milegaa| isa prakAra pacAsa varSa subhikSa se prajA amana-caina meM rahegI / isake bAda phira kalkI utpAta macAyegA / pAkhaDiyo ke vepa chinavA legA aura zramaNo para atyAcAra karegA / usa samaya kalpavyavahAradhArI tapasvI yuga pradhAna pADivata aura dUsare sAdhu du kha kI nivRtti ke lie chaTTa aTTama kA tapa karege / taba kucha samaya ke bAda nagaradevatA kalkI se kahegA- 'are nirdayI / tU zramaNasagha ko takalIpha dekara kyo jaldI marane kI taiyArI kara rahA hai ? jarA savara kara, tere pApo kA ghaDA bhara gayA hai / ' nagaradevatA kI isa dhamakI kI kucha bhI paravAha na karatA huA vaha sAdhugro se bhikSA kA SaSThAza vasUla karane ke lie unheM vADe meM kaida karegA / sAghugaNa sahAyatArtha indra kA dhyAna karege / tava zramvA aura yakSa kalkI ko cetAyeMge, para vaha kisI kI bhI nahI sunegA / AAkhira meM sagha ke kAyotsarga dhyAna ke prabhAva se indra kA zrAsana ka~pegA aura vaha jJAna se sagha kA upasarga dekhakara jaldI vahIM zrAyegA | dharma kI buddhivAlA aura adharma kA virodhI vaha dakSiNa lokapati ( idra ) jina-pravacana ke virodhI kalkI kA tatkAla nAza karegA / ugrakarmA kalkI ugra nIti se rAja karake chiyAsI varSa kI umara meM nirvANa se do hajAra varSa bItane para indra ke hAtha se mRtyu pAyegA / taba indra kalkI ke putra datta ko zikSA de zramaNasagha kI pUjA karake apane sthAna calA jAyegA / isa anuzruti kI acchI taraha se jA~ca paDatAla ke bAda hama nimnalikhita tathyo para pahu~cate hai / (1) pATaliputra meM caturmukha athavA kalkI nAma kA eka lAlacI rAjA rAja karatA thaa| gaDe dhana kI khoja meM usane nando ke pA~ca stUpa ukhaDavA DAle aura nagara kA eka bhAga khudavA DAlA / jaina tathA jainetara sAdhuyo para vaha kara ityAdi lagA kara vaDA atyAcAra karatA thA / usake atyAcAro se taga zrAkara adhikatara sAvu deza chor3akara cale gaye / (2) usake rAjakAla me eka vAra satraha rAta aura dina barAvara pAnI varasatA rhaa| gaMgA aura sona meM bhayakara bAr3ha zrA gaI, jisake phalasvarUpa pATaliputra vaha gayA, kevala thoDe se loga takhto aura nAvo ke sahAre apanI jAna bacA sake / (3) rAjA kalkI pADivat AcArya ke sAtha vaca gayA aura bAda me usane eka sundara nagara bsaayaa| kucha dino taka kalkI cupa baiThA rahA, para bAda meM usake atyAcAro kA vega aura bhI vaDhA / jaina sAdhuoM ko, jinameM pADivat prAcArya bhI the, usane SaSTamAza kara vasUla karane ke lie vaDe-baDe kaSTa diye / , (4) indra ne, jise yahA~ dakSiNAdhipati kahA hai, sAdhuo kI rakSA ke lie chiyAsI varSa umara vAle kalkI ko naSTa kara diyA / (5) caturmukha ke bAda usakA putra datta gaddI para baiThA / pahalI bAta para vicAra karane se yaha bhAsa hotA hai ki caturmukha yA kalkI nAma kA eka atyAcArI rAjA to thA, parantu unakI aitihAsikatA kitanI hai, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| jaina siddhAnta ke anusAra kalkI aura upakalkI dusamA meM varAvara hote Aye hai, haz2Ara barasa meM kalkI hotA hai aura pA~ca sau varasa meM upakalkI (zrAvega, mesIyAsa glAuve ina iNDiyana uNDa IrAna, pR0 140 ) / lekina ina kalkiyo aura upakalkiyo kA samvandha aitihAsika na hokara kaliyuga

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kucha jaina anuzrutiyA aura purAtattva 233 kI kalpanA se sambandha rakhatA hai| phira bhI jaina-sAhitya se yaha patA lagatA hai ki vAstava meM koI aisA atyAcArI rAjA thA, jo apanI karanI se kalkI bana gyaa| muni kalyAnavijaya jI ne (vahI, 37-38) caturmukha kalkI ke vAre meM tamAma uddharaNa ekatrita kara diye hai, jo yahAM uddhRta kiye jAte hai| (1) titthogAlI-zaka se 1323 (vIranirvANa 1928) vyatIta hoge taba kusumapura (pATaliputra) me duSTa vuddhi kalkI kA janma hogaa| (2) kAla saptatikA prakaraNavIranirvANa se 1912 varSa 5 mAsa bItane para pATaliputra nagara meM caDAla ke kula me caitra kI aSTamI ke dina zramaNo kA virodhI janmegA, jisake tIna nAma hoge1 kalkI , 2 rudra aura 3 cturmukh| (2) dvIpamAlAkalpa-'vIranirvANa se 1614 varSa vyatIta hoge tava pATaliputra meM mleccha kula me yaza kI strI yazodA kI kukSi se caitra zu0 8 kI rAta me kalkI kA janma hogaa|' (4) dIpamAlAkalpa (upAdhyAya kssmaashrmnn)| 'mujhase (vIranirvANa se 175 varSa bItane para) vikramAditya nAma kA rAjA hogaa| usake bAda 124 varSa ke bhItara (ni0 sa0 566 meM) pATaliputra nAma nagara meM xxx caturmukha (kalkI).kA janma hogaa|' (5) tiloyasAra (digambarAcArya nemicndr)| vIranirvANa se 605 varSa aura 5 mAsa bItane para 'zaka rAjA' hogA aura usake vAda 394 varSa aura sAta mAsa meM arthAt nirvANa savat 1000 meM kalkI hogaa| uparokta uddharaNo meM nemicandra ko choDakara kevala zvetAmbara AcAryoM kA kalkI ke samaya ke bAre me mata hai| kalko aura upakalkI vAlA siddhAnta digambara sampradAya ke grantho meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai (jadivasaha, tiloya paNNatI, pR0 343) / tiloyapaNNatto ko anuzruti ke anumAra (vahI, pR0 342) indra-putra kalkI kI umara 77 varSa kI thI aura usane 42 varSa rAjya kiyaa| vaha jaina-sAdhuo se kara letA thaa| usakI mRtyu kisI asuradeva ke hAtho huii| usake putra kA nAma atiJjaya kahA gayA hai| aba hama dekha sakate haiM ki kalkI ke samaya ke bAre meM do bhinna mata hai aura jahAM taka patA lagatA hai ina mato kI utpatti madhyakAla meM huI hogii| digamvara-mata kalkI se kalayuga kA sambandha joDane tathA 1000 varSa para kalkI kI utpatti vAle siddhAnta ke pratipAdana ke lie kalkI kA samaya vIranirvANa se 1000 varSa para mAnatA hai| isake viparIta zvetAmbara-mata isa samaya ko karova-karIva dUnA kara detA hai| ina savase kalkI kI vAstavikatA meM sandeha hone lagatA hai| kevala kSamAzramaNa kalkI kA samaya vIranirvANa 566 dete hai, lekina isa samaya kA AdhAra kauna sI anuzruti thI, isakA hameM patA nahIM hai, para Age calakara hama dekheMge ki kevala yahI eka aisA mata hai, jo sacAI se bahuta pAsa taka pahuMca pAtA hai| yahAM yaha jAnane yogya bAta hai ki titthogAlI kI kalkI samvandhI anuzruti kA pracAra AcArya hemacandra ke samaya taka acchI taraha ho cukA thA, kyoki mahAvIracarita ke 13veM sarga meM unhone kalkI-AkhyAna karIva-karIva titthogAlI ke zabdo meMhI diyA hai (inDiyana enTikverI, 1916, pR0 128-30) / kalkI kA janma mleccha kula meM batalAyA gayA hai aura usakA janmakAla vIranirvANa sa0 1614 / pAkhyAna ke aura bahuta se aga jaise dhana ke lie nando ke stUpo kI khudAI, jana-sAdhuo para atyAcAra tityogAlI aura mahAvIra-carita meM jyo-ke-tyo hai / vADha kA bhI varNana hai, para sona nadI kA nAma nahI AyA hai.| saba kucha sAmyatA hote hue bhI mahAvIra-carita ke kalkI-AkhyAna me titthogAlI kI-sI sajIvatA nahI hai| mahAvIra-carita meM AcArya pADivat kA bhI nAma nahIM hai| vADha ke bAda nagara kA punanirmANa, vAda meM jaina-sAdhupro para atyAcAra tathA anta meM indra dvArA kalkI kA vagha, ye saba ghaTanAe~ dono anuzrutiyo me samAna rUpa me varNita hai| dono kI tulanA karate hue yaha mAnanA paDatA hai ki titthogAlI vAlI anuzruti purAnI

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234 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha hai aura aisA mAlUma paDatA hai ki AcArya hemacandra ne bhI isI kA sahArA lekara mahAvIra carita kA kalkIkathAnaka likhA / ina saba anuzrutiyo se patA calatA hai ki kalkI mahAvIra ke 1000 yA 2000 varSa bAda huA / isa bAta para nava sahamata hai ki kalko pATaliputra kA rAjA thaa| kucha ise cADAla kUla meM paidA huA aura mleccha kula kA mAnate haiM / lekina isake aitihAsika astitva para kisI ne kucha prakAza nahI DAlA hai / isa avasthA meM purAtattva hamArI baDI madada karatA hai / hamane dekhA hI hai ki titthogAlI meM pATaliputra kI vADha kA kitanA sajIva varNana hai / prasannatA kI bAta hai| ki pATaliputra kI khudAI se bhI ina vaDI vADha kA patA calatA hai aura isase titthogAlI kI anuzruti kI satyatA kA AdhAra aura bhI majabUta ho jAtA hai / DA0 DI0 vI0 spUnara ne kumhAra (prAcIna pATaliputra ) kI khudAI meM maurya stara aura rAkho vAle stara ke vI korI miTTI kA stara paayaa| usa stara meM unheM aisI koI vastu na milI jisase yaha sAbita ho sake ki usa stara kabhI vastI thI / isa jamI huI miTTI kA kAraNa DA0 spUnara vADha vatalAte hai / DA0 spUnara ke zabdoM me "korI miTTI kI ATha yA nau phuTa moTI taha jo vastiyo ke do staro meM paDa gaI hai isakA aura koI dUsarA kAraNa na maiM soca sakatA hU~, na de sakatA hU~ / hameM isa bAta kA patA hai ki aisI hI vADheM paTane ke Asa-pAsa AtI rahI hai aura vakharA ke azokakAlIna stambha kI jaDa meM bhI eka aisI hI korI miTTI kI taha milatI hai / " DA0 spUnara ke matAnusAra pATaliputra kI yaha vADha uma samaya AI jaba azoka kA prAsAda khaDA thA, tathA bADha kI retIlI miTTI ne na kevala mahala ke pharza ko hI nau phuTa U~cI ladAna se DhAka liyA, balki mahala ke stambhoM ko bhI karIva karIva unakI prAdhI UMcAI taka DhAka diyA, (Arkiyolojika sarve oNva iDiyA, enuala riporTa, 1912-13, pR0 61-62) / DA0 spUnara isa bAta kA patA na calA sake ki vADha kitane dino taka calI, na unako isa bAta kA ThIka-ThIka andAjA laga sakA ki vADha AI kava ? "yaha bAta sambhava hai ki hama AkhirI bAta kA aTakala lagA ske| hamane Upara dekhA hai ki rAkha vAlI stara meM yA usI ke AsapAsa khudAI se hameM I0 prathama zatAbdI ke sikke aura kucha vastue~ milI haiN| ye prAcIna cihna gupta-kAlIna IMTa kI dIvAro se to jarUra hI purAne hai / agara I0 san kI pahalI kucha sadiyo meM aist AI hotI to ina avazeSo aura sikko kA yahA~ milanA Azcaryajanaka hotA / isa avasthA meM unhe mauryakAlIna farz2a para yA usake kucha Upara milanA cAhie thaa| agara imArata sikko ke calana -kAla meM barAvara vyavahAra me thI to vADha sikko ke kAla aura gupta kAla ke bIca meM AI thii| ina saba bAto se aura jo sabUta hamAre pAsa haiM unase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki vADha IsA kI prathama zatAbdI me yA usase do eka sadI haTa kara AI, tathA isa kAla ke sikke aura vastue~ jo guptakAla kI dIvAra ke nIce mile hai isa bAta ke dyotaka hai ki mauryakAlIna mahala kA thoDAbahuta vyavahAra vADha haTa jAne para bhI varAbara hotA rahA / miTTI ke stara kA sirA pharza kA kAma detA rahA hogA / imArata bahuta kucha TUTa-phUTa gaI hogI tathA usakI bhavyatA meM bhI bahuta kucha pharaka paDa gayA hogA, lekina isakA koI kAraNa nahI dekha paDatA ki vaha basane lAyaka na rahI ho / agara khambho kI UMcAI vIsa phuTa thI (zAyada ve isase u~ce hI the) to retIlI miTTI ne unheM karIba gyAraha phuTa choDa diyA hogA aura yaha koI bilakula sAdhAraNa UMcAI nahI hai / isalie yaha sambhava haiM ki vADha ke saikaDo varSa vAda taka bhI mauryakAlIna prasthAnamaDapa vyavahAra me AtA rahA " (vahI, pR0 62 ) / khudAI se isa bAta kA bhI patA calatA hai ki retIlI miTTI jamane ke bAda pUrI imArata jala gaI, kyoki guptakAlIna imArato ke bhagnAvazeSa sIvI rAkha kI taha para khaDe pAye gaye, jisase hama isa bAta kA anumAna kara sakate hai ki Aga kadAcit I0 ma0 cautho yA pAMcavI meM lagI ho / DA0 spUnara kI rAya me guptakAlIna dIvAreM calavI zatAbdI ke bAda kI nahIM ho sakatI aura isa vAta kI sambhAvanA adhika hai ki ve isake pahale kI ho /

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kucha jaina anuzrutiyA aura purAtattva 235 DA0 spUnara kI khudAI -sambandhI vaktavyo kI vivecanA karane para hama nimnalikhita tathyo para pahu~cate haiM - (1) pATaliputra meM usa samaya bADha AI java azoka kA mahala samUcA khaDA thA / vADha se usa para nau phuTa miTTI lada gaI / (2) I0 ma0 kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM ke sikke ityAdi gupta stara aura retIlI miTTI ke bIca meM milane se DA0 spUnara ne yaha rAya kAyama kI ki vADha I0 prathama zatAbdI yA ekAca sadI vAda zrAI hogii| (3) vADha ke vAda bhI purAnI imArata kucha-kucha kAma meM lAI jAtI thI / grantima kathana kA samarthana tityogAlI dvArA hotA hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki vADha ke bAda caturmukha ne eka nayA nagara purAne ko chor3akara basAyA / zrava hama dekha sakate hai ki tityogAlI ne pATaliputra ko bhopaNa vADha kA, jo I0 pahalI dUsarI zatAbdI meM zrAI thI, kaisA upAdeya aura vizada varNana jIvita raktA haiM / tityogAlI ke kalkI-prakaraNa ke Arambha meM hI yaha kahA gayA hai ki kalkI ne nando ke vanavAye pA~ca jaina- stUpo ko gaDhe ghana kI khoja meM khudavA DAlA / yuvAna cyAga isa kathA kA samarthana karate haiM / yuvAna cvAga ko pATaliputra ke pAsa choTI pahADI ke dakSiNa-pazcima meM pAMca stUpo ke bhagnAvazeSa dekha paDe / inake patra kaI mau kadamo ke the aura inake Upara bAda ke logo ne choTe-choTe stUpa banA diye the / ina stUpo ke samvandha yuvA cyAga do anuzrutiyo kA ullekha karatA hai / eka prAcIna anuzruti ke anusAra prazoka dvArA 84000 stUpa vanavAye jAne ke bAda buddhacihna ke pA~ca bhAga baca gaye aura azoka ne ina para pA~ca stUpa banavAye / dUmaro anuzruti, jisako yuvAna cyAga honayAniyo kI kahatA hai, ina pA~co stUpa meM nadarAjA kI pA~ca nidhiyoM aura mAta ratna gaDe the / bahuta dino bAda eka avauddha rAjA apanI senA ke mAtha zrAyA aura stUpo ko khodakara dhana nikAla lenA caahaa| itane bhUkampa AyA, sUrya vAdaloM se Dhaka gayA aura sipAhI marakara gira paDe / isake bAda kisI ne una snUpo ko nahI chyA (vATa, yuvAna ccAga, 2, pR0 16-68 ) / maM pATaliputra kI khudAI se mAta lakaDI ke bane cabUtare maurya stara se nikale hai / inameM hara eka kI lambAI 30 phuTa, cauDAI 54" aura UMcAI 41' hai / navakI banAvaTa bhI prAya eka mI hai / inake dono zrora lakaDI ke khUMTe, jinake ThUMTha vaca gaye haiM, lage the / cabUtaro ke vIca me bhI kucha lakaDI ke khambhe dekha paDate haiM, para inakA cabUtaroM se kyA samvandha thA, kahA nahI jA sakatA (zrA0 sa0ri0, vahI, pR0 73) / spUnara kA pahale dhyAna thA ki zAyada cabUtare bhArI khambho ke sa~bhAlane ke lie vane ho, para DA0 myUnara ne ima rAya ko svaya hI ThIka nahI maanaa| eka cabUtare meM vanAvaTa kucha aisI thI jina para DA0 spUnara kA dhyAna gyaa| dUsare cabUtaro kI taraha yaha cabUtarA pukhtA nahI hai aura usake bIca meM khaDA ardha-candrAkAra kaTAva haiM, jisame cabUtarA do vicitra bhAgo meM ba~Ta jAtA hai / isa vibhAjita cabUtare ke pazcima chora para aura pAma ke cabUtare ke pUrvI chora para jamIna kI sataha para eka IMTa kI banI huI gola khAta hai / isa taraha ke naqoM kA kucha tAtparyaM to jarUra thA, para usakA patA nahI calatA / DA0 myUnara kI pahalI sUjha yaha thI ki cabUtare zAyada vediyo kA kAma dete the aura valikarma khAta meM hotA thA / para isa mUjha ko sahArA dene ke lie sAhitya se unheM koI pramANa nahI milA aura na vauddhoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa pATaliputra meM balikarma sambhava hI thaa| isa antima kAraNa kA svaya uttara dete hue unakA kahanA hai cabUtare jo mauryakAla kI sataha se kaI phuTa nIce hai zAyada stambha ma - mauryaM grAsthAna maDapa se purAne ho, lekina ima rAya para bhI ve na jama sake (vahI, pR0 75) / ina lakaDI ke cabUtaro kA ThIka-ThIka tAtparya kyA thA, yaha kahanA to kaThina hai, lekina yaha sambhava hai ki inakA samvava nando ke stUpo se rahA ho| jo ho, ima vAta kA ThIka-ThIka nipaTArA tavataka nahI ho sakatA javataka kumrahAra kI khudAI aura bhI na baDhAI jAve / tityogAlI meM caturmukha kalko zraura pADivat zrAcArya kI mamakAlInatA bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se eka vizeSa mahattva rakhatI hai / hameM ima vAta kA patA nahI ki pADivat zrAcArya kauna the, para isameM koI zaka nahI ki ve apane kAla ke eka mahAn jaina - prAcArya the aura ho sakatA hai ki pAdaliptAcArya, jinake sambandha meM jaina sAhitya meM aneka

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premI-prabhinadana-praya 236 kiMvadantiyoM milatI hai, aura titthogAlI ke pADivat eka hI rahe ho| agara hamArA yaha anumAna rAhI hai to pAdalipta ke kAla ke sambandha meM kucha anuzrutiyA~ upalabdha hone se hama pATaliputra kI bADha kA samaya nizcita kara sakate haiN| ___'prabhAvaka-carita' meM (gujarAtI bhASAntara, prastAvanA lekhaka kalyANavijaya jI,bhAvanagara, sa.1987), jise prabhAcandra sUrI ne sa0 1334 (I0 1277) meM likhA, bahuta se jaina-sAdhuo kI jIvaniyAM dI huI hai| sakalana paripATo ke anusAra prAcIna jaina-prAcAryoM kI jIvaniyo meM bahuta sI bAda ko kiMvadantiyo kA bhI samAveza ho gayA hai| lekina sAtha-hI-sAtha unameM bahuta sI aisI aitihAsika anuzrutiyo kA sakalana bhI hai, jinakI macAI kA patA hameM dUsarI jagaho se bhI milatA hai| ___ 'prabhAvaka-carita' meM isakA ullekha milatA hai ki pAdalipta ke guru ne unheM mathurA jana-sagha kI unnati ke lie bhejaa| kucha dino mathurA Thahara kara ve pATaliputra gae, jahAM rAjA muruNDa rAjya karatA thaa| eka guthI huI Dore kI pecaka ko sulajhA kara tathA rAjA kI zira pIDA zAta karake pAdaliptAcArya ne pATaliputra me tathA rAja-daravAra meM apanA prabhAva jamA liyA (vhii0puu048-46)| pAdaliptAcArya rudradeva sUrI, zramaNasiMha sUri, Arya khapaTa aura mahendra upAdhyAya ke samasAmayika the| pahale do prAcAryoM se pAdalipta ke sabandha kA kevala isI bAta se patA lagatA hai ki jisa samaya pAdalipta mAnyakheTa gae the to usa samaya donoprAcArya vahA~ upasthita the| khapaTa tathA mahendra ke sAtha pAdalipta kI samakAlInatA kA varNana kucha dhuMdhalA sA hai| khapaTa ko jovanI ke anta meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki pAdalipta ne khapaTAcArya se manazAstra kI zikSA pAI thI (vahI prastAvanA, pR0 32-33) / khapaTAcArya kA samaya vijayasiMha sUri pravandha kI eka gAthA ke anusAra vIra nirvANa sa0 484 yA 40 I0 pU0 hai jo kalyANavijaya jI ke matAnusAra khapaTa kA mRtyu kAla honA cAhie (vahI, pR0 33) / cAhe joho, khapaTa ko aitihAsikatA meM koI zaka karane kI jagaha nahIM hai, kyoki prAcIna jaina-sAhitya me "niSItha cUNi' meM unakA nAma barAbara pAyA hai (vahI, pR0 33) / khapaTa ke ziSya mahendra ke bAre meM eka kathA pracalita hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki mahendra ke samaya pATaliputra kA rAjA dAhaDa saba mato ke sAdhuoko taga karatA thaa| vaha bauddha bhikSuo ko anAvRtta karavA detA thA, zaiva sAdhulo kI jaTAeM muMDavA detA thA, vaiSNava sAghupro ko mUrti-pUjA choDane para vAdhya karatA thA aura jana-sAdhuo ko surA-pAna para majabUra karatA thaa| rAjA ke vyavahAra se ghabarAkara jaina-sagha ne mahendra kI, jo una dino bharukaccha meM rahate the, sahAyatA caahii| kahA jAtA hai ki mahendra ne rAjA ko apane vaza meM karake pATaliputra ke grAhmaNo ko jaina-dIkSA dilavA dI (vahI, pR0 57-56) / muni kalyANavijaya jI kA kahanA hai ki dAhaDa zAyada zuga rAjA devabhUti thA aura brAhmaNa-dharma kA pakSapAtI hone ke kAraNa usane jaino se brAhmaNo ko namaskAra karavAyA aura isI buniyAda para ve khapaTa aura mahendra kA nAma samaya vikrama koprathama zatAbdI yA usake kucha aura pahale nirdhArita karate hai (vahI, pR0 33) / pAdalipta kA samaya nirdhArita karate hue kalyANavijaya jI unake muruNDa rAjA ke samakAlIna hone para jora dete hai| muruDa rAjA kalyANavijayajI ke anusAra kuSANa the aura pAdalipta ke samakAlIna muruDa rAjA kuSANo ke rAjasthAnIya the aura inakA nAma purANo ke anusAra vinasphaNi (azuddha vizvasphaTika 'sphaNi sphUrti' ityAdi) thA (vahI, pR0 34) / isa AdhAra para ve pAdalipta kA samaya vikrama kI dUsarI zatAbdI kA anta yA tIsarI kA prArambha mAnate hai| nAgahasti pAdalipta ke guru the aura nandinI paTTAvali aura yuga pradhAna paTTAvaliyo ke anusAra unako samaya vikrama sa0 151 aura 216 ke bIca meM thaa| isa bAta se bhI muni kalyANavijaya pAdalipta ke samaya ke bAre meM sva-nirdhArita mata kI puSTi mAnate hai (pR0 34) / zrI0 ema0 vI0 jhaberI muni kalyANavijaya dvArA nirdhArita pAdalipta ke samaya ko Thoka nahI mAnate (kapareTiva eDa kriTikala sTaDI bhAva mantra-zAstra, pR0 176 phuTa nott)| unakA kahanA hai ki pArya-rakSita ke anuyoga

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kucha jaina anuzrutiyA aura purAtattva 237 dvAra me pAdalipta kA samvodhana taraga vaikkAra se kiyA gayA hai| zrArya rakSita kA nidhana -kAla vi0 sa0 127 mAnA gayA ha ( 114 kalyANavijaya jI ke anusAra) aura agara yaha bAta saca hai to Arya - rakSita ke bAda pAdalipta kA nAma unake grantha meM se yA sakatA hai / jaisA Upara kahA jA cukA hai jaina-dhanuzrutiyA~ eka svara se pAdalipta aura muruNDo kI samakAlInatA para jora detI hai / pAdalipta kA samaya nirdhArita karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama muruNDo kA itihAsa jAneM / DA0 vAgacI ne iMDiyana hisTrI kAgresa ke prAcIna itihAsa vibhAga ke sabhApati kI haisiyata se jo bhASaNa diyA thA (di prosIDiMgsa at iDiyana hisTrI kAgresa, sikstha sezana, 1943) usase muruNDo ke itihAsa para kAphI prakAza paDatA hai / DA0 vAgacI sTena kono ke isa vicAra se sahamata nahI hai ki muruNDa zaka the / ve purANo ke isa mata kA samarthana karate hai, jisake anusAra muruNDa zako se bhinna mAne gae hai (vahI, 36-40 ) / muNDo kA patA samudragupta ke ilAhAvAda ke abhilekha se calatA hai / isa lekha meM muruNDa gupta bhRtya mAne gae hai | muruDa zavda khoha ke chaThavI zatAbdI vAle tAmrapatra meM bhI AtA hai / isameM kahA gayA hai ki ucchakalpa ke mahArAja sarvanAtha kI mAtA muruNDa devI yA muruNDa svAminI thI (vahI, pR0 40 ) / pro0 silavena levI ko khojo ke anusAra prAcIna cInI itihAsa meM bhI muruNDo kA nAma zrAtA hai / san 222-277 ke vIca eka dUta-maNDala phunAna ke rAjA dvArA bhAratavarSaM bhejA gayA / karIva 7000 lI kI yAtrA samApta karake maDala icchita sthAna ko pahu~cA / tatkAlIna bhAratIya samrATa ne yUnAna ke rAjA ko bahuta sI bheMTa kI vastue bhejI, jinameM yUvI deza ke cAra ghoDe bhI the| phUnAna jAne vAle bhAratIya dUta - maNDala kI mulAkAta cInI dUta se phUnAna darabAra meM huii| bhArata ke samvandha meM pUche jAne para dUta- maNDala ne batalAyA ki bhArata ke samrATa kI padavI miu-luna thI aura usako rAjadhAnI, jahA~ vaha rahatA thA, do zahara panAho meM ghirI thI aura zahara kI khAto meM pAnI nadI kI naharo se AtA thA / yaha varNana hameM pATaliputra kI yAda dilAtA hai (vahI, pR0 40 ) / uparokta varNana meM zrAyA huA miu-lUna cInI bhASA meM muruNDa zabda kA rUpAntara mAtra hai / bahuta se pakke sabUto ke na hote hue bhI yaha to kahA hI jA sakatA hai ki kuSANa aura gupta kAla ke vIca muruNDa rAjya karate the| TAlemI kI bhUgola aura cInI itihAsa ke prAdhAro se yaha vidita hotA hai ki IsA kI dUsarI aura tIsarI gatAvdI meM muruNDa pUrvI bhArata meM rAjya karate the (vahI pR0 41) / ina sabUto ke AdhAra para pro0 vAgacI nimna likhita nirNaya para pahu~cate hai "yaha kahane meM koI hicaka na honI cAhie ki muruNDa tukhAro ke sAtha bhArata zrAe aura unhone pUrvI bhArata meM pahale tukhAro ke bhRtyo ke rUpa me aura bAda me svatantra rUpa se rAjya sthApanA kii| yU-cI logo ke sAtha unakA samvandha una cAra yU-cI deza ke ghoDo se prakaTa hotA hai jo muruDa dvArA nAna ke rAjA ko bheTa die gae: / java hemacandra abhivAna - cintAmaNi me lampAko dhaura muruNDo ko eka mAnate haiM to isase yaha na mAna lenA cAhie ki muruNDo se hemacandra ke samaya me bhI loga paricita the / hemacandra kA zrAvAra koI prAcIna srota thA jise yaha vidita thA ki muruNDa lamadhAna hokara Ae / bhAratavarSa para caDhAI karate hue zako ne yaha rAstA nahI pakaDA thaa| zaka pUrvI bhArata taka pahu~ce bhI na the aura koI bhI purAnA grantha pATaliputra ke mAtha zako kA samvandha nahI btlaataa| ina saba bAto para dhyAna rakhate hue yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki muruNDa kupANI kI taraha tukhAro kA eka kavIlA thA, jo kuSANo ke patana aura gupto ke abhyutthAna ke itihAsa ke bIca meM khAlI hisse kI khAnApUrI karatA hai / yaha bAta purANakAro ko mAlUma thI / " "hama muruNDo kI sthiti kA tukhAro ke sAtha-sAtha madhya eziyA me adhyayana kara sakate haiM / grIka zrIra romana lekhaka, jaise strAvo, plinI aura perigeTa eka phinoI nAma ke kavIle kA nAma lete haiM, jo tukhAro ke zrAsapAsa rahatA thaa| agara plinI kI bAta hameM svIkAra hai to phinoDa yA phuni prattakorisa parvata ke dakSiNa meM rahate the, tumhAra yA tokhari phinoi ke dakSiNa meM aura kamiri yA kazmIra tukhAro ke dakSiNa me / phinoi kA saMskRta me

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premI-abhinadana-praya 238 muruNDa rUpAntara acchI taraha ho sakatA hai| purANa vAlo ko muruNDa zabda likhane meM kucha hicaka sI lagatI thii| udAharaNArtha 'vAyu purANa' jisake pATha kAphI prAmANika hai, muruNDa na likha ke puruNDa yA puraNDa likhatA hai" (vahI, pR041)| 'matsya','vAyu' aura 'brahmADa' purANo ke AdhAra para caudaha tukhAra rAjAmo ke vAda, jinakA rAjya-kAla 107 yA 105 varSoM taka sImita thA, 13 guruNDa yA muruNDa rAjAo ne matsya purANa ke anusAra 200 barasa taka aura vAyu tathA brahmADa ke anusAra 350 varasa taka rAjya kiyaa| lekina pAjiTara ke anusAra 350 varpa 200 varSa kA apavAda hai, kyo ki viSNu aura bhAgavata purANo me muruNDo kA rAjya-kAla ThIka-Thoka 196 varSa diyA hai (pAjiTara, DAyanesToz2a A~va kali eja, pR0 44-45, lanDana 1913) / ava paurANika kAla-gaNanA ke anusAra tukhArone 107 yA 105 varSa rAjya kiyA aura agara tukhAra aura kuSANa eka hI hai to kupANo kA rAjya 183 yA 185 I0 taka pAtA hai| agara isa gaNanA meM hama muruNDa rAjya-kAla ke bho 200 varSa joDa deM to muruNDo kA anta karIva 385 I0 me paDatA hai| samudragupta dvArA muruNDa vijaya bhI isI kAla ke pAsa-pAsa Akara par3atA hai| ava eka kaThina prazna yaha uThatA hai ki muruNDarAjya-kAla ke kisa bhAga meM pAdalipta hue, kyoki muruNDo kA rAjya kAla 185 I0 se 385 I0 taka rahA aura muruNDa rAjAo me kisI kA nAma se sambodhana nahIM huA hai| anuyogadvAra ko anuzruti ke anusAra, jisakA varNana Upara ho cukA hai, pAdaliptakA samaya IsvI pahalI zatAbdI pAtA hai java muruNDa svatantra zAsaka na hokara kuSANo ke sevaka mAtra the| pATaliputra ke muruNDo aura puruSapura ke (pezAvara) kuSANa rAjAno me kAphI ghaniSTha samvandha thaa| bRhatkalpa-sUtrabhASya (bhA0 3, 2261-63) me eka kathA hai jisame vatalAyA gayA hai ki muruNDa rAjadvArA preSita dUta puruSapura ke rAjA se tIna dino taka na mila sakA, kyoki jaba vaha rAjA se milane nikalatA thA use koI-na-koI bauddha bhikSu mila jAtA thA aura ise apazakuna mAna kara vaha Age na baDha sakatA thaa| anta me vaDe vandovasta ke bAda dUta rAjA se mila paayaa| isa ghaTanA ke prAsagika rUpa se hama jaino aura vauddho ke vara-bhAva kA patA pAte hai, jisakI jhalaka hama cInI bhASA meM anuvAdita azvaghoSa ke sUtrAlakAra kI usa kathA meM pAte hai, jisameM kaniSka dhArmika hone ke nAte eka stUpa ko praNAma karatA hai, lekina stUpa vAstava me jaina thA jo kaniSka ke praNAma karate hI TUTa gayA, kyo ki use rAjA ke praNAma karane kA ucca adhikAra hI na prApta thaa| (jI0 ke0 narImAna, liTarerI hisTrI praoNva saskRta budhijama, pR0 167, bambaI 1923) / agara mahendra aura pAdalipta kI samasAmayikatA bhI ThIka mAna lI jAya to bhI pAdalipta kA samaya I0 pahalI sadI ThaharatA hai| usa samaya dAhar3a nAma kA eka pApI rAjA thA jo kisI dharma kI paravAha nahI karatA thaa| mahendra ne use dIkSita kiyaa| prabhAvaka-carita ke dAhaDa me aura titthogAlI ke kalki caturmukha me bahuta samAnatA pAI jAtI hai aura agara ye dono eka hI hai to pAdalipta kA samaya I0 kI pahalI zatAbdI ho sakatI hai jaba zAyada kuSANo ke dhArmika pakSapAta se jaino ko aneka kaSTa jhelane paDe ho| para isa bAre meM ThIka-ThIka nahI kahA jA sakatA, kyoki mathurA me kakAlI TolA ke mile jaina stUpa ke abhilekho se yaha patA calatA hai ki kaniSka se lekara vAsudeva ke kAla taka jaina svatatratA ke sAtha apane devo aura stUpa kI pUjA kara sakate the| muni kalyANavijaya jI ne majabUta tarko dvArA yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki pAdalipta I0 zatAbdI dUsarI yA tIsarI me hue java kuSANo kA mahAmAtra vizvasphANi kA vihAra para rAja thaa| DA. jAyasavAla (hisTrI oNva iDiyA, pR042) ke anusAra purANo kA vizvasphANi, jise vizva sphATi aura vivasphATi bhI kahA gayA hai, vanasphara yA vanasparathA jisakA ullekha kaniSkakAlIna abhilekhomeAyA hai (epi0 iDi08, pR0 173) kaniSka ke rAjya ke tIsare varSa ke lekha meM jisa viSaya meM vanArasa thA usakA vanasphara kSatrapa thA aura mahAkSatrapa thA kharapallANa / vanasphara vAda meM I0 sa0 60-120 ke damiyAna mahAkSatrapa ho gayA hogA, aisA DA0 jAyasavAla kA anumAna hai| vAyu aura brahmADa purANa tomaro zatAbdI ke rAjakulo kA varNana karate hue vizvaphANi kA nimnalikhita zabdo meM ullekha karate hai "mAgadho kA

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kucha jaina anuzrutiyA aura purAtattva 236 rAjA vizvasphANi (bhAgavata, vizvasphUrti, vAyu, vizvasphaTika) bahuta baDA vIra hogaa| sava rAjAo kA unmUlana karake vaha nimna jAti ke logo ko jaise kaMvoM, pacako (brahmADa, madraka, viSNu, yadu) pulindo aura brAhmaNo ko rAjA bnaaegaa| una jAtiyo ke logo ko vaha vahuta se dezo kA zAsaka niyukta kregaa| yuddha me vaha viSNu ke samAna parAkramI hogaa| (bhAgavata ke anusAra usakI rAjadhAnI prabhAvatI hogii)| rAjA vizvasphANi kA rUpa SaNDa kI taraha hogaa| kSatriyo kA unmUlana karake vaha dUsarI kSatriya jAti bnaaegaa| deva, pitR aura brAhmaNo ko tuSTa karatA huA vaha gagA ke tIra jAkara tapa karatA huA zarIra choDa kara indraloka ko jAegA (pAjiTara vahI, pR073)| vizvasphANi kA tityogAlI ke keli se mela khAtA hai / purANo ke matAnusAra vaha brAhmaNo kA Adara karane vAlA kahA gayA hai, lekina yaha kevala purANo kI brAhmaNa zreSThatA svIkAra karAne vAlI kapola-kalpanA mAlUma hotI hai, kyoki vanasphara jAti nahIM mAnatA thA aura kSatriyo kA to vaha kaTTara vairI thaa| agara jAyasavAla kI rAya ThIka hai to vanasphara kA samaya I0 san 81-120 taka thA aura agara titthogAlI ke kalkI aura vanasphara eka the to pATaliputra ke vADha kA samaya dUsarI zatAbdI ke pahale caraNa meM rakkhA jA sakatA hai| purANa-sAhitya, jaina-sAhitya tathA cInI-sAhitya se hame vihAra para videzI muruNDo ke adhikAra kA patA calatA hai, lekina vihAra meM purAtattva kI pragati sImita rahane se usake dvArA muruNDo ke prazna para vizeSa prakAza nahI paDa sakA hai| vaizAlI kI khudAI se yaha to patA calatA hai ki IrAnI sabhyatA kA prabhAva bihAra para paDa rahA thA, para isake lAne vAle khAsa IrAnI the yA zaka-tukhAra, isa prazna para vizeSa prakAza abhI taka nahI paDa sakA hai| vaizAlI se cauthI yA pAMcavI zatAbdI kI eka mudrA milI hai, jisa para IrAnI agnivedI banI huI hai tathA guptabrAhmI kA lekha bhI usa para hai| aisI mudrAe~ sara jAna mArzalako bhITA kI khudAI se bhI milI thii| DA0 spUnara kA anumAna hai ki ina mudrAmo se yaha patA calatA hai ki ve ikkI-dukkI na hokara usa IrAnI prabhAva kI dyotaka hai jisakA sambandha kAbula ke kisI rAjakula se na hokara vihAra meM svatantra rUpa se phale-phUle IrAnI prabhAva se hai| isa mudrA para bhagavata Adityasya lekha hone se isa mudrA kA sambanva kisI sUrya ke mandira se ho sakatA hai aura zAyada yaha mandira bhArata meM vase IrAniyo kA ho, kyoki agara mandira hinduo kA hotA to mudrA para IrAnI agnivedI na hotii| DA0 spUnara kA kahanA hai ki IrAnI prabhAva aura sUrya-pUjA paTanA aura gayA jilo me gupta kAla se bahuta adhika purAnI thI aura isakA sambandha kAbula ke cauthI zatAbdI ke kuSANo se na hokara una paradAra miTTI kI mUrtiyo se hai, jinakA kAla maurya yA zuga hai (ena0 ri0 pra0 sa0 i0, 1913-14, 10 118-120) / vasADha ke miTTI kI mUrtiyo para IrAnI prabhAva'jAnane ke lie hameM una mUrtiyo ke bAre meM bhI kucha jAna lenA caahie| khudAI me do miTTI ke sara mile hai| unameM eka vartulAkAra Topa pahane hai aura dUsarA cogedAra ttopii| dono videzI mAlUma par3ate hai| ina mUrtiyo kA kAla zuga yA maurya mAnA gayA hai (vahI, pR0 108) / DA. gaoNrDana isa kAla se sahamata nahIM hai (jarnala oNva dI iDiyana sosAyaTI oNva oriyaTala ArTa, bA09, pR0 164) / unakA kahanA hai ki unameM cakkaradAra (radiate) zirovastra vAlA zira gandhAra kalA ke suvarNa yuga kA dyotaka hai aura usakA kAla isA pU0 prathama zatAvdI hai| dUsarA zira sA~ce meM DhalI huI iDosidiyana yA iDopArthiyana mUrtiyo se samatA rakhatA hai Ara isakA samaya bhI I0pU0 prathama zatAbdI hai| DA0 gaoNrDana ina ziro ko isalie maurya nahIM mAnate ki inakA sambandha mAya kAlIna miTTI kI mUrtiyo se na hokara I0pa0 prathama zatAbdI kI bhArata meM jagaha-jagaha pAI gaI mRNanmUrtiyo se hai| pasATa ma khilauno kI tastiyAM bhI milI hai, jiname strI-mUrti ko pakha lagA diye gaye hai| DA0 spUnara ina paro ko bAbula kA dana mAnate hai aura unakA vicAra hai pasipolisa kI IrAnI kalA se hotA huA yaha prabhAva bhArata meM aayaa| ye mAyA IrAna se sIdhI na pAkara basADha meM hI banI thI aura isa bAta se DAkTara spUnara yaha niSkarSa nikAlate hai ki maurya kAla meM bhI IrAnI prabhAva vihAra meM vidyamAna thA (grA0 sa0 ri0, vahI, pR0 116) / para DA0 gaoNrDana zrI kADriMgaTana sahamata hote hue ina pakha vAlI strI-mUrtiyo kA samaya mAMcIkalA ke bAda vAlA yuga arthAt I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI

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240 premI-abhinadana-pratha mAnate hai (gaoNrDana, vahI, pR0 157) / ina mUrtiyo kA samaya tabataka Thoka nizcita nahIM ho sakatA javataka khudAI vilakula vaijJAnika Dhaga se na kI jaay| lagatA hai ki vasADha ke staro me kucha ulaTa-pulaTa ho jAne me Upara-nIce kI vastue~ bahudhA mila gaI hai (sUnara, vahI, pR0 114) / rahI IrAnI prabhAva kI prAcInatA kI vAta / mauryakAla meM vizeSakara azokakAla kI kalI me kucha alakaraNa IrAnIkalA se liye gaye, lekina pAyA ki vaha prabhAva kSaNika thA yA usakA vistAra hunA, isakA abhI hameM vizeSa patA nahI hai / lekina IrAnI yA yo kahie pUrva IrAnI bhASA bolane vAle zaka I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI me mathurA taka A dhamake, vyApArI yA yAtrI ke rUpa meM nahIM, varan vijetA hokara / tava unake sAtha AI huI IrAnIkalA kI bhAratIyakalA para chApa paDanA avazyambhAvI thA aura isI ke phalasvarUpa hama bhAratIyakalA meM videzI vastro me AcchAdita TopI pahane hue madhya eziyA ke logo ke darzana karate hai / kuSANa kAla meM eka aise varga kI mRNanmatiyo kA pracalana hunA jo kevala videziyo kA pradarzana mAtra karatI hai| DA0 gaoNrDana ne baDe sUkSma adhyayana ke bAda aisI mRNanmUrtiyo kA samaya I0 pU0 pahalo zatAbdI se I0 san tIsarI zatAbdI taka rakkhA hai| vamADha ke IrAnI prabhAva se prabhAvita mRNanmUrtiyA~ bhI isI samaya kI hai aura vihAra para muruNDa-kupANa rAjya kI eka mAtra prAcIna nigAnI hai| bhaviSya ke purAtattvavettAo kA yaha kartavya honA cAhie ki una sabUto ko ikaTThA kare, jinase pUrva bhArata kA zako aura kuSANo me sambandha prakaTa hotA hai| aisA karane me itihAsa kI bahuta sI bhUlI bAteM hamAre sAmane A jAyeMgI tathA jaina aitihAsika anuzrutiyo ke kucha avodhya prazo para bhI prakAza pddegaa|| pATaliputra ke vADha-samvandhI pramANo kI jAMca karane para hama nimnalikhita niSkarSoM para pahuMcate hai-(1) vADha rAjA kalkI ke rAjyakAla meM AI / vaha saba dharmoM ke mAdhuo aura bhikSuo ko satAtA thaa| (2) vaha kauna sA aitihAsika rAjA thA, isake sambandha meM aitihAsiko kI eka rAya nahI hai| usakA puSyamitra honA, jaisI muni puNyavijaya jI ko rAya hai, sambhava nahIM hai, kyoki purAtattva ke pramANa ke anusAra vADha I0 san kI pahalI yA dUsarI zatAbdI meM aaii| zAyada kalkI purANo kA vizvasphara yA kuSANa lekho kA vanasphara rahA ho| (3) agara titthogAlI ke AcArya pADivat aura cUNiyo aura bhASyo ke pAdalipta eka hI hai tava vADha IsA kI pahalI yA dUsarI zatAbdI me AI, kyoki yahI pAdalipta kA samaya mAnA jAtA hai| (4) purANo aura cInI-sAhitya ke pramANo ke AdhAra para muruNDa, jo pAdalipta ke samakAlIna the, isI kAla meM hue| (5) yaha sambhava hai ki vADha vAlI ghaTanA kuSANa rAjya ke prArambha meM ghaTI ho, kyoki eka vAhya saskRti kA deza kI prAcIna saMskRti se dvandva hone se dhArmika asahiSNutA aura usake phalasvarUpa prAcIna dharma ke anuyAyiyo para atyAcAra honA koI anahonI ghaTanA nahIM hai| tityogAlI ke kalki kA - atyAcAra tathA paurANika vizvasphANi, jo zAyada kuSANa abhilekho kA vanasphara thA, ke anArya karma zAyada IsA kI pahalI zatAbdiyo kI rAjanaitika aura sAskRtika uthala-puthala ke pratIka hai| (6) purAtattva se abhI taka muruNDa aura kuSANo kA pUrva bhArata me sambandha para vizeSa prakAza nahI paDA hai| phira bhI kucha mRNanmUrtiyo ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki zaka saskRti kA prabhAva vihAra meM I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI meM paDa cukA thA aura vAda me vaha aura vddhaa| jaina-sAhitya meM kuNAlA yA zrAvastI meM bhI eka baDI vADha pAne kI anuzruti hai| Avazyaka-cUNi (pR0 465, ratalAma, 1928) me isakI kathA isa bhAMti dI huI hai "kuNAlA meM kuruNTa aura utkuruNTa nAma ke do AcArya nagara kI nAliyo ke muhAne para rahA karate the| varpA-kAla meM nAgariko ne unheM vahA~ se nikAla bhgaayaa| krodha meM Akara kuruNTa ne zrApa diyA, "he deva | kuNAlA para vrso|" chUTate hI utkuruNTa ne kahA, "pandraha dina tk|" kuruNTa ne duharAyA, "rAta aura din|" isa taraha zrApa dekara dono nagara choDakara cale gye| pandraha dino taka ghanaghora barasAta hotI rahI aura isake phalasvarUpa kuNAlA nagarI aura tamAma janapada baha gye| kuNAlA kI vADha ke 13 varasa vAda mahAvIra svAmI kevalI hue|" muni kalyANavijaya kI gaNanA ke anusAra 43 varSa kI avasthA meM mahAvIra kevalI

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. BAR SHIVA FACE AS DAEner - . . -n Neer MASTERROREAFF ARRUST 21. Treasure . R5E. S - 3 ASSIG CRIBE Pay SVEY EMPIRESHEE 22VCANMALA FULLSEX. mA -NEL . RO TARA RAJE 57UPAY NiHETERATRE TORS + Via RPIOR T chuad - -. . zeSazAyI viSNu viSNumadira kA dakSiNa dizA kA zilApaTTa [purAtattva vibhAga ke saujanya se

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kucha jaina anuzrutiyA aura purAtattva 241 hue aura usa samaya mahAtmA buddha 65 varasa ke the (kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa savat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, pU0 43) / lakA kI anuzruti ke anusAra buddha kA nirvANa 80 varSa kI avasthA meM I0 pU0 543-44 meM huA aura isalie mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna kI prApti I0 pU0 558-56 meM huii| mahAvIra ke kevalajJAna ke teraha varasa pahale yAnI I0 pU0 57172 meM kuNAlA kI vADha aaii| zrAvastI kI isa vADha kA jikra dhammapada aTThakathA meM bhI AyA hai| kahate hai ki anAthapiNDika ke aThAraha karoDa rupaye acirAvatI (Adhunika rAptI) ke kinAre gaDe hue the| nadI meM eka vAra vADha AI aura pUrA khajAnA vaha gayA (varaliMgema, vudhisTa lIjeDas, vA0 2, pR0 268) / kheda kI vAta hai ki prAcIna zrAvastI (Adhunika saheTa-maheTa) kI jAMca-par3atAla Upara hI Upara huI hai, khAI khoda kara staro kI khoja bhI abhI taka nahIM huI hai| yaha jAnane kI hameM baDI utsukatA hai ki pATaliputra kI taraha yahA~ bhI purAtattva eka prAcIna anuzruti kA samarthana karatA hai athavA nhii| agara purAtattva se anuzruti sahI nikalatI hai to hameM prAg mauryakAla kI eka stara kA ThIka-ThIka kAla mila jAyagA aura yaha purAtattvavettAo ke eka vaDe kAma kI bAta hogii| ( 3 ) jaino kA kAryakSetra vizeSakara vihAra, yuktaprAnta, dakSiNa tathA gujarAta rahA hai / jaina-sAhitya meM pajAva kA ullekha kevala prAsagika rUpa se AyA hai| takSazilA, jisakA ullekha vauddha-sAhitya meM kAphI taura se AyA hai, jainasAhitya meM bahuta kama vAra AI hai| prAcIna TIkA sAhitya me takSazilA ko jaina dhammacakra bhUmi kahA gayA hai (bRhatkalpasUtra, 1774) / Avazyaka cUNi (pR0 162, A0ni0 322) meM kahA gayA hai ki RSabha deva vahA~ aksara cArikA kiyA karate the| eka samaya vAhubali ko khavara lagI ki RSabha deva vahA~ Aye hue hai| unake darzanArtha ve dUsare dina vahAM pahuMce, lekina RSabhadeva vahAM se cala cuke the| bAhubali ne bhagavAn ke caraNa-cihno para eka dharmacakra sthApita kara diyaa| prabhAvakacarita meM mAnadeva sUri kI kathA ke antargata takSazilA kA varNana AyA hai / kathA hama nIce uddhRta karate hai, kyoki usake kucha prazo se takSazilA kI khudAI kI satyatA para prakAza paDatA hai mAnadeva sUri ne yuvAvasthA me muni pradyotana mUri se jaina-dharma kI dIkSA lii| kucha dino me ve mUla sUtro me niSNAta ho gaye aura unake tapa se prabhAvita hokara logo ne unheM prAcArya pada para adhiSThita kiyaa| usI samaya dharmakSetra rUpa aura pAMca sau caityo me yukta takSazilA nagarI meM bhArI upadrava uTha khaDA huaa| bhayakara rogo se grasta hokara loga akAla mRtyu pAne lage aura auSadhiyoM roga-zamana meM sarvadA asamartha rhii| roga kA itanA vega vaDhA ki nagara ke vAhara hajAro citAe~ lagane lagI aura pujAriyo ke prabhAva se deva pUjA aTaka gii| zrAvako me se thoDe bahuta jo vaca gaye the ikaTThA hokara apane bhAgya ko kosane aura devI-devatAno kI svArthaparatA kI AlocanA karane lge| unakI yaha avasthA dekhakara zAsana devI ne Akara kahA, "Apa santApa kyo karate hai / mleccho ke pracaDa vyantara ne sava devI-devatAo ko dUra kara diyA hai| aisI avasthA meM vatalAie, hama kyA kara sakate ha' Aja se tIna varSa vAda taruSko ke hAtha nagara bhaga ho jAvegA, yaha saba samajha kara Apa jo cAheM kareM, para mai Apako eka upAya batAtI hai jise Apa sAvadhAna hokara sunie, jisase sagha kI rakSA ho| isa upadrava ke zAnta hote hI Apa hamArI vAta mAnakara isa nagara ko choDakara dUsarI jagaha cale jaayeN|" devI kI bAta mAnakara zrAvako ne apanI rakSA kA upAya puuchaa| devI ne nagara ke makAno ko mAnadeva ke padadhovana sa pavitra karane ko rAya dii| usakI rAya meM upadrava zAnti kA ekamAtra yahI upAya thaa| ... guru ko bulAne ko vIradatta nAma kA zrAvaka bhejA gyaa| mAnadeva ke pAsa jayA vijayA nAma kI do deviyo gAvaTha dekha use prAcArya ke caritra para kacha sandeha hA aura isake lie deviyo ne usakI kAphI lAnata-malAmata kii| takSazilA jAne se inakAra kiyA. para upadrava ke zamana ke lie kacha mantra batalA diye| vIradatta ne takSazilA "Akara logo ko zAntistava vatalAyA aura usake prabhAva se kucha hI dino meM upadrava gAnta ho gyaa| usake 31

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242 premI-abhinadana-pratha vAda loga apanI icchA se nagara choDakara dUsarI jagaha cale gye| tIna varSa bItane para turuSko ne isa mahA nagarI ko naSTa kara diyaa| vahA~ ava taka (13vI zatAbdI taka) pASANa tathApItala kI mUrtiyAM tahakhAno meM milatI hai (prabhAvakacarita, bhUmikAlekhaka kalyANavijaya jI, pR0 184-187, bhAvanagara, 1630) / muni kalyANavijaya jI ke anusAra paTTAvaliyo meM do mAnadevo kA varNana hai| mAnadeva prathama 20ve paTTadhara the aura mAnadeva dUsare 28ve paTTadhara the jo prAcArya haribhadra ke parama mitra the| paTTAvaliyo ke anusAra mAnadeva prathama vIranirvANa savat kI AThavI zatAbdI me hue| acala gaccha kI vRhat paTTAvalI meM mAnadeva sUrI ko 21vA paTTadhara mAnA gayA hai aura unakA samaya 731 vIranirvANa savat (vi0 sa0 261, I0 san 204) diyA hai / paTTAvaliyo kI rAya se mAnadeva I0 san kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM hue / lekina ina mAnadeva sUrI kA yA inake anuyAyiyo kA bhASyo aura cUrNiyo meM jikra taka nahIM hai (vahI, bhUmikA, pR072)| takSazilA para turuSko ke AkramaNa para vicAra karate hue muni kalyANavijaya jI isa bAta kI ora maketa karate hai ki yaha ghaTanA mAnadeva ke jIvana-kAla meM arthAt I0 san 207 ke pahale ghaTI hogii| unakA kahanA hai ki zAyada sasAnI rAjA Adezara ne hI takSazilA kA nAza kiyA hogA, para isake lie koI aitihAsika pramANa nahIM hai (vahI, pR072-73)| isa laDAI ke pahale hI jainasagha vahA~ se cala diyA aura kalyANavijaya jI ke matAnusAra posavAla jAti takSazilA ityAdi pazcima pajAva ke nagaro ke jainasagho se nikalI huI hai| isa jAti kI kaI khAsiyato ko dekhate hue, jinameM unakA aura zAkadvIpI brAhmaNo (sevakoM) kA sambandha bhI hai, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki prosavAlo ke pUrva puruSa pazcima bhArata se Aye the| takSazilA kI caDhAI kA tIsarI zatAbdI ke prArambha meM hone kA pramANa kevala isa ghaTanA kA mAnadeva sUri ke samaya me honA hI hai| agara hama mAnadeva sUri kI kathA kI bhalI bhAMti jAMca-par3atAla kareMto unakA takSazilA se kevala itanA hI sambandha dekha paDatA hai ki unhone mahAmArI ke zamana ke lie eka zAntistava bhejA aura yaha kathA pIche se bhI gaDha lI jA sakatI hai| prabhAvakacaritra meM aneka sthala aise hai jahAM purAnA nayA sava milA diyA gayA hai| pAdaliptAcArya kI jIvanI meM unakI mAnyakheTa ke rASTakUTa rAjA kRSNa prathama (san 814-876) se mulAkAta likhI hai (vahI pR0 35) jo nitAnta asambhava hai / bAta yaha hai ki muniyoM ke caritra koI aitihAsika dRSTivindulekara to likhe nahI gaye the / ina paramparAgata caritro ke adhikatara maukhika hone ke kAraNa agara vAda ke baDe-baDe rAjAmo ke nAma usame juTate gaye ho to usameM koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai| lagatA aisA hai ki bahuta sI aitihAsika anuzrutiyA~ kisI zAstra vizeSa se sambandhita na hokara kevala maukhika thii| kAlAntara meM ghaTanA kA samaya to logo ko bhUla gayA, para ghaTanA jyo-kI-tyo rhii| muniyoM ke carita me unakA kisI ghaTanAvizeSa se sambandha dikhalA kara unake alaukika guNo ko prakAza meM lAnA thA, isalie purAnI anuzrutiyo ko kisI bAda ke prAcArya ke nAma ke sAtha joDa denA koI aisI anahonI bAta nahIM hai| yaha saba kahane kA tAtparya kevala yahI hai ki purAtattva kI khudAI se jo pramANa mile hai unase takSazilA kuSANo dvArA IsA kI pahalI zatAbdI meM naSTa huA aura anuzruti isa ghaTanA kA samaya IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI mAnatI hai| purAtattva ke pramANa akATya hai, isalie isa ghaTanA kA vAstavika kAla IsA kI pahalI zatAbdI kA anta hI mAnanA ThIka hogA / hA~, agara hama kaniSka ke kAla ko I0 san 127 yA usake pIche mAna leM, jaisA bahuta se vidvAno ne mAnA hai to zAyada anuzruti kI hI vAta ThIka rahe, kyoki adhikatara paTTAvaliyo ne mAnadeva ko 20vA paTTadhara mAnA hai aura unakA samaya vIranirvANa kA AThavAM saikA hai, jo IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke anta meM par3atA hai| aba hame dekhanA cAhie ki takSazilA kI khudAI se takSazilA nagara kA kuSANo dvArA nAza hone ke prazna para kyA prakAza paDatA hai, aura sAtha hI hameM isa bAta kI bhI paDatAla karanI cAhie ki jaino kA takSazilA se tathAkathita sambandha ThIka hai yA korI klpnaa| isa jAMca ke lie hameM takSazilA ke sirakapa nagara kI khudAI para vizeSa dhyAna denA hogaa| sara jAna mArzala ke kathanAnusAra I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI ke prArambhika varSoM meM iDogrIka rAjAo ne nagara

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kucha jaina anuzrutiyA aura purAtattva 243 bhauDa ke Tole me haTAkara mirakapa meM vasAyA aura yaha nagara varAvara grIka-zaka, pallava aura kupANa kAla taka arthAt vema kadaphisa (I0 san kI pahalI gatALI ke anta taka) taka varAvara vamA thA (mAla, gAiTa Tu takSilA, pR0 78, tRtIya smkrnn)| zaharapanAha ke andara se jo bhagnAvargapa mile hai unameM Upara ke do stara to pahnava aura prArambhika kuSANa kAla ke hai (ImA kI pahalI shtaabdii)| unake nIce tIsare aura cauthe stara gaka-pahnava kAla ke hai aura unake bhI nIce pAMcaveM aura chaThe stara groka kAla ke hai (vahI, pR076)| sarakapa ke rAjamArga ke AsapAsa kucha choTechoTe mandira mile haiM jinheMsara jAna mArgala ne jaina mandira batalAyA hai (vahI, pR080)| blAka 'jI' meM, jo rAjamArga ke dAhinI ora sthita hai, vahuta me baDe makAno ke bhagnAvazeSa mile hai jinakI khAsa vizeSatA yaha thI ki unake mAtha-sAtha nijI ThoTe mandira bhI bane hote the| ye mandira maTaka kI tarapha khule hote the jisameM bhaktoM ko darzana meM suvidhA hotI yo|laak 'jI' ke eka vaDe makAna meM, jo IyA ko pahalI zatAbdI ke madhya meM vanA thA, eka caitya pAyA gayA hai jo sara jAna mAla ke anumAra jaina-dharma kA hai| apane isa siddhAnta kI puSTi meM mara jAna kA kahanA hai ki ina caitya-stUpI ko banAvaTa mathurA ke arvacitro meM akita jaina-stUpo se bahuta milatI-julatI hai (vahI, pR0 87) / purAtattva kI nahAyatA se aba hameM mAlUma par3atA hai ki vAstava meM takSagilA ke sambandha meM jaina-anuzruti ThIka hai| eka samaya takSazilA jano kA bhI eka vaTA kendra rahA hogA, isameM magaya karane kI ava gujAiza nhiiN| IyA ke prathama zatAbdI ke anta meM kapANIne mirakapa para dhAvA mArakara use tahasa-nahama kara diyA aura bAda meM takSamilA kA nayA nagara migmukha me vmaayaa| kupANo kA isa vvamAtmaka kriyA kA pramANa sirakapa kI khudAI meM milA hai| blAka 'Do' meM prakaThaka (Apsidal temple) mandira kI pichalI dIvAra se saTe hue eka choTe kamare ke pharma meM mone-bAMdI ke bahuta me gahane aura varatana mile hai| bhara jAna mArzala kA kahanA hai ki bahuta sambhava hai ki marakapa kA yaha khajAnA tayA aura bhI bahuta me khajAne, jo khudAI meM mile hai, kupANI ke nagara para dhAvA bolane para jaldI me jamIna meM gATa diye gaye the (vahI, pR017)| ___ aba hama puna takSazilA vAlI jaina-anuzruti para dhyAna denA cAhie aura dekhanA cAhie ki umameM jo do-tIna bAta kahI gaI hai kyA ve itihAsa aura purAtattva ke prakAza meM ThIka vaiThatI hai ? pahalI bAta jo isa anuzruti meM hamArA dhyAna AkarSita karatI hai vaha hai turuko dvAga takSazilA kA vidhvama / hameM mAlUma hai ki pazcimI turapko kA gajya mAnavI zatAbdI meM tumbAristAna meM AyA jaba takSazilA kA nagara ke mpa meM parAbhava ho cukA thA, kyoMki sAtavI zatAbdI meM hI java yuvAna cvAga ne use dekhA to adhikatara vauddhavihAra naSTa ho cuke the aura vahuta thoDe me mahAyAna vAdaminu vahA~ rahate the (vATarma, yuvAna cvAga, bhAga 1, pR0 240) / phira aimI gaDavaTa kyoM ? kAraNa mAfa hai| turupka Adhipatya ke samaya ke lekhako ne tumvAra aura turuSka gabdo ko eka hI mAna liyA hai / DA0 vAgacI ke anusAra nuvArA yA kupANI kA deza tokhAristAna mAtavI gatAbdI meM pazcimI turkoM ke hAtha meM calA gyaa| taba yaha svAbhAvika pAki bAda ke saskRta lekhaka tukhArI aura tumako meM gaDabaDa kara baiThe (dI prosITiMgsa praoNva dIiDiyana hisTorikala sa, miksya megana, pR0 39) / terahavI sadI ke anta ke lekhaka prabhAvakacarita ke kartA prabhAcandra muri kA bhI isa purAno bhUla kA gikAra ho jAnA koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai|| . dUsarI bAta ko dhyAna dene ko hai vaha yaha ki jana-mUrtiyo kA tamagilA ke muivaro me terahavI zatAbdI taka milnaa| varA kA ulekha pAne se hamAre mAmane phaurana sirakapa ke vAstuzAstra kI eka vizepatA yA khaDI hotI hai, jisakA vivacana mara jAna mArgala ne acchI taraha kiyA hai| mirakapa ke gharo kI eka khAma vizeSatA yaha hai unameM se kucha meM eka kamara me dUsare kamare meM jAne ke rAste hai, lekina unameM eme daravAjA kA patA muzkila meM lagatA hai jinameM pAcauka se prAdamI bhItara jA ske| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki makAna U~ce aviSThAno para banate the aura aura aimA hone para ve miTTI se bhara diye jAte jAava dinbalAI dete hai yA tonIva kA kAma dete the kAtahamvAnoM ke aisA upayoga hotA hogA, jinameM pahuMcane ke lie apara ke kamaroM me sIDhiyAM nagI hotI hokara maDaka me yA cauka se AdamI bhItaraja makAna ke gvaDa jo aba dikhalAI dete hai yA ra haoNgayA unakA tahakhAno ke esA

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kucha jaina anuzrutiyA aura purAtattva 245 meru yAtrA kara lI hai aura agara devatA sarvasagha ko le jAne meM asamartha hai to ve bhI nahI jaayege| lajjita hokara devatA ne tatkAla devo sahita meru-mandira banAne kI pratijJA kI, jahA~ sAdhu gaNasagha ke sahita pUjA kara ske| rAtorAta devatA ne suvarNa kA ratnajaTita stUpa banAyA, jo devamUrtiyo se aura toraNa, mAlA, dhvajA, aura trichatra se alakRta thA aura tIna mekhalAmo me vibhAjita thaa| pratyeka mekhalA me cAro ora ratnajaTita devamUrtiyAM thI, jinameM pradhAna mUrti supArzvanAtha ko tho| prAta kAla java nagaravAsI jAge to stUpa dekhakara Apasa me laDane lge| kucha ne mUrti ko vAsuki-lAchana svayabhUdeva ko batalAyA, dUsaro ne zeSazAyI nArAyaNa se isakI tulanA kii| auro ne ise brahmA, dharaNIndra, sUrya yA candra vtlaayaa| bauddho ne ise jaina-stUpa na mAnakara buddhamaDala (buddhauNDa) mAnA / bIca-bacAva karane vAlo ne logo ko laDane se rokA aura kahA ki stUpa devanirmita hai aura vahI deva saba kI zakAo kA samAdhAna kregaa| bAda meM pratyeka mata ke anuyAyiyo se apane ArAdhya deva ke citrapaTa ke sAtha eka nizcita samaya ikaTThe hone ko kahA gayA aura yaha batalAyA gayA ki deva prerita ghaTanA se vahI paTa vaca jAyegA jisa deva kI stUpa meM mUrti hai aura vAkI titara-bitara ho jaayeNge| sava mato ke anuyAyI apane devatAo ke citrapaTo ke sAtha navamI ko ikaTThA hokara gAyana-vAdana karate hue Thahara gye| AdhI rAta meM vaDe joro kA andhaDa vahane lagA, jisase paTa uDa gaye aura logo ne cAro ora bhAga kara apanI jAna bcaaii| kevala supArzva kA citrapaTa jahAM-kA-tahAM sthita rhaa| logo ne paTayAtrA nikaalii| abhiSeka prArambha hone para pahale abhiSeka karane ke lie logo meM laDAI hone lgii| isa para vRddho ne eka kumArI kanyA dvArA eka sandUka se nAma nikalavAne kI vAta kahI aura yaha bhI nizcita kiyA ki garIba ho yA amIra jisakA bhI nAma pahale nikalegA vahI abhiSeka kA adhikArI hogaa| yaha ghaTanA dazamI ko ghttii| ekAdazI ke dina mUrti kA dUdha,dahI,ghI, kezara aura candana bhare hajAro ghaTa se abhiSeka huaa| abhiSeka meM alakSya devo ne bhI bhAga liyaa| vAda me hajAro ne abhiSeka karake mUrti ko dhUpa-vastra aura alakAro se pUjA kii| sAdhuo ko vastra, ghRta aura guDa kI bhikSA dI gii| dvAdazI ko mUrti ko mAlA pahanAI gii| isa prakAra sAdhu dharmaruci aura dharmaghoSa mUrti kI pUjA karate hue cAturmAsa vahA~ vitAkara anyatra pAraNA karake apane karmoM ko chinna karate hue mukti ko prApta hue aura mathurA usI dina se siddhakSetra ho gii| sAdhuo kI mRtyu se dukhI vaha devI ardhapalyopama jIvana vitA kara manuSya yoni meM paidA huI aura eka pIDhI ke bAda dUsarI pIDhI meM jo bhI deviyA~ usa sthAna para AI kuvera nAma se samvodhita huii| pArvasvAmI ke janma taka stUpa anAvRta paDA rhaa| isI bIca me mayurA ke rAjA ne lAlaca me Akara stUpa ko toDa dene kI aura usakA mAla-matA khajAne me dAkhila kara dene koAjJA dii| kulhADe le-lekara AdamI use toDane lage, para usakA kucha na vigaDA, pratyuta toDane vAlo ko coTeM lgii| isa para rAjA ne stUpa para svaya kulhADA calAyA aura kulhADe ne hAtha se phisala kara rAjA kA sira kATa diyaa| isa para devo kruddha hokara svaya prakaTa huI aura logo ko pApI kahakara naSTa kara dene kI dhamakI dii| dhamakI se Dara kara logo ne devatA ko prArAvanA kI aura usane nAza se bacane kA upAya jina kI ArAdhanA vatalAI / usI dina se vRhatkalpasUtra ke anusAra mathurA meM ghara ke pAlo me magala caitya kI sthApanA Arambha huii| usa samaya se pratyeka varSa supArzva ke citrapaTa ko rathayAtrA hotI thI aura kevala vahI rAjA jIvita raha sakatA thA jo gaddI caDhane para vinA bhojana kiye hue jina kI pUjA karatA thaa| eka samaya pArzvanAtha vihAra karate hue mathurA padhAre aura sagha ko upadeza dete hue unhone duSamA kAla me Ane vAlI kaThinAiyo aura vipattiyo ko btaayaa| ahaMta ke cale jAne para devI kuvera ne sagha ko Amantrita karake pArzvanAtha ko duSamA kAla sambandhI bhaviSyavANI batalAI, jisame Ane vAle rAjA prajA sahita lAlacI vatalAye gaye the| devI ne yaha bhI kahA ki usakA sarvadA jIvita raha kara stUpa kI rakSA karanA asambhava thA, isalie usane sagha se stUpa ko iMTo se Dhaka dene kI AjJA cAhI / sagha ke sadasya vAhara se pArzvanAtha kI pUjA kara sakate the aura sarakSikA devIstUpa ke bhItara thii| mahAvIra se 1300 varSoM se bhI adhika samaya vAda (karIva 750 I0 san) vappaTTi kA janma huaa| unhone tIrtha kA jIrNoddhAra karavAyA tathA pUjA kI suvidhA ke lie aneka upavana, kUe~ aura bhaDAra bnvaae| giratI huI ITo ko dekhakara usane jaba stUpa marammata ke lie kholanA cAhA to devI ne svapna me use aisA

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246 premI-abhinaMdana-praya karane se rokaa| devI kI bAta mAnakara unhoMne stUpa para caukora pattharo kA zrAvaraNa lagavA diyaa| Aja dina taka deva usame surakSita hai| hajAroM mUrtiyo, devakulo, vihAro aura gandhakuTiyo se susajjita yaha jina bhavana cillaNikA, amvAra kSetrapAlI kI sarakSatA meM Aja dina bhI vidyamAna hai / zruti kI vyavahArabhASya vAlI anuzruti se tulanA karane para yaha bAta sApha ho jAtI hai ki vyavahAra mAya vAlI anuzruti vividhatIrthaMkalpa kI anuzruti se kahI adhika purAnI hai / kucha khAsa vAto meM dono meM bheda bhI hai| vyavahArabhASya meM stUpa kA nirmANa sAdhuo ko unakI grahamanyatA kA daMDa dene ke lie huA thA, lekina vividhatIrthakalpa meM unakI racanA sAghugro ko prasanna karane ke lie dikhAI gaI haiM / vAda kI anuzruti meM stUpa ke bAre meM bhinna-bhinna matAvalambiyoM kI Apasa kI laDAI kA vistRta varNana karake jaino kI alokika zakti kI madada se jIta batalAI gaI haiM / vyavahArasUtra meM isakA koI ullekha nahI hai / usameM to kevala yahI batalAyA gayA hai ki vauddho dvArA jaina stUpa adhikRta hone para madada ke lie daivIzakti kA AhvAna kiyA gayA aura rAjA ne jaino dvArA prastAvita eka sIdhe-sAde upAya ko mAnakara nyAya kiyA aura stUpa jaino ko lauTA diyA / vividhatIrthakalpa me mathurA ke rAjA ko lAlacI kahakara use stUpa lUTane kI icchA rakhane vAlA batalAyA hai aura alaukika zakti dvArA usake ziroccheda kI bhI kathA kahI hai| prAcIna anuzruti meM ina nava vAto kA patA taka nahIM hai / vivighatIrthaMkalpa meM jo varNana jaina stUpa kA hai, vaha vyavahAra me nahI AtA / Age calakara hama usakI upAdeyatA dikhalAyeMge / digambara prAcAryoM ne bhI mathurA ke samvandha meM kucha anuzrutiyo kA ullekha kiyA hai / hariSeNAcArya racita vRhatkathAkoza meM, jisakA racanAkAla 132 I0 hai ( dekhie, DA0 upAdhye, vRhatkathAkoga, pR0 121, bambaI, 1943), varakumAra kI kathA meM mathurA ke pacastUpoM kA varNana AyA hai| unake nirmANa kI kathA isa bhAMti dI hai eka samaya mathurA kA rAjA pUtimukha eka vauddha prAcArya dvArA pAlita eka rUpavatI kanyA ko dekhakara mohita ho gyaa| rAjA ne bahuta sI dAna-dakSiNA vauddha sAbuna ko dekara usa sundarI se vivAha karake use paTarAnI banA diyA / phAlguna zukla aSTamI ko urvillA rAnI ne jaina ratha-yAtrA nikAlanI caahii| isa para IrSyA se zrabhibhUta hokara vauddha paTarAnI ne rAjA ko isa bAta para manA liyA ki boddharatha ke bAda jainaratha nikle| isase dukhI hokara rAnI uvillA jaina muni somadatta ke pAsa pahu~cI aura jina ke apamAna kI bAta kaha sunaaii| somadatta varakumAra ke pAsa pahu~ce aura vairakumAra unheM sAntvanA dekara sodhe zramarAvatI pahu~ce / vahA~ divAkarAdi devo aura vidyAdharo ne unakA svAgata kiyaa| yaha pUchane para ki sava kuzala to hai vairakumAra ne batalAyA ki mathurA meM jina-pUjA meM kisa taraha vighna ho gayA hai| yaha sunakara vidyAghara vaDe hI kupita hokara cala paDe / mathurA meM Akara somadatta zrAdi muniyoM ko unhone praNAma kiyA aura mathurAnta pradeza aura pura ke AkAza meM khecarezvara bhISaNa rUpa dhAraNa kara chA gaye tathA una ratho ko jina para buddha kI pUjA ho rahI thI naSTa kara DAlA tathA urvillA kA sone kA jaDAU jainaratha unhone vaDe gAje-bAje ke sAtha pura me ghumAyA tathA cA~dI ke jaDAUdAra pA~ca stUpa jinavezma ke sAmane vanAye ('mahArajatanirmANAn khacitAn maNinAyakai pacastUpAn vidhAyAgre samucca- jinavezmanAm', vahI, 12132) / vAda dhUpa-dIpa, puSpa se nAca-gAkara jina kI pUjA karake vidyAdhara svarga vApasa cale gaye (vRhatkathAkoza, 12, 101-143) / jAte hue ve jina-pUjA na karane vAlo ko naSTa kara dene kI dhamakI bhI dete gaye / somadeva sUrI ke yazastilaka campU me bhI, jisakA samaya zaka sa0 881 hai ( I0 sa0 659), yaha anuzruti prAya bahuta mAmUlI hera-phera ke sAtha jyoM-kI-tyo milatI hai (yazastilaka bhAga 2, pR0 313-315, kAvyamAlA, bambaI, 1903) / isameM bhAskaradeva kA vastrakumAra aura deva senA ke sAtha mathurA AnA likhA hai aura jinaratha ko ghumAkara jina prativimvAkita eka stUpa ke sthApanA kA bhI jikra hai / somadeva ke samaya taka usa tIrthaM kA nAma devanirmita thA ('ata evAdyApi tattIrtha devanirmitAkhyayA prayate', vahI, pR0 315) / " ina digambarAcAryo kI mathurA ke jaina stUpa viSayaka anuzrutiyo kI jA~ca paDatAla karane se patA calatA hai ki "

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kucha jaina anubhutiyA aura purAtattva 247 dono anuzrutiyA~ stUpa ke devanirmita mAnane meM eka hai / dono ke anusAra divAkarAdi devo kI madada se stUpa banA / para stUpa eka thA yA pA~ca isake bAre meM hariSeNa zraura somadeva kI anuzrutiyo meM bhinnatA hai / hariSeNa stUpo kI sakhyA pA~ca mAnate hai aura somadeva kevala eka / jAna paDatA hai ki somadeva prAcIna zvetAmbara anuzruti kI ora izArA karate hai aura hariSeNa usake vAda kI kisI anuzruti kI ora, java stUpa eka se pAMca ho gaye the| rAyapaseNaiya sutta me sUryAbhadeva dvArA jo mahAvIra-vandanA tathA stUpa Adi kA ullekha hai zAyada vahI ina dono anuzrutiyo kI pRSTha-bhUmikA hai / pacastUpa kava vane isakA to koI varNana nahI milatA, para aitihAsika dRSTikoNa se sabase pahale isakA patA pahADapura se mile gupta savat ke 159 varSa ( I0 sa0 479 ) ke eka tAmrapatra se milatA hai ( epi0 iNDi0, 20, pR0 56 se ) / isameM nagara ke adhikaraNaadhiSThAna ke pAsa eka brAhmaNa aura usakI patnI dvArA tIna dInAroM ke jamA kiye jAne kA jikra hai, jinake dvArA kucha jamIna kharIda kara usakI AmadanI se vaTa- gohAlI vihAra kI jaina pratimA kA pUjana ho sake / isa vihAra kA pravandha prAcArya guhanandin ke ziSya-praziSya karate the / prAcArya guhanandin kAzI ke the aura pacastUpAnvaya the (vahI, pR0 60 ) / tAmrapatra ke sampAdaka ke kathanAnusAra guhanandin digamvara AcArya the / digambara jaina-sampradAya ke tIna mahAn prAcArya vIrasena, jinasena aura guNabhadra mUla-sagha ke pacastUpa nAmaka anvaya meM hue hai, jo Age calakara senAnvaya yA senasagha ke nAma se vikhyAta huA / dhavalA, jayadhavalA aura uttarapurANa ke AdhAra para pa0 nAthUrAma jI premI kA kahanA hai ki svAmI vIrasena aura jinasena to apane vaza ko pacastUpAnvaya likhate hai, para guNabhadrasvAmI ne use senAnvaya likhA hai, aura vIrasena jinasena ke bAda anya kisI bhI AcArya ne kisI grantha me pacastUpAnvaya kA ullekha nahI kiyA hai (premI, jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 497, vambaI, 1942) / svAmI vIrasena kA svargavAsa premIjI ke anusAra za0 sa0 745 (san 823) ke lagabhaga 85 varSa kI avasthA meM huA (vahI, pR0 512 ) / jinasena kI mRtyu unhone 60 varSa kI avasthA me ga0 sa0765 ( I0 sa0 763) meM mAnI hai / ina saba pramANo se yaha patA calatA hai ki pacastUpakAnvayavaza IsA kI pA~cavI zatAbdI meM vidyamAna thA aura isakA anta IsA kI navI zatAbdI meM ho gayA aura phira isakA senAnvaya nAma paDA / zrutAvatAra ke anusAra, jo pacastUpanikAya se Aye, una muniyoM meM kisI ko sena aura kisI ko bhadra nAma diyA gayA aura kucha logo ke mata se sena nAma hI diyA gayA / ava prazna yaha uThatA hai| ki digambaro kA pacastUpanikAya kava se calA ? isa prazna ke uttara ke lie kAphI khoja kI jarUrata hai / mathurA me kakAlI TIle kI khudAI se mile bahuta se utkIrNa lekho se zvetAmbara jaina kula, zAkhAgro, gaNo aura AcAryoM ke nAma milate haiM, para unameM pacastUpAnvaya nikAya kA kahI varNana nahI hai / I0 pU0 dvitIya zatAbdI aura usake vAda, mahAkSatrapo ke rAjyakAla ke mile hue abhilekho se yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki kama-se-kama I0 pU0 200 taka to mathurA meM jainastUpa vana cukA thA (epi0 iDi0 2, pR0 195-96) / kuSANa kAla ke sa0 5 se savat 18 taka ke to bahuta se jaina-abhilekha mile hai, jinakA samaya zAyada I0 san 83 se lekara I0 san 176 taka hama mAna sakate hai (viseMTa smitha jainastUpa A~va mathurA, pR0 5), para ina lekho se na to pacastUpanikAya kA hI patA calatA hai na zvetAmbara digambaro ke bheda kA hI / sa0 79 me eka lekha se to yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki vAsudeva ke rAjyakAla taka isa stUpa kA nAma devanirmita thA (vahI, pR0 12 ) / DA0 phuharara kA kahanA hai ki kakAlI TIlA para vIca vAlA mandira to zvetAmvaro kA thA, para dUsarA mandira digambaro kA thA, jo vahI para mile eka lekha ke anusAra vi0 sa0 1080 yA I0 san ' 1023 taka digambaro ke hAtha meM yA (vahI, pR0 6) / para isa kathana meM pramANo kA sarvadA abhAva hai, kyoki tathAkathita digambara mandira se mile hue abhilekha aura mUrtiyA~ tathAkathita zvetAmbara mandira se mile hue mUrtiyo aura abhilekho se sarvathA abhinna hai / ina sava pramANo ko dekhate hue to yahI kahanA par3atA hai ki jahA~ taka mathurA kA samvandha hai vahA~ taka to IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI taka zvetAmbaro digambaro kA bheda nahI milatA / hama dekha zrAye hai ki digambara-mata mathurA ke stUpa ko pacastUpa mAnane meM eka nahIM hai, somadeva use devanirmitastUpa aura hariSeNa pacastUpa mAnate hai / vAstava meM mathurA ke purAne stUpa kA nAma devanirmita thA / lagatA hai ki IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI

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248 premI-abhinadana-pratha ke bAda jaba jainadharma se digambara zvetAmbara zAkhAeM phUTI to zvetAmbara devanirmitastUpa ko hI mAnate rahe, lekina digambaro ne mathurA ke kinhI pAMca stUpo ko apanA mAnakara unake nAma para eka nikAya calA diyA aura devanirmitastUpa kI prAcIna anuzruti ko eka nayA raga dekara eka devanirmita stUpa kI jagaha pAMca stUpa kara diye| phira bhI sava digamvaro ne ise na mAnA, jaisA somadeva ke yazastilaka se mAlUma hotA hai| abhI taka hama stUpa samvandhI anuzrutiyo kI jAMca karate rahe hai aura unase yaha patA calatA hai ki stUpa kA nAma devanirmita stUpa thaa| vAda me matAntara hone para digambaro ne usI stUpa ko yA Asa-pAsa ke pAMca stUpo ko pacastUpa nAma diyaa| vyavahArabhASya se yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki stUpa para vauddho ne cha mahIne dakhala kara liyA thA jo vAda me rAjA ko nyAyapriyatA se jaino ko lauTA diyA gyaa| digamvaro kI stUpa sambandhI anuzrutiyo se yaha dhvani nikalatI hai ki bauddho ne jinapUjA meM kucha gaDavaDa kI aura rAjA bhI unake pakSa meM thaa| caitya kI rakSA ina anuzrutiyo ke anusAra devatAo ne kii| stUpa sambandhI anuzrutiyo kI bharapUra jAMca kara lene ke bAda aba hameM dekhanA cAhie ki purAtattva mathurA ke jainastUpa para kyA prakAza DAlatA hai / kaniMghama, pAusa aura phuharara kI khojo se yaha patA cala gayA ki mathurA ke dakkhina-pacchima kone meM sthita kakAlITIlAhI prAcIna kAla meM mathurA kA jainastUpa thA,kyoki vahA~ se stUpa kA bhagnAvazeSa vahuta sI jaina-mUrtiyAM, AyAgapaTTa aura utkIrNa lekha pAye gye| san 1860-61 kI khudAI meM DA0 phuharara ko eka TUTI mUrti kI baiThaka para ekalekha milA, jisame isa bAta kA ullekha hai ki zrAvikA dinA ne koTTiyagaNa aura vairazAkhA ke anuyAyI prAcArya vRddhahasti kI salAha se arahat nandyAvarta kI pratimA devanirmita vodva stUpa me sa0 76 meM sthApita ko (smitha, vahI, pR0 12) / isa abhilekha kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki purAtattva kI dRSTikoNa se devanirmita stUpa kA nAma sabase pahale isI lekha meM milatA hai aura isase mathurA ke devanirmita jainastUpa vAlI prAcIna anuzruti kI sacAI kI bhI puSTi hotI hai / DA0 smitha ke matAnusAra isa lekha se, jo zAyada 157 I0 ke vAda kA nahIM hai, yaha patA calatA hai ki usa samaya taka stUpa itanA adhika purAnA ho cukA thA ki loga usake vanAne vAle kA nAma bhUlakara use devanirmita kahana lage the| isa bAta se yaha anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki zAyada stUpa IsA ke kaI madiyo pahale vanA aura zAyada purAne se purAne bauddhastUpa ke itanA purAnA vaha rahA hogA (vahI, pR0 13) / isa stUpa se zrI0 grAusa ko kaI vauddhamUrtiyAM milI (grAusa, mathurA, pR0 116-118, tRtIya saskaraNa, 1883) lekina aisA honA Azcaryajanaka thA, kyoki kakAlI TIlA vAstavika rUpa se jaina-sthAna hai aura aisI jagaha bauddha mUrtiyA~ kaise AI yaha kisI ke samajha me nahI prAtA thA, kyoki bauddho aura jaino kI dhArmika pratispardhA baDe prAcIna kAla se calI AI hai| DA0 vuhalara ne phuharara ke patra kA havAlA dete hue likhA hai ki DA0 phuharara ne kaMkAlI TIlA kI khudAI meM kaI mato ke dhArmika cihno ko pAyA, jiname do jaina mandira aura bauddha stUpa the (jI0 buhalara, viyenA jarnala, 4, pR0 313-14) / lagatA hai ki DA0 vuhalara kisI taraha kakAlI TIle se mile hue ITa ke baDe stUpa ko vauddha stUpa samajha gaye, para vAstava meM vaha jaina hai / DA0 phuharara ne DA0 buhalara ko jo patra likhA thA usameM bauddha stUpa kA jikra nahI hai (vahI, pR0 166) / DA0 buhalara kathita bauddha stUpa pAye jAne ke AdhAra para isa siddhAnta ko pahu~ce ki kakAlI TIlA ke UparI staro se jaina aura bauddha mUrtiyo kA milanA vahA~ bauddha stUpa kA honA sAbita karatA hai / abhAgyavaza DA0 phuharara ne kakAlI TolA kI khudAI itanI avaijJAnika Dhaga se kI hai ki yaha kahanA vilakula asambhava hai ki bauddha mUrtiyAM TIle ke kisa bhAga se milI aura unakA kisI imArata vizeSa se samvandha thA yA nahIM, lekina kakAlITIlA se milI huI vauddha mUrtiyo kI kama sakhyA isa bAta ko batalAtI hai ki kama-se-kama kakAlI TIlA para vauddha prabhAva thoDe hI dino ke lie thA aura usa thoDe se samaya meM yA to vauddhoM ne apanA koI caitya vanavA liyA hogA yA javardastI kisI jaina caitya para apanA adhikAra jamA kara usameM bauddha mUrtiyAM baiThA dI hogii| vyavahArabhASya kI anuzruti se isa bheda kA patA sApha-sApha laga jAtA hai / anuzruti meM yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki devanirmita stUpa bauddho ke kabje meM cha mahIno taka rahA aura bauddha

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kucha jaina anuzrutiyAM aura purAtattva 246 mUrtiyo kA vahA~ honA ima kabje ko mAvita karatA hai / yaha ghaTanA kaba huI yaha kahanA to kaThina hai, lekina buddha kI mUrtiyo kA vahA~ se milanA hI yaha bAta siddha karatA hai ki ImA kI pahalI yA dUsarI zatAbdI meM yaha ghaTanA ghaTI hogI, kyoki isake pahale buddha kI kalpanA buddha se samvandhita pavitra cihno me kI jAtI thI, jaisA ki bharahuta aura sA~cI ke citro se prakaTa hai / isa samaya kI puSTi kakAlI TIle se mile hue cha vauddha mUrtiyo ke adhiSThAno para prati lekhI se bhI hotI hai / ye lekha kaniSka, huviSka aura vAmudeva ke rAjatva kAla ke hai aura vovisatva zramoghasiddhArtha kI mUrti IsA kI pahalI zatAbdI kI hai (smitha dvArA uddhRta phuharara, vahI, pR0 3 ) / jaina stUpa ke pAsa kucha gaDavaDI huI thI, isakA patA DA0 * phuharara ke nimnalikhita vAta me lagatA hai " eka khambhA jisa para zaka kAla kA lekha utkIrNa hai eka prAcIna jinamUrti kI pITha kATa kara banAyA gayA hai| eka dUsarI mUrti, jisa para vaisA hI lekha hai, eka ardha citrita paTa ko kATa kara banAyA gayA hai jisake pIche eka prAcIna lipi meM lekha hai / ina bAto se isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai ki zaka rAjatva kAla ke jaina apane prAcIna mandira kI TUTI-phUTI mUrtiyo kA vyavahAra naI mUrtiyoM ke banAne meM karate the / vahuta prAcIna akSaroM meM utkIrNa lekha vAle toraNa ke milane se yaha patA cala jAtA hai ki IsA pUrva 150 meM bhI mathurA meM jaina mandira thA" (vahI, pR0 3) / zrabhAgyavaza abhilekho ko dekara DA0 phuharara ne yaha siddha nahI kiyA hai ki vAstava meM purAnI mUrtiyA~ banAne vAle jaina the, ve vauddha bhI ho sakate hai / phuharara kA yaha vizvAsa ki kupANa kAla ke jaina apanI purAnI mUrtiyo ko kATa-chAMTa kara naI mUrtiyA~ banAte the hame ThIka nahI ja~catA, kyoki sthApanA ke bAda TUTa-phUTa jAne para bhI deva mUrti zrAdara kI dRSTi me sAre bhArata meM dekhI jAtI hai aura usakA upayoga dUsare kAla meM karanA dhArmika dRSTi se ThIka nahI samajhA jAtA / jaina-mUrtiyo kI toDaphoDa ra punarnirmANa kA kAraNa vauddho kA jaina stUpa para dakhala ho sakatA hai / baI 1 32 ill ||||

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jaina graMthoM meM bhaugoli sAmagrI aura bhAratavarSa meM jaina-dharma prasAra zrI jagadIzacandra jaina ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0 yaha batAne kI AvazyakatA nahI ki bhAratIya purAtattva kI khoja meM jaina-grantho kA, vizeSakara jaina- zrAgamo aura una para likhI huI TIkA-TippaNiyo kA kitanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai, yadyapi sabase kama adhyayana zAyada inhI grantho kA huA hai / ina grantho meM purAtattva samvandhI, aitihAsika, bhaugolika tathA sAmAjika vipula sAmagrI bharI paDI hai, jisase bhArata ke prAcIna itihAsa kI aneka gutthiyA~ sulajhatI hai / prastuta lekha meM hama ina grantho kI bhaugolika sAmagrI ke viSaya meM carcA kareMge / prAcIna bhArata meM itihAsa kI taraha bhUgola bhI eka baDI jaTila samasyA rahI hai| mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha samasyA pUrva samaya meM kAphI jaTilatA dhAraNa kara cukI thI aura yahI kAraNa hai ki java bhUgola- viSayaka zakAo kA yathocita samAdhAna na huA to adhyAtma-zAstra kI taraha bhUgola-zAstra bhI dharma kA eka aga vana gayA aura etadviSayaka UhApoha vanda kara bhUgola ko sadA ke lie eka koTharI meM vanda kara diyA gayA / phala yaha huA ki bhUgola viSayaka jJAna adhUrA raha gayA aura usakA vikAsa na ho sakA / yaha bAta kevala jaina- zAstrakAroM ke viSaya meM hI nahI, valki vauddha aura brAhmaNa-zAstrakAro ke lie bhI lAgU hotI hai / jaina-mAnyatA ke anusAra madhya-loka aneka dvIpa aura samudro se paripUrNa hai| sabase pahalA jambUdvIpa haiM, jo himavan, mahAhimavan, niSedha, nIla, rukmi aura zikharin, ina cha parvato ke kAraNa bharata, haimavata, hari, videha, ramyaka, haraNyavata aura airAvataina sAta kSetro meM vibhAjita hai / ukta cha parvato se gaMgA - sindhu Adi caudaha nadiyA~ nikalatI haiN| jambUdvIpa ko cAro ora se ghere hue lavaNasamudra hai, tatpazcAt ghAtakIkhaDa dvIpa, kAlodasamudra, puSkaravara dvIpa Adi anaginata dvIpa aura samudra hai, jo eka dUsare ko valaya kI taraha ghere hue hai / sakSepa meM yahI jaina paurANika bhUgola hai / durbhAgya se isa paurANika bhUgola kA usa samaya kyA AdhAra rahA hogA, yaha jAnane ke hamAre pAsa isa samaya koI sAdhana nahI hai / parantu chAnavIna karane para itanA avazya mAlUma hotA hai ki jisa bhUgola ko hama paurANika athavA kAlpanika kahate haiM, vaha sarvathA kAlpanika nahI kahA jA sktaa| udAharaNa ke lie jaina-bhUgola kI nIla parvata se nikala kara pUrva samudra meM girane vAlI sItA nadI ko liijie| cInI loga isa nadI ko sito ( S1-to) kahate hai, yadyapi yaha kisI samudra meM nahI milatI tathA kAzagara kI retI meM jAkara vilupta ho jAtI hai / bahuta sambhava hai ki ye dono nadiyA~ eka ho / vauddha grantho ke anusAra bhAratavarSa kA hI dUsarA nAma jambUdvIpa hai / isI taraha vartamAna himAlaya kA dUsarA nAma himavata hai jisakA ullekha pAli-grantho meM bhI milatA hai / niSagha parvata kI pahacAna hindukuza se kI jAtI hai tathA pUrva videha, jise brahmANDa purANa meM bhadrAzva ke nAma se kahA gayA hai, pUrvIya turkistAna aura uttara cIna kA hissA mAnA jAtA hai / " nAyAghammakathA ke ullekho se mAlUma hotA hai ki hindamahAsAgara kA hI dUsarA nAma lavaNasamudra thA / tathA kucha vidvAno ke anusAra madhya eziyA ke eka hisse kA nAma puSkaradvIpa thA / * ' jyaoNgrephikala DikzanarI, nandalAla De, pR0 141 'sTaDIja ina inDiyana ainTikviTIja, rAyacaudhurI, pU0 75-6 dekhie zradhyAya 8, 6 aura 17 'jyaoNprephikala DikzanarI, pR0 163

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jaina-grayoM meM bhaugolika sAmagrI aura bhAratavarSa meM jaina-dharma kA prasAra 251 asala meM vAta yaha huI ki prAcIna kAla meM Ajakala kI taraha yAtrA ke sAdhana sulabha na hone se logo kA bhUgolaviSayaka jJAna vikasita na ho skaa| parantu isake sAtha hI zraddhAlu bhaktoM ko yaha bhI samajhAnA jarUrI thA ki hama bhagola-vijJAna meM bhI pIche nahIM haiN| isake atirikta vividha deza, parvata, nadI Adi ke ThIka-ThIka mApane Adi ke sAdhana bhI prAcIna kAla me itane sulabha na the| itanA hone para bhI A~kho-dekhe sthAno ke viSaya meM sambhavata hamAre pUrva puruSo kA jJAna ThIka kahA jA sakatA ho, parantu jahA~ adRSTa sthAno kA prazna AyA vahA~ to unakI kalpanAo ne khUba ur3AneM mArI, aura sakhyAta-asakhyAta yojana Adi kI kalpanAe~ kara viSaya ko khUba sajjita aura alakRta banAyA gyaa| ___itihAsa batAtA hai ki anya vijJAno kI taraha bhUgola-vijJAna kA bhI zana-zanai vikAsa huaa| jyo-jyo bhArata kA anya dezo ke sAtha vyApAra-sambandha vaDhA aura vyApArI loga vANijya ke lie anya dezo meM gaye, unheM dUsare dezo ke rIti-rivAja Adi jAnane kA avasara milA aura unhone svadeza lauTakara usa jJAna kA pracAra kiyaa| isI prakAra dharmopadeza ke lie janapada-vihAra karane vAle jaina-zramaNo ne bhI bhUgola-viSayaka jJAna ko bddhaayaa| vRhatkalpabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki deza-dezAntara amagA karane se sAbuna kI darzana-zuddhi hotI hai tathA mahAn AcArya Adi kI sagati se ve apane Apako dharma meM adhika sthira aura vidyA-mantra Adi kI prApti kara sakate hai| dharmopadeza ke lie sAghu ko nAnA dezo kI bhASA meM kuzala honA cAhie, jisase vaha una-una dezo ke logo ko unakI bhASA meM upadeza de ske| janapada-parIkSA karate samaya kahA gayA hai ki sAdhu isa bAta kI jAnakArI prApta kare ki kauna se deza meM kisa prakAra se dhAnya kI utpatti hotI hai kahAM varSA se dhAnya hote haiM, kahAM nadI ke pAnI se hote hai, kahAM tAlAva ke pAnI se hote hai, kahA~ kueM ke pAnI se hote hai, kahAM nadI kI vADha se hote haiM aura kahA~ dhAnya nAva meM rope jAte haiN| isI prakAra sAdhu ko yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki kauna se deza meM vANijya se AjIvikA calatI hai aura kahA~ ke loga khetI para jIvita rahate haiM tathA kahA~ loga mAsa-bhakSaNa karate hai aura kahAM puSpa-phala Adi kA bahutAyata se upayoga hotA hai| jaina-antho se patA calatA hai ki deza-videzo meM jana-zramaNo kA vihAra krama-krama se vddhaa| mahAvIra kA janma kuDagrAma athavA kuDapura (Adhunika vasukuDa) meM huA thA aura unakA kAryakSetra adhikatara magadha (vihAra) hI rahA hai| eka bAra mahAvIra sAketa (ayodhyA)meM subhUmibhAga udyAna meM vihAra kara rahe the| usa samaya unhone nimnalikhita sUtra kahA-"nirgrantha aura nirgranthinI sAketa ke pUrva meM aga-magadha taka vihAra kara sakate haiM, dakSiNa meM kauzAmbI taka vihAra kara sakate hai, pazcima meM sthUNA (sthAnezvara) taka vihAra kara sakate hai tathA uttara meM kuNAlA taka vihAra kara sakate hai| itane hI kSetra AryakSetra hai, isake Age nhiiN| itane hI kSetro me sAdhuo ke jJAna-darzana aura cAritra akSuNNa raha sakate hai| isa ullekha se spaSTa hai ki prArambha meM jaina-zramaNo kA vihAra Adhunika vihAra aura pUrvIya aura pazcimIya sayuktaprAnta ke kucha bhAgo taka hI sImita thA, isake vAhara unhone pA~va nahI vaDhAyA thaa| parantu kucha samaya pazcAt rAjA samprati ke samaya meM jaina-zramaNasagha ke itihAsa meM eka adbhuta krAnti huI aura jaina-zramaNa magadha kI sImA choDakara dUra-dUra taka vihAra karane lge| rAjA samprati netrahIna kuNAla kA putra thA, jo - candragupta kA prapautra, vindusAra kA pautra tathA azoka kA putra thaa| kahate haiM ki jaba rAjA azoka pATaliputra meM rAjya karate the aura kumAra kuNAla ujjayinI ke sUvedAra the to azoka ne kuNAla ko eka patra likhA ki "kumAra ava ATha varSa ke ho gaye hai, isalie ve zIghra vidyAdhyayana Arambha kareM (zIghramadhIyatA kumaar)|" sayogavaza kuNAla kI sautelI 11-1226-1236 'bRhatkalpasUtra 1.50

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252 premI-abhinaMdana-praya mAM usa samaya vahIM baiThI huI thii| usane eka salAI lekara apane thUka dvArA 'a' ke Upara anusvAra lagA diyA aura ava 'aghIyatA' ke sthAna para aghIyatA' ho gyaa| patra kuNAla ke pAsa phuNcaa| jaba usane kholakara paDhA to usameM likhA thA ki kumAra zIghra andhe ho jAye (adhIyatAM kumAra) mauryavaza kI AjJA kA ullaMghana karanA azakya thaa| ataeva kuNAla ne tapatI huI eka lohe kI salAI dvArA apanI A~kheM AMja lIM aura sadA ke lie netrahIna ho gyaa| kucha samaya pazcAt kuNAla ajJAtaveSa meM pATaliputra pahuMcA aura rAjasamA meM jAkara yavanikA ke bhItara gandharva kiyaa| rAjA azoka kuNAla kA gandharva dekhakara atyanta prasanna huA aura usane use vara mAMgane ko khaa| kuNAla ne 'kAkiNI" ke vahAne rAjyazrI kI yAcanA kI aura apane putra samprati ko rAjagaddI para baitthaayaa| samprati ujjayinI kA bar3A prabhAvazAlIrAjA huaa| jana-granyo meM samprati kI bahuta mahimA gAI gaI hai| samprati Arya-suhastin tathA Arya-mahAgiri kA samakAlIna thaa| samprati ke viSaya meM kahA hai ki usane nagara ke cAro daravAjo para dAnazAlAeM khulavAI aura zramaNo ko vastra Adi dene kI vyavasthA kii| usane apane rasoiyo ko jana-zramaNoM kA bhakta aura pAna se satkAra karane kA Adeza diyA aura prAtyantika rAjAo ko bulAkara zramaNasagha kI bhakti karane ko khaa| avantipati samprati daDa, bhaTa aura bhojika Adi ko sAtha lekara rathayAtrA meM sammilita hotA thA aura ratha ke Age vividha puSpa, phala, khAdya, kauDiyAM aura vastra Adi caDhAkara apane ko dhanya mAnatA thaa| samprati ne apane yoddhAo ko zikSA dekara sAdhu ke veSa meM sImAnta dezoM meM bhejA, jisase ina dezoM meM jaina-zramaNo ko zuddha bhaktapAna kI prApti ho ske| isa prakAra rAjA samprati ne Andhra, draviDa, mahArASTra aura kuDukka (kurga) Adi jaise anArya dezo ko jaina-zramaNo ke sukhapUrvaka vihAra karane yogya bnaayaa| isake atirikta samprati ke samaya se nimnalikhita sAr3he pacIsa deza Aryadeza-mAne gaye, arthAt ina dezo meM jainadharma kA pracAra humA deza rAjadhAnI 1 magaSa 2 ama 3 vaga 4 kaliMga 5 kAzI 6 kozala 8 kuzArta 6 pAcAla 10 jAgala 11 saurASTra 12 videha 13 vatsa 14 zADilya 15 malaya 16 matsya rAjagRha campA tAmralipti kAMcanapura vArANasI sAketa gajapura soriya (zauripura) kApilyapura ahicchatrA - dvAravatI mithilA kauzAmbI nandipura bhadrilapura vairATa 'eka rupaye ke prassI bhAga ko 'kAkiNI kahate hai| yaha eka prakAra kA sikkA thA / 'bRhatkalpasUtramASya 1.3275-3289

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jananAyoM meM bhaugolika sAmagrI aura bhAratavarSa meM jaina dharma kA prasAra rAjadhAnI zracchA mRttikAvatI zuktimatI vInimaya dega 17 varaNA 18 16 caMdi 20 vidhunnIra 21 mana 22 bhagi 23 naTTA (1) 28 gAna 25 nAva 2 mayuga pApA bhAnapurI zrAvanni koTivarSa davetikA' 253 1 magava ( rAjagRha) maga eka prAcIna deza ginA jAtA hai| unakI gaNanA solaha janapada meM kI gaI hai| zeSa janapada hai-ga, varga, mApa, mAnava, grancha, bancha, bancha, pATa, nAra, bajji, moli, kAmI, komala, zravAha (1), zrIra mamnuttara (1) / maga mahAvIra aura vRddha kI dharma-pravRttiyoM kA era sAmarendra thaa| magara, prabhAna aura varadAma inakI gaNanA bhArata ke mAnanIyoM meM kI gaI hai jo zrama se pUrva pazcima aura dakSiNa meM avasthita the, yadyapi brAhmaNa pranyA meM magadha ko pArabhUmi banAyA hai / zrAdhUnika paTanA aura gayA jiloM ko prAcIna magara kahA jAtA hai| magana kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha (grAmuniga rAjagira) thI, jinakI gaNanA campA, mathurA, vAgaNamI, zrAvasti, nAna kApalyapura, zAmbI, mithinA aura hastinApura ina prAcIna rAjadhAniyoM ke sAtha kI gaI hai| rAjagRha na mahAnagIpanIrapranaya nAmaya garama pAnI ke kUTa ke hone yA ullekha milatA hai / yaha kuDa lambAI meM pA~ca mI dhanupa thA zrI bhAra parvata ke pAsa bahanA thA / rAjagRha vyApAra kA bar3A bhArI kendra thA aura yahAM dUra-dUra se loga mAla becane zraura urIdane ke lie zrAte the / rAjagRha meM mahAvIra bhagavAn ke caudaha varSAvAsa vyanIta karane kA ullekha AtA hai / ` prasiddha nAnyA vizvavidyAlaya rAjagRha ke samIpa thaa| bauddha granthI ke anusAra pANDava, gijnakUTa, vebhAra, inigili tayA vaipunna ina pAMca pahADiyoM se ghire rahane ke kAraNa rAjagRha kA dUsarA nAma giritraja thaa| ina pAMca pahADiyAM meM vaibhAra zrI vinAca pahADiyAM kA jaina granthoM meM vizeSa mahattva banAyA gayA hai aura yahA~ me aneka nirtanya aura nirgranthiniyo ne tapazcaryA kara modA-sAghana kiyA hai / magava kI rAjadhAnI hone ke kAraNa gajagRha kA dUsarA nAma magavapura bhI thaa| gAvipati rAjA zreNika ( bhabhamAra) rAjagRha meM rAjya karatA thA / 'bRhatkalpasUtrabhASya 13263 vRtti / bhagavatI 15 'ThANAga 3 142; zrAvazyaka cUNi, pRSTha 186 'ThANAMga 10717; nizIya sUtra 6 16 * bhagavatI 25 pAli granthoM meM isakA tapodA ke nAma se ullekha hai (DikzanarI zraoNva pAli praoNpara nemsa, malAlamekara, dekhie 'tapodA') / 'kalpasUtra 5 123

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254 premI-abhinadana-pratha 2 aga (campA) prAcIna kAla me aga magadha deza ke hI antargata mAnA jAtA thaa| agaloka kI ginatI siMhala (sIlona), babbara, cilAta loka, javaNadIva, Arabaka, romaka, alasanda (elekjenDiyA) tathA kaccha ina dezo ke sAtha kI gaI hai| kahA jAtA hai ki bharata-cakravartI ne digvijaya ke samaya ina dezo ko jItakara ina para apanA adhikAra kiyA thaa|' bhAgalapura tathA mugera jilo ko prAcIna aga mAnA jAtA hai| campA (bhAgalapura) aga deza kI rAjadhAnI thI, jisakI gaNanA dasa rAjadhAniyo meM kI gaI hai| prAcIna bhArata meM campA eka atyanta sundara aura samRddha nagara thaa| yaha vyApAra kA eka bahuta baDA kendra thA aura yahA~ vaNik loga baDI dUra-dUra se mAla kharIdane Ate the| campA ke vyApArI apanA mAla lekara mithilA, ahicchatrA, pihuDa (cikAkola aura kaliMgapaTTama kA eka pradeza) Adi aneka sthAno meM vyApAra ke lie jAte the| rAjagRha kI taraha mahAvIra ne campA meM bhI aneka caturmAsa kiye the aura mahAvIra ke aneka ziSyo ne yahA~ vihAra kiyA thaa| sammedazikhara kI taraha jaina-grantho meM campA eka pavitra tIrtha mAnA gayA hai, jahA~ se aneka nirgrantha tathA nirganthiniyo ne mukti paaii| zreNika kI mRtyu ke pazcAt kUNika (ajAtazatru) ko rAjagRha meM rahanA acchA na lagA aura usane campA ko apanI rAjadhAnI bnaayaa| dadhivAhana campA kA dUsarA ullekhanIya rAjA thaa| ceTaka kI kanyA padmAvatI isakI rAnI thii| eka bAra kauzAmbI ke rAjA zatAnIka ne dadhivAhana para caDhAI kI aura dadhivAhana apanI rAnI aura vasumatI nAmaka kanyA ko choDakara bhAga gyaa| zatAnIka kA eka U~Ta-savAra vasumatI ko kozAmbI le AyA aura use vahAM ke eka samRddha vyApArI ke hAtha beca diyaa| Age jAkara yahI vasumatI candanabAlA ke nAma se prasiddha huI, jo mahAvIra kI sarvaprathama ziSyA banI aura jo bahuta kAla taka jaina-zramaNiyo kI agraNI rhii| bhaga-magadha kA dUsarA prasiddha nagara thA pATaliputra athavA kusumaputra (pttnaa)| campA meM kUNika kA dehAnta ho jAne ke pazcAt usake putra udAyI ko campA meM rahanA acchA na lagA aura usane pATaliputra ko magadha kI rAjadhAnI bnaayaa| pATaliputra jaina-zramaNo kA kendra thA, jahA~ jainasUtro kA uddhAra karane ke lie jana-sAdhuno kA prathama sammelana huA thaa| 3 vaga (tAmralipti) vaga (pUrvIya bagAla) kI gaNanA solaha janapado meM kI gaI hai| vaga eka vaDA vyApArika kendra samajhA jAtA thaa| 'jambUdvIpa prajJapti 52 pR0 217 cUNi pR0 161 'propapAtikasUtra 1 'nAyAghammakahA 8, 6, 15; uttarAdhyayanasUtra 21.2 "kalpasUtra 5.123 "bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1227 'AvazyakacUNi, 2, pR0 171 'Avazyaka niyukti 520 ityAdi; kalpasUtra 5.135 'Avazyapha cUNi, 2, pR0 176 'vahI, pR0 187

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- graMthoM meM bhaugolika sAmagrI aura bhAratavarSa meM jaina dharma kA prasAra 255 tAmralipti (tAmaluka) eka vyApArika kendra thA aura yaha khAsakara kapaDe ke lie prasiddha thA / yahA~ jalamArga aura sthalamArga donI prakAra se mAla AtA-jAtA thA / yahA~ maccharoM kA vahRta prakopa thA / tAmalittiyA nAmaka jaina zramaNo kI eka prasiddha zAkhA thI jisase mAlUma hotA hai ki tAmralipti jaina zramaNo kA kendra rahA hogA / * isake atirikta, vagAla meM puMDravardhana (rAjagAhI jilA) jaina zramaNI kA kendrasthala rahA hai / puDavaddhaNiyA nAmaka jaina zramaNo kI zAkhA kA ullekha kalpasUtra meM AtA hai / " cInI yAtrI huinatyAga ne puDUvana meM bahuta me digambara nirgranyo ke pAye jAne kA ullekha kiyA hai / ' vagAla kA dUsarA mahattvapUrNa sthAna komalA ( komilA ) thA / khImalijjiyA nAma kI zAkhA kA ullekha kalpasUtra meM milatA hai| isame mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha sthAna prAcIna samaya meM kAfI mahattva rakhatA thA / 4 kaliMga (kacanapura) kaliMga (uDIsA ) ke rAjA khAravela ne aMga-magava se jina pratimA vApisa lAkara yahA~ sthApita kI thI / kaliMga kI rAjavAnI kaMcanapura (bhuvanezvara ) thI / yaha nagara eka vyApArika kendra thA aura yahA~ ke vyApArI lakA taka jAte the|' kacanapura jaina sAdhuo kA vihAra-sthala thA / isake atirikta kaliMga meM purI ( jagannAthapurI) jainI kA khAsa kendra thA / yahA~ jIvantasvAmI pratimA hone kA ullekha jaina-granthoM meM AtA hai / " zrAvako ke yahA~ aneka ghara the / vajrasvAmI ne yahA~ uttarApatha se Akara mAhesarI (mAhiSmatI) ke lie vihAra kiyA thaa| usa samaya yahA~ kA rAjA vauddhadharmAnuyAyI thA / vauddho kA yahA~ jora thA / " purI vyApAra kA eka vaDA kendra thA, aura yahA~ jalamArga se mAla AtA-jAtA thA / " kaliMga kA dUsarA mahattvapUrNa myAna tosali thA / yahA~ mahAvIra ne vihAra kiyA thaa| unheM yahA~ sAta vAra pakaDA gayA, parantu yahA~ ke tomalika kSatriya ne unheM chur3A diyA / " tosali meM eka sundara jinapratimA thI, jisakI dekharekha tosalika nAmaka rAjA kiyA karatA thaa|" yahA~ ke loga phala-phUla ke bahuta zaukIna the / " yahA~ varSA ke prabhAva meM nadI ke pAnI se khetI 1 'vyavahArabhASya 7.6 1 'bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1060 'sUtrakRtAMga TIkA 3.1 kalpasUtra 8, pR0 227 a / 5 ' vahI / "yuvAna cvAMgasa Traivelsa ina inDiyA, vATarsa, jilda 2, pR0 184 " kalpasUtra 8, pR0 231 C 'vasudevahaDI, pR0 111. * zroSaniryuktibhASya 30 10 'proghaniyukti TIkA. 116 'zrAvazyaka niyukti 772: zrAvazyaka cUrNi, pR0 360 nizIya cUrNi 5, pR0 34 ( puNyavijaya jo kI prati ) / 13 'zrAvazyaka niyukti 510 11 vyavahArabhASya 6.115 ityAdi 'bRhatkalpabhASya 1-1236, vizeSa cUrNi / 15

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256 premI-abhinaMdana-maMtha, hotI thii| kabhI-kabhI yahA~ atyadhika varSA ke kAraNa phasala naSTa ho jAtI thI aura jana-sAdhuoM ko tADa ke phalo para rahakara gujara karanI paDatI thii| tIsali meM baDI-baDI bhayAnaka bhaiseM hotI thii| kahate hai ki eka bAra inhone tosali prAcArya ko mAra DAlA thaa|''ddoNkttr silvena'levI kaTake meM dhauli nAmaka grAma ko prAcIna tIsali mAnate hai| 5 kAzI (vArANasI) kAzI vyApAra kA eka baDA kendra thaa| kAzI aura kozala ke aThAraha gaNarAjA,vaizAlI ke rAjA ceTaka kI aora se kUNika ke viruddha laDe the| kAzI ke rAjA zakha kA ullekha jaina-grantho meM prAtA hai, jo mahAvIra kA samakAlIna thA aura jisane mahAvIra ke samIpa dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| jainadIkSA grahaNa karane vAle anya rAjAno se vIrAgaka, vIrayaza, sajaya, eNeyaka, zveta (seya), ziva aura udAyana ye rAjA mukhyarUpa se ginAye gaye hai| durbhAgyavaza ina rAjAno ke viSaya meM koI vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM miltii| vArANasI (banArasa) pArzvanAtha kA janmasthAna thaa| mahAvIra aura buddha ne yahA~ aneka bAra vihAra kiyA yaa| hemacandra ke samaya kAzI aura vArANasI eka samajhe jAte the| 6 kozala (sAketa) / kozala athavA kozalapura (avadha) jaina logo kA eka prAcIna sthAna, thaa| jaise vaizAlI meM janma hone ke kAraNa mahAvIra ko vaizAlika kahA jAtA hai, vaise hI RSabhanAtha ko kozalika (kosaliya) kahA jAtA hai| RSabhanAtha ne kozala meM vihAra kiyA thA aura isa deza kI gaNanA bhArata ke madhyadezo meM kI jAtI thii| kozala kA prAcIna nAma vinItA thaa| kahate hai vinItA ke nivAsI nAnA prakAra kI kalAnI meM kuzala the, isalie loga vinItA ko kuzalA nAma se kahane lo|' dazapura tathA ujjayinI ke samAna, kozala deza jIvantasvAmIpratimA-ke-lie-prasiddha thaa| kozala ke loga sovIra (eka prakAra kI madirA) aura kUra (cAvala) ke bahuta zaukIna hote the| bauddha-granthoM ke anusAra zrAvasti aura sAketa ye kozala kI do rAjadhAniyAM thI tathA sarayU nadI bIca meM zrA-jAne ke kAraNa yaha-deza uttara kozala aura dakSiNa kozala meM vibhakta thaa| sAketa meM pAzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ne aneka bAra vihAra kiyA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki yahA~ koTivarSa ke rAjA cilAta ko mahAvIra ne dIkSA dI thii| sAketa kI pahacAna unnAva jile meM sAI nadI para sujAnakoTa ke dhvasAvazeSo se kI jAtI hai| 'bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1060 cUNi, pR0 247 'prI Aryana eDa viDiyana ina inDiyA, bAgacI, pR0 63-72 *nirayAvali 1 'sthAnAMga 2.621 'jambUdvIpaprApti 3.70 * TIkA (malayagiri), pR0 214 'bRhatkalpabhASya 5.5824 "piDaniyukti 616 niyukti 1305

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. WAY Dawns 12 KAM pa " .. 6 . r LEVAN S Ji.. . , V F 1 EMALE ER. SHIVRAamare 19 . 0 5 saniyS MP: A - EHTAS 14. . .. nara-nArAyaNa tapazcaryA viSNumadira kA pUrva kI ora kA zilApaTTa [purAtattva vibhAga ke maujanya se

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mahAvIra kAlIna bhArata bAhala (gamya vilA javana % *puritapura dhiAratesa - takasasilA jaMgala (tiveTa) -- - - siroTIra svItimaya 3D mihimA P pudina ' vAsiya mA yu magadha, kI bhANImaAAPus. nig morezIma komilA / jeNoM malayAma dhami mariyama + / khabhAta garAva CHAR anta ) mamiti Mrwa bhAta bhayapura ) mara- dagaka tagarA ni pAla somyam da1i8 kAkA ghaT 334 yee 12 ADMAA la IITUTATNTS. 31 dayapura kA zrI sanmati pustakAlaya 24 jaina grayo meM bhaugolika sAmagrI aura bhAratavarSa meM jaina dharma kA prasAra

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jaina-pratho meM bhaugolika sAmagrI aura bhAratavarSa meM jaina-dharma kA prasAra 257 7 kuru (gajapura) kuru (thAnezvara) kI rAjadhAnI kA nAma gajapura athavA hastinApura thaa| kahate hai ki yahA~ ke ziva rAjA ko mahAvIra ne dIkSA dI thii| gajapura jaina logo kA eka prAcIna tIrtha mAnA jAtA hai| 8 kuzAta (zauripura) AnaTTha (Anarta), kusaTTha (kuzAvarta), suraTTa (saurASTra) tathA sukkara? (zuSkarASTra) ye cAra pradeza pazcimI samudra ke kinAre avasthita the aura vAravaI (dvArakA) inakA sarvazreSTha nagara thaa| isase mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha pradeza pazcima meM saurASTra ke AsapAsa kahI honA caahie| parantu soriya athavA zauripura jamunA nadI ke kinAre avasthita thA tathA zauri rAjA ne apanA mathurA kA rAjya apane laghu bhrAtA suvIra ko dekara svaya kuzAvarta deza meM jAkara zauripura nagara basAyA' aura jarAsandha ke bhaya se zauripura aura mathurA ke yAdava loga apane-apane nagara choDakara pazcima dizA me dvArakA meM jAkara rahe ina ullekho se mAlUma hotA hai ki kazAvarta zarasena ke AsapAsa kA pradeza honA caahie| sambhava hai do kuzAvarta rahe ho-eka pazcima meM aura dUsarA uttara meN| jaina-grantho ke anusAra zauripura kRSNa aura neminAtha kI janmabhUmi hai| prAcIna tIrthamAlA ke anusAra AgarA jile meM zakurAbAda sTezana ke pAsa vaTesara nAmaka gA~va prAcIna sauryapura mAnA jAtA hai / 9 pAcAla (kApilyapura) pAcAla (ruhelakhaDa) kI rAjadhAnI kApilyapura (kapila) thI, jo gagA ke kinAre avasthita thii| prAcIna kAla meM pAcAla uttara aura dakSiNa bhAgo meM vibhakta thaa| mahAbhArata ke anusAra uttara pAcAla kI rAjAdhAnI ahicchatrA thI aura dakSiNa kI kaapily| 10 jAgala (ahicchatrA) jAgala yA kurujAgala kI pahacAna gagA aura uttara pAcAla ke bIca ke pradeza se kI jAtI hai| isakI rAjadhAnI ahicchatrA (rAmanagara) thI,jo campA ke uttara-pUrva (1) (uttara-pazcima) meM avasthita thii| campA aura ahicchatrA meM paraspara vyApArika sambandha thaa| ahicchatrA eka pavitra sthAna thA, jisakI gaNanA aSTApada, ujjayanta (revataka), gajAnapura, dharmacakra (takSazilA) tathA rathAvarta parvata ke sAtha kI gaI hai / vividhatIrthakalpa ke anusAra ahicchatrA kA dUsarA nAma zakhavatI thaa| yaha nagarI pratyagraratha athavA zivapara" nAma se bhI prasiddha thii| 'bhagavatI 116 'vasudevahiMDI, pR0 77 'kalpasUtra TIkA 6, pR0 171 "vahI pR0 176 "uttarAdhyayana 22 'bhAga 1, bhUmikA, pR0 38 'nAyAdhammakahA 15 'prAcArAga niyukti 335 "abhidhAnacintAmaNi 4.26 'vahI, pR0 14 " . TIkA 5.123 33

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premI-abhinaMdana-graya 258 11 surASTra (dvArakA) maurASTra (kAThiyAvADa) kI gaNanA mahArASTra, Andhra aura kuDukka (kurga) dezo ke sAtha kI gaI hai, jinheM samprati rAjA ne jaina-zramaNo ke vihAra yogya bnaayaa| kahate hai ki kAlakAcArya yahA~ pArasakUla (paziyA) se chiyAnaveM zAho ko lekara Aye aura isa kAraNa yaha deza chiyAnave maDalo me vibhAjita kiyA gyaa| surASTra vyApAra kA eka vaDA kendrasthala thA aura yahA~ dUra-dUra ke vyApArI mAla kharIdane Ate the|' dvArakA eka atyanta sundara aura samRddha nagara ginA jAtA thaa| isa nagara ke uttara-pazcima meM prasiddha revataka (giranAra) parvata avasthita thA, jo dazAha rAjApro ko atyanta priya thaa| yahA~ ariSTanemi ne mukti pAI thii| kahate hai ki yAdavo ke atyadhika madirApAna se dvArakA kA nAza huaa| dvArakA vyApAra kA eka baDA kendra thA aura vyApArI loga yahA~ nepAla paTTaNa se nAva dvArA Ate-jAte the| kucha vidvAn Adhunika dvArakA ko dvArakA na mAnakara jUnAgaDha ko prAcIna dvArakA batAte haiN|' 12 videha (mithilA) videha (tirahuta) meM mahAvIra kA janma huA thaa| videha-nivAsI hone ke kAraNa mahAvIra kI mAtA trizalA videhadattA (videhadinnA) kahI jAtI thI tathA rAnI celanA ke putra kUNika ko videhaputra kahA jAtA thaa| videha vyApAra kA kendra thaa| mithilA (janakapura) me mahAvIra dvArA cha cAturmAsa kiye jAne kA ullekha AtA hai / " maithiliyA nAma ko eka jaina-zramaNo kI prAcIna zAkhA thii|" yahA~ Arya mahAgiri kA vihAra huA thaa| jinaprabha mUri ke samaya mithilA nagarI 'jagaDa' ke nAma se prasiddha thii|" bauddha-grantho ke anusAra vaizAlI (vasADha) videha kI rAjadhAnI thI aura yaha madhyadeza kA eka pradhAna nagara mAnA jAtA thaa| vaizAlI licchavI logo kA kendra thaa| jaina-grantho me vaizAlI kA rAjA ceTaka eka vaDA prabhAvazAlI rAjA ho gayA hai| vaha gaNarAjAno kA mukhiyA thA aura usane apanI sAta kanyAoM ko vibhinna rAja-dharAno meM dekara unase sambandha sthApita kiyA thaa| ceTaka kI kanyA prabhAvatI vItibhaya ke rAjA udAyana ke sAtha, padmAvatI campA ke rAjA dadhivAhana ke sAtha, mRgAvatI kauzAmbI ke rAjA zatAnIka ke sAtha, 'bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3289 'vahI 1943 dazavakAlika cUNi, pR0 40 'nAyAdhammakahA 5 'antagaDadasAno 5 'nizIya cUNi pIThikA (enasAiklosTAila kI huI prati), pR0 61 "inDiyana hisTorikala kvAraTarlI, 1934, pR0 541-50 'kalpasUtra 5.106 'bhagavatIsUtra 76 "kalpasUtra 5123 "vahI, pR0 231 "prAvazyaka niyukti 782 "vividhatIya, pR0 32

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jaina-prayoM meM bhaugolika sAmagrI aura bhAratavarSa meM jana-dharma kA prasAra 259 zivA ujjayinI ke rAjA pradyota ke mAtha, jyeSThA mahAvIra ke baDe bhAI nandivarvana ke mAya aura cellanA rAjagRha ke rAjA zreNika ke nAya vyAhI gaI thii| ceTaka kI vahina trigalA mahAvIra kI mAM thii| mahAvIra ke vaigAlI meM vAraha cAturmAna kiye jAne kA ullekha kalpamUtra meM AtA hai| DaoNkTara honAla ke anusAra vANiyagAma vaizAlI kA imarA nAma hai| __ 13 vatsa (kaugAMvI) vatsa ko vauddha granyo meM vaga ke nAma se kahA gayA hai| prayAga ke AsapAsa kI bhUmi ko vatsa deza mAnA jAtA hai| kauzAmbI (konama) jamanA ke kinAre avasthita yaa| yahAM mahAvIra, Arya muhastin aura Arya mahAgiri ne vihAra kiyA thaa| kosabiyA nAmaka eka jaina-zramaNo ko prAcIna bhAtA thii| rAjA zatAnIka kauzAmbI meM rAjya karatA thaa| eka bAra ujjayinI ke rAjA pradyota ne kauzAmbI para caDhAI kii| rAjA zatAnIka atimAra se mara gayA aura rAnI mRgAvatI ne pradyota kI malAha se apane putra udayana ko rAjagaddI para baiThAkara svaya mahAvIra ke pAsa jAkara jainadInA vAraNa kii| 14 gADilya (nandipura) naDinma athavA nADilya ko rAjadhAnI nandipura thii| nandipura kA ullekha vipAkamUtra ma milatA hai| kathAkoga ke anusAra mandarbha deza meM avasthita nandipura ke rAjA kA nAma padmAnana vatAyA gayA hai| avadha meM haradoI jile meM naDIlA nAmaka eka sthAna hai, yaha prAcIna gADilya ho maktA hai| 15 malaya (bhaddilapura) malaya magava ke uttara meM avasthita thA aura mambhavata yahAM kapaDe bahuta acche banate the|' malaya deza kI pahacAna paTanA ke dakSiNa aura gayA ke dakSiNa-pazcimI pradeza meM kI jAtI hai| gayA jile meM avasthita haravAriyA aura dantArA gAMvo ke pAma ke pradeza ko bhadrilapura mAnA jAtA hai|" 16 matsya (vairATa) malya (alavara) kI rAjadhAnI vairATa thii| dehalI se dakSiNa-pazcima kI ora 105 mIla tathA jayapura se 41 mIla uttara meM avasthita pradeza ko vairATa mAnA jAtA hai| 'Avazyaka cUNi, 2, pR0 164 ityAdi 'vahI pR0 5.123 'uvAsakadasA pro, pR0 3 noTa * nizItha cUNi, 5, pR0 437 "kalpasUtra 8, pR0 226a| 'aAvazyaka TokA (malaya0), pR0 102 'TaoNnI (Tavney), pR0 124 'nizItha cUNi 7, pR0 467; anuyogadvArasUtra 37 'zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra, kalyANavijaya, pR0 381 "vahI, pR0 380

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'kalpasUtra, pR0 230 a / kalpasUtra meM vAraNa ke sthAna para cAraNa pATha hai, parantu yaha pATha azuddha hai / dekhie binA poriDiyala jaranata, bhAga 3, 1806, pR0 234, DaoN0 bahalara kA lekha * jyAgraphikta krtsnyenyUna praoNva do mahAmAyUrI, DaoN0 silvena levI, anuvAdaka DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, ratana AMtra dI yU0pI0 hitvorikala sosAyaTI, jilda 15, bhAga 2 1 'Avazyaka cUrNi, pR0 476 'Avazyaka cUpi. pU0 156 nizIya cUrNi 50 pU0 34 ( pupyavijaya jI kI hastalikhita prati ) AcArAMga cUrNa, pR0 226 'vIra nirvANa aura kAlagaNanA, muniklyANavijaya, pR0 10 8 'maraNatamAthi 470, 472. pR0 1281 Avazyaka TIkA (malaya), pR0 365 pra 'Avazyaka cUrNi, pR0 364, 402 1 . 10 bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3277 72 'vahI, 6.6103 ityAdi 'prAvazyaka cUpi, pR0 394, 403 'zabaikAsika cUmi, pR0 36 13

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jaina pratho meM bhaugolika sAmagrI aura bhAratavarSa meM jaina-dharma kA prasAra 261 Adi jaina zramaNo ne isa nagara meM vihAra kiyA thA / ujjayanI vyApAra kA vaDA kendra thA aura vaDe-baDe vyApArI loga yahA~ vANijya ke lie zrAte the / ' AcArya hemacandra ke anusAra yaha nagara vizAlA, avanti aura puSpakaraNDinI nAma se bhI prakhyAta thA / pradyota aura samprati ujjayinI ke vaDe prabhAvazAlI rAjA ho gaye hai / 19 cedi (zuktimatI) cedi (bundelakhaDa) kI rAjadhAnI zuktimatI thI / madhyaprAnta me avasthita bA~dA jile ke pAsa kA pradeza zuktimatI mAnA jAtA hai / zuktimatI kA ullekha mahAbhArata meM AtA hai / 20 sindhusauvIra (vItibhaya ) abhayadeva ke anusAra sauvIra dega (sindha) sindhu nadI ke pAsa hone ke kAraNa sindhusauvIra kahA jAne lagA / ' sindhu deza meM jaina-zramaNo ko vihAra karanA niSiddha kahA gayA hai / isa deza me bahuta bADha Ane ke kAraNa khatarA rahatA thA tathA yaha carikA, parivrAjikA, kArpATikA, taccannikA (bauddhasAdhvI) tathA bhAgavI Adi aneka pAkhaDI zramaNiyo kA nivAsa sthAna thA / ataeva yaha batAyA gayA hai ki yadi duSkAla, viruddha - rAjyAtikrama yA anya kisI aparihArya patti ke kAraNa jaina sAdhu ko vahA~ jAnA hI paDe to yathAzIghra lauTa AnA caahie| isake atirikta isa deza meM khAna-pAna kI zuddhatA na thI / yahA~ mAsa bhakSaNa kA rivAja thA aura use nindanIya na samajhA jAtA thA / yahA~ ke loga zarAva pIte the aura zarAba pIne ke baratana se hI pAnI pI liyA karate the|' isa deza meM phaTe-purAne vastra pahana kara bhikSA pAnA kaThina thA / usake lie sApha vastro kI AvazyakatA hotI thI / ' jainasUtro se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA samprati ne sarvaprathama isa deza ko jaina zramaNo ke vihAra-yogya bnaayaa| isakA matalaba yaha hai ki isake pUrva yaha deza anArya mAnA jAtA thA / hamArI samajha se bhagavAn mahAvIra kA magadha deza se sindhusauvIra deza meM jAkara rAjA udAyana ko pratibodha dene kA jo ullekha hai, usakA ukta ullekha ke sAtha mela na khAne se vaha sagata nahI mAlUma hotA / jaisA hama pahale kaha Aye hai, mahAvIra ne sAketa ke pUrva meM aga-magagha taka, dakSiNa meM kauzAmbI taka, pazcima meM sthUNA taka aura uttara meM kuNAlA taka ke pradeza ko hI zrAryakSetra mAnA hai, phira unakA sindhu- sauvIra jaise atyanta anArya aura sudUravartI pradeza jAnA kaise sambhAvita hai ? yadyapi ina dezo ke bAhara mahAvIra ne lADha jaise anArya deza me vihAra kiyA hai, parantu usakA vistRta varNana jainasUtro meM milatA hai aura vaha pradeza bihAra ke pAsa bagAla meM hI thA / vauddho ke divyAvadAna ke antargata udrAyaNa-avadAna meM rAjA udrAyaNa kI jo kathA zrAtI hai, vaha bahuta kucha jaina-grantho kI kathA se milatI-julatI hai / sambha hai, jaina-granthakAro ne usa kathA ko apanAkara jahA~ udAyana kI dIkSA kI bAta AI vahA~ use mahAvIra ke hAtha se dIkSA dilavAkara kathA ke pravaziSTa bhAga ko pUrA kiyA ho| isake atirikta, kalpasUtra me mahAvIra ne jo bayAlIsa cAturmAsa vyatIta kiye, unameM (chadyastha avasthA meM) pahalA cAturmAsa asthikagrAma me, tIna campA aura pRSTha- campA meM, ATha vaizAlI aura vANiyagAma meM, (upadezaka avasthA meM) cAra vaizAlI aura vANiyagAma me, caudaha rAjagRha aura nAlandA meM, cha cUrNi 2, pR0 154, 'zrabhidhAnacintAmaNi 4.42 bhagavatI TIkA 136 bRhatkalpabhAvya 1.2881; 45441 ityAdi 5 niryukti 1276 vahI 1-123e nizIya cUrNi 15, pR0 121 (puNyavijaya jI kI prati)

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premI-prabhinadana-graya 262 mithilA meM, do bhaddiya meM, eka pAlabhiyA meM, eka paNiyabhUmi meM, eka zrAvastI meM aura eka pAvA meM vyatIta kiye hai| isa ullekha se spaSTa mAlUma hotA hai ki mahAvIra kA vihArakSetra bihAra, uttara-pazcimI vagAla aura pUrvIya yuktaprAnta kA kucha bhAga hI rahA hai| aisI hAlata meM unakA sindhusauvIra deza meM jAkara udAyana ko prativodha denA nahI jNctaa| yadi mahAvIra magadha se sindhusauvIra gaye aura vahA~ se vApisa magadha lauTakara Aye to magadha aura sindhusauvIra ke bIca meM kahI-na-kahI unake caturmAsa karane kA yA vihAra karane kA to ullekha avazya pAtA, parantu inakI vihArasthalI meM sindhusauvIra ke AsapAsa yA magadha aura sindhusauvIra ke madhya ke pradezo kA kahI ullekha nahI hai| mAlUma hotA hai ki jaise bauddha-granthakAro ne Age calakara vuddha kI vihArasthalI meM pajAva Adi pradeza samAviSTa kara liye, vahI vAta samaya votane para jaina-lekhako ne mahAvIra ke viSaya meM kii| vastuta hamArI samajha se ye dono mahApurupa vihAra, vagAla aura sayuktaprAnta ke bAhara nahI gye| ___ votibhaya, jisakA dUsarA nAma kumArapakkheva (kubhAraprakSepa) bhI hai, sindhusauvIra kI rAjadhAnI thaa| kahate hai ki eka bAra jainadIkSA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt udAyana rAjarSi kisI kumhAra ke ghara Thahare hue the| usa samaya unheM unake bhAnaje ne vipa de diyA aura unakA prANAnta ho gyaa| tatpazcAt vahAM devo ne dhUla kI ghora vRSTi kI, jisake phalasvarUpa kumhAra ke ghara ko choDakara samasta nagara naSTa ho gyaa| ataeva isa nagara kA dUsarA nAma kubhArapakkheva pdd'aa| kubhArapakkheva siNavalli meM avasthita thaa| siNavalli eka vaDA vikaTa registAna thA, jahAM vyApArI akmara mArgabhraSTa ho jAte the aura kSudhA-tRpA se pIDita ho aneko ko apane jIvana se hAtha dhonA paDatA thaa| pajAva meM mujaphpharagaDha jile meM sanAvana yA sinAvata nAmaka eka sthAna hai, jahAM kI jamIna Usara hai / sambhavata yahI siNavalli ho athavA sindha yA pajAva kA koI anya retIlA sthAna prAcIna siNavalli honA caahie| abhayadeva ke anusAra kucha loga vidarbha deza ko votibhaya kahate haiM, parantu yaha Thoka nhii| 21 zUrasena (mathurA) mathurA ke AsapAsa kA pradeza zUrasena kahA jAtA thaa| mathurA eka atyanta prAcIna nagarI mAnI jAtI hai, jahA~ jaina-zramaNo kA bahuta prabhAva thaa| uttarApatha me mathurA eka mahattvapUrNa nagara thA, jisake antargata chiyAnave grAmI me loga apane gharo me aura caurAyo (caccara-catvara) para jinamUtti kI sthApanA karate the| mathurA meM eka devanirmita stUpa yA, jisake lie jaina aura bauddho meM jhagaDA huA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki anta me jaino kI jIta huI aura stUpa para unakA adhikAra ho gyaa|" mathurA Aryamagu aura AryarakSita Adi aneka jaina-zramaNo kA vihAra 'kalpasUtra 5123 'prAvazyaka cUNi 2, pR0 37 'vahI, pR0 34, 553 *bhagavatI TIkA 136 'uttarA0 cUrNi, pR0 82 'vRhatkalpabhASya 11774 ityAdi "vyavahArabhASya 527 ityAdi / mathurA ke kakAlI Tole kI jo khudAI huI hai, usake zilAlekho meM gaNa, kula, aura zAkhAmro kA ullekha hai| vaha ullekha bhadrabAhu ke kalpasUtra meM jyo-kA-tyo mila jAtA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki IsA kI prayama zatAbdI meM mathurA meM jaino kA kAphI jora thA (dekhie AkiyolaoNjikala sarve riporTa, bhAga 3, pleTsa 13-15, buhalara, do inDiyana sekTa oNva dI jainsa pR0 42-60, viyanA orinTiyala jaranala, jilda 3, pR0 233-240; jilda 4, pR0 313-331) 'mAvazyaka pUNi 2, pR00 'mAvazyaka pUNi, pR0 411

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jaina pratho meM bhaugolika sAmagrI aura bhAratavarSa meM jaina-dharma kA prasAra 263 sthala thA / yahA~ aneka pAkhaDI sAdhu rahate the / zrataeva mathurA ko pAkhaDigarbha kahA jAtA thA / ' jainasUtro kA saskaraNa karane ke lie mathurA meM aneka jaina zramaNo kA sagha upasthita huA thA / yaha sammelana mAthurI vAcanA ke nAma se prasiddha hai / mathurA bhaDIrayakSa kI yAtrA ke lie prasiddha thA / yaha nagara vyApAra kA baDA bhArI kendra thA aura vizeSakara vastra ke lie prasiddha thA / yahA~ ke loga vyApAra para hI jIvita rahate the, khetI-bADI para nahI / " yahA~ sthalamArga se mAla AtA-jAtA thA / mathurA ke dakSiNa-pazcima kI ora maholI nAmaka grAma ko prAcIna mathurA batalAyA jAtA hai / 22 bhAga (pApA) sammedazikhara ke AsapAsa kA pradeza, jisameM haz2ArIbAga aura mAnabhUna jile garbhita hai, prAcIna samaya meM bhagadeza kahA jAtA thA / isakI rAjadhAnI pApA thI, jo kuzInArA ke pAsa avasthita mallo kI pApA nagarI se tathA bihAra ke pAsa kI mahAvIra kI mokSabhUmi majjhimapAvA athavA pAvApurI se bhinna hai / 23 vaTTA ( mASapurI) mASapurI jaina zramaNo kI eka zAkhA thI / " isa pradeza kA ThIka-ThIka patA nahI calatA / 24 kuNAla (zrAvastI ) jaina-grantho ke anusAra kuNAla nagarI acirAvatI nadI me vADha A jAne ke kAraNa naSTa ho gaI thI, jisakI puSTi vauddha grantho se hotI hai / " kahate haiM ki isa ghaTanA ke teraha varSa pazcAt mahAvIra ne kevalajJAna prApta kiyA / zrAvastI meM pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI kezikumAra tathA mahAvIra ke anuyAyI gautama kA sammelana huA thA, jisameM pArzva aura mahAvIra ke siddhAnta - samvandhI aneka prazno para carcA hone ke pazcAt dono dharmapravarttako ke siddhAnto meM samanvaya kiyA gayA thA / " mahAvIra ne aneka bAra zrAvastI me vihAra kiyA / buddha ne bhI yahA~ bahuta-sA kAla vyatIta kiyA thA / acirAvatI (rAptI) nadI ke kinAre saheTa-maheTa nAmaka sthAna ko prAcIna zrAvastI mAnA jAtA hai, jisakA ullekha jinaprabha sUri ne apane vividhatIrthaMkalpa meM 'maheThi' nAma se kiyA hai / " 25 lADha (koDivarisa ) lADha athavA rADha deza do bhAgo meM vibhakta thA - eka vajrabhUmi ( vIrabhUmi), dUsarA zubhrabhUmi ( siMhabhUma ) / mahAvIra ne ina dono pradezo me vihAra kiyA, jahA~ unheM aneka kaSTa sahana karane paDe the / lADha meM bahuta alpa gA~va the, 1 'zrAcArAga cUrNi, pR0 163 nandi cUrNa, pR0 8 'zrAvazyaka TIkA (haribhadra ), pR0 307 'bRhatkalpabhASya 11236 'zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra, pR0 37e kalpasUtra 8, pR0 230 dekhie zrAvastI ina enazienTa liTarecara, i 11 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra 23 3 ityAdi 10 cUrNi, pR0 280 cUrNa, pR0 281 cUrNa, pU0 601 laoN, pR0 31 12070

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premI-abhinadana-graMtha 264 ataeva yahA~ mahAvIra ko vasati milanA bhI muzkila hotA thaa| vajrabhUmi ke nivAmI rUkSa bhojana karane ke kAraNa mvabhAvata krodhI hote the aura ve mahAvIra ko kutto se kaTavAte the| Adhunika hugalI, hAvaDA, vAkurA, bardavAna aura midanApura ke pUrvIya bhAga ko prAcIna lADha deza vatAyA jAtA hai / ___koTivarpa jaina-zramaNo kI eka mukhya zAkhA batAI gaI hai| isame mAlUma hotA hai ki bAda me calakara yaha pradeza jaina-zramaNo kA kendra bana gayA thaa| yahAM ke rAjA cilAta ke mahAvIra dvArA jainadIkSA liye jAne kA ullekha pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| kucha vidvAn dInAjapura jile me varIgaDha ko prAcIna koTivarSa mAnate hai| 256 kekayI ardha (zvetikA) kekayI deza ke Adhe bhAga ko AryakSetro me ginA gayA hai| isase mAlUma hotA hai ki samasta kekayI me jainadharma kA pracAra nahIM huA thaa| yaha deza zrAvastI ke uttara-pUrva menapAla kI tarAI me avasthita thA tathA ise uttara ke kekayI dega se bhinna samajhanA caahie| zvetikA se gagA nadI pAra kara mahAvIra ke surabhipura pahuMcane kA ullekha jana-grantho me AtA hai / bauddhagrantho meM ise setavyA nAma se kahA gayA hai| yaha sthAna kozala meM thaa| jaina-zramaNo kA praveza nepAla me bhI huA thaa| isa prAnta meM bhadrabAhu, sthUlabhadra Adi jaina-sAdhuo ne vihAra kiyA thaa| nepAla meM rahakara sthUlabhadra ne bhadrabAhu svAmI se pUrvo kA jJAna prApta kiyA thaa| nepAla meM coro kA bhaya nahI thA tathA yahA~ jana-sAdhu kRtsna vastra dhAraNa kara raha sakate the| yaha sthAna rUbedAra kamvalo ke lie prasiddha thaa| ina sADhe pacIsa prAryakSetro ke atirikta, anya sthalo me bhI jaina-zramaNa dharmapracAra ke lie pahuMce the| jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, rAjA samprati ne dakSiNApatha meM jainadharma kA prasAra kiyaa| jAna paDatA hai ki isake pUrva jainadharma dakSiNa meM nahIM pahuMcA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki ukta sADhe paccIsa AryakSetro meM dakSiNa kA eka bhI pradeza nahI AyA hai| parantu jaimA jaina-grantho se patA calatA hai, kucha samaya bAda dakSiNApatha jaina-zramaNo kA vaDA bhArI kendra bana gayA thA aura bhikSA Adi kI suvidhA hone se jaina-sAdhu isa prAnta meM vihAra karanA priya samajhate the| isa prAnta meM zrAvako ke aneka ghara the|" rAjA mamprati ne dakSiNApatha ko jItakara usake sImAta rAjAno ko apane vaza me kiyA thaa| prAcIna kAla meM avanti nagarI dakSiNApatha me sammilita kI jAtI thii| gagA ke dakSiNa aura godAvarI ke uttara kA hissA dakSiNApatha kahA jAtA hai| 'prAvazyaka niyukti 843, prAcArAga sUtra 63 pAvazyaka niyukti 462, prAcArAgasUtra 63 'kalpasUtra 8, pR0 227 a *DI lahare Dara jainAsa, zUbriD pR0 36 "Avazyaka niyukti 466 'dIghanikAya, 2, pR0 326 "Avazyaka cUNi 2, pR0 187 'bRhatkalpabhASya 3.3912 'vahI 33824 "bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2697 "nizIya cUNi 15, pR0 666 "vRhatkalpabhASya 13276

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jana-graMthoM meM bhaugolika sAmagrI aura bhAratavarSa meM jana-dharma kA prasAra 265 dakSiNa bhArata ke anya pradezo meM savame prathama Andhra deza kA nAma AtA hai, jahA~ jaina-zramaNo ne pahuMca kara apane dharma kA pracAra kiyA thaa| Andhradeza kI rAjadhAnI dhanakaTaka (vejavADA) mAnI jAtI hai| godAvarI tathA kRSNA nadI ke bIca ke pradeza ko prAcIna Andhra deza mAnate hai / prAndhra ke pazcAt damila athavA draviDa deza kA nAma AtA hai| isa deza meM prArambha me jaina-mAdhuo ko vasati milanA bahuta durlabha thaa| ataeva unheM lAcAra hokara vRkSa Adi ke nIce ThaharanA paDatA thaa| kAcIpurI (kAjIvarama) draviDa kA prasiddha nagara thA, jahAM kA 'nelaka' sikkA dUra-dUra taka calatA thaa| kAcI ke do nelaka kusumapura (pATaliputra) ke eka-eka nelaka ke varAvara hote the|' kaverIpaTTana draviDa kA eka bandaragAha thA, jisakI pahacAna malAvAra taTa yA uttara sIlona se kI jAtI hai| tatpazcAt mahArASTra aura kuDukka dezo kA nAma AtA hai| kuDukka prAcArya kA vyavahAramApya meM ullekha milatA hai| isase patA lagatA hai ki gana-gana kuDukka (kurga) jaina-zramaNo kA eka vaDA kendra bana gayA thaa| mahArASTra ke aneka rIti-rivAjo kA ullekha jainamUtro me milatA hai| isase mAlUma hotA hai ki jaina-zramaNone imaprAnta me khUba paribhramaNa kiyA thaa| mahArASTra me nagna jaina sAdhu apane liMga meM veMTaka (eka prakAra kI aMgUThI) pahanate the| mahArASTra kA pradhAna nagara pratiSThAna yA potanapura (paiThana) godAvarI ke kinAre sthita thaa| mAlUma hotA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM yahAM ke rAjAo para jainazramaNo kA kAphI prabhAva thaa| pAdalipta mUrine paiTTAna ke rAjA ko girovaMdanA ko dUra kiyA thaa| kAlakAcArya ne bhI isa nagara meM vihAra kiyA thaa| eka bAra kAlakAcArya yahAM ujjayinI se padhAre aura rAjA sAtavAhana (zAlivAhana) ke kahane para paryuSaNa parva kI tithi pacamI se caturthI kara dI, jisase isa parva meM janatA ne bhAga liyaa| usI samaya se mahArASTra meM samaNapUya (zramaNapUjA) nAma kA utsava pracalita huaa| ukta sthAno ke sivAya dakSiNa bhArata meM anya bhI aneka sthAna the, jahAM jainadharma kA pracAra huyA thaa| udAharaNa ke lie kokaNa jaina-zramaNo kA eka vizAla kendra thaa| isa deza meM atyadhika vRSTi hone ke kAraNa jana-sAdhu chatarI rakha sakate the| kokaNa meM maccharo kA vaDA prakopa thA, jisake kAraNa eka janasAdhu ko apane prANa kho dene paDe the| isa deza meM baDI bhayAnaka aTavI thI, jise pAra karate samaya jaina-zramaNa-sagha kI rakSA karane ke lie eka sAdhu ko tIna zera mArane par3e the|" pazcimI ghATa tathA samudra ke vIca kA sthala prAcIna kokaNa mAnA jAtA hai| kokaNa deza meM soppAraya (sopArA) vyApAra kA vaDA kendra thA aura yahAM bahuta se vaDe-baDe vyApArI rahate the|" vajrasena, prAryasamudra tayA Aryamagu" ne isa pradeza meM vihAra kiyA thaa| tatpazcAt golla deza kA ullekha jaina-granyo meM aneka 'vRhatakalpabhASya 13286 'vahI 33746 'vahI 3.3892 *4.283, 1, pR0 121 praa| "vRhatkalpabhASya 12637 "piMDa niyukti 467 ityAdi "nizIyacUNi 10, pR0 632 'AcArAga cUNi, pR0 366 sUtrakRtAga TIkA 3.1 "nizItha cUNi pIThikA, pR0 60 "bRhatkalpabhAjya 12506 "prAvazyaka cUrNi, pR0 406 "vyavahArabhASya 6240 ityAdi

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266 premI - abhinaMdana graMtha sthalo para AtA hai / yahA~ atyadhika zIta hone ke kAraNa jaina sAdhuo ko vastra dhAraNa karane kI anumati dI gaI thI / ' zravaNabelagolA ke gilAlekho meM golla aura gollAcArya kA ullekha hone se sambhavata yaha deza dakSiNa meM hI honA cAhie / gunTUra jile me gallara nadI para sthita goli prAcIna golla deza mAlUma hotA hai / isake pazcAt dakSiNa meM tagarA nagarI jaina dRSTi se mahattva kI hai| yahA~ rADhAcArya ne vihAra kiyA thaa| unake ziSya ujjayinI se unase milane yahA~ Aye the / karakaNDUcariya meM isa nagarI kA itihAsa milatA hai / haidrAbAda riyAsata ke usmAnAbAda jile me tera nAmaka grAma ko prAcIna tagarA mAnA jAtA hai / tagarA AbhIra deza kI rAjadhAnI thii|' isa deza meM zrArya samita* aura vajrasvAmI ne' vihAra kiyA thA / yahA~ kaNhA ( kanhana) aura veNNA (vena) nadiyo ke bIca meM brahmadvIpa nAmaka dvIpa thA, jahA~ pA~caso tApasa rahate the / ina tApaso ne jaina-dIkSA dhAraNa kI thI aura kalpasUtra me jo vabhadIviyA zAkhA kA ullekha milatA hai," vaha sambhavata inhI zramaNo dvArA Arambha huI thI / gujarAta aura kaccha me prAcIna kAla me jainadharma kA vahuta kama prabhAva mAlUma hotA hai / bhRgukaccha ( bharoca) ko lATa deNa kA saundarya mAnA jAtA thA / yahA~ AcArya vastrabhUti kA vihAra huA thA / ' bhRgukaccha vyApAra kA kendra thA aura yahA~ jala aura sthala dono mArgo se mAla AtA-jAtA thA / ' bAda me calakara valabhi ( vAlA) jainazramaNo kA kendra banA aura yahA~ devadhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke adhipatitva meM jaina Agama grantho kA antima saMskaraNa taiyAra kiyA gayA / " uttara gujarAta me zrAnandapura ( vaDanagara ) jaina- zramaNo kA kendra thA / yahA~ se jaina zramaNa mathurA taka vihAra kiyA karate the / " kaccha me bhI jaina sAdhuo kA praveza huA thA / yahA~ sAdhu gRhastha ke sAtha Thahara sakate the / " isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainadharma kA janma vihAra prAnta huA aura vahI vaha phUlA - phalA / vihAra meM jainadharma paTanA, bihAra, rAjagira, nAlandA, gayA, hajArIbAga, mAnabhUma, mugera, bhAgalapura, darabhaMgA, mujaphpharapura, motIhArI tathA sItAmaDhI Adi sthAno meM hotA huA nepAla pahu~cA / tatpazcAt uDIsA meM kaTaka, bhuvanezvara, purI Adi pradezo se hokara bagAla meM rAjazAhI, murzidAbAda, bardavAna, bAkurA, hugalI, hAvaDA, dalabhUma, midanApura, tAmaluka Adi uttarapazcimI jilo me phailakara komillA taka pahu~ca gyaa| idhara pUrvIya sayuktaprAnta meM banArasa, alAhAvAda se Arambha hokara ayodhyA, gorakhapura, goDA, haradoI, rAmapura Adi jilo meM phailatA huA meraTha, bulandazahara, mathurA, AgarA prAdi sayuktaprAnta ke pazcimI jilo me hokara ruhelakhaMDa me pharrukhAbAda, kannauja Adi taka calA gayA / uttara me takSazilA Adi pradezo meM pahu~cA aura sindha meM phailA / rAjapUtAne me jodhapura, jayapura, alavara Adi pradezo me isakA pracAra huA / tatpazcAt gvAliyara, jhA~sI tathA madhya bhArata me bhelasA, mandasora, ujjaina Adi pradezo meM phaila gyaa| isake bAda 1 'AcArAga cUrNi, pR0 274 2 'uttarAdhyayana TIkA 2, pR0 25 'bRhatkathAkoSa, DaoN0 upAdhye, 138 36 'Avazyaka TIkA (malaya), pR0 514 zra / 'zrAvazyaka cUNi, pR0 367 'zrAvazyaka TIkA (malaya) pR0 514 zra / kalpasUtra 8, pR0 233 8 vyavahArabhASya 3 58 9 'vRhatkalpabhASya 1.1060 10 'jyotiSkaraDa TIkA, pR0 41 " nizIya cUrNa, 5, pR0 434 12 'bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1236, vizeSa cUrNi / Y 5 $

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jaina graMtho meM bhaugolika sAmagrI aura bhAratavarSa meM jaina-dharma kA prasAra 267 gujarAta meM bharoca, vaDanagara, bhAta, Adi sthAno me pahu~ca kara kAThiyAvADa me bhAvanagara, jUnAgaDha zrAdi sthAno meM hotA hugrA kaccha taka calA gayA / varAra me elicapura, mahArASTra, kokaNa tathA dakSiNa meM haidrAbAda, madrAsa meM vejavADA, gunTUra, kAjIvarama Adi pradezo me hokara kurga aura malAvAra taTa taka pahu~ca gayA / isa taraha jainadharma kA prasAra lagabhaga samasta hindustAna meM huA / parantu jahA~ taka mAlUma huA hai, jainadharma ne vauddhadharma kI nAI hindustAna se bAhara kadama nahI rakkhA / isakA mukhya kAraNa thA khAna-pAna ke niyamo kI kaDAI | mahAvIra kA dharma tyAgapradhAna hone se jainazramaNo ke AcAra-vicAra meM kAphI kaThoratA rahI aura isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki uname bahuta kAla taka vauddha sAdhuo kI taraha zithilatA nahI zrA pAI, jisake phalasvarUpa jainadharma hindustAna me TikA rhaa| rAjA samprati ke pazcAt jainadharmAnuyAyI itanA prabhAvazAlI koI rAjA nahI huA aura isalie jisa pracaMDa vega ke sAtha jainadharma kA prasAra honA Arambha huA thA, vaha vega adhika kAla taka kAyama na raha skaa| vArahavI zatAbdI meM kalikAla sarvajJa hemacandra zrAcArya ke yuga me gujarAta ke rAjA kumArapAla ke samaya meM eka bAra phira se jainadharma camakA, parantu phira vaha sadA ke lie so gyaa| Ajakala jainadharma apane udbhavasthAna vihAra aura vagAla se luptaprAya ho cukA hai| usake anuyAyI vizeSakara gujarAta, kAThiyAvADa, kaccha, rAjapUtAnA, sayuktaprAnta tathA dakSiNa ke kucha bhAga me pAye jAte hai / anta me yahA~ kucha anArya dezo ke viSaya meM bhI kaha denA ucita hogA / jaina grantho meM anArya dezo kI kaI sUciyA~ zrAtI hai| durbhAgya se ye mUciyA~ itanI vikRta ho gaI hai ki grAja una sthalo kA patA lagAnA atyanta kaThina ho gayA hai / ina grantho me lagabhaga 75 anArya dezo athavA una dezo me rahane vAlI jAtiyo kA ullekha AtA hai / ' uname se kucha pradeza nimnalikhita the. vAhala athavA vAhlIka deza kI rAjadhAnI takSazilA thI / kahate hai ki RSabhanAtha vahali, aDamva ' ( amvaDa) aura illA nAmaka anArya dezo meM vihAra karate hue gajapura ( hastinApura ) phuNce| isa deza ke ghoDe vahuta acche hote the / isa deza kI pahacAna vAlkha se kI jAtI haiM, jo vaikTriyA kI rAjavAnI thI / cilAta (kirAta) kA dUsarA nAma grAvADa thA / ye loga uttara meM rahate the aura prAsAda, zakha, savArI, dAsa, pazu, sonA, cA~dI se khUba sampanna the / cilAta bahuta zaktizAlI the aura yuddha kI kalA meM atyanta kuzala the / kahate haiM, bharata cakravartI zrIra cilAto kI senA me paraspara sagrAma huA, jisame cilAta loga hAra gaye / ' javaNa ( yavana) eka bahuta sundara deza mAnA gayA hai, jo vividha ratna, maNi aura suvarNa kA khajAnA thA / bharata kI digvijaya meM isa deza kA ullekha zrAtA hai / ' kavoja deza ke ghoDe prasiddha hote the / kAzmIra ke uttara meM ghAlachA pradeza ko prAcIna kavoja mAnA jAtA hai / ' pArasa (pagiyA) vyApAra kA eka vaDA kendra thA, jahA~ vyApArI loga dUra-dUra se vyApAra ke lie zrAte the / ' isa deza me 'dekhie bhagavatI 3.2, praznavyAkaraNa, pR0 41; prajJApanAsUtra 164, sUtrakRtAga TIkA 5.1, pR0 122 zra, uttarAdhyayana TIkA 10, pR0 161 zra, pravacanasArodvAra pR0 445, nAyAdhammakA 1, pR0 21, rAyapaseNiyasUtra 210, zrapapAtikasUtra 33, jambUdvIpaprajJapti 43, pR0 185: nizItha cUrNi 8, pR0 523 2 zrAvazyaka cUrNa, pR0 180 vahI pR0 162 'zrAvazyaka niryukti 676 'jambUdvIpaprajJapti 56, pR0 231 5 zrAvazyaka cUNi, pR0 161 'rAyapaseNiyasUtra 160 'bhAratabhUmi aura usake nivAsI, pa0 jayacandra vidyAlakAra, pR0 162 'zrAvazyaka cUrNi, pR0 448 5 13 1

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268 premI-abhinaMdana-graMtha kAlakAcArya ne vihAra kiyA thA, jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai| isa deza ke loga bhaiso ke sIgo kI mAlA banAte the| mIhala (silona) meM kokaNa deza kI taraha samudra kI laharo se vADha nahI AtI thii| bharata kI digvijaya meM isa deza kA ullekha AtA hai| TakaNa maleccha uttarApatha me rahate the aura ve sonA, hAthIdAMta Adi kImatI vastue~ lekara dakSiNa deza meM vyApAra ke lie jAyA karate the| ye loga dakSiNa kI bhASA nahIM samajhate the| ataeva mAla kI kImata taya karane ke lie unheM aneka izAro se kAma calAnA paDatA thA / tagaNo kA ullekha mahAbhArata meM AtA hai| Andhra, draviDa, kokaNa, mahArASTra, kekaya Adi anArya dezo ke viSaya meM pahale kahA jA cukA hai| isake atirikta pravaDa (-avaSTha, pArajiTara ke anusAra avaSTha loga avAlA aura satalaja ke bIca ke pradeza meM rahate the), Aravaka (yaha pradeza balUcistAna ke uttara me araviprosa nadI para avasthita thA), AlasaDa (elekjenDiyA), babbara (vAravairikama yA vAravairikana), bhaDaga (-bhadraka, yaha jAti dillI aura mathurA ke madhya meM yamunA nadI ke pazcima me rahatI thI bhuttutra (bhoTiya), cIna, cucuka (DA. silvena levI ke anusAra yaha pradeza gAjIpura ke pAsa avasthita thA), gandhAra (pezAvara aura rAvalapiMDI ke z2ile),"hUNa, kAkaviSaya, kanaka (TrAvanakora), khasa (kAzmIra ke nIce vitastA ghATI kI khAsa jAti)," khAsiya (AsAma kI Adima jAti)," muDa (choTA nAgapurakI eka jAti), muruDa (DaoN0 sTAina konova ke anusAra muruDa zaka kA eka prakAra hai jisakA artha hotA hai svaamii)| . pakkaNiya (pharadhanA jo pAmIra athavA prAcIna kavoja ke uttara meM thA), ramaDha (yaha pradeza gajanI (jAguDa) aura vasvAna ke madhya me sthita thA), vokkaNa (vakhAna) Adi anArya dezo kA ullekha jaina-gratho meM milatA hai| ina sava kA gaveSaNApUrNa adhyayana hone se bhArata ke prAcIna itihAsa para kAphI prakAza paDa sakatA hai| vambaI] 'nizItha cUNi, 7, pR0 464 'prAcArAga TIkA, 63, pR0 223 / 'prAvazyaka cUrNi, pR0 161 'zrAvazyaka TIkA (malaya), pR0 140 pr| "mArkaNDeya purANa, pAjiTara, pR0 376 'maikakrinDalsa dI inavejana oNva inDiyA, pR0 167 " inDiyana hisTorikala kvArTI, 1936, pR0 121 'ezienTa jyaoNgraphI praoNva inDiyA, pR0 693 'mArkaNDeya purANa, pAjiTara, pR0 306 - " memoriyala silvana levI, 1937, pR0 242-3 "jyAMgraphikala DikzanarI, De, pu0 60 12 vahI, pR0 18 "rAjataragiNI, jilda 2, sTAina, pR0 430 "dekhie impIriyala gajeTiyara "khAsiya" zabda / "TrAisa prAva ezienTa inDiyA, pR0 64 noTa "jaranala praoNva yU0pI0 hisTorikala sosAyaTI, jilda 16, bhAga 1, pR0 28 "vahI, jilda 15, bhAga 2, pR0 46

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hiMdU rAjanIti meM rASTra kI utpatti zrI kRSNa ghoSa ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0, DI0 liT yaha zrAzcarya kI bAta hai ki hamArA prAcIna sAhitya, jisameM rASTra kI vyavasthA ke samvandha meM aneka lambecoDe varNana milate hai, isa vAtapara prAya mIna hai ki vyavasthita samAja kI utpatti kisa prakAra huii| kauTilya ne bhI, jisase isa sambandha meM bahuta kucha zrAzA thI, isake bAbata kucha nahI likhA / yadyapi kauTilya ke samaya meM, jaisA hama abhI dekheMge, rASTra kI utpatti ke viSaya me kucha mata pracalita the tathApi usane apane graMtha meM kisI kA ullekha nahIM kiyA, kyoki vaha una bAto para mAthApaccI karanA ThIka nahIM samajhatA thA, jo kevala anumAna para prAzrita ho / koTilya ne matsyanyAya taka kA kathana ( zrayaM 0 1, 4) ima dRSTi se nahIM kiyA ki vaha usa prAcIna samAja kI dazA sUcita karatA hai, jaba sRSTi prArambha ke kucha samaya bAda vaisI paristhiti utpanna hI gaI thii| usane matmya-nyAya se yaha bhAva grahaNa kiyA haiM ki kimI bhI rASTra kI aimI bhayAvaha aura arakSita dagA ho sakatI hai, yadi usakI zAsana vidhi kaThora vyavasthA me niyamita na kI jAya / kauTilya, rUso (Rousseau ) ke viparIta, eka yathArthavAdI rAjanItijJa thA / zrata usane kevala kalpanA para Azrita mato ko mahattva nahI diyA / bhArata ke zragaNita AdarzavAdI tattvavettAo me kevala eka vyakti aimA milA hai, jisane praprAsaMgika rUpa meM rASTra kI utpatti ke sambandha meM kucha bAte dI hai, jinheM yadi rUso jAna pAtA to vaha zrAnanda-vibhora ho uThatA / vaha vyakti vasubandhu hai, jisakA samaya IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI hai / sRSTi sambandhI eka pADityapUrNa vyAkhyA ke bIca meM vasubandhu' ekAeka yaha prazna upasthita karatA hai - "kyA sRSTi prArambha ke samaya manuSyoM kA koI rAjA thA ?" isakA uttara vaha nakAra meM detA hai, kyoki "sRSTi ke prArambhakAla meM sabhI jIva deva-rUpa the| phira dhIre-dhIre lobha aura zrAlasya ke vaDhane se logo ne ArAma kI vastue~ ikaTThI karanA sIkha liyA aura sammilita vastumro ke bhAgahAriyo ne apanI kSetra sampatti kI rakSA ke lie eka rakSaka rakhanA zurU kara diyA / " pausina ne jo nIce kA aspaSTa zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, usakA uparyukta artha hI sagata jAna paDatA haiprAgAsan rUpivat satvA rasarAgAt tata zanaiH / zrAlasyAtsagraha kRtvA bhAgAdai kSetrapobhUta. // apane prAcIna devatulya zAnti ke mArga se haTane para jIvo kI adhogati hone lgii| "tava garne - zanai pRthivI - rasa kI utpatti huI, jo maghusvAdurama ke samAna kahA gayA hai| kisI jIva ne apane svabhAva-lolupya ke kAraNa isa rasa ko mUghA aura phira cakhakara ume khA liyaa| isake vAda anya jIvo ne bhI aisA hI kiyA / mukha dvArA udara-poSaNa kA yaha prArambhika rUpa thaa| isa prakAra ke poSaNa dvArA kucha kAla vAda jIva-gaNa pArthiva tathA zarIra se sthUla ho gaye aura unakA prakAza-rUpa naSTa hone lagA / zranta meM tamas kA prasAra ho gayA, parantu kAlAntara meM sUrya aura candra kI utpatti huI / " eka bhAratIya milTana ke mastiSka para hamArI pRthivI para jIvotpatti kI ima utkRSTa zraura manoraMjaka kahAnI ko sunakara kaimA prabhAva paDatA, yaha vicAraNIya hai / kintu vasuvanvu bhI, jo eka zuSka tattvajJAnI thA, Thosa kalpanA ke varadAna se vilakula vacita na thA / zrAdi deva-rUpa jIvo ke prakAzamAn supArthiva zarIro kA pApasparza ke kAraNa ruvira aura mAsa ke zarIrI ke rUpa meM pariNata hone kA tAttvika vivecana karane ke bAda vasuvandhu mAnava samAja kI utpatti ' dekhie 'lA abhidharmakoSa va vasubandhu', 1926, pR0 203 tathA usake zrAge /

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270 premI-abhinadana-pratha ke sambandha me eka aise mahattvapUrNa mata kA varNana karatA hai, jo rUso yA yUgelsa (Eugels) ke lie vaDA gauravayukta siddha hotaa| vasuvanyu ne Age likhA ki pArthiva zarIra vAle ve prAcIna jIva dhIre-dhIre pArthiva guNo se adhika prabhAvita hone lage, strI-puruSa ke liMga-bheda kA bhI sRjana hone lagA, jisase kAma-sambandhI niyamo kI utpatti huii| jIvo meM sagraha kI bhAvanA tayA bhaviSya ke lie Avazyaka vastuo ko vaTora rakhane kA vicAra bhI ghara karane lgaa| pahale to aisA hotA thA ki prAta kAlIna bhojana ke lie paryApta anna savere tathA sAyakAlIna ke lie utanA hI zAma ko ekatra kiyA jAtA thA, parantu sRSTi ke eka AlamI vyakti ne bhaviSya ke lie bhI anna juTAnA prArambha kara diyA aura usakA anukaraNa kaimare bhI karane lge| ikaTThe karane kI isa bhAvanA ne 'apanepana' arthAt svatva ke vicAra ko utpanna kara diyaa| "svatva yA adhikAra kI bhAvanA se rASTra kI utpatti avazyambhAvI ho gaI, kyoki logo ne sAre kSetro ko apane vIca meM vAMTa liyA aura hara eka vyakti eka-eka kSetra kA svAmI bana baiThA | parantu isake sAtha-sAtha logo ne dUsare kI bhI sampatti ko balapUrvaka hathiyAnA zurU kara diyaa| isa prakAra corI kA prArambha huaa| isa corI ko rokane ke lie logo ne milakara yaha ta kiyA ki ve kisI manuSyavizeSa ko apanI-apanI Aya kA chaThavAM bhAga isalie deMge ki vaha unake kSetro kI rakSA kre| unhone isa puruSavizeSa kA nAma kSetrapa (kSetro kI rakSA karane vAlA) rkkhaa| kSetrapa hone ke kAraNa use kSatriya kI upAdhi pradAna kI gii| eka vaDe janasamUha (mahAjana) ke dvArA vaha bahuta sammAnita (sammata) hone lagA aura logo kA rajana karane ke kAraNa usakI sajJA rAja mahAsammata ho gii| yahI rAjavazo kI utpatti kA mUlarUpa thaa|" __ isa prakAra vasuvanyu ke mastiSka meM eka vizAla kalpanA kA udaya huaa| kintu yaha vAta nahI hai ki kevala vasuvandhu ne hI yA savase pahale usI ne rASTra kI utpatti ke viSaya meM kalpanA kI ho| isa sambandha me zAyada sabase pahale 'mahAbhArata' (12, 67, 17-) me kucha vicAra pAye jAte hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki prArambha me jaba koI zAsaka nahI thA tava logo kI dazA bahuta dayanIya thI, kyoki Adima avyavasthA ke usa yuga meM pratyeka manuSya apane samIpa meM rahane vAle kamajora vyakti ko usI prakAra naSTa karane kI tAka meM rahatA thA, jisa prakAra pAnI me sabala aura kamajora machaliyo kI dazA hotI hai (paraspara bhakSayanto matsyA iva jale kRzAn // 17 // ) / yaha vAta dhyAna dene kI hai ki 'mahAbhArata' me ullikhita yaha matsyanyAya kI dazA kisI Age Ane vAlI sthiti kI ora saketa nahIM karatI, jaisA kauTilya ne arthazAstra meM kahA hai, kintu yaha usa prAcIna samAja ko sUcita karatI hai, jisameM manuSya-jAti ko vAstava me kaSTa thaa| isake pahale vAle zloka meM isa prakAra kA kathana milatA hai ki "yadi pRthivI para daDa dene vAlA rAjA na ho to valavAn loga durvalo ko usI prakAra naSTa kara deM jisa prakAra jala meM sabala machaliyA~ kamajoro kA bhakSaNa kara DAlatI hai" (jale matsyAnivAbhakSayan durvala blvttraa)| yadi isa antima zloka kA pATha zuddha hai aura 'abhakSayan' zabda ko 'bhakSa' dhAtu ke 'luD' lakArakA rUpa mAnA jAya to hamako matsyanyAya ke sambandha meM vahI sthiti mAnanI paDegI, jo kauTilya ne dI hai, arthAt vaha rAjanItijJa zAstrakAro kI kevala eka aisI dhAraNA siddha hogI ki matsyanyAya kI bhayAvaha kintu haTAI jAne yogya dazA bhaviSya meM kisI bhI aniyantrita rASTra kI ho sakatI hai, na ki aisI dazA kisI rASTra ke vikAsa meM anivAryata pahale rahI thii| ava yaha prazna uThatA hai ki Adima manuSyo ne aisI prazAnta sthiti se kaise chuTakArA pAyA? isakA uttara yaha diyA gayA hai ki samAja ko niyamita karane ke lie ve saba Apasa meM ikaTThe hue aura unhone saba ko kucha niyama pAlana karane ke lie vAdhya kiyA (sametyatAstata cakru samayAn) aura yaha sthira kiyA ki "jo koI kisI dUsare ko vAcika yA kAyika kaSTa degA, dUsare kI strI ko chInegA yA dUsare ke svatva kA apaharaNa karegA, use hama loga daDa deMge" (vAphzUro daNDaparuSo yazca syAt pArajAyika , ya parasvamathA'dadyAt tyAjyA nastAdRzA iti, zlo0 18-19); kintu zIghra hI isa bAta kA anubhava kiyA gayA ki kevala niyama banAne se hI samAja vyavasthita nahIM ho jaataa| una

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271 hiMdU rAjanIti meM rASTra kI utpatti niyamo ko, jo sarvasammati se svIkRta kiye gaye hai, lAgU karane ke lie eka zakti honI caahie| yaha vicAra hone para logo ne karuNAmaya brahmA ke pAsa jAkara nivedana kiyA-"he bhagavan, eka zAsaka ke abhAva ke kAraNa hama loga nAgakoprApta ho jAyeMge / hamAre lie eka zAsaka pradAna karo (anIzvarA vinazyAmo bhagavanIzvara diza-zlo020), jisake prati hama saba loga apanA sammAna pradarzita kareMge aura jo hama logo kA pratipAlana karegA" (ya pUjayema sambhUya yazca na prtipaalyet-shlo021)| isa prArthanA se dravita hokara brahmA ne mana se kahA ki ve martya loka kA zAsaka honA svIkAra kara le, parantu manu ko maraNazIla jIvo ke prati koI sahAnubhUti nahI thI aura sAtha hI unheM prasanna yA santuSTa rakhanA eka pahelI thii| unhone javAva diyA-"mai pApakarmoM se bahuta DaratA hU~ (aura zAsana-karma meM pApa honA nizcita hai)| zAsana kI vAgaDora apane hAtho meM lenA bahuta hI duSkara hotA hai" (vibhemi karmaNa pApAdrAjya hi bhRzadustaram) / unhone yaha bhI kahA-"manuSya-varga ke Upara rAjya karanA to aura bhI kaThina hai, kyoki ve sadA mithyAparAyaNa hote hai" (vizeSato manuSyeSu mithyAvRtteSu nityadA-zlo0 22) / isa para manu se prArthanA karate hue logo ne unheM vizvAsa dilAyA ki pApa se unako vilakula na DaranA cAhie, kyoki "pApa kA bhAgI unhI logo ko honA paDegA, jo use karege" (kartRnava gmissyti)| parantu caturAI se bharA huA logo kA yaha vizvAsa dilAnA manu para asara na kara skaa| isalie unake citta ko dilAsA dene ke lie manuSyo ne unheM lambe-cauDe adhikAra dene ke vacana diye, jiname hindU rAjAo ke una sabhI adhikAro kA mUla pAyA jAtA hai, jinhe rAjanItizAstra meM unakI zakti ke andara batAyA gayA hai| manu se logo ne pratijJA kI ki unhe jAnavaro aura suvarNa kI sampatti kA pacAsavAM hissA aura anna kA chaThA hissA diyA jAyagA (pazUnAmadhipaJcAzaddhiraNyasya tathava ca, dhAnyasya dazama bhAgam-zlo0 23-24) / rAjA ke vizeSAdhikAro me jo antima zarta thI vaha nIce ke (azuddha) pATha meM kathita hai kanyA zulke cArarUpA vivAhe'dyatAsu ca (zlo0 24) / nIlakaTha ne yahI pATha mAnA hai| unhone vivAdeSu tatAsu ca pATha bhI diyA hai, aura use prAcyo kA pATha kahA hai| tIsarA pATha nIlakaTha ne vivAde dhUtatAsu ca diyA hai, jise hilabeDa ne isa artha meM svIkAra kiyA hai ki yahA~ vivAde zabda vivAdeSu ke lie AyA hai (alTiDirace poliTika, pR0 173) / hilabreDa ne sAre vAkya kA artha yaha diyA hai-'java dAsiyo ko kharIdane ke lie bAjAra meM grAhaka loga yaha pukArapukAra kara eka dUsare ke Upara bolI bolate haiM ki "maiM isa laDakI ko kharIdatA hU~, mai isa laDakI ko kharIdatA hU~", taba rAjA ke bhAga ke liye eka dAsI kanyA alaga rakha lenI caahie|' paratu nIlakaTha ne jo pATha diye hai, unameM se kisI kA yaha artha nahI nikalatA aura hilabeDa dvArA diyA huA artha kisI prakAra yuktisagata nahI mAnA jA sktaa| ukta zloka kA abhiprAya bahuta prAcIna kAla kI rIti se hai java rAjA logo ke lie bhAryAno tathA dAsI kanyAo ke rakhane ke sambandha meM vizeSAdhikAra the, kintu jisa samaya 'mahAbhArata' apane vartamAna rUpa ko prApta huA, usa samaya taka uparyukta roti vilakula vanda ho gaI thii| itanA bhAratIya rAjyatantra me rASTra kI utpatti ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai| __ ava naitika dRSTikoNa para vicAra karanA hai| pleTo kA yaha AdarzavAda ki rASTra kA zAsana svArtha-rahita tattvajJAniyo ke hAtha meM honA cAhie, bhAratIya rAjanIti meM bhI milatA hai| eka Adarza bhAratIya rAjyapraNAlI me kSatriya ko yajJa se bace hue anna ke bhakSaNa dvArA jIvana-nirvAha kA Adeza hai tathA rAjA ko zAstrArtha ke tattva ko jAnanA anivArya kahA gayA hai (mahAbhArata 12-21-14-kSatriyo yajJaziSTAzI rAjA zAstrArthatattvavit), parantu isase adhika mahattva kI bAta, jo bhAratIya rAjanItijJo ke mastiSka meM thI, vaha haoNnsa ke mata kI taraha anavaruddha yuddha-nIti thii| agrejI tattvajJAna ke isa baDe pracAraka ne likhA hai (leviprathana, 111), "sabase pahale mai sArI mAnava-jAti kI 'dekhie manusmRti, a0 12, 130-131 / kauTilya (artha0, prakaraNa 33) ne bhUmi-kara upaja kA chaThA aza batAyA hai (piMDakara ssddbhaag)| itanA hI bAda ke grantho meM bhI milatA hai / kAlidAsa ke 'raghuvaMza' se jJAta hotA hai ki vana ke muniyo ko bhI apane ekatrita anna kA chaThA praza kara-svarUpa denA paDatA thaa|

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272 premI-abhinadana-graMtha icchA ko btaauuNgaa| yaha icchA-zakti ko adhika vaDhAne ke lie niratara athakarUpa se dUsaro ke prati yuddha karate rahanA hai, jisakA anta kevala mRtyu me hotA hai / isa lagAtAra yuddha kI icchA kA sadA yaha kAraNa nahIM hotA ki manuSya prApta sukha se kahI adhika sukha prApta karane kI kAmanA karatA hai yA ki vaha eka nizcita zakti se santoSa-lAbha nahIM kara sktaa| kintu isakA yaha kAraNa hai ki use vizvAsa nahIM hotA ki kisI nizcita zakti yA sAdhano se usakA jIvana yayeccha santoSamaya ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra use apanI vartamAna paristhiti se santoSa na hokara sadA adhika-adhika prApti kI icchA banI rahatI hai / " isa prakAra ke bhAva vAle vAkya kisI bhI kAla ke saskRta-sAhitya meM mila sakate hai| Adi-sRSTi ke manuSyo kA citraNa usa Adarza tathA ucca Dhaga para kiyA huA nahIM milatA, jaisA ki hama vasuvandhu me pAte hai / prAya unakA varNana prAkRtika rUpa se duSTa manuSyo ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai, jo sadaiva eka-dUsare kA galA kATane ke lie taiyAra rahate hai, jo kevala dUsare ke dvArA vadalA liye jAne ke bhaya se hI dUsare para atyAcAra karane se ruka sakate hai, (mahAbhArata, 12, 15, 6-parasparabhayAdeke pApAt pApa na kurvate) yA phira daDa ke Dara se aisA nahI kara sakate (12, 15, 7-daNDasyaivabhayAdeke na khAdanti parasparam) / isa sambandha meM yaha vAta vicAraNIya hai ki yahA~ 'daDa' zabda kama-se-kama prAcIna sAhitya meM, usa artha meM prayukta huA hai, jisameM 'laoN' yA 'kAnUna' zabda hote hai / vaha kevala daDa dene kA sUcaka nahI hai| mahAbhArata (12, 15, 10) me yaha sApha-sApha likhA hai ki 'daDa' kA artha 'maryAdA hai| rAjA isa daDa (niyama, kAnUna) kA svarUpa kahA gayA hai, jaisA ki mahAbhArata me matsyanyAya samvandhI varNana se prakaTa hotA hai, jisame daDa tayA rAjan zabda eka-dUsare ke dyotaka siddha hote hai (milAmo 'mahAbhArata' 12, 15, 30 aura 12, 67, 16) / yahI bAta mahAbhArata meM Aye hue eka pATha-bheda se, jisakA jikra Upara ho cukA hai, siddha hotI hai (prajA rAjabhayAdeva na khAdanti parasparam-mahA0, 12, 68,8) / Upara ke vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya rAjanItizAstra meM rAjA kA prabhutva usake vyaktigata rUpa meM na mAnA jAkara zAsana-niyamo ke sarakSaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| krizciyana (yUropIya) rAjyatantra ke anumAra prajA rAjA kI AjJAmo kA pAlana karane ke lie vAdhya hai, kyoki rAjA Izvara ke dvArA abhiSikta hotA hai, parantu prAcIna bhArata ke rAjanIti-sAhitya me kahI para bhI aisA kathana nahI pAyA jAtA, jisase rAjA kA aisA prabhutva mUcita ho| bhArata kI rAjanIti dharma-pradhAna thii| vaha kabhI rAjA ke aniyantrita adhikAro ke adhIna nahI huI aura kama-se-kama rAjanaitika niyama-vyavasthA meM rAjA ko kabhI svecchAcArI yA prajA-pIDana kA adhikArI nahI ghoSita kiyA gyaa| medhAtithi jaise eka vAda ke rAjanItijJa lekhaka taka ne yaha likhA hai ki dharma ke mAmalo meM rAjA sarvocca nahI hai (manusmRti, 7, 13 para ttiikaa)| hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki bhAratIya sAmAjika jIvana meM dharma kA kSetra bahuta vyApaka hai / ata isa bAta meM koI Azcarya na mAnanA cAhie ki rAjA ko isa deza meM vaha Izvara-tulya pUjyabhAva nahIM diyA gayA, jo roma meM pAyA jAtA hai| itanA hI nahIM, bhArata ke prAcIna sAhitya meM kucha aise bhI kathana hai, jinameM prajA ko itanA taka adhikAra diyA gayA hai ki vaha kartavyavimukha rAjA ko haTA sakatI hai| rAmAyaNa (3, 33, 16) me yaha spaSTa ghoSita kiyA gayA hai ki yadi rAjA durAcArI hai to usake svajano dvArA hI usakA vadha kara denA vihita hai| kalakattA

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... : . - R ...S -20% Ammammmmmmmmmmmmmmmomeya ma ummer and M E m irmireon : . dvAna gajendra-mokSa viSNu madira kA uttara kI ora kA zilApaTTa [purAtattva vibhAga ke saujanya se

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itihAsa kA zikSaNa pro0 rasikalAla choTAlAla pArIka zikSaNa krama me kisI bhI viSaya para vicAra karate samaya isa bAta para dhyAna rakhanA hotA hai ki vaha viSaya vidyArthI ko kyA mikhalAtA hai aura use kisa taraha ke manovyApAra me abhyasta banAtA hai| sikhalAne se adhika mahattva kI bAta yaha hai ki vaha vidyArthI meM kisa prakAra ke saskAro ko janma detA hai| zikSaNa-gAstra ke isa siddhAnta ko itihAma me svIkAra karane para prazna uThatA hai ki itihAsa meM zikSaNIya aura umase kisa prakAra ke mAnamika saskAro kA nirmANa hotA hai ? vidyArthI vacapana me hI kahAnI sunatA hai| apane zikSaNa-krama meM bhI use kathA-kahAnI paDhanI par3atI hai| unhe paDhakara unake kathAnaka kI matyatA meM vidyArthI kA vizvAsa ho jAtA hai / yadi usakI nimagnanA meM vyAghAta karane vAlI koI ghaTanA A jAtI hai to vaha avazya kucha socane laga jAtA hai, anyathA yadi kathA kI parI ume pramanna karane meM maphala hotI hai to phira vaha kaime hI vikaTa aura durgama gaDha meM kyo na vada ho, usakA astitva svIkAra karane me vidyArthI ko Apatti nahIM hotii| kahane kA tAtparya yaha ki jahAM naka bhAvanA kI anukUlatA surakSita rahatA hai vahAM taka mana ko vighna nahI mAlUma hotA aura kathAnaka ko yathArthatA ko jAMca-paDacAla kI apekSA nahIM hotii| mAhitya aura kalApo kA zikSaNa vidyArthI me aimI hI manovRni utpanna karatA hai / isa prakAra ke abhyasta chAtro ko datihAsa kI zikSA dene ke lie kathA paddhati kA upayAga kiyA jAtA hai| yahAM savAla hotA hai ki kyA yaha paddhati upayukta hai? kyA ima pati se viSaya manojaka Dhaga me upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura itihAsa kI ghaTanAe~ mugamatA sa hRdayagama karAI jA sakatI hai ? kucha logo kA kahanA hai ki hA~, kathAo ke mAdhyama dvArA itihAsa kA zikSaNa diyA jA sakatA hai| zrAkhira gaNita kI samasyA ko bhAskarAcArya 'lIlAvatI' grantha me sundara zloko meM upasthita karate hI hai| kyA isame gaNita kI zikSA nahI milatI? isake viparIta yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki una iloko kI hariNAkSiyo yA varAnanAyo me lAlAyita ho kara vidyArthI gutthiyoM meM bhale hI phaMsa jAya, unase bAhara nikalane ke lie to use gaNita kA hI abhyAsa karanA pdd'egaa| yadi hama kathAno ke viSaya meM kaha de ki ve kathA nahI, itihAsa hai to aisA kahane mAtra meM hI kyA vaha itihAsa ho jaaygaa| yadi zikSaka kahatA ki yaha to satya ghaTanA hai, kalpina nahI, to kyA usakA itanA kaha denA hI kAphI hai ? ghaTanA kI vAstavikatA aura kalpanA kA bheda karane vAlI umake pAsa kamoTo kyA hai ? kalpita kathA aura itihAsa ko vyakta karane vAlI kathA kA vAharI rUpa itanA samAna hotA hai ki dono me atara karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai| yaha samAnatA itanI adhika hotI hai ki kathA-paddhati se itihAsa kI zikSA dene kA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki vAlaka apanI pasanda kI kalpita kathA ko bhI satya ghaTanA ke rUpa meM samajhane la lagatA hai| itihAsa ke kathA-kahAnI dvArA zikSaNa dene kI yaha vaDI hI vikaTa samasyA hai| paramparA me itihAsa ke sAhitya kA anacara hone ke kAraNa yaha kaThinAI aura bhI baDhe gaI hai| isa viSaya meM vAda-vivAda karate hue kisI kimI zikSaka kA yaha bhI mata hai ki itanI rUDhipriyatA rakhane se kyA lAbha? aitihAsika kahI jAnevAlI ghaTanAo meM bhI nizcitatA kahAM hotI hai| kalpanA kA vyApAra unameM bhI no rahatA hI hai / aisI dazA meM hama chAtro kI ruci ke lie itihAsa kI kathApro meM siddharAja aura mInaladevI kA vArtAlApa rakkheM to usase ApakA kyA bigaDatA hai ? isake uttara meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki imsa itihAsa vigaDatA hai| yaha saca hai ki itihAsa ke rUpa meM varNita kathAno kI ghaTanAoM meM anizcitatA hotI hai, unameM kalpanA bhI hotI hai, phira bhI itihAsa aura kalpita sAhitya dono bhinna cIjeM hai| kAraNa ki ve dono bhinna-bhinna manovRttiyo ke pariNAma hai / sAhitya-sarjaka manovRtti aura itihAsa-godhaka manovRtti do bhinna cIjeM hai / sakSepa meM, zikSaka ko itihAma kA samyaka jJAna honA caahie| use yaha mAlUma honA

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274 premI-abhinaMdana-praya cAhie ki sAhitya, gaNita eva bhautika jJAna Adi me itihAsa meM kitanI bhinnatA hai aura kitanA sAmya / isa lekha me mai itihAsa kA thoDA sA digdarzana zikSako ke upayoga ke lie karA denA ucita samajhatA huuN| agrejI zabdakoSa meM hisTrI' zabda dekhane me mAlUma hotA hai ki vaha grIka zabda 'himToriyA' (Historia)kA nadbhava hai / umakA artha hai 'talAga', 'khoja' (Inquiry) / anumadhAna (Research), khoja (Exploration)tayA sUcanA (Information)paryAya inasAiklopIDiyA va mogala sAinsez2a meM diye hai| vAda meM godha-voja ke pariNAmo ke lie bhI isa zabda kA prayoga hone lagA hai / isame thoDA bhinna jarmana zabda 'gaiziSTe' (Geschichte) hai, jo 'gezerena' (Gescherhen=to take place, to happen)dhAtu ma banA hai / unnIsavI zatAbdI meM 'gazipTe' zabda 'mAnava kRta vAstavikatArokA magraha aura unakA vikAsa' (Collection of human facts and their evolution) ke artha meM prayukta hotA thaa| mamAna artha meM vyavahRta hone para bhI 'hisTrI' aura 'geziSTe' kI dhvani me vaDA atara hai| 'hisTrI' 'mana jime paidA kare vaha isa bAta para jora detI hai java ki geziSTe kA jora ghaTanA (event) para hotA hai| joho, itanA to spaSTa hI hai ki pAzcAtya paramparA ke anusAra hisTrI va gegiSTe zabda pramANa-vyApAra ke dyotaka hai, kalpanA-nyApAra ke nhii| vijJAna meM pramANa-vRtti kI AvazyakatA hotI hai aura hama dRSTi ne itihAsa bhI vijJAna kI koTi meM A jAtA hai| lekina vijJAna ke anusandhAna tathA itihAsa ke anusandhAna meM vaTA antara hai| bhautika Adi vijJAno meM anumandhAna-karnA padArtha ko pratyakSa dekhanA hai, usake Upara prayoga karatA hai aura aneka tatvo tathA tatva-mavoM ko khoja nikAlatA hai| arthAt umakA jJAtavya viSaya usake sAmane rahatA hai, lekina itihAsakAra jisa viSaya ko jAnanA cAhatA hai vaha usake mAmane nahIM hotaa| vaha na to umakA pRthakkaraNa kara sakatA hai aura na usake Upara prayoga hI kara makanA hai| itihAsakAra kA padArtha kAla me hai, sthala meM nahIM / phira bhI use sthalakAla viziSTa padArtha kA yayArtha jAna prApta karanA hI hotA hai| usake lie sthala me to kevala avazeSa mAtra hI hai| arthAta padAryoM kA antima kAlarUpa umake mamakSa vartamAna meM vidyamAna hotA hai / isa antima kAla rUpa ke AdhAra para bhRtakAlIna sthalakAla viziSTa spo kA ume anumAna karanA hotA hai| kahane kA tAtparya yaha ki itihAsa kI vAstavikatA mAnane meM bhI viziSTa tatvadRSTi abhipreta hai| itihAsa kA padArtha anumAna se phalita karane kA hai| ata itihAsa vijJAna kI pahalI kriyA vartamAnakAlIna padArtha sthiti ke dvArA unake bhUnakAlIna tatvo kI khoja karanA hai| isa dRSTi me bhU-stara vidyA Adi itihAsa ke prakAra hai| para yahA~ para hama manupya meM prAdurbhUta padArthoM taka hI inihAma manA ko sImita karate hai| isalie vartamAna kAlIna padArthoM ko avazepa rUpa mAna kara unheM bhUta kAlIna padArthoM ke cihna banAne kA vaijJAnika kaugala itihAsa magoSaka ko sarvaprathama mughaTita karanA hotI hai| vera va phene ke kathanAnusAra "prAcIna tathyo ke kevala avazepa smAraka aura kAgana-pattarahI zepa raha jAte hai| ye smAraka, jinasa itihAmana ko apane viSaya kA jJAna prApta karane meM sahAyatA milatI hai, mava prakAra ke hote hai| isI se kahA jAtA hai ki itihAma ke mAdhana vibhinna prakAra ke hote hai|" kahane kA matalava yaha ki vividha prakAra ke avagepI ke AdhAra para itihAsakAra kA prathama kArya vAstavikatA ko nizcita karanA hai| vartamAna kAlIna tathyoM ke anusAra padArtha itihAsa kI ghaTanAeM banatI hai| aisI ghaTanAgrA kA samUha siddha hone ke pazcAt unheM kAlatrama kI zRkhalA meM gvAlA jAtA hai| adhika upayukta zabdoM meM kahA jAya to kAla-pravAha meM ghaTanAyo ma ekarUpatA yA jAne ke vAda umake AdhAra para anya niyamo kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| aise anumAnA meM se eka viziSTa prakAra kI tanvadRSTi phalita hotI hai / ise inihAmapradatta tatvadRSTi kaha sakate hai| isa prakAra kI natvadRSTi prApta vizva itihAma limbane ke pUrva prAdegika itihAma, bhUgola ke pradeza kAla ke vibhAga, vannuo ke azo 'sAtavA bhAga pRSTha 357 insAiklopIDiyA oNva sozala sAinseja 7vA bhAga pRSTha 357 / 'inmAiklopIDiyA prAva sozala sAinsez2a bhAga 7, pRSTha 358 /

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itihAsa kA zikSaNa 275 kA itihAsa, yaha nava nizcita ho jAne caahie| isa kaThinAI ke kAraNa kitane hI itihAsa-mazodhaka itihAsa ko maryAdA bhUtakAla ke pravAha meM ghaTanAmo ko nirNata kara dene ke lie Age rakhane hai| itane mAtra ne itihAsa-vijJAna kI anumAna-prakriyA anyAnya vijJAnI kI prakriyA meM kisa prakAra bhinna hotI hai, isakA andAja nahIM ho pAtA, para kAla-pravAha meM vannuo ke parivartana ko yathArtha rUpa meM dekhane kI manovRtti paidA ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra bhUmiti ke prameyo me jo anumAna-prakriyA ghaTita ho yA bhautika vijJAno ke gaNitabaddha kArya kAraNAdi mavadho ke grahaNa meM jo anumAna-prakriyA maskArita ho usame bhinna prakAra ko anumAna-patriyA itihAsa ko ghaTanAeM nizcita karane meM-use pravAha-baddha karane me-aura unake AvAra para vyaktiyo tayA namyAoM ko lAkSaNikanA kA granumAna karane meM maskArita hotI hai| jaisA ki maiM Upara baha cukA hai, itihAsa kA viSaya mikhalAte samaya ina prakAra kI manovRtti vidyArthI meM utpanna ho yaha umakI ghaTanAoM ke jJAna kI apekSA avika mahattva ko vAta hai| isa prakAra zikSA pAye huye vidyArthI me duniyA ko samajhane kI vastu-nattva ko pahacAnane kI-yakti paidA hotI hai| vastutattva ko, jima aneka pahalU hai, pUrNanya mai samajhane ke lie aneka dRSTiyAM Avazyaka hai / itihAsa-dRSTi bhI iname eka hai aura pragati ko apanA lakSya mAnanevAle vyaktiyo ke lie umakA zikSaNa atyanta Avazyaka hai| itihAsa mikhalAne kA uddezya caritra-nirmANa aura gaSTrIya abhimAna jAgrata karanA hai, ayavA kyA? aise prazno para dinArabhaya me isa lekha meM vicAra karanA sabhava nahIM hai, para itanA to nizcaya hai ho ki satya mamabhane me ayavA satya nanajhane kI icchA ne prerita manovyApAra ko zikSA se caritra svaya hI vana jAtA hai aura rASTra abhimAna apane Apa jAsta ho uThanA hai| lenalAI aura nAinovo (Langloss and Seignobos) ne apanI itihAma zAstra pravegikA ke 320 me 322 taka ke pRSThoM meM itihAsa movane, mivalAne tathA unakA sagovana karane kA mukhya lAbha nimnalikhita gando meM batalAyA hai "inihAma kA mukhya guNa yaha hai ki vaha mAnasika maskAra ke nirmANa kA eka mAdhana hotA hai| aimA bhinnabhinna prakAra ne hotA hai| prathama to yaha ki aitihAsika anusandhAnoko paddhati kA abhyAsa citta ko grArogya pradAna karatA hai aura vojo para mahaja-vizvAsa (Credulity) kara lene kI mAnamika vRni ko dUra kara detA hai| dUsare itihAsa nAnA prakAra ke samAjo kA digdarzana karA kara hameM isa bAta ke lie taiyAra karatA hai ki hama bhinna-bhinna prakAra kI prathAyo ko samajha sakeM aura unheM nibhA skeN| itihAsa hameM yaha bhI dikhAtA hai ki samAja meM prAya parivartana hote rahate hai aura parivartana ke bhaya ko hamAre hRdaya me dUra kara detA hai| antima lAbha yaha ki bhUtakAlIna vikAmo ke cinnana se hameM vaha dRSTi prApta hotI hai, jisase hama yaha vAta bhalobhAti samajha sakate haiM ki svabhAva-parivartana tayA navIna pIDiyo ke punarutyAna ne kisa prakAra prANizAstrahI vadala jAtA hai| isame hama jIva-vijJAna ke niyamo kA sAmAjika vikAsa ke niyamoM ke mAtha tAratamya vaiThAne ke pralobhana se vaca jAte hai / itihAsa se hameM yaha bhI patA cala jAtA hai ki mAmAjika vikAsa kA kAraNa vahI cIjeM nahIM hotI, jiname jIvo kA vikAsa hotA hai|" bhRgu RSi atharvaveda meM kahate hai kAlo azvo vahati saptarazmi sahasrAkSo ajaro bhUriretA / tamArohanti kavayo vipazcita. tasya cakrA bhuvanAni vizvA // arthAt-sahantra netro vAlA nitya yuvA, ati prakAzamAna, mapna prakAra ko lagAmo (kiraNoM) vAlA kAla rUpo azva calatA hI rahatA hai aura jAnI kavijana usa para savAra hote hai| samUcA vizva usa azva ke lie bhramaNa mArga hai| uchala-kUda karane, kAla-azvake Upara savAra hone ke lie jAnI kavi vananA paDatA hai| itihAsa kA jJAna bhI aimA hI kauzala pradAna karatA hai| ahamadAbAda]

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devagar3ha kA guptakAlIna maMdira zrI mAdhavasvarUpa 'vatsa' ema0 e0 gupta-yuga prAcIna bhArata kA 'svarNa yuga' kahA gayA hai / bhArata ke rAjanaitika, sAskRtika, vaijJAnika, dhArmika, kalAtmaka tathA vAstu-savadhI kAryoM para gupta-yuga ne eka amiTa chApa lagA dI hai / pratApI maurya samrAT azoka ke rAjya-kAla me vauddhadharma kI patAkA phaharane lagI thI, paratu usake bAda hI brAhmaNa dharma ko jAgrati hone lagI aura gupta kAla me isa dharmaM ne mahAn utkarSa prApta kiyA / yadyapi rAjanaitika kSetra me gupta sAmrAjya ko prabhutA pA~cavI zatI ke vAda nahI rahI tathApi sAskRtika kSetro me vaha sAmrAjya ke naSTa hone ke DeDha sau varSa bAda taka banI rahI / isa yuga kI mUrtikalA kI bhAti citra kalA meM bhI jo samanvaya tathA sayama kI bhAvanA, kArIgarI kI pUrNatA tathA zraga pratyago kA supuSTa sayojana dekhane ko milatA hai usase baDhiyA anyatra durlabha hai / ajatA (acitya ) aura bAgha, vAdAmo tathA sittannavAsala Adi ke kalAkoSa tathA sAre bhArata bhara meM bikharI huI isa yuga kI anekAneka mUrtiyA~ jo vAstava me Adarza kalA-pradarzana ke kAraNa bahumUlya hai, kalA - kovido kI prazasA kA pAtra vana cukI hai| vAstukalA ke kSetra me bhI isa yuga meM bhAratIya maMdira nirmANa ko do rotiyo kA prAdurbhAva pAyA jAtA hai -- eka nAgara roti aura dUsarI drAviDa / pahalI kA vistAra uttara bhArata meM zikharo ke rUpa meM huA aura dUsaro dakSiNa bhArata meM vimAno ke rUpa meM vikasita huI / ye dono zailiyA~ dakSiNa meM aihola ke durgA aura lAdakhA ke maMdiro me sAtha-sAtha pAI jAtI hai / devagaDha tathA bhotaragaoNva ke madiro me caurasa chata ke Upara zikhara kA nirmANa milatA hai, jaisA ki sA~co, tigavA, nacanA kuThArA tathA uttara bhArata ke anya madiro me pAyA jAtA hai / vore-dhIre madhyakAla me ukta dono zailiyA~ kramaza uttara tathA dakSiNa bhArata kI maMdira nirmANa - kalA kA pratIka ho gaI / patthara ke bane hue prAcIna zikhara kA namUnA uttara bhArata me kevala eka milatA hai aura vaha devagaDha (jilA jhAsI) kA dazAvatAra maMdira hai, jisakA samaya chaThI zatAbdI I0 kA prArambha mAnA jA sakatA hai / yadyapi isa maMdira ke zikhara kA UparI bhAga bahuta samaya pahale naSTa ho gayA, tathApi hAla meM mujhe saubhAgya se zikhara ke alakRta dvAra- stabha ke bAharI zorSamAla ke Upara patthara kI kucha zranukRtiyA~ milI, jinhe maiM isI maMdira yA isase milate hue kisI anya samakAlIna maMdira ke chAyA- zraza samajhatA hU / aisA mAlUma paDatA hai ki devagaDha kA maMdira sIdhI rekhAo se nirmita eDUka ( pirAmiDa) ke samAna thA, jisakI medhiyA~ kramaza choTo hotI calI gaI thii| maMdira kI pratyeka dIvAra ke bIca me jo bAhara nikalA huAA vaDA hissA thA, jisameM eka cauDA, gaharA khudA huA yAlA do khabho ke bIca meM banAyA gayA thA, vaha zikhara ke Upara taka pahu~catA thA aura usa para pradhAna alakaraNa kI vastu prAcIna caityo meM upalabdha vAtAyana kI racanA thii| maMdira ke dvAra - stabha para zikhara ko pratikRti banA huI hai| usase yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki kono me tathA sire para zrAmalaka banAye gaye the / ata devagaDha me hamako gupta kAlona zikhara kA eka vikasita rUpa dekhane ko milatA hai, jo bAda meM samaya ke anusAra adhika U~cA, pirAmiDa ko zakla kA, aDAkAra, adhika vikasita tathA alakRta hotA gayA / kucha kAraNo se, jinhe meM yahA~ denA nahI cAhatA, kaniMghama ke isa kathana se maiM sahamata nahI hU~ ki cUMki cabUtare ke Upara kucha khabhe paDe mile the, ata cabUtare ke cAro tarapha eka-eka stambhayukta maDapa rahA hogA, jo unhI khabho para sadhA thA / rAkhAladAsa banarjI kA bhI yaha mata ki sAre cabUtare ke Upara eka samatala chata thI, ThIka nahI pratIta hotA / jaisA ki kanighama ne likhA hai, cabUtare ke Upara kA uThA huA maMdira kA hissA nau vargoM meM vibhakta thA aura unake bIcobIca garbhagRha sthita thaa| adhiSThAna kI jo khudAI rAyabahAdura dayArAma sahAnI ne karavAI hai, usase pratyeka kone me eka choTe vargAkRti madira kA patA calA hai / isa prakAra madira ke madhya bhAga (garbhagRha) ko milAkara dazAvatAra maMdira uttara bhArata meM pracalita paMcaratna zailI kA sabase prAcIna 1

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devagaDha kA guptakAlIna madira 277 udAharaNa pradarzita karatA hai| madira kA jagatIpITha mUrtikhacita gilApaTTI kI kama-se-kama do zreNiyo se alakRta yA, jiname me choTo katAra baDI vAlI ke Upara banAI gaI thii| vaDe zilApaTTI meM me do ava bhI apane purAne sthAna para sthita hai / aba hama isa mahattvapUrNa mundara madira ke viSaya meM kucha jAnakArI ke lie usakA ati makSipta varNana yahAM dNge| ___ U~ce cabUtare taka pahu~cane ke lie mIDhiyo para se jAnA paDatA hai, jo hara bAjU ke bIcovIca mIDhiyAM banI huI hai| cabUtare kI lavAI hara tarapha 55 phoTa : ica hai aura usake pratyeka kone para eka-eka choTechoTe madira hai jo 11 phoTa vargAkRti meM hai| ina madiro ke aba kevala cihna avagipTa hai / moThiyo ke kAraNa poTha ko lavAI hara tarapha do bhAgoM meM baMTa gaI hai| unameM se bhI hara eka bhAga ko labAna ko bIcobIca nikalate hue poTha se vibhakta kiyA gayA hai, jisa para unkIrNa gilApaTTa Athita hai| ye gilApaTTa jagatIpoTha ke anya paTTo me kucha baDe hai aura nIno tarapha unkIrNa hai| aviSThAna ava bahuta naSTa ho cukA hai, yadyapi yaha vAta spaSTa hai ki vaha madira ke daravAje ko dehalo ko mataha taka uThA rahA hogaa| yaha mataha moDhiyo ke ana meM rakkhI huI candragilA me karIba nau phITa UMcAI para tho| usake Upara cAradIvArI ke kinAre ko nicalI dovAla karIba do phoTa aura UMco uTho rahI hogaa| madira kA garbhagRha mAdA aura caukora (18' "x18'6") hai| isakA mukha pazcima ko ora hai tathA umame eka bahuta baDhiyA ukerA hugrA dvAra hai / zepa tono tarapha eka-eka cauDA mUrti-khacita gilApaTTa hai, jo eka gaharaM pAle meM jddaahai| isa Ale yA 'rathikA' ke dono ora do nikalate hue gAnbAstabha yA vAjU hai / madira-dvAra aura ravikAoM (niches) ke utaragaM (lintel) ko UMcAI para bhAratulA (entablature) tho, jisa para atyanna mAdA nogNAkRti gavAnI (arched window pattern) kA alakaraNa banA huA thaa| isame bho Upara cAgeyo dauTatA huyA rajjA thA, jo cAra kono me nikalI huI varano para TikA thaa| hajje me dvAra aura rayikAvimbI ko rakSA honI thA aura unake darzana meM bhI vAyA na pahuMcatI tho| gikhara ne jo spa grahaNa kiyA, usake viSaya meM hama Upara likha cuke haiN| daravAje kI caukhaTa (112"x10'9") ke cAra mUrti-khacita pahala hai, jo caugvaTa ke cAro ora bane hue hai| pratyeka pahalU para nIce eka gvaDI huI mUrti hai| sabame bhItara ke pahalU para pahalo mUni eka prabhAmaDala-yukta puruSa kI hai, jisake dono ora eka-eka strI-mUrti hai| caukhaTa ke bAharoM kinAro para eka khaDA huaA baDI toda kA bInA (kIcaka) hai, jo apane dono hAthoM me eka cipaTA ghaDA (magalaghaTa) thAme hue hai| gupta-kalA ke anurUpa bane hue dama ghaTa meM eka sundara latAvali nikalatI huI dikhAI gaI hai, jo pattiyo aura puppo me yukta hai| upNoza ko UMcAI naka pahuMcakara yaha latA-vitAna 10 ica poche vimakatA huA dikhAyA gayA hai, jisase Thoka dAhine gagA kI mUrti aura vAeM yamunA kI mUrti ko yathocita sthAna diyA jA ske| ina dono mUrtiyoM ke Upara chatra hai aura dono apane-apane vAhano para AsDha dikhAI gaI hai| nadI devatAoM kA isa prakAra siradala ke kinAro para citraNa gupta-kAlona anya prAcIna madiro meM bhI milatA hai / miradala ke madhya meM viSNu bhagavAna anata ke Upara baiThe dikhAye gaye hai| aimA pratIta hotA hai ki ye vahI deva hai, jinake lie madira kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thaa| vAe se dAhinI ora kI parikramA karate hae hama una mUniyukta zilApaTTo ke pAsa pahu~cate hai, jinake dRzya bhAratIya kalA meM apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhate hai| uttara kI ora kA paTTa gajendramokSa kI vyayA pragita karatA hai| pUrva ko ora vAlA nara aura nArAyaNa kI tapasyA kA sUcaka hai tathA dakSiNa kI ora vAle paTTa para anantagAyI viSNu virAjamAna hai| jamA ki maine Upara kahA hai, madira kA adhiSThAna do katAroM meM lage hue gilApaTTo me alakRta thA, jiname gamAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke dRzya akita kiye gaye the| dukha kI bAta hai ki mUrtiyo kA bahuta thoDA aga vaca pAyA hai| kiMtu jo mUrtiyAM ima mamaya upalabdha hai, ve vaDe manorajaka adhyayana kA viSaya hai / ve vahI ke eka godAma meM surakSita hai|

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278 premI-abhinadana-gratha gamAvaNa garI gilApaTTI me ahalyA-uddhAra, vana-gamana, agastyAzrama me rAma, lakSmaNa aura mItA kA jAnA, zUrpaNakhA kenAka-kAna kATanA, vAli-mugrIva-yuddha, lakSmaNa ke dvArA sugrIva kA abhiSeka, lakSmaNa tathA sugrIva zrAdi kA puna sammilana, naTamaNa ko jokti karane ke lie hanumAna kA propadhi lekara drutagAmI honA Adi hai| mahAbhArata ke kucha dRzyo me se kRSNa-janma, nada-yazodA ke dvArA valadeva aura kRSNa ko khilAnA, tathA zakaTa-lIlA Adi hai / eka vigaDe hue zilApaTTa para, jo avamI apane purAne sthAna para sthita hai, vAmanAvatAra kA dazya hai| madira ke adhiSThAna para viSNa ke anya kauna-kauna avatAra bane hue the, yaha aba nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha vigAla madira ava itanA adhika naSTa ho cukA hai ki isakA kAlpanika pUrNa mAna-citra banAne ke lie pApho pagthima kI AvazyakatA hai| kevala aise citra ke dvArA hI na kevala isa madira kA sAkAhI samajha meM A sakatA hai, apitu usake prAcIna saudarya kA bhI anumAna ho sakatA hai / isa dizA meM kArya karane kI merI apanI dhAraNA hai / ata ma mai vidvAno nayA apane sahayogiyo se hArdika prArthanA karU~gA ki ve gupta-kalA kI avaziSTa kRtiyo kA, jo isa deza kI amUlya ratna-rAzi hai, adhika manoyoga ke sAtha adhyayana, sarakSaNa aura prakArAna kreN| prAgarA]

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mathurA jaina stUpa aura mUrtiyA~ zrI madanamohana nAgara ema0 e0 bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa me mathurA jisa prakAra hindU aura vauddha dharma ke lie agraNI rahA usI prakAra jaina dharma aura kalA kA bhI atyanta prAcIna kAla se pramukha sthAna thaa| IsA se lagabhaga do sau varSa pUrva se hI yahA~ ke svacchanda vAtAvaraNa meM jaina dharmAnuyAyI hindU aura bauddho ke sAtha prItipUrvaka apane ucca jIvana ko vitA rahe the| vauddho ke vuddha aura vodhimatva tayA hinduo ke brahmA, viSNu Adi kI taraha jano ke tIrthakaro kI bhI mUrtiyo kA sarvaprathama nirmANa mayurA meM huA aura isa prakAra isa pavitra nagarI kohI bhAratavarSa ke tIno pradhAna dharmo ke devI-devatAo ko mUrtimAna karane kA zreya prApta huA / yadi uttarI bhArata meM koI bhI aisA sthAna hai, jahAM prAcIna jaina-kalA tayA mUrti-vijJAna kA viziSTa tathA samyag adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai to vaha mathurA hI hai| jaina dharma kI jo kucha purAtattva mAmagrI hameM mathurA se prApta huI hai vaha adhikAza kakAlI TIle se hai| yaha TIlA nagara me vAhara do mIla kI dUrI para AgarA-dillI roDa para basA hai| kakAlI TolA mathurA ke bahuta hI dhanI Tolo me se hai aura prAcIna kAla meM uttarI bhArata meM jaina dharma aura sthApatya kalA kA sabame vaDA kendra thaa| isa TIle se kucha hindU aura vauddha mUrtiyA~ bhI milI hai, jinase mabhavata yaha jJAta hotA hai ki jaina dharma kI vaDhatI dekhakara hindupro aura vauddhone bhI unake samIpa apanA kendra banA liyA thaa| isa Tole kI coTI para eka nakkAzIdAra khabhAhai jise Ajakala loga kakAlI devI kara ke pUjate hai aura jisake kAraNa isa Tole kA nAma 'kakAlI' TIlA paDA hai| kintu vAstava me isa sthAna para eka prAcIna jaina stUpa thA jo 'vodva stUpa' ke nAma se prasiddha thaa| yaha stUpa IsvI dUsarI gatI me itanA prAcIna samajhA jAne lagA thA ki loga isake vAstavika banAne vAlo ko nitAnta bhUla gaye the aura ise devo kA banAyA huA mAnane lage the| imase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki 'vodva stUpa' vahuta hI prAcIna stUpa thA, jisakA nirmANa kama-se-kama IsvI pUrva pA~cavI-chaThI zatAbdI meM huA hogaa| isa anumAna kI puSTi kA dUsarA pramANa yaha bhI hai ki tibvatIya vidvAn tArAnAtha ne likhA hai ki maurya kAla kI kalA yakSa-kalA kahalAtI thI aura usase pUrva kI kalA deva-nirmita kalA / ata yaha siddha hotA hai ki kakAlI Tole kA jaina stUpa kama-se-kama maurya kAla me pahale avazya banA thaa| kahA jAtA lekhaka mahAzaya kI yaha dhAraNA ki hindU aura bauddha mUrtiyoM ke samAna jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA bhI kuSANa kAla meM mathurA meM hI bananI zurU huI, kucha yuktiyukta pratIta nahIM hotI, kyoki IsA pUrva kI dUsarI sadI (173 vI0 sI0-160 vI0 sI0) ke uDIsA prAnta vAle samrAT khAravela ke hAthI gumpha zilAlekha ke AdhAra para DA0 jAyasavAla ke matAnusAra yaha sApha vidita hai ki khAravela ke samaya se bhI pahale udayagiri para jaina arhanto ke madira vane hue the| samrAT khAravela ne magadha sAmrAjya ko parAsta kara Adi-jina RSabhadeva kI usa mUti ko, jo tIna sau varSa pahale magadha rAja nandivardhana udayagiri se uThA kara le gayA thA, lA kara puna sthApita kiyA thaa| isake atirikta 14 pharavarI 1937 ko paTanA jakazana sTezana se eka mIla kI dUrI para lohiyApura se pRthvI khodate samaya jo DhAI phuTa U~cA nagna mUrtikhaDa milA hai aura Ajakala paTanA ajAyabaghara meM rakkhA huA hai vaha DA0 kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla ke matAnusAra upalabdha jaina-mUrtiyoM meM prAcInatama jainamUrti hai aura IsA se lagabhaga 300 varSa pUrva purAnI hai| DA0 jAya savAla kA uparokta mata 20 pharavarI 1937 vAle 'sarcalAiTa' meM prakAzita aura jaina aiMTikverI, jUna 1937 meM uddhRta huA hai| ina dono zilAlekha aura purAtattva ke udAharaNo se spaSTa hai ki jaina tIrthaMkaro kI mUrtiyA kuSANa kAla se kaI sadI pahale bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgo meM maujUda thiiN|-spaadk /

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280 premI - abhinaMdana graMtha hai ki mathurA kA yaha stUpa prArabha me svarNa-jaTita thA aura ise 'kuverA' nAma kI devI ne sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzvanAtha kI puNya smRti meM vanavAyA thA / tatpazcAt teIsave tIrthaMkara zrI pArzvanAtha jI ke samaya me isakA nirmANa IMTo se huA / isake bAda lagabhaga AThavI zatAbdI me vappabhaTTasUri ne isakI marammata karAI / isa anuzruti ke AdhAra para bhI mayurA ke prAcIna jaina stUpa kA nirmANa kAla lagabhaga IsvI pUrva kI chaThI zatAbdI ThaharatA hai / isa prakAra bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa meM yaha stUpa sabase purAnA samajhA jAtA hai / yaha stUpa kuSANa kAla meM vedikAgro, toraNI Adi me alakRta thA aura isame koTTiya gaNa kI vajrI zAkhA ke vAcaka Arya vRddhahasti kI preraNA se eka zrAvikA ne na kI mUrti sthApanA kI thI / citra 1 - - zrAyAgapaTTa, jisa para 'vauddha stUpa kA nakzA banA hai (?) / 'vauddha stUpa' ke samIpa meM do baDe-baDe deva prAsAdo ke bhagnAvazeSa bhI mile haiN| inameM se eka maMdira meM eka toraNa kAbhA milA hai, jise mahArakSita prAcArya ke ziSya uttaradAsaka ne banavAyA thaa| isa para ke lekha ke akSara bhArahUta se pAye gaye I0 pU0 150 ke lagabhaga ke ghanabhUti ke toraNa ke lekha ke akSaro se purAne hai / grata vidvAno ke

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mathurA kA jaina stUpa aura mUrtiyAM 281 mata me ina maMdiro kA samaya IsvI pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI kA hai| ina maMdiro me I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI me lekara ImA kI vArahavI zatAbdI taka ke zilAlekha aura zilpa ke udAharaNa mile hai, jinase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki lagabhaga 1400 varSa taka jaina dharma ke anuyAyI yahA~ niratara taraha-taraha ke sundara zilpa kI sRSTi karate rahe / kakAlI TIle me ava taka prAya mamilA aura DeDha hajAra patthara kI mUrtiyAM milI haiN| inameM vedikAe~, toraNa, grAyAgapaTTa, tIrthakara mUrtiyA~, sarvatobhadrakA pratimAe~ Adi pramukha haiM, jo apanI utkRSTa kArIgarI ke kAraNa Aja bhI bhAratIya kalA ke gaurava samajhe jAte hai / bauddha stUpoM kI taraha mathurA kA jaina snUpa bhI cAro ora eka prakAra kI veSTani yA cahAradIvArI me majjita thA, jisake cAra grasnambha, sUcI, grAlavana aura uSNIpa-- the / ina vedikAzrI ke stabho para aneko citra 2 -- uttara guptakAlIna tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyAM subhaga gAtra vAlo vanitAe~ akita hai, jo mAthurI kalA ko anupama dena hai / inakI sundara pozAko tathA bhAti bhAti ke ratnajaTita trAbhUSaNoM ko dekhakara dA~to tale agulI davAnI par3atI hai / azoka, vakula, grAmra aura capaka ke udyAnoM me puSpacayana, gAlabhajikA zrAdi krIDAgrI me prasakta athavA kaduka, khaDga Adi ke khelo meM malagna athavA snAna aura prabhAvana meM lagI huI kulAganAtho ko dekhakara kauna vinA mugdha hue raha sakatA hai ? ina para bane hue bhakti bhAva se pUjA ke lie phUla-mAlAo kI bheTa lAne vAle upAnako ko zobhA nirAlI hai / suparNa aura kinnara yAdi zrarddha devo kI pUjA ke dRzyoM se ina vedikAoM kI sundaratA tathA mahimA aura bhI bhAvagamya ho gaI hai / aimI hI vedikAnoM se sumajjita eka snUpa kA dRSya hameM mayuga ke ajAyabaghara meM pradarzita eka prayAgapaTTa (citra 1 ) para milatA hai / bIca meM eka golAkAra stUpa hai, jisa para pahu~cane ke lie moDhiyA~ banI hai / stUpa ke cAro ora vedikAe~ ( Railings) hai / cAro dizAo meM toraNo me mumajjita vahirdvAra ( Gateways ) bane haiM / ina vahirdvAro ke bho ko sabhAlane ke lie tuDiyAe~ (Brackets) dI gaI hai, jina para cApabhugnagAtro vAlI yakSiyA~ utkIrNa hai / zrAyAgapaTTa (Tablet of homage) patthara ke uma caukora TukaDo ko kahate hai, jo aneko prakAra ke mAgalika cihnoM ne zrakita kara ke kimI tIrthakara ko caDhAyA gayA ho| kakAlI TIle se ima prakAra ke kaI grAyAgapaTTa 36

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282 premI-abhinadana-pratha pAye gaye hai, jo jaina-kalA me apanA vizeSa sthAna rakhate haiN| ina para nAMdyAvarta, kamala, belabUTe, aSTa mAgalika cihna, vacca, svastika Adi akita hai aura inake bIca me samAdhimudrA meM koI tIrthakara virAjamAna rahate hai| jaina-mUrtivijJAna meM ye AyAgapaTTa sabase prAcIna aura prasiddha avazeSa mAne gaye hai| kAraNa, ina para hame sarva prathama tIrthakaro kI mUrtiyA~ milatI hai| isase pahile vauddha kalA kI bhAti jaina-kalA me bhI bhagavAn kI pUjA kevala cihno dvArA hotI thii| adhikAza pAyAgapaTTo para to cihna tayA mAnuSIrUpa dono kA anupama sammizraNa hai| - - - -- . A . . . . . FORY citra 3--guptakAlIna tIrthakara-mUrti I0 ma0 prathama zatAbdI meM jaina dharma me tIrthakaro kI pRthak mUrtiyo kA vananA prArabha huaa| ye mUrtiyA~ baDe sAde Dhaga se banAI jAtI thii| iname jina-loga yA to sagAsana meM khaDe rahate the yA samAdhimudrA meM baitthe| ye mUrtiyA~ digambara sapradAya kI hone ke kAraNa vastra-vihIna hai / inameM kevala AdinAtha, pArzvanAtha yA supArzvanAtha, ajitanAtha aura mahAvIra svAmI kA citraNa hI milatA hai| mUrti-vijJAna pUrNarUpa se vikasita na hone ke kAraNa isa samaya taka cauvIso tIrthakaro ke cihna, lAchana Adi ThIka-ThIka niyata nahI hue the| isalie kuSANa kAla kI tIrthakara mUrtiyo meM eka dUmare kA bheda nahI kiyA jA sakatA hai| hAM, AdinAtha ke vAla (citra 2) tathA pArzva aura supArzvanAtha ke sarpa-phaNa hameM kevala inako pahicAnane meM sahAyatA dete haiM / jaina tIrthakaro kI mUrtiyo ke kaleje para ke zrIvatsa ke kAraNa aura sira para uNIpa ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hama inhe isa kAla kI buddha-mUrtiyo se alaga AsAnI se pahicAna sakate hai| mathurA ke kalAvido ne isI samaya se eka prakAra kI caumukhI mUrtiyo ko bhI vanAnA zurU kiyA, jo sarvatobhadrikA pratimA arthAt

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mayurA kA jaina stUpa aura mUrtiyAM 283 vaha zubha mUrti jo cAro ora ne dekhI jA sake, kahalAtI thiiN| ina mUrtiyoM meM cAro dizAoM me eka tIrthaMkara kI mUrti banI huI hai| ina caumugvI mUrtiyo meM AdinAtha, mahAvIra, supArzvanAtha avayya hote hai / isa prakAra kI mUrtiyA~ mathurA meM kuSANa aura gupta kAla meM bahutAyata me vanatI thI aura unake aneko sundara udAharaNa isa samaya ajAyabaghara meM pradarzita hai| kintu sabhyatA aura gAnti kI yaha dazA vahuta dino taka na Tika sakI aura IsvI 475 ke lagabhaga se uttarI bhArata para hUNo ke bhayAnaka AkramaNa hone lge| ina aAkramaNo me mathuga kI sthApatya kalA ko vaDA dhakkA lagA aura vaha phira kabhI usa purAne coTI ke sthAna ko prApta nahIM kara skii| ana I0 chaThI zatAbdI ke pazcAt ke jo namUne hameM mile hai ve bhoDe aura mahe hai aura uname pahile kI mI sajIvatA nahI hai| imI kAla se mathurA meM zvetAmbara mapradAya kA bhI sikkA jamA aura vinA kapaDevAlI mUrtiyo meM kapaDe divAye jAne lge| vetAmbagyio kI hI kRpA se ina mUrtiyoM meM pahile-pahala rAjasiMhAsana, yakSa, yakSiNI, triratra, gajeMdra Adi dagAMye gaye, jo uttara gupta kAla aura usake bAda kI jaina mUrtiyo ke vizepa lakSaNa hai| inhI ke sAtha-sAtha madhya kAla ke mAyurI takSako ne yama-yakSiNiyo aura jaina mAtRkAo kI bhI pRthak mUrtiyA~ vanAnA prArama kiyaa| mathurA ajAyabaghara meM pradarzita jaina yama varaNedra (na0 136) kI mUrti imI kAla kI hai| inake hAtha meM eka cakra hai aura mira para mApoM ke phnn| ye mupAzvanAtha kI sevA meM rahate haiN| RSabhanAtha kI yakSiNI cakrezvarI kI bhI eka sundara mUrti milI hai| isameM devI garuTa para savAra hai aura isake prAThI hAthoM meM cakra hai| goda meM bacco ko liye hue aura kalpa vRkSa ke nIce baiThI huI mAtRkAno kI bhI kaI mUrtiyAM hame kakAlI Tole se milI hai| tIrthakara mUrtiyoM ke atirikta kRpANa kAla kI eka vizeSatA thI bhagavAna naimepa kI pUjA / naimepa, naigamepa yA harinaMgamepa jaina patha me matAnotpatti ke pramukha devatA the| inakI puruSa aura strI dono vigrahoM meM mUrtiyAM milI hai| mabhakta purupa vigraha kI mUrtiyA~ purupo ke pUjane ke lie thI aura strI vigraha kI mUrtiyAM striyo ke lie| mUrtiyo meM naMgamepa kA mukha vakare kA dikhAyA gayA hai| gale me latrI motI kI mAlA bhI hai, jo inakA vizeSa cihna hai| mathurA meM prApna jaina mUrtiyo para ke leba aitihAsika, dhArmika tathA sAmAjika dRSTi me baTe mahattva ke hai| inameM pAye gaye kRpANa gajAyo ke nAma tathA tithiyo me hame unake Rmika itihAsa (Chronological history) tathA gajya kAla kI avadhi kA patA calatA hai| yadi ye lemba na mile hote to kanipka, huvika jaise devatulya pratApI mamrATI kA jJAna hama kevala nAmamAtra kAhI rhtaa| ina legyo se hame vidita hotA hai ki inakI dAtA avikAza striyA~ thIM, jo baDe garva ke mAya apane puNya kA bhAgaveya apane mAtA, pitA, mAsa, samura, putra, bhAI, putrI Adi AtmIyo ko vanAtI thii| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki Aja kI taraha usa samaya bhI dharma kI stabha striyA~ hI thii| ina striyo meM bahuta mI vidhavAeM hotI thI, jo isa gokajanaka avasthA ke kAraNa ghara-gRhasthI choDakara manyAma le letI thI aura jana-magha meM bhikSuNI vana jAtI thii| aisI hI eka strI kumAramitrA thI, jisane vaidhavya ke dukha me dukhI hokara sanyAsa le liyA thA aura jinake putra ne eka varSamAna pratimA pratiSThApita kI thii| lekha meM kumAramitrA ko sagita, mokhita pIra boSita (Whetted, polished and awakened) kahA gayA hai| ina lekho me jo gaNa, kula, magha,gotra, ga.khA, sabhoka Adi gada Aye hai iname usa samaya ke jaina mamAja ke vibhinna dhArmika dalo kA patA calatA hai| abhAgyavaza ina zabdo kA ThIka-ThIka artha ava taka vidvAno kI samajha meM nahIM AyA, para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ye dala bhinna-bhinna gusyo ke apane sthApita kiye hue the athavA yaha bhI mabhava hai ki ye zabda vaidika kAla ke pravara, gotra, gAkhA Adi ke pratirUpa ho| lekho kI bhASA milI-julI prAkRta aura saMskRta hai, jo bhApA-vijJAna (Philology) kI dRSTi se baDe mahattva ukta lekhoM meM jo sagha, gaNa, gaccha, zAkhA Adi zabda Aye hai, unakA saketa jaina zramaNo ke una vibhinna saMgho kI pora hai, jo IsA pUrva kI pahalI sadI ke pharIva jaina-zramaNo meM apanI-apanI AcArya-paramparA aura paryaTanabhUmi kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa paidA hone zurU ho gaye the|-spaadk /

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284 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha kI hai| kAraNa, yaha prAcIna saMskRta aura Ajakala kI hindI, marAThI, bagalA-gujarAtI Adi prAntIya bhASAyo ke bIca eka kaDI-mI hai| inakI bhASA me saskRta ke zabdo ke ve svaspa hai, jinake mAdhyama se Ajakala kI uttara bhArata kI prAntIya bhApAtro ke mUla zabda ko hama DhUDha nikAlate hai| ina lekho meM se eka lekha se hameM patA calatA hai ki mathurA meM ImavI pahalI zatAbdI meM nAcane aura nATaka khelane vAlo ke kucha ghara the, jo ina kAmo ko peze ke taura para karate the| bhagata, nAca, rAma Adi prAcIna paraparA se mathurA meM cale A rahe hai aura ina para anusadhAna karane vAlo ke lie yaha lesa avazya hI vaDe mahattva kA hai| lakhanaU ]

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mahArAja mAnasiMha aura 'mAna - kautUhala' zrI hariharanivAsa dvivedI em0 e0 ela0 ela0 vI0 eka bAra dillI jo tomaro ke hAtha se nikalI to phira prayAsa karane ke bAda bhI kabhI unanI na ho sakI / yadyapi cAraNa bhATa kahate hI rahe-- "phira phira dillI toro kI, tora gaye taba zrIroM kI " parantu dillI zraurI kI ho gaI aura tauro ko zrAzraya milA gvAliyara ke kile aura usake nikaTa ke pradeza meM, jisakA Aja bhI 'tIraghAra' nAma prasiddha hai / tomaro kA sUrya eka bAra dillI meM grasta hokara puna caudahavI zatAbdI ke anta me gvAliyara-gaDha para udaya huA, jaba vIrgamadeva tomara ne taimUra ke hamale ke bAda apane zrApako svatantra mahArAjA ghopita Mee I 24 Joh 14. hi Jamia Srawa CRIRE 3. mahArAja mAnasiMha tomara dvArA nirmita mAnamaMdira ke bhitti citra aura patthara kI kArIgarI kara gvAliyara ke tomara vaMza kI sthApanA kI / prAya eka zatAbdI taka isa vaza ne dharma-mIru, kalA ra sAhitya-premI narezo ko utpanna kiyA / gaNapatideva, DUMgarendradeva, kIrtisiMha, kalyANamalla aise nAma hai, jinheM gvAliyara kile kA darzaka aneka parvatAkAra jaina-mUrtiyoM kI caraNa-cokiyo tathA anya kalA-kRtiyo para zrakita dekhatA hai / tomaro kA rAjya apanI parAkASThA ko mahArAja mAnasiMha tomara ke kAla me pahu~cA, parantu isa pUrNacandra ke grahaNa ke lie lodI -vaza rUpI rAhu prabala huaa| ina mahArAja ne san 1486 meM gahI ma~bhAlI aura tabhI ina para

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286 premI-abhinadana-pratha bahalola lodI ne AkramaNa kara diyA / vaDI kaThinAI se mahArAja apanI svatantratA kI rakSA kara sake, parantu bAda me inakI zakti baDhatI hI gaI aura san 1486 IsavI me vahalola kI mRtyu ke pazcAt java sikandara lodI gaddI para baiThA to vaha inakI zakti se bahuta prabhAvita huA aura inako ghoDA tathA vastro kI bheMTa bhejI / mahArAja ne bhI badale meM bheMTa bhejI / kucha samaya pazcAt phira vidveSa prArambha huA aura sikandara lodI ke sAmane mahArAja mAnasiMha tomara ko apanI zakti aura gvAliyara - gaDha kI ajeyatA kI aneka bAra maphala parIkSA denI paDI / sikandara lodI kI mRtyu ke bAda ibrAhIma lodI gaddI para baiThA aura usane apane sAmrAjya kI sampUrNa zakti ke sAtha gvAliyara ke mAna ke viruddha hallA bola diyA / tIsa hajAra ghoDe, tIna sau hAthI aura agaNita paidala sainA me gaDha ko ghirA choDa kara mahArAja mAnasiMha apanI kIrti-kaumudI kI chaTA choDa san 1516 IsavI meM muradhAma pavAre / w mahArAja mAnasiMha ke pUrvaja DUMgarendradeva dvArA nirmita gvAliyara - gaDha kI tIrthaMkaro kI vizAla mUrtiyA~ apane rAjya-kAla meM mahArAja mAnasiMha ne aneka jhIlo kA nirmANa kraayaa| gvAliyara kI motIjhIla, jahA~ Aja vizAla vATara varksa hai, inhI mahArAja kI banavAI huI hai aura jaTavAre aura tauraghAra meM aneko siMcAI kI jhIlo ke nirmANa kA zreya bhI inhI ko hai / inake rAjya me prajA sukhI aura santuSTa thI / yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja rAjA mAna kA nAma isa pradeza me 'vIra vikaramAjIta' ke nAma ke mamAna hI samAdRta hai / ye mahArAja kalA ke atyadhika premI the / nAja bhI gvAliyara-gaDha kA pratyeka darzaka gUjarI mahala aura mAnamandira ke nirmAnA ke vAstu kalA-prema kI sthAyI chApa lekara jAtA hai| gUjarI mRganayanA aura usake lie rAI grAma se jala kA nala lagavAne kI kivadantI jJAta hone para usake prema kA pramANa bhI mila jAtA hai / ve sagIta-kalA ke bhI vahuta baDe premI the, yaha kama logo ko jJAta hai / inake dvArA nirmita sagIta kI 'mAnakautUhala' nAmaka pustaka kI sUcanA hame kAzI ke zrI candravalI pADe ne dI thI / yaha jAnakArI hote hI hamane usakI khoja prArambha kii| 'madhyayugIna - caritra - koSa' grantha meM yaha ullekha prApta

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mahArAja mAnasaha aura 'mAna - kautUhala' Tripur 287 huA ki isakI eka prati rAmapura ke rAjapustakAlaya meM hai / karnala rAjarAjendra zrImanta mAlojI rAva nRsiMharAva gitole ke zrAgraha se rAmapura rAjya ke dIvAna janAva saiyada vI0 ela0 jaidI sI0 prAI0 I0, vAra-eTa-laoN ne kRpA kara usakI pratilipi bhejane kA vacana diyA / vaDI utsukatA me usakI vATa dekha rahe the ki eka dina hameM phArasI bhASA kI pADulipi rAmapura rAjya se prApta ho gaI / yadyapi mUla- 'mAnakaunUhala' na prApta kara sakane ke kAraNa hame kucha kheda hugrA, parantu hame jo kucha prApta huA vaha mAskRtika itihAsa kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa thA / samrAT AlamagIra ke kAzmIra ke sUbedAra phakIrullA kA san 1073 hijarI (I0 san 1699) meM kiyA gayA 'mAnakautUhana' kA phArasI - rUpAntara hame bhejA gayA thA / mAnamadira kI vizAla hathiyA paura usa mamaya hindU aura musalamAno kA sAskRtika mela kitanA adhika ho gayA thA, yaha isa pustaka se spaSTa hai / saMgIta kI aneka pAribhASika vAto ke sAtha-sAtha usa samaya ke sAmAjika eva rAjanaitika itihAsa para bhI isa pustaka se kAphI prakAza paDatA hai / mahArAja mAnasiMha dvArA gvAliyara ke gaurava meM jo vRddhi huI, vaha na kevala vAstukalA taka hI sImita samajhI jAyagI, apitu use dhruva sapramANa sagIta ke kSetra me bhI svIkAra karanA paDegA /

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288 premI-prabhinadana-graMtha isa pustaka kA sArAza yahA~ prastuta karanA aprAsaMgika na hogaa| isa pustaka meM dama adhyAya hai| pahale adhyAya me lekhaka (anuvAdaka) ne apanA nAma phakIrullA diyA hai aura likhA hai ki san 1073 hi0 me eka purAnI kitAva mere dekhane me AI, jisakA nAma 'mAnakautUhala' thaa| isa pustaka kA kartA gvAliyarAdhIza rAjA mAnasiMha ko likhA hai| mAnasiMha gAna-vidyA meM nipuNa the aura prasiddha to yaha hai ki dhruvapada kA AviSkAra isI rAjA ne kiyA / eka vAra sayoga se nAyaka bakhzU pADavIya, jo tailagAnA deza me kurukSetra snAna karane AyA thA, deva Aga (datya ke se svara vAlA)nAyaka mahamUda aura nAyaka karaNa isa rAjA kI sabhA meM upasthita hue| rAjA ne ise svarNa-sayoga smjhaa| zikSArthiyo ko sulabha karane ke lie rAjA ne ina gAyanAcAryoM se vAda-vivAda karake rAgarAganiyo ke lakSaNo para pustaka likhvaaii| yaha pustaka aisI vanI ki jisa para bharosA kiyA jA sakatA hai aura isalie maine isakA anuvAda phArasI me kiyaa| yaha pustaka 'bharata' mata ko mAnatI hai| anuvAda ke sAtha-sAtha kucha Avazyaka vAte 'bharatasagota', 'sagIta-darpaNa' aura 'ratnAkara' se cunakara isame vaDhA dI gaI hai, tAki sIkhanevAlo ko una pustako ke dekhane kI AvazyakatA na paDe / isa pustaka kA nAma maine 'rAgadarpaNa' rakkhA hai, kyoki eka choTe-me darpaNa meM pahADa aura jagala savakA dRzya dikhAI de jAtA hai / kucha rAga isame 'nRtyanRtyo' aura 'candrAvalI' ke mata me bhI likhe hai| mahArAja mAnasiMha dvArA gujarI rAnI 'mRganayanA' ke lie vanavAyA gayA 'gUjarI mahala' dUsare adhyAya meM rAga-rAganiyo kA vivaraNa hai aura kucha pAribhApika zabdo kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| isa adhyAya me yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki mAlavA kA prasiddha navAva vAjavahAdura, amIra khuzaro, zekha vahIuddIna, jakariyA multAnI, sultAna husaina zarkI jaunapurI gAna-vidyA me 'ustAda' kA pada rakhate the| anuvAdaka bhI apane ko isa vidyA kA 'Amila' (nipuNa) likhatA hai| tIsare adhyAya ma vatAyA gayA hai ki kisa Rtu meM kaunamA rAga, rAginI yA unake putra gAye jAne hai aura unake volo meM kaunase akSara prArambha me nahIM rakhanA caahie| sAtha hI grAmo kA bhI varNana hai| 'isa pustaka ke pado kI bhASA vaha prAcIna hindI hogI, jise gvAliyarI kahA jA sakatA hai| isI 'gvAliyarI' ke adhyayana ke lie isa pustaka kI khoja hamane kI thI, parantu vaha adhyayana tabhI ho sakegA, jaba mUla 'mAnakotUhala' prApta ho jAyagA-lekhaka /

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mahArAja mAnasiMha aura 'mAna-kautUhala 286 cauthe adhyAya me likhA hai ki zarIra ke kisa bhAga meM se kaunasA svara utpanna hotA hai aura 'dhruvapada', 'viSNupada', 'khyAla', 'mAharA' Adi ke rUpo kA bhI varNana hai| unake raso kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai| pAMcave adhyAya me vAdyo kA ullekha hai / tAra, tA~ta yA khAla ke yoga me bane bAjo ke atirikta jalataraga kA bhI vistRta varNana hai| isake pazcAt nAyikA-bheda diyA gayA hai| chaThe adhyAya meM gAyako ke aivo kA citraNa hai| sAtave adhyAya meM gAyako kA galA Adi kaisA ho, isa para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| pAThave adhyAya me gAyana ke 'ustAda' kI pahicAneM vatalAI gaI hai| bharata mata ke anusAra ustAda ko saskRta kA paDita honA caahie| koSa para usakA adhikAra ho, zAstrI ho, buddhi aisI kuzAgna ho ki dUsaro se vivAda kara make aura navIna cIjeM paidA kara ske| nave adhyAya me vatalAyA hai ki gAna-maDalI kima prakAra sayojita kI jAye / gAna-maDalI ke tIna prakAra batalAye hai, uttama, madhyama aura nikRSTa / uttama gAna-maDalI vaha hai, jisame cAra gAyaka ucca zreNI ke, ATha madhyama zreNI ke, bAraha sukaTha striyAM, cAra vAMsurI vAle aura cAra mRdaga vAle ho| madhyama sagona-maDalI meM isakI AdhI sakhyA raha jAtI hai / nikRSTa me eka gAyaka, tIna usake sahAyaka, cAra sukaTha striyA~, do vAMsurI vAle tathA do mRdaga vajAne vAle ho| ima adhyAya me yaha bhI likhA hai ki samrATa akavara ke kAla meM 'rAgamAgara' nAmaka eka pustaka nikhI gaI thii| umame aneka rAga 'mAnakautUhala' ke viruddha likhe gaye aura ve galata hai|| damave adhyAya meM anuvAdaka ke samaya ke prasiddha gAyako kA ullekha hai / zekha vahIuddIna, sulatAna husaina zarkI, DAlU DhADI, lAlakhAM urpha samandarakhA~ (jise tAnamaina ke putra vilAsakhAM ko laDako vyAhI thI), jagannAtha, mizrIkhAM DhADI, kizanasena, tulasIrAma kalAvanta, bhagavAnA andhA Adi kA hAla likhA hai / anta meM kucha ApavItI bho likhI hai| anuvAdaka ne likhA hai ki san 1071 me samrAT kimI kAraNa se mujhase aprasanna ho gaye aura maine 'gozAnazono' astiyAra kara lii| man 1076 me mujhe puna bulAyA gayA aura samrAT apane sAtha kAzmIra le gye| yadi pRthvI para svarga ho sakatA hai to kAzmIra hI hai| samrAT ne mujhe kAzmIra kI mUvedArI pradAna kii| zAsana vAstava me bhakti kAhI dUsarA nAma hai aura bhakti kA koI dUsarA prakAra isako nahI pahu~catA, kyoki zAsana janatA kI saccI sevA kA nAma hai| anuvAdaka ne Age likhA hai ki mujhe do laDAiyAM bhI laDanI pddii| phira rAgo kI phArasI naz2amo se tulanA karake samAnatA sthApanA kA prayatna hai| ___isa pustaka se madhyakAlIna bhAratIya sagIta ke itihAsa para paryApta prakAza paDatA hai aura Age khoja ke lie sAmagrI kA maketa bhI milatA hai| isame hama pradeza ke sAskRtika itihAsa para bhI prakAza paDegA, isa AzA se yaha sakSipta paricaya prastuta kiyA gayA hai| gvAliyara ]

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jaina aura vaiSyAvoM ke pArasparika mela-milApa kA eka zAsana-patra zrI vAsudevazaraNa agravAla itihAsa se siddha hai ki maurya samrAT udAra vetA mahArAja azoka ne sava sampradAyo ke bIca samanvaya aura zAnti kI zikSA dene ke lie vizeSa AjJAe~ jArI ko thI, jo unakI dharma-lipiyo meM Aja taka utkIrNa hai / azoka ke bhAva vividha dharmoM vAle isa vizAla deza ke lie pramRta ke samAna hitakara hai| azoka se lagabhaga solaha zatAbdI vAda vijayanagara sAmrAjya ke pratApI samrAT zrI bukkarAya prathama ne jaina aura vaiSNavo meM pArasparika mela aura zAnti kI sthApanA ke lie 1368 I0 (zaka varSa 1260) meM eka lekha khudavAyA / yaha lekha dakSiNa ke zravaNa belagola sthAna ke sabase vizAla maMdira meM, jisakA nAma 'bhaDArI vastI' hai, khudA huA hai / " lekha ke prArambha meM magalAcaraNa kA eka zloka hai, jisameM vaiSNavI ke parama guru zrI rAmAnujAcArya kI stuti haiM / lekha kA sArAMza yaha hai ki jaina dharmAnuyAyI logo ne zrI bukkarAya se vaiSNavo kI ora se hone vAle atyAcAra kI zikAyata kii| isa para bukkarAya ne jaina aura vaiSNava dono sampradAyo ke prabhAvazAlI vyaktiyo ko ekatra kiyA aura jaina bhakto kA hAtha vaiSNavI ke hAtho meM rakhakara dono me mela kraayaa| sAtha hI ghoSaNA kI ki jaina zrIra vaiSNava dono mata abhinna hai zrIra dono eka hI zarIra ke aga hai| pUrA lekha isa prakAra hai mUla kannar3a lekha svasti samasta prazasti sahitam // pASaNDasAgaramahA vaDavAmukhAgni zrIraGgarAjacaraNAmbujamUladAsa / zrI viSNulokamaNimaNTapamArgadAyI rAmAnujo vijayate yatirAjarAja // zaka varSa 1260 ne kolaka savatsarada bhAdrapadazu 10 bR svasti zrImanmahAmaNDalezvara ArirAya vibhADa bhASege tanu rAyagaDa zrIvIra bukkarAyana pRthvI rAjyava mADava kAla dalli jainarigU bhaktarigU savAjava zradalli zrAneyagondi hosapaTTA penuguNDe kalle hadapaTTaNava prolagAda samastanADa bhavya janaGgala prA bukkarAya bhaktaru mADuva anyAyagalatU binaha mADala Agi kovila tirumale perumAla kovila tirunArAyaNapuramukhyavAda sakalaprAcAryyarU sakalasamayigalU lasAvika moNTakara tiruvaNi tiruviDi tanIravara nAtvatteSTujanaGgalu sAvantabovakkalu tirikUla jAmbuva kUla polAda hadine nADa zrIvaiSNavara kaiyyalu mahArAyanu vaiSNapradarzanaU jainadarzanakkeU bhedava illava endu rAyanu vaiSNavara kaimyalu jainara kaiviDivu koTTu yI jainadarzanakke mariyAdeyalu paJcamahAvAdyagalU kalazavu salubuda jainadarzanakke nakra desendihA nivRddhivAdarU vaiSNavahAni vRddhiparAgi pAlisuvaruyI maryAdeyalu yallA rAjyadolaga ullAntaha bastigalige zrIvaiSNava zAsanava naTTu pAlisuvaru candrAvarka sthAyiyAni vaiSNava samayo jainadarzanava rakSisikoNDu vaheu vaiNarU jaina vondu bhedavAgi kAgaja zrAgaDa zrItirumaleya tAtayyagalu samastarAjyada bhavyajanaGgala anumatadinda belugulada tirtyadalli vaiSNava aGga rakSegosuka samastarAjyadolaga ullantaha jainara nAgilu gaTTaleyAgi mane manege varSa ke 'dekhie epigrAkiyA karnATikA, bhAga 2, pR0 26 ( bhaDArI bastI maMdira kA varNana ), pR0 63 ( lekha kA magrejI meM sArAza), pu0 156 (mUla kannaDa bhASA kA lekha, sakhyA 344), pR0 146 ( lekha kA agrejI anuvAda) /

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jaina aura vaiSNavo ke pArasparika mela-milApa kA eka zAsana-patra 1 haNa koTTu zrAyettida honiGge devara aGgarakSetreya ippattAlatU santaviTTu mikka hosiGge jINaM jinAlayaGgalige soyeyana ikU yo mariyAdeyalu candrAkarkarullanna tappalIyade varSa varSakke koTTu kIrtiyan puNyavanU upAjjasikombudu yo mADida kaTTaleyana Avan zranvana moRRdavana rAjadrohi sagha samdAyakke drohi tapasviya zrAgali grAmiNayAgali yo ghava keDa sidara prAdaDe gageya taDiyalli kapileyanU brAhmaNananU konda pApadalli hoharu | zlo // svadatta paradattaM vA yo hereti vasundharAm / paSThi varNasahasrANi viSTAyA jAyate kRmi // 261 (bAda me joDA huA bhAga ) kallehada havvizeTTiya suputra vasuvi seTTi bukka rAyariMga vinnamAdi tirumaleya tAtayyaGgala vijaya gaisi tarandu nIntadvArava mADisidaru ubhaya samayavU kUDi vasuvi seTTiyariMga saGgha-nAyaka paTTava kaTTidaru || hindI anuvAda svasti / samasta prazasta sahita / pAkhaDa rUpI samudra ko sukhAne ke liye mahAn vaDavAnala, zrI raMganAtha deva ke caraNa-kamalo ke sevaka aura bhagavAna viSNu ke dhAma me nirmita ratna jaTita maDapa taka pahu~cane kA mArga vatAne vAle, yatirAja rAjazrI rAmAnuja kI jaya ho / zaka varSa 1290 / kIlaka savatsara bhAdrapada zukla dazamI bRhaspativAra ---- zrI manmahAmaDalezvara, zatru nAzana, vacano kA atikramaNa karane vAle rAjAo ke daDa-karttA, zrI vukkarAya ke zAsana kAla me jaina aura bhakto ( vaiSNavo) me vivAda uThane para Aneyagondi, hosapaTTana, penuguNDe aura kalleha pattana Adi samasta nADo ke bhavya jana arthAt jaino ne milakara mahArAja vukkarAya se bhakto (vaiSNavo) ke anyAya ke bAre meM vinatI kii| isa para mahArAja ne jaino kA hAtha pakaDa kara zrI vaiSNavo ke hAtho me rakha diyA, jisameM ki kovila ( zrI ragam ), tirumale ( tirupati ), perumAla kovila (kAcIpura ) aura tirunArAyaNapura (melakoTe) Adi aTThAraha rASTro (nADa) ke sakala AcArya, sakala samayI, sakala sAttvika, mauSTika (muTThI bhara anna se nirvAha karane vAle), zrI pUjanIya, pavitra caraNa aura pavitra arghya ke pAtra, aDatAlIsa jana, sAvanta vova, tirukula aura jAmvava kula sammilita the| sAtha hI mahArAja ne yaha kahate huye ki vaiSNava-darzana aura jaina darzana me bheda nahI hai, isa prakAra ghoSaNA kI yaha jaina darzana pUrva kI bhAti patra mahA vAdya aura kalaza kA adhikArI rahegA / yadi bhakto (vaiSNavo) ke dvArA jaina darzana kI hAni yA vRddhi kI jAyagI to vaiSNava use apane hI dharma kI hAni yA vRddhi samajheMge / isa maryAdA ko sthApita karane vAlA eka zAsana rASTra kI saba bastiyo me zrI vaiSNava loga kRpayA jArI karege / jaba taka candra aura sUrya kAyama he tava taka vaiSNava- samaya jainadarzana kI rakSA karatA rhegaa| vaiSNava aura jaina eka hai| unhe alaga nahI samajhanA cAhie / tirumalai arthAt tirupati ke tAtayya nAmaka sajjana samasta rAjya ke bhavya jano (jaina) kI anumati

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262 premI-abhinadana-praya se prati varSa pratyeka jaina ghara se eka haNa ke hisAba se kara ugAha kara usa Aya meM se velugula tIrtha ke deva kI rakSA ke liye vIsa aga-rakSaka niyukta karege / ye aga-rakSaka vaiSNavo dvArA anumodita hoge / zepa dhana se jIrNa jina-mandiro kI lipAI-putAI aura marammata kA kAma kiyA jaaygaa| jaba taka candra-sUrya hai, isI maryAdA ke anusAra ve loga prati varpa dete rahege aura yaza aura puNya kA upArjana krege| jo isakA ullaghana karegA vaha rAja-drohI tathA sagha aura samudAya kA drohI samajhA jAyagA / yadi koI tapasvI yA grAmINa isa dharma kI hAni karegA to use gagA taTa para go-vadha aura brAhmaNa-vadha ke jaisA pApa lagegA / kalleha sthAna ke havvizreSThI ke suputra busuvizreSThI ne vukkarAya ke yahA vinatI kI aura tirumalaya ke tAtayya ko bulAkara puna zAsana kA jIrNoddhAra kraayaa| dono samayo (sampradAyo) ne milakara busuviseTha ko 'saghanAyaka' kI padavI pradAna kI // naI dillI] - - - - -

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jaina-darzana

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jaina tattvajJAna pa0 sukhalAla saghavI vyAkhyA vizva ke vAhya aura Antarika svarUpa ke sambandha me tathA usake sAmAnya eva vyApaka niyamo ke sambandha me jo tAttvika dRSTi se vicAra kiye jAte haiM unakA nAma tattvajJAna hai| aise vicAra kisI eka hI deza, eka hI jAti yA eka hI prajA me udbhUta hote hai aura kramaza vikasita hote hai, aisA nahI hai, parantu isa prakAra kA vicAra karanA yaha manuSyatva kA vigipTa svarUpa hai / ataeva jaldI yA derI meM pratyeka deza meM nivAsa karane vAlI pratyeka prakAra kI mAnava-prajA me ye vicAra alpa yA adhika aza meM udbhUta hote hai aura vaise vicAra vibhinna prajApo ke pArasparika sasarga , ke kAraNa aura kisI samaya vilakula svatantrarupa me bhI vizeSa vikasita hote hai tathA sAmAnya bhUmikA me Age baDha kara aneka jude-jude pravAha rUpa se phailate hai| pahale se Aja taka manuSya-jAti ne bhUkhaDa ke Upara jo tAttvika vicAra kiye hai ve sava Aja upasthita nahI hai tathA una saba vicAro kA kramika itihAsa bhI pUrNarUpa se hamAre sAmane nahI hai| phira bhI isa samaya isa viSaya meM jo kucha sAmagrI hamAre sAmane hai aura isa viSaya me jo kucha thoDA-bahuta hama jAnate haiM, usa se itanA to nirvivAda rUpa se kaha sakate hai ki tattvacintana kI bhinna-bhinna aura parasparavirodhI dikhAI dene vAlI cAhe jitanI dhArAe~ ho, phira bhI ina sava vicAra-dhArAmo kA sAmAnya svarUpa eka hai / aura vaha yaha ki vizva ke vAhya tathA Antarika svarUpa ke sAmAnya aura vyApaka niyamo kA rahasya DhUDha nikaalnaa| tattvajJAna kI utpatti kA mUla koI eka manuSya pahale se hI pUrNa nahI hotA, parantu vaha vAlya Adi vibhinna avasthAmo me se gujarane ke sAtha hI apane anubhavo ko vaDhA karake kramaza pUrNatA kI dizA meM Age baDhatA hai / yahI bAta manuSya jAti ke vipaya meM bhI hai| manuSyajAti kI bhI bAlya Adi kramika avasthAe~ apekSA vizeSa se hotI hai| usakA jIvana vyakti ke jIvana kI apekSA bahuta adhika lambA aura vizAla hotA hai / ataeva usakI vAlya Adi avasthAmro kA mamaya bhI utanA hI adhika lambA ho, yaha svAbhAvika hai / manupya jAti java prakRti kI goda meM AI aura umane pahale gahya vizva kI ora aA~kha kholI tava usake mAgane adbhuta aura camatkArI vastue~ tathA ghaTanAe~ upasthita huii| eka ora sUrya, candra aura agaNita tArAmaDala aura dUsarI ora samudra, parvata, vizAla nadIpravAha, megha garjanAe~ aura vidyatacamatkAro ne usakA dhyAna AkarSita kiyaa| manuSya kA mAnasa ina sava sthUla padArtho ke mUkSma cintana meM pravRtta hA aura usake hRdaya me isa sambandha me aneka prazna udbhUta hue| jisa prakAra manuSya ke mastiSka me vAhya vizva ke gaDha tathA atisUkSma svarUpa ke viSaya me aura usake sAmAnya niyamo ke vipaya meM vividha prazna utpanna hue umI prakAra Antarika vizva ke gUDha aura atisUkSma svarUpa ke viSaya meM bhI usake mana me vividha prazna utthe| ina prazno kI utpatti hI tattvajJAna kI utpatti kA prathama sopAna hai| ye prazna cAhe jitane ho aura kAlakrama me usame se dUsare mukhya aura upaprazna bhI cAhe jitane paidA ho phira bhI una sava prazno ko sakSepa meM nimnaprakAra se makalita kara sakate hai|

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premI-abhinaMdana graMtha tAttvika prazna pratyakSa rUpa me satata parivartanazIla yaha vAhya vizva kava utpanna huA hogA ? kisame se utpanna huyA hogA ? svaya utpanna huA hogA yA kisI ne utpanna kiyA hogA ? aura utpanna nahI huA ho to kyA yaha vizva aise hI thA zrIra hai ? yadi usake kAraNa ho to ve straya parivartanavihIna nitya hI hone cAhie yA parivartanazIla hone cAhie ? ye kAraNa bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke hoge yA samagra vAhya vizva kA kAraNa kevala ekarUpa hI hogA ? isa vizva kI vyavasthita aura niyamavaddha jo sacAlanA aura racanA dRSTigocara hotI hai vaha buddhipUrvaka honI cAhie yA yatravat anAdi siddha honI cAhie ? yadi buddhipUrvaka vizvavyavasthA ho to vaha kisakI buddhi kI AbhArI hai ? kyA vaha vuddhimAn tattva svaya taTastha raha karake vizva kA niyamana karatA hai yA vaha svayaM hI vizva rUpa se pariNamatA hai yA zrAbhAsita mAtra hotA hai ? 266 uparyukta praNAlI ke anusAra Antarika vizva ke samvandha me bhI prazna hue ki jo yaha vAhya vizva kA upabhoga karatA hai yA jo vAhya vizva ke viSaya meM aura apane viSaya meM vicAra karatA hai vaha tattva kyA hai ? kyA yaha aharUpa se bhAmita hone vAlA tattva vAhya vizva jaimI hI prakRti vAlA hai yA kisI bhinna svabhAva vAlA hai ? yaha zrAntarika tattva anAdi hai yA vaha bhI kabhI kisI anya kAraNa me se utpanna huA hai ? aharUpa se bhAsita hone vAle aneka tattva vastuta free hI hai ? yA kimI eka mUla tattva kI nirmitiyAM hai ? ye sabhI sajIva tattva vastuta bhinna hI hai to kyA ve parivartanazIla hai ? yA mAtra kUTastha hai ? ina tattvo kA kabhI anta Ane vAlA hai yA ye kAla kI dRSTi me antarahita hI he ? isI prakAra ye sava dehamaryAdina tattva vastuta deza kI dRSTi se vyApaka hai yA maryAdita hai ye aura isake jaise dUsare bahuta me prazna tattvacintana ke pradeza meM upasthita hue| ina sava prazno kA yA inameM me kucha kA uttara hama vibhinna prajA ke tAttvika cintana ke itihAsa meM aneka prakAra se dekhate hai / grIka vicArako bahuta prAcIna kAla se ina prazno kI ora dRSTipAta karanA prArambha kiyA / unakA cintana aneka prakAra se vikamita huA, jisakA ki pAzcAtya tattvajJAna meM mahattvapUrNa bhAga hai / AryAvarta ke vicArako ne to grIka cintako ke pUrva haz2Aro vapa pahale se ina prazno ke uttara prApta karane ke lie vividha prayatna kiye, jinakA itihAsa hamAre sAmane ? spaSTa I uttaro kA sakSipta vargIkaraNa Arya vicArako ke dvArA eka-eka prazna ke samvandha me diye hue bhinna-bhinna uttara aura unake viSaya meM bhI matabheda kI zAkhAe~ apAra hai, parantu mAmAnya rIti se hama sakSepa me una uttaro kA vargIkaraNa kareM to isa prakAra kara sakate haiM / eka vicAra pravAha aisA prArambha huA ki vaha vAhya vizva ko janya mAnatA thA / parantu vaha vizva kisI kAraNa me me bilakula nayA ho-- pahale hI hI nahI, vaise utpanna hone kA niSedha karatA thA aura yaha kahatA ki jisa prakAra dUdha meM makkhana chipA rahatA hai aura kabhI kevala AvirbhAva hotA rahatA hai, usI prakAra yaha sArA sthUla vizva kimI sUkSma kAraNa me me kevala AvirbhAva hotA rahatA hai aura yaha mUla kAraNa to svata siddha anAdi hai / dUsarA vicAra pravAha yaha mAnatA thA ki yaha vAhya vizva kisI eka kAraNa meM se utpanna nahI huA hai, parantu svabhAva se hI vibhinna aise usake aneka kAraNa hai aura ina kAraNo meM bhI vizva dUdha me makkhana kI taraha chipA nahI rahatA hai, parantu bhinna-bhinna kASTha khaDo ke sayoga se eka gADI navIna hI taiyAra hotI hai, usI prakAra una bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke mUla kAraNo ke sazleSaNa vizleSaNa meM se yaha vAhya vizva vilakula navIna hI utpanna hotA hai / pahalA pariNAmavAdI hai aura dUsarA kAryavAdI / ye dono vicArapravAha bAhya vizva ke AvirbhAva yA utpatti ke samvandha meM matabheda rakhane vAle hone para bhI prAntarika vizva ke svarUpa ke sambandha me sAmAnyarUpa se ekamata the / dono yaha mAnate the ki ahU nAma kA zrAtma-tattva anAdi hai / vaha na to kisI kA pariNAma hai aura na kisI kAraNa me se utpanna huA

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jaina tattvajJAna 267 hai| jisa prakAra vaha Atmatattva anAdi hai, usI prakAra deza aura kAla dono dRSTiyo se ananta bhI hai aura vaha Atmatattva dehabheda se bhinna-bhinna hai, vAstavika rIti se eka nahI hai| tIsarA vicArapravAha aisA bhI thA ki jo bAhya vizva aura Antarika jIvajagat dono ko kisI eka akhaDa sat tattva kA pariNAma mAnatA aura mUla me vAhya yA Antarika jagata kI prakRti athavA kAraNa meM kisI bhI prakAra kA bheda nahI mAnatA thaa| jaina vicArapravAha kA svarUpa Upara ke tIno vicArapravAho ko kramaya hama yahA~ prakRtivAdI, paramANuvAdI aura brahmavAdI ke nAma se phcaanege| inameM se pahale ke do vicArapravAho se vizeSa milatA-julatA aura phira bhI unase bhinna aisA eka cauthA vicArapravAha bhI sAtha-sAtha me pravRtta thaa| yaha vicArapravAha thA to paramANuvAdI, parantu vaha dUsare vicAra-pravAha kI taraha vAhya vizva ke kAraNabhUta paramANugo ko mUla me hI bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke mAnane kI taraphadArI nahIM karatA thA, parantu mUla meM sabhI paramANu eka samAna prakRti ke hai, yaha mAnatA thA aura paramANuvAda svIkAra karane para bhI usameM me kevala vizva utpanna hotA hai yaha nahI mAnatA thaa| vaha prakRtivAdI kI taraha pariNAma aura AvirbhAva mAnatA thaa| isalie vaha yaha kahatA thA ki paramANu puja me me vAhya vizva apane Apa pariNamatA hai| isa prakAra isa cauthe vicAra-pravAha kA jhukAva paramANuvAda kI bhUmikA ke Upara prakRtivAda ke pariNAma kI mAnyatA kI ora thaa| umakI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI thI ki vaha samagra vAhya vizva ko AvirbhAva vAlA na mAna karake usameM ke kitane ho kAryoM ko utpattizIla bhI mAnatA thaa| vaha yaha kahatA thA ki bAhya vizva meM kitanI hI vastueM aisI hai, jo kisI puruSa ke prayatla ke sivAya apane paramANurUpa kAraNo me se utpanna hotI hai| vaisI vastue~ tila meM se taila kI taraha apane kAraNa meM meM kevala AvirbhUta hotI hai, parantu vilakula navIna utpanna nahI hotI hai / java ki vAhya vizva meM vahutasI vastaeM emI bhI hai ki jo apane jaDa kAraNo me se utpanna hotI hai, paranta apanI utpatti meM kisI paruSa ke prayala kI apekSA rakhatI hai| jo vastueM purupa ke prayatla kI sahAyatA se janma letI hai, ve vastueM apane jaDa kAraNo meM tila me taila kI taraha chipI huI nahIM rahatI hai, parantu ve to vilakula navIna hI utpanna hotI hai| jisa prakAra koI sutAra vibhinna kASThakhaDo ko ekatrita karake unase eka ghoDe kA nirmANa karatA hai, tava vaha ghoDA kASThakhaTo meM chipA nahI rahanA hai, jaise ki tila me taila hotA hai| parantu ghoDA banAne vAle sutAra kI buddhi meM vaha kalpanAmpa se hotA hai aura vaha kApTha-vaDI ke dvArA mUrtampa dhAraNa karatA hai| yadi mutAra cAhatA to inhI kASTha-khaDo se ghoDA na banA kara gAya, gADI athavA dUsarI vaimI vastu banA sakatA thaa| nila me me tela nikAlane kI bAta isase vilakula bhinna hai| koI telI cAhe jitanA vicAra kare yA icchA kare phira bhI vaha tila me se ghI yA makkhana to nahIM nikAla sakatA hai| isa prakAra caturtha vicAra pravAha paramANuvAdI hone para bhI eka ora pariNAma aura AvirbhAva mAnane ke viSaya meM prakRtivAdI ciAra-pravAha ke sAtha milatA thA aura dUsarI ora kArya tathA utpatti ke viSaya me paramANuvAdI dUsare vicAra-pravAha se milatA thaa| yaha to vAhya vizva ke sambandha meM caturtha vicAra-pravAha kI mAnyatA huI, parantu Atmatattva ke sambandha meM to isakI mAnyatA Upara ke tIno vicArapravAhI kI apekSA bhinna thii| vaha mAnatA thA ki dehabheda se prAtmA bhinna hai| parantu ye sava AtmAeM dezadRSTi meM vyApaka nahI hai tathA kevala kUTastha bhI nahIM hai / vaha yaha mAnatA thA ki jisa prakAra vAhya vizva parivartanazIla hai usI prakAra AtmAeM bhI pariNAmI hone se satata parivartanazIla hai aura Atmatattva makoca-vistAgzIla hai, isalie vaha dehapramANa hai| yaha caturtha vicArapravAha hI jaina tattvajJAna kA prAcIna mUla hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra me bahuta samaya pahale se yaha vicArapravAha calA pAtA thA aura vaha apane Dhaga se vikasita hotA tathA sthira hotA jAtA thaa| Aja isa caturtha 38

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vaha yaha 268 premI-abhinadana-pratha vicArapravAha kA jo spaSTa vikasita aura sthira mpa hamako prAcIna yA arvAcIna upalabdha jainazAstro meM dRSTigocara hotA hai, vaha adhikAza me bhagavAn mahAvIra ke cintana kA AbhArI hai| jaina mata kI zvetAmbara aura digambara do mukhya zAkhAeM hai| dono kA sAhitya bhinna-bhinna hai, parantu jaina tattvajJAna kA jo svarUpa sthira huA hai, vaha dono gAkhAo me thoDe-se pheraphAra ke sivAya eka samAna hai| yahA~ eka bAta khAsa taura se akita karane yogya hai aura ki vaidika tathA bauddha mata ke choTe-baDe aneka phirake hai| unameM se kitane hI to eka dUsare se bilakula virodhI mantavya bhI rakhane vAle hai| ina sabhI 'phirako' ke bIca me vizeSatA yaha hai ki jaba vaidika aura bauddha mata ke sabhI 'phirake' AcAra viSayaka matabheda ke atirikta tattvacintana ke viSaya me bhI kucha matabheda rakhate hai taba jainamata ke tamAma phirake kevala AcArabheda ke Upara avalambita hai| uname tattvacintana kI dRSTi se koI maulika bheda ho to vaha abhI taka akita nahI hai| mAnavIya tattvacintana ke mamagna itihAsa meM yaha eka hI dRSTAnta aisA hai ki itane adhika lambe samaya kA itihAsa rakhane para bhI jisake tattvacintana kA pravAha maulikarUpa se akhaDita hI rahA ho| pUrvIya aura pazcimIya tattvajJAna kI prakRti kI tulanA __tattvajJAna pUrvIya ho yA pazcimIya, sabhI tattvajJAna ke itihAsa meM hama dekhate hai, ki tattvajJAna kevala jagat, jIva aura Izvara ke svarUpa-cintana me hI pUrNa nahIM hotA, parantu vaha apane pradeza me cAritra kA prazna bhI hAtha me letA hai| alpa yA adhika aza me, eka yA dUsarI rIti se, pratyeka tattvajJAna apane meM jIvanazodhana kI mImAsA kA samAveza karatA hai / alavattA pUrvIya aura pazcimIya tattvajJAna ke vikAsa me hama thoDI bhinnatA bhI dekhate hai| grIka tattvacintana kI zuruvAta kevala vizva ke svarUpa sambandhI prazno me se hotI hai aura Age jAne para krizciyAniTI ke sAtha me isakA sambandha hone para isame jIvanazodhana kA bhI prazna samAviSTa hotA hai| aura pIche ima pazcimIya tattvacintana kI eka zAkhA meM jIvanazodhana kI mImAmA mahattvapUrNa bhAga letI hai / arvAcIna samaya taka bhI romana kaitholika sampradAya meM hama tattvacintana ko jIvanazodhana ke vicAra ke sAtha sakalita dekhate hai / parantu Arya tattvajJAna ke itihAsa meM hama eka khAsa vizeSatA dekhate hai / vaha yaha ki mAno Arya tattvajJAna kA prArambha hI jIvanazodhana ke pazna meM se huA ho, aisA pratIta hotA hai| kyoki Arya tattvajJAna kI vaidika, vauddha aura jaina ina tIna mukhya zAkhAo me eka samAna rIti se vizvacintana ke sAtha hI jIvanazodhana kA cintana sakalita hai| AryAvarta kA koI bhI darzana aisA nahIM hai, jo kevala vizvacintana karake santoSa dhAraNa karatA ho| parantu usase viparIta hama yaha dekhate hai ki pratyeka mukhya yA usakA zAkhArUpa darzana jagat, jIva aura Izvara sambandhI apane viziSTa vicAra dikhalA kara anta meM jIvanazodhana ke prazna ko hI letA hai aura jIvanazodhana kI prakriyA dikhalA kara vizrAnti letA hai| isalie hama pratyeka Aryadarzana ke mUla grantha meM prArambha me mokSa kA uddeza aura anta me usakA hI upasahAra dekhate hai| isI kAraNa me sAkhyadarzana jisa prakAra apanA viziSTa yoga rakhatA hai aura vaha yogadarzana se abhinna hai, usI prakAra nyAya, vaizeSika aura vedAnta darzana meM bhI yoga ke mUla siddhAnta hai / bauddhadarzana meM bhI usakI viziSTa yogaprakriyA ne khAsa sthAna le rakkhA hai| isI prakAra jainadarzana bhI yogaprakriyA ke viSaya me pUre vicAra rakhatA hai| jIvanazodhana ke maulika prazno kI ekatA isa prakAra hamane dekhA ki jainadarzana ke mukhya do bhAga hai, eka tattvacintana kA aura dUsarA jIvanazodhana kaa| yahAM eka vAta khAsa taura me akita karane yogya hai aura vaha yaha ki vaidikadarzana kI koI bhI paramparA lo yA bauddhadarzana kI koI paramparA lo aura usakI jainadarzana kI paramparA ke sAtha tulanA karo no eka vastu spaSTa pratIta hogI ki ina saba paramparAmo me jo bheda hai vaha do vAto me hai / eka to jagata, jIva aura Izvara ke svarUpacintana ke sambandha meM aura dUmarA prAcAra ke sthUla tathA vAhya vidhi-vidhAna aura sthUla rahana-sahana ke sambandha meN| parantu Aryadarzana kI pratyeka

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jaina tattvajJAna 263 paramparA me jIvanazodhana se sambandha rambane vAle maulika prazna aura unake uttarI me bilakula bhI bheda nahIM hai| koI Izvara ko mAne yA nahIM, koI prakRtigadI ho yA koI paramANuvAdI, koI yAtmabheda svIkAra kare yA AtmA kA ekatva svIkAra kare, koI AtmA ko vyApaka aura nitya mAne yA koI usase viparIta mAne, isI prakAra koI yana-yAga dvArA bhakti ke Upara bhAra detA ho yA koI brahmamAkSAtkAra ke jJAnamArga ke Upara bhAra denA ho, koI madhyamamArga svIkAra karake anagAradharma aura bhikSAjIvana ke Upara bhAra de yA koI adhika kaThora niyamo kA avalambana karake tyAga ke Upara bhAra de, parantu pratyeka paramparA me itane prazna eka samAna haiM-dukha hai yA nahIM? yadi hai to usakA kAraNa kyA hai ? uma kAraNa kA nAza zakya hai ? yadi zakya hai to vaha kisa prakAra ? antima sAdhya kyA honA cAhie ? ina prazno ke uttara bhI pratyeka paramparA me eka hI hai| cAhe gavdabheda ho, sakSepa yA vistAra ho, para pratyeka kA uttara yaha hai ki avidyA aura tRSNA ye dukha ke kAraNa hai / inakA nAga sambhava hai| vidyA se aura tRSNAcheda ke dvArA du kha ke kAraNo kA nAza hote hI dukha apane Apa naSTa ho jAtA hai| aura yahI jIvana kA mukhya sAdhya hai| Aryadarzano kI pratyeka paramparA jIvanazodhana ke maulika vicAra ke viSaya meM aura usake niyamo ke viSaya meM vilakula ekamata hai / isalie yahA~ janadarzana ke viSaya meM kucha bhI kahate samaya mukhyarUpa se usakI jIvanagodhana kI mImAsA kA hI makSepa meM kathana karanA adhika prAsagika hai| jIvanazodhana kI jaina-prakriyA jainadarzana kahatA hai ki AtmA svAbhAvika rIti me zuddha aura saccidAnandaspa hai| isame jo azuddhi, vikAra yA du khapatA dRSTigocara hotI hai vaha ajJAna aura moha ke anAdi pravAha ke kAraNa se hai| jJAna ko kama karane aura vilakula naSTa karane ke lie tathA moha kA vilaya karane ke lie jainadarzana eka ora vivekazakti ko vikasita karane ke lie kahatA hai aura dUsarI ora vaha rAgadvepa ke maskAro ko naSTa karane ke lie kahatA hai / jainadarzana prAtmA ko tIna bhUmikAoM meM vibhAjita karatA hai| java ajJAna aura moha ke pravala prAvalya ke kAraNa AtmA vAstavika tattva kA vicAra na kara sake tathA satya aura sthAyI sukha kI dizA meM eka bhI kadama uThAne kI icchA na kara sake tava vaha vahirAtmA kahalAtA hai| yaha jIva kI prathama bhUmikA huii| yaha bhUmikA java taka calatI rahatI hai taba taka punarjanma ke cakra ke vanda hone kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM tathA laukika dRSTi me cAhe jitanA vikAsa dikhAI detA ho phira bhI vAstavika rIti se vaha AtmA avikasita hI hotA hai| java vivekazakti kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai aura jaba rAgadveSa ke saskAro kA bala kama hone lagatA hai nava dUsarI bhUmikA prArambha hotI hai| isako jainadarzana antarAtmA kahatA hai| yadyapi isa bhUmikA ke samaya dedhAraNa ke lie upayogI sabhI sAmArika pravRtti alpa yA adhika aza meM calatI rahatI hai, phira bhI vivekazakti ke vikAsa ke pramANa meM aura rAgadveSa kI mandatA ke pramANa me yaha pravRtti anAsakti vAlI hotI hai| isa dUsarI bhUmikA me pravRtti hone para bhI usameM antara me nivRtti kA nattva hotA hai| dUsarI bhUmikA ke kitane hI mopAno kA atikramaNa karane ke vAda AtmA paramAtmA kI dazA ko prApta karatA hai| yaha jIvanazodhana kI antima aura pUrNa bhUmikA hai| jainadarzana kahatA hai ki isa bhUmikA para pahuMcane ke vAda punarjanma kA cakra sadA ke lie vilakula vanda ho jAtA hai| hama Upara ke makSipta varNana se yaha dekha makate hai ki aviveka (mithyAvRSTi) aura moha (tRSNA) ye do hI mamAra hai athavA mamAra ke kAraNa hai| isake viparIta viveka (samyagdarzana) aura vItarAgatva yahI mokSa hai athavA mokSa kA mArga hai| yahI jIvanazodhana kI sakSipta jainamImAmA aneka jainAnyo me aneka rIti se, makSepa yA vistAra se, vibhinna paribhASAmo meM varNita hai| aura yahI jIvanamImAsA vaidika tathA vauddhadarzana meM jagaha-jagaha akSaraga dRSTigocara hotI hai|

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premI-prabhinadana-pratha kucha vizeSa tulanA Upara tattvajJAna kI maulika jaina vicArasaraNI aura AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama kI jaina vicArasaraNI kA vahuta hI sakSepa meM nirdeza kiyA hai| isa sakSipta lekha meM usake prati vistAra ko sthAna nahI, phira bhI isI vicAra ko adhika spaSTa karane ke lie yahA~ dUsare bhAratIya darzanoM ke vicAro ke sAtha tulanA karanA yogya hai / 300 (ka) jainadarzana jagat ko mAyAvAdI kI taraha kevala bhAsa yA kevala kAlpanika nahI mAnatA hai parantu vaha jagan ko satya mAnatA huuN| phira bhI jainadarzana-samata sat cArvAka kI taraha kevala jaDa arthAt sahaja caitanyarahita nahI hai / isI prakAra jainadarzana samata sat tattva zAkaravedAntAnusAra kevala caitanya mAtra bhI nahI hai, parantu jisa prakAra sAkhya, yoga, nyAya, vaizeSika, pUrvamImAsA aura bauddhadarzana sat tattva ko bilakula svatantra tathA paraspara bhinna aise jaDa zraura cetana do bhAgo meM vibhAjita kara DAlate hai, usI prakAra jainadarzana bhI sat tattva kI anAdisiddha jaDa tathA cetana aisI do prakRti svIkAra karatA hai jo ki deza aura kAla ke pravAha meM sAtha rahane para bhI mUla meM vilakula svatantra hai / jisa prakAra nyAya, vaizepika aura yogadarzana Adi yaha svIkAra karate hai ki isa jagata kA viziSTa kArya svarUpa cAhe jaDa ra cetana ina do padArthoM se banatA ho phira bhI isa kArya ke pIche kisI anAdisiddha, samartha, cetanazakti kA hAtha hai, ima IzvarIya hAtha ke sivAya aise adbhuta kArya kA sambhava nahI ho sakatA hai / jainadarzana isa prakAra se nahI mAnatA hai / vaha prAcIna sAkhya, pUrva mImAsA aura bauddha Adi kI taraha mAnatA hai ki jaDa aura cetana ye do sat pravAha apane Apa kimI tRtIya viziSTa zakti ke hastakSepa ke sivAya hI calate rahate haiM / isalie vaha isa jagat kI utpatti yA vyavasthA ke lie Izvara jaisI svatantra zranAdisiddha vyakti svIkAra nahI karatA hai / yadyapi jainadarzana nyAya, vaizeSika Satara kI taraha sat tattva ko anAdisiddha ananta vyaktirUpa svIkAra karatA hai aura sAkhya kI taraha eka vyaktirUpa nahI svIkAra karanA, phira bhI vaha sAkhya ke prakRtigAmI sahaja pariNAmavAda ko ananta paramANu nAmaka jaDa sat tattvo meM sthAna detA hai / isa prakAra jaina mAnyatAnusAra jagat kA parivartana pravAha apane zrApa hI calatA rahatA hai| phira bhI jainadarzana itanA to spaSTa kahatA hai ki vizva kI jo-jo ghaTanAe~ kisI kI buddhi aura prayatna kI prabhArI hotI hai una ghaTanAo ke pIche Izvara kA nahI, parantu una ghaTanAo ke pariNAma meM bhAgIdAra hone vAle sasArI jIva kA hAtha rahatA hai, arthAt vaisI ghaTanAe~ jAna meM yA anajAna meM kisI na kisI sasArI jIva kI vRddhi aura prayatna kI AbhArI hotI hai / isa samvandha me prAcIna sAkhya aura bauddhadarzana, jainadarzana jaise hI vicAra rakhate hai / vedAntadarzana kI taraha jainadarzana sacetana tattva ko eka yA akhaDa nahI mAnatA hai, parantu sAkhya, yoga, nyAya, vaizeSika tathA bauddha zrAdi kI taraha vaha sacetana tattva aneka vyaktirUpa mAnatA hai| phira bhI ina darzano ke sAtha jainadarzana kA thoDA matabheda hai / aura vaha yaha hai ki jainadarzana kI mAnyatAnusAra sacetana tattva vauddha mAnyatA kI taraha kevala parivartanapravAha nahI hai tathA sAkhya, nyAya Adi kI taraha kevala kUTastha bhI nahI hai / kintu jainadarzana kahatA hai ki mUla meM sacetanatattva dhruva arthAt zranAdi ananta hone para bhI vaha deza kAla kA asara dhAraNa kiye binA nahI raha sakatA / isalie jaina matAnusAra jIva bhI jaDa kI taraha pariNAmI nitya hai / jainadarzana Izvara jaimI kisI vyakti ko bilakula svatantrarUpa se nahI mAnatA hai phira bhI vaha Izvara ke samagra guNo ko jIvamAtra meM svIkAra karatA hai / isalie jainadarzanAnusAra pratyeka jIva me Izvaratva kI zakti hai| cAhe vaha zakti AvaraNa se dabI huI ho, parantu yadi jIva yogya dizA meM prayatna kare to vaha apane meM rahI huI IzvarIya zakti kA pUrNarUpa se vikAsa karake svaya hI Izvara banatA hai / isa prakAra jaina mAnyatAnusAra Izvaratattva ko bhinna sthAna nahI hone para bhI vaha Izvaratva kI mAnyatA rakhatA hai zrora usakI upAsanA bhI svIkAra karatA hai| jo-jo jIvAtmAe~ karmavAsanAo se pUrNarUpa se mukta hue haiM ve sabhI mamAnabhAva sa Izvara hai / unakA Adarza sAmane rakha karake apane meM rahI huI pUrNa zakti ko prakaTa karanA yaha jaina

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jaina tattvajJAna 301 upAsanA kA dhyeya hai| jisa prakAra yAkara vaMdAnta mAnatA hai ki jIva mvaya hI brahma hai, usI prakAra janadarzana kahatA hai ki jIva svara hI Izvara yA paramAtmA hai| vedAntadarzanAnusAra jIva kA brahmabhAva avidyA me AvRta hai aura avidyA ke dUra hote hI vaha anubhava meM AtA hai, usI prakAra janadarzanAnunAra jIva kA paramAtmabhAva karma meM AvRta hai aura uma AvaraNa ke dUra hote hI vaha pUrNatpa ne anubhava meM AtA hai| isa sambandha meM vastuna jaina aura vedAnta ke bIca meM vyaktivahula ke sivAya kucha bhI bheda nahIM hai| (kha) janazAstra meM jina mAta tattvo kA ullekha hai unameM se mUla jIva aura ajIva ina do tattvo kI Upara tulanA kI hai| aba vasnuta pAMca meM me cAra hI tattva avagipTa rahate hai| ye cAra tatva jIvanagovana me mambanva rakhane vAle arthAt AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama ne sambandha nvane vAle haiM, jinako cAritrIya tattva bhI kaha sakate hai| vanya, pAcava, mavara aura mokSa ye cAra tattva haiN| ye tattva bauddhazAstro meM kramaga dukha, dukhahetu, nirvANamArga aura nirvANa ina cAra Aryamanyo ke nAma se varNita hai| mAnya aura yogazAstra meM inako hI heya, heyahetu, hAnopAya aura hAna kaha karake inakA catuha mpa se varNana hai| nyAya aura vaigeSikadarzana meM bhI isI vastu kA masAra, mithyAnAna, nattvanAna aura apavarga ke nAma ne varNana hai| vedAnnadarzana meM mamAra, avidyA, brahmabhAvanA aura brahmasAkSAtkAra ke nAma me yahI vastu divalAI gaI hai| janadarzana meM vahirAtmA, annagatmA aura paramAtmA kI nIna makSipta bhUmikAo kA kucha vimnAra me caudaha bhUmikAoM ke rUpa meM bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai, jo jaina paramparA meM guNamyAna ke nAma ne prasiddha hai| yogavAgipTha jaise vedAnna ke granyo meM bhI mAta annAna kI aura mAna nAna kI caudaha Atmika bhUmikAo kA varNana hai| sAkhya yogadarzana kI kSipta, mUTa, vikSipta, ekAgra aura nirudda ye pAMca cinabhUmikAeM bhI inhI caudaha bhUmikAoM kA makSipta vargIkaraNa mAtra hai| vauddhadarzana meM bhI isI AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama ko pRthagjana, monApanna Adi rUpa me pAMca bhUmikAmo meM vibhAjita karake varNana kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra jaba hama sabhI bhAratIya darzano meM mamAra meM mokSa taka kI sthiti, umake krama aura usake kAraNoM ke viSaya meM eka mata aura eka vicAra paDhata hai tava prazna hotA hai ki jaba sanI darzanI ke vicAroM meM maulika ekatA hai taba panya-panya ke bIca meM kabhI bhI mela nahIM ho aisA aura itanA adhika bheda kyo dikhAI detA hai ? imakA uttara spaSTa hai| panyo kI bhinnatA meM mukhya do vastueM kAraNa hai / tattvajJAna kI bhinnatA aura vAhya AcAra-vicAra kI bhinntaa| ktine hI pantha to aise bhI hai ki jinake vAhya AcAra-vicAra meM bhinnatA hone ke atirikta tattvajJAna kI vicAgnapaNI meM bhI amuka bheTa hotA hai| jaise ki vedAnta, vauddha aura jaina zrAdi panya / kitane hI panya yA unakI gAnvAe~ aisI bhI hotI hai ki jinakI tattvajJAna viSayaka vicArasaraNI meM khAma bheda nahI hotA hai| unakA bheTa munnya rUpa ne bAhya prAcAra kA avalambana lekara upasthita aura popita hotA hai| udAharaNa ke taura para jainadarzana kI vetAmbara, digambara aura sthAnakavAmI ina tIna zAkhAyo ko ginA makate hai| AtmA ko koI eka mAne yA koI aneka mAne, kroI Imvara ko mAne yA koI nahIM mAne-ityAdi tAttvika vicAraNA kA bheda buddhi ke nagnamabhAva ke Upara nirbhara hai| isI prakAra vAhya AcAra aura niyamo ke bheda vuddhi, ruci nayA paristhiti ke bheTa me me utpanna hote hai| koI kAgI jAkara gagA mnAna aura vizvanAtha ke darzana meM pavitratA mAne.koI baddhagayA aura mAranAtha jAkara badana meM kRtakRtyatA mAne, koI zatrajaya kI yAtrA meM saphalatA mAne, koI makkA aura koI jemmalema jAkara dhanyatA mAna / imI prakAra kAI edAdagI ke tapa-upavAma ko ati pavitra ginaM, dUsarA koI aSTamI aura caturdazI ke vrana ko mahattva pradAna kare, koI tapa ke Upara bahuta bhAra nahIM dekara ke dAna ke para bhAra de, dUsarA koI tapa ke Upara bhI adhika bhAra de, isa prakAra paramparAgata bhinna-bhinna mamkArI kA popaNa aura vibheda kA mAnamika vAtAvaraNa anivArya hone me vAdyAcAra aura pravatti kA bheda kabhI miTane vAlA nahIM hai| bheda kI utpAdaka aura pApaka itanI adhika vastueM hone para bhI satya aimA hai ki vaha vastuta khaDita nahIM hotA hai /

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302 premI-prabhinadana-pratha imalie hama Upara kI prAdhyAtmika vikAsakrama me sambandha rakhane vAlI tulanA meM dekhate hai ki cAhe jisa rIti se, cAhe jisa bhASA meM aura cAhe jisa rUpa me jIvana kA satya eka samAna hI sabhI anubhavI tattvajJo ke granubhava me prakaTa hugrA hai / prastuta vaktavya ko pUrNa karane ke pahale jainadarzana kI sarvamAnya do vizeSatAo kA ullekha karanA ucita hai / anekAnta aura grahimA ina do muddo kI carcA para hI sampUrNa jainasAhitya kA nirmANa hai| jaina grAcAra aura sampradAya kI vizeSatA ina do viSayo se hI banAI jA sakatI hai / satya vastuta eka hI hotA hai, parantu manuSya kI dRSTi usako eka rUpa meM grahaNa nahIM kara sakatI hai / isalie satyadarzana ke lie manuSya ko apanI dRSTimaryAdA vikasita karanI cAhie aura usame satyagrahaNa kI sabhI sabhavanIya dRSTiyo ko sthAna honA caahie| isa udAtta aura vizAla bhAvanA me se zranekAnta vicArasaraNI kA janma huA hai / isa vicArasaraNI kI yojanA kisI vAdavivAda meM jaya prApta karane ke lie yA vivAda ko mAThamArIcakavyUha yA dAvapeca khelane ke lie aura zabdachala ko zataraja khelane ke lie nahI huI hai, parannu isakI yojanA to jIvanagodhana ke eka bhAga svarUpa vivekazakti ko vikasita karane ke lie aura matyadarzana kI dizA meM Age baDhane ke lie huI haiM / isalie granekAnta vicArasaraNI kA saccA zrartha yaha hai ki satyadarzana ko lakSya meM rasa karake usake sabhI zo aura bhAgo ko eka vizAla mAnasa vartula me yogya rIti se sthAna denA / jaise jaise manuSya kI vivekazakti baDhatI hai vaise vaise unakI dRSTimaryAdA baDhane ke kAraNa usako apane bhItara rahI huI makucitatAo aura vAmanAgro ke davAvo ke sAmane honA paDatA hai / java taka manuSya sakucitatA aura vAsanAo ke sAtha vigraha nahI karatA taba taka vaha apane jIvana meM anekAnta ko vAstavika sthAna nahI de sakatA hai / isalie anekAnta vicAra kI rakSA aura vRddhi ke prazna me se hI zrahiMsA kA prazna prAtA hai / jaina zrahiMsA kevala cupacApa baiThe rahane me yA udyoga-dhandhA choDa dene meM athavA kASTha jaisI nizcepTa sthiti karane me hI pUrNa nahI hotI, parantu vaha zrahiMsA vAstavika grAtmika vala kI apekSA rakhatI hai| koI bhI vikAra udbhUta huA, kisI vAsanA ne sira UMcA kiyA athavA koI makucitA mana meM prajvalita ho uThI vahA~ jaina grahimA yaha kahatI hai ki tU ina vikAro, ina vAsanAo aura ina kucitatA se hanana ko prApta mata ho, parAbhava prApta na kara aura inakI sattA zragIkAra na kara, tU inakA valapUrvaka sAmanA kara aura ina virodhI balo ko jIta / zrAdhyAtmika jaya prApta karane ke lie yaha prayatna hI mukhya jaina himA hai / isako phira sayama kaho, tapa kaho, dhyAna kaho yA koI bhI vaimA AdhyAtmika nAma pradAna karo, parantu vaha vastuta ahiMsA hI hai| zrIra jainadarzana yaha kahatA hai ki ahisA kevala pracAra nahI hai, parantu vaha zuddha vicAra ke paripAka rUpa se avatarita jIvanotkarSaka grAcAra hai / Upara varNana kiye gaye zrahaMsA ke sUkSma aura vAstavika rUpa me me koI bhI vAhyAcAra utpanna huA ho athavA uma sUkSma rUpa kI puSTi ke lie kisI grAcAra kA nirmANa huA ho to usakA jainatattvajJAna meM ahiMsA ke rUpa meM sthAna hai / isake viparIta, Upara Upara se dikhAI dene vAle ahiMsAmaya AcAra yA vyavahAra ke mUla me yadi Upara ke ahiMsAtattva kA sambandha nahI ho to vaha AcAra aura vaha vyavahAra jaina dRSTi me zrahiMsA hai yA ahiMsA kA poSaka hai yaha nahI kaha sakate hai / yahA~ jainatattvajJAna me sambandha rakhane vAle vicAra meM prameya carcA kA jAna bUjhakara vistAra nahI kiyA hai / isa viSaya kI jaina vicArasaraNI kA kevala maketa kiyA hai / AcAra ke viSaya me bhI vAhya niyamo aura vidhAno sambandhI carcA jAnabUjha kara chor3a dI hai, parantu prAcAra ke mUlatattvo kI jIvanagodhana ke mpa meM sahaja carcA kI hai, jinako ki jaina paribhASA me zrAmrava, savara zrAdi tattva kahate hai / yAgA hai ki yaha sakSipta varNana jainadarzana kI vizeSa jijJAmA utpanna karane meM sahAyaka hogA / babaI ] [ gujarAtI se anUdita

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jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana zrI dalasukha mAlavaNiyA prastAvanA bhagavAn mahAvIra se lekara aba taka ke jainadArzanika nAhitya kA siMhAvalokana karanA yahA~ iSTa hai| namA sAhitya ko vikAgma kI dRSTi ne na cAra yugo meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM-(1) Agamayuga, (2) anekAntasyApanayuga, (3) pramANagAntravyavanyA yuga aura (8) navInanyAyayuga / yugo ke lakSaNa yuga ke nAma se hI nyapTa hai| phira bhI thoDA kAla kI dRSTi se spaSTIkaraNa Avazyaka hai| prathama yuga kI maryAdA bhagagan mahAvIra ke nirvANa (vi0 pUrva 430) ne lekara karIva eka hajAra varSa kI hai arthAt vi0 pAMcavIM zatAbdI taka hai| dUsarA pAMcavI ne pAnI zatAbdI taka / tInarA AThavI me matrahvI taka aura cauthA aThAhrI ne prAvunika smaya-paryanta / yahA~ inanA kaha denA Avazyaka hai ki pUrva yuga kI vizeSatAe~ uttara yuga me kAyama rahI haiM aura una yuga kA jo nayA kArya hai unI ko dhyAna meM nvakara una yuga kA nAmakaraNa huA hai| pUrva yuga meM uttara yuga kA vIja pravacya hai; parantu pallavana nhiiN| pallavana kI dRSTi me hI yuga kA nAmakaraNa huA hai| granyakArI kA krama prAya gatAbdI ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kyiA gayA hai| jahA~ taka ho sakA hai, yaha prayatna kyiA gayA hai ki unakA paupirya mukhya rUpa me vyAna meM rakhakarahI unakI kRtiyo kA varNana kiyA jAya / dazako kA vicAra rakhakara varNana mambhava nhiiN| Agama-yuga ke nAhitya para jo TIkA-TippaNiyA~ huI hai, unakA varNana mubhIte kI dRSTi ne unI yuga ke varNana ke mAya kara diyA hai, yadyapi ye TIkAe~ usa yuga kI nahIM haiN| samA mAhitya ke avalokana ne yaha patA lagatA hai ki jainadArganika mAhityagagA ina pacIsa zatAbdiyo meM navana pravAhita rahI hai| pravAha kabhI gambhIra huaA, kabhI vistIrNa huA, kabhI manda huA, kabhI teja huA, kinnu rukA kamI nhii| (1) Agamayuga bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jo upadena diyA, vaha Aja zrutalpa meM jaina-Agamo meM surakSita hai| prAcArya bhadravAhu ne zruta kI utpatti kA varNana karate hue eka sundara paka kA upayoga kiyA hai -"tapa-niyama-jAnanpa vRkSa ke Upara Andu hokara anannAtI kevalI bhagavAn bhavyajano ke hita ke lie jAnakamuma kI vRSTi karate hai| gaNavara apane vRddhi-paTa meM Tana nakala kunumo ko jhelane haiM aura pravacanamAlA gUyate hai|" yahI pravacana-nAlA AcArya paramparA se, kAlakrama me, hame jainI bhI TTI phUTI avasthA meM prApta huI hai, Aja jainAgama' ke nAma se prasiddha hai| jaina Agamika mAhitya, jo agopAgAdi bhedo me vibhakta hai, usakA antima namkagNa valabhI meM vIranirvANa ne 80 varSa ke bAda aura matAntara ne 86 varSa ke bAda huA / yahI makaraNa Aja upalabdha hai| isakA matalava yaha nahIM hai ki Agamo meM jo kucha bAteM hai ve prAcIna samaya kI nahIM hai| yatra-natra thoDA-bahuta parivartana aura parivardhana 'Avazyaka niyukti gAthA "tavaniyamanANarakta pAtDho kevalI amiyanANI / to muyai nANavardicha bhaviyajaNavivohaNaTThAe // "

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304 premI-abhinadana-pratha hai isa bAta ko mAnate hue bhI zailI aura viSaya varNana ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki Agamo kA adhikAza IsvI san ke pUrva kA hone me sandeha ko koI avakAza nahI / jainadArzanika sAhitya ke vikAsa kA mUlAdhAra ye hI prAkRta bhASA nivaddha Agama rahe hai / ataeva sakSepa me inakA vargIkaraNa nIce diyA jAtA hai 1 aga- 1 - AcAra, 2-~~-sUtrakRta, 3 - - sthAna, 4 - samavAya, 5 - bhagavatI, 6- jAtRdharmakathA, 7 -- upAsakadaNA, 8--antakRdRzA, e--- anuttaropapAtikadazA, 10 - praznavyAkaraNa, 11 - vipAka, 12 - dRSTivAda ( lupta hai ) / 2 ubhAga- 1 - aupapAtika, 2 -- rAjapraznIya, 3 - jIvAbhigama, 4 - prajJApanA, 5- sUryaprajJapti, 6 - jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 7- candraprajJapti, 8--kalpikA, 6- kalpAvatasikA, 10 - puSpikA, 11 - puppacUlikA, 12 - vRSNi dazA / 3 mUla- 1 ------ grAvazyaka, 2 dazavaikAlika, 3 - uttarAdhyayana, 4 - piMDaniryukti ( 4 - kimI ke mata se progha niryukti) / 4 nandIsUtra- 5 anuyogadvArasUtra- 6 chedasUtra - 1 - nizItha, 2 - mahAnizItha, 3 - bRhatkalpa, 4 - vyavahAra, 5 -- dazAzrutaskandha, 6 - pacakalpa / 7 prakIrNaka 1 - catu zaraNa, 2 - AturapratyAkhyAna, 3 - - bhaktaparijJA, 4 - sastAraka, 5 - tandula vaicArika, 6- candravedhyaka, 7 ---- devendrastava, gaNividyA, 6 - mahApratyAsyAna, 10 - vIrastava / ina sUtro meM se kucha to aise haiM, jinake karttA kA nAma bhI upalabdha hotA hai jaise- dagavaikAlika gayyabhavakRta hai, prajJApanA zyAmAcArya kRta hai / dazAzruta, bRhatkatpa aura vyavahAra ke karttA bhadravAhu hai / ina sabhI sUtro kA samvandha darzana se nahI hai / kucha to aise haiM, jo jaina AcAra ke sAtha sambandha rakhate hai jaise--- AcArAga, dazavaikAlika zrAdi / kucha upadezAtmaka hai jaise uttarAtyayana, prakIrNaka, Adi / kucha tatkAlIna bhUgola aura khagola Adi sambandhI mAnyatAo kA varNana karate haiM, jaise jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti Adi / chedasUtro kA pradhAna viSaya jainasAdhutro ke pracArasambandhI zrautsargika aura ApavAdika niyamo kA varNana va prAyazcitto kA vidhAna karanA hai | kucha grantha aise haiM, jiname jinamArga ke anuyAyiyo kA caritra diyA gayA hai jaise upAsakadazA, anuttaropapapAtikadazA Adi / kucha meM kalpita kathAe~ dekara upadeza diyA gayA hai, jaise jJAtRdharmakathA Adi / vipAka me zubha aura azubha karma kA vipAka kathAzrI dvArA batAyA gayA hai / bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAtha hue savAdo kA sagraha hai / vauddha suttapiTaka kI taraha nAnA viSaya ke praznottara bhagavatI meM sagRhIta hai / darzana ke sAtha sambandha rakhane vAlo meM khAsa kara sUtrakRta, prajJApanA, rAjapraznIya, bhagavatI, nandI, sthAnAga, samavAya aura anuyoga muraya hai / sUtrakRta meM tatkAlIna mantavyo kA nirAkaraNa karake svamata kI prarUpaNA kI gaI hai / bhUtavAdiyoM kA nirAkaraNa karake AtmA kA pRthag-astitva batAyA hai / brahmavAda ke sthAna meM nAnAtmavAda sthira kiyA hai / jIva aura

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jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana 305 zarIra ko pRthaka batAyA hai| karma aura unake phala kI sattA sthira kI hai / jagadutpatti ke viSaya meM nAnAvAdI kA nirAkaraNa karake vizva ko kisI Izvara yA aisI hI kisI vyakti ne nahIM banAyA, vaha to anAdi ananta hai, isa bAta kI sthApanA kI gaI hai / tatkAlIna kriyAvAda, zrakriyAvAda, vinayavAda aura ajJAnavAda kA nirAkaraNa karake mumaskRta kriyAvAda kI sthApanA kI gaI hai / prajJApanA meM jIva ke vividha bhAvo ko lekara vistAra se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / rAjapraznIya meM pArzvanAtha kI paramparA meM hue kezI zramaNa ne zrAvastI ke rAjA paesI ke praznoM ke uttara meM nAstikavAda kA nirAkaraNa karake grAtmA aura tanmamvandhI aneka vAtI ko dRSTAnta aura yuktipUrvaka samajhAyA hai / bhagavatImUtra ke neka praznottarI me naya, pramANa yAdi aneka dArzanika vicAra vikhare par3e hai / nandI jainadRSTi meM jJAna ke svampa aura bhedoM kA vizleSaNa karane vAlI eka mundara kRti hai / sthAnAga aura samavAyAga kI racanA vauddhoM ke aguttaranikAya ke DhaMga kI hai| ina dono ma bhI zrAtmA, pudgala, jJAna, naya, pramANa yAdi viSayI kI carcA AAI hu~ / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zAsana meM hue nihnavI kA varNana sthAnAga meM hai / aise sAta vyakti banAe gae hai jinhoMne kAlakrama se bhagavAn mahAvIra ke siddhAnto kI bhinna bhinna bAta ko lekara apanA matabheda prakaTa kiyA hai| ye hI nihnava kaha gaye hai / anuyoga meM zabdArtha karane kI prakriyA kA varNana mugya hai, kintu prasaMga me usame pramANa aura naya kA tathA tattva kA nirUpaNa bhI acche DhaMga se huA hai / Agamo kI TIkAe~ 1 ina grAmoM kI TIkAe~ prAkRta aura saskRta meM huI hai / prAkRta TIkAe~ niryukti, bhApya zrora cUrNi ke nAma se likhI gaI hai| niryucina aura bhAvya padyamaya hai aura cUrNI gadya meM upalabdha niyuktiyA~ bhadrabAhu dvitIya kI racanA haiN| unakA samaya vikrama pA~cavI yA chaThI zatAbdI hai / niryuktiyoM meM bhadravAhu ne kaI prasaga me dArzanika carcAe~ baDhe sundara Dhaga meM kI hai / khAma kara vIddhI tathA cAvako ke viSaya meM niyukti me jahA~ kahI avasara milA, unhone avazya likhA hai / zrAtmA kA astitva unhone siddha kiyA hai| jJAna kA sUkSma nirupaNa tathA grahimA kA tAttvika vivecana kiyA | zabda ke artha karane kI paddhati ke to ve niSNAta the hii| pramANa, naya zrIra nikSepa ke viSaya meM likha kara bhadrabAhu ne jainadarzana kI bhUmikA pakkI kI hai / / kisI bhI viSaya kI carcA kA apane samaya taka kA pUrNarUpa dekhanA ho to bhASya dekhanA cAhie / bhASyakAro meM prasiddha saghadAmagaNI aura jinabhadra hai| inakA samaya mAtavI gatAdI hai / jinabhadra ne vizepAvazyaka bhASya me zrAgamika padArtho kA tarkasaMgata vivecana kiyA hai / pramANa, naya, nikSepa kI sampUrNa carcA to unhone kI hI hai / isake lAvA tattvo kA bhI tAttvika yuktisagata vivecana unhone kiyA hai / aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ki dArzanika carcA kA koI aisA viSaya nahI hai, jisa para jinabhadra ne apanI kalama na calAI ho / vRhatkalpabhASya meM saghadAsa gaNI ne mAdhu ke AhAra-vihAra Adi niyamo ke utsarga apavAda mArga kI carcA dArzanika DhaMga se kI hai / inhone bhI prasana se pramANa, naya zrora nikSepa ke viSaya meM likhA hai / karIba sAtavI-AThavI zatAbdI kI cUrNiyAM milatI hai / cUrNikAro me jinadAma mahattara prasiddha hai / inhone nandI kI cUrNI ke alAvA aura bhI cUrNiyAM likhI hai / cUrNiyo me bhASya ke hI viSaya ko sakSepa meM gadya meM likhA gayA hai / jAtaka ke DhaMga kI prAkRta kathAe~ inakI vizeSatA hai / jaina zrAgamo kI sabase prAcIna saMskRta TIkA grA0 haribhadra ne kI hai| unakA samaya vi0 757 se 857 ke vIca kA hai / haribhadra ne prAkRta cUrNiyo kA prAya saMskRta meM anuvAda hI kiyA hai aura yatra-tatra apana dArzanika jJAna kA upayoga karanA bhI unhonaM ucita samajhA hai / isIlie hama unakI TIkAoM meM sabhI darzano kI pUrva -pakSarupa se 36

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premI abhinaMdana graMtha carcA pAte hai / itanA hI nahIM, kintu jaina-tattva ko bhI dArzanika jJAna ke bala se sunizcita rUpa meM sthira karane kA prayatna bhI dekhate hai / 306 haribhadra ke bAda gIlAka mUri ne ( dagavI zatAbdI) saMskRta TIkAo kI racanA kI / zIlAka ke bAda prasiddha TIkAkAra zAkyAcArya hue| unhone uttarAdhyayana kI bRhatTIkA likhI hai / isake vAda prasiddha TIkAkAra abhayadeva hue, jinhone nava go para maskRta me TIkAe~ rcii| unakA janma 1072 aura svargavAsa vikrama 1135 huA hai / ina dono TIkAkAro ne pUrva TokAo kA pUrA upayoga kiyA hI hai aura apanI ora se naI dArzanika carcA bhI kI hai / yahA~ para aise hI TIkAkAra malavArI hemacandra kA bhI nAma ullekha yogya hai / ve bArahavI zatAbdI ke vidvAna ye / kintu AgamoM kI saMskRta TIkA karane vAlo me sarvazreSTha sthAna to malayagiri kA hI hai / prAjala bhASA me dArzanika carcA me pracura TIkAe~ yadi dekhanA ho to malayagiri kI TIkAe~ dekhanA caahie| unakI TIkA paDhane me zuddha dArzanika grantha paDhane kA yAnanda AtA hai / jainagAstra ke karma, AcAra, bhUgola -khagola Adi sabhI viSayo me unakI kalama dhArApravAha ne calatI hai aura viSaya ko itanA mpaSTa karake rakhatI hai ki phira usa viSaya me dUsarA kucha dekhane kI apekSA nahI rahatI / jaine vAcaspati mizra ne jo bhI darzana liyA tanmaya hokara use likhA, umI prakAra malayagiri ne bhI kiyA hai / ve prAcArya hemacandra ke samakAlIna the / ataeva unheM bArahavI zatAbdI kA vidvAna samajhanA cAhie / maskRta - prAkRta TIkAo kA parimANa itanA vaDA thA aura viSayo kI carcA itanI gahana - gahanatara ho gaI thI ki bAda meM yaha Avazyaka samajhA gayA ki Agamo kI gabdArtha batAne vAlI sakSipta TIkAe~ ko jAya~ / samaya kI gati naM saskRta aura prAkRta bhASAo ko volacAla kI bhASA se haTAkara mAtra sAhityika bhASA vanA diyA thA / taba tatkAlIna apabhraga arthAt prAcIna gujarAtI bhASA meM vAlAvavodho kI racanA huii| inhe 'TavA' kahate haiM / aise vAlAvavovo kI racanA karane vAle kaI hue haiM, kintu 18vI sadI meM hue lokAgaccha ke dharmasiMha muni vizeSa rUpa me ullekha yogya hai / kyoki inakI dRSTi prAcIna TIkAtro ke artha ko chor3a kara kahI kahI svasampradAya samata artha karane kI rahI hai / unakA sampradAya mUrtipUjA ke virodha me utthita huA thA / digambarAgama uparyukta Agama aura usakI TIkAeN zvetAmvara sampradAya ko hI mAnya hai / digambara sampradAya agAdi prAcIna zrAgama ko lupta hI mAnatA hai, kintu unake AdhAra se aura khAsakara dRSTivAda ke AdhAra se prAcAryo dvArA grathita kucha granthoM ko Agama rUpa se vaha svIkAra karatA hai / aise Agama grantho me SaTkhaDAgama, kaSAyapAhuDa aura mahAvandha hai / ina tIno kA viSaya jIva aura karma se vizeSa samvandha rakhatA hai / dArzanika khaDana-maDana mUla meM nahI, kintu bAda meM hone vAlI unakI baDI-baDI TIkAtro me vizeSatayA pAyA jAtA hai / paTkhaDAgama aura kapAyapAhuDa mUla kI racanA vikrama kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM huI hai aura una para vRhatkAya TokA ghavalA - jayaghavalA kI racanA vIrasenAcArya ne vikrama kI navamI zatAbdI meM kI hai / mahAn abhI prasiddha hai / digambara grAmnAya me kundakundAcArya nAma ke mahAn prabhAvaka zrAcArya hue hai / unakA samaya abhI vidvAno meM vivAda kA viSaya hai / DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne aneka pramANI se unakA samaya IsA kI prathama zatAbdI nizcita kiyA hai| muni zrI kalyANavijayajI unheM pA~cavI - chaThI zatAbdI se pUrva nahI maante| unake grantha digamvara mampradAya meM Agama ke samAna hI pramANita mAne jAte haiM / pravacanamAra, pacAstikAya, samayasAra, zraSTapAhuDa, niyamasAra Adi unake prasiddha grantha hai| unhoMne grAtmA kA naizcayika aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se suvivecana kiyA hai| maptabhagI kA nimpaNa bhI unhone kiyA hai / unake grantho para amRtacandra Adi prasiddha vidvAno ne saskRta me tathA anya vidvAno ne hindI meM vyAkhyAeM kI hai /

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307 jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA sihAvalokana tattvArthasUtra aura usa kI TIkAe~ prAgamo me jainaprameyo kA varNana viprakIrNa yaa| ataeva janatattvajJAna, prAcAra, bhUgola, khagola, jIvavidyA, padArthavijJAna ityAdi nAnA prakAra ke viSayo kA sakSepa me nirUpaNa karane vAle eka grantha kI prAvazyakatA kI pUrti prAcArya umAsvAti ne kii| unakA samaya abhI anizcita hI hai, kintu unheM tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI kA vidvAna mAnA jA sakanA hai| apane sampradAya ke vipaya meM bhI unhone kucha nirdeza nahI kiyA, kintu abhI-abhI zrI nAthUrAma jI premI ne eka lekha likha kara yaha siddha karane kI cepTA kI hai ki ve yApanIya the| unakA yApanIya honA yuktisagata mAlUma detA hai| unakA 'tattvAdhigamasUtra' zvetAmbara aura digambara dono sampradAya me mAnya huyA hai| itanA hI nahI, varika java me vaha banA hai tava me abhI taka unakA aAdara aura mahattva dono sampradAyo me barAvara banA rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki chaThI zatAbdI ke digambarAcArya pUjyapAda ne usa para 'sarvArthamiti' nAmaka TIkA kI racanA kii| AThavI-navI zatAbdI me to isakI TIkA kI hoDa-sI lagI hai| akalaka aura vidyAnanda ne kramaza 'rAjavArtika' aura 'zlokavArtika' kI racanA kii| sidvamena aura haribhadra ne kramaza bRhatkAya aura laghukAya vRttiyo kI racanA kii| pUrvokta do digambara hai aura antima dono zvetAmbara hai| ye pA~co kRtiyoM dArzanika hI hai| jainadarzana mammata pratyeka prameya kA nirUpaNa anya darzana ke uma-usa viSayaka mantavya kA nirAkaraNa karake hI kiyA gayA hai| yadi hama kahe ki adhikAga jainadArganika sAhitya kA vikAna aura vRddhi eka tattvArtha ko kendra meM rakha kara hI huA hai to atyukti nahI hogii| dignAga ke pramANa samuccaya ke Upara dharmakIrti ne pramANavArtika likhA aura jisa prakAra umI ko kendra me rakha kara mamagna bauddhadarzana vikasita aura vRdvigata huA usI prakAra tattvArtha ke AsapAsa jainadArzanika mAhitya kA vikAsa aura vRddhi huI hai| bArahavI zatAbdI meM matayagiri ne aura caudahavI zatAbdI me kisI cirantana muni ne bhI TIkAe~ bnaaii| Akhira meM aThAravI zatAbdI meM yazovijayajI ne bhI apanI navya paribhASA me isakI TIkA karanA ucita samajhA aura isa prakAra pUrva kI matrahavI zatAbdI taka ke dArzanika vikAsa kA bhI antarbhAva isame huaa| eka dUsare yazovijayagaNI ne prAcIna gujarAtI meM isakA bAlAvabodha banA kara isa kRti ko bhApA kI dRSTi se Adhunika bhI banA diyaa| ye sabhI zvetAmbara the| digambaro me bhI zrutasAgara (solahavI zatAbdI), vibudhasena, yogIndradeva, yogadeva, lakSmIdeva, abhayanandI sUri Adi ne bhI maskRta me TIkAe~ vanAI hai| aura kucha digambara vidvAno ne prAcIna hindI me lisa kara use Adhunika banA diyA hai| abhI-abhI vIsavI zatAbdI meM bhI usI tattvArtha kA anuvAda bhI kaI vidvAno ne kiyA hai aura vivecana bhI hindI tathA gujarAtI Adi prAntIya bhASAo meM huA hai| aisI mahattvapUrNa kRti kA sakSepa meM vipaya-nirdeza karanA Avazyaka hai| jJAnamImAsA "pahale adhyAya me jJAna se sambandha rakhane vAlI mukhya ATha bAte hai aura ve isa prakAra hai-1-naya aura pramANarUpa se jJAna kA vibhaag| 2-mati Adi Agama prasiddha pA~ca jJAna aura unakA pratyakSa-parokSa do pramANo me vibhAjana / 3-matijJAna kI utpatti ke sAdhana, unake bheda prabheda aura unakI utpatti ke kramasUcaka prakAra / 4-jana paramparA me pramANa mAne jAne vAle Agama zAstra kA zrutajJAnarUpa se vrnnn| 5-avadhi Adi tIna divya pratyakSa aura unake bheda-prabheda tathA pArasparika antr| 6-ina pAMco jJAno kA tAratamya batalAte hue unakA viSayanirdeza aura unakI eka sAtha smbhvniiytaa| 7-kitane jJAna bhramAtmaka bhI ho sakate hai yaha, aura jJAna kI yathArthatA aura ayathArthatA ke kaarnn| -naya ke bhedprbhed| 'dekho pa0 sukhalAla jI kRta 'vivecana' kI prastAvanA pR0 67 /

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308 premI-abhinadana-graMtha jJeyamImAsA "jJeyamImAsA me mukhya molaha bAta AtI hai jo isa prakAra hai-dUsare adhyAya meM-1-jIvatattva kA svruup| 2-sasArI jIva ke bhed| 3---indriya ke bheda-prabheda, unake nAma, unake viSaya aura jIvarAzi meM indriyo kA vibhaajn| 4-mRtyu aura janma ke bIca kI sthiti / 5-janmo ke aura unake sthAno ke bheda tathA unakA jAti kI dRSTi se vibhaag| 6-zarIra ke bheda, unake tAratamya, unake svAmI aura eka sAtha unakA smbhv| 7--jAtiyo kA ligavibhAga aura na TUTa sake aise AyuSya ko bhogane vAlo kA nirdeza / tIsare aura cauthe adhyAya meM-8-adholoka ke vibhAga, usameM vasane vAle nArakajIva aura unakI dazA tathA jIvanamaryAdA vgairh| 6-dvIpa, samudra, parvata, kSetra Adi dvArA madhyaloka kA bhaugolika varNana, tathA usameM basane vAle manuSya, pazu, pakSI Adi kA jiivnkaal| 10-devo kI vividha jAtiyA~, unake parivAra, bhoga, sthAna, samRddhi, jIvanakAla aura jyotimaMDala dvArA khagola kA vrnnn| pAMcave adhyAya me-11-dravya ke bheda, unakA paraspara sAdharmya-vaidharmya, unakA sthitikSetra aura pratyeka kA kaary| 12pudgala kA svarUpa, unake bheda aura umakI utpatti ke kaarnn| 13-sat aura nitya kA mahetuka svarUpa / 14-paudgalikabandha kI yogyatA aura ayogytaa| 15--dravyasAmAnya kA lakSaNa, kAla ko dravya mAnane vAlA matAntara aura usakI dRSTi se kAla kA svruup| 16-guNa aura pariNAma ke lakSaNa aura pariNAma ke bheda / cAritra mImAsA "cAritramImAsA kI mukhya gyAraha vAte hai-chaThe adhyAya me-1-pAsava kA svarUpa, usake bheda aura kisakisa prAsravasevana se kauna-kauna karma baMdhate hai usakA varNana hai| sAtaveM adhyAya meM-2-vrata kA svarUpa vrata lene vAle adhikAriyo ke bheda aura vrata kI sthiratA ke maarg| 3-hiMsA Adi doSo kA svruup| 4-vrata meM sambhavita doss| 5-dAna kA svarUpa aura usake tAratamya ke hetu| AThave adhyAya me-6-karmavandhana ke mUla hetu aura karmavandhana ke bhed| navave adhyAya meM-7-savara aura usake vividha upAya tathA usake bhedprbhed| 5-nirjarA aura usake upaay| 6-jude-jude adhikAra vAle sAdhaka aura unakI maryAdA kA tAratamya / dasave adhyAya meM-10-kevala jJAna ke hetu aura mokSa kA svarUpa / 11-mukti prApta karane vAle AtmA kI kisa rIti se kahA~ gati hotI hai usakA vrnnn|" isa sakSipta sUcI se yaha patA laga jAyagA ki tatkAlIna jJAnavijJAna kI eka bhI zAkhA achUtI nahI rahI hai / tattvavidyA, AdhyAtmikavidyA, tarkazAstra, mAnasazAstra, bhUgola-khagola, bhautika vijJAna, rasAyanavijJAna, bhUstaravidyA, jIvavidyA Adi sabhI ke viSaya me umAsvAti ne tatkAlIna jaina mantavya kA sagraha kiyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki TIkAkAro ne apanI dArzanika vicAradhArA ko bahAne ke lie isI grantha ko cunA hai aura phalata yaha eka jainadarzana kA amUlya ratna siddha huA hai| ___ isa prakAra jJAnavijJAna kI sabhI zAkhApro ko lekara tattvArtha aura usakI TIkAo me vivecanA hone se kisI eka dArzanika mudde para sakSepa meM carcA kA honA usame anivArya hai ataeva jainadarzana ke maulika siddhAnta anekAntavAda aura usIse sambandha rakhane vAle pramANa aura naya kA svatantra vistRta vivecana usame sambhava na hone se jaina AcAryoM ne ina viSayo para svatantra prakaraNa grantha bhI likhanA zurU kiyaa| (2) anekAnta sthApana yuga siddhasena aura samantabhadra dArzanika kSetra meM jaba se nAgArjuna ne padArpaNa kiyA hai taba se sabhI bhAratIya darzano meM nava jAgaraNa huA hai| mabhI dArzaniko ne apane-apane darzana ko tarka ke vala se susagata karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jo bAteM kevala mAnyatA

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jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana 306 kI thI unakA bhI sthirIkaraNa yuktiyo ke vala se hone lgaa| pArasparika matabhedo kA khaDana-maDana jaba hotA hai hai taba siddhAnto kA aura yuktiyo kA AdAna-pradAna honA bhI svAbhAvika hai| phala yahI huA ki dArzanika pravAha isa sagharSa meM paDa kara puSTa huaa| prArambha me to jainAcAryoM ne taTastharUpa se isa saMgharSa ko dekhA hI hai kinnu paristhiti ne java unhe vAdhita kiyA, apane astitva kA hI khatarA java upasthita huA, taba samaya kI pukAra ne hI siddhasena aura samantabhadra jaise pramukha tAkiko ko upasthita kiyaa| inakA samaya karIba pAMcavI-chaThavI zatAbdI hai| siddhasena zvetAmbara aura samantabhadra digamvara the| jainadharma ke antima pravartaka bhagavAn mahAvIra ne nayokA upadeza diyA hI thaa| kisI bhI tattva kA nirUpaNa karane ke lie kisI eka dRSTi se nahI, kintu zakya sabhI naya-dRSTibinduo se usakA vicAra karanA sikhAyA thaa| unhone kaI prasaga meM dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva-ina cAra dRSTiyo se tattva kA vicAra samakAlIna dArzanika matavAdiyo ke sAmane upasthita kiyA thaa| isa prakAra anekAntavAda-syAvAda kI nIva unhone DAla hI dI thii| kintu jaba taka nAgArjuna ke dvArA sabhI dArzaniko ke sAmane apane-apane siddhAnta kI siddhi tarka ke bala se karane ke lie AvAz2a nahI uThI thI, jaina dArzanika bhI soye hue the| sabhI dArzaniko ne java apane-apane siddhAnto ko puSTa kara liyA tava jainadArzanika jaage| vastuta yahI samaya unake lie upayukta bhI thA, kyoki sabhI dArzanika apane-apane siddhAnta kI satyatA aura dUsare ke siddhAnta kI asatyatA sthApita karane para tule hue hone se ve abhiniveza ke kAraNa dUsare ke siddhAnta kI khUviyA~ aura apanI kamajoriyAM dekha nahI sakate the| una sabhI kI samAlocanA karane vAle kI atyanta AvazyakatA aise hI samaya meM ho sakatI hai| yahI kArya jaina-dArzaniko ne kiyaa| zUnyavAdiyo ne kahA thA ki tattva na mat hai, na asat, na ubhayarUpa hai, na anubhayarUpa, arthAt vastu me koI vizeSaNa dekara usakA nirvacana kiyA nahI jA sktaa| isake viruddha mAkhyo ne aura prAcIna aupaniSadika dArzaniko ne sava ko sat rUpa hI sthira kiyaa| naiyAyika-vaizepiko ne kucha ko sat aura kucha ko asat hI siddha kiyaa| vijJAnavAdI vauddho ne tattva ko vijJAnAtmaka hI kahA aura vAhyArtha kA apalApa kiyaa| isake viruddha naiyAyikavaizeSiko ne aura mImAsako ne vijJAnavyatirikta vAhyArtha ko bhI siddha kiyaa| bauddho ne sabhI tattvo ko kSaNika hI sidva kiyA tava mImAsako ne zabda aura aise hI dUsare aneka padArthoM ko akSaNika siddha kiyaa| naiyAyiko ne zabdAdi jaise aneka ko kSaNika aura AkAza AtmAdi jaise aneka ko akSaNika siddha kiyaa| bauddho ne aura mImAsako ne IzvarakartRtva kA niSedha kiyA aura naiyAyiko ne IzvarakartRtva siddha kiyaa| mImAsakabhinna sabhI ne vedApauruSeyatva kA virodha kiyA taba mImAsaka ne usIkA samarthana kiyaa| isa prakAra isa sagharSa ke pariNAmasvarupa nAnA prakAra ke vAdavivAda dArzanika kSetra meM upasthita the| ina sabhI vAdo ko jainadArzaniko ne taTastha hokara dekhA aura phira apanI samAlocanA zurU kii| unake pAsa bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa nayavAda aura dravyAdi cAra dRSTiyA~ thiihii| unake prakAza meM java unhone ye vAda dekhe tava unheM apane anekAntavAda-syAdvAda kI sthApanA kA acchA maukA milaa| siddhasena ne sanmatitarka meM nayavAda kA vivecana kiyA hai kyoki anekAntavAda kA malAdhAra nayavAda hI hai| unakA kahanA hai ki sabhI nayo kA samAveza do mUlanayo me-dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika me ho jAtA hai / dRSTi yadi dravya, abheda,mAmAnya,ekatva kI ora hotI hai to sarvatra abheda dikhAI detA hai aura yadi paryAya, bheda, vizeSagAmI hotI hai to sarvatra bheda hI bheda najara AtA hai| tattvadarzana kisI bhI prakAra kA kyo na ho vaha Akhira me jAkara ina do dRSTiyo meM se kisI eka me hI mammilita ho jaaygaa| yA to vaha dravyAthika dRSTi se hogA yA paryAyArthika dRSTi se hogaa| anekAntavAda ina dono dRSTiyo ke samanvaya me hai na ki virodha meN| middhasena kA kahanA hai ki dArzaniko me paraspara virodha isalie hai ki yA to ve dravyAthika dRSTi ko hI saca mAna kara calate hai yA paryAyArthika dRSTi ko hii| kintu yadi ve apanI dRSTi kA rAga choDa kara dUsare kI dRSTi kA virodha na karake usa ora upekSAbhAva dhAraNa kareM tava apanI

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310 premI-abhinadana-praya dRSTi meM sthira raha kara bhI unakA darzana samyagdarzana hai, cAhe vaha pUrNa na bhI ho| pUrNa samyagdarzana to sabhI upayukta dRSTiyo ke svIkAra se hI ho sakatA hai| kintu sabhI dArzanika apanA dRSTirAga choDa nahIM skte| ataeva ve mithyA hai aura unhI kI bAta ko lekara calane vAlA anekAntavAda mithyA na hokara samyaka ho jAtA hai| kyoki anekAntavAda sarvadarzano kA jo tathyAza hai, jo aza yuktisiddha hai use svIkAra karatA hai aura tattva ke pUrNa darzana meM usa aza ko bhI yathAsthAna saniviSTa karatA hai| siddhasena kA to yahAM taka kahanA hai ki kisI eka dRSTi kI mukhyatA yadi mAnI jAya to sarvadarzano kA prayojana jo mokSa hai vahI nahIM ghaTa skegaa| ataeva dArzaniko ko apane prayojana kI siddhi ke lie bhI anekAntavAda kA AzrayaNa karanA cAhie aura dRSTimoha se dUra rahanA caahie| mahAmUlyavAn muktAmaNiyo ko bhI jaba taka kisI eka sUtra meM bA~dhA na jAya tava taka gale kA hAra nahIM bana sakatA hai| unameM samanvaya kI kamI hai| ataeva unakA khAsa upayoga bhI nhiiN| kintu ve hI maNiyA~ jaba sUtrabaddha ho jAtI hai, unameM samanvaya ho jAtA hai tava unakA pArthakya hote hue bhI eka upayukta cIz2a bana jAtI hai| isI dRSTAnta ke bala se siddhamena ne sabhI dArzaniko ko apanI-apanI dRSTi meM samanvaya kI bhAvanA rakhane kA Adeza diyA hai| aura kahA hai ki yadi aisA samanvaya ho tabhI darzana samyagdarzana kahA jA sakatA hai anyathA nhiiN| kAryakAraNa ke bhedAbheda ko lekara dArzaniko meM nAnA vivAda calate the| kArya aura kAraNa kA ekAnta bheda hI hai, aisA nyAya-vaizeSika mata hai / sAsya kA mata hai ki kArya kAraNarUpa hI hai| advaitavAdiyo kA mata hai ki sasAra me dRzyamAna kAryakAraNabhAva mithyA hai, kintu eka dravya-advaita brahma hI sat hai| ina sabhI vAdiyo ko siddhasena ne eka hI bAta kahI hai ki yadi ve paraspara samanvaya na sthApita kara sake to unakA vAda mithyA hI hogaa| vastuta abhedagAmI dRSTi se vicAra karane para kArya-kAraNa me abheda hai, aura bhedagAmI dRSTi se dekhane para bheda hai, ataeva ekAnta ko parityAga karake kArya-kAraNa meM bhedAbheda mAnanA caahie| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva se kisI vastu para vicAra karanA sikhAyA thA, yaha kahA jA cukA hai| isI ko mUlAdhAra vanA kara kisI bhI vastu me svadravyAdi catuSTaya kI apekSA se sat aura paradravyAdi catuSTaya kI apekSA se asat ityAdi saptabhago kI yojanAspa syAdvAda kA pratipAdana bhI siddhasena ne vizadarUpa se kiyA hai| sadasat kI saptabhagI kI taraha ekAneka, nityAnitya, bhedAbheda ityAdi dArzanikavAdo ke viSaya meM bhI dravyAthika aura paryAyArthika dRSTi ko mUlAdhAra banA kara syAdvAda dRSTi kA prayoga karane kA siddhasena ne sUcana kiyA vauddho ne vastu ko vizeSarUpa hI mAnA , advaitavAdiyo ne sAmAnyarUpa hI mAnA aura vaizeSiko ne sAmAnya aura vizepa ko svatantra aura AdhArabhUta vastu se atyanta bhinna hI maanaa| dArzaniko ke isa vivAda ko bhI siddhasena ne dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika kA jhagaDA hI kahA aura vastu tattva ko sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka siddha karake mamanvaya kiyaa| bauddha ne vastu ko guNa rUpa hISmAnA, guNabhinna koI dravya mAnA hI nhiiN| naiyAyiko ne dravya aura guNa kA bheda hI maanaa| tava siddhasena ne kahA ki eka hI vastu sambandha ke bheda se nAnA rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai arthAt java vaha cakSurindriya kA viSaya hotI hai tava rUpa kahI jAtI hai aura rasanendriya kA viSaya hotI hai tava rasa kahI jAtI hai, jaina ki eka hI puruSa sambandha ke bheda se pitA, mAmA Adi vyapadezo ko dhAraNa karatA hai| isa prakAra guNa aura dravya kA abheda siha karake bhIekAntAbheda nahI hai aisA sthira karane ke lie phira kahA ki vastu me vizeSatAeM kevala parasambandha kRta hai yaha vAta nahIM hai| usame tattadrUpa se svapariNati bhI mAnanA Avazyaka hai| ina pariNAmo me bheda vinA mAna vyavapadezabheda bhI sambhava nhiiN| ataeva dravya aura guNa kA bheda hI yA abheda hI hai, yaha vAta nahI, kintu bhedAbheda hai| yahI ukta vAdo kA samanvaya hai| siddhasena tarkavAdI avazya the, kintu isakA matalaba yaha nahIM hai ki tarka ko ve apratihatagati samajhate the|

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jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana 311 tarka kI maryAdA kA pUrA jJAna unako thA / imIlie to unhone spaSTa kaha diyA hai ki zrahetuvAda ke kSetra meM tarka ko dakhala na denA caahie| zrAgamika bAto me kevala zraddhAgamya vAto meM zraddhA se hI kAma lenA cAhie zrIra jo tarka kA viSaya ho umI me tarka karanA cAhie / dUsare dArzaniko kI truTi dikhA kara hI siddhamena mantuSTa na hue| unhone apanA ghara bhI ThIka kiyA / jaino kI una zrAgamika mAnyatAoM ke Upara bhI unhone prahAra kiyA hai, jinako unhone tarka se prasagata samajhA / jaise sarvajJa ke jJAna aura darzana ko bhinna mAnane kI prAgamika paramparA thI, unake sthAna meM unhone dono ke abheda kI naI paramparA kAyama kI / tarka ke vala para unhoMne mati zrora zruta ke bheda ko bhI miTAyA / avadhi zraura mana paryaya jJAna ko eka batAyA tathA darzana - zradvA zrIra jJAna kA bhI aikya siddha kiyA / jaina zrAgamo meM naigamAdi sAta naya prasiddha the / usake sthAna meM unhone uname se naigama kA samAveza sagraha-vyavahAra meM kara diyA aura mUla naya dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika mAna kara unhI do ke avAntara bheda rUpa se cha nayo kI vyavasthA kara dI / zravAntara bhedo kI vyavasthA meM bhI unhone apanA svAtantrya dikhAyA hai / itanA hI nahI kintu usa samaya ke pramukha jainasagha ko yugadharma kI bhI zikSA unhone yaha kaha kara dI hai ki mirpha sUtrapATha yAda karake tathA usa para cintana aura manana na karake mAtra vAhya zranuSThAna ke vala para ava zAmana kI rakSA honA kaThina hai| nayavAda ke viSaya meM gambhIra cintana-manana karake anuSThAna kiyA jAya tava hI jJAna kA phala virati aura mokSa mila sakatA hai / aura ima prakAra zAsanarakSA bhI ho sakatI hai / mina kI kRtiyo meM sanmatitarka, vattImIyA~ aura nyAyAvatAra hai / sammatitarka prAkRta me zrIra zeSa saMskRta meM hai / siddhamena ke viSaya me kucha vistAra avazya ho gayA hai, kintu vaha Avazyaka hai, kyoki anekAntavAdarUpI mahAprAmAda ke nirmAtA prArambhika zilpiyo meM unakA sthAna mahattvapUrNa hai / siddhasena ke samakakSa vidvAn samantabhadra hai / unako syAdvAda kA pratiSThApaka kahanA caahie| apane samaya meM prasiddha sabhI vAdo kI aikAntikatA me dopa dikhA kara una sabhI kA samanvaya anekAntavAda meM kisa prakAra hotA hai, yaha unhone khUbI ke mAtha vistAra se batAyA hai| unhone svayabhUstotra me cauviso tIrthakaro kI stuti kI hai / vaha stuti stotra sAhitya meM zranogvA sthAna rakhatI hai / vaha prAlakArika eka stutikAvya to hai hI, kintu usakI vizeSatA usame mannihita dArzanika tattva meM haiM / pratyeka tIrthaMkara kI stuti me kisI na kisI dArzanikavAda kA zrAkArika nirdeza avazya kiyA hai / yuktyanuzAsana bhI eka stuti ke rUpa me dArzanika kRti hai / pracalita sabhI vAdo meM dopa dikhA kara yaha siddha kiyA gayA hai ki bhagavAn ke upadezo me una dopo kA prabhAva hai / itanA hI nahI, kintu bhagavAn ke upadeza meM jo guNa hai una guNo kA sadbhAva anya kisI ke upadeza meM nahI / tathApi unakI zreSTha kRti to zrApnamImAsA hI hai / hama ta kI hI stuti kyo karate haiM aura dUsaro kI kyo nahI karate ? isa prazna ko lekara unhone prApta kI mImAMsA kI hai| prApta kauna ho sakatA hai isa prazna ke uttara meM unhone sarvaprathama to mahattA kI saccI kasoTI kyA ho sakatI hai, isakA vicAra kiyA hai / jo loga vAhya ADamvara yA Rddhi dekha kara kisI ko mahAn samajha kara apanA prApta yA pUjya mAna lete hai unheM zikSA dene ke lie unhone arihanta ko sambodhana karake kahA hai-- devAgamanabhoyAnacAmarAdivibhUtaya / mAyAviSvapi dRzyante nAtastvamasi no mahAn // devo kA grAgamana, nabhoyAna aura cAmarAdi vibhUtiyA~ to mAyAvi purupo meM bhI dikhAI detI hai / ataeva itane mAtra me tuma hamAre lie mahAna nahI ho / phalitArtha yaha hai ki zraddhAzIla logo ke lie to ye bAteM mahattA kI kasauTI ho sakatI hai, kintu tArkiko ke sAmane yaha kasauTI cala nahIM sktii| isI prakAra zArIrika mahodaya bhI

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312 premI-abhinaMdana-praya mahattA kI kasauTI nahIM, kyoki devaloka ke nivAsiyo meM bhI zArIrika mahodaya hote hue bhI ve mahAn nahI, kyoki unameM rAgAdi doSa hai / tava prazna huA ki kyA jo tIrthakara yA dharmapravartaka kahe jAte hai jaise buddha, kapila, gautama, kaNAda, jaiminI Adi-unheM mahAn aura prApta mAnA jAya ? isakA uttara unhone diyA hai ki ye tIrthaMkara kahe to jAte hai kintu siddhAnta paraspara viruddha hone se ve sabhI to prApta ho nahIM skte| kisI eka ko hI prApta mAnanA hogaa| vaha eka kona hai, jise prApta mAnA jAya? isake uttara meM unhone kahA hai ki jisake mohAdi doSo kA abhAva ho gayA hai aura jo sarvajJa ho gayA hai vahI prApta ho sakatA hai| aisA nirdoSa aura sarvajJa vyakti Apa arthAta bhagavAn vardhamAna Adi arhanta hI hai, kyoki ApakA upadeza pramANa se avAdhita hai| dUsare kapilAdi Apta nahI ho sakate kyoki unakA jo upadeza hai, vaha aikAntika hone se hI pratyakSa vAdhita hai| prApta kI mImAsA ke lie aisI pUrvabhUmikA vA~dha karake AcArya samantabhadra ne kramaza sabhI prakAra ke aikAntika vAdo meM pramANavAdhA dikhA kara samanvayavAda, anekAntavAda jo ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dvArA upadiSTa hai usI ko pramANa se avAdhita siddha karane kA saphala prayatla kiyA hai| siddhasena ke samAna samantabhadra kA bhI yahI kahanA hai ki ekAntavAda kA AzrayaNa karane para kuzalAkuzala karma kI vyavasthA aura paraloka ye bAte asagata ho jAtI hai| samantabhadra ne prAptamImAsA meM do virodhI ekAntavAdo meM kramaza dopo ko dikhA kara yaha batAne kA saphala prayatna kiyA hai ki inhI do virovI ekAntavAdo kA samanvaya yadi syAdvAda ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai, arthAt inhI do virodhI vAdo ko mUla meM rakha kara saptabhagI kI yojanA kI jAtI hai to ye virodhIvAda bhI aviruddha ho jAte hai, nirdoSa ho jAte hai| bhagavAn ke pravacana kI yahI vizeSatA hai| sarvaprathama aisA samanvaya unhone bhAvakAnta aura abhAvakAntavAda ko lekara kiyA hai| arthAt sat aura asat ko lekara saptabhagI kA samarthana karake unhone siddha kiyA hai ki ye sadadvaita aura zUnyavAda tabhI taka virodhI hai java taka ve alaga-alaga hai kintu jaba ve anekAntarUpI muktAhAra ke eka agarUpa ho jAte hai tava unameM koI virodha nhii| isI prakAra dvaitavAda aura advaitavAda Adi kA bhI samanvaya kara lene kI sUcanA unhone kI hai| siddhasena ne nayo kA sundara vizleSaNa kiyA to samantabhadra ne unhI nayo ke AdhAra para pratyeka vAdo me syAdvAda kI sagati kaise biThAnA cAhiye ise vistAra se yuktipUrvaka siddha kiyA hai| pratyeka do virovI vAdo ko lekara saptabhago kI yojanA kisa prakAra karanA cAhie isake spaSTIkaraNa me hI samantabhadra kI vizepatA hai| ukta vAdo ke alAvA nityakAnta aura anityakAnta, kArya kAraNa kA bhedaikAnta aura abhedaikAnta, guNa-guNI kA bhedaikAnta aura abhedakAnta, sAmAnya sAmAnyavat kA bhedaikAnta aura abhedaikAnta, sApekSavAda aura nirapekSavAda, hetuvAda aura ahetuvAda, vijJaptimAtravAda aura vahiragArthataikAntavAda, daivavAda aura puruSArthavAda, para ko sukha dene se puNya ho, dukha dene se pApa ho-aisA ekAntavAda aura sva ko dukha dene se puNya ho, sukha dene se pApa ho aisA ekAntavAda, ajAna se vandha ho aisA ekAnta aura stokajJAna se mokSa aisA ekAnta, vAkyArtha ke viSaya me vidhivAda aura nipedhavAda-ina sabhI vAdo meM yukti ke vala se sakSepa meM dopa dikhA kara anekAntavAda kI nirdoSatA siddha kI hai, prasaga se pramANa, sunaya aura durnaya, syAdvAda ityAdi aneka vipayo kA lakSaNa karake uttara kAla ke prAcAryoM ke lie vistRta carcA kA vIjavapana kiyA hai| 1 "tIryakRtsamayAnA ca paraspara virodhata / sarveSAmAptatA nAsti kazcideva bhaved guru // " * "sa tvameyAsi nirdoSo yuktizAstrAvirodhivAk / avirodho yadiSTa te prasiddhana na vAdhyate // "

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jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana 313 mallavAdI aura siMhagaNI siddhasena ke samakAlIna vidvAn mallavAdI hue hai| ve vAdapravINa the ataeva unakA nAma mallavAdI thaa| unhone sanmatitarka kI TIkA kI hai| taduparAnta nayacakra nAmaka eka adbhuta anya kI racanA kii| ye zvetAmbarAcArya the| kintu akalakAdi digamvara AcAryoM ne bhI inake nayacakra kA bahumAna kiyA hai| tatkAlIna mabhI dArzanikavAdo ko sAta nayo ke antargata vatA karake unhone eka vAdacakra kI racanA kI hai / usa cakra meM uttara uttara vAda pUrva pUrva vAda kA virodha karake apane-apane pakSa ko savala siddha karatA hai| granthakAra kA to uddezya yaha hai ki ye sabhI ekAntavAda apane Apako pUrvavAda se pravala samajhate haiM kinnu apane vAda se dUsare uttaravAda ke astitva kA khayAla ve nahIM rkhte| eka taTasya vyakti hI isa cakrAntargata pratyeka vAda kI ApekSika mavalatA yA nirbalatA jAna sakatA hai| aura vaha tabhI java use pUrA cakra mAlUma ho| ina vAdo ko paktivaddha na karake cakrabaddha karane kA uddezya yaha hai ki pakti me to kisI eka vAda ko prathama syAna denA par3atA hai aura kisI eka ko antima / uttarottara khaDana karane para antima vAda ko vijayI ghopita karanA prApta ho jAtA hai| kintu yadi ina vAdo ko cakravaddha kiyA jAya to vAdo kA anta bhI nahIM aura Adi bhI nhiiN| subhIte ke lie kisI eka vAda kI sthApanA prayama kI jA sakatI hai aura anta meM kimI eka pakSa ko rakkhA jA sakatA hai, kintu cakravaddha hone se usa antima ke bhI uttara me prathamavAda hI ThaharatA hai aura vahI usa antima kA khaDana karatA hai aura isa prakAra ekAntavAdiyo kA khaDana-maDana kA cakra calatA hai| anekAntavAda hI ina sabhI vAdo kA samanvaya kara sakatA hai| AcArya ne ina sabhI ko cabaddha karake yahI sUcita kiyA hai ki apanI-apanI dRSTi me ve sabhI vAda sacce haiM, kintu dUsaro kI dRSTi meM mithyA Thaharate hai / ataeva nayavAda kA upayoga karake ina sabhI vAdo kA samanvaya karanA caahie| aura unakI saccAI yadi hai to kisa naya kI dRSTi se hai use vicAranA caahie| mallavAdi ne pratyeka vAda ko kisI na kisI nayAntargata karake sabhI vAdo ke srota ko anekAntavAda tpI mahAsamudra meM milAyA hai, jahA~ jAkara unakA pRthagastitva miTa jAtA hai aura sabhI vAdo ke samanvayarUpa eka mahAmamudra hI dikhAI detA hai| nayacakra kI eka aura bhI vizeSatA hai aura vaha yaha ki usame itara darzano me bhI kisa prakAra anekAntavAda ko apanAyA gayA hai use dikhAyA hai| isa nayacakra ke Upara siMha kSamAzramaNa ne 18000 zloka pramANa vRhatkAya TIkA kI hai| unakA samaya sAtavI zatAbdI se uttara meM ho nahIM sakatA kyoki unhone dignAga aura bhartRhari ke to kaI uddharaNa diye hai kintu dharmakIrti ke grantha kA koI uddharaNa nhiiN| aura na kumArila kA hI usame kahI nAma hai| Azcarya hai ki usameM samantabhadra kA bhI koI uddharaNa nahI, kintu siddhamena aura unake granyo kA uddharaNa vAra-bAra hai| nayacakraTIkA gAyakavAr3a mirIz2a meM chapa rahI hai| pAtrakesarI imI yuga meM eka aura tejasvI digambara vidvAn pAtrasvAmI, jinakA dUsarA nAma pAtrakesarI thA, hue| inhone 'trilakSaNa kadarthana' nAmaka eka grantha likhA hai| isa yuga meM pramANazAstra se mISA sambandha rakhane vAlI do kRtiyA~ huI eka siddhasenakRta nyAyAvatAra aura dUsarI yaha trilakSaNakadarthana / isameM dignAga samarthita hetu ke vilakSaNa kA khaDna kiyA gayA hai aura janadRSTi se anyayAnupapatti rUpa eka hI hetulamaNa siddha kiyA gayA hai / jaina nyAyazAstra me hetu kA yahI lakSaNa nyAyAvatAra meM aura anyatra mAnya hai| yaha granya upalabdha nahIM hai| 40

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premI - abhinaMdana graMtha (3) pramANazAstra vyavasthAyuga haribhadra aura akalaka asaga-vasubandhu ne vijJAnavAda kI sthApanA kI thI, kintu svatantra vauddha dRSTi se pramANazAstra kI racanA va sthApanA kA kArya to dignAga ne hI kiyA / ataeva vaha vauddha tarkazAstra kA pitA mAnA jAtA hai / unhone tatkAlIna naiyAyika, vaizeSika, sAkhya, mImAsaka Adi darzanoM ke prameyo kA to khaDana kiyA hI kintu sAtha hI unake pramANalakSaNo kA bhI khaDana kiyA / isake uttara me prazasta uddyotakara, kumArila, sidvamena, mallavAdI, siMhagaNI, pUjyapAda, samantabhadra, Izvarasena, aviddhakarNa Adi ne apane apane darzana aura pramANazAstra kA samarthana kiyA / tava dignAga ke TIkAkAra aura bhAratIya dArzaniko meM sUrya ke samAna tejasvI aise dharmakIrti kA padArpaNa huA / unhone una pUrvokta sabhI dArzaniko ko uttara diyA aura dignAga ke darzana kI rakSA kI aura naye prakAza meM usakA pariSkAra bhI kiyA / isa taraha bauddha darzana aura khAsa kara vodvapramANazAstra kI bhUmikA pakkI kara dii| isake vAda eka pora to dharmakIrti kI ziSyaparamparA ke dArzanika dharmottara, arcaMTa, zAntarakSita, pajJAkara Adi hue jinhone uttarottara dharmakIrti ke pakSa kI rakSA kI aura isa prakAra bauddha pramANazAstra ko sthira kiyA / aura dUsarI ora prabhAkara, umveka, vyomaziva, bhAvivikta, jayanta, sumati, pAtrasvAmI, maDana Adi vauddhetara dArzanika hue, jinhone vauddha pakSa kA saDana kiyA aura apane darzana kI rakSA kii| 314 cAra zatAbdI taka calane vAle isa sagharSa ke phala svarUpa AThavI-navI zatAbdI meM jainadArzaniko meM haribhadra aura akalaka hue| haribhadra ne anekAntajayapatAkA ke dvArA bauddha aura itara sabhI dArzaniko ke prAkSepo kA uttara diyA aura usa dIrghakAlIna sagharSa ke mandhana meM se anekAntavAdarUpa navanIta sabhI ke sAmane rakkhA, kintu isa yuga kA apUrva phala to pramANazAstra hI hai aura use to akalaka kI hI dena samajhanA caahie| dignAga me lekara vauddha aura vauddhetara pramANazAstra me jo sagharSa calA usake phalasvarUpa akalaka ne svatantra jaina dRSTi se apane pUrvAcAryo kI paramparA ko khyAla meM rakha kara jaina pramANazAstra kA vyavasthita nirmANa aura sthApana kiyaa| unake pramANasagraha nyAyavinizcaya, laghIyastraya Adi janya isake jvalanta udAharaNa hai / akalaka ke pahale nyAyAvatAra aura trilakSaNakadarthana nyAyazAstra ke grantha the / haribhadra kI taraha unhone bhI anekAntavAda kA samarthana vipakSiyo ko uttara de karake AptamImAsA kI TIkA aSTazatI me tathA siddhivinizcaya meM kiyA hai / aura nayacakra kI taraha yaha bhI aneka prasa meM dikhAne kA yatna kiyA hai ki dUsare dArzanika bhI pracchannarUpa me anekAntavAda ko mAnate hI hai / haribhadra ne svatantrarUpa se pramANazAstra kI racanA nahI kI kintu dignAgakRta ( ? ) nyAyapraveza kI TIkA karake unhone yaha sUcita to kiyA hI hai ki jaina AcAryoM kI pravRtti nyAyazAstra kI ora honA cAhie tathA jJAnakSetra me caukAvAjI nahI honA caahie| phala yaha huA ki jainadRSTi se pramANazAstra likhA jAne lagA aura jainAcAryo ke dvArA jainetara dArzanika yA anya kRtiyo para TIkA bhI likhI jAne lgii| isake viSaya me bhAge prasagAt adhika kahA jAyagA / akalakadeva ne pramANazAstra kI vyavasthA isa yuga meM kI yaha kahA jA cukA hai / pramANazAstra kA mukhya viSaya pramANa, prameya, pramAtA aura pramiti hai / isame se pramANo kI vyavasthA akalaka ne isa prakAra kI hai- pramANa avadhi 0 pratyakSa masya mana paryaya0 kevala 0 sAvyavahArika indriyAnindriyapratyakSa ( matijJAna ) parokSa smRti pratyabhijJAna tarka anumAna Agama (sajJA ) (cintA) (abhinibodha ) ( zruta)

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jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana akalaka kI isa vyavasthA kA mUlAdhAra Agama aura tattvArthasUtra hai / Agamo meM mati, zruta, avadhi, mana paryaya aura kevala ye pA~ca jJAna batAye gaye hai / inameM se prathama ke do indriya aura mana kI apekSA se hI utpanna ho sakate haiM aura antima tIno kI mAtra AtmasApekSa hI utpatti hai / usameM indriya aura mana kI apekSA nahI / ataeva sarvaprathama prAcIna kAla meM zrAgama meM ina pA~co jJAno kA vargIkaraNa nimna prakAra huA jisakA anusaraNa tattvArtha aura pacAstikAya meM bhI huA dekhA jAtA hai pratyakSa indriyapratyakSa pratyakSa jJAna T avadhi mana paryaya kevala mati zruta kintu bAda meM isa vibhAgIkaraNa meM parivartana bhI karanA paDA / usakA kAraNa lokAnusaraNa hI mAlUma paDatA hai, kyoki loka me prAya sabhI dArzanika indriyo se hone vAle jJAna ko pratyakSa hI mAnate the / ataeva jainAcAryoM AgamakAla meM hI jJAna ke vargIkaraNa meM thoDA parivartana lokAnukUla hone ke lie kiyA, isakA patA hameM nandIsUtra se calatA hai zrotra0 ghrANa0 jihvA0 sparzana0 cakSu0 (nirvikalpaka pratyakSa ) avadhi 0 jJAna noindriyapratyakSa zrutanizrita (savikalpaka pratyakSa ) mana 0 parokSa kevala 0 mati parokSa 315 zrutanizrita / zruta utpattikI vainayikI kAryikI pAriNAmikI isase spaSTa hai ki nandIkAra ne indriyasApekSa jJAna ko pratyakSa aura parokSa dono meM rakkhA / jJAna dvirUpa to ho nahI sakatA ataeva jinabhadra ne spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai ki indriya jJAna ko sAvyavahArika pratyakSa mAna karake nandIkAra ne use pratyakSa meM bhI ginA hai vastuta vaha parokSa hI hai / nandIkAra se pahale bhI indriya jJAna ko pratyakSa pramANAntargata karane kI prathA cala paDI thI isakA patA nandIsUtra se bhI prAcIna aise anuyogadvArasUtra se calatA hai-- nandIkAra ne to usIkA anukaraNa mAtra kiyA hai aisA jAna paDatA hai| anuyoga meM pramANa vivecana ke prasaga meM nimna prakAra se vargIkaraNa hai

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premI-abhinaMdana-pratha jJAnapramANa pratyakSa ___ anumAna upamAna prAgama upamAna indriyapratyakSa noindriyapratyakSa zrotrendriyapra Adi pA~ca avadhi mana0 kevala isase spaSTa hai ki akalaka ne pratyakSa kA jo sAvyavahArika bheda batAyA hai, vaha AgamAnukUla hI hai, vaha unakI naI sUjha nhii| kintu smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura Agama rUpa parokSa ke pAMca bhedo kA mati, sajJA, cintA, abhinivodha aura zruta ke sAtha samIkaraNa hI unakI maulika sUjha hai| mati, sajJA Adi zabdo ko umAmvAti ne ekArtha batAyA hai aura bhadrabAhu ne bhI vaisA hI kiyA hai| kintu jinabhadra ne una zabdo ko vikalpa se nAnArthaka mAna kara matyAdi ko jJAnavizeSa bhI siddha kiyA hai| kucha aisI hI paramparA ke AdhAra para akalaka ne aisA samIkaraNa ucita samajhA hogaa| ____ isa prakAra samIkaraNa karake akalaka ne pramANa ke bhedopabheda kI tayA pramANa ke lakSaNa, phala, pramAtA aura prameya kI vyavasthA kI, vahI abhI taka mAnya huI hai / apavAda sirpha hai to nyAyAvatAra aura usake TIkAkAro kA hai| nyAyAvatAra me pratyakSa, anumAna aura zabda ye tIna pramANa mAne gaye the ataeva usake TIkAkAra bhI ina tIno ke hI pRthak prAmANya kA samarthana karate hai| haribhadra ne svatantra pramANazAstra kA koI grantha nahI banAyA, kintu zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM tathA paDdarzanasamuccaya meM unhone tatkAlIna sabhI darzano ke pramANo ke viSaya me bhI vicAra kiyA hai| isake alAvA SoDazaka, aSTaka Adi granyo me bhI dArzanika carcA unhone kI hai / lokatattvanirNaya samanvayadRSTi se likhI gaI unakI choTI-sI kRti hai| yogamArga ke vipaya meM vaidika aura bauddhavADmaya meM jo kucha likhA gayA thA usakA jainadRSTi se samanvaya karanA haribhadra kI jainazAstra ko khAsa dena hai| isa viSaya ke yogavindu, yogadRSTisamuccaya, yogavizikA, SoDazaka Adi grantha prasiddha hai| unhone prAkRtabhASA meM bhI dharmasagrahaNI me jainadarzana kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| unakI prAgamo ke Upara likhI gaI dArzanika TIkAo kA ullekha ho cukA hai| tattvArthaTIkA ke viSaya meM bhI likhA jA cukA hai| haribhadra kI prakRti ke anurUpa unakA yaha vacana sabhI ko unake prati AdarazIla banAtA hai "pakSapAto na me vIre na dveSa. kpilaadissu| yuktimadvacanaM yasya tasya kArya. parigrahaH // " -lokatattvanirNaya vidyAnanda isI kAla me vidyAnanda hue| yaha yuga yadyapi pramANazAstra kA thA, tathApi isa yuga me pUrva bhUmikA ke Upara anekAntavAda kA vikAsa bhI huA hai| isa vikAsa meM vidyAnandakRta aSTasahasrI apanA khAsa sthAna rakhatI hai| vidyAnanda ne tatkAlIna sabhI dArzaniko ke dvArA anekAntavAda ke Upara kiye gaye AkSepo kA tarkasaMgata uttara diyA hai| aSTasahanI kaSTasahasrI ke nAma se vidvAno meM prasiddha hai| vidyAnanda kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki pratyeka bAdI ko uttara dene ke lie prativAdI khaDA kara denaa| yadi prativAdI uttara de aura taTastha vyakti vAdiprativAdi donoM kA

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jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana 317 nirbalatA ko jaba samajha jAya taba hI vidyAnanda anekAntavAda ke pakSa ko samarthita karatA hai isase vAcaka ke mana para anekAntavAda kA aucitya pUrNarUpa se ja~ca jAtA hai / vidyAnanda ne isa yuga ke anurUpa pramANazAstra ke viSaya meM bhI likhA hai / isa viSaya me unakA svatantra grantha pramANaparIkSA hai / tattvArtha zlokavArtika meM bhI unhone pramANazAstrase sambaddha aneka viSayo kI carcA kI hai| isake alAvA AptaparIkSA, patraparIkSA, satyazAsanaparIkSA, yuktyanuzAsanaTIkA Adi grantha bhI vidyAnanda ne likhe hai / vastuta prakalaka kA bhASyakAra vidyAnanda hai / anantakIrti inhI ke samakAlIna prAcArya anantakIrti hai / unhone siddhivinizcaya ke aAdhAra se siddhayanta grantho kI racanA kI hai / siddhivinizcaya meM sarvajJasiddhi eka prakaraNa hai| mAlUma hotA hai usIke AdhAra para unhone laghusarvajJasiddhi zrIra vRhatsarvajJasiddha nAmaka do prakaraNa grantha banAye / aura siddhivinizcaya ke jIvasiddhiprakaraNa ke AdhAra para jIvasiddhi nAmaka grantha banAyA / jIvasiddhi upalabdha nahI / siddhivinizcaya ke TIkAkAra anantavIryaM dvArA ullikhita ananta kIrti yahI ho to koI zrAzcarya kI bAta nahI / vAdirAja ne bhI eka jIva siddhi ke kartA anantakIrti kA ullekha kiyA hai / zAkaTAyana isI yuga kI eka aura vizeSatA para bhI vidvAno kA dhyAna dilAnA Avazyaka hai / jainadArzanika jaba vAdapravINa hue taba jisa prakAra unhone anya dArzaniko ke sAtha vAdavivAda meM utaranA zurU kiyA isI prakAra jainasampradAya gata matabhedo ko lekara Apasa me bhI vAdavivAda zurU kara diyA / pariNAmasvarUpa isI yuga meM yApanIya zAkaTAyana ne strImukti aura kevalibhukti nAmaka svatantra prakaraNo kI racanA kI jinake AdhAra para zvetAmbaro aura digambaro ke pArasparika khaDana ne adhika jora pakaDA / zAkaTAyana amoghavarSa kA samakAlIna hai kyoki inhI kI smRti meM zAkaTAyana ne apane vyAkaraNa kI amoghavRtti banAI hai / amoghavarSa kA rAjyakAla vi0 871-934 hai / anantavIrya akalaka ke siddhivinizcaya kI TIkA granantavIrya ne likha kara aneka vidvAno ke lie kaTakAkIrNa mArga ko prazasta kiyA hai / prabhAcandra ne inakA smaraNa kiyA hai / tathA zAntyAcArya ne bhI inakA ullekha kiyA hai / inake vivaraNa ke abhAva meM akalaka ke sakSipta aura sAragarbha sUtravAkya kA artha samajhanA hI dustara ho jAtA / jo kArya aSTazatI kI TIkA praSTasahasrI likha kara vidyAnanda ne kiyA vahI kArya siddhivinizcaya kA vivaraNa likha kara anantavIrya ne kiyA, isI bhUmikA ke bala se prAcArya prabhAcandra kA akalaka ke grantho me praveza huA aura nyAyakumudacandra jaisA suprasanna aura gambhIra grantha akalakakRta laghIyastrya kI TIkArUpa se upalabdha huA / mANikyanadI - siddharSi akalaka ne jainapramANazAstra - jainanyAyazAstra ko pakkI svatantrabhUmikA para sthira kiyA yaha kahA jA cukA hai / mANikyanandI ne dasavI zatAbdI meM akalaka ke vADmaya ke AdhAra para hI eka 'parIkSAmukha' nAmaka sUtragrantha kI racanA kI / parIkSAmukha grantha jaina nyAyazAstra ke praveza ke lie atyanta upayukta grantha hai, itanA hI nahI kintu usake vAda honevAle kaI sUtrAtmaka yA anya jaina pramANa grantho ke lie AdarzarUpa bhI siddha huA hai, yaha ni sandeha hai / siddharSi ne isI yuga me nyAyAvatAra TIkA likha kara sakSepa meM pramANazAstra kA sarala aura marmagrAhI grantha vidvAno ke sAmane rakhA hai / kintu isameM pramANabhedo kI vyavasthA akalaka se bhinna prakAra kI hai| isame parokSa ke mAtra anumAna aura Agama ye do bheda hI mAne gaye hai /

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premI-abhinaMdana - pratha abhayadeva abhayadeva ne sammatiTIkA meM anekAntavAda kA vistAra aura vizadIkaraNa kiyA hai kyoki yahI viSaya mUla sammati me hai / unhone pratyeka viSaya ko lekara lambe-lambe vAdavivAdo kI yojanA karake tatkAlIna dArzanika sabhI vAdo kA saMgraha vistArapUrvaka kiyA hai| yojanA me krama yaha rakkhA hai ki sarvaprathama nirbalatama pakSa upasthita karake usake prativAda meM uttarottara aise pakSo ko sthAna diyA hai, jo kramaza nirvalatara, nirbala, savala aura savalatara ho / anta meM savalatama anekAntavAda ke pakSa ko upasthita karake unhone uma vAda kA spaSTa hI zreSThatva siddha kiyA hai / sanmatiTIkA ko tatkAlIna sabhI dArzanika grantho ke dohanarUpa kaheM to ucita hI hai / anekAntavAda ke atirikta tatkAlIna pramANa, prameya, pramAtA aura phalaviSayaka pramANazAstra kI carcA ko bhI unhone ukta krama se hI rakha kara jainadRSTi se honevAle pramANAdi ke vivecana ko utkRpTa siddha kiyA hai / isa prakAra isa yuga kI pramANazAstra kI pratiSThA me bhI unhone apanA hissA adA kiyA hai| abhayadeva kA samaya vi0 1054 me pUrva hI siddha hotA hai kyoki unakA ziSya zrAcArya dhanezvara muja kI sabhA me mAnya thA aura isIke kAraNa dhanezvara kA gaccha rAjagaccha kahalAyA hai / muja kI mRtyu vi0 1054 ke AmapAsa huI hai / 318 prabhAcandra kintu isa yuga kA pramANazAstra kA mahattvapUrNa grantha prameyakamalamAtaMDa hI hai isameM to mandeha nahI / isake kartA pratibhAsampanna dArzanika prabhAcandra hai / prabhAcandra ne nyAyakumudacandra kI racanA laghIyastraya kI TIkAspa se kI hai usame bhI mukhyarUpa se pramANazAstra kI carcA haiM / parIkSAmukhagrantha jisakI TIkA prameyakamalamArtaMDa hai, laghIyamnaya, nyAyavinizcaya Adi akalaka kI kRtiyo kA vyavasthita dohana karake likhA gayA hai| usame akalakokta viprakIrNa pramANazAstrasambaddha viSayo ko kramavaddha kiyA gayA hai| ataeva isakI TIkA meM bhI vyavasthA kA honA svAbhAvika hai / nyAyakumudacandra meM yadyapi pramANa zAstrasambaddha sabhI viSayo kI sampUrNa aura vistRta carcA kA yatratatra samAveza prabhAcandra ne kiyA hai aura nAma se bhI unhone ise hI nyAyazAstra kA mukhyagrantha honA sUcita kiyA hai, phira bhI pramANazAstra kI dRSTi se kramavaddha viSayaparijJAna prameyakamalamArtaDa se hI ho sakatA hai, nyAyakumudacandra se nahIM / anekAntavAda kA bhI vivecana pada-pada para ina dono grantho me huA hai / zAkaTAyana ke strImukti aura kevalibhuktiprakaraNa ke AdhAra se abhayadeva ne strImokSa aura kevalikavalAhAra siddha karake zvetAmvarapakSa ko puSTa kiyA aura prabhAcandra ne zAkaTAyana kI pratyeka dalIla kA khaDana karake kevalikavalAhAra aura strImokSa kA niSedha karake digambara pakSa ko puSTa kiyA / isa yuga ke anya zvetAmvaradigamvarAcAryo ne bhI ina viSayo kI carcA apane grantho meM kI hai / prabhAcandra muja ke bAda honevAle dhArAdhIza bhoja aura jayasiMha kA samakAlIna hai kyoki apane grantho kI prazastiyo me vaha ina dono rAjAo kA ullekha karatA hai / pa0 mahendra kumArajI ne prabhAcandra kA samaya vi0 1037 se 1122 anumAnita kiyA hai / vAdirAja vAdirAja aura prabhAcandra samakAlIna vidvAna hai / sambhava hai vAdirAja kucha baDe ho / vAdirAja ne akalaka ke nyAyavinizcaya kA vivaraNa kiyA hai / kisI bhI vAda kI carcA me kajUsI karanA vAdirAja kA kAma nahI / saikaDo grantho ke uddharaNa dekara vAdirAja ne apane grantha ko puSTa kiyA hai / nyAyavinizcaya mUla grantha bhI pramANazAstra kA

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jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana 316 grantha hai / zrataeva nyAyavinizcayavivaraNa bhI pramANazAstra kA hI grantha hai / usame anekAntavAda kI puSTi bhI paryApta mAtrA meM kI gaI hai / prajJAkarakRta pramANavArtikAlakAra kA upayoga aura khaDana dono isame maujada hai / jinezvara, candraprabha aura anantavIrya kumArila ne mImAmA zlokavArtika likhA, dharmakIrti ne pramANavArtika, akalaka ne rAjavArtika aura vidyAnanda ne tattvArthazlokavArtika likhA / kintu zvetAmvarAcAryoM meM se kimI ne vArtika kI racanA kI 'na thI / yadyapi haribhadra ne gadya aura padya dono meM likhA thA / abhayadeva ne to sanmati ko itanI baDI TIkA likhI ki vaha vAdamahArNava ke nAma yAta huI / kintu vArtika nAmaka kRti kA abhAva hI thA / isIse koI nAsamajha yaha prAkSepa karate hoMge ki zvetAmbaro ke pAsa apanA koI vArtika nahI / imI grAkSepa ke uttara me jinezvara ne vi0 1065 ke AsapAsa mAlakSma nAmaka nyAyAvata |r ke vArtika kI racanA kI / isameM anya darzanI ke pramANabheda aura lakSaNo kA khaDana karake nyAyAvatAra samata parokSa ke do bheda sthira kiye gaye hai / yaha kRti prameyaratnakopa jitanI makSipta nahI aura na vAdamahArNava jitanI vaDI / kintu madhyamaparimANa kI hai / vidyAnanda ke zlokavArtika kI taraha isakI vyAkhyA bhI svopajJa hI hai / vi0 ma0 1149 me paurNamikagaccha ke myApaka prAcArya candraprabhamUri ne prameyaratnakoSa nAmaka eka sakSipta grantha likhA hai / vistIrNasamudra ke zravagAhana meM jo gakta hai aise mandabuddhi abhyAsI ke lie yaha grantha naukA kA kArya dene vAlA hai / isameM kucha vAdo ko sarala aura sakSipta rupa me grathita kiyA gayA hai / candraprabhasUri ke hI samakAlIna prAcArya anantavIrya ne bhI prameyakamalamArtaMDa ke prakhara prakAza se cakAcauMdha ho jAne vAle alpazakti jijJAsu ke hitArtha saumyaprabhAyukta choTI-sI prameyaratnamAlA kA parIkSAmukha kI TIkA ke rUpa meM gumphana kiyA / vAdI devasUri apane samaya taka pramANazAstra aura anekAntavAda meM jitanA vikAsa huA thA tathA anya darzana meM jitanI dArzanika carcAe~ huI thI una sabhI kA sagraha karake syAdvAdaratnAkara nAmaka vRhatkAya TIkA vAdI devasUri ne svopajJa pramANanayatattvAloka nAmaka mUtrAtmaka grantha ke Upara likhI / isa grantha ko paDhane me nyAyamajarI ke samAna kAvya kA rasAsvAda milatA hai / vAdIdeva ne prabhAcandrakRta strImukti aura kevalimukti kI sApradAyika carcA kA bhI zvetAmbara dRSTi se uttara diyA hai| unakA pramANanayatatvAloka parIkSAmukha kA anukaraNa to hai hI, kintu naya pariccheda aura vAda pariccheda nAmaka do prakaraNa jo parIkSAmukha me nahI the, unakA isameM sanniveza isakI vizeSatA bhI hai / syAdvAdaratnAkara me prameyakamalamArtaMDAdi anya granthagata vAdo kA zavdata yA arthata uddharaNa karake hI vAdi devasUri santuSTa nahI hue hai kintu prabhAcandrAdi anya zrAcAryoM ne jina dArzaniko ke pUrvapakSo kA uttara nahI diyA thA, unakA bhI samAveza karake unako uttara diyA hai aura isa prakAra apane samaya taka kI carcA ko sarvAza me sampUrNa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / inakA janma vi0 1143 aura mRtyu 1226 meM huI / hemacandra vAdI devasUri ke janma ke do varSa bAda 1945 meM sarvazAstravizArada AcArya hemacandra kA janma aura vAdi devasUri kI mRtyu ke tIna varSa vAda unakI mRtyu huI hai ( 1229) / AcArya hemacandra ne apane samaya taka ke vikasita pramANazAstra kI sArabhUta vAte lekara pramANamImAsA kI sUtrabaddha grantha ke rUpa meM racanA kI hai / aura svayaM usakI vyAkhyA kI hai / hemacandra ne apanI pratibhA ke kAraNa kaI jagaha apanA vicArasvAtantrya bhI dikhAyA hai / vyAkhyA meM bhI unhone prati sakSepa yA prati vistAra kA tyAga karake madhyamamArga kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| jainanyAyazAstra ke

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premI-abhinaMdana - pratha 320 praveza ke lie yaha atIva upayukta grantha hai / durbhAgyavaza yaha grantha prapUrNa hI upalabdha hotA hai / AcArya hemacandra ne samantabhadra ke yuktyanuzAsana kA anukaraNa karake ayogavyavacchedikA aura zranyayogavyavacchedikA nAmaka do dArzanika dvAtriMzikAe~ rcii| unameM se ganyayogavyavacchedikA kI TIkA malliSeNakRta syAdvAdamajarI apanI prasanna gambhIra zailI ke kAraNa tathA sarvadarzanasArasagraha ke kAraNa prasiddha hai / zAntyAcArya isa yuga meM hemacandra ke samakAlIna aura uttarakAlIna kaI zrAcAryoM ne pramANazAstra ke viSaya meM likhA hai usame zAntyAcArya jo 12vI zatAbdI me hue apanA khAsa sthAna rakhate hai / unhone nyAyAvatAra kA vArtika svopajJa TIkA ke sAtha rcaa| aura akalaka sthApita pramANabhedo kA khaDana karake nyAyAvatAra kI paramparA ko phira se sthApita kiyA / ratnaprabha devasUri ke hI ziSya aura syAdvAdaratnAkara ke lekhana meM sahAyaka ratnaprabhari ne syAdvAdaratnAkara me praveza sugamatA kI dRSTi se avatArikA banAI / usame sakSepa se dArzanika gahanavAdo kI carcA kI gaI hai / isa dRSTi se avatArakA nAma saphala hai, kintu bhASA kI ADambarapUrNatA ne ume ratnAkara se bhI kaThina banA diyA hai| phira bhI vaha abhyAsiyo ke lie kAphI AkarSaNa kI vastu rahI hai| isakA andAjA usako TokopaTIkA kI racanA me lagAnA sahaja hai / isI ratnAkarAvatArikA ke bana jAne me zvetAmbarAmnAya se myAdvAdaratnAkara kA paThana-pAThana banda ho gayA / phalata Aja syAdvAdaratnAkara jaise mahattvapUrNa ganya kI sampUrNa eka bhI prati prayatna karane para bhI abhI taka upalabdha nahI ho sakI hai / siMha - vyAghra zizu vAdIdeva ke hI samakAlIna AnandasUri aura zramarasUri hue jo apanI vAlyAvasthA se hI vAda meM pravINa the aura unhone kaI vAdiyo ko bAda meM parAjita kiyA thA / isIke kAraNa dono ko siddharAja ne kramaza 'vyAghraNizuka' aura 'siMhazizuka' kI upAdhi dI thI / inakA koI grantha abhI upalabdha nahI yadyapi zramaracandra kA siddhAntArNava grantha thaa| satIzacandra vidyAbhUSaNa kA anumAna hai ki gageza ne siMha-vyAghra vyAptilakSaNa nAmakaraNa meM inhI dono kA ullekha kiyA ho, yaha sambhava hai / rAmacandra Adi AcArya hemacandra ke vidvAna ziSyamaDala me se rAmacandra - guNacandra ne sayuktabhAva se dravyAlakAra nAmaka dArzanika kRti kA nirmANa kiyA hai, jo abhI aprakAzita hai / sa0 1207 me utpAdAdisiddhi kI racanA zrI candrasena prAcArya ne kii| isame vastu kA utpAdavyaya dhauvyarUpa trilakSaNa kA samarthana kara anekAntavAda kI sthApanA kI gaI hai / 14 vI zatAbdI ke Arambha me abhayatilaka ne nyAyAlakAra TippaNa likha kara haribhadra ke samAna udAratA kA paricaya diyA / yaha TippaNa nyAyasUtra kI kramika pA~co TIkA bhASya, vArtika, tAtparya, parizuddhi aura zrIkakRta nyAyAlakAra kA TippaNa hai / somatilaka kI SaDdarzana samuccaya TIkA vi0 1386 me vanI / kintu pandrahavI zatAbdI me hone vAle guNaratna ne jo SaDdarzana kI TIkA likhI vahI upAdeya banI hai / isI zatAbdI meM merutuga ne bhI paDdarzana nirNaya nAmaka grantha likhA / rAjazekhara jo pandrahavI ke prArambha meM hue unhone SaDdarzanasamuccaya, syAdvAdakalikA, ratnAkarAvatArikA pajikA ityAdi grantha likhe / aura jJAnacandra ne ratnAkarAvatArikA pajikATippaNa likhA /

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jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana 321 rAjazekhara jainadarzana ke anya likha kara hI santuSTa nahI hue| unhone prazastapAdabhASya kI TIkA kadalI ke para bhI pajikA likha kara haribhadra aura abhayatilaka ke mArga kA anusaraNa kiyaa| 15vI zatAbdI meM sAdhuvijaya ne vAdavijayaprakaraNa aura hetukhaDana ye do grantha likhe| isa prakAra akalaka ke dvArA pramANazAstra kI pratiSThA hone para isa kSetra meM jo jainadArzaniko kI satata sAdhanA rahI hai isakA digdarzana pUrNa hotA hai| aura sAtha hI naye yuga kA prArambha hotA hai| bhaTTAraka dharmabhUSaNa ne 'nyAyadIpikA' isI yuga meM likhI hai| (4) navInanyAya yuga vi0 terahavI sadI meM gageza nAmaka pratibhAsampanna tArkika mahAn naiyAyika hue / nyAyazAstra meM navIna nyAya kA yuga inhI me prArambha hotA hai| inhone navIna paribhASA me nUtanazailI me tatvacintAmaNi nAmaka granya kI racanA kii| isakA mukhya viSaya pratyakSAdi naiyAyika prasiddha cAra pramANa hai| cintAmaNi ke TokAkAro ne isa navInanyAya ke anya kA uttarottara itanA mahattva vaDhAyA ki nyAyazAstra ava prAcIna aura navIna ina do vibhAgo me vibhakta ho gyaa| itanA hI nahIM anya vedAntI, vaizeSika, mImAsaka Adi dArzaniko ne bhI apane-apane darzana ko isa navIna zailI kA upayoga karake pariSkRta kiyaa| sthiti ne itanA palaTA khAyA ki isa navIna nyAya kI zailI me pravINa hue binA koI bhI dArzanika mabhI darzano ke isa vikAma kA pAragAmI ho nahI mktaa| itanA hote hue bhI jaina dArzaniko mese kimI kA dhyAna isa ora vi0 satrahavI zatAbdI ke anta taka gayA nhiiN| vAdI devasUri kI mRtyu ke 31 varSa vAda gagema kA janma vi0 1257 me huA aura unhone zailI kA parivartana kiyaa| kintu jaina dArzaniko ne gageza ke bAda bhI jo kucha vAdI deva sUri ne kiyA thA usI ke gIta gaaye| phala yahI huA ki janadarzana ina pAMca zatAbdiyo me hone vAle dArzanika vikAsa se vacita hI rahA / ina pAMca zatAbdiyo me isa navIna prakAza me anya dArzaniko ne to apane darzana kA pariSkAra kara diyA kintu jainadarzana isa navIna zailI ko na apanAne ke kAraNa apariSkRta hI raha gyaa| yazovijaya satrahavI zatAbdI ke anta ke sAtha hI janasagha kI isa ghora nidrA kA bhI anta huaa| sa. 1666 meM ahamadAvAda ke sagha ne pa0 yazovijaya me usa pratibhA kA darzana kiyA jisa se jainadarzana kI isa kSati kI pUrti honA sambhava thaa| zeTha dhanajI surAkI vinati me pa0 yazovijaya ko lekara unake guru AcArya nayavijaya ne vidyAvAma kAzI kI ora vihAra kiyaa| vahA~ yazovijayajI ne sabhI darzano kA tayA anya zAstro kA pANDitya prApta karake nyAyavizArada kI padavI prApta kii| aura unhone akele hI jainadarzana kI ukta kSati kI pUrti kii| anekAntavyavasthA nAmaka svatantra grantha navIna nyAyazailI meM likhakara jainadarzana ke mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta anekAntavAda kA pariSkAra kiyaa| isI prakAra jainatarkabhASA aura jJAnavindu likha kara jainadarzana kI jJAnaviSayaka aura pramANaviSayaka paribhASA ko pariSkRta kiyaa| nayapradIpa, nayarahasya aura nayAmRtataragiNI nAmaka svopajJa TokA ke sAtha nayopadeza likha kara nayavAda kA pariSkAra kiyaa| nyAyakhaDakhAdya aura nyAyAloka meM navInazailI me hI naiyAyikAdi dArzaniko ke middhAnto kA khaDana kiyaa| isake alAvA anekAntavAda kA utkRSTa prAcIna grantha aSTasahasrI kA vivaraNa likha kara tathA haribhadrakRta zAstravAsimuccaya kI TIkA syAdvAdakalpalatA likha kara ina dono granyo ko adyatana rUpa de diyaa| bhASArahasya, pramANarahasya, vAdarahasya Adi rahasyAnta aneka granya navIna nyAya kI paribhApA me likha kara jainadarzana me naye prANa kA sacAra kara diyaa|

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322 premI-abhinadana-praya pagorijaya ne epa sirpha darzana ke viSaya meM hI likhA ho yaha bAta nhiiN| Agamika aneka gahana viSayo pInAna nA, adhyAnnamAtra kI carcA, yogazAla, alakAra aura AcArazAstra ko carcA karane vAle bhI aneka pAhilyA pranyA kI racanA karake jainavADmaya ko unnata bhUmikA ke Upara sthApita karake sarvazAstravaizAradya kA na diyA hai| nadagaMnamAnya vA navInanyAya kA yaha yuga yazovijayayuga kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoki akele yazovijaya ke hI mAhita me una yaga kA dAganika nAhitya bhaDAra puSTa huA hai| dUsare vidvAno ne kucha choTI-moTI ginatI kI pustako pI gnanA dAgaMniyakSama me ko hai sahI kintu yazovijaya-sAhitya ke sAmane una sabhI kA mUlya nagaNya hai / yazasvatsAgarAdi isa yuga ma ma0 1757 meM vidyamAna yazasvanasAgara ne saptapadAryA, prAmANyavAdArtha, vAdArthanirUpaNa, myAdvAdagulAvalI jaise dArganika ganyo kI racanA kii| digambara vidvAn vimaladAsa ne 'saptabhagI taragiNI' nAmaka grantha kA praNayana navIna nyAya kI zailI meM diyA hai| yagovijayanyApita paramparA kA isa vImavI sadI meM phira se uddhAra hunA hai| prA. vijayanemi kA mipyagaNa navInanyAya kA adhyayana karake yazovijaya ke sAhitya kI TokAro kA nirmANa karane lagA hai| sAmo] - - - - - - -

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parama sAMkhya zrI jaineMdrakumAra AdamI ne java se apane hone ko anubhava kiyA tabhI se yaha bhI pAyA ki usake atirikta zeSa bhI hai / usakI apekSA me vaha svaya kyA hai aura kyo hai ? athavA ki jagat hI usakI apekSA meM kyA hai aura kyo hai ? dono meM kyA parasparatA aura taratamatA hai ?--dvaita-bodha ke sAtha ye saba prazna usake mana meM uThane lge| prazna meM se prayatna aayaa| AdamI me satata prayatna rahA ki prazna ko apane me hala kara le| para hara uttara nayA prazna paidA kara detA rahA aura jIvana, apanI sulajhana me aura ulajhana me, isI taraha vaDhatA rahA / satya yadi hai to Akalana meM nahI jamegA / aime satya sAta aura jaDa ho jaaygaa| jisakA anta hai, vaha aura kucha ho, satya vaha nahI rhtaa| para manuSya apane sAtha kyA kare? ceSTA usase chUTa nahI sktii| usake cAro ora hokara jo hai, usase nirapekSa banakara vaha jI nahI sktaa| pratyeka vyApAra use zepa ke prati unmukha karatA hai| vaha dekhatA hai to varNa, sunatA hai to zabda, chUtA hai to vstu| isa taraha hara kSaga ke hara vyApAra me vaha anubhava karatA hai ki kucha hai, jo vaha nahIM hai / vaha anya hai aura ajJAta hai / prApta hai aura aprApta hai| yadi satya hai to hara pala vana-miTa rahA hai| yadi mAyA hai to hara kSaNa pratyakSa hai| __ apane mAtha lage isa zeSa ke prati manuSya kI kAmanA aura krIDA, usakI jijJAsA aura jighAsA, kabhI bhI manda nahI huI hai| AdamI ne cAhA hai ki vaha sabako apanI samajha meM viThA le, yA samajha se miTA de| kisI taraha saba me, yA sava se, vaha mukta ho / usake apane prAtma ke bAhara yaha jo anAtma hai, isako svIkRti se, sattA se, paratA se kisI taraha vaha uttIrNa ho jaaye| yA to use bA~dha kara vaza meM kara le, yA tarka ke z2ora se gAyaba kara de, yA nahI to phira apane ko hI usamekho de| anAtma ke madhya Atma avaruddha hai| yA to paratva miTe, yA sava sva-gata ho, yA phira svatva hI miTa jaay| apane cAro ora ke nAnA rUpAkAra jagat ko manuSya ne cAhA ki pA le, pakaDa le, aura ThaharA kara apane meM le le| satya ko apane se para rahane de kara vaha caina se nahIM jI skaa| chaTapaTAtA hI rahA ki use mvakIya kre| isa mukti kI yA pUrNatA ko akulAhaTa me manuSya ne nAnA dharmo, sAdhanAo aura darzano ko janma diyaa| mukti kI aora kA prayala java manuSya kA sarvAMgINa aura pUrNa prANapaNa se huA tava darzana utpanna nahIM huaa| tava vyaktitva ko hI pariSkAra milaa| sImAe~ miTa kara usame samaSTi ko virATatA aaii| darzana naba usase svata phUTA / dharmoM ke Adi srota aise hI puruSa hue| unhone darzana diyA nhii| dene ko unake pAsa apanI AtmarUpatA hI rhii| pariNAma meM ve ekasAtha sava darzano ke lie sugama aura agama vana gye| darzana vanatA aura milatA hai taba jaba prANo kI vikalatA kI jagaha buddhi kI tIvratA se prayatna kiyA jAtA hai| spaSTa hI yaha prayatna avikala na hokara ekAgI hotA hai| isameM vyakti 'asala nahIM usakI tasvIra' hI pAtA hai| isa taraha vaha svaya (satya kA) prakAza nahIM hotA, yA prakAza nahIM detA, balki zabdo athavA toM ke sayojana dvArA usa prakAzanIya tattva kA varNana detA hai| / ata darzanakAra ve hai jo satya jIte nahI, jAnate hai / jIne dvArA satya siddha hotA hai| vaisA satya jIvana ko bhI siddhi detA hai| para jAnane dvArA satya sImita hotA hai aura aisA satya jIvana ko bhI sImA detA hai|

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324 premI-abhinaMdana-praya jIvana meM se dharma prApta hotA hai| prayatna me se darzana / yaha darzana bhI dvividha / eka sIdhA dekhA gyaa| dUsarA anumAnA gyaa| prAcya aura pAzcAtya darzano meM adhikAza yaha antara hai| pahale prAdarza kI ekatA se yayArtha ko anekatA para utarate hai| dUsare tala ko vividhatA se Arambha karake tarkaza zikhara kI ekatA kI ora uThate hai| prAcya darzano kA Arambha isIse RSiyo se hotA hai, jo jAnane se adhika sAvate the| yahA~ ke darzano kI pUrva-pIThikA hai upaniSad, jo kAvya hai| unameM pratipAdana athavA akana nahIM hai| uname kevala abhivyajana aura gAyana hai| hRdaya dvArA jaba hama nikhila ko pukArate aura pAte hai tava zabda apanI sArthakatA kA atikramaNa karake chada aura laya kA rUpa le uThate hai| taba unameM se bodha aura artha utanA nahI prApta hotA, jitanA caitanya aura spandana prApta hotA hai| ve bAhara kA paricaya nahIM dete, bhItara eka sphUrti bhara dete hai| kintu sabuddhi mAnava use akhaDa rUpa se anubhUti meM lekara svaya abhibhUta ho rahane se adhika use zabda meM nApaAka kara lenA cAhatA hai| aise satya usakA svatva bana jAtA hai / zabda meM napatula kara vaha mAno sagrahaNIya aura upayogI vanatA hai| use ako meM phailA kara hama apanA hisAva calA sakate hai aura vijJAna banA sakate hai / zizu ne Upara AsamAna meM dekhA aura vaha vihvala ho rahA / zAstrI ne dharatI para nakazA khIcA aura usake sahAre AkAza ko graha-nakSatro me bA~Ta kara usane apane kAbU kara liyaa| ___ zabdo kA aura ako kA yaha gaNita huA Ayudha jisase bauddhika ne satya ko kIlita karake vaza me kara liyaa| asakhya ko sakhyA de dI, ananta ko parimANa de diyA, achora ko prAkAra pahanAyA aura jo anirvacanIya yA zabdo dvArA usI ko dhAraNA meM jaDa liyaa| udbhaTa bauddhiko kA yaha prayatna tapasvI sAdhako kI sAdhanA ke sAtha-sAtha calatA rhaa| merA mAnanA hai ki jaina dharma se adhika darzana hai, aura vaha darzana parama sAkhya aura parama vauddha hai| usakA Arambha zraddhA eva svIkRti se nahI, pazcima ke darzano kI bhA~ti tarka se hai / sampUrNa matya ko ganda aura aka meM viThA dene kI spardhA yadi kisI ne aTUTa aura athaka adhyavasAya se kI hai to vaha jaina-darzana ne| vaha darzana gaNita kI abhUtapUrva vijaya kA smAraka hai|| jagat akhaDa hokara ajJeya hai| jaina-tattva ne use khaDa-khaDa karake sampUrNatA ke sAtha jJAta banA diyA hai / "jagat kyA hai ?" cetana-acetana kA samavAya / "cetana kyA hai ?" hama saba jiiv| "jIva kyA hai ?" jIva hai aatmaa| asakhya jIva saba alaga-alaga prAtmA hai| "acetana kyA hai ?" mukhyatA se vaha pudgala hai| "pudgala kyA hai ?" vaha aNu rUpa hai| "pudgala se zeSa ajIvatattva kyA hai ?" kAla, AkAza aadi| "kAla kyA hai ?"

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parama sAkhya 325 vaha bhI aNu rUpa hai| "AkAza kyA hai ?" ananta pradezI hai| "Adi kyA?" "calanA ThaharanA jo dIkhatA hai, usake kAraNa rUpa tattva isa Adi meM Ate hai|" isa taraha sampUrNa sattA ko, jo eka aura ikaTThI hokara hamArI cetanA ko abhibhUta kara letI hai, ananta anekatA me bA~Ta kara manuSya kI buddhi ke mAno vazIbhUta kara diyA gayA hai / AtmA asakhya hai, aNu asakhya aura ananta hai| unakI apanI satyatA mAno sImita aura parimita hai / yaha jo aparisIma sattA dikhAI detI hai kevala-mAtra uma sImita satyatA kA hI guNAnuguNita rUpa hai| __ jaina-darzana isa taraha zabda aura aka ke sahAre usa bhIti ko aura vismaya ko samApta kara detA hai, jo vyakti sIdhI A~kho isa mahAbrahmADa ko dekha kara apane bhItara anubhava karatA hai| usI mahApulaka, vismaya aura bhIti ke nIce manuSya ne jagat- kartA, jagaddhattA, paramAtmA, paramezvara Adi rUpo kI zaraNa lI hai| jaina-darzana usako manuSya ke nikaTa anAvazyaka vanA denA cAhatA hai| paramAtmatva ko isalie usane asakhya jIvo me bakhera kara usakA mAno prAtaka aura mahattva hara liyA hai| brahmADa kI mahAmahimatA ko bhI usI prakAra pudgala ke aNupro me chitarA kara mAno manuSya kI muTThI me kara dene kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jaina-darzana kI isa asIma spardhA para koI kucha bhI kahe, para gaNita aura tarkazAstra ke prati usako ImAnadArI apUrva hai| mUla me sIdhI mAnyatAo ko lekara umI AdhAra para narka-zuddha usa darzana kI stUpAkAra racanA khaDI kI gii| mai hU~, yaha sabuddhi manuSya kA prAdi satya hai / mai kyA hU~? nizcaya hAtha-pAMva Adi avayava nahI hU~, isa taraha zarIra nahI huuN| jarUra, kucha isase bhinna huuN| bhinna na hoU~ to zarIra ko merA kahane vAlA kauna rahe ? isame mai hU~ aatmaa| mere hone ke mAtha tuma bhI ho| tuma alaga ho, mai alaga huuN| tuma bhI prAtmA ho aura tuma alaga AtmA ho / isa taraha AtmA aneka hai| ava zarIra mai nahI huuN| phira bhI zarIra to hai| aura mai Atma huuN| isase zarIra anAtma hai| anAtma arthAt ajova, arthAt jdd| . isa Atma aura anAtma, jaDa aura cetana ke bheda, jaDa kI aNutA aura AtmA ko anekatA-ina prAthamika mAnyatApro ke AdhAra para jo aura jitanA kucha hotA huA dIkhatA hai, usa sava ko jaina-tattva-zAmpa ne kholane ko aura kAraNa-kArya ko kaDI meM viTAne kI koziza kI hai / isa koziza para yuga-yugo me kitanI meghA-buddhi vyaya huI hai, isakA anumAna nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vartamAna meM upalabdha jaina-sAhitya parvatAkAra hai| kitanA hI prakAza me nahI AyA hai| usase kitane gunA naSTa ho gayA, kahanA kaThina hai| isa samUce sAhitya me unhI mUla mAnyatAo ke AdhAra para jIvana kI aura jagat kI pahelI kI gUDha se gUDha ulajhano ko sulajhAyA gayA aura bhAgya Adi kI tamAma atayaMtAo ko tarka-sUtra meM piroyA gayA hai| Atma aura anAtma yadi sarvathA do hai no unameM sabadha kisa prakAra hone meM AyA- isa prazna ko bezaka nahI chUA gayA hai| usa sambandha ke bAre meM mAna lene ko kaha diyA gayA hai ki vaha anAdi hai| para usake bAda anAtma, yAnI pudgala, pAlma ke sAtha kaise, kyo, kaba, kisa prakAra lagatA hai, kisa prakAra karma kA Asrava hotA aura vandha hotA hai, kisa prakAra karma-bandha phala utpanna karatA hai, prAdi-Adi kI itanI jaTila aura sUkSma vivecanA hai ki vaDe-se-baDe adhyavasAyo ke chakke chUTa jA sakate hai /

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premI - zrabhinaMdana - pratha phira usa karma-vandha kI nirjarA yAnI kSaya kisa prakAra hogA, Asava ( Ane) kA sabara ( rukanA) kaise hogA aura anta meM anAtma Atma pUrI taraha zuddha hokara kaise buddha aura mukta hogA, isakI pUrNa prarUpaNA hai / 326 itanA hI nahI, jaina- zAstra Arambha karake rukatA anta se pahale nahI / mukta hokara AtmA loka ke kisa bhAga me, kisa rUpa meM, kisa vidhi rahatA hai, isakA bhI citra hai / sakSepa meM vaha saba jo rahasya hai, isase khIcatA hai, ajJAta hai, isase DarAtA hai, asIma hai, isase sahamAtA hai, adbhuta hai, isase vismita karatA hai, atarkya hai, isase niruttara karatA hai - aise saba ko jaina - zAstra ne mAno zabdo kI aura ako kI sahAyatA se vazIbhUta karake ghara kI sAkala se vA~dha liyA hai| isI artha meM meM isa darzana ko parama vauddha aura parama sAkhya kA rUpa mAnatA hU~ / gaNanA-buddhi kI usame parAkASThA hai / usa buddhi ke apUrva adhyavasAya aura spardhA aura prAgalbhya para citta sahasA stabdha ho jAtA hai / dillI ]

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jaina darzana kA itihAsa aura vikAsa pa0 mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya 'darzana' zabda kA sIdhA artha dekhanA yA sAkSAtkAra karanA hotA hai, para yadi darzanazAstra ke 'darzana' zabda artha sAkSAtkAra hotA to darzanoM meM paraspara itanA matabheda nahI ho sakatA thA / pratyakSa to matabhedo kA zrata kara detA hai / 'AtmA nitya hai yA anitya' ina do pakSo meM se yadi kisI pakSa kA darzana sAkSAtkArAtmaka hotA to AtmA kA nityatva yA anityatva siddha karane ke lie sAkhya aura bauddho ko dimAgI kasarata na karanI paDatI / ata darzanazAstra kA darzana zabda 'dRSTikoNa' ke artha meM hI prayukta huA jAna paDatA hai / valki satya to yaha hai ki padArtha ke jisa aga kA pratyakSa ho sakatA hai, usa praza kI carcA darzanazAstro meM bahuta kama hai / jina zrAtmA, paramAtmA, jagat kA pUrNa rUpa paraloka Adi atIndriya padArthoM kA pratyakSa nahI ho sakatA, unhI padArthoM ke vicAra meM vibhinna darzano ne apane-apane dRSTikoNa rakkhe hai aura unake samarthana meM paryApta kalpanAo kA vikAsa kiyA hai / vizeSa bAta to yaha hai ki pratyeka darzana apane-apane Adi puruSa ko unameM batAye gaye atIndriya padArthoM ke svarUpa kA draSTA sAkSAtkartA-mAnatA hai, aura darzana zabda ke 'dRSTikoNa, vicAra kI dizA' ina arthoM ko gauNa karake usake sAkSAtkAra artha kI ADa meM apanI satyatA kI chApa lagAne kA prayatna karatA hai / darzana zabda ke artha meM yaha ghuTAlA hone se eka ora jahA~ tarka bala se padArthake svarUpa kI siddhi karane meM tarka kA sArvatrika prayoga kiyA jAtA hai to 'taka pratiSThAnAt' jaise sUtro dvArA usakI apratiSThA kara dI jAtI hai aura vastu ke svarUpa ko anubhavagamya yA zAstragamya kaha diyA jAtA hai / dUsarI ora java padArtha kA usa rUpa se anubhava nahI hotA taba adhUre tarkoM kA Azraya liyA jAtA hai / ata darzanazAstra kI nirNayarekhAe~ utanI spaSTa aura sunirNIta nahI hai, jitanI vijJAna kI / zrAcArya haribhadra' to atIndriya padArthoM me tarkavAda nirarthakatA hI eka prakAra se batAte hai / isa taraha darzanazAstra ke 'darzana' zabda ke artha kI pecIdagI ne bhAratavarSa ke vicArako meM jabardasta vuddhibheda utpanna kiyA thA / eka hI vastu ko ekavAdI 'sat' mAnatA thA to dUsarA 'asat' tIsarA 'sadasat' to cauthA 'anirvacanIya' / ina matabhedo ne apanA virodha vicAra ke kSetra taka hI nahI phailAyA thA, kintu vaha kAryakSetra me bhI pUrI taraha se jama gayA thaa| eka-eka vicAradRSTi ne darzana kA rUpa lekara dUsarI vicAradRSTi kA khana karake ahakAra kA durdama mUrtirUpa lenA prAraMbha kara diyA thaa| pratyeka darzana ko jaba dhArmika rUpa mila gayA to usake sarakSaNa aura pracAra ke lie vahuta se pravAchanIya kArya karane paDe / pracAra ke nAma para zAstrArthaM zurU hue| zAstrArthoM meM parAjita virodhI ko kolhU me pela DAlanA, tapta tela ke kaDAho meM DAla denA jaisI kaThora zarteM lagAI jAne lagI / rAjAzraya pAkara ina zAstrArthiyo ne bhAratIya jalpakathA ke itihAsa ko bhISaNa hiMsAkADo dvArA raktarajita kara diyA thA / Aja se DhAI hajAra varSaM pUrva bhArata ke AdhyAtmika kSitija para bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha do mahAn nakSatro kA udaya huaa| inhone usa samaya ke dhArmika vAtAvaraNa me sarvatomukhI adbhuta krAnti kii| usa samaya dharma ke niyamaupaniyamo ke viSaya me veda aura tadupajIvI smRtiyo kA hI eka mAtra nirvAdha adhikAra thA / usameM puruSa ke anubhava kA koI sthAna nahI thA aura isI AdhAra se dharma ke nAma para aneka prakAra ke meva, jinameM ajamedha se naramava taka "jJAyeran hetuvAdena padArthA yadyatIndriyA / kAlenaitAvatA teSA kRta syAdarthanirNaya // " zraryAt yadi tarkavAda se pratIndriya padArthoM kA jJAna kiyA jA sakatA hotA to itane kAla meM aneko prakhara tarkavAdI hue unake dvArA zratIndriya padArthoM kA nirNaya kabhI kA ho gayA hotA / para qhudA kI bAta jahA~ kI tahAM hai /

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328 premI-abhinadana-pratha zAmila the, raktavatI aura carmaNvatI jaisI sArthaka nAmavAlI nadiyo kI sRSTi kara rahe the| ina do mahApuruSo ne dharma ke nAma para hone vAlI viDamvanA ke viruddha AvAja uThAI aura spaSTa zabdo me ghoSita kiyA, "dharma kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, vaha anubhava ke AdhAra para racA jA sakatA hai|" unhone prANimAtra ko sukha, santoSa aura zAnti denevAlI ahiMsA' kI puna pratiSThA kii| 'vItarAgI aura tattvajJa vyakti anubhava se dharma aura usake niyamopaniyama kA yathArtha jJAna kara sakatA hai', isa prakAra kI anubhava-pratiSThA ke vala se veda-dharma ke nAma para hone vAle kriyAkADo kA tAttvika aura vyAvahArika virodha huaa| ahiMsaka vAtAvaraNa se jagat ko zAnti kI sAsa lene kA kSaNa milaa| mahAtmA buddha ne AtmA Adi aneka atIndriya padArthoM ke viSaya me prazna kie jAne para unheM avyAkRta yA avyAkaraNIya btaayaa| unhone sIdhI sAdI bhASA meM jagat ko duHkha, samudaya, nirodha aura mArga ina cAra Aryasatyo ke svarUpa kA spaSTa nirUpaNa kiyA aura duHkhasantapta jagat ko nirAkulatA kI ora le jAne kA atula prayatna kiyaa| unhone jagat ko zUnya, kSaNika, mAyopama, jalabudbudopama batA kara prANiyo ko vijJAnarUpa antarmukha hone kI ora prerita kiyaa| Age jAkara inhI kSaNika, zUnya Adi bhAvanAtmaka zabdo ne kSaNikavAda, zUnyavAda, vijJAnavAda Adi vAdo kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| ___bhagavAn mahAvIra ahiMsA ke utkaTa sAdhaka the| ve mAtRhRdaya buddha kI taraha mRdumArgI na hokara pitRcetaska dIrghatapasvI the| ahiMsA ke kAyika, vAcika tathA mAnasika svarUpo ko AtmasAt karanA tathA sagha me usakA hI jIvantarUpa lAnA unakA jIvana-kArya thaa| viSaya-kapAyajvAlAmao se jhulase hue isa jagat ko sarvAGgINa ahiMsA dvArA sthAyI zAnti kI ora le jAnA unakA jIvana-vrata thaa| kAyika ahiMsA ke lie jisa prakAra vyaktigat samyak pravRtti, apramatta AcaraNa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai usI prakAra vAcanika ahiMsA ke lie vacana kI amuka zailI tathA mAnasika ahiMsA ke lie vicArasahiSNutA eva padArtha ke virATsvarUpa ke yathArtha jJAna kI vizeSa AvazyakatA hotI hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vastu ke virATsvarUpa kA anubhava karake batAyA ki acetana jagat kA pratyeka aNu tathA cetana jagat kA hara eka AtmA ananta dharmavAlA hai| usake pUrNaspa ko pUrNajJAna hI jAna sakatA hai| usake anantasvarUpa ko hamArA kSudra jJAnakaNa agata hI sparNa kara sakatA hai / usa samaya ke pracalita sat, asat, pravaktavya, kriyA, prakriyA, niyati, yadRcchA, kAla aAdi vAdo kA unhone apane pUrNa jJAna meThIka svarUpa dekhA aura vastusthiti ke AdhAra se vicAra kI usa mAnasa-ahiMsA-popiNI dizA kI ora dhyAna dilAyA, jisase vastu ke yathArtha jJAna ke sAtha hI sAtha citta me samatA aura vicAra-sAhiSNutA jaise ahiMsA ke akuro kA prAropaNa ho sakatA thaa| unhone AtmA, paraloka Adi ke viSaya me prazna hone para maunAvalamvana nahIM kiyA aura na unhe avyAkaraNIya vatAyA kintu una padArthoM ke yathArthasvarUpa kA vivecana kiyaa| unhone apanI pahilo dezanA me "upannai vA vigamei vA dhuvei vA" (sthAnAga-sthAna 10) isa tripadI kA uccAraNa kiyA thaa| yaha mAtRkAtripadI kahI jAtI hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki jagat kA pratyeka cetana acetana padArtha utpanna bhI hotA hai, naSTa bhI hotA hai aura sthira bhI rahatA hai| mUla astitva sthira rahatA hai, avasthAno me utpAda aura vinAzarUpa parivartana hotA rahatA hai| sAsya aura yoga paraparA me aisA pariNAmavAda kevala acetana prakRtitattva me mAnA hai| puruSatattva isa pariNAma se sarvathA achUtA kUTastha nitya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadezo kA atima sagraha devardhigaNikSamAzramaNa ne vi0 sa0 510 meM kiyA thaa| ye aAgama usa samaya kI lokabhApA ardhamAgadhI meM race hue hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha ne apane upadeza janatA kI volI meM hI diye the| bhAgamo kI racanAzailI meM tarka ke sthala-sthala para darzana hote hai| mahAvIra ke mukhya gaNadhara gautama svAmI bhagavAn ke hara eka upadezo meM tarka karate hai, "se keNaTheNa bhante, evamuccai" arthAt-'bhagavan, aisA kyoM kahate hai ?' isa tarkagarbha prazna ke uttara meM mahAvIra apane dvArA upadiSTa mArga ko satyatA tathA prAmANikatA ko yuktiyoM se siddha karate hai| isa taraha Agamo meM jainadarzana ke bIja vikhare hue hai| unakA saskRtabhASA meM sarvaprayama sagraha prA0 umAsvAti

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jaina darzana kA itihAsa aura vikAsa 326 ne tattvArthasUtra me kiyA / tattvArthasUtra ke "pramANanayairadhigama " "utpAdavyaya dhrauvyayukta sat" "apitAnapatasiddhe " "guNaparyAyavadddravyam" ityAdi sUtra aise hai jinapara jainadarzana kA mahAprAsAda khaDA kiyA gayA hai / inake samaya kI uttarAvadhi vi0 sa0 400 taka ho sakatI hai| inakA 'tattvArthasUtra' grantha jainamata kI digambara zvetAvara ubhaya zAkhAzro ko mAnya hai / jainadarzana ke vikAsa kA kucha vicAra hama (1) upAya yA jJApaka tattva (2) upeya yA jJeyatattva ina do sthUla bhAgo meM vibhAjita kara karate hai / / jJApaka tattva (1) zrAgamika paraparA meM mati, zruta, avadhi, mana paryaya aura kevala ye pA~ca jJAna mukhyatayA jJeya ke jAnane ke sAvana mAne gaye hai / 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' ( 28|24 ) me pramANa aura naya ko bhI upAyatattva vatAyA hai / zrAgamika kAla jJAna kI satyatA aura zramatyatA vAhya padArthoM ko ThIka prakAra se jAnane aura na jAnane ke Upara nirbhara nahI thI, kintu jo jJAna Atmasazodhana aura antata mokSamArgopayogI hote the, ve sacce tathA jo mokSamArgopayogI nahI the, ve jhUThe kahe jAte the / laukika dRSTi se gatapratizata satyajJAna bhI yadi mokSamArgopayogI nahI hai to vaha jhUThA aura laukika dRSTi me mithyA jJAna bhI yadi mokSamArgopayogI hai to vaha saccA / isa taraha satyatA aura asatyatA kI kasauTI bAhyapadArtho ke grAdhIna na hokara usako mokSamArgopayogitA ke adhIna thI / isIlie samyakadRSTi ke sabhI jJAna sacce aura mithyAdRSTi ke sabhI jJAna jhUThaM kahalAte the / vaizeSika sUtra me vidyA aura avidyA zabda ke prayoga kucha isI bhUmikA para hai / ina pA~ca jJAno kA pratyakSa aura parokSa rUpa se vibhAjana zrAgamakAla me eka vibhinna AdhAra para hI thA / vaha zrAvAra thA AtmamAtrasApekSatva / arthAt jo jJAna grAtmamAtra sApekSa thA vaha pratyakSa tathA jiname indriya aura mana kI hAyatA apekSita hotI thI ve parokSa / loka meM jina indriyajanya jJAno ko pratyakSa kahate the, ve jJAna prAgamika paraparA me parokSa the / yAgamo meM pramANa naya nikSepa Adi sAdhana batAe to gae haiM, para unakI vibhAjaka rekhAeM isa kAla meM utanI spaSTa nahI thI, jitanI ki zrAge jAkara huI / kundakunda aura umAsvAti - - umAsvAti ke 'tattvArthasUtra' zraura kundakunda ke 'pravacanasAra' meM 'sthAnAgasUtra' (2 / 1171) ko taraha jJAna ke pratyakSa aura parokSa vibhAga spaSTa hai / inake yuga meM jJAna kI satyAsatyatA kA AdhAra tathA laukika pratyakSa ko parokSa kahane kI paramparA jaisI-kI-taMsI cAlU rahI / kundakunda ke 'pravacanasAra' aura 'pacAstikAya' graMtha tarkagarbha zrAgamika zailI ke sundara namUne hai / inake yuga kI bhI uttarAvadhi cauthI zatAbdI taka mAnI jA sakatI hai / samantabhadra - siddhasena -- jaba bauddhadarzana meM nAgArjuna, vasubandhu, zrasaga tathA vauddhanyAya ke pitA diDanAga kA yuga zrA gayA aura darzanazA striyo meM vauddhadArzaniko ke pravala tarka-pahAro se vaicainI paidA ho rahI thI, vaha eka taraha se darza ke tArkika zrama yA parapakSakhaDana zraza kA prAraMbhakAla thA / usa samaya jainaparamparA meM siddhasena divAkara aura svAmI samantabhadra kA udaya huA / inake sAmane Agamika paribhASAzro aura zabdo ko tarkazAstra ke caukhaTe meM baiThAne kA mahattvapUrNa kArya thA / isa yuga me jo dharma sasthA prativAdiyo ke AkSepo kA nirAkaraNa kara svadarzana prabhAvanA nahI kara sakatI thI usakA astitva hI khatare meM thA / ata paracakra se rakSA ke lie apanA durga svata savRta karane ke mahattvapUrNa kArya kA prAraMbha ina do AcAryoM ne kiyA / diGnAga ne baudvanyAya meM praveza pAne ke lie 'nyAyapraveza' gratha tathA 'pramANasamuccaya' Adi prakaraNo kI racanA ko / siddhasena divAkara ne jainaMnyAya kA avatAra svarUpa 'nyAyAvatAra' graya tathA 'sanmatitarka' aura 'dvAtriMzatdvAtrigatikA' kI racanA kI / inhone 'nyAyAvatAra' meM pramANa ke pratyakSa aura parokSa ye do bheda karake parokSa kA varNana anumAna aura Agama ina do vibhAgo me kiyA / arthAt inake mata se sAkhya paramparA kI taraha pratyakSa, anumAna aura 1] ta0 sU0 5130 " ta0 sU0 5132 'ta0 sU0 5338 ta0 sU0 116 42

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premI-prabhinadana-pratha Agama ye tIna pramANa phalita hote hai / yaha pramANatritvavAda siddhasena divAkara se prArabha huA aura yahI taka sImita rhaa| uttarakAlIna prAcAryoM ne ise nahIM apnaayaa| inhone nyAyAvatAra ke prathama zloka me hI jJAna ko pramANatA kA prAdhAra mokSamArgopayogitA ke sthAna me 'meyavinizcaya' batAyA hai| arthAt jo jJAna padArthoM kA yayArtha nizcaya kare vaha pramANa, anya apramANa / svAmI samantabhadra ne 'AptamImAsA' (kA0 67) me 'vuddhi aura zabda kI pramANatA aura apramANatA vAhArya ko prApti aura aprApti se hotI hai, yaha likhA hai| arthAt jisa buddhi ke dvArA pratibhAmita padArtha Thoka usI rUpa meM upalabdha ho jAya vaha pramANa anya apramANa / isa taraha siddhasena aura mamantabhadra ke yuga me jJAna kI satyatA kA AdhAra mokSamArgopayogitA ke sthAna meM meyavinizcaya yA aryAptyanApti--artha kI prApti aura atraapti-vnii| jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa (vi0 7vI zatAbdI) ne laukika indriya pratyakSa ko jise abhI taka parokSa hI kahA jAtA thA aura isase eka prakAra se loka vyavahAra me asamajagatA AtI thI, apane 'vizepAvazyakabhASya (gA065) me savyavahArapratyakSa sajJA dI, arthAt Agamika paribhASA ke anusAra yadyapi indriyajanya jJAna parokSa hI hai, para lokavyavahAra ke nirvAhArtha indriyajanya jJAna ko savyavahArapratyakSa kaha sakate hai| isa taraha Agamika tayA darzanAntarIya eva laukika paramparA kA samanvaya kiyA gyaa| bhaTTAraka akalaGkadeva ne (vi0 8vI), jo sacamuca hI jaina pramANa zAstra ke sajIva pratiSThApaka kahe jAte haiM apane 'laghIyastraya' (kA0 3, 10) me prathamata pramANa ke do bheda karake phira pratyakSa ke spaSTata mukhyapratyakSa aura savyavahAra pratyakSa ye do bheda kiye hai| aura parokSa pramANa ke bhedo meM smRti pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura pAgama ina pAMca ko sthAna diyaa| isa taraha pramANa zAstra kI vyavasthita ruparekhA yahA~ se prArabha hotI hai| ___ 'ayogadvAra' 'sthAnAga' aura 'bhagavatIsUtra' me pratyakSa anumAna, upamAna, aura Agama ina cAra pramANo kA nirdeza hai / yaha paramparA nyAyasUtra kI hai| para tattvArthAdhigamabhASya me isa paramparA ko 'nayavAdAntareNa' kahakara jaina paramparA ke rUpa meM spaSTa svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai, aura na uttarakAlIna kisI jainatarkagratha meM isakA kucha bhI vivaraNa yA nirdeza hI hai| samasta uttarakAlIna jainadArzaniko ne akalakadeva dvArA pratiSThApita pramANapaddhati ko pallavita aura puSpita karake jainanyAyArAma ko suvAsita kiyA hai| upAyatattva upAyatattva meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna naya tathA syAdvAda kA hai| naya eka jaina pAribhASika zabda hai jo sApekSa dRSTi kA nAmAntara hai / syAdvAda, bhASA kA vaha nirdoSa prakAra hai jisake dvArA vastu ke paripUrNa yA yathArtharUpa ke adhika se adhika samIpa pahuMcA jA sakatA hai| mai pahile likha pAyA hU~ ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vastu ke ananta dhamatmika virATapa ke darzana kiye aura unheM usa samaya ke pracalita sabhI sadvAda aura asadvAda yA anirvacanIya Adi vAda vastu ke eka-eka aza ko sparza karane vAle pratIta hue| yahAM taka to ThIka thA, para jaba mahAvIra ne una vAdiyo ko apane-apane vAda kI satyatA ko caurAho para udghoSaNa kara dUsaro kA pratikSepa karate dekhA to unakA tattvadraSTA ahiMsaka hRdaya isa ajJAna eva hiMsA se anukapita huaa| unhone una saba ke lie vastu ke virATasvarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyaa| kahA, dekho, vastu ke anantadharmaha, logo kA jJAna svalpa hai, vaha vastu ke eka praza ko sparza karatA hai, apane dRSTikoNa ko hI satya mAna kara yA apane jJAna palvala me vastu ke anantarUpa ko samAyA samajhakara dUsare vAdI ke dRSTikoNa kA pratikSepa karanA mithyAtva hai| usakA bhI dRSTikoNa vastu ke dUsare aza ko sparza karatA hai| ata apanI-apanI dRSTi meM pUrNasatya kA mithyA ahakAra karake dUsaro ke prati asatyatA kA Aropa karake unase hisaka vyavahAra karanA tattvajJo kA kArya nahI hai| usake svarUpa kA varNana karane vAlI pratyeka dRSTi naya hai aura vaha apane meM utanI hI satya hai jitanI ki usako viruddha dRsstti| zarta yaha hai ki koI bhI dRSTi dUsaro dRSTi kA pratikSepa na kare usake prati sApekSa bhAva rkkheN|

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jaina darzana kA itihAsa aura vikAsa yaha nayadRSTi vicAra kA nirdoSaprakAra hai tathA syAdvAda bhASA kI samatA kA pratIka hai / syAdvAda me 'syAt' zabda eka 'nizcitadRSTikoNa' kA pratipAdana karatA hai arthAt amuka nizcita dRSTikoNa se vastu sat hai amuka nizcita dRSTikoNa se asat / syAt ko zAyada kA paryAyavAcI kahakara ume Dhulamula yakInI kI kakSA me DAlanA usake ThIka svarUpa ke ajJAna kA phala hai / mAlUma hotA hai zakarAcArya jI ne bhI syAt aura zAyada ko paryAyavAcI samajhakara usameM samaya dUpaNa dene kA viphala prayAsa kiyA hai| bhagavatIsUtra me hama "siya atthi, siya Natthi, siya avattavva' ina tIna bhago kA nirdeza pAte hai| arthAt vastueka dRSTikoNa se sat hai, dUsare dRSTikoNa se asat tathA tIsare dRSTikoNa se avktvy| vastuta manuSya eka virAT akhaDa ananta vastu ko pahile sadrUpa se varNana karane kA prayatna karatA hai aura dekhatA hai ki usakI dUsarI bAjU abhI varNana meM nahI AI taba usakA asadrUpa se vivecana karatA hai| para jaba vaha dekhatA hai ki sad aura asat jaise ananta virodhI dharmoM kI lahare vastu ke asIma samudra meM laharA rahI hai jinheM eka sAtha varNana karanA vacano kI zakti ke vAhara hai to vaha kaha uThatA hai 'yato vAco nivrtnte'| isa taraha vastu kA paripUrNarupa avaktavya hai, usakA eka-eka rUpa se Azika varNana hotA hai / jainadarzana me pravaktavya ko bhI eka dRSTi mAnA hai, jisa prakAra vaktavya ko| prA0 kundakunda ke pacAstikAya meM sarvaprathama sat amat pravaktavya ke sayoga se banane vAle sAta bhago kA ullekha hai| ise saptabhagInaya kahate hai| svAmI samantabhadra kI prAptamImAsA me isI saptabhagI kA aneka dRSTiyo se vivecana hai / usameM sat asat, eka aneka, nitya anitya, dvaita advaita, deva purupArtha Adi aneka dRSTikoNo kA janadRSTi se sundara samanvaya kiyA hai| siddhasena ke sanmatitarka me anekAnta aura naya kA vizada varNana hai| ina yugapradhAna AcAryoM ne upalabdha samasta janetara dRSTiyo kA naya yA syAdvAda dRSTi se vastusparzI samanvaya kiyaa| deva aura purupArtha kA jo vivAda usa samaya dRDhamUla thA, usake viSaya meM svAmI samantabhadra ne prAptamImAsA (7vA pariccheda) meM hRdayagrAhI sApekSa vivecana kiyA hai| unhone likhA hai ki koI bhI kArya na kevala deva se hotA hai aura na kevala puruSArtha se| dono rassiyo se dadhimathana hotA hai| hA~, jahAM vuddhipUrvaka prayatna ke abhAva me phalaprApti ho, vahA~ deva ko pradhAna mAnanA cAhie tathA puruSArtha ko gauNa tathA jahAM buddhipUrvaka prayatna se kAryamiddhi ho vahA~ purupArtha pradhAna tathA deva gaunn| kisI eka kA nirAkaraNa nahI kiyA jA sakatA ina me gauNa mukhyabhAva hai| isa taraha siddhamena aura samantabhadra ke yuga meM naya, saptabhagI, anekAnta Adi jainadarzana ke AdhArabhUta padArthoM kA sAgopAga vivecana huaa| inhone usa samaya ke pracalita sabhI vAdo kA naya dRSTi se jaina darzana meM mamanvaya kiyaa| aura sabhI vAdiyo meM paraspara vicAra mahiSNutA aura samatA lAne kA prayatna kiyaa| isI yuga me nyAyabhASya, yogabhASya, zAvarabhASya Adi bhASya race gae hai / yaha yuga bhAratIya tarkazAstra ke vikAsa kA prArabhayuga thaa| isameM sabhI darzana apanI apanI taiyAriyAM kara rahe the| apane apane tarkazAstra rUpI zastra painA kara rahe the| savase pahilA AkramaNa bauddho kI bhora me huA jisameM mukhya senApati kA kArya prAcArya diDanAga ne kiyaa| isI samaya vaidika dArzanika paramparA me nyAyavArtikakAra udyotakara, mImAsAzlokavArtikakAra kumArilabhaTTa Adi hue| inhone vaidikadarzana ke sarakSaNa me paryApta prayatna kiyaa| isake bAda (vi0 6vI sadI) pUjyapAda ne sarvArthasiddhi tathA mallavAdi ne nayacakra nAmaka mahAn Akara atha bnaae| nayacakra meM naya ke vividhabhago dvArA janetara dRSTiyo ke samanvaya kA saphala prayatna huaa| yaha atha Aja mUlarUpa me upalabdha nahIM hai| isakI siMhagaNi kSamAzramaNa kI TIkA milatI hai| isI yuga me sumati, zrIdatta, pAtrasvAmi Adi AcAryoM ne jainanyAya ke vividha ago meM svatantra tathA vyAkhyArUpa gratho kA nirmANa kiyaa| vi0 7vI 8vI sadI darzanazAstra ke itihAsa meM viplava kA yuga thaa| isa samaya nAlandA vizvavidyAlaya ke AcArya dharmapAla ke ziSya dharmakIti kA maparivAra udaya huaa| zAstrArthoM kI dhUma thii| dharmakIrti tathA unakI ziSyamaDalI ne pravala tarkavala se vaidika darzano para pracaDa prahAra kie| jainadarzana para bhI AkSepa kie jAte the| yadyapi aneka muddo me janadarzana aura bauddhadarzana samAnatantrIya the para kSaNikavAda, nairAtmyavAda, zUnyavAda, vijJAnavAda Adi

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jaina darzana kA itihAsa aura vikAsa jeya tattva janadarzana meM prameyatattva hai| 1 jIva, 2 pudgala, 3 dharma, 4 adharma, 5 aAkAga, 6 lAla / jIva ananta hai jJAnadarzana sukha prAdi unake svabhAvabhUta guNa hai, yaha madhyama parimANa vAlA yA zarIra parimANa vAlA hai, kartA hai, bhoktA hai| spa rasa gava sarga vAle sabhI padArtha pudgala hai| ye pudgala aNurUpa hai, ananta hai / jIvapudgala ko gati kA mAdhyama dharmadravya tathA sthiti kA mAdhyama adharmadravya hotA hai / ye lokaparimANa hai, eka eka dravya hai, amUrtIka hai| prAkAza ananta hai, amUrtIka hai| kAla aNuspa amanyAta dravya hai| zve0 paramparA meM kucha prAcArya kAladravya ko nahIM maante| isa taraha prameya tattvo kA prArabha se hI eka jaimA nirUpaNa mabhI dArzanika grayo meM hai / jaina loga mahAvIra kI pAdya upadeza vANI "upaneDa vA vigameDa vA beDa vA" ke anumAra pratyeka dravya meM paryAya-avasthA kI dRSTi meM utpAda aura vyaya tayA dravyamUla agnitva kI dRSTi se ghovya svIkAra karate hai| jo bhI man hai vaha parivartanazIla hai, parivartanazIla hone para bhI vaha apanI maulikatA nahIM khotA, apanA dravyatva kAyama rakhatA hai / jaise eka pudgala miTTI ke piMDa kI hAlata meM ghaDe ko zakala meM pAyA ghaDA phUTakara khapariyAM vanI, vapariyAM cUrNa hokara kheta me jA paDI, umake kucha paramANu gehUM bne| isa taraha avasthApro meM parivartana hote hue bhI mUla aNutva kA nAza nahI huA / yahI pariNAma jainiyo ke pratyeka padArtha kA svaspa hai| gItA kA yaha middhAnta-"nA'sato vidyate bhAva nAbhAvo vidyate mata" arthAt asat kA utpAda nahIM aura mat kA sarvathA abhAva nahIM hotaa| isI pariNAmavAda ko sUcita karatA hai / jagat ma koI nayA dravya utpanna nahIM hotA jinane dravya hai uname meM eka aNu kA bhI marvathA vinAza nahIM hotaa| unakI avasthAo meM parivartana hote rahate hai eka dUsare kemayoga me vicitra prakAra ke bhautika abhautika parivartana hamArI dRSTi se chipe nahIM hai| isa taraha utpAdavyaya prauvyavAda yA pariNAmavAda jainatArkiko ko prArabha me hI iSTa rahA hai aura imI kA dravyaparyAyavAda, guNaparyAyavAda Adi nAmo ne pratyeka graya me utkaTa samarthana hai / nayadRSTi meM paryAyadRSTi me vauddho ke kSaNikavAda kA tathA dravyadRSTi se sAtyo ke kUTasyanityavAda taka kA samanvaya jainAcAryoM ne kiyA hai| yahAM taka ki cArvAka mata kA bhI sagraha kiyA gayA hai| sArAga yaha ki jainAcAryoM ne yadyapi parapakSa kA vaDana kiyA hai phira bhI uname samanvaya kI ahiMsaka udAratA varAvara jAgRta rahI, jo bhArata ke anya dArzaniko me kama dekhI jAtI hai / isI mamanvayazAlitA ke kAraNa unhone nayadRSTi yA syAdvAda ke dvArA pratyeka mata kA samanvaya kara apanI vizAla dRSTi tathA taTasthatA kA paricaya diyA hai| mUlata jaina dharma prAcArapradhAna hai, isameM tattvajJAna kA upayoga bhI prAcArazuddhi ke lie hI hai| aura yahI kAraNa hai ki tarkazAstra jame zAstra kA upayoga bhI jainAcAryoM ne samanvaya aura samatA ke sthApana me kiyaa| isakA anekAntavAda yA syAdvAdamati sahiSNutA kI hI preraNA detA hai / dArzanika kaTAkaTI ke yuga meM bhI isa prakAra kI samatA udAratA tathA ekatA ke lie prayojaka samanvaya dRSTi kA kAyama rakhanA ahiMsA ke pujAriyo kA hI kArya rahA / isa syAbAda ke svarUpa nirUpaNa tathA prayoga karane ke prakAro kA vivecana karane ke lie bhI jainAcAryoM ne aneka gratha likhe hai| isa taraha dArganikaekatA syApita karane me jaina darzana kA adbhuta aura sthAyI prayatna rahA hai / isa jaisI udAra sUktiyA~ anyatra kama milatI hai| yayA "bhavavIjAGkurajaladA rAgAdyA kSayamupAgatA yasya / brahmA vA viSNurvA haro jino vA namastasmai // " ___ arthAt jisake masAra ko puSTa karane vAle rAgAdi doSa vinaSTa ho gae hai cAhe vaha brahmA ho, viSNu ho, ziva ho yA jina, use namaskAra ho| "pakSapAto na me vIre na dveSa kapilAdiSu / yuktimadvacana yasya tasya kArya parigraha // " arthAt mujhe mahAvIra se rAga nahIM hai aura na kapila Adi se dvepa, jimake bhI yuktiyukta vacana ho unakI zaraNa jAnA caahie| (loka tattvanirNaya) kAzI ] 1 jAnA

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syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI paM0 kailAzacandra siddhAntazAstrI samAra meM samaya-samaya para kucha aise mahApuruSa janma lete haiM, jo isa dRzyamAna jagat ke mAyA jAla meM na pha~sa kara unake bhItara chipe hue satya kA rahasyodghATana karane ke lie apane jIvana kA utsarga kara dete hai / satya ko jAnanA aura janatA usakA pracAra karanA hI unake jIvana kA ekamAtra uddezya hotA hai, kintu uname se birale hI pUrNa satya taka pahu~cane meM samartha hote hai / adhikAza vyakti satya ke eka praza ko hI pUrNa satya samajha bhrama meM paDa kara apane lakSya se bhraSTa ho jAte hai / isa prakAra samAra meM do taraha ke upadeSTA pAye jAte hai -- eka pUrNadarzI aura dUsare prapUrNadarzI yA ekAzadarzI / pUrNadarzI ke dvArA prakAzita satya hI 'anekAntavAda' ke nAma se khyAta hotA hai, kyoMki jo pUrNa hai vaha anekAnta haiM aura jo anekAnta hai vahI pUrNa hai-- pUrNatA aura anekAntatA kA abhedya savadha hai / isake viparIta, ekAntadarzI jisa satyAza kA prakAzana karatA hai vaha ekAnta hai, ata apUrNa hai- -satya hote hue bhI asatya hai / kAraNa, satya ke eka praNa kA darzI manuSya tabhI prANika satyadarzI kahA jA sakatA hai jaba vaha use Azika satya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kare / yadi koI manuSya vastu ke eka akSa ko hI pUrNa vastu siddha karane kI ghRSTatA karatA hai to na to vaha satyadarzI hai aura na satyavAdI hI kahA jA sakatA hai / satya kA jAnanA jitanA kaSTa sAdhya hai, usakA prakAzita karanA bhI adhika nahI to utanA hI kaThina avazya hai / isa para bhI yadi vaha satya anekAnta rUpa ho-eka hI vastu me asti nAsti, nitya-anitya, eka-aneka Adi virodhI kahe jAne vAle dharmo ko svIkAra karatA ho, bhinna-bhinna azo kA sundara rUpa meM samanvaya karane meM tatpara ho to vaktA kI kaThinAiyA~ aura bhI vaDha jAtI hai / ukta kaThinAiyo ke hote hue bhI yadi satya ko prakAzita karane ke sAdhana paryApta ho to unakA sAmanA kisI taraha kiyA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu sAdhana bhI paryApta nahI hai / kAraNa, zabda eka samaya meM vastu ke eka hI dharma kA prazika vyAkhyAna kara sakatA hai| matya ko prakAzita karane ke ekamAtra sAdhana zabda kI isa aparihArya kamajorI ko anubhava karake pUrNadarzI mahApuruSo ne syAdvAda kA AviSkAra kiyA / zabda kI pravRtti vaktA ke adhIna hai| isalie vaktA vastu ke aneka dharmo me se kisI eka dharma kI mukhyatA se vacana prayoga karatA hai, kintu isakA yaha artha nahI hai ki vaha vastu sarvathA usa eka dharma svarUpa hI hai / ata yaha kahanA behatara hogA ki yahA~ para vivakSita dharma kI mukhyatA aura zeSa dharmo kI gauNatA hai| isIlie gauNa dharmo kA dyotaka " syAt " zabda samasta vAkyo ke sAtha gupta rUpa se sambaddha rahatA hai / 'syAt' zabda kA abhiprAya " kathacit" yA "kisI apekSA se' hai, jaisA ki svAmI samantabhadra ke isa vAkya se prakaTa hai--"sthAdvAda sarvayaikAntatyAgAt kivRttacidvidhi. " ( prApta mImAsA ) bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane anupama vacano ke dvArA pUrNa satya kA upadeza kiyA aura unakA upadeza sasAra meM 'zruta' ke nAma se khyAta huA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadeza kA pratyeka vAkya 'syAt' 'kathacita' yA 'kisI apekSA' se hotA thA, kyoki usake vinA pUrNa satya kA prakAzana nahI ho sakatA / ata unake upadeza 'zruta' ko prAcArya samantabhadra nesyAdvAda' ke nAma se sarvoodhita kiyA hai / "syAdvAdakevalajJAne vastutattvaprakAzane / bheda sAkSAdasAkSAcca hyavastvanyatama bhavet" // -AptamImAsA

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syAvAda aura saptabhagI 335 zruta' upadeza yA vAkya tIna prakAra kA hotA hai, syAvAda zruta, nayazruta, aura mithyaashrut| ' syAdvAdazruta-eka dharma ke dvArA anantadharmAtmaka vastu kA bodha karAne vAle vAkya ko kahate hai| yaha vAkya aneka dharmAtmaka vastu kA pratipAdana karatA hai| isalie ise sakalAdeza' bhI kahate hai aura aneka dharmAtmaka vastu kA jJAtA hI aise vAkya kA prayoga kara sakatA hai| isalie use pramANavAkya bhI kahate hai, kyoki jainadarzana me aneka dharmAtmaka vastu kA saccA jJAna hI pramANa kahA jAtA hai / nayazruta-aneka dharmAtmaka vastu ke eka dharma kA bodha karAne vAle vAkya ko kahate hai| ise vikalAdeza yA nayavAkya bhI kahate hai| aise vAkya ke prayoga karane vAle vaktA kA jJAna 'naya' kahalAtA hai, kyoki vastu ke ekAzagrAhI jJAna ko naya kahate hai| mithyAzruta-vastu me kisI eka dharma ko mAna kara, anya pratipakSI dharmoM kA nirAkaraNa karanevAle vAkya ko kahate haiN| aise vAkya ke prayoga karane vAle vaktA kA jJAna 'durnaya' kahalAtA hai| yahAM prazna ho sakatA hai ki kyA jJAna ekAzagrAhI aura zabda aneka dharmAtmaka vastu kA vAcaka ho sakatA hai ? vicAra karane para dono hI vAte asagata jAna paDatI hai-na to jJAna ekAzagrAhI ho sakatA hai aura na eka zabda eka samaya me aneka dharmAtmaka vastu kA vAcaka / pramANa aura naya pra0-aneka dharmAtmaka vastu ke jJAna ko 'pramANa' kahate hai aura eka dharma ke grahaNa karanevAle jJAna ko 'naya' kahate hai| tava Apa jJAna kA ekAzagrAhI honA kase asvIkAra karate hai| ___ u0-pramANa aura naya kI vyavasthA sApekSa hai| pramANa ke do bheda hai-svArtha aura parArtha / matijJAna svArtha pramANa hai| indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA se jo jJAna hotA hai use matijJAna kahate hai| yathArya meM koI bhI indriyajanya jJAna pUrNa vastu ko viSaya nahI kara sktaa| cakSU rUpa ke dvArA vastu ko jAnatI hai, rasanA rasa ke dvArA aura ghrANa gandha ke dvaaraa| phira bhI jaina darzana me ina jJAno ko pramANa yAnI aneka dharmAtmaka vastu kA grAhI kahA jAtA hai| isakA kAraNa jJAtA kI dRSTi hai| eka dharma ko jAnate hue bhI jJAtA kI dRSTi, vastu ke anya dharmoM kI ora se udAsIna nahIM ho jaatii| kAraNa, buddhimAna jJAtA jAnatA hai ki indriyo me itanI zakti nahI hai ki ve eka samaya meM vastu ke aneka dharmoM kA pratibhAsana karA skeN| yadi jJAtA indriyo kI isa azakti ko dhyAna me na rakha kara indriya vastu ke jisa dharma kA bodha karAtI hai kevala usI eka dharma ko pUrNa vastu samajha letA hai to usakA jJAna apramANa kahA jAtA hai| java jJAtA zabdo ke dvArA dUsaro para apane jJAna ko prakaTa karane ke lie tatpara hotA hai taba usakA vaha zabdonmukha aspaSTa jJAna svArtha zrutapramANa kahA jAtA hai aura jJAtA jo vacana bolatA hai ve vacana parArthazruta kahe jAte hai| zrutapramANa ke hI bheda naya' kahalAte hai| "iha trividha zruta-mithyAzruta, nayazruta, syAdvAdazrutam"-nyAyAvatAra TI0, pR0 63 2 "sampUrNArthavinizcApi syaadvaadshrutmucyte"|-nyaayaavtaar, kAri0 30 "syAdvAda sklaadesh'-lghiiystry| "sakalAdeza prmaannvaakym'| -zlokavAtika pR0 181 5'arthasyAnekarUpasya dhI prmaann'|-assttshtii| "vikalAdezo nyvaakym'| lo0 vA0, pR0 137 / "jainadarzana meM indriyajanyajJAna ko aspaSTa kahA jAtA hai| "prAGanAmayojanAccheSa zruta shbdaanuyojnaat"| -laghIyastraya "na kevala nAmayojanAtpUrva yadaspaSTajJAnamupajAyate tadeva zruta, kintu zabdAnuyojanAcca yadupajAyate tadapi sagRhIta bhvti"|jyaayphmudcndrody|| "zruta svArtha bhavati parArtha ca , jJAnAtmaka svArtha vacanAtmaka parArtha, tadbhavA nyaa"| sarvArthasiddhi

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336 premI-abhinaMdana-graMtha jisa prakAra eka indriya eka samaya meM vastu ke aneka dhamoM kA bodha nahIM karA sakatI, usI prakAra eka zabda eka samaya meM vantu ke aneka varmoM kA vova nahIM karA sktaa| isalie vaktA kimI eka dharma kA avalavana lekara hI vacanavyavahAra karatA hai| yadi vaktA eka varma ke dvAga pUrNa vastu kA bodha karAnA cAhatA hai to usakA vAkya 'pramANa vAkya' kahA jAtA hai| aura yadi eka hI dharma kA bodha karAnA cAhatA hai-zepa varmoM meM usakI dRSTi udAsIna hai to umakA vAkya 'nayavAkya' kahA pramANavAkya aura nayavAkya jaise pramANa aura naya kI vyavasthA sApekSa hai, jJAtA kI dRSTi para nirbhara hai, usI taraha pramANavAkya aura nayavAkya kI vyavasyA bhI sApekSa hai-vaktA kI vivakSA para avalamvita hai / isa apekSAvAda ko yadi dUra kara diyA jAya to pramANavAkya kimI bhI hAlata meM nahIM vana mktaa| pramANavAkya kI kalpanA to dUra kI bAta hai| yayArtha meM pramANa kA viSaya vacana ke agocara hai, avaktavya hai| ayavA hama ume avaktavya bhI nahIM kaha sakate, kyoki pravaktavya bhI vastu kA eka dharma hai| ata yaha kahanA ucita hogA ki pramANa mUka hai aura usakA vipaya svasavedya hai| kaise ? munie-vastu, paraspara virodhI kahe jAne vAle aneka dharmoM kA akhaDa piMDa hai jo pramANa kA vipaya hai| mamAra me eka bhI ainA zabda nahIM milatA, jo uma aneka dhamoM ke piMDa ko, jaise jAna eka samaya meM eka sAtha jAna letA hai uma taraha, eka samaya meM eka mAya pratipAdana kara sake / 'sat' zabda kevala astitva dharma kA hI pratipAdana karatA hai| 'dravya' zabda kevala dravya kI ora hI saketa karatAhai,paryAya kI ora se udAsIna hai| isI lie mana aura dravyamagraha naya ke vipaya kahe jAte hai| isI taraha ghaTa paTa Adi zabda bhI ghaTatva aura paTatva kI ora hI maketa karate hai gepa vamoM ke prati mUka hai / imI se inheM vyavahAra naya kA viSaya kahA jAtA hai| adhika kyA kaheM-jitanA bhI zabda vyavahAra hai vaha mava naya hai / imI me niddhamena divAkara ne nayo ke bheda batalAte hue kahA hai -"jitanA vacana vyavahAra hai aura vaha jima jisa taraha me ho sakatA hai vaha mava nayavAda hai|" zrutajJAna ke atirikta anya jJAno kA svArtha pramANa yAnI mUka kahA jAnA bhI ukta samasyA para acchA prakAga DAlatA hai| vacana vyavahAra, jo nayavAda hai, zruta pramANa meM hI hotA hai| isI lie nayo ko zruta pramANa ke bheda kahA jAtA hai| ___AcArya samantabhadra ne prAptamImAmA meM kevala naya saptabhagI kA varNana kiyA hai| pramANa saptabhagI kA varNana nahIM kiyA aura anta me likha diyA--"ekatva anekatva Adi vikalpo meM bhI, naya vizArada ko ukta saptabhago kI yojanA ucita rIti se kara lenI caahie'| imI taraha middhasena divAkara ne sanmatitarka ke nayakANDa me nayasaptabhagI kA hI varNana kiyA hai| syAdvAda aura mapnabhagIvAda kI jo kucha sparekhA vartamAna me upalabdha hai usakA zreya inhI dono prAcAryoM ko prApta hai / ata ukta do mahAn prAcAryoM ke dvArA pramANa matabhagI kA varNana na kiyA jAnA rahasya se khAlI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kintu eka vAta avazya hai| dono prAcAryoM ke gratho kA mUkSma dRSTi me adhyayana karane para pramANa saptabhagI ke vIjabhUta vAkyo kA kucha AbhAsa mA hotA hai| akalakadeva sarIkhe pramANa naya vizArada kI dRSTi meM yaha vizakalita vAkyAga kaise chipa sakate the? hamArA mata hai ki upalabdha digavara jaina sAhitya meM pramANa maptamagI kA marvaprathama spaSTa nirdeza karane kA zreya bhaTTAkalaka ko hI prApta hai| "jAvaiyA vayaNavahA tAvaiyA ceva hoti NayavAyA // "3-47 snmtitrk| 3 "ekAnekaviphalpAdAvuttaratrApi yojayet / prakriyA bhaGginImenA nayairnayavizArada" // 23 // "tattvajJAna pramANa te yugapat sarvabhAsanam / kramabhAvi ca yajnAna syaadvaadnysskRtm"||101|| prAptamImAsA nayAnAmekanipThAnA pravRtte zrutavama'ni / sampUNAryavinizcApi syAdvAdazrutamucyate ||30||-nyaayaavtaar

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syAdvAda aura saptabhagI pramANavAkya aura nayavAkya meM maulika bheda pramANa vAkya aura naya vAkya ke prayoga meM jJAtA kI vivakSA ke atirikta bhI koI maulika bheda hai yA nahIM? isa prazna ke samAdhAna ke lie jainAcAryoM ke dvArA die gaye udAharaNo para eka AlocanAtmaka dRSTi DAlanA zrAvazyaka hai| digambarAcAryoM meM, akalakadeva rAjavAtika' meM aura vidyAnada zlokavArtika' meM 'pramANa saptabhagI,' aura 'nayamaptabhagI' kA pRthak pRthak vyAsyAna karate hai| kintu dono vAkyo meM eka hI udAharaNa 'syAdastyevajIva' (kisI apekSA se jIva satsvarUpa hI hai) dete hai| kintu laghIyastraya ke svopajJa bhASya' me ve hI akalaka deva dono me jude-jude udAharaNa dete hai / pramANa vAkya kA udAharaNa-syAjjIva eva (syAt jIva hI hai) aura naya vAkya kA udAharaNa-syAdastyeva jIva (syAt jIva sat svarUpa hI hai) hai| prAcArya prabhAcandra bhI dono vAkyo me eka hI udAharaNa dete hai-"syAdasti jIvAdi vastu" (jIvAdi vastu kacit satsvarUpa hai)| AcArya kundakunda ne paJcAstikAya tathA pravacanasAra meM eka-eka gAthA dekara sAta bhaga ke nAma mAtra ginA diye hai| dono antho meM bhago ke krama meM to antara hai hI, isake atirikta eka dUsarA bhI antara hai / paJcAstikAya me 'prAdesavaseNa' likhA huA hai java ki pravacanasAra me 'pajjAyaNa Tu pheNavi' pATha diyA gayA hai / pravacanasAra ke pATha se dono TIkAkAro ne evakAra (hI) kA grahaNa kiyA hai| prAcArya amRtacandra udAharaNa dete hue, paJcAstikAya kI TIkA me 'syAdasti dravya' (syAtdravya hai) likhate hai aura pravacanasAra kI TIkA me 'syAdastyeva' (kathacita hai hI) likhate haiN| prAcArya kundakunda ne apane do grantho me bhinna-bhinna dRSTiyo se kyo vyAkhyAna kiyA, isa prazna kA samAdhAna amRtacandra ne nahI kiyaa| unake vAda ke dvitIya TIkAkAra jayamena ne isa rahasya ko kholA hai| ve likhate hai-syAdasti' yaha vAkya sakala vastu kA vodha karAtA hai, ata pramANa vAkya hai / aura 'syAvastyeva dravya' yaha vAkya vastu ke eka dharma kA vAcaka hai, ata nayavAkya hai| ve aura bhI likhate hai:-'paJcAstikAya' me 'syAdasti' Adi pramANa vAkya se pramANa saptabhagI kA vyAkhyAna kiyaa| yahAM 'syAvastyeva' vAkya meM evakAra grahaNa kiyA hai vaha naya saptabhagI ko batalAne ke lie kahA gayA hai| saptabhagItaragiNI ke kartA bhI dono vAkyo meM eka hI udAharaNa dete hai-'syAstyeva ghaTa' (ghaTa kathacit satsvarUpa hI hai)| yaha to huA digambarAcAryoM ke mato kA ullekha, ava zvetAmvarAcAryoM ke mata bhI sunie| abhayadevasUri likhate hai-'syAdasti' (kathacit hai) yaha pramANavAkya hai| 'astyeva' (satsvarUpa hI hai) yaha durnaya hai| 'asti' (hai) yaha sunaya hai, kintu vyavahAra me prayojaka nahIM hai / "syAdastyeva" (kathacit satsvarUpa hI hai)yaha sunaya vAkya hI vyavahAra meM kAraNa hai| 'dekho--rAjavAtika, pR0 181 / dekho-zlokavAtika, pR0 138 / 'syAjjIva eva ityukte naikAntaviSaya syAcchabda , syAdastyeva jIva ityukte ekAntaviSaya. syAcchabda.' / "dekho-prameyakamalamAtaMDa, pR0 206 / 5 "syAdastIti sakalavastugrAhakatvAt pramANavAkya, syAdastyeva dravyamiti vstvekdeshgraahktvaanyvaakym"| --paJcAstikAyaTIkA, pR0 32 / "pUrva paJcAstikAye syAdastItyAdi pramANavAkyena pramANasaptabhagI vyAkhyAtA, atra tu syAdastyeva yadevakAragrahaNa tannayasaptabhagIjJApanArthamiti bhAvArtha'-pravacanasAraTIkA pR0 162 / "syAdasti" ityAdi pramANa, "astyeva" ityAdi durnaya , "asti" ityAdika sunayo na tu savyavahArAGgam, "syAdastyeva" ityAdissunaya eva vyavahArakAraNam |-"smmtitrph" TI0, pR0 446 / / 43

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premI-abhinaMdana-graMtha vAdidevari' ne 'syAvastyeva sarva' (nava vantu kayacit satsvarUpa hI hai) eka hI udAharaNa diyA hai| malliSeNamUrine bhI vAdideva kAhI anusaraNa kiyA hai| prAcAryoM ke ukta mata do bhAgo me vibhAjita kiye jA sakate hai-prathama, jo dono vAkyoM ke prayogo meM koI antara nahIM mAnate hai, dUsare, jo antara mAnate hai| annara mAnane galo meM lacIyantraya ke kartA akalakadeva, jayamena tayA abhayadevasUri kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| kintu ina antara mAnane vAlo meM bhI paraspara me mataikya nahIM hai| akalakadeva pramANa vAkya aura naya vAkya dono me syAtkAra aura evanAra kA prayoga Avazyaka samajhane hai| kintu jayanena aura abhayadeva syAtkAra kA prayoga to Avazyaka mamajhate hai, para evakAra kA prayoga kevala nayagakya me hI mAnate hai / akalakadeva ke mata se yadi jIva, pudgala, dharma adharma, ghaTa, paTa prAdi vastu vAcaka zabdoM ke sAtha syAtkAra aura evakAra kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai to vaha pramANa vAkya hai, aura yadi agni, nAsti, eka, aneka Adi dharmagacaka gabdo ke mAtha unakA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai to vaha nayavAkya hai| inake viparIta jayamena aura abhayadeva ke mata se kinI bhI gavda ke sAtha, vaha bhanda dharmavAcaka ho yA dhamivAcaka ho, yadi ekkAra kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai to vaha nayavAkya hai aura yadi ekkAra kA prayoga nahIM kiyA gayA kevala syAn gabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai to vaha pramANa vAkya kahA jAtA hai| ukta do mato me do prazna paidA hote hai1 prazna--kyA dharmivAcaka zabda makalAdezI aura dharmavAcaka zavda vikalAdezI hote hai ? 2 prazna-kyA pratyeka vAkya ke sAtha ekkAra kA prayoga Avazyaka hai ? prazno para vicAra vidyAnandi svAmI ne prathama prazna para prakAga DAlate hue likhA hai-'kisI dharma ke avalambana vinA dharmI kA vyAkhyAna nahIM ho nktaa| jIva ganda bhI jIvatvadharma ke dvArA hI jIvavastu kA pratipAdana karatA hai|' vidyAnandi ke mata ne samasta ganda kniI na kisI dharma kI apekSA se hI vyavahRta hote hai / Azcarya hai ki akalakadeva bhI rAjavAtika mai isI mata kA namarthana karate hai| dUsare prazna para aneka AcAryoM ne prakAza DAlA hai| prAya adhikAga jainAcArya vAkya ke nAtha evakAra kA prayoga utanA hI Avazyaka samajhate hai jitanA syAtkAra kaa| ata yadyapi bhinna-bhinna AcAryoM ke mato para nirbhara nha kA na to ukta dono praznoM kA hI ThIka samAdhAna ho sakatA hai aura na pramANavAkya aura nayavAkya kA nizcita vatpa hI nirdhArita hotA hai, phira bhI vastu vivecana ke lie usa para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| yaha satya hai ki pratyeka zabda vastu ke kisI na kisI dharma ko lekara hI vyavahRta hotA hai| kintu kucha zabda vastu ke artha meM itane ruTa ho jAte hai ki uname kisI eka dharma kA vodha na hokara aneka dharmAtmaka vastu kA hI bodha hotA hai| jaina, jIva zabda jIvanaguNa kI apekSA se vyavahRta hotA hai, kintu jIva gabda ke sunane se zrotA ko kevala jIvanagaNa kA voSa na hokara aneka dharmAtmaka AtmA kA vodha hotA hai| isI taraha pudgala, kAla, AkAza Adi vannuvAcaka zabdo ke vipaya meM bhI samajhanA caahie| sasAra me volacAla ke vyavahAra meM AnevAle pustaka, ghaTa, vastra, makAna yAdi zabda bhI vastu kA bodha karAte hai| aimI dazA me yadi akalakadeva ke mata ke anusAra dhamivAcaka zabdo ko sakatAdegI aura varmavAcaka zabdo ko vikalAdezI kahA jAye to koI vAcA dRSTigocara nahIM hotii| kintu yahAM para bhI hame narvadhA ekAntavAda se kAma nahIM lenA cAhie, varmIvAcaka bhabda sakalAdezI hI hote hai aura dharmavAcaka zabda vikalAdegI hI hote hai, aimA ekAnta mAnane se satya kA apalApa hogA, kAraNa, vaktA dhamivAcaka zabda ke dvArA 'dekho-pramANanaya tattvAloka, pariccheda 4 sUtra 15, tayA pari0 7 sU0 53 / 'deso-syAdvAdamajaro, pR0 186 / 'dekho-ilokavAtika pR0 137, kArikA 56 / 'dekho-rAjavAtika, pR0 181, vArtika 18 / /

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syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI 336 vastu ke eka dharma kA bhI pratipAdana kara sakatA hai aura kabhI eka dharma ke dvArA pUrNa vastu kA bhI vodha karA sakatA hai, kyoki zabda kI pravRtti vaktA ke grAdhIna hai| jIva zabda kevala jIvanaguNa kA bhI vodha karA sakatA hai aura 'asti' zavda astitva guNa viziSTa pUrNa vastu kA bhI pratipAdana kara sakatA hai / ata " varmivAcaka zabda sakalAdezI hI hote haiM aura dharmavAcaka zabda vikalAdezI hI hote hai" yaha kahanA asagata jAna par3atA hai| jaisA ki hama pahile vidyAnandi kA mata batalA zrAye hai, dono gabda dono kA pratipAdana kara sakate hai / kyA pratyeka vAkya ke sAtha evakAra kA prayoga Avazyaka hai ? dUsarA mahattvapUrNa prazna evakAra ke viSaya me hai / evakAra vAdiyoM kA mata hai ki zabda ke sAtha evakAra (hindI meM ume "hI" kahate hai ) yadi na lagAyA jAye to sunane vAle ko nizcita artha kA bodha nahI hotA / jaise kimIne kahA--' ghaTa laao'| sunane vAle ke citta meM yaha vicAra paidA hotA hai ki ghaTa para koI khAma jora nahI diyA gayA hai, ata yadi ghaTa ke badale loTA le jAU~ tava bho kAma cala sakatA hai / kintu yadi 'ghaTa hI lAyo' kahA jAye to zrotA ko anya kucha mocane kI jagaha nahIM rahatI aura vaha turanta ghaTa le yAtA / ata nizcita padArtha kA bodha karAne ke lie pratyeka vAkya meM avadhAraNa honA Avazyaka hai / isa mata para TokA TippaNI karane se pahale, pramANa vAkya aura naya vAkya ke viSaya meM, hama pAThako ko eka vAta batalA denA Avazyaka samajhate hai / pramANa vAkya me vastu ke saba dharmoM kI mukhyatA rahatI hai aura nayavAkya me jisa dharma kA nAma liyA jAtA hai kevala vahI dharma mukhya hotA hai aura geva varma gauNa samajhe jAte hai / dono vAkyo ke isa Antarika bheda ko, jibhe mamamta jainAcArya eka svara me svIkAra karate haiM, dRSTi meM rakha kara 'pramANavAkya meM evakAra kA prayoga honA cAhie yA nahIM' ima prazna ko mImAsA karane meM saralatA hogii| "syAdastye va jIva " (syAt jIva sat hI hai) evakAravAdiyo ke mata se yaha pramANavAkya hai / ata isame mukhyatA kA sUkSma-mA bhI mava dharmo kI mukhyatA rahanI caahie| kintu vicAra karane me isa vAkya me saba dharmoM kI zrAbhAma nahI milatA / kAraNa, evakAra arthAt 'hI' jima gabda ke sAtha prayukta hotA hai kevala umI dharma para z2ora detA hai aura zeSa dharmo kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai / imIme maskRta me use avadhAraNaka aura anya vyavacchedaka ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai / java vaktA sat para jora detA hai taba kevala sat dharma ko hI pradhAnatA raha jAtI hai, zeSa dharmoM kI pradhAnatA ko evakAra nigala jAtA hai / imIme svAmI vidyAnandi ne likhA hai ' 'myAtkAra ke vinA zranekAnta kI siddhi nahI ho makatI, jaime evakAra ke vinA yathArtha ekAnta kA avadhAraNa nahIM ho sakatA / ' evakAra ko haTA kara yadi 'syAdasti jIva. ' kahA jAe to kimI eka dharma para jora na hone se sava dharmoM kI pradhAnatA sUcita hotI hai aura isa dazA me hama use pramANavAkya kaha sakate hai / zAyada yahA~ para Apatti kI jAye ki evakAra ke na hone se sunane vAle ko nizcita dharma kA bodha nahI hogA / zrata zrotA astitva dharma ke sAtha nAstitva Adi dharmo kA bhI jJAna karane meM svatantra hogaa| yaha prapatti hameM ipTa hI / pramANavAkya se zrotA ko vastu ke kisI eka graza kA bhAna nahI honA caahie| yaha kArya to naya vAkya kA hai / ata pramANavAkya aura nayavAkya ke lakSaNa kI rakSA karate hue, hama isI nirNaya para pahu~cate haiM ki dono vAkyo kA Antarika bheda vaktA kI vivakSA para avalamvita: / aura bAhya bheda evakAra ke hone na hone se jAnA jA sakatA hai / jo zrAcArya pramANa vAkya aura naya vAkya ke prayoga meM koI antara nahI mAnate haiM unake mata se vastu ke samasta guNo me kAla, AtmA, artha, guNideza, sasarga, sambanva, upakAra zraura zabda kI apekSA zrabhedavivakSA mAna kara eka dharmaM ko bhI ananta dharmAtmaka vastu kA pratipAdaka kahA jAtA hai / 1 "na hi syAtkAraprayogamantareNAnekAntAtmakatvasiddhi, evakAraprayogamantareNa samyagekAntAvadhAraNasiddhivat" / -- yuktyanuzAsana pR0 105 / TIkA

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premI-abhinadana-graMtha yaha to huA vAkyo kA zAstrIya vivecana / sAdhAraNa rIti se sampUrNa dvAdazAga vANI pramANazruta aura usakA pratyeka aga nayazruta hai / yA pratyeka graga pramANazruta hai aura usa zraga kA pratyeka zruta skandha nayazruta hai / yA sampUrNa grantha pramANazruta hai aura usakA pratyeka vAkya nayazruta haiM / isI taraha vaktA eka vastu ke viSaya meM jitanA vicAra rakhatA hai vaha pUrNa vicAra pramANa hai aura usa vicAra kA pratyeka aza naya hai / isa taraha pramANa aura naya kI vyavasthA sApekSa samajhanI cAhie / saptabhagIvAda vastu aura usake pratyeka dharma kI vidhi, pratiSedha sApekSa hone ke kAraNa, vastu aura usake dharma kA pratipAdana sAta prakAra se ho sakatA hai| ve sAta prakAra nimnalikhita hai - 340 1 - syAdasti 2 syAt nAsti 3 - syAdasti nAsti 4 - syAdavaktavya kathacit hai / 5- syAdasti vaktavya, ca 6 -- syAnnAsti avaktavya, ca 7 - syAdasti nAsti, avaktavya, ca " 33 33 "1 11 nahI hai / hai aura nahI hai / zravAcya hai / hai aura zravAcya hai / nahI hai aura zravAcya hai / hai, nahI hai, aura avAcya hai / 11 ina sAto prakAro ke samUha ko saptabhagI kahate hai / ina sAta vAkyo kA mUla vidhi aura pratiSedha hai'| isalie Adhunika vidvAn ise vidhipratiSedhamUlaka paddhati ke nAma se bhI pukArate hai / upalabdha samasta jaina vAGmaya meM, AcArya kundakunda ke pacAstikAya aura pravacanasAra me sabase prathama sAta bhagI kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| jainetara darzano meM, vaidika darzana meM yadyapi anekAntavAda ke samarthaka aneka vicAra milate haiM aura isIlie sat asat ubhaya aura anirvacanIya bhago kA Azaya bhinna-bhinna vaidika darzano meM dekhA jAtA hai, phira bhI ukta sAta bhago meM se kisI bhI bhaga kA silasilevAra ullekha nahI hai / bauddhadarzana me to sthAna sthAna para sat, asat ubhaya aura anubhaya kA ullekha milatA hai jo catuSkoTi ke nAma se khyAta hai / mAdhyamikadarzana kA pratiSThApaka prArya nAgArjuna ukta catuSkoTi se zUnya tattva kI vyavasthApanA karatA hai / jaino kI zrAgamika paddhati me vacanayoga ke bhI cAra hI bheda kiye gaye hai- satya ( sat), asatya (asat), ubhaya aura anubhaya / jaina zrAgamika paddhati me tathA bauddhadarzana me jise anubhaya ke nAma se pukArA gayA hai, jainadArzanika paddhati meM use hI avaktavya yA avAcya kA rUpa diyA gayA hai / ata maptabhagI ke mUla stambha ukta cAra bhaga hI hai, jinhe jaino kI Agamika paddhati tathA jainetara darzanoM meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| zeSa tIna bhaga, jo ukta cAra bhago ke mela se taiyAra kiye gaye hai, zuddha jaina dArzanika mastiSka kI upaja hai / 'vidhikalpanA (1) pratiSedhakalpanA (2) kramato vidhipratiSedhakalpanA (3) saha vidhipratiSedhakalpanA (4) vidhikalpanA, saha vidhipratiSedhakalpanA (5) pratiSedhakalpanA, saha vidhipratiSedhakalpanA (6) kramAkramAbhyA vidhiprativedhakalpanA (7) aSTasahasrI, pR0 125 / "na sannAsanna sadasanna cApyanubhayAtmakam / catuSkoTivinirmukta tattva mAdhyamikA vidu // " -- mAdhyamikakArikA

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syAdvAda aura saptabhagI 341 saptabhagI ke mUla-AdhAra cAra bhago kA spaSTIkaraNa yaha sapta bhagI sunane vAle ko kucha vyartha sI jacatI hai, kintu pratidina bolacAla kI bhASA meM hama jo zabda vyavahAra karate hai, yaha usI kA dArzanika vikAsa hai / yahA hama guru ziSya ke praznottara ke rUpa meM usa para prakAza DAlate hai| guru-eka manupya apane sevaka ko AjJA detA hai-'ghaTa lAo' to sevaka turanta ghaTa le AtA hai aura jaba vastra lAne kI AjJA detA hai to vaha vastra uThA lAtA hai, yaha Apa vyavahAra meM prati dina dekhate hai, kintu kyA kabhI Apane isa vAta para vicAra kiyA hai ki sunane vAlA ghaTa zabda suna kara ghaTa hI kyo lAtA hai, aura vastra zabda suna kara vastra hI kyo lAtA hai ? ziSya-ghaTa ko ghaTa kahate hai aura vastra ko vastra kahate hai, isalie jisa vastu kA nAma liyA jAtA hai sevaka use hI le AtA hai| gu0-ghaTa ko hI ghaTa kyo kahate hai ? vastra ko ghaTa kyo nahI kahate ? zi0-ghaTa kA kAma ghaTa hI de sakatA hai, vastra nahIM de sktaa| gu0-ghaTa kA kAma ghaTa hI kyo detA hai ? vastra kyo nahI detA? zi0-yaha to vastu kA svabhAva hai| isameM prazna ke lie sthAna nahIM hai| gu0-kyA tumhAre kahane kA yaha Azaya hai ki ghaTa me jo svabhAva hai vaha vastra meM nahIM hai aura vastra me jo svabhAva hai vaha ghaTa me nahI hai ? zi0-hA~, pratyeka vastu apanA judA-judA svabhAva rakhatI hai| gu0-ThIka hai, kintu aba tuma yaha batalAyo ki kyA hama ghaTa ko asat kaha sakate hai / zi0-hA~, ghaDe ke phUTa jAne para use asat kahate hI hai / __ gu0-TUTa-phUTa jAne para to pratyeka vastu asat kahI jAtI hai| hamArA matalava hai ki kyA ghaTa ke maujUda rahate hue bhI use asat kahA jA sakatA hai ? zi0-nahI, kabhI nhii| jo "hai", vaha "nahIM" kaise ho sakatA hai ? gu0-kinAre ke pAsa Akara phira vahAva me bahanA cAhate ho| abhI tuma svaya svIkAra kara cuke ho ki pratyeka vastu kA svabhAva judA-judA hotA hai aura vaha svabhAva apanI hI vastu me rahatA hai, dUsarI vastu meM nahI rhtaa| zio hA~, yaha to mai ava bhI svIkAra karatA huuN| kyoki yadi aisA na mAnA jAyegA to prAga pAnI ho jAyagI aura pAnI Aga ho jAyegA / kapaDA miTTI ho jAyegA aura miTTI kapaDA bana jaayegii| koI bhI vastu apane svabhAva meM sthira na raha skegii| gu0- yadi hama tumhArI hI bAta ko isa taraha se kaheM, ki pratyeka vastu apane svabhAva se hai aura para svabhAva se nahI hai, to tumheM koI Apatti to nahI hai ? zi0-nahI, isame kisako Apatti ho sakatI hai ? gu0-aba phira tumase pahalA prazna kiyA jAtA hai, kyA maujUda ghaTa ko asatU kaha sakate hai ? shi0-(cup)| guru-cupa kyo ho ? kyA phira bhI bhrama meM paDa gaye? zi0-parasvabhAva kI apekSA se maujUda ghaTa ko bhI asat kaha sakate hai| gula-ava rAste para Ae ho| java hama kisI vastu ko sat kahate haiM to hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki usa vastu ke svarUpa kI apekSA se hI use sat kahA jAtA hai| para vastu ke svarUpa kI apekSA se duniyA kI pratyeka

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342 premI - zrabhinadana- pratha vastu asat hai / devadatta kA putra duniyA bhara ke manuSyo kA putra nahI aura na devadatta sasAra bhara ke putro kA pitA hai / yadi devadatta apane ko sasAra bhara ke putro kA pitA kahane lage to usa para vaha mAra paDe jo jIvana bhara bhulAye se bhI na bhuule| kyA isame hama yaha natIjA nahI nikAla sakate hai ki devadatta pitA hai aura nahIM bhI hai / prata sasAra meM jo kucha 'hai', vaha kisI apekSA me nahI bhI hai / sarvathA sat yA sarvathA zrasat koI vastu ho nahI sakatI / isI apekSAvAda kA sUcaka " syAt" gabda hai jise jaina tattvajJAnI apane vacana vyavahAra meM prayukta karatA hai / usI ko dArzanika bhASA meM "syAt sat" aura " syAt asat" kahA jAtA hai / hama Upara likhA hai ki zabda kI pravRtti vaktA ke adhIna hai, ata pratyeka vastu meM dono dharmoM ke rahane para bhI vaktA apane apane dRSTikoNa se usakA ullekha karate haiM / jaise do AdamI sAmAna kharIdane ke lie bAz2Ara jAte hai / vahA~ kisI vastu ko eka acchI vatalAtA hai, dUsarA use burI batalAtA hai / dono me bAta vaDha jAtI hai / taba dukAnadAra yA koI rAhagIra unheM samajhAte hue kahatA hai, 'bhaI, kyo jhagaDate ho ? yaha cIja acchI bhI hai aura burI bhI hai / tumhAre lie acchI haiM aura inake lie burI hai| apanI apanI nigAha hI to hai' / yaha tIno vyakti tIna taraha kA vacana vyavahAra karate hai - pahalA vidhi karatA hai, dUsarA niSedha aura tIsarA dono / vastu ke ukta dono dharmoM ko yadi koI eka sAtha kahane kA prayatna kare to vaha kabhI bhI nahI kaha sakatA / kyoki gabda eka samaya meM eka hI dharma kA kathana kara sakatA hai| aisI dazA me vastu zravAcya kahI jAtI hai / ukta cAra vacana vyavahAro ko dArzanika bhASA me 'syAt sat', 'syAt asat', 'syAt sadasat' aura 'syAdavaktavya' kahate hai / saptabhagI ke mUla yahI cAra bhaga hai / inhI meM se caturtha bhaga ke sAtha kramaza pahale, dUsare aura tIsare bhaga ko milAne se pA~cavA~ chaThA aura sAtavA~ bhaga vanatA hai / kintu loka vyavahAra meM mUla cAra taraha ke vacano kA hI vyavahAra dekhA jAtA hai / saptabhagI kA upayoga saptabhagIvAda kA vikAsa dArzanika kSetra me huA thA, isalie usakA upayoga bhI vahI huA ho to koI Azcarya nahI hai / upalabdha jaina vADmaya me, dArzanika kSetra me saptabhagIvAda ko caritArtha karane kA zreya svAmI samantabhadra ko hI prApta hai / kintu unhone 'prAptamImAsA' meM apane samaya ke sadaikAntavAdI sAkhya, asadaikAntavAdI mAdhyamika, sarvathA ubhayavAdI vaizeSika aura avAcyaikAntavAdI bauddha ke durAgrahavAda kA nirAkaraNa karake mUla cAra bhago kA hI upayoga kiyA hai| aura zeSa tIna bhago ke upayoga karane kA saketa mAtra kara diyA hai| 'AptamImAsA' para 'apTazatI' nAmaka bhApya ke racayitA zrI akalakadeva ne usa kamI ko pUrA kara diyA hai / unake mata se, zakara kA anirvacanIyavAda sadavaktavya, vauddho kA anyApohavAda asadavaktavya, aura yoga kA padArthavAda sadasada vaktavya koTi me sammilita hotA hai / " sAta bhago me sakalAdeza aura vikalAdeza kA bheda sapnabhagIvAda ke sakalAdezitva zraura vikalAdezitva kI carcA hama 'pramANa vAkya aura naya vAkya' me kara hai aura yaha bhI si zrAye hai ki isameM zvetAmbara aura digambara dono eka mata hai, kintu zvetAmbara sAhitya maM eka aise mata kA ullekha milatA hai jo mAta bhago meM me sat, prasat aura avaktavya ina tIno bhago ko sakalAdezI "zeyabhagAzca netavyA yathoktanayayogata " / prAptamImAsA vizeSa jAnane ke lie dekho praSTasahasrI, pR0 136 /

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syAhAda aura saptabhaMgI 343 tathA zeSa cAra bhago ko vikalAdezI svIkAra karatA hai| vigepAvazyaka bhASyakAra' imI mata ke popaka jAna paDate hai| vinnu unakA yaha mvatantra mna hai yA unhoMne apane pUrvavartI kimI prAcArya me liyA hai, isa viSaya meM hama abhI kucha nahIM kaha skte| sanmati narka meM TIkAkAra abhayadevamUni ukta mana kA ullekha 'ini kecin' ke nAma se karate hai| ve linna hai-'ukta tIna maga gauNatA aura pravAnanA ne sanna vAtmaka eka vannu kA pratipAdana karate haiM, imalie nakalAdA hai aura meSa cAra bhaga bhI yadyapi sakna dharmAnmaka vastu kA pratipAdana karate haiM phira bhI sAga vastu ke vovaka hone meM viklAdeza kahe jAte hai aimA kinhI kA mata hai| mAlUna nahIM, isa mana ke anuyAyI pramANa manabhagI aura nayamanamagI ko mAnate the yA nahIM? digambagavAryoM me ne kmiI ne nI ina mata na ullekha taka nahIM diyA hai| kintu eka mata kA ullekha avazya milatA hai jo ukta mata ne dilakula viparIta hai| vidyAnandi tayA mapnabhanI taragiNI ke kartA ne usakA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| vidyAnandi line haiM-'korDa vidvAna aneka dharmAnmaka vastu ke pratipAdaka gakya ko nakalAdega aura eka dharmAtmaka vastu ke pratipAdaka vAJca ko vikalAdeza kahate hai| kintu aisA mAnane se pramANa naptamagI aura nayamaptamagI nahIM bana sktii| kAraNa, tIna bhaga-nan, anan aura avanavya-vannu ke eka varma kA hI pratipAdana karate hai, ana ve vikalAdeza kahe jAyege, aura grepa trAra maga aneka dharmAnmaka vannu kA pratipAdana karate haiM, isalie makalAdeza kahe jaayeNge| mAta bhago meM netInagenayavAkya aura gepacAra ko pramANa vAkya mAnanA middhAnta viruddha hai| bhago ke krama meM bheda mapnabhagI ke viSaya me eka anya bAta nI dhyAna dene yogya hai, vaha hai bhago ke krama meM matabheda kA honA / kucha granyakAreM'pravaktavya' ko tImarA aura 'nyAn sadasat' ko caturtha bhaga nvIkAra karate hai aura kucha syAt sadamat ko tImaga aura avaktavya ko caturya bhaga par3hane hai| isa krama bheda meM dono sampradAyo ke prAcArya mammilita hai| kucha AcAryoM ne apane granyo meM dono pAThoM ko sthAna diyA hai| akalakadeva rAjavAtika meM do sthalo para saptamagI kA varNana karate hai aura dono pATha dete hai| ukta dono kramoM meM me mUla krama kauna-sA hai, yaha batalAne me hama asamartha hai| kAraNa, mAna bhago kA sarvaprathama ullekha karane vAle AcArya kundakunda hai aura unhone apane do granyo me dono pATho ko nyAna diyA hai| gyArahvI yatAbdI taka ke vidvAnoM ne isa krama bheda ke vipaya meM eka bhI bhabda nahIM likhA hai| vArahavI zatAbdI ke eka svatAmbara vidvAna ne isa ora dhyAna diyA hai| ve likhate hai -"koI-koI ima (avaktavya) bhaga ko tInarebhaga ke nyAna meM par3ane haiM aura tIsare ko isake myAna meN| usa pATha meM bhI koI doSa nahIM hai, kyoki vastu vivecana meM koI antara nahIM ptttaa|" '"ete traya sakalAdezA / catvAro'pi vikalAdezA. procyate" / vize0 bhA0 gA0 2232 // 2sanmatitakaM TI0, pR0 445, 50 30 / 'zlokavA0, pR0 137, paM0 13-17 "sabhASya tattvAryAdhigama, prA0 5, sU0 31, pR0 406 pa0 20, tayA pR0 41050 26 / vizeSA0 bhA0 gA0 2232 / pravacanasAra pR0 161 / tattvAryarAjavA0 pR0 181 / pramANanaya tatvAloka, pari0 4, sU0 17-18 / syAdvAda ma0 pR0 186 / nayopadeza pR0 12 / paJcAstikAya pR0 30 / prAptamIkA0 14 / tattvA0rA0pR0 24, vaa05| tattvA0 zlo0 pR0 128 / saptabha0 pR0 2 / prameya0 mA0 pR0 206 / -lekhaka "ayaM ca bhaga kazcittRtIyabhaMgasyAne paThyate, tRtIyazcatamya sthAne / nacavamapi kazciddoSa , arthavizeSasyAbhAvAt" -ratnakarAvatA0 pari0 4, sU0 18 /

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344 premI-prabhinadana-pratha yathArya meM vidhi aura pratiSedha ko kama se aura eka sAtha kathana karane kI apekSA se tIsare aura cauthe bhaga kI sRSTi huI hai / ata pahale dono kA eka sAtha kathana karake bAda ko krama se kathana kiyA jAye, yA pahale krama se ullekha karake pIche eka sAtha kiyA jAye to vastu vivecana me koI antara dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| kintu avaktavya ko caturtha bhaga paDhane kA hI adhika pracAra pAyA jAtA hai| saptabhagIvAda ke khaDana meM lekhanI calAne vAle zakarAcArya aura rAmAnuja ne bhI isI pATha ko sthAna diyA hai| . syAdvAda aura usake phalitAza saptabhagIvAda ke viSaya me jainAcAryoM ke mantavyo kA digdarzana karAkara hama isa nivandha ko samApta karate hai| kAzI] - - - - - - - - - - -

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sarvajJatA ke itihAsa kI eka jhalaka pa0 phUlacandra jaina siddhAntazAstrI tIrthakara sarvajJa ho jAne para hI mokSamArga kA upadeza dete haiM, aisA niyama hai, kintu madhyakAla me sarvajatva ke viSaya meM vivAda cala rahA hai / ata merI icchA ise samajhane kI rahI hai / yadyapi darzana aura nyAya ke grantho me isakI vistRta carcA milatI hai, tathApi isa viSaya ko samajhane kA merA dRSTikoNa sarvathA bhinna hai / merI icchA rahI hai ki jaina va anya dharmoM meM sarvajJatA ke viSaya meM prAcIna kAla me kyA mAnA jAtA rahA hai, isakA prAmANika sakalana kiyA jAya / yaha prayAma usIkA phala hai / (1) jaina mAnyatA aura usakA kAraNa jIva ananta jJAna, ananta darzana zrAdi grananta guNo kA piMDa hai| isake sasArI aura mukta ye do bheda hai / jo janma-maraNa kI bAdhA ne pIDita hai vaha sasArI zrIra jisake yaha bAbA dUra ho gaI hai vaha mukta hai| mukta avasthA meM jIva kI saba svAbhAvika zaktiyA~ prakaTa ho jAtI hai, jo ki mamAra-pravasthA me karmoM ke kAraNa ghAtita rahatI hai / jIva ke aura mava guNI meM jJAna mukhya hai / isake pAMca bheda hai -- matijJAna, zrutajJAna, zravadhijJAna, mana paryayajJAna aura kevalajJAna / yadyapi pratyeka grAtmA meM eka hI jJAna' hai jise ki 'kevalajJAna' kahate haiM, kintu AvaraNa karane vAle karmoM ke bheda se usake pAMca bheda ho gaye hai / bAta yaha hai ki zrAtmA ke mUla jJAna ko kevalajJAnAvaraNa karma roke hue haiN| to bhI kucha aise pratimanda jJAnAza zeSa raha jAte haiM jinhe kevalajJAnAvaraNa karma prakaTa hone se nahI roka sakatA / matijanAvaraNa Adi karma inhI jJAnAgo ko zrAvRta karate hai aura isalie jJAna ke pA~ca bheda ho jAte haiM / anya prakAra meM jJAna ke do bheda haiM- pratyakSa aura parokSa / jima jJAna kI pravRtti meM AtmA svaya kAraNa hai, use anya kimI bAhya sAdhana kI sahAyatA nahI lenI paDatI ume pratyakSa kahate haiM tathA jo jJAna indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA me utpana hotA hai, use parokSa kahate haiM / yadyapi jJAna me svata jAnane kI zakti hai, isalie mukhya jJAna pratyakSa hI hai, kintu sasArI avasthA meM zrAvaraNa ke kAraNa yaha zakti pagu banI rahatI hai / ata jJAna ke pratyakSa aura parokSa ye do bheda ho jAte haiM / parokSajJAna ke do bheda hai matijJAna aura zrutajJAna / matijJAna kA dUsarA nAma zrAbhinivodhikajJAna bhI hai / jo zrabhimukha aura niyamita padArthoM ko jAnatA hai use matijJAna yA zrAbhinivodhikajJAna kahate hai / jo padArtha indriya aura mana se grahaNa karane yogya ho vaha zrabhimukha artha kahalAtA hai / yaha jJAna niyama se aise ho arya ko grahaNa karatA hai / ta ime grAbhinivodhikajJAna kahate haiM / sajJA, smRti, mati aura cintA ye cAro grAbhinivodhikajJAna ke paryAya nAma hai / grAmo me ima jJAna ke lie 'abhi'nivodhika' nAma mukhya rUpa se AyA hai / yadyapi 'mati' isakA paryAya - vAcI hai, phira bhI isa zabda kA mukhya rUpa se upayoga pIche se huA jAna paDatA hai / sabase pahale hama 'matijJAna' zabda kA upayoga zrAcArya kundakunda ke 'niyamasAra" me desate hai / tattvArthasUtra me bhI isI zabda kA mukhya rUpa se upayoga 1 jIvo kevalaNANasahAvo ceva / dhavalA zrArA patra 866 ' NANAvaraNIyassa kammassa paca payaDIo AbhiNivohiyaNANAvaraNIya -- | dhavalA ArA patra 865 / 3 saNNANa caubheya madisudazrohI XX | gAthA 12 matizrutAvadhi - XX / sUtra e 4

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346 premI-abhinadana-pratha huA hai| kucha vidvAno kA mata hai ki sAvyavahArika pratyakSa aura matijJAna eka hai, parantu uparyukta lakSaNa ko dekhate hue unakA yaha mata asamIcIna pratIta hotA hai| vAstava me sAvyavahArika pratyakSa matijJAna kA bheda hai| matijJAna ke dvArA grahaNa kiye gaye padArtha ke nimitta se jo anya padArtha kA jJAna hotA hai, use zrutajJAna kahate haiN| jaise, dhUma ko dekha kara jo agni kA jJAna hotA hai vaha zrutajJAna hai| yaha jJAna niyama se matijJAna pUrvaka hI hotA hai| indriyA~ vartamAna artha ko hI grahaNa karatI hai, kintu mana traikAlika padArthoM ko grahaNa karatA hai| pratyakSa ke tIna bheda hai-avadhijJAna, mana paryayajJAna aura kevalajJAna / jo dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI maryAdA liye hue vinA kisI kI sahAyatA ke kevala mUrtika padArthoM ko jAnatA hai, ume avadhijJAna kahate hai| isake do bheda hai bhavapratyaya aura guNapratyaya / jo janma lete hI prakaTa ho jAtA hai, vaha bhavapratyaya avadhijJAna hai aura jo vrata niyama Adi ke nimitta se hotA hai use guNapratyaya avadhijJAna kahate hai| pahale jo parokSa jJAna ke do bheda batalAye gaye hai, ve saba sasArI jIvo ke hote hai, kintu yaha jJAna sajJI pacendriyo me se kucha ke hI sambhava hai| jo dUmare ke manogata artha ko jAnatA hai use mana paryayajJAna kahate hai| yaha jJAna sayamI jIvo ke hI ho sakatA hai, anya ke nhiiN| tathA jo jJAna trikAlavartI sava padArthoM ko jAnatA hai, use kevalajJAna kahate hai| yaha jJAna karaNa, krama aura vyavadhAna se rahita hai| java yaha prAtmA jJAna kA AvaraNa karane vAle karmoM kA sarvathA kSaya kara detA hai tava isa jJAna kI utpatti hotI hai| isa avasthA ke prApta ho jAne para jIva sarvajJa, arahanta, sayogikevalI, jina aura bhagavAna Adi aneka nAmo se pukArA jAtA hai / jaina-matAnusAra isa avasthA ke bAda hI jIva mokSa mArga ke upadeza kA adhikArI hotA hai / prakRti anuyogadvAra meM likhA hai sai bhayavaM uppaNNaNANadarisI sadevAsuramANussalogassa Adi gadi cayaNovavAda badhamokkha iddhi didi judi aNubhAga takka kala maNa mANasiya bhutta kada paDisevida Adikamma arahakamma savvaloe savvajIve sabvabhAve samma sama jANadi passadi viharadi tti| __ arthAt-"kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ke prApta hone para jinadeva devaloka, manuSyaloka aura asuraloka kI gati aura Agati kA tathA cayana, upapAda, vandha, mokSa, Rddhi, sthiti, yuti, anubhAga, tarka, kala, mana, mAnasika, bhUkta, kRta, pratisevita, Adi karma, arhakarma, saba loka, sava jIva aura saba bhAva inako bhale prakAra eka sAtha svaya jAnate aura dekhate hue vihAra karate hai|" sthAnAgasUtra ke sthAna 2 uddezya 1 meM bhI likhA hai 'ta samAso caunviha paNNata / ta jahA-davvano khetto kAlo bhaavno| tattha davvano Na kevalaNANI savvadamvAi jANai pAsai / khitto Na kevalaNANI savva khetta jANai pAsai / kAlo Na kevalaNANI savva kAla jANai pAsai / bhAvano Na kevalaNANI sabce bhAve jANai paasi|' ___ arthAt-"kevalajJAna dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA sakSepa se cAra prakAra kA hai| so dravya kI apekSA kevalajJAnI sava dravyo ko jAnatA aura dekhatA hai| kSetra kI apekSA kevalajJAnI sava kSetro ko jAnatA aura dekhatA hai| kAla kI apekSA kevalajJAnI sava kAlo ko jAnatA aura dekhatA hai tathA bhAva kI apekSA kevalajJAnI sava bhAvo ko jAnatA aura dekhatA hai|" __yahA~ taka hamane jJAna, jJAna ke bheda, unakA svarUpa va svAmI ina sabake viSaya meM jaina mAnyatA kyA hai, isakA sakSepa meM sapramANa vicAra kiyaa| aba isa bAta kA vicAra karate hai ki jaina-paramparA meM kevalajJAnI ko sava padArthoM kA jAnane aura dekhane vAlA kyo mAnA gayA hai ? isake lie hame vividha dharmoM aura darzano me AtmA ke svarUpa ke viSaya me kyA likhA hai aura usase jainadharma kI mAnyatA kA kahA~ taka mela baiThatA hai, isakA vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai|

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sarvajJatA ke pratIta itihAsa kI eka jhalaka 347 / upanipado me zrAtmA ke cAra stara' batalAye hai -- zarIracaitanya, svapnacaitanya, supupticaitanya aura zuddhacaitanya | iname se prArambha ke tIna caitanyo meM AtmA kI upalabdhi na hokara zuddhacaitanya meM unakI upalabdhi batalAI hai, kintu vahA~ ma zuddhacaitanya kA vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa nahI milatA / upanipado me brahmatattva kI bhI paryAlocanA kI gaI hai / vahA~ isake do rUpa batalAye hai - saguNabrahma aura nirguNabrahma / saguNabrahma kA paricaya dete hue likhA hai ki brahma' satya, jJAna tathA anantarUpa hai tathA vaha vijJAna zrIra zrAnandamaya hai / nirguNabrahma neti padavAcya vatalAyA hai / naiyAyika aura vaizeSiko kI mAnyatA hai ki zrAtmA nitya hai aura usame buddhi, sukha, dusa, icchA, dvepa Adi vizeSa guNa nivAsa karate hai / muktAvasthA meM usake ye guNa naSTa ho jAte haiM sAsya grAtmA ko sarvathA nitya zrIra bhoktA mAnate hai / bauddha zrAtmA kI svatantra sattA ko hI svIkAra nahI krte| ve use nAmarUpAtmaka mAnate haiM / nAmampa me vedanA, sajJA, saskAra, vijJAna aura rUpa liye jAte haiM / unake mata se zrAtmA ina pA~co kA puJjamAtra hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki jJAna aura darzana AtmA kA svabhAva hai / use kisI ne svIkAra nahI kiyA, kintu jaina paramparA ne prArambha se hI zrAtmA ko jJAyaka mAnA hai / usakA mata hai ki jJAna aura darzana zrAtmA ke anapAyI dharma hai-- unakA kabhI bhI nAga nahI hotA / jaina-dharma meM jIva ke do prakAra ke guNa mAne hai -- anujIvIguNa aura pratijIvIguNa / jinase jIva kA jIvana kAyama rahatA hai aura jo use chor3a kara anyatra nahI pAye jAte haiM, ve zranujIvIguNa hai / cetanA kI cetanatA inhI guNo me hai / jinase jIva kA jIvana kAyama nahIM haiM, kintu jo jIva ko chor3a kara anya dravyo me bhI pAye jAte haiM ve pratijIvIguNa hai / ina zranujIvI guNI meM jJAna aura darzana mukhya hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki prArambha se sabhI zAstrakAro ne jIva ko jJAna darzanasvampa mAnane para adhika jora diyA hai| niyamasAra' meM batalAyA hai ki jIva upayogamayI hai / upayoga ke do bheda hai-- jJAna zrIra darzana / jJAna ke bhI do bheda hai-- svabhAva jJAna aura vibhAvajJAna / indriyAtIta aura asahAya aise kevalajJAna ko svabhAvajJAna kahate haiM aura zeSa mati zrAdi vibhAvajJAna hai / samayaprAbhRta me vatalAyA hai ki jo nAghu moha kA tyAga karake grAtmA ko jJAnamvarUpa mAnatA hai vahI sAdhu paramArtha kA jAnakAra hai| kArmika grantho meM karma ke ATha bheda kiye hai, unameM jJAnAvaraNa aura darzanAvaraNa ye do svatantra karma hai / isase bhI jIva ke jJAna-darzana svabhAva kI siddhi hotI hai / ima prakAra jaba hama ima rahasya ko jAna lete haiM ki anya mata-matAntaro meM jo zrAtmA kA svarUpa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai uname jaina dharma kI mAnyatA apanI eka vizeSa maulikatA ko liye hue hai taba hameM isa satya ke samajhane meM dera nahI lagatI ki jaina paramparA meM kevala jJAnI ko mava padArthoM kA jAnane zrIra dekhane vAlA kyo mAnA gayA hai ? vandhanamukta zrAtmA kI do hI avasthAe~ ho sakatI hai / eka to yaha ki vaha kisI ko bhI na jAne aura na dekhe aura dUsarI yaha ki vaha sava ko jAne aura dekhe / pahalI avasthA zrAtmA ko jJAna svabhAva na mAnane para prApta hotI hai / kintu taba yaha prazna hotA hai ki mamArI AtmA ke jJAna kaise hotA hai ? mAsya isakA yaha uttara dete haiM ki buddhi svabhAvata acetana hai aura usake nimitta me jo adhyavasAya aura sukhAdika utpanna hote haiM ve bhI acetana hai, parantu vuddhi ke samarga se puruSa apane ko jJAnavAna anubhava karatA hai aura buddhi apane ko cetana granubhava karatI hai tathA naiyAyika aura vaizeSika isa prazna kA yaha uttara dete haiM ki yadyapi jJAna kA nivAsa zrAtmA meM hI haiM kintu jIva ke mukta hone para vaha usase alaga ho jAtA hai / ye dono hI uttara paryApta hai / iname mUla prazna kA samAdhAna nahI hotA, kyoki buddhi kA zranvaya jisa prakAra cetana ke sAtha dekhA jAtA hai, vaisA jaDa ke sAtha nahI / dUsarI avasthA AtmA ko jJAna svabhAva ' bhAratIya darzana patra 75 bhAratIya darzana patra 80 1 gAthA 10 va 11 * gAthA 37

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348 premI abhinaMdana graMtha mAnane para prApta hotI hai / cUki jaina paramparA meM AtmA ko jJAna svabhAva mAnA hai, zrata vandhanamukta AtmA saba padArthoM kA jJAtA aura dRSTA hI siddha hotA hai / yahA~ yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki java vanvanamukta zrAtmA savako jAnatA zraura dekhatA hai tava zravizuddha avasthA meM use aisA mAna lene meM kyA Apatti hai ? Rpiyo ne isakA yaha samAdhAna kiyA hai| ki jIva me zravizuddhatA vijAtIya dravya ke sayoga se AtI hai aura imIlie usakI jAnane kI zakti bhI pagu ho jAtI hai / kabhI vaha indriyo kI sahAyatA se jAnatA hai - vinA indriyo kI sahAyatA ke nahI jAnatA / kabhI vaha sthUla ko jAnatA hai - sUkSma ko nahI jAnatA / zrAdi / kintu java zrAvaraNa kA prabhAva ho jAtA hai zrIra zrAtmA kI mUlazakti prakaTa ho jAtI hai taba vaha vartamAna ko jAnatA hai, bhUta aura bhaviSyata ko nahI, myUla ko jAnatA hU~ sUkSma ko nahIM, avyavahita ko jAnatA hai vyavahita ko nahI, sva ko jAnatA hai para ko nahIM, yaha niyama kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai ? arthAt nahI kiyA jA sakatA / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina paramparA meM kevala jJAnI ko savakA jAnane vAlA aura dekhane vAlA svIkAra kiyA hai / (2) itara dharmo va darzano me sarvajJatA kA svIkAra yahA~ taka hamane jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra sarvajJatA aura usake kAraNa kA vicAra kiyA / zrava hame yaha dekhanA hai ki anya dharmo yA darzano kA sarvajJatA ke viSaya meM kyA abhimata haiM ? / bauddha sAhitya meM 'dhammapada' eka prakAzamAna hIrA hai, jisakA samAra ke sabhI vicArako ne grAdara kiyA hai / isakA makalana buddha bhagavAna ke kucha hI kAla bAda ho gayA thA isameM kula 423 gAthAeM haiM, jo 26 vargoM meM vibhakta haiM / isake 14ve varga kA nAma 'buddhavarga' hai| isakI pahalI gAthA meM batalAyA hai ki "jisakI jIta hAra meM pariNataM nahI ho sakatI, jisakI jIta ko loka meM koI nahI pahu~ca sakatA, usa pada anantajJAnI buddha ko tuma kisa upAya me asthira kara sakoge ?" isame spaSTa hai ki vauddho ne darzana-yuga ke pahale hI sarvajJatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| dharmakIrti ne sarvajJatA kI apekSA jo mArgajJatA para adhika jora diyA hai, isakA kAraNa bhinna hai, jisakA hama yathAvasara vicAra kareMge / nyAyadarzana meM sarvajJatA ke sthAna me yogijJAna ko svIkAra kiyA hai| vahA~ batalAyA hai ki sUkSma (paramANu Adi) vyavahita ( dIvAra grAdi ke dvArA vyavadhAna vAlI) tathA viprakRSTa (kAla tathA deva ubhayarUpa se dUrastha ) vastugro grahaNa loka pratyakSa ke dvArA kathamapi nahI ho makatA, parantu aisI vastuo kA jJAna avazya hotA hai / yata isase yogipratyakSa kI siddhi hotI hai / isake atirikta nyAyadarzana me eka nitya Izvara zrIra mAnA hai, jo nitya sarvajJa hai| vaizepika darzana kA mata nyAyadarzana se milatA huA hai / hA~, prAraMbha meM vaizeSika darzana ne nitya Izvara kI kalpanA para jora nahI diyA / yogadarzana me yogI cAra prakAra ke batalAye hai -- prathamakalpika, madhukalpika, prajJAjyoti aura pratikrAntabhAvanIya / ye yogI kI krama se vikasita hone vAlI cAra avasthAaiM hai / pahalI avasthA me zraSTAga yoga kI sAdhanA, dUsarI me cittazuddhi aura tIsarI meM bhUtajayI tathA indriyajayI honA mukhya hai / ina tIna avasthAoM ke bAda yogI loga asmitA meM pratiSThita hokara sarvajJatA ko prApta karate hai / aura taba jAkara atikrAnta bhAvanIya dazA ko krama se prApta hote haiM / itanA hI nahI, pratyuta isa darzana me bhI anAdi Izvara kI kalpanA kI gaI hai / yahA~ Izvara kA artha aizvarya aura jJAna kI parAkASThA liyA gayA hai / mImAMsAdarzana meM yadyapi laukika jJAna ke lie hI prApta puruSa pramANa mAnA gayA hai, para dharma kA kathana kevala pauruSeya veda hI karate haiM / mImAsako ke isa mata kA kyA kAraNa hai, isakA vicAra to hama Age kareMge, para itanA t 'yasya jita' ityAdi gAthA kA vaha anuvAda jo bhavanta zrAnanda kausalyAyana ne kiyA hai / bhAratIyadarzana, pRSTha 367

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sarvajJatA ke pratIta itihAsa kI eka jhalaka 346 sunizcita hai ki mImAmaka bhI sarvajatA ke sarvathA virodhI na the, kyoki mImAmako ne Agama ke dvArA atIndriya padArthoM kA jAna svIkAra kiyA hI hai| zavaraRpi apane gAvara bhApya meM likhate hai ki veda ke dvArA bhUta, bhaviSyata, vartamAna, sUkSma, vyavahita aura viprakRSTa padArthoM kA jJAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| gItAdharma to Izvara ke avatAravAda ko pratiSThita karane aura majIvana dene ke hI lie likhA gayA hai| ata usake pratyeka vAkya meM sarvajJatA kI jhalaka hai, yaha vAta gItA ke svAdhyAya premiyo me chipI huI nahIM hai| ___isa prakAra jina dharmI yA darzano me jJAna ko prAtmA kA svabhAva nahI mAnA hai, unhone java kimI-na-kisI rUpa me marvajatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai tava jo jaina dharma prArambha se hI kevala jJAna ko AtmA kA svabhAva mAnatA pAyA hai, vaha yadi marvajJatA ko svIkAra karatA hai to imame kyA prAzcarya hai / pAzcarya to tava hotA jaba vaha AtmA ko jJAna svabhAva mAna kara bhI sarvajJatA ko nahI svIkAra krtaa| vAstava me sarvajatA yaha jaina saskRti kI AtmA hai| hameM yahAM yaha na bhUla jAnA cAhie ki jisa prakAra vaidika saMskRti kA mUla AdhAra veda hai, usI prakAra jaina yA zramaNa saskRti kA mUla AdhAra sarvajJatA hai / / (3) sarvajatA kA virodha kyo? java mImAsaka loga kisI bhI purupa ke vedo ke dvArA saba padArthoM kA jJAna honA mAnate hai tava yaha prazna hotA hai ki unhoMne purupa kI sarvajatA kA virodha kyo kiyA? Age hama imI viSaya para prakAza DAlane kA prayatna kreNge| jaimini ne veda se sUcita hone vAle artha ko dharma vatalAyA hai| isalie hama pahale vedo meM kisa viSaya kA vivecana hai, yaha jAna lenA jarUrI hai| sAmAnyata vedo ke viSaya' ko vidhi, mantra, nAmadheya, niSedha aura arthavAda ina pAMca bhAgo me vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| 'svarga kI kAmanA vAlA puruSa yana kareM' isa prakAra ke vacano ko vidhi kahate haiN| anuSThAna ke prayojaka vacano ko matra kahate hai / azvamegha, gomeva, Adi nAma nAmadheya kahalAte hai / anucita kAmo me virata hone ko niSedha kahate hai| tathA stutiparaka kathana ko arthavAda kahate hai| phira bhI veda me vidhivAkyo kI musyatA hai / isa viSaya-vibhAga ko dekhane me hame usa vaidika dharma kI smRti ho pAtI hai, jisase utpIDita prANiyo ke kapTa nivAraNArtha jainadharma ko bahuta-kucha prayatna karanA pddaa| kintu isame vaidiko ko santoSa na huaa| unakI sarvadA yaha icchA rahI ki jaina dharma (zramaNadharma) nAma gepa ho jAya aura usake sthAna me vaidika dharma kI pratiSThA ho| janatA jJAna kI upAsaka na hokara yajJAdi anupphAno mehI amiruci rkkhe| prArabha se hI zramaNo ne ahiMsA ko dharma mAnA hai, jaba ki vaidika loga himA aura ahiMmA kA vibhAga na karake vedavihita karmoM ko dharma mAnate Aye hai| vAstava me yahI samasta jhagaDe kI jaDa hai| mImAsako ne jo yaha ghoSaNA kI ki 'dharma me veda hI pramANa hai, dharma jaise atIndriya artha ko purupa nahI jAna sktaa|' isakA mukhya kAraNa dharma meM hiMsA kA hI praveza hai| ava yadi mImAsaka loga purupa kI svata marvajJatA ko svIkAra kara lete to unakA yaha mArA prayatna dhUli meM mila jaataa| yahI kAraNa hai ki mImAmako ne purupa kI svata sarvajJatA kA virodha kiyaa| isa virodha kA eka pakSa aura bhI hai| jaisA ki hama pahale likha Aye hai ki zramaNa dharma kA mUla AdhAra sarvajJatA hai, kintu mImAsaka loga zramaNadharma kA uccATana karanA cAhate the| sarvajJatA ke jIvita rahate vaha sabhava na thaa| isalie bhI mImAsakone sarvajJatA kA virodha kiyaa| yaha korI kalpanA nahIM hai| mImAsako ko choDakara aura kisI ne sarvajatA kA virodha nahIM kiyA, imI se yaha siddha hai| 'codanAlakSaNo'rthoM dharma / bhAratIyadarzana, pRSTha 303 /

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premI-prabhinaMdana - gratha ( 4 ) sarvajJatA kA gauravamaya atIta abhI taka hamane yaha batalAyA hai ki jaina paramparA meM sarvajJatA ko kima rupa me svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura itara dharmo yA darzano me use kahA~ taka sthAna prApta hai| sAtha hI, yaha bhI batalAyA ki mImAsaka loga sarvajJatA kA kyo niSedha karate haiM / ava bhI yaha vAta vicAraNIya hai ki darzanayuga ke pahale bhI kyA narvajJatA kA yahI svarUpa mAnA jAtA thA athavA dharmajJatA yA AtmajJatA kI kramika paribhASAo ne sarvajJatA ke vartamAna rUpa kI sRSTi kI ? gavara RSi apane zAvarabhASya me 'ayAto dharma jijJAsA' sUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhate hai ki "dharma" ke viSaya meM vidvAno me vaDA vivAda hai / kisI ne kisI ko dharma kahA hai, kisI ne kisI ko / so vinA vicAre dharma me pravRtti karane vAle manuSya ko lAbha ke sthAna me hAni kI hI adhika saMbhAvanA hai / prata dharma kA jJAna karAnA Avazyaka hai|" yahA~ prazna utpanna hotA hai ki momAnako ke mata me jaba puruSa dharma jaise sUkSma tattva ko jAna hI nahI sakanA taba vaha dharma kA kyA jJAna karAegA ? thoDI dera ko hama isa prazna ke uttara kA bhAra kumArila para hI chor3a de to bhI zavara RSi ke isa kathana se itanA to spaSTa ho hI jAtA hai ki zavara RSi yaha jAnate the ki jaimini ke samaya meM dharma ke viSaya me baDA vAda-vivAda huA thA / jaimini ko vaidika dharma kI hI pratiSThA karanI thI / ata unhone 'codanA lakSaNo'rtho dharma ' kahakara veda se sUcita hone vAle artha ko dharma vatalAyA / yaha to sava koI jAnatA hai ki jisa prakAra vaidika dharma kA mUla AdhAra veda mAne gaye hai usa prakAra anya dharmoM kA mUla AdhAra uma dharma ke pravarttaka puruSa mAne gaye hai / vedo ko eka yA eka se adhika puruSo ne racA hogA / ata vaidika dharma kA pravarttaka puruSa hI siddha hotA hai, para yahA~ isakA vicAra mulya nahI hai / isase nizcita hotA hai| ki jisa prakAra vaidika dharma vedo kI pramANatA para avalamvita hai, usI prakAra anya dharma usa dharma ke pravartaka puruSo kI pramANatA para avalamvita hai / para pramANatA kI kasauTI kyA ? koI bhI puruSa caupatha para khar3A hokara kaha sakatA hai| ki maiM yA yaha pothI pramANa hai / inake dvArA vatalAye gaye mArga para calo, isase sabakA kalyANa hogA / to kyA janatA itane kahane mAtra se unakA anusaraNa karane lagegI ? yadi nahI to hame phira dekhanA cAhie ki vaha pramANatA kaise prApta hotI hai ? 350 " gavara Rpi Age 'codanAlakSaNo'rtho dharma' sUtra kA vyAsyAna karate hue likhate haiM ki "jo artha' veda se sUcita hotA hai, usa para calane se puruSa kA kalyANa hotA hai / " prazna huA yaha kaise jAnA ? isa para gavara RSi kahate hai ki bhAI | dekho cUki 'veda' bhUta, vartamAna bhaviSya, sUkSma, vyavahita aura dUravartI sabhI padArthoM kA jJAna karAne me samartha hai, para indriyo se yaha kAma nahI ho sakatA / " ata jJAta hotA hai ki veda se sUcita hone vAlA artha hI puruSa kA kalyANakArI hai / thoDA vara RSi ke isa kathana para dhyAna dIjiye / kitane acche DhaMga se ve usI bAta ko kaha rahe hai, jise sarvajJavAdI kahate haiM / sarvajJavAdI bhI to yahI kahate haiM ki "amuka dharma prANImAtra kA hitakArI hai, kyoki usakA vaktA sUkSmAdi padArthoM kA jJAtA, arthAt sarvajJa hai / " itane vivecana se kama-se-kama hame itanA patA to laga jAtA hai ki gavara RSi ke samaya me dharma meM kalyANakAritva siddhi ke lie sarvArthapratipAdanakSamatA yA sarvajJatA kA mAnA jAnA Avazyaka thA / 'dharma prati hi vipratipannA bahuvida / kecidanya dharmamAhu kecidanyam / so'yamavicArya pravarttamAna kaJcidevopAdadAno vihanyeta anarthaM ca Rcchet tasmAddharmo jijJAsitavya iti / ' zAvarabhASya 1 zra0 1 sU0 pR0 3 so'rtha puruSa ni zreyasena saMyyunaktIti pratijAnImahe / * codanA hi bhUta bhavanta bhaviSyanta sUkSma vyavahita viprakRSTamityevaJjAtIyakamarthaM zaknotyavagamayitu nAnyat kiJcanendriyam /

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sarvajJatA ke pratIta itihAsa kI eka jhalaka 351 sAdhAraNata gavara Rpi kA vAstavya kAla IsavI san 200 ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai / imalie itanA to nizcayapUrvaka hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vedo me isa prakAra kI yogyatA ImavI san 200 ke lagabhaga mAnI jAne lagI thii| purupa kI marvajJatA ke niSedha ke bIja bhI tabhI meM boe gae, yaha bhI imame phalita hotA hai| mAlUma hotA hai ki gavara Rpi ne yaha yukti marvanavAdiyo me lI hogI, kintu yaha vAta nizcayapUrvaka to tava kahI jA sakatI hai jaba yaha batalAyA jA sake ki purupa kI marvajatA kI mAnyatA imame bahuta purAnI hai / ata pahale isI kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| digambara paramparA me paTkhaNDAgama aura kapAyaprAbhRta mUlazruta ke agabhUta mAne jAte hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anumAra to agamAhitya aba bhI vidyamAna hai| isa nAhitya ke dekhane se mAlUma hotA hai ki jaina paramparA meM 'sacce jANaI' mavacI mAnyatA bahuta purAnI hai| yativRpabha prAcArya jo spapTata ImavI man pUrva ke hai, kapAyaprAbhUta ke cUrNisUtro meM likhate hai 'tado aNatakevalaNANadasaNavIriyajutto jiNo kevalI sacaNho samvadarisI bhavadi sajogijiNo tti bhaNNai / asakhejjaguNAe meDhIe padesagga NijjaramANo viharadi tti / ' arthAt-"ghAti captuSTaya ke kSaya hone para ananta kevala jJAna, kevala darzana aura vIrya meM yukta ho kara kevalI jina marvajJa aura marvadargI hote hai jinheM mayogI jina kahate hai| ye mayogI jina amasyAta guNita yeNIspa me karmapradezo kI nirjaga karate hue vihAra karate hai|" pahale prakRti anuyogadvAra aura sthAnAga sUtra ke jo uddharaNa de pAye haiM, uname bhI imI vAta kI puSTi hotI hai / bauddha mAhitya meM 'dhammapada' muttapiTaka ke antargata hI hai| isake arahantavarga me vatalAyA hai'gataddhino visokassa vippamuttassa sabadhi / mabbaganyappahINassa parilAho na vijjati // ' arthAt-"jimakA mArga samApta ho gayA hai, jo zoka rahita hai, jo sarvathA vimukta hai, jo sarvajJa hai aura jimakI mabhI granthiyA kSINa ho gaI, usake liye paritApa nhiiN|" ina pramANo ke AdhAra me sarvana kI 'sabve jANaI' vAlI mAnyatA bahuta prAcIna hai, aimA mAna lene me kisI prakAra kA sandeha nahIM rhtaa| upanipadI ke jo do eka ullesa hame prApta hue hai, unake dekhane se mAlUma hotA hai ki pahale brAhmaNa loga AtmA kI ukrAnti, pagloka aura punarjanma Adi vidyAlo se paricita na the| unheM yaha vidyA kSatriyoM meM prApta huI hai / chAndogya upanipada meM eka kayA AI hai jisame ukta kathana kI puSTi hotI hai| kathA isa prakAra hai "kimI mamaya' zramaNa ke putra zvetaketu pAcAlo kI paripad meM phuNce| vahA~ kSatriya rAjA pravAhaNa jaivili ne unase jIva kI utkrAnti, paralokagati aura janmAntara ke savadha meM eka-ke-bAda-eka pAMca prazna kiye, kintu gvetaketu una praznoM meM se eka kA bhI uttara na de sake / imame bahuta hI lajjita ho kara zvetaketu ne apane pitA aruNa ke pAma jAkara unake ina pAMcI praznI kA uttara maaNgaa| pitA ne kahA unheM to hama bhI nahIM jAnate / tava vApa aura beTA dono hI rAjA jaivili ke pAsa gaye / jAkara zvetaketu ke pitA ne rAjA me kahA ki zrApana mere laTake se jo prazna kiye ye unakA uttara diijiye| gautama kI prArthanA munakara rAjA cintita hue| unhone Rpi se kucha samaya Thaharane ke lie khaa| phira kahA-he gautama | Apa hamame jo vidyA mIkhanA cAhate hai vaha vidyA Apame pahale kimI brAhmaNa ko nahI prApta huI hai|" vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad ke chaThe adhyAya meM bhI isI prakAra kA eka uralesa pAyA hai / yathA'iyaM vidyA' ita. pUrva na kasmizcit brAhmaNe uvAsa / tA tvaha tubhya vakSyAmi / ' 'karmavAda aura janmAntara, pR0 186 . karmavAda aura janmAntara, pRSTha 188

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352 premI-abhinadana-graMtha pan-i "yaha vidyA isake pahale kinI brAhmaNa ko nahIM milI usI kA upadeza mai tumako karatA huuN|' upaniSado ke ina ullekho me rahasya mAlUma hotA hai| inase mujhe indra aura gautama gaNadhara ke savAda kA smaraNa ho jAtA hai| mAlUma hotA hai ki sArI adhyAtma vidyA vaidiko ko zramaNo se prApta huI hai| momAsA ke do bheda hai-pUrva mImAsA aura uttara miimaasaa| pUrva mImAnA me yajJAdi karge kI vidhi aura manna prAdi kA varNana hai| inalie ise karmakANDa kahate hai| uttara mImAmA meM adhyAtma vidyA kA varNana hai| isalie ise jJAnakANDa kahate hai| karmakANDa kA sIdhA sabadha vedo me hai aura jJAnakANDa kA upaniSado se| upaniSado kA sakalana vedo ke bahuta kAla bAda huaA hai| vaidiko ne karmakANDa se apanA kAma calatA na dekhakara hI isa padhyAtma vidyA ko apnaayaa| phira bhI zuddha mImAmA me ise mahatva kA sthAna prApta nhiiN| brAhmaNadharma me yajJAdi kriyAkANDakI jo zreSThatA hai vaha mokSa kI nhiiN| bhramaNadharma aura brAhmaNadharma kA atara isI se samajha meM A jAtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki brAhmaNo ne zramaNo kI adhyAtma vidyA ko apanAyA to mahI, kintu ve usake sAre tatvo ko yayAvat rUpa me na apanA mke| unake sAmane vedo kI pratiSThA kA savAla khaDA ho rahA / imalie unhone zramaNo ko mahatva denA ucita na smjhaa| basa yahI eka preraNA hai, jisase unhone puruSa kI marvajJatA kA niSedha kiyaa| kintu jaba hama upaniSado me 'ya pAtmavit sa sarvavit' itta prakAra ke vAkya detate hai to mAlUma hotA hai ki sarvaja kI 'savve jANai' vAlI mAnyatA bahuta purAnI hai| itanA hI nahIM, balki vaha zramaNadharma kI AtmA hai / ___ itane vivecana ne yadyapi hama isa nirgaya para to pahu~ca jAte haiM ki darzana yuga ke pahale sarvajJatA kA vahI svarUpa mAnA jAtA thA, jisakA dArzaniko ne vistAra se uhApoha kiyA hai tathA isase yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki dharmajJatA yA grAtmajatAko kramika paribhApAno ne narvajJatA ke vartamAna rUpa kI mRSTi nahIM kii| aba dekhanA yaha hai ki vauddha-guru dharmakIti ne narvajJatA kI apekSA dharmajJatA para hI adhika jora kyo diyA ? jaba vaha sarvajJatA kA virodhI nahIM thA aura yaha jAnatA thA ki narvajJatA ke bhItara dharmajJatA kA antarbhAva ho hI jAtA hai taba use yaha kahane kA kyA kAraNa thA ki "koI nasAra' ke nava padArthoM kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai ki nahIM, isase hame prayojana nahI ? prakRta me hame yaha dekhanA hai ki usane dharma ko jAnA yA nhiiN| yadi usane dharma ko jAnA hai to hamArA kAma cala jAtA hai|" bAta yaha hai ki pahale kumArila ne yaha svIkAra kara liyA hai ki "yadi koI dharmAtirikta anya saba padArthoM ko jAnatA hai to isakA kauna nirAkaraNa karatA hai| hamArA to kahanA kevala itanA hI hai ki puruSa dharma kA jJAtA nahI ho sktaa|" dharmakIti ne kumArila ke isI kadhana kA uttara diyA hai| kumArila ke sAmane jahA~ veda kI pratiSThA kA prazna rahA hai vahA~ dharmakIrti ke sAmane puruSa kI pratiSThA kA prazna rahA hai| eka bAra eka AdamI ne apane eka sAthI se kahA, "Apame aura to saba guNa hai, kintu mApa jhUTha bahuta volate ho|' to isakA usane uttara diyA, "mujhame yora guNa ho yA na ho, kintu itanA mana hai ki maiM jhUTha kabhI nahIM voltaa|' vama isI prakAra kA yaha kumArila aura dharmakIrti kA savAda hai| kumArila cAhatA hai ki kisI-na-kisI prakAra sarvajJavAdiyo ke tIrthakara ko apramANa ThaharAyA jaay| isake lie vaha pralobhana bhI detA hai| kahatA hai ki ApakA puruSa aura savako jAnatA hai, isase hameM kyA prApatti hai| yahA~ kumArila padArthoM ke mUkSma aura nyUla bhedo ko bhI bhulA detA hai| lekina dharmakIrti kumArila ke kahane kI ima caturAI ko samajha letA hai isalie vaha aisA uttara detA hai, jisakA koI pratyuttarahI nahIM ho sktaa| dharmakIti ke isa uttara ke bAda uttara-pratyuttaro 'sarva pazyatu vA mA vA tattvamiSTa tu pazyatu / koTatarayAparikSAna tasya na kvopayujyate // pramANavArtika 2, 33 'dharmajJatvaniSedhastu kevlo'tropyujyte| sarvamanyadvijAnastu puruSa kena vAryate // yaha phArikA tattvasAha pRSTha 817 meM kumArila ke nAma te uddhRta hai|

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sarvajJatA ke pratIta itihAsa kI eka jhalaka 353 kI dizA hI badala jAtI hai / yaha hai dharmakIrti kA mAnama, jimase usane sarvajJatA kI apekSA dharmajJatA para adhika jora diyA / (5) AcArya kundakunda kI dRSTi me itane vivecana ke bAda bhI bhagavAna kundakunda ne kevala jJAna ke viSaya meM kyA likhA hai, yaha jAnanA zrAvazyaka haiM, kyoki unhone pratyeka vastu ke svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie jo mArga sunizcita kiyA hai usame satya taka pahu~cane baDhI sahAyatA milatI haiM / bhagavAn kundakunda kI vyAkhyAnazailI vyavahAranaya aura nizcayanaya para zrAzrita hai / zruta pahale unhI ke vacano meM ina dono nayo ko mamajha lenA jarUrI hai / 'samayaprAbhRta' meM ve likhate hai vavahAro'bhUdatyo bhUdatyo desido du suddhaNazro / bhUdatyamassido khalu sammAdiTThI havadi jIvo // 13 // zrarthAt -- "mamaya meM vyavahAranaya ko prabhUtArtha zrIra zudvanaya ko bhUtArtha batalAyA hai / inameM se bhUtArthaM kA zrAzraya karanevAlA jIva samyagdRSTi hai / " isame vyavahAra ra nizcayanaya ke svampa para to prakAza paDa jAtA hai| taba bhI bhUtArtha aura prabhUtArtha kA samajhanA gapa rahatA hai / unhone zrabhUtArthaM zraura bhUtArtha kI maryAdA kA svaya nirdaNa nahI kiyA hai, phira bhI unakI vyAyana zailI se isakA patA laga jAtA hai / ata yahA~ isakA nirdeza kara denA hI zrAvazyaka pratIta hotA hai / unakI vyAmyAnazailI meM nimna bAto ko apanAyA gayA jAna paDatA hai- (1) jIva' aura deha eka hai yaha vyavahAranaya hai / jIva zrIra deha eka nahI, kintu pRthak-pRthak hai, yaha nizcayanaya hai / (2) varNAdika' jIva ke hai yaha vyavahAranaya hai / tathA ye jIva ke nahI hai yaha nizcayanaya hai / (3) rAgAdika jIva ke haiM yaha vyavahAranaya hai / zrora ye jIva ke nahIM hai yaha nizcayanaya hai / (4) kSAyika * zrAdi bhAva jIva ke hai yaha vyavahAranaya hai / kintu zuddha jIva ke na kSAyika bhAva hote zrIra na anya koI yaha nizcayanaya hai / (5) kevalI bhagavAn sabako jAnate zrIra dekhate hai,' yaha vyahAranaya hai, kintu apane zrApako jAnate zrIra dekhate hai, yaha nizcayanaya hai / (6) zarIra' jIva kA hai aisA mAnanA vyavahAra hai aura zarIra jIva se bhinna hai aisA mAnanA nizcaya hai / ma prakAra Upara jo hamane cha bAteM upasthita kI hai unase vyavahAra zrIra nizcaya kI kathanI para paryApta prakAza paDa jAtA hai / yahA~ inase bhinna aura bhI udAharaNa upasthita kiye jA sakate haiM, para isase lekha kA kalevara vaDha jAyagA aura yaha svatantra viSaya hai / ina saba udAharaNoM se eka hI bAta phalita hotI hai ki jahA~ 'sva' se bhinna 'para' kA kisI bhI prakAra kA mavadha zrA gayA ume zrAtmA kA mAnanA vyavahAra hai / yadyapi kSAyika jJAna aura kevalajJAna me koI grantara nahI hai parantu kevalajJAna ko zrAtmA kA kahanA nizcayanaya hai aura kSAyikajJAna ko grAtmA kA kahanA vyavahAranaya hai / yahA~ me bhedAbheda ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vicAra nahI kara rahA hU~ / imase vastu ke vivecana karane meM aura bhI sUkSmatA zrA jAtI hai, jo prakRta me gauNa hai / yahA~ to kevala dekhanA yaha hai ki bhagavAn kundakunda ne kitane graMtha ma vyavahAra aura nizcaya kA prayoga kiyA hai / 'dekho samayaprAbhata gAthA 32 dekho samayaprAbhRta gAthA 51 5 'dekho niyamasAra gAthA 158 45 dekho samayaprAbhRta gAyA 61 * dekho niyamasAra gAthA 41 6 'dekho samayaprAbhUta gAthA 55

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premI-prabhinaMdana graMtha pahale udAharaNa meM ekatva me do kA sayoga vyavahAra kA prayojaka hai / dUsare udAharaNa me sabadha ke kAraNa jIva me bhinna dravya ke guNo kA Aropa vyavahAra kA prayojaka hai / tImare udAharaNa me nimitta kI pradhAnatA vyavahAra kA prayojka haiM / cauthe udAharaNa me nimitta kI apekSA nAmakaraNa vyavahAra kA prayojaka hai| pAMcave udAharaNa meM jJAyaka ne zeyoM kI bhinnatA vyavahAra kA prayojaka hai aura chaTha udAharaNa meM navadha vyavahAra kA prayojaka hai / 354 iname ne pahalA, dUsarA aura chaThA ye adbhUta vyavahAra ke udAharaNa hai, vayoki vAstava me jIva vaisA to nhIM haiM / nayoga ne jIva meM una dharmo kA Aropa kiyA gayA hai / tIsarA, cauthA aura pA~cavA~ ye nadbhUta vyavahAra ke udAharaNa haiM, kyAki yadyapi ye nava avasthAe~ jIva kI hI hai / phira bhI inake hone meM para kI apekSA rahatI hai / imalie ye vyavhAra koTi me calI jAtI hai / nizcayanaya kI apekSA unakI vyAkhyAnazailI murayata do bhAgo me vaeNTa jAtI hai| eka me jAnAdi guNo dvArA AtmA kA kathana kiyA gayA hai aura dUsarI me anya dravyo ke guNo yA sayogI bhAvo ke niSedha dvArA AtmA kA kathana kiyA gayA hai / inase hamArI A~kho ke sAmane saguNa aura nirguNa brahma kI kalpanA sAkAra rUpa dhAraNa karake yA upasthita hotI hai / vyavahAra aura nizcayanaya ke isa vivecana se prabhUtArthatva aura bhUtArthatva ke svarupa para paryApta pakAga paDa jAtA hai / yahA~ 'bhUta' zabda upalakSaNa hai / ata yaha artha huA ki vantu jisa rUpa na thI, na hai, aura na rahegI, tadrUpa usako mAnanA abhUtArthanaya hai tathA jo vastu jisa rUpa thI, hai aura rahegI tadrUpa usako mAnanA bhUtArthanaya hai / payojana mUla vastu kA jJAna karAnA hai / ata jina dharmo kA upAdAna jIva hai, kintu jo anya nimitto kI apekSA se hote haiM, unhe bhI bhUtArthaMnaya jIva kA svIkAra nahI karatA / kintu isase ve 'varNAdika jIva ke hai' isa kathanI kI koTi me to pahu~ca nahI jAte / kArya upAdAna rUpa hI hotA hai / isalie use upAdAna kA hI mAnanA hogA / kintu bhUtArthanaya nimitta ko to dekhanA nahI / usakI dRSTi me to kAraNa paramAtmA aura kArya paramAtmA eka hI vastu hai / ata vaha inheM jIva kA svIkAra nahIM karatA / yaha isakA mathitArtha hai / tabhI to bhagavAn kundakunda niyamasAra kI gAthA 47 aura 48 me likhate hai, "jisa prakAra siddhAtmA janma, jaga aura maraNa meM rahita hai, grATha guNa sahita hai, azarIra hai, avinAzI hai Adi usI prakAra sasAra me sthita jIva bhI jAnane cAhie / " isa prakAra nUtArtha aura prabhUtArtha kA nirNaya kara lene ke vAda ava hama prakRta viSaya kevalajJAna para Ate hai / AcAryaM kundakunda 'pravacanasAra' kI gAthA 47 me likhate haiM, "jo' traikAlika vicitra aura viSama saba padArtho ko eka nAtha jAnatA hai, vaha kSAyika jJAna hai / ' tadanantara isa tatva kA UhApoha karate hue ve gAthA 4= aura 46 me likhate haiM ki "jo traikAlika sava padArthoM ko nahI jAnatA hai vaha pUrI taraha eka padArtha ko bhI nahI jAnatA hai aura jo pUrI taraha se eka padArtha ko nahI jAnatA hai vaha sava padArtho ko kaise jAna sakatA hai ? ' unakA yaha vivecana 'AcArAga' ke 'jo eka ko jAnatA hai vaha sava ko jAnatA hai aura jo sava ko jAnatA hai vaha eka ko jAnatA hai / " isa kathana se milatA huA hai / isame to madeha nahI ki ina dono sUtragrathoM ke ye samarthana vAkya hai, jinake dvArA sarvajJatva kA hI namarthana kiyA gayA pratIta hotA hai / kintu jaba hama niyamasAra kI gAthA 15 = para dRSTipAta karate hai taba hame vahA~ kisI dUsarI vastu ke hI darzana hote haiM / vahA~ AcArya kundakunda kI sarvajJatva ke samarthana vAlI dRSTi badala kara Atmatattva ke 'jArasiyA siddhappA bhavamalliya jIva tAritA hoti | niyamasAra gAthA 47-48 / 'ja takkAliyamidara jANadi jugava samaMtado savva / zratyaM vicittavisama taM NANa khAiya bhaNiya / ' * jo Na vijANadi jugava zratye tikkAlige tihuvaNatye / gAdu tassa Na sakka sapajjaya davvamega vA // 48 // 'davva pragatapajjayamegamaNatANi davvajAdINi / Na vijAnadi jadi jugava kigha so savvANi jANAdi // 46 // * je ega jAi se savva jANai / je savva jANaha se ega jANai / AcArAMga sUtra 123 / 1

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sarvajJatA ke pratIta itihAsa kI eka jhalaka 355 vizleSaNa me lIna ho jAtI hai| tabhI to ve vahA~ likhate hai, "yadyapi' vyavahAranaya kI apakSA kevalI sava ko jAnate aura dekhate hai, kintu niraMcayanaya kI apekSA ve apane ko hI jAnate aura dekhate hai / " aAtmasvarUpa kA kitanA sundara vizlapaNa hai| jAyaka bhAva AtmA kA svabhAva hai, kintu vaha AtmaniSTha hai| ata phalita huA ki nizcayanaya me prAtmA 'sva' ko hI jAnatA aura dekhatA hai tathA vyavahAra dvividhAmaya hai| usakA aneka ke vinA kAma nahI cltaa| ata phalita huA ki vyavahAranaya se AtmA savako jAnatA aura dekhatA hai| vAta yaha hai ki kAryakAraNa vyavahAra, jisakI lIka para sArA samAra cakra pratikSaNa ghUma rahA hai, kevala svaspa ke vizlepaNa karane taka sImita nahIM hai, kyoki vaha dvividhAmaya hai| hama dekhate haiM ki jaba do yA do se adhika paramANumo ke milane se skandha banatA hai aura phira unase miTTI Adi vividha tattvo kI utpatti hotI hai| tadanantara unheM jJAna bhedarUpa se grahaNa karatA hai| tava ina saba ko mithyA kaime kahA jA sakatA hai ? matya aura mithyA ye zanda sApekSa hai| RSiyo kA prayojana mUla vastu kA jJAna karAnA rahA hai| ata unhone vyavahAra ko mithyA Adi jo kucha jI meM pAyA so khaa| vedAntiyo ne to isa dvividhAmaya jagata ke astittva ko hI miTA denA cAhA, para kyA isame vyavahAra nAma zepa huA? yadi nizcaya satyAdhiSThita hai to vaha apanI apekSA se hii| yadi vyavahAra kI apekSA se hI use vaisA mAna liyA jAya to vandha mokSa kI carcA karanA hI choDa denA caahie| kavivara pa0 vanArasIdAsa jI ne aisA kiyA thA, para anta me unhe ekAnta nizcaya kA tyAga karake vyavahAra kI zaraNa me AnA pddaa| prAcArya kundakunda ne jo vyavahAra ko abhUtArtha kahA hai vaha vyavahAra kI apekSA nahIM, kintu nizcaya kI apekSA se kahA hai| vyavahAra apane artha meM utanA hI satya hai, jitanA ki nishcy| jisa prakAra hama vividha padArthoM ko jAnate haiM, kintu hamArA vaha sava jAnanA jhUThA nahIM hai phira bhI vaha jJAna jJAna svarupa hI rahatA hai| usI prakAra kevalI bhagavAn sava padArthoM ko jAnate aura dekhate hai, kintu unakA vaha jAnanA asatya nahIM hai| phira bhI vaha unakA jJAyakabhAva pAtmaniSTha hI hai / uparyukta vyavahAra aura nizcaya kI kathanI kA yahI mathitArtha hai|| upanipada me jo 'ya prAtmavit sa sarvavit', 'ya sarvavit sa Atmavit' ityAdi vacana milate hai unakA mela adhikatara pravacanamAra ke kathana se hI baiThatA hai / 'niyamamAra' ke kathana se nahIM, kyoki 'niyamasAra meM pRthak pRthak do dRSTiyA~ kAma kara rahI hai jaba ki pravacanamAra me dRSTibheda se kathana karane kI mukhyatA na hokara sarvajJatva ke samarthana kI musyatA hai| upaniSad me bhI hame yahI vAta dikhAI detI hai| hA~, upaniSadmeM 'eka' zabda ke sthAna meM 'Atma' zabda kA prayoga avazya milatA hai para imase vivecana karane kI dRSTi nahIM badalI hai, java ki 'niyamasAra' meM vivecana karane kI dRSTi hI vadala gaI hai| itane vivecanase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 'pravacanasAra, 'AcArAga sUtra' aura 'upaniSad'inakI kathanI kA prayojana eka hai aura 'niyamasAra' kI kathanI kA prayojana isase bhinna hai / 'pravacanamAra' me jahAM siddhAta ke udghATana karane kI ora jhukAva hai, vahA~ 'niyamasAra' meM mukhyata mUlabhUta tattva kI mImAsA karate hue phalitArtharUpa se usakA kAryabhAga svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yahAM yaha kAryabhAga hI abhUtArtha hai kyoki vaha jIva kI azeSa jJeyo ke nimitta se hone vAlI dazA hai aura mImAsita tattva hI bhUtArya hai, kyoki jIva meM nAyakabhAva anya nimitto se utpanna nahI hotA kintu vaha usakA svabhAva hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki AcArya kundakunda kAraNa rUpa se prAtmaniSTha jJAyakabhAva aura kAryarUpa se sarvajJatA ko svIkAra karate hai jisakA unhone apane 'pravacanasAra' Adi gratho meM bahuta hI sundaratA se vivecana kiyA hai| kAzI] "jANadi passadi sanna vavahAraNaeNa kevalI bhagava / kevalaNANI jANadi passadi NiyameNa appANa // 15 // '

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jaina - mAnyatA meM dharma kA Adi samaya aura usakI maryAdA paM0 vazIdhara vyAkaraNAcArya prAya dharma ko sabhI mAnyatAo me amaryAdita kAla ko maryAdita ananta kalpo ke rUpa me vibhakta kiyA gayA hai, lekina kinhI- kinhI mAnyatAo meM jahA~ ima dRSyamAn jagat kI astittva svarUpa sRSTi aura prabhAva svarUpa pralaya ko zrAdhAra mAna kara eka kalpa kI sImA nirdhArita kI gaI haiM, vahA~ jaina mAnyatA me prANiyo ke dukha ke sAdhano kI kramika hAni hote-hote mukha ke sAghano kI kramika vRddhisvarUpa utsarpaNa aura prANiyo ke sukha ke sAdhano kI kramika hAni hotehote dukha ke sAdhano kI kramika vRddhisvarUpa zravasarpaNa ko zrAdhAra mAna kara eka kalpa kI sImA nirdhArita kI gaI hai| tAtparya yaha ki dharma kI kinhI- kinhI jainetara mAnyatAo ke anusAra unake mAne hue kAraNo dvArA pahile to yaha jagat utpanna hotA hai aura pazcAt yaha vinaSTa ho jAtA hai / utpatti ke anantara java taka jagat kA sadbhAva banA rahatA hai utane kAla kA nAma sRSTikAla aura vinaSTa ho jAne para jaba taka usakA prabhAva banA rahatA hai utane kAla kA nAma pralayakAla mAnA gayA hai / isa taraha se eka sRSTikAla aura usake anantara hone vAle eka pralayakAla ko milAkara ina mAnyatAo ke anusAra eka kalpakAla ho jAtA hai / jaina mAnyatA meM ina mAnyatAo kI taraha jagat kA utpAda aura vinAza nahI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina mAnyatA meM jagat to zranAdi zrara anidhana hai, parantu rAtri ke vAraha baje se anyakAra kA kramapUrvaka hrAsa hote-hote dina ke vAraha baje taka prakAza kI kramapUrvaka hone vAlI vRddhi ke samAna jaina mAnyatA me jitanA' kAla jagat ke prANiyo ke dukha ke sAdhano kA kramapUrvaka hrAsa hote-hote sukha ke sAdhano kI kramapUrvaka hone vAlI vRddhisvarUpa utsarpaNa kA batalAyA gayA hai utane kAla kA nAma utsarpiNI kAla aura dina ke vAraha baje se prakAza kA kramapUrvaka hrAsa hote-hote rAtri ke vAraha baje taka andhakAra kI kramapUrvaka hone vAlI vRddhi ke samAna vahA~ para (jaina mAnyatA me ) jitanA kAla' jagat ke prANiyo ke sukha ke sAdhano kA kramapUrvaka hrAsa hote-hote du kha ke mAno kI kramapUrvaka hone vAlI vRddhisvarUpa avasarpaNa kA vatalAyA gayA hai utane kAla kA nAma avasarpiNI kAla svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / eka utsarpiNI kAla aura usake anantara hone vAle eka avasarpiNI kAla ko milA kara jaina mAnyatA kA eka kalpakAla ho jAtA hai|' cUki ukta dUsarI mAnyatAo meM sRSTikAla aura pralayakAla kI paraparA ko pUrvokta sRSTi ke bAda pralaya aura pralaya ke vAda sRSTi ke rUpa meM tathA jaina mAnyatA meM utsarpiNI kAla aura avasarpiNI kAla kI paraparA ko pUrvokta utsarpaNa ke vAda zravasarpaNa aura zravasarpaNa ke vAda utsarpaNa ke rUpa meM anAdi zrora ananta 1 yaha phAla jaina granthoM ke AdhAra para daza koTIkoTI sAgaropama samaya pramANa hai| koTI (karoDa) ko koTI (pharoDa) se guNA kara dene para phoTo koTI kA pramANa nikalatA hai aura sAgaropama jainamAnyatA ke asaMkhyAta varSa pramANa kAla vizeSa kI sajJA hai / " yaha phAla bhI jaina granthoM meM daza koTIkoTI sAgaropama samaya pramANa ho batalAyA gayA hai / * kAla kA varNana karate hue Adi purANa meM likhA hai utsarpiNyavasarpiNyo do bhedI tasya phortitI / utsarpAdavasarpAcca balAyurdehavarmaNAm // 14 // koTIkoTI darzakasya pramAsAgarasakhyayA / zeSasyApyevameveSTA tAvubhau phalpa iSyate // 15 // ( Adi purANa parva 3)

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jaina - mAnyatA meM dharma kA zrAdi samaya aura usakI maryAdA 357 svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, isalie ubhaya mAnyatAo me ( jaina aura ukta jainetara mAnyatAo meM ) kalpo kI anantatA samAna rUpa se mAna lI gaI hai / jaina mAnyatA me pratyeka kalpa ke utsarpiNI kAla zrIra avasarpiNI kAla ko utsarpaNa aura zravasapaNa ke khaDa karake nimnalikhita chaha-hacha vibhAgo meM vibhakta kara diyA gayA hai -- (1) du Sama' -duSamA ( atyanta dukhamaya kAla) (2) dupamA' (sAdhAraNa dukhamaya kAla ) 3 -du Sama -suSamA' ( dukha pradhAna sukhamaya kAla ) 4 - suSama - du SamA' (sukhapradhAna dukhamaya kAla ) 5 - muSamA' (sAdhAraNa sukhamaya kAla) aura 6 - suSama - suSamA' ( zratyanta sukhamaya kAla ) / ye chaha vibhAga utsarpiNI kAlake tathA inake ThIka viparIta krama ko lekara arthAt 1 - suSamA - suSamA' (atyanta sukhamaya kAla) 2 - suSamA' (sAdhAraNa sukhamaya kAla ) 3 - suSama-duSamA ( sukhapravAna dukhamaya kAla ) 4 - duSamAsuSamA" (dukha pradhAna sukhamaya kAla ) 5 dupamA" (sAdhAraNa dukhamaya kAla) aura 6 - du Sama du SamA " ( atyanta dukhamaya kAla ) ye chaha vibhAga avasarpiNI kAla ke svIkAra kiye gaye hai / 10 tAtparya yaha hai ki jisa prakAra sUrya kI gati ke dakSiNa se uttara aura uttara se dakSiNa kI ora hone vAle parivartana ke AdhAra para svIkRta varSa ke uttarAyaNa aura dakSiNAyana vibhAga gatikrama ke anusAra tIna-tIna Rtu meM vibhakta hokara satata cAlU rahate haiM usI prakAra eka dUsare se bilakula ulaTe pUrvokta utmarpaNa aura zravasarpaNa ke AdhAra 'ikkIsa hajAra varSa pramANa / 'ikkIsa hajAra varSa pramANa / , byAlIsa hajAra varSa kama eka koTIkoTI sAgaropama samaya pramANa / * do koTIkoTI sAgaropama samaya pramANa / " tIna koTIkoTI sAgaropama samaya pramANa / 'cAra koTIkoTI sAgaropama samaya pramANa / 'zravasarpiNI kAla ke samApta ho jAne para jaba utsarpiNI kAla kA prArambha hotA hai usa samaya kA yaha varNana hai tatto pavisadi rammo kAlo ussappiNi tti vikvAdo / par3hamo idussamo duijjana dussamA NAmA // // 1555 // dussamasusamo tadizro cautthazro susamadussamo NAma / pacamatra taha susamo jaNappiyo susamasusamana chaTTho // 1556 // 7 8 cAra koTIkoTI sAgaropama samaya pramANa / - 'tIna koTI koTI sAgaropama samaya pramANa / (tiloyapaNNattI cauthA mahA adhikAra ) "do koTI koTI sAgaropama samaya pramANa / "vyAlIsa hajAra varSa kama eka koTI koTI sAgaropama samaya pramANa / "ikkIsa hajAra varSa pramANa / "ikkIsa hajAra varSa pramANa / " dviruktasuSamA''dyA''sIt dvitIyA suSamA matA / suSamA du.SamAntAnyA suSamAntA ca duSamA // 17 // paJcamI duSamA jJeyA samA SaSThcatiduSamA / bhedA ime'vasarpiNyA utsarpiNyA viparyayA // 18 // prAdi purANa parva 3

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358 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha para svIkRta kalpa ke utsarpiNI aura avasarpiNI vibhAga bhI utsarpaNakrama aura avasarpaNakrama ke anusAra pUrvokta chahachaha vibhAgo meM vibhakta hokara avicchinna rUpa se satata cAlU rahate hai / ' athavA rAtri ke vAraha baje se dina ke vAraha vaje taka andhakAra ko krama se hAni hote-hote krama se hone vAlI prakAza kI vRddhi ke AdhAra para aura dina ke bAraha baje se rAtri ke vAraha baje taka prakAza kI krama se hAni hote-hote krama se hone vAlI andhakAra kI vRddhi ke AdhAra para jisa prakAra cAra-cAra praharo kI vyavasthA pAI jAtI hai usI prakAra utsarpiNI kAla aura avapiNI kAla meM bhI pUrvokta chaha-chaha vibhAgo kI vyavasthA jaina mAnyatA me svIkRta kI gaI hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra pratyeka umarpiNI kAla ke tIsare aura pratyeka avasarpiNI kAla ke cauthe duSamA-suSamA nAmaka vibhAga me dharma ko prakAza meM lAne vAle eka ke bAda dUsarA aura dUsare ke bAda tIsarA isa prakAra krama se niyamapUrvaka caubIsa tIrthakara (dharmapravartaka mahApuruSa) utpanna hote rahate hai| isa samaya jaina mAnyatA ke anumAra kalpa kA dUsarA vibhAga avasarpiNI kAla cAlU hai aura usake (avasarpiNI kAla ke) pA~cave dupamA nAmaka vibhAga meM se hama gujara rahe hai| Aja se karIba DhAI hajAra (2500) varSa pahile isa avasarpiNI kAla kA dupamA-supamA nAmaka caturtha vibhAga mamApta huA hai / usa samaya dharma ko prakAza meM lAne vAle aura isa avasarpiNI kAla ke antima tIrthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra isa dharAtala para maujUda the tathA unake bhI pahale pUrvaparaparA meM teIsave tIrthakara bhagavAn pArzvanAtha se prathama tIrthakara bhagavAn Rpabhadeva taka teIsa tIrthakara dharma kA prakAza kara cuke the| tAtparya yaha hai ki jaina mAnyatA meM utsarpiNIkAla ke cauthe, pAMcaveM aura chaThe tathA avamarpiNI kAla ke pahile, dUsare aura tIsare vibhAgo ke samudAya ko bhogayuga eva avasarpiNI kAla ke cauthe, pAMcaveM aura chaThave nathA utsarpiNIkAla ke pahile, dUsare aura tIsare vibhAgo ke samudAya ko karmayuga vatalAyA gayA hai| bhogayuga kA matalava yaha hai ki isa yuga meM manuSya apane jIvana kA sacAlana karane ke lie sAdhana sAmagrI ke sacaya aura sarakSaNa kI ora dhyAna denA anAvazyaka hI nahIM, vyartha aura yahAM taka ki mAnavasamaSTi ke jIvana nirvAha ke lie atyanta ghAtaka samajhatA hai / isalie pratyeka manuSya apane jIvana kA sacAlana nizcintatA aura satopapUrvaka sarvatra vikhare hue prAkRtika sAdhano dvArA vinA kisI bheda-bhAva ke samAna rUpa se kiyA karatA hai| usa samaya mAnava-jIvana ke kisI bhI kSetra me Ajakala jaisI viSamatA nahIM rahatI hai| usa kAla me koI manuSya na to amIra aura na garIba hI rahatA hai aura na UMca-nIca kA bheda hI usa samaya ke manuSyo me pAyA jAtA hai| AhAra-vihAra tathA rahana-mahana kI samAnatA ke kAraNa usa kAla ke manuSyo me na to krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha rUpa mAnasika durvalatAe~ hI pAI jAtI hai aura na hisA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra tathA padArthoM kA sacaya rUpa parigraha me hI unakI pravRtti hotI hai| lekina utsarpiNI kAla meM jIvana sacAlana kI sAdhana 'utsarpiNyavasarpiyo kAlo saantrbhidaavimau| sthityutsayasabhyiA labdhAnvarthAbhidhAnako // 20 // kAlacakraparibhrAntyA SaTsamAparivartanai / / tAvubhau parivartete tAmisnetarapakSavat // 2 // Adi purANa parva 3 'utsarpiNI kAla ke tIsare duSamasuSamA kAlakA varNana karate hue yaha kathana haitakkAle tityayarA cauvIsa havati // 1578 // (tiloyapaNNattI cauyA mahAdhikAra) 'bhagavAna RSabhadeva se lekara bhagavAna mahAvIra paryanta caubIsa tIrthakara isa avasarpiNIkAla ke cauthe duSamasuSamA kAla meM hI hue hai| * bhogayuga aura karmayuga kA vistRta varNana Adi purANa ke tIsare parva meM tathA tiloyapaNNatto ke caturya mahAdhikAra meM kiyA gayA hai|

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jaina-mAnyatA meM dharma kA prAdi samaya aura usakI maryAdA 356 sAmagrI me uttarottara vRddhi hote-hote usake parAkASThA para pahuMca jAne ke bAda jaba isa avasarpiNI kAla me usakA hrAsa hone lagA aura vaha hrAsa java isa sImA taka pahuMca gayA ki manuSyo ko apane jIvana-sacAlana meM kamI kA anubhava hone lagA to mavase pahile manuSyo me sAdhana sAmagrI ke sagraha karane kA lobha paidA huA tathA usakA savaraNa na kara sakane ke kAraNa dhIre-dhIre mAyA, mAna aura krodha rUpa durvalatAe~ bhI unake anta karaNa me udita huI aura inake pariNAmasvaspa hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra aura parigraha ina pAMca pApo kI ora yathAsabhava unakA jhukAva hone lgaa| arthAt savase pahile jIvana-sacAlana kI sAdhana sAmagrI ke sacaya karane meM jaba kinhI-kinhI manuSyo kI pravRtti dekhane meM AI to usa samaya ke vizeSa vicAraka vyaktiyo ne ise mAnava-mamaSTi ke jIvana-sacAlana ke lie javaradasta khatarA smjhaa| isalie isake dUra karane ke lie unhone janamata kI sammatipUrvaka una logo ke viruddha 'hA" nAmaka daNDa kAyama kiyaa| arthAt usa samaya jo loga jIvana-sacAlana kI sAdhana-sAmagrI ke sacaya karane meM pravRtta hote the unheM isa daDa vidhAna ke anusAra "hame kheda hai ki tumane mAnava-samaSTi ke hita ke viruddha yaha anucita kArya kiyA hai|"-is prakAra daDita kiyA jAne lagA aura usa samaya kA mAnava-hRdaya bahuta hI sarala hone ke kAraNa usa para isa daDavidhAna kA yadyapi bahuta azo meM asara bhI huA lekina dhIre-dhIre aise aparAdhI logo kI saMkhyA vaDhatI hI gii| sAtha hI uname kucha ghRSTatA bhI Ane lgii| tava isa daDavidhAna ko nirupayogI samajha kara isame kucha kaThora 'mA" nAmaka daDa vidhAna taiyAra kiyA gyaa| arthAt kheda prakAza karane mAtra se jaba logo ne jIvana sacAlana kI mAdhana sAmagrI kA sacaya karanA nahI choDA to unheM isa anucita pravRtti se zaktipUrvaka rokA jAne lgaa| anta meM jaba isa daDa vidhAna se bhI aise aparAdhI logo kI vADha na ghaTI to phira 'dhika" nAma kA bahuta hI kaThora daDa vidhAna lAgU kara diyA gyaa| arthAt aise logo ko usa samaya kI sAmAjika zreNI se vahiSkRta kiyA jAne lagA, lekina yaha daDa vidhAna bhI java asaphala hone lagA, sAtha hI isake dvArA UMca aura nIca ke bheda kI kalpanA bhI logo ke hRdaya meM udita ho gaI to isa viSama paristhiti meM rAjA nAbhi ke putra bhagavAna RSabhadeva isa pRthvItalapara avatIrNa hue, inhone bahuta hI gabhIra cintana ke bAda eka ora to karmayuga kA prArama kiyA arthAt tatkAlIna mAnava-samAja me varNavyavasthA kAyama karake paraspara 'surataru luddhA jugalA aNNoNNa te kuNati savAda // // 45 // (tiloyapaNNattI cauyA mahAdhikAra) 2 sikkha kuNati tANa paDisudipahudI kulakarA paca / sikkhaNakammaNimitta daDa kunvati hAkAra // 452 // (tiloyapaNNattI cauthA mahAdhikAra) 'lobheNAbhihadANa sImakarapahudikulakarA paca / / tANa sikkhaNa hedU hA-mA-kAra kuNati daMDatya // 474 // (tiloyapaNNatI cauthA mahAdhikAra) * tatrAdyai paJcabhirnRNA kulabhRddhi kRtAgasAm // hAkAralakSaNo daNDa samavasthApitastadA // 214 // hAmAkAro ca daNDo'nya paJcabhi sapravartita // paJcabhistu tata zeSA-mA-dhik-kAralakSaNa // 21 // (Adi purANa parva 3) 5 utpAditAstrayovarNAstadA tenaadivedhsaa| kSatriyA vaNija zUdrA // 153 // (Adi purANa parva 16)

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360 premI-abhinadana-pratha sahayoga kI bhAvanA bharate hue usako jIvana-macAlana ke lie yathAyogya prasi', maSi, kRSi, sevA, zilpa aura vANijya Adi kAryoM ke karane kI preraNA kI tathA dUsarI ora logo kI anucita pravRtti ko rokane ke lie dhArmika daDa vidhAna cAlU kiyA / zrarthAt manuSyo ko svaya hI apanI- krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha spa-mAnamika durbalatAtho ko naSTa karane tathA hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra aura parigraha svarUpa pravRtti ko adhika-se-adhika kama karane kA upadeza diyA / jaina-mAnyatA ke anusAra varmotpatti kA zrAdi samaya yahI hai / dharmotpatti ke bAre meM jaina-mAnyatA ke anusAra kiye gaye isa vivecana se isa niSkarSa para pahu~cA jA sakatA hai ki mAnava samAja me vyavasthA kAyama karane ke lie yadyapi sarvaprathama pahile prajAtaMtra ke rUpa meM zrIra vAda meM rAjatatra ke rUpa me zAsanatatra hI prakAza me zrAyA thA, parantu isame zradhUrepana kA anubhava karake bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne isake sAtha ans ko bhI jor3a diyA thaa| isa taraha zAsanatatra aura varmatatra ye dono tava se eka dUsare kA bala pAkara phUlatephalate hue Aja taka jIvita hai | yadyapi bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne tatkAlIna mAnava-samAja ke sammukha dharma ke aihika zrIra prAdhyAtmika do pahalU upasthita kiye the aura dUsare (AdhyAtmika) pahalU ko pahile hI se svaya apanA kara janatA ke sAmane mahAn Adarza upasthita kiyA thA -- zrAja bhI hame bhAratavarSa me sAghuvarga ke rUpa meM dharma ke isa zrAdhyAtmika pahalU kI jhAkI dekhane ko milatI hai parantu zrAja mAnava-jIvana java dharma ke aihika pahalU se hI zUnya hai to vahA~ para usake zrAdhyAtmika pahalU kA prakurita honA asaMbhava hI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki prAya sabhI dharmagratho meM Aja ke samaya meM mukti prApti kI asabhavatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / isalie isa lekha meM hama dharma ke aihika pahalU para hI vicAra kareMge / zrAdhyAtmika pahalU kA uddezya jahA~ janma-maraNa rUpa sasAra se mukti pAkara zravinAzI anantasukha prApta karanA hai vahA~ usake ( dharma ke) aihika pahalU kA uddezya apane vartamAna jIvana ko sukhI banAte hue zrAdhyAtmika pahalU kI ora agrasara honA hai| yaha tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba ki mAnava samAja meM sukha zrIra zAnti kA sAmrAjya 1 kAraNa ki manuSya svabhAva se mamaSTigata prANI hai / isalie usakA jIvana mAnava samAja ke sAtha guthA huA hai / arthAt vyakti tabhI mukhI ho makatA hai java ki usakA kuTumba sukhI ho, kuTumva bhI tava sukhI ho sakegA java ki usake muhalle meM amana-caina ho| isI krama se Age bhI muhalle kA amana-caina grAma ke amana-caina para grAma kA amana-caina prAnta amana-caina para aura prAnta kA gramana-caina deza ke zramana-caina para hI nirbhara hai tathA yAja to pratyeka deza ke aise antarrASTrIya savadha sthApita ho cuke hai ki eka deza kA amana-caina dUsare deza ke amana-caina para nirbhara ho gayA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja duniyA ke vizeSajJa vizva- sagha kI sthApanA kI bAta karane lage hai, lekina vizvasagha tabhI sthApita eva sArthaka ho sakatA hai jaba ki mAnava apanI krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha rUpa mAnasika durbalatAo ko naSTa karanA apanA 1 (ka) asimaMSi. kRSividyA vANijya zilpameva ca / karmANImAni SoDhA syu' prajAjIvanahetave // 179 // tatra vRtti prajAnA sa bhagavAn matikIzalAt // upAdizat sarAgo hi sa tavAsIjjagadguruH // 180 // (Adi purANa parva 16 ) (kha) prajApatiyaM. prathama jijIviSU zazAsa kRSyAdiSu karmasu prajA || Zhong 'vihAya ya sAgaravArivAsasa vaghUmivemA vasudhAvarSaM satIm / mumukSurikSvAkukulAdirAtmavAn prabhu pravavrAja sahiSNuracyuta // ( svayaMbhU stotra ) (east stotra )

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jana-mAnyatA meM dharma kA prAdi samaya aura usakI maryAdA kartavya samajha le / sAtha hI ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigrahatA ko apane jIvana meM samAviSTa kara le| isake binA na to vizvamagha kI sthApanA ho sakatI hai aura na duniyA meM mukhazAnti kA mAmrAjya hI kAyama ho makatA hai| vizvavadya mahAtmA gA~dhI vizva me zAnti sthApita karane ke lie isI bAta ko Aja vizva ke sAmane rakha rahe hai, parantu yaha vizva kA durbhAgya hai ki usakA lakSya abhI isa pora nahIM hai| ima prakAra bhagavAna Rpamadeva ne jima dharma ko AtmakalyANa aura vizva meM vyavasthA kAyama karane ke lie cunA thA, vaha krova, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi vikAge se ganya mAnamika pavitratA tathA ahimA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigrahatA viziSTa vAhya pravRtti svaspa hai / hama dekhate hai ki Aja bhI isakI upayogitA naSTa nahIM huI hai aura bhaviSya meM to mAnava-mamaSTi meM mAnavatA ke vikAsa kA yahI eka advitIya cihna mAnA jaaygaa| bhagavAna RSabhadeva me lekara caubIsave tIrthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra paryanta mava tIrthaMkarI ne bhagavAna Rpabhadeva dvArA pratipAdita imI dharma kA prakAga eva mamutyAna kiyA hai| inake atirikta Age yA pIche jina mahApuruSo ne dharma ke bAre meM kucha gova kI hai vaha bhI imame pare nahIM hai| arthAt na kevala bhAratavarSa ke,apitu vizva ke kimI bhI mahApurupa dvAgajaba kabhI dharma kI AvAja bulanda kI gaI ho, uma dharma kI paribhApA bhagavAna Rpabhadeva dvArA pratipAdita dharma kI paribhASA me bhinna nahIM ho makatI hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki eka hI deza meM rahane vAlI bhinna-bhinna mAnava mamapTiyoM kI to bAta hI kyA, duniyA ke kimI bhI kone meM rahane vAle manupyo ke jIvana mavadhI AvazyakatAno meM java bheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai to unake dharma meM bheda karanA mAnava samaSTi ke mAya ghora anyAya karanA hai| isalie varma ke jaina, bauddha, vaidika, imlAma, krizciyana ityAdi jo bheda kiye jAne hai, ye mava kimI hAlata meM varma ke bheda nahIM mAne jA sakate haiN| varmampa vastu to ina sava ke andara eka mpa hI milegI aura hama inake andara jo kucha bheda digvalAI detA hai vaha bheda yA to dharma kA pratipAdana karane yA usake prApta karane ke tarIko kA hai yA phira vaha adharma hI kahA jaaygaa| isa taraha apane jIvana ko mukha-gAntimaya banAne ke uddezya me mAnava-mamapTi meM sukha-zAnti kA vAtAvaraNa lAne ke lie pratyeka manuSya ko jisa prakAra apanI koSa, mAna, mAyA, lobha zrAdi mAnasika durvalatAno ko kama karanA tathA hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra aura parigraha strampa pravRni ko rokanA pAdazyaka hai usI prakAra parampara mohAI,mahAnubhani aura mahAyatA prAdi bAteM bhI Avazyaka hai| isalie ina saba bAtoM kA mamAvega bhI dharma kehI andara kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta apane jIvana ko sukhI banAne meM zArIrika svAsthya ko bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| ata zArIrika svAsthya mapAdana ke lie jo niyama-upaniyama upayogI siddha hote hai unheM bhI jaina-mAnyatA ke anumAra dharma kI koTi meM rakvA gayA hai| jaise pAnI chAnakara pInA, rAtri meM bhojana nahI karanA, madya, mAMsa aura madhu kA mevana nahIM karanA, amAvadhAnI me taiyAra kiyA hRyA bhojana nahIM karanA, bhojana meM tAjA aura mamattva prATA, cAvala, mAgaphala Adi kA upayoga karanA, upavAsa yA ekAgana karanA, uttama magati karanA Adi ina saba pravRttiyo ko dharma rUpa hI mAna liyA gayA hai nayA aimI pravRttiyo ko adharma yA pApa mAna liyA gayA hai, jinake dvArA mAkSAt yA paraparA se hamAre gArIrika svAsthya ko hAni pahuMcane kI sabhAvanA ho yA jo hamAre jIvana ko lokaniMdya aura kapTamaya banA rahI ho / juvA khelanA, gikAra gelanA aura vezyAgamana Adi pravRttiyA~ isa adharma kI hI koTi meM A jAtI hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra abhakSyamamaNa ko bhI adharma kahA gayA hai aura abhakSya kI parimApA ma una cIjoM ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai, jinake khAne se hama koI lAbha na ho athavA jinake taiyAra karane meM yA sAne meM himA kA prAdhAnya ho ayavA jo prakRti viruddha ho yA laukika dRSTi meM anupamevya ho| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra adhika khAnA bhI adharma hai aura anicyApUrvaka kama gvAnA bhI adharma hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki mAnava-jIvana kI pratyeka pravRtti ko jana-mAnyatA meM dharma aura adharma kI kamoTI para kama diyA gayA hai / Aja bhale hI pacaDA kahakara ina mava vAto ke mahatva ko kama karane kI kogiga kI jAya, parantu ina saba bAto kI upayogitA spaSTa hai / pUjya gA~dhI jI kA bhojana meM hAtha-cakkI se pime hue tAje pATe kA aura hAtha se phUTe gaye cAvala kA upayoga karane para jora denA tathA pratyeka vyakti ko apanI pratyeka

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362 premI-abhinavana - gratha pravRtti me AvazyakatA, sAdagI, svacchatA, saccAI zrAdi bAto para dhyAna rasane kA upadeza denA ina bAto kI upayogitA kAhI digdarzaka hai / isa prakAra jaina samAja jahA~ isa bAta para garva kara sakatI hai ki usakI mAnyatA me mAnava-jIvana kI choTI-choTI zrIra vaDI-se-vaDI pratyeka pravRtti ko dharma aura adharma kI maryAdA meM vaoNkara vizva ko supatha para calane ke lie sugamatA paidA kI gaI hai, vahA~ usake lie yaha vaDe satApa kI bAta hai ki una saba bAto kA jaina samAja ke jIvana meM prAya prabhAva mA ho gayA hai zrora dina pratidina hotA jA rahA hai tathA jaina samAja kI krodhAdi kapAyampa pariNati himAdi pApamaya pavRtti zrAja zAyada hI dUsare samAjo kI apekSA kama ho / jo kucha bhI dhArmika pravRtti zrAja jaina samAja meM maujUda hai vaha itanI zravyavasthita eva zrajJAnamUlaka ho gaI hai ki uma pravRtti ko dharma kA rUpa dene meM makoca hotA hai / me mA pUrvokta dharma ko apane jIvana meM na utArane kI yaha eka burAI to vartamAna hai hI, isake pratirikta dUsarI burAI jo jaina mamAja meM pAI jAtI hai, vaha hai khAne-pIne ityAdi me chugrA-chUta ke bheda kI / jaina gamAja meM vaha vyakti apane ko mavase adhika dhArmika samajhatA hai, jo khAne-pIne Adi meM adhika-se-adhika chuA-chUta kA vicAra rasatA ho, parantu bhagavAna RSabhadeva dvArA sthApita aura zepa tIrthaMkaro dvArA punarujjIvita dharma meM isa prakAra ke chuAchUta ko kataI sthAna prApta nahI hai / kAraNa ki dharma mAnava-mAnava meM bheda karanA nahIM misalAtA hai aura yadi kisI dharma se aisI zikSA milatI ho to usake barAvara zradharma duniyA meM dUsarA koI nahI ho sakatA / hama garvapUrvaka kaha sakate haiM ki jaina tIrthakaro dvArA prokta dharma na kevala rASTravarma hI ho sakatA hai, zrapitu vaha vizvadharma kahalAne ke yogya hai / parantu chuAchUta ke isa sakucita dAyare me paDakara vaha eka vyakti kA bhI dharma kahalAne yogya nahI raha gayA hai, kyoki yaha bheda kevala rASTrIyatA kA hI virodhI hai, balki mAnavatA kA bhI virodhI hai zrora jahA~ mAnavatA ko sthAna nahI, vahA~ dharma ko sthAna milanA asaMbhava hI hai / yadyapi ye saba dIpa jaina samAja ke samAna anya dhArmika samaSTiyo me bhI pAye jAte haiM, parantu prastuta lekha kevala jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra pratipAdita dharma ke bAre meM likhA gayA hai / isalie dUsarI dhArmika mamapTiyo kI ora vizeSa dhyAna nahI diyA gayA hai| hame Azcarya hotA hai ki kyA jaina samapTi aura kyA dUsarI dhArmika rAmapTiyA~, sabhI apane dvArA mAnya dharma ko hI rASTradharma tathA vizvadharma kahane kA sAhasa karatI hai, parantu unakA dharma kisa DhaMga se rASTra kA utthAna eva vizva kA kalyANa karane meM sahAyaka ho sakatA hai aura hame isake lie apanI vartamAna duSpravRttiyo ke kitane validAna kI jarUrata hai, isakI ora kisI kA bhI lakSya nahI hai / bInA ]

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saMskRta, prAkRta aura jaina-sAhitya

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sumitrA dazI zrI bahAduracadra chAbaDA ema0 e0, pI-ec0 DI0 [mailApura, madarAsa kI saskRta ekeDemI ne 8 apraila 1943 ko vAlmIki-divasa manAyA thA aura ghoSaNA kI thI ki sumitrA para pandraha athavA usase kama pado kI saMskRta kI sarvottama maulika racanA para puraskAra diyA jAyagA / usI ke lie zrI bahAduracadra jI chAbaDA ne 'sumitrA pacadazI' zIrSaka pandraha zloka bheje the, jo puraskAra ke yogya nirdhArita hue the|-spaadk] jayati sumitrA sAdhvI putravatInA lalAmabhUtA saa| lakSmaNa sadRza vIra jitendriya yA suta suSuve // 1 // rAma dazaratha viddhi mA viddhi ityAdi yAdizatputra sA sumitrA mahIyate // 2 // yamI sumitrA tanayA vajIjanatprazastavIryoM bhuvi yo manasvinau / nijAgrajAdezavazavadI svaka kula kulInI prathayAmbabhUvatu // 3 // lakSmaNazatrughnau tau kramazo bAlyAddhi rAmabharatAbhyAm / prAyaH saumitraguNarAstA nakhamAsavat syUtau // 4 // rAmAya lakSmaNa dattvA zatrughna bharatAya c| kausalyAmiva kaikeyI sumitrAraJjayatsatI // 5 // kaikeyI prati matsara na bheje kausalyA prati nAti / duSTAduSTamacinvatI sapanyo saumitraM samavarzayatsumitrA // 6 // hanta sumitrA vyAjIdudAratAyA. parA kASThAm / parakIyeSu nijebhya. prakAzayantI garIyasIM mamatAm // 7 // dhanyAsi tva sumitre kRtamatikaThina karma dhamyaM tvayA vai dAsye sUno. sapatnyAzciravanavasati yAsyato rAghavasya / jyAyAsa yatyayuddhathA pramuditamanasA lakSmaNa kukSija sva yatsopyAjJA yathAvattava khalu kRtavAstena bhUyosi dhanyA // 8 // pitA rAmamevAdizadvAnavAsa svatantropi yallakSmaNastena sAkam / gatomukta duHkhAni bhUyAsi sAghu sumitropadezastu tatrAgyahetu // 6 // katha bAlombAyA sarasamupadezairguNagaNa katha mAtA kIti sutaguNamahimnA ca labhate / sumitrA saumitrI idamubhayamaccha vivRNuta' sarasyambhojI vApratiphalitazobhI khalu mitha // 10 // rAmeraNya yAtavatyArtimagnA kausalyA ytsrvdaasaantvytsaa| nyakkurvANA sva viSAdaM sumitrA nirvyAja tatsaubhaginya sapanyAm // 11 // patyUrAjarSitvAdRSipatnyo pallyopi / kintu sumitrA tAsAmUSipanyAsIdvizeSeNa // 12 //

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BE premI-pabhinaMdana-praMya anasUyA taponiSThA natratA smdrshitaa| ebhirAgugarAtIt sumitrA sutarAmapi. // 13 // pAtnatyAgasunItatAnalajalA sholaavodytttaa| satyanehanahiSNutotpalacayA bhktiprvaahoddhraa| pratyutlAha vivekvIcirucirA ghorumattvAnvitA seyaM mAnavapAvanI vijayane citrA sumitrA nadI // 14 // vAlnIkapUrvaparikonitamacaritrAm prAdhinya lakSmaNapaterjananI sumitrAm / gIrvANagaurabhinivezajuSA prazasti kenApi bhAvatvareNa kRteyamasti // 15 // uTakanaDa (kSiNa bhArata) ]

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vikramasiMha racita pArasI-saMskRta koSa __ zrI banArasIdAsa jaina ema0 e0, pI-ec0 DI0 java bhAratavarSa me musalamAno kA rAjya sthApita ho gayA to yahA~ ke marakArI daphtaro me bhAratIya bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha phArasI kA prayoga bhI hone lgaa| ata daphtaro me kAma karane vAle hindU loga phArasI se kucha-kucha paricita ho gaye hoge, lekina mamrATa akavara ke matrI rAjA ToDaramala ne kevala phArasI ko hI daphtarI bhApA banA diyaa| ata ava sarakArI naukarI pAne ke lie phArasI kA jJAna anivArya ho gyaa| isa kAraNa hinduo me ava isakA pracAra adhika hone lgaa| dhIre-dhIre unakI pravRtti phArasI sAhitya me ho gaI aura unhone apanI vividha racanAmo se isa mAhitya kI ullekhanIya vRddhi kii|' musalamAnA ko bhI yahA~ kI pracalita bhApAe~ sIkhanI paDI, kyoki inake binA sIkhe jIvana kA kAma nahIM cala sakatA thaa| inhone hindI sAhitya kI kAphI vRddhi kii| pajAvI sAhitya kI to nIva hI inhone ddaalii| prArabha me inhone saskRta ko nahI mIsA / mabhava hai ki paDito ne inako saskRta sikhAne se makoca kiyA ho aura inhone use sIkhane se| lekina akavara ne saskRta kA vaDA Adara kiyaa| umakI preraNA se abula phajala, phaijI Adi ne samkRta sIkhakara usake aneka gratho kA phArasI meM anuvAda kiyaa|' akabara ke daravAra me jaina sAdhuno kA vaDA sammAna thaa| jaina sAhitya me isa viSaya para pracura sAmagrI milatI hai| siddhicandra to mahala me jAkara jahAMgIra (kuMvara salIma yA zekha vAvA) ke mAtha phArasI sIkhA karatA thaa| yadyapi tatkAlIna dezI bhASAmo aura sAhitya para phArasI kA paryApta prabhAva paTA, tathApi katipaya sajJAo ke prayoga ko choDakara saskRta para isakA kucha prabhAva dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| abhI taka kisI bhI phArasI gatha kA saskRta anuvAda upalabdha nahIM huaa| hA~, jyotipa ke tAjika gratho kA mUla videzI jAna paDatA hai, kyoki unakI bahuta sI paribhASAe~ arabI kI hai, jo sabhavata hiMduoM ne phArasI dvArA mIkhI ho|' nAnAvidha-bhASA-jJAna jainAcAryoM kA eka pradhAna guNa rahA hai| ve saMskRta ke atirikta prAkRta, apabhraza aura eka-do dezI bhASAeM jAnA hI karate the| avasara milane para videzI bhASA bhI sIkha lete the| jainAcAryoM dvArA 'dekhiye-saiyada abdullA kRta "adviyAte phArasI meM hinduo kA hissA", vehalI, san 1942 / dekhiye-'hindI ke musalamAna kvi"| ''paJcAstikAya' aura 'karmakANDa' nAmaka do jaina granyo kA bhI muzI dilArAma kRta phArasI anuvAda milatA hai| saiyada abdullA, pR0 125 / "vidyAvijaya kRta "sUrIzvara ane samrAT," bhAvanagara, sa0 1976 / 5bhUyo bhUyasta mityAha prasannavadana prabhu / 'tvayA matsUnubhi sAddhaM stheyamatrava nityaza' // 86 // adhyaSTa sarvazAstrANi stokareva dinastata / zAhinA prerito'tyanta satvara pArasImapi // 6 // paThanta (paThata ?) pArasI granyAstattanUjAGgajai samam / prAta pUrvadinAbhyasta pura zrAvayata prabho // 104 // bhAnucandragaNicarita, caturtha prkaash| siddhicandra viracita, mohanalAla dalIcada dezAI dvArA sapAdita siMghI jaina grnthmaalaa-15| 'mleccheSu vistRta lagna kalikAla prabhAvata / prabhuprasAdamAsAdya jaine dharmevatAryate // 6 // hemaprabhasUri racita 'trailokyaprakAza' / 'jaina satya prakAza' varSa 6, aka 6, pR0 406 /

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368 premI abhinaMdana graMtha vividha bhASAo meM race hue aneka stotra milate haiN| jina prabharacita pArasI kA RSabhastotra prasiddha hai / isI prakAra maha0 vikramasiMha viracita 'pArasI bhASAnuzAsana' nAma kA phArasI saMskRta kopa haiN| isakI eka prati ambAlA zahara ke zvetAmbara bhaDAra meM vidyamAna hai / prastuta lekhaka ne isa para eka noTa prakAzita kiyA thA, jise paDhakara gAyakavADa oriyaTala insTicyUTa, vaDodrA ke DAirekTara mahodaya ne isa prati ko magavA kara isake phoTo vanavA liye| isase isa prati ke mahattva kA anumAna laga sakatA hai| yahA~ usI prati ke AdhAra para isa koSa kA paricaya karAyA jAtA hai / ambAle ke bhaDAra kI sUcI meM isa prati kA navara 258 (kha) hai| isake ATha patra hai, jo 10 ica labe aura 41 ica cauDe hai / pratyeka pRSTha para padraha paktiyA~ hai aura prati pakti me pacAsa ke lagabhaga akSara hai| isake akSara sAdhAraNa zvetAmvara lipi ke hai / yadyapi imameM lipikAla kA nirdeza nahI hai, tathApi kAgaja aura akSaro kI zrAkRti me tIna mo varSa purAnI pratIta hotI hai / 'jaina gathAvalI' aura mohanalAla dalIcada demAI kRta 'jaina sAhitya no sakSipta itihAma' me isa koSa kA ullekha nahI, parantu pro0 eca0 DI0 velakara ne apane 'jinaratna samuccaya' meM isI prati ke AdhAra para ina koSa kA nAma nirdeza kiyA hai / pragasti ke anusAra koSa ke racayitA kA nAma maha0 vikramasiMha hai, jo madanapAla kA putra aura Thakkura jAgaja kA pautra thA / yaha jAgaja prAgvATa vaga rUpI AkAza me pUrNa candra ke samAna thA tathA dharmAtmA aura buddhimAna thA / usakA veTA madanapAla apanI sujanatA, nIti aura namratA Adi guNo ke lie prasiddha thA / svaya vikramasiMha zrAnandamUri kA ananya bhakta thA / pArasI bhASA kA zuddha prayoga sIkhakara usane isa koSa ko rcaa| kheda hai ki vikramasiMha ne kopa kA racanA -kAla aura racanA-sthAna nahI vatalAyA / isake apane tathA pitA aura pitAmaha ke nAma kA ullekha bhI kahI nahI milA aura na zrAnandasUri kA nAma hI isa viSaya meM kucha sahAyatA kara sakatA hai, kyoki isa nAma ke kaI AcArya ho cuke hai aura vikramasiMha ne apane grAnandamUri kI guru paraparA nahI vatalAI / hA~, 'jaina sAhitya sazodhaka, khaDa 3, pR0 21 - 26 2 * valnara karmamorezana vaoNlyum, lAhaura san 1940, pR0 116-22 / * kaMTAlaoNga va mainyaskripTs ina di pajAva jaina bhaDAra, lAhaura, san 1636, na0 1646 // ' iti maha0 vikramasiMha viracite pArasI bhASAnuzAsane sAmAnyaprakaraNa paJcama samAptam / prAgvATa vazagaganAGgaNa pUrNacandra sarddhamabuddhiriha ThakkurajAgajosti / tannandano madanapAla iti prasiddha saujanya nItivinayAdi guNaikageha. // 1 // zrAnanda sUripada padmayugaka bhRGgastatsUnureSa nanu vikramasiMha nAmA | AmnAya zuddhamavavRSya sa pArasoka --- bhASAnuzAsanamida racayAcakAra // 2 // 5 (1) isa nAma ke eka AcArya sa0 230 meM hue| pUraNacandra nAhara jaina lekha sagraha, naM0 872, 873 // (2) jinezvarasUri ke ziSya / jaina granthAvalI, pR0 126 // (3) nAgendragacchIya zAnti sUri ke ziSya / poTarsana, ri0 3, pariziSTa pU0 17 / (4) vRhadgaccha ke / pITarsana, ri0 3, pariziSTa pR0 80 / (5) eka aura AcArya / pITarsana, ri0 3, pariziSTa pR0 87 / (6) amaraprabhasUri ke guru (sa0 1344) pITarsana ri0 5, pariziSTa pR0 110 /

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vikramasiMha racita pArasI - saskRta koSa 366 kopa ke prathama prakaraNa ke zloka 26 se, jahA~ nagara zabda kA phAramI paryAya dekara aNahilapATaka (pATaNa) kA phArasI rupa 'niharavala' diyA yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vikramasiMha pATaNa kA rahane vAlA thA, kyoki phAramI me kaI nagaro ke vizeSa nAma hai--prayAga kA alAhAbAda, rAjanagara kA ahamadAvAda, parantu vikramasiMha ne pATaNa kohI liyA hai| kopakartA kI upAdhi ma0 mahato ( gujarAtI = maheto) bhI isa bAta kI sUcaka hai ki vaha gujarAtI thA / yaha kopa jaino me kAphI pracalita rahA hogA / isake do padya jinaprabhasUri viracita pAramI bhASA ke pa bhamtava kI TIkA meM uddhRta kiye gaye hai / ' yaha TIkA zAyada lAvaNyasamudra gaNI kI racanA hai, jise unake ziSya mudra ne lipibaddha kiyaa| yadi ye udayamamudra kharatara gacchIya hai to inakA sattAkAla ma0 1728 ke AsapAsa hai / " ata ima kopa kI racanA tIna sau varasa se pahile kI honI cAhie / kopa meM anumAnata 1,000 phArasI zabdo ke maskRta paryAya diye hai / kartA ke kathanAnusAra isakA parimANa 360 graMtha (32 prakSara kA zloka ) hai / " yaha pA~ca prakaraNo meM vibhakta hai - ( 1 ) jAti prakaraNa (2) dravya prakaraNa, (3) guNa prakaraNa, (4) kriyA prakaraNa aura (5) sAmAnya prakaraNa, jina me krama me 111, 66, 15, 31 aura 35 zloka hai / ima kopa meM sandhi-niyamo kA prayoga vaikalpika rUpa me kiyA gayA hai / kabhI-kabhI phArasI zabda ke sAtha prathamA vibhakti lagA kara mandhi kara dI gaI hai / isame prAya pahile phArasI zabda dekara phira mamkRta paryAya diyA hai, lekina kahI-kahI isa krama kA vyatyaya ho gayA hai / phArasI meM liMga ke kAraNa gabdo meM bheda nahI paDatA, zrIra na isameM tIna vacana hI hote hai / " hama yaha to nirNaya nahIM kara sakate ki phAramI bhASA ke itihAsa meM isakA kitanA upayoga hai, lekina kaI anya dRSTiyoM se ina kopa kA vaDA mahattva hai / jaise 'vasundharA dunIe syAt pattana saharu smRtam grAmo dihastathA deza ulAtu parikIrtiti // 25 // tasmin niharavalo zrImadaNahillapATakam loka kasastayA prokto budhakhAnA surAlaya // 26 // , ''jainamatyaprakAza', khaDa6, zraka 8, pR0 388-60 / 'mohanalAla dalIcada dezAI kRta jaina sAhityano sakSipta itihAsa, pairA0 676 / 4 pratyakSaragaNanAta zatAni trINyanuSTubhAm / ( kopa - prazasti) paNyadhikAni vijJeya pramANa tasya nizcitam // 3 // zabdasya bhedAzcatvAro jAtidravyaguNakriyA / tatastadanusAreNa vacmi kiMcid yathAmati // 3 // prAyo duravabodhatvAt sadhikAryaM kRta na hi / anyathA syAdapabhraza kaSTaM saskRtayojitu // 4 // saskRtokti kvacit pUrvaM tataH syAdanu pArasI / pArasyapi kvacit pUrvaM saMskRtoktistata kRtA // 5 // pustrInapusakatvAdyailiGgarbhedo na dRzyate / eka dvi agrUpaizca vacanaMratra na nizcitam // 6 // 47 5

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premI-pabhinadana-pratha 370 1-phArasI-saskRta koSo kI nakhyA ati alpa hai / isa samaya isake atirikta kevala cAra koSa jJAta hai| ata eka naye kopa kI upalabdhi harSa kA viSaya hai| 2-taskRta-prAkRta mizraNa kA adbhuta udAharaNa / isa kopa kA magalAcaraNa saskRta-prAkRta me racA huA hai, arthAt isakA payama pAda naskRta me, hiloya mahArASTrI me, tRtIya zaurasenI me aura caturtha mAgadhI me| eka hI padya meM vibhinna bhASAo kA prayoga anya bhApAo me bhI huA hai| jaise-hindavI aura phAramI kA rekhatA, jisame amIra khusaro ne racanA kii| saskRta aura drAviDI bhASAo (kaNNaDa, malayAlama prAdi)kA mizraNa, jise 'maNi pravAlam kahate hai| isa zailI meM jainAcAryoM ne aneka stotra race hai| bhImakumAra kathA to sArI hI maskRtamahArASTrI mizraNa meM hai| lekina cAro pado meM vibhinna bhASAo ke udAharaNa vahuta thoDe hai| 3-isa kopa kA dUsarA padya phArasI bhASA aura gArdUla vikrIDita chanda meM hai| ambAlA vAlI prati ke antima pRSTha para isa patra kI naskRta vyAkhyA dI hai, jo zAyada kisI anya lekhaka kI kRti hai| isa vyAkhyA meM 'rahamANa zabda ko saskRta prakRti pratyaya se niha karake isakA artha 'vItarAga kiyA hai| isame kimI kurAnakAra '(1) pArasI-nAmamAlA yA-zabdavilAsa / sa0 1422 meM salakSamatrI dvArA racita / parimANa 600 anya / jaina granyAvalI pR0 311 / (2) pArasI prakAza / prakavara ke samaya meM kRSNadAsa dvArA racita / isane satkRta sUtro meM pArasI vyAkaraNa bhI rcaa| e0 vebara dvArA sapAdita, koSa 1887, vyAkaraNa 1886 (jrmnii)| (3) pAratI prakAza / sa0 1700 meM vedAGgarAya dvArA racita / (4) pArasI vinoda / sa0 1716 meM raghunAtha-sanu vrajabhUSaNa dvArA racita / 'yadgaurAtideha sundararadajyotsnAjalaughe mudA dachRNAsaNa seyapakamiNa nUNa sara mANasa / eya citiya jhatti esa karade nhANani haso madi sA pakkhAladu bhAladI bhayavadI jaDDANulita maNa // 1 // arya-jisa (bhAratI) kI gauravarNa deha aura sundara danta (pakti) ko jyotsnA rUpI jalasamUha meM (usake) prAsana rUpI zveta kamala ko dekha kara aura aisA vicAra kara ki 'sacamuca yaha mAnasarovara hai', (usakA vAhana) hasa snAna karane kI socatA hai, vaha bhagavatI bhAratI (hamAre) jaDatA se lipta mana kA prakSAlana kre| jaina satya prakAza-varSa 8, aka 12, pR0 362-64 / 'dostI bvAda turA na vAsaya kuyA hAmAcunI droga hasi, cIje Amada pesi to dilusurA bUdI cunI kImbara / ta vAlA rahamANa vAsai cirA dostI nisastI irA, allAllAhi turA salAmu bujiruk rojI marA me dehi // arya-helvAmin / 'terA kisI meM anurAga nahIM hai, yaha saba jhUTha hai| jo koI tere sAmane bhaktibhAva se AtA hai, cAhe vaha kiMkara hI ho, he vItarAga / tU usase kyo anurAga karatA hai ? isalie he allAha | tujhe namaskAra ho / mujhe bhI mahato vibhUti de| 'rahamANa zabdasya kRtA vyutpattiryathA--raha tyAge iti caurAdiko vikalpenanto dhAtu / rahayati rAgadveSa kAmakrovAdikAn parityajatItyeva zakta iti vigraha zaktivayastAccholya iti zAnaD prAnmonta Ane iti monta / ravaNebhyoti'rNetyAdinA Natvam iti rahamANa |korth rAgaddeSa vinirmukta zrImAn vItarAgo rahamANa / nAnyaH kazcit, tasya sambodhanam /

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vikramasiMha racita pArasI-saskRta koSa 371 kA uddharaNa hai jo mabhavata phArasI kA vyAkaraNa thaa| yaha uddharaNa RSabhastotra kI TIkA meM bhI milatA hai| 4-koSa ke dUsare padya kI bhASA zuddha mAhityika phArasI nahIM hai| isa kAraNa se isakA santoSajanaka samanvaya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kaI zabda aise hai jinakA prayoga phArasI meM nahI miltaa| svAbhAvika vAta hai ki rI meM likhate samaya aura saskRta-chanda meM isakI racanA karate samaya usake gabdo ke asalI rUpa meM kucha-na-kucha parivartana avazya ho gayA hogA, lekina vaha itanA nahIM ho sakatA ki unake asalI rUpa kA anumAna bhI na kiyA jA ske| sabhava hai ki koSa kI bhASA phArasI kA koI rUpAntara ho| isa bAta kA nirNaya to koSa kA sUkSma rIti se nirIkSaNa karane para hI ho sakatA hai ki jisa pradeza aura kAla me isakI racanA huI thI vahAM usa samaya kisa prakAra kI phArasI pracalita thii| 5-kopa ke racayitA athavA usake lipikAra ne phArasI uccAraNa kI vizepatAno ko devanAgarI me prakaTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / phArasI ke 'khe' ko nAgarI 'ka' ke Upara jihvAmUlIya likhakara aura 'phe' ko 'pha' ke pUrva upadhmAnIya lagAkara jAhira kiyA hai / lekina kahI-kahI 'khe' ke lie 'ka', 'kha' yA 'pa' bhI likhA hai| isI taraha 'phe' ke lie kevala 'pha' likhA hai| 'je' ke lie 'ja' yA 'ya' pAyA hai| kabhI 'jIma' ke lie bhI 'ya' kA prayoga huA hai| 'jvAda' ko 'da' se aura 'se' ko 'tha' se prakaTa kiyA hai| kabhI 'te' ke lie bhI 'tha' AyA hai|' lAhora ] H 'turA' 'marA' iti sarvatra sabandhe sapradAne ca jJAtavyam / tathA ca kurAnakAraaja ityanvayAdAna savandhasapradAnayo / rA sarvatra prayujyetAnyatra vAcya su rUpata // Ani mAni asmadIya kiMcit kiyaccadirIdRzam / cunI hamacanI tAdRz cadina iyadeva ca // cIje kimapi ityAdi kurAnokta lakSaNam / sarvatra vijJeya sapradAyAcca // jaina satyaprakAza, varSa 6, aka 8, pR0 386 / lekhaka ke eka sahAdhyApaka marAko (aphrikA) ke rahane vAle hai| unakI apanI bhASA ke 'te' kA uccAraNa . hindI 'tha' se milatA hai / ve aravI zabda 'taratIba ko 'tharathIba' kahate hai|

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pANini ke samaya kA saMskRta - sAhitya zrI baladeva upAdhyAya ema0 e0, sAhityAcArya maharSi pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI murayata vyAkaraNa kA sarvazreSTha gaya hai / usakA savadha pradhAnatayA saMskRtabhASA tayA usakI sUkSmabhASA savavI vArokiyo se hai / saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa isakA viSaya na hote hue bhI bhASA kI khUbiyoM ko acchI taraha se dikhalAne meM vidyA ke anya vibhAgo kA sthAna-sthAna para ullekha karanA paDA hai / vaha itane mahatva kA hai ki saMskRta - mAhitya ke aneka ajJAta gagharatno kA isase paricaya mila jAtA hai / pAcInakAla se lekara pANini ke samaya taka ke sAhitya para isame thoDA hI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| ina gayo ke ullekha se pANini ke vizAla sAhityika jJAna para Azcarya hotA hai / prAcIna 'dRSTa' zrutiyo se lekara RSi praNIta bhinna-bhinna viSayo para aneka gratho taka kA patA inase bhalIbhAti laga jAtA hai / pANini ke namaya meM kevala zrutiyo kA hI adhyayana nahI hotA thA, valki brAhmaNagayo kA paThanapAThana bhI acche Dhaga se pacalita thA / una samaya saMskRta sAhitya vizAla hone ke atirikta vibhinna viSayo ke gratho se suzobhita thA / kevala eka hI viSaya - dhArmika sAhitya kA hI prabhyudaya na thA, pratyuta anya aihalaukika viSayo para bhI racanAe~ thii| isase tatkAlIna sAhitya kA mahattva sahaja me hI namajhA jA sakatA hai / pANini ne tatkAlIna sAhitya ke jo vibhAga kiye hai usame unakI vaijJAnika buddhi kA yayeSTa paricaya milatA hai / yaha vibhAgokaraNa itanA vaijJAnika hai ki yadi isakA prayoga sAhitya ke itihAsa gatho me kiyA jAya to usase aneka lAbha hone kI sabhAvanA hai / pANini ko prakhara pratibhA ne sAhitya ke nimnalikhita vibhAgo kA nirdeza kiyA - (1) dRSTa sAhitya - arthAt ve gatha, jinhe 'apauruSeya' kahA jA sakatA hai| ye Izvara pradatta hai, kinI manuSya kI racanAe~ nahI hai / ina graMtho kA jJAna pahilepahila 'manadRSTA' 'RSiyoM' ko huA thA / sUtro me vaidika niyamo ke nirdeza se pANini kA vedasabadhI jJAna atyanta vistRta pratIta hotA hai / yadi unakA vaidika adhyayana pratyanta gabhIra na hotA to unheM itane sUkSma niyamo kI kalpanA hI nahI ho sakatI thI / pANini ne dRSTa mAhitya ke udAharaNa meM tIno vedo kA vinA nAma ke ( 4, 3, 126) sAdhAraNa rUpa se ullekha kiyA hai tathA alaga-alaga Rgveda (6, 3, 55, 5, 4, 77 Adi), sAmaveda (5, 4, 77, 5, 2, 56 ) tayA yajurveda (2 4 4, 5, 4, 77, 6 1 117 ) kA pradhvaryu veda ke nAma se (4 2 60 ) ullesa kiyA gayA hai / ekazruti ke viSaya meM likhate hue pANini ne spaSTa hI likhA hai ki sAma me isa niyama kA niSedha hotA hai ( 1234), jisase unake sAmagAyana-sabadhI sUkSma jJAna kA paricaya milatA hai / Rgveda kI zAkhA ke viSaya me pANini ko zAkalazAlA (43 128), usake padapATha (6 1 115, 7 1 57 ) aura kramapATha (4 2 61 ) kA jJAna bhalobhAti thA / unheM veda ke kaI vibhAgo, sUkta adhyAya tathA anucAka (5, 260), kA bhI yatheSTa paricaya thA / vedo ke 'pragAtha' kA ullekha (4 2 55 ) pAyA jAtA hai| jahA~ do RcAe~ prathita hokara tIna vana jAtI hai vahAM 'pragAtha' hotA hai ('yatra dve Rco pagadhanena tisra kriyante sa pragAthanAt prakarSagAnAdvA pragAya ityucyate' pUrvasUtra kI kAzikAvRtti ) / vedo ke kucha khAsa bhAgo kA bhI spaSTa ullekha hai / 'nyUkha' solaha prokAro kA sammilita nAma hai, jinhe bhinna-bhinna zrutiyo se uccAraNa karanA paDatA thA ( 1, 2 34 nyUkhA okArA SoDaza teSu kecidudAttA kecidanudAttA, kAzikA) / 'subrahmaNyA ' nAmaka katipaya matro meM bhI ekazruti kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai (1, 2, 37) /

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pANini ke samaya kA saskRta-sAhitya 373 matradraSTA RSiyo ke nAma nirdeza bhI yatratatra pAye jAte hai| mAmamatra ke draSTA RSiyo me 'vAmadeva' (42 6) tathA 'kali' kA nAma pAyA jAtA hai (4 28) / isI sUtra ke vArtika me 'agni' tathA 'uganas' ke ullekha sAmadraSTA Rpi ke rUpa meM pAye jAte hai| vahuto kA kahanA hai ki 'atharva' kevala gaNa meM hI pAyA jAtA hai, sUtra meM nhiiN| ataeva golDasTukara ne pANini ko vedatrayI me hI paricita batalAkara atharvaveda kI racanA se pUrvavartI batalAyA hai, parantu hamArI sammati me pANini ko isa veda tathA isake vazIkaraNa matro kA paricaya pUrI taraha me thaa| AtharvaNikasyek lopazca (4 3 133) me pANini ne 'AtharvaNa' kI vyutpatti vatalAI hai| __ uktasUtra kI kAzikA meM "AtharvaNikasyAyam pAtharvaNo dharma AmnAyo vaa| caraNAddharmAmnAyayo" likhA huyA hai, jisase atharvaNa ke drapTA RSi tathA unake khAsa AmnAya arthAt atharvaNa veda ke nAma ullikhita hai| isa sagayarahita ulleja se isa caturtha veda ko pANini ke anantara kA mAnanA sarvathA bhUla hai| eka anya mUtra se avaziSTa sandeha bhI dUra ho jAtA hai| pANini ne (4,4 66 me) puruSo ke hRdaya ko vaza meM karane vAle matro kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA unheM hRdya' majAdI hai / kAzikA ke anumAra pANini ko vazIkaraNa matra se pUrA paricaya thaa| (RSirvedo gRhyte| hRdayasya banvanamRSi hRdya / parahRdaya yena vaddhayate vazIkriyate sa vazIkaraNa matro hRdya ityucyate) / 4 3 72 me na kevala purazcaraNa' nAmaka kriyA kA ullekha hai, apitu usake vyAkhyAna gratho arthAt umako TIkA-TippaNI kA bhI paricaya pAyA jAtA hai / jahA~ taka hamArA vicAra hai, vazIkaraNa matra tathA purazcaraNa Adi mAraNoccATana kriyAyo kA varNana pahile-pahala atharvaveda me hI pAyA jAtA hai / ataeva pANini ko isa veda se anabhijJa mAnanA bhayakara aitihAsika bhUla ke sivAya aura kyA kahA jA sakatA hai ? pUrvokta sUtro ke pramANa para pANini kevala atharva se paricita hI nahIM jAna paDate, balki anya vedo kI bhAti unakA atharva savadhI jJAna tathA adhyayana bhI unnata koTi kA thaa| ina pavitra zrutiyo ke atirikta pANini ne inake marmajJo kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai , jinheM yajJo me bhinna-bhinna kArya mamarpita kiye jAte the| jAna paDatA hai ki pANini ke mamaya meM aise bahuta se nAnA prakAra ke caraNa tathA mapradAya vidyamAna the, jo apanI zAkhA ke adhyayana tathA rakSA me dattacitta the / vibhinna vaidiko kA eka sAtha pANini ne varNana kiyA hai| ve the chandoga, prokthika, yAjJika tathA vahvaca (4 / 3 / 126) 'chandoga' vidvAna to yajJa ke samaya chando ko gAte the| 'ukya' sAma kA hI eka vizeSa prakAra hai, jo kevala lagAtAra sunA diyA jAtA thaa| sAma kI bhAti na to yaha svara meM gAyA jAtA thA aura na yajupa kI taraha kevala dhIre se uccarita hotA thaa| ima vigipTa sAma ko jAnane vAlo kI manA 'prokthika' thii| 'yAjJika vidvAno kA mavadha yajurveda se thA aura yajJa ke kAma karAne vAle ve hI hote the| 'vahavRca' yajJa ke samaya Rgveda kI RcAe~ sunAte the| isame spaSTa hai ki usa samaya ina vedo ke vibhinna sampradAyo tathA zAkhAyo kI unnati yathepTa thii| (2) prokta arthAt vaha sAhitya, jo Rpiyo dvArA pahile-pahala kahA gayA ho yA varNita ho, parantu jo 'dRSTa' na ho| (4 3 101) / (ka) chandam atha jo tittiri, varatantu, khaNDika tathA ukha se kahe gaye hai (4 3 102), kAzyapa tathA kaugika RSi se prokta atha (4 3 103), kalApi Rpi tathA vaizampAyana ke 'antevAsI' ziSyo dvArA prokta (4 3 104) / kAzikA me kalApi ke cAra ziSyo ke (haridru, chagalI, tumvuru tathA ulapa) tathA vaizampAyana ke nava ziSyo ke (prAlambi, palaGga, kamala, RtrAbha, AruNi, tANDya, zyAmAyana, kaTha tathA kalApI)nAma spaSTata ullikhita hai| na kevala ina Rpiyo ke ziSyo dvArA hI gratho kI racanA kI gaI thI, balki ina prAcAryoM ke likhe hue gratho kA patA pANini ne svaya hI diyA hai| vAta ThIka bhI hai| java inake ziSyo ne aneka gratho kI racanA kI tava ina AcAryoM ne avazya hI kucha-na-kucha likhA hogaa| kalApI (4 3 108) tathA caraka (vaizampAyana) (4 3 107) (caraka iti vaizampAyanasya prAsyA, iti kAzikA) ke prokta gratha kA ullekha hai| inake ziSyo me se kaTha tathA chagalI (4 3 106)

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374 premI-prabhinaMdana graMtha dvArA racita graMtho kA varNana pANini ne svaya kiyA hai / zAkala dvArA prokta gratha kA ullekha 4 3 106 me kiyA gayA / (kha) brAhmaNa -- yaha dhyAna me rakhanA cAhie ki pANini ne brAhmaNagratho ko vaidika mahitAo kI bhAti 'dRSTa' nahI mAnA hai, valki unheM 'proktagrayoM' kI sUcI me antarbhukta kiyA hai / Ajakala to brAhmaNa zruti ke antargata mAne jAte haiM tathA veda kI bhAti unakI apauruSeyatA bhI prAmANika mAnI jAtI hai, parantu yaha varNana mAhitya kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai / brAhmaNagratho ko pANini ne 'chandam' se bhinna vatalAyA hai / pANini ne brAhmaNo ke viSaya me kevala isI bAta kA ullekha kiyA hai ki kucha eka prAcIna muniyo dvArA prokta the / isake atirikta kisI kA vyaktigata nAma nahI diyA gayA hai (4 3 / 105 ) | kAzikA ne 'purANamuniyoM se pANini kA Azaya ' bhatlava' 'gATyAyana' tathA 'aitareya' se vatalAyA hai / avazya hI pANini ne tIsa yA cAlIsa adhyAya vAle brAhmaNo kI majJA 'za' tathA ' catvAriMga' hai ( 5 162 ) / brAhmaNo ke anukaraNa para vanane vAle 'anubrAhmaNa' graMtho kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai (4/2/63) / matro kI kisI prakAra kI anukramaNikA kA patA bhI ( 4 4 125-27) lagatA hai, jo yajJo kI suvidhA ke lie vanAI gaI thI / udAharaNArthaM jiname 'vayasyAn' zabda (4|4|127) tathA 'azvimAna' zabda pAye jAte hai ( 4/44126) una matro kI eka pRthak sUcI thI / pUrvokta bAto se tatkAlIna brAhmaNa graMtho ke viSaya meM bahuta kucha jAnakArI kI vAto kA patA calatA hai / pANini ke samakAlIna grathakAro me vArtikakAra tathA usake AdhAra para kAzikAkAra ne 'yAjJavalkya' kA nAmollekha kiyA hai / (ga) upaniSad -- yadyapi pANini ne gatha ke artha me 'upaniSad' zabda kA vyavahAra nahI kiyA hai, tathApi 14 79 se jJAta hotA hai ki unakA paricaya ina graMtho se avazya thA / pUrvokta sUtra kA artha hai ki jIvikA tathA upaniSad zabda ko aupamya ( sAdRzya) ke artha me gatisajJA hotI hai / yadi graMthakAra ko gabdo ke mUla artha kA patA nahI hotA to use unake upamAmUcaka artha meM vyavahAra karanA ucita nahI thA / jIvikA ke mUla artha ko jAne vinA 'jIvikA ke tulya' kA artha spaSTa nahI hotA / isase merI sammati me ukta mUtra me 'upaniSad' zabda ko zraupamyArtha - (rahamyabhUta ke artha ) meM prayukta hone se pANini kI ina dArzanika gratho se zrabhijJatA kA pUrA patA calatA hai / (gha) kalpasUtra---yajJa ke agabhUta ina Avazyaka graMtho kA ullekha kevala sAdhAraNatayA hI ( 4 3 105 ) kiyA gayA hai / iname prAcIna muniyo se prokta kalpagratho kA hI hAla diyA gayA hai, yadyapi gayo ke vyaktigata nAma nahIM diye gaye haiM / kAzikA ne 'piGga' tathA 'graruNaparAja' nAmaka prAcIna kalpagratho ke racayitAoM ke nAma diye hai jinake dvArA racita kalpasUtra kramaza 'sI' tathA 'aruNaparAjI' kahe jAte haiM / zrAdhunika kalpa ke kartA muniyoM meM 'amaraya' kA ullekha kAzikAkAra ne kiyA hai (sU0 4 / 3 / 105) / (Da) sUtragrantha - pANini ke samaya meM sUtragrathoM kI racanA kA pracAra khUba ho calA thA / aneka sthAno para sUtro kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| inameM 'parAga' tathA 'karmanda' ke dvArA prokta bhikSu sUtro kA nAma diyA gayA hai / 'bhikSusUtra' sanyAsiyo ke pracAra ke dyotaka unake jIvana dizA ko batalAne vAle tathA unake dhyAna manana ko batalAne vAle--praya the / ina sUtro kA nAma pANini ko choDa kara aura kahI nahI milatA / bhAmatIkAra vAcampati mizra kI sammati me pUrvokta 'parAga' bhikSusUtra se vAdarAyaNa vyAsa racita 'brahmasUtra' se Agaya hai / usa kAla meM nATakakalA kI utpatti hI nahI huI thI varan vizeSa unnati bhI ho cukI thii| nATaka karane vAle naTa tathA unake kArya kA ullekha spaSTa batalA rahA hai ki jana sAdhAraNa meM isakA pracAra khUba thA / 'zilAli' tayA 'kRzAzva' dvArA prokta naTasUtro ke ullekha se bhI nATakIya kalA kI vizeSa unnati tathA pracAra kA anumAna sahaja meM hI lagAyA jA sakatA hai (43110-111) / sabhavata bharata nATyazAstra vahula pracAra ke kAraNa ina sUtro kA lopa hI ho gayA aura Aja to ve atIta kAla ke garbha me sadA ke lie dha~sa gaye hai / (3) upajJAta - ( 4 3 115 ) -- naye upajavAle graMtho ke lie yaha zabda prayukta kiyA jAtA thA / jo grantha vilakula hI maulika ho, jisakI vinA kisI ke upadeza se racanA kI gaI ho (vinopadezena jJAtamupajJAta svayamabhi

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pANini ke samaya kA saskRta sAhitya 375 samvaddhamityartha - kA0 ) tathA navInatA liye ho unheM upajJA yA 'upajJAta' kahate the / pANini ne upajJAta grantho kA nAma nirdeza nahI kiyA hai, parantu kAzikAkAra ne hI kAzakRsna, ApAli tathA pANini ke vyAkaraNa ko isake antargata mAnA hai / jisa prakAra mAna tathA taula ke nApa pahile-pahala nanda (rAjA) ne calAye the| usI prakAra pANini ne bhI 'akAlaka' vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI / pANini ke pahile kAla sUcita karane ke lie 'bhavantI' (laT ), parokSA (liT ), hyastanI (laD), adyatanI (luD) Adi nAma pAye jAte the / pANini ne sabase pahile inheM haTAkara lakAra ke vArahakhaDI ke sAtha 'Ta' yA 'D' joDakara apanI maulika buddhi kA paricaya diyA / isIlie pANini kA vyAkaraNa 'akAlaka' ' kahA gayA hai / pANini ke phuphere bhAI 'sagrahakAra' vyADi ne bhI dasa lakAro ke 'i' 'T' ke sthAna para 'huSa' joDakara naI paddhati calAI thii| ataeva isa navInatA ke kAraNa kAzikA ne vyADyupajJa huSkaraNam (duSkaraNam nahI) likhA hai / (4) kRta -- (4387 ) - kisI granthakAra dvArA banAe gaye grantha ke artha me isa zabda kA prayoga pANini ne kiyA hai / isa vibhAga meM aneka grantho kA nAma pAyA jAtA hai. (1) zizukrandIya arthAt bacco ke rone ke viSaya me likhe gaye grantha / (2) yamasabhIya - - yamarAja kI sabhA viSayaka racanA / (3) indrajananIya indra kI utpatti ke bAre meM racA grantha 4|3|88 | (4) zloka - ( isake kartA ko 'zlokakAra' kahate the ) 3 223 / (5) gAyA / (6) sUtra | (7) pada 1 (8) 'mahAbhArata' zabda kA nirdeza 6 2 38 meM kiyA gayA hai| sUtro me jAna paDatA hai ki pANini ko mahAbhArata yuddha ke pradhAna pradhAna pAtro se pUrA paricaya thA / pANini ne 8 365 meM jyeSTha pANDava nAma kI vyutpatti batalAI hai aura 4 3 68 meM na kevala vAmudeva aura arjuna ke hI nAma pAye jAte haiM bhakti karane vAle logo kI bhI carcA pAI jAtI hai / zrata pANini 'mahAbhArata' ko bhalIbhAMti jAnate the / (1) Rtuo ke viSaya meM likhe gaye grantha 4 2 63 meM vasanta vipayaka grantha ke paDhane vAle kA nAma 'vAsantika' kahA gayA hai / yudhiSThira ke varan inakI (4 4 102) meM 'kathana' tathA 'kathA' meM pravINa 'kAthika' logo kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai, parantu mUtra se yaha nahI jAna paDatA ki 'kathA' racita grantha the varan yaha kevala kahAniyA~ thI, jo sAdhAraNatayA logo me prasiddha rahatI hai| 4 4 116 meM 'kRtagranya' kA ullekha hai / kAzikA vRtti meM vararuci kRta zloka, haikupAda tathA bhaikurATa grantho ke nAma diye gaye hai / 'vAraruca kAvya' ( 4 | 3 | 101 kA bhASya) kA nAma mahAbhASya meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / subhASitAvali Adi sUktigrantho meM bhI 'vararuci' ke nAma me zloka uddhRta kiye gaye hai / kAzikA me bhI vararuci ke kavi hone kI bAta matya pramANita hotI hai| rAjazekhara ne vararuci ke kAvya kA nAma kaNThAbharaNa diyA hai| bahuta sabhava hai ki mahAbhASya meM ullikhita vAraruca kAvya yahI ho -- yathArthatA kaya nAmni mA bhUd vararuceriha | vyadhatta kaNThAbharaNa ya sadArohaNa priya // nandopakramANi mAnAni / 'pANinIyamakAlaka vyAkaraNan / -- kAzikA / tena tatprathamata praNItam / sa svasmin vyAkaraNe kAlAdhikAra na kRtavAn yAsa /

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premI-abhinavana-pratha (5) vyAkhyAnagranya --- (4366 ) ina racanAo meM grantho kI vyAkhyA yA TIkA hotI thI / (ka) somayAga tathA aneka yajJo kI vyAsyA (4 3 68) / (kha) RSi ke dvArA vyAkhyAta adhyAya ( 4 3 69 ) kAzikAkAra ne vasiSTha tathA vizvAmitra dvArA vyAkhyAta adhyAyo ke nAma diye hai / 1 376 (ga) pauroDAza tathA puroDAza viSayaka vyAkhyAna ( 4 3 70 ) / (gha) chandas kI vyAkhyA jinhe 'chandasya ' tathA 'chAndasa ' kahate the (4 3 71) / (Da) brAhmaNa, prathama, adhvara, Rc, purazcaraNa, nAma tathA AkhyAta ke vyAkhyAna grantha ( 4 3 72 ) / (ca) 'Rgayana' nAmaka grantha kI vyAkhyA jise 'ArgAyana' kahA gayA hai ( 4 3 73) / isa gaNa meM kAzikAkAra ne nyAya, upaniSad, zikSA Adi aneka grantho kA ullekha kiyA hai / ina grantho ke nAmollekha ke atirikta pANini ne apane pUrvavartI vyAkaraNa racayitAo ke nAma tathA mata sthAna sthAna para ullikhita kiye hai| pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI me prApizali (6 192), kAzyapa (1, 2, 25), gArgya ( 8 3 20), gAlava ( 7 174), cAkravarmaNa (6 / 1 / 130), bhAradvAja ( 712 67), zAkaTAyana ( 34111 ) zAkalya ( 1|1|16), senaka ( 5/41 112 ), sphoTAyana ( 6 / 1 / 123 ) --- --ina dama vaiyAkaraNo kI mammatiyA~ ullikhita hai / ' yAskAdibhyo gotre' me niruktakAra 'yAska' kA bhI nAma diyA gayA hai| inameM Rgveda pratizAsya ke racayitA gAkalpa kA nAma prati prasiddha hai / anya granthakAro ke vAre meM hame kucha bhI jJAta nahI hai / vArtikakAra kAtyAyana ne bhI 'pauSkarasAdi' nAmaka vyAkaraNa ke prAcArya kA ullekha kiyA hai (cayo dvitIyA zari pauSkarasAderiti vAcyam) / pataJjali ne bhI apane mahAbhASya me bhAradvAjIya ( 3 1 81 ), zaunaga, kuNaravAdava, saurya bhAgavata tathA kuNi kA ullekha kiyA hai, parantu ina sabase adhika mahattva kI vAtI kA patA kAzikA me lagatA huuN| 4 2 65 ke Upara kAzikA vRtti se 'vyAghrapada' tathA 'kAzakRtsna' nAmaka vyAkaraNa ke prAcAryo kA patA lagatA hai / vyAghrapada ne sUtroM me hI apanA gantha likhA thA, jo dasa zradhyAyo kA thaa| kAzakRtsna kA nAma (4 3 115 ) kI vRtti me upajJAta ke udAharaNa me ullikhita hai / inhone bhI sUtra meM hI vyAkaraNagrantha racA thA, jo tIna adhyAyo me samApta huA thA / (pANinIyamaSTaka' sUtra tadadhIte aSTakA pANinIyA, dagakA vaiyAghrapadIyA trikA kAmakRtsnA ) / chanda zAstra kI bhI vizeSa unnati kA patA sUtro se lagatA hai / ( 33 34) meM 'vipTAra' zabda kI siddhi chanda ke nAma ke artha meM kI gaI hai| kAzikAkAra ne spaSTa likhA hai ki sUtra ke chandonAma me matra -- brAhmaNa kA atha nahI hai, balki gAyatrI Adi vizeSa chando se haiN'| unhone viSTAra pakti tathA viSTAra bRhatI kA nAma udAharaNa ke lie diyA hai / aSTAdhyAyI tathA usake vyAkhyAgrantho ke adhyayana karane se prAcIna saMskRta sAhitya ke viSaya me aneka jJAtavya bAteM jAnI jA sakatI hai| yahA~ kevala pANini ke dvArA nirdiSTa sAhitya kA sAmAnya -- paricaya mAtra diyA gyaa| 1 kAzI ] 'isa udAharaNa meM 'zraSTaka sUtram' se prAzaya ATha sUtroM kA nahIM hai balki 'ATha zradhyAyo meM race gaye sUtro se hai / ' bhaTTojidIkSita dvArA kI gaI 'aSTau adhyAyA parimANamasya tadaSTaka pANine sUtram' aSTaka zabda kI vyutpatti se ukta siddhAnta kI puSTi hotI hai / sakhyAyA sajJA saghasUtrAdhyayaneSu (521158 ) ke adhikAra meM sakhyAyA pratizadantAyA kan ( 531122) se aSTa zabda se kan pratyaya karane para 'aSTaka' niSpanna huA hai / zrataeva kAzikA ke udAharaNa se yahI jAna paDatA hai ki vyAghrapada kA sUtrapranya dasa zradhyAyoM meM tathA 'kAzakRtsna' kA tIna adhyAyo meM thA / inase sUtro kI sakhyA samajhanA bhUla haiM / 'vRttamantra chando gRhyate, yatra gAyatrapAdayo vizeSA / na mantra brAhmaNenAma grahaNAt / kAzikA /

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pratibhA-mUrti siddhasena divAkara 10 sukhalAla saghavI bhAratIya darzana adhyAtmalakSI hai| pazcimIya darzano kI taraha ve mAtra budvipradhAna nahIM hai| unakA udgama hI Atmazuddhi kI dRSTi me huyA hai| ve prAtmatattva ko aura usakI guddhi ko lakSya meM rakhakara hI vAhya jagat kA vicAra karate hai / imalie sabhI grAstika bhAratIya darzano ke maulika nattva eka se hai| jainadarzana kA bota bhagavAna mahAvIra aura pArzvanAtha ke pahale se hI kimI-na-kisI rUpa meM calA A rahA hai, yaha vasnu itihAma niTa hai / jaina darzana kI dizA cAritra-pradhAna hai, jo ki mUla AdhAra prAtmazuddhi kI dRSTi se vizeSa magata hai / umame jAna, bhakti prAdi tattvo kA sthAna avazya hai, para ve nabhI tattva cAritra-paryavamAyI ho tabhI jainatva ke mAya magata hai| kevala jana paramparA mehI nahIM, balki vaidika, baudva Adi mabhI paramparAmo me java taka AdhyAtmikatA kA prAdhAnya ghA yA vasnuta unameM AdhyAtmikatA jIvita rahI taba taka una darzano me tarka aura vAda kA sthAna hote hue bhI umakA prAdhAnya na rahA / isalie hama saba paramparAno ke prAcIna granyo me utanA tarka aura vAda-tANDava nahI pAte hai, jitanA uttarakAlIna granyo ma / AdhyAtmikatA aura tyAga kI marvamAdhAraNa me ni sIma pratiSThA jama cukI thii| ataeva AdhyAtmika purupo ke AsapAsa sampradAya bhI apane Apa jamane lagate the| jahA~ mampradAya vane ki phira uname mUlatattva me bheda na rahane para bhI choTI-choTI bAto meM aura avAntara praznoM meM matabheda aura tajjanya avAntara vivAdo kA hote rahanA svAbhAvika hai| jaise-jaise sampradAyo kI nIva gaharI hotI gaI aura ve phailane lage, uname parampara sagharpa bhI vaDhatA calA, jame aneka choTe-baDe rAjyoM ke bIca caDhA-utarI kA magharpa hotA rahatA hai| rAjakIya maghoM ne lokajIvana me jitanA kSobha utpanna kiyA hai, utanA hI kSobha, valki usame bhI adhika mAmpradAyika marpa ne kiyA hai| isa saMgharSa meM par3ane ke kAraNa mabhI AdhyAtmika darzana tarkapradhAna banane lge| koI Age to koI pIche, para mabhI darzano me tarka aura nyAya kA bala vaDhanA guna hunaa| prAcIna samaya meM AnvIkSikI eka sarvamAdhAraNa khAma vidyA thI, umakA AdhAra lekara dhIre-dhIre mava mapradAyo ne apane darzana ke anukUla prAnvIkSikI kI racanA kii| mUla AnvIkSikI vidyA vaizeSika darzana ke sAtha ghula mila gii| para umake AdhAra me kabhI vauddha paramparA ne to kabhI mImAsako ne, kabhI sAkhya ne to kabhI jainone, kabhI advaita vedAnta ne to kabhI anya vedAnta paramparAno ne apanI svatantra AnvIkSikI kI racanA zurU kara dii| isa prakAra isa deza meM pratyeka pradhAna darzana ke sAtha eka yA dUsare spa me tarkavidyA kA savadha anivArya ho gyaa| java prAcIna prAnvIkSikI kA vizeSa bala dekhA tava vauddho ne mabhavata sarvaprathama alaga svAnukUla AnvIkSikI kA khAkA taiyAra karanA zurU kiyA, sabhavata umake vAda hI mImAsako ne| janasampradAya apanI mUla prakRti ke anusAra adhikatara sayama, tyAga, tapasyA Adi para vizepa jora detA A rahA thA, para AsapAsa ke vAtAvaraNa ne use bhI tarkavidyA kI ora jhukAyA / jahA~ taka hama jAna pAye hai, usase mAlUma par3atA hai ki vikrama kI pAMcavI zatAbdI taka janadarzana kA svatantra tarkavidyA kI ora gvAsa jhukAva na thaa| usame jaise-jaise saskRta bhASA kA adhyayana pravala hotA gayA vaise-vaime tarka-vidyA kA prArpaNa bhI baDhatA gyaa| pAMcavI zatAbdI ke pahale ke jaina vADmaya aura isake bAda ke jaina vADmaya me ma spapTa bheda dekhate hai / aba dekhanA yaha hai ki jaina vADmaya ke isa parivartana kA Adi sUtradhAra kauna hai ? aura umakA sthAna bhAratIya vidvAno me kaisA hai ? 48

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378 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha Adi jaina tArkika jahAM taka maiM jAnatA hU~, jaina paramparA meM tarkavidyA kA aura tarkapradhAna saskRta vADmaya kA Adi praNetA hai siddhasena divAkara / maine divAkara ke jIvana aura kAryoM ke sambandha me anyatra vistRta UhApoha kiyA hai| yahA~ to yathAsabhava sakSepa meM unake vyaktitva kA sodAharaNa paricaya karAnA hai| siddhasena kA samvandha unake jIvana-kathAnako ke anusAra ujjainI aura usake adhipati vikrama ke sAtha avazya rahA hai, para vaha vikrama kauna sA thA, yaha eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| abhI taka ke nizcita pramANo se jo siddhasena kA samaya vikrama kI pacama zatAbdI kA uttarArdha aura bahuta huA to chaThI kA kucha prArambhika aza jAna paDatA hai, use dekhate hue adhika sabhava yaha hai ki ujjanI kA vaha rAjA candragupta dvitIya yA usakA pautra skandagupta hogA, jo ki vikramAditya ke nAma se prasiddha hue the| sabhI naye-purAne ullekha yahI kahate hai ki siddhasena janma se brAhmaNa the| yaha kathana vilakula satya jAna paDatA hai, kyoki unhone prAkRta jaina vADmaya ko saskRta me rupAntarita karane kA jo vicAra nirbhayatA se sarvaprathama kiyA vaha brAhmaNa-sulabha zakti aura ruci kA hI dyotaka hai / unhone usa yuga meM jaina darzana tathA dUsare darzano ko lakSya karake jo atyanta camatkArapUrNa saMskRta padyavaddha kRtiyA~ dI hai, vaha bhI janmasiddha brAhmaNatva ko hI dyotaka hai / unakI jo kucha thoDI-bahuta kRtiyA~ prApta hai, unakA eka-eka pada aura vAkya unakI kavitvaviSayaka, tarkaviSayaka, aura samagna bhAratIyadarzana viSayaka talasparzI patibhA ko vyakta karatA hai| Adi jaina kavi aura Adi jaina stutikAra hama java unakA kavitva dekhate hai tava azvaghoSa, kAlidAsa Adi yAda A jAte hai| brAhmaNadharma me pratiSThita Azrama vyavasthA ke anugAmI kAlidAsa ne vivAha bhAvanA kA aucitya batalAne ke lie vivAha-kAlIna nagarapraveza kA prasaGga lekara usa prasaGga se harSotsuka striyo ke avalokana-kautuka kA jaisA mArmika zabda-citra khIcA hai vaisA citra azvaghopa ke kAvya me aura siddhasena kI stuti me bhI hai / antara kevala itanA hI hai ki azvaghopa aura siddhasena dono zramaNadharma meM pratiSThita ekamAtra tyAgAzrama ke anugAmI hai / isalie unakA vaha citra vairAgya aura gRhatyAga ke sAtha mela khAtA hai| ata usame buddha aura mahAvIra ke gRhatyAga se khinna aura udAsa striyo kI zokajanita ceSTAyo kA varNana hai, na ki harSotsuka striyo kI ceSTAo kA / tulanA ke lie nIce ke padyo ko dekhie "apUrvazokopanataklamAni netrodakaklinavizeSakANi / viviktazobhAnyabalAnanAni vilApadAkSiNyaparAyaNAni // mugdhonmukhAkSANyupadiSTavAkyasadigdhajalpAni pura sarANi / bAlAni mArgAcaraNakriyANi pralabavastrAntavikarSaNAni // akRtrimasnehamayapradIrghadInekSaNA sAzrumukhAzca pauraa| sasArasAtmyajJajanaikavandho na bhAvazuddha jagRhurmanaste // " (siddha0 5-10, 11, 12) "atipraharSAdatha zokamUchitA kumArasadarzanalolalocanA / gRhAdvinizcakramurAzayA striya zaratpayodAdiva vidyutazcalA // 'dekhie bhAratIya vidyA, vA0 zrI bahAdurasiMhajI siMghI smRtigrantha pR0 152-154 / tathA sanmatitarkaprakaraNa bhaag|

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pratibhA mUrti siddhasena divAkara vilambakezyo malinAzukAmvarA niraJjanairvASpahatekSaNairmukhe / striyo na rejurmRjayA binA kRtA divIva tArA rajanIkSayAruNA // araktatAstraizcaraNairanUpuraiha kuNDalairArjavakandharairmukhaM / svabhAvapInairjaghanairamekhalairahArayoktrairmuSitairiva stanaM // " ( azva0 buddha0 sarga 8 - 20, 21, 22) " tasminmuhUrte purasundarINAmIzAnasadarzanalAlasAnAm / prAsAdamAlAsu vabhUvuritya tyaktAnyakAryANi viceSTitAni // 56 // vilocanaM dakSiNamaJjanena sabhAvya tadvaJcitavAmanetrA / tathaiva vAtAyanasa nikarSa yayo zalAkAmaparA vahantI // 56 // tAsA mukhairAsavagandhagabharvyAptAntarA sAndrakutUhalAnAm / vilolanetra bhramaraMgavAkSA sahasrapatrAbharaNA ivAsan // 63 // | " (kAli0 kumAra0 sa0 7 ) 376 siddhasena ne gadya meM kucha likhA ho to patA nahI hai / unhone maskRta me vattIsa vattIsiyA~ racI thI, jiname me ikkIma abhI labhya hai| unakA prAkRta meM racA 'sammati prakaraNa' jainadRSTi aura jainamantavyo ko tarkazailI se spaSTa karane tathA sthApita karane vAlA jainavAGmaya me sarva prathama grantha hai, jisakA zrAzraya uttaravartI sabhI zvetAmbara digambara vidvAno ne kiyA hai / kRta vattIyo me zurU kI pA~ca aura gyArahavI stutirUpa haiM / prathama kI pA~ca meM mahAvIra stuti hai, jaba ki gyArahavI me kimI parAkramI aura vijetA rAjA kI stuti hai / ye stutiyAM azvaghoSa - samakAlIna vauddha-stutikAra mAtRcaMTa ke 'adhyardhazataka' tathA pazcAdvartI Aryadeva ke catu zataka kI zailI ko yAda dilAtI hai / siddhasena hI jaina-paramparA kA zrAdya maskRta stutikAra hai / zrAcArya hemacandra ne jo kahA hai "kva siddhasenastutayo mahArthA zrazikSitAlApakalA kva caiyA" vaha bilakula sahI hai / svAmI samantabhadra kI 'svayabhUstotra' aura 'yuktyanuzAsana' nAmaka do dArzanika stutiyA~ miTTamena kI kRtiyoM kA anukaraNa jAna paDatI hai / hemacandra ne bhI una dono kA apanI do vattImiyo ke dvArA anukaraNa kiyA hai / 1 bArahavI zatAbdI ke prAcArya hemacandra ne apane vyAkaraNa meM udAharaNa rUpa se likhA hai ki 'anusiddhasena kavaya ' / kA bhAva yadi yaha ho ki jaina-paramparA ke maskRta kaviyo meM siddhasena kA sthAna sarvaprathama hai ( samaya kI dRSTi se aura guNavattA kI dRSTi me anya sabhI jainakaviyo kA sthAna siddhasena ke vAda AtA hai) to yaha kathana Aja taka ke jainavAGmaya kI dRSTi me akSaraga matya hai / unakI stuti aura kavitA ke kucha namUne dekhiye / bhUtasahasranetramanekamekAkSarabhAvaliGgam / "svayabhuva zravyaktamavyAhata vizvalokamanAdimadhyAntamapuNyapApam // samantamarvAkSaguNa nirakSa svayaprabha sarvagatAvabhAsam / zratItasakhyAnamanantakalpamacintyamAhAtmyamalokalokam // kuhetutarko parataprapaJcasadbhAvazuddhAprativAdavAdam / praNamya sacchAsanavardhamAna stoSye yatIndra jinavardhamAnam // " - siddha0 1, 1-3 stuti kA yaha Arambha upaniSad kI bhASA aura paribhASA meM virodhAlakAra garbhita hai / " ekAnta nirguNabhAvantamupetya santo yatnArjitAnapi guNAn jahati kSaNena / klIvAdarastvayi punarvyasanolvaNAni bhukte cira guNaphalAni hitApanaSTa // " - siddha0 2.23

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380 premI-abhinadana-pratha isameM sAkhya paribhASA ke dvArA virovAbhAsa garbhita stuti hai / "kvacinniyatipakSapAtaguru gamyate te vaca, svabhAvaniyatA prajA samayatatravRttA kvacit / svaya kRtabhuja kvacit parakRtopabhogA. puna naMvA viSadavAdadoSamalino'syaho vismaya // " siddha0 38 isame zvetAzvatara upaniSad ke bhinna-bhinna kAraNavAda ke samanvaya dvArA vIra ke lokottaratva kA sUcana hai / "kulizena sahasralocana savitA cAzusahasralocana / na vidArayitu yadIzvaro jagatastadbhavatA hata tama // " siddha 4 3 isame indra ra sUrya se utkRSTatva dikhA kara vIra ke lokottaratva kA vyajana kiyA hai| "na sada su vadanna zikSito labhate vaktRvizeSagauravam / anupAsya guru tvayA punarjagadAcAryakameva nirjitam // " siddha 047 isame vyatireka ke dvArA stuti kI hai ki he bhagavan / Apa ne guru sevA ke binA kiye bhI jagata kA prAcArya pada pAyA hai jo dUsaro ke lie sambhava nahI / "udaghAviva sarvasindhava samudIrNAstvayi sarvadRSTaya / na ca tAsu bhavAnudIkSyate pravibhaktAsu saritsvivodadhi // " siddha0 4.15. isa saritA aura mamudra kI upamA ke dvArA bhagavAn meM sava dRSTiyo ke astitva kA kathana hai jo anekAntavAda kI jar3a hai / "gatimAnatha cApi pumAn kurute karma phalairna yujyate / phalabhuk ca na cArjanakSamo vidito yaividito'si tairmune // " siddha0 426 ime vibhAvanA vizepokti ke dvArA zrAtma-viSayaka jaina-mantavya prakaTa kiyA hai / kisI vijetA aura parAkramI nRpati ke guNo kI samagra stuti lokottara kavitva pUrNa hai / eka hI udAharaNa dekhie- " ekA diza vrajati yagdatimadgata ca tatrasyameva ca vibhAti digantareSu / yAta katha dazadigantavibhaktamUrti yujyeta vaktumuta vA na gata yazaste // " siddha0 113 Adya jaina vAdI divAkara grAdya jainavAdI hai / ve vAdavidyA ke sampUrNa vizArada jAna paDate haiM, kyoki eka ora unhone sAtavI vAdopanipad vattImI me vAdakAlIna sava niyamopaniyamo kA varNana karake kaise vijaya pAnA yaha batalAyA hai to dUsarI zrora thAThavI vattIsI me vAda kA pUrA parihAsa bhI kiyA hai / divAkara prAdhyAtmika patha ke tyAgI pathika the aura vAdakathA ke bhI rasika the / isalie unheM apane anubhava me jo AdhyAtmikatA aura vAda-vivAda meM asagati dIkha paDI, usakA mArmika citraNa ma lubdha aura laDane vAle do kutto me to kabhI maitrI kI sambhAvanA kahate hai, para do sambhava nahI dekhate / ima bhAva kA unakA camatkArI udgAra dekhiye - kiyA hai / ve eka mAsa piNDa sahodara vAdiyo meM kabhI sakhya --- "grAmAntaropagatayorekAmipasagajAtamatsarayo / syAtsItyamapi zunorbhrAtrorapi vAdinonaM syAt // 8 1

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pratibhA-mUrti siddhasena divAkara 351 ve spaSTa kahate hai ki kalyANa kA mArga anya hai aura vAdI kA mArga anya, kyoki kisI muni ne vAgyuddha ko ziva kA upAya nahI kahA hai| "anyata evaM zreyAsyanyata eva vicaranti vAdivRSA / vAphsarabha kvacidapi na jagAda muni zivopAyam // " 87 Adya jaina dAzanika va Adya sarvadarzanasagrAhaka divAkara pAdya jainadArzanika to hai hI, para sAtha hI ve Adya sarva bhAratIya darzano ke sagrAhaka bhI hai| siddhamena ke pahale kisI bhI anya bhAratIya vidvAn ne sakSepa meM sabhI bhAratIya darzano kA vAstavika nispaNa yadi kiyA ho to usakA patA abhI taka itihAsa ko nahI hai| eka bAra siddhamena ke dvArA sava darzano ke varNana kI prathA prArambha huI ki phira Age usakA anukaraNa kiyA jAne lgaa| AThavI madI ke haribhadra ne 'paDdarzanasamuccaya' likhA, caudahavI sadI ke mAdhavAcArya ne 'sarvadarzana-sagraha' likhA, jo siddhamena ke dvArA prArambha kI huI prathA kAhI vikAsa hai| jAna paDatA hai, siddhasena ne cArvAka, mImAsaka Adi pratyeka darzana kA varNana kiyA hogaa| parantu abhI jo battIsiyA~ labhya hai, uname nyAya, vaizeSika, sAkhya, vauddha, AjIvaka aura jainadarzana kI nirupaka vattIsiyA~ hI hai / jainadarzana kA nirUpaNa to ekAdhika vattImiyo meM huA hai| para kisI bhI jaina-janaMtara vidvAn ko Azcaryacakita karane vAlI siddhasena kI pratibhA kA spaSTa darzana tava hotA hai jaba hama unakI purAtanatva samAlocanA viSayaka aura vedavAda viSayaka do vattIsiyo ko paDhate hai| maiM nahIM jAnatA ki bhArata me aisA koI vidvAn huA ho jisane purAtanatva aura navInatva kI itanI krAntikAriNI tathA hRdayahAriNI eva talaspaginI nirbhaya samAlocanA kI ho| mai aise vidvAn ko bhI nahIM jAnatA ki jima akele ne eka battIsI meM prAcIna saba upaniSado tathA gItA kA mAra vaidika aura aupaniSada bhASA me hI zAbdika aura Arthika alakAra yukta camatkAriNI saraNI se varNita kiyA ho| jainaparamparA me to siddhasena ke pahale aura pIche Aja taka aisA koI vidvAn huA hI nahIM hai jo itanA gaharA upanipado kA abhyAsI rahA ho aura praupaniSada bhASA me hI tattva kA varNana kara make / para jisa paramparA meM madA ekamAtra upanipado kI tathA gItA kI pratiSThA hai, usa gropaniSada vaidika paramparA ke vidvAn bhI yadi middhasena kI ukta battIsI ko dekhege to unakI pratimA ke kAyala hokara yahI kaha uTheMge ki Aja taka yaha grantharatna dRSTipatha meM Ane se kyo raha gyaa| merA vizvAsa hai ki prastuta battIsI kI ora kimI bhItIkSNa-prajJa vaidika vidvAn kA dhyAna jAtA to vaha usa para kucha-na-kucha vinA likhe na rhtaa| merA yaha bhI vizvAsa hai ki yadi koI mUla upanipado kA mAmnAya adhyetA jaina vidvAn hotA to bhI usa para kucha-na-kucha likhtaa| jo kacha ho, mai yahAM siddhasena kI pratibhA ke nidarzakarUpa se uma purAtanatva samAlocanA viSayaka dvAtrizikA , meM me kacha hI padya bhAvasahita detA hU~ aura savivecana samUcI vedavAdadvAtriMzikA svatantra rUpa se alaga dUgA, jisake prArambha meM usameM praveza karane ke lie samucita prAstAvika vaktavya bhI hai| kabhI-kabhI sampradAyAbhiniveza vaza apaDha vyakti bhI, Aja hI kI taraha usa samaya bhI vidvAno ke sammukha carcA karane kI dhRSTatA karate hoge| isa sthiti kA majAka karate hue siddhasena kahate hai ki vinA hI paDhe paNDitamanya vyakti vidvAno ke sAmane bolane kI icchA karatA hai phira bhI umI kSaNa vaha nahI phaTa paDatA to prazna hotA hai ki kyA koI devatA duniyA para zAsana karane vAle hai ? arthAt yadi koI nyAyakArI deva hotA to aise vyakti ko tatkSaNa hI sIdhA kyo nahI karatA? "yadazikSitapaNDito jano viduSAmicchati vaktumagrata ? na ca tatkSaNameva zIryate jagata kiM prabhavanti devatA" (6 1) virodhI vaDha jAne ke bhaya se saccI bAta bhI kahane meM bahuta se samAlocaka hicakicAte hai / isa bhIru manodazA

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382 premI-abhinadana-pratha kA javAba dete hue divAkara kahate hai ki purAne puruSo ne jo vyavasthA sthira kI hai, kyA vaha socane para vaisI hI siddha hogI? arthAt socane para usame bhI truTi dikhegI tava kevala una mRta purukho kI jamI pratiSThA ke kAraNa hA~ me hA~ milAne ke lie merA janma nahI huA hai / yadi vidveSI vaDhate ho to vaDhe / "purAtanairyA niyatA vyavasthitistatraiva sA kiM paricintya setsyati / tatheti vaktu mRtarUDhagauravAdahanna jAta prathayantu vidviSa. // " (6. 2) hamezA purAtana premI, paraspara viruddha aneka vyavahAro ko dekhate hue bhI apane iSTa kisI eka ko yathArtha aura vAkI ko ayathArtha karAra dete hai| isa dazA se Uba kara divAkara kahate hai ki siddhAnta aura vyavahAra aneka prakAra ke hai, ve paraspara viruddha bhI dekhe jAte hai / phira uname se kisI eka kI siddhi kA nirNaya jaldI kaise ho sakatA hai ? tathApi yahI maryAdA hai, dUsarI nahI, aisA eka tarapha nirNaya kara lenA yaha to purAtana prema se jaDa bane hue vyaktiyo ko hI zobhA detA hai, mujha jaise ko nahI-- "bahuprakArA sthitaya paraspara virodhayuktA kathamAzu nizcaya / vizeSasiddhAviyameva neti vA purAtanapremajaDasya yujyate // " (6 4) java koI naI cIja AI to caTa se sanAtana saskArI kaha dete hai ki, yaha to purAnA nahIM hai| isI taraha kisI purAtana vAta kI koI yogya samIkSA kare tava bhI ve kaha dete hai ki yaha to bahuta purAnA hai| isakI TIkA na kiijiye| isa avivekI mAnama ko dekha kara mAlavikAgnimitra meM kAlidAsa ko kahanA paDA hai ki "purANamityeva na sAdhu sarva na cApi kAvya navamityavadyam / santa parIkSyAnyatarad bhajante mUDha parapratyayaneyabuddhi // " ThIka isI taraha divAkara ne bhI bhASyarUpa se kahA hai ki yaha jIvita vartamAna vyakti bhI marane para Age kI pIDhI kI dRSTi se purAnA hogA, tava vaha bhI purAtano kI hI ginatI me A jaaygaa| jaba isa taraha purAtanatA anavasthita hai arthAt navIna bhI kabhI purAtana hai aura purAne bhI kabhI navIna rahe, taba phira amuka vacana purAtana kathita hai aisA mAna kara parIkSA vinA kiye usa para kauna vizvAsa karegA? "jano'yamanyasya mRta purAtana purAtanareva samo bhaviSyati / purAtaneSvityanasthiteSu ka purAtanoktAnyaparIkSya rocayet // " (6 5) purAtana prema ke kAraNa parIkSA karane meM AlasI bana kara kaI loga jyo-jyo samyag nizcaya kara nahI pAte hai, tyo tyo ve ulaTe mAno samyag nizcaya kara liyA ho itane prasanna hote hai aura kahate hai ki purAne gurujana mithyAbhASI thoDe ho sakate haiM ? maiM mandamati huuN| unakA prAzaya nahI samajhatA to kyA huA? aisA socane vAlo ko lakSya meM rakha kara divAkara kahate hai ki vaise loga AtmanAza kI ora hI dauDate hai "vinizcaya naiti yathA yathAlasastathA tathA nizcitavatprasIdati / avandhyavAkyA guravo'hamalpadhIriti vyavasyan svavadhAya dhAvati // " (6. 6) zAstra aura purANo me daivI camatkAro aura asambaddha ghaTanAmo ko dekha kara java koI unakI samIkSA karatA hai taba andhazraddhAlu kaha dete haiM ki bhAI / hama Thahare manuSya aura zAstra to devaracita hai| phira uname hamArI gati hI kyA? isa sarva sampradAya-sAdhAraNa anubhava ko lakSya meM rakha kara divAkara kahate hai ki hama jaise manuSyarUpadhAriyo na hI, manuSyo ke hI carita, manuSya adhikArI ke hI nimitta grathita kiye hai| ve parIkSA meM asamartha puruSo ke lie apAra aura gahana bhale hI ho, para koI hRdayavAn vidvAn unhe agAdha mAna kara kaise mAna legA? yaha to parIkSApUrvaka hI unakA svIkAra-asvIkAra karegA

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383 pratibhA-mUrti siddhasena divAkara "manuSyavRtAni manuSyalakSaNairmanuSyahetoniyatAni te svayam / alavyapArANyalaseSu karNavAnagAvapArANi kaya grahISyati // " (6 7) hama sabhI kA yaha anubhava hai ki koI mumagana adyatana mAnavakRti huI to ume purANapremI nahIM chUte jaba ki ve hI kimI amna-vyasta aura amavaddha tathA samajha meM na aa nake, aise vicAra vAle gAstra ke prAcIno ke dvArA kahe jAne ke kAraNa pragamA karate nahI aghAte / isa anubhava ke lie divAkara itanA hI kahate hai ki vaha mAtra smRti moha hai, usameM koI vivekapaTutA nahIM-- "yadeva kiMcidvipamaprakalpita purAtanaruktamiti prshsyte|| vinizcitA'pyadya manuSyavAkkRtirna paThyate yatsmRtimoha eva sa // " (68) hama anta meM isa parIkSApravAna vattImI kA eka hI padya bhAvamahita dete hai "na gauravAkrAntamativigAhate kimatra yuktaM kimayuktamayaMta / guNAvavocaprabhavaM hi gaurava kulAganAvRttamato'nyathA bhavet // " (6 28) bhAva yaha hai ki loga kimI-na-kimI prakAra ke vaDappana ke prAveza ne, prastuta meM kyA yukta hai aura kyA ayukta hai ise tattvata nahIM dekhte| parantu matya bAta to yaha hai ki vaDappana guNadRSTi me hI hai / isake atirikta aura jo baDappana hai vaha nirA kulAganA carita hai| koI aganA mAtra apane khAnadAna ke nAma para sadvRtta middha nahIM ho sktii| upasahAra meM middhasena kA eka padya uddhRta karatA hUM, jisameM unhone vArTyapUrNa vaktRtva yA pANDitya kA upahAma kiyA hai "devakhAta ca vadanaM prAtmAyatta ca vAGmayam / zrotAra santi coktasya nirlajja. ko na paNDita // " (22.1) mArAga yaha hai ki mukha kA gaDDhA no deva ne hI khoda rakkhA hai| prayala yaha apane hAya kI bAta hai aura sunane vAle sarvatra mulabha hai| isalie vaktA yA paDita banane ke lie yadi jarUrata hai to kevala nirlajjatA kI hai| eka vAra vRSTa vana kara volie phira mava kucha sarala hai| vaMbaI ]

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siddhasena divAkarakRta vedavAdadvAtriMzikA pa0 sukhalAla saghavI prAstAvika yahA~ jisa battIsI kA vivecana karanA iSTa hai, vaha vattIsI apane nAma ke anusAra vaidika paramparA ke tattvajJAna se sambandha rakhatI hai / siddhasena divAkara ne jaina paramparA ke sAtha khAsa samvandha rakhane vAle viSayo ke Upara jinajina kRtiyo kI racanA kI hai sambhAvanA yaha hai ki ve saba unhone jaina- dIkSA svIkAra karane ke bAda hI likhI hogI / kyoki ve janma se aura maskAra se brAhmaNa- paramparA ke the isalie jainasagha meM praviSTa hone ke pahale jaina - paramparA se sambandha rakhane vAlI gambhIra aura prabhAvaka kRti nirmANa kara sake aisA jJAna to zAyada hI prApta kara sakate / parantu unakI jo-jo saskRta kRtiyA~ jainetara viSayo ke Upara yA sarvasAmAnya viSayo ke Upara hai, unakI racanA unhone jaina-dIkSA svIkAra karane ke pahale bhI kI hogI aisA sambhava hai / cAhe jo ho, phira bhI brAhmaNa-paramparA ke anusAra misena kA choTI avasthA se hI vedo, upaniSado, gItA aura purANo kA balavad adhyayana aura parizIlana thA - isa bAta kI mAkSI to prastuta vedavAdadvAtrizikA hI akelI de sakatI hai / siddhasena me kavitva aura pratibhA ke cAhe jaime sphuTa : vIja janmasiddha hote, parantu yadi unakA mAnasa veda-vedAnta Adi brAhmaNa granyo kA adhyayana aura parizIlanajanya maskAro se paripUrNa na hotA to ve kabhI vaidika bhASA, vaidika chanda, vaidika zailI aura vaidika rUpako tathA kalpanAtro ke dvArA veda tathA upaniSadgata mAnyatA yA tattvajJAna ko isa eka hI battIsI me itanI saphalatA se grathita nahI kara sakate / prastuta battIsI kA vivecana karane ke pahale yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki isame siddhasena ne sAmAnyarUpa se kisa viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / yadyapi battIsI ke Upara koI TIkA yA sakSipta TippaNI bhI nahI hai, isalie middhamena ke vivakSita artha ko jAnane kA mAghana kevala mUla battImI hI hai / parantu isa battIsI kI tulanA jaba veda ke mantra, brAhmaNa aura upanipabhAga ke sAtha tathA gItA Adi itara vaidika mAne jAne vAle grantho ke sAtha karate hai taba isakA sAmAnya bhAva kyA hai, vaha spaSTa hue binA nahI rahatA / prastuta vattIsI kA hRdaya samajhane ke lie uparyukta grantho ke sAtha usakI puna -puna tulanA aura vicAraNA karate samaya mere mana para aisI chApa paDI hai ki siddhasena ne prastuta vattIsI meM mukhyarUpa se sAkhya-yoga ke tattvajJAna kA upayoga karake brahma athavA zraupaniSada' puruSa kA varNana kiyA hai / prastuta vattIsI kA pratyeka pada, pratyeka pAda yA tadgata pratyeka 'brahma zabda ke aneka arthoM kI taraha puruSa zabda ke bhI aneka artha hai / unameM se zvetAzvatara meM prayukta 'trividha brahmametat' (1, 12) yaha pada dhyAna meM lene jaisA hai| pradhAnAtmaka bhogya brahma jIvAtmaka bhoktR brahma aura Izvarasya preraka brahma - yaha trividhi brahma hai / aura yahI trividha brahma gItA ( 15 16, 17 ) kA kSara puruSa, akSara puruSa aura puruSottama yaha trividhi brahma hai / unameM se jo puruSottamarUpa pratima brahma hai, jisako sezvara sAkhya meM puruSavizeSa kahA hai usakA hI battIsI meM mukhyarUpa se varNana hai / yaha vastu 31 veM padya ke 'teneda pUrNa puruSeNa sarvam' isa pAda se spaSTa sUcita hotI hai / yahI puruSa zraupaniSada hai / upaniSadkAla ke samagra ciMtana ke pariNAmarUpa se jo eka svatantra cetana tattva siddha huA hai vahI zrIpaniSada puruSa hai / isa tattva ke lie zraupaniSada vizeSaNa bRhadAraNyaka ( 3. e26) meM diyA huA hai vaha yaha sUcita karatA hai ki upaniSad ke ciMtana ke pahile aisA cetanatattva sunizcitarUpa se siddha nahIM huA thA aura isa tattva kI mAnyatA upaniSad kI hI prabhArI hai /

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siddhasena divAkarakRta dedavAdadvAtriMzikA 385 vicAra dekhane para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki siddhasena ke kavimAnasa me koI eka hI grantha ramamANa nahI thA, phira bhI yaha pratIta hotA hai ki tattvajJAna se sambandha rakhane vAle jo prAcIna upaniSad hai aura mantra-brAhmaNa meM tattvajJAna se sambandha rakhane vAle jo prasiddha sUkta hai una saba meM se zvetAzvatara upaniSad kA prabhAva kavimAnasa ke Upara adhika pramANa meM par3A hai| yaha satya hai ki zvetAzvatara upaniSad kI racanA kevala pAzupata sampradAya kA anusaraNa karake huI hai jaba ki battIsI kevala pAzupata sampradAya me baddha na raha kara paurANika trimUrtivAda kA bhI Azraya letI hai| sAkhya ke vikAsa kI bhUmikAe~ isa vattIsI meM aupaniSada puruSa kA sAkhya-yoga tattvajJAna kI prakriyA aura paribhASA dvArA paurANika trimUrti rUpa se varNana huA hai| isalie battIsI aura usakA vivecana saralatA se samajhA jA sake tadartha prAstAvika rUpa meM sAkhya-yoga tattvajJAna kA viziSTa svarUpa usake vikAsakrama ke anusAra yahAM dikhalAnA Avazyaka hai| sAkhya-paramparA ke pravAha se sambandha rakhane vAle vicAra ke bhinna-bhinna staro kA sunizcita kAlakrama dikhalAnA kisI ke lie zakya nahI hai| phira bhI mAnavabuddhi ke vikAsa kI bhUmikAo ke vicAra se aura bhinna-bhinna sAhityika pramANo ke Upara se hama usa paramparA ke tattvajJAna kI bhUmikAo kA paurvAparya ThIka-ThIka nizcita kara sakate hai / vizAla artha me sAkhya paramparA dUsarI kisI bhI bhAratIya tattvajJAna kI paramparA kI apekSA adhika prAcIna aura vyApaka hai| prAcInatA to isase bhI siddha hai ki usake jitane stara prAcIna bhAratIya vAr3amaya meM prApta hote hai utane stara dUsarI kisI eka bhI paramparA ke prApta nahIM hote| usakI vyApakatA kA khyAla to isase hI A sakatA hai ki veda, upaniSad, mahAbhArata, gItA, purANa, vaidyaka, kAvya-nATaka Adi saskRta vADmaya tathA santa sAhitya aura jaina-bauddha paramparA ke prAcIna grantha, ina saba meM eka athavA dUsare rUpa se alpa yA adhika pramANa me sAkhya paribhASA aura sAkhya tattvajJAna dRSTigocara hue binA nahIM rhtaa| itanA hI nahI, prAcIna aupaniSada cintana yA darzana aura vauddha darzana kI bhUmikA tayA vaiSNava-zaiva Adi AgamAvalambI paramparAe~ aura uttarakAlIna vedAnta kI sabhI paramparAo kI mUla bhUmikA sAkhya paribhASA, sAkhya prakriyA aura sAkhya vicAra se hI banI hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sAkhyavicAra ke prathama stara kA nirmANa bhautika jagata athavA prakRti ke sthUla bhAga kA Azraya lekara huA hogA, jo eka athavA dUsare rUpa se cArvAka ke nAma se athavA bhautikavAda ke nAma se Aja taka sAhitya meM surakSita rahA hai| isa stara meM prakRti kA cintana sUkSma yA avyakta rUpa meM prArambha nahI huA thA, parantu vaha pRthvI, jala Adi sthUla aura vyakta rUpa kA avalambana lekara hI calatA thaa| puruSa yA AtmA kI kalpanA isa stara meM vinazvara sthUla bhUto ke mizraNa janya eka prakAra se Age nahI baDhI thii| dUsarA stara isa sthala bhUta ke kAraNaviSayaka cintana meM se utpanna huA ho aisA pratIta hotA hai / sthUla aura vyakta dikhAI dene vAle tattvo kA kAraNa kyA hai ? usakA kacha kAraNa to honA hI cAhie-isa prazna ke uttararUpa se sUkSma bhautika tattva kI kalpanA avyakta-prakRtirUpa me sthira huI aura isa kalpanA ke sAtha hI puruSa kA artha sthUla aura kSara bhautika pariNAma me vaddha na raha karake vaha avyakta-prakRti paryanta vistRta huA aura jo vyakta jagat kA avyakta yA adRzya kAraNa hai, vahI puruSarUpa meM mAnA jAne lgaa| vyakta yA sthUla bhautika jagat kSara, cara yA vinazvara hai to kyA usake kAraNa avyakta ko bhI vaisA hI mAnanA cAhie ? yadi vaha bhI vaisA hI kSara ho to puna usakA mUla kAraNa dUsarA mAnanA paDegA aura isa prakAra se to kisI vastu kA anta nahI aavegaa| isa vicAra me se vyakta aura kSara jagat ke kAraNarUpa se mAnA gayA avyakta tattva akSara, nitya, avinazvara kalpita huaa| aura yahI puruSa yA AtmA yA jIva tattva hai aisI vicAra saraNI

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386 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha me me puruSa tattva bhI kSara me se akSara banA / lo0 tilaka jo vyAkhyA karate hai usako mAnya rakkhe to Upara sUcita bharapuruSavAda aura akSarapuruSavAda ye dono stara gItA ke 'kSara sarvANi bhUtAni kUTastho'kSara ucyate' isa padya me sUcita kiye gaye hai| avyakta prakRti yahI antima tattva puruSa hai aura usase Age dUsarA kucha bhI nahIM hai, aisI 24 tattva vAlI mAsyatattvajJAnakI dUsarI bhUmikA mahAbhArata me, usake bAda kI 25 aura 26 tattva vAlI do bhUmikAo kI taraha vaNita prApta hotI hai| parantu isa 24 tatva vAlI bhUmikA kA sAkhyadarzana usake sacce bhAva meM caraka nAmaka Ayurvedagrantha me vistRta vaNita' hai| usame avyakta-prakRti kA hI AtmA, puruSa, cetana, paramAtmA, kartA, bhoktA, brahma Adi spa se varNana hai / aura usakA hI Azraya lekara punarjanma ghaTA karake nirAtmavAda kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai| yaha nigatmavAda hI sthUla aura kSara bhUtarAzivizeSa ko puruSa mAnane vAlI pahalI bhUmikA hai| dUsarI bhUmikA me avinazvara prakRti tattva ke praviSTa hote hI usameM punarjanma kI prakriyA ghaTAI gaI aura usake sAtha hI pahalI bhUmikA ke kSarapuruSavAda ko nAstika kaha karake nindA kI gii| yaha kahane kI to zAyada hI jarUrata hogI ki vyakta kSara tattvamaya purupa aura avyakta akSara prakRtimaya puruSa ina dono mAnyatApro ke samaya puruSa yA AtmA meM anubhava kiye jAne vAle jJAna sukha-duHkha Adi guNa vyakta kSara tattva ke tathA avyakta-prakRti tattva ke hI hai aisA mAnA jAtA thA aura yaha mAnyatA bhI sAkhya vicAra kA Age cAhe jitanA vikAsa huA ho phira bhI vaha usake tattvajJAna me spaSTa rUpa se surakSita hai / sAkhyatattvajJAna ne jaba prakRti se pRthak aura svatantra puruSa kA astitva svIkAra kiyA tava bhI vaha apanI isa prAcIna mAnyatA ko to pakaDe hI rahA ki jJAna, sukha-dukha, dharmAdharma Adi guNa yA dharma ye puruSa ke guNa nahI hai parantu ve to avyakta yA prakRti ke kAryaprapaca me hI A jAte hai| kyoki ve prAkRta anta karaNa ke hI dharma hai| aprAkRta cetanAvAda kI bhUmikA kA avalambana lekara vicAra karane vAle darzano meM se jaina aura nyAya-vaizeSika darzana ne jJAna, sukha-dukha, dharma-adharma Adi guNo ko prAkRta bhUmikA se bAhara nikAla karake aprAkRta svatantra cetana tattva meM sthAna diyaa| phira bhI aprAkRta cetanavAda kI bhUmikA kA sparNa karake vicAra karane vAle sAkhyadarzana ne to una guNo ko prAkRta hI mAnA aura aprAkRta cetana meM unake astitva kA sarvathA niSedha kiyaa| isa maulika matabheda kA bIja merI kalpanAnusAra sAkhya tattvajJAna kI Upara varNita vyakta tattvamaya aura avyakta prakRtimaya puruSa kIndo kramika bhUmikAmo me samAviSTa hai, kyoki yadi jaina, nyAya-vaizeSika Adi darzana kI taraha sAkhyadarzana me aprAkRta Atmatattva kI bhUmikA pahalI hI hotI to usame bhI jJAna, sukha-duHkhAdi ye guNa AtmA ke hI mAne jAte aura usI prakAra se prAkRta bhAga se aprAkRta AtmA kA vilakSaNatva batAyA jAtA tathA una guNo ko prAkRta anta karaNa ke mAnane ko AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| avyakta prakRti yahI puruSa yA cetana hai aisA jaba mAnA jAne lagA taba usa bhUmikA ke sAmane bhI prazna huA ki cAhe vyakta kI apekSA avyakta kA sthAna U~cA ho, parantu anta me to vaha bhI vyakta kA kAraNa hone se vyakta koTi kA arthAt bhautika yA jaDa hI hai aura yadi aisA ho to puruSa, AtmA yA cetana bhI bhautika yA jaDa hI siddha hotA hai / 'merA abhiprAya yaha hai ki lo0 tilaka ke dvArA kI huI vyAkhyA ThIka nahIM hai / 'kUTastho'kSara ucyate' isameM kUTastha akSararUpa se sAkhya samata jIvAtmA hI lenA cAhie, na ki prakRti, kyoki prakRti kUTastha nahIM mAnI jAtI hai, aura puruSa hI phUTastha mAnA jAtA hai| prakRti kA samAveza 'kSara sarvANi bhUtAni' isa kSara bhAga meM hotA hai, kyoki vaha akSara hone para bhI kAryarUpa se kSara bhI hai| aisA artha karane para gItA ke prastuta (15 16, 17) trividhi puruSa varNana meM sezvara sAkhya ko cAro bhUmikAoM kA samAveza ho jaataahai| jaba ki tilaka kI vyAkhyAmAnane para jIvAtmA kAsanaha usa varNana meM raha jaataahai| gotAkAra prakRti kA sagraha kare aura jIvAtmAko choDa de, yaha nahIM bana sktaa| 'History of Indian philosophy, p 217 mahAbhArata, zAtiparva, adhyAya 318 'zArIrasthAnam / prathama adhyAya /

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siddhasena divAkarakRta vevavAdadvAtrizikA 387 imalie isa jaDa prAtmA me caitanya kA kaise sambhava hai ? aura yadi avyakta prakRti me caitanya kA sambhava mAnA jAtA hai to usake prapacarUpa vyakta bhUto meM bhI caitanya mAnanA paDegA / aura yadi yaha svIkAra kiyA jAya to anta me bhautika cetanavAda hI phalita hotA hai| vaisI sthiti meM avyakta prakRtimaya puruSa kI kalpanA vyartha kyo na ginI jAya? ima prazna ke spaSTIkaraNa kI vicAraNA meM se svatantra cetanavAda ko navIna bhUmikA sAkhya tattvajJAna meM AI ho aisA pratIta hotA hai| usake bAda to sAkhya vicArako ne avyakta prakRti se Age baDha karake eka dUsarA tattva svIkAra kiyA, jo prakRti kI taraha avyakta to mAnA gayA, parantu use prakRti kI apekSA vikasita aura vilakSaNa mAnA gyaa| vaha tattva svatantra aura prakRti se pRthak aisA cetana tattva hai| yaha sAkhya tattvajJAna kI tIsarI bhUmikA hai, jo Aja taka sAkhyadarzana aura tadanusAro dUsare sava darzano meM pradhAnarUpa se rahI hai / isa bhUmikA meM yaha kalpanA kI gaI hai ki cetanA prakRti yA usake vyakta kAryoM meM nahI ho sakatI hai| ve saba to jaDa aura bhautika koTi ke hai| caitanya usake bAhara kI vastu hai| aura vaha jisa tattva me hotA hai vahI cetana, puruSa yA prAtmA ho sakatA hai| avyakta prakRti aura usake vyakta kArya cAhe jitane kriyAzIla aura pariNAmajanaka ho, phira bhI una saba ko taTastha aura alipta bhAva se mauna preraNA dene vAlA cetana tattva to vilakula svatantra aura bhinna hI hai / aura vahI tattva vAstavika rUpa me purupa yA AtmA nAma ke yogya hai / isa prakAra kabhI vyakta kabhI avyakta-prakRti aura kabhI usase para cetana tatva, ina tIna bhUmikAmo meM puruSa kI kalpanA uttarottara Age baDhatI gii| sAkhya tattvajJAna ne java avyakta-prakRti kI kalpanA kI yo taba usane use pariNamanazIla hone para bhI aja-ajanmA, anAdi yA nitya mAnA yaa| parantu ava java usane purupa tattva bilakula bhinna svIkAra kiyA taba usako kaisA mAnanA, yaha prazna udbhata hayA aura usake uttara rUpa se yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki svatantra cetana tattva kevala prakRti ke jaisA ajanmA, anAdi yA nitya hI nahI hai parantu vaha to kUTastha bhI hai / arthAt jaise vaha utpanna nahIM hotA hai vaise usameM se kisI kA AvirbhAva bhI nahI hotA hai| prakRti nitya hone para bhI prasavazIla hone se ajA hai, jaba ki svatantra kalpita cetana prasavadharmA nahI hai, parantu taTastha rUpa se prakRti ke prasava kA nimitta yA usake prasava kA sAkSI hone se vaha sacce artha me puruSa-preraka aura aja bhI hai| java isa tIsarI bhUmikA me svatantra purupa tattva kI kalpanA huI taba mAnasika bhUmikA ke anusAra pratyeka deha meM pratyeka bhinna puruSa aisA purupavahutvavAda hI thaa| usa samaya advaita yA eka puruSa kI kalpanA avatIrNa hI nahI huI thii| dUsarI ora aneka jhuDo me vibhakta manuSya jAti me apane apane vartula ko pasanda ho aisI vibhinna deva-deviyo ko kalpanA ne gaharI jaDa jamA rakkhI yo| koI bhI tattvajJa saralatA se ina deva-deviyo kA sthAna miTA sake aisA nahI thaa| isalie tattvajJo ke lie bhI apane cintanakSetra meM ina deva deviyo kA sthAna rakhanA anivArya yA / pratyeka jhuDa apane hI iSTa aura mAnya deva yA devI ko hI sarvesarvA mAnatA thaa| jo jhuDa prabhAvazAlI vanatA thA usakA iSTadeva bhI vaisA hI prabhAvazAlI banatA thaa| parivartana kI yaha kriyA dIrghakAla se calI AtI thI aura isa lie tattvajJa bhI eka prakAra se asamajasa meM paDatA jAtA thaa| tattvajJa usa samaya yaha kahane kA to sAhasa nahI kara sakatA thA ki koI sarvesarvA nahI hai / parantu tattvajJa kI pratibhA me eka tattva prakAzita hone kA avasara paka gayA thaa| isalie kisI apratima pratibhAzIla aura sAhasI-cintaka ne vicAra prakaTa kiyA ki aneka deva aura deviyA~ ho to ve parimita zakti vAlI hI ho sakatI hai jaise ki unake anuyAyIgaNa / aura jo sarvaniyAmaka, sarvazaktimAn nahI hotA hai vaha saccA yA mahAn deva to nahI ho sakatA hai| isalie saba kA niyantraNa karane vAlA aimA eka hI mahAn deva yA devAdhipa hai ki jisake niyamana ke anusAra hI sArA vizvacakra calatA hai| ima mahezvara kI kalpanA sAkhya tattvajJAna ne khuda utpanna kI ho yA phira umane dUsare ke pAsa se lI ho parantu vaha sAkhya tattvajJAna kI mukhya cIyo aura antima bhUmikA hai / IzvararUpa se jo tattva svIkAra kiyA gayA vaha cetanarUpa hI ho yaha to svAbhAvika thaa| parantu dUsare cetano kI apekSA Izvara cetana kI vizeSatA svIkAra na kI jAya to vaisI mAnyatA kA kacha artha hI nahI rhtaa| isalie sAkhya cintako ne Izvara ko cetana mAnane para bhI usake sthAna kI kalpanA

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388 premI-abhinadana-pratha dUsare cetano kI apekSA UMcI kii| dUsare cetana kUTastha hone para bhI prakRti ke pAza me Ate hai aura kabhI jama pAza me mukta bhI hote hai, parantu Izvara cetana to kabhI isa pAza ke sparza kA anubhava karatA hI nahIM hai isalie usake lie usa pAza se yukta hone kA prasaga bhI nahI rahatA hai| yaha viziSTa puruSa yA Izvara hI gItA meM varNita puruSottama aura parabrahma hai aura vahI yoga sUtra' me pratipAdita puruSa vizeSa hai| isa prakAra sAkhya tattvajJAna kI cAra bhUmikAeM phalita huii| (1) vyakta kSara puruSa (2) avyakta prakRtyAtmaka puruSa (3) prakRtibhinna svatantra puruSa (4) svatantra puruSo me bhI mUrdhanya aisA eka puruSottama Izvara, mahezvara ziva yA pazupati / jisame viziSTa puruSarUpa se Izvara kI mAnyatA sthira huI vaha Upara varNita sAkhyatattvajJAna kI caturtha bhUmikA hai / yahI bhUmikA mAkhya-yoga darzana ke rUpa meM pahale se Aja taka dArzanika sAhitya meM suvidita hai| nirIzvara sAkhyadarzana paraspara bhinna aime prakRti aura puruSa sahita paccIsa tattva svIkAra karatA hai / jaba ki sezvara mAnA jAne vAlA mAnya-yogadarzana isame Izvara tattva kA praveza karake chabbIsa tattva svIkAra karatA hai / siddhasena ne isI sAkhya-yogadarzana kI bhUmikA kA avalambana lekara ke usake Upara kavitva ke kalAmaya chITe chiDaka karake prastuta kRti kI racanA kI hai| yaha satya hai ki siddhasena ne prastuta battIsI me caubIsa, paccIsa yA chabbIsa me se eka bhI tattvasakhyA kA nirdeza nahI kiyA hai| phira bhI yaha vAta itanI satya hai ki sAkhya-yoga ke chabbIsa tattvo kA sakSepa me jina cAra vibhAgo meM vargIkaraNa hotA hai ve cAra vibhAga prastuta battIsI meM eka athavA dUsare rUpa meM garbhita hai, isalie ve spaSTarUpa se sUcita hote hai / ve cAra vibhAga isa prakAra hai-(1) vyakta-kSara yA dRzya carAcara bhautika vizva, (2) avyaktaakSara bhautika mUla kAraNa sarvAntima sUkSma dravya yA prakRti, (3) kUTastha--apariNAmI nitya eva nirguNa cetana puruSagaNa, (4) pahale se hI sadA kleza-karmAdi vandhana ke prabhAva se vihIna aisA eka Izvara yA viziSTa puruSa / prApta vyAkhyAo kI samIkSA Aja taka ke adhyayana aura ciMtana ke pariNAma svarUpa jo eka bAta mere dhyAna me savizeSa AtI hai usakA yahA~ nirdeza karanA yogya hai, jisase dUsare abhyAsI usake Upara vicAra kara sake aura usa mudde ko parIkSaka kI dRSTi se kasauTI para kasa ke dekha ske| isa samaya lagabhaga sabhI tattvaciMtaka upalabdha vyAkhyAno ke AdhAra se Rgveda ke tattvaviSayaka kucha mUkto aura vaise hI anya veda ke sUkto tathA ati prAcIna kahe jA sake aise upaniSado ke bhAgo ko prahmaparaka samajhate hai aura usake anusAra hI artha karate hai / ayAt sabhI ciMtaka aura vyAkhyAkAra cauvIsa tattvavAlI sAgyadarzana kI bhUmikA ke bAda kI avyakta se bhinna aise cetana aura parabrahma mAnane vAlI bhUmikA kA avalambana lekara hI una-una sUkto aura upaniSado kA artha ghaTAte hai / parantu mujhe pratIta hotA hai ki yadi ve bhAga ati prAcIna hai to uname parabrahma kA varNana nahI hai, lekina covIsa tattva vAlI bhUmikA me atima tattvarUpa se svIkRta aura usa samaya, atyanta pratiSThA prApta aise mUla kAraNarUpa avyakta kA hI aneka prakAra se varNana hai / Rgveda meM sat rUpa se hiraNyagarbha spa se,puruSa rUpa se yA anirvacanIya rUpa se, isI avyakta kI mahimA gAI gaI hai aura upaniSado ke prAcIna staro meM bhI asat, sat, brahma yA puruSa rUpa se yahI avyakta gAyA gayA hai| phira bhI vyAkhyAkAra aura bhASyakAra ina sabhI sthalo me parabrahma aisA artha karate hai usakA kyA kAraNa hai ? isa prazna kA uttara yaha hai ki ve saba upalabdha vyAkhyAe~ aura bhASya java likhe gae tava parabrahma ko pratiSThA vilakula susthApita ho cukI thii| isalie vyAkhyAkAro kA adhyayana tayA citana saskAra eka mAtra parabrahmalakSI thaa| usa samaya itihAsa aura krama vikAsa ko dRSTi se vyAkhyA likhane ""uttama puruSastvanya paramAtmetyudAhRta / __ yo lokatrayamAvizya vavibhartyavyaya Izvara // " 'yogasUtra 1 24 / gItA 15, 17

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siddhasena divAkarakRta vedavAdadvAtrizikA 386 prathA hI nahI thI / isalie vyAkhyAkAro aura bhASyakAro ne prAmANika rUpa se unako prApta saskAro ke anusAra hI una una sthalo kI vyAkhyA kI / avyakta -- prakRtiparaka vAkyo kA parabrahmaparaka artha karane meM bhUla hone kA khAsa kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki prArambha meM avyakta ko atima tattva ke rUpa me pratiSThA dene vAle samaya me usake lie jina-jina akSara, svayabhU, AtmA, paramAtmA, cetana, vibhu, brahma Adi vizeSaNo kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA unhI vizeSaNo kA prayoga avyakta se bhinna svIkRta cetana yA Izvara ke lie bhI kiyA jAtA thA / isalie parabrahma kI mAnyatA ke yuga meM hue vyAkhyAkAra zravyakta kI mAnyatA vAle yuga ke varNano kA parabrahmaparaka varNana kareM yaha bilakula svAbhAvika thA / parabrahma athavA cetanatattva ke svIkAra vAlI chavosa yA paccIsa tattva mAnane vAlI bhUmikAe~ prathama pratiSThita huI hogI, aura avyaktako pratima tattva mAnane vAlI caubIsa tattva kI bhUmikA usake bAda bhAratIya darzano meM AI ho aisA nahI kaha sakate haiM / Age jAkara jisakA anAtmavAda yA jaDavAda ke rUpa se varNana kiyA gayA hai vaha caubIsa tattva bhUmikA pahale kI hI hai isa viSaya meM zakA ke lie koI sthAna nahI hai / mahAbhArata aura gAtA meM ina bhUmikA ke avazeSa jahA~-tahA~ dRSTigocara hote haiM aura mUla caraka me to isakA spaSTarUpa se svIkAra hai / phira bhI yaha huA hai ki pichale vyAkhyAkAro ne mUla caraka ke ipa prAcIna bhAga ko apane saskAra ke anumAra bhinna grAtmaparaka mAna liyA aura tadanusAra vyAkhyA kI hai / ipalie mUla aura vyAkhyA ke bIca meM vahata so asagatiyA~ bhI dikhAI detI hai / pRthak cetana aura parabrahma kI mAnyatA ke yuga me racaM gaye aura saMkalita hue upaniSado, mahAbhArata nayA gotA Adi meM isa avyakta prakRti ko hI atima tattva mAnane vAlI bhUmikA kA eka matAntara ke rUpa meM yA pUrvapakSa ke rUpa se ullekha huA hai / Age jAkara kevalAdvaita, viziSTAdvaita, dvaita yA zuddhAdvaita ke sAmpradAyika vicAra prakaTa hone lage tava una-una puraskartAzro ne jaise upaniSado aura gItA Adi kA apanI dRSTi se aikAntika vyAkhyAna kiyA, aura ina grantho meM dUsare kauna kauna se virodhI mantavya spaSTa hai isakA vicAra taka na kiyA vaise hI parabrahma yA pRthak cetanatattva kI sthApanA aura pratiSThA hone ke bAda ke vyAkhyAkAro ne prAcIna athavA cAhe jisa bhAga ko ekamAtra parabrahma yA pRthak cetanaparaka mAna liyA / yaha mAnatA hU~ ki Rgveda aura upaniSadoM ke kucha bhAgo me bahuta prAcIna tattvaciMtana samAviSTa hai jisa samaya ki isa dRSTi se una una prAcIna bhAgo ke Upara vicAra bIca me yatra tatra dRSTigocara hone vAlI asagatiyAM na mai pRthak cetana aura parabrahma kI kalpanA udaya meM nahI AI thii| karane para vicArako ke lie mUla aura pIche kI vyAkhyA ke rahegI yaha maiM mAnatA hU~ / prAcIna upaniSado aura gItA meM advaita - parabrahmagAmI ciMtana kI ora spaSTa jhukAva hai / parantu prArambha se lagAkara ta paryanta una upaniSado aura gItA me se madhvAcArya ke aikAntika dvaita mata ko phalita karanA yaha jitane zraza meM khIca. ta. nI kI apekSA rakhatA hai utane hI aga me unameM se prayeti zakarAcArya ke mAyAvAda yA kevalAdvaita ko phalita karane kA kAma bhI khIcAtAnI vAlA hai / yaha muddA prAcIna upaniSado aura gItA ko mUla rUpa se paDhate samaya turata dRSTigocara hotA hai / isIlie tattvacitaka zrI narmadAzakara mehatA upaniSadvicAraNA me aura sara rAdhAkRSNana jaise bhI 'iDiyana philosophI' me isa bAta kI mAkSI dete hai / prAcIna upaniSado aura gItA ke bahuta se bhAga viziSTAdvaita, dvaitAdvaita aura zuddhAdvaita ko ora jAya~, aise hai / parantu zvetAzvatara spaSTarUpa se dvaitavAdI hai kyoki usameM prakRti, puruSa aura mahezvara isa trividha brahma kA spaSTarUpa se svIkAra hai / aura isI Izvara, mahezvara yA paramapuruSa kI pazupati rUpa se varNanA yA stuti kI gaI hai / 'udAharaNArtha gotA 228 'avyaktAdIni bhUnAni' yaha vicAra zravyaktaprakRti ko hI carama tattva mAnane vAlI bhUmikA kA hai, na ki pRthak cetana mAnane vAlI bhUmikA kA / isI prakAra chAndogya kA 'zrasadevedamagra AsIt tat sadAsIt tat samabhavat' (3 16 1 ) ityAdi bhAga prakRticetanAbhedavAda kI sAkhya tattvajJAna kI bhUmikA kA sUcaka hai, na ki atirikta brahmavAda kI mAnyatA kI bhUmikA kA sUcaka / jaba ki 'tarddhaka praharasadevedamagra AsIt' (62.1) ityAdi chAndogya kA bhAga atirikta brahmavAda kI mAnyatA kI bhUmikA kA sUcaka hai / "

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premI-abhinadana-pratha siddhasena kA jhukAva siddhasena mukhyarUpa se zvetAzvatara kA upajIvana karate ho aisA pratIta hotA hai, phira bhI zvetAzvatara kI apekSA siddhasena kI stuti meM advaita yA samanvaya kI chATa kucha adhika hai / yadyapi vaha bhI prakRti, puruSa aura parama puruSa ina tIno ko svIkAra karate ho, aisA pratIta hotA hai| dono ke bIca ke isa antara kA kAraNa yaha hai ki eka to siddhasena ke samaya taka zraneka prakAra ke zradvaita mata sthira ho gaye the aura dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki siddhasena ne zvetAzvatarIya kevala pAzupata sampradAya me baddha nahI raha karake upaniSado, gItA aura purANo kI samanvaya paddhati kA hI anusaraNa kiyA ho / 360 siddhamena ke varNana kI eka khAsa vizeSatA kI ora vAcakavRnda kA dhyAna pahale hI AkarSita kara denA zrAvazyaka hai / vaha yaha hai ki puruSatattva kI avyakta se bhinna kalpanA hone ke bAda kisI nipuNa sasArAnubhavI rasika aura tattvajJa pratibhAsampanna kavine paccIsa tattvavAle sAkhya kI bhUmikA me avyakta aura puruSa kI bhinna-bhinna kalpanA hone ke vAda mUla kAraNa vyakta ko prakRti zrIra kUTastha cetana tattva ko puruSa nAma pradAna kiyA aura jIvasRSTi ke utpAdaka do vijAtIya ( strI-puruSa ) tattvoM ke yugala kA rUpaka lekara carAcara jagat ke utpAdaka do vijAtIya tattvo ko svIkAra karake usa yugala kA prakRti - puruSa rUpa se varNana kiyA, jaba ki zvetAzvatara RSi ne isa prakRti-puruSa svarUpa do tattvo kA vijAtIyatva kAyama rakha karake usa yugala kA 'ajA' aura 'aja' ke rUpaka se varNana kiyA / isa rUpaka meM khUbI yaha hai ki satati ke janma aura savardhana kriyA me anubhavasiddha puruSa ke taTasthapane kI chAyA, sAkhya vicAra saraNI ke anusAra cetana tattva meM thI usako, aura mAtRsulabha sapUrNa jana savardhana kI javAbadArI aura ciMtA kI jo chAyA prakRti me thI, usakA kramaNa 'aja' aura 'ajA' ke rUpaka meM varNana kiyA / jaba ki siddhasena ne battIsI me kevala 'aja' kA hI ullekha kiyA hai aura 'ajA' kA ullekha choDa diyA hai / itanA hI nahI, parantu usane Rgveda aura zuklayajurveda tathA manusmRti Adi kI taraha garbha ke pradhAna sthAna kA nirdeza kiye binA hI zraja - Izvara yA cetana kA garbha ke janaka rUpa se varNana kiyA hai / --- vyAkhyAna paddhati kisa paddhati me battIsI kA artha kiyA jAya, yaha eka samasyA thii| philahAla maine isakA jo nirAkaraNa kiyA hai umakA sUcana yahA~ karanA yogya hai, jisase abhyAsI athavA dUsare vyAkhyAkAro ko usase kucha grAge vaDhane kA khyAla zrAve aura isame raha gaI truTiyA~ kramaga dUra ho| merI vyAkhyAna paddhati mukhya rUpa se tIna bhAgo meM vibhAjita ho jAtI hai (1) vattIsIgata pada, vAkya, pAda, sArA kA sArA padya, rUpaka, kalpanA Adi vedo, upaniSado aura gotA meM se jaise ke taise yA kucha parivartana ke sAtha mileM unakA sagraha karake artha aura vivecana me upayoga karanA, (2) una-una sagrahIta bhAgo ke mUla dvArA yA TIkAo dvArA jo artha hotA ho aura jo adhika yogya pratIta hotA ho usakA prastuta vivecana meM upayoga karanA, (3) veda Adi prAcIna grantho me se ekatrita tulanAtmaka bhAga aura usakA artha ina dono kA vivecana me yayAsabhava tulanA rUpa se upayoga karane para bhI jahA~ sagati ThIka nahI baiThI vahA~ svAdhIna buddhi se artha aura vivecana karanA / prastuta battIsI anya battIsiyo ke sAtha vikrama sa0 1965 meM bhAvanagara se prakAzita huI hai / vahI mudrita prati grAja mere sAmane hai / inameM aneka sthalo me bhrAnta pATha hai / prastuta battIsI me aise azuddha pATho ke sthAna meM mujhako jo pATha kalpanA se ThIka ja~ce, unhI ko usa usa sthAna para rakha kara vivecana me gRhIta kiyA hai aura jo pAThabheda mudrita prati hai vaha usa sthAna me pAda TippaNa meM maine diyA hai / maine apanI dRSTi ke anusAra jina-jina pAThabhedo kI kalpanA antima hI hai yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahI kahA jA sakatA / parantu bhASA, artha, chanda, aura anya grantho meM prApta

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 362 java ki vyAvahArika dRSTi se vaha AtmA ko karma ke sambandha se zavala tathA nAnArUpadhArI mAnatI hai / advaita, parabrahma, aura jIvabheda ina dono ke sambandha kA jo spaSTIkaraNa vedAnta karatA hai vahI spaSTIkaraNa jainadRSTi se pratyeka svatantra cetana ke tAttvika aura vyAvahArika svarUpa ke sambandha ke viSaya me hai| Rgveda maNDala 1 sUkta 164 ke matra 20 meM sezvara sAkhya kA bIja pratIta hotA hai| usameM eka hI vRkSa ke Upara rahe hue do pakSiyo kA rUpaka karake vizvagata jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| do samAna svabhAva sahacArI mitra jaise pakSI eka hI vRkSa ko Azraya vanA kara rahate haiN| uname se eka-jIvAtmA svAduphala (karmaphala) vAle ko cakhatA hai, java ki dUsarA pakSI-paramAtmA aise phala ko vinA cakhehI prakAzita hotA hai| isake bAda ke do agale matro me bhI vRkSa aura pakSiyo kA rUpaka vistRta karake sahaja bhagIbheda se puna jIvAtmAo kA varNana kiyA hai| yaha rUpaka itanA adhika sacoTa aura AkarSaka hai ki usakI racanA hue hajAro varSa vyatIta ho gaye phira bhI vaha ciMtakagaNa aura sAmAnya logo ke vicArapradeza me se haTane ke bajAya tattvajJAna ke vikAsa ke sAtha artha se vikasita hotA gyaa| atharvaveda kANDa 6 sUkta 6 me Rgveda ke ye hI tIno matra hai / jaba ki muNDaka upaniSada mu0 3 kha0 1 meM do pakSiyo ke spaka kA matra to yahI hai, parantu usake bAda dUsare mana meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki vRkSa ke eka hone para bhI usameM lubdha puruSa dInatA ke kAraNa moha ko prApta karake harSa-viSAda kA anubhava karatA hai / parantu vaha lubdha puruSa java usI vRkSa para rahe hue dUsare samartha-alubdha aura nirmoha puruSa kA darzana karatA hai taba vaha svaya bhI nirmoha banatA hai| eka hI vRkSa para Azrita do pakSiyo ke rUpaka dvArA Rgveda yA atharvaveda me jo artha vivakSita thA usako hI muNDakakAra ne dUsare matro me spaSTa kiyA ho aisA pratIta hotA hai| kyoki vaha kahatA hai ki jo puruSa vRkSa meM lubdha hai vaha moha me dukhI hotA hai, dUsarA puruSa samartha hone se usame lubdha nahI hai| isalie lubdha ko alubdha ke svarUpa kA darSana hote hI vaha bhI nirmoha banatA hai / zvetAzvatara ne (a0 4) muNDaka ke ina dono matro ko lekara jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA ke svarUpa kA tayA unake pArasparika sambandha kA varNana to kiyA hI hai, parantu isake sivAya bhI usane eka navIna AkarSaka rUpaka ko yojanA karake baddha aura mukta aise do puruSo kA varNana kiyA hai| usane aja-bakare kA rUpaka karake kahA hai ki eka aja-baddha jIva bhogAbhimukha prakRti rUpa ajA ke Upara prIti karane se dukhI hotA hai jaba ki dUsarA aja---mukta jIva bhogaparADmukha ajA ko choDa detA hai| isa prakAra Rgveda se zvetAzvatara taka ke rUpako dvArA kiyA huA varNana itanA sUcita karatA hai ki prakRti, vaddhapuruSa, muktapuruSa aura paramAtmA ye cAra tattva vicArapradeza meM sthira ho gaye hai jo ki sezvarasAvya yA sAsya-yoga kI bhUmikA svarUpa hai| siddhasena ne prastuta padya me purAne rUpako kA tyAga karake thoDe se parivartana ke sAtha dUsarI roti se isI vastu kA varNana kiyA hai| vaha vaddha aura mukta do puruSo me se kevala vaddhapuruSa kA hI eka aja rUpa se varNana karatA hai aura mukta puruSa kA aja rUpaka tayA paramAtmA kA pakSI rUpaka choDa karake paramAtmA kA sRSTi aura jIvAtmA ke adhyakSarUpa me 'yo'syAdhyakSa akala sarvavAnya vedAtIta veda vedyasa veda' yaha kaha karake varNana karatA hai| isake isa kathana me Rgveda ke nAmadIyasUktagata matra 7 ke 'yo'myAdhyakSa parame vyoman mo aGga veda yadi vA na veda' isa pada kI dhvani gujita hotI hai| siddhamena ke pIche lagabhaga hajAra varSa ke bAda hue grAnadaghana nAmaka jainasata ne hidI bhASA me isa vaidika aura aupaniSada rUpaka kA bahuta khUbI se varNana kiyA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki eka vRkSa ke Upara do pakSo vaiThe hue hai| uname eka guru aura dUsarA ziSya hai| ziSya cuna cuna karake phala khAtA hai, para guru to sadA masta hone se hamezA AtmatuSTa hai / Anadadhana ne isa rUpaka ke dvArA jainaparamparAsammata baddha aura mukta jIva kA varNana kiyA hai jo sAkhyaparamparA 'taruvara eka pachI dou baiThe, eka gurU eka celaa| cele ne jaga cuNa cuNa khAyA, gurU niratara khelA ||pd0 68 //

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siddhamena divAkarakRta vedavAdadvAtrizikA 363 sammata vaddha aura mukta do aja ke varNana jaisA hI hai athavA vaidika rUpaka anusAra jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA ke varNana jaisA hI hai / gItA meM 'mayAdhyakSaNa prakRti sUyate sacarAcaram ( 6-10 ) / isa padya meM paramAtmArUpa se kRSNa ko adhyakSa kaha karake carAcara sRSTi kI janmadAtrI rUpa se strIliMga prakRti kA nirdeza hai / strI hI garbha dhAraNa karatI hai aura puruSa to kevala nimitta hai - isa vyAvahArika anubhava ko sAkhya-paramparA ke anusAra yathAvat vyakta karane ke lie gItAkAra ne strIliMga prakRti kA prasavakartrI rUpa me varNana kiyA hai aura zvetAzvatara ne isI prakRti kA strIliMgI prajA --- bakarI rUpa se varNana kiyA hai (zve0 pra0 4 ) / para siddhasena to carAcara garbha ke vAraka rUpa se puruSa zraja kA varNana karatA hai, yaha pratyakSa virodha hai / isakA parihAra do prakAra se mabhava hai eka to yaha ki siddhasena 'garbhadhatte' isa zabda ke dvArA garbha ko AdhAna karane vAle puruSa kA hI varNana karatA hai nahI ki usako dhAraNa karane vAlI strI kA / dUsarA siddhasena kA Agaya kadAcit isa virodhAbhAmI varNana ke dvArA mAkhyaparamparA se bhinna hokara yaha sUcita karanA ho ki sAkhya prakRti ko kartA aura puruSa ko akartA hone para bhI bhoktA mAnatA hai, parantu vastuta kartA aura bhoktA bhinna-bhinna nahI hote haiM / isalie puruSa ko hI bhoktA kI taraha kartA mAnanA cAhie cAhe vaha kartRtva meM anya tattva kA sahakAra le / puruSa me sarvayA kartRtva mAnane vAlI sAsya paramparA ke viruddha nyAya-vaizeSika, jaina Adi bahuta mI paramparAe~ hai / itanA hI nahI parantu vedAnta kI pratyeka zAkhA brahma kA hI kartRtva sthApita karake sAkhyasammata prakRti ke tattva ko vilakula gauNa vanA detI hai / isI bhAva ko siddhamena kahanA cAhate ho yaha bhI sabhava hai / kyoki siddhasena ne Age padya meM bhI bahuta se sthalo para sAkhya kI prAcIna praNAlikAo se bhinna rupa me varNana kiyA hai / aja zabda kA rUDha artha hai vakarA aura yaugika artha hai ajanmA / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ati prAcIna samaya me vakaro ke jhuMDa se atiparicita aura unake bIca meM rahane vAle RSi kaviyo ne rUpakarUpa se zraja kA prayoga kiyA hogA / para dhIre-dhIre vaha upameya deva, AtmA, paramAtmA Adi meM vyavahRta hone lagA aura taba usakA artha ajanmA aisA yaugika kiyA gayA, jo ki upaniSado aura gItA Adi me sarvatra 'ajo nitya zAzvato'ya purANa' ( gI0 2-20 ) ityAdi ukti me dRSTigocara hotA hai / prastuta padya kA pUrvArdha paDhate samaya zvetAzvanara kA 'nIla pataGgo harito lohitAkSa ( 4-4 ) ityAdi pAda kA smaraNa hotA hai / sa evaitadvizvamadhitiSThatyekastamevaita vizvamadhitiSThatyekam / sa evaitadveda yadihAsti vedya tamevaitadveda yadihAsti vedyam // 2 // artha --trahI eka -- paramAtmA isa vizva kA adhiSThAna karatA hai| yaha eka vizva usakA--naramAtmA kA adhiSThAna karatA hai / vahI -- paramAtmA yahA~ jo kucha vedya hai usako jAnatA hai / yahA~ jo vedya hai vaha usako -- paramAtmA ko hI jAnatA hai / bhAvArtha----isa padya meM carAcara vizva aura paramAtmA ina dono ke pArasparika adhiSThAtRtva kA varNana hai, jo vaidika, zropanipada aura gItA Adi ke varNana se bhinna | kyoki 'tasminnA tasyurbhuvanAni vizvA' yaha Rgveda ( 1 1 64 13 ) me tathA 'ya kAraNAni nikhilAni tAni kAlAtmayuktAnyavitiSThatyeka ' (13), 'yo yoni yonimadhitiSThatyeka ' ( 4 11 ) ityAdi zvetAzvatara me aura gItA me 'prakRti svAmaviSThAya sabhavAmyAtmamAyayA ' ( gItA 4 6) mAtra paramAtmA kA hI vizva ke adhiSThAna rUpa se varNana kiyA gayA hai nahI ki vizva kA bhI paramAtmA ke adhiSThAna rUpa se varNana hai / prAcIna zailI ke viruddha dikhAI dene vAlI zailI kA avalamvana lene ke pIche middhamena kA dRSTibiMdu yaha pratIta hotA hai ki jo do tattva anata hai, uname se eka ko hI dUsare kA AdhAra kaise kahA jA makatA hai ? yadi eka ko dUsare kA AdhAra mAnA jAya to dUsarA pahale kA AdhAra kyo nahI mAnA jAya ? isalie dono ko eka dUsare kA AdhAra mAnanA yahI yuktimagata hai / 50

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premI-abhinadana-pratha yadi agamya tathA ameya tattvo kA varNana zakya ho to vaha adhika ThIka taraha se virodhAbhAsa ke dvArA hI ho sakatA hai| aisI virodhAbhAsa zailI kA Azraya vaidika RSiyo se pArambha karake ata taka ke sabhI tattvajJa kaviyo ne liyA hai| isIlie siddhasena paramAtmA aura vizva dono kA paraspara ke jJAtA aura jJeya rUpa se varNana karatA hai| paramezvara vizva ko jAnatA hai, yaha satya hai, parantu vizva jo ki jJeya mAnA jAtA hai aura jisameMjIvAtmA kA bhI samAveza hotA hai, vaha paramAtmA ko nahIM jAne to dUsarA kauna jAne ? isIlie gItA me arjuna-jIvAtmA kRSNa-paramAtmA ko kahatA hai ki jJAtA bhI tU hai aura jJeya aisA atima dhAma bhI tU hI hai (gItA 11-38) / sa evaitadbhUvana sRjati vizvarUpa tamevaitatsRjati bhuvana vizvarUm / na caivaina sRjati kazcinnityajAta na cAsausRjati bhuvana nityajAtam // 3 // arya--vahI nAnArUpa paramAtmA isa vizvakA sarjana karatA hai aura yahI nAnArUpa vizva usako--paramAtmA ko sarajatA hai / aura isa nityajAta paramAtmA ko koI sarajatA nahIM hai tathA yaha paramAtmA nityajAta bhuvana ko sarajatA nahI hai| bhAvArtha-isa padya me nAnArUpa bhuvana aura paramAtmA kA eka dUsare ke sarjakarUpa se varNana kiyA gayA hai| aura bhuvana tathA paramAtmA ko nityajAta--sadotpanna kaha karake koI kisI kA sarjana nahIM karatA hai yaha bhI kahA hai / isa pratyakSa virodha kA parihAra dRSTibheda se ho jAtA hai / jaina paramparA me dravyAthika aura paryAyArthika ye do dRSTiyA~ prasiddha hai aura ve saba tattvo ko lAgU hotI hai| usake anusAra yaha kaha sakate hai ki cetana yA acetana pratyeka tatva papane mUla svarUpa me zAzvata aura anutpanna hai ataeva unameM se koI eka dUsare kA sarjana nahIM karatA hai| jaba yahI pratyeka tattva sva-sva-rUpa se nitya hone para bhI avasthAbheda kA anubhava karatA hai aura vaha avasthAbheda pArasparika sayoga sApekSa hai isalie dono cetana-acetana tattva eka dUsare kA sarjana bhI karate haiN| sAgya-yoga yA vedAnta kI dRSTi se bhI.kavi kA varNana asagata nahI hai / paramezvara nAnArUpa vizva kA sarjana karatA hai / yaha mantavya to zvetAzvatara kI 'asmAnmAyI sajate vizvametat' isa ukti me spaSTa hai / ' aura 'prabhu loka ke kartRtva Adi kisI kA sarjana nahIM karatA hai svabhAva hI svayameva pravRtta hotA hai / isa gItAvacana me paramAtmA kA asarjakatva bhI spaSTa hai tayA nAnArUpa vizva paramezvara kA AbhArI hai ataeva vaha jisa prakAra usakA-vizvakA marjaka kahA jAtA hai usI prakAra paramezvara ke nAnArUpa bhI prAkRta yAmAyika nAnArUpa vizva ke prAbhAro hai ataeva vizva ko bhI paramAtmA kA sarjaka kahA jA sakatA hai| kevala prakRti hI nahIM parantu cetana paramAtmA bhI nityajAta-sanAtana hai / isalie dono me se koI eka dUsare kA sarjana nahIM karatA hai aisA kaha sakate hai / sarjana-pasarjana yaha sava prApekSika athavA mAyika hai yaha kaha kara kavi ata me tattva kI agamyatA kA hI sUcana karatA hai / ekAyanazatAtmAnameka vizvAtmAnamamRta jAyamAnam / yasta na veda kimRcA kariSyati yasta ca 'veda kimRcA kariSyati // 4 // artha--eka prAzrayarupaeva zatAtmarUpa tathA eka eva vizvAtmarUpa tathA amRta eva janma lenevAle aise usako-- paramAtmA ko jo nahI jAnatAhai vaha RcA se kyA karane vAlA hai aura jo usa paramAtmA ko jAnatA hai vaha bhI RcA se kyA karane vAlA hai| 'zvetAzvatara 4 / / 'na kartRtva na karmANi lokasya sRjati prabhu / na karmaphlasayoga svabhAvastu pravartate ||giitaa 5. 14 'yasta na veda-mu0

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premI-abhinaMdana-praMya 366 vyaktiyoM ko hI AvRta karanI hai jaba ki avidyA to samagra vizva ko AvRta karatI hai, kyoki sampUrNa jagata kA prabhava aura pralaya sthAna yahI hai / parvatIya guphA meM vedo ke lie sthAna hI nahIM hai java ki yaja samarthaka sabhI veda vAsanApopaka hone ke kAraNa ata meM avidyA meM hI paryavamita hote hai / 'bhAvo'bhAvo ni svatattva [satattvo nirajano[rajano]ya prakAra / guNAtmako nirguNo niSprabhAvo vizvezvara sarvamayo na sarva // 6 // artha-jo prakAra bhAvaspa hai aura prabhAvarUpa hai, svatattvarahita hai aura satattva hai, niraJjana hai aura rajana hai, gaNAtmaka hai aura nirguNa hai, prabhAvarahita hai aura vizva kA Izvara-prabhu hai, sarvamaya hai aura sarva nahIM hai| bhAvArtha-upanipado meM "tadejati tanaijani tadare tdvntike| tadantarasya sarvasya tadu sarvasyAsya vAhyata / (mA05), 'aNoNIyAnmahato mahIyAn / ' (kaTha0 1 a0 2 va0 20 zlo0) ityAdi jisa prakAra paramAtmA kA vigevAbhAmI varNana hai / aura gItA meM jisa prakAra "mandriyaguNAbhAma mandriyavivarjitam / amakta sarvabhRccava nigaNa guNabhoktR ca / / ' (13 18) ityAdi virodhAbhAsI varNana hai usI prakAra kavi ne yahAM paramAtmA kA eka alaukika prakAra mUcita karane ke lie varNana kiyA hai jo apekSA aura dRSTibheda ne yuktisagata hai / bhAvaspa isalie hai ki vaha eka pAramArthika tattva hai, abhAvaspa imalie hai ki vaha sarva sAmArika bhAvo se para hai, ni svatattva isalie hai ki unakA svatattva sarvagamya nahIM hai aura phira bhI vaha vastuta svatattva rakhatA hai / vaha malamukta hone se niraJjana hai aura phira bhI vaha tattvajJo aura dhyAniyo kA rajana bhI karatA hai| vaha sarva svAbhAvika guNo kI mUrti hai, parantuprAkRta guNoM se rahita hai| vaha bhayaprada prabhAva se mukta hai aura imolie vizva kA prabhu hai / vaha sarvavyApI hone se sarvamaya hai aura phira bhI vaha akelA hone ne vahutvabhita hai marva nahIM hai|| sRSTvA sRSTvA svayamevopabhukte sarvazcAya bhUtasargo yatazca / na cAsyAnyatkAraNa sargasiddhau na cAtmAna sRjate nApi cAnyAn // 7 // zraya--jisase yaha sarvabhUta sRSTi pravRtta hai vaha svaya hI sarjana kara karake usakA upabhoga karatA hai| sRSTi kI racanA karane meM isakA dUsarA koI sahakArI kAraNa nahIM hai aura vaha khuda ko, dUsare ko, yA anya ko nahIM sarajatA hai| bhAvArya-yahA~ para kavi ne laukika kartA aura bhoktA kI apekSA vilakSaNa rUpa se paramAtmA kA bhUtamarga ke kA aura upabhoktA ke rUpa se varNana kiyA hai| koI bhI laukika kartA kisI vastu kA sarjana karatA hai to usako nahakArI kAraNa kI avazya apekSA rahatI hai jaba ki kavi kahatA hai paramAtmA ke lie sargasiddhi me anya kisI kAraNa ko apekSA nahIM hai| isame Age baDhakara kavi kahatA hai ki daraasala me paramAtmA na to apanA hI sarjana karatA hai aura na dUnage kA hI marjana karatA hai / yaha sArA virodhAbhAna apekSAbheda se samAdheya hai| kavi ke isa sAre padya me gvanAzvatara kA 'na tamya kArya kaMgNa ca vidyate' (68) ityAdi mantra kA sAra bhApyaspa se rama rahA hai| nirindriyazcakSupA vetti zabdAn zrotreNa rUpa jighrati jihvayA ca / pAdairbravIti zirasA yAti tiSThan sarveNa sarva kurate manyate ca // 8 // artha--jo nirindriya hone para bhI netra se zabdoM ko jAnatA hai, kAna se spa ko jAnatA hai aura jIbha se sUghatA hai| pAMva se bolanA hai, mantaka se khaDA rahane para bhI calatA hai, sarva se sarva karatA hai aura jAnatA hai| bhAvArtha-yahA~ kavi paramAtmA ko nirindriya kahatA hai aura phira indriyo dvArA usa usa viSaya ko vaha jAnatA hai aimA bhI kahanA hai, yaha eka virodha hai / umame vizeSa virodha to isake isa kathana me hai ki netra Adi jJAnendriyAM karNa 'bhAvAbhAyo ni satattvo (vitattvo) nirajano rajano ya prakAra--ma0 /

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siddhasena divAkarakRta vedavAdadvAtrizikA 367 Adi anya indriyo ke niyata viSaya zabda Adi ko jAnatI hai aura pA~va ityAdi karmendriyA~ bhI vAk Adi anya karmendriyo kA kArya karatI hai / paramAtmA mastaka me khar3e rahane aura calane kA pA~va kA kArya karatA hai / yaha kaha kara kavi zrata meM vaha taka jAtA hai ki paramAtmA ke lie koI zramuka mAghana kisI amuka kArya ke lie hI nahIM hai, parantu usake lie to sarva sAdhana sarva kAryakArI hai / ina prakAra ke pratyanta viruddha dikhAI dene vAle varNana kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki paramAtmA kA svarUpa laukika vastugrI meM nirAlA hai aura usakI vibhUti bhI laukika vibhUti meM bhinna hai / yogazAstra ke vibhUtipAda meM jina vibhUtiyoM kA vaNana hai ve vibhUtiyA yogI kI hone para bhI pradbhuta hai| gItA ke gyArahave zradhyAya kRSNa ne arjuna ko apanA ghora vizvampa batAyA hai yaha bhI yoga kI mahimA hai / yahA~ to kavi yogI me bhI bhinna paramAtmA kI stuti karatA hai / imIlie usane camatkArI virudvAbhAsa varNana dvArA alokikatva sUcita kiyA hai / niGkona kA prastuta varNana bahuta purAkAla ne calI thAne vAlI kaviprayA ke kitane hI mopAno kA atikramaNa karake zrAge bar3hA hai| Rgveda ke kavi gaNa indra yA gragni Adi devo kI stuti karate hai tava sahasrAkSa jaise vizeSaNa kA upayoga karake apane apane iSTadeva ko hajAra AMkhavAle ke rUpa me mahattva arpita karate hai / parantu puruSasUkta kA RSi puruSa kA varNana karate samaya usake mAtha meM kevana sahasrAkSa vizeSaNa kA prayoga karake hI satuSTa nahI hotA, vaha to puruSa ko mahazISa zrI manapAda bhI kahatA hai / vizvakarmA mUkta kA praNetA hajAra nena, hajAra pA~va, yA hajAra mastaka ne naSTa nahIM hotA, vaha to vizvasRSTA deva ko 'vizvatazcakSuruta vizyato mukho vizvato vAhuruna vizvata yAt (R0 10813) kahakara hajAra yA usameM bhI kisI baDI saMkhyA kI zravagaNanA karatA hai| Rgveda ke vizeSaNa vikAma meM kAlanama kI ganya AtI hai / usake bAda yajurveda aura athavaveda Adi ganyo meM isI Rgveda ke vizeSaNa yatra-tatra prApta hote hai / una vizepaNI kA kAlakrama sUcaka vikAsa cAhe jitanA hugrA ho yA vistRta huA ho phira bhI vedo kI stutiyAM naguNa bhUmikA ne zrAge nahI vahI thI aisA kaha sakate haiM / parantu dhIre-dhIraM cinava saguNa rUpa me zrAge vaDha karake nirguNa ciMtana kI ora agrasara hote jAte the / isake lakSaNa prAcIna upaniSadoM aura gItA meM dRSTigocara hote haiM / jaba parabrahma kI sthApanA huI tava nirguNa svarUpa kA ciMtana parAkASThA ko pahu~ca cukA thaa| phira bhI tattvacitako aura kaviyoM ne purAnI maguNa varNana kI prathA ko bhI cAlU rakhI / isIlie zvetAzvatara aura gItAkAra ne nirguNa varNana karane para bhI 'mahasrazIrSA puruSa sahasrAkSa sahasrapAt / ' (03-18) utyAdi rUpa me aura 'savaMta pANipAda tat mano'kSiziromugvam' (gve0 3 16 ) ityAdi rUpa me saguNa vaNana bhI kiyA hai / chAdogya prAdi ke amarIgla varNana kA (chAdo 8-12-1) anukaraNa karake muNDaka parabrahma kA yattadadRSyamagrAhyamagotramavaNamacakSu zrotra tadapANipAdam / ' (mu0 1-6) yAdi mpa me varNana karatA hai / jaba ki zvetAzvatara unakA 'pANipAdI javano grahItA pazyatyacakSu sa zRNotyakarNa' (ve0 3-16) Adi rUpa me virodhAbhAsI maguNasvarUpa varNana karatA hai / siddhamena bhI prastuta stuti meM paramAtmA kA nirguNa aura saguNa svarUpa se stava karatA hai| isa padya meM to ina ubhaya strampI ke varNana ke atirikta eka aisA pratibhAjanita camatkAra dRSTigocara hotA hai ki jo usake pUrva ke veda, upaniSad aura gotA Adi meM nahIM dikhAI detA hai| yaha camatkAra kevala virodhAbhAsa hI nahI hai parantu virodhAbhAsa kI parAkASThA bhI hai| middhamena jahA~ taka paramAtmA ko nirindriya hone para bhI indriyo ke kAryakartA kahatA hai vahA~ taka to vaha muNDaka aura zvetAzvatara me Age nahI vaDhatA hai, parantu jaba vaha yaha kahatA hai ki nirindriya paramAtmA indriyo ke kAryaM to karatA hI hai, parantu isake atirikta bhI vaha kAna kA kAma A~kha me, A~kha kA kAma kAna se, nAka kA jIbha se, vANI kA kAma pA~va se aura pA~va kA kAma mastaka se karatA hai, kiMbahunA usake lie koI eka kAma kisI eka sAdhana RRgveda 1.23. 3 /

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premI-prabhinadana-pratha 398 ke dvArA hI karana kA bandhana nahIM hai, nava vaha zrotAoM ke mana ke Upara camatkArika prabhAva paidA karake use paramAtmA kI lokottara camatkAritA meM zraddhAlu vanA karake kavikRtya siddha karatA hai| zabdAtIta kathyate vAvadUkai nAtIto jJAyate jnyaanvdbhi'| bandhAtIto vadhyate klezapAzairmokSAtIto mucyate nirvikalpa // 9 // atha zabda se pratIta hone para bhI vaha vAdiyo ke vAda kA viSaya banatA hai, jJAna se pratIta hone para bhI vaha jJAniyoM ke jJAna kA viSaya banatA hai / badhana se pratIta hone para bhI kleza pAza se vadhatA hai aura mokSAtIta hone para bhI nirvakalpa hokara mukta hotA hai| bhAvArtha-taittirIya Adi upaniSado me "yato vAco nivartante aprApya manasA saha / " (0 2-6) jaise varNana hai uname AtmA kA zabdAtItatva aura mano'gamyatva rUpa se pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| dUsarI ora ye hI upaniSad puna AtmA kA nirUpaNa karate hai aura jJAniyo ko AtmajJAna ke lie protsAhita karate hai| jaise ki 'zrotavyo mantavyo nididhyAsitavya' (bR0 2 4 5) ityAdi / Atmabrahma ko kUTastha mAnakara bavamokSa se atIta kahA gayA hai aura 'so'kAmayata bahu syA prajAyeyeti / ' (0 2 6) tayA 'tatsRSTvA tadevAnuprAvizat / ' (tai0 2 6) ityAdi dvArA Atmabrahma ko sRSTivaddha bhI kahA hai| upanipado aura dUsare sabhI adhyAtmazAstro kA kathana yahI hai ki nirvikalpasamAdhi prApta karane vAlA AtmA mukta hotA hai / aise paraspara viruddha dikhAI dene vAle upadezavAkyo kA avalamvana lekara ke kavi ne AtmA kI pArasparika viruddha avasthAo kA AlakArika bhASA me varNana kiyA hai, parantu usakA tAtparya to yaha hai ki ye vividha varNana paraspara asagata nahI hai kiMtu dRSTibheda se pravRtta hue hai| isI vastu ko jaina paribhASA me kahanA ho to isa prakAra kaha sakate hai ki pAramArthika-karmanirapekSa svAbhAvika-dRSTi se prAtmA na to vAcya hai, na taya hai, na vaddha hai aura na mukta hai parantu vyAvahArika aura karmasApekSa vaibhAvika dRSTi se AtmA zabdagamya, jJAnadhyAnagamya, baddha aura mukta bhI hai| prAcIna jainazruta me ati mahattva rakhane vAle prAcArAga sUtra meM AtmA kI svAbhAvika sthiti kA jo varNana hai vaha upaniSado meM varNita nirguNabrahma kI yAda dilAtA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki-"savve sarA niyaTTanti, takkA tattha na vijjai, maI tatya na gahiyA, me na dohe, na hasse, na koNhe, na nIle na lohie, na surabhigandhe na durabhigandhe, na titte, na kaDae, na garue na lahae, na itthI na purise na annahA parinne sanne uvamA na vijje|" (5 6 170) / nAya brahmA na kapardI na viSNurbrahmA cAya zakarazcAcyutazca / asmina maDhA pratimA kalpayante jJAtazcAya na ca bhuyo namo'sti // 10 // aya-yaha paramAtmA na brahmA hai, na zakara hai, aura na viSNu hai, aura phira bhI yaha brahmA, zakara aura viSNu bho hai| mUr3ha manuSya hI paramAtmA ke viSaya meM vividha prakAra kI pratimAno kI kalpanA karate hai, jaba yaha prAtmA jJAta ho jAtA hai taba phira namaskAra karanA zeSa nahIM rahatA hai| ___ bhAvArtha-loka paramparA aura paurANika mAnyatApro me brahmA, viSNu aura mahezvara kI trimUrti pUjI tathA mAnI jAtI hai aura upAsaka apanI ruci yA saskAra ke anusAra paramAtmA ko hI brahmA, zakara yA viSNu rUpa se bhajatA hai / loka aura bahuta bAra zAstra bhI isa trimUrti ko paraspara viruddha mAnate hai tayA manavAte hai| isa vastusthiti ko dhyAna me lekara ke kavi paramAtmA kA yayArya-nirguNa- varNana karane ke lie aura loka tathA zAstra meM rUTa virodhI bhAvanA ko nirmala karake usake sthAna para samanvayadRSTi se saguNa varNana karate samaya kahatA hai ki paramAtmA na to brahmA hai, na zakara hai aura na viSNu hai phira bhI vaha tIno rUpa hai--koI eka rUpa to nahIM hai| 'jnyaanviddhi-mu0| kalpayanto-mu0 /

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siddhasena divAkarakRta vedavAdadvAtriMzikA 366 loga paramAtmA kI upAsanA karane ke lie aneka prakAra ke pratIko kI kalpanA karate haiM, aneka nAma se aneka prakAra kI mUrtiyo kI racanA karate haiM aura pIche usI me DUba kara mUla dhyeya ko bhUla jAte haiM / aise logo kI ra karake kavi 'na tasya pratimA asti / ' (zve0 4-16) zvetAzvatara ke isa kathana kA mAno bhASya karake saca hI kahatA hai ki jo mUDha hote hai ve paramAtmA kI aneka pratimAo kI kalpanA karate hai / vastusthiti to yaha hai ki jinako paramAtmA kA svarUpa avagata hotA hai unake lie paramAtmA puna adhika namaskAra karane ke yogya nahI rahatA hai / ve svaya paramAtmArUpa banate hai aura unake Upara kA tama ni zeSa ho jAtA hai / Apo vahnirmAtarizvA hutAza satya mithyA vasudhA meghayAnam / brahmA kITa zakarastArkSyaketu sarvaM sarvaM sarvathA sarvato'yam // 11 // artha -- paramAtmA hI pAnI aura vahni hai, pavana aura hutAzana hai, satya aura mithyA hai, pRthvI aura AkAza hai, brahmA aura koTaka hai zakara aura garuDadhvaja - viSNu hai / yaha sarva - - paramAtmA pratyeka prakAra se pratyeka sthala para sarvarUpa se hai / bhAvArtha - kitane hI vaidika maMtro, upaniSado aura gItA me yaha bhAvanA suprasidva hai ki eka hI paramAtmA nAnArUpa dhAraNa karatA hai aura nAnArUpa se vilasita hotA hai / yahA~ para kavi ne isI bhAvanA ko paraspara viruddha dikhAI denevAle zradhibhautika aura Adhidaivika dvandvo se abhinnarUpa me paramAtmA kA varNana karake vyakta kiyA hai / zvetAzvatara ke 'tadevAgnistadAdityastadvAyustadu candramA / tadeva zukra tadbrahma tadApastatprajApati || ' ( 4 2 ) isa maMtra kI tulanA prastuta padya ke sAtha kara sakate haiM / taittirIya (26) meM brahma ke nAnArUpa dhAraNa karane kA varNana hai usame aneka virodhI dvadvo ke mAya me 'satya cAnRta cAbhavat' isa vAkya ke dvArA jisa satyAnRta dvadva kA ullekha hai use hI kavi ne yahA~ satya mRSA kahA hai / zukla yajurveda (1977) ke 'dRSTvA rUpe vyAkarotsatyAnRte prajApati / ' isa maMtra meM prajApati ne matya aura anRta ina do rUpo kA vyAkaraNa kiyA thA isa bAta kA prAcIna praghAta hai / yahA~ vahni aura hutAza ina do pado ke samAnArthaka hone se punarukti kA bhAsa hotA hai, parantu vastuta vaisA nahI hai / vahni se jisa zragni ko samajhanA cAhie vaha jala virodhI sAmAnya agni lenA cAhie aura hutArA pada se Ahuti dravya ko grahaNa karane vAle yajJIya viziSTa vahni ko lenA cAhie jisako ki mAtarizvA se virodhI kahA gayA hai / mAtarizvA kA artha vaidika maMtro me maoNnasUna kiyA hai / caturmAsa kA tUphAnI pavana yA usase sUcita hone vAlA caturmAsa yaha hutAzana virodhI isalie mAnA gayA hogA sAmAnya rUpa se caturmAsa meM yajJaprathA nahI hotI hai / sa evAya vibhRtA yena sattvA zazvadu khA dukhamevApiyanti / sa evAyamRSayo ya viditvA vyatItya nAkamamRta svAdayanti // 12 // artha -- yaha vahI paramAtmA hai jisake dvArA bhare hue aura vyApta prANI satata dukhI hokara dukha hI prApta karate rahate hai / yaha vahI paramAtmA hai jisakA jAna kara RSigaNa svarga kA atikramaNa karake zramRta kA zrAsvAda lete hai / bhAvArtha -- sabhI prANI paramAtmabhAva se bhare hue hai tathA vyApta hai / phira bhI ve nirantara dukhI raha karake dukha hI prApta karate rahate hai / yaha kathana viruddha hai, kyoki prANI paramAtmarUpa ho to unako du kha kA sparza hI kaise ho sakatA hai ? isa virodha kA parihAra prasiddha hai / tAttvika dRSTi se sabhI jIvAtmA paramAtmA rUpa hai parantu apane sacce svarUpa kA bhAna nahI hone se ve dukha prApta karate haiM / isI vastu ko kavi ne uttarArdha meM vyatireka ke dvArA kahI hai ki jina RSiyo ko AtmajJAna hai ve amRta hI banate hai / svarga kA atikramaNa karake amRta kA AsvAdana karate haiM isa varNana meM spaSTa virodha hai kyoki svarga meM hI amRta ke astitva kI mAnyatA hai to phira svarga ko pratikramaNa karane vAlA usakA AsvAda kaise le sakatA hai ? isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki svargIya amRta vAstavika amRta nahI hai vAstavika amRta to AtmA kA svAbhAvika svarUpa hai jo svarga ko atikramaNa karane vAle ko hI prApta hotA hai /

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400 premI-abhinavana-patha ima paca ma sanidiSTa bhAva zvetAzvatara ke 'tato yaduttaratara tadarupamanAmayam / ta etadviduramRtAste bhavantyathetare dukhamevApiyanti / ' (3-10) mantra meM spaSTa hai| vidyAvidye yatra no sabhavete yannAsanna no davIyo na gamyam / yasminmRtyurnehate no tu kAma ' sa so'kSara parama brahma vedyam // 13 // arya-jisameM vidyA aura pravidyA kA sabhava nahIM hai, jo na samIpa, na dUratara aura na gamya hai, jisameM na to mRtyu pravRtta hotA hai aura na kAma pravRtta hotA hai vaha aura vahI akSara-avinAzI hai aura jJeya aisA parabrahma hai| ___ bhAvArya kavi ne yahA~ paramAtmA ke nirguNa svarUpa kA varNana kiyA hai / isIlie vaha avidyA arthAt karmamArga aura vidyA arthAn AtmalakSI zAstra ina dono ke sabhava se paramAtmA ko para kahatA hai| paramAtmA na to dUra hai aura na Asanna yaha varNana IzAvAsya ke 'tadejati tannejati tadre tadvantike' (5) isa varNana kI yAda dilAtA hai| prastuta padya me zvetAzvatara ke 'T akSare brahmapare tvanante vidyAvidye nihite yatra gUDha / kSara tvavidyA hyamRta tu vidyA vidyAvidye Izate yastu so'nya / ' (5 1) isa matra kA bhAva ramamANa ho rahA hai| otaprotA pazavo yena sarve ota prota pazubhizcaiSa sarve / sarve ceme pazavastasya homya teSA cAyamIzvara savareNya // 14 // arya-jisake dvArA ye saba pazu-jIvAtmAe~ zrotaprota hai aura yaha svaya sabhI pazuoM--jIvAtmAno dvArA prota-prota hai / ye sabhI pazu usakA havya hai aura ina sabhI pazupro ke lie yaha varane yogya Izvara hai / bhAvArtha-kavi yahA~ pAzupata paramparA kA anusaraNa karake 'pazu' pada kA jIvAtmA ke artha meM prayoga karatA hai aura usa jIvAtmAparamAtmA ke sambandha ko yahA~ AlakArika rIti se vyakta karatA hai| kavi jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA ko eka dUsare se otaprota kaha karake una dono ke bIca me abheda sambandha dikhalAtA hai aura vaha abheda viziSTAdvata koTi kA ho aisA rUpaka se pratIta hotA hai| yajJa me pazu home jAte the isalie ve uddiSTa devatA ke homya-havya dravya kahalAte the aura vaha uddiSTa devatAhomya pazupro kA ArAdhya mAnA jAtA hai| isa vastu ko kavi ne jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA ke bIca kA AdhyAtmika sambandha spaSTa karate samaya rUpaka meM kahA hai ki jIvAtmAe~ paramAtmA ke homya hai arthAt paramAtmabhAva ko prApta karane ke dhyeya rakhane vAle jIvAtmAno ko apane ApakA-jIvabhAva kA balidAna karanA hI caahie| tasyaivaitA razmaya kAmadhenoryA pApmAnamaduhAna kSaranti / yenAdhyAtA paca janA svapanti probuddhAste sva parivartamAnA // 15 // arya-jisake dvArA prAdhyAta-jisake sakalpa ke viSaya bane hue pacajana--niSAda aura cAra varNa mila kara pAMca jana yA pAMca indriyAM sotI hai aura jisake dvArA udbodha prApta karake ve pAMca jana svaya apane prati puna pravRtta hote hai| usI paramAtmA rUpa kAmadhenu ko ye razmiyAM hai jo apane pApa pApa ko nahIM dUjhatI huI jharatI hai| bhAvArtha-yahA~ kavi ne do virodhAbhAso dvArA camatkArika rIti se paramAtmA kI vibhUti kA varNana kiyA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki paramAtmA kI abhimukhatA rUpa prAdhyAna kA sparza hote hI manuSyamAtra tathA indriyA~ svapnavaza banatI hai arthAt ve paramAtmasparzarUpa nidrAmatra ke prabhAva se bhAna bhUla kara nidrAvaza banatI hai aura jaba ve jagatI hai taba ve apane kAryapradeza ke prati puna phiratI hai| 'notukAmA-mu0

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401 siddhasena divAkarakRta vedavAdadvAtrizikA yaha spaSTa virodha hai, kyoki paramAtmA kA sparza to cAhe jisako jAgRta karatA hai isake viparIta vaha manuSya ko pravRttikSetra se dUra karake nidrAvaza aura bhAnarahita kaise banAvegA / yadi vaha aisA karatA hai to phira paramAtmasparza ke sthAna para usako coro ke dvArA prayojita nidrAmatra kA sparza hI kahanA cAhieM ? isa prApaJcika virodha kA parihAra AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke vicAra meM hai / AdhyAtmika dRSTi yaha kahatI hai ki java manuSya aura usakI indriyA~ apane apane pravRttikSetra meM ramamANa hote hai tabhI vaha tAttvika dRSTi se nidrAvaga hote hai / hRdaya meM paramAtmA kA spadana hote hI manuSya aura indriyo kI yaha dagA calI jAtI hai aura vaha pravRttikSetra ke sthUlarasa kI nidrA choDa kara kisI nava jAgaraNa kA anubhava karate hai| aise jAgaraNa kA hI paramAtmasparzajanita nidrArUpa se yahA~ varNana kiyA gayA hai / aura java aisI nidrA se manuSya aura usakI indriyA~ jAgate hai tava ve pIche apane apane viSaya kI ora jhuka kara bhogAbhimukha vanate hai / ukta nidrA aura jAgaraNa samajhane ke lie 'yA nizA sarvabhUtAnA tasyA jArgAta sayamI' ( gItA 269) gItA kA yaha zloka aura usakA prAcArya hemacandra ke dvArA kAvyAnuzAsana me kiyA huA vivaraNa ( pR0 70) upayogI hai / kavi paramAtmA kI kAmadhenu ke rUpa se kalpanA karake aura usake cAro ora phailI huI vibhUtiyo ko stana' kA rUpaka dekara kahatA hai ki ve svaya bharatI to hai, kintu apane Apa pApa ko nahI dUjhatI hai / yahA~ yaha virodha hai ki paramAtmA kI vibhUtiyo ko yadi svaya bharane diyA jAya arthAt unako svayaM apanA apanA kAma karane diyA jAya to ve sadaiva bhalA karatI hai, parantu yadi unako prayatna se duhanA zurU karo vA unheM prayatna se nicoDanA zurU karo to usameM se pApa hI bharatA hai burAI hI prakaTa hotI hai / yaha spaSTa virodha hai / kAmadhenu ke stano ko hAtha se nicotro yA unako dUdha svaya jharane do to bhI unameM se eka samAna hI dUdha bharatA hai / java ki yahA~ para to prayatna se nicoDane para burAI prakaTa hotI hai aisA kahA gayA hai / isa virodha kA parihAra isa prakAra ho sakatA hai ki prAvibhautika, prAdhidaivika aura adhyAtmika sabhI paramAtmA kI vibhUtiyo ko jaba manuSya apane grAhakArika prayatna se bhogadRSTi se nicotA hai arthAt unake sAhajika pravAha ko apane lobha se kuThita karatA hai tava vaha vibhUtiyo meM se kalyANa siddha karane ke vadale akalyANa siddha hai / yadi koI sUrya ke sAhajika prakAza pravAha ko rokane ke lie prayatna karatA hai yA varasate megha ko rokatA hai to usame usakA aura dUsaro kA ahita hI hone vAlA hai / kavi kA tAtparya yaha pratIta hotA hai ki jagat meM jo-jo vibhUtirUpa hai usame se prayatna ke binA hI sabakA kalyANa siddha hotA hai / parantu yadi ina vibhUtiyo ko niconA zurU karo to unameM se akalyANa hI prakaTa hotA hai / kAmadhenu ke stana apane zrApa dUdha kI varSA karate haiM parantu adhika lAlaca se unako niconA zurU karo to unameM se rudhira hI bharatA hai / yahI nyAya paramAtmA kI sahaja vibhUtiyo ko bhI lAgU paDatA hai| tamevAzvatthamRSayo vAmananti hiraNmaya vyastasahasrazIrSam mana zaya zatazAkhaprazAkha yasmin vIja vizvamota prajAnAm // 16 // zrayaM -- jisameM prajAnoM kA sapUrNa bIja rahA huA hai usI kA RSi loga zrazvattha vRkSa rUpa se varNana karate hai, usI kA vistRta hajAra mastakadhArI brahmArUpa se varNana karate hai aura usI kA saikaDo zAkhA aura prazAkhA vAle kAmarUpa se varNana karate haiM / 1 mUla meM razmi zabda hai usakA sIdhA artha stana nahIM hai parantu yahA~ prasaga dekhakara kiraNa kI samAnatA kI kalpanA karake vaha zrartha kiyA gayA hai / 51

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402 premI-abhinadana-graMtha bhAvArtha-sAsyaparamparA ke anusAra sRSTimAtra yA prANIvarga kA janmavIja avyakta prakRti meM samAviSTa hai java ki brahmavAdI paramparAnusAra yaha jananavIjazakti parabrahma paramezvara meM nihita hai| yahAM kavi IzvaravAdI paramparA ko lakSya karake paramAtmA kA hI samagna prANIvarga kI jananazakti ke AdhArarUpa se nirdeza karatA hai| aura sAtha-sAtha meM vaha kahatA hai ki RSi loga isI paramAtmA kA veda, upaniSad, mahAbhArata, gItA Adi meM azvatya rUpa se, hiraNyagarbha rUpa se tathA kAmarUpa se varNana karate hai| Rgveda ke sUkta meM (1247) varuNa ke vRkSa kA varNana hai / atharvaveda meM (543) azvatyavRkSa kA varNana hai, kaTha meM (61) aura gItA meM (15 1) isI azvatyavRkSa kA 'UrdhvamUlamadha zAkha' ityAdi spa se savizeSa varNana hai aura gItA meM to kaTha se bhI adhika 'adhazcordhva prasRtAstasya zAkhA guNapravRddhA viSayapravAlA' (152) ityAdi rUpa se varNana hai| zvetAzvatara (66) azvattha nAma nahI de karake kevala vRkSa zabda se isakA nirdeza karatA hai| RSiyo ne dRzyasasAra ke vistAra kA hI isa vakSa yA azvatya ke rUpaka me varNana kiyA hai| kavi usa rupaka ko uddeza karake hI kahatA hai ki RSi loga paramAtmA kA hI azvatyarUpa se varNana karate hai| yahA~ kavi sasAra aura paramAtmA kA abheda varNana karatA hai| java brahma hI jagata kA kAraNa mAnA gayA taba brahmavAdiyo ne isa brahma kA hI azvatyarUpa se varNana kiyaa| puruSasUkta me (10-60-1) sahasrazIrSa rUpa se puruSa kA varNana hai| vaha purupa arthAt lokapuruSa yA brahmA, prajApati athavA hiraNyagarbha / isI RpikRta varNana ko lakSya meM rakha kara kavi kahatA hai ki vahI hiraNyagarbha paramAtmA hai| prAcInakAla meM prajA kA mUla hiraNyagarbha yA brahmA meM mAnA jAtA thaa| brahmavAda kI pratiSThA ke samaya meM yaha mUla paramAtmA me mAnA gyaa| kavi isa prAcIna aura navIna vicAradhArA kA ekIkaraNa karake kahatA hai ki hiraNyagarbha hI paramAtmA hai| kAma-tRSNA-sakalpa yA vAsanA yahI sasAra kA doja hai| usame se hI sRSTi kI choTI baDI saikaDo zAkhAe~ pravRtta hotI hai| isa vastu kA 'so'kAmayata vahu syA prajAyeyeti' (02-6) ityAdi spa se RSiyo ne varNana kiyA hai| usako lakSya karake kavi kahatA hai ki yaha kAma dUsarA aura koI nahIM hai parantu paramAtmA hI hai| 'kAmo'smi bharatarSabha' (gI0 7-11) kI taraha kAma aura paramAtmA kA abheda dikhalAne meM kavi kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki sabake prabhavarUpa se jo jo mAnA jAtA hai vaha paramAtmA hI hai| isa prakAra prAcIna Rpiyo ke dvArA nAnA rUpa se gAI huI mahimA paramAtmA kI hI hai, aisA kavi sUcita karatA hai| sa gIyate vIyate cArdhvareSu mantrAntarAtmA Rgyaju sAmazAkha / adha zayo vitatAgo guhAdhyakSa sa vizvayoni puruSo naikavarNa // 17 // artha-Rg, yaju aura sAmarUpa zAkhAvAlA aisA matroM kA antarAtmA hI yajJo meM gAyA jAtA hai aura stutipAtra banatA hai / guhA kA adhyakSa agha zAyI aura vistRtAga aisA vahI anekavarNa vizvayoni puruSa hai / bhAvArtha-yahAM karmakANDa meM prayukta mantrI aura vidhimao ke hArdarUpa meM tathA jJAnakANDa ke cintana meM siddha hue AdhyAtmika tattvarUpa me paramAtmA kA ekIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| yajJo meM vaidika mantra vidhipUrvaka uccarita hote the aura vibhinna devo kI stuti dvArA prArthanA hotI thii| stuti kiye jAne vAle ina aneka devo me se eka deva kA vicAra phalita hotA gayA tava aisA mAnA jAne lagA ki sabhI mantra phira ve Rgveda, yajurveda yA sAmaveda rUpa meM vibhakta hue ho aura unakI bhinna-bhinna zAkhAe~ paDI ho phira bhI unakA paramArtha yA unameM rahA hA antargata sAra tattva to eka hI hai aura vahI aneka yajJo meM gAyA jAtA hai tathA usIkI vinaya kI jAtI hai| karmakANDa ke vAda kI dUsarI bhUmikA jJAnakANDa kI hai| usameM tattvaciMtaka aura santa mukhyarUpa se jagat ke mUlatattva ke pIche paDe hue the| isake pariNAma svarUpa unako eka aisA AdhyAtmika tattva prApta huA jisako unhone

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siddhasena divAkarakRta vedavAdadvAtrizikA 403 vizvayoni ke rUpa meM mAnA tathA varNana kiyaa| una tattvacintaka santo ne isa tattva kA aneka prakAra ke virodhAbhAsI varNano dvArA alaukika prakAra se varNana kiyA hai| ina dono bhUmikAmo ke phalitArtha kA ekIkaraNa karake kavi yahA~ kahatA hai ki yajJo meM bhinna-bhinna zAkhAmo ke dvArA gAyA jAne vAlA, stuti kiyA jAne vAlA purupa aura tattvajJa manto me guhAdhyakSa tathA vizvayoni rUpa meM prasiddha puruSa yaha eka hI hai / ___ koI yogI puruSa guphAvAsI aura guhA-adhyakSa ho vaha hAtha pAMva ityAdi aga vistRta karake paDA rahatA hai, parantu vaisA puruSa vizvayoni aura anekavarNa kaise ho sakatA hai ? yaha eka prakAra kA virodha hai, para usakA parihAra AdhyAtmika dRSTi me hai / AdhyAtmika dRSTi se paramAtmA hI mukhya puruSa hai, vaha dRzya jagat ke nIce usake usa chora para rahane ke kAraNa agha zAyI bhI hai / aura vaha apane zaktirupa aga prakRti ke paTa ke Upara cAro ora phailane ke kAraNa vitatAGga bhI hai / vaha buddhirUpa guphA me sphurita hotA hai aura hRdaya guphA kA niyantraNa karatA hai isalie vaha guphA adhyakSa kahalAtA hai| aura phira bhI vaha vizvayoni to hai hii| vaha purupa mUla mai avarNa yA ekavarNa hone para bhI vizva meM aneka rUpa se vilasatA hai isalie vaha anekavarNa bhI hai| prastuta padya ke uttarArdha ke sAtha meM zvetAzvatara ke nIce ke do mantra tulanA karane yogya hai| "yacca svabhAva pacati vizvayoni pAcyAzca sarvAnpariNAmayedya" (55), "ya eko'varNo vahudhA zaktiyogAdvarNAnanekAnnihitArtho dadhAti" (41) / tenaivaitadvitata brahmajAla durAcara dRssttyupsrgpaagm'| . asminmagnA mAnavA' mAnazalyairviveSyante pazavo jAyamAnA // 18 // arya-usake dvArA hI yaha brahmajAla vistRta hai jo ki duSpraveza hai aura dRSTi ko upasarga karane vAlA hai| isa brahmajAla meM magna puruSa pazu bana karake mAnarUpI zalya se vidhe jAte hai| bhAvArya-yahA~ kavi ne brahmANDa kI jAlarUpa se kalpanA karake usako phailAne vAle ke rUpa me paramAtmA kA nirdeza karake sUcita kiyA hai ki brahmajAla ko phailAne vAlA jo jAlI, dhIvara yA pAradhI hai vaha paramAtmA hI hai / jAla aura brahmANDa kA mAmya spaSTa hai| jAla meM phaMsa jAne ke bAda usameM calanA, phiranA tayA usameM se nikalanA kaThina ho jAtA hai| brahmANDa bhI aisA hI hai| jAla meM phaMsane vAle ko dRSTi banda ho jAtI hai use kucha bhI dikhAI nahI detA hai| brahmANDa meM paDe hue kI dazA bhI aimI hI hotI hai / jAla me lubdha ho karake phaMse hue mRga ityAdi pazu usake kaNTako aura vandhano se ghire jAkara viddha hote hai / brahmANDa meM bhI Asakta hokara garka hue puruSa pazu kI taraha se lAcAra bana karake mAnApamAna ke zalyo se vidhe jAte hai| tulanA-prastuta padya me jAlI ke rUpa meM paramAtmA kA jaisA varNana hai vaisA zvetAzvatara me bhI hai| jaise ki "ya eko jAlavAnIgata IzanIbhi sarvAllokAnIzata IzanIbhi / ' (31) "ekaka jAla bahudhA vikurvannasminkSetre sacaratyepa deva / (53) / parantu yahA~ kavi ne 'durAcara dRSTayupasargapAzam / ' jaise vizeSaNo se jAla kA spaSTIkaraNa vizepa kiyA hai| aura isame phaMsane vAle manuSya pazu kI taraha se kisa prakAra jakaDe jAte hai usakA sUcana kiyA hai| yahAM brahma jAla sUtra (dIghanikAya) yAda AtA hai jisameM 62 mithyAdRSTiyo ke jAla kA varNana hai| ayamevAntazcarati devatAnAmasmindevA adhivizve niSedu / ayamuddaNDa prANabhuka pretayAnarepa tridhA baddho vRSabho roravIti // 19 // arya--yahI devatAoM ke andara vicaraNa karatA hai, aura sabhI deva isI ke andara rahe hue hai, yahI daNDa dhAraNa karake pretayAno se prANabhojI banatA hai aura yahI tIna prakAra se baddha hokara ke vRSabharUpa se vUma mAratA hai| 'pAsamma 0 'mAnanAmA(na) zalya-mu0

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404 premI-abhinadana-pratha bhAvArtha-mantra, brAhmaNa aura upaniSad Adi meM jo camatkArI varNana hai uname se kucha le karake yahA~ kavi unako paramAtmA kI stuti ke rUpa me gUthatA hai / Rgveda meM 'catvAri zRGgA trayo asya paadaa| ve zIrSe saptahastAso asya / tridhA vaddho vRSabho roravIti / ' (4583) yaha mantra hai| usakA sAyaNa ne yAska niruktabhASya kA anusaraNa karake yajJAgni aura sUryaparaka vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| zAbdika patajali ne mahAbhApya meM isa mantra ko zabdaparaka vyAkhyA kI hai jaba ki siddhasena yahA~ usakA kevala eka pAda lekara paramAtmA rupa se usakI yojanA karatA hai| usakA tAtparya yahAM paramAtmA ke saguNarUpa varNana kA ho aisA pratIta hotA hai| paramAtmA hai to vRSabha arthAt uttama athavA kalyANaguNavarSaNa karane vAlA-svatantra, parantu jaba vaha sattva, rajasa aura tama ina tIna guNo se baMdhatA hai athavA rAgadveSa-moha ke bandhana meM paDatA hai taba vaha nAsikA, grIvA aura pAMva me vidhA baMdhe hue sADa kI taraha se bUmAvUma macA karake parezAna kara DAlatA hai| "yazcAyamAditye tejomayo'mRtamaya' (bRha0 225) ityAdi rUpa se upaniSado me paramAtmA kA varNana hai| vaise varNano ko lakSya meM rakha karake kavi ne yahA~ paramAtmA kA devatAyo ke antazcArI ke rUpa me varNana kiyA hai| sabhI deva paramAtmA me rahe hue hai isa artha kA prastuta padya kA dvitIya pAda to jaisA kA taisA zvetAzvatara meM 'asmindevA adhivizva nissedu| (48) hai| prANiyo ko pretaloka meM le jAne kA kAma daNDavara yama ke adhIna hai aisA paurANika varNana hai / yama pretaloka meM jAne vAle prANiyo kA zAsana karatA hai isalie vaha daNDadhara aura bhayAnaka ginA jAtA hai| vaise yama ke rUpa me bhI paramAtmA kA nirdeza karake kavi sUcita karatA hai ki paramAtmA puNyazAlI ke prati jitanA komala hai utanA hI pApiyo ke prati kaThora hai| apA garbha savitA vahnireSa hiraNmayazcAntarAtmA devayAna / etena stabhitA subhagA dyaurnabhazca gurvI corvI saptaca bhImayAdasa // 20 // arya-candra, sUrya, vahni, hiraNmaya, antarAtmA aura devayAna yahI hai| isI ke dvArA sundara svarga, AkAza, mahatI athavA vajanadAra pRthvI aura sAta samudra sthita hai| bhAvArtha-tadevAgnistadAdityastadvAyustadu candramA / tadeva zukra tadbrahma tadApastatprajApati // " (42) isa mantra me zvetAzvatara ne brahma kA jaise aneka devo ke rUpa me varNana kiyA hai vaise hI kavi ne yahA~ pUrvArdha meM aneka devo ke rUpa meM paramAtmA kA varNana kiyA hai aura usake vAda jisa prakAra Rgveda tathA yajurveda ke "yena dyaurugrA pRthvI ca dRDhA yena sva stabhita yena nAka / yo'ntarikSe rajaso mimAna kasmai devAya haviSA vidhem|" (R0 10-121-5, zu0 ya0 32-6) isa mantra meM hiraNyagarbha prajApati kA savake AdhArastambha ke rUpa meM varNana hai aura jaise vRhadAraNyaka meM "etasya vai akSarasya prazAsane gArgi sUryAcandramasau vighRtau tiSThata etasya vai akSarasya prazAsane gAgi dyAvApRthivyo vighRtau tiSThata" (386) ityAdi dvArA sUrya, candra Adi kI niyamita sthiti ke niyAmaka rUpa meM akSara paramAtmA kA varNana hai aura jaise muNDaka meM "ata samudrA girayazca sarve'smAtsyandante sindhava sarvarUpA" (216) samudra, parvata, nadI ityAdi ke niyamita kArya ke kAraNa ke rUpa meM varNana hai vaise hI yahA~ uttarArca me kavi ne svarga, aAkAza, pRthvI aura sAta samudra kI sthiti paramAtmA ke kAraNa hai, aisA varNana kiyA hai| jo zAbdika dRSTi se Rgveda ke Upara nirdiSTa mantra kA prativimba mAtra hai| purANo aura loko me samudra kI sAta sakhyA prasiddha hai isalie saptadvIpa-samudrA vasumatI kahalAtI hai / yahA~ pUrvArdha meM to sava kucha paramAtmArUpa hai aisA kAraNa bheda varNana hai jaba ki uttarArdha me sArA jagata paramAtmA ke kAraNa hI sthita hai aisA mAhAtmya varNana hai| jisa loka me jAne ke bAda punarAvRtti nahI hotI hai vaha devayAna kahalAtA hai / pitRyAna loka isase bhinna hai kyoki vahAM se punarAvRtti hotI hai|

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siddhasena divAkarakRta vedavAdadvAtrizikA mana soma savitA cakSurasya ghrANa prANo 'mukhamasyAjyapiva / diga zrotra nAbhirandhramandayAna pAdAvilA surasA sarvamApa // 21 // artha-- candra isakA -- paramAtmA kA mukha hai, sUrya netra hai, prANavAyu ghrANa- nAsikA hai, ghRtapAyI - agni isakA mukha hai, dizAe~ zrotra haiM, zrAkAza nAbhi hai, pRthvI pA~va hai aura sarasa jala saba kucha hai / bhAvArtha -- Rgveda jaise prAcIna grantho me lokapuruSa kA varNana karate samaya RSi ne vivakSita puruSa ke una-una zravayavo me se Adhibhautika aura Adhidaivika vibhUtiyo kI utpatti kA varNana karake lokapuruSa kA mahattva gAyA hai / ' jaise ki mana se candra utpanna huA, cakSu se sUrya, mukha se indra aura agni, prANa se 'vAyu, nAbhi se antarikSa, mastaka se svarga aura pA~va se pRthvI huI ityAdi (R0 1060 13 14) / zuklayajurveda meM isI varNana kA thoDA vikAsa huA hai / Age jAkara bhinna-bhinna upanipado meM yaha prakriyA aneka prakAra se batalAI gaI hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bRhadAraNyaka me (111) medhya azva ke sira Adi aneka prago ke rUpa meM upA Adi prAkRtika vastuoM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai aura phira imI upaniSad meM vibhinna sthalo para yahI vastu bhinna-bhinna rUpako me thoDe bahuta pheraphAra ke sAtha AtI hai / aitareya me (1 14) mukha se vANI kI, vANI se agni aura nAmikA kI, nAmikA se prANa kI, prANa se vAyu aura netra kI ityAdi rUpa se utpatti varNita hai / Age jAkara bhAgavata me (2126-39) to itanA adhika vikAsa huA hai| ki prakRtigata choTI vaDI sakhyAvaddha vastuo kA prabhuzarIra ke aga pratyaga ke rUpa meM varNana hai / isa prathA kA upayoga karake kavi yahA~ Adhibhautika yA Adhidaivika vastupro kA paramAtmA ke zraga pratyaga ke rUpa me varNana karatA hai aura isa prakAra dRzyamAna samagra jagata ko paramAtmA kA zarIra kaha karake usakI sarvavyApakatA kI mahimA gAtA hai / kavi ne candra, sUrya, prANa, agni, dizA, AkAza, pRthvI aura pAnI kA paramAtmA ke una una zravayavo ke rUpa me varNana kiyA hai jo barAbara veda aura upanipado kI kalpanA kA anukaraNa hai / kavi surasa pAnI ko saba kucha kahatA hai yaha rUpaka kavi kA apanA hI ho aisA pratIta hotA hai / viSNurvIjamabhojagarbha zambhuzcAya kAraNa lokasRSTI / naina devA vidrate no manuSyA devAzcana viduritaretarAzca // 22 // 405 zrarya -- yaha paramAtmA viSNu hai aura phira bhI loka ke sarjana meM brahmArUpa bIja hai / yaha zakara hai aura phira bhI lokasRSTi kA kAraNa hai / isako na to deva jAnate hai aura na manuSya jAnate hai aura isako anyAnya deva jAnate bhI haiM / bhAvArtha -- eka hI paramAtmA kI brahmA, viSNu aura mahezvara rUpa trimUrti prasiddha hai, parantu usa trimUrti kI paurANika kalpanA kramaza rajas, sattva aura tamas ina guNo kI pravAnatA kI prabhArI hai| rajoguNa kA avalamvana lekara ke sRSTi kI racanA karane vAlA brahmA, sattvaguNa kA avalamvana lekara ke usakA pAlana karane vAlA viSNu aura tamoguNa kA pravalamvana lekara ke usakA sahAra karane vAlA zakara hai / isa prakAra tIno mUrtiyo kA bhinna-bhinna kAryapradeza hai / phira bhI kavi yahA~ isa trimUrti kA abhinnarUpa me varNana karatA hai jo paurANika kalpanA se viruddha hai / kavi paramAtmA kA viSNu aura zakara kaha karake brahmA kI taraha sRSTi ke kAraNa ke rUpa me varNana karatA hai / isa virodha 'mukhamasyAdyapi diza / zrotranAbhirandhrAbhAdayAna pAdAvilA -- mu0 2 'candramA manaso jAtazcakSo sUryA prajAyata / zrotrAdvAyuzca prANazca mukhAdagnirajAyata | nAbhyA prasIdantarikSa zISNa dyau samavartata / padbhyA bhUmideza zrotrAttayA lokA akalpayan // 31 12 13 zu0 ya0 bRhadA0 25 1-14 / 3. 1 / 3 2 13

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406 premI-abhinaMdana graMtha kA parihAra spaSTa hai, vaha yaha ki trimUrti ke kAryapradeza kI kalpanA purANo me cAhe bhinna-bhinna rUpa se kI gaI ho phira bhI vastuta yaha trimUrti paramAtmA hI hai aura isalie tIno mUrtiyA~ sRSTi kI kAraNa bhI hai / isa prakAra virodhAbhAsI saguNa varNana karane ke bAda kavi paramAtmA kI ajJeyatA sUcita karane ke lie kahatA hai ki use devatA yA manuSya nahI jAnate hai / aura sAtha hI jJeyatA sUcita karane ke lie kahatA hai ki anyAnya deva jAnate haiM / paramAtmA yA mUlatattva ko koI jAnatA hai yA nahI isa prazna kI carcA Rgveda ke samaya se hotI rahI hai / nAsadIyasUkta meM kahA gayA hai ki deva' isako jAnate hoge| para RSi kahatA hai ki deva to pIche hue ve apane pUrvavartI mUlatattva ko kisa prakAra jAna sakeMge ? yaha uttara Age jAkara paramAtmA ke jJeya-prajJeya svarUpa meM pariNata huA usIkA kavi ne yahA~ varNana kiyA hai / asminnudeti savitA lokacakSuraminnasta gacchati cAzugarbha / eSo'jasra vartate kAlacakrametenAya jIvate jIvaloka ||23|| artha--isa paramAtmA meM hI sUrya jo ki netra kI taraha loka ko prakAzadAyaka hone se lokacakSu kahalAtA hai vaha udaya hotA hai aura isI paramAtmA meM vaha sUrya phira azugarbha - kiraNo ko apane adara garbha kI taraha sakucita karake asta hotA hai / yahI paramAtmA satata kAlacakra ke rUpa meM pravRtta hotA hai / aura isI ke dvArA yaha jIvaloka jI rahA hai / bhAvArtha - vRhadAraNyaka (3 8 9) meM yAjJavalkya ne vAcaknavI gArgI ko uttara dete hue kahA hai ki "etasya vA akSarasya prazAsane gAgi sUryAcandramaso vidhRto" arthAt sUrya-candra ye paramAtmA kI mahimA se hI hai aura niyamita rUpa se apanA-apanA kAma karate hai / isa kathana kA mAno bhASya karake RSi kaThopaniSad meM kahatA hai ki 'yatazcodeti sUryo'sta yatra ca gacchati / ' (49) isI vastu ko yahA~ pUrvArdha me kaha karake siddhasena paramAtmA ko mahimA gAtA hai / uttarArdha meM vaha paramAtmA kA nirantara phirane vAle kAlacakra ke rUpa meM varNana karatA hai / kAlakAraNavAdI samagra vizva ke kAraNa ke rUpa se kAla ko hI mAnate the / isa mata kA ullekha atharvaveda ke ( kANDa 19 sUkta 53-54 ) kAlasUkta meM spaSTa hai / kavi yahA~ paramAtmA ko hI vizva kA kAraNa mAnatA hai isalie vaha paramAtmA aura kAla dono ke abheda kI kalpanA karake kahatA hai ki jisa kAlacakra kI nirantara pravartamAna hone kI mAnyatA hai vaha kAlacaka vastuta paramAtmA hI hai / kAla ko jo cakra kahA gayA hai vaha yaha sUcita karane ke lie ki jaise cakra sadaiva phiratA rahatA hai vaise kAla bhI sadaiva gati karatA rahatA hai / kAla ke cakra kahane meM yaha bhI Azaya hai ki candra ke cha yA vAraha Aro kI taraha kAla ke bhI cha Rtu aura vAraha mahInArUpa Are hai / jainaparamparA meM bhI kAlacakra kI kalpanA hai parantu usame Rtu yA mAsa ke sthAna me dUsare hI prakAra ke cha aura vAraha vibhAgo kI kalpanA karake unako ArA kahA gayA hai / ve cha yA bAraha kAlavibhAga brahma ke divasa aura rAta kI paurANika kalpanA se bhI Age baDha jAte hai / caDhatI ke krama ko sUcita karane vAle cha nAre utsarpiNI aura hAsa ke krama ko sUcita karane vAle cha Are avasarpiNI kahalAte hai / yaha Rtucakra aura mAsacakra niyamita rUpa se eka bhI kSaNa Thahare vinA puna -puna AtA jAtA rahatA hai / isakI gati varAvara cakra jaisI hI hai, isalie kAla ke lie cakra kI upamA varAvara lAgU hotI hai / anta me kavi kahatA hai ki samaya jovaloka kA jIvana paramAtmA kA hI AbhArI hai / kavi kA yaha kathana kaTha ke "na prANena nApAnena matyoM jIvati kazcana / itareNa tu jIvanti ysminnetaavupaashritau|" (55) isa vicAra kA prativimva hai / 1 'ko zraddhA veda ka iha pravocat kuta AAjAtA kuta iya visRSTi' / arvAgdevA asya visarjanenA'thA ko veda yata zrAbabhUva // 6 // iya visRSTiryata zrAbabhUva yadi vA daghe yadi vA na / yo zrasyAdhyakSa. parame vyoman so aGga veda yadi vA na vedra // 7

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siddhasena divAkarakRta vedavAdadvAtrizikA 407 asmin prANA pratibaddhA prajAnAm asminnastA rathanAbhAvivArA / / asmin prIte zIrNamUlA patanti prANAzasA' phalamiva muktavRntam // 24 // arya-isa paramAtmA meM hI prajA ke prANa pratibaddha hai isI meM hI ve prANa ratha ko nAbhi meM pAre kI taraha arpita hue hai| jaba yaha paramAtmA prasanna hotA hai tabhI prANa kI eSaNA DaThala se chuTe hue phala kI taraha zithilamUla bana karake khira jAtI hai| bhAvArtha-zuklayajurveda me jaise mana ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai "yasminnRca sAma yajUSi yasmin pratiSThitA rathanAbhAvivArA / yasmizcitta sarvamota prajAnAm / / " (345) vaise hI kavi yahA~ paramAtmA ko lakSya meM rakha kara kahatA hai ki prajA ke prANa paramAtmA meM hI baddha hai aura ve nAmi meM pAre kI taraha vyavasthita hai arthAt prANIjIvana paramAtmA ke sAtha hI sakalita hai usase bhinna nahIM hai| phira bhI jaba paramAtmA kA anugraha hotA hai taba yaha prANa dhAraNa karane kI vRtti, isake mUla avidyA ke naSTa hote hI apane Apa vanda ho jAtI hai| isa kathana meM virodha bhAsita hotA hai, kyoki yadi prajAprANa paramAtmA ke sAtha me grathita ho to vaha paramAtmA ke prasanna hone se khira kaise jAtA hai ? parantu isakA parihAra isa prakAra karanA cAhie ki prANiyo ko jijIviSA ajJAna ke kAraNa hai| jaba taka prANI apane paramAtmArUpa ko nahI jAnate hai tabhI taka vaha jijIviSA sthira rahatI hai aura tabhI taka paramAtmA me prANa sakalita rahate hai| paramAtmAsvarUpa kA bhAna hote hI isa ajJAna kA mUla zithila hone se jijIviSA apane Apa calI jAtI hai| nAbhi meM Aro ko jamAne kI upamA veda kAla se prasiddha hai aura vaha vRhadAraNyaka, muNDaka, kauSItako Adi upaniSado meM bhI bahuta pracArita huI hai| muNDakopaniSad ke 'tasmin dRSTe parAvare' (228) isa padya me jJAnayAga kI mahimA hai java ki yahA~ 'asmin prIte' isa uttarArdha me bhaktiyoga kA mAhAtmya hai, jisa prakAra 'yamevaiSa vRNute tena labhya / ' (kaTha 2 22) ityAdi meM hai| pake phala kI DaThala se chaTa jAne kI upamA bho bahuta prAcIna hai-"uvArukamiva bandhanAt"-zukla yajurveda 360 / kAlidAsa ne bhI isakA upayoga kiyA hai| asminnekazata nihita mastakAnAmasmin sarvA bhUtayazcetayazca / mahAntamena purupa veda vedya AdityavarNa tamasa parastAt // 25 // artha-isameM sau mastaka rahe hue hai, isameM sabhI sampattiyAM aura vipattiyAM hai / andhakAra se para sUrya jaise prakAzamAna varNa vAle isa jJeya mahAn puruSa ko maiM jAnatA huuN| bhAvArtha-puruSasUkta meM (R0 10-60-1) puruSa kA varNana karate samaya 'sahasrazIrSA' pada se hajAra mastaka kA nirdeza hai jisakA anukaraNa zuklayajurveda (311) tathA zvetAzvatara (3 14) Adi meM hai| yahAM to kavi ne puruSarUpa se varNana karate samaya so mastaka kA nirdeza kiyA hai| sau yA hajAra yaha kevala sakhyAbheda hai| isakA tAtparya to itanA hI hai ki loka puruSarUpa paramAtmA ke aneka mukha hai, jaba ki manuSya puruSa yA kisI bhI prANI puruSa ko kevala eka hI mukha hotA hai| paramAtmA kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki tamAma prANiyo ke mukha isake hI mukha hai| zuklayajurveda meM (25 13) mRtyu aura amaratva dono kA paramAtmA kI chAyA ke rUpa me varNana hai| isI tattva ko kavi yahA~ bhinna prakAra se kahatA hai ki sabhI vibhUtiyAM lokapuruSarUpa paramAtmA meM hI hai| aise paramAtmapuruSa kA varNana 'vedAhameta puruSa 'rathanAmA vicaaraa-mu0| 'shsaaph-muu0| 'zukla yajurveda 34.5 / "bRhadA0 2. 5. 15.. muNDaka0 2.2.6 / kauSI 3.6 / "purussvel-muu0|

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premI-abhinaMdana graMtha mahAntanAdityavarNaM tamasaH parastAt / ityAdi rUpa ne zuklayajurveda (31.18) aura zvetAzvatara (38) meM hai / unI ko hI thoDe parivartana ke sAtha kavi yahA~ yathita karanA hai / 408 gare padya kA tAtparya paramAtnA kI lokottaratA sUcita karanA hai / sAmAnya laukika puruSa ke eka mukha hotA haiM, jaba ki paramAtmapuruSa ke aneka mukha hote haiM / laukika puruSa ke pAsa sampatti yA vipatti hotI hai, para vaha saba prakAra kI nhiiN| jaba ki paramAtya puruSa ne saba prakAra ko nampatti vipattiyo kA namAna ho jAtA hai / laukika puruSa ajJAnAntrakAra ne AvRta hotA hai jaba ki paramAtna puruSa inase para hai / vidvAnajJaJcetano'cetano vA sraSTA nirIhaH saha pumAnAtmatantra / kSarAkAraH tatata cAkSarAtmA vizIryante vAco yuktayo'smin // 26 // ayaM -- vaha prAtmatantra puruSa vidvAn hai aura ajJa hai, cetana hai aura acetana hai, kartA hai aura akatI hai, parivartiSNu pari hai| aise isa paramAtmA ke viSaya meM saba vANIvilAsa virAma le lete haiM / bhAvArtha-ina padya meM aneka paraspara virodhI vizeSaNadvando ke dvArA paramAtmA kA anekarUpatva tathA lokottaratva nUcita kiyA gayA hai / kavi anta meM aise virovI dvandvo ke varNana se thaka kara kahatA hai ki satya bAta to yaha hai ki koI bhI vAnyukti paramAtmA kA nirUpaNa karane meM asamartha hai / virovI vizeSaNo ke dvArA paramAtmA ke saguNa svarUpa kA varNana karake kavi anta ne unake nirguNa svarUpa kI ora hI jhukatA hai / vizeSaNAna vizeSAbhAsa kA parihAra apekSA vizeSa ne ho jAtA hai / yahA~ paramAtmA sarvAtmakarUpa se vivakSita hai ataeva ajJAnI-jJAnI, jDa-cetana, kartA-kartA, vinazvara-avinazvara jo kucha hai vaha sava paramAtmarUpa hone se uname namI virodhI vizeSaNa ghaTa sakate haiM / viziSTAdvaitavAda meM paramAtmA kA zarIra cicid ubhaya rUpa se kalpita haiM, isalie unameM jaine paramAtmA cit zarIra aura acit zarIra kahA jA sakatA hai usI taraha yahA~ bhI kaha sakate haiM / zuddhAdvaina ke avikRta pariNAmavAda meM jo kucha jaDa cetana jagata meM haiM vaha nava paramAtmA kA pariNAmarUpa mAnA jAtA hai isalie una mata ke anusAra jaDa yA cetana jo kucha hai vaha sava paramAtmArUpa hI hai / una vicAro ko chAyA isa padya ne haiN| phira bhI kavi 'yato vAco nivartante isa taittirIyopaniSad (24) ke vAkya kA anusaraNa karake anta ne paramAtnA ke nirguNa svarupa ko sUcita karatA hai / vuddhivoddhA voghanIyo'ntarAtmA bAhyazcAya sa parAtmA durAtmA / nAsAveka nApRthag nAbhi' nobhau sarvaM caitat pAvo ya dviSanti // 27 // artha ----yaha paramAtmA buddhi kA boddhA aura buddhi kA viSaya hai| vaha andara hai aura vAhya hai, yaha zreSTha zrAtmA aura kaniSTha zrAtmA hai, yaha nahIM to eka hai aura nahIM aneka hai aura phira bhI vaha ubhayarUpa nahIM hai aisA bhI nahIM hai tathA yaha sarvarUpa hai jinakA ki pazu -- jIvAtmAe~ dveSa karate haiM / bhAvArya--nAkhyatattvajJAna kA anukaraNa karake AtmA aura paramAtmA ko lAgU ho aise jo virodhAbhAsI vicAra veda upaniSad aura gonA Adi meM aneka prakAra se prakaTa hue haiM unhIM vicAro me ne kucha vicAro ko kavi ne ina padya meM virovAbhAsI vizeSaNa hadvarUpa ne rathita kiye haiM aura unake dvArA paramAtmA kI lokottaratA sUcita kI hai| nAnyadarzana yAnnA-paramAtmA ko vRddhi-anta karaNa kA sAkSI mAna karake tathA buddhigata boSa ko chAyAvAlA kalpita karake kUTamya hone para bhI unako boddhA kahatA hai, aura nAtha hI vaha 'AtmA vA are draSTavya zrotavyo mantavyo nididhyAnitavya' (vRdA0 4 5 6 ) ityAdi bando ke dvArA AtmA ko buddhivRtti kA viSaya bhI kahatA hai / isa vicAra yugala ko kavi ne boddhA aura vovanIya kaha karake prakaTa kiyA hai / 'tadantarasya sarvasya tadu sarvasyAsya vAhyata' (IzA0 'nAbhitobhI -ma0 /

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siddhasena divAkarakRta vedavAdadvAtrizikA 42 5), 'sa' vAhyAbhyantaro hyaja' (muNDa0 212) jaise zabdo meM jo vicAra upaniSado ne vyakta kiye hai usako hI yahA~ kavi 'antarAtmA' aura vAhya' zabda se vyakta karatA hai / marvatattvo me zrAtmA hI mukhya tattva hai isalie vaha para yA parama zrAtmA ke rUpa meM suvidita hai / parantu kavi yahA~ usako durAtmA bhI kahatA hai jo vilakula virodhI bAjU hai / ima parAtmA aura durAtmA kA virodhAbhAsa gItA ke vibhUtiyoga adhyAya (10) meM spaSTa hai / java kRSNa apane ko 'siddhAnA kapilo muni ' (10-26), 'marpANAmasmi vAsuki ( 10-28), anantazcAsmi nAgAnAm' ( 10-26) isa prakAra kahatA hai taba vaha apane meM parAtmA aura durAtmApane kA dvandva ghaTA karake anta meM to lokottaratva hI sUcita karatA hai / kavi ne yahA~ yahI mArga liyA hai / Rgveda ke nAsadIya sUkta meM mUlatattva kA svarUpa batAtA huyA RSi kahatA hai ki vaha na to sat hai aura na asat zraura na sadasad ityAdi hai / usI prakAra se yahA~ kavi AtmA kA svarUpa batalA karake use eka mAnanA, pRthak mAnanA yA ubhayarUpa mAnanA ityAdi vikalpo kA niSedha karatA hai aura anta me kahatA hai ki vaha to sarvAtmaka hai / kavi AtmA kA aisA viruddha dikhAI dene vAlA varNana karake anta me kahatA hai ki paramAtmA kA svarUpa hI aisA hai ki jo ajJAna aura kleza vAsanA se grasta manuSyoM se nahI samajhA jA sktaa| isake viparIta ve paramAtmA kA aisA svarUpa muna karake usake prati dveSa rakhate hai / jIvAtmA kA kavi pazu zabda se varNana karatA hai, vaha yaha sUcita karane ke lie ki vastuta manuSya jAti bhI ajJAnapAga se baddha hai isalie vaha pazu jaisI dIna aura parAdhIna hI hai aura isIlie vaha pazupati --- paramAtmA ke svarUpa me cauMkatI hai / sarvAtmaka sarvagata parItamanAdimadhyAntamapuNyapApam' / vAla kumAramajara ca vRddha ya ena viduramRtAste bhavanti // 28 // artha-sarvarUpa aura phira bhI sarva meM vyApta, Adi, madhya aura prata se rahita, puNya-pApa se rahita, vAla hone para bhI kumAra, vRddhatva rahita hone para bhI vRddha aise isa paramAtmA ko jo jAnatA hai vaha amara hotA hai / bhAvArtha-yahA~ bhI virodhAbhAsI varNana hai / paramAtmA sarvavyApaka aura sarvarUpa hai isalie aisA varNana vastuta virodharahita hI hai / kavi kA mukhya tAtparya to yaha hai ki jo sarvatra paramAtmadarzana karate hai ve hI mRtyu ke usa pAra jAte haiM / isa padya kA prathama pAda zvetAzvatara (3-21) ke 'sarvAtmAna sarvagata vibhUtvAt / ' isa vacana kA prativimva hai / dvitIya pAda meM 'zranAdimadhyAntamanantavIryam' gItA ( 11-19 ) kI tayA 'ya AtmA apahRtapApmA' chAndogya (871 ) kI pratidhvani hai| tRtIya pAda meM 'tva strI tva pumAnasi tva kumAra uta vA kumArItva jIrNo daNDena vaJcasi (43) tathA 'vedAhametamajara purANam (321 ) isa zvetAzvatara kA sakSepa hai / caturtha pAda bhI zvetAzvatara kI 'ya etadviduramRtAste bhavanti' ( 31 tathA 10 ) vacana kI anukRti mAtra hai / nAsmin jJAte brahmaNi brahmacaryaM nejyA' jApa svastayo no pavitram / nAha nAnyo no mahAno kaniyAn ni sAmAnyo jAyate nirvizeSa // 29 // artha - isa brahma- paramAtmA kA jJAna hone para brahmacarya, yajJa, jApa, svastivAcana yA pavitra --darbha athavA yajJopavIta -- yaha koI kartavya nahIM rahatA hai / phira to zrAtmA meM nahIM, anya nahIM, baDA nahIM, choTA nahIM, aisA nisAmAnya aura nirvizeSa ho jAtA hai / bhAvArtha --- prAcIna kAla se brahmacarya, gArhasthya zrAdi zrAzramo kI aura tatsamvandhI kartavyapAlana kI prathA calatI AI hai / brahmacarya dhAraNa karake pahale Azrama meM zAstrAdhyayana karAyA jAtA thA, dUsare gArhasthya zrAzrama meM anekavidha yajJo ke karane kA vaghana thA, tyAgAbhimukha vAnaprastha Azrama me japa, svastivAcana tathA pavitra gine jAne vAle darbhAsana 'puNyapApI - mu0 / 52 2 nayyAjApa ma0 /

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410 premI-abhinavana-pratha Adi ke upayoga kI prathA thii| kavi yahA~ sanyAsAzrama ke brahmajJAna ko sarvazreSThatA aura sarvocca kartavyatA batalAne ke lie kahatA hai ki jaba brahmajJAna hotA hai to pahile ke tIno Azramo ke kartavya aura vidhAna svayameva anupayogI bana karake phaTa jAte hai / brahmajJAna hone ke bAda ko prAtmadazA kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai ki usa samaya AtmA maiMprathama purupa yA anya-tRtIya puruSa nahIM rahatA hai, tathA usameM mahattA aura kaniSThatA kA bhAva bhI nahI rahatA hai, vaha sAmAnya aura vizeSa dono prakAro se para ho jAtA hai| brahmajJAna janita Atmasthiti kA yaha varNana nirguNa aura dvadvAtIta bhUmikA sUcita karatA hai / jJAnapradhAna upaniSado meM aura jJAnayogapradhAna gItA ke vacano me isI prakAra AtmajJAna kA mAhAtmya varNita hai| naina matvA zocate nAbhyupaiti nApyAzAste mriyate jAyate vaa| nAsmilloke gRhyate no parasmin lokAtIto vartate loka eva // 30 // artha-paramAtmA ko jAnane ke bAda jJAtA na to zoka karatA hai aura na kucha prApta karatA hai, vaha prAzA kA bhI sevana nahIM karatA hai, nahIM maratA hai aura nahIM janma letA hai, vaha isa loka yA paraloka meM pakaDA nahIM jAtA hai / vaha lokAtIta hone para bhI loka meM hI rahatA hai| bhAvArtha-kavi ne yahA~ jIvanamukta brahmajJAno kI dazA kA varNana kiyA hai| vaha jJAnI, logo ke bIca meM rahatA hai phira bhI vaha sAdhAraNa logo ke zoka, harSa, AzA, janma, mRtyu aura aihika-pAralaukika bandhana se para hokara lokAtIta vana jAtA hai| aisI sthiti prApta karane ke mukhya sAdhana ke rUpa meM yahA~ AtmajJAna kA hI nirdeza kiyA hai| gonA me aise jovanamukta puruSa kI dazA kA aneka prakAra se varNana hai| kaTha ke 'matvA dhIro na zocati' (4 4) tathA 'na jAyate mriyate vA vipazcit' (3 18) ina zabdo kA to prastuta padya me punaravatAra huA ho aisA bhAsita hotA hai / yasmAt para nAparamasti kiJcid yasmAnANIyo na jyAyo'sti kazcit / vRkSa iva stabdho divi tiSThatyeka teneda pUrNa puruSeNa sarvam // 31 // artha-jisase para yA apara koI nahIM hai| jisase koI choTA yA baDA nahIM hai, jo akelA dyUloka meM vRkSa kI taraha nizcala sthita hai usa puruSa se yaha saba paripUrNa hai| bhAvArtha-yahA~ laukika vastuo se paramAtma puruSa ko vilakSaNatA hI virodhAbhAsI varNana dvArA vyakta huI hai| IzAvAsya me 'ta(retadvantike' (5) zabda se aura kaTha me 'aNoraNIyAn mahato mahIyAn' (2 20) tathA chAdogya meM 'epa ma AtmA'ntahRdaye'NIyAn jyAyAn' (3 14 3) zabda se vidhimukha dvArA jo bhAva pratipAdita huA hai vahI bhAva yahA~ kavi ne zvetAzvatara kA (3 9) sArA padya jaisA kA taisA lekara ke vyatireka mukha se pUrvAdha meM sUcita kiyA hai| atima pAda 'yena sarvamida tatam' (gItA 8 22) kI pratidhvani hai| nAnAkalpa pazyato jIvaloka nityAsaktA vyAdhayazcAdhayazca / yasminneva sarvata sarvatattve dRSTe deve na punastApameti // 32 // artha-jIvaloka kA nAnArUpa se darzanakarane vAle ko prAdhiyoM aura vyAdhiyAM sadaiva lagI rahatI hai| parantu pUrvokta prakAra se sava ora sarvatattvarUpa jo deva hai usakA darzana hote hI draSTA phira satApa ko prApta nahIM hotA hai| bhAvArtha-yahA~ kavi ne pahale ke sabhI padyo me samUce rUpa se paramAtmA ke advaita svarUpa kA varNana kiyA hai| imalie vaha upanipado aura gotA kI taraha dvaita aura advaita jJAna kI phalazruti rUpa se bhedajJAna se satApa aura abhedajJAna se satApa kA prabhAva varNana karatA hai| chAdogya ke 'tarati zokamAtmavid' (7 1 3) isa sakSipta vAkya me AtmajJAna ko phalazruti aura arthApatti se bhedajJAnajanya satApa kA sUcana hai / usI bhAva kA kavi ne yahA~ adhika spaSTatA se varNana kiyA hai| [ gujarAtI se anUkti babaI]

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nayacaMdra aura unakA graMtha 'raMbhAmaMjarI' zrI AdinAya neminAtha upAdhye ema0 e0, DI0 liTa0 Atma-paricayasavadhI kucha zloko se, jo hammIra mahAkAvya" (14,46, 46*1, 46*3,64*4)tathA 'rabhAmajarI" (1,15-18) dono grayo meM eka me pAye jAte hai, prakaTa hotA hai ki ye dono atha eka hI nayacadra kI racanAeM hai| iname lekhaka ne apane dhArmika pUrvajo kA kucha varNana kiyA hai-prasiddha kRSNagaccha meM utpanna jayasiMhasUri ne zAstrArtha meM sAraga nAmaka eka baDe pratibhAzAlI kavi ko parAsta kiyA, jo cha bhASAo meM racanA karane vAlo me se eka thA, jo vaDA prAmANika (pramANa zAstra kA jJAtA) thA, aura jisane nyAyasAraTokA, eka navIna vyAkaraNa tathA kumAra nRpati savadhI eka kAvya kI racanA kI thii|' yaha sAraga kauna thA, yaha anizcita hai / jayasiMha ke likhe hue tIno gratho meM pahalA bhAsarvajJa ke nyAyasAra (600 I0) ko TokA hai aura tIsarA gratha kumArapAlacarita hai, jo 10 sargoM me hai tayA jo ma0 1422 (1364-65 I0) me samApta huA thaa|' jayasiMha kA ziSya prasannacadra' thA, jo rAjAo me sammAna pAtA thaa| 'rabhAmajarI' kA lekhaka hamArA athakartA nayacadra yadyapi prasannacadra kA ziSya thA, tathApi vaha apane ko kAvya-pratibhA meM jayasiha kA hI sarvayA uttarAdhikArI likhatA hai| usane kAvya ke kSetra meM apane parizrama kA ullekha kiyA hai aura marasvatI ko apane Upara vizepa kRpA kA varNana kiyA hai| usane pahale ke kaviyo-kukkoka, zrIharSa (naiSadhIyakatA), vAtmAyana, (veNokRpANa-) amara arthAt amaracadra Adi kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| vaha kavitA me apane ko dvitIya amaracadra ghoSita karatA hai| yaha amaracandra padmAnada mahAkAvya kA lekhaka hai| isakI anukRti ne hammIra mahAkAvya bhI vIrAka hai| aura usakA samaya lagabhaga terahavI zatAbdI kA madhyabhAga hai| hammIrakAvya me aitihAsika ghaTanAgro kA manorajaka varNana hai| usame hammIra (tathA sAtha hI usake pUrvajo) ko vIratAyo kA kayana hai, jisane alAuddIna se DaTakara lohA liyA aura 1301 I0 me samarabhUmi para apane prANa gaaye| kAvyaprakAga Adi grayo me kavitA ke jo lakSaNa nirdhArita kiye gaye hai ve sava nayacadra ko vidita the| usane likhA hai ki kisa prakAra apane kAvya meM usane kathAvastu ke sAtha rocakatA lAne kI ceSTA ko| Alocako ko usake varNana-dopopara dhyAna na denA cAhie (jinake lie usane kSamAyAcanA kara lI hai)| yedoSa kucha aise hai, jinase kAlidAsa jaise lekhaka bhI marvathA mukta nahIM ho ske| nayacadra ne isa kAvya meM zRgAra, vIra tayA adbhuta raso kA samAveza karake 'kIrtane kA saskaraNa vavaI, 1876 / 'rAmacandra donAnAya dvArA sapAdita (vabaI, 1889) rabhAmajarI kI eka sundara saskRta TippaNiyo ke sahita hastalikhita prati bhaDArakara poriyaTala risarca insTIcyUTa, pUnA (1884-86 ko sakhyA 335) meM hai / vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie pI0 ke0 goDe kRtta pustaka sUcI kA caudahavAM bhAga (nATaka, pUnA, 1937) pR0 246-7 dekhie / yaha saskaraNa sabhavata. isI prati para prAdhArita hai| isa nATaka para kucha vivecanA zrI cakravartI ne apane eka nibaMdha 'Characteristic Features of the Sattaka form of Drama' (iDiyana hisTArikala kvArTI bhAga 7, pR0 166-73)meM kI hai| "eca0 DI0 velakara dvArA sapAdita 'jinaratnakoSa' pUnA, 1944 / "em0 DI0 desAI-jaina sAhityano sakSipta itihAsa, babaI, 1933, pR0 378-381, em0 bI0 jhaverI. Comparative and Critical study of Mantrasastra, bhUmikA, pR0 222-23, mahamadAbAda, 1944 /

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412 premI-abhinaMdana graMtha tomara vIrama ke daravAriyo ko cunautI dI hai, jo yaha kahate the ki tatkAlIna kaviyo me kisI meM itanI pratibhA na thI jo pahile ke kaviyo jaisI utkRSTa racanA kara sake / nayacadra udghoSita karatA hai ki usake kAvya meM amaracaMdra kA lAlitya tathA zrIharSa kI vakrimA, ye dono guNa hai / nayacadra ke samaya ke sabadha meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha I01365 I0 1478 ke bIca meM huA hogA / pahalI tithi usake guru ke zikSaka jayasiMhasUri racita kumArapAlacarita kI hai tathA dUsarI tithi pUnA se prApta rabhAmajarI kI hastalikhita prati me dI huI hai / tomara vIrama rAjA kI pahacAna nizcita hone se hama adhika nikaTa tithi para pahu~ca sakate haiM / hammIra kAvya ke sapAdaka ne likhA hai - ' tomara vIrama rAjA cAhe jo rahA ho, usakA samaya akavara se 70 varSa pahale pratIta hotA hai / ' isakI puSTi ke lie koI pramANa nahI diyA gayA hai | gvAliyara ke tomara rAjAo kI vazAvalI' me vIrama nAma kA eka rAjA hai / usake pote Dugaredradeva kA samaya 14401453 I0 milatA hai / do pIDhiyo ke lie 50 sAla ke lagabhaga mAna lene para utanA ghaTAne se 1400 I0 vIrama kA samaya AtA hai / vi0 sa0 1462 meM vIrama ikavAlakhA~ se lar3A thA / isa vIrama kA kuzarAja maMtrI thA / umI kI vijJapti se padmanAbha kAyastha ne yazodhara caritra kI racanA kI hai (jaina- hitaipI, 15, 223-26) / ata hama nayacadra kA kAla pandrahavI zatI ke prAraMbha meM mAna sakate haiM / jaisA ki nayacadra kI guru-ziSya paraparA sUcI se vidita hotA hai, vaha jaina bhikSu thA, parantu usake racita magalazloka, jo hammIrakAvya meM hai, jaina tathA hindU dono dharmoM ke devatAo para lAgU ho sakate haiM / rabhAmajarI ke nAdIpATha meM viSNu kI stuti vArAha avatAra ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai / nayacadra kRta rabhAmajarI eka saTTaka hai / yahA~ hama usameM Aye hue viSayo kI chAnabIna karege tathA kucha usakI vAto para AlocanAtmaka prakAza DAleMge / 1 nAdIpATha me vArAha bhagavAna kI prArthanA tathA yuvatiyo ke hAva-bhAva pUrNa kaTAkSo ke varNana dvArA kAmadeva kI abhyarthanA karane ke vAda sUtradhAra madana bhagavAna kI stuti karatA hai tathA Izvara aura pArvatI kA guNagAna karatA hai / phira vaha lave-cauDe Dhaga se rAjA jaitracadra (yA jayacada) upanAma pagu kA, jo malladeva tathA cadralekhA se utpanna huA thA, kathana karatA hai ki usa jaitracadra ne madanavarman ke rAjya ko chInA aura vaha yavano ko harAkara banArasa me rAjyArUDha huA / isake pazcAt sUtradhAra naTa se apanI icchA prakaTa karatA hai ki grISmaRtu kI vizvanAtha yAtrA ke lie ekatrita bhadrajano kA eka pravandha nATyadvArA manorajana kiyA jaay| isake lie vaha usa sarasa kathAnaka ko upayukta batAtA hai, jisameM rAjA jaitracadra nAyaka hai, jo eka saTTaka pravadha hai aura jisakA nAma rabhAmajarI hai| yaha saTTaka sUtradhAra ke kathanAnusAra rAjazekhara kI karpUramajarI se bhI eka prakAra se zreSThatara hai / isakA lekhaka nayacadra hai, jo sarasvatI devI kI kRpA ke kAraNa cha bhASAo kA suyogya kavi hai aura jisane apanI kAvya-pratibhA kI samAnatA amaracaMdra tathA zrIharSa se kI hai / isa saTTaka me rAjA jaitracadra, jo sAta rAniyo kA pati hai, rabhA nAmaka AThavI rAnI se vivAha karatA hai, jisase vaha apanA bhUpati nAma sArthaka kara sake / rAjA jaitracadra cAraNa-bhATo ke dvArA saMskRta, prAkRta tathA marAThI me apanA yazogAna sunatA huA apanI rAniyo ke sahita praveza karatA hai| majarita rasAla kI DAla para se eka koyala una saba kA svAgata karatI hai| rAjA zrIra rAnI eka dUsare ke prati sammAna prakaTa karate hai aura vasantaRtu ke anukUla unakI abhyarthanA vandIjana ke dvArA kI jAtI hai / itane meM vidUSaka aura karpUrikA ke bIca meM Akroza yukta vivAda khaDA ho jAtA hai| karpUrikA isa para ha~satI hai ki vidUpaka ko sArI vidvattA usake zvazura Adi se prApta huI hai aura yaha kaha kara usakI kAvya-pratibhA kI ha~sI ur3AtI hai / ve dono apanI apanI racanAe~ rAjasabhA me sunAte haiM / karpUrikA vijaya prApta karatI hai / vidUSaka zarmindA hokara mahala se calA jAtA hai| rAnI candrodaya kA varNana karatI hai / rAjA nArAyaNadAsa ke Ane ke lie 'sI0 ema0 Dapha di kraoNnaoNlaoNjI zrAva iMDiyA pU0 306, vesTaminsTara, 1866, Do0 prA0 bhaDArakara e lisTa praoNva insakripzasa oNva naoNrdarna iDiyA, pR0 404 / =

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nayacaMdra aura unakA pratha raMbhAmaMjarI' 413 ciMtita ho jAtA hai,jo rabhA ke mavaya meM kucha mamAcAra lAne vAlA thaa| inane meM vidUpaka nArAyaNadAma ko nayA usake mAya vaivAhikanepathya meM rabhA ko lekara upasthita hotA hai| rAjA kA 'jaitracadra' nAma ima hetu paDa gayA thA ki unake janmadivama ko hI usake pitAmaha ne kharpara menA ko parAsta kiyA thA, jo dayArNa deza meM AI thii|' ___ nArAyaNadAma kucha madhura mamAcAra munAne AyA hai| parde ke pIche se rAjA munatA hai ki ramA kimmIravagI devarAja kI pautrItayA lATanaregA madanavarmA kI putrI hai aurampa me pArvatI ke namAna sundara hai| umakI magAIma nAmaka vyakti ke sAtha huI thI, parantu vaha apane mAtula ziva ke dvArA vahAM me haTAI jAkara hAtha meM vaivAhika kakaNa pahane hue yahA~ le pAI gaI hai / yaha suna kara rAjA rabhA kA, jo eka pAlakI meM upasthita hotI hai, svAgata karatA hai| vaha usake mauMdarya para mugdha hokara usake ago kA vakhAna karane lagatA hai| vidUpaka tathA nArAyaNadAma rAjA ko aura adhika rabhA ke prati AkarSita karate hai, yahA~ taka ki vaha bahuta premAsakta ho jAtA hai| rAjA kA cAraNa uma ghaDI ko zubhamuhUrta vatAtA hai aura purohita loga vaivAhika matroccAra karane lagate hai / goghra hI vidUpaka ima vAta ko ghopita karatA hai ki rAjA jaMtra tayA rabhA kA zAstrAnukUla pariNaya-mavadha sapanna ho gayA / uma samaya Anandamagala hone lagate hai| cAraNa prAta kAla hone kI sUcanA detA hai / anya mahipiyo ke mAya rabhA ata pura bheja dI jAtI hai, aura rAjA apane prAtakAlIna nityakarma meM laga jAtA hai| 2 rabhA se alaga ho jAne para rAjA usake mauMdarya kA dhyAna karatA huA usake viraha me vyAkula ho jAtA hai| pratihArI udyAna ke aneka bhAti ke dRzyo kA varNana kara rAjA ke mana ko bahalAne kA prayatna karatA hai, parantu rAjA ramA ke hI mavatra meM kucha sunane ko utsukatA prakaTa karatA hai| karpUrikA rAjA me nivedana karatI hai ki ata pura meM rabhA vaDe Ananda me hai aura vahA~ rAnI rAjImatI umakA vizeSa dhyAna rakhatI hai| karpUrikA isa vAta kA bhI vizvAsa dilAtI hai ki rAjA ke prati rabhA kA gaharA prema hai / vaha usakA premapatra paDhakara munAtI hai, jise rabhAne guptarUpeNa rAjA ke pAma bhejA thaa| ume munakara rAjA adhika kAma-vihvala ho uThatA hai| phira vidUpaka use apanA svapna sunAtA hai ki kisa prakAra vidUpaka ne apane ko eka bhramara ke rUpa meM dekhA, aura usake bAda vaha bhramara me cadana vana gayA, jisakA lepa rabhA ne apane kuco ke Upara lagAyA aura una kuco kA rAjA ke dvArA prAliMgana kiye jAne para vaha kisa prakAra jAga pddaa| vidUpaka isa svapna kA matalava yaha nikAlatA hai ki rAjA zIghra hI rabhA se bheMTa kara skegaa| rAjA usase umI kSaNa milane ko Atura ho uThanA hai| karpUrikA agoka vRkSa kI eka DAla ke mahAre khaDI ho jAtI hai aura rabhA ko khiDakI meM se hokara nIce utAra letI hai| rAjA aura rabhA milana kA Anada uThAte hai| kucha samaya ke bAda paTarAnI ke A jAne se dono pRthak ho jAte hai / 3 premavihala paTarAnI rAjA kA svAgata karatI hai / yatheSTa Amoda-pramoda ke bAda rAjA rAnI se prArthanA karatA hai ki vaha imI prakAra rabhA me bhI milanA cAhatA hai| rAnI apanI svIkRti dekara gayanAgAra meM calI jAtI hai| taduparAnta ramA praveza karatI hai| rAjA premapUrvaka usakA satkAra karatA hai / zRgArapUrNa kAvya-paktiyo ko Apasa meM gAte hue dono aneka bhAti kI kAma-kalApo kA Anada prApta karate hai| rAta zIghra hI vyatIta ho jAtI hai aura prAta kAlIna vadIgaNa kA mvara sunAI dene lagatA hai| rabhA ata pura ko bheja dI jAtI hai aura rAjA apane prAta kAlIna kRtyo ke karane meM laga jAtA hai| nayacadra nATaka meM eka se adhika bAra isa bAta kI ora saketa karatA hai ki jaitra, jaya yA jayatacadra kA pravava dikhAyA jA rahA hai, ata bahuta mabhava hai ki usane isa kathAnaka ko kisI pravadha me se liyA ho| kisI ajJAta lekhaka 'jJAtavya paktiyAM isa prakAra hai patta tammi dasaNNagesu pavalaM ja khapparANa vala, jitta jhatti piyAmaheNa pahuNA jetta ti nAbhaM to| 1, 43 /

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414 premI - zrabhinavana-pratha kA likhA huA eka prAcIna pravadha' upalabdha huA hai, jisameM nimnalikhita mArke kI bAteM milatI hai 'vijayacaMdra kA laDakA rASTrakUTa jaitracadra kAnyakubja deza me vanArasa kA rAjA thaa| usakI rAnI kA nAma karpUradevI thA tathA usane eka gAlApati kI putrI suhAgadevI se bhI vivAha kiyA thA / vagAla ke rAjA lakSmaNasena tathA kalyANakaTaka ke paramardi ko jaitracadra ne padadalita kiyaa| kavicada ne usakI vaDI prazasA kI thii| jaba jaina ne suhAgadevI ke laDake ko apanA rAjya dene se inkAra kara diyA taba suhAgadevI ne suratrANa sahAvadIna se mahAyatA prApta kii| pRthvIrAja ne sahAbdIna kA mukAvilA kiyA aura yoginIpura meM yuddha huaa| apane zatru pRthvIrAja kI hAra sunakara jaitracadra prasanna huA, parantu usake maMtrI ko sandeha ho gayA ki sahAvadIna usake rAjya para bhI hamalA kregaa| apanI dUsarI caDhAI meM suratrANa sa0 1248 caitra zu0 10 ko banArasa A dhamakA aura usane jaitracadra para vijaya prApta kI / jaitra yamunA nadI meM DUba kara mara gayA aura usakA vaDA beTA yuddha meM kAma AyA / suratrANa ne pati ko dhokA dene ke kAraNa suhAgadevI ke prati bhI apamAnajanaka vyavahAra kiyA aura usake laDake ko turuSka banA liyA / ' merutuga' ne apane 'pravagha citAmaNi' graMtha meM likhA hai ki kAzI kA jayacadra, jo eka sAmrAjya kA adhIzvara 'prAjyasAmrAjyalakSmI pAlayan' thA, 'pagu' kahalAtA thaa| usane eka zAlApati kI putrI sUhavA se vivAha kiyA thA / usase utpanna putra ko yuvarAja uttarAdhikArI na mAnane para sUhavA ne mleccho athavA turuSko ko vArANasI para caDhAI karane ke lie AmaMtrita kiyA / jaba nagarI ko una logo ne ghera liyA tava rAjA ne sUhavA ke putra ko apane hAthI ke Upara viThA diyA aura svayaM yamunA kI dhArA meM DUba gayA / 'rAjazekhara' ne apane pravadhakoza nAmaka graMtha meM zrIharSaM pravandha ke antargata goviMdacadra ke putra jayatacadra ke viSaya meM isa prakAra likhA hai ki vaha banArasa kA rAjA thA aura 'pagula' nAma se prasiddha thA / usane sUhavadevI nAmaka eka kama taruNa aura sudarI vidhavA se vivAha kiyA, jo pahale kumArapAla ke rAjya aNahilapaTTana meM rahane vAle zAlApati kI patnI thii| rAjA jayatacadra ne jaba yaha taya kara liyA ki rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI sUhavA ke beTe ko na banAkara kumAra meghacadra ko banAyA jAyagA taba sUhavAdevI kruddha ho uThI aura usane takSazilA se suratrANa ko vanArasa para hamalA karane ke lie grAmaMtrita kiyA / jayata yuddha meM pUrNa rUpa se parAsta ho gayA aura usakA rAjya zatru ne chIna liyA / jayacaMdra ke pitA kA nAma kyA thA, isa para saba prabaMdha eka mata nahI hai aura na uname se koI nayacadra ke hI kathana se sahamata hai / Aghunika itihAsa lekhakoM ne ina rAjAo kA vazakrama isa prakAra rakkhA hai - govidacadra ( la0 1114 - 1155 I0 ) / vijayacadra ( la0 1955 - 1170 I0 ) / jayacaMdra ( la0 1170-1193 I0 ) / isa krama ke anusAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki yA to pravaghakoza meM jaya aura vijayacadra ke nAmI ko eka mAna kara gaDabaDI paidA kara dI gaI hai yA adhika sabhava hai ki vijayacaMdra kA nAma bhUla yA pramAdavaza choDa diyA gayA ho / rabhAmajarI se hamako yaha bhI mAnanA paDatA hai ki vijayacaMdra kA dUsarA nAma malladeva thA / usakI sAta rAniyo tathA prAThavI rabhA kI vAvata, jinakA varNana nayacadra ne kiyA hai, prabaMdho meM koI ullekha nahI miltaa| eka prabaMdha me eka rAnI kA nAma karpUradevI milatA hai, parantu rabhAmajarI meM karpUrikA eka dAsI kA nAma zrAtA hai / jaitracadra vanArasa kA pratApI zAsaka thA aura usakI upAdhi 'pagu' thI, ye dono bAteM dono pravaghagratho meM milatI hai / pahale prabadha me upAdhi nahI dI huI hai 1 'purAtana prabaMdha sagraha, sapA0 jinavijaya jI, siMdhI jaina prathamAlA, 2, kalakattA, 1936, pR0 88-0 jinavijaya jo dvArA siMghI prathamAlA meM prakAzita, zAMtiniketana, 1633, pR0 113 - 114 1 jinavijayajI dvArA siMdhI pratha0 'prakA0, zAtiniketana, 1635, pR0 54-58 4 'eca0 sI0 rAya-di DAinesTika hisTrI oNoNva nArdarna inDiyA, bhAga 1, pR0 548, kalakattA, 1631

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nayacadra aura unakA 'pratha rabhAmajarI' 415 yadyapi anya aneka vAte mamAnaspa se pAI jAtI hai / rabhAmajarI me tathA dono pravagho me 'pagu' upAdhi kI vyAkhyA karIvakarIva eka hI Dhaga se kI gaI hai / ata yaha vAta spaSTa ho jAtI ha ki nayacadra kA nAyaka vahI hai, jisakA nAma pravadho meM jaitracadra diyA huA hai| kintu nayacadra ne 'karpUramajarI ke Dhaga para apane saTTaka ko sundara banAne ke lie usake kathAnaka me kucha anya vAteM joDa dI hai / rabhAmajarI kA nAyaka, jaisA hama Upara saketa kara cuke hai, rAjA jayacada hI hai, jise gahar3avAla vaza kA atima zAsaka kaha sakate hai, jisane banArasa ko apanA pradhAna nivAsa sthAna banAyA thA aura jise muhammada gorI (gihAvauddIna) ne parAsta kiyA thaa| isa bAta kA patA nahIM calatA ki lATa kA madanavarman kauna thaa| sabhava hai ki nayacadra ne kisI cadela rAjA kA, jisakA nAma madanavarman yA, yahA~ ullekha kiyA hai / nayacadra kA yaha kathana ki jaivacadra ne madanavarman ke rAjya para apanA adhikAra jamAyA, zAyada pravadho ke uma varNana ke AdhAra para hai jimameM jayacada ko madanavarman ke uttarAdhikArI paramardi ko parAsta karane vAlA kahA gayA hai| nayacadra rAjazekhara kI karpUramajarI (ka0 ma0)kA ullekha karatA hai aura isa bAta kA dAvA karatA hai ki usakI rabhAmajarI (ra0ma0) eka prakAra me karpUramajarI se bhI zreSThatara hai / ra0 ma0 me aneka bAto meM ka0 ma0 kA anukaraNa dikhAI paDatA hai| vasata kA dRzya, jisakA varNana rAjA, rAnI tathA cAraNa loga karate hai, vidUSaka tathA dAsI kA hAsyakalaha, jisameM vidUpaka apane ko paraparAdhigata vidvAna lagAtA hai, tathA prakRti-varNana jisake dvArA dvArapAla rAjA ke vigha-vinna citta ko bahalAne kA prayatna karatA hai ye saba vAteM hamako ka0 ma0 ke tAdRza dRzyo ko yAda dilAtI hai| kucha bhAva bhI dono maTTako me eka me hai, kevala kahI-kahI thoDAatara hai| dono me vidUpaka eka vilakSaNa svapna dekhatA hai| azoka, vakula, tathA kuravaka vRkSo ke varNana dono meM rAjA ke kAmodvega ko baDhAne ke lie kiye gaye hai| dono gratho meM prema-patro kI lekhana-praNAlI bhI eka jaisI hai| yahA~ taka ki dono meM kaI jagaha eka se hI vAkyo kA prayoga milatA hai (milAiye ka0 ma0 2, 11, aura ra0 ma0 1, 40, ka0 ma0 1, 32-34, tathA ra0 ma0 1, 46) / ka0 ma0 meM kathAnaka bahuta sakSipta hai, parantu ra0 ma0 me to nahIM sarIkhA hI hai / nayacadra ke prAkRta chado meM vaha pravAha nahIM hai, jo rAjazevara ke chado meM hai| saMskRta bhASA para nayacadra kA acchA adhikAra hai aura unake saskRta ke kucha mundara chada (3, 3-4) vAstava meM unakI kAvya-kuzalatA ko sUcita karate hai| nATaka kI dRSTi me ra0 ma0 ko saphala nahIM kahA jA sktaa| eka sabhya-darzaka-samudAya ke sAmane ragamaca para kisI rAjA ke dvArA apanI doganiyo ke sahita eka ke bAda dUsarI ke sAtha kAma-krIDA kA dazya dikhAnA kahA~ taka sagata ho sakatA hai / premollAsa ke kathano meM gabhIratA aura sayama kA vicAra nahI rakkhA gyaa| ye kathana maketamAtra hone kI apekSA bhAvo kA khullamakhullA pradarzana karane vAle hai| yaha dekha kara Azcarya hotA hai ki kahIM-kahI nATyakAra pAtro ke dvArA kathanopakathana Adi na karA kara ragamaca ke bAhara una pAtro ke caritra kI vivecanA karane lagatA hai (2, 18-20, 3, 7, 21) / / pUnA kI hastalikhita prati meM zAyada aura usI ke AdhAra para rabhAmajarI kI chapI huI prati meM use nATikA likhA gayA hai (samAptA rambhAmajarI nAma naattikaa)| nayacadra ne ra0 ma0 ko saTTa yA saTTaka kahA hai (1, 19) / tIna yavanikAntaro meM nATaka samApta ho jAtA hai, kintu rAjA kI yaha mahattvAkAkSA ki vaha cakravartI samrAT hogA ata me pUrNa nahI milatI, yadyapi pahale yavanikAntara meM rAjA aura rabhA kA pariNaya tathA dUsare aura tIsare me dono kI premakrIDAyo kA varNana pUrNa milatA hai| ata yA to nATaka adhUrA raha gayA hai yA nATakakAra ne prArabha meM sUtradhAra ke mukha se kahalAye hue isa kathana ko ki rAjA cakravartI hogA, yohI choDa diyA hai / nATaka kA tIna yavanikAntaro ke bAda eka dama se Thapa ho jAnA tathA bharata-vAkya kA na honA bhI isI bAta ko sUcita karate hai ki nATaka adhUrA raha gayA hai| 'yaha nAma 'viddhazAlabhajikA' meM prayukta lATa ke rAjA cadravarmana kI yAda dilAtA hai|

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prAkRta aura saMskRta paMcasaMgraha tathA unakA AdhAra zrI hIrAlAla jaina siddhAntazAstrI vartamAna jaina sAhitya meM 'pacamagraha' nAma ke tIna granya upalabdha hai, jinameM do digambara atha hai aura eka shvetaambr| zvetAmbara pacamagraha candrapi mahattara ne pUrvAcAryoM dvArA race gaye zataka, mapnatikA, kapAyAbhUta, satkarmaprAbhUta aura karmaprakRti nAmaka pAMca granyo ke AdhAra para prAkRta gAthAno me racA hai aura usakI eka saskRta TIkA bhI svaya racI hai, jo ki muktAbAI jJAnamadira DabhoDa (gujarAta) se prakAzita ho cukI hai / dono digambara pacasagrahoM meM se saskRta pacamagraha amitagati prAcAryakRta hai aura 'mANikacada granyamAlA' me prakAzita ho cukA hai| prAkRta pacasagraha kisI ajJAta AcArya kI racanA hai aura yaha granya abhI taka aprakAzita hai| ina dono digambara pacamagraho ke milAna karane para yaha bAta spaSTa rUpa se jJAta ho jAtI hai ki prAkRta pacasagraha ko sAmane rakhakara hI prAcArya amitagati ne maskRta pacasagraha ko racanA kI hai / dono hI pacamagraho me 1 jIvamamAsa, 2 prakRtisamutkIrtana, 3 karmavanvastava, 4 zataka aura 5 saptatikA nAma ke pAMca prakaraNa hai| prayama ke tIna prakaraNo me apane nAmo ke anurUpa viSayo kI carcA kI gaI hai| cauthe aura pAMcaveM prakaraNo ke nAma dono hI pacamagrahakArone kima dRSTi se rakhe hai, yaha bAta sahasA jJAta nahI hotI-vizeSakara usa dazA meM java ki dono hI pacamagraho meM ukta prakaraNo kI padyamakhyA kramaza 375, 518 aura 450, 502 hai| Age cala kara unake nAmakaraNa para vizeSa prakAza DAlA jaaygaa| (1) saMskRta paMcasaMgraha kA AdhAra kyA hai ? sarvaprathama yahAM kucha aise avataraNa diye jAte hai, jinase dono digambara pacasagraho kA AdhArAdheyapanA nirvivAda mAnA jA ske| digambara prAkRta aura saskRta paMcasagraha kI tulanA prathama jIva-samAsa prakaraNa meM se chaddavva Nava payatye davAi caunvihaNa jANate / vadittA arahate jIvassa parUvaNa voccha // 1 // prAkRtapacasa0 ye paT dravyANi budhyante dravyakSetrAdibhedata / jinezAstAstriyA natvA kariSye jIvarUpaNam // 3 // saskRtapacasa0 sikkhA kiriaovaesA pAlAvagAhI mnnovlvenn| jo jIvo so saNNI tabdhivarImo asaNNI ya // 173 // prAkRtapaca0 zikSAlApopadezAnA grAhako ya samAnasa / sa sajJI kathito'sajJI heyAdeyAvivecaka // 319 // saskRtapaca0

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418 premI - abhinavana - pratha dvitIya prakRti samutkIrtana prakaraNa me se 1 paryAsvivaSaNamukka paryAssarUva visesadesayara / paNaviya vIrajidi paryADisamukkittaNa vRccha // 1 // prAkRtapaca0 yo jJAtvA prakRtIdevo dagghavAn ta praNamya mahAvIra kriyate dhyAnavahninA / prakRtistava // 1 // saskRtapaca0 2 sAiyaraM vedA viya hassAdi caukka paca jAIzro / saThANa ghaDaNa cha chakka caukka prANuputhvI ya // 11 // icau do ya sarIra goya ca ya doNi zragavagA ya / daha juvalANi tasAI gayaNagaiduga visidvaparivattA // 12 // prAkRtapaca0 dve vedye gatayo hAsyacatuSka dve nabhogatI / SaTke saMsthAna --sahatyorgotre vaikriyikadvayam // 45 // agokamAnupUrvINA daza yugmAni jAtaya / praudArikadvaya vedA etA saparivRttaya // 46 // saskRtapaca0 tRtIya karmabandhastava prakaraNa meM se 1 kacaNarUpadavANa eyatta jema praNupaveso ti / zroNapavesANa taha badha parasparapradezAnA pravezo ekatvakArako baMdho jIvakammANa ||2|| prAkRtapaca0 jIvakarmaNo' / rukma - kAcanayoriva // 6 // saMskRtapaca 0 2 chijjaha paDhama bagho ki udagro kica do vijugava kiM / ki sodaeNa vadho ki vA zraNNodaeNa ubhaeNa // 66 // sAtaraNirataro vA ki vA vadho havejja ubhaya vA / eva Navavipanha kamaso vocchAmi eva tu // 67 // prAkRtapaca0 ki prAk vicchidyate bandhaH kiM pAka. kimubhI samam / kiM svapAkena vaSosnyavAkenobhayathApi kim // 78 // sAntaro'naMtara kiM ki baMdho dvedhA pravartate / ityeva navadhA praznakrameNAstyetaduttaram // 76 // saskRtapaca0

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prAkRta aura saskRta pacasagraha tathA unakA prAdhAra caturtha zataka prakaraNa me se suNaha iha jIvaguNasaNNiesu ThANesu sArajuttAyo / voccha kadivaiyAo gAhAmo diTTivAdAo // 3 // prAkRtapaca0 dRSTivAdAdapovRtya vakSyante sArayoginaH / zlokA jIvaguNasyAnagocarA katicinmayA // 2 // saskRtapaca0 tiriyagaIe coddasa havati sesAsu jANa do do du| maggaNaThANasseva NeyANi samAsaThANANi // 6 // prAkRtapaca0 tiryaggatAvazeSANi dve sajhisthe gatitraye / jIvasyAnAni neyAni santyeva mArgaNAsvapi // 5 // saskRtapaca0 ummaggadeso sammaggaNAso guuddhhiyymaaillo| saDhasolo ya sasallo tiriyAu Nivadhae jIvo // 207 // prAkRtapaca0 unmArgadezako mAyI sazalyo mArgadUSaka / Ayurarjati tairazca zaTho mUDho durAzaya // 7 // saskRtapaca0 payaDI etya sahAvo tassa praNAso ThidI hojja / tassa ya raso'NubhAno ettiyametto padeso du||510|| prAkRtapaca0 svabhAva prakRtijJeyA svabhAvAdacyuti sthiti / anubhAgo rasastAsA pradezoM'zAvadhAraNam // 36 // saskRtapaca0 eso vadhasamAso piMDakkheveNa vaNio kiM ci| kammappavAdasuyasAyarasa Nissadametto du||516|| badhavihANasamAso raiyo appasuyamadamadiNA hu| taM vaya-mokkhakusalA pUredaNa parikahetu // 517 // prAkRtapaca0 karmapravAdAmbudhibindukalpazcaturvidho baghavidhi svshktyaa| sakSepatoya kathito mayA'sau vistAraNIyo mahanIyabodha // 373 // saskRtapaca0 pacama saptatikA prakaraNa meM se NamiUNa jiNidANa varakevalaladdhisukkhapattANa / voccha sattaribhaga uvaiTTha vIraNAheNa // 1 //

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420 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha siddhapadehi mahattha badhodayasatapayaDiThANANi / voccha suNa sakheveNa Nissada didvivAdAdo // 2 // prAkRtapaca0 natvA'hamahato bhaktyA ghAtikalmaSaghAtina / svazaktyA saptati vakSye badhabhedAvabuddhaye // 1 // bandhodayasattvAnA siddhapadaidRSTivAdapAthodhe / sthAnAni prakRtInAmuddhRtya samAsato vakSye // 2 // saMskRtapaMca igivIsa paNuvIsa sattAvIsaDhavIsamugutIsa / ee udayadvANA devagaisajuyA paca // 18 // ___ 2122 / 27 / 28 / 26 / prAkRtapaca0 astyekapacasaptASTanavAgrA vizati. kramAt / nAmno divaukasA rItAbudaye sthAnapacakam // 20 // 21 / 2 / 27 / 28 / 29 saskRtapaca0 aha suThiya sayalajayasihara arayaNiruvamasahAvasiddhisukha / aNihamavvAbAha tirayaNasAra aNuhavati // 500 / prAkRtapaca0 ratnatrayaphala prAptA nirvAdha krmvrjitaaH| nirvizati sukha siddhAstrilokazikharasthitA. // 477 // saskRtapaca0 uparilikhita avataraNo se yaha vAta to pUrNa rUpa se nizcita ho jAtI hai ki amitagati ke pacamagraha kA AdhAra prAkRta pacasagraha hai| yadyapi yahAM yaha prAzakA kI jA sakatI hai ki sabhava hai ki saskRta pacasagraha ko sAmane rakhakara prAkRta pacasagraha kI racanA kI gaI ho, tathApi isake viruddha kitane hI pramANa hai, jiname prAkRta pacasagraha hI pUrvakAlIna siddha hotA hai| unameM se sabase baDA pramANa dhavalA TIkA meM isa gratha kI gAthAo kA 'ukta ca' ke rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai| itanA hI nahI, eka sthala para to dhavalAkAra ne 'taha jIvasamAsae vi utta' kaha kara 'chappacaNava vihANa' ityAdi gAthA uddhRta kI hai, jo ki spaSTata apanI anya gAthAo ke samAna prAkRta pacasagraha ke jIvasamAsanAmaka prathama prakaraNa kI 159vI gAthA hai| (2) zataka aura saptatikA nAma kyoM ? saskRta pacasagraha kI racanA prAkRtapaMcasagraha ke AdhAra para huI hai, itanA spaSTata jJAta ho jAne para bhI yaha sandeha to avaziSTa rahahI jAtA hai kipacasagraha ke cauthe prakaraNa kA nAma zataka aura pAMcave kA nAma saptatikA kyo rakkhA gayA? bhAratIyasAhitya me padyasakhyA ke AdhAra para anya ke nAma rakhane ko prAcIna paripATI avazya rahI hai magara pacasagraha ke ina dono hI prakaraNo kI padyasakhyA itanI adhika hai ki sahasA vaisI kalpanA karane kA vicAra mana me nahI utthtaa| "dekho SaTkhaDAgama, pustaka 4, pRSTha 315, ukta pRSTha para 'jIvasamAsAeM' pATha azuddha chapA hai, 'jIvasamAsae pATha hI vahA honA caahie| lekhaka

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prAkRta aura saskRta pacasagraha tathA unakA prAdhAra 421 para prAkRta pacasagraha kA gabhIratA ke sAtha sUkSma dRSTi se adhyayana karane para kucha gAthAe~ aisI avazya pratIta huI, jo artha kA piSTa-peSaNa yA sAmAnyata nirUpita vastu kA vizeSa nirUpaNa karane vAlI thii| ina dono kAraNo se hamane yaha kalpanA kI hai ki mabhava hai ki ina dono prakaraNo kI mUla gAthAe~ kramaza 100 aura 70 rahI ho, aura isI kAraNa una prakaraNo ke kramaza 'zataka' aura 'saptatikA' nAma paDe ho / isa kalpanA ko sAmane rakhakara jaba hamane zvetAmbara sasthAo. se mudrita 'sataka' aura 'sattarI' nAmake do prakaraNo se milAna kiyA to isa bAta meM koI sandeha nahIM raha gayA ki ukta prakaraNo kI kramaza 100 aura 70 gAthAno ko AdhAra banAkara race gaye hone ke kAraNa hI pacasagrahakAra ne kRtajJatA prakAzanArtha una dono prakaraNo ke ve hI nAma rakha diye hai| yahA~ ukta dono prakaraNo me se kucha avataraNa diye jAte haiM, jinase ukta kalpanA asadigdha siddha hotI hai| prAkRta pacasagrahakAra ne ukta dono prakaraNo ko jyo-kA-tyo apanA liyA hai aura dono hI prakaraNo ko samasta gAthAno para bhASyagAthAe~ racI hai, jisakA vizada jJAna to mUlagranya ke prakAza meM Ane para hI ho skegaa| yahA~ 'zataka' aura 'saptatikA' prakaraNa kI gAthAmro ko mUlagAyA aura pacasagrahakAra dvArA racita gAthAo ko bhASyagAthA nAma dekara ullekha kiyA jAtA hai 1 zataka prakaraNa me se mUlagAthA-eyArasesu ti tti ya dosu caukka ca vaarmesskmmi| jIvasamAsassede uvanogavihI muNeyavvA // 20 // isa gAthA kA pacasagraha ke isa prakaraNa me 20vAM sthAna hai aura zataka prakaraNa meM vA~ / isake arthaspaSTIkaraNa ke lie prAkRta pacasagrahakAra ne 16 bhASyagAthAe~ racI hai, jiname se prArabhika do gAthAe~ yahA~ dI jAtI haibhASyagAthA-maisuna aNNANAi acakkhU eyArasesu tiNNeva / cakkhUsahiyA tecciya caurakkhe asaNNipajjatte // 21 // mai suya prohidugAi saNNi apajjattaesu uvogaa| savve vi saNNipuNNe uvaznogA jIvaThANesu // 22 // viSaya ke jAnakAra pAThaka jAna sakeMge ki ina do gAthAno meM mUlagAthA ke 'eyArasesu tittiya dosu caukka ca' itane aza kA hI artha vyAkhyAta huA hai| mUlagAthA--aviraya-atA dasaya virayAvirayatiyA du cattAri / chacceva pamattatA eyA puNa appamattatA // 30 // bhASyagAthA-vidiyakasAyacaukka maNuyAU maNuyaduga ya urAla / tassa ya agovaga saghayaNAI avirayassa // 310 // taiyakasAyacaukka virayAvirayammi bdhvocchinnnno| sAiyaramarai soya taha ceva ya athiramasuha ca // 31 // ajjasakittI ya tahA pamattavirayamhi bdhvocchedo| devAuya ca eya pamatta-iyaramhi NAyavvo // 312 //

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422 premI-abhinadana-pratha ina tIna bhASyagAthAo me se prathama bhASyagAthA dvArA mUlagAthA ke prathama caraNa kA, dUsarI gAthA ke pUrSi se dvitIya caraNa kA, aura uttarArdha tathA tIsarI gAthA ke pUrva se tIsare caraNa kA, tathA tIsarI gAthA ke hI uttarArddha se mUla gAthA ke cauthe caraNa kA artha-vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra eka mUla gAthA kA tIna bhApyagAthAyo se artha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / isa taraha ukta gAthAo meM mUla gAthAno aura bhASyagAthAo kA bheda spaSTa dRSTigocara ho jAtA hai| 2 sattarI prakaraNa meM se mUlagAthA-vAvIsamekkavIsa sattArasa teraseva Nava paca / cau tiya duya ca eya baghaTTANANi mohassa // 25 // bhASyagAthA-micchammiyAvAvIsA micchAsolaha kasAya vedoy|| hassA juyalekaNidA bhaeNa vidie dumicchasadNA // 26 // paDhamacaukkeNityorahiyA misse avirayasamme y| vidieNUNA dese chaThe taiUNa sattamadvai ya // 27 // arai-soeNUNA parammi purvy-sjlnnaa| egegUNA eva daha dvANA mohabadhammi // 28 // mUlagAthA-aTThasu pacasu ege eya duya dasa ya mohvghgye| tiya cau Nava udayagave tiya tiya paNNarasa satammi // 262 // bhASyagAthA-satta apajjattesu ya pajjatte suhuma taha ya aTThasu ya / vAvIsa vadhodaya satA puNa tiSNi paDhamillA // 26 // pacasu pajjattesu pajjattayasaNiNAmaga vjj| heTima do cau tiNi ya baghodayasataThANANi // 26 // dasa Nava paNNarasAI vdhodystpydditthaannaanni| saNNipajjattayANa sapuNNA itti bohavvA // 26 // viSaya se paricita pAThaka bhalIbhAti jAna sakeMge ki eka-eka mUlagAthA ke artha ko kisa prakAra tIna-tIna bhASyagAthAo dvArA spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra yaha mAnane meM koI bhI sadeha nahI raha jAtA hai ki prAkRta pacasagrahakAra ne mUla prakaraNo ke nAma ko akSuNNa rakhane ke lie hI vahI ke vahI nAma de diye hai aura ye dono prakaraNa-grantha hI pacasagraha ke cauthe-pAMcaveM sagraha ke AdhAra hai| (3) zeSa adhikAroM ke AdhAroM kI chAnabIna / prAkRta pacasagraha ke prakRtisamutkIrtana nAmaka dvitIya prakaraNa kA AdhAra spaSTata SaTkhaDAgama kI prakRtisamutkIrtana nAma kI cUlikA hai, jo ki mudrita SaTkhaDAgama ke chaThaveM bhAga meM sannihita hai| isa cUlikA ke samasta

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prAkRta aura saskRta pacasagraha tathA unakA zrAdhAra 423 sUtro ko yahA~ jyo-kA-tyo uThAkara rakha diyA gayA hai / kevala jahA~ kahI kahane mAtra ko 'ja' yA 'ta' me se koI eka zabda ko chor3a diyA gayA hai / isa viSaya me yahA~ itanA hI kahanA paryApta hogA ki jinheM isameM lezamAtra bhI sadeha ho, ve mUla se milAna karake dekha sakate hai / prAkRta pacasagraha ke prathama jIvasamAma aura tRtIya karmaprakRtistava nAmaka prakaraNo kA zrAdhAra kyA hai, yaha abhI taka spaSTata jJAta nahI ho sakA / sabhava hai ki ye dono prakaraNa prAkRta pacasagraha ke kartA ne svataMtra hI race ho aura yaha bhI sabhava ho sakatA hai ki ina dono prakaraNo kI bahuta sI gAthAe~ prAcArya - paraparA se calI A rahI ho aura prAkRtapacasagrahakAra ne unhe suvyavasthita rUpa se isa grantha me nivaddha yA sagraha kara diyA ho, kyoki 'paca sagraha' isa nAma se ukta bAta kI dhvani nikalatI hai / phira bhI itanA to nirvivAda kahA hI jA sakatA hai ki 'baghasvAmitva' aura 'baghavidhAna' ye dono khaDa SaTkhaDAgama meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai aura bahuta sabhava hai ki pacasagrahakAra ne ina dono ke AdhAra para ina dono prakaraNo kI svataMtra padya racanA kI ho| ina dono prakaraNo kA sIdhA sabadha kisa-kisa gratha se rahA hai, yaha bAta zradyApi zranveSaNIya hI hai / ( 4 ) prAkRta paMcasaMgraha kA karttA kauna ? prastuta grantha ke zrAdhAra-savadhI itanI chAnavIna kara cukane ke bAda aba prazna uThatA hai ki prAkRta pacasagraha kA racayitA yA sagrahakAra kauna hai ? paryApta anveSaNa karane ke bAda bhI abhI taka ukta grantha ke racayitA ke viSaya meM kucha bhI nirNaya nahI kiyA jA sakA, hAlAki do-eka AcAryoM ke anumAna ke lie kucha pramANa avazya mile hai, para jaba taka isa viSaya ke kAphI spaSTa aura puSTa pramANa nahI mila jAte taba taka unake nAma kA ullekha karanA ucita nahI / ( 5 ) prAkRta paMcasaMgraha kA nirmANa-kAla yadyapi jaba taka granthakAra ke nAma kA nirNaya nahI ho jAtA hai taba taka usake racanA-kAla kA nirNaya karanA bhI kaThina kArya hI hai, tathApi eka bAta to sunizcita hI hai ki yaha grantha mUla 'zataka' prakaraNa ke pIche racA gayA hai / mUla 'zataka' prakaraNa ke racayitA zrAcArya 'zivazarma' hai, jaisA ki isa grantha kI cUrNi banAnevAle ajJAta nAmadheya AcArya ne apanI cUrNi kA prAraMbha karate hue likhA hai - 'keNa kaya sataga pagaraNa ti ? zabda- tarka- nyAyaprakaraNa-karmaprakRtisiddhAntavijANaeNa zraNegavAyasamAladdhavijaeNa zivasammAyariyaNAmadhejjeNa kaya ti / ki parimANa ? mAhAparimANeNa sayametta / ' AcArya zivazarmaM kA samaya yadyapi zradyAvadhi sunizcita nahI ho sakA hai, tathApi vidvAno ne vikrama kI pA~cavI zatAbdI meM hone kA anumAna kiyA hai / isalie zivagarma zrAcArya ke pazcAt aura ghavalA dokA ke kartA AcArya vIrasena ke pUrva kisI madhyavartI kAla me prAkRtapacasagraha kA nirmANa huA hai, itanA avazya sunizcita ho jAtA hai / dhavalA TIkA kI samApti kA kAla zaka sa0 738 hai / caurAsI, (mathurA) ]

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AcArya zrI haribhadrasUri aura unakI samaramayaGkA kahA muni puNyavijaya jo icchai bhavaviraha, bhavaviraha ko na baghae suyaNo / samayasayasatyakusalo, samaramiyaGkA kahA jassa // dAkSiNyA prAcArya zrI udyotanasUri mahArAja ne apanI prAkRta kuvalayamAlA kathA ke prArambhika prastAvanAgrantha meM aneka prAcIna mAnya AcArya aura unakI kRtiyoM kA smaraNa kiyA hai aura ima prasaga meM unhone AcArya zrI haribhadrasUri, (jinako, viraha aka hone se virahAka prAcArya mAnA jAtA hai) aura unakI samaramayaGkA kahA kA bhI smaraNa kiyA hai / yahI ullekha maiMne isa lekha ke prArambha meM diyA / isa ullekha ko dekhate hue patA calatA hai ki AcArya zrI haribhadrasUri mahArAja ne samaramayaGkA kahA nAma kA koI kathAgranya vanAyA thA / AcArya zrI haribhadrasUri kI kRtirUpa prAkRta kathAgrantha samarAicca kahA milatA hai, parantu samaramayA kahA grantha to Aja taka kahI dekhane yA sunane meM nahI AyA hai / zrata yaha ganya vAstava meM kauna grantha hai, isa viSaya kI parIkSA isa atilaghu lekha meM karanA hai / mujhe pUrA vizvAsa ho gayA hai ki prAcArya zrI udyotanasUri jI ne samarAicca kahA ko hI samaramayaGkA kahA nAma se ullikhita kiyA hai| prazna yaha upasthita hogA ki - samarAiccakahA isa nAma me mamara + zraicca gabda hai tava samaramiyakA nAma meM samara + miyakA zabda hai / prainca kA artha sUrya hai tava miyaka - (sa0 mRgAkha) kA pra pracalita paribhASA ke rUpa me candra hotA hai / ata samarAicca aura samaramiyaka ye do nAma eka rUpa kaise ho sakate hai ? aura isI prakAra samarAiccakahA eva samaramiyakA kahA ye do grantha eka kaise ho sakeMge ? isa vivAdAspada prazna kA uttara isa prakAra hai jaina pratiSThAvidhi ke grantho ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki eka jamAne meM candra kI taraha zrAditya-sUrya ko bhIgA, mRgAka Adi nAma se pahacAnate the / jaina pratiSThAvidhAna Adi ke prasaga meM nava graho kA pUjana kiyA jAtA hai / isameM nava graho ke nAma se alaga-alaga mantroccAra hotA hai / ina mantro meM sUrya kA mantra AtA hai vaha isa prakAra hai "OM hrIM zazAGka sUryAya sahasrakiraNAya namo namaH svAhA / " Aditya ko 'zazAGka' isa prAcInatama mantra me sUrya yA vizeSaNa diyA gayA hai| isase patA calatA hai ki eka jamAne meM candra kI taraha sUrya ko bhI zagAka, mRgAGka Adi nAma se pahacAnate the| adhika sambhava hai ki isI paripATI kA anusaraNa karake hI AcArya zrI udyotanasUri ne apane kuvalayamAlA kahA grantha kI prastAvanA meM samarAicca kahA grantha ko hI samaramayaGkA kahA nAma se ullikhita kiyA hai / isa prakAra mujhe pUrNa vizvAsa hai ki samarAicca kahA aura samaramayatA kahA ye dono eka hI grantha ke nAma hai / ahamadAbAda ]

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'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' ke kartA zivArya zrI jyotiprasAda jaina ema0 e0, ela-ela0 bI0 ArAdhanA, mUlArAdhanA athavA bhagavatI pAgadhanA nAmaka grantha muniyo ke prAcAra kA eka prasiddha labdhapratiSTha prAcIna prAkRta granya hai / isake mUla racayitA prAcArya zivArya the| aneka prAkRta eva saskRta TIkAe~ isa grantha para racI gaI, jinameM se kitanI hI Aja bhI upalabdha hai| anantakIrti granthamAlA bambaI se prakAzita 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' kI zraddheya pa0 nAthUrAma jI premI kRta bhUmikA tathA premI jI ke tatsambandhI anya lekho tathA 'ArAdhanA aura usakI TIkAeM', 'yApanIya sAhitya kI khoja ityAdi me ukta grantha ke anta karaNa, usakI vibhinna TIkAmo eva TIkAkAro ke sambandha meM paryApta jAnakArI prApta ho jAtI hai, kintu mUla lekhaka ke viSaya me, jitanA ki ve apane grantha meM svaya prakaTa karate hai, usase adhika vizeSa jJAna nahIM hotaa| grantha ke anta meM 2161 se 2166 paryanta gAthAno me granthakAra prAcArya ne apanA jo nijI paricaya diyA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai-"AryajinanandigaNi, AyaMsarvaguptagaNi, prAryamitranandigaNi ke caraNo ke nikaTa jala sUtro aura aura unake artha ko acchI taraha samajha kara pUrvAcAryoM dvArA nivaddha kI huI racanA ke AdhAra se pANitalabhojI zivArya ne yaha ArAdhanA svazaktyanusAra racI hai| apanI chamAvasthA athavA jJAna kI apUrNatA ke kAraNa isame jo kucha pravacana-viruddha likhA gayA ho, uma padArtha ko bhalI prakAra samajhane vAle pravacana vAtsalya ke bhAva se zuddha karale / isa prakAra bhaktipUrvaka varNita bhagavatI AgadhanA sagha tathA zivArya ko uttama samAdhi pradAna kre| ityaadi|" uparyukta gAthAno me itanA hI spaSTa hai ki 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' ke kartA pANitalabhojI-ata eka digambara jainAcArya-givArya the| unake zikSAguru prAyajinanandigaNi, AryasarvaguptagaNi tathA AryamitranandigaNi the| inake dIkSAguru inhI tIna prAcAryoM meM se koI eka the athavA anya koI prAcArya the, yaha nizcita nahIM hai / grantha kA AdhAra tadviSayaka mUlasUtra eva pUrvAcAryoM dvArA nibaddha katipaya racanAe~ thii| grantha kI aneka prAkRta-saskRta TIkAmo me aparAjitasUri kRta 'vijayodayA', dUsarI amita gatyAcArya kRta (11vI zatAbdI) tathA tIsarI pa0 prAgAdhara jI kRta (13vI zatAbdI) vizeSa prasiddha hai| inameM se aparAjita sUri kI vijayodayA TIkA sabase prAcIna hai| zraddheya premI jI ke anumAnAnusAra vaha pAThavI zatAbdI vikrama ke pUrva kI hI hai, kintu aparAjitasUrike sammukha bhI ima granyakI anya prAkRta-saskRta TIkAe~ maujUda thI aura prAkRta TIkAro kA samaya chaThI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga samApta ho jAtA hai| ata anya kI sarva prAcIna prAkRta TIkA kama-se-kama chaThI zatAbdI kI avazya rahI hogI aura isa prakAra mUla grantha kA racanA kAla bhI IsvI san pA~cavI, chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrva kA hI honA caahie| vAstava meM kucha pramANa isa prora saketa karate hai ki yaha racanA sambhavata IsvI pUrva prathama zatAbdI kI honI caahie| yaha grantha digambara sampradAya me prArambha se hI bahumAnya rahA hai aura isakI prAya saba upalabdha TIkAe~ digambarAcAryoM dvArA hI racI huI hai| lekhaka kA 'pANitalabhojI' vizeSaNa bhI unakA zvetAmbara sAdhu na hokara digambara muni honA hI sUcita karatA hai, parantu pracalita digambara mAnyatAo ke kucha virodhI vicAra bhI usame 'jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 23 tathA anekAnta varSa 1, pR0 145, 206 anekAnta varSa 3, pR0 56 54

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426 premIabhinadana-praya milate hai| vAstava meM givArya kI vicAradhArA na zvetAmbara hI thI aura na pUrNata digambara hI, varan vaha eka tIsare hI janasampradAya-yApanIya saca'-kI hI mAnyatApro ke anukUla eva adhika nikaTa pratIta hotI hai| pUjya premI jI ne yaha bhalIbhati middha kara diyA hai ki 'ArAdhanA' ke prasiddha prAcIna TIkAkAra aparAjitamUri yApanIya hI the aura mAnavI zatAbdI I. ke vaiyAkaraNa zAkaTAyana bhI, jinhone zivArya ke guru sarvaguptakA sasammAna ullekha kiyA hai, yApanIya the|' aimI dazA meM zivArya kA mvaya kA bhI yApanIya sagha se sambandha honA koI Azcarya kI bAta nhii| devasenAcArya kRta 'darzanasAra' ke anusAra yApanIya saMgha kI sthApanA vikrama savat 148 (san 61 I0) meM zrI kalaga nAmaka AcArya ne kI thii| isake dasa-yAraha varSa pUrva san 76 athavA 81 I0 me, digamvara-zvetAmbara dono hI mampradAyo kI anuzruti ke anusAra, ukta dono sampradAyo ke bIca kA bheda puSTa ho cukA thA aura unakI eka dUsare se pRthak svatantra sattA sthApita ho cukI thii| yApanIya sagha ke prAthamika AcArya ina dono hI sampradAyo meM mAnya the| ata isame koI mandeha nahI raha jAtA ki IsvI pUrva kI antima zatAvdiyo me, jahA~ eka ora digamvarazvetAmbara manabheda cala rahe the, vahA~ dUsarI ora eka svatantra vicAradhArA ina dono ke samanvaya meM prayatnazIla thI, kintu jaba prathama zatAbdI ke uttarArva meM vaha matabheda sthAyI rUpa se prakaTa ho gayA aura isa prakAra samanvaya kA prayatna viphala ho gayA to vaha tIsarI vicAravArA bhI eka svatantra AmnAya ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gii| bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke kartA zivArya, samanvaya me prayatnazIla isa tIsarI vicAradhArA ke hI pratIka the, kintu unakI racanA meM yadyapi yApanIya sagha kI mAnyatAo ke vIja maujUda hai, phira bhI vaha svaya ukta sagha kI vi0 sa0 148 meM sthApanA ke pUrva hI ho gaye pratIta hote hai| jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai, ArAdhanA me IsvI san ke prArambha ke pazcAt hone vAle kisI prAcArya kA koI ullekha nahI hai, kintu usameM anyakartA ne apane uparivaNita tIna guruyo ke atirikta bhadravAhu AcArya kA smaraNa kiyA hai, aura ina bhadrabAhu ke 'ghora avamaudarya se sakleza rahita uttama pada prApti' kA aisA varNana hai, jo zivArya aura bhadravAhu kI sAmayika nikaTatA ko sUcita karatA pratIta hotA hai| yaha bhadrabAhu cauthI zatAbdI IsvI pUrva me hone vAle bhadrabAhu (prathama) zrutakevali to ho hI nahIM sakate, kyoki unake sambandha me aisI koI bAta unake viSaya meM race gaye cAritra grantho, anya sAhitya, ullekho, zilAlekha Adi meM kahIM bhI upalabdha nahI hotii| dUsare cauthI zatAbdI IsvI pUrva me jaina grantha-racanA ke bhI koI pramANa abhI taka upalabdha nahIM hue hai aura ina bhadravAha ke pazcAt hI digambara-zvetAmvara matabheda kA sarvaprathama bIjAropaNa huA thaa| mamanvaya kA prayatna itanA zIghra prArambha huA pratIta nahI hotaa| dUsare bhadravAhu IsvI pUrva prayama zatAbdI ke madhya meM hue hai| unake paTTakAla kA prArambha vi0 sa0 4 (I0 pU0 53) meM huA thaa| ye bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pazcAt aGgapUrvayAriyo kI paramparA ke anta ke nikaTa hue the aura svaya AcArAGgadhArI the| ata ye hI vaha bhadrabAhu the, jinakA ullekha zivArya ne kiyA hai| sAtha hI IsvI sana ko prathama zatAbdI meM hone vAle kundakundAcArya ne eka zivabhUti nAmaka AcArya kA tathA anyatra eka zivakumAra' nAmaka bhAvazramaNa kA sasammAna ullekha kiyA hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki kundakundAcArya ke ye dono ullekha kevala paurANika udAharaNa hI ho, kintu isa (zivabhUti) nAma ke eka prAcArya kA kundakunda ke samakAlIna honA aura unakA digamvara sampradAya (voTika sagha) se bhI sambandha honA zvetAmbara anya mUlabhASA 'jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 40, 41 / bhagavatI pArAdhanA gAyA 1544 / promodArie ghorAe bhddvaahprskilitttthmdii| ghorAe vigichAe paDivaNNo uttama ThANa // 'cakravartI-paJcAstikAya bhUmikA / 'bhAvapAhuDa-pAyA 53 / 'bhAvapAhuDagAthA 51 /

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'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' ke kartA zivAya 427 (gAthA 148) tathA kalpa sUtra sthavirAvalI (gAthA 20) se bhI siddha hotA hai aura pro0 hIrAlAla jI ne nAgapura yUnivarsiTI jarnala na06 meM prakAzita apane 'zivabhUti aura zivArya' zIrSaka lekha meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke kartA zivArya tayA zvetAmvara granyo me ullikhita zivabhUti AcArya ko abhinna siddha karane kA prayatna bhI kiyA hai| vI zatAbdI ke jinasenAcArya ne bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke kartA kA zivakoTi nAma se smaraNa kiyA hai| ina saba se yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki ukta AcArya kA mUla nAma 'ziva' thA, jisake sAtha bhUti, koTi, kumAra Adi zabda ullekhakartAone svaruci anusAra athavA kisI bhramavaza joDa diye hai aura yaha ki ye zivArya bhadrabAhu dvitIya ke pazcAt tathA kundakundAcArya se pUrva, san IsvI ke prArambha ke lagabhaga hue hai| ThIka isI samaya eka 'zivadatta' nAmaka pArAtIya yati ke hone kA patA zrutAvatAra Adi grantho se calatA hai|' zrutAkadhAriyo kI paramparA bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) tathA lohAcArya ke sAtha samApta ho jAtI hai| usI samaya tathA kundakundAdi AcAryoM se pUrva arhadatta, vinayadatta, zrIdatta tathA zivadatta-ina cAra pArAtIya yatiyo kA honA pAyA jAtA hai| cIyo-pAMcavI zatAbdI ke pUjyapAdAcArya ne pArAtIyo ko sarvajJa tIrthaGkara tathA zrutakevaliyo ke samAna hI prAmANika vaktA mAnA hai aura usI samaya ke kucha pIche likhI gaI ArAdhanA kI TokA vijayodayA ke kartA aparAjita sUri ne apane guruyo tathA apane Apako ArAtIyasUri cUDAmaNi kahA hai| isa prakAra ArAdhanA ke kartA zivArya IsvI san ke prArambha kAla ke lagabhaga hone vAle ArAtIya AcArya zivadatta hI the, isameM vizeSa sandeha nahIM raha jaataa| zivArya ne apane grantha me apane guruyo-jinanandi, sarvagupta, mitranandi-kA jisa prakAra 'Arya' pahale tathA 'gaNI' zabda pIche lagA kara ullekha kiyA hai, vaha bilakula vaisA hI hai jaisA ki mathurA ke kakAlI TIle se prApta ava se do hajAra varSa pUrva ke aneko jana zilAlekho meM tatkAlIna vibhinna janAcAryoM ke nAmo kA huA hai|' pIche ke jaina sAhitya athavA abhilekho meM ina zabdo kA isa prakAra kA Ama prayoga nahIM miltaa| dUsare, zivArya ke anya kA AdhAra kathita 'mUlasUtra' the| yaha mUlasUtra, bhagavAn mahAvIra se bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) paryanta calI AI zruta paramparA me AcArAGga ke antargata vivakSita-viSaya-savandhI mUlasUtra hI ho sakate hai| zivArya ke sammukha ukta sUtro kI avasthiti bhI zivArya ke upari nizcita samaya ko hI puSTi karatI hai| zivArya ke sammukha ukta sUtro ke AdhAra se racI huI katipaya pUrvAcAryoM kRta nibaddha-racanAe~ bhI thii| pahalI zatAbdI IsvI pUrva meM aisI racanAo kA honA kucha asambhava bhI nahI hai / mathurA kakAlI TIle se hI eka khaDitamUrti jaina sarasvatI kI prApta huI hai, jo lakhanaU ke ajAyavaghara meM surakSita hai|' yaha sarasvatI kI sabase prAcIna upalabdha mUrti hai / DA. vAsudevazaraNa jI agravAla ke matAnusAra janetaro me sarasvatI kI mUrti kA nirmANa isake bahuta pIche prArambha huaa| mUrti para jo abhilekha hai usase vidita hotA hai ki yaha mUrti pahalI zatAbdI IsvI pUrva-kSatrapa kAla kI hai| isa mUrti ke eka hAtha meM Dore se ba~dhI huI eka tADapatrIya pustaka hai, jo spaSTa sUcita karatI hai ki usa samaya jaino meM pustaka racanA prArambha ho cukI thii| zivArya ne apane gurutraya ke caraNo ke nikaTa mUlasUtro kA artha samajhane tathA usake AdhAra se apane grantha ko racane kI jo bAta kahI hai vaha bhI bilakula vaisI hI hai jaisI ki tatkAlIna AcArya puSpadanta eva bhUtabali ke gharasenAcArya ke nikaTa tathA prAcArya nAgahasti eva AryamA ke guNadharAcArya ke nikaTa, paramparAgata mUla jinavANI ke antargata 'indrnndi-shrutaavtaar| 'sarvArthasiddhi-1-20 / 'epinephikA iDikA-luisa dvArA sampAdita mathurA se prApta jaina-zilAlekha / *smitha-jainastupa tathA mathurA kA anya purAtattva, pR0 56, pleTa XCIX

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428 premI-prabhinadana-praya anya viSayo kA adhyayana karake unake AdhAra se karma prakRti prAbhRta tathA kaSAya prAmRta Adi prArambhika prAgama granyo ke racane kI hai| 'ArAdhanA' kI atIva prAcInatA kA eka anya pravala pramANa ukta grantha ke cAlIsaveM vijjahanA nAmaka adhikAra meM varNita muni kA mRtyu saskAra hai| isake anusAra mRta muni kA zava bana meM kisI sthAna para pazu-pakSiyo ke bhakSaNArtha choDa diyA jAtA thaa| ThIka aisA hI rivAja san 326 I0 pUrva me sikandara mahAn tathA umake yUnAnI sAthiyo ne dakSiNI-pazcimI sindha kI orAtIya' jAti meM pracalita dekhA thaa| yaha 'orAtIya' zabda 'vAtya' zabda kA yUnAnI rUpa pratIta hotA hai / usa samaya sindha tathA pazcimottara pradezo meM nAga, malla Adi aneka vrAtya jAtiyo kI vastiyA~ tathA rAjya the| aneka jaina muni bhI yUnAniyo ko usa prAnta me mile the| yaha avaidika prathA una vrAtya jAtiyo meM pracalita thI aura usI vrAtya saskRti kA pratinidhi eka prAcIna jainAcArya usakA vidhAna karatA hai| vAstava meM uparyukta prathA avaidika hI nahIM, prAgvaidika thii| tAmila bhASA ke prAcIna sagama sAhitya meM bhI usake ullekha milate hai / DA0 pAyaGgara ke matAnusAra AryoM ke bhArata-praveza ke pUrva se hI vaha isa deza meM pracalita thii|' yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki yUnAnI vRtto meM ullikhita 'orAtIya' (Oreitas) zabda kA jaina anuzruti me varNita ina prAcIna prAcAryoM ke 'ArAtIya vizeSaNa se hI koI sambandha ho| isa prakAra bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura usake kartA AcArya zivArya kI pratIva prAcInatA meM koI sandeha avazeSa nahI raha jAtA aura aisA vizvasta anumAna karane ke pravala kAraNa hai ki vaha zivArya IsvI ke prArambha ke lagabhaga hone vAle pArAtIya yati zivadatta hI the| lkhnuu| 'mekakrinDala-sikandara kA bhArata AkramaNa -DiDaro-pR0 267 / 'mAyagara-tAmila sTaDIja pR0 36 /

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zrIdevaracita 'syAhAdaratnAkara' meM anya granthoM aura granthakAroM ke ullekha zrI vI0 rAghavan ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0 zvetAmbara jaina sampradAya ke prasiddha tarkavettA zrIdeva yA devasUri (1086-1166 I0) kA 'pramANanayatattvAlokAlakAra' nAmaka grantha, jisakI 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' TokA svaya unhone likhI hai, jaina tarkazAstra kA eka prasiddha granya hai| zrIdeva municandrasUri ke ziSya the aura unhone aNahillapaTTana ke rAjA jayasiMhadeva ke daravAra meM san 1224 I0 me digambara sampradAyI kumudacandra ko zAstrArtha meM parAjita kiyA thaa| 'prabhAvakacaritra' grantha ke eka adhyAya meM zrIdeva ke ukta grantha kA viSaya diyA huA hai| 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' eka vistRta bhASya hai, jisameM darzanazAstra-samvandhI aneka granyo tathA zAstrakAro ke manorajaka ullekha bhare paDe hai| iname se kucha ullekha baDe mUlyavAna hai aura darzanazAstra ke vibhinna ago kA itihAsa jAnane vAle vidyArthiyo ke lie vaDe kAma ke hai| ina ullekho ko ikaTThA karake unakA adhyayana karanA bahuta upayogI hogaa| yahAM para mai unhe varNakramAnusAra rakhatA hU~, jaisA ki ve ullekha mujhe ArhatamataprabhAkara granthamAlA (na0 4) meM pAMca bhAgo me chape hue ukta grantha ke saskaraNa me mile hai| bhAga 1, pR0 26 --ambAprasAda sacivapravara aura unake pratha kalpalatA ke sabadha meM, jisakI 'kalpapallava' nAmaka TIkA unhone svaya likhI hai, isa prakAra kathana milatA hai 'yathA cAtra amISA mazAnAmanuvAdyatva pUrvatra ca tattadazAnA vidheyatva tathA zrImadambAprasAdasacivapravareNa kalpalatAyA tatsakete kalpapallave ca prapaJcitamastIti tata evAvaseyam / jainagranthAvalI (pR0 124) tathA pro0 eca0 DI0 velakara dvArA sampAdita 'jinaratnakoSa' (bhA0 1, pR0 206 a) se ambAprasAda nAmaka vyakti kA patA calatA hai, jisane saTIka 'navatattvaprakaraNa' grantha kI racanA kI thI, parantu ina sUciyo meM kalpalatA nAmaka grantha tathA usa para kalpapallava nAma kI TIkA kA koI jikra nahIM miltaa| pR0 157 diGnAga aura unakA anya advaitasiddhi-advaitasiddhayAdiSu sastuto'sau diDnAgamukhyarapi kiM mahadbhi // diDnAga dvArA racita advaitasiddhi kA koI patA abhI taka nahI calA hai| bhAga 2, pR0 350-anantavIrya -ye gyArahavI zatAbdI ke madhya ke prasiddha jaina tarkavettA the| inhone 'parIkSAmukhapaJjikA', 'nyAyavinizcayavRtti' Adi grantho kI racanA kI hai| bhAga 4, pR0 746, 800-'anekAntajayapatAkA', hribhdrsuurikRt| yaha grantha yazovijaya jainagranthamAlA me lekhaka kI TIkA ke sAtha chapA hai tathA gAyakavADa oriyaTala sIrIz2a (88) me zrIdeva ke guru municandra kI TIkA ke mAtha prakAzita huA hai| nyAyavaizeSika para Atreya tayA AtreyabhASya / bhAga 2, pR0 332 pratyakSa ke varNana meM prAtreyabhASya kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai - yatpunarAtreyabhASyakAra. pAha-"yathA sAmAnyasya vizeSANA ca pradIpAlokena sannikRSTatvena dUrAtsAmAnyamupalabhyate na vizeSA iti pradIpAlokakAritau sazayaviparyayo bhavata , tathA sAmAnyasya vizeSANAM ca cakSuSA sannikRSTatve'pi dUrAtsAmAnyamupalabhyate na vizeSA iti cAkSuSo sazayaviparyayo bhavata / tatra mahAviSayatvAtUsAmAnya dUrAdapyupalabhyate, alpaviSayatvAttu vizeSA na dUrAdupalabhyanta iti sazayaviparyayorutpatti" iti /

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premI-prabhinadana-graMtha isa para apane uttara ko sakSepa meM dete e zrIdeva isa Atreya bhASyakAra ko yoga arthAt naiyAyika kahatA hai / bhAga 4, pR0 847 - yahA~ 'dravya' para zrAtreya kA vicAra uddhRta kiyA hai-: yatpunarAtreya procitavAn- "na kriyAtve prasaGgAt / kriyAtvamapi krithAvadbhavati, kriyAdhAratvAt / na ca tad dravyamiti tad vyavacchedArthaM guNavad iti / na khalvAdhAra evAdheyena tadvAn bhavati zrAdheyamapyAdhAreNa tad vyapadizyate" ityAdi / apanI AlocanA meM zrIdeva, Atreya ko 'varSIyAn viprapuGgava' kahatA hai aura usakA dUsarA uddharaNa 430 detA hai-- tatrAya varSIyAn viprayugavo'natarameva svayamukta nApyanusandadhAtoti kiM brUma / "karma utprekSaNAdi tadyasmin samavAyena vartate tat kriyAvat" iti hi tatrAdAvanena vivane / na ca tad dravyamiti tadvacavacchedArtha kriyAvaditi / tadapi na susUtramAtreyeNAbhANi / pRSTha 848 me puna Atreya kA ullekha hai, aura pR0 846 me upasahAra rUpa meM Atreya kA kathana vaizeSika rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / Atreyo vyAkhyAtavAn 'nityamasyAzraya pAratantrya dravye' iti dravyAzrayI / dA prakAra ke pR0 612 dravyo para / pR0 145 me karma ke nyAya dRSTikoNa para Atreya kA mata diyA gayA hai lakSaNAntara punarAtreyo vivRNoti - eka dravya miti nAdravya na cAnekadravyamityarthaM / nAsya guNA santi svayaM ca na guNo bhavatItyaguNam / sayogAzca vibhAgAzca sayogavibhAgA, teSu sayogavibhAgeSu kAraNamityutpanna karma svAzrayamAzrayAntarAdvibhajya sayojayatIti / teSu ca sayogavibhAgeSu kartavyeSu karma kAraNAntara nApekSata ityanapekSa na puna samavAyikAraNamapi nApekSita iti / yadvA sayogavibhAgA karmAsAdhAraNa nApekSate ityanapekSa na puna. sAdhAraNamapi nApekSata iti / diza khalu sayogavizeSApekSa karma svAzrayasya sayogavibhAgAvArabhate tathA ca prerakasya yA diza prati prayatnasamArambha tadabhimukha kamaM jAyate tasmAcca karmaNastadabhimukhI sayogavibhAgo bhavata / anenAvRSTezvarAdyapekSasya karmaNa sayogavibhAgArambho vyAsyAta // iti / pR0 146, isake vAda hI Atreya kI pustaka kA nimna aza bhI uddhRta kiyA gayA hai- yadAha sa eva "sayogavibhAgeSu anapekSa kAraNamityetAvat karmalakSaNamekadravyamaguNamityabhidhAna tu karmasvarUpopavarNanAyaM na puna karmalakSaNArtham" iti / anta ke uddharaNo ne hama pahale Aye hue ullekha ko isa prakAra zuddha kara sakate hai--' yatpunarAtreyo bhASyakAra Aha' / yaha vAta hamArI samajha me nahI AtI ki yaha vaizeSika nRtyakAra kauna thA ? bhAga 1, pR0 133 iSTasiddhi vimuktAtman ke iSTasiddhi grantha ( gA0 gho0 se0 ) kI 11 kArikA uddhRta kI gaI hai| bhAga 2, pR0 286, 318, 320 Adi / udayana tathA unake ganyo- kusumAjali tathA kiraNAvalI-kA ullekha prAya kiyA gayA hai / puradara tathA udbhaTa, lokAyata sapradAya ke lekhaka bhAratIya cArvAkavAda para likhI huI apanI pustaka ( prakA0 kalakattA, pR0 47 ) me dakSiNArajana zAstrI ne likhA hai ki 'sammatitarkaprakaraNa' ganya ke bhASya meM kisI puradara nAmaka lekhaka ke lokAyata sUtra kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / zAntirakSita ke tattvasagraha grantha ( gA0 o0 se0, bhAga 1, pR0 431) para likhI huI kamalazola ko TIkA meM purandara tathA unake lokAyata grantha kA dUsarI bAra ullekha milatA hai| yahA~ para purandara ke 'anumAna' para vicAra kI

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zrIdevaracita 'syAdvAvaratnAkara' meM anya granyoM aura granthakAro ke ullekha 431 aora saketa hai tathA kamalazIla kI TIkA se vidita hotA hai ki zAntarakSita kI kArikA (na0 1482) meM purandara ke pahale hone kA pramANa vidyamAna hai| purandarastvAha-'lokaprasiddhamanumAna cArvAkarapi iNyata eva / yattu kaizcillaukika mArgamatikramya anumAnamucyate tanniSidhyata iti / etadAzakya dUSayannAha laukikmityaadi| gAyakavADa orieTala sirIz2a me prakAzita 'tattvasagraha' kI bhUmikA (pR0 85) me sampAdaka ne likhA hai"saskRta sAhitya meM hamako kahI isa bAta kA patA nahI milatA ki purandara lokAyata thaa|" kintu ava 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' grantha se na kevala puradara kA patA calatA hai, apitu yaha bhI mAlUma ho gayA hai ki usake dvArA racita lokAyata sUtro para udbhaTa nAmaka bhASyakAra ne eka TIkA bhI likhI hai| 'tattvasagraha' meM purandara kA ullekha hone se jJAta hotA hai ki usa (purandara) kA samaya 700 I0 se pahale kA hai| usake lokAyata sUtro para likhe hue udbhaTa ke bhASya kA nAma eka sthAna para 'tattvavRtti' tayA dUsare sthAna para 'tantravRtti' milatA hai| ___ yaccokta tattvavRttAvudbhaTena 'lakSaNakAriNA lAghavikatvenaiva zabdaviracanavyavasthA, na caitAvatA anumAnasya gauNatA, yadi ca sAdhyaikadezarmidharmatva heto rUpaM byuste, tadA na kAcillakSaNe'pi gauNI vRtti' iti / yattu tenaiva paramalokAyata-manyena lokavyavahArakapakSapAtinA lokaprasiddha dhUmAdyanumAnAni puraskRtya zAstrIya svargAdisAdhakAnumAnAni nirAcikIrSatA " gauNatvAd anumAnAdarthanizcayo durlabha" iti paurandara sUtra pUrvAcArya tiraskAreNa vyAkhyAnayatA idamabhihita 'hato svasAdhya niyama grahaNe prakAratrayamiSTa darzanAbhyAmavaziSTAbhyA darzanena viziSTAnupalabdhisahitena bhUyodarzanapravRtyA ca lokavyavahArapatitayA, tatrAdyena grahaNopAyena ye hetorgamakatvamicchanti tAn pratIda sUtra lokaprasiddhaSvapi, hetuSu vyabhicArA darzanamasti tantrasiddhaSvapi, tena vyabhicArAdarzana lakSaNaguNasAdharmyata tantrasiddhahetUnA tathAbhAvo vyavasthApyata iti gauNatvamanumAnasya / avyabhicArAvagamo hi laukikahetUnAmanumeyAvagame nimitta sa nAsti tantrasiddheSviti na tebhya parokSArthAvagamo nyAyya , prata idamuktam-anumAnAdarthanizcayo durlabha iti| pR0 270 ukta ca tantravRttau bhaTTodbhaTena 'sarvazca dUSaNopanipAto'prayojakahetumAnAmatItyaprayojaka viSayA viruddhAnumAna virodhaviruddhA vyabhicAriNa' iti / bhAga 4, pR0 764 --yatra tu bhaTTodbhaTa prAcIkaTat 'na patrakAraNamevakAryAtmatAmupaiti yata ekasyAkAraNAsmana ekakAmarUpatopagame tadanyarUpAbhAvAt tadanyakAryAtmanopagatirna syAt / kintu apUrvameva kasyacidbhAve prAgavidyamAna bhavattatkAryam / tatra viSayendriyamanaskArANAmitaretaropAdAnAhitarUpa bhedAnA sannidhau viziSTazvetarakSaNabhAve pratyeka tadbhAvAbhAvAnuvidhAnAdekakriyopayogo na viruddhyate / yata ekakriyAyAmapi tasya tadbhAvAbhAvitava nibandhanam, sA ca aneka kriyAyAmapi samAnA, iti / bhAga 5, pR0 1083-purandara ke sUtro meM se eka me una tattvo kA kathana hai, jinheM lokAyatika mAnate haive tattva hai-pRthivI, Apas, tejas aura vAyu / dUsare sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki vyakti me caitanya kA udaya' usI prakAra hotA hai jisa prakAra kucha paramANuno meM, jaba ve Apasa me milA kara eka kiye jAte hai mAdaka zakti kA AvirbhAva ho jAtA hai / udbhaTa ne purandara ke sUtro para likhe hue apane bhASya meM kahA hai ki vAstava meM lokAyatiko ke tattva kevala yahI cAra nahI hai aura sUtra meM dI huI sUcI kevala saketAtmaka hai| usane yaha bhI likhA hai ki 'iti' zabda se ullikhita sUcI kA anta nahI prakaTa hotA, apitu isI bhAMti ke anya tattvo kA bhI bhAna hotA hai aura madazakti ke samAna utpanna vijJAna eka anya tattva hai| usI prakAra zabda, sukha Adi bhI anya tattvo meM se hai| na ca 'prathivyApastejo vAyuriti tattvAni' iti sUtra vyAghAta / sUtre iti zabdasya samAptyaryatvena avyAkhyAnAt / yadAcaSTa bhaTTodbhaTa --'itizabda pradarzanapara na samAptivacana , caitanya-sukha-dukha-icchA-dveSa-prayatnasaskArANA tattvAntaratvAt, pRthivyAdi prApradhvasApemAnyonyAbhAvAnAM cAtyantaprakaTatvAduktavilakSaNAtvAcca' iti|

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432 pramA-zramanavanAtha ocaka yA umbeka bhAga 2, pR0 276 - prabhAvapramANa para eka kArikA kA kathana yahA~ kiyA gayA hai sAtha hI usa para zrIcaka kI TIkA bhI uddhRta kI gaI hai / jo kArikA dI gaI hai vaha kumArila ke zlokavArtika meM prAye hue prabhAvavAda kA pahalA zloka hai aura jo procaka ke nAma se TippaNiyA~ dI huI hai ve umveka kI 1 Marstveva vyAkhyAtavAn 'tatra ghaTAye vastuni pratyakSAdisadbhAvagrAhaka nopajAyate tasya nAstitA bhUpradezAdhikaraNAbhAvapramANasya prameyA iti / yaha vAkya zlokavArtika ( madrAma yUnivarsiTI saskaraNa, umveka ke bhASya sahita ) ke pR0 406 me milatA hai / syAdAdaratnAkara me diye hue uddharaNa kA pATha adhika zuddha ja~catA hai / bhAga 1, pR0 157 kamalazIla, bauddhanaiyAyika ( 8vI za0 ) nyAyavindu para TIkA kA lekhaka / usakI pajikA, jo zAntarakSita ke tattvasagraha para likhI gaI hai, gAyakavADa progyiTala moroja me tattvamagraha ke sAtha prakAgita huI hai| bhaTTajayanta kA pallava syAdvAdaratnAkara se 'nyAyamajarI' grantha ke lekhaka bhaTTajayanta nAmaka eka ajJAta granthakAra kA patA calA hai / bhAga 1, pR0 64 - tathA ca samAcaSTa bhaTTajayanta pallave tatrAsandigdhanirvAdha vastu bodhavidhAyinI / sAmagrI cidacidrUpA pramANamabhidhIyate // phalotpAdAvinAbhAvi svabhAvAvyabhicAri yat / tatsAdhakatama yukta sAkalyAna para ca tat // sAkalyAtsadasadbhAve nimitta kartRkarmaNo / gauNa mukhyatvamityeva na tAbhyA vyabhicAritA // sahanyamAnahonena sahateranupagrahAt / sAmazyA pazyatItyeva vyapadezo na dRzyate // locanAlokaligAde nirdezo yastRtIyayA / sa tadrUpa samAropAduSayA patratItivat // tadantargatakarmAdi kArakApekSayA ca sA / karaNa kArakANA hi dharmo'sau na svarUpavat // sAmaprayanta' praveze'pi svarUpa kartRkarmaNo / phalavatpratibhAtIti na catuSTva vinazyati // iti // sampAdaka kA kathana hai ki ye zloka 'nyAyamajarI' me nahI milate aura unakA anumAna hai ki 'pallava' se zrIdhara kA abhiprAya 'nyAyamajarI' se hI hai, parantu hama dekheMge ki isa anumAna kI koI puSTi nahI hotI ki 'pallava' se zrIdeva kA abhiprAya 'nyAyamajarI' se ho rahA ho / bhAga 1, pR0 302 yadajalpi jayantena pallave- svarUpAdbhavatkAryaM saha kAryapabUhitAt / na hi kalpayitu zakta zaktimanyAmatIndriyAm //

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433 zrIdevaracita 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' meM anya anyoM aura anyakAro ke ullekha sarvadA na ca sarveSA sannighi. sahakAriNAm / svarUpasabhivAne'pi na padA kAryasabhava // mantre sati viSAdInA svakAryAkaraNa tu yat / na zakti prativaghAttat kintu hetvantarAgamAt // mantrAbhAvo hi taddhetu dharmAdi sahakArivat / mantrabhAvastatastatra hetvantaratayA mt.|| teSAmamlAnarUpANA nanu mantreNa kiM kRtam / kAryodAsInatA mAtra zaktI caiSa na ya. sama // na hi mantraprayogeNa zaktistatra vinaashyte| mantravAdinyudAsIne punastatkAryadarzanAt // iti // zakti ke samAlocaka jayanta para apanA vicAra dete hue anta me zrIdeva udayana kI tulanA meM jayanta ko hAthI ke mukAvale meM kITaka jaisA kahatA hai yatrAlyA zakti sasiddhI majjatyudayanadvipa / jayanta hanta kA tatra gaNanA tvayi kITake // yahA~ grantha ke sampAdaka kA kahanA hai ki Upara ke loka, jo jayanta ke 'pallava' ne uddhRta kiye gaye hai, 'nyAyamajarI' (pR0 41, vijayanagara maskaraNa) meM milate hai| isI ke AdhAra para sampAdaka ne 'pallava' me uddhRta pahale kathana para apanI TokA meM likhA hai ki zrIdeva kA 'pallava' kahane me matalava 'nyAyamajarI' se hI thaa| vAstava meM Upara ke dvitIya uddharaNa ke zloko me me kevala pahalA 'nyAyamajaro' meM milatA hai, na ki usake vAda ke anya pA~ca zloka / ana 'pallava' jayanta dvArA likhA huA eka bhinna nyAya kA grantha hai, jo pUrNatayA kArikAmo ke rUpa me likhA gayA hai aura dUsare udvaraNa meM Aye hue pahale zloka se mAlUma paDatA hai ki kucha chanda 'pallava' tathA 'nyAyamajarI' dono grantho meM eka-jaise hI ho sakate hai| pR0 338 meM sAta zloka 'jayanta' ke nAma ke sAtha uddhRta kiye gaye hai aura ye sabhI zloka 'nyAyamajarI' (pR0 215-16) meM milate hai| yaha eka mArke kI bAta hai ki yahA~ 'pallava' se uddharaNa dene kI bAta nahIM kahI gaI hai| eka dUsarA hI aisA uddharaNa, jo 'jayanta' ke anya se pRSTha 543 para diyA gayA hai, 'nyAyamajarI' (pR0 117) me bhI milatA hai aura yahA~ bhI 'pallava' kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| bhAga 4, pR0 780 meM jayanta tathA usake 'pallava' kA kathana jisa zloka me kiyA gayA hai vaha 'nyAyamajarI' meM nahIM milatAtadukta bhaTTajayantenApi pallave kiJcAvicchinnadRSTInA pralayodayavajita / bhAvo'skhalita sattAka cakAstItyAmasAkSikam // guNaratna kI SaDdarzana samuccayavRtti (1406 I.) me jayanta ko 'nayakalikA' kA ullekha huA hai, parantu usameM yaha kathana ki nayakalikA bhAsarvaja ke nyAyamAra para likhI huI TIkA hai, ThIka nahIM jAna pddtaa| isake alAvA satIzacandra vidyAbhUpaNa ke grantha (History of Indian Logic) me jayanta kI 'pallava' nAmaka kisI kRti kA ullekha nahIM hai| bhAga 3, pR0 576-jJAnazrImitra vauddhanaiyAyika (11vI zatAbdI kA mdhybhaag)| yahAM usakA eka pUrA zloka uddhRta hai| pR0712 meM eka zloka usake apohaprakaraNa grantha meM se pUrA kA pUrA diyA huA hai| bhAga 4, 55

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434 premI-abhinadana-graMtha pR0770 para usake grantha meM se eka gadyakhaDa uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| zrI rAhula sAkRtyAyana ne tibbata me prApta saskRta ke hastalikhita grantho kI sUcI meM isa lekhaka ke 13 gantho ko ginAyA hai-udAharaNArya, kAryakAraNabhAvasiddhi, kSaNabhagAdhyAya, vyApticarcA, bhedAbhedaparIkSA Adi (dekhie jarnala oNva vihAra aiDa uDIsA risarca sosAiTI, jilda 28, bhAga 4, pR0 143-44) / bhAga 4, pR0 787-88-trilocana tathA ca trilocana prakIrNake . sarveSA nAzahetUnA vaikalyapratibandhayo / sarvadAsabhavAnnAza sApekSo'pi dhruvatvabhAk // 'eva ca dhruvabhAvitvasya' Adi (eka lambA gadyakhaDa uddhRta hai)| yaha trilocana vAcaspati mizra kA guru ho sakatA hai, jisakA ullekha usane apanI tAtparyaTIkA me kiyA hai / ralakIrti ne bhI apane apohasiddhi tathA kSaNabhagasiddhi mantho me trilocana kA kathana kiyA hai (hisTrI oNva iDiyana laoNjika, pR0 134) / bhAga 4, pR0 774-75 devabala tayA dharmottara ke eka anya para usakI ttokaa| etena yadapi dharmottaravizeSavyAkhyAnakozatAbhimAnI devavala prAha-nirbhAge'pi ca kArye pAvApodvApAbhyA vizeSahetUnA vibhyamasiddhiriti chalanodyAnAmanavasA' iti / isa vauddha lekhaka kA ullekha zrI esa0sI0 vaidya ne yA zrI vidyAbhUSaNa ne apane nyAya ke itihAsa meM nahI kiyaa| bhAga 1, pR0 173 devendra / isa vauddha lekhaka kA havAlA dete hue likhA hai ki usane eka grantha para jisake lekhaka kA nAma ajJAta hai, TIkA kI hai / usa ganya se bhI yahAM uddharaNa diye hue hai| tadukta 'nIlAdizcitravijJAne jJAnopAdhirananyabhAk / azakyadarzanasta hi patatyarthe vivecayan // ' pratra devendravyArayA 'citrajJAne hi yo nIlAdi' Adi (eka lavA gdyaash)| pR0 180 paraeka ajJAtalekhaka kI aisI hI kArikA dI huI hai aura usa para devendra kI TIkA me se eka lambA uddharaNa diyA huA hai tadukta kiM syAtsA citrakasyA na syAttasyA matAvapi / yadIda svayamarthAnA rocate tatra ke vayam // praya devendra cyAtyA-'yadi nAmaphasyA mato Adi yaha devendra nAmaka lekhaka devendravodhi ho sakatA hai, jisakA samaya sAtavI za0 I. ke madhya kA hai aura jisane dharmakIti ke pramANavArtika para eka pajikA likhI hai (hisTrI oNva iDiyana laoNjika, pR0 316) / bhAga 1, pR0 24, 25, 27, 170 Adi me dharmottara kA kathana prAya kiyA gayA hai| isa vauddhanaiyAyika ne nyAyavinduTIkA, pramANavinizcayaTIkA Adi racanAeM kI hai| dharmottara 800 I0 meM kAzmIra gayA thA jaba vahAM jayApIDa zAsaka thA (rAjataragiNI, bhAga 4, pR0 468) / bhAga 5, pR0 1066-nemicadragaNi, svaya granthakAra zrIdeva kA ziSya / tayA ca asmadvineyasya niravadyavidyApadminIpramodanadyumaNeH nemicandragaNe atra vyatirekaprayoga 'tvatprati vAdi zarIra praadi| nemicandragaNi ke kisa gratha kA yahA havAlA diyA gayA hai, yaha ajJAta hai|

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zrIdevaracita 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' meM anya grantho aura granthakAro ke ullekha 435 bhAga 8, pR0 372 | vAcaspati mizra kI nyAyakArikA me uddharaNa diyA gayA hai / yaha grantha mImAsA para likhe hue maDanamizra ke vidhiviveka (paDitasaskaraNa) para TIkA hai / bhAga 1, pR0 23 dharmakIrti likhita nyAyavinizcaya / pR0 21 uparyukta grantha para likhI huI TIkA tathA vRtti nAmaka do bhASya / bhAga 1, pR0 44 umAsvAti jaina tathA unakA graMtha pacazatI prakaraNa yadavAci paJcazatI prakaraNa praNayana pravINa umAsvAti vAcakamukhyai - - . tAnevArthAdviSata tAnevArthAn pralIyamAnasya / nizcayato'syAniSTa na vidyate kiJcidiSTavA // iti / padArthapravezaka gratha / jaisA ki sampAdaka ne likhA hai, yaha prazastapAdabhASya hai / padmacandragaNi / yaha sambhavata zrIdeva kA pradhAna ziSya hai / prakaraNacaturdazIkAra tathA unakA grantha dharmasAraprakaraNa / bhAga 4, pR0878 bhAga 4, pR0 802 bhAga 4, pR0 865 prakaraNacaturdazIkAro'pi dharmasAraprakaraNe prAha--na hyaGganAvadanacchAyAnusakrAmAtirekeNAdarzake tatpratibiMba saMbhava ityAdi / pro0 velakara ke 'jinaratnakoza' (bhAga 1, pR0 194 va ) me kimI sakalakIrti dvArA likhita dharmasAra grantha kA ullekha hai / bhAga 3, pR0 560 prajJAkara / dazavI za0 ke madhya kA vauddha naiyAyika, jisane dharmakIrti ke pramANavArtika para alakAra nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / bhAga 2, pR0 466 | prabhAcadra, jaina tArkika (825 I0) jisane tattvArthasUtra para eka TIkA likhI hai / yahA~ diyA huA uddharaNa usI TIkA se hai / bhAga 2, pR0 478 prameyakamalamArtaNDa / yaha mANikyanandin ke parIkSAmukhasUtra para likhI huI prabhAcandra kI TIkA hai / yaha usa samaya likhI gaI thI jaba bhoja dhArA me rAjya kara rahe the / bhAga 2, pR0 320, 345 prazastapAdabhASya --- prazastapAda kA padArtha varmaMsagraha ( vaizeSika grantha) / bhAga 4, pR0 920 para lekhaka kA nAma prazastakara diyA huA hai / bhAga 1, pR0 86, bhAga 3, pR0 648-49, 654 yahA~ bhartRhari kA havAlA kahI to usake nAma ke sahita diyA huA hai aura kahI usakA nAma nahI diyA hai / bhAga 2, pR0 322, bhAga 4, pR0 852 bhUSaNa / yaha bhAsarvajJa kA nyAyabhUSaNa hai, jisakA ullekha bahuta se anya grantho me bhI AyA hai, parantu jo abhI taka prApta nahI ho sakA / guNaratna kI SaDvRttidarzana, rAjazekhara sUri ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya tathA nyAyasAra para bhaTTa rAghava kI TokA Adi jaina grantho me likhA hai ki bhUpaNa, nyAyasAra para granthakAra dvArA svaya likhI huI TIkA hai / bhAga 3, pR0 566 municandrasUri (mRty 1121 I0 ) / zrIdeva ne apane grantha me aneka sthAno para apane guru municandra kA jikra kiyA hai / prama adhyAya ke anta meM haribhadra racita lalitavistAra para municandra kI TIkA kA kathana hai / lalitavistAra caityavandanAsUtra (prakA0 devacandra lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra phaDa mIrIja ) para bhASya hai / adhyAya do ke anta meM zivagarman ke karmaprakRtiprAbhRta para municandramUri dvArA likhI huI TIkA kA jikra hai / pA~cave adhyAya ke anta me zrIdeva ne zAstravAtamimuccaya para municandra kI TIkA kA ullekha kiyA hai / pro0 velakara ke 'jinaratnakoza' (bhAga 1 ) me isa TIkA kA nAma nahI hai aura na vaha municandralikhita 32 granyo kI

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436 premI abhinaMdana-pratha sUcI me milatA hai / yaha sUcI zrI eca0 Ara0 kApaDiyA dvArA likhita haribhadra ke anekAntajayapatAkA ( prakA0 gAyaka ori0 sI0, municandra ke bhASya sahita ) kI bhUmikA pR0 30 ma milatI hai / adhyAya 6 ke anta meM haribhadra ke upadezapada para likhI huI municandra kI TIkA kA havAlA diyA gayA hai / bhAga 1, pR0 160 -- yahA~ para rAhula nAmaka lekhaka kA ullekha milatA hai, jisane dharmakIrti ke pramANavArtika para TIkA likhI hai / bhAga 2, pR0 346, 467, bhAga 3, pR0 521 vidyAnanda, prasiddha jaina lekhaka jisane tattvArthazlokavArtika Adi grantha likhe hai / bhAga 2, pR0 286-7 / vimalaziva | isa naiyAyika kA patA eka lambe uddharaNa me calatA hai| usake viSaya me anyatra kucha patA nahI calatA / vimalaziva punaranyathA prAha-- vahabhyAdikana svaikasamavetAtIndriyakAryakRt, cAkSuSatye sati hetutvAt, yaditya yathA gotva, tathA ca vivAdAspada, tasmAttathA, prAdi / yaha uddharaNa yoga arthAta naiyAyiko dvArA zakti ke matakhaDana ke sabadha meM AyA hai / bhAga 2, pR0 286 viSNubhaTTa / zakti-mata ke Upara isa nyAyika kA kathana kiyA gayA hai-viSNubhaTTastvAha-- svarUpasahArivyatiriktA zaktirastItivAkyamanarthaka, sarvapramANairanupalabhyamAnArthatvAt, yaditya tattayA yathA mulyaye karizata mAste iti vAkya yathoktasAdhana caitat tasmAdyathoktasAdhyam / pR0 288 para puna usakA mata uddhRta hai- tathA cAbhidadhe viSNubhaTTena' pratibandhaka prAgabhAvapradhvasabhA vayozca nIlapItAdyaneka vidhAnAmiva yathAsaMbhava kAraNatva vizeSata' iti / bhAga 2, pR0 318 vyomaNiva, vaizepika, prazastapAdabhASya para vyomavatI TIkA kA lekhaka / pR0 416 tathA 498 para usake do aura utlekha milate hai / bhAga 2, pR0 439 / zakara nAmaka eka naiyAyika kA mata yahA~ uddhRta hai tathA bhAga 4, pR0 852 meM nyAyamaNakAra ke sAtha usakA mata diyA huA hai, tathA dono ko umI vAkya kA kartA mAnA gayA hai / 1 astyevAsya ( Izvarasya) zarIramiti zavara / 2 yacca zakaranyAyabhUSaNa kArAvacakSate -- yo hi bhAvo yAvatyA sAmagradhA gRhyate, tadabhAvo'pi tAvatyaiveti zrAlokagrahaNasAmagrayA gRhyamANa tamastadabhAva eva / dUsarA uddharaNa usI rUpa me ratnaprabha kI pramANanayatattvAlokAlakAra para likhI huI TIkA ( pR068, yazovijayaganyamAlA maskaraNa) me milatA hai / karasvAmin nAmaka naiyAyika kA mata zAntarakSita tathA kamalazIla ke dvArA tattvamagraha tathA pajikA (gAyaka0 ori0 se0, pR0 81, 250, 378) meM tIna bAra uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / bhAga 4, pR0 783 zakaranandana, vauddha lekhaka, usakI eka kArikA isa prakAra do hai kAraNAdbhavato'rthasya nazvarasyaiva svabhAva kRtakaravasya bhAvasya pR0 787 para usakI eka kArikA svayaM usakI TIkA sahita uddhRta hai etena zaGkara nadanoktakArikA yAvaduktamapAstam / yadapi zakaranadana eva vyAkaroti---- bhAvata / kSaNabhagitA // na hi svahetujo nAzo nAzinA nazvarAtmatA / nAzAyaiSA bhavantaste bhUtvaiva na bhavanti tat // nAzinA nazvarAtmataiva nAzArtho na tu vinAzahetujo vinAzo nAzAyaM zrAdi //

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zrIdevaracita 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' meM anya granthoM aura granthakAro ke ullekha 437 kyA yaha zakarananda vahI kAzmIrI brAhmaNa zakarAnanda hai, jisane vauddha grantha - pramANavArtikaTIkA, pohasiddha yadi likhe hai ? bhAga 4 pR0 957 zarkarikA hameM yahA~ nimnalikhita uddharaNa milatA hai-- yattu 'pratyeka samavetArtha' ityAdi kArikA vyAkhyAyA jayamatra zarkarikAyA prAha-- 'gomati dharmiNI, kRtsnavastuviSayeti sAdhyo dharma kRtsnarUpatvAditi hetu / yA yA kRtsnarUpA sAsA kRtsnavastuviSayA, vyaktibuddhivaditi dRSTAnta' iti / yaha kArikA kumArila ke glokavArnika (vanavAda, gloka 46 ) me me dI gaI hai| zarkarikA uma bhApya kA nAma hai jo jayamizra ne glokavAnika para likhA hai aura jo umbeka ke bhASya ke Age likhA gayA hai / ata Upara ke uddharaNa meM pahalI pakti kA zuddha pATha jaya mizra zarkarikAyA prAha -- honA cAhie / zrIdeva ke dvArA jo praza diyA gayA hai vaha garkarikA ke madrAsa yunivarmiTI namkaraNa me pR0 32 me milatA hai / zrIdeva dvArA diyA huA yaha uraNa mahattvapUrNa haiM, kyoki aba taka kevala yahI bAhya pramANa upalabdha ho sakA hai, jisame jayamizra kI garkarikA kA ullekha hai | bhAga 2, pR0 475 | bhadanta zAkaTAyana ke kevala mukti prakaraNa meM me yahA~ eka lamvA grA uddhRta hai / bhAga 1, pR0 61, 112-15 / mImAnAkAra zAlikanAtha, prakaraNapatrikA ke lekhaka, kA kathana yahA~ kiyA gayA hai / bhAga 2, pR0 236, bhAga 2, pR0 288, 318 zrAdi zrIghara kandalI nAmaka nyAyagrantha ke lekhaka, kA yahA~ kaI vAra z2ikra hai / bhAga 3, pR0 64e| sagrahakAra / vyADi nAmaka vaiyAkaraNa kA yahA~ ullekha hai, jisake grantha me bhartRhari 'apane grantha vAkyapadIya tathA usakI vRtti ma uddaraNa liye hai / jima kArikA ko yahA~ zrIdeva ne yaha kaha kara uddhRta kiyA hai ki vaha saMgrahakAra kI 'yayAdyamanyA' Adi hai, vaha vAkyapadIya (1,88) me milatI hai / pR0 645 yadAha magrahakAra - zabdamya graheNa henu yAdi / imako bhartRhari ne apanI vRtti me magrahakAra kI likhI huI kahA hai ( pR0 78-6, caDIdeva zAstrI dvArA vAkyapadIya kA lAhaura maskaraNa, bhAga 1 ) / bhAga 1, pR0 62 / samatabhadra / yaha prasiddha jainanaiyAyika hai jisane tattvArthAdhigamasUtra para gandhahamti - mahAbhASya kI racanA kI hai| bhAga 2, pR0 467 sarvArthasiddhi / nattvArthamUtra para pUjyapAda devanandin kRta bhASya / zrIdeva ne isakA asna kiyA hai / bhAga 1, pR0 86 haribhadrasUri kRta zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM yahA~ uddharaNa diyA gayA hai / adhyAya 5 ke anta me zrIdeva ne apane guru municandra kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinhoMne haribhadrasUri ke ukta grantha para eka TIkA likhI thI / bhAga 2, pR0 292 harihara nAmaka naiyAyika kA ullekha hai yattu harihara prAha-na ca durbala uttejakamantra stambhakamantrasya pratipakSa / tasmin satyapi stambhakamantrasya kAryakaraNadarzanAt / bhAga 1, pR0 103 me mamAramocako kA ullekha hai, jinheM sampAdaka ne brahmAdvaitavAdI mAnA hai / jayanta kI 'nyAyamajarI' meM mamAramocako kA kathana bauddho ke mAtha kiyA gayA hai aura unake viSaya meM likhA hai ki ve pApakarmo tathA AgamI kA pracAra karate aura prANihimA meM rata rahane haiM, tathA ve sparza ke yogya nahI hai - ye tu sIgata sasAramocakAgamA pApakAcAropadezina vyasteSu prAmANyamAryo'numodatesasAramocakA pApA prANihiMsAparAyaNA / mohapravRttA rAveti na pramANa tadAgama // X X X

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premI-prabhinadana-pratha 438 sasAramocaka spRSTvA ziSTA. snAnti savAsasa / (pR0 265-6, vijayanagara saskaraNa) vedAntiyo yA brahmadarzana ke anuyAyiyo ke prati jayanta ne kaThora zabdo kA vyavahAra kiyA hai, parantu Upara kI AlocanA advaitavAdiyo ke prati prayukta nahI jAna pddtii| bhAga 1, pR0 160-paramabrahmavAdI / yahA~ eka zArdUlavikrIDita chanda uddhRta kiyA gayA haiatha paramabrahmavAdina pAhu bhAvagrAmo ghaTAdirvahiriha ghaTate vastuvRtyA na kazcit / tanmiyyeSa prapaJca tamapi ca manute tattvabhUta jano'yam / prauDhAvidyA vilAsapravalanarapate pAravazya gatassan / AtmAdvaita tu tattva paramiha paramAnandarUpa tadastu / bhAga 1, pR0 27-28 me kucha kAvyo tathA nATako me uddharaNa diye hue hai, kintu unake racayitAo ke nAma nahI hai kRtakakupita bASpAbhobhi AlokamArga sahasA ajantyA (raghu0, 7, 6, phumAra0 7, 57) paulastya svayameva yAcata iti (vAlarAmAyaNa, 2, 20) tAtAjjanmavavilaDitaviyat vaya gata saprati zocanIyatAm (kumAra0 5, 81) tapasvibhiryA sucireNa labhyate kAraNaguNyanuvRttyA sUryAcandramasau yatra prAjJA zakrazikhAmaNipraNayinI (bAlarAmAyaNa, 1, 36) bhAga 2, pR0 273 rAvaNa-sambandhI 'vavatu sarve yadAjJAm 'chanda uddhRta hai| bhAga 2, pR0 273 para eka chanda diyA gayA hai, jisame zrIsadha nAmaka kisI rAjA kA guNagAna hai / madarAsa] [anu0-zrI kRSNadatta bAjapeyI

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apabhraMza bhASA kA 'jambUsvAmicarita' aura mahAkavi vIra 50 paramAnanda jaina zAstrI bhAratIya mAhitya meM jana-vADmaya apanI vizeSatA rakhatA hai / jainiyo kA sAhitya bhArata kI vibhinna bhASAo meM dekhA jAtA hai| maskRta, prAkRta, ardhamAgavI, gauramainI, mahArASTrI, apabhraza, tAmila, telagU, kanaDI, hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI aura vaeNgalA Adi bhApAnI meM aisI koI prAcIna bhASA avaziSTa nahIM hai, jisame jaina-sAhitya kI mRSTi na kI gaI ho| itanA hI nahIM, apitu darzana, siddhAnta, vyAkaraNa, kAvya, vaidyaka, jyotiSa, chanda, alakAra, purANa carita tathA mantra-tantrAdi sabhI viSayo para vipula jaina-sAhitya upalabdha hotA hai| yadyapi rAja-viplavAdi upadravo ke kAraNa jainiyo kA bahuta-mAprAcIna bahumUlya sAhitya naSTa ho cukA hai, tathApi jo kucha kisI taraha vaca gayA hai, usase usakI mahAnatA eva vizAlanA spaSTa dRSTigocara hotI hai| jainiyo ke purANa aura carita-granyo kA adhikatara nirmANa mamkRta, prAkRta aura apabhraza bhASA meM huA hai| yahA~ apabhraza bhASA ke eka mahattvapUrNa prAcIna carita-granya aura usake lekhaka kA kucha paricaya denA hI isa lekha kA pramukha viSaya hai| yadyapi hama bhApA kA pUrA itihAsa abhI taka anizcita hai-isake utthAna-patana, abhyudaya aura asta kA koI kramika aura prAmANika itivRtta abhI taka nahIM likhA gayA, jisakI vaDI AvazyakatA hai to bhI ImA kI chaThI zatAbdI me satrahavI zatAbdI taka ima bhApA meM aneka granyo kI racanAeM hotI rahI hai, aisA upalavya racanAo se jJAta hotA hai / jisa samaya prastuta carita-grantha kI racanA huI, apabhraza bhASA kA vaha madhyAhna kAla thaa| usa samaya yaha bhASA kevala sava kI vola-cAla kI hI bhASA nahIM banI huI thI, balki mahAna sAhityika vidvAno kI navyakRtiyo kA nirmANa bhI isI bhASA me kiyA jAtA thaa| usa samaya tayA usame pUrva ke race hue isa bhASA ke granyo ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa anubhava hotA hai ki usa samaya isa bhASA kI aura kaviyo kA vizeSa anurAga thA aura janatA uma pracalita bhASA meM aneka granyo kA nirmANa karAnA apanA kartavya mamajhatI thii| sAhitya-jagata meM isakA mahAn Adara thaa| bhASA meM mauSThavatA, maramatA, arthagauravatA aura padalAlitya kI kamI nahIM hai| paddhaDiyA, caupaI, duvaI, margiNI, gAhA, ghattA aura trimagI Adi chando me granyo ko racanA vaDI hI priya aura manorajaka mAlUma hotI hai aura paDhate samaya kavi ke hRdayagata bhAvo kA sajIva citra akita hotA jAtA hai / bhASA kI prAJjalatA ume vAra-vAra paDhane ke lie prerita eva AkarSita karatI hai| yaha bhASAhI uttarakAla meM apane adhikatama vikasita rUpa ko prakaTa karatI huI hindI, marAThI aura gujarAtI Adi bhApAo kI jananI huI hai--svayabhU aura puSpadantAdi mahAkaviyo kI kRtiyo kA rasAsvAdana karane se isa bhASA kI gambhIratA saramatA, maralatA aura artha-pravodhakatA kA pada-pada para anubhava hotA hai| grantha paricaya isa granya kA nAma 'jambUsvAmicarita' hai| isame jainiyo ke antima kevalI zrI jambUsvAmI ke jIvana-carita kA acchA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| yaha granya upalabdha sAhitya me apabhraza bhApA kA sabase prAcIna carita-anya hai| ava taka imame purAtana koI carita-granya, jisakA mvatantra rUpa meM nirmANa huaA ho, dekhane me nahI aayaa| hA~, prAcArya guNabhadra aura mahAkavi puSpadanta ke uttara purANo meM jambUsvAmI ke carita para makSipta prakAza DAlA gayA hai| zvetAmbarIya mampradAya meM bhI jambUmvAmI ke jIvana paricAyaka grantha likhe gaye hai| jaina-granyAvali me mAlUma hotA hai ki ukta sampradAya meM 'jambUpayannA' nAma kA eka grantha hai, jo Dekana kAleja, pUnA ke bhaDAra me aba bhI vidyamAna hai| AcArya hemacandra ne bhI apane pariziSTa parva meM jambUsvAmI ke carita kA makSipta citraNa kiyA hai aura pandrahavI zatAbdI ke vidvAna

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440 premI-abhinadana-pratha jayazekharasUri ne 726 padyo meM jambUsvAmI ke carita kA nirmANa kiyA hai| inake sivAya padmasundara Adi vidvAno ne bhI jambUsvAmI ke carita para prakAza DAlA hai| inameM 'jambUpayannA' kA kAla anizcita hai aura vaha grantha bhI abhI taka prakAza me nahI pAyA hai| isake sivAya zeSa saba grantha prastuta jambUsvAmIcarita se vAda kI racanAe~ hai / ubhaya sampradAya ke ina carita grantho me varNita kathA me paraspara kucha bheda jasra pAyA jAtA hai / usa para yahAM prakAza DAlanA ucita nhiiN| kisI grantha kI racanA kisI bhI bhASA me kyo na kI gaI ho, parantu usa bhApA kA proDha vidvAna kavi apanI Antarika vizuddhatA, kSayopazama kI vizeSatA aura kavitvazakti se usa gatha ko itanA adhika AkarSaka banA detA hai ki paDhane vAle vyakti ke hRdaya meM usa grantha aura usake nirmAtA kavi ke prati prAdarabhAva utpanna hue vinA nahIM rhtaa| grantha ko sarasa aura sAlakAra banAne meM kavi kI pratibhA aura Antarika cittazudvi hI pradhAna kAraNa hai| "jina kaviyoM kA sampUrNa zabdasandoharUpa candramA matirUpa sphaTika me prativimbita hotA hai una kaviyo me bhI Upara kisI hI kavi kI vuddhi kyA adRSTa apUrva artha me sphurita nahIM hotI hai ? jara hotI hai|" granthakAra ne apane ukta bhAva kI puSTi me nimna padya diyA hai sa phopyatarvedyo vacanaparipArTI gamayata , kave kasyApyartha sphurati hRdi vAcAmaviSaya / sarasvatyapyaryAnnigadanavidhI yasya viSamAmanAtmIyA cepTAmanubhavati kaSTa ca manute // arthAt-kAvya ke viSama artha ko kahane me marasvatI bhI anAtmIya cepTA kA anubhava karatI hai aura kapTa mAnatI hai| kintu vacana kI paripATI ko janAne vAle antarvedI kisI kavi ke hRdaya me hI kisI-kisI padya yA vAkya kA vaha artha sphurAyamAna hotA hai, jo vacana kA viSaya nahI hai| lekina jinako bhAratI (vANI) loka meM rasabhAva kA udbhAvana to karatI hai parantu mahAn pravandha ke nirmANa meM spaSTa rUpa se vistRta nahIM hotI, granyakAra kI dRSTi meM, ve kavIndra hI nahIM hai| prastuta gratha kI bhASA bahuta hI prAJjala, subodha, sarasa aura gambhIra artha kI pratipAdaka hai aura isame puSpadantAdi mahAkaviyo ke kAvya-grantho kI bhASA ke samAna hI prauDhatA aura arthagaurava ko chaTA yatra-tatra dRSTigocara hotI hai| jambUsvAmI antima kevalI hai, ise digambara-zvetAmbara dono hI mampradAya vAle nirvivAda rUpa se mAnate hai aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa se jambUsvAmI ke nirvANa taka kI paramparA bhI ubhaya sampradAyo meM prAya eka-sI hai, kintu usake bAda dono meM matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| jambUsvAmI apane samaya ke prasiddha aitihAsika mahApuruSa hue hai| ve kAma ke asAdhAraNa vijetA the| unake lokottara jIvana kI pAvana jhA~kI hI caritra-niSThA kA eka mahAn 'jANa samaggasadoha meMduu ramai bhaiphaDakkami / tANa pi hu uvarillA kassa va buddhI na paripphuraI // 5 // -javUsvAmIcarita sadhi 1 'mA hotu te kaidA garuyapavaghe vijANa nivvUDhA / rasabhAvamuggiratI vittharai na bhAraI bhuvaNe // 2 // -jabUsvA0 sa01 'digambara paraparA meM jabUsvAmI ke pazcAt viSNu, nandImitra, aparAjita, govarddhana aura bhadrabAhu ye pAMca zrutakevalI mAne jAte hai, kintu zvetAmbarIya paraparA meM prabhava, zayyabhava, yazobhadra, prAryasabhUtivijaya, aura bhadrabAhu ina pAMca zrutakebaliyo kA nAmollekha pAyA jAtA hai| inameM bhadrabAhu ko choDakara cAra nAma eka dUsare se bilkula bhinna hai|

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441 apabhraMza bhASA kA 'jambUsvAmicarita' aura mahAkavi vIra zrAdarza rUpa jagat ko pradAna karatI haiM / inake pavitratama upadeza ko pAkara hI vidyuccara jaisA mahAn cora bhI apane caurakarmAdi duSkarmoM kA parityAga kara apane pA~ca sau yoddhAo ke sAtha mahAn tapasviyo me agraNIya tapasvI ho jAtA vyarAdikRta mahAn upasargoM ko sasagha sAmyabhAva se saha kara sahiSNutA kA eka mahAn Adarza upasthita karatA hai / usa samaya magadha deza kA zAsaka rAjA zreNika thA, jise vimvamAra bhI kahate hai / usakI rAjadhAnI 'rAyagiha' (rAjagRha) kahalAtI thI, jise vartamAna meM loga rAjagara ke nAma se pukArate hai / granthakarttA ne magava deza aura rAjagRha kA varNana karate hue aura vahA~ ke rAjA zreNika kA paricaya dete hue usake pratApAdi kA jo makSipta varNana kiyA hai, usake tIna padya yahA~ diye jAte hai "caDa bhupradaDakhaDiyapayaDamaDaliyamaDalI vi saDDheM / dhArAkhaDaNabhIyavva jayasirI vasai jassa khaggake // 1 // re re palAha kAyara muhai pekkhadda na sagare sAmI / iya jassa payAvadyosaNAe vihaDati vairiNo dUre // 2 // jassa rakkhiya gomaDalassa purusuttamassa paDhAe / ke ke savA na jAyA samare gayapaharaNA riuNo // 3 // " rAjAo kA samUha khaDita ho gayA hai, (jisane aura dhArA-khaDana ke bhaya se hI mAno jayazrI arthAt -- "jisake pracaDa bhujadaDa ke dvArA pracaDa mADalika apanI bhujAo ke vala se mADalika rAjAtro ko jIta liyA hai) jisake khajAta meM vasatI hai / "rAjA zreNika sagrAma me yuddha se satramta kAyara puruSo kA mukha nahI dekhate, 're, re kAyara purupo / bhAga jAo' ---- isa prakAra jisake pratApa varNana se hI zatru dUra bhAga jAte hai / gomaDala ( gAyo kA samUha ) jisa taraha puruSottama viSNu ke dvArA rakSita rahatA hai, usI taraha yaha pRthvImaMDala bhI puruSo me uttama rAjA zreNika ke dvArA rakSita rahatA hai / rAjA zreNika ke samakSa yuddha meM aise kauna zatru- subhaTa hai, jo mRtyu ko prApta nahI hue, athavA jinhone kezava (viSNu) ke Age zrAyudharahita hokara zrAtma-samarpaNa nahI kiyA / " isa taraha grantha kA kathAbhAga bahuta hI sundara, sarasa aura manoraMjaka hai aura kavi ne kAvyocita sabhI guNo kA dhyAna rakhate hue use paThanIya banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai / grantha nirmANa meM preraka isa grantha kI racanA me jinakI preraNA ko pAkara kavi pravRtta huA hai, usakA paricaya granthakAra ne nimnarUpa se diyA hai - mAlavA meM vakkaDavaza' ke tilaka mahAmUdana ke putra takkhaDu zreSThI rahate the / yaha granthakAra ke pitA mahAkavi devadatta ke parama mitra the / inhone hI vIra kavi se jambUsvAmIcarita ke sakalana karane kI preraNA kI thI zraura takkhaDu " 'yaha vaza gyArahavIM bArahavIM, aura terahavIM zatAbdiyoM meM khUba prasiddha rhaa| isa vaza meM digambarazvetAmbara dono hI sampradAyoM kI mAnyatA vAle the / digambara sampradAya ke kaI vidvAn isI vaza meM hue hai, jaise bhavisayattakahA ke kartA kavi dhanapAla aura dharmaparIkSA ke kartA hariSeNa / hariSeNa ne zrapanI dharmaparIkSA vi0sa0 1044 meM banAI thI / prata yaha dhakkaDa yA gharkaTa vaza isase bhI prAcIna jAna paDatA hai / delavADA ke vi0 sa0 1287 ke tejapAla vA lezilAlekha meM gharkaTa yA ghakkaDa jAti kA ullekha hai - lekhaka / 56

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442 premI-abhinadana-graMtha zreSThI ke kaniSTa bhrAtA bharata ne use adhika sakSipta aura adhika vistRta rUpa se na kaha kara sAmAnya kathAvastu ko hI kahane kA Agraha kiyA thA aura takkhaDu zreSThI ne bharata ke kathana kA samarthana kiyA aura isa taraha granthakartA ne anya banAne kA udyama kiyaa| grathakAra isa grantha ke kartA mahAkavi vIra hai, jo vinayazIla vidvAna aura kavi the| inakI cAra striyAM thii| jinavatI, pomAvatI, lIlAvatI aura jayAdevI aura nemicandra nAma kA eka putra bhI thA / ' mahAkavi vIra vidvAna aura kavi hone ke sAtha-sAtha guNagrAhI nyAya-priya aura samudAra vyakti the| unakI guNa-grAhakatA kA spaSTa ullekha granya kI caturtha sandhi ke prArambha me pAye jAnevAle nimna padya se hotA hai praguNA Na muNati guNa guNiNo na sahati paraguNe daThTha / vallahaguNA vi guNiNo viralA kai vIra-sAricchA // arthAt--''aguNa athavA nirguNa puruSa guNo ko nahI jAnatA aura guNIjana dUsare ke guNo ko bhI nahIM dekhate, unhe sahana bhI nahI kara sakate, parantu vIra kavi ke sadRza kavi virale hai, jo dUsaro ke guNo ko samAdara ko dRSTi se dekhate hai|" kavi kA vaza aura mAtA-pitA kavi vIra ke pitA guDakheDa deza ke nivAsI the aura inakA vaza athavA goya 'lADa bAgaDa' thA / yaha vaza kASThA sagha kI eka zAkhA hai| isa vaza meM aneka digambarAcArya aura bhaTTAraka hue hai, jaise jayasena, guNAkarasena aura mahAsena' tathA sa0 1145 ke dUvakuNDa vAle zilAlekha meM ullikhita devasena aadi| isase isa vaza kI pratiSThA kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| inake pitA kA nAma devadatta thaa| yaha 'mahAkavi' vizeSaNa se bhUSita the aura samyaktvAdi guNa se alkRt| inakI do racanAo kA ullekha prastuta grantha meM kiyA gayA hai / eka varAgacarita', jimakA inhone paddhaDiyA chanda me udvAra kiyA thaa| dUsarI 'ambAdevIrAsa', jo inakI svatantra kRti mAlUma hotI hai| ye dono kRtiyA~ abhI taka aprApya hai| sambhava hai, kisI bhaDAra meM ho aura ve prayala karane para mila jaayeN| inakI mAtA kA nAma 'santu' athavA 'santuva' thA, jo zIlaguNa se alakRta thii| inake tIna laghu sahodara aura the, jo baDe hI vuddhimAn the aura jinake nAma 'sIhalla', 'lakkhaNaka' aura 'jasaI' the, jaisA ki prazasti ke nimna padyo se prakaTa hai 'jAyA jassa maNihA jiNavai pomAvai puNo viiyaa| lIlAvaiti taIyA pacchima bhajjA jayAdevI // 8 // paDhama kalatta garaho satANa kamatta viDavi paaroho| viNayaguNamaNiNihANo taNano taha NomicaMdo tti // -jabUsvAmicaritaprazasti / 'kASThA sapo bhuvikhyAto jAnanti nUsurAsurAH / tatra gacchAzca catvAro rAjante vizrutA kSitI // zrInanditaTasajJazca mAthuro vAgaDAbhigha / lADavAga ityete vikhyAtA kSiti maNDale // -paTTAvali bha0 surendrkiiti| 'dekho, mahAsena pradyumnacarita prazasti, kArajA prati /

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apabhraMza bhASA kA 'jambUsvAmicarita' aura mahAkavi vIra jassa kai-devayatto jaNayo sccriylddhmaahppo| suhasIlasuddhavaso jaNaNI sirisatumA bhaNiyA // 6 // jassaya pasaNNavayaNA lahuNo sumai sshoyraatinnnni| . sIhalla lakkhaNakA jasai NAme ti vikkhAyA // 7 // cUki kavivara vIra kA bahuta sA samaya rAjyakArya, dharma, artha aura kAma kI goSThI meM vyatIta hotA thA, isaliye inheM isa jambUsvAmIcarita nAmaka grantha ke nirmANa karane meM pUrA eka varSa kA samaya laga gayA thaa|' kavi 'vIra' kevala kavi hI nahI the, valki bhaktirama ke bhI premI the| inhone meghavana' meM patthara kA eka vizAla jinamandira vanavAyA thA aura usI meghavana paTTaNa meM varddhamAna jina kI vizAla pratimA kI pratiSThA bhI kI thii| kavi ne prazasti meM mandira-nirmANa aura pratimA-pratiSTA ke savatAdi kA koI ullekha nahI kiyaa| phira bhI itanA to nizcita hI hai ki jambUsvAmi-carita grantha kI racanA se pUrva hI ukta dono kArya sampanna ho cuke the| pUrvavartI vidvAnoM kA ullekha anya meM kavi ne apane se pUrvavartI nimna vidvAna kaviyo kA ullekha kiyA hai zAnti kavi, jo kavi hote hue bhI vAdIndra the aura jayakavi, jinakA pUrA nAma jayadeva mAlUma hotA hai, jinakI vANI adRSTa apUrva artha meM sphurita hotI hai| yaha jayakavi vahI mAlUma hote hai, jinakA ullekha jayakIrti ne apane chandAnuzAsana me kiyA hai| inake sivAya svayabhUdeva, puSpadanta aura devadatta kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| 'bahurAyakajjavammatyakAmagoTThIvihattasamayassa / vIrassa cariyakaraNe ikko saMvaccharo laggo ||5||-jbuusvaamicrit pr0| 'prayatna karane para bhI 'meghavana kA koI vizeSa paricaya upalabdha nahIM ho skaa| so jayau kai vIro vIrajiNadassa kAriya jeNa / pAhANamaya bhavaNa piyaruiseNa mehavaNe // ityeva diNe mehavaNa paTTaNe vaDDhamANajiNapaDimA / teNAvi mahAkaiNA vIreNa payaTThiyA pavarA ||-jbuusvaamicrit pr0| "satikaI vAI vihU vaNNukkariseSu phuriyvinnnnaanno| rasasiddhisaciyatyo viralo vAI kaI ekko // 3 // "vijayatu jae kaiNo jANa vANa aitttthpuvytye| ujjoiya dharaNiyalo sAhai vaTTinva NinvaDai // 4 // -jabUsvAmIcarita prsh0| 'mANDavva-piMgala-janAzraya-setavAkhya, zrIpUjyapAda-jayadeva-budhAdikAnAm / chadAsi vIkSya vividhAnapi satprayogAn chazenuzAsanamida jayakItinoktam ||-jaislmer bhnnddaargrnthsuucii| "sate sayabhUee ve ekko kai tti vinni puNu bhnniyaa| jAyammi pupphayate tiNi tahA devayattammi / -dekho jabUcarita, sadhi 5 kA prAvibhAga /

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444 pramo-prAbhanadana-praya grantha kA racanAkAla bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nivAMpa ke 470 varSa pazcAt vikrama kAla kI ulani hotI hai aura vikrama kAla ke 1076 varSa vyatIta hone para mAgha zuklA damamI ke dina ina jambUsvAmIcaritra kA AcArya-paramparA ne sune hue bahulAryaka prazasta pado ma nakalita kara uddhAra kiyA gayA, jaisA ki anya pragati ke nimna padya meM prakaTa hai varisANa sayacaukke sattarijutte jiNeMda vIrasta / jivApA uvavaNNA vikkamakAlasta uppattI // 1 // vikkamaNivakAlAno chAhattaradasasaesu varitANa / mAhammi suddhapakkhe datamodivasammi satammi // 2 // muNiya AyariyaparaparAe vIreNa vIraNihiTcha / bahulalya pasatyapaya pavaramiNa cariyamuddhariya // 3 // ina kA yaha granya jovana-paricaya ke sAtha-sAtha aneka mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika vyaktiyo ke ullekho aura unake sAmAnya paricayo se paripUrNa hai| isame bhagavAna mahAvIra aura unake mamakAlona vyaktiyo kA paricaya upalavva hotA hai, jo itihAmazo aura anvepaNa-kAMgo ke lie bar3A hI upayogI hogaa| x yaha pranya-prati bhaTTAraka mahendra kIti ambera yA Amera ke gAstrabhaDAra kI hai, jo pahale kino samaya jayapura rAjya kI gajavAnI thii| isa prati kI letraka-pragasti ke nauna hI padya namupalabdha hai, kyoki 7ve pana me Age kA 77vA~ patra upalabdha nahIM hai| una padyo me prathama va dvitIya padya meM prati-lipi ke sthAna kA nAma-nirdeza karate hue 'jhamanA ke unuga jina-mandiro kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai aura tatIya padya me umakA lipi-mamaya vikrama saMvat 1516 magagira zuklA trayodazI batalAyA hai, jisase yaha prati pAMca nau varSa ke lagabhaga purAnI jAna paDatI hai| sarasAvA ] . 'manye vaya puNyapurI babhAti, sA mujhaNeti prakaTIbabhUva / prottugatanmaDanacaityagehA sopAnavadRzyati nAkaloke // 1 // purassarArAmajalavapra, kUpA hANi tatrAsti ratIva ramyA (2) / dRzyanti lokA ghanapuNyabhAjo dadAti dAnasya vizAlazAlA // 2 // zrIvikramAna gate zatAbde, SaDekapacakasumArgazIrSe / trayodazIyA tithisarvazuddhA zrInavUsvAmIti ca pustako'ya // 3 //

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SaTakhaMDAgama, kammapayaDI, sataka aura sittarI prakaraNa . [kyA inakA eka hI udgama hai ? ] 50 hIrAlAla jaina jima prakAra paTkhaDAgama digambara sampradAya kA Adya parama mAnya siddhAnta grantha mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra kammapayaDI, sataka aura mittarI prakaraNa nAma se prasiddha grantha bhI zvetAmbara sampradAya me prAmANika eva prAcIna zAstra mAne jAte haiN| parvamAdhAraNa paTkhaDAgama ko digambara anya aura kammapayaDI, mataka aura mittarI ko zvetAmbara grantha mamajhate hai, parantu jaba ukta cAro granyo kI utyAnikAno ko dekhate hai to eka naye hI rahamya kA udghATana hotA hai / isalie ukta cAro granyo ko utthAnikAno para pAThako ko dRSTipAta karanA Avazyaka hai| paTkhaDAgama kI prasiddha dhavalA TokA me usakI utpatti kA jo udgama vanalAyA gayA hai vaha isa prakAra hai etya kimAyArAdo, eva puccA mavesi / No AyArAdo, eva vAraNA mavemi / diTTivAdAdo / (paTkha0 bhAga 1, pR0108) tasma paca atyAhimArA vati, pariyamma-mutta-paDhamANiyoga-pubbavagaya cUliyA cedi| (paTkha0 bhA0 1, pR0 106) etya kiM pariyammAdo, kiM suttAdo? eva pucchA manbemi / No pagyimmAdo, No suttAdo, eva vAraNA mavesi / punvgyaado| (namsa) atyAhiyAro coddmviho| ta jahA-utpAdapUrvaxxxityAdi / (paTana0 bhA0 1, pR0 114) etya kimuppAya puvvAdo, kimaggeNiyAdo? eva pucyA sarvasi / No uppAyapuvvAdo, eva vAraNA sarvomi / aggenniyaado| xxx(tamsa) atyAdhiyAro cohamaviho / ta jahA-punvate, avarate, dhuve, ave, cayaNaladvIxxx ityAdi / etya kiM puvvatnAdo, kiM avaranAdo ? eva puccA sanvesi kaaybaa| No puvvattAdo, No avarattAdo, eva vAraNA masiM kAyanvA / cynnlddhiido| (paTava0 bhA0 1, pR0 103)xxx(tasma) atyAdhiyAro viimdiviyo| etya kiM paDhamapAhuDAdo, kiM vidiyapAhuDAdo? eva pucchA mavesi NeyavvA / No paDhamapAhuDAdo, No vidiyApAhuDAdo, eva vAraNA mantremi NeyanvA / cautthapAhuDAdoxxx kmmpyddipaahuddaado| (paTkha0 bhA0 1, pR0 120)yxxtamma atyAhiyAro cuviimaadiviho| ta jahAkadI, vedaNAe, phAse, kamme,payaDIsuvidhaNe, NivaghaNe, pakkame, uvakkame, udaye, mokkhe, sakame, lessA, lessAyamme, lessA parigAme, sAdamasAde, dohe, rahasse, bhavadhAraNIye, poggalattA, NivattamaNivattaM, NikAcidamaNikAcida, kammaTidI, pacchimakkhaghetti / appAvahuga ca savvatya |xxxety kiM kadIdo, kiM veyaNAdo, eva pucchA savvatya kAyavvA / No kadIdo, No veyaNAdo, eva vAraNA mantremi nneyvaa| vavaNAdo Ixxxtamsa atyAdhiyAro cubihii| ta . jahA bagho, vavago, vaNijjo, vadhavidhANa cedi / etya kiM vavAdo, eva pucchA savvesi kAyavvA / No bavAdo No vnnijjaado| vavagAdo, badhavidhANAdo c|xxxvvidhaann cauviha / ta jahA-payaDivavo, TThidivayo, aNubhAgavadho, pademavavo cedi / tatya jo yo payaDivavo mo Duviho, mUlapayaDivayo, uttarapayaDibadhI cedi / XXXityAdi (paTkha0 bhA0 1, pR0 125-126) gatakaprakaraNa kI utyAnikA me cUrNikAra ne umakI utpatti kA jo krama batalAyA hai, vaha uparyukta zabdo meM hI isa prakAra hai xxxdiTTivAyAdo kahemi / kiM parikamma-mutta-paDhamANuproga-pubbagaya-cUligAmaiyAto manvAno diTTivAyAyo kaheni ? na ityucyate puvgyaao| kiM uppAyapuva aggeNiya jAva logaviMdusArApo tti eyAo coddasavihAno sabvAno putragayAo kahesi ? na ityucyate, aggeNiyAto vIyAno puvaato| kiM aTThavatyupariNAmAno

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446 premI-abhinadana-pratha aggeNiyapuvvAto savvAto kahemi ? na ityucyate, punvate, avarate, dhuve, adhuve cavaNaladdhINAma pacama vatyU, tAto pacamAto vatthUto khemi| kiM savvAto vIsaipAhuDapamANamettAto kahesi, na ityucyate, tamma pacamassa vatyussa cautya pAhuDa kammapagaDI nAmavejja, tato kahemi / tassa cauvIsa aNujogadArAi bhavati / ta jahA-- kai' vedaNA' ya phAse' kamme pagaDI ya varNa Nivaghe", / pakkama uvakka mudae mokkhai "puNa sakame lessA" // 1 // lesAkamme" lessApariNAme' taha ya saaymmsaate"| dIhe hasse" bhavadhAraNIya taha poggalA" attaa"||2|| NihattamaNihatta" ca NikkAiyamaNikkAiya kmmdvitii"| pacchimakhaghe appAbahuga ca savvatyo // 3 // tti| ki mavvato cauvIsANuogadAramaiyAto kahesi na ityucyate, tassa chaTThamaNugogadAra vadhaNa ti tato khemi| tassa cattAri bhedaa| ta jahA-bagho, vaSago, vadhaNIya badhavihANa ti / kiM savvAto caumvihANayogadArAto kahesi ? na ityucyate, vadhavihANa ti cautyamaNuprogadAra, tato kahemi / tassa cattAri vibhaagaa| ta jahA-pagaivavo Thiivadho, aNubhAgavadho padesavadho tti mUluttarapagaibhe-yabhinno Ixxx(gatakaprakaraNapatra 2) ava jarA sittarI prakaraNa kI utyAnikA dekhie 'nissada diTThivAyassa' tti parikamma 1 sutta 2 paDhamANuproga, 3 punvagaya 4 cUliyAmaya 5 pacavihamUlabheyassa diTThivAyarasa, tatya codasaNha punvANa bIyAno aggeNiyapuvAyo, tasma vi pacamavatyUu, tamsa vi vIsapAhuDaparimANassa kammapagaDiNAmadheja cautya pAhuDa to nINiya cauvIsANuprogadAramaiyamahaNNavasmeva ego viMdU, tamo vi ime tiNNi atyAhigArA nINiyA, tamhA 'nIsado diTThivAyasma' tti bhnnnni| (sittarIcuNNi pana 2) kammapayaDIgrantha to ukta vicchinna hue mahAkammapaDipAhuDakA sakSipta eva sagRhIta aza hai, yaha bAta usakI utthAnikA me cUrNikAra spaSTarUpa se likha rahe hai xxxdussamAvaleNa khoyamANamehAu saddhAsavegaujjamArabha ajjakAliya sAhujaNa aNugghettukAmeNa vicchinnakammapayaDimahAgathatyasavohaNatya pAraddha pAirieNa tagguNaNAmaga kammapayaDIsagahaNI NAma pagaraNa / (kammapayaDocUNi patra 1) isa prakAra ukta avataraNo se yaha bhalIbhAMti siddha hai ki SaTkhaDAgama, kammapayaDI, sataka aura mittarI prakaraNa, ina cAro kA mUla srota yA udgamasthAna eka mahAkammapayaDipAhuDa hI hai| prasannatA ke sAtha Azcarya kI bAta to yaha hai ki inameM se paTkhaDAgama apanI vizAla dhavalA TIkA ke sAtha mUDavidrI ke ekamAtra digambara jaina sarasvatI bhaDAra meM surakSita rahA aura zeSa ke tIno granya ekamAtra zvetAmbara sarasvatI bhaDAro me surakSita rahe / kyA yaha bAta dono sampradAyo kI samAna virAsata yA vapItI kI paricAyaka nahIM hai ? paTkhaDAgama ke kartA bhagavAn puSpadanta bhUtavali prAcArya hai aura ve vikrama kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI meM hue hai| kammapayaDI aura sataka ke katA zivazarmasUri hai aura vidvAno ne inakA samaya vikrama ko pAcavI zatAbdI mAnA hai| sittarI ke kartA kA abhI taka nAma ajJAta hai tathApi usakI racanA kA kAla vikrama kI cauthI-chaThI zatAbdI ke madhyavartI pratIta hotA hai| ____ kammapayaDI aura sataka ke kartA zivazarmasUri zvetAmvara sampradAya ke prAcArya mAne jAte hai, tathApi zvetAmbara prAgamasUtro se tathA candrapimahattara praNIta prasiddha pacasagraha se kaI eka siddhAnto eva mantavyo me vizeSa milatA hai| yahA~ eka vAta vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna dene yogya hai aura vaha yaha ki jahAM pacasagraha kI kitanI hI mAnyatAe~ zvetAmbara

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SaTkhaDAgama, kammapayaDI, sataka aura sittarI prakaraNa 447 Agamo se milatI hai vahA~ kammapayaDI kI tatsambandhI mAnyatAe~ digambara Agamo me milatI hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM yahA~ do-eka mAnyatApro kA ullekha kara denA aprAmagika na hogaa| (1) kammapayaDIkAra ne tIrthakara aura AhArakadvika kI jaghanya sthiti anta koDAphoDI sAgaropama kI vatalAI hai, magara zvetAmbara pacasagrahakAra tIrthakara prakRti kI jaghanya sthiti dasa hajAra varSa aura AhArakadvika kI antarmuhUrttamAtra hI mAnate hai| (2) Ayukarma kI AvAvA vatalAte hue kammapayaDIkAra anapavAyupko kI AvAdhA cha mAsa kahate hai magara pacasagrahakAra palyopama kA asakhyAtavA~ bhAga batalAte haiN| Azcarya nahI jo kammapayaDIkAra aura sittarIkAra dono hI paTkhaDAgamakAra kI hI AmnAya ke ho aura unakI kucha vizeSa mAnyatApro ko zvetAmbara Agamo me pratikUla dekhakara hI candrapimahattara ne karmaprakRti, zataka, saptatikA nAma vAle naye prakaraNo kI racanA kI ho| kammapayaDI kI vartamAna meM tIna TIkAe~ upalavya hai, jinameM sabase prAcIna anAta AcArya-viracita cUNi hai, jo ki sabhI vivAdastha mantavyo me mUlakAra ke samAna digambara aAgamo kA anumaraNa karatI hai| isI cUNi ke AdhAra para racI gaI dUsarI maskRta TIkA prAcArya malayagiri kI aura tImarI upAdhyAya yazovijaya kI hai| ye dono hI spaSTata zvetAmbara AcArya hai aura sabhI vivAda-grasta vipayo para zvetAmbara Agamo kA anusaraNa karate hai / niSkarSa isa prakAra ukta vivecana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate hai ki paTkhaDAgama, kammapayaDI, mataka aura sittarI ina cAro granyo kA eka hI udgamasthAna hai aura vaha hai dvAdazAga zrutajJAna ke vArahave aga dRSTivAda ke dvitIya agrAyaNI pUrva kA pacama cyavanavastu-gata caturtha mhaakmmpyddipaahudd| yahA~ eka bAta aura bhI dhyAna dene yogya yaha hai ki paTkhaDAgama, kammapayaDI Adi ukta cAro grantho ke nirmANa kAla taka jainaparamparA me dRSTivAda kA paThana-pAThana pracalita thA, bhale hI vaha usake eka deza mAtra kA hI kyo na raha gayA ho| dUmarI vAta yaha siddha hotI hai ki ukta cAro grantho kI racanA zvetAmbara sampradAya me prasiddha prAcArAgAdi AgamasUtro kI sakalanA ke pUrva ho cukI thI, kyoki unakI makalanA ke samaya yaha ghoSita kiyA gayA hai ki ava dRSTivAda naSTa yA vicchinna ho cukA hai| aba kevala eka bAta vicAraNIya raha jAtI hai ki ukta cAro grathoM ke racayitA prAcArya bhI kyA eka hI prAcArya-paramparA ke hai ? ujjaina ]

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jaina sAhitya 446 aza hai hI nhiiN| asala meM sagraha aura sakalana cAhe jaba kyo na kiyA jAya usameM prAcIna azokA yathAsambhava surakSita rakkhA jAnA hI adhika sagata jAna paDatA hai| aura phira vallabhI kI sabhA ne pATaliputra aura mathurA vAlI sabhA ke sakalana kAhI saskAra yA jIrNoddhAra kiyA thA, kucha nayA sakalana nahIM kiyA thaa| . digambaro ke mata se bhagavAna mahAvIra kI divyavANI ko avadhAraNa karake unake prathama ziSya indrabhUti (gautama) gaNavara ne aga-pUrva grantho kI racanA kii| phira unheM apane sadharmA sudharmA (lohArya) ko aura sudharmA svAmI ne jambUsvAmI ko diyaa| jambUsvAmI se anya muniyo ne unakA adhyayana kiyaa| yaha sava mahAvIra svAmI ke jIvanakAla meM huaa| isake bAda viSNu, nandimitra, aparAjita, govardhana aura bhadravAhu ye pAMca zrutakevalI hue / inheM pUrvokta aga aura pUrvo kA sampUrNa jJAna thaa| mahAvIra-nirvANa ke 62 varpa vAda taka jambUsvAmI kA aura unake 100 varSa vAda taka bhadravAhu kA samaya hai / arthAt digamvara zAstro ke anusAra mahAvIra-nirvANa ke 162 varSa bAda taka aga aura pUrvo kA astitva rhaa| ___ isake bAda ke kramaza lupta hote gaye aura vIra-nirvANa 683 taka eka taraha se sarvathA lupta ho gaye / antima agavArI lohArya (dvitIya) vatalAye gaye haiM, jinako kevala eka prAcArAga kA jJAna thaa| isake vAda aga aura pUrvo ke ekadeza ke jJAtA aura usa ekadeza ke bhI azo ke jJAtA AcArya hue, jinameM saurASTra ke girinagara ke gharasenAcArya kA nAma ullekhanIya hai / unhe agrAyaNIpUrva ke pacamavastugata mahAkarmaprAbhRta kA jJAna thaa| inhone apane antima kAla meM Andhradeza se bhUtavali aura puSpadanta nAmaka ziSyo ko bulA kara paDhAyA aura tava ina ziSyone vikrama kI lagabhaga dUsarI zatAbdI me SaTkhaDAgama tathA kaSAyaprAbhUta siddhAnto kI racanA kii| ye siddhAnta-grantha vaDI vizAla TIkApro ke sahita ava taka sirpha karNATaka ke mUDavidrI nAmaka sthAna meM surakSita the, anyatra kahIM nahIM the| kucha hI samaya huA inameM se do TIkA-grantha dhavalA aura jaya-dhavalA vAhara Aye hai aura unameM se eka vIrasenAcAryakRta dhavalA TIkA kA prakAzana prArambha ho gayA hai| isa TIkA ke nirmANa kA samaya zaka saMvat 738 hai| aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki zvetAmbara-mAnya aga-anya eka kAla ke likhe hue nahI haiM / sambhavata inakI racanA mahAvIra-nirvANa ke avyavahita vAda se lekara kucha-na-kucha devaddhigaNi ke kAla taka hotI rahI hogii| isakA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki prArya sudharma,pArya zyAma aura bhadravAhu Adi mahAvIra ke paravartI aneka prAcArya prago aura upAgo ke racayitA mAne jAte haiN| ___ sampUrNa jainAgama cha bhAgo meM vibhakta hai-(1) vAraha aga, (2) vAraha uvaga yA upAga, (3) dasa paiNNA yA prakIrNaka, (4) cha cheyasutta yA chedasUtra, (5) do sUtra-grantha, (6) cAra mUla sutta yA mUla sUtra / ye sabhI grantha Apa yA ardha-mAgadhI prAkRta meM likhe hue hai| kucha prAcAryoM ke mata se vArahavAM aga dRSTivAda saskRta meM thA / vAqI jainasAhitya mahArASTrI prAkRta, apabhraza aura saskRta meM hai| aMga aura upAgapahalA agAyAragasutta yA AcArAGga sUtra hai, jo do vistRta zruta-skayo meM jaina muniyo ke kartavyAkartavyaprAcAra kA nirdeza karatA hai| vidvAno ke mata se isakA prathama zrutaskandha dUsare se purAnA honA caahie| vauddha mAhitya meM jisa prakAra gadya-padyamaya racanAeM pAI jAtI hai, ThIka vaisI hI isameM bhI hai| jaina aura vauddha zAstro meM jo antara spaSTa dikhAI detA hai, vaha yaha hai ki jahA~ vauddha sagha ke niyamo meM vahuta-kucha DhIla dikhalAI paDatI hai, vahAM jaina-sagha ke niyamo aura anuzAsano meM vaDI kaDAI kI vyavasthA hai| , 'tenendrabhUtigaNinA tahivyavaco'vabudhya tattvena / grantho'GgapUrva-nAmnApratiracito yugpdpraahn| 66-zrutAvatAra

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450 premI-prabhinadana-pratha vAraha bhaga ye hai 1mAyAraga sutta (AcArAga sUtra), 2 sUyagaDaga (sUtrakRtAga), 3 ThANAGga (sthanAnAGga), 4 samavAyaga (samavAyAga),5 bhagavatI viyAhapaNNati (bhagavatI vyAkhyAprajJapti),6nAyA dhammakahAno (jJAtRdharmakathA ), 7 uvAsagadasAno (upAsakadazA), 8 antagaDadasAmo (antakRddazA ), 6 aNuttarovavAiyadasApro (anuttaropapAtikadazA), 10 paNhavAgaraNAi (praznavyAkaraNAni.), 11 vivAgasuya (vipAkazruta) aura 12 didivAya (dRSTivAda) / vAraha upAga ye haiM 1 uvavAiya (opapAtika), 2 rAyapaseNaijja (rAjapraznIya), 3 jIvAbhigama, 4 pannavaNA (prajJApanA), 5 sUrapaNNati (sUryaprajJapti), 6 jambuddIvapaNNatti (jambUdvIpa-prajJapti), 7 canda-paNNatti (candraprajJapti), 8 nirayAvalI (narakAvalikA), 6 kappAvaDasimAno (kalpAvatasikA), 10 puSpacUliAo (puppacUlikA), 11vaNhidasAo (vRssnnidshaa)| __ dasa paiNNA (prakIrNaka) ye hai 1 vIrabhadralikhita caUsaraNa (catu zaraNa), 2 pAurapaccakkhANa (AturapratyAkhyAna), 3 bhattapariNA (bhaktaparijJA), 4 sathAra (sastAra), 5 taDula-veyAliya (tandulavaicArika) 6 candAvijmaya (candravedhaka), 7 devindatthA (devendastava), 8 gaNivijjA (gaNividyA.), 6 mahApaccakkhANa (mahApratyAkhyAna), 10 vIratyana (viirstv)| cha chedasUtra ye hai 1 nisIha (nizItha), 2 mahAnisIha (mahAnizItha), 3 vavahAra (vyavahAra), 4 AcAradasAo (mAcAradazA), 5 kappa (vRhatkalpa.), 6 pacakappa (pcklp)| pacakalpa ke badale koI-koI jinabhadraracita jIyakappa yA jItakalpa ko chaThA sUtra mAnate hai| cAra mUla sutta (mUlasUtra) ye hai 1 uttarAjjhAya (uttarAdhyAyA) yA uttaraljhayana (uttarAdhyayana), 2 Avassaya (Avazyaka), 3 dasaveyAliya ( zavakAlika), 4 piNDanijjutti (piNDaniyukti) / tRtIya aura caturtha mUlasUtro ke sthAna para kabhI-kabhI ohaninjutti (propaniyukti) aura pakkhI sutta (pAkSika sUtra) kA nAma liyA jAtA hai| do aura atha isa prakAra hai-1 nandIsutta (nandisUtra) aura 2 aNuyogadAra (anuyogdvaar)| isa prakAra ina 45 grantho ko siddhAnta-grantha mAnA jAtA hai, para kahI-kahI ina grantho ke nAmo meM matabheda bhI pAyA jAtA hai| matabheda vAle gantho ko bhI siddhAnta-grantha mAna liyA jAya to unakI sakhyA sava milA kara 50 ke AsapAsa hotI hai| ago meM sAdhAraNata jaina tattvavAda, viruddhamata kA khaDana aura jana aitihAsika kahAniyAM vivRta hai| aneko meM prAcAra-vrata Adi kA varNana hai| upAgo meM se kaI (namvara 5, 6,7) bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| unameM jyotiSa, bhUgola, khagola Adi kA varNana hai| sUryaprajJapti aura candraprajJapti (dono prAya samAna varNana vAle hai) sasAra ke jyotiSika sAhitya meM apanA advitIya siddhAnta upasthita karatI hai| inake anusAra prakAza meM dikhane vAle jyotiSka piNDa do-do hai, arthAt do sUrya hai, do-do nakSatra / vedAga jyotiSa kI bhAMti ye dono grantha khIpTapUrva chaThI zatAbdI ke bhAratIya jyotiSa-vijJAna ke rekarDa hai / saba milA kara jaina siddhAnta-grantho meM bahuta jJAtavya aura mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI vikharI paDI hai, para vauddhasAhitya kI bhAMti isa sAhitya ne aba taka deza-videza ke paDito kA dhyAna AkRSTa nahIM kiyA hai| kAraNa kucha to inakI pratipAdana-zailI kI zuSkatA hai aura kucha usa vastu kAprabhAva,jise Adhunika paDita Human Interest kahate hai| zvetAmbara sampradAya meM candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti, jambUdvIpapaNNati ko upAga mAnA hai aura digambarone dRSTivAda ke pahale bheda parikarma meM inakI gaNanA kI hai| isI taraha zvetAmbaro ke anusAra jo sAmAyika, sastava, vandanA aura pratikramaNa dUsare mUlasUtra Avazyaka ke praza vizeSa hai unheM digambaro ne aga-bAhya ke caudaha bhedo me ginAyA hai| dazavakAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpavyavahAra aura nizItha nAmaka grantha bhI agabAhya batalAye gaye hai| ago ke atirikta jo bhI sAhitya hai vaha sava agavAhya hai / agapraviSTa aura agavAhya bheda zvetAmbara sampradAya me bhI mAne gaye hai aura upAga eka taraha se agavAha hI hai| digambara sampradAya meM upAga bheda kA ullekha nahIM hai|

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451 jaina sAhitya parantu ukta aga aura aga vAhya grantho ke digambara sampradAya meM sirpha nAma hI nAma hai / ina nAmo kA koI anya upalabdha nahIM hai| unakA kahanA hai ki ve saba naSTa ho cuke hai| digambarone eka dUsare Dhaga se bhI samasta jainasAhitya kA vargIkaraNa karake use cAra bhAgo meM vibhakta kiyA hai (1) prathamAnuyoga jisameM purANa puruSo ke carita aura kathAgrantha hai, jaise padmapurANa, harivazapurANa, triSaSTilakSaNamahApurANa (AdipurANa aura uttarapurANa), (2) karaNAnuyoga jisameM bhUgola-khagola kA, cAro gatiyo kA aura kAla-vibhAga kA varNana hai, jaise trilokaprajJapti, trilokasAra, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUrya-candra-prajJapti praadi| (3) dravyAnuyoga jisameM jIva-ajIva Adi tattvo kA, puNya-pApa bandha-mokSa kA varNana ho, jaise kundakundAcArya ke samayasAra, pravacanasAra,pacAstikAya, umAsvAti kA tattvArthAdhigama aadi| (4) caraNAnuyoga jisameM muniyo aura zrAvako ke AcAra kA varNana ho, jaise vaTTakera kA mUlAcAra, AgAdhara ke sAgAra-anagAradharmAmRta, samantabhadra kA ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra aadi| ina cAra anuyogo ko veda bhI kahA gayA hai| digambara-sampradAya ke anusAra vAraha ago ke nAma vahI hai, jo Upara likhe gaye hai| vArahaveM aga dRSTivAda ke pAMca bheda kiye hai-1 parikarma, 2 sUtra, 3 prathamAnuyoga, 4 pUrvagata aura 5 cuulikaa| phira pUrvagata ke caudaha bheda vatalAye hai-1 utpAdapUrva, 2 agrAyaNI, 3 vIryAnupravAda, 4 astinAstipravAda, 5 jJAnapravAda, 6 satyapravAda, 7 AtmapravAda, 8 karmapravAda, 6 pratyAkhyAna, 10 vidyAnupravAda, 11 kalyANa, 12 prANAvAya, 13 kriyAvizAla aura 14 lokvindusaar| ina vAraho ago kI racanA bhagavAn ke sAkSAta ziSya gaNagharo dvArA huI vatalAI gaI hai| inake atirikta jo sAhitya hai vaha agavAhya nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| usake caudaha bheda hai, jinheM prakIrNaka kahate hai 1 sAmAyika, 2 sastava, 3 vandanA, 4 pratikramaNa, 5 vinaya, 6 kRtikarma,7 dazavakAlika, 8 uttarAdhyayana, 6 kalpavyavahAra, 10 kalpAkalpa, 11 mahAkalpa, 12 puNDarIka, 13 mahApuNDarIka, 14 nizItha / ina prakIrNako ke racayitA pArAtIya muni batalAye gaye haiM jo aga-pUrvo ke ekadeza ke jJAtA the| siddhAntottara sAhitya devadhigaNi ke siddhAnta-grantha sakalana ke pahale se hI jaina AcAryoM ke grantha likhane kA pramANa pAyA jAtA hai| siddhAnta-grantho meM kucha grantha aise hai, jinheM nizcita rUpa se kisI AcArya kI kRti kahA jA sakatA hai| bAda meM to aise grantho kI bharamAra ho gii| sAdhAraNata,ye grantha jaina prAkRta meM likhe jAte rahe, para saskRta bhASA ne bhI san IsavI ke vAda praveza paayaa| kaI jaina prAcAryoM ne saskRta bhASA para bhI adhikAra kara liyA, phira bhI prAkRta aura apabhraza ko tyAgA nahI gyaa| saskRta ko bhI loka-sulabha banAne kI ceSTA kI gii| yaha pahale hI batAyA gayA hai ki bhadrabAhu mahAvIra svAmI ke nirvANa kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM vartamAna the| kalpasUtra unhI kA likhA huA khaajaataahai| digambara loga eka aura bhadravAhu kI carcA karate hai, jo san IsavI se 12 varSa pahale hue the| yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki kalpasUtra kima bhadrabAhu kI racanA hai| kundakunda ne prAkRta meM hI grantha likhe hai| inake sivAya umAsvAmI yA umAsvAti, vaTTakera, niddhasena divAkara, vimalasUri, pAlitta, Adi AcArya san IsavI ke kucha Age-pIche utpanna hue, jinameM se kaI dono sampradAyo meM samAna bhAva se prAdRta haiN| pAMcavI zatAbdI ke bAda eka prasiddha dArzanika aura vaiyAkaraNa hue, jinheM devanandi (pUjyapAda) kahate hai / sAtavI-AThavI zatAbdI bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa meM apanI ujjvala prAmA choDa gii| prasiddha mImAsaka kumArila bhaTTa kA janma inhI zatAbdiyo meM huA, jinhone vauddho aura jaina AcAryo (vizeSakara samantabhadra aura akalaka) para kaTu AkramaNa kiyA tathA vadale meM jaina prAcAryoM (vizeSa rUpa se prabhAcandra mora vidyAnanda) dvArA pratyAkramaNa paayaa| inhI zatAbdiyo meM suprasiddha AcArya zakara svAmI hae, jinhone advaita vedAnta kI pratiSThA kii| isa zatAbdI meM sarvAdhika pratibhAzAlI jaina AcArya haribhadra hue, jo brAhmaNavaga meM utpanna hokara samasta brAhmaNa zAstro ke adhyayana ke bAda jaina hue the| inake likhe hue 88 anya prApta hue hai, jinameM bahuta-ne chapa cuke hai|

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452 * premI-abhinaMdana-graMtha vArahavI zatAbdI meM prasiddha jaina AcArya hemacandra kA prAdurbhAva huaa| inhone darzana, vyAkaraNa aura kAvya tIno meM samAna bhAva se kalama claaii| ina nAnA viSayo me, nAnA bhASAmo me aura nAnA mato meM agAdha pADitya prApta karane ke kAraNa inheM ziSyamaDalI 'kalikAlasarvajJa' kahA karatI thii| isa zatAbdI meM aura isake bAda bhI jainagrantho aura TIkAmo kI vADha-sI A gii| ina dino kI likhI huI siddhAnta-grantho kI aneka TIkAe~ vahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| asala meM yaha yuga hI TIkAmo kA thaa| bhAratIya manISA sarvatra TIkA meM vyasta thii| vimalasUri kA paumacariya (padmacarita) nAmaka prAkRta kAvya, jo zAyada san IsavI ke prArambhakAla meM likhA gayA thA, kAphI manorajaka hai| isameM rAma kI kathA hai, jo hinduno kI rAmAyaNa se bahuta bhinna hai / grantha me vAlmIki ko mithyAvAdI kahA gayA hai| isa para se yaha anumAna karanA asagata nahI ki kavi ne vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ko dekhA thaa| dazaratha kI tIna rAniyo meM kauzalyA ke sthAna para aparAjitA nAma hai, jo padma yA rAma kI mAtA thii| dazaratha ke baDe bhAI the anantaratha / ye jaina sAdhu ho gaye the, isIliye dazaratha ko rAjya lenA pdd'aa| janaka ne apanI kanyA sItA ko rAma se vyAhane kA isalie vicAra kiyA thA ki rAma (padma) ne mleccho ke viruddha janaka kI sahAyatA kI thii| parantu vidyAdhara loga jhagaDa paDe ki sItA pahale se unake rAjakumAra candragati kI vAgdattA thii| isI jhagaDe ko miTAne ke lie dhanuSavAlI svayavara sabhA huI thii| anta meM dazaratha jaina bhikSu ho gye| bharata kI bhI yahI icchA thI, para rAma aura kaikeyI ke prAgraha se ve tava taka ke lie rAjya sa~bhAlane ko prastuta ho gaye java taka padma (rAma) na lauTa aaye| Age kI kathA prAya sava vahI hai / anta meM rAma ko nirvANa prApta hotA hai| yahAM rAma sampUrNa jaina vAtAvaraNa meM pale hai| san 675 meM raviSeNa ne saskRta meM jo padmacarita likhA vaha vimala ke prAkRta paumacariya kA prAya saskRta rupAntara yA anuvAda hai / guNabhadra bhadanta ke uttarapurANa ke 68veM parva meM aura hemacandra ke triSaSTigalAkA-purupa-carita ke 73 parva meM bhI yaha kathA hai| hemacandra kI kRti ko jaina-rAmAyaNa bhI kahate haiN| rAmAyaNa kI bhAMti mahAbhArata kI kathA bhI jaina granyo meM bAra-bAra pAI hai| sabase purAnA saghadAsa gaNikA vasudevahiNDi nAmaka vizAla anya prAkRta bhASA meM hai aura saMskRta meM zAyada punnATa-sagha ke prAcArya jinasena kA 66 sargI harivazapurANa hai| sakalakIrti Adi aura bhI aneka vidvAno ne harivaMzapurANa likhe haiN| isI taraha 1200 I0 meM malaghAri devaprabhasUri ne pANDavacarita nAmaka eka kAvya likhA thA, jo mahAbhArata kA sakSipta rUpa hai / 16vI zatAbdI meM zubhacandra ne eka pANDavapurANa, jise jaina mahAbhArata bhI kahate haiM, likhA thaa| apabhraza bhASA meM to mahApurANa, harivaMzapurANa, padma-purANa svayabhU puSpadanta Adi aneka kaviyo ne likhe hai| jainapurANoM ke mUla pratipAdya viSaya 63 mahApuruSo ke caritra hai / inameM 24 tIrthakara, 12 cakravartI, 6 valadeva, 6 vAsudeva aura prativAsudeva haiN| ina caritro ke AdhAra para likhe gaye grantho ko digambara loga sAdhAraNata 'purANa' kahate haiM aura zvetAmvara loga 'crit'| purANoM meM sabase purAnA triSaSTilakSaNamahApurANa (sakSepa meM mahApurANa) hai, jisake AdipurANa aura uttarapurANa, aise do bhAga hai / prAdipurANa ke antima pAMca adhyAyo ko choDa kara vAkI ke lekhaka jinasena (pacastUpAnvayI) hai tathA antima pAMca adhyAya aura samUcA uttarapurANa unake ziSya guNabhadra kA likhA huaa| purANo kI kathAe~ vahudhA rAjA zreNika (vimbisAra) ke prazna karane para gautama gaNadhara dvArA kahalAI gaI hai| mahApurANa kA racanAkAla zAyada san IsavI kI navIM zatAbdI hai / ina purANo se milate hue zvetAmbara carito meM sava se prasiddha hai hemacandra kA triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, jise prAcArya ne svaya mahAkAvya kahA hai| isa praza kI bahutasI kahAniyAM yUropiyanoM ke mata se vizva-sAhitya meM sthAna pAne yogya hai / vIranandikA candraprabhacarita, vAdirAja kA pArzvanAthacarita, haricandra kA dharmazarmAbhyudaya, dhanajaya kA dvisandhAna, vAgbhaTa kA neminirvANa, abhayadeva kA jayantavijaya, municandra kA zAntinAthacarita, Adi ucca koTi ke mahAkAvya hai / aise bhI carita hai, jo 63 purANapuruSo ke atirikta anya pradyumna, nAgakumAra, varAga, yazodhara, jIvadhara, jambUsvAmI, jinadatta, zrIpAla Adi mahAtmAo

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jaina sAhitya 453 ke haiM aura inakI sakhyA kAphI adhika hai| pArzvanAtha ke carita ko avalamvana karake likhe gaye kAvyo kI bhI sakhyA kama nahI hai / vAdirAja, asaga, vAdicandra, sakalakIrti, mANikyacandra, bhAvadeva aura udayavIragaNi Adi aneka digamvara - zvetAmvara kaviyo ne isa viSaya para khUba lekhanI calAI hai / } jaino ke sAhitya kA eka mahattvapUrNa zraga prabandha hai, jinheM aitihAsika vivRtiyA~ kaha sakate hai / candraprabhasUri kA prabhAvakacarita, merutuGga kA pravandha- cintAmaNi (1306 I0), rAjazekhara kA pravandha koSa (1308 I0), jinaprabhasUri kA tIrthaMkalpa (1326-31 I0) zrAdi racanAe~ nAnA dRSTiyo se bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai / ina pravandho ne isa bAta prasiddha kara diyA hai ki bhAratIyoM meM aitihAsika dRSTi kA prabhAva thA / isI prakAra jaina muniyo kI likhI kahAniyo kI pustakeM bhI kAphI manorajaka hai / pAlitta ( pAdalipta ) sUri kI taraGgavatI kathA kAphI prAcIna pustaka hai / haribhadra kA prAkRta gadyakAvya samarAicca - kahA eka dhArmika kathA -grantha hai / isI taraha kI 'kuvalayamAlA' kathA bhI hai, jisake racayitA dAkSiNya-cihna udyotana sUri hai (AThavI zatAbdI) / isI ke anukaraNa para siddharSi ne saMskRta meM upamitibhava - prapaJcakayA likhI thI. (606 I0 ) / dhanapAla kA apabhraza kAvya 'bhavisayatta - kahA ' kAphI prasiddha hai / aisI aura bhI aneka kathAe~ likhI gaI hai / yadyapi ye dharma-kathAe~ kahI jAtI hai, para adhikAza meM kAlpanika kahAniyA~ hai / campU jAti ke kAvya bhI jaina sAhitya meM bahuta adhika haiM / somadeva kA yazastilaka (656 I0 ) prasiddhi pA cukA hai / haricandra kA jIvandharacampU, zraddAsa kA purudevacampU (13vI sadI) Adi isI jAti kI racanAe~ haiM / dhanapAla kI tilaka-majarI ( 970 I0), proDayadeva (vAdI siMha) kI gadyacintAmaNi kAdambarI ke DhaGga ke gadya-kAvya hai ( 11vI sadI) / inake atirikta kahAniyo kI aura bhI darjano pustakeM haiM, jinakA mUla uddezya jainavarma ko mahimA varNana karanA hai / kathAo ke kaI sagraha bhI haiM, jo kathAkoza kahalAte haiM / inameM punnATasagha ke AcAryaM haripeNa kA kathAkoza saba se purAnA hai ( I0 sa0 632) / prabhAcandra, nemidattabrahmacArI, rAmacandra mumukSu zrAdi ke kathAkoza apekSAkRta navIna hai / zrIcandra kA eka kathAkopa zrapazraNa bhASA meM bhI hai / aise hI jinezvara, devabhadra, rAjazekhara, hemahasa Adi ke kathA-grantha hai / yaha sAhitya itanA vizAla hai ki isa kSudrakAya paricaya meM savakA nAma denA bhI muzkila hai / nAnA dRSTiyoM se, vizeSakara jana sAdhAraNa ke jIvana ke sambandha meM, jAnane ke lie ina grantho kA bahuta mahattva hai / jaina zrAcAryoM ne nATaka bhI lise hai jinameM se adhikAza zrasAmpradAyika hai | hecandrAcArya ke ziSya rAmacandra sUri ke kaI nATaka hai | nalavilAsa, satyaharizcandra, kaumudImitrAnanda, rAghavAbhyudaya, nirbhaya bhIma - vyAyoga zrAdi nATaka prasiddha hai / kahate haiM, inhone 100 prakaraNa-grantha likhe the / vijayapAla ke draupadIsvayavara, hastimalla ke vikrAnta kaurava aura subhadrAharaNa meM bhI mahAbhAratIya kathAo ko nATaka kA rUpa diyA gayA hai / hastimalla ne rAmAyaNa kI kathA kA Azraya lekara maithilI kalyANa zraura ajanApavanajaya nAmaka do aura nATaka likhe hai / yazazcandra kA mudrita kumudacandra eka sAmpradAyika nATaka hai, jisameM kumudacandra nAmaka digamvara paDita kA zvetAmbara paDita se parAjita hogA varNana kiyA gayA hai (1124 I0) / vAdicandrasUri kA jJAnasUryodaya zrIkRSNa mizra ke suprasiddha 'prabodha - candrodaya' nATaka ke Dhaga kA eka taraha se usake uttara rUpa meM likhA huA nATaka hai / jayasiMha kA hammIra-mada-mardana aitihAsika nATaka hai / san 1203 I0 ke AsapAsa yaza pAla ne moharAja parAjaya nAmaka rUpaka likhA thA / meghaprabhAcArya kA dharmAbhyudaya kAphI mazahUra hai / kAvya nATako ke sivA jaina kaviyo ne hindU aura bauddha AcAryoM kI bhAMti eka bahuta bar3e stotra sAhitya kI bhI racanA kI hai / nIti-grantho kI bhI jaina sAhitya meM kamI nahI hai / rASTrakUTa amoghavarSa kI praznottara ratnamAlA ko brAhmaNa, vauddha aura jaina sabhI apanI sampatti mAnate hai / isake sivA prAkRta aura saMskRta meM jaina paMDito ke likhe hue vividha nItigrantha vahuta adhika hai / digambara AcArya amitagati ke subhASitaratnasandoha, yogasAra aura dharmaparIkSA (1093 I0) mahattvapUrNa grantha hai / ina grantho meM sabhI jaina- priya viSaya hai vairAgya, strI- nindA, brAhmaNa nindA, tyAga

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454 premI-abhinadana-pratha ityAdi / hemacandra kA yogazAstra aura zubhacandrakA jJAnArNava bahuta lokapriya grantha hai / aura bhI aneka nItigrantha hai, jinameM somaprabha ke kumArapAlaprativodha, sUktimuktAvalI aura zRgAravairAgyataragiNI, cAritrasundara kA zIladUta (1420 I0), samayasundara kI gAthAsahasrI (1630 I0) prasiddha hai| lekina jaina prAcAryoM kA sabase mahattvapUrNa aMga hai unakI dArzanika saiddhAntika uktiyAM / yaha jAnI huI bAta hai ki ina paDito ne nyAyazAstra ko pUrNatA taka pahuMcAyA hai| kundakunda, amRtacandra, kArtikeya svAmI, umAsvAti, devanandi, akalaka, prabhAcandra, vAdirAja, somadeva, AzAdhara Adi digambara prAcAryoM ne bhAratIya cintA-dhArA. ko bahuta adhika samRddha kiyA hai / isI prakAra zvetAmbara AcAryoM me haribhadra, mallavAdI, vAdi-devasUri, malliSeNa, abhayadeva, hemacandra, yazovijaya Adi ne janadarzana para mahattvapUrNa pustakeM likhI hai, jo nizcita rUpa se bhAratIya pANDitya kI bhUpaNa hai / ina dArzanika granyo ke sivAya jaina sampradAya ke bAhara nAnA kSetro meM, jaise kAvya nATaka, jyotiSa, Ayurveda, vyAkaraNa, koSa, alakAra, gaNita aura rAjanIti Adi viSayo para bhI jaina AcAryoM ne likhA hai| bauddho kI apekSA ve isa kSetra meM adhika asAmpradAyika hai| phira gujarAtI, hindI, rAjasthAnI, telagu, tAmila aura vizeSa rUpa se kannaDI, sAhitya meM bhI unakA dAna atyadhika hai| kannar3I sAhitya para to IsA kI terahavI zatAbdI taka jaino kA ekAdhipatya rahA hai| kannaDI ke upalabdha sAhitya ke lagabhaga do-tihAI grantha jaina vidvAno ke race hue hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya cintA kI samRddhi meM yaha sampradAya bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| zAtiniketana] - - -

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jaina sAhitya meM prAcIna aitihAsika sa grI zrI kAmatAprasAda jaina jaina sAhitya jitanA hI vizAla hai, utanA hI vaha ajJAta bhI hai / usake aneka bahumUlya ratna Aja bhI kisI ekAnta bhaNDAra kI zobhA baDhA rahe hai| bAhara kI duniyA kI bAta to nyArI hai, svaya jainiyo ko hI yaha patA nahI ki unake ghara meM kaise-kaise anThe ratna hai / una ratno ko prakAza meM lAne kA udyoga yadyapi aba hone lagA hai, tathApi vaha santoSajanaka nahI hai / usa para, jo bhI prakAzana hotA hai vaha jaino ke khAsa samudAya taka sImita rahatA hai / jaino ne aisA koI prabandha nahI kiyA hai, jisase unakA sAhitya zrajaina vidvAno ko sulabhatA se prApta ho sake / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sAhitya ke mahattva ko Adhunika sAhityarathI nahI A~ka pAye hai / isameM doSa hamArA hI hai| zrI nAthUrAma jI 'premI' ne apane vyaktigata zrAdarza se isa doSa ko halkA karane kA udyoga bahuta pahale kiyA thA, parantu akele unakA yaha kArya na thA / unake Adarza kA anukaraNa jaino ko sAmUhika rUpa meM karanA caahie| aisA karane se hI jaina sAhitya kA vAstavika svarUpa bAhya jagata ko jJAta hogA / 1 jaina sAhitya para eka vihagama dRSTi DAlane se hI usakA vizAla rUpa spaSTa ho jAtA hai / upalabdha jaina sAhitya kI mUla AdhAra zilA jinendra mahAvIra varddhamAna kI, jinheM nirgrantha jJAtriputra bhI kahate haiM, vANI hai / jinendra mahAvIra ke mukhAravinda se jo vANI nirgata huI, usI kI granthabaddha racanA gaNavara indrabhUti gautama ne kI thI / vaha jina-vANI bAraha aGga-grantho meM racI gaI thI / vArahaveM dRSTivAda aga meM caudaha pUrva-prantho kA samAveza thA / isake atirikta adbhUvAhya prakIrNaka sAhitya bhI thA / kintu jaino kA yaha prAcIna sAhitya purAtana paripATI ke anusAra meghAvI RSivaro kI smRti meM surakSita thA / jyojyo RSivaro kI smRti kSINa hotI gaI, jaino kA yaha prAcIna sAhitya lupta hotA gayA / kaliGga cakravartI ela0 khAravela ne isa jaina vAGmaya ke uddhAra kA udyoga jainayativaro kA sammelana bulAkara kiyA thA, kintu unakA yaha stutya prayAsa bhI kAla kI karAlagati ko roka na skaa| alabattA usa sammelana meM yadi avazeSa aGga sAhitya lipibaddha kara liyA jAtA to jaina sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi sarvathA lupta na hotI, kintu mAlUma aisA hotA hai ki jaina aGga-prantho ke vizAla rUpa aura unake prati vinayabhAva ne usa sammelana meM lipibaddha karane kA praznahI upasthita nahI hone diyA / digambara jaina kahate hai ki zraGgagata arddhamAgadhI bhASA kA vaha mUla sAhitya prAya sarvalupta ho gayA / dRSTivAda aGga ke pUrvagatabhprantha kA kucha praza IsvI prAraMbhika zatAbdI meM zrIdhara senAcAryaM ko jJAta thA / unhone dekhA ki yadi vaha zeSAza bhI lipibaddha nahI kiyA jAyagA to jinavANI kA sarvathA abhAva ho jAyagA / phalata unhone zrI puSpadanta aura zrI bhUtavali sadRza meghAvI RSiyoko bulAkara girinAra kI candraguphA meM use lipibaddha karA diyA / una dono RSivaro ne usa lipibaddha zrutajJAna ko jyeSTha zuklA pacamI ke dina sarva sagha ke samakSa upasthita kiyA thA / vaha pavitra dina 'zruta pacamI' parva ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura sAhityoddhAra kA preraka kAraNa bana rahA hai / " yaha to digambara jaino kI mAnyatA hai, parantu zvetAmbara jaina aisA nahI mAnate / vaha samagra arddhamAgadhI aGga -sAhitya ko susaskRta rUpa meM upalabdha batAte haiM / unake yahA~ aGga-grantha hai bhI / zvetAmbara jaina 'AcArAGga-sUtra' ke kucha zakA eva pUrvagata sAhitya kA sarvathA lopa huA batAte haiM / unakA yaha aGga -sAhitya IsvI chaThI-sAtavI zatAbdI me 1 'jarnala praoNva dI bihAra eNDa pror3IsA risarca sosAiTI, bhA0 13: pR0 236 R 'ghavalA TIkA (amarAvatI) bhA0 1, bhUmikA pU0 13-32

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456 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha vallabhI nagara meM devagiNi kSamAzramaNa dvArA lipivaddha kiyA gayA thaa| ataeva arddhamAgadhI prAkRta aGgasAhitya kA sthAna jaino meM viziSTa hai| usameM bha0 mahAvIra ke samaya ke dhArmika jagata kA vivaraNa dekhane ko milatA hai| yahI nahIM, usa kAla se pahale kA itivRta bhI usameM surakSita hai / sAtha hI IsvI prArabhika zatAbdI taka ke rAjAo aura prAcAryoM kA bhI paricaya usase upalabdha hai / samrATa vikramAditya ke vyaktitva aura unake jIvana para ullekhanIya prakAza 'kAlakakathA' Adi arddhamAgadhI jaina sAhitya grantho se hI paDA hai| bhAratIya kAla-gaNanA meM bhI ina grantho me surakSita kAlagaNanA mukhya rUpa meM sahAyaka hai| prAcIna bhAratIya jIvana kI jhAkI ina jainagrantho meM dekhane ko milatI hai, kintu pAlIpiTaka (bauddha) grantho ke AdhAra se jahA~ 'bauddhakAlIna bhArata' (Buddhist India) likhA gayA hai, vahA~ abhI taka usa arddhamAgadhI jainasAhitya ke AdhAra se 'jaina bhArata' (Jainist India) likhA jAnA zeSa hai| zrI rAdhAkumuda mukarjI sadRza vidvAn isa prakAra kI pustaka likhe jAne kI AvazyakatA vyakta kara cuke hai| unhone mujhe likhA thA ki mai aisI pustaka likhU, parantu usakI pUrti abhI taka nahIM ho sakI hai| sArAza yaha ki arddhamAgadhI jaina sAhitya prAcIna bhArata ke itihAsa ko jAnane ke lie vahumUlya sAmagrI se otaprota hai| isalie DA0 mukarjI jaina grantho ke zrAdhAra se bhAratavarSa kA paricaya likhane kA parAmarza dete hai / arddhamAgadhI jaina sAhitya eva prakIrNaka jaina sAhitya ke paricaya ke lie hAla hI me pUnA ke prasiddha bhANDArakara purAtatva-mandira dvArA prakAzita pro. velaNakara dvArA vIsa varSa meM sakalita 'janaralakoSa' nAmaka grantha draSTavya hai / usake AdhAra se aMgrejI-vijJa pAThaka upalabdha janasAhitya kA patA pA skeNge| pUrvokta ardhamAgadhI aGga sAhitya ke atirikta prakIrNaka jaina sAhitya bhI apAra hai aura usameM bhI aitihAsika sAmagrI vikharI huI paDI hai / prAkRta, apabhraza, saskRta, hindI, gujarAtI, tAmila, kannaDa Adi bhASAmo meM bhI jaino ne Thosa sAhitya-racanA kI hai| ina bhASAo ke jaina sAhitya meM bhI unake racanAkAla ke rAjya-samAja aura dharma-pravRtti kA itihAsa surakSita hai| zrI kundakundAcArya ke prAkRta-bhASA-anya bhAratIya adhyAtma-vicAra-saraNI ke lie apUrva nidhi hai| unhone tatkAlIna mata-matAntaro para yatra-tatra prakAza DAlA hai| sAtha hI unase pahale hue kaI AcAryoM kA bhI ullekha unhone kiyA hai| apabhraza-prAkRta-sAhitya para to jaino kA hI pUrNAdhikAra hai| jaina zAstra bhaDAro se apabhraza prAkRta bhASA ke aneka grantharala upalabdha hue hai / mahAkavi puSpadanta ke 'mahApurANa', 'yazodharacarita' Adi kAvyagrantho me tatkAlIna sAmanta-zAsana kA sajIva citraNa maujUda hai| uname katipaya aise aitihAsika ullekha hai, jinakA kisI anya srota se patA nahIM cltaa| rAThaura rAjAmo ke aizvarya aura jaina dharma ke prati sadbhAvanA kA varNana unameM nihita hai| rAThaura rAjamantriyo kI dainika caryA aura dAnazIlatA kA caritracitraNa matrIpravara bharata aura NaNNa ke varNana meM milatA hai|' muni kanakAmara ke 'karakaDucariya' meM dakSiNApatha ke prAcIna rAjavaza 'vidyAdhara' ke rAjAno aura unakI dhArmika kRtiyo kA varNana likhA huA hai, jo bha0 mahAvIra se pUrvakAlIna bhAratIya itihAsa ke lie mahattva kI cIja hai| apabhrazaprAkRta meM kaI kathA-granya hai, jinameM aitihAsika vArtA vikharI par3I hai| usakA sagraha honA caahie| kintu apabhrazaprAkRta ke janasAhitya kA vAstavika mahattva vartamAna hindI kI utpatti kA itihAsa zodhate hue dIkha pddtaahai| usI meM hindI kA prAcIna rUpa aura vikAsa-krama dekhane ko milatA hai| hamane anyatra kAlakrama se uddharaNa upasthita karake 'sakSipta jaina itihAsa, bhA0 2, khaDa 2 pR0 116 va uttarAdhyayana sUtra (upasalA) bhUmikA, pR0 16 jaina eTIkverI, bhA0 1110 4-5 'mahApurANa (mA0 a0 vambaI) bhUmikA, pR0 28-33 va yazodhara caritra (kArajA sIrIja) bhUmikA, pR0 16-21 / *pharaphaDucariya (phArajA sIrIja) bhUmikA, pR0 15-18 /

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- jaina sAhitya meM prAcIna aitihAsika sAmagrI 457 prAcIna hindI ko kramavartI rUpAntara kA digdarzana karAyA hai / apabhraMza prAkRta ke nimnalikhita chando ko dekhiye / inheM kauna hindI-sA nahI kahegA 'dekhici rayaNamajUsa viddANau / vibhaNaU kAmasarehi prayANau // tAlU villi lagga maNa salai / jima sara suvaI machaU vilai // ' X X X 'jima sUra Na bhUlai hathiyArU / jiNayattu tema jali NamoyAru // ' X 1 1 X 'tumha kahahu majbhu sirippAla puttu / tau lAkha dAmu daihauM teNi suNi pahuttau rAya harakAru / bhItari gaya puchavi X X 'hamArau Naraiva kambaNu cijju / ghovI camAra ghara karahi khara- kukura - sUshaga sahi mAsu / hami DomaM bhaDha kahijahiya isI ke anurUpa hindI ke kitane hI 'mahAvaroM' kA prayoga apabhraMza sAhityagratho meM milatA hai, balki kaI chando kA nirmANa hI apabhraza ke AdhAra se hindI meM huA hai / " apabhraMza, prAkRta aura prAcIna hindI kA eka sayukta 'piMgala' chandazAstra jainakavi rAjamalla ne samrAT akavara ke zAsanakAla meM racakara hindI kA vaDA upakAra kiyA hai / " bhASA-vijJAna ke adhyayana ke lie jaina sAhityika racanAe~ amUlya sAghana haiN| sAtha hI hindI kI 'nAgarI lipi' ke vikAsa para jaina-bhaDAro meM surakSita prAcIna aura arvAcIna hastalikhita grantho se prakAza paDatA hai / apane sagraha ke do-tIna hastalikhita magraha grantho meM surakSita ' muDiyA-lipi' kI racanAo ke AdhAra se hama usa lipi kI utpatti aura vikAsa kA itihAsa prakaTa karane meM samartha ho ske| aise hI anya bhASAo aura lipiyo kA bhI patA hastalikhita jainagrantho se calatA hai / bhASA - vijJAna ke itihAsa ke lie unakA upayoga mahattvapUrNa hai / suGga aura sAtavAhana kAla meM vaidika dharma ko protsAhana milA / pariNAmata prAkRtabhASA kA, jo rAjya bhASA thI, mahattva kama ho calA / usakA sthAna saskRta bhASA ko milA / mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne apanI racanAe~ saMskRta bhASA meM hI rcii| jainAcArya umAsvAti ne janatA kI abhiruci ko lakSya karake jaina siddhAnta kA sAra 'gAgara meM sAgara' ke samAna apane prasiddha sUtragraMtha 'mokSazAstra' meM garbhita kiyA / tava se jaino kA saMskRta sAhitya Aye dina vRddhigata hotA gayA aura zrAja usakI vizAlatA aura sArvabhaumikatA dekhane kI cIja hai / kintu hameM to usameM bhAratIya itihAsa ke lie upayukta sAmagrI kA digdarzana karanA abhISTa hai / ata hama apanI dRSTi vahI taka sImita rakkheMge / jaino ke saMskRta sAhitya kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM nyAya, darzana, siddhAnta, purANa, bhUgola, gaNita Adi sabhI viSaya isa khUba se pratipAdita kiye gaye hai ki yadi unameM se pratyeka viSaya kA koI itihAsa likhane baiThe to jaina sAhitya se sahAyatA lie vinA vaha itihAsa adhUrA hI rahegA / nyAyazAstra kA adhyayana jainanyAya kA RNI hai, yaha usa viSaya ke grantho ko uThAkara dekhane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai / darzanazAstra ke itihAsa ko jAnane ke lie bhI jaina dArzanika grantha mahattva kI cIja hai / AjIvika zrAdi mata-matAntaro kA paricaya unameM nihita hai / jaina gaNita kI vizeSatA bhAratIya gaNitazAstra X hittu // paDihArU // ' X bhoju // nAsu // ' 'dekhiye, hamArA 'bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI' dvArA prakAzita hone vAlA 'hindI jaina sAhitya kA sakSipta itihAsa' nAmaka graMtha | 2 ''apabhraMzadarpaNa' - jaina siddhAnta bhAskara bhA0 12, pR0 43 / " ''anekAnta' varSa 4 kiraNa 2, 4, 5 / * probhA abhinaMdana - grantha ( hindI sAhitya sammelana), pU0 22 (vibhAga 5) / 58

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458 premI-abhinadana-pratha kA itihAsa likhate samaya vidvAno ne AMkI hI hai / bhUgola ke adhyayana ke lie aura bhAratIya bhUgola kI aitihAsika pragati ko jAnane ke lie jaina sAhitya anUThA hai| usameM upalabdha duniyA kA aura usase bhI kahI adhika vistRta loka kA varNana hai| ___ saskRta bhASA me likhe hue jaina purANa grantha ati prAcIna hai / uname apekSAkRta bahuta adhika aitihAsika sAmagrI sodhI-sAdI bhASA meM surakSita hai / alabattA kahI-kahI para usameM dhArmika zraddhA kI abhivyajanA karmasiddhAnta kI abhivyakti ke lie dekhane ko milatI hai| ___ jaina purANo ke sAtha hI jainakathApratho ke mahattva ko nahI bhulAyA jA sakatA, jinameM bahuta sI choTI-choTI kathAeM sagRhIta hai| aise kathAnatha prAkRta, saskRta, apabhraza, hindI, kannaDa Adi bhASAo me milate haiN| inameM koIkoI kathA aitihAsika tattva ko liye hue hai| kisI meM bhelasA (vidizA) para mleccho (zako) ke aitihAsika AkramaNa kA ullekha hai to kisI meM nanda rAjA aura unake mantrI zakaTAra Adi kA varNana hai| kisI meM maurya samrATa candragupta aura unake guru zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kA caritra-citraNa kiyA gayA hai, to kisI anya meM ujjaina ke gardabhilla aura vikramAditya kA varNana hai / sArAza yaha ki jainakathAnatho me bhI bahuta sI aitihAsika sAmagrI bikharI paDI hai / mahAkavi hariSeNa viracita 'kathAkoSa' vizeSarUpa se draSTavya hai| jaina sAhitya meM kucha aise kAvya eva caritragrantha bhI hai, jo vizuddha aitihAsika hai| uname aitihAsika mahApuruSo kAhI itihAsa athavaddha kiyaagyaahai| isa prakAra kA paryApta sAhitya zve. jaina samAja dvArA prakAzita kiyAjAcukA hai| 'aitihAsika jainakAvyasagraha', 'aitihAsika rAsa sagraha' Adi pustakeM ullekhanIya hai / 'citrasena-padmAvatI' kAvyagnatha meM hameM kaliMga-samrAT khAravela ke pUrvajo kA itivRta gumphita milatA hai, jisakA aitihAsika dRSTi se sUkSma adhyayana vAchanIya hai / antima madhyakAlIna bhArata kI sAmAjika sthiti kA paricaya guNamAlA caupaI' athavA 'brahmagulAla caritra' Adi gratho se milatA hai / 'guNamAlA caupaI' meM, jisakI eka prati dhArA ke prasiddha 'jaina siddhAnta bhavana' meM surakSita hai, gorakhapura ke rAjA gajasiMha aura seThaputrI guNamAlA kI kathA varNita hai / gorakhapura tava indra ko alakA-nagarI-sA pratIta hotA thA, jaisA ki kavi khemacada ke ullekha se spaSTa hai 'pUravadesa tihA goraSapurI, jANa ilikA ANi nai dhrii| vAra joyaNa nagarI vistAra, gaDha-maTha madira poli pagAra // 5 // x nagara mAhi te deharA ghaNA, koI na koI shiv-tnnaaN| mAhi virAja jinavara deva, bhaviNaya sArai nitaprata seva // 10 // 'pro0 e0 siMha aura pro0 vi0 bhU0 datta kRta "hisTrI praoNva iDiyana maithemeTiksa" dekhiye| pro0 siMha ne 'ghavalATokA' ko bhUmikA meM likhA hai, "yathAryata. gaNita aura jyotiSa vidyA kA jJAna jaina muniyoM kI eka mukhya sAdhanA mamajhI jAtI thii| mahAvIrAcArya kA gaNitasArasagraha-praya sAmAnya rUpa-rekhA meM brahmagupta, zrIdharAcArya bhAskara aura hindU gaNitajJoM ke anyoM ke samAna hote hue bhI vizeSa vAtoM meM unase pUrNata. bhinna hai| dhavalA meM vaNita aneka prakriyAe~ kisI bhI anya jJAta atha meM nahIM pAI jAtIM!" 'hamArA 'bhagavAna pArzvanAtha pR0 154-200 / 'pUrvokta kathAkoSa, pR0 346 / *hariSeNa kathAkoSa (siMghIgrathamAlA), pR0 317 / 'kAlakakathA-sajai0, bhA0 2, khaMDa 2, pR0 62-64 / 'anekAnta', varSa 5, pR0 395-397 evaM varSa 6, pR0 65-67 /

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jaina sAhitya meM prAcIna aitihAsika sAmagrI . 456 'pArzvacaritra', 'mahAvIra caritra', 'bhujavali caritra', 'jambUsvAmI caritra', 'kumArapAla caritra', 'vastupAla rAsa' ityAdi anekAneka caritragraya itihAsa ke lie mahattva kI vastu hai| jaina saskRta mAhitya me purAtana pravandha-atha itihAsa kI dRSTi se vizeSa mUlyavAn hai| ye pravanva-atha eka prakAra ke vizada nivandha hai, jinameM kimI aitihAsika ghaTanA athavA vidvAn yA zAsaka kA paricaya karAyA gayA hai| zrI merutugAcArya kA 'pravandha cintAmaNi' pravandha-grayo meM ullekhanIya hai, jo "siMghI jaina grathamAlA' meM chapa bhI cukA hai| zrI rAjazekhara kA pravandhakoSa', zrI jinavijaya kA 'purAtana pravandhasagraha' eva 'upadezataragiNI' dhAdi pravavAtha bhI prakAzita ho cuke hai| kimo samaya zvetAmbara jaina sAdhu sampradAya meM 'vijJaptipatra' likhane-likhAne kA pracAra vizeSa rUpa se thaa| Ajakala mabhavata ima prathA meM zithilatA A gaI hai| "vijJapti patra kuDalI ke AkAra ke usa AmantraNapatra kI sajJA hai, jise sthAnIya jaina samAja bhAdrapada meM paqpaNa parva ke antima dina apane dUravartI prAcArya yA guru ke pAsa bhejatA thaa| usameM sthAnIya madha ke puNya-kAryoM ke varNana ke mAya guru ke caraNo meM yaha prArthanA rahatI thI ki ve agalA cAturmAsa uma sthAna para Akara vitAye / vijJaptiyo kA janma gujarAta meM huA aura janetara samAja meM inakA abhAva hai| pahale vijJaptipatra mAmAnya prArthanApUrNa AmantraNa ke rUpa meM likhe jAte hoge, parantu kAla pAkara unakA rUpa atyanta saskRta ho gyaa| uname citrakArI ko bhI bharapUra sthAna milaa| prepaNa-sthAna kA citramaya pradarzana vijJaptipatra meM kiyA jAtA thaa| sagha ke madasyo kA bhI paricaya rahatA aura kabhI-kabhI itihAsa viSayaka ghaTanAeM bhI A jAtI thiiN| vastuta kalA aura itihAsa ubhayadRSTi se vijJapnipatra mahattvapUrNa hai| inameM se kucha 'zrI prAtmAnanda jana sabhA ambAlA aura DA0 hIrAnada zAstrI dvArA zrI pratApasiMha mahArAja rAjyAbhiSeka granthamAlA vaDIdA' se prakaTa bhI kiye jA cuke hai / DA0 hIrAnada zAstrI kA sagraha agrejI meM aiziyeMTa vijJapti patrAz2a' nAma se sacitra prakAzita huA hai / kucha aprakAzita vijJaptipatra zrI agaracandra nAhaTA (bIkAnera) aura prasiddha nAhara-sagraha kalakatte meM darzanIya hai| digambara jaino meM yadyapi vinaptipatra likhane kI prathA kabhI nahI rahI mAlUma hotI, parantu unameM vizeSa janotsava, jaise rathayAtrA Adi ke avasara para nimatraNapatra anya sthAno ke jana-magho ko bhejane kA rivAja avazya rahA hai| inameM se kucha nimatraNapatra macitra bhI hote the| ina nimatraNapatro kI khoja zAstrabhaDAro meM honI caahie| hameM sau-DeDha-sau varSoM se adhika prAcIna nimatraNapatra nahIM mile haiN| inameM magha kAsthAnIya paricaya aura utsava kI vizeSatA kA digdarzana sundara kAvyaracanA meM kiyA jAtA thA aura ava bhI kiyaajaataahai| pahale yaha nimatraNapatra hAtha se likhakara bheje jAte the| uparAnta javachApekA pracAra huyAtavaveliyo aura presa meM chapAkara bheje jAne lge| hamAre saMgraha meM sabase purAnA hastalikhita nimazraNapatra vikramasavata 1880 caitra vadI 2 kA hai, jise mainapurI ke jano ne kampilAtIrtha meM rathayAtrA nikAlane ke prasaga meM likhA thaa| aisAhI eka nimatraNapatra sa0 1955 kAhai, jisakAprArabha nimnalikhita zloka se hotAhai "zrI nAbheya jina praNamya zirasA vadya samastairjana / lokAnA duritA pavRhaNa pavi vAcA sudhAvaSiNapatrImadya likhAmi caarurcnaavinmnohaarinnii| zrutvatA vidhAjanA. svayamudAgacchatu dharmotsave // " liyo kI chapI huI eka nimatraNa patrikA vi0 sa0 1956 kI hamAre sagraha meM hai, jisase prakaTa hai ki usa varSa bhogAva meM eka jinavimba pratiSThotsava zrI banArasIdAma jI ne karAyA thA, usakA prArama nimnalikhita rUpa meM huA hai "anekAnta' varSa 5, aka 12 aura varSa 6, praka 2 / "anekAnta' varSa 5, pR0 396-367 /

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460 premI-abhinadana-pratha "poim / / zloka // yaccitsAgaramagnA jIvAcA bhAva bhUtayo vividhAsta bhagavanta ' rAgAraM natvAvi likhyate / patram // svasti zrI madana-varata bhakti-bhArAvanata purandara vRnda vandita sundara vara sura sundarI vivAha maDapAya-mAnaghana-ghaNTAdhvajAcamara siMhAsanAdiparimaNDita jinendracandra mandirasandarbha pavitritagharAtale vApI kUpa taDAga saritsarovara khAtikA prakArAdi parikara pariveSTite mahAzubhasthAne zrI ityAdi / " anta nimnAkita doho se kiyA gayA hai "pApa galata zubha-ramana-kara, jina-vRSa vRSabha myph| nuti stuti kari dala kSema kara, magala prata nizaka / / janapada guDa nivAsinI, kamala vAsinI jem| mahArAnI vikaToriyA, jayo sayoga kSema // tatva jJAna nidhi bhami, zazi pratipada bhora vaizAkha / kRSna pakSa meM svakSatA, Aya karo vRSa sAkha // " yaha patra sunaharI syAhI se lAla ghoTe ke kAgaja para chapA huA hai, jisa para sundara borDara aura Upara madira kA citra vanAhuAhai / presa me chapA huAeka nimatraNapatra sa01661 kA tiravA (jilA pharrukhAbAdameM kalasotsava eva rathayAtrA prasaga kA hai / prArabhika zloka draSTavya hai "na kopo na lobho na mAno na mAyA na hAsya na lAsya na gIta na kaantaa| na vAyusya putrAna zatru mitro-stunurdevadevaM jinendra namAmi // 1 // praNamya vRSabhadeva sarvapApa praNAsana / likhAmi patrikA ramyA satsamAcAra hetave // 2 // " yaha patrikA sa0 1961 meM tiravA meM jainadharma ke bAhulya ko prakaTa karatI hai, kintu Aja vahA~ kevala eka jaina usa vizAla jainamadira kI vyavasthA ke lie zepa hai, jisa para kalasa caDhAye gaye the| zrI jaina madira alIgaja ke sagraha meM dillI ke rathotsava kI sacitra patrikA litho kI chapI huI hai, jisame jUlusa kA pUrA citraNa hai / yaha vaha pahalI rathayAtrA thI, jo vaiSNavo ke virodha karane para bhI sarakArI dekha-rekha meM dillI meM nikalI thii| isa prakAra kI nimatraNapatrikAmo kI yadi khoja ho to inase bhI prAcIna aura mUlyavAna patrikAe~ mila sakatI hai| tIrthamAlA-atha bhI itihAsa aura bhUgola ke lie mahattva kI cIjeM hai| prAcInakAla meM java yAtAyAta ke sAdhana nahIM the taba saghapati kisI AcArya ke tatvAvadhAna meM lavI-lavI tIrthayAtrAoM ke lie saMgha nikAlA karate the| unatIrthayAtrAmo ke nikale hue sapo kA vivaraNa katipaya vidvAno ne likhA hai| zvetAmbara jana-samAja aisI tIrthamAlApro kA sagraha kaI sthAno se prakAzita kara cukA hai| phira bhI kaI gratha aprakAzita hai| digambara jaino ke zAstrabhaDAro kI zodha abhI huI hI nahIM hai aura yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki unameM aisI kitanI tIrthamAlAe~ surakSita haiN| alIgaja aura mainapurI ke zAstrabhaDAro meM hameM tIna-cAra tIrthayAtrA vivaraNa mile hai| eka sagha zrI dhanapatirAya jI ruiyA ne mainapurI se zikharajI ke lie nikAlA thA, usakA vivaraNa milatA hai| dUsarA vivaraNa giranAra jI kI yAtrA kA pAnIpata ke sagha kA hai| tIsarA vivaraNa kampilA tIrtha kI yAtrA kA hai, jo prakAzita kiyA jA cukA hai|' kintu ina tIrthayAtrAmo ke vivaraNa ke atirikta jaina sAhitya meM kucha aise bhI grantha hai, jinameM tIrthoM kA paricaya aura 'pUrva pramANa draSTavya / janasiddhAntabhAskara bhA04, pR0 143-148 / 'zrI kampila rathayAtrA vivaraNa (mainapurI) pu. 15-24 / .

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jaina sAhitya meM prAcIna aitihAsika sAmagrI 461 unakI bhaugolika sthiti kA ullekha haiM / zrI jinaprabhusUri kA 'vividhatIrthakalpa' isa viSaya kA ullekhanIya grantha hai / digambara jaina sampradAya meM 'nirvANabhakti' aura 'nirvANakANDa' isa viSaya kI ullekhanIya racanAe~ hai / bhAratIya bhUgola ke anusadhAna meM ina graMtho se vizeSa sahAyatA mila sakatI haiN| sAtha hI inameM varNita tIrthoM kA mAhAtmya itihAsa ke lie upayogI hai| zrI premI jI ne dakSiNa ke jaina tIrthoM para gracchA prakAza DAlA hai / kampilA, hastinApura Adi tIrthoM para hamane aitihAsika prakAza DAlA hai / 'paTTAvalI' jaina sAhitya bhI itihAsa ke lie upayogI hai, kyoki jainasagha bhAratavarSa ke pratyeka bhAga meM eka sagaThita sasthA raha cukA hai / jainasagha ke prAcAryoM ke yazasvI kAryoM kA vivaraNa bhI unameM gumphita hotA hai, java ki guruziSya paramparA rUpaye unakA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai / bha0 mahAvIra se lekara Aja taka jainAcAryoM kI zrRMkhalAvaddha vaza-paramparA pratyeka sagha-gaga aura gaccha kI paTTAvalI meM surakSita hai / zvetAmvarIya samAja meM paTTAvalI sAhitya ke kaI sagraha-grantha prakAzita ho cuke haiM, jinameM ullekhanIya 'paTTAvali samuccaya' - 'tapAgacchapaTTAvalI' kharataragacchapaTTAvalI' - sagraha Adi hai / digambara jaina samAja meM bhI ina paTTAvaliyo kA prabhAva nahI hai, parantu kheda hai ki unhone apanI paTTAvaliyo kA koI bhI sagraha prakAzita nahI kiyaa| vaise isa sampradAya kI kaI paTTAvaliyA~ 'iDiyana eNTa kverI', ' jaina hitaiSI' aura 'janasiddhAntabhAskara" nAmaka patro meM prakAzita ho cukI haiN| saMskRta, prAkRta, hindI aura kannaDa, ina sabhI bhASAzro meM paTTAvaliyA~ likhI huI milatI hai / jainagrathoM kI prazastiyA~ bhI itihAsa ke lie mahatvapUrNa hai / pratyeka jainagratha ke prAdya bhagalAcaraNa eva pratima prazasti aura puSpikA meM pUrvAcAryo eva kaviyo ke nAma smaraNa eva anya paricaya likhe rahate hai / zrI DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ke zabdo meM "prazastisagraha guru-ziSya paramparA ke itihAsa ke uttama sAdhana hai / inameM graMthalekhana kI preraNA dene vAle jainaguru kA unake ziSya kA aura grantha kA mUlya dene vAle zrAvaka zreSThI kA sundara vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai / tatkAlIna zAsaka aura pratilipikAra ke vipaya meM bhI sUcanAe~ milatI hai / itihAsa ke sAtha bhUgola sAmagrI bhI pAI jAtI hai / madhyakAlIna jainAcAryoM ke pArasparika vidyAsavadha, gaccha ke sAtha unakA sabadha, kAryakSetra kA vistAra, jJAna prasAra ke lie udyoga zrAdi viSayo para ina prazasti aura puSpikAo se paryApta sAmagrI mila sakatI hai | zrAvako kI jAtiyo ke nikAsa aura vikAsa para bhI rocaka prakAza paDatA hai / "" abhI taka zvetAmvara samAja kI zrora se 'jainapustaka prazasti sagraha' prathama bhAga eva eka anya sagraha bhI prakAzita ho cukA hai / digambara samAja kA eka sagraha zrI jaina siddhAnta bhavana, dhArA se prakAzita huA hai / kintu yaha to abhI kucha bhI nahI ho pAyA / abhI anekAneka jaina prazastiyo ko sagraha karake prakAzita karane kI AvazyakatA hai / jaina prazasti kA mahattva A~kane ke lie yahA~ para usakA eka udAharaNa denA anupayukta na hogA / bhA0 di0 jaina pariSad ke kAryakarttA zrI pa0 bhaiyAlAla jI zAstrI ko pracAra prasaga meM bhaugAMva (jilA mainapurI) ke vaidya lAlArAma jI se kaI prAcIna hastalikhita grantha mile the / unameM eka 'kalpasUtra vyAkhyAna' nAmaka gratha hai, jo ava hamAre sagraha meM hai / isakI prazasti kA upayogI zraza hama yahA~ upasthita karate hai "zrI zAsanAdhIzvara varddhamAno / guNara naM tairiti varddhamAna // yadIyatIrthaM khakhakhA'jvanetra 21000 varSANiyAvadvijaya prasiddha // 1 // iMDiyana eMTI0 bhA0 20, pR0 344-48 / 'jainahitaiSI, varSa 6 / ""jaina siddhAnta bhAskara' bhA0 1, kiraNa 2-3-4 / 4 'anekAnta, bhA0 5, pR0 366 va bhA0 21, pR0 54-84 /

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462 premI-abhinaMdana graMtha "tadIya ziSyogaNa bhuccaryatvamaH suSarmAnAmA'sya paraparAyA / babhUva zAkhA kila vajranAmnA, cadra kula cadra kaleva nirmala // 2 // tadgacchetvabhidhAnata: kharatare, ye stabhanAdhIzvaro / tumadhyAtprakaTI kRta. punarapi snAnodakA drugagatA // sthAnAMgAdi navAMgasUtra nivRttirnavyA kSatA / zrImato'bhayadevasUriguravo jAtA jagadvizrutA // 3 // yo yoginItyo jagRhe vadau ca carAn jAgradaneneka vidya / pacApi pIrAn svavazI cakAra yugapradhAno jinaratnasUri // 4 // punarapi yasminagacche babhUva jina kuzala nAma sUrivara / yasya stUpanivezAmuyaza pujAdravAbhAti // 5 // tatpaTTAnukramata' zrI jinacandrasUri nAmAna / jAtA jugapradhAnA dillIpati pAtasAhi kRtA // 6 // kabara rajana pUrva dvAdaza staveSu sarvadezeSu sphuTataramArapaTaha. pravAdito yauzca sUrivaraM // 7 // yadvAre kila karmacada saciva. zrAdvo'bhavaddIptimAn / yena zrI gururAja nadi mahamidravya vyayonirmime / koTe' pAdayuja. zarAprizamaye durbhikSa ve lAkule / mantrAkAra vidhAnato bahujanA sajIvitA vena ca // 8 // yadvAre munaratna sona jisivA zrAdvau jagadvizruto / yAtyA rANapurasya 1 khatagireH 2 zrI arbudasya sphuTa / gaur3I zrI zatrujayasya ca mahAn saghonadya. kArito / gacche labhanikA kRtvA pratipura rukmArthamekapuna* // // teSA zrI jinacandrANA ziSya. prathamato'bhavat / gaNi sakalacadrAkhyo rohaDAnvaya bhUSaNa // 10 // tacchiSya samayasundara sadupAdhyAyai vinirmita vyAya. kalpalatA nAmAya grathacakre prayatnena // 11 // X X X lUNakarNasaro prAme prArabhA kartumAdarAta / varSamadhye kRtApUrNA mayA caivAriNIpure // 17 // rAjye zrI jinarAja sUri sugurorbudhyAjitasvarguro bhAgya bhuviloka vismayakarasobhAgyamatyudbhuta / kIrtistu prasarIsarIti jagati praur3ha pratApodayA / dAzItyugratamA kRpAtanubhRtA dAridrya duHkhApahA // 18 // zrI madbhAna baDe capuDara girI, zrI meDatAyA puna | zrI pallI nagare ca laudranagare prauDhA pratiSThA kRtA / dravyaM bhUri taravyayIkRta mahozrAddhaM mahatyutsavo / rAjate jinarAjasUri guruvaste sAta bhUtale // 26 // tadguruNA prasAdena mayA kalpalatA / kalpasUtramida yAvattAvannadatusA pihi // 21 // iti // " isase spaSTa hai ki vajrazAkhA-candrakula- kharataragacchI abhayadevasUri kI paramparA meM zrI jinaralasUri zrAdi zrAcArya hue, jinameM se jinacandrasUri vAdazAha akabara dvArA 'yugapradhAna' ghoSita kiye gye| unhone kaI vAdiyo ko parAsta karake kavara kA manorajana kiyA thaa| unake upadeza se karmacandra saciva ne dharma-kArya meM apanI lakSmI kA sadupayoga kiyA aura durbhikSa ke samaya dAna dekara aneka prANiyo kI rakSA kI / AcArya ratnasoma ke nimitta se rANapura, raivatagiri ( girinAra ), AbUparvata, gauDI (pArzvanAtha ) aura zatrujaya ke yAtrAsagha nikAle gaye / inameM zrI jinacandra sUri ke pratiziSya aura sakalacandra gaNi ke ziSya upAdhyAya samayasundara ne yaha 'kalpalatA -- kalpasUtra - vyAkhyA' racI / lUnakarNa ( lUnI ? ) grAma meM ise prAraMbha karake eka varSa meM hI pAriNIpura (?) meM racakara samApta kiyaa| uparAta jinarAjasUri kI mahimA kA ullekha hai / vijJa pAThaka isa eka udAharaNa se hI prazasti ke mahattva ko samajha sakate haiM / prazasti ke anurUpa hI jina mUrtiyo, yatro, aura maMdiro ke zilAlekha bhI itihAsa ke lie bahumUlya sAmagrI hai / yoM to jinamUrtiyAM aura maMdira hI bhAratIya sthApatya aura mUrtikalA ke itihAsa ke lie vizeSa adhyayana kI vastu hai, parantu unase saMbadhita lekha to advitIya hai / kheda hai, abhI taka ina lekho ko saMgraha karane kA koI bhI vyavasthita udyoga nahI huA hai to bhI zvetAmbara samAja ke prasiddha vidvAna sva0 zrI pUrNacandra jI nAhara, sva0 zrI vijayadharmasUri aura muni

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jaina sAhitya meM prAcIna aitihAsika sAmagrI 463 jinavijaya jI dvArA kaI mUrtilekha-sagraha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| digambara jaina samAja meM pro0 hIrAlAla jI dvArA zravaNavelagola tIrtha ke lekho kA vRhad sagraha 'jaina zilAlesasagraha' nAma se thImANikacandra prathamAlA bambaI meM prakAzita ho cukA hai| eka mUrtilekha sagraha vAvU choTelAla jI ne kalakattA se nikAlA thA aura eka mUrtilekha saMgraha hamane vardhA se| hamAre dvArA sampAdita eka anya mUrtilekha sagraha jainasiddhAnta bhavana pArA se bhI prakAzita huA hai| kintu isa dizA meM abhI bahuta kArya honA zeSa hai| zrAvako ke vividha kuloko vazAvaliyAM bhI ullekhanIya hai| hindI jaina sAhitya me bhI aitihAsika sAmagrI kA bAhulya hai, jo eka dakSa anveSaka kI pratIkSA kara rahA hai| usame kavivara banArasI dAsa jI kA 'arddhakathAnaka caritragratha bhAratIya hI nahI, vizva sAhitya meM anUThA hai| isa prakAra jaina sAhitya me itihAsa kI apUrva sAmagrI bikharI huI paDI hai / dakSiNa ke jaina kannaDa aura tAmila sAhitya me bhI apAraaitihAsika mAmagrI surakSita hai, kintu usake anveSaNa kI AvazyakatA hai / tAmila kA zilappAdhikAram' kAvya aura kannaDa kA 'rAjAvalIkathe' nAmaka gratha bhAratIya itihAsa ke lie anUThe gratha-rala hai / dakSiNa bhArata ke janazAstra bhaDArI kA avalokana bhAratIya jJAnapITha ke tatvAvadhAna meM zrI pa0 ke0 bhujavalI zAstrI kara rahe hai aura hama AzA karate hai ki zIghra hI dakSiNavartI jaina sAhitya ke amUlya ratno kA paricaya vidvajjagata ko upalabdha hogaa| kyA hI acchA ho ki premIjI ke prati kRtajJatAjJApana svarUpa jainasAhityAnveSaNa ke lie eka vRhada prAyojana kiyA jaave| alIgaja] anekAnta, bhA0 6, aka 2 meM prakAzita nAhaTA jI kA lekha / 'arddhakathAnaka (bambaI) kI bhUmikA dekhiye|

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jaina - sAhitya kI hindI - sAhitya ko dena zrI rAmasiMha tomara ema0 e0 prAraMbha meM hI yaha spaSTa kara denA ucita hogA ki jaina - prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya ko hI AdhAra mAna kara yahA~ vicAra kiyA hai / abhI taka jitanA prAkRta aura prapabhraMza sAhitya prakAza meM AyA hai, prAya jaino dvArA hI likhA huA milA hai| ina jaina lekhako ne deza ke kone-kone meM baiThakara racanAe~ kI / jaina sAhitya kA racanA kSetra bahuta vistRta thA / jaina sAhitya kI sabase baDI vizeSatA yaha hai ki use dhArmika zrAvaraNa se chuTakArA kabhI nahI mila sakA / jaina kaviyo yA lekhako kA kArya bahuta hI kaThina thA / dhArmika dRSTikoNa bhulAnA unake lie muzkila thA / yaha prativandha hote hue bhI ucita avasara Ate hI jaina kavi apanA kAvya- kauzala prakaTa kie binA nahI rahate aura aise sthalo para hameM eka atyanta uccakoTi ke sarala aura sarasa kAvya ke darzana hote hai, jisakI samatA hama acche-se-acche kavi kI racanA se kara sakate haiM / kAvya ke sAmAnya tattvo ke atirikta ina kaviyo ke kAvya kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki lokaruci ke anukUla banAne ke lie ina kaviyo ne apane kAvya ko sAmAjika jIvana ke adhika nikaTa lAne kA prayatna kiyA hai / maralatA aura sarasatA ko eka sAtha prastuta karane kA jaisA saphala prayAsa ina kaviyo ne kiyA, vaisA zranyatra kama prApta hogA / dhArmika pratibandho ke hote hue bhI varNana kA eka namUnA puSpadanta ke mahApurANa se hama uddhRta karate haiM / aise varNana sthala -sthala para milate hai| tIrthakara kA janma hone vAlA hai / jisa nagara meM janma hogA, usakA varNana hai uttugakolakhaDiyakaseru pukkharavaradIvai puvva meru / tahu puSvavideha vaha vimala gai kolamANakAraDajuyala / kharadaDasa DadalachaiyaNIra DiDIpiMDapaDuriyatIra / darisiyapayaDasoMDAlalIla lolatayUlakallolamAla / jujjhatacaDulakarimayara Nilaya paribhamiya gahIrAvattavalaya / jalapakkhAliyatausAhisAha NAmeNa sIya sIyala sagAha / dAhiNai ghaNNasachaNNasIma uvayaThi tAhi saThiya susIma / - mahApurANa puSpadanta 48. 21-7 isa prakAra ke varNano se ina kaviyo ne apanI kRtiyo meM eka vicitra sauMdarya lAne kI ceSTA kI hai aura usameM ve bahuta kucha saphala bhI hue hai / samasta saMskRta sAhitya meM eka prakAra kI ekarasatA hama pAte hai / mahAkAvya kA yA nATaka kA nAyaka koI mahAna vyakti hI hotA hai, kAvya kA viSaya sAdhAraNa ho hI nahI sakatA / jaina prAkRta apabhraMza sAhitya meM hama pahilI vAra dekhate hai ki kAvya kA nAyaka sAdhAraNa zreNI kA vyakti bhI ho sakatA hai / koI bhI dhana-sampanna zreSThi (vaizya) kAvya kA nAyaka ho sakatA hai / ina lekhako ne apanI suvidhAo ke anukUla ina nAyako ke caritro meM parivartana avazya 1 nATakIya prAkRta, setubaMdha zrora gAthA saptazatI goDavaho ajainoM dvArA likhe gae hai| apabhraMza meM abdula rahamAna kRta 'sadeza rAsaka', vidyApati kI kIrtilatA dohAkoSa, vikramorvazIya ke kucha padya eva kucha padya hemacanda ke vyAkaraNa meM bhI zrajaino dvArA likhe prApta hue hai /

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jaina-sAhitya ko hindI-sAhitya ko dena 465 kiye hai| kimI-na-kisI prakAra unako vArmika ghere meM banda karane kA prayatna to kiyA hI hai, kiMtu isake atirikta anya paristhitiyoM kA varNana atyanna svAbhAvika Dhaga para kiyA hai| jima samAja me ina kathAnAyako kA mavava hai, vaha navake anubhava karane yogya mAvAgNa hai| isake nAtha ina kaviyo ne gharelU jIvana me cunakara pracalita aura ciraparicita subhApito, marala vvanyAtmaka dezI gabdo, gharelU varNano eva isI bIca meM upamAno kA prayoga karake kAvya ko bahuta mAmAnya rUpa pradAna kyiA hai| ina sabako lekara laya aura magIta ke anusAra chando me eka mavura parivartana karake kAvya meM eka apUrva mAdhurya eva majIvatA kI sRSTi kI hai| apabhraga ke avikAga chada tAla geya hai| sagIta ke ullekha apanaga grayoM meM hame myAna-myAna para milane hai aura vaha mIta devatAoM, kinnarI, apparAno kI dundubhiyo, vINAoM Adi kA nahIM hai, jana-samAja kA saMgIta hai| Ananda aura unlAma meM gAte hue, nAcate hue aura apane vAdya yantro ko vajAne hue dharatI ke manupyo kA vaha magota hai, AkAza ke devatAoM kA nahIM / AkAga ke devatA bhI kabhI-kabhI pRthvI para Ate hai, lekina ve kevala jina (tIrthakara) me bheTa, praNAma karane hI Ate hai| ye apabhraga kAvya gAye jAte the| janatA kI bhApA ma racanA karake loka-bhASA ko kAvya kA mAdhyama banAne kA zreya pradhAnata inhI jaina-kaviyo ko hai| kimI samaya kI lokabhApA pAlI-prAkRneM bhI mamkRta ke madRza 'maskRta' (Classical ) ho cukI thii| vyAkaraNa kI mahAyatA se hI unakA adhyayana mulabha ho makatA thaa| menuvadha jaime kAvyo kA rasAsvAdana karanA paDito ke lie bhI sanna kArya nahIM thaa| ata lokabhApA mAhitya me hI janatA kA kalyANa ho sakatA thaa| apabhraza kaviyoM kI racanAyo ne hI Age cala kara hindI kaviyoM ko bhApA meM racanA karane ke lie mArga-pradarzaka kA kArya kiyaa| bhASA ke dRSTikoNa me yaha sabase mahattvapUrNa dena ina kaviyo kI hindI-sAhitya ko hai| lokabhASA ke sAtha-mAtha anya sabhI apabhraza kAvya ke mAvano kA prayoga bhI bhApA kaviyo ne kiyaa| apabhraga kaviyo ne pahale-pahala lokabhASA meM likhakara vaDe mAhama kA kAma kiyaa| prAkRta aura apabhraMza kA paDina-samAja meM Adara nahIM thaa| apabhrama nAma hI anAdara kA dyotaka hai / apabhraga nAma vidvAn vyAkaraNalekhako kA diyA huA hai| kahIM bhI apabhraza-lekhako ne yaha nAma nahIM diyaa| metuvanya jaise paurANika nAyaka me sambandhita utkRSTa kAvya kI jaba nindA hotI thI' tava anya prAkRta aura apabhraza ke granyo ke prati upekSA kA hama anumAna kara sakate hai| isa upekSA kI jhalaka hama apanA kAvyo kI prArambhika bhUmikAmo meM bhASA meM likhane kI maphAI dene ke lie likhe gae sthalo meM milatI hai| apabhraza kA pratyeka kAvya eva hindI ke prAcIna kavi bhI isa vAta se sabaka pratIta hote haiM ki bhApA meM likhane ke kAraNa unheM eka varga kA virodha bhI mahanA pddegaa| pratyeka kavi bhASA meM likhane ke lie apanI upayuktatA pradarzita karatA dikhAI paDatA hai| isase bhI hame yahI jJAta hotA hai ki paDinavarga ke bhaya me hI apabhraza kavi prAya kAvya kI zreSThatA kA mApadai arthagAmbhIrya ko batalAtA hai| bhApA to eka bAhya AvaraNa mAtra hai| ata bhASA meM racanA kA mUtrAta jaina-kaviyo dvArA hI huA aura Age cala kara hindIkaviyA ne nI bhASA me mAhapUrvaka racanA karate samaya isame avazya lAbha utthaayaa| 'puSpadanta mahApurANa jo summai kaivai vihiyaseu / / tAsu vi dujjaNu kiM pariyahou // 1 7 8 "vidyApati desila bayanA sava jana miTThA prAdi / kavIra-masamirita hai kapa jala bhASA vahatA nIra / tulasI-"bhApA bhagita mora mati thorii|" "bhAvAbaddha karavi mai soii|" marAThI ekanAtha-"mAjhI marAThI bhAmA caukhddii|"

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466 premI-abhinadana-graMtha ava hama yaha dekheMge ki kauna-mI apabhraza kAvya-dhArAe~ hindI me AI hai| prAya apabhraga ke kaviyo ne loka pracalita kahAniyo ko lekara uname manonukUla parivartana karake una para mundara kAvya likhe haiN| ina kahAniyo ko apanAne kA savame pravAna kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki ina paricita kahAniyo dvArA unake dhArmika siddhAnto kA pracAra bhalI bhAMti ho sakatA thaa| isake sAtha-hI-sAtha kavi bhI lokapriya bana makate the| ina atyanta lokapriya ciraparicita gharelU kahAniyo ko lekara unake AsapAsa dhArmika vAtAvaraNa bhI apane siddhAnto ke anukUla ina kaviyoM ne upasthita kiyA hai| kahAnI ke nAyako ko janavarma kA bhakta vanA kara samasta kathA ko 'pacanamaskAraphala' yA kimI vrata se sambanvita dRSTAnta kA rUpa pradAna kiyA hai| bahuta sambhava hai ki pahale ve nAyaka dhArmika vAtAvaraNa se pUrNa svatantra rahe ho, kintu jaina-kaviyo ne unheM apane raga me raMga kara jainagRhastho kI pUjA-pATha kI sAmagrI banA diyaa| isake sAtha hI kAvya kA rocaka puTa dekara unheM aura bhI manorajaka banAyA aura una kathAno kA eka nayA saskaraNa karake mahattvapUrNa bhI vnaayaa| hama bhaviSyadattakathA ko hI yahA~ udAharaNa ke rUpa ma le makate haiN| (1) bhaviSyadatta kI kathA 'bhavisayattakahA' nAmaka grantha ke nirmANa hone ke pUrva pracalita thI aura lokapriya mA rahI hogii| (2) dhanapAla ne use kucha dhArmika' raga dekara va kAvyAnukUla kucha parivartana karake aura sundara bnaayaa| vaha vArmika vAtAvaraNa ke kAraNa jainadharo me grAhya huI aura kAvya saundarya ke kAraNa auro ke bhI paDhane yogya huii| (3) prema aura zRgAra ke dRzyo ko rakhane me aura bhI manorajaka huii|| (4) bhASA meM nirmita hone ke kAraNa janasAdhAraNa meM adhika pracAra huaa| bhaviSyadattakathA me se pAtro ke nAmo ko yadi nikAla de eva kucha thoDe se anya parivartana kara deM aura vace hue mAnacitra se ratnasena padmAvatI kI kahAnI kI tulanA kare to dono meM koI antara nahI pratIta hogaa| merA anumAna hai ki 'padmAvatI' me ratnasena aura alAuddIna Adi nAmo ke atirikta aitihAsikatA bahuta kama hai| vaha kevala eka kahAnI hai| jisa prakAra kA prema-citraNa bhaviSyadattakathA me hai, ThIka usI prakAra kA ratnasena padmAvatI kI kathA me hai| dono kRtiyo kI kathAno meM samAnatA hai| ratnasena kI rAnI padminI ke haraNa kA alAuddIna dvArA prayatna atyanta asvAbhAvika lagatA hai, bhale hI vaha aitihAsika ho, kintu bhaviSyadatta kI strI kA apaharaNa usake bhAI bandhudana dvArA adhika svAbhAvika hai| siMhala kA bhI ullekha dono kRtiyo me hai| vaha siMhala kahA~ hai, ise jAnane kA prayAsa vyarya-sA hai| usa samaya kI kahAniyo me siMhala kA AnA Avazyaka hai| padmAvatI me 'jAyasI' ne yatra-tatra AdhyAtmika saketa rakkhe haiM, kintu bhaviSyadattakathA ko eka dhArmika kathA kA rUpa hI de diyA hai| ata usa prakAra, ke maketo ko DhUDhanA nirarthaka hai / DhUDhane para milanA asambhava nahI hai / 'jAyasI' ne padminI kI hAra mAna kara mRtyu divAI hai aura isa prakAra haraNa karane se bacA diyA hai, kintu bhaviSyadattakathA me vandhudatta ne bhaviSyadatta kI strI kA apaharaNa kiyA hai| pIche ghaTanAcakra ke anukUla hone se use apanI strI vApisa mila jAtI hai aura vandhudatta ko daDa milatA hai / isa prakAra kAvya-nyAya kA dhanapAla ne nirvAha kiyA hai| isako hama yahI choDa kara prAkRta meM likhI eka anya jaina-kathA se hindI premAkhyAnaka kAvya ke Adarzagrantha 'padmAvata' kI kathA se samatA karake dekheMge, jisase yaha spaSTa ho sake ki ye kahAniyA~ jano dvArA pahale hI kAvya-racanA ke lie apanAI jA cukI thI aura premamArgI mUphI-dhArA usI kA eka parivartita dvitIya saskaraNa hai| vikrama ko pandrahavI zatI kI prAkRta meM likhI eka 'rayaNaseharI naravai kahA' kathA milatI hai| kahAnI ko paupaca manamI apTamI vrata ke dRSTAnta ke rUpa meM rakkhA gayA hai| isa kathA me hindI kAvya 'padmAvata' kI sava bAte bhaviSyadattakayA sUrya pacamI vrata ke dRSTAnta ke rUpa meM kahI gaI hai|

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jaina - sAhitya kI hindI sAhitya ko dena nyUnAdhika rUpa meM mila jAtI hai / 'jAyamI' ke ratnasena hI isa kathA ke 'ratnazekhara narapati' hai / isake atirikta mihala kA varNana, yoga kA ullekha, totA pakSI (yadyapi usakA nAma hIrAmana nahI hai - nAmakaraNa saskAra yA to jAyasI ne kiyA hogA yA ki kathA ke kimI racayitA ne), indrajAla zrAdi sava vAto kA varNana hai / padmAvatI ke sthAna para rAnI kA nAma ratnAvatI hai, lekina 'padminI' zabda milatA hai / ratnAvatI ke mukha se hI isa prakAra usakA prayoga hA hai| ratanazekhara kI zobhA para mugdha hokara vaha kahatI hai 'he nAha / dUrademe Thiyo vihigrayammi dhAriyosi mae / sUra viNA samohai ahavA kiM paumiNI zranna | -- rayaNaseharIkahA 85 // 467 'jAyasI' ne 'padmAvatI' nAma acchA namajhA / ata use hI rkkhaa| usa nAma me bhI kathA pracalita rahI hogI, aisA anumAna karanA asvAbhAvika nahI hai / 'padmAvata' meM 'padminI' haraNa ke lie alAuddIna ko upasthita karanA nissandeha hI 'jAmI' kI naI sUjha hai / vaha aitihAmika matya haiM, yaha kahanA thoDA kaThina hai / rayaNameharI kathA meM bhI rAnI kA haraNa huA hai, lekina anta meM vaha indrajAla middha hotA hai aura isa prakAra rAnIharaNa ko indrajAla siddha karake eka dhArmika vAtAvaraNa meM kathA kA anta kiyA hai / isame hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki jaina sAhitya se isa prakAra kI aneka kAvyamaya AkhyAyikAo ke rUpa hamAre prArambhika hindI kaviyo ko mile aura premamArgI kaviyo ne una para kAvya likha kara acchA mArga prastuta kiyA / zrAge calakara kaI kAraNoM se vaha vArA ruka gaI / dUsarI pradhAna dhArA jaina - mAhitya meM 'upadeza' kI hai| yaha adhika prAcIna hai / yaha upadezAtmakatA hame bhAratIya sAhitya meM marvatra mila sakatI hai, lekina jaina - mAhitya kI upadezAtmakatA gRhastha jIvana ke adhika nikaTa A gaI hai / bhASA aura usakI saralatA isake pradhAna kAraNa hai / vartamAna 'sAdhuvarga' para jainasAdhuna zraura sanyAsiyo kA adhika prabhAva pratIta hotA hai / jo ho, hindI-sAhitya me isa upadeza (rahasyavAda mizrita) paramparA ke zrAdi pravartaka kabIradAma hai zrIra unakI zailI, zabdAvalI kA pUrvavartI rUpa jaina - racanAo meM hameM prApta hotA hai / siddho kA bhI una para paryApta prabhAva hai, lekina uma para vicAra karanA vipayAntara hogaa| yaha kahanA anucita aura asagata na hogA ki hindI kI isa kAvyavArA para bhI jaina sAhitya kA paryApta prabhAva paDA hai / kundakundAcArya, yogIndu devasena aura muni rAmasiMha ityAdi kaviyoM kI upadeza - pradhAna zailI aura santa sAhitya kI zailI me bahuta mamAnatA hai / jisa prakAra gharelU jIvana (kavIra ne prAya upamAna sAmAnya jIvana se liye hai-- julAhoM, rahaTa kI gharI zrAdi) ke dRzya lekara santa kaviyo ne apane upadegI aura middhAnto ko bahuta dUra taka janatA me pahu~cAyA, usI prakAra ina jaina kaviyo ne bhI kiyA thA / siddho me yaha dhArA kisI prakAra kama vyApta nahI thI aura prAcIna bhI kAphI thI / bhakti ke sava pradhAna zrago kA varNana isameM hameM milatA hai / santo para isakA prabhAva avazya paDA hai / yaha hama Upara dekha cuke hai ki loka-jIvana ke svAbhAvika citra apabhraga kAvya meM hameM bahuta adhika sakhyA meM milate hai / zRgAra, (mayoga aura viyoga ), vAlavarNana eva anya gRhastha jIvana ke svAbhAvika citraNa prAya prApta hote hai / 'sUradAsa' ke zRMgAra ke citro se samAnatA rakhane vAle varNana aura unakI bAlalIlA kI yAda dilAne vAle varNana bhI apabhraNa mAhitya meM pAnA kaThina nahI hai / hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM udghata padyo me zRgAra (vizeSa kara viyoga-proSita patikA) ke aneka acche udAharaNa haiM, jo sUradAma kI gopiyo kI yAda dilA dete haiM / yahA~ - eka padya uddhRta kiye jA rahe hai / eka pathika dUsare pathika me apanI premikA ke viSaya meM pUcha rahA hai - pahizrA diTThI goraDI diTThI maggu ninta / prasUsAsehi kAtintuvvANa karanta // hemacandra - - prAkRta vyAkaraNa 8 431.

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468 premI-abhinadana-praya dUsarA udAharaNa eka viyukta nAyikA kA dRzya akina karatA hai hijhaDA phuTTi taDatti kari kaalkkhe| kaaii| deksa hadavihi kahiThavai pai viNa dukkha-sayAi / -vahI. 8. 357 3. eka bAlavarNana kA citra bhI yaha dikhAne ke lie yahA~ udaghRta karate hai ki use par3ha kara bhakta-kaviyo ke vAlavargana ko yAda A jAtI hai samAnatA bhale hI kama ho| RSabhadeva kI bAlalIlA kA varNana hai tesavalIliyA kolmtiiliyaa| pahuNAdAviyA keNa Na bhAviyA // - dhUlodhUsara vayakaDiltu sajAyakadilakotalu jaDillu / ghattA-ho hallara jo jo suhu suahiM paI paNavatau bhuuygnnu| Nadai rijjhai dukkiyamaleNa kAtuvi maliguNa Na hoi maNu // dhUlIdhUsaro kddikikinniisro| NiruvamalIlau kolai vAlau / puSpadanta-mahApurANa-prayamakhaNDa / 'ho hallara' ityAdi mabdo ko paDhate samaya 'halarAya dularAya' Adi zabdo kI ora dhyAna calA hI jAtA hai| tAtparya yaha ki isa prakAra ke varNano kI jhalaka sUradAsa me mila jAtI hai, yaha isalie ki dono hI loka-jIvana ke vAbhAvika vAtAvaraNa ne liye gaye hai| ata nakSepa meM hama kaha sakate hai ki hindI kI namI kAvya-paddhatiyo kA saSTa nvarUpa hameM jaina-kaviyo dvArA prApta huA hai| aba hama ghoDA chando para vicAra karake isa carcA ko samApta krne| hindI-sAhitya me dohA chanda ke darzana hameM sarvaprathama hote hai| dohA chada apabhraza kA chanda hai| kAlidAsa ke vikramorvazIya nATaka meM bhI eka dohe ke darzana hote haiN| una apabhrama paco kI prAmANikatA ke viSaya meM kahane kA yaha ucita sthala nahI hai| usa para vicAra karane ko AvazyaktA avazya hai| jo ho, jaina-kaviyo dvArA isa chanda kA prayoga sabase pahale huaa| upadeza Adi ke lie yaha canda vahuna lokapriya ho gyaa| santa kaviyoM ne Age cala kara ine apane upadezo kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| jara hama dohe kA prayoga zRgAra ke lie bhI de cuke hai| ata vihArI jaine kaviyo ne usame saphalatApUrvaka zRgAra racanA bhI kI hai| dohA-caupAI ke Dhaga kI racanAe~ bhI apabhraza nAhitya meM hame paryApta milatI hai| caupAI ke pazcAt dohe ke sthAna para pattA' kA prayoga huA hai| pacamacariya, bhaviSyadattakathA, jasaharacariu, NAyakumAracarita, karakaDUparija, sudarzanacariu Adi granyo meM dohA-caupAI ke Dhaga ko chanda-vyavasthA hI hai| ina granyo meM caupAI ke sthAna para anya chando kA bhI prayoga huA hai, lekina pattA' kA prayoga kaDavaka ko pUrA karane ke lie avazya huA hai| hindI meM jApatI ke 'padmAvata', tulanIdAsa ke 'mAnasa' meM yahI chanda-vyavasthA hai, kevala dohe ne pattA' kA sthAna le liyA hai| isane atirikta anya kaI mAtrika chando kA prayoga bhI hindI meM apabhrama dvArA hI AyA hai| vidyApati, nRradAna eva anya bhakta kaviyo ke pada pahelI bane hue hai, lekina apanaga chando para vicAra karane se vaha paramparA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| apabhrama kavi chanda ke do caraNo ko svatantra pUrNa caraNa mAna lete hai arthAt caupAI ke pUre cAra caraNa likhane kI AvaktA ve nahIM mamamane hai| do caraNa te hI chanda namApta kara dete hai| kabhI eka caraNa hI rakha dete hai aura unako nyAyI yA dhruvaka ke rUpa meM kucha paktiyo ke bAda duharAte hoge| pado ko Teka yA sthAyI kA rUpa isI

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jaina sAhitya kI hindI sAhitya ko dena 466 meM hame milatA hai / umake vAda aura chando kI paktiyA~ rakha kara pada yA pUrNa gIta vana jAtA hai / apabhraMza me saMgIta kI, laya kI pradhAnatA hai, varNana svAbhAvika rahatA hI hai| sagIta aura laya dono kA apabhraMza -kavitA meM sundara vikAsa huA aura yahI hindI padazailI meM hameM milatA hai / jayadeva zrAdi meM vaha saba DhUDhane kA prayAma niSphala hai / jayadeva para bhI apabhraza kA prabhAva spaSTa lakSita hotA hai / apabhraMza ke chanda prAya sagIta pradhAna hai, ve tAla - geya hai / hindI kI padazailI meM bhI yaha sava hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki jaina sAhitya ne bhAvadhArA, viSaya, chanda, zailI Adi aneka prakAra ke sAhityika upakaraNa hindI-sAhitya ko pradAna kiye haiM / abhI taka bahuta kama jaina paNa sAhitya prakAza meM AyA hai| adhikAdhika prakAza meM Ane para yaha prabhAva aura bhI spaSTa hogA / zAtiniketana ]

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jaina-sAhitya pracAra muni nyAyavijaya lagabhaga aThAraha varSa pahale kI bAta hai| hama pUnA me cAturmAsa kara rahe the| usa samaya hamane jJAna pacamI (kArtika zuklA pacamI) ke upalakSa me jJAna-pUjA ke nimitta jaina-sAhitya ke sabhI viSaya ke granyo ko acchI taraha pradarzinI ke rUpa meM rakha kara jaina va jainetara janatA ko jana-sAhitya ke darzana karane kA avasara diyA thaa| hamArA yaha samArambha pUrNa saphala huaa| isa avasara para pUnA ke jainetara vidvAna va kumArI jAnsana helana Adi Aye the| ina sava ko jana-sAhitya kI itanI vipula sAmagrI dekha kara ati prasannatA huii| usa samaya eka prophesara mahAzaya ke kahe hue zabda hame grAja bhI yAda hai / unhone kahA thA, "jaina-sAhitya itanA adhika hai, yaha to hameM Aja hI jJAta huA hai| hamane vaidika sAhitya khUba paDhA hai| hamAre lie ava yaha carvita carvaNa jaisA ho gayA hai / ava to hama me jaina-sAhitya paDhane kI jijJAsA utpanna huI hai| yahAM jaisA pradarzita kiyA gayA hai vaisA prAcIna jaina-Agama-sAhitya, jaina-kathA-sAhitya, jyotiSa viSayaka jaina-sAhitya ityAdi prAcIna va arvAcIna sAhitya hame mila sake, aisA pravandha honA caahie|" ___ una mahAnubhAva ke ye zabda hamArA dhyAna isa bAta kI ora AkRSTa karate hai ki jaina-sAhitya ke pracAra ke lie bhagIratha prayatna karane kI AvazyakatA hai| jaina-sAhitya ko vizva ke sammukha rakhane kA ima' yuga me acchA avasara hai, para isake lie jaina-sAhitya ke (jaina Agama se lagA kara jaina-kathA-sAhitya paryanta ke) hara eka viSaya ke grantho ko navIna sazodhana-paddhati se sazodhita-sampAdita karake sundara rUpa meM mudrita karanA apekSita hai| pratyeka grantha ke sAtha usame prayukta jaina-pAribhASika zabdo kA paricaya eva usa grantha kA bhAva rASTra-bhASA hindI eva antarrASTrIya bhASA meM diyA jAnA caahie| isake atirikta aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI usa grantha kA mahattva vistAra se samajhAyA jAnA caahie| ___isa dizA me prayatna karate samaya maulika jaina-sAhitya ke rUpa me jo Agama granya vidyamAna hai, unake Adarza mudraNa aura prakAzana kI ora vizeSa dhyAna denA caahie| jo Agama grantha prakAzita ho cuke hai ve vartamAna sazodhanasampAdana kI dRSTi se apUrNa pratIta hote hai| inake sundara va sarvAMga-pUrNa saskaraNa prakAzita hone caahie| Agama ke prakAzana ke samaya usakI pacAgI (bhASya, niyukti, TIkA Adi) ko bhI vilakula zuddha rUpa meM prakAzita karanA cAhie aura yathAsambhava unake viSaya meM gambhIra paryAlocana karanA caahie| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki jaina-Agama-sAhitya ke pratyeka pahalU para jitanA adhika dhyAna diyA jAyagA, utanA hI adhika jaina-saskRti kA maulika rUpa prakaTa ho skegaa| jayadhavalA, mahAdhavalA eva anya prAkRta granyo kA bhI isI prakAra Adarza prakAzana honA cAhie tathA saMskRta eva prAntIya bhASAoM meM prApta jaina-sAhitya sucAru rUpa se prakAzita honA caahie| yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki kisI bhI jaina-grantha ko prakAzita karate samaya yaha khayAla rakhanA cAhie ki vaha grantha paramparA se jainadharma ko mAnane vAle kisI eka samAja ke lie hI prakAzita nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| balki jainetara jijJAsumo kI dRSTi meM rakha kara grantho kA prakAzana honA caahie| bhAva aura bhASA itane spaSTa aura sarala hone cAhie ki janetara bandhu ko use samajhane meM koI kaThinAI na ho| hama dekhate hai ki dharmapAlana kI dRSTi se bhale hI na ho, para eka manana-yogya sAhitya kI dRSTi se jaina-sAhitya kI ora na kevala jainetara bhAratIya vidvAna hI AkRSTa hue hai, pratyuta yUropa aura amarIkA ke vidvAno kA dhyAna bhI udhara gayA hai| unake adhyayana ke lie prAmANika eva suvodha sAmagrI prApta karAne kI dizA me prayatna honA Avazyaka hai|

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jaina-sAhitya kA pracAra 471 hAI skUla va kaoNleja ke pAThya-krama meM argha-mAgadhI bhASA ko sthAna diyA gayA hai aura madrAma, vagAla Adi prAnto meM isa bhASA ke adhyayanakartA acchI marayA meM hai| isa kAraNa unake adhyayana ke lie upayogI ho sakeM aura unheM preraNA de sake, aise jaina-grantha samaya-samaya para prakAzita kiye jAne cAhie aura alpa mUlya me jana-sAdhAraNa ko sulabha karAne kA pravandha honA caahie| jaina-sAhitya ke koSa meM itanI vipula sAmagrI bharI paDI hai ki vaha sAdhAraNa vyaktiyo se lekara paDita tathA itihAsa, jyotiSa eva bhASA-zAstra ke adhyayana karane vAlo ko vaDI upayogI ho sakatI hai| jaina-kathA-sAhitya apane Dhaga kA nirAlA sAhitya hai| saskRta eva prAkRta ke vidvAno kA usase khUba manorajana ho sakatA hai| tarka-sAhitya, darzana-sAhitya aura nyAya-sAhitya kI to mAno jaina-sAhitya amUlya nidhi hai / syAdvAda, naya va saptabhago kI nirAlI nIva para khaDA kiyA gayA jaina-darzana kA tarka itanA gaharA jAtA hai ki vaha mukti ke upAsaka ko apUrva spa ne prabhAvita kara detA hai| isa viSaya ke mAmAnya koTi me lagA kara uccatama koTi me rakkhe jAne vAle aneka granya hai| jaina-darzana kI mUkSmatA kA spaSTa darzana iname hotA hai| Atma-dRSTi yA antarmukha-vRtti ke icchuka ke lie jaina-tattvajJAna eva upadeza viSayaka itanA sundara sAhitya upalabdha hai ki usameM nimagna hone vAlA avazyameva nijAnanda kA anubhava karane lagatA hai| isa viSaya ke aise aneka grantha hai, jinameM kaThina-me-kaThina mAlUma hotI AdhyAtmika samasyA baDI hI sugamatA se samajhAI gaI hai| paramANuvAda kA ullekha bhI jana-granyo me prApta hotA hai| tattva-jJAna kI dRSTi ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue karmavAda ke bAre meM jo jainamAhitya prAkRta eva maskRta bhASA me racA gayA hai, vaha apUrva, ati sUkSma eva advitIya hai| isa mAhitya ko dekhane para jaina-darzana ko nAstika-darzana kahane vAlo ko jaina-darzana kI parama AstikatA kA pUrA-pUrA anubhava ho sakatA hai / aimA kahane meM atyukti nahIM hai ki jaina-darzana kA karmavAda viSayaka sAhitya sasAra me apanI sAnI nahIM rkhtaa| ___ jana-kAvya-sAhitya meM rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata jaise sarala koTi ke grantho se lagA kara naiSadha va kAdambarI jaise gUDha grantha bhI paryApta masyA meM milate hai| isI prakAra vyAkaraNa, koSa, alakAra, chanda-zAstra Adi kisI viSaya me bhI jaina-mAhitya pichar3A huA nahIM hai| jaina-yAgama-sAhitya kA to kahanA hI kyA vaha to mAno uparyukta mabhI viSayo kI sAhitya-gagA ko janma dene vAlA himAlaya hai| usame sabhI samA jAte haiN| usame sabhI AvirbhUta hote hai| prazna uThatA hai ki jaba jaina-mAhitya itanA sarvAgapUrNa hai to phira usakA itanA alpa pracAra kyo ? isakA uttara spaSTa hai / tijorI meM par3e hue hIre kA yadi koI mUlya na pUche to usameM hIre kA yA mUlya na pUchane vAle kA kyA dopa? doSa hai use nirantara tijorI meM mUda rakhane vAle lobhI vyakti kA / ThIka yahI hAla hamAre jaina-sAhitya kA hai| hamArI anva sagraha-gIlatA, ajJatA eva sakucitatA ne mArI duniyA kI sampatti rUpa isa jaina-sAhitya ko sasAra kI nigAha se aojhala kara rakkhA hai, lekina saubhAgya se vidvAno kA dhyAna aba isa ora AkRSTa huA hai| ata usake pracAra me pUrA-pUrA sahayoga denA hamAre lie anivArya ho jAtA hai| jaina-sAhitya ke pracAra ke bAre meM vicAra karate samaya IsAmasIha ke mizana kA pracAra karane ke lie hara eka bhASA me choTI-choTI pustakeM taiyAra karA kara alpa mUlya meM becate hue upadezaka hamArI AMkho ke sAmane Ate hai / pracAra kA yaha tarIkA, usa malina aza ko dUra karake, apanAne lAyaka hai / vinA loka-bhASA arthAt jahA~ pracAra kiyA jAya, vahIM kI bhASA, kA sahArA liye kisI bhI dharma yA mata kA pUrNa rUpa se pracAra nahIM ho sktaa| isa bAta kI satyatA to svaya ardhamAgadhI bhApA ke jaina-pAgamo se hI prakaTa hotI hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI va bhagavAn buddha ne paDito kI maskRta bhASA ko choDa kara arvamAgadhI va pAlI bhASA ko apnaayaa| isake pIche yahI bhAvanA thI ki unake upadezo ko sAdhAraNa-se-sAdhAraNa vyakti bhI samajha ske|

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472 premI-abhinadana-praya jaina-sAhitya ke pracAra kA Ayojana karate samaya hame una sasthAno kA Adarza apane sammukha rasanA cAhie, jo loka-kalyANa kI bhAvanA me grantho kA prakAzana karatI hai| jaba taka nijI svArtha ko tilAjali dekara satsAhitya ke pracAra meM na juTA jAyagA tava taka kucha bhI nahI ho sktaa| jaina-sAhitya itanA sarvAGga sundara sAhitya hai aura jaina samAja meM dhana kI kamI nahIM hai / agara samAja cAhe to alpa mUlya kyA, vinA mUlya hI grantho kA vitaraNa kara sakatA hai| para abhI samAja ke sAdhana-sampanna vyaktiyo kA dhyAna isa ora nahI gyaa| ava samaya A gayA hai ki isa dizA me bharasaka prayatna kiyA jAya / ghora hiMsA kI pRSTha-bhUmi meM ahiMsA-preraka sAhitya kA jitanA pracAra kiyA jA sake, karanA caahie| ___ isake lie hame vidvAno ke sazodhana eva sampAdana maDala, jaina-maskRti ke kendra rUpa vidyAlaya tathA Adarza jainagranthAlaya bhI jagaha-jagaha sthApita kara dene caahie| jana-sAhitya ke kisI bhI aza ke adhyayana ke lie vyaktiyoM ko pUrI suvidhAe~ mila sake, aisA pravandha honA caahie| chAtravRtti, nivandha Ayojana, upAdhi-vitaraNa Adi dvArA bhI jaina-sAhitya ke adhyetAyo kI sahAyatA kI jA sakatI hai| isa prakAra kA pravandha karanA kaThina nahIM hai, lekina aisA karane me eka vAta kA dhyAna rakkhA jAya ki jo kucha bhI kiyA jAya vaha itanA dRDhatApUrvaka kiyA jAya ki varAvara Age calatA rhe| isa bAre me savase adhika yaha kaThinAI anubhava hotI hai ki yogya kAryakartA, vidvAna eva pravandhaka paryApta makhyA ma nahI mila pAte / lekina isakI vyavasthA honA kaThina nahI hai, vazarte ki hama isa dizA me agrasara hone ke lie kaTivaddha ho jaayN| sarakAra kI ora se jisa prakAra zikSaka taiyAra karane ke lie zikSaNa kendra calAye jAte hai, usI prakAra kI sasthAe hama bhI sthApita kara sakate hai| tripuTI] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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jaina-sAhitya kA bhaugolika mahattva zrI agaracanda nAhaTA kimI bhI deza kA itihAsa jaba taka usa deNAntargata grAma-nagara bhUmi, usake zAsaka aura vahAM ke nivAsI, ina tIno kA yathArtha citra akita na kara de tava naka ume pUrNa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| bhAratIya itihAsa abhI taka gAmako ke itihAsa ke spa meM hI vigepanayA hamAre sAmane AyA hai| ata ime ekAgI hI kaha sakate hai| hamAre inihAma kI ima kamI ko pUrNa karane kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| bhArata ke grAma aura nagarI ke itihAma kI jo mahattvapUrNa vizAla mAmagrI jaina-sAhitya ma pAI jAtI hai unakI ora hamAre itihAma-legvako kA dhyAna AkarSita karane ke uddezya me prastuta nibandha liyA jA rahA hai| prAcIna kAla meM hI gajakIya itihAsa ko adhika mahattva dene ke kAraNa usake sambandha meM jitanI mAmagrI pAI jAtI hai, utanI grAma, nagara eva usake nivAmI janamAdhAraNa ke itihAsa kI nahIM pAI jaatii| phira bhI bhaktipravAna bhArata meM kaI sthAnoM ke mAhAtmya dhArmika dRSTi meM likhe gaye hai| unake AdhAra para eva bhArata yetara yAtriyo ke bhramaNa-vRttAnta Adi dvAga kucha prakAza DAlA jA sakatA hai / jainadharma bhArata meM phalA-phUlA eva hajAro varSoM se jainamuni isa deza ke eka kinAre me dUsare kinAre taka dharma-pracAra karate rahe hai / ata unake sAhitya meM bhI bhaugolika itihAsa kI mAmagrI adhikAdhika pAI jAya, yaha svAbhAvika hI hai| para meda hai ki hamAre itihAsa-lekhako ne usa pora prAya dhyAna nahIM diyaa| imalie isa lega meM jaina-sAhitya ke bhaugolika mahattva kI carcA kI jA rahI hai / jaina-mAhitya meM sabase prAcIna mAhitya bhAgama-grantha hai| unameM se gyAraha aga prAdi kaI anya to bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA kathita hone ke kAraNa DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva ke itihAsa ke lie atyanta upayogI hai| ina Agamo meM tatkAlIna dharma, samAja-vyavasthA, maskRti, kalA-sAhitya, rAjanaitika halacala aura rAjAoM ke sambandha me bahumUlya mAmagrI surakSita hai| vaijJAnika dRSTi me isakA anumanvAna karanA paramAvazyaka hai| ina pAgamo me jina-jina deza, nagara aura grAmI kA ullekha pAyA hai, mai yahAM unhI kA makSipta paricaya karA kara madhyakAlIna etadvipayaka jaina sAhitya kA paricaya dUgA / merA yaha prayAsa kevala dizAsUcana ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA caahie| vizepa adhyayana karane para pIra bhI bahuta-bhI jAnakArI prApta hone kI sambhAvanA hai| prAzA hai, vicArazIla vidvadgaNa isase lAbha uThA kara hamAre itihAsa kI eka mahAn kamI ko gItra hI pUrNa karane me prayatnazIla hoge| prAcIna jainAgamo meM jainavAr3amaya ke cAra prakAra mAne gaye haiM-1 dravyAnuyoga (AtmA, paramANu Adi dravyo kI carcA) 2 gaNitAnuyoga (bhUgola-bagola aura gaNita) 3 caraNakaraNAnuyoga (prAcAra, vidhivAda, kriyAkANDa ke nimpaka gAsna) aura 4 varmakathAnuyoga (dhArmika purupo ke caritra) / iname bhUgola-vagola kA vipaya dUsare anuyoga meM pAtA hai| isa vipaya ke kaI maulika granya bhI hai aura kaI anyo meM anya bAto ke mAya bhUgola-khagola kI bhI carcA kI gaI hai / dono prakAra ke katipaya granyo ke nAma isa prakAra hai bhagavatImUtra, jIvAbhigama, prajJApanA, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, candraprApti, sUryaprajJapti, jyotipakaraTaka, dvIpasAgaraprApti, bRhatmaghayaNI, laghumaghayaNI, vRhat kSetramamAma, laghukSetrasamAsa, tiloyapannati, maDalaprakaraNa, devendra narendraprakaraNa, lokanAliprakaraNa, jambUdvIpamaghayaNi, lokaprakANa aadi| ina granyo meM paurANika Dhaga me jainabhUgola-gola kI carcA hai / muni darzanavijaya jI ne apane vizvaracanA

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premI-abhinadana-praya 474 prabandha meM ina granyo meM varNita vAto kI tulanA janetara purANo ke sAtha bhI kI hai eva muni dharmavijaya jI ne 'janabhUgola' ke nAma se eka vRhadgranya bhI prakAzita kiyA hai| __ jainAgamo me dezo ke nAma jainAgamo meM bhagavatImUtra bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa sUtra hai, jisakA agasAhitya meM pAMcavA sthAna AtA hai| isake pandrahaveM bhanaka ke gogAtaka adhyayana meM bhArata ke solaha prAnto kA nAma nirdeza pAyA jAtA hai| yayA 1aga, 2 vaga, 3 magadha, 4 malaya, 5 mAlava, accha, 7 vatsa, 8 kosta, 6 pATa, 10 lATa, 11 vaja, 12 maulI, 13 kAgI, 14 komala, 15 avAva pIra 16 sbhuktr| ___ isI sUtra meM aveM zataka eva nave zataka ke taitIsave adhyayana (devAnanda ke pramaga ) me kaI vAra bhAratatara anArya dezoM ke nAma pAye jAte hai| jaise vara, varvara, DhakaNa, bhuttuna, palTa aura puliMda yaha : nAma anArya jAti ke mUcaka hai / ina jAtiyo ke nAma degalUcaka hI pratIta hote hai| zaka, yavana, cilAna, gavara, varvara inheM anArya yA mleccha vatalAyA gayA hai| devAnanda ke vastrapranaga meM cInAka (cIna kA rezama) eva vilAta deza kI dAsiyo kA ullekha hai| inI pracAra prItidAna ke prasaga meM pAgnIka dega kI dAniyo kA nirdeza pAyA jAtA hai| anArya dezo ma vistRta vivaraNa sUtrakRnAga, praznavyAkaraNa eva prajApanAsUtra meM hai-(1) sUtrakRtAga ke pR0 123 meM zaka, yavana, gavara, varvara, kAya, muruDa, dugola (2) pakvaNaka, AtyAka, hUNa, romasa, pArasa, khasa, khAmika, duvila, yala(2), vona (2), vokkasa, milla, andhra, puliMda, krauMca, bhramara, stha, kAvoja, cIna, cucuka, mAlaya (1) mila aura kulAla yaha sava anArya deza hai| (2) prazna vyAkaraNa ke pR0 124 meM dAna, yavana, varvara, zavara, kAya, muruDa, uda bhaDaka, tittaka, pakvaNika, kulAla, gauDa, miha (la),pArasa krauMca, grandhra, dvAnTi, vilbala, pulinda, aropa , Dova, pokkaNa, ganyahAraka, valIka, jalla, roma, mApa, vakuza, malaya, cucuka, cUlika (bola' }, kokaNa, bheda, pahnava, mAlavA, mahurA, AbhApika, anakka (anaka), cIna, lhAsika, khasa, khAsiya, nahara, mahArASTra, mApTika, Arava, Dovilaka, kuhaNa, kekaya, huNa, romaka, ruru, maska aura kirAta, yaha sava anArya dega haiN| (3) prajJApanA pR0 55-- maka, yavana, kirAta, gavara, varvara, muraDa, uTTa, bhaDaka, nimnaka, pakvaNika, kulAkSa, goMDa, siMhala, pArasa, goSa, krauMca, pravaDa (1) dramila, cillala, puliMda, hAra (1), osa, Dova, vokkaNa, anakka, aghra, hArava, pahalIka, adhyala, adhvara, roma, bhASa, vakuza, malaya, vadhuka, sUyati (?), kokaNa, meda, palava, mAlava, maggara (1), prAbhApika, kaNavIra, lhAsika, khasa, khAsika, nehara, bhUDha Dovila, galaposa (2), pradoSa, karkataka, haNa, romaka, hUNa, romaka (1), naru(maru), maruka aura kirAta, yaha saba anArya hai| prajJApanAsUtra meM 25 // Aryadezo ke nAma aura unakI rAjadhAniyo kA ullekha isa prakAra hai '1 rAjagRha (magadha), 2 capA (aga), 3 tAmralipti (vaga), 4 kacanapura (kaliMga), 5 vArANasI (kAzI), 6 sAketa 'isI anya ke AdhAra para 'jana bhUgola' zIrSaka lekha likha kara muni nyAyavijaya jI ne sAtavIM gujarAtI sAhitya pariSad ke anya meM prakAzita karavAyA hai| dekhie bhagavatIsUtra (pa0 vecaradAsa jI dozI dvArA sampAdita) bhA0 2, pR0 53 /

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jaina - sAhitya kA bhaugolika mahattava 475 ( kauzala ), 7 gajapura ( kuru), 8 saurika ( kuzAvarta ), 8 kApilya ( pAcAla ), 10 ahicchatra ( jAgala ), 11 dvAravatI dvArikA (saurASTra), 12 mithilA (videha), 13 kauzAmbI ( vatsa ), 14 nadIpura (zADilya ), 15 bhaddilapura ( malaya ), 16 vairATapura ( vatsa, matsya 2 ), 17 acchApurI ( varaNa), 18 mRttikAvatI ( dazArNa), 19 zauktikAvatI ( cedi), 20 vItabhaya (siMdhasauvIra), 21 mathurA ( zUrasena), 22 pApA (bhaga) 23 parAvarttA (mAsa), 24 zrAvastI ( kuNAla ), 25 koTI varSa ( lATa), 26 zvetAvikA ( zrargha kekaya ) / ' jJAtA dharmakathA nAmaka chaTheM agasUtra meM bhI meghakumAra ke prasaga meM nimnokta dezo kI dAsiyo kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai : varvara, dramilla, siMhala, araba, puliMda, bahala, gavara, pArasa, vakusi, yonaka, palhavika, isinikA, dhorukinI, lAsika, lakusika, pakvaNI, muruDi / isa sUtra ke malli adhyayana meM kozala, aga, kAzI, kuNAla, kuru, pAcAla, videha, Adi dezo ke nAma hai / isI prakAra uivAi sUtra meM aneka dezo kI dAsiyo kA ullekha hai / vibhinna grantho me nAma magraha karane kA uddezya haiM, unake pAThAntaro kI ora vidvAno kA dhyAna AkarSita karanA / inameM se kaI deza to prasiddha hai / avanti dezo ke vartamAna nAmAdi para prakAza DAlane kA vidvAno se anurodha hai / madhyakAlIna sAhitya me dezo ke nAma dezo kI saMkhyA baDhate - vaDhate 84, jo ki prasiddha eva lokapriya sakhyA hai, taka jA pahu~cI / sa0 1285 ke lagabhaga vinayacandra racita kAvya zikSAgrantha meM 84 dezo kA ullekha hai -- caturazItirdezA gauDa ---- kAnyakubja ---- kaullAka- kaliMga ---- praga-- vaga----kuraga - AcAlya ( ? ) - kAmAkSa - proDU --pur3a -- uDIga - mAlava- lohita - pazcima - kAcha -- vAlama -- saurASTra -- kukaNa - lATa ---- zrImAla --- 'dekhie pa0 becaradAsa dvArA anuvAdita 'bhagavAna mahAvIra nI dharmakathAzro pR0 207 / javRdvIpa prannaptisUtra meM bhI ina dezo ke nAma kI sagrahagAthA isa prakAra pAI jAtI hai khujjA, cillAI, vImaNi, baDabhIzro, vanvarI, vaDasiyAzro / joNiya, panvaviyAno, isiNiyA, cArU kiNi yA (1) lAsiya, lausiya, hAmilI, sihallItaha aphavi puliMdIU / pakvANi vali muraDI sabarI pArasiyAo (2) / isI grantha meM bharata cakravartI ke digvijaya ke adhikAra meM bhI siMhala, varbara, prAraba, roma, alasaDa, pikkhura, kAlamukha, jonaka, cilAta zrAdi dezoM evaM vaitAdya Adi parvato kA ullekha eva vividha bhaugolika sAmagrI pAI jAtI hai| tatvArtha bhASyavRtti ke adhyAya 3 sUtra pandrahaveM kI vyAkhyA meM zaka, yavana, kirAta, kAboja, vAlhIkAdi ko anArya batalAyA gayA hai / prajJApanA sUtra ke zrAdhAra se hI pravacana sAroddhAra ke 274- 275ve adhikAra meM prAya unhIM 26 zrArya dezoM, unakI nagariyo eva mleccha dezoM ke nAma diye hai (gAthA 1583 se 65) / isI prakAra zrAvazyakasUtra meM bhI anArya dezoM ke nAma hai / kalikAla sarvajJa hemacandrAcArya ne apane trisaSTizalAkA puruSacaritra ( parva 2 sarga 4) meM nimnokta dezoM ke nAma diye hai -- drAviDa, adhra, kaliMga, vidarbha, mahArASTra, kokaNa, lATa, kaccha, soraTha, mleccha-siMhala, barbara, TakaNa, kAlamukha, jonaka, yavanadvIpa, kacchadeza / zrAdana, hAvasa, mugadi, suMghanagiri, sIkottara, colanAra, pADadha, tAlIu, trihUti, bhoTa, mahAbhoTa, cINa, mahAcINa, bagAla, khurasANa, magadha, vaccha, gAjaNA /

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476 premI-abhinadana-pratha arbuda-medapATa-maruvareMdra-yamunA-gA tIra-pratarvedi-mAgadha-madhya kuru-DAhala-kAmarUpakAcIavatI-pApAtaka-kirAta-sIvIra-prausIra-vAkANa-uttarA patha-gurjara-siMdhu-kekANa-nepAla Takka -turuska-lAikAra-siMghala--cauDa-kozala-pADu--andhra-vidhya---karNATa-draviNa-thIparvata-varvara ----jarjara-kIra-kAzmIra-himAlaya-lohapurupa-zrIrASTra-dakSiNApatha-vidarbha-dhArAura-lAjI-tApI, -mahArASTra-bhAbhIra-narmadAtaTa-dI (dvI) padezAzceti / ___ isake pazcAta isa gratha me kaI deza eva nagaro ke grAma sakhyAdi kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| (dekheM, pATaNa bhaDAra sUcI pR0 48-46) / sa0 1478 me mANikyasundarasUri racita pRthvIcadra caritra meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke 68 putro ke nAma se prasiddha hue 68 dezo ke nAma kI sUcI isa prakAra dI hai kAzmIra, kIra, kAvera, kAmboja, kamala, utkala, karahATa, kuru, kvANa, Rtha, kogaka, kozala, kezI, kAruta, kArukha, kacha, karnATa, kIkaTa, keki, kaulagiri, kAmarU, kukaNa, kutala, kAliMga, karakUTa, karakaTha, kerala, sama, kharpaTa, kheTa, goDa, aga, goNya, gAgaka, cauDa, cillira, caitya, jAlaghara, TakaNa, koNiyANa, gahala, tuga, nAjjika, tomala, dazArNa daDaka, devasama, nepAla, nartaka, pacAla, pallava, pur3a, pADu, pratyagatha, arbuda, vabhru, babhIra, bhaTTIya, mAhipyaka, mahodaya, muruDa, murala, meda, maru, mudgara, makana, mallavarta, mahArASTra, yavana, roma, zaTaka, lATa, brahmottara, vahmAvartta, brAhmaNAvAhaka, videha, vaga, vairATa, vanavAsa, vanAyuja, vAhalIka, vallava, avati, vahni, zaka, siMhala, sumha, sUrpagvu, sauvIra, surASTa, suraDa, asmaka, hUNa, harmoka, harmoja, hasa, huhuka, heraka jainAgamo me nagara eva grAmo kA ullekha jainAgamo me dezo ke nAma ke atirikta una dezo ke mukhya nagara eva grAmo kA bhI acchA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| kaI nagaro ke vanakhaDa udyAna, yakSamadira Adi jahAM ki jainamuni rahate the, unakA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| pUrI khoja karane para isa viSaya me bahuta kucha navIna jJAtavya mila sakatA hai, yahAM to yathAjJAta thoDe se nAmo kA sagraha kiyA jA rahA hai| kaI nagaro ke ullekho me tatkAlIna rAjAo' kA bhI ullekha hai| bhagavatIsUtra zrAvastI (koSTaka caitya), kRtagalA (chatrapalAzacatya), tAmralipti (vebhela sannivega), susumAranagara (azoka vanakhaNDa), vANijyagrAma (dUtipalAzacatya), hastinApura (sahasrAdana udyAna, zivarAjA, dhAraNI rANi givibhadrakumAra), kauzAmbI (candrAvataraNacaitya-udAyI rAjA, zatAnika kA putra-mRgAvata rANI), vItabhayapattana (siMdhu-sauvIra deza-mRgavana udyAna-udAyana rAjA, prabhAvatI rAnI, amicIkumAra putra, kezIkumAra-bhAnajA), ullukatIra (javUka caitya), rAjagRha (guNazIla caitya, maDikukSi caitya), capAnagarI (pUrNabhadra caitya, agamadira, kauNika rAjA), vaizAlI (kuDiyAyana caitya, ceTaka rAjA), brAhmaNa kuDa (bahuzAlaka caitya), kSatriyakuNDa, tugiyA ngr| (puSyavatI caitya), pAlabhikA (sakhavana, prAptakAla caitya), uddaNDapura (candrAvataraNa caitya) vArANazI (kAmamahAvana), kAkadI nagara, meDhiyAgrAma (sANakoSTaka caitya) kUrmagrAma, asthigrAma, kolAkasanniveza (nAladA ke pAsa) mokA nagarI (nadana caitya), nAladA (rAjagRha ke vAhara), siddhArthanAma, karmAragrAma, paNiyabhUmi, vizAlA (bahuputrika caity)| uparokta sabhI grAmanagaro kA nirdeza bhagavatIsUtra se sakalita kiyA gayA hai| inake atirikta AcArAgasUtra me lATabhUmi, vanabhUmi, zubhrabhUmi ke nAma Ate hai / jJAtAsUtra meM zuktimatI, hastizIrpa, mathurA, kauDinyanagara, 'jaise ThANAgasUtta ke vesthAnaka meM 1 vIrAgaka, 2 vIrajasa, 3 sajaya, 4 aiNeyaka, 5 zveta, 6 ziva, 7 udAyana aura 8 zakha ina 8 rAjAoM ko to bhagavAna mahAvIra ne dIkSita kiyA likhA hai|

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jaina sAhitya kA bhaugolika mahattva virATa nagara, kApilanagara, ( pAca ) ladena ) vArANamI, dvArikA, mithilA, zrahicchatrA, kApilya, pADumathurA, hatthakappa, mAtapurI, ina nagaro ke nAmo ke sAtha mammeta, ujjayata, zatrujaya, nIla parvata, vaibhAragiri Adi parvato kA bhI nirdeza pAyA jAtA hai / 7ve aga upAsaka dazA meM kapilapura, polAmapura, yaha nAma uparokta nAmo ke atirikta hai / tagaDa dazAsUtra meM kucha vizeSa sthalo ke nAma nimnokta zrAye hai| rAjagRha meM mudgarapANi yakSa kA maMdira, polAmapura, bhahilapura | 477 vipAka nAmaka 11ve zraga meM vizeSa nAma ima prakAra hai- mRgAgrAma, purimatAla, mAbhAjanI, pATalimbaDa, morikapura, rohItaka, vardhamAnapura, vRSabhapura, vIrapura, vijayapura, saugadhikA, kanakapura, mahApura, sughopa / rAyapaseNaDaya nAmaka upAga me grAmalakappA nagarI aura meyaviyA nagarI kA nAma AtA hai| ThaNAgamUtra meM gaMgA nadI meM yamunA, mayU, AdI, kozI, mahI, ina 5 nadiyo ke milane kA eva siMdhu nadI me sedru, bhAvitastI, bhAmA, eMgavatI aura candrabhAgA ina pAMca nadiyo ke mammilita hone kA ullekha hai / namavAyAga sUtra me 7 parvata eva 14 nadiyA ke nAma, gagAsidhu ke udgama eva prapAtasthala (samavAya 25vA~ ) Adi kA varNana hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vihArasthala ke prasaga se kalpasUtra meM pRSTacapA, bhadrikA, pAvA Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai / vihAra ke mava sthAnoM kA paricaya Adhunika anveSaNa ke sAtha muni kalyANavijaya jI ne apane 'zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra nAmaka grantha ke pariziSTa meM 'vihArasthalanAmakopa' ke zIrSaka se diyA hai / yahA~ lekha vistArabhaya se usakI carcA nahIM kI gaI hai / ata ukta gratha kI ora pAThako kA dhyAna AkarSita kara rahA hU~ / jaina tIrthoM ke itihAsa savadhI vizAla sAhitya apane me vizeSa guNavAna eva zaktisampanna vyakti ke prati manuSya kI pUjyabuddhi kA honA svAbhAvika eva Avazyaka hai| isI bhAvanA ne bhaktimArga kA vikAsa kiyA aura kramaza avatAravAda, bahudevavAda, mUrtipUjA yAdi gramakhya kalpanAe~ eva vidhividhAna prakAza meM Ate gaye / tIrthabhAvanA kA pracAra bhI isI bhaktivAda kI dena hai / jima vyakti ke prati apanI pUjyabuddhi hotI hai, usake mAtA, pitA, vaza, janma-sthAna, krIDAsthAna, vihArasthala jahA~ kahI bhI unake jIvana kI koI vizeSa ghaTanAe~ huI ho eva unakI vANI, unakI mUrti, Adi usa vyakti ke mavaya kI sabhI bAto ke prati zrAdara baDhate - vaDhate pUjA kA bhAva dRDha hone lagatA hai aura apane pUjya vyakti kA jahA~ janma huA ho, nivAsa rahA ho, unhone jahA~ raha kara sAdhanA kI ho, jahA~ nirvANa eva siddhi prApta kI ho, una sabhI sthAno ko 'tIrtha' kahA jAne lagatA hai / pratyeka dhArmika sampradAya meM hama isIlie tIrthoM kI yAtrA kA mahattva pAte hai| jainadharma meM bhI tIrthakaro me sabaMdhita sthAno ko tIrtha kahA gayA hai aura unakI yAtrA se bhAvanA kI zuddhi eva vRddhi hone ke kAraNa unakA vaDA bhArI phala vatalAyA gayA hai, kyoki una sthAno kA vAtAvaraNa vaDA zAnta eva pavitra hotA hai / vahA~ jAte hI una tIrthakaro kI pavitra smRti citta meM jAgrata hotI hai| isame citta ko vaDI zAnti milatI hai / ataeva vahA~ unake caraNacihna yA mUrti kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai, jisase unakI smRti ko jAgrati meM sahAyatA mile / pIche mUrti kI prAcInatA, bhavyatA, prabhAva, camatkAra Adi ke kAraNa kaI anya sthAna bhI, jahA~ tIrthaMkaro ke jIvana kA koI mavava nahI thA, tIyaM rUpa mAne jAne lage / phalata Aja choTe-moTe aneka tIrtha jaina samAja me prasiddha hai | samaya-samaya para jaina muni eva zrAvaka vahA~ kI yAtrA karate rahe hai aura unakA varNana likhate rahe hai / isI kAraNa jaina tIrthoM mavadhI aitihAsika sAmagrI bhI bahuta vizAla rUpa meM pAI jAtI hai / yadyapi janetara tIrthoM ke mAhAtmya kA sAhitya bhI bahuta vizAla hai, tathApi usame aitihAsika dRSTikoNa kA prabhAva mA hI pAyA jAtA hai / isa dRSTi se jaina mAhitya vizeSa mahattva kA hai /

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premI-abhinaMdana-graMtha 478 rAste kI kaThinAiyo ke kAraNa prAcIna kAla meyAtrA zrAja jaisI sarala evasulabha nahI thii| imI kAraNa saikaDo aura hajAro vyaktiyo ke sammilita yAtrI-sagha nikalate the| unake sAtha sAdhu bhI rahA karate the| sAdhuo kA prAcAra hI paidala calanA hai| zrAvaka loga bhI adhikAza paidala hI calate the| rAste meM choTe-baDe grAma-nagaro me ThaharanA hotA thA aura vahA~ ke madiro ke darzana kiye jAte the| vidvAna muni usa yAtrI sagha kA varNana karate samaya mArga ke grAma nagara nathA vahAM ke nivAsiyo kA varNana bhI likhate the| yaha sAhitya bhaugolika dRSTi se jitanA adhika upayogI hai, utanA anya koI bhI sAhitya nahIM hai| jaina tIrthoM savadhI sAhitya me bhAratIya grAma nagaro ke itihAsa ko anamola sAmagro bharI par3I hai, para isa pora abhI taka hamAre itihAsa-lekhako kA dhyAna nahIM gyaa| ata bhArata ke grAma nagarI kA vahata kucha itihAsa adhakAra meM hI paDA hai, jisako prakAza me lAne kI paramAvazyakatA hai| jaina tIrthoM savadhI jitane sAhitya kA patA calA hai, unakI sUcI yahA~ dI jAtI hai / abhI jaina bhaDAro kI pUrI khoja nahI huI hai aura bahuta sAsAhitya napTa bhI ho cukA hai| ata isa sUcI ko kAma calAU hI samajhanA caahie| svatatra zodha karane para aura bhI bahuta-sA sAhitya milegaa| tIrthoM kI prAcInatA eva vikAsa mUla jainAgamo me svarga meM sthita jina-pratimAyo, tIrthakaro kI pAdAno eva nadIzvara dvIpa me sthita gAzvana jinapratimAno kI bhakti eva pUjana kA ullekha milatA hai, para tIrya rUpa meM kimI sthAna kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| ata tIrtha-bhAvanA kA vikAsa pIche se huA jJAta hotA hai| Agamo kI niyuktiyo me tIrtha-bhAvanA ke sUtra dRSTigocara hote hai| sarvaprathama prAcArAga niyukti (bhadravAhu racita)meM kucha sthAno kA nAmollekha pAtA hai| yadyapi vahA~ tIrtha zabda nahIM hai, phira bhI una sthAno ko mahattva diyA gayA hai-namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| ata ise tIrtha-bhAvanA kA prAdi sUtra kahA jA sakatA hai / vaha ullekha isa prakAra hai prahAvaya ujite gayagaggapae ya dhamma cakkeya pAsarahA vattaNaya camaruppAya ca vadAmi // 46 // gajAnapade-dazArNakUTavatini tathA takSazilAyA dharmacake tathA ahicchatrAyA pAzvanAthasya dharaNendra mahimA sthAne |-praacaaraag niyukti va vRtti patrAka 418 / niyuktiyo ke pazcAt cUNi eva bhASyo kI racanA huii| uname se nizIthacUNi me nIryabhUta katipaya sthAno kA nirdeza isa prakAra pAyA jAtA hai "uttarAvahe dhammacakka, mathurAe devaNimmio )mo| kosalAe jiyatasAmi paDimA, tityakarANa vA jmmbhuumio| (nizIthacUNi patra 243-2) / jaina madiro kI sakhyA kramaza baDhane lgii| ata bhASya eva cUNi me aSTamI, caturdazI, Adi parvadino meM samastajainamadiro kI vandanA karane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai aura aisA na karane para daDa bhI batalAyA gayA hai / yathA 'jainatIrthoM ke sambandha meM prakAzita antho kI sUcI pariziSTa meM dI jA rahI hai| isase tIrthoM kI adhikatA eva etadviSayaka sAmagrI kI vizAlatA kA kucha prAmAsa ho jaaygaa| aprakAzita sAhitya kA Dhera lagA paDA hai| mere sagraha meM bhI 500 pRSTho ko sAmagrI surakSita hai, jise sampAdana kara prakAzita karane kA vicAra hai| prakAzita sAhitya kI sUcI bhI svatatra pustako kI hI dI hai| inake atirikta jaina sAhitya sazodhaka, janayuga, kaoNnpharensa heralDa, janasatyaprakAza, purAtattva prAdi aneka patro meM prAcIna racanAe eva bhramaNAvi ke lekha prakAzita hue hai|

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476 jaina-sAhitya kA bhaugolika mahattva nissakaDa manissakaDe ceie savahiM thuI tini / vela va ceiANi va nAu ikkikkiyA vA vi (bhASya) aTThamI cauddasIsu ceiya savvANi sAhuNA savve vadeyavyA niyamA avasesa tihisu jahasatti / e eva ceva aTThamI mAdIsu ceiyAi sAhuNo vA je aNNAe vasahIe ThiA te na vavati mAsa lahu / (vyavahAra bhASya va cUrNi) mahAnizItha sUtra meM tIrthayAtrA karane kA spaSTa ullekha hai "ahannayA goyamA te sAhuNo ta pAyariya bhaNati jahANa jai bhayava tuma pANAvahi tANa amhehi tityayatta kari (ra) yA cadappaha sAmiya diyA dhammacakka gtuunnmaagcchaamo| (mhaanishiith-5-435)| tIrtho ke itihAsa kI sAmagrI jaina tIrthoM ke aitihAsika sAdhana digambara sampradAya kI apekSA zvetAmbara samAja meM bahuta adhika hai / tIrthoM ke savadha me maulika racanAyo kA prArambha 13vI zatAbdI se hotA hai| gujarAta ke mahAn matrIzvara vastupAla, tejapAla ke kArita jinAlayo vA unakI pratimAoM ke pramaga ko lekara usI samaya 'AvUrAsa' eva 'revatagiri rAso' kI racanA huii| isake pazcAta 14vI zatAbdI se aba taka tIrthamAlApo, caityaparipATiyo, saghavarNana Adi ke rUpa meM bhASA eva saskRta ke kAvya saMkaDo kI saMkhyA me prApta hai| yahAM una sabakI sUcI denA sabhava nahIM hai, para unapara sarasarI nigAha DAla lI jAtI hai, jisase isa vizAla sAmagrI kA AbhAsa pAThako ko ho jaay| jaina tIrthoM ke savadha me sabase mahattvapUrNa granya jinaprabhasUri viracita 'vividha tIrthakalpa hai, jisake mahattva ke savadha meM muni jinavijaya ukta grantha kI prastAvanA ke prArabha me likhate hai "zrI jinaprabhasari racita 'kalpapradIpa' athavA vizeSatayA prasiddha 'vividha tIrthakalpa' nAma kA yaha grantha jaina sAhitya kI eka viziSTa vastu hai / aitihAsika aura bhaugolika dono prakAra ke viSayo kI dRSTi se isa grantha kA vahuta kucha mahattva hai / jaina sAhitya me hI nahI, samasta bhAratIya sAhitya meM bhI isa prakAra kA koI dUsarA grantha abhI taka jJAta nahI huA / yaha anya vikrama kI 14vI zatAbdI me, jaina dharma ke jitane purAtana aura vidyamAna prasiddha-prasiddha tIrthasthAna the, unake sabadha kI prAya eka prakAra kI gAiDavuka hai| iname varNita una-una tIrthoM kA sakSipta rUpa se sthAna-varNana bhI hai aura yathAjJAta itihAsa bhii|" isa prakAra kA sagrahagrantha to dUsarA nahIM hai, para katipaya tIrthoM kA itihAsa upadezasaptati' (somadharmagaNiracita ra0 sa0 1503)me pAyA jAtA hai| sa0 1371 ke zatrujaya uddhAra kA vistRta varNana samarA rAsa eva nAmi nadanoddhAra pravadha' (kakkamUriracita sa0 1363) me pAyA jAtA hai| gAjaya tIrtha ke karmAzAhakArita 'jIrNoddhAra' kA sakSipta varNana zatrujaya tIrthoddhAra pravadha meM hai| phuTakara pravadhasagrahoM meM bhI kaI tIrthoM ke prabandha prApta hote hai / lokabhApAra 'siMghI-jaina-pranthamAlA se prakAzita / 'zrI jaina prAtmAnanda sabhA se prakAzita / 'hemacandra jainagranthamAlA se prakAzita / *muni jinavijaya jI dvArA sapAdita, AtmAnada sabhA, bhAvanagara se prakAzita / 'siMghI jaina anyamAlA se prakAzita 'purAtana prabadha sgrh|

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480 premI-yabhinadana-prava racita tIrpamAlAsocaitya paripATiyo kI nalyA pracura hai, jinameM kaI to bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| inameM ne kaI racanAmo meto mArga ke nyAno kA bhI acchA varNana hai| kaiyo me jaina madiro unake nimAnAtro ke ullekha ke sAtha una-una nAdirI kI pratimAno kI naranA bhI valAI gaI hai| nAdhAraNa canAtro me me kaiyoM meM kevala tIrthasthAnoM kA nAmanie kavi ne apanI yAtrAdi ke samayAdi kA ullekha ho kiyA hai| jana tIyoM meM ganujaya tIrpatIyAvirAja kaha lAtA hai| isI ke samaya meM navane adhika na manI prApta hotI hai| paurANika Dhaga ne ina tI nAhAtmyama bovahijo rani majaya mAhAtmya nAmaka vizAla gandha pAyA jAtA hai evaM kaI 'kalpa uplb| isa nArtha ke patrAta mAba eka girinAra kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| na-nIrya nAna ke cAro kono meM jano kA nivAna hone ke kApanA phaina hura, para namakAna ne aba taka gujarAta ke yAnapAna kA pradezahI zvetAmbara jaino kA kendra hone ke kA 1 anya prAnnA ke sthAnoM mabavo nAnI akSAkRta poDI hI hai| ___ maulika nAnI ke atirikta anya aitihAnika nyo me bhI jaina tIrthoM ke navana meM bahuta nI mahattvapaNa bAte pAI jAtI hai| ene nyo ne peyaDarAna vimantavava, vimalacatri, vannupAla gorajapAla ke cantri, gama namarA gana, pratApani rAnAdinana / katipaya prAcAgeM ke rAna eka paTTAvaliyoma bhI acchI aitihAnikAnamatrI pAIjAto hai| vini trivegI mAdi vijJapnipatra eva talana gardAvatI jI bhramaNavRttAna meM ullekhapogya hai / grAma eva nagaro ke itihAsa ke anya sAdhana ___vana-carinabI ganyo, kAloeva tIrthayAno nIhitya ke pratikita anyaInadhana bhI jaina nAhitya meM haiM, jinake dvArA bhArata ke pAma eva nagaro kA mahatvapUrNa itihAsa nakalita kiyA jA sakatA hai| unakI kucha carcA ka.denA bhI yahA prAvazyaka pratIta hotA hai| aine nAvano meM nagara varNanAtmaka gajane dizapampa se ullekhanIya hai| hamArI koja ne aitI patrAno gajalo kI prApti huI hai, jine bhAratIya nAhiya me eka navIna yantrahI pahA mAnanA hai| ina gajaloM meM eka-eka nagara kA alakArika bhApA ne varNana hone ke nAyanAya vahA~ ke jaina-janetara manI darzanIya eva toryanAlAmo meM apane yAtrA kie hue yA sune hue tIyoM ke nAma, unakA mAhAtmya. pratimA Adi kA varNana eva stuti hotI hai| aisI tIrthamAlAoM kA prArabha bhI 13vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga se hI hotA hai| siddhasena tari racita sakalatoyastotra upalabdha tIrtha stavano meM sabase prAcIna pratIta hotA hai| isakI tADapatrIya prati pATaNa ke bhaDAra meM upalabna hai / toryamAlAmo meM saubhAgyavijaya aura zIlavijaya kI tIrthamAlAeM bahuta mahattva ko hai| caitya paripATImeM kitI grAmanagara ke mamattamadiroM ko kramavaddha yAtrA kA (jina-jina tIrthaparo ke jinAlaya hoM una madiro ke nAma, kinamohalle meM hai unakA bhI nirdeza eva kisI-kisI meM pratimAno kI saramA ko bhI sUcanA milatI hai) varNana kiyA jAtA hai| aisI caitya paripATiyoM meM hemahatagaNi va ragasAra racita giranAracaMtyaparipATI, devacandra aura leno Adi ke racita zatrujaya caitya paripATI, hasasomaracita parvadeza caitya paripATI, nagAgaNiko jAlora catya paripATI lAghA evinaya vijayajI racita sUrata cai-yaparipATI, jina sukhasUri mAdi racita jaisalamera caitya paripATI, sittUra, lalitaprabhasUri, havijaya racita pATagacaitya paripATI, Dugara racita khabhAta caitya paripATI, jayahamazi eva gapendra racita citrakUTa caitya paripATI, dharmavarSana vimalacAritrAdi racita bIkAnera caitya paripATI, khemarAja racita mADavagaDha caitya paripATI, jJAnasAgara racita Ava catya paripATo, anatahamakRta ilAprakAra caitya paripATI Adi aneka racanAe~ upalabdha hai| toryamAlAo, caMya paripATiyo prAdi kA eka sundara sagraha zrI vijayadharmasUri jI ne 'prAcIna tIrthamAlA sagraha ke nAma se prakAzita kiyA hai| janayuga, janasatyaprakAza grAdi patra eva kaI granyo meM bhI kaI sundara racanAe prakAzita huI hai|

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481 jaina-sAhitya kA bhaugolika mahattva ullekhanIya sthAno kA vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai| choTe-chATe darzanIya sthAno kA anyatra kahI bhI itihAsa nahI miltaa| unakA bhI iname paricaya hone se una sthAno ke samaya, sthAna Adi kA nirNaya karane ke lie mahatvapUrNa sUcanAe~ milatI hai| nagara varNanAtmaka gajala sAhitya kA nirmANa 17vI zatAbdI se hotA hai / upalabdha gajalo me sabase prAcIna jaTamala nAhararacita lAhaura gajala hai| isake pazcAta 18vI zatAbdI me kavi khetala ne udayapura (sa0 1757) eva cittauDa (1748) kI gajala, udayacandra ne bIkAnera gajala (1765), yati durgAdAsa ne maroTha gajala (1765), lakSmI candra ne AgarA gajala (1781), nihAla ne vagAla (1752 se 15) gajala bnaaii| anantara 19vI zatAbdI meM to vIso gajale jaina kaviyo ne banAI hai, jinakA paricaya svatatra lekho meM diyA jaaygaa| grAmanagaro ke anya aitihAsika sAdhano me zrIpUjyo ke daphtara,' Adezapatra, samAcArapatra, vijJaptipatra, dUtakAvya vazAvalie, aitihAsika kAvya (jaina prAcAryoM, muniyo aura zrAvako kI jIvanI ke rUpa meM prathita) paTTAvaliyAM, utkIrNa lekha aura prazastiyA~ prAdi mukhya hai / inake dvArA nagaro kI hI nahIM, choTe-choTe grAmo kI prAcInatA, sthAna avasthiti, prAcIna nAma va usakA rUpa eva vahAM ke nivAsiyo kA patA cala sakatA hai, jo ki anyatra durlabha hai / sakSepa meM itanA hI kahanA paryApta hogA ki jaina sAhitya kA aitihAsika mahattva ke sAtha-sAtha bhaugolika mahatva bhI bahuta hai / ata prAcIna bhUgola aura itihAsa ke premI vidvAno ko isa amUlya sAhitya se samucita lAbha uThAnA cAhie, jisase bhAratIya sAhitya ke eka aga kI pUrti ho jaay|| 'jaina sAdhuo ke AcAra-vicAra baDe hI kaThora hai| unakA yathArIti pAlana na kara sakane ke kAraNa jainetara maThAdhIzoM kI bhAti zvetAmbara samAja meM bhI zrI pUjya, digambara samAja meM bhaTTAraka nAma se sabodhita jaina netAgacchanAyaka saikaDoM varSoM se hote Aye hai / ye jahAM-jahAM padhArate the, unake anuyAyI zrAvaka unakI vividha prakAra se bhakti karate the| ata ye apane vihAra (bhramaNa) kI DAyarI va prAvazyaka ghaTanAo ke rekArDarUpa daphtara bahI likhakara rakhane lage, jinameM kaba kauna se grAmanagara meM gaye, vahAM kisa zrAvaka ne kyA bheMTa kiyA, bhakti kI, kise dIkSA dI gaI, kahA~ madiro kI pratiSThA huI, ityAdi prAvazyaka bAto ko apanI daphtara bahiyo meM likha lete the| aise daphtara itihAsa ke anamola sAdhana hai / para kheda hai inameM se eka bhI abhI taka prakAza meM nahIM paayaa| hameM aise 4-5 daphtara dekhane kA suyoga milA hai, para sakocavaza daphtara jinake pAsa hai ve prAya batalAte nahIM, na nakala yA pratilipihI karane dete hai / ApasI phUTa aura ajJAnatAvaza bahuta se daphtara aba naSTa bhI ho cuke hai| phira bhI jitane baca pAye hai, prayatna kara prApta kiye jAyeM to bahuta hI acchA ho| gacchanettA apane ziSyAdi ko jahAM-jahAM jAkara dharmapracAra karane kI prAjJA patroM dvArA dete the aise patro ko 'prAdezapatra kahate hai| cAturmAsa ke samaya apane anuyAyI samasta munimaDala kI sUcI banAI jAtI, jisameM kina-kina ke cAturmAsa kahAM hai, likhA jAtA thaa| usa patra ko vijayapaTTA, kSetrAdeza paTTaka kahA jAtA hai| paryuSaNa parva eva vihAra Adi ke samAcAra zrAvakAdisapa ko diye jAte, unheM 'samAcAra patra' kahA jA sakatA hai| aise hajAro patra ajJAnatA se naSTa ho cuke / inameM se kharatara gaccha ke jitane patra hameM prApta ho ske| hamane apane 'abhaya jaina granthAlaya' meM sagRhIta kiye hai| patroM kA itanA vizAla sagraha zAyada hI kahIM ho| aise Adezapatra eva kSetrAdezapaTTaka jaina sAhitya sazodhaka eva jaina satyaprakAza meM thor3e se prakAzita hue hai| avazeSa-naSTa hote hue ina aitihAsika sAdhanabhUta patroM kA sagraha evaM prakAzana paramAvazyaka hai| 'pratyeka jAti eva gotra ko vazAvaliyAM bhATa, kulaguru Adi likhate cale A rahe hai| phalata aneka vazAvaliyA~ pAI jAtI hai, para abhI taka ve sabhI prakAra meM par3I hai| jaina jAti ko vazAvali meM kevala eka vazAvali jaina sAhitya sazoSaka eva prAtmArAma zatAbdI smAraka grantha meM prakAzita huI hai|

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i, cambaI 402 premI-prabhinadana-graMtha sacitra vijJapti-patra bhaugolika sAhitya ke atirikta nagaro ke citramaya darzana ke liye jainAcArge ko diye gaye vijJapti-patra bhI vaDe mahattva ke hai / jisa nagara ke zrAvaka apane pUjya AcArya ko apane yahA~ padhArane ko vijJapti karate the ve apane nagara ke pramukha syAno ke citra bhI vijJapti-patra me citrita karavA dete the| isase usa nagara ke khAsa-khAsa sthAno ke tamya eva nyala nirNaya ke sambandha meM mahatvapUrNa sUcanAeM pAI jAtI hai / ina sacitra vijJapni-payo ke sambandha meM baDaudA rAjya ne prakAzita 'Ancient Vigraptu patras' nAmaka anya meM prakAga DAlA gayA hai| ukta granya ma nirdezita patroM ke atirikta hamAre sAha me udayapura kA 75 phUTa lambA sacitra vijJapti-patra eva yahAM ke baDe jJAnamabAra meM 20 phuTa lamvA vokAnera kA vijJapti-patra aura vAv pUrNacandra jI nAhara dvArA nagRhIta 4 vijJapti-patra hamAre avalokana meM Aye hai| citrakalA, aitihAsika eva bhaugolika sabhI dRSTiyoM se jaino ke vijJapti-patra mahattvapUrNa hai| jaina tIrtha savadhI prakAzita grantha prAcIna aitihAsika sAhitya anyoM ke nAma kartA saMpAdaka prakAzaka mUlya 1 vividha tIrtha kalpa jinaprabhasUri jinavijaya siMghI jainagranyamAlA, vambaI (ma0 1364 ne86) * (ka) upadezasapnatikA / momadharma caturavijaya zrI jaina AtmAnada sabhA, bhAva- 2 // (kha) ,, anuvAda (sa0 1503) ngr| 3 prAcIna tIrthamAlA vibhinnakavi vijayadharmasUri yazovijaya granthamAlA, bhAva- 2 // (25prAcIna bhASAkRtiyAM) ngr| 4 pATaNa caitya paripATI lalitaprabhasUri | kalyANavijaya hasavijaya jaina ko lAibrerI, / / harSa vijaya, hIrA } vaDodA lAla, sAdhucandra 3 cAradigAnAtIrthonItIrtha zIlavijaya jainadharmaprasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara / __ mAlA sArya 6 nAbhinadanodvAra pravadha sArtha ka bhagavAnadAna hemacandra jaina nyamAlA (sa0 136%) ahamadAvAda / 7 bhatrujaya tIrthodvAra pravadha vivekadhIra jinavijaya jinavijaya zrI jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA, bhAva- ) ngr| - tIrthakSetra kulpAka (hi0) jinaprabhasUri vAlacandrAcArya nemacandra golachA, haidarAbAda E , (gu0) candanasAgara jhaverI navalacanda, sUrata 10 vANI jaina tIrthastotra samayasundara jainamadira ghaghANI 11 sUryapura rAsamAlA lAghAzAha, vinaya motIcanda maganabhAI, sUrata vijayajI 12 sameta sikhararAsa jayavijaya . lAlacanda motIcanda, baDodA t hy ma ly Ed *isameM zatrujaya, AbU, bharoMca, jIrApallI, phalauvI, pArAtaNa, kalikuMDa, aMtarokSa, stabhana Adi kA vRtta hai|

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jaina-sAhitya kA bhaugolika mahattva zvetAmbara tIrtha-paricaya prantho ke nAma kartA 1 tIrthamAlA, amolaka ratna 2 jainatIrtheno nakso cAritravijaya maphatalAla mANikacada, vIramagAma 3 jainatIrtha gAiDa (jaina zvetAmbara mohanalAla jatI lekhaka tIrtha prakAza) 4 jaina tIrthamAlA jaina sastI bAcanamAlA, bhAvanagara 5 jaina tIrthamAlA (zatrujaya, gira dozI kastUracanda bahAlajI, lIbaDI nAra Adi kA varNana) 6 jainatIrthAvali prakAza 7 jaina tIrthoM (sacitra) digambara tIrtha-paricaya 8 jaina tIrthayAtrA vivaraNa DAhyAbhAI zivalAla & yAtrAdarpaNa ThAkuradAsa jhaverI (babaI, sa0 1970) 10 jainatIrthayAtrA darzaka gebIlAlajI kizoralAla pATaNI, kalakattA 11 jainatIrtha aura unakI yAtrA kAmatAprasAda akhila bhArata digambara jaina pariSad UE @E CE 12) // 10 15 se prAcInajaina smAraka (5bhAga) ) bra0 zItala prasAda zve0 di0 tIrtha samuccaya rUpa | bhramaNa vRttAta 16 bhAvanagara sametasikhara spezala baDavA jaina mitramaDala, bhAvanagara Trena smaraNAka 17 pravAsagAiDa sa0 taruNa 18 rAjanagara sametasikhara Trena mohanalAladIpacadavoharA kastUracada khamAta 16 pravAsa gAiDa (zrI jaina zve. mizrImala jaina svayasevaka maDala, indaura sametasikhara spezalaTrena) 20 pUrva prAntIya jaina zvetAmbara tIrtha udayapura zrI sakha , gAiDa (2) 21 mArI sindha yAtrA vidyAvijaya 22 mArI kaccha yAtrA 23 merI mevADa yAtrA 24 vihAra varNana jayatavijaya yazovijaya granthamAlA, bhAvanagara 25 vihAradarzana cAritravijaya cAritrasmAraka granthamAlA, vIramagAma 26 priyakara vihAra digdarzana priyakara vijaya somacanda jesiMga, mhesANA 27 merI nemADa yAtrA yatIndravijaya sUrrAvannAjI bhUti vijayadharmasUri granthamAlA, ujjaina 2 //

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44 28 yatIndra vihAra digdarzana bhA0 1-2-3-4 26 vagAla bihAra 30 kaccha giranAra nI yAtrA 39. tIrthayAtrA digdarzana 32 mhAro yAtrA 33 tIrthayAtrA varNana 34 jaina tIrthAvali pravAsa 35 kitAva jainatIrthaM gAiDa 36 jaina tIrtha yAtrA dIpaka 37 jaina tIrtha gAiDa (bhAga 1 ) 38 caitya paripATI yAtrA ( zramadAvAda, vaDodA, bhAta, pATaNa ke madiro kI sUcI) 1 zatrujayaprakAza (pUrvArdha) 2 (uttarArdha) 31 anya 5 siddhAcalana vartamAnavarNana 6 "3 13 7 siddhAcalana tAttvika varNana 37 "" 11 3 zatrujaya tIrthaMnA 15vA~ uddhAranu varNana 4 zatrujaya tIrthanA 16va uddhAranu gAdhI vallabhadAsa varNana "" 1 premI - abhinaMdana graMtha zAtivijaya (1955) phatecanda (1671) motIlAla maganalAla puSpabhikSu dozI maNilAla nathubhAI bhogIlAla sAkalacanda, voharA bhagubhAI lakhamasI neNasI 13 acalarAja nAvU 14 zrAvU jI tathA paca tIrthAnu varNana 15 zrAbU ke jaina maMdiro ke nirmAtA 16. brAhmaNavADA " vibhinna sthAno ke svataMtra itihAsa kartA devacandradAmajI gAdhI vallabhadAsa 27 72 mahatAva kumArI jinendra prAsAda cauthamala caDAliyA varNana 6 giranAranu itihAsa 10 mAhAtmya 11 tIrthaM paricaya 13 12 (ka) AbU (gujarAtI) (kha) (hindI) amaracanda becaradAsa 33 "" daulatacada puruSottama gharaghara vijaya jayatavijaya "" ghorajalAla TokarasI saucamaM gacchIya sagha lalitavijaya jayatavijaya sthAnakavAsI jainasagha, kalakattA jaina sastI vAcanamAlA ahamadAvAda vaDanagara phatecanda kAravArI, bambaI vambaI jainasamAja, ahamadAvAda dehalI ahamadAbAda hasa vijaya lAibrerI, ahamadAbAda jaina graoNphisa, bhAvanagara ?? jaina zrAtmAnada sabhA, bhAvanagara 13 "3 37 mohanalAla devacanda amaracanda gulAbacanda sAmajI pAlItANA 22 jaina sastI vAcanamAlA, bhAvanagara jaina sastI vAcanamAlA, vambaI zrI jaina sAhityavardhaka sabhA, sUrata kalyANajI paramAnada, delavADA 37 "" jyotikAryAlaya, ahamadAvAda 21 zrAtmAnada jainasabhA, ambAlA vijayadharmasUri granthamAlA, ujjaina ri 2) mUlya 1) 1) shi tsuriutsuYan Yan 1 15 riri

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eve eeee , . jaina-sAhitya kA bhaugolika mahattva 17 delavADA vijayendrasUri yazovijaya jaina granthamAlA 18 , mevADa lalitavijaya Atma tilaka grantha sosAyaTI 16 koraTA tIrtha kA itihAsa yatIndravijaya hajArImala jorajI 20 kezariyAjI tIrtha kA itihAsa candanamala nAgaurI sadguNa prasAraka mitra maDala, choTIsAdaDI 21 kAparaDA tIrtha kA itihAsa jJAnasudara jaina jJAna bhaDAra, jodhapura 22 zrI kAparaDA jI tIrtha lalitavijaya udayamala kalyANa, vyAvara 23 zakhezvara mahAtIrtha jayatavijaya vijayadharmamUri granthamAlA, ujjaina 24 pAvAgaDha thI pragaTa thayelA jIrA- lAlacandra gAdhI abhayacandra gAdhI, bhAvanagara vallA pArzvanAtha 25 pragaTaprabhAvI pArzvanAtha jaina sastI vAcanamAlA 26 cArUpa nU avalokana magalacada lallU canda pATaNa 27 pATaNa jaina madira nAmAvali mohanalAla llluubhaaii| pATaNa 28 " " " aSTApad dharmazAlA, pATaNa 26 khabhAta noprAcIna jaina itihAsa narmadA zakara bhaTTa AtmAnada zatAbdI smAraka granthamAlA, bambaI 30 khabhAta no itihAsa-caitya pari stabha jaina tIrtha maDala pATI 31 pATaliputra kA itihAsa sUryamala yatI zrIsagha, paTanA 32 bhIlaDIyA jI jaina tIrtha siddhimuni mohanalAla jaina lAibrerI, ahamadAbAda 33 gola nagarIya pArzvanAtha pratiSThA revatIrAma jaina kavizAstra sagraha, jAlaura pravadha 34 kadambagiri tIrtha jinadAsa dharmadAsa peDhI 35 bhoyaNI nu mallinAtha varNana / choTUlAla pocAbhAI motIcanda 36 jaisalamera jaina gAiDa phUlacanda coraDiyA amRtalAla sArAbhAI 37 jaisalamera mA camatkAra cadanamala nAgaurI sadguNa prasAraka maDala, choTI sAdaDI 38 vIjApura vRhat vRttAta buddhisAgarasUri adhyAtma jJAna prasAraka maDala 36 sUryapura no svarNa yuga kezarIcandra jhaverI motIcada maganabhAI, sUrata 40 sUrata caitya paripATI 41 sUrata jaina DirekTarI 42 pAvApura tIrtha kA prAcIna iti- pUrNacandra nAhara lekhaka hAsa 43 Tirth Pavapurn (albama) lakSmIcada sacetI 44 sammeta sikhara citrAvali nAthamala caDAliyA (sa01911) lekhaka ho, kalakattA 45 zatrujaya alabama (10 citra) 46 kamanIya kamalinI (zrI zikhara jhamakalAla rAtaDiyA jI kI yAtrA) 47 vayAna pArasanAtha pahADa zAtivijaya havAsIlAla vAnAcada mimi ili wa haitalli JEE ee

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486 48 mahAtIrtha rIrIsA pArzvanAtha govardhana pramulakha varNana 46 ahamadAvAda nI zahara yAtrA 50 nAkoDA pArzvanAtha 51 iDaragar3ha 52 jinAlaya riporTa 52 ajArA pArzvanAtha 53 sakhezvara pArzvanAtha 54 stabhana pArzvanAtha 55 prahAra 56 papaurA 57 vaizAlI 58 acalagaDha (sacitra) 56 hamIragaDha 5 lekha 1 jAlora 2 bhImapallI aura rAmasena 3 pAlaNapura 4 hamAre tIrthakSetra 5 dakSiNa ke tIrthakSetra 1 sammetasikhara mAhAtmya 2 giranAra mAhAtmya 3 pravadhaparicaya premI - abhinaMdana graMtha yatIndravijaya maNilAla lAlacada 33 11 "" sa0 yazapAla jaina sa 0 -- rAjakumAra jaina vijayendra sUri jayanta vijaya 22 lekhaka kalyANavijaya kalyANavijaya kAtisAgara nAthUrAma jI premI nAthUrAma jI premI 1 jaina lekhasagraha bhAga 1 2 jaina lekhasaMgraha bhAga 2 3 jaina lekhasagraha bhAga 3 4 prAcIna jaina lekha saMgraha bhAga 1 jinavijaya (khAravela zilAlekha ) -5 prAcIna jaina lekha saMgraha bhAga 2 jinavijaya 6 arbuda prAcIna jaina lekha sandoha 7 jaina dhAtu pratimA lekha saMgraha .. bhAga 1 ahamadAbAda 11 viziSTa lekha ( zvetAmbara ) ujamavAI dharmazAlA, ahamadAvAda sastI vAcanamAlA jayatavijaya - vuddhisAgarasUri " " 'madhukara' kAryAlaya, TIkamagaDha sa0 [saM0 dhanyakumAra jaina, kaTanI yazovi0 prathamAlA, bhAvanagara mahAtmyAdi ( digamvara ) lohAcArya vazIdhara jaina " "7 rw 13 kauna se patra zrathavA graMtha meM prakAzita jaina raupyAka jaina yuga phAsa sabhA kA traimAsika patra 'jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa' 'jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa' jaina pratimA lekha- sagraha ( zvetAmbara ) 0 pUrNacandrajI nAhara kalakattA sa0 pUrNacandrajI nAhara kalakattA sa0 pUrNacandrajI nAhara kalakattA AtmAnaMda sabhA jaina grantha kAryAlaya, jhAsI zravadha prAdezika di0 jaina pariSad lakhanaU AtmAnaMda sabhA vijaya dharmasUri granthamAlA adhyAtma jJAna prasAraka maMDala, pAdarA 15) 1) 1 mUlya 3) 2) 5) 5) 7) 3) 3) 2)

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jaina - sAhitya kA bhaugolika mahattva 8 jaina dhAtu pratimA lekha sagraha bhAga 2 buddhisAgara suri e prAcIna lekha saMgraha vidyAvijaya 1 jaina zilAlekha saMgraha 2 pratimA lekhasagraha 3 jaina pratimA, yatra lekha saMgraha adhyAtma jJAna prasAraka maMDala pAdarA yazovijaya jaina granthamAlA digambara pratimA lekha saMgraha hIrAlAla jaina kAmatAprasAda jaina choTelAla jaina kalApUrNa jaina zilpa sthApatya kI citrAvali lekhaka, grahamadAvAda 1 bhArata mA jaina tIrthoM ne temanu (ma0 -- sArAbhAI zilpasthApatya navAva ) mANikacandra digambara jaina granyamAlA jaina siddhAta bhavana, zrArA purAtattva anveSaNI pariSad, kalakattA 487 3) 2) 2) 15) zrAva ke sundara zilpa sthApatya ke citra 'zrAvU' grantha meM diye gaye hai / zatrujaya alavama, tIrthaM pAvApurI, sametasikhara citrAvalI, citramaya acalagaDha, sakhezvara pArzvanAtha Adi granthoM meM bhI citra prakAzita hai / bIkAnera ]

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mahAkavi ranna kA duryodhana zrI ke0 bhujavalI zAstrI manuSya kisI bAta kI satyatA yA asatyatA kA nirNaya prAya apane una vicAro ke anusAra hI kara baiThatA hai, jinase usakI buddhi pahale se prabhAvita ho cukatI hai, parantu vaha apane pUrva saskAra ko eka ora rakhakara samAlocya viSaya para jaba taka niSpakSa rUpa se vicAra nahI karatA taba taka kisI yathArtha nirNaya para nahI pahu~ca sakatA / prAcIna kAlIna kisI vyakti ke vAstavika AcAra-vicArAdi jAnane ke lie hame tatkAlIna yA vAda ke prAmANika sAhitya kA hI zrAzraya lenA paDatA hai / isa sidvAntAnusAra zrabhimAnaghanI eva pratApI duryodhana yA kaurava ke zrAcAra-vicArAdi jAnane lie hame prAcIna sAhitya kI hI zaraNa lenI paDatI hai / adhikAza grantha racayitAo ne dropadI ke vastrApaharaNa Adi kucha anucita ghaTanAo ko lekara duryodhana ko kalakI ghoSita kara apamAnajanaka zabdo dvArA una para AkramaNa kiyA hai / hama bhI duryodhana ko doSI mAnate hai / phira bhI isake lie unake sAre mAnavocita guNo ko bhulA denA samucita nahI kahA jA sakatA / pratyeka manuSya me guNa aura doSa dono hote hai / jisameM dopo kA pratyantAbhAva hai, vaha manuSya nahIM hai, devatA / zrAkhira duryodhana bhI manuSya hI thA / java hama kimI vyakti kI akhaDa jIvanI para prakAza DAlate hai taba guNa aura doSa dono ko eka hI dRSTi se dekhanA hotA hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se ina dono ke manana karane ke bAda una guNadoSo kI kamI-begI ke lihAja se hI hama usa vyakti ko guNI yA doSI karAra de sakate hai / itanA parizrama na uThAkara eka-do guNa yA doSo ko dekhakara kisI ke guNI yA doSI hone kA phaisalA de denA niSpakSa nirNaya nahI kahA jA sakatA / duryodhana bhI rAvaNa kI taraha isI pakSapAtapUrNa nirNaya kA zikAra kiyA jAkara logo kI najaro me girAyA gayA hai / prazna uTha sakatA hai ki duryodhana meM java guNa bhI the to mahAbhArata ke bahusasyaka lekhako ne use doSI kyo ThaharAyA ? isakA uttara yahI hai ki eka to hamAre bhAratavarSa kA usa samaya kA vAtAvaraNa hI isa prakAra kA thaa| dUsarI bAta yaha ki hamAre purAtana zraddheya kavi bahudhA zranukaraNazIla the / isalie jo paraparA unake sAmane maujUda thI usI ko kAyama rakhanA ve adhika pasanda karate the / isakA kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki unheM isa bAta kA bhaya thA ki pUrva paraparA ke viruddha hone se unakI kRtiyA~ janatA me sarvamAnya nahI ho skeNgii| paraparA ke kucha viruddha likhane vAle 'ratnAkara' jaise katipaya sAhasI kaviyo para aisI Apatti thA bhI cukI hai| sAtha hI sAtha bhAratavarSa suprAcIna kAla se AcAra ke lie pradhAna hai / yaha saba kucha hote hue bhI jaina kaviyo ne rAvaNa kI taraha ' duryodhana kA jIvana citrita karane me jo vRddhi eva sAhama dikhalAyA hai, vaha prazasanIya hai / una kRtiyoM meM se kevala mahAkavi ranna ke 'gadAyuddha' meM pratipAdita duryodhana para prakAza DAlanA hI isa lekha kA uddezya hai / mahAkavi ranna kannaDa sAhitya me eka khyAtiprApta kavi thA / kaviratna, kavicakravartI, kavikujarAkuza, ubhaya bhASAkavi Adi ise kaI upAdhiyA~ prApta thI / isakA janma I0 san 146 meM mudubola nAmaka grAma meM huA thA / yaha vaizya varNa kA thA aura rAjyamAnya kavi thA / rAjA kI ora se suvarNa-daDa, cavara, chatra-hAthI Adi isake sAtha calate the / isake guru kA nAma ajitasenAcArya thA / suprasiddha jaina matrI cAuDarAya isakA popaka thA / isa samaya isake do anya upalabdha hai / eka 'ajitapurANa' aura dUsarA 'sAhasa bhIma' vijaya yA 'gadAyuddha' / pahale gratha meM dUsare tIrthakara ajitanAtha kA caritra vAraha prazvAso meM varNita hai / yaha campU gratha hai / yaha purANa I0 san 663 meM racA gayA thaa| ''jaina siddhAnta - bhAskara' bhAga 6, kiraNa 1 meM prakAzita hamArA lekha /

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premI - zrabhinadana-gratha dukha huA hai, utanA asahya dukha parama priya karNa, duzzAsana Adi ke viyoga se bhI nahI huA thA / 'pADavo se virodha chor3a kara sadhi kara lo,' isa vAta ko sunane ke lie hI mAno brahma ne mujhe ye kAna diye hai / ' ? duryodhana ke vyaktitva ko aura dekhiye / vaha kahatA hai ki karNa aura duSgAsana ye dono mere do netra yA do bhujAe~ kahe jAte the / hA / inake marane ke bAda bhI merA jInA ucita hai ? duzzAsana ke zarIra ko dekhakara duryodhana kahatA haiM ki tumako mArane vAlA ava bhI jIvita hai / usako vinA mAre maiM jI rahA hU~ / kyA yahI prema kA puraskAra hai Age droNa Adi ke zarIro ko dekha kara duryodhana muktakaTha se unake parAkrama kI prazasA kara svAbhAvika gurubhakti ko vyakta karatA huA unake nAza meM apanA durnaya tathA duradRSTa hI kAraNa hai kahakara pazcAttApa karatA hai / anatara gurucaraNI me praNAma karake unheM pradakSiNA dekara Age vaDhatA hai / isI prakAra bhISma ke caraNo me mastaka rakhakara unase bhI kSamA mA~gatA hai / yahA~ para duryodhana kI asIma gurubhakti dekhiye / zrAge zatrukumAra, zradvitIya parAkramI bAlaka abhimanyu ke mAhasa kI muktakaTha se prazasA karatA huA duryodhana hAtha joDakara prArthanA karatA hai ki mujhe bhI isI prakAra kA vIra maraNa prApta ho| isI kA nAma guNaikapakSapAtitA hai / 460 urubhaga kI asahya pIDA meM maraNonmukha duryodhana ko dekhanA komala hRdaya vAlo kA kAma nahI hai / isa citAmayI avasthA me bhI vaha apane vyaktitva ko nahI choDatA / duryodhana azvatthAmA me kahatA hai ki prANo ke nikala jAne ke pUrva pADavo ko mAra kara unake mastako ko lAkara mujhe dikhlaao| isame zAnti me mere prANa nikala jAyeMge / zrazvatthAmA bhrAtivaza pADava samajha kara upapADavo ke mastako ko duryodhana ke sAmane lAkara rakhatA hai| vaha una mastako ko sAvadhAnI se dekhakara bAlahatyArUpI mahApAtaka ke liye bahuta hI dukhI hotA hai aura isa asAvadhAnatA pUrNa kArya ke liye azvatthAmA ko phaTakAratA hai| vastuta duryodhana mahAnubhAva hai | mahAkavi ranna ne use 'mahAnubhAva' ThIka hI likhA hai / isa prakAra rana kA duryodhana prAraMbha se aMta taka hamArA lakSya bana kara vyaktivaiziSThya se hama logo ke sAtha apanI AtmIyatA sthApita karatA hai / usake udAtta guNo ko dekha kara hama usake durguNo ko bhUla jAte hai / mahAbhArata ke duryodhana ke maraNa se hameM dukha nahI hotA, para ranna ke duryodhana ke sabadha meM aisI bAta nahI hai / yahA~ duryodhana ke maraNa se hame asIma satApa hotA hai / yathArthata 'gadAyuddha' kA duryodhana satyavratI, dhaiyaMgAlI, vIrAgesara, daivabhakta, snehI, gurujanavidheya zraura maduhRdayI hai / 'mahAbhArata' kA duryodhana - pADavo ke bhaya se hI vaizapAyana sarovara jAkara chipatA hai, ranna kA duryodhana kevala bhISma ke prAgraha se matrasiddhi ke nimitta | isame tIrtha-yAtrA ke hetu gaye hue valarAma tathA kRpa, kRtavarmAdi kI pratIkSA bhI eka thI / duryodhana ke pUrvakRta jaghanya kRtyoM ko prayatnapUrvaka chipAkara usake udAtta guNo ko hI sarvatra vyakta karate hue duryodhana ke sabadha meM pAThako ke mana meM vyasana, gaurava tathA pakSapAta paidA kara denA ranna jaise mahAkavi ke lie hI sabhava hai| vAstava meM kavi ne ina kAryoM ko advitIya rUpa me sapanna kiyA hai / yaha vizeSatA mahAbhArata meM nahI milegii| vahA~ para duryodhana kA dopapuja hI hamAre samakSa zrAkara khaDA hotA hai / mahAbhArata meM hameM sarvatra Adi se lekara ata taka bhIma ke sAhasa kA hI varNana milegA, para yahA~ para duryodhana ke sAhasa ke sAmane bhIma kA sAhasa phIkA paDa jAtA hai / anyatra vyAsAdi maharSiyo ne bhI duryodhana ke sabaMdha me pakSapAta kiyA hai / vahA~ ke varNana ko paDhane se mAlUma hotA hai ki bhIma eka hI AghAta se duryodhana ko cakanA cUra kara DAlegA, para yahA~ para to rAjyalakSmI taka dharmarAya ke pAsa jAne ke lie utsuka nahI hai / ina sabo ko dekha kara nizcaya ho jAtA hai ki duryodhana kA abhimAna korA abhimAna nahI hai / gadAprahAra ke dvArA duryodhana ke uro ko bhaga karanA bhIma kA anucita kArya thaa| itanA hI nahIM, rakta se AdrIbhUta, maraNAsanna cakravartI duryodhana ke mukuTa ko lAta se mAranA aura bhI nIca kRtya thA / harSa kI bAta hai ki ranna kA duryodhana ata taka kSAtradharma ko pAlatA jAtA hai| vaha kisI kI bhI zaraNa meM nahI jAtA

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mahAkavi rana kA duryodhana 461 daDanIti meM pratipAdita kuTila nIti tathA kapaTayuddha rAjAnI ke lie doSa nahIM hai| phira bhI duryodhana apane gadAghAta se mUcchita bhIma ko nahIM mAratA / ulaTA ume saceta karane kI ceSTA karatA hai| yaha vAstava meM umakI dharmayuddhapriyatA kA eka udAharaNa hai / agara duryodhana me baDA bhArI doSa thA to vaha bharI sabhA me draupadI kA vastrApaharaNa karAne kI ceSTA karanA / yaha doSa umame nahIM hotA to vaha kSatrakulAlakAra hotaa| 'gadAyuddha' meM bhISma ne isa bhAva ko vyakta kiyA bhI hai| rana ke bhIma kI apekSA duryodhana meM hameM adhika abhimAna dikhAI detA hai / nyAyata 'gadAyuddha' kA nAyaka bhIma na hokara duryodhana honA cAhie thaa| duryovana kinanA udAra hai / raNakSetra meM vaha apane hI vyaktiyo ke lie prAmU nahI vahAtA, balki abhimanyu jaise zatru vIro ke lie bhii| bhISma, droNa, karNa Adi mahAvIro ke mAtha apanI aparimita menA niggepa hone para bhI kAladaDamadRza apanI pracaDa gadA ko kance para rakha kara raNa-kSetra kI ora vaDhane vAle ekAkI duryodhana kA gaurya eva mAhama prazamanIya hai| raNa-kSetra meM droNa, duzmAsana, karNa Adi apane pakSa ke mahAvIro ke mRta zarIro ko dekha kara bhI duryodhana kA mana nilamAtra bhI vicalita nahIM hotA, pratyuta udvigna hotA hai| unake maraNa meM utpanna apAra dukha kA pratikAra vIrotrita gamtra ke dvArA hI karane ke lie vaha taiyAra hai| guru bhIma kI AjA me vaizmmAyana sarovara meM mamaya vitAne vAlA duryovana bhIma kI abhimAnoktiyo ko na saha kara turanta hI nirbhaya ho bAhara nikalatA hai aura usake mAya laDane ke lie utmAha me Age vaDhatA hai| niSkalaka na hotA huA bhI duryodhana pUrNa kalakI bhI nahI thaa| usake zIla meM avicAra avazya the, phira bhI vaha nizmIna nahIM thaa| vaha guNI thaa| mAya-hI-mAtha usakI manA hama sabhI ko apanI ora AkRSTa karane kI zakti ragbatI thii| duryodhana meM choTI-moTI abhilApAeM no thI hI nhiiN| vIra sadaiva vIratva kA upAsaka hotA hai| nvapakSI yA parapakSI koI bhI ho, vaha vIra ko pUjatA thaa| imIlie zatrukumAra abhimanyu ko dekha kara vaha hAtha joDatA hai| isame yaha bhI vyakta hotA hai ki duryovana dumsAhamI nahIM thA, apitu avizrAnta parAkramI thaa| vaha zatru ke lie nirdayI aura mitra ke lie mahRdayI thaa| ina saba bAto ko mahAkavi ranna ne bhinna-bhinna prakaraNo meM bhale prakAra dikhalAyA hai| rana kA duryovana duryodhana nahIM, balki muyodhana hai| duryodhana jaise mahAvIra ke lie maraNa bhUpaNa hI hai| isalie umake maraNa ke lie cintita honA bhUla hai|' mUDabidrI ] "ranna kavi prazasti ke AdhAra pr|

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abhinava dharmabhUSaNa aura unakI 'nyAyadIpikA' pa0 daravArIlAla jaina koThiyA jaina tArkika abhinava dharmabhUSaNa se kama vidvAn paricita hai| prastuta lekha dvArA unhI kA paricaya karAyA jAtA hai / unako jAnane ke lie jo kucha sAdhana prApta hai ve yadyapi paryApta nahIM hai-unake mAtA-pitAdi kA kyA nAma thA, janma aura svargavAsa kaba aura kahA~ huA, Adi kA uname koI patA nahIM calatA hai phira bhI saubhAgya aura santoSa kI bAta hai ki upalabdha sAdhano se unake prabhAvazAlI vyaktitva, guruparamparA aura samaya kA kucha prAmANika paricaya mila jAtA hai / ata hama unhI zilAlekho, granthollekho Adi ke AdhAra para abhinava dharmabhUSaNa ke mamvandha me kucha kaha sakate hai| abhinava tathA yativizeSaNa abhinava dharmabhUSaNa kI eka hI racanA upalabdha hai / vaha hai 'nyAya-dIpikA' / 'nyAya-dIpikA' ke pahale aura dUsare prakAza ke puSpikAvAkyo me 'yati' vizeSaNa tathA tIsare prakAza ke puppikAvAkya meM 'abhinava' vizeSaNa inake nAma ke sAtha pAye jAte hai, jisase mAlUma hotA hai ki 'nyAya-dIpikA' ke racayitA prastuta dharmabhUSaNa'abhinava' aura 'yati' dono kahalAte the| jAna paDatA hai ki apane pUrvavartI dharmabhUpaNo me apane ko vyAvRtta karane ke lie 'abhinava' vizepaNa lagAyA hai, kyoki prAya aimA dekhA jAtA hai ki eka nAma ke aneka vyaktiyo me apane ko pRthaka karane ke lie koI upanAma rakha liyA jAtA hai / ata 'abhinava' nyAya-dIpikAkAra kA eka vyAvartaka vizeSaNa yA upanAma samajhanA cAhie / janasAhitya me aise aura bhI AcArya hue hai, jo apane nAma ke sAtha 'abhinava' vizeSaNa lagAte hue pAye jAte hai| jaise abhinava paDitAcArya' (gaka sa0 1233), abhinava zrutamuni, abhinava guNabhadra' aura abhinava paDitadeva Adi / pUrvavartI apane nAma vAlo se vyAvRtti ke lie 'abhinava' vizepaNa kI yaha eka paripATI hai / 'yati' vizepaNa to spaSTa hI hai, kyoki vaha muni ke lie prayukta kiyA jAtA hai / abhinava dharmabhUSaNa apane guru zrI varddhamAna bhaTTAraka ke paTTa ke uttarAdhikArI hue the aura ve kundakundAcArya kI AmnAya me hue hai| isalie isa vizeSaNa ke dvArA yaha bhI nibhrAnta jJAta ho jAtA hai ki abhinava dharmabhUpaNa digamvara paramparA ke jaina muni the aura bhaTTAraka muni nAma se lokavizruta the| dharmabhUSaNa nAma ke dUsare vidvAn Upara kahA gayA hai ki abhinagha dharmabhUSaNa ne dUsare pUrvavartI dharmabhUpaNo se bhinnatva syApita karane ke lie 'dekhie, zilAlekha na0 421 'dekhie, jaina zilAlekha sa0 pR0 201, zilAlekha 105 (245) 'dekhie, 'sI0 pI0 eNDa varAra kaiTalAga rA0pa0 hIrAlAla dvArA sapAdita / "dekhie, jaina zilAlekha sa0 pR0 345, zilAlekha na0 362 (257) 5"RSipatirmunibhikSustApasa sayato vratI |'-naammaalaa (mahAkavi dhanaJjaya kRt)| "ziSyastasya gurorAsIddharmabhUSaNadezika / bhaTTAraka muni zrImAn zalyatrayavivajita ||"-vijyngr zilAlekha na0 2

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zrabhinava dharmabhUSaNa aura unakI 'nyAyadIpikA' apane nAma ke sAtha 'abhinava' vizeSaNa lagAyA hai / Rta yahA~ yaha batA denA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai ki jainaparamparA dharmabhUSaNa nAma ke aneka vidvAn ho gaye haiM / eka varmabhUSaNa ve hai, jo bhaTTAraka dharmacandra ke paTTa para baiThe the aura jinakA ullekha varAra prAnta ke mUrtilekho meM bahulatayA pAyA jAtA hai|' ye mUrtilekha zaka saMvat 1522, 1535, 1572 aura 1577 ke utkIrNa hue hai, parantu ye dharmabhUSaNa nyAyadIpikAkAra ke uttarakAlIna hai / dUmare dharmabhUSaNa ve hai, jinake AdezAnusAra kezavavarNI ne apanI gommaTamAra kI 'jIva tattva pradIpikA' nAmaka TIkA zaka saMvat 1281 (1359 I0) meM banAI thI / ' tIsare gharmabhUSaNa ve haiM, jo zramarakotti ke guru the tathA vijayanagara ke gilAlekha na0 2 me ullikhita tIna dharmabhUSaNo me sarvaprathama jinakA ullekha hai aura jo sambhavata vindhyagiri parvata ke zilAlekha na0 111 (274) meM bhI zramarakItti ke gurUrUpa me ullikhita hai / yahA~ unheM 'kalikAlamarvajJa' bhI kahA gayA hai| cauye varmabhUSaNa ve hai, jo marakIti ke ziSya aura vijayanagara zilAlekha na0 2 gata pahale dharmabhUSaNa ke praziSya hai evaM siMhanandI vratI ke sadharmA hai tathA vijayanagara ke zilAlekha na0 2 ke 11ve padya meM dUsare na0 ke dharmabhUSaNa ke rUpa meM ullikhita hai / 463 guru-paramparA abhinava dharmabhUSaNa uparyukta dharmabhUSaNo se bhinna hai aura jinakA ullekha umI vijayanagara ke zilAlekha na0 2 meM tIsare nambara ke dharmabhUSaNa ke sthAna para hai tathA jinheM spaSTatayA zrI varddhamAna bhaTTAraka kA ziSya vatalAyA hai / 'nyAyadIpikA' ke antima padya aura antima ( tIsare prakAzagata ) puSpikAvAkya meM apane guru kA nAma nyAyadIpikAkAra ne svaya zrI varddhamAna bhaTTAraka prakaTa kiyA hai / merA anumAna hai ki magalAcaraNa padya meM bhI unhone 'zrIvarddhamAna' pada ke prayoga dvArA varddhamAna tIrthakara aura apane guru varddhamAna bhaTTAraka dono ko smaraNa kiyA hai, kyoki apane parApara guru kA smaraNa karanA sarvathA ucita hI hai| zrI dharmabhUSaNa apane guru ke ananya bhakta the / ve 'nyAya - dIpikA' ke unI antima padya aura puSpikA vAkya meM kahate hai ki unhe apane ukta guru kI kRpA se hI sarasvatI kA prakarSa (sArasvatodaya) prApta huA aura unake caraNo kI snehamayI bhakti sevA se 'nyAyadIpikA' kI pUrNatA huI / ta magalAcaraNa padya meM apane guru varddhamAna bhaTTAraka kA bhI unake dvArA smaraNa kiyA jAnA sarvathA sambhava eva sagata hai / vijayanagara gilAlekha na0 2 meM, jo zaka saMvat 1307 ( I0 1385) meM utkIrNa huA thA, abhinava dharmabhUSaNa kI isa prakAra guruparamparA dI gaI hai--- mUlasaGgha, nandisaGgha- balAtkAra gaNa ke sArasvatagaccha meM padmanandI ( kundakundAcArya) 1 dharmabhUSaNa bhaTTAraka prathama zramarakIti zrAcArya (jinake ziSyo ke zikSaka dIkSaka siMhanandI vratI the ) "sahasranAmArAdhanA' ke kartA devendrakIti ne bhI 'sahalanAmArAdhanA' meM ina dono vidvAno kA apane guru aura pragururUpa se ullekha kiyA hai| dekhie, zrArA se prakAzita prazasti sa0 pR0 94 dekhie DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye kA 'gommaTasArakI jIvatattva pradIpikA TIkA' zIrSaka lekha 'zranekAnta' varSa 4, ki0 1 pR0 118 dekhie, vIrasevAmandira sarasAvA se prakAzita aura mere dvArA sampAdita 'nyAyadIpikA' pR0 132 5 'isa zilAlekha meM kula 28 padya hai / unameM prathama ke 13 padyo meM hI abhinava dharmabhUSaNa kI guru-paramparA hai / isake zrAge 15 padyoM meM rAjavaMza kA varNana hai /

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premI-abhinaMdana - pratha zrI dharmabhUSaNa bhaTTAraka dvitIya (siMhanandI vratI ke sadharmA) varddhamAna munIzvara (siMhanandI vratI ke caraNasevaka ) dharmabhUSaNa yati tRtIya (prastuta ) isI prakAra kA eka zilAlekha' na0 111 ( 274) kA hai, jo vindhyagiri parvata ke akhaDa vAgila ke pUrva kI ora sthita caTTAna para khudA huA hai aura jo gaka sa0 1265 meM utkIrNa huA thA / usameM isa prakAra paramparA dI gaI hai 464 mUlasaGgha -- balAtkAragaNa kItti (vanavAsike ) [ devendra vizAlakotti 1 zubhakIttideva bhaTTAraka 1 gharmabhUSaNadeva prathama amarakItti AcArya dharma bhUSaNadeva dvitIya varddhamAna svAmI ina dono lekho ko milA kara dhyAna pUrvaka paDhane para vidita hotA hai ki prathama gharmabhUSaNa, amarakIti zrAcArya, dharmabhUSaNa dvitIya aura varddhamAna ye cAra vidvAn sambhavata dono ke eka hI hai / yadi hamArI yaha mAnyatA ThIka hai to yahA~ eka bAta vicAraNIya hai / vaha yaha ki vindhyagiri ke lekha (zaka sa0 1265) meM varddhamAna kA to ullekha hai, para unake ziSya (paTTa ke uttarAdhikArI) tRtIya dharmabhUSaNa kA ullekha nahI hai, jisase jAna paDatA hai usa samaya taka tRtIya dharmabhUSaNa varddhamAna ke paTTAdhikArI nahI bana sake hoge aura isalie ukta gilAlekha meM unakA ullekha nahI AyA, kintu isa zilAlekha ke koI bAraha varSa bAda zaka sa0 1307 (1385 I0) meM utkIrNa hue vijayanagara ke zilAlekha na0 2 me unakA (tRtIya dharmabhUSaNa kA ) spaSTatayA nAmollekha hai / ata yaha mahaja hI anumAna ho sakatA hai ki ve apane guru varddhamAna ke paTTAdhikArI zaka sa0 1265 se zaka sa0 1307 me kisI samaya vana cuke the / isa taraha abhinava dharmabhUSaNa ke sAkSAt guru zrI varddhamAna munIzvara aura praguru dvitIya dharmabhUSaNa the / amarakIrti dAdAguru aura prathama dharmabhUSaNa paradAdAguru the aura isIse hamAre vicArase unhone apane ina pUrvavartI pUjya praguru (dvitIya dharmabhUSaNa) tathA paradAdAguru ( prathama dharmabhUSaNa) se pazcAdvartI eva nayA batalAne ke lie apane ko abhinava vizeSaNa se vizeSita kiyA jAna paDatA hai / kucha bhI ho, yaha avazya hai ki ve apane guru ke prabhAvazAlI aura mukhya ziSya the / 'dekhie, zilAlekha sa0 pR0 223 'pro0 hIrAlAlajI ne inakI niSadyA banavAI jAne kA samaya zaka sambat 1295 diyA hai| dekhiye, zilAlekha sa0 pR0 136

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abhinava dharmabhUSaNa aura unakI 'nyAyadIpikA' samaya- vicAra yadyapi abhinava dharmabhUSaNa kI nizcita tithi batAnA kaThina hai tathApi jo AdhAra prApta hai uname unake samaya kA lagabhaga nizcaya ho jAtA hai / vindhyagiri kA jo gilAlekha prApta hai, vaha gaka ma0 1265 kA utkIrNa huA hai / hama pahale vatalA cuke haiM ki isameM prathama aura dvitIya ina do hI dharmabhUSaNoM kA ullekha hai aura dvitIya varmabhUSaNa ke ziSya varddhamAna kA antima rUpa se ullekha hai| tRtIya dharmabhUSaNa kA ullekha usame nahI pAyA jaataa| DA0 hIrAlAlajI ema0 e0 ke ullekhAnusAra dvitIya dharmabhUSaNa kI nipadyA (ni mahI) zaka sa0 1265 meM banavAI gaI hai / ata dvitIya dharmabhUSaNa kA astitva samaya DAka sa0 1295 taka hI samajhanA caahie| hamArA anumAna hai ki kezavavarNI ko apanI gommaTasAra kI jIvatattvapradIpikA TIkA banAne kI preraNA eva pradeza jina dharmabhUSaNa me milA una dharmabhUSaNa ko bhI yahI dvitIya bhUSaNa honA cAhie, kyoki inake paTTa kA samaya yadi paccIsa varSa bhI ho to inakA paTTa para baiThane kA samaya ka sa0 1270 ke lagabhaga pahu~ca jAtA hai / uma samaya yA usake uparAnta kezavavarNI ko uparyukta TIkA ke likhane me unase zrAdeza eva preraNA milanA asambhava nahI hai / cU~ki kezavavarNI ne apanI ukta TIkA zaka sa0 1281 meM pUrNa kI hai, ata usa jaimI vizAla TIkA ko likhane ke lie gyAraha varSa kA samaya laganA bhI Avazyaka eva bhagata hai / prathama va tRtIya dharmabhUSaNa kezavavarNI ke TIkApreraka pratIta nahI hote, kyoki tRtIya dharmabhUSaNa 'jIvatattvapradIpikA' ke samAptikAla ( gaka0 1281 ) me lagabhaga unnIsa varSa bAda gurupaTTa ke adhikArI hue jAna paDate hai aura usa samaya ve prAya vIsa varSa ke hoge / ata 'jIvatattvapradIpikA' ke racanArambha samaya meM to unakA astitva hI nahI rahA hogA / tava ve kezavavarNI ke TIkA-preraka kaise ho sakate haiM ? prathama dharmabhUSaNa bhI unake TIkA-preraka sambhava pratIta nahI hote / kAraNa unake paTTa para amarakIti aura amarakIrti ke paTTa para dvitIya dharmabhUSaNa (zaka sa0 1270 - 1265 ) baiThe hai / ata amarakItti kA paTTa-samaya anumAnata zaka sa0 1245-1270 aura prathama dharmabhUSaNa kA zaka sa0 1220-1245 hotA hai / aisI hAlata meM yaha sambhava nahI hai ki prathama dharmabhUSaNa gaka sa0 1220-1245 meM kezavavarNI ko 'jIvatattvapradIpikA' ke likhane kA Adeza de aura ve 61 yA 36 varSo ke dIrgha samaya meM use pUrNa kare / prataeva yahI pratIta hotA hai ki dvitIya dharmabhUSaNa ( zaka0 1270 - 1265) hI kezavavarNI ( gaka0 1281) ke ukta TIkA ke likhane meM preraka rahe haiM / 465 7 pIche hama yaha nirdeza kara Aye hai ki tRtIya dharmabhUSaNa (prastuta abhinava dharmabhUSaNa) zaka sa0 1265 zraura zaka sa0 1307 ke madhya meM kimI samaya apane varddhamAna guru ke paTTa para grAsIna hue hai / ata yadi ve paTTa para baiThane ke mamaya (karIva zaka0 1300 me) bIsa varSa ke ho, jaisA ki sambhava hai to unakA janma mamaya zaka sa0 1280 (1358 I0) ke lagabhaga honA cAhie / vijayanagara sAmrAjya ke svAmI prathama devarAya aura unakI patnI bhImAdevI jina varddhamAna guru ke ziSya dharmabhUSaNa ke parama bhakta the aura jinheM apanA guru mAnate the tathA jinase prabhAvita hokara jainadharma kI atizaya prabhAvanA meM pravRtta rahate the ve yahI abhinava dharmabhUSaNa hai / padmAvatI-vastI ke eka lekha jJAta hotA hai ki "rAjAdhirAja paramezvara devarAya prathama varddhamAna muni ke ziSya dharmabhUSaNa guru ke, jo vaDe vidvAn the, caraNo meM namaskAra kiyA karate the / " isI bAta kA samarthana zaka sa0 1440 meM apane 'dazabhaktyAdimahAzAstra' ko samApta karane vAle kavi varddhamAna munIndra ke isI granthagata nimna zloka se bhI hotA hai-- "rAjAdhirAjaparamezvaradevarAyabhUpAlamaulilasadaprisarojayugma / zrIvarddhamAnamu nivallabhamoThyamukhya zrIdharmabhUSaNasukhI jayati kSamADhya // "" 1 'ArA se prakAzita prazasti sa0 pR0 125 se uddhRta /

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premI-prabhinadana-graMtha yaha prasiddha hai ki vijayanagaranareza prathama devarAya hI 'rAjAdhirAja paramezvara' kI upAdhi me bhUpita the / ' inakA rAjya-kAla sambhavata 1418 I0 ke pahale rahA hai, kyoki dvitIya devarAya I0 1419 me 1446 taka mAne jAte hai| ata ina ullekho se yaha spaSTa hai ki varddhamAna ke ziSya dharmabhUpaNa tRtIya (nyAyadIpikA ke kartA) hI devarAya prathama dvArA sammAnita the| prathama athavA dvitIya dharmabhUSaNa nahIM, kyoki ve varddhamAna ke ziSya nahIM the| prathama dharmabhUSaNa to zubhakIti ke aura dvitIya dharmabhUSaNa amarakItti ke ziSya the| ataeva yaha nizcayapUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki abhinava dharmabhUSaNa devarAya prathama ke samakAlIna hai arthAt unakA antimakAla I0 1418 honA caahie| yadi yaha mAna liyA jAya to unakA jIvanakAla I0 1358 se 1418 I0 taka samajhanA cAhie / abhinava dharmabhUSaNa jaise pabhAvazAlI vidvAn jainasAdhu ke lie sATha varSa kI umna pAnA koI jyAdA nahIM hai| hamArA anumAna yaha bhI hai ki ve devarAya dvitIya (1416-1446 I0) aura unake zreSThi sakappa ke dvArA bhI praNuta rahe haiN| ho sakatA hai ki ye anya dharmabhUSaNa ho| jo ho, itanA avazya hai ki ve devarAya prathama ke samakAlIna nizcita rUpa se hai| 'nyAyadIpikA' (pR. 21) me 'vAlizA' zabdo ke sAtha sAyaNa ke sarvadarzanasagraha se eka pakti uddhRta kI gaI hai / sAyaNa kA samaya zaka sa0 13vI zatAbdI kA uttarArgha mAnA jAtA hai, kyoki zaka sa0 1312 kA unakA eka dAnapatra milA hai, jisase ve isI samaya ke vidvAn Thaharate hai| nyAyadIpikAkAra kA 'vAlizA' pada kA prayoga unheM sAyaNa ke samakAlIna hone kI prora saketa karatA hai| sAtha hI dono vidvAn nikaTa hI nahIM, eka hI jagaha vijayanagara ke rahane vAle bhI the aura eka dUsare kI pravRtti se bhI paricita jAna paDane hai| isalie yaha sambhava hai ki abhinava dharmabhUSaNa aura sAyaNa samasAmayika hoge athavA dasa-pAMca varSa Age-pIche ke| ata 'nyAya-dIpikA' ke isa ullekha se bhI pUrvokta nirdhArita zaka sa0 1280 se 1340 yA I0 1358 se 1418 kA samaya hI siddha hotA hai| arthAt ye IsA kI 14vI sadI ke uttarArdha aura 15vI sadI ke prathama pAda ke vidvAn hai / DA0 ke0 vI0 pAThaka aura pa0 jugalakizora jI mukhtAra inheM zaka sa0 1307 (I0 1385) kA vidvAn batalAte hai, jo vijayanagara ke zilAlekha na0 2 ke anusAra sAmAnyatayA ThIka hai, parantu uparyukta vizeSa vicAra me I0 1418 taka inako uttarAvadhi nizcita hotI hai| DA0 satIzacandra vidyAbhUSaNa 'hisTrI oNpha di meDIvala skUla oNpha iDiyana laoNjika' meM inhe 1600 I0kA vidvAn sUcita karate hai, para vaha ThIka nahIM hai, jaisA ki uparyunata vivecana se prakaTa hai| mukhtAra sAhaba ne bhI unake isa mata ko galata ThaharAyA hai| -2 dekhie, DA0 bhAskara Ananda sAletora kA 'meDIvala jainijma' pR0300-301, mAlUma nahIM DA0 sA0' ne dvitIya devarAya (1416 I0-1446 I0) kI taraha prathama devarAya ke samaya kA nirdeza kyo nahIM kiyaa| 'DA0 sAletora do hI dharmabhUSaNa mAnate haiM aura unameM prathama phA samaya 1378 I0 aura dUsare kA I0 1403 batalAte hai tathA ve isa jhamele meM par3a gaye hai ki kauna se dharmabhUSaNa kA sammAna devarAya prathama ke dvArA huA thaa| (dekhie meDovala jainijma pR0 300) / mAlUma hotA hai ki unheM vijayanagara kA pUrvokta zilAlekha na0 2 prAdi prApta nahIM ho sakA, anyathA ve isa niSkarSa para na phuNcte| *prazasti sa0 145 meM inakA I0 1429-1451 diyA hai| 5 isake lie jaina siddhAntabhavana, pArA se prakAzita prazasti sa0 meM paricaya karAye gaye varddhamAna munIndra kA 'dazabhaktyAdimahAzAstra dekhanA cAhie / 'dekho, sarva-darzanasagraha kI prastAvanA pR0 32 / 'svAmI samantabhadra pR0 126 "svAmI samantabhadra' pR0 126

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abhinava dharmabhUSaNa aura unakI 'nyAyadIpikA 467 vyaktitva aura kArya AcArya dharmabhUSaNa ke prabhAva eva vyaktitvasUcaka jo ullekha milate hai, unase mAlUma hotA hai ki ve apane samaya ke sabase baDe prabhAvaka aura vyaktitvazAlI janaguru the| prathama devarAya, jinheM 'rAjAdhirAjaparamezvara' kI upAdhi thI, dharmabhUSaNa ke caraNo meM mastaka jhukAyA karate the| padmAvatI vastI ke zAsanalekha meM unheM baDA vidvAn eva vaktA prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| sAtha me muniyo aura rAjAno se pUjita batalAyA hai| inhone vijayanagara ke rAjagharAne meM jainadharma kI atizaya prabhAvanA kI hai| hama to samajhate hai ki isa rAjagharAne meM jo jainadharma kI mahatI pratiSThA huI hai usakA vizeSa zreya inhI abhinava dharmabhUSaNa jI ko hai, jinakI vidvattA aura prabhAva ke sava kAyala the| isase spaSTa hai ki abhinava dharmabhUSaNa asAdhAraNa prabhAvazAlI vyakti the| jainadharma-prabhAvanA unake jIvana kA vizeSa uddezya rahA, para grantharacanAkArya meM bhI unhone apanI zakti aura vidvattA kA bahuta hI sundara upayoga kiyA hai| Aja hame unakI eka hI amara racanA prApta hai aura vaha 'nyAyadIpikA' hai, jo jainanyAya ke vAGmaya meM apanA viziSTa sthAna banAye hue hai aura granyakAra kI dhavalakItti ko akSuNNa rakkhe hue hai| unakI vidvattA kA pratibimba usameM spaSTatayA Alokita ho rahA hai| nyAya-dIpikA' choTI-sI racanA hote hue bhI atyanta vizada aura mahattvapUrNa kRti hai aura usakI parigaNanA jainanyAya ke prathama zreNI ke grantho meM kiye jAne ke pUrNata yogya hai| isameM pramANa aura naya kA bahuta hI vizadatA ke sAtha vivecana kiyA gayA hai, jo usake pAThaka para apanA prabhAva DAle vinA nahI rhtaa| abhinava dharmabhUSaNa ne isake sivAya bhI aura koI racanA kI yA nahI, isakA kucha bhI patA nahI calatA, para 'nyAyadIpikA' meM eka sthala para 'kAruNyakalikA' kA isa prakAra se ullekha kiyA hai ki jisase anumAna hotA hai ki nyAyadIpikAkAra apanI hI dUsarI racanA ko dekhane kA vahA~ igita kara rahe hai| yadi sacamuca meM yaha granya bhI nyAyadIpikAkAra kI racanA hai to mAlUma hotA hai ki vaha 'nyAyadIpikA' se bhI adhika viziSTa eva mahattvapUrNa grantha hogaa| anvepako ko isakA avazya hI patA calAnA caahie| abhinava dharmabhUSaNa ke prabhAva aura kAryakSetra se yaha bhI mAlUma hotA hai ki unhone karNAkadeza ke uparyukta vijayanagara ko hI apanI janma-bhUmi banAI hogI aura vahI unakA zarIra-tyAga eva samAdhi huI hogI, kyoki ve guruparamparA se cale Aye vijayanagara ke bhaTTArakI paTTa para AsIna hue the| yadi yaha ThIka hai to kahanA hogA ki unake janma aura samAdhi kA sthAna bhI vijayanagara hai / sarasAvA ] 2dekhie 'meDIvala jainijma', pR0 269 'prapaJcitametadupAdhi nirAkaraNa kAruNyakalikAyAmiti viramyate |-nyaaydiipikaa, pR0 111 (vIrasevAmandira, sarasAvA se prkaashit)| 63

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'jaina-siddhAnta-bhavana' ke kucha hastalikhita hindI grantha zrI paramAnanda jaina jaina hindI sAhitya atyanta vizAla aura mahattvapUrNa hai| bhApA-vijJAniyo ko hindI bhASA kI utpatti aura vikAsa-krama avagata karane ke lie jaina hindI sAhitya kA jJAna prApta karanA paramAvazyaka hai| hindI bhASA kI jananI apabhraza bhASA me jainAcAryoM ne sahasro kI sasyA meM grantha-racanA kara hindI sAhitya ke bhaDAra ko mamRddhi-zAlI vanAyA hai| pAzcAtya vidvAn DA0 vinTaranija, pro. jekobI tathA anya kaI vidvAno ne isa bAta kA joradAra zabdo me samarthana kiyA hai ki bhAratIya mAhitya kI zrI-vRddhi meM jaina lekhako kA mahattvapUrNa hAtha rahA hai| kahA gayA hai ki bhAratIya sAhitya kA zAyada hI koI aGga vacA ho, jisame jainiyo kA viziSTa myAna na rahA ho| zrI pro0 jagannAtha zarmA ne apane 'apabhrazadarpaNa' meM likhA hai'-"apabhraza' bhApA me prabandha kAvyo kI bharamAra hai / abhI taka jo kAvya upalabdha hue hai, uname pA~ca vaDe-baDe prabandha-kAvya hai / jaise (1) bhavisayattakahA (2) timaTTimahApurisa guNAlaMkAra (3) pArAdhanA (4) neminAhacariu (5) vairisaamicriu| iname se bhavisayattakahA vahuta mahattvapUrNa granya hai| mAlUma hotA hai ki hindI ke rAmacaritamAnasa aura padmAvata jaise jagatprasiddha kAvyagranyo kA Adarza granya yahI hai| ina kAvyo meM bahuta-sI vAto meM samatA hai|" uparyukta paktiyo se spaSTa hai ki jaina apabhraza kAvya granyo kA tulamI aura jAyasI jaise hindI sAhitya ke prasiddha kaviyo para ullekhayogya prabhAva par3A hai| hamAre zAstrAgAro me saikaDo aprakAzita apabhraza bhASA ke anya rakhe hue hai| yadi ye grantha prakAza meM A jAye to hindI sAhitya para nayA prakAza paDe / prAcIna jaina hindI sAhitya navI aura dasavI zatAbdI meM pallavita aura puSpita thaa| isa samaya jainAcAryoM ne apabhraza ke sAtha-sAtha prAcIna hindI meM bhI kaI racanAe~ likhI hai / vIragAthAkAla me aneka jaina muniyo ne vIrarasa aura zAntarasa kI kavitAe~ DiMgala bhApA me kii| kaI vidvAn prasiddha grantha khumAnarAso ke racayitA ko bhI jaina batalAte hai| jaina hindI sAhitya ke padya-grantho ke sAtha-sAtha gadya granya bhI pandrahavI zatAbdI ke pahale se hI milate hai / paDita hemarAja dvArA viracita pacAstikAya eva pravacanasAra kI vacanikAe~, pADe rAmalAla jI kRta samayasAra kI vAlavoSa TIkA eva pArvatadharmArthI kI banAI gaI samAdhitantra kI vacanikA Adi prAcIna grantha hai aura mahattvapUrNa hai| jaina zAstrAgAro me aneka hindI bhASA ke sAhityika grantha sazodhako eva prakAzako kI pratIkSA kara rahe hai / 'anekAnta' meMprakAzita sUcI se patA calatA hai ki pacAyatI jainamandira' (dehalI) meM 202, seTha kUcA' ke jainamandira me 130, naye mandira (dehalI) me 140 eva amaragranthAlaya indaura me 16 hastalikhita jaina hindI mAhitya ke mahattvapUrNa granya hai| ina grantho meM se adhikAza grantha aprakAzita hai| 'zrI jaina siddhAnta bhavana ArA' meM 302 hindI sAhitya ke hastalikhita grantha hai, jiname se mithyAtvakhaDana, rUpacandazataka, candrazataka, hindI nAmamAlA, brahmAbrahmanirUpaNa, padmapurANa chandobaddha, AnandadhAvaka sandhi, ajanAsundarirAsa, gajasiMha guNamAlacaritra, saptavyasanacaritra, buddhiprakAza, homavidhAna, vAlakamuDanavidhi, brahmavAvanI, puNyAzrayakathA chandovaddha Adi grantha to vizeSa rUpa se mahattvapUrNa eva ullekhanIya hai / prastuta nivandha me hama upayukta grantho kA sakSipta paricaya dene kA prayatna kreNge| 'apabhrazadarpaNa pR0 26 / 'anekAnta' 4 kiraNa / dekhie 'anekAnta' varSa 4, kiraNa 10 / 'anekAnta' varSa 4 kiraNa 6-7 /

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'jaina-siddhAnta-bhavana ke kucha hastalikhita hindI grantha 469 1 mithyAtva khaDana nATaka-isa grantha meM teraha pantha kI utpatti kA sakAraNa vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isa pantha kI utpatti sa0 1683 me batalAI hai| aneka grantho ke pramANa dekara bIsapanthI di0 AmnAya kI puSTi kI gaI hai / grantha kI bhASA zithila hai / eka sthAna para likhA hai prathama calo mata prAgare, zrAvaka mile kiteka / solasa sai tirAsiye, gahI kiteka mili Teka // kAhU paDita pai sune, kitai AdhyAtmika grantha / zrAvaka kriyA chADa ke, calana lage muni patha // " ina paktiyo se spaSTa hai ki sarvaprathama Agare ke prAsapAsa teraha pantha kI utpatti huI thii| grantha meM Age batalAyA hai ki jayapura aura Agare ke kucha paDito ne mila kara isa pantha ko nikaalaa| bIsapantha kI puSTi karate hue granthakAra ne terahapanthiyo kI kriyAo kA khaDana kiyA hai tathA bIsapanthI digambara AmnAya ko prAcIna batalAyA hai| grantha me 251 pRSTha hai| lipi aspaSTa hai, prati bhI atyanta jIrNa-zIrNa avasthA meM hai| yaha prati sa0 1871 meM likhAI gaI hai| 2 rUpacandazataka--isameM kavivara rUpacanda ne sau doho meM nIti aura vairAgya kA varNana kiyA hai| pratya kI bhASA prAJjala hai / dhArmika doho meM bhI sAhityika chaTA kA paricaya milatA hai| kavivara ne prArambha me sasArI jIvo ko sambodhana kara kahA hai apano pada na vicAra ke, aho jagata ke rAya / bhava-vana chAyaka ho rahe, ziva pura sughi visarAya / bhavavana bharamata aho tumheM, bIto kAla anAdi / aba kina gharahiM savAraI, kata dukha dekhata vAdi / parama atIndriya sukha suno, tumahi gayo sulajhAya / kiJcita indriya sukha lage, viSayana rahe lubhAya / viSayana sevate bhaye, tRSNA teM na bujhAya / jyo jala khArA pIvateM, bAr3he tuSAdhikAya // isa prakAra grantha meM hindI bhASA-bhASiyo ke lie adhyAtma-rasa kA sAgara bharA huA hai| 3 candrazataka-yaha sau chando meM kavi candra kA likhA grantha hai / 'candra' yaha kavi kA upanAma mAlUma hotA hai / vAstavika nAma kA patA grantha se nahIM lagatA, para jisa prati meM candrazataka hai, usI prati meM kucha Age kavi trilokacandra ke phuTakara kavitta likhe hai / sambhava hai, kavi kA nAma trilokacanda ho / sAhityika dRSTi se candrazataka ke kavitta aura savaiye mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM kavi ne adhyAtmajJAna kA varNana kiyA hai| dravya, guNa, paryAya Adi tAttvika viSayo kA varNana bhI bahuta hI sundara huA hai| bhASA sAnuprAsa' aura madhura hai| pratyeka savaiyA pAThaka ko apanI ora AkarSita kara letA hai| sAdhAraNa loga bhI aise grantho se guNaguNI, dravya-paryAya, Adi sUkSma viSayo ko saralatA se samajha sakate hai| namUne ke lie eka-do padya uddhRta kiye jAte hai guna sadA gunI mAhi, guna gunI bhinna nAhi, bhinna to vibhAvatA, svabhAva sadA dekhiye| soI hai svarUpa prApa, Apa so na hai milApa, moha ke prabhAva the, svabhAva zuddha pekhiye // chahoM dravya sAsate, anAdi ke hI bhinna-bhinna, Apane svabhAva sadA, aisI vidhi lekhiye / pAMca jar3a rUpa, bhUpa cetana sarUpa eka, jAnapano sArA canda, mAthe yoM visekhiye //

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500 premI-abhinadana-praya deha dahe lU sahe dukha sakaTa, mUDha mahAgati jAya aghore| prApahI Apa ko jJAna bujhAya, lagI jo anAdi vi vipadaure / so sukha dUra kareM du kha ko, nija sAdi mahArasa amRta kaure| teja kaha mukha se yaha, nija dekhanahAra tU dekhana vore // kavi ne sajjana aura mUrkha kA bhI sundara varNana kiyA hai| sajjana ke svabhAva kA varNana karate hue likhA hai para proguna parihare, dhare gunavat guNa soI / cita komala nita raheM, jhUTha jAke nahi koI // satya vacana mukha kaheM, Apa guna pApa na boleN| suguru-vacana paratIti, citta the kaba na Dole / / voleM suvana parimiSTa suni ipTavaina suni sukhkreN| kaheM canda basata jagaphada meM, ye svabhAva sajjana ghre|| sajjana guna ghara prIti roti viparIta nivaareN| sakala jIva hitakAra sAra nija bhAva svaareN| dayA, zIla, satoSa, pokha, sukha saba vidhi jaaneN| sahaja sudhA rasa barve, tajeM mAyA abhimAne / jAne subheda parabheda saba nija abheda nyArI lkheN| kaheM canda jaha~ Anandaprati jo ziva-sukha pAveM prakhe // pAThaka dekheMge ki uparyukta sajjana-svabhAva kA varNana kavi ne kitanA svAbhAvika kiyA hai| bhApA marata, sarala aura madhura hai| komala kAntapadAvalI sarvatra vidyamAna hai| hindI ke premI pAThako ko isa gataka meM prAcIna hindI vibhaktiyo ke aneka rUpa dRSTigocara hoge| bhASA-vikAma kI dRSTi se vrajabhASA ke sundara prayoga hue hai| gavdAlakAra prAya sarvata hai| kahI-kahI aryAlakAro kA sundara samanvaya bhI huA hai| 4 nAmamAlAbhASA-ise kavivara devIdAsa ne kavi dhanaJjaya kI nAmamAlA ke AdhAra para likhA hai| pustaka meM mUla viSaya ke 232 padya hai aura do padya kavi ke viSaya me hai| kavi ne doharA, paddhari, caupaI chando kA prayoga adhika kiyA hai| pustaka saskRta adhyayana karane vAloM ke sAtha-sAtha bhApA adhyayana karane vAlo ke lie bhI upayogI siddha hogii| bhASA bhI prauDha aura prAJjala mAlUma hotI hai| do namUne isa prakAra hai "vipana gahana kAntAra vana, phAnana kakSa araNya / aTavI durga sunAma yaha, bhIlana ko suzaraNya // pAnanda, harSa, pramoda muta, utsava pramada santoSa / karaNA anukampA dayA, prahantokti anukoSa // ___ uparyukta padyo se spaSTa hai ki kavi ne saskRta-tatsama zabdo kA vyavahAra adhika kiyA hai, para vrajabhASA ke 'muta' jaise zabdoM kA prayoga bhI kiyA hai| anya meM usakA racanAkAla nimna prakAra diyA hai sambata aSTAdaza likho, jA Upara unatIsa / vAsoM de bhAdoM sudi bIte caturdazIsa // panya kI prati sundara hai / lipi bhI sundara bhaura suvAcya hai|

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'jaina - siddhAnta-bhavana' ke kucha hastalikhita hindI grantha 501 5 brahmabAvanI - isame kavivara nihAlacanda ne vairAgya aura adhyAtmasamvandhI viSaya vaDe hI sundara aura manorajaka Dhaga se samajhAe hai / sarvatra zabdAlakAra kI anupama chaTA dikhAI detI hai / bhASA bhI bhAvamayI aura prauDha mAlUma paDatI hai / prokAra mantra kA varNana kavi ne kitane acche DhaMga se kiyA hai siddhana ko siddhi, Rddhi dehi satana ka mahimA mahantana ko deta chinamAhI haiM / jogI ko jugati hU~ mukati deva, munina kUM bhogI kUM bhugati gati mati una pA~hI hai // cintAmanaratana, kalpavRkSa, kAmadhenu sukha ke samAja saba yAkI parachAhI hai / kahai muni harSacanda nirSa deya gyAna dRSTi ukAramatra sama aura matra nAhIM hai // isa prakAra kavi ne kevala vAvana padyo me hI adhyAtma-rama ke sAgara ko gAgara meM bhara kara kamAla kara dikhAyA hai / kavi kI bhASA sarasa aura parimArjita hai / zabdAlakAra kI kalA ke to ve anupama jaDiyA pratIta hote hai / thoDe se hI padya upadeza-kalA ke yogya eva kaNThastha karane lAyaka hai aura jaina hindI kaviyo kI anupama kavitA rUpI puSpamAlA meM pirone ke lie to ye kucha mUge ke dAne haiM / 6 jalagAlanavidhi -- isameM 39 padya hai / prati kA kalevara tIna patra hai / prati se lekhaka kA paricaya prApta nahI hotA, para 31ve padya ke vAda itanA likhA pAyA jAtA hai--'bhaTTArakazubhakIrti tassISyameghakIrti likhitam / ' lekhaka ke matAnusAra U~ca-nIca varNa vAlo ke kue pRthak-pRthak hone cAhie~ / jahA~ smazAna bhUmi ho vahA~ kA pAnI nahI lenA caahie| yathA nIra tIra jaha hoi masANa, so taji ghATa bharu jala ANi / dhAna jala jo rahi ghaTa doha, so jala cuni anagAlu hoi // uparyukta padya se spaSTa hai ki grantha kI bhASA rAjasthAnI hai / racanA sAdhAraNa hai / 7 svarUpasvAnubhava-yaha hindI kA gadya grantha hai / lipi sundara hai / pRSTha 14 hai / anta meM antarAya karma kA varNana hai, para isase yaha patA nahI calatA ki granthakAra ne itanA hI grantha likhA hai yA yaha grantha adhUrA hai / vIcavIca meM dasa sundara citra hai / pahalA citra dasoM dizAo kA hai, phira krama se ATho karmoM ke citra dikhalAye gaye hai, jinase usa samaya kI citrakalA kA acchA paricaya milatA hai / kalA-premI anveSaka vidvAno ko ise avazya dekhanA cAhie / sambhava hai, unheM jaina citrakalA ke samvandha meM acchI sAmagrI mila jAya / bhASA meM sundara saMskRta, tatsama zabdo kI bahulatA hai / granthakartA ne mokSadvAra, jIvadvAra, ajIvadvAra aura dhyAnadvAra- ina dvAro se svAnubhAva kA svarUpa samajhAyA hai / 8 harivaMzapurANa caupaIvanda -- pRSTha 128 | prati jIrNazIrNa dazA meM hai / lipi aspaSTa eva bIca me miTa gaI hai / grantha ke kucha pRSTha bhI naSTa ho gaye hai / grantha se granthakarttA kA koI vizeSa paricaya nahI milatA hai, para grantha kI pratyeka sandhi ke anta meM "itizrI harivazapurAnasagrahe bhavimagalakaraNe zrAcArya jinasena viracite tasyopadeze caupahI zrI zAlivAhana te prathama nAma sandhi / " likhA hai, jisase pratIta hotA hai ki jinasenAcArya kRta harivazapurANa ke AdhAra para kavi ne prakRta grantha ko copaI chanda me likhA hai / grantha me 21 sandhi hai - bhASA, bhAva tathA racanA sAdhAraNa hai / 6 yazodharacarita - pRSTha 107, padya 887 aura sandhi 5 haiM / lipi sundara aura suvAcya hai / lekhaka kA nAma pa0 lakSmIdAsa hai | sakalakIrti viracita saMskRta yazodharacarita tathA padmanAbha kAyasthakRta yazovara ke AdhAra para yaha grantha banAyA gayA hai / granthakAra ke zratima lekha se jAnA jAtA hai ki yaha ganya sAgAnera nagara me rAjA jayasiha ke rAjatvakAla meM likhA gayA hai /

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premI - zrabhinadana gratha 10 praznamAlA - yaha gadyagrantha hai / lipi svaccha aura prati sundara dazA meM hai / pRSTha 34 hai / grantha ke mAdi aura anta meM nimnalikhita padya vidyamAna hai 502 prAdi-Adi anta cauvIsa lo, vandau mana vaca kAya / bhavyana ko upadeza de, karo magalAcAra // 1 // pUrana bhaI, Adezvara gunarAya / samyakta sahita vAcata raho, jAna surati mana mAha // anta-praznamAlA ina padya ke atirikta prastuta grantha me 122 vividha dhArmika prazno kA uttara sarala evaM sarasa bhASA me samajhAyA gayA hai / ye prazna devAganAo se pUche gaye jinamAtA tathA zreNika gautama savadhI hai / lekhaka kA paricaya ganya se nahIM milatA hai / 1 11 dazalakSaNadharma - yaha bhI gadyagrantha hai / pRSTha 42 hai / lipi sundara aura suvAcya hai / granthakAra pa0 sadAsukha jI haiM / yaha grantha mumatibhadrAcArya viracita saMskRta prAkRta dazalakSaNa dharma kA sarasa bhAvAnuvAda hai / grantha ke prAraMbha meM 12 padya hai / phira gadya meM 10 dharmoM kA sundara, sarasa eva madhura vivecana haiM, jo paryuSaNa parva ke samaya paThanIya hai / 12 iSTopadeza -- yaha gadyagrantha hai / kevala 4 pRSTha hI hai / yaha pUjyapAda kRta iSTopadeza kA madhura bhAvAtmaka manorajaka anuvAda hai / lekhaka kA nAma dharmadAsa dyullaka hai / yaha mokSapada ke pathiko kA pAtheya hai| bhASA aura lipi sAdhAraNa hai / 13 vuddhiprakAza -- kavivara ne isa ganya meM dharma, vairAgya aura nIti ke viSayo kA sundara rUpa se pratipAdana kiyA hai / karma siddhAnta jaise kaThina viSayo kI kavitA karane me granthakAra ne acchI saphalatA prApta kI hai| dAtA aura sUma kA kitanA sarasa aura sarala savAda isa grantha meM karAyA hai sUma - kahe sUma sava saGga bhale, dharmI saGga na lAya / tA saGga teM ghara dhana sakala dAna viSai hI jAya // mAla leheM cora ke gharyo ghane jAvateM taM zragani kimi lAgi bhUmi gADI raja DArI hai / rAjA kimi neha rahyo rAki kI samAni hoya, tana to udhAro, khAya roTI raja bhArI hai // ityAdika meM to dhanI caukasa rAkhyo, khAya udhArI lAI lAja saba hArI hai // rUpa ko rupayA bar3e ghane kaSTa teM, kamAyo yAra dAna kaiso diyo jAya kADhau bahugArI hai // dAtA --dAtA kahe suna re saThA, caukasa lAkha karAya / ke dhana taja ke tU vasai ke dekhata dhana jAya // rAkho na mAla rahe kisa hI para lAkha sayAne koya karo jo / khoda khaDA dhana mAhi gharaco bhala Upara leM bahu bhAra bhayo jI // jAye tabai bahu soca karau bhala roSa karo nija pAya harI jI 1 lAkha upAya karau nara he tAteM bhavya yaha dravya dAna karo jo // isa padya meM kitane sundara DhaMga se kRpaNa ke svabhAva kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / grantha kA prArabha indaura me huA aura isakI samApti bhADalanagara (bhelasA) meM huI hai / kavi kA nAma harikRSNa pratIta hotA hai / grantha samApti kA kAla granthakAra ne svaya isa bhAti likhA hai /

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'jana-siddhAnta-bhavana' ke kucha hastalikhita hindI grantha sambata aSTAdaza zata joyo aura chavIsa milAvo soyo| mAsa jeTha vadi pA sArau anya samApati ko dina dhArau // arthAt sa0 1826 me jyeSTha kRSNA aSTamI ko yaha gantha samApta huaa| 14 candraprabha purANa-ina grantha me solaha adhikAra aura 181 pRSTha hai| kavivara ne yaha ganya guNabhadrAcArya viracita uttara purANa ke AdhAra para hindI ke vividha chando me likhA hai| isake zlokoM kI sakhyA 3000 se adhika hai| kavi kI kavitA ke namUne isa bhAti hai - eka dinA nRpa sabhA majhAre, vaiThe zaka nihAre / maMtrI Adi sakala umarAva, baiThe mAno nirjara rAva // putra zoka kA varNana mUrchA pAya dharani para paryo, mAno cetana hI nisro| ava kIno zItala upacAra, bhayo ceta nRpa kara pukaar| hA hA ! kuMvara gayotU kAya, to binamo ko kahU~ na suhAya / sira, chAtI phUTe akulAya, sunata sabhA sava rudana karAya // putra-yoka kA kitanA svAbhAvika citra kavi ne khInA hai, jine paDha kara hRdaya dravita ho uThatA hai / puna na hone kA varNana bine dekhi mana bhayA udAsa, naina nIra bhara Ayo jaas| jo mere suta hoto ye koya, keli karata lakhi ati sukha hoya / putra vinA sUno sasAra, putra vinA triya pAve gaar| putra binA sajana kyo mile, vinA putra kula kaise cle| jaise phUla vinA makaranda, kamala-naina sajJA dRga andha / paDita binAjyosabhA apAra, candra binA nizi jyoaNdhiyaar|| kavitta kamala binA jala, jala bina saravara, saravara bina pura, pura vina rAya / rAya saciva vina, saciva binA budhi, budhi viveka vina ko sobhA na pAya // viveka vinA kriyA, kriyA dayA vina, dayA dAna bina, dhana bina dAna / dhana bina puruSa tathA bina rAmA, rAmA vina suta tyo jaga mAhi // ina padyo me kavi ne nArI hRdaya ke bhAvo ko sajIva Dhaga se citrita kiyA hai / granthakAra kA nAma hIrAsiMha pratIta . hotA hai / isa granya kI racanA baDota nagara meM huI hai| racanA kAla0 '1612 bhAdo kRSNa trayodazI / 15 zrI gurUpadeza zrAvakAcAra-isa patha ke racayitA pa0 DAlUrAma hai / grantha kI patra saMkhyA 183 hai aura vaha padyAtmaka hai, jisame 36 sandhiyAM hai / 10 DAlUrAma jI ne vividha grantho kA payAlocana kara isa grantha kA nirmANa kiyA hai| anya kA varNya-viSaya pradhAnatayA zrAvako kA prAcAra hai, kintu bIca-bIca me zrAvako ke caritra-savadhI anya viSayo kA bhI samAveza huA hai, jisase yaha grantha sarvAgINa sundara aura supAThya ho gayA hai| grantha ke andara dohA, caupAI, savaiyA, paddhari, soraThA, aDilla, kuNDaliyAM, Adi chando kA lalita bhASA me prayoga huA hai| kahI kahI drutavilavita jaise saskRta chanda bhI dRSTigocara hote hai / eka namUnA -

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premI-abhinadana-praya jinake sumati jAgi, bhoga so bhayo virAgI, parasaGga tyAgI, je puruSa tribhuvana so| rAgAdi bhAvana soM jinako rahana nyArI kavatuM na magana rahe ghAma ghana meN| je sadaiva prApako vicAra saba aGga sudhA tinake vikalatA na vyA kahU mana meN| teI mokhamAraga ke sAdhaka kahAveM, jIva bhAve raho mandira meM, bhAve raho vana meN| isa padya me mokSa-sAdhaka kA kitanA manohara aura svAbhAvika varNana hai, jiname bhAva aura bhApA kI puTa bhI mana ko AkarSita karatI hai| anya aise aneka sundara padyo me pUrNa hai| granthakAra ne apanA paricaya bhI ina yanya meM ati vistRta rUpa se likhA hai / savAI mAdhopura meM Ane kA kAraNa dikhalAyA hai tathA vahAM ke jina-madira, jaina samAja kA jIvana aura dhArmika ruci kA anUThA citra akina kiyA hai| rAjA aura prajA ke gATa prema kA digdarzana bhI vaDhiyA Dhaga se kiyA gayA hai| anya kI lipi sundara aura muvAcya hai| prati bhI acchI dagA meM surakSita hai| 16 hanumaccaritra-yaha ganya na0 rAyamalla jI kA racA huA pratIta hotA hai| lekhaka ne AcArya anantakIrti dvArA viracita saskRta hanumaccaritra kA AdhAra lekara isakA nirmANa kiyA hai| pAMca paricchedo me vibhakta hai| bhApA prAcIna hindI pratIta hotI hai| yanya kA prAkRtika varNana kitanA svAbhAvika aura sajIva hai semara mahuyA tinduka bela, bakAyana kaitha karIla / coca moca nAraga suvaga, nIbU jAmuna vAdAma tilaga // amRtaphala, kaTahala aura kaili, maNDapa caDhi dAkha kI veli // vera supArI kamarakha ghanI, nyojA zrAma kanata bimbanI // prastuta padya se spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki kavi kA vyAvahArika jJAna vigAla thA tathA use vibhinna prakAra ke vRkSo kApUrNa jJAna thaa| isI ke phalasvarUpa vATikA ke vRkSo kA lalita varNana kavi ne kiyA hai| kavirAja ne bIca-bIca meM sundara nIti viSayaka padya bhI diye hai| yathA-- mitra mitra ko kare vizvAsa / mitra vinA nahi pure pAsa / bahuta ApadA bhAve javai / mitra parIkSA mAve tabai // dhoreM pAve rAjA rAja / dhIre khetI upaje nAja // vove vRkSa dhIre phala khAya / dhore munivara muktihiM jAya // vIra vAlaka kA ojasvI varNana dekhiye vAlaka java ravi udaya kraay| andhakAra sava jAya palAya // vAlaka siMha hoya ati suuro| danti ghAta kare caka cuuro|| saghana vRkSa vana ati vistaaro| rattI agni phare daha chaaro|| jo vAlaka kSatriya ko hoya / sUra svabhAva na chADe koya / uparyukta padyA me kSatriya vAlaka ko upamAe vAla-ravi, siMha-gAvaka, aura eka agni kI cinagArI se dI gaI haiN| ye upamAe~ kavi kI anokhI sUjha kI dyotaka hai| jaise agni kI cinagArI prArabha me choTI hotI hai, para araNya

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_ 'jaina-siddhAnta-bhavana' ke kucha hastalikhita hindI grantha 505 me praveza karate hI pracaNDa rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai, usI prakAra projasvI vAlaka prArabha meM zUra-vIra hote hai / anta me granthakAra ne apanA paricaya isa bhAti diyA hai brahmarAya mala budhi kara hIna, hanumaccaritra kiyo parakAza / tAsa zIza jina caraNahi lIno, kriyAvanta munivara ko dAsa // bhaniyo so mana dhari harSa, solaha sau solaha zubha varSa / Rtu vasanta mAsa vaizAkhe, navamI tithi adhiyAro paakhe| isase siddha hotA hai ki granthakAra ne isa grantha kI sa0 1616 vaizAkha vadI navamI ko racanA kI hai| 17 buddhivilAsa-isa grantha ke racayitA pa0 vakhatarAma hai| anya kI prati sAdhAraNa tathA lipi acchI hai| granthakAra ne vizAla saMskRta sAhitya kA adhyayana eva manana kara isako racA hai| racanA maulika tathA kahI-kahI para sAdhAraNa hai| ___ grantha ke prArabha me kavi ne jayapura ke rAjavaza kA itihAsa likhA hai| sa0 1161 me musalamAno ne jayapura meM rAjya kiyA hai / isake pUrva kaI hindU rAjavazo kI nAmAvali dI hai / itihAsa-premiyo ko yaha grantha avazya dekhanA caahie| isakA varNya viSaya vividha dhArmika viSaya, sagha, digavara paTTAvali, bhaTTArako tathA khaDelavAla jAti kI utpatti Adi hai| vistAra 1524 padyo meM hai / kavivara ne rAjamahala kA rocaka aura madhura citra khIcA hai prAgana phari kale para vAta manu race viraci ju kari sayAna / hai Ava salila samatiha banAya, taha pragaTa parata pratibiMba paay|| kabahu~ maNimandiramAjhijAya, tiya dUjI lakhi pyArI risaay| tava mAnavatI lakhi priya hasAya, kara jori jora leha bnaay|| isa padya me zabdAlakAra tathA arthAlakAra kI puTa hai| isa grantha ko kavivara ne sa0 1827 ke magasira mAsa kI zuklA 12 vRhaspanivAra ke dina samApta kiyaa| savata aTThAraha zataka Upara sattAisa, mAsa mAgisira paSi sukala tithi dvAvasI tArIkha / nakhata asvanI vAra guru zubha muhurata ke maddhi, grantha anUpa racyo par3he hai tAko sarvasiddha / isa prakAra jaina hindI sAhitya meM anaka grantha aprakAzita par3e hue hai| yadi inheM hindI jagata ke samakSa rakkhA jAya to hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se yaha sAmagrI baDI mUlyavAna hogii| hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa para dRSTipAta kiyA jAya to avagata hogA ki apabhraza aura bhaktikAla ke sAhitya kI apUrNatA kA mUla kAraNa jaina hindI sAhitya ke samucita upayoga kA abhAva hI hai| pArA ] - - - - -

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'mANikacandra granyamAlA' aura usake prakAzana 507 tRtIya niyama isalie vanAnA paDA ki granyamAlA kI vartamAna pUMjI jo cande se upalabdha huI thI, kama thI aura granyamAlA dvArA prakAzita grantho ko lAgata mUlya para vecane kA nizcaya huA thaa| isalie kucha aura sahAyatA mila sake, isa vicAra se yaha niyama rakkhA gayA aura isakA prabhAva bhI pddaa| prArabha ke aneka prakAzana sAdhana-sampanna vadhuo ne apane citra dekara kharIde aura isa prakAra granyamAlA ko sahAyatA pahuMcAI / mANikacandra granthamAlA' kI sthApanA kA sakSepa me yahI itihAsa hai| granthamAlA ke prakAzana aura unakI upayogitA ___ isa granthamAlA dvArA avataka maskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraza bhASA ke choTe-baDe vyAlIsa gratha prakAzita ho cuke hai ? jaina vADmaya ke ina amUlya granyo kI godha kara unhe susampAdita aura prakAzita karane kA sarvaprathama zreya isa anyamAlA ko hI prApta hai| yadyapi prastuta granthamAlA ke prArambhika prakAzana Adhunika sampAdana-paddhati ke anusAra sampAdita nahI hue hai, tathApi atima chaha grantho kA jo sarvAGgapUrNa sundara sampAdana huA hai, vaha baDe hI mahattva kA hai / yahI kAraNahai ki vambaI yUnivarsiTI ne isa mAlA ke tIna granyo ke prakAzana meM eka sahasra rupaye kI sahAyatA pahuMcA kara granyamAlA ke gaurava kI zrIvRddhi kI hai| prArabhika prakAzana Adhunika granya-sapAdana zailI ke anusAra sampAdita nahIM ho sake, usake do kAraNa the| prayama to prakAzanArtha granyo kI vibhinna pANDulipiyA~ hI duSprApya rhii| phalata kaI grantho kA sampAdana kevala eka hI prati ke AdhAra para karAnA pdd'aa| dUmare usa samaya vidvAn sampAdana navIna paddhati se utane paricita nahI the| phira bhI granyamAlA ke prakAzano kI mahattA aura upayogitA me kisI prakAra kI kamI nahI pAne paaii| isa rUpa meM prakAzita hone para bhI ve mUlyavAna aura mahatvapUrNa hone ke sAtha sagrAhya aura upAdeya hai| yahAM hama granthamAlA ke sampUrNa prakAzano kA sakSipta paricaya de rahe hai| 1. laghIyastrayAdisagraha : isameM jaina-darzana-sabadhI cAra gratha sagRhIta hai - (1) bhaTTAkalakadevakRta laghIyastraya abhayacandra sUri-racita taatpryvRttishit| pramANa, nyAya Adi viSayaka eka choTA-sA prkrnn| (2) bhaTTAkalakadeva-kRtasvarupa savodhana * AtmA ke svarUpa ke bAre me paccIsa zloka / (3-4) anatakItikRta laghusarvajJasiddhi aura vRhatsarvajJasiddhiH sarvajJatA ke jaina-siddhAnta kA vishlepnn| isa gratha kA sazodhana sva0 paDita kallApA bharamAppA niTave ne kiyA hai| pRSTha saMkhyA 204 / mUlya cha maanaa| prakAzana tithi vi0 s01972| 2 sAgaradharmAmRtam . athakartA pa0 AgAdhara, jo terahavI zatAbdI ke mahAna lekhaka the / isa grantha me gRhastha ke kartavyo para unhone prakAza DAlA hai| sva0pa0 manohara lAla jI dvArA sazodhita / zrI nAthUrAma jI premI kI AzAdhara tathA unakI racanAoM ke viSaya meM bhUmikA bhI hai| pR0 246 / mUlya ATha aanaa| sa0 1972 / 3. vikrAntakauravanATakam yA sulocanA nATakam cha * ako meM kuruvazI jayakumAra aura kAzI ke mahArAja akampana kI putrI sulocanA ke pArasparika anurAga aura svayavara Adi kA citraNa hai / grathakAra ubhaya bhASA kavi cakravartI hastimalla hai| pRSTha 164 / mUlya cha pAnA sa0 1972 / (apraapy)| 4. pArzvanAtha caritam dasavI zatAbdI ke mahAn kavi aura tarkazAstrI vAdirAjasUri kRta / isa kAvyagrantha ke bAraha sargoM meM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kA jIvana carita hai / mazodhana-kartA sva0 pa0 manoharalAla shaastrii| pRSTha 198 / mUlya ATha AnA / sa0 1973 / 5 maithilIkalyANanATakam : pAMca ako kA eka choTA sA nATaka / lekhaka hastimalla / pR0 66 / mUlya cAra aanaa| sa0 1972 / sazodhaka sva0 pa0 manoharalAla shaastrii|

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premI-abhinadana-praya 508 6. ArAdhanAsAra* (saTIka) mUlakartA devasena aura TIkAkAra ratnakItideva / sazodhaka sva0pa0 mano. haralAla zAstrI / isameM jaina siddhAnta sammata darzana, jJAna, cAritrya aura tapa ina cAra ArAdhanAmo se savadhita sAmagrI hai| pRSTha 128 / mUlya sADhe cAra aanaa| sa0 1673 / 7. jinadatta caritam : no sargoM meM jinadatta kA jIvana-carita hai| athakartA guNa bhadrAcArya / sazodhaka 10 manoharalAla shaastrii| pR0 66 / mUlya sADhe cAra AnA / sa0 1973 / (aprApya) 8 pradyumna caritam : AcArya mahAsena kRta pradyumna kA jIvanacarita / sapAdaka pa0 manoharalAla zAstrI aura pa0 rAmaprasAda jI zAstrI / pR0 230 / mUlya ATha aanaa| sa0 1973 / 6 cAritryasAra * cAmuNDarAya kRta / sazodhaka pa0 indralAla zAstrI tathA udayalAla kAzalIvAla / gRhastha aura sAdhu ke cAritrya savadhI niyamo kA isameM ullekha hai| pR0 104 / mUlya cha pAnA / sa0 1974 / (apraapy)| 10. pramANa nirNaya granthakartA vAdirAjasUri / yaha grantha jainadarzana se savadha rakhane vAlA hai| isameM janadarzana sammata pramANo kI prabala yuktiyo ke sAtha pratiSThA kI gaI hai| pa0 indralAla zAstrI aura pa0 khUbacandra jI zAstrI ne isakA sazodhana kiyA hai / pR0 sakhyA 80 / sa0 1974 / mUlya pAMca aanaa| (apraapy)| 11 AcArasAra. vIranandi prAcArya kRta / sapAdaka 50 indralAla zAstrI aura manoharalAla shaastrii| pRSTha makhyA 100 / mUlya cha aanaa| (aprApya) 12 trilokasAra granthakartA zrImannemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI aura TIkAkAra zrI mAdhavacandra vidya daa| isa grantha me tIno loko kA jaina-sampradAya-mAnya vistRta vivecana hai / sazodhaka pa0 manoharalAla zAstrI pRSTha saya 450 / sa0 1975 / mUlya eka rupayA. bAraha aanaa| (aprApya) 13. tattvAnuzAsanAdisamaha : isameM nimnalikhita choTe-baDe grantha sagRhIta hai 1-nAgasena muni-kRta tatvAnuzAsana / 2--pUjyapAda svAmikRta iSTopadeza (AzAdhara kRta ttiikaashit)| 3--bhaTTAraka indranandikRta nItisAra / 4--moksspcaashikaa| 5---indranandi AcArya kRta zrutAvatAra / 6--somadevakRta adhyAtmataragiNI (saTippaNa) / 7-vidyAnandi-kRta pAtrakegaristotra (sttiik)| 8-vAdirAja-kRta adhyAtmASTaka / 8-amitagatisUri-kRta dvAtriMzatikA / 10--zrI candrakRta vairaagy-mnnimaalaa| 11-zrI devasena kRta tttvsaar| 12--brahma hemacandra kRta zrutaskatya (praakRt)| 13-DhADhasI gAthA (praakRt)| 14-payasiMha muni kRta jJAnasAra (prAkRta) / sazodhaka pa0 manoharalAla zAstrI / pRSTha sakhyA 176 / sa0 1975 / mUlya caudaha AnA / (apraapy)| 14. anagAradharmAmRtam (saTIkam) * athakartA paDitapravara AzAdhara / isa para granthakAra hI kI svopajJabhavya kumudacandrikA TIkA hai| sazodhaka pa0 vazIdhara jI nyAyatIrtha aura pa0 manoharalAla shaastrii| isameM munidharma kA vistRta nirUpaNa hai| pRSTha sakhyA 692 / sa0 1976 / mUlya sADhe tIna rupayA (aprApya) 15. yuktyanuzAsanam . granyakartA svAmI samantabhadra aura TIkApAra svAmI vidhAnandi / yaha jainadarzana kA

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506 'mANikacandra anyamAlA aura usake prakAzana granya hai| magodhaka pa0 indralAla zAstrI nayA pa0 thI lAla bhaatrii| pRSTha malA 102 / ma0 1977 / mUlya pandraha aanaa| (aprApya) 16. nayacazmaMgraha : prayakanA devamena / mapAThaka pa0 vIvara zAstrI, golApura / inameM nimnAkti tIna anya magRhIta hai (1) AlApa paddhati, (2) lavRnaya cakrama, (2) vRhan nayacakram / pratyeka granya meM vastu-dharma kA kayana karane vAlI namana mabhAvina galiyAM ayAt nayoM kA vivecana hai| pRSTha sakhyA 188 / 20 1977 / mUlya pandraha pAnA / (aprApya) 17 paprAbhUtAdisagraha : pranyakartA prAcArya kundkund| yaha jaina siddhAnta na mavava rakhanevAlA magraha anya hai| inameM nimnalikhita prAkRta granyo kA nagraha hai (1) darzana prAnta, (2) vArica prAmRta, (B) mUtra prAmRta, (8) geSa prAbhRna, (5) bhAva prAmRta, (s) mona prAnta, (7) liGga prAmRta, (2) gIla prAmRta, (8) nyaNasAraM aura (10) dvaadshaanuprekssaa| mazoSaka pa0 pannAlAna jI nonI / pRSpha sannyA 442 / na0 1937 / mUlya nIna rupyaa| 18. prAyazcitamagraha : imameM jaina sampradAya mammana prAyazcito kA makalana hai| inameM nimnAkita anya nAhIta hai (1) chedapiNDa (indranandiyogIndra kRta) prAkRna (2) chedayAntra yA cheTanavani (praakRt)| (3) gurudAsa kRna prAyazcittacUlikA (zrInandiguru kRta TIkA shit)| (4) prAyazcittapraya bhttttaaklkkRt| magovakapa0 pannAlAla jI monii| pRSThanavyA 172 / mUlya eka rupayA doAnA / ma0 1978 / (aprApya) 16 mUlAcAraH saTIka (pUvArddha)-granyakA prAcArya vaTTakera / isameM nAta adhikArI dvArA muniyoM ke yAtrA kA varNana hai / sampAdaka pa0 pannAlAla maunI aura pa0 gajAvaralAla gaayii| pRSTha manyA 516 / na0 1937 / mUlya DhAI rapayA / (aprApya) 20. bhAvasagrahAdiHmaiddhAntika mAha-granyA nagodhaka pa0 pnnaalaalmonii| isameM nimnalinvita granya nagRhIta hai(1) bhAvamagraha (devamanamUrikRta) (2) bhAvamagraha (vAmaDhavapaDitakRta) (2) bhAvavibhagI (zrutamunikRta) ma0 1978 / pRSTha sakhyA 283, mUlya mavA do rupyaa| 21. siddhAntasArAdisagraha : yaha bhI eka naddhAntika magraha granya hai| isame maskRta-prAkRta bhApA nivaddha, nimnalintrita choTe-bar3e paccIma ya aura prakaraNa magRhIta hai 1 jinacandrAcAryakRta siddhAnnamAra prAkRta (jAnabhUpaNakRta bhApya sahita) 2 zrIyogIndradavakRta yogamAra, (apabhraNa) 3 ajitabrahmakRta klyANaloyaNA (praakRt)| 8 yogIndradevakRta amRtAnIti (mskRt)| 5 zivakoTikRta ratnamAlA (mskRt)| 6 zrImAghanandikRta mAstramArasamuccaya / 7 prabhAbandrAcAryakRta arhatpravacana / 8 aaptsvruup| 1 vAdirAjapraNIta jAnalocanastotra /

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premI-abhinadana-graMtha 10 viSNusenamunikRta samavazaraNastotra / 11 vijayAnandasUrikRta sarvajJastavana (saTIka) / 12 pArzvanAthasamasyAstotram 13 zrIguNabhadrakRta citrabandhastotra 14 maharSistotra 15 zrIpadmaprabhadevakRta zrIpArzvanAthastotra 16 neminAthastotra 17 bhAnukItikRta zakhadevASTaka 18 yogIndradevakRta nijAtmASTaka (prAkRta) 16 amitagatikRta sAmAyika pATha yA tattvabhAvanA 20 padmanandiviracita dhammarasAyaNa (prAkRta) 21 kulabhadrakRta sArasamuccaya 22 zrIzubhacandrakRta agapaNNattI (prAkRta) 23 vivudhazrIdharakRta zrutAvatAra 24 zalAkAnikSepaNaniSkAsanavivaraNa 25 paDita AzAdharakRta kalyANamAlA 50 nAthUrAma jI premI kI kucha granthakartAyo para bhUmikA / sampAdaka pa0 pannAlAla sonI / pRSTha sakhyA 324 / mUlya DeDha rupyaa| sa0 1676 / 22. nItivAkyAmRtam (saTIkam) : ganthakartA AcArya somdev| isa grantha me vizAla nItisAgara kA manthana karake sArabhUta amRta kA sagraha kiyA gayA hai| grantha kA pradhAna viSaya rAjanIti aura sampUrNa grantha sUtrabaddha hai| isameM 32 samuddeza hai aura isa para eka vizAla saskRta TIkA hai / sampAdaka pa0 pannAlAla sonI / pRSTha sasyA 426 / sa0 1676 / mUlya paune do rupyaa|| 23. mUlAcAra saTIka (uttarArddha). granthakartAprAcArya vaTTakera / vasunandizramaNa kI saskRta TIkA shit| isameM muniyo ke prAcAra kA vivecana hai / grantha meM pAMca adhikAra hai / pRSTha sakhyA 331 / sa0 1980 / mUlya DeDha rupyaa| 24 ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra (saTIka) : granthakartA svAmI mamantabhadra aura TIkAkAra AcArya prabhAcandra / isa grantha me gRhastha parma kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sampAdaka pa0 jugala kizora jI mukhtAra / prArambha meM mukhtAra sAhaba kI 84 pRSTho kI bhUmikA aura 252 pRSTho me svAmI samantabhadra kA vistRta jIvana-paricaya hai / grantha sAta paricchedo meM vibhakta hai| sa0 1982 / mUlya do rupyaa| 25. pacasagraha : granyakartA AcArya amitagati / isame karma-siddhAnta kA vivecana hai / sazodhaka sAhityaratna pa0 daravArIlAla jii| pRSTha saMkhyA 239 / mUlya teraha aanaa| 26 lATIsahitAH granthakartA rAjamalla / isame sAta sargoM meM jaina siddhAntoM kA ullekha hai| sazodhaka paDita daravArIlAla jI / pRSTha saMkhyA 130 / sa0 1984 / mUlya ATha aanaa| 27 purudevacampU . granthakartA mahAkavi arhaddAsa / campU granya hai| 10 stavako meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA jIvana-vRtta hai| mazodhaka pa0 jinadAsa shaastrii| pRSTha sakhyA 206 / sa0 1985 / mUlya bAraha aanaa| 28 janazilAlekhasagraha . isa grantha meM zravaNavelagola ke smAraka, candragiri, vindhyagiri, zravaNavelagolanagara aura usake AsapAsa ke mahattvapUrNa zilAlekho kA hindI anuvAda sahita sagraha hai / sampAdaka pro0 hIrAlAla jI ema0 e0, ela-ela0 bI0 / pRSTha sakhyA 427 / sa0 1984 / mUlya do rupyaa|

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'mANikacandra anyamAlA' aura usake prakAzana 511 29-30-31 pamacaritam (tIna jildo meM) : granyakartA AcArya raviSeNa / isameM kavi ne jaina rAmAyaNa kA rUpa citrita kiyA hai / 25 parva hai / ma0 1985 / yazodhaka pa0 daravArIlAla jI sAhityaratna / mUlya tIno bhAgo kA sADhe pA~ca rupyaa| 32-33. harivazapurANam (do jildoM meM) : granthakartA punnATasaghIya jinasenasUri / isameM harivaza ke mahApuruSo kA paurANika paddhati ke anusAra varNana hai / mazodhaka paDita daravArIlAla jI nyAyatIrtha / pRSTha saMkhyA 806 / mUlya sAr3he tIna rupyaa| 34. nItivAkyAmRtam (pariziSTa bhAga) : isame 'nItivAkyAmRta' kI khaDita TIkA kA avaziSTa aza hai| pRSTha sakhyA 76 / mUlya cAra aanaa| 35. jambUsvAmicaritam adhyAtmakamalamArtaNDazca * granyakartA paDita rAjamalla / isameM antima kevalI zrI jambUsvAmI kA jIvanacarita hai| mazodhaka pa0 jagadIzacandra zAstrI ema0 e0 / ma0 1963 / pRSTha makhyA 263 / mUlya DeDha rupyaa| 36 triSaSThismRtipurANa (marAThI TIkA sahita) : mUla-granya-kartA 10 AzAdhara aura marAThI-TIkAkAra zrI motIlAla jaina / isame jainaparamparA ke zreSTha mahApuruSo kA saMkSipta paricaya hai / pRSTha saMkhyA 165, mUlya ATha aanaa| - 37-41-42 mahApurANam (tIna jildo meM): granthakAra mahAkavi puSpadanta / yaha apabhraMza bhASA kA paurANika grantha hai / DAkTara pI0 ela0 vaidya ne Adhunika grantha-sampAdanazailI sa sampAdita kiyA hai / isameM 63 zalAkA puruSo kA carita hai| pRSTha saMkhyA lagabhaga 1600 / mUlya 26 rupyaa| 38-36. nyAyakumudacandrodaya (do jildoM meM) : granyakartA AcArya prabhAcandra, jinhone bhaTTAkalaka ke 'laghIyastraya' para vistRta bhASya ke rUpa meM isa granya kI racanA kI hai| yaha jainanyAya kA grantha hai| mampAdaka paDita mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya aura prastAvanA-lekhaka pa0 kailAzacandra siddhaantshaastrii| pRSTha saMkhyA 805 aura prastAvanAmo kI pRSTha samyA 200 / sa0 1995 / mUlya sADhe solaha rupayA / / 40. varAGgacaritam : mahAkAvya hai / kAvyakAra zrI jayasiha nandi / isameM rAjakumAra varAGga ke jIvana kA citraNa hai / sampAdaka DAkTara e0 ena0 upAdhye / pRSTha makhyA 365 / prastAvanA pRSTha makhyA 88 / sa0 1965 / mUlya tIna rupyaa| mANikacandra granthamAlA ke prakAzano kA yaha sakSipta paricaya hai| jo mahAzaya ina granyo se adhika paricita honA cAhate hai aura jaina-sAhitya ke vidyArthI hai, unheM anyamAlA ke sampUrNa prakAzano ko eka bAra avazya paDhanA caahie| premI jI aura 'mANikacandra granthamAlA' seTha mANikacandra kI smRti meM 'mANikacandra granthamAlA' ke Ayojana kA prastAva rakha kara premI jI ne isa granthamAlA ko janma hI nahIM diyA, balki ise aba taka sadita aura marakSita karake isake kArya ko pragati dI aura isake gaurava kI abhivRddhi bhI kii| granyamAlA kA pratyeka prakAzana premI jI kI pratibhA aura unake puNya zramajala se prokSina hai| adhikAza anyo ke prArambha meM jo mahattva kI prastAvanAe~ hai, unheM premI jI hI ne likhA hai aura uname jaina-itihAsa aura zodha kI jo sAmagrI sacita hai use dekha kara koI bhI itihAsa-vizArada premI jI kI prazamA kiye binA nahIM raha sktaa| jaina samAja meM kiye gaye itihAsa aura zodha sambandhI kArya ke AdirUpa kI jhAMkI hameM isa granthamAlA ke prakAzano meM hI dikhalAI par3atI hai|

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premI-abhinandana graMtha pAThaka Azcarya kareMge ki isa prakAra kI uccakoTi kI granthamAlA kA na koI svatantra kAryAlaya hai aura na koI klarka grAdi / prakAzana samvandhI vyavasthA zrara patra-vyavahAra kA kArya premI jI apanI dukAna kI ora se hI karane yA rahe hai / mAlA ke granthoM kA sTaoNka pahale premI jI kI dukAna meM hI rahatA thA, para pustako kI saMkhyA baDha jAne tathA dukAna meM sthAna kI kamI paDa jAne me zrava vaha hIrAvAga kI dharmazAlA meM rakvA rahatA hai| jahA~ isa prakAra kI pragatizIla prakAzana- samyAtro kI vyavasthA ke pIche maikaDoM rupaye mAmika vyaya ho jAte haiM, vahA premI jI ne isa mada meM granthamAlA kA kucha bhI vyaya nahI hone diyA / granthamAlA kI ima prakAra sarvayA ni svArthabhAva se mevA karate hue bhI premI jI ko paDita dala kA virodha sahana karanA paDA / vAta yaha thI ki premI jI granthamAlA ke grantho ke prArambha meM jo khojapUrNa bhUmikAe~ likhate the unameM kucha tathya isa prakAra ke rahate the, jiname tatkAlIna paDitadala kI pracalita dhAraNAo ko Thesa pahu~catI thI aura isa kAraNa vaha na kevala unhe agrAhya mamabhatA thA, balki samAcAra-patro dvArA unakA virodha bhI kiyA karatA thaa| yahI nahI, eka vAra to isa virodha ne itanA ugra rUpa dhAraNa kiyA ki paratavADA (varAra) kI jaina- vidvatparipad meM yaha prastAva peza kiyA gayA ki premI jI ke pAsa se granthamAlA kA kArya chIna lenA cAhie, kyoki premI jI sudhAraka hai aura apane sudhAraka vicAro kA grantho me samAveza kara sakate hai / parantu yaha eka Azcaryajanaka ghaTanA thI ki isa prastAva kA virodha usa samaya ke paDitadala ke netA (svargIya) pa0 dhannAlAla jI ne kiyA aura vaha prastAva pAsa nahI ho sakA / prastAva ke virodha meM paMDita jI ne kahA thA- "premI jI cAhe jaise vicAro ke ho, parantu vaha jAna-bUjha kara grantho meM eka akSara bhI nyUnAdhika nahIM kara skte| phira tuma logo me se koI taiyAra bhI hai, jo usa kAma ko una jaise ni svAbhAva se calA sake 1" 512 granthamAlA kI Arthika sthiti jaisA ki prArambha me likhA jA cukA hai, granthamAlA ke kArya ko calAne ke lie seTha mANikacandra jI kI zoka sabhA ke avasara para mADhe cAra hajAra rupaye kA candA ekatra ho gayA thA, parantu java yaha dravyarAzi paryApta pratIta nahI huI to jaina samAja ke anya sAhitya premI zrImAno se sahAyatA lI gii| svargIya brahmacArI zItalaprasAda jI ne bhI isa pranthamAlA ko eka vAra ullekhanIya sahAyatA dilavAI aura jIvanaparyanta granthamAlA kI kucha-na-kucha sahAyatA karAte hI rahe / grantha java yayeSTa sakhyA me prakAzita ho gaye taba yaha niyama vanAyA gayA ki kama-se-kama eka sau eka rupayA dene vAle mahAnubhAva mAlA ke sthAyI sadasya samajhe jAya~ aura unheM pUrvaprakAzita tathA AgAmI prakAzita hone vAle mamasta grantha bheTa meM diye jaayeN| isa prakAra mAlA ke sadasya bhI vaDhane lage aura sava prakAra kI sahAyatA se kula vArDa mahala rupayA granthamAlA ko prApta hugrA, jo mAlA ke prakAzana prora sampAdana zrAdi kI vyavasthA meM lagAyA gayA / 'nyAyakugudacandrodaya' tathA 'mahApurANa' jaise vizAlakAya grantho ke prakAzana meM to mAlA kA samasta rupayA samApta ho cukA thA tathA use RNa bhI lenA paDA thA, parantu zrava vaha RNa cuka gayA hai aura do- eka grantho ke prakANita hone yogya rupayA bhI sacita ho cukA hai / 'mANikacandra granthamAlA' jaisI prAcIna aura mahattvapUrNa sasthA kI isa prakAra kI Arthika sthiti santoSajanaka nahI hai / AzA hai, jinavANI ke bhakto kA dhyAna isa ora AkarSita hogA / premI jI ne jisa zradhyavasAya, zrama, prAmANikatA, kuzalatA aura ni svArthabhAva se 'mANikacandra granthamAlA' kA kArya sampAdita kiyA hai aura isase granthamAlA ke gaurava kI jo zrIvRddhi huI hai usakA ullekha jaina sAhitya ke prakAzana ke itihAsa meM suvarNAkSaro meM zrakita rahegA / java taka bhAratI ke bhavya mandira meM 'mANikacandra granthamAlA' kA eka bhI prakAzana vidyamAna hai, seTha mANikacandra zramara hai, sAtha hI premI jI bhI / kAzI ]

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marAThI-sAhitya kI kahAnI zrI. prabhAkara mAcave ema0 e0 prAcIna sAhitya marATho kA prAcInatama Adya kavi hai mukundarAja / isake nizcita kAla ke sambandha me patA nahIM cltaa| mAvAraNata jJAnezvara me eka gatI pahale (1188 IvI) ke lagabhaga 'vivekaminyu' aura 'paramAmRta' ina do grantho kI racanA mukundarAja ne kii| 'ovI' nAmaka marAThI ke apane akSarachanda meM advaita-vedAnta para ye dono grantha hai| bhASAzailI utanI prAcIna nahI jAna paDatI, jitanI jJAnezvarI kI hai| yaha kavi nAthasampradAya kA thaa| machindranAtha, gorakSanAtha, gainInAtha Adi zivabhakta, haThayogI garuyo kI paramparA uttarabhArata me mahArASTra meM aaii| imI nAthamampradAya me Age calakara mahArASTra kA 'vArakarI' (bhAgavata-dharma) sampradAya niklaa| jisa prakAra eka ora nAthamAmpradAyika prAcIna kAvya milatA hai, usI prakAra dUmarI ora mahAnubhAva-panya nAmaka eka panya varmajAgrati kA kArya kara rahA thaa| yaha mAhitya prAcIna bhASA-galI ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| 'sakalA' aura 'sundarI' nAma kI sAketika lipiyo meM yaha sAhitya likhA jAne ke kAraNa kaI gatiyo taka inake mAra-sattva me janatA anabhijJa thii| rAjavADe, bhAve, ya0 khu0 dezapADe, nene Adi Adhunika sazodhako ke prayatna se vaha sAhitya ava saba ke lie upalabdha ho makA hai| govinda prabhu isa sampradAya ke mUla puruSa the (1188 iisvii)| unake ziSya cakravara hue| kRSNa aura datta ko mahAnubhAvIya mukhya ArAdhya devatA mAnate the| striyo-zUdro taka ko ve sanyAsadokSA dete the| cakravara ko thoDe se avakAga meM bahuta se zipya mile| nAgadevAcArya unameM mukhya the| mahAnubhAviyo kI mAhityika dArzanika kRtiyo meM 'siddhAntamUtrapATha', jimame 1606 mUtra hai aura 'lIlAcaritra' pramukha hai| ye dono grantha gadya me hai| inake vAda 'mAtI granyo' ko pUjya mAnA jAtA hai| ye padyavaddha hai| inake nAma hai-zizupAlavadha, ekAdazaskanda, vatmahagNa, rukmiNI-mbayavara, jJAnavodha, sahyAdrivarNana, RddhipUravarNana / prathama cAra kRSNacarita ko lekara hai| marAThoM ko Adya kaviyitro mahadambA cakravara ke mukhya ziSya nAgadevAcArya kI cacerI vaha pramaga para gAne yogya kRSNa-bhakti-rama se bhare 'dhavale' umane likhe hai / 'dhavale' abhaga-chanda ke samAna cAra caraNo kA aniyamita akSara-masyA kA chanda hai / ina dhavalo se satukAnta kavitA kA marAThI meM prArambha hotA hai| bhAvevyAsa nAmaka cakravara kA dUsarA ziSya prasiddha hai| usane 'pUjAvasara' nAmaka cakravara kA jIvanacarita likhA hai / mahAnubhAvapanya ko sthApanA me eka zatAbdI taka isI panya kI kAvya-parampaga sAhitya ke itihAsa me sabhI dRSTiyo se mahattvapUrNa mAnI jAtI hai| 1260 IsvI me bhagavadgItA ke aTThAraha adhyAyo para nau hajAra proviyo me jo padyAtmaka TIkA marAThI mantakaviyo ko paramparA ke prAdyapraNetA zrI jJAnezvara ne apane 'jJAnezvarI' nAmaka grantha dvArA kI, vaha marAThI sAhitya ke itihAma ko eka apUrva ghaTanA hai| godAvarI nadI ke kinAre ApegAMva me viTThalapanta ko zrI pAdasvAmI kI kRpA se sanyAsottara jo cAra mantAna huI unake kramavAra nAma hai--nivRtti, nAnadeva, sopAna, muktaavaaii| ye sabhI santakavi the, kintu jJAnadeva unameM mavase adhika vikhyAta hue / kevala 22 varSa ve jIvita rhe| aimI alpAyu meM darzanazAstra meM paripluna aura sAhitya-mondarya me vibhUpita kAvya-grantha marAThI meM hI kyA, anya mAhityo me

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premI-abhinadana-praya bhI bahuta kama mileNge| eka udAharaNa unakI uttama racanA kA yo hai| kAvya kI mahattA batalAte hue jJAnezvara kahate hai ki 'vaha usa pAnI ke samAna hai, jo eka ora to A~kha kI putalI taka ko nahI dukhAtA aura dUsarI ora kaThina caTTAno ko bhI toDatA humA vanyArUpa bahatA hai|' jJAnezvarI ke sAtha hI 'amRtAnubhava' tathA kucha sphuTa abhaga (pada) bhI jJAnezvara ne likhe / jJAnezvarI kA hindI aura agrejI anuvAda aba ho gayA hai| jJAnezvara ke samaya meM kaI anya santa-kavi hue| unameM se adhikAza ne tIrthayAtrA ke nimitta bhArata-bhramaNa kiyA aura hindI-padya me bhI racanAe~ kii| unameM kaI harijana kavi bhI the| yathA nAmadeva darjI aura usakI dAsI janAvAI, gorA kumhAra, sAvatA mAlI, visobA khecara, naraharI sunAra, vakA mahAra, cokhA melA, paramA bhAgavata, kAnhopAtrA (paturiyA), senA nAI, sajana kasAI ityAdi / vArakarI sampradAya ke pramukha prArAdhya paDharapura ke paDharInAtha the| isa sampradAya me bhakti guNa pradhAna thaa| jAtibheda ko koI avasara nahIM diyA jAtA thaa| isa santamAlikA meM sAhitya ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se pramukha hai nAmadeva (1270-1350 IsvI) aura ekanAtha (1533-1566 iisvii)| nAmadeva kI racanA mukhyata pado ke rUpa meM thI, sUra ke samAna / ekanAtha ne bhAgavata, bhAvArtha rAmAyaNa, rukmiNI svayavara Adi grantha likhe haiN| ina do kaviyo ke bIca eka-do zatako meM jo pramukha ghaTanA huI, vaha thI musalamAno kA dakSiNa me praveza / ye sava-ke-sava hindU-dharma, marAThI santa aura bhASA para atyAcAra karane vAle nahI the| vahamanI rAjya ke kucha vAdazAha aura kucha sultAna marAThI-premI the| kaI to santo ke ziSya bhI bne| 1555 IsvI me ibrAhima AdilazAha ne vIjApUra daravAra meM marAThI bhASA pracalita kI, parantu aise rAjA thoDe the| dUsarI mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA tho caudahavI-pandrahavI zatI meM nRsiMha sarasvatI aura janArdanasvAmI nAmaka do sAdhuno dvArA 'datta' sampradAya kA pracalana / gagAdhara sarasvatI nAmaka uparokta sAdhuo ke eka ziSya kA likhA huA 'gurucaritra' grantha mahArASTra meM atyadhika lokapriya huA aura abhI bhI vaDe-bUDho ko vaha kaThastha hai| purAne gharo meM usakA nitya pATha hotA hai| jJAnezvarI ke bAda prAcIna marAThI sAhitya me ekanAtha kI bhAgavata kI TIkA vadya aura sAhityika guNo meM samatulya mAnI jAtI hai| bhAgavatI TIkA meM ekanAtha kI eka baDI vizeSatA thI saskRta me mAtra muTThIbhara paDito ke lie upalabdha vastu ko janatA kI, sarvasAdhAraNa kI, lokAnurajinI aura lokopayogI vastu banAnA / 'saskRta vadya, prAkRta niMdya / he bola kAya hotI zuddha / ' yaha ekanAtha 'kA vacana kA bhASA kA saskirita' vAlI prasiddha ukti kI yAda dilAtA hai| jJAnezvara kI racanA meM AbhijAtya (klAsikala) thA, ekanAtha kI racanA adhika prAsAdika aura sarvapriya huii| jJAnezvara kaI sthalo para kaThina aura rahasyavAdI hai, ekanAtha tulasIdAsa kI bhAMti arthasulabha, sAdhAraNIkaraNa-yukta tathA apanI saralatA se alakRta hai| ekanAtha kI paramparA ko nAtha-paramparA kahate hai, jisameM mukhya kavi hue-dAsopanta, (1551-1615 IsvI), vyavakarAja (1580 IsvI ke nikaTa), zivakalyANa (1568-16381), ramAvallabhadAsa Adi / dAsopanta ne 46 grantha aura savA lAkha 'oviyA~' (chandavizeSa) likhii| jJAnezvara pacAyatana me jJAnezvara cAra bhAI-bahana aura nAmadeva Ate the, vaise hI ekanAtha pacAyatana meM, ekanAtha, dAsopanta, rAmajanArdana, janIjanArdana aura viThAreNukAnandana nAmaka kavi Ate hai| jyavakarAja kA vAlavodha anya vedAnta para aura prokAropAsanA se sambaddha hai| zivakalyANa ne nityAnandakyadIpikA, rAsapacAdhyAyI, brahmastuti, vedastuti nAmaka grantha likhe hai / ramAvallabhadAsa kI gItA kI 'camatkArI TIkA' prasiddha hai| ( 2 ) madhyakAla kA sAhitya prAcIna sAhityika paramparA kI antima zRkhalA ke rUpa meM hama muktezvara kA smaraNa kara sakate hai / nizcita rUpa se inake jIvanacarita ke viSaya me sAmagrI nahI milatI, phira bhI anumAna hai ki Apa ekanAtha ke bhAje hoge|

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marAThI sAhitya kI kahAnI 517 ApakA kAla 1600 se 1650 IsvI ke karIva rahA hogaa| ApakA prasiddha grantha hai mahAbhArata / yaha sampUrNa rUpa me upalabdha nhii| kevala Adi, sabhA, vana, virATa, sauptika ye pA~ca hI parva upalabdha hai| marAThI prAcIna sAhitya ke itihAsajJa aura Alocaka sva0 pAgArakara 'muktezvara kI vANI meM lokottaraprasAda, divya projasvitA aura sRSTimaundaryavarNana kI anupama zobhA' pAte hai / muktezvara kA bhASA, deza aura dharma kA abhimAna aura anurAga alaukika thaa| muktezvara kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai AkhyAnaka kavitA kA praarmbh| yadi santa-sAhitya ke jJAnezvara bhitticAlaka the to muktezvara laukika sAhitya kI nIva DAlane vAlo meM mukhya the| madhyayuga meM pAkara marAThI kAvya jo adhika lokonmukha hotA calA, usake sabase pramukha sahAyaka the tukArAma aura rAmadAsa / 'santa tukArAma' nAmaka citrapaTa se aura hindustAnI ekeDemI dvArA prakAzita DaoN0 ha. rA0 divekara kI 'tukArAma' samvanvI pustaka se adhika paricita, sakSipta isa santakavi kI jIvanakathA hai| 1608 I0 meM tukArAma aura rAmadAsa dono kA janma huaa| pUnA ke pAsa indrAyanI nadI ke kinAre dehU gA~va meM tukArAma volhovA Avile kA janma huaa| inakI jAti zUdra (kunabI) thI aura vaniye kA dhanvA inakA kula karatA thaa| sAvajI kAnhobA tukArAma ke do bhAI the| tukArAma ne do bAra vivAha kiyA-para na apanI dUkAna aura na girastI ve ThIka taraha se calA ske| dRSTi unakI Izvarabhakti kI ora thii| tisa para akAla aayaa| tukArAma vairAgya kI ora pUrNata jhuka gye| tukArAma ne apanI sava racanA 'abhaga' nAmaka bhajanopayogI chanda meM kI hai / vaha adhikAza sphuTa hai / nAmadeva ke samAna hI bhakti para, pAtA aura upAlambha se bharI unakI racanA hai| parantu jahA~ nAmadeva zuddha santa the, tukArAma ne kavIra ke samAna vyAvahArika dharma kI dAmbhikatA ko bhI khUva ADe hAtho liyA hai| kabIra kI hI bhAMti tukArAma kI racanAe~ lokokti rUpa bana gaI hai| vAstavika jIvana ke yayArtha dRSTAta lekara baDe-baDe nItitattva sahajatA se samajhAne kI unakI kuzalatA bahuta hI prazasanIya hai / unake jIvanakAla meM unhe virodhako kA kama sAmanA na karanA pdd'aa| unakA nirmANakAla 1650 IsvI mAnA jAtA hai / dezastha brAhmaNakula me, sUryAjIpanta kulakarNI ke putra rAmadAsa, godAnadI tIra para jAvagAMva meM jnme| bacapana se ve kAphI uddhata the| vivAha-prasaga me ve maDapa se bhAga gye| Age cala kara ApakI zivAjI rAjA se bheTa huI aura zivAjI ne unhe guru mAnA, yaha AkhyAyikA prasiddha hai| phira to AjIvana ve dharmapracAra karate rhe| unhone kaI maTha sthApita kiye| rAmabhakti inakA mukhya jIvanadhyeya thaa| satArA ke pAsa 'paralI' aura 'cAphala' rAmadAsa ke pramukha sthAna the| Apane apanA eka sampradAya claayaa| prApakA sarvottama grantha hai 'daasbodh'| pahale sAta dazaka aura vAda ke teraha dazako ke bIca me bahuta-sA racanA-kAlAntara vItA hogA, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| yaha grantha nivRttivAdI nahIM hai, nirguNie santo kI taraha yaha brahma-mAyA kI sUkSma chAnavIna meM nahIM pdd'taa| yaha grantha projasvI bhASA me pUrNata pravRttivAdI hai| isakA kAraNa tatkAlIna paristhiti thii| zivAjI kI rAjyasthApanA kA vaha kAla thaa| muslima zAsako se sIdhA virodha hindU-janatA kara rahI thI-usame dharma eka pradhAna astra thaa| rAmadAma kI vANI ne usa astra ko dhAra dii| rAmadAsa kI vAnI aTapaTI hai| vaha vyAkaraNa-doSa, bhASA-dopa, chanda-dopa, kAvya-doSa kisI kI cintA na karatI huI barAvara Urjasvala vega se bahatI hai / ajIba-ajIva naye zabda-prayoga umameM milate hai| kaI grAmINa zabda bhI usameM cale Aye hai| parantu sampUrNata lene para rAmadAsa kI racanA bahuta hI prabhAvazAlI hai| dAsavodha meM mUrkha, paDita, kavi, bhakta, rAjA saba ke lakSaNa ginAye gaye hai| rAjanIti para unakA jo eka dazaka hai, jise maine pUrA-kA-pUrA 'AgAmI kala' me 'eka kAryakartA ko patra' nAmaka zIrSaka se zabdaza anuvAti kara prakAzita kiyA hai, vaha eka amara satya se prajvalita racanA hai / isa 'dAsabodha' ke alAvA 'manAce zlo rAmAyaNa ke 'mundarakADa' pIra 'yuddhakADa', 'Anandavanabhuvana' nAmaka mahArASTra ke bhUpradeza-sauMdarya-varNana 'dekhiye-merA 'marmI tukArAma' nAmaka lekha, vizvamitra mAsika san '40 meM prakAzita /

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premI-abhinadana-praya 518 grantha, karuNASTaka, pacIkaraNa, AratiyA~, 'moviyo' ke 14 zataka Adi kaI grantha unake prasiddha hai| dAsagItA nAmaka eka saskRta-kAvya-padya bhI unhone likhA thaa| sajjanagaDa para 1681 IsvI me Apane samAdhi lii| ApakI ziSya-paramparA meM pramukha kavi-jayarAma, raganAtha, AnandamUrti, kezava ye cAra svAmI milAkara rAmadAsa pacAyatana pUrA hotA hai / jJAna-pacAyatana, nAthapacAyatana aura dArUpacAyatana ke sAtha santa-kaviyo kI paramparA matrahavI sadI meM Akara samApta hotI hai aura hindI-sAhitya me jisa prakAra bhaktikAla ke pazcAt rIti-kAla AtA I aura usakA prArambhika rUpa kezavadAsa jaise bhakti-rIti ko milAne vAle kaviyo meM milatA hai, usI prakAra marAThI mAhitya me bhI bhaktikAla se rItikAla kI zRgArI-vIra-pravRttiyo taka (matirAma-bhUSaNa jaise 'lAvaNI-povADe' likhane vAle zAhIro taka) sIdhI rekhA nahIM milatI-vaha vIca-bIca meM paDita-kaviyo dvArA khaDita hai| lAlajI peMDase ke suprasiddha grantha 'sAhitya aura samAjajIvana' (jisameM marAThI sAhitya kA itihAsa samAjavAdI dRSTikoNa se diyA gayA hai) me ina nIna prakAra ke kaviyo ko, jinake mukhya rasa the bhakti, zAnti, zRgAra-vIra Adi, bahuta hI sundara Dhaga se tIna nAmo me sakSipta kiyA gayA hai--santa-kavi, panta-kavi, tanta-kavi / panta paDita kA choTA rUpa hai aura tatu vAdyo ke sAtha ('Dapha', ikatArA Adi) gAne vAle hone se 'tanta', yA kahie 'tantra' athavA 'rIti' kI unameM pradhAnatA hai, isa kAraNa me 'tnt'| pratyeka sAhitya ke itihAsa meM siddhAnto ke utthAna-patana kA lekhA anivArya rUpa se AtA hI hai / jo Adarza eka yuga meM pUje jAte hai, ve dUsare yuga me nirmAlyavat bana jAte hai aura naye Adarza unakA rikta sthAna grahaNa karate hai| isa eka ke khaDana meM se dUsare ke nirmANa ke sakrAnti kAla kA sAhitya bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hotA hai| Aja no aise kAla kA adhyayana isalie aura bhI Avazyaka hai ki hamArA yAnI bhAratIya sAhitya bhI aise hI bauddhika arAjaka, matamatAntaro ke manthana me se gujara rahA hai| agrejI gAhitya ke itihAsa meM aise kAla-khaDa ko 'DikeDeTa' kahate hai, jisakA zabdaza artha hotA hai 'jIrNa-zIrNa yA glit'| 'jIvana' kI uddAma tarala vegamayI pravahamAnatA ko yadi rUDha niyamo ke aura paristhitiyo ke kRtrima bandhana se rokane kA prayatna kiyA to kucha avakAza ke vAda usameM kI gatimayatA naSTa hokara, eka vikRta sthiratA-eka prakAra kI saDAgha-eka prakAra kI sAhitya kI AtmA-bhAvanA ko gauNatva dekara, usake vAhyaveSa bhASA, TekanIka (rIti) Adi se ulajhane kI pravRtti anajAne hI sAhitya meM ghusa paDatI hai jo eka ora atizaya hAnikara to dUsarI ora eka aparihArya burAI ke rUpa me lAbhaprada bhI hotI hai| rAmadAsa ke pazcAt vAmana paDita aura unake pazcAdvartI kaviyo kA kAla isI prakAra kA thaa| mata-kavitA jaba eka bhaMvara me paDI-sI jAna paDI taba use jhakajhora kara tukArAma ne puna usameM sajIvatA paidA kii| rAmadAsa ne kavitA kI una majIva gati meM atireka nirmita kara puna use vimUryA meM jaise DAla diyaa| usI vimUrchana-kAla kA svapna-rajana vAmana paDita, raghunAtha paDita aura moropata kI sughara, nakkAsI bharI, ati-alakRta kavitA me hame milatA hai| agrejI sAhitya meM bhI romeTika yuga kI prArabhika tAjagI kumhalAkara java unnIsavI sadI ke uttarArddha me aisI hI pravRtti cala paDI tava 'prIrephelAiTa' kaviyo kI alakaraNa-priyatA svinvana Adi meM atyadhika mAtrA meM phUTa paDI aura hindI me bhI bihArI deva, padmAkara ke dohe-kavitto meM usa sugharAI ke lie sugharAI ke varNa-camatkAra ke atirikta aura hai bhI kyA? kyA 'nirAlA' kI gIta-racanA meM puna chAyAvAda ke atireka kI vaisI hI vimUrchanA, vaisI hI zrAnti aura ekasvaratA (mono TonI) nahIM milatI ? sTIphana speDara kA 'sTila seMTara' mAno sabhI ora aise sAhityika kAlakhaDo me anugujita hai| vAmana paDita bhI aise hI zAbdika nakkAsI ke lobhI kavi the| nissazaya unako racanA atizaya nAdamadhura hai / jayadeva aura vidyApati kI vaha yAda dilAtI hai| paratu kahI-na-kahI aisA jAna paDatA hai ki bhAva bhASA me kho gaye hai| bhASAnuvartI bhAva ho rahe hai , jaise ki mahAdevI kI uttarakAlIna racanA me| parantu marAThI sAhitya kI kahAnI ke silasile me mai kucha vyaktigata mata mAveza kaha gayA, jinheM pAThaka aprAsagika na mAneMge, aisI AzA hai| vAmana paDita zeSe nAdeDa gA~va kA thaa| vaha saskRta kA udbhaTa paDita thaa| usakA bahuta mahattvapUrNa atha hai

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marAThI sAhitya kI kahAnI 516 'yayAryadIpikA, jo ki jJAnezvarI ko ho bhAti gItA ko TokA hai| bhAvArthadIpikA uma' TIkA kI aura TIkA hai| gajeMdramona (rAmadAsa ke ziSya raganAthasvAmI dvArA lokapriya banAye gaye viSaya para bhAvapracura racanA), sItAsvayavara, kAtyAyatIvrata, vanasuvA aura rAvAvilAsa vAmana paDita ke anya bhAvapravAna gratha hai| vAmana paDita kI kavitA me marAThI kAvya me vicAra aura bhAvanA jaise do zailiyAM grahaNa karate haiM aura nato dvArA paricAlita vicAra bhAvanA kA madhura aikya mAno TUTa jAtA hai / vAmana paDita ke samakAlIna nAgeza aura viTThala ne zloka-zailI meM sItAsvayavara aura rukmagI-svayavara kAvya race hai / jayarAma Anadatanaya aura raghunAtha paDita (jinake nizcita kAla ke savava meM vidvAno meM matabheda haiM) imI pravRtti ke uttarakAlIna kavi hai| raghunAtha paDita kA 'nala-damayantI svayavarAlyAna', narottamadAma ke 'sudAmA-caritra' kI bhAti rasayukta aura prasago kA yathAtathya citraNa karane vAlA aneka chando me likhA graya hai| kacezvaravApA, nirajanamAdhava, sAmarAja, zrIdhara, mahIpati Adi anya kaI kaviyo ke pazcAt mahatvapUrNa ullekhanIya kavi haiM moropata (1726-1764 iisvii)| moropata rAmacandra parADakara panhAlagaDa para jnme| kezava pAdhye unake guru the| bAda meM pezavAo ke samadhI aura sAhUkAra nAIka ke ghara Apane kathA-vAcako kI / kucheka kAla muzI bhI rhe| samagra mahAbhArata, bhAgavata, rAmAyaNa Apane 'AryA' vRtta meM magaThI meM utAre paratu rAmAyaNa, matrarAmAyaNa, Adi 108 rAmAyaNa Apane likhe the, aisA kahA jAtA hai| yuddha-pramaga, mavAdaprema, vAtsalya aura karuNarasa ke prasago kA varNana Apane bahuta hI kamAla ke sAtha kiyA hai| racanA avikAza saskRtasamAsapracura hai| Apa apane tuko ke lie bahuta hI prasiddha hai| Izvarastuti para pRthvIcanda meM kekAvalo' nAmaka kAvya ApakI mvatatra racanA hai| pezavAo ke rAjyakAla ke uttarakAla meM anya kaI kavi ho gaye, jinameM me mukhya-mukhya nAma hai-nArAyaga kavi dAjIvA jozIrAva, rAmacandra baDave, raghunAtha pata, koze, mAhirobAnAtha oNviye aadi| iname atima kavi siMdhiyA ke daravAra me the / vaha goA kI ora ke rahane vAle the aura 'mahadanubhavezvarI' nAmaka unakI racanA rahasyavAdI hai| . javapata-kaviyone kavitA koyAtrika aura itivRttAtmaka banA DAlA taba svAbhAvika rUpa se kavitA ke racanAkAge meM do varga nirmita ho gaye-eka to vaDe-baDe vidvAna, vyutpanna saskRta paDita the, dUsarI ora the jana-kavi / janatA kA kavi voro kI gAthA gAtA nipAhiyo ke manorajana ke lie zRgArapUrNa nATyAtmaka bhAvagIta bhI likhatA / vaha kabhI-kabhI paDita kaviyo kI nakala me tuko kA jAla vichAtA, dUsarI ora bhASA kI ciMtA na karate hue urdU ke raga meM izka kI zAyarI kA jikra karatA, nAjukakhayAlI aura vadiza me ulajhatA, to tIsarI ora mahArASTra kI bhUmi-gata aura jAti-gata rIti-rivAjo, lokoktiyo-vAkyapracAro, rahana-sahana kI vaiziSTyapUrNa paddhati kA hUbahU citraNa krtaa| isa kAraNa ne gAhIra kaviyo ke vIrazrIpUrNa povADe' (AlhA ke Dhaga para 'baileDsa') jahAM eka ora zravaNIya hai vahAM dUsarI ora unhI kI zRgAra se bharapUra, kabhI-kabhI to azlIla aisI 'lAvaNiyA~' (kajarI, holI jaise gIta)citra-kAvya kI sundara pratimAeM hai| gAhirone marAThA-pezavA rAjya ke uttarakAla ke raNa-raga aura rasa-raga kA yayArtha pratibiMba kavitA me utAra rakkhAhai, binA kisI lAgalapeTa ke / grAma-gIto kI vaha paraparAjo paDita kaviyo ke vidvattA ke grISmAtapa meM sUkhatI jA rahI thI, use zAhiro ne punarjIvana diyA, puna harAbharA kiyaa| avataka upalabdha aitihAsika geya vIra-kAvya 'povADe-300 hai / zivAkAla se sAhU taka ke sAta pezave kAla ke Deha-mau aura bAkI 1800 IsvI ke bAda ke| unameM ajJAnadAsa' kA 'aphajalakhA-vava' aura tulasIdAsa kA 'tAnAjI mAlusare' kA povADA bahuta prasiddha hai| dono zivAjI-kAlIna hai| dUsare kAlakhaDa meM pAnIpata ke sagrAma (1818 IsvI) aura khADI kI lar3AI ko lekara bahuta se povADe haiN| ye gAhIra bhATa-cAraNo kI bhAti guNIjano ke Azrita the| uttara pezavAI ke jo zAhIra prasiddha hai, uname pramukha hai-rAmajozI (1758-1812 IsvI), kIrtanakAra, anataphadI (1744-1), honAjI bAlA, gvAlA saganabhAU 'tamAzA' vAle (2-1840) zikalagara musalamAna, prabhAkara dAtAra (1754-1843), parazarAma drjii| vibhinna jAtiyo ke ye jana-kavi Adhunika marAThI

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520 premI-abhinavana-pratha kavitA kI nIva vanAnevAlo meM mukhya hai / honAjI kI kavitA me uttAna zRgAra hone para bhI madhuratA khUba hai / prabhAkara kI racanAe~ sasmaraNIya hai| Adhunika kAla 1818 IsvI meM pAnIpata meM pezavA-rAjya kA pUrNa parAbhava huA aura mahArASTra meM briTiza rAjya kA sUtrapAta / briTizo kA pUrNa paricaya hone se pahile prArabhika sabhrama, sanAtanI virodha, sudhAravAdiyo kI sapUrNa prAglAnukaraNa kI vRtti, paripakva rASTrIya virodha Adi kaI avasthAno me se hamAre aura briTizo ke savadha gujre| na kevala aitihAsika dRSTi se varan isa sArI dukhAnta kathA kI pUrvapIThikA samajhane kI dRSTi se na0 ci0 kelakara kI 'marAThe ANi igraja' pustaka bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai / prArabha meM marAThI-bhASI agrejI kI ora jhukane ke bajAya ekAneka kAraNo se marAThI kI ora jhuke the| 1810 IsvI meM sIrAmapura meM DaoN viliyama kare ne marAThI-agrejI koSa chapAyA / usI samaya gaNapata kRSNa jI ne bavaI me prathama mudraNAlaya sthApita kiyaa| 1820 meM vavaI-prAta agrejo ke hAtho me paayaa| mAuTa sTuarTa elphinsTana babaI ke gavarnara banAye gye| Apane zikSA kA prasAra kiyaa| tanimitta grathAnuvAda kraaye| molsavartha, kaMDI, javisa Adi agreja aura jagannAtha zakarazeTa, sadAziva kAzinAtha chatre, bAlazAstrI jAbhekara Adi vidvAna usa prathotpAdana-sasthA meM kArya karate the| vyAkaraNa, akagaNita, bhUmiti, padArthavijJAna Adi viSayo para vipula gratharacanA kI gii| marAThI gadya kA aura vaijJAnika sAhitya kA isa prakAra se prArabha huaa| 1856 meM bavaI vizvavidyAlaya kI sthApanA taka yaha aruNodaya (rinesA~) calatA rhaa| bavaI vizvavidyAlaya kI sthApanA se 'nibaMdhamAlA' nAmaka mAsika ke udaya taka (1857 se 1874 IsvI) kA kAla prAcIna aura navIna ke saMgharSa kA kAla hai| eka aora saskRta-jJAna-paraparA ke zAstrI-paDitajana, dUsarI ora agrejI vidyA aura vAGmaya ke saparka meM Aye hue navIna vidvAn / 1856 taka kA sAhitya adhikAza zAleya (skUlopayogI)thA, paratu ava sAhityiko ke mano me yaha bhAvanA kAma karane lagI ki sAhitya kA pracArAtmaka aura kalAtmaka pakSa bhI utanA hI mahattvapUrNa hai| phalata jahA~ parazurAmapata, tAtyA goDavole ne saskRta nATako ke anuvAda kiye the, usI paraparA ko kRSNazAstrI rAjavADe ne Age calAyA / gata varSa jAkara kahI hindI meM kAlidAsa ke samagra nATako ke aura kAvyaprakAza jaise grayo ke saskRta se hiMdI anuvAda hiMdI meM chape hai| marAThI meM yaha kArya pacAsa varSa pUrva ho cukA thaa| gaNezazAstrI lele ne bhI bahuta se anuvAda saskRta aura aMgrejI se kiye / isa kAla-khaDa ke sabase pasiddha lekhaka hai pitAputra, kRSNazAstrI aura viSNuzAstrI cipluunkr| dono ke AvirbhAva kAla meM paccIsa varSoM kA atara thA, paratu dono kA Adarza eka thaa| kRSNazAstrI ne mizanariyo ke virodha meM 'vicAra-laharI' patra 1852 meM zurU kiyaa| DaoN0 jAnsana ke rAselasa kA anuvAda aura 'anekavidyAmUlatattvasagraha' nAmaka sphuTa lekhoM kA gratha 1861 meM prakAzita kiyA / meghadUta aura jagannAtha paDita ke karuNavilAsa ke padyAnuvAda, sukarAta kI jIvanI Adi anya kaI gratha likhe| unakA adhUrA kArya dugane joza se unake suputra viSNuzAstrI ne calAyA / na kevala unhone pitA ke adhUre likhe hue areviyana nAiTsa' (sahasra-rajanI-caritra, arabopanyAsa)kA anuvAda pUrA kiyA,apitu apanI 'nivadhamAlA' dvArA mizanariyo para apanA zabdazastrAghAta aura bhI prakhara rUpa se vyakta kiyaa| 'AmacyA dezAcI sthiti' nAmaka nivadha sarakAra ne janta kara liyA thA aura kAgresa zAsanakAla meM usa para ke nibaMdha utthe| ApahI ne prAcIna aitihAsika sAhitya ke prakAzanArtha 'kAvyotihAsasagraha' nAmaka mAsika, 'nivadhamAlA' nAmaka patrikA, 'citrazAlA' aura 'kitAvakhAnA' nAmaka prakAzana sasthAe~ aura tilaka, Agarakara ke sahakArya se 'kesarI' aura 'marAThA' nAmaka marAThI agrejI patro kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| nivadhamAlA ke kula 84 aka upalabdha hai, jo ki pUre viSNuzAstrI ne likhe hai / unake anya sAhitya kA sundara sakalana

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marAThI sAhitya kI kahAnI 521 aura sapAdana nAgapura ke itihAsajJa zraura mAhitya - zikSaka zrI 0 vanahaTTI jI ne 'viSNupadI' nAmaka gratha me kiyA hai / viSNuzAstrI kI bhASAzailI proDha, ramamaya aura projapUrNa hai / pratipakSI kA virodha karate samaya vyaga-parihAsa Adi atro kA unhone bahutAyata me upayoga kiyA hai / yaha prabhAvazAlI lekhaka kevala 32 varSa jIvita rahA, paraMtu bhArateMdu harizcandra ke samAna hI vaha yuganirmAtA lekhaka mAnA jAtA hai / agrejo ke maparka meM vaijJAnika zodha ke vikAma-yuga meM mudraNakalA kI pragati ke sAtha mAhitya ke pracArAtmaka aga kI paripuSTi ke kAla meM marAThI sAhitya kA pravAha ava vega se Age vaDhA / gaI arvazatAbdI meM sAhitya kA aisA koI zragavizeSa nahI hai, jiname unane paryApta kArya na kiyA ho / ava Age ke kAla khaDame nAmo se na cala kara pravRttiyAM ke vicAra se calanA upayukta hogA, kyoki nAma to itane adhika hai ki navakA ullekha karanA sabhava nahI ho sakatA / kevala pramukha nAmoM kA hI ullekha kareMge / viSNuzAstrI cipalUnakara ko yuyutsu gadya-zailI ko nibhAkara Age patrakAritA ko paraparA calAne vAlo me pramukha hai patra 'mubAraka' 'kesarI' 'kAla' 'cAbuka' patrakAra Agarakara vAla gagAvara tilaka gi0 ma0 parAjape acyuta valavata kolhaTakara ina svargagata patrakAro ke pazcAt jIvito me pramukha haiM / 'navAkAla' ke khADilakara, 'jJAnaprakAza' ke limaye, 'citrA' ke DaoN0 ga0 ya0 ciTanIma, 'mahArASTra' ke mADakholakara, lokamAnya ke gADagila Adi / Agarakara kI mAnyatA thI ki rAjanaitika Andolana ko gauNa sthAna dekara mamAja-sudhAra pahile se ho| tilaka bilakula inase ulaTI bAta kahate the / pariNAmata dono meM bahuta kAla taka vivAda rhaa| grAgarakara darzanazAstra ke prophesara the aura phargyumana kAlija ke mamyApaka | ApakA lekhana adhikAza pratipakSI para vAra karane ke hetu se huA, parantu hindU samAja kI kurItiyoM ko dUra karane meM Apake lekho kA bahuta baDA hAtha rahA hai / tilaka 'gItArahasya', 'zrorAyana', 'grAkTika homa ina dI vedAja' nAmaka graMtho ke lekhaka ke nAte sAhitya meM jaise prasiddha haiM, bhAratIya rASTrIyatA magrAma ke eka menAnI ke nAte rAjanaitika kSetra meM avismaraNIya hai / dono ne jo paraparA patrasAhitya meM calAI usake anuyAyI zrAja bhI mAhitya meM mila jAvege aura usameM yaha yuga to samAcAra-patra kA sAhitya --yuga hI mAnA jAtA hai / gabhIra gadya ke anya kSetroM meM, yathA itihAsa sazodhanAtmaka, jIvanI, koza-racanAtmaka, samAlocanAtmaka, vaijJAnika, rAjanaitika prAdi marAThI ne tilakottara kAla meM paryApta pragati kI hai| yadi jayacandra vidyAlakAra aura zrophA jI ko hiMdI sAhitya nahIM bhUlegA to go0 mA0 mara dezAI, pArasanIsa, khare, rAjavADe Adi itihAsa sazodhako kA kArya bhI marAThI me zradvitIya haiM / jIvanI sAhitya bhI pracura mAtrA me samRddha hai| tilaka kI kelakara likhita jIvanI, dharmAnada kauzAvI kA nivedana, karve kI zrAtmakathA, lakSmIbAI tilaka kI 'smRti citre, dA0 na0 zikhare kI 'gAvI jI kI jIvanI' aura abhI hAla meM prakAzita aura janta zi0 la0 karadIkara kA 'sAvarakara - caritra' ima vibhAga ke aise grantha jo kimI bhI sAhitya me gauravapUrNa sthAna prApta karege / koza-sAhitya para to eka svataMtra lekha isI gratha meM anyatra hai, diyA jA rahA hai / sAhitya-mamAlocanA mababI kucha mahatvapUrNa Adhunika gratha nimna kahe jA sakate hai-- 66

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522 premI-abhinadana- pratha pratha lekhaka 1 pratibhAsA dhana - pro0 nA0 sI0 phaDake 2 chando - racanA - DaoN0 mA0 tri0 paTavardhana 3 hAsyavinodamImAmA -0 ciM0 kelakara 4 abhinava kAvyaprakAza - rA0 zrI0 joga 5 saudaryazodha va Anadabodha rA0 zrI0 joga 6 kAvyacarcA aneka lekhaka 7 vADmayIna mahAtmatA -- vA0 sI0 marDhekara 8 kalecI kSitija - prabhAkara pAdhye & rasavimarza - DaoN0 ke0 nA0 vATave 10 caritra, Atmacaritra, TIkA-pro0 jozI aura prabhAkara mAcave sAhitya ke itihAsa mavadhI kaI graMtha prakAzita ho cuke haiM, phira bhI koI eka pustaka aisI nahI, jisameM marAThI sAhitya kA pUrNa itihAsa sakSepa meM mila jaay| vaise marAThI vAGmayAcA itihAsa ( 3 bhAga ) -la0 rA0 pAgArakara, arvAcIna marAThI - kulakarNI, pArasanIsa, mahArASTra sArasvata - vi0 la0 bhAve, arvAcIna marAThI vAGmayasevaka --- ga0 de0 khAnolakara, marAThI sAhitya samAlocana - vi0 ha0 saravaTe zrAdi graMtha bahumUlya hai zrora inhIM kI mahAyatA se yaha lekha likhA gayA hai / 2 inake atirikta marAThI sAhitya meM gabhIra gadya ke paripuSTa aga hai rAjanIti, samAjazAstra, manovijJAna, zikSAzAstra tathA itihAsa sazodhana savadhI graMtha / ina bhavakA paricaya isa choTe se lekha meM sabhava nahIM / kucha ullekhanI hai Adhunika bhArata -jAvaDekara, laDhAU rAjakAraNa - karadIkara, pAkistAna --- prabhAkara pAdhye, bhAratIya samAjazAstra -- DaoN0 kelakara, gyAnavAce arthazAstra - gADagIla arthazAstra kI anartha - zAstra -- AcArya jAvaDekara | manovijJAna va zikSaNazAstra para zraThavale, mA0 gho0 karve, vADekara, pro0 phaDake, kArakhAnIsa prAdi ke pratha bahuta upayogI hai| itihAsasaMzodhana ke kSetra meM pro0 rAjavADe, pArasanIsa, DaoN0 bhADArakara, kAzInAtha pata, lene aura govinda sakhArAma saradesAI ye nAma svayaprakAzI hai / marAThI ke gAdhIvAdI lekhako kA paricaya eka svataMtra viSaya hogaa| phira bhI unameM pramukha vinovA, kAlelakara, zrAcArya bhAgavata, sAnegurujI Adi hai / sAhitya ke lalita zraga (kAvya, nATaka, upanyAsa, dhArayAyikAdi) kA vizeSa rUpa se vikAsa huA hai / inakA vistArapUrvaka vivecana yahA~ anupayukta na hogA / nIce marAThI ke prAdhunika sAhityapravAho tathA pramukha lekhako aura unakI racanAo (jinake nAma braikaTo me diye jAvege) kA eka vihagama ullekha mAtra meM kara denA cAhatA hU~, jisase hiMdI bhASI pAThaka marAThI sAhitya kI vartamAna zrI vRddhi se paricita ho sakeM / 1 kAvya prathamotyAna 1818 IsvI taka marAThI kavitA jo bahuta unnati para thI dhIre-dhIre usameM sAmAjika rAjanaitika paripArzva anusAra patanonmukhatA dikhAI dene lagI / zAhIra kavi -- jo ki janatA me lokapriya 'tamAze' (eka prakAra kA kAvyapATha) karate, ve uttAna zRgAra para lAvaniyA~ adhika likhane lage / 'povADe' - racanA kI pravRtti bhI thI to kevala zratItonmukhI / rAjanaitika dRSTi se yaha bahuta AndolanapUrNa kAla thA / asthira jIvana ke kAraNa kavitA me kisI sthira pravRtti ke darzana kama milate haiM / agrejI rAjya kI sthApanA ke pazcAt san 1885 se marAThI kI Adhunika kavitA kA Arabha mAna sakate haiM / jaise urdU meM hAlI yA hiMdI meM bhArateMdu yA gujarAtI me narmada, vaise marAThI meM

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524 premI-prabhinadana-pratha me unakI kAvyAtmaka manovRtti kA gaharA amara hai| 'goviMdAgraja' ke nAma se gaDakarI ne kavitA likhii| usameM vAyarana jaisI utkaTa bhAvukatA, gaharI karuNA aura gaharA zRgAra milatA hai| 'rAjahasa mAjhA nijalA', 'gulAvI koDe', 'muralI', 'ghuvaDa', 'dasarA', 'kavi aNi kaidI' Adi kaI racanAe~ avismaraNIya hai / kahI-kahI U~cI dArzanika uDAna, kahI prakRti kA atyata sajIva varNana aura kahI manobhAvanAyo kA sUkSma hRdayasparzI varNana ApakI kavitAo meM milatA hai / prema nirAzAjanya kaDa AhaTa bhI kaI gIto meM hai| anuprAso kI bahuta sundara chaTA sarvatra pAI jAtI hai| mAdhuryapradhAna marAThI kavitA kI isa dUsarI dhArA ke tIsare atyanta komala kavi hai avaka vApUjI Thovare urpha 'bAlakavi' (1860-1918) / Apane prakRti-prema ko hI adhika racanAeM kI hai| inheM marAThI kA mumitrAnadana pata kaha sakate hai / 'sadhyAtAraka', 'nirbhara', 'pAUpa', 'phularANI', 'zrAvaNamAsa', 'tArArANo', 'kAla aNi prema' ye Apake viSaya hai / ApasIdaryavAdI hai paurapata jisa prakAra 'sudaratara me sudaratama' mArI sRSTi ko dekhate hai, vaise hI vAlakavi bhI 'pAnadI Anada gaDe', 'ikaDe tikaDe cohikaDe', marvatra Anada ke darzana karate haiN| bhArata ke viSaya me ve 'dehAta meM eka rAta' kavitA meM kahate hai - __ "hammAlo kA (kuliyo kA) yadi koI rASTra hai to vaha hiMdabhUmi hai / he mana, yaha dainya, yaha dIrvalya dekhA nahI jaataa| hiMdabhUmi kI vyathA sahana nahIM hotii|" ekanAtha pADuraga redAlakara (1886-1920) marAThI me muktachada aura atukAnta racanA ke prathama pravartaka hai / ApakI racanA me svAbhAvikatA vizepa hai| 'rukmiNI patrikA', 'kRSNA', 'vasata', 'ujADa maidAna', 'gidhADa' Adi Apako prasiddha racanAe~ hai / paratu 'prasAda' ke AMsU kI bhAti ApakI racanAyo meM karuNarasa kI eka antardhArA satata pravahamAna hai| yadi mAdhurya tAve aura goviMdAgraja me milatA hai to prasAda guNa bAlakavi aura redAlakara me / vacA huA projaguNa vA0 vinAyaka dAmodara sAvarakara-jo apane krAntikArI rAjanaitika jIvana ke kAraNa bhArata vikhyAta hai-kI racanAyo me milatA hai| mAvarakara ke kavi ko sAvarakara kA rAjanaitika vyaktitva khA gayA aura marAThI mAhitya ne eka bahuta acche mahAkavi ko kho diyA, yaha kheda se kahanA paDatA hai| 'rAnaphule' aura hAla meM prakAzita unakI sapUrNa racanAyo me-yugAtarIcA ghopa', 'jagannAthacA rathotsava', 'mAjhe mRtyupatra', 'sAgarA, prANa talamalalA', 'saptapi' ApakI aisI racanAeM hai jo vizva sAhitya meM garva kA sthAna prApta kara sakatI hai| 'vainAyaka' tathA 'kamalA' nAmaka dI khaDakAvya bhI Apane likhe hai| ApakI pratibhA 'klAsika' athavA 'AbhajAtya' liye hue hai| Apa 'mahAsamara' nAmaka eka aura kAvya likha rahe the| vaha patA nahI, abhI pUrA huA yA nhiiN| prathamotthAna me jahA~ rUDhiyo ke prati anAvazyaka moha athavA nirbhayatA kI atirekapUrNa vRtti pradarzita ho rahI thI, dvitIyotyAna meM agrejI romeMTika kaviyo kI bhAti eka prakAra kI tAz2agI, prakRti ke prati vizeSa prema, jAtIyatA tayA svadezabhakti ke darzana hote hai| tRtIyotyAna tRtIgotyAna meM mukhya hAtha pUnA kI 'ravikiraNa maDala' nAmaka sAta kaviyo kI eka maDalI kA rhaa| uname pramukha kavi the aura hai-DaoN. mAdhava tryavaka paTavardhana urpha 'mAdhava jUliyana', yazavata dinakara peMDhArakara urpha 'yazavata,' zakara kezava kAniTakara urpha 'girIza, mAyadeva, ghATe aadi| 'mAdhava jUliyana' phArasI ke prophesara the aura chadazAstra para Apane vavaI vizvavidyAlaya se marAThI kI pahalI DAkTareTa paaii| phArasI-paddhati ke kaI chada Apa marAThI meM lAye-ruvAI, gajalo kI kaI kismeM aadi| umara khayyAma kI ruvAiyo kA mUla phArasI se mamazlokI tathA phijjerAlDa ke agrejI anuvAda se samazlokI anuvAda marAThI meM Apane prastuta kiyaa| 'sudhAraka' nAmaka eka vyagapUrNa khaDakAvya, 'virahataraga' nAmaka prema-pradhAna khaDakAvya, pragIta muktako se bharA'tuTalele duve' nAmaka dUsarA khaDakAvya kevala 'sunIto' meM ('sunIta' arthAt agrejI 'sAneTa' yA caturdazaka ko marAThI me rUDha kiyA huA zabda)

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marAThI sAhitya kI kahAnI 525 'naphUlAlakAra' nAmaka eka vyaga kAvya ke alAvA zrApakI sphuTa kavitA 'galAkA' 'gajjalAjalI', 'svapnarajana' tathA udbodhana mayumAdhavI' ma magahIta hai / Apane unmukta prema kA mamathana, mAmAjika dama kA parisphoTa, rASTrIya kartavyo ke prati to diyA hI, gAtha hI apanI kavitA dvArA magaThI meM eka navIna galI, eka navIna bhApA -mapadA ko, pracalita kiyaa| ravikiraNamaDala meM prApako maulikatA mavame adhika prakAzamAna thii| kaI kavitAoM ke rekArDa bhI bana gaye hai| yagavata ne bhI rASTrIya pora samAja-sudhAra para kI kavitAeM liyaa| vadIgAlA' nAmaka eka khaDa-kAvya yaravadA ke vaccI kI jela para aura aparAdhI baccoM para tayA'jayamagalA' vilhaNa ke premapramaga ko lekara likhaa| inake alAvA hAla meM badIdA nareza ke gajyArAhaNa prasaga para 'kAvyakirITa'khaDakAvya likhA, jisame ve vadIdA ke rAjakavi niyukta hue| parantu una paDa-kAyoM meM unakI pratibhA itanI nahIM camaka uThanI jitanI ki gIta-kAvyAtmaka phuTakara racanAyo maM / 'yagIdhana', 'yagavato', 'yagonidhi' 'yagogadha', Adi Apake kaI magraha prakAgita hue hai, jiname se 'AI', 'gulAmAce gAhANe', 'najagaNA,''bhainagaNI', vigivigI cAla', 'ghara', 'premAcIdaulata' Adi Apake kaI gIta bahuta lArUpriya hae hai / kucha racanAe~ prApane grAmINa bhApA me kI hai| baccoM ke mana kA bhI bahuta sundara citraNa kaI kavinAyA meM kiyA gayA hai, yayA 'mAla nako gA', 'idukanA', 'kalyAcA bhAta' aadi|| ravikiraNamaDala ke anya kavi itane prasiddha nahIM hue| 'girIza' (kAcanagagA, phalabhAra, abhAgI kamala, zrAvagaH, gudhA) avazya apane paDa-kAvyoM ke kAraNa adhika saphala kavi mAne jAte hai / ravikiraNamaDala ke sabhI kaviyoM ne adhikAga prema-kavitAe~ nimii| mvatana-prema kI pragamA unakI racanAyo meM milI hai, paratu jahA~ eka ora unhoMne magaThI kavitA ma naye-naye viSayo para racanAe~ karane kI yayAryavAditA baDhAI, vahA dUsarI pora kavitA ko kucha naI Dhiyo meM bAMdha dAlA / ravikiraNaparipATI marAThI me bhAvagIta ke rUpa me kaI varSoM taka aisI calatI rahI ki usakI pratiniyA meM eka aura mAdhavAnuja, du0 prA0 tivArI, TekADe, vehere Adi ne projapUrNa aitihAsika sagrAmagIta gAnA zurU kiye (jo spapTana rASTrIyatA pracAra me bhare hue adhika the, kAvya unameM kama thA) dUmarI ora pri0 pra0 ke0 praye urpha kezavakumAra ne apanI pairoTiyo kI prathA calAI,jo 'viDavana kAvya' ke nAma se bahuta hI pracalita huii| 'bheMDUcI phu' nAmaka eka akele magraha ne marAThI kavitA meM parihAsapUrNatA kA vaha pravAha bahA diyA ki eka dazaka ke adara-adara kavitA ekadama upekSita bana gii| aba ighara mahAyuddha ke kucha pUrva me kaviyo ma punarcetanA jAgrata huI hai| prA0 rA0 dezapADe 'anila' isa naI kAvya-preraNA ke pradhAna unnAyaka hai| kamumAgraja (vizAyA), borakara (jognamagIta) pu0 gi0 rege, kAre, vasata, vaidya, vagata ciMghaTe, nA. gha. dezapAMDe, gajA baDhe, garaccadra muktibodha Adi kaI naye kavi Age A rahe hai, jo ki marAThI ke ima anurvara prAta ko mavAra rahe hai| inakI ujjvala pratibhA kA bhavipya abhI anirNIta hai| 2 nATaka. kAvya me juTA huA mAhitya kA dUsarA pradhAnAga hai nATaka / saubhAgya se marAThI kA ragamaca bahuta vikasita avasthA meM rahA hai| hAla meM hI usakA zatamAvatsarika utmaya bhI mahArASTra meM sarvatra manAyA gayA / isa ragabhUmi ke vikAma kA zreya jaime maphala abhinetA, ramika prekSaka aura uttama gAyako ko hai, vaise hI ucca koTi ke nATakakAro ko bhI hai| Adhunika nATaka kA prArabha vaise hI paugaNika aitihAsika kathAvastu ko lekara huA, jaise anya bhApAyo meN| man 1882 ke bAda paccIsa varSa taka magIta kA ragamaca para bahuta vikAsa hotA rahA / aNNA kirloskara mahArASTra me ragabhUmi ko sarvAdhika lokapriya karane vAle naTa-nATakakAra ke pazcAt devala ko yaha zreya denA cAhie ki unhone nATako ko unake prAcIna keMcula meM me bAhara nikAla kara khulI havA meM sAmAjika prazno kI carcA meM malagna kiyaa| vRddhavivAha kI prathA para 'zAradA' nAmaka unakA nATaka bahuta hI lokapriya rhaa| zrIpAda kRSNa kolhaTakara ne nATako

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526 premI-abhinadana-praya meM sAhityikatA kA sUtrapAta kiyA / Apake 'bhUkanAyaka', 'premazodhana', 'mativikAra' Adi nATako ne adbhuta ramyatA (romAsa) kI nATako me avatAraNA kI, parantu unake nATako me yathArtha kA nirupaNa nahIM thaa| kRtrimatA bhI bahuta kucha thI / kRSNA jI prabhAkara khADilakara ne 'kIcakavadha' (jo marakAra dvArA jabta kiyA gayA) se 'menakA' taka aneka paurANika-sAmAjika nATaka race, jiname 'mAnApamAna' (1911 I0) mavase adhika lokapriya huA / itihAsa athavA purANa kI kathA lekara use Adhunika kAla aura samasyAo para ghaTita karane kI sADilakara kI zailI bahuta hI tIkSNa aura prabhAvazAlI thii| mAdhava nArAyaNa jozI ne marAThI nATako ko mAmAjika yathArthavAda mikhaayaa| parihAsa ke avaguThana meM tIvra sAmAjika vyaga Apane likhe, jiname sagIta vinoda, magIta sthAnika svarAjya athavA myunimipaliTo aura sagota vahADacA pATola bahuta prasiddha hai| nATaka ke kSetra meM vaise to anekAneka prayoga hue / zeksapIara ke anuvAdo (bATikA, jhujhArarAva) se lagA kara karela kapaika kI 'madara' (AI) nATikA aura isana 'DAlsa hAuma' (gharakula) ke anuvAdI taka kaI cIje yUropIya ragamaca me marAThI maca ne lii| paratuprAtIya bhASAyome se anya kimI bhASA ke nATaka marAThI meM nahIM ke barAbara anuvAdita hue| hiMdI para jisa prakAra vagalA ko chAyA spaSTa hai, (DI0 ela0 rAya ko nATako me aura zaraccandra caTTopAdhyAyakA upanyAsa meM tayA ravIdranAtha ko kAvya me) marAThI me vakima, zaraccandra ke anuvAda to hue, paratu nATako ma kahI bhI vagAlI kA prabhAva nahIM dikhAI detaa| mahAyuddhottara marAThI nATaka ke itihAsa meM tIna nAmo kA ullekha pramukha rUpa se karanA hogaa| gaDakarI, varerakara, atre| gaDakarI eka prakAra se hiMdI ke 'prasAda' the| dono kI pratibhA kA svaspa romeMTika thaa| dono kI zailI kAvyAtmaka thii| atara thA to itanA hI ki jahA~ 'prasAda' ne baudva kAlIna aitihAmika vAtAvaraNa kA vizeSa prAzraya liyA, gaDakarI ne sAmAjika prasago kI aura mamasyAgro kI hI vizeSa vivecanA kii| 'prema sanyAsa' me vidhavA vivAha kA, 'puNyaprabhAva' me satItva ke pratApa kA, 'ekaca pyAlA' meM zarAva aura usake duSpariNAma kA citra gaDakarI ne upasthita kiyaa| gaDakarI ke vAda vaise to kaI nATakakAra hue, jinhone magaThIragamaca ko urvara banAyA aura isakA samasta zreya kevala nATakalekhako ko hI nahIM, apitu naTa, gAyaka aura usa manorajana meM makriya yoga dene vAlo janatA ko bhI diyA jAnA caahie| phira bhI vAla gavarva (nArAyaNarAva rAjahama nAmaka abhinetA ko sva0 lokamAnya tilaka ne isa padavo se vibhUSita kiyA thA) aura unako kapanI dvArA khele gaye Adhunika rAjanaitika prAzaya se bhare paurANika kayAnako vAle nATako ko vizeSa zreya hai| vIra vAmanarAva jozI pIra sAvarakara, acyuta valavata kolhaTakara aura TipanIma tathA 20 a0 zukla Adi ke projasvI aitihAsika nATakA ne paryApta gyAti prApta kii| isa kSetra meM navayuga upasthita karane kA samasta zreya bhArgavarAma viTThala urpha mAmA varerakara ko hai| Apane ivsana ko zailo ko apanAkara eka naI nAro-sRSTi nirmita ko / rASTrIya jAgaraNa me jo mahayoga striyo se milA usakA zreya mAmA ko 'saphejeTa' nATikAyo ko hai / prApana mila-majadUro ke prazna, maTho ke aura vuvAgAhI (yAnI guruDama calAnevAle mahanto ke) prazna, achUtoddhAra aura khaddara ke prazna apane nATako dvArA sulajhAne kA prayatna kiyaa| spaSTata pracAra unake nATako ko AtmA vana gii| nATikA (ekAkI) sapradAya marATho meM Apa hI kI preraNA se lokapriya bnaa| Apa samaya ke sAtha pragatizIla hue aura abhI hAla meM 'migApurAtUna' nAmaka nATaka meM sAmyavAdI vicArasaraNi kA bhI unhone popaNa kiyA hai| ____jahA~ sAmAjika prazno kI ora romeTika aura yayArthavAdI dRSTikoNo se gaDakarI tayA varerakara ne marAThI ragamaca ko AkRSTa kiyA, atre ne eka vilakula naye Dhaga se (jise kucha hada taka banArDa zA kA Dhaga kahanA cAhie), prazno kA parihAsAtmaka pahala upasthita kiyaa| mA0 nA0 jozo ne jo 'myunsipailiTo' kA ghora vyaga-citra apane sthAnika svarAjya me upasthita kiyA thA, usI ko kucha Age baDhAkara atre ne apane nATako me hAsya (paristhitijanya, zabdajanya tayA caritrajanya), atireka, samAjamomAsA, vicAra prakSomana kA eka vicitra 'mikscara' marAThI macapara prastuta kiyA, jise janatA ne varSoM taka bahuta hI sarAhA / 'sASTAga namaskAra me pratyeka pAtra eka-eka santa

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marAThI sAhitya kI kahAnI 527 (phaiDa) kA poSaka hai / una khanto ke 'udyAcA sasAra' me vaivAhika asatopa ke 'lagnAcI veDI' me Adhunika premavivAha ke 'gharAvAhera' me purAnI naI gRha-vyavasthA ke saMgharSa ke bahuta hI AkarSaka citra upasthita kiye gaye hai| AcArya atre ne pairoDiyAM likhakara jo kamAla hAsila kiyA thA, usame macapara apanA 'atihasita' pradarzita kara cAra cAMda lagA diye| vAda meM ve sinemA ke kSetro me utare, vahA~ bhI camake, magara idhara pAkara nATyakSetra se jaise unhone sanyAsa sA le liyA hai, jo dono marAThI nATaka ke tathA atre ke haka me ThIka nahI huA / marAThI ragamaca unase abhI bhI bahuta apekSA kara makatA hai / Adhunikatama prayogo me vartaka anata kANekara, ke0 nA0 kAle kA nATyamanvatara-maDala, 'liTila thiyeTara aura idhara lokanATya ke jo naye soviyata-paddhati ke prayoga cala rahe haiM, ina sabhI satprayatlo ne sinemA se parAjita ragabhUmi ko punarujjIvita aura saprANa banAne meM yoga diyA hai| nATaka ke hI milasile me 'nATya-chaTA' kA bhI ullekha gaurava se karanA cAhie, jo marAThI sAhitya kI apanI cIz2a hai| sva. 'divAkara' Adi lekhako ne ise apanAyA / isameM 'ekamukhI-bhASaNa' dvArA sAmAjika virovo ko spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai| eka prakAra se yaha zabdo meM likhe hue vyaga-citra hI samajhiye / yadyapi isa prakAra ke lekhana kA calana ava kama ho gayA hai tathApi yaha eka acchA sAhitya prakAra hai, jo hiMdI ko bhI apanAnA caahie| 3 upanyAsa-AkhyAyikA Adi marAThI upanyAsa kA janma yAtrA-vRtAnto meM milatA hai| marAThI kA pahilA upanyAsa 'yamunAparyaTana' (1841 IsvI ke karIva) yadyapi nAmamAtra ko sAmAjika hai, tathApi usakI racanA manorajanapradhAna hI adhika hai| adbhutaramyatA para unakA adhika dhyAna thaa| 1870 ke karIva marAThI me aitihAsika upanyAsa likhane kI prathA cala pddii| phira bhI 1885 ke pazcAt ullekhanIya upanyAsakAra harinArAyaNa ApTe hai| hiMdI ke premacada kI hI bhAti Apane marAThI madhyavargIya jIvana ke yathArtha citra akita kiye / Adarzonmukha yathArthavAda unakA lakSya thaa| dono ko hI samAcAra-patra kI sI zailI meM khaDaza likhanA pddaa| ata dono kI zailI meM kucha anAvazyaka lambe aura uvA dene vAle varNana milate hai / ApakI prasiddha aura aitihAmika eva sAmAjika kAdavariyo ke nAma haiupa kAla, sUryodaya, sUryagrahaNa, gaDAlApaNa siMha gelAmI, (yaha cAro zivA jI ke rAjyakAla savadhI hai) yazavatarAva khare, paNa lakSAta koNa gheto| nArAyaNa hari ApTe nAmaka eka dUsare upanyAsakAra ne bhI isa yuga meM aisI upanyAsa AkhyAyikAe~ likhI, jo ki ApTe kI zailI kI anukRti para kauTubika jIvana se mavadhita thI, kintu kama lokapriya huii| upanyAsa ke kSetra me dUsarA yuga vAmanamalhAra jozI se prArambha hotA hai| Apane tIna-cAra hI upanyAsa likhe hai, parantu sabhI vicAraprakSobhaka hai| rAgiNI, nalinI, Azrama-hariNI, suzIlecA deva, indukAle aura saralA bhole ye unake mukhya upanyAsa hai| sava me kisI dArzanika yA nItizAstrIya samasyA kI vivecanA pramukha hai| DaoN. ketakara ne apane upanyAso meM samAjazAstrIya dRSTikoNa ko prAdhAnya diyA aura dono ko hI marAThI ke sAmAjika upanyAsa ko vicAra-kSetra meM Age baDhAne kA zreya hai / aitihAsika upanyAsa isa kAla me bhI nAthamAdhava aura haDapa ne zivAjI kAla aura pezavAI ko lekara bahuta se likhe aura ve vahuta lokapriya bhI hue| rAkhAladAsa banarjI ke 'zazAka', 'karuNA', 'agnivarSA' Adi ke anuvAda isI kAla me hue| zrI0 zahA ne samrATa azoka aura chatrasAla nAmaka do prasiddha aitihAsika upanyAsa prakAzita kiye, jinakA anuvAda hindI meM premI jI ne prakAzita kiyA hai| ava upanyAsa kevala prAge ghaTanA-pradhAna yA vicAra-pradhAna na raha kara jana-jana ke jIvana kI AkAkSAyo aura svapno kA pratinidhi vana gyaa| Age jina pA~ca upanyAsakAro kA vistArapUrvaka vicAra hogA, ve isI prakAra ke lokapriya aura sAhitya ke navotthAna ke pratinidhi upanyAsa lekhaka hai nA0 sI0 phaDake, vi0ma0 khADekara, pu0 ya0 dezapADe, ga0

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premI-abhinavana-graMtha 528 so mADakholakara, vibhAvarI zirUrakara phaDake uccavarga ke pAtro ko cunate haiM / unake prArambhika upanyAsa adhikA romeTika hai| prema kA trikoNa vibhinna rUpo meM vyakta huA hai / parantu varNana kI zailI bahuta sajIva aura yayArthavAdI hone ke kAraNa aura bhASA kA pravAha bahuta Rj aura prasanna hone se - jAdUgara, daulata, aTakepAra Adi unake Arambhika upanyAsa bahuta hI janapriya bane / 'nirajana' se Age 'zAkuntala' taka phaDake ne apane sAmAjika upanyAmo kI pArzvabhUmi ke rUpa meM rAjanaitika Andolano aura pakSo kI matAvaliyo ko liyA, yayA 'nirajana' aura 'AzA' me san 30 kA satyAgaha, 'pratijJA' me rASTrIya svayasevaka saMgha aura hindutvaniSTha rAjakAraNa, 'samarabhUmi' aura 'uddhAra' meM samAjavAda aura nAmyavAda, zAkuntala me 42 kA Andolana, 'mAbhAvamaM' meM hindU-muslima aikya ko samasyA / pragatizIla mAhitya ke sambandha meM AcArya jAvaDakara se jo unakA lekharUpa lamvA vivAda huA hai, usameM ve 'kalA ke lie kalA' vAle apane purAne usUla se kucha vadale hue jAna paDate haiN| phira bhI zrAnanda- prAdhAnya unakI racanAo meM milatA hai| inase vilakula ulaTe vi0 sa0 khADekara 'jIvana ke lie kalA' mAna kara cale / 'hRdayAcI hAka', 'kAcanamRga', 'dona dhruva' taka unakI racanAo me kokaNa kI prAkRtika pArzvabhUmi para kAvyamayI bhASA-daulI meM kRnima kathAnaka - racanA milatI hai / parantu 'dona dhruva' ke vAda 'ulkA' (jo unako sarvazreSTha kRti hai), 'hisA cAphA', 'donagane', 'rikAmA devhArA', 'cava' taka unakI zailI sahajaramyatA grahaNa karatI jAtI haiM zrIra gAdhIvAda tathA samAjavAda ke manohara mizraNa kA zrAdarza unake upanyAso me sthala-sthala para vyakta huA hai / mADakholakara ne 'muktAtmA' ne prArambha kara pragatizIla upanyAsakAro me apanA kadama rkhaa| taba se unake navInatama upanyAsa 'DAkavagalA' thora 'cadanavADI' taka ve romAma aura rAjanIti kA aisA majedAra milana apane upanyAso me upasthita karate rahe haiM ki kahI Alocako ne unako 'duherI jIvana', 'nAgakanyA' Adi racanAo ko azlIla kahA hai to kahI 'kAtA', 'mukhavaTe' Adi ko DA0 sare ke padatyAga prakaraNa para likhI pracArAtmaka cIz2e / unako 'navesasAra' aura 'pramadvarA' ('42 ke prAndolana para likhI dIrghakathA) sarakAra dvArA jabta kiye gaye do upanyAsa hai| Arambha se hI krAtikArI nAyako bhaura krAtikArI prAndolano kA bahuta nikaTatama citraNa karate rahane ke kAraNa unakI zailI meM sundara bhAvotkaTatA hai, yadyapi varNana kahI kahI yathArtha se prati yathArtha para utara Ate haiM / pu0 ya0 dezapADe mADakholakara kI hI bhA~ti nAgapura ke hai, parantu unakI racanAoM meM mArvajanInatA adhika hai / 'bavanAcyA palIkaDe' nAmaka unake vidrohI upanyAsa ne eka samaya mahArASTra meM khalabalI macA dI thI / uttarottara unakI kalA 'sukalela phUla' aura 'sadAphulI' meM bahuta hI vikasita hotI gaI / yadyapi 'vizAlajIvana', 'kAlI rAnI' aura 'nave jaga' me kucha duruhatA unakI zailI meM zrA gaI hai aura pahale kA sA halakA phulakApana jAkara vaha bhArI ho gaI hai, parantu manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa- sUkSmatA - kSamatA bhI utanI hI baDhatI calI gaI haiN| dezapADe isa vAta ke dizA darzaka hai ki marAThI upanyAsa ava eka naI dizA kI ora jA rahA hai / vaha khADekara ke mAnavatAvAda aura phaDake - mADakholakara ke phaizanebula rAjanaitika upanyAso se adhika gambhIra vaicArika kSitija kI ora vaDha rahA hai / jo kamAla pazcima me kAphkA (polaDa kA pratIkavAdI upanyAsakAra ) yA alDasa haksle, lAresa yA vUlpha ne kara dikhAyA vaha dhIre-dhIre pu0 ya0 dezapADe marAThI meM pratiSThita karanA cAha rahe haiN| isa dRSTi se, vibhAvarI zirUrakara nAmaka upanAma ke burke meM chipI, parantu ATha-dasa varSa pUrva marAThI kathAkSetra meM strI kA dRSTikoNa bahuta spaSTatA aura buladagI se vyakta karane vAlI mahilA ke do upanyAsa 'hindolyAvara', aura 'viralele svapna' ullekhanIya hai| TUTatI huI kuTumva vyavasthA ke ve bahuta acche citra hai / yahA~ adhika vistAra se upanyAsa para likhA nahI jA sakatA, parantu isa dizA meM mAmA varerakara, gItA sAne aura kRSNAvAI moTe dvArA citrita kI huI naI nArI, vidrohI nAyikA kA citra bhulAyA nahI jA sakatA / sAne guru jI ne bacco ke vikAsazIla mana para 'zyAma', 'zyAmUkI mA~', bhAratIya saMskRti sambandhI 'zrAstika' aura 'krAti', 'punajanma' Adi rASTrIyatA - pracAraka bahuta lokapriya upanyAsa likhe hai / zrI0 dighe ne mahArASTra ke grAmajIvana ke sundara citra 'pANakalA' aura 'sarAI' me upasthita kiye hai / marDhekara, mAghavamanohara, raghuvIra mAmata aura za0 vA0 zAstrI

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marAThI sAhitya kI kahAnI 529 ne isa dizA meM bahuta acche manovaijJAnika upanyAso ke prayoga kiye hai| yaha vibhAga marAThI ke Adhunika sAhitya meM sarvAdhika paripuSTa hai| isa sambandha me vistArapUrvaka carcA maine 'hasa' (1935) me 'tIna marAThI upanyAsakAra' aura 'sAhitya-sandeza' ke upanyAsa-vizeSAka meM 'marAThI ke rAjanaitika upanyAsa' tathA 'aupanyAsika manovaijJAnikatA ke prathama lekhAka me kI hai| AkhyAyikA ke kSetra meM pUrvokta sabhI upanyAsakAro ne (pu0 ya0 dezapADe kA apavAda choDa kara) apanI lekhanI saphalatApUrvaka calAI hai| isa kSetra meM agaNita lekhaka Adhunika kAla me prasiddha hai| phira bhI kucha pramukha laghukathA-lekhako ke nAma yahA~ denA anucita na hogA vi0 sI0 gurjara, divAkara kRSNa, pra0 zrI0 kolhaTakara, kumAra raghuvIra, vokola, doDakara, lakSmaNarAva sara desAI, muktAvAI lele, ya0 go. jozI, vAmana coraghaDe, Thokala, ananta kANekara zAmarAva proka Adi / AkhyAyikA ke viSaya aura tatra (TekanIka) meM bhI paryApta sudhAra aura pragati hotI gii| vi0 sa0 khADekara ne 'rUpaka-kathA' nAmaka khalIla jibrAna aura Isapa ke dRSTAnto jaisI kAvyamayI choTI-choTI kathAe~ bahu-pracalita kii| usI prakAra se laghutama kathAeM bhI bahuta sI likhI gaI, jinameM vyaga ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| caritrapravAna, vAtAvaraNapradhAna kahAniyA~ ghaTanApradhAna kahAniyo se adhika pracalita hai| choTI-choTI kahAniyAM, jinameM mopAsA kI bhA~ti mAnava-prakRti ke kucha vaNita sthalo kA akana ho yA pro0 henarI kI bhAMti sahasAparivartI anta se koI camatkAra ghaTita ho, yA rUso kathAkAro kI bhA~ti vAstavika jIvana kI viSamatA kA kaTa-kaThora citraNa ho-marAThI meM adhika pracalita hai| isa sambandha meM vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie sarasvatI-presa se prakAzita galpasasAramAlA ke marAThIvibhAga kI bhUmikA paThanIya hai| yahAM taka sakSepa me maine DhAI karoDa marAThI-bhASiyo ke sAhitya ke vikAsa aura vistAra kI gata pA~ca-cha zatAbdiyo kI kahAnI prastuta kI hai / merA uddezya mukhyata marAThI na jAnane vAlo ko marAThI sAhitya kI bahuvidha pragati se paricita karAnA mAtra hai| ata kaI sthalo para adhika sUkSma vivaraNa cAha kara bhI nahIM de paayaa| sthalamaryAdA kA dhyAna rakhane se moTI-moTo rekhAmo me sthUla citra se hI santopa mAna liyA hai| nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA ke arddha-zatAbdI mahotsava ke prasaga para gata pacAsa varSoM kA marAThI sAhitya kA vistArapUrvaka itihAsa maine sabhA kI AjJA se likhA thaa| vaha abhI aprakAzita rUpa me sabhA ke pAsa hai / yadi avasara milA to hindI, vagalA, gujarAtI aura marAThI sAhitya kA tulanAtmaka itihAsa pustaka rUpa me hindI-bhASiyo ke lie likhane kI merI icchA hai| ujjaina ]

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marAThI meM jaina-sAhitya aura sAhityika zrI rAvajI nemacada zahA 1-Adi tIrthakara kA Adidharma jainadharma savase upekSita dharma hai| jainadarzana, saskRti aura itihAsa ke sambandha meM bhayAnaka galataphahamiyAM janatA meM phailI huI hai| prakhyAta vidvAna taka isa dharma ke sambandha meM kaI prakAra ke kutakaM karate dikhAI dete hai| bhagavajjinasenakRta mahApurANa me-"yugAdipuruSa proktA yugAdI prabhaviSNava" jo hai aime vRSabhadeva mahApratApI aura mahAprajJAvAna hue hai, aisA ullekha hai| sarvajJatA jisase prApta ho aimA sanmArga-ratnatrayapaya batalAne vAle vItarAgo Adya dharmopadeSya RSabha tIrthakara ne tatkAlIna aura vAda kI janatA ko sumamkRta jIvanapaddhati aura jIvanadRSTikoNa btaayaa| isIme 'prAdisuvidhakAra', 'arhata', 'Adibrahma' Adi mArthaka nAmAbhidhAno me kavIdra ne unakI stuti kI hai| mohenajodaDo meM prApta pAMca hajAra varSa pUrva ke avadopo meM RSabha tIrthakara ke kAyotsarga avasthA kI nagna mUrtiyAM gilpita milI hai| unapara RSabha ke bodhacihna bhI hai / ga0 va0 gamaprasAda candA ke anusAra ye mUrtiyAM RSabhatIrthakaro kI hI hai / audyogika yuga ke buddhipradhAna AcArAdi dharma kA prArambha imI prathama tIrthakara ne kiyaa| imo kAraNa isa kAlakhaDa ko 'kRtayuga' nAma se pukArA jAtA hai| vidyAvAridhi vai0 capatarAya jI kA kathana hai-"jaina kAlagaNanA kI dRSTi ne RSabha prAcIno me prAcInatama hai| kimI bhI dharma ko vyavasthita rUpa prApta hone se bhI pahale ke kAla meM ve ho gye|" nyAyamUrti rAgaNekara ne RSabhadeva ko prAcInatA ke sambandha meM kahA hai-"brAhmaNavarma-vaidikamata-astitva me Ane se pUrva jainadharma pracalita thA, yaha Ajakala ke aitihya sazodhana se nizcita hotA hai| jaina prathama hindudharmI the| bAda meM unhone usa dharma ko grahaNa kiyA, yaha kathana bhramapUrNa hai|" mathurA ke pahADo me RSabhamUrti, gujarAta, kAThiyAvADa, mAravADa Adi prAnto ke mandiro me prAcIna kAla ko mUrtiyAM aura una para khude prAcIna lekho se umI prakAra jana-arjana vAr3amaya ke lekhana meM bhI isa dharma kI prAcInatA niSpakSa satyabhakta sazodhako ko jaeNcI hai| saikaDo vizvasanIya pramANo me RSabhadeva hI jainadharma ke isa kAla ke prathama sasthApaka the, aisA dikhAI detA hai| neminAtha, pArzvanAtha aura antima cauvIsave mahAvIra Adi ne AditIrthakara RSabhapraNIta jinadharma kA hI prasAra kiyaa| 2-jainadarzana kI vizeSatAe~ vizva ke vibhinna rASTro aura samAjo ko saskRtiyAM jJAnopAsanA tathA jJAnasavardhana kI kasauTI para hI parakhI jAtI hai, yaha nirvivAda satya hai / usa kasauTI para kasane se vuddhi-pradhAna jainadarzana hameM vaijJAnika jAna paDatA hai / pUrva mUriyo ne AtmAnAtmavicAra-jIva-ajIva sRSTi kA aisA gaharA tarkapUrNa vivecana kiyA hai ki Aja ke vaijJAnika mazodhana kI kasauTI para bhI vaha pUrNata kharA utaratA hai| paramAtmapadaprApti hI mAnava kA uccatama antima sAdhya hai / yadi AtmA bahirAtmAvRtti choDa kara antarAtmA kA jJAna prApta kareM to isa sAdhya ko upalabdha kara sakatA hai / DaoN0 pa0 la0 vaidya ke zabdo me-"heya, upAya aura upeya ina tIna prakAro se prAtmasvarUpa kA vivecana pUjyapAda ke samAdhizataka meM jitanI sundaratA se huA hai utanA gAyada hI anyatra mila ske| DaoN0 esa0 ke0 de tathA pa0 nAthUrAma

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marAThI meM jaina-sAhitya aura sAhityika 531 sahA jI premI ne bhI yahI abhiprAya bhinna zabdo meM vyakta kiyA hai| prabuddhAtmA hI marvanatA prApta kara sakatI hai| sarvajJatA meM adhika zreSTha, magaladAyaka aura prAnanda pada para dUsarI kauna sI vastu hai ? imI marvanatA ke kAraNa tuSTi, puSTi tayA gAnti kA lAbha sava kara sakate hai| isa pRthvI para daivI sampadA kA sAmrAjya avatarita hokara, uccatama jJAnAnanda tayA kanAvilAsa meM nimagna hokara alI kika anirvacanIya mAttvika Ananda meM mava mahabhAgI ho skeNge| isa kAraNa jAna kI mahattA kA jainadAniko ne muktakaTha me varNana kiyA hai| jo pAtmatattva 'vodharUpam' hai vahI AnandadAyaka hai, vahI jAnamaya aura mokSadAyaka bhI hai| aise mvAbhAvika nAnamvabhAva me tanmaya honA hI paramAtmapada hai| amitagani prAcArya kahate hai-"jAna vinA nAstyahitAnivRtti stata pravRttirna hite jnaanaam|" jJAna kI mahattA kA varNana karane vAle jAnArNava jaise maikaDo granya jaina muniyo ne likhe hai| AtmA ko amaratA bhI vivaMkavAdIke dRSTikoNa me nyAyazAstra ke anumAra jainAcAryoM ne apane middhAnta tathA paugaNika granyo meM mapramANa middha kI hai| sampUrNa prANImAtra kA kalyANa karanA hI jainadharma hai aura umIke lie tIrthakarI ne tathA AcAryoM ne apanA jIvana bitaayaa| unhone Atmatattva pahacAna kara umame tanmaya hone kA nayA zreya-abhyudaya ke mArga me mokSa kI ora jAne kA upadeza diyaa| jainadharma ko mavame vaDI vigepatA hai cAro puruSArtho kI midvi| isa siddhi kA upAya manuSyo ke hAtha meM hai| apanI duSkRti kA, kriyAzUnyatA kA phala mbaya hame hI bhoganA caahie| umakA dopa bhI pUrNataya hameM hI hai / bhagavanta para yA bhAgya para dopa maDhanA jainavarma mammata nhiiN| pUjA kI mithyA TImaTAma isa dharma ne nahIM rcii| nadI, varagada, tulamI, nAga Adi kI pUjA karanA dharma kA parihAra karanA hai| yaha saba mithyApUjA hai-yahI isa udAradharma ne pratipAdita kiyaa| mAnatAe~ lenA mvAryapUrNa tayA nirvAdha vyaktiyo kA mArga hai, yahI isa dharma ne siddha kiyaa| bhAgya ko kosane kI vRtti durbalatA ko dyotaka hai| imame pAtmavala to nahI vaDhanA, ulaTe pAlasyAdi durguNo ko mahattva milatA hai-yahI upadeza ima dharma ne kiyA hai| isa dharma me sRSTikartRtva Izvara ko nahIM diyA gyaa| isI kAraNa Izvara ko dagA anukampanIya aura hAsyAspada nahIM huI aura usakI sarvazaktimattA abAdhita rhii| jainadharma kA pramukha siddhAnna hai-anekAta / pro0 mana jaikobI ke anusAra-"The Jainas believe the ar to be the key to the solution of all metaphysical questions" aryAta-"jano kA vizvAsa hai ki myAdAda mamamta AdhyAtmika pragnI ke samAdhAna kI kujI hai|" mahAna vanAnika AinsTAina kA mApekSatAvAda isI myAdvAda kI bhAMti hai| DaoN0 bhADArakara jaise vikhyAta paDita ne AkSepa kiyA hai ki zakarAcArya ne myAdvAda pUrI taraha na samajha kara usakI AlocanA kii| "Ahimsa is the fulfilment of life Killing the least is living the best" arthAt-"ahiMmA jIvana kI paripUrNatA hai / jo jitanI kama himA karegA, usakA jIvana utanA hI utkRSTa hogaa|" ina do sUtro me ahiMmA kI zreSThanA middha hotI hai| ahiMsA me amApa dhairya utpanna ho sakatA hai| jisameM tyAga, dhairya, pagakrama, mayama ye guNa ho, vahI saccA mahAvIra hai| jainamaskRti ne aime vIra aura vIrAganAe~ utpanna kI haiN| satyakSamA prAdi daza varmoM kA vivecana madbhAvanApopaka hai| vaha manupyatA nirmita karane vAlA hai| karmamiddhAta sambandhI jo vivecana jainAgamo meM milatA hai, vaha kisI bhI satyabhakta ko jaeNcegA hii| mampatti ke asamAna vaeNTavAre ke virodha ma parigraha pramANa kA mantra batA kara eka aora TaoNlsTaoNyamata aura dUsarI ora mamAjamattAvAda ke sAratattvo ko isa varma meM kucha ago meM mAnyatA dI gaI hai| . 3-prAcIna jaina-sAhitya DaoN0 50 la0 vaidya ke kathanAnusAra-"prAcIna jaina sAhitya guNasabhAra tathA makhyA samRddhi kI dRSTi me atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| jainadharma-saskRti tathA jAgatika jJAnavRddhi ke hetu se isa prAcIna sAhitya kA prakAzana kara use mavake

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532 premI-abhinadana-pratha liye upalabdha karA denA Avazyaka hai|" isI prakAra ke vidhAna anya prAcya-pAzcAtya sazodhako ne kiye hai| pro0 hIrAlAla kApaDiyA ne jaina granya-sUcI ke vAraha bhAga sampAdita kiye hai| usI prakAra pro0 velaNakara ne 'jina ratnakoza' ke do bhAga, lagabhaga savA sau sthAna ke jaina-praya bhADArAdi tathA jana-prajana paDito kI sahAyatA me 1944 Isvo me prakAzita kiye| jJAna-vijJAna ke pratyeka vibhAga meM-darzana, nyAya, vyAkaraNa, kAvya, vaidyaka, jyotipa, khagola, bhUgola, nATaka, cammU, sAhitya, bhautikavijJAna Adi vipayo para janamAhityiko ke sahasravidha ganya milate hai| ye sava racanAe mahAvIrottara kAla kI hai| jaino ke antima tIrthakara ko nirvAgaprApti ke pazcAt mAnavo-buddhi ko dhAraNAzakti dina-ba-dina kama hotI gii| mahAvIra ke pramukha zipya gautamagaNadhara ne agapUrva granya ko racanA kii| unhone vaha zruta-pAgama sudharmamvAmI ko sikhAyA / yahI mudharmasvAmI gyAraha granyo ke racayitA hai| unake pazcAt agapATho muni ho gye| vora nirgaNakAla ke pazcAt karIva mAta sau varasa taka vAgparamparA aura pAThAntara se hI yaha zrutajJAna cirasthAyI kiyA gyaa| isake pazcAt lekhanakalA kA udaya huaa| guruparamparA se zravaNa kiye hue aura musodgata dharmazAstra mahAkaviyo ne pahale tAmrapaTa, phira bhUjapatra, tADapatra Adi para, anta me kaI gatiyo ke bAda kAgaja para likhanA prArambha kiyaa| zrI bhUtavali muni ne prathama paTkhaDazAstrI kI racanA kii| yaha racanA jyeSTha zukla pacamI ko lipivaddha kii| tabhI se isa zAstra kI avatAraNA huii| usI dina ke upalakSa me abhI bhI zruta pacamI nAmaka jJAnotsava manAyA jAtA hai| usake uparAnta ke kAla khaDa me janasAhitya-pAgama, darzana, kAvya, kathA Adi kundakundAcArya, umAsvAmI, mamantabhadra, amRtacandrasUri, jinamena, guNabhadra, pUjyapAda, bhaTTa akalaka se lagA kara paDita toDaramala, pAgAdhara, gopAladAsa tathA nAthUrAma premI taka ke sabhI janamAhitya dhuranvaro ne racA hai| uparyukta tAlikA digambarapanyoya lekhako kI hai| zvetAmbariyo me bhI myUlabhadra, kalikAlasarvajJa, hemacandra, AtmArAma, zatAvadhAnI mahAtmA gayacandra Adi diggaja vAgvIro ne ciratana svarUpa kA anamola mAhitya racA hai| 4-marAThI meM jaina-sAhitya zravaNavelagula ke gommaTazvara kI-bAhubali kIjagadvignyAta mUrti ke caraNakamalo ke eka aora zilpita jo prasiddha zilAlekha hai, vaha marATho kA Adya zilAlekha hai / isa vizAla mUrti kI U~cAI 57 phITa hai| aisA zilpakArya bhAratavarSa me anyatra nahIM milegaa| nAgarI zilAlekha ke pahale lekha me-'thI cAmuDarAje karaviyale' (arthAt zrI cAmuDarAja dvArA banAyA gayA) yahI akSara hai / iname kevala zrI hI do phITa UMcI hai| lekha kI U~cAI mUrti kI UMcAI ke anusAra hI hai / nAgarI lipi ke dUsare marAThI lekha me-"zrI gagarAje suttAle" (arthAt zrI gagarAja ne isa mUrti kA kaTagharA banAyA) aisA ullekha hai| ina mUrti kI pratiSThApanA kA aura cAmuDarAya ke zilAlekha kA kAla 983 IsvI hai / voramArtaDa cAmuDarAja tathA gagarAja jainadharma ke vaDe pravartaka tathA prabhAvaka ho gye| isI ke nIce dvAviDI zilAlekha meM isI prAgaya kA lekha kannaDa tathA tamila bhApA meM bhI khodA gayA hai| __ marAThI ke janasAhityiko me prathama vAla brahmacArI hirAcanda amolika phalaTaNakara nAmaka sAdhuvarya kA gauravapUrNa ullekha karanA caahie| unhI ke sAtha brahmacAro mahatisAgara tathA kavIndrasevaka ina do tyAgiyo kA ullekha karanA paDatA hai| hirAcanda jaino ke AdyapurANakAra hai| ApakA 'jana rAmAyaNa' nAmaka kAvyagrantha prasAdapUrNa hai / vaha AvAlavRddha meM lokapriya hai| isa pratibhAsampanna paDita ne 'nalacaritra' bhI likhA hai| isake sivA anya phuTakara padyaracanA dvArA jainiyo kI andhazraddhA tathA mUrkhatAeM naSTa kI hai| tatkAlIna jaina samAja me kurUDhiyo kA bolavAlA thaa| hirAbuvA ne apanI pUrI prAyu unheM dUra karane me tathA samyagjJAna kA sAhitya dvArA tathA pravacana dvArA pracAra karane meM vitaaii| unake samana grantho ke tathA rAmAyaNAdi granyo ke punarmudraNa kI AvazyakatA hai| va0 mahatisAgara ke abhaga upadezapUrNa hai| uname vyAvahArika dRSTAnta, upamA ityAdi hone se ve atyanta

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marAThI meM jaina sAhitya aura sAhityika 533 prabhAvapUrNa aura manoraMjaka jAna paDate hai / yaha abhaga aura mahatisAgara kA carita zrI sakhArAma nemacaMda ne prakAzita kiyA hai / 1 va vIsavI sadI ke Adya jaina sAhityoddhAraka dAnavIra hIrAcanda nemacanda ke grantho kI carcA kI jAtI hai / Apane jainamAhitya kA marAThI tathA hindI bhASA meM prasAra karane ke lie 1885 IsvI meM 'jainavodhaka' nAmaka mAsika claayaa| unake dvArA jainAgamo kA marAThI meM suvodha anuvAda kara jainadharma kA prasAra kiyA jAya, aisA bhI sacAlako kA hetu thA / dhArmika grantha chApane kA virodha kara tatkAlIna jainapaDito ne jainamAhitya kI bar3I hAni kI hai| isa virova kI paravA na kara, bambaI ke prasiddha seTha mANikacanda pAnAcanda tathA hIrAcanda nemacanda ne jo vaicArika sudhAra kiyA, usI kA phala yaha hai ki marAThI tathA vibhinna prAntIya bhASAo me jainasAhitya vizAla parimANa meM prakAzita ho rahA hai / hirAcanda ne samantabhadrAcAryakRta 'ratnakaraDazrAvakAcAra' kA marAThI meM suvova yathAtathya anuvAda kiyA / isameM 150 zloka hai / una para pa0 sadAsukhadAsa kI hindI vivecanAtmaka TIkA bhI hai / isIme zrAvakAcAra bhI diye hai / isa gratha ko jainiyo meM bahuta mAnyatA dI jAtI hai / isa graMtha se dharma tathA nItizAstra ke mukhya-mukhya tattvo kA jJAna hokara sadbhAvanAo kA sacAra hotA hai / zrAcArya ke zrAvakAcAra kA anuvAda marAThI meM kara unhone marAThI-kaviyo para baDA upakAra kiyA / 'poDazakAraNabhAvanA' nAmaka anuvAda bhI upadezayukta banA hai| isake sivA pArzvanAthacaritra tathA mahAvIracaritra nAmaka do choTe-choTe caritra bhI likhe hai / unameM tatkAlIna tIrthakaro kI pUrvabhavAvali dI hai / umI se punarjanma, AtmA kI zramaratA yAdi ke samvandha meM sadeha dUra hote hai / yaha caritra sagodhanAtmaka, adyatana jAnakArI kA granveSaNa kara navIna paddhati se tathA svatantra rIti se sAgopAga adhyayana ke uparAnta likhe gaye hote to adhika uttama hotA / 'bhaTTAraka carcA' nAmaka nivandha ma jainajagadguru bhaTTAraka niriccha tathA vidvAna ho yaha Agama-sammata hone para Ajakala ke bahuta me bhaTTAraka lobhIvRtti ke svArtha se lipta ho hai - prata unheM dharmaguru na mAnA jAya isa prakAra kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| 'pAtradAna tathA navavidhAbhakti' nAmaka laghunibandha bhI unhone likhA hai / ve terApanyI the / 'kyA vezyAnRtya me terApanthI me vAdhA hogI ?" nAmaka nibandha meM apane anubhava aura vicAro kA sAra grathita kiyA hai / 'ahiMsA paramodharma' nAmaka nivanva tathA anya dharmagrantha bhI unhone marAThI ke hI samAna hindI tathA gujarAtI meM anUdita kara prakAzita kiye / unake 'jainakathAsagraha' ( 1907 IsvI) me 24 paurANika kathAe~ hai / yaha grantha vizva ke kathAsAhitya meM sthAna pA sakatA hai / jainakathAmAhitya kitanA U~cA hai, isa sambandha me DaoN0 jAna harTale jaise jarmana sagodhaka kahate hai - " sarvamugama, svAbhAvika tathA cittAkarSaka paddhati se kathAnivedana karane kA guNa jainagranyakAro meM mukhyata prApta hotA hai / " seTha jI ne jainakathAo kA anuvAda lAlityapUrNa rIti se kiyA hai / 'jainadharma-paricaya' nAmaka san 1901 meM diyA huA vyAkhyAna pustikA ke rUpa meM prakAzita huA hai, jisakI hindI, gujarAtI, zragrejI AvRttiyA~ huI hai / zAsanadevatApUjana, pApapuNya ke kAraNa, nirmAlyacarcA Adi anya nivandha Apane likhe hai / 1 unake macchiSya pa0 kallappA niTave dvArA anuvAdita bhagavajjinasenAcArya kRta 'mahApurANa AdipurANa' eka bahuta mUlyavAna graMtha hai / niTave jI kA saMskRta prAkRta bhASA para adhikAra, kAvyamarmajJatA tathA bhASAntarapaTutA unake sundara marAThI anuvAda me dikhAI detI hai / bhADArakara kI sazodhana sasthA dvArA jaise mahAbhArata kI vivecanA-pUrNa zrAvRtti prakAzita ho rahI hai, jaina yAdi purANa kI bhI vaisI AvRtti yadi nikala sake to bahuta acchA ho / isI yAdipurANa kI 'mahApurANAmRta' nAmaka sakSipta svataMtra racanA prastuta lekhaka ne prakAzita kI hai / niTave jI ne upadezaratnamAlA, devAgamastotra, prAptamImAsA, pa0 zrAgAdharakRta sAgAradharmAmRta, pacAstikAya, samayasAra, praznottara mANikyamAlA, samyaktva kaumudI, jainadharmAmRtasAra, kudakudAcArya kRta rayaNasAra, zramitagati zrAvakAcAra, jIvadharacaritra ( kSatra cUDAmaNi graMtha kA anuvAda) Adi aneka gratho ke marAThI anuvAda prastuta kiye hai| ina gratho meM se aneko meM jainasiddhAnta, AcAradharma, zrAtmAnAtmavicAra, sRSTikartRtva kI atyata tarkayukta mImAsA va vivecanA milatI hai / *

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 534 jIvanarAja gautamacanda dozI kA sAhitya ullekhanIya hai| bhagavadgItA ke samAna mahatvapUrNa zrI umAsvAmI kRta 'tattvArthasUtra' athavA 'mokSazAstra' nAmaka dazAdhyAyI saskRta gratha kA marAThI meM prasanna zailI meM uttama anuvAda Apane kiyA hai| mahAvIra brahmacaryAzrama kArajA ko kakuvAI grathamAlA se isI kI agalI tIna prAvRttiyAM prakAzita huI hai| isa gratha kA aMgrejI anuvAda vai0 jugamadaralAla aura brahmacAro gItalaprasAda jI ne kiyA hai (san 1920) / isI gratha kA anuvAda aura TokA jarmana bhASA me haramana jaikobI sAhaba ne kI hai| isa gratha para devanado urpha pUjyapAdAcArya kA sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka TIkAtmaka gratha pa0 ka0 niTave ne prakAzita kiyA hai, jise vavaI vizvavidyAlaya ne ema0 e0 aura vI0 e0 ke pAThyakrama me sannihita kiyA hai| isI jaina siddhAntAtmaka mUtramaya gratha para vibhinna cAlIsa prAcAryoM ne TokAe~ likhI hai| AcAryavarya guNabhadra ne 'AtmAnuzAsana' nAmaka mArmika anuvAda prastuta kiyA hai| isameM kAvya aura darzana kA madhura samanvaya hame milatA hai / jinasena aura guNabhadra Adi kavIndro kI yogyatA kAlidAsa ke samAna hai / 'harivazapurANa' nAmaka gratha kA anuvAda marAThI meM kara jIvagajabhAI ne paryApta yaza sapAdana kiyA hai| saskRta tayA marAThI dono bhASAmo para anuvAdakartA kA prabhutva hone ke kAraNa yaha anuvAda paDhate samaya mUlagratha kA ho rasAsvAda pAThako ko hotA hai| 'sArvadharma', 'jaina sidvAta pravezikA' bhI pa0 gopAladAsa ke grayo ke anuvAda hai| inameM se prathama me jaina dharma kA vizvakalyANopakAritva tathA dUsare me jainAgama ke pAribhASika zabdo ko yayArtha vyAkhyA dI gaI hai| inake anuvAda kiye hue 'sArvadharma' tathA vAja-pArTIla ke 'bhaTTAraka' nAmaka nivadha dakSiNamahArASTra jaina sabhA ne prakAzita kiye hai| brahmacAro jo ko yaha mAhityasevA unako sAhityabhakti ke anurUpa hai| jinavANI prakAzana ke lie ApakA kiyA huA tyAga atyata sarAhanIya hai| paratu Apake brahmacArI hone ke pazcAt ApakI sAhityasevA sthagita ho gaI, yaha dekhakara hama sabhI mAhityaramiko ko kheda hotA hai|| dharmavIra rAvajI sakhArAma dozI ne jainavAcanapAThamAlA (bhAga 1-4) aura kortanopayogI bhAgyAnAdiko kA anuvAda marAThI meM kiyA hai / Apane sau se adhika saskRta grayo ko marATho pahanAvA de kara prakAzita kiyA, yaha bAta Apake jaina sAhitya ke prati anupama prema ko vyakta karatI hai| hIrAcada nemacada ko vidupI kanyA kakubAI ne dazalAkSaNika dharma, samayasArikalaza, tattvasAra, mRtyumahotsava, sallesanA Adi gratho kA marasa tathA subodha marAThI anuvAda kara Apane apanI vairAgyazola vRtti kA paricaya diyA hai| ina mamo gratho meM nIti, dharma, tyAga tathA nivRttimArga ko pradhAnatA dekara vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ___ kavivarya pa0 jinadAsa ke anuvAdita gratha hai--svayabhUstotra, zrIpAtra kesarostotra, zrI gAtinAthapugaNa, zrI varAgacaritra, sukumAracarita, sAvayavammadohA, sArasamuccaya, prabhAcadAcArya kRta dazabhakti aadi| / zro nAnacada vAlacada gAdhI, usmAnAbAda nAmaka vidvAna kavi ne dravyasagraha, thAvakapratikramaNa, ravivArapratakathA ityAdi kAvya racanAe~ kI hai| unake vadhu tathA prasiddha sAhityika zrI nemacada vAlacada vakIla ne gomaTasAra jaise karmasiddhAta kA sUkSma vivecana karane vAle gahana gratha kA subodha anuvAda kara jaina-ajana pAThako ko upakRta kiyA hai| Apa ba0 zotalaprasAda jI ke ziSya hai| sAta varSoM kI gurusevA ke pazcAt Apane ina gratho kI racanA kii| ina gratho ke alAvA "Izvara kucha karatA hai kyA ?", guNasthAna carcA, subhASitAvalo, sAmayika pATha, sajjanacittavalaya, padmanadipacavizata ityAdi gratho se Apake vistRta vyApaka adhyayana kA paricaya prApta hotA hai| jainetihAsasAra ke bho ve hI sacAlaka hai| usame Apake kaI mArmika eva vidvattApUrNa lekha prakAzita hue hai| usmAnAbAda ke utsAhI taruNa jaina sAhityoddhAraka kavi zromAn motIcada horAcada gA~dho urpha 'ajJAta' kI 'sAdhuzikSA' prathama kalAtmaka kAvya racanA hai| anatara vRhatkathA koza, triyaSThismRti, Atmasiddhi, sajjanacittavalaya, nAmaka mAhitya kRtiyA~ Apa hI ko hai| nirapekSa, udAtta hetu se kiye gaye Apake jinavANI prakAzana ke lie Apako jitanI prazasA kI jAya, thoDI hI hai| ApakA mahAvIra caritra ke viSaya me sAdhAra jAnakArI ekatra karane kA kArya cala rahA hai| Apako yaha svatatra racanA caritragratho me ucca koTi kA sthAna grahaNa kregii| isa pustaka kI bhUmikAe~ dezabhakta aNNAsAhaba laTTha ema0 e0 tathA

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marAThI meM jaina sAhitya aura sAhityika 535 DaoN0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ema0 e0 ne likhI hai / jAgatika mAhitya meM jime sthAna prApta haiM aise kurala kAvya kA marasa anuvAda bhI Apane marAThI meM kiyA hai / isa graMtha kI bhUmikA meM pro0 cakravartI ne jainavarma kI prAcInatA darasA, kara nima tIrthakara vIraprabhu me kudakudAcArya taka kA udvovaka, ujjvala tathA prabhAvapUrNa itihAsa varNita kiyA hai| 'puruSArthamiDhyupAya' nAmaka pratha kA marAThI anuvAda kara inI 'ajJAta' kavi ne marAThI kAvya sAhitya ko bahuta vaDI dena dI hai / AryAvRtta meM yaha kAvya racA gayA hai / ima pustaka ko 34 pRSThoM kI eka bhUmikA zrahiMsA mAhAtmya para prastuta lekhaka ne likhI hai / zrI hIrAcaMda amIcaMda zahA ne jaina kathA mAhitya ke sumana cunakara 'jainakathA sumanAvalI' nAmaka jaya likhA hai / paurANika kAlIna mumaskRta jaina mamAja ke kathA mAhitya kA namAja vijJAna kI dRSTi me baDA mahattva hai / ApakI dUmarI kalAkRti hai 'yazodhara caritra' | surasa grathanAlA nAmaka prasiddha lokapriya prakAzana ke kAraNa vikhyAta zrI tAtyArAva neminAtha pAgala ne guNabhadrAcArya kRta uttarapurANa para pratyata parizramapUrvaka dIrgha avyayana me 'tIrthakaro ke caritra' marAThI meM likhe hai / isa graMtha se jaina tathA ajaina samAja kI prAcIna saMskRti para bahuta prakAza paDA hai / zrApakA san 1913 meM pUnA kI vamatavyAyAnamAlA meM diyA huA jaina dharma navavI vyAkhyAna 1921 meM zrI dI0 prA0 bIDakara ne prakAzita kiyA hai / sabhA ke adhyakSa 'AnaMda' ke masyApaka vA0 go0 ApTe kA bhASaNa tayA prApTe ke zakA samAdhAnArtha zrI hirAcaMda nemicada dvArA diye hue pratyuttara Adi bhava isI praya meM namAviSTa hai / Apane apanI mAlA meM jainetihAsa para kucha punikAe~ tathA kucha upanyAna bhI likhe / pAgala jI ke pitA bhI acche lekhaka aura kavi the / ApakI ratnatrayamArgapradIpa, padyAvalI tayA abhaga Adi pustakeM lokapriya huI hai / murana graMthamAlA ke kucha upanyAma zrI moticada gulAbacada vhorA ne likhe haiM / yahI para jaina mAhityiko meM pramukhampa me camakane vAle pratibhAnapanna upanyAnakAra zrI vAlacada nAnAcada gahA moDativakara kA ullekha vizeSa pa me kiyA jAtA hai | Apake samrAT azoka, chatramAla tathA upA nAmaka upanyAsa prauDha-prAjala zailI ke kAraNa tathA cittAkarSaka, sAlakRta bhASA ke lie prakhyAta hai / 'mamrAT grazoka' upanyAma ema0 e0 marAThI ke pAThyakrama meM dUsarI vAra raJjane mamaya nippala, rasika grAlocaka prA0 pagu ne isa upanyAma kI muktakaTha me prazamA kI haiM / (ina upanyAmo ke anuvAda premI jI ne hiMdI meM upalabdha karA diye-ma0 ) tIna upanyAma tathA 'praNayI yuvarAja' nAmaka eka nATaka likhakara zrI gahA ne mAhityamanyAsa kyoM le liyA, yaha eka aisI pahelI hai, jisakA uttara samajha nahI prAtA / yazasvI patrakAra ke rUpa meM vikhyAna zrI vAlacaMda rAmacada koThArI kA 'gItArahasya' para AlocanAtmaka pravava ullekhanIya hai / ina choTe me thAlocanAtmaka nivava meM koThArI kI vivecanAtmaka aura prakhara buddhi kA paricaya milatA hai / inake alAvA 'dharmAmRtarasAyana' nAmaka anuvAdita jainavamaM mavavI pustikA meM bhI unakI bhASApaTutA ke darzana hote haiM / pa0 nAnA nAga ne tattvArtha sUtroM kA marAThI anuvAda karake tathA paca parameSThI guNa jaise vahuta bhI upayogI punnikAe~ prakAzita karake jainadharma tathA jaina mAhitya ke prati prema vyakta kiyA hai| usI prakAra zrI vAlacada kasturacaMda dhArAzivakara ne aneka jainapraya prakAzita kiye hai | zrI kRSNA jI nArAyaNa jozI ne varmaparIkSA, dravyamagraha, vikramakavikRta nemidUta kAvya tayA varmagarbhAbhyudaya kAvya kA marAThI anuvAda kara jinavANI kI mevA kI hai / varmaparIkSA meM purANo kI kucha kathAe~ kaimI hAsyAspada yA zraddheya hai, ima bAta kA bahuta mArmika vivecana milatA hai / pa0 nAthUrAma jI premI ne bhaTTAraka nAmaka nivava aitihAsika nAmagrI ke AdhAra para sagovita karake parizramapUrvaka likhA hai / unakA anuvAda zrI vA0 ja0 pATIla ne kiyA hai / kuda-kudAcArya kRta 'paTpAiDa' kevalacada hirAcaMda koThArI budhakara ne prakAzita kiyA / nisvArthI prakAzaka zrI vAlacaMda kasturacaMda ummAnAvAda ne uparyukta kR0 nA0 jogI dvArA anuvAdita prayaM tathA zrAcArya sakalakIrtikRta mubhASitAvalI tathA malligeNAcAryakRta

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premI-pabhinadana-praya najanavitta vallabha aura papanadipatravinata mUla natva tayA marAThI anuvAda sahita prakAzita kiye haiN| bhaTTa bhakalA viracita ratnanyasAra kA maga panuvAda anarudevI dharmappA pAsADe nAmaka lekhikA ne kiyA hai| 10 pAtra jinadana upAdhyAya ne hAdamAnuprenA adhyAtma-vipapa ke uccakoTi ke gava 'paramAtma-prakAza' tayA kannaDa bhAratavaibhava kA anuvAda karake nAge ko bhUSita kiyA hai| janadhanako udAratA 'nAmaka svAya kI racanA, pramAta kavi dattAya raNadeva ke supara dho prabhAkarane ko paura vaha karmavAra vAlA nAva dhAvane nAgalI nAnA pAnika udAravI ne pakAnita kii| ina gapa ne jainAgama ke mAna jAtibhedAdi kRtrima vacana na mAna ra pahile kaI vivAha hue, unake udAharaNa dekara jaina dharma kA dRSTikoNa kaiga vigAla aura mamatAvAdI pA ilkA sundara vivecana kyiA gayA hai| kUpamaDUkvRtti ke pAThako para ina apa kA bahuta acchA prabhAva pdd'egaa| zrI cadappA jinappA hADole nAnaka pagatizIla vRtti ke lekhaka vai0 capatarAya jI ke janavarma ko prAcInatA nAnaka pAlbhApA ke vittApra tathA aitihAnika jAnakArI ne paripUrNa vyakA panuvAda kara magaThI nAhitya ko najjina yiA hai| jaino ne prasiddha itihAna lekhaka dho vA0 mula pATola hai| Apane dakSiNa bhArata , jaina paura jaina dharma kA nakSipta itihAna (san 198) gadi rAya navIna gato meM likhe hai / yi lekhaka ke guru aura bhUtapUrva pramozrI aNNAsAhaba ne apanI vidvattApUrNa bhUnikA ne rAjanIti, sAhitya, darzana prAdi vipano meM janamarma ne kyA kArya kiyA hai, masta prAkRta kannaDa, Adi bhApAyoM meM janadhAnyAyiyoM ne tine baDe pasanma kiye hai, yaha saba ina gaya ko paTakara manane pAtA hai ailaga parmimata diyA hai| uparyukta punnaka nayA bhAvAna mahAvIra kA mahAvIratva' nAmaka pakSa unake adhyapana kA nAzI hai / so pATIla kA pilata jJAna, nUna pavalokna banA vicAngalI tathA mananagIla vRtti pAdigaNa unake rAya ne saptahote hai / pAjanaka jano kA itihAsa parjana lekhako ne bahuna vikRta rUpa meM janatA ke mAnane rakkhA hai| unake lie uttara rUpa meM pATIna kA itihAsa bahuta uyukta hai| aApane samatabhadra ke zrAvakAcAra ke mAdhAra para eka mAlocanAtmaka para prakAsita kiyA hai, vaha bhI bahuta lokapriya humA hai| uma gaya meM aneka pranalita prazno nayA rUDiyo para pADityapUrNatayA nirbhIka vivecana milatA hai / ina gaya meM jaina dharma kI nAhakatA, udA tA, satyApRzyatA jAti, dayA namatA, batva Adi bAto kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vicAra-paddhati tulanAtmaka paura sopapattika hai| pantuta lekhaka ne no nistalinvita racanAeM kI hai (1) janavAda (man 1960) / (2) pamitagati pAcArya kRta sAmAyika pA0 (marAThI anuvAda) tathA anya do nAmAyika pATho kA savistara ptvaad| (s) pUjyapAda devanandi kRta namAvizataka (marAThI anuvAda-pa0 prabhAcada kI TIkA nahita) prathama AvRtti (1961) tathA tIrI mAvRtti (1938) / dUsarI AvRtti meM DaoN0 pa0 la0 vaidya ko vidvattApUrNa prastAvanA hai| (4) zrI jinamenAcAryakRta pAdipurANa ke bhAgAra para svatatra roti ne racita 'mahApurANAmRta / ' (5) bhagavAna nninena tapA guNabhadra ke cntri| yahacaritapA nAyUrAmapremI ke 'jainahitapI' meM vidvadralamAtA nAnaka tejo kA anuvAda hai| ina dono hI caritroM meM pAtmajJAnI kavIdra kI dono kRtiyo ne uddharaNa dekara unakA vizvasAhityiko sthAna nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai| () "jana varma para anakSipta vidhAna tayA unakA nirasana (1938) / isa gya kI bhUmikA jaina itihAsakAra vA0 mula pATIla ne likhI hai| (7) "janadarzana kI tulanAlaka vishesstaaeN|

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marAThI meM jaina sAhitya aura sAhityika 537 (8) "RSabhadeva hI jaina dharma ke saMsthApaka " ( pravadha) / capatarAya jI ke agrejI gratha ke AdhAra para likhA huA pravaca / (e) " oriyaTala liTarerI DAijesTa mAmika kA vihagamAvalokana", "mahAkavi puSpadata ke apabhraMza bhASA yadi purANa gratha kA parIkSaNa", "apabhraMga bhASA ke subhASita", "jainadharma tathA sudhAraNA", "sAhityakSetra me solApura prAtakA kArya", "bhagavAna mahAvIra kI janamAnyatA", "vizvoddhAraka tathA jaina dharma sarakSaka mahAvIra" "ciMtAmaNarAva vaidya ke jainadharma para AkSepa aura unakA niramana", "jainadharma - grAstika yA nAstika ?" Adi sphuTa lekha / inake sivA 'jaina dharma kA itihAsa' nAmaka 700 pRSThI kA gratha tathA 'mahAvIra aura TAlsTAya' nAmaka gratha prakAzita hai / zrI 0 0 0 nAdre ne rA0 bha0 dogI tathA prAcArya gAti sAgara ke caritra prakAzita kiye hai / san 1937 meM zrI vIragrathamAlA nAmaka eka prasiddha sasyA jainiyo ke khyAtanAmA kavi appA sAheba bhAU magaduma 'vIrAnuyAyI' ne sthApita kI hai / Ajataka isa grathamAlA se 20 pustake prakAzita huI hai / ahamadAvAda rAmakRSNa mizana ke mI0 kAtAvAI vAlacada jI0 e0 ne 'zramaNa nArada' nAmaka kathA kA anuvAda premIjI kI marAThI kathA se kiyA hai / yaha kathA 'satyavAdI' me 1636 meM marAThI meM prakAzita huI / udAra prakAzaka zrI ThAkAre ise jaldI hI prakAzita karane vAle hai | jaino kI suprasiddha kaviyitrI so0 sulocanAvArDa bhokare kI 'jaina mahArASTra lekhikA' tathA 'dakSiNa mahArASTra jaina sabhA kA itihAsa' nAmaka do pustakeM sadarbha graMtha ke rUpa meM upayogI hai / ApakI kavitAe~ prasAdapUrNa haiM / ApakI kAvyasapatti kI prazasA sAghudAsa ne kI hai / 0 misIkara nareMdranAtha jayavata kI 'vAlavodhinI' tathA 'jaina siddhAntapravezikA usI prakAra dA0 vA0 pATIla kA 'tattkAryamUtraprakAzinI' nAmaka gratha kaThina viSaya ko sugamatA se samajhAne vAle graMtho ke uttama udAharaNa hai, de0 bha0 vAvA jo laTTe ne do pustake agrejI meM likhI hai-- eka kai0 gAhu chatrapatI, kolhApura kI jIvanI, dUsarI jainijma / kavivarya tathA zreSTha upanyAsakAra kaM0 dattAtraya bhimAjI raNadive kI sAhityasevA vRhatmahArASTra meM vikhyAta hai / unhone cAra svatatra tathA vIsa anuvAdita upanyAsa, do praharUna, eka kIrtana tathA vAraha khaDakAvya likhe hai / jiname me gajakumAra, caritasuvAra, nilIcaritra, AryAratnakaraDaka, abhinava kAvyamAlA meM zrI keLakara dvArA sapAdita hokara haiM tathA kavitA bhAga 1 unake suputra prabhAkara ne prakAzita kiyA hai| dUsarA bhAga bhI ve jaldI hI prakAzita kareMge / cAMdavaDa kI mahArASTra - jaina- mAhitya prakAzana samiti ne "bhAratIya prabhAvI puruSa" nAmaka caritrAtmaka graMtha meM zrAvaka zAtidAsa, harivijaya jI sUri tathA teIsave pArzvanAtha tIrthakara kI tIna jIvaniyA~ sundara zailI meM prakAzita kara marAThI sAhitya me navIna yogadAna kiyA hai / ra0 dA0 mehatA tathA zA0 khe0 zAha nAmaka do udIyamAna lekhaka bhI mahArASTra ko jaina maskRti kA paricaya karA rahe haiM / kunyumAgara grathamAlA me (1) laghubovAmRtasAra (2) laghujJAnAmRtasAra tathA AcArya kunthusAgara viracita muvarmopadezAmRtamAra (praznottara rUpa meM) saMskRta se marAThI meM anuvAdita hokara prakAzita hone cAhie / kAvyaprAgaNa meM solApura ke mANika tathA zAtinAtha kaTake nAmaka do vaghutro ne acchA nAma pAyA hai / unhone marAThI meM jainapUjana kI padyAtmaka pustaka prakAzita kI hai / yaha pustaka bhakto ke upayoga kI hai / isa nivadha me marAThI ke jaina sAhitya tathA sAhityakAro kA paricaya vADmayodyAna me itastata vihAra karane vAle bhramara kI vRtti se kiyA gayA hai| yadi isameM kinhI vaDe prathakAro kA athavA kalAkRtiyo kA nAmanirdeza raha gayA ho to usake lie ve kSamA kareM / zolApura ] 68

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marAThI sAhitya meM hAsya- rasa zrI ke0 nA0 DAge ema0 e0 mahArASTroyo meM vinoda-buddhi vizeSa rUpa me hai / agrejI sAhitya me paricita hone ke bahuta pahile se unameM parihAsa -vRtti jAgrata thI / 'pahile zikhara, phira nIva' kA vedAntapUrNa vinoda vyakta karane vAlA mana kavi ekanAtha, 'pahile loge tabhI doge kyA he bhagavAna' kahane vAle nAmadeva aura 'acchI bheTa huI eka Thaga ne dUsare Thaga kI' kahane vAlA tukArAma isake udAharaNa haiM / moropata ne apanI 'kekAvalI' me gAbhIrya chor3akara kA lalatA alalatA' meM bacco kI sI tutalAhaTa gahaNa kI haiM / lokagIto meM gopiyo kI hAsyapUrNa uktiyo meM, kIrtanakAro ke hAsyapUrNa cuTakulo meM, lAvaniyAM gAne vAlo ko prasyAta chekApanhutiyo me, ghara-gharame pahelI bujhauvala ke rUpa meM 'ukhANo' meM vaha hAsya phailA huA hai| yadi mAyAbrahma kA vicAra karane vAle vedAbhyAsI jaDa gurujano meM vinodapriyatA isa sImA taka hai to pagrejI sAhitya ke saparka meM Ate hI yaha parihAsabuddhi vizeSa rUpa se phUlI phalI ho to usameM grAmnarya kyA ? ima pIDhI ke pahile kI poDhI ne pUrva anuvAdita hAsya para hI vizeSa dhyAna gayA thaa| zeksapIyara aura golDasmitha ke nATaka, bIravana kI kahAniyA~, uttara rAmacarita - mRcchakaTika Adi ke anuvAda bahu pracalita the / inake pazcAt svatatra prajJA ke hAsya kI racanAe~ hone lagI-gaDakarI ke nATaka me bhulakkaDa 'gokula kI gavAhI' 'paNbhAnikA kA vAdA' vidUSaka maitreya - gakArAdi ke zlepo me pravataka yAnI atre kI prasiddha 'pairoDI ' - 'ghovo, kaba Aoge loTa / " yA vAmana malhAra jozI ke kAvyazAstravinoda tathA mAmA varerakara ke mundara savAdo taka isa hAsya ne aneka rUpa dhAraNa kiye hai| Aja ke hamAre samAjajIvana meM to isa vinodapriyatA ke darzana sarvatra hote hai kahAniyoM me, citrapaTo meM, patrapatrikAo me cAra mahArASTrIyo kI gappo kI baiThaka me / sakaTa sahane kI Adata, kaSTamaya jIvana me bhI ha~samukha rahane kA svabhAva, ojasvI AzAvAda, vuddhipradhAna jIvana meM Ananda mAnane kI Teva, svastha zarIra aura AlocanAtmaka vRtti Adi guNo ke vicitra samanvaya ke kAraNa mahArASTra ke hADa-mAna meM hAsya bharA huA hai / gavAha vanane vAle nApita gAyako se lagAkara itihAsasazovana aura sAhityasammelana jaise gaMbhIra prasago taka hAsyapriyatA inake jIvana me ramI huI hai / java dUsare loga jIvana kI viSamatAo ko burA-bhalA kahate haiM, usake nAma ne rote haiM, mahArASTrIya haeNma-khelakara unako bhulAne kA prayatna karate hai / yaha unakI svabhAva-gata vizeSatA hai / Adhunika sAhitya meM hAsyayuga kA AraMbha zrIpAda kRSNa kolhaTakara ke 'sudAmA ke tadula' se hotA hai / 'pAnI ke durbhikSya' meM kolharakara kahate haiM -- "zrAddha ke tarpaNa me pAnI kA mitavyaya hone lagA / zuddhodaka kA kArya pUjanavidhi meM kevala akSatAoM se hone lagA / pAnI pIte samaya 'hA~, pAnI nahI, jarA madirA pI rahA hU~' aise asatyavidhAna karane lage / pAnI kI dukAna khulane lagI- uname jo prAmANika thI vahI zuddha pAnI milatA / anya dUkAno me to pAnI meM dUdha milAkara diyA jAtA" / kolharakara ke hAsya nivagho me lokabhramo kA nirasana aura sAmAjika rUDhiyo para prahAra milate haiM / udAharaNArtha vivAha meM daheja kI prathA ke sabaMdha meM ve kahate hai - 'mahArAnI vikToriyA kI jIvanI jabase maine paDhI, unakI alaukikatA ke viSaya meM merI zraddhA baDhatI hI calI gaI / vaha zraddhA yahA~ taka vaDhI ki mujhame unake cehare kI mudrAo kA sagraha karane kA zauka bahuta vaDhA / rAnI sAhibA to nahI rahI, kama se kama unakI raupya pratimAoM kA viyoga na ho, isI bhAvanA se maiM apane putra ke lie daheja svIkAra kruuNgaa|' jyotiSa sammelana ke adhyakSapada se diye bhASaNo meM bhI unhone apanI vinodapriyatA nahIM choDI /

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marAThI sAhitya meM hAsya rasa 536 sAhityasamrAT na0 ciM0 kelakara to vinoda ke avatAra hai / Apane 'hAsyavinodamImAsA' nAmaka samA locanAtmaka graMtha likhA hai / sAtha hI kaI sundara nivadho me apanI parihAsa -priyatA kA paricaya diyA hai / apane hI jIvana kI ghaTanAe~, mAno ha~sate-khelate hue ve kaha rahe ho -- aisI sahaja - manorama unakI zailI hai / 'vilAyata kI saphara' meM ve kahate hai- 'himAcchAdita zrAlpasa parvata kA zikhara aisA jAna paDatA hai jaise khicaDI para garI kA cUra vichA diyA hai| isase mujhe khicaDI khAne kI icchA huI haiM, aisA na samajhe / ' hAusa graoNpha kAmansa kA varNana dete hue ve likhate hai'matrimaMDala jahA~ baiThatA hai usa kone meM adherA thA / jisa sAmrAjya para sUrya kabhI asta nahI hotA usakA kArobAra aise hI a~dhere me calatA hai / ' "gItA ke bahuta baDe premI eka vakIla gotArAva the, jinhe dukha huA to use ve 'viSAdayoga' kahate, vIDI pIte hue ArAmakursI para paira phailAkara A~khe mUda kara paDe rahane ko 'dhyAnayoga' kahate / jaba koI muddaI rupaye lA detA aura ve use ginate to use 'sAkhyayoga' kahate / hajAmata karane baiThate to use 'sanyAsayoga' kahate / 'kAnphiDenziyala' koI vAta zrAtI to use ve 'rAjaguhyayoga' kahate / " gaDakarI urpha 'bAlakarAma' ne to apane lekha, kAvya aura nATako me hAsya ko khUba bikherA hai / kakaNa ( eka nATaka kA pAtra ) yAda kiyA huA bhASaNa kahatA hai ki 'tumhAre sauMdarya kA varNana hajAra jihvAvAlA brahmA aura cAra mu~havAlA zeSanAga bhI nahI kara sakatA / tumhAre nakha bhramaro se, caraNa pravAla se, gati kadalI stabha-sI zraura hAthI ke samAna hai / zAyada kahI kucha bhUla ho rahI hai / ' unakA 'kaviyo kA kArakhAnA' aura 'ThakIce lagna' bahuta prasiddha vinodI nivadha hai / citya kA pUrA dhyAna rakhakara, sAhitya kA pavitra uddezya na vigADate hue uccakoTi kA hAsya vA0ma0 jozI sAhitya meM milatA hai / unake upanyAso meM yaha vinoda - buddhi sUkSmatA se nirIkSaNa karane para parilakSita hotI hai / 'Izvara sarvabhUtAnA hRddeze'rjuna tiSThati' para bhayyAsAhava ( eka pAtra jo ki DAkTara hai ) kahate hai - 'maine kaI vyaktiyo kA hRddeza Aparezana ke samaya chUrI se kATa kara bahuta vArIkI se dekhA hai, parantu vahA~ kahI Izvara nAmaka cIja dikhAI nahI dI / ' 'rAgiNI' nAmaka upanyAsa meM isa prakAra ke kAvyazAstravinoda ke kaI sundara prasaga milate hai / 'suzIlecA 'deva' meM eka pAtra ko lata hai ki vaha vAravAra kahatA hai- 'spesara kahatA hai ki-' aise abhijAta aura akSara ( klAsikala) vinoda kA yuga ava bIta gayA / aba vaha sarvagAmI, sarvakala, sArvatrika ra mArvajanIna vana gayA hai / pahile jo zabdaniSTha vinoda bahuta pracalita thA, usakA sthAna aba prasaganiSTha aura vAtAvaraNaniSTha vinoda ne le liyA hai / kue~ kI bhAti gaharAI hAsya me se cAhe kama ho gaI ho, paratu sarovara kI bhAti pramAra usameM vaDhA hai / ava hAsya ne nAnA prakAra ke AkAra aura rUpa grahaNa kara liye hai-- upahAsa, viDavana, uparodha, vyagacitra, atizayokti, vyAjokti Adi / 'sAdhanAnAmanekatA' isa vibhAga me pratyakSa dikhAI detI hai / prA0 nA0 sI. phaDake kaoNleja kumAra zraura kumAriyo ke jIvana ke citrakAra tathA usI varga ke priya lekhaka hai / unake upanyAso sabhApaNa meM bhI yaha sUkSma hAsya chaTAe~ bikharI huI hai / vi0 sa0 khADekara kA vinoda adhikAza upamArUpaka dRSTAnto para nirbhara hai / 'ulkA' upanyAsa meM laDakI kA nAma kyA rakkhA jAya isa sabaMdha meM carcA cala rahI hai 'tArA nAma kyo nahI rakhate / eka candra kA hAtha pakaDa kara bhAga gaI, dUsarI ne sugrIva se vivAha kara liyA / ' 'paratu harizcandra kI tArA to pati ke sAtha svaya bhI Ryita huI / ' 'tArA to sthira rahane vAlI hai / apanI laDakI kucha grAdolanamayI honI caahie|' 'to use ulkA hI kyo nahI kahate / " to khADekara-sAhitya meM isa prakAra ke zleSa aura hAsyapUrNa sabhASaNa itane adhika hai ki yaha Upara kA dRSTAta kevala siMdhu me se biMdu dikhAne ke samAna hai / isa vinoda kI gahana sAhityikatA ko aura bhI janapriya banAne kA zreya hai pri0 atre ko| kaI bAra unakA vinoda zlIlatA kI sImA kA atikramaNa kara jAtA hai / paratu marAThI sAhitya meM kavitA kI pairoDI (viDavana) kI prathA unhone apane 'jheDUcI phule' se baDhAI aura usake hAsya ke kAraNa hI mahArASTra

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140 premI-abhinavana-gratha kI bhUmi Aja jIvita avasthA meM hai / unake hAsya ke kucha udAharaNa dekhiye --' vivAha kA zAradA - kAnUna jaisA vinodI kAnUna aura koI nahI hogA / gunAha ho jAne ke bAda yaha kAnUna kimI riyAsatI pulisa kI bhAMti vahA~ a~gasing hAiyA~ bharate hue bhAtA hai / bahuta bAra prAtA bhI nahI / cAra mahIne caturbhuja hone ke ( jela jAne ke ) vAda agara cAhe to prAdamI eka anajAna laDakI se janama bhara ke lie caturbhuja (vivAhita) ho sakatA hai, to itanA hama koI bhI zrAryapuruSa karane ke lie udyata hogA / ' 'kavijano kA kyA khiye| unakI kalpanAzakti itanI urvarA hai ki unameM se koI to himAlaya ke zisara para baiTha kara bhI 'eka pleTa AisakrIma khAne kI icchA vyakta kara sakatA hai / ' gaDakarI kI 'zraruNa' nAmaka vIrarasa kI utprekSAtro me paripUrNa kAvya para atre ne eka hAsyarama kI utprekSAzrI me bharI pairoDI lisI hai, vaise hI mAghava jyUliyana ke 'tU' aura 'maiM' kI bhI / ya0 go0 jozI ke likhe hue 'iTara vyU' (mulAkAteM) hAsya se bhare-pUre hai / vAlTeyara kA yuga zrava marAThI dUra nahI / 'punarbheTa' nAmaka unake kahAnI - sagraho ma 'jaya magneziyA' ma eka dezabhakta zuddha svadezI zropadhi ke puraskAra megneziyA kA bhI kaise vahiSkAra karatA hai, isakA varNana hai, 'itihAsa ke praznapatra meM zrAdhunika zikSApraNAlI para bahuta gaharA vyaga hai, 'gyAnabA tukArAma zrIra TekanIka' ma Adhunika lenako kI TekanIka - priyatA kA parihAma hai| aise hI zrIra bhI kaI udAharaNa mila sakeMge / svatatra hAsyanivaca lisane kI paraparA ka0 limaye, ci0 vi0 jogI, zAmarAva thoka, vi0 mA0 dI0 paTavardhana yAdi lekhako ne calAI / nA0 dho0 tAmhanakara kA 'dAjI' avismaraNIya hai / bAla- mAhitya ra bolapaTo me bhI hAmyarama ke darzana zrava hameM paryApta zrIra pracura mAtrA meM milane lage hai / mandasaura ]

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marAThI kA koza - sAhitya zrI prA0 vA0 nA0 muDI vaidika vADmaya ke adhyayanArtha jaise nighaTu, vaise hI homara Adi ke adhyayana ke lie 'glAsarIja' kI racanAe~ IsA pUrva 700-800 ke AsapAsa huI / koga nirmANa kI yaha vRtti itanI purAnI haiM / kevala saMskRta ke hI koga leM to AphraMTa kI sUcI ke anusAra tIna mau se adhika prAcIna saMskRta-koza upalabdha haiM / koza nirmANa atyaMta kaSTamaya aura zuSka kArya hai, tayApi sAhitya ke rasAsvAdana ke lie vaha atyata upAdeya vastu hai / sAhitya kA vaha eka pra aga hai / sAhitya ko lokagagA ke pravala pravAha meM akSararUpa meM TikAye rakhane kA zreya sarvAMgata ina kozo ko hai / yaha / bhI leM ki pahile manuSya phira niyamana, pahile nadI, phira ghATa, usI prakAra se pahile bhASA phira koga kA nirmANa hotA hai to bhI unakA mUlya kama nahI kiyA jA sakatA / amarakozAdi saMskRta kozo kA Adarza sAmane rakhakara marAThI ke prAraMbhika koga bane / 'mahAnubhAva' patha ke sAhitya kA kSetra abhI hAla me hI khulA hai aura usame abhI mazovana cala rahe haiM / mahAnubhAviyo ne padya ke samAna gadya me bhI vaidyaka-jyotipa-vyAkaraNa-smaraNikA Adi graMtha likhe the| kucha mahAnubhAvo ne saketalipi kA bova karAne vAle eka gratha ko racanA kI / yahI marATho kA prAcInatama koza hai / zrI rAjavADe ne jJAnezvara Adi sata kaviyo ko sahaja - sugama banAne ke lie yAdavakAla ke kucha koga dekhe / una kozo meM aura bhI prAcIna kozo kA ullekha hai, aisA kahA jAtA hai / paratu ye saba koza abhI taka anupalabdha hI hai / isa prAraMbhika kogollekha ke pazcAt zivA jo ke samaya ke 'rAjyavyavahArakoza' taka koI koza nahI milatA / yaha madhyama-kAla dhArmikatA aura zraddhA kA hone ke kAraNa saMbhava hai ki vaijJAnika vivecana ko sahAyatA denevAle koga jaise sAhitya kI isa kAla meM AvazyakatA vizeSa na rahI ho / zivAjI kI rAjavyavahAra kuzalavuddhi ko aime eka koza ko AvazyakatA jAna paDI hogI, paratu unakI preraNA se bane isa koga ke pazcAt eka sadI taka koI koga nahIM vanA / pezavAI ke pratima dino meM agrejI kogo kI preraNA se kozaracanA AraMbha ho gaI / agrejo ne parAjita rASTra kI sabhI acchAiyo ko AtmasAt karane ke hetu bhAratIya bhASA aura saskRti kA adhyayana AraMbha kiyaa| mizanarI isa kArya me sarvaprathama agrasara huA / kalakattA ke pAsa mIrAmapura mizana ke 'zilAprema' para marAThI kA vyAkaraNa chopA gayA / 1510 meM moDI lipi me marAThI agrejI koza banAyA gayA / pa0 vidyAnAtha zrathavA vaijanAtha zarmA nAmaka nAgapura ke bhosale ke kalakattA nivAsI vakIla ne ime taiyAra kiyA / Adhunika marAThI sAhitya meM agrejI ke sasarga se nirmita yaha prathama koNa hai / DaoN0 viliyama kerI ne apanA dharmahita aura dezahita cAhe sAdhya kiyA ho, paratu marAThI bhASA unakI RNI rahegI / unako hI preraNA se mudrita graMtho kI sakhyA marATho me vaDhane lagI / uparollikhita prathama koga ke 14 varSa bAda 1824 IsvI meM karnala keneDo ne eka koza bnaayaa| abhI bhI koza nirmANa me dRSTi kevala suvidhA ko hI thI / bhAratIya mahArASTrIya aura Aglamizanariyo ke bIca me parampara vyavahAra kaise adhika sugamatA se ho sakeMge, yahI pravAna uddezya ina kogo kA thA / sabhava hai ki zivA jI kAla aura agrejo ke abhyudaya kAla ke bIca meM bhI kucha koza varne ho, jo marAThI - phArasI, phArasI-marAThI, marAThI porcugIja, porcugIja- marAThI ityAdi rUpa meM ho aura jo rAjadaravAro meM dubhASiye ke kAma Ate rahe ho aura unakI hI sahAyatA se ye mudrita koza banate rahe ho / paratu ina kozo ko zramatoSajanaka mAna kara I0 1826 me pUrNata bhAratIya vidvAnoM kI samiti dvArA nirmita eka koza racA gayA / ima samiti me pa0 chagave, phaDake, jozI, zukla aura parazarAma pata goDabole pramukha the / yaha koga pahale

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542 premI-abhinadana-pratha ke kozo se AkAra-guNo meM adhika vitRsta aura uttama hai| 1831 me molmavartha ne eka navIna zabdakoza banAyA, jo usake pUrva ke sabhI kozo se adhika vaijJAnika aura zabdo ke cunAva, sakhyA, artha Adi sabhI dRSTiyo meM behatara hai| abhI bhI molsavartha kA yaha koza pramANabhUta mAnA jAtA hai| parizramapUrvaka, vivecakavuddhi se vaha banAyA gayA thaa| mejara kyADo ne isI koza kI dUsarI AvRtti me ve dopa mudhAra diye, jo pahale maskaraNa me raha gaye the| inake bAda ke koza isa prakAra the---gIrvANa laghukoza (ja0 vi0 oka-1837), saskRta prAkRta koga (anatazAstrI talekara--1853, aura mAdhava candrovA-1870), hasakoza (20 bha0 goDavole-1853), vigrahakoza-dhAtutyutpattikoza (va0 zA0 ma0 gopAlazAstrI dhATe-gilAllikhita-1867), saskRtamahArASTra dhAtukoga (viSNu parazarAma paDita-1865), vAvA padama jI aura vA0 go0 ApTe ke koga-1963, ralakoza-vA0 bha0 vIDakara-1866, navIna kiMvA suparakoza-20 bha0 goDavole-1870, saskRta-prAkRta koganA0 prA0 goDavole-1872, Adi koza nivadhamAlA yuga taka likhe gye| isake pazcAt kozasAhitya ke dRSTikoNa meM vicitra parivartana hone lgaa| koganirmANa kI ora jisa vaijJAnika dRSTi se dekhane kI pravRtti pAzcAtyo ne pracalita kI usakA maisarga idhara bhI vaDhA / pahale kI sakucita dRSTi dUra hokara use vyApaka rUpa milane lgaa| isa bAta kA pramANa janArdana harI pAThale aura rAva jI kezava sAvAre kA durbhAgya se adhUrA par3A huA vizvakoza hai / pahile lekhaka ke koza kA nAma vidyAmAlA (1878) aura dUsare lekhaka ke koga kA nAma vidyAkalpataru hai / lo0 tilaka ke eka sahAdhyAyI mAdhavarAva nAma jogI ne bhI eka vistRta kozaracanA kA sUtrapAta kiyA thaa| vaha prayatna unake asAmayika nidhana se apUrNa rhaa| zuddha marAThI koza (vi0 rA. bApaTa aura vA0 vi0 paDita-1891) se kevala zabdArtha na dete hue kucha adhika jAnakArI dene kA prayatna hone lagA ye koza hai sthala nAmakoza (go0 vA0 vaidya aura vA0 va0 bharakare-1866), aitihAsika sthala sUcI (go0 kA0 cAdArekara), apabhraSTazabdacadrikA (pra0 rA0 paDita-1878), vyutpattipradIpa (go0 za0 vApaTa--1908) / ava koza sAhitya ke anya kSetra bhI khulane lage aura bhAratavarSa ke prAcIna aitihAmika caritrakoza (ra0 bhA0 goDavole), rAjakoza (pra0 sI0 kAkele), vAkyapracAra aura kahAvato kA koza (solakara, dezapADe-tAralekara, chatre, ApaTe, vi0 vA0 bhiDe), sakhyAvAcaka durbodhazaka koza (raghunAtha devamI mule) ke sAtha-sAtha anya bhASAmo ke koza bhI banane lage, yayA porcugIja-marAThI (sUryAjI pAnadarAva rAjAdikSa dalavI), kannaDa-marAThI (nA0 mo0 rudre), vagAlI-marAThI (vA0 go. ApaTe), phArasI-marAThI (mAdhavarAva paTavardhana, pAdA cAdorakara), hidI-marAThI (na0 ta0 kAtagaDe urpha muDalika aura vaizapAyana) 'TveMTietha seMcurI' agrejI-marAThI DikzanarI (zrI0 rAnaDe), amarakoza kA marAThI bhASAtara / marAThI zabda ratnAkara (vA. go. ApaTe) aura gabdasidvinivadha (AThavale, AgAze) koza sAhitya ke pradhAna stabha mAne gaye hai| __koga-sAhitya kI dRSTi ava adhika vyApaka hone lgii| jJAna kI sImAe~ jyo-jyo baDhane lagI, isa ora mAMga bhI baDhatI gii| DaoN0 ketakara kA mahArASTra jJAnakoza isI maoNga kI pUrti hai| DaoN. ketakara ke koza kI tulanA meM bhAratIya sAhitya kI anya bhASAoM meM virale hI gratha hoge| vi0 ca. bhiDe kA 17 khaDo kA zabdakoza, sarasvatIkoza, siddhezvarazAstrI citrAva kA vaidika sAhitya kA adhyayana sulabha banAne kI dRSTi se caritrakoza, ga0 ra0 mujumadAra kA vyAyAma-jJAnakoza-para bhiDe kA pAMca khaDo me 'vyavahArajJAnakoza', inake alAvA vanaspatikoza, vaijJAnika zabdakoza, samAjI zAsana zabdasagraha, vAGmaya sUcI, pAribhASika zabdakoza, rasakoza Adi kaI abhinava atha isa dizA me milate hai / hAla meM mAnasazAstrazabdakoza prA0 vADekara ne prakAzita kiyA hai / isa prakAra se koza sAhitya kA mahAvRkSa bahuta dUra-dUra taka phailatA jA rahA hai| gvAliyara]

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rAsayuga ke gujarAtI-sAhitya kI jhalaka zrI kezavarAma kAzIrAma zAstrI vikrama kI padravI sadI ke atima pacIsa varSoM meM gurjara bhASA ke prAdi-kavi kA gaurava prApta karane kA maubhAgya pAnaM vAne jUnAgar3ha ke nAgara kavi narasiMha mehatA ne apanI ora me eka viziSTa prakAra kI kAvyavAga pravAhita kii| umame pahile gujagatI bhASA meM kucha bhI mAditya nahIM thA, emA nI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| picha nIma-paitIsa varSA meM ima vipara meM jo kucha magodhana hae hai, unhoMne siddha kara diyA hai ki bhAratavarSa meM anya mahodarA mApAnI ke sAhitya kA jaba taka prArama bhI na huA thA, gujarAta meM bhApA bahuta mamkAra pA cukI thii| gorjara apanaga ke marakSaka AcArya hemacadra ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM apanA kA vyAkaraNa dete hue hama jo lokasAhitya kA paricaya diyA hai use dekhate hue aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa bhUmi meM vipuna mAhitya kA sRjana ho cukA thaa| mabhavana uma mamaya vaha amna-vyasta rahA hogaa| apanaga mAhitya tI vaI pagmiANa meM grayA meM A gayA thA, para usama kevala gujarAtI bhASA hI prayukta huI hai,aisA kahane ke lie hamAraM pAma paryApta pramANa nahIM hai| vaha to bhAntavarSa ma gyArahavI-bArahvI zatAbdI paryata gaSTrabhASA ke rUpa meM svIkRta mAmAnya apanaga ke mAhitya kA eka aga hai, aimA kahanA adhika upayukta hai| jaba moja ke 'marasvatI kaThAmagNa' kI racanA huI taba hama apane mAhinya ko amalI pa ma dekhane kA maubhAgya prApta huA / gujarAta deza kI bhI apanI nijI bhASA thI, isa bAta ke abhI taka prApta pramANo meM prAcInatama pramANa yahI gratha hai / bhoja kA "apanagana tuppati vana nAnyaMna gurjaga" (ma0 ka0 2.13) yaha mabura kaTAkSa yahA~ ke lokasAhitya kI ampaSTa smRti karAtA hai, yadyapi bhoja ke ullimbita udAharaNoM meM hama prAntIya bheda ko spaSTa karane ke lie kucha bhI nahIM miltaa| isa prakAra kA lAbha nA hama sarvaprathama prAcArya hamacadra ke dvArA hI milaa| apabhraga kA vyAkaraNa dete hue prAcArya hemacadra ne loka-sAhitya meM meM cuna-cuna kara aneka dohe hamAre lie ekatra kara diye hai| sabase pahilaM uname hama isa deza kI gamikatA kA svAda milatA hai| eka prabhAvazAlI citra deviye vAyasu uhAvantie piTa diTuTa sahamatti / zraddhA valayA mahihi gaya addhA phuTTa tatti / / (8-4-352) virahiNI mRkha kara kAMTA ho gaI hai| vigha ke kAraNa vaha magala-mUcaka kauve ko uThAne jAtI hai aura usakI dubalI kalAI meM me prAdhI cUr3iyAM nikala paDanI hai| itane meM vaha apane priyatama ko AtA dekhanI hai aura ima hapaviga meM umakA garI praphullita ho jAtA hai| pAnaTa ke udreka me usakI dubalI kalAiyAM rakta meM inanI bhara uThanI hai ki zeSa truTiyA~ kalAI meM na mamA makana ke kAraNa naTAtaTa TUTa jAtI hai| vappIhA piTa piu bhaNavi kittiu rumahi hayAsa / tuha jani maha puNu vallahai bihu vi na pUrina zrAma // (8-4-383) hai papIhe | tu piDapiTa' cillAne-cillAte hatAza ho gayA hai, kintu jala ne terI pAyA pUrI nahIM kii| mere priyatama ne bhI merI pAyA pUrNa nahIM kI hai| 'jaba gaha-prAgaNa meM kauvA bolatA hai to usa dina kisI atiyi ke pAne kI sabhAvanA kI jAtI hai| gujarAta ko isI mAnyatA kI aura yahAM makta hai-lekhaka /

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544 premI-abhinadana-praya piya saMgami kau niddaDI pinaho parokkhaho kemba / mai vini vi vinAsimA nidda na emva na temva // (8-4-418) priyatama sAtha hote haiM to AnadollAsa ke kAraNa nIda nahI aatii| sAtha nahIM hote to viraha-dukha ke kAraNa mAMsa nahIM lgtii| isa prakAra milana aura vichoha dono prasago me merI nIda calI gaI hai| aise aneko zRgAra, vIra, karuNa Adi rasa ke sAragarbhita udAharaNa prAcArya hemacadra ne diye hai| inheM dekhane se anumAna hotA hai ki isa loka meM kitanA vipula sAhitya vikharA huA paDA hai / isa prakAra kA sAhitya niratara vaDhatA ho gayA hai| sAhitya ke gayo meM usakA adhikAga mammilita nahIM huA hai, para isa pradeza me vaha abhI taka vyApta hai| zrI bhoracada meghANI Adi loka-sAhitya ke premiyo ne ume paryApta parimANa me sagRhIta karake isa deza kI rasikatA, voratA Adi kA hame spaSTa paricaya diyA hai| eka ora rasikatA-pUrNa loka-sAhitya panapA to dUsarI ora anya prakAra kA sAhitya bhI phlaa-phuulaa| aneka mAhityakAro ne haima-yuga me sAhitya-sRjana kiyA, para usame hame bhApA ke asalI rUpa kA AbhAsa nahIM miltaa| yaha coja to hame rAsayuga ke sAhityakAro kI racanAtro me hI dikhAI detI hai| sa0 1241 meM nirmita vIrarama se pUrNa gAlibhadra sUrikRta "bharatezvara bAhubalirAsa" nAmaka rAsa-kAvya abhI taka jJAta-kRtiyo meM prAcInatama kRti hai, jimameM isa deza ko volo asalo svarUpa meM hame milatI hai| joIya maraha nariMda kaTaka mUchaha vala ghallai , kuNa bAhUbali je u barava mai siu bala bullai / jai girikadari vicari vIra paisatu na chuTai, jai thalI jagali jAi kimhai tu sarai apUTai // 130 // isa deza kA sAhityakAra bhI yahAM apanI mUcho paratAva detA jAna paDatA hai| rAsayuga ke lagabhaga DhAI sau varSa ke pazcAt jana kaviyoM ne rAsa, phAgu, vAramAsI, dhavalagIta, kakkA ityAdi aneka prakAra kA samRddha sAhitya isa deza ko bheTa kiyA / isame se prakAzita to bahuta kama huaahai| abhI to kaI sau kI sakhyA me pADulipiyA~ bhaDArome davIcho par3I hai| phira bhI jo kucha prakAzita huA hai usase rAmayuga kI bhavyatA kA paricaya milatA hai| rAmayuga kI kavitA dhArmika paridhi me vadhI huI hai / ata prathama dRSTi me umame hame dhArmikatA kA hI AbhAsa hotA hai, para usakA sUkSma adhyayana karane para dhArmika tattva to kevala kathA-vastu taka hI nImita dIkha par3atA hai| usa kathA-vastu kI goda meM vAstavika kavitva ota-prota dikhAI par3atA hai| neminAtha aura rAjimatI ko lakSya karake likhe gaye bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke aneka kAvyo meM hame asalI kAvya ke darzana hote hai| vAramAso viraha kI mahattvapUrNa kAvya-kRti hotI hai| yaha cIz2a rAsayuga me panapI hai / caudahavI sadI ke pUrSi meM 'neminAya-catuSpadikA' nAmaka vAramAsI-kAvya vinayacandra sUri nAmaka eka jaina sAdhu ne taiyAra kiyA thaa| nirdopa vipralambha zRgAra kA aisA kAvya hamArI bhASA me to zAyada apUrva hai| usakI bhASA kI samRddhi bhI sammAna kI vastu hai| zrAvaNi saravaNi kaDuya mehu gajjai virahi rijhijjhai dehu / vijju jhavakkai rakkhasi jeva namihi viNu sahi sahiyai kema // 2 // mAvana ko bauchAra giratI hai, kaTu megha garjana karatA hai, viraha ke kAraNa zarIra kSINa hotA hai, rAkSasI jaisI vidyuta camakatI hai| he sakhi / nemi ke vinA yaha saba kaise sahA jAya ? phAgu me vasanta-krIDA kA varNana milatA hai| yaha bhI rAsayuga ko vAramAso jaisI dUsaro AkarSaka vastu hai /

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rAsayuga ke gujarAtI-sAhitya kI jhalaka 545 * rAjazekhara ne caudahavI sadI ke sandhikAla meM 'neminAtha phAgu' nAmaka phAgu-kAvya kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| isameM bhI, nAyaka aura nAyikA neminAtha va rAjimatI hai| kavi usame pUrNa rUpa se camaka uThatA hai rAimae sama tihu bhuvaNi avara na atyaha naare| mohaNavilli navallaDIya uppanIya sasAre // 7 // aha sAmala komala kezapAsa kiri morakalAu / praddhacada samu bhAlu mayaNu posai bhaDavAu / vakuDiyAlIya muMhaDiyaha~ bhari bhuvaNu bhamADai / lADI loyaNa laha kuDalai sura saggaha pADai // 8 // kiri sisibiMva kapola kannahiMDola phuratA / nAsAvasA garuDacaMcu vADimaphala vtaa| praharapavAla tireha ka rAjalasara rUDau / jANu vINu raNaraNai jANu koila Taha kaDalau // 6 // sarasa tarala bhuyavallariya sihaNa piinnghnntuNg| udaradesi lakAuli ya sohai tivala-turaga // 10 // aha komala vimala niyaMbabiMba kiri gaMgA pulinnaa| kari kara Uri hariNa jagha pallava kara caraNA // malapati cAlati velaDIya hasalA harAvai / sajhArAgu akAli bAla naha kiraNi karAvai // 11 // tIna loka meM rAjimatI jaisI strI nahIM hai, mAno sasAra meM adbhuta mohana bela prakaTa huI hai| usake zyAma raga ke komala keza mAno mayUra ke piccha kalApa haiN| ardha-candra jaisA usakA lalATa valavAna caraNo vAle kAmadeva kA poSaNa karatA hai| usakI tirachI bhauMe sasAra ko unmatta banAtI hai aura A~kho ke madhura saketo se vaha svarga ke devo ko bhI AkRSTa kara letI hai| usake kapola kAna rUpI jhUle para jhUlate hue candramA ke vimba jaise hai| nAka garuDa kI cacu jaisI aura dAMta anAra ke dAne jaise| usake oSTha pravAla jaise lAla aura kaTha sundara hai, mAno vINA vola rahI ho yA koyala gA rahI ho| bhujAe~ sodhI va capala hai, stana pIna ghana aura nuga hai| usake udara pradeza meM tIna rekhAeM zobhA detI hai| gagA ke kinAro jaise komala vimala nitamva hai / jadhAe~ hAthI kI sUDa jaisI, ghuTano kA pradeza mRga jaisA va hAtha-pAMva pallava jaise hai / madabharI cAla se calatI huI latA jaisI vaha haso ko parAjita karatI hai aura vaha vAlA apane nakho kI kiraNo se sandhyA kA raga jamAtI hai| mAno madabharI calatI huI usa vAlA kI bhAMti gujarAtI-kavitA bhI Age bar3hatI calI jAtI hai| ahamadAbAda ]

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aitihAsika mahattva kI eka prazasti zrI sArAbhAI maNilAla navAva mere magraha meM mavan 1473 kI zrI stambhanIrtha (khambhAta) me dharmaghopamUri viracita 'kAlikAcArya kathA' kI teraha pRSTha kI eka hastalikhita prati hai / usake nave pRSTha kI AThavI pakti se terahaveM pRSTha taka ar3atAlIna zloka kI eka sundara praganti hai| usake paitAlImave zloka meM prati likhavAne tathA use citrita karAne ke varSa kA aura jahAM vaha likhI gaI thI uma nagara kA ullekha hai| saitAlImaveM zloka meM uma prati ke lekhaka momasiMha aura usake lie pAMca citra banAne vAle citrakAra deIyAka kA nAma bhI diyA huA hai| citrakAra kA nAmollekha ima prati kI vizeSatA hai| isa prazasti meM zvetAmbarIya janatIrtha jaise gatrujaya, giranAra, pAbU, antarIkSa jI, jIrAvalA aura kulpAka kA ullekha hai, jo jainatIrthoM ke itihAsa ke lie atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| jaina-maDArI meM surakSita hajAro granyo me me zAyada hI kisI anya ke anta me aisI sundara eva vistRta prazasti milanI ho| ata bahumUlya aitihAmika mAmagrI se paripUrNa isa prazasti ko hama yahAM mUlarUpa me usake anuvAda sahita dete hai aura AzA karate hai ki pAThako ke lie vaha lAbhadAyaka siddha hogii| mUla prazasti isa prakAra hai prazastiH padatrayI yasya vibhorazeSato viSNoriva vyApa jagatrayImimAm / sadbhutavastusthitidezaka satA zrIvarddhamAna. zivatAtirastu // 1 // gaNamaNi lasadavilaMbdhi lakSmInidhAna gaNagharagaNamulya ziSyalakSapradhAnam / zama-damakRtarago gautama zrIgaNeza kisaza (kiza)layatu zivazrIsagama zAzvata va // 2 // vidvanmana kamalakomalacakravAle yA khelati pratikala kila hasikeva / tA zAradAM sakalazAstrasamudrasAndra pArapradA praNamatA varadA ca cande // 3 // bhU bhU (bhallavapratiSThe zritasujanakRto'nantapApApahAre presacchAkhAvizeSe vipulprilstsrvprvaabhiraame| ukegAhavAnavaze samajani sukRtI vyaktamuktAyamAna zrImAn dhInA'bhidhAna suguNagaNanidhirnAyaka zrAddhaghurya // 4 // tasyA'Ggajo'jani jagatrayajAtakoti ___ nA'bhidha sukRtasatatimUrtamUtti / tasyApi yAcakakadambakadattavitta lakSazca lakSa iti putra udAracitta // 5 //

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547 aitihAsika mahattva kI eka prazasti tasyAGgaja. poSaTanAmaveya samattalokAdbhutanAgave y.| __palyo'bhavana svImasiritaca mulyA tAzca pAlhUriti caasytin.||3|| tAsAM krameNa guNagauravazAlino'mI putrAstraya. samabhavan gururkAttibhAla / gAGgAhvayojya prathama prayito dvitIya. thIkAmadeva iti cAya ca vAmadeva // 7 // gAnATayasya jananI jajJe guNazrIriti nAmata / kpUrAIriti tyAtA kAmadevasya vallabhA // 8 // gAGgAjalyasya vanUba bhUrivibhava madhezarAnAbhahvaya / pUrvaH putravaraH prasiddhamahimA nAyUstayA caapr.| rAjA saMghapatirvasan naragirI bhUpAlamAnyo vyaghA~ nAnApuNyaparamparA gurutarA zrIsaghabhaktyAdikA. // 6 // zrImatruJjaya-ravatakSitivara-zrIarbuda-zrIpurazrI jirAli-kulyapAkapramukhatrItIrthayAtrA mudA / kAletrApi kalI karAla lalite cane sa saMghAdhipo varSayijane ghanAdhana iva dravyANi pAnIyavad // 10 // evaM vitathi (vi)viSotsavavrana __ zrImAmana namidaM ma saghapa / udyotayAmAna tayA yayA sphura karaprasAraMgaMganAGgaNaM ravi // 11 // itaJca UkezAhve vizadajananejAyata zrAddhaghuryoM dhanyo mAnyo nikhilaviyAM netrasiMho dhanIza / zreya. zrImAstadanu ca nayAt mihanAmA prabhAvAdAnId dAsIkRta khalakulastasya putra. pavitra // 12 // tasyApi putro zritananavA~ lakSmIparAbhalyonavadadbhuta zrI / amuSya patnI ca samasti nAmnA lpI manohAriguNAmbukUpI // 13 // hararAja-devarAnI khImarAjastayA'para. / iti trayastayo putrA. pavitrA puNyato'bhavan / / 14 / / hararAjasya nAyA'sti nAmnA hAMsaladeriti / candronjvalakalAzIlA dharmarmasu karmana // 15 // nAmnA narapati pUrva puNyapAto dvitiiyk| tRtIyo vIrapAnATyasturya. mahasrarAnaka // 16 // paJcamo dazarAjazca paJceti tanayAstayo / pAsate bhUribhAgyAzyA demAIhitA tayA // 17 // yugmam / /

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548 premI-prabhinaMdana-graMtha rAjA'bhidhasyAjani saghapasya samiNI dharmaparAyaNeyam / yathaiva lakSmI puruSottamasya ___ hare zacIvA'tha harasya gaurI // 18 // sAraGga prathamo'thinA surataruprakhyo dvitIyastathAvAryodAryaramA nirastadhanada zrIratnasiMhAbhidhaH / tArtIyIka-turIyako ca sahade-zrItUkadevAhvayo catvArazcaturA jayanti tanayA ete tayovibhutA // 19 // tolhAI palhAI-rayaNAInAmakA ca lolAI / santyetAzva catastra punya pAtra guNaNe // 20 // sadhezo nUnarAjo jagati vijayate kAmadevasya putra sarvatrAmAnasarpanijavimalayaza pUrNavizvatrayIka / putrI pAtra guNAnA jayati ca jhavakU zambhuzIrSasthagaGgA raGgatuGgattaraGgasnapitasitakarIjjvalyatulyasvazItA // 21 // nUnAhvasadhAdhipate samasti priyA jayazrIriti dhrmnissnnaa| Aste mahAdeva iti prasiddha. sutastayobhUri ramAsamRddha // 22 // putrIdvaya ca phanhAI. sonAIriti caapraa| mahAdevAGgaja sAdhurazvadhIra sudhIvara // 23 // yugmam / / etAvatA nijakuTumbayutena tena nUnA'hvasadhapatinA vasatA'marAdrI zrIantarikSamukhatIrtha vicitrayAtrA mukhyA [] kRtA vividhapuNyaparamparAstA // 24 // itazca zrImaddakSiNadezasaghasahito nUnAhvaya sadhapa / zrIzatruJjaya-raivatA-buMdagiri-zrItIrthayAtrAcikI / prAcAlInmahatA mahena matimAn zrIgUrjarAtrA prati zrImacchAsanakAnana pratipada dAnAmbubhi siJcayan // 25 // yAtrAyA yasya jAtyottarala taracaladvAjirAjiprabhUtaprotsarpatpRSThavAhaprakara rthbhroddhRtdhuuliiklaape| vyAptA'kAzA'vakAze sthagitaruciravI rAtrikalpA divAsId / rAtrizcAsId diveva prasarati parito dIpikAnA prakAze // 26 // diDmAtaGgAsturaGgaplavanaparicalad bhUbharodbhagnazIrSA zeSezmA pIThabhAra sakalamapi dadu so'pi phUrmAdhirAje / tadbhArAd bhaGgurAjGga sa ca punarabhavad (t) kunjitasvAGga itya / yatra zrItIrthayAtrA prati calati same'mI vimuktA'dhikArA' // 27 // yAtrAkSaNe yasya rajobhiruddhRtarlebhe'nvayo nirjarasindhupaGkaja / zrotIrthikasnAtra jalapravAha samucchalaGgi sthalavArijazca // 28 //

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tatra ca--- itazca- tayAhi aitihAsika mahattva kI eka prazasti sphUrjada gUrjaramaNDalAdhipasuratrANena sanmAnita zrIyAtrApharamANadAnavidhinA cIrapradAnaistadA / bhavyAdyaizca tadIyazAkhibhirapi zrItIrthayAtrA asau jIrApallimukhA vyadhApyata puro bhUtvA mahAprItita // 26 // duSTe'sminnapi duSyamAhna samaye zrItIrthayAtrA iti dravyotsarjanavistareNa mahatA'nenA''darAt kurvatA / kSmApAlA-''mrakumArapAlanRpati-zrIvastupAlAdaya. sarve'pi smRtigocara viracitAzvitraizvaritra svakai // 30 // vidhAya yAtrAH sakalA zrathA'ya zrIpattanA''hvAnapure samAgAt / zrIzAsana jainamida prabhAvayan prabhUtalakSmIvyayato'rthinA vraje // 31 // tatrA'ya candragaNa puSkarasUrakalpA zrI somasundara gurupravarA gaNezA | , saghezvareNa vinatA vihitA ca gurbI proddIpanA jinamatasya mahotsavauSai // 32 // zrIstambhatIrtha- purapattanatIrya sArtha karNAvatI pramukha bhUri pureNvanena / sagha samazca sakala munimaNDala ca sphUrjaMdukUlavasa parighApyate'sma // 33 // saghAghIzo rAjamallasya patnI desAI sA tIrthayAtrAmukhAni / kurvANA zrIpuNyakRtyAni nAnA tene hRdyodyApanAdIni tatra // 34 // zrIdAnazIla pramukhAna saGkhyAn guNotkarAzcandrakalojjvalAstAn / ka kovida zlAghayitu samarthastasyAzca saghAdhiparAjapatnyA ||35|| nirIkSya zIla vimala yadIya svata zazAGka kila vidyamAna / ekaikayAsya kalayA prahIyate dine dine tAmapakartumakSama // 36 // zrIsaghabhakti-guru-pustakalekhanA''di zrItIrthaM sArtha karaNa pramukhANi harSAd / puNyAni yA pratidina kurute svakIya dravyavyayAd vahuvidhAnyapi yA'parANi // 37 // zrIpauSadhA'vazyaka mukhyadharmya karmANi karmASTaka bhedanAni / dharmAmRtodbhAvitasaptaghAtu yatintanIti pravarapramodAt // 38 // kSetreSu saptasvapi bhavyabhAvAd (t) svadravyavIja vipula mudeti / yA vApayAmAsa paratra loke saMkhyA'tigazrIbharavRddhihato. // 39 // 42

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premI-prabhinadana-praya 550 tatraivA'yo pattane zrIgurUNA teSA bhavyaprArthittasvastarUNAm / demAI sAzrAvikAvargamukhyAnoSId (t)harSAd dezanAvANimityam // 40 // tathAhi na te narA durgatimApnuvanti na mUkatA naiva jaDasvabhAvam / na cAndhatA buddhivihInatA ca ye lekhayantIha jinasya vAkyam // 41 // lekhayanti narA dhanyA ye jinA''gamapustakam / te sarvavADmaya jJAtvA siddhi yAnti na sazaya // 42 // paThati pAThayate paThatAmasI vasana-bhojana-pustaka-vastubhi / pratidina kurute ya upagraha sa iha sarva videva bhavennaraH // 43 // vizeSata. zrIjinavIrabhASita zrIkalpasiddhAntamam samudyatA / ye lekhayantIha bhavanti te dhruva mahodayAnandaramAnirantaram // 44 // nizamya teSAmiti dezanAgira cira phirantImudayaM mahenasAm / vizeSata pustakalekhanAdike zrIdharmakRtye'jani sA parAyaNA // 45 // zrIstambhatIryanagare pravare tatazca zrIkaNThanetra-muni-vizvamite ca varSe / (1473) / zreya zriyebahutaradraviNavyayena zrIkalpapustakamimaM samalIlikhat sA // 46 // yAvad vitti dharaNI zirasA phaNIndro yAvacca candrataraNI udito'tra vishve| tAvad vizAradavarairativAcyamAnAH zrIkalpapustaphavaro jayatAdihaSa // 47 // likhita somasiMhana deIyAkena citrita / Akalpa nandatAdeSa zrIkalpa saprazastika. // 4 // iti zrIkalpaprazasti. samAptA ||ch| anuvAda jisa paramezvara kI padatrayI (utpAda-vyaya aura dhrauvyarUpa) ne viSNu kI bhAMti tIno loka ko vyApta kara diyA hai, vaha yayArtha vastu svarUpa kA upadeza denevAle zrI mahAvIra svAmI sajjano ke lie kalyANa kI vRddhi karane vAle ho // 1 // guNarUpI ratlo ke lie laharAte hue samudra ke samAna, labdhirUpa lakSmI ke bhaDAra tulya, gaNAdhIzo ke samudAya ke nAyaka, lAkha ziSyo ke pradhAna, zama-dama meM jinheM Asakti hai, aise sampatti bhaDAra ke svAmI zrI gautamasvAmI kalyANa (mokSa)rUpa-lakSmI ke sayoga ko sanAtana karo // 2 // ___jo paDito ke manarUpI kamala kI komala pakhuDiyo meM aura pratyeka kalA meM hasinI ke samAna khelatI hai, usa samasta zAstrarUpI samudra eva vana ko pAra karAne vAlI aura praNAma karane vAlo ko varadAna dene vAlI sarasvatI ko mai praNAma karatA hU~ // 3 //

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551 aitihAsika mahatva kI eka prazasti gajAzrI ne jise sammAna prApta huA hai aura jo majjano ko grAzraya dene vAlA aura ananta pApa kA haraNa karane vAlA hai, jisakI vvajAe~ phaharA rahI hai, jo aneka vizAla parvo me suzobhita hai, aise ukeza nAmaka vaza meM camakate motI ke samAna madguNoM ke samUhoM kA bhaDAra zrAvako meM agraNI aura puNyagAlI zrImAna vInA nAmaka mahAna puruSa huA // 4 // tIna loka me jinakI kIrti vyApta huI aura jo puNya kAryoM kI sAkSAta mUrtirUpa hai, aimA bhojA nAmaka usakA putra huA / use bhI bhikSuko ke mamudAya ko lAkho kA dAna dene vAlA udAra hRdaya lakSa nAma kA putra prApta huzrA // 5 // usake mAre mamAra meM zradbhuta saubhAgyazAlI popaTa (khokhaTa ) nAma kA putra huA / usake tIna striyA~ thI -- (1) khImamiri ( mukhya patnI), (2) tAru aura (3) pAltu ||6|| guNa ke gaurava se zobhAyamAna aura atyanta kIrtivAna unake tIna putra hue| ( 1 ) gA~gA, (2) kAmadeva zrIra (3) vAmadeva ||7| gAMga ke guNazrI nAma kI patnI thI aura kAmadeva kI patnI kA nAma karpUrArDa thA |8|| gAMgA ke vaDA hI vaibhavazAlI aura prasiddha eva mahimAvAna madhapati rAjA nAma kA pahalA zreSTha putra hugrA aura dUsarA putra nAthu nAma kA huA / devagiri meM rahane vAlA rAjAo kA mAnya yaha saghapati rAjA zrIsagha kI bhakti Adi aneka prakAra ke puNya kArya karatA thA // 6 // isa ghora kaliyuga meM bhI bhikSuko meM vArINa ke madRza dhana ko pAnI ke samAna vahAne vAle usa maghapati ne zrI ajaya, giranAra, zrAvU, zrantarIkSa jI, jIrAvalA jI, kulapAka jI yAdi pramukha tIrthoM kI yAtrA zrAnandapUrvaka kI thI // 10 // isa prakAra ke aneko utmavo ke dvArA usa mavapati ne jaina zAmana ko aise prakAzamAna kiyA jaise sUrya apanI camakatI kiraNoM ko phailAkara AkAzamaMDala ko prakAzita karatA hai // 11 // aura aha nAmaka nirmala vaza meM zrAvako kA pravAna samasta paDito kA mAnya dhanyavAda kA pAtra jayasiMha nAma kA niko meM guyA huA / usake pazcAt zrapane prabhAva se samasta khalapuruSo ke samUha ko dAma banAne vAlA jayasiMha nAma kA pavitra putra utpanna huA // 12 // usake zradbhuta lakSmI vAlA jaina dharmAnuyAyI lakSmIvara nAma kA putra paidA huaa| usakI patnI manoharaguNarUpI jala ke kUpa ke samAna rUpI nAma kI thI // 13 // puNya sayoga se unake hararAja, devarAja aura khemarAja nAma ke tIna putra utpanna hue || 14 || hararAja ke dharma-karma meM nipuNa, candra kI ujjvala kalA jaimI zIlavrata vAlI haoNmalade nAma kI patnI thI // 15 // usake narapati, puNyapAla, vIrapAla, mahamarAja aura dArAja nAmaka pA~ca vaDe bhAgyazAlI putra hue aura demAI nAma kI eka kanyA huI // 16, 17 // demAI saghapati rAjA kI dharmaparAyaNA patnI thI, viSNu kI lakSmI, indra kI zacI athavA mahAdeva kI pArvatI ke madR // 18 // unake mA~gane vAle ke lie kalpavRkSa ke samAna' (1) mAraga nAma kA, (2) jimane zravirala zrodAryarUpa lakSmI ne kubera ko parAsta kiyA hai, aisA ratnasiMha nAma kA, (3) sahadeva aura (4) zrI tukadeva nAma ke prakhyAta cAra catura putra hue ||16|| zrIra unake (1) tIlhAI, (2) palhAI, (3) rayaNArDa aura (4) lIlAI nAma kI guNI ke samUha kI bhAjana cAra putriyA~ thIM ||20|

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552 premI-abhinadana-pratha cAro ora nirmaryAda phailate hue apane nirmala yaza se jisane tIno loko ko bhara diyA hai aisA saghapati nanarAja nAma kA kAmadeva kA putra sasAra me jaya pAtA hai, aura kAmadeva kI bhavakU nAmaka guNavatI aura mahAdeva ke mastaka para rahI huI gagA nadI ke uchalate hue baDe-baDe tarago se ghule hue canda kI ujjvalatA ke jaisA jisakA caritra hai, aisI putrI jaya pAtI hai // 21 // saghapati nUnA ke dharmaparAyaNA jayazrI nAmaka patnI thii| unake bahuta lakSmI vAlA prasiddha mahAdeva nAmaka putra aura (1) kanhAI aura (2) sonAI nAmaka do putriyAM thii| mahAdeva ke buddhimAno me zreSTha prazvadhIra nAmaka sAdhucarita putra thA // 22, 23 // isa prakAra apane kuTumba ke sAtha devagiri (daulatAvAda) rahate hue saghapati nUnA ne aneka prakAra ke puNya kI paramparA rUpa zrI antarIkSa Adi tIrthoM kI adbhuta yAtrAe~ kI // 24 // aura zrI zatruJjaya, giranAra, AbU tIrtha Adi kI yAtrA ke icchuka buddhimAna saghapati nUnA ne kadama-kadama para dAnarUpI jala se jaina-zAsana rUpI vana ko sIcate hue dakSiNa deza ke sagha ke sAtha baDI sajadhaja se gujarAta kI ora prayANa kiyA // 25 // jisakI yAtrA meM uttama aura atIva A~kho ke calana se eva ratho ke samUha se uchalI huI dhUla ke samUha se AkAzamArga vyApta hone ke kAraNa sUrya adRzya ho jAne se divasa rAtri jaisA ho gayA aura dIpako kA prakAza cAro ora phaila jAne se rAtri divasa jaisI ho gaI // 26 // azvo kI dauDa se kampAyamAna pRthvI ke bhAra se jinake sira TUTa gaye hai, aise diggajo ne pRthvI kA samagra bhAra zeSanAga ko de diyA, zeSanAga ne kacchaparAja ko de diyA vaha bhI usa bhAra se zarIrabhagna ho jAne se sakucita aga vAlA ho gyaa| isa prakAra sabake tIrthayAtrA ko jAte samaya ina saba ne apanA adhikAra choDa diyA // 27 // jisake yAtrA ke samaya uDe hue dhUla kaNo se va uchalate hue zrI tIrthakara prabhu ke snAna ke jala ke pravAha se svargaloka ke kamala aura matyaloka ke kamalo kA milAna ho gayA // 28 // usa samaya daidIpyamAna gUrjara-maDala ke svAmI sulatAna se yAtrA ke pharamAna aura popAka ke dAna ke dvArA sammAnita kiye gaye aura usakI jAti ke bhavyajano se bhI sammAnita kiye gaye usa sadhapati ne aguvA vana kara jIrAvalA Adi mukhya tIrthoM kI yAtrAe~ kI // 26 // duSama nAmaka isa duSTa samaya meM bhI dravya kA vaDA bhArI tyAga karake isa prakAra bhAvanApUrvaka tIrthayAtrAmo ko karane vAle isa (saghapati) ne apane adbhuta caritra se Amra rAjA, mahArAjA kumArapAla, vastupAla Adi sava ko yAda dilAyA hai // 30 // mAMgane vAlo ke samUha meM puSkala dhana kA vyaya karake bhI janazAsana kI prabhAvanA karatA huA yaha (sadhapati) sava yAtrAe~ karake zrIpattana nAmaka nagara meM pAyA // 31 // vahAM para saghapati ne candragaNa rUpa kamala ke lie sUrya samAna gaNAdhIza zrI somasundara nAma ke vaDe guru kA bandana kiyA aura baDe-baDe utsavo ke samUha se jinamata kI bar3I bhArI prabhAvanA kI // 32 // zrI stambhatIrtha, (khambhAta) pATana, anya tIrtha aura karNAvatI (vartamAna ahamadAvAda) Adi aneka nagaro meM isane samasta sagha ko aura samasta munimaDala ko uttama vastra pahanAye // 33 // aura saghapati rAjamalla kI patnI demAI ne bhI vahA~ tIrthayAtrA ke pramukha puNyakArya karate hue manohara udyApana prAdi kiye // 34 //

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aitihAsika mahatva kI eka prazasti 553 saghapati rAjamalla kI usa patnI ke candra kI kalA jaise ujjvala dAnazIla ityAdi asakhya uttama guNo kI prazasA karane meM kauna paDita samartha hai ? || 35 // zrIra- jisakA nirmala caritra dekha kara use bhraSTa karane meM asamartha candra svaya khedapUrvaka pratidina eka-eka kalA se kSINa hotA jAtA hai ||36|| jo apane dhana ke vyaya se saghabhakti, guru-sevA, grantho kA likhavAnA, tIrthoM kA payyaMTana, ityAdi puNyakArya harSapUrvaka karatI thI tathA anya aneka prakAra ke punIta kAryoM meM salagna rahatI thI, jo baDe Ananda se aSTakarma ke nAza karane vAle pauSadha, Avazyaka pramukha dharma - kRtya aura zarIra kI sAto dhAtuo meM dharmAmRta kA siMcana karatI thI, jo paraloka meM agaNita dhana prApta karane ke uddezya se apane dravya rUpI bIja ko vipula parimANa meM uttama bhAvanA parvaka Ananda se sAto kSetro meM botI thI, usa zrAvikA varga meM zreSTha demAI ( zrAvikA ) ne vahI pATaNa meM bhavyo ke lie kalpavRkSa rUpI una guru kA isa prakAra dharmopadeza sunA / / 37-40 / / jaise ki- jo manuSya isa sasAra meM jinAgama likhavAte hai, ve durgati ko prApta nahI hote, na mUkatA ko, na jaDatA ko aura na andhepana ko na buddhihInatA ko // 41 // jo dhanyapuruSa jainAgama likhavAte hai ve sarvazAstra ko jAna kara mokSamArga ko prApta karate hai, isame sandeha nahI // 42 // manuSya sarvadA paDhatA hai, paDhAtA hai aura paDhane vAle kI pustaka ityAdi cIz2o se sahAyatA karatA hai, vaha yahA~ sarvajJa hI hotA hai // 43 // vizeSakara jo udyamazIla manuSya zrI vIra bhagavAna dvArA kahe gaye kalpasUtra ke siddhAnta grantha likhavAte haiM ve avazya hI zrAnanda svarUpI lakSmI ke samIpavartI hote hai // 44 // inakI isa prakAra kI upadezavANI ko suna kara cirakAlIna mahApApa ke udaya ko kATatI huI vaha zrAgamalekhana Adi dharma-kRtyoM meM vizeSa rUpa se Asakta huI ||45|| pazcAt zrI stambha tIrtha (khambhAta) nAmaka zreSTha nagara meM savat 1437 kI sAla meM bahuta se dhana kA vyaya karake kalyANa rUpI lakSmI ke lie demAI ne kalpasUtra kA grantha likhavAyA // 46 // jaba taka zeSanAga sira para pRthvI ko dhAraNa karatA hai aura jaba taka sUrya-candra sasAra meM udita hote haiM taba taka zreSTha paDito dvArA paDhA jAne vAlA kalpasUtra kA yaha zreSTha grantha jaya pAyegA // 47 // somasiMha dvArA likhita aura deIyAka dvArA citrita prazastiyukta yaha kalpasUtra yugaparyyanta vRddhiganta ho // 48 // kalpasUtra kI prazasti samApta ahamadAbAda ] 70

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caudahavIM sadI kA gujarAta kA rAjamArga zrI dhIrajalAla dhanajIbhAI zAha bI0 e0 dillI meM apanA prabhutva sthApita karake alAuddIna khilajI ne dhIre-dhIre apane rAjya kA vistAra karanA prArama kiyaa| vikram navat 1366 taka tArA gujarAta uttake adhIna ho gyaa| isI sAla usane jaino ke parama pavitra tIrtha yatrajaya ke jAra dhAvA bola diyA aura mUlanAyaka zrI AdIzvara prabhu kI mUrti ko usakI senA ne khaDita kara diyA / isa aitihAsika tathya kA ullekha tatkAlIna 'tamarArAtu' aura 'nAbhinandana jinodvAra-pravandha meM milatA hai| 'rAma' aura 'prabandha meM kathA-vastu eka hI hai| ukeza vabha kI pAMcavI pIDhI meM prahlAdanapura (pAlanapura) meM manakSaNa nAmaka eka jaina gRhatya rahatA thaa| unake prapautra dezala ne pATaNa meM sthira hokara dhana va pratiSThA prApta kii| usake tIna putra the-mahapAla, tAhaNapAla aura samarasiha / zatruJjaya parvata kI mUrti ke khaMDita hone kA samAcAra pAkara samarasiMha ko vaDA dukha jhA aura ukeza gaccha ke AcArya siddhasari ke upadeza se ukta mandira kA jIrNoddhAra karAne kI tIva lAlamA unameM utpanna huii| pata jIrNoddhAra ke lie pATaNa ke sUbe kI AjJA prApta kara usane ArAsaNa parvata meM se sagamarmara kI eka vaDI zilA maMgavAI aura usame se eka vizAla pratimA kA nirmANa kraayaa| tadanantara pATaNa ne eka virAT sagha nikAla kara vikrama saMvat 1371 meM zatrujaya ke mandira kA jIrNoddhAra karA kara navIna mUrti kI pratiSThA kii| vahAM se giranAra Adi sthAno meM hotA huA sagha pATaNa lauTa aayaa| rAsa-nAhitya meM 'samarArAnu" kI aneka prakAra kI vizeSatAe~ hai| usake racayitA nivRtagaccha ke zrI amvadevari nanarasiMha ke samakAlIna the| itanA hI nahIM, balki samarasiMha ke sagha meM sammilita hue aneka AcAryoM meM se benIeka the| inadRSTi ne bhI yaha 'rAsa' upayogI hai| isake atirikta usa samaya kI bhASA, sAmAjika va rAjanaitika parinyiti kA ullekha uname milatA hai / yaha nyi prAcIna gujarAtI bhASA me likhA gayA hai| nAbhinandana jinoddhAra pavanya' bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| usake racayitA zrI kakkasUri bhI namaniha ke samakAlIna the aura tapa me vaha bhI sammilita hue the| 'samarArAtu' kA racanAkAla hameM jJAta nahI hai, para aisA anumAna hotA hai ki vikrama navat 1371ke AsapAsa usakA nirmANa huA hogA, kyoki zatruJjaya ke jIrNoddhAra ke mamaya ranyakAra vahAM maujUda the| 'nAbhinandana jinoddhAra prabandha' kI racanA vikrama savat 1363 me huii| manujaya ke uddhAra ke pazcAt lagabhaga vIsa varSa ke bhItara kI kRti hone ke kAraNa usameM sAmAjika eva rAjakIya dRSTi se atyanta upayogI sAmagrI mila sakatI hai| 'prabandha' me 2344 zloka haiM aura usake pAMca prastAvo me ne prathama va antima prastAva gajarAta ke itihAsa aura bhUgola ke viSaya me acchA prakAza DAlate hai| nAbhinandana jinodvAra pravandha meM usa samaya ke samUce gujarAta kA bahuta hI sajIva citra milatA hai| thoDene gando me lekhaka ne usa pradeza kA vaDAhI sundara citra akita kara diyA hai| una varNana meM thor3I-bahuta kavi kI kalpanA bhI ho sakatI hai, phira bhI gujarAta kA yathArtha svalpa hamAre samakSa A hI jAtA hai| ukega vama ke vanahakula kI cauthI pIDhI meM tallakSaNa nAma kA eka vyakti utpanna huA thaa| vaha mAravADa ke virATapu nagara kI apanI dukAna para vaiza karatA thaa| yoga se gujarAta kA eka sArthavAhaka aneka kirANe lekara uma nagara meM aayaa| bAjAra meM hotA huA jaba vaha jA rahA thA to sallakSaNa ne kutuhala se pachA "Apa kisa deza se 'dekhiye 'prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha' bhAga 1, pRSTha 27 /

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caudahavIM sadI kA gujarAta kA rAjamArga 555 zrAye hai aura zrApakA vaha deza kitanA guNavAna va samRddhivAna hai ? usa deza ke sarvazreSTha nagara kA vistRta varNana mujhe sunAie / " sArthapati ne kahA "he mahAbuddhimAna, maiM gujarAta se A rahA hU~ / vAstava me yadi mere mukha meM eka hajAra jihvA ho tabhI meM usa deza ke guNo kA varNana kara sakatA hU~ / phira bhI vahA~ ke guNo kA sakSepa me varNana karatA hU~ / " aura sArthapati gujarAta kA nimna zabdo meM citra khIcatA hai "gujarAta deza kI bhUmi hara prakAra kI dhAnya sampatti paidA karane meM samartha hai / vahA~ bahuta se parvata hai / kue~ jala se bharapUra hai / isI kAraNa usa bhUmi meM jala kA prabhAva nhiiN| vahA~ nAragI, mosambI, jAmuna, nIma, kadama, kela, saijanA, kaita, karoMde, cirauMjI, pIlu, zrAma, sItAphala, vheDA, khajUra, dAkha, gannA, mAlatI, khasa, jUhI zrAdi aneka prakAra ke phala-phUla va latAe~ hai / Apake sAmane meM kitane vRkSoM ke nAma ginAU~ ? sakSepa meM itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki sasAra me jitane phala-phUla vAlaM vRkSa ho sakate hai ve saba usa deza meM vidyamAna hai| itanA hI nahI, usa deza kI bhUmi meM eka aisA guNa hai jisase gehUM, jvAra, bAjarA, urada, mUga, arahara, dhAna saba taraha ke anna paidA hote hai| vaha ke nivAsI samudra taTa para thoDA sA vyApAra karake bahuta sA dhana kamA lete hai / vahA~ supArI ke TukaDe aura nAgaravela ke pAna manuSya ke malIna mukha ko raMgIna banA dete haiM / pyAU, kue~, tAlAva aura anna kSetra Adi sthalo me Thaharane vAle koI bhI yAtrI apane mAtha khAne-pIne kI sAmagrI nahIM rkhte| vahA~ baTohiyo ko calane ke lie saghana vRkSo kI pakti milatI hai| isase sUrya kA tApa kabhI nahI satAtA / usa deza meM zatruJjaya, giranAra Adi aneka tIrthaM sthita hai, jo apane upAsaka bhavya jIvo kI mokSapada prApta karAte haiM / somanAtha, brahmasthAna, mUlasthAna tathA sUryatIrthaM zrAdi laukika tIrthaM bhI vahA~ hai / usa pradeza me saba loga gahare lAla raMga ke aura rezama ke vastra dhAraNa karate hai / vahA~ manuSyo ke upakAra sadAcAra va miSTa sambhASaNa se vidvAna puruSa prasanna hote hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki usa deza ko 'vivekabRhaspati' kI upAdhi dI gaI hai| sacamuca sasAra meM jitane bhI deza hai, unameM se koI bhI usakI samatA nahI kara sakatA / svarga to maine dekhA nahI / isalie usake sAtha isa pradeza kI tulanA nahIM kara sakatA / vahA~ ke choTe-choTe grAma bhI atula vaibhavayukta hone ke kAraNa nagaro ke samAna hai aura nagaro kI ginatI to meM zrApake sAmane kara hI nahI sakatA, kyoki stambhatIrtha Adi svarga jaise asakhya nagara usa bhUmi me hai / vahA~ para prahlAdanapura nAma kA eka nagara hai / merA anumAna haiM ki svargaloka me bhI usake jaisA zAyada hI koI nagara ho / cUki usa nagara meM dhanopArjana ke aneka sAdhana mila jAte haiM, isalie loga use 'sthala velAkUla' (jamIna kA bandaragAha) ke nAma se bhI vibhUSita karate hai / " yaha varNana suna kara vyApArI sallakSaNa kA citta prahlAdanapura (pAlaNapura) jAne ke lie cacala ho uThA aura vaha thoDe hI dino meM vahA~ pahu~ca gayA / isa sakSipta varNana meM kavi ne gujarAta ke bAre me aneka bAto kA ullekha kiyA hai / usa pradeza kI dhAnyasampatti, vanavaibhava, bhUmi kI urvaratA zrAdi kA to patA calatA hI hai, sAtha hI yaha bhI mAlUma hotA hai ki gujarAtI loga samudra ke kinAro se vyavasAya karate the| jagaha-jagaha para pyAU, kue~, tAlAba aura annakSetra the aura vahA~ kA mahAmArga kaisA thA / yAtrI saghana vRkSo kI pakti ke nIce calate the / isalie unheM sUrya kA tApa nahIM satAtA thA / isase spaSTa hai ki mArga ke dono ora lambe-lambe chAyAdAra vRkSa rahe hoge aura vaha mahAmArga prAvU se lekara saurASTra taka kI bhUmi ko suzobhita karatA calA jAtA rahA hogA / isa mahAmArga kI vAstavika sthiti kA ullekha bhI 'samarArAsu' 'prabandha' meM milatA hai / sambhavata yahI mArga rAjamArga hogA aura pratidina saikaDo kI saMkhyA meM manuSya aura vAhana usake Upara zAntipUrvaka cale jAte hoge / jaya tIrtha ke uddhAra kA nizcaya karake samarasiMha ne pATaNa ke sUbe alapakhAna se usake lie zrAjJA prApta ' dekhiye 'nAbhinandana jinoddhAra prabandha' prastAva 2. zloka 37-63 /

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556 premI-abhinadana-praya kI aura mUrti ke lie trisagamapura nagara ke rAjA mahIpAla deva se prArAsaNa kI khadAna se 'phalahI' (virATa zilA) mNgvaaii| yaha zilA uparyukta rAjamArga se hokara hI zatruJjaya phuNcii| sabase pahale yaha zilA kherAla nAmaka nagara meM gaI aura vahA~ se bhAMDu hokara pATaNa phuNcii| zilA meM se mUrti taiyAra ho jAne kA samAcAra zatruJjaya se milane para samarasiMha ne apane pitA jI ke sAtha vaDA bhArI sagha nikAlA, jisameM aneka sAdhU, sAdhvI, zrAvaka va zrAvikAeM sammilita huii| yaha sagha pATaNa se ravAnA hokara Age vaDhatA huA anukrama se gakhArikA, serisA, kSetrapura (sarakheja), dhavalakkapura (dholakA), pippalAlI (piparAlI) hotA huA zatruJjaya phuNcaa| 'samarArAsu' meM mahAmArga meM pAye grAmo kA nirdeza isa prakAra hai "sarIse pUjiyau pAsu, kalikAlihiM sakalo, siraji thAiu dhavalakae saghu prAviu sylo| ghadhUkau atikramiu tAma loliyANai pahuto, nemibhuvaNi ucha kariu, pipalAlIya ptto| (bhASA 6 . 5) pAlItANai nayare sagha bhayali prvesu| (bhASA 7 : 1) zatruJjaya tIrtha kA uddhAra kara aura mUla pratimA kI pratiSThA karake sagha saurASTra deza meM prabhAsapATaNa taka gyaa| vahAM se zatruJjaya vApasa hokara pATaNa lauTa aayaa| vApasI me ina grAmo kA ullekha milatA hai-amarAvatI (amarelI), tejapAlapura, giranAra, vAmanapurI (vathalI ), devapattana (prabhAsapATana), koDInAra, dvIpavelAkUla (dIvavandara), zatruJjaya, pATalApura (pATaDI), zakhezvarapura, hArIja, soilA-gAma aura pATaNa / 'samarArAsu' meM bhI isI mArga kA nirdeza hai "soraThadesa sadhu sacariu mA0 cauDe rayaNi vihAi Adibhaktu amarelIyaha mA0 prAviu desala jAu" (bhASA 6 1-2) "ThAmi gami ucchava huAI mA0 gaDhi nUnai sapatta" (bhASA 6.3) "teji agajiu tejalapure mA0 pUriu sakha prANadu" (bhASA 6 4) "vauNathalI cetra pravADi kare mA0 talahaTI ya gaDhamAhi, Ujali upari cAliyA e mA0 cauvivaha saghamAhi / dAmodara hari pacamau mA0 kAlamegho kSetrapAlu, suvanarehA nadI tahiM vahae mA0 taruvarataNau jhamAlu // " (bhASA 6. 5) "devapaTaNi devAlau prAvai saghaha saravo saru pUrAvaI' (bhASA 10 . 2) "koDinAri nivAsaNa devI avika abArAmi namevI vIvi velAuli pAviyau e|" (bhASA 10.6) vahA~ se zatruJjaya hotA huA sagha pATaNa pAne ke lie ravAnA huA "pipalAlIya loliyaNe pure rAjalopha rajeI chaDe payANe sacarae rANapure, rANapure rANapure pahuceI vaDhavANi na vilavu kiu nimiu karIre gAmi maDali hoiu pADalae namiyaU e namiyaU e namiyaU nemi su jIvatasAmi sakhesara saphalIyakaraNa pUjiu pAsa jiNido" (bhASA 12:4-5)

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caudahavIM sadI kA gujarAta kA rAjamArga 557 'namarArAsu' va 'nAbhinandana jinoddhAra pravandha' ke AvAra meM saMgha ke mArga meM pAye grAmI ko kramavaddha liyA jAyano yaha rAjamArga nimna grAmo me me hotA huA calA jAtA hai ____ prAgamaNa me kherAlu, bhADu, pATaNa, gakhArikA(?), merimA, kSetrapura (sarakheja), dhavalakkanagara (gholakA), vayUkaTha (ghakA), loliyANu, pippalAlI (pipagalu), zatruJjaya (paaliinaannaa)| ___ vahAM se cauDa (1), amagavatI (amarelI), tejapAlapura (nejalapura), jUnAgaDha, vAmanapurI (vayalI), devapaTTana (prabhAnapATaNa), koDInAra, dIvavandara aura gatruJjaya / zatruJjaya ne vApasa lauTate samaya namahine maga baDA mArga pasanda kiyaa| arthAt gaguJjaya se pippalAlI (piparAlu), loliyANu, gaNapura, vaDhavANi (vaDhavANa), pATanApura (pATaDI), zarvezvarapura (gagvezvara), hArija, moilAgAma aura paattnn| caudahavI madI kA yaha rAjamArga thA, ainA hama nimakotra kaha sakate hai / ahamadAbAda]

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nala davadantI-caritra [ajJAta kavikRta solahavIM zatAbdI kA prAcIna gurjara kAvya sapAdaka-pro0 bhogIlAla jayacandabhAI sAMDesarA ema0 e0 nala-damayantI ke suprasiddha kathAnaka kA sakSipta varNana eka choTe se prAcIna gujarAtI kAvya ke rUpa meM hameM prApta huA hai| pATana-nivAsI pa0 amRtalAla mohanalAla bhojaka ke sagraha ke eka hastalikhita guTake meM yaha kAvya hai aura usake 105 se 107 taka ke pRSTho meM vaha likhA huA hai / kAvya ke ata meM pratilipi karane kI tithi nahI hai, para guTake ke anya kAvyo ke ata meM tithiyAM dI huI hai| unase patA calatA hai ki guTake ke sava kAvyo kI pratilipi savat 1548 se 1560 ke bIca kI gaI hai| ata yaha mAnanA ucita pratIta hotA hai ki ukta 'nala-davadantI-caritra' kI pratilipi bhI usI kAla meM huI hogii| kAvya ke ata meM usake racayitA kA nAma nahIM hai aura na racanA savat / pATaNa ke sAgara ke upAzraya-bhaDAra me isa kAvya kI tIna pRSTha kI eka hastalikhita prati hai, jisake ata me lekhana savat 1536 diyA hai| ata yaha kAvya mavat 1536 se pahale kA hai, yaha nizcita hai| usake racanAkAla kI pUrvamaryAdA nizcita karane kA koI sAdhana nahIM hai, kintu usakI bhASA ke svarUpa se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki usakA nirmANa vikrama kI solahavI zatAbdI meM huA hogaa| ___ isa kAvya ke racayitA jaina hai| gujarAta kI jaina vanetara janatA me nala-damayantI kI kathA atyata lokapriya hai| aneko kaviyo ne isa kathAnaka ke AdhAra para kAvyo kI racanA kI hai| jainetara kaviyo me vikrama kI solahavI zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha me bhAlaNa ne aura uttarArdha meM nAkara ne eva aThArahavI zatAbdI me premAnanda ne tadviSayaka kAvyagrantha taiyAra kiye hai| unameM premAnanda kRta nalAkhyAna to apane viziSTa kAvya guNo ke kAraNa gujarAta ke sAhitya-marmajJo tathA sAmAnya jana-samAja meM apUrva lokapriyatA kA bhAjana ho gayA hai| jaina kaviyo me prastuta kAvya ke ajJAta racayitA ke atirikta RSivarddhana sUrine savat 1512 meM 'nala davadantI rAsa-nalarAja caupaI', vAcaka nayasundara ne savat 1665 meM 'nala damayantI rAsa', vAcaka megharAja ne savat 1664 meM 'naladamayantI rAsa', vAcaka samayasundara ne savat 1673 meM 'nala davadantI rAsa' aura pAlanapura ke zrImAlI jAti ke vaNika vAsaNa suta bhIma ne savat 1627 meM nalAkhyAna kI racanA kI hai| ina saba racanAo me bhI prAcInatA kI dRSTi se ukta kAvya sabase purAnA hai / yadyapi kAvya kI dRSTi se yaha vilkula sAmAnya kRti hai, para bhApA aura zailI ke vicAra se isakA prakAzana nissadeha lAbhadAyaka siddha hogaa| isakI hastalikhita prati ke upayoga kI anumati ke lie hama pa0 amRtalAla bhojaka ke AbhArI hai| mUla kAvya isa prakAra hai // zrI vItarAgAya namaH // sarasati sAmaNi saguru pAya hIyaDai samarevi, kara joDI sAsaNa devi abika paNamevi, nala-davadatI taNu rAsa bhAvai pabhaNeI, 'dekhiye usa prati kI puSpikA-"iti zrI naladamayantI rAsa. samApta // savat 1536 varSe likhita // pa0 samayaralagaNi ziSya hemasamayagaNi liSata //

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nala- davadantI - caritra * ekamanA thaI bhavIya loka vigatas nisaNeha niSedha nagara chaha niSadharAya sura sudari rANI, zIyala sobhAgai prAgalI e nalarAya vaSANI, nala- kuvara ve chaha putra, guNavanta bhaNIjai, nala- kuvaranA rUpa vanna kuNa Upama dIjai, kuDinapuri chai bhImarAya, bhuja prANai bhIma, ko sImADau teha taNI navi cApai sIma, prati prItai gahagahIya geli rANI puSpadatI, mAya tAya mana mohatI e beTI davadatI, sobhAgai sohAmaNI e savi vidyA jANai, sahasa jIbha hui mukhahamAhi tau rUpa vakhANai, pratimA zAti jiNesa taNI siddhAyaka zrApIya, davadatInA manamAhi jiNadhammaM sa thApIya, bhImarAyu vara kAraNii e sayavara maDAvai, hasadda teDiu nalaharAya paraNevA zrAvai, lAkha agyAraha rAya mAhi rUpai mana mohai, gahagaNa tArA mAhi jema pUnami sasi sohai; paca rUpa karI devarAya varamaDapi zrAvai, davadatInA manaha mAhi ekai navi bhAvai, davavatInA manaha mAhi niramala mati sUdhI, varamAlA vegiha karo e nalakaTha ji dIghI, nala paraNInai citavaha e davadatI rANI, 'savi bahinara tujheM sAbhalu, e savi sahIya samANI, gaya bhavi bhagati prati sabhAgi bhai muni vahirAvyA, sAhamIya vacchala sagha sahita mai guru pahirAvyA; aaNa bAMdhyA jIvaDA e kai mai mhelAvyA, bAlaka mAyanai melavyAe, kaya dava ulhavIcA, kai jiNa pUjiyA triNi kAla dinaprati maha bhagati, vAre vrata kis niyamasahita madda pAliyA zakti; kai guru deva ja dravya bhai e rUDai pratipAlau, savi abhakSa madda parihariyA e samakita ajujhAliu, bhUSiyA tarasyA sAra karo, kai maha tapa kIghau, ' nala paraNInai citavai e, 'mANa saphala lIghau ' ; haraSita bhIma naresu rAya josI DAvara, maDapi mAhi sonAtaNI e caurI badhAvada; sAsU pUSada mAharai e vara zrAviDa jAma, ragii josI samai samai varatAvaha tAma, 556 10 15 20 25 30 5 35 40

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160 premI-abhinadana-pratha prIti saritUM varavahU e kasAra Arogai, aNU asI DADhaDo ya galai e teNai gadhi sajogii, lAdhA lASa turIya, sahisa gayamara madi mAtA, maNi mANika sovanna asaSya, sau gAma vasatAM, savi pahiryA, savi UDhImA e vara jAna calAvai, sagha deza lagai bhImarAya vaulAvA prAvai, bhaNai bhIma, 'davadatI, vachi, nalasiu neha pAle, saiyaNi, dhobaNi, adhama jAti mAlaNi saga TAle; jINai priya parasoi e te vAta ma karaje, suSi duSi prAviyA priya taNai etU pAya aNasaraje, vaulAvI valiu bhImarAya kuMDanapuri pahunu, nala pahutu davavatI sahita niSadhaI gahigahita, (DhAla vIvAhalAnu) niyari puri hui vadhAmaNA e, vara nitu nitu bhAvai bheTaNA e, ADhaNa pANI chADatI e, davadatI madira prApatI e; nava lakha sonA siu namai e, tINai sAsUnai vahUyara prati gamai e, pAya paDatI dravya parakhatI e, tINai gotranI nAri savi harapatI e| putravatI priyasiu milIe, 'vahU, jIvaje koDi dIvAlaDI e !' dasa dina huI dasAIyA e, tINai mAyatAya bihu haraSImA e; niSadha bhaNai, 'nala kahiu kIjai, rAjanau bhAra jau uddharIjai, . vrata lesiu amhii sahIi e, tapa karivau vana kAsagi rahI e; bali karI rAja so pApIue, nala rAjanai bhAra sau thApIu e, dei sIkhAmaNa niSadha tAta, 'vatsa, vesi sau naravara, ma kari ghAta; sAta visana tai TAlivA e, cha darasiNi rUDI pari pAlavA e, rAya rAja rUDI parii e, navai kari koi ra pIDIi e, gurujana tai na vilopivA e, jiNamadira prAghATa pAropivA e, dei sIkhAmaNa cAlIu e, nala rAjanau bhAra sa pApIu e, kUbara buddhi kUDI karai e, nalanA paga bhagatai praNasarai e, ArAdhaha eka kApaDI e, kUvaranai vidyA sApaDIi e, kUbara kahai, 'nala, kahiu yakIjai, eha athira lacchI taNu bhoga lIjai, prAli mAhii bhava kAI gamu e ? hiva sAra pAse sarisA ramAe, ramatalA rAja harAvIu e, davavatIya visana navArIu e, hAri prAgali sAbhalai nahIM e, davavatIya tu pAchI rahI e, kUvari sahUi harAvIu e, davadatIya sUtha karAvIu e, / davadatI jItI devari e; kUbara kahai, 'jAu ateuri e, eka raya muhate apAvIu e, nala davadatI sarisau calAvIu e,

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CG1 CARING BE Tota MSCE BESSER 74," prakRti-kanyA [ kalAkAra zrI suvIra nAntagIra ]

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nala davadantI caritra mAragi core ratha harau e, nala nArisiu pAlau sAcariu e priya pUThii pAlI palai e, trapA bhUpai davadatI Talavilai e phahu, 'priya pIhara phetalai e ?' 'iNi vaDi vIsAmau tetalaie' davadatI ya paDhai sAtharai e, nala UDhaNau Upari pAtharaha e. cItavai nala, 'nArisiu e, hiva sAsarai sai muhi jAisiu e' sUtI avalA ekalI e, jau dohilau hosai tu mUkisau e' cora corI pAyau rahiu e, nalii pIharanau mAraga kahiu e, pAchilI rAtai nIsarai e, davadatI ya samaNaDau aNasaraha e. phala pAtI thaI prAkalI e, jAgI tau priya-sArathi TalI e. (sAmAna vannanau DhAla) vavavatI pahabadda paDai, sapI agaja moDai re, moDaI nai broDai hAra hImA taNu e. gharaha dAvAnala prAphulI, sapI 'priya priya' bhASaire, bhASai nai dApai, 'kata, kihA gayu e? vanadeva, tumha vInavau, saSA nalavara dApau re, dApau nai bhApara kata kihA gau e? cada sUrija sAcU kahu morau jIvana jANau re, jANau nai pANau vara. vegii pharI e rUpa sobhAgai pAgalu, surakanyA kai lIdhara re, lIghau nai dIghau dAgha hIi ghaNu e. phai vani dAdhA dava ghaNA, sara phoDIya pAla re? pAlai nai DAli moDI tasyara taNI e ? rapisatApyA kai ghaNA, kaimai dIghA chaipAla re? pAla nai bAlaka mAya vichAhIyA e? nala vAlhA viNa he sapI, kima yauvana jAsiha re ? jAsaha nai thAsii aga agArUmA e nara nai nArI joDi pharI, sakhI, saSTa nIpAi re, pAi nai bhAi kAi karI ekalI e? phisyA ulabhA daiva diu ? sapI mUM krama ch| kUDU re, kUDau nai ruDau zIla na pAlIu e eka vari morI vInataDI suNi sudara lADaNa re, lADaNa nai mADaNa nAri na nAhalU e. dhaNI vihUNI dharaNi DhalI, saSI mupi mUkatI sAsare sAsa nai pAsa TalI jIvaha taNI e pIhari puhutI priya taNI mai vAhara jau pharavI re, vAhara nai thAhara ane thi{ nahIM e. sa

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premI-prabhinadana-pratha 562 bAgha saMgha vitara ghaNA, bhUi bohatI cAlai re, cAlaha nai sAlai varasArasa ghaNu e. nai nAlA pUrai vahas, paTulaDI bhojada re, bhIjai nai khIjaha coMkaNa lapasaNai e samasamApuri tiNi mUkIu, tihA chaha rathapUrNa rAu, nita vinoda kautiga karai, huDika nAmai siddha; sUrija 'parasa kelavai abhinavu dA 'prasiddha. harimitra bahUu tihA gau, miliu te huu sUyAra, tApasa pari tapa ghaTTa karI pratibodhyA chai tApasa re, 115 lASa sonA tiNi zrApIu anai ekAuli hAra. 130 tApasa nai pAya sarva mai nirajaNiyA e candrayazA mAsI milI, saSI acalapuri puhatI re, puhutI nai vahitI kuDinapuri gai e bhImarAya bolai lei aga zratighaNu joi re, joi nai roDa, nalaguNa sAbharai e 'tAta, jo Avu nala dhaNI, mUM jIvI chaha kAja re, kAja nai Aja ja ta ja mokalu e. ' (hiva ghuvula) ahamadAbAda] 120 java chADI nala sAcariu, dava parajalau nAga kADhatA kari zrahi Dasiu, sUkA chai hAtha nai pAga bIlA ve tasa zrApIyA tAtika kou pasAu. 125 iMDika teDhevA kAraNi sayavara kUDau racIu; prazvariya huDa japai, rithapUrNa trihu puhure jAi. riyapUrNa molIyaDau paDiu, 'kUvaDA, ratha havai rAkhe'. 'pacavIsa joyaNa te chADiu, rathipUrNa, vAta ma kariye.' prazvaridaye huDau japa, saSyA nala nai doghI. 135 rAjaha levA kAraNi nalanUM kAja te sIghu, bhImai RtiparNa rAyunai bhalau pravesa te dIghau. (DhAla ) kara joDI zravalA vInavadda, 'viraha- davAnala kAi tU dahii ? dAsI tahmArI hU chu nAtha, duSi sAgara paDa tA dai hAtha, supurisana nahI e zrAcAra, chADai je niraghAru; 140 nAri taNA nIsAsA paDai, ghaNA janma te nara raDavaDai.' rUpa pragaTa karai nala vara rAu, damayatI nai mani ucchAha. bhImarAya ralInAita thau, niSadhai nayari rAjA nala gayu nalarAya jItU prathavIrAja, kUbara kIdhu jeNai yuvarAja; dhavala magala pari ghari ucchAha, nalaha narida huu pahuvI nAha. sAte kSetra dhana vAvaras, duSItrA pIDacA nai Ughara, nikarA kariyA te saghalA loka, pRthvI vattiu puNyazloka. bAra ghaDI jii ughau lIgha, bAra barasa tINai varahu kIdha, putra rAji vaisArI karI, nala-davadatI saMyama varI. kSamA sarasAM ve tapa karai, bhraSTa karma savegai taraha. devaloki beha suravaraha, sayala saghanai prANada karai. bhaNai, bhaNAvai, je sAbhalii, zreSTa mahA saghi teha ghari phalai, je bhasai nara nai nAri, nava nadhi teha taNai ghara bAri iti naladavadatI caritra samApta // bhuvanavallabhagaNi' laSita // 145 72 150 'isa jagaha mUla prati kA kinArA ghisa jAne se ekAdha akSara lupta hogayA mAlUma hotA hai / pratilipikarttA kA nAma pIche se kisI ne miTAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| phira bhI koziza karane para vaha par3hA jAtA hai /

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bundelakhaNDa

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3 ww 'y d yHw' b w'Hd zrorachA kA kilA r . ' d' ' d

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bundelakhaNDa svargIya munzI ajamerIjI cadeloM kA rAjya rahA cirakAla jahAM para, hue vIra nRpa gaNDa, madana paramAla jahA~ para, vaDhA vipula bala vibhava bane gaDha durgama durjaya, maMdira mahala manojJa sarovara anupama akSaya, vahI zaurya sampattimayI kamanIya bhUmi hai| yaha bhArata kA hRdaya rucira ramaNIya bhUmi hai // pAlhA Udala sadRza vIra jisane upajAye, jinake sAke deza videzo ne bhI gAye, vahI jujhautI jite buMdelo ne apanAyA, isase nAma buMdelakhaNDa phira jisane pAyA, purAvRtta me pUrNa parama prakhyAta bhUmi hai| yaha itihAta-prasiddha zaurya saMghAta bhUmi hai / yamunA uttara aura narmadA dakSiNa aJcala, pUrva ora hai ToMsa pazcimAJcala meM cambala, ura para kena ghasAna betavA siMgha vahI hai, vikaTa vindhya kI zaila-zreNiyAM phaila rahI haiM, . vividha sudRzyAvalI aTala prAnanda-bhUmi hai / __ prakRticchaTA vudelakhaNDa svacchanda bhUmi hai // aDe ucca giri aura saghana vana laharAte hai, khaDe kheta nija chaTA chabIlI chaharAte hai, jarakha, teMdue, rIcha, bAgha svacchanda vicarate, zUkara, sAMvara, rojha, hirana, cItala hai carate, AkheTaka ke lie sadA jo bheTa bhUmi hai| ati udaNDa bundelakhaNDa AkheTa-bhUmi hai // gaDha gavAliyara sudRr3ha koTa nAmI kAliMjara, durgama durga phuDAra kaThina kanahAgar3ha naravara, choTe moTe aura saikaDo durga khaDe hai, mAno usa prAcIna kIrti ke stambha gar3he hai, durga-mAlikAmayI dIrgha dRr3ha aGga-bhUmi hai| pari-darpaghna ghudelakhaNDa raNa raGga bhUmi hai|

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premI-abhinaMdana-pratha hue yahAM para bhUpa bhAratIcanda buMdelA, zerazAha ko samara sulAyA kara raNa-khelA, madhukarazAha mahIpa jinhone tilaka na choDA, akavarazAha samakSa hukma zAhI ko toDA, yaha vIro kI rahI anokhI mAna bhUmi hai| vIra-prasU buMdelakhaNDa vara vAna bhUmi hai| dAnavIra vRsiMha deva ne tulA dAna meM, ikyAsI mana svarNa de diyA eka pAna meM, jisakI vaha madhupurI sAkSya aba bhI detI hai, nahIM anya nRpa nAma tulyatA meM letI hai, aise dAnI jane yahI vaha dAna-bhUmi hai| sattvamayI vudelakhaNDa sanmAna-bhUmi hai| kavi ne kahA "narendra, gaur3avAne kI gAyeM, hala meM juta kara vikala bilapatI hai avlaayeN|" pArthiva pravala pahAr3asiMha saja sundara vAraNa, car3ha dauDe le camU phiyA gI-kaSTa nivAraNa, gau-dvija-pAlaka rahI sadA jo bhUmi hai| satyamUrti vudelakhaNDa satkarmabhUmi hai // hue yahIM hiMduvAna pUjya haradaula buMdelA, piyA halAhala na kI bhrAta-icchA-avahelA, pujate hai ve devarUpa pratyeka grAma meM, hai logo kI bhakti bhAva haradaula nAma meM, yahI hamArI harI bharI hara deva bhUmi hai| vadanIya buMdelakhaNDa nara deva bhUmi hai| the campata vikhyAta hue suta chatrasAla se, zatru janoM ke liye siddha jo hue kAla-se, jinheM dekhakara vIra upAsaka kavivara bhUSaNa, bhUla gaye the zivAbAvanI ke AbhUSaNa, ___ yaha svatatratA-siddha hetu kaTibaddha bhUmi hai| saGgarArtha budelakhaNDa sannaddha bhUmi hai // yahA~ vIra mahArAja deva se jana joDanA, kAla sarpa kI pUMcha pakar3a kara thA maroDanA, mAnI prAna amAna bAna para bigaDa paDe the, banA rAcharA zara sabhaTa jisa bhAti laDe the, rajapUtI meM raMgI sadA jo subhaTa bhUmi hai| vIryamayo budelakhaNDa yaha vikaTa bhUmi hai|

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567 bundelakhaNDa lakSmIvAI huI yahA~ jhAMsI kI rAnI, jinakI vaha vikhyAta vIratA saba ne mAnI, mahArASTra kA rakta yahA~ kA thA vaha pAnI, choDa gayA sasAra madhya jo kIti-kahAnI, abalA sabalA bane, yahI vaha nIra-bhUmi hai| vIrAGganA budelakhaNDa vara vIra-bhUmi hai // tulasI, kezava, lAla, vihArI, zrIpati, giradhara, rasanidhi, rAyapravIna, bhajana, ThAkura, padamAkara, kavitA-madira-kalaza sukavi kitane upajAye, kauna ginAve nAma jAya kisase guNa gAye, yaha kamanIyA kAvya-kalA kI nitya bhUmi hai| sadA sarasa budelakhaNDa sAhitya-bhUmi hai / grAma-gIta grAmINa yahA~ mila kara gAte hai, sAvana, saire, phAga, bhajana unako bhAte hai, ThAkuradvAre yahA~ adhikatA se chavi chAjeM, mandira ke anurUpa jahA~ saGgIta-samAje, yaha harikIrtanamayI prasiddha punIta bhUmi hai| svara-saddhalita budelakhaNDa saGgIta-bhUmi hai / yahA~ samaya anusAra sabhI rasa hama pAte hai, vana, upavana, bUTiyAM, phUla, phala upajAte hai, giri-vana-bhUmi-pradatta dravya milate manamAne, gupta prakaTa hai yahAM hema hIro kI khAneM, yaha svatantra mahipAla-vRndamaya mAnya bhUmi hai| vasundharA bundelakhaNDa dhana-dhAnya-bhUmi hai // yahAM seuDA siMdha madhya sanakunA jahA~ hai, vaha vistRta hRda svata sunirmita huA jahA~ hai, idhara durga uttuGga udhara bindhyAcala Upara, varSA meM vaha dRzya vilakSaNa hai isa bhUpara, sanakAdika kI tIna tapasyA-sthalI bhUmi hai| bhavya dRzya budelakhaNDa vaha bhalI bhUmi hai / citrakUTa giri yahA~ jahA~ prakRtiprabhutAdbhuta, vanavAsI zrIrAma rahe sItA-lakSmaNa-yuta, humA janakajA-snAna-nIra se jo ati pAvana, jise lakSya kara racA gayA dhArAghara-dhAvana, yaha prabhu-pada-rajamayI punIta praNamya bhUmi hai| . rame rAma budelakhaNDa vaha ramya bhUmi hai||

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568 premI-abhinadana-graMtha yahA~ porakA rAma ayodhyA se cala pAye, aura unAva prasiddha jahAM bAlAjI chAye, vaha khajurAho tathA devagaDha ati vicitra hai, tyo sonAgiri tIrtha jainiyoM kA pavitra hai, tIrthamayI jo sakala sAdhanA-sAdhya-bhUmi hai| ati Astika budelakhaNDa pArAdhya bhUmi hai // ciragAMva ] - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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bundelakhaNDa ke itihAsa kI kucha mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika sAmagrI zrI raghuvIrasiha em0 e0, DI0liT0 yaha dekha kara kise kheda na hogA ki ava taka vundelakhaNDa kA koI bhI acchA prAmANika itihAsa nahI likhA gayA hai | gorelAla tivArI kRta 'bundelakhaNDa kA sakSipta itihAma' isa kamI ko pUrI karane kA sarva prathama prayatna thA / zrataeva aime prAraMbhika prayatna meM jo truTiyAM raha jAnA svAbhAvika hai, ve saba ukta graMtha meM pAI jAtI hai| saca pUchA jAya to hajAro varSoM kA ThIka-ThIka kramavaddha itihAsa likhanA kimI bhI eka itihAsakAra ke bUte kI bAta nahI hai, vizeSatayA jaba ki usa itihAsakAra ko pratyeka kAla ke lie pUrI-pUrI khoja aura zrAvazyaka gaMbhIra adhyayana karanA paDe / vundelakhaNDa pariSad ne bundelakhaNDa kA itihAsa likhane kA prastAva pAsa kiyA hai, parantu ukta prAyojana ko prAraMbha karane me samaya lagegA / pa0 vanArasIdAma jI caturvedI usa yuga ke svapna dekhate hai java bundelakhaDa ke mava prasiddha mahatvapUrNa vyaktiyo kI sundara prAmANika jIvaniyA~ likhI jA cukI hogI, parantu abhI taka kimI ne chatramAla bundelA kA bhI prAmANika sampUrNa jIvana-carita lisane kA vicAra nahIM kiyA hai / dUradezI vagAlI aura malayAlama bhASA ke upanyAsakAro ne chatrasAla kI jIvana-ghaTanAo ko lekara anekAneka aitihAsika upanyAso kI racanA kI hai, lekina prAmANika itihAsa aura jIvaniyoM ke prabhAva meM ve kaI eka bhaddI galatiyA~ bhI kara baiThe hai / prakavara ke zAsanakAla se hI bundelakhaNDa kA mugala sAmrAjya ke sAtha pUrA-pUrA mavava sthApita ho gayA thA, parantu zrauragajeva ke gaddI para baiThane ke bAda mug2ala sAmrAjya eva bundeloM meM jo virodha utpanna huA, vaha chatramAla bundelA kI mRtyu taka nirantara calatA hI rahA / isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki ina zrammI varSoM kA bundelakhaNDa kA itihAsa mug2ala sAmrAjya ke itihAma ke mAya itanA sambaddha ho gayA hai ki eka ke adhyayana ke binA dUsare kA jJAna pUrA nahI ho sakatA / yahI kAraNa hai ki bundelakhaNDa ke tatkAlIna itihAsa kI pracura sAmagrI mugala sAmrAjya ke itihAsa savavI prAvAra-yo meM hameM prApta hotI hai / vundelakhaMDa eva marAThI ke itihAsakAra apane caritra nAyaka yA prAnta-vizeSa kA itihAsa likhane meM prAya unake virodhI mug2alo me sambaddha aitihAsika sAmagrI kI pUrNa upekSA karate hai, kintu yaha pravRtti aitihAmika zova kI dRSTi se ucita nahIM hai / zrIragaz2eba eva usake uttarAdhikAriyo ke zAsanakAla savacI aisI aitihAsika sAmagrI hame prApta hai ki unase bundelakhaNDa ke tatkAlIna itihAna para bahuta kucha prakAza paDatA hai eva usakI sahAyatA se bundelakhaMDa meM honevAlI ghaTanAo kA ThIka-ThIka kramavaddha itihAna likhA jA sakatA hai / bundelakhaDa kA tatkAlIna itihAsa likhate samaya isa aitihAsika sAmagrI kA upayoga karanA atyAvazyaka hai / yaha mArI sAmagrI vizeSatayA phAramI bhASA meM hI prApya hai / 1 - mugalakAlIna akhavArAta eva patra-saMgraha isa sAmagrI meM sarva prathama zrAte haiM mugala daravAra me likhe gaye 'akhavArAta i-daravAra i-muallA / ' auragaz2eba ke samaya meM dina bhara meM jaba-jaba daravAra hotA thA, vahA~ akhavAra -navIsa upasthita rahate the, jinakA kArya yahI hotA thA ki daravAra me vAdazAha kI mevA me arja kie gae sAmrAjya - zAsana ke vRtAnta, sudUra prAnto ke hAlAta eva isI prakAra kI sArI bAte aura una para vAdazAha dvArA die gae hukmo kA pUrA-pUrA byorA likheN| ina akhabArAta kI nakaleM prAya sAre pravAna umarA eva navAva prApta kara lete the / zrauragaz2eva ke zAsanakAla ke aise akhavArAta kA eka bahuta vaDA sagraha jayapura rAjya ke magraha meM prApta thA / isa sagraha me se kucha baDala karnala TaoNDa apane sAtha legayA aura ye akhavArAta zrAjakala ladana kI raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI ke sagraha meM surakSita hai / 72

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premI-abhinaMdana-pratha 570 ladana meM prApya ina saba akhavArAta kI nakaleM sara yadunAtha sarakAra ne karavAI thI aura apanA suprasiddha praya 'hisTrI praoNva aurarAjeba' (jinda 1-5) likhate samaya unhone ina akhavArAta kA pUrA prayoga kiyA thaa| sara yadunAtha sarakAra ke saMgraha meM prApya ina sava akhabArAta ko nakaleM maine apane nijI pustakAlaya ke lie bhI karavAI hai| karnala TaoNDa akhavArAta ke sava vaDala nahI le jA skaa| kaI eka Aja bhI jayapura-rAjya ke sagraha meM vidyamAna hai| varaso ke prayatna ke bAda mujhe ina vAkI rahe akhabArAta kI bhI bahuta-sI nakaleM jayapura-rAjya kI kRpA tathA sahayoga se prApta huI hai / isa prakAra auragajeba ke zAsanakAla ke prAya saba prApya akhavArAta kA saMgraha hamAre pustakAlaya meM ho gayA hai| hajAro pRSTho meM sagRhIta ye akhabArAta bundelakhaNDa ke tatkAlIna itihAsa para bahuta prakAza DAlate haiN| sava mahatvapUrNa ghaTanApo kA ullekha hameM vahAM milatA hai| chatrasAla ke vidroha, usakI bhAga-dauDa, usake hamalo, lUTa-mAra aura yuddho kA vistRta varNana aura ullekha ina akhabArAta me yatra-tatra pAtA hai| jayapura-rAjya meM prApya akhabArAta kA yaha sagraha auragajeva kI mRtyu ke sAtha hI samApta nahI ho jAtA hai, apitu usake uttarAdhikAriyo ke samaya meM pharukhaziyara ke atima dino taka ke akhavArAta bhI hameM vahAM prApta hote hai / auragajeba ke uttarAdhikAriyo ke kAla ke ina akhavArAta kI nakaleM koI tIna hajAra pRSTho meM huI hai| ina akhavArAta kA adhyayana karane se hame jJAta hotA hai ki ina dasa varaso meM chatrasAla prAya mugalo ke mAtha mahayoga hI karate rhe| ina akhavArAta ke atirikta hameM jayapura-rAjya ke sagraha se kaI eka mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika patra-hasva-ulahukma'-Adi bhI prApta hue hai| unase bhI isa kAla ke bundelakhaNDa ke itihAsa kI kaI eka mahatvapUrNa parantu aba taka ajJAta ghaTanAmo kA patA calatA hai / isa prakAra ke patro Adi kI kaI nakale pahile sara yadunAtha sarakAra ne prApta kI thI, jo moTI-moTI ikkIsa jildo meM sagRhIta hai| pichale varaso me isa prakAra kI aura bhI naI sAmagrI prApta huI hai, jinakI nakale usI prakAra kI dasa aura jildo me samApta huii| rAjasthAnI yA purAnI hiMdI meM likhe gae kaI mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika patra bhI jayapura-rAjya ke saMgraha meM hame mile hai| ina patro meM jahAM hame zivAjI kI dillI-yAtrA, vahAM auragajeba ke daravAra meM unakA upasthita honA tathA dillI se cupake se bhAga khaDe hone kA vizada vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| chatrasAla kI bundelakhaNDa me dhUmadhAma kA ullekha bhI hama yatra-tatra pAte hai| cha moTI-moTI jildo meM ye rAjasthAnI patra sagrahIta hai| akhavArAta tathA jayapura-rAjya se prApta ina patra-sagraho ke atirikta auragajeba ke zAmanakAla ke anya patrasagraha bhI hame milate hai, jiname se kucha meMtopradhAnatayA auragajeba dvArA likhe hue patra hI hai| auragajeva kI gaNanA sasAra ke suprasiddha patra-lekhako meM kI jAnI caahie| apane vizAla sAmrAjya ke dUrastha prAnto aura pradezo ke zAsako tathA sUbedAro athavA vibhinna caDhAiyo para jAne vAle senApatiyo ko choTI-choTI bAto para bhI vaha vistRta prAdeza detA thaa| isa kAraNa auragajeba ke patro me hameM tatkAlIna ghaTanAo kA bahuta hI prAmANika varNana milatA hai| auragajeba ke patro ke kaI eka sagraha hameM milate hai| do sagraha 'ahakAma-i-AlamagIrI tathA 'ekkAta-i-AlamagIrI' nAma se chapakara prakAzita bhI hue hai| parantu tIna mahatvapUrNa sagraha abhI taka duSprApya hai eva unakI hastalikhita pratiyAM bhI bhArata ke kucha pustakAlayo me hI dekhane ko milatI hai| ye tIna sagraha hai -'prAdAba-i-pAlamagIrI', inAyatullA khAM dvArA sagRhIta 'ahakAma-i-AlamagIrI' aura 'kAlimAta-i-taimyivAta' / ina tIno sagraho kI nakale hamAre nijI saMgraha meM vidyamAna hai| campatarAya tathA chatrasAla kI jIvaniyo ke lekhako ko cAhie ki ina patrasagraho kA sUkSma adhyayana kara unase atyAvazyaka aitihAsika sAmagrI prApta kreN| 2-muhammada bagaza aura bundelakhaNDa chatrasAla bundelA ke jIvana ke antima dasa-bAraha varSa muhammada vagaza kA sAmanA karate hue hI viite| muhammada vagaNa ko san 1716 I0 meM pahalI vAra vundelakhaDa meM jAgIra milI thii| taba se vundelakhaNDa me isa virodha eva yuddha kA

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bundelakhaNDa ke itihAsa kI kucha mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika sAmagrI 571 prArabha hotA hai| tatkAlIna aitihAsika phArasI grayo meM vagaza ke yuddho kA paryApta vivaraNa milatA hai| baMgaza dvArA likhe gae patro kA eka vRhat sagraha 'khAjistA-i-kalAma' zIrSaka prApya hai / pichale mugalo ke suprasiddha itihAsakAra viliyama ivina ne ukta phArasI grayo ke AdhAra para vagaza ke gharAne kA vistRta itihAsa likhA thA, jisameM vundelakhaDa - meM ghaTane vAlI tatkAlIna ghaTanAo kA prAmANika varNana diyA hai| ivina kRta yaha graya 'hisTrI oNva vagaza navAja kalakattA kI eziyATika sosAiTI ke jaranala meM san 1878-1876 I0 meM prakAzita huA thA aura usake alaga ripriMTsa bhI tava prApya the| parantu Aja yaha pustaka alabhya hai| bundelakhaNDa ke itihAsa ke lie yaha atha bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa hai| yadi koI parizramI itihAsakAra 'khAjistA-i-kalAma kA pUrNa adhyayana kara sake to usase bundelakhaNDa savavI kaI eka choTI-choTI, para mahatvapUrNa vAto para vahuta-kucha jAnakArI prApta ho skegii| isa phArasI anya kI kevala eka hI prati kA ava taka patA lagA hai aura vaha iDiyA Afisa lAibrerI, ladana meM surakSita hai| usakI eka nakala hamane nijI pustakAlaya ke lie karavAI thI aura vaha prApya hai / 3-marAThe aura bundelakhaNDa san 1870-71 I0 ke jADe meM chatrasAla bundelA dakSiNa meM jAkara zivAjI se milA thA, parantu usake bAda koI pacAsa-pacapana varSa taka marATho kA bundelakhaNDa ke sAtha koI vizeSa savava nahI rahA / san 1715 I0 meM to java savAI jayasiMha mAlavA para AkramaNa karane vAle marATho kA sAmanA karane ko vaDhA tava chatrasAla jayasiMha ke sAtha the aura pilasuda ke yuddha meM unhone marATho ko burI taraha se harAyA thaa| kintu san 1728 I0 ke antima mahIno meM vAjIrAva ne bundelakhaNDa para caDhAI kI aura vagaza kA sAmanA karane meM chatrasAla kI sahAyatA kii| marATho kI bundelakhaNDa para car3hAI eva vahAM unakI kAryavAhI kA vistRta vivaraNa hameM marAThI gratho meM dekhane ko milatA hai| tatkAlIna mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika patro ke kaI sagraha prakAzita hue haiM, jinakA adhyayana kie vinA bundelakhaNDa kA itihAsa sapUrNa nahIM ho sktaa| bundelakhaNDa ke prati marATho kI nIti, chatrasAla ke prati pezavA bAjIrAva kI bhAvanA Adi ko lekara anekAneka dantakathAe~ aura kapolakalpita kahAniyA~ vundelakhaNDa me pracalita hai / marAThI aitihAsika patro ke pUrNa adhyayana ke bAda inameM se kitanI mithyA sAvita hogI, yaha saralatApUrvaka nahI kahA jA sakatA, parantu merA vizvAsa hai ki marAThI bhASA meM prApya isa sAmagrI ke pUrNa adhyayana ke anantara marATho kI nIti ke savadha meM hameM apane purAne vizvAsa eva vicAra bahuta-kucha badalane pddeNge| marATho ke itihAsa se sambaddha jitanI sAmagrI marAThI bhASA-bhASiyo ne prakAzita kI hai, use dekhakara Azcaryacakita ho jAnA paDatA hai / aitihAsika khoja ke lie jisa tatparatA, lagana aura nisvArthatA ke sAtha mahArASTra ke vidvAno ne prayatna kiyA aura jina-jina kaThinAiyo ko sahana karate hue ve nirantara apane kArya meM lage rahe, vaha anya prAnta-vAsiyo ke lie anukaraNIya Adarza hai / pezavA ke daphtara meM prApya sAmagrI kI kucha jilda vIsavI zatAbdI ke prArama meM vADa, pArasanisa Adi itihAsa-premiyo ne prakAzita kI thii| zeSa sAmagrI kI dekha-bhAla kara sara desAI jI ke sapAdana meM koI paitAlIsa jilde vavaI kI prAntIya sarakArane prakAzita karavAI hai| ina jildo meM bundelakhaNDa meM marATho kI kAryavAhI, unakI nIti tathA unakI vibhinna caDhAiyo Adi savadhI saikaDo patra prakAzita hue| gorelAla tivArIkRta itihAsa ke prakAzita hone ke bAda hI yaha sAmagrI prakAza me AI thii| ata ve isase lAbha nahI uThA ske| rAjavADe dvArA sapAdita 'marAThyAMca itihAsAcI sAdhanena' kI kucha jildo meM bhI yatra-tatra vundelakhaNDa ke itihAsa se sambaddha patra prakAzita hue haiN| pArasanisa-kRta 'zrI brahmendra svAmI caritra meM bhI vAjIrAva kI bundelakhaNDa para caDhAI sabavI kaI patra chape hai / usI prakAra 'itihAsa-sagraha mAlA meM 'aitihAsika kirakola prakaraNe' zIrSaka gratha meM pArasanisa ne alIbahAdura kA san 1760 I0 taka kA patra-vyavahAra prakAzita kiyA hai / khare dvArA sapAdita 'aitihAsika patra sagraha kI caudaha jildo meM bhI yatra-tatra bundelakhaNDa-savadhI ullekha DhUr3ha nikAlane hoge| mahAdajI

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172 premI-abhinaMdana-graMtha sindhiyA ke patra-vyavahAra ke bhI tIna vibhinna saMgraha avataka prakAzita hue hai| 'vakIla-i-mutalaka' kI haisiyata se unakA samasta uttarI bhArata se savadha rahA hai| unake patro me bhI bundelakhaNDa ke mAmalo kA ullekha milatA hai| himmatavahAdura aura alI vahAdura kA siMdhiyA ke sAtha-hI-sAtha bundelakhaNDa ke sAtha abhinna savadha rahA hai| ata me gulagule daphtara kA ullekha kiye vinA nahIM raha skte| marATho ke vakIlo kA yaha gharAnA san 1738 I0 se koTA me vasa gayA aura isa pradeza-sabadhI sArA kAravAra karatA rhaa| gulagule gharAne ke isa daphtara meM bhI bundelakhaNDa-savayI bahuta-sI upayogI sAmagrI prApta ho sakatI hai| gvAliyara ke saradAra prAnandarAva bhAU sAhaba phAlake isa daphtara ko kramaza prakAzita kara rahe hai| isa daphtara ke sava patro kI nakale hamAre nijI sagraha meM bhI vidyamAna hai| marAThI bhASA meM prakAzita eva prApya isa agAdha aitihAsika sAmagrI kA pUrNa adhyayana kie binA aThArahavI gatAbdI kA vundelakhaNDa kA itihAsa nahI likhA jA makatA / yaha Avazyaka hai ki bundelakhaNDa ke itihAsa ke vidyArthI marAThI bhASA kA adhyayana kara isa sAmagrI kI bhalIbhAti chAnavIna kara isa pradeza ke tatkAlIna itihAsa ko pUrNatayA kramavaddha rUpa me samupasthita kre| 4-phArasI akhabAra (1779-1818 I0) aura unakA mahatva marAThI bhASA meM likhe gae patra eva anya sAmagrI kA Upara ullekha kara cuke haiM, paratu jyo-jyo marATho kA rAjya vizRkhalita hone lagA aura jaise-jaise marAThA saradAra adhika zaktizAlI hokara arddha svatatra svAdhIna gAsaka banane lage, pUnA bheje jAnevAle patro kI saMkhyA kama hone lgii| una sudUra pradezo kI ora dhyAna bhI prAya kama diyA jAtA thaa| uttarI bhArata meM usa samaya pratyeka mahatvapUrNa rAjanaitika kendra meM AsapAsa ke sthAno se prApta khavaro ko ekatrita kara akhabAra taiyAra kara dUra-dUra pradezo meM bhejane kI prathA cala nikalI thii| san 1775 I0 ke vAda aise akhavAro kA mahatva baDha gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki una dino ina akhavAro ke sagraha taiyAra kie jAne lage the| ye akhabAra san 1818 I0 ke ata taka pracalita rahe aura mAlavA, rAjapUtAnA tathA ina pradezo meM aMgrejo kI sthApanA hone ke bAda hI inakA ata huaa| aise akhavAro ke choTe-moTe koI padraha-bIma sagraha hame yuropIya pustakAlayo ke hastalikhita grayo ke sagraho me milate hai| ye akhabAra phArasI me likhe jAte the| avataka akhavAro ke jo sagraha prApta hue haiM, ve san 1776 I0 ke bAda ke hai aura san 1818 I0 ke ata taka milate hai| koI cAlIsa varSoM ke isa lave kAla meM yatratatra kaI varasa aise bhI nikale hai, jinake koI bhI akhavAra aba taka prApta nahIM ho sake hai, jaise 1758-1762,1768-1803, 18061808 I0 / prApya akhabAra koI dasa hajAra hastalikhita pRSTho meM jAkara sapUrNa hue hai / ava taka jitane bhI aise akhavAra-sagraho kA patA lagA hai, una saba kI nakale kI jAkara hamAre nijI sagraha meM surakSita rakkhI gaI hai| isI prakAra ke phArasI akhavAro kA eka bahuta baDA sagraha pUnA ke eliyanezana Aphisa me surakSita hai / isa sagraha me kula milAkara koI cha-sAta hajAra phArasI akhabAra hai| yadyapi iname se kucha akhavAra IsA kI aThArahavI zatAbdI ke bhI hai, tathApi isa sagraha me pradhAnatayA sava akhavAra san 1805 I0 ke vAda ke hI hai / san 1818 I0 se vAda ke koI akhavAra nahIM milte| ina sava akhabAro ke phoTo hamAre sagraha me vidyamAna hai|| ye akhabAra jo uttarI bhArata ke mahatvapUrNa kendro yA uttarI bhArata se sambaddha mahatvapUrNa vyaktiyo ke kempo se likhe jAte the, una sava meM uttarI bhArata ke prAya saba pradezo se prApta sArI mahatvapUrNa khavare likhI jAtI thii| vundelakhaNDa yo to pezavA ke adhikAra meM samajhA jAtA thA, parantu sindhiyA, holakara eva bhosale Adi saradAro ko bhI bundelakhaNDa ke mAmalo meM bahuta dilacaspI thI / ataeva ina akhavAro meM vundelakhaNDa ke mAmalo kA yatra-tatra ullekha honA svAbhAvika hI hai| aThArahavI zatAbdI ke pratima vIsa varSoM kA itihAsa likhane meM ina akhavArose paryApta sAmagrI prApta hogii|

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bundelakhaNDa ke itihAsa kI kucha mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika sAmagrI 573 auragajeba ke siMhAsanAruDha hone ke sAtha hI bundelakhaDa kA eka mahatvapUrNa kAla prArabha huA aura san 1818 I0 taka yaha parivartana-kAla calatA hI rahA / yadyapi isa kAla kI pichalI zatAbdI bahuta hI gauravapUrNa na thI, phira bhI aitihAsika ghaTanAo eva niratara honevAle parivartano ke kAraNa hI isa kAla kA mahatva banA rahA aura isa nikaTa bhUta kA itihAsa ThIka-ThIka samajhe binA isa pradeza ke bhAvI rAjanaitika mArga ko saralatApUrvaka nizcita karanA sabhava nhii| bundelakhaNDa prAnta kI Aja kI rAjanaitika paristhiti kA svarUpa inhI eka sau sattara varSoM ke isI parivartanakAla meM nizcita huA thA aura Aja vundelakhaNDa ke sammukha samupasthita honevAlI kaI eka kaThinAiyo athavA virodho kA vIjAropaNa inhI baraso me huA thaa| yaha satya hai ki san 1818 I0 ke bAda idhara koI savA sau varSa vIta cuke hai, jagadvyApI mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAo, navIna rAjanaitika aura Arthika pravRttiyo ke phalasvarUpa ava paristhiti me bahuta hI pheraphAra ho gayA hai, sArA vAtAvaraNa hI pUrNatayA vadala gayA hai, kintu phira bhI Aja jo-jo kaThinAiyAM uTha rahI hai, ve usI parivartana-yuga kI dena hai aura unako sulajhAne ke lie yaha atyAvazyaka hai ki una kaThinAiyo ko ThIka taraha samajha kara unako samUla naSTa kiyA jAya / usa parivartana-kAla ke prAmANika itihAsa kA adhyayana isa ora bahuta hI sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| yahAM yaha spaSTa kara denA Avazyaka hai ki bundelakhaNDa ke itihAsakAra yaha na soca le ki isa lekha me tatkAlIna sArI aitihAsika sAmagrI kI vivecanA kI jA cukI hai| pUrvokta sAmagrI ke atirikta aura bhI bahuta sI aisI sAmagrI hai,jo sulabha hai yA jisakA bundelakhaNDa ke itihAsa se itanA sIdhA savadha hai ki usakI upekSA nahIM kI jA sktii| bundelakhaNDa meM bhI abhI taka sthAnIya aitihAsika sAmagrI kI pUrI-pUrI khoja nahI huI hai, jisake vinA kAma nahIM clegaa| isa sthAnIya sAmagrI kI sahAyatA se hI hame sthAnIya mahatva kI aitihAsika ghaTanAmo Adi kA pUrNarUpeNa patA lgegaa| isa lekha me to kevala usa mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika sAmagrI kI kucha vivecanA kI gaI hai, jo prAya sulabha nahIM hai aura na jisakA vundelakhaNDa ke itihAsa se koI sIdhA savadha hI dIkha paDatA hai / ataeva vundelakhaNDa ke itihAsakAro kA usakI ora AsAnI se dhyAna Akarpita na hogA / yaha yathAsthAna batAyA hI jA cukA hai ki yo to yaha sAmagrI sulabhasAdhya na thI, kiMtu bahuta sI sAmagrI kI nakale hamAre nijI saMgrahAlaya me surakSita hai| ve aba itihAsakAro ko sulabhatA se prApta ho sakatI hai / vundelasaNDa ke isa kAla ke itihAsa kA adhyayana karane vAle vidvAno se merA vizeSa prAgraha hogA ki ve isa sAmagrI kA pUrNa upayoga kre| bundelakhaNDa jaise pradeza ke itihAsa kI sAmagrI ekatrita karanA koI sarala kAma nhii| yaha prAnta zatAbdiyo me khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhakta hI rahA hai| jaba kabhI bhI ekatA sthApita huI, vaha bahuta kAla ke lie sthAyI na rhii| rAjanaitika dRSTi se yA zAsana ke lie bhI isa pradeza kA sagaThana nahI huA tathA isa pradeza ke itihAsa kI sAmagrI ekatra karane athavA usakI prAntIya ekatA ko dekhate hue usa sAmagrI kA adhyayana karane kI ora aba taka vizepa dhyAna nahI diyA gayA hai| gujarAta eva mAlavA jaisa pradezo kI rAjanaitika ekatA zatAbdiyo taka akSuNNa banI rhii| una prAnto me bhI, isa rAjanaitika ekatA kA anta hote hI, aitihAsika sAmagrI ke adhyayana kA abhAva tathA usa sAmagrI ke sacita na kie jAne kI pravRtti cala par3I hai| unhI kaThinAiyo kA bundelakhaNDa ke samAna sarvadA vibhavata rahane vAle prAnta ke itihAsa ke lie bahuta adhika mAtrA meM anubhava honA svAbhAvika hI hai / AzA kI jAtI hai ki ina kaThinAiyo kA sAmanA karate hue vundelakhaNDa ke itihAsakAra isa yuga kA vRhat kramavaddha itihAsa likhakara bhAratIya itihAsa kI eka baDI kamI ko pUrA kreNge| sItAmaU]

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bundelakhaNDa ke darzanIya ra [ aitihAsika, prAkRtika aura dhArmika ] 1. prathama bhAga zrI rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI ema0 e0 'bundelakhaNDa' nAma koI tIna-cAra sau varSa se prayoga meM AyA hai| isake prathama isa pradeza kA nAma jijAkabhukti, jIjamukti yA jijhauti rahA hai, jo yajurhoti kA apabhraza hai| isa choTe se pradeza meM aitihAsika dRSTi se sasAra ko bahuta kucha bheMTa karane kI sAmagrI vidyamAna hai, para prAya vanasthalI hai aura agamya durUha gamya sthAna hai| zatAbdiyo se adUradarzI zAsako ke dvArA zAsita rahane ke kAraNa yaha amUlya sAmagrI naSTa ho cukI hai| samaya aura manuSya ke AghAta-pratyAghAta se jo kucha zeSa hai, vaha na kevala isa choTe pradeza ko, apitu samasta bhAratavarSa ko vizvakalA aura darzana kI gailarI meM ucca sthAna dilAne ke lie paryApta hai| (1) aitihAsika sthAna / 1 devagar3ha-jhAsI se vabaI jAne vAlI lAina para jAkhalauna sTezana se nau mIla para jagala ke bIca betavA nadI ke kUla para sthita hai| yahA~ para hiMdU aura jaina madiro kA samUha hai| inameM viSNu-madira kalA kI dRSTi se vikhyAta hai / yaha caturtha zatAbdI ke pratima bhAga se lekara pAMcavI ke prArabha ke samaya kA mAnA jAtA hai| rAyavahAdura dayArAma sAhanI ne vahA~ para 1917 I0 me zilAlekha dekhA thA, jisame likhA thA ki 'bhagavat govinda ne kezavapura se adhipati deva ke caraNo me isa stabha kA dAna kiyA thaa|' yaha govinda samrAT candragupta ke putra parama bhAgavata govinda jAna paDate hai| viSNu madira kA vizada varNana isa gratha me anyatra huA hai| 2 khajurAho-jhAsI-mAnikapura rela kI lAina para harapAlapura yA mahovA se chattarapura jAnA par3atA hai / vaha kaI mArgoM kA jakazana hai| chattarapura rAja kI vahI rAjadhAnI hai| isI ke antargata rAjanagara tahasIla me candelakAlIna utkRSTa zilpakalA se pUrNa madiro kA samUha khajurAho me hai / chattarapura se satanA vAlI sar3aka para bIsa mIla calakara vamIThA pulisa thAnA hai| vahA~ se rAjanagara ko, jo dasa mIla hai, mArga jAtA hai / sAtaveM mIla para khajurAho hai| moTara harapAlapura se chattarapura (taitIsa mIla) aura vahA~ se khajurAho hotI huI rAjanagara jAtI hai / yaha bhI suvidhA hai ki usI samaya rAjanagara se vaha vApisa AtI hai| hamAre isa choTe se pradeza me khajurAho ke madiro kI unnata kalA kI kalpanA svaya dekhakara hI kI jA sakatI hai| citro ke khajurAho aura pratyakSa meM vaDA antara hai| khajurAhoM kI kalA usa yuga kI hai, jaba hiMdU-sabhyatA carama sImA para pahuMca cukI thii| sukha, sampadA aura samRddhi ne zAsako aura nAgariko ko vilAsapriya banA diyA thaa| yahA~ ke madiro me devagar3ha ke madira ke samAna suruci to hai, para sayama nhiiN| nArI ke vilAsapriya sauMdarya kI vividha bhAvabhagI madira ke adara aura bAharI zilAkhaDo, dvAro, toraNo, stabho aura zikharo para sabhI jagaha akita hai| pratyeka mUrti aura abhiprAya (motuf) ke citraNa meM kalAkAro ne kiyA hai| patthara kI mUrtiyAM darzako ko mohita kara detI hai| pradhAna madira ye hai

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bundelakhaNDa ke darzanIya sthala 575 (a) mAtagezvara - ziva kA maMdira hai / isameM vaDA bhArI zivaliMga cabUtare para sthita hai, jisake cAro ora kalAmaya stabha haiM / una para Upara kI zikhara kI chata ulaTe kamala kI taraha banI hai| (a) isake nikaTa lakSmaNajI kA maMdira hai / lakSmaNa jI ke hAtha kaTe hue hai / mUrti zveta pASANa kI ati sundara hai aura vijayanagara ke rAjAo kA sA mukuTa pahine haiM / isa maMdira kI U~cI jagatI ke cAro kono para choTe-choTe maMdira hai / uname eka meM sarasvatI kI-sI mUrti mAlUma paDatI hai, jo baDI sundara, somya aura bhAvapUrNa hai / (sa) isI ke uparAnta kucha dUrI para eka maMdira hai, jo bharatajI kA maMdira kahalAtA hai / bhagavatadayAla jI ne ise sUrya kA maMdira mAnA hai / unhone eka gyAraha ziravAlI viSNu kI mUrti kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / (da) eka dUsarA ziva kA maMdira hai| yaha bhI sundara hai / isameM zilAlekha hai / savat 1056 vi0 kA yaha mAnA jAtA hai / isameM nAnuka se dhaga paryanta narezo kI vazAvali hai / ghaga ke dvArA maMdira nirmANa karane kA varNana hai / dhaga ne nIlama ke zivaliMga kI mUrti kI sthApanA kI thii| dUsarA zilAlekha isa maMdira kA nahI, vaidyanAtha maMdira kA hai, jo dhvasa ho cukA hai / savat 1058 vikrama kaa| isame kisI kokkala dvArA grAma- nirmANa kA ullekha hai / isa maMdira ke sAmane nadI kI mUrti choTe se maMdira meM hai| isako bhUla se sva0 bhagavatadayAlajI ne masAle kI vanI mAnA hai | vAstava meM eka jagaha usakA paira kA masAlA ukhaDa gayA hai / nIce patthara nikala AyA hai| usase prakaTa hai ki vaha pAliza adhika gaharI nahI / bhItara patthara hai / mauryakAlIna pAliza kI taraha kI pAliza hai / (i) devI kA maMdira, jo kAlI kA kahalAtA hai / mUrti kI aba bhI pUjA hotI hai / (ka) khajariyA mahAdeva- -yaha sabase baDA ziva jI kA maMdira hai / madiro ke pIche kI ora hai| mUrtiyo kI hara jagaha bharamAra hai / (kha) bArAha kI mUrti --- jisameM sahasro devatA vane hai / pAliza sundara hai / (ga) hanumAna kI eka vizAla mUrti sabase pahale saDaka ke pAsa hI sthita hai / isameM eka lekha honA kahA jAtA hai, jo e22 I0 kA mAnA jAtA hai / yaha khajurAho meM mile lekho meM sabase prAcIna hai / (gha) eka jagaha mUrtiyo ko eka ghere meM rakha diyA gayA hai| isame eka nAgakanyA kI mUrti vilakSaNa hai / yaha maMdira cadela-kAla ke hai, java ki yazovarmana aura dhaga kA yahA~ para rAjya thA / yazovarmana kA rAjya kAzmIra se narmadA taka phailA thA aura dhaga kA bhI vaDA vistRta rAjya thA / ghaga kI senA bhaTiMDA ke rAjA jayapAla ke sAtha thI, jaba vaha subuktagIna se lar3A thA aura phira mahamUda gajanI ne isa jijhauti prAnta para 1008 yA 6 meM hamalA kiyA / usa samaya anandapAla (jayapAla kA putra) rAjya karatA thA / yuddha huA / hiMduo kI senA jIta hI cukI thI ki anandapAla kA hAthI vigaDa gayA, senA meM gaDavaDa maca gaI / vaha hAthI phira ThIka nahI huA / isa samaya kAliMjara kA rAjA ganDa thA / candela deza kI dhArmika rAjadhAnI khajurAho, sAmarika kAliMjara aura zAsanika mahobA thI / kannauja ke rAjA ne 1019 I0 meM vArahaveM AkramaNa para mahamUda kA zAsana svIkAra kiyA / ganDa ne apane putra vidyAdhara ko dezadrohI ke viruddha yuddha karane ke lie bhejA / mahamUda phira badalA lene AyA / hamIrapura gajeTiyara meM likhA hai ki dhaga lAkho senA ke hote rAta ko uThakara bhAga gayA / san 1022 I0 me mahamUda phira AyA / kAliMjara para, kahate haiM, ghaga ne kAyaratA dikhAI aura saba kucha dekara padraha kilo para zAsana rahane ko mahamUda se abhiSeka liyA / 3. kAliMjara, ajayagaDha, maniyAgaDha, maraphA, vArIgaDha, maudahA, gaDha aura maihara yA kAlpI ina ATha gaDho ke candela janazruti ke AdhAra para svAmI the / inameM kAliMjara va ajayagaDha prasiddha hai / (a) kAlijara - candra brahmA ne karIba 100 varSa hue, candela rAjya sthApita karake kAliMjara va mahovA basAyA / bA~dA se narainI 22 mIla, pakkI saDaka phira kaccI paDatI hai / narainI taka lArI cala to hai / pahADa ke Upara kAliMjara kA kilA sthita hai / vahA~ pahu~cane ko kaI daravAje paDate haiM, jinakA muslima kAla meM nAma parivartana

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576 premI-abhinadama-graMtha huA hai| kahA jAtA hai jaba bhagavAna mahAdeva ne halAhala pAna kiyA aura nIlakaNTha ho gaye taba isI sthAna para nivAsa kiyaa| sItArAma ke bhAne kI bhI kathA surakSita hai| 'sItA seja' eka sthAna kA nAma hai| pahADa para 'svargArohANa' jalAzaya hai| usameM gamiyo meM svaccha zItala jala milatA hai| pahale nIlakaTha mahAdeva kA vizAla madira thaa| usake TUTe khabhe vizAlatA kI smRti ke smAraka hai| vahAM ke pujArI candela kSatriya hai| hajAro mUrtiyA~ aura bhI khudI huI hai / svargIya ku0 mahendrapAla jI ke anusAra vahA hajAro lekha hai / isa gar3ha kA itihAsa bhAratIya itihAsa me vizeSa sthAna rakhatA hai| 1202 I0 meM kutubuddIna ne yahAM para AkramaNa kiyaa| paramAla ko hraayaa| 1530 I0 me humAyU ne caDhAI kii| do varSa niratara yuddha ke bAda saphala hue| phira 1554 I0 me zerazAha caDha paayaa| yuddha meM ghAyala hokara bhAgA aura mArA gyaa| rAmacandra vaghela kA kucha dina adhikAra rahA / phira samrATa akavara ke hAtha paayaa| aura rAjA bIravala ko jAgIra me milA / pannA ke mahArAja chatrazAla ne ise musalamAno se jItA aura apane putra hRdayazAha ko jAgIra me diyaa| isI vaza meM amAnasiMha aura hiMdUpati hue| hiMdUpati ne amAnasiMha ko mrvaayaa| gRhakalaha kA lAbha uThAkara venI hajUrI aura kAyamajI cauve ne adhikAra kiyaa| phira 1812 I0 me agrejo ke hAtha paayaa| ____ isa gaDha ke pratyeka pASANa me, vahAM kI mUrtiyo me, bhagna madiro me aura TUTe hue zilAlekho meM purAtana bhArata ke samujjvala itihAsa kI mUlyavAna sAmagrI hai| (va) ajayagar3ha-ajayagaDha ava bhI eka alaga rAjya hai| ajayagaDha usI kI rAjadhAnI hai| usakA kilA pahADa para hai| vaha ajayapAla kA banavAyA hai / eka ke bAda eka phATaka pAra karane paDate hai / pA~ca phATaka pAra kara darzaka vahA~ pahuMcatA hai| vahA~ para pahADa ko kATa kara do kuNDa bane hai aura pahADa khabho para sthita hai| yaha kuNDa gagA-yamunA kahalAte hai / jala sadA rahatA hai / ragamahala vahAM ke darzanIya hai / iname acchI kalA hai| bhUtezvara ke darzano ko parakoTA ke nIce-nIce jAnA par3atA hai| vahA~ bhI do kuNDa hai aura zilAno se pAnI TapakatA rahatA hai| yahAM bhUtezvara kI guphA hai| inake atirikta gaja (gAjaragaDha), nacanaurA, caumukhanAtha bhI pradhAna prAcIna sthAna vahAM hai| zilAlekha bhI hai| 4 datiyA ke purAne mahala-datiyA jhAsI ke uttara me jI0 AI0 pI0 kI vaDI lAina para sTezana hai| vahA~ para rAjadhAnI ke samIpa hI lAlA ke tAla para sthita mahArAja vIrasiMha deva prathama bhorachA nareza kA banAyA mahala hai| vaha ThIka caukora hai| sAta majila kA hai| cAro kono para cAra gumvada hai aura isa caukora bhavana ke madhya meM eka bhavana pA~ca majila kA hai, jisame pratyeka majila para cAro ora se Ane-jAne ko mArga se vane hai / usa para pAMcavAM gumbada hai| hiMdU kalA aura pArasIka hiMdU kalA ke zuddha aura kalApUrNa sammizraNa kA adbhuta udAharaNa hai| use kucha aitihAsiko ne IsA ke krAsa ke AdhAra para banA kaha kara pazcimIya kalA se prabhAvita honA batAyA thA, para bhAratapremI kalAkAra sva0 DaoN0 hevela ne ise svastika ke AdhAra para vanA batAyA hai| unakA kathana hai ki yaha madhyayuga kI sarvottama kRti hai / isameM bhI ragamahala hai aura usame tatkAlIna citrakArI hai, jisase veSa-bhUSA kA patA lagatA hai| 5. orachA--orachA sTezana mAsI-mAnikapura lAina para hai| vahAM se lagabhaga tIna mIla para orachA rAjya kI purAnI rAjadhAnI hai / vetavA ke tIra para bane hue rAjaprAsAda, rAmarAjA kA madira, jahAMgIrI mahala, lakSmImadira, vIrasiha nareza (prathama) kI samAdhi aura caturbhujajI kA madira darzanIya hai / datiyA ke purAne mahala kI praNAlI kA vIrasiMhadeva kA mahala hai| madira bhI tabhI ke hai / aba orachA kI rAjadhAnI TIkamagar3ha hai| orachA rAjya vundelakhaNDa kA sabase purAnA rAjya hai / rAmarAjA ke madira meM bhagavAna raghunAtha jI kI mUrti virAjamAna hai / nAbhAjI kathita bhaktamAla meM ullekha hai ki use zrI ayodhyA jI se mahArAnI orachA lAI thii| pratyeka puSya nakSatra meM vaha calate the| isa taraha sAlo meM aaye| mahArAnI jI java vRddha huI, unheM sevA karane meM kaSTa hone lagA to ve virAja gye| bhakta maura

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vandelakhaNDa-citrAvalI-2 R 21IDHRE. PAWAR S HON sa HAR Amplifier 14 . M4M N AA PATAN Lw B C447 himer 4 - . . 3 LAHI . - orachA meM vetravatI [vAIM ora vIrasiMha deva prathama kI samAdhi hai

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bundelakhaNDa ke darzanIya sthala bhagavAna ko dayA kI sundaragAthA hai / sthAna prAkRtika dRzyo se suzobhita hai / vetavA (vetravatI) kI chaTA darzanIya hai| U~ce-U~ce kagAro para ghane vRkSa hai / latikAe~ jala kA sparza karatI hai / vanasthalI meM vanya pazuo kA bAhulya hai aura saritA meM yahA~-vahA~ dvIpa vane hai / sArasa aura vagulA krIDA karate rahate hai| 6 (ka) mahovA-yaha candela kAla kA purAnA sthAna jhA~sI-mAnikapura rela kI lAina para briTiza bhArata meM hai / candelakAla ke baDe-baDe taDAga, AlhAUdala kI bArAdarI, kIrtisAgara, jisakI prazasA AlhAcarita me varNita hai, vahA~ kI purAtana smRtiyo ko sajIva karate hai| (kha) rATha va kula pahADa-me bhI purAtana-sthAna tayA velAtAla aura vijayanagaratAla darzanIya hai| yahA~ para darjano mandira, maTha, smAraka, prakRti kI goda me vikhare paDe hai| jahA~ bhI zilAlekha hotA hai, hamAre azikSita grAmINa aura zikSita nAgarika bhI use vIjaka samajhate hai, jisame gupta dhana kI prApti kA sAdhana likhA mAnate haiN| ata ve naSTa kara diye jAte hai aura isa prakAra isa deza kA amUlya dhana naSTa ho jAtA hai| (2) hindU tIrtha 1 citrakUTa-jhA~sI mAnikapura rela lAina para citrakUTa sTezana hai| karvI me utaranA adhika suvidhAjanaka hotA hai / hinduo kA yaha tIrtha sAre bhArata meM prasiddha hai| pradhAna darzanIya sthala (a) bAMkesiddha-siddhapura grAma ke pAsa prapAta hai / jharane kA jala do kuNDo me ekatra hotA hai| (ba) koTitIrtha-parvata me do mIla para hai / koTi muniyo ne yahA~ tapa kiyA thaa| yahA~ dharmazAlA bhI hai / (sa) devAganA-prapAta hai| mandira hai| (da) hanumAnadhArA-sava prapAto se ramaNIka hai / hanUmAna jI kI mUrti para jala giratA hai| (i) pramodavana-udyAna ke prakAra kA vana hai| (ka) sirasAvana-vana hai| (kha) jAnakIkuNDa-sirasAvana se eka mIla hai / payasvinI saritA kI zAkhA mandAkinI yahA~ patharIlI bhUmi para bahatI hai| (ga) anurUpAjI-maharSi atri aura unakI patnI kA sthAna hai| ghanA jagala hai / (gha) sphaTikazilA-baDI bhArI patthara kI zilA pahADa para hai / rAmAyaNa meM isakA varNana hai| (Da) guptagodAvarI-cauvepura se do mIla hai| citrakUTa sTezana se dasa mIla / guptagodAvarI eka nadI hai| patA nahI kahA~ se pahADo ke bhItara-bhItara bahatI huI vaha yahAM Akara darzana detI hai| praveza karane ko guphA meM jAnA paDatA hai| aura bhI guphAeM hai| (ca) rAmasaiyyA-bhagavAna rAma sItA kI zaila-saiyyA hai| (cha) bharatakUpa-bharatakUpa sTezana se nikaTa hai| bharata jI ne atri RSi kI AjJAnusAra saba sthAno kA jala yahAM DAlA thaa| 2 bAlAjI-datiyA va jhaoNsI ke pAsa datiyA rAjya ke atargata unnAva tahasIla meM pahUja nadI ke kinAre hai| yahA~ sUrya devatA ke mantra kI pUjA hotI hai| hajAro nara-nArI pUjA karate hai / carmaroga pIDita hindU aura ahindU yahA~ pAkara niroga hone kI bhikSA mAMgate hai / datiyA me yAtrA se lauTatI huI ramaNiyo ko gAte sunA hai bAlAjI birobara deva naiyyA, devatA nyaaN| bAlAjI

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 3 mahara ko zAradA devI--purAtana sthAna hai / maihara, mAnikapura kaTanI lAina para maihara rAjya kI rAjadhAnI hai| isa sthAna kI vaDI pUjA hotI hai| 4 pannA ke prANanAtha-hindupro me eka 'dhArmA mata hai, jise prANanAthI bhI kahate hai| pannA isakA pradhAna kendra hai| gujarAta, pajAva, kAThiyAvADa sabhI jagaha hajAro ziSya hai / mandira ke gumvaja para sonA lipaTA hai| pustaka kI pUjA hotI hai, jisame purANa aura kurAna kA mizraNa kahA jAtA hai| prANanAtha mahArAja chatrazAla ke guru the| kahate hai, dravya kI kamI ke kAraNa unhone varadAna diyA thA ki jahAM taka ghoDe para caDhe jAyoge, hIrA kI bhUmi ho jaaygii| aba bhI usI se lago bhUmi meM vijAvara va carakhArI rAjya me hIrA nikalatA hai| 5 kuNDezvara-TIkamagaDha se lalitapura kI sar3aka para cAra mIla para hai| 'madhukara'-kAryAlaya yahI hai| jamaDAra nAmaka nadI meM vartamAna orachA nareza ke pitAmaha ne vAMdha lagavA kara eka manorama prapAta kA nirmANa karAyA thA, jo Aja bhI apane anupama saundarya me darzaka ko mugdha kara letA hai / prapAta ke nikaTa eka baDI koThI tathA kucha dUra para dUsaro koThI va upavana hai / prakRti kA kamanIya sthAna hai / zivaliMga nUtana praNAlI ke mandira meM sthApita hai| mUrti prAcIna hai| yahAM para hara sAla melA lagatA hai| 6 jaTAzakara-chatarapura rAjya meM vijAvara nikaTa hai| AsapAsa vijAvara rAjya hai / do prapAta hai aura sundara choTe-choTe kuNDa / unake jala me carmaroga zodhana kI zakti hai| zivajI kA sthAna hai| purAtana hai| bundelakhaNDa me isakI vaDI mAnatA hai| 7 bhImakuNDa-vijAvara rAjya me vijAvara se vIsa mIla dakSiNa kI ora hai| pahADa me guhA hai, jo 1654 85 phuTa hai / vIca meM koI patthara ke khambhe nahI hai| usame jAne ko acchA sopAna hai / agAdha jala bharA hai| sau phuTa taka spaSTa dikhAI detA hai / jala vaDA halkA aura svAsthyaprada hai| sakrAnti ko melA lagatA hai| usake kAraNa yahA~ para sakrAnti ko hI 'vuDakI' kahate hai| (3) jaina-tIrtha bundelakhaNDa meM, vizeSakara vijAvara rAjya meM, jaina-matAvalambI bahuta baDI saMkhyA meM hai| pratIta hotA hai ki jaba hinduo ne jaino ke sAtha sadvyavahAra nahIM kiyA to ve idhara jagalo me A gaye / athavA yaha unake vazaja hai, jo bahuta kAla se yahI the aura pAThavI zatAbdI ke punarutthAna se aprabhAvita rhe| (ka) sonAgiri-datiyArAjya me jI0 AI0 pI0 kA sTezana hai| vahAM para purAne aura naye mandiro kA parvata para vAhulya hai| dharmazAlA hai / sahasro janayAtrI prati varSa zraddhAjali samarpita karane Ate hai| (sa) droNagiri-(saidhayA) vijAvara rAjya me chatarapura sAgara roDa para malaharA se pUrva kI ora cha mIla para hai / candrabhAgA saritA, jisakA vartamAna nAma 'kAThana' hai, anavarata pravAhita rahatI hai| eka parvata ko ghera liyA hai| eka ora se eka zAkhA dUsarI ora se dUsarI pA milatI hai| adbhuta prAkRtika dRzya hai / parvata para jaina mandira hai / nIce jAgIradAra sAhaba kI gaDhI, dharmazAlA aura pAThagAlA hai| vayAlIsa grAmo ke prazasta pradeza ko idhara 'dIna' kahate hai, jo droNa kA apabhraza hai| droNAcArya ko yaha gurudakSiNA meM milA thaa| unakI yaha bhUmi hai / yadi yaha satya hai to droNagiri ke purAtana hone meM sandeha nhii| (ga) papaurA--orachA rAjya kI vartamAna rAjadhAnI TIkamagaDha se tIna mIla pUrva kI ora hai| digambara jaino ke 75 mandira hai| mIlo se dIkhate hai| yahA~ para 13vI se aba taka bhinna-bhinna zatAbdiyo ke zilAlekha milate hai / alaga-alaga prakAra kI prastarakalA ke acche udAharaNa hai| (gha) prahAra-orachA rAjya meM hai / zAntinAtha kI yahA~ aThAraha phuTa kI baDI hI manojJa mUrti hai| paramaddhideva candela nareza ke kAla meM sa0 1237 vi0 me vaha sthApita huI thii| mUrti darzanIya hai / vahA~ para DhAI-tIna so choTI-bar3I mUrtiyo kA sagraha hai| prAkRtika chaTA adbhuta hai|

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bundelakhaNDa ke darzanIya sthala 576 (Da) anya jaina tIrtha - nayanagiri, canderI, devagaDha, kuNDalapura, pavA, vAlAveTa, bajaragagaDha, parAI, serIna tathA khajurAhA Adi hai / (4) anya darzanIya sthAna 1 vijAvara ke darzanIya sthAna-vijAvara vana pradhAna dezI rAjya hai / yahA~ prakRti ne aparimita varadAna diyA hai| (ka) karaiyyA ke pANDava - pAMca satat pravAhita saritAeM ekatra hokara eka pahADI zrRMkhalA se TakarAtI hai / use pAra na kara sakane para andara samA jAtI hai / phira kaI mIla ke bAda nikalatI haiM / dRzya anupama hai / (kha) salaiyyA ke pANDava parvata para prakRti ke vilakula gola kaTe hue kUpa hai| uname agAdha jala rahatA hai / phira jala lopa sA ho jAtA hai / zranatara eka prapAta vana kara giratA, vahatA zraura lupta hotA hai / eka peDa kI jaDa me jala nirantara vahatA hai zrIra ketakI, kelA ko pAnI detA hai / ( ga ) ghogharA -- eka prapAta hai / phira dUsarA prapAta hai, usase jharanA vahatA hai / usakI kagAra meM guhA hai / vahA~ prAcIna citrakArI hai| kahI vUda-jUda pAnI TapakatA hai| kahI parvata ke zIrSa para ajJAta sthAna se Ane vAle jala kA choTA kuNDa haiM / kahI para candelakAla ke pApANa ke ba~dhe vAMvo ke taDAga hai, jahA~ pakSI krIDA karate hai / sAgauna, teMdU, acAra, mahuA prora seje ke jagala hai / uname teMduA, rocha, sAbhara, cItala svacchanda vicaraNa karate hai / eka ora dhamAna aura dUsarI ora kena vahatI hai / 2 jhAMsI kA betavA kA bA~dha - chatarapura pannA ke mArga me vamIThA me bAraha mIla para darzanIya sthala hai / 3 mahebA - chatrasAla mahArAja kI samAdhi aura unakI mahArAnI kI samAdhi kA sthAna orachA rAjya kI tArA tahasIla me hai / 4 varugrAsAgara -- prAkRtika dRzyoM ke lie akSaya koSa hai / vahA~ ke kilA, tAlAva, prapAta, gupta jharanA aura upavana darzanIya hai / 5 jagammanapura kA paMcanadA -- yahA~ para pA~ca nadiyo kA sagama kajIsA grAma para hotA hai| ati ramaNIka sthAna hai / 6 gar3hakuDAra --zrIyuta vRndAvanalAla jI varmA ke 'gaDhakuDAra' upanyAsa ke pAtro ke krIDAsthala kA zrAdhAra, bundelI ke pUrva ke khagAra ( khaDgahArA) kA mukhya sthAna / purAnA gaDha jhAMsI ke nikaTa hai / 7 pannA ke anya sthAna --- vRhatpatikuMDa bharanA, hIro kI khadAna, baldeva jI kA mandira / 8 sAmarika gar3ha -- sAmarika dRSTi se jhAMsI, datiyA rAjyAntargata seuDA aura samathara ke madhyakAlIna gar3ha ar kucha acchA meM aba bhI vidyamAna hai / darzanIya hai / jhA~sI kA kilA kevala zivarAtri ko janatA ke lie kholA jAtA hai / yaha hai hamArA bundelakhaNDa, jahA~ prAgaitihAsika yuga meM zrAyaM zranArya jAtiyo me sagharSa huA aura bhagavAna rAma - candra ke vanagamana ke viziSTa sthAna ava bhI zraddhAlu nara-nAriyo ke tIrthaM vane hai / yahI ke pravala pratApI, pracaDa cedi - nareza zizupAla ne mahArAja yudhiSThira ke rAjasUya yajJa meM viplava khaDA kara diyA thA aura bhagavAna zrIkRSNa ko use samApta karanA paDA thaa| isI bhUmi me guptakAlIna devagaDha prora candelakAlIna khajurAho ke atirikta maurya, kaNva, zuga, kuzAnakAla ke smAraka bhI TIlo aura vano me vidyamAna hoge / uttuga parvatamAlAo, saghana vano, nirantara nirmala jala vAhinI saritAyo, parvatIya varSAkAlIna alpa jIvI karano, bhinna-bhinna varNa-rasa prabhAva vAlI bhUmiyo ke 'pradeza meM bahuta kucha darzanIya hai, jo madhya yuga kI sabhyatA aura saMskRti ko surakSita rakha sakA hai / ' bijAvara ] isa 'isa lekha ke likhane meM katipaya lekho se sahAyatA lI gaI hai / unake lekhakoM kA hama AbhAra mAnate haiM /

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premI abhinaMdana - pratha 2. dvitIya bhAga zrI zivasahAya caturvedI prathama bhAga ke lekhaka mahodaya ne dakSiNa bundelakhaNDa ke agrejI jilo ke aitihAsika tathA darzanIya sthAno kA varNana likha dene kI hame anumati pradAna kI hai / ataeva yahA~ unakA sakSipta varNana diyA jAtA hai| erana - sAgara jile ke bInA jakzana se naiRtya koNa para 6 mIla aura khuraI sTezana se vAraha mIla vAyavya koNa para bInA nadI ke kinAre basA hai / bInA nadI ise tIna ora se ghere hue hai| saundarya darzanIya hai / sAgara jile kA yaha sabase prAcIna aura aitihAsika sthAna hai| Aja se lagabhaga pandraha-solaha sau varSa pahale samrATa samudragupta isa sthAna ke saundarya se itane prabhAvita hue ki unhone erana ko apanA 'svabhoga nagara' bnaayaa| prAcIna khaDaharo se mAlUma hotA hai ki pahale yaha vahuta baDA nagara rahA hogA / 580 yahA~ para caturtha zatAbdI kA eka khaDAvazeSa viSNumandira hai| viSNu bhagavAna kI vizAla mUrti ava bhI vidyamAna hai / mandira ke prAgaNa me saitAlIsa phuTa U~cA patthara kA eka vijaya stambha hai / isake zirobhAga ke cAro kono para cAra siMha bane hue hai aura madhya bhAga me eka dUsare se pITha milAye do strI-mUrtiyA~ khaDI hai / stambha kI kArIgarI kalApUrNa hai / isa stambha para likhA hai- "san 484 I0 me budhagupta ke rAjya meM mAtRviSNu aura dhanyaviSNu do bhAiyo ne janArdana ke hetu khaDA kiyA / " viSNumUrti ke pAsa eka bahuta hI sundara aura vizAla vArAha mUrti hai / yaha gyAraha phuTa U~cI aura sAr3he pandraha phuTa lambI hai / isake vakSasthala para bhI eka gilAlekha hai jisase mAlUma hotA hai ki dhanyagupta ne ise hUNa rAjA toramANAzAha ke rAjya ke prathama varSa me vanavAyA thaa|' dhAmonI - vindhyAcala parvata kI U~cI TekaDI, pArvatya zobhA-yukta vizAlakoTa, ramya vanasthalI, ketakI phUlo kI mohaka - mahaka aura khude hue zilAkhaDo para bahane vAle sundara nirbharo kI chaTA eva kala-kala ninAda sahaja hI dhAmaunI kI chApa hRdaya para DAla dete hai / yaha vahI ghAmaunI hai, jo bAdazAha jahA~gIra ke samaya unnati kI carama sImA ko pahu~ca cukI thI / hAthiyo kA bAjAra bhI usa samaya yahI bharatA thA / vAdazAha auragajeba ne san 1676 I0 meM yahA~ eka masajida banavAI, jo 'auragajeba kI masajida' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / sesAI aura izAkapura do gA~va aba bhI masajida kI tela-vattI ke kharce ko lage haiM / samrATa akabara ke prasiddha vajIra abulaphajala ko janma dene kA saubhAgya isI bhUmi ko prApta huA thaa| unake guru bAlajatIzAha aura mastAnazAhabalI ke makavare aba bhI unakI smRti gAthA gA rahe hai / yaha sundara nagarI aba khaDaharo meM pariNata ho gaI hai / maDalA ke rAjA sUratazAha kA banavAyA kilA zrava khaDahara ke rUpa me khaDA hai / cAro ora kI 15 phuTa cauDI zrora 50 phuTa U~cI dIvAro kA koTa aura cAro kono kI cAra sudRDha burje aura 52 ekaDa kI antasthalI vAlA majabUta kilA hai| isameM eka mIla kI dUrI ke tAla se nala dvArA pAnI lene kA pravandha thA / isa durgaM ko orachA nareza zrI vIrasiMha jU deva prathama ne apane adhikAra meM kara liyA thA / dhAmaunI kI saikaDo masajido, kavaro aura mahalo ke dhvasAvazeSa Aja bhI maujUda hai / yaha sthAna sAgara se 28 mIla uttara kI ora vaDA tahasIla me jhA~sI kI purAnI saDaka para hai / vinAyakA -- sAgara jile ke antargata vaDA se 10 mIla pazcima meM hai| nagara aura bAkaraI nadI ke bIca ke maidAna me 17 - 18vI sadI ke kaI sundara smAraka bane hue hai / yahA~ 20 phuTa U~cA patthara kA vijaya stambha bhI hai / stambha kA zirobhAga caukoNa aura sundara kArIgarI se paripUrNa hai / ina vijaya stambho ko loga isa tarapha bhImagadA kahate hai / 'dekhie, rAyabahAdura hIrAlAla kRta 'sAgara-saroja' hindI gajeTiyara /

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bundelakhaNDa ke darzanIya sthala 581 stambha ke pAsa prastara-nirmita eka bhavya mandira hai| ime maDhI kahate hai| isake daravAz2o aura khambho kA pratyeka patyara sundara kArIgarI, velabUTo aura devI-devatAoM kI mUrtiyo se susajjita hai| yaha maDhI hI yahAM kI sarvazreSTha, darzanIya imArata hai| vijaya stambha se eka phalAMga dUra mahAvIrajI kA madira hai| mUrti 7 phuTa U~cI aura apane Dhaga kI nirAlI hI hai| mahiSAsuramardinI kA mandira yahA~ se eka phalAMga dakSiNa me hai / mandira bahuta vaDA aura sundara hai| mUrti mapheda saMgamarmara kI banI hai aura tIna phuTa UMcI hai| yaha gAMva 15vIM sadI meM gaDhA maDalA ke goDa rAjAno ne vasAyA thaa| pazcAt orachA nareza vIrasiMha jU deva prathama ne ise goDo se chIna liyA aura mambhavata isa nagara kI vijaya-smRti meM hI satrahavI madI ke prArambha meM unhone ukta vijaya-stambha kA nirmANa kraayaa| khimalAsA-sAgara se 41 mIla dUra khuraI tahasIla meM aitihAsika sthAno meM se eka hai| kisI rAjapUta aura musalamAna ke sammilita prayAsa kA banavAyA huA purAnA kilA bhI yahAM para hai| isake bhItara zIzamahala darzanIya hai / isameM darpaNa jaDe the| kucha ava bhI maujUda hai / zIgamahala ke atirikta pajapIra kI daragAha bhI hai, jisameM lagI huI patyara kI jAlI vizeSa kalApUrNa hai| prAcInakAla meM anUpasiMha ne java isa para hamalA kiyA tava isake cAro ora patthara kI eka dIvAra vanA dI gaI thI, jo aba kucha-kucha gira gaI hai| yahAM para zilAlekha bhI kaI haiN| kile ke sivAya khimalAse me satIcIro kI bhI bahutAyata hai| unameM se 51 meM tithi-savato ke sAtha-sAtha bhinna-bhinna matiyo aura vAdazAho ke nAma bhI akita hai| auragajeva ke samaya kI vanavAI eka IdagAha hai| mamajida hai| pUrA-kA-pUrA khimalAsA pattharo kA banA huA hai| yahA~ para prAcIna kAla meM saMskRta ke zikSaNa kA vaDA pracAra thaa| aThArahavI sadI meM svaya pacAga banA kara nirvAha karane vAlI viduSI acalovAI yahI rahatI thii| khimalAse ke smRti-cihna aitihAsika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa aura dekhane yogya hai| rAhatagaDha-yahA~ para eka vistRta kilA hai, jo UMce sthAna para banA huA hai / isame vaDI-baDI 26 vurje hai| vahunerI to rahane ke kAma meM lAI jAtI thii| kile ke hRdayAcala meM 66 ekaDa bhUmi hai| isameM pahale mahala, mandira aura bAjAra bane hue the| 'vAdala mahala' savase U~cA hai| ise gaDhA maDalA ke rAjagoDo kA vanavAyA vatalAte hai| anya sthala joganavurja hai| isa para se prANadaNDa vAle kaidiyo ko vInA nadI kI caTTAno para Dhakela diyA jAtA thaa| lagabhaga tIna mIla kI dUrI para nadI kA 50 phuTa UMcA prapAta bhI hai| gaDhapaharA-maidAna se ekadama U~ce uThane vAle gimbara para dAgI rAjAo kA vanavAyA eka kilA hai| zIzamahala bhI hai, jinameM raga-virage kAMca jaDe hue the| kilA jIrNAvasthA meM hai| kile ke uttara me TauriyA ke nIce motItAla nAmaka choTA-sA tAlAva hai| gaDha se saTA huA hanumAna jI kA mandira hai| ApADha mAma ke pratyeka magalavAra ko choTA-sA melA bharatA hai| ___ gar3hAkoTA kI dhaurahara-chatrasAla ke laDake hRdayazAha ne gAMva se do-DhAI mIla dUra ramanA me 13 phuTa lamvI aura utanI hI cauDI tayA 100 phuTa UMcI dhaurahara banavAI thii| kahate hai ki isa para se umakI rAnI sAgara ke dIpa dekhA karatI thii| kuDalapura-haTA tahasIla me hiMDoriyA-paTerA saDaka para damoha se 23 mIla kI dUrI para jainiyo kA tIrthasthAna hai / eka pahADI para 20-25 jana-mandira bane hai| kucha pahADI ke nIce hai| iname varddhamAna mahAvIra kA mandira mavame purAnA hai| mUrti kI UMcAI vAraha phuTa hai / mandira ke dvAra para eka zilAlekha hai, jisase patA calatA hai ki DhAI sau varSa pUrva (san 1700) kuDalapura kA nAma mandira-TIlA thaa| yahA~ jainiyo kA melA bharatA hai| pahADI ke nIce eka tAlAva ke kinAre do mandira hinduo ke hai| ye jaina mandiro kI apekSA bahuta pahale banAye gaye the|

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premI-prabhinadana-praya 582 bAMdakapura-damoha se 6 mIla pUrva meM jI0 AI0 pI0 kA eka sTezana hai| yahAM para jAgezvara mahAdeva kA prasiddha mandira hai| prati varSa vasanta pacamI ko baDA melA bharatA hai| sAmane pArvatI jI kA mandira hai| mahAdeva aura pArvatI ke mandiro meM jhaDe lage hai| kahate hai, jisa varSa savA lAkha kA~vara caDha jAtI hai usa varSa vasanta pacamI ko dono jhaDe jhuka kara Apasa meM mila jAte hai / isa prAnta ke prati varSa hajAro zraddhAlu nara-nArI kA~vara me narmadA jI kA jala bhara kara jAgezvara mahAdeva ko caDhAne le jAte hai / pAsa hI me eka vAvaDI hai, jise imaratI kahate haiM / mandira kA pravandha vAlA jI dIvAna ke khAnadAna vAlo ke supurda hai / mandira kI AmadanI kA caturtha bhAga pujArI ko diyA jAtA hai| zeSa dIvAna ke vazajo ko milatA hai| bahuta dUra-dUra me yAtrI pAte hai| mRgannAtha-yaha sthAna sAgara-karelI roDa para 54-55veM mIla para jhirAghATI se pAMca-cha mIla pUrva ko hai| vindhyA ke U~ce pahADa eka maidAna ko tIna ora se ghere hue hai / pahADo ke nIce eka vAvaDI hai, jisake pAsa dharmazAlA-sI banI hai| bAvaDI ke Age parvata kI coTI kI ora lagabhaga eka mIla Upara caDhane para eka baDI guphA sAmane AtI hai| ise mRgannAtha kI guphA kahate hai / kisI samaya isa guhA meM mRgannAtha nAma ke siddha puruSa rahate the| bahutere manuSya mRgannAtha kI guphA ke pAsa apanA mRgI roga dUra karane ke lie mAnatA manAne Ate hai| madana-mahala-goDarAjA madanasiMha kI vibhUti madana-mahala jabalapura ke isI nAma ke sTezana se lagabhaga do mIla dUra dakSiNa me hai / yaha mahala vindhyA kI TekaDI para kAle zilA-prastaro ke bIca, saghana vRkSa-kujo se bharI bhUmi para eka hI anagaDha caTTAna para banA huA hai| sAmane ghuDagAlA Adi hai| ____ yahAM kI caTTAno kI zobhA vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / vaDe-baDe AkAra-prakAra kI vizAla gilAe~ eka ke Upara eka tulanAtmaka rUpa se bahuta hI choTe AdhAra para sadhI huI hai| guptezvara-madana-mahala (javalapura) sTezana se DeDha-do mIla dakSiNa-pUrva tathA madana-mahala se lagabhaga eka mIla pUrva vindhyA kI TekaDiyo meM vizAlakAya kAle zilAkhaDo ke bIca guptezvara mahAdeva kA eka ramaNIya devAlaya hai| yaha TekaDI kATa kara hI banAyA gayA hai| mandira prazata chatadAra aura uttarAbhimukha hai / eka vaDI zilA ko kATa kara usI kA zivaliMga nirmita kiyA gayA hai / mUrti ke pIche bahuta hI choTA jala-srota bhI sadA bahatA rahatA hai| ___ sAmane sabhAmaDapa hai / pharza aura dIvAro para phlora-TAilsa lage hue hai| eka kuAM aura eka bAvaDI hai / dono kA pAnI dUdhiyA raga kA hai| bheDAghATa-dhuAMdhAra-javalapura se nau mIla kI dUrI para hai / narmadA kA sarvottama ramya rUpa hai / narmadA ke jala-prapAto kA ziramaura hai / revA kI mahAna jalarAzi yahA~ cAlIsa phuTa kI UMcAI se eka athAha jalakuDa meM giratI hai| jalakaraNo ke vAdala ke bAdala uThate hai, jisase kuDa se dUra-dUra taka dhuMA sA chAyA dIkhatA hai| sAtha hI bAdalo ke garjana-sA jora-zora sunAI detA hai| thoDe aura nIce kI ora sagamaramara kI gaganacumbI caTTAneM hai, jinakI zobhA pUrNimA kI rAtri ko vaDI hI mohaka hotI hai| bundelakhaDa kA madhyaprAntIya vibhAga bhI samaya bundelakhaDa kI bhAMti aitihAsika evaM prAkRtika sthalo se paripUrNa hai / sava kA ullekha isa lekha meM karanA asambhava hai| devarI]

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bundelakhaNDa kI pAvana bhUmi sva0 'rasikendra' , , jhAkI 2 , urvarA bhavya dharA hai yahA~ kI, chipe paDe ratna yahA~ alabele muNDa caDhe yahI caNDikA pai, uTha ruNDa laDe hai yahIM asi le le / khaNDa bundela kI kIrti zrakhaNDa, banA gaye vIra pracaNDa buMdele, la ke sakaTa khela ke jAna pai, khela yahIM talavAra se khele // 1 // zAha bhI TIkA miTA na sake, huI aise nRpAla ke bhAla kI jhAkI yuddha ke paDito ke bala-maDita kI bhujadaNDa vizAla kI jhAkI / pAI yahIM para dharma- dhurINa pravINa guNI praNapAla kI hai jagatI jagatI meM kalA, karake kamalA karavAla kI jhAkI // 2 // zrAte rahe bhagavAna samIpa hI, dhyAniyo kA yahA~ dhyAna prasiddha haiN| putra bhI daNDa se trANa na pA sakA, zAsakoM kA naya-jJAna prasiddha hai / hIraka-sI misarI hai jahA~, vahA~ vyAsa kA janma sthAna prasiddha hai, vaza cala kI prAna prasiddha hai, Udala kA ghamAsAna prasiddha hai // 3 // svarNa- tulA caDh vIrasiMha deva ne dAna kI prAna lacA dI ha paM pAlakI le chatrasAla ne satkavi-mAna kI dhUma macA dI / rAga meM mAdhurI zrA gaI, 'IsurI' ne anurAga kI phAga racA dI kAvya-kalAdhara kezava ne, kavitA kI kalA ko sa-bhoja jacA dI // 4 // svarga meM sAdara pA rahA zrAja bhI, bhAvuka mAnaso kA abhinandana darzana dete rahe jisako tana dhAra prasanna ho mAruti-nandana / pAvana prema kA pATha paDhA diyA, prANa-priyA ne kiyA pada-vandana, " " 1 vAle " vAle / prApta huI tulasI ko rasAyana, rAmakathA kA yahIM ghisa candana // 5 // pAye gaye haradaula yahIM, viSa Takkara se nahIM Dolane santa, pradhAna, mahAna yahIM hue, jJAna kapATa ke kholane mRtyu se jo Dara khAte na the, mile satya hI satya ke bolane bhAva-vihArI bihArI yahI hue, svarNa se dohare tolane acala meM haritAbha liye tane, vetravatI ke vitAna ko gUMja pahUja kI kAna meM gUMjatI, pacanadI ke milAna ko kRtrima - ratna- pradAyinI kena kI, zAna ko dekhA, dhasAna ko dekhA dvAra meM bhAnujA ke saje nirmala, nIlama-veza - vidhAna ko dekhA // 7 // rAma rame vanavAsa meM lAkara, hai giri ko gurutA ko baDhAyA ; pAdapa puja ne de phala-phUla, kiyA zubha svAgata hai manabhAyA / 7 rAma lalA kI kalA ne yahIM, acalA bana ke hai pratApa dikhAyA 1 jIvana dhanya huA 'rasikendra' kA, pAvana bhUmi meM janma hai pAyA // 8 // uI ] vAle 2 vAle // 6 // dekhA 1 dekhA /

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premIjI kI janma-bhUmi devarI zrI zivasahAya caturvedI sAgara jile kI rahalI tahasIla me sAgara se cAlIsa mIla dakSiNa kI ora sAgara-karelI roDa para devarI sthita hai| isI sthAna ko zrI nAthUrAma jI premI ko savat 1938 me janma dene kA saubhAgya milaa| yahI ke hindI miDila skUla me 1 janavarI 1886 I0 ko premI jI kA vidyArambha huaa| skUla ke dAkhila-khArija rajisTara meM unakA sIriyala nambara 606 hai / san 1868 me pAThakIya parIkSA (Tona klAsa) pAma karane ke pazcAt unakA nAma skUla se khArija ho gyaa| prAcIna aura vartamAna rUpa 'sukhacaina' nAmaka nadI vastI ke bIca me hokara bahatI hai| usake dakSiNI kinAre para goDa rAjAo kA vanavAyA huyA eka kilA hai, jo aba khaDahara mAtra raha gayA hai| isI kile ke patthara nikAla kara san 1866 I0 meM nadI kA pula bAMdhA gayA thaa| devarI se narmadA nadI kA 'brahmANa ghATa' pakkI saDaka para dakSiNa kI ora sattAIsa mIla aura karelI sTezana paitIsa mIla dUra hai / yahA~ kA bhUbhAga samudra taTa se 1408 phuTa U~cA hai| pAnI varasane kA ausata devarI pahale eka baDA nagara thaa| san 1813 I0 me isa nagara kI jana-sakhyA tIma haz2Ara thii| isI sAla gaDhAkoTA ke rAjA mardanasiMha ke bhAI jAlamasiMha ne kucha phauja ikaTThI karake devarI ghera lii| usI samaya akasmAt nagara meM Aga laga gii| kahate hai ki prAga jAlamasiMha ke sainiko ne lagAI thii| jo ho, daiva durvipAka se usI samaya jora kI havA calane lgii| dekhate-dekhate nagara jala kara bhasma ho gyaa| nagara ke cAro ora phauja kA gherA thaa| logo ko bhAgane kA avakAza kama hI milaa| vaDI muzkila se pAMca-cha hajAra prAdamI vaca ske| zeSa sava jala mre| kahA jAtA hai ki Aga lagane ke dina jAlasiha ke sipAhiyo ne eka AdamI ko mAra DAlA thA, jo hU~kA gharAne kA gahoI vaizya thaa| pAdamI kI mRtyu hone para usakI sAdhvIpatnI apane pati ke zava ke sAtha satI hone smazAna jA rahI thI ki kucha logo ne usake satI hone kI dRDhatA para sandeha karake upahAsa kiyaa| isa para vaha ruSTa hokara volI, "merA upahAsa kyA karate ho / dekho, cAra ghaTe ke bhItara kyA hotA hai ?" kahate hai, usI dina cAra ghaTe ke bhItara devarI jala kara bhasma ho gii| solahavI zatAbdI ke prArambha me devarI nagara gaDhA-maDale ke goDa rAjAo ke adhIna thaa| gauDo meM sagrAmasiMha pratApI rAjA huaa| usane apane bAhubala se vAvana gaDha jIte, jina me se dasa sAgara jile meM the| dhAmaunI, gaDhAkoTA, rAhatagaDha, gaDhapaharA, rahalI, rAnagira, iTAvA, khimalAsA, khuraI, zAhagaDha aura devrii| sagrAmasiMha ne pacAsa varSa rAjya kiyaa| isane apane nAma ke sone ke sikke claaye| sagrAmasiMha 1530 ke lagabhaga mara gyaa| usake marane para ina gaDho para inake vazajo kA adhikAra banA rhaa| 1732 I0 meM sAgara kA adhikAza bhAga pUnA ke pezavAyo ke adhikAra me A gayA aura sambhavata san 1753 meM devarI ilAkA bhI unake adhIna ho gyaa| __ san 1767 I0 me bAlAjI bAjIrAva pezavA ne apane eka saradAra zrImanta dhoDU dattAtraya ko dakSiNa kI vijaya se prasanna hokara devarI pacamahAla jAgIra meM dI thii| ye zrImanta nAya gA~va-nAsika ke nivAsI the| jAgIra milate hI devarI pA kara rahane lage aura yahA~ ke rAjA bana gye| dhor3a ke putro ne apane ko sindhiyA sarakAra kA Azrita banA liyaa| 1825 me aMgarez2a sarakAra ne zrImanta rAmacandra rAva se devarI kA ilAkA le liyA aura isake badale

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premI jI kI janma-bhUmi devarI gvAliyara ke sindhiyA se unheM isI jile kA piThauriyA ilAqA dilA diyaa| zrImanta ke vazaja Aja bhI piThauriyA meM rahate hai / san 1825 meM devarI meM aMgarejI amaladArI prArambha huii| isa samaya mejara hArDI kabjA karane Aye the| unako isa tahasIla ke pravandha ke lie, jo hAla hI meM aMgarejI rAjya meM milAI gaI thI, eka sthAnIya suyogya aura anubhavI zrAdamI kI AvazyakatA thii| unake vizeSa Agraha para ina paktiyo ke lekhaka ke pUrvaja, jo purAne rAjA zrImanta ke samaya ke tahasIladAra the, pa0 rAva sAhaba cauve devarI tahasIla ke aMgarejI amaladArI ke sarvaprathama tahasIladAra aura tryambaka rAva nAmaka eka mahArASTra majjana nAyava tahasIladAra banAye gye| isa tahasIla me gaurajhAmara. nAharamaudevarI. cAMvarapAThA aura teMdakheDA paragane zAmila the| isakA vistAra dakSiNa meM narmadA nadI taka thA, parannu kucha mamaya pazcAt narasiMhapura ke aMgarejI rAjya meM A jAne ke kAraNa tahasIlo meM parivartana huA aura devarI rahalI tahasIla meM zAmila kara dI gii| san 1857 me gadara ke samaya siMhapura ke goMDa z2amIMdAra durjanasiMha ne devarI ke kile para avikAra kara liyA thA, parantu ume kilA choDa kara gIghra bhAganA pddaa|' man 1941 I0 kI manuSya-gaNanA ke anusAra devarI kI jana-sakhyA ATha hajAra ke karIva hai| jana-sakhyA ke himAva se sAgara aura damoha ko choDa kara devarI isa jile kA sabase vaDA kasvA hai| san 1867 I0 meM yahA~ myunisipaliTI kAyama kI gaI thii| vartamAna samaya meM isakI sAlAnA AmadanI pacIsa-tIsa hajAra rupayA hai| yahA~ myunisipaliTI ke do miDila skUla hai / eka hindI kA, dUsarA aMgarez2I kA / eka marakArI kanyAzAlA bhI hai| ina zikSaNamasyAo ke atirikta yahA~ para pulisa sTezana, siTI pulisa caukI, DAkakhAnA, aspatAla, DhoraaspatAla, vana-vibhAga, paDAva, sarAya aura vizrAma-caMgalA (resTa hAusa) bhI hai| pahale yahAM rajisTrI aura tAra Aphima bhI the, parantu aba TUTa gaye hai| eka choTA bAjAra bhI pratidina bharatA hai| sAptAhika bAjAra zukravAra ke dina lagatA hai, jimameM galle aura maveziyo kI adhika vikrI hotI hai| sAgara-karelI meM relve lAina nikalane ke pahale yahA~ kA vyApAra bahuta vaDhA-caDhA thaa| ava bhI yahAM bahuta vyApAra hotA hai| sarote yahAM ke prasiddha hai / devarI pahale rAja-myAna rahA hai| isa kAraNa yahAM vaizya, mahAjana, vyApArI, luhAra, vaDhaI, telI, tambolI, korI, kusTA, kumhAra, munAra, kamere, tamere, ragareja, chIpA, kacere (kAMca kI cUDiyAM banAne vAle), lakhere, kundere (lakaDI ke khilaune banAne vAle), mocI, citrakAra, jamodI, (gAne vAle), kaDere (vAsda AtizavAjI banAne vAle), mAlI, dhovI, nAI, DhImara Adi sabhI jAtiyo ke loga rahate hai| kapaDe ke roz2agAra ke abhAva ke kAraNa yahAM ke vahu-sakhyaka korI ahamadAvAda aura indaura meM jA base hai| premIjI kA ghara vastI ke bIca se jo maDaka gujaratI hai, usI ke pazcima kI ora lagabhaga DhAI phalAMga kI dUrI para premIjI kA ghara hai| yaha unakI paitRka-bhUmi hai / premIjI ke choTe bhAI nanhelAla jI ne usa ghara ko phira se banavA liyA hai aura vahI usameM rahate hai / premIjI to varSa do varSa meM kabhI Ate hai / samAroha aura mahApurupo kA Agamana devarI meM samaya-samaya para aneka utsava hote rahate hai aura mahApuruSo kA Agamana / san 1901 se lekara kaI varSoM taka 'mIra'-maDala-kavi-samAja ke jalso kI dhUma rahatI thii| vAhara ke vidvAn bhI uname sammilita hote the| prati varSa dazahare ke avasara para yahAM rAmalIlA yA kRSNalIlA huA karatI thii| sabhI varga ke loga usameM bhAga lete the| mahattva kI bAta yaha hai ki rAmalIlA me musalamAna premapUrvaka sammilita hote the aura tAjiyo meM hindU sAgara gjettiyr|

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 586 yoga dete the| yaha san 1903-4 ke pahale kI vAta hai| usake bAda samaya ne, palaTA khAyA aura hindU-musalima ekatA kI bAta svapna ho gii| san 1905 I0 me lArDa karjana dvArA vaga-bhaga aura usake virodha meM bagAla se svadezI aura baoNyakATa kA Andolana uThane ke pUrva devarI me svadezI vastu-pracAra kA Andolana jora pakaDa gayA thaa| sabhAmo tathA jAtIya pacAyato dvArA svadezI vastuo ke vyavahAra karane, devarI ke bune svadezI vastra pahanane aura dezI zakkara khAne kI pratijJA karAI jAtI thii| isa hala-cala kA apUrva prabhAva pddaa| devarI ke bAjAra meM vAhara kI zakkara DhUDhe na milatI thii| halavAI to svadezI zakkara kI miThAI banAne ke lie pratijJAbaddha the hii| adhikAza loga devarI ke bane kapaDe pahinane lage the| yahAM uttama rezama kinArI ke dhotI joDe, sADiyAM, kurate aura koTo ke baDhiyA-baDhiyA kapaDe bune jAne lage the| ina saba kAmo ke mukhya pravartaka sthAnIya mAlagujAra lAlA bhavAnIprasAda jI the| gA~va ke sabhI logo kI inase pUrNa sahAnubhUti thii| zrI saiyada amIra alI 'mIra' svadezI Andolana meM vizeSa kriyAtmaka bhAga lete the| ve apanI dUkAna dvArA devarI kI banI svadezI vastue~ vecate the| unhone kapaDA bunanA bhI sIkha liyA thaa| lAlA bhavAnIprasAda jI aura zrI nAthUrAma jI premI Adi kucha sajjano ke prayatna se vambaI se 'zivAjI heNDa lUma' ma~gAI gaI aura usase tathA kucha yahA~ ke bane karagho se kapaDA bunane kA eka vyavasthita kArakhAnA kholA gyaa| devarI ke kucha korI mIra sAhaba ke sAtha vastra vunane kI kalA meM vizeSa dakSatA prApta karane ke lie bambaI bheje gye| heNDa-lama prA jAne para yahA~ baDe arja ke kapaDe sugamatA se bune jAne lge| Aja bhI yahA~ kaI kisma ke acche kapaDe taiyAra hote hai| cAlIsa nambara ke sUta ke nAmI joDe, rezamI kinArI kI sADiyAM aura aneka prakAra ke caukhAne vune jAte hai| paTI (striyo ke laMhagA banAne kA lAla raMga kA dhArIdAra kapaDA, jisake nIce cauDI kinAra rahatI hai|) yahA~ khUba taiyAra hotA hai| san 1906-10 meM ina kAmo kI oTa meM sarakAra ko rAjavidroha kI gandha Ane lgii| phalataH zrI lAlA bhavAnIprasAda, pa0 lakSmaNa rAva, pa0 zrIrAma dAmale Adi cha sAta Adamiyo para tAjIrAta hinda ke antargata 124 a ke mAmale calAye gaye aura unase do-do hajAra rupayo kI jamAnateM talava kI gii| damanacakra z2ora pakaDa gyaa| 'mIra' sAhava vAhara cale gaye / premIjI pahale hI vambaI jA cuke the| ata kArya zithila paDa gyaa| ___ san 1920 me nAgapura-kAgresa ke pracAra-kArya tathA cande ke lie zrI mAdhava rAva jI sapre, pa0 viSNudatta jI zukla aura vairisTara abhyakara devarI padhAre aura unake bhASaNa hue| kAgresa ke pazcAt mahAtmA gAMdhI ke asahayoga Andolana ne jora pkddaa| devarI meM bhI kAgresa kI pravRttiyA~ cala pddii| san 1918 se 1933-34 taka devarI kI pratyeka rAjanaitika tathA sArvajanika halacala meM ina paktiyo ke lekhaka kA hAtha rahA hai| san 1933 ke disambara kI pahalI tArIkha devarI ke itihAsa meM sadA smaraNIya rhegii| usa dina mahAtmA gAdhI devarI pdhaare| zukravAra vAjAra ke maidAna meM sabhA kI AyojanA kI gii| hajAro nara-nArI mahAtmA jI ke darzana karane aura unakA bhASaNa sunane ke lie ikaTThe hue| pUrvAhna me dasa baje mahAtmA jI kA Agamana huA aura do baje sabhA huii| bhASaNa ke pazcAt mahAtmA jI ko thailiyAM aura mAnapatra bheMTa kiyA gyaa| 'harijana-sevaka' meM mahAtmA jI ne devarI ke supravandha aura mAnapatra kI prazasA kI thii| san 1941-42 meM mahAtmA jI ke yuddha-virodhI Andolana ke samaya devarI satyAgrahiyo kI rAjanaitika halacalo kA prasiddha akhADA rhaa| vahuta se Adamiyo ne jela-yAtrA kii| sAhityika sevA sAhityika kSetra meM bhI devarI kI sevAe~ kabhI bhulAI nahI jA sktii| sva0 saiyada amIra alI 'mIra' tathA mIra-maDala ke kaviyo ne, jinamepa0 kanhaiyAlAla jI 'lAlavinIta', muzI khairAtI khA~ 'khAna', gore lAla jI bhajusuzIla,

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premI jI kI janma-bhUmi devarI 587 kAmatAprasAda vIrakavi', phadAlIrAmajI svarNakAra 'nUtana', nAthUrAma jI 'premI', buddhilAla jI 'zrAvaka',pa0 lakSmIdatta jI 'lAlapratApa', bArelAla jI 'hU~kA' prabhRti vidvAno ke nAma ullekhayogya hai, hindI-sAhitya kI prazasanIya sevA kI hai| zrI nAthUrAma jI 'premI' kI vyApaka aura Thosa sevAo se to hindI-jagat bhalIbhAMti paricita hI hai| unake suputra hemacandra bhI pratibhAzAlI yuvaka the aura unase baDI AzAe~ thI, lekina alpAyu meM hI ve svargavAsI ho gye| ina paktiyo ke lekhaka se bhI sAhitya kI thoDI-bahuta sevA bana paDI hai / devarI kI urvara bhUmi aneko 'mora' aura 'prema' utpanna kare, aisI kAmanA hai| devarI ]

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bundelakhaNDa kI patra-patri e~ zrI devIdayAla caturvedI 'masta hamAre deza meM Aja vibhinna prAnto se anekAneka patra-patrikAeM prakAzita ho rahI hai| prastuta lekha meM hama kevala vundelakhaDa ke patro para hI sakSipta prakAza DAlane kI cepTA kreNge| samaya-samaya para bundelakhaDa se jo patra prakAzita hue aura samApta ho gaye, una saba kA kramAgata ullekha kara sakanA sambhava nhiiN| kAraNa, kitane hI pano kA Aja na to kahI koI itihAsa hI prApya hai aura na unakA vivaraNa jAnane vAlo kA hI astitva hai, lekina Aja ke yuga meM hameM apanI patra-patrikAo kA lekhA-jokhA rakhanA atyanta Avazyaka hai, tAki vismRti ke garbha meM ve bhI vaise hI vilIna na ho jAye, jaise ki pahale ho gae hai| bundelakhaDa me patra-patrikAmo ke prakAzana kA sarvAdhika zreya javalapura ko hI diyA jA sakatA hai| vahAM se samaya-samaya para aneka patra nikale aura apane kSetra meM unakI sevAe~ paryApta ullekhanIya rhii| lekina hama dekhate hai ki hamAre prAnta meM anya prAnto kI patra-patrikAe~ to sahaja hI meM apanA pracAra kara letI hai, grAhako ke rUpa meM janatA kA sahayoga prApta kara letI hai aura uttarottara unnata hone kA mArga banA letI hai, lekina apane hI prAnta ke patro ko apanAnA aura unheM unnata karanA mAno yahAM ke nivAsiyo ne sIkhA hI nhiiN| chindavADA se ina paktiyo ke lekhaka ke sampAdakatva meM 'skAuTa-mitra' nAmaka jisa mAsika patra kA prakAzana zrI rAmezvara dayAla jI varmA ne prArambha kiyA thA, usake silasile meM hamane anubhava kiyA ki hamAre prAntavAsI kevala una patro ko hI apanAne ke abhyasta hai jo prArambha se hI bhArI-bharakama aura UMce darje ke ho| ve kadAcit yaha nahIM jAnate ki dUsare prAnto ke jina payo ke ve Aja grAhaka hai, prArambha meM ve bhI kSINakAya aura sAdhanahIna the aura atyanta sAdhAraNa kalevara lekara prakAzita hue the| yadi hamAre prAnta-vAmI apane prAnta ke patro ko apanAne kI udAratA dikhAve to koI kAraNa nahIM ki yahA patrapatrikAmo ko akAla hI kAla-kavalita ho jAnA paDe / kheda kI bAta hai ki imI truTi ke kAraNa hamAre prAnta ke aneko aise patra kucha dina hI cala kara khatma ho gaye, jo kucha hI samaya meM bhArata ke sarvazreSTha patro kI zreNI me gine jA sakate the| javalapura se abhI taka nimnalikhita gyAraha patro kA prakAzana samaya-samaya para kiyA gayA, lekina unameM se Aja do-eka ke atirikta kisI kA bhI astitva nahI rhaa| .1-'zAradA-vinoda'-seTha zrI govindadAsa jI kI preraNA se jUna 1915 me isakA prakAzana prArambha kiyA gayA thaa| isake sampAdaka the madhyaprAnta ke suprasiddha rASTrakarmI pa0 narmadAprasAda jI mizra / choTI-choTI kahAniyo kA yaha sundara mAsika patra thaa| vArSika mUlya thA DeDha rupyaa| kula satraha aka isake nikle| gAradA-bhavana-pustakAlaya, jabalapura dvArA isakA prakAzana huA thaa| 2-chAtra-sahodara'-madhyaprAnta ke suprasiddha vidvAn aura itihAsakAra svargIya pa0 raghuvaraprasAda jI dvivedI aura rASTrakavi zrIyuta narasiMhadAsa jI agravAla 'dAsa' ke sampAdakatva meM yaha pAkSika patra prakAzita hotA thaa| chAtro ke lie upAdeya sAmagrI se pUrNa rahatA thaa| lekina kucha samaya bAda vaha bhI vanda ho gyaa| 3--'zrI zAradA-hindI-sasAra ke zreSTha mAsika patro meM 'zrI zAradA' kA nAma cirasmaraNIya rhegaa| hindI ke dhurandhara lekhako kA sahayoga ise prApta thaa| isakI sI gahana aura gambhIra sAmagrI Aja ke kitane hI zreSTha mAsika patro meM khojane para bhI na milegii| madhyaprAnta ke sAhitya meM isa patrikA kI sevAe~ apanA sAnI nahI rkhtii| isake sampAdaka the pa0 narmadAprasAda jI mizra / seTha govindadAsa jI ke tatvAvadhAna meM yaha patrikA rASTrIya hindI mandira, javalapura dvArA prakAzita hotI thii| isakA vArSika mUlya pAMca rupayA thaa|

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bundelakhaNDa-citrAvalI-3 1 - RANCH "r m TAGE CATE 110 - me GA N bundelakhaNDa kA eka grAmINa melA

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bundelakhaNDa kI patra-patrikAe~ 586 'zrI zAradA' kA prathamAka 21 mArca man 1920 ko prakAzita huA thaa| lagabhaga tIma aka prakAzita hone ke vAda pa0 narmadAprasAda jI mizra ne isake sampAdakatva se avakAza grahaNa kara liyaa| Apake haTa jAne para paDita dvArakAprasAda jI mizra isake mampAdaka niyukta hue, lekina mizra jI ke mampAdakatva meM yaha patrikA mAsika na raha kara traimAmika ho gaI aura tIna-cAra aka nikala kara vanda ho gii| 4--'lokamata'-meTha govindadAsa jI ke tattvAvadhAna meM isakA prakAzana prArambha huA thaa| paDita dvArakApramAda jI mitra isake pradhAna sampAdaka the| isake prakAzana me hindI ke dainika patro me tahalakA maca gyaa| kalakatte kA dainika 'vizvamitra' Aja jima vRhat rUpa meM prakAzita hotA hai, 'lokamata' aise hI vizAla spa meM molaha pRSTha kA bhArI kalevara lekara pratidina prakAzita hotA thaa| yaha rASTrIya jAgaraNa kA pravala samarthaka thaa| "vindhya-zikhara se gIrSaka stambha kI sAmagrI par3hane ke lie janatA lAlAyita rahatI thii| isa stambha me hAsya kA puTa dete hue rAjanaitika halacalo kA jo khAkA khIcA jAtA thA, vaha Aja bhI hindI ke kisI dainika athavA sAptAhika me durlabha hai| isa patra ke sampAdakIya vibhAga meM bhArata ke vibhinna prAnto ke lagabhaga eka darjana pratibhAgAlI patrakAra kAma karate the| ina paktiyo ke lekhaka ko bhI patrakAra-kalA kA prArambhika pATha paDhane kA saubhAgya isI dainika patra ke mampAdakIya vibhAga me prApta huA thaa| lekina madhyaprAnta kI anurvara bhUmi para aimA apratima dainika bhI jIvita na raha sakA / prAnta ke lie yaha lajjA-janaka bAta hai| san 1931 ke rASTrIya Andolana meM mizra jI aura bAbU sAhaba ke jela cale jAne para mahIno taka mAMseM lene ke bAda 'lokamata' kA prakAzana vanda ho gyaa| 5-'premA'-'zrI zAradA' ke vAda 'premA' kA prakAzana huaa| san 1931 me vaha zrIyuta rAmAnujalAla jI zrIvAstava ke sampAdakattva meM niklii| prArambha meM kucha samaya taka zrIvAstava jI ke sAtha-sAtha zrI paripUrNAnanda jI varmA bhI isake sampAdaka the aura antima samaya meM madhyaprAnta ke suparicita kavi aura 'umarakhaiyyAma' ke anuvAdaka pa0 kezavaprasAda jI pAThaka isakA sampAdana karate the| hindI ke suprasiddha lekhako kI racanAyo se jahA~ 'premA' kA kalevara alakRta rahatA thA, vahA~ prAnta ke udIyamAna kaviyo aura lekhako kI kRtiyoM ko bhI isameM yatheSTa sthAna diyA jAtA thaa| isameM sandeha nahIM ki javalapura ke aneka pratibhA sampanna kalAkAro ke nirmANa meM 'premA' kA vaDA hAtha rhaa| kAvya-zAstra meM pratipAdita nau raso para eka-eka upAdeya vizepAka nikAlane kI dizA meM 'premA' kA prayatna stutya thaa| lekina hAsya, zRgAra aura karuNarasa ke bhI vizepAka pAragata sAhityiko ke sampAdakattva meM prakAzita karane ke bAda 'premA' kA prakAzana bhI banda ho gyaa| zrIvAstava jI ne 'premA' ke lie apanA sarvasva nyochAvara kara diyA thA, lekina prAnta isa mAsika patrikA ko bhI jIvita na rakha skaa| 6-'patita-vadhu-zrI viyogI hari jI aura zrI nAthUrAma jI zukla ke sampAdakattva meM harijana-Andolana ke samarthana meM 'patita-bandhu' kA sAptAhika prakAzana bhI kAphI samaya taka hotA rhaa| zrI vyohAra rAjendrasiMha jI kA sahayoga ise prApta thaa| lekina 'cAra dino kI cAMdanI, phera aMdherI rAta' vAlI ukti isake sAtha bhI caritArtha hokara hI rhii| 7-'sArathI-pa0 dvArakAprasAda mizra ke sampAdakattva meM san 1942 meM isa sAptAhika patra kA prakAzana Arambha kiyA gayA thaa| hindI ke zreSTha sAptAhiko meM isakI gaNanA hotI thI, lekina agasta 1942 ke Andolana meM mizra jI ke jela cale jAne para zrI rAmAnujalAla jI zrIvAstava ne kucha mahIno taka isakA sampAdana-bhAra grahaNa kara ume jIvita rakhane kA bharasaka prayala kiyA, parantu paristhitiyo ne unakA sAtha nahIM diyA aura yaha sAptAhika bhI vanda ho gyaa|

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560 pramI-abhinaMdana-pratha -'karmavIra'-hindI sAptAhika 'karmavIra' jo Ajakala pa0 mAkhanalAla jI caturvedI ke sampAdakatva meM khaDavA se prakAgita ho rahA hai, prArambha me-zAyada 1916 me-jabalapura se hI prakAzita hotA thaa| usa samaya bhI caturvedI jI hI isake mampAdaka the| kucha samaya ke vAda caturvedI jI isa patra ko apanA nijI patra banA kara khaDavA le gaye aura Aja taka vahI se ise prakAzita kara rahe hai| lekina kisI samaya rASTrIyatA kA zakhanAda karane vAlA 'karmavIra' Aja apane prAcIna mahattva ko kho baiThA hai| -zubhaciMtaka-san 1937 meM vijayadazamI ke avasara para isa patra kA prakAzana sAptAhika ke rUpa meM prArambha kiyA gayA thaa| isake sampAdaka the javalapura ke suprasiddha kathAkAra svargIya zrI magalaprasAda jI vizvakarmA / lagabhaga tIna varSa taka vizvakarmA jI ne isakA sampAdana yogyatA-pUrvaka kiyaa| unake nidhana ke bAda zrI nAthUrAma jI zukla kucha samaya taka isake sampAdaka rahe, lekina isake sacAlaka zrI vAlagovinda gupta se matabheda ho jAne ke kAraNa zukla jI ne use choDa diyaa| imake vAda se ava taka zrI vAlagovinda gupta kA nAma sampAdaka kI haisiyata me prakAzita ho rahA hai / ava yaha patra arddha sAptAhika ke rUpa me nikalatA hai| 10-'zakti'-zrI nAthUrAma zukla ke sampAdakattva meM sAptAhika 'zakti' bhI pichale kaI varSoM se prakAzita ho rahI hai, lekina jabalapura ke vAhara loga ise jAnate bhI nhiiN| hindU mahAsabhA ke uddezyo kA samarthana hI isakI nIti hai| 11-'mahAvIra-san 1936 me ina paktiyo ke lekhaka ke hI sampAdakattva meM isa vAlopayogI mAsika patra kA prakAzana prArambha huA thaa| isake sacAlaka the zrI bhuvanendra 'vizva', jinakI 'sarala jaina-granya-mAlA', javalapura ke jaina samAja me apanA vizeSa mahattva rakhatI hai| lagabhaga eka varSa taka isakA prakAzana saphalatApUrvaka huaa| bAda me sampAdaka aura sacAlaka meM matabheda ho jAne ke kAraNa isake do-cAra aka svaya sacAlaka mahodaya ne apane hI sampAdakattva meM prakAzita kiye, lekina patra ko vaha jIvita na rakha ske|. 12-madhukara'-javalapura ke bAda patra-patrikAo ke prakAzana kA jahAM taka sambandha hai, orachA rAjya kI rAjadhAnI TIkamagaDha kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| hindI ke yazasvI patrakAra pa0 banArasIdAsa jI caturvedI 'vizAla bhArata' kA sampAdana choDa kara TIkamagaDha Aye aura zrI vIrendra-kezava-sAhitya pariSad ke tattvAvadhAna meM TIkamagaDha se 'madhukara' nAmaka pAkSika patra kA aktUvara 1940 se prakAzana prArambha kiyaa| isa patra ne bundelakhaDa ke prAcIna aura vartamAna rUpa ko prakAza meM lAne kA saphalatA-pUrvaka udyoga kiyA hai| zrI caturvedI jI ne samaya-samaya para aneka Andolana calAye hai aura uname saphalatA bhI prApta kI hai| 'madhukara' dvArA bhI unhone kucha Andolana calAye hai jinameM pramukha bundelakhaNDa-prAnta-nirmANa tathA janapada-Andolana hai| yaha patra cAra varSa taka bundelakhaNDa taka sImita rahA / ava isakA kSetra vyApaka ho gayA hai / 13-'lokavArtA'-'lokavArtA-pariSad' TIkamagaDha ke tattvAvadhAna meM hindI ke suparicita lekhaka zrI kRSNAnanda gupta ke sampAdakattva meM jUna 1944 meM isakA prathamAka prakAzita huA thaa| patrikA traimAsika hai| deza ke vibhinna prAnto kI loka-vArtAo para prakAza DAlane ke uddezya se isa patrikA ne jisa dizA meM kadama baDhAyA hai, vaha vAchanIya aura stutya hai / patrikA kA kSetra abhI bundelakhaNDa taka hI sImita hai, lekina Age cala kara isakA kSetra vyApaka hone kI AzA hai| ina patro ke atirikta damoha se 'grAma-rAma' nAmaka mAsika patra kA prakAzana huA, lekina kucha samaya ke bAda vaha bhI banda ho gyaa| zrI zarasaude jI ne bhI 'mohanI' aura 'paisA' nAma ke mAsika pAkSika patro kA prakAzana kiyA, kintu ye patra kucha hI aka prakAzita kara banda ho ge| jhAMsI se 'svatantra sAptAhika aura 'jAgaraNa' dainika prakAzita hote hai aura kabhI-kabhI 'svAdhIna' ke bhI darzana ho jAte hai|

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561 bundelakhaNDa ko patra-patrikAe~ bundelakhaNDa meM patra-patrikAoM ke prakAzana kA sarvaprathama prayAsa sambhavata sAgara se hI prArambha huA thaa| san 1862 I0 me pa0 nArAyaNarAva bAlakRSNa nAkhare ne pAlakATa-prema sthApita karake sarvaprathama "vicAra-vAhana' nAmaka mAsika patra nikAlA thaa| yaha patra thiyosophI mata kA pravartaka thaa| kucha varSa calane ke pazcAt vanda ho gayA / isake kucha varSa vAda anumAnata san 1600 I0 meM nAkhare jI ne sAgara se dUsarA patra-'prabhAta' nikaalaa| yaha bhI mAsika thaa| dhArmika aura sAmAjika viSayo para isameM lekha nikalA karate the| do sAla cala kara nAkhare jI kI vImArI ke kAraNa kucha samaya ke lie vanda ho gyaa| do varSa pazcAt usakA prakAzana puna prArambha huA aura phira do-tIna varSa taka calatA rahA / nAkhare jI ke ukta prayatna ke pazcAt sAgara me eka sudIrgha samaya taka pUrNa sannATA rahA / bIca meM kisI bhI patra-patrikA kA janma nahI huaa| eka lambI nidrA ke pazcAt san 1923 se phira kucha patro kA nikalanA prArambha huA, kintu gveda hai unameM se eka bhI patra sthAyI na ho skaa| nIce ina patro kA sakSipta paricaya diyA jAtA hai| 14-'udaya'-(sAptAhika) zrI devendranAtha mukurjI ke sampAdakattva meM san 1923 me niklaa| yaha patra rASTra-nirmANa, zikSApracAra tathA hindUsagaThana kA pravala samarthaka thaa| lagabhaga do varSa cala kara karjadAra ho jAne ke kAraNa asta ho gyaa| 15-'vainika prakAza-sampAdaka-mAsTara baladevaprasAda / san 1923 meM java ki nAgapura meM rASTrIya jhaDAmatyAgraha cala rahA thaa| isa patra ne isa prAnta meM kAphI jAgrati utpanna kI thI / jhaDA-satyAgraha ke sambandha me jela adhikAriyo kI isa patra ne kucha savAda-dAtAo ke savAda ke AdhAra para TIkA kI thii| jela adhikAriyo ne patra aura sampAdaka para mAna-hAni kA dAvA kiyaa| pariNAma svarUpa patra ko apanI prakAza kI kiraNeM sameTa kara sadA ke lie banda ho jAnA pdd'aa| 16-'samAlocaka' (sAptAhika) sacAlaka-svargIya pannAlAla rAghelIya / sampAdaka bhAI abdulaganI / yaha patra bhI san 1923 me nikalA aura tIna sAla calA / patra hindU-muslima ekatA kA hAmI thaa| svargIya gaNezazakara vidyArthI-sampAdaka 'pratApa', pa0 mAkhanalAla caturvedI-sampAdaka 'karmavIra' aura karmavIra pa0 sundaralAla jI ne isa patra kI nIti kI yatheSTa prazasA kI thii| jaba deza meM khule Ama hindU-muslima-dagA ho rahe the, usa samaya sAgara ke isa patra ne ina dago kI kaDI TIkA kI thii| patra banda hone kA kAraNa sampAdaka kA jabalapura calA jAnA aura vahAM se 'hindusthAna' patra nikAlanA thaa| 'hindusthAna' apane yauvana-kAla meM phala-phUla rahA thA ki akasmAt meraTha-paDyantra ke mAmale me patra aura sampAdaka kI talAzI huI aura usame kucha Apattijanaka patra pakaDe gaye / ghaTanAcakra meM phaMsa kara patra vanda ho gyaa| 17-'svadeza-san 1928 meM sAdhuvara pa0 kezavarAmacandra khADekara ke sampAdakattva meM nikalA aura san 1930 meM dezavyApI satyAgraha chiDa jAne para sampAdaka ke jela cale jAne aura patra meM kAphI ghATA hone ke kAraNa banda ho gyaa| 18-'dehAtI duniyA' sAptAhika / sampAdaka--bhAI abdulgnii| yaha patra man 1937 se dehAta kI janatA meM jAgrati karane aura unheM kRSi-sambandhI parAmarza dene ke lie apanA kAma karatA rhaa| san 1942 ke Andolana meM sampAdaka ke giraphtAra ho jAne para vanda ho gyaa| 16--'bacco kI duniyA' (paakssik)| sampAdaka-mAsTara valdevaprasAda / san 1938-36 meM niklaa| san 1942 meM sampAdaka ke jela jAne tathA kAgaz2a ke abhAva meM banda ho gyaa| ukta patro ke atirikta kaI eka sthAno se kucha choTe-moTe patra nikalate hai / jaise, hamIrapura se 'pukAra', kauMca se 'vIrendra' tathA uraI se 'Ananda' / isa pichaDe prAnta meM jana-jAgrati kA kArya karane ke lie prabhAvazAlI patro ke prakAzana kI AvazyakatA hai| yaha nirvivAda satya hai ki rAjanaitika, sAmAjika tathA zikSA ke kSetra meM krAnti

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562 premI-abhinadana-pratha utpanna karane meM patra vaDe lAbhadAyaka siddha hoge| ata kucha UMce darje ke patra nikAlane kI dizA meM hame zIghra hI prayatna karanA caahie| jAnakArI ke abhAva meM, sambhava hai, kucha patro ke nAma chuTa gaye ho| lekhaka kSamA-prArthI hai| noTa-DA0 rAmakumAra jI varmA dvArA hameM nimnalikhita patra-patrikAmo ke vivaraNa aura prApta hue hai| -sampAdaka 1 hitakAriNI-yaha mAsika patrikA javalapura se hitakAriNI mabhA kI ora se prakAzita hotI thI aura isake sapAdaka the svargIya zrI raghuvaraprasAda jo dvivedii| isa patrikA ne zikSA ke pratAra aura magaThana karane meM abhUtapUrva kArya kiyaa| vIsa varSoM se adhika isa patrikA ne madhyaprAta me sAhityika preraNAeM bhI pradAna kI aura zikSako aura vidyArthiyo ko caritravala kI zikSA dii| 2 zikSAmRta-yaha mAsika patrikA narasiMhapura se 'hindI sAhitya prasAraka kAryAlaya' se zrI nAthUrAma repA ke nirIkSaNa aura zrI AnandiprasAda zrIvAstava ke sampAdakatva me san 1920 se prakAzita honA prArama huii| yaha 5 varSoM taka prAta aura usake bAhara zikSA aura sAhitya kI samasyAo para prakAza DAlatI rhii| isameM kavitAe~ uccakoTi kI hotI thI aura bhArata ke prAcIna gaurava se mavadha rakhane vAle caritro para acchI kavitAe~ likhI jAtI thii| 3 vidhyabhUmi-pannA, bundelakhaNDa se yaha traimAsika patra bundelakhaNDa ke sAhityika aura aitihAmika vaibhava se savava rakhatA hai| yaha jUna san 1945 se prakAzita huaa| isame mAhityika muruci me sampanna sundara lekho kA magraha rahatA hai / isake sampAdaka hai zrI harirAma mizra, ema0 e0, ela-ela0 vI, vI0 TI0 / 4 jayahinda-zrI govindadAsa jI ke nirdezana meM jabalapura se eka dainika patra ke rUpa meM prakAzita huaa| isameM pramukhata rAjanaitika vipayo kI hI carcA rahatI hai| sAhityika samAroho ke vivaraNa dene meM bhI isa patra meM vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAtA hai / isa patra kA prakAzana isI varSa (1946) se prArabha huA hai|

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bundelakhaNDa-citrAvalI-4 .. . ... / . hai 5.PATHA ma . i 31 .. 14 . RAM : ELA i . . . . . .. upA-vihAra [ gugara ke nikaTa jAganera kI chaTA

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bundelakhaNDa kA eka mahAn saMgItajJa [ ustAda AdilakhAM] zrI vRndAvanalAla varmA eDavokeTa "hai to z2arA pagalA, para usake gale meM sarasvatI virAjamAna hai / " 50 gopAlarAva ghANekara ne eka dina mujhame khaa| pa0 gopAlarAva vayovRddha the| maiM unheM 'kAkA' kahA karatA thaa| sitAra bahuta acchA bajAte the| gAte bhI vahuta acchA the| dame ke rogI hone para bhI khyAla me vahI surIlI gamaka lagAte the| mai unakA mitAra munane prAya jAyA karatA thaa| eka dina unhone ustAda AdilakhAM ke gAyana kI prazamA karate hue ukta zabda kahe the| umI dina me AdilakhA~ kA gAnA sunane ke lie merA mana lAlAyita ho utthaa| unhI dino agasta kI ujalI dupaharI me eka dina mai DaoNkTara sarayUprasAda ke yahA~ gapagapa ke lie jA baitthaa| chuTTI thii| vaha vaiThakaMvAz2a the aura gAnevajAne ke vaDe zaukIna / umI mamaya unake yahAM eka navAgantuka vaDI tejI se aayaa| mUMcha muDe cehare para zramakaNa savere kI hariyAlI para osa kI bUdo kI taraha motiyo jaise jhilamilA rahe the| zarIra kA vArIka sapheda kurtA pamIne se bhIga gayA thaa| najAkata ke sAtha sAraga kI tAna cheDatA huA vaha vyakti AyA aura vaiThate hI vAtacIta prArambha kara dii| "DaoNkTara sAhaba / " vaha bolA, "kalakatte gayA thaa| eka vagAlI vAvU ne kaI dina roka rkkhaa| kaI baiThakeM huiiN|" cehare se laDakapana, alhaDapana aura saralatA Tapaka rahI thI aura A~kho se prtibhaa| mujhe sandeha / huA ki zAyada yaha AdilakhA ho, parantu aisA laTakA-sA aura alhaDa kahI itanA mahAn sagItana ho sakatA hai| yaha to koI calatU gavaiyA hogaa| maine DaoNkTara sAhaba se saketa meM prazna kiyaa| unhone Azcarya ke sAtha uttara diyA, "inako nahIM jAnate ? AdilakhA hai| prasiddha gvaiye|" maine kSamA yAcanA kI vRtti banA kara kahA, "kabhI pahale dekhA nhiiN| isalie pahacAna nahIM paayaa| tArIpha ApakI 50 gopAlarAva jI se avazya munI hai|" AdilakhAM ne pUchA, "Apa kauna hai ?" DaoNkTara mAhaba ne merA paricaya de diyaa| AdilakhAM vole, "pa0 gopAlarAva jI vahuta jAnakAra hai| vaDe surIle haiN|" phira unhone sAraga kI tAno se usa kamare ko bhara-mA diyaa| koI vAjA sAtha ke lie na thA, parantu jAna paDatA thA mAno AdilakhAM ke svara aura gale ko vAjo kI apekSA hI nhiiN| imase aura adhika paricaya usa dina merA aura unakA nahIM huaa| kucha hI samaya uparAnta gopAla kI bagiyA me, jahA~ akhila bhAratavarSIya hindI sAhitya sammelana pandraha varSa pUrva huA thA, gAyanavAdana kI baiThaka huii| eka prasiddha pakhAvajI aura AdilakhAM kA mukAvalA thaa| bIca-bIca me mujhe aimA bhAna hotA thA ki pakhAvajI kA anucita pakSa kiyA jA rahA hai| jaba vaiThaka samApta huI to loga apane pakSapAta ko prakaTa karane lge| maine prativAda kiyA aura AdilakhAM kI jo kArIgarI tAla ke sambandha meM merI samajha meM AI, apane prativAda ke pratipAdana me logo ke sAmane peza kii| vahA~ me hama loga cale to AdilakhAM sAya the| mArga meM vAtacIta hone lgii| AdilakhAM ne pUchA, "Apane sagIta kimase sIkhA ?" 75

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564 premI-abhinadana-pratha maine uttara diyA, "kisI se nhiiN| bhAratakhaDe kI pustako se|" "ajI, pustako se sagIta nahI aataa|" "kyA karatA mana bharane yogya gurU na milane ke kAraNa pustako kA hI sahArA lenA pdd'aa|" "kisI dina mai apanA gAnA sunaauuNgaa|" yaha bAta Aja se vAIsa varSa pahale kI hai| taba se ustAda AdilakhAM ke sAtha merA sambandha uttarottara vaDhatA calA gayA aura aba to vaha mere choTe bhAI ke varAvara hai| (2) san 1925 ke navambara kI vAta hai| ciragAMva se eka varAta lalitapura gii| varAta me bhAI zrI maithilIzaraNa gupta, svargIya muzI ajamerI jI tathA prasiddha sagItajJa zrI lakSmaNadAsa munIma (hindU vizvavidyAlaya kAzI ke sagIta ke prophesara) aura banArasa ke vikhyAta zahanAI bajAnevAle the| mai AdilakhAM ko eka divasa uparAnta jhAmI se le phuNcaa| savere kA samaya thaa| banArasa kI zahanAI vaja rahI thii| zahanAI vAle jhUma-jhUma kara ToDI kI tAne le rahe the| ustAda AdilakhAM ko ciragAMva ke sabhI varAtI jAnate the, parantu munIma jI aura zahanAI vAle unakI khyAti se thoDe hI paricita the| maine aura ustAda ne unako pahale-pahala hI dekhA thaa| hama loga eka ora ko vaiTha ge| abhI zahanAI samApta nahIM huI thI ki AdilakhAM ne mere kAna meM kahA, "pracchI vajAte hai, para merI bhI ToDI honI caahie|" zahanAI ke samApta hote hI maine ustAda se gavAne kA anurodha kiyaa| bhAI maithilIzaraNa jI tathA mu0 ajamerI jI ustAda kA gAnA suna cuke the| unakA anumodana hote hI AdilakhAM kA gAnA prArambha ho gyaa| ustAda ne vilAsakhAnI ToDI cheDI aura aisA gAyA ki hama loga to kyA, zahanAI vAle aura prophesara lakSmaNadAsa munIma bhI mugdha ho gye| gyAraha vaja gye| koI uThanA nahIM cAhatA thA, parantu snAna ityAdi se nivRtta honA thaa| isalie baiThaka dopahara ke lie sthagita kara dI gii| dupaharI kI baiThaka meM sAraga gAne ke lie Agraha huaa| ustAda ne pUchA, "kauna sA sAragagAU~ ? sAraga nau prakAra ke hai| jisa sAraga kA hukuma ho, usI ko sunaauuN|' munIma jI ne prastAva kiyA, "pahale zuddha sAraga sunaaie|" yahAM yaha kaha denA Avazyaka hai ki yaha rAga tAno aura mIDa masaka kI gujAiza rakhate hue bhI acche gayo kI kArIgaro kI parIkSA kI kasauTI hai| ustAda ne muskarA kara kahA, "bahuta acchaa|" munIma jI ne hAramoniyama liyaa| vaha isake pAragata the| AdilakhAM ne zuddha sAraga aisI caturAI ke sAtha gAyA ki zrotA mantramugdha-se ho gye| mujhako aisA bhAna huA mAno garmiyo ke dina ho| lU cala rahI ho| kokilAe~ pramatta hokara zora kara rahI ho| mujha sameta kaI zrotAmo ko pasInA A gyaa| zuddha sAraga ke samApta hote hI munIma jI ne kahA, "mai paitIsa varSa se hAramoniyama para parizrama kara rahA hU~ aura aneka baDe-baDe gavayo ko sunA hai, parantu jaisA sAraga Aja sunA vaisA pahale kabhI nahIM sunaa|" ustAda ne kahA, "ajI, mai kisa yogya huuN|" ustAda kI koI jitanI prazasA kare vaha utane hI namra ho jAte hai, vAstavika rUpa meM, parantu yadi koI unake svAbhimAna ko coTa pahuMcAye to usakI musIvata hI AI smjhie| __ man 1927-28 kI bAta hogii| gvAliyara se eka marAThe sajjana tavalA vajAne vAle aae| unako apane tAla-jJAna kA aura tavalA bajAne kA bahuta abhimAna thaa| tabalA vaha bajAte bhI bahuta acchA the| mere ghara baiThaka huii| jagaha choTI thI, phira bhI jhAMsI ke lagabhaga sabhI jAnakAra aura saMgItapremI A ge| tabalA vAle marAThA sajjana ko AdilakhAM ke gAyana kA sAtha karanA thaa| marAThA sajjana apane zAstra ke prAcArya the aura unhone aneka

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bundelakhaNDa kA eka mahAna sagItajJa 565 baDe-baDe ustAdo ke kaThina gAyana ke sAtha tavalA vajAyA thaa| unako apane phana para nAz2a thaa| pa0 gopAlarAva bhI vaiThaka meM the| mai unake pAsa hI thaa| eka aura sajjana ne, jinhone marAThe prAcArya kA tabalA sunA thA, unake tAla kI tArIpha kii| isa para marAThe sajjana ne namratA to prakaTa kI nahI, jarA dambha ke sAtha bole, "maiMne zrI kRSNarAva paDita ke sAtha banAyA hai| unhone merA lohA mAnA / aura bhI bahuta-se baDe-baDe ustAdo ke sAtha vajAyA hai aura unako harAyA hai| Aja ustAda AdilakhAM kI ustAdI kI parakha karanI hai|" AdilakhAM pahale jarA muskraae| phira unakI tyaurI badalI, hoTha phaDake aura dave / eka kSaNa uparAnta galA sayata karake vole, "dekhie rAva sAhaba, ustAdo kI jagaha sadA se khAlI hai| isalie itanI bar3I bAta nahI kahanI caahie| Aja jo yahAM itane loga hai, Ananda ke lie ikaTThe hue hai| jhagaDA-phasAda sunane ke lie nahI / imalie maje ko kyo kirakirA karate ho?" rAva sAhaba na mAne / kahane lage "yaha to akhATA hai, ustAda | logo ko muThabheDa meM hI Ananda prApta hogaa|" "tava ho|"ustaad ne cinautI svIkAra karate hue kahA, "zuru krie|" ustAda ne tambUrA liyaa| dhruvapadAGga khyAla kA prArambha kiyaa| isa prakAra kA khyAla kevala ustAda kA gharAnA gAtA hai| inake pitA svargIya bilAsakhA~ vahuta baDe gavaiye the aura pitAmaha ustAda miThUkhA~ kA dehAnta usa samaya ke dhaulapUra nareza ke darabAra meM eka pratidvandvatA meM tAna lete-lete huA thaa| miThUkhoM ke pitA puradilakhAM aura puradilakhA~ ke pitA kesarakhA~ tathA kesarakhAM ke pitA madanakhA~ sava apane jamAne ke nAmI gaye the| isa gharAne kA khyAla dhruvapada ke aGga se uThatA hai aura uttarottara teja sajIva khyAla kA rUpa dhAraNa karatA calA jAtA hai / yaha paripATI aura kisI gavaiye me, zrI prokAranAtha aura phaiyAjakhA~ ko choDa kara, nahI hai / anya gavayo ke khyAla kI manoharatA zurU se hI laya kI ati drutagati kI kArIgarI me vilIna ho jAtI hai / ve prArambha se hI tAne lene lagate hai aura khyAla ke kaNa nahI bharate / isIlie aneka dhruvapadiye isa paripATI ko nApasanda karate hai aura yahAM taka kaha dete hai ki khyAliye to besure hote hai| parantu AdilakhAM ke gharAne kI paripATI isa dopa se sarvathA mukta hai| Arambha meM unakA khyAla dhruvapada-sA jAna paDatA hai| svara sIdhe aura sacce lagate hai| kucha kSaNa uparAnta gamakai piroI jAtI hai aura phira zanai -zanai kramAgata alakAra bhare jAte hai| isake pazcAt tava, laya druta aura ati dUta kI jAtI hai| ustAda AdilakhAM ne usa rAta apane gharAne kI paripATI kA eka khyAla usI sahaja Dhaga se prArambha kiyA / parantu eka antara ke sAtha-laya itanI vilambita kara dI ki tAla kA patA hI nahI laga rahA thA | thoDI dera taka tavale ke ukta AcArya ne parano aura TukaDo meM apane ajJAna ko chipAyA, parantu yaha karAmAta vahuta dera taka nahIM cala sakatI thii| AdilakhAM ne Toka kara kahA, "sama pakaDie, sm|" sama kahAM se pakaDate / tavaliye kI samajha me tAla hI nahIM pAyA thaa| ustAda ha~se aura unhone apane hAtha kI tAlI se tAla denA zurU kiyaa| vole, "ava to smjhie| hAtha se tAla detA jA rahA huuN|" parantu laya itanI adhika vilambita thI ki tavaliyA na to tAla ko samajha sakA aura na 'khAlI' 'bharI' ko / sama to aba bhI usase koso dUra thaa| jhakhamAra kara, khIjha kara, lajjita hokara tavalA-zAstrI ne tavalA vajAnA banda kara diyaa| kaThAvarodha ho gyaa| hAtha joDa kara ustAda se volA, "mai mAphI cAhatA huuN| maiM nahIM jAnatA thA ki Apa itane baDe ustAda hai| yaha tAla maine kabhI nahI bjaayaa| brahmatAla, lakSmItAla ityAdi to bahuta vajAe hai, parantu yaha tAla nhiiN| isIlie cUka gyaa|" ustAda ko yakAyaka ha~sI aaii| tambUrA rakha kara aura gambhIra hokara bole, "bahuta sIdhA tAla hai| Apa use prAya vjaatehai|" tavaliyA ne Azcarya se kahA, "aiN|"

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premI abhinaMdana - pratha ustAda bole, "jI hA~, parantu ghamaMDa nahI karanA cAhie / vujurga ghamaDa ko burA kaha gae hai / jo loga unakI bAta ko nahI mAnate, muMha kI khAte hai / gavaiye ke gale kA sAtha bhalA tabalA bajAne vAle kA hAtha kaise kara sakatA hai ? ApakA doSa nahI, doSa ghamaMDa kA hai / " 566 pa0 gopAlarAva ne bhI phaTakArA / tavaliyA bilakula Dhala cukA thA / usI namratA ke sAtha usane pUchA, "ustAda, meM prava bhI bahuta koziza karane para tAla nahI smjhaa| batalAie, kauna-sA tAla thA ? zrApa kahate hai ki isako prAya jAtA huuN| maiM kahatA hU~ ki maine isako pahale kabhI bajAyA hI nahI / " ustAda ne tambUrA hAtha me liyA / vole, "bajAo / titAlA hai / " " titAlA 1" acAnaka praneka kaTho se nikala pddaa| "titAlA " prAzcarya meM DUba kara tavaliye ne bhI kahA / volA, "dekhU / " ustAda ne usI vilamvita laya me usI syAla ko phira gAyA / ava tabaliye ne acchI taraha unakA sAtha diyaa| eka bAra bhUtapUrva indaura nareza (zrI tukojIrAva holakara) ne ustAda prAdilakhoM ko unake tAlajJAna ke puraskAra meM pA~ca sau rupaye bheMTa kiye the / ustAda ke gAyana kA eka camatkAra maine svaya eka bAra anubhava kiyaa| rAta kA samaya thaa| hama tIna-cAra zrAdamI ghara baiThe the / uname se eka gAyanavAdana ke premI hote hue bhI jAnate kucha nahI the / maine ustAda se deza gAne ke lie prArthanA kii| unhone uma rAta deza itanA vaDhiyA gAyA ki na to unase hI kabhI aisA sunA aura na kisI aura gavaiye se / vAta yo huI / deza me tIvra niSAda kA svara bhI lagatA hai / ustAda ne usa rAta tIvra nipAda itanA sampUrNa, itanA sajaga aura itanA sajIva gAyA ki hama loga saba ekadama binA kisI bhI prayAsa ke yakAyaka " zroha" cIkha kara apane AsanoM se uTha gae aura vaisI hI "proha" ustAda ke bhI mu~ha se nikala paDI / phira usI prakAra kI nipAda lagAne ke lie uname kahA, parantu prayatna karane para bhI vaha saphala nahI hue / mujhako lagabhaga eka yuga pahale kavitA karane kA vyasana thA / usame zrapane ko nitAnta asaphala samajha kara chandobhaga aura rasaviparyaya kA prayAsa sadA ke lie tyAga diyA, parantu do-eka kavitAe~ kahI likhI paDI thI / ustAda ko mAlUma ho gayA / "bar3e bhaiyA / " eka dina bole, "inako meM yAda karUMgA aura gAU~gA / " maine vinaya kI, "gae-gujare khaDaharo ko Apa kyo prAbAda karane jA rahe haiM ?" turanta uttara diyA, "eka gavaramaTI muhakamA khaDaharo kI marammata ke lie bhI hai| vaha kyo ? usa muhakame ko tujyA do to mAnUgA, nahI to nahI / " ustAda hindI nahI jaante| thoDI sI, bahuta thoDI, urdU jAnate haiM / maine apanI do kavitAe~ unako urdU meM likhavA dI / sandhyA ko vaha unhe yAda karake zrA ge| eka ko vasantamukhArI rAga meM viThalAyA aura dUsarI ko deza me / ina dono kavitAo ko vaha pratyeka vaDI baiThaka me avazya gAte hai / unako ve bahuta priya hai, kyoki ve unake 'bar3e bhaiyA' kI hai / eka dina svargIya zrI gaNezazaMkara vidyArthI ( pratApa, kAnapura) jhA~sI me rAjanaitika prasaga para bAtacIta kara rahe the| vidyArthI jI java-kabhI jhA~sI Ate the, rAjanaitika matabheda hote hue bhI Thaharate mere ghara para hI the| usI samaya ustAda AdilakhA~ A gae / vidyArthI jI unako nahI jAnate the, para zrAdilakhA~ unase paricita the / ustAda itane betakallupha hai ki paricaya ityAdi sarIkhI paripATiyo me na to vizvAsa rakhate hai aura na una para apanA samaya hI kharca karate hai / baiThate hI bole, "yaha zAyada vidyArthI jI haiM / kAnapura vAle / " vidyArthI jI ne bhI betakalluphI ke sAtha pUchA, "Apa kauna hai ?" maine dono prazna kA uttara eka sAtha hI diyA, "yaha mere mitra prasiddha netA zrI gaNezazakara vidyArthI aura yaha prasiddha gAyanAcArya ustAda AdilakhAM / "

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bundelakhaNDa kA eka mahAna sagItajJa 567 gaNeza jI ko nagIna para parizrama karane kA samaya aura avakAga na milA thA, parantu maiMne ustAda me gAnA munAne ke lie khaa| umnAda ne turanta vinA vAje-bAje ke eka syAla sunaayaa| gaNeza jI ustAda kI kArIgarI para acambhe me bhara paae| bole, "ustAda, Apa nismandeha ima kalA ke bahuta baDe kArIgara hai| Apake gale meM mazIna-sI lagI jAna par3anI hai, para gAnA ApakA itanA muzkila hai ki sAdhAraNa janatA nahIM samajha sktii| isako inanA marala banAie ki mAmUlI AdamI bhI samajha ske|" ustAda vaTe hAjira-javAva hai| turanta bole, "janAva, Apa netA hai, vahuta bar3e netA hai / ema0 e0, vI0 e0 pAsa vAle logo ke maz2amUna mamajhane ke lie janatA ko kucha paDhanA par3atA hai yA nahIM ? tava hamArI nAda-vidyA ko mamajhane ke lie bhI pahale logo ko kucha mIkhanA caahie|" unnAda kI paDhAI-nivAI kI vAta huii| svaya paricaya diyA, "maiMne to maramutI jI kI pUjA kI hai| paDhAnadA kucha nhiiN| chuTapana meM bakariyAM cagatA thA aura eka pame meM pAMca cIjeM gAkara munA detA thaa| DaDa pelatA thaa| eka paine kI prAgA para mo iTa pela kara dikhalA detA thaa|" vidyArthI jI bahuna hme| bahuta-se vidvAnI meM eka kamara hotI hai| ve ThIka taura para vidyAdAna nahIM kara mkte| ThokapITa kara apane vidyArthiyo ko nayAra karate hai aura phira bhI apanI bAta nahIM samajhA paate| ustAda AdiloM meM unakI mahAn vidvattA ke mAtha yaha mahAn guNa bhI hai ki vaha mahaja hI apane vidyArthiyo ko pUrA vidyAdAna karate hai| DATate-phaTakArate hai aura yadAkadA cAMTe bhI lagA dete hai, parantu choTe-me-choTe laTake-laDakiyoM ko bhI itanI zIghratA ke mAtha isa kaThina viSaya ko itanI grAmAnI ne namajhA dete haiM ki Azcarya hotA hai| aura puraskAra ke lie koI haTha nahIM karate / jo mila jAya, uma para mannopa karane hai / vinA bulAe kabhI kimI rAjA yA navAva ke yahAM bhI nahI jaate| prayAga me eka mahatI magIta vAnma huii| umnATa vulAe ge| zrI paTavardhana, zrI prokAranAtha, zrI nArAyaNagava vyAsa prabhRti bhI usa baiThaka meM Ae the| ustAda ko svarNapadaka milaa| mava baDe-baTe gavayo ne unakI sarAhanA kii| prayAga kI magIta samiti ke nayojaka prayAga-vizvavidyAlaya ke eka prophesara the| unhoMne ustAda ko apane yahAM gAne ke lie bulavAyA / unnAda ke Thagne kA pravanva mane prayAga ke eka apane vakIla mitra ke yahAM kiyA thaa| ustAda ne uttara bhejA, "maiM aine nahIM A sknaa| jinakA mai mehamAna hU~, unako lisie| vaha ijAjata deMge to pAUMgA, nahIM to nhiiN|" magIta-mamiti ke sayojaka ina para kuTa gae / umtAda ne vilakula paravAha nahIM kii| jhAMmI meM eka magItanammelana san 1940 me huaa| yahAM bhI unako svarNapadaka milaa| puraskAra kI vAta huii| bole, "yA to puraskAra kI vAta vilakula na karo, kyoki jhAMsI kA hU~, para yadi vAta karoge to jo vAhara vAlo ko diyA hai, vahI mai lUgA / kama lene meM merA apamAna hai|"vivaad huaa| mere lie pacAyata kara dene kA prastAva ustAda ke mAmane aayaa| turanta bole, "baDe bhaiyA kaha de ki pAma se kucha candA sagIta sammelana ko de do to Apase kucha bhI na lekara gA~Tha kA aura de duugaa|" unakA kahanA ThIka thaa| maine pacAyata kara dI aura unako santopa ho gyaa| ustAda kA rAjanaitika mata bhI hai| gavaramaTa ko bahuta pravala mAnate hue bhI vaha rASTravAdI hai aura hindUmuslima samasyA upasthita hote hI nippakSa rAya dete hai / kitane bhI musalamAno kI majalisa ho aura kahI bhI ho, yadi hinduo kI koI bhI musalamAna, cAhe vaha kitanA hI vaDA kyo na ho, anucita nindA koto ustAda AdilakhAM vigaDa paDate hai aura ghora prativAda karate hai aura nyAya-pakSa kI vakAlata karate hai| himmata ke itane pUre hai ki yadi hajAra kI bhI baiThaka meM koI unake kisI mitra kI burAI kare to turanta usakA virodha aura apane mitra kA samarthana karate hai| maine mvaya unako kahate sunA hai, "yaha vuz2adilI hai / jinakI burAI pITha pIche kara rahe ho, unake muMha para karo tava jAnU / "

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premI-abhinavana-patha jinnA sAhava (mi0 muhammada alI jinA) hinduno aura musalamAno ko do rASTra kahate hai / ustAda kahate hai ki hama meM aura hinduo me majahaba ke sivAya aura kyA pharka hai ? kucha varSa hue merI bhAnjI kA vivAha khaDavA meM huaa| prasiddha sAhityika aura netA byauhAra rAjendrasiMha (javalapura) ke putra isa vivAha ke vara the| vivAha meM zAmila hone ke lie mere bahanoI zrI zyAmAcaraNarAya ne (vaha bhI eka vikhyAta lekhaka hai) ustAda ko nimantraNa diyA / ustAda mujhase pahale hI khaDavA pahu~ca gae / java varAta vidA ho gaI to ustAda jhAMsI Ane lage aura zrI rAya ke pAsa vidA mAMgane gae / unhone mujhase pahale hI ustAda kI vidAI ke sambandha me bAtacIta kara lI thii| maine zrI rAya se kaha diyA thA ki jo jAne, de de| ustAda bahuta santopI hai| zrI rAya ne bahuta sakoca ke sAtha ustAda se apane prastAva kA prAkkathana kiyaa| ustAda samajha gae aura bole, "rAya sAhaba, kaha DAlie, Apa jo kahanA cAhate ho|" zrI rAya ne pacAsa-sATha rupaye ke noTa bahuta namratA ke mAtha ustAda kI ora bddhaae| aura bhI adhika namratA ke sAtha ustAda ne kahA, "kyA yaha vivAha merI bhAnjI kA nahIM thA? isa avasara para ApakA paisA lekara kaise muMha dikhalAU~gA?" zrI rAya cupa raha ge| calate samaya ustAda merI vahana ke pAsa ge| ustAda ne unake paira chue aura do rupaye bheTa karate hue hAtha joDa kara volaM, "vahina jI, maiM tumhArA garIva bhAI huuN| merI yaha choTI-sI bheTa majUra kro|" merI vahina ne turanta bheMTa lekara kahA, "bhaiyA prAdila, ye do rupaye do sau rupayo se vaDha kara hai|" phira vahina ne ustAda kI cAdara meM kalevA kI moTI-sI poTalI vAMdhI aura haldI-cAvala kA tilaka lgaayaa| ustAda ne phira paira chue aura abhimAna ke sAtha usa tilaka ko jhA~sI taka lagAe aae| ustAda ko jhAMsI bahuta priya hai aura vundelakhaDa se vaDA sneha hai| jhAMsI me inake nijI makAna bhI hai, parantu pitA aura pitAmaha ke ghara dhaulapura meM hai| inake aura pahale purakhe gohada (gvAliyara rAjya) me rahate the| gohada rAjadaravAra me ve gAyakI karate the| gohada ke gvAliyara ke adhIna ho jAne para ve gohadanareza ke sAtha dhaulapura cale aae| Apa gohada ko, cambala isa pAra hone ke kAraNa, bundelakhaDa me hI mAnate haiN| isalie apane ko bundelakhaDI kahane me gaurava anubhava karate hai| jhAMsI ke bAhara bahuta dina ke lie kabhI nahIM ttikte| bhopAla me DhAI sau rupaye mAsika para jUnAgar3ha kI begama sAhavA ke yahAM naukarI milii| kevala caudaha dina yaha naukarI kii| jahAM baiThate the vahA~ hokara unake baDe-baDe karmacArI nikalate the| koI kahatA thA ki bhairavI gAie, koI kahatA thA, Imana sunaaie| ekAdha miniTa ke bAda vaha zaukIna vahAM se cala detA aura ustAda kur3ha kara apanA tamvUrA rakha dete| salAmeM judI karanI paDatI thii| eka rAta ustAda vinA caudaha dina kA apanA vetana liye gAMTha kA TikiTa lekara jhAMsI cale aaye| dillI reDiyo para gAne ke lie bulAe ge| kaI vAra gaayaa| svabhAvata vahuta acchA , parantu vahA~ ke adhikArI ghara para gAnA sunanA cAhate the aura grAmophona me bharanA / ustAda ne dono prastAvo se inakAra kara diyA aura reDiyo ko dhatA vtlaaii| bahuta thoDA paDhA-likhA hone para bhI yaha kalAkAra hindI-hindustAnI ke jhagaDe ko jAnatA hai| usakI spaSTa rAya hai ki jo bhASA reDiyo para volI jAtI hai vaha "merI bhI samajha me nahI paatii|" tulasIdAsa ke prati ustAda kI baDI zraddhA hai| yadi tulasIdAsa ke sAtha kisI Adhunika kavi kI koI tulanA karatA hai to ve vedhaDaka kaha dete hai, "vako mata / kahA~ rAjA bhoja, kahA~ bhujavA telii|" ___ bundelakhaDa me hAla hI me IsurI nAma kA eka kavi huA hai| isakI cAra kaDI kI phAgeM bahuta prasiddha hai| apaDha kisAna, gADIvAna, mallAha aura majadUra se lekara rAjA aura mahAkaviyo taka kI IzvarI para prIti hai| isakI phAgeM TheTha bundelakhaDI meM hai| ustAda ina phAgo ko vahI madhuratA aura lagana ke sAtha gAte hai| bundelakhaDa meM gAyana kI

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bundelakhaNDa kA eka mahAna sagItajJa 566 eka paripATI hai jo 'leda' kahalAtI hai / leda gAne ke Arambha meM khyAla jAna paDatI hai aura dhIre-dhIre dAdare meM parivartita ho jAtI hai / vahuta hI manomohaka hai / ustAda isa paripATI ke bhI zrAcArya hai / ustAda kabhI-kabhI do sataro kI kavitA kA kaThina prayAsa bhI karate haiM aura jaise- vane-taise "Adila miyA~ kI binatI suna lo " prakSipta karate haiM aura mujhase pUchate hai, "bhaiyA, isame agana akSara to nahI hai ?" meM hamezA unase kaha detA hU~, "isame sAre ke sAre agana akSara hI hai / " tava vaha ha~sa dete hai / logo se maz2Aka karanA karavAnA unako hai vaha kabhI burA nahI mAnate / pa0 tulasIdAsa zarmA aura pa0 dattAtreya raghunAtha ghANekara phoTogrAphara (pa0 gopAlarAva ke bhatIje) inake vaDe mitra hai / inako sadA jhakhAte rahate hai aura ye unako hairAna karate rahate haiM / eka vAra ina logo ne inakI grAMkha para AkSepa kiyA / 'kAnA' taka kaha diyA / zarmA jI ne to eka bAra eka kAne bhikhArI ko tulanA karane ke lie sAmane khaDA bhI kara diyA / ustAda bahuta ha~se aura bole, "maiM saba ko eka prakha se dekhatA hU~ / " phoTogrAphara mitra se kahA, "merA phoTU khIco to jaisI merI eka A~kha hai, vaisI hI banAnA / " dhunI aise haiM ki kaI eka bAra mira ke cehare ke aura bhauMho taka ke bAla muDavA diye / sigareTa bahuta pIte the / eka dina AzcaryapUrNa samAcAra sunAyA, "bhaiyA, maine sigariTa pInA choDa diyA hai / ava kabhI nahI piU~gA, cAhe zrApa hI haz2Ara rupaye kyoM na deM / " maine kahA, "kyo na ustAda, Apa aise hI dRDhapratijJa haiM / " phira unhone sAre zahara meM dina bhara apane sigareTa-vIDI choDane kA DhiMDhorA pITa DAlA / dUsare dina savere mujhako mile| vahI zAna, vahI gumAna / " ava kabhI sigareTa nahI piU~gA / " maine kaicI mArakA sigareTa kI eka DiviyA pahale se ma~gA rakkhI thI / eka sigareTa nikAla kara peza kI / vole, "haragiz2a nahI / cAhe kucha ho jAya, praNa nahI toDagA / " mai to jAnatA thA / maiMne diyAsalAI jalAI / sigareTa vaDhA kara kahA, "acchI hai / Apa isako pasanda bhI karate haiM / " " Apake itanA kahane para nAhI nahI kara sakatA / lAie / " ustAda ne ha~sate hue kahA aura pUrI DibbI usI dina khatama kara dI / ( 5 ) ustAda kA vyAvahArika sagItajJAna vilakSaNa hai / cAhe jaunasA vAjA sikhalA sakate hai, bajAte yadyapi vaha kevala sitAra hI hai / svara aura tAla para unakA adbhuta adhikAra hai / DeDhaso-dosau rAga-rAginiyA~ jAnate hai / unameM se kucha rAga to vaha akele meM svAnta sukhAya hI gAte hai / durgA, bhopAlI, daravArI kAnhaDA, vilAsakhAnI ToDI, lalita, vamanta, kAmoda, chAyAnaTa, paTa, vahAra, kedArA, deza, bihAga, pUriyA ityAdi unake vizeSa priya rAga hai / vaha sahaja hI eka-eka vola kI saikaDo naI tAneM lete hai aura vanAte cale jAte haiM / eka rAga ke samApta hote hI kisI bhI rAga kI pharamAyaza ko turanta pUrA karate haiM / pacAsa-pacAsa rAgo taka kI rAgamAlA banA kara sunA dete hai / unase rAga kI prArthanA karate hI vaha titAlA, jhapa, sUraphAga, cautAlA yA ikatAle meM gAyana prArambha kara dete hai aura tAneM bhI svabhAvata isI tAla ke vistAra me bharate cale jAte haiM / yadi koI unase kahe ki titAlA meM gAe jAne vAle unhI volo ko jhapa yA aura kisI tAla meM vistRta yA sakucita kara dIjie to vaha sahaja hI aisA kara deMge aura sampUrNa tAneM, gamaka ityAdi usI tAla aura usakI parano ke vistAra meM bhara deMge aura samagra tAno kI varNamAlA -- saragama -- gale ke AlApa kI tejI ke sAmya para banA dege / yaha kArIgarI bhAratavarSa ke vahuta thoDe gavaiye kara sakate hai / merI samajha me bhAratavarSa ke dasa-vIsa UMce gAyako meM inakI ginatI hai / unake sagIta - jJAna kI gaharAI unake madhura gAyana se kAno ko pavitra karane para hI anumAna kI jA sakatI hai / ustAda AdilakhoM kA galA bahuta mIThA hai / itanA mIThA ki puruSa-gAyako meM zrI phaiyAjakhA~, zrI zrIkAranAtha, zrI paTavarddhana, zrI ratanajanakara aura nArAyaNarAva vyAsa hI unnIma-vIsa ke anupAta meM hoge / vyAsa jI kI apekSA maiM ustAda AdilakhA~ ko adhika mIThA samajhatA hU~ /

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600 premI-abhinadana-praya gacne yaha itane haiM ki mere eka bAra prazna karane para ki zrI ratanajanakara kI bAvata unakI kyA rAya hai, vaha pinAzinI nakona ke vole, "yaha bIsa hai, maiM unnIsa huuN| bhaiyA, maiM jhUTha nahIM boluugaa|" hamArA yaha mahAn gavaiyA, vigAla kalAkAra bundelakhaDa kA gauravagarva isa samaya paitAlIsa varSa kA hai| Izvara inako nigapa pAre aura inako itanI sAmarthya de ki vaha apane jaise aura kalAkAra utpanna kare aura isa deza kI kalAnidhi pA samuddha kre| jhAMsI - 3 - - -

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vara vandanIya bundelakhaNDa sva0 ghAsIrAma 'vyAsa' jAke zIza jamuna DulAvai cauMra moda mAna, narmadA pakhAra pAda-padma puNya pekhI hai| kaTi phalakena kiMkiNI-sI kaladhauta kAMti, vetavA vizAla mukta-mAla sama lekhI hai| 'nyAsa' kaha sohaM sIsa-phUla sama puSpAvati, __pAyajeva pAvana payasvinI parekhI hai| e hozazi! sAMcI kahI, sAMcI kahI, sAMcI kahI, divya bhUmi aisI dunI aura kahu~ dekhI hai // citrakUTa, aurachau, kaliMjara, unAva tIrya, - pannA, khajurAho jahA~ kIti jhuki jhUmI hai| jamuna, pahUja, siMdhu, vetavA, ghasAna, kena, madAkini payasvinI prema pAya ghUmI hai // pacama vRsiMha, rAva capatarA, chatrazAla, lAlA haradaula bhAva cAva cita cUmI hai| amara anandanIya asura nikandanIya, vandanIya vizva meM buMdela-khaDa bhUmI hai // lakhana, videhajA sameta banavAsI rAma, vAsa kiyo hAI soca zAti sarasAya lehu / pAI sukha zaraNa ajJAta-vAsa kInho yahA~, pADavana premasauM prabhAva ura chAya lehu // pAya nA pirAne hoMhi bhrama-bhrama loka-loka, palaka visAra zrama, cita viramAya lehu / e ho zazi ! parama punIta puNya-bhUmi yaha, nanana nihAra naika hiya siyarApha lehu / 76

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premI-abhinadana-graMtha 602 nasuka khanata nikasata puja hIrana ke, jaga-maga hoti jyoti jAgata vibhaavrii| hima hai na Atapa na pakila pradeza jAhi, viraci viraci kara suruci ghraaghrii|| nAMdhI kauna Ughamana ulkA-pAta kapa kI bharAbharI na bAr3ha kI traabhrii| kIrati prakhaDa dhanya dhanya zrI buMdelakhaNDa, , aisau kauna deza karai rAvarI barAvarI // dha bAMkure budelana ke khagana ke khela dekha, sasaka sakAya zatru hota rana baunA se| dhanya bhUmi jahA~ vIra mAnata na zaka mana, tatra se, na matra se, na jAdU se, na TonA se|| chIne chatra mlecchana malIne kara lIne yaza, kIne kAma kaThina aneka anahonA se| jAke suta honA suThilonA mRga-rAjana kauM, ha~sa-ha~sa bAMdha leta maju mRgachaunA se // sukha-bhUmi yaha, vaha nitya jahA~, nadiyAM nava neha ke nIrana kii| upamA nahiM Avata hai lakhi ke, sukhamA kala kena ke tIrana kii| harasAva hiyo havArana ko, __sarasAva sugagha samIrana kii| vara vaibhava kA kaha hIrana sauM jahA~ choharI khele ahIrana kii| maUrAnIpura ]

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vindhyakhaNDa ke vana DA0 raghunAthasiMha bundelakhaDa kI sImA ke sambandha meM jaba hama vicAra karate hai to hamArI dRSTi ke sAmane sahasA vaha mAnacitra A jAtA hai, jise rAjanaitika rUpa meM vundelakhaDa kahate hai / isa bhU-khaDa kI ye sImAe~ aThArahavI sadI ke madhya yA pUrva kAla meM zAsako ne apanI suvidhA yA nIti ke dRSTikoNa se racI hai aura isa bhU-khaDa ke itihAsa para bhI dRSTi DAleM to pratIta hotA hai ki bundelakhaDa kI rAjanaitika sImAe~ nirantara badalatI rahI hai| rAjanaitika sImAno ke atirikta pratyeka pradeza kI do sImAeM aura hotI hai| inameM eka to sAskRtika hai aura dUsarI prAkRtika / sAskRtika rUpa meM bundelakhaDa kahA~ taka eka mAnA jA sakatA hai, isa para prastuta lekha meM vicAra karanA sambhava nahI, parantu yaha nirvivAda bAta hai ki vundelakhaDa prAkRtika rUpa meM sadA eka hI rahA hai / bundelakhaDa kA sahI nAma prAkRtika dRSTi se vindhyakhaDa hai, arthAt vindhya parvata kA desh| yaha deza bhAratavarSa ke madhya bhAga meM hai / imakA dezAntara 78-82, akSAga 26-23 ke lagabhaga hai aura karkarekhA isake nicale madhya bhAga me ne jAtI hai| cAra maritAeM isakI sImAe~ mAnI jA sakatI hai-cambala pazcima meM, yamunA uttara me, Tosa pUrva meM aura narmadA dakSiNa me| isa bhUbhAga kA DhAla dakSiNa se uttara kI ora hai| narmadA ke uttarI kUla para mahAdeva aura maikAla zreNiyo tathA amarakaTaka se prArambha hokara yamunA ke dakSiNI kUla para pahuMcatA hai| vIca-bIca me kaI choTIvaDI parvatazreNiyAM hai| inakA nAma saskRta meM 'vindhyATavI' hai| uccatama pRSTha-bhAga mamudra kI sataha se tIna hajAra phuTa UMcA hai aura DhAla ke uttarI antima chora para lagabhaga pAMca sau phuTa raha jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki vindhyakhaDa kI saritAeM uttaronmukhI hai| vindhyakhaDa kA bhUbhAga prAcIna caTTAno kA deza hai / bhUgarbha zAstra batAtA hai ki ye caTTAneM pRthvI kI prAcInatama caTTAne hai| jina dino vartamAna mAravADa aura kaccha kI marubhUmi para samudra laharAtA thA aura gagA kI bhUmi, vihAra aura vagAla bhISaNa daladalo se AcchAdita the una dino bhI hamArA yaha bhUbhAga vahuta kucha lagabhaga aisA hI rahA hogaa| bhArata ke prati prAcIna pRSTha-bhAga meM isakI gaNanA hai| eka yuga thA java ki pRthvI ke bhUbhAga para vana hI vana thaa| mAnava-samudAya jyojyo vaDhane lagA, vaha apane svArtha ke lie vano kA nAza karane lgaa| dhIre-dhIre mAnava kI AvazyakatAeM bhI vaDhane lgii| ise lakaDI Adi ke atirikta khetI ke lie bhUmi kI AvazyakatA huii| pariNAmata vana ghaTane lge| vano kA yaha nAza anavarata gati se mAnava ke hAtho se ho rahA hai / vaha pRthvI ke pRSTha-bhAga ko a-vanI karane meM lagA huA hai / jahA~-jahA~ mAnava vaDhe aura unnatizIla hue vahA~-vahA~ vano kA nAmanizAna taka na raha skaa| isake udAharaNa DhUDhane ke lie hameM dUra na jAnA hogaa| uttara-pazcimI pajAva ko liijie| jahAM isa samaya sUkhI aura nagI pahADiyA~ dikhAI detI hai vahA~ Aja se kucha sau varSa pahale vana the| sikandara ne java minyu ke kUlo para Dere DAle the una dino vahAM saghana vana the| vartamAna mulatAna aura sinyu kI upatyakA vano se bharI par3I thii| mahamUda gajanI kI caDhAiyo ke varNana meM kAvula se kAliMjara taka vaha jahA~ pahuMcA, ume vana mile / hamAre paDosa kI vRjabhUmi meM bhI bahuta se vana the| jahA~ gopAla gAe~ carAte the, ava vano ke abhAva meM vRndAvana me dhUla uDatI hai aura mahAvana meM karIla khaDe hai| gagA ke duaAve, sarayU ke acala aura vihAra meM abhI-abhI eka sau varSa pahale taka jahA~ vana the, vahA~ murde jalAne ko lakaDI milane meM kaThinAI ho rahI hai| saca to yaha hai ki mAnava se bar3ha kara vana kA zatru aura koI nahI hai /

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premI-prabhinadana pratha rAjanaitika rUpa se kSatavikSata aura Arthika dRSTi se pichaDe hue vindhyakhaDa kI eka hI sampadA hai aura vaha hai vana / isIke sahAre saritAe~ bahatI hai / prAkRtika saundarya dikhAI detA hai aura adhikAza nivAsI jIvikA upArjana karate hai / isa deza kI nidhi, Rddhi-siddhi aura lakSmI jo kucha hai, usakA zreya yahA~ ke vana aura vRkSarAji ko hai / vindhyakhaDa ke vano ko vanavijJAnavettA patajhaDa vAle mAnasUnI vana ( Deciduous ) mAnate hai / ye vana varSa me sAta-ATha mAsa taka hare rahate hai aura basanta tathA grISma me inake patte jhaDa jAte tathA choTe-choTe kSupa ( paudhe ) sUkha jAte hai, parantu yaha vizvAsa karane ke lie pramANa hai ki pahale yahA~ sadA hare ( Ever - green ) vana rahe hoge, jaise ki Ajakala arAkAna brahmadeza Adi meM hai / hamAre yahA~ sadA hare vRkSo me jAmuna, kadamba aura azoka zeSa hai, parantu ye vahI panapate haiM, jahA~ ki pAnI kI suvidhA ho / sadA hare vano ke lie 60" varSA prativarSaM honI Avazyaka hai / pahale hamAre yahA~ aisI varSA hotI thii| Aja se tIna sau varSa pUrva taka vindhyakhaDa ke vana bahuta vistIrNa aura saghana the / samrATa akabara canderI, bhelasA aura bhopAla ke AsapAsa hAthiyo kA zikAra khelane AyA thA / 604 ? vindhyakhaDa ke vartamAna vana prAkRtika vana hai aura zrava jahA~ kahI hai, unameM adhikAza isa deza kI saritAo ke acalo me hai / bAta yaha hai ki vana aura saritA paraspara zrAzrita hai / jahA~ vana hogA, vahA~ pAnI hogA / jahA~ pAnI hogA, vahA~ vana hogA / vana aura pAnI kA yaha sambandha eka rocaka viSaya hai / jahA~ vana hotA hai, vahA~ vAyumaDala meM namI ( ArdratA) adhika rahatI hai / varSA ke vAdala jahA~ kA vAyumaDala Ardra pAte hai vahA~ thamate aura barasane lagate hai / inhI mAnasUnI bAdalo kA eka acchA bhAga mAravADa ko pAra kara hamAre yahA~ zrAtA aura varasatA hai, parantu mAravADa sUkhA raha jAtA hai / kAraNa ki eka to mAravADa meM parvata nahI aura dUsare vana nahI / bAdala thame to kisa taraha vana ke pAsa ke vAyumaMDala meM namI kA kAraNa yaha hai ki jitanA pAnI varSA me barasatA hai usakA adhikAza bhAgavana kI bhUmi, vRkSa kI jaDo aura patto Adi meM raha jAtA hai / vanAcchAdita bhUmi se sUrya kA prakharatApa jitane samaya meM vahA~ ke jala kA bIsa yA paccIsa pratizata sokha pAtA hai, utane hI samaya me vanahIna bhUmi kA 80 pratizata ke lagabhaga sokha letA hai / vRkSo kA zIrSa bhAga sUrya kI kiraNoM kI prakharatA jhela letA hai aura nIce ke pAnI ko bacA letA hai / yaha pAnI bhUmi ko Ardra rakhatA hai / vizeSa jala dhIre-dhIre sroto aura nAlo ke rUpa me vaha baha kara saritAo ko sUkhane se bacAtA hai / patto kI ArdratA tathA bhUmi, sroto aura nAlo kI zrArdratA havA meM namI paidA karatI aura vahA~ ke tApamAna ko apane anukUla banA kara vAdalo ke barasane meM sahAyaka hotI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki vano meM aura vana ke zrAsapAsa varSA adhika hotI hai zraura nadI-nAle adhika samaya taka vahate hai / kuo me kama nicAI para pAnI milatA hai aura bhUmi prAkRtika rUpa meM upajAU rahatI hai / vRkSo se gire patte, TahaniyA~ aura sUkhe padupa zrAdi saDa kara bhUmi ko acchI banAte hai / vana kI sthiti nadiyoM aura nAlo para eka prakAra kA niyantraNa rakhatI hai / varSA kI bauchAra vana ke zIrSabhAga para par3atI hai aura bahuta dhIme-dhIme bhUmi para varSA kA jala zrAtA hai / aisA jala tIvra vega se nahI baha pAtA aura nAle tathA aimI nadiyA~ apekSAkRta mathara gati se bahatI hai / vana kI sthiti bhUmi ko na kaTane dene meM sahAyaka hotI hai / jahA~ nadI ke kinAre vana yA vRkSarAji hogI vahA~ nadI kA pUra AsapAsa kI bhUmi ko aisA na kATa sakegA, jaisA ki vana-hIna nadI kA pUra kATa detA hai / isakA udAharaNa cambala aura jamunA ke kUla hai| ye nadiyA~ jahA~ vana-vRkSahIna pradeza meM bahatI hai vahA~ inhone AsapAsa kI bhUmi kATa-kATa kara mIlo taka gaDhe kara die hai, jinheM 'bharakA' kahate haiM / vahA~ kI upajAU bhUmi to ye nadiyA~ bahA le gaI, parantu yadi inake kUlo para vana hote to nadI kI dhArA kA pahalA vega vRkSo ke tane aura mUla sahate aura pAnI ko aisI manamAnI karane kA avasara na milatA / jina pahADiyo ke vana sApha kara die gae unakI dazA dekheM / varSA kI bauchAreM pahADI kI miTTI aura kakarI ko nIce vahA le jAtI hai / ghulI miTTI to pAnI ke sAtha Age vaDha jAtI hai, parantu kakarI pahADI ke nIce kI bhUmi para jamatI jAtI hai / pA~ca-dasa varSoM me hI noce kI upajAU bhUmi raoNkaDa ho jAtI hai aura pahADI adhika nagna hotI

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__ -- -- --. . . . E Homed PARENA SPAPAR barI ghATa [ madhuvana me jAmanera kA jala-prapAta

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vindhyakhaNDa ke vana 605 600 40 26 F00 160 570 EE jAtI hai| vano kA prabhAva AsapAsa ke tApamAna para acchA hotA hai| parIkSaNo se yaha pAyA hai ki vahI yA vaisA hI vanahIna sthAna adhika sarda aura garma ho jAtA hai / vana-bhUmi para zIta kA prabhAva lagabhaga 4 se 6 DigrI kama hotA hai aura grISma me 6 se 8 DigrI taka kama hotA hai / arthAt vanahIna bhUbhAga yadi zIta me 60deg taka hotA to vana bhUmi hone para 64 yA 66 hotA aura grISma meM 60 hotA to vanabhUmi hone para 82 yA 84 hI rhtaa| zIta aura USNatA kI prakharatA ko kama karane kI zakti vano meM hai / vAta yaha hai ki eka to vano ke kAraNa vAyu meM namI rahatI hai| dUsare zIta yA grISma kI prakharatA vano ke zIrSa-bhAga para TakarA kara manda par3a jAtI hai| uttara bhArata tathA madhya bhArata ke kucha nagaroko vanahIna pradeza ke nagara aura vanaveSTita deza ke nagaro meM vAMTa kara adhyayana kiyA jAveto pariNAma yo milegA 1-vanahIna pradeza ke nagara nagara kA samudra sataha se janavarI kA ausata jUna kA ausata varSA icoM meM nAma UcAI tApamAna tApamAna (vArSika) banArasa 262 AgarA 555 meraTha 738 dillI 718 bIkAnera 701 2-vanabhUmi ke nagara mADalA 250 78 rAyapura 670 50 javalapura 1327 banArasa aura mADalA eka sI sthiti me hai, parantu tApamAna aura varSA ke antara kA kAraNa vana hai| yadi AgarA ke pAsa thoDI bahuta vRkSAvaliyA~ na ho to vaha bIkAnera kI sI sthiti meM A sakatA hai| bhAratavarSa ke vana vRkSo se aura vanaspatiyo se jitane sampanna hai utane samasta sasAra ke aura dezo ke vana nahI hai| hamAre deza ke vano me 2500 se adhika jAtiyo ke to kevala vRkSa hI hai / latAe~ aura kSupa Adi alaga rahe, jaba ki iglaiMDa meM kevala cAlIsa prakAra ke vRkSa hai aura amerikA jaise mahAdvIpa meM karIba tIna sau| jyo-jyo khoja hotI jA rahI hai, hamArI yaha sampadA aura prakAza meM AtI jA rahI hai, parantu itane vRkSo meM kAma meM lAe jAne vAle vRkSa u~galiyo para ginane yogya hai / vindhyakhaDa ke vana bhI aise hI sampanna hai / yahA~ sadA hare vRkSo se lagA kara ardha marusthala ke vRkSa jaise nIma, babUla Adi pAe jAte hai, parantu sAgauna, sAjA, mahuA, Ama, jAmuna, azoka, bavUla, teda, acAra, haldiyA, tinsa Adi mukhya hai| latAe~ aura kSupa anaginatI hai| vana-upaja se kitanI vastue~ kAma meM lAI jAtI aura banAI jAtI hai, isakA anumAna karanA bhI sahaja nahI hai| hameM paga-paga para vana-upaja se banI vastuo kI AvazyakatA aura mahattva kA anubhava hotA hai| vindhyadeza ke vanavRkSo meM sabase adhika kAma Ane vAlA aura aneka dRSTiyo se sarvottama vRkSa sAgauna hai| sAgauna me adhika majabUta aura sundara vRkSa aura bhI hai, parantu yaha una vRkSo me sarvottama hai, jo ki pracura mAtrA me milate hai| vindhyadeza meM isake prAkRtika vana bhare paDe hai| sabase acchA sAgauna brahmadeza aura malAvAra kA mAnA jAtA hai, parantu vindhyaprAnta ke sAgauna me kucha kamI hone para bhI raga aura reze kI dRSTi se brahmadeza ke sAgauna se adhika suhAvanA hotA hai| anya vRkSa dhAmana, sejA, zIzama, jAmuna, mahuA, tinsa, tedU, haldIyA Adi bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| ____lakaDI kI upAdeyatA nizcita karane me lakaDI kI racanA, AkAra, lambAI-caur3AI, vajana, zakti, sakhtI, lacaka, saphAI, TikAUpana, raga, dAne, reze aura mazIna yA aaujAra se kAma karane meM prAsAnI Adi vAto para vicAra 61 85 55

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premI-abhinadana-praya 606 karanA hotA hai| abhI hamAre deza meM vano kI upaja ko sAvadhAnI se kAma meM lAne kI ora na to sarakAra kA hI dhyAna hai aura na janatA kaa| eka vRkSa vana meM kATA jAtA hai to yahA~ usakA kevala 30 pratizata bhAga kAma me pAne yogya ThaharatA hai, jaba ki jarmanI, nArve, svIDana, aura kanADA me 70 se 10 pratizata taka ko kAma me le pAte hai| peDa meM se hamAre yahAM 15% vana meM ThUTha ke rUpa meM choDa diyA jAtA hai| 10% chAla aura patte pheMka die jAte hai| 10% kulhADe aura karavata ke kAraNa vekAra nikala jAtA hai| 20% TahaniyA~ aura cirAI me TeDhA nikalA huA anAvazyaka prsh| 5% lakaDI ko pakkA karane me hAni / 10% lakaDI kA doSapUrNa bhaag| 70% aba yadi sAvadhAnI se upayoga kiyA jAve to chAla, vurAde aura patto se spiriTa yA pAvara alkohala (Pover Alcohol), Tahaniyo se holDara, painsile, Ter3he-meDhe aza se zrIjAro ke hatte, veTa Adi bana sakate hai| lakaDI ke atirikta aura bhI bahuta sI vastueM hame vano se milatI hai| sarvaprathama ghAsa, jise carAI ke kAma meM liyA jAtA hai aura kAgaja banatA hai| kaI ghAso se sugandhita aura auSadhopayogI tela nikalate haiN| vindhyakhaDa meM lagabhaga 40 prakAra ke vAMsa pAye jAte hai, jinase caTAiyAM, TokanI Adi vastueM banatI hai| kaI vRkSo se hame goda, katIrA, rAla Adi milate hai / mahue ke phUlo se zarAva aura phalo se cikanA sapheda tela nikalatA hai / ghoTa, bavUla kI chAla Adi se camaDe kI ragAI hotI hai aura davAiyo kI to ginatI hI nhiiN| zahada, moma, lAkha, kose se jagalI rezama, vanajIvo ke sIga, camaDe Adi aneko padArtha hai| ___spaSTa hai ki hamAre jIvana, unnati, AvazyakatAo kI pUrti, varSA, bhUmi kI upajAU zakti prAdi ke lie vano kA astitva kisa prakAra anivArya hai, parantu ise hama apanA durbhAgya hI kaheMge ki hamAre vana abhI taka upekSita hI nahI, varan kevala sahAra ke hI pAtra ho rahe hai| Aja se sATha-sattara varSa pUrva sarakAra kA dhyAna inakI ora prAkRpTa huA aura vanavibhAga kI sRSTi huii| isa vibhAga ke dvArA bahuta kucha lAbha huA, parantu racanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhA jAya to lagabhaga kucha nahIM ke varAvara kAma huA hai| phira pichale aura hAla ke mahAyuddha me to vano kI apAra hAni huI hai aura isa hAni kI pUrtihetu kucha nahI ho skaa| yaha kAma kevala zAsakagaNa kA hI nahIM hai| janatA aura sArvajanika sasthAo ke lie bhI vicAraNIya hai| vano kA nAza hame kahA~ le jA rahA hai, isake aneka jvalanta udAharaNa hai| pUrvI pajAva ke vana gata pacAsa varSoM me kaTa gye| pariNAmata nadiyo aura nAlo ne upajAU miTTI vahA dI aura bhUmi bajara ho clii| ava vahA~ vana lagAe jA rahe hai| dillI se iTAvA taka jamunA ke dono kUlo ke vana gata sau varSoM meM sApha ho ge| ava pazcima se uThI havAe~ mAravADa se andhaDa ke rUpa me pAtI hai aura jahA~ thamatI hai, vahAM mAravADI reta girA jAtI hai| reta kA isa taraha giranA gata pacAsa-sATha varSoM se cAlU hai| ava isa pradeza kI bhUmi para tInatIna ica moTI reta kI sataha jama gaI hai| vaha bhUmi pUrvApekSA UrvarA nahI rhii| yadi dillI se iTAvA taka jamunA ke dakSiNI chora para cAra yA cha mIla cauDI vanarekhA hotI to ye andhaDa jahAM-ke-tahAM raha jAte / varSA bhI kAphI hotI aura jamunA tathA cambala aura unakI sahAyaka nadI-nAlo se bhUmi na ktttii| jahAM sarakAra ke lie ye prazna vicAraNIya aura karane yogya hai, vahAM pratyeka gRhastha aura nAgarika kA bhI kartavya hai ki vaha apane adhikAra kI bhUmi meM lage peDo kI rakSA kare, nae peDa lagAve aura unakA pAlana-poSaNa kre| vana hI rASTrIya dhana hai aura isakI rakSA sarakAra aura pratyeka nAgarika ko karanI caahie| TIkamagar3ha ]

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bundelI loka-gIta gItoM para eka dRSTi zrI gaurIzakara dvivedI sukavi aura vIra-prasavinI bundelakhaDa kI ramaNIya bhUmi ko prakRti ne udAratApUrvaka anokhI chaTA pradAna kI hai| UMcI-nIcI vindhyAcala-parvata kI zRkhalA-baddha zreNiyA~, saghana vana-kuja, kala-kala ninAda karatI huI saritAe~ aura gA~va-gA~va laharAte hue sarovara Adi aise upakrama hai, jinakI manoharatA se mAnava-hRdaya apane Apa Ananda-vibhora ho jAtA hai| yahAM kI bhUmi meM hI kavitva-guNa pradAna karane kI prAkRtika zakti vidyamAna hai| bundelakhaDa kA atIta vaDAhI gauravamaya rahA hai| Adikavi vAlmIki, kRSNa dvaipAyana veda vyAsa, vIra mitrodaya grantha ke praNetA mitra mizra, tulasI, kezava, vihArI, lAla aura padmAkara jaise saskRta aura hindI-sAhitya-sasAra ke zreSThatama kaviyo ko prasUta karane kA saubhAgya bundelakhaDa kI hI bhUmi ko prApta hai| bundelakhaDa kA adhikAza prAcIna sAhitya abhI gA~va-gA~va aura ghara-ghara me vasto hI meM ba~dhA paDA hai| usase hama paricita nahI / yahI kAraNa hai ki usako prakAza meM lAne kA hamArA sammilita udyoga nahIM hone paataa| __ jana-sAdhAraNa meM bhI aise-aise manohara gIta pracalita hai, jinako sunakara taviyata phaDaka uThatI hai| ye gIta pIDhI-dara-pIDhI hamAre prAnta meM pracalita hai aura yaha hamArA saubhAgya hai ki hamAre grAma-vAsI isa amUlya dharohara ko vaza-paramparA se surakSita rakhate cale A rahe hai| unake navIna saskaraNo ke lie syAhI aura kAg2az2a vAchanIya nahI, unakI madhuratA hI jana-sAdhAraNa ko apanI ora AkarSita kiye vinA nahI rahatI aura ve unakI amUlya nidhi hai, jinheM zikSita samudAya nirakSara bhaTTAcArya kRSaka, grAmINa Adi kaha kara pukAratA hai| una gIto meM vAkya-vinyAsa, zabdo kI gaThana aura bhAvo kI prauDhatA khojane kA grAmINa bandhuo ko avasara nahI / gIto kI AlocanA aura pratyAlocanA se bhI unheM sarokAra nhiiN| ve to unameM tanmayatA prApta karate hai aura / itanI adhika mAtrA meM prApta karate hai, jitanI zikSita samudAya zAyada hI apanI uttamottama kahI jAne vAlI kavitAyo meM prApta kara pAtA hogaa| tanmayatA ke atirikta sAmAjika jIvana kA bhI saccA prativimba hameM grAma-gIto hI meM milA karatA hai| naI sphUrti, nae bhAva aura sabase adhika nagna satya ko sIdhI-sAdI sarala bhASA meM hama grAma-gIto hI meM pA sakate hai / grAma-gIto kI vijaya kA yaha spaSTa cihna hai ki zikSita samudAya unakI ora utsukatApUrvaka agrasara ho rahA hai| yaha hamArI mAtR-bhASA ke lie kitane hI dRSTikoNo se hitakara hI hai| vaise to samUcA bhAratavarSa grAmo kA deza hai aura usameM sarvatra grAma-gIto kI pracuratA hai, kintu bundelakhaDa ke gIta saralatA, sarasatA aura miThAsa ke kAraNa apanA eka vizeSa sthAna rakhate hai / udAharaNArtha kucha gIta yahA~ diye jAte hai| zikSita samudAya ko varSa aura mahIno meM kabhI kavi-sammelana kA suavasara prApta hotA hogA, kintu grAmajIvana kA prabhAta gIta-maya hI hotA hai| USA se bhI kucha pUrva striyA~ cakkI pIsate hue Rtu ke anukUla kitane hI gIta gAtI hai / pratyeka avasara para ve unako apane sukha-dukha kA sAthI banAtI hai / eka ghara se bArAmAsI kI dhvani sunAI de rahI hai

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608 premI-abhinadana-pratha cata citaM caha aura citaM maiM hArI vaisAkha na lAgI A~kha vinA girdhaarii| jeTha jale ati pavana agni adhikArI , asaDhA meM bolI mora sora bhanau bhaarii| sAuna meM barasa meu jimI harayAnI, bhadavA kI rAta Dara laga jhikI aNghyaarii| kvAra meM kare karAra adhika giradhArI , kAtika meM Aye nA syAma soca bhaye bhaarii| aganA meM bhanau aMdeza moya dukha bhArI, pUSA ma parata tuSAra bhIja gaI saarii| mAva mile naMdalAla dekha chabi hArI, phAguna meM pUrana kAma bhaye sukha bhaarii| dUsare ghara se bhI do kaTho se mila kara dUsarI bArAmAsI sunAI par3a rahI hai caita mAsa jaba lAge sajanI vichre kuMara kanhAI, kauna upAya pharoM yA braja meM ghara aganA nA suhAI, thoDA Age baDhane para eka ora se bilavAI gIta bhI suna paDA-- ratha ThAMDe karI raghuvIra, tumAre sagai re calo vanavAsA kii| tumAre kArya ke rathalA vana, ___kAye ke Dare hai bunAva , candana ke rathalA bane hai, aura resama ke Dare hai bunAva / tumAre ko jau ratha pai vaiThiyo, ko jo hai hAMkanahAra , rAnI sItA jI ratha pai baiThiyo, rAjA rAma jI hAMkanahAra / gA~va ke chora para eka ora se yaha vilavAI bhI suna paDI anaboleM raho nA jAya, nanada vAI vIrana tumAre anavolA gaiyA dubhAvana tuma jaiyo, utaM bachaDA ko daiyo chora // anboleN| bhujAI morI! bIrana hamAre taba boleN| grISma Rtu kI prakharatA meM java nAgarika samudAya bijalI ke pakho aura barpha ke pAnI meM bhI UbatA hunA-sA jAna paDatA hai, una dino bhI gA~vo me kitane hI gIto dvArA samaya vyatIta huA karatA hai| akatI, dinarI, bilavAI prAdi kitane hI prakAra ke gIta bhinna-bhinna avasaro para gAye jAte hai| nagara ke nivAsI bhale hI sAvana ke Ane kA bhalI prakAra svAgata na kara sakeM, kintu gA~vo meM usakI upekSA na hogI, ghara-ghara dinarI aura rAghare ho rahe hai

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bundelakhaNDa-citrAvalI-6 1 jatArA (orachA rAjya) ke sarovara kA eka dRzya 1 2 1

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77 4 bundelI loka-gIta sAuna kajariyAM javaI je behe, apanI bahina ko lyAva livAya / guuvA pisAya mAI karau kalevA, apanI bahina livAve jA~ya; kahA~ baMdhe more uDana bacherA, kahA~ TaeNgI tarabAra / zrapanI0 / sArana ba~dhe bhaIyA uDana bacherA, ghullana TaMgI taravAra / kahA~ gharI bhaiyA jInA paleMcA, kahA~ gharI pozAka, khirakina TaMgI tore jInA palaicA, utaI gharI pozAka / zrapanI0 / X X UMce aTA car3ha hereM vainA, more bhaiyA livaUna zrAye ; mAI ko beTI bisara gaI, bAbula kI gaI sudha bhUla / jAya jo kaiyau una baina ke jeTha seM, tumare sAre chike paile pAra, chike, chike una raina do, una sAre ko diyo loTAya, jAya jo kaiyo una vaina ke deura seM, tumare sAre chike paile pAra; chike chike una rona do, una sAre ko diyauM lauTAya; jAya jo kaiyau una hamare baneu seM, tumare sAre chike ghara Ava kaunA sahara ke bar3haI bulA laye, kAnA ko nAva jhA~sI sahara ke bar3haI bulA laye, datiyA ko nAva jAya jo kaiyau una hamare rAjA saeN, apane sArana ka DerA divAu; DarAva; sArana jo bA~dhI uDana bacherA, DarAva; ghullana TAMgo taravAra, suno morI sAso vIrana zraye, une kahA racauM jeunAra; X X ) 606

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premI-abhinadana-graMtha meMhadI racAte samaya bhI inhI dino jo gIta gAyA jAtA hai, use bhI dekhie kahAM se mAMdI AI ho saudAgiralAla, kAMhAM dharI vikAya mAudI rAcana more lAla, aggama meM mAudI AI ho saudAgiralAla, pacchima dharI vikAya mAudI rAcanU more lAla, kArya se mAMdI coTiyau saudAgiralAla, kArya se laiyo pocha, mAudI rAcana more lAla; sila loDA ghara bAMTiyo, saudAgiralAla, liyo kacuratanapauchamAudI rAcanU more lAla kIne racAI doI chIMgurI saudAgiralAla, kIne racAyedoI hAta, mAudI rAcanU more lAla, deurA racAI doI chIMgurI saudAgiralAla, bhaujI racAyedoI hAta mAudIrAcanU more lAla, bhaujI kI raca kevalI parauM, saudAgiralAla, devarA kI raca bhaI lAla, mAudI rAcanU more lAla; kiye batAI doI chIMgarI, saudAgiralAla, kiye batAyedoU hAta,mAudIrAcanU more lAla, devarA batAI apane bhAI kauM, saudAgiralAla, kiya batAU~doU hAtha, mAudI rAcanU more lAla, xxx kucha paktiyAM inhI dino gAye jAne vAle maMgAdA gIta kI bhI dekhiye - sAuna mainA nIko lage, geMuDe bhaI harayAla, sAuna meM bhujariyA~ ba diyau, bhAdI meM diyau sirAya, aiso hai bhaiyA koU gharamI, bahinana ko liyo hai bulAya, pAsoM ke sAunA ghara ke karI, prAge ke de hai khilAya: sone kI nAveM dUdha bharI so bhujariyAM leva sirAya, ke jehaM talA kI pAra pai, ke jaihai bhujariyAM sUka, gharauM bhujariyAM mAnika cauka meM, vIrA gharI lulAya, kaisI bahina haTa parI, bara vaTa leta pirAna, pAsoM ke saunA jUjha ke hai| Age ke de hai karAya, inhI dino TesU, mAmUliyA, harajU jhijhiyA aura nAre supraTA ke gIto me Ananda-vibhora hokara jaba vacco kI TolI kI TolI eka svara se gAtI hai TesU pAye bAuna vIra, hAta liye sone kA tIra, usa samaya eka bAra phira vayovRddho meM bhI vacapana kI lahara dauDa jAtI hai /

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X bundelI lokagIta laDakiyo ke ullAsamaya madhura svara me jinhone mAmUliyA aura harajU ke gIto kI nimnalikhita paktiyA~ hI suna lI hogI, ve vinA AkarSita hue na rahe hoge mAmuliyA ke Aye livotrA, jhamaka calI morI mAmuliyA X uThI more hara jU bhaye bhunasAre, goana ke paTa kholo sakAre, uThakeM karnayA pyAre gaiyAM doI, jhapaTa rAdhakA duhanI dInI, kAye kI dAtuna kArya ko loTA, kAye ko nIra bhara lyAI jasodA; ajjAjhAre kI dAtuna sone ko loTA, so jamunA jala bhara lyAI jsodaa| choTI-choTI laDakiyo ne lIpa-pota kara apane devatA kI pUjA ke lie kitane sundara upacAra kiye hai / dekhie, raga-virage vela-bUTo aura phUlo se suzobhita cauka pUre gaye hai, jAti-pAta kA bheda-bhAva bhulA kara saba kanyAeM Aja eka sUtra meM Avaddha ho tanmayatA se gA rahI hai hemAcala jU kI kuMareM laDAyateM nAre supraTA, so gaurAvAI nerA torA nayo beTI nau vinA nAre supraTA, ugaI na ho bAre caMdA, hama ghara ho lipanA putanA; sAsa na ho de de dhariyA, nanada na ho car3he aTariyA, jI ke phUla, tilI ke dAne, candA uge baDe bhunasAre xx kArtika mAsa kA pavitra mahInA A gayA hai / dekhie, gAMva-gAMva prAta kAla hI se striyAM sarovara kI ora bhagavAna kRSNa kI ArAdhanA ke nimitta kisa ullAsa se jA rahI hai aura hila-mila kara kitane cAva aura bhakti-bhAva se ve gA rahI hai sakhI rI mai to bhaI na braja kI mora / kAMhAM rahatI kAhA cunatI kAnA karatI kilola, bana meM rAtI bana phala khAtI vanaI meM karatI kilola, uDa uDa pakha gireM gharanI meM, vIne jugalakisora, mora pakha ko mukuTa banAnau, bA~dai nandakisora, sakhI rI meM to bhaIna braja kI mor| X X giradhArI moro vArI, gira na pr| eka hAta parvata laye ThAMDI, dUje hAta ke mukaTa samAro, laye lakuTiyA phireM jasodA, sotana tana saba kou deu sahArI; x x

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612 premI-prabhinadana- pratha hameM choDa ko jAno brajavAsI / jo tuma hameM choDa hari jaihI, taja DArauM prAna, gare DAroM phA~sI, mora mukuTa hari ke adhika virAja, so phaliyana bIca bihArI jU kI jhA~kI; nainana suramA hari ke adhika virAje, so bhayana bIca bihArI jU kI jhA~kI, kAnana kuNDala hari ke adhika virAja, so motina bIca bihArI jU kI jhA~kI, mukha bhara biriyA~ hari ke adhika birAje, so zroThana bIca bihArI jU kI jhA~kI, X X ina caranana parakammA deU, chAyA gobaradhana kI; cintA kava jai hai jA mana kI, duvidhA kava jaihai jA mana kI / jaba naMdarAnI garabha se hU hai, Asa purja more mana ko, jaba moro kAnha kaleU mAMga, dagha mAkhana sa~ roTI; jaba moro kAnha guliyA mA~ge, ratana jaTita kI TopI, moro kAnha khilonA mA~ge, canda sUraja ko joTI; X X phAguna kA masta mahInA to bundelakhaDa me gIta-maya hI ho jAyA karatA hai / rAta-rAta bhara caukaDiyAU sAkhI kI phAga, svAMga aura IsurI kI phAgeM gA~va-gA~va meM hotI hai| dina bhara kAryoM meM vyasta rahane vAlA kRSaka samudAya una dino kitanI tanmayatA prApta karatA hai, ise bhukta bhogI hI anubhava kara sakate hai / phAga sAkhI kI hara ghoDA brahmA khurI aura bAsuki jIna palAna; candra suraja pAvara bhaye, caDha bhaye catura sujAna / bhajana bina deiyA suphala hone naiyAM, ho car3ha bhaye caturasujAna, bhajana bina deiyA suphala hone naiyAM; ( 2 ) zrAga lagI bana jala gaye, jala gaye candana rUkha, uDa jA pachI DAra se, jina jalI hamAre sAtha; pachI phera janama hone naiyA~, jina jalI hamAre sAtha, pachI phera janama hone naiyA~, X X Aga lagI darayAva meM, dhuA~ na paragaTa hoya, ki dila jAne zrApano, jA para vItI hoya, kAU kI lagana koI kA jAne,

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bundelI lokagIta 613 uThI piyA prava bhora bhaye, cakaI bolI tAla; mukha viriyAM phIkI parI, siyarI motina mAla, piyA uTha jAgI kamala vigasana lAgeH X go hate so uDa gaye, bhusa le gaI adhadAra; tyAI meM TalavA gaye, vAja gaye khaga vAra, hamAre bAkI meM likhA deu paijanA, vAja gaye khagavAra, hamAre bAkI meM likhA deu paijnaa| datiyA meM hatiyA paje, aura pannA meM hIrA javAra, TIkamagar3ha sUrA paje, re jinako beDI baha talavAra, duzmana pAsa kabhaU~ naI Avai ho, beTI vaha talavAra, duzmana pAsa kabhake naI pAvai ho| phAga chadayAU bhAgIratha ne tapa kiyo, brahmA ne bara dIna gaGgA lyAye svarga seM, laye pApa saba chIna / jaga ke agha kATana ko AI, jaya zrI gnggaamaaii| gaU mukha se dhAra, hai nikarI apAra, tina laI nihAra, nara sukhakArI; bhAI haradvAra, saba phorata pahAra, bhanau jai jaikAra, agha phara chArI // bhaja lo gaGgAmAI // yo to bundelakhaDa meM kitanI hI prakAra kI phAgeM aura gIta gAye jAte haiM, kintu IsurI kI phAgo kI sarvapriyatA sarvatra hI hai| sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa unakA pUrNa paricaya de makanA yahA~ sambhava nhiiN| udAharaNArtha do-tIna phAgeM dI jA rahI haiM mana hota tumeM dekhata raiye, china choDa alaga nA kau~ jaiye / mauna svabhAva, sAMvalI mUrata, ina a~khiyana bica ghara laiye, jaba mila jAta naina nainana so, veha ghare ko phala piye| 'Isura' kAta darasa ke lAneM, khirakina meM DhUMkata raiye / x prIti-pantha ke pathiko kI dazA kA sajIva citraNa nimna gIto meM rasAsvAdana kIjie jaba se bhayI prIta kI pIrA, khusI naI jo jIrA, X

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614 x X premI-abhinadana-praya kUrA, mATI, bhanau phirata hai, itai utai mana hIrA; kamatI A gaI rakata mAMsa meM, bahI vragana seM nIrA; phukata jAta viraha kI prAgI, sUkata jAta sarIrA, proI nIma meM mAnata 'Isura', poI nIma ko kiiraa| phiratana pare pAMva meM phorA, saga na choDoM torA; ghara ghara alakha jagAvata jA, TaMgo keMdA paM jhorA, mArI mAro ita uta jAvai, galiyana kaiso rorA, naI rava mAMsa, rakata dehI meM, bhaye sUpha ke DorA, phasakata naI 'IsurI' tanaphau~, niThura yAra hai moraa| virahiNI nAyikA ke muMha se Apa kahalAte hai ki vairina varSA Rtu A gaI hai| hamArI bhalAI to isI meM hai ki usake dvArA prazasita upAdAno kA hama tyAga hI kreN| yathA hama pai bairina varasA AI, hameM, bacA leva mAI car3ha ke aTA, ghaTA nA dekheM, paTA deva aganAI; bArAdarI dauriyana meM ho, pavana na jAve pAI; je druma kaTA, chaTA phulabagiyAM, haTA deva harayAI; piya jasa gAya sunAva na Isura',jo jiya cAva bhalAI more mana kI harana munayA~, Aja dikhAnI nayAM ke kaU~ huye lAla ke saGga, pakarI piMjarA maiyAM, pattana pattana DhUMDa phire hai, baiThI kauna DarayAM; kAta 'IsurI' inake lAneM, TorIM saraga tarayAM / manuSya-zarIra kI asAratA ko lakSya karake unhone kahA hai bakharI raIyata hai bhAre kI, daI piyA pyAre kI kaccI bhIta uThI mAMTI kI, chAI phUsa cAre kI be baveja baDI bebADA, jeI meM dasa dvAre kI kivAra kivariyA eko naiyAM, binA kucI tAre kI 'Isura cAye nikAro jidanAM, hameM kauna DvAre kI X X ina gIto ke sambandha me jitanA bhI likhA jAya, thoDA hai| harSa hai ki inake sAskRtika aura vaijJAnika vizlepaNatA ke lie zikSita samudAya udyoga kara rahA hai| isase hamArA aura hamArI mAtRbhASA hindI kA hita hI hogA, aisI AzA hai| jhAsI] x X

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bundelakhaNDa-citrAvalI-7 . .. . .. ThU FAal. __ezi kuNDezvara kA jala-prapAta

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Page #664
bundelI loka-gIta 615 sAta bundelI lokagIta zrI deveMdra satyArthI bundelakhaDa me purAnI TerI (TIkamagaDha) ke nanhe dhovI ke mukha se madhura aura karuNa svaro me 'dhanasiMha kA gIta' suna kara vundelakhaDa ke itihAma kA eka mahattvapUrNa pRSTha merI AMkho meM phira gayA thaa| mai yaha mocatA raha gayA thA ki Akhira yaha kuMvara dhanasiMha the kauna, jinakI yAda meM eka dhobI kI nahI, samasta bundelakhaDa kI A~kho meM AMsU A jAte hai ? isa gIta kA loka-kavi batAtA hai ki dhanasiMha ne chIkate hue palAna kamA thA aura manA kiye jAne kI bhI paravA na karate hue ghoDe para savAra ho gayA thaa| gamte me umake vAI pora TiTaharI vola uThI thI aura dAI ora gIdaDa cillAne lagA thaa| yahAM hama kimI eka vyakti yA parivAra ke nahIM, balki samUce bundelakhaTa ke purAtana azakuno kA paricaya pA lete hai / jahA~ taka gIta ke mAhityika mUlya kA sambandha hai, ghara lauTa Ane para dhanasiMha ke ghoDe kA yaha uttara ki usakA mbAmI cokha me mAga gayA aura imame usakA kucha aparAdha nahIM, bahuta prabhAvakArI hai| eka aura bundelI lokagIta me vailo ke guNa-dopa Adi kI parakha kA bahuta sundaratA me varNana kiyA gayA hai| jahAM taka isakI magItaka gatividhi kA sambandha hai, ime hama vaDI prAmAnI se eka prathama zreNI kA nRtya-gIta kaha sakate hai| mujhe patA calA ki yaha 'chandiyAU phAga' kahalAtA hai| pANDorI meM gauriyA camArina se milA 'mAnogUjarI kA gIta' mugalakAlIna vundelakhaDa ke itihAsa para prakAza DAlatA hai| uttara bhArata ke dUsare prAnto me bhI imame milate-julate gIta mile haiN| hara kahI mugala ke izka ko ThukarAyA gayA hai| bhAratIya nArI mugala mipAhI ko kharI-kharI munAtI hai| mAtA ke bhajano meM eka aisI cIz2a milI hai, jise hama ahimA kA vijaya-gAna kaha sakate hai| yaha gIta TIkamagaDha meM nhonI dulaiyA gumAina meM likhA gayA thaa| 'kavitA-kaumudI" me bhI isame milatA-julatA eka gIta maujUda hai, jisameM patA calatA hai ki yaha kathA uttara bhArata kI kimI purAtana kathA kI ora maketa karatI hai / TIkamagaDha jela meM halakI brAhmaNI me munA huA eka 'sohara' isa samaya mere sAmane hai| jisa madhura aura jAdUbharI laya meM halakI ne yaha gIta gAkara munAyA thA, vaha apUrva thaa| usakA yaha gIta merI AtmA meM sadA gUjatA rhegaa| jaba kimI parivAra meM mAtA kI kogva me putra kA janma hotA hai to mAre gAMva me harSa kI lahara dauDa jAtI hai| janma me pahale ke nau mahIno meM mamaya-samaya para strI kI mAnasika dazA kA citraNa 'sohara' kI vizeSatA hai| ___ eka gIta me gaDariyo kI bhAMvara kA majIva citra akita hai| TIkamagaDha jela ke samIpa eka vRddha gaDariye se vaha gIta prApta huA thaa| / anta me eka aura gIta kI carcA karanA Avazyaka hai| purAnI TerI kI jamuniyAM vareThana, jisane vaha 'dAdaroM likhAyA thA, DaratI thI ki kahI umakA gIta usake lie maz2A kA kAraNa na vana jAya / yaha isI yuga kI racanA hai, jimame na kevala yaha patA calatA hai ki abhI taka loka-pratibhA kI kokha bA~jha nahIM huI hai, balki yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki eka naye prakAra kA vyagya, jo vizepata vadalatI huI rAjanaitika paristhitiyo para kaDI coTa karatA hai, gaharI jaDa pakaDa rahA hai| nIce ve mAta gIta diye jA rahe hai, jinakA z2ikra Upara kiyA gayA hai 'grAmagIta pRSTha 777

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616 premI-prabhinadana-pratha 1-dhanasiMha kA gIta torI mata phaune harI dhanasiMgha, torI, mata kaune harI? chIkata bacherA palAniyoM,' barajata bhaye asavAra jAtana bhArauM gaura khauM, gar3ha eracha ke maidAna torI mata kaune harI dhanasiMgha, torI mata kone harI? mAtA paphareM phaiTarI', vaina', ghoDe kI bAga rAnI boledhanasiMha kI, moe kona kI karake jAta torI mata kaune harI dhanasiMgha, torI mata kaune harI? mAtA kho gAroM vaI, vaidula khI dayo lalakAra 'baiThI jo rahiyo rAnI satakhaNDA, motina se bharA deU mAMga !' torI mata kone harI, dhanasiMgha, torI mata phaune harI ? DerI' bolI TITahI dAinI' bolI sihAra" sira ke sAma" tItara bole, 'para bha meM marana kAeM jAta ?" torI mata kaune harI, dhanasiMgha, torI mata kone harI ? koU jo mele DherI DherA, koU jillA ke vAga jA mele dhanasiMgha ja, jALe phasava" ke pAla" torI mata kaune harI, dhanasiMgha, torI mata kone harI? paile mate bhaye orache," dUje varuyA ke maidAna tIje mate bhaye pAla meM, so mara gaye kuMvara dhanasiMgha torImata kone harI, dhana saMgha, torI mata phaune harI ? bhAgana lage bhAgelumA, uDa raI gulAvI dhara rAnI dekhe dhanasiMha kI, ghoro pA gayo ubInI pITha" torImata kaune harI, dhanasiMgha, torI mata kaune harI ? kATauM bacherA torI vajakhurI", meTauM kanaka aura dAra" mere svAmI jujhavAya ke, te prAya baMdho ghurasAra torI mata kaune harI, dhanasiMgha, torI mata kone harI ? 'kAyakhauM kATo, rAnI, bajakhurI, kAya meTI kanaka audAra? dagA jo hogapAla meM mopai honeI na pAe asavAra" torImata kaune harI, dhanasiMgha, torI" mata kone harI ? 'palAnakasA 'kamarabanda 'baTana 'gAliyAM 'bahana 'motiyoM se 'bAI ora 'TiTihara 'dAI ora "siyAra "sAmane "parAI bhUmi para marane ke liye kyoM jAte ho? "eka vara / vizeSa "tambU "pahalI salAha orache meM huii| "ghoDA khAlI pITha ke sAtha pA gyaa| "he bachare, te / khariyo ke UparI bhAga kATa ddaaluuN| gehU~ aura dAla (vAnA) denA banda kara duuN| tambU meM dhokhA humA / " ve mujha para savAra hI na ho pAe the| "dhanasiMha, terI buddhi kisa ne hara lI ?

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bundelI loka-gIta 2-are jAta bajAre, chailA are jAta vajAreM, chailA! more jAta bajAreM, chalA lAla ! so lena anokhe vailA, more jAta vajAreM, chailA lAla ! kanta bajAra jAta ho, kAmana kaha kara jora eka araja suna lIjiyo, kanta mAniyo moralIlA hai raga ati jabara jaga progana na aga ekaU vA ke romA mulAma pataro hai cAma cAhe lage dAma kitane hu vA ke so liie asala pukhalA more jAta vajAreM, chailA, lAla ! bhaurA raga vAkuDA cacala poche phAnana khelA more jAta vajAre chalA, lAla ! hasA se vaila na liie chela na diie paila agare vA ke kajarA kI zAna le liie jAna daidiie dAma cita meM dai ke puThI utAra ghIMca patarI ko na liie vigaralA so proche kAnana khelA more jAta vajAre chalA, lAla ! kariyA ke danta jina ginI, kanta haTha calo anta mAno binatI 78

Page #667
618 premI-prabhinadana- pratha sIMgana ke bIca bhayana dubIca bhauMrI ho vIca so hui asala parailA more jAta bajAra chailA, lAla ! na anokhe vailA more jAta bajAreM chailA, lAla ! 3 - mAno gUjarI kAhAMnA seM mugalA cale, rI mAno, kAhAnA leta milAna pacchama se mugalA cale, rI mAno, zraggama leta milAna U~ce caDha ke mAno heriyo, koI laga gae mugala vajAra hukma jo pAU~ rAnI sAsa ko, meM to dekhi zrAU~ mugala bajAra mugalA ko kA dekhanA, rI mAno, mugalA mugada gavAra sAsa kI haTakI meM na mAnoM meM to dekhi zrAU~ mugala bajAra jo tuma dekhana jAta ho, rI mAno, kara lo soraho siMgAra tela kI paTiyAM pAra laI mAno sidarana bhara laI mAMga mAthe bIjA zrata vano mAno bandina kI chava niyAra calIM calIM mAno hunA gaI re koI gaI kumharA ke pAsa are are bhaiyA kumharA ke re, eka maTakI hameM gar3ha deu eka maTakiyA kA gar3ha rI mAno maTakI gar3hoM do-cAra eka maTakiyA aisI gaDho re bhaiyA jA meM dahiyA bane aura dUdha are are bhaiyA kumharA ke tuma kara do maTakiyA ke mola pA~ca TakA kI jAkI baunI hai, rI mAno lAkha TakA ko mola pA~ca TakA gharanI ghare, kumharA ke, maTakI laI uThAya dahiyo- dUSa jA meM bhara liyo, rImAno, dekha Ayo mugala bajAra calI calI rI mAno hunA gayo re koI gaI mugala ke pAsa pahalI Tera mAno mAriyo -re koI dahiyA leta ke dUdha dahI dUdha ke garajI nahIM re mAno ghaghaTA kara do mola dUjI Tera mAno mAriyo re koI mugala laI pachiprAya lauTa AAyo mAno badala zrAyo re morI raniyA~ dekhe zrAyo raniyA~ ko kA dekhanA re mugalA aisI raitIM mori gubarAri lauTa AAyo mAno badala zrAyo mere kuMvarana dekhe jAyo ku~varana ko kA dekhanA, re mugalA, mere raite aise gulAma loTa AAyo mAno badala prAyo mere hatiyA dekhe jAyo hatiyana ko kA dekhanA re mugalA merI bhUrI bhaiMsa ko mola ghuMghaTA kholata dasa mare re mugalA bindiyA dekha pacAsa

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bundelI lokagIta mugalA soka jaba bhare re jaba tanika ughari gaI pITha ! souta candrAvala zrodhakere terI vyAhI mugala le jAya mugalA mAre garada kare re bina ne loyeM lagA daI pAra raktana kI nadiyA~ bahIM, re bina ne loyeM lagA daI pAra ! 4- surahina dina kI U~ghana kirana kI phUTana, surahina bana ko jAya ho mA~ ika bana cAla surahina duja bana cAloM, tija bana pacI jAya ho mA~ kajalI vana mA~ candana haro virachA, jA~ surahina mo DAro ho mAM moghAlo surahina Tuja mo ghAlo, tija mo siMghA guMjAra ho mA~ aba kI cUka vagasa vAre siMghA, ghara bacharA nAdAna ho mA~ ko toro surahina lAga-laraniyA~, ko toro hota jamAna ho mA~ candA suraja more lAga laganiyA~, vanasapati hota jamAna ho maoN candA suraja doha U~ zrayaiveM, vanasapati bhara jAya ho mA~ dharatI ke vAsaka more lAga laganiyA~, dharatI hota jamAna ho mA~ ika bana cAlIM surahina duja bana cAloM, tija bana vagara ramhAnI ho mA~ bana kI heroM surahina Tagarana zrAI, bachare rAmha sunAI ho mA~ prAyo barA pIlo mero dughuprA, siMghA bacana hAra AI ho mA~ hAre dughuA na piyoM morI mAtA, calo tumAre saga ho mAM ge gevarA pIche pIcheM surahina, doU mila vana ko jAMya ho mA~ ika vana cAloM surahina duja bana cAloM, tija vana pauMcI jAya ho mAM uTha uTha here bana ke siMghA surahina zrAja na AI ho mA~ vola kI vAMdI vacana kI sAMcI, eka seM gaIM do se AI ho mAM pailo mamaiyA~ hamaI ko bhakha lo, pIche hamAI mAya ho mAM kone bhanejA to sikha-budha dInoM, kona lago gura kAna ho mA~ devI jAlapA sikha budha dInIM, vIra lagara lage kAna ho mA~ jo kajalI bana tero bhanejA, chuTaka caro sau gaU Age so gaU pA~che, hoiyo bagara ke sA~r3ha ho mA~ maidAna ho mA~ 5 - sohara jeThAnI ke bhae nandalAla, kaho to piyA dekha zrAva mahArAja sAsU kI haTako na mAnI, sakhina saga liMga calIM mahArAja piyA kI haTakI na mAnI, sakhina saga liMga calIM mahArAja sAsU ne DArI piDiyA~, nanada zrAdara kareM mahArAja laM sunI bichiprana khanakAra, jijI ne lAlA DhApalae mahArAja dekhata denorAnI bhaga AI mahArAja itanI ke sunatana manaI mana kara soca manaI mana ro raI, mahArAja calo lAlA hATa bajAra, lalana mola le diyo mahArAja 616

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620 premI-abhinadana-praya kaisI bhaujI mUrakha ajAna, lalana mola na mileM mahArAja gaUsana ke karo bhaujI dAna, kanyamana ke karo vigrAu ho mahArAja jamanA ke karo asanAna caraina cuna DAro mahArAja laga gae paile mAsa to dUje lAgiyo mahArAja tIje mAsa jaba lAge to cauthe lAgiyo mahArAja cauthe mAsa java lAge, jimiriana mana cale mahArAja pAMcae mAsa jaba lAge, naragibhana bhana cale mahArAja laga gae chaTae~ mAsa, bihina pai mana cale mahArAja laga gae sAtae~ mAsa to nibbU pai mana cale mahArAja laga gae pAThaeM mAsa to sadAphala mana cale mahArAja ho gae nau dasa mAsa. lalana nhIne ho pare mahArAja dinoraniyAM ke bhae nhaune lAla kahoto piyA dekha Avai mahArAja rAjA ko haTakI na mAnI sakhina saga tiga calI mahArAja sAsU ne DArI piDiyAM, nanada Adara phare mahArAja suni vichipana ThanakAra. vibhorAnI ne lAla de daye mahArAja tuma lhaurI hama jeThI, udinA ko durA jana mAninoM mahArAja 6-eka gaDariyAI bhA~vara ADara dInI gADara dInI DalA bhara Una dInI bammana mAra paTA ghara dInI rUpa kI gharI sone kI mAla rAMhaTa cale pAnI Dhare nima the aulAda baDhe kopaco bhAvareM parIkai naI ? 7-dAdaro aMgarejI parI, gorI, gama khAneM ! kAhA~ banI caukI kAhA~ bane thAne kAhA~ jo bana gae ve jerakhAne aMgarejI parI, gorI, gama khAne / aMgIta banI caukI, pachIta bane thAne bAkI derI pai banagae jerakhAne aMgarejI parI, gorI, gama khAne ! vundelakhaDa apane sambandha meM apanI bhASA meM kyA kahatA hai ? kina-kina utsavo se use dilacaspI hai ? usake rIti-rivAjo kA vAstavika mahattva kyA hai ? samAja ke vividha staro ke bhItara se AtI huI usakI AvAz2a hamAre lie kyA sandeza rakhatI hai ? ina prazno ke uttara pAne ke lie bundelI lokavArtA kA sacaya tathA adhyayana karanA Ava lI lokagIta kA vAstavika mahattva bundelI lokavArtA kI pRSThabhUmi me hI samajhA jA sakatA hai|

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bundelakhaNDa ke kavi zrI gaurIzaGkara dvivedI 'zaGkara (1) zasya zyAmalA, zItala jananI, kavivara-vIra-vibhUti prasavinI, hai bundelakhaNDa kI dhariNI, gharaNItala meM ghanya kahAM hai, koI aisI anya ? (2) agragaNya hai ati zucitA meM, sarasa saralatA meM, mRdutA meM, sahiSNutA meM, sahRdayatA meM, vIra-vudela-pradeza yahI hai, anumapa jisakA vesh| kartA aSTAdaza purAna ke, lekhaka bhArata ke vidhAna ke, adhipati vipula pavitra jJAna ke, vala, tapa, teja nidhAna yahIM the, veda vyAsa bhagavAn / vAlamIki vasudhA ke bhUSaNa, kRSNadatta kavikula ke pUpaNa, mitra mizra ne kiyA nirUpaNa, aisA graMya-vizeSa puja rahA hai jo deza-videza /

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 622 madhukurazAha bhakti -rasa re, indrajIta, vikrama bala pUre, chatrasAla narapati raNa zUre, __vara-buMdela-avatasa hue hai kavi-kula-mAnasa-hasa / tulasIdAsa jJAna-guNa-sAgara, vyAsa, gopa, balabhadra, javAhara, kezavadAsa kavIndra kalAdhara, bhASA prathamAcArya hue the, isI bhUmi meM Arya / sukavi bihArIdAsa guNAkara, harisevaka, rasanidhi, kavi gakura, pacama, puruSottama, padmAkara, kavi kalyANa ananya huI hai, jinase basudhA dhanya / viSNu, sudarzana, zrIpati, maNDana, khagarAya, gaGgAdhara, khaNDana, kiGkara, kujakuMara, kavi kudana, mohana mizra, brajeza yahIM the, rasika, pratApa, hRdesh| (6) hasarAja, harikeza, harIjana, pherana, karana, kRSNa kavi, sajjana, mAna, khumAna, bhAna badIjana, lone, khema, udeza hue hai, bhauna, bodha, rataneza /

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bundelakhaNDa ke kavi 623 (10) kovida, kRSNadAsa, kavi kAre, diggaja, ratana, lAla praNa vAre, avuja, kAlI, nadakumAre, navalasiMha pajanesa hue the, macita, dvija avadhesa / (11) 'prema', 'vyAsa', 'rasikendra', guNAkara, 'lAla vinIta' 'mIra' se kavivara, kAvya-kalA-kamanIya divAkara, amara kara gaye nAma prAnta yaha hai guNiyo kA dhAma / ( 12 ) vIra puruSa aise hai jAye, vasudhA ne jinake guNa gAye, vizva-vadya isane upajAye, agaNita kavi ziramaura, ginAe~ 'zaGkara' kitane aur| ( 13 ) jaga jIvana ve saphala kara gaye, amara hue hai, yadapi mara gaye, bhavya-bhAratIkoSa bhara gaye, kavitA-kAmini-kAMta yahIM the, hai aisA yaha prAta / jhAsI 1

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ahAra aura usakI mUrtiyA~ zrI yazapAla jaina vI0 e0, ela-ela0 vI0 purAtatva kI dRSTi me vundelakhaNDa eka bahuta hI samRddha prAta hai| sthAna-sthAna para aimI sAmagrI pAI jAtI hai, jo purAtatvoM ke lie vaDI mahatvapUrNa hai / purAtatva vibhAga ke yuktaprAtIya nakila ke supariTeNDeNTa zrI mAdhavasvarUpa jI 'vatsa' tayA DA0 vAsudevazaraNa jo agravAla ke sAtha hameM devagaDha ke guptakAlIna viSNumadira ke dekhane kA saubhAgya prApta huA thaa| unhone vArIko ke nAtha java ukta madira kI vizeSatAeM samajhAI to hama Azcaryacakita raha gaye ki uma choTe-se madira meM kitanI mUlyavAna sAmagrI maujUda hai| isI prakAra khajurAhA, caderI, mahovA, kAlajara, sAcI Adi syAna hai, jinake vartamAna rUpa ko dekhakara hama kalpanA kara makate hai ki kisI jamAne me ve kitane gauravazAlI rahe hoge| aise syAno me se kaI eka to prakAza meM A cuke hai, lekina kucha aise bhI hai, jinakI ora abhI taka vizeSa dhyAna nahIM diyA gyaa| ahAra eka aisA hI sthAna hai / orachA rAjya kI rAjadhAnI kimagaDha se bAraha mIla pUrva meM vaha sthita hai| vahA~ kI prAkRtika suSamA ko dekha kara prAcIna tapovano kA smaraNa ho AtA hai, lekina prahAra kA mahatva kevala unake prAkRtika sauMdarya ke kAraNa hI nahIM, balki vahA~ kI mUrtiyo ke kAraNa hai / ye mUrtiyAM vahI hI manojJa aura bhavya hai| ahAra grAma ke do-DhAI mola idhara se hI mUrtiyAM yatratatra paDI milane lagatI hai / madanasAgara ke vAMva para, jisake nikaTa hI ahAra ke madira hai, eka vizAla madira ke bhagnAvazeSa dikhAI dete hai| jina patyaro se na madira kA nirmAga huA thA, unameM se bahuta se Aja bhI vahA~ asta-vyasta avasthA meM par3e hue hai| unako kArIgarI kA avalokana kara mana Anada se bhara uThatA hai / idhara-udhara pahADiyo kI coTiyo para bhI bahuta se madiro ke avazeSa milate haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM yahA~ lagabhaga DeDha sI madiro kA samudAya thA aura bhagavAna zAntinAya kI pratimA ke Amana para utkIrNa zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki kisI mamaya vahAM eka vizAla dhere meM 'madanasAgarapura' nAmaka nagara vasA thaa| idhara-udhara parakoTo ke jo cihna milate hai, unase ukta kathana kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| ___ ahAra meM isa samaya DhAI-nona sau pratimAno kA sagraha hai, jinameM se adhikAza khaNDita hai| kinI kA hAya gAyava hai to kimo kA paira, kinI kA sira to kisI kA dhaDa, lekina jo aga upalabdha hai, unheM dekhane para unake nirmAtApro ko kalA-priyatA tathA kArya-paTutA kA anumAna laga jAtA hai| ina mUrtiyo ko prAcIna vAstu-kalA kA utkRSTa namUnA kahA jA sakatA hai| kisI ke mukhamaNDala para anupama hAsya hai to kisI ke gbhiirtaa| kisI bhI pratimA ko dekha lojiye / usakI suDaulatA meM kahI vAla bhara kA bhI atara nahI milegaa| Aja ke mazIna-yuga meM to saba kucha samava hai, lekina tanika una yuga kI kalpanA kIjiye, jaba mazIne nahI thI aura sArA kAma inegine dastI aujAro kI madada se hotA thaa| jarA hAtha DigA ayavA chainI idhara-udhara huI ki banA-banAyA khela vigddaa| sabhI pratimAno kI pAliza Aja ATha sau varSa bAda bhI jyo-kI-sI camakatI hai| ahAra kSetra ke ahAte me isa samaya tIna madira hai| unameM se do to hAla ke hI bane hue hai| tIsarA prAcIna hai| bAhara me dekhane meM vaha bahuta mAmUlI-sA jAna par3atA hai| usake adara vAIma phuTa ko zilA para aThAraha phuTa kI bhagavAna bhAntinAya kI mUrti hai / vAe~ pArzva me gyAraha phuTa kI kunthunAtha bhagavAna kI pratimA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki umo ke anurUpa dAe~ pArzva meM arahanAtha bhagavAna kI pratimA thI, jisakA ava koI patA nahIM cltaa| prastuta pratimAeM atyanta bhavya hai| unake muvamaNDala kI tejasvitA aura bhavyatA ko dekha kara hame adbhuta Anada aura zAti prApta huii| zraddheya nAthUrAma jApremI kA kathana thA ki unhone jainiyo ke bahuta se tIrtha dekhe hai aura bhagavAna zAtinAtha

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** hd khh mslh lh ldn Hnn H'nn'n l' * my st fin' Jak stro oznakovii chai Loth de w to theatre AND 1. ? bd hn ahAra kA eka dRzya 71 3 st at th moting 25924 spast! ++ ~. when my w F Y m -15 44151 41, primanki do pod sledni ragi Boy, 2' 44' 'Arquit 12" & d{ mdlh

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A TE bhagavAna zAtinAtha

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ahAra aura usakI mUrtiyA~ 625 kI isa pratimA se bhI vizAla pratimAe~ dekhI hai, lekina isa jaisI bhavya, saumya zrIra sundara mUrti unhone aba taka . nahI dekhI / "isa mahAna zilpI ne suprasiddha gommaTezvara kI mUrti ke nirmAtA kI kalA pratibhA ko bhI apane se pIche choDa diyA hai / isa mUrti kA sauSThava zrora zraga pratyaga kI racanA hamAre sammukha eka jIvita saundarya - mUrti ko khar3I kara detI hai / "" I 1 isa pratimA kA zilAlekha surakSita hai / yaha lekha lagabhaga do phuTa cAra ica kI lambAI aura nau ica kI cauDAI meM haiN| nau paktiyA~ haiM / isa zilAlekha se mUrti kA nirmANa karAne vAle zreSThi kA patA to calatA hI hai, sAtha hI zilpakAra kA bhI / anya kaI vAto kI bhI jAnakArI hotI hai| pUrA lekha isa prakAra hai pakti 1 OM namo vItarAgAya // grahapativaMzasaroruhasahasrarazmi sahasrakUTa ya / vANapure vyadhitAsIt zrImAni pakti 2 ha devapAla iti // 1 // zrIratnapAla iti tattanayo vareNya. puNyakamUrtirabhavadvasuhATikAyA / kIrtirjagatraya pakti 3 paribhramaNazramArttA yasya sthirAjani jinAyatanacchalena // 2 // ekastAvadanUnabuddhinidhinA zrIzAnticaityAla pakti 4 yo diSTayAnandapure para paranarAnandaprada zrImatA / yena zrImadanezasAgarapure tajjanmano nirmime / soyaM zreSThivariSThagalhaNa iti zrIrahaNAkhyAd pakti 5 bhUta // 3 // tasmAdajAyata kulAmvarapUrNacandra zrIjAhaDastadanujodayacandranAmA / eka paropakRtihetukRtAvatAro dhamrmAtmaka' punaramo pakti 6 ghasudAnasAra // 4 // tAbhyAmazeSaduritaughazamaikahetu nirmApita bhuvanabhUSaNabhUtametad / zrIzAnticaityamati nityasukhapradA pakti 7 tR muktizriyo vadanavIkSaNalolupAbhyAm ||5|| savat 1237 mArga sudi 3 zukre zrImatparamarddhidevavijayarAjye / pakti 8 - candrabhAskarasamudratArakA yAvadatra janacittahArakA | dhammaMkArikRtazuddhakIrttana tAvadeva jayatAt sukIrttanam // 6 // pakti 9 vAlhaNasya suta. zrImAn rUpakAro mahAmatiH / pApaTo vAstuzAstrajJastena vimva sunirmitam // 7 // anuvAda $ vItarAgake liye namaskAra ( hai ) / zloka 1-jinhone bAnapurameM eka sahasrakUTa caityAlaya banavAyA, ve grahapati vaza rUpI kamalo ( ko praphullita karane) ke liye sUryake samAna zrImAn devapAla yahA~ ( isa nagara meM ) hue / ''prahAra' pustaka meM premIjI kA lekha, pRSTha 24 76

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premI-abhinaMdana-gratha 626 zloka 2--unake ratnapAla nAmaka eka zreSTha putra hue, jo vasuhATikAmeM pavitratAkI eka . (pradhAna) mUrti the, jinakI kIrti tIno lokome paribhramaNa karaneke zramase thakakara isa jinAyatanake. bahAne Thahara gii| zloka 3-zrI ralhaNake, zreSThiyomeM pramukha, zrImAn galhaNakA janma huA jo samagra buddhike nidhAna the aura jinhone nandapurame zrIzAntinAtha bhagavAnkA eka caityAlaya banavAyA thA, aura itara sabhI logoko Ananda denevAlA dUsarA caityAlaya apane janmasthAna zrImadanezasAgarapurame bhI banavAyA thaa| zloka 4-unase kularUpI AkAzake liye pUrNa candrake samAna zrI jAhaDa utpanna hue / unake choTe bhAI udayacandra the / unakA janma mukhyatAse paropakArake liye huA thA / ve dharmAtmA aura amogha dAnI the| zloka 5-mukti-rUpI lakSmIke mukhAvalokanake liye lolupa una dono bhAiyone samasta pApoMke kSayakA kAraNa, pRthvIkA bhUSaNa-svarUpa aura zAzvatika mahAn Anandako denevAlA zrI zAntinAtha bhagavAnakA yaha prativimba nirmApita kiyaa| savat 1237 agahana sudI 3, zukravAra, zrImAn paramarddhidevake vijaya rAjyameM / ____ zloka 6-isa lokameM java taka candramA, sUrya, samudra aura tArAgaNa manuSyoke cittokA haraNa karate hai taba taka dharmakArIkA racA huA sukIrtimaya yaha sukIrtana vijayI rhe| ___ zloka 7-bAlhaNake putra mahAmatizAlI mUrti-nirmAtA aura vAstuzAstrake jJAtA zrImAn pApaTa hue| unhone isa prativimbakI sundara racanA kii| isa zilA-lekha se kaI mahatvapUrNa vAtaM jJAta hotI hai| prathama pakti me vAnapura kA ullekha pAyA hai| yaha sthAna TIkamagaDha se aThAraha mIla pazcima meM aba bhI vidyamAna hai| tIsarI pakti ke 'madanezasAgarapura' pada se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya isa sthAna kA 'madanezasAgarapura' nAma rahA hogaa| ahAra ke tAlAba ko Aja bhI 'madanasAgara kahate hai / sAtavI pakti se mAlUma hotA hai ki agahana sudo tIja, savat 1237, zukravAra ko paramaddhideva ke rAjya meM zilpazAstra ke jJAtA pApaTa nAmaka zilpakAra ne isakA nirmANa kiyA thaa| mUrti para bahuta baDhiyA pAliza ho rahI hai / pATha sau varSa vAda bhI usakI camaka meM koI antara nahIM paayaa| ahAra me jitanI mUrtiyAM hai, unameM se adhikAza ke Asana para zilA-lekha hai, jinase jaino ke aneka anvayo kA patA calatA hai| itane anbayo kA vahA~ pAyA jAnA isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki prAcIna samaya meM yaha sthAna atyanta samRddha rahA hogaa| ye sava mUrtiyA~ purAtatva aura itihAsa kI dRSTi se vahuta hI mUlyavAna hai| unakI surakSA ke lie vahA~ para eka sagrahAlaya kA nirmANa ho rahA hai| aba AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki ahAra tathA usake nikaTavartI grAmo kI bhUmi kI vidhivat khudAI ho| isame lezamAtra sandeha nahIM ki vahAM para bahumUlya sAmagrI prApta hogii| saMgrahAlaya kI nIva jisa samaya khuda rahI thI usa samaya sphaTika kI eka mUrti kA atyanta manojJa sira prApta huaa| khudAI hone para aura bhI bahuta-sI cIjeM milegii| anna bhI jaba tAlAva kA pAnI kama ho jAtA hai, usameM kabhIkabhI mUrtiyAM nikala pAtI hai| isa prakAra kI kaI mUrtiyo kA uddhAra huA hai| ahAra me tapovana banane kI kSamatA hai, lekina usake lie bhagavAna zAntinAtha kI mUrti ke nirmAtA pApaTa jaise mahApuruSo aura unakI.jaisI varSoM kI tapasyA caahiye| usa mUrtikAra kI yaha anupama kalA-kRti mAno Aja bhI kaha rahI hai, "mahAna kArya ke lie samAna sAdhanA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| TIkamagar3ha ]

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-- PAL L D ire kuthunAtha bhagavAna kI mUrti

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: 8 : samAja-sevA aura nArI - jagat

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jaina saMskRti meM sevA-bhAva jaina-muni zrI zramaracandra upAdhyAya jaina saskRti kI AdhArazilA pradhAnatayA nivRtti hai / ata usameM tyAga aura vairAgya tathA tapa aura titikSA Adi para jitanA adhika jora diyA gayA hai, utanA aura kisI niyama vizeSa yA siddhAnta vizeSa para nahI / parantu jaina dharma kI nivRtti sAdhaka ko jana sevA kI ora adhika-se-adhika AkarSita karane ke lie hai| jaina dharma kA Adarza hI yaha hai ki pratyeka prANI eka dUsare kI sevA kare, sahAyatA kare aura jaisI bhI apanI yogyatA ho, usI ke anusAra dUsaro ke kAma Aye / jaina dharma meM jIvAtmA kA lakSaNa' hI sAmAjika mAnA gayA hai, vaiyaktika nahI / pratyeka sAsArika prANI apane sImita aza meM apUrNa hai, usakI pUrNatA AsapAsa ke samAja me aura sagha me hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina saMskRti kA jitanA adhika jhukAva AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke prati hai, utanA hI grAma-nagara aura rASTra ke prati bhI hai / grAma-nagara aura rASTra ke prati apane karttavyo ko jaina sAhitya me dharma' kA rUpa diyA hai aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane dharma pravacano meM grAmava, nagaradharma aura rASTradharma ko bahuta UMcA sthAna diyA hai / unhone prAdhyAtmika kriyAkANDa pradhAna jainadharma kI sAdhanA kA sthAna grAmagharma, nagaradharma aura rASTradharma ke bAda hI rakkhA hai, pahale nahI / eka sabhya nAgarika eva dezabhakta hI saccA jaina ho sakatA hai, dUsarA nahI / ukta vivecana ke vidyamAna rahate yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainadharmaM ekAnta nivRtti pradhAna hai athavA usakA ekamAtra uddezya paraloka hI hai, yaha loka nahI / jaina gRhastha java prAta kAla uThatA hai to vaha tIna sakalpo kA citana' karatA hai / uname sabase pahilA yahI sakalpa hai ki maiM apane dhana kA jana-samAja kI sevA ke lie kava tyAga kruuNgaa| vaha dina dhanya hogA, java mere sagraha kA upayoga jana-mamAja ke lie hogA, dIna-dukhito ke lie hogA / bhagavAna mahAvIra kA yaha ghoSa hamArI nidrA bhaga karane ke lie paryApta hai - " prasavibhAgI na hu tassa mokkho / "" arthAt -- manuSya kA karttavya hai ki vaha apane sagraha ke upabhoga kA adhikArI kevala apane zrApa ko hI na samajhe, pratyuta apane Asa-pAsa ke sAthiyo ko bhI apane varAvara kA adhikArI mAne / jo manuSya apane sAdhano kA svaya hI upabhoga karatA hai, usameM se dUsaro kI mevA ke lie kucha bhI zrarpaNa nahI karanA cAhatA hai, usako kabhI bhI mokSa prApta nahI ho sakatA / " T I jaina dharma meM mAne gaye mUla ATha karmoM me mohanIya karma kA sthAna vaDA hI bhayakara hai| AtmA kA jitanA adhika patana mohanIya ke dvArA hotA hai, utanA aura kisI karma se nahI / mohanIya ke sabase antima ugrarUpa ko mahAmohanIya kahate haiM / usake tIsa bhedo meM se paccIsavA~ bheda yaha hai " yadi ApakA sAthI bImAra hai yA kisI aura sakaTa me paDA huA hai, Apa usakI sahAyatA yA sevA karane meM samartha hai, ki isane kabhI merA kAma to kiyA nahI, meM hI isakA kAma kyo karU~ kyA ?" bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane campApura ke dharmaM pravacana meM spaSTa hI karttavya ke prati udAsIna hotA hai, vaha dharma se sarvathA patita ho jAtA hai / ukta pApa ke kAraNa vaha sattara koTAkoTi phira bhI sevA na kareM aura yaha vicAra kare ? kaSTa pAtA hai to pAye apanI valA se, mujhe yaha kahA hai- "jo manuSya isa prakAra apane sAgara taka cirakAla janma-maraNa ke cakra meM ulajhA rahegA, satya ke prati zrabhimukha na ho sakegA / " 'parasparo pagraho jIvAnAm -- tattvArthAdhigama sUtra / 2 'sthAnAga sUtra, dazamasthAna / 3 sthAnAga sUtra, 3, 4, 21 4 dazavakAlika sUtra, &, 2, 23 dazAzruta skandha-navama dazA / 5

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premI-abhinaMdana-pratha 630 gRhastha hI nahI, sAdhu-samAja ko bhI isa siddhAnta kA bahI kaThoratA se pAlana karanA par3atA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai-"yadi koI sAdhU apane bImAra yA sakaTApanna sAthI ko choDa kara tapazcaraNa karane laga jAtA hai, zAstra-citana meM salagna ho jAtA hai yA aura kisI apanI vyaktigata sAdhanA meM laga jAtA hai to vaha aparAdhI hai, sagha me rahane yogya nahIM hai| use eka sau vIsa upavAso kA prAyazcita lenA paDegA, anyathA usakI zuddhi nahI ho sktii|" itanA hI nahIM, eka gAMva me sAthI sAdhU vImAra paDA ho aura dUsarA sAdhU jAnatA huA bhI gAMva se vAhara-hI-vAhara dUsare gAMva meM calA jAya,rogI kI sevA ke lie gAMva meM na jAya to vaha bhI mahAna pApI hai, ugradaNDa kA adhikArI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA kahanA hai ki sevA svaya baDA bhArI tapa hai| ata jaba bhI kabhI sevA karane kA avasara mile to nahI choDanA caahie| saccA jaina vaha hai, jo sevA karane ke lie sadA prAoM kI, dIna-dukhito kI, patito eva dalito kI khoja meM rahatA hai|' 'sthAnAga-sUtra' meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI pATha mahAn zikSAe~ baDI prasiddha hai| usame pAMcavI zikSA yaha hai"asagihIya parijaNassa sagiNhayAe prabhuTheyanva bhavai / " arthAt-jo anAzrita hai, nirAdhAra hai, kahI bhI jIvana-yApana ke lie ucita sthAna nahIM pA rahA hai, use tuma Azraya do, sahArA do, jIvana-yAtrA ke lie yathocita pravandha kro| jaina gRhastha kA dvAra pratyeka asahAya ke lie khulA huA hai / " vahAM kisI jAti, kula, deza yA dharma ke bheda ke vinA mAnavamAtra ke lie jagaha hai| eka vAta aura bhI bar3e mahattva kI hai| isa bAta ne to sevA kA sthAna bahuta hI UMcA kara diyA hai| jaina dharma meM sabase baDA aura UMcA pada tIrthakara kA mAnA gayA hai / tIrthakara hone kA artha yaha hai ki vaha jaina samAja kA pUjanIya mahApuruSa deva vana jAtA hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha aura bhagavAna mahAvIra dono tIrthakara hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane jIvana ke antima pravacana meM sevA kA mahattva batAte hue kahA hai-"vapAvacceNa tityayara nAma gotta kamma nivadhai / arthAt-vaiyAvRtta karane se sevA karane se tIrthakara pada kI prApti hotI hai| sAdhAraNa janasamAja me sevA kA AkarSaNa paidA karane ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra kA yaha Adarza pravacana kitanA mahAna hai| AcArya lakSmIvallabha ne bhagavAna mahAvIra aura gautama kA eka sundara savAda hamAre sAmane rakkhA hai| savAda meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne dukhito kI sevA ko apanI sevA kI apekSA bhI adhika mahattva diyA hai| savAda kA vistata eva spaSTa rUpa isa prakAra hai - zrI indrabhUti gautama ne jo bhagavAna mahAvIra ke saba se baDe gaNadhara the, bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchA-bhagavan / eka sajjana dina-rAta ApakI sevA karatA hai, ApakI pUjA-bhakti karatA hai| phalata use dUsare dukhito kI sevA ke lie avakAza nhiiN| dUsarA sajjana dukhito kI sevA karatA hai, sahAyatA karatA hai, phalata use ApakI sevA ke lie avakAza nhiiN| bhante / dono meM se ApakI ora se dhanyavAda kA pAtra kauna hai aura dono meM zreSTha kauna hai ? bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vaDe rahasyabhare Dhaga se uttara diyA-gautama | jo dIna dukhito kI sevA karatA hai, vaha zreSTha hai| vahI mere dhanyavAda kA pAtra hai| 'nizItha sUtra / 2 uttarAdhyayana, tapomArga adhyayana / 'proppaatik| *sthAnAga sUtra, 8,61 'bhagavatI suutr| 'uttarAdhyayana 26, 43 uttarAdhyayana, sarvArthasiddhi, pariSada adhyyn|

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jaina saskRti meM sevA-bhAva 631 gautama vicAra meM paDa gaye ki yaha kyA ? bhagavAna kI sevA ke sAmane apane hI duSkarmoM se dukhita pApAtmAo kI sevA kA kyA mahattva ? dhanyavAda to bhagavAna ke sevaka ko milanA caahie| gautama ne jijJAsAbhare svara se pUchA - bhante / yaha kaise ? dukhito kI sevA kI apekSA to ApakI sevA kA adhika mahatva honA cAhie ? kahA~ sarvathA pavitrAtmA Apa bhagavAn aura kahA~ ve pAmara prANI / 1 bhagavAna ne uttara diyA- merI sevA, merI zrAjJA ke pAlana karane meM hI to hai / isake atirikta apanI vyaktigata sevA ke lie to mere pAsa koI sthAna hI nahI hai / merI sabase baDI AjJA yahI hai ki dukhita jana-samAja kI sevA kI jAya, use sukha-zAnti pahu~cAI jAya / ata dukhito kI sevA karane vAlA merI AjJA kA pAlaka hai / gautama / isalie maiM kahatA hU~ ki dukhito kI sevA karane vAlA hI dhanya haiM, zreSTha hai, merI sevA karane vAlA nahI / merA sevaka siddhAnta kI apekSA vyaktigata moha meM adhika pha~sA huA hai / yaha Adarza hai narasevA meM nArAyaNa sevA kA, jana sevA meM bhagavAna kI sevA kA / jaina saskRti ke antima prakAzamAna sUrya bhagavAna mahAvIra hai / unakA yaha pravacana sevA ke mahattva ke lie sabase vaDA jvalanta pramANa hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra dIkSita honA cAhate haiM, kintu apanI sapatti kA garIva prajA ke hita ke lie upayoga karate hai aura eka varSa taka muni dIkSA lene ke vicAra ko lavA karate hai / eka varSa meM aravo kI sapatti jana sevA ke lie arpita kara dete hai aura mAnava-jAti kI AdhyAtmika unnati karane se pahile usakI bhautika unnati karane me salagna rahate hai / ' dIkSA lene ke pazcAt bhI unake hRdaya meM dayA kA asIma pravAha taragita rahatA hai / phalasvarUpa eka garIba brAhmaNa ke dukha se dayArdra ho uThate hai aura use apanA ekamAtra AvaraNa vastra bhI de DAlate haiM / " jaina samrAT candragupta bhI sevA ke kSetra meM pIche nahI rahe hai / unake prajAhita ke kArya sarvata suprasiddha haiM / samrAT saprati kI sevA bhI kucha kama nahI hai / jaina itihAsa kA sAdhAraNa se sAdhAraNa vidyArthI bhI jAna sakatA hai ki samrAT ke hRdaya meM janasevA kI bhAvanA kisa prakAra kUTa-kUTa kara bharI huI thI aura kisa prakAra unhone use kArya spa meM pariNata kara jaina saMskRti ke gaurava kI rakSA kii| mahArAjA kaliMga, cakravartI khAravela aura gurjara nareza kumArapAla bhI sevA ke kSetra meM jaina saskRti kI maryAdA ko barAbara surakSita rakhate rahe haiM / madhyakAla meM jagaDUzAha, pethaDa aura bhAmAzAha jaise dhanakuvera jana-samAja ke kalyANa ke lie apane sarvasva kI Ahuti de DAlate hai aura svaya kagAla ho jAte hai / jaina samAja ne jana-samAja kI kyA sevA kI hai| isake lie sudUra itihAsa ko alaga rahane dIjiye, kevala gujarAta, mAravADa, mevADa yA karnATaka Adi prAnto kA eka vAra bhramaNa kariye, idhara udhara khaDaharo ke rUpa meM paDe hue IMTa-pattharo para naz2ara DAliye, pahADo kI caTTAno ke zilAlekha paDhiye, jahA~-tahA~ dehAta meM phaile hue jana-pravAda suniye / zrApako mAlUma ho jAyagA ki jaina saMskRti kyA hai ? usake sAtha jana sevA kA kitanA adhika ghaniSTha savadha hai ? jahA~ taka maiM samajha pAyA hU~, saskRti vyakti kI nahI hotI, samAja kI hotI hai aura samAja kI saMskRti kA yaha artha hai ki samAja adhika-se-adhika sevA kI bhAvanA se ota-prota ho, usameM dveSa nahI, prema ho, dvaita nahI, advaita ho, eka raga-DhaMga ho, eka rahana-sahana ho, eka parivAra ho / saskRti kA yaha vizAla Adarza jaina saMskRti meM pUrNatayA ghaTa rahA hai / isake lie isakA gauravapUrNa ujjvala bhUtakAla pada-pada para sAkSI hai| maiM zrAzA karatA hU~, Aja kA pichaDA huA jaina samAja bhI apane mahAn atIta ke gaurava kI rakSA karegA aura bhArata kI vartamAna vikaTa paristhiti vinA jAti, dharma, kula yA deza ke bhedabhAva ke daridranArAyaNa mAtra kI sevA meM agraNI bhAga legA / 1 zrAcArAga, mahAvIra jIvana / prAcArya hemacandra kRta mahAvIra caritra / 2

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ja-sevA mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna premI jI kA abhinandana mai unakI manalagatI kaha kara karUM yA apanI manalagatI? ve khare prakAzaka raha cuke hai aura auro kI manalagatI sunane ke abhyasta hai| usako auro taka pahuMcAne meM unheM Ananda AtA rahA hai / isalie meM apanI manalagatI hI khuuNgaa| Azrama (brahmacaryAzrama-hastinApura) kA sarvesarvA hone para bhI aneka bandhano meM jakaDe hone meM mujhe apanI jAna se pyAre brahmacAriyo ko vaha sikhAnA paDatA thA aura mIkhane denA paDatA thA, jise mai jI se nahIM cAhatA thaa| mere adhyApako meM eka se jyAdA aise the, jinheM merI taraha usa bAta ke sikhAne meM dukha hotA thA, jise ve ThIka nahIM samajhate the| usa takalIpha ne samAja-sevA ke sabadha meM mere mana meM eka javardasta krAnti paidA kara dI aura mujhe mAphasApha dikhAI dene lagA ki samAja-sevA aura samAja-dAsatva do alaga-alaga cIje haiN| samAja-sevA se samAja U~cA uThatA aura samAja-dAsatva se samAja kA patana hotA hai / Atma-vikAsa, Atma-prakAza, maulikatA aura navasarjana se samAja-sevA hotI hai| lIka-lIka calane se samAja kI dAsatA ho sakatI hai, mevA nahI | vyakti ke sugva meM hI samAja kA sukha hai, samAja ke sukha meM vyakti kA sukha nahIM aura samAja kA bhI nhiiN| Aja jisa sukha ko sukha mAna kara samAja sukhI ho rahA hai, vaha sukha nahI, mukhAbhAsa hai, sukha kI chAyA hai, jhUThA sukha hai| sukha kyA hai, vaha kaise milegA, samAja sukhI kaise hogA, yaha jAna lenAhI samAja-sevA hai| isalie usI para kucha kaha-suna lU aura isa nAte likha kara bhI thoDI samAja-sevA kara lU / / khetI-yuga me dukha rahA to rahA, mazIna-yuga meM kyo? khAne ke lie viskuTa ke kArakhAne, pahanane ke lie kapaDe kI mileM, saira-sapATe ke lie moTara, releM, havAI jahAja, vImArI se bacane ke lie peTeMTa davAeM, bUDhe se javAna banana ke lie gleDa cikitsA, kAno ke lie reDiyo, aAMkho ke lie sinemA, nAka ke lie saste senTa, joma ke lie cAkaleTa, lAimajUsa, krIma, deha ke lie mulAyama gadde, yahA~ taka ki mana ke lie bhI kisI bAta kA ToTA nahIMgudagudAne vAlI kahAniyAM, ha~sAne vAle nivadha, acaraja meM DAlane vAlI jAsUmI kahAniyA~, rulAne vAle upanyAsa, ubhArane vAlI vaktRtAe~, sabhI kucha to hai| rupayA ? rupaye kA kyA ttottaa| untIsa rupaye kucha pAne meM eka lAkha ke rupaye vAle noTa taiyAra ho jAte hai aura ve untIsa rupaye bhI kAgaja ke ho to kAma cala sakatA hai| sarakAra vAjIgara kI taraha ghara-ghara meM agara cAhe to rupayo kA Dhera lagA sakatI hai| vAjIgara ko hAtha kI saphAI se sarakAra kI saphAI kaI gunI baDhI caDho hai| ___matalaba yaha ki yaha yuga khapata se kahI jyAdA paidAvAra kA yuga hai, sukha ko vADha kA yuga hai, cIjo ko bharamAra kA yuga hai, jI dukhAne kA nahI, A~sU bahAne kA nahI, rone-cillAne kA nhiiN| hai / phira yaha kauna rotA hai ? kyo rotA hai ? kisalie rotA hai ? rone kA nATaka to nahIM karatA? agara sacamuca rotA hai to viskuTa, kapaDe aura rupayo kI vADha meM DUba kara dama ghuTane se hI rotA hogaa| sukha moTA hokara hI kAma kA ho sake, yaha nahI, vaha baDhiyA bhI honA caahie| halavA gAliyo ke sAtha ma ThA nahIM lgtaa| muphta meM pAye provarakoTa se jADA nahI jAtA,be paise kI savArI meM majA nahI AtA, sukha kA sukha bhogane ko tAkata videzI rAjya ne ragaDa dI, videzI vyApAra ne pakaDa lI, videzI tAlIma ne jakaDa dI, videzI veza-bhUSA se lajA gaI aura videzI volI se murajhA gii|

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samAja-sevA 633 khAne kA lutpha vanAne ke tarIko para nirbhara hai, kapaDe kI khUbasUratI usake kATa meM haiM, zramadanI kA sukha isameM hai ki vaha kaise kamAI gaI hai / pA~ca vAra khAkara, ghaTe-ghaTe bAda kapaDe badala kara, kaI kamare vAle makAna meM raha kara, sukha nahI milatA / sukha ke lie aimA kAma cAhie, jisake dvArA meM yaha batA sakU ki maiM kyA hU~ ? jinake lie kAma karUM, ve mA~-bApa, ve savadhI bhI caahie| merI marjI kI tAlIma na milI to sava sukha vekAra, merI marjI kA samAja na milA to sava sukha bhAra / isa vADha -yuga ke mukAbale meM pahale yuga kA nAma zrApa sUkhA-yuga rakha lIjie, para usa yuga meM ye saba cIjeM mila jAtI thI / zrAjakala kArakhAne cIjeM banAne me juTe haiN| sarakAra paramANu bama banAne meM / sukha upajAne kI kisI ko phurasata nahI / cIjo kI bharamAra se aura eTama bama kI dahADa se sukha kI parachAI dekhane ko milegI, sukha nahI / halavAI kI tavita miThAI se Uba jAtI hai yAnI use sukha kI jagaha dukha dene lagatI hai| rela kA gArDa rela kI savArI ko grApha samajhatA hai / khapata se upaja kucha kama ho to sukha mile| khapata kI varAvara ho to harja nahI, para khapata se jyAdA ho to dukha hI hogA / DAka-vAbU ko yaha patA nahI ki usake kitane bacce hai, jahAja ke kaptAna ko yaha patA nahI ki usake mA~-bApa bhI hai aura usakA vivAha bhI ho gayA hai, julAhe ko patA nahI ki vaha taraha-taraha ke vela-bUTe bhI banA sakatA hai / sukha jisakA nAma hai vaha kahI raha hI nahI gayA / khAo - pahino dauDo / sukha se koI sarokAra nahI / phaTaphaTiyA kI phaTaphaTa, ghuMgrA - gADI kI bhaka-bhaka, havAI jahAjo kI kharakhara, milo kI ghara-ghara / bAhara caina kahA~ / pakhe kI sara-sara, TAiparAiTara kI klika klika, sTova kI zU-zU, reDiyo kI ru~-rUM, ghara meM prArAma kahA~ / chabbe hone cale the, duve raha gaye / sukha kI khoja meM gAMTha kA sugva bhI gaMvA baitthe| vaha milegA, isameM zaka hai / sukha logo ko Ajakala kabhI milatA nahI / isalie ve use bhUla gaye, agara vaha Aye to use pahacAna bhI nahI sakate / bhItara kA sukha aura bAhara kA sukha dono hI bhUla gaye / sukha usa hAlata kA nAma hai, jisameM hama AjAda ho, koI hame hamArI marjI ke khilApha na satAe, na bhUkho mAre, na jADA-garmI sahane ko kahe / itanA hI nahI, hamArI marjI ke khilApha na hame khilAe, na pahinAye, zraura na saira karAye / sukhabIca kI avasthA meM hai, khIcatAna meM nahI / marjI se kiye saba kAmo meM sukha hai -- barpha meM galane meM, zrAga me jalane meM, DUbane meM aura Ubane meM bhI / vevAta kI mehanata meM bhI sukha nahI / lagana aura uddezya vinA kisI kAma meM sukha nahI / sukha eka hAlata to hai, para hai vaha tana- mana-mastaka tIno kI / bhUkho mara kara sukha na milegA aura pASANa hRdaya hokara bhI nahI / peTa bharI vakarI bheDiye ke pAsa vAMghane se duvalI ho jAtI hai to rAma bhajana karane vAlA sata bhI bhUkhA raha kara dubalA ho jAvegA / sukha kI pahelI kA eka hI hala hai / dharma se kamAe aura mauja kare (dharma artha kAma) / dharma se kamAne kA artha hai khapata ke anusAra paidA karanA / kamAne meM mauja karane kI yogyatA ga~vA baiThanA buddhimAnI nahI hai / itanA thakane se phAyadA, kikhA bhI na sako ? thakakara bhUkhe hI so jAo ? paise se vecainI to deha bhI nahI cAhatI, para yahA~ to mana aura mastaka vika rahe hai / tana-mana aura mastaka sabhI vika gaye to sukha kauna bhogegA ? viko mata, vikanA gulAmI hai / gulAmI meM sukha kahA~ ? dukha me mIThA kaDavA ho jAtA hai / kapaDA deha kA bhAra ho jAtA hai / tamAzA kATane ko dauDatA hai / mavArI khIcatI nahI, ghamITatI-sI mAlUma hotI hai / banA banAyA khAne me khAne bhara kA majA / vanA kara khAne meM do maje - eka banAne kA aura eka khAne kA / milo meM cIjeM banatI hai / tumhAre lie nahI bntii| ghara me cIjeM banatI hai / ve tumhAre lie vanatI hai / tumhArI ruci kA dhyAna rakhakara banAI jAtI hai| tumhAre svAsthya kA bhI dhyAna rakkhA jAtA hai / apanI cIz2a apane Apa vanI kucha aura hI hotI hai / sabhI to banI-banAI kAma me lA rahe hai| ? 50

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634 premI-abhinadana-graMtha __ lAne do, ve pAsa khaDe sukha ko pahicAnate hI nhiiN| apanAyeM kaise / tuma pahicAna gaye ho, apnaayo| usake apanAne se sonA, svAsthya, sukha tIno hAtha paayeNge| sukha se sukha aura usa sukha se aura sukha milegaa| sukha tuma meM se phUTa kara nikalane lgegaa| dhIre-dhIre mava tumhAre rAste para A jAyeMge, unhone ava taka sukha dekhA hI nhiiN| aba dekhane ko milegA to phira kyo na apanAyeMge ? zrama se sukha hai, mehanata meM mauja hai| zrama vikA sukha gyaa| mehanata vikI, mauja gii| paMsA pAyA vaha na khAyA jAtA hai na pahinA jAtA hai| cIje mola lete phiro| bhAge-bhAge phiro, jamIdAra ke pAsa, vajAja ke pAma, baniye ke pAma, sinemAgharo meM, skUlo meN| lo, kharAva cIje aura do dugane daam| kabhI sastA rotA thA vAra-vAra, prAja akarA rotA hai hajAra vAra / sukha cAhate ho to vaDA na sahI, choTAmAhI ghara vnaayo| carkhA kharIdo, cAhe maha~gAhI mile| karpA lagAo, cAhe ghara kI choTI sI koTharI bhI ghira jaaye| jarUrI aujAra kharIdo, cAhe eka dina bhUsA maranA pdde| kheta jotovomo, cAhe khUna pasInA eka ho jaaye| gAya-ghoDA rakkho, cAhe rAta ko nIda na le sko| vikrI kI cIja na bno| vigaDa jaanoge| agara vikanAhI hai to kAma kI upaja ko viko| sukha paaoge| khAne bhara ke lie paidA karo, thoDA jyAdA ho jAya to usake badale meM unhI cIjo ko lo, jo sacamuca tumhAre liye jarUrI hai aura jinheM tuma paidA karanA nahIM jaante| kamAnA aura vecanA, kamAnA aura gaMvAnA hai / kamAnA aura khAnA, kamAnA aura sukha pAnA hai| kAma ke lie kAma karane meM sukha kahA~ ? apano ke lie aura apane liye kAma karane me sukha hai| susa kI cIje banAne meM sukha nahI / apane sukha kI cIje banAne meM sukha hai / java bhI tuma paiso se apane ko vecate ho, apanI malamanamiyata ko bhI mAtha beca dete ho| umI ke sAtha saccI bhalI jiMdagI bhI calI jAtI hai| mana aura mastaka sava vika jAte hai| tuma na vikoge, ye saba bhI na vikege| bhalamansI kI buniyAdI jarurate yAnI kuTiyA, jamIna, carkhA, karghA vagairaha banI rahegI to tuma bhI bane rahoge aura sukha bhI pAte rhoge| sukha bhalo ke pAsa hI rahatA hai, vuro ke pAsa nhiiN| jo vuro ke pAsa hai vaha sukha nahI hai, sukha kI chAyA hai| ___gADI meM juta kara vaila ghAsa-dAnA pA sakatA hai, kucha moTA bhI ho sakatA hai, sukhI nahI ho sktaa| sukhI hone ke lie use ghAsa-dAnA juTAnA paDegA, yAnI nivunda hokara jagala me phira kara ghAsa khAnA hogaa| tuma paisA kamA roTI-kapaDA juTA lo, sukha-santopa nahI pA skte| roTI-kapaDA kamAne se milegA, paisA kamAne se nhiiN| roTIna kamA kara paisA kamAne me eka aura aiva hai / ghara tIna-teraha ho jAtA hai| ghara juTAne vAle mAtA-pitA aura avivAhita vacce alaga-alaga ho jAte hai| vApa daphtara cala detA hai aura agara mAM par3hI-likhI huI to vaha skUla cala detI hai, vAlaka ghara meM sanAtha hote hue anAtha ho jAte hai| yaha koI ghara hai ? vAsanA ke nAte joDA jhamelA hai| vaha vAsanA kucha kudaratI taura para aura kucha daphtaro ke vojha se picapicA kara aisI vekAra-sI raha gaI hai, jaise vakarI ke gale meM laTakate hue thana / ghara ko ghara banAne ke lie use kamAI kI sasthA banAnA hogaa| vaha korI khapata kI koTharI na raha kara upaja kA kArakhAnA bnegii| AdamI muMha se khAtA hai to use hAtha se kamAnA bhI caahie| isI taraha eka kuTumba ko eka AdamI bana jAnA cAhie, koI kheta jota-bo rahA hai, koI kAta rahA hai, koI buna rahA hai, koI khAnA banA rahA hai, koI makAna cina rahA hai, koI kucha, aura koI kuch| idhara-udhara mAre-mAre phirane se yaha jIvana saccA sukha dene vAlA hogaa| Aja bhI gAMva zahara se jyAdA sukhI hai / ve apanA dUdha paidA kara lete hai, makkhana vanA lete haiM, ruI ugA lete hai, sabjI vo lete hai, anAja taiyAra kara lete hai aura sabase baDI bAta to yaha ki ghara ko vIrAna nahI hone dete| zahara

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samAja-sevA 635 vAle ye saba cIjeM paise ne kharIdate hai, ghara vAraha vATa kara gale meM gulAmI kA noka DAle subaha-subaha kharagoza kI cAla jAte haiM aura zAma ko kachue kI cAla ghisaTate-ghisaTate ghara Ate hai| vRkSa kA apanA koI sukha nahIM hotA, jaDo kA nIce taka jAnA aura khurAka khIcane ke lie kAphI majabUta honA,pIDa kADAliyo aura patto ke bojha ko sabhAle rakhane ke lie kAphI moTA honA aura rasa Upara le jAne ke lie purA yogya honA, DAlo kA mulAyama honA aura patto kA harA-bharA honA ityAdi hI peDa kA sukha hai| ThIka isI taraha samAja kA apanA koI sukha nhiiN| vaha samAja sukho hai, jisake bacce, javAna, bUDhe, aurata-marda sukhI hai, bhare-vadana hai, ha~sate cehare hai, UMcI pezAnI hai, khAtiradArI ke namUne hai, samajhadArI ke putale hai, AdamI ko zakala meM pharizte hai / aise hI manuSyo kI jindagI ke lie devatA taramate haiN| jisma banAne ke lie khAnA, kapaDA aura makAna caahie| jI hA~, cAhie, para una cIjo ke juTAne me agara Apane deha ko thakA mArA to ve mukha na dekara Apako kATege, khasoTege, rulA dege| mehanata se Apa ye cIjeM juTAiye, para aisI mehanata se,jisame lagakara ApakAjimma phUla uThe, ApakA mana umaga uThe,ApakA jI laga sake, ApakA dimAga tAjagI pA sake, ApakI prAtmA caina mAne aura jisa kAma me Apa apane ko dikhA rahe ho ki Apa kyA hai, jisa kAma me ApakA pAtma-vikAma na ho, ApakA Atma-prakAza na ho, use kabhI na krnaa| vaha kAma nahI, begAra hai| vadale me Dherorupaye mile to bhI na krnaa| asala meM jI na lagane vAle kAmo me lagakara jI mara jaataahai| mare jI, marI tabiyateM sukha kA Ananda kaime le makatI hai ? dosto, samAja ko sukhI banAne ke lie apanA vakta jAyA na kro| vaha sukhI na hogaa| vaha mazIna hai| vaha jAnadAra nahIM hai| vaha tuma mava kA mila kara eka nAma hai| tuma apane ko sukhI vanAyo, vaha sukhI hai| yaha nahIM ho rhaa| jaise bahuta khAne me susa nahIM hotA, bhUkho marane se bhI sukha nahI milatA, vaise hI vahuta kamAne se sukha nahIM milatA aura na vilakula bekAra rahane me / jo vehada kamA rahe hai, ve vilakula sukhI nhii| ve asala meM kamAhI nahI rhe| unake lie aura kamA rahe hai aura jo aura kamA rahe hai ve yo sukhI nahI hai ki ve apane lie nahIM kamA rahe / yo samAja meM koI sukhI nahIM hai aura imI vajaha se samAja me kahI pahADa aura kahI khAI vana gaI hai| samatala bhUmi nAma ko nahI rhii| samatA meM sukha hai / samatA kA nAma hI samAja hai| agara samatA kA nAma samAja nahI hai to usa samatA ko paidA karane ke lie hI usakAjanma hotA hai| samatA hone taka samAja caina nahI letaa| caina pA bhI nahIM sktaa| khAnA, kapaDA, makAna dukha pAye vinA mila sakate hai, jarUra mila sakate hai, vilA zaka mila sakate hai aura agara nahIM mila sakate to sukha bhI nahIM mila mktaa| phira samAja kA DhAcA vekaar| usakA paidA honA besUda, usakI hastI nikammI / agara pArAma ko nihAyata jasarI cIje juTAne me bhI hameM apane para zaka hai to sukha hamAre pAsa na phttkegaa| phira to hama mohatAja se bhI gayebIte hai| phira bacce ke mAne anAtha / javAna ke mAne Tukarakhora, aura bUDhe ke mAne jiite-jii-murdaa| sAMsa lekara khUna kI khurAka havA, hama hamezA se khIcate Aye hai, khIca rahe hai aura khIcate rheNge| phira hAthapAvahilAne se jisma kI khurAka roTI, kapaDA, makAna kyo na pAyege? hama pAte to rahe hai, para pAnahIM rahe hai| koziza karane se pA sakate hai aura pAte rheNge| havA hama khuda khIcate hai, anAja aura kapAsa bhI hama khuda ugaayeNge| makAna bhI Apa bnaayeNge| hamane aba taka dhana DhUDhA, dhana hI hAtha aayaa| ava sukha ko khoja karege aura use DhUMDha nikaaleNge| jara, jamIna, jabardastI kI mehanata aura jarA sakhta intajAmI se paisA kamAyA jAtA hai to cAra bIghe jamIna sa cAra ghaDI subaha-zAma juTa jAne se, carkhe jaisI mazIno ke bala se aura caturAI kI cauMTanI jitanI cinagArI se caina aura sukha bhI pAyA jA sakatA hai /

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premI-abhinadana-pratha naye yuga meM naye artha - zAstra se kAma calegA, purAne se nahI / cAra bIghe jamIna kA dUsarA nAma hai ghara-vAra / ghara vaha jisame hama rahate haiM / gharavAra vaha, jisameM hama sukha se rahate hai, yAnI usameM hama kamA-khA bhI lete hai / 636 AdamI, bhUcara thalacara prANI hai / vaha havA meM bhale hI 'uDa le aura sAgara meM bhale hI taira le, para jItA jamIna se hai aura mara kara usI meM mila jAtA hai / vaha jamIna se hI jiyegA aura yaha hI usakA jIne kA tarIkA ThIka mAnA jAyagA / jamIna use jo cAhe karane degI aura jI cAhe jaise rahane degI / use hara taraha AjAda kara degI / vaha z2amIna se haTa kara z2avara me z2era ho jAyegA / Az2AdI khokara gulAmI bulA legA / AjAdI ke sAtha sukha kA prata ho jAvegA / dukha prA juTegA aura vaha devatA se korA dupAyA raha jAyegA / java hamAre pAsa z2amIna thI hama sukhI the aura hamane veda raca DAle / dazaratha aura janaka hala calAte the, kaurava aura pADava kheta jotate-trote the / ve zrAja bhI jIvita hai aura hameM pATha de rahe haiN| sukha jamIna meM hai zraura vhI se milegaa| jisa dina tumane jamIna lekara phAvaDA uThAyA, usI dina tumhArA sukha tumhAre sAmane harI-harI khetI vana kara laharAyA aura jisa dina usI khetI se lagI apanI choTI sI kuTiyA meM baiTha kara carkhA calAte calAte tumane veda se bhI U~cI jJAna kI tAna cher3I ki sukha apsarA kA rUpa rakha tumhAre sAmane nAcane lagegA / phira kisa seTha kI majAla hai jo tumase Akara kahe ki prAyo, merI mila me kAma karanA yA merI mila ke mainejara bnnaa| kauna rAjanetA tumako sipAhI banAne yA vajArata kI kursI para biThAne kI socegA ? aura kauna senApati tumako phauja meM bhartI hone ke lie lalakAregA ? ye saba to tumhAre sAmane dujAnU ho ( daDavata kara) sukha kI bhIkha maagege| saccA gAyaka hukma pAkara rAga nahI cheDatA, saccA citrakAra rupayo kI khAtira citra nahI bnaataa| gAyaka gAtA hai, apanI lahara meM Akara / citrakAra citra vanAtA apanI mauja me Akara / ThIka isI taraha tuma bhI vaha karo, jo tumhArA jI cAhe, jisameM tuma khila uTho, jisameM tuma kucha paidA kara dikhAo, jisame tuma kucha banA kara de jaao| aisA karane para sukha tumhAre sAmane hAtha bA~dhe khaDA rahegA / Ajakala 'mehanata bacAo', 'vakta bacAo' kI AvAz2a cAro ora se A rahI hai| mehanata bacAne vAlI aura vakta bacAne vAlI mazIne Ayedina gaDhI jA rahI hai| parama pavitra zrama ko kutte kI taraha durdurAyA jA rahA hai / samaya jisakI hada nahIM, usake kama ho jAne kA bhUta savAra hai / eka ora samaya ke nissIma hone para vyAkhyAna diyA jA rahA hai aura dUsarI ora gADI chUTa jAne ke Dara se vyAkhyAna adhUrA choDakara bhAgA jA rahA hai| yaha kyA / eka ora zrama kI mahattA para baDe-vaDe bhASaNa ho rahe hai, dUsarI ora usI se baca kara bhAgane kI tarakIbe socI jA rahI hai / khUba kAma ke vAre meM logo kA kahanA, hai " kAma karanA paDatA hai, karanA cAhie nahI / " unhI kA khela ke bAre meM kathana hai, "khelane ko jI cAhatA hai, para vakta hI nahI milatA / " ina vicAro me logo kA kyA doSa ? samAja kA doSa hai | hara eka se vaha kAma liyA jA rahA hai, jise vaha karanA nahI cAhatA aura vaha bhI itanA liyA jAtA hai ki use kAma nAma me napharata ho jAtI hai / usako sacamuca khela meM sukha milatA-sA mAlUma hotA hai / 1 kAma meM khela kI apekSA hajAra gunA sukha hai, para usa sukha ko to samAja ne milo ko bheTa caDhA diyA / AdamI ko mazIna banA diyaa| mazIna sukha kaise bhoge ? mAlI ko, kisAna ko, kumhAra ko camAra ko, julAhe ko, darajI ko, baDhaI ko, mUrtikAra ko, citrakAra ko, unakI pyArI-pyArI patniyA~ roja khAnA khAne ke lie khuzAmada karatI dekhI jAtI hai / ve kAma se haTAye nahI haTate / kabhI-kabhI to inane tallIna pAye jAte haiM ki ve sacce jI se apanI patniyo se kaha baiThate hai, "kyA sacamuca hamane abhI sAnA nahI khAyA ?" yaha muna unakI sahadharmiNI mumkarA detI hai aura unake hAtha se kAma ke proz2Ara lekara unheM pyAra me sAnA khilAne le jAtI haiM sukha yahA~ hai / yaha sukha daphtara ke bAbU ko kahA~ ? mila ke mAlika ko kahA~ ? sipAhI ko kahA~ ? unakI vIviyA~ to vATa johate - johate thaka jAtI hai / eka roz2a nahI, roz2a yahI hotA hai /

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samAja-sevA 637 mahabbata isa behada intajAra kI ragaDa se garamA jAtI hai aura Aga kI cinagAriyAM ugalane lagatI hai| isakA dopa vIvI ko na lagA kara samAja ko hI lagAnA caahie| kumhArina, camArina vagairaha apanI A~kho apane patiyo ko kucha paidA karate dekhatI hai, kucha banAte dekhatI hai, kucha ugalate dekhatA hai, kucha umagate dekhatI hai, kucha mAnada pAte dekhatI haiM, para seTho kI aurateM intajAra meM sirpha ghaTiyA~ ginatI hai aura agara dekhatI hai to yaha dekhatI hai ki unake pati ghisaTateghisaTate cale A rahe hai, yA pAMva ke pahiye luDakAte A rahe hai, yA moTara meM baiTha proghate A rahe hai| ve unakI dayA ke pAtra raha jAte hai, muhabbata ke nahIM / kumhAra kA ceharA kAma ke bAda camakegA, vajIra kA murjhaavegaa| kumhAra ke jI meM hogI ki thoDI dera aura kAma karatA, vajIra ke jI meM hogI ki jarA jaldI hI chuTTI mila jAtI to acchA hotaa| adara hotA hai, vahI vAhara camakatA hai| jo camakatA hai, usI hisAva se svAgata milatA hai| jise kAma me sukha nahI, vahI use khela meM ddhuuddhegaa| vahA~ vaha usako mila bhI jaayegaa| usake liye to kAma se vacanA hI sukha hai vaha kAma se to kisI taraha vaca jAtA hai, para kAma kI ciMtA se nahIM baca paataa| khela me bhI jI se nahIM laga paataa| vahA~ se bhI sukha ke lihAja se khAlI hAtha hI lauTatA hai| 'kAma ke ghaTe kama karo'--yaha zora maca rahA hai aura yaha pralaya ke dina taka macatA rhegaa| kAma ATha ghaTe kI bajAya Apa ghaTe kA bhI kara diyA jAye tava bhI sukha na milegaa| Upara nIce hAtha kiye jAne me Apa ghaTe meM hI taviyata Uba jaayegii| pAMca minaTa ko bhI mazIna vanane me sUkha nhii| eka minaTa kI gulAmI dina bhara kA khunacusa letI hai| kAma ke ghaTe kama karane se kAma na clegaa| kAma ko badalanA hogaa| kAma abhI taka sAdhana banA huA hai / use sAdhana aura sAdhya dono vananA hogaa| cAra mIla sara para dUdha rakha, bAjAra pahu~ca, halavAI ko veca aura badale me ravaDI khAne me vaha sukha nahI hai, jo ghara para usI dUdha kI ravaDI banA kara khAne meM hai| sAvana ko sAdhya meM badalate hI sukha mila sakegA aura vahI saccA sukha hogaa| vinA samajhe-soce pahiyA ghumAye jAnA, hathauDA calAye jAnA, tAra kATe jAnA, kAgaz2a uThAye jAnA, ujaDDapana yA pAgalapana ke kAma hai| inako mila-mAlika bhalA aura samajhadArI kA kAma batAte hai aura nAja, tarakArI aura phala ugAne ke zAnadAra kAma ko beaklI aura nAsamajhI kA batAte hai / khUba | kiyA unhone dono me se eka nhii| peTa bharane ke lie mehanata kI jAtI hai| yaha saca hai, para isame eka-cauthAI sacAI hai| tIna-cauthAI sacAI isameM hai ki hama mehanata isalie karate hai ki hama jIte raheM aura Ananda ke sAtha jindagI bitA sake aura gulAmI kA galIja dhabbA apanI z2indagI kI cAdara para na lagane deN| hama peTa bharane ke lie halavA banAye, yaha ThIka hai, para hama hI umako khAyeM-khilAveM, yaha savAThIka hai, aura hama hI usake banAne kA Ananda le, yaha DeDha ThIka hai| mehanata hamArI, upaja hamArI, tajuruvA hmaaraa| tava saccA sukha bhI hmaaraa|| ___ jAnavara rassI se vadhatAhai, yAnI jagaha se vadhatA hai| zera bhI mAMda me raha kara jagaha se vadhatA hai| aura AdamI? vaha ghara meM raha kara jagaha se vadhatA hai aura dasa vaje daphtara jAkara vakta se ba~dhatA hai / vAha re prANI zreSTha / ciDiyA phudakatI phiratI hai aura khAtI phiratI hai / use 9-10-11 bajane se koI sarokAra nhiiN| AdamI ke addhe, pauve vajate haiM, minaTo kA hisAva rakkhA jAtA hai| sikaDo kI kImata AMkI jAtI hai aura kahA yaha jAtA hai ki usane jagaha (Space)aura vakta (Time) dono para kAbU pA liyA hai / hame to aisA jaMcatA hai ki vaha dono ke kAbU meM A gayA hai| aura liijiye| hameM vApa-dAdo kI ijjata rakhanA hai aura nAtI-poto ke lie dhana choDa jAnA hai, yAnI svargavAsiyo ko sukha pahacAnA hai aura unako jinhone abhI janma bhI nahIM liyaa| tava hama vIca vAlo ko mukha kaime mila sakatA hai?

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premI-prabhinadana- pratha agale-pichalo ko bhUla jAnA, jAnavara bananA nahI hai, saccA zrAdamI bananA hai / hamAre sukhI rahane me, hamAre pichale sukhI aura hamAre agale sukhI / sukhI hI sukhI santAna choDa jAte hai aura sukhI dekha kara hI svargIya sukhI hote hai | bematalava kI mehanata meM samaya kharca karanA gunAha hai / vakta pUjI hai / use kAma meM kharca karanA cAhie aura aise kAma meM jo apane kAma kA ho / 638 sukha bhogane kI tAkata ko jAyA karane vAle kAmo me lagA kara jo vakta jAtA hai, usa kamI ko na gAnA pUrA kara sakatA hai, na khela, na bajAnA pUrA kara sakatA hai, na tamAzA aura na koI aura cIz2a / kapaDA khatama kara dhavvA chuDAnA, dhanvA chuDAnA nahI khlaataa| ThIka isI taraha AdamI ko nikAla kara vakta bacAnA, vakta bacAnA nahI ho sakatA / mileM yahI kara rahI hai / sau zrAdamI kI jagaha dasa aura dasa kI jagaha eka se kAma lekara ninyAnave ko bekAra kara rahI haiN| kAma meM lage eka ko bhI sukha se vaMcita kara rahI hai / yo sau ke sau kA sukha haDapa karatI jA rahI hai / mila aura mazIna eka cIz2a nahI / mila zrAdamI ke sukha ko khAtI hai aura mazIna AdamI ko sukha pahu~cAtI hai| mazIna sukha se janamI hai, mila zarArata se / carkhA mazIna hai, kolhU mazIna hai, cAka mazIna hai, sIne kI mazIna mazIna hai| mazIneM ghara ko AvAda karatI hai, mileM varavAda karatI hai| mazIna kucha sikhAtI hai, mila kucha bhulAtI hai / mazIna sevA karatI hai, mila sevA letI hai| mazIna paidA karatI hai, mila paidA karavAtI hai| mazIna samAja kA DhAMcA banAtI hai, mila usI ko DhAtI hai| mazIna caritra banAtI hai, mila usako dhUla me milAtI hai| mazIna gAtI hai, mila cillAtI hai | mazIna dharmapatnI kI taraha ghara meM Akara basatI haiM, mile vezyA kI taraha apane ghara bulAtI hai aura khUna cUsa kara nikAla bAhara karatI hai| mazIna calAne meM mana hiloreM letA hai, mila meM kAma karane meM mana cakarAne lagatA hai, jI ghabarAne lagatA hai| mazIneM purAnI hai / hamase hilamila gaI hai| mileM naI hai aura karkaza svabhAva kI hai| mazIneM hamAre kahane meM rahatI haiM, mile hamArI eka nahI sunatI / matalaba yaha ki mazIna aura mila kA koI mukAvalA nahI / eka devI, dUsarI rAkSasI hai / mazIno kI paidAvAra kA ThIka-ThIka baTavArA hotA hai| milo kA na hotA hai, aura na ho sakatA hai aura agara mAra-pITa kara ThIka kara diyA jAya to taraha-taraha kI durgaMdha phailegI, bekArI phailegI, badakArI phailegI, bImArI phailegI zrIra na jAne kyA-kyA / mazIna para lagAyA huA paisA ghI-dUdha meM vadala jAtA hai, milo para lagAyA huA paisA lAThI, talavAra, badUka, vama vana jAtA hai | J eka kA sukha jisameM haiM, sabakA sukha usameM hai / eka ko bhulA kara saba ke sukha kI mocanA saba ke dukha kI socanA hai| mile saikaDoM kA jI dukhA kara zAyada hI kisI eka ko jhUThA sukha de sakatI ho| jhUThA sukha yo ki ve muphta ka rupayA detI hai aura kAphI se jyAdA dhana se UvA detI hai / Uvane meM sukha kahA~ ? Upara batAye tarIko se sukha mila sakatA hai, para usa sukha ko buddhi ke jariye bahuta vaDhAyA jA sakatA hai / jJAna bAhirI zrArAma ko andara le jAkara kone-kone meM pahu~cA detA hai / anubhava, vidyA, himmata vagairaha se jJAna kucha U~cI cIz2a hai / vahI apanI cIja hai| aura cIz2e usase vahuta nIcI hai| jJAnI Atma-sukha khokara jismAnI ArAma nahI cAhegA / bheDiye kI taraha kutte ke paTTe para usakI najara phaurana pahu~catI hai| usako yaha patA rahatA hai ki AdamI ko kahA~, kisa taraha, kisa rAste pahu~canA hai| jo yaha nahI jAnatA vaha prAdamiyata ko nahI jAnatA aura phira vaha AdamI kaisA ? samajha meM nahIM AtA, duniyA dhana kamAne me dhIraja khokara apane ko ghI-mAna kaise jAne hue hai / vaha ghana kI buna meM pAgala banI huI haiM aura usI pAgalapana kA nAma usane vuddhimAnI rakha choDA hai / khUva / usane sAre santamahanto ko mahalo meM lA viThAyA hai, gadI galiyo me maMdira banA kara na jAne ve unako kyA siddha karanA cAhate hai 1 jJAna duniyA itanI dUra haTa gaI hai ki usake hamezA sAtha rahane vAlA sukha usakI pahacAna meM nahI AtA / sukha kA

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1 samAja-sevA 636 rUpa banAye asantopa use lubhAye phiratA hai aura ghumAye phiratA hai / hirana kI taraha lU kI lapaTo ko pAnI mAna kara duniyA unake pIche-pIche daur3I calI jA rahI hai| tuma buddhimAnI ke sAtha sukha kamAne meM lago / use asatoSa ke pIche dauDane do / kitanA hI mUrakha kyo na ho, 'kyoM' aura 'kaise' ko apanAne se vuddhimAna vana sakatA hai| anubhava me vaDI pAThazAlA aura kauna ho sakatI hai ? hA~, duniyA kI lIka choDa kara apane rAste thoDI dera bhaTaka kara hI sIdhA rAstA milegA / dhyAna rahe, AdamI ko lIka-lIka calane meM kama-se-kama buddhi lagAnI paDatI hai, para vaha lIka sukhapurI ko nahI jAtI / vaha lIka asatopa nagara ko jAtI hai / usa ora jAne kI use pIDhiyo se Adata paDI hai / dUsare rAste meM jyAdA-se-jyAdA buddhi lagAnI paDatI hai, jyAdA me-jyAdA jora lagAnA paDatA hai, vahA~ koI paga-DaDI vanI huI nahI hai / hara eka ko apanI banAnI paDatI hai| hA~, usa rAste cala kara jaldI hI jJAna- nagara dIkhane lagatA hai aura phira himmata vaeNba jAtI hai / kama hI loga yAdata choDa uma rAste para paDate haiM, para paDate jarUra haiM / jo paDate hai, ve hI jJAna-nagara pahu~cate haiM aura usake cira-sAyI sukha ko pAte haiM / sukha cAhate sava haiM / bahuta pA bhI jAte haiM, para thoDe hI use bhoga pAte haiM / sukha jJAna ke binA bhogA nahIM jA sakatA / asatoSa nagara kI ora jo bahuta vaDha cuke haiM ve suna kara bhI nahI sunate aura jAna kara bhI nahIM jAnate / unheM bheda bhI kaise batAyA jAya, kyoki ve bheda jAnane kI icchA hI nahI rakhate / bhagavAna buddha para usakA rAjA vApa tarasa khA sakatA thA, pA~va chU sakatA thA, baDhiyA mAla khilA sakatA thA, para bheda pUchane kI ume kava mUjha sakatI thI / meTha ko svapna bhI zrAyegA to yaha AyegA ki amuka sAghu vinA kuTI kA hai / usakI kuTI banA dI jAya / use svapna yaha nahI A sakatA ki vaha mAvu sukha kA bheda jAnatA hai aura vaha bheda umase pUchA jAya / jJAnI kahalAne vAle loga bAz2Ara kI cIz2a vane hue haiN| akhavAra uThAo aura jI cAhe jitane ma~gA lo / jo bAz2Ara kI cIja banatA hai, vaha jJAnI nahI hai ! vaha kyA hai, yaha pUchanA bekAra hai aura vatAnA bhI bekAra hai / paidA hue, baDhe, samajhAI, dukha-sukha bhogA, bacce paidA kiye, vUDhe hue aura mara gaye | yaha hai jindagI / eka ke liye aura sava ke liye / isameM sukha kahA~ ? sukhI vaha hai, jisane yaha samajha liyA ki kaise jIyeM ? kyo jIyeM ? para yaha kauna socatA hai ? aura kise ThIka javAba milatA hai ? musalamAna ke liye yaha bAta qurAnagarIpha soca detA hai aura hindU ke liye veda bhagavAna / phira loga kyo soceM ? kabhI koI socane vAlA paidA ho jAtA hai, para usakA socA usake kAma kA / tumhAre kisa kAma kA / vaha tumako socane kI kahatA hai| tuma usakA socA apane Upara ghopa lete ho / thopane se tumhArA apanA jJAna thupa jAtA hai / socane kI tAkata jAtI rahatI hai / isa taraha duniyA vahI kI vahI banI rahatI hai / pujArI pUjA karatA rahatA hai, sipAhI lar3atA rahatA hai, seTha paisA kamAtA rahatA hai, nAIdhobI sevA karatA rahatA hai / socane kA rAstA vada ho jAtA hai, rUDhi roga ruke kA rukA raha jAtA hai / rUDhi roga se acchA honA camatkAra hI samajhanA cAhiye / rUDhiyo me khoTa nikAlane laganA aura bhI vaDA camatkAra hai aura unheM sukha ke rAste ke kA~Te batA denA sabase baDA camatkAra hai / jindagI kI alipha-ve-te, yAnI AI, yahI se zurU hotI hai / dharma bhale hI kisI vuddhimAna kI sUjha ho, para hindU jAti, musalamAna jAti, IsAI jAti, jaina jAti, sikha jAti, kisI samajhadAra kI sUjha nahI hai / yaha Apa ugane vAlI ghAsa kI taraha uTha khaDI huI hai / inakI khAda hai-- kAyaratA, jagalIpana, ulTI-sIdhI bAteM, ujaDDupana, dabbUpana vagairaha / Alasa ke pAnI se yaha khUba phalatI-phUlatI hai / rivAjo kI jaDa meM, phira ve cAhe kaise hI ho, mUrkhatA aura Dara ke sivAya kucha na milegaa| jaba kisI ko isa vAta kA patA cala jAtA hai to vaha usa rivAja ko phaurana toDa DAlatA hai aura apanI samajha se kAma lene lagatA hai / Aja hI nahI, sadA se jJAna para zaka (saMdeha ) hotA AyA hai / kucha dharma pustaka to usako zaitAna kI cIz2a mAnatI haiN| jo dharmapustaka aisA nahI batAtI usake anuyAyI jJAna kI khillI uDAte haiM aura khule kahate haiM ki jJAnI durAcArI ho sakatA hai aura ajJAnI bhalA, para yAda rahe sukhI jIvana jJAnI hI vitA sakatA hai, ajJAnI kadApi nahI /

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premI-abhinadana-pratha jJAnI begunAha ho sakatA hai, bhalA nhiiN| bhalA vanane ke liye akla cAhiye / vaha ajJAnI ke pAsa kahA~ ? IMTa, patthara niSpApa hai, madira ke bhagavAna bhI niSpApa hai, para ve kucha bhalAI nahIM kara skte| sava eka varAvara jJAna lekara nahI paidA hote| hIrA bhI patthara hai aura sagamaramara bhI patthara, para sagamaramara ghisane parahIrA jaisA nahI camaka sktaa| paDhane-likhane se samajha nahI vddhtii| hA~, pahile se hI samajha hotI hai to paDhane-likhane se camaka uThatI hai / yo saikaDo par3he-likhe ruDhiyo me phaMsa jAte hai, ve dayA ke pAtra hai| aura kyA kahA jAya? Ajakala kI duniyA akSara aura ako kI ho rahI hai, yAnI vI0 e0 e0 emo0 kI yA lakhapatiyo-karoDapatiyo kI, samajhadAro kI nhiiN| vaha sukhI jIvana meM aura jIvana sukha ke sAdhano meM koI antara karanA hI nahI jaantii| duniyA me samajhadAra nahI, aisI bAta nahI hai| ve hai, aura kAphI tAdAda meM hai, para ve bhISmapitAmaha, droNAcArya aura vidura Adi kI taraha akSaro aura ako ko vika gaye hai| jo do-eka bace haiM, ve masthAe~ khola kara apane jAla me Apa phaMsa gaye haiM aura unhI ke yAnI akSaro aura ako meM ho gaye hai| apanI aulAda kI khAtira aura manuSya-samAja kI khAtira ve usa gulAmI se nikale to duniyA badale aura duniyA sukhI ho| yAda rahe, duniyA mamajhadAro kI nakala karatI hai, akSaro aura ako kI nhii| hamezA se aisA hotA pAyA hai aura hotA rhegaa| duniyA asaca kI ora dauDI calI jA rahI hai| koziza karane se vilakula sambhava hai ki vaha saca kI ora cala pdd'e| duniyA burAI me phaMsa rahI hai / jora lagAne se nikala sakatI hai aura bhalAI meM laga sakatI hai| duniyA dina-para-dina bhoDI hotI jA rahI hai| koziza karane se zAyada mugaDha ho jAya / satya, ziva, sundara ke liye bhI kyA dAsatA na choDegI? paisA roke huye hai| samajhadAro ko vaha kaise rokegA? ve aisI arthanIti gaDha sakate hai, jisase unhe manacAhA kAma milane lage aura parAdhIna bhI na rheN| roTI-kapaDe hI se to kAma nahI cltaa| AtmAnada bhI to caahie| vinA usa pAnada ke sukha ke sAdhano meM DUba kara bhI sukha na pA skoge| samAja kI sevA isI meM hai ki vartamAna arthanIti kA jAla toDa DAlA jAya / jJAniyo ko nAka ragaDanA choDanA hI hogA aura isa jimmedArI ko proDhanAhI hogaa| isa vipa ke ghaDe ko phoDanAhI hogaa| apane ko bacAnA apanI santAna ko bacAnA hai / manuSya-samAja ko bacAnA hai / vaha kurUpI duniyA tumhAre hAtho hI sukhiyA bana sakatI hai / aura kisI ke bUte sukhiyA na bnegii| . paisA ThIkarA hai / vaha tumheM kyo roke ? pApI peTa roka rahA hai| pApI peTa ne samajhadAro ko kabhI nahIM rokaa| unakA jisma kamajora nahI hotaa| ve bhUkha lagane para khAte hai| ve kAma karate hai aura khelate jAte hai| ve thoDA khAte hai aura bahuta bAra nahIM khaate| ve dhIre-dhIre khAte hai / ve kudaratI cIje khAte hai| jarUrata par3ane para hAtha kI banI bhI khA lete hai| ve ghara para khAte hai / ve bImAra kyo hoge aura kyo kamajora ? jisma tumhArA ghoDA hai / vaha tumheM kyo rokegaa| vaha to tumheM Age, aura Age, le calane ke liye taiyAra khaDA hai| samAja roka rahA hai| vaha kyA rokegA? vaha ghAsa kI taraha uga khaDA huA jajAla hai / vaha sUkha cukA hai| usameM ava dama kahA~ ? usameM rivAjo ke vaTa hai sahI, para ve jalI rassI kI taraha dekhane bhara ke hai| aMgulI lagAte vikhara jaayeNge| samAja samajhadAro ko apane rAste jAne detA hai|

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samAja-sevA 641 dharma roktA hai| dharma Age DhakelA karatA hai, rokA nahIM karatA aura agara vaha rokatA hai to dharma nahIM hai / dharma ke rUpa me koI rUDhi yA rivAja hai / jo rokatA hai, vaha dharma nahIM hotaa| vaha hotA hai 'dharma kA ddr'| dharma khuda toDakhAnI cIz2a nhiiN| vaha to baDI lubhAvanI cIz2a hai, para dharma ke nAma para calI rasmeM behada DarAvanI hotI hai / agara DarAtI hai to ve / agara rokatI hai to ve / usa Dara ko bhagAne meM mamajha vaDhI madadagAra sAvita hogii| Dhara hama meM hai nhiiN| vaha hama meM paidA ho jAtA hai yA paidA karA diyA jAtA hai| jo Dara hama me hai, vaha vaDe kAma kI ciijhai| yaha itanAhI hai jitanA jaanbrome| jina kAraNo se jAnavara Darate hai, unhI kAraNo se hama bhii| utanA Dara no hame utare me bacAtA hai aura khatare ko varavAda karane kI tAkata detA hai| acAnaka vadUka kI AvAz2a se hama Aja taka ucha na par3ate haiN| hamArI hamezA kI jAnI-pahacAnI vijalI kI camaka hamako Aja bhI DarA detI hai| itanA Darato kAma kI cIz2a hai, para jaba hama bhUta-preta se Darane lageM, nAstikatA se Darane lageM, narka se Darane lage, mauta me Darane lage, pralaya me Darane lage, taba mamajhanA cAhiye ki hamArA Dara vImArI meM badala gyaa| usake ilAja kI jarUrata hai| tillI aura jigara to kAma kI cIje hai, para baDI tillI aura vaDA jigara bImAriyAM hai| vaDA Dara bhI bImArI hai| mAmUlI para hamArI hiphAjata karatA hai, vaDhA huaA Dara hamArA khUna cUmatA hai| hameM miTTI me milA denA hai| miTTI meM minane ne pahile hama use hI kyo na miTTI meM milaadeN| bhUta-preta Adi hai nhiiN| hamane khayAla se banA liye hai| jane hama aMdhere meM roja hI taraha-taraha kI gakalaM banA lete hai| upoka ko dharma himmata detAhai,tasallI detAhai, vaca bhAgane ko galI nikAla detaahai| jinheM apane Apa socanA nahIM pAtA, dharma unake bar3e kAma kI cIja hai| socane vAle nA samajhadAro ke lie hI to soca kara rakha gaye hai| mocane mamajhane vAlo ke liye dharma jAla hai, dhokA hai, chala hai| dharma Aye dina kI gutthiyo ko nahIM sulajhA sakatA, kabhI-kanI aura ulajhA denA hai| dharma TAla-maTola kA abhyasta hai aura TAlamaTola meM naI ulajhaneM khar3A kara detA hai| munI vanane aura samAja ko sukhI banAne ke liye yaha vilakula jarUrI hai ki hamAre liye auro ke soce dharma ko hama apane meM me nikAla bAhara kareM-usakI rasmeM, umakI pAdate, umakI chUta-chAta, usakA narka-svarga, usakI tilaka Apa, usakI TADhI-coTI usakA ghotI-pAjAmA, eka na bacane de| nacAI, bhalAI aura sundaratA kI khoja meM ina mava ko lekara eka kadama bhI Age nahIM baDhA jA sktaa| mAM bacce ke liye hovA gaDhatI hai / baccA DaratA hai| mAM nahI ddrtii| mAM kyo Dare / vaha to usakA gaDhA huA hai| mahApurupa eka aisI hI cIz2a hamAre liye gaDha jAte hai / hama Darate hai, ve nahI Darate / jo dikhAI-sunAI nahI detA, mosamajha meM nahIM AtA, jo sava kahI aura kahI nahIM batAyA jAtA, aise eka kA Dara hama meM viThA diyA jAtA hai| dharma mAdhAraNa jJAna aura vijJAna kI taraha savAla-para-savAla paidA karane meM kAphI hoziyAra hai, para javAba dene yA hala moca nikAlane meM bahuta hI kama hoziyAra / vaha honI vAtI ko choDa anahonI me jA dAkhila hotA hai| dharma kI ima pAdana me Ama AdamiyoM ko baDe ToTe meM rahanA par3atA hai| ve jAne anajAne apanI ajAnakArI ko kabUla karanA yoTa vaiThane hai| isa jarA-nI, para baDI bhUla se Age kI tarakkI ruka jAtI hai / samajhadAra apanI ajAnakArI jAnatA bhI hai aura paurokobhI kaha detA hai| samajhadArI kI vaDhavArI meM ajAnakArI bhI vaDhatI hai, para isase samajhadAra ghavarAtA nhii| khoja meM nikalA AdamI bIhaDa jagalo se ghabarAye to Age kaise vaDhe ? samajhadAra apane mana meM uThe savAlo kA kAma-valAU javAba soca letA hai, ve javAva kAmacalAU hI hote hai, pakke nahI / pakkepana kI mohara to vaha una para tava lagAtA hai jaba ve tajuruve kI kasauTI para ThIka utarate hai| jo jitanA jyAdA rUDhivAdI hogA, vaha utanA hI jyAdA dharmAtmA hogA, utanA hI jyAdA ajAnakAra hogA, utanA hI jyAdA use apanI jAnakArI para bharosA hogaa| vaha svarga ko aise batAyegA, mAno vaha abhI vahAM se hokara A rahA hai / vaha Izvara ko aise samajhAyegA, mAno vaha use aise dekha rahA hai, jaise hama use / 81

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premI - abhinaMdana - pratha nAsamajhI se samajhadArI kI tarapha calane kA pahalA kadama hai 'zakA krnaa'| zakA karanA hI samajhanA hai, apanI nAsamajhI kI gaharAI zakA ke phIte se nApI jAtI hai / yaha nApanA hI samajhadArI hai| 'Izvara hai' yaha kaha kara sacAI kI khoja se bhAganA hai / apanI nAsamajhI se inkAra karanA hai / kitanA saccA aura kitanA samajhadAra thA vaha, jo marate dama taka yahI kahatA rahA, "yaha bhI Izvara nahI," "yaha bhI Izvara nahI", "yaha bhI Izvara nahI" ( neti neti neti) usakI taraha tuma bhI khoja meM miTA do apane zrApako, para jAnakArI ko mata chipAyo / 'meM nahI jAnatA' kahanA jisako nahI AtA, vaha saccA nahIM vana sakatA / samAjasevaka to vana hI nahI sakatA / zrAstikatA ke liye apanI bolI me laphja hai 'haipana / " jo yaha kahatA hai ki mujhameM jAnakArI hai, vahI Astika hai| jo yaha kahatA hai, "maiM nahI jAnatA ki Izvara hai" vahI Astika hai| jo yaha nahI jAnatA, "Izvara hai" aura kahatA hai ki "Izvara hai" vaha nAstika hai / 642 kyo ? "jo nahI jAnatA ki Izvara hai" yaha vAkya yo bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jo jAnatA hai ki Izvara nahI hai / " nahI hai " -- yahI nAstikatA hai / mana kI z2amIna meM vejA-Dara kA jitanA jyAdA khAda hogA, dharma kA vIja utanI hI jaldI usameM jaDa pakaDegA zrIra phale-phUlegA ? mahA-sattA yAnI vaDI tAkata se cAhe hama inkAra na bhI kareM, para baDI zakhasiyata se to inkAra kara hI sakate hai / vyaktitva vyakti kI indrI aura mana kA yogaphala hI to hai / inake vinA vyaktitva kucha raha hI nahI jAtA / zrava koI anantaguNa vAlI zakti vyakti nahI ho sakatI / manakA svabhAva hai vaha Dara kara zekhI mArane lagatA hai| kahane lagatA hai| "maiM ajara hU~, amara hU~, aura na jAne kyA kyA hU~ / " dharma kI DIgo kI jaDa meM bhI ahakAra mila sakatA hai| jIvana zrApa hI eka baDI pavitra cIja hai / tuma vaisA mAna kara Age kyo nahI baDhate ? dharma tumhAre mArga meM kyo ADe zrAve ? AtmA ko ajara-amara kaha kara dharma ciMtA meM paDa gayA ki vaha itanA samaya kahA~ vitAyegA / isalie usako majabUra hokara narka - svarga racane paDe, para ina dono ne duniyA kA kucha bhalAna kiyA / dharma ke liye zrAye dina ke jhagaDo inako siddha kiyA hai yA prasiddha, yaha ve hI jaaneN| hiMdU musalamAna laDakara hiMdU svarga cale jAte hai aura musalamAna jinnata / narka doz2akha kisake liye ? hiMdU musalamAna laDakara hiMdU musalamAno ko narka bheja dete haiM aura musalamAna hiMduo ko dojakha / phira svarga, jinnata kisake liye ? phira eka dharma dUsare kI vAteM kATatA hai / eka kA naitika vidhAna dUsare ko majUra nahI / kahanA yahI hogA ki ThIka vidhAna kisI ko bhI nahIM mAlUma / asala meM kucha savAla nihAyata jarUrI hai aura kucha nihAyata jarUrI se mAlUma hote hai, para bilakula gairajarUrI / duniyA z2arUrI savAlo ko choDa kara g2aira jarUrI ke pIche paDa gaI hai / isa liye sukha se dUra paDa gaI hai aura samAjasevA kI jagaha samAja kI dAsatA meM laga gaI hai / apanA nukasAna karatI hai aura samAja kA / khAne pahanane kA savAla sabase jarUrI hai ('bhUkhe bhajana na hoya gupAlA') / inako to hala karanA hI hogA / na hama vag2aira khAye raha sakate hai, na bag2aira phne| rahane ko makAna bhI caahiye| isake vagaira bhI kAma nahI calatA / inake binA jI hI nahI skte| sukha kI bAta to eka ora / jIvana nahI to dharma kahA~ ? z2arUrI se lagane vAle gaira jarUrI savAla hai 1 'hai' kI bhAvavAcaka saMjJA /

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samAja-sevA 643 punarjanma, Izvara, svarga-narka ityAdi / inake hala karane kI virale hI koziza karate hai aura vaha bhI kabhI-kabhI / koI-koI ina navAlI ko bahuta jarUrI samajhate haiM, para ve samajhate hI hai / kucha karate nahIM hai / Izvara ko koI mAne yA na mAne, zrAga use jarUra jalAyaMgI pAnI use jarura duvAyegA / koI Izvara ko mAne yA na mAne, pAnI usakI pyAsa jarUra bujhAyegA / zrAga umakI roTI jarUra pkaayegii| hA~, dharma ke ThekedAra mAnane para bhale hI na mAnanevAlo ko kucha maz2A deM / zrava agara na mAnane vAle kA samAja se koI zrArthika nAtA nahI hai to samAja kA dharma unakA kyA roka legA ? zrora vaha kyAM rukegA ? raha gayA dharma yAnI maccA kartavya / vaha to tumhArA tumhAre sAtha hai aura hamegA nAya rhegaa| raha gayA dharma, yAnI saccA jJAna / vaha to tumhArA tumhAre sAtha hai aura hamezA rahegA / raha gayA dharma yAnI saccI lagana / use tumane kauna chInegA ? yaha dharma rokatA nahIM / dharma vahI jo hameM sunvI kare, hameM vAMdhe nahIM, hameM roke nahIM / zrava grApakI tanallI ho gaI hogI aura samAja sevA ke maidAna meM kUdane kI sArI dikkateM bhI khatma ho cukI hogI aura Apa hara taraha yaha samajha gaye hoge ki vyakti jaime apane pairo para saDA hotA jAyagA aura jaise-jaise vaha apane khAnepahanane aura rahane ke liye dUmarI para nirbhara rahanA choTatA jAyegA, vaise-vaise hI vaha mukhI hotA jAyegA aura samAja ko sukhI banAtA jAyegA / usake pAsa aisI cIjeM hI nahIM hogI, jinake liye use sarakAra kI jarUrata pdd'e| hA~, vaha samAja kI kuThagI racanA ke kAraNa kucha dinoM sarakArI Taikma ne na vaca sakegA, para ina se usake sukha meM jyAdA vAvA na paDegI, lekina java unakI denA degI aura bhI vainA karane lagege to usakI yaha dikkata bhI kama hokara vilakula miTa jAyegI / DI-baDI mamyAzrI kA hama tajuravA kara cuke, taraha-taraha kI sarakAreM banA cuke, taraha-taraha ke dharmoM kI sthApanA kara cuke, para vyakti ko koI mutrI na banA sakA / dekhane ke liye prAjAda, para hara taraha gulAma / vana apane ko pUrA svastha rakhane meM, mava taraha prasanna rahane meM, bhalA aura samajhadAra banane meM, apane niyama vanA kara AjAda rahane meM aura apane Upara pUrA qAbU rakhane meM hI apano kI, apanI aura samAja kI sevA hai / dillI ]

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saMskRti kA mArga-samAja-sevA zrI bhagavAnadAsa kelA bhinna-bhinna vidvAno ne saskRti kI alaga-alaga paribhASAe~ aura vyAkhyAe~ kI hai| sakSepa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jo vAte yA guNa manuSya ko manuSya vanAte haiM aura pazu se UMcA uThAte hai, ve saskRti ke aga hai| unake samUha ko saskRti kahate hai| mamatA, pyAra aura sahAnubhUti prAdi eka sImA taka pazupro me bhI pAI jAtI hai, para prAdamI me prAzA kI jAtI hai ki vaha ina guNo kA upayoga dUra-dUra taka ke kSetra meM kre| apane parivAra, bhAIvado, riztedArI yA jAne pahicAne logo se hI nahIM, apane dharma aura jAtivAlo se hI nahIM, apane deza yA apane raga ke logo se hI nahI-savase, gaira dharma aura dUsarI jAti tathA parAye Adamiyo se aura hAM, zatru taka se bhI apanepana kA paricaya de, apano kA-nA vyavahAra kre| jitanA adhika AdamI yaha kara sakatA hai, utanA hI vaha adhika susaskRta hai| susaskRta hone kA upAya zikSA (likhane-paDhane kA jJAna) nahI hai / hAM, zikSA se hame apanI maskRti kA vikAsa karane meM madada mila sakatI hai| saskRti ke lie hameM dhana kI itanI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| hAM, dhana ke sadupayoga me hama apanI saMskRti kA paricaya de sakate hai / saskRti ke lie zArIrika vala bhI vizepa rUpa se prApta karanA anivArya nahIM hai| hAM, svAsthya kI rakSA karane se hamArI saskRti ke rAste me eka vaDI bAdhA dUra ho jAtI hai| saskRti ke lie AvazyakatA hai ki hama me sahAnubhUti, udAratA, paropakAra kI bhAvanA itanI vikasita ho jAya ki hama inheM rojamarrA ke, hara ghaDI ke, kAma meM amala meM lAve / aisA karanA hamArA svabhAva hI vana jAya / hama dUsaro ke dukha ko apanA dukha mAnane lageM aura use dUra karane ke lie svaya kaSTa uThAne ko taiyAra rheN| hamArA hRdaya mAnavasevA ke vAste vecaina ho| hama sava prANiyo meM apanI AtmA kA anubhava kreN| sakSepa meM sumaskRta banane ke lie AdamI ko samAja-sevA meM laganA caahie| yahI jIvana kA dhyeya ho| jina mahAnubhAvo ne sevA-vatI hokara loka sevA meM jIvana vitA kara mahAna Adarza upasthita kiyA hai, ve dhanya hai| lekina khAsa taura se sevA-kArya meM lagane vAle, sevA-kArya ko hI apanA dhandhA banA lene vAle Adamiyo kI sarayA kisI deza yA samAja meM, kula milA kara, thoDI-sI hI ho sakatI hai| jyAdAtara Adamiyo ke lie yaha vyAvahArika nahI hai / sAdhAraNa logo ke lie to yahI upAya hai ki ve jo bhI kAma-dhandhA kareM, usI ko sevA-bhAva se kreN| ___ udAharaNArtha eka lekhaka kitAba likhatA hai| agara usake sAmane kevala paisA paidA karane kA hI dhyeya hai to vaha vaisI hI kitAva likhegA, jisake grAhaka adhika-se-adhika ho, cAhe usase logo meM sAmpradAyika bhedabhAva baDhe, cAhe yuvako aura yuvatiyo ke vicAro meM cacalatA aura uttejanA paidA ho aura ve bhoga-vilAsa ke zikAra baneM yA cAhe usase ThagI-makkArI Adi ke Dhago kI jAnakArI ho| isake viruddha yadi lekhaka sevA-bhAva se kAma karatA hai to vaha pAThako kI ruci sudhArane kI koziza karegA, unake sAmane acche Adarza rakkhegA, vaha bahuta parizrama se nizcita kiye hue vijJAna Adi ke upayogI siddhAnto kA pracAra kregaa| aisA karane se cAhe usakI pustaka kI mAMga kama ho aura isalie use AmadanI kama ho, yahA~ taka ki use apanA gujArA karanA bhI kaThina ho| isI taraha eka DAkTara (yA vaidya) kA vicAra kreN| lobhI DAkTara ko apanI AmadanI kI ciMtA rahatI hai / marIz2a ko jaldI acchA karane kI aura usakA lakSya nahI rhtaa| vaha cAhatA hai ki kisI taraha marIz2a merA ilAja bahuta dina taka karatA rahe aura mujhe phIsa milatI rhe| lekina jaba DAkTara sevA-bhAva se kAma karegA to vaha marIja

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1 saskRti kA mArga --samAja-sevA 645 ko jaldI se jaldI tandurusta karane kI koziza karegA aura samaya-samaya para aise Adamiyo ko bhI apanI kImatI salAha aura davAI taka degA, jo becAre apanI garIbI ke kAraNa kisI taraha kI phIsa nahI de sakate / ava kArakhAne vAle kI bAta liijiye| jaba usakA uddezya kevala rupayA kamAnA hai to vaha grAhako kI A~kho me dhUla 'jhokane kI koziza karegA, ghaTiyA mAla ko vaDhiyA batAegA aura taraha-taraha kI cAlAkI karake khUba munAphA paidA karegA, yahA~ taka ki janatA ko nukasAna pahu~cAne vAlI aura usakA dhana varavAda karane vAlI cIje banAne aura unakA pracAra karane meM tanika bhI sakoca na kregaa| lekina agara kArakhAne vAle meM sevA-bhAva hai to vaha hamezA samAja ke hita kA vicAra karegA / aisI hI cIjeM banAegA jo logo ke lie bahuta upayogI aura TikAU ho / vaha vaDhiyA mAla banAegA aura mAmUlI naphe se becegA / isI taraha dUsare kAmo ke bAre meM bhI vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / sevA-bhAva hone se hamArI kArya-paddhati hI vadala jAyagI aura hA~, cAhe hamArI zrAmadanI kama rahe, hamAre mana meM zrAnanda rahegA / hame yaha santoSa rahegA ki hama apane bhAI-bahino ke prati apane karttavya kA bharasaka pAlana kara rahe haiN| isase hame zAnti aura sukha milegA / acchA ho, hara navayuka apane patha pradarzana ke lie prati saptAha kisI khAsa Adarza kA vizeSa rUpa se abhyAsa kare aura kucha siddhAnta vAkyo ko sundara aura moTe akSaro me likha kara apane kAma karane ke kamare meM lagA le, jisase samayasamaya para unakI ora dhyAna jAtA rahe / Adarza yA siddhAnta - vAkyo ke kucha udAharaNa nIce diye jAte hai 1 loka-sevA hI pUjA hai / 2 dUsaro se aisA vyavahAra karo, jaisA hama cAhate haiM ki dUsare hama se kareM / 3 agara dhana gayA to kucha nahI gayA, agara svAsthya gayA to kucha gayA, agara sadAcAra gayA to saba kucha gayA / 4 dUsaro ko Thagane vAlA apanI avanati pahile karatA hai / yaha to vyaktiyo kI bAta huii| isI taraha hara parivAra yA sasthA ko apanA uddezya bahuta soca-samajha kara sthira karanA cAhie / yahI nahI, hara jAti yA rASTra ko bhI apane sAmane mAnava sevA kA nizcita lakSya rakhanA cAhie / savako isa bAta kI koziza karanI cAhie ki usakA hara sadasya acche-acche guNo vAlA ho / saccA, ImAnadAra, mehanatI, svAvalavI aura loka-sevI / kisI deza yA rASTra kI sabhyatA aura saMskRti kI pahacAna hI yaha hai ki usake zrAdamI kitane yogya aura sevA-bhAvI hai / rASTro ko socanA cAhie ki isa samaya sasAra meM pUjIvAda aura sAmrAjyavAda kA bhayakara jora hai / hareka sabhya deza hiMsA - kANDa me dUsaro se bAjI mAra le jAnA cAhatA hai| aise samaya kyA mAnavatA kI sevA ke lie kucha rASTra hiMsA aura prema kA Adarza rakhane vAle na ho ? kyA sabhya aura unnata kahe jAne vAle rASTro me kucha aise na mileMge, jo svaya nisvArtha bhAva se kAma kareM aura dUsaro se svArtha tyAga karane kI apIla kareM ? kyA kucha rASTra yaha Adarza na apanAyeMge ki pUjIvAda kA ata karo, sAmrAjyavAda ko choDo, sasAra kA hara eka deza aura jAti svataMtra ho, koI kisI bhI bahAne se dUsaro ko apane adhIna na kare aura dUsaro kA zoSaNa na kare ? Aja dina mAnava-santAna varNa-bheda aura jAti-bheda se ghora kaSTa pA rahI hai / rASTro kA zrAdarza vAkya honA cAhie -varNa-bheda dUra karo, jAti-bheda miTAo, kAlA AdamI aura pIlA AdamI bhI usI prabhu kI santAna haiM, jisakI santAna gorA yA bhUrA AdamI hai / saba Apasa me bhAI-bhAI hai / bheda-bhAva miTAzro aura sabase prema kro| savakI sevA karo sevA hI unnati, vikAsa, sabhyatA aura saskRti kA mArga hai / prayAga ]

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Adarza zrI ajitaprasAda zrI tatvArthAdhigama mokSazAstra (adhyAya 5 sUtra 21 ) me AcArya zrImad umAsvAmI ne kahA hai, "parasparopagnahojIvAnAm / " samasta dehasya sasArI jIvo kA vyAvahArika guNa, tadbhava svabhAva, paryAya buddhi, kartavya, unake astitva kA dhyeya, unake jIvana kA uddezya yahI hai ki eka dUsare kA upakAra kareM / sa w -sevA 'tatvArthasUtra' kI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA meM isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra hai - "svAmI bhUtya, zrAcAryaziSya ityevamAdibhAveti vRtiH parasparopagnaho, svAmI tAvadvitta-tyAgAdinA bhRtyAnAmupakAre vartate / bhRtyAzca hitapratipAdanenAhitapratiSedhena ca / zrAcArya ubhayaloka phalapradopadezadarzanena, tadupadezavihita kriyAnuSThApanena ca ziSyANAmanugrahe vartate / ziSyA api tadAnukUlyavRtyA zrAcAryANAmupakArAdhikAre / " zrI jugamandaralAla jainI ne isa sUtra kI agrejI meM TIkA likhI hai- "The function of (mundane) souls is to support each other We all depend upon one another. The peasant provides corn, the weaver clothes, and so on." zlokavArtika, rAjavArtika, arthaprakAzikA Adi anya TIkApro meM bhI isI prakAra isa sUtra kA artha kiyA hai / jainamuni upAdhyAya zrImad AtmArAma mahArAja dvArA sagRhIta 'tatvArthasUtra jainAgama samanvaya' me bhI aisI hI vyAsyA pAI jAtI hai / zAstrI pa0 sukhalAla saghavI ne tattvArtha sUtra - vivecana meM likhA hai -- " paraspara ke kArya me nimitta honA yaha jIvo kA upakAra hai| eka jIva hita yA ahita dvArA dUsare jIva kA upakAra karatA hai / mAlika paisA dekara naukara kA upakAra karatA hai aura naukara hita yA ahita kI bAta kahakara yA karake mAlika para upakAra karatA hai / AcArya satkarma kA upadeza karake usake anuSThAna dvArA ziSya kA upakAra karatA hai aura ziSya anukUla pravRtti dvArA AcArya kA upakAra karatA hai / " tattvArtha sUtra ke AdhAra para samAja sevA prANI mAtra kA dharma hai / prastuta prakaraNa meM samAja sevA kA kSetra manuSya-samAja-sevA taka sImita samajhA gayA hai| mahAkavi prAcArya zrI raviSeNa praNIta mahApurANa jainAgamAnusAra Adhunika avasarpiNI ke caturtha kAla ke prAraMbha meM karmabhUmi ko racanA zrI RSabhadeva tIrthakara ke samaya meM huI / bhagavAn RSabhadeva yugAdi puruSa the / zrImad bhAgavat purANa me RSi vedavyAsa ne unako nAbhirAjA aura marudevI ke putra RSabhAvatAra mAnA hai aura yaha bhI kahA hai ki viSNu bhagavAna ke isa avatAra ne apane sau putro me se jyeSThatama putra bharata cakravarti ko rAjya siMhAsanArUDha karake digamvarIya dIkSA aura duddhara tapazcaraNa ke prabhAva se paramadhAma kI prApti kI / kAlacakra aura sasAra-racanA to anAdi aura ananta hai, phira bhI kAla ke utAra-caDhAva ke nimitta se jagat kA rUpa aisA badalatA rahatA hai ki eka apekSA se, paryAyArthika nayase jagat kI utpatti aura sahAra bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / cauthe kAla ke pahile yogabhUmi kI racanA isa martyaloka meM thI, jisakI rUpa-rekhA usa samaya svargIya jIvana se kucha hI kama thI / usa samaya ke manuSyo kI samasta AvazyakatAe~ kalpavRkSo dvArA pUrI ho jAtI thI / unako janma-maraNa, iSTaviyoga- aniSTasayoga, Adhi-vyAdhi, jarA-roga, viSAda-dAridrya Adi du kho kA anubhava to dUra, unakI kalpanA bhI nahI hotI thii| yogabhUmi kA samaya bIta jAne para karma bhUmi kA prAraMbha huA / samAja-sagaThana yA samAja-sevA kA Ayojana AdipuruSa zrI RSabhadeva ne kiyA, unake putra bharata cakravarti ke rAjya meM samAja-sevA kA kSetra vistIrNa huA aura uttarottara vyApaka hI hotA gayA /

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samAja-sevA kA zrAdarza 647 manuSya kA garbha se zarIrAta taka samasta jIvana vyavahAra samAja sevA hI to hai / pUrvAcAryoM ne bhAratIya samAja kA jIvanakrama dharma kA aga banA diyA hai| tIrthaMkara bhagavAna ke garbha kalyANaka ke samaya se mAtA kI sevA meM devAganA lagI rahatI hai| garbhakAla ke AcAra-vicAra kA prabhAva garbhastha jIva para paDatA hI hai / ata mAtA-pitA kA kartavya hai ki svata apane AcAra-vicAra-zuddhi kA dhyAna rakkhe | mahAbhArata kA kathana hai ki eka samaya java abhimanyu garbha meM thA, arjuna subhadrA ko zatru ke cakravyUha meM kisa prakAra praveza kiyA jAtA hai, yaha batalA rahe the ki subhadrA ko nIda A gaI aura cakravyUha se bAhara nikalane kI tarakIva na suna paaii| mahAbhArata yuddha meM eka avasara para java vIra arjuna anya sthAna para laDa rahe the, kumAra abhimanyu garbha-samaya-prApta- jJAna ke vala se koravokA cakravyUha bheda kara usameM ghusa gaye, kintu bAhara na nikala sake aura dhokhe meM pha~sa kara mAre gaye / svargIya mohammada husaina AjAda racita 'bhAratIya kahAniyA~' nAmaka pustaka meM likhA hai ki jaba zrakavara garbha meM thA, eka dina usakI mAtA apane talue meM suI goda kara suramA bharakara phUla banA rahI thii| humAyU ke kAraNa pUchane para usane uttara diyA ki maiM cAhatI hU~ ki mere putra ke talue meM aisA hI phUla ho / kahA jAtA hai ki jaba akavara paidA huA to vaisA hI phUla usake * talue meM thA / akalaka-nikalaka kI kathA to prasiddha hI hai ki mAtA-pitA ke sadAcAra kA prabhAva una bAlako para aisA par3A ki java mAtA-pitA ne zraSTAhnika parva me ATha dina ke lie brahmacarya vrata lie to ina vAlako ne bhI brahmacarya - vrata grahaNa kara liyA aura java inake vivAha kA prastAva huA to inhone kaha diyA ki hama to brahmacarya vrata gokAra kara cuke / vAla-brahmacArI raha kara, nikalaka ne dharmArtha prANoM kA balidAna kiyA aura akalaka kI umara jina-dharmapracAra meM hI vyatIta huI / janma dina se ATha varSa taka zizu-pAlana, zikSaNa mAtA-pitA dvArA hotA hai| mAtA-pitA ke acche-bure, zrAcAra-vicAra, kriyA varttAvi kA gaharA prabhAva bacce para paDatA hai| mAtA-pitA kI bolacAla baccA vinA sikhAe sIkha jAtA haiM | vaha usakI mAtRbhASA kahalAtI hai / asabhya ganda, gAlI, sabhyavAkya, kaTuvacana, mIThA vola, argAtmaka prayoga, hitakara sIdhI bolacAla, prahArAtmaka ucca svara me yA jaldI-jaldI bolanA, athavA vIre-dhIre spaSTa manda svara meM, mIThe pyAre zabdoM meM vAta karane kI Adata, namratA yA uddaNDatA, baccA mAtA-pitA se vinA sikhAye svata sIkha jAtA hai / usI ko saskAra, Adata athavA abhyAsa kahate hai / yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki kucha bacce mAtApitA tathA kauTumbika gurujano ko prAta hI praNAma karate hai / unake sAmane vinaya-pUrvaka uThate-baiThate hai | AdarazraddhA sahita vyavahAra karate hai, caraNa chUte haiM, Ate dekha kara khaDe ho jAte hai, svaya nIcA zrAsana grahaNa karate haiM, vinaya bhAva se baiThate hai aura zikSA grahaNa karate hai / isake viparIta kucha bacce vistara se rote, zora macAte uThate hai, Apasa meM laDatejhagaDate, gAlI-galauja, choTI-choTI bAto para chInA-jhapaTI, mArapITa karate rahate haiM / mu~ha uThAye cale Ate haiM, U~ce sthAna para A baiThate hai, yA leTa jAte hai, gurujano kI zikSA yA kathana dhyAna se nahI sunate aura na mAnate hai / kucha ko to yaha kaTeva paDa jAtI hai ki apane lie sadaiva 'hama' zabda kA prayoga karate hai aura anya zrapane varAvara yA vaDo ko anAdara bhAva me sabodhana karate haiM / hamezA cillAkara bolate hai / apane choTe bhAI-bahano se bhI chInA-jhapaTI, laDAIjhagaDA, kaTuvacana vyavahAra karate haiM / una bacco ke ye bure saskAra aura kuTeva umara bhara unake liye hAnikAraka aura kaSTopakAraka hote hai / mAtA-pitA kA dharma hai ki Atma-sayama kareM, tAki bacce unakA anusaraNa kareM / vacco ko dhamakAnA, mAranA pITanA, burA kahanA, gAlI denA, bhayabhIta karanA, lAlaca denA, dhokhA denA, unase jhUTha volanA, kadApi kimI paristhiti meM bhI ucita yA kSamya nahI / "lAlayet paca varSANi, daza varSANi tADayet" kI kahAvata ThIka eva anukaraNIya nahI hai / vaha cAhe cANakya nIti ho, kintu dhArmika nIti nahI ho sakatI / yadi bacce se bhUla ho jAya, nukasAna ho jAya to use samajhA denA caahie| bacce kI mA~ga sadaiva pUrI karanI cAhie / dhokhA dekara TAlanA ThIka nahI / prAya dekhA jAtA hai ki yadi baccA koI cIja mAMgatA hai to usako yaha kahakara TAla

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648 premI abhinadana- pratha diyA jAtA hai ki "kala lA deMge / " dUsare dina jaba usakI zrAzA pUrI nahI hotI aura phira kala kA vahAnA kiyA jAtA hai to usake vizvAsa ko Thesa lagatI hai aura phira bhI usakI AzA pUrI na hone para vaha samajha jAtA hai ki mujhe dhokhA diyA gayA hai / usakA vizvAsa uTha jAtA hai aura vaha mAna letA hai ki dhokhA denA, jhUTha bolanA hI ThIka hai / prAcIna bhArata me zrATha varasa kI umara se grAmINa aura nAgarika, sabhI ko, prAthamika zreNI kI dhArmika zrIra laukika zikSA anivArya rUpa se dI jAtI thI / vAlaka-bAlikA savako likhanA-paDhanA aura jIvana-nirvAha kA kAma rojagAra, dUkAnadArI, vANijya, asi, masi, kRSi sikhalAnA samAja kA aura rAjya kA dhArmika karttavya thA / zikSA bAjArU vikAU vastu na thI / guru dAnarUpa zikSA pradAna karatA thA aura ziSya vinayapUrvaka zikSA grahaNa kara cukane para apanI zakti ke anusAra guru-dakSiNA rUpa bheTa samarpaNa karatA thA / prAcIna bhArata itihAsa me nAladA vizva vidyAlaya vikhyAta vidyA - kendra thaa| cIna deza ke do vidvAn vahA~ ye, baraso rahe, vidyA adhyayana kiyA aura pandraha varasa ke zrAtma anubhava se vahA~ kA vistIrNa vRttAnta likhA / umI kathana ke AdhAra para suprasiddha itihAsajJa DAkTara rAdhAkumuda mukarjI ne apanI pustaka "Ancient Indian Education" me nAladA kA aitihAsika varNana likhA hai / usa pustaka se sakSipta uddharaNa janavarI 1940 ke "Aryan Path" me prakAzita huA / 1300 varasa gujre| tava nAladA meM 8500 vidyArthI aura pandraha mI adhyApaka nivAsa karate the / bhArata ke vividha prAnto ke rahane vAle to unameM the hI, parantu cIna, jApAna, koriyA, magoliyA, bukhArA, tAtAra deza se Aye hue vidyArthI bhI vahA~ zikSA grahaNa kara rahe the| so-so vividha viSayo para hara roja vivecana hotA thA aura rAta dina adhyApako aura proDha ziSyoM meM pArasparika carcA rahatI thI / kimI ko bhojana, vastra Adi kisI Avazyaka vastu kI ciMtA na thI / vidyArthiyoM se kisI rUpa meM phIsa nahI lI jAtI thii| rAjya ne kaI sau grAma nAladA vizvavidyAlaya ko samarpaNa kara diye the / saikaDo mana anAja, ghI, dUdha zrAdi prati divasa vahA~ pahu~cA diyA jAtA thA / nAladA ke snAtako kA duniyA bhara meM apUrva satkAra hotA thA / aise uccatama vidyAkendra meM bharatI ho jAnA AsAna kAma na thA / prArthI kI vaiyiktika yogyatA kI kaDI parIkSA karake 100 meM 20 prArthI hI praviSTa hone meM saphala hote the / vahA~ kisI prakAra kI siphAriza yA pralobhana se kAma nahI calatA thaa| nAladA kI gaganasparzI vihAra-zreNiyo ke bhagnAvazeSa pAvApurI ke pAsa ava bhI mojUda hai / usa samaya kI IMTa DeDha phuTa lavI zrIra eka phuTa cauDI hotI thI / nAladA ke vizAla zAstra bhaDAra ke likhita grantha kahI kahI nepAla aura tivvata ke granthAgAroM meM mila jAte hai / pUrva me nAladA aura pazcima me takSazilA nAma kI lokavirayAta vidyApITha thI / takSazilA ke bhI bhagnAvazeSa vidyamAna hai / vahA~ kA pradAjA bhI nAladA ke sakSipta varNana se lagAyA jA sakatA hai| vaidika kAla kI zikSaNa-paddhati kA varNana taittirIya upaniSad ( prathama khaNDa, adhyAya 11 ) se vidita hotA hai / upanayana saMskAra ke samaya kahA jAtA thA, "tU Aja se brahmacArI ho gayA, prAcAryAghIna hokara vedAdhyayana kara / " usa dina se zikSA kI sampUrNatA taka vaha gurukula meM hI rahatA thA / sAmAnyatayA isakI avadhi vAraha varama hotI thI, kintu brahmacArI kI vaiyaktika yogyatAnusAra ghaTavaDha jAtI thI / guru kA zrantima Adeza yaha hotA thA, "saca bolo, dharmAcaraNa karo, svAdhyAya karate raho, sadAcAra kA pAlana karo, aihika svArthAghIna hokara paramArtha ko na bhuulo|" DAkTara devendracandradAsa gupta zradhyApaka kalakattA yUnivarsiTI racita 'zikSA kI jaina paddhati' ('Jain system of Education' ) meM likhA hai - jaina sAdhu sagha ke vihAra dhArmika tathA sAhitya, kalA, vyAyAma zrAdi sAskRtika zikSA pradAnArthaM magadha se gujarAta aura vijayanagara se kauzala taka phaile hue the / bhinna dharmAnuyAyI aura samasta zreNI ke vidyArthI, vividha kArya - kalA - zikSA prApti ke artha uname praviSTa ho sakate the / ATha barasa kI umara se bAlakavAlikA eka sAtha zikSA pAte the / vidyArthI kI ruci kA bhale prakAra aMdAjA karake yathocita zikSA dI jAtI thI / prajA kI unnati aura usake jIvana ko sukhI banAne ke liye rAjya kI thora se kAphI sahayoga diyA jAtA thA / vidyArthI

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samAja-sevA kA prAdarza 64ha, zikSA aura jIvana nirvAhArtha vyavasAya sAtha-sAtha prApta karate the / dhArmika zikSA meM adhyAtma, 'bhakti, citta-niyantraNa, kriyA-kADa aura dainika kriyA-krama, sava kucha garmita hotA thaa| usa jamAne meM paDhAI kI phIsa nahI lagatI thii| adhyApaka, upAdhyAya naukarI nahI karate the| apanI vidyA ko vastra-bhojana-prApti dhanopArjana kA sAdhana nahI banAte the| vaidya bhiSagAcArya phIsa yA davAI ke muMhamAMge dAma nahI lete the| rogI kA ilAja karanA ve dhArmika kartavya samajhate the| vakAlata karane kA rivAja yUnAna se calA hai| vakIla phIsa nahI lete the aura aba taka yaha prathA calI AtI hai ki vairisTara ko jo kucha diyA jAtA hai vaha phIsa nahIM, balki 'samarpaNa' kahA jAtA hai| vaha vyApArika mAmalA nahI hai, sammAnita bheTa hai| usake lie kacaharI me nAliza nahI ho sktii| dharma ke nAma para prajA-pratiSThA Adi dharmAnuSThAna karAne kI phIsa cukA kara lenA to baDA hI niMdya karma samajhA jAtA thaa| prajA dhana-dhAnya-sampanna, svastha, sukhI, sadAcArI aura dharmaniSTha thii| isa prakAra samAja-sevA yAprajA-pAlana rAjA kA dharma thaa| khetI kI upaja kA kevala eka niyamita nizcita bhAga samAja sevArtha liyA jAtA thaa| urvarA vasundharA kI dena meM rAjA-prajA yathocita rIti se bhAgIdAra hote the / mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne 'raghuvaza' (prathama sarga zloka 16) meM kahA hai prajAnAmeva bhUtyayaM sa tAbhyo valimagrahIt / sahasraguNAmutsraSTumAdatre hi rasa ravi // 18 // arthAtU-(rAjA dilIpa) prajA ke hitArtha hI kara grahaNa karate the| jaise sUraja pRthvI se jala khIca kara hajAra guNA vApisa kara detA hai| zakuntalA nATaka ke pAMcave aka meM likhA hai bhAnusakRyukta turagaeva rAtrindiva gandhavaha prayAti / zeSa. sadaivAhita bhUmibhAra SaSThAza vRtterapi dharma eSa // arthAt-sUrya eka vAra ghoDe jota kara barAvara calatA rahatA hai, havA rAta dina vahatI hai, zeSanAga nirantara pRthvI kA bhAra vahana karatA hai, (jo rAjA) chaThA hissA lekara apanI gujara karatA hai, usakA dhArmika (karttavya) yahI hai (ki nirantara samAja-sevA karatA rhe)| hindU sAmrAjya meM rAjya-kara paidAvAra kA chaThA bhAga thaa| marahaTho ke rAjya me vaha cauthA hissA ho gayA, mugala-sAmrAjya meM tIsarA bhAga nizcita kiyA gyaa| ava bhI dezI riyAsato me vaTAI kI prathA jArI hai| gurukula zikSA praNAlI rUpa samAjasevA kA Upara jikara ho cukA hai| usa prathA kI chAyA mugala sAmrAjya meM sarakArI dArUla-ulUma aura grAmo aura zaharo kI galI-galI meM makatavo kI sUrata meM maujUda rhii| zuru aMgrejI rAjya meM sarakArI skUla isa matalava se khule ki sarakArI kAma calAne ke lie paDhe-likhe naukarI kI jarurata pUrI ho ske| skUla jAne ke lie pralobhana diye gye| pitA jI se maine sunA hai ki hara vAlaka ko pustaka, likhane kA sAmAna skUla se diyA jAtA thA, phIsa kucha nahI lI jAtI thI, pAritoSika aura chAtravRtti udAratA se dI jAtI thI, paDha jAne para vetana acchA milatA thaa| kintu dinodina sakhtI vaDhatI gii| mere paDhAI ke jamAne me ema0 e0 taka phIsa kevala tIna rupaye aura kAnUna paDhane kI phIsa eka rupayA mAsika thii| mujhe pandraha rupaye chAtravRtti spa milate the aura vahumUlya agrejI koSa Adi pustakeM inAma me milatI thiiN| aba to sthiti hI kucha aura ho gaI hai| pariNAma yaha ki purAnI zikSaNa-paddhati ghaTatI aura miTatI calI gii| Thosa vidvatA kA sthAna pustako ne le liyaa| kintu bhArata kI gurukula zikSA paddhati videzo ne grahaNa kii| 82

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premI-prabhinadana-pratha gurukula zikSA-paddhati ke vinAza aura agrejI paDhAI ke phala-rUpa bhAratavAsiyo ke dainika jIvana-vyavahAra meM gaharA ulaTa-phera ho gyaa| samAja sevA kA Adarza uTha gayA / zikSita varga kA satkAra ghaTatA gayA / zradhyAtma jJAna, cAritrazuddhi, sadAcAritA kA lopa-sA hotA gayA / vilAsitA, indriyabhoga kI lolupatA, IrSyA, chInA-jhapaTI yAdi durguNo kA prabhAva vaDhatA gyaa| vidyopArjana aihika jIvana nirvAha kA sAdhana bana gayA / aisI paristhiti meM kucha dezahitaiSiyo ne prAcIna gurukula praNAlI ko phira se jArI karane kA vicAra kiyA / zrAryasamAja ne kAgaDI (haridvAra) meM gurukula kI sthApanA kI / mahAtmA muzIrAma ( svAmI zraddhAnada) ne apanA jIvana usake lie samarpaNa kiyA, samAja ne lAkho rupayA dAna diyA / kintu samAja ke pratiSThAprApta logo ne apane bacco ko vahA~ nahI bhejA aura isI truTi ke kAraNa gurukula kAgaDI bhAratavarSa kI Adarza sarvocca zikSA sasyA na vana skii| maI 1911 meM jaina samAja ne hastinApura (meraTha) meM RSabha brahmAcaryAzrama kI sthApanA kii| isake lie mahAtmA bhagavAnadIna tathA brahmacArI gaMdana lAlajI ne AtmasamarpaNa kiyaa| samAja ne bhI zrAvazyakatAnusAra paryApta dAna diyaa| parantu durbhAgyavaza cAra varSa vAda, 1915, meM hI kucha pArasparika vaimanasya aise baDha gaye ki isa zrAzrama ke sabhI sasthApako aura mukhya kAryakartAo ko eka-eka karake zrAzrama choDanA paDA / nAma ke vAste to RSabha brahmacaryAzrama zrava bhI caurAsI (mathurA) meM cala rahA hai, kintu jisa uddezya se vaha sthApita kiyA gayA thA usakI gandha bhI vahA~ nahIM hai| gujarAvAlA, (pajAva), paMcakUlA ( zramvAlA) vyAvara ( rAjapUtAnA ) sthAno para jaina gurukula varSoM se cala rahe haiM magara unameM bhI samAja ke pratiSThA prApta ucca gharo ke bAlaka praviSTa nahI hote aura gurukula sthApanA kA vAstavika uddezya pUrA nahI ho pAtA / 1 mahAtmA gAMdhI ke zabdo me "samAja sevA kA uddezya manuSyamAtra kA sarvodaya, jagata kA utthAna hai| jaoNna raskina ne 'sarvodaya' ('Unto this last ' ) me likhA hai ki thoDo ko dukha dekara bahuto ko susa pahu~cAne kI nIti samAja-sevA kA prAdarza nahI hai / cANakya rAjanIti jaisI hai / naitika niyamo ko pUrNatayA pAlane meM hI manuSya kA kalyANa haiM / nokara aura mAlika, vaidya aura rogI, anyAya pIDita manuSya aura usake vakIla, kArakhAno ke mAlika aura zramajIvI manuSyo ke bIca dhana kA nahI, prema kA vandhana honA caahie|" nItimAna samAja sevI puruSa hI deza kA dhana hai / anyAnyopArjita dhana kA pariNAma dukha hI hai / bhoga-vilAsa aura dUsaro ko nIcA dikhAne, dayAne, dAsa banAne meM dhana kharca karane se garIbI baDhatI hai / jaina kavi dyAnatarAya jI ne bhI 'akiMcana dharma-pUjA' meM kahA hai, "bahudhana burA hU bhalA kahiye lIna para upakAra soN|" 650 samAja-sevA kA mUlamantra yaha hai, "zrAtmanaH pratikUlAni pareSA na samAcaret / " jo bAta Apa khuda nahI pasanda karate, vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke sAtha bhI mata karie / phArasI meM bhI kahA hai, "harace varaqhuda na pasadI, vAdI garA hama mapasanda / " agrejI kI kahAvata hai "Doto others as you wish that they should do unto you." arthAt -- lene-dene kI tarAjU eka hI honI caahie| zrAjakala samAja-sevA-bhAva ke prabhAva meM lene ke bATa tarAjU eka aura dene ke dUsare hai| apane parAe ke lie niyama virodhAtmaka banAye jAte hai / jagat kI zAnti cAhane vAlA samAjasevaka apanI zrAvazyakatA ke lie samAja se kama-se-kama letA hai aura usake badale meM samAja ko apanI zaktibhara adhika-se-adhika detA hai / samAja sevA karake usako zrAnanda hotA hai / vaha samAja zoSaNa ko pApa samajhatA hai / jaina dharmAnuyAyI kA to sArA dharma hI jaisA prArabha meM kahA gayA hai, paropakAra para khaDA huA hai| gRhastha, vratI pravratI, zrAvaka, brahmacArI, ailaka, muni sabhI ko samAja sevA-dharma kA pAlana pUrNa zakti se karanA apanA dhArmika kartavya samajha lenA caahie| jainadharmAnusAra pravRtti se vizva zAnti sthAyI aura pUrNarUpeNa sthApita ho sakatI hai / kintu aisA nahI ho rahA hai / jainI jainadharma ke mUla siddhAnta se viparIta mArga para cala rahe hai / jainadharma ke siddhAnta pustako zraura 'jaina hitaiSI' samAcAra-patra dvArA zrI paDita nAthUrAma premI ne samajhAe aura aba bhI ve isI prayatna me lage

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samAja-sevA kA prAvarza 651 hai| kintu mithyAtva kA anAdi savadha, ajJAna moha kI prabalatA jaino ko sIdhe rAste para, samAja-sevA kI sIdhI saDaka para Ane se roka rahI hai| zrAvaka ke paTa Avazyaka karma rUDhi mAtra, dikhAve, mana samajhAne aura AtmavacanA ke taura para kiye jAte hai / zrAvako ke dAna kI praNAlI kA pravAha retIle, bajara maidAno meM ho rahA hai| dharma-prabhAvanA ke nAma para jo dravya sarca hotA hai, usakA sadupayoga nahIM hotaa| dharma kI hasI hotI hai| jaina rathotsava ke avasaro para kahI to sarakArI roka lagA dI jAtI hai, kahI bAjAra meM dukAneM banda ho jAtI hai aura kalakattA jaise lave aura taDaka-bhaDaka ke jalUsa para bhI maiMne dekhA hai ki ajaina janatA para jainatva kA prabhAva athavA mahatva akita nahIM hotaa| janatA kevala tamAze ke taura para jalUma dekhane ko usI bhAva se jamA hotI hai, jaise vaha kisI seTha kI varAta, kisI rAjA kI mavArI, kisI hAkima yA kimI phojI palaTana ke jalUsa ko dekhane kautUhalavaza ekatra ho jAtI hai / kahane ko digambara-zvetAmbara rathotsava sammilita hotA hai / vAstava meM prAge zvetAmbarIya julUsa nikala jAtA hai, taba taka digambarIya julUsa eka nAke para rukA rahatA hai / dono ke bIca meM kAphI phAsalA hotA hai| acchA hotA yadi gvetAmbara-digambara mUrti eka hI raya meM virAjamAna hotii| digambara-zvetAmbarI upadezaka bhajana-ToliyAM milI-julI calatI, upadegI bhajana spaSTa svara meM janatA ko sunAye-gamajhAye jAte aura dono mapradAya ke vAje, jhaDiyA~, pAlakiyA~ aura bhakna-janasamUha yAdi eme mile-jule hote ki ajana jagat ko dono me bheda pratIta na ho paataa| dono julUsa eka hI myAna para pahuMcate aura donoM sampradAya ke paDito ke vyAkhyAna, prIti-bhoja sammilita hote| una sthAnoM meM jahAM paryApta marayA meM jinAlaya maujUda hai, naye madira banavAne, unako sajAne aura naI mUrtiyo kI pratiSThA karane kA zauka bhI bahuta baDhatA jA rahA hai, jisameM jana-samAja kA lAkho rupayA kharca ho jAtA hai aura pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki mamAja meM bheda-bhAva baDha jAtA hai| loga madiro meM bhI mamakAra vuddhi lagA lete hai| apaneapane mohalle, apanI-apanI pArTI, apane-apane dalake madira alaga ho jAte hai / samAja sagaThana kA hrAsa ho jAtA hai| rela kI mastI savArI ke kAraNa tIrtha yAtrA kA zauka bhI vaDha gayA hai / vAstava me tIrthayAtrA ke nAma se nagaro kI maira, anya-vikraya-vyApAra, vivAhAdi savadha Adi aihika kArya mukhyatayA kiye jAte hai aura bhAvo kI vizuddhatA, vairAgya kA prabhAva, nivRtti mArga kI pora jhukAva to virale hI manuSyo ko prApta hotA hai / madiro me aura sasyAno meM jo dAna diyA jAtA hai, usakA badalA nAmavarI hAmila karake apanI zoharata phailA kara prApta kara liyA jAtA hai| una dAna me puNyaprApti yA karma-nirjarA samajhanA bhulAve meM paDanA hai / sthAnIya pAThazAlA, pustakAlaya, vAcanAlaya, popacAlaya, cikitmAlaya, vidyAlaya, anAthAlaya, dharmazAlA Adi sasthA sthApita kara ke bhI loga svArtha sAdhana karate hai| thoDe dino kI aihika syAti prApta karate hai| ina vividha saMsthAno meM sAmpradAyika, sthAnIya, jAtIya, prAtmIya, ahakAra, mamakAra kA viNepa puTa rahatA hai| unake samucita pravadha kI tarapha bahuta kama lakSya diyA jAtA hai| aimI koI viralI hI samthA hogI, jimame dalavadI, adhikAra prApti kI bhAvanA ke dopa praveza nahIM kara gae hai| digambarIya samAja meM bhI tIna masyA, mahAsabhA, paripad, sagha nAma se pRthak-pRthak kAma kara rahI hai| vAstavika samAja-maiyA ke bhAva ko lie hue jaina-samAja yadi kendrIya magaThana karake samAja-sevA bhAva se prerita, AtmasamarpaNa karane vAle kAryakartA nirvAcita karake prAntIya, sthAnIya samAjoddhAra aura dharma-pracAra kA kArya prArabha kara de to samAja ke kitane hI manuSyo ko uccagotra aura zAyada tIrthakara karma kA vadha bhI ho jAve, kyoki tIrthakarakarma jagata-hitakara bhAvanA kA hI phala hai| sAghu, upAdhyAya, prAcArya, kevalI, tIrthakara, jagata kA utkRSTa aura amita upakAra karate hai aura nispRha hokara aisA karate hai| yaha sava samAja-sevA hI to hai| gRhastha zrAvaka ke paT Avazyaka karmoM meM dAna bhI hai| dAna samAja-sevA hI kA paryAyavAcI zabda hai / dAna kA artha hai-para-upakAra / anya kA bhalA karanA / pratyeka avasthA meM dAna denA manuSya kA kartavya, aura mukhya kartavya hai| dAna samajha kara hI karanA caahie| pAna aura vastu ke bheda se dAna kA phala bhalA aura burA donoM prakAra kA ho sakatA hai| hiMsA kA upakaraNa, churI, kaTArI, taladhAra, badUka dAna me yA uvAra mAgI denA yA vecanA azubha

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652 premI-abhinadana-pratha karma-badha kA hI kAraNa hogaa| vyAdha, vadhika, vUcaDa, ciDImAra ko yA laDAI ke calAne ke lie dhana yA upakaraNa yA sipAhI vyAja para, yA dAna me, yA kisI bhI pralobhana yA bhaya ke vaza hokara denA pApavadha kAhI kAraNa hogaa| Ajakala dAna denA bhI zrAvaka jIvana meM eka prathApUrti, rUDhipAlana, vahama, mithyAtva spa raha gayA hai / jainI bhAI veTA hone, vImArI dUra hone, mukadamA jItane kI abhilASA se, vyApAra vRddhi ke pralobhana Adi aihika svArtha sAdhanArtha dharma-sthAno me ghI, kesara, chatara, svastikA, sonA-cAMdI dravya caDhAte hai / navIna madira zaharo meM banavAte hai, jahA~ kAphI jaina madira maujUda hai / vimva pratiSThA karAte, gajaratha nikalavAte, rathotsava karavAte hai aura vahudhA striyA~ maraNa samaya para apanA jevara madiro meM dAna kara jAtI hai / ye loga samajhate hai ki isa prakAra ke dAna se unhone puNyaprApti kI / yaha to kevala bhrama hai, AtmapravacanA hai / sasthAo meM binA samajhe, sasthA kI suvyavasthA kI jAMca kiye vinA dAna denA vyartha hI hotA hai / saccI samAja-sevA usa dAna se hotI hai, jisake phalasvarUpa dukhI, daridrI, sahadharmI, sadAcArI bandhuvarga ko AvazyakIya sahAyatA mile| dhArmika yA laukika lAbhadAyaka zikSA kA prasAra ho| prAcIna jaina mUrtiyo, zilAlekho, stUpo, atizayakSetro ko suvyavasthA tathA suprabadha ho| jaina dharma kI / vAstavika prabhAvanA ho, ajana janatA para jaina dharma ke siddhAnto kA prabhAva paDe aura jaina dharma meM unheM zraddhA utpanna ho| aise kendrIya zikSaNAlaya, gurukula, udAsInAzrama sthApita kiye jAve, jahA~ raha kara dIkSita brahmacArI bAlaka sadAcAra aura prauDha jJAna ko prApti kreN| jahA~ ke vyutpanna uttIrNa vidyArthI dhanika varga ke tuccha sevaka bana kara udara-pAlana, dhanasagraha, yA kucha sAmAjika pratiSThA prApta kara lene ko hI apanA jIvanoddezya na smjhe| sacce muni to nirantara sadupadeza dekara utkRSTa dAna karate rahate hai / upAdhyAya aura prAcArya bhI sadA dharmopadeza aura AtmAnubhava kA mArga batalAkara mahAna dAna karate rahate hai| ahaMnta bhI to divyadhvani se kSaNika dAna dete rahate hai| sakSepata manuSya jIvana gRhastha avasthA se vratI, zrAvaka, kSullaka, ailaka, muni, sAdhu, upAdhyAya, ahaMnta avasthA taka varAvara samAja-sevA meM rata rahate hai| siddhaprApti taka samAja-sevA manuSya kA bhArI janmasiddha adhikAra aura parama kartavya hai| isase AtmalAbha aura paropakAra eka sAtha dono sadhate hai| yuddha, vaimanasya, IrSyA, dveSa, loma, mAyAcArI, chInA-jhapaTI kA samUla nAza hotA hai / sasAra meM zAnti-sukha kA prasAra, vistAra aura sacAlana hotA hai / "vasudhaiva kuTumbakama" kI kahAvata caritArtha ho jAtI hai aura sasAra svarga bana jAtA hai| sakSepa meM samAja-sevaka manuSya kI pahacAna yaha hai ki vaha samAja se kama-se-kama le aura samAja ko adhika-seadhika de / jaina sAdhu kA lakSaNa yaha hai ki vaha aisA AhAra bhI nahIM grahaNa karatA hai jo usake nimitta se banAyA gayA ho,yA jo dayA bhAva se diyA jAtA ho| jaina-sAdhu bhikSu nahIM hai / usako AhAra kI bhI cAha nahI hai / vaha karmanAga ke lie tapazcaraNa karane ke artha aura AtmaghAta ke pApa se bacane ke lie jo koI bhavya jIva bhaktivaza, satkArapUrvaka, nirdopa bhojana meM se, jo usane apane kuTumba ke vAste banAyA hai, muni ko bhaktisahita samarpaNa kare to khaDekhaDe apane hAtha meM lekara dina meM eka bAra grahaNa kara letA hai| sAdhu aise sthAna meM bhI nahIM ThaharatA, jo usake lie taiyAra yA khAlI karAyA gayA ho| zIcArtha jala aura zarIra sthiti ke lie zuddha aspa bhojana ke atirikta anya koI vastu auSadhi Adi bhI jaina-sAghu grahaNa nahIM karegA aura vaha sadA pratyeka kSaNa pratyeka jIva ko abhayadAna, jJAnadAna, upadeza dAna detA aura apane sAkSAta nirdoSa dainika caritra se mokSa-mArga pradarzana karatA rahatA hai| yaha samAja-sevA kA Adarza hai| pratyeka gRhastha thAvaka isa Adarza ko sadaiva sAmane rakhatA huA, apanI pUrI zakti, sAhasa, udAratA se apane jIvana nirvAha ke lie samAja se kama-se-kama lekara samAja ko adhika se adhika detA rhe| zraddheya paDita nAthUrAma premIjI ne apane Adarza jIvana se samAja-sevA kA Adarza jaina zrAvaka ke lie upasthita kara diyA hai| lakhanaka ]

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jaina-sa ke bIsavIM sadI ke pramukha AMdolana zrI parameSThIdAsa jaina nyAyatIrtha jaina samAja kA bhUta-kAla kitanA Andolanamaya rahA hai, yaha to hama nahI jAnate, kintu vIsavI zatAbdI meM jo khAsa-khAsa Andolana hue hai, unhI meM se kucha kA ullekha hama isa lekha meM kreNge| bahuta samaya se hamArI yaha icchA rahI hai ki jaina samAja kA bIsavI sadI kA eka prAmANika itihAsa likhA jAya, lekina kheda hai ki hamArI vaha icchA abhI taka pUrNa nahIM ho skii| vastuta isa itihAsa ko ve hI bhalIbhAMti likha sakate hai, jinakI A~kho ke Age jaina samAja ke ye paitAlIsa-pacAsa varSa vIte ho / itanA hI nahIM, balki jinhone ina dino meM samAja ke Andolano me svaya bhAga liyA ho| hamArI dRSTi meM isa savadha me sabase adhikArI vyakti vA0 sUrajabhAna jI vakIla the| ve bIsavI sadI ke jaina samAja ke sabhI Andolano ke dRSTA the aura aneka Andolano ke janmadAtA bhI / unhone usa yuga meM, jaba ki sudhAra kA nAma lenA bhI kaThina thA, aise-aise Andolana kiye jinake savadha meM Aja bhI isa vikAsa-yuga meM vaDe-baDe suvAraka vagaleM jhAMkane lagate hai / sva0 vAvU sUrajabhAna jI jaina samAja ke Andolana-bhavana kI nIva kI IMTa the| ve uccakoTi ke lekhaka bhI the| yadi unake dvArA jaina-samAja kA bIsavI zatAbdI kA itihAsa likhA gayA hotA to vaha samAja ke lie apUrva cIja hotI, kintu samAja kA yaha durbhAgya hai ki lAkho rupaye kA prati varSa dAna hone para bhI isa ora koI prayatna na ho sakA aura Andolano ke AcArya vAvU sUrajabhAna jI cale gaye / ava hamArI dRSTi zraddheya pa0 nAthUrAma jI premI kI ora jAtI hai| isa kArya ko ava vahI kara sakate hai kyoki unhone bhI vA0 sUrajabhAna jI kI bhAMti jaina samAja ke isa yuga ke sabhI Andolana dekhe haiM aura uname se adhikAga meM svaya bhAga bhI liyA hai| kaI Andolano ke ve sRSTA bhI hai| idhara ke pacAsa varSoM me jaina samAja me kaI Andolana hue hai, jinameM se kucheka kA paricaya yahAM diyA jAtA hai| (1) chApekhAne kA Adolana isa zatAbdI kA jaina-samAja kA yaha prArabhika eva pramukha Andolana thaa| jaba jaina-pratho kI chapAI zurU huI to jaina samAja meM tahalakA maca gyaa| usake virodha meM baDe-baDe Andolana hue| jaina-pustako ke prakAzako kA vahiSkAra huaa| usa samaya chapI huI jaina-pustako ko sparza karane meM pApa mAnA jAtA thA aura unheM madiro meM le jAne kI sakhta manAI thii| isake pakSa-vipakSa meM kaI varSa taka Andolana calate rhe| sva0 vAbU sUrajabhAna jI, sva0 bA0 jyotiprasAda jI, pa0 cadrasena jI vaidya tathA unake kucha sAthI jaina-pustakeM chapA-chapA kara pracArita kara rahe the aura jainasamAja kA bahubhAga unase sakhta nArAja thaa| unakA bahiSkAra kiyA gayA aura jaina-dharma ke vighAtaka ke rUpa meM unheM dekhA gyaa| dhIre-dhIre virodha kama hotA gyaa| phalata jahAM pahale pUjA-pATho kA chapAnA bhI pApa mAnA jAtA thA, vahA~ vaDe-baDe Agama-atha bhI chapane lge| yahAM taka ki 'jaina-siddhAnta-prakAzinI' sasthA kI sthApanA huI, jisake dvArA gomaTTasAra aura rAjavArtika Adi vIsiyo atha chape tathA unakA sampAdana, anuvAda Adi una paDito ne kiyA, jo chApe ke virodhI the| ava to dhavala-jayadhavala Adi mahAna Agama-atha bhI chapa gaye hai| yadyapi ava bhI kucha nagarI ke kisI-kisI madira meM chapA huA zAstra rakhane athavA usako gAdI para rakha kara vacanikA karane kI mumAniyata hai,

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654 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha tathApi yaha kevala niSprANa rUDhi hI raha gaI hai / ava to sabhI chape hue zAstro ko cAva se paDhate hai aura unakI upayogitA ko anubhava karate hai| jinhone chApe kA prAramika virodha apanI A~kho se nahI dekhA, ve Aja kalpanA bhI nahI kara sakate ki usakA rUpa kitanA ugra thaa| usa samaya aisA mAnA jAtA thA ki chApe' kA yaha Andolana jaina-dharma ko isa yA usa pAra pahuMcA degaa| (2)dassAo kA pUjAdhikAra dassA-pUjA kA Andolana bhI bahuta purAnA hai| sva0pa0 gopAladAsa jI varaiyA isake pradhAna AndolanakartAo me me the| jisa jamAne meM unhone isa Andolana ko prArabha kiyA thA, dassA-pUjAdhikAra kA nAma lenA bhI bhayakara pApa samajhA jAtA thaa| guru gopAladAsa jI kA samAja meM vaDA U~cA sthAna thaa| vartamAna samaya meM jitane bhI paDita dikhAI dete hai, ve saba pa0 gopAladAsa jI ke RNI hai aura ve unheM apanA guru yA 'guruNAguru' svIkAra karate hai| aise prakANDa siddhAntajJa vidvAna ne jaba dekhA ki jana-dharma kI udAratA ko kucala kara adUradarzI samAja eka bar3e samudAya-dassAno-ko pUjA se rokatI hai aura unheM apane janmasiddha adhikAra kA upabhoga nahIM karane detI to unhone usake virodha meM Andolana kiyA aura sareAma ghoSaNA kI ki dassAo ko pUjana kA utanA hI adhikAra hai, jitanA ki dassetaro ko| guru jI kI isa ghoSaNA se bholI-bhAlI jana-samAja tilamilA utthii| use usameM dharma DUvatA dikhAI dene lgaa| paNDito tathA dharmazAstro se anabhijJa seTha logo ne jaina-siddhAnta ke marmajJa gurU jI kA virodha kiyA, kintu usakA pariNAma yaha huA ki yaha Andolana bahuta vyApaka bana gayA / yaha jhagaDA jana-paNDito aura zrImAno ke hAtho se nikala kara adAlata meM phuNcaa| jaina samAja kA karIva eka lAkha rupayA varvAda huA aura anta meM jana-dharma ke sAmAnya siddhAnto se bhI anabhijJa nyAyAdhIzo ne phaisalA diyA ki cUki rivAja nahI hai, isalie dassAo ko pUjA kA adhikAra nahIM hai| isa nirNaya ke vAvajUda bhI Andolana khatma nahI huA,kyoki yaha phaisalA rivAja ko lakSya karake diyA gayA thA aura rivAja to mUDha janatA ke dvArA bhI pracalita hote haiN| rivAja kA tabhI mahatva hotA hai, java usake pIche tarka siddhAnta yA Agama kA vala ho, lekina dukha hai ki rUDhi-bhakta jana-samAja ne jainAgama kI AjJA kI cintA na karake apanI sthiti-pAlakatA ke vazIbhUta hokara dassAmo ko pUjA karane se rokA aura vaha roka Aja bhI pUrNatayA nahI haTI hai| kucha varSa pUrva a0bhA0 digambara jaina-pariSad ne isa Andolana ko apane hAtha meM liyA thA aura usake AdezAnusAra kucha kAryakartAo ne uttara bhArata ke kaI nagaro kA bhramaNa karake sudhAra kI preraNA kI, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa kaI sthAno para dassAmao ne pUjA prArabha kara dii| dassAno ke pUjAdhikAra ke silasile meM aneka mukadame adAlato me laDe gaye aura kaI sthAno para siraphuTovala taka huii| taga Akara kaI dassA-parivAra digambara jaina-dharma kA tyAga karake kevala isalie zvetAmbara ho gae ki unheM digambara-samAja pUjAdhikAra dene ke lie taiyAra nahIM thaa| Andolana ke pariNAmasvarUpa samAja kI manovRtti meM kucha parivartana avazya huA hai| lekina abhI isa dizA meM prayala Avazyaka hai| (3) atarjAtIya vivAha pichale do Andolano kI bhAMti eka aura Andolana calA, jise vijAtIya athavA antarjAtIya vivAhaAndolana kahA jAtA hai / yadyapi yaha Andolana isa zatAbdI ke prArama se hI cala rahA hai, tathApi isane adhika jora Aja se lagabhaga bIsa varSa parva tava pakaDA jaba pa0 daravArIlAla jI nyAyatIthaM ne ise apane hAtha meM liyaa| 50 dara

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jaina samAja ke bIsavI sadI ke pramukha Andolana 655 vArIlAla jI siddhahasta lekhaka hai| qarIba pA~ca varSa taka isI viSaya ko lekara paDita jI likhate rahe / unakai lekho ke kAraNa sthitipAlaka paNDito meM khalabalI maca gaI aura unhone virodha meM kaI lekha likhe, lekina unakA vizeSa pariNAma nahI nikalA / jaina samAja ke kaI patro ne isa Andolana meM bhAga liyaa| kucha ne pakSa meM likhA, kucha ne vipakSa meM / samAja ne dono prakAra ke lekho ko paDhA aura tulanA karake adhikAza buddhijIvI janatA antarjAtIya vivAha ke pakSa meM ho gaI / usI samaya hamane 'vijAtIya mImAsA' pustaka likhI thI, jisame apane pakSa ko yukti aura zrAgama pramANo se siddha kiyA thA / 1 zrantarjAtIya vivAha kI sagati aura upayogitA ko dekha kara aneka logo ne ise kriyAtmaka rUpa meM pariNata kara diyA | jaina-samAja meM dhIre-dhIre antarjAtIya vivAha hone lage / gujarAta prAnta ke digambara jaino kI prAya sabhI upajAtiyo meM antarjAtIya vivAha hone lage / adhikAza munirAjo ne vahA~ antarjAtIya vivAha karane vAlo ke hAtha se AhAra grahaNa kiyA aura vahA~ kisI prakAra kI dhArmika yA sAmAjika roka nahI rahI / pra0 bhA0 digambara jaina - pariSad ne isa Andolana ko paryApta mAtrA meM gati dI / yadi pariSad ke agragaNya netA aura pramukha kAryakarttA svaya apanI satAna kA antarjAtIya vivAha karane kA zrAgraha rakhate to yaha zrAndolana aura bhI adhika saphala siddha hotA / phira bhI gata bIsa varSa ke alpa kAla meM yaha Andolana AzAtIta saphala huA hai / (4) jAlI grathoM kA virodha 1 svAmI samantabhadra ne zAstra kA lakSaNa karate hue batAyA hai ki jo prApta ke dvArA kahA gayA ho aura jisakA khaDana na kiyA jA sake aura jo pUrvApara virodha rahita ho, vaha zAstra hai / kintu durbhAgya se pavitra jaina - zAstro ke nAma para kucha svArthI pakSapAtI bhaTTArako ne pUrvAcAryoM ke nAma se athavA apane hI nAma se aneka jAlI graMtho kI racanA kara DAlI aura ve dharmazraddhA yA zrAgamazraddhA ke nAma para calane bhI lage / isI zraddhAvaza kaI sau varSa taka logo ne yaha nahI socA ki jo cAteM hamAre jainadharma siddhAnto ke sAtha mela nahIM khAtI, ve jina graMtho me haiM, ve hamAre zAstra kyokara ho sakate haiM ? aisI sthiti meM yaha sAhasa kauna kara sakatA thA ki dharma-pratho ke prAsana para ATha una graMtho ko jAlI kaha de athavA unake bAre meM grAzakA prakaTa kre| yadi kabhI koI dave zabdoM meM zakA karatA bhI to use 'jina baca meM zakA na dhAra' vAlI pakti sunAkara cupa kara diyA jAtA / kintu isa prakAra ke jAlI gratha kava taka cala sakate the / zraddheya pa0 nAthUrAma jI premI kA 'jaina- hitaiSI' patra nikalanA prAraMbha huA / usameM svataMtra aura vicArapUrNa lekha zrAne lage / . kucha lekhako ne sAhasa kiyA aura jAlI gratho ke virodha meM likhanA prAraMbha kara diyaa| jaina samAja meM tahalakA maca gyaa| kaTTarapathI ghavarA gaye / unheM aisA lagA ki zrava jainAgama kA nAza huA / samAlocako ke viruddha lekha likhe jAne lage, sabhAe~ hone lagI aura unakA bahiSkAra kiyA jAne lgaa| jyojyo unakA virodha huA, samIkSako kA sAhasa vaDhatA gayA, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa jAlI graMtho ke viruddha vIsa lekha likhe gaye / unameM se mAnanIya zrI premI jI aura mahAna samAlocaka-parIkSaka pa0 jugalakizora jI mukhtAra kA nAma sarvaprathama liyA jAtA hai / zraddheya premI jI ne karIva 20 varSa pUrva likhA thA - "varSA kA jala jisa zuddha rUpa meM barasatA hai, usa rUpa meM nahIM rahatA / zrAkAza ke nIce utarate-utarate aura jalAzayo meM pahu~cate-pahu~cate vaha vikRta ho jAtA hai / phira bhI jo vastu-tatva ke marmajJa hai unheM una saba vikRtiyo se pRthaka vAstavika jala kA patA lagAne meM dera nahI lagatI / * vecAre sarala prakRti ke loga isa bAta kI kalpanA bhI nahI kara sakate ki ghUrta loga zrAcArya bhadravAhu, kundakunda, umAsvAti, bhagavajjinasena Adi baDe-baDe pUjya munirAjo ke nAma se bhI gratha banAkara pracalita kara sakate haiM / " harSa aura saubhAgya kI bAta hai ki mAnanIya pa0 jugalakizora jI mukhtAra ne apanI painI buddhi aura tIkSNa lekhanI se aise banAvaTI - jAlI graMtho ke virodha meM zrAja se karIva tIsa varSa pUrva tava Andolana khar3A kiyA thA, jaba loga

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premI-abhinaMdana-graMtha 'vAvA vAkya pramANa' ko hI mahatva dete the| zrI mukhtAra sAhaba ne somasena trivarNAcAra, dharmaparIkSA (zvetAmbara), akalaka pratiSThA-pATha, aura pUjyapAda-upAsakAcAra ke virodha me yuktyAgama sagata vIso lekha likhe, (jo 'atha-parIkSA' tIsarA bhAga ke nAma se pustakAkAra prakAzita hue) jinase samAja kI AMkheM khula gaI / isase bhI pUrva unhone 'prathaparIkSA ke do bhAga likhe the, mora 'jainAcAryoM kA zAsana bheda' Adi para lekha likhe the tathA karIba bAraha varSa pUrva 'sUrya prakAza' atha ke khaDana me sUryaprakAza parIkSA' likhI thI |aapke una lekho aura pustakone jaina samAja kA vaDA upakAra kiyA aura samAja kI andhazraddhA miTAkara use satpatha dikhaayaa| ___ isame koI sandeha nahIM ki jisa somasena 'trivarNAcAra' kI jinavANI kI bhAMti pUjA ho rahI thI, vaha zrI mukhtAra sAhaba ke lekho aura samIkSA pustako (grathaparIkSA bhAga 3) se ghRNAspada mAnA jAne lagA / yaha hAla una sabhI gratho kA huA, jinake virodha meM mukhtAra sAhaba ne kucha bhI likhA hai| abhI-abhI kucha muniyo eva bhaTTArakIya paramparA vAle jaina sAdhuo dvArApuna rana tathA unase milate-julate jAlo grayo kA pracAra prArabha huA thaa| sva0 muni sudharmasAgara jI kA isameM kAphI hAtha rahA hai / unhone 'sUryaprakAza' aura 'carcAsAgara' kA pracAra kiyA, 'dAna-vicAra' aura 'sudharmazrAvakAcAra' nAmaka prayo kI racanA kI, unheM chapAyA aura pracArita kiyA, kintu jaba unakA DaTa kara virodha huA, samIkSAe~ likhI gaI to samAja ke netra khule aura una jAlI gratho ke prati ghora dhRNA ho gii| kSullaka jJAnasAgara jI (sva0 muni sudharmasAgara jI) ne 'sUryaprakAza' jaise mithyAtvapoSaka atha ko AcArya nemicandrakRta batAne kA pratisAhasa kiyaa| usakA anuvAda kiyA aura chapavA kara use pracArita kiyaa| zrI mukhtAra sAhaba ne usa ke virodha meM kaI lekha likha kara use vilkula jAlI, mithyAtva pUrNa aura jainatva kA nAzaka siddha kara diyaa| carcAsAgara, dAnavicAra, aura sudharmazrAvakAcAra Adi granyo kI samIkSAe~ hamane likhI thI, jinheM lekara kaI varSa taka jaina-payo meM carcA calatI rhii| hamArI pustaka 'carcAsAgara-samIkSA' kI bhUmikA meM pa0 nAthUrAma jI premI ne likhA thA, "hamArA vizvAsa hai ki svargIya pa0 vanArasIdAsa jI aura pa0 ToDaramala jI Adi ne jo sadviveka jJAna kI jyoti prakaTa kI thI, vaha sarvathA vujha nahI gaI I-hajAro-lAkho dharmapremiyo ke hRdaya meM vaha Aja bhI prakAzamAna hai-aura isalie hame yaha AzA karanI cAhie ki malinIkRta aura nirmala jina-zAsana ke bheda ko samajhane meM unhe adhika kaThinAI nahI pddegii|" aura bhI bahuta se mithyAtvapoSaka atha race gaye, jinakA isa zatAbdI meM khUba virodha huaa| dillI]

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Rgveda meM sUryA kA vivAha zrI dharmendranAtha zAstrI Rgveda hinduo kA dhArmika gratha hai ayavA Arya sabhyatA kI prAcInatama gAthA, dono hI dazAo me yaha mAnanA paDegA ki usameM hamArI nabhyatA kA udgama srota vidyamAna hai| purAtattva ke vidvAno ke liye bhAnava-vikAma kI pahelI ko namajhane kI dRSTi me Rgveda kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai hI, para hamAre liye to vaha anivArya hai, kyoki hamAre rASTrIya jIvana kA mUlarupa umameM maujUda hai, jisakA samajhanAna kevala hamAre samAja ke nava nirmANa meM sahAyaka hogA, pratyuta vaha hamAre jIvana ke lie navIna sphUrti kA satata zrota bhI hogaa| hamAre pArivArika aura sAmAjika jIvana kA AdhAra vivAha kI prathA hai| isa prathA ke viSaya meM jo kucha bhI paricaya hameM Rgveda me milatA hai vaha hamAre liye kitanA rucikara aura upayogI hogA, yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nhii| Rgveda-jaise vistRta Aya meM vikharI huI vivAha-mavadhI jitanI bAteM hai, una sava kA sacaya kara unheM vyavasthita rUpa meM prastuta karanA mahAn kArya hai| yaha lekha vivAha-savadhI mukhya sUkta-'sUryAsRkta' (maNDala 10, sU0 85)ke adhyayana taka hI sImita hai / usa sUkta se, jahA~ taka usakA artha isa samaya taka samajhA jA sakA hai, vivAha-prathA ke viSaya meM hameM jo paricaya milatA hai, vahI isa lekha me dikhAyA jaaygaa| Rgveda AryoM yA bhArata-yUropIya (IndoEuropean)parivAra kAhI nahIM, pratyuta sArI mAnava-jAti kA sabase prAcIna gratha nirvivAda rUpa se svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| isalie usameM sUryA ke vivAha kA varNana mAnava-jAti ke itihAsa meM vivAha kA sabase purAnA varNana hai aura isa dRSTi se vaha hamAre liye atyanta rocaka hai| usa prAgaitihAsika kAla me jo vivAha-prayA kI jhalaka dikhAI detI hai, Aja taka bhI hinduoM ke vivAha meM vahI prathA lagabhaga usI rUpa me vidyamAna hai / saca to yaha hai ki sUryA Arya-jAti kI Adi vadhU hai aura Aja bhI pratyeka AryavadhU, jo vivAha-maNDapa me AtI hai, sUryA kAhI rUpa hai, mAno vAra-bAra 'sUryA' hI hamAre sAmane AtI hai| yugAntarakArI rAjanaitika parivartano ke vIca bhI hinduo ne apanI sAmAjika prayAno ko akSuNNa rakkhA hai, isakA imase vaDA pramANa aura kyA mila sakatA hai ? Rgveda meM sUryA kA vivAha prAkRtika jagata meM hone vAlI eka ghaTanA kA AlakArika rUpa hai, jaisA ki hama Age dekheNge| vastuta Rgaveda ke adhikAza devatA prAkRtika ghaTanAo kI puruSavidha (Anthropomorphic) kalpanA ke rUpa meM hai, yaha vAta prAya sabhI vaidika vidvAn svIkAra karate hai| AlaGkArika hote hue bhI usa meM jo vivAha sambandhI varNana hai aura vizeSakara vivAha ke viSaya meM pratijJA-sUcaka mantra hai unameM se adhikAza gRhya-sUtro meM dI huI vivAha kI paddhati meM liye gaye hai, aura ve Aja taka hinduo kI vivAha-paddhati meM pracalita hai| ina RcAmo meM vivAha ke savadha meM jaise hRdaya-sparzI udAtta bhAva hai, vaise sasAra kI kisI bhI vivAha-paddhati meM milanA kaThina hai| Winternitz Indian literature Vol P 107 Macdonell. Sanskrit Literature p 67 " Process of Personification by which natural phenomena developed into gods" 'pAraskara gRhyasUtra kANDa 1, kaNDikA 3-8 / 'RSi dayAnandaH saMskAravidhi vivAha prakaraNa / tathA SoDaza saskAra-paddhati govinda prasAda zAstrI racita (sanAtana dharmarItyA)-vivAha prakaraNa / 83

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658 premI-abhinavana-patha yadi isa samaya hamArI vivAha-paddhati kI gaurava-gabhIratA utanI prabhAvotpAdaka nahIM to isakA kAraNa sabhavata yaha hai ki aneka prakAra kI vidhiyo ke vistRta jajAla meM, jo ki Adhunika samaya meM nIrasa, nirarthaka aura vahudhA hAsyAspada-sI pratIta hotI hai, ina RcAo kA sarala saudarya bilakula daba jAtA hai| yadi samayAnusAra prabhAvotpAdaka aura sarala vivAha-paddhati taiyAra kI jAya to ina RcAo kI udAtta, ojasvI aura sajIva bhAvanA meM vivAha kA sarvotkRSTa Adarza milegaa| sUryAsUkta me hame vivAha-paddhati kA paripUrNa citra nahIM milatA, parantu phira bhI usa dizA meM isa sUkta se jo paricaya prApta hotA hai, vaha atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| sUryAsUkta Rgveda ke dazama maNDala kA 65vAM sUkta hai| isameM 41 RcAe hai / isa prakAra yaha Rgveda ke vaDe sUkto me se hai / isa sUkta kI RSi bhI svaya sUryA hai| yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki Rgveda ke aura bhI aneka sUkto kI RSi striyA~ hai / isa sUkta ke devatA, jo ki viSayasUcaka hote hai, vibhinna hai / pahale pA~ca mano meM sUryA ke pati soma kA varNana hai / isalie unakA devatAsoma hai| agale 11 mano meM vivAha kA varNana hai / ata unakA devatA vivAha hI hai| isI prakAra agalI RcAlo meM bhI vivAha-savadhI AzIrvAda, vastra Adi kA varNana hai| isalie una-una viSayo ko hI isa sUkta kA devatA kahA jAyagA / isa sUkta kI RcAo kA krama, pUrvApara bhAva abhI taka spaSTa samajha meM nahIM A sakA hai| yaha kahanA aprAsagika na hogA ki kisI vaidika vidvAna dvArA isa atyanta mahattvapUrNa sUkta ke viziSTa adhyayana kA patA lekhaka ko nahIM milA hai| pUrvApara bhAva spaSTa na hone se hameM matro para vicAra karane me sUkta kA krama choDanA par3A hai| aneka RcAmo kA prAzaya abhI taka spaSTa nahIM hai| isalie kevala aisI RcAmo para hI isa lekha meM vicAra kiyA jAyagA, jo spaSTa rUpa se vivAhapaddhati ke viSaya meM prakAza DAlatI hai / / sabase pahale sUryA ke vivAha ke alakAra kI AdhArabhUta prAkRtika ghaTanA kA samajhanA Avazyaka hai, kyoki jo vidvAna Rgveda ko prAcIna yuga kI gAthA ke rUpa meM aitihAsika dRSTi se dekhate hai, ve bhI isa sUkta meM aitihAsika gAthA na mAna kara ise prAkRtika ghaTanA kAhI pAlakArika varNana svIkAra karate hai / yahA~ 'sUryA' sUrya yA savitA kI putrI hai| bahuto ke vicAra me yaha savitA kI putrI 'uSA' hai, parantu vastuta yaha pratIta hotA hai ki sUrya kI kiraNeM hI sUrya kI putrI 'sUryA' ke rUpa meM hai / 'soma' Rgveda me sAdhAraNatayA usa vanaspati ke liye prAyA hai, jisase somarasa nikAlA jAtA thA, parantu yaha soma vanaspatiyo kA rAjA hai aura candramA ko bhI vanaspatiyo kA rAjA mAnA gayA hai| isaliye 'soma' zabda candramA ke liye bhI Rgveda meM tathA vAda ke sAhitya me Ane lagA hai| isa sUkta meM bhI soma zabda candramA ke liye hai, yaha sUkta ke prathama pAMca matro meM hI spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai| prazna yaha hai ki candramA kA sUrya kI kiraNo ke sAtha vivAha kA kyA artha hai ? sabhI jAnate hai ki candramA sUrya kI kiraNo dvArA hI camakatA hai| vaijJAnika batAte hai ki candramA vujhe hue koyale kA eka bar3A piNDa mAnA gayA hai| sUrya kI kiraNo se sayukta hokara vaha camaka uThatA hai, prakAzaka aura AhlAdaka hotA hai aura kaviyo kI kalpanA me vaha amRta se bharA huA sudhAsamudra bana jAtA hai| yahI ghaTanA candramA se sUrya kI kiraNo kA vivAha hai| kitanI hRdayaGgama kalpanA hai| isameM kitanA mahattvapUrNa satya vidyamAna hai / manuSya kA jIvana koyale kA Dhera hai, nIrasa hai, andhakAramaya hai, nirjIva hai, kintu strI kA sayoga use sarasa vanAtA hai, prakAza detA hai aura sajIva kara detA hai / strI puruSa ke jIvana kI jyoti hai| sUkta ke matro para vicAra karane se pUrva yaha batalA denA Avazyaka hai ki Rgveda kI nArI Adhunika hindU samAja kI nArI ke samAna nirvala, dalita aura vyaktitvahIna nahI, pratyuta vaha gauravazAlinI gRha kI svAminI hai / vaha vazinI' sAre ghara ko vaza meM karane vAlI hai| itanA hI nahI vaha ghara kI 'samrAjJI hai| isase adhika gauravapUrNa adhikAra 'Rgveda 108 / 26 / 'Rgveda 105046 /

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Rgveda meM sUryA kA vivAha 656 sUcaka zabda kyA ho sakatA hai ? hamArI saskRti me yaha bhAvanA calI AtI hai ki strI hI ghara hai-'gRhiNI gRhamucyate' isa bhAvanA kA srota bhI Rgveda kA yaha matra hI hai-'jAyedastam" (jAyA+it +astam) arthAt strI hI ghara hai / Rgaveda me strI kA yaha svarUpa prAdhunika pAlocako kI bhAvanA se mela nahIM khAtA, kyoki samajhA jAtA hai ki vaidika AryoM kA samAja pitRtantra (Patriarchic) parivAra se banA thA, jisake anusAra strI kA pada hIna hai| isake viparIta bhArata me pAryoM se pahale vidyamAna drAviDa sabhyatA kA parivAra mAtRtantra (Matriarchic) thA, jisameM strI kA sthAna puruSa se adhika gauravapUrNa hai / Arya eka sthAna para na rahane vAle sAhasapriya vijetA the| isaliye unake samudAya meM striyo kA pada utanA gauravazAlI nahI ho sakatA thA, parantu drAviDa sabhyatA sthira jIvana kI poSaka nAgarika sabhyatA thii| ata usame strI kA pada ucca honA svAbhAvika thA / isa dRSTi se Adhunika hindU samAja meM, jo ki vaidika Aryo tathA drAviDa jAti kI saskRti kA sammizraNa hai, striyo kA pada vaidika saMskRti se kucha uccatarahI honA cAhie thA, parantu vAstavika sthiti isase ThIka ulTI hai| kina-kina saskRtiyo ke saparka se kina-kina paristhitiyo me bhAratIya nArI kA sAmAjika pada unnata aura avanata huA hai, yaha itihAsa ke vidyArthiyo ke liye eka jaTila samasyA hai, jisakA pAlocanAtmaka adhyayana honA caahie| ___ strI kA pada gauravapUrNa hote hue bhI vaidika saMskRti me isa prAkRtika tathya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki strI puruSa ke dvArA rakSA aura Azraya kI upekSA rakhatI hai| vivAha se pUrva kanyA mAtA-pitA ke pAzraya meM rahane ke sAthasAtha vizeSakara apane bhAI ke marakSaNa meM rahatI hai, yaha vaidika saMskRti ke 'bhrAtA' zabda kI vizeSa bhAvanA hai| 'bhrAtA' zabda kA ghAttvartha na kevala saskRta me, pratyuta bhArata-yUropIya parivAra kI sabhI bhASAo meM (rakSA karane vAlA) arthAt vahina kA rakSaka hai| isa prakAra 'bhrAtRttva' kA pravRtti nimittaka mUla artha vahina kI dRSTi se hI hai| do sage bhAiyo ke bIca 'bhAI' zabda kA prayoga gauNa rUpa se hI ho sakatA hai| usakA maulika prayoga to vahina kI dRSTi se hotA hai| isI liye bhAI ke dvArA vahina kI rakSA kA bhAva hamArI saMskRti me aotaprota hai aura vaha manuSya kI udAttatama bhAvanAyo me ginA jAtA hai / imI dRSTi se bhAI bahina kA sneha atyanta niSkAma aura madhuratama hai tathA bhAI kA vahina ke prati kartavya ati vIrocita bhAvanAme bharapUra hai / pajAvI bhASA meM bhAI ke lie 'vIra' zabda kA prayoga kitanAsAragarmita hai| isa prakAra Rgveda kI nArI jahAM vartamAna hindU strI ke samAna gauravahIna aura vyaktitvahIna nahI hai, vahA~ Adhunika pazcima kI nArI ke samAna puruSa kI rakSA aura chAyA se pRthak svacchanda vicarane vAlI strI bhI nahI hai / vivAha ke savadha me pati kA cunAva eka maulika prazna hai / yaha cunAva bhI na to vartamAna hindU samAja ke samAna hai, jisame kanyA aura vara kA koI hAtha hI nahI aura na pazcima ke samAna hai, jisameM yuvaka aura yuvatI hI sarvesarvA hai aura svaya hI apane lie sAthI DhUDhate hai / Rgveda ke cunAva me tIna aza spaSTa dikhAI dete hai (1) vara vadhU kA pArasparika cunAva, vizeSakara kanyA kA apanI icchApUrvaka pati ko cunnaa| (2) mAtA-pitA aura vandhupro dvArA cunAva me sahayoga, prayatna aura anumati / (3) sArvajanika anumati arthAt sAdhAraNa paDosI janatA dvArA usa sabadha kI svIkRti / ina tIna vAto para prakAza DAlane vAle sUryAsUkta ke do mahattvapUrNa mantra nimnalikhita hai yadazvinA pRcchamAnAvayAta tricakreNa vahata suuryaayaa| vizve devA anu tadvAmajAnan putraH pitarAvavRNIta pUSA // (R0 1085014) 'Rgveda 10 // 53 // 4 //

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premI-prabhinadana-graMtha 660 somo vaDyurabhadazvivAstAmubhA vraa| sUryA yatpatye zasatI manasA savitA dadAt // (R0 1018 ) arthAt (a) jisa samaya he azvin ! tuma sUryA ke vivAha kA prastAva karate hue tIna cakravAle ratha me Aye, sava devo ne tumhAre prastAva para anumati dI aura putra pUSA (?) ne tumako pitA ke rUpa meM cunaa| (A) usa samaya moma vadhuyu (vadhU ko cAhane vAlA vara) thA aura dono azvina vara (yahAM vara dUsare artha meM hai jaisA ki nIce spaSTa kiyA jAyagA) the, java ki mana se pati ko cAhatI huI sUryA ko (usake pitA) savitA ne (soma ke liye) diyaa| ina matro se nimnalikhita vAte spaSTa hotI hai (1) isa vivAha meM 'sUryA' vadhU hai aura soma 'vadhUyu' arthAt vadhU ko cAhane vAlA yA varane vAlA hai| yahA~ 'vadhUyu' zabda pracalita 'vara' ke artha meM hai| (2) dono azvina vara hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki yahAM vara zabda pracalita artha se bhinna artha meM hai| yahA~ 'vara' kA artha vivAha karane vAlA nahIM hai, balki vivAha karane vAle vadhUyu ke liye kanyA kA cunane vAlA, DhUDhane vAlA, vivAha kA prastAva lekara jAne vAlA aura vivAha ko nizcaya karAne vAlA 'vara' hai| dono 'azvin' vara hai, kyoki ve soma ke lie kanyA ko cunate haiM / vivAha kA prastAva lekara jAte hai / pAzcAtya vyavahAra meM unako vara kA mukhya prAdamI kahA jA sakatA hai| (3) azvin jisa vivAha kA prastAva lekara jAte hai, jo cunAva unhone kiyA hai, usa para saba deva (sava janatA) jo parivAra se sambaddha hai, apanI anumati dete hai| (4) dono azvino ke prastAva karane para sUryA kA pitA savitA use svIkAra karatA hai| (5) parantu pitA kI anumati tabhI sabhava ho sakI java ki vadhU sUryA ne soma ko icchApUrvaka pati svIkAra kiyA hai (patye zasatI mnsaa)| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki cunAva meM tIna aza hai-kanyA ke dvArA cunAva, mAtA-pitA kI svIkRti aura janatA kI anumti| yahAM pUrvokta 14veM mantra ke antima pada-putra pitarAvavRNIt pUSA' kA kucha vivecana karanA aprAsagika na hogaa| zabdArtha to yahI hogA ki "putra pUSA ne tuma azvino ko pitA ke rUpa meM cunaa"| isakA kyA matalaba ho sakatA hai ? isa para sAyaNa cupa hai, para griphitha likhatA hai, 'pUSA' sUrya hai| usane azvino ko pitA isalie mAnA ki unhone usakI laDakI ke vivAha kA pravadha kiyA, parantu yaha bilakula ayukta mAlUma paDatA hai, kyoki azvina, jaisA Upara kahA gayA hai, 'soma' kI tarapha ke mukhya puruSa hai| usako laDakI kA pitA savitA apanA vanyu yA bhAI cuna sakatA hai, na ki pitA, kyo ki savitA soma kA zvazura pitRsthAnIya hai| vaha soma ke pakSa ke vyakti ko yadi vaha (moma kA) pitRsthAnIya bhI ho to use 'bhAI' cuna sakatA hai, na ki pitA / vastuta sAyaNa, griphitha, yA anya TIkAkAro ko isakA artha spaSTa nahIM huaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yahAM 'pUSA' zabda soma ke liye hai, jisakA kAraNa koI bhI vaidika kalpanA ho sakatI hai, jo ki spaSTa nahIM hai| cAhe kisI vizeSa dRSTi se ho, para hai yaha 'pUpA' zabda soma ke liye / java 'azvin' soma ke liye kanyA DhUMDhane calate hai to yaha svAbhAvika hai ki soma una azvino ko apanA pitA cune / 'pUSA' zabda isa sUkta meM savitA ke liye nahI ho sakatA, balki soma ke liye hI hai| yaha bAta isa sUkta ke 26ve matra se bhI spaSTa hotI hai / 26veM matra kA pahilA bhAga isa prakAra hai - pUSA sveto nayatu hastagRhmAzvinA tvA pravahatA rathena // (R0 108 / 26)

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Rgveda meM sUryA kA vivAha 661 he sUryA (vadhU) pUpA hAtha pakaDa kara tumako yahA~ se le jAye aura dono zragvin tumako ( pati ke ghara) ratha se pahu~cAyeM / yaha to isa mUkta meM spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki sUryA ko ratha para baiThA kara le jAnA zrazvino kA kAma hai, parantu 'sUryA' ko hAtha pakaTa kara le jAne vAlA 'pUpA' soma hI ho sakatA hai, na ki sUryA kA pitA savitA / kucha bhI ho, 'pUpA' kA vAstavika zrarthaM ima mUkta meM vicAraNIya hai / kanyA ke dvArA svecchApUrvaka vara ke cunAva kI bAta Rgveda meM dUsarI jagaha aura bhI spaSTa aura kucha avika joradAra zabdo meM pAI jAtI hai / Rgveda ke 10 veM maNDala ke 21veM mUkta kA manya hai -- bhadrA vaghUrbhavati yatsupaizA svaya sA mitra vanute janecit // R 10 / 21 / 12 jo magalambaspA sundara vadhU hai, vaha manuSyoM meM apane 'mitra' (sAthI pati) ko svaya cunatI haiM / yahA~ para 'svaya vanute' yaha bahuta hI spaSTa haiM / pati ke cunAva ke bAda prazna AtA hai vivAha kI tithi ke nirNaya kaa| isa viSaya meM sUryAmUkta kA 13 vA~ mantra isa prakAra hai - sUryAyA vahatu prAgAt savitA yamavAsRNata / aghAsu hanyante gAvo'rjuno paryuhyate // 101685 13 sUryA kA vivAha savavI daheja (vahatu ) jo savitA ne diyA, pahile hI bhejA gayA, zraghA ( maghA nakSatroM me zrarthAt (mAgha mAsa meM) gAyeM calane ke liye tADita kI jAtI hai aura arjunI nakSatro meM (phAlgunI mAma meM) vivAha ke bAda vadhU ko le jAyA jAtA hai / ima mantra se nimna bAteM hamAre sAmane AtI hai (1) vivAha meM kanyA kA pitA' daheja detA hai aura vaha daheja vivAha me pahile hI bheja diyA jAtA hai / daheja ke viSaya meM adhika vicAra zrAge kiyA jAyagA / - (2) 'aghAsu hanyante gAva ' isakA artha sAyaNa karatA hai ki mAgha mAsa meM daheja meM dI huI gAyeM soma ke ghara jAne ko tADita kI jAtI hai, arthAt prerita kI jAtI hai / parantu 'rAya' (Roth) ke anusAra eka mAsa pUrva hone vAle vivAha savaghI bhoja ke liye gAyeM mArI jAtI hai, aisA artha hai / yahA~ pahile bhAga me spaSTa rUpa se daheja kI carcA hai aura yaha bAta mAnI huI hai ki daheja kI mukhya vastu gAyeM thI, jo prayA jAmAtA ko godAna dene ke rUpa meM Ajataka vidyamAna hai / isalie mAyaNa kA zrayaM hI upayukta pratIta hotA hai / (3) gAyeM mAgha ke mAsa meM bhejI jAtI hai aura vivAha usake bAda phAlguna mAsa meM hotA hai / phAlguna mAma hI vivAha kA samaya thA, yA kevala sUryA ke vivAha meM hI phAlguna mAsa hai, yaha bAta vicAraNIya hai / Upara daheja kI carcA zrAI hai| Rgveda meM daheja vivAha kA Avazyaka zrama pratIta hotA hai / yadyapi zrAjakala daheja kI prayA hindU samAja ke lie abhizApa rupa ho rahI haiM, tayApi yaha yAda rakhanA cAhiye ki daheja kI prathA kI maulika bhAvanA kanyAtro ke mavadha meM ucca naitika zrAdarza ko prakaTa karatI hai / sasAra kI una prAcIna jAtiyoM meM, jahA~ naitika Adarzo kA vikAsa nahI huA thA, prAya kanyA ke vivAha meM vana lene kI yA dUsare zabdo meM kanyA ko becane kI prathA pAI jAtI hai / daheja kI prathA ThIka usakA ulTA rUpa hai / " 'daheja dene kA sabadha vizeSakara bhAI ke sAtha haiM, aisA Rgveda ke 11106 / 2 mantra se pratIta hotA hai / 1 kucha zrAlocakoM kA vicAra hai ki daheja kI prathA ke sAtha-sAtha usase viparIta isa prathA kI bhI jhalaka Rgveda meM milatI hai ki vara kI ora se kanyA ke mAtA-pitA ko dhana diyA jAya /

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premI abhinavana - pratha mukhya dahez2a 'go' kA hai, jo pahile hI bheja diyA jAtA thA, jaisA ki Upara zrAyA hai, parantu usake sivAya anya daheja kA bhI varNana sUryAsUkta ke 7veM mantra me hai 662 cittirA upabarhaNa cakSurA abhyaJjanam / bhUmiH koza zrAsIdyadayAt sUryA patim // ( R0 10168512 ) citti ( vicAra yA devatA vizeSa ) usakA takiyA thA aura cakSu hI netro meM lagAne kA aJjana yA uvaTana thA / dyuloka aura bhUmi hI sUryA kA koSa thA, jaba ki vaha pati ke ghara gaI / isa mantra meM to AlakArika varNana hone se daheja kI vastue~ kAlpanika hai, para yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki (1) takiyA yA takiyA se upalakSita bistara (palaga Adi ) tathA (2) zRgAra sAmagrI aura (3) bahuta sA dhana daheja meM diyA jAtA thA / daheja kA bahuta kucha yahI rUpa abhI taka calA A rahA hai / vivAha ke samaya jisa prakAra vara ke mukhya kAryakartA puruSa azvin hai, usI prakAra kanyA kI saheliyA~ bhI hotI thI, jo vivAha saMskAra meM sahAyatA detI thI -- raibhyAsIdanudevI nArAzasI nyocanI / sUryAyA bhadramidvAso gAthayeti pariSkRtam // ( R0 1028526) raMbhI (RcA) usakI sahelI ( zranudeyI) nArAzasI (RcA) usako pati ghara le jAne vAlI ( nyocanI) thI aura sUryA kI sundara vezabhUSA gAyA ne sajAI thI / sUryA ke viSaya meM to saheliyA~ RcAo ke rUpa meM kAlpanika hai, parantu saheliyo kA asalI rUpa kyA thA ? sAyaNa ke anusAra 'anudevI' kA artha hai vaha sahelI, jo vadhU ke sAtha jAtI hai aura 'nyocanI' jo ki sevikA ke rUpa meM vadhU ke sAtha me bhejI jAtI hai, parantu ina saba kA vAstavika rUpa abhI taka aspaSTa hI hai / isake bAda saskAra ke samaya purohita kyA prAdeza detA thA aura vara-vadhU kA vAgdAna kisa rUpa meM hotA thA, isa para sUryAsUkta kyA prakAza DAlatA hai, yaha dekhanA cAhie / sUryAsUkta kA pahilA matra hai satyenottabhitA bhUmiH sUryeNottabhitA dyo RtenAdityAstiSThanti divi somo zradhizrita // ( R0 108511 ) satya ke dvArA pRthivI ThaharI huI hai aura satya ke dvArA hI sUrya ne AkAza ko sabhAla rakkhA hai / prakRti ke aTala satya niyama se Aditya Thahare hue hai aura usI se zrAkAza me candramA sthita hai / vivAha-saMskAra aura dAmpatya jIvana kI bhUmikA meM kyA isase sundara bhAva rakkhe jA sakate hai ? sArA jagata 'satya' para ThaharA huA hai aura vaha satya hI dAmpatya jIvana kA AdhAra hai| mAnava ke andara bhagavAna kA divya rUpa satya sAdhanA hI hai / jIvana bhara ke liye kisI ko apanA sAthI cunanA mAnava-jIvana kI sabase pavitra aura sabase mahattvapUrNa satya pratijJA hai / yaha 'satya' hI do hRdayo ke granthi-vandhana kA zrAdhAra hai / usa satya ko sAkSI banA kara vivAha saskAra kA prAraMbha hotA hai / yaha vicitra sI bAta hai ki gRhyasUtro meM isa mahattvapUrNa mantra ko vivAha-saMskAra meM sthAna nahI diyA / vastuta yaha eka baDI bhUla huI hai / vivAha saskAra kI prastAvanA meM isa vaidika RcA ke dvArA ucca madhura svara me 'satya' kA AvAhana kitanA prabhAvotpAdaka hotA hogA / isake vAda vivAha-saMskAra kA prAraMbha hotA hai, jisakA mukhya rUpa purohita kI ghoSaNA hai, jo isa sUkta ke vizeSakara cAra mantro (24-27) me hai / ye cAro mantra atyanta sAragarbhita bhAvo se bhare hue haiM / yahA~ yaha kaha denA anAvazyaka na hogA ki isa sUkta ke sAre mantro kA sabadha vizeSakara kanyA se hI hai, kyoki vivAha-saMskAra kI

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Rgveda meM sUryA kA vivAha 663 mukhya pAtra kanyA hai, vara utanA nahI, kyoki vivAha-saskAra ke dvArA kanyA apanA vyaktitva vara ke vyaktitva meM milAtI hai| mantra nimnalikhita hai - pratvA muJcAmi varuNasya pAzA yena tvA'vaghnAt savitA suzeva / Rtasya yonau sukRtasya loke'riSTA tvA saha patyA dadhAmi / / (R0 1085524) he sUrye, mai tumheM usa varuNa ke pAza se chur3AtA hU~, jisase sukhada savitA ne tumheM bAMdha rakkhA thaa| maiM tumako jo akSata (sarvathA pradUSita) ho, isa satya pratijJA (Rta) kI vedI para puNya karma-yukta jagata meM jAne ke liye pati ke sAtha joDatA huuN| vaha varuNa (satya dharma ke adhiSThAtA deva) kA vandhana, jisase kanyA pitA ke ghara baMdhI huI hai, kaumAra jIvana kA vrata hai| vivAha ke samaya taka kanyA 'ariSTA' hai, usakA pavitra kaumArya akSata hai| satya kI vedI para use pati ke sAtha purohita ne joDA hai, puNya karmoM ke jagata meM (sukRtasya loke) jAne ke liye, kyoki puNya kA sacaya hI dAmpatya jIvana kA Adarza hai| preto muJcAmi nAmuta suvaddhAmamutaskaram / yatheyamindra mIdaH suputrA subhagAsati // (R0 108 / 25) mai (purohita) isa kanyA ko idhara se (pitRkula se) chur3AtA hU~, udhara se joDatA hU~, jisase ki he varSaka indra, yaha kanyA putravAlI aura bhAgyazAlI ho|| isa prakAra kanyA pitRkula se chUTakara dRDhatA ke sAtha patikula meM jur3a jAtI hai / pUSA tveto nayatu hastagRhyAzvinA tvA pravahatA rathena / gRhAna gaccha gRhapatnI yathAso vazinI tva vidayamAvadAsi // (R0 108 / 26) pUSA tuma ko hAtha pakaDa kara yahA~ se le jAye aura dono azvina tuma ko (pati ke ghara) ratha meM phuNcaaeN| tuma pati ke ghara jAo, jisase unake ghara kI svAminI hokara aura sAre ghara ko vaza me kara (vazinI) apane adhikAra (vidatha) kI ghoSaNA kro| __pati ke ghara meM patnI kI maryAdA aura sthiti kyA hai, isa bAta ko yaha mantra batAtA hai / isa mantra ke tIna zabda vahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| (1) 'gRhapatnI' (ghara kI svAminI) (2) 'vazinI' (sava ghara ko vaza me rakhane vAlI) (3) 'vidayamAvadAsi' zAsana adhikAra kI ghoSaNA karane vAlI (vidatha-zAsana) / sAyaNa ne 'vazinI' kA artha kiyA hai, saba ghara ke logo ko vaza meM lAne vAlI athavA pati ke vaza meM rahane vaalii| yaha spaSTa hai ki 'vazinI' kA pichalA artha vaza meM rahane vAlI vilakula asagata hai aura sAyaNa ne apane kAla kI paristhiti ke anusAra yo hI kara DAlA hai| agalA mantra sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa hai - iha priya prajayA te samRdhyatAmasmin gRhe gArhapatyAya jAgRhi / rAnA patyA tanva sasRjasvAdhA jivI vidathamAvadAtha // (R0 10 / 8 / 27) isa patikula meM tumhArA priya sukha-saubhAgya santAno ke sAtha samRddha ho| isa ghara meM tuma gRhapatitva sabadhI kartavya ke prati sajaga rho| isa pati ke sAtha apane zarIra (vyaktitva) ko joDa kara eka kara do aura phira dono eka hokara vRddha hone taka apane adhikAra kA pAlana kro|

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premI-prabhinadana-pratha 664 mantra ke pahile bhAga me santAno ke sAtha samRddha hone aura apane gRha-svAminI hone ke kartavya aura adhikAra ke viSaya meM jAgarUka rahane kA Adeza hai / mantra ke dUsare bhAga me gRhastha jIvana ke caramaniSkarSa ko rakha diyA hai| pati ke sAtha apane zarIra ko joDanA bhautika artha me nahI, kintu pAtmika artha meM hai| (hamAre prAcIna sAhitya meM AtmA aura zarIra dono zabda eka dUsare ke liye prAjAte hai)| isa prakAra pati-patnI eka ho jAte hai aura unake liye usake sAtha hI sammilita dvivacana kA prayoga buDhApe taka adhikAra-pAlana ke viSaya me A jAtA hai| jaba purohita ne dono ko eka kara diyA taba vaha kaha sakatA hai - gRbhNAmi te saubhagatvAya hasta mayA patyA jrdssttirythaas| bhago aryamA savitA purandhirmA tvAdurgAhapatyAya devA / / (R0 1018236) mai saubhAgya ke liye terA hAtha grahaNa karatA hU~, jisase ki tU mujha pati ke sAtha vRddhAvasthA taka phuce| bhaga, aryamA, savitA aura purandhi ina devo ne mujhe gRhastha jIvana ke kartavya-pAlana ke liye tujhe diyA hai| yahAM para eka vAta mahattvapUrNa hai / 'saubhAgya' (sohAga) jo strI ke liye sava se vaDe gaurava ke rUpa meM hamArI sArI pichalI saskRti meM mAnA gayA hai, isa mantra ke anusAra pati ke liye bhI apekSita hai| pati ko bhI patnI ke dvArA apanA saubhAgya' (sohAga) cAhiye / isaliye vaidika saMskRti ke anusAra yaha 'sohAga' dutaraphA hai, ekataraphA nhiiN| isake bAda dono dampatti mila kara prArthanA karate hai - samaJjantu vizve devA samApo hRdayAni nI / sa mAtarizvA sadhAtA samudeSTrI dadhAtu nau / (R0 106547) sAre deva hama dono ke hRdayo ko joDa kara eka kara de aura jala ke devatA jala ke samAna hamAre hRdayo ko joDa de| mAtarizvA, pAtA aura deSTrI' (devI) hama dono ke hRdayo ko milaaeN| yaha isa sUkta kA antima mantra hai| isake sivAya kaI AzIrvAdAtmaka mantra hai jo kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai aura paristhiti para paryApta prakAza DAlate hai / nimnalikhita mantra meM purohita janatA se AzIrvAda dene ke lie prArthanA karatA hai -- sumaGgalIriya vadhUrimA sameta pazyat / saubhAgyamasya datvA yAthAsta viparetana / / (R0 108033) acche magalo se yukta yaha vadhU hai| Ano sava isako dekho aura ise saubhAgya (kA AzIrvAda) dekara phira apane apane gharo ko lauTa jaao| isa sUkta ke 42veM mantra me bahuta sundara AzIrvAda hai, jo sabhavata sArI janatA kI ora se hai - ihaivasta mA viyoSTa vizvamAyurvyaznutam / krIDantau putra naMptabhi modamAno svagRhe // (R0 1085442) tuma dono yahI bane raho / kabhI paraspara viyukta mata homo aura pUrI (manuSya jIvana kI) Ayu ko prApta hoo-putrI aura nAtiyo ke sAtha khelate hue aura apane ghara meM Ananda manAte hue| putro aura nAtiyo ke sAtha khelanA vRddhAvasthA kA savase vaDA saubhAgya hai / isake sivAya isI 85ve sUkta me 'deSTrI-upadeza dene vAlI veda kI eka devI jo kevala yahAM ho pAI hai| sAyaNa ke anusAra deSTrI'dAtrI phalAnAm' phatta dene vAlI, srsvtii|

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Rgveda meM sUryA kA vivAha 665 cAra aura mantra (43-46 ) AzIrvAdAtmaka haiM, jo sAyaNa ke anusAra usa samaya bole jAte hai, java vara vadhU sahita apane ghara Akara yajJa karatA hai / ve mantra isa taraha hai --- zrAna prajA janayatu prajApati rAjarasAya samanatvaryamA / adurmaGgalI. patilokamAviza zanno bhava dvipadeza catuSpade // (R0 101685243) aghora cakSurapatighnyedhi zivA pazubhya sumanA suvarcA | vIrasUdevakAmA syonA zanno bhava dvipadezaM catuSpade // (R0 101685244) imAM tvamindra mIDhva suputrAM subhagAM kRNu / dezAsyA putrAnAghehi patimekAdaza kRdhi // (R0 10185245) samrAjJI zvasure bhava samrAjJI zvazvA bhava / nanAndari samrAjJI bhava samrAjJI zradhidevRSu // (R0 10285/46 ) prajApati hameM santAna deM / zraryamA vRddhAvasthA taka milAye rakkheM, zramagalo se sarvathA rahita (he vadhU) tuma pati ke ghara meM praveza karo aura ghara ke dvipado aura catuSpado ke prati, arthAt manuSyo aura pazuo ke prati kalyANamayI hoya // 43 // tumhAre netra kabhI roSapUrNa na hoveM, tuma pati kA aniSTa na soco| pazuo ke prati (bhI) kalyANamayI tuma 'suvarcA' arthAt ojasvinI para sAtha hI 'sumanA' madhura svabhAva vAlI hogro, vIro ko janma dene vAlI, devatAo kI pUjA karane vAlI, prasanna svabhAva vAlI, manuSyo aura pazuo ke prati kalyANamayI ho // 44 // he varSaka indra, isako sundara putro se yukta saubhAgya vAlI banAo / usake daza putra ho aura pati gyArahavA~ // 45 // he baghU, tuma zvagura ke Upara samrAjJI hogro, aura sAsa ke Upara bhI samrAjJI / nanada para samrAjJI aura apane devaro ke Upara bhI / ina cAro mantrI se vaidika gArhastha jIvana kI jhalaka spaSTa dikhAI detI hai / gRhiNI sacce arthoM meM ghara kI svAminI hai / zAsana karane ke liye usakA 'suvarcA' ojasvinI honA Avazyaka hai, para sAtha hI use 'sumanA' prasanna madhura svabhAva kA bhI honA cAhie / ataeva 43 aura 44veM mantra kA dhruvapada hai ki "he gRhiNI, manuSyo aura pazuo ke prati kalyANamayI hotro / " 84 isa prakAra vivAha-saskAra - savadhI sabhI mukhya-mukhya mantro para dRSTipAta kiyA gayA hai / yaha kaha denA zrAvazyaka hai ki isa sUkta ke tIna aga hama vinA vicAra kie choDa dete haiM, kyoki unake lie na to isa lekha meM jagaha hai aura na una bAto para abhI taka paryApta prakAza hI paDa sakA hai / ve aza nimnalikhita hai (1) sUryA kA ratha para baiTha kara pati ke ghara jAnA, isakA varNana isa sUkta ke 12, 20 aura 32ve mantra hai / (2) sUryA rUpa vadhU kA soma, gandharva aura agni ke dvArA manuSya pati ko pAnA aura vizeSakara vizvAvasu gandharva kA isa viSaya meM kArya (21-32, 38-41 mantro meM) / (3) vadhU ke vastro ke sabadha meM kRtyA kA varNana, jo ki abhI taka vilkula aspaSTa hai (28-31, 34, 35 mantro meM / meraTha ] 00

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bhAratIya nArI kI varta samasyAe~ zrImatI kamalAdevI caTTopAdhyAya pichale paccIsa varSoM meM bhAratIya nArI jagata meM jo jAgrati huI hai, vaha vaDe mahatva kI hai| yaha jAgrati kucha aza meM sasArakI gatividhi ke parivartana se aura kucha aza me bhAratIya janatA meM rAjanaitika uttejanAke kAraNa, jisakA nArI-samAja ke utthAna meM kAphI hAtha hai, huI hai| deza ke svatantratA-yuddha ne striyo ke utthAna ke liye acchA avasara pradAna kiyA hai| deza kI niratara pukAra ne mahilAo ko adha-vizvAsa kI cahAradIvArI se bAhara nikAla kara unake lie bahuta kAla se avaruddha una naye dvAro ko khola diyA, jinameM unake vicAra aura karma kA kSetra vahuta vizAla hai| bhAratIya nAriyo ne bhI isa avasara ko pAkara apanI tatparatA dikhA dii| unhone yaha pradarzita kara diyA ki ve kisI bhI dAyitva ko saphalatApUrvaka vahana kara sakatI hai / ve saba prakAra ke damana tathA mRtyu taka kA aDiga dharya ke sAtha svAgata karane ko taiyAra ho gii| ata yaha avazyabhAvI thA ki jina nAriyo ne svAtantrya saMgrAma meM bhAga liyA, unheM vijaya meM bhI yathocita bhAga prApta ho| isa kSetra meM kAgresa ke dvArA maulika adhikAra mavadhI prastAva-yojanA meM puruSo aura striyo ko samAnAdhikAra kA bhAgI ghoSita kiyA gayA / isa dizA meM yaha pahalI mahattvapUrNa vAta thii| phira deza kI punarnimANa-yojanA-samiti meM striyo kI bhI eka upasamiti banAI gaI, jisake dvArA ve apanI vizeSa samasyAyo tathA bhaviSya kI sthiti para vicAra prakaTa kre| yaha unnati ke kSetra meM eka dUsarI mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA thii| isake bAda eka anya tarka-sammata prastAva yaha rakkhA gayA ki striyo kI eka vizeSa upasamiti banAI jAya jo isa yojanA ko kAryAnvita kare, kyoki deza ke utthAna me striyo kA vaisAhI bhAga hai, jaisA purupo kA, aura jaba taka striyo ko rASTrIya kSetra me varAvara bhAga nahIM diyA jAtA taba taka yatheSTa prayojana kI siddhi asabhava hai| rASTra-nirmANa-yojanA-samiti kI riporTa meM kahA gayA ki "isa nirmANa yojanA para na kevala Arthika dRSTiyo se hI vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai, apitu sAskRtika tathA AdhyAtmika bhAvanA aura jIvana meM mAnavatA kA samAveza bhI Avazyaka vAte hai|" isase spaSTa hai ki gRhasthI kI saeNkaDI cahAradIvArI se bAhara kA vizAla jIvana vinA strI ke apUrNa hai| gAMdhI jI ne isa vAta ko 'harijana' ke eka aka meM isa prakAra prakaTa kiyA hai, "merA nijI vicAra yaha hai ki jisa prakAra mUlata strI aura puruSa eka hI hai, unakI samasyAeM bhI eka honI caahie| dono meM eka hI AtmA hai, dono eka-sA jIvana-yApana karate hai, dono eka-se hI vicAra rakhate hai / eka dUsare kA pUraka hai / vinA eka dUsare kI sahAyatA ke uname se kisI kA jIvana pUrNa nahI ho sakatA strI aura puruSa dono ke lie jisa saskRti aura sAdhAraNa guNo kI AvazyakatA hai, vaha prAya eka se hI hai strI puruSa kI saginI hai aura usake samAna hI mAnavika zakti rakhatI hai| use adhikAra hai ki vaha puruSa ke choTe-se-choTe karma me bhAga le aura puruSa ke sAtha-sAtha vaha bhI svatantratA meM samAnarUpeNa adhikAra bhAginI ho| kaThora rItiyo ke vadhana meM jakaDe hue mahA anADI aura kSudra puruSa bhI striyo ke Upara apanI usa zreSThatA kA dama bharate hai, jisake liye ve sarvathA ayogya hai aura jo unheM kadApi na milanI caahie| hamArI striyo kI vartamAna dazA ke kAraNa hamAre bahuta se utthAna-kArya ruka jAte hai, hamAre bahuta se prayatno kA yatheSTa phala nahI prApta hotaa| strI aura puruSa eka mahAn yugala hai, pratyeka ko dUsare kI sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA hai, jisase eka ke vinA dUsare kA jIvana yuktisagata nahI kahA jA sktaa| Upara ke kathano se yaha pariNAma nirvivAda nikalatA hai ki koI bhI vAta jisase dono me se kisI eka kI sthiti ke Upara dhakkA pahu~cegA, pariNAmata dono ke liye barAbara nAzakArI hogii|"

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bhAratIya nArI kI vartamAna samasyAe~ 667 samAja kevala usa gharelU jIvana kA eka vikasita rUpa hai, jisake Upara samAja kI sthiti nirbhara hai| gharel jIvana kI bhAti samAja ke bhI bar3e kAryoM meM strI-puruSa kA sahayoga avazyabhAvI hai| yaha sahayoga vAstava meM tabhI prApta ho sakatA hai java strI ko puruSa ke sAtha rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, Arthika tathA kAnUna-vyavasthA ke kSetro meM samAna adhikAra prApta ho| kiMtu bhArata kI vartamAna vAstavika sthiti isase bahuta bhinna hai / bahuta samaya se bhAratIya nArI Arthika dRSTi se dUsare ke adhIna samajhI gaI hai| usake vividha kAryo kA Arthika mUlya kucha nahIM AMkA gayA hai, yadyapi apanI aneka sevAno, prayalo, parizrama tathA sahAnubhUtimaya prabhAva ke dvArA yaha gharelU jIvana ke calAne meM puruSa ke tulya hI yoga detI hai| puruSa hI kuTumba kA pradhAna aura jIvikA calAne vAlA mAnA jAtA hai aura isase vahI sarvesarvA hotA hai| gRhiNI kA parizrama, jo lagAtAra ghaTo gRhasthI ke lie jItoDa udyama karatI hai, mahattvahIna samajhA jAtA hai, mAno usakA zrama purupa kI tulanA meM bilakula nagaNya hai| yaha purAnA khyAla ki kevala puruSa hI Arthika netA hai aura strI kevala usakI pichalagI hai, vilakula bhulA denA caahie| ava yaha vAta acchI taraha samajha lenI cAhie ki strI bhI (sara vevarija ke zabdo meM) "vinA vetana pAnevAlI paricArikA" hai| puruSa aura sAre samAja ko yaha jhUThI vAta mastiSka se nikAla denI cAhie ki puruSa strI kA bharaNa-popaNa karatA hai, kyoki isI vicAra se hamAre samAja meM aneka bhrAta dhAraNAo kI sRSTi hogaI hai| yadi strI ke viSaya me vAstavika tathya ko svIkAra kara liyA jAya to sapatti para umakA nijI adhikAra avazya siddha hogaa| aisA hone se strI ko Arthika svatatratA kI bhI prApti hogI, kyoki phira vaha kamAnevAlI tathA parivAra kA popaNa karane vAlI samajhI jAne lgegii| Aja hame apane samAja me doharI praNAlI dekha kara parezAnI hotI hai / isa praNAlI ke dvArA, jo kaThora ekAgI tathA anaitika kAnUno ke jariye puSTi pA rahI hai, hamAre dainika jIvana kA hanana ho rahA hai| strI ke Upara Aja pativrata dharma kA vojha lAda diyA gayA hai, jaba ki puruSa ko vahu-vivAha kA adhikAra hai / yaha bahuta Avazyaka hai ki isa prakAra kA vadhana haTA diyA jAya aura strI-puruSa dono ke liye vivAha-savadhI eka-sA hI niyama ho / anubhava se jJAta huA hai ki eka-patnI-vivAha sabase acchA hai, parantu yadi koI gabhIra aura Avazyaka samasyA upasthita ho jAya to vivAhaviccheda kA bhI adhikAra honA caahie| yaha vaDe Azcarya kI bAta hai ki kAnUna do pAgala' yA rogI vyaktiyo ko vinA eka-dUsare kI rAya ke Apasa meM vivAha karane kA adhikAra detA hai| isake dvArA samAja ke prati ghora anyAya kiyA jAtA hai| paratu yadi do vicArazIla vyakti, jinheM apane adhikAro kA pUrA jJAna hai, dono ke hita kI dRSTi se vizeSa kAraNavaza savarSa-viccheda karanA cAhe,to kAnUna unheM aisA karane se rokatA hai aura isa prakAra ve eka vicitra paristhiti meM rahane ko vAdhya kiye jAte haiN| sivila-mairija kAnUna ke anusAra viccheda kA adhikAra hai, paratu usa kAnUna ke bhI niyama anucita mpa se jaTila banA diye gaye haiN| vartamAna dazA me savadha-viccheda ke liye logo ko aneka prakAra ke jhUThe mAmale, jaise dharma-parivartana Adi, peza karane par3ate hai| savadha-viccheda ko lAgU na karane se yA usameM itanI aDacaneM lagAne se yaha grAgA karanA ki isase vaivAhika vadhana avazyameva sukhaprada hogA eka durAgraha mAtra hai| strI aura puruSa ke liye caritra savA pathak-pRthaka niyama banA kara samAja ke dharma ko pAlana karane kA sArA bhAra strI para hI DAla diyA gayA hai aura purupa ko svatatratA de dI gaI hai ki vaha caritra-durvala yA vyabhicArI hote hue bhI kSamya hai| samAja ko yaha acchI prakAra se samajha lenA cAhie ki do jAnavaro ke dvArA khIce jAne vAlI gADI kA yadi sArA bojha eka hI jAnavara para lAda diyA jAya to vaha gADI ThIka prakAra se Age na baDha skegii| isaliye yaha atIva Avazyaka hai ki hamAre samAja ke sAre niyama aura upaniyama eka hI prAdhAra para nirmita kiye jAya / kAnUna aura rItirivAja kimI samAja vizeSa kI AvazyakatA ke anusAra samaya-samaya para yathAnukUla banAye jAte hai / jaba ina kAnUnI kA yaha uddezya hotA hai ki unake dvArA samAja ThIka Dhaga se calatA rahe aura usameM adhika-se-adhika zAnti aura sukha kA sacArahotaba ye kAnUna samAja ke liye baDe lAbhaprada hote haiM / deza-kAlAnusAra ina kAnUnoM meM parivartana karanA avazya

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668 premI-abhinadana-pratha bhAvI hotA hai / vivAha-saskAra kI utpatti manuSya kI sabase baDI AvazyakatA kI pUrti ke liye huI hai tathA vaha sAmAjika jIvana ke liye savase adhika mahattvapUrNa vyAvahArika sasthA hai / vivAha saskAra kA mUla strI aura puruSa kA pArasparika prema hai, na ki unakA eka dUsare ke prati virAga / isameM sammAna aura anugraha vAchanIya hai, na ki vala-pradarzana / jisa vaivAhika savadha meM prema yA sammAna nahIM hai usakA UparI dikhAU gaThavadhana samAja ke liye koI gakti nahI pradAna kara sktaa| vaha to kevala eka aisI sthiti upasthita karatA hai, jisameM pati kA patnI ke Upara vaisAhI adhikAra rahatA hai, jaisAki eka videzI zAsaka kA kisI upaniveza ke Upara rahatA hai| aura java samAja isa prakAra puruSo ke avicchinna adhikArI dvArA zAsita hotA rahatA hai tava paliyo ke Upara patiyo kA vaise hI sAmpattika adhikAra jArI rahatA hai, jaise kisI jamIdAra kA apanI jamIna ke Upara / gA~dhI jI ne isa samasyA para nimnalikhita vicAra prakaTa kiye hai"kuTumba meM zAnti kA honA bahuta Avazyaka hai, kintu vaha itane hI taka nahIM samApta ho jaatii| vaivAhika savadha hone para niyamAnukula AcaraNa utanAhI Avazyaka hai, jitanA kisI anya sasthA meM / vaivAhika jIvana kA abhiprAya eka-dUsare kI sukha-samRddhi ko baDhAne ke sAtha-sAtha manuSya-jAti kI sevA karanA bhI hai| java pati-patnI meM se koI eka AcaraNa ke niyamo ko toDatA hai, to dUsare ko adhikAra ho jAtA hai ki vaha vaivAhika vadhana ko toDa de| yaha viccheda naitika hotA hai, na ki daihika patnI yA pati ukta dazA meM isalie alaga ho jAte hai ki ve apane usa kartavya kA pAlana kara sakeM, jisake liye ve vivAha-sabadha me jur3e the / hiMdU-zAstro meM pati aura patnI ko samAna adhikAra vAle kahA gayA hai, parantu samaya ke phera se ava hiMdU samAja meM aneka burAiyo kI sRSTi ho gaI hai / " ina burAiyo me sabase adhika varvara parde kI prathA hai, jisake dvArA striyo ko piMjaDe me vada-sA kara diyA jAtA hai aura yaha Dhoga pradarzita kiyA jAtA hai ki isase samAja me unakI lajjA kI rakSA hotI hai| yahAM gAMdhI jI kA eka kathana phira uddhRta karanA ucita hogA-"lajjA yA saccaritratA koI aisI vastu nahIM jo ekadama se paidA kara dI jAya / yaha koI aisI vastu nahIM hai jo kisI ko parde kI dIvAra ke bhItara viThAkara usame utpanna kara dI jAya / isakI utpatti AtmA ke bhItara se hotI hai aura vahI saccaritratA vAstavika hai jo sabhI prakAra ke pratyakSa-apratyakSa loma kA savaraNa kara ske| puruSo ko isa yogya bananA cAhiye ki ve apanI striyo para vaise hI vizvAsa kara sakeM jisa prakAra striyAM puruSo para vizvAsa rakhane ke liye vAdhya rakkhI jAtI hai|" dUsarI vaDI burAI striyo meM zikSA kA prabhAva hai, jisake kAraNa ve vilakula asamartha rahatI hai aura unheM puruSo kI nitAta adhInatA meM rahanA par3atA hai| yaha vAta vahuta jarUrI hai ki jahAM Avazyaka prArabhika zikSA kA pravadha hai vahAM laDako ke sAtha laDakiyo kI bhI zikSA kI vyavasthA ho| zikSA ke hone se striyAM apane meM AtmanirbharatA tathA svatatratA kA anubhava kareMgI aura ve isa yogya ho sakeMgI ki bar3e kAryoM aura vyavasAryoM ke liye bhI ve apane ko dakSa kara skeN| Aja ucita zikSA ke abhAva se apanI zArIrika aura mAnasika durbalatA ke kAraNa striyo kA eka bahuta baDA samudAya usa vizAla kArya-kSetra meM bhAga lene se vacita hai, jo unake liye khulA huA hai| mAtRtva kA bhAra, jo nArI kA sabase mahattvapUrNa kartavya hai, durbhAgyavaza usakI dAsatA kA hetu vanA diyA gayA hai| na to samAja ne aura na rAjya ne isa bAta para samucita vicAra kiyA hai ki mAtA ke prati unakA kyA uttaradAyitva hai| Aja lAkho mAtAmo ko binA unakI kisI rakSA kA pravadha kiye hue, isa vaDe kaSTa ko vahana karanA paDatA hai, jisameM unakA tathA unake garbhajAta zizu kA jIvana khatare se khAlI nahIM rhtaa| sahasro nAriyAM thoDI sI jIvikA ke liye apane bacco ko vinA kisI rakSA kA pravadha hae rAma bharose ghara para choDa kara sAre dina vAhara kAma karatI hai| jina dezo meM mAtRtva kA mahattva samajhA jAtA hai vahAM pratyeka strI ke liye vinA usakI Arthika sthiti kA vicAra kiye, garbha ke samaya tathA vaccA utpanna hone ke bAda sabhI hAlato meM, acche-se-acche DAkTarI ilAja kA pravadha khAsa aspatAlo meM kiyA jAtA hai| baccoM ke liye zikSita dAiyo tathA zizu-zAlAo Adi kI vyavasthA kI jAtI hai| mahilA-samAja kI unnati kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki strI aura puruSa ke liye eka samAna DhAcA gar3ha diyA jAya

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bhAratIya nArI kI vartamAna samasyAeM aura dono ko eka hI sataha para sthira kara diyA jAya, kiMtu isa unnati kA uddezya jIvana ko samRddha aura bahumukhI banAnA hai aura strI-puruSa meM aisI bhAvanAeM utpanna kara denA hai ki ve eka-dUsare ke vyaktitva kA gaurava samajha kara usake prati sammAna pradarzita kreN| aisI bhAvanA ke dvArA samAja nizcaya hI savala aura samRddha bana skegaa| isa samaya mahilA-varga kI sabhI sasthAno ke sAmane pramukha kArya yaha hai ki ve nirmANa yojanA ko kAryanvita kara apanI svatantratAprApta kreN| binA rAjanaitika svatantratA ke anya sArI bAteM arthahIna hai, parantu sAtha-hI-sAtha jaba taka sAmAjika aura Arthika kSetro meM strI-puruSa ke samAnAdhikAra nahI nizcita hote tava taka rAjanaitika svAtantrya se bhI yatheSTa prayojana kI siddhi nahI ho sktii| dono kA gaharA anyonyAzraya savadha hai| rAjanaitika aura sAmAjika kSetrI meM unnati prApta karane ke liye gAMdhIjI kI nirmANa yojanA baDI hI vyAvahArika aura lAbhaprada siddha hogii| isake dvArA bhAratIya mahilAo ko apanA sagaThana karane meM, sAmAjika kAryoM ke liye apane ko zikSita karane meM, sUta Adi kAtane kI gharelU dastakAriyo meM, jana-sAdhAraNa ke vicAra-savardhana meM tathA nArI-varga ko Atma-nirbhara banA sakane ke prayatlo meM bar3I sahAyatA milegii| D - -

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bhAratIya nArI kI bauddhika dena zrI satyavatI mallika sItA aura sAvitrI-sI satI-sAdhviyotathA bhAratIya nArI ke vIratApUrNa caritra kI vimala gAthA, jahAM itihAsa ke panno meM svarNAkSaro se akita huI hai, vahA~ sAhitya, kalA eva vijJAna Adi ke kSetra meM unakI gaNanA pracchannAkAza meM prAya lupta, tArikAmo-sI hI rahI hai| __ phalayukta vRkSa kI bhAti, jisakI vinata DAliyAM, patte, phala Adi sava mUla ko AcchAdita kiye rahate hai, mAtRtva eva patnItva ke A~cala tale nija vyaktitva ko Dhake rakhane meM hI nArI ne apanA gaurava mAnA hai| cAritrika vikAsa ke sAtha-hI-sAtha nArI ke vauddhika vikAsa-savadhI udAharaNo ko bhI bhAvI satati ke lAbha tathA samAja-nirmANa ke nimitta prakAza meM lAne kI kitanI AvazyakatA hai, cirakAla taka jAne kyo hamAre vidvAno aura itihAsakAro ne isakI upekSA kii| ___ yadyapina kevala svAbhAvika pravRti ke anusAra rasame lIna aura jhUma par3ane kI kSamatA rakhane, apitujyotiSa, gaNita, darzana, kalA, vijJAna, cikitsA Adi jahA~ bhI vauddhika cetanA athavA vyaktigata vikAsa kA savadha hai, yugAntara se bAhya prAcIro dvArA ghira kara bhI isa vadini kI mukta prAtarika niriNI ko vA~dha rakhane kI sAmarthya kisame huI hai ? lIlAvatI, gArgI, vAcakanvI aura pUrva mImAsA jaise kaThina viSaya meM bhAga lene vAlI kAskRtasnI kI lekhikA kAskRtasnA, cikitsA meM rusA aura citrakalA meM mANakU-sI pAragata prAcIna viduSiyo ke nAma vartamAna yuga ke liye kitane mahatvapUrNa hai| __ idhara sAhitya me hindI, vagalA, marAThI, gujarAtI, tAmila tathA anya prAntIya bhASAmo ke atirikta kevala saskRta hI me zAntimaya vaidika kAla se madhyakAlIna bhaktiyuga tathA Adhunika DAvADola yuga taka striyo dvArA viracita vyApaka sRSTi para svatatra rUpa se hindI meM maulika grantha likhe jAne kI mAMga hai| vastuta saskRta sAhitya hI aisA pUrNa bhaDAra hai, jisake yatra-tatra chinna-bhinna bikhare pRSTho me hamAre kisI bhI sAskRtika pakSa ko mUrtarUpa se khaDA kara dene kI camatkArika kSamatA hai| uparokta gurutara kArya ke anusandhAna kA zreya kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya ke prAcArya DA. jitendra vimala caudharI ko hai, jinhone kucha hI varSa pUrva pAMca-cha bhAga me 'saskRta-sAhitya meM mahilAmo kA dAna' (The contribution of women to sanskrit literature) nAmaka sIrIja prakAzita kI thii| bhAratIya nArI-samAja unakA ciraRNI rahegA / saskRta lekhikAo aura kaviyitro ke sabaMdha meM DA0 caudharI kA paricayAtmaka lekha isI vibhAga me anyatra diyA jA rahA hai / vaidika, prAkRta aura pAlI bhASA kI pramukha kaviyitriyo kA sakSipta ullekha, jo caudharI mahodaya ke lekha meM nahIM hai, prastuta lekha meM abhipreta hai / sAhitya yadi yuga kA prativimva aura jIvana kI pratyAlocana hai to palabhara tatkAlIna sAmAjika vyavasthA eva sthiti kI ora jhAkanA anivArya hogaa| rAga uttarottara bhale hI vesurA hotA calAgayA ho, kintu pAlApa hamAre pUrvajo ne sabhI svara sAdhakara hI liyA thaa| vizeSatayA samAja ke vAma aga ko pratyeka pahala se unnata eva vikAsonmukha karane meM hI jIvana-kalA kA mukhya rahasya hai / isake ve kaise jJAtA the, yaha vibhinna samaya kI nimna bhAvanApro dvArA prakaTa hai| (1) samAroha-vizeSa para dampati kAmanA karate hai hamAre yahA~ paNDitA aura cirAyu kanyA utpanna ho|

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bhAratIya nArI kI vauddhika dena "aya ya icchaddahitA meM paNDitA jAyeta sarvamAyuriyAditi / " (vRhaddhAraNyaka upaniSada 1, 4, 17) (2) "kucha striyAM puruSo kI apekSA kahI adhika saccaritra aura vidvatA meM zreSTha hotI hai" " ityapi hi ekacI yA leyyo posA, janAdhipa meghAvatI sIlAvatI' (3) 'lalita vistAra' meM kumAra siddhArtha gAyA likhane vAlI aura kaviyitrI kanyA kI bhAvI vav ke rUpa meM kAmanA karate haiM. " sA gAya - lekha - likhite guNa zraryayuktA yA kanya Iza bhavenmama tA vare thA / " karatA hai (lalita vistAra a0 12 pR0 158 ) (4) puruSo kI bhAti hI striyA~ bhI kavitriyA~ ho sakatI haiM / kAvya pratibhA nara-nArI ke bheda me sarvathA pRthaka naisargika vastu haiM, jaisA ki rAjaputriyo, rAja karmacAriNiyo, mantri- duhitAo aura vezyAoM taka ko prAya zAstra meM pravINa vuddhimatI aura saMjJa dekhate-sunate hai / ( kAvya mImAsA pR0 53) / "puruSavadyoSita zrUyate dRzyante ca rA prabhaveyuH / saskAro hyAtmani samavaiti na straiNa pauruSa vA vibhAgamapekSate / satya- duhitaro gaNikA kautuki- bhAryAzca zAstra prahata buddhaya kavayazca / " zikSA eva si e vedAdhyayana, darzana, jye. pro ke pada ko suzobhita kara jinake mAnasika stara kI gaharAI isa bhAvanA se adhika kyA hogI meM kaisA sundara sarala vibhAjana thA ! prathama ve brahmavAdinI kanyAeM svecchA se yo kI zikSA ke hetu zrAjIvana brahmacAriNI raha kara zrAcAryA aura upAdhyAyA "gArgI, brahmavAdinI, AtreyI, maitreyI zrAdi ke nAma isameM vizeSa ullekhanIya hai, - "yenAhaM nAmRtAsyA ki tena, (prati prabhutenApi vitena) kuryAmiti / " arthAt jisase amRtatva ko prApta na kara sakU~, aise rAzi rAzi dhana-vaibhava kA kyA karU~ ? + dUmarI bahusakhyaka 'sadyodvAhA' sAdhAraNa samAja kI unnati kI dRSTi se kama-se-kama solaha-satraha varSa kI avasthA taka paThana-pAThana va lalita kalAo dvArA unakI abhiruci eva sRjanAtmaka zaktiyo ko pariSkRta karane kA bharapUra prayatna kiyA jAtA thA / kulIna gharo kI striyA~, kanyAe~ rAja-daravArI meM prAya nRtya, sagIta - abhinaya Adi kA pradarzana kiyA karatI thI / gharo ko Ananda kA kendra banAne ke hetu ve vividha kalA aura zilpa se pUrNa paricita tathA vinoda-kautuka meM paTu hotI thiiN| yuddha, rAjanIti, kRSi, yantra eva astra-zastra Adi ke nirmANa taka meM samAna rUpa se bhAga lene ke kAraNa Arthika vanvano se mukta hotI thI aura imI se sammAna kI pAtra samajhI jAtI thI / apane-apane nijI viSaya kI bhalI bhAti jJAtA hone aura jIvana ke vistRta kSetra me kArya karane ke kAraNa hI unakI lekhanI pratyeka viSaya meM prasUtA thI / isakA eka pratyakSa pramANa hAla hI meM prakAzita hue 'kaumudI mahotsava' nAmaka nATaka se milA hai, jisakI lekhikA zrI kizorikA vijainikA guptakAlIna eka rAjakarmacAriNI thI / yaha nATaka vizeSatayA rAjanaitika dRSTikoNa se hI likhA aura usa samaya khelA gayA thA / phira mAnava-saskRti ko UMce gharAtala para AsIna karane ke liye sarvaguNa sampanna aura vivekazIla kanyA svayavara dvArA manonukUla pati varaNa karane meM svataMtra thI / "brahmacaryeNa kanyA yuvAnaM vandite patima rUDhivAda athavA jAtibheda kI koI aDacana nahI thI, yahA~ taka ki eka sthAna para pitA apanI kanyA se prazna 671 22 'bhagavAna buddha " "eSA caturNA varNAnA putri ko'pi - matastava / " (kathA-sarita-sAgara 53, 104 ) arthAt - "yaha cAro varNa tumhAre sAmane hai / inameM se kisake liye tumhArI icchA hai ?"

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672 premI-abhinadana-patha aise unmukta eva svastha vAyumaDala kI Adi nArI yadi amara vedamatro kI dRSTA huI ho to isameM Azcarya kI kyA bAta hai, yadyapi sasAra ke anya kisI bhI dhArmika va prAcIna gratho ko aisA zreya prApta nhii| zravaNanukramaNikA ke anusAra bIsa aura sAyunAyika ke kathana se 26 Rgveda kI sraSTA RSi striyA~ hai| isase sarva sahamata nahoto bhI lopAmudrA, ghoSA, vizvArA, siktA, nIvAvarI ma01, 176, ma028,ma061, ma0 81 11 20 aura 36 40 kI nirvivAda sRSTA hai hii| rAtri, yamI, apAlA, zacI, indrANI, aditi, dakSiNA, sUryA, urvazI, zraddhA, romAsA, godhA, zramA, zAzvatI, jinhone prema, vIratA, vAtsalyatA, sauMdarya Adi ke vibhinna kSetro meM ucca koTi ke bhAvo kI sRSTi kI hai, sAyaNa aura sAyunAyika sarIkhe mahApaDito kI sammati meM kAlpanika nAma hote hue bhI prAmANika hai / ___ veda kI ina RcAmo meM, rAtri, agni Adi prAkRtika viSayo kI abhivyakti ati sundara hai| vibhinna prakRti nAriyo ke ananyatama komala bhAva jahAM-tahAM aneka rUpo me vegapUrvaka bhara paDe hai / saskRta, pAlI, prAkRta kaviyitriyo kI apekSA vaidika kaviyitriyAM kahI adhika sughaDa kalAkAra hai| Nio ko bhI prAkRta kI kaviyitriyA kAla taka anulakSmI, asulavI, avantIsundarI, mAdhavI, prAta revA, rohA, zaziprA , prAcItya, prAdi prakRta bhASA kI musya kaviyitriyAM hai / inake dvArA racita solaha zloko kI kAvyaghosI kSamatAraNa saskRta kAla kI striyo kI bhAti hI jIvanadAyinI, prema sagIta, Ananda-vyathA, AzA-nirAzA aura umavikAsa kA hai| abhivyakti anUThe Dhaga kI hai aura jIvana, prema, saudarya ke prati ananta pyAsa hai| (therI gAthA) pAlI kI kaviyitriyA 1aztratarArtharI, 2 muktA, 3 puSNA, 4 tissA, 5 aJcatarA tissA, 6 dhIrA, 7 azvatarA dhIrA, 8 mittA, 6 bhadrA, 10 upasamA, 11 muttA, 12 dhamma dinA, 13 visAkhA, 14 sumanA, 15 uttarA, 16 sumanA (vuDDhapavvajitA) 17 dhammA, 18 saDA, 16 nandA, 20 jentI, 21 anatarAtherI, 22 aDDhakAsI, 23 yittA, 24 mettikA, 25 mittA, 26 abhayamAtA, 27 prabhattharI, 28 sAmA, 26 atratarA sAmA, 30 uttamA, 31 azvatarA uttamA, 32 dantikA, 33 ubbirI, 34 sukkA, 35 selA, 36 somA, 37 bhaddA kApilAnI, 38 azvatarA bhikkhuNI apajAtA, 36 vimalA purANa gaNikA, 40 sIhA, 41 nandA, 42 nandutta rAtherI, 43 mittakAlI, 44 sakulA, 45 soNA, 46 bhaddA purANanigaNThI, 47 paTAcArA, 48 tisamattA therI bhikkhuNiyo, 46 candA, 50 paJcasatA paTAcArA, 51 vAsiTTi, 52 khemA, 53 sujAtA, 54 anopamA, 55 mahApajApatI gotamI, 56 guttA, 57 vijayA, 58 uttarA, 56 cAlA, 60 upacAlA, 61 sIsUpacAlA, 62 vaDDhamAtA, 63 kisAgotamI, 64 uppalavaNNA, 65 praNikA, 66 amvapAlI, 67 rohiNI, 68 cApA, 66 sundarI, 70 subhA kammAradhItA, 71 subhA gIvakambavanikA, 72 isidAsI, 73 sumedhA // uparokta 73 viduSiyoM pAlI bhASA kI sraSTA hai| yaha sAhitya 522 zloko me "therIgAthA" nAma se khudaka nikAya kI pandraha pustako me se eka hai| isakA svatantra anuvAda agrejI meM 'Psalms of sisters' aura bagalA meM 'therIgAthA' ke nAma se bhikSu zIlabhadra dvArA ho cukA hai| jAtaka granyo eva anya bauddha sAhitya me, jahA~ aneka sthalo para nArI ke prati sarvathA avAchanIya manovRtti kA ullekha hai, vahA~ 'therIgAthA' kA ucca viziSTa sAhitya eka vismaya eva gaurava kI vastu hai| isase bhI adhika mAzcarya yaha ki bhagavAna buddha hI sarva prathama aise mahApuruSa hai, jinhone usa yuga kI karuNApAtra nArI ko ghara ke sakucita vRtta se vAhara sasAra kI sevA aura zAnti ke nimitta sanyAsa kI anumati dekara eka nayA mArga kholaa|

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NA-MAIL.JahayAARTANCE MCGM w TA . UPER7 THIRDAN y -PAC -10 4NEL ja n dutoda Da - .. 12 . 22 HTRA KHELATO LARAN NET NORAMITA KATTA PSCt. pamAjali [kalAkAra-zrI sudhIra khAstagIra

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bhAratIya nArI kI vauddhika dena 673 isa dIkSA kI gAthA nimna hai - siddhArtha gautama ke buddhatva prApta karane ke uparAnta mahArAja zuddhodhana java svargata hue to unakI patnI (rAnI mahAmAyA kI choTI bahana arthAt gautama kI vimAtA va mausI ) prajApati gautamI gokakAtara ho bhagavAna buddha ke pAsa gaI, jo una dino nandana-vana meM nivAsa karate the aura masAra-tyAga kI anumati cAhI, kintu uma mamaya buddha ne unakI prArthanA prasvIkRta kara dI / puna zAkya vaza ko pA~ca sau nAriyo ne gotamI me isI abhiprAya se calane ko kahA / tava gautamI kezocchAdana karavA, kApAya vastra vAraNa kara, una pA~ca sahasra striyoM ko le buddha ke priya ziSya zrAnanda kI mahAyatA le duvArA bhagavAna ke samIpa gaIM / dugkha, kleza, kSobha se vihvala unakI jIvana-kathAe~ suna antata bhagavAna buddha ko anurodha svIkAra karanA paDA aura gotamI tathA ve pAMca mau nAriyA~ eka sAtha abhiSikta huI / buddhavacano me prabhAvita yaha bhikSuNImagha uttarottara grAma, nagara, rAjaprAsAda kI vacutro, kulIna striyo eva kanyAgro kI sakhyA se varddhita hotA calA gayA / inhI me me jina viduSiyoM kA antara svakathArUpa meM jisa karuNa chanda dvArA bhara paTA, vaha 'therIgAthA' kahalAyA / kintu jIvana, saundarya, prema-samarpaNa yAdi kI jo utkaTa tRSA, vaidika, prAkRta tathA saMskRta kaviyitriyo me milatI hai, therIyAM isake sarvathA pratikUla hai, jo svAbhAvika hI hai / ve grahatyAgini hai / sAsArika icchAe~ hI unake dukA mUla hai | vizva ke cira andana aura gahana bhayAnakatA kA unhone atyanta sUkSma aura antarmukha ho sparza kiyA hai| nirvANa-pada hI aba kevala unake ekAkI mAnasa-paTa kA zrAloka hai / sakSepa me dono dhArAo kA nimpaNa ima prakAra kara sakate haiM / eka utsukatA eva umaga me pUrNa hai to dUmaro gambhIra aura gAta, eka jIvita hai to dUsarI paripakva, eka bhautika jagata se pare kI ora nitAntamukha hai to dUsarI vivekazIlA kI dRSTi meM aihika jagata meM sarvathA heya hai, yadi eka unamA alakAroM Adi ko maundarya pUrNa rama-mAdhurI hai to dUmarI Thosa, marala, saMyamita bhASA kaTu satya inakA spaSTIkaraNa donoM ora kI rama dhArAo kA kiMcita zrAsvAdana kiye binA na skegaa| prAkRta [dUta prati nAyikokti ] jaha jaha vAei pizro taha taha NaccAmi caJcale pemme / vallI vales aGga sahAva-yaddhe vi rukkhammi // Sy yathA yathA vAdayati priyastathA tathA nRtyAmi caJcale premNi / vallI valayatyaGga svabhAva stabdhe'pi vRkSe // [sasippahAe ] [zaziprabhA ] " jaise-jaise priyatama kI laya dhvani vajatI haiM, vaise hI meM cacala premikA nRtya karatI hU~ / prema bhale hI unakA digdha ho, kintu vRkSa yadi nizcala sIdhA khaDA rahe to latA kA svabhAva usake cAro ora lipaTanA hI hai / " saskRta [dUta prati svAvasthA-kathanam ] gate premAvandha hRdaya bahu-mAne'pi galite nivRtte sadbhAve jana iva jane gacchati pura tathA caivotprekSya priyasakhi gatA stAzca divasAn na jAne ko heturdalati zataghA yatra hRdayam // vijjAkAyA [zikhariNI]

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674 premI-abhinadana-praya java prema kA vadhana hI TUTa gayA, jaba hamAre hRdayo me eka dUsare ke prati sadbhAva hI nahIM rahA aura jisa samaya vaha mere sAmane se eka ajanavI kI bhAti calA gayA tava he sakhI | kyo nahI atIta ke dino kI smRti me merA hRdaya sau-sau TukaDe ho gayA? vijjikA kI pratibhA ke viSaya me rAjazekhara tathA dhanadeva Adi kaviyoM ne use kAlidAsa ke vAda myAna diyA hai aura use sAkSAt sarasvatI svIkAra kiyA hai| * virahiNI prati sakhyukti / kRzA kenAsi tva prakRtiriyamaGgasya nanu me malA dhUmrA kasmAd guru-jana-gRhe paacktyaa| smarasyasmAna kaccinnahi nahi nahItyevamagamat / smarotkampa vAlA mama hRdi nipatya praruditA // "maaruulaayaa"| [zisariNI] "tuma kSINa kyo ho rahI ho?" "zarIra hI aisA hai|" "ghUla dhUmarita kyo ho rahI ho?" "gurujano kI sevA ke lie nirantara pAkazAlA meM lage rahane se|" , "kyA hame pahacAnatI ho?" "nahI | nhii| nahI |" kaha puna smRti se kAMpatI huI vAlA mere vakSa para sira jhukA kara rone lgaa|" "kc"| ki cAra-candana-latA-kalitA bhujaGgaya kiM yatra-yatra-padya madhu sacalitA nu bhnggyaa| ki vAnanendu-jita-rAkadu-ruco vivAlya ki bhAnti gurjara-vara-pramadA-kacAlya // ___ "padmAvatyA" [vasanta-tilakam ] "candana taru ko nAginiyo ne lapeTa rakkhA hai yA madhupUrita kamala ko bhauMrI ke samUha ne Dhaka liyA hai yA ki rAhu ke samAna yaha bha~vare candramA ko gramanA cAhate hai| are, to nhiiN| kyA yaha gujarAtI ramaNI kI sundara musa chavi hai ?" vAhukaNTha, tilaka Adi para jahAM prasiddha paNDitA padmAvatI ne ati anurAga-pUrNa zailI meM likhA hai, ThIka unhI bhAvo kA dUsarI dizA me amvapAlI therI kA varNana dekhiye-- [pAlI] "kAlakA bhamaravaNNa sadisA vellitaggA mama muddhajA ahu / te jarAya sANa vAphasadisA sacca vAdi vacanama naJcayA // vApito va surabhikaraNDako pupphapUra mayuttamaGgam / ta narAya sasa loma gandhika sacca vAdivacanama naJcathA / " ityAdi [therIgAthA zloka 225 se 270 taka]

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bhAratIya nArI kI vauddhika dena . 675 "kisI mamaya bhaMvare se kRSNa varNa ghane keza-pAza aura saghana upavana sI yahI merI veNI, puppAbharaNo tathA ujjvala svarNAlakAro se surabhita eva suzobhita huA karatI thI, jo Aja jarAvasthA me zveta gandhapUrNa, vikharI huI jIrNa valkalo-mI jhara rahI hai / gADha nIla maNiyo se samujjvala, jyoti-pUrNa netra Aja zobhA-vihIna hai / nava-yauvana ke samaya sudIrgha nAsikA, karNadvaya aura kadalI mukula ke sadRza pUrva kI danta-pakti kramaza DhulakatI aura bhagna hotI jA rahI hai| vanavAminI kokilA ke sadRga merA madhura svara aura sucakSiNa zakha kI bhAti sughaDa grIvA prAja kampita hai / svarNa-maNDita ugaliyA~, hasta dvaya pAja azakta eva mere unnata stana Aja rama-vihIna Dhulakate carma mAtra hai| svarNa napurI me suzobhita paro aura jhakRta kaTi pradeza kI gati Aja kaisI zrI-vihIna hai| Aja vahI svarNa-majita palako ke samAna parama kAntimayI rUpavAna mukhadhAma deha, Aja jarjarita aura dugyo kA AgAra banI hai| satyavAdI jano ke vAkya vRthA nahIM hote| kintu isI carama vairAgya dvArA jo zAnti, jisa alaukika parama pada kI prApti unhone kI, ume kitanI gaharAI se sundarI rAjakanyA nandA abhivyakta karatI hai "tasmA tassA me appa mattAya vicinantiyA yoni so| yathA bhUta aya kAyo diTTho sattara vaaddiro|| atha nimvinda i kArya ajjhataJca virajja hai| appayattA visayuttA upasantamhi // " pravala jijJAsA utpanna hone para adamya utsAhapUrvaka maine utpatti ke kAraNa aura deha ke vAhya antara dono svampo ko samyak dRSTi se dekha liyaa| ima deha ke viSaya meM mujhe aura cintA zeSa nhiiN| mai ava sapUrNa rUpa se rAga-mukta huuN| lakSyabodha, anAsakta aura zAntacitta ho nirvANa-pada kI zAnti kA upabhoga kara rahI huuN| (rohiNI) zrama, gIla, anAlasa, zreSTha kAryoM meM magna, tRSA dvepahIna Aja mai vratI hU~, buddha huuN| isase pUrva mai nAma mAtra kI brAhmaNa thI, Aja matya hI brAhmaNa huuN| tIno vidyAo, (prakRtajJa, vedajJa, aura brAhmaNatva) ko pAkara prAha | Aja mai snAtikA huuN| merA hRdaya Aja pAkulatA-zUnya, citta nirmala aura zAnti-pUrNa hai| aise-aise ullasita vAkyo se yaha 'therI gAthAe~' bharI paDI hai| satya aura saundarya ke isa gahana kSetra meM se kauna-sA ziva-patha hai, yahAM mantavya nhiiN| ukta vistRta upalabdha mAhitya dvArA bhAratIya nArI ke antara kI adbhuta jhalaka sasAra kI prAcIna bhASAo me eka advitIya vastu hai| anya kisI bhI deza kI prAcIna striyo kI sRjanatA ina nATaka, itihAsa, darzana, jyotiSa,gaNita,pAlekhana Adi kI viduSiyo kI sImA taka nahI pahuMca skii| itanA bhI kama gauravapUrNa nahIM hai| naI dillI] - -

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM mahilAoM kA dAna DA0 yatIndravimala caudharI vartamAna yuga me mahilAo kI pragati ke bAre me yo to sabhI saceSTa hai, parantu mahilAe~ vizeSarUpa se saceSTa hai / ve zikSA, dIkSA eva saba viSayo meM U~ce se U~ce prAdarza ko prApta karanA cAhatI hai aura isake liye kitanI hI mahilAo ne kAphI yatna bhI kiyA hai| unhone sirpha U~cI zikSA hI nahI prApta kI hai, balki nAnA viSayo ke grantho kI racayitrI hone kA zreya bhI unheM prApta haiM / strI-zikSA kA ucca Adarza hindustAna meM koI nayA nahIM hai / vaidika yuga se hI bhAratIya mahilAe~ isa Adarza se anuprANita hotI zrA rahI hai| vaidika yuga meM mahilAo ne saba taraha se mAmAjika jIvana me jo ucca sthAna prApta kiyA thA, usake bAre meM kucha-na-kucha prAya sabhI loga jAnate haiM / ima choTe-se lekha me vartamAna yuga kI mahilAo ke viSaya meM kucha batalAne kI koI cepTA hama nahI karege / pratIta kAla me bhI striyA~ sirpha ucca zikSitA hI nahI thI, balki ve bahuta se grantho kI racayitrI bhI thI / sambhava hai ki inakA itihAsa bhI kisI ko mAlUma na ho / ina saba saskRta grantho kI hasta likhita pothiyA~ bhArata ke vibhinna sthAno - pustakAlayoM, vyakti vizeSo ke hAtho, maTho aura mandiro me vikSipta rUpa se chipI paDI hai| inameM se kitanI hI kAla-srota se naSTa-bhraSTa bhI ho gaI hai / isake alAvA kucha pothiyA~ bhArata ke bAhara bhI calI gaI hai| phira bhI kAvya, purANa, smRti, tantra Adi viSayoM meM khoja karane se unake jo pANDityapUrNa grantha prApta hue haiM, unakA bhI kucha kama mUlya nahI hai / ina grantho se hI prAcIna kAlIna bhAratIya mahilAo kI bahumukhI pratibhA kA kucha-kucha AbhAsa hama pAte haiM / maskRtasAhitya me bhAratIya nAriyo kA jo dAna avaziSTa hai, usase bhI isa sAhitya meM eka navIna zAkhA kI sRSTi kI jA sakatI hai, jo zrAja taka ajJAta hI paDI huI hai| kAphI anusandhAna ke bAda bhAratIya mahilAo kI jo saMskRta - racanAe~ hama saMgraha kara sake haiM, unheM bhI hama kramaza prakAzita krege| unake kitane hI grantho kA sakSipta vivaraNa yahA~ hama deMge / dRzya-kAvya-nATaka Adi mahApaNDita ghanazyAma kI sundarI aura kamalA nAmaka do viduSI patniyo ne kavi rAjazekhara ke prasiddha 'viddhazAla-bhajikA' para eka atyanta sundara zrIra pANDityapUrNa TIkA likhI hai| isa TAkA kA nAma hai 'sundarIkamalI' yA 'camatkArI -taragiNI' / unake pati ghanazyAma ne bhI isI 'vidvazAlabhajikA' para 'prANapratiSThA' nAmaka eka sakSipta TokA likhI hai / sundarI aura kamalA kI bodhazakti apUrva, bhASA zuddha aura vicAradakSatA atulanIya hai / unhone pahale ke TIkAkAro kI samAlocanA hI nahI kI hai, balki kAlidAsa, bhavabhUti, amarasiMha, vizAkhadatta Adi mahAmanasviyoM kI kaThora AlocanA karane se bhI ve vicalita nahI huI hai / yaha to svIkAra karanA hI paDegA ki bahuta-sI jagaho meM unakI AlocanA upayukta bhI hai| ukta TIkA me kitane hI sthalo para apane mata kI puSTi ke lie unhone alakAra-anya, abhidhAna, vyAkaraNa Adi se pramANa uddhRta kie hai / ina grantho kA adhikAza bhAga bahuta pahale duniyA se lupta ho gayA hai / zrAvya-kAvya aura mahAkAvya Adi zrAvya-kAvya meM mahilAo ke dAna ke sambandha meM jo kucha pAyA gayA hai, use do hisso me bA~TA jA sakatA hai(1) vibhinna viSayo para choTI-choTI kavitAe~ thora ( 2 ) sampUrNa kAvya |

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saskRta mAhitya meM mahilAo kA dAna 677 (1) ghopA, vizvavAlA, apAlA Adi vaidika Rpiyo kI mpiyo aura prAkRta aura pAli bhASAo kI kaviyitriyo ke bAre meM yahAM hama kucha nahIM khege| unakA ullekha isI gratha me anyatra huA hai| inake atirikta bhI bahuta-mI aimI kaviyitriyo ke nAma hameM prApta hue hai, jinhone saskRta me kavitAe~ likhI hai| rAjazekhara, dhanadadeva Adi jaise prasidva mAhityi mahArathiyo ne bhI unakA kAphI guNagAna kiyA hai| aisI mahilAoM meM se aAja kitanI ke nipha nAma hI milane hai| yaha hamArA durbhAgya hI hai ki unake sumajjita kAvyodyAna ko jaga-mI bhau jhAkI hameM prAja nahIM miltii| unameM se kucha ke nAma isa prakAra hai--kAmalIlA, kanakavallI, janitAgI, ghurAgI, sunandA, vimalAgI, prabhudevI, lATI, vijayAkA ityaadi| jinakI choTI-moTI kavitAe~ pAI gaI unameM se pinano ke nAma hai~-bhAvadevI, gaurI, indulekhA, keralI, kuTalA, lakSmI, madAlasA, madhugvarNI, madirekSaNA, mArulA, morikA, nAgammA, padmAvatI, phalguhastinI, candrakAntA bhikSuNI, priyambadA, marasvatI, maramvatIkuTumbaduhitA, gIlAbhaTTArikA, sItA, subhadrA, tribhuvanasarasvatI, caNDAlavidyA, vidyAvatI, pijjA, vikaTanitambA aadi| inameM me hame kimI-kimI kI tIsa-nIma kavitAe~ milI hai aura kisI-kisI tI mipha do-cAra / ye kavitAe~ vividha viSayo para lipI gaI hai-jaise, devastuti, darzana, dharma, prema ityAdi kA varNana, aga-pratyaga-varNana, pazu-pakSI-varNana Adi / inake bhAva aura bhASA madhura hai eva chanda aura alakAro ko chaTA kI kamI nahIM hai| unakI aura bhI kitanI hI kavitAe~ thI, isameM koI sandeha nahI, parantu Aja ye saba do-cAra idhara-udhara nisa hue phUloM kI ta ha nAnA dipAyo ko suvAmita kara rahI hai / unameM se bahuto ne IsvI san navI aura dasavI natAbdiyoM meM pUrva bhAgna ko alakRta kiyA thaa| (2) hama bhAratIya mahilAoM ke kitane hI sampUrNa kAvya bhI prApta hue hai| (ka) magrAmasiMha kI mAtA amarasiMha kI paTarAnI deva-kumArikA ne 'vaidyanAtha-prasAda-prazasti' likhI hai| vaidyanAtha ke mandira kI pratiSThA ke mamaya yaha pragasti likhI gaI thI aura yaha mandira meM khudI huI hai| yaha aitihAsika pragati rAjAmAtA-gRta hai yA nahIM, isa viSaya meM madeha kI kAphI gujAiza hai| IsvI san kI aThArahavI zatAbdI me rAjapanAne meM unakA janma huyA thaa| (ga) rAnI gagAdevI-gRta 'mathurA-vijaya' yA 'vIra-kamparAya-carita' hai| ve vijayanagara ke samrAT vIra umpana kI ganI thii| ImbI man kI caudahanI zatAbdI ke madhya meM apane pati ke madurA (madhurA) vijaya ke upalakSa meM unhoMne ukta grantha kI racanA kii| yaha granya caudahavI zatAbdI ke dakSiNa-bhArata ke aitihAnika tathyo se paripUrNa hai| (ga) tAjora ke rAjA raghunAtha nAyaka kI mabhA-kaviyitrI madhurAnI-kRta 'rAmAyaNa-kAvya' hai / ve IsvI man kI sagrahavI zatAbdI me huI thii| yaha anya raghunAtha-kRta telagU rAmAyaNa ke AdhAra para saskRta me likhA gayA hai| (gha) uparyuktta raghunAtha nAyaka kI eka dUsarI mabhA-kaviyitrI rAmabhadrAmvA-kRta 'raghunAthAbhyudaya-mahAkAvya' hai| isa mahAkAvya meM gghunAtha rAjA ke rUpa, guNa aura vijaya kI kahAniyo kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isase hama loga nAjora ke tatkAlIna kitane hI aitihAsika tathyo ko jAna sakate hai / (Da) vijayanagara ke mamrATa acyutadevarAya kI sabhA kaviyitrI tirumalambA-kRta 'varadAmbikA-pariNayacampa' hai| unhone Imbo man kI molahavI zatAbdI ke madhya meM isa grantha kI racanA kii| isake prathama bhAga me acyuta devagaya ko vazAvalI, unake pitA kI vijaya-kahAnI aura unake vAla-kAla kA itihAsa Adi kA varNana hai tathA uttagarddha meM acyutadevarAya kA varadAmvikA ke mAya pariNaya aura unake putra cinaveMkaTagaya ke janma Adi kA varNana hai / imama itihAsa kI apekSA kavitva kI hI mAtrA adhika hai|

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678 premI-abhinadana-graMtha Adhunika saskRta-kaviyitriyA~ yadyapi Ajakala saskRta kA paThana-pAThana bahuta kama ho gayAhai, phira bhI abhI bhAratIya mahilAe~ saskRta meM kAvya ityAdi kI racanA karatI hai, isake aneka pramANa pAye jAte hai-jaise malAvAra kI lakSmIrAnI-kRta sampUrNa kAvya 'santAna gopaaln'| isa sambandha meM aura bhI kitane hI nAma lie jA sakate hai, jaise-anasUyA kamalAbAI vApaTe, bAlAmbikA, hanumAmbA, jJAnasundarI, kAmAkSI, mandamaya dhATI, AlamelammA, rAdhApriyA, ramAvAI, zrI devI bAlArAjJI, sonAmaNIdevI, sundaravallI, triveNI ityAdi / paurANika karma-paddhati maNDalIka nRpati kI kanyA harasiha rAjA kI mahArAnI vInayAgI IsvI san kI terahavI yA caudahavI zatAbdI me gujarAta kI zobhA baDhAtI thii| zruti, smRti aura purANa kI ye pragADha paNDitA thii| 'dvArakA-mAhAtmya' nAmaka unakI pustaka sirpha kaI eka viziSTa prAdamiyo kI dhArmika kriyA kI sahAyatA ke lie hI nahIM likhI gaI hai, balki sava jAtiyo aura varNoM kI dharma-kriyA sucAru rUpa se sampAdita karane ke lie unhone ima ganya kI racanA bahuta dezI aura tIrthoM ke bhramaNa me jJAna prApta karane ke bAda kI thii| isase yaha bAta pramANita hotI hai ki dharma-makAnta viSayo para -khAsakara laukika pracAra ke vidhAna ke sambandha me kevala vaidika yuga meM hI striyo kA adhikAra thA, yaha bAta nhii| usake bAda ke yugo meM bhI striyAM deza ke dharma-sakrAnta vividha viSayo para suvyavasthA kara gaI hai aura AcAravicAra tathA kriyA-kalApa Adi viSayo para nAnA prakAra ke pANDityapUrNa grantho kI racanA kara gaI hai| smRti-zAstra smArta nAriyo ke vIca vizvAsadevI aura lakSmIdevI pAyaguNDa ke nAma vizepa spa se ullekhanIya hai| IsvI san kI pandrahavI zatAbdI me vizvAsadevI mithilA ke rAjasiMhAsana kI zobhA baDhAtI thii| ve padmasiMha kI paTarAnI thii| unake rAjatva ke avasAna ke sAtha unakA rAja bhavasiha ke putra harasiha ke hAtha meM calA jA rahA thaa| ve atyanta dharmaparAyaNA thii| gagA ke prati unakI bahuta jyAdA Asakti thI, isalie unhone gagA para eka vistRta pustaka kI racanA kI, jisakA nAma 'gagA-padyAvalI' hai| gagA se sambandha rakhane vAle jitane bhI prakAra ke dharma, kriyA-karma ityAdi sambhava hai-jaise, darzana, sparzana, zravaNa, snAna, gagA ke tIra para vAsa, zrAddha ityAdi sabhI viSayo para zruti, smRti, purANa, itihAsa, jyotiSa ityAdi granyo se apane mata kI puSTi me uddharaNa dekara unhone adhikAra-pUrvaka prakAza DAlA hai| smRti ke kaThora niyamo ke anusAra Atma-niyoga karane me ve jarA bhI vicalita nahI huii| unhone pahale ke sabhI smArtoM ke mato kI vivecanA karake apane mata kA ni sadigdha bhAva se pracAra kiyA hai / smRti-tattva-sambandhI unakI vodha-zakti apUrva aura vizleSaNa-zakti anupama thii| isa pustaka ne paravartI smArta-maNDalI kA dhyAna vizeSa rUpa se AkRSTa kiyA thaa| phalasvarUpa mitra mizra, smArta-bhaTTAcArya raghunandana, vAcaspati mizra ityAdi sabhI smArta-ziromaNiyone isa grantha ke mata kA zraddhA ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai aura usako saba jagaha mAnA hai| itanI yukti aura pANDityapUrNa pustaka eka bhAratIya mahilA kaise likha sakatI hai, aisI zakA bhI kisI-kisI sammAnita vyakti ne kI hai| unake vicAra se yaha pustaka vidyApati-kRta hai| parantu ukta pustaka meM spaSTa rUpa se likhA huA hai ki yaha vizvAsadevI ko likhI huI hai aura vidyApati ne isake liye pramANa sagraha karane me thoDI-sI madada dI hai| sirpha isalie yaha mAna lenA ki yaha pustaka vizvAsadevI-kRta nahIM hai, atyanta ayuktipUrNa hai| ____ lakSmIdevI pAyaguNDa suprasiddha vaiyAkaraNa vaidyanAtha pAyagaNDa kI sahadharmiNI thii| ve aThArahavI zatAbdI me jIvita thii| apanI 'kAlamAdhava-lakSmI' nAmaka TIkA ke dvitIya adhyAya ke zeSa me unhone likhA hai ki san 1762

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saskRta sAhitya meM mahilAo kA dAna 676 63 me isa TIkA ke likhane ke pahale teraha dina kA pakSa huA thA, jo hamezA nahI hotA / lakSmIdevI eka asAdhAraNa viduSI ramaNI thii| vijJAnezvara-kRta 'yAzyavalka-smRti-TIkA-mitAkSarA' para unhone 'mitAkSarA-vyAkhyAna' nAmaka TokA likhI hai / mAdhavAcArya-racita 'kAlamAdhava' nAmaka suprasiddha smRti-grantha para bhI unhone bahuta hI sundara TIkA limvI hai aura usakA nAmakaraNa unhone apane nAma ke anusAra 'kAlamAdhavalakSmI' kiyA hai| lakSmI pUrNa sarasvatI hI thii| unakI hara eka pakti me agaNita zAstro kA jJAna prakaTa rUpa se vidyamAna hai| unhone vaidika sAhitya, brAhmaNa, upanipad, sUtra, mahAbhArata, prAcIna aura navIna smRti, purANa aura upapurANa, jyotiSa aura vizeSata vyAkaraNa Adi ke agavizeSa ko yathAsthAna uddhRta karake unakI vyAkhyA apane mata ke pratipAdana me jisa nipuNatA ke sAtha kI hai, use dekha kara hama logo ko Azcaryacakita ho jAnA paDatA hai / mAdhavAcArya pragADha vidvAna aura apane siddhAnta-nirUpaNa me akATya yukti dene meM siddhahasta the| mAdhavAcArya-racita grantha para TIkA karanA asIma sAhasa kA kArya hai| kintu lakSmIdevI kI TIkA dekhane se jJAta hotA hai ki maulika tattvo ke anusandhAna aura vizleSaNa karane meM aneka sthAno meM ve mAdhavAcArya se bhI Age bar3ha gaI hai| mAdhava jahA~ para aspaSTa hai, vahA~ para lakSmI suspaSTa, jina para mAdhava ne kucha nahIM kahA hai, una para lakSmI ne apanI nArI-sulabha saralatA aura saujanyapUrvaka prakAza DAlA hai| lakSmI ke samAna marasvatI kI putriyA~ kama hI hai| 'kAlamAdhava-lakSmI ke saskaraNa ke prathama khaNDa meM aura do TIkAe~ sAtha-hI-sAtha dI huI hai| uname se eka TIkA 'kAlamAdhava-lakSmI' se pahale svaya mAdhavAcArya ke nAma para calatI thii| dekhA gayA hai ki ukta TIkA ke hisAva se lakSmI kI TIkA sarvotkRSTa hai| dUsarI do TIkAe~ 'kAlamAdhava' para ThIka TIkAeM nahIM hai| sirpha lakSmI ne hI samce grantha para sucAru rUpa se TIkA kI hai| unhI ke kalyANa, dhairya aura jJAna ke samudra se jagata ke kalyANa ke lie 'kAlamAdhava-lakSmI' TIkA nikalI hai, jo bhArata kI viziSTa nidhi hai / tatrazAstra muprasiddha tAtrika premanidhi kI patnI prANamajarI zikSA-dIkSA Adi saba prakAra se apane pati kI anuvartinI thii| aThArahavI sadI ke prathama bhAga meM unakA janma kumAyU me huA thaa| unakI 'tatrarAja-tatra' kI TIkA kA prathama pariccheda hI bacA huA hai| bahuta sambhava hai ki unhone avaziSTa paricchedo kI bhI TIkA kI ho, para kAlakrama se aba vaha lupta ho gaI hai| TokA kA jitanA aza prApta aura prakAzita huA hai, usase pramANita hotA hai ki unhone aura bhI kitane hI granyo kI racanA kI thii| 'tatrarAja-tatra' kI TIkA kA nAma 'sudarzana' hai| unhone apane putra sudarzana kI mRtyu ke bAda use amaratva pradAna karane ke khayAla se 'avinAzI sudarzana' nAmaka TIkA kI racanA kii| isameM unhone tatrazAstra-sambandhI apanI pragADha nipuNatA pradarzita kI hai| 'tatra-rAjatatra' kI prathama kavitA kI pA~ca prakAra kI vyAkhyA unake vizeSa pANDitya kA dyotaka hai| unhone apane pUrvavartI 'manoramA' ke racayitA subhaganAtha Adi TIkAkAro aura dUsare tAtriko tathA zAstro ke mata uddhRta kie hai| kahI-kahI to unhone apane mata ke pratipAdana meM una mato kA samarthana aura kahI-kahI khaNDana bhI kiyA hai| unhone tatrazAstra ke sUkSma-se-sdama vicAro para apane vicAra prakaTa kie hai aura tatrazAstra ke vibhinna mato kA khaDana karake apane mata kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| isa prakAra kI viduSI hone para bhI unhone abhIpTa devatA haihayanAtha se apane grantha sampAdana ke kalyANArtha vara na mAMga kara apane pati kI zubhakAmanA kA hI vara mAMgA thaa| tatrazAstra atyanta jaTila hai / usa para isa prakAra pANDityapUrNa prakAza DAlanA sarvathA prazasanIya hai| yuga-yuga se bhAratIya mahilAe~ jo jJAna-dIpa jalAtI A rahI hai usake Aloka kA anusaraNa kara vartamAna yuga kI mahilAe~ bhI jJAna kI adhikAriNI ho sakatI hai| isa prakAra jJAna ke Aloka kA vitaraNa kara ve deza kA kalyANa kareMgI, isame sandeha nhiiN| kalakattA

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bhAratIya gRhoM kA alaMkaraNa zrI jayalAla mehatA ghara ko zrAkarSaka tathA zAnti prada banAye rakhanA nArI kA eka guNa hai / usako upasthiti ho mAno ghara kI vA gobhA kA hetu hai aura ghara ke aMdara mAtA yA patnI ke rUpa meM apane Adarza ke prati maccI bhakti bhAvanA ramate hue usakA sacaraNa eka anupama sodarya kA bodhaka hai / bhAratIya saskRti meM ThIka hI nArI ko 'gRhalakSmI' arthAt gRha kI praSThAtrI devI kA viruda prarpita kiyA gayA hai / bhAratIya mahilA ne isake badale meM ghara ko eka Adarza rUpa pradAna karake usake liye usane apanA sapUrNa vyaktitva hI samarpita kara diyA hai / 1 bhAratIya samAja ke dvArA nArI ko gRhalakSmItva kA jo upayukta sammAna diyA gayA hai umage vaha apane dAyitva para pUrI lagana ke sAtha salagna hai / yahI mukhya manovaijJAnika tathya hai, jisake kAraNa hamAre atargRha sauMdarya tathA zrAnada pratirUpa bane hue hai / kevala isI prAtarika bhAvanA ke hone para aneka prakAra ke pharnIcara, daravAjA para laTakane vAle vividha jhADa phanUsa zrAdi anAvazyaka pratIta hoge / sApha-sutharA pharza, uma para eka mAdI caTAI aura zrAsa-pAsa kucha sundara puSpo kI sugandha kevala itanI hI vastu se mAnava- niketana kA eka ramaNIka citra upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai / gRha kA isa prakAra kA nitAta sAdA rUpa kisI vairAgI mahAtmA ke liye nahIM hai / yaha sauMdarya kA vaha nisarA huA rUpa hai, jise jApAnI tathA cInI logo ne bhI, jo sasAra me navame adhika saudarya - premI vikhyAta haiM, apanAyA hai / inake sarvottama saje hue kamaro kA artha hai-eka sApha caTAI kA pharza, sundara varNAvalI yA kimI prAkRtika dRzya me yukta eka laTakatI huI tasavIra, bhalI prakAra me ko huI puSpa-racanA tathA ( yadi sabhava huA to ) eka choTo kATha kI meja / vama itanA hI kAphI hai / yahA~ taka ki dhanika varga ke bhI gharo kI sajAvaTa aimI hI rahatI hai / kevala unameM prakta vastue~ adhika kImatI hotI haiN| gharo kI sajAvaTa karate samaya sthAna kI pavitratA kA vaDA dhyAna rakkhA jAtA hai aura use adhika vastuo kI bharamAra karake virUpa nahI banA diyA jAtA / zrAjakala ke phaizana ko, jisame vaibhavapradarzana ke lie kamaro ko alakaraNa se bojhila kara diyA jAtA hai, ve loga bhaddA samajhate hai / cIna aura jApAna me gharo ko isa prakAra sundara banAne kA utanA zreya vahA~ ke mahilA samAja ko nahI diyA jAtA, jitanA hama use bhArata meM dete haiM / yahA~ to hama strI ko gRhalakSmI taka kA pada samarpita karate hai / ukta dezo mestrI kA sthAna gauNa hai / ata usakI upasthiti ghara ke vAtAvaraNa meM prabhAvapUrNa nahI hotI / isake pratikUla ghara me usakA sacaraNa mAno usa sundara saje hue sthAna meM kisI zrApatti kA sUcaka hotA hai / uparyukta vAta hamAre isa kathana kI satyatA ko hI pramANita karatI hai ki jaba taka nArI ko pUrNa mahAyatA tathA saccI lagana ke sAtha apane dAyitva ko sabhAlane ke lie tatpara nahIM kiyA jAtA taba taka gharo ko cAhe jitanA bhAja-zrRgAra se bhara diyA jAya, uname zrabhISTa saudarya nahI lAyA jA sakatA / prAcIna hiMdU samAja-sudhArako ne isa manovaijJAnika tathya ko acchI taraha samajha liyA thA / unhone hamAre gArhasthya jIvana tathA usase sabaMdhita sAmAjika upAgo ko eka ora to kuTuva ke Adarza puruSa ke aura dUsarI ora zrAdarza nArI ke jimme rakhakara isa dizA me yatheSTa sAphalya prApta kara liyA thaa| samaya kI gati meM hama jIvana kI vibhinna gati-vidhiyo ko apanAne lage aura dhIre-dhIre apane Adarza mArga se cyuta ho gaye / Aja puruSa nArI ko usake adhikArapUrNa pada para pratiSThita karane meM asaphala hai / sAtha hI nArI bhI ghara kI cahAradIvArI ke pratibaMdha meM raha kara

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bhAratIya gRho kA alakaraNa 651 jIvana-yApana karane se ikAra karatI hai| jima Adhunika yathArthavAda kA hameM vadA ghamaDa hai, usane paristhiti ko aura bhI vikRta kara diyA hai / Ajakala pati aura patnI kA jIvana adhikAra aura mAMga kA jIvana hai, na ki 'kartavya aura tyAga' kaa| aimI dazA me gAImya jIvana meM mamanvaya kI prAgA karanA kahA~ taka magata hai / Aja hamAre gharokI sajAvaTa kI kyA hAlata hai ? vaha yA to kSobhapaidA kagne vAlI hotI hai, yA usameM sajAvaTa kA kevala dabha hotA hai| na to maudarya kA koI upayukta svarUpa hamAre sAmane hai aura na hamameM mundara vAtAvaraNa utpanna karane kI koI utkaThA hI hai| hama mAMdarya kI bhAvanA ko apekSA sammAna ke bhAva kA adhika Adara karate hai| umdApana yA AvazyakatA se adhika na hone kA vicAra hamAre liye utanA grAhya nahI, jitanA ki mAgahIna dikhaavaa| vAstavikatA kI apekSA hama taDaka bhaDaka ko pamada karate hai| muhAvanA zAntibhAva hama utanA priya nahIM lagatA, jitanA ki bhaDakIle rago kA mAja / Adhunika gharoM kI majAvaTa meM, kevala vaimava-pradarzana dRSTigocara hotA hai| mophe, reDiyo, dariyAM, kArDaborDa, daravAjo tayA dIvAlo meM laTakane vAle jhADa-phAnUga Adi zRgAra ke upakaraNa hote hai / ima avyavasthita alakaraNa meM na to mayama kI bhAvanA rahatI hai,ja maudarya kA hI samanvaya milatA hai / yayAsabhava kImatI vastuoM kA pradarzana hI sundara samajhA jAtA hai| hame yaha mAnanA par3egA ki aAdhunika sabhyatA kI dRSTi se apane ko pratiSThina jatAne ke lie hama vinA socevicAre yUropIya Dhaga ko rahana-sahana kA anukaraNa kara rahe hai| vAstava me rahna-mahana kA rUpa adhikAga me deza kI bhaugolika sthitiyo para avalavita hai| jo vAta ThaDI jalavAyu ke lie Avazyaka hai, vaha garma ke liye nhii| jisa prakAra ke rahana-sahana kI AvazyakatA pahADI pradeza ke lie upayukta hai, vaimI khule tathA lave-cauDe maidAna ke lie nhiiN| phira jo bAteM kimI eka vyakti ke manonukUla ho makatI hai, ve dUsare ke nhiiN| yUropa kI jalavAyu ke liye darI viche hue bada kamare, gaddIdAra kursiyAM tathA garma kapaDe Avazyaka hote haiM, paratu ye mava vAta hamAre deza me, jo yUropa kI apekSA kahIM garma hai, kyo apanAI jAyeM ? eka yUropa ke nivAmI ko U~ce para baiTha kara apane paira nIce laTakAne me sahUliyata hotI hai, paratu koI jarUrata nahIM ki hiMdustAnI bhI isakI nakala kara aura pharza para pAlathI mAra kara baiThane kI apanI Adata choTa de| yUropa ke vyakti ko Aga ke samIpa baiThanA bhalA mAlUma par3atA hai| kyA hama bhI isako dekhakara apane kamaro me aMgIThI jalAne kA eka sthAna yUropa ke Dhaga kI taraha banAve ? kapaDo kA jo raMga gore logo ke lie varphIlI jagaha aura kuhare vAle mausama me upayukna hotA hai vaha bhUre yA kAle raMga vAle manuSyo ke liye, jo hare-bhare tathA dhUpa vAle sthAnI meM rahate hai, Avazyaka nahIM ho sktaa| dUmaro kI nakala kara lene meM hI zobhA nahI A jaatii| isase to nakala karanevAle ke zauka kA chichalApana prakaTa hotA hai| bhAratIya jalavAya ke liye khulA huA pharza kA honA jarUrI hai / gaTTIdAra kusiyo kA rakhanA burA zauka hai / spriMgadAra kurmiyoM kA prayoga mvAsthya para burA prabhAva DAlane vAlA hai / unake sthAna para kATha yA veta kI kurmiyo kA, jinake Upara alaga me gaddiyAM rakkhI gaI ho, vyavahAra karanA ThIka hai / yUropa ke Dhaga kI sophA vAlI kurmI kI banAvaTa aprAkRtika hotI hai| use kucha cauDA bananA cAhie, jimame baiThane vAlA apane paira kUlo kI mIca meM phailA kara baiTha sake / dupahalI mophA-kursI anAvazyaka jaMcatI hai| kusiyo kI apekSA pharga para pAlathI mAra kara baiThanA adhika acchA hai aura ime mammAnaprada mAnanA caahie| rago kA cunAva prAkRtika AvazyakatAo nathA logo ke zArIrika rUparaga ke anukUla honA cAhie / bhAranIyo ke lie lAla yA pIle raga, jiname ekAca kAlI cittiyAM vanI ho adhika upayukta hai / halake pIle tathA sapheda raga bhI, jinake kinAre kucha kAle yA gahare ho, vyavahAra meM lAye jA sakate hai| yadi nIlA raga pamada hai to vaha itanA hInIlA ho, jitanA AsamAna kA raga hai / kAle raMga ke sAtha gahare nIle raMga kA prayoga bhayAvanA lagatA hai| hara raga nilAI kI apekSA pilAI liye hue hone caahie| hamAre cAro ora pattiyo kI hariyAlI bahuta dekhane ko milatI

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682 premI - zrabhinaMdana - pratha hai / isI raga ko ghara ke pradara bhI dikhAnA acchA nahI / lAla aura nIle raMgo kA sAtha-mAtha pradarzana hamAre liye ThIka nahI ja~catA / ina dono rago kA sammilita prabhAva darzaka ko DarAvanA lagatA hai / rago ke mavadha me hameM yaha gura dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki eka sAtha tIna raMgo se adhika kA prayoga karanA ThIka nahI / baiThane ke liye kamare ko sajAvaTa tathA rago kI bAvata itanA kaha kara zrava hama saundarya kI anya choTA-moTA bAto para prakAza DAlege / udAharaNArthaM patthara kI mUrtiyAM, citra, phoTo, gamale, lepa-sTaiMDa tathA kA~me ke pyAle zrAdi / ina savadha meM eka Avazyaka bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhiye ki kamare me jo kucha vastueM rakkhI jA~ya ve kisI-na-kisI prayojana ko siddha karatI ho -- jaise puSpa- pAtra, dhUpa- dAna, laimpa-sTaiMDa tathA kAgaja davAne ke liye prayukta vstueN| aisI vastue~ kisI tatkAlIna prayojana ke liye nahI rakkhI jAtI, kitu jinakA kucha nijI uddezya hotA hai, jaise acche citra, mUrtiyA~ yA bhAvAtmaka phoTo Adi, unheM ve kabhI-kabhI aura kramavAra ( eka ko nikAla kara dUsarI ) pradarzita karanA cAhiye / unake pradarzana kA AdhAra-pRSTha deza kAlAnumAra upayukta bhAva honA caahie| tabhI una vastutro kA vAstavika lAbha uThAyA jA sakatA hai aura ve prabhAvotpAdaka ho sakatI hai / gharako pavitratA ke bhAva se bharane ke liye dUsarI zrAvazyaka bAta hai pharza ko sajAvaTa / pratyeka bhAratIya ghara tyauhAro yA dhArmika saskAro Adi ke samaya para pharza para alpanA yA ragolI kI jAtI hai| aise prAMgano yA pharzA sajAnA, jina para jUto kI caramara huA karatI hai zrIra jalI huI sigaraTI ke TukaDe pheMke jAte hai, kevala vardharatA hai / apanI sAskRtika pavitratA ke niyamo kA pAlana hame dRDhatA ke sAtha karanA hogA, nahI to vaha kevala dikhAU aura asvAbhAvika ho jAyagI / aba hama phUlo kI majAvaTa ko lete haiM / isa savadha me hama jo bAta jApAna yA yUropa meM pAte hai yA jisakI nakala hamAre bhAratIya gharo me dekhI jAtI hai vaha satoSajanaka nahI hai / phUlo ko unake DaThala sahita kATa kara kamaro ke bhItara gamalo me lagAnA asagata ja~catA hai, jaba ki prakRti ne vistRta bhU-kSetra tathA sUrya ko pracura prabhA pradAna kI hai, jo phUlo ko svAbhAvika rUpa se vikasita hone meM sahAyaka ho sakatI hai / isakA artha yaha nahIM ki ghara meM bagIcA saDA kiyA jaay| isakA kevala yaha abhiprAya hai ki kucha sthAyI phUlo ke paudhe yA latAe~, jo mIThI sugandha tathA sundara raga kI ho, khiDakiyo ke AsapAsa lagA dI jaay| bhArata meM camelI, mAlatI, zephAlI, motiyA aura aparAjitA Adi ke puSpa kAphI pasanda kiye jAte haiN| kamaro ke adara kevala kucha cune hue pUrNa vikasita phUlo ko lAkara unheM nirmala jala se bharI huI eka vaDI taztarI meM tairAnA bahuta suhAvanA pratIta hogA / jala ke Upara tairate hue puSpo kA darzana dekhane vAle kI thakAna ko dUra karane vAlA hotA hai, vizeSata garmI kI Rtu me / yadi ThaThalo ke sahita phUla sajAye hI jA~ya to ve jApAniyo ke DhaMga se ho| ve eka samaya kevala eka yA doDaThalayukta uttamottama phUlo ko kamare ke eka hI sthAna para sajAte hai / isa prakAra una phUlo kA vyaktitva pUrNa rUpa se pratyakSa jAtA hai aura usakA prAnada liyA jA sakatA hai / phUlo kA pUrA gucchA kisI vartana ke bhItara rakha kara usakA pradarzana karanA sajAvaTa kA acchA tarIkA nahI kahA jA sakatA / khajUra-jaise paudho ko kamare ke aMdara rakhanA bilakula asagata hai / yadi ye peDa acche lagate hI ho to unheM ghara ke bAhara AsapAsa unake vizAla rUpa meM hI kyo na dekhA jAya ? 1 Adhunika vijJAna ke aneka camatkAra - vijalI kI rozanI, pakhe, reDiyo Adi -- zrava bhI sAdhAraNa bhAratIyo kI pahu~ca se bAhara hai| hamame se jinako ye sAdhana prApta hai unheM bijalI ke tAro ke sabaMdha meM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki ve isa prakAra se dIvAlo meM phiTa kiye jAya ki dRSTi meM kama paDe / vijalI kI rozanI ko skrIna se Dha~ka denA cAhiye, jisame A~kho me cakAcauMdha na paidA ho| vAstava meM rozanI ko parde se DhaMkanA svaya eka kalA hai / isake dvArA aneka bhAti ke prabhAva utpanna kiye jA sakate hai ? itanA hote hue bhI parde se DhakI huI bijalI kI rozanI kRtrima hI hai aura hama usako tulanA ugate yA DUbate hue sUrya kI prabhA se yA cAMdanI rAta se kadApi nahI kara sakate ?

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bhAratIya gRhoM kA alakaraNa 683 reDiyo kA kharca abhI itanA adhika hai ki vaha Ama janatA kI pahuMca se bAhara hai| usake sthAna para kamare ke bhItara khiDakI ke pAsa kucha marakaDe ke TukaDo ko yA patalI, polI lakaDiyo ko TAMga kara sagIta kA mada svara sunA jA sakatA hai| khiDakI me se jo havA AvegI usase ve hila-Dula kara eka dUsare se lagegI aura isa prakAra eka dhImA mRdu svara utpanna hogaa| ___ Upara atargRha kI sajAvaTa kA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai vaha saba prakAra ke kamaroM meM lAgU ho sakatA hai, kevala umameM vaiyaktika saci vizeSa hogii| hamane Upara yaha batAyA hai ki ghara ko sukha-zAntimaya banAne ke liye strI-purupa meM eka manovaijJAnika anukUlatA kA honA Avazyaka hai / isake bAda apanI nakala karane vAlI Adata ko kosate hue hamane yaha vatAyA ki bhAratIya jalavAyu tathA logo ke ruci ke anukUla kamaro kI kaisI sajAvaTa yahA~ vAchanIya hai / ava hama eka dUsarI Avazyaka vAta kA kathana kareMge aura vaha hai apane hAtho apanA kAma krnaa| ghara kI dekhabhAla aura usakI sajAvaTa karanA pratidina apane vyaktitva kA eka nayA citra upasthita karane ke mamAna hai / naukaro yA kisI anya vyakti ke Upara yaha kAma choDa denA ThIka nahI hai| dUsare ke bharose baiTha kara na kevala hama apane ko maulika racanA ke Anada se vacita rakhate hai, apitu hama usa vAtAvaraNa ko bhI kho dete hai, jisakI hama bhaviSya ke lie pratIkSA kiye rahate hai / gRhasvAminI tathA gRhasvAmI kA tathA usI prakAra unake bacco kA yaha eka Avazyaka guNa honA cAhie ki ve ghara para apane hI hAtho se kArya karate rheN| hamArI dAsa-manovRtti ne hI hame aisA vanA diyA hai ki hama apane hAtho se apanA kAma karanA ghRNita aura apratiSThita samajhate hai / ghara ko sajAne ke sabadha meM eka anya mahatvapUrNa vAta saphAI kA honA jarUrI hai| sApha-sutharI vastue~, cAhe ve bhalI prakAra sajA kara na bhI rakkhI gaI ho, sundara lagatI hai| atima vAta, jo kama mahatva kI nahIM hai, vaiyaktika sajAvaTa kI hai| calate-phirate hue loga bhI ghara ke vAtAvaraNa kA abhinna aMga hai| 'zRgAra' svaya hI eka aparihArya viSaya hai| yahA~ kevala itanA kahanA paryApta hogA ki ghara para rahane ke samaya Avazyaka sApha-sutharI tathA gharelU kAryoM ke lie upayukta veza-bhUSA hI yatheSTa hai, jo eka suvyavasthita gRha kI mahattA ke anukUla hogii| gharo ko sundara-suhAvane vanAye rakhanA sadA se hI bhAratIya lalanA-samAja kA eka anupama guNa rahA hai| kheda hai ki viparIta samaya ke A paDane se bahuto kA apanI purAtana saskRti se viccheda ho gayA hai / Adhunika sabhyatA kI kSaNika camaka-damaka vAlI vastuoM ke lobha meM paDakara vahuta sI bhAratIya nAriyo kA apanepana se vizvAsa uTha gayA hai| yaha sava hote hue ava bhI kitanI hI mahilAeM hai, jinhone asAdhAraNa kaThinAiyo aura pralobhano kA savaraNa kara bhAratIya gRha ke maudarya ko sthira rakkhA hai aura yaha unhI ke mahAn tyAga kA phala hai ki puruSo kI udAsInatA aura avahelanA ke hote hue bhI hamArI mAskRtika nidhi kA rakSaNa ho sakA hai tathA usakA savardhana bhI ho rahA hai / gharo ke bhItara aisI gRhalakSmiyo kI upasthiti hI una gharo kI zobhA aura sajAvaTa ke lie alam hai / dillI]

Page #739
dharmasevikA prAcIna jaina deviyA~ ba0 cadAvAI jaina kuTumba hI samAja aura deza kI nIva hai / naitika, Arthika aura dhArmika dRSTi se kuTumba kA samAja meM vidopa mahatva hai| kaTumba ke sadasya puruSa eva striyAM ina dono vargoM kA Apasa me itanA ghaniSTa sabadha hai ki eka dUsare ko anyonyAzrita samajhA jAtA hai| athavA yo kahanA cAhiye ki ye dono varga eka dUsare ke pUraka hai| eka ke vinA dUsare kA kAma calanA kaThina hI nahIM, balki asabhava hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki dono kA madA me sarvatra samAna bhAga rahA hai| samAja eva rASTra meM puruSa varga kA kAma apane jIvana me saMgharSa ke dvArA arjana karanA hai, mahilAoM kA kAma ume surakSita rakhanA hai| isa prakAra puruSa kA karmakSetra bAhara kA eva mahilAmo kA bhItara kA hai| purupa vahirjagata ke svAmI hai to mahilA antarjagata kI svAminI, lekina ye dono jagata paraspara do nahIM, eka aura abhinna hai / isalie eka kA utkarSa eva apakarSa dUmare kA utkarpa eva apakarpa hai| puruSa varga meM yadi koI kamajorI athavA truTi AI to usakA prabhAva mahilA varga para paDe vinA nahI raha sktaa| isI prakAra mahilA varga ke guNa-doSa puruSa varga ko prabhAvita kiye binA nahI raha skte| lAlA lAjapatarAya ne likhA hai, 'striyo kA prazna puruSo kA prazna hai, kyoki dono kA eka dUsare para asara par3atA hai| cAhe bhUtakAla ho yA bhaviSya,- puruSo kI unnati bahuta kucha striyo kI unnati para nirbhara hai|" strI-puruSo ke kArya kA vibhAjana unake svabhAva-guNa ke anusAra kiyA gayA hai / savala puruSo ke hAtha mArI kAryoM ko sauMpA gayA aura cUki mahilAo kA svabhAva sahaja eva mRdu hotA hai, ata usIke anurupa kArya unhe diye jAte haiN| zArIrika banAvaTa ke vizleSaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki strI meM hRdaya kI pradhAnatA hai aura puruSa me mastiSka kI / vaijJAniko kA mata hai ki strI ke hRdaya me guNa adhika hote hai| usame puruSa kI apekSA prema, dayA, zraddhA, mahAnubhUti, kSamA, tyAga, sevA, komalatA eva saujanyatA Adi guNa vizeSa rUpa se pAye jAte hai| strI kA hRdaya naisargika zradvAlu hotA hai / guNavAna vyakti ko dekhakara use baDA Ananda prApta hotA hai| isI prAnanda kA dUsarA nAma zradvA hai| yaha zraddhA kaI prakAra kI hotI hai| jIvanonnati ke prAraMbha me strI kI zraddhA sakucita rahatI hai| vaha apane pati, putra, pitA, bhAI aura vahina para bhI rAgAtmaka rUpa se zraddhA karatI hai / isa avasthA meM zraddhA aura prema itane mila jAte hai ki unakA pRthakkaraNa karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai, parantu jaba yahI zraddhA vaDhate-baDhate vyApaka rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai tava dhArmika zraddhA ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI hai| isa pariNamana meM vizeSa samaya nahIM lgtaa| isalie kizorAvasthA se lekara jIvanAvamAna taka strI ke hRdaya me dhArmika zraddhA kI madAkinI pravAhita hotI rahatI hai| isI zraddhA ke kAraNa mahilAo ne prAcIna kAla se lekara aba taka aneka prakAra se dharma kI sevA kI hai| prastuta nivadha meM prAcIna dharma-sevikA deviyo ke sabadha me prakAza DAlane kA prayatna kiyA jaaygaa| prAcIna zilAlekho eva citro se patA calatA hai ki jaina zrAvikAo kA prabhAva tatkAlIna samAja para thaa| ina dharma-sevikAone apane tyAga se jaina-samAja me prabhAvazAlI sthAna banA liyA thaa| usa samaya kI aneka jaina deviyo ne apanI udAratA eva AtmotsargadvArA jainadharma kI paryApta sevA kI hai| zravaNa velagola ke zilAleso me aneka zrAvikA eva AryikApo kA ullekha hai, jinhone tana, mana, dhana se jainadharma ke utthAna ke liye aneka vipattiyo kA sAmanA karate hue bhI prayatna kiyA thaa| yadyapi Aja ve bhUtala para nahI hai, tathApi unakI kIti-gAthA jaina mahilAyo ko smaraNa dilA

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dharmasevikA prAcIna jaina deviyA~ 685 rahI hai ki unhone mAtA, bahina aura patnI ke rUpa me jo jaina dharma kA vIja- vapana kiyA thA, vaha pallavita aura puSpita hokara puruSa varga ko akSuNNa gItala chAyA zranantakAla taka pradAna karatA rahegA / seat pUrva chaThI tAbdI meM jainadharma kA abhyutyAna karane vAlI idavAkuvazIya mahArAja ceTaka kI rAjJa bhadrA, cadrIya mahArAja gatAnIkako varmapattI mRgAvato, mahArAja udayana ko samrAjJI vAsavadattA, sUryavaMzIya mahArAja dagara kI patnI sutrabhA, udayana mahArAja ko patnI prabhAvatI, mahArAja pramenajita kI patnI mallikA eva mahArAja dAphavAhana kI patnI abhayA huI hai / ina deviyo ne apane tyAga eva zIrya ke dvArA jainadharma kI vijayapatAkA phaharAI yA / ihone apane dravya se aneka jinAlaya kA nirmANa karAyA thA tathA unako samucita vyavasthA karane ke liye rAjya kI ora se bhA mahAyatA kA prabaMdha kiyA gayA yA / mahArAnI mallikA eva zrabhayA ke savava meM kahA jAtA hai ki ina deviyoM ke prabhAva ne hI prabhAvita hokara mahArAja pramenajita eva dArphavAhana jaina dharma ke dRDha zradvAlu hue the / mahArAja prasenajita ne zrAvastI ke jaino ko jo sammAna pradAna kiyA thA, isakA bhI pravAna kAraNa mahArAnI kI preraNA hI thI / inake sabaMdha me eka sthAna para livA hai ki yaha devI parama jina bhaktA aura mAdhu-mevikA thI / nAmAyika karane meM itanI lIna ho jAtI thI ki use tana-badana kI sudhi bhI nahI rahatA thA / isakA mukha atyanta tejasvI aura kAntimAna thA / vidharmI bhI inake darzana meM jainadharma ke prati zraddhAlu ho jAte the / IsvI pUrva 5vI aura 4yo zatAbdI ma ikSvAkuvagIya mahArAja padma kI patnI dhanavatI, mauryavagIya candragupta kI patnI mupagA eva siddhamena kI dharmapatnI suprabhA ke nAma vizeSa ullegvayogya hai / ye deviyA~ jainadharma ko zraddhAlu eva bhaktA thI / mahArAja yama ur3adeza ke rAjA the / inhone sudharma svAmI me dIkSA lI thI / inhI ke sAtha mahArAnI vanavatI bhI zrAvikA ke vrata grahaNa kiye the / dhanavatI ne jainadharma ke prasAra ke liye kaI utmava bhI kiye the / yaha jainadharma kI parama zraddhAlu aura pracArikA thii| isake mavadha meM kahA jAtA hai ki isake prabhAva me kevala isakA hI kuTumva jainavarmAnuyAyI nahIM huyA thA, balki uDUdeza ko mamasta prajA jainadharmAnuyAyinI vana gaI thii| isI prakAra mahAganI subhadrA ne bhI jainavarma kI unnati me pUrNa mahayoga pradAna kiyA thaa| prAcIna jaina itihAsa ke panne ulaTane para IsvI man me 200 varSa pUrva samrAT aila khAravela kI patnI bhUmIsiMha yayA vaDI gharmAtmA huI hai / ima dampatti yugala ne bhuvanezvara ke pAna saNDagiri aura udayagiri para jaina muniyoM ke rahane ke liye aneka guphAe~ banavAI aura dono hI muniyo kI mevA suzrUSA karate rhe| siMhayathA ne janavamaM kI prabhAvanA ke liye eka baDA bhArI utsava bhI kiyA thA / IsvI pUrva 4yI zatAbdI me lekara IsvI san kI dhvI zatAbdI taka ke itihAsa me sirpha gagavaza kI mahilAo kI sevA kA hI ullekha milatA hai / yaha vaga dakSiNa bhArata ke prAcIna aura pramukha rAjavago me se thA / Andhraar ke gaktihIna ho jAne para gagavaza ke rAjAo ne dakSiNa bhArata kI rAjanIti ma ugra rUpa se bhAga liyA thA / isa vaza ke rAjAo kI rAjadhAnI maisUma thI / ima vaga ke adhikAza rAjA jaina dharmAnuyAyI the / rAjAo ke sAtha gagavA kI rAniyoM ne bhI jaina dharma kI unnati ke liye aneka upAya kiye| ye rAniyA~ mandiro kI vyavasthA karatI, naye mandira aura tAlAva vanavAtI eva dharma kAryoM ke liye dAna kI vyavasthA karatI thI / ima rAjya ke mUla sasthApaka dadiga aura unakI bhAryA kampilA ke dhArmika kAryoM ke savadha me kahA gayA hai ki isa dampati-yugala ne zraneka jaina mandira banavAye ye / ima kAla me mandiro kA vaDA bhArI mahattva thA / mandira kevala bhakto kI pUjA ke sthAna hI nahIM the, balki jaina dharma ke prasAra eva unnati ke sacce pratIka hote the / pratyeka mandira ke sAtha eka prAcArya rahatA thA, jo nirantara dharmapracAra aura usake utkarSa kA dhyAna rakhatA thA / vAstava meM usa kAla meM jaina mandira hI jaina dharma ke sAhitya, saMskRti, kalA eva mAlika zakti ke punIta zrAzrama the / isalie jainadeviyoM ne aneka jinAlaya nirmANa karA kara jaina dharma kI unnati meM bhAga liyA thA / 1 zravaNabelagola ke zaka ma0 622 ke zilAlekho me prAdeya renADu meM citUra ke maunIguru kI ziSyA nAgamati,

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656 premI-abhinaMdana-graMtha perumAla guru kI ziSyA ghaNNekuttAre, viguravi, namilUrasagha kI prabhAvatI, mayUrasagha kI adhyApikA dabhitAvatI, isI sagha kI sauMdaryA AryA nAma kI prAyikA eva vrata zilAdi sampanna gazimati-ganti ke samAdhimaraNa dhAraNa karane kA ullekha milatA hai| ina deviyo ne zrAvikA ke vrato kA acchI taraha pAlana kiyA thaa| antima jIvana meM masAra se virakta hokara kaTavapra parvata para samAdhi grahaNa kara lI thii| saundaryA AryA ke savadha me zilAlekha na0 26 (108) me likhA hai ki usane utsAha ke mAtha Atma-mayama-tahita samAdhi atta kA pAlana kiyA aura sahaja hI anupama suraloka kA mArga grahaNa kiyaa| ___ isake anantara jainavarma ke dhArmika vikAsa ke itihAsa meM pallavAdhirAja maruvarmA kI putrI aura nirgunda deza ke rAjA paramagUla kI rAnI kadAcchi kA nAma AtA hai / isane zrIpura me 'lokatilaka' jinAlaya banavAyA thaa| isa jinAlaya kI suvyavasthA ke liye zrIpuruSa rAjA ne apanI bhAyAM kI preraNA eva paramagUla kI prArthanA se nirgunda deza meM sthita pUnalli nAmaka grAma dAna me diyA thaa| aitihAsika jainadharma-sevikA jainamahilAoM meM isa devI kA pramukha sthAna hai| isake mavadha me kahA jAtA hai ki "yaha sadApuNya kAryoM me Age rahanI thii| isane kaI utsava aura jAgaraNa bhI kiye the|" isakA patA 776 IsvI kI eka rAjAjJA me calatA hai ki isa kAla me kadAcchi pUrNa vayaska thii| mAtha hI yaha bhI mAlUma hotA hai ki isa devI kA kevala apane hI parivAra para prabhAva nahIM thA, balki gagarAja parivAra para bhI thaa| isake bAda pramukha jaina mahilAmo meM jAkkiyavve kA nAma AtA hai| zravaNa velagola ke zilAlekha na0 486 (400) se patA calatA hai ki yaha devI zubhacandra siddhAntadeva kI ziSyA thI aura isane eka mUrti kI sthApanA karAI thaa| isakI vyavasthA ke lie govinda vArDa kI bhUmi dAna kI thii| isa devI ke pati kA nAma sattarana nAgArjuna yaa| yaha rASTrakUTa rAjA kRSNa tRtIya ke samaya meM huI thii| san 111 me sattarasa nAgArjuna jo nAgakhaNDa 70 kA gAsaka thA, mara gayA thaa| rAjA ne usake sthAna para usakI patnI ko niyukta kiyA thaa| isa kathana se siddha hotA hai ki jAkkiAyave rAjya-kArya sacAlana meM bhI nipuNa thaa| isake savadha meM kahA gayA hai ki "This lady who was skilled in ability for good government faithful to the Jinendra Sasan and rejoicing in her beauty" arthAt-"yaha rAjyakArya meM nipuNa, jinendra ke zAsana ke prati prAjJAkAriNI aura lAvaNyavatI thii|" strI hone para bhI usane apane apUrva sAhasa aura gAmbhIrya ke sAtha jaina zAsana aura rAjya zAsana kI rakSA kI thii| antima samaya meM yaha vyAdhigrasta ho gaI / isaliye isane putrI ko rAjya sauMpa kara vandaNika nAmaka grAma ko vamAdi meM sallekhanA dhAraNa kI thii| ___ isa zatAbdI meM eka aura jainamahilA ke ullekhanIya kArya Ate hai, jisakA nAma atimavye yaa| isa devI ke pitA kA nAma senApati mallayya, pati kA nAma nAgadeva aura putra kA nAma paDevala tela thaa| atimavve kA jaina nAriyo meM atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| kahA jAtA hai ki isa devI ne apane vyaya se ponakRta zAntipurANa kI eka hajAra pratiyAM aura DeDha hajAra sone aura javAhirAta kI mUrtiyAM taiyAra karAI thii| aneka dharma-sevikAgo kI tulanA atimavve se kI gaI hai| dasavI zatAbdI ke antima bhAga me vIravara cAmuNDarAya kI mAtA kAlala devI eka vaDI dharma-pracArikA huI hai| 'bhujavala-carita' se patA lagatA hai ki isa devI ne java jainAcArya jinasena ke mukha se gommaTa deva kI mUrti kI prazasA sunI to pratijJA kI ki jaba taka gommaTa deva ke darzana na karU~go, dUdha nahIM piiuuNgo| java cAmuNDarAya ko apanI patnI ajitAdevI ke mukha se apanI mAtA kA yaha savAda mAlUma huaA to mAtRbhakta putra ne mAtA ko gommaTadeva ke darzana karAne ke liye podenapura ko prasthAna kiyaa| mArga meM unhone zravaNa velagola kI candragupta vasti me pArzvanAtha ke darzana kiye "vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekhie 'meDIvala jainijma' pR0 156 /

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dharmasevikA prAcIna jaina deviyAM 687 aura bhadravAha ke caraNo kI vandanA kii| umI rAta ko padmAvatI devI ne kAlala devI ko svapna diyA kI kukkuTa so ke kAraNa podenapura kI bandanA tumhAre liye asambhava hai, para tumhArI bhakti se prasanna hokara gommaTadeva tumhe yahI baTI gahATI para darzana dege| darzana dene kA prakAra yaha hai ki tumhArA putra zuddha hokara isa choTI pahADI para se eka svarNavANa choTe to bhagavAna ke darzana hoge| prAta kAla hone para cAmuNDa ne mAtA ke prAjJAnumAra nityakarma me nipaTa kara zudra ho snAna-pUjana kara choTI pahADI kI eka zilA para avasthita ho dakSiNa dizA kI ora muha kara eka vANa choDA jo vindhyagiri ke mastaka para kI zilA meM lagA / bANa ke lagate hI gommaTasvAmI kA mastaka dRSTigocara huaaa| phira jainaguru ne hIre kI khetI aura motI ke hathoDe me jyo hI zilA para prahAra kiyA, gilA ke pApANakhaNDa alaga ho gaye aura gommaTadeva kI pratimA nikala aaii| isake bAda mAtA kI AjJA me vIravara cAmuNDarAya ne dugdhAbhiSeka kiyaa| isa paugaNika ghaTanA meM kucha tathya ho yA nahIM, para itanA nirvivAda siddha hai ki cAmuNDarAya ne apanI mAtA kAlala devI kI AjJA aura preraNA me hI zravaNa velagola meM hI gommaTezvara kI mUrti sthApita kI thii| isa devI ne jainadharma ke pracAra ke liye kaI utrAva bhI kiye the / cAmuNDarAya ke jainadharma kA pakkA thadvAnI hone kA pradhAna kAraNa ima devI kI snehamayI goda eva vAlyakAlIna upadeza hI yaa|| ___ damavI, gyArahavI aura bArahavI zatAbdI meM aneka jaina mahilAo ne jainadharma kI mevA kI hai| isa kAla meM dakSiNa meM rAjagharAno kI deviyo ke atirikta sAdhAraNa mahilAoM ne bhI apane tyAga eva mevA kA acchA paricaya diyA hai| damavI zatAbdI ke antima caraNa meM pAmbavve nAma kI eka atyanta dharmazIlA mahilA ho gaI hai| isake pati kA nAma paDiyara dorapayya thaa| yaha unakI patnI banAI gaI hai| yaha nANavve kanti nAmaka dharmAcArya kI ziSyA thii| isake mabadha meM liyA huA milatA hai-"Pambabbe having made her head bold (by plucking cut the hair), performed penance for thirty years, and observing the five vows expired in A D.971." __ arthAt-pAmbavve kegaluJca kara tIsa varSa taka mahAn tapazcaraNa karatI rahI aura ata me pacanato kA pAlana karate hue 671 I0 me zarIra-tyAga kiyaa| gyArahavI zatAbdI meM gambhUdeva aura akanne ke putra candramauli kI bhAryA acaladevI atyanta dhArmika mahilA huI hai| yaha candramauli vIravallAladeva kA mantrI thaa| acaladevI ke pitA kA nAma movaNa nAyaka aura mAtA kA nAma vAcabbe thaa| yaha nayakItti ke ziSya vAlacandra kI ziSyA thii| nayakIrti siddhAntadeva mUlasagha, dezIyagaNa pustakagaccha kundakundAnvayake guNacandra siddhAntadeva ke ziSya the| nayakoti ke ziSyo me bhAnukIti, prabhAcandra, mAghanandI, padmanandI, vAlacandra aura nemicandra mukhya the| acaladevI kA dUsarA nAma prAciyakka batAyA gayA hai / isane akkanavasti (jinamandira) kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| candramauli ne apanI bhAryA acaladevI kI preraNA se hoyasala nareza vIravatlAla se bammeyanahalli nAmaka grAma uparyukta jinamandira kI vyavasthA ke lie mAMgA thaa| rAjA ne dharma-mArga kA udyota mamajha kara ukta grAma dAna me diyA thaa| isI acaladevI kI prArthanA se vIravallAla nRpa ne bekka nAmaka grAma gommaTanAtha ke pUjana ke hetu dAna me de diyaa| isa dharmAtmA devI ke sambandha me eka sthAna para kahA gayA hai ki yaha mAkSAt dharmamUrti thii| isane dharma-mArga kI prabhAvanA ke lie kaI utsava kiye the| ina utsavo meM yaha rAtri-jAgaraNa karatI rahI thii| isake anantara imI zatAbdI meM padmAvatI vakka kA nAma dharmasevikAno me pAtA hai| yaha devI abhayacandra kI gRhastha gipyA thii| san 1708 me abhayacandra kA dehAvasAna hone para imane usa vasAdi kA nirmANa kArya pUrNa kiyA thA, jimakA prArambha abhayacandra ne kiyA thaa| isa devI ne devamandira kI cahAradIvArI bhI vanavA dI thii| apane mamaya kI lavdha-pratiSTha sevikA yaha devI thii| imI devI kI mamakAlIna kogAlva kI mAtA pocavvarasi ne eka vamAdi kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| isa vasAdi meM isane apane guru guNasena paDita ko mUtti sthApita kI thii| san

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dps premI-prabhinadana- graMtha 1058 meM usa vasAdi ke nirvAha ke lie bhUmi dAna bhI kiyA thaa| isane apane jIvana kAla me aneka dhArmika utsava kiye the / kadamvarAja kIrttideva kI prathama pANigRhItA patnI mAlala devI kA bhI dharmapracArikA jaina mahilAyoM meM U~cA sthAna hai / isane san 1077 me kuppaTUra meM padhanadI siddhAntadeva ke dvArA pArzvadeva caityAlaya kA nirmANa karAyA thA / isa devI ne jinAlaya ke taiyAra hone para eka vaDA utnava kiyA thA tathA isa utsava meM sabhI brAhmaNo ko Amantrita kiyA thA aura unakI pUjA kara unheM ghana mAnAdi dvArA santuSTa kiyA thA / isalie isA jinAlaya kA nAma unhI Amantrita brAhmaNo se brahmajinAlaya rakhavAyA thA / yaha jinAlaya eDenADu nAmaka sundara sthAna para thA / isake samvandha me ullekha hai--''This sage belonged to the Mula Sangha and the Tintrinka gaccha This Tinaloya she obtained from the king Siddoni the most beautiful place in Edenad." * isake anantara isI zatAbdI kI jaina mahilAo me sAntara parivAra kI jainavarmArAvikA caTTala devI kA nAma vizeSa ullekhayogya hai / yaha devI rakkama gaga kI pautrI thii| isakA vivAha pallavarAja kADuvehI se huA thA / asamaya meM hI isake pati aura putra kA svargavAsa ho gayA thaa| isake bAda isane apanI choTI bahana ke taila, goggie, Duga aura varma ina cAra putro ko apanA mAtRsneha samarpita kiyA / inhI kI sahAyatA me sAnnaro kI rAjavAno pombuccapura meM jinAlayo kA nirmANa kiyA / ina jinAlayo me eka patrakUTa yA pacavamAdi hai jo 'Uvitilakam' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isa paropakArI devI ne tAlAva, kue~, mandira tathA ghATo kA bhI nirmANa kraayaa| yaha zrAhAra, jJAna, Sadhi aura abhaya ina cAro prakAra ke dAno se janatA kI sevA karatI thii| isake samvandha meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha lAvaNyavatI, sneha kI madhu dhArA aura paropakAra kI sAkSAt mUrti thI / isane jainadharma ke pracAra aura prasAra meM pUrNa mahayoga pradAna kiyA thA / zravaNa velagola ke zilAlekha na0 226 (137) se patA lagatA hai ki isI zatAbdI me poyamala seTTi aura nemi seTTi kI mAtAo - mAtrikabbe aura zAntikabbe ne jinamandira aura nandIzvara nirmANa karA kara bhAnukIrti muni se dokSA lI thI / ye dono devinA jainadharma ko pracArikA thI / inhone apane samaya me jainadharma kA acchA prasAra kiyA thA / sAdhAraNa dharmasevI mahilAo me zrImatI gantI kA nAma bhI milatA hai / isa devI ke guru divAkara nandI munIndra batAye gaye hai | zravaNa velagola ke zilAlekha na0 136 (351) se patA calatA hai ki mAkave gantI na zrImatI gantI ke smaraNArtha ukta lakha likhavAyA thA / lekha ke prArambha meM batAyA gayA hai ki dezIya gaNa kundakundAnvaya ke divAkara nandI aura unakI ziSyA zrImatI gantI kA smAraka hai / isa prakAra aneka sAdhAraNa mahilAeM jainadharma kI mevA karatI rahI / gyArahavI zatAbdI me rAjaparivAra ko deviyo gaga mahAdevI ko jainadharma pracArikAoM meM atyanta U~cA sthAna prApta hai| yaha bhujabala gaga hemmADi mAndhAtA bhUpa ko patnI tho / isa devI kA dUsarA nAma paTTadamahAdevI bhI milatA hai / yaha devI jina caraNAravindo me lubdhabhramarI thI / gyArahavI zatAbdI me zAntaladevI kI mAtA mAcikavve bhI vaDI dharmAtmA eva dharmasevI huI hai / isakA sakSipta vazaparicaya milatA hai ki daNDAghIga nAgavarma aura unakI bhAryA candika ke putra pratApI valadeva daNDanAyaka aura unakI bhAryA vAcikave me mAcikabve kI utpatti huI thii| yaha vacapana se hI vaDI dharmAtmA aura spavatI thI / isakA vivAha mArasiGgayya yuvaka se huA thA / isakA pati zaiva dharmAnuyAyI thA, lekina yaha pakkI jaina thii| isake guru kA nAma prabhAcandra siddhAntadeva, varddhamAnadeva aura ravicandradeva thA / zravaNa velagola ke zilAlekha na0 53 (143) se prakaTa hotA hai ki isane velagola meM Akara eka mAsa ke anazana vrata ke pazcAt gurugro kI sAkSi-pUrvaka sanyAsa grahaNa kiyA thA / isa dharmAtmA devI kI putrI mahArAnI zAntaladevI huii| yaha prArambha se hI mAtA ke samAna

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dharmasevikA prAcIna jaina deviyAM 689 dharmAtmA, rUpavatI aura viduSI thii| isakA vivAha hoyasalavazI mahArAja viSNuvardhana ke sAtha huA thaa| isake sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha jaina dharmAvalambinI, dharmaparAyaNA aura prabhAcandra middhAntadeva kI ziSyA thii| zravaNa velagola ke zilAlekha na0 56 (132) meM batAyA gayA hai ki "viSNuvarddhana kI paTTarAnI gAntaladevI-jo pAtivrata, dharmaparAyaNatA aura bhakti me rukmiNI, satyabhAmA, sItA-jaisI deviyo ke mamAna thI- savatigandhavAraNavasti nirmANa karAkara abhiSeka ke lie eka tAlAba vanavAyA aura usake sAtha eka gAMva kA dAna mandira ke lie prabhAcandra siddhAntadeva ko kara diyaa|" eka dUsare zilAlekha me yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki isa devI ne viSNuvarddhana nareza kI anumati se aura bhI kaI choTe-choTe grAma dAna kiye the| ina grAmo kA dAna bhI mUlasagha, dezIyagaNa, pustakagaccha ke meghacandra vivadeva ke ziSya prabhAcandra siddhAntadeva ke lie kiye jAne kA ullekha hai| jaina mahilAo ke itihAsa meM isa devI kA nAma cirasthAyI hai| imane san 1123 me zravaNa velagola meM jinendra bhagavAn kI eka pratimA sthApita kI, jo zAnti jinendra ke nAma se prasiddha hai / imane bhakti, dayA, dAna, dharmazIlatA aura saujanyatA Adi guNo se apUrva khyAti prApta kI thii| antima jIvana me zAntaladevI viSayabhogI se virakta hokara kaI mahIno taka anazana aura Unodara vrato ko dhAraNa karatI rahI thii| man 1131 meM zivagage nAmaka sthAna me sallekhanA dhAraNa kara garIra tyAga kiyA thaa| gAntaladevI kI putrI hariyabarasi ne aneka dhArmika kArya kiye the| isane san 1126 meM koDAginAda ke hantipUra nAmaka sthAna me eka baDA bhArI jinamandira banavAyA thA tathA isake gopura kI coTiyo me hIrA, ratna eva javAhirAta Adi amUlya maNi-mANikya lagavAye the| isa caityAlaya ke nirvAha ke lie bahuta sI bhUmi dAna kI hai| inake sambandha me eka sthAna para kahA gayA hai ki "haripabvarasi kI khyAti tatkAlIna vArmiko meM thI, madasundarI jainadharma kI atyanta anurAgiNI thI, bhagavAn jinendra kA pUjana pratidina karatI thI, mAvu aura muniyo ko AhAra dAnAdi bhI detI thii|" viSNucandra nareza ke baDe bhAI baladeva kI bhAryA javakkaNabve kI jainadharma meM atyanta zraddhA thii| zravaNa velagola ke gilAlekha na0 43 (117) me batAyA gayA hai ki devI nitya prati jinendradeva kA pUjana karatI thii| yaha cAritryazIla, dAna, satya Adi guNo ke kAraNa vikhyAta thii| yaha guru ke caraNo me rAta-dina ahaMta guNagAna, pUjana, bhajana, svAdhyAya Adi meM nirata rahatI thii| isane 'mokSatilaka' vrata karake eka prastarakhaDa meM eka jinadevatA kI pratimA khudavAI thI aura velagola meM usakI pratiSThA bhI karAI thii| isa pratiSThA kA samaya anumAnata 1120 I0 hai| jaina mahilAo ke itihAsa me nAgale bhI ullekhayogya viduSI, dharmasevikA mahilA hai / isake putra kA nAma vRcirAja yA vUcaDa milatA hai / yaha apanI mAtA ke snehamaya upadeza ke kAraNa zaka sa0 1037 meM vaizAkha sudI 10 ravivAra ko sarvaparigraha kA tyAga kara svargagAmI huA thaa| isakI dharmAtmA putrI demati yA devamati, thii| yaha rAjasammAnita cAmuNDa nAmaka vaNik kI bhAryA thii| isake samvandha meM ullekha hai pAhAra triggajjanAya vibhaya bhItAya divyoSadham / vyAdhivyApadumetadInamukhine zrotre ca zAstrAgamam / evaM devamatissadeva dadatI praprakSaye svAyuSAmahaddevamati vidhAya vidhinA divyA vadhU prodabhU AsItparakSobhakara pratApA zeSAvanI pAla kRtA darasya / cAmuNDanAmno vaNija priyAstrI mukhyAsatI yA bhuvidevamatIti // ina zloko se spaSTa hai ki devamati AhAra, auSadhi, jJAna aura abhaya ina cAro dAno ko vitIrNa karatI 87

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premI-abhinavana-patha 690 thii| isakA samasta jIvana dAna-puNyAdi pavitra kAryoM meM vyatIta huA thaa| anta meM zaka sa0 1042 phAlguNa vadI 11 guruvAra ko sanyAsavidhi se zarIra tyAga kiyA thaa| isI samaya mAra aura mAkaNabve ke putra eci kI bhAryA pocikabbe baDI dharmAtmA aura jainadharma kI pracAraka huI hai| isane aneka dhArmika kArya kiye the / velgola me jainamandira banavAne meM bhI isakA ullekha milatA hai| zaka sa0 1043 ASADha sudI 5 somavAra ko isa dharmavatI mahilA kA svargavAsa ho jAne para usake pratApI putra mahAsAmantAdhipati mahApracaNDa daNDanAyaka viSNuvarddhana mahArAja ke mandI gagarAja ne apanI mAtA ke cirasmaraNArtha eka nivadyA kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| ___eka anya jainadharma kI sevikA taila nRpati kI kanyA aura vikramAditya sAntara kI baDI vahana sAntara rAjakumArI kA ullekha milatA hai / yaha apane dhArmika kAryoM ke lie atyanta prasiddha thI / lekho me isa mahilA kI prazasA kI gaI hai| isane zAsana devate kA eka mAsa meM nirmANa karAyA thaa| pampAdevI vaDI dharmazIlA thii| yaha nityaprati zAstrokta vidhi se jinendra bhagavAna kI pUjA karatI thii| yaha aSTavidhArcane, mahAbhiSekam aura caturbhakti ko sampanna karanA hI apanA pradhAna karttavya samajhatI thii| Uvitilakam ke uttarI paTTazAlA ke nirmANa meM isa devI kA pUrNa hAtha thA / ____anekAnta mata kI pracArikA jaina mahilAmo ke itihAsa meM jana senApati gagarAja kI patnI lakSmImatI kA nAma bhI nahI bhulAyA jA sakatA hai| zravaNa velagola ke zilAlekha na0 48 (128) se patA lagatA hai ki yaha devI dAna, kSamA, zIla aura vrata Adi me paryApta khyAti prApta kara cukI thii| isa lekha meM isake dAna kI prazasA kI gaI hai| isa mahilA ne san 1118 meM zravaNa velagola meM eka jinAlaya kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| isake atirikta isane aneka jinamandiro kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| gagarAja ne ina jinAlayo kI vyavasthA ke lie bhUmi-dAna kiyA thaa| yaha devI asahAya aura dukhiyo kI anna vastra se sahAyatA karatI thii| isI kAraNa ise udAratA kI khAna kahA gayA hai| eka lekha meM kahA gayA hai ki "kyA sasAra kI koI dUsarI mahilA nipuNatA, saundarya aura Izvara-bhakti me gagarAja kI patnI lakSmIpAmbike kI samAnatA kara sakatI hai ? san 1121 meM lakSmImatI ne samAdhi lekara zarIra tyAga kiyA thaa| suggiyabbarasi, kanakiyabbarasi,bopavve aura zAntiyakka mahilAmo kI dharma-sevA ke sambandha meM bhI kaI ullekha milate hai / ina deviyo ne bhI jainadharma kI paryApta sevA kI thii| zravaNa velagola ke zilAlekho meM icchAdevI ecavve, ecaladevI, kamaladevI, kAlavve keliyadevI, gujjave, guNamatiyabve, gagAyI, candale, gaurazrI, cAgala devI, jAnakI jogave, devIrammaNi, dhanAzrI, padmaladevI, (DullamAryA) yazasvatI, lokAvikA (Dalla kI mAtA) zAntala devI, (bUcirAja kI bhAryA) somazrI eva supramA Adi aneka jainadharmasevI mahilAmo kA ullekha milatA hai| ina deviyo ne svapara-kalyANArtha aneka dhArmika kArya kiye the| dakSiNa bhArata ke atirikta uttara bhArata meM bhI do-cAra dharma-sevikAe~ 11vI, 12vI aura 13vI zatAbdI meM huI hai| suprasiddha kavi kAlidAsa' pAzAdhara jI kI patnI padmAvatI ne bulaDAnA jile ke mehakara (meghakara) nAmaka grAma ke bAlAjI ke mandira meM jaina mUttiyo kI pratiSThAdi kI thI, yaha eka khaNDita mUtti ke lekha se spaSTa siddha hotA hai| rAjapUtAne kI jaina mahilAmo me poravADavazI tejapAla kI bhAryA suhaDAdevI, zIzodiyA vaza kI rAnI jayatalla devI eva jaina rAjA mAzAzAha kI mAtA kA nAma vizeSa ullekhayogya milatA hai| cauhAnavaza kI rAniyo ne bhI usa vaza ke rAjAo ke samAna jainadharma kI sevA kI thii| isa vaza kA zAsana vikrama saMvat kI 13vI zatAbdI meM thaa| isa vaza ke rAjA kIrtipAla kI patnI mahivaladevI kA nAma vizeSa ullekhayogya milatA hai| isa devI ne zAntinAtha bhagavAna kA utsava manAne ke lie bhUmidAna kI thii| isane dharma-prabhAvanA ke lie kaI utsava bhI kiye the|

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dharmasevikA prAcIna jaina deviyA~ 661 isI varga meM hone vAle pRthvIrAja dvitIya aura somezvara ne apanI mahArAniyo kI preraNA se vijauliyA ke jainamandira ko dAna diyA thA tathA mandira ke sthAyI pravandha ke lie rAjya kI ora se vArSika bhI diyA jAtA thaa| parivAra (?) vaza meM bhI ullekhayogya dhArAvaza kI patnI zRgAradevI huI hai| isa devI ne jhAlonI ke zAntinAtha mandira ke lie paryApta dAna diyA thA tathA dharma ke prasAra ke lie aura bhI aneka kArya kiye the| isa prakAra uttara aura dakSiNa dono hI prAnto kI mahilAo ne jainadharma kI unnati ke liye aneka kArya kiye| uttara meM kevala bar3e gharAno kI mahilAo ne hI jainadharma ke pracAra aura prasAra meM yoga diyA, para dakSiNa meM sarvasAdhAraNa mahilAmo ne bhI jainadharma kI unnati meM yogadAna kiyaa| pArA]

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kAzmIrI kaviyitriyA~ kumArI premalatA kaula ema0 e0 ___ kAzmIrI kavitA kA AsvAdana karAne ke pUrva kAzmIrI bhASA ke sambandha me kucha bAteM nivedana kara denA Avazyaka hai| yadyapi sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa kAzmIrI bhASA ke kramika vikAsa kA savistara varNana sambhava nahI, tathApi thoDA-sA digdarzana to karA hI sakatI huuN| yaha sarvamAnya hai ki kAzmIra kI prAcInatama bhASA saskRta thii| jisa prakAra bolacAla kI bhASA meM samayasamaya para parivartana hote rahate hai, kAzmIrI bhASA bhI badalatI rahI hai| usame rUsI aura tibbatI bhASA ke Aja bhI kucha cihna milate haiN| java se musalamAno ke AkramaNa hone prArambha hue taba se to bolacAla kI bhASA meM bahuta hI parivartana hone lge| jaisA ki Upara nivedana kiyA jA cukA hai, kAzmIra kI bhASA to saskRta thii| vAhara se AI phaarsii| yadyapi kAzmIra-vAsiyo ne isa naI bhASA se dUra rahane kA bharasaka prayatna kiyA, parantu phira bhI vaha una para lAdI jAne lgii| musalamAno ne phArasI ko rAjya-bhASA bnaayaa| Apasa kA samparka Avazyaka thaa| pariNAmasvarUpa dono bhASAo ke zabda vibhinna prakAra se prayukta hone lge| kAzmIra vAle phArasI kA aura musalamAna saMskRta kA zuddha uccAraNa nahI kara sakate the| natIjA yaha huA ki eka aisI bhASA vana gaI, jisameM phArasI aura saskRta ke apabhraza zabdo kA istemAla hone lgaa| isa navIna bhASA kA vyAkaraNa dasa pratizata saskRta vyAkaraNa hai, kintu isameM cAra aise svara A gaye hai, jo na saskRta varNamAlA meM hai aura na phArasI meN| inakA kucha sambandha rUsI bhASA se avazya pAyA jAtA hai| hama unheM apane hI svara-akSaro meM kucha cihna lagA kara sUcita karate hai| Ajakala ko kAzmorI bhASA meM urdU, phArasI, hindI, saskRta aura aMgrejI ke zabda prayukta hote hai / phArasI ke atirikta yahA~ devanAgarI se milatI-julatI 'zAradA' nAmaka lipi bhI pAI jAtI hai, jisakA prayoga kucha prAcIna hindU hI karate hai aura isakA sthAnika prayoga jyotiSa taka hI sImita hai / koI ullekhayogya sAhitya usameM upalabdha isa samaya jo kAzmIrI sAhitya milatA hai, use dekhane se patA calatA hai ki isa pradeza meM aneka kavi hue hai, jinhone sAhitya kI acchI sevA kI hai| prastuta lekha meM kevala kaviyitriyoM para hI prakAza ddaaluugii|| kAzmIrI kaviyitriyo meM sabase pahalA sthAna lalitezvarI devI upanAma 'lalIzvarIdevI' kA hai| inakI racanAe~ bahuta hI prabhAvazAlI hai aura inakI vANI meM adbhuta bhoja hai| unakA janma kAzmIra ke eka gA~va meM huA thaa| baDI hone para padhmapura meM eka brAhmaNa se inakA vivAha huyA / jaba ye sasurAla pahuMcI to inheM apanI AdhyAtmika unnati me aneka bAdhAo kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| inakI sAsa kA vyavahAra inake prati baDA kaTu thaa| phira bhI saba kucha sahana karatI huI ve apane mArga para agrasara hotI gii| inake bAre meM aneka camatkArapUrNa ghaTanAe~ prasiddha hai, lekina vistAra-bhaya se unakA ullekha karanA sambhava nhii| ___ lalitezvarI kA zAstrIya adhyayana kitanA thA, isakA ThIka patA nahI, lekina vedAnta ke siddhAnto ko unhone gaharAI se hRdayagama kara liyA thaa| jaisA ki unakI racanAo se vidita hotA hai, brahma-jJAna ko unhone vyaktigat mAdhanA kA viSaya bnaayaa| hara sthAna para 'vaTA (brAhmaNa) kaha kara ve janatA ko sambodhita karatI hai| karmakANDa kI ulajhano kA kavIra kI bhA~ti inhone virodha kiyA aura sAdhanA kA sahaja patha grahaNa karane kI preraNA kii| 'prAdhunika pAmpura (kesr-bhuumi)|

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kAzmIrI kaviyitriyoM 693 inakI vANI ke katipaya dRSTAnta inakI pravRtti ko spaSTatayA vyakta kara dete hai| inakI vANI para saskRta AcAryoM kI chApa hai| ve likhatI haiM andara bhAsiya nyavara choDuma pavanana ragana karanama satha dhyAna phina die jagi phIvala jonuma raga gava sagasa moliya kyatha andara hote hue bhI maine use (brahma ko) vAhara ThUDhA / pavana ne merI naso ko tasallI dI aura dhyAna se maine sAre satAra meM kevala eka paramAtmA ko jaanaa| yaha sArA prapaca (raMga) brahma meM lIna ho gyaa| ve phira kahatI hai oMkAra yali laya monuma vRhiya kurUma panuna pAna zya vata trovitha ta sathamArga ruTuma tyali lali vocusa prakAzasthAna // okAra ko jaba maiMne apane Apa meM laya kara liyA, apane zarIra ko bhasma kiyA aura cha rAsto ko choDa kara sAtave arthAt satya ke rAste ko grahaNa kiyA, taba mailalIzvarIprakAza ke sthAna para phuNcii| isa padyAza meM satya kA sahaja patha dikhAI detA hai| brahma ko apane meM laya karake sata patha para calane kA ve prAdeza detI hai| phira kahatI haiM aura ti pAnaya yora ti pAnaya pAnaya panasa chu na mailAna / pRthama acyasa na muleha dAniya sui hA mAli caya prAzcara jAna // 3 // udhara bhI Apa hI hai aura idhara bhI Apa hI hai, kintu Apa apane ko hI nahIM miltaa| isame jarA bhI nahIM namA sktaa| he tAta | isa Azcarya para tU vicAra kr| ___ yahAM apane Apako pahacAnane kA prayatna hai| kahatI hai ki AtmA hI brahma hote hue mAyA kA paradA paDA rahane se milatA nhiiN| Age calakara kahatI hai achAna Aya ta gachuna gache pakuna gache dina kyoha rAya yoraya prAya tUrya gachuna garcha kaha na ta kaha na ta kaha na ta kyAha? anAdi se hama Aye hai aura ananta me hame jAnA hai| dina aura rAta hame isI kI ora calate rahanA caahie| jahAM se hama Aye haiM, vahI hame jAnA hai / kucha nahI, kucha nahI, kucha nhii| yaha sasAra kucha nahI / gurU kI zreSThatA batAte hue kahatI hai guru zabdasa yusa yacha pacha mare jJAna vahiga raTi cyatha toragasa indraya zomarathi ananda kare prada kasa mariyata mArana kasa // 5 //

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664 premI-prabhinadana-pratha gurU ke zabda para jo vizvAsa dhare, jJAna rUpI lagAma se citta rUpI ghoDe (toraga-phArasI zabda) ko roke aura jo indriyo kA zamana karake pAnanda pAye to bhalA kauna mare aura kisa ko mAre ? ve kavIra kI bhAMti gurU para adhika vizvAsa karatI jAna paDatI hai| gurU para itanI AsthA hai ki unakI kRpA se paramAnanda taka mila sakatA hai aura phira gItA ke anusAra koI kisI ko mAra nahIM sakatA, na koI maratA hai| ThIka bhI hai java paramAnanda prApta kara liyA to phira marane kA prazna hI nahIM raha jaataa| ve nirantara apane Apako pahacAnane kA prayala karatI jAna paDatI hai| kahatI hai chADAna lusuma pAniya pAnasa chayapitha jJAnasa vota na kahaM laya pharamasa vAcasa maya khAnasa barya varya pyAla ta cyavAna na kaha / / 6 / / apane Apako DhUr3hate-DhUDhate mai to hAra gii| usa gupta jJAna taka koI na pahuMcA, para jaba maine apane Apako usameM laya kara diyA to mai aise amRta dhAma meM pahuMcI, jahAM pyAle to bhare paDe hai, para pItA koI bhI nhiiN| apane Apako pahacAna kara "maiM" aura "tU" ke bheda-bhAva ko miTA denA cAhatI hai| kahatI hai nAtha ! na pAna na para jonuma savA hi buduma akuya deha dhya bo bo cya myula na jonuma ca kusa bo kvasa chuha sandeha // 7 // nAtha, na maine apane ko jAnA, na parAye ko| sadA zarIra kI ekatA ko dRSTi meM rkkhaa| "tU-mai" aura "mai-tU" kA ekAtma maine nahI anubhava kiyaa| tU kauna hai ? mai kauna hU~? yahI to mere mana meM sandeha hai| ve "maiM" aura "tU" ke bheda-bhAva ko miTA denA cAhatI hai| sAre brahmANDa ko brahmamaya dekhate hue kahatI hai gagana caya bhUtala caya caya dayana ta pavana ta rAya argha canduna poSa po ma caya caya sakala taya lagaji kasa // 8 // AkAza tU hI hai / pRthvI bhI tU hI hai / dina, pavana aura rAta bhI tU hI hai / argha, candana, phUla aura jala bhI tU hI hai| tU hI saba kucha hai / phira bhalA tujha para caDhAye kyA? sasAra kI pratyeka vastu meM ve prabhu kA darzana karatI hai| isI prakAra eka sthAna para aura bhI kahatI hai dIva vaTA vIvara vaTA heri bona chu eka vATa pUja kasa karakha hUta vaTA kara manasa ta pavanasa saghATha // // deva (mUrti) bhI patthara kA hI hai| devAlaya bhI patthara kA hI hai| Upara se nIce taka eka hI vastu, arthAt patyara hI patthara hai / he mUrkha brAhmaNa, tU kisa ko pUjegA? tU mana aura AtmA (pavanasa) ko eka kr| isI prakAra ke bhAva kabIra ne bhI vyakta kiye hai pAthara pUje hari mile to maiM pUjU phaar| ghara kI cAkI pUjie pIsa khAya sasAra //

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kAzmIrI kaviyitriyAM 665 mUrti-pUjA kA kabIra ne khaDana kiyA hai / lalitezvarI ke lie bhI mUrti eka patyara ke TukaDe se avika astittva nahI rkhtii| ve jJAna para hI adhika jora detI hai / vuddhi ko prakAzamAna karanA unheM abhISTa hai aura jJAna dvArA Atma sAkSAtkAra karanA unheM adhika upayukta pratIta hotA hai| jagata ko nazvara mAna, sAsArika vAto ko mithyA samajha kara kahatI hai kusa vava taya kvasa mAji kamI lAji bAjI baTha phAlya gachaka kuha na vava phuha no mAji jAniya kava lAniya vojI vaTha // 10 // kauna hai vApa? aura kauna hai mA~ ? kima ne tere mAya prema kiyA? mamaya Ane para tU to calA jaayegaa| na terA koI pitA hogA, na koI mAtA hogii| yaha maba kucha jAnate hue bhI tU kyo prema vaDhAtA hai? lalitezvarI ke aura bhI bahuta se padya yahAM diye jA sakate hai, kintu pAThaka itane hI se unake vicAro kI sUkSmatA kA anumAna kara sakate hai| anta meM unakI cAra paktiyAM aura denA ucita samajhanI hU~, jiname vidita hotA hai ki ve yoga kI kriyAoM se bhI pUrNatayA paricita thii| ve kahatI hai dAda zAnta maNDala yasa devasa yajaya nAsika pavana anAhata rava sa yasa kalpana antiha caliya svayam deva ta arcana phasa / / 11 / / brahmarandhra ko jisane ziva kA syAna jAnA, prANavAyu ke (pravAha) sAtha-sAtha jimane anAhata ko munA aura jima kI vAmanAeM andara-hI-andara miTa gaI, vaha tomvaya hI deva hai, ziva rUpa hai, phira pUjA kAhe kI? inake pazcAt vizeSa ullekhanIya kaviyitrI hai 'havva khAtUna' / kahA jAtAhai ki ve akavara ke samaya meM kAzmIra ke gavarnara kI patnI thii| ve atyanta rUpavatI thii| jaba akabara ne unako dekhA to unake pati se kahA ki yaha strI mujhe de do| usane dene se inkAra kiyA aura khAtUna svaya bhI vAdagAha ke harama meM jAne ko rAjI na huI / isa para vAdagAha ne krodhita ho kara unake pati ko katla karavA diyA / isa para havva khAtUna apane pati kI yAda meM ghara choDa kara vairAgI ho gaI aura isI prakAra mArI zrAyu vitA dii| inakI racanAeM bahuta kama upalavva hai, kintu jo kucha bhI hai, prema se bharI huI hai, cAhe use AdhyAtmika prema kaheM, yA bhautika / habba khAtUna tayA inakI samakAlIna athavA vAda kI kaviyitriyo para phArasI mAhitya tayA kalpanA kA adhika prabhAva hai| phAramI eva urdU ke kaviyo me viraha kI vyAkulatA aura cira milana kI sApa hara samaya banI rahatI hai| yahI vAta havva khAtUna kI racanAo meM pAI bhI jAtI hai| ve kahatI hai lati thavanama dada phirAka kati lugasaya rasaya masa chI ra'va yAra karanasa maca va phalavAna // 1 // lati (apane Apako sambodhita karatI hai), mere usa (premI) niSThura ne mujhe viraha kI vedanA hI dI hai| na jAne umakA mana kahA~ ramA hai ? uma prItama ne merI mastI ko chitra-bhinna kara diyA aura maiM bAvalI ho kara mArImArI phira rahI huuN|

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premI-abhinadana-patha sIna mucarita hAla bAvahasa 'kIna myona kyAMha chusaya mya cha, tahantI manikAmana sucha ve paravAya lada na ti khApha royasa vada na ve phasaya masa chorazva yAra karanasa mai apanA dila khola kara apanI dazA dikhAU~ aura batAU~ ki mujhe kyA dukha hai / mai to usI kI manokAkSA karatI rahatI hU~, kintu vaha niSThura merI tanika bhI sudhi nahIM letaa| phira usako niSThuratA para apane zarIra me khAka na malU ? kyA maiM nirAza ho kara na roU~ ? usa prItama ne mujhe bahuta nirAza kara diyA hai| nani katha vana manasUrana kani laya hasaya mani maja suI nAra guDanama hani hani jhama reha tani mucarita hAla vAvahasa / tani tana lAgahasaya vacAra mansUra ne satya bAte kahI to use patthara mAre gye| mere mana meM bhI vahI agni prajvalita ho rahI hai aura dhImI-dhImI lau uTha rahI hai / maiM apanA dila khola kara dikhAtI, tumhAre garIra se apanA zarIra lgaatii| tava tumheM mAlUma hotA ki mere andara kaisI jvAlA hai ? druda harako pyAla barasaya masaya yA ta dupanama ca ta dAmA na ta dAmA cAva ' boli naya dapama roji mahAra myona dAvA chusaya mai surA ke pyAle bhruuNgii| usa (prItama) se eka ghUTa pIne ko prArthanA karUMgI athavA kahUMgI ki tuma nahI pIte to mujhI ko eka ghuTa pilA do| yadi vaha merI prArthanA na sunege to kahUMgI ki pralaya ke dina maiM dAvedAra bnuuNgii| ina racanAmo para phArasI kA prabhAva honA koI Azcaryajanaka bAta nahIM, kyoki samaya kA prabhAva paDanA Avazyaka hI thaa| isake pazcAt eka kaviyitrI kA nAma aura pAtA hai| unakA apanA nAma to vikhyAta nhiiN| ve pati ke nAma se hI jAnI jAtI hai| ve muzI bhavAnIdAsa kI strI thii| yaha apane samaya kI acchI kaviyitrI thii| carakhA inakI vizeSa priya cIja thii| inhone jitanI bhI kavitAeM kI, adhikAza carakhA kAtate hue hI kI / kahatI hai

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kAzmIrI kaviyitriyAM 667 arani raga goma zrAvana hie kara iye darzana die kanda prArUda nAvada mutaya phanda akIya su goma kutaya khanda karanama vuparana thie-kara ie merA raga arani phUla (pIlA phUla) ke samAna ho gayA hai| vaha (prItama) kaba pAkara darzana degA? mai kitane mIThe padArthoM se usakA svAgata karane baiThI huuN| vaha mujhe dhokhA dekara na jAne kahA~ calA gayA aura mujhe dUsaro ke mAmane lajjita kara gyaa| vaha kaba Akara darzana degA? zrAma tAva kotAha gajasa zyAma sundara pAmana lajasa nAma paMgrAma kusaniya kara iye darzana die mai usake viraha kI agni kahA~ taka sahU~ | he zyAmasundara | merI sakhiyA~ mujhe tAne detI hai| merA sandeza tuma taka kauna le jAyegA? muphta purase paoNvara vazana sokhtagI jhama na tama sajamazAna chuka ladaga davA die-karaie mai usakI cAdara meM motI se zilpakArI kA~gI, kintu usakI kaThoratA bhulAye nahI bhUlatI / merI pIDA kI vahI davA kara makatA hai aura kevala umake darzano se hI merI pIDA dUra ho sakatI hai| ve mauto se vizeSa ciDhatI thI, aisA pratIta hotA hai| eka sthAna para kahatI hai svana chuma gelAna kuni chuma na melAna para jana sata chama khelAnI azka nAva sUra gava paravata zelana azka cUra phura balavIranI azka nAra hani hani tani chama telAna para jana sata chuma khelAnI merI sauteM merA parihAsa karatI hai aura vaha niSThura prItama dUsarI striyo ke sAtha ragareliyAM manA rahA hai| mujhe kahI bhI nahIM miltaa| prema kI agni me mai bhasma ho cukI huuN| mujhe parvata bhI sUkhe dikhAI dete hai| yaha prema kA cora vaDe-baDe vIro ke ghara meM bhI DAkA DAla detA hai| yaha prema ko pAMca dhIre-dhIre mere zarIra ko bhasma kara rahI hai / para vaha niSThura prItama kahI milatA hI nahI / anya striyo hI meM masta hai / 'kAzmIra meM parvata kA sUkhA honA azubha-sUcaka hai, kyoki yahAM koI parvata sUkhA nahIM hai| /

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668 premI-abhinaMdana graMtha - eka bAra carakhA kAtate hue carakhe ko hI sambodhita karake kahatI hai- gU~ gU~ mava kara hAM invaro kanyaryana ta phulalA malayo yoni chu narala ta kalma cha parAna ilma vAna lagayo hA, indaro. he carakhe ! tU 'gU gUM' zabda na nikAla / meM terI guniyoM meM itra lagAU~gI / tere gale meM mAla, (yoni --- yajJopavIta kA dhAgA) hai aura tU kalamA (satya) par3hatA hai| he carakhe, tU vaDA hI paNDita hai / isake atirikta inakI racanAe kama hI upalabdha hai / koI sagraha nahI chapA / kucha phuTakara padya hamako idhara-udhara se kucha manuSyo kI jabAnI milate hai, jo ki kaviyitrI ke hI kahe hue prasiddha hai, parantu isa sambandha meM adhikatara nirmAtAo ke nAma jJAta nahIM hai / aneka padya bahuta sundara aura U~ce daraje ke hai, parantu kheda hai ki abhI taka unakA prAmANika sagraha nahI ho sakA hai / udAharaNa ke lie nicalA padya dekhie yAra chuma karAna prasavani hilaya vilanya bolyama mArasa pAna yAda vita bhavanana muchanasa zilaya * Rs chAya jana lUsasa pata lArAna vAta na jamInasa vilanaya bojyama mArasa pAna. merA prItama mujhase hajAroM bahAne banAtA hai / yadi vaha merI prArthanA ko na sunegA to maiM prANa tyAga dUMgI / mujhe vacana dekara mere prItama ne mujhe kakaDa kI bhA~ti pheMka diyA ( bhulA diyA ) / kintu meM to chAyA kI bhAMti usake sAtha hI rahU~gI / yadi pRthvI para use na pA sakI to AkAza taka use pakaDane jAU~gI / yadi vaha merI prArthanA nahI sunegA to meM apane prANa tyAga dUgI / eka aura santa strI kA ullekha Avazyaka hai / inakA nAma rUpabhavAnI thA / kahA jAtA hai ki yaha bhakta thI aura bahudhA praznottara meM hI inakI tIvra buddhi kA paricaya milatA hai / inakI racanAe~ bahuta kama logo meM pracalita hai / kAraNa ki inake vicAra kaTTara AdhyAtmika hai aura janatA ina vicAro ko AsAnI se samajha nahI pAtI / eka choTI-sI kathA inake bAre meM pracalita hai / kahate hai ki eka bAra kisI ne inase prazna kiyA ki Apake kurate kA kya raga hai ? inhone bhaTa uttara diyA- "jAga- -suraTha-majeTha / " ye tIno zabda tIna raMgo ke nAma bhI hai aura inave pilaya bhAvAtmaka artha bhI nikalate hai (1) jAga - kAhI raga bhAvArtha - dekha / * (2) suraTha-raga vizeSa bhAvArtha - use ( prabhu ko ) pakaDa / (3) majeTha-- majITha raga : bhAvArtha-vyartha ke ADambaro meM na paDha / isa prakAra inhone tIno raMgo ke nAma bhI liye aura yaha bhI kahA ki "jAga kara Izvara ko dekhane kA prayatna karo aura vyartha ke ADambaro ko choDa do / " isa eka hI vAkya se inakI tIvra buddhi kA acchA paricaya milatA hai isa lekha meM anya kaviyitriyo ke bAre meM kucha likhanA sambhava nahIM, kyoMki kAzmIrI sAhitya lekhabaddha + hone ke kAraNa usake nirmAtAoM ke viSaya meM prAmANika aura vistRta jAnakArI prApta karanA atyanta kaThina hai hameM yaha dekha kara bahuta hI kheda hotA hai ki isa pradeza ke sAhitya-premI isa prakAra kI utkRSTa racanAoM ke saMgraha noM sarakSaNa kI bhora dhyAna nahI dete / yadi prayatna kiyA jAya to bahuta sI mUlyavAna sAmagrI prApta ho sakatI hai !zrInagara ]

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vividha

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kauTilya-kAlIna rasAyana zrI. satyaprakAza, DI0 esa-sI0 jina vyaktiyo ne kisI bhI bhASA me mudrArAkSama nAmaka nATaka paDhA hai, ve candragupta aura cANakya ke nAma se paricita hai / cANakya kA hI nAma viSNugupta yA kauTitya hai / kAmandaka ne apane 'nItisAra' ke prArambha meM viSNugupta ke sambandha meM ye zabda likhe hai yasyAbhicAra vatreNa vajrajvalana tejasaH / papAta mUlata. zrImAnsuparvA nanda parvata // ekAkI mantrazaktyA yazaktyA zakti gharomapa / prAjahAra nRcandrAya candraguptAya medinIm // nItizAstrAmRta dhImAnarthazAstra mahodadhe / samuddadhe namastasmai viSNuguptAya vedhase / / varzanAttasya sudRzo vidyAnA pAradRzvanaH / yatkiJcidupadezyAma rAjavidyA vivA matam // kauTilya arthazAstra ke kucha uddharaNa daNDi ke 'dazakumAra caritra' meM bhI pAye jAte haiM / viSNugupta ke sambandha meM isake ye vAkya mahattva ke hai adhISva tAvaddaNDanItim iyamidAnImAcArya viSNuguptena mauryArtha paDbhizloka sahasrassakSiptA saMveyamItya samyaganuSTIyamAnA yathoktakAryakSameti // isa vAkya se yaha spaSTa hai ki kauTilya arthazAstra 6000 zloka kA hai| yaha Azcarya kI bAta hai ki itanA baDA anya purAtattvavettApro aura vidvAno kI dRSTi meM itane dino chipA kaise rahA? hamAre deza me pAzcAtya paddhati para prAcya granyo ke anuzIlana kA kAma sara viliyama jonsa ke samaya se vizeSa prArambha huA, para isa vIsavI zatAbdI ko hI isa bAta kA zreya hai ki yaha luptaprAya granya hamako phira se mila skaa| isa grantha ke kucha uddharaNa medhAtithi aura kullUka kI TIkA me pAye jAte hai, para sAdhAraNata yaha dhAraNA thI ki samasta grantha lupta ho gayA hai| 40 varSa lagabhaga kI bAta hai ki maisUra rAjya kI proriyaTala lAyanerI ko tajora ke paDita ne eka hastalikhita prati isa grantha kI dI, sAtha meM isakI TIkA kI eka khaDita prati bhI thI / ukta pustakAlaya ke adhyakSa zrI zyAma zAstrI ne atyanta parithama se isa pustaka kI prAmANikatA siddha kI, aura "iDiyana eTikverI" patrikA me san 1905 se yaha grantha mudrita hone lgaa| maisUra rAjya ke anugraha se san 1906 meM pUrNa granya chapa kara prakAzita huaa| san 1915 meM zrI zyAma zAstrI dvArA kiyA gayA anuvAda bhI chpaa| pajAba aoriyaTala sIrIz2a me pro0 jaoNlI ke sampAdana me aura TrAvanakora rAjya kI sarakSatA me prakAzita hone vAlI saskRta-sIrIz2a meM svargIya mahAmahopAdhyAya pa0 gaNapati zAstrI ke sampAdakatva meM isake do saskaraNa aura nikle| idhara hindI meM bhI isa artha-zAstra ke do anuvAda (pa0 gagAprasAda zAstrIkRta mahAbhArata kAryAlaya dillI se eva pro0 udayavIra zAstrIkRta meharacandra, lakSmaNadAsa lAhaura se) chape hai| isa granya ke prakAzita hote hI prAcya-sAhityajJo meM eka krAnti-sI A gaI, aura kauTilya ke sambandha meM aneka samAlocanAtmaka grantha bhI prakAzita hue|

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702 premI-abhinaMdana-praya kauTilya kA yaha arthazAstra IsA se 321 se 300 varSa pUrva ke bIca meM likhA gayA hogaa| para yaha nizcaya hai ki yaha arthazAla apanI paramparA kA pahalA grantha nahIM hai / isa arthazAstra meM pUrvavartI aneka AcAryoM kA ullekha hai jaise vigAlAkSa (1863), parAzara (za67), pizuna ( 12), bAhudantI putra (zamA27), koNapadanta (1 / 16), vAtavyAdhi (zA23), kAtyAyana (5 // 5 // 53), kaNika bhAradvAja (2054), cArAyaNa (505055), dhoTamukha (2056), kiMjalka (50557), pizunaputra (2059) / inake atirikta mAnavo, vArhatsatyo, mozanaso aura mAmbhIyo kA bhI ullekha hai / spaSTata arthazAstra kI paramparA hamAre deza meM bahuta purAnI hai| arthaveda ko veda kA eka upaveda mAnA jAtA rahA hai / kheda kA viSaya hai ki jina AcAryoM kA ullekha yahA~ kiyA gayA hai unake ganya hameM isa samaya upalabdha nahIM hai| __ aryazAstra kI paribhASA kauTilya ne svaya apane gantha ke antima adhikaraNa meM kara dI hai-manuSyANAM vRttiry| manuSyavatI bhUmirityartha / tatyA' pRthivyA lAbhapAlanopAya zAstramarthazAstramiti / isa prakAra manuSyo ko vRtti ko aura manuSyose yukta bhUmi ko bhI artha kahate haiN| aisI bhUmi kI prApti aura usake pAlana ke upAyo kA ullela jita zAla me ho use arthazAstra kheNge| isa arthazAstra kA uddezya bhI kauTilya ke zabdo meM isa prakAra hai dharmamayaM ca kAmaM ca pravartayati pAti ca / adharmAnartha vidvaSAnidaM zAstra nihanti ca // arthAta yaha zAstra dharma, artha eva kAma ko protsAhita karatA hai aura ina tIno kI rakSA karatA hai aura arthavidveSI avarmoM kA nAza bhI karatA hai| kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM 15 adhikaraNa, 150 adhyAya, eka sau assI prakaraNa aura lagabhaga 6 sahana zloka haiN| itane baDe anya meM artha sambandhI lagabhaga sabhI viSayo kA samAveza ho gayA hai| merI dhAraNA yaha hai ki manuSyavatI pRthivI ke lAbha aura pAlana kA sambandha rasAyana vidyA se bhI ghaniSTa hai aura mujhe kauTilya ke arthazAstra kA pArAyaNa karate samaya vaDA santoSa isa bAta se huA ki isa anya meM rAsAyanika viSayo kI avahelanA to dUra, unakA acchA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya rasAyana kA eka sundara itihAsa AcArya sara praphullacandra rAya ne san 1902 me likhA thA jisame tantra aura Ayurveda ke grantho ke AdhAra para viSayo kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA thaa| sarapraphulla ko usa samaya kauTilya ke isa amUlya anya kA patA na thaa| yaha ThIka hai ki rasAyana vidyA kA sambandha bhAyurveda se bhI vizeSa hai, para itanA hI nahIM, isakA vizeSa samvandha to rASTra kI sampatti kI prApti, usakI vRddhi aura rAsAyanika dravyo ke sarvatonmukhI upayoga se hai| bhAratIya rasAyana ke itihAsa meM kauTilya dvArA pratipAdita sAnatrI bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI hai| vaizeSika darzana meM pratipAdita paramANuvAda aura sAtya kA vikAsavAda bhAratIya rasAyana ke zAstrIya dRSTikoNa kA abhibhAvaka bnaa| pacabhUto kA zAstrIya vivecana vijJAnabhikSu ke yogavAttika taka meM kiyA gyaa| suzruta ne apane zArIrastAna meM pratyeka mahAbhUta meM anya mahAbhUto ke samAveza kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai-anyonyAnupraviSTAni sarvAnyetAni niddizet / caraka aura sudhuta dono ne apane sUtra-sthAno meM pArthiva tattva ke antargata aneka dhAtuo aura rAsAyanika padArthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai pAyivA. suvarNa rajata maNimuktAmana zilAmRtkapAlAkya / suvarNasya iha pArthivatvamevAGgIkriyate gurutva kAThinya tyAdihetubhiH / sUtre prAdi grahaNAt lohamalasikatA sudhA haritAla lavaNa gairika rasAjana prabhRtInAm // caraka aura suzruta itane prasiddha granya hai ki unake ullekha kI yahA~ koI AvazyakatA nahI, caraka aura suzruta kI bhI apanI paramparA purAnI hai / vartamAna samaya meM prApta caraka aura suzruta lagabhaga 1800 se 1400 varSa purAne (IsA kI pahalI zatAbdI se 5vI zatAbdI taka ke) hai| kahA jAtA hai ki Atreya punarvasu ke ziSya agniveza ne jo

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kauTilyakAlIna rasAyana 703 anya likhA thA usake Azraya para caraka ne apane grantha kA sampAdana kiyA aura caraka ke mUla grantha ko dRDhabala ne jo rUpa diyA vaha Adhunika caraka sahitA hai| isI prakAra suzruta dhanvantari kA ziSya thA jisane vRddha suzruta grantha kA Ayojana kiyA, para jo suzruta hI prApta hai vaha nAgArjuna dvArA sampAdita huA hai| sambhavata nAgArjuna dRDhavala se pUrva kA vyakti hai, isalie isa samaya prApta suzruta dRDhavala ke sampAdita caraka se pahale kA hai, para phira bhI mUla caraka sahitA vRddha suzruta se pUrva kI mAnI jAtI hai| sAdhAraNata yaha vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki suzruta kA nAgArjuna vahI hai jise siddha nAgArjuna bhI kahate hai aura jo lohazAstra kA racayitA bhI thA, aura dArzanika ke rUpa meM jisane bauddho ke mAdhyamika sampradAya kI mAdhyamika sUtravRtti bhI likhii| ___ kahA jAtA hai ki dhAtuvidyA arthAt lohazAstra kA sabase pramukha prAcArya patajali hai| sambhavata patajali ne hI vir3a kA AviSkAra kiyA (viDa zore aura namaka ke amlo kA mizraNa hai jisameM sonA bhI dhula jAtA hai)| patajali kA mUlagranya lohazAstra Ajakala aprApya hai, para parAvartI grantho meM isake grantha ke jo uddharaNa pAye jAte hai unase isa grantha kI zreSThatA spaSTa vyakta hotI hai| nAgArjuna ne pAre ke aneka yaugiko kA AviSkAra kiyA aura dhAtuzAstra meM bhI nAgArjuna kA nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki nAgArjuna pahale huA yA patajali para Age ke lohazAstro para dono kA hI amiTa prabhAva rahA hai| nAgArjuna ke anya rasaralAkara meM (1) rAjAvata, gandhaka, rasaka, darada, mAkSika, vimala, hema, tAra Adi ke zodhana, (2) vaikrAnta, rasaka, vimala, darada Adi sattvo kA ullekha, (3) mAkSikasattvapAtana, abhrakAdidrutapAtana, cAraNa-jAraNa Adi vidhiyo kA vivaraNa, eva (4) zilAyantra, bhUdharayantra, pAtanayantra, dhoraNayantra, jAlikAyantra Adi aneka yantro kA pratipAdana-ye saba viSaya aise hai jo rasAyanazAstra ke vidyArthI ko Aja bhI AkarSita kara sakate hai| bhAratIya rasAyana ke itihAsa ke vidyArthI ko jisa grantha ne Ajataka vizeSa prabhAvita kiyA hai vaha vaidyapati siMhagupta ke putra vAgbhaTAcArya kA rasaratnasamuccaya hai| prAcArya sara praphulla ne apane bhAratIya rasAyana ke itihAsa ke pahale bhAga meM isakA vizeSa ullekha kiyA hai| rasAyana zAstra kA kSetra baDA vizada hai| sabhavata koI bhI zAstra aisA nahIM hai jisameM rasAyana se kucha na sahAyatA na milatI ho| yaha prasannatA kI bAta hai ki kauTilya ne apane sarvAMgapUrNa arthazAstra meM aise viSayo kI mImAsA kI hai jinakA sambandha rasAyana se bhI hai| yaha ThIka hai ki yaha grantha rasAyanazAstra kA grantha nahI, para isase kauTilya ke samaya kI rAsAyanika pravRttiyo para acchA prakAza paDatA hai| kucha aise rAsAyanika viSayo kI bhI isameM carcA hai jinake sambandha ke anya prAcIna grantha hame isa samaya upalabdha nahIM hai| kauTilya ke isa granya kA racanAkAla pUrNa nizcita hai aura isakI prAcInatA meM sandeha nahIM hai / suzruta, caraka aura nAgArjuna ke mUlagrantho kA racanAkAla utanA nibhrAnta nahIM hai jitanA ki kauTilya ke arthazAstra kaa| isa dRSTi se isa grantha ke AdhAra para nizcita kI gaI rAsAyanika pravRttiyA~ hamAre itihAsa meM eka vizeSa mahattva rakhatI hai| yaha grantha isa deza kI rAsAyanika paramparA ko itihAsa meM itanI prAcInatA taka le jAtA hai jitanA ki yUnAna aura arava vAlo ke grantha nhii| isa dRSTi se isakA mahattva aura bhI adhika hai / cANakya plaiTo (427-347 I0 se pUrva) aura arastU (384-322 I0 se0 pU0) ke samakakSa samaya kA hai| yadyapi hamAre deza kA yUnAniyo se samparka Arambha ho gayA thA, phira bhI merI AsthA yaha hai ki cANakya kA yaha sampUrNa grantha apane deza kI pUrvAgata paramparA para adhika nirbhara hai, yUnAniyo kA prabhAva isa para kama hai| isameM jina AcAryoM kA ullekha hai ve bhI isI deza ke the / yUnAniyo kA abhI itanA dRDha prabhAva isa deza para nahIM ho pAyA thA ki hama yaha kaha sake ki arthazAstra meM varNita rAsAyanika pravRttiyo ko yUnAnI saskRti kA Azraya prApta ho gayA thaa| ___yaha to sambhava nahI hai ki isa lekha meM kauTilyakAlIna samasta rAsAyanika pravRttiyo kI vistRta mImAsA kI jA ske| sakSepata isa grantha meM nimna viSaya aise hai jiname Ajakala ke rasAyanajJo ke lie kautUhala kI sAmagrI vidyamAna hai|

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premI-abhinadana-pratha 704 (1) bhavana nirmANa kI sAmagrI (za2016-16) (2) viSa parIkSaNa (za21110-22), (478,12,13) (3) khanija (2 / 64, 2 / 12 / 1-7, 12-18) (4) mauktika (2 / 11 / 2-5) maNi (2 / 1 / 26-37) (6) hIrA (2111138-42) (7) mUgA (2 / 11043) (8) candana, agara Adi sugandha kASTha (2 / 11 / 44-76) (8) carma (2 / 11177-101) (10) Una (2 / 11 / 102-111), patrorNA (2 / 11 / 112-120) (11) dhAtunirmANa (2 / 12 / 8-11) (12) dhAtumizraNa aura paNanirmANa (2 / 12 / 25-33) (13) svarNazodhana aura akSazAlA (2 / 13 / 1-65), svarNa apaharaNa (2 / 14 / 16-61) (14) tela (2 // 15 // 14, 46-51) (15) bIjo kI rakSA (2 / 24133) (16) surAnirmANa (2 / 25 / 17-34) (17) ghI-dUdha (2 / 26 / 34) (18) (ka) prANahara padArtha aura dhUmayoga (14 / 1 / 5-14), (kha) netraghna padArtha (1411115, 16) (ga) madanayoga (14 / 1 / 17, 18) (gha) mUkabadhirakarayoga (1411025) (Da) viSUcikA kara yoga (1411024) (ca) jvara kara yoga (143125) (cha) dazayoga (1411031-33) (ja) jalAzaya bhraSTayoga (14 / 1134-36) (jha) agniyoga (14 / 1136 / 42) (na) netramohana (1411043) (Ta) kSudyoga (14 / 2 / 1-5) (8) zvetIkaraNayoga (1412 / 6-6) (Da) romNazvetIkaraNayoga (14 / 2 / 10-13, 14) (Dha) kuSThayoga (1412 / 15-18) (Na) zyAmIkaraNayoga (1412 / 16-21) (ta) gAtraprajvAlanayoga (14 / 2 / 22-23) (tha) vividhajvalanaprayoga (14 / 2 / 24-30) (da) agAragamanaprayoga (1412 / 31-33) (gha) vividhayoga (14 / 2 / 34-48) (na) rAtri dRSTi aura vividha ajana (14 / 3 / 1-18) (antardhAna yog)| (pa) viSapratIkArayoga (141411-6)

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706 premI-prabhinadana-pratha lohAdhyakSastAmrasIsa trapu baiMkRntakArakUTavRttakasatAlalohakarmAntAnkArayet / / 2 / 12 / 25 // lakSaNAdhyakSazcaturbhAga tAmra rUpyarUpa tIkSNatrapusIsAjanAnAmanyatama mASavIjayukta kArayet paNamadhapaNa pAdamaSTabhAgamiti // 212 // 27 // lohAdhyakSa to samasta dhAtu vibhAga kA adhyakSa hotA thA aura lakSaNAdhyakSa (mint master) sikke banAne ke vibhAga para gAsana karatA thaa| eka paNa me 11 mASa cAMdI, 4 mApa tAMbA aura 1 mApa lohA, sIsA, rAMgA, ajanAdi hotA thaa| yaha mahattva kI bAta hai ki koTilya ke samaya meM kSAra vyavasAya bhI rAjya ke niyantraNa meM rahatA thaa| khanyadhyakSa ima vibhAga kA adhikArI thaa| khanyadhyakSa zaGkhavajJamaNimuphtA pravAlakSArakarmAntAnkArayet // 2 // 12 // 34 // ratno kI parIkSA zukranItisAra ke anusAra vaja (hIrA), motI, mUgA, indranIla, vaiDUyaM, pukharAja, pAcI (pannA) aura mANikya ye nau mahAratna hai| ratno meM vajra zreSThatama, mANikya, pAcI aura motI zreSTha paura indranIrA, puSarAja, vaiDUrya madhyama, eva gomeda aura mUgA adhama batAye gaye hai| kauTilya ne ina ratnoM kI vistRta vivecanA kI hai (2 / 11 / 29-33) jisakA ullekha karanA yahA~ sambhava nahI hai / maNi-kauTa, mauleyaka, pAra-samudraka (3 bhed)| mANikya-saugandhika, padmarAga, anavadyarAga, pArijAta puSpaka, vAlasUryaka (5 bhed)| vaiDUrya-utpalavarNa, zirISapuSpaka, udakavarNa, vazarAga, zukapAvarNa, puSyarAga, gomUnapha, gomedaka ( bhed)| indranIla-nolAvalIya, indranIla, kalAyapuSpaka, mahAnIla, jAmbavAbha, jImUtaprabha, nandapA, vanmadhya ( bhed)| sphaTika-zuddha, mUlATavarNa, zItavRSTi (candrakAnta), sUryakAnta (4 bheda) isI prakAra maNiyo ke 18 avAntara bheda hai aura 6 bheda hIre ke hai| vartamAna maNi-vijJAna (Crystallo graphy) me maNiyoM ke prAkRti-nirIkSaNa para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / yaha santoSa kI vAta hai ki kauTilya ne bhI isa ora saketa kiyA haiSaDatuzcaturazro vRtto vA tIna rAga sasthAnavAnaccha snigyo guruciSmAnantargataprabha prabhAnulepI ceti maNiguNA // 211 // 34 / / maNiyo ke guNo kA parIkSaNa karate samaya caturazra prAdika parIkSaNa (geometrical),gurutla (density), eva arciSmAna antargata prabha, aura prabhAnulepo Adi prakAza sambandhI (optical) guNo kA dhyAna ralagA caahie| Ajakala bhI maNiparIkSaNa kI bahudhA yahI vidhiyA~ hai| hIre ke sambandha meM bhI kahA hai ki acchA hIrA samakoTika (regular) honA cAhie, apragasta hIrA naSTakoNa hotA hainaSTakoNa nirazripAzvapivRtta cAprazastam // 2 // 11 // 42 // suvarNa aura usakA zodhana kauTilya ne suvarNa ke ATha bheda batAye haijAmbUnada, zAtakumbha, hATaka, vaiNava, bhRgazuktija, jAtarUpa, rasaviddhamAkarodgata, ca suvarNam // 2 // 13 // 3 // ye bheda utpatti sthAna kI dRSTi se hai| suvarNa zodhana kI vidhiyo me nimna mugya hai--

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707 kauTalya-kAlIna rasAyana (1) caturguNena sosena zoSayet sIsA milA kara glaanaa| (2) zuSkapaTalapiyet-kaDo ke sAtha pighlaanaa| (3) tailagomaye niSecayet-tela aura govara kI bhAvanA denaa| (4) gaNDikAsu kuTTayet-ghana para kuuttnaa| (5) kandalI vajrakandakalke vA niSecayet-kandalI latA aura vacakanda ke kalka kI bhAvanA denaa| (3 / 13 / 8-12) sIsA milAkara zovana kI vidhi Ajakala bhI pracalita hai| cAMdo ke sAtha to yaha bahuta kAma AtI hai (cupellation or Parkes process) / kauTilya ne cAMdI ke zodhana ke sambandha me bhI isakA ullekha kiyA hai-tatsIsa caturbhAgena zoSayet (2 // 13 // 16) / kauTilya ke granya me tAve aura cAMdo para sonA caDhAne (goldplating) kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| isa kriyA ko tvaSTakarma kahate hai-tvaSTakarmaNa zulvabhANDa sama suvarNena sayUhayet (2113349) isa kRtya ko eka vidhi isa prakAra hai caturbhAgasuvarNa vA vAlukA hiMgulakasya rasena cUrNena vA vAsayet / (2113351) arthAt tAve yA cAMdI ke AbhUSaNa kA caturthIza sonA lekara vAlukA ke rasa aura ziMgarapha ke cUrNa ke sAtha usa para mone kA pAnI caDhA de| ___cAMdI sApha karane kA kAma kaI prakAra kI mUSAmo (crucibles) meM kiyA jAtA thA-(1) miTTo aura haDDI se banI (asthi tutya), (2) sosA milI miTTI se banI-sosa tutya, (3) zuSka zarkarA milI miTTI kI (zuSka tuttha), (4) zuddha miTTo kI (kapAla tuttha), (5) govara milI miTTI ko (gomaya tutya) / (2 / 13 / 54) rasaratnasamuccaya me mUSAmo kA jo vivaraNa hai usase yaha kahI adhika acchA hai-vizeSatayA asthi tutya aura sosa tutya kI dRSTi se mRttikA pANDurasthUlA zarkarA zoNapANDurA / cirAdhmAnasahA sAhi mUSAryamatizasyate // tadabhAve hi vAlmIkI kaulAlI va samIryate / / yA mRttikA dagdhatuSa zarNana zikhiyakarvA haya laddinA ca / lohena daNDena ca kuTTitA sA sAdhAraNI syAt khalu mUSakArtham // (rasaratnasamu0 10 // 5-6) Ajakala ke yuga me miTTo, porsalena, silikA, nikela aura plaiTinama ko mUSAmo kA adhika pracAra hai| yaha bhI mahattva ko bAta hai ki kauTilya ne sonA apaharaNa karane ke 5 Dhago kA ullekha kiyA haitulAviSamamapasAraNa vinAvaNa peTako piMkazceti haraNopAyA // 2 // 14 // 19 // arthAt (1) DaDI mAranA (tulA viSama), (2) tripuTaka (2 bhAga cA~dI meM 1 bhAga tAMbA) milA kara sonA hara lenA (tripuTakApasAraNa), zulkApasAraNa (kevala tA~vA milA kara), vellakApasAraNa (cA~dI-lohA milA kara), hemApasAraNa (tAMvA-sonA kA mizraNa milA kara), (3) aAMkha vacA kara sone ke patro ke sthAna para cAMdI ke patra vadala denA visrAvaNa kahalAtA hai| (4) peTaka patra caDhAte samaya ko cAlAkI se samvanva rakhatA hai| patra tIna prakAra ke caDhAye jAte hai-sayUhya (gADhe patra), avalepya (patale) aura saghAtya (kaDiyAM joDane vAle) (2 // 14 // 31) / (5) aneka prakAra ko bharatU cIz2e bhara denA piMka kahAtA hai (filling materials) /

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708 premI-abhinavana-praya purAne AbhUSaNo se svarNa curAne ke parikuTTana, avacchedana, ullekhana aura pagnirdana ye cAra prakAra haiN| ramAyanajJo kI dRSTi se parimardana vizeSa mahattva kA haiharitAla mana zilAhiGgalaphacUrNAnAmanyatamena kurucinda cUrNena vA vastra nayUhyayat parimRdnanti tatparimardanam // 2 // 14 // 54 // ima prakriyA meM haritAla (orpiment), mana gilA (realgar), aura hiMgula (cinnabar) me ggaTane kA vidhAna hai / sakhiyA aura pAre ke sAtha mone kA choja jAnA yaha mAdhAraNa vAta hai / kauTilya ne jina kuruvinda cUrNa kA ullekha kiyA hai, vaha kyA hai isakA patA nhiiN| sugandhita dravya - kauTilya arthazAstra ke dUsare adhikaraNa meM sugandhita kApTho kA unlara kiyA gayA hai| ina dravyo ma candana vizeSa hai| candana ke utpatti sthAna ke anusAra 16 bheda hai-mAtana, gogIrSaka, haricandana, tArNana, grAmeka, daivamabhaya, jAvaka, jogaka, torUpa, mAleyaka, kucandana, kAlaparvataka, kogakArapavataka, zAnAdakIya, nAgaparvataka aura zAkala / ina candano me 9 prakAra ke raga aura 6 prakAra kI gandha hotI hai| acchA candana nimna guNI vAlA hotA hai laghusnigdhamazyAna sapisnehalepi gandha sukha tvaganusAyanulbaNamacirAgyuSNasaha vAha grAhi sukhasparzanamiti candanaguNA // (2311260) arthAt acch| candana thoDA sA cikanA, bahuta dino me nakhane vAlA, ghRta ke samAna cikanA, deha meM lipaTane vAlA, sukhakArI gandha se yukta, tvacA meM zotalanA dene vAlA, phaTA mA dAgkhane vAlA, varNavikAra se rahita, gagmI sahane vAlA aura sukhasparzI honA caahie| isI prakAra kA varNana agara, tailapaNika, bhadradhIya (kapUra) aura vAleyaka (dAnhaldI yA polA candana) kA bhI diyA gayA hai| mujhe AzA thI ki kauTilya ne candana ke tela kA bhA kahI ullekha kiyA hotA, para mere devane meM nahI aayaa| itro kA vivaraNa bhI kahI nahIM milatA hai yaha Azcarya kI bAta hai| kauTilya ne cAra prakAra ke sneho, ghRtAdi, kA ullekha kiyA haisarpistailavasAmajjAna snehA // 2 // 15 // 14 // ghRta, tela, vasA aura mjjaa| yaha bhI likhA hai ki alamI se tela kA chaThA bhAga taiyAra hotA hai, nAmakuza, Ama kI guThalo aura kapitya se pAMcavAM bhAga, tilakusumbha (kumUma), madhuka (mahuA) aura gudI me cauthAI bhAga tela prApta hotA hai (211546-51) / yaha Azcarya kI bAta hai ki isa sthala para magso, tila, vinIlA, nIma, nAriyala Adi ke telo kA ullekha kyo nahI kiyaa| ghRto kA ullekha karate samaya kauTilya ne yaha likhA haikSIradroNe gavA ghRtaprasya // paJcabhAgAdhiko mahiSINAm // dvibhAgAdhiko'jAvInAm / / (2 / 26 / 34-36) arthAt gAya ke 1 droNa dUdha me 1 prastha ghI nikalatA hai, bhaisa ke inane hI dUdha me 5 gunA adhika ghI aura bheTavakarI ke dUdha meM eka droNa meM do pramtha / guptakAla meM 4 prastha kA 1 zrADhaka aura 4 mADhaka kA eka droNa mAnA jAtA thA arthAt 1 droNa meM 18 prastha hote hai| isa dRSTi se gAya ke eka sera dUdha me 1 chaTAMka ghI nikalatA hai| yaha bAta to ThIka mAlUma hotI hai| para bhaisa ke eka sera dUdha se 5 chaTaoNka gho nikalanA hogA isameM mandeha hai| hA~, midvAnta rUpa se cANakya ke nimna do sUtra mahattva ke hai-manyo vA sarvepA pramANam arthAt maya kara dekha lo ki kitanA gho nikalatA hai, vahI pramANa hai / gaura bhUmi tRNodaka nizeSAddhi kSIra ghRta vRddhirbhavati // (2 / 26 / 37-38) arthAt bhUmi, tRNa aura jala ke anusAra dUdha meM ghI kI mAtrA kI kamI yA vRddhi hoto rahatI hai|

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kauTilya-kAlIna rasAyana 706 carma aura Una koTitya kI dRSTi me carmaNA mRdu snigdha bahula roma ca zreSTham (211 / 101) arthAt zreSTha carma vaha hai jo mRdu, snigdha aura adhika roma vAlA ho| sthAnAdi bheda se carma kI aneka jAtiyo kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai jaisekAntanAvaka, preyaka, vimI, mahAvisI, zyAmikA, kAlikA, kadala, candrottarA, zAkulA, sAmUra, cInasI, sAmUlI, sAtinA, nalatUlA aura vRttpucchaa| ina camaDo ke raga aura mApa kA varNana bhI diyA gayA hai (2111177-101) / mujhe AzA thI ki kacce camaDe ko kisa prakAra pakAThe isakA bhI kahI ullekha mile para yaha pUrNa na huii| rasAyanazAstra kI dRSTi se yaha ullekha adhika mahattvapUrNa hotaa| kauTilya ne Una ke sambandha me likhA hai ki picchalamAmiva ca sUkSma mRdu ca shresstthm|| arthAt cikanA, gola sA pratIta hone vAlA sUkSma aura komala Una acchA mAnA jAtA hai| Una se bane aneka vastro kA bhI ullekha hai (21111102-111) / isI prakAra eka sUtra me kAzika aura pauDraka rezamI vastra kA nirdeza hai| isase bhI adhika mahattvapUrNa nirdeza patrooM kA hai| inake tIna bheda hai-mAgadhika, pauMDrika aura sauvarNa Rddyk| ye UneM nAgavRkSa, likuca, vakula aura vaTa vRkSa para hotI hai / sambhavata ye Une ina vRkSo para rahane vAle kITo dvArA taiyAra kI jAtI hai / kauzeya, cInaNTTa aura cInabhUmijA (cAyanA silka) kA bhI nirdeza mahattva kA hai (2 / 11 / 119) / viSaparIkSaNa kUTanIti grasta rASTro me zatruo para viSaprayoga karanA sAdhAraNa ghaTanA ho jAtI hai| apane pakSa kA vyakti java sahasA asvAbhAvika avasthA meM prANatyAga karatA hai, taba yaha sandeha ho jAtA hai ki usa para kimI ne viSaprayoga to nahI kiyaa| kauTitya kahate hai ki zyAva pANi pAda dantanakha zithilamAsaromacarmANa phenopadigdhamukha viSahata vidyAt // 478 // arthAt jisake hAtha, paira, dA~ta, nakha kAle paDa gaye ho, mAsa, roma aura carma DhIlI par3a gaI ho, muha jhAgo se bharA ho, use vipa se mArA smjho| phira likhane hai ki vipahatasya bhojanazepa payobhi parIkSet-arthAt usa viSahata vyakti kA zepa bhojana dUdha se jA~co (41712) / posTa mArTema parIkSA (gava-parIkSA) kI jAve hRdayAduddhatyAgnI prakSipta ciTaciTAyadindradhanurvaNaM vA viSayukta vidyAt // 4713 // arthAt mare hue vyakti kA hRdaya agni meM DAlA jAya / yadi usame caTacaTa zabda pIra indra dhanuSa kA raga nikale to use viSayukta smjhe| Ajakala bhI tAve aura sakhiye ke viSa kI pahacAna jvAlA kA raga dekha kara bhI kI jAtI hai| jvAlA me kamA raga kisa prakAra ke lavaNo se AtA hai isakA vistRta nizcaya Adhunika ramAyanazAstra meM ho cukA hai| ___ pahale adhikaraNa ke 21ve adhyAya me kauTilya ne viSaparIkSaNa ke vividha prakAro kA ullekha kiyA hai| ina prakAro me jvAlAparIkSaNa aura dhUmraparIkSaNa vizeSa mahattva ke hai / agnAlAghUma nolatA zabda sphoTana ca viSayuktasya vayasA vipattizca / (021610) ayAt yadi bhojana meM viSa milAho to agni me usakI lapaTa nIlI aura dhuAM bhI nIlA niklegaa| agni me caTacaTa zabda bhI hogaa| yadi pakSI use khAyegA to vaha usI samaya taDaphaDAne lgegaa| hama jAnate hai ki tAMbe ke lavaNa jvAlA ko harA-nIlA mizrita raga pradAna karate hai aura sIsA, sakhiyA (Arasenika) aura AJjana (eTImanI) ke lavaNa jvAlA ko halakA nIlA raga dete hai| sAmAnya viSo meM vahudhA inhI lavaNo kA prayoga hotA hai| kauTilya ke vipaparIkSaNa kA yaha prakAra rasAyana kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva kA hai /

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premI - zrabhinadana- pratha eka aura prakAra vizeSatayA ullekhanIya hai yadyapi hama nizcaya rUpa me isakI rAsAyanika vyAkhyA ko samajhane meM asamartha hai rasasya madhye nIlA rAjI, payastAmrA, madyatoyayo kAlI, daghna zyAmA ca maghuna zvetA // 710 1 / 21 / 15 // arthAt viSayukta bhojana ke rasa meM nIlI dhArI, dUdha meM lAla, madya aura jala meM kAlI, dahI meM zyAma aura madhu me sapheda dhArI viSa kI pahacAna hai / isa samvandha meM kauTilya kA yaha sAmAnya vivaraNa mahattva kA hai sneha rAga gaurava prabhAva varNa sparza vaghazceti viSayuktaliMgAni // 22 // arthAt viSa mile padArtha meM usakI svAbhAvika snigdhatA, ragata, unakA prabhAva, varNa aura sparza ye naSTa ho jAte hai aura inake AdhAra para viSa kA parIkSaNa ho sakatA hai / kauTilya ne isa sambandha me aura bhI kaI bAte likhI hai jaise bhojana meM viSa ho to ve zIghra zuSka ho jAya~ge, kvAtha kA sA unakA AkAra ho jAyagA, vikRta prakAra kA bhAga nikalegA ityAdi / ina saba kA hama vistRta varNana dene me yahA~ zramamartha hai / surA kA nirmANa kauTilya ne apane arthazAstra meM surAdhyakSa ke karttavyo kA vizeSa ullekha kiyA hai zrIra pAnAgAro yA madirAlayo kI niyantrita vyavasthA kI hai / surA ke 6 bheda batAye gaye hai- medaka, prasannA, zrAsava, ariSTa, maireya aura madhu / (1) eka droNa jala, zrAve ADhaka cAvala aura tIna prastha kiNva milAkara medaka surA taiyAra kI jAtI haiM / (2) 12 zrADhaka cAvala kI piTThI, 5 prastha kiNva yA putraka vRkSa kI tvacA aura phala se prasannA banatI hai / (3) kaithe ke rama, guDa kI rAva aura madhu se Asava banatA hai / (4) cikitsaka apanI-apanI AvazyakatA ke anusAra apane pramANa se jo vanAve vaha ariSTa hogA - medakAriSTa, prasannAriSTa Adi / (5) meDhAsIgI ( meSa yuga) kI tvacA kA kvAtha, guDa, pIpala, miraca zrIra triphalA ke yoga se maireya surA banatI hai / (6) drAkSo se madhu surA taiyAra hotI hai / (2125117-25) surA banAne meM kiNvo kA prayoga vizeSa mahattva kA hai / Ajakala to kiNva rasAyana rasAyanazAstra kA eka svatantra mukhya zraga samajhA jAtA hai / yaha harSa kI bAta hai ki cANakya ne kiNva-vandha kI vidhi bhI dI haimASakalanIdroNamAma siddha vA tribhAgAdhika taNDula moraTAdInA kArpika bhAgayukta kiNva banva // 2 / 25 / 26 // HTC (uDaTa) kI kalanI yA usakA ATA, taDulo kI piTThI, aura moraTAdi zrIpadhiyo ke payoga hone para kiNvavandha taiyAra hotA hai / prasannA- surA ke kiNva banAne meM pAThA, lodha, ilAyacI, vAluka, mulahaThI, kesara, dArUhaldI, miraca, pIpala Adi padArtha aura milAye jAte hai / isI prakAra anya kiNva vandho kA bhI vivaraNa hai / bIjo kI rakSA koTilya kI dRSTi vaDI vyApaka thI / usane apane arthazAstra meM bahuta sI choTI-choTI bAto taka kA varNana diyA hai jaise ghoviyo ko kapaDo kI bulAI kisa prakAra dI jAya ityAdi / isI prakAra vIjo kI rakSA ke bhI umane kucha upAya batAye hai / kRSizAstra meM dUsarI phasala taka bIjo ke surakSita rakhane ke aneka vidhAnoM kA Ajakala ullekha kiyA jAtA hai / aneka rAsAyanika dravyo kA bhI upayoga karate hai / kRSikarma ke adhyakSa ko sItAdhyakSa kahate hai / isake adhikAra me rASTra kI khetI kI dekha-bhAla rahatI hai / ne apane arthazAstra meM isakA ullekha kara diyA hai ki kaisI RRtu me kauna se vIja vone cAhie, aura kaise kheta ko kitanA pAnI milanA caahie| kheta ko khAda kisa prakAra kI milanI cAhie, isake ullekha kA prabhAva kucha

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koTilya-kAlIna rasAyana 711 caTakatA hai| una namaya bhUmi itanI urvarA rahI ho ki usameM khAda dene kA prazna hI na uThatA ho / bIjo kuna hone para gIna machalI kI khAda aura snuhI ke dUdha se siMcita karane kA vidhAna avazya diyA hai / prandAracA zuSka yAhU matsyAzca stuhi kSIreNa vApayet // 2 / 24 / 34 // kauTilya kA kathana hai ki dhAna ke bIjo ko rAta me zroma me aura dina meM vUpa meM sAta dina taka rakhanA cAhie / usI prakAra koNIdhAnya (ur3ada, mUga Adi) bhI bhoga aura dhUpa meM rakve jaayeN| Ikha Adi kANDa vIjo ko madhu, ghRta, sUkaravatA bIragovara meM lapeTa kara rakhate / kandI ko kATa-kATa kara madhu aura ghRta meM rakkhe, asthivIjo ko (guThanI bAnoM ko) gAjara meM loTa kara aura nAgI vRkSo ke bIjo ko (Ama kaTahalAdi ) govara yA go-asthi se thAne ke gaDDhe meM neke | ( 2224133 || ) yuddha me gaiso kA prayoga jAtA hai ki 22 apraila nan 1615 ko gata yuropIya mahAnagara meM jarmana cAmiyo ne pahalI bAra gaMga kA prayoga manunenA ko kaSTa pahu~cAne ke lie kiyA thA / 16 dinambara ko usI varSa jarmano ne phaoNrmajIna nAma dUsarI gaisa kA prayoga kiyaa| isI varSa prabhu jaina (Lachrymators) jAilIla bromAiDa kA bhI upayoga kiyA gayA / jarmanI ne mAnI genA ko ghadRSTa rakhane ke lie dhumra ke bAdala ( Camouflage gas) bhI choDe / gaira nAmakI zrI tvacAghAtaka gemo ke prayoga bhI 1616 meM hue / DAiphInAila knora na nAmaka padArtha ne kI itanI bhAtI hai ki senA ke nipAhI chIko ke mAre hairAna ho jAte hai (Sneezing gas ) / gainayuddha ima yuga kA eka bhISaNa zrAviSkAra samajhA jAtA hai / koTi ke gAmya meM manunenA ko pIDA pahu~cAne ke aneka yoga diye gaye hai / 14veM adhikaraNa kA pahalA adhyAya isa dRSTi se mahattva kA hai| una vipana meM ruci rakhane vAle vyakti ko yaha samasta zradhyAya paDhanA cAhie / haika, koNDinyaka, kRruNa, yatapadI ( kanakhajUrA ) zrAdi kA cUrNa bhilAvA aura vAvacI ke rasa meM milAkara dinA inakA bude to gIghra mRtyu hotI hai / sadya prANaharameteSA vA dhUma // 14 // 115 // zatakardamoccidiGga karavIra kaTutumbImatsyavUmo madanakodravapalAlena hastikarNa palAzavalAlena vA pravAtAnuvAte praNIto yAvaccarati tAvanmArayati // 14 // 1 // 10 // grIn zatAvarI, vapUra, uccidiMga, kanera, kaTu tumbI, aura matmya kA dhuA~, dhatUrA, kodo, palAla Adi ke nAma havA ke rUja para uThAyA jAve to vaha jahA~ taka jAvegA vahI taka logo ko mAra degA / isI prakAra pUtikoTamatsya, kaTunumba, indragopayAdi ke cUrNa bakare ke sIga yA khura ke sAtha jalAye jAyeM to unI umra zrandhA karane vAlA hotA hai - "zrandhI karo dhUmaH" 14 / 1 / 11 / isI prakAra anya granvIkara dhUma bhI I / ( 12, 13 ) | "netraghna" nUma kA sundara ullekha nimna sUtra meM hai-- kAlIkuSThanaDa zatAvarI mUla sarpapracalAkakRkaNa pacacUrNa vA dhUma pUrva kalpe nArdrazuSka palAlena vA praNIta sagrAmAvataraNAvaskandana saphuleSu kRtatejanodakAkSi pratIkAraM praNIta sarvaprANinA netraghna || 14 / 1 / 15 / / hama yoga dvArA banAye gaye dhue~ meM vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha magrAma ke samaya utarane, zrora valAtkAra prAkramaNa kI bhIDa ke samaya meM prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, aura sabhI ke netro ko naSTa kara detA hai / phalata isa dhue~ ke prayoga karane vAle ke nena bhI to naSTa ho jAya~ge jo vAchanIya nahIM hai / isalie praNItA ke lie yaha zrAvazyaka hai ki vaha tejanodaka (141411 ) me apane netra kI rakSA kreN| yaha pratIkAra rasa mAno zrAjakala ke gaisamAmko ( Gas masks) kA kAma karanA hai / kucha vipo ke pratIkAra gmo kA utlega DamI gradhikaraNa ke cauthe adhyAya meM diyA gayA hai /

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712 premI-prabhinadana-pratha rogotpAdaka yoga aisA kahA jAtA hai ki aimA vicAra thA ki isa mahAyuddha meM roga phailAne vAle aneka kRmiyo kA prayoga kiyA jaaygaa| nAgariko ke jalAzayo me ye kRmi praviSTa hokara nagaravAmiyo ko pIDA phuNcaayege| Azcarya kI bAta hai ki kauTilya ke ima grantha me rogotpAdaka yogo kA bhI varNana hai 1.kRkalAsagRha golikA yoga kuSThakara / / 2 dUSIviSa madanakodrava cUrNamupajivikA yoga mAtRvAhakAJjalikArapracalAka bhekAkSi pIluka yogo viSUcikAphara / 3 paJcakuSThaka kauNDinyakarAjavRkSamadhupuSpa madhuyogo jvarakara / ((2114120-30) isI prakAra unmAdakara, mUkavadhirakara, pramehakara Adi aneka yogo kA varNana hai| yaha kahanA to kaThina hai ki arthazAstra me diye gaye yoga vizvasanIya hai yA nhiiN| jaba taka ina para phira meM prayoga na kara liye jAyeM, taba taka kucha nizcaya rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| para itanA to spaSTa hai ki granyakAra kA lakSya kitanA sarvatonmukhI hai| rasAyanazAstra kA upayoga jIvana ke kitane vizada kSetroM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai yaha bhI spaSTa hai / sAtha hI yaha bhI asandigva hai ki manuSya kI pravRttiyA~ Aja bhI vaisI hI hai jaisI kauTilya ke samaya meM thii| prayAga] - - - -

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jaina - gaNita kI mahattA zrI nemicandra jaina zAstrI, sAhityaratna bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI prathamAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga aura dravyAnuyoga ina cAra anuyogo meM vibhAjita hai / karaNAnuyoga meM alaukika aura laukika gaNita zAstra samvandhI tattvo kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA gayA haiM / prastuta nivandha meM kevala laukika gaNita para hI prakAza DAlA jAyagA / laukika jaina gaNita kI maulikatA aura mahattA ke sambandha meM aneka vidvAno ne apane vicAra prakaTa kiye haiM / bhAratIya gaNitazAstra para dRSTipAta karate hue DA0 hIrAlAla kApaDiyA ne 'gaNita tilaka' kI bhUmikA meM likhA hai "In this connection it may be added that the Indians in general and the Jainas in particular have not been behind any nation in paying due attention to this subject This is borne out by Ganita Sarasangraha (V I 15) of Mahaviracharya (850.A. D) of the Southern School of Mathematics Therein he points out the usefulness of Mathematics or 'the science of calculation' regarding the study of various subjects like music, logic, drama, medicine, architecture, cookery, prosody, grammar, poetics, economics, erotics etc "" ina paktiyo se spaSTa hai ki jainAcAryoM ne kevala dhArmikonnati meM hI jaina gaNita kA upayoga nahI kiyA, valki zraneka vyAvahArika mamasyAgro ko sulajhAne ke lie isa zAstra kA praNayana kiyA hai| bhAratIya gaNita ke vikAsa eva pracAra meM jainAcAryo kA pravAna hAya rahA hai / jima samaya gaNita kA prArambhika rUpa thA usa samaya jaino ne aneka vIjagaNita eva mainsyUrezana sambandhI samasyAo ko hala kiyA thA / DA0jI0 thIvo (Dr G Thibaut) sAhaba ne jaina gaNita kI prazasA karate hue apane " Astronome, Astrologie and Mathematk" zIrSaka nibandha meM sUryaprajJapti ke sambandha meM likhA hai "This work must have been composed before the Greeks came to India, as there is no trace of Greek influence in it" iname spaSTa hai ki jaina gaNita kA vikAsa grIko ke zrAgamana ke pUrva hI ho gayA thA / Apane Age cala kara isI nivandha meM batalAyA hai ki jaina gaNita aura jaina jyotiSa IsvI man se 500 varSa pUrva prakurita hI nahIM, apitu pallavita aura puSpita bhI the / pro0 vevara (Weber) ne iDiyana enTIkverI nAmaka patra meM apane eka nivandha meM vatalAyA hai ki jaino kA 'sUryaprajJapti' nAmaka grantha atyanta mahattvapUrNa gaNita-pranya hai / vedAGga jyotiSa ke samAna kevala dhArmika kRtyoM ke sampAdana ke lie hI isakI racanA nahI huI hai, balki isake dvArA jyotiSa kI aneka samasyAo ko mulajhA kara jainAcAryoM ne apanI prakhara pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai / methika momAiTI ke jaranala meM DA0 zyAmazAstrI, pro0 ema0 vinTaraniTja, pro0 eca0 vI0 glAsenapa aura DA0 sukumArarajanadAsa ne jaina gaNita kI aneka vizeSatAe~ svIkAra kI hai / DA0 vI0 datta ne kalakattA maithemeTikala nosAiTI se prakAzita vIsave buleTIna me apane nibandha " on Mahavita's solutions of Rational Triangles and quadrilaterals" meM mukhya rUpa se mahAvIrAcArya ke trikoNa aura caturbhuja ke gaNita kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai / Apane isameM tribhuja aura caturbhuja ke gaNita kI aneka vizeSatAeM batalAI hai / 60

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714 premI-abhinadana-graya hameM jainAgamo meM yatra-tatra vivare hue gaNitasUtra milate haiN| ina sUtro meM se kitane hI nUtra apanI nijI vizeSatA ke sAtha vAttanAgata sUkSmatA bhI rakhate hai / prAcIna jaina gaNitasUtro meM aise bhI kaI niyama hai, jinhe hindU gaNitajJa 14vI aura 15vI zatAbdI ke vAda vyavahAra meM lAye hai| gaNitazAstra ke nakhyA-tambandhI itihAna ke Upara dRSTipAta karane se yaha bhalIbhAMti bhavagata ho jAtA hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM sakhyA likhane ke aneka phAyade thejane vastuo ke nAma, varNamAlA ke nAma, Deniga Dhaga ke sakhlA nAma, mahAvaro ke sakSipta nAma / aura bhI kaI prakAra ke vizepa cihno dvArA nalyAeM likhI jAtI thii| jaina gaNita ke phuTakara niyamo meM uparyukta niyamo ke atirikta dAnamika krama ke anusAra masyA likhane kA bhI prakAra milatA hai| jaina-gaNita-anyoM meM akSara malA korIti ke anusAra dazamalava aura pUrva masyAe~ bhI likhI huI milatI hai| ina sakhyAo kA sthAna-mAna bAI ora me liyA gayA hai| zrIdharAcArya kI jyoti na vidhi meM AryabhaTa ke masyAkrama me bhinna nasyAkrama liyA gayA hai| ina anya meM prAya ava taka upalabdha mabhI sasyAkrama lije hue milate hai| hameM varAhamihira-viracita vRhatmahitA ko bhaTTotpalI TIkA meM bhadrabAhu kI sUryaprajJapti-TIkA ke kucha avataraNa mile haiM, jinameM gaNita sambandhI sUkSmatAo ke mAya naLyA livane ke sabhI vyavahAra kAma meM lAye gaye hai| bhaTTotpala ne Rpiputra, bhadrabAhu aura garga (vRddha garga) ina tIna jainAcAryoM ke paryApta vacana uddhRta kiye hai| isase spaSTa siddha hotA hai ki bhaTTotpala ke samaya meM jaina gaNita bahuta pranidva rahA thA, anyayA ve ina AcAryo kA itane vistAra ke sAtha svapakSa kI puSTi ke lie ullekha nahIM krte| anuyoga dvAra ke 142ve sUtra meM dazamalava krama ke anusAra saravA likhI huI milatI hai| jaina zAstro me jo koDAkoDI kA kathana kiyA gayA hai vaha vArgikakrama ne sakhyAe~ likhane ke krama kA dyotaka hai| jainAcAryoM ne malyAo ke 26 sthAna taka batalAye hai| 1 kA sthAna nahIM mAnA hai, kyoki 1 masyA nahIM hai| anuyoga dvAra ke 14ve sUtra meM imIko spaSTa karate hue likhA hai-"me ki ta gaNagAsabA ekko gaNaNa na uvai, duppabhii mkhaa"| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki jaba hama eka vartana yA vastu ko dekhate hai to mirpha eka vastu yA eka vartana aimA hI vyavahAra hotA hai, gaNanA nahIM hotii| isIko mAlAvArina hemacandra ne likhA hai-"Thus the Jainas begin with Tro and end, of course, with the highest possible type of infinity" jaina gaNitazAstra kI mahAnatA ke dyotaka phuTakara gaNitasUtro ke atirikta svatanna bhI kaI gaNita-panya ii| railokyaprakAza, gaNitazAstra (zreSThacandra), gaNita mAThamI (mahimodaya), gatisAra, gaNitamUtra (mahAvIrAcArya), lIlAvatI kannaDa (kavi rAjakujara), lIlAvatI kannaDa (AcArya nemicandra) eva gaNitasAra (aucara) Adi granya pradhAna hai| abhI hAla meM hI zrIdharAcarya kA jo gaNitamAra upalavva huA hai vaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| pahale mujhe yaha mandeha thA ki yaha kahI ajaina grantha to nahIM hai, para idhara jo pramANa upalabdha hue haiM unake AdhAra me yaha mandeha bahuta kucha dUra ho gayA hai / eka navase majabUta pramANa to yaha hai ki mahAvIrAcArya ke gaNitasAra meM "dhana dhanarNayovaMga! mUle svarNa tayo kramAt / RNa svarUpato'vargo yatastasmAna tatpadam"yaha zloka zrIdharAcArya ke gaNitazAstra kA hai| isame yaha jainAcArya mahAvIrAcArya se pUrvavartI pratIta hote hai| zrIpati ke gaNitatilaka para mihatilaka sUri ne eka vRtti likhI hai| isa vRtti me zrIdhara ke gaNitazAstra ke aneka uddharaNa diye gaye hai| isa vRtti ko lekhana-zailI jaina gaNita ke anusAra hai, kyoki sUri jI ne jaina gaNito ke uddharaNo ko apanI vRtti me dUdha-pAnI kI taraha milA diyA hai| jo ho, para itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaino meM zrIdhara ke gaNitazAmna kI paThana-pAThana praNAlI avazya rahI yo| zrIdharAcArya kI jyotijJAna vidhi ko dekhane se bhI yahI pratIta hotA hai ki ina dono granyo ke kattA eka hI hai| isa gaNitazAstra ke pATIgaNita, trizatikA aura gaNitasAra bhI nAma batAye gaye hai| isame abhinna guNana, bhAgahAra, varga, vargamUla, 7 panamUla, bhinna-samaccheda, bhAgajAti, prabhAgajAti, mAgAnubandha, bhAgamAtR 'sakhyA sambandhI vizeSa IhAsa jAnane ke lie dekhiye 'gaNita kA itihAsa prathama bhAga, pR0 2-54 /

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jaina-gaNita kI mahattA 715 jAti, trairAdhika, pacarAzika, sapnarANika, navarAzika, bhANDa pratibhANDa, mizravyavahAra, bhAvyakavyavahAra, ekapatrIkaraNa, suvarNagaNita, prakSepakagaNita, samakrayavikrayagaNita, zreNIvyavahAra, kSetravyavahAra evaM chAyAvyavahAra ke gaNita udAharaNa sahita batalAye gaye haiM / suvAkara dvivedI jaise prakANDa gaNitajJa ne inakI prazaMsA karate hue likhA hai"bhAskareNAyyAne prakArAstamkaravadapahRtA / aho asya suprasiddhasya bhAskarAdito'pi prAcInasya viduSo 'nyakRtidarzanamantarA samaye mahAn samaya / prAcInA ekazAstramAtraikavedino nA'man te ca bahuzrutA bahuviSayavettAra Asannana na sAya / " imase spaSTa hai ki yaha gaNitajJa bhAskarAcArya ke pUrvavartI prakANDa vidvAn the / svatantra racanAo ke pratirikta jainAcAryoM ne aneka zrarjana gaNita granthoM para vRttiyA~ bhI likhI hai| mihatilaka sUri ne lIlAvatI ke Upara bhI eka ast vRtti likhI hai / inakI ekAva svatantra racanA bhI gaNita sambanvI honI cAhie / laukika jaina gaNita ko akagaNita, rekhAgaNita zrIra vIjagaNita ina tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara vicAra karane kI ceSTA kI jAyagI / jaina akagaNita - isameM pradhAnatayA zraka sambandhI joDa, bAkI, guNA, bhAga, varga, vargamUla, ghana aura ghanamUla ina ATha parikarmoM kA samAveza hotA hai / bhAratIya gaNita meM ukta zrATha parikarmoM kA praNayana jainAcAryoM kA ati prAcIna hai / AryabhaTa, brahmagupta aura bhAskara Adi jainetara gaNitajJo ne bhI uparyukta parikarmASTako ke manca meM vicAra-vinimaya kiyA hai, kintu jainAcAryoM ke parikarmoM meM aneka vizeSatAeM hai / gaNita sArasagraha kI agrejI bhUmikA meM DeviDa yUjIna smiya ( David Eugene Smith ) likhate haiM- "The shadow problems, primitive cases of trigonometry and gnomonics, suggest a similarity among these three great writers, and yet those of Mahaviracarya are much better than the one to be found in either Brahmagupta of Bhaskara " ina paktiyo me vidvAn lekhaka ne mahAvIrAcArya kI vizeSatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| mahAvIrAcArya ne varga karane kI aneka rItiyAM batalAI hai / iname nimna maulika zrIra ullekhanIya hai - " antya' zraka kA varga karake rakhanA, phira jisakA varga kiyA hai usI ka ko dUnA karake zeSa ko se guNA karake rakhanA, phira jisakA varga kiyA hai usI aka ko dUnA kara zeSa ko me guNA kara eka aka Age haTA kara rakhanA isa prakAra anta taka varga karake jor3a dene se rAzi kA varga ho jAtA hai / " udAharaNa ke lie 132 kA varga karanA hai (2)= 1 1x2=2,243= 1x2=2,2x2= (3)= 3x2=6, 6x2= (2')= 6 1 7 4 6 1 2 4 2 4 4 ' kRtvAntyakRti hanyAccheSapada dviguNamantyamutsArya / zeSAtmAyaiva karaNIyo vidhiraya varge // yahA~ antya akSara se tAtparya ikAI dahAI se hai, prathama, dvitIya praka se nahIM--parikarma vyavahAra zlo0 31

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716 premI-prabhinadana-praya isa varga karane ke niyama me upapatti (vAsanA) antanihita hai, kyoki pra= (ka+ga)=(ka+ga) (ka+ga)=ka (ka+ga)+ga(ka+ga)=ka+ka ga+ka ga+ga'ka'+raka g+g| uparyukta rAzi meM antya akSara (ka) kA varga karake vargina akSara (ka) ko dUnA kara Age vAle akSara (ga) se guNA kiyA gayA hai tathA Adi akSara (ga) kA varga karake sava ko joDa diyA hai / isa prakAra uparyukta sUtra meM vIjagaNita gata vAmanA bho sannivaddha hai| mahAvIrAcArya ke uttaravartI gaNitajJo para ima sUtra kA atyanta prabhAva par3A hai| isI prakAra "antyaujAdapahRtakRtimUlena" ityAdi vargamUla nikAlane vAlA sUtra bhI jainAcArya kI nijI vizeSatA hai| yadyapi Ajakala guNA, bhAga ke bhaya se gaNitajJa loga isa sUtra ko kAma meM nahIM lAte hai, tathApi vIjagaNita meM isake binA kAma nahIM cala sktaa| dhana aura ghanamUla nikAlane vAle sUtro meM vAsanA sambandhI nimna vizeSatA pAI jAtI hai a a a a (a+va) (a-4)+va' (a-v)+b'a'| isa niyama me vIjagaNita meM ghanamUla nikAlane meM bahuta saralatA rahatI hai| Aja vaijJAnika yuga meM jima phAramUlA (fotmuln) ko bahuta parizrama ke vAda gaNitajJo ne pAyA hai, usIko jaina gaNitajJa saikaDo varSa pahale se jAnate the / vartamAna meM jina varga aura ghana sambandhI bAto kI gUDha samasyAo ko kevala bIjagaNita dvArA sulajhAyA jAtA hai unhI ko jainAcAryoM ne akagaNita dvArA saralatApUrvaka hala kiyA hai| inake atirikta jaina akagaNita me sAdhAraNa aura dazamalava bhinna ke parikASTaka, sAdhAraNa aura mizra vyavahAra gaNita, mahattama aura laghuttama samApavartaka, sAdhAraNa aura cakravRddhi byAja, samAnupAta, aikika niyama, pairAzika, pacarAzika, saptarAzika, samaya aura dUrI sambandhI mahattvapUrNa prazna bhI diye gaye hai| jaina akagaNita me gaccha, caya, prAdya aura sarvadhana sakhyA Anayana sambandhI sUtro kI vAnanAgata sUkSmatA gaNitajJo ke lie atyanta manorajaka aura Anandaprada hai / tiloyapaNNati me sakalita dhana lAne vAle sUtra'- nimna prakAra vanAye hai (1) pada ke varga ko caya se guNA karake usameM dugune pada se guNita mukha ko joDa dene para jo rAzi utpanna ho usameM se caya se guNita pada pramANa ko ghaTA kara zeSa ko prAdhA kara dene para prApta huI rAzi ke pramANa sakalita dhana hotA hai| (2) pada kA varga kara usame se pada ke pramANa ko kama karake avaziSTa rAzi ko caya ke pramANa se guNA karanA caahie| pazcAt usameM pada se guNita Adya ko milAkara aura phira usakA prAdhA kara prAptarAzi me mumba ke arddhabhAga se guNita pada ke milA dene para sakalita dhana kA pramANa nikalatA hai| gaNita-pada 5, caya 4 aura mukha 8 hai| prathama niyamAnusAra sakalita dhana=(5)=25, 2544100, 542=10, 10x=80, (100+80)=180, 544=20, (180-20)=160, 160-2=80 dvitIya niyamAnusAra sakalita dhana-(5)=25, 25-5=20, 2044-80, 548=40, (80+40)=120-2=60, 8-2=4, 445=20, (20+60)=80 / uparyukta dono hI niyama sarala aura mahattvapUrNa hai / AryabhaTa, brahmagupta aura bhAskara jaise gaNitajJa bhI zreDhI-vyavahAra ke cakra me paDakara ina marala niyamo ko nahIM pA sake hai| vastuta gaccha, caya, Adya aura sarvadhana sambandhI prakriyA jainAcAryoM kI atyanta maulika hai / akagaNita ke niyamo me arddhaccheda sambandhI siddhAnta (formula) mahatvapUrNa aura maulika hai| prAcIna 'padavagga cayapahada duguNigaccheNa guNidamuhajuttam / vaDhihadapadavihINa dalida jANijja sakalidam // --tiloyapaNNatti, pR0 62 2"padavagga padarahida ityAdi / -tiloyapaNNatti, pR0 63

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nainanANita ko mahattA janetara gagitano ne ina jaTila middhAnno ke Upara vicAra mI nahIM kyiA hai| Adhunika gaNitajJa zraddhaccheda prakriyA ko larikya (Logarithm) ke antargata mAnate hai, para isa gaNita ke lie eka aka Tebula sAya rakhanI paDanI hai, tanI acchaMdo se rAma kA jAna kara sakate haiN| parantu anAgoM ne binA vIjagana gagayaya liye ako dvArA hI arddhanTado ne rAgi' kA jJAna kyiA hai| (1) deyagagi-pagvinita gani (Substituted) ke adacchedoM kA ipTami ke arddhacchedoM meM bhAga dene para jo laba Ave unakA anIpTa anuccheda ganimeM bhAga dene meM jo labdha pAye, utanI hI jagaha ipTa gami ko rakha kara parampara guNA karane ne accheTone gamivAnAnhojAtA hai| udAharaNadevarAmi (2) isakI arddhacchedarAgi 1, iSTa rAgi 16,inakI adaccheda gamiamoSTa paddhaMcchaMda giina arbucchedI ne rAzi nikAlanI hai| 4:1-4, 6-4-2, 16X1=256 gani ATha lucchedo ko hai| arddhaccheda ke gaNita me nimna siddhAnta aura mo mahattvapUrNa nikalana hai| *kaxka'ka', kAxkaka- guNya gagi ke aInchedoM ko gugAkA gagi ke arddhacchedo meM joDa denepara guNanaphalAgi ke arddhaccheda A jAte hai / uparyukta siddhAna imo gyaM kA dyotaka hai| angaNita ke anusAra 16 gunyarAgi, 64 guNAkAra rAmi aura guNanaphala gagi 10043 / gRNyanazi= (2), guNAkAra 64%=(2), (2)"x (2)=(0)"guNanaphala rAzi 2028%=(0)" +ka': kI, kAka-kA-ma! bhAjya rAgi ke arddhacchedoM meM se bhAjaka rAzi ke aIcchedo ko ghaTAne meM nAgaphna rAzi ke arddhaccheda hone hai / akagaNita ke anusAra nAjya rAzi 256, nAjaka aura bhAgaphala 64 hai / 256 bhAjyarAgi=(2)', bhAjaka (2), (2) (2) (2), bhAgaphanTa rAgi 4=(0)=(2) (kama) =ka., isa siddhAnta ko jainAcAryoM ne ajhuda ke gaNita meM likhA hai ki vinlanarAgivibhAjitarAgi (Distubuted number) ko devarAgi-parivartita gi (substituted number) ke arddhacchedo ke nAca guNA karane ne jo rAgi AnI hai vaha utpanna (resulting number) ke arddhacchedoM ke varAvara hotI hai| nyAsa-vibhAjitarAmi 4, parivanitarAgi 16, utpannagagi 65536 hai| pagvititarAgi 16-(2), (2)=(2)", utsanarAzi :5536(2)" 5(ka)x (ka)ka, viralana-vibhAjina rAzi ke arddhacchedo ko deyagagi ke adacchedo ke arddhaccheda meM joDane meM utpanna rAzi kI vargazAlA kA pramANa pAtA hai| vibhAjinagagi 4, parivartitagami aura utpannarAgi 65536 hai| vibhAjitarAmi 4= (2), parivartitarAgi 16, (21) =(2), 553% utpannarAgi= (4) / 'diNNacchedeNavahidaiTThacchedehiM payadaviralaNa bhajide / laddhamidaiTTarAsINapaNoNNahadIe hodi payada ghaNam // gommaTasAra jIvakANDa gAyA naM0 214 * guNayAraddhacchedA guNijjamANasa addhachedajudA / laddhamsaddhacchedA ahiyassa chedaNA gayi ||-trilokmaar gAyA na0 105 bhijnassaddhacchedA hAraddhacchedaNAhi prihiinnaa| addhacyedamalAgA laddhassa havati sancatya ||-trilokmaar gAyA na0 106 I viralijjamANArAmi diNNasaddhacchidIhiM sNgnnide| addhacchedA hoMti du sanvatyuppaNNarAmissa ||-trilokmaar gAthA naM. 107 viralidarAsicchedA digNaddhacchedayedasaM milidA / / vaggasalAgapamANa hoMti mamuppaNNarAmisma ||-triloksaar gAthA na0 108

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premI-abhinaMdana-graMtha 718 uttarAdhyayana sUtra me dvitIya, tRtIya, caturtha, SaSThama aura dvAdazama vargAtmaka zaktiyo (powers) ke lie varga, dhana, varga-varga, ghana-varga aura dhana-varga-varga zabdo kA prayoga milatA hai / anuyogadvAra sUtra 142veM ke anusAra (ka), (ka)' ka', (ka), (ka) ityAdi vargAtmaka zaktiyo kA vizleSaNa hotA hai| isI prakAra vargamUlAtmaka kakakAna ityAdi zaktiyo kA ullekha bhI jainagaNita meM kiyA gayA hai| gaNitasAra magraha meM vicitra kuTrokAra eka gaNita kA prakAra pAyA hai, yaha siddhAnta aka gaNita ko dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| isake anusAra vIjagaNita ke vaDe-baDe prazna sulajhAye jA sakate hai| anya bhAratIya gaNitajJo ne jina prazno ko cakravAla aura varga prakRti ke niyamo se nikAlA hai, ve prazna ima vicitra kuTTIkAra kI rIti se hala kiye jA sakate hai| akagaNita me jahA~ koI bhI kAyadA kAma nahIM karatA, vahA~ kuTTokAra se kAma saralatApUrvaka nikAlA jA sakatA hai| phuTakara gaNati meM triloka-sArAntargata 14 dhArApo kA gaNita uccakoTi kA hai, isa gaNita para se aneka bIjagaNita savadhI siddhAnta nikAle jA sakate hai / ' sakSepa me jaina akagaNita ko vizeSatA bIjagaNita sambandho siddhAnto ke sannivepa kI hai, pratyeka parikarma sUtra se aneka mahattvapUrNa bIjagaNita ke siddhAnta nikalate hai| jaina rekhAgaNita-yo to jaina akagaNita aura rekhAgaNita Apasa meM bahuta kucha mile hue hai, para to bhI jaina rekhAgaNita me kaI maulika vAte hai / upalabdha jaina rekhAgaNita ke adhyayana se yahI mAlUma hotA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne mansyUrezana kI hI pradhAnatA rakkhI hai, rekhAmao kI nahI / tattvArthasUtra ke mUlasUtro meM valaya, vRtta, viSkambha eva kSetraphala Adi mainsyUrezana sambanvI vAto kI carcA sUtra rUpa se kI gaI hai| isake TokA anya bhASya aura rAjavAttika me jyA, cApa, vANa, paridhi, viSkambha, vistAra, vAhu eva dhanuSa Adi vibhinna mainsyUrezana ke ago kA sAGgopAGga vivecana kiyA gayA hai| bhagavatIsUtra, anuyogadvArasUtra, sUryaprajJapti, eva prailokyaprajJapti me tribhuja, caturbhuja, Ayata, vRtta aura parimaNDala (dIrghavRtta) kA vivecana kiyA hai| ina kSetro ke pratara aura ghana ye do bheda batAkara anuyogadvAra sUtra meM inake sambandha meM vaDI sUkSma carcA kI gaI hai / sUryaprajJapti me samacaturasra, viSamacaturasra, samacatuSkoNa, vipamacatuSkoNa, samacakravAla, viSamacakravAla, cakAcakravAla aura cakrAkAra ina ATha bhedo ke dvArA caturbhuja ke sambandha meM sUkSma vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa vivecana se patA lagatA hai ki prAcInakAla meM bhI jainAcAyoM ne rakhAgaNita ke sambandha meM kitanA sUkSma vizleSaNa kiyA hai| ____ gaNitasAra sagraha me tribhujo ke kaI bheda batalAye gaye hai tathA unake bhuja, koTi, karNa aura kSetraphala bho nimna prakAra nikAle gaye hai| akaga tribhuja me aka, aga bhuja aura koTi hai, ka ga karNa hai tathA Page #774
jaina-gaNita kI mahattA 716 kSetraphala / a i u tribhuja meM choTI bhuja=bhu, baDI bhuja bhu, bhUmi=bhU a ka lamba, choTIaAvAdhA ika=bhU-(bhu-bhu) la' =Y-{- (bhU-mu)} = {+ (--))} x{bhu - (-(bhU-mu))} = (2 bhU suna + muY) x ( 25 bhU-samma') = ((bhU+ma):-) (-(bhU-bha), = (bhU+4+ )x (bhU+bhU-y) x (mu+bhU-bhu) x (mu+bhu-bhU) = (y++t) - (+-) - (y+t-v) - (+-) _ (+4+y) - ( bhU++y - muM) (bhU++m - ) x (++m - mU) 2 bhU isakA vargamUla tribhuja kA kSetraphala hogaa| yo to uparyukta niyama' ko prAya sabhI gaNitajJo ne kucha idhara-udhara karake mAnA hai, para vAsanAgata sUkSmatA aura saralatA jainAcArya ko mahattvapUrNa hai| vRttakSetra ke sambandha meM prAcIna gaNita meM jitanA kArya jainAcAryoM kA milatA hai utanA anya logo kA nhiiN| Ajakala kI khoja meM vRtta kI jina gUDha gutthiyo ko muzkila se gaNitajJa sulajhA rahe hai, unhI ko jainAcAryoM ne sakSepa me saralatApUrvaka prako kA AdhAra lekara samajhAyA hai / vRtta ke sambandha meM jainAcAryoM kA pradhAna kArya anta vRtta, parivRtta, vAdyavRtta, sUtrIvyAsa, valayavyAsa, samakoNAkSa, kendra, paridhi, cApa, jyA, vANa, tiryak tathA koNIya niyAmaka, parivalayavyAsa, dIrghavRtta, sUtrIstambha, vRttAdhAravelana, cApIyatrikoNAnupAta, koTisparza, sparzarekhA, kSetraphala aura ghanaphala ke viSaya meM milatA hai| 'tribhujacaturbhujabAhupratibAhusamAsadalahata gaNitam / / neme jayutyargha vyAsaguNa tatphalAmiha balindo // -NitasArasagraha-kSetrAdhyAya zlo0 7 'vRtta sambandhI ina gaNito kI jAnakArI ke lie dekhiye "tiloyapaNNattI' gAthA na0 2521, 2525, 2561, 2562, 2563, 2617, 2616, 2815 se 2615 taka / 'trilokasAra' gAthA na0 306, 310, 315, 760, 761, 762, 763, 764,766 gaNitasAra eva gaNita zAstra kA kssetraadhyaay| prAcArya nemicandra aura jyotiSazAstra' zIrSaka nibandha bhAskara, bhAga 6,kiraNa 2 evaM 'prAcArya nemicandra kA gaNita' zIrSaka nibandha jainadarzana varSa 4, aka 1-2.

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720 premI-abhinadana-graMtha jaina vIjagaNita-jaina akagaNita ke karaNasUtrI ke sAtha vIjagaNita sambandhI siddhAnta (formulas) vyApta rUpa se milate hai / jainAcAryoM ne apanI prakhara pratibhA se akagaNita ke karaNasUtro ke sAtha bIja gaNita ke niyamo ko isa prakAra milA diyA hai ki gaNita ke sAdhAraNa premI bhI vIjakriyA se sAdhAraNatayA paricita ho sakate hai| jaina vIja gaNita meM eka varNa samIkaraNa, aneka varNa sabhIkaraNa, karaNI, kalpita rAziyAM, samAnAntara, guNonara, vyutkrama, samAnAntara zreNiyo, krama sacaya, dhAnAGka aura laghuguNako ke siddhAnta tathA dvipada siddhAnta Adi vIjakriyAe~ hai / uparyukta vIjagaNita ke siddhAnta dhavalATIkA, trailokyaprajJapti, lokavibhAga, anuyogadvArasUtra, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, gaNitasArasagraha aura trilokasAra Adi granyo meM phuTakara rUpa se milate haiN| dhavalA meM bar3I saMkhyAoM ko sUkSmatA se vyakta karane ke lie ghAtAGka niyama (varga-savarga) kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| bIjakriyA janya ghAtAGka kA siddhAnta atyanta mahattvapUrNa aura maulika hai| DAkTara avadhezanArAyaNa dhavalA ko caturtha jilda ko agrejo bhUmikA me likhate hai ki "The theory of the indices as described in the Dhavala is somewhat different from what is found in the mathematical works This theory is certainly primitive and is earlier than soo A D The fundamental ideas seem to be those of (1) the square, (11) the cube, (ul) the successive square, (1v) the successive cube, (v) the raising of a number to its owa power, (vi) the square root, (vi) the cube root, (viu) the successive square foot, (ix) the successive cubc root etc" ghAtA, siddhAnta ke anusAra a ko ake dhana kA prathama vargamUla mAnA jaaygaa| dhavalA ke siddhAto ke anusAra uttarottara varga aura ghanamUla nimna prakAra siddha hote haia kA prathama varga arthAt (a)= pra' " dvitIya varga ,, (a) = = , tRtIya varga , (a')'= = , caturtha varga , (a) = = , pacama varga , (a) =a"= , chaThavAM varga , (a) = = isI prakAra pra' kA dRSTADU varga= (a)i ai ghAtAGka' ke anusAra (1) ka. ba-+ba(2)/na-mana (3) () = agna vIjagaNita ke eka varNa samIkaraNa siddhAnta ke AviSkartA aneka vidvAno ne jainAcArya zrIdhara ko mAnA hai| yadyapi inakA niyama pariSkRta eva sarvavyApI nahI hai, phira bhI prAcInatA ke khayAla se mahattvapUrNa hai| zrIdharAcArya ke niyamAnusAra eka ajJAta rAzi kA mAna nimna prakAra nikAlA jAtA hai - 'chaTTavaggassa uvari sattamavaggassa heTadotti vutte atyavattINa jodatti dhavalATIkA, jilda 3, pR0 253

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jaina-gaNita kI mahattA 721 kava+kha ba= g| isa gaNita me ka, kha, ga ye jJAta rAziyAM aura va ajJAtarAzi hai| kriyA me zrIdharAcArya na aura bhajana kA niyama nikAla kara isa prakAra rUpAntara kiyA dono rAziyo me sama joDa dene se bhI samattva rhegaa| naM samagu ma = va+ = khaga ka yahA~ dono pakSo me kha ghaTA diyA to va=_ + Vkha +-gaka = kha+ Vkha+gaka, ka isa prakAra jainAcAryoM ne ajJAtarAziyo kA mAna nikAlA hai| gaNitasArasagraha meM aneka bIja gaNita samvandhI siddhAnto kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ udAharaNArtha mUladhana, vyAja, mizradhana aura samaya nikAlane ke sambandha meM kucha mahattvapUrNa niyama (formulas) diye jAte hai| mUladhana =sa, mizradhana =ma, samaya = Ta, vyAja=I 1-(1) sa = masaXmA Ta+sa (prA ma-sa (4) sa = Ext + 1 (ul) prA= aneka prakAra ke mUladhana . Tarsa 2-yA - saXTa mA +Ta XIX sa -Fxxx mA+ - ma masa+ X4 xxx A+-ma ma-sa-+Ta (1) sa 2 sa. XTa,x ma 8 x 8+ sa.x 8+ sa. x 8+ - pA, (11) X 2 XY ---zrA sa, 48+ 2 sa XTa+sa,xc+ ma = prA. + prA. + A + vyAja ke lie niyama (formula) - 3--(1) thA, + a + a +

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722 premI-abhinaMdana-graMtha -~~ zrA, = sa. 'zrAH + a + + ma = sa. + sa. + sa + samaya nikAlane ke lie niyama 8, maTa,+8++ A, A, A, saX XR (u) VAX x ma + (1) 2-saXTa = = sa saXTa 2XTa -I - sa __maxt - = sa.XTa, jaina gaNita me bhinna samvandhI vIjagaNita kI kriyAe~ mahattvapUrNa aura navIna hai| mujhe bhinna (fraction) ke sambandha meM zeSamUla, bhAgazeSa, mUlAvazeSa aura zeSa jAti ke aise kaI niyama mile hai jo merI buddhi anusAra prAcIna aura Adhunika gaNita meM mahattvapUrNa hai / namUne ke lie zeSamUla' kA niyama nIce diyA jAtA haisa= kula saMkhyA, saMsa ke vargamUla se guNitarAzi, va= bhAjitarAzi, pra= avazeSa jJAtarAzi / [ (u) sa-va sa{+ /()+ (v) sa= {t+va+}x . ghavalATIkA me bhI bhinno kI aneka maulika prakriyAe~ hai, sambhavata ye prakriyAe~ anyatra nahI milatI hai| udAharaNArtha kucha nIce dI jAtI hai 1-nAna/pa) = na+para eka dI sakhyA me do bhAjako kA bhAga dene se pariNAma nimna prakAra AtA hai da+I = (ka/ka) + 1 athavA =1+ (ka/ka) 'mUlArdhAgne chindhAdazaunakena yuktamUlakRte / dRzyasya pada sapada vargitamiha mUlajAtau svam // -NitasArasagraha prakIrNakAdhyAya zlo0 33

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yadi : ka, zrIra da yadi na = ka, to a va+ kaM, to da ( ka ka ) + = ma va na === ka jaina-gaNita kI mahattA - ka na + 1 tathA a va - va na = ka ka na - 1 723 isa prakAra aneka bhinna samvandhI mahattvapUrNa niyama diye gaye hai / samIkaraNo ke prakaraNa meM bhI aise kaI niyama hai jinake dvArA adhika guNA bhAga ke cakra meM vinA paDe hI saralatA pUrvaka samIkaraNa (Equation) hala kiye jA sakate hai | zrArA ]

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vizva-mAnava gAMdhI zrI kAzinAtha trivedI "A leader of his people, unsupported by any outward authority, a politician, whose success rests not upon craft, nor mastery of technical devices, but simply on the convincing power of his personality, a victorian fighter who has always scorned the use of force, a man of wisdom and humility, armed with resolve and inflexible consistency, who has devoted all his strength to the uplifting of his people and the betterment of their lot, a man who has confronted the brutality of Europe with the dignity of the simple human being, and thus at all times risen superior Generations to come, it may be, will scarce believe that such a one as this ever in flesh and blood walked upon this carth "mA Einstein gAdhI jI kI 75vI varSagAMTha para likhe gaye vizvavikhyAta vaijJAnika AinsTIna ke ye vacana gAcI jI ke samagra vyaktitva ko vaDI khUbI ke sAtha napI-tulI, kintu sAragarbhita bhASA me vyakta karate hai| Aja java ki sArI mAnavatA satrasta bhAva se karAha rahI hai aura apane nistAra kA koI eka nizcita upAya usake basa kA nahIM rahA hai, akele gAdhI jI kA hI vyaktitva aisA hai, jo use Azvasta kara rahA hai| cAro ora phailI huI ghanI nirAzA ke ghora andhakAra meM vahI prakAza kI eka aisI kiraNa hai, jo manuSya ko prAzA ke sAtha jAne kA vala aura nizcaya de rahI hai / Aja vizva kI samUcI mAnavatA kI, jo mAnava kI hI pazutA, paizAcikatA aura varvaratA se ghira kara jakaDa gaI hai, bhAkula ho uThI hai, nirupAya aura nisteja ho gaI hai| yadi kahI se mukti kA koI sandeza milatA hai, pAgA, vizvAsa, zraddhA aura niSThA kA koI jItA-jAgatA pratIka usake sAmane khaDA hotA hai, dukha, dainya, dAridraya, dAsya aura anyAya-atyAcAra kA aTala bhAva se pratIkAra karane kI pracaNDa zAnta zakti kA koI srota kahI use najara AtA hai to vaha hai paratantra aura parAdhIna bhArata ke isa sarvathA svatantra aura sva-adhIna mahAmAnava gAdhI meM / gAdhI jI ke vizvavyApI prabhAva kA aura unakI pracaDa zakti kA rahasya bhI isI me hai ki ve svaya svatantra aura svAdhIna hai| dUsarA koI tantra, dUsarI koI adhInatA una para na lada sakatI hai, na lAdI jA sakatI hai| unakI apanI sattA sasAra kI sabhI sattAno se pare hai aura zreSTha hai| isIlie Aja ve samUce vizva ke ArAdhya bane hue hai aura baDI-se-baDI bhautika sattAe~ bhI unake sAmane hataprabha hai| yo dekhA jAya, to unake pAsa vAhara kI koI sattA nahI-senA nahI, zastrAstra nahI, koSa nahI, zAsana ke koI adhikAra nahI-phira bhI ve hai ki deza ke karoDo nara-nAriyo para aura vizva ke asakhya vicArazIla nAgariko para unakI akhaDa sattA vyApta hai| kisI samrAT ke zAsanAdeza kI upekSA aura avahelA ho sakatI hai, logo ne kI hai, karate hai aura kareMge, para gAdhI ke Adeza kI yaha pariNati nhiiN| vaha to eka prasAda hai, eka saubhAgya, jo lalaka ke sAtha liyA jAtA hai aura vinamra bhAva se, kRtArthatA ke sAtha, zirodhArya hotA hai| usakI ipTatA me, usakI kalyANakAritA meM, kisI ko koI sandeha nhiiN| svatantratA aura svAdhInatA | mAnava kI paripUrNatA ke lie, usake samyak vikAsa aura utthAna ke lie, ina dono kI utanI hI jarUrata hai, jitanI jIvana ke lie prANo kI aura prANa ke lie zvAsocchvAsa kii| vinA

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vizva-mAnava gAMdhI 725 svAtantrya aura svAdhInatA ke manuSya apanI zaktiyo kA sampUrNa vikAsa kara hI nahIM sktaa| janma ke kSaNa se lekara mRtyu ke kSaNa taka manuSya ke lie svatantratA aura svAdhInatA kI AvazyakatA svaya-middha hai| aura phira bhI hama dekhate hai ki Aja kI duniyA meM mAnava-mAtra ke lie yahI do cIje hai, jo adhika-se-avika durlabha hai| manuSya kA svArtha aura usakI lipmA kucha itanI baDha gaI hai ki usane svastha mAnava-jIvana kI mUlabhUta AvazyakatAno ko bhulA diyA hai aura vaha apane nikaTa ke svArtha me itanA DUba gayA hai ki dUra kI cIz2a, jo zAzvata aura sarvakalyANakArI hai, use dIkhatI hI nhiiN| apane makucita svArtha ke vazIbhUta hokara manuSya svaya vanvano me baMdhatA hai aura apane prAmapAma bhI vanvano kA majabUta jAla phailA detA hai / samAra meM Aja sarvatra yahI mUDha dRzya dikhAI de rahA hai| nirmala Arpa dRSTi durlabha ho gaI hai| vizva-kalyANa kI bhAvanA mAno vilA gaI hai| eka kA hita dUsare kA ahita bana gayA hai, eka kI hAni, dUsare kA lAbha / zopaNa, utpIDana, damana, aura sarvasahAra ke bhISaNa zastrAstro se sajja hokara manaSya prAja itanA barvara aura unnata ho uThA hai ki upako isa mArga se haTAnA kaThina ho rahA hai| bAra-bAra pachADe khAkara bhI vaha maMbhalatA nahIM, use hoza nahIM aataa| samAra Aja aise hI kaThina paristhiti meM me gujara rahA hai| vaha pathabhraSTa hokara sarvanAza kI ora dauDA calA jA rahA hai / kimI kI himmata nahIM hotI ki isa unmatta ko hAtha pakaDa kara roke, isake hoga kI davA kare aura ime sahI rAstA dikhAye--usa rAste ise calA de | mava ApAdhApI meM par3e hai| apanI cintA ko choDa vizva kI cintA kauna kare ? vizva kI cintA to vahI kara sakatA hai, jise apanI koI cintA nahI, jisane apanA saba kucha jaganniyantA ko mauMpa rakkhA hai aura jo nitAnta nimpRha bhAva se umakI sRSTi kI sevA meM lIna ho gayA hai / hama bhAratIyo kA yaha eka parama saubhAgya hai ki hamAre deza meM, Aja ke dina hamArA apanA eka mahAmAnava apane sarvasva kA tyAga karake nirantara vizvakalyANa kI cintA meM rata rahatA hai aura apane sirajanahAra se sadA, sote-jAgate, uThate-baiThate, yaha manAtA rahatA hai ki duniyA meM koI duHkhI na ho, koI rogI na ho, kimI kI koI kSati na ho, sava sukha, samRddhi aura santoSa kA jIvana vitAye, sava UrdhvagAmI bane, mava kalyANa-kAmI baneM / sarve'tra sukhinaH santu sarve santu nirAmayA / sarvebhadrANipazyantu mAkazcidu kha mApnuyAt // vaha nahIM cAhatA ki vizva kI sArI sampadA use prApta ho, vizva kA sAmrAjya usake adhIna ho| vaha apane lie na svarga cAhatA hai, na mokSa cAhatA hai| usakI to apanI eka hI kAmanA hai-jo dIna hai, dukhI hai, dalita hai, pIDita hai, paratatva aura parAdhIna hai, unake mava dukha dUra ho, unakI pIDAe~ Tale, unakA zopaNa-damana banda ho, unake pAratantrya kA nAza ho, unakI parAdhInatA miTe / natvaha kAmaye rAjya na svarga nA'punarbhavam / kAmaye dukhataptAnAM prANinAmAti nAzanam / bhayAkula, paravaza aura satrasta samAra ko nirbhaya, svatantra aura sukhI vanAnA hI gAdhI jI ke jIvana kA ekamAtra dhyeya hai| mAnava-sasAra kI pIDA aura vyathA ko jitanA ve samajhate aura anubhava karate hai, utanA zAyada hI koI karatA ho / yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne eka nipuNa cikitsaka kI bhAMti vizva ko usake bhayAnaka roga kI amogha auSadhi dI hai aura usakI amoghatA ke pramANa bhI prastuta kiye hai| jIvana ke mamagra vyApAra meM ahiMsA kA pAlana hI vaha amogha aupadhi hai, jisake sevana se vizva-zarIra ke samasta rogo kA nivAraNa ho sakatA hai| isI ahiMsA kI ekAta upAsanA me se gAdhIjI ko una gyAraha vrato kI upalabdhi haI hai, jinake vinA jIvana meM ahiMmA kI zuddhatama siddhi sambhava nahI

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726 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha "ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, asagraha zarIrazrama, asvAva, sarvatrabhayavarjana / sarvadhamAsamAnatva, svadezI, sparzabhAvanA hI ekAdaza sevAvI namratve vratanizcaye // namratA ke sAtha aura vrata ke nizcaya ke sAtha ina gyAraha vrato kA AjIvana pAlana hI manuSya ko usake saba dukho se mukta kara sakatA hai| Aja sAre sasAra meM hiMsA kI hI vibhISikA chAI huI hai| jahAM-tahAM mAnava dAnava vana kara jIvana meM jitanA kucha sarakSaNIya hai, iSTa hai, pavitra hai, upAsanIya hai, usa saba ko unmatta bhAva se naSTa karane meM lagA hai / kSaNika sukho kI ArAdhanA hI mAno usakA jIvana-dhyeya bana gayA hai / aizvarya aura bhoga kI atRpta lAlasA ne use nirakuza vanA diyA hai| jIvana ke zAzvata mUlyo ko vaha bhUla gayA hai| usane naye mUlyo kI, jo sarvathA mithyA hai, sRSTi kI hai aura unakI pratiSThA ko baDhAne meM koI kasara nahI rakkhI / yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja kI duniyA meM ahiMsA kI jagaha hiMsA kI pratiSThA vaDha gaI hai, satya kA sthAna mohaka asatya ne le liyA hai, apane svArtha ke lie, apanI sattA ko surakSita rakhane ke lie manuSya prAja satya kA sabase pahale vadha karatA hai| pichale mahAyuddha kA sArA itihAsa Dake kI coTa yahI siddha kara rahA hai| hamAre apane deza me san '42 ke bAda jo kucha huyA, usame zAsako kI ora se amatya ko hI satya siddha karane kI anahada ceSTA rahI / sapheda ko kAlA aura kAle ko sapheda dikhAne kI yaha kasarata kitanI vyartha thI, kitanI hAsyAspada, so to Aja sArI duniyA jAna gaI hai, phira bhI gAsako ne isI kA sahArA liyA, kyoki unakA sakucita svArtha unheM aisA karane ke lie bAdhya kara rahA thaa| Aja bhI deza me aura duniyA me imI asatya kI pratiSThA vaDhAne ke aneka sagaThita prayatna ho rahe hai / aisI dazA meM gAdhI jI kI hI eka AvAz2a hai, jo nirantara ucca svara se sAre sasAra ko kaha rahI hai ki hiMsA se hiMsA ko aura asatya se asatya ko nahI harAyA jA sktaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki unhone sadiyo kI gulAmI se samasta bhAratavarSa ko satya aura ahiMsA kA nayA prANavAn sandeza diyA hai| aura unake isa sandeza kA hI yaha pratApa hai ki sadiyo se soyA huyA aura apane ko bhUlA huA bhArata pichale paccIsa varSoM meM sajaga bhAva se jAga uThA hai aura usane apane ko-apanI atmA ko-pA liyA hai| ava sasAra kI koI zakti usako svAdhInatA ke patha se DigA nahI sktii| jahA~ satya aura ahiMsA hai, vahA~ asteya to hai hii| jo satya kA upAsaka hai aura ahiMsA kA vratI hai, vaha cora kaise ho sakatA hai ? corI ko vaha kaise prazraya de sakatA hai ? aura cora kauna hai ? vahI, jo dUsaro kI kamAI para jItA hai, jo khuda hAtha-paira nahI hilAtA aura dUsaro se apanA saba kAma karavA kara unase manamAnA phAyadA uThAtA hai, jo garIbo aura asahAyo kA zoSaNa karake apanI amIrI para nAja karatA hai, jo dhanakuvera hokara bhI apanI jarUrato ke lie apane sevako kA gulAma hai, jo jhUTha-phareva se aura dhokhAghaDI se bhole-bhAle nirIha logoko lUTa kara apanA svArtha sIdhA karatA hai aura rAja va samAja meM jhUThI pratiSThA pA jAtA hai| gItA ke zabdo meM ye saba pApa kamAne aura pApa khAne vAle hai, jinakI asala me samAja ke vIca koI pratiSThAnahI honI caahie| pratiSThA kI yaha jo vikRti Aja najara AtI hai, usakA eka hI kAraNa hai-kuzAsana / zAsana cAhe apano kA ho, cAhe parAyo kA, jaba vaha suzAsana miTakara kuzAsana kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai to loka-jIvana para usakA aisAhI pravAchanIya prabhAva paDatA hai| Aja ke hamAre cora vAjAra aura kAle bAjAra isake pratyakSa pramANa hai| Aja to zAsana kA AdhAra hI galata ho gayA hai| zAsana kA lakSya prAja prajA kA savarddhana, sagopana, aura sapoSaNa nahIM rhaa| zAsana to Aja lUTa para utArU hai| zoSaNa, utpIDana, damana usake hathiyAra hai aura vaha nirakuza bhAva se prajA para sava kA prayoga kara rahA hai| zAsana kI isa ucchRGkhalatA ko rokane kA eka hIupAya hai, aura vaha hai, samAja ke bIca asteya kI akhaDa prtisstthaa|

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vizva-mAnava gAdhI 727 java prajA sthUla aura sUkSma, saba prakAra kI corI se ghRNA karane lagegI, vratapUrvaka usase mu~ha moDa legI, to rAjA ko, zAmakako, zAsanasattA ko vivaza bhAva se prajA ke anukUla bananA paDegA / purAnI ukti haiM, 'yathA rAjA tathA prajA / Aja hame isa ukti ko badalanA hai| naye yuga kI naI ukti hogI 'yathA prajA tathA rAjA / ' aura java rAjA hI na raheMge, taba to 'yathA prajA, tathA prajA' kI ukti hI sarvamAnya ho jAyagI / java udbuddha prajA svayaM apanA zAsana karegI to bahuta soca-samajha kara hI karegI aura tava vaha ayathArtha ko yathArtha kI, ayogya ko yogya kI aura mithyA ko matya kI pratiSThA kabhI na degI / yahI gAdhI jI kA svapna hai aura imIlie ve samAja meM aura rAja meM asteya ko pratiSThita karanA cAhate hai / unakA yaha sadeza akele bhArata ke liye nahI, akhila vizva ke liye hai / zrAja usakI bhASA meM duniyA ke jo deza mabhya aura sampanna mAne jAte haiM, ve hI chadmavega meM corI ke sabase vaDe pRSThapoSaka haiM / apane adhIna dezo kA sarvasvApaharaNa karane meM jisa kUTa buddhi aura kuTila nIti se ve kAma lete haiM, sasAra ke itihAsa me usakI koI mimAla nahI / isa sarvavyApI steya bhAvanA kA pratikAra karake vizva meM asteya kI pratiSThA baDhAne ke lie asteya ke vratadhAriyo kI eka senA kA sagaThana jarUrI hai / gAvI jI zrAja isI kI sAdhanA meM nirata hai / jahA~ satya hai, himA hai aura asteya hai, vahA~ brahmacarya ko AnA hI hai / gAdhI jI likhate hai "brahmacarya arthAt brahma kI - satya kI zodha meM caryA, zrarthAt tatsamvanvI grAcAra / isa mUla artha se sarvendriya -sayama kA vizeSa artha nikalatA hai / kevala jananendriya-sayama ke adhUre artha ko to hameM bhUla hI jAnA cAhie / " ve Age aura likhate hai "jimane satya kA Azraya liyA, jo usakI upAsanA karatA hai, vaha dUsarI kisI bhI vastu kI prArAdhanA kare, to vyabhicArI vana jAya / phira vikAra kI ArAdhanA to kI hI kaise jA sakatI hai ? jisake sAre karma eka satya ke darzana ke lie hI hai, vaha santAna utpanna karane yA ghara - girastI calAne meM paDa hI kaise makatA hai ? bhoga-vilAsa dvArA kisI ko matya prApta hone kI zrAja taka eka bhI misAla hamAre pAsa nahI hai / zrahiMsA ke pAlana ko leM, to usakA pUrA-pUrA pAlana bhI brahmacarya ke vinA asAdhya hai / ahiMsA arthAt sarvavyApI prema / jisa puruSa ne eka strI ko yA strI ne eka puruSa ko apanA prema sauMpa diyA usake pAsa dUsare ke lie kyA baca gayA ? isakA artha hI yaha huA ki 'hama do pahale aura dUsare saba vAda ko / ' pativratA strI puruSa ke lie aura patnIvratI puruSa strI ke lie sarvasva homane ko taiyAra hogA, isase yaha spaSTa hai ki usame marvavyApI prema kA pAlana ho hI nahI sakatA / vaha sArI sRSTi ko apanA kuTumba banA hI nahI sakatA, kyoki usake pAma usakA apanA mAnA huA eka kuTumba maujUda hai yA taiyAra ho rahA hai / jitanI unakI vRddhi, utanA hI sarvavyApI prema meM vikSepa hogaa| mAre jagat meM hama yahI hotA huA dekha rahe hai / isalie zramAvrata kA pAlana karane vAlA vivAha ke bandhana me nahI paDa sakatA, vivAha ke bAhara ke vikAra kI to bAta hI kyA ?" yaha hai gAvI jI kI kalpanA kA brahmacaryaM / brahma kI arthAt satya kI zodha meM jIvana kA yaha sakalpa, yaha vrata, kitanA udAtta hai, kitanA bhavya / deza-kAla kI koI sImA ise vA~dha nahI sakatI / mAnava-jIvana kA yaha zAzvata aura manAtana dharma hai, jisake bharose duniyA Aja taka TikI hai / gAghojI svabhAva se gaganavihArI hai / asIma kI, ananta kI, akhaDa aura avibhAjya upAsanA unakA jIvana dhyeya hai / ve apane ko zradvaitavAdI kahate haiM aura unake dvaita me sArA brahmADa samAyA huA hai / aNu-paramANu me lekara jaDa-cetana, sthAvara-jagama, sabhI kucha unakI cintA kA, upAsanA kA viSaya hai| ve saba kA hita, saba kA utkarSaM cAhate hai / sava ke kalyANa ke lie apanI azeSa zaktiyo kA viniyoga unake jIvana kI prakhara sAdhanA rahI hai / unake lie sava koI apane hai, parAyA koI nahIM / jisa parama satya kI zodha meM unake jIvana kA kSaNa-kSaNa vItatA hai, usI ne unako ajAtazatru banAyA hai| ve apane kaTTara -se-kaTTara virodhI ko bhI apanA zatru nahI maante| usake prati mana me kisI taraha kA koI zatrubhAva nahI rakhate / manuSya kI mUlabhUta acchAI meM unakI zraddhA zravicalita hai, isIlie duSTa-se-duSTa vyakti ko bhI ve apanA bandhu aura

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728 premI-abhinaMdana artha'. mitra samajhate hai aura apanI ora se sadA bandhutva kI hI upahAra use dete haiM-vaha cAhe use grahaNa kare, cAheM hraayo| isa viSaya me anAsakti hI gAdhI jI kA niyama hai / bhagavAn kRSNa ke isa varjana meM unakI zraddhA kabhI DiMgI nhiiN| "na hi kalyANakRt kazcit durgati tAna gacchati arthAt jo kucha bhI kalyANa-bhAvanA se kiyA jAtA hai, vaha kabhI, durgati ko prApta nahIM hotaa| aura kalyANa-bhAvanA to gAMdhI jI ke roma-roma meM ramI hai| '' " -- apane jIvana ke ye pichale cAlIsa varSa gAdhI jI ne akhaDa brahmacarya ke sAtha vitAye hai| unake brahmacarya meM jaDatA, pramAda, svArtha, sakucitatA, mahamanyatA aura kaTTara dharmAndhatA ko koI sthAna nhiiN| yo duniyA meM je. nAmadhArI brahmacAriyo kI kamI nahI hai| sabhI dezo meM, sabhI khaDo meM, ve pAye jAte hai, para unameM gAMdhI jI-sI pratApI, prakhara vratadhArI, nirantara vikAsamAna brahmacArI Aja kahA~ hai ? aura gAdhI jI kA yaha brahmaceyaM bhI kisako samarpita hai ? janatA-janArdana ko, daridranArAyaNa ko, vizva kI durbala, dalita mAnavatA ko usI ko Upara uThAne, usIko sukhI banAne ke lie brahmacArI gAdhI Aja sau nahIM, savA sau varSa jInA cAhatA hai| pichale pacAsa varSoM kI tIvra aura ugra tapasyA ne yadyapi zarIra ko jarjara banA diyA hai, phira bhI gAdhI jI jIvana se nirAza nahIM, jIvana ke saMgharSoM se hatAza nhiiN| jIvana unako mAja bhI kamanIya mAlUma hotA hai| ve usase ukatAye nahI, Ube nhiiN| jaise-jaise ve umara meM baDhate jAte hai, jIvana kA marma unake sAmane khulatA jAtA hai aura ve jIvana ke alaukika upAsakavanate jAte hai / yo hamAre deza meM aura duniyA meM 100, 125, 150 sAla kI lambI umara pAne vAle strI-puruSa, durlabha nahIM hai| para unameM aura gAdhI jI meM eka maulika bheda hai / gAdhI jI ne apane lie jInA choDa diyA hai| ve Aja vizva-mAnava kI koTi ko pahuMce hai, vizva ke gurupada ko prApta hue hai, so yo hI nahI ho gye| vizva ke lie jInA hI unake jIvana kI ekamAtra sAdha rahI hai aura isIlie mAnava-jIvana meM unhone naye arthoM aura naI bhAvanAtroM ke sAtha brahmacarya ko pratiSThita kiyA hai| unakI vyAkhyA kA brahmacArI sAdhAraNa koTi kA mAnava nahI raha sktaa| use to nirantara unnata honA hai aura mAnava-vikAsa kI caramasImA taka pahuMcanA hai| parAdhIna bhArata ke lie usakA brahmacarya, usakA satya, satya ke lie usakI caryA, sava kucha svatantratA prApti ke prayatno meM samA jAtA hai| Aja to svatantratA hI usakI ArAdhanA kA ekamAtra lakSya ho sakatA hai| svatantratA - rUpI satya kA sAkSAtkAra kiye binA vaha parama satya kI zodha meM eka Daga mI mAge nahIM bar3ha sakatA / yahI kAraNa hai ki . gAdhIjI-jaiso ko Aja deza kI svatantratA ke mahAna yajJa kA adhvaryu vananA par3A hai| unake jIvana kA yaha eka darzana hai| anubhava se unhone ise jAnA-mAnA hai ki jaba taka manuSya apane taI svatantra nahI, vaha satya kI sampUrNa sAdhanA kara hI nahIM sktaa| jisake cAro ora bandhano kA jAla vichA hai, jo apane Apa meM jakaDA paDA hai, jise na hilaneDulane kI svatantratA hai, na bolane-batalAne kI, jisake kadama-kadama para rukAvaTo ke pahADa aDe hai, vaha satya kI zodha meM kaise lIna hogA? kaise use satya ke darzana ho sakeMge? aura bAhara ke vanvano ke sAtha-sAtha apane andara ke bandhano se bhI to mukti pAnA Avazyaka hai| donoM svatantratAeM sAtha-sAtha calanI cAhie, anyathA kAma bana hI nahIM sakatA, zodha pUrI ho hI nahIM sktii| yo kahane ko Aja duniyA meM kaI deza haiM, jo svatantra kahe jAte haiM,vAhara kI koI sattA una para hAvI nahI, phira bhI ve sacce arthoM meM svatantra to nahIM haiM, unakI AtmA aneka vandhano se jakaDI huI hai,. vikArA se grasta hai| svArtha unakA AsurI bana gayA hai aura mahattvAkAkSAno ne hada choDa dI hai| ve Aja sasAra ke lie abhizApa bana gaye haiN| unakI vaha tathAkathita svatantratA sasAra ke lie tAraka nahI, mAraka bana rahI hai| yaha svatantratA kA baDA kutsita rUpa hai, bhayAvanA aura ghinaunaa| hameM isase bacanA hai| isa mRgajala se sAvadhAna , rahanA hai aura isakA eka hI upAya hai ki hama antarbAhya svatantratA kI sacce dila se upAsanA kreN| eka-do kI ikkI-dukkI upAsanA se sAre vizva kI isa vibhISikA kA anta nahIM ho sktaa| karoDo ko eka sAtha sAmUhika rUpa se Upara uThanA hogA aura nirmala svatantratA kI upAsanA meM laganA pddgaa| yaha kaise ho? jIvana meM svArtha ko gauNa aura paramArtha ko pradhAna pada dene se hI isakA rAstA khula sakatA hai| choTe-baDe, 'amIravArIva,

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vizva-mAnava gAdhI 726 vivAhita avivAhita mabhIko isa rAste vIra-vIra gati me jAnA hai / matya kimI eka kI bapautI nahI / vaha sava kA hai aura sava ko usakI upalabdhi karanI hai / vAlabrahmacArI hI satyAnvepaka vane zraura vAla- baccI vAlA gRhastha satya se vimukha rahe, aisA koI niyama nahI / brahmacArI, gRhI, vanI, sanyAmo sabhI matya ke adhikArI hai aura saba ko umakA sAkSAtkAra honA caahie| isIlie gAdhI jI kahate haiM "taba jo vivAha kara cuke hai, unakI kyA gati ? unheM satya kI prApti kabhI na hogI ? ve kabhI sarvArpiNa nahIM kara sakate ? hamane isakA rAstA nikAlA hI hai--vivAhita vivAhita mA ho jaay| ina vAre meM isase baDhakara mujhe dUsarI bAta mAlUma nahI / isa sthiti kA zrAnanda jimane lUTA hai, vaha gavAhI de sakatA hai / zrAja to ima prayoga kI saphalatA siddha huI kahI jA sakatI hai / vivAhita strIpuruSa kA eka- dUsare ko bhAI vahna mAnane laga jAnA sAre jhagaDo se mukta ho jAnA hai / sasAra bhara kI mArI striyoM bahane hai, mAtAye hai laDakiyA~ hai--yaha vicAra hI manuSya ko ekadama U~cA le jAne vAlA hai / ume bandhana se mukta kara dene vAlA ho jAtA hai / isameM pati-patnI kucha khote nahI, ulaTe apanI pUjI baDhAte haiM, kuTumva baDhAte hai / prema bhI vikAra rUpI maila ko nikAla DAlane se vaDhatA hI hai| vikAra ke cale jAne me eka-dUsare kI mevA bhI adhika acchI ho sakatI hai, eka dUsare ke bIca kalaha ke avasara kama hote hai / jahA~ svArthI, ekAgI prema hai, vahA~ kalaha ke lie jyAdA gujAiza hai|" 'jahA~ svArthI, ekAgI prema haiM, vahA~ kalaha ke lie jyAdA gujAiga hai, isa eka vAkya meM gAdhI jI ne apane samaya kI mAnavatA ko amara mandeza diyA hai / mAnava jIvana ke sabhI kSetro me zrAja kalaha nAma kI jisa cIz2a ne tADava macA rakkhA hai, yaha svArtha hI unakA ekamAtra sUtradhAra hai aura isakI vibhISikA kA koI anta nahI / ghara meM, mamAja meM rASTra me aura vizva meM Aja sarvatra imI kI tUtI bolatI hai aura choTe-vaDe, amIra-garIba, U~ca-nIca, paDheanapaDhe mabhI isake pIche pAgala hai--usakI mohinI se 'mugdha / isIke kAraNa zrAja kA hamArA pArivArika jIvana chinna-vicchinna ho gayA hai, mamAja ne ucchRGkhalatA dhAraNa karalI hai, rASTro ne zrAmurI bhAva ko apanA liyA hai| aura vizva kI zAnti, usakA aikya sakaTa meM paDa gayA hai / vijJAna ne yadyapi duniyA ko eka kara diyA hai, para svArtha zrava bhI umaM khaDa-gaDa kiye hue haiM aura usane vijJAna ko bhI apanA cAkara vanA liyA hai / vaDe-baDe vaijJAnika Aja svArya ke zikAra hokara rASTra-rASTra ke bIca zatrutA kI khAI ko caur3A karane meM lage hai aura zuddha, mAtvika, sarva-hitakArI vijJAna kI upAsanA me komo dUra jA paDe hai / aime samaya eka mahAn vaijJAnika kI-sI mUjha-bUjha ke sAtha gAvI jI vizva ko nisvArtha aura sarvavyApI prema kA pAvana mandeza sunA kara ume sacce mArga para lAne aura calAne kI koziza meM lage hai | vizva kI mAnavatA ko gAdhI jI kI yaha eka anamola dena hai / nisvArtha aura sarvavyApI prema kI isa alaukika upAsanA ne hI gAdhI jI ko ahiMsA, satya, asteya zraura brahmacarya kI bhAvanA ke sAtha-sAtha zramvAda, aparigraha, garIrazrama, nirbhayatA, sarvadharmasamabhAva, svadezI aura aspRzyatAnivAraNa kA vratI vanAyA hai aura unakI isa yugAnuyuga-vyApinI, avicala, aura satata vrataniSThA ne deza ke lAkho udbuddha nara-nAriyo ko vaimA vratI jIvana vitAne kI pravala preraNA pradAna kI hai| yahI nahI, dUra-pAsa ke videzo meM bhI aneko aise haiM, jo isa kSetra meM gAvI jI ko apanA guru mAnate haiM aura unake batAye jIvana-patha para cala kara apane ko dhanya anubhava karate haiM / inameM vizvavikhyAta vaijJAnika, vicAraka, dArzanika, rAjanItijJa, dharmaguru, mahanta, santa, samAja sudhAraka, lokanetA, loka-mevaka, paDita prapaDita, amIra-garIba, svAdhIna -parAvIna, sabhI zAmila haiM / sava samAna bhAva se gAvI jI ke prati anurakta hai aura kRtajJa bhAva se unakA padAnusaraNa karane meM vyasta / gAdhI jI ke isa virAT vyaktitva kA kyA kAraNa hai ? uname vizva-mAnava kA yaha aisA laukika vikAsa kaise huA ? ve vizva- puruSa kI koTi ko kaise pahu~ce ? ina mava kA eka hI uttara hai zUnyatA / apane ko miTA kara zUnya banA lene kI eka adbhuta kalA gAvI jI ne apane andara vikasita kI hai / zUnya kI unakI yaha nasIma upAsanA hI zrAja unako mamAra kI sarvazreSTha vibhUti banAye hue hai / ima zUnyatA ne hI unakI mahAnatA ko itanA 2

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premI abhinaMdana gAMga 730 unnata kiyA hai / yo dekhA jAya to ve kahIM kucha bhI nahIM hai / phira bhI unakA vyaktitva itanA vyApaka ho gayA hai| ki ve sabake saba kucha bana baiThe hai / kahane ko ve kAgresa ke cavannI sadasya bhI nahI, para-kAgresa sArI unameM samA gaI hai unake binA kAgresa eka Daga Age nahIM vaDhA paatii| yo ve svayaM apane ko kisI kA pratinidhi nahIM, mAnate, para saMsAra kI dRSTi meM prAja akele ve hI sAre bhArata ke sarvazreSTha pratinidhi hai| jahA~ bhI, jaba kabhI bhI, kisI rAjanaitika yA sAmpradAyika yA anya kisI gutthI ko sulajhAne kA prazna AtA hai, gAdhI ko Age honA paDatA hai| unake binA pattA nahIM hiltaa| kisI mahAn rASTra ke jIvana meM eka vyakti kI yaha aisI anivAryatA adbhuta hai / itihAsa meM isakI koI misAla nhiiN| isIke kAraNa kucha loga bhramavaza gAdhI jI ko bhArata kA nirakuza tAnAzAha kahate hai aura unakI tAnAzAhI kI jI bhara kara nindA karate haiN| para gAMdhI meM tAnAzAhI kI to bU bhI nahIM hai / tAnAzAhI kA sArA itihAsa kahatA hai ki usakI jaDa meM hiMsA bharI hai / binA hiMsA ke vaha kahIM TikI, bar3hI aura panapI hI nhiiN| aura gAdhI jI to hiMsA ke parama virodhI hai| ve to jaDa-cetana sava ko paramAtmA kI pavitra kRti mAnate hai aura atyanta komala bhAva se sava kI rakSA meM salagna rahate hai| jisake lie cITI taka avadhya hai, jo usameM bhI apane prabhu ke darzana karatA hai, vaha pracalita artha meM tAnAzAha kaise ho sakatA hai ? jo mAnavatAko jilAne aura tArane AyAhai, vaha tAnAzAha kaisA? jo ho, isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki gAdhI jI kI vizvavyApI lokapriyatA ne unake kaI svArthAndha virodhiyo aura mAlocako ko mUDha banA diyA hai aura ve apane tarakaza ke hara tIra se gAdhI ko nIce girAne kI, apanI sataha para lAne kI koziza meM lage haiN| para gAdhI ina saba bAto se itanA Upara hai ki usa taka ye kabhI pahuMca hI nahIM paatii| gAdhI jI ne mAnavatA ko kabhI khaDa-khaDa karake nahIM dekhaa| apane samaya ke ve sabase bar3e samanvayakArI vyakti hai| joDanA unake jIvana kA lakSya hai / toDa-phoDa se unheM koI ruci nhii| hA~, joDane ke lie jitanI toDa-phor3e jarUrI hai, utanI to ve ni zaka bhAva se karate hI Aye hai / isameM unake paira kabhI pIche nahIM pdde| isa dRSTi se dekheM to gAdhI jI ke jaisA koI vidhvasaka bhI nahI / para unakA vidhvasa bhI sRjanAtmaka hotA hai| vidhvasa ke lie vidhvaMsa se unheM koI matalaba nahIM, balki ve usake ghora virodhI hai / yaha gAdhI jI kI hI prakhara tapasyA kA pratApa hai ki prAja bhArata kA nAma vizva ke baDe-baDe dezo ke nAma ke sAtha sammAnapUrvaka liyA jAtA hai| yo vizva ke sAtha bhArata, ko joDane meM gAdhI jI ko yahAM kA bahuta-kucha toDanA bhI par3A hai| hindustAna ke sArvajanika jIvana meM gAdhIjI ke prAgamana se pahale yahAM kA sAmAjika jIvana aneka taga koThariyo meM banda par3A thA aura idhara kI havA upara pahuMca nahIM pAtI thii| rASTra ke jIvana me bAraha kanaujiye aura teraha cUlhe vAlI masala caritArtha ho rahI thii| jAta-pAta, dharma sampradAya, U~ca-nIca, chUta-achUta, amIra-garIva, paDha-anapaDha kI aneka abhedya dIvAreM bhArata kI mAnavatA ko saikaDo khaDo meM vibhakta kiye hue thI aura kisI kA kisI se koI jIvita samparka nahIM thaa| saba eka-dUsare ke prabhAvoM-abhiyogo ke udAsIna darzaka bane hue the| rASTra kA jIvana eka jagaha vaidha gayA thA aura saDane lagA thaa| usameM pravAha kI tAjagI nahIM raha gaI thii| gAdhI jI ne dakSiNa aphrIkA se hindustAna Ate hI isa asahya paristhiti ko bhAMpa liyA aura ve eka dina kI bhI dera kiye vinA isake pratIkAra ke yala meM laga gye| unhone apanI pArSadRSTi ke sahAre bhArata kI sArI mAnavatA ko usake samagna rUpa meM dekhA-parakhA aura ve usake sAmUhika utthAna ke lie saceSTa ho gaye! unakI isI bhagIratha ceSTA ne rASTra ko ahiMsAtmaka asahayoga aura satyAgraha ke mahAn astra diye aura diyA vaha caudaha-pandraha prakAra kA racanAtmaka kAryakrama, jisakI amogha zakti ne besudha bhArata ko sudha-budha se bhara diyA aura usakI vikharI tAkata ko ikaTThA karake itanA majabUta binA diyA ki aba sasAra kI koI uddaDa se udaMDa zakti bhI usakA sAmanA nahIM kara sktii| bhAja kAzmIra se kanyAkumArI taka aura dvArikA se DibarUgar3ha taka sArA bhArata eka tAra bana gayA hai, cAlIsa karoDa nara-nArI eka sAtha sukha meM aura du kha meM, hAni aura lAbha meM, eka-sA spandana anu. bhava karane lage hai, dharma, mata, pantha, jAta-pAta, prAnta, pakSa, bhASA Adi kI jo dIvAreM eka ko dUsare se alaga kiye

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vizva-mAnava gAMdhI 731 hue thI, ve bahuta kucha Dhaha gaI hai aura rahI-sahI jaldI hI baha jAne ko hai / isa saba ke kAraNa deza eka pracaDa zakti me bhara uThA hai aura cUki vaha zakti zAnta ahiMsA kI snigva zItala zakti hai, sArA sasAra umakI ora baDe kutuhala ke sAtha pAzcarya-vimugdha bhAva se dekha rahA hai| sasAra kI sAmrAjyavAdinI zaktiyA~ isa naI zakti ke vikAsa ko bhaya aura vismaya ke sAtha dekha rahI hai aura apane bhaviSya ke viSaya meM cintita ho uThI hai| yaha saba ina paccIsa varSoM meM humA hai aura isakA adhikAza zreya' gAdhI jI ke dUradarzitApUrNa netRtva ko aura unakI ekAnta dhyeyaniSThA ko hai| isase pahale deza kI sArI zaktiyA~ vikharI huI thI aura unako eka sUtra meM piro kara apratihata zakti se abhipikta karane vAlA koI netRtva deza ke sAmane nahIM thaa| sAmrAjyavAda ke cagula se chUTane kI chuTapuTa kozizeM deza meM jahAM-tahAM avazya hotI thI, lekina unake pIche sAre deza kI zakti kA sagaThita vala na hone se ve yA to asaphala ho jAtI thI yA gAsako dvArA nirdayatApUrvaka viphala kara dI jAtI thii| deza sAmUhika rUpa se Age nahIM baDha pAtA thaa| vahiSkAra, svadezI aura rASTrIya zikSA kI trisUtrI ne deza meM navacetana kA sacAra avazya kiyA, kintu umase svAtantrya yuddha ke liye deza kI zaktiyo kA samucita sagaThana nahI ho pAyA gAvI jI ne deza kI isa kamI ko tIvratA ke sAtha anubhava kiyA aura deza meM chAI huI nirAzA, jaDatA aura bhIrutA kA nAza karane ke lie unhone deza ke eka ora ahiMsaka satyAgraha kA sandeza sunAyA aura dUsarI ora janatA ko svAvalambI banAne ke lie, usameM phailI huI vyApaka jaDatA, pAlasya aura paramukhApekSitA kA nAza karane ke lie, unhone racanAtmaka kArya kA vigula vjaayaa| deza kI mUlabhUta durvalatAo ko unhone samagra rUpa se dekhA aura unakA pratikAra karane ke lie sAmpradAyika elatA, aspRzyatA-nivAraNa, madyaniSeca, khAdI, grAmodyoga, grAma-Arogya, gosevA, naI yA buniyAdI tAlIma, prauDha-zikSaNa, striyo kI unnati, prArogya aura svacchatA kI zikSA, rASTrabhASA pracAra, svabhASA-prema, Arthika samAnatA, AdivAsiyo kI sevA, kisAno, majadUro aura vidyArthiyo kA sagaThana Adi ke rUpa meM deza ke sAmane eka aisA vyApaka kArya-krama rakkhA ki deza kI uvuddha zaktiyA~ usakA sahArA pAkara rASTranirmANa ke isa bhautika kAma me tana-mana-dhana ke sAtha ekAgra bhAva se juTa gaI aura dekhate-dekhate deza kA nakazA vadalane me saphala huii| aneka akhilabhAratIya sasthAo kA sagaThana huA-carkhA-sagha, grAmodyoga-sagha, tAlImI-sagha, harijana-sevaka saMgha, gomevA-sagha, kamtaravA smAraka nidhi Adi ke rUpa meM dezavyApI paimAne para rASTranirmANa kA kAma zurU hayA aura kAryakattAyo kI eka maeNjI huI senA inake poSaNa-mavardhana meM juTa gii| jahAM-tahAM yaha racanAtmaka kAma jama kara huA, vahA~-vahA~ sarvasAdhAraNa janatA meM eka nayA prANa prasphuTita ho uThA aura janatA naye Adarza kI siddhi meM prANapaNa me juTa gii| nirAzA, jaDatA aura bhIrutA kA sthAna adamya AzAvAda ne le liyaa| loga majaga ho gye| unakA svAbhimAna pravala ho utthaa| ve sAmrAjyavAda ke Ataka-cihno se bhayabhIta rahanA bhUla gaye aura phAMsI, jela, vanduka, topa, mazInagana, jamIna-jAyadAda kI jantI, jurmAnA, julma, jyAdatI, saba kA aTala bhAva se nirbhayatA-pUrvaka sAmanA karane lge| jo loga khAkI pozAka aura koTa-paiTa-Topa se bhaDakate the, unheM dekha kara sahama uThane the, ve hI khAdI kI pozAka meM majja hokara Aja khAkI vAlo ke lie khatare kI cIz2a bana gaye hai aura dUra se dUra dehAta meM bhI ava khAkI vAlo kA Ama-janatA para vaha purAnA Ataka nahIM raha gyaa| loga aba DaTa kara inakI jyAdatiyo kA mAmanA karate hai aura inakI cunautiyo kA muMhator3a javAba dete hai / sadiyo se soye hue deza kI janatA kA pAva madI meM, paccIsa barasa ke andara, yo uTha khaDA honA aura apane zAsako kA zAnta bhAva se dhIratA-vIratApUrvaka sAmanA karanA, ima yuga kA eka camatkAra hI hai aura isa camatkAra ke kartA hai gAdhI jii| gAdhI jI kA jIvana Adi se aba taka camatkAro kA jIvana rahA hai| camatkAro kI eka laDI-sI, eka paramparA-sI, unake jIvana meM utara pAI hai| aura ye saba camatkAra kAlpanika yA havAI nahIM, balki isa jaga ke pratyakSa aura pramANita camatkAra hai / koI inakI sacAI se inakAra nahI kara sakatA, inakI vAstavikatA ke viSaya me madigdha nahI raha sktaa| dakSiNa aphrIkA se ina camatkAro kA zrIgaNeza huA aura bhArata meM ye apanI parAkASThA ko phuNce|

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732 premI-prabhinadana-graMtha 1 Aja bhI inakI paramparA TUTI nahI hai / eka kAle kulo vairisTara kA videza me virodhI, vidvepI aura madAndha logo ke bIca nyAya aura satya ke lie akele avicala bhAva se jUjhanA, sthApita sattA aura svArtha ke viruddha zAnta satyAgraha ke zastra kA saphalatA-pUrvaka prayoga karanA, apane hajAro-lAkho dezavAsiyo me svAbhimAna kI prakhara bhAvanA utpanna karanA, bacco, vUDho naujavAno aura striyoM taka ko hiMsaka senA kA sainika banA kara unheM tyAga, balidAna aura kaSTa sahana ke lie taiyAra karanA, koI mAmUlI camatkAra na thA / sArI duniyA isa zAnta krAnti ke samAcAro se tha uThI thI aura hindustAna meM to isane eka naI hI cetanA utpanna kara dI thI / sArA deza isa naI krAnti ke dRSTA kA ullAsapUrvaka jaya-jayakAra kara uThA aura kala kA bairisTara gAdhI zrAja kA karmavIra gAdhI bana gayA ora san 1914 meM gAghI jI tyAga aura tapa ke pratIka banakara dakSiNa aphrIkA meM hindustAna zrAye / zrAte hI vIramagAma kA prazna hAtha meM liyA aura vijayI bane / phira san 17 me unhone campArana ke nila goro ke atyAcAro kI bAte sunI aura ve unakA pratikAra karane ke lie akele vahA~ jA base / unakA jAnA maphala huyA / nilaho kA atyAcAra miTA | campArana vAlo ne sukha kI sA~sa lii| deza ko pratyAcArI kA sAmanA karane ke lie eka nayA aura anUThA hathiyAra milA / san 18 me gujarAta me zrahamadAbAda ke majadUro ko nyAya dilAne kA mavAla saDA huA / gAdhI jI ne unakA netRtva sNbhaalaa| unakI Teka ko nivAhane ke lie svaya upavAsa kiye| majadUra DaTe rahe / mAlika jhuke / gaDA nipaTA | ahamadAvAda me ahiMsaka rIti se maz2adUro kI sevA kA sUtrapAta huA aura grAja ahamadAbAda kA majadUra saMgha deza ke hI nahIM, duniyA ke maz2adUra sagho meM apane DhaMga kA eka hI hai| aura zrava to sAre deza me vaha apanI zAkhA prazAkhAo ke mAtha hindustAna majadUra mevaka sagha kI chAyA tale phailatA calA jA rahA hai| ahamadAvAda ke bAda usI sAla gujarAta ke kheDA jile me vahA~ ke kimAno kA lagAna samvanvI savAla uThA / gAdhI jI kimAno ke netA bane / unhoMne lagAna vandI kI salAha dii| loga DaTa gye| sarakAra ne damana zurU kiyaa| loga nahI jhuke / sarakAra ko jhukanA paDA / jhagaDA miTa gyaa| gAdhI jI kA astra amogha siddha huA / mAre deza meM usakA kA baja gayA aura phira turanta hI eka sAla bAda 1916 meM kAle kAnUna kA jamAnA zrAyA / raulaTa ekTa banA / gAvI jI ne usake virodha me dezavyApI satyAgraha sagaThita kiyaa| sAre deva ne virodha me upavAsa rakkhA, prArthanA kI, haDatAleM huI, sabhAo me virodha prastAva pAsa hue| savinaya kAnUna bhaga kA sUtrapAta huaa| aura inhI dino amRtamara kA jaliyA~vAlA bAga zahIdo ke khUna me nahA liyaa| sArA pajAva sarakArI prAtaka-lIlA kA nagnakSetra vana gayA / deza isa coTa se tilamilA uThA / gAdhI jI mahama utthe| unhone apanI himAlaya-mI bhUla kavUla kI aura apane satyAgraha astra ko lauTA liyA / san '20 meM dUsarA dezavyApI zrahiMsaka asahayoga kA grAndolana zurU huA / 'yaga iDiyA' aura 'navajIvana' ke lekho ne deza meM nayA prANa phUka diyaa| khilAphata ke silamile me deza ne hindU-muslima ekatA ke anUThe dRzya dekhe / asahayoga kA jvAra AyA / nokaro ne naukariyA~ choDI / vidyArthiyo ne skUla aura kaoNlejo se sambandha toDA / vakIlo ne vakAlata choDI / sarakArI upAdhiyo kA vahiSkAra huA / korTa, kacaharI, kaoNleja, kaunsila sava sUne naz2ara Ane lage / videzI vastro kA bAyakATa vaDhA / holiyA~ jalI / gAdhI jI ne bAraDolI meM lagAna candI kA ailAna kiyA ki itane meM caurIcaurA kA vaha bhISaNakADa ghaTita ho gayA aura gAdhIjI ne isa satyAgraha ko bhI roka diyaa| ve giraphtAra hue aura unako cha sAla kI sajA huii| phira san caubIsa meM trAvaNakora rAjya ke achUto ko nyAya dilAne ke lie vAyakoma satyAgraha huA / zurU meM sarakAra ne sanAtaniyo kA sAtha diyA / para anta meM vaha jhukI aura achUto ko apane adhikAra mile / san 27 me madrAsa vAlo ne janarala nIla ke putale ko haTAne ke lie satyAgraha zurU kiyA / gAdhI jI usake samarthaka bane / kucha dino bAda unakI salAha se vaha qhatama kara diyA gayA aura san 37 meM kAgresa matrimaNDala ne nIla ke putale ko haTAkara usakI pUrti kI / san 28 me vijayI vAraDolI kA mazahUra satyAgraha zurU huA / saradAra vallabhabhAI paTela ne usakA netRtva kiyA / gAdhI jI unake samarthaka rahe / sarakAra aura kisAno ke bIca joro kA sagharSa zurU ho gyaa| sarakAra ne damana karane meM kasara

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vizva-mAnava gAMdhI 733 na kI, janatA ne sahana karane me kamI na rkkhii| Akhira sarakAra ko jAMca kamIzana baiThAnA par3A aura kamIzana ne janatA kI mAMga ko ucita vtaayaa| janatA kI jIta huii| sarakAra phira haarii| phira san 30 kA jamAnA aayaa| rAvI ke taTa para 31 disamvara 1926 kI rAta ko deza sampUrNa svatantratA kI pratijJA kara cukA thaa| isa sampUrNa svatantratA kI prApti ke lie gAdhI jI ne deza ko phira jgaayaa| satyAgraha kA bigula vjaa| gAdhI jI 12 mArca 1930 ke dina svatantratA kA varaNa karane nikala paDe / dosau mIla paidala calakara apane assI sAthiyo ke sAtha dAMDI phuNce| vahAM unhone khullamakhullA namaka kA kAnUna toDA aura deza bhara meM namaka-satyAgraha kI dhUma maca gii| eka tarapha nihatthI janatA ke umaDate hue joza kA jvAra thA aura dUsarI tarapha damana aura utpIDana ke lie adhIra huI sarakAra kA pazuvala janatA ke isa joza ko kucalane me lgaayaa| lAkho jela gye| hajAro ghAyala hue| saikaDo zahIda bne| deza meM eka tUphAna khaDA ho gyaa| sarakAra cauNkii| ddrii| usane mamajhaute kA hAtha vddhaayaa| gAdhI-iravina samajhautA huA aura gAdhI jI deza ke pratinidhi bana kara landana kI golameja pariSad meM zAmila hue| bhArata kI nihatthI janatA kI yaha sabase baDI naitika vijaya thii| isane bhArata kA nAma sasAra meM camakA diyA / 28 disambara '31 ko gAdhI jI vilAyata se lauTe aura sarakAra kI haThadharmI ke kAraNa 31 disambara ko unheM phira dezavyApI satyAgraha kI ghoSaNA karanI pdd'ii| 4 janavarI '32 ko sarakAra ne gAdhI jI ko giraphtAra kara liyA aura deza meM satyAgraha dAvAnala kI taraha bhaDaka utthaa| sarakAra bhI apane pazuvala ke sAtha sannaddha ho gaI aura sagharSa tIvra ho utthaa| Akhira maI '33 me gAdhI jI ne sAmUhika satyAgraha ko sthagita kiyA aura usakI jagaha vyaktigata satyAgraha claayaa| julAI '34 ke bAda yaha bhI samApta huaa| deza ne bahuta mahA thA, vahuta khoyA thaa| use jarA sustAne kI, saMbhalane kI jarUrata thii| gAdhI jI ne isa jarUrata ko mahasUsa kiyA aura deza ko jarA dama lene kA maukA diyaa| isake bAda 1936 me dUsarA mahAyuddha zuru huA aura '40 ke aktUvara me gAdhI jI ne deza ko phira vyaktigata satyAgraha ke lie pukaaraa| unakI pukAra para deza ke tIsa hajAra satyAgrahiyo ne jela-yAtrA kI aura sarakAra soca meM paDa gii| 1941 ke disambara meM usane Ama rihAI kara dI aura kAgresa ne phira satyAgraha nahI cheDA / isa taraha bhiDanta para bhiDanta hotI rhii| janatA dina-dUnI rAta caugunI zaktisampanna hotI gii| usakA AtmavizvAsa baDhA / usake tapa-teja meM vRddhi huI aura vaha bhISaNa satvaparIkSA ke lie taiyAra bnii| isa bIca sasAra meM aneka uthala-puthala huiiN| jarmanI ne rUsa taka dhAvA bolaa| jApAna ne parla haoNrvara se lekara brahmA taka ke saba dezo para apanA jhaDA gADa diyaa| sAmrAjyazAhI ke hoza guma ho gye| sarakAra siTapiTAI / usane sara sTapharDa kripsa ko bhejaa| unakI vAta kisI ke gale nahI utrii| deza me aura deza ke bAhara bhAratavAsiyo kI sthiti uttarottara vikaTa hone lagI / sarakArI damana zurU ho gyaa| zoSaNa-utpIDana kI avadhi ho gii| kAgresa yaha sava cupacApa dekha na skii| gAdhI jI se rahA na gyaa| unhone deza ko naye sagharSa ke lie taiyAra kiyA aura 'bhArata choDo' ke nAre se sArA deza gUja utthaa| 8 agasta '42 ko 'bhArata choDo' kA vaha prasiddha prastAva pAsa huA aura 6 agasta ke dina sarakAra kI barbaratA deza meM sarvatra khula kara khelii| netA sava vanda kara diye gye| damana kI cakkI cala pddii| deza kA nayA khUna ima vibhISikA ke lie taiyAra na thaa| vaha isa cunautI kA mukAbalA karane ko taiyAra ho gayA aura tIna sAla taka vinA hAre, vinA thake, vinA Dare, varAvara mukAvalA karatA rhaa| deza ne rAvaNa-rAjya aura kama-rAjya ke pratyakSa darzana kiye| bagAvata kI eka pracaDa A~dhI ne deza ko ora-chora se jhakajhora diyaa| duniyA dahala utthii| sarakAra ko khuda apanI karatUto para zarama Ane lgii| gAdhI jI isa vAra bhI nahIM jhuke| unhone ikkIsa dina kA upavAsa karake deza aura duniyA kI soI huI cetanA ko jagAne kA pAvana prayAsa kiyA, sarakAra ke AsurI bhAva ko hatateja kiyA, apane mahAdeva aura apanI vA ko kho kara bhI ve avijeya bane rahe, unakI nIlakaThatA ne deza meM unake prati anurakti aura bhakti kI eka pracaDa lahara utpanna kara dI, sarakAra ne bahuta cAhA ki loga gAdhI ko bhUle, para usake sava hathakaDe vekAra sAvita hue aura Akhira use parAsta honA paDA / usane gAdhI ko jela se choddaa| kAgresa kI kAryasamiti ko vandhanamukta kiyA aura

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734 premI-abhinaMdana-pratha usake sAmane sahayoga kA hAtha bddhaayaa| bAda meM DelIgezana mizana AyA aura vaha bhI apane uddezya meM asaphala hokara lauTa gayA, phira bhI deza ke zAsana kI bAgaDora bhAratIyo ke hAtha meM sauMpane kI prayatna jArI rahA aura antata usameM saphalatA mila kara hI rhii| Aja kAgresa apanI samasta zakti ke sAtha deza kI ekamAtra priya aura pratinidhisasthA banI hai aura lAkho-karoDo usake izAre para apanA sarvasva homane ko taiyAra hai| yaha saba camatkAra kisakA hai ? gAdhI jI kA / Aja se tIsa barasa pahale kisane socA thA ki san '46 kA bhArata itanA mahAna, itanA zakti-sampanna, itanA sajaga, itanA sagaThita, itanA sagharSapriya, itanA dhIra-vIra aura udAtta bana jaaygaa| lekina Aja vaha aisA hai aura usako aisA banAne meM gAdhI jI kI alaukika zakti ne adbhuta kAma kiyA hai| abhI bhI unakA mizana sarvAza meM pUrA nahIM huA hai, unheM sarvatra zatapratizata saphalatA nahI milatI hai, kaI bAra unako pIche bhI haTanA paDa jAtA hai, para ve kabhI parAjita nahIM hue| unakI ahiMsA, unakA satyAgraha parAjaya ko jAnatA nahI / unakI tathAkathita hAra bhI vAstava me jIta hI hotI hai aura janatA kA bala usase baDhatA hai, ghaTatA nhiiN| yaha unake zastra kI vilakSaNatA hai aura sadA rhegii| ___ gAdhI jI ke bAre meM aba taka hamane bahuta taraha se socaa| unake jIvana ke aneka pahaluoM ko dekhaa| anta meM hameM yahI kahanA hai ki uname maryAdA puruSottama rAma kI maryAdAzIlatA, yogezvara kRSNa kI yoganiSThA, ahiMsAvatAra buddha kI prakhara ahiMsA, mahAvIra svAmI kI nispRha digamvaratA, IsA kI pAvanatA aura paraduHkhakAtaratA, eva paig2ambara sAhaba kI tyAga-vairAgya-bharI sAdagI aura phakIrI ne eka sAtha sAmUhika rUpa se nivAma kiyA hai| unameM mAnavatA apane carama utkarSa ko pahuMcI hai| ve avatAro ke bhI avatAra-se hai aura Aja ke vizva meM puruSottama bhAva me vizva-mAnava ke prtiik| Aiye, hama saba apane isa mahAmAnava ko vinamra bhAva se praNAma kareM aura paramAtmA se prArthanA kare ki vaha abhI yugo taka isa deza aura duniyA ke lie hamAre bIca apanI sampUrNa zakti aura vibhUti ke sAtha jIne kA bala-savala de / baDavAnI] MAHAR - - - -

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eka nirmANa [zilpaguru zrI avanIndranAtha ThAkura kI zilpa-sAdhanA] zrI kAMti ghoSa "kalAkAra banane meM cha mahIne se adhika kI AvazyakatA nahI, bazarte ki zikSArthI me kalA-pratibhA ho|" bhAratIya punarjAgaraNa ke prAcArya zrI avanIndranAtha ne kalA-bhavana ke vidyArthiyo-apane ziSya ke ziSyo-ke sAtha vAtacIta karate hue ye vAkya khe| usa samaya ve apane pichale jamAne ke svAnubhava kA smaraNa kara rahe the| "adhyApaka apane vidyArthiyo ke kAma meM dakhala de, isameM mujhe prAsthA nahI hai / adhyApaka ko kevala rAha dikhAnI cAhie, apane vidyArthiyo ko haThAt kisI ora viniyukta karane kA prayatna na karanA caahie| aisA karanA baDA ghAtaka siddha hogaa| use apane vicAro aura kArya-paddhati ko vidyArthiyo para lAdanA nahI cAhiye / vidyArthiyo ko apane hI Dhaga se zakti vikasita karane ke lie protsAhita karanA caahie|" avanI vAbU ne svaya bhI zrI nandalAla aura apane anya ziSyo ke sAtha isI siddhAnta kA anusaraNa kiyA thA, jisakA pariNAma Aja sArI duniyA jAnatI hai / "lekina vidyArthiyo koaisA AbhAsa rahanA cAhie ki galatI hone para use saMbhAlane ke lie unake pIche koI aura hai| isakA AzvAsana svaya adhyApaka kI ora se milanA caahie|" unhe smaraNa ho pAyA ki kisa prakAra bahuta pahale, jaba ve navayuvaka hI the, unake cAcA kavi ne bacco ke lie kahAnI likhane kI salAha dete hue kahA thA-"jaise (kahAnI) kahate ho, vaise hI likho|" unhone yaha bhI kahA thA, "ina kahAniyo ko sughaDa banAne meM yadi z2arUrata huI to meM shaaytaaduugaa|" pahalI kahAnI likhI gaI-'zakuntalA kthaa'| ravi kAkA ne sArI kathA dhyAnapUrvaka dekhii| eka saskRta zloka para unakI sampAdakIya kalama rukI aura phira beroka Age baDha gii| kahAnI saphala siddha huI aura yaha saphalatA eka aise sthAna se pramANita huI, jisase unheM apanI zakti para bharosA karane meM sahAyatA milii| unheM prAtma-vizvAsa huA aura taba se avanI bAbU kI kalama se eka ke bAda eka kahAnI-nivandha aura kavitA bhI-nikalate gaye, jinakA vagAlI-sAhitya meM apratima sthAna hai / to bhI unakI kalA-zikSA bahuta sarala na thii| una dino 'bhAratIya kalA' nAma kI koI vastu hI nahIM thii| ajantA yadi kalpanA nahI to smRti kA viSaya hI thaa| dakSiNa se zrI ravivarmA kalakattA ArTa-sTuDiyo se milakara grAmya abhiruci ko mugdha karane vAlI zailI dvArA bhArata kI kalA-kSudhA ko zAnta karane kA zreya prApta kara rahe the| yaha zailI bhAratIyatA se vimukha thii| isI samaya avanI vAbU ne zikSaNa prApta karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| unakA dhyAna usa samaya pracalita yuropIya kalA kI ora AkarSita huaa| isake sivAya aura koI rAstA hI na thaa| do yUropiyana adhyApako ne, eka ke bAda eka, unheM jIvita maoNDala kA akana aura taila citra-vidhAna kA apanA sampUrNa jJAna diyaa| usake bAda unheM zarIra-vijJAna ke adhyayana kI salAha dI gii| lekina eka bahuta asAmAnya anubhava ke bAda unheM yaha choDa denA paDA / anuzIlana ke lie lAI gaI manuSya kI khopaDI se unheM baDA vicalita aura vibhISikA-pUrNa anubhava huaa| usakI pratikriyA ke kAraNa ve asvastha ho gae aura kucha samaya ke lie unheM abhyAsa choDa denA paDA / anta meM eka prasiddha naoNrvejiyana pAyA, jisase unhone raga-citra (Water colour) kI kalA siikhii| citrAdhAra (Easal) aura raga-peTI ko jhole meM DAle prAkRtika dRzyo kI khoja meM unhone mugera tathA anya sthAno kI yAtrA kii| pariNAmata unheM yUropiyana kalA meM vizeSa pravINatA prApta huii|

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premI-abhinaMdana graMtha 736 zikSA to pUrNa huI, lekina unakI tUlikA ne kamI vinAma nahIM liyaa| citra banate jAte the aura unheM pratiSThA bhI prApta hotI jAtI thI, para ve santuSTa nahIM the| nirAzA unake mana meM ghara karane lgii| "maiM vecaina ho uThA thaa| apane hRdaya meM mujhe eka vyAkulatA kA anubhava hotA thA lekina maiM usakA spaSTa nirUpaNa nahIM kara pAtA thaa| vismaya-vimUDha hokara mai kahatA-Age kyA ho?" sambhavata yaha sarjaka pravRtti hI thI, jo apane ko vyakta karane ke lie upayukta mAdhyama DhUr3ha rahI thii| lagabhaga isI samaya unake hAtha meM kalA kedo namUne A paDe, jinhone unake avaruddha mArga ko khola diyaa| kramaza unameM se eka to madhyakAlIna yUropIya zailI meM citrita 'Airiza mailaoNDI' kA cAro ora se bhUSita citra-sagraha thA aura dUsarA sunahale-pahale ragoM se maDita uttara mugalakAlIna zailI meM aMkita dillI kA citra-sampuTa / unheM yaha jAna kara Ananda ke sAtha Azcarya bhI huA ki donoM ke apane vidhAno ke nirvAha meM AdhArabhUta prabheda koI nahI thA / unhone isa nava prApta vidhAna ko prAjamAne ke lie bhAratIya, viSaya khojane prArameM kiye| zrI ravIndranAtha ke anurodha se ve vidyApati aura caNDIdAsa ke vaiSNava gIto ko akita karane lge| pahalA citra, jisameM abhisAra ko jAtI huI rAdhA ko pradarzita kiyA gayA thA, asaphala rhaa,| usakA nirvAha sadoSa thA aura anajAne hI usameM yUropiyana prabhAva jhalaka pAyA thaa| "maiMne citra ko tAle meM banda kara diyA, lekina mana meM kahA ki prayatna karatA rhuuNgaa|" eka pravINa bhAratIya kArIgara ko unhone citrasajjA-vidhAna sIkhane ke lie bulaayaa| usake bAda kAma sarala ho gyaa| unhone vaiSNava padAvalI ko samApta kara vaitAlapacIsI hAtha meM lI aura phira buddhacitrAvalI tathA anya citro ko pUrA kiyaa| sarjana-pravRtti ko nikalane ke lie, eka rAha mila gaI aura,avanI vAvU. ko bhAratIya punarjAgaraNa meM zraddhA prApta huii| isa zilpa-svAmI ke jIvana meM yaha samaya sabase adhika upalabdhipUrNa thA, "maiM kaise batAU~ ki usa sAre samaya me mai kyA anubhava karatA thaa| maiM citro se bharapUra rahatA thA,aisA hI kucha kaha sakatA huuN| citrone merI sampUrNa sattA ko adhikRta kara liyA thaa| mai kevala apanI A~kheM vanda karatA ki citra mere mana ke sAmane utarAne lagateAkRti, rekhA, raga, chAyA sampUrNa rUpa meN| ma hAtha meM tUlI uThA letA aura jaise citra svaya vanate jaate|":srjn ke una dino meM bhI chidrAnveSI samAlocako kA prabhAva nahIM thaa| eka prasiddha vaiSNava prakAzaka rAdhAkRSNa citrAvalI ko dekhane ke lie aaye| citro ko dekha kara unhone spaSTa rUpa se nirAzA prakaTa kii| kyA yaha rAdhA hai| kyA zilpI use jarA adhika mAsala aura komala nahIM banA sakatA thA ? "yaha suna kara mai pAzcarya se stambhita raha, gayA, lekina eka kSaNa ke lie hii| ye vacana mujha para koI prabhAva nahIM choDa gye|" kucha samaya meM saba yUropiyana prabhAvo se pUrI taraha mukta hokara ve apane Dhaga se sAvadhAnI ke sAtha citra banAte gye| "moha, ve bhI dina the!", ' lekina ve dina bhI sahasA samApta ho gye| zilpI ke jIvana meM eka vaDA viSAda kA avasara praayaa| mAre parivAra ko lADalI, unakI dasa barasa kI lar3akI kucha samaya se kalakatte meM phailI mahAmArI meM pravasanna ho gii| usakI mRtyu se unheM vaDA AghAta phuNcaa| mana ko kisI prakAra samAdhAna hI nahIM milatA thA / bAhya-upacAro se koI bhI lAbha nahIM huaa| lAbha huA to zrI0 haivala kI salAha se| havala,unhe unake cAcA zrI satyendranAtha ke ghara pahalI bAra mile| unhone kahA, "apane kAma ko hAtha meM uThA lo| yahI ekamAtra davA hai|" sayoga ne hI ina do samAna-dharmI prAtmAno ko milAyA thaa| yaha sammilana, jaisA ki hama Age dekheMge, bhArata ke sAskRtikAdRSTikoNa meM halacala macAne vAlA siddha huaa| Age jAkara haivala ke viSaya meM ve apane chAtro se kahA karate the, "unhone mujhe uThA liyA aura ghaDa diyaa| unake prati mere mana meM hamezA guru jaisA Adara-bhAva rahA hai ? kamI-kabhI ve vinoda meM mujhe apanA sahakarmI bhora kamI ziSya kahA karate the| sacamuca ve mujhase apane bhAI-sA sneha karate the| tuma jAnate ho, nandalAla ke prati merA kitanA gaharA sneha hai, lekina havala kA sneha usase bhI adhika gabhIra thA / / funny zrI haivala ne avanI bAbU se kalA-zAlA kA upAdhyakSa hone ko kahA, jise avanI bAbU ne asvIkAra kara diyaa| una jaise zilpI ko sarakArI sasthA calA kara kyA karanA thaa| isake sivAya par3hAne kI bhI bAta thI aura

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- w ANT - KiA ZAILS 1JL . 0 - 1 . .. ACIA natyamattA - MNE MAR STATE TRAM Rad .. VJN PA 14 - I4% SWERS 144 .. LadARELI HEA" RANAS [ kalAkAra-zrI sudhIra khAstagIra . EMS 4 AMDM 24

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eka kalAkAra kA nirmANa 737 prArama kene kareM, yaha bhI prazna thA aura phira hukke ke vagairavekAma kaise karate ? para haivala ne yukti nikAla hI lii| mArI vyavasthA avanI vAcU kI icchAnusAra ho gaI aura Akhira unheM yaha pada svIkAra karane ke lie manA hI liyA gyaa| pada-svIkAra ke pahale dina hI haivala unheM gAlA me sambandhita pArTa-galarI ke nirIkSaNa ke liye le ge| haivala ne piTane kucha varSoM meM ikaLe hue kUr3e-karakaTa ko-purAne yUropiyana kalAkAro kI tImare darje kI kRtiyo ko hA kara unake sthAna meM mugala zailI ke kucha maulika namUne lagavA kara gailarI ko sApha karavA diyA thaa| ina namUno meM eka mArana kA choTA-mA citra thA, jisane avanI bAbU kA dhyAna AkRSTa huaa| unhoMne pahale A~kho me aura phira AtagI bhIge ne usakI parIkSA kii| uma citra ke rUpa-vivAna aura aGgopAGgI ke racanA-vinyAsa kI utkRSTatA meve cakita raha ge| anya namUnI kI bhI unhone parIkSA kI aura ina madhyakAlIna citro kI udAttatA, rekhAkana aura rago dvArA prakaTa hone vAlI mAskRtika svamatAgrahatA se ve mugva ho gaye / ina citro dvArA una para par3A prabhAva bhI haivala ke lie apratyAgita nahIM thaa| avanI vAvU ko to ina citro ne eka sandeza diyaa| "tava meM pahale-pahala hRdayagama kara sakA ki madhyayugIna bhAratIya gilpa meM kainI niviyA~ chipI huI hai| mujhe mAlUma ho gayA ki inake mUlahetu-mRgAra bhAva (Emotional element) meM kyA kamI thI aura use hI pUrNa karane kA maine nizcaya kiyaa| yahI merA dhyeya hai, aimA mujhe anubhava hunaa|" kAma unhone jahA choDA thA, vahIM se uThA liyaa| isa kAla kA prathama citra mugala-zailI para banA thaa| citra kA viSaya thA antima pukAra ke lie taiyAra mAhajahA~ apane kaidakhAne kI khir3akI kI jAlI se dUra-tAja ko animepa A~kho me nihAra rahe hai| unakI anugata pyArI laDakI jahA~nArA pharza para nIrava vaiThI hai| citra ko dillI darakhAra aura kAMgresa pradarzanI meM bhI dikhAyA gyaa| utkRSTatama kalA-kRti ke rUpa meM isakA samAdara hyaa| samAlocako ne isameM khUba rasa liyA aura citra-kalA se anabhija loga bhI imakI udAtta karuNA se AI ho ge| "isameM kyA pAzcarya hai ki maiMne apanIAtmA kI pukAra isa citra meM rakha dI hai|" unakI AtmA ava bhI apanI laDakI ke lie krandana kara rahI thii| unhoMne yaha mahAn duHkha rUpI mUlya hI isa mahAn kRti ke lie diyA thaa| isake bAda hI zrI devala ne masyA kI avavAnatA meM bhAratIya citro kI pradarzanI kI AyojanA kii| imI pradarzanI ke nilamile meM eka dilacasa ghaTanA huii| pradarzana ke namUno me bahuta se avanI vAvU ke sTuDiyo se Aye the| inameM se eka para citro ke prasiddha magrAhaka laoNrDa karjana kI AMkha laga gaI / hevala ne apane mahakarmI ko yaha citra vAisarAya ko bheTa nahIM dene diyA, balki ume kImata lekara vecaa| mUlya yadyapi ucita hI thA, phira bhI lArDa karjana ko yaha vIka na lgaa| laoNrDa karjana khUba dhanavAna the| phira bhI apane vyaktigata kharca para bahuta kaThora dRSTi rakhate the| pariNAma yaha huA ki vAisarAya ne naudA karane kA nizcaya kiyA, lekina haivala jarA bhI vicalita na hue| vahana mabhava hai ki haivala ina citroM meM se kisIko bhI, kimI vyaktigata saMgraha meM, bhArata se bAhara nahIM jAne denA cAhate ho| Akhira avanI vAvU ne sampUrNa citrAvalI dhI havala ko gurudakSiNA ke rUpa meM arpaNa kara dii| haivala ziSya kI zraddhAjalI ko pAkara bahuta prasanna hue aura unhone ina citro ko pArTIlarI meM sthira rUpa se pradarzana ke lie rakhavA diyaa| tabataka navya-prAcya-skUla (Neo-Oriental school) apane patha para bhalI prakAra agrasara ho cukA thaa| ima zilpamvAmI ke cAro ora zikSArthI juTane lge| avanI vAvU svaya apane vidyArthiyo ko cunate the aura unakI AMkho ne gilpiyo ko cunane meM kabhI dhokhA nahI khaayaa| sarvaprathama zrI surendra gAgulI Aye, jo eka virala pratibhAsampanna yuvaka the| akAla mRtyu ke kAraNa ve vIca meM hI murajhA gye| unake bAda zrI nandalAla Aye, jo isa samaya avanI vAvU ke ziSyoM meM mavase adhika priya hai aura jinheM bhAvI mantati ke lie navajyoti le jAne kA ekAnta zreya prApta huA hai| zrI amitakumAra haldAra bhI apanI caturmukhI dakSatA ke mAya aaye| ina logo ko apane

Page #795
premI-abhinaMdana - pratha 738 pAsa biThAkara zrI avanIndra citra banAte hue vicitra mAdhyamo dvArA parIkSA karake paDhAI aura kalA-caryA dvArA dina bhara kAma meM juTe rahate the / svadezI Andolana ke prAraMbhika dino me avanI bAbU ne apane cAcA zrI ravIndranAtha ke pathapradarzana meM sacce hRdaya se kAma kiyA / anta meM ucita kAraNa se hI unhone apane ko Andolana se alaga kara liyA / to bhI unhone svadezI bhAvanA kA tyAga nahI kiyA thA / apane naye skUla meM unhone aise mAdhyama kI sthApanA kI, jisase bhArata ke sAskRtika pahalU kA sambandha hai | ArTa sTUDiyo meM unhI dino hAvI hue bhAratIya devI-devatAo ke azuddha rUpa se ve ghavarA utthe| unhone apane ziSyo ko isa viSaya me sAmAnya janatA kI abhiruci ko zikSita karane kA Adeza diyA / ziSyo ko rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke pAtro se paricita karavAne ke lie eka paDita kI niyukti kI gaI aura sAre deza meM paurANika zrAkhyAno kA nirUpaNa karane vAle vividha mUrtisvarUpo kI vaDe zradhyavasAya ke sAtha khoja prAraMbha huii| ziSyo dvArA isa saraNI para taiyAra kiye gaye citro ne jana-sAmAnya ko una dino itanA protsAhita kiyA ki jisakI svapna meM bhI kalpanA na thI / nissandeha sAmAnya janatA citro ke guNo ko samajhane meM asamartha thI to bhI usane anubhava kiyA ki Akhira 'apanI' kahane lAyaka vastu use mila gaI aura jisame usakI zrAtma-pratiSThA kApuna uddhAra ho gayA / avanI vAvU dvArA prAcIna zilpa-sampradAya ke viSaya meM likhI pustako aura vibhinna patrapatrikAo me diye gaye lekho ne bhI isa viSaya kI acchI bhUmikA taiyAra kara dI thii| cAro ora se zrAzIrvAdo kI varSA ke sAtha viziSTa jano ke zrAzraya meM prAcya kalA samiti ( Oriental Art Society) kI sthApanA huI / zilpasvAmI ke zabdo meM kahe to "koza ke panno meM niruddha bhAratIyakalA zrava hareka ke muMha meM basa gaI / " lagabhaga inhI dino avanI bAbU kI zilpa-pravRtti eka naI dizA kI ora muddii| bAhara se to yaha navIna hI mAlUma hotI thI, para vastuta yaha pravRtti bhAratIya paramparA ko jIvana ke hareka kSetra meM lAne ke susagata vikAsa rUpa hI thii| ve hareka vastu ko 'sva-dezIya' banAnA cAhate the / aura aisA kyo na ho ? zikSita varga kI prAdateM bhadde DhaMga se apanAI gaI pAzcAtya saskRti ko apane Upara lAdane ke kAraNa itanI badala gaI thI ki yaha zradbhuta mizraNa pahacAnA bhI nahI jAtA thA / avanI bAbU ne ina saba ko badalane kA nizcaya kiyaa| rAjasI ThATha vATa vAle ThAkuro ke mahalo se purAnA kImatI yUropIya pharnIcara ekadama vAhara kara diyA gayA aura usake sthAna para bhAratIya rItirivAjo aura prAkRtika zravasthAoM ke anukUla siddha hone vAle svayaM apane hI nirIkSaNa meM banavAye pharnIcara ke vibhinna namUne lagavAye / sthApatya ke namUne, bhavana aura raMgazAlA kI sajjA- vezabhUSA, citro ke phrema choTe se lekara vaDe taka kisI kI upekSA kiye binA saba para unhone vyaktigata dhyAna diyA / navajAgrata bhAratIya saundarya-jJAna zrAtmajJAna ke yathAyaM pakSa para pravRtta karanA hI unakA mukhya uddezya thA / bhArata ke vibhinna sthalo para acche pado para pratiSThita unake ziSyo ne unake dvArA isa dizA meM dikhAye gaye patha kA zraddhA aura niSThA ke sAtha anusaraNa kiyA / vAstava meM isa zilpa- svAmI kI sabase baDI dena hI yahI hai ki unhone apane sampradAya ko zrAge le jAne vAle eka zilpI maNDala kA sarjana kiyaa| ina kalAkAroM meM se kucha ne (udAharaNa ke lie do kA hI nAma lete haiM zrI nandalAla aura zrI asita kumAra haldAra ne) kalA-svAmI kA pada adhikAra- pUrvaka hI pAyA hai| avanI bAbU kI zikSaNa-paddhati unhI ke zabdoM meM yaha hai "kisI vastu ko dUsare para lAdane kI jarUrata nahI / sanAtana kAla se cale Aye pATho ko sikhAne se bhI koI lAbha nahI / kevala unake patha kI vAghAtro ko haTA do, jisase una kI pratibhA ko nirvAdha hokara khilane kA avasara mila ske|" lekina isake lie pratibhA kA honA zrAvazyaka haiM, sAtha hI caturmukhI saskAritA bhI jarUrI hai / ina thoDe se zilpakAro ko bhArata ke zilpa-Andolana kA zreya prApta hai / apanI zikSaNa-paddhati ko samajhAne ke lie avanI bAbU svaya eka kathA kahA karate hai ki kisa prakAra java unhe nanda bAbU kA 'umA kA paritApa' nAmaka citra, jo tabhI se baDA prasiddha ho gayA, dikhAyA gayA to unhone citra meM thoDe se parivartana sujhAye, lekina ghara jAne para ve becaina ho gaye / ve svaya kahate hai, "maiM sArI rAta so nahI sakA / " dina ugate hI apane ziSya ke sTuDiyo dauDe gaye aura anta meM citra ko kharAba hone se bcaayaa| unhone svIkAra kiyA hai ki yathAsamaya hI unheM apanI

Page #796
eka kalAkAra kA nirmANa g2alatI kA bhAna ho gayA thA / " nandalAla kI kalpanA ke bIca meM paDane vAlA maiM kauna hU~ / nandalAla ne ugratapa-niratA umA kI kalpanA kI thI / isIlie usakA raga-vidhAna kaThora honA hI cAhie thA / use maiM apane sujhAvo se kharAva kara rahA thaa|" 736 unhone apane ziSyo ko sAre hindustAna meM ivara-uvara bikhare hue prAcIna citro, mUrtiyoM aura sthApatya ke smArako kA adhyayana karane ke lie protsAhita kiyA / isa anuzIlana kA hetu thA ki unheM preraNA mile / ise kabhI zrAtmaprakaTIkaraNa meM vAvaka middha hone nahI diyA gyaa| apane ziSyo ko kalA ke naye pradeza jItane meM unhone kabhI anutsAhita nahI kiyA / unhone svaya pAzcAtya prabhAva se haTa kara bhAratIya zailI ko pUrNa rUpa se apanAyA thaa| to bhI ve " yuropiyana athavA prAcIna bhAratIya kalA ke vancana ko na mAnane vAlI vartamAna svastha mAnasa-gati meM vikSepa karanA nahI cAhate the", jaimA ki bhAratIya kalA ke eka yUropiyana abhyAsI ne yayArtha hI kahA hai / ve isIlie apane ziSyo ko itanI svatantratA de sake, kyoMki unheM vikAmonmukha kaliyo meM, itane samRddha rUpa meM prakaTa huI punarujjIvita bhAratIya kalA kI pramupta zakti meM nampUrNa vizvAsa aura zraddhA" thI / bhAratIya guru kI yaha paripATI vizva-bhAratIkalA-bhavana ke kendra maeN, jisakA sacAlana unake pradhAna ziSya zrI nandalAla vasu niSThA-pUrvaka kara rahe hai, khUba panapa rahI hai / yaha to huA preraka aura mArgadarzaka avanI bAbU ke viSaya meM / zilpI avanI bAbU ne apanI preraNA ko rUpa dene meM, unhI ke apane zabdo meM "eka ke bAda eka zramaphalatA" kA sAmanA kiyA hai / "hRdaya kI vyathA se maine kyAkyA dukha nahI mahA hai, aura grava bhI maha rahA hU~ / " para yaha sabhI kalAkAro ke bhAgya meM hotA hai / jaise zrAtmA zarIra se avaruddha hai, usI prakAra preraNA apUrNatA se Avaddha hai / kevala eka yA do vAra pUrNatA se hone vAle isa paramAnanda kA unheM anubhava huA hai / ve kahate haiM, "citrAvalI ko cakita karate samaya pahalI bAra mujhe isa zrAnanda kA anubhava huA thA / mujha meM aura citra ke viSaya meM pUrNa ekAtmatA sagha gaI thI / kRSNa kI bAlalIlA jaise mere mana kI A~kho ke mAmane ho rahI ho / merI tUlikA svayaM calane lagatI aura citra mampUrNa rekhA aura raMgo meM citrita hote jAte / " dUsarI bAra jaba ve apanI svargIyA mAtA ke, jinake prati zravanI bAbU kI ananta bhakti thI, mukha ko yAda karane kA prayatna kara rahe the tava unheM isI prakAra kA anubhava huA thA / "yaha dRSTikoNa pahale to z2arA buMdhalA sA thA aura mA~ kA mukha mujhe vAdalo se ghire astonmukha sUrya mA lagA / isake vAda mukhAkRti dhIre-dhIre itanI spaSTa ho gaI ki aGga-pratyaGga ke sAtha udbhAsita ho utthii| phira mukhAkRti mere mana para apanI sthira chApa choDa kara dhIre-dhIre vilIna ho gii| mere kiye gaye mukho ke adhyayana meM citro meM sabase acchA nirUpaNa isakA hI hai / " aise anubhava ine-gine logo ke lie bhI durlabha hote haiM / avanI bAbU kI umara isa samaya sattara se bhI adhika hai / ve ava naye kSetra meM kAma meM tatpara hai| sarjana kI preraNA unameM vidyamAna hai, nahI to unakA zarIra niSprANa ho gayA hotA / nissandeha ve jIvana se avakAza grahaNa kara cuke haiM, lekina rahate hai apane sarjana ke anta pura meM hI / vAhara kI vaiThaka ava ujaDa gaI hai / samAlocako kI carcAe~ vanda ho gaI hai / atithi abhyAgata vidA le cuke hai, utsave mamApta ho gayA hai aura vattiyA~ vujha gaI hai / anta pura meM jahA~ kimI kA bhI praveza nahIM hai - ve kalA kI devI ke sAtha khela rahe he / upahAra he khilone, lekina ve itane bahumUlya hai ki samAlocako athavA atithiyoM ke lie stuti yA Azcarya - mugdha hone ke lie bAhara kI baiThaka me nahI bheje jAte / "mA~ kI goda meM vApisa jAne kI taiyArI kA samaya A pahuMcA hai aura isalie meM eka bAra phira vAlaka bana kara khelanA cAhatA hU~ / " athavA nandavAvU ke gabdo me "ava ve dUravIna ke tAlo ko ulaTA kara dekhane meM vyasta hai / " kucha bhI ho, bhagavAn kare unakI dRSTi (Vision) kabhI ghuMvalI na ho aura khela niratara calatA rahe / ( anuvAdaka - zrI zakaradeva vidyAlakAra)

Page #797
abhinandanIya premI jI zrI jugalakizora mukhtAra mujhe yaha jAnakara vaDI prasannatAha kizrImAn paDita nAyUrAma jI premI ko abhinandana-pratha bheMTa kiyA jA rahA hai| premI jI ne samAja aura deza kI jo sevAeM kI hai, unake lie ve avazya hI abhinandana ke yogya hai| abhinandana kA yaha kArya bahuta pahale hI ho jAnA cAhie thA, parantu java bhI samAja apane sevako ko pahacAne aura unakI kadra karanA jAne tabhI acchA hai| premI jI isa abhinandana ko pAkara koI vaDe nahI ho jAvege-ve to bar3e kArya karane ke kAraNa svata baDe hai parantu samAja aura hindI-jagata unakI sevAmao ke RNa se kucha umaNa hokara U~cA jarUra uTha jaaygaa| sAtha hI abhinandana-atha meM jisa sAhitya kA sRjana aura sakalana kiyA gayA hai usake dvArA vaha apane hI vyaktiyo kI uttarottara sevA karane meM bhI pravRtta hogaa| isa taraha yaha abhinandana eka ora premIjI kA abhinandana hai to dUsarI ora mamAja aura hindI-jagat kI sevA kA pravala sAdhana hai aura isalie isase 'eka panya do kAja vAlI kahAvata vaDe hI sundara rUpa meM caritArtha hotI hai / premI jI kA vAstavika abhinandana to unakI sevAyo kA anusaraNa hai, unako nirdoSa kArya-paddhati ko apanAnA hai, athavA una guNo ko apane me sthAna denA hai, jinake kAraNa ve abhinandanIya vane hai| premI jo ke mAya merA koI cAlIsa varSa kA paricaya hai / isa prama meM unake mere pAsa karIba sAta sau pana Ae haiM aura lagabhaga itane hI patra mere unake pAsa gae hai| ye saba patra prAya jaina sAhitya, jaina-itihAma aura janasamAja kI cintAmo, unake utthAna-patana kI carcAo, anusavAna kAryoM aura sudhArayojanAyo Adi se paripUrNa hai / ina para se cAlIsa varSa ko sAmAjika pragati kA saccA itihAsa taiyAra ho sakatA hai / sacce itihAsa ke lie vyaktigata patra vahI hI kAma kI cIja hote haiN| san 1907 meM jaba mai sAptAhika 'jaina-gajaTa' kA sampAdana karatA thA tava premI jI 'jainamina', vambaI ke Aphisa meM klarka the| bhAI zItalaprasAda jI (jo vAda ko brahmacArI zItalaprasAda jI ke nAma se prasiddha hue) ke patra se yaha mAlUma karake ki premI jI ne 'jainamitra' kI klarkI se istIphA de diyA hai, maine aktUbara man 1907 ke prathama saptAha meM premI jo ko eka patra likhA thA aura usake dvArA unheM 'janagajaTa' Aphisa, devavanda meM heDa klarkI para Ane kI preraNA kI thI, parantu usa vakta unhone vambaI choDanA nahI cAhA aura ve tava se bambaI meM hI bane hue hai| 8 janavarI san 1608 ke janagajaTa' meM maine 'janamitra' kI, usake eka Apattijanaka eva AkSepaparaka lekha ke kAraNa, kaDI AlocanA kI, jisase premI jI udvigna ho uThe aura unhone use paDhate hI 10 janavarI san 1908 ko eka patra likhA, jisase jAna paDA kipremIjI kA sambandha 'janamitra' se banA huA hai| samAlocanA kI pratyAlocanA na karake premI jI ne isa patra ke dvArA prema kA hAtha baDhAyA aura likhA-"jabase 'jainagajaTa' Apake hAtha meM AyA hai, jainamitra' varAvara usakI prazasA kiyA karatA hai aura usakI icchA bhI mApase koI virodha karane kI nahIM hai|'' jo ho gayA so ho gyaa| hamArA samAja unnata nahIM hai, avidyA bahuta hai, isalie Apake virodha se hAni kI zakA kI jAtI hai| nahIM to Apako itanA kaSTa nahIM diyA jaataa| Apa hamAre dhArmika bandhu hai aura ApakA tathA hamArA dono kA dhyeya eka hai| isalie isa taraha zatrutA utpanna karane kI koziza na kiijie| 'jainamitra' se merA sambandha hai| isalie Apako yaha patra likhanA pddaa|" isa patra kA abhinandana kiyA gayA aura 15 janavarI ko hI premapUrNa zabdo meM unake patra kA uttara de diyA gyaa| ina dono patro ke AdAna-pradAna se hI premI jI ke aura mere bIca mitratA kA prArambha huA, jo uttarottara vaDhatI hI gaI aura jisase sAmAjika sevAkAryoM meM eka ko dUsare kA sahayoga barAvara prApta hotA rahA aura eka dUsare para apane dukha-sukha ko bhI prakaTa karatA rahA hai /

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abhinandanIya premI jI 741 isI mitratA ke phalasvarUpa premI jI ke anurodha para merA san 1927 aura 1928 meM do bAra bambaI jAnA huA aura unhI ke pAsa mahInA do-do mahInA ThaharanA huaa| premI jI bhI mujhase milane ke lie do-eka vAra sarasAvA pdhaare| apanI sakhta vImArI ke avasara para premI jI ne jo vasIyatanAmA ( will ) likhA thaa| usameM mujhe bhI apanA TrasTI banAyA thA tathA apane putra hemacandra kI zikSA kA bhAra mere supurda kiyA thA, jisakI nauvata nahI aaii| apane priya patra 'janahitaiSI' kA sampAdana-bhAra bhI ve mere Upara rakha cuke hai, jisakA nirvAha mujhase do varSa taka ho skaa| usake bAda se vaha patra banda hI calA jAtA hai| inake alAvA unhone 'ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra' kI prastAvanA likha dene kA mujhase anurodha kiyA aura maine koI do varSa kA samaya lagA kara ratnakaraNDa kI prastAvanA hI nahIM likhI, balki usake kartA svAmI samantabhadra kA itihAsa bhI likha kara unheM de diyaa| yaha itihAsa jaba premI jI ko samarpita kiyA gayA aura usake samarpaNa-patra meM unakI prastAvanA likha dene kI preraNA kA ullekha karane tathA unhe itihAsa ko pAne kA adhikArI batalAne ke anantara yaha likhA gayA ki-"ApakI samAja-sevA, sAhityasevA, itihAsaprIti, satyaruci aura guNajJatA bhI saba milakara mujhe isa bAta ke lie prerita kara rahI hai ki maiM apanI isa pavitra aura pyArI kRti ko ApakI bheTa kruuN| ata mai Apake karakamalo meM ise sAdara samarpita karatA huuN| AzA hai, Apa svaya isase lAbha uThAte hue dUsaro ko bhI yatheSTa lAbha pahuMcAne kA yatla kareMge," sAtha hI eka patra dvArA itihAsa para unakI sammati mAMgI gaI aura kahI koI sazodhana kI jarUrata ho to use sUcanA-pUrvaka kara dene kI preraNA bhI kI gaI, taba isa sava ke uttara me premI jI ne jina zabdo kA vyavahAra kiyA hai, unase unakA saujanya TapakatA hai / 15 mArca san 1925 ke patra meM unhone likhA "maiM apanI vartamAna sthiti me bhalA usa (itihAsa) meM sazodhana kyA kara sakatA hU~ aura sammati hI kyA de sakatA huuN| itanA mai jAnatA hU~ ki Apa jo likhate hai vaha sucintita aura prAmANika hotA hai| usameM itanI gujAiza hI Apa nahI choDate hai ki dUsarA koI kucha kaha ske| isameM sandeha nahIM ki Apane yaha prastAvanA aura itihAsa likha kara jaina-samAja me vaha kAma kiyA hai, jo aba taka kisI ne nahI kiyA thA aura na abhI jaldI koI kara hI skegaa| murkha jana-samAja bhale hI isakI kadara na kare, parantu vidvAna Apake parizrama kI sahasra mukha se prazasA kreNge| Apane imame apanA jIvana hI lagA diyA hai| itanA parizrama karanA sabake lie sahaja nahI hai / mai cAhatA hU~ ki koI vidvAn isakA mArAza agrejI patro me prakAzita kraaye| bAbU hIrAlAla jI ko mai isa viSaya meM likhuugaa| iDiyana eTikverI vAle ise avazya hI prakAzita kara dege| "kyA Apa mujhe isa yogya samajhate hai ki ApakI vidvanmAnya hone vAlI yaha racanA mujhe bheMTa kI jAya ? ayogyo ke lie aisI cIje sammAna kA nahI, kabhI-kabhI lajjA kA kAraNa bana jAtI hai , isakA bhI Apane kabhI vicAra kiyAhai ? maiM Apako apanA bahuta hI pyArA bhAI samajhatA hU~ aura aisA ki jisake lie mai hamegA mitro me garva kiyA karatA huuN| jainiyo meM aisA hai hI kona, jisake lekha kisI ko garva ke sAtha dikhAye jA sake ?" isa taraha patro para se premI jI kI prakRti, pariNati aura hRdayasthiti kA kitanA hI patA calatA hai| ni sandeha premI jI prema aura saujanya kI mUrti hai| unakA premI' upanAma bilkula sArthaka hai| maine unake pAsa raha kara unhe nikaTa se bhI dekhA hai aura unake vyavahAra ko sarala tathA niSkapaTa pAyA hai| unakA Atithya-satkAra sadA hI sarAhanIya rahA hai aura hRdaya paropakAra tathA sahayoga kI bhAvanA se pUrNa jAna paDA hai| unhone sAhitya ke nirmANa aura prakAzana-dvArA deza aura samAja kI Thosa sevAeM kI hai aura ve apane hI puruSArtha tathA ImAnadArI ke sAtha kiye gae parizrama ke bala para itane vaDe bane hai tathA isa rutabe ko prApta hue hai| ata abhinandana ke isa zubha avasara para maiM unheM apanI hArdika zraddhAjali arpaNa karatA huuN| sarasAvA]

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premI jI zrI banArasIdAsa caturvedI Aja se aTThAIsa varSa pahale premI jI ke darzana indaura meM hue the| sthAna kA mujhe ThIka-ThIka smaraNa ,nahIM, zAyada lAlA jagamadiralAla jI jaja sAhaba kI koThI para hama donoM mile the| indaura meM mahAtmA gAndhI jI ke samApatittva meM san 1918 meM hindI sAhitya-sammelana kA jo adhivezana huA thA, usI ke AsapAsa kA samaya thaa| premI jI kI grantha-mAlA kI una dinoM kAphI prasiddhi ho cukI thI aura prArambha meM hI usake bAraha sau sthAyI grAhaka bana gaye the| una dino bhI, mere hRdaya meM yaha AkAkSA thI ki "hindI-grantha-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya' se merI kisI pustaka kAprakAzana ho, para pramAdavaza meM apanI koI pustaka unakI granthA-mAlA meM Aja taka nahIM chapA skaa| sunA hai, janazAstro meM solaha prakAra kA pramAda batalAyA hai / satrahaveM prakAra ke pramAda (sAhityika pramAda) kA premI jI ko patA hI nhii| isalie paccIsa varSa taka ve isI ummeda meM rahe ki zAyada unakI grantha-mAlA ke lie mai kucha likha skuugaa| premI jI kA yaha vaDA bhArI guNa hai ki ve dUsaroM kI truTi ke prati sadA kSamAzIla rahate hai| aneka sAhityikoM ne unake sAtha ghora durvyavahAra kiyA hai, para unake prati bhI ve koI dveSa-bhAva nahIM rkhte| premI jI ke jIvana kA eka darzana-zAstra hai| use hama sakSepa meM yo kaha sakate hai-khUba DaTa kara parizrama karanA, apanI zakti ke anusAra kArya hAtha meM lenA, apane vitta ke anusAra dUsaro kI sevA karanA aura saba ke prati sadbhAva rkhnaa| yadi eka vAkya meM kaheM to yo kaha sakate hai ki premI jI sacce sAdhaka hai| pichale bhaTThAIsa varSoM meM premI jI se bIsiyo bAra milane kA maukA milA hai| san 1921 meM to kaI mahIne bambaI meM unake nikaTa rahane kA saubhAgya bhI prApta huA thA aura vicAra-parivartana ke pacAso hI bhavasara mujhe prApta hue hai| premI jI ko kaI bAra kaThora ciTTiyAM mane likhIM, kaI daphA vAda-vivAda meM kaTu AlocanA bhI kI aura aneka bAra cAya ke naze meM unake ghaTe para ghaTe varvAda kiye, para ina aTThAIsa varSoM meM maine premI jo ko kabhI apane Upara nArAja yA udvigna nahIM paayaa| kyA majAla ki eka bhI kaThora zabda kabhI unakI kalama se nikalA ho athavA kamI bhUla kara bhI unhone apane patra meM koI kaTutA pAne do ho| apanI bhASA aura bhAvoM para aisA svAbhAvika niyaMtraNa kevala sAdhaka loga hI kara sakate hai, hA~, kRtrima niyatraNa kI bAta dUsarI hai| vaha to vyApArI loga bhI kara le jAte hai| premI jI ke Atma-sayama kA bhASAra unakI saccI dhArmikatA hai, jaba ki vyApAriyoM ke sayama kI nIva svArtha para hotI hai| premI jI kA prathama patra premI jI kA prathama patra, jo mere pAsa surakSita hai, Asoja badI 12, saMvat 1976 kA hai / sattAIsa varSa pUrva ke isa patra ko mai gahA~ kRtajJatA-svarUpa jyoM-kA-tyo uddhRta kara rahA huuN| priya mahAzaya, ___ tIna-cAra dina pahale maiM mahAtmA gAdhI jI se milA thaa| Apako mAlUma hogA ki unhone gujarAtI meM 'navajIvana' nAma kA patra nikAlA hai aura aba ve hindI meM bhI 'navajIvana' ko nikAlanA cAhate hai| isake lie unheM eka hindI-sampAdaka kI AvazyakatA hai| mujhe unhone AjJA dI ki eka acche sampAdaka kI mai khoja kara duuN| paraso unake 'navajIvana' ke prabadhakartA svAmI AnandAnanda jI se bhI merI bheMTa huii| maine ApakA jikra kiyA to unhone merI sUcanA ko bahuta hI upayukta smjhaa| unhone ApakI likhI huI 'pravAsI bhAratavAsI' prAdi pustakeM par3hI hai|

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sAdhaka premI lI 743 "kyA Apa ina kArya ko karanA pananda kareMge? vetana Apa jo cAheMge, vaha mila skegaa| isake lie koI vivAda na hogaa| "merI samajha meM Apake rahane meM patra kI dazA acchI ho jAyagI aura Apako bhI apane vicAra prakaTa karane kA upayukta kSetra mila jaaygaa| gAvI jI ke pAsa rahane kA suyoga anAyAna prApta hogaa| "patra kA Aphisa ahamadAbAda meM yA bambaI meM rhegaa| "gujarAtI kI 15 hajAra pratiyAM nikalatI hai| hindI kI bhI itanI hI yA isase bhI adhika nikleNgii| "patrottara zIghra diijie| bhavadIya nAyUrAma yadyapi patra kA prArambha 'priya mahAgaya aura anna bhavadIya' se huA hai, tathApi usanepremI jo kI AtmIyatA spaSTanayA prakaTa hotI hai| premI jI jAnate the ki rAjakumAra kAleja indaura kI naukarI ke kAraNa mujhe apane nAhityika vyaktitva ko vikasita karane kA maukA nahIM mila rahA thaa| isalie unhoMne mahAtmA jI ke hindI-'navajIvana' ke lie merI niphAriga karake mere lie vicAroM ko prakaTa karane kA upayukta kSetra talAga kara diyA thaa| kheda kI vAta hai ki maiM una namaya 'navajIvana' meM nahIM jA skaa| maiM gujarAtI vilkula nahIM jAnatA thaa| isalie maine usa kArya ke lie prayala bhI nahIM kiyaa| Age calakara banvuvara haribhAU jo ne, jo gujarAtI aura marAThI dono ke hI acche jAtA rahe haiM, bar3I yogyatApUrvaka hindI navajIvana' kA sampAdana kiyaa| zAyada merI mukti ko kAlalabdhi nahIM huI thii| premI jI ke ukta patra ke sAla nara vAda dInadanyUeNDaz2a ke Adeza para maine vaha naukarI chor3a dI aura unake mavA mAla bAda mahAtmA jI ke AdezAnunAra mai vambaI pahuMca gayA, jahAM kaI mahIne taka premI jI ke satlaga kA mubhavamara milaa| AtmIyatA ke mAya upayogI parAmarga dene kA guNa maine premI jI meM prathama paricaya ne hI pAyA thA aura phira vambaI meM to unhIM kI chatrachAyA meM rhaa| kaccA dUdha amuka musalamAna kI dukAna para andA milatA hai, daliyA vahA~ se liyA karo, vhalane kA niyama bambaI meM anivArya hai, bhojana kI vyavasthA isa Dhaga me karo aura amaka mahAbhaya me mAvavAna rahanA, kyoki ve uvAra ke rupaye AmadanI ke khAte meM likhate haiN| ityAdi kitane hI upadeza unhone majhe diye the| yahI nahIM, merI bhojana-sambanvI anAdhya vyavasthA ko dekhakara mujhe eka annapUrNA-kukara bhI kharidavA diyA thaa| yadi apane vambaI-pravAna ne mai nakugala hI nahIM, tandurusta bhI lauTa sakA to usakA zreya premI jI kohI hai| vambaI meM mane premI jI ko nityaprati gyAraha bAraha ghaTe paritrama karate dekhA thA / savere nAta se vAraha vaje taka aura phira eka ne cha taka aura tatpazcAt rAta meM bhI ghaTe do ghaTe kAma karanA unake lie nitya kA niyama thaa| unakI kaThora sAvanA ko dekhakara Azcarya hotA thaa| apane Upara ve kama-ne-kama kharca karate the| ghoDA-gADI meM bhI vaiThane hue premI jI ko maine kabhI nahIM dekhA, moTara kI vAta to bahuta dUra rhii| vambaI ke cAlIna varSa ke pravAsa ke bAda bhI bambaI ke aneka bhAga aine hoge, jahA~ premI jo aba taka nahIM gye| prAta kAla ke samaya ghara se vhalane ke lie sanuda-taTa taka aura tatpazcAt ghara ne dukAna aura dukAna se ghara, vama premI jI kI dauDa isI dAyare me somita tho, aura kabhI-kabhI to Tahalane kA niyama bhI TUTa jAtA thaa| aneka vAra premI jI kA yaha Adeza mujhe bhI milA thA, "caubejI, aAja mujhe to dukAna kA bahuta-sA kAma hai| isalie Aja hema hI Apake mAya jaaygaa|" premI jI pratyeka patra kA uttara apane hAtha se likhate the (isa niyama kA ve aba taka pAlana karate rahe hai), ffa svaya hI dekhataye, anuvAdo kI bhASA ko mUla se milAkara unakA nazodhana karate the aura Ane-jAne vAlo se bAtacIta bhI karate the| vambaI padhArane vAle nAhityiko kA Atithya to mAno unhI ke hine meM AyA thaa| maiMne unheM saptAha

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744 premI-abhinaMdana-tha ke sAto dina aura mahInoM ke tIsoM dina binA kisI udvignatoM ke kAma karate dekhA thaa| umra meM aura, aMkala meM bhI choTe hone para bhI maiM una dino premI jI kA majAka uDAyA karatA thA, "Apa bhI kyA telI ke baiMleM / kI taraha lage rahate hai, ghara se dUkAna aura dUkAna se ghrN| ise cakkara se kabhI vAhira hI nahIM niklte|" para usa parizramazIlatA kA mUlya meM Age cala kara AMka pAyA, jaba maine dekhA ki usI ke kAraNa premI jI hindI ke sarvazreSTha prakAzaka bana gaye, usI kI vajaha se bIsiyoM lekhako kI racanAeM zuddha chapa sakI, unheM hindI-jagata meM pratiSThA mila sakI aura mAtRbhASA ke bhaDAra meM aneka upayogI anyo, kI vRddhi ho skii| premI jo prArambha se hI mitabhASI rahe hai aura vAtUna AdamiyoM se unakI akkala bahuta cakarAtI hai| hamArI kamI khatama na hone vAlI-'hitopadeza' ke yamanaka damanaka ke kisso kI taraha prAsagika athavA aprAsagika vistAra' se zrotA ke magaja ko cATa jAne vAlI bAto ko sunakara ve aneka bAra cakita, stabdha aura stambhita raha gaye hai aura ekAdha bAra baDe dave zabdo meM unhone hamAre mitroM se kahA bhI hai, "caube jI itanI vAteM kaise kara lete haiM, hameM to isI para Azcarya hotA hai|" premI jI ke viSaya meM likhate hue hama isa bAtapara khAsa taura para jora denA cAhate haiM ki atyantaM sAdhAraNa, sthiti se unhone apane Apako UMcA uThAyA hai| Aja kA yuga jana-sAdhAraNa kA yuga hai aura premI jI sAdhAraNa-jana ke pratinidhi ke rUpa meM vandanIya hai| premI jo ko vyApAra meM jo saphalatA milI hai, usakA mUlya hamArI nigAha meM bahuta hI kama hai, balki nagaNya hai| sva0 rAmAnanda caTTopAdhyAya ne hamase kahA thA, "yaha asabhava hai ki koI bhI vyakti dUsaro kA zoSaNa kiye binA, lakhapatI bana jaay|" jaba artha-sagraha ke mUla meM hI doSa vidyamAna hai to premI jI isa aparAdha se barI nahIM ho skte| para hameM yahAM unakI AlocanA nahI karanI, balki apanI ruci kI bAta kahanI hai| hamAre lie bhAkarSaNa kI vastu premI jo kA sagharSamaya jIvana hI hai| jarA kalpanA kIjie, premI jI ke pitA jI TUDemodI ghoDe para namaka-guDa vagairaha mAmAna lekara dehAta meM becane gaye hue hai aura dina bhara mehanata karake cAra-pAMca pAne paise kamA kara lAte haiN| ghara ke AdamI atyanta daridra avasthA meM hai| jo loga modI jI se karja le gaye the, ve dene kA nAma nahIM lete| rUkhA-sUkhA jo kucha mila jAtA hai, usI se saba ghara peTa bhara letA hai| isa avasthA meM bhI yadi koI saMkaTagrasta bhAdamI udhAra mAMgane AtA hai to modI jI ke muMha se 'nA' nahIM nikltii| isa kAraNa ve karjadAra bhI ho gaye the| sva0 hemacandra - ne likhA thA "eka vAra kI bAta hai ki ghara meM dAla-cAvala paka kara taiyAra hue the aura saba khAne ko vaiThane vAle hI the ki, sAhUkAra kuDakI lekara paayaa| usane vasUlI meM cUlhe para kA pItala kA bartana bhI mAMga liyaa| usase kahA gayA ki . bhAI, thoDI dera Thahara, hameM khAnA khA lene de, phira bartana le jAnA, para usane kucha na sunaa| vartana vahIM rAkha meM uDela' diya / khAnA sava nIce rAkha meM mila gayA aura vaha bartana lekara calatA bnaa| sAre kuTumba ko usa dina phAkA karanA pdd'aa|" tatpazcAt hama premI jI ko dehAtI madarase meM mAsTarI karate hue dekhate hai, jahAM unakA vetana cha sAta rupaye mAsika thaa| unameM se ve tIna rupaye meM apanA kAma calAte the aura cAra rupaye ghara bheja dete the| unakI isa bAta se hameM apane pUjya pitAjo ko kiphAyatazArI ko yAda A jAtI hai| ve pacAsa varSa taka dehAtI skUlo meM muMdarisa rahe, aura unakA ausata vetana dasa rupaye mAsika rhaa| daraasala premI jo hamAre pitA jo kI pIDhI ke puruSa hai, jo parizrama tathA sayama meM vizvAsa rakhatI thI aura ' jisakI prazasanIya mitavyayitA se lAbha uThAne vAle manacale loga usI mitavyayitA ko kasI ke nAma se pukArate. haiM! jahA~ premI jo eka-eka paisA bacAne kI mora dhyAna dete hai vahA~ samaya par3ane para saikaDo rupaye dAna karane meM bhI ve.

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sAdhaka premI jI 745 nahIM hickicaate| apanI kiphAyatazArI ke kAraNa hI ve svAbhimAna kI rakSA kara sake hai| yahI nahIM, kitane hI lekhakoM ko bhI unake svAbhimAna kI rakSA karane meM ve mahAyaka hue hai| premI jI kA sampUrNa jIvana sagharSa karate hI bItA hai aura jaba unake ArAma ke dina Aye tava ghora devI durghaTanA ne unake sAre manasUbo para pAnI phera diyA | deva kI gati koI nahI jAnatA | Izvara aimA dukha kisI ko bhI na de| ukta vajrapAta kA mamAcAra premI jI ne hameM ina zabdo meM bhejA thA "merA bhAgya phUTa gayA aura paramo rAta ko 12 vaje pyAre hemacandra kA jIvana-dIpa bujha gyaa| ava sava ora andhakAra ke sivAya aura kucha nahI dikhAlAI detaa| koI bhI upAya kAragara nahIM huaaa| bahU kA na thamane vAlA Aphandana chAtI phADa rahA hai| use kaise samajhAU~, samajha meM nahIM aataa| rote-rote use gaza A jAte hai| vidhi kI lIlA hai ki ma mATha varSa kA bUDhA baiThA rahA aura javAna veTA calA gyaa| jo vAta kalpanA me bhI na thI, vaha ho gii| aisA lagatAhai ki yaha koI svapna hai, jo zAyada jhUTha nikala jaay|" aAja me dama varSa pahale yahI vajrapAta hamAre svayi pitA jI para huA thaa| hamAre anuja rAmanArAyaNa catubaMdI kA dehAnta 6 akTUbara man 1936 ko kalakatte meM huA thaa| apane pitA jI kI sthiti kI kalpanA karake hama premIjI ko ghora yAtanA kA kucha-kucha andAz2a lagA mke| jarmanI ke mahAkavi geTe ko nimnalikhita kavitA cirasmaraNIya hai "Who never ate his bread in sorrow Who never spent the midnight hours Weeping and waiting for the morrow He knows you not, ye heavenly powers" arthAt--"e daivI-yaktiyo / ve manuSya tumheM jAna hI nahIM sakate, jinheM duHkhapUrNa samaya me bhojana karane kA durbhAgya prApta nahIM huyA tathA jinhone rote hue aura prAta kAla kI pratIkSA karate hue rAte nahIM kaattii|" jinake jIvana ko dhArA vinA kisI rukAvaTa ke sIdhe-sAde DhaGga para vahatI rahatI hai, jinako apane jIvana meM kabhI bhayakara dukho kA sAmanA nahI karanA paDatA, ve premI jo kI hRdaya-vedanA kI kalpanA bhI nahI kara skte| samAna aparAdhI eka vAta me premI jI aura hama samAnarUpa se mujarima hai / jo aparAva hamase vana paDA thA, vahI premI jo se| hamAre svargIya anuja rAmanArAyaNa ne pa0 padmasiMha jI se kaI vAra zikAyata kI thI "dAdA duniyA bhara ke lekha chApate hai, para hame protsAhana nahI dete|" yahI zikAyata hemacanda ko apane dAdA (pitA jI) se rahI / premI jI ne apane sasmaraNo me likhA thA yo to vaha apanI manamAnI karane vAlA pravAdhya putra thA, parantu bhItara se mujhe prANo se bhI adhika cAhatA thaa| pichalI vImArI ke samaya java DA0 karoDe ke yahAM dame kA ijaikzana lene vA~darA gayA tava mere zarIra meM khUna na rahA thA / DAkTara ne kahA ki kisI javAna ke khUna kI z2arUrata hai / hema ne tatkAla apanI vAha vaDhA dI aura mere rokaterokate apane zarIra kA prAdhA pauDa rakta ha~sate-ha~sate de diyA | mere lie vaha sava kucha karane ko sadA taiyAra thaa| ___"aba java hema nahI rahA taba socatA hU~ to mere aparAdho kI paramparA sAmane Akara khaDI ho jAtI hai aura pazcAttApa ke mAre hRdaya dagdha hone lagatA hai| merA savase vaDA aparAdha yaha hai ki maiM usakI yogyatA kA mUlya ThIka nahI AMka sakA aura usako Age baDhane se utsAhita na karake ulTA rokatA rhaa| hamezA yahI kahatA rahA, "abhI aura tthhro| apanA jJAna aura bhI paripakva ho jAne do| yaha tumane ThIka nahIM likhaa| isameM 64

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746 premI-abhinavana-praya ye doSa mAlUma hote hai / " isase use baDA dukha hotA thA aura kabhI-kabhI to vaha atyanta nirAza ho jAtA thaa| eka bAra to usane apanA likhA huA eka vistRta nivadha mere sAmane hI uThA kara saDaka para pheka diyA thA aura phaphakaphaphaka kara rone lagA thaa| usa aparAdha kI yA galatI kI gurutA aba mAlUma hotI hai| kAza usa samaya maine use utsAhita kiyA hotA aura Age bar3hane diyA hotaa| aba taka to usake dvArAna jAne kitanA sAhitya nirmANa ho gayA hotaa|" jo pachatAvA premI jI ko hai, vahI mujhe bhii| isa gurutama aparAdho kA prAyazcitta bhI eka hI hai / vaha yaha ki hama loga pratibhAzAlI yuvako ko nirantara protsAhana dete rheN| premI jI ne apane parizrama se saskRta, prAkRta, apabhraza ityAdi bhASAo kI jo yogyatA prApta kI hai aura sAhityika tathA aitihAsika anveSaNa-kArya meM unakI jo gati hai, unake bAre meM kucha bhI ligvanA hamAre lie anadhikAra ceSTA hogii| manuSyatA kI dRSTi se hameM unake caritra me jo guNa apane isa aTThAIsa varSa-vyApI paricaya me dIkha paDe hai unhI para eka sarasarI nigAha isa lekha meM DAlI gaI hai| DaTa kara mehanata karane kI jo Adata unhone apane vidyArthI-jIvana meM hI DAlI thI vahI unhe ava taka samhAle huI hai| apane hisse me Aye hue kArya ko ImAnadArI se pUrA karane kA guNa kitane kama buddhijIviyo meM pAyA jAtA hai / azuddhiyo se unheM kitanI ghRNA hai, isakA eka karuNotpAdaka daSTAnta usa samaya hamArasammakha AyA thA, jaba hama svargIya hemacandra viSayaka masmaraNAtmaka pastaka bambaI meM chapavA rahe the| dUsare kisI bhI bhAvuka vyakti se vaha kAma na bana sakatA, jo premI jI ne kiyaa| premI jI baDI sAvadhAnI se usa pustaka ke prUpha paDhate the| paDhate-par3hate hRdaya dravita ho jAtA, purAnI bAteM yAda ho pAtI, kabhI na purane vAlA ghAva asahya TIsa dene lagatA, thoDI dera ke lie prUpha choDa dete aura phira usI kaThora kartavya kA pAlana krte| ____ vRddha pitA ke ikalaute yuvaka putra ke sasmaraNa-atha ke prUpha dekhanA | kaisA ghora satApayukta sAdhanAmaya jIvana hai mahAprANa premI jI kaa| ___ bAlyAvasthA kI vaha daridratA, sva0 pitA jI kI vaha parizramazIlatA, kuDakI karAne vAle mAhUkAra kI vaha hRdayahInatA, cha-sAta rupaye kI vaha mudariMsI aura babaI-pravAsa ke ve cAlIsa varSa, jiname sukha-dukha, gArha sthika Anada aura devI durghaTanAmo ke bIca vaha adbhuta prAtma-niyaraNa, bundelakhaNDa ke eka nirdhana grAmINa vAlaka kA akhila bhArata ke sarvazreSTha hindI prakAzaka ke rUpa meM AtmanirmANa-nissadeha sApaka premI jI ke jIvana meM prabhAvotpAdaka philma ke lie paryApta sAmagrI vidyamAna hai| usa sAdhaka ko zataza praNAma / TIkamagaDha]

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citra - paricaya 1- zraddhAjali manohArI citra ke nirmAtA zrI suvIra khAstagIra hai / isameM cehare se tanmayatA aura zraddhA ke bhAva spaSTa jhalakate haiM / padma ke rUpa meM mAno hRdaya kI mamUcI zraddhA ajali me bhara kara zrArAdhya ke caraNI meM arpita kI jA rahI hai / 2- pozita bhRttikA ( kalAkAra - zrI sudhIra khAstagIra) yaha yovana kI chaTA ! ghaTA pAvasa kI ! kara meM kaja, kalaza meM jala, caraNa zithila yauvana- bhAra se / khIMca dI hai dRSTi pala meM bhRttike ! kisa sumohana-matra ne ? dRSTi-vadhana meM ba~dhI he vandinI ! kholatI yoM lAja-vadhana zrAja tuma ! 3 - sittannavAsala kI nRtyamugdhA apsarA dakSiNa kI pudukoTTai riyAmata meM sittannavAsala ( jaina siddhAnA vAsa ) guphA ajantA kI prasiddha guphA kI taraha bhitticitro se gralakRta haiM / ye citra lagabhaga sAtavI gatI ke hai aura rAjA mahendra varman pallava ke samakAlIna kahe jAte haiM / kalA kI dRSTi se citra bahuta utkRSTa hai / iname bhI padma-vana kA citra aura devanRtya karatI huI eka apsarA kA citra to bahuta hI sundara haiM / nRtyamugvA zrapsarA ke prastuta citra meM rekhAo kA kauzala aura bhAva vyajanA kalA kI caramasImA ko prakaTa karate hai / pUrva madhyakAla ke jIvana meM jo prANamaya ullAsa thA, jimane kumArila aura gakara jaise karmAdhyakSa rASTra-nirmAtA ko janma diyA aura jo elorA ke kailAsa maMdira meM prakaTa huA, usakI prajita zakti isa citra ke rekhA -karma meM bhI spaSTa jhalakatI hai / zrAnanda ke kAraNa zarIra zrora mana kI anUThI bhAvodrekatA nAcatI huI devAganA ke rUpa me prakaTa kI gaI hai / 4 - devagaDha kA viSNu madira yaha maMdira gupta kAla kI ramaNIya kalAkRti hai / isake zilA-paTTI para jo zilpa kI zobhA hai, usame rasajJa darzaka saundarya ke loka meM uTha kara apUrva zrAnanda kA anubhava karatA hai / citra, zilpa, bhASA, vepa, zrAbharaNa Adi jIvana ke sabhI gome suruci aura sayama ke sAtha sundaratA kI upAmanA ko tatkAlIna mAnava ne apanA dhyeya kalpita kiyA hai / kalAmaya mauMdarya ke atirikta isa viSNumadira kI eka vizeSatA zrIra hai, jisake kAraNa bhAratIya mUrtikalA meM isakA sthAna vahuta U~cA hai| rAma aura kRSNa ke jIvana kI kathAo kA citraNa bhAratIya kalA meM sarvaprathama devagaDha ke viSNumaMdira meM hI pAyA gayA hai / 350 I -425 I0 ke bIca meM isa maMdira kA nirmANa anumAnata mamrAT candragupta ke putra bhAgavata govinda gupta kI satpreraNA se karAyA gayA thaa|

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premI-abhinaMdana-pratha 5 - viSNu maMdira kA praveza dvAra viSNumadira kI zobhA kI khAna usakA pazcimAbhimukhI yaha praveza dvAra haiM / usakA caukhaTA 11 -2" U~cA aura 10'-9" cauDA hai | isa caukhaTe meM jo praveza mArga hai, vaha 6-11" U~cA aura 3-41 " cauDA hai / cAroM zrora kA zeSa bhAga atyanta sundara abhiprAya ( Motif) aura mUrtiyo se sajA huA hai / upAsako ke lie devamaMdira meM jo sundaratA kI paramanidhi deva pratimA thI, usakI chavi kA pUrNa sakaita isa dvAra kI zobhA meM akita kiyA gayA hai / vizuddha kalA ko dRSTi se dvAra para utkIrNa pannahAvalI evaM usake pArzva stabho para citrita upAsaka strI-puruSo ko mUrtiyA~ atyanta sundara hai / gupta-kAlIna mAnava ke hRdaya meM sauMdarya kI jo sAdhanA thI, usakI yatheSTa abhivyakti isa maMdira ke dvAra para milatI hai / 748 6- zeSazAyI viSNu yaha mUrti kAphI bar3e AkAra ke lAla patthara para ( viSNumaMdira kI dakSiNa kI dIvAra para) khudI huI haiM / ananta yA zeSa para viSNu leTe hue haiN| lakSmI kI goda meM unakA eka paira hai / unakA eka hAtha unake dAhine paira para rakkhA huA hai aura dUsarA mastaka ko sahArA diye hue hai / unake nAbhi-kamala para prajApati virAjamAna hai / Upara mahAdeva, indra Adi devatA apane-apane vAhano para baiThe haiM / nIce pANDavo sameta dropadI dikhAI gaI hai / kucha vyaktiyo ko rAya me ye pA~ca zrAyudha-dhArI vIra puruSa hai / sabhI mUrtiyo kI ceSTAeM vaDI svAbhAvika hai| lakSmI caraNa cApa rahI haiM / unakI komala u~galiyo ke dabAva se caraNa kI mAsapezI daba rahI hai / vastro kI eka-eka sikuDana spaSTa hai / 7- nara-nArAyaNa-tapazcaryA viSNumadira kI dIvAra meM pUrva kI ora lage isa zilApaTTa para vadarikAzrama meM nara-nArAyaNa kI tapasyA kA sundara dRzya akita hai| tApasa veSadhArI naranArAyaNa jaTAjUTa bAMdhe aura mRgacarma pahine hue haiM / 8- gajendra-mokSa viSNumadira ke uttara kI ora ke isa zilApaTTa para gajendramokSa kA dRzya akita hai / padmavana ke bhItara eka hAthI ko do nAgo ne apane kuNDalo meM jakaDa rakkhA hai| usakI sahAyatA ke lie garuDa para caDha kara caturbhujI viSNu vaDe sambhrama se padhAre haiM / yahA~ abhI taka graha yA magara kI mUrti kA isa kathA ke sAtha savadha nahI dIkha paDatA, gaja kA grAha karane vAle nAga aura nAgI hai / kyoki itanI mamatA ! mamatAmayi / khaga choDa mukta nabha ko uDAna, pakhoM kA sukha au' madhura tAna, saba khica prAye 9 - prakRti- kanyA ( kalAkAra - zrI sudhIra khAstagIra) ho maMtra-mugdha karane ko tava mukha-sudhA pAna ! lo, kokila, zuka, sArikA sabhI khica Ae acaraja yaha mahAn !

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746 citra-paricaya 10-16-bundelakhaNDa-citrAvalI a-orachA kA kilA orachA kA yaha kilA bhArata ke prasiddha kilo meM se eka hai| isake adhikAza bhAgo kA nirmANa orachA ke pratApI nareza vIrasiMhadeva prathama ne karavAyA thaa| kile ke bhItara kaI imArateM bhAratIya vAstu-kalA kI dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| uname pramukha rAjamahala aura jahA~gIra-mahala hai / rAjamahala tIna majila kA hai / isame kahI bhI kASTha kA prayoga nahIM huA hai| mahArAja vIrasiMha prathama kI yaha kalA-kRti vAstava meM vaDI sundara hai / jahA~gaura mahala meM patthara kI kArIgarI darzanIya hai / yaha kilA vetravatI ke taTa para banA huA hai / bhItarI bhAga kI taraha isakA bAharI bhAga bhI kitanA cittAkarSaka hai| A-orachA meM vetravatI ___orachA kA mahatva usake bhavya prAsAdo ke kAraNa to hai hI, sAtha hI vahAM kA vetravatI kA prAkRtika saudarya bhI baDA hI mohaka hai / vetravatI ko 'kalo gagA' (kaliyuga kI gagA) kahA gayA hai / bundelakhaNDa kI pramukha nadiyo meM se yaha eka hai| orachA meM isake taTa para aneka pratApIorachA narezo kI samAdhiyA~ (chatariyA~)banI huI hai| citra meM vAI ora vIrasiMha deva prathama kI samAdhi hai, jo yahA~ ke baDe yazasvI rAjA hue hai / imArateM banavAne kA inheM baDA zauka thA aura bahuta se kilo kA inhone nirmANa karAyA thaa| datiyA ke mahala, orachA, baldevagaDha, jatArA, digauDA Adi ke kile inhI ke vanavAye hue hai| i-bundelakhaNDa kA eka grAmINa melA prastuta citra kuNDezvara ke mele kA hai| yaha sthAna TIkamagaDha se cAra mIla ke phAsale para lalitapura jAne vAlI saDaka para sthita hai| yahA~ para jamaDAra nAmaka nadI ke kinAre prativarSa zivarAtri ke avasara para padraha dina taka melA lagA karatA hai| dUra-dUra ke dukAnadAra pAte hai / sahasro nara-nArI ekatra hote haiN| bundelakhaNDa kI eka jhalaka isa mele meM mila jAtI hai| isa mele ko isa prAta kA pratinidhi-melA kahA jA sakatA hai / I-uSA-vihAra kuNDezvara se lagabhaga do mIla para jamaDAra aura jAmanera nadiyo kA sagama hai| kuNDezvara para jamaDAra kI do zAkhAeM ho jAtI hai aura ye dono karIba mIla DeDha mIla ke antara se jAmanera meM jAkara milatI hai| ina zAkhAo tathA jAmanera ke sahayoga se eka dvIpa kA nirmANa hotA hai, jisapara ghanA jagala hai| isakA nAma 'madhuvana' rakkhA gayA hai| isI 'madhuvana' meM jAmanera ke kaI sundara dRzya hai| prastuta citra meM jAmanera mathara gati se bahatI dikhAI detI hai| unake dono kinAro para ghane vRkSa hai, jinakA prativimba pAnI meM baDA bhalA lagatA hai| zrI devendra satyArthI kA kathana thA ki ise dekha kara kAzmIra kA smaraNa ho pAtA hai| vANAsura kI putrI uSA ke, jisakA madira thoDI hI dUra para isI nadI ke kinAre banA huA hai, nAma para isa sthAna kA nAmakaraNa huA hai| u-barI-ghATa isa citra meM jAmanera kA jala-prapAta dikhAI detA hai| jAmanera kI pUrI dhArA ko eka caTTAna ne rokakara bhavya prapAto kA nirmANa kiyA hai| lagabhaga do mahIne ke lie ye prapAta bada ho jAte hai / vANAsura jisa grAma meM nivAsa karatA thA, usa vAnapura grAma ko yahI hokara rAstA hai / yahA~ kI prAkRtika chaTA darzanIya hai|

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750 premI-abhinavana-graMtha U-jatArA ke sarovara kA eka dRzya orachA-rAjya meM lagabhaga nau sau tAlAva hai| kaI tAlAva to bahuta baDe hai / prastuta citra meM jisa tAlAva kA dRzya dikhAyA gayA hai, vaha rAjya ke vaDe tAlAvo meM se eka hai| isake kinAre para jatArA kA vizAla kilA hai| usake Upara caDha kara dekhane se tAlAva kA dRzya vaDA sundara dikhAI detA hai / isa tAlAba ke jala se kAphI bhUmi kI siMcAI hotI hai| e-kuNDezvara kA jala-prapAta ___isa citra meM jamaDAra nadI se nirmita jala-prapAta kA dRzya upasthita kiyA hai| vartamAna orachA-nareza ke pitAmaha ne lAkho kI lAgata se isa prapAta tathA isakI nikaTavartI koThI kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| vaDA hI manorama dRzya hai / isake najadIka ziva jI kA sagamaramara kA madira hai| yaha sthAna bundelakhaNDa kA tIrtha mAnA jAtA hai / kahA jAtA hai ki vANAsura kI kanyA uSA yahA~ Akara zivajI para jala caDhAyA karatI thii| prAkRtika eva dhArmika dRSTi se yaha sthAna vaDA mahatva-pUrNa hai| 17-ahAra kA eka dRzya bundelakhaNDa kA yaha gauravazAlI tIrtha ahAra orachA-rAjya kI rAjadhAnI TIkamagaDha se lagabhaga 12 mIla pUrva meM sthita hai| gyArahavI-vArahavI zatAbdI kI DhAI-tIna sau pratimAno kA vahA~ para sagraha hai| bhagavAna zAtinAtha kI mUrti ke zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki prAcIna kAla me vahAM para 'madanezasAgarapura' nAmaka nagara thA, jo kaI mIla ke ghere meM vasA thaa| ___ isa samaya vahAM para do madira aura eka meru hai tathA pAThazAlA aura kSetra ke kucha kamare / prastuta citra meM dono madira dikhAI dete hai / dAI ora kA madira prAcIna hai aura usame zAtinAtha bhagavAna kI aThAraha phuTa kI atyanta bhavya aura manojJa mUrti hai| dUsarA madira utanA purAnA nahIM hai|| pratimAno ko vyavasthita rUpa se pratiSThita karane ke lie vahAM para eka saMgrahAlaya kA nirmANa ho rahA hai| upalabdha mUrtiyo meM 85 phIsadI para zilA lekha hai, jinase itihAsa kI aneka mahattvapUrNa vAto kA patA calatA hai| ahAra prAkRtika sauMdarya kA bhaNDAra hai| 18-bhagavAna zAtinAtha kI mUrti bhagavAna zAtinAya kI isa aThAraha phuTa kI pratimA ke kAraNa prahAra kA gaurava kaI gunA bar3ha gayA hai / isa bhavya mUrti kA nirmANa samvat 1237 me pApaTa nAmaka mUrtikAra ne kiyA thaa| isake prAsana para jo zilA-lekha diyA humAhai, vaha etihAsika dRSTi se bar3A mahatvapUrNa hai / usase patA calatA hai ki yaha pratimA candela nareza paramaddhideva ke rAjyakAla meM taiyAra huI thii| zrI nAthUrAma jI premI kA kathana hai ki isa jaisI bhavya, saumya aura sundara pratimA unhone Ajataka nahIM dekhii| mahAn zilpI pApaTa ne suprasiddha gommaTezvara kI mUrti ke nirmAtA kI kalA-pratibhA ko bhI apane se pIche choDa diyaahai| isa mUrti kA sauSThava aura aga-pratyaga kI racanA darzako ke sammukha eka jIvita sauMdarya mUrti ko khaDI kara detI hai| itanI vizAla pratimA ko itanA sarvAGga sundara banAne kA kAma pApaTa jaisA kalAvizeSajJa aura sAdhaka hI kara sakatA thaa| 19-ku thunAtha bhagavAna kI mUrti ___yaha mUrti zAtinAtha bhagavAna ke vAe~ pArzva me hai aura gyAraha phuTa kI hai| isakA racanA-kAla bhI vahI hai| yadyapi isa mUrti kI nAsikA aura oSTa khaDita hai, tathApi usakA sauMdarya Aja bhI bar3A AkarSaka banA huA hai| vaDI

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ricaya mUrti kI bhAti isake bhI aga- nirdoSa hai| isake Asana pa utkIrNa hai, jisase patA calatAnapana ke kAraNa eka zokama karAyA thaa| ye mUrtiyAM bundelakhaNDa kA kA gaurava hai| nissada sasAra inakI ora AkRSTa hue ki mA aga-pra nirdoSa hai| isake Asana para eka vaDA mArmika lekha / calatanivana ke kAraNa eka zokamagna zreSThi ne isakA nirmANa lakhaNDa kA kA gaurava hai| nissadeha prakAza meM Ane para kalA-premI jali sudhIra khAsnagIra) padmalocana mUttivat prAhvAna meN| kara-padma meM Aja palako meM jaDita padmAJjalI mRdu svapna kobAMdhatI ho tApasI, tuma kauna se? zubha dhyAna para, jagat ke sAmane mata kholanA dhyAna kI palakeM, apara ye mauna ke| arghya detI, zIza nata sAdhanA sAka pArAdhanA ja simiTa kara nRtya-mattA / sudhIra khAstagIra) citra-se ho khIMcatI citra-se ho khIM yo zUnya meM devatA ke hetu Aja matavAlA se kalpanA kA jA phailAtI madhura? deha-vallI DolatI hai prAja yokisa navala RturAja kI madhu-vAta meM? 2) nRtya-matte! chA gayA bhU-loka lo, tumhArA nRtya mAyA-jAlana zUnya bhI sakula su-yauvana-bhAra se| svarga meM hai khila rahA sakhi, mauna-sA mRdula kara-jalajAta kisa sakoca meM? [sudhAra khAstagIra ke racaya ke lie hama zrI bhagavatI prasAda cadolA tathA devagar3ha ke pAracaya ke liAdevazaraNa agravAla tathA zrI kRSNAnada gupta ke AbhArI hai|