Prakrit Ratnakar

Author(s): Prem Suman Jain
Publisher: Rashtriya Prakrit Adhyayan evam Sanshodhan Samsthan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002287/1

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pAlataratnAkara pramukha prAkRta grantha, granthakAra evaM sambandhita viSaya) ramavakSanadhAva zumAraNAcA hakavasatA bNgrr tadAjAlApa (ghAsAyamA vitAsTIsa evaTikAyadA CO Ea pro. prema sumana jaina

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isa prAkRta ratnAkara grantha ko vizvakoza "inasAiklopIDiyA" ke paiTarna para taiyAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM akArAdi varNakrama se prAkRta sAhitya ke pramukha granthoM, granthakAroM, prAkRta bhASAoM, prAkRta sAhitya meM aMkita bhAratIya jana-jIvana aura samAja, loka jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM, prAkRta kI pramukha saMsthAoM, vibhAgoM, prAkRta ke sampAdakoM, vidvAnoM Adi ke viSaya meM saMkSipta, kintu mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI sarala aura lalita hindI bhASA meM prastuta kI gayI hai| prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya ke pratiSThita prAdhyApaka aura variSTha vidvAn prophesara prema sumanajaina ne prAkRta kA yaha eka AdhAra vizvakoza taiyAra kiyA hai| isameM aba taka prakAzita prAkRta ke granthoM aura zodhakAryoM ko bhI pariziSTa meM dekara vizvakoza ko pUrNa banAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai|lekhk kA prayatna sarAhanIya hai|aashaa hai, yaha grantha prAkRta premiyoM, zodhArthiyoM, vidvAnoM sabhI ke lie upayogI sAbita hogaa| - prakAzaka

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prAkRta ratnAkara (pramukha prAkRta grantha, granthakAra evaM sambandhita viSaya) pro. prema sumana jaina rASTrIya prAkRta adhyayana evaM saMzodhana saMsthAna zrI dhavalatIrthaM, zravaNabelagolA 573135 (karnATaka) 2012

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kRti lekhaka prakAzaka saujanya saMskaraNa ISBN : prAkRta ratnAkara mUlya : prophesara prema sumana jaina : rASTrIya prAkRta adhyayana evaM saMzodhana saMsthAna zrI dhavalatIrtha, zravaNabelagolA - 573135 jilA - hAsana, karnATaka (c) sarvAdhikAra : lekhakAdhIna mudraka : zrI tejarAja ramezacandra bAMThiyA vijayanagara, baiMgalora akSara saMyojana : AzISa hotIlAla jaina : prathama, maI 2012 ashishkumar.jain9301@gmail.com : 600/ : pAyorAITa prinTa mIDiyA prA. li., phona: 0294-2418482 udayapura Prakrit Ratnakara (Encyclopedia of Prakrit works, Authors and subjects) Shravanabelagola / 2012

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prakAzakIya prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya ke itihAsa meM aneka grantha aura granthakAra bhAratIya sAhitya kI nidhi ke rUpa meM surakSita haiN| ina para prAcIna vidvAnoM ne yatra-tatra prakAza DAlA hai| kintu sabhI prAkRta bhASAoM, unake granthoM tathA prAkRta racanAkAroM ke sambandha meM saMkSepa meM kintu prAmANika jAnakArI kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI jA rahI thii| prAkRta bhASA ke pratiSThita prAdhyApaka evaM variSTha vidvAn prophesara prema sumana jaina ne prAkRta ratnAkara kozagrantha taiyAra kara isa kamI ko pUrA kiyA hai| yaha prasannatA kI bAta hai ki yaha mahatvapUrNa pustaka prophesara jaina ne zravaNabelagolA meM rahate hue likhI thI aura aba use prakAzita karane kA saubhAgya bhI hamAre prAkRta saMsthAnako prApta horahA hai| ___ paramapUjyarAjagadaguru karmayogI svastizrI cArUkIrti bhaTTAraka mahAsvAmI jI zrIkSetra zravaNabelagolA kI eka cira pratIkSita icchA isa pustaka se pUrI huI hai| prophesara jaina ke prati pUjya svAmI jI kI hArdika zubhakAmanA hai ki DaoN. jaina isI prakAra prAkRta zrutasevA meM saMlagna bane rheN| AzA hai, prAkRta ke premI evaM zodhArthI pAThaka isa prAkRta ratnAkara kI nidhiyoM se lAbhAnvita hoNge| pustaka ke prakAzana saujanya hetu suzrAvaka dharmAnurAgI zrImAn tejarAja bAMThiyA baiMgaloru evaM unake parivAra ke prati hArdika aabhaar| AkarSaka prakAzana hetu priMTiga presa evaM kAryAlaya sahayogiyoM ko dhnyvaad| mahAvIra jayantI, 2012 pro. bI. esasanavyA nidezaka prabhArI

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Amukha prAkRtabhASA evaM sAhitya ke viSaya meM vigata sau varSoM meM aneka pustakeM nibandha evaM zodhapatra Adi prakAzita hue haiN| kisI meM prAkRta bhASA kA vivecana hai, kisI meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa kaa| koI grantha prAkRta sAhitya ke kisI AcArya yA granthakAra kA vivaraNa detA hai to koI grantha kinhIM prAkRta lAkSaNika granthoM kaa| prAkRtabhASA ke kaI granthoM kA sampAdana huA hai| kucha mUlarUpa meM prakAzita hue haiM, kucha prAkRta granthoM kA anuvAda bhI huA hai| prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya ke viSaya meM DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina aura DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ke itihAsa grantha bhI 50-60 varSa pUrva prakAzita hue haiN| prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya ke viSaya meM jAnakArI ke lie ye donoM grantha AdhArasvarUpa haiN| jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa viSaya ko lekara vArANasI se sAta-ATha bhAga bhI prakAzita hue haiM, jinameM prAkRta sAhitya ke granthoM kI jAnakArI dI gayI hai| prAkRta granthoM ke viSaya meM pIeca.DI. ke zodhaprabandha bhI likhe gae haiM, jinameM se kucha hI prakAzita hue haiN| itanA saba hote hue bhI koI aisA koza grantha nahIM hai, jisameM prAkRta evaM sAhitya ke granthoM aura granthakAroM, prAkRta bhASAoM, prAkRta saMsthAoM, prAkRta vidvAnoM Adi ke viSaya meM jAnakArI mila jaae| isI AvazyakatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue paramapUjya jagatguru, karmayogI, svastizrI cArukIrti bhaTTAraka svAmI jI kI preraNA se zravaNabelagolA meM isa 'prAkRta ratnAkara' grantha taiyAra karane kI rUparekhA bnii| lagAtAra tIna varSoM ke athaka zrama se yaha grantha likhA gyaa| paramapUjya rASTasanta zvetapicchadhArI AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI munirAja ne isa grantha kA avalokana kara AzIrvAda diyA, yaha merA saubhAgya hai| unheM sAdara nmostu| (IV)

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isa 'prAkRta ratnAkara' grantha ko vizvakoza (inasAiklopIDiyA) ke peTarna para taiyAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM akArAdi varNakrama se prAkRta ke grantha, granthakAra, prAkRta bhASA, prAkRta kI pramukha saMsthAe~, vibhAga, prAkRta ke sampAdaka, vidvAna Adi ke viSaya meM saMkSipta jAnakArI dI gayI hai| aba taka kI prakAzita upalabdha sAmagrI ko AdhAra banAyA gayA hai| sugamatA kI dRSTi se pratyeka praviSTi ke nIce sandarbha nahIM die gae haiM, kintu jAnakArI prAmANika rakhI gaI hai| ataH yaha grantha prAkRta premiyoM, zodhArthiyoM aura vidvAnoM sabhI ke lie upayogI sAbita hogaa| aba taka prakAzita prAkRta granthoM aura zodhakArya kI sUcI bhI pariziSTa meM dI gaI hai| praviSTiyA~ pracalita nAmoM se haiM, prAkRta meM sabhI zIrSaka nahIM haiN| akArAdikrama meM praviSTiyA~ hone se grantha meM usI krama meM anukrama denA Avazyaka nahIM lgaa| yaha sUcI pariziSTa meM dI gayI haiN| isa koza grantha meM kucha sAmagrI ripITa ho sakatI hai, kintu koza granthoM meM prAyaH aisA hotA hai| spaSTa hai ki isa grantha meM sammilita prAkRta kI praviSTiyA~ pUrNa nahIM haiN| inameM prativarSa sAmagrI jur3atI raha sakatI hai| jo kucha chUTa gayA use Age jor3A jA 'sakatA hai| ataH yaha eka AdhAra vizvakoza banA hai prAkRta kA, jisameM Age ke vidvAn apanA yogadAna/mArgadarzana karate raha sakate haiN| prAkRta ke vidvAnoM ke sujhAvoM kA svAgata rhegaa| isa vizvakoza ko taiyAra karane meM sahayogiyoM, mitroM aura parivAra janoM kA pUrA sahayoga milA hai| vizeSakara DaoN. zrImati saroja jaina eva ci. laveza jaina ne presa kApI taiyAra karane meM madada kI hai, unheM AzIrvAda / sabhI granthakAroM aura sampAdakoM ke prati bhI aabhaar| isa pustaka kA kampyUTara-kArya kaI staroM para huA hai| isake lie zrI AzISa hotIlAla jaina ne pUrA sahayoga kiyA hai, unheM dhnyvaad| pustaka ke prakAzaka kA AbhAra, jinhoMne isa grantha ko AkarSaka rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, paramapUjya bhaTTAraka jI ke prati vinamra vndnaa| bAhubalI prAkRta vidyApITha parivAra ke prati AbhAra aura zrImAn tejarAja jI bAMThiyA, baiMgalora, ke prati prakAzana-saujanya-sahayoga hetu kRtajJatA-jJApana / 22 apraila, 2012 -prema sumana jaina (V)

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prAkRta ratnAkara

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1. aMga grantha ___ artha rUpa meM tIrthakara prarUpita tathA sUtra rUpa meM gaNadhara graMthita vAGmaya aMga vAGmaya ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| jaina paramparA meM aMga' kA prayoga dvAdazAMga rUpa gaNipiTaka ke artha meM huA hai - duvAlasaMge gaNipiDage (samavAyAMga) naMdIsUtra kI cUrNi meM zrutapuruSa kI sundara kalpanA karate hue puruSa ke zarIra ke aMgoM kI taraha zrutapuruSa ke bAraha aMgoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai - iccetassa suttapurisassaMjaM suttaM aMgabhAgagaThitaM taM aMgapaviTuM bhnni|(nndii cUrNi, pa. 47 ) isa prakAra aMgoM kI saMkhyA bAraha svIkAra kI gaI hai| vartamAna meM dRSTivAda ke lupta ho jAne ke kAraNa 11 aMga hI upalabdha haiN| 2. aMgavijA (aMgavidyA) ___ aMgavijjA phalAdeza saMbaMdhI IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI kA eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa grantha hai, jo anyatra durlabha sAMskRtika evaM sAmAjika sAmagrI se bharapUra hai| aMgavidyA kA ullekha aneka prAcIna granthoM meM milatA hai| yaha eka lokapracalita vidyA thI jisase zarIra ke lakSaNoM ko dekhakara athavA anya prakAra ke nimitta yA manuSya kI vividha ceSTAoM dvArA zubha-azubha phala kA bakhAna kiyA jAtA thaa| aMga, svara, lakSaNa vyaMjana, svapna, chIMka, bhauma, aMtarikSa ye nimitta ke ATha AdhAra haiM aura ina ATha mahAnimittoM dvArA bhUta aura bhaviSya kA jJAna prApta kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ anya nimittoM kI apekSA aMgavidyA ko sarvazreSTha batAyA hai| aMgavidyA pUrvAcAryoM dvArA praNIta hai| yahA~ kitane hI nAmoM ke rUpa-prayoga aise haiM jo sAmAnyatayA vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se siddha nahIM haiN| mUla graMtha kAphI khaMDita aura azuddha hai| isa graMtha meM 60 adhyAya haiN| AraMbha meM aMgavidyA kI prazaMsA karate hue usake dvArA jaya-parAjaya, Arogya, hAni-lAbha sukha-dukha, jIvana-maraNa, subhikSa-durbhikSa Adi kA jJAna honA batAyA hai| AThavA~ adhyAya 3 pATaloM meM vibhakta hai| isameM aneka AsanoM ke bheda batAye haiN| nauMve adhyAya meM 1868 gAthAoM meM 270 vividha viSayoM kA prarUpaNa hai / chiyAlIsaveM adhyAya meM grahapravezasambandhI zubhAzubha kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| saitAlIsaveM adhyAya meM rAjAoM kI sainika yAtrA ke phalAphala kA vicAra hai| ikyAnaveM adhyAya meM devatAoM ko do vibhAgoM meM prAkRta ratnAkara 01

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jAta-aga prajJApta vibhakta kiyA hai- Arya devatA aura mleccha devatA / inheM uttama madhyama aura jaghanya bhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| yaha grantha muni puNyavijaya jI dvArA saMpAdita hai| prAkRta jaina TaiksTa sosAyaTI dvArA san 1957 meM motIcanda kI aMgrejI aura vAsudevazaraNa agravAla kI hindI bhUmikA sahita prakAzita haiN| 3. aMgapaNNatti-aMga prajJapti aMgapaNNatti- aMga prajJapti meM 12 aMga aura 14 pUrvo kI prajJapti kA varNana hai| cUlikAprakIrNaprajJapti meM sAmAyika, stava, pratikramaNa, vinaya, kRtikarma, Nisehiya (nizIthikA)aura caturdaza prakIrNaka (paiNNA)kA ullekha hai| 4. aMgaprajJapti ke kartA zubhacandra . aMgaprajJapti ke kartA zubhacandra haiM, jo siddhAntasAra ke bhASyakartA jJAnabhUSaNa ke praziSya the| bhaTTAraka jJAnabhUSaNa kI bhAMti bhaTTAraka zubhacandra bhI bahuta bar3e vidvAna the| ve trividhavidyAdhara zabda yukti aura paramAgama ke jJAtA aura SaTbhASAkavicakravartI ke nAma se prakhyAta the| gauDa, kaliMga, karNATaka, gurjara, mAlava Adi dezoM ke vAdiyoM ko zAstrArtha meM parAjita kara unhoMne jainadharma ka pracAra kiyA thaa| 5. aMjanAsundarIcarita ____ hanumAna kI mAtA aMjanAsundarI para aMjanAsundarIcarita nAmaka kharataragacchIya jinacandrasUri kI ziSyA guNasamRddhimahattarAkRta, 503 prAkRta gAthAoM kA kAvya hai| isakI saM. 1406 kI pANDulipi prApta hai| 6. agaDadattapurANa (carita) ___ isakI kathA ati prAcIna hone se purANa nAma se kahI gaI hai| isameM agaDadatta kA kAmAkhyAna evaM cAturI varNita hai| isake kartA ajJAta haiN| agaDadatta kI kathA vasudevahiNDI (5-6vI zatI), uttarAdhyayana kI vAdivetAla zAntisUrikRta ziSyahitA prAkRta TIkA (11vIM zatI) tathA nemicandrasUri (pUrvanAma devendragaNi) kRta sukhabodhA TIkA (saM. 1130) meM AtI hai| vasudevahiNDI ke anusAra agaDadatta ujjainI kA eka sArathIputra thaa| pitA kI mRtyu ho jAne para pitA ke parama mitra kauzAmbI ke eka AcArya se vaha zastravidyA sIkhatA hai, vahA~ usakA somadattA sundarI se prema ho 20 prAkRta ratnAkara

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jAtA hai| somadattA ko lekara ujjainI lauTate samaya dhanaMjaya nAma ke cora se agaDadatta kA sAmanA hotA hai jisakA vaha vadha kara detA hai| ujjainI pahu~cane para somadattA ke sAtha udyAna yAtrA meM somadattA ko sarpa Dasa letA hai| vidyAdhara yugala ke sparza se vaha cetanA prApta karatI hai| devakula meM pahu~cakara somadattA agaDadatta ke vadha kA prayatna karatI hai| strI-nindA aura saMsAra-vairAgya ke rUpa meM kahAnI kA anta hotA hai| jarmana vidvAn DaoNkTara AlsaDorpha ne isa kathAnaka kA vizleSaNa kara ise hajAroM varSa prAcIna kathAnakoM kI zreNI meM rakhA hai| saMbhavataH ati prAcInatA ke kAraNa hI ukta racanA ko agaDadattapurANa kahA gayA hai| 7.anantanAhacariyaM isameM 14 veM tIrthaMkara kA carita varNita hai| grantha meM 1200 gAthAe~ haiN| granthakAra ne isameM bhavyajanoM ke lAbhArtha bhakti aura pUjA kA mAhAtmya vizeSa rUpa se diyA hai| isameM pUjASTaka uddhata kiyA gayA hai jisameM kusuma pUjA Adi kA udAharaNa dete hue jinapUjA ko pApa haraNa karanevAlI, kalyANa kA bhaNDAra aura dAridraya ko dUra karane vAlI kahA hai| isake racayitA Amradeva ke ziSya nemicandrasUri haiN| inhoMne isakI racanA saM. 1216 ke lagabhaga kI hai| 8. anantahaMsa kavi isa kummAputtacariya ke racayitA tapAgacchIya AcArya hemavimala ke ziSya jinamANikya yA jinamANikya ke ziSya anantahaMsa haiN| kucha vidvAn anantahaMsa ko hI vAstavika kartA mAnate haiM aura kucha unake guru ko| grantha meM racanAkAla nahIM diyA gayA para tapAgacchapaTTAvalI meM hemavimala ko 55vA~ AcArya mAnA gayA aura unakA samaya 16vIM zatAbdI kA prArambha baiThatA hai| isalie prastuta kathAnaka kA kAla 16vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha mAnA jA sakatA hai| 1. anuttaraupapAtikadazA (anuttarovavAiyadasAo) anuttaraupapAtikadazA kA ardhamAgadhI Agama ke aMga granthoM meM navA~ sthAna hai| isa Agama grantha meM mahAvIrakAlIna una ugra tapasviyoM kA varNana huA hai, jinhoMne apanI dharma-sAdhanA dvArA maraNa kara anuttara svarga vimAnoM meM janma liyA, jahA~ se kevala eka bAra hI manuSya yoni meM Ane se mokSa prApti ho jAtI hai| vartamAna meM yaha prAkRta ratnAkara 03

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grantha tIna varga va taiMtIsa adhyayanoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM 33 mahAn AtmAoM kA saMkSepa meM varNana hai| inameM se 23 rAjakumAra to samrATa zreNika ke putra haiM tathA zeSa 10 bhadrA sArthavAhI ke putra haiN| ina donoM ke eka-eka putra ke jIvana vRtta kA varNana vistAra se karate hue zeSa putroM ke caritroM ko unake samAna kahakara sUcita kara diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra prathama varga meM dhAriNI putra 'jAli' tathA tIsare varga meM bhadrA putra 'dhanya' kA caritra vistAra se varNita hai| muni banane ke bAda dhanya ne jo tapasyA kI vaha adbhuta evaM anupama hai / tapomaya jIvana kA itanA sundara evaM sarvAMgINa varNana zramaNa sAhitya meM to kyA, sampUrNa bhAratIya sAhitya meM anyatra dRSTigocara nahIM hotA hai| isa Agama ke adhyayana se mahAvIrakAlIna sAmAjika va sAMskRtika paristhitiyoM se bhI avagata huA jA sakatA hai| 10. anuyogadvArasUtra (aNuogadArAi) / samasta AgamoM ke svarUpa va unakI vyAkhyAoM ko samajhane kI dRSTi se anuyogadvArasUtra eka mahattvapUrNa Agama grantha hai| AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa meM ise bhI cUlikA rUpa meM rakhA gayA hai| anuyoga kA zAbdika artha hai, zabdoM kI vyAkhyA karane kI prkriyaa| bhadrabAhu ne anuyoga, niyoga, bhASA, vibhASA aura vArtika ina pA~coM ko anuyoga kA paryAya rUpa kahA hai| nandIsUtra ke samAna yaha grantha bhI prAcIna hai| isake racayitA AryarakSita mAne jAte haiN| isameM cAra dvAra haiM - upakrama, nikSepa, anugama evaM ny| ina cAroM dvAroM ke mAdhyama se Agama varNita, tathyoM, siddhAntoM evaM tattvoM kI vyAkhyA prastuta kI gaI hai| vyAkhyeya zabda kA nikSepa karake, pahale usake aneka arthoM kA nirdeza karate hue, prastuta meM usa zabda kA kauna sA artha grAhya hai, isa zailI ko samajhAyA gayA hai| isa zailI ke dvArA satya kA sAkSAtkAra sahaja DhaMga se ho sakatA hai| praznottara zailI meM likhe gaye isa Agama grantha kI viSayavastu meM vividhatA hai| sAta svaroM, navarasoM, vyAkaraNa kI ATha vibhaktiyoM Adi kA ullekha isameM prApta hotA hai| palyopama, sAgaropama Adi ke bheda-prabheda, saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta, ananta Adi kA vizleSaNa, bheda, prakAra Adi kA vistRta varNana hai| pramANa ke varNana meM pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna tathA Agama kI vizad carcA kI gaI hai| pramANa kI taraha nayavAda para bhI isameM vistRta carcA prApta hotI hai| anekAneka 40 prAkRta ratnAkara

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viSayoM kA vivecana kiye jAne ke kAraNa yaha grantha atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| 11. anantakRtadazAMga (aMtagaDadasAo) antakRddazAGgasUtra kA ardhamAgadhI Agama ke aMga granthoM meM AThavA~ sthAna hai| eka zrutaskandha vAlA yaha Agama ATha vargoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama pA~ca vargoM ke kathAnakoM kA sambandha ariSTanemi ke sAtha aura zeSa tIna vargoM ke kathAnakoM kA sambandha bhagavAn mahAvIra aura zreNika rAjA ke sAtha hai| isameM 90 una mahAn AtmAoM kA varNana hai, jinhoMne ghora tapa evaM Atma-sAdhanA dvArA karmoM kA anta karake kevalajJAna prApta kiyA, isalie ve antakRta khlaae| una mahAna AtmAoM ke nagara, udyAna, caitya, dhana-vaibhava, mAtA-pitA, parijanoM, dIkSAgrahaNa, zruta-jJAna kI sAdhanA, ghora tapa va mukti prApti kA isameM varNana hai| yaha sampUrNa Agama bhautikatA para AdhyAtmika vijaya kA saMdeza pradAna karatA hai| sarvatra tapa kI utkRSTa sAdhanA dikhalAI detI hai| isameM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne upavAsa evaM dhyAna donoM ko hI kramazaH bAhya evaM Antarikatapa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| isa zrutAMga meM koI bhI kathAnaka pUrNa rUpa se varNita nahIM hai| 'vaNNavo' evaM 'jAva' zabdoM dvArA adhikAMza varNana vyAkhyAprajJapti athavA jJAtAdharmakathA se pUrA karane kI sUcanA mAtra hai| isa Agama ke tRtIya varga ke AThaveM adhyayana meM devakI putra gajasukumAla evaM chaThe varga ke tIsare adhyayana meM arjuna mAlAkAra ke mahattvapUrNa kathAnaka Ae haiN| prastuta Agama meM zrIkRSNa ke bahumukhI vyaktitva kA bhI vistAra se nirUpaNa huA hai| 12. apabhraMza carita kAvya apabhraMza bhASA meM vizAla carita sAhitya upalabdha hotA hai| parimANa aura kAvyatva donoM hI dRSTiyoM se isakA mahattva hai| jaina carita kAvyoM kI bhA~ti jaina kathAoM kI saMkhyA bhI asIma hai|jainoN ne apane carita kAvyoM kA nirmANa dhArmika vicAradhArA se prerita hokara jana sAdhAraNa taka pahu~cAne ke lie kiyA hai| saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza tInoM bhASAoM meM jaina carita granthoM kI sarjanA huI hai| ina granthoM meM mukhyataH RSabha, neminAtha, pArzva, mahAvIra Adi tIrthaMkaroM tathA yazodhara, nAgakumAra, karakaMDu Adi rAjapuruSoM ke caritroM ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 05

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carita kAvyoM meM prAyaH mUlakathA ke sambandha meM vizeSa rUpa se vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| isake atirikta kavi prakRti Adi ke anya varNanoM meM adhika samaya naSTa nahIM karatA hai| isa prakAra se varNanAtmaka aMzoM ke Adhikya ke abhAva meM ye kAvya kathAtmaka svarUpa dhAraNa karate haiN| carita kAvyoM meM nAyaka ke pUrva janmoM ke vivaraNa, vartamAna janma ke kAraNa tathA deza, nagara Adi ke varNana milate haiN| yadyapi isa prakAra ke kAvyoM meM avAntara kathAoM kA samAveza kiyA jAtA hai phira bhI eka hI kathAnaka meM aneka ghaTanAoM ko vyartha bA~dhane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra se kAvya meM adhika svAbhAvikatA A jAtI hai| apabhraMza carita kAvyoM kI paramparA lagabhaga 17vIM zatAbdI taka calatI rhii| 13. abhayadevasUri navAMgI TIkAkAra AcArya abhayadeva eka mahAn pratibhAsampanna AcArya the| prabhAvakacaritra ke anusAra inakI janmasthalI dhArA nagarI hai| varNa kI dRSTi se ye vaizya the| pitA kA nAma mahIdhara aura mAtA kA nAma dhanadevI thaa|ye jinezvarasUri ke ziSya bne| vi.sa. 1120 meM inhoMne sarvaprathama sthAnAMga para vRtti likhI aura vi.sa. 1128 meM antima racanA bhagavatIsUtra kI vRtti hai jo unhoMne anahila pATaNa meM pUrNa kii| isa prakAra unakA vRttikAla vi.sa.1120 se 1128 hai| prastuta avadhi meM AcArya abhayadeva mukhya rUpa se pATaNa meM rahe haiN| vi.saM. 1128 meM dholakA grAma meM unhoMne AcArya haribhadra ke paMcAzaka grantha para bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa vyAkhyA likhii| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki ve pATaNa ko chor3akara sannikaTa ke kSetroM meM bhI vicaraNa karate rahe the| TIkAoM ke nirmANa meM caityavAsiyoM ke netA droNAcArya kA unheM gaharA sahayoga milA thA jisakA unhoMne apanI vRttiyoM meM ullekha bhI kiyA hai| droNAcArya ne abhayadeva kI vRttiyoM ko Adi se anta taka par3hA aura unakA saMzodhana kara apane virATa hRdaya kA paricaya diyaa| yaha satya tathya hai ki droNAcArya kA sahayoga abhayadeva ko prApta na hotA to ve usa virATa kArya ko saMbhavataH itanI zIghratA se sampAdita nahI kara paate| 60 prAkRta ratnAkara

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abhayadeva ke tejasvI vyaktitva kA vAstavika paricaya hameM unakI kRtiyoM se prApta hotA hai| unameM unake vicAroM kA mUrtarUpa spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai| unhoMne apanI TIkAoM meM bindu meM sindhu bharane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unakI pANDityapUrNa vivecanAzakti sacamuca hI darzanIya hai| unhoMne Agama rahasyoM ko jisa saralatA va sugamatA se abhivyakta kiyA hai| vaha unake atyadhika ucca koTI ke saiddhAntika jJAna kA eka jvalanta pramANa hai| prabhAvakacaritrakAra ne abhayadeva ke svargavAsa kA samaya nahIM diyA hai| unhoMne itanA hI likhA hai ki ve pATaNa meM karNarAja ke rAjya meM svargastha hue| paTTAvaliyoM ke adhyayana se yaha parijJAta hotA hai ki abhayadeva ke svargavAsa kA samaya vi.sa. 1135 aura dUsare abhimata ke anusAra saM. 1138 haiN| paTTAvaliyoM meM pATaNa ke sthAna para kapaDavaMja kA ullekha hai| 14. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza ___ Adhunika prAkRta kozoM meM AcArya vijayarAjendrasUri dvArA viracita abhidhAnarAjendrakoza atyaMta upayogI koza hai| AcArya ne pandraha varSoM ke lagAtAra parizrama ke pazcAt vi.saM. 1960 meM sAr3he cAra lAkha zloka pramANa isa vizAlakAya koza kI racanA kii| yaha koza-grantha sAta bhAgoM meM hai, jinameM akArAdi krama meM 60,000 zabdoM kA mUla ke sAtha saMskRta meM anuvAda, vyutpatti, liMga evaM jainAgamoM ke anusAra unake artha kI prastuti kI gaI hai| kucha zabdoM ke vyAkhyA krama meM saMdarbhita kathAoM kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha koza-grantha rocaka evaM sarasa bana gayA hai| jaina Agama-sAhitya meM Ae pAribhASika zabdoM kA adhyayana karane ke lie yaha koza atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| abhidhAnarAjendra koza kA saMkSipta rUpa zabdAMbudhi meM kiyA hai, kintu yaha racanA abhI aprakAzita hai| 15: abhinava prAkRta -vyAkaraNa DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ne prAkRta -prabodha ke pazcAt I. san 1963 meM abhinava prAkRta -vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI hai| isa vyAkaraNa-grantha meM isa bAta kA pUrA dhyAna rakhA gayA hai ki anya kisI bhI bhASA ke vyAkaraNa ko samajhe binA vyakti isa grantha ke adhyayana se prAkRta bhASA ke anuzAsana sambandhI samasta niyamoM ko samajha prAkRtaratnAkara 07

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ske| pramukha rUpa se mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, jaina-zaurasenI, mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, jaina-mahArASTrI, paizAcI, cUlikA-paizAcI evaM apabhraMza kA anuzAsana isa grantha meM kiyA gayA hai| bhASA-vijJAna ke vibhinna siddhAntoM kA bhI isameM vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 16. ardhamAgadhI koza ____ yaha koza-grantha zatAvadhAnI muni ratnacandrajI dvArA I. san 1923-1938 meM pA~ca bhAgoM meM racA gayA hai| yaha mahattvapUrNa koza saMskRta, gujarAtI, hindI aura aMgrejI ina cAra bhASAoM meM saMkalita hai| isameM yathAsthAna zabdoM ke liMga, vacana Adi kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| zabdoM ke sAtha mUla saMkSipta uddharaNoM kA bhI samAveza hai| Agama-sAhitya ke sAtha-sAtha vizeSAvazyakabhASya Adi granthoM ke zabdoM kA bhI isameM saMkalana hai| 17. ardhamAgadhI prAkRta bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ardhamAgadhI meM upadeza diye the- bhagavaMcaNaMadvamAgahIe bhAsAe dhammAikkhaiM- samavAyAMgasUtra / kintu usa samaya ardhamAgadhI aura Aja ke upalabdha sAhitya kI ardhamAgadhI meM spaSTa antara hai, jo sthAna aura samaya ke antarAla kA prabhAva hai| jaina AgamoM kI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA hai| ise 'RSibhASA tathA ArSa bhASA bhI mAnA gayA hai, jo isakI prAcInatA kA dyotaka haiasisavayaNAM siddhaM devANaM addhamAgahA vANI-kAvyAlaMkAra (2-12) / vaiyAkaraNoM ne ardhamAgadhI kI svatantra utpatti batalAte hue usake lie vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM btlaayii| ataH isa ArSa bhASA ke apane svatantra niyama haiN| jisa prakAra bauddhoM ne mAgadhI bhASA ko saba bhASAoM kA mUla mAnA hai, vaise hI jainoM ne ardhamAgadhI ko athavA vaiyAkaraNoM ne ArSabhASA ko mUlabhASA svIkAra kiyA hai, jisase anya bhASAoM aura boliyoM kA udgama huA hai| jaina AgamoM kI bhASA kA nAma ardhamAgadhI kyoM par3A yaha isakI vyutpatti se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| kucha logoM kA mata hai ki isameM ardhAMza mAgadhI bhASA hai isalie ise ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA hai, kintu ardhamAgadhI kA yaha artha nahIM hai| prAcIna AcAryo ne magadha ke ardhAMza bhAga meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASA kI ardhamAgadhI 80 prAkRta ratnAkara .

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kahA hai| sAtavIM sadI ke nizItha - cUrNikAra zrI jinadAsagaNi ne apanA yahI mata prakaTa kiyA hai- magahaddha visayabhAsAnibaddhaM addhamAgahaM / nizIthacUrNi ke navAMgI TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne isameM kucha lakSaNa mAgadhI aura kucha lakSaNa prAkRta ke pAye jAne ke kAraNa ise ardhamAgadhI kahA hai / prAkRta ke vaiyAkaraNoM meM mArkaNDeya ne zaurasenI ke samIpa hone se mAgadhI ko hI ardhamAgadhI kahA hai| DaoN. je. sI. jaina ke anusAra yahI lakSaNa ThIka pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki yaha bhASA zuddha mAgadhI nahIM thI / pazcima meM zaurasenI aura pUrva meM mAgadhI ke bIca ke kSetra meM yaha bolI jAtI thI, isalie bhI ise ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA hai| ardhamAgadhI kI uparyukta vyutpatti ke AdhAra para isa kA mUla utpatti-sthAna pazcima magadha aura sUrasena (mathurA) kA madhyavartI pradeza ayodhyA hai| phira bhI isakA mahArASTrI prAkRta se adhika sAdRzya hai, jo jaina saMgha kA dakSiNa meM pravAsa hone kA prabhAva ho sakatA hai| isake atirikta Aryetara bhASAoM kA prabhAva bhI isa para par3A hai| ardhamAgadhI kA rUpagaThana mAgadhI aura zaurasenI kI vizeSatAoM se milakara huA hai| yadyapi isameM mAgadhI kI pUrI vizeSatAe~ nahIM pAyI jAtI, phira bhI kucha to prabhAva par3A hai| usI prakAra akArAnta zabdoM meM prathamA vibhakti evaM ekavacana meM e ke sAtha o aura ka ke sthAna para ga kA pAyA jAnA zaurasenI kA prabhAva kahA jA sakatA hai| kintu yaha jainasUtroM kI zaurasenI kA prabhAva hai, na ki nATakoM meM prayukta zaurasenI kA / ataH isa prakAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jisa prakAra pAli meM aneka boliyoM kA sammizraNa huA hai, usI prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA prayukta ardhamAgadhI meM unake pracAra kSetra kI bhASAoM kA sammizraNa honA bhI svAbhAvika hai| ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM pramukha rUpa se zvetAmbara jaina Agama sAhitya Aja upalabdha haiM / AcArAMgasUtra, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA Adi prasiddha Agama isI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM haiN| yadyapi inakI bhASA ke svarUpa ke kaI stara vidvAnoM ne nizcita kiye haiM / ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kI vyAkaraNa evaM dhvani-parivartana kI dRSTi se kaI vizeSatAe~ prAcIna evaM arvAcIna bhASAzAstriyoM ne ginAyI haiM evaM unake udAharaNa bhI diye hai / una sabakI jAnakArI prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke graMthoM se prAkRta ratnAkara 09

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lenI caahie| isa bhASA ke graMthoM ke prAyaH hindI anuvAda prakAzita ho gaye haiN| ardhamAgadhI-koza Adi kI sahAyatA se bhI isa bhASA kA jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| usase ardhamAgadhI kI pramukha vizeSatAe~ spaSTa ho skeNgii| katipaya vizeSatAeM: 1-sAmAnya prAkRta meM 'ka' kA prAyaH lopa hotA hai, kintu ardhamAgadhI meM prAyaH 'ka' kA 'ga' ho jAtA hai| yathA- eka) ega, zrAvaka > sAvama __2-sAmAnya prAkRta meM 'ta' kA lopa hotA hai, kintu ardhamAgadhI meM prAyaH 'ta' kA 'ta' surakSita rahatA hai| yathAH - bhaNati , bhaNati, jAti , jAti 3-akArAnta puliMga prathama ekavacana meM prAyaH 'e' pratyaya hotA hai| yathA-: jiNe, se aadi| ___4-caturthI evaM SaSThI vibhakti eka hai, parantu caturthI akArAnta pu. evaM napu. liMga meM Ate ' evaM 'Ae' pratyaya bhI hote haiN| - 5-paMcamI ekavacana evaM bahuvacana ke sabhI liMgoM me to, 'tu' pratyaya hote hai| yathAH-jiNAto, jiNAtu (pu.), mAlAto, mAlAtu (strI.) 6-akArAntadi pu. evaM napu. liMga zabdoM ke saptamI ekavacana meM 'asi' pratyaya hotA hai aura sarvanAma zabdoM meM assiM' bhI hotA hai| yathA:-devaMsi, vaNAMsi, bhANusi, imaMsi, kssi| ___7-bhaviSyat prathama puruSa ekavacana meM 'bhaNa' kI taraha sva kriyAoM meM issaM' hotA hai| aura dIrghAnta (dI, No,) meM haM, pratyaya kA bhI prayoga hotA hai| yathAHbhaNissaM, dAhuM, kaahN| 8-(1)bhUtakAla meM svarAnta kriyAoM meM Asi', 'Asi', 'tthA', 'Ia', pratyaya sabhI puruSoM meM bhaNitthA, bhaNIa, hosI, hohI, NesI, NehI (2)uttama puruSa bahuvacana meM 'iMsu' 'aMsu' pratyaya hote haiN| yathAH- gacchiMsu chidisuM, bhnnNsu| 9-saMbaMdha kRdanta meM ttA, ccA, TU hote haiN| yathA-bhaNittA, bhaNettA, kiccA, soccA, kaTU, bhaNiya, bhaNiyA aadi| 100 prAkRta ratnAkara

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noTa:-1-ina sAmAnya vizeSatAoM ke atirikta ardhamAgadhI meM tRtIyA ekavacana meM maNasA, vayasA, kAyasA, bhagavayA, bhagavatA, kammuNA zabda rUpa bhI pAe jAte hai| 2-AjJA evaM vidhi ke madhyama puruSa ekavacana meM 'hi' pratyaya se pUrva dhAtuoM kA dIrgha bhI hotA hai| yathA- bhaNAhi, pAsAhi / DaoN. ke. Ara. candrA ne vartamAna ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM mahArASTrI ke prabhAva kI pracuratA aura sampAdakoM dvArA prAcIna rUpoM ko kama apanAne ke kAraNa ArAMcAMgasUtra kI prAcIna ardhamAgadhI ke svarupa ko khojane kA zramasAdhya mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| unhoMne apanI pustaka meM ardhamAgadhI kI prAcInatA ke jo udAharaNa yA niyama svIkAra kiye haiM unameM se adhikAMza pravRttiyoM ko hama siddhAnta graMthoM kI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta meM bhI pAte haiN| 18. alaMkAradarpaNa alaMkAradarpaNa prAkRta bhASA meM alaMkAra viSaya para likhA gayA eka svatantra grantha hai| isameM 134 gAthAe~ haiM / alaMkAroM ke lakSaNa, udAharaNa, kAvya-prayojana Adi viSayoM para prAkRta bhASA meM padya likhe gaye haiN| isake kavi ajJAta hai| racanA kAla bhI nizcita nahIM hai / ina pramukha granthoM ke atirikta paMDitarAja jagannAtha (17vIM zatAbdI) kA rasagaMgAdhara, amaracandrasUri kA alaMkAraprabodha Adi alaMkArazAstra ke anya mahattvapUrNa grantha haiM, jinameM kAvya kI dRSTi se prAkRta ke sundara padya uddhRta haiN| 19. alaMkAra sarvasva 12vIM zatAbdI ke alaMkArazAstrI rAjAnaka syyaka ne apane grantha alaMkArasarvasva meM alaMkAroM kA bar3A hI pAMDityapUrNa DhaMga se vivecana kiyA hai| isa grantha meM prAkRta ke 10 padyoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| kazmIra ke rAjA jayasiMha ke mahAkavi maMkhuka ne isa para vRtti likhI hai| 20. alaMkArazAstra jisa prakAra bhASA ko vyavasthita karane ke lie vyAkaraNa-granthoM tathA kAvya kI sArthakatA ke lie chaMda granthoM kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa kI gaI usI prAkRta ratnAkara 011

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prakAra kAvya ke marma ko samajhane ke lie alaMkAra-granthoM kI racanA kI gii| kAvya kA svarUpa, rasa, guNa, doSa, rIti, alaMkAra evaM kAvya-camatkAra kA nirU paNa alaMkArazAstroM meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| alaMkArazAstroM ke arvAcIna praNetAoM meM bharata, bhAmaha, daNDI, vAmana, rudraTa, bhojarAja, hemacandra Adi pramukha haiN| inake dvArA racita pramukha alaMkArazAstroM kA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| ye alaMkArazAstra saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiM, kintu inameM lakSaNoM ko samajhAne ke lie udAharaNa svarUpa padya prAkRta bhASA meM diye gaye haiN| ina alaMkArazAstroM meM uddhRta prAkRta gAthAoM para pro. bI. ema. kulakarNI ne zodha kArya kiyA hai| pro. jagadIza candra jaina ne prAkRta puSkariNI nAmaka grantha meM ina saba prAkRta gAthAoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai| alaMkArazAstra ke ina diggaja paMDitoM ne prAkRta bhASAoM saMbaMdhI carcA karane ke sAtha-sAtha grantha meM pratipAdita viSaya ke udAharaNasvarUpa prAkRta ke aneka sarasa padya uddhRta kie haiM, jisase patA lagatA hai ki ina vidvAnoM ke samakSa prAkRta sAhitya kA anupama bhaNDAra thaa| inameM se bahuta se padya gAthAsaptazatI, setubandha, gauDavaho, snAvali, karpUramanjarI Adi se uddhRta haiM, aneka ajJAtakartRka haiN| vizvanAtha ne apane prAkRta kAvya kuvalayAzvacarita se kucha padya uddhRta kiye haiN| alaMkAradappaNa (alaMkAradarpaNa) nAma kI vi.saM. 1161 kI eka tADapatrIya prati jaisalamera ke bhaMDAra meM milI hai| isameM arthAlaMkAra aura zabdAlaMkAroM ke prAkRta meM lakSaNa diye gaye haiN| kula milAkara 134 gAthAoM meM yaha vivecana hai| 21 avanti-sukumAla (sukumAlacarita) tapa kI carama ArAdhanA aura tiryaca (zRMgAlI) ke upasarga ko aDiga bhAva se sahana karane ke dRSTAntarUpa avanti-sukumAla kI kathA ArAdhanA kathAkozoM tathA anya kathAkozoM meM varNita hai| hariSeNa ke kathAkoza meM yaha kathA 260 zlokoM meM dI gaI hai| dAnapradIpa meM ise upAzrayadAna ke mahattva meM kahA gayA hai| avantisukumAla AcArya suhasti ke ziSya mAne gaye haiM aura kahA jAtA hai ki inhIM ke samAdhisthala para ujjaina kA mahAkAlezvara mandira banA hai| pATana (gujarAta) ke tapAgaccha bhaNDAra ke eka kathAsaMgraha meM avanti sukumAlakathA 119 prAkRta gAthAoM meM upalabdha hai| 12 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

Page #21
22. azoka ke zilAlekha - zilAlekhI sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna evaM aitihAsika zilAlekha samrATa azoka ke haiN| I. pU. 269 meM rAjyabhiSeka ke 12 varSa pazcAt samrATa azoka ne giranAra, kAlasI, dhaulI, jaugar3ha evaM manaseharA Adi sthAnoM para aneka lekha utkIrNa karAe haiN| samrATa azoka ke kucha lekha zilAlekha haiM, kucha stambha lekha aura kucha guphA lekha haiN| azoka ke mukhya zilAlekhoM kI saMkhyA caudaha haiN| azoka ke ina caturdaza zilAlekhoM kA eka samUha saurASTra meM jUnAgar3ha (giranAra kA madhyakAlIna nAma) se lagabhaga eka mIla kI dUrI para giranAra kI pahAr3iyoM para sthita hai| yaha abhilekha jisa zilA para utkIrNa hai, vaha zilA tribhujAkAra grenAiTa patthara kI hai, jisakA kSetraphala lagabhaga 100 vargaphuTa hai| zilAkhaNDa ke uttarapUrvIya mukha para azoka ke caturdaza zilAlekha do stambhoM meM vibhAjita hokara utkIrNa haiN| donoM stambhoM ke bIca meM eka rekhA bhI khiMcI huI hai| bAyIM ora ke stambha meM prathama pA~ca abhilekha aura dAyIM ora ke stambha meM chaThaveM se lekara bArahavA~ taka utkIrNa haiN| trayodaza evaM caturdaza abhilekha paMcama tathA dvAdaza ke nIce khude hue haiN| azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA mAgadhI prAkRta hai, jo pAli ke adhika nikaTa hai| kahIM-kahIM saMskRta ke rUpoM kA bhI samAveza hai| lipi kI dRSTi se brAhmI evaM kharoSThI donoM kA hI prayoga huA hai| zAhabAjagar3hI aura manaseharA ke zilAlekha kharoSThI lipi meM hai tathA zeSa lekha brAhmI meM haiN| ___ azoka ke ye zilAlekha bhAratIya sAhitya meM kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa haiN| inase na kevala azoka ke vyaktigata jIvana kA paricaya milatA hai, apitu tatkAlIna rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, dhArmika Adi sthitiyoM kI jAnakArI bhI prApta hotI hai| azoka ke zilAlekhoM se usake vyaktigata jIvana ke bAre meM patA calatA hai ki ve bahuta se bhAI-bahina the| usakI kama se kama do rAniyA~ thI, kyoMki prayAga stambha lekha meM rAjakumAra tIvara kI mAtA kAsvAkI ko dvitIya rAnI kahA hai| usake eka putra mahendra evaM putrI saMghamitrA thii| ina abhilekhoM se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki kaliMga ko jItane ke bAda lAkhoM logoM kI hiMsA ko dekhakara azoka ko atyadhika prAkRta ratnAkara 013

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anutApa huA aura usake bAda vaha pUrNataH bauddha dharma kI ora pravRtta huaa| pahale samrATa azoka mAMsa bhakSI thA, kintu bAda meM usane jIva hiMsA kA niSedha kiyA thaa| azoka ke abhilekhoM se usake sAmrAjya ke vistAra kA jJAna hotA hai / azoka kA sAmrAjya pazcima meM aphagAnistAna se pUrva meM baMgAla taka tathA uttara meM himAlaya kI tarAI se dakSiNa meM madrAsa prAnta ke yesguDI (karanUla jilA) taka vyApta thA, kyoMki prApta zilAlekhoM kA sImA kSetra uparyukta hI hai / azoka ke dvitIya tathA terahaveM zilAlekha meM rAjAoM kI jo sUcI prApta hai, usase bhI isakI puSTi hotI hai| azoka ke zilAlekhoM se mauryakAlIna prazAsana vyavasthA kA jJAna hotA hai| prazAsana evaM nyAya vyavasthA ke kSetra meM azoka ne aneka naye-naye prayoga kiye|in prayogoM evaM unase sambandhita padAdhikAriyoM yathA - mahAmAtroM, brajabhUmikoM, antamahAmAtroM Adi kA vistRta ullekha ina abhilekhoM meM milatA hai / pA~caveM zilAlekha meM dharmamahAmAtya nAmaka naye karmacArI kI niyukti kA varNana hai| tIsare zilAlekha meM rajjuka, prAdezika tathA yukta nAmaka padAdhikAriyoM ko prajAhita ke lie rAjya meM paribhramaNa karane kI AjJA dI gaI hai| cauthe staMbha abhilekha meM azoka ne svayaM rajjuka ke vibhinna kAryoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| azoka ke abhilekhoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki pATaliputra, kauzAmbI, takSazilA, ujjayinI, tosalI, suvarNagiri nAmaka prAntoM meM zAsana vibhakta thaa| eka abhilekha meM ATavika jAtiyoM ko sambodhita karate hue azoka ne apanI zakti kA jisa prakAra ullekha kiyA hai, usase lagatA hai ki vaha apane rAjya meM vidrohAtmaka pravRttiyoM ko sahana nahIM karatA thA / azoka kI prazAsanika vyavasthA isa prakAra kI thI ki kisI bhI vyakti ko usase kahIM bhI milane kI anumati thI / azoka ne apane abhilekhoM dvArA jAtivAda, hiMsA, zramaNa-brAhmaNa ke prati anucita vyavahAra kA niSedha kiyA tathA samAja meM sadAcAra, suvyavasthA evaM nizchala prema utpanna karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| samAja ke naitika utthAna ke lie ahiMsA, sevA, maitrI, dAna, saMyama, aparigraha, kRtajJatA, bhAva- zuddhi jaise mAnavIya mUlyoM kI pratiSThA kI / tRtIya zilAlekha meM batAyA gayA hai ki mAtA-pitA kI sevA karanA, mitra, paricita, jAti, brAhmaNa aura zramaNoM ko dAna denA acchA hai, 140 prAkRta ratnAkara

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kama kharca karanA evaM kama saMcaya karanA acchA hai| usane ina abhilekhoM ke mAdhyama se prajA meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ko jgaayaa| jIvana meM ahiMsA ko utArane ke lie AhAra pAnI kI zuddhi kA nirdeza diyaa| prathama tathA caturtha zilAlekha meM jIva hiMsA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra prANiyoM ke prANoM kA Adara, vidyArthiyoM dvArA AcArya kI sevA evaM jAti bhAIyoM ke sAtha ucita vyavahAra kA saMdeza bhI ina abhilekhoM meM utkIrNa hai| - azoka ke abhilekhoM se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki vaha prajA ko apanI saMtAna mAnatA thaa| prajAhita ko vaha sarvAdhika mahattva detA thaa| kaliMga abhilekha meM kahA gayA hai ki merI prajA mere baccoM ke samAna hai aura maiM cAhatA hU~ ki sabako isa loka tathA paraloka meM sukha tathA zAnti mile| chaThe zilAlekha meM azoka ne apanI bhAvanA vyakta karate hue kahA hai - sarva loka hita merA karttavya hai, aisA merA mata hai| yathA katavyamate hi me srvlokhitN| nAsti hi kaMmataraM srvlokhittpaa|.... (chaThA zilAlekha) usane yAtriyoM ke lie chAyAdAra per3a lagavAye, ku~e khudavAe, sarAyeM banavAI, rogI manuSya evaM pazuoM ke lie cikitsA kA pUrA prabaMdha kiyaa| jahA~ auSadhiyA~ nahIM thIM, vahA~ lAI gaI evaM ropI gaIM / yathA - osuDAni ca yAni manusoSagAni ca pasopagAni ca yata yata nAsti, sarvatrA hArApitAni ca ropApitAni c|... (dUsarA zilAlekha) ina saba kAryoM ke pIche usakA yahI abhiprAya thA ki loga dharma ke prati AkarSita hoM aura dharma kA AcaraNa kreN| azoka ke abhilekhoM kA dhArmika dRSTi se atyaMta mahattva hai| dharma ko usane sarvotkRSTa maMgala kahA hai| dharmadAna, dharmaudAratA evaM dharmamitratA ko sarvazreSTha batAyA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM dharma ke saMdeza ke dvArA bhI usane mAnavIya mUlyoM ko hI ukerA hai| dvitIya stambha abhilekha meM dharma kA svarUpa batAte hue kahA hai ki pApa se dUra rahanA, bahuta acche kArya karanA tathA dayA, dAna, satya aura zauca kA pAlana prAkRta ratnAkara 0 15

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karanA dharma hai| azoka ke abhilekhoM meM pratipAdita dharma kA sAmpradAyikatA se kahIM bhI sambandha nahIM hai| usake dvArA nirdiSTa sArvajaniya evaM samanvayAtmaka dharma mAna mAtra ke lie upAdeya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM ise bahuzruta evaM kalyANagAmI dharma saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai| apanI dhArmika icchA vyakta karate hue sAtaveM zilAle. kahA hai ki saba matoM ke vyakti saba sthAnoM para raha sakeM kyoMki ve sabhI a. saMyama evaM hRdaya kI pavitratA cAhate haiN| ina abhilekhoM ke mAdhyama se azoka dharma-nirapekSatA kA jo saMdeza diyA hai, vaha vartamAna yuga meM atyaMta prAsaMgika hai| va icchA karatA thA ki sabhI sampradAya ke loga usake rAjya meM baseM aura samRddhi ko prApta hoN| sampradAyoM meM sAravRddhi kA ullekha karate hue bArahaveM zilAlekha meM kahA gayA hai ki isake lie vANI kA saMyama to Avazyaka hai hI sAtha hI loga apane sampradAya kA Adara va dUsare sampradAya kI nindA na kreN| sAravaDhI tu bhuvidhaa| vasa tu idaM mUlaM va vacagutI kiMti AtpapAsaMDapUjA va para pAsaMDa garahA va na bhave aprkrnnmhi|... (bArahavA~ zilAlekha) apane dharma kA usane par3osI rAjyoM meM bhI pracAra kiyaa| terahaveM abhilekha meM prayukta dharmavijaya zabda dharma pracAra kA hI abhiyAna thaa| azoka ne bauddha dharma kA pracAra dharma yAtrAoM se kiyA thaa| rAjyAbhiSeka ke dasaveM varSa meM vahA~ "bodha gayA" gayA thaa| devAnaMpiyo piyadasi rAjA dasavarsAbhisito saMto ayAya sNbodhi|.. (AThavA~ zilAlekha) azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA mAgadhI prAkRta hai| kahIM kahIM isameM pAli, paizAcI, zaurasenI evaM saMskRta ke rUpa bhI milate haiN| ina abhilekhoM meM I. pU. tIsarI zatAbdI kI prAkRta kA svarUpa surakSita hai| sAtha hI prAcIna bhAratIya bhASAoM ke mAnacitra ko samajhane kI dRSTi se bhI ye abhilekha atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiN| zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI evaM pAli bhASA ke prAcIna rUpa evaM unake vikAsa krama kI jAnakArI ke lie ye sarvottama likhita pramANa haiN| ina abhilekhoM meM tAtkAlIna bhASA ke 16 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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prAdezika bheda bhI prApta hote haiN| kendrIya bolI mAgadhI ke atirikta uttarI, pazcimI evaM pUrvI bhASA ke rUpa bhI ina lekhoM meM parilakSita hote haiN| sAhityika siSTa se bhI ye abhilekha mahattvapUrNa haiM / azoka dvArA devAnAM priya priyadazI kI upadhi dhAraNa kI gaI thI, jo bAda meM brAhmaNa sAhitya meM atyaMta lokapriya huii| f. iyaM dhamalipI devAnaM priyena priyadasinA rAyA lekhaapitaa|.. _(pahalA abhilekha) 23. azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI prAkRta Adi yuga kI prAkRta bhASA kA pratinidhatva prathama zatAbdI ke nATakakAra azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI prAkRta bhASA bhI karatI hai| ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI aura mAgadhI prAkRta kI vizeSatAe~ ina nATakoM meM prApta hotI haiN| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki isa yuga meM prAkRta bhASA kA prayoga kramazaH bar3ha rahA thaa| aura Agama granthoM kI bhASA kA kucha-kucha nayA svarUpa grahaNa kara rahI thii| 24. azvaghoSa ke nATaka saMskRta nATakoM meM prAkRta bhASA kA sarvaprathama prayoga azvaghoSa ke nATakoM meM prApta hotA hai| azvaghoSa kA samaya lagabhaga I. san kI pahalI zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| azvaghoSa ke zAriputraprakaraNa evaM anya do adhUre nATaka tAr3apatroM para prApta hue haiN| zAriputraprakaraNa nau aMkoM kA prakaraNa hai, jisameM gautama buddha dvArA maudgalAyana aura zAriputra ko bauddha dharma meM dIkSita kiye jAne kA varNana hai| azvaghoSa ke nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRta ke adhyayana ke pazcAt vidvAnoM ne yahI niSkarSa prastuta kiyA hai ki ina nATakoM meM ardhamAgadhI, mAgadhI evaM zaurasenI ke prAcInatam rUpa upalabdha haiN| ina nATakoM kI prAkRta bhASAe~ azoka ke zilAlekhoM kI prAkRta ke adhika nikaTa haiN| bhASA va sAhitya donoM ke hI itihAsa kI dRSTi se azvaghoSa ke nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRtoM kA astitva atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 017

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25. aSTapAhur3a (aThThapAhuDaM) ___ aSTa pAhuDa (aSTa prAbhRta) AcArya kundakunda ke ATha saMkSipta grantha haiM, parantu saMkalana meM eka sAtha prakAzita hone ke kAraNa aSTa pAhuDa ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| darzanapAhuDa meM 36 gAthAoM meM samyag darzana kI mahattA kA nirUpaNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki samyag darzana se bhraSTa vyakti mokSa prApti kA adhikArI nahIM ho sktaa| cAritrapAhuDa meM 44 gAthAoM meM samyag darzanAdi ratnatraya kA nirUpaNa karate hue cAritra ke samyaktva kA varNana kiyA hai| sUtrapAhuDa kI 27 gAthAoM meM Agama jJAna ke mahattva ko batAte hue usake anusAra AcaraNa kI preraNA dI gaI hai| bodhapAhuDa meM 62 gAthAoM meM caityagRha, jinapratimA, jinabimba, AtmajJAna, pravrajyA Adi kA bodha diyA gayA hai| bhAvapAhuDa kI 163 gAthAoM meM citta-vizuddhi para bala dete hue kahA gayA ki isake binA tapa bhI siddhi meM sahAyaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| mokSapAhuDa kI 106 gAthAoM meM Atma-tattva kA vistAra se vivecana karate hue bahirAtmA, antarAtmA evaM paramAtmA ina tInoM ke svarUpa ko samajhAyA hai| liMgapAhuDa meM 22 gAthAoM meM zramaNa ke liMga (cinha) ko lakSya kara munidharma kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai tathA zIlapAhuDa kI 40 gAthAoM meM zIla kI mahattA ko spaSTa kara use mokSa prApti meM sahAyaka kahA hai| ina pramukha granthoM ke atirikta AcArya kundakunda ke kucha anya grantha bhI upalabdha haiN| rayaNasAra meM ratnatraya kA vivecana hai| bArasANuvekkhA meM bAraha anuprekSAoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai tathA bhattisaMgaho meM tIrthaMkaroM evaM paMcaparameSThI kI stuti kI gaI hai| . kundakunda ke SaTpAhuDa meM daMsaNapAhuDa, carittapAhuDa, suttapAhuDa, bodhapAhuDa, bhAvapAhuDa aura mokkhapAhuDa nAma ke chaha prAbhRtoM kA antarbhAva hotA hai| inameM liMga aura sIlapAhuDa milA dene se ATha pAhuDa ho jAte haiN| ina para AcArya zrutasAgara ne TIkA likhI hai| zrutasAgara vidyAnandi bhaTTAraka ke ziSya the aura ve kalikAlasarvajJa, ubhaya bhASAcakravartI Adi padaviyoM se vibhUSita the| daMsaNapAhuDa kI TIkA meM zrutasAgara AcArya ne gopucchika, zvetavAsa, drAvir3a, yApanIyaka aura nippiccha nAmake pA~ca jainAbhAsoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| suttapAhuDa meM AcArya kundakunda ne nagnatva ko hI mokSa kA mArga batAyA hai| bhAvapAhuDa meM bAhubalI, 180 prAkRtaratnAkara

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madhupiMga, vaziSTha muni, dvIpAyana, zivakumAra, bhavyasena aura zivabhUti ke udAharaNa diye haiN| Atmahita ko yahA~ mukhya bAtAyA hai uttharai jANa barao royaggI jANa Dahai dehuddi| iMdiyabalaM na viyalai tAva tumaM kuNahi appahiyaM // jaba taka jarAavasthA AkrAnta nahIM karatI, roga rUpI agni deha rUpa kuTiyA ko nahIM jalA detI aura indriyoM kI zakti kSINa nahIM ho jAtI, taba taka Atmahita karate rahanA caahie| yogI ke sambandha meM mokkhapAhuDa meM kahA hai je sutto vavahAre so joI jaggae saka jmmi| je jaggadi vavahAre so sutto appaNe kje|| jo yogI vyavahAra meM sotA hai vaha svakArya meM jAgRta rahatA hai, jo vyavahAra meM jAgrata rahatA hai vaha svakArya meM sotA hai| liMgapAhuDa meM 22 aura sIlapAhuDa meM 40 gAthAyeM haiN| sIlapAhuDa meM dazapUrvI sAtyakiputra kA dRSTAnta diyA gayA hai| 26. AkhyAnamaNikoza (akkhANamaNikoso) uttarAdhyayana kI sukhabodhA TIkA ke racayitA AcArya nemicandrasUri ne dharma ke vibhinna aMgoM ko upadiSTa karane hetu AkhyAnamaNikoza meM aneka laghu kathAoM kA saMkalana kiyA hai| prAkRta kathAoM kA yaha koza grantha hai| mUla gAthAe~ 52 haiM, jo AryAchaMda meM haiN| AmradevasUri ne isa para I. san 1134 meM TIkA likhI hai| mUla evaM TIkA donoM prAkRta meM haiN| kahIM-kahIM saMskRta evaM apabhraMza kA bhI prayoga hai| TIkA grantha meM 41 adhikAra haiM, jo 146 AkhyAnoM meM vibhakta haiN| viSaya vividhatA kI dRSTi se isa koza kI kathAe~ atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiN| ina AkhyAnoM meM dharmatattvoM ke sAtha-sAtha lokatattva bhI vidyamAna haiN| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se jIvana evaM jagata se sambandhita sabhI tathyoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| dhArmika, naitika evaM AdhyAtmika niyamoM kI abhivyaMjanA vibhinna kathAnakoM ke mAdhyama se kI gaI hai| yathA - zIla kI mahattA ke lie sItA, rohiNI, subhadrA, damayaMtI ke AkhyAna varNita haiM / sulasA AkhyAna dvArA zraddhA kA mahattva pratipAdita kiyA hai| isI prakAra tapa, jinapUjA, vizuddha bhAvanA, karmasiddhAnta Adi ke mAhAtmya kA vivecana bhI vibhinna AkhyAnoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| karma siddhAnta kI dArzanika prAkRta ratnAkara 019

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vyAkhyA karane vAlI yaha gAthA dRSTavya hai - jaMjeNa pAviyavvaM suhaM va dukkhaM va kmmnimmviyN| taM so taheva pAvai kayassa nAso jao ntthi||(29.151) arthAt - jisa vyakti ke dvArA jisa prakAra ke karma nirmita kiye gaye haiM, vaha usI prakAra se sukha aura duHkha prApta karatA hai, kyoMki kiye hue karmo kA nAza nahIM hotA hai| 27. Agama kathAoM kI saMskRti prAkRta Agama granthoM meM prApta kathAe~ kevala tatva darzana ko samajhane ke lie hI nahIM, apitu tatkAlIna samAja aura sAMskRti ko jAnane ke lie bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| yadyapi Agama granthoM kA koI eka racanAkAla nizcita nahIM hai| mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda valabhI meM sampanna Agama-vAcanA ke samaya taka ina AgamoM kA svarUpa nizcita huA hai| ataH IsA zatAbdI se IsA kI 5vIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga eka hajAra varSoM kA jana-jIvana ina AgamoM meM aMkita huA hai| AgamoM ke vyAkhyA sAhitya, saMskRti evaM rAjanIti Adi kI sAmagrI kA mahatva isalie aura adhika hai ki isa yuga ke anya aitihAsika sAkSya kama upalabdha haiN| ataH inhIM sAhityika . sAkSyoM para nirbhara honA par3atA hai| jaina muniyoM dvArA likhe gaye athavA saMkalita kiye gaye ina Agama granthoM meM atizayoktiyAM hote hue bhI yathArtha-citraNa adhika hai, jo sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana ke lie Avazyaka hotA hai| ina Agamika kathAoM meM prApta sAMskRtika sAmagrI ke mUlyAMkana ke lie sUkSma dRSTi kI AvazyakatA hai tathA samakAlIna anya paramparA ke sAhitya kI jAnakArI rakhanA bhI jarUrI hai| 28. Agama kathAoM kI bhASAtmaka dRSTi mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA hai ataH unake upadeza jina AgamoM meM saMkalita hue haiM unakI bhASA bhI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta hai| kintu isa bhASA meM mahAvIra ke samaya kI hI ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA svarUpa surakSita nahIM hai, apitu IsA kI 5 vIM zatAbdI taka pracalita rahane vAlI sAmAnya prAkRta mahArASTrI ke rUpa bhI isameM mila jAte haiN| kucha Agama granthoM meM ardhamAgadhI meM 200 prAkRta ratnAkara

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vaidika bhASA ke tatva bhI sammilita haiM / gacchaMsu Adi kriyAoM meM iMsu pratyaya evaM grahaNa ke artha meM gheppaI kriyAoM kA pracalana Adi AgamoM meM vaidika bhASA kA prabhAva hai| mAgadhI evaM zaurasenI prAkRta ke bhI kucha chuTa-puTa prayoga isameM prApta haiN| sambhavataH ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke gaThana ke pravRtti ke kAraNa yaha huA hai| AgamoM kI bhASA ko samajhane ke lie kucha bhASAtmaka sUtra AgamoM meM hI prApta haiN| unheM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| Agamika kathAoM kI bhASA ke svarUpa evaM usake stara ko taya karane ke lie vyAkhyA sAhitya meM kI gaI vyutpatiyoM ko bhI dekhanA Avazyaka hai / prakAzita saMskaraNoM ke sAtha hI granthoM kI prAcIna pratiyoM para aMkita TippaNa AgamoM kI bhASA ko spaSTa karate haiN| pATha-bhedoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI isameM madada kregaa| ina kathAoM meM kaI nAyakoM ko bahubhASAvid kahA gayA hai / jJAtAdharmakathA meM meghakumAra kI kathA meM aThAraha vividha prakAra kI dezI bhASAoM kA vizArada use kahA gayA hai| kintu ina bhASAoM ke nAma Agama granthoM meM nahIM milte| kuvalayamAlA meM ina bhASAoM ke nAmoM ke sAtha-sAtha unake udAharaNa bhI diye gaye haiM / ina kathAoM meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM kaI dezI zabdoM ko prayoga huA hai| Agama zabda koza meM aise zabdoM kA saMkalana kara svatantra rUpa se vicAra kiyA jAnA caahie| NiMdU, ullapaDasADayA, varai, jAsumaNA, rattabaMdhujIvaga, sarasa, maheliyAvajjaM, thaMDillaM, avaoDaya-baMdhagayaM, DiMbhaya, iMdaTThANa, Adi zabda antakRddazA kI kathAoM meM Aye haiN| isI taraha anya kathAoM meM bhI khoje jA sakate haiN| kucha zabda vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se niyamita nahIM haiM tathA unameM kArakoM kI vyAkhyA nahIM hai| ina saba dRSTiyoM ina kathAoM ke bhASAtmaka adhyayana meM pravRtta hone kI jarUrata hai| pAli, saMskRta ke zabdoM kA ina kathAoM meM prayoga bhI upayogI sAmagrI prastuta kregaa| 29. Agama kathAoM meM kAvyatatva Agama granthoM kI kathAoM meM gadya evaM padya donoM kA prayoga huA hai| kathAkAroM ke adhikAMza varNana yadyapi varNaka ke rUpa meM sthira ho gaye the / nagara-varNana, sauMdaryavarNana Adi vibhinna kathAoM meM eka se prApta hote haiN| smaraNa kI suvidhA ke kAraNa prAkRta ratnAkara 0 21

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kI punarAvRtti na karake jAva paddhati dvArA unakA upayoga kiyA jAtA rahA hai| kintu kucha varNana vizuddha rUpa se sAhityika haiN| saMskRta ke gadya sAhitya kI sauMdarya suSamA unameM dekhI jA sakatI hai| prAcIna bhAratIya gadya sAhitya ke udbhava evaM vikAsa ke adhyayana ke lie ina kathAoM ke gadyAMza maulika AdhAra mAne jA sakate haiN| ina kathAoM meM upamAoM kA bahuta prayoga huA hai| RSabhadeva ke munirUpa kA varNana bahuta hI kAvyAtmaka hai| usameM 39 upamAe~ dI gayI haiN| yathA-zuddha sone kI taraha rUpa vAle, pRthvI kI taraha saba sparzo kA sahane vAle, hAthI kI taraha vIra, AkAza kI taraha nirAlamba, havA kI taraha nirdvanda aadi| ina kathAoM ke gadya meM jitanA kAvya tatva hai, utanA hI padya-bhAga bhI kAvyAtmaka hai| isI taraha kI upamAe~ Adi yadi sabhI kathAoM se ekatra kara unakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jAye to bhAratIya kAvya-zAstra ke itihAsa ke lie kaI naye upamAna evaM bimba prApta ho sakate haiN| 30. Agama kathAoM meM kathAnaka-rUr3hiyA~ evaM moTiphsa __kathAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie unake moTiphsa evaM kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kA adhyayana karanA bahuta Avazyaka hai| isase kathA ke utsa evaM vikAsa ko khojA jA sakatA hai| pAli-prAkRta kathAoM meM kaI samAna kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga huA hai| yaha eka svatantra adhyayana kA viSaya hai| yadyapi videzI vidvAnoM ne isa kSetra meM paryApta kArya kiyA hai| kintu bhAratIya kathAoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM abhI bhI kAma kiyA jAnA zeSa hai| Agama granthoM meM yadyapi kaI kathAe~ prayukta huI haiN| unake vyaktivAcaka nAmoM kI saMkhyA hajAra bhI ho sakatI hai| kintu unameM jo moTiphsa prayukta hue haiM ve eka sau ke lagabhaga hoNgeN| unhIM kI punarAvRtti kaI kathAoM meM hotI rahatI hai| yadi Agamika kathAoM kA eka prAmANika moTiphsaiDeksa taiyAra kiyA jAye to ina kathAoM kI mUla bhAvanA kA samajhane meM to sahayoga milegA hI, unake vikAsa krama ko bhI samajhA jA skegaa| 22 0prAkRta ratnAkara

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31. Agama vAcanAe~ ___ AgamoM ko surakSita rakhane ke lie samaya para zramaNoM dvArA vibhinna sammelana bulAye gaye tathA unheM likhita rUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa| Aja jo Agama graMtha hameM upalabdha haiM, ve inhIM vAcanAoM kA pariNAma haiN| prathama vAcanA - vIra nirvANa ke 160 varSoM bAda pATaliputra meM dvAdazavarSIya bhISaNa duSkAla pdd'aa|akaal kI samApti ke pazcAt zramaNasaMgha AcArya sthUlibhadra ke netRtva meM pATaliputra meM ikaTThA huaa| vahA~ para smRti ke AdhAra para ekAdaza aMgoM ko vyavasthita kiyA gyaa| bArahavAM aMga dRSTivAda kisI ko bhI smaraNa nahIM thA, ataH usakA saMgraha nahIM kiyA jA skaa| bAda meM bhadrabAhu dvArA sthUlibhadra ko dasa pUrvo kI artha sahita tathA zeSa cAra pUrvo kI zabdarupa vAcanA dI gii| dvitIya vAcanA - Agama saMkalana kA dUsarA prayAsa IsA pUrva prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI arthAt vIra nirvANa ke 300-330 varSa ke madhya samrATa khAravela ke samaya meM huaa|smraatt khAravela jaina dharma ke parama upAsaka the| unake hAthIgumphA abhilekha se spaSTa hai ki unhoMne ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata para jaina muniyoM kA eka saMgha bulAyA aura mauryakAla meM jo aMga vismRta ho gaye the, unakA punaH uddhAra krvaayaa| __tRtIya vAcanA - AgamoM ko saMkalita karane hetu tIsarI vAcanA vIra-nirvANa ke 827-840 varSoparAnta arthAt IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM AcArya skandila ke netRtva meM mathurA meM huii| yaha sammelana mathurA meM hone ke kAraNa mAthurIvAcanA ke nAma se prasiddha hai| pradhAna AcArya skandila ke netRtva meM Agama-vettA muni ikaTThe hue, jinheM jaisA smaraNa thA, usa AdhAra para zruta kA saMkalana kiyA gayA thA, usa samaya AcArya skandila hI ekamAtra anuyogadhara the| unhoMne upasthita zramaNoM ko anuyoga kI vAcanA dii| isa dRSTi se sampUrNa anuyoga skandila sambandhI mAnA gayA, aura yaha vAcanA skandila vAcanA ke nAma se jAnI gii| - caturtha vAcanA- mAthurIvAcanA ke samaya ke Asa-pAsa IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM vallabhI meM nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM dakSiNa-pazcima meM vicaraNa karanevAle zramaNoM kI eka vAcanA huI, jisakA uddezya vismRta zruta ko vyavasthita karanA thaa| upasthita muniyoM kI smRti ke AdhAra para jitanA upalabdha ho sakA, prAkRta ratnAkara 0 23

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vaha sArA vAGmaya suvyavasthita kiyA gyaa| nAgArjunasUri ne samAgata sAdhuoM ko vAcanA dI, ataH yaha nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke nAma se prasiddha huii| paMcama vAcanA - vIra nirvANa ke 980 se 993 ke bIca devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM zramaNasaMgha punaH vallabhI meM ekatrita huaa| smRti meM zeSa sabhI AgamoM ko saMkalita kara pustakArur3ha karane kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| puskArUr3ha karane kA yaha prathama prayAsa thaa| isameM mathurA va vallabhI vAcanA kA samanvaya kara usameM ekarUpatA lAne kA prayAsa kiyA gyaa| yaha AgamoM kI antima vAcanA thii| isake bAda AgamoM kI sarvamAnya koI vAcanA nahIM huii| ___ Agama lekhana- vIra nirvANa saMvat 827-840 meM mathurA tathA vallabhI meM jo sammelana hue unameM ekAdaza aMgoM ko vyavasthita kiyA gyaa| usa samaya AryarakSita ne anuyogadvArasUtra kI racanA kii| usameM dravyazruta ke lie pattaya potthayalihiya zabda kA prayoga huA hai| isase pUrva Agama likhane kA pramANa nahIM milatA hai| isase yaha patA calatA hai ki zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI 9 vIM zatAbdI ke anta meM AgamoM ke lekhana kI paramparA calI, parantu AgamoM ko lipibaddha karane kA spaSTa saMketa devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke samaya se milatA hai| isa prakAra Agama lekhana yuga kA prArambha hama IsA kI 5vIM zatAbdI mAna sakate haiN| kintu jainAcAryoM dvArA svatantra prAkRta grantha prathama zatAbdI meM likhanA prArambha ho gayA thaa| 32. Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna samatA vibhUti AcArya zrI nAnAlAla jI mahArAja ke apane 1981 ke udayapura varSAvAsa meM samyakjJAna kI abhivRddhi hetu prabhAvazAlI udbodhana se Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna kI udayapura meM sthApanA huii| yaha saMsthAna zrI akhila bhAratIya sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha, bIkAnera kI pramukha pravRttiyoM meM se eka hai| isakA pramukha uddezya hai- ahiMsA evaM samatA-darzana kI pRSThabhUmi meM jainAgamoM tathA prAkRta, apabhraMza, saMskRta, tamila, kannar3a, rAjasthAnI, hindI Adi bhASAoM meM racita jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana, zikSaNa evaM anusandhAna kI pravRtti ko vikasita karanA tathA ina viSayoM ke vidvAn taiyAra krnaa| sAtha hI ina bhASAoM ke aprakAzita sAhitya ko Adhunika zailI meM sampAdita evaM anuvAdita kara prakAzita krnaa| saMsthAna meM eka samRddha pustakAlaya vikasita kiyA jA rahA hai| vartamAna meM 240 prAkRtaratnAkara

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isa pustakAlaya meM lagabhaga 8000 prakAzita pustakeM evaM 1500 hastilikhita pANDulipiyA~ haiN| 33. AgamoM kI bhASA __ jainAgamoM kI mUla bhASA ardhamAgadhI hai| yaha devavANI mAnI gaI hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM gautama dvArA yaha prazna karane para ki deva kisa bhASA meM bolate haiM? bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA uttara diyA gayA ki deva ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM bolate haiM tathA sabhI bhASAoM meM ardhamAgadhI bhASA zreSTha va viziSTa hai- goyama! devANaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe bhAsaMti..... (5, 4, 24) samavAyAMga va aupapAtikasUtra ke anusAra bhI tIrthaMkara ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM upadeza dete haiN| isakI vyAkhyA karate hue AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM ki caritra sAdhanA-ArAdhanA karane ke icchuka maMda buddhi strI puruSoM para anugraha karane ke lie sarvajJa bhagavAn AgamoM kA upadeza prAkRta meM dete haiN| prajJApanAsUtra meM isa bhASA ko bolane vAle ko bhASArya kahA hai| magadha ke ardhabhAga meM bolI jAne ke kAraNa tathA mAgadhI va dezaja zabdoM ke sammizraNa ke kAraNa yaha ardhamAgadhI kahalAtI hai| 34. Agamika-vyAkhyA sAhitya - jaina Agama sAhitya meM atyaMta sUkSma va gaMbhIra viSayoM kA sUtra rUpa meM nirUpaNa huA hai| sAmAnyataH AgamoM ke samasta gUDha rahasyoM aura unake viSayoM ko sIdhe samyaka prakAra se samajhanA saMbhava nahIM hai, ataH ina Agamika rahasyoM va samyaka viSayoM ko samajhane ke lie jainAcAryoM dvArA inakI vistAra se vyAkhyA prastuta kiigii| isI paramparA meM vividhaAgamika-vyAkhyA-sAhitya kA nirmANa huaa| jainAgamoM para pA~ca prakAra kA vyAkhyA sAhitya upalabdha hai| 1. niyukti 2. bhASya 3.cUNi 4. TIkA 5. TabbA evaM loka bhASA meM likhita saahity| 35. Adima prAkRta prAkRta bhASA ke udgama evaM Rgveda kI chAndas kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kara prAcya bhASAvid paM. candradhara zarmA gulerI ne prakRtijanAnAmidaMprAkRtam kI pUrvAgata paribhASA ke anusAra apanA zodha-niSkarSa yaha nikAlA ki RgvedapUrvakAlIna janasAmAnya kI Adima prAkRta se vikasita-bhASA hI vaha chAndas hai, jisameM ki prAkRta ratnAkara 0 25

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Rgveda kI racanA kI gii| yahI nahIM, balki unake anusAra "Adi prAkRta se vikasita ukta chAndas se bhI paravartI yugoM meM do sAhityika bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA- laukika-saMskRta evaM sAhityika prAkRta / Age calakara niyamabaddha ho jAne ke kAraNa laukika saMskRta kA pravAha to avaruddha ho gayA, jabaki prAkRta kA pravAha binA kisI avarodha ke Age calatA rahA, jisase kramazaH apabhraMza-bhASA tathA usa apabhraMza se braja, hindI, maithilI, bhojapurI, baMgalA, ur3iyA, bundelI Adi Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kA vikAsa huaa|" 36. AcAradazA (AyAradasAo) dazazrutaskandha kA ThANAMga meM dUsarA nAma AcAradazA bhI prApta hotA hai| isake dasa adhyayana haiM, jinameM doSoM se bacane kA vidhAna hai| pahale uddezaka meM 20 asamAdhi doSa, dUsare uddezaka meM 21 zabala doSa, tIsare uddezaka meM 33 prakAra kI AjotanAoM, cauthe uddezaka meM 8 prakAra kI gaNisaMpadAoM, pA~caveM uddezaka meM 10 prakAra kI cittasamAdhi, chaThe uddezaka meM 11 prakAra kI upAsaka pratimAoM, sAtaveM uddezaka meM 12 prakAra kI bhikSu pratimAoM, AThaveM uddezaka meM paryuSaNA, naveM meM 30 mahA-mohanIya sthAnoM evaM dasaveM uddezaka meM nava-nidAnoM kA varNana hai| isa Agama ke AThaveM uddezaka paryuSaNA meM mahAvIra kA jIvana carita vistAra se varNita huA hai| yaha adhyayana vikasita hokara vartamAna meM kalpasUtra ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| 37. AdinAhacariyaM RSabhadeva ke carita kA vistAra se varNana karane vAlA prAkRta kA yaha prathama grantha hai| isameM pA~ca pariccheda haiN| grantha 11000 zlokapramANa hai| isa grantha kA dUsarA nAma RSabhadevacarita bhI hai| isakI racanA para cauppannamahApurisacariyaM kA prabhAva hai| isake racayitA navAMgI TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri ke ziSya vardhamAnAcArya haiN| inakI dUsarI racanAe~ 15000 gAthA-pramANa manoramAcariyaM (saM.1140) tathA dharmaratnakaraMDavRtti (saM.1172) bhI haiN| AdinAhacariyaM kA racanAkAla saM. 1160 diyA gayA hai| 260 prAkRta ratnAkara

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38. AnandasundarI - AnandasundarI saTTaka ke racayitA sarasvatI ke avatAra mahArASTracUDAmaNi kavi ghanazyAma haiN| kavi ghanazyAma sarvabhASA kavi mAne jAte haiN| saMskRta, prAkRta evaM dezI sabhI bhASAoM meM inakI racanAe~ prApya haiN| inakA samaya lagabhaga 1700-1750 I. hai| AnaMdasuMdarI prAkRta kA eka maulika saTTaka hai, jisakI kathAvastu kA gaThana karpUramaMjarI ke AdhAra para nahIM huA hai, isa saTTaka kI kathAvastu meM rAjA zikhaNDacandra aura aMgarAja kI kanyA AnaMdasuMdarI ke prema, vivAha evaM putra prApti kI ghaTanA kA varNana hai| isa saTTaka kI kathAvastu meM maulikatA kA puTa hai| do garbha nATakoM kA viniyojana kara kavi ne kathAvastu kI gatizIlatA ko banAye rakhA hai| garbhAka kI kalpanA isa saTTaka kI apanI maulika vizeSatA hai / pAThakoM kI rocakatA ko banAye rakhane ke lie kaI dRzyoM meM kavi ne hAsya evaM vyaMga kA samAveza bhI kiyA hai / bhASA va ruci sammata prAkRta hai, kahIM kahIM saMskRta kA bhI prayoga hai| marAThI bhASA ke bahuta se zabda isameM prayukta hue haiN| isake saMvAda sAragarbhita haiN| rasa, bhAva, chaMda, alaMkAra Adi kI viniyojanA kI dRSTi se yaha uttama saTTaka hai| 39. Amra kavi AkhyAnamaNikoza ke racayitA Amra kavi haiM / graMtha ke prArambha aura anta graMthakAra ne apane lie amma zabda ke atirikta koI vizeSa paricAyaka sAmagrI nahIM dI hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki vi. saM. 1190 meM racita 'AkhyAnakamaNikoza' vRttikAra Amradeva aura isa carita ke racayitA eka hI haiM para ukta vRtti meM amma aura Amradeva ke abhinna hone kA koI AdhAra nahIM milatA hai / isa graMtha kI anumAnataH 16vIM zatAbdI kI hastalikhita prati khambhAta ke vijayanemisUrIzvara - zAstrasaMgraha meM upalabdha hai| 40. ArAdhanA prakaraNa (pajjaMtArAhaNA ) ise ArAdhanAprakaraNa yA ArAdhanAsUtra bhI kahate haiN| isameM 69 gAthAyeM haiM / isake kartA somasUri haiN| isameM antima ArAdhanA kA svarUpa samajhAyA gayA hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0 27

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isa para gujarAtI meM TabbA hai| yaha avacUri aura gujarAtI anuvAda sahita zrIbuddhivRddhi karpUra-granthamAlA se vi.saM. 1994 meM payannAsaMgraha bhAga 1 meM prakAzita hai| 41 AcArAMgasUtra (AyAro) ____ ardhamAgadhI Agama granthoM meM AcArAMga kA prathama sthAna hai| AcArAMga niyukti meM AcArAMga ko aMgoM kA sAra kahA gayA hai - aMgANaM kiM sAro! aayaaro| (gA.16) niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu ne likhA hai kRitIrthakara bhagavAn sarvaprathama AcArAMga kA aura usake pazcAt zeSa aMgoM kA pravartana karate haiN| prastuta Agama do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM 9 adhyayana haiM, lekina mahAparijJA nAmaka sAtaveM adhyayana ke lupta ho jAne ke kAraNa vartamAna meM isameM 8 adhyayana tathA 44 uddezaka haiN| dvitIya zrutaskandha cUlikA ke nAma se prasiddha hai, jo cAra cUlikA va 16 adhyayanoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama zrutaskandha ke adhyayanoM meM jIva-hiMsA kA niSedha, karmabaMdhana se mukti, parISahoM para vijaya, ratnatraya kI mahattA tathA tapa va saMyama dvArA zuddhAtmarUpa kI prApti kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMga ke naveM adhyayana 'upadhAna' meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI tapasyA evaM sAdhanA kA vistRta varNana huA hai| AcArAMga kA mahattvapUrNa udbodhana ahiMsA evaM asaMgatA hai arthAt samasta prANI jagata ke prati samatvabhAva kI anubhUti evaM rAga-dveSa Adi AMtarika kaSAyoM para vijaya prApti hI vizuddha AcAra hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha meM samaNoM ke AcAra kA vivecana hai| cAra cUlikAoM meM vibhakta isa zrutaskandha meM zramaNoM kI AhAracaryA, zayyA, calane kI prakriyA, vastra va pAtragrahaNa, Thaharane ke sthAna Adi para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| pA~cavIM cUlikA vistRta hone ke kAraNa nizIthasUtra ke nAma se alaga kara dI gaI hai| AcArAMga para bhadrabAhu kI niyukti jinadAsagaNi kI cUrNi evaM zIlAMkAcArya kI (876 I.) kI vRtti bhI hai| AcArAMga ke adhyayana se hI zramaNadharma kA parijJAna hotA hai, ataH AcAra-dhara ko prathama gaNisthAna kahA gayA hai| 42. ArAmazobhAkathA ArAmazobhAkathA laukika kathA sAhitya kI rocaka kathA hai para yaha samyaktva 28 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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kI mahimA prakaTa karane ke lie eka dharmakathA ke rUpa meM isako prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jaina kathAoM meM yaha haribhadrasUrikRta samyaktvaMsaptatikA para saMghatilakasUriviracita tattvakaumudI nAmaka vivaraNa (vi.saM.1422) meM upalabdha hai| prAkata ArAmasohAkahA prAkata bhAratI akAdamI jayapura se 2007 meM prakAzita ha~ / DaoN kalpanA jaina ne isakA sampAdana-anuvAda kiyA hai| 43. AvazyakacUrNi yaha cUrNi mukhyatayA niyuktyanusArI hai| yatra-tatra vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI gAthAoM kA bhI vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| bhASA meM pravAha evaM zailI meM oja hai| viSaya-vistAra bhI anya cUrNiyoM kI apekSA adhika hai| kathAnakoM kI pracuratA bhI isakI eka vizeSatA hai| isameM aitihAsika AkhyAnoM ke vizeSa darzana hote haiN| oghaniryakticUrNi, goviMdaniyukti, vasudevahiNDi Adi aneka granthoM kA isameM ullekha hai| saMskRta ke aneka loka isameM uddhRta haiN| Avazyaka ke sAmAyika nAmaka prathama adhyayana kI vyAkhyA karate hue cUrNikAra ne antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bhavoM kI carcA kI hai tathA Adi tIrthaMkara bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke dhanasArthavAha Adi bhavoM kA varNana kiyA hai| RSabhadeva ke janma, vivAha, santAna Adi kA varNana karate hue tatkAlIna zilpa, karma, lekha Adi para bhI prakAza DAlA hai| isI prasaMga para AcArya ne RSabhadeva ke putra bharata kI digvijaya-yAtrA kA ati rocaka evaM vidvattApUrNa varNana kiyA hai| bharata kA rAjyAbhiSeka, bharata aura bAhubali kA yuddha, bAhubalI ko kevalajJAna kI prApti Adi ghaTanAoM ke varNana meM bhI cUrNikAra ne apanA kauzala dikhAyA hai| pratikramaNa nAmaka caturtha adhyayana kI cUrNi meM abhayakumAra, zreNika, cellaNA, sulasA, koNika, ceTaka, udAyI, mahA padmanaMda, zakaTAla, vararuci, sthUlabhadra Adi aitihAsika vyaktiyoM se sambandhita aneka kathAnakoM kA isameM saMgraha hai| Age ke adhyayanoM meM bhI isI prakAra vividha viSayoM kA sadRSTAnta vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 029

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44. Avazyakaniryukti Avazyaka niyukti AcArya bhadravAhu kI sarvaprathama kRtti hai| yaha viSayavaividhya kI dRSTi se anya niyuktiyoM kI apekSA adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| isa para jinabhadra, jinadAsagaNi, haribhadra, koTyAcArya, malayagiri, maladhArI hemacandra, mANikyazekhara prabhRti AcAryoM ne vividha vyAkhyAe~ likhI haiN| Avazyaka niryukti kI gAthA - saMkhyA bhinna-bhinna vyAkhyAoM meM bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM milatI hai| Avazyaka niyukti AvazyakasUtra ke sAmAyikAdi chaH adhyayanoM kI sarvaprathama padyabaddha prAkRta vyAkhyA hai| isake prArambha meM upodaghAta hai jo prastuta niyukti kA bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa aMga hai| isameM jJAnapaMcaka, sAmAyika, RSabhadeva - cAritra, gaNadharavAda, AryarakSita - caritra ninhava mata (sapta ninhava) Adi kA saMkSipta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| RSabhadeva ke jIvana kI mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAoM ke varNana ke sAtha hI usa yuga se sambandhita AhAra, zilpa, karma, mamatA, vibhUSaNA, lekhana, garNita rUpa, lakSaNa, mAnadaNDa, pota, vyavahAra, nIti, yuddha, iSuzAstra, upAsanA, cikitsA, arthazAstra, bandha, ghAta, tADanA, yajJa, utsava, samavAya, maMgala, kautumaka, vastra, gaMdha, mAlya, alaMkAra, cUlA, upanayana, vivAha datti, mRtaka - pUjana, dhyApana, stUpa, zabda, khelApana aura pRcchana-ina cAlIsa viSayoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| dharmacakra kA varNana karate hue niyuktikAra ne batAyA hai ki bAhubalI ne apane pitA RSabhadeva kI smRti meM dharmacakra kI sthApanA kI thI / upodghAta ke bAda namaskAra, caturviMzatistava, vaMdanA, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga, prAyazcitta, dhyAna, pratyAkhyAna Adi kA nikSepa-paddhati se vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| namaskAra - prakaraNa meM arhata, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu ke svarUpa kA bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| bhadrabAhu kI dasa niryuktiyoM meM Avazyakaniryukti kA sthAna prathama hai| isameM aneka mahatvapUrNa viSayoM para vistAra se carcA kI gaI hai| isake bAda kI niyuktiyoM meM una viSayoM kI carcA na kara Avazyaka niryukti ko dekhane kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai| isameM sarvaprathama upAdghAta hai jo bhUmikA ke rUpa meM hai| usameM 880 gAthAe~ haiN| prathama pA~ca jJAnoM kA nirUpaNa hai| abhinibodhika jJAna ke avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA ye cAra bheda haiN| 30 D prAkRta ratnAkara

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jJAna ke varNana ke pazcAt SaDAvazyaka kA nirUpaNa hai| usameM sarvaprathama sAmAyika hai| sAmAyika ke adhyayana kA pazcAt hI anya Agama sAhitya ke par3hane kA vidhAna hai| sAmAyikasUtra ke prArambha meM namaskAra mantra AtA hai| isalie namaskAra mantra kI utpatti, nikSepa, pada, nikSepa, padArtha, prarUpaNA, vastu, AkSepa, prasiddhi, krama aura prayojana ina gyAraha dRSTiyoM se namaskAra mahAmantra para cintana kiyA gayA hai, jo sAdhaka ke lie bahuta hI upayogI hai| sAmAyika meM tIna karaNa aura tIna yoga se sAvadha pravRtti kA parityAga hotA hai| dUsarA adhyayana caturvizatistava kA hai| isameM nAma, sthApanA, dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ina chaha nikSepoM kI dRSTi se prakAza DAlA gayA hai| tRtIya adhyayana vandanA kA hai| citikarma, kRtikarma, pUjAkarma aura vinayakarma ye vandanA ke paryAyavAcI hai| caturtha adhyayana kA nAma pratikramaNa hai| pramAda ke kAraNa AtmaprabhAva se AtmA mithyAtva Adi sthAna meM jAtA hai, usakA punaH apane sthAna meM AnA pratikramaNa hai| pA~caveM adhyayana meM kAyotsarga kA nirUpaNa hai| kAyotsarga aura vyutsarga ye ekArthavAcI hai| yahA~ para kAyotsarga kA artha varNa cikitsA hai| Avazyaka kA chaThA adhyayana pratyAkhyAna hai| pratyAkhyAna, pratyAkhyAtA, pratyAkhyeya, zabda, kathanavidhi aura phala ina chaha dRSTiyoM se pratyAkhyAna kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ___ zramaNa jIvana ko mahAna evaM tejasvI banAne ke lie zramaNa jIvana se saMbaMdhita sabhI viSayoM kI carcAe~ prastuta niyukti meM kI gaI haiN| aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI isa niyukti kA atyadhika mahatvapUrNa hai| aise aneka mahatvapUrNa tathya isameM ujAgara hue haiM jo isase pUrva kI racanAoM meM kahIM para bhI dRSTigocara nahIM hote / 45. AvazyakasUtra (AvassayaM) AvazyakasUtra jIvana-zuddhi aura doSa-parimArjana kA mahAsUtra hai| Avazyaka sAdhaka kI AtmA ko parakhane evaM nikhArane kA mahAna upAya hai| avazya' se Avazyaka banA hai, arthAt jo caturvidha saMgha ke lie pratidina avazya karane yogya hai, vaha Avazyaka hai| Avazyaka ke chaH prakAra batAye gaye haiM - 1. sAmAyika 2. caturvizatistava 3. vandanA 4. pratikramaNa 5. kAyotsarga 6.prtyaakhyaan| prAkRta ratnAkara 0 31

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cha: adhyayanoM meM inakA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| Avazyaka kA AdhyAtmika dRSTi se to mahattva hai hI, dainika jIvana meM bhI isake pAlana se kSamA, Arjava Adi guNoM kA vikAsa hotA hai| yaha sUtra zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha zrAvakazrAvikAoM ke lie bhI pApa-kriyAoM se bacakara dharma mArga meM agrasara hone kI prAyogika vidhi prastuta karatA hai| 46. isibhAsiyaM pratyeka buddhoM dvArA bhASita hone se isa prAkRta grantha ko RSibhASita kahA hai| isameM nArada, aMgarisi (aMgirasa) valkacIri, kummAputta, mahAkAsava, maMkhaliputta, jaNNavakka, yAvalakya, bAhuka, rAmaputta, ammaDa, mAyaMga, vArattaya, isigiri, adAlaya, dIvAyaNa, sauma, yama, varuNa, vesamaNa Adi 45 adhyayanoM meM pratyekabuddhoM ke caritra diye hue haiN| isameM aneka adhyayana padya meM haiN| isa sUtra para bhadrabAhu dvArA niyukti likhe jAne kA ullekha hai jo Ajakala anupalabdha hai| yaha grantha prAkata bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura evaM jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM se prakAzita hai| 47. uttarAdhyayanasUtra (uttarajjhayaNAI) uttarAdhyayana jaina ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa Agama grantha mAnA jAtA hai| ise mahAvIra kI antima dezanA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana kI viSayavastu prAcIna hai| samavAyAMga evaM uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM uttarAdhyayana kI jo viSayavastu dI gaI hai, vaha uttarAdhyayana meM jyoM kI tyoM prApta hotI hai| uttarAdhyayana ke chattIsa adhyayana haiM, inameM saMkSepa meM prAyaH sabhI viSayoM se sambandhita vivecana upalabdha hai| dharma, darzana, jJAna, cAritra Adi kI nirmala dhArAe~ isameM pravAhita haiN| jIva, ajIva, karmavAda, SaDdravya, navatattva, pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra kI paramparA prabhRti sabhI viSayoM kA isameM samAveza huA hai| dArzanika siddhAntoM ke sAtha-sAtha isameM bahuta sAre kathAnakoM evaM AkhyAnoM kA bhI saMkalana huA hai| isameM varNita namipravrajyA, harikezI, citta-saMbhUti, mRgAputra, iSukArIya, 32 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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rathanemi Adi AkhyAna sarasa evaM rocaka haiN| ye AkhyAna jahA~ eka ora dharmatattva kA pratipAdana karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora tatkAlIna sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika paramparAoM ko bhI prakAzita karate haiN| uttarAdhyayana ke prathama adhyayana 'vinayasUtra' meM guru ziSya ke sambandhoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| vinIta ziSya kA lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki - ANAnidesakare gunnmuvvaaykaare| iMgiyAkArasaMpanne se viNIe tti vuccii||(gaa.1.2) arthAt - guru kI AjJA va nirdeza ke anusAra pravRtti karane vAlA, usakI sevA-zuzrUSA karane vAlA tathA usakI ceSThA evaM AkRti se hI usake Antarika manobhAvoM ko samajhane vAlA ziSya vinIta kahalAtA hai| bAisaveM adhyayana 'rathanemi' meM apane bodha vacanoM ke dvArA saMyama se bhaTake rathanemi ko udbodhana dekara sanmArga para lAtI huI rAjImatI nArI ke udAtta rUpa ko citrita karatI hai| paccIsaveM adhyayana meM janmanA jAtivAda kA khaMDana kara karmaNA jAtivAda kI sthApanA karate hue sacce zramaNa va brAhmaNa kA lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki samatA se zramaNa, brahmacarya se brAhmaNa, jJAna se muni evaM tapa se tapasvI hotA hai| yathA - samayAe samaNo hoI, baMbhacereNa bNbhnno| NANeNa ya muNI hoi, taveNa hoi taavso||(gaa. 25.32) paiMtIsaveM anagAra' nAmaka adhyayana meM yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki kevala ghara chor3ane se koI anagAra nahIM bana jAtA hai balki AdhyAtmika mArga meM gati-pragati usake lie Avazyaka hai| isake vibhinna adhyayanoM meM tattva-carcA, zramaNa jIvana ke AcAra, saMsAra kI asAratA, karma prakRti Adi viSayoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| 48. uttarAdhyayananiyukti isa niyukti meM 600 gAthAe~ haiN| isameM aneka pAribhASika zabdoM kA nikSepapaddhati se vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| aneka zabdoM ke vividha paryAya bhI diye gaye haiN| prAkRta ratnAkara 033

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uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhagavAn jinendra ne chattIsa adhyayanoM kA upadeza diyA hai| adhyayana pada kA nikSepapUrvaka vyAkhyAna karate hue niyuktikAra kahate haiM ki nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva ina cAra dvAroM se adhyayana kA vicAra ho sakatA hai| bhAvAdhyayana kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki prArabddha tathA badhyamAna karmoM ke abhAva se AtmA kA jo apane svabhAva meM Anayana arthAt le jAnA hai vahI adhyayana hai| jisase jIvAdi kA padArthoM kA adhigama arthAt pariccheda hotA hai athavA jisase adhika nayana arthAt vizeSa prApti hotI hai athavA jisase zIghra hI abhISTa artha kI siddhi hotI hai vahI adhyayana hai| cUMki adhyayana se aneka bhavoM se Ate hue aSTa prakAra ke karmaraja kA kSaya hotA hai isIlie use bhAvAdhyayana kahate haiN| isake bAda AcArya zrutaskandha kA nikSepa karate haiM kyoMki uttarAdhyayanasUtra zrutaskandha hai| tadanantara AcArya chattIsa adhyayanoM ke nAma ginAte haiM tathA unake vividha adhikAroM kA nirdeza karate haiN| Age pratyeka adhyayana kA vizeSa vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| kSutpipAsA Adi parISahoM kI vizeSa vyAkhyA karate hue niyuktikAra ne vividha udAharaNoM dvArA yaha samajhAyA hai ki zramaNa ko kisa prakAra parISahoM ko sahana karanA caahie| isa prasaMga meM AcArya ne jaina paramparA meM Ane vAlI aneka mahattvapUrNa evaM zikSAprada kathAoM kA saMkalana kiyA hai| Age niyuktikAra ne udAharaNoM kI sahAyatA se yaha batAyA hai ki manuSyabhava kI prApti kitanI durlabha hai, manuSya bhava prApta ho jAne para bhI dharmazruti kitanI kaThina hai, dharmazruti kA lAbha hone para bhI usa para zraddhA karanA kitanA kaThina hai, zraddhA ho jAne para bhI tapa aura saMyama meM vIrya arthAt parAkrama karanA to aura bhI kaThina hai| 49. uttarAdhyayanavRtti nemicandrasUrikRta ___nemicandrasUri kA dUsarA nAma devendragaNi hai| inhoMne vi.saM. 1129 meM uttarAdhyayanasUtra para eka TIkA likhii|is TIkA kA nAma uttarAdhyayana-sukhabodhavRtti hai| yaha vRtti vAdivetAla zAntisUrivihita uttarAdhyayana-ziSyahitAvRtti ke AdhAra para likhI huI hai| vRtti kI saralatA evaM subodhatA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue isakA 340 prAkRta ratnAkara

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nAma sukhabodhA rakhA gayA hai| isameM udAharaNarUpa aneka prAkRta kathAnaka haiN| vRtti ke anta kI prazasti meM ullekha hai ki nemicandrAcArya bRhadgacchIya udyotanAcArya ke ziSya upAdhyAya Amradeva ke ziSya haiM / inake guru-bhrAtA kA nAma municandrasUri hai, jinakI prekaraNA hI prastuta vRtti kI racanA kA mukhya kAraNa hai| vRtti-racanA kA sthAna aNahilapATana nagara meM seTha dohaDi kA ghara hai| isakA granthamAna 12000 noka-pramANa hai| 50. uddyotanasUri ___ kuvalayamAlAkahA ke racayitA kA nAma dAkSiNyacihna udyotanasUri hai| kathA ke anta meM lekhaka ne eka 27 padyoM kI prazasti dI hai jisameM guruparamparA, racanAsamaya aura sthAna kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| isase aneka mahattvapUrNa bAtoM kA patA calatA hai| tadanusAra uttarApatha meM candrabhAgA nadI ke taTa para pavvaiyA nAmaka nagarI meM toramANa yA torarAya nAmaka rAjA rAjya karatA thaa| isake guru guptavaMzIya AcArya harigupta ke ziSya mahAkavi devagupta the| unake ziSya zivacandragaNi mahattara bhillamAla ke nivAsI the, unake ziSya yakSadatta the| inake NAga, biMda (vRnda), mammaDa, dugga, agnizarmA, baDesara (baTezvara) Adi aneka ziSya the, jinhoMne devamandira kA nirmANa karAkara gurjara deza ko ramaNIya banAyA thaa| ina ziSyoM meM se eka kA nAma tattvAcArya thaa| ye hI tattvAcArya kuvalayamAlA ke kartA udyotanasUri ke guru the| udyotanasUri ko vIrabhadrasUri ne siddhAnta aura haribhadrasUri ne yuktizAstra kI zikSA dI thii| isa grantha ko unhoMne jAvAlipura (jAlora) ke bha. RSabhadeva ke maMdira meM rahakara caitra kRSNa caturdazI ke aparAhna meM, jaba ki zaka saM. 700 ke samApta hone meM eka hI dina zeSa thA, pUrNa kiyA thaa| usa samaya narahasti zrIvatsarAja yahA~ rAjya karatA thaa| yaha samaya vikrama saM. 835 AtA hai aura IsvI san 779 kI mArca 21 ko samApta huA samajhanA caahie| 51. uktivyaktiprakaraNa ___prAcIna koza-granthoM kI paramparA meM paM. dAmodara zAstrI ne 12vIM zatAbdI meM uktivyaktiprakaraNa kI racanA kI, jisakA dUsarA nAma prayoga-prakAza hai| isa koza-grantha meM isa bAta ko atyaMta sarala DhaMga se samajhAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra prAkRta ratnAkara 0 35

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loka bhASA meM pracalita dezI zabda saMskArita hokara saMskRta rUpa dhAraNa karate haiN| 52. uktiratnAkara dezIya zabdoM ke jJApana ke lie 17vIM zatAbdI meM jaina sAdhu sundaragaNi ne uktiratnAkara kI racanA kara uktimUlaka zabdoM kA saMgraha kiyaa| isa grantha meM dezI zabdoM ke saMskRta rUpa to diye hI haiM, sAtha hI aise zabda bhI milate haiM, jo saMskRta se gar3he gaye haiN| yathA - miThAI - mRshttaattikaa| 53. upadezapada (uvaesapada) ___ upadezapada yAkinImahattarA ke dharmaputra aura virahAMka pada se prakhyAta haribhadrasUri kI racanA hai, jo kathA sAhitya kA anupama bhaMDAra hai| graMthakartA ne dharmakathAnuyoga ke mAdhyama se isa kRti meM manda buddhivAloM ke prabodha ke lie jainadharma ke upadezoM ko sarala laukika kathAoM ke rUpa meM saMgrahita kiyA hai| isameM 1039 gAthAyeM haiM jo AryA chanda se likhI gaI haiN| lekhaka ne uttarAdhyayananiyukti, nandi aura sanmatiprakaraNa Adi kI gAthAyeM apanI mUla racanA meM garbhita kara lI haiN| upadeza pada para syAddhAdaratnAkara ke praNetA vAdidevasUri ke guru municandrasUri kI sukhabodhinI nAma kI TIkA hai jo prAkRta aura saMskRta meM padya aura gadya meM likhI haiM, aura aneka subhASitoM aura sUktiyoM se bharapUra hai| municandrasUri prAkRta aura saMskRta bhASAoM ke bar3e acche vidvAna the, aura aNahillapATa nagara meM vikrama saMvat 1194 IsavI san 1117 meM unhoMne isa TIkA kI racanA kI thii| yaha muktikamala jaina mohanamAlA, bar3audA se san 1923-5 meM do bhAgoM meM prakAzita hai| 54. upadezamAlAprakaraNa / ___ maladhAri hemacandrasUri kI dUsarI ullekhanIya racanA upadezamAlA yA puSpamAlA hai| bhavabhAvanA kI bhA~ti upadezamAlA bhI viSaya, kavitya aura zailI kI dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| isameM 505 gAthAe~ haiM jo nimnalikhita bIsa adhikAroM meM vibhakta haiN| : 1abhayadAna, 2 jJAna, 3 dAna, 4 zIla, 5 tapa, 6 bhAvanA, 7 samyaktvazuddhi, 8 cAritrazuddhi, 9 indriyajaya, 10 kaSAyanigraha, 11 gurukulavAsa, 12 doSa vikaTanA,13 virAga, 14 vinaya, 15 vaiyAvRtya, 16 svAdhyAya, 17 anAyatanatyAga, 18 paraparivAda nivRtti, 19 dharmasthiratA, 20 prijnyaan| isa para lekhaka ke 36 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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kathanAnusAra jinavacanarUpI kAnana se suMdara puSpoM ko cunakara suvarNa (sundara zabda sundara raMga) aura asadRza guNoM guNa DorA) se yukta isa zreSTha puSpamAlA (upanAma kusumamAlA)kI racanA kI gaI hai| isa kRti meM jaina tatvopadeza, karmo ke kSaya kA upAya pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| isa kRti meM tatvopadeza saMbaMdhI kitanI hI mahatvapUrNa dhArmika aura laukika kathAyeM vizada zailI meM grathita haiN| yaha RSabhadeva kezarImala saMsthA dvArA san 1936 meM indaura se prakAzita hai| 55. upadezamAlA (uvaesamAlA) _ vividha puSpoM se gUMthI huI mAlA kI bhaoNti dharmadAsagaNi ne pUrva dRSTAnta pUrvaka jinavacana ke upadezoM ko isa upadezamAlA meM guMphita kiyA hai| isa kathA ko vairAgya pradhAna kahA gayA hai jo saMyama aura tapa meM prayana na karane vAle vyaktiyoM ko sukhakara nahIM hotii| upadezamAlA meM kula milAkara 542 prAkRta gAthAyeM haiM jinameM 70 kathAnaka guMphita haiN| graMthakAra ne apanI isa kRti ko zAMti denevAlI, kalyANakArI, maMgalakArI Adi vizeSaNoM dvArA mahattvapUrNa batAyA hai| granthakAra IsavIM san kI cauthI pA~cavI zatAbdI ke vidvAn jAna par3ate haiN| vidvAnoM kA mAnanA hai ki ina graMtha kI gAthAoM meM pAye jAne vAle AkhyAna jaina sAhitya ke prAcIna stara taka jAte haiM, jinakI tulanA niyukti prakIrNakoM ke AkhyAnoM se kI jA sakatI hai| isa mahatvapUrNa graMtha para aneka vidvAnoM ne TIkAoM kI racanA kI haiN| isameM cAra vizrAma haiN| pahale vizrAma meM raNasiMha, caMdanabAlA, prasannacaMdra, bharata aura bramhadatta Adi kI kathAyeM haiN| dUsare vizrAma meM mRgAvatI, jambUsvAmI, bhavadeva, kuberadatta, makaradAr3hA, vaizyA, bhautAcArya, cilAtiputra, harikeza, vajrasvAmI, vasudeva Adi kI kathAyeM haiN| jambUsvAmI kI kathA meM yogarAja aura eka puruSa kA saMvAda hai| tIsare vizrAma meM zAlibhadra, metAryamuni, pradezI rAjA, kAlakAcArya, vAratraka muni, sAgaracandra, gozAla, zreNika, cANakya, Arya mahAgiri, satyaki, annikAputra, cAra pratyeka buddha Adi kI kathAyeM haiN| caturtha vizrAma meM zelakAcArya, puDarIka, kaMDarIka, dardura, sulasa, jamAli Adi kI kathAyeM haiN| 56. upadezaratnAkara(uvaesarayaNAyara) isake kartA somasundarasUri ke ziSya sahastrAvadhAnI munisundarasUri haiM, jo bAla prAkRta ratnAkara 0 37

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sarasvatI aura vAdigokulaSaNDa ke nAma se sammAnita kiye jAte the| upadezaratnAkara vikrama saMvat 1476 (IsI san 1319) ke AsapAsa kI racanA hai jo lekhaka ke svopajJavivaraNa se alaMkRta hai| yaha graMtha tIna taToM meM vibhakta haiM prathama, madhyama Ara apr| prathama do bhAgoM meM cAra-cAra aMza aura phira pratyeka aMza meM taraMga haiN| antima taTa ke ATha vibhAga haiM aura inameM prathama cAra ko taraMga kahA gayA hai| aneka dRSTAntoM dvArA yahA~ dharma kA prarUpaNa kiyA hai| aneka AcAryo, zreSThiyoM aura maMtriyoM Adi ke saMkSipta kathAnaka vivaraNa meM diye haiN| mahAbhArata, mahAnizItha, vyavahArabhASya, uttarAdhyayanavRtti, paMcAzaka, dhanapAla kI RSabhapaMcAzikA Adi kitane hI graMthoM ke uddharaNa yahA~ diye gaye haiN| sarpa, AmoSaka, cora, Thaga, vaNika, vandhyA, gAya, naTa, veNu, sakhA, bandhu, pitA-mAtA aura kalpatarU ina bAraha dRSTAntoM dvArA yogya ayogya guru kA svarUpa batAyA hai| gurUoM ke nibolI, priyAlu, nAriyala aura kele kI bhA~ti cAra bheda kiye haiN| jaise jala, phala, chAyA aura tIrtha se virahita parvata Azrita janoM ko kaSTaprada hote haiM, usI prakAra ruta, cAritra, upadeza aura atizaya se rahita guru apane ziSyoM ke lie klezadAyI hote haiN| isa grantha ke prathama do bhAga svopajJavRtti sahita devacanda lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra graMthamAlA meM san 1914 meM baMbaI se prakAzita hai| graMtha kI saMpUrNa AvRtti candanasAgara jI ke gujarAtI anuvAda evaM prophesara hIrAlAla kApar3iyA kI prastAvanA sahita jaina pustaka pracAra saMsthA dvArA vi.sa. 2005 meM prakAzita hai| 57. upAdhye, e. ena. prophesara e. ena. upAdhye prAkRta apabhraMza, saMskRta ke ucckoTi ke vidvAn the|smpaadn-klaa ke Apa marmajJa the| prAkRta ke aneka granthoM kA Apane sampAdanaanuvAda kiyA hai| unakI aMgrejI prastAvanAe~ deza-videza meM Aja bhI jJAna-koza mAnI jAtI hai| pro. upAdhye kA janma 6 pharavarI 1906 ko karnATaka ke belagAMva jile ke sadalagA gAMva meM huA thaa| kolhApura ApakA kAryakSetra rhaa| 1930 meM Apane ema.e. kiyA tathA 1939 I. meM bambaI yUnivarsiTI se Apako DI.liTa. kI upAdhi prApta huii| rAjArAma kAleja, kolhApura meM ve ardhamAgadhI ke prophesara rahe 38 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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aura 1971 meM Apa jainavidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga, maisUra vizvavidyAlaya meM vibhAgAdhyakSa bhI rhe|aap aMgrejI, kannar3a, marAThI, gujarAtI, hindI, jarmana, phreMca bhASAoM meM pravINa vidvAn the| ___pro. upAdhye kI prasiddha sampAdita pustakoM meM pravacanasAra, kuvalayamAlA, paramAtmaprakAza, dhUrtAkhyAna, vRhatkathAkoza, varAMgacarita, paMcaviMzati, Adi pramukha haiM, jinake sampAdana-anuvAda aura prastAvanAoM ne vidvAnoM ko AkarSita kiyA hai| DaoN. e. ena. ne saikar3oM zodhapatra likhe haiM, jo DaoN. upAdhyeja-peparsa ke nAma se bAda meM prakAzita hue haiN| DaoN. e.ena. upAdhye deza-videza kI kaI akAdamika saMsthAoM aura sammelanoM ke adhyakSa rhe| bhAratIya jJAnapITha kI mUrtidevI graMthamAlA ke varSoM taka janarala eDITara ke rUpa meM Apane kArya kiyaa| pro. upAdhye ne 1971 meM kenabarA, 1973 meM perisa, jarmanI aura iMglaiNDa tathA 1974 meM beljiyama kI bhI yAtrAe~ kara vahA~ para vidvattApUrNa bhASaNa diye| maisUra se lauTakara 8 akTUbara 1975 ko pro. upAdhye kA kolhApura meM dehAvasAna huaa| kintu ApakI vidvattA evaM sajjanatA Aja bhI jIvanta hai| 58. uvasaggahara thotta ___pA~ca gAthAoM kA yaha stotra jainoM meM bahuta lokapriya hai| NamokAra-maMtra ke bAda isakA hI naMbara AtA hai| isameM viSadharasphuliMga maMtra (oM namiUNa pAsa visahara vasaha jiNa phuliMga) kA samAveza mAnA jAtA hai| yaha stotra aneka bAra prakAzita ho cukA hai| harmana yAkobI dvArA saMpAdita, aMgrejI anuvAda sahita, kalpasUtra 1991 saptasmaraNa ke sAtha jinaprabhasUri siddhacandragaNi aura harSakIrtisUri kI vyAkhyAoM sahita devacanda lAlAbhAI jaina pustakoddhAra granthamAlA kI ora se san 1933 meM baMbaI se prakAzita hai| hIrAlAla rasikadAsa kApar3iyA dvArA uvaMsaggaharathotta eka adhyayana mohanalAla jI graMtha baMbaI 1964 se prakAzita hai| 59. upAsakadazAMga (uvAsagadasAo) ardhamAgadhI Agama granthoM meM upAsakadazAMga kA sAtavA~ sthAna hai| yaha sUtra dharmakathAnuyoga ke rUpa meM prastuta huA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra yuga ke dasa upAsakoM ke pavitra caritra kA isameM varNana hai, jinhoMne prabhu mahAvIra ke dharma upadezoM se prabhAvita prAkRta ratnAkara 039

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hokara apane jIvana ko sArthaka kara diyaa| ataH isakA nAma upAsakadazAMga sArthaka pratIta hotA hai| prastuta grantha meM eka zrutaskandha va dasa adhyayana haiN| ina dasa adhyayanoM meM kramazaH AnaMda, kAmadeva, culaNIpitA, surAdeva, cullazataka, kuNDakolika, sakaDAlaputra, mahAzataka, naMdinIpitA aura jolinIpitA zramaNopAsakoM ke kathAnaka haiN| upAsakadazAMga meM varNita ye dasoM upAsaka vibhinna jAti aura vibhinna vyavasAya karane vAle the| inake kathAnakoM dvArA jaina gRhasthoM ke dvArA pAlanIya dhArmika niyama samajhAye gaye haiN| inakI jIvanacaryA ke mAdhyama se yaha spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki dharma kA pAlana karane meM aneka vighna evaM pralobhana sAmane Ate haiM, lekina zrAvaka jIvana meM rahakara bhI parISahoM ko sahana kara vibhinna sAdhanAe~ kI jA sakatI haiN| aMgasUtra meM yaha eka mAtra sUtra hai, jisameM sampUrNatayA zrAvakAcAra kA nirUpaNa huA hai| isa dRSTi se yaha grantha AcArAMga kA pUraka hai, kyoMki AcArAMga meM munidharma kA vistRta varNana huA hai aura isameM zrAvakadharma kA vistAra se nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| 60. upAsakAdhyayana-upAsayAjjhayaNa prAkRta gAthAoM dvArA AcArya vasunandi ne upAsayAjjhayaNa (upAsakAdhyayanaM). grantha meM zrAvakadharma kA vistRta nirUpaNa kiyA hai| isameM 546 gAthAe~ haiN| AcArya ne grantha ke anta meM dI gaI prazasti meM batAyA hai ki kundakundAnAya meM zrInandi, nayanandi, nemicanda aura vasunandi hue| vasunandi ke guru nemicandra haiM, inhIM ke prasAda se AcArya paramparAgata prApta upAsakAdhyayana ko vAtsalya aura AdarabhAva se bhavya jIvoM ke kalyANa hetu racA hai| isa grantha ke racanAkAla kA nizcita patA nahIM hai, para itanA nizcita hai ki paMDita AzAdhara jI ke ye pUrvavartI haiN| AzAdhara jI ne sAgAradharmAmRta kI TIkA meM vasunandi kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai| ataH inakA samaya I. 1239 ke pahale hai| yaha grantha san 1952 I. meM bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI se prakAzita hai| 61. uSAniruddha (usANiruddho) uSANiruddha prAkRta kA sarasa khaMDakAvya hai| isa kAvya kI kathA cAra sarga meM 400 prAkRta ratnAkara

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vibhAjita hai| isakI kathA kA AdhAra zrImad bhAgavata hai| isa khaMDakAvya ke racayitA bhI rAmapANivAda haiN| yaha kaMsavadha ke pahale kI racanA hai| yaha eka sarasa premakAvya hai, jisameM bANAsura kI kanyA uSA tathA zrIkRSNa ke pautra aniruddha ke praNaya evaM vivAha kI ghaTanA kA kAvyAtmaka varNana huA hai| bANa kI kanyA USA kRSNa ke pautra aniruddha se prema karatI hai| bANa ko jaba yaha mAlUma hotA hai to vaha aniruddha ko jela meM DAla detA hai| zrIkRSNa apane pautra ko chur3Ane ke lie bANa se yuddha karate haiM / parAjita hokara bANa apanI kanyA kA vivAha aniruddha se kara dete haiM / antima sarga meM uSA evaM aniruddha ko dekhane Ane vAlI nAriyoM kI vicitra manodazA kA kAvyAtmaka varNana huA hai| praNayakathA kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa zRMgAra rasa isa kAvya kA pramukha rasa hai / nAyaka-nAyikA donoM ke hI caritracitraNa meM praNaya-tattva ko pramukhatA dI gaI hai| zRMgAra rasa ke sAtha-sAtha yuddha Adi prasaMga meM vIra rasa kI bhI sundara abhivyaMjanA huI hai| kAvya-tattvoM kI dRSTi se yaha . samRddha racanA hai / ghaTanAoM kA vinyAsa krama suniyojita hai / utprekSA, rUpaka, kAvyaliMga, alaMkAroM kA sundara niyazeSana huA hai| isa khaNDakAvya para karpUramaMjarI * tathA anya saMskRta kAvyoM kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai / 62. aupapAtika sUtra (uvavAiyaM) aupapAtikasUtra ardhamAgadhI jaina vADmaya kA prathama upAMga hai| isake do adhyayana haiM - samavasaraNa evaM upapAta / abhayadevasUri ne vRtti meM likhA hai ki upapAta arthAt deva aura nArakiyoM ke janma yA siddhigamana kA varNana hone se prastuta Agama kA nAma aupapAtika hai| isameM vibhinna sampradAyoM ke tApasoM, parivrAjakoM, zramaNoM Adi ko unakI sAdhanAoM ke dvArA prApta hone vAle bhavAntaroM kA mArmika varNana huA hai| isa grantha meM eka ora jahA~ dhArmika evaM dArzanika vivecana milate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora rAjanaitika, sAmAjika tathA nAgarika tathyoM kI carcA bhI huI hai| yaha Agama varNana pradhAna zailI meM racita hai| campA nagarI, vanakhaNDa, caitya, rAjA, rAnI Adi ke varNanoM kI dRSTi se yaha anya AgamoM ke lie sandarbha grantha ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| jina viSayoM kA isameM vivecana hai, vaha sampUrNatA ke sAtha hai| isameM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke prAkRta ratnAkara 041

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samasta aMgopAMgoM kA vizad varNana kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAn ke samavasaraNa kA sajIva citraNa evaM unakI mahattvapUrNa upadeza - vidhi bhI isameM surakSita hai| zramaNa jIvana evaM sthavira jIvana ke varNana meM dvAdazavidha tapa kA bhI isameM vistRta vivecana huA hai| vastutaH yaha Agama jJAna, darzana, cAritra evaM tapa ke sAdhakoM ke lie AcaraNIya hai| isameM eka ora jahA~ rAjanaitika, sAmAjika tathA nAgarika tathyoM kI carcA huI hai to dUsarI ora dhArmika, dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika tathya bhI pratipAdita hue haiN| isa Agama kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM jina viSayoM kI carcA kI gaI unakA pUrNa vivecana kiyA gayA hai| anya AgamoM meM, yahA~ taka ki aMgasUtroM meM bhI inhI varNanoM kA saMdarbhamAtra diyA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke A-nakha-zikha samasta aMgopAMgoM kA itanA vizada varNana anya kisI bhI Agama meM nahIM hai / bhagavAna kI zarIra-sampatti ko jAnane ke lie yahI ekamAtra AdhArabhUta Agama hai| unake samavasaraNa kA sajIva citraNa aura bhagavAna kI mahattvapUrNa upadezavidhi bhI isameM surakSita hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jo santa the ve ugra, bhoga, rAjanya, jJAta aura kaurava kuloM ke kSatriya, bhaTa, yoddhA, senApati, zreSTi evaM ibhya putra the| unake mala, mUtra, thUka aura hastAdika ke sparza se rogI pUrNa svastha ho jAte the| aneka zramaNa medhAvI, pratibhAsaMpanna, kuzalavaktA aura AkAzagAmI vidyA meM niSNAta the| ve kanakAvalI, ekAvalI, kSudrasiMhani krIDita, mahAsiMhani kIDita, bhadrapratimA, mahAbhadrapratimA, sarvatobhadrapratimA, AyaMbila, vardhamAna mAsika bhikSupratimA, kSudramokapratimA, mahAmokapratimA, yavamadhyacandrapratimA aura vajramadhyacandrapratimA Adi tapavizeSa kA AcaraNa karate the| ve vidyAmaMtra meM kuzala, paravAdiyoM ke mAnamardana karane meM paTu, dvAdazAMgavettA aura vividha bhASAoM ke jJAtA the / bAraha prakAra ke tapa Adi meM sadA nimagna rahate the| campAnagarI dhana-dhAnyAdi se samaddha aura manuSyoM se AkIrNa thii| saikar3oM haloM dvArA yahA~ khetI kI jAtI thI, kisAna apane khetoM meM Ikha, jau aura cAvala bote 42 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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tathA gAya, bhaiMsa aura bher3eM pAlate the / yahA~ ke loga Amoda-pramoda ke lie kukkuToM aura sA~r3oM ko rakhate the| yahA~ sundara AkAra ke caitya tathA paNya taruNiyoM ke mohalle the| lAMca lenevAloM, gaMTakataroM, taskaroM aura kotavAloM (khaMDarakkhiadaMDapAzika ) kA yahA~ abhAva thA / zramaNoM ke yatheccha bhikSA milatI thI / naTa, nartaka, jalla (rassI para khela karane vAle ) malla, mauSTika (muSTi se lar3ane vAle) vidUSaka, kathAvAcaka, plavaka (tairAka ), rAsa gAyaka, zubhAzubha bakhAna karane vAle, laMkha (bA~sa ke Upara khela dikhalAne vAle), maMkha (citra dikhAkara bhikSA mA~gane vAle), tUNA bajAnevAle, tuMba kI vINA bajAne vAle aura tAla dekara khela karane vAle yahA~ rahate the| yaha nagarI ArAma, udyAna, kUpa, dIrghikA ( bAvar3I ) aura pAnI kI kyAriyoM se jobhita thii| cAroM ora se khAI aura khAta se maMDita thI tathA cakra, gadA, musuMDhi, uroha (chAtI ko coTa pahu~cAne vAlA) zataghnI tathA nizcchidra kapAToM ke kAraNa isameM praveza karanA duSkara thA / yaha nagarI vakra prAkAra (kilA) vejita, kapizIrSakoM (kaMgUroM) se zobhita tathA aTTAlikA, carikA (gRha aura prAkAra ke bIca meM hAthI Adi ke jAne kA mArga) dvAra gopura aura toraNoM se maMDita thI / gopura ke argala (mUsala) aura indrakIla (oTa) kuzala zilpiyoM dvArA banAye gaye the| yahA~ ke bAjAroM meM vaNik aura zilpI, apanA-apanA mAla becate the| campA nagarI ke rAjamArga sundara the aura hAthiyoM, ghor3oM, rathoM aura pAlakiyoM ke AvAgamana se AkIrNa rahate the / - sUtra 1 / vArtAnivedaka se mahAvIra ke Agamana kA samAcAra pAkara rAjA kUNika atyanta prasanna huaa| usane turaMta hI apane senApati ko Adeza diyA - he devAnupriya ! zIghra hI hastiratna ko sajjita karo, caturaMgiNI senA ko taiyAra karo aura subhadrA aura rAniyoM ke lie alaga-alaga yAnoM ko sajAo / nagarI ke galI-mohalloM ko sApha karake unameM jala kA chir3akAva karo, nagarI ko maMcoM se vibhUSita karo, jagaha-jagaha dhvajA aura patAkAe~ phaharA do tathA gauzIrSa aura raktacandana ke thApe lagavAkara saba jagaha gandhaguTikA Adi dhUpa mahakA do (28-29) / senApati na nagararakSakoM ko bulAkara unheM nagara meM chir3akAva Adi karane kA Adeza diyaa| saba taiyArI ho jAne para senApati ne rAjA kUNika ke pAsa pahu~cakara savinaya nivedana kiyA ki mahArAja gamana ke lie taiyAra ho jAyeM- (30) / prAkRta ratnAkara 43

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tatpazcAt kUNika aneka gaNanAyaka, daNDanAyaka, mANDalika, rAjA, yuvarAja, kotavAla, sImAprApta ke rAjA, parivAra ke svAmI, ibhya, zreSThI senApati, sArthavAha, dUta aura sandhirakSakoM ke sAtha bAhara kI upakhyAnazAlA (darabAra Ama) meM Akara hAthI para savAra huaa| sabase Age ATha maMgala dravya, phira pUrNa kalaza, chatra, patAkA aura cAmara sahita vaijayantI sajAye gye| tatpazcAt, daNDa, chatra, siMhAsana, pAdapITha aura pAdukA vahana karane vAle aneka kiMkara aura karmakara khar3e hue| inake pIche lAThI, bhAlA, dhanuSa, cAmara, pAza (phA~sI) pustaka, phalaka, DhAla, Asana, vINA, kutupa (tailapAtra) aura pAnadAna (haDappha) bahana karane vAle khar3e hue| unake pIche aneka daNDI muNDI, zikhaNDI (zikhAdhArI), jaTI (jaTAvAla) piMchIvAle, vidUSaka, cATukAra, bhAMDa Adi ha~sate-bolate aura nAcate-gAte tathA jaya jaya kAra karate the| tatpazcAt ghor3e, hAthI aura ratha the aura unake pIche asi, zakti (sAMga), bhAlA, tomara, zUla, lakuTa, bhiMDipAla (lambAbhAlA) aura dhanuSa se sajjita padAti khar3e the| kUNika rAjA kA vakSasthala hAra se, mukha kuNDala se aura mastaka mukuTa se zobhAyamAna thaa| usake sira para chatra zobhita thA aura cAmara Dula rahe the| isa prakAra bar3e ThATha-bATha se kUNika ne hAthI para savAra hokara pUrNabhadra caitya kI ora prasthAna kiyaa| usake Age bar3e ghor3e aura ghur3asavAra, donoM ora hAthI aura hAthIsavAra tathA pIche-pIche ratha cala rahe the| zaMkha, paNava, choTA Dhola) paTaha, bherI, jhallarI, kharamuhI (jhAMjha) huDDukkA, muraja, mRdaMga aura duMdubhi ke nAda se AkAza guMjita ho uThA thaa-(31)| __ ammaDa parivrAjaka kaMpillapura nagara meM kevala sau gharoM se AhAra letA thA, aura sau gharoM meM vasati grahaNa karatA thaa| usane chaTThamacha? tapokarma se sUrya ke abhimukha Urdhva bAhu karake AtApanA bhUmi se AtApanA karate hue avadhijJAna prApta kiyaa| vaha jala meM praveza nahIM karatA, gAr3I Adi meM nahIM baiThatA, gaMgA kI miTTI ke atirikta anya kisI vastu kA zarIra meM lepa nahIM krtaa| apane lie banAyA huA AdhAkarma, auddezika Adi bhojana grahaNa nahIM krtaa| kAMtAra bhakta, durbhikSa-bhakta, prAghUrNaka-bhakta (atithiyoM ke lie banAyA bhojana), tathA durdina meM banAyA huA bhojana grahaNa nahIM krtaa| apadhyAna, pramAdacaryA, hiMsApradhAna aura pApa karma kA 440 prAkRta ratnAkara

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upadeza nahIM detaa| vaha kIcar3a rahita bahatA huA, chAnA huA, magadha deza ke Adhe ADhaka ke pramANa meM svaccha jala kevala pIne ke lie grahaNa karatA thAlI, cammaca dhone athavA snAna Adi karane ke lie nahIM / arhat aura arhat caityoM ko chor3akara zAkya Adi kisI aura dharmaguru ko namaskAra nahIM krtaa| sallekhanApUrvaka kAladharma ko prApta kara vaha brahmaloka meM utpanna huA / devaloka se cyuta hokara ammaDa parivrAjaka mahAvideha meM utpanna huA / usake janma divasa kI khuzI meM pahale dina ThiivaDiya (sthitipatitA) utsava, dUsare dina candrasUryadarzana aura chaThe dina jAgarika rAtrijAgaraNa utsava manAyA gyaa| usake bAda gyArahaveM dina sUtaka bIta jAne para bArahaveM dina nAmasaMskaraNa kiyA gayA aura bAlaka dRr3hapratijJa nAma se kahA jAne lgaa| ATha varSa bIta jAne para use zubha tithi aura nakSatra meM par3hane ke lie kalAcArya ke pAsa bhejA gyaa| vahA~ use 72 kalAoM kI zikSA dI gii| 63. odhaniryukti (ohaNijjuttI ) ogha kA artha hai sAmAnya / vistAra meM gaye binA ardhamAgadhI prAkRta grantha oghaniryukti meM sAmAnya samAcArI kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| isake karttA bhadrabAhu haiN| ise Avazyaka niyukti kA aMza mAnA jAtA hai| isameM 811 gAthAe~ haiM, jinameM sAdhuoM ke AcAra-vicAra kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| sAdhvAcAra kA grantha hone ke kAraNa kahIM-kahIM oghaniyukti kI gaNanA chedasUtroM meM bhI kI jAtI hai| jaina zramaNa saMgha ke itihAsa kA saMkalana kI dRSTi se yaha mahattvapUrNa grantha hai / 64. RSidattAcarita isameM RSi avasthA meM hariSeNa prItimatI se utpanna putra RSidattA aura rAjakumAra kanakaratha kA kautukatApUrNa caritra varNita hai| kanakastha eka anya rAjakumAra rukamaNI se vivAha karane jAtA hai para mArga meM eka vana meM RSidattA se vivAhakara lauTa AtA hai| rukmaNI RSidattA ko eka yoginI ke dvArA rAkSasI ke rUpa meM kalaMkita karatI hai| use phA~sI kI bhI sajA hotI hai| para RSidattA apane zIla ke prabhAva se saba vipattiyoM ko pAra kara jAtI hai aura apane priya se samAgama karatI hai| isa AkarSaka kathAnaka ko lekara saMskRta, prAkRta meM kaI kathAkAvya upalabdha hote haiN| isa kathA para sabase prAcIna racanA prAkRta meM hai jo parimANa meM prAkRta ratnAkara 045

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1550 granthAgra hai| isakI racanA nAilakula ke guNapAla muni ne kI hai| lekhaka kI anya racanA jambUcariyaM bhI milatI hai / isidattAcariyaM ( RSidattAcaritra) kI prAcIna prati saM. 1264 yA 1288 kI milatI hai| isase yaha ukta kAla ke pUrva kI racanA hai / guNapAla muni kA samaya bhI 9-10vIM zatAbdI ke bIca anumAna kiyA gayA hai| 65. kaMsavaho kaMsavadha ke racayitA rAmapANivAda malAvara pradeza ke nivAsI the| inakA samaya I. san 1707-75 taka mAnA gayA hai| prastuta khaMDakAvya meM 4 sarga evaM 233 padya haiN| isa kAvya kI kathAvastu kA AdhAra zrImad bhAgavata hai| akrUrajI gokula Akara zrIkRSNa evaM balarAma ko kaMsa ke chala ke bAre meM batAte haiM ki dhanuSa yajJa ke bahAne kaMsa ne unheM mArane kA SaDyantra racA hai / zrIkRSNa nimaMtraNa svIkAra kara balarAma sahita akrUra ke sAtha mathurA jAte haiN| vahA~ dhanuSazAlA meM jAkara dhanuSa ko tor3a dete haiN| Age kuvalayApIDa hAthI evaM ambaSTa ko pachAr3ane, cANUra evaM muSTika malla ko mallayuddha meM harAne kI ghaTanA varNita huI hai / anta meM kruddha kaMsa svayaM talavAra lekara unake sAmane upasthita hotA hai / zrIkRSNa tatkSaNa hI kaMsa kA vadha kara dete haiN| samasta kathAnaka isI ghaTanA ke irda-girda ghUmatA hai| isa saMkSipta kathAnaka ko lekara kavi ne isa khaMDakAvya kI racanA kI hai| zrI kRSNa dvArA kaMsa kA vadha karane kA prasaMga isa kAvya kI kendriya ghaTanA hai / ataH isI ghaTanA ke AdhAra para kAvya kA nAma kaMsavaho rakhA gayA hai| yaha eka sarasa kAvya hai, jisameM lokatattva, vIratA evaM prematattva kA nirUpaNa eka sAtha huA hai| isakI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai, kahIM-kahIM zaurasenI kA bhI prayoga huA hai| mathurAnagarI, prabhAta, kaMsa vadha, gopiyoM kA vilApa, balarAma kA antardvandva, kRSNa kI bAla lIlA Adi ke varNanakAvyAtmaka haiM / balarAma ke antardvandva kA manovaijJAnika citraNa dRSTavya hai paTTae cAvamahaM ti koduaM NivaTTae vaMcaNa - sAhaNaM ti taM / duhA vale bhAdara bhAva-baMdhaNaM maha tti taM jaMpai rohiNI - suo // .. (gA. 27) arthAt - rohiNI putra (balarAma) kahate haiM, he bhAI! mujhe do prakAra kA bhAva utpanna ho rahA hai| eka ora dhanuSa yajJa dekhane kA kautUhala utpanna ho rahA hai, . to dUsarI ora vaha dhanuSa yajJa kapaTa kA sAdhana hai| isa kAraNa mana nivRtta ho rahA hai| 46 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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66. kakkuka zilAlekha 9 vIM - 10 vIM sadI ke kakkuka zilAlekha meM jo ki jodhapura ke pAsa ghaTayAlA grAma meM eka stambha para TaMkita haiM, usameM pratihAra vaMza kI utpatti evaM usake rAjavaMza kI nAmAvalI prastuta kI gaI / isa zilAlekha meM rAjA kakkuka dvArA eka jainamaMdira ke nirmANa tathA sabhI prajAjanoM kI suvidhA ke lie cahAradIvAra se ghire hue surakSita eka hATa-bAjAra ke banAe jAne kI carcA kI gaI hai| jainoM ke sarvadharma-samanvayakArI tathA sArvajanika kalyANakArI kAryo ke itihAsa kI jAnakArI kI dRSTi se isa zilAlekha kA vizeSa mahatva hai| vartamAnakAlIna bAjAroM kI paramparA bhArata meM sambhavataH rAjA kakkuka ke samaya se prArambha huii| isakI AvazyakatA isalie par3I hogI, kyoki vaha samaya videzI AkramaNoM kA thA, usake kAraNa rAjanaitika asthiratA sAmAjika avasthA, Arthika duravasthA sarvatra asurakSA evaM bhaya ke vyApta hone ke kAraNa nAgarikoM ko usase ubArane tathA dainika AvazyakatAoM kI sAmagrI evaM khAdyAnnAdi kI pUrti - hetu eka do dvAravAle surakSita caturdika gherebandI meM suvidhA sampanna hATa-bAjAra kI paramparA kA AviSkAra kiyA gayA / kakkuka - zilAlekha ke anusAra usa samaya rAjA kakkuka ne rohiMsakUpa (ghaTyAlA, jodhapura rAjasthAna) meM mahAjanoM, brAmhaNoM, senA tathA vyApAriyoM ke lie eka vizAla hATa-bAjAra banavAkara apanI kIrti kA vistAra kiyA thA / yathA - "sirikakkueNa haTTaM mAjaNaM vippa - payaI - vaNi- bahulaM / rohiMsakUvagAme NivesiAI kittiviDDhIe // 20 // " 67. kathAnakakoza (kahANayakosa) ise kathAkoza yA kathAkozaprakaraNa bhI kahA gayA hai| bRhaTTippaNikA ke anusAra yaha prAkRta grantha hai jisameM 239 gAthAe~ haiM / lekhaka ne prArambha meM eka gAthA meM kahA hai ki vaha isa koza meM kucha nayoM aura dRSTAnta kathAoM ko kaha rahA hai jinake zravaNa se mukti sambhava hai / gAthAoM meM kathAoM kA AkarSaka nAmoM se ullekha kiyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM eka hI dRSTAnta kI ekAdhika kathAyeM dI gaI prAkRta ratnAkara 047

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haiN| udAharaNa ke lie pUjA kI bhAvanA mAtra se svargasukha kI prApti hotI hai, isake lie cauthI gAthA meM jinadatta, sUrasenA, zrImAlI aura roranArI ke nAma dRSTAnta rUpa meM diye gaye haiN| prathama 17 gAthAoM meM saba kathAe~ jinapUjA aura sAdhudAna se sambandhita haiN| gAthAoM para gadya-padya mizrita eka saMskRta TIkA hai para usameM dRSTAnta kahAniyA~ prAkRta meM dI gaI haiN| kathAkAra ne isameM AgamavAkya tathA saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke kucha padyoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| . 68. kathAkoza jinezvara ne bhI 239 gAthAoM meM kathAkoza kI racanA kI hai| isakI vRtti prAkRta meM hai| jinabhadra ne kathAsamAsa (upadezamAlA) nAmaka kathAkoza kI prAkRta meM racanA kii| isakA samaya ajJAta hai| : 69. kathAkoza (bharatezvarabAhubalivRtti) ___somasundara ke paTTaziSya sahastrAvadhAnI muni sundaragaNi ke ziSya zubhazIlagaNi ne vi.saM. 1509 (IsavI 1452) meM kathAkoza (bhadrezvarabAhubali vRtti) kI racanA kI (mUla aura vRtti sahita devacandra lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra, bambaI, 1932, 1937, do bhAgoM meM prakAzita) mUlagraMtha meM prAkRta kI 13 gAthAyeM haiM jinakA AraMbha bharahesara bAhubali pada se hotA hai| ina gAthAoM meM sUcaka-zabdoM dvArA 100 kathAnakoM meM dharmaparAyaNa strI puruSoM ke nAmoM kI zrRMkhalA prastuta hai| sUcaka zabdapradhAna ina gAthAoM kI tulanA niyukti-gAthAoM se kI jA sakatI hai| adhikAMza kathAyeM prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha hotI haiN| prastuta saMskRta vRtti meM gadya-padyamizrita kathAyeM dI huI hai, bIca-bIca meM prAkRta uddharaNa haiM / yaha vRtti kathAoM kA koza hai| zatrujaya kathAkoza zubhazIlagaNi kA dUsarA kathAkoza ha jise dharmaghoSakRta zajayakalpa kI vRtti ke rUpa meM vi.sa. 1518(IsavI san 1431) meM rcaa| yaha vRtti vistRta kathAoM kA koza hai| isameM 100 dharmAtmA ginAye gaye haiN| inameM 53 puruSa (pahalA bharata aura antima meghakumAra) aura 47 striyA~ (pahalI sulasA aura antima reNA) haiM jo dharma aura tapa sAdhanAoM ke lie jainoM meM sukhyAta haiN| adhikAMzataH ye prAcIna jaina kathA-sAhitya meM upalabdha kathAoM ke hI pAtra haiN| TIkA meM saba kathAe~ hI kathAe~ haiM, isalie ise kathAkoza bhI kahA jAtA hai| 480 prAkRta ratnAkara

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70. kathAkoza prakaraNa (kahANayakosa ) kathAkoSaprakaraNa vardhamAnasUri ke ziSya suprasiddha zvetAMbara AcArya jinezvarasUri kI racanA hai jise unhoMne vi.sa. 1108 (san 1051) meM likhakara samApta kiyA thA / surasuMdarIcariyaM ke kartA dhanezvara, navAMgI TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri, saMvegaraMgazAlA Adi ke praNetA jinacandrasUri, AdinAthacarita Adi ke racayitA vardhamAnasUri aura mahAvIrasUri ke ziSya praziSyoM meM haiM jinhoMne bar3e AdarapUrvaka unakA smaraNa kiyA hai / somatilakasUri meM apanI dhanapAlakathA meM jinezvarasUri kI sAhasikatA aura kArya tatparatA kI tulanA zivajI ke una bhaktoM se kI hai jo apane kaMdhoM meM gaDDhe banAkara unameM dIpaka jalAte hue prayANa karate haiN| jinezvarasUri ne dUra-dUra taka bhramaNa kiyA thA aura vizeSakara gujarAta, mAlavA aura rAjasthAna inakI pravRttiyoM ke kendra the / inhoMne aura bhI aneka prAkRta aura saMskRta ke graMthoM kI racanA kI hai jinameM haribhadrakRta aSTaka para vRtti caityavandanavivaraNa, SaTsthAnakaprakaraNa (athavA zrAvakavaktavyatA ), paMcaliMgIprakaraNa, lIlAvatIkathA (athavA nirvANalIlAvatIkathA) Adi mukhya hai| kahArayaNakosa meM kula 30 gAthAyeM haiM aura inake Upara prAkRta meM TIkA hai jisameM 36 mukhya aura 4-5 avAMtara kathAyeM haiM / ye kathAyeM prAya: prAcIna jaina granthoM se lI gaI haiM jinheM lekhaka ne apanI bhASA meM nibaddha kiyA hai| kucha kathAyeM svayaM jinezvarasUri kI likhI huI mAlUma hotI haiN| jinapUjA, sAdhudAna, jainadharma meM utsAha Adi kA pratipAdana karane ke liye ina kathAoM kI racanA kI gaI hai| ina kathAoM meM tatkAlIna samAja, AcAra-vicAra, rAjanIti Adi kA sarasa varNana milatA hai| kathAoM kI bhASA sarala aura bodhagamya haiM, samAsapadAvalI, anAvazyaka zabdADaMbara aura alaMkAroM kA prayoga yahA~ nahIM hai / kahIM apabhraMza ke bhI padma haiM, jinameM cauppadikA (caupAI) kA ullekha hai / jinezvarasUri ke kathAkoSaprakaraNa ke sivAya aura bhI kathAkoSa prAkRta meM likhe gaye haiN| aneka kathAratnakozoM kI racanA huI hai / mUla kathA-grantha kI 30 prAkRta gAthAoM meM jina kathAoM ke nAma nirdiSTa haiM, prAkRta ratnAkara 049

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unakA vistAra vRtti meM kiyA gayA hai| inameM se kucha kathAe~ purAne granthoM meM milatI haiM tathA kucha granthakAra dvArA kalpita haiN| isa grantha kI kathAe~ bar3I hI sarasa evaM sundara hai| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se karma siddhAnta kI sarvavyApakatA kI sundara pratiSThA kI hai| pratyeka prANI ke vartamAna janma kI ghaTanAoM kA kAraNa usake pUrvajanma ke kRtyoM ko mAnA hai| janma-paramparA evaM pratyeka bhava ke sukha-duHkha meM kAraNa evaM kArya ke sambandha ko samajhAte hue vratAcaraNa ke pAlana para bala diyA hai| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se jinapUjA, jinastuti, vaiyAvRtya, dharmautsAha kI preraNA, sAdhu-dAna Adi kA phala bar3I hI sarala evaM sundara zailI meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| bhASA sarala evaM bodhagamya hai| kahIM-kahIM apabhraMza ke padya bhI haiN| sAMskRtika dRSTi se yaha kathA-grantha atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| Ayurveda, dhanurveda, gAndharva, dhAtuvAda, rasavAda aura arthazAstra Adi ke viSaya meM isameM mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ upalabdha haiN| yaha grantha sAmAnya zrotAoM ko lakSya meM rakhakara banAyA gayA hai| isake prAraMbha kI 7 kathAoM meM jina bhagavAn kI pUjA kA phala, 8vIM meM jinastuti kA phala, 9vIM meM sAdhusevA kA phala, 10-25vIM taka 16 kathAoM meM dAnaphala, isake Age 3 kathAoM meM jainazAsana-prabhAvanA kA phala, 2 kathAoM meM muniyoM ke doSa dikhAne kA kuphala, 1 kathA meM muni-apamAna-nivAraNa kA suphala, 1 kathA meM jinavacana para azraddhA kA kuphala, 1 kathA meM dharmotsAha pradAna karane kA suphala, 1 kathA meM guruvirodha kA phala, 1 meM zAsanonnati karane kA phala tathA antima kathA meM dharmotsAha pradAna karane kA phala varNita hai| 71. kappUramaMjarI ___ karpUramaMjarI prAkRta saTTaka paramparA kA pratinidhi saTTaka hai| isake racayitA 10vIM zatAbdI ke kavirAja yAyAvaravaMzIya rAjazekhara haiM / rAjazekhara ne karpUramaMjarI kI cAra javanikAoM meM rAjA candrapAla evaM karpUramaMjarI kI praNaya kathA nibaddha kI hai| kathAvastu pUrNarUpa se kAlpanika hai| rAjA candrapAla ke dvArA adbhuta dRzya dekhane kA anurodha karane para yogI bhairavAnaMda apanI yoga zakti se vidarbha kI 500 prAkRta ratnAkara

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rAjakumArI apUrva sundarI karpUramaMjarI ko rAjA ke samakSa prastuta karatA hai| rAjA usake anupama saundarya ko dekhakara vimugdha ho jAtA hai| karpUramaMjarI rAjamahizI vibhramalekhA kI mauserI bahana hai, ataH rAnI vibhramalekhA antaraMgatA ke kAraNa use apane pAsa rakhane kA anurodha karatI hai| isake pazcAt karpUramaMjarI evaM rAjA candrapAla ke praNaya, viraha-vyAkulatA, rAnI ke kaThora niyaMtraNa tathA anta meM karpUramaMjarI evaM rAjA candrapAla kA vivAha, rAjA dvArA cakravartI pada kI prApti Adi ghaTanAoM ke sAtha saTTaka kI sukhada samApti hotI hai| karpUramaMjarI saTTaka meM kathAvastu kA viniyojana isa prakAra huA hai ki anta taka rocakatA banI rahatI hai| prArambha se anta taka nRtya, saMgIta evaM manoraMjana kI pracuratA vidyamAna hai| saTTaka ke sabhI zAstrIya lakSaNa isameM vidyamAna haiN| nAyaka dhIra, lalita, sauMdarya premI evaM nizcita svabhAva vAlA hai| nAyikA karpUramaMjarI mugdhA, navakAminI evaM apUrva saundarya kI svAminI hai| rAjamahiSI mAninI hai, kintu rAjA ke cakravartI banane kI abhilASA ke kAraNa unheM karpUramaMjarI ke sAtha vivAha karane kI svIkRti de detI hai| zRMgAra rasa evaM prema kA vAtAvaraNa prArambha se aMta taka vyApta hai| isa saTTaka meM carcarI nAmaka nRtya kA bhI prayoga huA hai| zRMgAra rasa ke sAtha-sAtha hAsya rasa kA bhI anUThA citraNa hai| tRtIya javanikA meM vidUSaka kA svapna rocaka evaM vinodapUrNa hai| isa saTTaka kI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta hai| lokoktiyoM kA sundara prayoga huA hai| sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI yaha saTTaka mahattvapUrNa hai| tatkAlIna loka saMskRti kA isameM pracura citraNa huA hai| siddhayogI bhairavAnaMda tatkAlIna tantra-vidyA kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| prasaMgavaza kaula dharma kI vizeSatAoM kA bhI ullekha isameM huA hai| * kAvyAtmaka saundarya kI dRSTi se karpUramaMjarI advitIya kRti hai| isakA padalAlitya evaM nAda-saundarya anupama hai| isake sabhI padya sundara haiN| chanda alaMkAroM kA isa saTTaka meM sundara viniyojana huA hai| kavi ne sundara zabdoM ke cayana dvArA aneka maulika upamAoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| yathA - karpUramaMjarI ke mukha saundarya kI abhivyaMjanA karane vAlA yaha padya dRSTavya hai - prAkRta ratnAkara 051

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mA kahaM pivaaNeNa vibbhamo hou iti tuha NuNAminduNA / lAMchaNacchalamasIvisesao peccha bimbaphalaye Nie kao / / (3.32 ) arthAt - nizcaya hI tumhAre mukha se logoM ko (candramA kI ) bhrAnti na ho jAe, isalie dekho ! candramA ke dvArA apane candra bimba meM mRgacinha ke bahAne kAlA dhabbA dhAraNa kara liyA gayA hai| vastu-varNana meM anuprAsa mAdhurya evaM jJeyatA kA samAveza isa prakAra huA hai ki varNya viSaya kA citra A~khoM ke sAmane pratyakSa upasthita ho jAtA hai| jhUlA jhUlatI karpUramaMjarI kA yaha citra dRSTavya hai - raNantamaNiNeuraM jhaNajhaNaMtahAracchaDaM kalakkaNidakiDiNImuharamehalADambaraM / vilolavalaAvalIjaNidamaMjusiMjAravaM Na kassa maNamohaNaM sasimuhI ahindolaNaM ? // (2.32 ) arthAt - ratnanirmita nUpuroM kI jhaMkAra se yukta, muktAhAroM kI jhanajhanAhaTa se paripUrNa, kaTisUtra ( karadhanI) kI ghaNTiyoM kI manohara AvAja se yukta, caMcala kaMganoM kI paMkti se utpanna hue sundara zabdoM se yukta, yaha candramukhI karpUramaMjarI ke jhUlane kI kriyA kisake mana ko nahIM moha letI hai, arthAt sabhI ke mana ko AkarSita kara rahI hai / 72. karmaprakRti (kammapayaDi ) karmaprakRti ke lekhaka AcArya zivazarma haiM, jinakA samaya anumAnataH vikrama kI 5 vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| isameM 425 gAthAoM meM baMdhana, saMkramaNa, uddhartana, apavartana, udIraNA, upazamanA, nidhatti aura nikAcanA ina ATha karaNoM evaM udaya aura sattA kA vivecana hai / isa para TIkA likhI hai| yaha graMtha malayagirikRta vRttisahita devacanda lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra baMbaI 1912, malayagiri evaM yazovijayavRtti sahita jainadharmasabhA prasAraka bhAvanagara 1917, cUrNI tathA malayagiri aura yazovijaya kRta vRttiyoM sahita muktAbAI jJAnamaMdira, DabhoI dvArA san 1937 meM prakAzita hai| mUla saMskRta chAyA aura gujarAtI anuvAda ke sAtha mANekalAla cunIlAla kI ora se san 1938 meM prakAzita hai| jinaratnakoza meM karma prakRti nAma ke ATha granthoM kA nirdeza milatA hai / 52 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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73.karalakkhaNa ___ yaha sAmudrika zAstra kA ajJAtakartRka grantha hai| isameM 61 gAthAoM meM hasta rekhAoM kA mahatva, puruSoM ke lakSaNa, puruSoM kA dAhinA aura striyoM kA bA~yA hAtha dekhakara bhaviSyakathana Adi viSayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| vidyA, kula, dhana, rUpa aura AyusUcaka pA~ca rekhAyeM hotI haiN| hastarekhAoM se bhAI-bahana, aura santAnoM kI saMkhyA kA bhI patA calatA hai| kucha rekhAe~ dharma aura vrata kI sUcaka mAnI jAtI hai| yaha grantha praphullakumAra modI dvArA saMpAdita aura bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI dvArA san 1954 meM prakAzita hai| 74.kalpasUtra dazAzrutaskaMdha jise dasA, AyAradasA athavA dasAsuya bhI kahA jAtA hai, cauthA chedasUtra hai| kucha loga dasA ke sAtha kappa ko jor3akara vavahAra ko alaga mAnate haiN| aura kucha dasA ko alaga karake kalpa vyavahAra ko eka svIkara karate haiN| isase isa sUtra kI upayogitA spaSTa hai| isake AThaveM adhyayana ko kalpasUtra kahA gayA hai| dazAzrutaskaMdha ke kartA bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiM / isa para niyukti hai| niyukti ke kartA bhadrabAhu chedasUtroM ke kartA bhadrabAhu se bhinna hai| AThaveM adhyayana ko paryuSaNa parva meM par3he jAne ke kAraNa ise paMjjosaNAkalpa athavA kalpasUtra kahA jAtA hai / isake prathama bhAga jinacarita meM zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra kA cyavana, janma saMharaNa, dIkSA, kevalajJAna aura mokSa kA vistRta varNana hai| kahIM kAvyamaya bhASA kA prayoga bhI huA hai| jinaprabha, dharmasAgara, vinayavijaya, samayasundara, ratnAkara, saMghavijaya, lakSmIvallabha Adi aneka AcAryoM ne isa para TIkAyeM likhI haiN| varSA Rtu meM jainazramaNoM ke eka sthAna para sthira vAsa karane ko paryuSaNa kahate haiN| ise paryuSaNa ke dinoM meM sAdhu loga apane vyAkhyAnoM meM par3hate haiN| isameM mahAvIracarita ke pazcAt pArzva, nemI, RSabhadeva tathA anya tIrthaMkaroM ke carita likhe gaye haiN| kalpasUtra ke dUsare bhAga sthavirAvalI meM sthaviroM ke guNa, zAkhA aura kuloM kA ullekha hai, jinameM se aneka mathurA ke IsavI san kI pahalI zatAbdI ke zilAlekhoM meM utkIrNa haiM / yaha sthavirAvalI nandIsUtra kI sthavirAvali se kucha bhinna hai| tIsare bhAga samAcAroM meM sAdhuoM ke niyamoM kA vivecana hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 053

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75. kalpAvataMsikA(kappavaDaMsiyA) __ zAbdika dRSTi se kalpAvataMsikA kA artha hai - vimAnavAsI dev| isa ardhamAgadhI ke upAMga-grantha meM dasa adhyayana haiM, jinameM zreNika rAjA ke dasa pautroM pauma, mahApauma, bhadda, subhadda, paumabhadda, paumasena, paumagulma, nalinIgulma, ANaMda aura nandana ke bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa zramaNa dIkSA grahaNa karane, devaloka jAne, antataH mahAvideha kSetra meM janma lekara siddhatva prApta karane ke varNana haiM / isa upAMga meM vratAcaraNa dvArA jIvana-zodhana kI prakriyA para prakAza DAlate hue yaha spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki jinake pitA apane kaSAyoM ke kAraNa naraka gati ko prApta hue, unhIM ke putra ratnatraya rUpa dharma kI samyak ArAdhanA karane ke kAraNa devaloka meM gye| karma siddhAnta kI sundara vyAkhyA karatA huA yaha upAMga manuSya ke utthAna evaM patana kA kAraNa karma ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| 76.klpikaa(kppiyaa)| isa ardhamAgadhI upAMga meM 10 adhyayana haiN| prAcIna magadha kA itihAsa jAnane ke lie yaha upAMga atyanta upayogI hai| pahale adhyayana meM kuNika ajAtazatru kA janma, pitA zreNika ke sAtha mana muTAva, pitA ko kArAgAra meM banda kara kuNika kA svayaM rAjya siMhAsana para baiThanA, zreNika kA Atma-hatyA ko kara lenA, kuNika kA vaijolI ke gaNarAjA ceTaka ke sAtha yuddha karane kA varNana hai| isameM kuNika kA vistRta paricaya prApta hotA hai| 77.kavidarpaNa ___ nandiSeNakRta 'ajitazAntistava' ke Upara likhI jinaprabha kI TIkA meM kavidarpaNa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| isa racanA ke mUla kartA kA nAma jJAta nahIM hai| vidvAnoM ne isakA racanAkAla lagabhaga 13vIM zatAbdI mAnA hai| isameM cha: upadeza haiN| prathama uddeza meM mAtrA, varNa tathA donoM ke mizraNa se chaMda ke tIna prakAra batAye haiN| dvitIya uddeza meM 11 prakAra ke mAtrA chaMdoM kA varNana hai| tRtIya uddeza meM sama, ardhasama aura vizama varNika chaMdoM kA tathA caturtha uddeza meM samacatuSpadI, ardhasamacatuSpadI tathA vizamacatuSpadI kA varNana hai| pA~caveM uddeza meM ubhaya chaMdoM kA tathA chaThe uddeza meM prastAra, naSTa, uddiSTa Adi pratyayoM kA varNana hai| isa grantha meM 540 prAkRta ratnAkara

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chaMdoM ko samajhAne hetu hemacandra ke chaMdonuzAsana, zrI harSa kI ratnAvalI nATikA Adi ke udAharaNa milate haiN| nandiSeNakRta ajitazAntistava ke Upara likhI huI jinaprabha kI TIkA meM kavi darpaNa kA ullekha milatA hai| yaha TIkA saMvat 1365 meM likhI gaI thii| durbhAgya se kavidarpaNa aura usake TIkAkAra kA nAma ajJAta hai| mUla granthakartA aura TIkAkAra donoM jaina the aura donoM ne hemacandra ke chandonuzAsana ke uddharaNa diye haiN| jinaprabha ke samaya chanda kA yaha grantha suprasiddha thA, isalie ajitazAntistava ke chandoM ko samajhAne ke lie jinaprabha ne hemacandra ke chandonuzAsana ke sthAna para kavidarpaNa kA hI upayoga kiyA hai| prophesara velanakara ne kavidarpaNa kA racanAkAla IsavI san kI 13vIM zatAbdI mAnA hai / chandonuzAsana ke atirikta isa grantha meM bhI harSa kI tnAvali nATikA tathA jinasUri, sUraprabhasUri aura tilakasUri kI racanAoM ke uddharaNa diye haiN| siddharAja jayasiMha, kumArapAla, bhImadeva aura zAMkabharirAja nAmake rAjAoM kA yahA~ ullekha hai| TIkA meM sUra piMgala aura trilocanadAsa kI saMskRta kRtiyoM meM se tathA svayaMbhU manoratha aura pAdalipta kI prAkRta kRtiyoM meM se uddharaNa diye gaye haiN| 78. kallANaloyaNA kallANAloyaNA ke kartA ajitabrahma yA ajitabrahmacArI haiN| inakA samaya vikrama kI 16 vIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| inake guru kA nAma devendrakIrti thA, aura bhaTTAraka vidyAnandi ke Adeza se bhRgukaccha meM inhoMne hanumaccaritra kI bhI racanA kI thii| yaha graMtha 54 gAthAoM meM samApta hotA hai| 79. kasAyapAhuDaM AcArya dharasena ke samakAlIna AcArya guNadhara hue haiN| AcArya guNadhara ko dvAdazAMgI kA kucha zruta smaraNa thaa| ve pA~caveM jJAnapravAdapUrva kI dazama vastu ke tIsare kasAyapAhuDa ke pAragAmI the| isI AdhAra para unhoMne kaSAyaprAbhRta nAmaka siddhAnta grantha kI racanA zaurasenI prAkRta meM kii| AcArya guNadhara ne isakI racanA kara nAgahasti aura AryamaMkSu ko isakA vyAkhyAna kiyA thaa| isa grantha meM mukhya rUpa se krodhAdi kaSAyoM kI rAga-dveSa pariNati, unake prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga prAkRta ratnAkara 055

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aura pradeza baMdha sambandhI vizeSatAoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ataH isakA dUsarA nAma pejadosapAhuDa bhI pracalita hai| yaha grantha 233 gAthA sUtroM meM viracita hai| ye sUtra gUDhArtha AdhyAtmika rahasyoM ko apane meM sameTe hue haiM / isa grantha meM 15 adhikAra haiM1. pejjadosavibhakti 2. sthitivibhakti 3. anubhAgavibhakti 4. pradezavibhakti - jhINAjhINasthityantika 5.bandhaka adhikAra 6.vedaka adhikAra 7. upayoga adhikAra 8. catuHsthAna adhikAra 9.vyaMjana adhikAra 10. darzanamohopazamanA 11. darzanamohakSapaNA 12. saMyamAsaMyamalabdhi 13. saMyamalabdhi adhikAra 14. cAritramohopazamanA 15. caaritrmohksspnnaa| inameM prArambha ke ATha adhikAroM meM saMsAra ke kAraNabhUta mohanIya karma kI aura antima sAta adhikAroM meM Atma-pariNAmoM ke vikAsa se zithila hote hue mohanIya karma kI vividha dazAoM kA varNana hai| mohanIya karma kisa sthiti meM kisa kAraNa se AtmA ke sAtha sambandhita hote haiM aura usa sambandha kA AtmA ke sAtha kisa prakAra sammizraNa hotA hai, kisa prakAra unameM phaladAnatva ghaTita hotA hai, aura kitane samaya taka karma AtmA ke sAtha lage rahate haiM, isakA vistRta aura spaSTa vivecana isa grantha meM huA hai| mohanIya karma meM darzana-mohanIya evaM cAritra-mohanIya donoM hI garbhita haiN| mohanIya karma kA itanA sUkSmatama evaM maulika vivecana anyatra durlabha hai| AcArya yativRSabha ne isa grantha para 6,000 zloka-pramANa pAhuDacuNNisutta nAmaka cUrNi kI racanA kI hai, jisameM rAga-dveSa kA vizeSa vivecana anuyogadvAroM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| kaSAyapAhuDa para AcArya vIrasena aura unake ziSya jayasena ne jayadhavalA TIkA likhii| 20,000 zloka-pramANa likhane ke pazcAt AcArya vIrasena svargavAsI ho gye| taba unake ziSya AcArya jinasena ne avaziSTa bhAga para 40,000 zloka-pramANa likha kara I. san 837 meM isa TIkA grantha ko pUrA kiyaa| 56 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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80. kahANayaM(dhammAkhANayaM) isameM 140 prAkRta gAthAe~ haiM jinapara saMskRta meM vinayacandra kI TIkA hai| isa graMtha kA nAma dhammakkhANayakosa bhI hai| pATana bhaNDAra meM isakI hastalikhita prati hai, jisameM vi.saM. 1166 racanA yA lipi kA samaya diyA gayA hai| 81. kathAratnakoza(kahArayaNakoso) kathAratnakoza prAkRta kathAoM kA saMgraha grantha hai| navAMgI TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri ke ziSya devabhadrasUri (guNacandra) ne vi. saM. 1158 meM bhar3auca meM isa grantha kI racanA kI thii| guNacandragaNi devabhadrasUri navAMgIvRttkiAra abhayadevasUri ke ziSya prasannacandrasUri ke sevaka aura mumativAcaka ke ziSya the| isa grantha meM 2 adhikAra haiN| prathama adhikAra meM 33 evaM dUsare adhikAra meM 17 kathAe~ haiN| samyaktva, vrata, saMyama Adi zuSka viSayoM ko kathAoM ke mAdhyama se sarasa banAkara prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa kathA-grantha kI sabhI kathAe~ dhArmika hote hue bhI rocaka evaM manoraMjaka haiN| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se eka ora zArIrika sukhoM kI apekSA AdhyAtmika sukhoM ko mahattva diyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora jAtivAda kA khaNDana kara mAnavatAvAda kI pratiSThA kI gaI hai| jIvana zodhana ke lie vyakti kA AdarzavAdI honA Avazyaka hai| isa kRti kI vibhinna kathAoM kA uddezya yahI hai ki upazAMta hokara vyakti Adarza gRhastha kA jIvana-yApana kre| sudattAkhyAna dvArA gRhakalaha ke doSoM kA sundara pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| kAvyAtmaka varNanoM kI dRSTi se bhI yaha kathA-grantha samRddha hai| + kathAratnakoza (san 1101 meM likhita) guNacandragaNi kI mahattvapUrNa racanA hai jisameM aneka laukika kathAoM kA saMgraha hai| isake atirikta inhoMne pAsanAhacariyaM, mahAvIracariyaM, anaMtanAthastotra, vItarAgastava, pramANaprakAza Adi graMthoM kI racanA kI hai| kathAratnakoza meM 50 kathAnaka haiM jo gadya aura padya meM alaMkAra pradhAna prAkRta bhASA meM likhe gaye haiN| saMskRta aura apabhraMza kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| sudattakathAnaka meM gRhakalaha kA bar3A svAbhAvika citraNa kiyA "gayA hai - koI bahU ku~e se jala bharakara lA rahI thI, usakA ghar3A phUTa gyaa| yaha prAkRta ratnAkara 057

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dekhakara usakI sAsa ne gusse meM use eka tamAcA jar3a diyaa| bahU kI lar3akI ne jaba yaha dekhA to usane apanI dAdI ke gale kA nau lar3iyoM kA hAra tor3a DAlA / bahU kI nanada apanI mA~ kA yaha apamAna dekhakara mUsala hAtha meM uThAkara apanI bhatIjI ko mArane daur3I jisase usakA sira phaTa gayA aura usameM se lahu bahane lgaa| yaha dekhakara bahU bhI apanI nanada ko mUsala se mArane lgii| isa prakAra pratidina kisI na kisI bAta para sAre ghara meM kalaha macA rahatA aura ghara kA mAlika lajjAvaza kisI se kucha nahIM kaha sakatA thaa| isa grantha kI eka dUsarI kathA isa prakAra hai - kisI brAhmaNa ke cAra putra the| jaba brAhmaNa kI jIvikA kA koI upAya na rahA to usane apane putroM ko bulAkara saba bAta khii| yaha sunakara cAroM putra dhana kamAne cala diye| pahalA putra apane cAcA ke yahA~ gyaa| pUchane para usane kahA ki pitA jI ne apanA hissA mA~gane ke lie mujhe Apake pAsa bhejA hai| yaha sunakara cAcA apane bhatIje ko bhalA-burA kahane lagA, aura gusse meM Akara cAcA ne usakA sira phor3a diyaa| mukadamA rAjakula meM phuNcaa| cAcA ne kisI taraha 500 dramma dekara apanA piMDa chudd'aayaa| lar3ake ne yaha rupayA apane pitA ko le jAkara de diyaa| dUsarA putra tripuDa Adi lagAkara kisI yogAcArya ke pAsa gayA aura rauba meM Akara use DA~Tane-phaTakArane lgaa| yogAcArya Dara kara usake pairoM meM gira par3A aura usane use bahuta sA sonA dAna meM diyaa| tIsare putra ne dhAtuvidyA sIkha lI aura apanI vidyA se vaha logoM ko Thagane lgaa| usane kisI baniye se dostI kara lii| apanI vidyA ke bala se vaha eka mAzA sone kA do mAzA banA detA thaa| eka bAra baniye ne lobha meM Akara use bahuta sA sonA de diyA, aura vaha lekara caMpata ho gyaa| cauthA putra pracura riddhidhArI kisI liMgI kA ziSya bana gayA aura usakI sevA karane lgaa| eka dina AdhI rAta ke samaya vaha usakA saba dhana lekara caMpata huA / isa kathAkoza ke pahale adhikAra kA nAma dharmAdhikArI - sAmAnya-guNavarNana hai| isameM 9 samyaktva paTala kI tathA 24 sAmAnya guNoM kI isa taraha 33 kathAyeM haiM / dvitIya dharmAdhikArI- vizeSaguNa-varNanAdhikAra meM bAraha vratoM tathA 58 prAkRta ratnAkara

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vandana-pratikramaNa Adi se saMbaMdhita 17 kathAyeM haiN| isa kathAkoza kA uddezya yaha hai ki acchA sAdhu aura acchA zrAvaka vahI hai jo apane-apane vratoM meM niSNAta hai| binA acchA zrAvaka bane koI bhI acchA zramaNa nahIM bana sakatA hai| jo aNuvratoM kA pAlana kara sakatA hai vahI mahAvratoM kA pAlana kara sakatA hai| suzrAvaka ke sAmAnya guNa 33 haiM jinameM samyagdRSTi aura usake ATha aticAra, dharma meM zraddhA, devamandira aura munisaMgha kI zraddhApUrvaka sahAyatA karanA aura karuNA, dayA Adi mAnavIya vRttiyoM kA poSaNa karanA samAviSTa haiN| vizeSa guNa 17 haiM jinameM pA~ca aNuvrata, sAta zikSAvrata, saMvaraNa, Avazyaka aura dIkSA samAviSTa haiN| ina guNoM ke mahattva ko prakAzita karanevAlI kathAe~ hI isa kathAkoza meM dI gaI haiN| yaha kathAkoza adhikAMza prAkRta padyoM meM hI likhita hai, kahIM-kahIM kucha aMza gadya meM bhI diye gaye haiN| bIca-bIca meM saMskRta aura apabhraMza ke padya bhI diye gaye haiN| kathAoM dvArA dhArmika aura aupadezika zikSA denA hI isa kathAkoza kA pradhAna lakSya hai| grantha kA parimANa 12300 zloka-pramANa hai / isa kathAkoza kI sabhI kathAe~ rocaka haiM / upavana, Rtu, rAtri, yuddha, mazAna, rAjaprAsAda, nagara Adi ke sarasa varNanoM ke dvArA kathAkAra ne kathA-pravAha ko gatizIla banAyA hai| ina kathAoM meM sAMskRtika mahattva kI bahuta sAmagrI hai| nAgadattakathAnaka meM kuladevatA kI ArAdhanA ke lie uThAye gaye kaSToM se usa kAla ke rIti-rivAjoM tathA nAyaka ke caritra aura vRttiyoM para prakAza par3atA hai| sudattakathA meM gRhakalaha kA pratipAdana karate hue sAsa, bahU, nanada aura baccoM ke svAbhAvika citraNoM meM kathAkAra ne pUrI kuzalatA pradarzita kI hai| sujasazreSThI aura usake putroM kI kathA meM bAla-manovijJAna ke aneka tattva citrita haiN| dhanapAla aura bAlacandra kI kathA meM vRddhA vezyA kA caritra-citraNa sundara huA hai| 82.kathAvali * prAkRta kathAoM kA eka vizAla graMtha hai jise abhayadevasUri ke guru bhadrezvarasUri ne likhA hai| bhadrezvara kA samaya IsavI san kI 12vIM zatAbdI kA madhya mAnA jAtA hai| isa grantha meM triSaSTizalAkA puruSoM kA jIvanacarita saMgrahita prAkRta ratnAkara 059

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hai| isake sivAya kAlakAcArya se lagAkara haribhadrasUri taka ke pramukha AcAryo kA jIvana carita yahA~ varNita hai| isakI hastalikhita prati pATaNa ke bhaMDAra meM haiN| isa grantha meM tiresaTha mahApuruSoM kA caritra varNita hai| isakI racanA prAkRta gadya meM kI gaI hai para yatra-tatra padya bhI pAye jAte haiM / grantha meM kisI prakAra ke adhyAyoM kA vibhAga nahIM / kathAoM ke Arambha meM 'rAmakahA bhaNNai', 'vANarakahA bhaNNai' Adi rUpa se nirdeza mAtra kara diyA gayA hai| yaha kRti pazcAt kAlIna trizaSTizalAkApuruSamahAcarita (hemacandra) Adi racanAoM kA AdhAra hai| isake aitihAsika bhAga 'therAvalIcariyaM' kI sAmagrI kA hemacandra ne 'pariziSTaparva' aparanAma 'sthavirAvalIcarita' meM upayoga kiyA hai| isameM rAmAyaNa kI kathA vimalasUrikRta 'paumacariyaM' kA anusaraNa karatI hai| 83. kArtikeyAnuprekSA : (svAmI kArtikeya) svAmI kArtikeya athavA kumAra ke dvArA racita anuprekSA grantha ko kArtikeyAnuprekSA nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isa grantha meM kula 489 prAkRta gAthAe~ haiM jinameM adhruva, azaraNa, saMsAra, ekatva, anyatva, azucitva, Azrava, saMvara, nirjarA, loka, bodhidurlabha aura dharma ina bAraha anuprekSAoM kA varNana vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha ke racayitA kArtikeya ke sabaMdha meM vidvAnoM ne paryApta zodha kI hai| inheM umAsvAmI kA samakAlIna vidvAna mAnA jAtA hai| bAraha anuprekSAoM kI jo kundakunda, baTTakera, aura zivArya kI paramparA hai, usase bhinna umA-svAmI kI anuprekSAoM kI paramparA ko kArtikeya ne apane isa grantha meM apanAyA hai| kArtikeyAnuprekSA ke racayitA, svAmI kArtikeya haiN| inake samaya ko lekara vidvAna eka mata nahIM haiN| DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye ne inakA samaya chaThI zatAbdI mAnA hai| isa grantha meM 489 gAthAe~ haiM, jinameM caMcala mana evaM viSaya-vAsanAoM ke virodha ke lie bAraha anuprekSAoM kA vistAra se nirUpaNa huA hai| prasaMgavaza isameM jIva, ajIva Adi sAta tattva, dvAdazavrata, dAna, saMlekhanA, dazadharma, samyaktva ke ATha aMga, bAraha prakAra ke tapa, dhyAna ke bheda-prabheda Adi kA vivecana huA hai| isa grantha kI gAthAoM kI abhivyaMjanA bar3I sazakta hai| 600 prAkRta ratnAkara

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AcArya kundakundakRta bArasaaNuvekkhA aura isa grantha meM viSaya aura bhASA-zailI kI dRSTi se bahuta samAnatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| 84.kAlakAcArya ___ paTTAvaliyoM ke adhyayana se yaha parijJAta hotA hai ki kAlakAcArya nAma ke tIna AcArya the| eka kA vIra nirvANa 376 meM svargavAsa huA thaa| dvitIya gardabhilla ko naSTa karane vAle kAlakAcArya hue| unakA samaya vIra nirvANa 456 hai aura tRtIya kAlakAcArya jinhoMne saMvatsarI mahAparva paMcamI ke sthAna para caturthI ko manAyA thA, unakA samaya vI. ni.993 hai| ina tIna kAlakAcAryo meM prathama kAlakAcArya jinheM zyAmAcArya bhI kahate haiM, unhoMne paTTAvaliyoM ke abhimatAnusAra prajJApanA kI racanA kii| kintu paTTAvaliyoM meM unako 23 vA~ sthAna paTTa-paraMparA meM nahIM diyA hai| antima kAlakAcArya prajJApanA ke kartA nahIM haiM kyoMki naMdI, jo vIra nirvANa 993 ke pahale racita hai usameM prajJApanA ko Agama sUcI meM sthAna diyA gayA hai| paramparA kI dRSTi se nigoda kI vyAkhyA karane vAle kAlaka aura zyAma ye donoM eka hI AcArya haiM kyoMki ye donoM zabda ekArthaka haiN| paramparA kI dRSTi se vIra nirvANa 335 meM ve yugapradhAna hue aura 376 taka ve jIvita rhe| 85.kAlidAsa ke nATaka ___mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI gaNanA cauthI zatAbdI ke zreSThatam nATakakAroM meM kI gaI hai| abhijJAnazAkuntalam, mAlavikAgnimitram evaM vikramorvazIyam ye tIna inake prasiddha nATaka haiN| ina tInoM hI nATakoM meM kavi kAlidAsa ne prAkRta bhASA kA bahulatA se prayoga kiyA hai| unake nATakoM meM gadya ke lie zaurasenI prAkRta kA tathA padya ke lie mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prayoga huA hai| abhijJAnazAkuntalam meM duSyaMta va zakuntalA kI prema kathA varNita hai| prema va saundarya kI adbhuta anubhUti upasthita karane vAlA yaha nATaka tatkAlIna rAjanaitika evaM sAmAjika jIvana kI marmasparzI jhAMkI bhI prastuta karatA hai| vibhinna prAkRta bhASAoM ke prayoga kI dRSTi se rAjA kA sAlA zaurasenI meM bolatA prAkRta ratnAkara 061

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hai| napuMsaka, jyotiSI aura vikSipta bhI zaurasenI kA prayoga karate haiN| strI pAtra evaM zizu mahArASTrI kA tathA pulisa karmacArI, machue, sarvadamana Adi mAgadhI kA prayoga karate haiM / saptama aMka meM tApasI ke kathanoM meM prayukta prAkRta bhASA ko dekhane se kAlidAsa kI prAkRta sambandhI yogyatA aura samRddhatA donoM kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / yathA - imassa bAlaassa devisaMvAdiNI AkidI ttivimhaavidmhi| . apariidassa vi de appaDilomo sNvuttotti|| arthAt - isa bAlaka kI aura ApakI AkRti samAna hai| aisA (dekhakara) maiM vismita huuN| aparicita Apake lie (yaha) anukUla ho gayA hai| kAlidAsa dvArA prayukta prAkRta bhASA bolacAla kI prAkRtoM se bhinna vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se rUr3ha hai| prAkRta ke aneka muhAvaroM evaM lokoktiyoM kA bhI isameM prayoga huA hai| mAlavikAgnimitram kI kathAvastu to prAkRta saTTaka paramparA kA hI pUrNa anukaraNa karatI pratIta hotI hai| isameM rAjamahizI kI paricArikA mAlavikA aura rAjA agnimitra kI praNaya kathA varNita hai| isa nATaka meM adhikAMza strI pAtra haiM aura unhoMne prAkRta bhASA kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| ina pAtroM dvArA prayukta prAkRta ke saMvAda sarasa evaM madhura haiM / kAlidAsa kA vikramorvazIyam nATaka to eka prakAra kA prAkRta saTTaka hI hai| isameM rAjA puruvara tathA apsarA urvazI kI premakathA varNita hai| menakA, rambhA, sahajanyA, citralekhA, urvazI Adi apsarAe~, yavanI, ceTI, rAjamahiSI, tApasI Adi strI pAtra evaM vidUSaka prAkRta hI bolate haiM / apabhraMza ke bhI kucha suMdara padya isameM milate haiN| yathA hau~pai~pucchimi Aakkhahi gavrulliaphaareNnnaasiatsvru| dUraviNijiasasaharukaMtI diTThipiA pai~ sammuha jNtii||(4.22) arthAt - sundara prahAroM se vRkSoM kA nAza karane vAle, he zreSTha hAthI! maiM tumase pUcha rahA hU~ ki, kaho tumhAre dvArA dUra se hI candramA kI zobhA ko haraNa karane vAlI kyA merI priyA ke sammukha jAtI huI dekhI gaI hai? 62 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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86. kAvyaprakAza .. kAvyaprakAza 12vIM zatAbdI ke prasiddha alaMkArazAstrI mammaTa kI mahattvapUrNa racanA hai| kAvyaprakAza meM prAkRta kI 49 gAthAe~ uddhRta haiM / isa grantha para aneka TIkA grantha likhe gaye haiN| 87. kAvyAnuzAsana ___ 12vIM zatAbdI ke vidvAn AcArya hemacandra ne mammaTa ke kAvyaprakAza ke AdhAra para kAvyAnuzAsana kI racanA kara kAvya kI samIkSA prastuta kI hai| isa para unakI svopajJavRtti bhI hai| mUla grantha evaM vRtti meM milAkara prAkRta ke 78 padya uddhRta haiN| ye padya prAyaH zRMgAra, nIti evaM vIratA sambaMdhI haiN| udAharaNa gAthAsaptazatI, karpUramaMjarI, ratnAvalI Adi se liye gaye haiN| yuddha ke lie prasthAna karate hue nAyaka kI manodazA kA yaha citra dRSTavya hai| yathA - ekatto ruai piyA aNNatto smrtuurnigghoso| neheNa raNaraseNaya bhaDassa dolAiyaM hiaam||(3.2 TIkA 187) ' arthAt - eka ora priyA ro rahI hai, dUsarI ora yuddha kI raNabherI baja rahI hai| prema va yuddha rasa ke bIca meM yoddhA kA hRdaya dolAyamAna ho rahA hai| 88. kAvyAlaMkAra kAvyAlaMkAra ke racayitA AcArya rudraTa haiN| inakA samaya lagabhaga 9vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| inhoMne apane grantha kAvyAlaMkAra meM alaMkArazAstra ke samasta siddhAntoM, bhASA, rIti, rasa, vRtti, alaMkAra Adi kA vistAra se varNana prastuta kiyA hai| alaMkAroM kA varNana inake grantha kI vizeSatA hai / kavi ne bhASA ke chaH bheda batAye haiM - prAkRta ,saMskRta, mAgadhI, paizAcI, zaurasenI evaM apbhrNsh|in cha: bhASAoM ke udAharaNa prastuta karane ke lie unhoMne saMskRta-prAkRta -mizrita gAthAoM kI racanA kI hai| 89.kovyAdarza kAvyAdarza ke racayitA AcArya daNDI alaMkArazAstra jagata ke bahuta bar3e vidvAna mAne jAte haiN| inakA samaya I. san kI 7-8vIM zatAbdI ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| apane isa grantha meM unhoMne kAvya kI zobhA ko bar3hAne vAle alaMkAroM kA sundara vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| prastuta grantha meM bhASA ke saMskRta, prAkRta ,apabhraMza prAkRta ratnAkara 063

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aura mizra ye cAra bheda kiye haiN| sUkti pradhAna hone ke kAraNa mahArASTrI ko utkRSTa prAkRta mAnA hai| zaurasenI, gaur3I, lATI evaM anya dezoM meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASAoM ko prAkRta tathA gopa, cANDAla aura jakAra Adi dvArA bolI jAne vAlI bhASAoM ko apabhraMza kahA hai| bRhatkathA ko bhUta-bhASAmayI aura adbhuta artha vAlI batAyA hai| 90. kundakunda AcArya prAkRta bhASA ke mahAn vidvAn tathA jaina siddhAnta sAhitya ke prarUpaka AcArya kundakunda kA nAma jainAcAryoM meM sarvaprathama liyA jAtA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra evaM gautama gaNadhara ke pazcAt maMgalaM kundakundAdyo kahakara kisI bhI maMgala kArya ke prAraMbha meM unakA smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne bhAratIya saMskRti ko tattvajJAna hI nahIM, adhyAtma pradhAna AcAra-vicAra bhI pradAna kiye haiN| unhoMne Atma-jJAna evaM AdhyAtmika sAhitya dvArA bhautika sukhoM evaM sAMsArika lipsA ko tyAgane kA mArga batAkara bhautikatA ke aMdhakAra meM AdhyAtmikatA kI jyoti ko prajvalita kiyaa| unake anusAra jJAna evaM darzana ke sAtha cAritra kA samanvaya karane para hI mukti zIghratAgAmI ho sakatI hai| AtmA kI mukti ke lie unhoMne bAhya saMyamita jIvana ke sAtha-sAtha dhyAna evaM tapazcaraNa para bhI bala diyaa| bhAratIya cintakoM aura granthakAroM meM AcArya kundakunda kA agrapaMkti meM sthAna hai| unhoMne apane vipula vADmaya ke dvArA bhAratIya saMskRti ko tatvajJAna aura adhyAtmapradhAna vicAra tathA AcAra pradAna kiyA hai| bhAratIya sAhitya meM prAkRta bhASA ke mahApaNDita aura isa bhASA meM nibaddha siddhAnta-sAhitya ke racayitA ke rUpa meM inakA nAma dUra atIta kAla se nizruta hai| AcArya kundakunda eka mahAn prabhAvazAlI AcArya hue haiM, jo pichale do hajAra varSoM meM hue hajAroM AcAryo meM advitIya evaM asAdhAraNa hai| unake uttaravartI anake granthakAroM ne apane granthoM meM unheM sazraddha smaraNa kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, zilAlekhoM meM bhI unakI asAdhAraNa vidvattA, saMyama, adbhuta iMdriya-vijaya, prApta Rddhi-siddhiyoM Adi kA vizeSa ullekha kiyA gayA hai| paTTAvaliyoM meM vidita haiM ki unhoMne 11 varSa kI avasthA meM hI sAdhu-dIkSA le lI thI aura samagra jIvana saMyama aura taponujAna-pUrvaka vyatIta kiyA thaa| ve lagabhaga 95 varSa taka jiye aura isa lambe jIvana meM unhoMne dIrgha, 640 prAkRta ratnAkara

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cintana, manana evaM grantha-sRjana kiyaa| jaina paTTAvaliyoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ko AmnAya-paramparA meM parama tapasvI AcArya kundakunda hue| unake hI pavitra vaMza meM AcArya umAsvAmI hue| mUlasaMgha ke nAyaka antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke ziSya zrI mAghanandI bhaTTAraka hue aura pUjya mAghanandI ke ziSya munIndra jinacandra hue| kundakunda ke dIkSAguru yahI jinacandra kahe gaye hai| kundakunda kI zaurasenI prAkRta racanAoM meM bArasaanuvekkhA meM inake nAma kA ullekha milatA hai| inhoneM apane aSTa pAhuDa ke bodhapAhuDa meM apane gurU kA nAma zrutukevalI bhadrabAhu batalAyA hai| isI paTTAvalI meM kundakunda ke pA~ca nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai-elAcArya, gRdhrapiccha, vakragIva, padmanandI aura kundkund| bahuta kucha khojabIna karane para bhI AcArya kundakunda ke bacapana ke nAma kA patA nahIM calatA hai| zravaNabelagola ke candragiri parvata ke pArzvanAtha mandira ke navaraMga meM aMkita prazasti tathA zilAlekhoM meM evaM paTTAvaliyoM meM koNDakunda yatIndra; se yaha nizcita hai ki yaha muni avasthA kA nAma hai| kintu nandisaMgha kI paTTAvalI se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki dIkSA avasthA ke samaya kA nAma padmanandI thaa| ___ AcArya kundakunda dakSiNa bhArata ke nivAsI the| AcArya indranandI ke ullekha se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kundakunda koNDakuNDapura nivAsI the| zrI pI. vI. desAI ke vivaraNa se patA calatA hai ki dakSiNa bhArata meM anantapura jile ke - guTI tAluke meM sthita gunTakAla relave sTezana se dakSiNa kI ora lagabhaga cAra mIla dUra koNDakuNDala hI vaha sthAna hai jahA~ para kundakunda kA janma huA thaa| vahA~ ke rahane vAle loga Aja bhI isa sthAna ko koNDakundi kahate hai| kannar3a meM kuNDa tathA koNDa zabda kA artha pahAr3I yA parvatIna upatyakA sthAna hai| kahA jAtA hai ki 'ponnUra' nAmaka grAma meM AcArya kundakunda ne ghora tapasyA kI thii| ponnUra grAma kI sthiti tamilanADu ke AkArDa jile meM madrAsa se 80 mIla dUra vartamAna ponnara hila kahI jAtI hai| ponnUra kA artha hai-sonA / ataH ise hemagrAma bhI kahate hai| AcArya kundakunda kI tapobhUmi ke sAtha-sAtha yaha racanAsthalI bhI rahI hai| ponnUra hila para AsIna hokara unhoMne samayasAra pravacanasAra, niyamasAra, prAkRta ratnAkara 0 65

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paMcAstikAya Adi mahAn granthoM kI racanA kI thiiN| nandisaMgha kI paTTAvalI meM AcArya kundakunda ke guru kA nAma jinacandra likhA huA milatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne gamakaguru ke rUpa meM zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kA smaraNa karate hue likhA sadaviyAro huo bhAsAsuttesu caM jiNe khiyN| to taha kahiyaM NAyaM sIseNa ya bhadbAhussa // vArasaaMgaviyANaM caudasapuvvagaM viulvitthrnnN| suyaNANI bhadyabAhu gamayaguru bhayavao jayao // bodhabAhuDa, gA 61, 62 arthAt jinendra bhagavAn mahAvIra ne artha rUpa se jo kahA hai vaha bhASAsUtroM meM zabda-vikAsa ko prApta huA hai aneka prakAra se gUMthA gayA hai| bhadrabAhu ke mujha ziSya ne usako usI rUpa se jAnA hai aura kathana kiyA hai| bAraha aMgoM aura caudaha pUrvo ke vettA gamakaguru bhagavAn zrutajJAnI, zrutakavelI bhadrabAhu jayavanta hoN| kevala bodhapAhuDa meM hI samayasAra tathA niyamAnusAra ke maMgalAcaraNa meM bhI unhoMne zrutakekavalI kA smaraNa kiyA hai| AcArya kundakunda ke samaya para aneka vidvAnoM ne UhApohapUrvaka vistRta vicAra kiyA hai| svargIya paNDita jugalakizora 'mukhtAra' mukhtAra ne aneka pramANoM se vikrama kI pahalI zatAbdI inakA samaya nirdhArita kiyA hai| mUla saMgha kI upalabdha prAkRta paTTAvalI ke anusAra bhI yahI samaya vikrama samvat 49 mAnA gayA hai| DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye ne sabhI ke mAnya samayoM para gaharA UhApoha karake IsavI san kA prArambha unakA astitva samaya nirNIta kiyA hai| unake janma ko 2 hajAra varSa hone para abhI san 2000 meM sAre deza meM pUjya AcArya vidyAnanda jI mahArAja kI satpreraNA se AcArya kundakunda dvisahastrAdi varSa manAyA gayA hai| ina do hajAra varSoM meM AcArya kundakunda ke zaurasenI prAkRta granthoM ne paravartI sAhitya ko bahuta prabhAvita kiyA hai| ___ AcArya kundakunda ne apanI grantha-racanA ke lie prAkRta , pAlI aura saMskRta ina tIna prAcIna bhAratIya bhASAoM meM se prAkRta ko cunA, kyoMki prAkRta usa 660 prAkRta ratnAkara

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samaya jana-bhASA ke rUpa meM prasiddha thI aura ve jana-sAdhAraNa taka apane cintana ko pahu~cAnA cAhate the| isake atirikta SaTkhaNDAgam, kaSAyapAhuDa jaise ArSa grantha prAkRta meM hI nibaddha hone se prAkRta kI dIrghakAlIna prAcIna paramparA bhI unheM prApta thii| ataeva unhoMne apane prAyaH sabhI granthoM kI racanA prAkRta bhASA meM hI kI hai| unakI yaha prAkRta zaurasainI prAkRta hai| isI zaurasenI prAkRta meM digambara paramparA ke Agama granthoM ke alAvA aneka uttaravartI AcAryo ne bhI apane grantha race haiN| isameM sandeha nahIM ki prAkRta sAhitya ke nirmAtAoM meM AcArya kundakunda kA sarvAdhika ucca evaM mUrdhanya sthAna hai| inhoMne jitanA prAkRta vAGmaya racA hai utanA anya manISI ne nahIM likhaa| kahA jAtA hai ki kundakunda ne 84 pAhur3oM (prAbhRtoM, prakaraNa-granthoM) tathA AcArya puSpadanta bhUtavalI dvArA racita SaTkhaNDAgama A grantha kI parikarma nAmakI vizAla TIkA kI bhI racanA kI thii| para Aja vaha saba grantha-rAzi upalabdha nahIM hai / phira bhI unake jo grantha prApta haiM unase jaina vADmaya * hI nahIM, bhAratIya vAGmaya bhI samRddha evaM daidIpyamAna hai| unakI ina upalabdha kRtiyoM kA yahA~ saMkSepa meM paricaya diyA jAtA hai 1. pravacanasAra - isameM tIna adhikAra hai / (1) jJAnAdhikAra, (2) jJeyAdhikAra aura (3) cAritrAdhikAra / ina adhikAroM meM viSaya ke varNana kA avagama unake nAmoM se hI jJAta ho jAtA hai / arthAt pahale adhikAra meM jJAna kA, dUsaroM meM jJeya kA aura tIsare meM cAritra (sAdhu-cAritra) kA pratipAdana hai| isa eka grantha ke adhyayana se jaina tatvajJAna acchI taraha avagata ho jAtA hai / isa para do vyAkhyAyeM upalabdha hai- eka AcArya amRtacandra kI hai aura dUsarI AcArya jayasena kii| 2. paMcAstikAya - isameM do zrutaskandha adhikAra hai- (1) SaDdravya - paMcAstikAya, aura (2) nvpdaarth| inameM viSaya kA varNana unake nAmoM se spaSTa hai| isa para bhI ukta donoM AcAryo kI saMskRta meM TIkAe~ haiM aura donoM mUlakoM spaSTa karatI hai| 3.samayasAra- isameM dasa adhikAra haiM 1. jIvAjIvAdhikAra, 2. karttAkarmAdhikAra, 3. puNyapApAdhikAra, 4. AssravAdhikAra 5. saMvarAdhikAra, 6. nirjarAdhikAra, 7. bandhAdhikAra, 8. dIkSAdhikAra 9. sarvavizuddhajJAnAdhikAra, 10. syAdvAdAdhikAra / prAkRta ratnAkara 067

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ina adhikAroM ke nAma se unake pratipAdya viSayoM kA jJAna ho jAtA hai| 4. niyamasAra 5. aSTa pAhuDa 6. bArasa aNuvekkhA 7. dasa bhakti ina racanAoM ke sivAya kucha vidvAn 'rayaNasAra' ko bhI kundakunda kI racanA batalAte hai| kundakunda kI upalabdha sabhI racanAe~ tAtvika cintana se otaprota hai| samayasAra aura niyamasAra meM jo zuddha AtmA kA jaisA aura jisa prakAra kA vizad aura vistRta vivecana hai vaisA aura usa prakAra kA vaha anyatra alabhya hai| AtmA ke bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA ina tIna bhedoM kA (mokSapAhuDa gAthA 45) kathana unase pahale kisI anya meM upalabdha nahIM hai| samyagdarzana ke ATha aMgoM kA nirUpaNa (sa.sA. 229-236), aNumAtra rAga rakhane vAlA sarvazAstrajJa bhI svasamaya kA jJAtA nahIM (paMcA.167), jIvakoM sarvathA karmabaddha athavA sarvathA karma-abaddha batalAnA nayapakSa (ekAntavAda) hai aura donoM kA grahaNa na karanA samayasAra hai (sa.sA. 141-143) tIrthakara bhI vastradhArI ho to vaha siddha nahIM ho sakatA (da. pA. 23) Adi tAtvika vivecana kundakunda kI anupama dena hai| kundakunda mahAn vyaktitva- sampanna vyakti the| apane dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAvoM meM ve pavitra the| unakA vyaktitva zAnta, bhavya udAtta evaM tejasvI thaa| apanA paricaya dete hue ve kahate haiM ego meM sAsado appA nnaann-dsnn-lkkhnno| sesA meM bAhirA bhAvA savve saMjoga- lakkhaNA // niyamasAra, gAthA,102 bhAvapAhur3agA. 59 AcArya kundakunda Agama-paramparA ke saMvAhaka AcArya the| unhoMne jina siddhAnta aura anekAnta darzana ke sambandha meM vahI kahA hai jo Agama-paramparA meM pracalita thaa| unhoMne apanI ora se kucha bhI nahIM kahA / ve vinamra bhAva se samayayAra (gAthA- 5) meM spaSTa kahate haiM ki maiM usa ekatva vibhakta Atma-svarUpa ko apanI AtmA ke nija vaibhava meM darzAtA huuN| yadi maiM usa zuddhatA kA varNana batalA 680 prAkRta ratnAkara

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sakU~ to use svIkAra kara lenA aura yadi usameM kahIM cUka jAU~ to viparIta abhiprAya chala grahaNa na kara lenaa| AcArya kundakunda tAtvika vivecana meM apanI maulikatA rakhate haiN| unake dvArA kiyA zuddhAtmA kA vizada vivecana anyatra durlabha hai| AtmA ke bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramparA ina tInoM bhedoM tathA unake svarUpa kA pratipAdana bhI advitIya hai| AcArya kundakunda kI racanAoM meM loka-kalyANa kI bhAvanA spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai| racanA meM pravRtta hone kA eka mAtra kAraNa jIva- mAtra kI bhalAI karanA rahA hai| ve kahate haiM ki jitane vacanapatha haiM, utane nayavAda hai| aura jitane nayavAda haiM utane mata hai| sabhI mata aura sampradAya mAnava ke kalyANa ke lie hone caahie| mAnava zreSTha haiM vaha kitanI mata evaM sampradAya ke pIche nahIM hai| . isalie kisI bhI mata aura dharma ke pAlana ke lie manuSya ko roka-Toka nahIM honA caahie| mAnava apane guNoM ke kAraNa saMsAra ke saba prANiyoM meM zreSTha hai| zarIra vandana yogya nahIM hotA, kula aura jAti bhI vandanIya nahIM hote| guNahIna zramaNa yA zrAvaka kI koI vandanA nahIM karatA (darzanapAhuDa gAthA 27) / ataH mAnavIya guNoM kA dharma-sAdhanA ke dvArA vikAsa karane kI preraNA AcArya kundakunda pradAna karate hai| vastutaH AcArya kundakunda ne apane vAGmaya dvArA mAnava mAtra ke hita kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai| unake upadeza mAnavIya guNoM ke vikAsa kA hI saMdeza dete haiN| loka-kalyANa kI bhAvanA unakI racanAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai| bodhapAhuDa meM dharma kI paribhASA dete hue unhoMne kahA hai dhammo dayA visuddho(gA. 25) arthAt dharma vahI hai jo dayA yA anukaMpA se yukta ho / unakA mAnanA thA ki dharma meM saccI zraddhA manuSya ko pAparahita, dRr3ha evaM mAnavIya guNoM se yukta banAtI hai| AcArya kundakunda Agama paramparA ke saMvAhaka AcArya ke sAtha hI eka aise krAntikArI santa the, jinhoMne anekAnta zailI apanAkara darzana evaM AcAra ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa parivartana kiye| unakI dRSTi sahiSNu va udAra thii| anya dharmoM ke prati bhI unake mana meM Adara evaM sammAna thaa| unakA kahanA thA ki sabhI sampradAya evaM mata mAnava ke kalyANa ke lie hone caahiye| ataH kisI bhI dharma yA mata ke pAlana meM manuSya ko roka-Toka nahIM honI caahie| AcArya prAkRta ratnAkara 069

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kundakunda kI racanAe~ unake bahuAyAmI vyaktitva kI dyotaka haiN| mAnava ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa hetu unhoMne aneka granthoM kA praNayana kiyaa| unakI sabhI racanAe~ zaurasenI prAkRta meM haiN| kundakunda ke zaurasenI prAkRta sAhitya meM zaurasenI prAkRta ke svarUpa ko jAnane kI mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI hai| 91. kundakunda jJAnapITha zrI devakumAra siMha kAsalIvAla dvArA tatkAlIna mukhyamaMtrI zrI motIlAla vorA kI upasthiti meM digambara jaina udAsIna Azrama TrasTa, indaura ke antargata akTUbara 1987 meM kundakunda jJAnapITha kI sthApanA kI gii| prAraMbha se hI saMsthA kA saMcAlana kA mahattvapUrNa prabhAra mAnad saciva ke rUpa meM DaoN. anupama jaina dekha rahe haiN| vigata 24 varSoM meM isa saMsthAna dvArA ullekhanIya pragati darja kI gaI hai, jo viziSTa kendra kA darjA pradAna karatI hai| kundakunda jJAnapITha kI sthApanA mUlataH zodha saMsthAna ke rUpa meM hI kI gaI hai| isake antargata AdhArabhUta suvidhAoM ke vikAsa kI zrRMkhalA meM saMdarbha graMthAlaya (pustakAlaya) kA vikAsa, traimAsika zodha patrikA, arhat vacana ke prakAzana ke sAtha zodha gatividhiyoM ke vikAsa ke krama meM jainazAstra bhaMDAroM ke sUcIkaraNa hetu sUcIkaraNa pariyojanA kA kriyAnvayana, vyAkhyAnamAlAoM kA Ayojana, zreSTha zodha AlekhoM ke lekhana ko protsAhita karane hetu arhatavacana puraskAra yojanA evaM jaina vidyAoM ke kSetra meM maulika lekhana ko protsAhita karane hetu kundakunda jJAnapITha ko zodha kendroM ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna karAyI gaI hai| 92. kundakunda bhAratI jaina-zodha saMsthAna ___ AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI munirAja kI pAvana preraNA se san 1974 meM sthApita, tathA rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna (bhArata sarakAra) naI dillI tathA kurukSetra vizvavidyAlaya dvArA kramazaH mAnyatA prApta zrI kundakunda bhAratI jaina zodha saMsthAna naI dillI ne prAkRta bhASA evaM jaina sAhitya ke prakAza tathA pracAra-prasAra meM pichale lagabhaga tIna dazakoM meM abhUtapUrva kArya kiyA hai| saMsthAna ne san 1995 se zrutapaMcamI parva ko prAkRta bhASA divasa ke rUpa meM manAye jAne kA bhArata vyApI Andolana kiyA tathA usake utsAhavardhaka pariNAma bhI sammukha Aye haiN| kundakunda bhAratI ne sarvaprathama anubhava kiyA ki bhArata sarakAra ne madhyakAlIna bhAratIya AryabhASAoM 70 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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kI jananI prAkRtabhASA kI dukhada upekSA hai, ataH usane usake samAdhAna hetu nimna prakAra sarAhanIya prayatna kiye- . 1. akhila bhAratIya zaurasenI prAkRta saMsada kI sthApanA, 2. AcArya kundakunda smRti (vArSika) vyAkhyAnamAlA kA Ayojana 3. prAkRta-zikSaNa 4. prakAzana 5. prAkRtavidyA patrikA 6. puraskAra 7. prAkRta divasa evaM prAkRta saMgoSThiyA~ 93. kumAravAlacariyaM (dvayAzrayakAvya) . vizuddha AcaraNa karane vAle mahApuruSoM evaM nyAyapUrNa jIvana jIne vAle rAjAoM kI jIvaniyA~ jaina sAhitya meM dharmakathAnuyoga ke antargata kaI granthoM meM likhI gayI haiN| aise granthoM ko aitihAsika kAvya bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi unameM kAvyatatva adhika evaM itihAsa tatva kama prApta hotA hai| AcArya hemacandrakRta dvayAzrayakAvya isI koTi kI racanA hai| isameM kAvya, itihAsa, jIvanI evaM vyAkaraNa prayoga ina sabakA mizraNa hai| kumAravAlacariyaM (vyAzrayakAvya) ke racayitA 12 vIM zatAbdI ke vaiyAkaraNa AcArya hemacandra haiN| isa kAvya meM AcArya ne rAjA kumArapAla ke carita varNana ke mAdhyama se prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| vyAzrayakAvya hone ke kAraNa isameM vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke sAtha-sAtha kAvyatattva bhI pracuratA se vidyamAna haiN| yaha mahAkAvya do vibhAgoM meM hai| prathama vibhAga ke 20 sargoM meM siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana ke prArambhika sAta adhyAyoM meM varNita saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko samajhAyA gayA hai| dUsare vibhAga meM ATha sarga haiM, jinameM AThaveM adhyAya meM varNita prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko samajhAyA gayA hai| dUsare vibhAga ke prathama chaH sargoM meM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke niyama samajhAye gaye haiM tathA zeSa do sargoM meM zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA-paizAcI aura apabhraMza bhASA ke udAharaNa prastuta kiye haiN| isa mahAkAvya kI kathAvastu atyaMta laghu hai| rAjA kumArapAla ke eka dina kI ghaTanAoM ko vibhinna alaMkRta varNanoM dvArA prastuta prAkRta ratnAkara 071

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kiyA gayA hai| nAyaka ke samagra jIvana kA varNana tathA avAntara kathAoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa kathAnaka meM rocakatA nahIM hai| kathAvastu atyanta zithila hai| usameM jIvana kA utAra-car3hAva varNita nahIM hai| bIca-bIca meM vyAkaraNa ke udAharaNoM ko samAviSTa kara dene ke kAraNa kAvya meM kRtrimatA A gaI hai| kintu sajIva vastuvarNana, prAkRtika dRzyoM ke manorama citraNa evaM alaMkAroM ke utkRSTa vinyAsa ke kAraNa yaha uccakoTi kA kAvya mAnA gayA hai aNahila nagara ke varNana meM kavi kI yaha maulika upamA dRSTavya hai - jassi sakalaMka vi hu rayaNI-ramaNaM kuNaMti aklNk| saMkhadhara-saMkha-bhaMgojalAo bhvnnNsu-bhNgiio||... (gA. 1.16) arthAt - jisa nagara meM zaMkha, pravAla, motI, ratna Adi se jyotirmaya bhavanoM kI ujjavala kiraNe kalaMkita candramA ko bhI niSkalaMka banA detI hai| ___ AcArya hemacandra ne dvayAzrayakAvya ke dvArA dohare uddezya kI pUrti kI hai| eka ora caulukyavaMzI rAjAoM ke jIvana carita kA varNana ho jAtA hai evaM dUsarI ora saMskRta-prAkRta ke zabdoM ko vyAkaraNa ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kara diyA jAtA hai| ataH kAvya kA dvayAzraya vizeSaNa sArthaka ho jAtA hai| jainAcAryo meM AcArya hemacandra bahumukhI pratibhA ke dhanI kavi haiN| unakA janma gujarAta ke dhundhakA nAma gAMva meM vi. sa. 1145 (san 1088) kI kArtika pUrNimA ko huA thaa| hemacandra ke pitA cAMgadeva/cAcigadeva zaivadharma ko mAnane vAle vaNik the| unakI patnI kA nAma pAhinI thaa| hemacandra kA bacapana kA nAma cAMDadeva thaa| cAMDagdeva bacapana se hI pratibhAsampanna evaM honahAra bAlaka thaa| usakI vilakSaNa pratibhA evaM zubha lakSaNoM ko dekhakara AcArya devacandrasUri ne mAtA pAhinI se cAMgadeva ko mAMga liyA evaM use apanA ziSya banA liyaa|aatth varSa kI avasthA meM cAMgadeva kI dIkSA smpnnhuii| dIkSA ke uparAnta usakA nAma somacandra rakhA gyaa| somacandra ne apane guru se tarka, vyAkaraNa, kAvya darzana, Agama Adi aneka granthoM kA gahana, adhyayana kiyaa| unakI asAdhAraNa pratibhA aura cAritra ke kAraNa somacandra ko 21 varSa ko avasthA meM vi.sa. 1166 sUripada pradAna kiyA gyaa| taba somacandra kA hemacandrasUri rakha diyA gyaa| 72 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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hemacandrasUri kA gujarAta ke rAjya parivAra se ghaniSTha sambandha rahA hai| unake pANDitya se prabhAvita hokara gujarezvara jayasiMha siddharAja ne unheM vyAkaraNa grantha likhane kI preraNA dI thii| hemacandrasUri ne apanI ananya pratibhA kA prayoga karate hue jo saMskRta aura prAkRta bhASA kA prasiddha vyAkaraNa likhA usakA nAma siddhahemavyAkaraNa rakhA, jisase siddharAja kA nAma bhI amara ho gyaa| hemacandra kA kumArapAla ke sAtha bhI ghaniSTa saMbaMdha thaa| kumArapAla kA rAjyAbhiSeka vi.sa.1194 meM huA thA kintu isa rAjyaprApti kI bhaviSyavANI hemacandra ne sAta varSa pahale hI kara dI thii| kumArapAla ne hemacandra se bahuta kucha zikSA prApta kI thii| kumArapAla carita nAmaka yaha kAvya yadyapi carita nAmAnta hai, kintu isameM nAyaka kumArapAla ke carita kA vizleSaNa karane ke lie kavi ke pAsa vistRta kathAvastu nahIM hai| kathAvastu kA AyAma itanA choTA hai ki caritakAvya kI vizeSatAe~ isameM dI nahIM jA sakI haiN| isa grantha ko mahAkAvya kahA jAtA hai| kAvyAtmaka dRSTi se isa racanA meM mahAkAvya ke lakSaNa vidyamAna haiN| kintu kavi ke vyAkaraNAtmaka uddezya kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa grantha ke kAvya bIja adhika prasphuTita nahIM ho sake haiN| phira bhI kavi ne isa grantha meM sundara, manohArI varNanoM kI yojanA kara alaMkAroM kA sundara prayoga hai / grantha meM upamA, utprekSA, dRSTAnta, dIpaka, atizyokti, rUpaka, bhrAntimAna Adi alaMkAroM kA prayoga kAvya ko sundara banA detA hai| jina maMdira meM jinastuti karate hue kumArapAla kahatA hai ki he bhagavan! jaise khAI kA jala aneka kamaloM se suzobhita hotA hai, jaise jaMgala kadamba vRkSoM meM manohArI lagatA hai usI prakAra se he jagat ke zobhArUpa! kadamba puSpoM kI mAlA se suzobhita Apake caraNoM se yaha sampUrNa pRthvI suzobhita ho rahI hai - phalihA-jalaM vahubThambujehi jaha-jaha vaNaM ca niimehi| - jaga-siri -nIvAveDaya sahai mahI taha taha paehiM // 2.54 // kumArapAlacariyaM kA kAvyAtmaka mahattva hI nahIM haiM apitu yaha prAkRta bhASA evaM vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se bhI adbhuta racanA hai| saMskRta sAhitya meM jo bhaTTikAvya kA mahattva hai, prAkRta sahitya meM vahI sthAna kumArapAlacariyaM ne prApta prAkRta ratnAkara 073

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kiyA hai| isameM prAkRta ke itane zabda rUpoM kA prayoga huA hai ki yaha grantha prAkRta ke zabdakazeSa jaisA hai| isa grantha meM prathama sarga se lekara sAMtave sarga kI 93 vIM gAthA taka mahArASTrI prAkRta ke niyamoM ke anusAra saMjJA, sarvanAma, kriyA, kRdanta Adi zabdoM ke udAharaNa prastuta kiye gaye haiM jaise taiyA vaNiba susAhiM niva suNhA -vallhAo tA ditttthaa| pAhANa-pubThiAhi va pAsANa va thambha -laggAhi // 2.68 // 94. kumArapAlapratibodha (kumAravAlapaDiboho) somaprabhasUri ne vi. saM. 1241 meM mahArASTrI prAkRta meM kumArapAlapratibodha grantha kI racanA kI thii| prastuta grantha meM pA~ca prastAva haiN| pA~cavAM prastAva apabhraMza meM hai| isa grantha meM gujarAta ke rAjA kumArapAla kA caritra varNita hai| rAjA kumArapAla AcArya hemacandra ke upadezoM se prabhAvita hokara jaina dharma ko aMgIkAra karate haiN| unako pradAna kI gaI zikSAoM ke dRSTAMtoM ke rUpa meM isa grantha meM kaI kathAnaka gumphita hue haiN| zrAvaka ke 12 vratoM evaM unake aticAroM ke rahasyoM ko avagata karAne ke lie vibhinna laghu kathAnaka Ae haiN| tIsare prastAva meM zIlavrata kA pAlana karane vAlI zIlavatI kI kathA upadezaprada evaM manoraMjaka hai| dyUtakrIr3A ke doSa ko dikhalAne ke lie nala kI kathA AI hai| ina laghu kathAoM ke mAdhyama se vyakti ke naitika utthAna evaM cAritrika vikAsa kA prabala prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| upadeza tattva evaM dhArmika vAtAvaraNa kI pradhAnatA hote hue bhI kAvyAtmaka saundarya kI dRSTi se yaha grantha advitIya hai| damayaMtI ke svayaMvara prasaMga kI yaha gAthA dRSTavya hai, jahA~ rUpaka evaM anuprAsa alaMkAra kA mAdhurya eka sAtha prasphuTita huA hai - kalayaMThakaThi! kaMThe kaliMgavaiNo jayassa khiva maalN| karavAlarAhuNA jassa kavaliyA veri-js-ssinno||..(prthm prastAva) arthAt - he koyalakaMThI! kaliMgapati jaya ke gale meM mAlA DAla, jisakI talavAra rUpI rAhU ke dvArA verI rUpI candramA grasita kiyA gayA hai| kumArapAlapratibodha ko jinadharmapratibodha bhI kahA jAtA hai / somaprabha ka janma prAgvATa kula ke vaizya parivAra meM huA thaa| saMskRta aura prAkRta ke ye prakAMDa 740 prAkRta ratnAkara

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paMDita the| AcArya hemacandra ke upadezoM se prabhAvita ho gujarAta ke cAlukya rAjA kumArapAla ne jainadharma ko aMgIkAra kiyA thA, unake prabodha ke liye isa kRti kI racanA kI gaI hai| rAjA kumArapAla ko mRtyu ke gyAraha varSa pazcAt isa graMtha kI racanA huI thii| yaha graMtha jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai, bIca-bIca meM apabhraMza aura saMskRta kA bhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai| anekAneka sUktiyoM kI yahA~ bharamAra hai| isameM pA~ca prastAva haiM, pA~cavA aprastAva apabhraMza meM hai / saba milakara isameM 54 kahAniyA~ haiM jo gadyapadya meM likhI gaI haiM, adhikAMza kahAniyA~ prAcIna jaina zAstroM se lI gaI hai / granthakAra kI anya racanAoM meM sumainAhacariya (sumatinAthacarita) sindUraprakara (athavA sUktimuktAvali, zatArthI, kAvya aura zrRMgAra vairAgyataraMgiNI Adi ke nAma liye jA sakate haiN| isa grantha meM pahale prastAva meM ahiMsA, dyUta, paradAragamana, vaizyAgamana, madyapAna aura paradhana haraNasaMbaMdhI mUladeva amarasiMha, dAmannaka, abhayasiMha aura kunda kI kathAyeM AtI haiN| dUsare prastAva meM devapUjA ke samarthana meM devapAla soma bhama, padmottara aura dIpazikhA kI kathAyeM haiN| tIsare prastAva meM caMdanabAlA, dhanya, kurucandra, kRtapuNya aura bharata cakravartI kI kathAyeM haiM / zIlavrata pAlana meM zIlavatI kI kathA bar3I manoraMjaka hai| cauthe prastAva me ahiMsA, satya Adi bAraha vratoM kI bAraha kathAyeM likhI gaI haiN| makaradhvaja, puraMdara aura jayadratha kI kathAyeM saMskRta meM haiN| jayadrakathA meM kuSmANDI devI kA ullekha hai / pA~cavA prastAva apabhraMza meM haiN| isakA adhyayana elsaDorpha ne kiyA hai / kavi siddhapAla dvArA kathita jIvamana karaNasaMlApakathA dhArmika kathAbaddha rUpaka kAvya hai jisameM jIva, mana aura indriyoM meM vArtAlApa hotA hai| deha nAmaka nagarI lAvazya lakSmI kA nivAsa sthAna hai| nagarI ke cAroM ora Ayukarma kA prakAra haiM, jisameM sukha-dukha, kSudhA, tRSA, harSa, zo Adi aneka prakAra kI nAliyA~ aneka mArga haiN| isa nagarI meM AtmA nAmakA rAjA apanI buddhi nAmakI mahAdevI ke sAtha rAjya karatA hai| mana usakA pradhAna maMtrI hai, pA~ca indriyA~ pA~ca pradhAna purUSa haiN| AtmA mana aura indriyoM meM vAda-vivAda chir3a jAne para mana ne ajJAna ko duHkha kA mUla kAraNa batAyA / AtmA ne mana ko doSI ThaharAyA aura mana ne indriyoM para doSAropaNa kiyA / prAkRta ratnAkara 075

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yaha pradhAnataH prAkRta meM likhI gadya-padyamayI racanA hai| isameM 54 kahAniyoM kA saMgraha hai| graMthakAra ne dikhalAyA hai ki ina kahAniyoM ke dvArA hemacandrasUri ne kumArapAla ko jainadharma ke siddhAnta aura niyama samajhAye the / isakI adhikAMza kahAniyA~ prAcIna jainazAstra se lI gaI haiN| isameM zrAvaka ke 12 vratoM ke mahattva sUcana karane ke lie tathA pA~ca-pA~ca aticAroM ke duSpariNAmoM ko sUcita karane ke liye kahAniyA~ dI gaI haiN| ahiMsAvrata ke mahattva ke lie amarasiMha, dAmannaka Adi, devapUjA kA mAhAtmya batAne ke lie devApAla padmottara Adi kI kathA, supAtradAna ke lie candanabAlA, dhanya tathA kRtapuNyakathA, zIlavrata ke mahattva ke lie zIlavatI, mRgAvatI Adi kI kathA, dyUtakrIr3A kA doSa dikhalAne ke lie nalakathA, parastrI - sevana kA doSa batalAne ke lie dvArikAdahana tathA yAdavakathA Adi AI haiN| anta meM vikramAditya, sthUlabhadra, daSArNabhadra kathAe~ bhI dI gaI haiN| 95. kummAputtacariyaM kUrmAputracarita kI gaNanA prAkRta ke caritakAvya tathA khaNDakAvya donoM meM hI kI jAtI hai| kavi anaMtahaMsa ne lagabhaga 16vIM zatAbdI meM isa grantha kI racanA kI thii| isameM 198 gAthAe~ haiM, jinameM rAjA mahendrasiMha aura unakI rAnI kurmA ke putra dharmadeva ke jIvana kI kathA varNita hai| kathA ke prArambha meM kUrmAputra ke pUrvajanma kA vRttAMta varNita hai| mUla kathAnaka ke sAtha aneka avAntara kathAe~ bhI gumphita huI haiM / avAntara kathAe~ sarasa evaM rocaka haiN| ina choTI-choTI kathAoM ke mAdhyama se tapa, dAna, dayA, zIla, bhAvazuddhi Adi zuSka upadezoM ko sarasa banAkara prastuta kiyA gayA / dAna, tapa, zIla evaM bhAva ke bhedoM se dharma ko cAra prakAra kA batAyA hai| bhAva ko sarvazreSTha tathA mokSa pradAna karane vAlA kahA hai| yathAdANatavasIlabhAvaNabheehi cauvviho havai dhammo / savvesu tesu bhAvo mahappabhAvo muNeyavvo / ... (gA. 5 ) ina pramukha khaMDakAvyoM ke atirikta prAkRta meM meghadUta ke anukaraNa para likhA gayA bhRMgasaMdeza bhI prApta hotA hai, jisake kavi ajJAta haiM / kurmAputracarita ke kartA jinamANikya athavA unake ziSya anantahaMsa mAne 76 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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jAte haiN| grantha kI racanA kA samaya san 1513 hai| sambhavataH isakI racanA uttara gujarAta meM huI hai| kummAputtacariyaM kI bhASA sarala hai, alaMkAra Adi kA prayoga yahA~ nahIM hai| vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kA dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| kummAputta kI kathA meM bhAvazuddhi kA varNana hai| dAna, zIla, rUpa Adi kI mahimA batAI gaI hai| anta meM gRhasthAvasthA meM rahate hue bhI kummAputta ko kevalajJAna kI prApti hotI hai| prasaMgavaza manuSyajanma kI durlabhatA, ahiMsA kI mukhyatA, karmo kA kSaya, pramAda kA tyAga Adi viSayoM kA yahA~ prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| RSibhASita sUtra meM saptama adhyayana kummAputta pratyekabuddha se sambandhita diyA gayA hai| isake caritra para bhI do kAvya upalabdha hue haiN| pahalA kAvya prAkRta kI 207 gAthAoM meM nirmita hai| kathAnaka saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai- eka samaya bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane samavasaraNa meM dAna, tapa, zIla aura bhAvanA rUpI cAra prakAra ke dharma kA upadeza dekara kummAputta (kUrmAputra) kA udAharaNa diyA ki bhAvazuddhi ke kAraNa vaha gRhavAsa meM bhI kevalajJAnI ho gayA thaa| kummAputta rAjagRha ke rAjA mahindasiMha aura rAnI kummA kA putra thaa| usakA asalI nAma dharmadeva thA para use kummAputta nAma se bhI kahate the| usane bAlyAvasthA meM hI vAsanAoM ko jIta liyA thA aura pIche kevalajJAna prApta kiyaa| yadyapi use ghara meM rahate sarvajJatA prApta ho gaI thI para mAtA-pitA ko duHkha na ho, isalie usane dIkSA nahIM lii| use gRhasthAvasthA meM kevalajJAna isalie prApta huA thA ki usane pUrva janmoM meM apane samAdhimaraNa ke kSaNoM meM bhAvazuddhi rakhane kA abhyAsa kiyA thaa| 96. kuvalayamAlAkahA ___AcArya haribhadrasUri ke ziSya dAkSiNAtya uddyotanasUri ne I. san 779 meM jAlora meM kuvalayamAlAkahA kI racanA kI hai| yaha kathA-grantha gadya-padya donoM meM likhA gayA hai| apanI isI viziSTa zailI ke kAraNa kaI prAkRta vidvAna ise kathA-grantha kI zreNI meM na rakhakara prAkRta caMpUkAvya' kI zreNI meM rakhate haiM, lekina svayaM granthakAra udyotanasUri ne ise kathA-grantha hI mAnA hai| kuvalayamAlA meM mukhya rUpa se kumAra kuvalayacanda evaM rAjakumArI kuvalayamAlA kI praNaya kathA varNita hai| isa kathA-grantha meM kavi ne aneka navIna udbhAvanAe~ kara apanI maulika prAkRta ratnAkara 0 77

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pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| viSaya evaM kathA-vistAra kI dRSTi se kadalI ke staMbha kI taraha mUla kathAnaka ke sAtha aneka avAntara kathAe~ gumphita huI haiN| mUla kathAnaka ke pAtroM ke pUrvabhavoM ke kathAnaka ko samAhita karate hue krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha evaM moha ina pA~coM amUrta pAtroM ko mUrta pAtroM kA rUpa dekara unakI kathAvastu ko mUla kathAnaka ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| prAkRta sAhitya meM isa prakAra kI pratikAtmaka zailI kA prayoga karane vAle uddyotanasUri prathama AcArya the| sampUrNa kathAnaka meM pUrvajanma evaM karmaphala kI sambaMdha zRMkhalA ko vivecita karate hue aMta meM Atmazodhana dvArA mukti prApti kA mArga dikhAyA gayA hai| vastutaH kuvalayamAlAkahA dvArA asavRttiyoM para sadvRttiyoM kI vijaya kA saMdeza dekara AcArya ne vyakti ke naitika AcaraNa ko uThAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| caMDasoma, mAnabhaTTa, mAyAditya, lobhadeva aura mohadatta ye pA~coM pAtra apane-apane nAma evaM guNa ke anusAra apanI parAkASThA ko lAMghate hue duSkatya, pApa Adi meM lipta rahate haiM, jinakA phala naraka kI yAtanA bhogane ke alAvA kucha nahIM ho sakatA hai, lekina AcArya ne mAnava jIvana ke isa aMdhakAramaya pahalU ko prakAzita karane ke lie ina pAtroM ke agale cAra janmoM kI kathA kA nirmANa kiyaa| apane agale bhavoM meM ye pAtra, sva-nirIkSaNa, pazcAtApa evaM Atmazodhana dvArA asamAnasikaMvRttiyoM kA pariSkAra kara saMyama evaM tapa dvArA unheM sadvRttiyoM meM parivartita kara mokSa mArga para agrasara hote haiN| . jahA~ apanI maulika kathAvastu ke kAraNa kuvalayamAlAkahA prAkRta kathAgranthoM meM viziSTa sthAna rakhatI hai, vahIM isakI mahattA apanI bhASAgata samRddhi ke kAraNa kahIM adhika hai| saMskRta, prAkRta , apabhraMza, paizAcI, Adi sabhI bhASAoM ke uddharaNa isameM milate haiN| 18 dezI bhASAoM kA isameM udAharaNa sahita prayoga huA hai| kAvyAtmaka sauMdarya kI dRSTi se bhI yaha kathAgrantha advitIya hai| rasa, chaMda, alaMkAra yojanA meM kavi siddhahasta haiN| tatkAlIna samAja evaM saMskRti ke mahattvapUrNa pahalU isameM ujAgara hue haiN| AThavIM zatAbdI ke abhijAtya varga, zAsana vyavasthA, dhArmika jagata, Arthika-jIvana, vANijya-vyApAra, zikSA Adi ke yathArtha citra isameM aMkita haiN| 78 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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dAkSiNyacinha uddyotanasUri ne san 779 meM jAvAlipura (jAlora) meM kuvalayamAlA ko likhakara samApta kiyA thaa| yaha sthAna jodhapura ke dakSiNa meM hai, narahasti zrIvatsarAja yahA~ rAjya karatA thaa| grantha ke anta meM dI huI prazasti se granthakAra ke sambandha meM aneka mahattvapUrNa bAtoM kA patA lagatA hai| uttarApatha meM candrabhAgA nadI ke taTa para pavvaiyA nAmaka nagarI thI jahA~ toramANa athavA torarAya nAma kA rAjA rAjya karatA thaa| isa rAjA ke guru guptavaMzIya AcArya harigupta ke ziSya mahAkavi devagupta the| devagupta ke ziSya zivacandragaNi mahattara bhillamAla ke nivAsI the| unake ziSya yakSadatta the| inake NAka, biMda (vRnda),mammaDa, dugga, agnizarmA, baDesara (baTezvara) Adi aneka ziSya the jinhoMne devamandira kA nirmANa karAkara gurjara deza ko ramaNIya banAyA thaa| ina ziSyoM meM eka kA nAma tatvAcArya thA, ye hI tattvAcArya kuvalayamAlA ke kartA udyotanasUri ke guru the| uddyotanasUri ko vIrabhadrasUrine siddhAnta aura haribhadrasUri ne yuktizAstra kI zikSA dI thii| kuvalayamAlA kAvya zailI meM likhA huA prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA eka anupama grantha hai| gadya-padyamizrita mahArASTrI prAkRta kI yaha prasAdapUrNa racanA caMpU kI zailI meM likhI gaI hai| mahArASTrI ke sAtha isameM paizAcI, apabhraMza aura kahIM saMskRta kA prayoga huA hai jisase pratIta hotA hai ki uddyotanasUri ne dUra-dUra taka bhramaNa kara aneka dezI bhASAoM kI jAnakArI prApta kI thii| maThoM meM rahanevAle vidyArthiyoM aura banija, vyApAra ke liye dUra-dUra taka bhramaNa karane vAle vaNikoM kI boliyoM kA isameM saMgraha hai| prema aura zRMgAra Adi ke varNanoM se yukta isa kRti meM alaMkAroM kA suMdara prayoga huA hai| bIca-bIca meM subhASita aura mArmika praznottara prahelikA Adi dikhAI de jAte haiN| grantha ke AdyopAnta par3hane se lekhaka ke vizAla adhyayana aura sUkSma anvekSaNa kA patA lagatA hai| sAMskRtika sAmagrI ye yaha racanA pUrNa hai jo bhAratIya sAMskRtika itihAsa lekhana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| grantha kI racanA zailI para bANa kI kAMdabarI, trivikrama kI damayaMtIkathA aura haribhadrasUri kI samarAiccakahA Adi kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| praur3ha zailI meM likhe hue isake varNanoM kI tulanA saMghadAsagaNivAcakakRta vasudevahiDi se kI jA sakatI hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 079

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lekhaka ne pAdalipta (pAlittaya aura unakI taraMgavatI) sAtavAhana, SaTparNaka, guNADhaya (aura unakI vaDukahA, 3, 23) vyAsa, vAlmIkI, bANa (asaura unakI kAMdabarI), vimala raviSeNa, jaDila rAyarisi devagupta, rAyarisi prabhaMjana aura haribhadra, tathA sulocanA nAmaka dharmakathA kA ullekha kiyA hai| krodha mAna, mAyA, lobha aura moha Adi kA pariNAma dikhAne ke liye yahA~ aneka sarasa kathAoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| mahArASTrI aura dezIbhASA ke varNanoM se nibaddha prAkRta bhASAM meM racita yaha racanA sakalakathA hI hai jisame tApasa, jina aura sArthavAhoM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| kathAsuMdarI kI navavadhU ke sAtha tulanA karate hue uddyotanasUri ne likhA hai sAlaMkArA suhayA laliyapAyA muy-mNju-sNlaavaa| sahiyANa dei harisaM uvbUDhA NavavahU cev|| alaMkAra sahita, subhaga, lalitapadavAlI, mRdu aura maMju saMlApa se yukta kathA suMdarI sahRdayajanoM kA Ananda pradAna karane vAlI pariNIta navavadhU ke samAna zobhita hotI hai| ___ AThavIM zatAbdI ke isa mahattvapUrNa graMtha ke sAMskRtika adhyayana ke liye Avazyaka viSayoM kA pratipAdana pAThakoM kA dhyAna AkarSita karatA hai| takSazilA kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vahA~ koI bhI aisA vyakti na thA jo mailekucaile veza meM rahatA ho (64, 30) / takSazilA se zUrpAraka (nAlA sopArA, jilAjANA) jAnevAle sArthavAha kA atyanta sarasa varNana yahA~ kiyA gayA hai| zUrpAraka meM dezI vyApAriyoM kA eka maMDala (desiyAvANiyamelI) thA jisakI ora se deza-dezAntara se Aye hue vyApAriyoM kA gaMdha, tAMbUla mAlArpaNa Adi se satkAra kiyA jAtA thaa| ye vyApArI apane apane anubhava sunAkara saba kA manoraMjana karate the| koI kahatA vaha ghor3e lekara kauzala deza gayA thA, vahA~ ke rAjA ne ghor3oM ke badale hathinI ke zizu diye| koI uttarApatha jAkara supArI becakara ghor3e kharIda kara lAyA thaa| koI pUrva deza meM muktA becakara cAmara kharIda kara lAyA thaa| koI dvArakA se zaMkha kharIdakara lAyA thaa| koI barbarakUla meM vastra becakara vahA~ se hAthIdA~ta aura muktA lekara lauTA thaa| koI suvarNadvIpa (sumAtrA) meM palAza ke 800 prAkRta ratnAkara

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puSpa becakara vahA~ se sonA lekara AyA thaa| koI cIna (iMDo-cAinA) aura mahAcIna (cIna) meM bhaiMsa aura mRganAbhi lekara gayA thA aura cInAMzuka lekara lauTA thaa| koI puruSoM ko lekara strIrAjya (keralA, dakSiNa bhArata) gayA thA aura badale meM sonA lekara lauTA thaa| koI nIma ke patte lekara ratnadvIpa gayA thA aura vahA~ se ratnarAzi lekara lauTA thA (65,22-66,4) isa grantha meM khanyavidyA kA ullekha hai| isameM gar3e hue khajAne kA patA lagAyA jAtA thA jamIna khodane se pahale nimnalikhita maMtra kA pATha kiyA jAtA thaa| Namo iMdassa, Namo dharaNiMdassa, Namo dhaNayassa, Namo dhanapAlassa (104, 3132) Ayurveda (Ayu sattha) kA pramANa uddhata kiyA gayA hai (114, 22-28) / rAjazuka kA ullekha hai jo akSarajJAna, nATya dhanurvidyA tathA gaja, gavaya, mRga, kukkuTa, azva, puruSa aura mahilA ke lakSaNoM kA jAnakAra thA (123, 24-25) / sAmudrikazAstra se prAkRta kI gAthAyeM uddhRta kI gaI haiM (129, 8-131, 23) / tIrthakaroM ke cinhoM kA ullekha hai (128, 11) prasanna hue dharaNendra dvArA nami aura vinami ko aneka prakAra kI vidyAoM ke pradAna kiye jAne kA ullekha hai| inameM se kitanI hI vidyAyeM vaMzakuMja meM, kitanI hI caurAhoM para, kitanI hI mahAaTaviyoM meM, parvatoM para, kApAlika, mAtaMga, rAkSasa, vAnara, puliMda aura zabara Adi kA veza dhAraNa kara siddha kI jAtI thiiN| zabarI mahAvidyA siddha karane kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai (1321,33-133,13-14) udyotanasUrikRta kuvalayamAlAkahA prAkRta sAhitya meM aneka dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM prathama bAra kathA ke bheda prabhedoM meM saMkIrNakathA ke svarUpa kA paricaya diyA gayA hai, jisakA udAharaNa yaha kRti svayaM hai| gadya-padya kI mizrita vidhA hone se campUkAvya ke yaha nikaTa hai| isameM gAthA ke atirikta anya chaMdoM kA prayoga huA hai, jisase galItaka, cittaka, evaM jammehikA Adi naye chanda prakAza meM Aye haiM / krodha Adi amUrta bhAvoM ko prabhAvazAlI rUpa meM prastuta karane se kuvalayamAlAkahA ko bhAratIya rUpAtmaka kAvya paramparA kA janaka kahA jA sakatA hai| isakI kathAvastu karmaphala, punarjanma evaM mUlavRttiyoM ke parizodhana jaisI sAMskRtika vicAradhArAoM para AdhRta hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA ke bhaugolika prAkRta ratnAkara 081

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vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki isa samaya taka gurjaradeza aura marudeza (mAravAr3a) kI sImAe~ nizcita ho gayI thiiN| dakSiNa bhArata meM vyApArika aura zaikSaNika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa vijayAnagarI Adhunika ratnagiri jile kA vijayadurga nAmaka nagara hai| uddyotanasUri ne 34 janapadoM evaM 40 nagaroM ke ullekha ke sAtha grAmasaMskRti ko ujAgara karane ke lie anya grAmoM ke sAtha cintamaNipalli evaM mlecchapalli kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| isase Arya aura anArya saMskRti ke nivAsa sthAnoM kI bhedarekhA spaSTa hotI hai| eziyA ke 17 pramukha dezoM ke nAma kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita haiN| AThavIM zatAbdI ke sAmAjika jIvana kA yathArtha citra uddyotanasUri ne prastuta kiyA hai| zrota-smArta varNa vyavasthA usa samaya vyavahAra meM svIkRta nahIM thii| brAhmaNoM kI zreSThatA hote hue bhI unakI kriyAe~ zithila ho rahI thiiN|shuudr Arthika dRSTi se sampanna hone se pragati kara rahe the| kSatriyoM ke lie jAkura zabda prayukta hone lagA thaa| jAtiyoM kA vibhAjana hindU, jaina, IsAI Adi dharma ke AdhAra para na hokara Arya-anArya saMskRti ke AdhAra para thaa| prAdezika jAtiyoM meM gurjara, soraTTha, marahaTTha, Adi astitva meM A rahI thiiN| Adhunika aror3A jAti Aro? ke rUpa meM pracalita thii|videshii jAti hUNa kA kSatriya aura zUdroM meM vilaya ho rahA thaa| cAvalA, khannA, Adi jAtiyoM kA sambandha inhIM se hai| uddyotana ne tajjikoM ke ullekha dvArA araboM ke praveza kI sUcanA dI hai| zreSThivarga kA tatkAlIna rAjyavyavasthA meM bhI prabhAva thaa| mahArAjAdhirAja, paramezvara Adi upAdhiyA~ rAjAoM kI prabhuttA kI dyautaka thiiN| svAmiyoM kI sevA ke lie olaggau zabda prayukta hotA thA, jo sAmAntakAlIna jamIMdArI prathA kA prAcIna rUpa thA surakSA kI dRSTi se isa samaya rAjakIya karmacAriyoM evaM adhikAriyoM meM vRddhi ho rahI thii| nagaramahalla, draMga, daMDavAsiya, vyAvahArin Adi unameM pramukha the| samAja kI yaha samRddhi vANijya evaM vyApAra kI pragati para AdhRta thii| acche bure hara prakAra ke sAdhana dhanopArjana ke lie pracalita the| dezAntara-gamana, sAgara santaraNa evaM sAjhIdArI vyApAra meM duharA lAbha pradAna karatI thii| sthAnIya vyApAra meM vipaNimArga aura maNDiyA~ kraya-vikraya ke pramukha kendra the| dakSiNa meM vijayapurI 820 prAkRta ratnAkara

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uttara meM vArANasI evaM pazcima meM sopAraka aura pratiSThAna dezI-videzI vyApAra ke mesdaNDa the| sopAraka meM 18 dezoM ke vyApAriyoM kA ekatra honA evaM desiya baNiya melIe (vyApArI maNDala) kA sakriya honA isa bAta kA pramANa hai| sAhasI sArthavAha putroM ne jala-thala mArgo dvArA na kevala bhArata meM apitu par3osI dezoM se bhI samparka sAdha rakhe the| takSazilA, nAlandA Adi paramparAgata zikSAkendroM kA ullekha na kara uddyotana ne apane yuga ke vArANasI aura vijayapura ko zikSA ke pradhAna kendra mAnA hai| vijayapurI kA maTha sampUrNa zaikSaNika pravRttiyoM se yukta thaa| deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM ke chAtra yahA~ Akara adhyayana karate the| unakI dainikacaryA Adhunika chAtrAvAsoM ke samakakSa thii| kuvalayamAlAkahA ko apratima upayogitA usakI bhASAgata samRddhi ke kAraNa hai| saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza evaM paizAcI ke svarUpa mAtra kA paricaya lekhaka ne nahIM diyA, apitu grantha meM ina sabake udAharaNa bhI diye haiN| unako jAMcane para jJAta hotA hai ki samAja ke prAyaH sabhI vargoM kI bAtacIta meM apabhraMza prayukta hotI thii| bhASAvaijJAnika dRSTi se 18 dezoM (prAntoM) kI bhASA ke namUne eka sthAna para pahalI bAra isa grantha meM prastuta kiye gaye haiN| uddyotanasUri ne lalita kalAoM meM tANDava evaM lAsya nRtya tathA nATyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ina sandarbho ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki abhinaya evaM vezabhUSA dvArA pAtroM ke caritra kA yathAvat anukaraNa nATyoM dvArA kiyA jAtA thA, jo samAja ko rasAnubhUti karAne meM sakSama hote the| bhitticitra evaM paTacitra donoM ke pracura ullekha kuvalayamAlAkahA meM haiN| paTacitroM dvArA saMsAra darzana karAyA gayA hai| paTacitroM kI lokaparamparA meM udyotana kA yaha mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| grantha ke kathAtmaka paTacitra ne pAvU jI kI par3a Adi ko AdhAra pradAna kiyA hai| udyotana dvArA prayukta citrakalA ke paribhASika zabdoM meM bhAva, ThANaya, mANa, daTuM, vattiNI, vaNNa vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiN| bhAratIya sthApatya ke kSetra meM udyotana ne pratolI ko rakSAmukha tathA azva krIr3A ke kendra ko bAhyAlI kahA hai / bAhyAlI ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai vaha Adhunika polo khela ke maidAna jaisA thaa| AThavIM sadI ke dhArmika jagat kA vaividhyapUrNa citra udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM aMkita prAkRta ratnAkara 083

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kiyA hai| zaivadharma ke kApAlika, mahAbhairava, Atmavadhika guggaladhAraka, 'kAruNika Adi sampradAya, ardhanArIzvara, mahAkAla, zazizekhara rUpa ziva tathA rudra, skanda, gajendra, vinAyaka Adi isa samaya prabhAvazAlI the| kAtyAyanI aura koTTajA deviyA~ zaivoM dvArA pUjita thii| vaidikadharma meM karmakANDI, vAnaprasthoM, tApasoM kI kriyAe~ pracalita thiiN| bhAratIya darzanoM meM bauddhadarzana kI hInayAna zAkhA kA uddyotana ne ullekha kiyA haiN| lokAyatadarzana ke prasaMga meM AkAza tatva kA ullekha paMcabhUta ke prabhAva kA pariNAma hai / jainadharma ko anekAntadarzana kahA jAtA thaa| sAMkhyakArikA kA paThana-pAThana sAMkhyadarzana ke antargata maThoM meM hotA thaa| tridaNDI, yogI evaM caraka isa darzana kA pracAra kara rahe the| dUsarI ora kucha sAMkhya-Alocaka bhI the| kuSTa-nivAraNa ke lie mUlasthAna bhaTTAraka ke ullekhoM se tatkAlIna sUryopAsanA kA svarUpa spaSTa hotA hai| jainadharma ke pramukha siddhAntoM kA digdarzana granthakAra ne aneka prasaMgoM meM prastuta kiyA hai, jo unakA pratipAdya thaa| kuvalayamAlAkahA grantha eka ora jahA~ udyotanasUri ke agAdha pANDitya aura dharma vizada jJAna kA paricAyaka hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora prAcIna bhAratIya samAja, dharma aura kalAoM kA digdarzaka bhii| pUrvamadhyakAlIna bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ke nirmANa meM isa grantha ke prAmANika tathya sudRr3ha AdhAra siddha hoNge| sAhitya vRttipariSkAra ke dvArA naitika mArga meM pravRtta karatA hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA ko dhArmika evaM sadAcAraparaka dRSTi sAhitya ke isa uddezya ko bhI caritArtha karatI 97. koTyAcArya koTyAcArya ne AcArya jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa ke apUrNa spopajJa bhASya ko pUrNa kiyA aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya para eka navIna vRtti bhI likhI hai para unhoMne vRtti meM AcArya haribhadra kA kahIM para bhI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki ye haribhadra ke samakAlIna yA pUrvavartI hoNge| koTyAcArya ne jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa kA zraddhAsnigdha smaraNa kiyA hai| maladhArI AcArya hemacandra ne apanI vizeSAvaSyakabhASyavRtti meM koTyAcArya kA prAcIna TIkAkAra ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai| prabhAvakacaritakAra ne AcArya zIlAMka aura 84 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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koTyAcArya ko eka mAnA hai parantu zIlAMka aura koTyAcArya donoM kA samaya eka nahIM hai| koTyAcArya kA samaya vikrama kI AThavIM zatI hai to zIlAMka kA samaya vikrama kI nauvIM-dasavIM zatI hai ataH ve donoM pRthaka-pRthaka haiN| vivaraNa meM jo kathAyeM prApta kI haiM ve prAkRta bhASA meM haiN| 98.koUhala lIlAvaI mahAkAvya ke racayitA koUhala kavi haiN| inhoMne apane vaMza kA paricaya dete hue likhA hai ki inake pitAmaha kA nAma bahulAditya thA, jo bahuta bar3e vidvAn aura yajJayAgAdi anuSThAnoM ke vizeSajJa the| ye itanA adhika yajJAnuSThAna karate the ki candramA bhI yajJa dhUma se kAlA ho gayA thaa| inakA putra bhUSaNabhaTTa huA, vaha bhI bahuta bar3A vidvAna thaa| inakA putra asAramati kotUhala kavi huaa| isa graMtha meM kavi ne apane nAma kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, para jisa krama se apanA vaMza paricaya diyA hai, usase kotuhala nAma bhI ucita jAna par3atA hai| yazastilaka aura paumacariu (svayaMbhU)kAvya graMthoM meM kohula kA ullekha milatA hai| anumAna hai ki koUhala haribhadra ke anantara aura Anandavardhana se pUrva hue haiN| ataH unakA samaya 9 vIM zatAbdI kA prathama pAda hai| kavi vaiSNava dharmAnuyAyI hai| lIlAvaIkahA ke kartA kA nAma kautuhala (kohala) kA ullekha grantha kI gAthA 25, 921, 1310 meM prApta hotA hai| TIkAkAra ne bhI isI kA samarthana kiyA hai| sAtha hI kautuhala ke paravartI sAhityakAra mahAkavi puSpadanta, nayanandi evaM somadevasUri Adi ne bhI apane kAvyoM meM koUhala nAma se isI kautuhala kavi ko smaraNa kiyA hai| apanA svayaM kA paricaya dete hue kavi ne sUcanA dI hai| ki koUhala ke pitAmaha kA nAma bahulAditya evaM pitA kA nAma bhUSaNabhaTTa thA, jo bar3e sAdhaka evaM vidvAna the| isa kAvya kI pANDulipiyoM ke lekhanakAla aura anya kavi evaM AcAryo ke ullekhoM ke kAraNa vidvAnoM ne samIkSA karake koUhala kA samaya san 750 se 840 I. ke madhya svIkAra kiyA hai| koUhala ne Anandavarddhana ke pUrva evaM AcArya haribhadra evaM kavi vAkpatirAja ke bAda meM isa mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 085

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koUhala ne isa lIlAvaIkahA meM sarva prathama maMgalAcaraNa zarad varNana, sajjana durjana, varNana evaM apane parivAra kA paricaya diyA hai tathA prasaMga ke anusAra kathA ke bhedoM kI carcA bhI kI hai| tadanantara apanI patnI ke Agraha para kavi use rAjA sAtavAhana evaM rAjakumArI lIlAvatI kI kathA sunAtA hai, jisameM kaI avAntara kathAoM kA bhI samAveza kiyA gayA hai| lIlAvaIkahA meM premI evaM premikAoM ke sacce prema evaM dhairya kI parIkSA kara unheM vivAha-bandhana meM bAdhA gayA hai| isa sAMskRtika pratiSThA ke sAtha-sAtha isa kAvya meM tatkAlIna rAjAoM ke jIvana kA bhI sundara citraNa kiyA gayA hai| rAjA ke guNoM evaM kartavyoM kI bhI prAsaMgika carcA hai| kathA kA pravAha bhI prasaMga ke anusAra gatizIla huA hai| pAtroM ke manonata bhAvoM ko sarasatA se aMkita kiyA gayA hai| bhASA sarala evaM prabhAva chor3ane vAlI hai| __kAvya meM alaMkAroM aura kAvya vidhAnoM kA sundara prayoga huA hai| utprekSA, upamA, rUpaka, vyatireka, samAsokti apahanati, Adi aneka alaMkAroM kA saTIka prayoga huA hai| bhrAntimAna alaMkAra kA eka prayoga yahA~ dRSTavya hai| kisI nagara kI kAmaniyoM ke soe hue saundarya kA varNana karate hue kavi kahatA hai ki jahA~ para ghara ke chatoM para soI kAmaniyoM ke kapoloM meM pratibimbita candrakalA ke samUha ko haMsa mRNAla samajha kara unheM prApta karane kI icchA karate haiM / yathA gharasira pasutta kAmiNi-kavola-saMketa ssiklaavlyN| haMsehi ahilasiji muNAla-saddhAluehi jahiM // 63 // prAkRta sAhitya meM lIlAvatIkathA kI gaNanA kathAgrantha evaM zAstrIya mahAkAvya donoM hI vidhAoM meM kI gaI hai| isake racayitA 9vIM zatAbdI ke mahAkavi koUhala haiN| divyamAnuSI kathA ke rUpa meM prasiddha isa grantha meM pratiSThAna nagara ke rAjA sAtavAhana evaM siMhaladvIpa kI rAjakumArI lIlAvatI kI praNaya kathA varNita hai| mUla kathAnaka ke sAtha aneka avAntara kathAe~ bhI guMphita huI haiN| yaha mahAkAvya kisI dhArmika yA AdhyAtmika tathyoM kA praNayana karane kI dRSTi se nahIM likhA gayA hai, lekina sAmAjika sandarbho meM isa niyama ko dRr3ha karatA hai ki saMyata premI-premikA yadi apane prema meM dRr3ha haiM tathA vibhinna prema-parIkSAoM meM 860 prAkRta ratnAkara .. .

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khare utarate haiM, to samAja bhI unheM vivAha-baMdhana kI anumati pradAna kara detA hai| kAvya-tattvoM kI dRSTi se yaha mahAkAvya atyaMta samRddha hai| rAjAoM ke jIvanacarita ke varNana kAvyAtmaka zailI meM prastuta hue haiN| prAkRtika dRzyoM ke kalAtmaka varNana, sarasa saMvAda evaM alaMkAroM kA pAMDityapUrNa prayoga ke kAraNa hI yaha kathAgrantha mahAkAvya kI koTi meM ginA jAtA hai| 99.kRSNacarita (kaNhacariya) yaha carita zrAddhadinakRtya nAmaka grantha ke antargata dRSTAntarUpa meM AyA hai| vahIM se uddhRta kara svataMtra rUpa se prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| isameM 1163 prAkRta gAthAe~ haiN| isameM vasudevacarita, kaMsacarita, cArudattacarita, kRSNa-balarAmacarita, rAjImatIcarita, neminAthacarita, draupadIharaNa, dvArikAdAha, baladeva-dIkSA, neminirvANa aura bAda meM kRSNa ke bhAvi tIrthakara-amama nAma se hone kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| samasta kathA kA AdhAra vasudevahiNDI evaM jinasenakRta harivaMzapurANa hai|yh racanA Adi se anta taka kathA pradhAna hai| 100.kSetrasamAsa- zvetAmbara paramparA meM sUrya aura jambUdvIpa viSaya nirUpaNa se sambaddha jinabhadragaNikRta kSetrasamAsa aura saMgrahaNI ullekhanIya hai| ina racanAoM ke parimANa meM bahuta parivarddhana huA hai aura unake laghu evaM bRhad saMskaraNa TIkAkAroM ne prastuta kie haiN| upalabdha bRhat kSetra samAsa kA dUsarA nAma trailokya dIpikA hai| isameM 656 gAthAe~ haiM tathA pA~ca adhikAra haiN| laghu kSetrasamAsa ratnazekharasUrikRta 262 gAthAoM meM upalabdha hai| racanAkAla 14vIM zatI hai| bRhatkSetrasamAsa somatilakasUrikRta 489 gAthAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| isakA bhI racanAkAla 14vIM zatI hai| isameM aDhAI dvIpa pramANa manuSya-loka kA varNana hai| 101.khArabela prAkRta zilAlekha - IsA-pUrvakAlIna sadiyoM kI jaina mUrtikalA, jainadharma ke prabhAva, vistAra, jaina muni sammelana, samrAT khAravela kI dakSiNa vijaya evaM sAhityika-saMgIti Adi sambandhI aitihAsika saMsUcanAoM kI surakSA kI dRSTi se IsA-pUrva dUsarI sadI prAkRta ratnAkara 087

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kA udayagiri-khaNDagiri prAkRta zilAlekha na kevala jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai apitu nandakAlIna bhAratIya itihAsa, maurya-pUrva kI bhAratIya prAcya mUrti zilpakalA, prAcIna kaliMga evaM magadha se rAjanaitika sambandha, dakSiNa bhAratIya rAjyoM se kaliMga ke sambandha, kaliMga kI bahumukhI pragati tathA lokakalyANakArI rAjya ke nirmANa kA usameM sundara varNana milatA hai| yahI vaha zilAlekha hai, jisakI dazavIM paMkti meM bhArata kA nAma bharadhavasa milane ke kAraNa use prAcInatama zilAlekhIya pramANa mAnakara bhArata kI svatantratA-prApti ke bAda usakI saMvidhAna nirmAtrI pariSad ne usakA saMvaidhAnika nAma bhAratavarSa ghoSita kiyA thaa| ukta zilAlekha kA mUlyAMkana karate hue suprasiddha purAvid DaoN. kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla ne ise jainadharma kI prAcInatA siddha karanevAlA atyanta prAmANika dastAveja batalAyA hai| yahI nahIM unake kathanAnusAra- usase purANoM kI prAcIna rAjavaMzAvaliyoM kA samarthana hotA hai aura I.pU. 450 taka ke prAcya bhAratIya itihAsa ke krama-nirdhAraNa meM bhI vaha vizeSa sahAyaka hai| isa zilAlekha se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke lagabhaga 100 varSa bAda hI jainadharma kaliMga kA rASTradharma bana gayA thaa| 102.kharoSThI prAkRta lekha kharoSThI ke lekha cInI turkistAna turaphAna meM bhI mile haiM jinakA anusaMdhAna vidvAn aurala sTAina ne kiyA hai| ina lekhoM kI bhASA kA mUla sthAna pezAvara ke AsapAsa pazcimottara pradeza mAnA jAtA hai| inameM rAjA kI ora se jilAdhIzoM ko Adeza, kraya-vikraya sambandhI patra Adi upalabdha hote haiN| ina lekhoM kI prAkRta niyA prAkRta nAma se jAnI gaI hai| isa para IrAnI, tokhArI aura maMgolI bhASAoM kA paryApta prabhAva par3A hai|ye lekha IsavI san kI lagabhaga tIsarI zatAbdI meM likhe gaye haiN| 103. gauDavaho gauDavadha prAkRta kA aitihAsika mahAkAvya hai| isake racayitA mahAkavi vAkpatirAja haiN| I. san 760 ke lagabhaga kavi vAkpatirAja ne isa mahAkAvya kI 88 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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racanA kI hai| vAkpatirAja kannauja ke rAjA yazovarmana ke Azraya meM rahate the| apane AzrayadAtA ke prazaMsArtha hI unhoMne isa kAvya kI racanA kI hai| isa kAvya kI kathAvastu meM yazovarmana dvArA gauDa (magadha ) deza ke kisI rAjA ke vadha kiye jAne kI ghaTanA kA varNana hai| isalie isakA gauDavaho nAma sArthaka hai / / kAvya kA prAraMbha lambe maMgalAcaraNa se huA hai, jisameM 61 gAthAoM meM vibhinna kavi ne prAkRta kAvyoM evaM kaviyoM ke mahattva para prakAza DAlA hai| mUla kathAnaka kA AraMbha karIba 92vIM gAthA ke bAda hotA hai / kathAnaka ke prArambha meM kavi ne apane AzrayadAtA yazovarmana kI bahuta prazaMsA kI hai| use paurANika rAjA pRthu se mahAn batAte hue viSNu ke avatAra ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai| isake pazcAt yazovarmana kI vIratA evaM vijaya yAtrA kA varNana krama hai, jisameM vaha sarvaprathama gauDa (magadha) deza ke rAjA kA vadha karatA hai| isake pazcAt baMgarAja, koMkaNa, masdeza, mahendra parvata ke nivAsI Adi para vijaya prApti kA varNana huA hai / aMta meM `isa vijaya yAtrA ke bAda yazovarmana kannauja lauMTa jAtA hai / nAyaka ke uttarArdha jIvana kA varNana isa kAvya meM nahIM hai| yaha eka sarasa kAvya hai| jIvana ke madhura evaM kaThora donoM hI pakSa samAna rUpa se citrita kie gae haiN| eka ora vijaya yAtrA prasaMga meM Ae aneka tAlAba, nadI, parvata Adi ke kAvyAtmaka citraNa haiM, to dUsarI ora zatru pakSa kI vidhavAoM ke mArmika vilApa kA jIvaMta varNana bhI prastuta huA hai| Rtu, vana, parvata, sarovara, saMdhyA Adi ke alaMkRta varNanoM tathA prakRticitraNa kI sajIvatA ke kAraNa hI yaha utkRSTa mahAkAvya kahalAtA hai| rUpaka, upamA, utprekSA, vyaMgokti, dRSTAnta Adi alaMkAroM kA AdyopAMta cAruvinyAsa hai| rAjagharAne ke AtaMka ko vyaMgokti ke mAdhyama se spaSTa karane vAlA yaha pada dRSTavya hai patthivagharesu guNiNovi NAma jar3a ko vi sAvayAsavva / sAmaNNaM taM tANa kiM pi aNNaM ciya nimittaM // ... (gA. 876 ) arthAt - yadi koI guNI vyakti rAjamahaloM meM pahu~ca jAtA hai, to isakA kAraNa yahI ho sakatA hai ki jana sAdhAraNa kI vahA~ taka pahu~ca hai athavA anya koI kAraNa hogA, usake guNa to isameM kadApi kAraNa nahIM ho sakate haiM / prAkRta ratnAkara 089

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IsA kI AThavIM zatAbdI kAvya sAhitya ke lie svarNayuga jaisI thii| saMskRta ke bhavabhUti jaise samRddha kavi isa yuga meM hue, apabhraMza ke svayambhU mahAkavi kI kAvya-pratimA isI samaya vikAsa ko prApta huii| prAkRta ke mahAn kathAkAra uddyotanasUri kI kuvalayamAlA kahA isI samaya kI racanA hai| purANakAra jinasena inhIM ke samakAlIna the| aise kAvyamaya samRddha vAtAvaraNa meM prAkRta ke mahAkavi, vAkpatirAja ne apanA prasiddha gauDavaho nAmaka mahAkAvya likhA / vAkpatirAja ko kannauja ke rAjA yazovarmA kA rAjyAzraya prApta thaa| ataH kavi ne apane AzrayadAtA yazovarmA ke dvArA gauDadeza (magadha) ke kisI rAjA ke vadha kiye jAne kI ghaTanA ko apane isa mahAkAvya kA viSaya bnaayaa| ___ gauDavaho kI kathAvastu pUrNa nahIM miltii| arthAt gauDadeza ke rAjA ke vadha kA sampUrNa varNana isameM nahIM hai| sambhavataH yaha kAvya itanA hI likhA gayA hai, phira bhI yaha kisI mahAkAvya se kama nahIM hai| isameM kula 1209 prAkRta gAthAe~ haiN| mahAkAvya kI pracalita paramparA ke anusAra yaha mahAkAvya soM yA AzvAsoM meM vibhakta nahIM hai| vibhinna varNanoM ke kulaka isameM haiM, kintu unakA AkAra nizcita nahIM hai| sabase bar3A kulaka 150 gAthAoM kA hai aura sabase choTA 5 gAthAoM kaa| yadyapi yaha kAvya kavi dvArA apane AzrayadAtA kI prazasti meM likhA gayA hai; kintu kAvyAtmaka guNoM se yaha paripUrNa hai| isake sampAdaka zrI paNDitajI ne kahA - This is one of the best and most remarkable parts of the poem and abounds in sentiments of the very highest order." gauDavaho ke racanAkAra mahAkavi vAkpatirAja apane AzrayadAtA rAjA yazovarmA ke samakAlIna the| rAjataraMgiNI ke anusAra yazovarmA ko lalitAdivya muktApIDa ne san 736 ke AsapAsa parAjita kiyA thA (4.134) / lalitAditya kA samaya san 724 se 760 I. taka mAnA jAtA hai| ataH isI avadhi meM yazovarmA kA gauDadeza kA vijayakAla rahA hogA, jisameM yaha mahAkAvya likhA gayA hai| gauDavaho kI 799vIM gAthA meM vAkpatirAja ne bhavabhUti ke kAvya kI prazaMsA kI hai aura ajavi zabda dvArA use apanA samakAlIna batalAyA hai| bhavabhUti kA samaya bhI AThavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArddha hai| gauDavaho kI 829vIM gAthA meM sUryagrahaNa kA 900 prAkRta ratnAkara

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saMketa milatA hai| DaoN. harmana yAkobI ne isa sUryagrahaNa kA kAla 14 agasta 733 I. nizcita kiyA hai| ataH ina saba ullekhoM se vAkpatirAja kA samaya AThavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArddha (725se 750 I) svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya ne bhI apanA yahI abhimata vyakta kiyA hai| gauDavaho kI prArambhika 61 gAthAoM meM viSNu, gaNeza, gaurI, sarasvatI, lakSmI, Adi kI stuti kI gayI aura bAda kI 37 gAthAoM meM kavi prazaMsA ke antargata kavi aura kAvya kI mahattA pratipAdita kI gayI hai| isI prasaMga meM prAkRta kAvya kA vaiziSTya prakaTa kiyA gayA hai aura prAkRta bhASA ko sabhI bhASAoM kA AdhAra batAyA gayA hai| isake bAda kAvya kI kathA kA zubhArambha karate hue kathAnAyaka yazovarmA ke guNoM ko udghATita kiyA gayA hai| bAda kI 93 gAthAoM meM yazovarmA kI zakti aura saundarya kA kAvyAtmaka varNana kavi ne kiyA hai| yazovarmA ko bAlaka hari kA avatAra batalAte hue kavi ne pralayakAla kA varNana bhI kiyA hai| isa prasaMga meM svarga kI sampadAe~ bhI varNita huI haiN| yazovarmA kI vIratA se parAjita zatruoM kI vidhavAe~ jo vilApa karatI haiM vaha bar3A hI kAraNika dRzya hai / yazovarmA varSA Rtu ke bAda vijaya yAtrA para nikalatA hai| isI prasaMga meM zarada Rtu evaM vindhyavAsinI devI kA varNana huA hai| gaur3a nRpa yazovarmA ke bhaya se palAyana kara jAtA hai, kintu anta meM vaha yuddha meM mArA jAtA hai| yahI gauDa nareza kI vadha kI pramukha ghaTanA isa kAvya kI hai| yuddha ke bAda yazovarmA samudrataTa kI ora prayANa karatA hai| vahA~ se bAMgadeza aura phira dakSiNa ke samudrataTa kI ora jAtA hai| pArasIka, kokaNa, narmadA, masdeza, zrIkaNTha, kurakSetra ayodhyA, Adi sthAnoM kI yAtrA varNana bhI kavi ne prastuta kiye haiN| isI prasaMga meM tAlAba ,nadI, parvata, vana vRkSa Adi ke kAvyAtmaka varNana isa grantha meM prApta hote haiN| yazovarmA kI yaha vijayayAtrA mahArAjA raghu kI digvijaya yAtrA kA smaraNa karatI hai| anta meM kavi ne apanI prazasti likhI hai| grantha ke kathAnAyaka yazovarmA ke utarArddha jIvana kI kathA isa kAvya meM nahIM hai| mahAkAvyoM kI jo sunizcita zreNiyAM haiM, unameM gauDavaho ko rakhanA isake viziSTya svarUpa ko sImita karanA hai| yaha mahAkAvya na paurANika hai, na pUrNatayA prAkRta ratnAkara 091

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zAstrIya aura na aitihAsika hii| vastutaH vAkpatirAja ne saMskRta-prAkRta ke mahAkAvyoM meM isakA vizeSa sthAna bane isa dRSTi se ise anokhA banAyA hai| vibhAjana kI dRSTi se isameM nayApana hai| kathAvastu bahuta choTI, kintu usakA vistAra bar3A sArthaka hai| yazovarmA kI prazasti meM likhA gayA yaha mahAkAvya cATukAritA se kosoM dUra hai| phira bhI vastuvarNana aura bhAvavarNana meM bejor3a hai| ataH prAkRta mahAkAvyoM kA gauDavaho eka pratinidhi kAvya hai| ise mahAkAvyoM kI vizeSa koTi meM rakhanA hogA jise prazasti mahAkAvya kaha sakate haiN| yA phira vijaya mahAkAvya ise kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki pratyeka varNana kA prasaMga vijaya yAtrA se jur3A huA hai| gauDavaho mahAkAvya kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI parilakSita hotI hai ki kavi kI dRSTi grAmyajIvana kI naisargika zobhA se adhika AkRSTa huI hai| dUra-dUra bane hue gharoM vAle kisI vanagrAma kA varNana karate hue kavi kahatA hai ki gA~voM meM phaloM ko prApta kara bacce prasanna hote haiM, lakar3I ke bane hue gharoM se gA~va ramaNIya lagate haiM aise adhika bhIr3a-bhAr3a se rahita vanagrAma hRdaya ko haraNa kara lete haiM - phalalambhamuiyaDimbhA sudArugharasaMNivesa rmnnijjaa| ee haranti hiyayaM ajaNAiNNA vaNaggAmA // 607 // vAkpatirAja ne vastu vyApAra, manaHsthiti evaM vividha saundaryayukta varNanoM ko aneka alaMkAroM se sajAyA hai| upamA, rUpaka, utprekSA, Adi ke sAtha dRSTAnta alaMkAra ke prayoga meM kavi ne vizeSa ruci dikhAyI hai| kavi anubhava kI bAta sarala zabdoM meM kahatA hai ki U~ce vyakti ko dekhakara vismaya aura nIca ko dekhakara usI prakAra zaMkA hotI hai jaise pahAr3a ko dekhakara vismaya aura ku~e ko dekhakara zaMkA hotI hai| yathA tuMgAvaloyaNe hoI vimhao NIya-dasaNe sNkaa|| jaha pecchatANa giriM jaheya avaDaM NiyaMtANa // 897 // gauDavaho meM kavi ne loka se prApta aneka apane anubhavoM ko pAThakoM ke samakSa rakhA hai| kavi kI anubhUtiyA~ atyanta gaharI haiN| unakA sambandha dhanavAnoM evaM rAjagharAne ke adhikAriyoM se rahA hai| ataH ve nirbhIkatA pUrvaka, kabhI-kabhI 920 prAkRta ratnAkara

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vyaMgya meM bhI apanI bAta kahate haiM / guNa evaM guNI vyaktiyoM ke sambandha meM sajjana puruSa evaM lakSmI ke viSaya meM zAsaka aura adhikAriyoM ke svabhAva se sambandhita aneka nIti kI bAteM bhI isa kAvya meM upalabdha haiM / lobhI evaM lAlacI vyaktiyoM ke viSaya meM kavi vyaMgya karatA hai ki Azcarya hai, sampatti kI bahuta adhika U~cAI (sthiti) para pahu~ca kara vyakti sampatti se tRSNA nahIM miTAte haiN| to kyA ve parvata para car3hakara aba AkAza meM car3hanA cAhate haiM / yathAtaNhA akhaMDiaccia vihave accuNNae lhiuunn| selaM pi samArUhiUNa kiM va gaaNassa ArUr3ha // isa mahAkAvya kA vibhinna dRSTiyoM se mUlyAMkana kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai| isa kAvya ne yaha nayA prayoga Avazyaka hai ki kathAnAyaka bhale hI zraddhA aura itihAsa kA pAtra na ho, grantha kI viSayavastu bhI kAvya ko lokapriya evaM sArvabhaumika banA sakatI hai| kavi kI anubhUtiyA~ janamAnasa ke svabhAva aura pravRttiyoM ko prakaTa kara deM, yahI mahAkAvya kI saphalatA hai| isameM yaha gauDavaho agrima paMkti meM rakhane yogya hai| 104. gaNaharahorA(gaNadharahorA): gaNaharahorA nAmaka yaha kRti kisI ajJAta nAmA vidvAn ne racI hai| isameM 29 gAthAe~ haiN| maMgalAcaraNa meM namiuNa iMdabhUiM ullekha hone se yaha kisI jainAcArya kI racanA pratIta hotI hai| isameM jyotiSa viSayaka horA saMbaMdhI vicAra hai| isakI 3 patroM kI eka prati pATana ke jaina bhaMDAra meM hai| 105.gAhAsattasaI gAthAsaptazatI muktakakAvya kI paramparA kA pratinidhi kAvya hai| isakI gaNanA zRMgAra rasa pradhAna prAkRta ke sarvazreSTha muktakakAvyoM meM kI jAtI hai| isa kAvya ke saMkalanakartA mahAkavi vatsala hAla haiN| inakA samaya lagabhaga I. san kI prathama zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| kavi hAla ne aneka kavi evaM kavitriyoM kI lagabhaga 1 karor3a gAthAoM meM se sAta sau sarvazreSTha gAthAoM kA saMkalana kara gAthAsaptazatI kI racanA kI hai| isa dRSTi se yaha sattasaI paramparA kA pratinidhi grantha bhI hai| isI grantha ke AdhAra para Age calakara AryAsaptazatI, bihArIsatasaI prAkRta ratnAkara 093

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Adi kI racanA huii| bANabhaTTa, mammaTa, vAgbhaTTa Adi sabhI alaMkArazAstriyoM ne isa muktakakAvya kI prazaMsA kI hai| isakA prAcIna nAma gAhAkosa hai, kintu sausau ke samUha meM sAta sau gAthAoM kA saMkalana hone ke kAraNa isakA gAthAsaptazatI nAma sArthaka hai| muktakakAvya kI paramparA meM isa kAvya-grantha kA vizeSa sthAna hai| isakI pratyeka gAthA svataMtra rUpa se bhAva abhivyakti evaM rasAnubhUti karAne meM sakSama hai| vastutaH prAkRta lokabhASA thI, ataH prAkRta ke isa muktakakAvya meM lokajIvana ke vividha citroM ko hI ukerA gayA hai| kavi ne prakRti kI goda meM nivAsa karane vAle grAmavAsiyoM ke unmukta jIvana, unakI saralatA, Adarza-prema evaM mAnavIya saMvedanAoM kI sundara abhivyakti kI hai| sAmAnya nAyakanAyikAoM ko lakSya karake unake vibhinna manobhAvoM ko citrita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| zRMgArika bhAvanAoM tathA prema kI pIr3A kI abhivyakti atyaMta mArmika hai| yathA - dhaNNA tA mahilAo jA daiyaM siviNae vi pecchnti|| Ni vvia teNa viNA Na ei kA pecchae sivinnm||..(gaa. 4.97) arthAt - ve mahilAe~ dhanya haiM, jo priya ko svapna meM dekhatI haiN| usake binA to nIMda bhI nahIM aatii| svapna kyA dekheMgI? gAthAsaptazatI meM saMkalita gAthAe~ kisI eka viSaya se sambandhita nahIM haiM, apitu grAmINa jIvana ke vividha citroM kA isameM sajIva aMkana huA hai| grAmINa jIvana ke kavi ne anUThe citra khIMce haiN| prAyaH adhikatara gAthAoM ke viSaya sarala grAma jIvana se hI sambandhita haiN| grAmINa bAlA ke ullAsa, khuzI evaM praphullatA kA yaha citra dRSTavya hai - appttpttaNpaaviuunnnnvrNgaNhliasonnhaa| aha taNuI Na mAai rundaasuvigaamrcchaasu||...(gaa. 3.41) arthAt- dekho! kisAna kI mugdhA bahU, durlabha navIna sAr3I ko pAkara asIma ullAsa se yukta, vaha tanvI gA~va kI caur3I galiyoM meM bhI nahIM samA rahI hai| 940 prAkRta ratnAkara

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zRMgAra va prema ke atirikta isameM sajjana - prazaMsA, durjana- niMdA, subhASita, prakRti-citraNa, grAmINa - saundarya, daridratA Adi se sambandhita muktakoM kA bhI saMkalana hai / tatkAlIna sAmAjika paramparAoM kA bhI inameM citraNa milatA hai| viSaya kI dRSTi se jahA~ isa grantha meM vividhatA hai, vahIM kAvyAtmaka saundarya kI dRSTi se gAthAsaptazatI anupama kRti hai| zrRMgAra rasa kA to yaha akSaya sAgara hI hai| rUpaka, upamA, utprekSA, vyaMgokti, anyokti Adi alaMkAroM kA sthAnasthAna para sundara prayoga huA hai| anyokti alaMkAra kA yaha udAharaNa dRSTavya hai - tuha muhasAricchaM Na lahaiti saMpuNNamaMDalo vihiNA / aNNamaaM vva ghaDaiDaM puNo vi khaNDijjar3a miaMko // ... (gA. 3.7 ) arthAt - jaba sampUrNa candra bhI tumhAre mukha kI samAnatA nahIM prApta kara sakA, to vidhAtA ke dvArA dUsare navIna candramA kA sRjana karane ke lie bAra-bAra candramA ko khaMDita kiyA jA rahA hai| 106. gAthAsahasrI sakalacandragaNi ke ziSya samayasundaragaNi isake saMgrahakartA haiN| ve tarka, vyAkaraNa, sAhitya Adi ke bahuta bar3e vidvAn the / vikrama saMvat 1986 IsavIM san 1929 meM unhoMne isa grantha meM laukika-alaukika viSayoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai / ina para eka TippaNa bhI hai, usake karttA kA nAma ajJAta hai| jaise gAthAsaptazatI meM 700 gAthAoM kA saMgraha hai, vaise hI isa grantha meM 855 subhASita gAthAoM kA saMgraha hai / yahA~ 36 sUri ke guNa, sAdhuoM ke guNa, jinakalpika upakaraNa, yati dinacaryA, 25 1/2 Aryadeza, dhyAtA kA svarUpa, prANAyAma, 32 prakAra ke nATaka, 26 prakAra zrRMgAra, zakuna aura jyotiSa Adi se saMbaMdha rakhanevAle viSayoM kA saMgraha hai / mahAnizItha, vyavahArabhASya, puSpamAlAvRtti Adi ke sAtha-sAtha mahAbhArata manusmRti Adi saMskRta ke granthoM se bhI yahA~ uddharaNa prastuta haiN| yaha grantha jinadattasUri prAcIna pustakoddhAra phaMDa sUrata se san 1940 meM prakAzita hai| 107. gAthAlakSaNa (gAhAlakkhaNa) gAthAlakSaNa athavA nanditADhya chanda sUtra prAkRta chandoM para likhI huI eka atyanta prAcIna racanA hai, jisake karttA nanditADhya haiN| isameM 16 gAthAoM meM prAkRta ratnAkara 095

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gAthAchaMda kA nirdeza hai| nanditADhya ne grantha ke Adi meM neminAtha bhagavAn ko namaskAra kiyA hai jisase unakA jaina dharmAnuyAyI honA nizcita hai| granthakAra ne avahaTTha apabhraMza bhASA ke prati tiraskAra byakta kiyA hai| (gAthA 31) / isase anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki nanditADhya IsavIM san 1000 ke AsapAsa meM maujUda rahe hoNge| gAthAlakSaNa para 108 prakaraNa-granthoM ke lekhaka mahAkavi devananda muni ke ziSya ratnacandra ne TIkA likhI hai| 108. guNapAla muni jambUcariyaM ke racayitA nAilagacchIya guNapAla muni haiM jo vIrabhadrasUri ke praziSya evaM pradyumnasUri ke ziSya the| saMbhavataH kuvalayamAlA ke racayitA uddyotanasUri ke siddhAntaguru vIrabhadrAcArya aura guNapAla muni ke dAdAguru vIrabhadrasUri donoM eka hI hoN| grantha kI zailI para haribhadra kI samarAiccakahA aura uddyotanasUri kI kuvalayamAlA kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| ukta kathAgranthoM ke samAna hI yaha bhI gadya-padya mizrita hai| granthakAra aura ukta racanA ke kAla ke saMbaMdha meM kahIM koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai para racanAzailI Adi se anumAna hotA hai ki ise 10-11vIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hI racanA honA caahie| isakI eka tAr3apatrIya prati jaisalamera jaina bhaNDAra se 14vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kI milatI hai| 109.guNacandrasUri mahattvapUrNa kRti mahAvIracariyaM ke racayitA guNacandrasUri haiM jo AcArya pada pAne ke bAda devabhadrasUri kahalAne lage the| inhoMne apane chatrAvalI (chatrAla) nivAsI seTha ziSTa aura vIra kI prArthanA para vi. saM. 1139 jyeSTha zuklA tRtIyA somavAra ke dina isa grantha kI racanA kI thii| prazasti meM ziSTa aura vIra ke parivAra kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| 960 prAkRta ratnAkara

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inakI tIna vizAla kRtiyoM ke pIche diye gaye prazasti padya bar3e mahattva ke haiM jinase inakI guruparamparA tathA racanAoM kA saMvat mAlUma hotA hai| tadanusAra AcArya devabhadra sumativAcaka ke ziSya the, AcArya pada para ArUr3ha hone ke pahale unakA nAma guNacandragaNi thaa| isI nAma se unhone vi.saM. 1125 meM saMvegaraMgazAlA nAma se ArAdhanAzAstra kA saMskAra kiyA thA aura vi.saM. 1139 meM mahAvIracariyaM kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| saMvegaraMgazAlA kI puSpikA meM 'tadvineya zrI prasannacandrasUri samabhyarthitena guNacandragaNinA tathA tavvayaNeNaM guNacaMdeNaM' padoM se jJAta hotA hai ki AcArya prasannacandra aura devendrasUri kA pArasparika sambandha dUra se thA aura donoM paraspara guNAnurAgI the| guNacandra unheM bar3e Adara se dekhate the yaha kathAratnakoza aura pArzvanAtha kI prazasti meM AnevAle 'tassevagehiM' aura 'payapaumasevagehiM' padoM se jJAta hotA hai| prasannacandra ne guNacandra ke guNoM se AkarSita hokara unheM AcArya pada para ArUr3ha kiyA thaa| 110. guNadharAcArya digambara paramparA meM jo zaurasenI prAkRta meM likhita grantha prApta hote haiM unameM prathama zruta grantha kA praNayana karane vAle AcArya guNadhara haiN| indranandi ke zrutAvatAra, nandisaMgha kI zaurasenI prAkRta paTTAvali aura jayadhavalA TIkA Adi meM AcArya guNadhara aura unakI pUrva paramparA kA varNana milatA hai| vidvAnoM ne guNadharAcArya kA samaya vikrama pUrva prathama zatAbdI svIkAra kiyA hai| ye AcArya dharasena aura kundakunda ke pUrvavartI haiM inako arhadvalI saMghanAyaka ke samakAlIna mAnA jAtA hai| guNadharAcArya digambara paramparA ke prathama sUtrakAra haiN| inhoMne 'kasAyapAhuDa' nAmaka grantha kI racanA 180 zaurasenI prAkRta gAthAoM meM hai, jo 16000 padapramANa viSaya ko apane meM sameTe hue haiN| granthakAra apanI gAthAoM ko sUtragAthA kahate haiM gAhAsade asIde atthe paNNarasadhA vihbtthmmi| vocchAmi sublagAhA jayi gAhA jammi atthmmi||-gaa.2 kasAyapAhuDa ko pejjadosapAhuDa bhI kahate haiM / kaSAya rAga-dveSa kA sammilita nAma hai| unakI pariNati hai| ataH kaSAyoM meM jo karmabandha hotA hai, usakI prakRti, prAkRta ratnAkara 097

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sthiti, anubhAga evaM pradezabandha Adi vizeSatAoM kA vizleSaNa isa kasAyapAhuDa meM kiyA gayA hai| saMkSepa meM yaha karmasiddhAnta kA grantha hai, jisane paravartI sAhitya ko bahuta prabhAvita kiyA hai| isa mUla grantha para 8vIM zatAbdI meM AcArya vIrasena ne 'jayadhavalA' nAmaka vizAla TIkA likhI hai| isa para cUrNi Adi bhI likhI gayI hai / 111. gommaTasAra AcArya nemicandra kA samaya I. san 11vIM zatI hai| inakI nimnalikhita racanAe~ prasiddha haiM- 1. gommaTasAra, 2. trilokasAra, 3. labdhisAra, 4. kSapaNAsAra, 5. dravyasaMgraha / gommaTasAra do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai - (1) jIvakANDa aura karmakANDa | jIva kANDa meM 733 gAthAe~ aura karmakANDa meM 962 gAthAe~ haiM / isa grantha para saMskRta meM do TIkAe~ likhI gaI haiM- (1) nemicandra dvArA jIva pradIpikA aura (2) abhayacandra siddhAnta cakravartI dvArA mandraprabodhinI / gommaTasAra para kezavavarNI dvArA eka kannar3a vRtti bhI likhI milatI hai| ToDaramalajI ne samyagjJAna caMdrikA nAma kI vacanikA likhI haiN| gommaTasAra SaTkhaNDAgama kI paramparA kA grantha hai| jIvakANDa meM mahAkarmaprAbhRta ke siddhAnta sambandhI jIvasamAsa, paryApti prANa, saMjJA caudaha mArgaNA aura upayoga ina bIsa adhikAroM meM jIva kI aneka avasthAoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| karmakANDa meM prakRtisamUtkIrttana, bandhodaya, satva, satvasthAna, bhaMga, tricUlikA sthAna, samutkIrttana pratyaya, bhAvacUlikA aura karmasthiti racanA nAmaka nau adhikAroM meM karma kI vibhinna avasthAoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / 112. ghanazyAma kavi kavi ghanazyAma saMskRta, prAkRta aura dezI ina tInoM bhASAoM meM samAna rUpa se kavitA karate the / kavi ke pitA kA nAma mahAdeva, mAtA kA kAzI, dAdA kA cauDAji - bAlAji, bar3e bhAI kA nAma IsA aura bahana kA nAma zakambharI thA / kavi kI do patniyA~ thIM, jinake nAma sundara aura kamalA the| gorddhana aura candrazekhara nAma ke inake do putra the| inakA janma I. san 1700 ke lagabhaga huA 98 prAkRta ratnAkara

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thA aura ve I. san 1750 taka jIvita rhe| 29 varSa kI avasthA meM ye tanjora ke tukkoji prathama ke mantrI niyukta hue| inakA parivAra dhArmika aura sAhityika pravRtti kA thaa| inakI patniyA~ saMskRta kAvya racanA ke samaya inakI sahAyatA karatI thIM / ghanazyAma ko sArvajanika kavi kaMTharava evaM cauDAji kavi AdiAdi nAmoM se abhihita kiyA jAtA thA / inhoMne apane ko sAta-ATha bhASAoM aura lipiyoM meM niSNAta likhA hai| ghanazyAma ne 64 saMskRta meM, 20 prAkRta meM aura 25 racanAe~ dezI bhASA meM likhI haiM / ghanazyAma ne apane ko sarvabhASA kavi ghoSita kiyA hai| unakA abhimata hai ki jo eka bhASA meM kavitA karatA hai, vaha eka deza kA kavi hai jo aneka bhASAoM meM kavitA karatA hai, vahI sarvabhASA kavi kahalAtA hai / prakRtyA kavi ghanazyAma dambhI pratIta hotA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki apane samaya ke kaviyoM meM vaha yaza prApta nahIM kara skaa| vaha mahArASTra kA nivAsI thaa| 113. caupannamahApuruSacarita (caupannamahApurisacariyaM ) caupanamahApuruSacarita AcArya zIlAMkAcArya dvArA racita vizAlakAya grantha hai / vidvAnoM ne vibhinna sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para isakA racanAkAla I. san 868 nirdhArita kiyA hai| AcArya zIlAMkAcArya ne isa caritakAvya meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM, 12 cakravartiyoM, 9 vAsudevoM, 9 baladevoM ko milAkara cauvana zalAkA puruSoM kA jIvana-carita grathita kiyA hai / RSabhadeva, bharata cakravartI, zAntinAtha, mallinAtha aura pArzvanAtha ke jIvana carita kA isameM vistAra se nirUpaNa huA hai| isa caritakAvya kA uddezya zubha-azubha karma pariNAmoM kI vivecanA karanA hai, ataH mUla carita-nAyakoM ke pUrvabhavoM kA vivecana bhI grantha meM huA hai| mUlakathAnakoM ke sAtha aneka avAntara kathAoM ke gumphana dvArA janma-janmAntaroM ke saMskAroM, vikAroM, AsaktiyoM, nidAna Adi kA bhI vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH yaha caritakAvya sAMsArika nazvaratA ke bIca-bIca meM jIvana ke virATa rUpa ko prastuta karatA hai| dAna, dayA, karuNA Adi mAnavIya mUlyoM kA bhI isameM sundara aMkana huA hai| jIva-dayA evaM pakSiyoM ke prati karuNA ke phala kA saMdeza dene vAlI yaha gAthA dRSTavya hai - prAkRta ratnAkara 099

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pakkhINa sAvayANa ya vicchoyaMNa karei jo puriso| jIvesu ya kuNai dayaM tassa avaccAI jiivNti||... arthAt - pakSiyoM ke baccoM kA jo vyakti viyoga nahIM karatA hai aura jIvoM para dayA karatA hai, usakI saMtati ciraMjIvI hotI hai| sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI isa grantha meM pracura sAmagrI hai| yuddha, vivAha, janma, utsavoM Adi ke varNana-prasaMgoM meM tatkAlIna sAmAjika prathAoM aura rIti-rivAjoM kI jhalaka dRSTigata hotI hai| ___ isa carita meM kevala 54 mahApuruSoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| mahApuruSoM ke samudrita caritra ko prAkRta bhASA meM varNana karane vAle upalabdha granthoM meM isa grantha kA sarvaprathama sthAna hai| saMskRta-prAkRta bhASAoM meM eka kartRka kI dRSTi se bhI yaha grantha sarvapradhAna hai| saMskRta meM isake pUrva mahApurANa' milatA hai para vaha bhI eka kartRka nahIM hai| isakI pUrti jinasena ke ziSya guNabhadrAcArya ne kI thii| sAMskRtika sAmagrI kI dRSTi se isameM yuddha, vivAha, janma evaM utsavoM ke varNana meM tatkAlIna prathAoM aura rIti-rivAjoM ke acche ullekha milate haiN| isameM citrakalA aura saMgItakalA kI acchI sAmagrI dI gaI hai| isakI bhASA, zailI Adi mahAkAvya ke anurUpa hI haiN| 114.cauppannamahApurisacariyaM (dvitIya)___ yaha prAkRta bhASAnibaddha graMtha 103 adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai| isakA mukhya chanda gAthA hai| isakA zloka-parimANa 10050 hai jisameM 8735 gAthAe~ aura 100 itara vRtta haiN| yaha graMtha aba taka aprakAzita hai| isameM bhI cauvana mahApuruSoM ke caritra kA varNana hai|grNth-smaapti para upasaMhAra meM kahA gayA hai ki 54 meM 9 prativAsudevoM ko jor3ane se tiraseTha zalAkApuruSa banate haiN| isameM tIrthaMkaroM ke yakSa-yakSiNiyoM kA ullekha hai jo prAcInatama graMthoM meM nahIM milatA hai| ataH sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai ki yaha graMtha zIlAMka ke cauppannamahApurisacariyaM ke bAda racA gayA hogaa| 115.caMdappahacariyaM prAkRta bhASA meM AThaveM tIrthakara candraprabha para kaI kaviyoM ne racanAe~ kI haiN| unameM prathama racanA siddhasUri ke ziSya vIrasUri ne saM. 1138 meM kI thii| 100 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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jinezvarasUrikRta dvitIya caMdappahacariyaM meM 40 kathAe~ haiM jo bar3I sarasa haiN| isameM candraprabha nAma kI sArthakatA meM kavi kahatA hai ki cU~ki mAtA ko garbhakAla meM candrayAna kA dohada utpanna huA thA isa kAraNa inakA nAma candraprabha rakhA gyaa| jinezvarasUri ne saM. 1175 meM prAkRta mallinAhacariyaM tathA neminAhacariyaM kI racanA kI thii|smbhvtH ye hI ukta candacariyaM ke racayitA hoN| dvitIya candappahacariyaM ke racayitA bar3agacchIya haribhadrasUri haiN| inakI ukta racanA kI eka prati pATana ke bhaNDAra meM vidyamAna hai jisakA granthAgra 8032 zloka pramANa hai| granthakAra ke dAdAguru kA nAma jinacandra tathA guru kA nAma zrIcandrasUri thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki jinacandrasUri ne siddharAja aura kumArapAla ke mahAmAtya pRthvIpAla ke anurodha para caubIsa tIrthakaroM kA jIvanacarita likhA thA para unameM prAkRta meM likhe candacariyaM aura mallinAhacariyaM tathA apabhraMza meM NemiNAhacariu hI upalabdha hai| 116.candralekhA candralekhA ke karttA pArazava vaMzIya kavi rudradAsa haiM / isa saTTaka kA racanAkAla 1660 I. hai| isa saTTaka meM cAra javanikAe~ haiM, jinameM rAjA mAnaveda aura rAjakumArI candralekhA ke praNaya evaM vivAha kA varNana hai| isakI kathAvastu kA gaThana karpUramaMjarI ke samAna hai| saTTaka ke prAyaH samasta zAstrIya lakSaNoM kA isameM nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| mahattvAkAMkSI nAyaka mAnaveda meM prAraMbha se hI cakravartI banane kI abhilASA hai| candralekhA nAyikA ke samasta divya guNoM se paripUrNa hai| isa saTTaka meM kavi ne zRMgAra rasa kI udAtta bhUmi para nAyaka-nAyikA kA praNaya citrita kiyA hai| apanI kalpanA zakti se kavi ne kathAvastu ko sarasa va rocaka banAkara prastuta kiyA hai / yathA - viraha vyAkula candralekhA kA nAyaka mAnaveda ke sAtha kadalIgRha meM milane kA dRzya romAMcakatA ke sAtha rocakatA ko bhI lie hue hai| bhASA komala evaM pravAhayukta hai| kAvya-tattvoM kI dRSTi se yaha utkRSTa racanA hai| padyoM meM prakRti kA sajIva citraNa huA hai| navacandra kA yaha sarasa citra dRSTavya hai| candaNa-caccia-savva-disaMto cAru-caora-suhAi kunnnto| DhIha-pasAria-dIhii-buMdo dIsai dinnnn-rsonnv-cndo||..(3.21) prAkRta ratnAkara 0 101

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arthAt - samasta dizAoM ko caMdana se carcita karatA huA, sundara cakora pakSiyoM ko sukha pradAna karatA huA, apanI kiraNoM ke samUha ko dUra taka prasArita karatA huA sarasa nUtana candramA dikhAI de rahA hai| 117.candraprajJapti (caMdapaNNattI) candraprajJapti viSaya kI dRSTi se sUryaprajJapti ke nikaTa hai| vartamAna meM jo isakA rUpa milatA hai, vaha akSarazaH sUryaprajJapti ke samAna hai| kevala prArambha meM maMgalAcaraNa tathA viSaya sUcana karane vAlI 18 gAthAe~ AI haiM, jo sUrya prajJapti meM nahIM hai| vidvAnoM ke lie yaha bar3I samasyA kA viSaya hai ki ye do alaga-alaga grantha haiM athavA eka hI grantha hai| isameM candra va sUrya ke AkAra, teja, paribhramaNa, unakI gatiyA~, vimAna Adi kA nirUpaNa hai| isa Agama meM candramA ko svataH prakAzamAna batAyA hai tathA usake ghaTane-bar3hane kA kAraNa rAhU ko svIkAra kiyA hai| 118. cUrNi sAhitya . AgamoM ke gUDha sUtroM ko adhika spaSTatA va vizadatA se bodhagamya karane hetu gadya meM vyAkhyA karane kA krama calA jo cUrNi-sAhitya ke rUpa meM pracalita huaa| cUrNiyA~ kevala prAkRta meM hI nahIM likhI gaI haiM apitu prAkRta ke sAtha-sAtha inameM saMskRta kA bhI prayoga hai| ataH cUrNiyoM kI bhASA mizra prAkRta kahalAtI hai| cUrNiyoM ke kartA jinadAsagaNi mahattara mAne jAte haiN| inakA samaya lagabhaga chaThIsAtavIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| nimna AgamoM para cUrNiyA~ likhI gaI haiM___ 1.AcArAMga 2. sUtrakRtAMga 3. vyAkhyAprajJapti 4.jIvAjIvAbhigama 5.nizItha 6. mahAnizItha 7. vyavahAra 8. dazAzrustaskaMdha 11. oghaniyukti 12. jItakalpa 13. uttarAdhyayana 14. Avazyaka 15. dazavaikAlika 16. naMdI 17.anuyogadvAra 18.jambUdvIpaprajJapti cUrNi sAhitya meM jainadharma va darzana ke pramukha siddhAntoM kA vivecana huA hai| naMdIcUrNi meM kevalajJAna va kevaladarzana ke krama para vizeSa carcA kI gaI hai| AcArya ne kevaladarzana ke kramabhAvitva kA samarthana kiyA hai| Avazyakaniyukti meM nirdiSTa kiye gaye viSayoM kA vistAra se vivecana AvazyakacUrNi meM kiyA gayA 102 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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hai| vivecana kI saralatA, sarasatA evaM spaSTatA kI dRSTi se aneka prAcIna aitihAsika evaM paurANika AkhyAna bhI uddhRta kiye haiN| sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi meM vividha dArzanika matoM kA cintana kiyA gayA hai| cUrNiyoM ke viSaya ko spaSTa karane hetu prasaMgAnusAra prAkRta kI aneka kathAe~ AI haiM, jo tatkAlIna dhArmika, sAmAjika va laukika tInoM hI pakSoM ko udghATita karatI haiN| prAkRta bhASA ke bhASA-zAstrIya adhyayana kI dRSTi se bhI ye cUrNiyA~ atyaMta mahatvapUrNa haiN| 119.chakkhaMNDAgamasutta giranAra sthita candraguphA meM kaThora tapasyArata AcArya dharasena vRddhAvasthA kI carama-sthiti meM the| AcArya indranandikRta zrutavatAra ke anusAra unheM dRSTivAdAntargata dvitIya agrayAyaNI-pUrva kI paMcamavastu ke caturtha bhAga mahAkammapayaDipAhuDa kA jJAna thaa| ve apane pAsa surakSita zrutAMza kA svayaM grathana kara pAne meM sambhavataH asamartha the| unhoMne Andhrapradeza ke veNNA nadI ke taTa para sthita mahimAnagarI meM ho rahe muni-sammelana ke pradhAna AcArya-adhyakSa ko eka lekha-sandeza bhejakara unase do subuddha, prabuddha evaM vinamra ziSyoM ko tatkAla hI apane pAsa bhejane kA anurodha kiyaa| __ AcArya guru ke Adeza se unake do ziSya, jo ki bAda meM bhUtabali evaM puSpadaMta ke nAma se prasiddha hue, lagabhaga 1000 kosa kI yAtrA kara mahimAnagarI se zIghra hI AcArya dharasena kI sevA meM upasthita hue| AcArya dharasena parIkSApradhAnI the| unhoMne donoM ziSyoM kA antarbAhya gahana parIkSaNa kara tathA unakI supAtratA se prabhAvita hokara apane pAsa surakSita dRSTivAdAMtargata mahAkammapayaDipAhuDasuttaM nAmaka zrutAMza kA unheM adhyayana karA diyaa| usI samaya unakA anta samaya A gayA hai| ataH guru kI samAdhi ke kAraNa donoM ziSya kahIM zokAkula na ho uThe, isI vicAra se unhoMne una donoM ko tatkAla hI candraguphA chor3akara vihAra 'karane ke lie Adeza de diyaa| guru kI AjJA durlaghya mAnakara una donoM ne anicchApUrvaka candraguphA chor3a dii| / cAturmAsa kA samaya samIpa thaa| usake saMbhavataH 6-7 dina hI zeSa bace the| ataH utane hI samaya meM ve lagabhaga 100 kosa kI yAtrA kara aMkulezvara Ae aura prAkRta ratnAkara 0103

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unhoMne vahIM cAturmAsa kiyaa| cAturmAsa samApta hote hI AcArya puSpadanta ne to vanavAsI pradeza (karnATaka) meM vihAra kiyA aura AcArya bhUtabali vahA~ se tamila-deza phuNce| guru-paramparA se prApta zrutAMza ke AdhAra para jisa sAhitya kA unhoMne grathana kiyA, vaha khaNDa-siddhAnta athavA satakammapAhuDa (satkarma prAbhRta) athavA mahAkammapayaDipAhuDa (mahAkarmaprabhRti pAhuDa) khlaayaa| cUMki varNya-viSaya chaha khaNDoM meM vibhakta thA, ataH vaha chakkhaMDAgama (SaTkhaMDAg2ama)ke nAma se bhI prasiddha huA aura Age calakara usI nAma se vaha lokapriya bhI huaa| chakkhaMDAgama (SaTkhaMDAgama)ke prathama jIvaTThANa-khaMDa meM 2375 sUtra haiM, jo viSayAnukrama se 17 adhikAroM arthAt adhyAyoM meM vibhakta haiM, tathA isameM jIva ke guNa-dharmo tathA unakI vividha dazAoM kA sat saMkhyA Adi8 prarUpaNAoM ke dvArA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 120. chandolakSaNa chandolakSaNa (jinaprabhIya TIkA ke aMtargata) meM nandiSeNakRta ajitazAntistatva para jinaprabhIya TIkA ke aMtargata chaMda ke lakSaNoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| isa TIkA meM kavidarpaNa kA ullekha milatA hai, nandiSeNa ne ajitazAMtistava meM 25 vibhinna chandoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| 121. chaMdazAstra jisa prakAra bhASA ko sArthaka banAne ke lie vyAkaraNa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, usI prakAra kAvya kI sArthakatA ke lie chaMda-prayoga apekSita hai| viSayagata manobhAvoM ke saMcAra ke lie tathA kavitA meM saMtulana banAye rakhane hetu kAvya meM chaMda kA vyavahAra kiyA jAtA hai| manuSya ko manuSya ke prati saMvedanazIla banAne kA sabase pramukha sAdhana chaMda haiN| chaMda, tAla, tuka evaM svara sampUrNa manuSya ko eka karate haiM tathA isake AdhAra para manuSya kA bhAva svAbhAvika rUpa se dUsare taka pahu~ca jAtA hai| spaSTa hai ki chaMda kAvya kA aTUTa aMga hai| prAkRta sAhitya meM chanda paramparA kA vikAsa na kevala svataMtra rUpa meM huA, apitu chaMda viSayaka prAkRta kI upalabdhiyA~ mahattvapUrNa haiN| prAkRta bhASA kA sIdhA sambandha loka jIvana se thA, ataH yahA~ nRtya evaM saMgIta ke AdhAra para chaMdoM kA vikAsa huaa| prAkRta meM hI 1040 prAkRta ratnAkara

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sarvaprathama mAtrA-chandoM kI paramparA kA vikAsa huaa| saMskRta kA AryA chanda prAkRta ke gAthA chanda ke samAna hai| prAkRta sAhitya meM prayukta hue vibhinna chaMdoM ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM dvArA mahattvapUrNa chanda grantha likhe gaye haiM / 122. chedasUtra ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM likhe gaye grantha chedasUtra jaina AcAra kI kuMjI haiM, jaina saMskRti kI advitIya nidhi haiM, jaina sAhitya kI garimA hai| chedasUtroM meM zramaNoM kI AcAra-saMhitA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| vizuddha AcAra-vicAra ko samajhane ke lie chedasUtroM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai | zramaNa jIvana kI pavitratA ko banAye rakhane vAle ye uttama zruta haiN| dainika jIvana meM atyanta sAvadhAna rahane para bhI doSa laganA svAbhAvika hai / chedasUtroM meM una doSoM kI sUcI evaM usake liye diye gaye prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| vastutaH chedasUtroM kA uddezya vibhinna dezakAla meM hone vAle sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kI paristhitivaza ulajhI samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA tathA moha, ajJAna evaM pramAda ke kAraNa sevita doSoM se saMyama kI * rakSA karanA hai / isa dRSTi se chedasUtroM kI viSayavastu ko cAra vibhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai - 1. utsargamArga 2. apavAdamArga 3. doSa sevana 4. prAyazcitta vidhAna / mUlasUtroM ' kI taraha chedasUtroM kI saMkhyA ko lekara vidvAna ekamata nahIM haiN| samAcArIzataka meM samayasundaragaNi ne chedasUtroM kI saMkhyA cha : batAI hai - 1. dazazrutaskandha 2. vyavahAra 3. bRhatkalpa 4. nizItha 5. mahAnizItha 6. jiitklp| nandIsUtra meM jItakalpa ko chor3akara zeSa pA~ca nAma milate haiN| punaruddhAra kiyA jAne ke kAraNa kucha paramparAe~ mahAnizItha ko Agama kI koTi meM nahIM mAnatI hai| 123. jaMbUsAmicariyaM (guNapAla muni) jaMbUcarita prAkRta kA gadya-padya mizrita paurANika caritakAvya hai / isake racayitAM vIrabhadrasUri ke praziSya guNapAla muni hai| isakA racanAkAla anumAnataH 9vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| isa caritakAvya kA mUla srota vasudevahiNDI nAmaka kathAgrantha hai| prastuta caritakAvya kI kathAvastu 16 uddezoM meM vibhakta hai, jinameM aMtima kevalI jaMbUsvAmI ke Adarza jIvana-caritra ko samagratA ke sAtha varNita kiyA gayA hai| nAyaka ke carita ko vikasita karane ke lie vartamAna jIvana ke prAkRta ratnAkara 105

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sAtha-sAtha unake pUrvabhavoM ke vibhinna prasaMgoM ko bhI manoraMjaka DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai|jNbuukumaar ke pUrvabhavoM ke varNana meM bhavadeva ke bhava kA varNana atyaMta rocaka hai, jisameM tapasvI ho jAne para bhI bhavadeva apanI nava-vivAhitA patnI nAgilA ko smaraNa karatA rahatA hai| isa kAvya kA mUla uddezya jIvana kI cirantana samasyAoM para prakAza DAlanA tathA sAMsArika duHkha evaM saMtApoM se nivRtti prApta karanA hai| jaMbUkumAra dvArA apanI nava-vivAhitA ATha rAniyoM ko saMsAra kI nazvaratA kA parijJAna karAne vAlI dRSTAnta kathAe~ sarasa evaM zikSAprada haiN| unake mAdhyama se jaina darzana ke siddhAntoM, AcAra-vyavahAra Adi kA vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dhArmika vAtAvaraNa se vyApta yaha grantha kAvyAtmaka sarasatA ko bhI lie hue hai| upadezoM ko bhI vakroktiyoM dvArA sarasa banAne kA pUrNa prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| yathA uvayArasahassehiM vi, vaMkaM ko tarai ujjuyaM kaauN| sIseNa vivubbhaMto,hareNavaMko vimyNko||(gaa. 15.34) arthAt - hajAroM upakAra karane ke dvArA bhI Ter3he vyakti ko sIdhA karane meM kauna samartha ho sakatA hai? jaise ziva dvArA sira para dhAraNa kiye jAne para bhI candramA Ter3hA hI rahatA hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita yaha kAvya 16 uddezoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama do uddezoM meM 'samarAiccakahA' ke samAna kathAoM ke arthakathA, kAma kathA, dharmakathA evaM saMkIrNakathA - ye cAra bheda batalAkara dharmakathA ko hI racanA kA pratipAdya viSaya batalAyA hai aura tIsare uddeza se kathA prArambha kI gaI hai| cauthe aura pA~caveM meM jambUsvAmI ke pUrvabhavoM kA varNana diyA gayA hai| chaThe meM jambU kA janma, zikSA, yauvana Adi kA varNana hai| sAtaveM meM unake vairAgya kI ora pravRtti, mAtA-pitA dvArA saMsAra-pravRtti ke lie vivAha / agale uddezoM meM jambUsvAmI ne ATha patniyoM tathA ghara meM ghusakara baiThe prabhava nAmaka cora tathA usake sAthiyoM ko nAnA AkhyAnoM, dRSTAntoM, kathAoM Adi se vairAgyavardhaka upadeza sunAye aura anta meM unhoMne zramaNa-dIkSA grahaNa kI aura kevalajJAna prApta kara siddhi paaii| 1060 prAkRta ratnAkara

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isameM kAvya-lekhaka ne kathAkrama ko aisA vyavasthita kiyA hai ki pAThaka kI jijJAsA aura kutUhala prAraMbha se anta taka bane hI rahate haiN| isameM varNanoM kI vividhatA dekhI jAtI hai| yaha kAvya prAkRta gadya aura padya ke sundara namUne prastuta karatA hai| yahA~ dhArmika kathA kA Adarza rUpa diyA gayA hai| nAyaka ko apanI vIratA prakaTa karane kA kahIM avasara bhI nahIM aayaa| yaha kRti paravartI kaviyoM kA Adarza rahI hai| 124. jaMbUsAmicariyaM(jinavijayakRta) yaha jaMbUsAmicariyaM grantha prAkRta caritoM meM apanI vizeSatA rakhatA hai kyoMki isakI racanA ThIka usI prakAra kI ardha-mAgadhI prAkRta meM usI gadya-zailI se huI hai jaisI AgamoM kii| varNanoM ko saMkSepa meM batalAne ke lie yahA~ bhI 'jAva', 'jahA' Adi kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| isa se yaha racanA AgamoM ke saMkalanakAla (5vIM zatA.) ke Asa pAsa kI pratIta hotI hai parantu grantha ke anta meM eka prAkRta padya se sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki isa grantha ko vijayadayA sUrIzvara ke Adeza se jinavijaya ne likhA, aura isa grantha kI prati saM. 1814 ke phAlguna sudI 9 zanivAra ke dina navAnagara meM likhI gaI thii| kintu vAstavika racanAkAla vi. saM. 1775 se 1809 ke bIca AtA hai kyoMki tapAgaccha-paTTAvalI meM 64 veM paTTadhara vijayadayAsUri kA yahI samaya diyA gayA hai| jinavijaya nAma ke aneka muni hue haiN| unameM eka kSamA vijaya ke ziSya the aura dUsare mANavijaya ke ziSya jo ki vijayadayAsUri ke samakAlIna baiThate haiN| adhika saMbhAvanA hai ki ve mANavijaya ke ziSya hoM kyoMki unakI zrIpAlacaritrarAsa, dhannazAlibhadrarAsa Adi racanAe~ milatI haiN| 125. jambuddIvapaNNattI (upAMga) ___ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM jambUdvIpaprajJapti ko kahIM pA~cavA upAMga mAnA hai to kahIM chaThavA~ / isa upAMga meM eka adhyayana evaM sAta evaM vakSaskAra (prakaraNa) haiN| inameM kramazaH bharatakSetra, kAlacakra, bharata cakravartI, culla himavaMta, jinajanmAbhiSeka, jambUdvIpa evaM jyotiSka devoM kA varNana hai| prastuta Agama bhUgola kI dRSTi se atyadhika mahattvapUrNa hai / jaina dRSTi se RSabhadeva kA prAgaaitihAsika prAkRta ratnAkara 0 107

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jIvana carita kA isameM varNana huA hai| bharata kI digvijaya, bharata evaM kirAtoM ke yuddha, tIrthaMkara ke kalyANa - mahotsava, bahattara kalAe~, striyoM kI viziSTa causaTha kalAe~ tathA aneka zilpa Adi kA bhI isameM varNana huA hai| isa upAMga meM eka adhyayana hai aura sAta vakSaskAra hai| upalabdha mUlapATha kA zloka pramANa 4146 hai| 178 gadyasUtra haiM aura 52 padyasUtra haiN| prathama pakSaskAra ( pariccheda) meM bharatakSetra kA varNana hai / sarvaprathama namaskAra mahAmantra hai / mithilAnagarI meM jitazatru rAjA thaa| usakI rAnI kA nAma dhAriNI thaa| usa nagarI ke maNibhadra nAmaka caitya meM zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra kA zubhAgamana huaa| usa samaya indrabhUti gautama ne jambUdvIpa ke sambandha meM jijJAsA prastuta kI / uttara meM mahAvIra ne kahA- jambUdvIpa meM avasthita padavaravedikA eka vanakhaNDa se ghirI huI hai / vanakhaNDa ke madhya meM aneka puSkaraNiyA~, vApikAe~, maMDapa, gRha aura pRthvIzilApaTTa hai / vahA~ para aneka vyantara, deva aura deviyA~ kamanIya krIr3A karate hai / jambUdvIpa ke vijaya, vaijayanta, jayanta aura aparAjita nAma ke cAra dvAra haiN| jambUdvIpa meM himavAna parvata ke dakSiNa meM bharatakSetra hai| prastuta Agama meM prAcIna bhUgola kA mahattvapUrNa saMkalana hai| jainadRSTi se sRSTi vidyA ke bIja isameM upalabdha hote haiN| Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA prAgaaitihAsika jIvana caritra bhI isameM milatA hai| samrATa bharata kI digvijaya kA varNana bhI prApta hotA hai| tIrthakaroM ke kalyANaka utsavoM kA nirUpaNa pAyA jAtA hai| janmotsava kA jaisA nirUpaNa isa grantha meM kiyA gayA hai, vaisA hI purANoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| 126. jayadhavalA TIkA AryamaMkSu aura nAgahasti ne kasAyapAhuDa prAcIna grantha kA vyAkhyAna kiyA tathA AcArya yativRSabha ne isa para cUrNi sUtroM kI racanA kI hai| AcArya vIrasena ne jayadhavalA nAma kI TIkA likhanA Arambha kiyA thA / tathA bIsa hajAra pramANa TIkA likhane ke anantara hI usakA svargavAsa ho gyaa| phalataH unake isa mahAn kArya ko unake yogya ziSya AcArya jinasena ne cAlIsa hajAra loka pramANa avazeSa TIkA likhakara IsvI san 837 meM ise pUrNa kiyaa| isa prakAra jayadhavalA TIkA sATha hajAra zloka pramANa hai / 108 U prAMkRta ratnAkara

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127. jayapAhuDa jayapAhuDa nimittazAstra kA graMtha hai| isake kartA kA nAma ajJAta hai| ise jinabhASita kahA gayA hai| yaha IsA kI 10vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kI racanA hai / prAkRta meM racA huA yaha graMtha atIta, anAgata Adi se sambandhita naSTa, muSTi, ciMtA, vikalpa Adi atizayoM kA bodha karAtA hai| isase lAbha-alAbha kA jJAna prApta hotA hai| isameM 378 gAthAe~ haiM jinameM saMkaTa vikaTaprakaraNa, uttarAdharaprakaraNa, abhighAta, jIvasamAsa, manuSyaprakaraNa, pakSiprakaraNa, catuSpada, dhAtuprakRti, dhAtuyoni ciMtAbhedaprakaraNa tathA lekhagaMDikAdhikAra meM saMkhyApramANa, kAlaprakaraNa, lAbhagaMDikA, nakSatragaMDikA svavarga saMyogakaraNa, paravargasaMyogakaraNa, siMhAvalokitakaraNa, gajavilulita, guNAkAraprakaraNa, astra vibhAgaprakaraNa Adi se sambandhita vivecana hai / 128. jArja griyarsana dvArA vibhinna prAkRtoM kA adhyayana : bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne prAkRta bhASA ke vibhinna rUpoM kA adhyayana karanA prArambha kara diyA thA / isa samaya ke vidvAnoM meM jArja griyarsana kA nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / sAmAnya-bhASA-vijJAna ke kSetra meM unakA jo yogadAna hai, utanA hI prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASA ke adhyayana ke kSetra meM bhii| san 1906 meM giyarsana ne paizAcI prAkRta ke sambandha meM da paizAcI leMgveja Apha nAtha-vesTarna - iNDiyA nAma se eka nibandha likhA, jo landana meM chapA thA / 1969 I. meM dillI se isakA dUsarA saMskaraNa nikalA hai / paizAcI prAkRta kI utpatti evaM usakA anya bhASAoM ke sAtha kyA sambandha hai, isa viSaya para Apane vizeSa adhyayana kara 1912 I. meM da privezana Apha paizAcI eNDa iTsa rilezana Tu adara laiMgveja nAmaka nibandha ke rUpa meM prakAzita kiyaa| 1913 I. meM Apane DhakkI prAkRta ke sambandha meM adhyayana prastuta kiyA- apabhraMza ekArDiMga TU mArkaNDeya eNDa DhakkI prAkRta / inake atirikta giyarsana kA prAkRta ke bheda prabhedoM ke sambandha meM adhyayana nirantara calatA rahA hai| da prAkRta vibhASAja ena aravekavarDa vAya hemacandra,prAkRta dhAtvAdeza, paizAcI Adi nibandha prAkRta bhASA evaM apabhraMza ke adhyayana ke prati giyarsana kI abhiruci ko pragaTa karate haiM / prAkRta ratnAkara 109

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129.jinadattasUri AcArya(dAdAgurU) dAdAguru ke viruda se vikhyAta AcArya jinadattasUri vikrama kI 12vIM zatAbdI ke aise mahAna prabhAvaka AcArya hue haiM jinakI kIrti Aja bhI bhArata ke aneka prAntoM meM sudUra taka vyApta hai| ve bar3e hI nirbhIka, pratyutpannamati aura spaSTavAdI the| jinadattasUri ke pitA kA nAma vAcchiga thaa| vAcchiga gujarAta ke pratiSThita evaM rAjamAnya hummaDa kulotpanna zreSThivara the| unakA mUla nivAsasthAna gujarAta kA aitihAsika nagara dhavalakapura dholakA thaa| vAcchiga tatkAlIna gujarAta ke rAjya ke maMtrI the| unakI dharmapatnI kA nAma thA baahdd'devii| bAhar3adevI bar3I dharmaniSTha evaM patiparAyaNA nArI-ratna thii| jinadattasUri kA prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza Adi bhASAoM para pUrNa adhikAra thA evaM unakI zailI aura abhivyaMjanA zakti adbhuta thii| unakI racanAe~ tatkAlIna sAhitya aura bhASA vijJAna ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| 130.jinadattacarita (sumatigaNi) yaha racanA prAkRta gadya-padya meM 750 granthAna-pramANa hai| isakI racanA pADicchayagaccha ke nemicandra ke praziSya evaM sarvadevasUri ke ziSya sumatigaNi ne kI hai| grantha kA racanAkAla nizcita nahIM hai, tathApi eka prAcIna prati meM usake aNahilapATana meM saM. 1246 meM likhAye jAne kA ullekha hai ataH grantha kI racanA isase pUrva honA nizcita hai| isameM vaNik putroM aura sAMyAtrikoM kI yAtrA kA rocaka varNana hai| jinadattAkhyAna ke kartA sumatisUri haiM jo pADicchayagacchIya AcArya sarvadevasUri ke ziSya the| isake sivAya graMthakartA kA koI vizeSa paricaya nahIM miltaa| racanA sAdhAraNa koTi kI hai| yahA~ bahuta sI paheliyA~ dI huI haiN| kathA kA nAyaka jinadatta caMpAnagarI ke vimalaseTha kI kanyA vimalamati ke sAtha vivAha karatA hai| use juA khelane kA zauka hai / jue meM vaha apanA saba dhana kho detA hai, aura paradeza yAtrA ke liye nikala par3atA hai| dadhipura nagara meM pahu~cakara vaha apane kauzala se mahAvyAdhi se pIr3ita rAjakanyA zrImatI ko niroga karatA hai aura anta meM usake sAtha jinadatta kA vivAha ho jAtA hai| anta meM jinadatta apanI patniyoM ke samakSa apane vAstavika rUpa ko prakaTa kara detA hai aura apanI cAroM patniyoM ke 1100 prAkRta ratnAkara

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sAtha AnandapUrvaka rahane lagatA hai| kAlAMtara meM mAtA-pitA kI anumati pUrvaka apanI patniyoM aura mitroM ke sAtha vaha dIkSA grahaNa kara letA hai| 131.jinadattacarita (ajJAta) __ sAdhuparicaryA yA muni-AhAradAna ke prabhAva se vyakti jIvana-prasaMga meM khataroM se bacatA huA, apanI kitanI zuddhi kara sakatA hai isa tathya ko batalAne ke lie jinadatta ke caritra ko lekara kaI kathAgrantha saMskRta prAkRta meM likhe gaye haiN| jinadatta ne apane pUrvabhava meM mAtra pUrNimA ke dina eka munirAja ko paricaryApUrvaka AhAradAna diyaa| usake prabhAva se vaha apane isa bhava meM dyUtavyasana se dhanasampatti khokara bhI nAnA prakAra ke camatkArI evaM sAhasika kArya kara skaa| usane veza parivartana kiyA, samudra-yAtrA kI, hAthI ko vaza meM kiyA, rAjakanyAoM se vivAha kiyA aura nAnA sukha bhogakara anta meM tapasyAkara svarga prApta kiyaa| __ isa kathAnaka ko lekara sabase prAcIna prAkRta gadya meM ajJAtakartRka kRti milatI hai jisakI hastalikhita prati maNibhadrayati ne varanAga ke lie saM.1186 meM taiyAra kI thii| isameM jinadatta kA pUrvabhava prArambha meM na dekara anta meM diyA gayA hai| 132.jinadAsagaNI mahattara . niyukti sAhitya aura bhASya sAhitya kI racanA ke pazcAt jainAcAryo ke antarmAnasa meM AgamoM para gadyAtmaka vyAkhyA sAhitya likhane kI bhAvanA utpanna huii| unhoMne zuddha prAkRta meM aura saMskRta mizrita prAkRta meM vyAkhyAoM kI racanA kI jo Aja cUrNi sAhitya ke nAma se vizruta hai| cUrNi-sAhitya ke nirmAtAoM meM vizeSa sAmagrI anupalabdha hai| nizItha nizeSacUrNi ke upasaMhAra meM cUrNikAra kA nAma jinadAsa AyA hai aura grantha ke prAraMbha meM pradyumna kSamAzramaNa kA vidyAgurU ke rUpa meM ullekha huA hai| uttarAdhyayanacUrNi ke anta meM cUrNikAra kA paricaya hai| unake sadgurU kA nAma vANijyakulIna, koTikagaNIya, vajrazAkhIya gopAlagaNI mahattara AyA hai para svayaM cUrNikAra kA nAma spaSTa rUpa se nahIM AyA hai| vijJoM kA mantavya hai ki cUrNikAra jinadAsagaNI mahattara bhASyakAra jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa ke pazcAt aura AcArya haribhadra se pahale hue haiM kyoMki bhASya kI aneka gAthAoM kA upayoga cUrNiyoM meM huA hai aura AcArya haribhadra ne apanI vRttiyoM meM cUrNiyoM kA prAkRta ratnAkara 0111

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upayoga kiyA hai| AcArya jinadAsagaNI kA samaya vikrama saM. 650-750 ke madhya honA caahie| nandI cUrNi ke upasaMhAra meM usakA racanA samaya zaka saMvat 598 arthAt vikrama saM.733 hai, usase bhI yahI siddha hotA hai| jinadAsagaNI mahattara ne kitanI cUrNiyA~ likhIM yaha abhI taka pUrNa rUpa se nizcita nahIM ho sakA hai tathApi paramparA ke anusAra unakI nimnalikhita cUrNiyA~ mAnI jAtI haiM (1)nizIthavizeSacUrNi, (2)nandIcUrNi, (3)anuyogadvAracUrNi, (4) AvazyakacUrNi, (5) dazavaikAlikacUrNi, (6) uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, (7) suutrkRtaaNgcuurnni| 133.jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke praNetA AcArya jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa kA apanI mahattvapUrNa kRtiyoM ke kAraNa jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa meM eka viziSTa sthAna hai| aisA hote hue bhI unake jIvana ke sambandha meM vizeSa sAmagrI upalabdha nahIM hai| unake janma, ziSyatva Adi ke viSaya meM katipaya ullekha milate haiN| unake sambandha meM eka Azcaryajanaka ullekha yaha bhI milatA hai ki ve harabhidrasUri ke paTTadhara ziSya the, jabaki haribhadrasUri AcArya jinabhadra ke lagabhaga sau varSa bAda hue haiN| vividha ullekhoM ke AdhAra para AcArya jinabhadra kA uttarakAla vi.saM. 650 ke AsapAsa siddha hotA hai| jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne caudaha varSa kI alpavaya meM dIkSA grahaNa kii| tIsa varSa kI apanI sAmAnya zramaNa paryAya meM vizuddha zramaNAcAra ke pAlana ke sAthasAtha unhoMne AgamoM, dharmagranthoM, nyAya, vyAkaraNa, kAvya, sva-para siddhAntoM evaM nItizAstra kA talasparzI adhyayana kiyaa| vI.ni. saM. 1055 meM 29veM yugapradhAnAcArya harilasUri ke svargastha ho jAne para jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa 30veM yugapradhAnAcArya pada para AsIna hue| jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne jItakalpa, sabhASya vizeSavatI, bRhatkSetrasamAsa, dhyAnazataka, bRhatsaMgrahaNI aura vI. ni. saM. 1076 ko caitra zuklA 15 budhavAra ke dina vallabhI meM mahArAjA zIlAditya prathama ke rAjyakAla meM vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI TIkA kI racanA kara jinazAsana kI mahatI sevA kii| unhoMne 90 varSa ke apane sAdhanAkAla meM vipula sAhitya sarjana kara jinazAsana kI ullekhanIya sevA kii| 112 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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yugapradhAnAcArya jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa 104 varSa 6 mAha aura 6 dina kI Ayu pUrNa kara vI. ni.sa. 1115 meM svargastha hue| unhoMne vizeSAvazyakabhASya Adi nau graMthoM kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| inameM se sAta grantha padyabaddha prAkRta meM haiN| eka granthaanuyogadvAracUrNi prAkRta gadya meM hai| AcArya jinabhadra AgamoM ke advitIya vyAkhyAtA the, yugapradhAna pada ke dhAraka the, zruti Adi anya zAstroM ke kuzala vidvAn the, vibhinna darzanazAstra, lipividyA, gaNitazAstra, chandazAstra, zabdazAstra Adi ke advitIya paMDita the, sva-para siddhAnta meM nipuNa the, svAcAra-pAlana meM pravaNa evaM sarva jaina zramaNoM meM pramukha the| bhASyakAra jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa apane samaya ke eka prabhAvazAlI AcArya the| 134.jinaralasUri nirvANalIlAvatIkathA kAvya ke anta meM granthakartA kI prazasti dI gaI hai jisase isake racayitA jinaratnasUri kI guruparamparA para prakAza par3atA hai| ve * sudharmAgaccha ke the| isI gaccha meM nivvANalIlAvaI prAkRta mahAkAvya ke racayitA jinezvarasUri hue| unakI ziSyaparamparA meM kramazaH jinacandrasUri - navAMgI TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri - jinavallabhasUri - jinadattasUri - jinacandrasUri - jinapatisUri - jinezvarasUri hue| ina jinezvarasUri ke ziSya jinaratnasUri hue| 135.jinezvarasUri-kathAkozaprakaraNa isa kRti ke racayitA jinezvarasUri haiN| ye navIna yuga saMsthApaka mAne jAte haiN| inhoMne caityavAsiyoM ke viruddha Andolana Arambha kiyA aura tyAgI tathA gRhastha donoM prakAra ke samUhoM ne naye prakAra ke saMgaThana kiye| caityoM kI sampatti aura saMrakSaNa ke adhikArI bne| zithilAcArI yatiyoM ko AcArIpravaNa aura bhramaNazIla bnaayaa| 11 vIM zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara sampradAya ke yatiyoM meM navIna sphUrti aura naI cetanA utpanna karane kA kArya pramukharUpa se jinezvarasUri ne kiyaa| purao dullahamahivallahassa aNahillAvADae pyddN| mukkA viyaariuunnNsiihennvdvvliNgiyaa|| -sugurupAratantrayastava gA. 10 prAkRta ratnAkara 0113

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spaSTa hai ki gujarAta ke aNahilavADa ke rAjA durlabharAja kI sabhA meM nAmadhArI AcAryoM ke sAtha jinezvarasUri ne vAda-vivAda kara, unakA parAjaya kiyA aura vahA~ vasativAsa kI sthApanA kii| jinezvarasUri ke bhAI kA nAma buddhisAgara thaa| ye madhyadeza ke nivAsI aura jAti ke brAhmaNa the, inake pitA kA nAma kRSNa thaa| jinezvarasUri ne jainadharma kA khUba pracAra aura prasAra kiyaa| isake dvArA racita pA~ca grantha haiM- (1) pramAlakSma, (2) nirvANalIlAvatIkathA, (3) SaTsthAnaprakaraNa, (4) paMcaliMgIprakaraNa aura (5) kathAkozaprakaraNa jinezvarasUri kA zvetAmbara sampradAya meM eka viziSTa sthAna hai| inhoMne zithilAcAragrasta caityavAsI yativarga ke viruddha Andolana kara suvihita yA zAstravihita mArga kI sthApanA kI thI aura zvetAmbara saMgha meM naI sphUrti aura nUtana cetanA utpanna kI thii| inake guru kA nAma varddhamAnasUri thA aura bhAI kA nAma buddhisAgarasUri thaa| ye brAhmaNa kula meM utpanna hue the para dhArA nagarI ke seTha lakSmIpati kI preraNA se vardhamAnasUri ke ziSya hue the| 136.jItakalpasUtra (jIyakappo) jItakalpasUtra ke racayitA vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kartA jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa haiN| jIta yA jIya kA zAbdika dRSTi se artha hai- paramparA se Agata AcAra, maryAdA, vyavasthA yA prAyazcitta se sambandha rakhane vAlA eka prakAra kA rivAja / isa dRSTi se isa sUtra meM jaina zramaNoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra se sambandhita prAyazcittoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| 103 gAthAoM meM prAyazcitta kA mahattva tathA Atmazuddhi meM usakI upAdeyatA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| isameM prAyazcitta ke 10 bhedoM kA varNana huA hai - 1.AlocanA2. pratikramaNa 3.mizra-AlocanA-pratikramaNa 4.viveka 5.vyutsarga 6. tapa 7.cheda 8. mUla 9.anavasthApya 10. paaraaNcik| 137.jItakalpabhASya jItakalpabhASya ke racayitA bhI jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa haiN| prastuta bhASya meM vRhatkalpa-laghubhASya, vyavahArabhASya, pancakalpamahAbhASya, piNDa niyukti prabhRti aneka graMthoM se gAthAe~ uddhRta kI gaI haiN| ataH yaha eka saMgraha graMtha hai| mUla 1140 prAkRta ratnAkara

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jItakalpa meM 103 gAthAe~ haiM aura isa svopajJa bhASya meM 2606 gAthAe~ haiN| isameM jItavyavahAra ke AdhAra para jo prAyazcitta diye jAte haiM unakA saMkSepa meM varNana hai| cAritra meM jo skhalanAe~ ho jAtI haiM unakI zuddhi ke lie prAyazcita kA vidhAna hai| 138.jIva samAsa __ isakI racanA pUrvadhAriyoM dvArA kI gaI hai| jyotiSkaraMDaka kI bhA~ti jaina AgamoM meM valabhI vAcanA kA anusaraNa karake isakI bhI racanA huI hai| isameM 286 gAthAoM meM sat, pramANa, kSetra, sparza, kAla, antara aura bhAva kI apekSA jIvAjIva kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa para maladhAri hemacandrasUri ne vikrama saMvat 1234 IsavIM san 1107 meM 700 zokapramANa vRhadavRtti kI racanA kI hai| zIlAMka AcArya ne bhI isa para vRtti likhI hai| 139. jaina Agama evaM prAkRta __ prAkRta bhASA kA prayoga janabolI ke rUpa meM hone para bhI vaha vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se zuddha evaM vyavasthita bhASA thii| vikalpa rUpoM kA , dezI zabdoM kA prayoga usakI vizeSatA hai, kintu azuddhatA nhiiN| Aja bhI prAntIya bhASAe~ janatA meM bolI jAtI haiN| jaise rAjasthAnI bhASA kA prayoga pUre rAjasthAna aura deza meM jahA~ bhI rAjasthAnI haiM vahA~ para hotA hai| sthAna bheda se mAravAr3I, bAgar3I, hADautI, DhuMDhArI, mevADI Adi aneka rUpa rAjasthAnI ke vyavahAra meM Ate haiN| ina sabake likhita vyAkaraNa graMtha sabhI janatA ne nahIM par3he haiM kintu phira bhI loga jaba rAjasthAnI kA vyavahAra karate haiM to paramparA ke anusAra usameM eka vyavasthA kA dhyAna rakhate haiN| bhASA kI vyAkaraNa saMbaMdhI vyavasthA hI use abhivyakti kA bala pradAna karatI hai| yahI bAta vaidika yuga aura usake bAda kI prAkRtoM ke saMbaMdha meM haiN| sthAnIya bhedoM ke uparAnta bhI prAkRtoM meM vyAkaraNa kI vyavasthA rahI hai| anyathA vaha apane samaya kI sAhityika bhASA chAndas va saMskRta ke sAtha-sAtha nahIM cala paatii| siddhAnta aura kAvya graMthoM kI bhASA banane ke lie vyAkaraNa kI vyavasthA prAkRta meM honA Avazyaka thii| koI bhI kavi/AcArya vyAkaraNa se rahita prAkRta bhASA kA prayoga kara vidvat samAja meM samAdRta nahIM ho sakatA thaa| prAkRta bhASA kI vyAkaraNa saMbaMdhI zuddhatA aura vyavasthA ke aneka udAharaNa/ullekha jaina Agama paramparA ke graMthoM evaM unakI vyAkhyAoM meM upalabdha haiN| prAkRta ratnAkara 0115

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jaina paramparA ke prAcIna graMtha prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiM / zramaNa paramparA ke poSaka vaidika yugIna vrAtya Adi prAcIna prAkRta kA vyavahAra karate the| unakI prAkRta sAhityika bhASA chAndas se bhinna thI / vaha zUrasenoM kI bhASA prAkRta kI paramparA meM vikasita huI thI / zramaNa paramparA ke mahApuruSa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI apane upadezoM kI bhASA jana - bolI prAkRta ko bnaayaa| mahAvIra ke upadeza do rUpoM meM saMrakSita aura saMkalita hue| gaNadhara aura AcAryo kI paramparA dvArA smaraNa dvArA mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko dvAdazAMga zruta ke rUpa meM surakSita rakhA thA, vaha kramazaH vilupta hotA gayA / ataH zeSa zrutAMza ko dakSiNa bhArata ke digambara jainAcAryo ne svatantra graMthoM kI racanA kara aura use IsA kI prathama zatAbdI meM lipibaddha kara surakSita kiyaa| digambara paramparA ke anusAra I. pU. prathama zatAbdI meM guNadharAcArya ne kasAyapAhuDa nAmaka graMtha kI racanA 180 zaurasenI prAkRta gAthAoM meM kii| digambara paramparA meM lipibaddha zruta graMthoM kI zreNI meM guNadharAcArya ko prathama zrutakAra svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| inhIM ke paravartI AcArya dharasena kI preraNA se AcArya puSpadanta evaM munizrI bhUtabali (IsA ke 73 se 87 varSa ke lagabhaga) ne SaTkhaNDAgama nAmaka graMtha kI zaurasenI prAkRta meM racanA kI aura jyeSTha zuklA paMcamI ( zrutapaMcamI) ko usakI likhita tAr3apatrIya prati kI saMgha ne pUjA kii| graMthalekhana kA yaha krama nirantara calatA rhaa| jaina AgamoM kI yaha surakSA tatkAlIna pramukha prAcIna prAkRta zaurasenI meM kI gyii| yahI zaurasenI prAkRta taba dakSiNa se uttara aura pUrva se pazcima taka saMparka bhASA prAkRta ke rUpa meM prasiddha thI / ataH digambara paramparA ke ina graMthoM meM kahIM isa prAkRta ke nAmollekha kI AvazyakatA nahIM huii| aura isa bhASA kI paramparA Age 12-13 vIM zatAbdI taka graMthalekhana meM calatI rahI / mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko surakSita rakhane kA dUsarA prayatna zvetAmbara AcAryo kI paramparA meM bhI huA / zruta evaM smaraNa kI paramparA se unhoMne mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko 11 aMga graMthoM ke rUpa meM saMkalita kiyA / phira zeSa upadezoM ko upAMga evaM mUlasUtra graMthoM meM saMkalita kiyA / aura saMpUrNa kArya hone para IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga vallabhInagara meM saMpUrNa Agama graMthoM ko prathama bAra lipibaddha bhI kara liyA gyaa| ye Agama jisa prAkRta bhASA meM saMkalita kiye gaye, use arddha 116 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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magadha kI prAkRta kahA gayA hai| zaurasenI aura mAgadhI prAkRta ke mela se nirmita yaha ardhamAgadhI prAkRta sAhitya ke lie nayI bhASA hone ke kAraNa isake nAma kA ullekha bhI ina Agama graMthoM meM kiyA gyaa| yaha ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kevala zvetAmbara paramparA ke dhArmika graMthoM kI bhASA banI rahe, isa kAraNa pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke bAda isa ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM phira anya koI graMtha nahIM likhA gyaa| kyoMki yaha viziSTa prAkRta bhASA jana-sAmAnya meM pracalita bhI nahIM thii| vaha devabhASA, ArSa bhASA bana kara raha gyii| isalie zvetAmbara paramparA ke paravartI dhArmika kathA-graMthoM aura vyAkhyA sAhitya ke lie mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prayoga kiyA gayA, jo zaurasenI prAkRta kA vikasita rUpa hai| digambara paramparA ne dhArmika kathA aura kAvya granthoM ke lie prAkRta se vikasita apabhraMza bhASA kA prayoga kiyaa| isa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bAda lagabhaga do hajAra varSoM taka jaina granthoM ke sAtha zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI, mahArASTrI Adi prAkRtoM kA sambandha banA rahA hai| ataH prAkRta jaina paramparA kI mUla bhASA hai| 140. jaina, jagadIza candra . DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya ke mUrdhanya vidvAn the| ApakA janma 20 janavarI 1909 ko u.pra. ke mujaphpharanagara jile ke baserA gAMva meM huA thaa| Apane banArasa meM zikSA prApta kii| darzanazAstra meM Apane ema.e. kiyA aura bambaI meM hindI ke prophesara rhe| Apane prAkRta, jaina Agama, kathAsAhitya Adi viSayoM para 50-60 pustakeM likhI haiN| Apa 1932-33 meM zAMtiniketana meM bhI zodhachAtra ke rUpa meM rhe| 1958-59 meM pro. jaina prAkRta zodhasaMsthAna vaizAlI meM bhI prophesara rhe| Apa hindI par3hAne ke lie pIkiMga yUnivarsiTI, cIna meM rhe| 1972-74 meM DaoN. jaina jarmanI ke kIla yUnisarviTI meM risarca prophesara ke rUpa meM kArya kiyaa| yUropa ke vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM DaoN. jaina ke vyAkhyAna hote rahate prophesara jagadIzacandra jaina kI prasiddha pustakeM haiM- prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, prAkRta aura kathA sAhitya, jaina AgamoM meM bhAratIya samAja Adi jo hindI aura aMgrejI meM prakAzita haiN| Apane syAdvAdamaMjarI kA hindI anuvAda bhI kiyA hai| prAkRta kI pustaka vasudevahiNDI para ApakA vizeSa zodhakArya rahA hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0117

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DaoN. jaina ko soviyata leNDa neharU avArDa, gavarnamenTa Apha yU. pI. avArDa, prAkRta jJAna bhAratI avArDa Adi se sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| DaoN. jaina svatantratA sainAnI bhI rahe haiN| 141. jainavidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya udayapura ke sAmAjika vijJAna evaM mAnavikI mahAvidyAlaya meM saMcAlita yaha jainavidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga 1978 se sthApita hai / a.bhA. sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha bIkAnera evaM rAjya sarakAra jayapura ke prArambhika sahayoga se vizvavidyAlaya meM sthApita isa vibhAga meM AcArya evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa DaoN. prema sumana jaina, saha AcArya DaoN. udayacanda jaina evaM saha AcArya DaoN. hukamacanda jaina kAryarata rahe haiM / vigata 31 varSoM meM vibhAga se aba taka bI. e. prAkRta ke 520, ema. e. prAkRta ke 230, ema. phila prAkRta ke 11 evaM jainavidyA meM pIca. DI. ke 55 vidyArthI saphalatApUrvaka zikSaNa prApta kara cuke haiM / prAkRta evaM jainavidyA meM pramANapatra evaM DiplomA pAThyakramoM meM bhI lagabhaga 90 vidyArthiyoM ne zikSaNa prApta kiyA hai| rAjya kA yaha pahalA vibhAga hai jahA~ para prAkRta bhASA va sAhitya tathA jainavidyA kI sabhI staroM ke zikSaNa kI vyavasthA hai| samAja meM samatA, samAnatA aura saMvedanA tathA rASTra cetanA ko vikasita karane ke lie vibhAga meM pAli, bauddhadharma evaM ahiMsA pramANa-patra pAThyakama bhI saMcAlita kiyA gayA hai / vibhAga ke prAdhyApakoM dvArA prAkRta evaM jainavidyA ke kSetra meM aba taka lagabhaga 150 zodhapatroM evaM 35 starIya pustakoM kA lekhana-prakAzana kiyA gayA hai| vibhAga ke sTaoNpha ne deza-videza kI lagabhaga 60 saMgoSThiyoM aura sammelanoM meM bhAga liyA hai| vibhAga se jina zodhArthiyoM ne ema. e. athavA pIeca. DI. upAdhiyoM prApta kI haiM ve aba vizvavidyAlaya stara para vibhinna saMsthAnoM meM zikSaNa aura zodhakArya meM saMlagna haiN| vibhAga ke sTaoNpha dvArA prAkRta bhASA ke pracAra-prasAra hetu prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya kI mahattvapUrNa pustakeM taiyAra kI haiN| vibhAga kA sTApha rASTrIya stara pramukha prAkRta zodha saMsthAnoM kI sthApanA evaM saMcAlana meM akAdamika sahayoga pradAna kara rahA hai / 118 prAkRta ratnAkara

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142. jainavidyA ke khojI vidvAn DaoN.je. je. bUlara . pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke lie jainavidyA ke adhyayana kI sAmagrI juTAne vAle pramukha vidvAn DaoN. je. je. bUlara the| unhoMne apanA adhikAMza jIvana bhAratIya hastalikhita granthoM kI khoja meM vyatIta kiyaa| 1866 I. ke lagabhaga unhoMne pA~ca sau jaina grantha bhArata se barlina pustakAlaya ke lie bheje the| jaina granthoM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para DaoN. bUlara ne 1887 I. meM jainadharma para jarmana bhASA meM eka pustaka likhI jisakA aMgrejI anuvAda 1903 I. meM laMdana se da iNDiyana sekTas oNpha da jainsa ke nAma se prakAzita huaa| isa pustaka meM DaoN. bUlara ne kahA ki jaina dharma bhArata ke bAhara anya dezoM meM bhI phailA hai tathA usakA uddezya manuSya ko saba prakAra ke bandhanoM se mukta karanA rahA hai / jainavidyA ke mahatvapUrNa khojI vidvAn albarDa vebara the| unhoMne DaoN. bUlara dvArA jarmanI ko preSita jaina granthoM kA anuzIlana kara jaina sAhitya para mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| 1882 I. meM prakAzita unakA zodhapUrNa grantha Indischen Studien ( Indian Literature) jainavidyA para vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai| 143.jaina vizva bhAratI saMsthAna jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna lADanUM mukhyataH jainavidyA kA anusaMdhAna kendra hai| yahA~ jainavidyA evaM tulanAtmaka dharma-darzana, prAkRta evaM jainAgama, ahiMsA, aNuvrata aura zAMti zodha, jIvana vijJAna, prekSAdhyAna evaM yoga aura samAja kArya jaise racanAtmaka zaikSaNika vibhAga zodha kI dizA meM gatizIla haiN| saMsthAna jahA~ binA sampradAya, jAti, pantha, dharma aura varga kA bheda kie sabako samAna prazikSaNa dene kI vyavasthA karatA hai vahAM zodhArthI ko vizeSa chAtravRtti dekara use jJAnArjana kI dizA meM protsAhita bhI karatA hai| saMsthAna kI sthApanA ke bAda aneka pratibhAsampanna chAtra chAtrAoM ko snAtaka, snAtakottara evaM pIeca.DI. kI upAdhiyoM se alaMkRta kara saMsthAna gauravAnvita huA hai| 144. joindu prAkRta-apabhraMza sAhitya meM paramAtmaprakAza ke racayitA joindu prAcIna AdhyAtmika kavi haiN| zrutasAgara ne unheM bhaTTAraka bhI kahA hai| TIkAkAra ne unheM prAkRta ratnAkara 0119

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yogIndra likhA hai| vartamAna meM inakI do racanAe~ upalabdha haiM- paramAtmaprakAza aura yogsaar|ddoN. e.ena. upAdhye ne joindu kA samaya IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI mAnA hai| 145.joisasAra-jyotiSasAra __ isa grantha ke kartA kA nAma ajJAta hai| grantha ke anta meM likhA hai ki prathama prakIrNa samAptaM isase mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha grantha adhUrA hai| isameM 287 gAthAyeM haiM, jinameM zubhAzubha tithi, graha kI sabalatA, zubha ghar3ayA~, dinazuddhi, svarajJAna, dizAzUla, zubhAzubhayoga vrata Adi grahaNa karane kA muhUrta, kSaurakarma kA samaya Adi varNita hai| 146.joIsahIra(jyotiSahIra) ___ joisahIra nAmaka prAkRta bhASA ke graMtha-kartA kA nAma jJAta nahIM huA hai| isameM 287 gAthAe~ haiN| grantha ke anta meM likhA hai ki prathama prakIrNe smaaptm| isase mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha grantha adhUrA hai| isameM zubhAzubha tithi, graha kI sabalatA, zubha ghar3iyA~, dinazuddhi, svarajJAna, dizAzUla, zubhAzubha yoga, vrata Adi grahaNa karane kA muhUrta, kSaurakarma kA muhUrta aura graha-phala Adi kA varNana hai| 147.jyotiSasAra ___ jyotiSa kA yaha graMtha Thakkara pheru dvArA pUrva zAstroM ko dekhakara 238 gAthAoM meM likhA gayA hai| vizeSakara haribhadra, naracaMdra, padmaprabhasUri, jauNa, varAha, lalla, parAzara garga Adi ke graMthoM kA avalokana kara isakI racanA kI gaI hai| isake cAra dvAra haiM / dinazuddhi nAmaka dvAra meM 42 gAthAe~ haiM jinameM vAra, tithi aura nakSatroM meM siddhiyoga kA pratipAdana hai| vyavahAradvAra meM 60 gAthAyeM haiM / inameM grahoM kI rAzi, sthiti, udaya, asta aura vakra dina kI saMkhyA kA varNana hai| gaNitadvAra meM 38 aura lagadvAra meM 18 gAthAyeM haiN| Thakkara pherU ne isa graMtha meM likhA hai ki haribhadra, naracaMdra, padyaprabhasUri, jauNa, varAha, lalla, parAzara, garga Adi graMthakAroM ke graMthoM kA avalokana karake isakI racanA (vi.saM.1372-75 ke AsapAsa) kI hai| cAra dvAroM meM vibhakta isa graMtha meM kula milAkara 238 gAthAe~ haiN| dina zuddhi nAmaka dvAra meM 42 gAthAe~ haiM, jinameM vAra, tithi aura nakSatroM meM siddhi yoga kA pratipAdana hai| vyavahAradvAra meM 60 gAthAe~ 1200 prAkRta ratnAkara

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haiM, jinameM grahoM kI rAzi, sthiti, udaya, asta aura vakra dina kI saMkhyA kA varNana hai| gaNitadvAra meM 38 gAthAe~ hai aura lagnadvAra meM 98 gAthAe~ haiN| yaha grantha ratnaparIkSAdi saptagranthasaMgraha nAmaka grantha meM rAjasthAna prAcya vidyA pratiSThAna, jodhapura se prakAzita hai| 148.joisadAra(jyotiSadvAra) joisadAra nAmaka prAkRta bhASA kI 2 patroM kI kRti pATana ke jaina bhaMDAra meM hai| isake kartA kA nAma ajJAta hai| isameM rAzi aura nakSatroM se zubhAzubha phaloM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 149.joisacakkaviyAra(jyoti cakravicAra) jaina granthAvalI (pRSTha 347) meM joisacakkaviyAra nAmaka prAkRta bhASA kI kRti kA ullekha hai| isa grantha kA parimANa 155 granthAna hai| isake kartA kA nAma vinayakuzala muni nirdiSTa hai| 150. joNipAhuDa(yoniprAbhRta) joDipAhuDa nimittazAstra kA eka mahattvapUrNa graMtha thaa| isake kartA dharasena AcArya IsI san kI prathama aura dvitIya zatAbdI kA madhya hai| ve prajJAzramaNa kahalAte the| vi. saM. 1556 meM likhI huI bRhaTippaNikA nAma kI graMthasUcI ke anusAra vIra nirvANa ke 600 varSa pazcAt dharasena ne isa graMtha kI racanA kI thii| graMtha ko kUSyamAMDinI devI se prApta kara dharasena ne puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali nAmake apane ziSyoM ke liye likhA thaa| zvetAmbara sampradAya meM bhI isa graMtha kA utanA hI Adara thA jitanA digambara sampradAya meN| dhavalATIkA ke anusAra isameM maMtra-taMtra kI zakti kA varNana hai aura isake dvArA pudgalAnubhAga jAnA jA sakatA hai| nizIthavizeSacUrNi (4.1804pR. 281) ke kathanAnusAra AcArya siddhasena ne joNipAhuDa ke AdhAra se azva banAye the, isake bala se mahiSoM ko acetana kiyA jA sakatA thA, aura dhana paidA kara sakate the| prabhAvakacarita (5.115-127) meM isa graMtha ke bala se machalI aura siMha utpanna karane kI tathA vizeSAvazyakabhASya (gAthA 1775) kI hemacandra sUrikRta TIkA meM aneka vijAtIya dravyoM ke saMyoga se sarpa, siMha Adi prANI aura maNi suvarNa Adi acetana padArtho ke paidA karane kA prAkRta ratnAkara 0121

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ullekha milatA) hai| kuvalayamAlAkAra ke kathanAnusAra joNipAhuDa meM kahI huI bAta kabhI asatya nahIM hotii| jinezvarasUri ne apane kathAkoSaprakaraNa meM bhI isa zAstra kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa graMtha meM 800 gAthAyeM haiN| kulamaNDana dvArA vikrama saMvata 1473 IsavI san 1417 meM racita vicArAmRtasaMgraha ( pRSTha 9 A ) meM yoniprAbhRta ko pUrvazruta se calA AtA huA svIkAra kiyA hai| isa grantha kI pANDulipiyoM kI khoja jArI hai| joNipAhuDa (yoniprAbhRta) nimittazAstra kA ati mahattvapUrNa graMtha hai| digaMbara AcArya dharasena ne isakI prAkRta meM racanA kI hai| ve prajJAzramaNa nAma se bhI vikhyAta the| vi. saM. 1556 meM likhI gaI evaM haTTippaNikA nAmaka graMtha sUcI ke anusAra vIra - nirvANa ke 600 varSa pazcAt dharasenAcArya ne isa graMtha kI racanA kI thI / kuSmAMDI devI dvArA upadiSTa isa padyAtmaka kRti kI racanA AcArya dharasena ne apane ziSya puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali ke liye kii| isake vidhAna se jvara, bhUta, zAkinI Adi dUra kiye jA sakate haiN| yaha samasta nimittazAstra kA udgamarUpa hai| samasta vidyAoM aura dhAtuvAda ke vidhAna kA mUlabhUta kAraNa hai| Ayurveda kA sArarUpa hai| isa kRti ko jAnanevAlA kalikAlasarvajJa aura caturvarga kA adhiSThAtA bana sakatA hai / buddhizAlI loga ise sunate haiM taba maMtra-taMtrAvAdI mithyAdRSTiyoM kA teja niSprabha ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra kRti kA prabhAva varNita hai| isameM eka jagaha ullekha hai ki prajJAzramaNa muni ne bAlataMtra saMkSepa meM kahA hai / yoniprAbhRta meM isa prakAra eka ullekha hai :aggeNipuvvaniggayapAhuDasatthassa majjhayArammi / kiMci uddesadesaM dharaseNo vajjiyaM bhaNaI // giriujjitachieNa pacchimadese suraTThagirinayare / butaM uddhariyaM dUsamakAlappayAvammi // - prathama khaNDa aTThasavIsa) sahassA gAhANaM jattha vanniyA satthe / aggeNipuvvamajjhe saMkhevaM vitthare mattuM // 122 0 prAkRta ratnAkara - caturtha khaNDa

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isa kathana se jJAta hotA hai ki agrAyaNIya pUrva kA kucha aMza lekara dharasenAcArya ne isa graMtha kA uddhAra kiyaa| isameM pahale aTThAIsa hajAra gAthAe~ thIM, unhIM ko saMkSipta karake yoniprAbhRta meM rakhA hai / 151. jyotiSkaraNDaka yaha racanA valabhI vAcanA zatAbdI se pUrva kisI pUrvadhArI prAcIna AcArya dvArA kI gaI hai| kahate haiM ki AcArya pAdalipta ne isa para TIkA likhI thii| isa graMtha meM jaina jyotiSa aura gaNita kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai jo IsavIM san ke AraMbha ke pUrva kI avasthA kA dyotaka hai| isakA pramukha kAraNa hai ki yahA~ bAraha rAziyoM aura sAta vAroM kA ullekha nahIM, tathA isameM budha zukra Adi grahoM kA bhI vivaraNa nahIM milatA / 152. jyotiSasAra (hIrakalaza) jyotiSasAra (joisahIra) nAmaka grantha kI racanA kharataragacchIya upAdhyAya devatilaka ke ziSya muni hIrakalaza ne vi. saM. 1621 meM prAkRta meM kI hai| isameM do prakaraNa haiM / isa grantha kI hastalikhita prati bambaI ke mANakacandrajI bhaNDAra meM hai / muni hIrakalaza ne rAjasthAnI bhASA meM jyotiSahIra yA hIrakalaza graMtha kI racanA 900 dohoM meM kI hai, jo zrI sArAbhAI navAba (ahamadAbAda) ne prakAzita kiyA hai / isa rAjasthAnI graMtha meM jo viSaya nirUpita hai vahI isa prAkRta graMtha meM bhI nibaddha hai|pN. ambAlAla zAha ne jaina sAhitya ke bRhat itihAsa bhAga 5 meM isakA paricaya diyA hai / 153. TIkA sAhitya dArzanika dRSTi se Agama sAhitya ko aura adhika vistAra se samajhAne hetu prAcIna manISI AcAryo dvArA jisa sAhitya kI racanA kI gaI, vaha TIkA sAhitya ke nAma prasiddha huA / TIkAe~ saMskRta meM likhI gaI haiM / kahIM kahIM tathA vizeSataH kathAnakoM meM prAkRta kA Azraya liyA gayA hai / TIkAoM kI racanAoM kA krama tIsarI zatAbdI se hI prArambha ho gayA thaa| vartamAna meM jo TIkAgraMtha prApta haiM, unameM AcArya haribhadrasUri (AThavIM zatAbdI) ke graMthoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| unakI Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, naMdI evaM anuyogaddhAra para TIkAe~ upalabdha haiN| unhoMne prAkRta ratnAkara 123

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sthAnAMga, samAvAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazAMga, aMtakRdRzA, anuttaraupapAtikasUtra Adi AgamoM para TIkAe~ likhI haiN| prAkRta Agama granthoM para dhavalATIkA, sukhabodhA TIkA Adi grantha prasiddha haiN| 154. Thakkarapheru kannApura mahendragar3ha vAsI zrIcandra ke putra zrImAlavaMzIya Thakkarapheru ne saMvat 1372 IsavI san 1290 se 1318 ke bIca nimnalikhita sAta graMthoM kI racanA kIH (1)yugapradhAna catuSpadI (2) gaNitasAra (3)vAstusAra (4) jyotiSasAra (5) ratnaparIkSA (6) dravyaparIkSA (7) dhAtutpatti / Thakkarapheru jinendra ke bhakta the aura dillI ke bAdazAha alAuddIna ke khajAMcI the| suramiti agastya aura buddhabhaTTa ke dvArA likhita ratnaparIkSA ko dekhakara unhoMne apane putra hemapAla ke liye graMtha kI racanA kI thii| 155 ThANaM.sthAnAMgasUtra __ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke aMga granthoM meM sthAnAMga kA tIsarA sthAna hai| prastuta grantha meM 10 adhyayana haiM / isa Agama meM viSaya ko pradhAnatA na dekara saMkhyA ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| pratyeka adhyayana meM adhyayana kI saMkhyAnukrama ke AdhAra para jaina siddhAntAnusAra vastu-saMkhyAe~ ginAte hue unakA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 156.NaravikkamacariyaM isameM narasiMha nRpa ke putra rAjakumAra naravikrama, usakI patnI zIlavatI aura una donoM ke do putroM ke vipattimaya jIvana kA varNana hai jo eka apriya ghaTanA ke kAraNa rAjya chor3akara cale gaye the aura aneka sAhasika ghaTanAoM ke bAda punaH mila gaye the| yaha kathA pUrvakarma-phala-parIkSA ke uddezya se kahI gaI hai| 157.NANapaMcamIkathA kArtika zukla paMcamI ko jJAnapaMcamI aura saubhAgyapaMcamI nAma se bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa dina grantha ko paTTe para rakhakara pUjA, samArjana, lekhana Adi karanA cAhiye aura 'namo nANassa' kA 1000 jApa karanA caahiye| isake mAhAtmya ko prakaTa karane ke lie jJAnapaMcamIkathA, zrutapaMcamIkathA, kArtikazuklapaMcamIkathA, saubhAgyapaMcamIkathA yA paMcamIkathA, varadattaguNamaMjarIkathA tathA bhaviSyadattacarita nAma se anekoM kathAgrantha likhe gaye haiN| 1240 prAkRta ratnAkara

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inameM sabase prAcIna nANapaMcamIkahAo nAmaka grantha hai jisameM dasa kathAe~ saMkalita kI gaI haiM, ve haiM : jayaseNakahA, nandakahA, bhaddAkahA, vIrakahA, kamalAkahA, guNANurAgakahA, vimalakahA, dharaNakahA, devIkahA aura bhvissyttkhaa| samasta racanA meM 2804 gAthAe~ haiN| isakI bhavissayattakahA ke kathA bIja ko lekara dhanapAla ne apabhraMza meM bhavissayattakahA yA sUyapaMcamIkahA nAmaka mahattvapUrNa kAvya likhA hai, aura usakA saMskRta rUpAntara meghavijayagaNi ne bhaviSyadattacaritra nAma se prastuta kiyA hai| isake racayitA sajjana upAdhyAya ke ziSya mahezvarasUri haiN| isa kRti kI sabase purAnI tAr3apatrIya prati vi. saM. 1109 kI pATana ke saMghavI bhaNDAra se milI hai| isase anumAna hai ki yaha isase pUrva kI racanA hai| jJAnapaMcamIkathA jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta kA eka sundara kathAgraMtha hai jisake kartA mahezvarasUri haiN| inakA samaya IsavI san 1052 se pUrva hI mAnA jAtA hai| mahezvarasUri eka pratibhAzAlI kavi the jo saMskRta aura prAkRta ke paNDita the| isakI kathA kI varNanazailI sarala aura bhAvayukta hai| unakA kathana hai ki alpa buddhivAle loga saMskRta kavitA ko nahIM samajhate isalie sarvasulabha prAkRta kAvya kI racanA kI jAtI hai| gUDhArtha aura dezI zabdoM se rahita tathA sulalita padoM se grathita aura ramya prAkRta kAvya kisake mana ko Ananda pradAna nahIM karatA ? grantha kI bhASA para ardhamAgadhI aura kahIM apabhraMza kA prabhAva hai, gAthAchaMda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| dvIpa, nagarI Adi kA varNana AlaMkArika aura zleSAtmaka bhASA meM hai| jahA~-tahA~ vividha subhASita aura saduktiyoM ke prayoga dikhAI dete haiN| isa kRti meM dasa kathAyeM haiM jo lagabhaga 2,000 gAthAoM meM guMphita haiN| pahalI kathA jayaseNakahA aura antima kathA bhavissayattakahA hai, ye donoM anya kathAoM kI apekSA laMbI haiN| pratyeka kathA meM jJAnapaMcamI vrata kA mAhAtmaya batAyA gayA hai| jJAnaprApti ke eka mAtra sAdhana pustakoM kI rakSA ko prAcIna kAla meM atyanta mahattva diyA jAtA thaa| isaliye jaina AcAryoM ne kArtika zukla paMcamI ko prAkRta ratnAkara 0 125

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jJAnapaMcamI ghoSita kara isa zubha divasa para zAstroM ke pUjana, arcana, samArjana, lekhana aura likhApana Adi kA vidhAna kiyA hai| siddharAja, kumArapAla Adi rAjA tathA vastupAla aura tejapAla Adi maMtriyoM ne isa prakAra ke jJAnabhaMDAroM kI sthApanA kara puNyArjana kiyA thaa| pATaNa, jaisalamera, khaMbhAta, liMbaDI, jayapura, IDara Adi sthAnoM meM jaina bhaMDAra sthApita kiye gaye the| yahA~ aneka kahAvateM bhI dI gaI haiM - marai guDeNaM ciyatassa visaM dijae kiMva ( jysennkhaa)| - jo gur3a dene se mara sakatA hai use viSa dene kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? nahu pahi pakkAborI chuTTai loyANA jaakhjaa|(jysennkhaa) - yadi rAste meM pake hue bera dikhAI deM to unheM kauna nahIM khAyegA ? hatthaThiyaM kaMkaNayaMko bhaNajoeha Arisae? - hAtha kaMgana ko ArasI kyA ? - jise sampatti kA garva nahIM chUtA, usake sambandha meM kahA hai - vihaveNajona bhullaijo na viyAraM karei taarunne| so devANa vipujo kimaMga puNa maNuyoyassa // (naMdakahA) - jo saMpatti pAkara bhI apane Apako nahIM bhUlatA aura jise javanI meM vikAra nahIM hotA, vaha manuSyoM dvArA hI nahIM, devatAoM dvArA bhI pUjyanIya hai| 158. NAyAdhammakahAo(jJAtAdharmakathA) __ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke aMga granthoM meM jJAtAdharmakathA kA chaThA sthAna hai| yaha Agama do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta hai| vastutaH jJAtAdharmakathA meM vibhinna jJAta arthAt udAharaNoM tathA dharmakathAoM ke mAdhyama se jaina dharma ke tattva-darzana ko samajhAyA gayA hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM jJAtakathAe~ evaM dvitIya zrutaskandha meM dharmakathAe~ haiN| prathama zrutaskandha 19 adhyayana haiM, jinameM nyAya, nIti Adi ke sAmAnya niyamoM ko dRSTAntoM dvArA samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| isa zrutaskandha meM varNita kathAe~ laukika, aitihAsika evaM kAlpanika sabhI prakAra kI 126 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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hai| rohiNIjJAta vizuddha laukika kathA hai, jisameM sasura apanI cAra bahuoM kI parIkSA lekara sabase buddhimAna bahU ko kuTumba kA mukhiyA niyukta karatA hai| meghakumAra, draupadI, mallI Adi ke kathAnaka mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika tathyoM ko lie hue haiN| tumbA, kumme, mayUrI ke aMDe, naMdIphala Adi kathAe~ rUpaka zailI meM haiM, jinake dvArA bhavya jIvoM ko pratibodha diyA gayA hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha meM 10 adhyayana haiN| inameM prAyaH svarga ke indroM jaise -camarendra, asurendra, candra, sUrya, IjonAdi kI agramahiSiyoM ke rUpa meM utpanna hone vAlI puNyazAlI striyoM kI kathAe~ haiM / ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se saMyama sAdhanA kI zreSThatA kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prastuta grantha meM tatkAlIna samAja evaM saMskRti kA sundara citraNa huA 159.NAyakumAracariu apabhraMza meM nAgakumAra ke carita se saMbaMdhita sabase prasiddha kAvya puSpadaMta kA nAgakumAracarita athavA NAyakumAracariu hai| kavi ne zrutapaMcamI vrata kA mahattva samajhAne ke lie yaha kathA kahI hai| jayandhara magadha ke kanakapura kA rAjA thaa| usakI rAnI vizAlanetrA se zrIdhara nAma kA putra huaa| eka vyApArI saurASTra ke girinagara kI rAjakumArI kA citra lekara aayaa| rAjA usa para mugdha ho gyaa| maMtrI ko bhejakara usane lar3akI ko bulavAkara usase vivAha kara liyaa| nayI rAnI kA nAma pRthvIdevI thaa| rAjA rAniyoM ke sAtha jalakrIr3A ke lie gyaa| rAste meM sauta kI sAja sajjA dekhakara naI rAnI ko burA lgaa| vaha jinamandira calI aaii|stuti ke pazcAt muni kA upadeza sunane lgii| muni ne usake yazasvI putra hone kI bhaviSyavANI kii| itane meM rAjA khojatA huA vahA~ aayaa| usane putra kI bAta use bhI batA dii| donoM pUjA karake ghara cale gye| kucha dina pazcAt usane sapane dekhe| samaya para unake ghara putra ne janma liyaa| rAjA ne putrajanmotsava khUba dhUma-dhAma se mnaayaa| eka bAra vaha kumAra ko lekara mandira gayA, parantu kivAr3a nahIM khule, lekina bAlaka ke aMgUThe se chUte hI khula gye| eka bAra baccA vApI meM gira gyaa| prAkRta ratnAkara 0127

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usakI mAM bhI usameM kUda pdd'ii| nIce eka nAga ne unheM bacA liyaa| bAda meM usa nAga ne bacce ko goda meM le liyaa| isase usakA nAma nAgakumAra par3a gyaa| yaha nAgakumAracarita kRti nau sandhiyoM meM pUNa huI hai| kRti meM zrutapaMcamI ke mahattva ko batAte hue magadha ke rAjA jayandhara ke putra kI kathA hai| cU~ki jayandhara ke putra ko nAgoM ne pAlA thA isI kAraNa usakA nAma nAgakumAra par3A thaa| dhArmika vAtAvaraNa se yukta isa kRti ko premakathA kahA jA sakatA hai, jisameM nAyaka ke aneka vivAhoM tathA prema ke varNana haiM / rAjA jayandhara tathA pRthvI devI ke pariNaya kI kathA eka saMkSipta prema kathA hai| isameM citra dekhakara rAjA kI Asakti, pRthvI devI kA nakhazikha varNana, vivAha, udyAna meM krIr3A, sapatnI-IrSyA ityAdi prasaMgoM ke varNana haiN| isI prakAra nAgakumAra kA manohArI kinnarI se vivAha, jalakrIr3A (saMdhi 3,6-8) ke prasaMga premakathAtmaka haiM / niHsandeha kRti kI AtmA premapradhAna kAvyAtmaka hai| yaha jarUra hai ki kavi ne use dhArmika vAtAvaraNa se Dhakane kA prayAsa avazya kiyA hai| DaoN. devendra kumAra jaina ise romANTika kathA kAvya mAnate 160. tattvasAra dharmapravartana aura bhavyajanoM ke bodha ke lie isa tattvasAra grantha kI racanA kI gaI hai| sakalakIrti kI isa grantha para TIkA hai| isameM 74 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM tattva ke sAra kA prarUpaNa hai| dhyAna se mokSa kI siddhi batAI hai caraNarahiomaNusso jaha baMdhai merusihrmaaruhiuN| taha jhANeNa vihINo icchai kmmkkhyNsaahuu|| jaise binA pA~va kA koI manuSya meru ke zikhara para car3hanA cAhe, usI prakAra dhyAnavihIna sAdhukarmoM ke kSaya kI icchA karatA hai| AtmadhyAna kI mukhyatayA kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA hai lahaiNa bhavvo mokkhaMjAvai paradavvavAvaDo citto| uggatavaM pikuNaMto suddhe bhaavelhuNlhi|| 128 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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jaba taka para dravya meM citta lagA huA hai taba taka bhavya puruSa mokSa prApta nahIM ka ratA / ugra tapa karatA huA vaha zIghra hI zuddha bhAva ko prApta hotA hai| graMtha ke anta meM apanA paricaya dete hue graMthakAra ne likhA hai soUNa taccasAraM raiyaM muNiNAha devsennenn| jo sadiThI bhAvai so pAvai sAsayaM sokhN|| muninAtha devasena ne zravaNakara tattvasAra kI racanA kI hai| jo samyagdRSTi usakI bhAvanA karatA hai vaha zAsvata sukha pAtA hai| 161. taraMgavaikahA (taraMgavatIkathA) suprasiddha pAdaliptasUri sabase pahale jaina vidvAna haiM jinhoMne taraMgavatI nAma kA svataMtrA kathAgraMtha likhakara prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM eka naI paraMparA ko janma diyaa| yaha kathA prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI sabase prAcIna kathA mAnI jAtI hai jo kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| taraMgavaikAra ke rUpa meM isake kartA kA ullekha anuyogadvArasUtra 130 meM milatA hai / nizIthavizeSacUrNI meM lokottara dharmakathAoM meM taraMgavatI ke sAtha malayavatI aura magadhasenA ke nAma ullikhita haiN| dazavaikAlika cUrNI (3, pRSTha 109) aura jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ke vizeSAvazyaka bhASya (gAthA 1508) meM bhI taraMgavatI kA ullekha milatA hai| pAdalipta sAtavAhanavaMzI rAjA hAla kI vidvatsabhA ke eka supratiSThita kavi mAne jAte the| jaise guNADhya ne paizAcI meM bRhatkathA kI racanA kI, vaise hI pAdalipta (pAlita athavA zrIpAlita) ne prAkRta meM taraMgavatI nAma kI eka adbhuta kathA likhii| uddyotanasUri kI kuvalayamAlA (IsavI san kI AThavIM zatAbdI) meM sAtavAhana ke sAtha pAdalipta kA ullekha hai, pAdalipta kI taraMgavatI kathA kA bhI yahA~ nAma milatA hai| prabhAvakacarita meM pAdaliptasUri para eka prabaMdha hai jisake anusAra ye kavi kauzala ke nivAsI the, inake pitA kA nAma phulla aura mAtA kA pratimA thaa| bAlya avasthA meM jaina dIkSA grahaNa kara inhoMne mathurA pATalIputra, lATa, saurASTra, zatrujaya Adi sthAnoM meM bhramaNa kiyA thaa| rAjazekhara ke prabaMdhakoza meM bhI pAdalipta kI carcA hai| kavi dhanapAla ne apanI tilakamaMjarI (IsavI san kI dasavIM zatAbdI) meM taraMgavatI kI upamA prasanna aura gaMbhIra padavAlI punIta gaMgA se prAkRta ratnAkara 0 129

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dI hai| lakSmaNagaNi (IsavI san 1145) ne apane supAsanAhacariyaM meM bhI isa kathA kI prazaMsA kI hai| durbhAgya se prAcIna kAla se yaha adbhuta aura suMdara kRti naSTa ho gaI hai| prophesara laoNyamAna ne isa kA samaya IsavI san kI dUsarI tIsarI zatAbdI svIkAra kiyA hai| 162. taraMgalolA (saMkSipta taraMgavatI) taraMgavaikahA kA saMkSiptarUpa taraMgalolA ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai jo taraMgavaikahA ke lagabhaga 1000 varSa pazcAt taiyAra kiyA gyaa| isake kartA hAiyapurIya gacchIya vIrabhadra AcArya ke ziSya nemicandragaNi haiM jinhoMne jasa (athavA yaza sena) nAmaka apane ziSya ke liye 1642 gAthAoM meM isa graMtha ko saMkSepa meM likhaa| granthakAra ke anusAra pAdaliptasUri ne taraMgavaikahA kI racanA dezI vacanoM meM kI thii| yaha kathA vicitra aura vistRta thI, kahIM para isameM sundara kulaka the, kahIM gahana yugala aura kahIM durgama SaTka / isa kathA ko na koI kahatA thA, sunatA thA, na pUchatA hI thaa| durbodha hone ke kAraNa yaha viddhAna ke hI yogya thI, sAdhAraNa jana isase lAbha nahIM uThA sakate the| pAdalipta ne dezIpadoM meM jo gAthAyeM likhI, unheM yahA~ saMkSipta karake likhA gayA jisase ki isa kRti kA sarvathA uccheda na ho jaaye| dhanapAla nAmaka seTha apanI seThAnI somA ke sAtha rAjagraha nagara meM rahatA thaa| usake ghara ke pAsa kI eka vasati meM kumArabrahmacAriNI suvratA nAma kI gaNinI apane ziSya-parivAra ke sAtha ThaharI huI thii| eka bAra suvratA kI ziSyA taraMgavatI anya sAdhvI ko sAtha lekara bhikSA ke liye seThAnI ke ghara aaii| seThAnI taraMgavatI ke saundarya ko dekhakara bar3I mugdha huii| usane taraMgavatI se dharmakathA sunAne kA anurodha kiyaa| dharmakathA zravaNa karane ke pazcAt usakA jIvana evaM vRtAMta sunane kI icchA prakaTa kii| taraMgavatI kA jIvanacarita sunakara seThAnI ne zrAvikA ke bAraha vrata svIkAra kiye| taraMgavatI bhikSA grahaNa kara apane upAzraya meM lauTa gii| taraMgavatI ne kevala jJAna prApta kara siddhi pAI, padmadeva bhI siddha ho gye| yahA~ prasaMgavaza aneka mahattvapUrNa bAtoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai:- magadhadeza kathA vArtA ke lie prasiddha thA (gAthA 14) / gaNinI ke kezaloMca kA ullekha AtA hai 1300 prAkRta ratnAkara

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(32, 1551) / mahilAratna, nadI aura sAdhu ke saMbaMdha meM kahA gayA hai ki unakA mUla khojane kI AvazyakatA nahIM, ve loga pavitra hI mAne jAte haiN| taraMgavatI kathA kA saMkSipta sAra taraMgalolA meM 1642 gAthAoM meM taraMgavatI ke Adarza prema evaM tyAga kI kathA varNita hai| samasta kathA uttama-puruSa meM varNita hai| taraMgavatI kA rAjagRha meM AryikA ke rUpa meM Agamana hotA hai| vahA~ AtmakathA ke rUpa meM vaha apanI kathA kahatI hai| haMsa-mithuna ko dekhakara prema jAgRta hone para vaha priya kI talAza meM saMlagna hotI hai tathA iSTa prApti para vivAha karatI hai| anta meM taraMgavatI ke vairAgya evaM dIkSA kA varNana hai / yaha kathA zRMgAra rasa se prAraMbha hokara karuNa rasa meM ota-prota hotI huI, aMta meM zAMta rasa kI ora mur3a jAtI hai| AcArya ne nAyikA ke vAsanAtmaka prema kA udAttIkaraNa karate hue Atmazodhana kI prakriyA dvArA rAga ko virAga meM parivartita kiyA hai| nAyikA taraMgavatI jaisI premikA bhI munirAja ke darzana se prerita hokara bhoga-vilAsoM se mukta hokara suvratA sAdhvI bana jAtI hai| zRMgAra, karuNA evaM zAMta rasa se ota-prota yaha kathA-grantha pAtroM ke Antarika evaM bAhya antardvandvoM kA mArmika citraNa prastuta karatA hai| zIla-nirUpaNa kI dRSTi se nAyaka evaM nAyikA donoM kA caritra vikasita hai| vastutaH yaha eka dhArmika upanyAsa hai| 163. tiloyapaNNatti : (yativRSabha) __ zaurasenI prAkRta ke samartha AcAryoM meM yativRSabha kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| zaurasenI prAkRta ke prathama grantha kasAyapAhuDa para cUrNisUtroM kI racanA karane vAle yativRSabha haiM inakA dUsarA grantha tiloyapaNNati hai| isa grantha meM jaina bhUgola aura jaina saMgha ke itihAsa kA vistRta vivaraNa hai| ataH isameM kaI gAthAe~ prakSipta bhI svIkAra kI gaI haiN| yativRSabha ke samaya-nirdhAraNa meM vidvAnoM ne paryApta prayatna kiyA hai| unake anusAra yativRSabha ko samaya I. san 176 ke Asa-pAsa siddha hotA hai| AcArya kundakunda ke bAda inakA samaya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yativRSabha kI aba taka do racanAe~ hI prApta haiN| unake AdhAra para inheM jaina Agama granthoM kA parama jJAtA mAnA jAtA hai| sAtavIM zatAbdI aura bAda ke vidvAnoM ne inako AdarapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA hai| inake guruoM meM AryamaMkSu aura nAgahista kI gaNanA hotI hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0131

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trilokaprajJapti zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA meM racita karaNAnuyoga kA prAcInatama grantha hai| dhavalA TIkA meM isa grantha ke aneka udAharaNa uddhRta hue haiN| yaha grantha 8,000 zlokapramANa hai| grantha ke anta meM batAyA gayA hai - aThusahassapramANaM tiloyapaNNatiNAmAe arthAt ATha hajAra zloka pramANa isa grantha kI racanA kI gaI hai| isake kartA kaSAyaprAbhRta para cUrNisUtra ke racayitA AcArya yati vRSabha haiN| isa grantha meM dRSTivAda, mUlAcAra, parikarma, lokavibhAga Adi prAcIna granthoM ke ullekha milate haiN| isa grantha meM triloka kI racanA ke sambandha meM mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI milatI hai| tInoM loka ke svarUpa, AkAra, prakAra, vistAra, kSetraphala aura yuga-parivartana Adi viSayoM kA vistAra se vivecana huA hai| yaha grantha 1 adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai| 1.sAmAnyaloka 2. narakaloka 3.bhavanavAsIloka 4. manuSyaloka 5.tiryakloka 6.vyantaraloka 7. jyotirloka 8. devaloka 9.siddhlok| ___ ina adhikAroM meM mukhyarUpa se jaina bhUgola evaM khagola kA vistAra se pratipAdana huA hai| dRSTivAda ke AdhAra para triloka kI moTAI, caur3AI evaM U~cAI kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| narakaloka, bhavanavAsI devoM ke svarUpa, jambUdvIpa, bharatakSetra, lavaNasamudra, tIrthakaroM ke janmasthala, vyantaradevoM, jyotiSIdevoM evaM vaimAnikadevoM kI sthiti, sthAna, parivAra, sukhabhoga evaM siddhoM ke kSetra, saMkhyA, avagAhanA Adi kA vistAra se vivecana prastuta huA hai| isa grantha kA viSaya sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dhavalA, jayadhavalA Adi granthoM se milatA-julatA hai| prasaMgAnusAra jaina siddhAnta, purANa evaM itihAsa ke vibhinna tathyoM para bhI carcA kI gaI hai| prAcIna gaNita ke adhyayana ke lie bhI yaha grantha upayogI hai| grantha meM ATha hajAra gAthAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai parantu pUrva prakAzita jIvarAja granthamAlA ke saMskaraNa meM pA~ca hajAra cha: sau sattara gAthAoM kI sUcanA hI dI gaI haiM, usameM 5666 gAthAe~ hI mudrita haiN| isameM padya ke atirikta sabhI adhikAroM meM gadya kA bhI prayoga huA hai| gadya aura padya donoM hI zaurasenI prAkRta 1320 prAkRta ratnAkara

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kA pratinidhitva karate hai / AryikA vizuddhamati mAtAjI ne dakSiNa kI kannar3a prati evaM anya pratiyoM ke AdhAra para isa grantha ko 6882 gAthAoM se yukta kiyA hai| unhoMne gadya ke akSaroM kI gAthA saMkhyA 1107 dI hai| isameM Adhunika gaNita prakaraNa evaM vividha saMketa citra bhI diye gaye haiM, jisase isake viSaya kA ucita sammAna huA hai| tiloyapaNNati meM tIna loka ke svarUpa, AkAra, prakAra, vistAra kSetraphala aura yugaparivartana Adi viSayoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| prasaMgavaza jaina siddhAnta, purANa aura bhAratIya itihAsa viSayaka sAmagrI bhI nirUpita hai| yaha grantha nau mahAdhikAroM meM vibhakta hai / ina nau mahAdhikAroM ke atirikta avAntara adhikAroM kI saMkhyA 180 hai / dvitIyAdi mahAdhikAroM ke avAntara adhikAMza kramazaH 15, 24, 16, 16, 17, 17, 21, 5 aura 49 hai| caturtha mahAdhikAra ke jambUdvIpa, dhAtakIkhaNDadvIpa aura puSkaradvIpa nAma ke avAntara adhikAroM meM se pratyeka ke solaha- solaha antara adhikAra hai| isa prakAra isa grantha ke madhya meM skkUi, daNDa, dhanuSa Adi pAribhASika zabdoM kA bhI yathAprasaMga ullekha hai| bIcasUkti-gAthAe~ bhI prApta hotI haiN| 164. trilokasAra isa mahatvapUrNa graMtha meM 1018 gAthAe~ haiN| isake lekhaka AcArya nemicandra haiN| yaha karaNAnuyoga kA prasiddha graMtha hai| isakA AdhAra trilokaprajJapti graMtha hai| isameM sAmAnya loka, bhavana, vyantara, jyotiSa, vaimAnika aura nara tiryak loka ye adhikAra haiN| jambUdvIpa, lavaNasamudra mAnuSa kSetra bhavanavAsiyoM ke rahane ke sthAna, AvAsa bhavana, Ayu kA vistRta Adi kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai / graha, nakSatra, prakIrNaka, tArA evaM sUrya-candra ke Ayu vimAna gati parivAra Adi kA bhI sAMgopAMga varNana pAyA jAtA hai / triloka kI racanA ke saMbaMdha meM sabhI prakAra kI jAnakArI isa graMtha se prApta kI jA sakatI hai / 165. dazarUpaka dazarUpaka ke karttA dhanaMjaya mAlavA ke paramAravaMza ke rAjA muMja ke rAja kavi the| inakA samaya 10vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| bharata ke nATyazAstra para AdhArita yaha alaMkArazAstra kArikAoM meM racA gayA hai| isa grantha meM prAkRta ke 26 padya prAkRta ratnAkara 133

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uddhRta haiN| ye padya gAthAsaptazatI, karpUramaMjarI, ratnAvalI Adi se liye gaye haiN| isa grantha para dhanaMjaya ke laghubhrAtA dhanika ne avaloka nAmaka vRtti likhI hai / 166. dazavaikAlika (dasaveyAliyaM ) ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke mUla AgamoM meM dazavaikAlika kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isa sUtra kI racanA AcArya zarayyaMbhavasUri dvArA apane navadIkSita alpa Ayu vAle ziSyoM ke lie kI gaI thI / zramaNa jIvana ke lie anivArya AcAra se sambandhita niyamoM kA isa grantha meM sundara saMyojana kiyA gayA hai| isakA uddezya mumukSu sAdhakoM ko alpa samaya meM hI Avazyaka jJAna pradAna kara unheM AtmakalyANa ke mArga kI sAdhanA ke patha para Age bar3hAnA hai / dazavaikAlika meM dasa adhyayana haiM, jinameM zramaNa jIvana ke AcAra- gocara sambandhI niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| prathama adhyayana drumapuSpikA meM ahiMsA, tapa evaM saMyama yukta dharma ko utkRSTa maMgala rUpa mAnA hai - dhammo maMgalamukkiThThe ahiMsA saMjamo tava / dvitIya zrAmaNya adhyayana meM rathanemi evaM rAjImatI ke saMvAda ke mAdhyama se kAmanA ke nivAraNa ke upAya batAye gaye haiN| tRtIya adhyayana kSullakAcAra meM yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki jisakI dharma meM dhRti nahIM hotI hai, vaha AcAra evaM anAcAra meM bheda nahIM kara sakatA hai| isameM 52 anAcAroM kA ullekha huA hai| caturtha adhyayana meM SaTjIvanikAya kA varNana tathA unakI rakSA ke lie pA~ca mahAvratoM ke pAlana evaM rAtri bhojana ke niSedha para cintana kiyA gayA hai| pA~caveM piNDaiSaNA adhyayana meM sAdhu ke lie bhojana Adi ke grahaNa evaM paribhoga kI eSaNA kA sundara varNana hai chaTheM adhyayana mahAcAra meM anAcAra ke vividha pahaluoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai, isameM parigraha kI sImAoM kA bhI vivecana hai| sAtaveM vAkya zuddhi adhyayana meM bhASA doSa ko tyAgane tathA hita-mita aura pathya bhASA bolane kI zikSA dI gaI hai| AThaveM adhyayana AcArapraNidhi meM zramaNa ko indriyanigraha kara mana ko ekAgra karane kA saMdeza diyA gayA hai| krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina cAroM kaSAya ke nigraha kA yaha saMdeza dRSTavya hai - - usame haNe kohaM, mANaM maDhavayA jiNe / mAyaM cajjavabhAveNa, lobhaM saMtosao jiNe // (gA. 8.39 ) 134 D prAkRta ratnAkara

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arthAt - krodha ko kSamA se, mAna ko mArdava bhAva se jiite| mAyA ko sarala bhAva se aura lobha ko saMtoSa se jiite| naveM adhyayana vinaya samAdhi meM vinaya kI vividha dhArAoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| dasaveM sabhikSu adhyayana meM saMvega, nirveda, viveka, ArAdhanA, jJAna, tapa Adi bhikSu ke lakSaNa batAye haiM / 167. daMsaNasattari - ( samattasattari ) samattasattari samayaktva saptati-graMtha kA dUsarA nAma daMsaNa-sattari bhI hai| yaha racanA haribhadrasUrikRta AThavIM zatI kI hai| isameM 70 gAthAoM meM samyaktva kA svarUpa batalAyA gayA hai| aSTa prabhAvakoM meM vajrasvAmI, mallavAdi bhadrabAhu, viSNukumAra, AryakhapuTa, pAdalipta aura siddhasena kA carita varNita hai| isa para saMghatilaka sUrikRta caudahavI zatI kI vRtti bhI upalabdha haiN| 168. diNasuddhi isake kartA ratnazekharasUri haiN| isameM 144 gAthAoM meM ravi, soma, maMgala, budha, guru, zukra aura zani kI zuddhi kA varNana karate hue tithi lagna, prahara, dizA aura nakSatra kI zuddhi batAI hai| 169. divyadhvani aura ardhamAgadhI jaina - paramparA ke anusAra divyadhvani kA grathana ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM kiyA gyaa| yaha bhI mAnyatA rahI hai ki usake prasAra karane kA dAyitva mAgadha jAti ke devoM kA thA, jinakI devI vyavasthA ke kAraNa samavasaraNa meM upasthita sabhI prakAra zrotA - prANI tIrthaMkara vANI ko samajha lete the / tIrthaMkara kI dhvani to divya athavA nirIkSarI mAnI gaI hai, kintu mAgadhIdeva, usake prasAra kI aisI vyavasthA karate the ki hara prANI manuSya, deva yA pazu-pakSI apanI bhASA meM use samajha sakeM / usa divyadhvani kI dhvani kA jaba grathana kiyA gayA to usameM usa samaya kI sarvatra pracalita boliyoM tathA bhASAoM kA mizraNa thaa| cU~ki magadha kSetra meM unakI divyadhvani kA grathana mAgadha devoM ne kiyA, ataH unakI usa vimizrita bhASA kA nAma bhI ardhamAgadhI par3A / vastutaH daivI bhASA thI / vaha vartamAna meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI na thI / vartamAna meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI to mAgadhI kA prayoga na to bhAsa, azvaghosa yA kAlidAsa jaise saMskRta ke prAcya nATakakAroM ne kiyA aura na prAkRta ratnAkara 0135

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prAcya zilAlekhoM meM unakI pravRttiyA~ pAI gaI / vartamAna meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI to mAgadhI, avantI, prAcyA evaM zaurasenI kI mizrita bhASA hai| tathA zaurasenI kI sannikaTavartI mAgadhI ke rUpoM vAlI ardhamAgadhI hai, jo tIrthaMkaroM kI ukta ardhamAgadhI se bhinna hai| 5vIM sadI ke pUrva vartamAna ardhamAgadhI kA astittva milatA hI nhiiN| na vaha loka-bhASA rahI aura na sAhitya -bhaassaa| 170.divyadhvani evaM kapyUTara Adhunika kucha vaijJAnikoM ne jijJAsAvaza divyadhvani evaM kamyUTara-vijJAna kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA hai aura isa adhyayana ke niSkarSa paryApta utsAhavardhaka siddha ho rahe haiN| usase ukta divyadhvani kI mAnyatA ke viSaya meM bhrama kA andhakAra dUra hone lagA hai| vaijJAnika ne divyadhvani ko kamyUTarIkRta dhvani yA bhASA ke samAna hI vaijJAnika siddha kiyA hai| isa viSaya meM kampyUTara-vijJAna ke vizeSajJa DaoN.vRSabhaprasAda jaina ke zodha evaM cintana kA saMkSipta niSkarSa hai ki 1-jisa prakAra samucita dIkSita evaM prazikSita gaNadhara ke binA tIrthaMkara kI divyadhvani nahIM khiratI aura gaNadhara mahArAja jaba dvibhASie kA kArya karate haiM, tabhI use akSara-bhASA kA rUpa prApta hotA hai| ThIka vaise hI saMgaNaka ke anuprayogoM ko sampAdita karane ke lie hameM samucita dIkSita prAkkalanakartA kI aparihArya rUpa se AvazyakatA hotI hai aura vaha samucita prAkkalanakartA sAmAnya prayoktAoM kI AvazyakatAoM ke sampAdanArtha mAdhyama kA kArya karatA hai| 2-jisa prakAra divyadhvani akSara aura anakSara abhayarUpa hotI hai| (akkhArANakcakharappiyA-kasAyapAhuDa 1/1/596/129/62/2)ThIka usI prakAra kampyUTara kI bhASA ko vikasita karane ke lie isake svarUpa ko bhI akSarAtmaka tathA anakSarAtmaka mAnA gayA hai| 3-jisa prakAra divyadhvani kA prakaTanA viziSTa samaya va avasthAdi meM hotA hai, usI prakAra saMgaNaka ke samucita prayoga ke lie saMgaNaka vaijJAnikoM kI mAnyatA hai ki usameM bhI viziSTa samaya va viziSTa paristhitiyoM kA dhyAna rakhA jaaye| 4- jisa prakAra divyadhvani ke viSaya meM yaha mAnyatA hai ki vaha svayaM artharUpa na hokara arthanirUpaka hotI hai| isIlie isameM nAnA prakAra ke hetuoM ke dvArA 136 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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bhavya jIvoM kI zaMkA samAdhAna ke lie nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai| NANAvihahedUhi-divvajjhuNI bhaNadi bhavvANaM (tiloyapaNNatti 4/905) ThIka vaise hI saMgaNakIya bhASAyeM svayaM artharUpa nahIM hotI haiM, aura mazInI anuvAda kI prakriyA meM hameM artha ke saMsAdhana kI bAta nahIM karanI cAhie kyoMki artha kA sthAna/Azraya sAMsArika jIvoM kA/manuSyoM kA mastiSka hI hai yA ho sakatA hai, koI yantra yA mazIna nhiiN| isalie artha ko mazIna se saMsAdhita karane kA vyartha kA dabAba mazIna para nahIM DAlA jAnA caahie| 5- jisa prakAra ki bhavyajIvoM kI zaMkA ke nivAraNArtha sAdhana banI abhASAtmaka divyadhvani bhavyajIvoM kA viSaya banakara sAmAnya bhASAtmaka ho jAtI hai, ThIka usI prakAra prAkkalana kI bhASAyeM sAmAnya bhASA kI vyAkhyA ko apane meM na saMjoe hue abhASAtmaka hote hue bhI bhASAI saMsAdhana kA mAdhyama hone ke kAraNa bhASAtmakatA se jur3I rahatI haiN| 6- jisa prakAra bhavya jIva apanI zaMkAoM ke nivAraNArtha anantajJAna ke bhaNDAra para Azrata divyadhvani kI zaraNa lete haiM, ThIka usI prakAra Aja ke yuga ke saMgaNaka-vaijJAnikoM kI yaha mUla parikalpanA yaha rahI hai ki jaba hama pUrI taraha jJAna-srota vikasita kara leMge taba jisako jijJAsA hogI, vaha mAnava apanI zaMkAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie saMgaNaka ke ananta jJAnakoza kI zaraNa legaa| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki Aja ke saMgaNaka-vijJAna va mazInIanuvAda kI adhikAMza mAnyatAyeM divyadhvani kI mUla soca para AdhArita haiN| yA yoM kaheM ki isake vikAsa meM kahIM na kahIM kisI na kisI rUpa se pratyakSa yA parokSarUpa meM divyadhvani ke soca kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| 171. durgadeva(riSTasamuccaya) durgadeva kA samaya IsavI san 1032 mAnA jAtA hai| ye jyotiSa-zAstra ke marmajJa vidvAn the| inhoMne ardhakANDa aura riTThasamuccaya nAmaka do grantha likhe haiN| riTThasamuccaya ke anta meM likhA hai raiyaM bahusatthatthaM uvajIvittA hu duggevenn| riTuM samuccayasatthaM vayaNeNa saMjamadevassa // arthAt isa zAstra kI racanA durgadeva ne apane guru saMyamadeva ke vacanAnusAra kI prAkRta ratnAkara 0137

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hai| grantha meM eka sthAna para saMyamadeva ke guru saMyamasena aura unake guru mAdhavacandra batAye gaye haiN| riTThasamuccaya ke kartA AcArya durgadeva digaMbara saMpradAya ke vidvAn the| unhoMne vi. saM. 1089 (IsvI san 1032) meM kumbhanagara (kuMbheragaDha, bharatapura) meM jaba lakSmInivAsa rAjA kA rAjya thA taba isa graMtha ko samApta kiyA thaa| durgadeva ke guru kA nAma saMjamadeva thaa| unhoMne prAcIna AcAryoM kI paraMparA se Agama maraNakaraMDiyA ke AdhAra para riTThasamuccaya meM riSToM kA yAne maraNa-sUcaka aniSTa cinhoM kA UhApoha kiyA hai| isameM kula 261 gAthAe~ haiM, jo pradhAnatayA zaurasenI prAkRta meM likhI gaI haiN| 172. dRSTivAdaaMga(diTTivAyo) __ jaina Agama sAhitya ke aMga granthoM meM dRSTivAda bArahavA~ aMga hai| isameM saMsAra ke sabhI darzanoM evaM nayoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| kintu dRSTivAda aba vilupta ho cukA hai| zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt dRSTivAda kA dhIre-dhIre lopa hone lagA tathA devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke svargavAsa ke bAda yaha zabda rUpa se pUrNatayA naSTa ho gyaa| artharUpa meM kucha aMza bacA rhaa| samavAyAMga evaM nandIsUtra meM isake pA~ca vibhAga batAye gaye haiM - parikarma, sUtra, pUrvagata, anuyoga aura cuulikaa| SaTkhaNDAgama, kaSAyapAhuDa Adi zaurasenI digambara Agama grantha isI dRSTivAda aMga ke smRti jJAna para AdhArita mAne gaye haiN| 173. devabhadrAcArya isa pAsanAhacariyaMcarita grantha ke kartA devabhadrAcArya haiN| ye vikrama kI 12vIM zatAbdI ke mahAn vidvAn evaM uccakoTi ke sAhityakAra the| inakA nAma AcArya padArUr3ha hone ke pahale guNacandragaNi thaa| usa samaya saMvat 1139 meM zrI mahAvIracariyaM nAmaka vistRta 12024 loka-pramANa grantha rcaa| dUsarA grantha kathAratnakoza hai jo AcArya padArUr3ha hone ke bAda vi.saM.1158 meM racA thaa| prastuta pAsanAhacariyaM kI racanA unane vi. saM. 1168 meM govarddhana zreSThi ke vaMzaja vIrazreSThi ke putra yazadeva zreSThi kI preraNA se kI thii| isa grantha kI prazasti meM lekhaka kI gurvAvalI isa prakAra dI gaI hai :- candrakula vajrazAkhA meM vardhamAnasUri hue| unake do ziSya the jinezvarasUri aura buddhisAgarasUri |jineshvrsuuri ke ziSya 138 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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abhayadevasUri aura unake ziSya prasannacandra hue| prasannacandra ke ziSya sumatipAtraka aura inake ziSya the devbhdrsuuri| 174.devabhadrasUri ___ kahArayaNakosa ke racayitA devabhadrasUri (guNacandragaNi) haiN| mahAvIracariyaM kI racanA unhoMne vi.saM. 1158 meM bharu kaccha (bhar3auca) nagara ke munisuvrata caityAlaya meM samApta kI thii| isa grantha meM praNetA ne apanI anya kRtiyoM meM pAsanAhacariya aura saMvegaraMgajolA (kathAgrantha) kA ullekha kiyA hai| 175.devarddhigaNikSamAzramaNa zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dharmazAsana meM hue mahAn AcAryoM meM 28veM vAcanAcArya Arya devirddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| vI.ni.saM. 980 meM bhaviSyadraSTA AcArya devarddhi kSamAzramaNa ve vallabhI nagarI meM zramaNa saMgha kA sammelana Ayojita kiyaa| usameM unhoMne na kevala AgamavAcanA dvArA dvAdazAMgI ke vistRta pAThoM ko suvyavasthita, susaMkalita evaM sugaThita kiyA apitu bhaviSya meM sadA-sarvadA binA kisI prakAra kI parihAni ke Agama yathAvat bane raheM, isa abhiprAya se ekAdazAMgI sahita sabhI sUtroM ko pustakoM ke rUpa meM lipibaddha karavAkara apUrva dUradarzitA kA paricaya diyaa| devarddhigaNa kSamAzramaNa kA saurASTra prAnta ke vairAvala pATaNa meM janma huaa| usa samaya vahA~ ke zAsaka mahArAja aridamana the| unake uccAdhikArI kAzyapa gotrIya kAmarddhi kSatriya kI patnI kalAvatI dhIratA gambhIratA Adi guNoM ke dhAraka eka pUrva ke jJAtA evaM AcArarinaSTha samartha vAcanAcArya the| aMtima pUrvadhara AcArya devarddhikSamAzramaNa vI.ni.saM. 1000 meM svargastha hue| ataH unakA samaya IsA kI 176. devasena AcArya AcArya devasena prAkRta bhASA ke udbhaTa vidvAn the| mAlavA kI dhArA nagarI inakA pramukha sAhityika kendra thaa| rAjasthAna meM bhI ye prAyaH bihAra karate rahate the aura jana-jana meM sadsAhitya aura saddharma kA pracAra kiyA karate the| ye darzana evaM siddhAnta ke prakANDa vidvAn the| itihAsa meM unheM ruci thI tathA deza evaM samAja meM vyApta burAiyoM kI nindA karane meM yaha kabhI pIche nahIM rahate the| paM. nAthUrAma premI ne inakI cAra kRtiyAM svIkAra kI haiM jinake nAma haiM- darzanasAra, bhAvasaMgraha, prAkRta ratnAkara 0139

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tattvasAra aura nyckr| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ne ukta granthoM ke atirikta, ArAdhanAsAra evaM AlApapaddhati ko bhI inakI racanA svIkAra kiyA hai| 177. devendrasUri __prAkRta kRSNacarita ke racayitA tapAgacchIya devendrasUri haiN| inakI anya racanA sudaMsaNAcariyaM arthAt zakunikAvihAra bhI milatI hai jisameM granthakAra ne apanA paricaya diyA hai ki ve citrapAlakagaccha ke bhuvanacandra guru, unake ziSya devabhadra muni, unake ziSya jagaccandrasUri ke ziSya the| unake eka gurubhrAtA vijayacandrasUri the| tapAgaccha paTTAvalI ke anusAra granthakAra ke dAdA guru vastupAla mahAmAtya ke samakAlIna the| prastuta kRSNacaritra kA racanAkAla caudahavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha AtA hai| isa sudaMsaNAcariya ke racayitA tapAgacchIya jagaccandrasUri ke ziSya devendrasUri haiN| gurubhrAtA vijayacandrasUri ne isa grantha ke nirmANa meM sahAyatA dI thii| kahA jAtA hai ki devendrasUri ko gurjara rAjA kI anumatipUrvaka vastupAla maMtrI ke samakSa AbU para sUripada pradAna kiyA gayA thaa| devendrasUri ne vi.saM. 1323 meM vidyAnanda ko sUripada pradAna kiyA thA tathA saM. 1327 meM svargavAsI hue the ataH isa kathAgrantha kI racanA isa samaya se pUrva huI hai| inake anya granthoM meM paMcanavyakarmagrantha, tIna AgamoM para bhASya, zrAddhadinakRtya savRtti tathA dAnAdikulaka milate haiN| 178. dezInAmamAlA kalikAlasarvajJa AcArya hemacandra dvArA I. san 1159 meM viracita prAkRta ke dezI zabdoM kA yaha zabda koza atyaMta mahattvapUrNa evaM upayogI hai| isa grantha kI racanA siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana ke AThaveM adhyAya meM varNita prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI pUrti evaM durlabha zabdoM ke artha jJAna hetu kI gaI hai| isa zabda koza meM 8 adhyAya evaM 783 gAthAe~ haiM, jinameM 3978 zabda saMkalita haiN| zabdoM kA saMkalana akArAdi krama meM kiyA gayA hai| AcArya hemacandra ke anusAra isa koza-grantha meM una dezI zabdoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, jo zabda na to vyAkaraNa se vyutpanna haiM, na saMskRta kozoM meM nibaddha haiM, tathA lakSaNA zakti ke dvArA bhI jinakA artha prasiddha nahIM hai| sAtha hI AcArya hemacandra ne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki deza-videza meM pracalita ye dezI zabda anaMta haiM, ataeva una sabhI zabdoM kA saMgraha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1400 prAkRta ratnAkara

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yahA~ unhIM zabdoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, jo anAdikAla se prAkRta sAhitya kI bhASA meM aura usakI boliyoM meM pracalita rahe haiN| isa koza meM kucha zabda draviDa, kaula, muNDA Adi bhASAoM ke bhI prApta hote haiN| isa dRSTi se yaha zabdakoza prAcIna evaM Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke aitihAsika evaM vaijJAnika adhyayana ke lie bahuta upayogI hai| isa koza-grantha meM jina dezI zabdoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, ve anyatra durlabha haiM / ina saMkalita zabdoM ke anuzIlana ke AdhAra para usake kAla ke rahana-sahana,rIti-rivAjoM Adi para bhI yatheSTa prakAza par3atA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne kozagata dezI zabdoM ke spaSTIkaraNa hetu isa grantha meM udAharaNa svarUpa jo gAthAe~ prastuta kI haiM, unakA sAhityika sauMdarya adbhuta evaM bejor3a hai| unameM zRMgAra rasa kA suMdara nirUpaNa huA hai| anya kisI bhASA ke koza meM aise sarasa padya udAharaNa ke rUpa meM dekhane ko nahIM milate haiN| vastutaH 'dezInAmamAlA' samasta bhAratIya vADmaya meM durlabha zabdoM kA saMkalana karane vAlA anUThA evaM apUrva grantha hai| 179. dravya parIkSA yaha grantha vikrama saMvat 1375 IsvI san 1318 meM likhA gyaa| isameM 149 gAthAyeM haiM / yahA~ sikkoM ke mUlya, tola, dravya, nAma aura sthAna kA vistRta paricaya diyA gayA hai| pahale prakaraNa meM cAsanI sAyaNiya aura dUsare meM svarNa, rajata Adi mudrAzAstra viSayaka bhinna-bhinna dhAtuoM ke zodhana kA varNana hai| tIsare prakaraNa meM mUlya kA nirdeza aura cauthe meM suvarNa-rupaye mudrA, khurAsAnImudrA, vikramAMka mudrA, gurjarImudrA, mAlavImudrA nalapuramudrA jAlaMdharImudrA DhillikA, mahamUdasAhI caukaDIyA pharIdI alAuddInI mominI alAI, mulatAnI, mukhtalaphI aura sIrAjI Adi mudrAoM kA varNana hai| 14vIM zatAbdI ke mudrAviSayaka jJAna kI jAnakArI ke lie yaha grantha atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| Thakkarapheru ke anusAra dillI kI TakasAla meM maujUda sikkoM kA pratyakSa anubhava prApta kara mudrAoM kI parIkSA kara unhoMne isa grantha ko likhA hai 180. dvAdazakulaka isake kartA abhayadevasUri ke ziSya jinavallabhasUri (svargavAsa vikrama saMvat 1167 IsavI 1110)haiN| jipAlagaNi ne isa para vivaraNa likhA hai| yahA~ prAkRta ratnAkara 0141

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samyagjJAna kA mahatva guNasthAnaprApti dharmasAmagrI kI durlabhatA mithyAtva Adi kA svarUpa aura krodha Adi aMtaraMga zatruoM ke parihAra kA upadeza diyA hai| 181. dhanapAla mahAkavi dhanapAla vikrama kI 10vIM - 11vIM zatAbdI kA eka agragaNya jinazAsana prabhAvaka jaina mahAkavi thA / vi.saM. 1029 meM mAlavA ke rAjA ne jisa samaya rASTrakUTa rAjAoM kI rAjadhAnI mAnyakheTa ko lauTakara vahA~ rASTrakUTa rAjya ko samApta kiyA, usa samaya mArga meM sthita dhArAnagarI meM rahate hue dhanapAla ne apanI choTI bahina sundarI ke lie dezI bhASA kI pAiya lacchInAmamAlA kRti kI racanA kii| isa kRti meM dI gaI prazasti kA aitihAsika mahattva hai| isase rASTrakUTa rAjya ke patanakAla ke sAtha-sAtha dhanapAla ke samAkAlIna aneka vidvAnoM ke samaya kA prAmANika nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| 182.dhammakahANayakosa yaha grantha prAkRta -kathAoM kA koza hai| prAkRta meM hI isa para vRtti hai| mUla lekhaka aura vRttikAra kA nAma ajJAta hai (jaina graMthAvali, pR. 267 ) / kathAnakakoza ko dhammakahANayakosa bhI kahA gayA hai| isameM 140 gAthAyeM haiN| isake kartA kA nAma vinayacandra hai, inakA samaya saMvat 1166 (I. san 1109) hai| isa graMtha para saMskRta vyAkhyA bhI hai| isakI hastalikhita prati pATaNa ke bhaMDAra meM hai| 183. dhammapada kI prAkRta bhASA pAli bhASA meM likhA huA dhammapada prasaddhi hai / kintu prAkRta bhASA meM likhA huA eka aura dhammapada bhI prApta hotA hai, jise vI. ema. varuA aura esa. mitra ne san 1921 meM kalakattA se prakAzita kiyA hai| yaha kharoSThI lipi meM likhA gayA thaa| isa kI prAkRta bhASA kA sambandha paizAcI Adi prAkRta se hai / 184. dhanezvarasUri surasundarIcariyaM ke praNetA dhanezvarasUri haiM jo jinezvarasUri ke ziSya the / granthAnta meM 13 gAthAoM kI eka prazasti meM granthakAra kA paricaya, racanA kA sthAna tathA kAla kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / tadnusAra yaha kathAkAvya caDDAvallipurI (candrAvatI) meM saM. 1095 kI bhAdrapada kRSNa dvitIyA guruvAra dhaniSThA nakSatra meM 142 prAkRta ratnAkara

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banAyA gyaa| saMbhavataH inake hI guru jinezvarasUri kharataragaccha ke saMsthApaka the| isI kathA para nayasundarakRta saMskRta surasundarIcaritra kA ullekha milatA hai| 185. dhammarasAyaNa dharmarasAyana grantha ke racayitA padmanandi muni haiM / grantha ke anta meM kavi kA nAma AyA hai| prAkRta aura saMskRta kaviyoM meM isa nAma ke kaI kavi aura AcArya hue haiN| nizcita pramANoM ke abhAva meM racayitA ke viSaya meM yathArtha prakAza DAlanA kaThina hai| isa kAvya grantha meM 193 gAthAe~ haiN| dharmarasAyana nAma ke muktaka kAvya prAkRta bhASA ke kaviyoM ne ekAdha aura bhI likhe haiM / isa nAma kA Azaya yahI rahA hai ki jina muktakoM meM saMsAra,zarIra aura bhogoM se virakta hone ke sAtha AcAra aura naitika niyamoM ko carcita kiyA jAtA hai ve racanAe~ dharmarasAyana ke antargata AtI haiM / yadyapi isa grantha meM kAvyatattva kI apekSA dharmatattva hI mukharita ho rahA hai to bhI jIvana ke zAzvata niyamoM kI dRSTi se isakA paryApta mUlya hai / naitika kAvya ke prAyaH sabhI guNa isameM vartamAna haiN| kavi isa dharmarasAyana ko sAmAnyatayA varNita karatA huA rasabheda se usakI bhinnatA upamA dvArA siddha karatA hai| yathA khIrAiM jahA loe sarisAiM havati vnnnnnnaamenn| rasabheeNa yatAiM pinnaannaagunndosjuttaaiN||1|| kAI vikhArAiMjae havaMtidukkhavahANi jiivaannN| kAI vituSTuiM puDhei karaMti vrvnnnnmaaroggN||10|| jisa prakAra varNamAtra se sabhI dUdha samAna hote haiM para svAda aura guNa kI dRSTi se bhinnatA hotI hai, usI prakAra sabhI dharma samAna hote haiM para unake phala bhinna-bhinna hote haiM |aak, madAra yA anya prakAra ke dUdha ke sevana se vyAdhi utpanna ho jAtI hai para go dugdha ke sevana se Arogya aura puSTilAbha hotA hai| isI prakAra ahiMsA dharma ke AcaraNa se zAntilAbha hotA hai para hiMsA ke vyavahAra se azAnti aura kaSTa prApta hotA hai| kavi ne cAroM gatiyoM ke prANiyoM ko prApta hone vAle duHkhoM kA mArmika vivecana kiyA hai| manuSya, tiryanca, nArakI aura deva inakI apanIapanI yoniyoM meM paryApta kaSTa hotA hai| jise ina kaSToM se mukti prApta karane kI AvazyakatA hai vaha dharmarasAyana kA sevana kreN| prAkRta ratnAkara 0143

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186. dhammavihipayaraNa( dharmavidhiprakaraNa) isake kartA zrIprabha haiM jinakA samaya IsavIM san 1133 athavA 1229 mAnA jAtA hai| isa para udayasiMhasUri ne vivRti likhI hai| dharmavidhi ke dvAra, dharmaparIkSA dharma ke doSa, dharma ke bheda, gRhasthadharma Adi viSayoM kA yahA~ vivecana hai| dharma kA svarUpa pratipAdana karate hue ilAputra, udAyana rAjA, kAmadeva zrAvaka, jaMbUsvAmI pradezI rAjA mUladeva viSNukumAra samprati Adi kI kathAe~ varNita haiN| 187.dhammasaMgahaNa (dharmasaMgrahaNI) __ haribhadrasUri kA yaha dArzanika graMtha hai| isake pUrvArdha meM puruSavAdimataparIkSA anAdinidhanatva amUrtatva pariNAmitva aura jJAyakatva tathA uttarArdha bhAga meM kartRtva, bhoktRtva aura sarvajJasiddhi kA prarUpaNa hai| 188.dharasena AcArya indranandi zrutAvatAra meM arhadvali, mAghanandi aura dharasena ina tIna AcAryoM kI vidvattA kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| sambhavataH inameM guruziSya sambandha bhI rahe hoN| dhavalA TIkA meM AcArya dharasena kA vizeSa paricaya milatA hai| dharasena darzana aura siddhAnta viSaya ke gaMbhIra vidvAna the| ve AcArya ke sAtha zikSaka bhI the, mantrazAstra ke jJAtA bhii| unake dvArA racita 'yonipAhuDa' nAmaka grantha kA ullekha milatA hai|aacaary dharasena ko sabhI aMga aura pUrvo kA eka deza jJAtA mAnA jAtA hai| vidvAnoM ne vibhinna sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki AcArya dharasena vIra-nirvANa samvat 633 taka jIvita the| unhoMne vI.ni.saM. 630-31 meM puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali ko zruta kI zikSA pradAna kI thii|atH dharasena kA samaya I. san 73 ke lagabhaga svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| abhilekhIya pramANoM se bhI dharasena I. san kI prathama zatAbdI ke vidvAn siddha hote haiN| AcArya dharasena ne zaurasenI prAkRta ke prAcIna grantha SaTkhaNDAgama ke viSaya kA pratipAdana apane ziSyoM puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali ko karAyA thaa| dharasenAcArya ko saurASTra deza ke girinagara kI candraguphA meM rahane vAlA santa kahA gayA hai| unake pAsa Andhra pradeza, veNa nadI ke taTa se do AcArya par3hane Aye the| unheM dakSiNa deza ke AcAryoM ne bhejA thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta meM paThana-pAThana karane vAle AcArya usa samaya sarvatra vyApta the| 1440 prAkRta ratnAkara

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189.dhavalA evaMjayadhavalA TIkA . zaurasenI prAkRta sAhitya kI prArambhika racanAoM kaSAyapAhuDa evaM SaTkhaNDAgama kI taraha unakI TIkAoM kA bhI zaurasenI prAkRta ke adhyayana ke lie vizeSa mahattva hai| ina prAcIna granthoM para TIkA likhane vAle AcArya vIrasena haiN| ye jaina darzana aura saMskRta prAkRta bhASAoM ke niSNAta paMDita the| AcArya jinasena (prathama) ne apane guru vIrasena svAmI ke pAMDitya aura yaza kA varNana kiyA hai| AcArya vIrasena ke vidyAguru elAcArya the aura dIkSAguru zrI AryanandI the| AcArya vIrasena rAjasthAna (cittaur3a) gujarAta, (bATagrAma, baDaudA) Adi sthAnoM para bhI rhe| inhoMneM SaTkhaNDAgama para prAkRta saMskRta meM dhavalA TIkA likhI hai| AcArya vIrasena kA samaya san 816 svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| _ AcArya vIrasena ne jo 72 hajAra lokapramANa dhavalA TIkA likhI hai vaha zaurasenI prAkRta ke aneka rUpoM ko surakSita kiye hue hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se yaha TIkA atyanta samRddha hai| AcArya vIrasena ne kaSAyapAhuDa para jayadhavalA nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| isa TIkA ke 20 hajAra lokapramANa aMza ko vIrasena ne likhA aura usake bAda asamaya meM unakA nidhana hone para zeSa 40 hajAra lokapramANa TIkA unake ziSya jayasena (dvitIya) ne likhI hai| ye donoM TIkAe~ darzana, siddhAnta, bhASA aura saMskRti kI sAmagrI kI anupama nidhi haiN| ina TIkAoM meM prApta zaurasenI prAkRta sambandhI sAmagrI kA pUrNatayA vizleSaNa hone para prAkRta bhASA ke itihAsa para nayA prakAza pdd'egaa| ina TIkAoM ke prAkRta zabdoM kA koza banAnA prAthamika AvazyakatA hai| 190. dhAtUtpatti - isa grantha ke lekhaka Thakkarapheru haiN| isameM 57 gAthAyeM haiN| ina gAthAoM meM pItala, tA~bA, sIsA, rA~gA, kA~sA, pArA tathA hiMgulaka, sindUra, karpUra, candana, mRganAbhi Adi kA vivecana hai| tatkAlIna yava, mAzA, TaMka aura tolA kA isameM parimANa batAyA gayA hai| 191. dhUrtAkhyAna(dhuttakkhANa) dhuttakkhANa haribhadra kI dUsarI ullekhanIya racanA hai| lekhaka ne bar3e prAkRta ratnAkara 0145

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vinodAtmaka DhaMga se rAmAyaNa mahAbhArata aura purANoM kI atiraMjita kathAoM para vyaMgya karate hue unakI asArthakatA siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| haribhadra eka kuzala kathAkAra the| hAsya aura vyaMgya kI isa anupama kRti se unakI maulika kalpanAzakti kA patA lagatA hai / yaha mahArASTrI prAkRta meM sarala aura pravAhabaddha zailI meM likhI gaI hai| isameM pA~ca AkhyAna haiN| eka bAra ujjainI ke kisI udyAna meM pA~ca dhUrta ziromaNi - mUlazrI, kaMDarIka, elASADha, zaza aura khaMDapANA ekatrita hue| unhoMne nizcaya kiyA ki saba loga apane apane anubhava sunAyeM aura jo ina anubhavoM para vizvAsa na kare vaha sabako bhojana khilAye, aura jo apane kathana ko rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura purANoM se pramANita kara de, vaha dhUrto kA guru mAnA jAye / AcArya haribhadra kI dhUrttAkhyAna lAkSaNika zailI meM likhI gaI vyaMga evaM upahAsa pradhAna racanA hai| isa kathA-grantha meM AcArya ne pA~ca dhUrtoM ke kAlpanika evaM asaMbhava AkhyAnoM ke mAdhyama se avizvasanIya tathA asaMbhava bAtoM kI manoraMjaka prastuti karate hue unake nirAkaraNa kA sazakta prayAsa kiyA hai| vastutaH sarasa zailI meM vyaMga evaM sujhAvoM ke mAdhyama se asambhava evaM managar3haMta bAtoM, andhavizvAsoM, amAnavIya tattvoM, jAtivAda Adi ko tyAgane kA saMdeza diyA hai| pA~ca dhUtoM ke AkhyAnoM meM aMta meM strI khaMDapAnA kI vijaya dikhAkara nArI ke annapUrNA rUpa ke sAtha-sAtha bauddhika rUpa ko bhI darzAyA hai| prAcIna bhArata meM gire hue nArI - samAja ko uThAne kA yaha sundara prayAsa hai| AcArya haribhadra ne dharmakathA kA eka adbhuta rUpa AviSkRta kiyA hai jo dhUrtAkhyAna ke rUpa meM bhAratIya kathA - sAhitya meM vicitra kRti hai| isameM bar3e vinodAtmaka DhaMga se rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura purANoM ke atiraMjita caritroM aura kathAnakoM para vyaMgya karate hue unheM nirarthaka siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| yaha pracura hAsya aura vyaMgya se paripUrNa racanA hai| isameM 480 ke lagabhaga prAkRta gAthAe~ haiM jo pA~ca AkhyAnoM meM vibhakta haiM / yaha sampUrNa kRti sarala prAkRta meM likhI gaI hai| kathAvastu ujjainI ke udyAna meM dhUrtavidyA meM pravINa pA~ca dhUrta apane saikar3oM 146 D prAkRta ratnAkara -

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anuyAyiyoM ke sAtha saMyogavaza ikaTThe hue| pA~ca dhUtoM meM 4 puruSa the aura eka strii| varSA lagAtAra ho rahI thI aura khAne-pIne kA prabandha karanA kaThina pratIta ho rahA thaa| pA~coM daloM ke mukhiyoM ne vicAra-vimarza kiyaa| unameM se prathama mUladeva ne yaha prastAva kiyA ki hama pA~coM apane-apane anubhava kI kathA kahakara sunaayeN| use sunakara dUsare apane kathAnaka dvArA use sambhava kreN| jo aisA na kara sake aura AkhyAna ko asambhava batalAve, vahI usa dina samasta dhUrto ke bhojana kA kharca utthaave| mUladeva, kaMDarIka, elAzAr3ha, zaza nAmaka dhUrtarAjoM ne apane-apane asAdhAraNa anubhava sunAye, unakA samarthana bhI purANoM ke alaukika vRttAntoM dvArA kiyaa| pA~cavA AkhyAna khaMDapAnA nAma kI dhUrtanI kA thaa| usane apane vRttAnta meM nAnA asambhava ghaTanAoM kA ullekha kiyA, jinakA samAdhAna kramazaH una dhUrtI ne paurANika vRttAntoM dvArA kara diyA, phira usane eka adbhuta AkhyAna kahakara una sabako apane bhAge hue naukara siddha kiyA tathA kahA ki yadi usa para vizvAsa hai to use saba svAminI mAneM aura vizvAsa nahIM to saba use bhojana (dAvata) deM tabhI ve saba usakI parAjaya se baca skeNge| usakI isa caturAI se cakita ho saba dhUrtA ne lAcArI meM use svAminI mAna liyaa| phira usane apanI dhUrtatA se eka seTha dvArA ratnamudrikA pAI aura use becakara evaM khAdya sAmagrI kharIda kara dhUrto ko AhAra kraayaa| sabhI dhUrtoM ne usakI pratyunnamati ke lie sAdhuvAda kiyA aura svIkAra kiyA ki puruSoM se strI adhika buddhimAna hotI hai| isa dhvanyAtmaka zailI dvArA lekhaka ne asaMbhava, mithyA aura kalpanIya bAtoM kA nirAkaraNa kara svastha, sadAcArI aura saMbhava AkhyAnoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| 192.dhvanyAloka dhvanyAloka ke kartA AnaMdavardhana kazmIra ke rAjA avantivarmA ke sabhApati the| inakA samaya lagabhaga 9vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha mAnA gayA hai| isa grantha meM dhvani ko hI kAvya kI AtmA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha para abhinavagupta ne TIkA likhI hai| mUla grantha evaM TIkA donoM meM milAkara prAkRta kI lagabhaga 46 gAthAe~ prApta hotI haiN| prAkRta ratnAkara 0147

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193. nandisUtra (naMdittaM ) yaha ardhamAgadhI Agama cUlikA ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai / nandIsUtra kA pramukha viSaya jJAnavAda hai| niyuktikAra ke anusAra bhAva evaM nikSepa se pA~ca jJAna ko nandI kahate haiN| isameM pA~ca jJAna kI sUcanA dene vAle sUtra haiM, ataH isakA naMdIsUtra nAma sArthaka hai| isameM pA~coM jJAna kA vizad varNana unake bheda-prabhedoM ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai / nandIsUtra meM jJAna ke sambandha meM jo vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai, usakA mukhya AdhAra sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, bhagavatI, rAjapraznIya va uttarAdhyayana sUtra haiM / unameM diye gaye saMkSipta jJAnavAda ko nandIsUtra meM pUrNa vikasita kiyA gayA hai| jJAna ke vizleSaNa ke antargata mati, zruta, avadhi, mana:paryaya tathA kevalajJAna kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai / samyak zruta ke prasaMga meM dvAdazAMgI ke AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga Adi bAraha bheda kiye gaye haiN| jinadAsagaNi mahattara ne naMdIsUtra para cUrNi kI racanA kI hai tathA AcArya haribhadra tathA AcArya malayagiri ne isa para TIkAe~ likhI haiM / 194. narmadAsuMdarIkathA (nammayAsundarIkahA ) mahendrasUri dvArA racita narmadAsundarIkathA dharma pradhAna kathA-grantha hai| isakA racanA kAla vi.saM. 1187 hai| isameM mahAsatI narmadAsuMdarI ke satIttva kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| nAyikA narmadAsuMdarI aneka kaSToM ko sahana kara ke bhI apane zIlavrata kI rakSA karatI hai / nAyikA ke zIlavrata kI parIkSA ke aneka avasara Ate haiM, kintu nAyikA apane vrata para aTala rahakara apane zIla kI rakSA karatI hai| dharmakathA hote hue bhI manoraMjana evaM kautUhala tattva isameM pUrNa rUpa meM samAviSTa haiN| bIca-bIca meM kathA ko prabhAvazAlI banAne ke lie sUktiyoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai / yathA - nehaM viNA vivAho Ajamma kuNai paridAhaM (gA. 39 ) arthAt - prema ke binA vivAha jIvana bhara duHkhadAI hotA hai / narmadAsuMdarIkathA eka dharmapradhAna kathA hai jisakI mahendrasUri saMvat 1187 (IsavI san 1130) meM apane ziSyoM ke anurodha para racanA kii| yaha kathA gadyapadyamaya hai jisameM padya kI pradhAnatA hai| isameM mahAsatI narmadAsuMdarI ke carita kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jo aneka kaSTa Ane para bhI zIlavrata ke pAlana meM dRr3ha rahI / 148 prAkRta ratnAkara

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narmadAsundarI sahadeva kI bhAryA sundarI kI kanyA thii| mahezvaradatta ke jainadharma svIkAra kara lene para mahezvaradatta kA vivAha narmadAsundarI ke sAtha ho gyaa| vivAha kA utsava bar3I dhUmadhAma se manAyA gyaa| mahezvaradatta narmadAsundarI ko sAtha lekara dhana makAna ke liye yavanadvIpa gyaa| mArga meM apanI patnI ke caritra para saMdeha ho jAne ke kAraNa usane use vahIM chor3a diyaa| nidrA se uThakara narmadAsundarI ne apane Apako eka zUnya dvIpa meM pAyA aura pralApa karane lgii| kucha samaya pazcAt use usakA cAcA vIradAsa milA aura vaha narmadAsundarI ko babbarakUla (eDana ke AsapAsa kA pradeza) le gyaa| yahIM se narmadAsundarI kA jIvana saMgharSa Arambha hotA hai| yahA~ para vezyAoM kA eka muhallA thA, jisameM sAta sau gaNikAoM kI svAminI hariNI nAma kI eka suprasiddha gaNikA nivAsa karatI thii| saba gaNikAyeM usake liye dhana kamAkara lAtIM aura vaha usa para dhana kA tIsarA yA cauthA bhAga rAjA ko de detii| narmadAsundarI ne hariNI vezyA kI eka na sunii| usane duSTa kAmuka puruSoM ko bulAkara narmadAsundarI ke zIlavrata ko bhaMga karane kI bharasaka ceSTA kI, phira apane dAsoM se laMbe DaMDoM se use khUba pittvaayaa| lekina narmadAsundarI apane vrata se vicalita na huii| vahA~ kariNI nAma kI eka dUsarI vezyA rahatI thii| usake narmadAsundarI kI sahAyatA karane ke liye apane ghara meM use rasoiyana rakha lii| kucha samaya pazcAt hariNI kI mRtyu ho gaI aura narmadAsundarI ko TIkA karake sajadhaja ke sAtha use pradhAna gaNikA ke pada para baiThAyA gyaa| anta meM vaha jinadeva nAma ke zrAvaka se milii| narmadAsundarI ne apanA dharmabaMdhu samajha kara jinadeva se sArI bAteM khiiN| jinadeva vIradAsa kA mitra thA, vaha narmadAsundarI ko usake pAsa le gayA, aura isa prakAra kathA kI nAyikA ko dukhoM se chuTakArA milaa| anta meM usane suhastisUri ke caraNoM meM baiThakara zramaNI dIkSA grahaNa kii| narmadAsundarI ke kathAnaka ko lekara kaI kaviyoM ne prAkRta, apabhraMza aura gujarAtI meM kAvya likhe| unameM devacandrasUri aura mahendrasUrikRta prAkRta racanA prakAzita huI hai| apabhraMza meM jinaprabhasUri kI aura gujarAtI meM merUsundara kI racanA bhI prakAza meM AI hai| pahalI devacandrasUrikRta racanA 250 gAthA pramANa hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0149

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unhoMne apane pUrva guru AcArya pradyumnasUriracita mUlazuddhiprakaraNa nAmaka prAkRta grantha ke Upara vistRta TIkA kI racanA kI thii| usI TIkA meM udAharaNarUpa aneka prAcIna kathAoM kA saMkalana kiyA thaa| usameM prastuta narmadAsundarI kI kathA, prasaMgavaza saMkSepa meM likhI hai| dUsarI racanA ke raciyatA mahendrasUri haiN| isameM 1117 gAthAe~ haiM / bIca-bIca meM kitanA hI gadyabhAga hai isase isakA granthAna 1750 loka pramANa hai| mahendrasUri ne likhA hai ki unhoMne yaha mUlakathA zAntisUri nAmaka AcArya ke mukha se sunI thii| isa kathA meM narmadAsundarI dvArA aneka vicitra paristhitiyoM meM par3akara apane satItva kI rakSA karane kI adbhuta kathA kA varNana mahendrasUri kI racanA bahuta sarala, prAsAdika aura subodhAtmaka hai| kathA kI ghaTanA bacce se bUr3he taka hRdayaMgama kara sakate haiM, aisI sarasarIti se vaha kahI gaI hai| bIca-bIca meM lokokti aura subhASitoM kI chaTA bhI dekhate banatI hai| prAkRta bhASA ke abhyAsiyoM ke lie yaha sundara racanA hai| mahendrasUri ne yaha racanA apane ziSya kI abhyarthanA se hI banAI thii| 195. naye karmagrantha(navya karmagrantha) . tapAgacchIya jagacandrasUri ke ziSya tathA sudaMsaNacariya, bhASyatraya siddhapaMcAzikAsUtravRtti, zrAddhadinakRtyavRtti, vandAruvRtti Adi ke kartA devendrasUri (IsavI san 1270) ne karmavipAka, karmastava, bandhasvAmitva, SaDazIti aura zataka nAma ke pA~ca karmagranthoM kI racanA kI hai| ina para unakA svopajJa vivaraNa bhI hai| prAcIna karmagranthoM ko AdhAra mAnakara inakI racanA kI gaI hai, isIlie inheM navya karmagrantha kahA jAtA hai| pahale karmagraMtha meM 60 gAthAyeM haiM, jinameM jJAnAvaraNIya Adi ATha karma, unake bheda prabheda aura unake vipAka kA dRSTAntapUrvaka pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| dUsare karmagrantha meM 34 gAthAyeM haiN| yahA~ 14 guNasthAnoM kA svarUpa aura ina guNasthAnoM meM karmaprakRtiyoM ke bandha, udaya, udIraNA aura sattA kA prarUpaNa hai| tIsare karmagrantha meM 24 gAthAyeM haiM, inameM mArgaNA ke Azraya se jIvoM ke karmaprakRtiviSayaka baMdha-sthiti kA varNana hai| cauthe karmagrantha meM 86 gAthAyeM haiM, inameM jIvasthAna mArgaNAsthAna guNasthAna bhAva aura 150 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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saMkhyA pA~ca viSayoM kA vistRta vivecana hai| ise sUkSmArtha vicAra nAma se bhI kahA gayA hai| ___ pA~cave karmagrantha meM 100 gAthAyeM haiN| inameM pahale karmagrantha meM varNita karmaprakRtiyoM meM se kauna sI prakRtiyA~ dhruvabaMdhinI, adhruvabaMdhinI, dhruvodayA, adhrubodayA, dhruvasattA, adhruvasattA, sarvadhAtI, dezadhAtI adhAtI puNyaprakRti pApaprakRti, parAvartamAna prakRti aura aparAvartamAnaprakRti hotI hai, isakA nirUpaNa hai| 196. nATyazAstra AcArya bharata dvArA racita nATyazAstra sarvAdhika prAcIna saMskRta vyAkaraNa hai| isameM prAkRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNa sambaMdhI kucha niyamoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| nATyazAstra ke 17veM adhyAya meM 6 se 23 lokoM meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke kucha siddhAnta vivecita haiN| isake atirikta 32veM adhyAya meM prAkRta ke bahuta se udAharaNa diye haiN| bharata ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa sambaMdhI ye anuzAsana atyaMta hI saMkSipta evaM aspaSTa haiM, kintu yaha vyAkaraNa-grantha isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa ho jAtA hai ki bharata ke samaya meM hI prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI gaI thii| dUsarI bAta yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki usa samaya prAkRta kA koI prasiddha vyAkaraNa-grantha upalabdha rahA hogaa| ataH AcArya bharata ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke kevala kucha sAmAnya niyamoM kA mAtra ullekha karanA hI paryApta samajhA hogaa| 197. nimittazAstra isa nimittazAstra nAmaka grantha ke kartA haiM RSiputra / ye garga nAmaka AcArya ke putra the| garga svayaM jyotiSa ke prakAMDa paMDita the| pitA ne putra ko jyotiSa kA jJAna virAsata meM diyaa| isake sivAya graMthakartA ke saMbaMdha meM aura kucha patA nahIM lgtaa| ye kaba hue, yaha bhI jJAta nahIM hai| isa graMtha meM 187 gAthAe~ haiM jinameM nimitta ke bheda, AkAza-prakaraNa, caMdra-prakaraNa, utpAta-prakaraNa, varSA utpAta, deva-utpAtayoga, rAja-utpAtayoga, indradhanuSa dvArA zubha-azubha kA jJAna, gardhavanagara kA phala, vidyullatAyoga aura meghayoga kA varNana hai| 198. nittiDolacI evaM anya pAzcAtya vidvAn bIsavIM zatAbdI ke caturtha evaM paMcama dazaka meM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne prAkRta prAkRta ratnAkara 0151

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bhASA ke kSetra meM jo kArya kiyA usameM lyujiA nitti kA adhyayana vizeSa mahatva kA hai| unhoMne na kevala prAkRta ke vibhinna vaiyAkaraNoM ke matoM kA adhyayana kiyA hai, apitu abhI taka prAkRta bhASA para hue pizela Adi ke granthoM kI samyarga samIkSA bhI kI hai| unakA prasiddha grantha lesa grameMriyansa prAkRtsa (prAkRta ke vyAkaraNakAra) hai, jo perisa se sana 1938 I. meM prakAzita huA hai| nitti DolacI kA dUsarA gantha Du prAkRtakalpataru Desa rAmazarmana vibliyothika Dile Ala heTsa iTUyaDsa hai| inhoMne prAkRta-apabhraMza bhASA se sambandhita samasyAoM para zodha-nibandha bhI likhe haiM- prAkRta grameriansa TarDisa eTa DAyalekTsa Du aadi| isI samaya TI. baro kA da leMgveja Apha da kharoSTrI DokumeMTsa phrAma cAInIja turkistAna nAmaka nibandha 1937 meM kaimbrija se prakAzita huaa| prAkRta muhAvaroM ke sambandha meM viltore pisAnI ne ena ananoTisDa prAkRta iDiyama nAmaka lekha prakAzita kiyaa| mAgadhI evaM ardhamAgadhI ke svarUpa kA vivecana karane vAlA DablyU I klarka kA lekha mAgadhI eNDa ardhamAgadhI san 1944 I. meM prakAza meM aayaa| 1948 I. meM nArmana brAuna ne jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta aura usake sAhitya kA paricaya dene vAlA jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta sama kenikala meTeriyala ina nAma se eka Alekha likhaa| isa zatAbdI ke chaThe dazaka meM prAkRta ke sAhityika granthoM para bhI pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne dRSTipAta kiyaa| kuvalayamAlAkathA kI bhASA ne vidvAnoM ko adhika AkRSTa kiyaa| san 1950 meM alphaDa mAstara ne glIniMgsa phrAma da kuvalayamAlA nAmaka lekha likhaa| jisameM unhoMne grantha kI 18 dezI bhASAoM para prakAza ddaalaa| dUsare vidvAn je. kyUpara ne da paizAcI phrAgarmenTa Apha da kuvalayamAlA meM grantha kI bhASA kI vyAkaraNa-mUlaka vyAkhyA prastuta kii| prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana ke isa prasAra ke kAraNa vizva kI anya bhASAoM ke sAtha bhI usakI tulanA kI jAne lgii| prasiddha bhASAzAstrI jyUlsa blAkha ne apane prAkRta Cia laiTina laiMgveja nAmaka lekha meM prAkRta aura laiTina bhASA ke sambandhoM para vicAra kiyA hai| 152 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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199.nimittapAhuDa nimittapAhuDa zAstra dvArA kevalI, jyotiSa aura svapna Adi nimittoM kA jJAna prApta kiyA jAtA thaa|aacaary bhadrezvara ne apane kahAvalI meM aura zIlAMkasUri ne apanI sUtrAkRtAMgaTIkA meM nimittapAhuDa kA ullekha kiyA hai| 200.niyamasAro niyamasAra AcArya kundakunda kI AdhyAtmika racanA hai| isameM mithyAdarzanAdi ko tyAgane tathA zuddhabhAva meM sthita AtmA kI ArAdhanA kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha meM 186 gAthAe~ haiM, jo 12 adhikAroM meM vibhakta haiN| niyama kA artha hai - mokSa prApti kA mArga |is dRSTi se isa grantha meM samyagjJAna-darzana-cAritra ko mokSa prApti kA mArga kahA hai - sammattaNANacaraNe jo bhattiM kuNaisAvago smnno| tassa duNivbudibhattI hoditti jiNehi paNNattaM ||...(gaa. 134) arthAt - jo zramaNa yA zrAvaka samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritra kI bhakti karatA hai, vaha nizcita rUpa se nirvANa kI bhakti hotI hai| aisA jinendroM dvArA kahA gayA hai| 201.nirayAvaliyA nirayAvalikA kA artha hai naraka meM jAne vAle jIvoM kA paMktibaddha varNana karane vAlA sUtra / pUrva meM isa ardhamAgadhI Agama grantha meM 1 zrutaskandha, 52 adhyayana evaM pA~ca varga the tathA isameM nirayAvalikA, kalpAvataMsikA, puSpikA, puSpacUlikA, vRSNidazA, ina pA~ca upAMgoM kA samAveza thA, kintu vartamAna samaya meM ye pA~coM upAMga pRthaka-pRthaka rUpa meM svIkRta haiM / vartamAna meM nirayAvalikA meM dasa adhyayana haiN| isake dasa adhyayanoM meM kAla, sukAla, mahAkAla, kaNha, sukaNha, mahAkaNha, vIrakaNha, rAmakaNha, piusenakaNha evaM mahAsenakaNha ke jIvana-carita kA varNana hai| ye sabhI kumAra rAjA zreNika ke putra tathA kUNika (ajAtazatru) ke bhAI the| yaha upAMga aitihAsika varNanoM kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| 202.niyA prAkRta prAkRta bhASA kA prayoga bhArata ke par3osI prAntoM meM bhI bar3ha gayA thA isa bAta kA prAkRta ratnAkara 0 153

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patA niyA pradeza (cInI turkistAna) se prApta lekhoM kI bhASA se patA calatA hai, jo prAkRta bhASA se milatI-julatI hai| niyA prAkRta kA adhyayana DaoN. sukumAra sena ne kiyA hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki ina lekhoM kI prAkRta bhASA kA sambandha daradI varga kI taukhArI bhASA ke sAtha hai| ataH prAkRta bhASA meM itanI loca aura saralatA hai ki vaha deza - videza kI kisI bhI bhASA se apanA sambandha jor3a sakatI hai| 203. niyukti sAhitya jaina Agama sAhitya para sarvaprathama prAkRta bhASA meM likhI gaI padyabaddha TIkAe~ niryuktiyoM ke nAma se jAnI jAtI haiN| niryukti kA artha hai eka sUtra meM vidyamAna artha kI vyAkhyA karanA / niryuktiyoM kI vyAkhyA zailI nikSepa paddhati hai| eka zabda ke aneka artha hote haiM, kintu kaunasA artha kisa prasaMga ke lie upayukta hai yahI spaSTa karanA, niryukti kA uddezya hai| sahI dRSTi se zabda ke sAtha artha kA sambandha sthApita karanA hI niryukti hai| prAkRta gAthAoM meM likhI gaI ye niryuktiyA~ viSaya kA saMkSipta rUpa se pratipAdana karatI haiM / viSaya kA pratipAdana karane ke lae tathA vivecya viSaya ko samajhAne ke lie ina niyuktiyoM meM aneka dRSTAntoM va kathAnakoM bhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai / vyAkhyA sAhitya meM niryuktiyA~ sarvAdhika prAcIna haiN| niryuktikAra AcArya bhadrabAhu mAne gaye haiM / ye bhadrabAhu antima zrutakevalI, chedasUtra ke racayitA bhadrabAhu se pRthaka haiM / inhoMne Agama saMkalana kAla (I. san kI cauthI pA~cavI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga) se hI niryuktiyA~ likhanA prArambha kara diyA thaa| bhadrabAhu ne nimna dasa sUtroM para niyuktiyoM kI racanA kI hai- 1. Avazyaka 2. dazavaikAlika 3. uttarAdhyayana 4. AcArAMga 5. sUtrakRtAMga 6. dazAzrutaskandha 7. bRhatkalpa 8. vyavahAra 9. sUryaprajJapti 10. RSibhASita / bhadrabAhu kI ina niryuktiyoM meM zramaNajIvana se sambandhita sabhI viSayoM para carcA huI hai| 204. nirvANalIlAvatIkathA ( nivvANa lIlAvaIkahA ) nirvANa lIlAvatI kathA - grantha vi.saM. 1082-1095 ke madhya likhA gayA thaa| isake karttA jinezvarasUri haiM / mUla grantha anupalabdha hai| isakA sAra rUpa saMskRta meM 154 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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jinaratnasUra kA prApya hai| isa kathA - grantha ke mAdhyama se yaha vivecita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, hiMsA, corI Adi pApoM kA phala janma-janmAMtaroM taka bhoganA par3atA hai I yaha kathA bhI strI - pradhAna nahIM hai phira bhI AkarSaNa ke lie yaha nAma cunA gayA hai| kuvalayamAlA ke samAna hI isameM bhI saMsAra - paribhramaNa ke kAraNoM ko pradarzita karane vAlI kathAe~ dI gaI haiN| kuvalayamAlA meM jisa taraha krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha aura moha se prabhAvita vyakti kathA ke pAtra banAye gaye haiM / usI taraha nirvANalIlAvatI meM pA~ca doSa- yugaloM arthAt (1) hiMsA-krodha (2) mRzA-mAna (3) steya - mAyA (4) maithuna - moha aura (5) parigraha - lobha ko tathA sparzana Adi paMca-indriyoM ke vazIbhUta hone ko saMsAra kA kAraNa batAte hue unakA phala bhoganevAle vyaktiyoM kI kathAe~ dI gaI haiN| kuvalayamAlA ke samAna hI isakA nAma ina kathAoM ke eka nAyikA - pAtra ke nAma se rakhA gayA hai aura kathAoM ko eka sAtha pUrvabhavoM ke dRSTAnta dvArA jor3A gayA hai| isa kathAnaka ko lekara prAkRta bhASA meM nivvANalIlAvaI nAmaka kathA - grantha saM. 1082 aura 1095 ke madhya AjopallI meM jinezvarasUri ne rcaa| samasta grantha prAkRta padyoM meM hai para mUla racanA abhI taka anupalabdha hai / 205. nirvANakANDa prAkRta kA prAcIna stotra nirvANakANDa haiN| isameM caubIsa tIrthaMkara evaM anya RSimuniyoM ke nirvANa - sthAna kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| isa stotra meM tIrthoM kA ullekhakara vahA~ se mukti pAnevAloM ko namaskAra kiyA hai| isa stotra meM aSTApada, campA, Urjayanta (giranAra) sammedazikhara, tAraura, pAvAgira, gajapanthA, tuMgIgira, suvarNagiri, revAnadI bar3avAnI, celanA nadI, cUlagiri droNagiri, meDhagiri, kunthugiri, koTizilA, resindIgiri sthAnoM se nirvANa - lAbha karane vAle mahApuruSoM ko namaskAra kiyA hai / isa kANDa meM kula 21 gAthAe~ haiM / yaha nirvANakANDa stotra digambara sampradAya meM atyanta pramANita stotra mAnA jAtA hai / tIrthaMsthAnoM kA itihAsa isa stotra meM nihita hai / cakravartI, nArAyaNa, pratinArAyaNa prAkRta ratnAkara 155

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evaM anya mahAn tapasvI, jinhoMne ghora tapazcaraNa kara nirvANa prApta kiyA hai isa stotra meM ullikhita haiN| 206.nizIthasUtra (nisIhaM) ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke chedasUtroM meM nizIthasUtra eka mAnadaNDa ke unakI prAyazcitta vidhi kI vizeSa carcA kI gaI hai|anivaary kAraNoM se yA binA rUpa meM hai| yaha sUtra apavAda bahula hai| isameM zramaNAcAra ke apavAdika niyamoM eva kAraNa hI saMyama kI maryAdA ko bhaMga karake yadi koI svayaM AlocanA karake prAyazcitta grahaNa kare to kisa doSa kA kitanA prAyazcitta hotA hai, yaha isa cheda kA pramukha pratipAdya viSaya hai| ataH yaha chedasUtra hara kisI ko nahIM par3hAyA jAtA hai| nizIthasUtra meM 20 uddezaka haiM, jinameM cAra prakAra ke prAyazcittoM kA varNana hai| 19 uddezakoM meM prAyazcitta kA vidhAna tathA 20veM uddezaka meM prAyazcitta dene kI prakriyA kA varNana hai| nizItha AcArAMgasUtra kI pA~cavIM cUlikA hI hai, kintu vistRta hone ke kAraNa bAda meM ise nizItha ke nAma se alaga kara diyA gyaa| isake atirikta isa sUtra meM pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca samiti, tIna gupti, zramaNa-zramaNI ke AcAra, gocarI, bhikSAcarI, kalpa, kriyA Adi ke niyamoM, doSoM evaM unake zuddhikaraNa ke upAyoM kA varNana hai| 207.nizItha-vizeSacUrNi jinadAsagaNikRta prastuta cUrNi mUlasUtra, niyukti evaM bhASya ke vivecana ke rUpa meM haiM / isameM saMskRta kA alpa prayoga hai / prArambha meM pIThikA hai, jisameM nizItha kI bhUmikA ke rUpa meM tatsambaddha Avazyaka viSayoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| prAraMbhika maMgala-gAthAoM meM AcArya ne apane vidyAgurU pradyumna kSamAzramaNa ko namaskAra kiyA hai| isI prasaMga para unhoMne yaha bhI batAyA hai ki nizItha kA dUsarA nAma prakalpa bhI hai| nizItha kA artha hai aprakAza arthAt aNdhkaar| aprakAzita vacanoM ke nirNaya ke lie nizIthasUtra hai| aSTama uddezya se sambandhita cUrNi meM udyAna, udyAnagRha, udyAnazAlA, niryANa, niryANagRha, niryANazAlA, aTTa, aTTAlaka, carikA, prakAra, dvAra gopura, daka, daka 156 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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mArga, dakapatha, dakatIra, dakasthAna, zUnyagRha, zUnyazAlA, bhinnagRha, bhinnazAlA, kUTAgAra, koSThAgAra, tRNagRha, tRNazAlA, tuSagRha, chusagRha, chusazAlA, paryAyagRha, paryAyazAlA, karmAntagRha, karmAntazAlA, mahAgRha, mahAkula, gogRha, gozAlA Adi svarUpa batAyA gayA hai| ekAdaza uddezya kI vyAkhyA meM ayogya dIkSA kA niSedha karate hue AcArya ne 48 prakAra ke vyaktiyoM ko pravrajyA ke ayogya mAnA hai- 18 prakAra ke puruSa, 20 prakAra kI striyA~ aura 10 prakAra ke npuNsk| isI prasaMga para AcArya ne 16 prakAra ke roga evaM 8 prakAra kI vyAdhi ke nAma bhI ginAye haiN| zIghra naSTa hone vAlI pIr3A vyAdhi tathA dera se naSTa hone vAlA kaSTa roga kahalAtA hai| aMtima bIsaveM uddezya kI vyAkhyA ke anta meM cUrNikAra ke pUre nAmajinadAsagaNi mahattara kA ullekha kiyAgayA hai tathA prastuta cUrNi kA nAma vizeSanizIthacUrNi batAyA gayA hai| prastuta cUrNi kA jaina AcArazAstra ke vyAkhyAgranthoM meM eka viziSTa sthAna hai| isameM AcAra ke niyamoM ke atirikta prAcIna bhAratIya sAMskRtika evaM sAmAjika jIvana para prakAra DAlane vAlI sAmagrI kI bhI pracuratA hai| anya vyAkhyAgranthoM kI bhA~ti isameM bhI aneka kathAnaka uddhRta kiye gaye haiN| inameM dhUrtAkhyAna, taraMgavatI, malayavatI, magadhasena, AryakAlaka evaM unakI bhaginI rUpavatI tathA ujjayinI ke rAjA gardabhilla Adi ke vRtAnta ullekhanIya haiN| 208. nemicandra AcArya , zaurasenI prAkRta sAhitya ke samartha lekhaka AcArya nemicandra siddhAntacakravartI haiN| ye nemicandra senApati cAmuNDarAya ke samakAlIna the| ataH inakA samaya 11vIM zatAbdI (san1028) ke lagabhaga nizcita hai| nemicandra siddhAnta granthoM ke prakANDa paMDita the| unakI ye racanAe~ upalabdha haiM - 1. gommaTasAra 2. trilokasAra 3. labdhisAra 4. kSapaNAsAra 5. dravya sNgrh| AcArya nemicandra ke ina granthoM meM karmasiddhAnta, jainabhUgola, dravya-vivecana Adi kA vistAra se varNana prApta hotA hai| inake granthoM kI zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA meM paramparA se prApta prAcIna zabdAvalI prAkRta ratnAkara 0157

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kA prayoga milatA hai aura sAtha hI aneka naye zabdoM ke prayoga bhI upalabdha haiN| inakA sAhitya jainadarzana aura siddhAnta ke sAtha bhUgola aura gaNita kI dRSTi se bhI upayogI hai| __ AcArya nemicandra jaina siddhAnta sAhitya ke bahuzruta evaM advitIya vidvAna the| inheM siddhAntacakravartI kI upAdhi prApta thii| ye karnATaka ke gaMgavaMzIya rAjA rAcamalla ke senApati cAmuNDarAya ke samakAlIna the| inakA samaya lagabhaga 11vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| inhoMne aneka prAkRta granthoM kA praNayana kara jaina siddhAnta sAhitya kI vistAra se vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| inakI nimna racanAe~ prasiddha haiM - 1. gommaTasAra 2.trilokasAra 3. kSapaNasAra 4.labdhisAra 5. dravyasaMgraha gommaTasAra do bhAgoM meM hai - jIvakANDa aura krmkaanndd| isa grantha ke mAdhyama se AcArya ne SaTkhaNDAgama ke viSaya ko saralatA se samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| trilokasAra karuNAnuyoga kA prasiddha grantha hai| isameM tInoM lokoM kI racanA se sambandhita sabhI tathyoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| jambUdvIpa, lavaNasamudra, mAnuSa kSetra, bhavanavAsiyoM ke lie rahane ke sthAna, Ayu, parivAra Adi kA vistAra se vivecana huA hai| khagola vijJAna kI dRSTi se graha, nakSatra, tArA, sUrya, candra Adi kI Ayu, vimAna, gati, parivAra Adi se sambandhita mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI bhI isameM vivecita hai| labdhisAra meM AtmA kI zuddhi ke lie Avazyaka pA~ca labdhiyoM - kSayopazama, vizuddhi, dezanA, prAyogya aura karaNa ko prApta karane kI vidhi kA vistAra se varNana huA hai| kSapaNasAra meM karmoM se vimukha hone kI vidhi kA varNana hai| dravyasaMgraha jaina siddhAnta zAstra kA 58 gAthAoM kA saMkSipta grantha hai| isameM jIva, ajIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza evaM kAla ina chaH dravyoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| sAta tattvoM, dhyAna evaM mokSa-mArga kA bhI isameM vivecana huA hai| yathA dhyAna kA svarUpa batAte hue kahA gayA hai - mA ciTThaha mA jaMpaha mA cintaha kiMvi jeNa hoi thiro| apyA appammi rao iNameva paraM have jjhaannN||...(gaa. 53) arthAt - kucha mata karo, kucha mata bolo, kucha mata soco| jisase AtmA, AtmA meM sthira ho, yahI parama dhyAna hai| 158 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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209. nemicandrasUri mahAvIracariya ke racayitA bRhadgaccha ke AcArya nemicandrasUri haiM / inakA samaya vikrama kI 12vIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai| inakI choTI-bar3I 5 racanAe~ milatI haiM- 1. AkhyAnamaNikoza ( mUlagAthA 52 ), 2. Atmabodhakulaka athavA dharmopadezakulaka ( gAthA 22 ), 3. uttarAdhyayanavRtti ( pramANa 12000 loka ), 4. ratnacUr3akathA (pramANa 3081 loka) aura 5. mahAvIracariyaM ( pramANa 3000 loka) / prastuta racanA unakI antima kRti hai aura isakA racanAkAla saM. 1141 hai / racayitA ke dIkSAguru to AmradevopAdhyAya the para ve AnandasUri ke mukhya paTTadhara ke rUpa meM sthApita hue the| paTTadhara hone ke pahale inakI sAmAnya muni avasthA (vi. saM. 1129 ke pahale) kA nAma deviMda (devendra ) thA / pIche unake devendragaNi aura nemicandrasUri donoM nAma milate haiN| 210. nemicandrasUri (devendragaNi) rayaNacUDarAyacariya ke racayitA nemicandrasUri (pUrva nAma devendragaNi) haiM jo bRhadgaccha ke udyotanasUri ke praziSya aura Amradeva ke ziSya the| isa racanA kA samaya to mAlUma nahIM para inhoMne apanI dUsarI kRti mahAvIracariyaM ko saM. 1139 meM banAyA thaa| inakI anya kRtiyoM meM uttarAdhyayana- TIkA (saM. 1129) tathA AkhyAnamaNikoza bhI milate haiM / inhoMne ratnacUr3akathA kI racanA DaMDila padaniveza meM prArambha kI thI aura caDAvalipurI meM samApta kI thii| isakI prAcIna prati saM. 1208 kI milI hai| isakI tAr3apatrIya prati cakrezvara aura paramAnandasUri ke anurodha se pradyumnasUri ke praziSya yazodeva ne saM. 1221 meM taiyAra kI thii| 211. neminAhacariyaM 22veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha para prAkRta meM tIna racanAe~ upalabdha haiM / prathama jinezvarasUri kI hai jo saM. 1175 meM likhI gaI thii| dUsarI maladhArI hemacandra (harSapurIya gaccha ke abhayadeva ke ziSya) kI 5100 granthAgra pramANa ( 12vIM kA uttarArdha) hai tathA tIsarI bRhadgaccha ke vAdideva sUri ke ziSya ratnaprabhasUri kRta vizAla racanA hai jisakA racanA saMvat 1233 hai| yaha gadya-padyamaya racanA 6 adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| isakA granthAgra 13600 pramANa hai / prAkRta ratnAkara 159

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212. paumacariu paumacariu kI kathAvastu ko svayambhU kavi ne kANDoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| kathAvastu ko kANDoM meM vibhAjita karane meM inhoMne mahAkavi vAlmIki kA anuzaraNa kiyA hai| isameM pA~ca kANDa haiM- vidyAdhara kANDa, ayodhyA kANDa, sundara kANDa, yuddha kANDa aura uttara kaanndd| vidyAdharakANDa- vidyAdhara kANDa meM varNita indra, bali aura rAvaNa kramazaH vidyAdhara vaMza, vAnara vaMza tathA rAkSasa vaMza ke pratinidhi rahe haiN| bharata evaM bAhubali ne ikSavAku vaMza kA pratinidhitva kiyA hai| inameM prArambha kI cAra saMdhiyoM meM ikSavAkuvaMzI RSabha aura unake putra bharata tathA bAhubali kI kathA hai| bharata aura bAhubalI ke yuddha kA kathana bhI isameM kiyA gayA hai| zeSa solaha saMdhiyoM meM eka hI vaMza se udbhUta vidyAdhara, vAnara aura rAkSasavaMza kI paraspara IrSyA, prIti, pratiyogitA aura yuddhoM kA kathana milatA hai| svayaMbhU kavi ne isameM yaha bhI batAyA hai ki inameM ye tIna vaMza- vidyAdhara, rAkSasa evaM vAnara paraspara cAhe kitanA hI lar3e hoM kintu ikSvAkuvaMza kA inase kisI bhI bAta ko lekara AmanA-sAmanA nahIM huA, balki ina tInoM kA isa vaMza se AdarasammAna kA bhAva hI rahA hai| ayodhyA kANDa - ayodhyAkAMDa kI prArambhika tIna saMdhiyA~ zrI rAma ke vivAha evaM vanavAsa se sambandhita haiN| isake bAda 24 se 35 taka kI saMdhiyoM meM rAmalakSmaNa ke zaurya, parAkrama, zaraNAgata rakSA tathA jinadharma ke siddhAntoM se sambandhita avAntara kathAe~ haiN| sundara kANDa - yaha hanumAna kI vijayoM kA kANDa hai| mandodarI,sItA va rAvaNa ke paraspara vArtAlApa se sundarakANDa kI sundaratA bar3ha gaI hai| yahA~ kavi kI svatantra udbhAvanA kA bahuta hI maulika citraNa huA hai| yuddha kANDa- yuddha kANDa kA Arambha vibhISaNa kA rAvaNa ko tyAgakara rAma ke dala meM milane kI ghaTanA se hotA hai| yuddha kANDa kA mukhya kAvyAtmaka AkarSaNa 62vIM saMdhi meM haiM isameM rAvaNa gupta rUpa se rAtri meM laMkA nagara meM ghUmakara apane yoddhAoM kI ramaNiyoM kA vArtAlApa sunatA hai jisameM unakI sammohaka ceSTAoM ke bIca romAMcakArI uktiyoM saMjAyI gaI haiN| yaha zrRMgAra aura vIra rasa ke saMyoga kA durlabha udAharaNa hai| svayaMbhU kavi ne yuddha kANDa meM vIra, zrRMgAra, karuNa evaM zAnta rasa ke rUpa meM eka sAtha cAra rasoM kA saphalatApUrvaka samAveza kara adbhuta kAvyatva pradarzita kiyA hai| 1600 prAkRta ratnAkara

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caritra citraNa- paurANika mahAkAvya paumacariu ke sabhI pAtra sabake lie cira paricita haiN| ina sabhI pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa meM kavi svayaMbhU kI apAra mArmikatA, hRdayagrAhitA aura prabhAvakAritA dikhAI detI hai| rAma aura sItA sabhI pAtroM meM pradhAna haiN| prakRti varNana- paumacariu meM prakRtivarNana ke ullekha vastugaNanA, alaMkAra uddIpana evaM mAnavIkaraNa ke rUpa meM milate haiN| RSabhajina zakaTamukha nAma ke udyAna meM Akara Thaharate haiM, paumacariu meM usa udyAna ke viSaya meM lambI sUcI ginAI hai| nandanavana ke vRkSoM kI parigaNanA karate karate to svayaMbhU thaka se gaye pratIta hote haiM aura ve kaha uThate haiM ki aura bhI bahuta se vRkSa haiM jinheM kauna samajha sakatA hai| varuNakumAroM ke sAtha rAvaNa aise krIr3A kara rahA hai mAno baila jaladhArAoM ke sAtha khela rahA ho| yahA~ prakRti kA alaMkAra rUpa meM citraNa milatA hai| Ate hue vasaMta kI Rddhi dekhakara madhu, ikSurasa aura surA se masta bholI-bhAlI narmadA rUpI bAlA aise macala uThI mAnoM kAmadeva kI rati ho, yahA~ uddIpana rUpa meM prakRti kA citraNa hai| rasa-rasabhivyakti kI dRSTi se paumacariu meM hameM mukhyataH zAnta, vIra, zrRMgAra aura karuNa rasa milate haiN| karuNa rasa kI abhivyakti paumacariu meM aneka sthaloM para huI hai| zAnta rasa ke rUpa meM paumacariu meM aneka aise sthala milate haiM jinameM saMsAra ko tuccha, nazvara aura duHkha bahuta batalAkara tathA zarIra kI kSaNabhaMguratA kA pratipAdana kara saMsAra ke mithyAtva kA upadeza dete hue usake prati virakti kA bhAva paidA kiyA gayA hai| aise nirveda bhAva ke sthaloM meM zAnta rasa abhivyakta huA alaMkAra - upamA kAlidAsasya ke samAna svayaMbhU kA sarvapriya alaMkAra utprekSA hai| utprekSA kA prayoga paumacariu meM pada-pada para anAyAsa milatA hai| kaDavaka ke kaDavaka utprekSA kI lar3iyoM se bhare haiN| jaise rAvaNa ne acAnaka mandodarI ko dekhA mAnoM bhramara ne abhinava kusumamAlA dekhI ho| mandodarI ke pairoM ke bajate hue nUpura aise mAlUma hote haiM mAno bandIjana madhura zabdoM kA pATha kara rahe hoN| car3hatI huI romarAji aisI thI mAnoM kAlI bAlanAgina hI zobhita ho rahI ho, Adi prAkRta ratnAkara 0161

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aadi| vanagamana ke samaya ke varNana meM kavi kahatA hai ki jAnakI sItA apane ghara se usI prakAra nikala gaI mAnoM himavaMta parvata se mahA nadI gaMgA nikalI hoNiya maMdiraho viNiggaya jANai,NaM himavaMtaho gNgmhaanni|-p.c. 23.6 vaizvika mahattva kI sUktiyA~ - mahAkavi svayambhU kI racanAoM meM unake vyavahArika anubhava sUktiyoM ke rUpa meM prApta hote haiN| Aja ke vizva kA ina sUktiyoM se preraNA aura protsAhana milatA hai| kavi ko yaha vizvAsa hai ki usake kAvya-vacana subhASita kI taraha amara raheMge- hontu suhAsiya vayaNAI (pa.ca., 1.1) 213. paumacariyaM AcArya vimalasUri prAkRta kavitA ke sazakta hastAkSara haiN| unhoMne rAmakathA ko AdhAra banAkara mahArASTrI prAkRta meM paumacariyaM nAmaka mahAkAvya likhA hai| isameM 118 sarga haiM / isa grantha meM paurANika prabandha evaM zAstrAIya prabandha donoM ke lakSaNoM kA samAveza hai, kintu ise mukhyataH paurANika mahAkAvya kahanA adhika upayukta hogaa| isameM Adi kavi bAlmIki kI rAmAyaNa evaM jaina paramparA ke purANatatva kA mizraNa dekhane ko milatA hai| kintu isase grantha ke kAvyatatva meM kamI nahIM AtI hai| paumacariyaM kI prazasti meM vimalasUri kA samaya IsA kI prathama zatAbdI diyA hai, kintu grantha ke antaparIkSaNa se vidvAnoM ne ise tIsarI cauthI zatAbdI kA mahAkavi mAnA hai| vimalasUri jitane siddhAnta aura darzana ke jJAtA haiM utane hI pratibhA sampanna kavi bhI hai| isa mahAkAvya meM unhoMne kaI maulika udbhAvanAeM kI haiN| isa grantha meM kavi ne rAma aura rAvaNa donoM ke carita ko svAbhAvika rUpa se vikasita kiyA hai| isa grantha kI bhASA prAMjala aura pravAhayukta hai| kavi ne samudra, vana, nadI, parvata, Rtu, yuddha, saundarya Adi ke varNana mahAkAvya kI garimA ke anusAra kiye haiN| vibhinna alaMkAroM ke prayoga se yaha kAvya rasamaya aura AkarSaka bana gayA hai| setubandha mahAkAvya ne dezI-videzI kaI vidvAnoM kA dhyAna apanI ora AkarSita kiyA hai| ataH isake jarmana, saMskRta hindI evaM aMgrejI anuvAda bhI upalabdha haiN| vidvAnoM ne isa grantha kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana bhI 162 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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prastuta kiyA hai| prAcIna kaviyoM ne bhI setubandha ke kAvyAtmaka utkarSa kA smaraNa kiyA hai| bANabhaTTa ne kahA hai ki pravarasena kI kIrti isa setubandha mahAkAvya ke kAraNa setu ke dvArA kavisenA kI bhAMti samudra ke usa pAra taka calI gayI hai (harSacarita 1.14.5) / mahAkavi daNDI ne ise sUktirUpI ratnoM kA sAgara kahA hai (kAvyAdarza 1.34) / yaha prAkRta kA sarvaprathama carita mahAkAvya hai| isakI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai, jisa para yatra-tatra apabhraMza kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai / bhASA meM pravAha tathA saralatA hai| varNanAnukUla bhASA zleSa, mAdhurya aura prasAda guNayukta hotI gayI hai| upamA, rUpaka, utprekSA, arthAntaranyAsa, kAvyaliMga, zleSa Adi alaMkAroM kA isameM prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| varNana saMkSipta hone para bhI mArmika haiN| samudra vana, nadI, parvata, sUryodaya, sUryAsta, Rtu, yuddha Adi ke varNana mahAkAvyoM ke samAna haiN| isa kAvya meM 118 sarga haiN| ghaTanAoM kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa varNana lambe nahIM haiM / bhAvAtmaka aura rasAtmaka varNanoM kI kamI nahIM hai| utprekSA dvArA kavi ne varNanoM ko bahuta sarasa aura abhivyanjanA pUrNa banAyA hai| sandhyAkAlIna andhakAra dvArA sabhI dizAoM ko kaluSita hote dekhakara kavi utprekSA karatA hai ki yaha to durjana svabhAva hai, jo sajanoM ke ujvala caritra para kAlikha potatA hai| yathAuccharaI tamo gayaNo mailanto disivahe ksinnvnnnno| sajjaNacariujjoyaM najjai tA dujaNa sahAvo // -2/100 // isa kAvya meM kavi ne gAthA chanda kA prayoga pradhAnarUpa se kiyA hai| pratyeka sarga ke anta meM chanda parivartita ho gayA hai| varNika chaMdoM meM vasantatilakA, upajAti, mAlinI, indravajrA, upendravajrA, rucirA evaM zArdUlavikrIDita kA prayoga ullekhanIya hai| - prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha yaha kRti jaina purANa sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna kRti hai| isameM jaina mAnyatAnusAra rAmakathA kA varNana hai| yaha grantha 118 adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai jinameM kula milAkara 8651 gAthAe~ haiM jinakA mAna 12 hajAra loka pramANa hai| rAmacarita para yaha eka aisI prathama jaina racanA hai jisameM yathArthatA ke prAkRta ratnAkara 0163

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darzana aura aneka UTapaTAMga tathA atArkika bAtoM kA nirasana huA hai| isameM pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa meM paristhitivaza udAtta bhUmikA prastuta kI gaI hai aura puruSa tathA strI caritra ko U~cA uThAyA gayA hai| prAkRta sAhitya meM mahApuruSoM ke jIvana-carita ko navIna kAvya zailI meM prastuta karane vAle prathama vidvAn vimalasUri the| unhoMne vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kI kathA ke AdhAra para mahArASTrI prAkRta meM paumacariyaM kI racanA kii| prazasti meM isakA racanAkAla I. san kI prathama zatAbdI diyA gayA hai, kintu vidvAn vibhinna sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para ise tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanA mAnate haiM / vimalasUri kA yaha grantha prAkRta kA Adi caritakAvya grantha mAnA jAtA hai| prastata caritakAvya meM 118 sarga haiM, jinameM rAghava ke caritra ko vistAra se pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| isI caritakAvya kI paramparA meM Age calakara raviSeNa ne padmacarita kI racanA kI hai| vimalasUri ne isa caritakAvya meM vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kI kathA ko kucha saMzodhanoM ke sAtha prastuta kara apanI maulika pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| yathA - isameM rAkSasa evaM vAnara donoM ko hI nRvaMzIya kahA hai| isI prakAra iMdra, soma, varuNa ityAdi ko deva na mAnakara vibhinna prAntoM ke mAnavavaMzI sAmantoM ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai| sItA ko rAjA janaka evaM usakI patnI videhA kI aurasa putrI mAnA hai| rAvaNa ke dazAnana nAma kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki nau maNiyoM ke hAra meM usake nau pratibimba dRzyamAna hone ke kAraNa pitA ne usakA nAma dazAnana rakha diyaa| isa prakAra vimalasUri ne vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kI aneka bAtoM ko yathArtha rUpa dekara maulikatA pragaTa kI hai| ___ isa sampUrNa caritakAvya meM nAyaka rAma kA carita uttarottara vikasita huA hai| rAma ke carita meM udAratA, dhairya, karttavya-pAlana, kSamA, pazcAtApa Adi guNoM kA samAveza kara hara paristhiti meM unake caritra ko U~cA uThAyA hai| nAyikA sItA ke caritra meM vinamratA, tyAga, sahiSNutA, vAtsalya aura pati ke prati aTUTa prema evaM zraddhA Adi guNoM kA samAveza kara use Adarza nArI ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA hai| pratinAyaka rAvaNa ko bhI dhArmika evaM vratI puruSa ke rUpa meM aMkita kiyA gayA hai| vaha prArambha meM sItA para mohita avazya hotA hai, kintu bAda meM yuddha meM rAma 1640 prAkRta ratnAkara

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lakSmaNa ko jItakara sammAna sahita sItA ko unheM lauTAne kI bAta bhI socatA hai| rAvaNa kI yaha vicAradhArA usake caritra ko udAtta bhUmi para pratiSThita karatI hai| anya pAtroM ke caritra bhI vikasita haiN| yathA-rAjA dazaratha putra ke viyoga meM kAyaroM kI taraha prANoM kA tyAga nahIM karate haiM, apitu nirbhaya vIra kI bhA~ti zramaNa dIkSA aMgIkAra kara AtmakalyANa ke patha para agrasara hote haiM / kaikeyI ke caritra meM bhI mAtR-vatsalatA kA guNa ujAgara huA hai| vaha vAtsalya bhAva se prerita hokara hI bharata ke lie rAjya cAhatI hai| isa prakAra prAyaH sabhI carita apanI-apanI svAbhAvika vizeSatAoM ke sAtha prastuta hue haiN| kAvyAtmaka saundarya kI dRSTi se yaha caritakAvya advitIya hai| samudra, vana, parvata, nadI, sUryAsta, nakha-zikha, Adi ke varNana mahAkAvyoM kI bhA~ti sajIva haiN| rasa, bhAva evaM alaMkAroM kI kavi ne svAbhAvika yojanA prastuta kI hai| isa grantha kI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai| yatra-tatra apabhraMza kA prabhAva hai| bhASA meM pravAha evaM saralatA hai| bhASA ko sajIva banAne ke lie sUktiyoM kA pracura prayoga kiyA gayA hai| yathA - hanumAna rAvaNa ko samajhAte hue kahate haiM - patte viNAsakAlo nAsai buddhiM narANa nikkhuttN|-(gaa. 53.138) arthAt - vinAzakAla Ane para manuSya kI buddhi nizcita rUpa se naSTa ho jAtI hai| __paumacariyaM rAmacarita ke atirikta aneka kathAoM kA bhaNDAra hai| isameM anekoM avAntara kathAe~ dI gaI haiM tathA paramparAgata anekoM kathAoM ko yathocita parivartana ke sAtha prasaMgAnukUla banAyA gayA hai aura kucha navIna kathAoM kI sRSTi kI gaI hai| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa yadi saMskRta sAhitya kA Adi kAvya hai to paumacariyaM prAkRta sAhitya kA paumacariyaM ke antaH parIkSaNa meM hameM guptavAkATaka yuga kI aneka prakAra kI aitihAsika aura sAMskRtika sAmagrI milatI hai| isameM varNita aneka jana-jAtiyoM, rAjyoM aura rAjanaitika ghaTanAoM kA tatkAlIna bhAratIya itihAsa se sambandha sthApita kiyA gayA hai| jainadharma ke siddhAnta nirUpaNa kI dRSTi se paumacariyaM aisI racanA hai jo sAmpradAyikatA se pare hai| grantha meM varNita aneka tathyoM ke vizleSaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki isameM zvetAmbara, prAkRta ratnAkara 0165

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digambara aura yApanIya sabhI sampradAyoM kA samAveza ho gayA hai| saMbhavataH vimalasUri usa yuga ke the jaba jainoM meM sAmpradAyikatA kA vibheda gaharA na ho sakA thaa| 214. paumapabhacariyaM isa kAvya meM 6veM tIrthaMkara padyaprabha kA carita varNita hai| yaha eka aprakAzita racanA hai| isake raciyatA devasUri haiN| inakI dUsarI kRti supArzvacarita (prAkRta) kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| inakA thor3A sA paricaya prApta hai|ye jAliharagaccha ke sarvAnanda ke praziSya tathA dharmavazeSasUri ke ziSya evaM paTTadhara the| granthakAra ne batalAyA hai ki prAcIna koTika gaNa kI vidyAdhara zAkhA se jAlihara aura kAsadrahagaccha eka sAtha nikale the| anya sUcanAe~ jo unhoMne dI haiM, tadanusAra unhoMne devendragaNi se tarkazAstra par3hA thA aura haribhadrasUri se aagm| unake dAdAguru pArzvanAthacarita ke raciyatA sarvAnanda the| prastuta prAkRta kRti kA samaya saM. 1254 batalAyA gayA hai| 215. padmanandimuni padmanandi nAma ke 9 se bhI adhika AcArya evaM bhaTTAraka hue ho gaye haiM jinakA ullekha vibhinna granthoM, zilAlekhoM evaM mUrtilekhoM meM milatA hai| lekina vIranandi ke praziSya evaM bAlanandi ke ziSya AcArya padmanandi una sabase bhinna haiN| ye rAjasthAnI vidvAn the aura bAMrA nagara inakA pramukha sAhityika kendra thaa| padmanandi ne apane pramukha grantha jambUdIpaNNatI meM bAMrA nagara kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai| vaha nagara usa samaya puSkaraNI, bAvar3I, sundara, bhavanoM, nAnAjanoM se saMkIrNa aura dhanadhAnya se samAkula jinamandiroM se vibhUSita tathA samyakdRSTijanoM aura munigaNoM ke samUhoM se maMDita thaa| padmanandi ke samaya bArA nagara kA zaktibhUpAla zAsaka thaa| vaha rAjA zIla-sampanna, anavarata dAnazIla, zAsana vatsala ghora, nAnAgaNa kalita, narapati saMpUjita tathA kalAkuzala evaM narottama thaa| rAjapUtAne ke itihAsa meM guhilota vaMzI rAjA naravAhana ke putra zAlivAhana ke uttarAdhikArI zaktikumAra kA ullekha milatA hai| paM. nAthUrAma premI ne bArAM kI bhaTTAraka gAdI ke AdhAra para padmanandi kA samaya vikrama saMvat 166 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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1100 ke lagabhaga mAnA hai| padmanandi prAkRta bhASA ke udbhaTa vidvAna the| jainadarzana tathA tInoM lokoM kI sthiti kA unheM acchA jJAna prApta thaa| apane samaya ke ve prabhAvazalI AcArya evaM bhaTTAraka the tathA aneka ziSya-praziSyoM ke svAmI the| usa samaya prAkRta ke paThana-pAThana kA acchA pracAra thaa| rAjasthAna evaM mAlavA unakI gatividhiyoM kA pramukha kendra thaa| padmanandi kI prAkRta bhASA kI tIna kRtiyAM upalabdha hotI haiM jinameM eka jambUdIvapaNNattI, dUsarI dhammarasAyaNa tathA tIsarI prAkRtapaMcasaMgrahavRtti hai| 216. paramAtmaprakAza joindukRta paramAtmaprakAza jainagRhasthoM tathA muniyoM meM bahuta prasiddha hai| vizeSakara sAdhuoM ko lakSya karake isakI racanA kI gaI hai| viSaya sAmpradAyika na hone se yadyapi samasta jainasAdhu isakA adhyayana karate haiM, phira bhI digambara jainasAdhuoM meM isakI vizeSa khyAti hai| paramAtmaprakAza sabhI AstikoM ko priya hai| kannaDa aura saMskRta meM isa para aneka prAcIna TIkAe~ haiN| ve bhI isakI lokapriyatA pradarzita karatI haiN| aba taka prakAza meM Aye hue apabhraMza sAhitya meM paramAtmaprakAza sabase prAcIna hai aura sabase pahale prakAzana bhI isI kA huA thaa| hemacandra ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM paramAtmaprakAza se aneka udAharaNa diye haiM, ataH ise hama hemacandra ke pahale kI apabhraMza bhASA kA namUnA kaha sakate haiN| . isa grantha meM prArambha ke sAta dohoM meM paMcaparameSThI ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| phira tIna dohoM meM grantha kI utthAnikA hai| pA~ca meM bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA kA svarUpa batAyA gayA hai| isake bAda dasa dohoM meM vikalaparamAtmA kA svarUpa AtA hai| pAMca kSepakoM sahita caubIsa dohoM meM saralaparamAtmA kA varNana hai| 6 dohoM meM jIva ke svazarIra-pramANa kI carcA hai| phira dravya, guNa, paryAya, karma nizcaya samyagdRSTi, mithyAtva Adi kI carcA hai| dUsare adhikAra meM prArambha ke dasa dohoM meM mokSa kA svarUpa, eka meM mokSa kA phala, unnIsa dohoM meM nibandha aura vyavahAra mokSamArga, tathA ATha meM abhedaratnatraya kA varNana hai| isake bAda caudaha meM samabhAva kI caudahaveM meM puNya pApa kI samAnatA kI, aura ikatAlIsa dohoM meM zuddhopayoga ke svarUpa kI carcA kI hai| anta meM paramasamAdhi kA kathana hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0 167

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paramAtmaprakAza meM saba 345 padya haiM, unameM 5 gAthAe~ eka stragdharA aura mAlinI hai, kintu inakI bhASA apabhraMza nahIM hai| tathA eka catuSpAdikA aura zeSa 337 apabhraMza dohe haiN| pUjyapAda ke samAdhizataka aura paramAtmaprakAza meM bhI ghaniSTa samAnatA hai| devasena ke tatvasAra aura paramAtmaprakAza meM bhI kAphI samAnatA hai| 217.paMcakalpamahAbhASya __ AcArya saMghadAsaNI kI vasudevahiMDI ke atirikta dUsarI kRti paMcakalpamahAbhASya hai jo paMcakalpaniyukti ke vivecana ke rUpa meM hai| isameM kula 2655 gAthAe~ haiN| jisameM bhASya kI 2574 gAthAe~ hai| isameM pahale jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa ye do bheda kiye haiN| zramaNoM ke jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kI vividha sampadA kA varNana karate hue cAritra-sAmAyika, chedopasthApanA, parihAravizuddhi, sUkSmasaMparAya aura yathAkhyAta ye pA~ca prakAra batAye haiN| cAritra-kSAyika, kSAyopazamika aura aupazamika rUpa se tIna prakAra kA hai| jJAna-kSAyika aura kSAyopazamika ke rUpa se do prakAra kA hai aura darzana-kSAyika, kSAyopazamika aura aupazamika rUpa se tIna prakAra kA rUpa hai| 218. paMca saMgraha __paMcasaMgraha eka saMgraha graMtha hai jo karmastava,zataka aura sittarI Adi ke AdhAra se likhA gayA hai| isameM jIvasamAsa, prakRtisamutkIrtana, karmastava, zataka aura saptatikA ina pA~ca viSayoM kA vivecana hai| ataeva ise paMcasaMgraha kahA jAtA hai| AcArya amitagati (vi.saM. 1073)aura paMDita AzAdhara paMcasaMgraha kA ullekha kiyA hai| jIva samAsa adhikAra meM 206 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM 20 prarUpaNAoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki SaTkhaMDAgama ke satprarUpaNA sUtroM kI dhavalA TIkA meM guNasthAna aura mArgaNAoM kA vivecana AcArya vIrasena ne prastuta jIvasamAsa adhikAra ke AdhAra se hI kiyA hai| prakRtimutkIrtana nAmaka dUsare adhikAra meM 12 gAthAoM meM ATha karmo kI prakRtiyoM kA vivecana hai| karmastava nAmaka tIsare adhikAra meM 77 gAthAyeM hai jinameM se 53 gAthAyeM karmastava athavA baMdhodayasatavayukta nAma se prasiddha zvetAMbarIya prAcIna dvitIya karmagraMtha meM jyoM kI tyoM pAI jAtI haiN| isa adhikAra meM karmo ke baMdha udaya, udIraNA aura satva kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| zataka nAmaka cauthe adhikAra meM 422 gAthAyeM haiN| isa 168 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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adhikAra meM uparyukta zvetAMbarIya zataka athavA baMdhazataka nAmaka pA~caveM karmagraMtha kA aMtarbhAva ho jAtA hai| pA~cave adhikAra kA nAma saptatikA hai uparyukta zvetAMbarIya chaThe karmagraMtha sittari athavA saptatikA kA aMtarbhAva hotA hai| paMDita kailAzacandra jI zAstrI ne paMcasaMgrahakAra kA samaya vikrama kI AThavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva mAnA hai| 219.paMcasaMgaha(candrarSi ) pArzvaRSi ke ziSya zvetAvambarAcArya candrarSi mahattara ne prAkRta paMcasaMgraha kI racanA kI hai| isa para unhoMne svopajJavRtti likhI hai| candrarSi kA samaya vikrama kI 9vIM-10 vIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| malayagiri kI isa para TIkA hai| isameM 963 gAthAyeM haiM jo samaga (zataka, sittari), (saptatikA), kasAyapAhuDa (kaSAyaprAbhRta), chakamma (satkarma) aura kammapayaDi (karmaprakRti) nAmaka pA~ca granthoM athavA yoga upayoga viSayaka mArgaNA, baMdhaka, baMdhavya, baMdhahetu aura baMdhavidhi ina pA~ca arthAdhikAroM meM vibhakta haiN| ina pA~coM kA yahA~ saMkSipta vivecana kiyA gayA hai, ataeva grantha ko paMcasaMgraha kahA jAtA hai| 220. paMcAstikAya(paMcatthikAyo) - AcArya kundakunda ne jinadeva bhagavAn mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM ke sAra ko paMcAstikAya meM saMkSipta rUpa se nirUpita kiyA hai| isa grantha meM jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma evaM AkAza ina pA~coM dravyoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| inheM bahupradezI hone ke kAraNa astikAya rUpa kahA hai| yaha grantha do adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai| prathama adhikAra meM dravya kA lakSaNa, dravya-paryAya tathA dravya-guNa kI abhedatA evaM pA~coM astikAyoM kA vizeSa vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| dvitIya adhikAra meM jIva, ajIva, Asrava, baMdha, pApa, puNya, saMvara, nirjarA evaM mokSa ina nau padArthoM ke sAtha mokSa-mArga kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA hai| mokSa-mArga prApti meM rAga ko bAdhaka batAyA hai tathA kiMcita mAtra rAga kA bhI AcArya ne niSedha kiyA hai| yathA - - tamhA NivvudikAmo rAgaMsavvattha kuNadimA kiNci| soteNa vIdarAgo bhviobhvsaayrNtrdi||...(gaa.172) arthAt - nirvANa mArga ke abhilASI ko kiMcita mAtra bhI rAga nahIM karanA caahie|isii se vaha vItarAgI huA saMsAra sAgara ko pAra kara jAtA hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0 169

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221.pAiakahAsaMgaha (prAkRta kathAsaMgraha) paumacaMdasUri ke kisI ajJAtanAma ziSya ne vikkamaseNacariya nAmaka prAkRta kathA grantha kI racanA kI thii| isa grantha meM AI huI caudaha kathAoM meM se bAraha kathAyeM prAkRta kathAsaMgraha meM dI gaI haiN| isase adhika granthakartA aura usake samaya Adi ke saMbaMdha meM aura kucha jAnakArI nahIM miltii| prAkRta kathAsaMgraha kI eka prati saMvat 1318 meM likhI gaI thI, isase patA lagatA hai ki mUla graMthakAra kA samaya isase pahale hI honA caahiye| isa saMgraha meM dAna, zIla, tapa bhAvanA, samayaktva, navakAra tathA anityatA Adi se saMbaMdha rakhanevAlI cunI huI sarasa kathAyeM haiM, jinameM aneka laukika aura dhArmika AkhyAna kahe gaye haiN| samudrayAtrA ke varNana meM mArga meM kAlikA vAyu calatI hai jisase jahAja TUTa jAtA hai| bahuta se yAtriyoM ko apane prANoM se vaMcita honA par3atA hai| zreSThIputra ke hAtha meM lakar3I kA eka takhtA par3a jAtA hai, aura usake sahAre vaha kisI parvata ke kinAre jA lagatA hai| vahA~ se suvarNabhUmi pahu~cakara vaha sone kI ITeM prApta karatA hai| karma kI pradhAnatA batalAte hue isa grantha meM kahA gayA hai ahavA na dAyavvo doso kassa vi keNa kaiyA vi| puvvajjiyakammAo havaMti jaM sukkhadukkhAiM // athavA kisI ko koI bhI doSa nahIM denA cAhiye, pUrvopArjita karma se hI sukha-dukha hote haiN| 222. pAiyalacchInAmamAlA pAiyalacchInAmamAlA upalabdha prAkRta koza-granthoM meM svatantra rUpa se likhA gayA sabase prAcIna koza-grantha hai| kavi dhanapAla ne vi.sa. 1029 meM apanI choTI bahana sundarI ke adhyayana hetu dhArAnagara meM isa koza-grantha kI racanA kI thii| yaha ati saMkSipta padyabaddha koza hai| isa koza-grantha meM saMskRta ke amarakoza kI rIti se karIba 279 gAthAoM meM 998 prAkRta zabdoM ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| grantha kA prArambha maMgalAcaraNa se huA hai, jisameM vibhinna deva paryAyoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| zabdoM kI cayana prakriyA meM akArAdi krama ko na apanA kara viSaya, sthAna evaM samaya ke AdhAra para kevala nAma zabdoM kA cayana 170 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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kara unake paryAyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| saMskRta vyutpattiyoM se siddha prAkRta zabda tathA dezI zabda ina donoM hI prakAra ke zabdoM kA saMkalana isa grantha meM kiyA gayA hai| kavi ne bhramara ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA ullekha nimna gAthA meM isa prakAra kiyA hai phullaMdhuArasAUbhiMgA bhasalA yamahuarA alinno| iMdidarA durehA dhuagAyA chappayA bhamarA ||-(gaa.11) arthAt - phullaMdhua, rasAU, bhiMga, sala, mahuara, ali, iMdidara, dureha, dhuagAya, chappaya aura bhamara ye bhramara ke 11 nAma haiN| isa koza meM kucha aise zabda bhI Aye haiM, jo Aja bhI lokabhASAoM meM pracalita haiN| yathA - AlasI ke lie 'maTTha' zabda tathA nUtana pallavoM ke lie 'kuMpala' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, jo Aja bhI braja, bhojapurI Adi meM prayukta hotA hai / isa dRSTi se yaha koza-grantha bhASA-vijJAna hI nahIM, apitu tatkAlIna sAmAjika, sAMskRtika evaM loka mAnyatAoM ke adhyayana meM bhI sahAyaka siddha hotA hai| 223. pAiya-sada-mahaNNavo prAkRta bhASA kA yaha prasiddha koza grantha hai| kalakattA ke paMDita haragovindadAsa trikamacaMda seTha ne 14varSoM ke kaThora parizrama ke uparAMta isa kozagrantha kA saMkalana evaM sampAdana kiyA hai| isa koza-grantha meM ArSa prAkRta se lekara apabhraMza yuga taka kI prAkRta bhASAoM ke vividha viSayoM se sambandhita jaina evaM jainetara prAcIna granthoM kI ati vizAla zabda rAzi evaM unake saMbhAvita arthoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka zabda ke sAtha kisI na kisI grantha kA pramANa avazya diyA gayA hai| prAkRta bhASA ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie yaha grantha atyaMta upayogI hai| 224.pAli bhASA bhagavAna buddha ke vacanoM kA saMgraha jina graMthoM meM huA hai, unheM tripiTaka kahate haiM ina graMthoM kI bhASA ko pAli kahA gayA hai| pAli bhASA kA gaThana tatkAlIna vibhinna boliyoM ke mizraNa se huA mAnA jAtA hai, jisameM mAgadhI pramukha thii| prAkRta ratnAkara 0171

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pAli bhASA kI jo vizeSatAe~ hai, unameM adhikAMza prAkRta tatva haiM / ataH pAli kA prAkRta bhASA kA hI eka prAcIna rUpa svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| pAli bhASA buddha ke upadezoM aura tatsaMbaMdhI sAhitya taka hI sImita ho gayI thii| isa rUr3hitA ke kAraNa pAli bhASA se Age calakara anya bhASAoM kA vikAsa nahIM huA, jabaki prAkRta kI santati nirantara bar3hatI rhii| kintu pAli kA sAhitya paryApta samRddha hai| ataH prAcIna bhAratIya bhASAoM ko samajhane ke lie pAli kA jJAna Avazyaka hai| pAli meM madhyadezI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta kI pravRttiyA~ bhI upalabdha hotI haiN| bhArata meM madhyadeza kI bolI kA sarvadA vizeSa prabhAva rahA hai| ataH madhyadeza kI bhASA hI pAli kA AdhAra hai| isameM luD.lakAra AtmanepadI kriyAoM aura prAcIna gaNa vAlI kriyAoM ke rUpoM Adi para chAndasa kA prabhAva se spaSTa lakSita hotA hai| mathurA, avaMtI, kauzAmbI, kannauja, kauzala Adi sthAnoM kI boliyoM ke prabhAva se bhI pAli bhASA achUtI nahIM hai| ataH vaidika graMthoM kI saMskRta tathA anya prAkRta bhASAoM ke mizraNa se pAli bhASA gaThita huI, aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai| pAli evaM prAkRta bhASAoM ke tulanAtmaka saMbaMdhoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa nimnAnusAra ___pAli aura prAkRta bhASAoM kI samAnatAe~ 1- donoM bhASAoM kA dhvani samUha eka samAna hai| 2- donoM bhASAoM meM R, R, la, lu, aikA lopa hotA hai| 3- Rdhvani a, i, u svaroM meM se kisI eka svara meM parivartita ho jAtI haiN| 4- hasva svara e aura o kA prayoga donoM bhASAoM meM milatA hai| 5-visarga kA prayoga donoM meM nahIM milatA hai| 7- mUrdhanya dhvani donoM bhASAoM meM samAna rUpa se pAyI jAtI hai| 8- donoM meM dvivacana nahIM hotA hai| 9- donoM meM caturthI evaM SaSThI vibhakti ke rUpa prAyaH eka hI rahate haiN| 10-saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA samIkaraNa bhI donoM meM eka samAna hotA hai| 11-caturthI vibhakti kA prayoga donoM meM hetvartha ke liye hotA hai| 1720 prAkRta ratnAkara

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12-bhaviSyakAla ke liye kriyAtmaka dhAtu meM 'issa' (ssa) aura ihi (hi) lagAne ke bAda pratyaya jor3e jAte haiM / uparyukta samAnAtAoM ke atirikta pAli evaM prAkRta bhASAoM ke vyaMjanaparivartanoM kI vizeSatAoM meM bhI sAmAnya samAnatAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiN| vidvAnoM prAkRtoM ke sAtha pAli ke sAmya-vaizamya kA adhyayana kiyA hai / 225. pAsanAhacariyaM isameM 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kA carita vistAra se diyA hai, jo pA~ca prastAvoM meM vibhakta hai| yaha prAkRta gadya-padya meM likhI gaI sarasa racanA hai jisameM samAsAnta padAvalI aura chanda kI vividhatA dekhane meM AtI hai| isameM saMskRta ke aneka subhASita bhI uddhRta haiM / isakA granthAgra 9000 pramANa hai| isa grantha kI apanI vizeSatA hai / anya granthoM meM pArzvanAtha ke dasa bhavoM kA varNana milatA hai| tIsare, pAMcaveM, sAtaveM aura naveM bhava meM devaloka evaM nava graiveyaka meM deva rUpa se pArzvanAtha utpanna hue the| ina cAra bhavoM kI gaNanA isa caritra ke lekhaka ne nahIM lI, isalie zeSa chaH bhavoM kA varNana hI diyA gayA hai| isa prAkRta carita grantha meM saMskRta ke guNacandra dvArA racita uttarapurANa meM diye gaye pArzvanAtha carita se kucha bAtoM meM antara hai / 226. pAsanAhacariyaM - devabhadrAcArya isa carita grantha ke kartA devabhadrAcArya haiM / ye vikrama kI 12vIM zatAbdI ke mahAn vidvAn evaM uccakoTi ke sAhityakAra the| inakA nAma AcArya padArUr3ha hone ke pahale guNacandragaNi thA / usa samaya saMvat 1139 meM zrI mahAvIracariyaM nAmaka vistRta 12024 loka pramANa grantha rcaa| dUsarA grantha kathAratnakoSa hai jo AcArya padArUr3ha hone ke bAda vi. saM. 1158 meM racA thaa| prastuta pAsanAhacariyaM kI racanA unhoMne vi. saM. 1168 meM govarddhana zreSThi ke putra yazadeva zreSThi kI preraNA se kI thI / 227. pAli - prAkRta bhASAoM ke jJAtA DaoN. harmana jaikAbI jainavidyA kA adhyayana karane vAle vidvAnoM meM isa samaya ke prasiddha vidvAn DaoN. harmana jaikAbI the, jinhoMne prAkRta vAGamaya kA vizeSa anuzIlana kiyA hai / prAkRta ratnAkara 173

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jaikobala ne ausage velte etse liMgana ina mahArASTrI mahArASTrI prAkRta kI cunI huI kahAniyA~ nAma se eka pAThyapustaka taiyAra kI, jo san 1886 I. meM lipajiMga (jarmanI) meM prakAzita huii| isake iNTroDakzana meM unhoMne mahArASTrI prAkRta ke sambandha meM vizada vivecana kiyA hai tathA vaidika bhASAoM se Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM taka ke vikAsa ko prastuta kiyA hai| jaikobI ne apane dvArA sampAdita prAkRta granthoM kI bhUmikAoM ke atirikta prAkRta bhASA ke sambandha meM svatantra nibandha bhI likhe haiM / san 1912-13 meM unhoMne prAkRta dera jesa uvara Aine nIva sandhirIgala ina pAlI uNDa ubara dI veTomiMga iNDizcina sprAkhana nAmaka nibandha likhA jo pAli-prAkRta bhASAoM para prakAza DAlatA hai| jaina kathA sAhitya ke AdhAra para prAkRta kA sarvaprathama adhyayana jaikobI ne hI kiyA hai| isa sambandha meM unakA uvara Daisa prAkRta ina Dera itselaMga liTarecara Dera jaina nAmaka nibandha mahatvapUrNa hai| 228.piMDaNijjuttI __ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM piMDaniyukti evaM oghaniyukti kI gaNanA kahIM mUlasUtroM meM aura kahIM prakIrNaka sAhitya meM kI jAtI hai, phira bhI sAdhuoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra kA nirUpaNa hone ke kAraNa ina donoM granthoM ko zvetAmbara paramparA ke mUla 45 AgamoM meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| piMDa kA artha hai - zramaNa ke grahaNa karane yogya AhAra / isameM zramaNoM kI AhAra vidhi kA varNana huA hai, ataH isakA piMDaniyukti nAma sArthaka hai| isake racayitA AcArya bhadrabAhu haiN| dazavaikAlikasUtra ke pA~caveM adhyAya piMDaiSaNA para likhI gaI niyukti ke vistRta ho jAne ke kAraNa piMDaniyukti ke nAma se alaga Agama kI mAnyatA dI gaI hai| bhadrabAhu ne isa grantha meM 671 prAkRta gAthAoM meM piMDanirUpaNa, udgamadoSa, utpAdanadoSa, grAsadoSa, eSaNAdoSa Adi kA vivecana kiyA hai| piNDa zabda piDi saMghAte dhAtu se banA hai| anvayArtha kI dRSTi se sajAtIya yA vijAtIya Thosa vastuoM ke ekatrita hone ko piNDa kahA jAtA hai| sAmAyika dRSTi se tarala vastu ko piNDa kahA gayA hai| AcArAMga meM pAnI kI eSaNA ke artha meM piNDaiSaNA zabda kA prayoga huA hai| piNDa niyukti meM azana, pAna, khAdya aura 1740 prAkRta ratnAkara

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svAdya ina sabhI ke lie piNDa zabda vyavahata huA hai| zramaNa ke grahaNa karane yogya AhAra ko piNDa kahA gayA hai| prastuta graMtha meM usakA vivecana hai| udgama, utpAdana, eSaNA, saMyojanA, pramANa, aMgAra, dhUma aura kAraNa-isameM ye ATha adhikAra haiN| isameM 671 gAthAe~ haiN| niyukti aura bhASya kI gAthAe~ paraspara mila cukI haiN| prastuta niyukti ke racayitA bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiN| 229.pizela,ricarDa pro. ricarDa pizela kA janma 18 janavarI 1849 I. meM jarmanI ke brejalA nAmaka sthAna meM huA thaa|aapke pitA kA nAma I. pizela thaa| san 1870 I. meM ricarDa pizela ko brejalA yUnivarsiTI se DAkTareTa kI upAdhi milI thii| Apa 1874 bhAratIya vidyA vibhAga ke rIDara pada para niyukta hue aura 1875 I. meM kIla vizvavidyAlaya, jarmanI meM Apako saMskRta tathA tulanAtmaka bhASA vibhAga kA prophesara banAyA gyaa| Apane barlina vizvavidyAlaya meM bhI apanI sevAyeM dI haiN| san 1908 meM kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya meM Apako prAkRta bhASAoM para vyAkhyAna dene ke lie bhArata Amantrita kiyA gayA thaa| kintu isa vyAkhyAna ke pUrva hI ApakA nidhana ho gyaa| Apane saMskRta-prAkRta para aneka grantha likhe haiN| unameM kAlidAsakRta zAkuntalam, hemacandra kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa Adi prasiddha pustaka haiN| ye pustakeM pahale jarmana bhASA meM likhI gaIM, phira unake aMgrejI aura hindI anuvAda vidvAnoM ne taiyAra kara prakAzita kiye haiN| vaidika sTaDIja aura bauddhadharma para bhI DaoN. pizela ke zodhakArya prakAzita haiN| prAkRta bhASA aura bhAratIya vidyA ke isa mUrdhanya manISI DaoN. pizela kA 26 disambara san 1908 meM madrAsa meM dehAvasAna ho gyaa| DaoN. ela. DI. bArneTa ne DaoN. pizela ke jIvana aura yogadAna para mahattvapUrNa lekha prakAzita kiyA hai| 230. puSpikA (puSphacUlakahA) ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM puSpikA upAMga granthoM meM sva-samaya aura para samaya ke jJAna kI dRSTi se kathAoM kA saMkalana hai| kathAoM meM kutUhala tattva kI pradhAnatA hai| sabhI AkhyAnoM meM vartamAna jIvana para utanA prakAza nahIM DAlA gayA jitanA unake paraloka ke jIvana para DAlA gayA hai|saaNsaarik moha aura mamatAoM prAkRta ratnAkara 0175

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kA isameM sabala citraNa hai / grantha meM punarjanma aura karmasiddhAnta kA samarthana sarvatra mukharita ho rahA hai| isameM dasa adhyayana hai| isa upAMga grantha ke tIsare adhyayana meM somila brAhmaNa kI kathA hai| isa brAhmaNa kI tapasyA kA varNana vistArapUrvaka kiyA gayA hai| caturtha adhyayana meM eka bahuta hI sarasa aura manoraMjana kathA hai| subhadrA santAna na hone ke kAraNa saMsAra se virakta ho jAtI hai aura suvratA AryikA ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa karatI hai| dIkSita ho jAne para bhI vaha baccoM se bahuta sneha karatI hai, unheM khilAtI- pilAtI hai aura unakA zrRMgAra karatI hai| pradhAna AryikA ke dvArA samajhAye jAne para bhI usakI mamatA baccoM se kama nahIM hotI / phalataH isa rAga bhAvanA ke kAraNa vaha agale bhava meM eka brAhmaNI hotI hai aura santAna se usakA ghara bhara jAtA hai / isa upAMga ardhamAgadhI grantha meM bhI aise vyaktiyoM kI kathAe~ haiM, jinhoMne dhArmika sAdhanA dvArA svargalAbha evaM divya sampadAyeM prApta kI haiN| isameM dasa adhyayana haiM, jinake nAma zrI, hI, dhRti Adi haiN| kathA sAhitya kI dRSTi se isakA rUpa gaThana puSpikA upAMga grantha ke samAna hI hai / sAhityika chaTA paMcama adhyayana meM dikhalAyI par3atI hai / svarga ke deva apane atula vaibhava ke sAtha bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vandanA ke lie Ate haiN| 231. puhavIcaMdacariyaM yaha prAkRta bhASA meM 7500 gAthAoM meM nibaddha vizAla graMtha hai, jo aneka avAntara kathAoM se bharA huA hai| isakI racanA bRhadgacchIya sarvadevasUri ke praziSya evaM nemicandra ke ziSya satyAcArya ne mahAvIra saM. 1631 arthAt vi.saM. 1161 meM kI thii| isakI hastalikhita pratiyA~ milatI haiM / grantha aprakAzita hai| 232. puSpadaMta evaM bhUtabali AcArya dharasena ke pAsa zikSA prApta karane ke lie Andhradeza se jo do vyutpanna vidvAn Aye the, itihAsa meM unake nAma puSpadanta aura bhUtabali prApta hote haiN| kintu kathAnaka ke anusAra ye nAma unake guru dharasenAcArya ne unakI parIkSA lene ke bAda diye the ataH ina donoM ziSyoM ke mUla nAmoM kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| zikSA prApti ke bAda ye muni punaH dakSiNa bhArata kI ora gaye the aura vahIM para 176 prAkRta ratnAkara

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unhoMne zaurasenI prAkRta meM 'SaTkhaNDAgama' grantha kI racanA kii| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI mAnate haiM ki SaTkhaNDAgama grantha kA prArambhika bhAga vanavAsa deza (uttara karNATaka) meM racA gayA aura zeSa grantha dravir3a deza meN| ina donoM AcAryoM meM puSpadaMta jyeSTha the aura bhUtabali unase avasthA meM kama / vidvAnoM ne ina AcAryoM kA samaya dharasenAcArya ke samakAlIna hone se vIranirvANa saM. 633 ke pazcAt lagabhaga I. san 50-90 mAnA hai / 'SaTkhaNDAgama' grantha kA viSaya puSpadanta evaM bhUtabali ne AcArya dharasena se par3hA thaa| isa grantha ko likhane kI rUparekhA puSpadanta ne banAyI hogI / kintu ve grantha ke prathama bhAga satprarUpaNA ke 177 sUtroM kI racanA hI kara ske| bAda meM bhUtabali ne grantha ke pA~ca khaNDoM ke chaH hajAra sUtroM kI racanA kI aura bAda meM mahAbandha nAmaka chaThe khaNDa ke 30 hajAra sUtroM kA nirmANa kiyA / vAstava meM SaTkhaNDAgama grantha meM prAcIna paramparA se prApta zrutajJAna kI prarUpaNA kI gayI hai / 'SaTkhaNDAgama' nAmaka zaurasenI prAkRta kA yaha prAcIna grantha chaha khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai : 1- jIvaTThANa : 2- khuddAbandha : 3- baMdha sAmittavicaya : karma kI prakRtiyAM aura unake svAmI / 4- veyaNA ATha karmoM kA vedanA kI apekSA se varNana / bandhanIya pudgala skandhoM kA varNana / prakRti, pradeza, sthiti aura anubhAga bandha / isa taraha yaha SaTkhaNDAgama grantha jainadarzana meM karmasiddhAnta guNasthAna aura jIva kI vibhinna avasthAoM kA sAMgopAMga varNana karatA hai / 5- vaggaNA 6- mahAbaMdha : : guNadharma aura avasthAoM kA varNana / mArgaNAoM ke anusAra bandha aura abandha kA varNana / : 233. paizAcI prAkRta deza meM uttara-pazcima prAntoM ke kucha bhAga ko paizAca deza kahA jAtA thA / vahA~ para vikasita isa janabhASA ko paizAcI kahA gayA hai| yadyapi isakA koI eka sthAna nahIM hai| vibhinna sthAnoM ke loga isa bhASA ko bolate the / prAkRta bhASA se samAnatA hone ke kAraNa paizAcI ko bhI prAkRta kA eka bheda mAna liyA gayA hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 177

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isa bhASA meM bRhatkathA nAmaka pustaka likhe jAne kA ullekha hai| kintu vaha mUla rUpa meM prApta nahIM hai| usake rUpAntara prApta haiM, jinase mUla grantha kA mahattva jJAta hotA hai| vararuci evaM hemacandra ne paizAcI bhASA kI vizeSatAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| Age ke vaiyAkaraNoM ne paizAcI ke bheda-prabheda batalAe haiN| kucha vizeSa udAharaNa bhI die haiN| mArkaNDeya ne ise zUrasena aura pAMcAla kI bhASA kahA hai| vastutaH yaha bhramaNazIla kisI jAti vizeSa kI bhASA thii| isameM kaI pradezoM kI boliyoM ke tattva sammilita haiN| yathA1. jJa ke sthAna para ja hotA hai| prajJA> paJA aadi| 2. varga ke tRtIya va caturtha varNa kA prathama va dvitIya varNa meM privrtn| ___ yathA- meghaH > mekho, rAjA > rAcA, madana > matana aadi| 3. STa ke sthAna para saTa aura snAna ke sthAna para sana Adeza / yathA kaSTa > kasaTa, snAna > sanAna aadi| 4. madhyavartI ka,ga, ca Adi vargoM kA lopa nahIM hotaa| yathA-- zAkhA > sAkhA, pratibhAsa > patibhAsa aadi| hemacandra, trivikrama, lakSmIdhara Adi prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne cUlikA paizAcI kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / paizAcI se isameM thor3A sA antara hai| yathA1.ra ke sthAna para vikalpa se l| yathA__gorI > golI, caraNa > calana, rAjA > lAcA aadi| 2. bh ko ph aadesh| yathA- bhavati > photi aadi| 234. prakIrNaka zvetAmbara jaina Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| nandIsUtra ke TIkAkAra malayagiri ne prakIrNaka ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki arahaMtoM dvArA upadiSTa zruta kA anusaraNa karate hue zramaNa-nirgratha bhakti bhAvanA evaM zraddhAvaza mUla bhAvanA se dUra na rahate hue, jina granthoM kA nirmANa karate haiM, unheM prakIrNaka kahate haiN| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke 84,000 tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke 14,000 prakIrNaka hone kA ullekha milatA hai| naMdIsUtra, sthAnAMgasUtra, 178 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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vyavahArasUtra, dhavalA, pAkSika Adi sUtroM meM vibhinna prakIrNaka granthoM ke nAma ginAye gaye haiM, kintu isa krama meM kucha granthoM kA viccheda ho gayA tathA kucha naye zAstra grantha jur3ate bhI gaye haiN| ataH sarvamAnya rUpa meM prakIrNaka kI saMkhyA nizcita nahIM ho sakI hai| vartamAna samaya meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke 45 AgamoM kI mAnyatA meM nimna 10 prakIrNaka mAnya haiN| 1. causaraNa 2. AurapaccakkhANa 3. mahApaccakkhANa 4. bhattapariNNA 5. taMdulaveyAliya 6.saMthAraya 7.gacchAyAra 8.gaNivijA 9.deviMdatthaya 10. mrnnsmaahi| 235.prakIrNaka graMtha Agama sAhitya ke uparAnta vibhinna viSayoM para likhita graMtha prakIrNaka sAhitya ke rUpa meM jAne jAte haiM / bAraha prakIrNaka grantha prasiddha haiM / yathA(1)catuHzaraNa catuHzaraNa kA aparanAma kuzalAnubandhi adhyayana bhI hai| isameM 63 gAthAe~ haiN| prArambha meM SaDAvazyaka para prakAza DAlate hue batAyA hai ki sAmAyika Avazyaka se cAritra kI zuddhi hotI hai, caturviMzati jinastavana se darzana kI vizuddhi hotI hai, vandana se jJAna meM nirmalatA AtI hai| pratikramaNa se jJAna, darzana aura cAritra tInoM meM vizuddhi hotI hai| kAyotsarga se tapa kI zuddhi hotI hai aura paccakkhANa se vIrya kI vizuddhi hotI hai| arihaMta siddha sAhU kevalikahio suhAvaho dhmmo| eecaurI caugaiharaNA, saraNaM lahai dhnno||11||- catuHzaraNa, gA.2 grantha ke anta meM vIrabhadra kA ullekha hone se prastuta prakIrNaka ke racayitA vIrabhadra mAne jAte haiN| isa para bhuvanatuMga kI vRtti aura guNaratna kI avacUri bhI prApta hotI hai| (2)AturapratyAkhyAna (AurapaccakcakhANa) AturapratyAkhyAna maraNa se sambandhita hai| isake kAraNa ise anta kAlIna prakIrNaka bhI kahA gayA hai| isakA dUsarA nAma bRhadAturapratyAkhyAna bhI hai| isa prakIrNaka meM 70 gAthAe~ haiN| dasa gAthA ke pazcAt kucha bhaga gadya meM hai| prathama prAkRta ratnAkara 0179

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bAlapaNDitamaraNa kI vyAkhyA hai| dezayati kI vyAkhyA karate hue pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata cAra zikSAvrata, saMlekhanA, bAlapaMDita kA vaimAnikoM meM upapAta aura unakI sAta bhava se siddhi batAI hai| (3)mahApratyAkhyAna mahApratyAkhyAna (mahApaccakkhANa) prakIrNaka meM tyAga kA vistRta varNana hai| isameM 142 gAthAe~ haiM / grantha ke prArambha meM tIrthaMkara, jina, siddha aura saMyatoM ko namaskAra kiyA hai aura pApa va duzcaritra kI nindA karate hue unake pratyAkhyAna para bala diyA hai| mamatva-tyAga ko mahattva diyA hai| nizcayadRSTi se AtmA hI jJAna, darzana va cAritra rUpa hai| sAdhaka ko mUlaguNa aura uttaraguNoM kA pratikramaNa karanA cAhie, pApoM kI AlocanA, nindA aura gardA karanI caahie| jo nizzalya hotA hai usI kI zuddhi hotI hai| (4) bhaktaparijJA prastuta prakIrNaka meM bhaktaparijJA nAmaka maraNa kA vivecana mukhya hone ke kAraNa isakA nAma bhaktaparijJA hai| isameM 172 gAthAe~ haiN| vAstavika sukha kI upalabdhi jinAjJA kI ArAdhanA se hotI hai| paNDitamaraNa kI AradhanA pUrNatayA saphala hotI hai| paNDitamaraNa (abhyudyata maraNa) ke bhaktaparijJA, iMginI aura pAdapopagamana ye tIna bheda kiye haiN| bhaktaparijJA kA phala hai ki sAdhaka jaghanya saudharma devaloka meM utpanna hotA hai| utkRSTa gRhastha sAdhaka acyuta kalpa meM paidA hotA hai| zramaNa svargasiddhi meM yA nirvANa ko prApta hotA hai| prastuta prakIrNaka ke kartA vIrabhadra haiN| guNaratna ne isa para avacUri bhI likhI hai| (5)tandulavaicArika __ prastuta grantha meM sau varSa kI Ayu vAlA vyakti kitanA tandula yAni cAvala khAtA hai isa saMkhyA vara vizeSa rUpa se cintana karane ke kAraNa upa lakSaNa se isakA nAma tandulavaicArika (tandulaveyAliya) rakhA gayA hai| isa prakIrNaka meM 139 gAthAe~ haiN| bIca-bIca meM kucha gadyasUtra bhI haiN| isameM mukhya rUpa se garbhaviSayaka varNana hai| sarvaprathama bhagavAna mahAvIra ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| usake pazcAt jisakI Ayu sau varSa kI hai, parigaNanA karane para usakI jisa prakAra dasa avasthAe~ hotI haiM, aura una dasa avasthAoM ko saMkalita kara nikAla 1800 prAkRta ratnAkara

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dene para usakI jitanI Ayu avazeSa rahatI hai, usakA varNana kiyA gayA hai| anta meM isa bAta para prakAza DAlA hai ki prastuta zarIra janma, jarA, maraNa evaM vedanAoM se bharA huA eka prakAra kA zakaTa hai| ataH aisA kArya karanA cAhie jisase sampUrNa duHkhoM se mukti prApta ho ske| (6) saMstAraka jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM saMthArA-saMstAraka kA atyadhika mahattva hai| jIvana bhara meM jo bhI zreSTha aura kaniSTha kRtya kiye hoM usakA lekhA lagAkara antima samaya meM samasta duSpravRttiyoM kA parityAga karanA, mana, vANI aura zarIra ko saMyama meM rakhanA, mamatA se mana ko haTAkara samatA meM ramaNa karanA, Atmacintana saMstAraka yAni saMthAre kA Adarza hai| mRtyu se bhayabhIta hokara usase bacane ke lie pApakArI pravRttiyA~ karanA, rote aura bilakhate rahanA yaha ucita nahIM hai| jainadharma kA yaha pavitra Adarza hai ki jaba taka jIo, taba taka AnandapUrvaka jIo aura jaba mRtyu A jAye to vivekapUrNa Ananda ke sAtha mro| prastuta grantha meM 123 gAthAe~ haiM / isameM mRtyu ke samaya apanAne yogya tRNa Adi zaiyA kA mahattva pratipAdita kiyA hai| saMstAraka para AsIna hokara paNDitamaraNa ko prApta karane vAlA zramaNa mukti ko varaNa karatA hai| prazasta saMthAre kA mahattva pratipAdita karate hue likhA hai ki jaise parvatoM meM meru, samudroM meM svayaMbhUramaNa aura tAroM meM candra zreSTha hai usI prakAra suvihitoM meM saMthArA sarvottama hai| meru vva pavvayANaM sayaMbhuramaNuvvaceva udhiinnN| caMdo iva tArANaM taha saMthAro suvihiaannN||- saMstAraka, gAthA 30 atIta kAla meM saMthArA karane vAlI mahAnAtmAoM kA saMkSepa meM paricaya diyA hai| unameM se kucha nAma isa prakAra haiM- arNikAputra, sukozalaRSi, avanti, kArtikArya, cANakya, amRtaghoSa, cilAtiputra, gajasukumAla Adi inake upasargajaya kI prazaMsA bhI kI gaI hai| (7) gacchAcAra(gacchAyAra) isameM gaccha arthAt samUha meM rahane vAle zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai| isa prakIrNaka meM 137 gAthAe~ haiM / yaha prakIrNaka mahAnizItha, vijayavimaragaNi prAkRta ratnAkara 0 181

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kI TIkA hai| isameM gaccha meM rahane vAle AcArya tathA zramaNa aura zramaNiyoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai / gaccha ke mahattva kA pratipAdana karate hue likhA hai ki gaccha mahAn prabhAvazAlI hai, usameM rahane se mahAn nirjarA hotI hai| sAraNA, vAraNA aura preraNA hone se sAdhaka ke purAne doSa naSTa hote haiM, aura nUtana doSoM kI utpatti nahIM hotii| vaha sugaccha hai jisa gaccha meM dAna, zIla, tapa aura bhAvanA ina cAra prakAra ke dharmoM kA AcaraNa karane vAle gItArtha zramaNa adhika mAtrA meM hoM / gacchANubhAvo tattha vasaMtANa nijjarA viulA / saraNavAraNaco aNamAIhiM na dosapaDivattI // - gacchAcAra, gA.-51 ( 8 ) gaNividyA ( gaNivijjA ) gaNividyA yaha jyotiSa kA eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| isameM kevala 82 gAthAe~ haiN| isameM (1) divasa, (2) tithi, (3) nakSatra, (4) karaNa, (5) graha, (6) divasa, (7) muhUrta, (8) lagna aura (9) nimitta - ina nau viSayoM kA vivecana hai / divasa se tithi, tithi se nakSatra, nakSatra se karaNa, karaNa se graha divasa graha divasa se muhUrta, muhUrta se zakuna, zakuna se lagna aura lagna se nimitta balavAna hotA hai| karaNa ke nAma, zubha kAryo ke lie kaunasA karaNa, upayukta hai / chAyA muhUrta, acche kAryo ke lie zubha yoga, tIna prakAra ke zukuna, tIna prakAra ke zakunoM meM kiyA jAne vAlA kArya, prazasta aura aprazasta lagna, mithyA aura satya nimitta, tIna prakAra ke nimitta nimitta kI satyatA, prazasta nimittoM meM sabhI kArya karane cAhie aura aprazasta nimittoM meM sabhI zubha kArya karane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| prastuta graMtha meM honA kA bhI varNana hai| ( 9 ) devendrastava (deviMdathava ) devendrastava prakIrNaka meM battIsa devendroM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| isameM 307 gAthAe~ haiM / grantha ke prArambha meM batAyA hai ki koI zrAvaka bhagavAna RSabhadeva se lekara caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra taka kI stuti karatA hai| tIrthaMkara battIsa indroM se pUjita hai / ATha prakAra ke vyantara deva, vyantara devoM ke maharddhika solaha indra, tInoM loka meM vyantarendroM kA sthAna, vyantarendroM kA jaghanya, madhyama 182 prAkRta ratnAkara

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aura utkRSTa vistAra aura unakI sthiti kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| anta meM ISat prAgbhArA kA varNana kiyA hai| aura aupapAtika ke sadRza siddhoM kA varNana kara jinendradeva kI mahimA aura garimA kA varNana kara kahA ki bhavanapati, vyantara, jyotiSka aura vaimAnika devoM kI stuti pUrNa huI / prastuta prakIrNaka ke racayitA vIrabhadra mAne jAte haiN| (10) maraNasamAdhi (maraNasamAhI) maraNasamAdhi ke aparanAma maraNavibhakti hai| yaha prakIrNaka sabhI prakIrNakoM meM bar3A hai- (1) maraNavibhakti, (2) maraNavizodhi, (3) maraNa samAdhi (4) saMlekhanAzruta (5) bhaktaparijJA, (6) AturapratyAkhyAna (7)mahApratyAkhyAna (8) ArAdhanA ina ATha prAcIna zrutagranthoM ke AdhAra para prastuta prakIrNaka kI racanA huI hai| AcArya ne samAdhimaraNa ke kAraNabhUta (1) AlocanA (2)saMlekhanA (3) kSamApanA (4) kAla (5) utsarga (6) udragrAsa (7) saMthArA (8) nisarga (9)vairAgya (10) mokSa (11) dhyAna vizeSa (12) lezyA (13) samyaktva (14) pAdopagamana- ye caudaha dvAra batAye haiN| saMlekhanA ke Abhyantara aura bAhya ye do prakAra batAye haiM, kaSAyoM ko kRza karanA yaha Abhyantara saMlekhanA hai aura kAyA ko kRza karanA yaha bAhya saMlekhanA saMlehaNA yaduvihA abhitariyA ya baahiraacev| abbhitariya kasAe bAhiriyA hoi ysriire||- maraNasamAdhi gA.176 saMlekhanA kI vidhi para bhI prakAza DAlA hai| parISaha sahana karate hue pAdopagamana saMthArA karake siddhagati prApta karane vAloM ke dRSTAnta bhI diye haiN| anta meM anitya, azaraNa Adi bAraha bhAvanAoM para bhI prakAza DAlA hai| (11) candravedhyaka prakIrNaka kA artha hai rAdhAveda / jaise susajjita hone para bhI antima samaya meM kincitamAtra bhI pramAda karane vAlA vedhaka rAdhAveda kA vedha nahIM kara sakatA usI prakAra jIvana kI antima ghar3iyoM meM kincitamAtra bhI pramAda kA AcaraNa karanevAlA sAdhaka siddhi kA varaNa nahIM kara paataa| ataH AtmArthI sAdhaka ko sadA-sarvadA apramatta hokara vicaraNa karanA caahie| prastuta prakIrNaka prAkRta ratnAkara 0 183

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meM vinaya, AcAryaguNa, ziSyaguNa, vinayanigrahaguNa, jJAnaguNa, caraNaguNa, maraNaguNa- ina sAta viSayoM kA vistAra se vivecana hai|| viNayaMAyariyaguNe sIsaguNe viNayaniggaha gunney| nANaguNe caraNaguNe maraNaguNe ittha vcchaami||- candravedhyaka,gA.3 isa prakIrNaka meM 175 gAthAe~ haiN| (12) vIrastava (vIratthava) isameM zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra kI stuti kI gaI hai| mahAvIra ke aneka nAmoM kA ullekha bhI huA hai| isameM 43 gAthAe~ haiN| 236. prajJApanA (paNNavaNA) __ ardhamAgadhI jaina upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra kA cauthA sthAna hai| yaha grantha jaina tattvajJAna kA udbodhaka sUtra hai| prajJApanA kA artha hai - jJApita karanA yA btlaanaa| prastuta Agama meM jIva-ajIva kI prajJApanA hone ke kAraNa ise prajJApana ke nAma se jAnA gayA hai| ajIva tattva kA varNana isameM saMkSipta rUpa se prastuta kiyA gayA hai tathA jIva tattva kI carcA ati vistAra se kI gaI hai| upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra kA vahI sthAna hai, jo aMga sAhitya meM vyAkhyAprajJapti kA hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti kI taraha prajJApanA ke lie bhagavatI vizeSaNa prayukta huA hai, jo isakI mahattA ko sUcita karatA hai| AcArya malayagiri ne prajJApanA ko samavAyAMga kA upAMga kahA hai, kintu isake racayitA svayaM zyAmAcArya ne prajJApanA ko dRSTi vAda kA niSkarSa kahA hai| prajJApanAsUtra evaM SaTkhaNDAgama donoM kA viSaya prAyaH samAna hai tathA SaTakhaNDAgama kI racanA dRSTivAda ke aMza se huI hai| isa dRSTi se prajJApanA kA sambandha dRSTivAda se jor3A jA sakatA hai| prajJApanAsUtra me 36 pada haiM, jinameM sthAna, gati, indriya, kAya, yoga, veda, kaSAya, lezyA, samyaktva, jJAna, darzana Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se jIvoM ke bheda-prabheda evaM alpa-bahutva para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ___ pannavaNA meM 349 sUtroM meM nimnalikhita 36 padoM kA pratipAdana haiM;-prajJApanA sthAna, bahuvaktavya, sthiti vizeSa vyutakrAnti, ucchAsa, saMjJA, yoni, carama bhASA, zarIra, pariNAma, kaSAya, indriya, prayoga, lezyA, kAyasthiti, sabhyaksva, 184 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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antakriyA, avagAhanA saMsthAna kriyA, karma, evaM karmabandhaka, karmavedaka, vedanabandhaka, vedavedaka, AhAra, upayoga pazyattA, darzanatA, saMjJA, saMyama, avadhi, pravicAraNA, vedanA aura samughata / ina padoM kA vistRta varNana gautama indrabhUti aura mahAvIra ke praznottararUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| jaise aMgoM meM bhagavatI sUtra vaise hI upAMgoM meM prajJApanA sabase bar3A hai| isa upAMga ke kartA vAcakavaMzIya pUrvadhArI Arya yAmAcArya haiM jo sudharmA svAmI kI teIsavI pIr3hI meM utpanna hue the aura mahAvIranirvANa ke 376 varSa bAda maujUda the| isake TIkAkAra malayagiri haiM, jinhoMne haribhadrasUrikRta viSama padoM ke vivaraNarUpa laghu TIkA ke AdhAra se TIkA likhI hai / 1. isa upAMga meM 25 Arya dezoM kA ullekha hai / magadha, aMga, baMga, Adi paccIsa dezoM ko pUrA deza kahA hai aura kekaya zretikA ko AdhA Arya deza mAnA hai| 2. karma - Arya, zilpa - Arya evaM bhASA-Arya jaise Arya jAti ke bhedoM ko spaSTa kiyA hai / 3. varNanoM meM AlaMkArika prayoga kama hI Aye hai / 4. jainAgama sambandhI paribhASika zabdAvalI vizeSa rUpa se vartamAna hai| 5. pazu-pakSiyoM ke aneka bheda-prabheda nirdiSTa hai| karmabhUmiyA~ pandraha hotI haiM -- pA~ca bharata, pA~ca airAvata, pA~ca mahAvideha / ye do prakAra ke hote haiM - Arya aura mleccha / mleccha-zaka, yavana, cilAta kirAta Savara barbara murUMDa uDDa (oDU), bhaDaga, niNNaga, pakkaNi, kulakkha, gA~u, siMhala, pArasa, godha, koMca, aMdha, damila draviDa, cillala, puliMda hArosa, DoMba, bokkaNa, gaMdhahAraga (1) bahalIka, ajjhala ( jalla 1 ) romapAsa ( 1 ) bakuza, malaya, baMdhuya, sUyali, koMkaNaga, meya, pahava mAlava, maggara, AbhAsiya, AkkhaNa, cINa lAsika, khasa, khAsiya nehura moMDha, Dobilaga, laosa, paosa, kekaya, akkhAga, hUNa, romaka rUrU masya Adi / Arya do prakAra ke hote haiM- RddhiprApta, aura anRddhipraapt| RddhiprAptaarahaMta, cakravartI, baladeva, vAsudeva, cAraNa aura vidyAdhara / anRddhiprApta nau prakAra ke hote haiM - kSetrArya, jAtyArya, kulArya, karmArya, zilpArya, bhASArya, jJAnArya, darzanArya aura cAritrArya / prAkRta ratnAkara 185

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gyArahavA~ bhASApada hai| isa pada meM bhASA sambandhI vicAraNA karate hue batAyA hai ki bhASA kisa prakAra utpanna hotI haiM, kahA~ para rahatI hai usakI AkRti kisa prakAra kI haiM, usakA svarUpa, bheda-prabheda aura bolane vAlA vyakti ityAdi aneka mahattvapUrNa praznoM para cintana kiyA gayA hai| jo bolI jAya vaha bhASA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to jo dUsaroM ke avabodha-samajhane meM kAraNa ho vaha bhASA hai / bhASA kA Adi kAraNa to jIva hai aura upAdAna kAraNa pudgala hai| jIva sthitipariNata bhASA ke pudgaloM ko kAyayoga se grahaNa kara bhASA rUpa meM pariNata karatA hai| ye bhASA ke pudgala jaba bhASA ke rUpa meM bAhara nikalate haiM taba sampUrNa loka meM vyApta ho jAte haiN| 237. prathama prAkRta zaurasenI prAkRta prAcInakAla se hI sArvajanIna rahane ke kAraNa mahAbhASA athavA rASTrabhASA ke pada para pratiSThita rhii| bIsavIM sadI ke pANinI mAne jAne vAle pramukha bhAratIya-bhASAvid evaM bhASA-sarvekSaka DaoN. jArja giyarsana ne bhArata ke bhASA-sarvekSaNa ke bAda batAyA thA ki "samagra bhAtara meM sahasroM prakAra kI boliyA~ bolI jAtI haiM, jinakI samagratA kA adhyayana durUha evaM samayasAdhya hai|" phira bhI unhoMne samagra bhArata kI pada-yAtrA kara lagabhaga sAr3he pAMca sau se Upara kI bhASAoM kI jAnakArI apane Linguistic Survey of India ke 18 bhAgoM meM prastuta karate hue unakA mUlasrota prathama prAkRta ko mAnA hai| ___ IsA-pUrva kI aneka sadiyoM-pUrva se bhAratIya AryabhASA prAkRta ke nAma se abhihita thii| prAkRta kA artha hai naisargika yA svAbhAvika evaM akRtrima bhaassaa| isake viparIta saMskRta kA artha hai saMskAra kI huI tathA niyamabaddha bhASA / prAkRta kI isa paribhASA se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prAcIna vaidika mantroM kI bolacAla kI bhASAyeM bAda ke mantroM kI niyamabaddha saMskRta bhASA kI tulanA meM vAstava meM prAkRta naisargika bhASAe~ thiiN| vastutaH inheM bhArata kI prathama-prAkRta kahA jA sakatA hai| 238. pratyekabuddhacarita yaha prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha racanA hai jisakA granthAgra 6050 loka hai| bRhaTTippanikA ke anusAra isakI racanA saM. 1261 meM zrItilakasUri ne kI thii| zrItilakasUricandragacchIya zivaprabhasUrike ziSya the|grnthabtk aprakAzita hai| 186 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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239. pravacanasAra(pavayaNasAro) zaurasenI Agama sAhitya meM pravacanasAra kI gaNanA dravyAnuyoga ke antargata kI jAtI hai| isa grantha ke TIkAkAra AcArya amRtacandra ke anusAra isameM 275 gAthAe~ haiM tathA AcArya jayasena ke anusAra 317 gAthAe~ haiN| yaha grantha tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta karake likhA gayA hai| pratyeka bhAga ke prArambha meM mahattvapUrNa maMgalAcaraNa kI gAthAe~ haiN| prathama bhAga jJAnAdhikAra meM AtmA evaM jJAna ke ekatva para bala diyA gayA hai yathA - jo jANadi so NANaM hvdi| (gA. 36) arthAt jo jAnatA (jJAtA) hai vaha jJAna hai| isa adhikAra meM kevalajJAna kA viziSTa vivecana huA hai| kevalajJAna kI mahattA ko pradarzita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jIva jaba sampUrNa rUpa se kevalajJAna ko prApta hotA hai, taba jIva, pudgalAdi dravyoM kI samasta atIta, vartamAna evaM anAgata paryAyeM usa kevalajJAnI ke jJAna meM pratibhASita ho jAtI haiN| vaha una sabhI paryAyoM ko jAnate evaM dekhate hue bhI unameM lipta nahIM hotA hai| isake atirikta isa adhikAra meM indriya-atIndriya sukha, zubha-azubha evaM 'zuddhopayoga tathA mohakSaya kA bhI nirUpaNa huA hai| jJeyAdhikAra meM SaDdravyoM kA vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dravya ko sat arthAt utpAda, vyaya evaM dhrauvya yukta kahA hai| isake atirikta isa adhikAra meM jIva kA lakSaNa, jIva evaM pudgala kA sambaMdha, nizcaya-vyavahAranaya kA avirodha evaM zuddhAtma svarUpa Adi viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| tIsare cAritrAdhikAra meM muni kI bAhya evaM AbhyAntarika kriyAoM kI zuddhatA kA pratipAdana huA hai| isa sandarbha meM dIkSA-vidhi, cheda kA svarUpa, yukta AhAra, utsarga evaM apavAda mArga Adi kA vivecana huA hai| vastutaH pravacanasAra eka zAstrIya grantha ke sAtha-sAtha navadIkSita zramaNa hetu eka vyavahArika niyama pustikA bhI hai, jo AcArya kundakunda kI AdhyAtmika anubhUti se hI prakaTa huI hai| isa grantha para amRtacandrAcArya aura jayasenAcArya kI prasiddha saMskRta TIkAe~ prakAzita haiN| 240. pravarasena isa mahAkAvya kA racayitA pravarasena nAmaka mahAkavi hai| AzvAsoM ke anta meM prApti puSpikAoM meM pavareseNa virae ke sAtha kAlidAsakae pada bhI pAyA jAtA hai / setubandha kI kucha pANDulipiyA~ isa prakAra kI bhI upalabdha haiM, jinameM prAkRta ratnAkara 0 187

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kevala pravarasena kA hI nAma upalabdha hotA hai / ataeva pravarasena isa kAvya grantha ke racayitA haiM, yaha sarvamAnya hai | mahAkavi bANa ne harSacarita (1/14/ 5) meM setubandha kA nAmollakha nimna prakAra kiyA hai kIrttiH pravarasenasya prayAtA kumudojjavalA / sAgarasya paraM pAraM kapiseneva setunA // bANa kA samaya sAtavIM sadI mAnA jAtA hai, jo pravarasena ke sarvAdhika nikaTavartI haiN| kambuja ke eka zilAlekha se bhI bANa kI ukti kA samarthana hotA hai| isa zilAlekha ke AdhAra para kaha sakate haiM ki dasavIM sadI ke prArambha taka setubandha kAvya kA racayitA pravarasena hI mAnA jAtA thaa| lekha meM batAyA haiyena pravarasenena dharmasetu vivRNvatA / = paraH pravaraseno'pi jitaH prAkRtasetukRt // arthAt yazovarmA (889-909 IsavIM) apanI pravarasena dvArA sthApita dharmasetuoM se dUsare pravarasena ko pIche chor3a gayA kyoMki usane kevala eka sAdhAraNa prAkRta setu setubandha mahAkAvya kA nirmANa kiyA hai 1 itihAsa meM pravarasena nAma ke cAra rAjA upalabdha hote haiM, do kazmIra meM aura do dakSiNa ke vAkATaka vaMza meM prathama pravarasena kA samaya IsavI prathama zatAbdI aura dvitIya pravarasena kA samaya IsvI san dvitIya zatAbdI AtA hai / vicAra karane para kazmIra ke ina donoM hI pravarasenoM kA sambandha setubandha ke racayitA ke sAtha sthApita karanA saMbhava nahIM jAna par3atA hai| vAkATaka vaMza meM bhI do pravarasena hue haiM / san 410 I. meM prabhAvatI ke dvitIya putra ne pravarasena dvitIya ke nAma se rAjyabhAra sNbhaalaa| isakA rAjyakAla 440 I. taka rhaa| yahI pravarasena prastuta setubandha nAmaka mahAkAvya kA racayitA hai| pravarasena ne vaiSNava dharmAnuyAyI hone ke kAraNa viSNu ke avatAra rUpa meM rAmakathA ko apane isa mahAkAvya kA AdhAra banAyA hai / ataH isa kAvya kA racanAkAla pA~cavIM zatAbdI hai / 241. praznavyAkaraNa (nimittazAstra ) paNhavAgaraNa nAmaka dasaveM ardhamAgadhI sAhitya ke aMga Agama se bhinna isa nAma kA eka graMtha nimitta viSayaka hai, jo prAkRta bhASA meM gAthAbaddha hai| isameM 450 188 prAkRta ratnAkara

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gAthAe~ haiN| isakI tAr3apatrIya prati pATana ke graMthabhaNDAra meM haiN| usake aMta meM lIlAvatI nAmaka TIkA bhI prAkRta meM hai| isa grantha meM nimitta ke saba aMgoM kA nirUpaNa nahIM hai, kevala jAtakaviSayaka praznavidyA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai praznakartA ke prazna ke akSaroM se hI phalAdeza batA diyA jAtA hai| isameM samasta padArtho ko jIva, dhAtu aura mUla- ina tIna bhedoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai tathA praznoM dvArA nirNaya karane ke liye avarga, kavarga Adi nAmoM se pA~ca vargoM meM nau-nau akSaroM ke samUhoM meM bA~TA gayA hai| isase yaha vidyA vargakevalI ke nAma se kahI jAtI hai| cUDAmaNizAstra meM bhI yahI paddhati hai| isa graMtha para tIna anya TIkAoM ke hone kA ullekha milatA hai : 1. cUDAmaNi 2. darzanajyoti, jo lIMbaDI-bhaMDAra meM hai aura 3. eka TIkA jaisalamera bhaMDAra meM vidyamAna hai| yaha grantha abhI taka prakAzita nahIM huA hai| 242. prazravyAkaraNa sUtra (paNhAvAgaraNAiM) __ ardhamAgadhI Agama ke aMga granthoM meM praznavyAkaraNasUtra kA dasavAM sthAna hai| samavAyAMga, naMdI, evaM anuyogadvArasUtra meM praznavyAkaraNa ke lie 'paNhAvAgaraNAI' zabda milatA hai| isakA zAbdika artha hai - 'praznoM kA vyAkaraNa' arthAt nirvacana, uttara evaM nirnny| ina granthoM meM praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM divya-vidyAoM, labdhiyoM, atizayoM Adi se sambandhita jisa viSaya sAmagrI se yukta praznoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, vartamAna samaya meM vaha sAmagrI isa grantha meM tanika bhI nahIM prApta hai| saMbhavataH vartamAna samaya meM koI isa sAmagrI kA durupayoga na kare, ataH ina viSayoM ko nikAlakara isa grantha meM jainadarzana ke tattvoM Asrava evaM saMvara ke varNana kA samAveza kara diyA gayA hai| yaha Agama do khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai, jinameM kramazaH mana ke rogoM kA ullekha evaM unakI cikitsA kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prathama khaNDa meM una rogoM ke nAma batAye gaye haiM - hiMsA, asatya, steya, abrahmacarya, prigrh| dvitIya khaNDa meM ina rogoM kI cikitsA batAI gaI hai - ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aprigrh| Asrava aura saMvara kA nirUpaNa evaM vizleSaNa isa Agama grantha meM vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| 243. prAkRtakalpataru prAkRtakalpataru ke kartA rAmazarmA tarkavAgIza bhaTTAcArya haiM jo baMgAla ke rahane prAkRta ratnAkara 0189

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vAle the| inakA samaya IsavIM san kI 17vIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai rAmazarmA ne viSaya ke vivecana meM puruSottama ke prAkRtAnuzAsana kA hI anugamana kiyA hai| isa para lekhaka kI svojJa TIkA hai| inameM tIna zAkhAyeM haiN| pahalI zAkhA meM dasa stavaka haiM jinameM mahArASTrI ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana hai| dUsarI zAkhA meM tIna stavaka haiM, jinameM prathama mAgadhI aura dAkSiNatyA kA vivecana hai| tRtIya stavaka meM vibhASA kA vidhAna hai| vibhASAoM meM zAkArikI, cAMDAlikA, zAbarI, AbhArikA aura TakkI kA vivecana hai| tIsarA zAkhA meM nagara, apabhraMza, vAcaDa, apabhraMza tathA paizAcika kA vivecana hai| paizAcika ke do bheda haiM- eka zuddha, dUsarA sNkiirnn| kaikaya, zaurasena, pAMcAla, gaur3a, mAgadha aura vAcaDa kA yahA~ vivecana kiyA hai| 244. prAkRta evaM apabhraMza madhyayuga meM IsA kI dUsarI se chaTThI zatAbdI taka prAkRta bhASA kA sAhitya meM kaI rUpoM meM prayoga huaa| vaiyAkaraNoM ne prAkRta bhASA meM bhI niyamoM ke dvArA ekarUpatA lAne kA prayatna kiyA, kintu prAkRta meM ekarUpatA nahIM A skii| yadyapi sAhitya meM kRtrima prAkRta kA prayoga prArambha ho gayA thaa| isase vaha loka se dUra haTane laga gaI thii| lekina jina loka pracalita bhASAoM meM sAhityika prAkRtoM kA vikAsa huA thA, ve loka bhASAe~ abhI bhI pravAhita ho rahI thiiN| unhoMne eka naI bhASA ko janma diyA, jise apabhraMza kahA gayA hai| yaha prAkRta bhASA ke vikAsa kI tIsarI avasthA hai| prAkRta evaM apabhraMza bhASAoM kA kSetra prAyaH eka jaisA thA tathA eka vizeSa prakAra kA sAhitya inameM likhA gayA hai| vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhI inameM ghaniSTha sambandha hai| ataH kaI vidvAnoM ne prAkRta evaM apabhraMza ko eka mAna liyA hai, jabaki ve donoM svataMtra bhASAe~ haiN| apabhraMza jana sAmAnya kI bhASA kA pUrNatayA pratinidhitva karatI hai| isake atirikta vibhakti, pratyaya, parasargoM meM bhI prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM spaSTa antara hai| apabhraMza meM dezI rUpoM kI bahulatA hai| yaha ukAra bahulA bhASA hai| ___ apabhraMza ko AbhIrI, bhASA, dezI evaM avahaTTa Adi nAma bhI samaya samaya para diye gaye haiN| ye saba nAma apabhraMza ke vikAsa ko sUcita karate haiN| pazcimI bhArata kI eka bolI - vizeSa AbhIrI se apabhraMza prabhAvita hai| jana bhASA kI bolI 1900 prAkRta ratnAkara

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hone se ise bhASA kahA gayA hai| kathya bhASA hone se yaha dezI kahI gaI hai tathA paravartI apabhraMza ke lie avahaTTha kahA gayA hai, jo apabhraMza aura hindI bhASA ko paraspara jor3ane vAlI kar3I hai| vaha Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kI pUrvavartI avasthA hai| 245. prAkRta evaM jainAgama vibhAga prAkRta evaM jainAgama vibhAga, sampUrNAnanda vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ke zramaNavidyA saMkAya meM eka svataMtra vibhAga hai / 1958 meM isa vizvavidyAlaya kI sthApanA ke samaya se hI vizvavidyAlaya ne prAkRta kA zikSaNa evaM parIkSA prArambha kii| prAkRta ke svataMtra adhyApaka ke abhAva meM jainadarzana ke sAtha isakA sahayojana kiyA gyaa| uttarapradeza vizvavidyAlaya adhiniyamoM ke anusAra 26 disambara 1978 se pravRtta pariniyamAvalI ke anurUpa vizvavidyAlaya ke vibhAgoM kA saMkAyoM ke rUpa meM jaba punargaThana huA to usake antargata prAkRta evaM jainAgama vibhAga ko svatantra vibhAga kA rUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa| 21 julAI 1979 ko DaoN. gokulacanda jaina, dvArA kAryabhAra grahaNa karane ke sAtha 1979-80 zikSA satra se prAkRta evaM jainAgama vibhAga kA vidhivat zubhArambha huA / prAkRta ke zAstrI, AcArya aura snAtakottara pramANa-patrIya zikSaNa kI vyAkhyA vizvavidyAlIya vibhAga meM haiN| madhyamA stara kA zikSaNa sambaddha vidyAlayoM-mahAvidyAlayoM meM hotA hai| AcArya stara para prAkRta kI vibhinna zAkhAoM ke cAra varga banAye gaye haiM- 1. ardhamAgadhI prAkRtAgama, 2. zaurasenI prAkRtAgama, 3. mahArASTrI prAkRta tathA apabhraMza sAhitya | 4. prAkRtAgama evaM pAlI tripittk| vizvavidyAlaya meM prAkRta evaM jainavidyA meM anusandhAnopAdhi kI bhI vyavasthA hai / 246. prAkRta evaM saMskRta saMskRta aura prAkRta bhASA ke bIca kisI prakAra kArya-kAraNa yA janya-janaka bhAva nahIM hai| donoM ke vikAsa kA srota eka hai| DaoN. elapheDa, DaoN. pizaeNla, DaoN. pI. DI. guNe Adi vidvAn bhI prAkRta bhASA ke srota ke rUpa meM eka prAcIna lokabhASA ko svIkAra karate haiM, jisase chAndas - bhASA (saMskRta) kA bhI vikAsa huA hai / prAkRta ratnAkara 0191

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kisI bhI bhASA ke do rUpa hote haiM- kathya aura sAhitya-nibaddha / kathya bhASA sarvadA parivartanazIla hotI hai, kintu jaba sAhitya aura vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se baMdha jAtI hai to usakA vikAsa ruka jAtA hai| ataH punaH janabhASA se eka naI . bhASA ubhara kara AtI hai jo Age sAhitya aura janamAnasa meM sampreSaNa kA mAdhyama banatI hai| yahI sthiti saMskRta evaM prAkRta bhASA ke sAtha huI hai| saMskRta zabdoM ke sAdRzya aura pArthakya ke AdhAra para unheM tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai(1)tatsama (2)tadbhava evaM (3)deshy| jo zabda saMskRta se prAkRta meM jyoM ke tyoM grahaNa kara liye haiM tathA jinakI dhvaniyoM meM kucha bhI parivartana nahIM huA ve tatsama zabda haiM / yathA-nIra , dhUli, kavi, saMsAra, kula, jala aadi| tathA jinakI dhvaniyoM meM jo zabda saMskRta se varNalopa, varNAgama, varNaparivartana aura varNavikAra dvArA utpanna hue haiM ve tadbhava yA saMskRtabhava kahalAte haiM / yathA-agga (agra iTThaTa ( iSTa, IsA < ISyA, gaa ( gaja, cakka ( cakra, phaMsa ( sparza aadi| sabhI prAkRta-vyAkaraNa inhIM tadbhava zabdoM kA hI anuzAsana karate haiN| vAstava meM inhIM zabdoM ke kAraNa prAkRta ko saMskRta kA bigar3A huA rUpa athavA saMskRta se prAkRta kI utpatti Adi mAnane kI dhAraNAe~ utpanna huI haiM, jo nirAdhAra haiN| prAkRta bhASA meM kucha aise bhI zabda haiM jinakA saMskRta se koI saMbaMdha nahIM hai tathA jinakA artha mAtra rUr3hi para avalambita hai| aise zabdoM ko dezya yA dezI kaho gayA hai, jo janasAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASA se liye gaye haiN| yathA-agaya (daitya), Akasiya (paryApta), durAva (hastI), Usaa (upadhAna), elavila (dhanADhya), kado (kumuda), caukkara (kArtikeya), gaDDA (balAtkAra) aadi| isa prakAra ke dezya zabdoM ke prayoga ke kAraNa spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prAkRta kA lokabhASA ke sAtha hamezA ghaniSTha saMbaMdha banA rahA hai| jabaki saMskRta kramazaH ziSTa samudAya meM simaTatI calI gyii|sNskRt aura prAkRta ke saMbaMdha spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| vaiyAkaraNoM ne prAkRta kI prakRti saMskRta ko kisa rUpa meM mAnA hai, isase yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAyegA tathA isase dvitIya starIya prAkRta bhASAoM kI utpatti ke srota kA bhI patA cala skegaa| prAkRta ke kucha vaiyAkaraNa prAkRta zabda kI vyutpatti meM prakRti' zabda kA artha saMskRta karate hue prAkRta bhASAoM kI utpatti laukika saMskRta se mAnate haiN| isa 192 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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saMbaMdha meM nimna uddharaNa diye jAte haiM1- 'prakRtiH saMskRtaM, tatra bhavaM tat AgataM vA prAkRtam ' (prAkRta-vyAkaraNa, hemacaMdra) 2- 'prakRtiH saMskRta tatra bhavaM prAkRtamucyate' (prAkRtasarvasva, mArkaNDeya) 3- 'prakRti saMskRta tatra bhavatvAt prAkRtaM smRtam (prAkRtacandrikA) 4- 'prakRteH saMskRtAyAstu vikRtiH prAkRto matA' (SaDbhASAcandrikA, lakSmIdhara) 5- 'prAkRtasta tu sarvameva saMskRtaM yoniH' (prAkRta-saMjIvanI, vasantarAja) ityaadi| vaiyAkaraNoM ke atirikta kaI alaMkArikoM ne bhI yahI mata prakaTa kiyA hai| ina sabakA tAtparya yaha hai ki prAkRta zabda 'prakRti' zabda se banA hai| prakRti kA artha hai, saMskRta bhASA se jo utpanna huI hai, vaha hai prAkRta bhaassaa| kintu prAkRta zabda kI yaha vyAkhyA apramANika hI nahIM hai, bhASAtatva se asaMgata bhI hai| yaha apramANika hai kyoMki prakRti zabda kA mukhya artha saMskRta bhASA kabhI nahIM hotaa| gauNa artha liyA nahIM jA sktaa| avyApaka isalie hai ki prAkRta ke sabhI zabda saMskRta se utpanna nahIM haiM aura asaMgata isalie ki kabhI sAhitya kI bhASA se kisI bhI bola-cAla kI bhASA kA janma nahIM hotaa| ataH saMskRta se janabhASA prAkRta kaise utpanna ho sakatI hai? saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti' yA yoni jisa artha meM kahA gayA hai, usakI taha taka pahu~canA Avazyaka hai| 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' kA artha hai ki prAkRta bhASA ko sIkhane ke lie saMskRta zabdoM ko mUlabhUta rakhakara unake sAtha uccAraNa bheda ke kAraNa prAkRta zabdoM kA jo sAmya-vaiSamya hai, usako dikhaanaa| arthAt saMskRta bhASA ke dvArA prAkRta bhASA kA sIkhane kA prayatna krnaa| prAkRta zabda kI vyutpati karate samaya 'prakRtyA svabhAvenaM siddhaM prAkRtam athavA prakRtInAM sAdharaNajanAnAmidaM prAkRtam artho ko svIkAra karanA caahiye| prAcIna AcAryoM ne bhI prAkRta' zabda kA yahI artha grahaNa kiyA hai| AThavIM zatAbdI ke mahAkavi vAkpatirAja ne prAkRta bhASA ko janabhASA mAnA hai| isase hI samasta bhASAoM kA vikAsa svIkAra kiyA hai| 10vIM sadI ke vidvAn kavi rAjazekhara ne prAkRta kA saMskRta kI yoni vikAsa-sthAna kahA hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0193

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11vIM zatAbdI ke vidvAna vyAkhyAkAra nami sAdhu ne rUdraTakRta kAvyAlaMkAra ke 2/12 zoka kI vyAkhyA karate samaya 'prAkRta' zabda kI vyutpatti ko pUrNataH spaSTa kara diyA hai| prAkRta evaM saMskRta ke vikAsa ke isa krama ko spaSTa karate hue bhASAzAstrI svargIya DA. nemicandra zAstrI kahate haiM ki prAkRta ko bahatA nIra aura saMskRta ko baddha mahAsarovara kaha sakate haiN| prAkRta aura saMskRta donoM ke eka hI chAndas srota se pravAhita hone para bhI eka vRddhA kumArI banI rahI aura dUsarI kumArI yuvtii| saMskRta purAnI hotI huI bhI sadA maulika rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai, isake viparIta prAkRta cira yuvatI hai, jisakI saMtAneM nirantara vikasita hotI jA rahI haiN| jisa prakAra prAkRta ne saMskRta ke aneka zabdoM, dhvanirUpoM evaM kAvyarUpoM ko grahaNa kara apanA sAhitya vikasita kiyA hai, usI prakAra saMskRta bhASA bhI samaya-samaya para prAkRta se prabhAvita hotI jA rahI hai| saMskRta sAhitya meM lokacetanA aura lokajIvana ke pracalita zabda isa bAta kA spaSTa karate haiN| saMskRta prAkRta kI yoni isI artha meM kahA gayA hai ki vyAkaraNa Adi ke niyamoM meM sugaThita saMskRta bhASA ke dvArA prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa ko bhI sIkhA jA ske| prAkRta ke tadbhava zabdoM kI jAnakArI saMskRta vyAkaraNa se hI hotI hai| prAkRta evaM saMskRta do svataMtra bhASAe~ haiM, ataH unakI apanI alaga-alaga maulika vizeSatAe~ bhI haiN| __ prAkRta meM kRdantoM ko adhika sarala kara diyA gayA hai| dhvani parivartana prAkRta meM adhika mAtrA meM hotA hai, saMskRta meM km| yahI kAraNa hai ki saMskRta kAvyazAstriyoM ne apane saMskRta lAkSaNika graMthoM meM prAkRta kI gAthAoM ke dRSTAnta denA pasaMda kiyA hai| prAkRta ke adhyayana ke binA saMskRta kAvyazAstra ko nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| ataH ye donoM saMskRta evaM prAkRta bhASAe~ eka dUsare kI pUraka haiN| saMskRta nATakoM ke adhikAMza pAtroM kI bhASA prAkRta hai| prAkRta ke mAdhyama hI unakA rasAsvAdana kiyA jA sakatA hai| Aja koI zodha-kArya evaM stara kA racanAtmaka lekhana binA ina donoM bhASAoM ke jJAna ke nahIM ho sktaa| bhAratIya bhASAoM kA sampUrNa bhavana inhIM do bhASAoM ke majabUta pAyoM para sthita hai| 247. prAkRta kAartha evaM mahattva prAcIna vidvAn namisAdhu ke anusAra prAkRta zabda kA artha hai-vyAkaraNa Adi 1940 prAkRta ratnAkara

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saMskAroM se rahita logoM kA svAbhAvika vcn-vyaapaar| prAk kRta pada se prAkRta zabda banA hai, jisakA artha hai pahile kiyA gyaa| jaina dharma ke dvAdazAMga graMthoM meM gyAraha aMga graMtha pahile kiye gaye haiN| ataH unakI bhASA prAkRta hai, jo bAlaka, mahilA Adi sabhI ko subodha hai| isI prAkRta ke deza-bheda evaM saMskArita hone se avAntara vibheda hue haiN| prAkRta zabda kI vyutpatti karate samaya 'prakRtyA svabhAvena siddhaM prAkRtam' athavA prakRtInAM sAdhAraNajanAnAmidaM prAkRtam artha ko svIkAra karanA caahiye| jana sAmAnya kI svAbhAvika bhASA prAkRta hai| bolacAla kI bhASA athavA kathya bhASA prAkRta kA vaidika bhASA ke sAtha jo sambandha thA, usI ke AdhAra para sAhityika prAkRta bhASA kA svarUpa nirmita huA hai| ataH vaidika yuga se lekara mahAvIra yuga taka kI prAkRta bhASA ne tatkAlIna sAhitya ko bhI avazya prabhAvita kiyA hogaa| yadi vaidika RcAoM, upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura Adi rAmAyaNa tathA pAli, prAkRta AgamoM kI bhASA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jAve to kaI manoraMjaka tathya prApta ho skeNge| isI kar3I ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue prasiddha bhASAvidvAkaranAla ne kahA hai ki -'prAkRtoM kA astittva nizcita rUpa se vaidika boliyoM ke sAtha-sAtha vartamAna thA, inhIM prAkRtoM se paravartI sAhityika prAkRtoM kA vikAsa huA hai| yahI bAta AThavIM zatAbdI ke kavi vAkpatirAja ne pahale hI kaha dI thI ki- sabhI bhASAeM isI (janabolI prAkRta) se nikalatI haiM aura isI ko prApta hotI haiN| jaise jala (bAdala ke rUpa meM) samudra se nikalate haiM aura samudra ko hI (nadiyoM ke rUpa meM) Ate haiN'| yathA sayalAo imaMvAyA bisanti etto yanti vaayaao| enti samuhUM cciya Nenti sAyarAo cciya jlaaiN|| prAkRta bhASA apane janma se hI janasAmAnya se jur3I huI hai| dhvanyAtmaka aura vyAkaraNAtmaka saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti ke kAraNa prAkRta bhASA lambe samaya taka janasAmAnya ke bolacAla kI bhASA rahI hai| prAkRta kI Adima avasthA kA sAhitya yA usakA bolacAla vAlA svarUpa to hamAre sAmane nahIM hai, kintu vaha jana-jana taka paiThI huI thii| mahAvIra, buddha tathA unake cAroM ora dUra-dUra taka ke vizAla jana-samUha ko mAtRbhASA ke rUpa meM prAkRta upalabdha huii| isIlie prAkRta ratnAkara 0195

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mahAvIra aura buddha ne janatA ke sAMskRtika utthAna ke lie prAkRta bhASA kA Azraya liyA, jisake pariNAma svarUpa dArzanika AdhyAtmika, sAmAjika Adi vividhatAoM se paripUrNa Agamika evaM tripiTaka sAhitya ke nirmANa kI preraNA milii| ina mahApuruSoM ne isI prAkRta bhASA ke mAdhyama se tatkAlIna samAja ke vibhinna kSetroM meM krAnti kI dhvajA laharAyI thii| isase jJAta hotA hai ki taka prAkRta mAtRbhASA ke rUpa meM dUra-dUra ke vizAla jana samudAya ko AkarSita karatI rahI hogii| jisa prakAra vaidika bhASA ko Arya saMskRti kI bhASA hone kA gaurava prApta hai, usI prakAra prAkRta bhASA ko Agama/Arya bhASA hone kI pratiSThA prApta hai| prAkRta jana-bhASA ke rUpa meM itanI pratiSThita thI ki use samrATa azoka ke samaya meM rAjyabhASA hone kA gaurava prApta huA hai| aura usakI yaha pratiSThA saikar3oM varSoM taka Age bar3hI hai| azoka ne bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM jo rAjyAdeza pracArita kiye the usake lie usane do sazakta mAdhyamoM ko cunaa| eka to usane apane samaya kI jana bhASA prAkRta meM ina abhilekhoM ko taiyAra karAyA tAki ve jana-jana taka pahu~ca skeN| aura dUsare usane inheM pattharoM para khudavAyA tAki ve sadiyoM taka ahiMsA, sadAcAra, samanvaya kA sandeza de skeN| ina donoM mAdhyamoM ne azoka ko amara banA diyA hai| deza ke anya narezoM ne bhI prAkRta meM lekha evaM mudrAeM aMkita krvaayiiN| I.pU. 300 se lekara 400 IsvI taka ina sAta sau varSoM meM lagabhaga do hajAra lekha prAkRta meM likhe gaye haiN| yaha sAmagrI prAkRta bhASA ke vikAsa krama evaM mahattva ke lie hI upayoga nahIM hai, apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ke lie bhI mahattvapUrNa dastAveja hai| prAkRta bhASA kramazaH vikAsa ko prApta huii| vaidika yuga meM vaha lokabhASA thii| usameM rUpoM kI bahulatA evaM saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti thii| mahAvIra yuga taka Ate-Ate prAkRta ne apane ko itanA samRddha aura sahaja kiyA ki vaha AdhyAtma aura sadAcAra kI bhASA bana skii| isase prAkRta ke pracAra-prasAra meM gati aayii| vaha loka ke sAtha-sAtha sAhitya ke dharAtala ko bhI sparza karane lgii| isIlie use rAjyAzraya aura sthAyitva prApta huaa| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM pratIta hotA hai ki prAkRta bhASA gAMvoM kI jhopar3iyoM se rAjamahaloM kI sabhAoM taka samAdRta hone lagI thii| ataH vaha abhivyakti kA sazakta mAdhyama cuna lI gayI 1960 prAkRta ratnAkara

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thii| mahAkavi hAla ne isI samaya prAkRta bhASA ke pratinidhi kaviyoM kI gAthAoM kA gAthAkoza (gAthAsaptazatI) taiyAra kiyA, jo grAmINa jIvana aura saundaryacetanA kA pratinidha grantha haiM / prAkRta bhASA ke isa janAkarSaNa ke kAraNa kAlidAsa Adi mahAkaviyoM ne apane nATaka granthoM meM prAkRta bhASA bolane vAle pAtroM ko pramukha sthAna diyA / nATaka samAja kA darpaNa hotA hai| jo pAtra jaisA jIvana jItA hai, vaisA hI maMca para prastuta karane kA prayatna karatA hai / samAja meM adhikAMza loga dainika jIvana meM prAkRta bhASA kA prayoga karate the / ataH unake pratinidhI pAtroM ne bhI nATakoM meM prAkRta ke prayoga se apanI pahicAna banAyI rkhii| abhijJAnazAkuntalaM kI RSikanyA zakuntalA, nATakakAra bhAsa kI rAjakumArI vAsavadattA, zUdraka kI nagaravadhU vasantasenA tathA prAyaH sabhI nATakoM ke rAjA ke mitra, karmacArI Adi pAtra prAkRta bhASA kA prayoga karate dekhe jAte haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki prAkRta janasamudAya bhASA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thI / vaha logoM ke sAmAnya jIvana ko abhivyakti karatI thii| isa taraha prAkRta ne apanA nAma sArthaka kara liyA thA / prAkRta svAbhAvika vacana - vyApAra kA paryAyavAcI zabda bana gayA thaa| samAja ke sabhI vargo dvArA svIkRta bhASA prAkRta thI / isa kAraNa prAkRta kI zabda- sampati dinoMdina bar3ha rahI thii| isa zabda grahaNa kI prakriyA ke kAraNa eka ora prAkRta ne bhArata kI vibhinna bhASAoM ke sAtha apanI ghaniSThatA bar3hAyI to dUsarI ora vaha jIvana aura sAhitya kI abhivyakti kA sazakta mAdhyama bana gayI / lokabhASA jaba jana-jana meM lokapriya ho jAtI hai tathA usakI zabda- sampadA bar3ha jAtI hai taba vaha kAvya kI bhASA bhI banane lagatI hai| prAkRta bhASA ko yaha saubhAgya do taraha se prApta hai| prAkRta meM jo Agama graMtha, vyAkhyA sAhitya, kathA evaM caritagraMtha Adi likhe gaye unameM kAvyAtmaka saundarya aura madhura rasAtmakatA kA samAveza hai| kAvya kI prAyaH sabhI vidhAoM - mahAkAvya, khaMDakAvya, muktakakAvya Adi ko prAkRta bhASA ne samRddha kiyA hai| isa sAhitya ne prAkRta bhASA ko lambe samaya taka pratiSThita rakhA hai| azoka ke zilAlekhoM ke lekhanakAla se lekara Aja taka ina apane 2300 varSo ke sAhityika jIvana kAla prAkRta bhASA ne apane kAvyAtmaka saundarya ko nirantara banAye rakhA hai| prAkRta prAkRta ratnAkara 0197

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kAvya kI madhuratA ke saMbaMdha meM kavi ne kahA hai ki- " sugaMdhita evaM zItala jala se, catura vyaktiyoM ke vacanoM se aura usI taraha prAkRta kAvya se jo AnaMda (rasa) utpanna hotA hai, ( usameM hama kabhI ) saMtoSa ko prApta nahIM hote haiM / aghAte nahIM haiM / " yathA pAiyakavvammi raso jo, jAyai taha va cheyabhaNiehiM / uyayassa va vAsiya-sIyalassa tittiM na vaccAmo // kAvyazAstriyoM evaM mahAkaviyoM ne bhalI bhAMti samajhakara prAkRta kAvyasuSamA kA guNagAna kiyA hai / kavi kahatA hai ki-naye - naye artho kI prApti, agAdha madhuratA, kAvyatatva kI samRddhi, saralatA evaM saMsAra ke prArambha se lekara aba taka kI kAvya- suSamA, yaha (saba) prAkRta meM hai / yathA Navamattha- daMsaNa saMnivesa -sisarAo baMdhariddhIo / avirAlamiNamo A-bhuvaNabaMdhamiha Navara pAyayammi || prAkRta bhASA kI isI madhuratA aura kAvyAtmakatA kA prabhAva hai ki bhAratIya kAvyazAstriyoM ne kAvya ke apane lakSaNa-graMthoM meM prAkRta kI saikar3oM gAthAoM ke uddharaNa diye haiN| aneka subhASitoM ko unhoMne isa bahAne surakSita kiyA hai| dhvanyAloka kI TIkA meM abhinavagupta ne prAkRta kI jo gAthA dI hai unameM se eka ukta draSTavya hai candamauehiM NisA NalinI kamalehiM kusumagucchehiM laA / saMsehi sarahasohA kavvakahA sajjaNehiM karai garuDaM / / rAtri candramA kI kiraNoM se, nalinI kamaloM se, latA puSpa ke gucchoM se, zarada haMsoM se (aura) kAvyakathA sajjanoM se atyanta zobhA ko prApta hotI hai / isa prakAra kAvyazAstrIya siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana karate hue AcArya Anandavardhana, bhojarAja, mammaTa, vizvanAtha, paMDitarAja jagannAtha Adi alaMkAriyoM dvArA kAvya lakSaNoM ke udAharaNa ke lie prAkRta padyoM ko uddhRta karanA prAkRta ke sAhityika saundarya kA paricAyaka hai| isa prakAra vaidika yuga mahAvIra yuga evaM usake bAda ke vibhinna kAloM meM prAkRta bhASA kA svarUpa kramazaH spaSTa huA hai aura usakA mahattva vibhinna kSetroM meM bar3hA hai / bhAratIya bhASAoM ke AdikAla kI janabhASA se vikasita hokara prAkRta 198 prAkRta ratnAkara

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svatantra rUpa se vikAsa ko prApta huii| bolacAla aura sAhitya ke pada para vaha samAna rUpa se pratiSThita rahI hai| usane deza kI cintanadhArA, sadAcAra aura kAvyajagat ko anuprANita kiyA hai| ataH prAkRta bhAratIya saMskRti kI saMvAhaka bhASA hai| prAkRta ke svarUpa kI kucha aisI vizeSatAe~ haiM, jo prAcIna samaya se Aja taka loka-mAnasa ko prabhAvita karatI rahI haiN| tabhI prAkRta kavi ke isa udgAra se sahamata hokara kahanA par3atA hai ki "prAkRta kAvya ke lie namaskAra hai aura usake lie bhI jisake dvArA prAkRta kAvya racA gayA hai| unako bhI hama namaskAra karate haiM, jo prAkRta kAvya ko par3hakara use hRdayaMgama karate haiN"| yathA pAiyakavvassa namo, pAikavvaMca nimmiyNjenn| tAhaM ciyapaNamAmo, paDhiUNa yjeviyaannnti|| 248. prAkRta ke mahAkAvya prAkRta ke mahAkaviyoM ne apane-apane yuga ke kAvyastara evaM pravRSThi ke anurUpa prAkRta bhASA ko kAvya evaM jIvanamUlyoM se yukta aisI sazakta racanAoM se samRddha kiyA hai, jo apane svarUpa evaM lakSaNoM ke kAraNa mahAkAvya kI koTi meM pratiSThita hotI haiN| prAkRta ke ye mahAkAvya IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM se lekara 16-17 vIM zatAbdI taka likhe jAte rahe haiN| unameM se kucha durbhAgyavaza surakSita nahIM raha paaye| prAkRta ke mahAkAvya paurANika dharAtala para bhI nirmita hue to unameM prema aura bhakti ko bhI vistAra prApta hai| vIrarasa aura zRMgAra rasa ke utkarSa ke sAtha zAntarasa kI sAdhanA bhI yahA~ dRSTigocara hotI hai| kathAtatva kA jahA~ saMrakSaNa huA hai, vahA~ lAkSaNika aura zAstrIya zailI bhI apanAyI gayI hai| kintu prastutikaraNa meM grantha vibhAjana meM prAkRta ke mahAkAvyoM ne apanI svatantratA bhI surakSita rakhI hai| jIvana kI samagratA aura zreSThatA kA pratipAdana yadi inameM hai to grAma evaM vyakti jaise ghaTaka ke varNana meM bhI kavi ne udAratA kA paricaya diyA hai| ataH prAkRta ke mahAkAvya sAmAjika jIvana ke sacce pratinidhi haiN| racanAprakriyA aura kalAtmaka prastutikaraNa, zailI Adi meM prAkRta ke mahAkAvyoM kA saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke sAtha adhyayana-anusaMdhAna kA prayatna bhAratIya kAvyasvarUpa ko nayA rUpa pradAna kara sakatA hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0199

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+ + 249. prAkRta meM saMdhi-samAsa-vidhAna ___ jaba kisI zabda meM yA do zabdoM ke bIca meM do varNa (svara yA vyaMjana) nikaTa Ane para milate haiM to unake mela se utpanna hone vAle zabda-vikAra ko saMdhi kahate haiN| yaha saMdhi svara, vyaMjana aura avyayoM meM hotI hai| prAkRta meM saMdhi kI vyavasthA nitya nahIM hai, vaha vikalpa se hotI hai| (ka)svara saMdhi atyanta nikaTa do svaroM ke milane se jo unameM milApa hokara vikAsa utpanna hotA hai use svara-saMdhi kahate haiN| isa svara saMdhi ke prAkRta meM nimna rUpa dekhane ko milate haiM - (1) dIrgha, (2) guNa (3) vikRtavRddhi (4) hasva-dIrdha (5) prakRtibhAva yA saMdhi-niSedha evaM (6) milita shbd| inake pramukha udAharaNa prastuta haiM(ka) loya + aloya loyAloyaM loya + AyAso loyAyAso Adeso suddhAdeso ajIvA jIvAjIvA (kha) muNi + isaro muNIsaro (ga) sAhu + uvajjhAo = sAhUvajjhAo 2.guNa saMdhiH a yA A varNa ke bAda yadi i, I, u,U varNa hoM to pUrva evaM para donoM svaroM ke sthAna meM eka guNa svara kA Adeza hotA hai use guNa saMdhi kahate haiN| yathA - (ka) Na + iccheda = Necchade ___ jIvassa + evaM = jIvassevaM (kha) khara + udayaM = khIrodayaM jiNa + uvadese = jiNovadese 3.vikRta vRddhi saMdhi ___prAkRta meM mUla svara e aura o se pahale yadi a aura A svara hoM to una a evaM A svara kA lopa ho jAtA hai aura donoM zabda milakara saMdhi ho jAtI hai, jise vikRta vRddhi kahate haiM / yathA jIva + + + + + + + 2000 prAkRta ratnAkara

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phulla jala elA oha 4. hrasva-dIrgha vidhAna saMdhi prAkRta meM do padoM ke sva evaM dIrgha svara prAyaH paraspara meM badalate rahate haiM / isake lie koI nizcita niyama nahIM hai| use abhyAsa se samajhanA cAhiye / yathA deva + iMdA para + iMdo = hrasva kA dIrgha sattAvIsA satta+vIsA dIrgha svara kA hrasva naI + sottaM = naisottaM, naIsottaM = phullelA jaloha (jalaughaH) (kha) 5. prakRtibhAva saMdhi : prAkRta meM saMdhi kArya hone kI apekSA saMdhi-niSedha kI pravRtti adhika pAyI jAtI hai| paraspara meM milane vAle do zabda apanI yathAvata sthiti meM raha jAte haiM, unameM milakara koI vikAra nahIM hAtA, aisI sthiti ko prakRtibhAva saMdhi kahA jA sakatA hai / prAkRta meM isa prakAra kI sthiti nimnAMkita rUpoM meM pAI jAtI hai(1) eka pada meM saMdhi nahIM hotI naI (nadI) pai (pati) kavi (kavi) (2) eka pada meM bhI kahIM-kahIM vikalpa se svara saMdhi ho jAtI hai| yathAdvitIya = bIa sthavira = thera tha + ira caturdaza = coddasa caudaha (3) e aura o ke Age koI svara hone para saMdhi kArya nahIM hotaa| yathAege + AyA, = egeAyA aho + acchariyaM, = ahoacchariyaM ca+u+dasa, (4) do vyaMjana lopa hone vAle zeSa svaroM meM saMdhi nahIM hotI / yathAgandha + kuTiM = gaMdhauDiM rajanI + caraH = rayaNI aro isake apavAda bhI haiM - kumbha + kAraH = kubhaAro = kuMbhAro 6. pUrva svara lopa vAle milita zabda prAkRta meM do zabdoM ke svara jaba samIpa Ate haiM to unameM saMdhikArya hone kI apekSA pUrva svara kA lopa ho jAtA hai aura phira donoM zabda milakara eka ho jAte haiN| yathA = deviMdoM NariMdo = jiNa deva + iMdrA = jiNiMdo + iDDhi =deviDDhi prAkRta ratnAkara 201

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+ + + + aNa + AhArA=aNAhArA paMca+ AcArA = paMcAcArA (kha)avyaya saMdhi avyayasaMdhi ke nimnAMkita udAharaNoM upalabdha haiM - __ keNa + api = keNavi, keNAvi kahaM + api = kahaMpi, kahamavi kiM + api - kiMpi, kimavi (ga)vyaMjana saMdhi zaurasenI prAkRta meM prathama zabda ke aMtima m ko jaba anusvAra nahIM hotA taba vaha bAda ke svara ke sAtha mila jAtA hai| yathA svara = vyaMjana saMdhi sakkaM + aNajjo = sakkamaNajo bhAvaM + AdA = bhAvAmAdA jagaM + asesaM = jagamasesaM samAsa-vidhAna prAkRta sAhitya meM prayukta samAsoM ko chaha bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM- . 1.avyayIbhava 2. tatpuruSa 3. dvigu 4. karmadhAraya 5. bahuvrIhi evaM 6.dvanda smaas| samAsa meM sammilita do zabdoM meM se prathama zabda ko pUrvapada evaM dUsare zabda ko uttarapada kahate haiN| uttarapada meM rahanevAlA avyaya jaba pUrvapada meM A jAtA hai aura vaha pradhAna artha kA dyotaka hotA hai| taba aise samAsa padoM ko avyayIbhAva samAsa kahate haiN| ye samAsa kriyAvizeSaNa hote haiM aura napusaMkaliMga meM prayukta hote haiM / yathAupaguruM = so uvaguru ciTTadai = vaha guru ke samIpa baiThatA hai| aNujiNaM = sAvago aNujiNaM gacchahi = zrAvaka jina ke pIche jAtA hai| paidiNaM = sIso paidiNaM paDhadi = ziSya pratidina par3hatA hai| jahAsattiM = muNI jahAsattiM tavai = muni yathAzakti tapa karatA hai| adidullaMha = adidullahaM mANusa jamma = manuSya janma ati durlabha hai| aipauraM = aipauMraM saMsAradukkhaM = saMsAra ke dukha bahuta adhika haiN| 202 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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-sAlA jisameM pUrvapada apanI vibhakti kA lopa kara uttarapada ke sAtha milA ho aura jisameM uttarapada kI hI pradhAnatA ho vaha tatpuruSa samAsa kahalAtA hai| pUrvapada kI jo vibhakti chipI huI hotI hai usI nAma se yaha tatpuruSa samAsa jAnA jAtA hai| jaise- dvitIyA tatpuruSa, tRtIyA tatpuruSa aadi| isa samAsa meM prathama pada vizeSaNa aura dvitIya pada vizeSa rahatA hai| usI kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| jaise(1)dvitIyA ta. -iMdiyAtIdo jhANo = indriyAtIta dhyAna -suhaMpatto sAvago = sukha ko prApta zrAvaka (2) tRtIyA ta. -dayAjutto muNivaro = dayA se yukta munivara (3) caturthI ta. -thaMbhakaTuMciNodi = khambhe ke lie kASTha cunatA hai (4) paMcamI ta. -carittabhaTTo Na sijjhadi = caritra se bhraSTa siddha nahIM hotaa| -sIladaridrA Na samaNA = zIla se rahita zramaNa nahIM hote| (5)SaSThI ta. -dhammAlayaM appA = AtmA dharma kA nivAsa hai| ___ -kammapuMjaM Dahaha = karma samUha ko jlaao| (6)saptamI ta. -loguttamo dhamo = loka meM uttama dhrm| -jiNottamo mahAvIro = jinoM meM pradhAna mahAvIra tatpuruSa samAsa kA hI eka vikasita rUpa karmadhAraya samAsa hai| isameM pUrvapada vizeSaNa aura uttarapada vizeSya hotA hai| isake kaI bheda haiN| zaurasenI prAkRta meM karmadhAraya samAsa ke nimna udAharaNa bhI dRSTavya haiM - abhayadANaM gaNadharo iMdiyacorA carittabhaMDaM bhavarukkhaM bAlatavaM pUrvapada meM jaba saMkhyAvAcI zabdoM kA prayoga ho taba use dvigu samAsa kahate haiN| yaha samAsa samudAya kA bodhaka hotA hai| yathA - NavatatavaM caukkasAyaM tilAyaM caudisA chadavvANi aTTavihaM aTThaguNA savvadavvesu jaba samAsa meM Aye hue pUrva evaM uttarapada ke sabhI zabda kisI anya zabda ke vizeSaNa ho to use bahuvrIhi samAsa kahate haiM / yathA - guNagaMbhIrA dehavihUNA virattacitto appavaso virAgasampaNNo jidabhavANaM prAkRta ratnAkara 10 203

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do yA do se adhika saMjJAeM eka sAtha rakhI gaI hoM aura unheM ca (ya) zabda se jor3A gayA taba ve samAna mahattva vAle zabda dvanda samAsa kahalAte haiN| yathA (1) puNNaM ya pAvaM ya puNNapAvANi (2) jIvA ya ajIvA ya jIvAjIvA suhadukkhANi (3) suhaM ca dukkhaM ca 250.prAkRta Agama kathAe~ = = = AgamakAlIna kathAoM kI pravRttiyoM ke vizleSaNa ke sambandha meM DA. e. ena. upAdhye kA yaha kathana ThIka hI pratIta hotA hai ki - 'Arambha meM jo mAtrA upamAe~ thIM, unako bAda meM vyApaka rUpa dene aura dhArmika matAvalambiyoM ke lAbhArtha unase upadeza grahaNa karane ke nimitta unheM kathAtmaka rUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai / inhIM AdhAroM para upadeza pradhAna kathAe~ varNAtmaka rUpa meM yA jIvanta vArtAoM ke rUpa meM pallavita kI gaI hai| ataH Agamika kathAoM kI pramukha vizeSatA unakI upadezAtmaka aura AdhyAtmika pravRtti hai / kintu kramazaH isameM vikAsa hotA gayA hai / upadeza, adhyAtma, carita, nIti se Age bar3hakara kucha AgamoM kI kathAe~ zuddha laukika aura sArvabhaumika ho gaI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki ina kathAoM ko yadi svarUpa mukta kahA jAe to unake sAtha adhika nyAya hogA / ' AksaphorDa ne Agamika kathAoM kI zailI ko TeligrAphika sTAila kahA hai| kintu yaha zailI sarvatra lAgU nahIM hotI hai / Agama granthoM kI kathAoM kI viSayavastu vividha hai / ataH ina kathAoM kA sambandha paravartI kathA-sAhitya se bahuta samaya se jur3A rahA hai| sAtha hI deza kI anya kathAoM se bhI Agamo kI kathAoM kA sambandha kaI kAraNoM se banA rahA hai| DaoN. vinTaranitsa ne kahA hai ki zramaNasAhitya kA viSaya mAtra brAhmaNa, purANa aura carita kathAoM se hI nahIM liyA gayA hai, apitu loka kathAoM evaM parI kathAoM Adi se bhI gRhIta haiN| pro. harTala bhI jaina kathAoM ke vaividhya se prabhAvita hai| unakA kahanA hai ki jainoM kA bahumUlya kathA sAhitya pAyA jAtA hai| inake sAhitya meM vibhinna prakAra kI kathAe~ upalabdha haiN| jaise - premAkhyAna, upanyAsa, dRSTAnta, upadezaprada pazu kathAe~ Adi / kathAoM ke mAdhyama se inhoMne apane siddhAntoM ko jana sAdhAraNa taka pahu~cAyA hai| 204 D prAkRta ratnAkara

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Agama granthoM kI kathAoM kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki ve prAyaH yathArtha se jur3I huI haiN| unameM alaukika tattvoM evaM bhUtakAla kI ghaTanAoM ke kama ullekha haiN| koI bhI kathA vartamAna ke kathAnAyaka ke jIvana se prArambha hotI hai| phira use batAyA jAtA hai ki usake vartamAna jIvana kA sambandha bhUta evaM bhaviSya se kyA ho sakatA hai| aisI sthiti meM zrotA kI kathA ke pAtroM se AtmIyatA banI rahatI hai| jabaki vaidika kathAoM kI alaukikatA camatkRta to karatI hai, kintu usase nikaTatA kA bodha nahIM hotA hai| bauddha kathAoM meM bhI vartamAna kI kathA kA abhAva khaTakatA hai| unameM bodhisatva ke mAdhyama se bauddha siddhAnta adhika hAvI haiN| yadyapi ina tInoM paramparAoM meM kisI prAcIna sAmAnya srota se bhI kathAe~ grahaNa kI gaI haiM, jise vintaranitsa ne zramaNakAvya kahA hai| 251. prAkRta aura sarvodaya siddhAnta prAkRta-sAhitya ke AcAryoM ne kevala Atmahita kA siddhAnta hI pratipAdita nahIM kiyA apitu jagat ke lie kalyANakArI aNuvrata-pAlana ke mAdhyama se sarvodaya siddhAnta kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA hai| zaurasenI prAkRta-sAhitya meM varNita sarvodayI-saMskRti kA kSetra atyanta vyApaka hai / vaha vastutaH hRdaya-parivartana evaM AtmaguNoM ke vikAsa kI saMskRti hai| usakA mUla AdhAra maitrI, pramoda, kAruNya evaM mAdhyastha-bhAvanA hai| sadguNa to satsAhitya ke adhyayana, zreSTha guNIjanoM ke saMsarga, Atma-saMyamana tathA zIla evaM sadAcaraNa se hI A sakate haiN| isIlie AcArya kundakunda ne kahA hai Navideho vaMdijaI Naviya kuloNaviya jaadi-sNtutto| ko vaMdadiguNahINo Na hu samaNoNevasAvago hodi||8-(dNsnnpaahudd)27 arthAt na to zarIra kI vandanA kI jAtI hai aura na kula kii| ucca jAti kI bhI vandanA nahIM kI jAtI / guNahIna kI vandanA to karegA hI kauna? kyoMki na to guNoM ke binA vyakti muni-pada dhAraNa kara sakatA hai aura na hI zrAvaka pd| mAnavIya guNa vandanIya haiM / yathA savve viya parihINA rUvaviruvA vipaDida-suvayA vi| sIlaMjesu susIlaM sujIvidaM maannusNtesiN||- (sIlapAhuDa 18) arthAt bhale hI koI hIna jAti kA ho, saundarya-vihIna kurUpa ho, vikalAMga prAkRta ratnAkara 0205

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ho, jhuriyoM se yukta vRddhAvasthA ko bhI prApta kyoM na ho - isa sabhI virUpoM ke hone para bhI yadi vaha uttama zIla kA dhAraka ho tathA yadi usake mAnavIya guNa jIvika hoM, to usa virUpa evaM hIna jAtivAle kA bhI manuSya-janma zreSTha evaM vandanIya hai| 252. prAkRta aura chAndas __ vaidika yuga se mahAvIra yuga taka bhArata meM aneka janaboliyA~ pracalita rahI haiM jinheM 'prAkRta' ke rUpa meM jAnA gayA hai aura usa samaya kI sAhityika bhASA ko 'chAndas' kahA gayA hai| isa samaya janaboliyoM kI bahulatA aura prabhAva ke kAraNa vaidika bhASA chAndas aura anya sAhityika-kRtiyoM kI bhASA meM bhI 'dezI' zabdoM kA bAhulya bar3hane lagA thaa| bhASA aniyamita ho calI thii| usameM vikalpa rUpoM kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| kyoMki sAhityika bhASA kI mUla bhASA prAkRta thii| bhASA kI isa asthiratA ke kAraNa sAhityika bhASA chAndas ko saMskArita, niyamita karane kA prayatna pANini Adi vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA huA / kyoMki zabda kI surakSA aura zuddhatA vaidika saMskRti ka pramukhatA thii| isa prakAra ke prayatnoM se tatkAlIna sAhityika bhASA para hI vyAkaraNa kA aMkuza nahIM lagA, apitu prAkRta bhASAe~ bhI prAyaH vyavasthita rUpa se prayoga meM Ane lagI hoNgii| tabhI ve Age calakara AgamoM, siddhAnta graMthoM aura kAvyoM, nATakoM kI pramukha bhASA bana skiiN| 253. prAkRta apabhraMzakAdAya: kSetrIya bhASAeM jaba lokabhASAe~ sAhitya meM rUr3ha ho jAtI haiM taba jana samAnya meM naI lokabhASA kA vyavahAra hone lagatA hai| isa prakAra lokabhASAe~ vikasita hotI rahatI haiN| prAkRta apabhraMza ke sAtha bhI yahI huaa| prAkRtoM meM kRtrimatA A jAne se tathA sAhitya taka sImita hone se apabhraMza bhASA udaya meM AI thii| jaba apabhraMza kA sAhitya meM sarvAdhika prayoga hone lagA tathA vaha niyamabaddha hone lagI to Age calakara loka meM anya kSetrIya bhASAe~ panapane lgiiN| Adhunika Arya bhASAoM ne prAkRta saMskRta ke guNoM ko apanAkara apabhraMza ke prabhAva se apane ko adhika spaSTa aura sarala banAyA hai| unameM prAkRta, saMskRta apabhraMza ina tInoM kI vizeSatAe~ ekatra huI haiN| kintu loka-bhASA hone ke kAraNa prAkRta aura apabhraMza kA dAya unake vikAsa meM adhika hai| yaha saMkrAnti kAla kI kucha racanAoM ke adhyayana se jAnA jA sakatA hai| 206 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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saMkrAnti kAla kI kucha racanAe~ isa bAta kI sabala pramANa haiM ki prAcIna apabhraMza Adi meM navIna bhASAoM kA kaise samizraNa ho rahA thaa| abdula rahamAna ke sandezarAsaka meM svara saMkoca hone laga gayA thaa| saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM se prAyaH eka hI surakSita rakhA jAtA thaa| jaise ucchavAsa, ussAsa, usAsa aadi| isI taraha prAkRtapeMgalam evaM purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha kI bhASA kramazaH apabhraMza kI sthiti ko chor3atI huI lokabhASAoM kI ora bar3ha rahI thii| pazcimI hindI gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI bhASAoM ke bIja inameM dekhe jA sakate haiN| uktivyaktiprakaraNam kI bhASA meM kAzI, kozala pradeza kI kAvya bhASA ke svarUpa kA pramANika paricaya milatA hai| vizeSakara avadhI bhASA kA prAcIna rUpa inameM dekhA jA sakatA hai| isa grantha kI bhASA meM Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ko janma dene vAlI sAmAnya pravRttiyA~ parilakSita hotI haiN| varNa ratnAkara maithilI kA pracInatam upalabdha grantha hai| isakI bhASA meM maithilI ke prAcInatama rUpa to surakSita haiM hI baMgalA magahI aura bhojapurI bhASAoM ke prAcIna rUpoM para bhI isase prakAza par3atA hai| kIrtilatA nAmaka avahaTTa bhASA kA grantha isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI prastuta karatA hai| caryApada kI bhASA kI kucha vizeSatAe~ baMgalA ke vikAsa para prakAza DAlatI haiN| baMgalA tathA pUrvI bhArata kI anya bhASAe~ asamiyA, uDiyA Adi mAgadhI prAkRta va apabhraMza kI pravRttiyoM se adhika prabhAvita haiM / jJAnezvarI kI bhASA meM marAThI Adi bhASA kA prAcIna rUpa dekhane ko milatA hai, jo maharASTrI prAkRta se vikasita mAnA jAtA hai| 254. prAkRta aura kannar3a, tamila, telagu kevala marAThI hI nahIM apitu dakSiNa bhArata kI anya bhASAe~ bhI prAkRta ke prabhAva se achUtI nahIM haiN| yadyapi unameM saMskRta ke zabdoM kI adhikatA hai tathApi unhoMne loka-bhASAoM se bhI zabdoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai| dakSiNa kI kannar3a, tamila, telagu, malayAlama Adi bhASAoM meM prAkRta ke tattva viSaya ko lekara svatantrA anusandhAna kI AvazyakatA hai| kucha vidvanoM ne isa viSaya para kArya bhI kiyA hai / ina bhASAoM meM prayukta prAkRta se vikasita kucha zabda isa prakAra haiM prAkRta ratnAkara 0207

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prAkRta olagga karaDA kaNdala kurara koTTa kannar3a olaga,olagisu karaDe kada kurI, kuraba koTe cappAli dezika dhAgadhisu pallI, hallI puli,huli / pisuNia artha sevA karanA karaTA mAranA, lar3AI bher3a, gaDariyA kilA tAlI mAranA pathika tejI se calanA gA~va cabeDa desiya dhagadhaga palli pulli bAgha kahanA pisuNa artha tamila akkA prAkRta akka kaDappa kurara kalappaI kori koTTa koTTaI pillai samUha bheDa kilA pazu kA choTA baccA pillama telagu prAkRta kaDappu kurUlu cabeDa Dombi pulli kalape kurulu cappaTa Dome pili artha samUha dhuMgharAle bAla tAlI bajAnA bhaMgina - bAgha 255. prAkRta aura madhyadezIya bhASAyeM 208 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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Adhunika bhAratIya Arya-bhASAoM ke vikAsakrama meM madhyapradeza kI loka bhASAoM kA mahattvapUrNa yoga rahA hai| zaurasenI aura ardhamAgadhI prAkRtoM kA madhyapradeza meM adhika prasAra thaa| ataH yahA~ vikasita hone vAlI bundelI, kannaujI, brajabhASA, avadhi, baghelI evaM chattIsagar3hI boliyoM para inakA prabhAva adhika hai| ye boliyA~ pazcimI aura pUrvI hindI kI upabhASAe~ haiN| inameM racita sAhitya prAkRta aura apabhraMza kI pravattiyoM se achUtA nahIM hai| bolacAla kI bhASAoM meM bhI madhyugIna Arya-bhASAoM kA prabhAva najara AtA hai| isa dazA meM samagrarUpa se adhyayana kiyA jAnA abhI apekSita hai| bundelI bhASA ke katipaya zabda draSTavya haiM prAkRta bundelI artha goNI gauna, gonI 2 mana vajana kI borI caMger3A DaliyA cillarI cilarA cUlA-cUlaiyA cUlhA cauppaDa cUpar3A lagAyA huA chiriyA~ bakarI joya johanA dekhanA johAra juhAra namaste karanA Dagalaka DigalA DhelA caMgerI cUlli cheli Dhora Dhora pazu titata tIto gIlA prAkRta aura marAThI dakSiNa bhArata meM mahArASTra meM prAcIna samaya meM hI saMskRta aura prAkRta kA prabhAva rahA hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta cUMki lokabhASA thI ataH usane Age Ane vAlI apabhraMza aura Adhunika marAThI ko adhika prabhAvita kiyA hai| prAkRta aura mahArASTrI bhASA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kaI vidvAnoM ne prastuta kiyA hai| yadyapi mahArASTrI prAkRta hI marAThI bhASA nahIM hai| usameM kaI bhASAoM kI pravRttiyoM kA sammizraNa hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0 209

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prAkRta artha aNiya phira bhI prAkRta ke tattva marAThI meM adhika haiN| jo zabda 5-6vIM zatAbdI ke prAkRta granthoM meM prayukta hote the ve bhI Aja kI marAThI meM sammilita haiN| yaha isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki prAkRta aura marAThI kA sambandha bahuta purAnA hai- bhASA aura kSetra donoM kI dRSTi se| marAThI ke ve kucha zabda yahA~ prastuta haiM jo prAkRta sAhitya meM bhI prayukta hue haiM tathA jinake donoM meM samAna artha haiN| marAThI aNiyA agrabhAga aMgohali AMghola gale taka kA snAna undara undIra cUhA kacchoTTha kAsoTA kaTivastra karavatI karavata karavA kolluga kolhA gAra gur3iyA guTI toTaNa jalla jAla zarIra kA maila daddara dAdara dauddhia laukI le jAkara medaNA gAra gIdar3a patthara ghor3A sIr3hI neUna neUNa mehuNa sAlA suNaha 256. prAkRta aura pazcimI bhASAe~ / Adhunika Arya bhASAoM aura boliyoM ke vargIkaraNa tathA unake prAcIna rUpa ke adhyayana anusandhAna meM DaoN. griyasena aura DaoN. sunItikumAra caTarjI ke mata ullekhanIya mAne jAte haiN| anya vidvAnoM ne bhI isa viSaya para kArya kiyA hai| pazcimI bhArata kI Adhunika bhASAoM meM sindhI, paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI aura gujarAtI pramukha haiN| sindha ke brAcar3a pradeza meM bolI jAne vAlI apabhraMza se sindhI bhASA kA 210 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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vikAsa mAnA jAtA hai| kaikaya pradeza kI apabhraMza se pazcimI paMjAbI, lahaMdI, multAnI kA tathA Takka apabhraMza se pUrvI paMjAbI bhASA kA vikAsa svIkAra kiyA hai / kintu abhI taka sindhI evaM paMjAbI bhASAoM kA prAkRta apabhraMza ke sAtha vizeSa adhyayana prastuta nahIM kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta granthoM meM ina dezoM ke vyApAriyoM kA paryApta ullekha milatA hai| udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM saindhava aura Takka deza ke vyApAriyoM kI bhASA ke zabdoM kI bAnagI bhI prastuta kI hai| prAkRta aura rAjasthAnI - jise Aja rAjasthAnI kahA jAtA hai vaha bhASA nAgara apabhraMza se utpanna mAnI jAtI hai, jo madhyakAla meM pazcimottara bhArata kI kAvyabhASA thii| rAjasthAnI bhASA ke kSetra aura vividhatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara isakI janaka bhASA ko saurASTra apabhraMza tathA gurjarI apabhraMza bhI kahA jAtA hai / kyoMki rAjasthAnI kA sambandha bahuta samaya taka gujarAtI bhASA se banA rahA hai| rAjasthAnI bhASA ke antargata jo beliyA~ haiM hADautI, DhUDhArI, mevAr3I aura mAravAr3I Adi una saba para prAkRta evaM evaM apabhraMza kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| dhvaniparivartana aura vyAkaraNa donoM kI dRSTi se rAjasthAnI madhyayugIna bhASAoM se prabhAvita hai| rAjasthAnI ke saMjJA rUpoM kI racanA para prAkRta kA sIdhA prabhAva hai| prAkRta meM prathama vibhakti ke eka vacana ke akAra ko okAra hotA hai| rAjasthAnI meM bhI yahI pravRtti upalabdha hai / yathA- ghor3oM, choro Adi / prAkRta apabhraMza kI bhA~ti rAjasthAna meM bhI vibhaktiyoM kI saMkhyA kama ho gaI hai| prAkRta ke sarvanAmoM kI saMkhyA apabhraMza meM kama ho gaI thii| apabhraMza se bahuta se sarvanAma rAjasthAnI meM yathAvat apanA liye gaye haiM / prAkRta aura apabhraMza kA hUM hauM (maiM) rAjasthAnI meM khUba pracalita hai / yathA - hauM kosIsA kaita, haeNU pApI hekalau Adi / isI taraha apabhraMza ke kAMi (kyA) kA prayoga rAjasthAnI meM adhika hotA hai| kAI chai (DhaMDhArI), kaI hai (mevAr3I) Adi kA prayoga draSTavya hai| rAjasthAnI bhASA kI aneka dhAtue~ evaM apabhraMza se grahIta haiN| unameM bahuta thor3A parivartana huA hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se kucha kriyAe~ dRSTavya haiN| yathA prAkRta ratnAkara 0 211

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rAjasthAnI ghaDai jAMcai khAMDe dhArai dhArai dhAratA hai kido kIdhau kiyA hosai hosI hogA isI prakAra rAjasthAnI bhASA meM aise aneka zabda prayukta hote haiM, jo thor3e se dhvani- parivartana ke sAtha prAkRta va apabhraMza se grahaNa kara liye gaye haiM / prAkRta aura gujarAtI- gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI meM ghaniSTa sambandha rahA hai| ina para madhya deza kI zaurasenI prAkRta va apabhraMza kA adhika prabhAva hai| ela. pI. TesITarI ne gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI ke svarUpa Adi para vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai tathA una para prAkRta ke tattvoM ko spaSTa kiyA hai| prAkRta aura gujarAtI ke kucha samAna zabda isa prakAra haiM / prAkRta ghaDai jAMcai khaNDaI prAkRta aMgohali artha banAtA hai mAMgatA hai toDatA hai utthala oilla uNDA kaTu gahilla gujarAtI aMghola artha zarIra kA snAna uthala-pAthala ulaTa - phera oDhanI gaharA badanAma, burA mandabuddhi, ghelu olabu uNDA kAThu gahila Dababa bAMyA lITa rekhA gujarAtI ke bahuta se sarvanAma bhI apabhraMza se sIdhe Aye haiM / hemacandra ke anusAra apabhraMza meM kathaM tathA kethA ko ema aura ima Adeza hote haiN| jaise - kema samappau tujjha diNaM / gujarAtI ke kema che, ema che Adi 212 0 prAkRta ratnAkara DAbu TI

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257. prAkRta aura pUrvI bhASAe~ . pUrvI bhASAe~ meM isa samaya kaI bhASAe~ pracalita haiN| unameM bhojapurI, magahI, maithilI, uDiyA, baMgAlI aura asamiyA pramukha haiN| inameM kaI vidhAoM meM sAhitya bhI likhA gayA hai| tathA ye bola-cAla kI bhI bhASAe~ haiN| ina bhASAoM kA vikAsa jisa kSetra meM huA hai vahA~ prAcIna samaya se prAkRta va apabhraMza bolI jAtI rahI hai, jise mAgadhI va ardhamAgadhI kahA jAtA thaa| ataH svAbhAvika rUpa se ye bhASAe~ mAgadhI prAkRta va apabhraMza se prabhAvita hokara vikasita huI haiN| inakA va apabhraMza se kyA aura kitanA sambandha hai, tulanAtmaka dRSTi se kucha sAmya-vaiSamya yahA~ dRSTavya hai prAkRta aura bhojapurI - bihAra meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASAoM meM bhojapurI pramukha hai| yadyapi isake bolane vAle vibhinna prAntoM meM bhI nivAsa karate haiN| bhojapurI ke vyAkaraNa evaM bhASA evaM vaijJAnika tattvoM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para isa bhASA kA sambandha ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke sAtha adhika dRr3ha hotA hai| isa bhASA meM prAkRta tattvoM kI pracaratA hai| saMkrAntikAla ke jo grantha upalabdha haiM unameM bhI bhojapurI ke udAharaNa prApta hote haiN| dhvanitatva kI dRSTi se bhojapurI meM prAkRta ke samAna nimna vizeSatAe~ pAI jAtI haiM - (1) hasva svaroM kA dIrgha aura dIghaM kA hasva ho jAnA / yathA- jIhA-jIbha, cakka-cAka, AAsa- akaas| (2) Rdhvani kA vibhinna svaroM meM parivartana / yathA-kisana-kisuna, maccumiratu, maay-mtrii| (3) akAraNa anunAsika pravRtti kA pAyA jaanaa| yathA- gAma-gA~va, mahiSI - bhiNs| (4) vibhinna vargoM ke sthAna para dUsare vargoM kA pryog| yathA zakuna-saguna, kissA-khissA, kelaa-keraa| bhojapurI bhASA meM dhvanitatva ke atirikta vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se bhI prAkRta kI pravRttiyA~ pAI jAtI haiN| bhojapurI ke saMjJArUpoM kI racanA para prAkRta kA spaSTa prAkRta ratnAkara 0213

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prabhAva hai tathA vibhakti-lopa ke sAtha parasargoM kA prayoga apabhraMza ke prabhAva se isameM AyA hai| SaSThI vibhakti meM bhojapurI meM jo parasaMga jor3e jAte haiM, ve prAkRta ke haiN| yathA- unakarA kAma bhI karata aiv| to kAma se hamarA alaga rhitaa| yahA~ karA aura hamarA kramazaH prAkRta kI kara dhAtu aura amhArA Adi zabdoM se Aye pratIta hote haiN| bhojapurI ke sarvanAmoM kA prAkRta se sIdhA sambandha hai| vaikalpika rUpoM kA pAyA jAnA prAkRta kI hI pravatti hai| kucha sarvanAma dRSTavya haiM prA. - mae tu tumha tumhANa appANaM / bho. - mayaM tu taheM tohanI apne| bhojapurI bhASA kI kriyAoM meM bhI prAkRta ke tattva upalabdha haiN| adhikAMza dhAtuoM kA mUla prAkRta dhAtueM haiN| yathA- kUTe > kuTTa, kADha > kaDDha, cak > cukka, DUba > Dubba, sIDApA > sijjha aadi| bhojapurI meM prAkRta ke samAna hI vartamAna, bhUta, bhaviSyat, AjJAvidhi aura saMbhAvanA ye pAMca kAla hote haiN| bhojapurI kI kriyAeM prAkRta kI bhA~ti hI sarala haiN| prAkRta ke aneka zabda bhojapurI meM svIkAra kara liye gaye haiN| kucha zabda prAkRta ke pratyayoM ko jor3akara banAye gaye haiM tatha kucha zabda sIdhe le lie gaye haiN| yathA bhojapurI artha prAkRta kA pratyaya inakarA ina karA kera gamai gama i illa gharelu ghara elu Ala kahata kaha ata anta DarAvana Dara Avana AppaNa karatava kara tava tavva prAkRta aura maithilI - mithilA ke Asa-pAsa ke kSetroM meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASA maithilI ke rUpa meM prasiddha huI hai| vartamAna meM sAhitya kI dRSTi se bhI yaha samRddha 2140 prAkRta ratnAkara

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prAkRta bhASA hai| isakA vikAsa bhI mAgadhI apabhraMza se huA hai| bhojapurI kI bhA~ti maithilI meM bhI prAkRta kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| yaha saMskRta se bhI prabhAvita hai| maithilI ke svara aura vyaMjanoM ke kucha udAharaNa yahA~ prastuta haiM, jinameM prAkRta kI vizeSatAe~ spaSTa haiN| saMskRta maithilI katyagRha kaccaharia kacaharI kardama kadama kAdoM zrRNoti suNai suntava drakSyati devakhati dekhava lohakAra lohAla lauhAra zevAla sevAla semara * prAkRta aura ur3iyA - ur3iyA prAcIna utkala athavA vartamAna ur3IsA kI bhASA hai| baMgalA se isakA ghaniSTa saMbaMdha hai| vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki lagabhaga 14vIM zatAbdI meM yaha baMgalA se pRthaka ho gaI hogii| mAgadhI apabhraMza kI pUrvI zAkhA se ur3iyA va baMgalA kA vikAsa huA mAnA jAtA hai| ur3iyA meM bhI prAkRta kI sAmanya pravattiyA~ upalabdha hotI haiN| yathA (1) RkAra kA i meM parivartana zrRgAla > siAla siAla, hRdaya > hiaa hiA (2) ai kA e meM parivartanavaidya > veja, veja, taila > taillaM, tela (1) dIrgha svaroM kA prayoga - bhakta > bhatta, hasta > hattha hAtha (1) kha, gha, tha, gha, pha, bha, kA ha meM parivartana saMskRta prAkRta ur3iyA mukha muha muha prAkRta ratnAkara 0215

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thana sakhI sahI sahI laghuka lahuka hAlu (11) saMyukta vyanjanoM kA saralIkaraNa grAma gAma gA dhvani dhaNi dhaI sthAna ThANa ThA stana thaNa ur3iyA kI kriyAoM meM prAkRta se thor3A antara hai| kintu unakA vikAsa apabhraMza ke mAdhyama se huA hai| kriyAoM eka vacana bahuvacana se hI sambandhita hai| isa prakAra ur3iyA bhASA vyAkaraNa aura dhvani tattvoM kI dRSTi se prAkRta apabhraMza ke adhika najadIka haiN| baMgalA aura asamiyA Adi bhASAyeM bhI madhyayugIna Arya bhASAoM se paryApta prabhAvita haiN| 258. prAkRta aura hindI Adhunika bhAratIya Aya-bhASAoM meM hindI kA pramukha sthAna hai| deza ke adhikAMza logoM dvArA yaha bolI jAtI hai| rASTrabhASA hone kA gaurava ise prApta hai| deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM aura bhASAoM kI samparka bhASA hone ke kAraNa hindI meM vibhinna bhASAoM ke zabda bhI sammilita ho gaye haiN| saMskRta ke zabda bhI isameM grahIta kiye gaye haiM, kintu hindI meM prAkRta apabhraMza jaisI loka-bhASAoM ke zabda bhI kama nahIM haiN| yadi ina zabdoM kI jAnakArI ho to hindI ke hareka zabda kI vyutpatti ke lie saMskRta para nirbhara nahIM rahanA pdd'egaa| hemacandra kI dezInAmamAlA tathA prAkRta apabhraMza ke anya granthoM ke ve kucha zabda yahA~ uddhRta haiM jo hindI meM sIdhe grahaNa kara liye gaye haiM tathA unake artha meM bhI koI parivartana nahIM AyA hai| prAkRta hindI prAkRta hindI akkhADa akhADA ciDiyA arahaTTha rahaTa cAro cArA ukkhala okhalI culli culhA ulluTaM ulaTA cokkha cokhA 2160 prAkRta ratnAkara ciDiya

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chaillo koyalA kakkaDI kakaDI chelA kahAro kahAra challi chAla koilA jhamAla jhamelA kuhADa kuhADA jhADa jhAr3a khaTTIka khaTIka jhaMjhaDiyA jhaMjhaTa hindI bhASA meM prAkRta zabda hI nahIM grahaNa kiye gaye haiM, apitu bahuta sI .. hindI kI kriyAe~ bhI prAkRta kI haiN| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se kucha kriyAe~ draSTavya haiN| prAkRta dekhanA bujhanA kuTTa piTTa bhiDai hindI prAkRta hindI uDDu uDanA jhillia jhelanA kaDDa kADhanA dekkha kuda kUdanA bujjha kUTanA pITanA khella khelanA bhiDanA khuda khodanA bolla bolanA zabda aura dhAtuoM ke atirikta prAkRta kI anya pravRttiyA~ bhI hindI meM parilakSita hotI haiN| dvivacana kA prayoga nahIM hotA, saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM saralIkaraNa hai| vibhaktiyoM kA adarzana tathA parasargoM kA prayoga prAkRta apabhraMza ke prabhAva se hindI meM hone laga gayA hai| kisI bhI janabhASA ke lie ina pravRttiyoM se gujaranA svAbhAvika hai| vahI hindI bhASA jana-jana taka pahu~ca sakatI hai, jo sugama aura subodha ho| ___ isa prakAra prAkRta vibhinna kAloM aura kSetroM kI bhAratIya bhASAoM ko nirantara prabhAvita karatI rahI hai| Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI saMracanA aura zabda tathA dhAturUpoM para bhI prAkRta kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| yaha usakI saralatA aura jana bhASA hone kA pramANa hai| na kevala bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM apitu ina bhASAoM ke sAhitya kI vibhinna vidhAoM ko bhI prAkRta apabhraMza bhASAoM ke sAhitya ne puSTa kiyA hai| yaha isa bAta kA pratIka hai ki rASTrIya ekatA ke nirmANa prAkRta ratnAkara 0 217

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meM bhASA kitanA mahattvapUrNa mAdhyama hotI hai| saMskRti kI surakSA bhASA kI udAratA para hI nirbhara hai| prAkRta apabhraMza bhASAe~ isa kSetra meM agraNI rahI haiN| unhIM kA prabhAva Aja kI bhAratIya bhASAoM meM hai| 259. prAkRta kA samRddha yuga IsA kI dUsarI se chaThI zatAbdI taka prAkRta bhASA kA prayoga nirantara bar3hatA rahA ataH ise prAkRta bhASA ora sAhitya kA samRddha yuga kahA jA sakatA hai| jIvana ke vibhinna kSetroM meM isa samaya prAkRta kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| mahAkavi bhAsa ne apane nATakoM meM prAkRta ko pramukha sthAna diyaa| kAlidAsa ne pAtroM ke anusAra prAkRta bhASAoM ke prayoga ko mahattva diyaa| isI yuga ke nATakakAra zUdraka ke vibhinna prAkRtoM kA paricaya karAne ke uddezya se mRcchakaTikaM prakaraNa kI racanA kii| yaha lokajIvana kA pratinidhi nATaka hai| ataH usameM prAkRta ke prayoga meM bhI vividhatA hai| isI yuga meM prAkRta meM kathA, carita, purANa evaM mahAkAvya Adi vidhAoM meM grantha likhe gye| unameM jisa prAkRta kA prayoga huA use sAmAnya prAkRta kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki taba taka prAkRta ne eka nizcita svarUpa prApta kara liyA thA, jo kAvyalekhana ke lie Avazyaka thaa| prAkRta ke isa sAhityika svarUpa ko mahArASTrI prAkRta kahA gayA hai isI yuga meM guNADhya ne bRhatkathA nAmaka kathA grantha prAkRta meM likhA, jisakI bhASA paizAcI prAkRta kahI gayI hai| isa taraha nATaka aura sAhitya meM pramukha rUpa se jina cAra prAkRta bhASAoM kA prayoga huA hai ve haiM- 1. zaurasenI 2. mAgadhI 3. mahArASTrI aura 4. paishaacii| ina cAroM prAkRtoM kA svarUpa prAkRta ke vaiyAkaraNoM ne apane granthoM meM spaSTa kiyA hai| 260. prAkRta ke prAcIna vyAkaraNa grantha yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki pANini ne svayaM bhI eka prAkRta-vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI thI aura maharSi vAlmIki ne bhI prAkRta-sUtra likhe the| isI prakAra candrakRta prAkRta-bhASAntara vidhAna kAtyAyana-kRta prAkRta-maMjarI, tathA bhAmaha-kRta 218 0 prAkRtaratnAkara

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prAkRta-candrikA nAmaka racanAoM ke bhI saMketa milate haiN| kintu durbhAgya se Aja ve sabhI racanAyeM upalabdha nahIM haiN| bhale hI ve Aja aprApya haiM, kintu ukta ullekhoM se yaha dhAraNA avazya banatI hai ki IsA-pUrva kI kucha sadiyoM se lekara paravartI kucha sadiyoM taka bahulamAtrA meM zAkalya ko Adarza mAnakara prAkRta ke kucha vyAkaraNagrantha likhe gae hoNge| 261. prAkRta ke anya saMsthAna evaM vibhAga prAkRta evaM jainavidyA ke adhyayana, anusaMdhAna, zikSaNa meM saMlagna deza meM anya saMsthAna evaM vibhAga bhI haiN| unake pUrNa vivaraNa upalabdha na hone se unakA yahA~ ullekha nahIM ho pAyA hai| jainAlAjI evaM prAkRta vibhAga maisUra, jainAlAjI vibhAga dhAravAr3a, pAli-prAkRta vibhAga ahamadAbAda, pAli-prAkRta vibhAga, nAgapura, jaina adhyayana kendra, jayapura, prAkRta aura jainAgama vibhAga vArANasI, jainadarzana vibhAga vArANasI, jainadarzana vibhAga naI dillI, saMskRta-prAkRta vibhAga ArA, vIrasevA maMdira naI dillI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI, prAkRta vidyA vikAsa phaNDa, ahamadAbAda, gaNeza prasAda varNI saMsthAna, vArANasI, prAkRta parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI (ahamadAbAda), sanmati tIrtha pUnA, prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya vibhAga, dillI Adi vibhAgoM aura saMsthAnoM kA bhI prAkRta aura jainavidyA ke vikAsa meM mahattI bhUmikA rahI hai| inake prakAzanoM kA bhI vizeSa mahattva hai| 262. prAkRtAnuzAsana (puruSottama) prAkRtAnuzAsana ke kartA puruSottama AcArya hemacandra ke samakAlIna the| ye baMgAla ke nivAsI the| inhoMne prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kI pUrvIya zAkhA kA pratinidhitva kiyA hai| puruSottama 12vIM zatAbdI ke vaiyAkaraNa haiN| unhoMne prAkRta anuzAsana nAma kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa likhA hai| isa grantha ke 3 se lekara 20 adhyAya upalabdha haiN| prathama do adhyAya lupta haiN| tIsarA adhyAya bhI apUrNa hai| prAraMbhika adhyAyoM meM sAmAnya prAkRta kA vivecana hai| Age mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, prAcyA, avantI evaM mAgadhI kA anuzAsana kiyA gayA hai| isake pazcAt vibhASAoM meM zAkArI, prAkRta ratnAkara 0 219

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cAMDAlI, zAbarI, TakkadezI kA niyamana kiyA gayA hai| apabhraMza meM nAgara, brAcaDa evaM upanAgara kA tathA anta meM kaikaya, paizAcika, zaurasenI-paizAcika Adi bhASAoM ke lakSaNa prastuta kiye gaye haiN| yaha grantha 1938 meM perisa se prakAzita huA hai| ela. nittI DaulcI ne mahattvapUrNa phrenca bhUmikA ke sAtha isakA sampAdana kiyA hai| 1954 meM DaoN. manamohana ghoSa ne aMgrejI anuvAda ke sAtha mUla prAkRtAnuzAsana ko prAkRta kalpatarU ke sAtha (pR. 156-169) pariziSTa 1 meM prakAzita kiyA hai| prAkRtAnuzAsana meM tIna se lekara bIsa adhyAya haiN| tIsarA adhyAya apUrNa hai| prArambhika adhyAyoM meM sAmAnya prAkRta kA nirUpaNa hai| nauveM adhyAya meM zaurasenI tathA dasaveM meM prAcyA bhASA ke niyama diye gaye haiN| prAcyA ko lokoktibahula banAyA gayA hai| gyAharaveM adhyAya meM avantI aura bArahaveM meM mAgadhI prAkRta kA vivecana hai| isakI vibhASAoM meM zAkArI, cAMDAlI, zAbarI aura TakkadezI kA anuzAsana kiyA gayA hai| usase patA calatA hai ki zAkArI meM 'ka' aura TakkI meM ud kI bahulatA pAI jAtI hai| isake bAda apabhraMza meM nAgara, brAcaDa, upanAgara Adi kA niyamana hai| anta meM kaikaya, paizAcika aura zaurasenI paizAcika bhASA ke lakSaNa kahe gaye haiN| 263. prAkRta paiMgalam prAkRta paiMgalam chandazAstra kA eka mahattvapUrNa saMgraha grantha hai| isake saMgrahakartA kA nAma jJAta nahIM hai| vibhinna sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para isakA racanAkAla 13vIM-14vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga mAnA gayA hai| isa chaMda-grantha meM purAnI hindI ke AdikAlIna kaviyoM dvArA prayukta varNika evaM mAtrika chaMdoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yaha grantha do paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama pariccheda meM mAtrika chaMdoM kA tathA dvitIya pariccheda meM varNavRttoM kA vivecana hai| isa chanda grantha meM prayukta udAharaNa kAvya-tattvoM kI dRSTi se atyaMta samRddha haiN| isa grantha meM mevAr3a ke rAjapUta rAjA hammIra kI vIratA kA sundara citraNa hai| yathA - gAhiNI chanda meM hammIra kI vIratA 2200 prAkRta ratnAkara

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kA yaha padya dRSTavya hai - muMcahi suMdari pAaM appahi hasiUNa sumuhi khaggaM me| kappiamecchazarIraM pecchai vaaNAi~ tumha dhuahmmiiro||(gaa.71) arthAt - yuddha bhUmi para jAtA huA hammIra apanI patnI se kaha rahA hai - he sundarI! pA~va chor3a do, he sumukhI! ha~sakara mujhe talavAra do| mlecchoM ke zarIra ko kATakara hammIra niHsaMdeha tumhAre mukha ke darzana kregaa| avahaTTa kA prayoga isa grantha meM bahuta milatA hai| madhya-yugIna chaMdazAstriyoM ne isa grantha kI paramparA kA pUrA anukaraNa kiyA hai| 264. prAkRta prakAza : vararuci prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM meM caNDa ke bAda vararuci pramukha vaiyAkaraNa hai| prAkRta prakAza meM varNita anuzAsana paryApta prAcIna hai| ataH vidvAnoM ne vararuci ko IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga kA vidvAn mAnA haiN| vikramAditya ke navaratnoM meM bhI eka vararuci the| ve sambhavataH prAkRta prakAza ke hI lekhaka the| chaThI zatAbdI se to prAkRta prakAza para anya vidvAnoM ne TIkAe~ likhanA prArambha kara dI thiiN| ataH vararuci ne 4-5vIM zatAbdI meM apanA yaha vyAkaraNa grantha likhA hogaa| prAkRta prakAza viSaya aura zailI kI dRSTi se prAkRta kA mahattvapUrNa vyAkaraNa hai| prAcIna prAkRtoM ke anuzAsana kI dRSTi se isameM anekatathya upalabdha hote haiN| prAkRta prakAza meM kula bAraha pariccheda haiN| prathama pariccheda ke 44 sUtroM meM svaravikAra evaM svaraparivartanoM kA nirUpaNa hai| dUsare pariccheda ke 47 sUtroM meM madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke lopa kA vidhAna hai tathA isameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki zabdoM ke asaMyukta vyaMjanoM ke sthAna para kitane vizeSa vyaMjanoM kA Adeza hotA hai| yathA- (1) pa ke sthAna para va - zApa > sAvo ; (2) na ke sthAna para Navacana > vaaNa, (3) Sa, bhA ke sthAna para sa-zabda > saddo, evaM bhAbha > vasaho aadi| tIsare pariccheda ke 66 sUtroM meM saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke lopa, vikAsa evaM parivartanoM kA anuzAsana hai| anukArI, vikArI aura dezaja ina tIna prakAra ke zabdoM prAkRta ratnAkara 0221

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kA niyamana cauthe pariccheda ke 33 sUtroM meM huA hai| yathA 12veM sUtra 'movinduH' meM kahA gayA hai ki aMtima halanta 'm' ko anusvAra hotA hai - vakSam > vacchaM, bhadram , bhadaM aadi| pAMcave pariccheda ke 47 sUtroM meM liMga aura vibhakti kA anuzAsana diyA gayA hai| sarvanAma zabdoM ke rUpa aura unake vibhakti pratyaya chaThe pariccheda ke 64 sUtroM meM varNita haiN| saptama pariccheda meM tiGatavidhi tathA aSTama meM dhAtvAdeza kA varNana hai| prAkRta kA dhAtvAdeza sambandhI prakaraNa tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva kA hai| navameM pariccheda meM avyayoM ke artha evaM prayoga diye gaye haiN| yathA-NavaraH kevala // 7 // - kevala athavA ekamAtra ke artha meM Navara zabda kA prayoga hotA hai| udAharaNArtha- eso Navara kandappo, esA Navara sA raI ityaadi| yahA~ taka vararuci ne sAmAnya prAkRta kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| isake anantara dasaveM pariccheda ke 14 sUtroM meM paizAcI bhASA kA vidhAna hai| 17 sUtra vAle gyArahaveM pariccheda meM mAgadhI prAkRta kA tathA bArahaveM pariccheda ke 32 sUtroM meM zaurasenI prAkRta kA anuzAsana hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke gahana adhyayana ke lie vararucikRta prAkRta prakAza evaM usakI TIkAoM kA adhyayana nitAnta apekSita hai| mahArASTrI ke sAtha mAgadhI, paizAcI evaM zaurasenI kA isameM vizeSa vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta prakAza kI isa viSayavastu se spaSTa hai ki vararuci ne vistAra se prAkRta bhASA ke rUpoM ko anuzAsita kiyA hai| caMDa ke prAkRta lakSaNa kA prabhAva vararuci para hote hue bhI kaI bAtoM meM unameM navInatA aura maulikatA hai| 265. prAkRta dhammapada bhAratetara prAkRta kharoSThI lipi meM likhe hue khotAna meM upalabdha prAkRta dhammapada kA sthAna mahatvapUrNa hai| bhAratIya hastalikhita pratiyoM meM sarvaprAcIna kahI jAne vAlI yaha prati bhASA aura lipi kI dRSTi se apanA mahatva rakhatI hai| isameM 12 pariccheda haiM jinameM 232 gAthAoM meM buddha-upadeza kA saMgraha haiN| isakI bhASA uttara pazcimI pradeza kI boliyoM se milatI-julatI hai, jisakA paricaya hameM 222 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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zAhavAjagar3hI ke azokI zilAlekhoM se milatA haiN| inase anumAna hotA haiM ki kharoSThI dhammapada kA mUla rUpa bhArata ke pazcimottara pradeza meM hI likhA gayA hai| lipi ke AdhAra para isakA samaya IsavI san 200 mAnA gayA hai| 266. prAkRta puSkariNI DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina ne alaMkAra granthoM meM udAharaNoM ke rUpa meM prayukta gAthAoM kA saMkalana prAkRta puSkariNI ke nAma se kiyA hai| alaMkAra granthoM meM jitane udAharaNa Aye haiM, ve sabhI eka se eka sundara aura sarasa haiN| pratyeka padya apane pIche prabandha kI paramparA lie hue haiN| ataH ina muktaka padyoM kA apUrva saundarya hai| prAyaH ye sabhI padya zrRMgAra rasa ke haiN| isa saMgraha kI adhikAzaM gAthAe~ gAthA saptazatI kI haiM / kucha gAthAe~ nayI haiN| zrRMgAra rasa ke marma ko samajhAne ke lie ye gAthAe~ upayogI haiN| 267. prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI - prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura eka svayaMsevI paMjIkRta saMsthA hai| isakI sthApanA 21 pharavarI 1977 ko huI thii| akAdamI kA mukhya uddezya prAkRta, saMskRta evaM anya bhAratIya bhASAoM tathA aMgrejI meM upayogI sAhitya kA prakAzana hai, jisase ki yaha sAhitya sAdhAraNa pAThaka evaM vidvAnoM taka pahu~ca ske| prAkRta bhAratI dvArA aba taka 218 graMtha prakAzita hue haiN| inameM se kaI pustakoM ke ekAdhika saMskaraNa bhI prakAzita ho cuke haiN| vartamAna maM lagabhaga 10 pustakeM prati varSa prakAzita kI jAtI haiN| prAkRta bhAratI kI gatividhiyoM meM niyamita prAkRta bhASA pAThyakrama calAnA bhI hai| patrAcAra dvArA jainAlaoNjI meM ema. e. kI kakSAoM kA saMcAlana bhI prAkRta bhAratIya akAdamI hotA hai / isa akAdamI ke saMcAlana meM pro. kamalacandra sogAnI, paM. vinayasAgara evaM zrImAn DI. Ara. mehatA Adi vidvAnoM kA vizeSa yogadAna hai| 268. prAkRta bhASA prAkRta ratnAkara 0223

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madhyayugIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAyeM anake rUpoM meM pAI jAtI haiN| ye bhASAyeM zvetAmbara jaina AgamoM kI prAkRta, digambara jaina Agama graMthoM kI zaurasenI prAkRta, jainoM kI dhArmika aura laukika kathAoM kI prAkRta, saMskRta nATakoM meM prayukta vividha rUpa vAlI prAkRta, muktaka kAvyoM kI mahArASTrI prAkRta, vRhatkathA kI paizAcI prAkRta, azokI zilAlekhoM kI prAkRta, niyA prAkRta, kharoSThI lipi meM ullikhita dhammapada kI prAkRta Adi ke rUpa meM bikharI huI par3I haiN| ina saba ko sAmAnyatayA prAkRta kI saMjJA dI jAtI haiM, yadyapi prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne inake judAjudA nAma diye haiN| vaiyAkaraNoM meM prAkRta boliyoM kA vistRta vivecana kartAoM meM vararuci kA nAma sarvaprathama AtA hai| unake anusAra prAkRta jise Age calakara mahArASTrI kahA gayA hai, paizAcI, mAgadhI aura zaurasenI ye cAra prAkRta bhASAyeM haiN| prAraMbhika vaiyAkaraNa sAmAnya rUpa se prAkRta ko hI mukhya mAnate the aura sAhityika racanAoM kI yaha bhASA samajhI jAtI thii| zUdraka ke mRcchakaTika meM sUtradhAra dvArA bolI jAne vAlI bhASA ko prAkRta kahA gayA hai, yadyapi uttarakAlIna vaiyAkaraNoM kI zabdAvali meM yaha zaurasenI bana gaI hai| 269. prAkRta bhASA vibhAga zrIlAlabahAdura zAstrI saMskRta vidyApITha mAnita vizvavidyAlaya naI dillI 16 meM satra 1988-99 se prAkRtabhASA ke svataMtra vibhAga kA zubhArambha kendra sarakAra kI anumati se vidhi sammata tarIke se huA hai| isakI sthApanA ke pUrva vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga kI niyamAvalI ke anusAra prayoga ke taura para prAkRtabhASA ke aMzakAlIna pAThyakrama (pramANapatrIya evaM DiplomA pAThyakrama) satra 1966-97 se prAraMbha kiye gaye the| do varSoM meM unakI sakriyatA, pAThyapustakoM ke nirmANa, janaruci se Ayoga evaM kendra sarakAra ne isa vibhAga kI sthApanA kI svIkRti pradAna kI apekSita saMsAdhana bhI vidyApITha ko pradAna kiye| isa vibhAga meM aba prAkRtazAstrI, AcArya evaM ema. phila ke pAThyakrama saMcAlita haiN| 270. prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa 19vIM zatAbdI meM jarmana vidvAna DaoN. Ara. pizala dvArA likhA gayA 224 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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grAmeTiksa De prAkRta sa nAmaka jarmana grantha prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa nAma se hindI bhASA meM anuvAdita huA hai| isake hindI anuvAdaka DaoN. hemacandra jozI haiN| DaoN. pizala kA yaha grantha prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana hetu atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| isa grantha meM prAkRta kA koI vyAkaraNakAra nahIM chUTA hai| sabhI vyAkaraNa-granthoM ke niyama isameM zRMkhalA-baddha rUpa se diye gaye haiN| vastutaH DaoN. pizala ne apane samaya taka ke upalabdha sabhI vyAkaraNa aura sAre prApya sAhitya ko mathakara yaha vyAkaraNa taiyAra kiyA hai aura prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke adhikAMza niyama pakke kara diye haiN| 271. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa prAkRta bhASA, vyAkaraNa aura sAhitya ko jAnane ke lie yaha pustakaprAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ne isa zodha grantha meM sabhI prakAra kI prAkRta bhASAoM kA sohAharaNa vivecana kiyA hai| prAkRta Agama granthoM kA paricaya dekara kAvyoM aura muktakakAvya granthoM kA sodAharaNa mUlyAMkana isa grantha kI vizeSatA hai| prAkRta ke carita sAhitya kI samIkSA isa itihAsa grantha meM upalabdha hai| prAkRta ke saTTaka granthoM kA mUlyAMkana kara DaoN. zAstrI ne isa pustaka meM prAkRta ke kathAsAhitya ke granthoM kA vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| grantha ke anta meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa granthoM aura chanda alaMkAra granthoM kA prAmANika paricaya diyA gayA hai| sAMskRtika dRSTi se prAkRta granthoM ke mahattva ko bhI DaoN. zAstrI ne rekhAMkita kiyA hai| yaha grantha 1966 meM banArasa se tArAbuka ejeMsI se prakAzita huA thaa| 1988 meM isakA dvitIya saMskaraNa bhI prakAzita huaa| prAkRta ke vidyArthiyoM, vidvAnoM evaM sampAdakoM ke lie yaha grantha mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai| isa mahattvapUrNa grantha ke aMgrejI anuvAda kI nitAnta AvazyakatA anubhava kI jA rahI hai| 272. prAkRta bhASA ke tIna yuga prAkRta bhASA ke prayoga meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| vibhinna vibhASAoM ke bIja kramazaH usameM sammilita hote rahe haiN| prAkRta bhASA ke svarUpa kI dRSTi se do bheda kie jA sakate haiM- (1) kathya prAkRta aura (2) sAhitya kI praakRt| prAkRta prAkRta ratnAkara 0 225

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janabhASA ke rUpa meM prAcIna samaya se bolI jAtI rahI hai, kintu usakA koI udAharaNa hamAre samakSa nahIM hai| jo kucha bhI prAkRta kA svarUpa hamAre sAmane AyA hai, vaha sAhitya ke mAdhyama se| isa sAhityika prAkRta ke bhASA ke prayoga evaM kAla kI dRSTi se tIna bheda kie jA sakate haiM- prathama yuga, madhyayuga aura apabhraMza yug| I.pU. chaThI zatAbdI ke IsA kI dvitIya zatAbdI taka ke bIca prAkRta meM race gaye sAhitya kI bhASA prathama yugIna prAkRta kahI jA sakatI hai| IsA kI dvitIya zatAbdI se chaTThI zatAbdI taka jisa prAkRta bhASA meM sAhitya likhA gayA hai, use madhyugIya prAkRta kahate haiN| vAstava meM isa yuga kI prAkRta sAhityika prAkRta thI, kintu janasAmAnya kI bhASA prAkRta se bhI usakA sambandha banA huA thaa| prayoga kI bhinnatA kI dRSTi se isa samaya taka prAkRta ke svarUpa kramazaH parivartana ho gayA thaa| tadanurUpa prAkRta ke vaiyAkaraNoM ne prAkRta ke ye pA~ca bheda nirUpita kiye haiM ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, mAgadhI evaM paishaacii| 273. prAkRta mArgopadezikA paM. becaradAsa jIvarAja doSI ne I. san 1968 meM hindI mAdhyama se prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana hetu prAkRta mArgopadezikA kI racanA kii| isameM prAkRta , pAli, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI evaM apabhraMza bhASA ke pUre niyama batAkara saMskRta ke sAtha tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha kA mUla AdhAra AcArya hemacandra kA vyAkaraNa tathA DaoN. pizala kA prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa hai| 274. prAkRta bhASA ke pANini pizela pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM jarmana vidvAn rijarDa pizela ne sarvaprathama prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka evaM vyavasthita adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai / yadyapi unake pUrva hArnala, lAssana, hoyephara, vebara Adi ne prAkRta bhASA ke sambandha meM adhyayana prArambha kara diyA thA, kintu isa adhyayana ko pUrNatA pizela ne hI pradAna kI hai| ricarDa nipazela ne AcArya hemacandrakRta hezabdAnuzAsana prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA vyavasthita rIti se prathama bAra sampAdana kiyA, jo san 1877 I. meM prakAzita huaa| prAkRta bhASA ke 226 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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adhyayana meM pizela ne apane jIvana kA adhikAMza samaya vyatIta kiyaa| prAkRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNa kI prakAzita evaM aprakAzita aneka kRtiyoM ke anuzIlana ke AdhAra para unhoMne prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa gremeTika Dera prAkRta zprAzana nAma se jarmana meM likhA jo 1900 I. meM jarmanI ke stAsburga nagara se prakAzita huaa| isake aba aMgrejI aura hindI donoM bhASAoM ke anuvAda prakAzita ho cuke haiN| prAkRta bhASA ke isa mahAn grantha meM pizela ne na kevala prAkRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNa ko vyavasthita rUpa diyA hai, apitu prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti Adi para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| apane pUrvavartI pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke matoM kA nirasana karate hue pizela ne pahalI bAra yaha mata pratipAdita kiyA ki prAkRta bhASA saMskRta se utpanna na hokara svatantra rUpa se vikasita huI hai| vaidika bhASA ke sAtha prAkRta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kara unhoMne bhASA-vijJAna ke kSetra meM adhyayana kI naI dizA pradAna kI hai| 275. prAkRta meM Adhunika bhASAoM ke poSaka tattva bhAratIya Adhunika bhASAe~ Aja bhASA va sAhitya kI dRSTi se paryApta samRddha haiN| unake vikAsa kI lambI paramparA hai| kintu yaha kaha pAnA kaThina hai ki kisa prAkRta va apabhraMza vizeSa se kauna sI Adhunika bhASA kA janma huA hai| kevala bhASAgata samAnatA ke AdhAra para kucha anumAna hI kiyA jA sakatA hai ki isa apabhraMza se yaha kSetrIya bhASA utpanna huI hogii| ataH prAkRta aura apabhraMza ko Adhunika bhASAoM kI jananI mAnane ke sthAna para unakI poSaka mAnanA adhika ThIka hai| isa prakAra ke poSaka tattva ina bhASAoM meM khoje bhI jA sakate haiM / vastutaH bhAratIya Adhunika bhASAoM kA janma una vibhinna lokabhASAoM se huA hai, jo prAkRta va apabhraMza se prabhAvita thiiN| unakA usa samaya koI nAmakaraNa nahIM thaa| ataH ve vibhinna kSetroM kI apabhraMza ke nAma se jAnI gaI haiN| prAkRta apabhraMza bhAratIya bhASAoM ko kaI taraha se prabhAvita kiyA hai| bhASA abhivyakti kA mAdhyama hai| ataH use itanA sarala honA cAhie ki kahane evaM sunane vAle ke bIca vicAroM kA sampreSaNa banA rhe| eka dUsare ke antaraMga ko ve samajha sakeM / prAkRta apabhraMza ne isI saralIkaraNa ko svayaM apanAyA tathA dAya ke prAkRta ratnAkara 0 227

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rUpa meM kSetrIya bhASAoM ko yaha virAsata sauMpI hai| bhASA kA saralIkaraNa una zabdoM ko grahaNa karane se AtA hai jo jana sAmAnya ke bIca abhivyakti ke mAdhyama se hote haiN| kSetrIya bhASAoM meM prAkRta ke zabdoM kA bhaNDAra hai| Adhunika Arya bhASAoM meM bhI aise aneka zabda Aja prayukta hote haiM, jo prAkRta apabhraMza kI yAtrA karate hue yahA~ taka pahu~ce haiM / 1 kintu loka zabdoM se hI kisI bhASA kA kAma nahIM calatA / use ziSTa bhASA ke zabda evaM pravRttiyoM ko bhI apanAnA par3atA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki prAkRta va apabhraMza meM tatsama aura tadabhava zabdoM kA bhI samAveza hai| bhAratIya bhASAoM ke itihAsa se yaha bhalIbhA~ti jJAta hotA hai ki kabhI lokabhASAoM ne dezI zabdoM ko sAhitya ke siMhAsana para baiThAyA to kabhI pariSkRta zabdoM ko bhI loka mAnasa ke anukUla unhoMne gar3hA hai| dhvani vikAsa ke dvArA aise zabda kisI bhI bhASA meM prayukta hote rahate haiM / 276. prAkRta meM svara vikAsa prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA vaidika bhASA ke samakAlIna pracalita udIcyA, madhyadezIyA evaM prAcyA boliyoM meM jo saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti thI, vaha prAkRta meM bhI upalabdha hai| apane samparka meM Ane vAlI saMskArita bhASA va sAhityika bhASA ke ' zabda samUhoM, svaroM ke parivartana prAkRta meM dRSTigocara hote haiN| yaha parivartana kI pravRtti bhASA ko zabdabhaNDAra kI dRSTi se samRddha banAtI hai / vAstava meM isa prakAra ke svara evaM varNa parivartana hI zabda gar3hane ke AdhAra haiN| prAcIna samaya meM saMskRta bhASA sAhityika samparka kI bhASA thI aura zaurasenI prAkRta laukika samparka kI / ataH isa saMskRta ke zabda kina-kina parivartanoM dvArA mUla zaurasenI prAkRta meM grahaNa kiye gaye haiM, isakI saMkSipta jAnakArI yahA~ prastuta hai | svara - parivartana kI ye sthitiyA~ prApta haiM - (a) sva svaroM kA dIrghIkaraNa (ba) dIrgha svaroM kA hasvIkaraNa (sa) svaroM ko anya svara kA Adeza evaM (da) avyaya ke svaroM kA lopa / isI krama meM hama yahA~ una udAharaNoM ke dvArA prAkRta ke svara - parivartanoM kI jAnakArI prApta kareMge jo (1) zaurasenI ke siddhAnta granthoM meM upalabdha haiM tathA jo 228 prAkRta ratnAkara

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(2) vaiyAkaraNoM ne apane vidhAnoM meM jina zabdoM ko udAharaNa ke rUpa meM diyA hai| ye niyama sAmAnya prAkRta meM lAgU hote haiN| prAcIna evaM mUla prAkRta zaurasenI thii| ataH svara-parivartana ke niyama zaurasenI ke samAna anya prAkRtoM meM bhI vikasita hue haiN| 1- hasva svaroM kA dIrdhIkaraNa - pAsadi < pazyati, kAsavo kazyapaH sIso < ziSyaHmaNUso < manuSyaH dUsAsaNo< duzzAsanaH maNAsila < manaHzilA NIsaho < nissahaH dUsaho ( dussahaH 2. dIrgha svaroM kA hasvIkaraNa - a ambaM ( Amram paMDavo < pANDavaH i muNiMdo ra munIndraH titthaM < tIrtham 3. svaroM ko anya svaroM kA Adeza prAkRta meM svaroM kA anya svaroM meM parivartana isa prakAra prApta hai(ka)"a" dhvani (svara) ko svarAdeza : (1) a> A - AphaMso, < asparza sAmiddhI, samRddhiH a> i- majjhimA < madhyamaH iMgAro (aMgAraH a > u - jhuNi < dhvani khuDiyo < khaNDitaH a > U - ahiNNU < abhijJaH savvaNhU - sarvajJaH a> e - aMteuraM < antaHpuram sejjA < zayyA a > luk - lAuM < alAvum raNaM < araNyam (kha) "A" dhvani (svara) ko svarAdeza : (2) A > a a Ayario < AcAryaH Thavido ra sthApitaH pagadaM, pAgadaM< prAkRtama puvvaho (pUvArhaH A > i sai, sayA < sadA siaro ra nizAkara A , u ullaM Adram suNhA < sAsnA (ga) 'i' dhvani (svara) ko svarAdeza : (3) prAkRta ratnAkara 0 229

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puDhavI < pRthivI vIsA viMzati i ikSuH duviho dvividhaH i e < piNDam sendaraM sindUram (gha) 'I' dhvani (svara) ko svarAdeza: ( 4 ) gahiraM < gaMbhIram i juNNaM < jIrNam keriso < kIdRzaH > e (Ga) 'u' dhvani (svara) ko svarAdeza: ( 5 ) u o iA iI ps ps 4 4 ai He sesese musao < mUSikaH sIho < siMhaH (ca) 'R' dhvani (svara) ko svarAdeza : (6) ucchU peNDaM RR a taNa R i isI RR < RR u RR > ri tRNam vasaho vRSabhaH maccu RSiH kivo < uuduRtuH puhai ' pRthivI nivvuI kRpA pAuso < prAvRd pAhuDaM < prAbhRtam riNaM riju < RjuH NiMm vRkSaH rUsI RSiH R ru rukkho (jha) 'ai' dhvani (svara) ko svarAdeza: ( 7 ) u potthao < pustaka poMggala < pudgalam ai ai jiadu< jIvatu vihUNo vihIna eriso < IdRzaH 'ai' svara kA prAkRta meM abhAva hai| usake sthAna para nimna Adeza hote / yathA- A > e gejjhaM i siMdhavaM saindhavam I dhIraM dhairyam Isariya grAhyam mettaM mAtram sinnaM sainyam < vairaM, < vairam selA < zailA, mRtyu diTTha dRSTam nirvattiH usaho< RSabhaH < aizvaryam rUsI kailAsaH rUsI < airAvaNa 5. svarAgama (svarabhakti ) prAkRta meM svarAgama (svarabhakti) ke bhI aneka udAharaNa prApta hote haiN| 230 prAkRta ratnAkara

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(1) Adi svarAgama : a snehaH > saNeho agniH > aggI ai snigdhaM > saNiddhaM, siNiddhaM kRSNaH > kasaNo,kasiNo i zlokaH > siloo klezaH > kileso arhat > araho, ariho aruho > asho (ukA Agama) (2) madhya svarAgama: i vIrya - vIriaM, brahmacarya > aggI i syAt ) siA kRSNaH ) kasaNo,kasiNo darzanaM ) darisaNaM vajraM ) vairaMu tanvI , taNuvI pRthvI ) puhavI 277. prAkRta vyaMjana vikAsa : vyaMjana vikAsa kI jo pravRttiyA~ yA zailI prAkRta meM thI, vaha sabhI prAkRtoM meM apanAyI gaI hai| ina sAmAnya vyaMjana-parivartanoM ke sAtha prAkRta meM siddhAnta granthoM meM katipaya viziSTa svaroM evaM vyaMjanoM kA vikAsa bhIpAyA jAtA hai| vyaMjana - vikAsa kI nimnAMkita avasthAe~ prAkRta meM vaiyAkaraNoM ne pratipAdita kI haiM1. Adi sarala vyaMjana vikAsa : niyama 1 : (ka) svara ke pare anAdi asaMyukta na ko Na Adeza hotA hai aura (kha) na Adi meM hone para use vikalpa se Na hotA hai| yathAmANuso > mAnuSaH NivvANaM - nirvANaM Naro, naro > naraH NaI, naI , nadI niyama 2 : (ka) zabda ke Adi meM prayukta ya kA ja ho jAtA hai tathA (kha) upasarga yukta anAdi ya kA bhI ja hotA hai| yathAjadA -> yadA judo , yutaH saMjamo > saMyama avajaso > apayazaH niyama 3 : za aura Sa ko sa ho jAtA hai| yathAza kusalo < kuzalaH saMyaNaM / nirvANaM za saddo zabdaH, suddhaM ( nadI prAkRta ratnAkara 0231

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saNDo b niyama 4 : Adi ke sarala vyaMjana ina akSaroM meM parivartita hote haiM / yathA ka > ka khIlaya kIlita > > ga adhiga adhika DaMDo < da > Da na > Na SaNDaH, khujjo < kubja: genduaM< kandukam DolA < Namo > pha phalihA < parikhA, ma > va vammaho< manmathaH, ya, ra> la laTTI yaSTiH, 2- madhya saralavyaMjana vikAsa : ka > ga tala ha seso < zeSaH tha> tha ha dara dolA, namo 232 0 prAkRta ratnAkara ego < ekaH sAvago< uvAsago Niddeso pharuso lukkha 9 rukSa amugo kIlita etaM adhika upAsakaH logo < daNDaH < zrAvakaH khaka/ha saMkalaM < zrRMkhalam suhaM sukham koDigaM < koTinAm Ta > Da bhaDo < bhaTaH ta > Da paDivannaM < pratipannam, paDimA pratimA pAhuDaM prAbhRtam dukDama < duSkRtam niyama 6 : zaurasenI prAkRta meM ta kA da meM parivartana hotA hai / yathA tada dhAdi < ghAti, jatiNa < yatInAm devadA < devatA, jANAdi < jANAti alasI atasI < kAhalo < kAtaraH vasahI < vasatiH paDhamo < prathamaH puDhavI pRthavI NAho < nAthaH mihuNaM mithunam eAraha < ekAdaza: bAraha dvAdaza daNDaH nirdeza paruSaH sAlavAhaNA< sAtavAhanaH

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> la dohalo dohadaH kalaMbo ( kadamba na , Na kaNayaM( kanakam mayaNo < madanaH pa ) va uvavAdeNa (upapAdena khavagAra kSapakAH bha , ha paha < prabhA, sahAvora svabhAvaH ya ) ja saMjadA < saMyatA taijo ra tRtIyaH ra ) la siDhilo < zithiraH somAlo ( sukumAraH za ) sa salAgo (slokaH siviyANaM < zivikAnAm daha (daza teraha ( trayodazaH Sa sa kasAyo ra kaSAyaH nihasonikaSaH pAhANo < pAsANaH suNhA < snuSA sa > ha divaho < divasaH 3. madhyavartI sarala vyaMjana lopa-vidhAna : ka lopa logo 8 lokaH titthagaro < tIrthaMkaraH ga lopa NaaraM ra nagaram sAaro ra sAgaraH lopa AloyaNa Alaucana pavayaNaM < pravacanaM lopa gao < gajaH paAvaI ( prajApatiH lopa cauvvihaM < cAturvidham vaNapphadi < vanaspati da lopa vaaNaM ( vadanam veaNA < vedanA lopa riU < ripuH viulaM < vipulam ya lopa NaaNaM nayanam vAuNA ra vAyunA va lopa diaso < divasaH lAuNNaM < lAvaNyam niyama 7 : madhyavartI sarala vyaMjanoM ke lopa ke kucha apavAda hai arthAt lopa nahIM hotaa| yathA- SaTakhaNDAgama ke ye udAharaNa - NayavAdo, vicaA, bhAvakalaMka, vijaya, pavaravAdo, vedaga, ekko, sajoga niyama 8 : anAdi, sarala evaM svara se pare kha, gha, tha, dha aura bha ko prAyaH 'ha' Adeza hotA hai| yathA - prAkRta ratnAkara 0233

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ho ho ho kha , ha muhaM < mukham mehalA < mekhalA gha > ha meho < meghaH jahaNaM 8 jaghanam tha - ha gAhA < gAthA NAho ( nAthaH dha , ha sAhU < sAdhuH ahiaM < adhikam samAhi ( samAdhi maNorahA < manorathAH bha > ha sahAvo ( svabhAvaH sohaNaM < zobhanam ___ kabhI-kabhI ukta varNa 'ha' meM nahIM badalate :padhANa > pradhAna sabhAva ( svabhAva kahIM zaurasenI meM tha evaM ha ko 'dha' hotA hai| yathA - nAtha > nAdha yathA < jadhA iha < idha 278. prAkRta meM saMyukta vyaMjana vikAsa : saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA prAkRta ke do rUpoM meM vikAsa dRSTigocara hotA hai(1) prathama saMyukta vyaMjana ke eka vyaMjana ko dUsare vyaMjana ke anusAra badala diyA gayA tathA (2) dUsare, una donoM saMyukta vyaMjana ke bIca meM koI svara lAkara unheM vibhakta kara diyA gyaa| jaise- cakra: > cakko, kAvyam > kavvaM evaM bhAryA > bhAriyA, caurya coriaM aadi| inake atirikta bhI saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA vikAsa prAkRta meM prApta hotA hai| katipaya udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM1. ka varga ke vargoM meM dvitva hone vAle saMyukta vyaMjana : kta ) Rs titaM < tikta yuktaM < yuktam kSa , kha khaNa ra kSaNa khINaM < kSINam khamA < kSamA khIra ra kSIrama >kkha i kkhU < ikSuH lakkhaNaM lakSaNam Ska , kkha pokkharaM < puSkaram sukkhaM < zuSkam kSNa > kkha tikkhaM 8 tIkSNam sta kha khambho ra stambhaH 2340 prAkRtaratnAkara

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ra esa . ba vo_o_ 2. ca varga ke varSoM meM dvitva hone vAle saMyukta vyaMjana : tya , cca saccaM satyam paccaora pratyayaH tva , cca soccA ( zrutvA tavvaM ( tatvaM kSa > cha chamA 8 kSamA chaNo < kSaNaH tsa > ccha ucchAho ( utsAhaH maccharo < matsaraH dya , ja juI yutiH joo < dyotaH dya , ja maja ra madyam vejjo < vaidyaH rya , ja ajjo ra AryaH bhajjA < bhAryA dhya , jha jhANaM 8 dhyAnam uvajjhAo < upAdhyAyaH 3. Ta varga ke varSoM meM dvitva : payaTTA < pravRttaH maTTiA mRttikA, cauTTho ( caturthaH aTTho ra arthaH suTTa ra suSThu koTThAgAro < koSThAgAraH saDDhA ( zrRddhA aDDAijesu (ardhatRtIyeSu jJa - Na ANA < AjJA NANaM jJAnaM jJa , paNa saNNA < saMjJA paNNAM prajJA 4.(kha) ta varga: tra ) ta dhattI < dhAtrI pattaM < pAtraM chatto < chAtraH NettaM < netraH sta > ttha hattho ( hastaH pattharo < prastaraH pasattho < prazasta satthi ra svasti sta > tha thoaM < stokam thuI < stuti 5. pa varga evaM antastha Adi saMyukta vyaMjana tma ppa appA < AtmA (attA) AdA < AtmA spa > pha phaMdaNaM < spandanam . phAso < sparzaH jammo ra janma vammaho < manmathaH hama > mbha bambhaNo ra brAhmaNaH . bambhaceraM brahmacarya prAkRta ratnAkara 0 235 41 H

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6. saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA lopa, dvitva Adi : prAkRta meM saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA vikAsa samIkaraNa, dvitva, Adeza, parivartana Adi rUpoM ke sAtha lopa rUpa meM bhI prApta hotA hai| saMyukta vyaMjana do akSaroM ke mela se banatA hai| jaba una do akSaroM ke mela se banatA hai| jaba una do akSaroM meM se eka kA lopa hotA hai to zeSa dUsarA akSara dvitva ho jAtA hai| yaha lopa kI pravRtti saMyukta vyaMjana ke pahale varNa meM hotI hai taba use pUrvavartI (upari) lopa kahate haiM aura jaba yaha lopa zabda ke dUsare varNa kA hotA hai taba use uttaravartI (adho) lopa kahate haiN| ka ) t bhuttaM < bhuktaM muttaM < muktaM duddhaM ra dugdhaM : muddhaM ( mugdhaM p > tAdvitva gutto < guptaH sutto ra suptaH S - Thadvitva NiTTaro < niSThuraH goTThI < goSThI va , yalopa kavvaM ra kAvyam d > ra lopa rudo ra rudraH bhadraM 8 bhadram ka ) va lopa pakkaM < pakvam `r`r `r`r saMskRta zabdoM ke aniyamita AmUla parivartana prAkRta rUpoM meM prApta hote haiN| katipaya udAharaNa prastuta haiM :ADhatto < ArabdhaH AusaM < Ayu gharaM ra gRham dhUA ( duhitA haro ra hdaH pAikko < padAti mailaM 8 malinam vilayA < vanitA sippI < zuktiH rukkho < vRkSaH kelaM kadalam codaha ra caturdaza boraM 8 badaram loNaM < lavaNam thero ra sthaviraH popphapalaM < pUgaphalam 236 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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. 279. prAkRta meM svara evaM vyaMjana jina varNoM ke uccAraNa meM anya varNoM ke sahayoga kI apekSA nahIM hotI ve svara kahalAte haiM aura jina varNoM ke uccAraNa karane meM svara varNoM kA sahayoga liyA jAtA hai ve vyaMjana kahe jAte haiM / prAkRta meM svararahita vyaMjanoM kA prayoga nahIM hotA hai / saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti ke kAraNa prAkRta meM svara evaM vyaMjanoM kA prayoga isa prakAra svIkRta hai - o 1- hrasva svara - a, i, u, e, 2- dIrgha svara - A, I, U, e, o kula 10 svara prAkRta meM ai, au, R, lR, lR ina 6 svaroM kA prayoga lupta ho gayA- inameM se ai au kI abhivyakti e aura o ke rUpa meM kI jAtI hai / lR, lR kA sarvathA lopa ho gayA, kintu R svara kI abhivyakti a, i, u Adi svaroM ke mAdhyama hotI hai / aM aura aH kA bhI prAkRta meM svatantra astittva nahIM rhaa| aM (-) kA prayoga vyaMjana ke sthAna (m n) para hone lagA aura aH visarga kA lopa hokara usake sthAna para prAyaH o evaM e svara kA prayoga prAkRta meM pracalita ho gyaa| e aura o `svara jaba saMyukta vyaMjana ke pUrva prayukta hote haiM taba unheM hrasva svara mAnA jAtA hai yathA- jovvaNaM (yauvanam), ekkekkaM ( ekaikam) / vaise chanda Adi ke samaya inheM e, o ko dIrgha ginA jAtA hai| Age calakara apabhraMza Adi meM chanda meM bhI ye donoM svara hrasva gine jAne lge| prAkRta meM vyaMjanoM kI saMkhyA 29 hai| ka varga - ka, kha, ga, gha Tavarga - Ta, Tha, Da, Dha, Na pavarga - pa, pha, ba, bha, ma ca varga - ca, cha, ja, jha ta varga - ta, tha, da, dha, na antastha - ya, ra, la, va USmAkSara - sa, ha prAkRta meM Ga evaM Ja kA prayoga svatantra rUpa se nahIM hotaa| ye apane varga ke vyaMjanoM ke sAtha anusvAra ke rUpa meM prayukta hote haiM / yathA - jaMghA (jaGghA), , vAMchA (vAGchA) / isI prakAra za evaM Sa ke sthAna para 'sa' kA prayoga hotA hai| kevala mAgadhI prAkRta meM 'za' prayukta hai| kSa, tra, jJa, ina saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA svatantra prayoga prAkRta meM nahIM hai| inake sthAna para anya varNoM kA prayoga ho jAtA hai / yathA prAkRta ratnAkara 0 237 -

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kSatrI = khattI putraH = putto jJAnI = NANI aadi| prAkRta meM svara rahita vyaMjanoM kA arthAt halanta vyaMjanoM kA prayoga zabda ke anta meM nahIM hotaa| yathA - pazcAt > pacchA tAvat > dAva, yAvat > jAva aadi| prAkRta meM saMyukta vyaMjanoM ko sarala vyaMjana ke rUpa meM prayukta karane kI pravRtti kramazaH bar3hI hai| jahA~ saMyukta vyaMjana sarala vyaMjana nahIM bana pAte vahA~ unako uccAraNa meM sarala karane kA prayatna rahA hai| isalie prAkRta meM zabda ke prArambha meM saMyukta vyaMjana kA prayoga nahIM hotaa| yathA klezaH > kileso, zvAsaH > sAso, zyAmA > sAmA aadi| prAkRta meM bhinna vargIya saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke sthAna para samAna vargIya vyaMjanoM ke mela se unake rUpa banA liye jAte haiN| isase unako uccAraNa karane meM suvidhA rahatI hai| yathA - dugdhaM > duddhaM, bhuktaM > bhuttaM mUrkhaH > mukkho aadi| katipaya saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM svaroM kA Agama kara unheM saralIkaraNa banAne kA prayatna rahA hai| yathA ratnam > rayaNaM, radaNaM snehaH > saNeho gardA > grihaa| svaroM kI kamI, vyaMjanoM kI kamI, saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti, mukha-saukarya Adi ke kAraNa meM prAkRta bhASA meM jo varNa vikRti, svara-parivartana, vyaMjanaparivartana Adi hue haiM, unakI jAnakArI prApta karane se hI prAkRta bhASA ke granthoM ke paThana-pAThana aura sampAdanakArya meM pravRtta huA jA sakatA hai| saMdhi evaM samAsa ke prayoga bhI isa dhvaniparivartana ke jJAna se samajhe jA sakate haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA se madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM ye saralIkaraNa aura dhvaniparivartana kI sAmAnya evaM svAbhAvika prakriyA rahI hai| isI prakriyA se prAkRta bhASA va sAhitya kA zabda bhaNDAra vikasita huA hai| zabda gar3hane kI prAkRta kI yaha apanI viziSTa zailI hai| vaiyAkaraNoM ne prArambha se isa prakriyA ko samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| zaurasenI, mAgadhI evaM mahArASTrI Adi prAkRtoM meM yaha parivartana kI prakriyA kucha viziSTa prayogoM ko chor3akara prAyaH samAna rahI hai| 2380 prAkRta ratnAkara

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280. prAkRta rUpAvatAra ( siMharAja ) : siMharAja (15vIM zatAbdI) ne trivikrama prAkRta vyAkaraNa ko kaumudI ke DhaMga se 'prAkRta rUpAvatAra' meM taiyAra kiyA hai| isameM saMkSepa meM saMjJA, sandhi, samAsa, dhAturUpa, taddhita Adi kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| saMjJA aura kriyApadoM kI rUpAvalI ke jJAna ke lie 'prAkRta rUpAvatAra' kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| kahIM-kahIM siMharAja ne hema aura trivikrama se bhI adhika rUpa diye hai| rUpa gar3hane meM unakI maulikatA aura sarasatA hai / 281. prAkRta lakSaNa : caNDa prAkRta ke upalabdha vyAkaraNa meM caMDakRta prAkRta lakSaNa sarva prAcIna siddha hotA hai| bhUmikA Adi ke sAtha DaoN. rUDolpha hoernale ne san 1880 meM bibliothikA iMDiyA meM kalakattA se ise prakAzita kiyA thaa| san 1929 meM satyavijaya jaina granthamAlA kI ora se yaha ahamadAbAda se bhI prakAzita huA hai / isake pahale 1923 meM bhI devakIkAnta ne isako kalakattA se prakAzita kiyA thA / grantha ke `prArambha meM vIra (mahAvIra) ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai tathA vRtti ke udAharaNoM meM arhanta (sU. 46 evaM 24) evaM jinavara (sUtra 48 ) kA ullekha hai| isase yaha jaina kRti siddha hotI hai / granthakAra ne evaM vRddhamata ke AdhAra para isa grantha ke nirmANa kI sUcanA dI hai, jisakA artha yaha pratIta hotA hai ki caNDa ke sammukha koI prAkRta vyAkaraNa athavA vyAkaraNAtmaka matamatAntara the / yadyapi isa grantha meM racanA kAla sambandhI koI saMketa nahIM hai, tathApi antaH sAkSya ke AdhAra para DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne ise IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI kI racanA svIkAra kiyA hai| prAkRta lakSaNa meM cAra pAda pAye jAte haiM / grantha ke prArambha meM caMDa ne prAkRta zabdoM ke tIna rUpoM - tadbhava, tatsama evaM dezIya - ko sUcita kiyA hai tathA saMskRtavat tInoM liMgoM aura vibhaktiyoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai| tadanantara cauthe sUtra meM vyatyaya kA nirdeza karake prathamapAda ke 5veM sUtra se 35 sUtroM taka saMjJAoM aura sarvanAmoM ke vibhakti rUpoM ko batAyA gayA hai| dvitIya pAda ke 29 sUtroM meM svara parivartana, zabdAdeza aura avyayoM kA vidhAna hai| tIsare pAda ke 35 sUtroM meM vyaMjanoM ke parivartanoM kA vidhAna hai| prathama varNa ke sthAna para tRtIya kA Adeza kiyA gayA hai / yathA - ekaM > egaM, pijocI > visAjI, kRtaM > kadaM Adi ina tIna pAdoM meM kula 99 sUtra haiM, jinameM prAkRta vyAkaraNa samApta kiyA prAkRta ratnAkara 239

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gayA hai| hornale ne itane bhAga ko hI prAmANika mAnA hai| kintu isa grantha kI anya cAra pratiyoM meM caturtha pAda bhI milatA hai, jisameM kevala 4 sUtra haiN| inameM kramazaH kahA gayA hai- 1-apabhraMza meM adhorepha kA lopa nahIM hotA, 2- paizAcI meM r aura s ke sthAna para l aura n kA Adeza hotA hai, 3-mAgadhI meM r aura s ke sthAna para la aura S kA Adeza hotA hai tathA 4-zaurasenI meM t ke sthAna para vikalpa se d Adeza hotA hai| isa taraha grantha ke vistAra, racanA aura bhASA svarUpa kI dRSTi se caMDa kA yaha vyAkaraNa prAcInatama siddha hotA hai| paravartI prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM para isake prabhAva spaSTa rUpa se dekhe jAte haiN| hemacandra ne bhI caMDa se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| 282. prAkRta meM vibhakti evaM kAraka saMskRta, prAkRta Adi prAcIna bhASAoM meM vibhakti pratyayoM kA prayoga Avazyaka hai| vibhakti se hI patA calatA hai ki zabda kI saMkhyA kyA hai, usakA kAraka kyA hai| prAkRta meM chaha kAraka evaM chaha vibhaktiyA~ hotI haiN| caturthI evaM SaSThI vibhakti ko eka mAnane se sAta ke sthAna para chaha vibhaktiyoM ke pratyaya hI prayukta hote haiM, jabaki artha sAta vibhaktiyoM ke grahaNa kiye jAte haiN| kriyA kA jo utpAdaka ho, kriyA se jisakA sambandha ho athavA kriyA kI utpatti meM jo sahAyaka ho use kAraka kahA gayA hai| prAkRta meM prayoga ke anusAra kAraka aura vibhaktiyoM ke krama badalate rahate haiN| phira bhI sAmAnyatayA kAraka aura vibhakti ke sambandha isa prakAra haiMkAraka vibhakti cinha 1- kartA prathamA hai, ne 2- karma dvitiyA ko, (ko rahita bhI) 3- sAdhana (akaraNa) tRtIyA se, ke dvArA Adi 4- sampradAna caturthI ke lie 5- upAdAna paMcamI se (vilaga hone meM) 6- sambandha SaSThI kA, ke, kI 2400 prAkRta ratnAkara

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meM, para 7- adhikaraNa saptamI 1- kartA kAraka zabda ke artha, liMga, parimANa, vacana mAtra ko batalAne ke lie zabda saMjJA, sarvanAma Adi meM prathamA vibhakti hotI hai| prathamA vibhakti vAlA zabda vAkya meM prayukta kiyA kA kartA hotA hai| usake binA kriyA kA koI prayojana nahIM raha jaataa| ataH kartA kAraka zabda kriyA kI sArthakatA batAtA hai| jaise : mahAvIro gAmaM gacchadi, poMggalo aceyaNo atthi| yahA~ gaccha kriyA kA kartA mahAvIra hai, atthi kriyA kA mUla sambandha poMggala se hai| mahAvIro prathamA vibhakti meM hone se sUcita karatA hai ki mahAvIra pulliMga saMjJA zabda hai aura eka vacana hai| 2- karma kAraka dvitIyA = ko jo kartA ko abhISTa kArya ho, kriyA se jisakA sIdhA sambandha ho usako vyakta karane vAle zabda meM karma saMjJA hotI hai| karma meM dvitIyA vibhakti kA prayoga hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA kisI bhI kartA-kriyA vAle vAkya ke anta meM 'kisako' prazna kriyA se jor3ane para karma kI pahicAna ho jAtI hai| jaise - 'rAma phala khAtA hai' yahA~ kisako khAtA hai? prazna karane para uttara meM phala zabda sAmane AtA hai| ataH phala karmasaMjJaka hai| isakA dvitIyA kA rUpa 'phalaM' vAkya meM prayukta hogaa| jIvo ghaDaM karedi = jIva ghar3A banAtA hai|, so paDaM Na karedi = vaha paTa (kapar3A) nahIM banAtA hai| NANI tavaM dhArayadi = jJAnI tapa dhAraNa karatA hai| sAvako vaMda giNhadi= zrAvaka vrata ko grahaNa karatA hai| dvitIyA vibhakti kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| (1) 'vinA' ke sAtha -aNajjo aNajabhAsaM viNA gAheduM Na sakkadi = anArya anArya bhASA ke binA grahaNa karane meM samartha nahIM hotaa| (2) 'gamana' ke artha meM - so ummagaM gacchaMtaM magge Thavedi = vaha unmArga meM jAte hue ko mArga meM sthApita karatA hai (3) 'zraddhA' ke yoga meM - mokkhaM asaddhahaMto pATho guNaM Na karedi = mukta AtmA para azraddhA karatA huA koI (zAstra) pATha lAbha nahIM krtaa| prAkRta ratnAkara 0 241

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(4) kabhI-kabhI prathamA ke sthAna para dvitIyA vibhakti prayukta hotI hai - appANaM havadi saddavvaM = AtmA sva dravya hai| (5) kabhI-kabhI saptamI ke sthAna para dvitIyA vibhakti prayukta hotI hai| asuhaM kammaM saMsAraM pavesedi = azubha karma saMsAra meM praveza karAtA hai| 3. karaNa kAraka tRtIyA = ke dvArA, sAtha, se kriyA-phala kI niSpatti meM sabase adhika nikaTa samparka rakhane vAle sAdhana ko karaNa kahate haiN| kArya kI siddhi meM kaI sahAyaka sAdhana hote haiN| adhika sahAyaka sAdhana hai meM tRtIyA vibhakti kA prayoga hogaa| prAcIna sAhitya meM vibhinna artho meM tRtIyA vibhakti kA prayoga dekhane kA milatA hai| vizeSa prayoga tRtIyA vibhakti kA upayoga karmavAcya evaM bhAvavAcya ke prayogoM meM bhI hotA hai| ise kucha udAharaNoM se samajhA jA sakatA hai| kartavAcya karmavAcya /bhAvavAcya samaNo gaMthaM bhaNadi samaNeNa gaMthaM bhaNidaM (zramaNa graMtha ko par3hatA hai) (zramaNa ke dvArA graMtha par3hA gayA) muNi jhAyadi muNiNA jhAijjadi (muni dhyAna karatA hai) (muni ke dvArA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai) aniyamita prayoga zaurasenI Agama graMthoM meM tRtIyA vibhakti ke katipaya aniyamita prayoga bhI prApta hote haiM, unheM abhyAsa se samajhanA caahie| jaisetavasA appA bhAvedavvA = tapa ke dvArA AtmA ko jAnanA caahiye| taM Natthi jaM tapasA Na labbhai = vaha koI ucita vastu nahIM hai jo tapa ke dvArA prApta na hotI ho| jIvA kammaNA vajhaMti . = jIva karmoM ke dvArA baMdhate haiN| yahA~ para tapasA saMskRta rUpa tRtIyA kA yathAvata prayoga kara liyA gayA hai| isI prakAra kammaNA bhI saMskRta rUpa kA anuzaraNa hai| 2420 prAkRta ratnAkara

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sampadAna kAraka caturthI = ke lie, ko jisake lie koI kArya kiyA jAya yA koI vastu dI jAya to usa vyakti yA vastu saMjJA/sarvanAma meM sampradAna karaka hotA hai| sampradAna kAraka vAle zabdoM meM caturthI vibhakti ke pratyayoM kA prayoga hotA hai| jaise - sAvago samaNassa AhAraM dehi =zrAvaka zramaNa ke lie AhAra detA hai| niro mAhaNNassa dhaNaM dedi =rAjA brAhmaNa ko dhana detA hai| gurU bAlaassa potthaaMdedi =gurU bAlaka ke lie pustaka detA hai| ___ isa prakAra kI vastu dene meM zraddhA, kIrti, upakAra Adi kA bhAva dAtA ke mana meM hotA hai| sampradAna kAraka aneka arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai| yathANamo arihaMtANaM = arihaMto ko nmskaar|| puttassa duddhaM rogayai = putra ko dUdha acchA lagatA hai| jaNao puttassa kujjhadi= pitA putra para krodhita hotA hai| sAhU NANassa jhAdi = sAdhU, jJAna ke lie dhyAna karatA hai| apAdAna kAraka paMcamI = se (vilaga) eka dUsare se alaga hone ko apAya kahate haiN| jaise- mohana ghor3e se giratA hai, per3a se pattA giratA hai aadi| isa vilaga hone kI kriyA ko apAdAna kahate haiN| apAdAna kAraka meM paMcamI vibhakti ke pratyaya prayukta hote haiN| yathA ___ mohaNo assatto paDadi, rukkhatto pattaM paDai aadi| paMcamI vibhakti kA prayoga katipaya dhAtuoM, arthoM evaM prasaMgoM meM bhI kiyA jA hai| unameM se kucha pramukha haiM - so corao bIhai = vaha cora se DaratA hai| joddhA coratto rakkhadi = yoddhA cora se rakSA karatA hai| muNI uvajjhAyado bhaNadi = muni upAdhyAya se paDhatA hai| bIjatto aMkuIro jAyadi = bIja se aMkura utpanna hotA hai| dhaNatto vijA seTTA = dhana se vidyA zreSTha hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0 243

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viziSTa prayoga paMcamI = se (vilaga) . Nicchayado ciMteja = nizcaya se vicAra karanA caahie| Nicchayado viNNeyaM = nizcaya se samajhA jAnA caahie| vatthudo Na hi dubaMdho = vAstava meM vastu se baMdha nahIM hotA hai| __= vyavahAra se jIva Adi tattvoM kA zraddhAn samyaktva hai| saddahaNaM sammattaM NANaguNehiM vihINA te = ve jJAna guNa se rahita haiN| mokkhamagagassa Na vi- = mokSamArga se kabhI vicalita nahIM hotaa| cukkadi visae viratta citto joI = viSaya se virakta cintana vAlA yogii| sambandha kAraka SaSThI = kA, ke, kI jahA~ sambandha vyakta karanA ho vahA~ SaSThI vibhakti kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| anya prasaMgoM meM, vibhinna zabdoM ke yoga meM bhI SaSThI hotI hai| yathA -- so kassa heussa Agado? = vaha kisa hetu ke lie AyA hai? so mAdAe sumaradi = vaha mAtA ko smaraNa karatA hai| mAdAe suhaM bhodu = mAtA kA kalyANa ho| prAkRta meM caturthI evaM SaSThI vibhakti ke zabda rUpa eka samAna banate haiN| yathAviziSTa prayoga udAharaNa vAkya: SaSThI prayoga zaurasenI prAkRta ke siddhAnta granthoM meM vibhinna vibhaktiyoM meM SaSThI prayoga ke kucha udAharaNa vAkya isa prakAra haiM so savvadhammANaM uvagRhaNagA= vaha saba dharmoM ko Dhakane vAlA heUNa so appA tipayAro = vyavahAra naya se AtmA so mokkhamaggassa Na cukkadi = vaha mokSamArga se nahIM cUkatA hai| NANaM purisassa havadi = jJAna AtmA meM hotA hai| adhikaraNa kAraka saptamI = meM, para vArtAlApa kA vAkya prayoga meM kartA evaM karma ke mAdhyama se kriyA kA jo 244 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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AdhAra hotA hai, use adhikaraNa kahate haiN| yaha AdhAra aneka prakAra kA ho sakatA hai| sabhI AdhAroM meM saptamI vibhakti ke pratyayoM kA prayoga zabda ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai, isalie isako adhikaraNa kAraka kahate haiN| sAmAntayA nimna AdhAroM meM saptamI vibhakti kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hairukkhe parikhaNo vasaMti - vRkSa para pakSI vasate haiN| AsaNe avari potthaaM atthi = Asana ke Upara pustaka hai| tilesu telaM asthi tiloM meM tela hai| hiyae karuNA atthi hRdaya meM karuNA hai| dhamme ahilAsA atthi dharma meM abhilASA hai| mokkhe icchA atthi mokSa meM icchA hai| chattesu jayakumAro NiuNo = chAtroM meM jayakumAra nipuNa hai| . mama samaNesu Ayaro atthi - merA zramaNoM meM Adara hai| 283. prAkRta racanA saurabha ___DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI ne vartamAna samaya meM aneka prAkRta evaM apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke granthoM kI racanA kI hai| unakI kRti prAkRta racanA saurabha Adhunika prAkRta vyAkaraNa-granthoM meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI hai| hindI mAdhyama se isa grantha meM mahArASTrI, zaurasenI evaM ardhamAgadhI ina tInoM hI prAkRtoM ko vibhinna vikalpoM sahita eka sAtha sIkhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| vibhinna pAThoM ko isa prakAra krama se rakhA gayA hai ki jijJApuSpAThaka binA raTe svataH hI prAkRta bhASA ke vibhinna niyamoM se avagata hotA calA jAtA hai| DaoN. sogANI kI prAkRta racanA saurabha kI sampUrNatA unakI agalI kRti prAkRta abhyAsa saurabha meM hai| prAkRta abhyAsa saurabha kI navIna zailI evaM isakA Adhunika prastutIkaraNa meM DUbA pAThaka svataH abhyAsa karate-karate prAkRta sIkha jAtA hai| prAkRta bhASA ko sIkhane ke lie ye pustakeM atyaMta upayogI haiN| Age isI krama meM praur3ha prAkRta racanA saurabha (bhAga 1) kI racanA kara lekhaka ne saMskRta bhASA meM racita prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke saMjJA evaM sarvanAma sUtroM kA vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| isake sAtha hI saMkhyAvAcI zabdoM evaM unake vibhinna prakAroM ko samajhAne kA prayAsa bhI kiyA hai| sUtroM kA vizleSaNa eka prAkRta ratnAkara 0245

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aisI zailI se kiyA gayA hai, jisase adhyayanArthI saMskRta ke ati sAmAnya jJAna se hI sUtroM ko samajha sakate haiN| sUtroM ko pA~ca sopAnoM meM samajhAyA gayA hai - 1. sUtroM meM prayukta padoM kA sandhi viccheda kiyA gayA hai, 2. sUtroM meM prayukta padoM kI vibhaktiyA~ likhI gaI hai, 3. sUtroM kA zabdArtha likhA gayA hai, 4. sUtroM kA pUrA artha (prasaMgAnusAra) likhA gayA hai tathA 5. sUtroM ke prayoga likhe gaye haiN| pariziSTa meM sUtroM meM prayukta sandhi - niyama evaM sUtroM kA vyAkaraNika vizleSaNa bhI diyA gayA hai, jisase vidyArthI sugamatA se samajha skeN| prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI taraha apabhraMza bhASA ke vyAkaraNa ko sarala evaM subodha zailI meM samajhAne hetu apabhraMza racanA saurabha, apabhraMza abhyAsa saurabha evaM praur3ha apabhraMza racanA saurabha kI racanA kara DaoN. sogANI ne apabhraMza ko sIkhanesikhAne ke lie naye- AyAma prastuta kiye haiM / vibhinna prAkRtoM kI taraha vidyArthI svataH abhyAsa hala karate-karate apabhraMza bhASA meM nipuNatA prApta kara letA hai / isI krama ko Age bar3hAte hue praur3ha prAkRta - apabhraMza racanA - saurabha kA praNayana kara prAkRta apabhraMza-vyAkaraNa ko pUrNatA pradAna karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha meM apabhraMza evaM prAkRta ke kriyA- sUtroM evaM kRdantoM kA vizeSaNa kara unheM atyAdhunika tarIke se samajhAyA gayA hai| ina vyAkaraNa-granthoM ke sAtha-sAtha DaoN. sogANI ne AgamoM tathA prAkRta evaM apabhraMza ke vibhinna granthoM ke padyAMzoM evaM gadyAMzoM kA saMkalana kara unakA vyAkaraNika vizeSaNa sahita hindI anuvAda prastuta kiyA hai| yaha prAkRta apabhraMza vyAkaraNika-jagata meM navIna prayoga hai| isa taraha kI paddhati se kiyA gayA anuvAda pUrva meM kahIM upalabdha nahIM hai / DaoN. sogANI dvArA vyAkaraNika vizleSaNa sahita hindI anuvAda kI prakAzita vibhinna pustakoM kI sUcI nimna haiM 1. apabhraMza kAvya saurabha 2. prAkRta gadya-padya saurabha 3. AcArAMga - cayanikA 4. dazavaikAlika-cayanikA 5. samaNasuttaM - cayanikA 6. uttarAdhyayana-cayanikA 7. aSTapAhuDa-cayanikA 8. samayasAra - cayanikA 9. paramAtmaprakAza evaM yogasAracayanikA 10. vajjAlagga meM jIvana-mUlya 11. vAkpatirAja kI lokAnubhUti / ina pustakoM meM diyA gayA vyAkaraNika vizleSaNa prAkRta - apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ko samajhane kA prAyogika tarIkA hai / inake adhyayana se bhAvAtmaka anuvAda kI 246 prAkRta ratnAkara

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apekSA vyAkaraNAtmaka anuvAda ko AtmasAta kiyA jA sakegA tathA prAkRta granthoM kA sahI-sahI artha samajhA jA skegaa| vastutaH DaoN. sogANI kI ina pustakoM ne na kevala prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana ko eka naI sAragarbhita dizA pradAna kI hai, apitu isa dhAraNA ko pratiSThApita kiyA hai ki saMskRta bhASA meM nipuNatA prApta kiye binA bhI prAkRta bhASA kA adhyayana svataMtra rUpa se kiyA jA sakatA hai| 284. prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana : trivikrama trivikrama 13vIM zatAbdI ke vaiyAkaraNa the| unhoMne jaina zAstroM kA adhyayana kiyA thA tathA kavi bhI the| yadyapi unakA koI kAvyagrantha abhI upalabdha nahIM hai| trivikrama ne prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana' meM prAkRta sUtroM kA nirmANa kiyA hai tathA svayaM unakI vRtti bhI likhI hai prAkRta padArthasArthaprAptyai nijsuutrmaargmnujigmisstaam| vRttiryathArtha siddhayai trivikramameNAgamakramAtkriyate // 1 // ina donoM kA vidvattApUrNa sampAdana evaM prakAzana DaoN. pI. ela. vaidya ne solApura se 1954 meM kiyA hai| yadyapi isase pUrva bhI mUlagrantha kA kucha aMza 1896 evaM 1912 meM prakAzita huA thaa| kintu yaha grantha ko pUrI taraha prakAza meM nahIM lAtA thaa| ataH vaidya ne kaI pANDulipiyoM ke AdhAra para grantha kA vaijJAnika saMskaraNa prakAzita kiyA hai| isake pUrva vi. sa. 2007 meM jagannAtha zAstrI hoziMga ne bhI mUlagrantha aura svopajJavatti ko prakAzita kiyA thaa| isameM bhUmikA saMkSipta hai, kintu pariziSTa meM acchI sAmagrI dI gaI hai| __prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana meM kula tIna adhyAya haiN| pratyeka adhyAya meM 4-4 pAda haiN| pUre grantha meM kula 1036 sUtra haiM / yadyapi trivikrama ne isa grantha ke nirmANa meM hemacandra kA hI anukaraNa kiyA hai, kintu kaI bAtoM meM nayI udbhAvanAeM bhI haiN| prathama, dvitIya evaM tRtIya adhyAya ke prathama pAda meM prAkRta kA vivecana hai| tIsare adhyAya ke dUsare pAda meM zaurasenI (1-26), mAgadhI (27-42), paizAcI (4363) tathA cUlikA paizAcI (64-67) kA anuzAsana kiyA gayA hai| grantha ke isa tIsare adhyAya ke tRtIya aura caturtha pAdoM meM apabhraMza kA vivecana hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0247

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trivikrama ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM ha, di, sa aura ga Adi nayI saMjJAoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai tathA hemacandra kI apekSA dezI zabdoM kA saMkalana adhika kiyA hai| hemacandra ne eka hI sUtra meM dezI zabdoM kI bAta kahI thI, kyoMki unhoMne 'dezInAmamAlA' alaga se likhI hai| jabaki trivikrama ne 4 sUtroM meM dezI zabdoM kA niyamana kiyA hai| prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana meM anekArtha zabda bhI diye gaye haiN| yaha prakaraNa hema kI apekSA viziSTa hai| trivikrama ke isa grantha para svayaM lekhaka kI vRtti ke atirikta anya do TIkAeM bhI likhI gaI haiN| lakSmIdhara kI 'SaDbhASAcandrikA' evaM siMharAja kA 'prAkRta rUpAvatAra' trivikrama ke grantha ko subodha banAte haiN| 285. prAkRta zilAlekha __ prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya ke adhyayana ke lie zilAlekhI sAhitya kI jAnakArI mahattvapUrNa hai| likhita rUpa meM prAkRta bhASA kA sarvAdhika prAcIna sAhitya zilAlekhI sAhitya ke rUpa meM hI upalabdha hai| yaha sAhitya kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| jitanA bhI zilAlekhI sAhitya Aja upalabdha hai, usameM prAkRta ke zilAlekha sarvAdhika prAcIna haiN| prAkRta ke zilAlekhoM kI mahattA isa bAta se bhI bar3ha jAtI hai ki yaha sAhitya kisI vyakti vizeSa, rAjA, mahAtmA yA yoddhA ke yazogAna yA stuti se sambandhita nahIM hai, apitu ina zilAlekhoM dvArA mAnavatA ke prakAza meM jIvana mUlyoM kI sundara pratiSThA kI gaI hai| prAkRta bhASA meM utkIrNa ye zilAlekha sAmAjika pragati, dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM zAnti kA hI saMdeza dete haiN| prAkRta sAhitya evaM prAkRta bhASA ke prAcInatama rUpa ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se bhI yaha sAhitya prAmANika hai, kyoMki zilApaTToM para utkIrNa hone ke kAraNa isa sAhitya meM kisI prakAra ke parivartana evaM saMzodhana kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hotI hai| yaha samaya ke zAzvata pravAha meM yathAvata sthira hai| sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI yaha hamArI amUlya dharohara hai| zilAlekhI sAhitya meM azoka ke zilAlekha prAcInatama haiN| usake pazcAt IsA kI pahalI zatAbdI meM likhA khAravela kA hAthIgumphA lekha, udayagiri-khaNDagiri ke lekha, Andhra rAjAoM ke prAkRta zilAlekha, nAsika meM 248 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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utkIrNa vAsiSThIputra pulumAvi kA zilAlekha Adi bhI prApta hote haiN| isa prakAra IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI taka ke aneka prAkRta zilAlekha prApta hote haiN| inameM se kucha eka paMkti ke haiM tathA kucha vistRta haiN| 286. prAkRta saTTaka ___ bhAratIya sAhitya kI nATya paramparA meM saTTaka sAhitya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| saTTaka sAhitya kA sambandha prAyaH lokajIvana kI vividha pravRttiyoM se hotA hai| nRtya dvArA isakA abhinaya kiyA jAtA hai| isakA uddezya lokanRtyoM, carcarI, Azcaryajanaka ghaTanAoM tathA zRMgAra ke vibhinna AyAmoM dvArA loka anuraMjana karanA hotA hai| saTTaka zabda dezI hai, jo bAda meM saMskRta meM rUr3ha ho gyaa| saTTaka zabda kI vibhinna paribhASAe~ prApta hotI haiN| karpUramaMjarI meM saTTaka kI paribhASA isa prakAra dI gaI hai - so saTTao tti bhaNNai dUraM jo, NADiAI annuhri| kiM uNa ettha pavesaavikkaMbhAiM na kevalaM hoti||(1.6) arthAt - saTTaka vaha kahA jAtA hai, jo nATikA kA anusaraNa karatA hai, kintu isameM pravezaka aura vizkambhaka nahIM hote haiN| yadyapi AcArya bharata ne nATyazAstra meM saTTaka kA ullekha nahIM kiyA thA, parantu nATyazAstra ke TIkAkAra abhinavagupta (10vIM zatAbdI) ne apanI TIkA meM saTTaka ko nATikA ke samAna hI batAyA hai| 12vIM zatAbdI ke AcArya hemacandra ne kAvyAnuzAsana meM saTTaka ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki saTTaka nATikA ke samAna hotA hai| isameM pravezaka evaM vizkambhaka nahIM hote haiM tathA saTTaka kI racanA akele prAkRta bhASA meM hI hotI hai, nATikA kI taraha saMskRta evaM prAkRta donoM meM nhiiN| Adhunika vidvAnoM meM DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye ne candralekhA saTTaka kI prastAvanA meM saTTaka ko drAvir3a bhASA kA zabda mAnate hue usakI sundara vyAkhyA kI hai| unhoMne nRtya yukta nATakIya pradarzana ko saTTaka kI saMjJA dI hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0 249

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vibhinna paribhASAoM ke AdhAra para DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI ne saTTaka kI nimna vizeSatAoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai - 1. saTTaka meM cAra javanikAe~ hotI haiN| 2. kathAvastu kalpita hotI hai aura saTTaka kA nAmakaraNa nAyikA ke AdhAra para hotA hai| 3. pravezaka aura viSkaMbhaka kA abhAva hotA hai| 4. adbhuta rasa kA prAdhAnya rahatA hai| 5. nAyaka dhIra lalita hotA hai| 6. paTarAnI gambhIrA aura mAninI hotI hai| isakA nAyaka ke Upara pUrNa zAsana rahatA hai| 7. nAyaka anya nAyikA se prema karatA hai, para mahizI usa prema meM bAdhaka banatI hai| anta meM usI kI sahamati se donoM meM praNaya-vyApAra sampanna hotA hai| 8. strI pAtroM kI bahulatA hotI hai| 1. prAkRta bhASA kA AdyopAnta prayoga hotA hai| 10.kaizikI vRtti ke cAroM aMgoM dvArA cAra javanikAoM kA gaThana kiyA jAtA hai| 11.nRtya kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| 12.zRMgAra kA khulakara varNana kiyA jAtA hai| 13.anta meM Azcaryajanaka dRzyoM kI yojanA kI jAtI hai| 287. prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa grantha videzoM meM videzI vidvAnoM ne prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa granthoM kA vidvattApUrNa sampAdana bhI kiyA hai| halTajazca ne siMharAja ke prAkRta rUpAvatAra kA sampAdana kiyA, jo san 1909 meM landana meM chpaa| iasI samaya pITarsana kA vaidika saMskRta eNDa prAkRta, epha. I. parjiTara kA cUlikA paizAcika prAkRta, Ara zmidita kA elImeNTara buka Dera zaurasenI, bAlTara zubriga kA prAkRta DicaTuMga uNDa prAkRta maimenIka, ela.DI. barneTa kA e plyUrala phArmainada prAkRta AphakhetAna Adi gaveSaNAtmaka kArya prAkRta bhASAoM ke adhyayana ke sambandha meM prakAza meM aaye| 250 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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288. prAkRta zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI bihAra sarakAra ne 1955 I. meM vaizAlI nagara ke samIpa vAsukuNDa (bhagavAna mahAvIra kI janmasthalI) meM "risarca insTITyUTa oNpha prAkRta, jainAlAjI evaM ahiMsA" kI sthApanA kI thii| isa prAkRta zodhasaMsthAna kA pramukha uddezya prAkRta evaM jainavidyA meM adhyayana evaM zodhakArya ko vikasita karanA hai| deza meM prAkRta evaM jainavidyA meM ema.e. aura pIeca.DI. stara kA zikSaNa kArya isI zodha saMsthAna ke dvArA prArambha huaa| bihAra vizvavidyAlaya ke eka zodhasaMsthAna ke rUpa meM yaha insTITyUTa saMcAlita ho rahA hai| vigata pacAsa varSoM meM aneka pIeca.DI. prApta vidvAn yahA~ se nikale haiN| mahattvapUrNa prAkRta granthoM kA yahA~ se prakAzana huA hai| vaizAlI insTITyUTa risarca buleTina bhI isa saMsthAna se prakAzita ho rahA hai| 289. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina ne san 1959 meM prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa nAmaka pustaka kA lekhana kiyA, jo caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI se prakAzita hai| san 1985 meM isakA dUsarA saMskaraNa bhI prakAzita huA hai| isameM prAkRta bhASAoM kA vargIkaraNa vibhinna prAkRtoM kA svarUpa, jaina Agama sAhitya kA samIkSAtmaka vivecana, AgamoM kA vyAkhyA sAhitya, digambara sampradAya ke prAcIna prAkRta granthoM kA vivaraNa, karmasiddhAnta evaM dArzanika prAkRta granthoM kA paricaya, prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA mUlyAMkana, prAkRta carita sAhitya, prAkRta kAvya sAhitya kA paricaya tathA saMskRta nATaka granthoM meM prAkRta Adi viSayoM para sapramANa aura tulanAtmaka dRSTi se prakAza DAlA gayA hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa chanda, koza, alaMkAra, jyotiSa ke grantho kA paricaya bhI isa itihAsa grantha meM hai| prAkRta ke vidyArthiyoM, vidvAnoM evaM sampAdakoM ke lie DaoN. jaina kA yaha grantha AdhArabhUta grantha hai| 290. prAkRta sAhitya meM sAmAjika jIvana Agama granthoM kI ina kathAoM meM maurya-yuga evaM pUrva guptayuga ke bhAratIya jIvana kA citraNa huA hai| taba taka caturvarNa-vyavasthA vyApaka ho cukI thii| ina kathAoM meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdroM ke bhI kaI ullekha haiN| brAhmaNa ke lie mAhaNa zabda kA prayoga adhika huA hai| mahAvIra ko bhI mAhaNa aura mahAmAhaNa prAkRta ratnAkara 0 251

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kahA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM brAhmaNoM ke yajJoM kA bhI ullekha hai, jinheM AdhyAtmika yajJoM meM badalane kI bAta ina jaina kathAkAroM ne kahI hai| kSatriyoM ke lie khattiya zabda kA yahA~ prayoga huA hai| ina kathAoM meM kSatriya rAjakumAroM kI zikSA evaM dIkSA kA bhI varNana hai| vaizyoM ke lie ibhya, zreSThI, koTumbika, gAhAvaI Adi zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| harikezaM cAMDAla evaM citta-sammabhUta mAtaMgoM kI kathA ke mAdhyama se eka ora jahA~ unake vidyA pAraMgata evaM dhArmika hone kI sUcanA hai vahA~ samAja meM unake prati aspRzyatA kA bhAva bhI spaSTa hotA hai| cANDAloM ke kAryoM kA varNana bhI antakRdadazA kI eka kathA meM milatA hai| ina kathAoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna pArivArika jIvana sukhI thaa| rohiNI kI kathA saMyukta parivAra ke Adarza ko upasthita karatI hai, jisameM pitA mukhiyA hotA thA (jJAtA 18) apanI saMtAna ke lie mAtA ke aTUTa prema ke kaI dRzya ina kathAoM meM haiN| meghakumAra kI dIkSA kI bAta sunakara unakI mAtA aceta ho gaI thii| rAjA pUrNanandI kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha apanI mA~ kA ananya bhakta thaa| cUlanIpitA kI kathA meM mAtR-vadha kA vighna upasthita kiyA hai| usameM mAtA bhadrA sArthavAhI ke guNoM kA varNana hai|| AgamoM kI kathAoM meM vibhinna sAmAjika janoM kA ullekha hai| yathA-' talavAramAMDalika, koTumbika, ibhya, zreSThI, senApati, sArthavAha, mahAsArthavAha, mahAgopa, sAyAtrika, nauvaNika, suvarNakAra, citrakAra, gAhAvaI, sevaka aadi| gajasukumAra kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki parivAra ke sadasyoM ke nAmoM meM ekarUpatA rakhI jAtI thii| ina kathAoM se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya samAja sevA ke aneka kArya kiye jAte the| naMda maNikAra kI kathA se spaSTa hai ki usane janatA ke lie eka aisI pyAU (vApI) banavAI thI,jahA~ chAyAdAra vRkSoM ke vanakhaNDa, manoraMjaka citrAsabhA, bhojanazAlA, cikitsA-zAlA, alaMkAra sabhA Adi kI vyavasthA thii| samAja-kalyANa kI bhAvanA usa samaya vikasita thii| rAjA pradezI ne bhI zrAvaka banane kA nizcaya karake apanI sampatti ke cAra bhAga kiye the| unameM se parivAra ke poSaNa ke atirikta eka bhAga sArvajanika hita ke kAryoM ke lie thA, jisase dAnazAlA Adi sthApita kI gaI thii| ina kathAoM meM pAtroM ke apAra vaibhava 252 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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kA varNana hai| dezI vyApAra ke atirikta videzoM se vyApAra bhI unnata avasthA meM thaa|atH samAja kI Arthika sthiti acchI thii| vANijya vyApAra evaM kRSi Adi ke itihAsa ke lie ina kathAoM meM paryApta sAmagrI prApta hai| samudra-yAtrA evaM sArthavAha-jIvana ke sambandha meM to ina jaina kathAoM se aisI jAnakArI milatI hai, jo anyatra upalabdha nahIM hai| buddhakAlIna samAja kI tulanA ke lie bhI yaha sAmagrI mahattvapUrNa hai| 291. prAkRta sAhitya meM rAjya-vyavasthA prAkRta sAhitya meM rAjya-vyavasthA sambandhI vividha jAnakArI upalabdha hai| campA ke rAjA kUNika (ajAtazatru) kI kathA se usakI samRddhi aura rAjakIya guNoM kA patA calatA hai| rAjyapada vaMza-paraMparA se prApta hotA thaa| rAjA dIkSita hone ke pUrva apane putroM ko rAjyagaddI para baiThAtA thaa| kintu udAyaNa rAjA kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki usane apane putra ke hote hue bhI apane bhAnaje ko rAjapada sauMpA thaa| nandIvardhana rAjakumAra kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha apane pitA ke viruddha SaDyantra karake rAjya pAnA cAhatA thaa| rAjabhavanoM evaM rAjA ke antaHpuroM ke bhItarI jIvana ke dRzya bhI ina kathAoM meM prApta haiM / antakRdazA meM kanyA antaHpura kA bhI ullekha hai| rAjya-vyavasthA meM rAjA yuvarAja, mantrI senApati, guptacara, purohita zreSThI Adi vyakti pramukha hote the| DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina ne Agama kathA sAhitya ke AdhAra para prAcIna rAjya vyavasthA para acchA prakAza DAlA hai| aparAdha evaM daNDa vyavasthA ke lie isa sAhitya meM itanI sAmagrI upalabdha hai ki usase prAcIna daNDa vyavasthA para svatantra grantha likhe jA sakate haiN| jaina kathAkAroM ne rAjakuloM evaM rAjAoM kA apanI kathAoM ke ullekha prabhAva utpanna karane ke lie kiyA hai| kintu kaI sthAnoM para to unakA aitihAsika mahatva bhI hai| 292. prAkRta sAhitya meM dhArmika mata-matAntara ___ AgamoM kI sAhitya meM jaina dharma ke vividha AyAma to udghATita hue haiM, sAtha hI anya dharmoM evaM matoM ke sambandha meM inase vividha jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| AdrakumAra kI kathA se zAkya zramaNoM ke sambandha meM sUcanA milatI hai| dhannA sArthavAha kI kathA meM vibhinna vicAradhArAoM ko mAnane vAle parivrAjakoM ke prAkRta ratnAkara 0 253

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ullekha hai| yathA- caraka, caurika, carmasaMDika, micchuNDa, pANDuraMga, gautama, gauvRtI, gRhadharmI, dharma cintaka, aviruddha, buddha, zrAvaka, raktapaTa aadi| vyAkhyA sAhitya meM jAkara inakI saMkhyA aura bar3ha jAtI hai| ina sabakI mAnyatAoM ko yadi vyavasthita rUpa se prastuta kiyA jAe to kaI dhArmika aura dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kA patA cala sakatA hai| saMkaTa ke samaya meM kaI devatAoM ko loga smaraNa karate the| unake nAma ina kathAoM meM milate haiN| Age calakara to eka hI prAkRta kathA meM vibhinna dhArmika evaM unake mata ekatra milane lagate haiN| prAkRta kI ina kathAoM meM lokajIvana se ghaniSTha sambandha thaa| ataH inameM loka devatAoM aura laukika dhArmika anuSThAnoM kI bhI paryApta sAmagrI prApta hai| 293. prAkRta sAhitya meM kalA AgamoM kI prAkRta kathAoM kucha kathA-nAyakoM kI gurUkula zikSA ke varNana haiN| meghakumAra kI kathA meM 72 kalAoM ke nAmollekha haiN| anya kathAoM meM bhI inakA prasaMga AyA hai| zrI devendra muni zAstrI ne ina sabhI kalAoM kA paricaya apanI bhUmikA meM diyA hai| ina 72 kalAoM ke antargata bhI saMgIta, vAdya, nRtya, citrakalA Adi pramukha kalAe~ haiM, jinameM jIvana meM bahuvidha upayoga hotA hai| isa dRSTi se rAjA pradezI kI kathA adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| usameM battIsa prakAra kI nATyavidhiyoM kA varNana hai| TIkA sAhitya meM unake svarUpa Adi para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM mallI kI kathA, citrakalA kI prabhUta sAmagrI upasthita karatI hai| mallI kI svarNamayI pratimA kA nirmANa mUrtikalA kA utkRSTa udAharaNa hai| sthApatyakalA kI pracura sAmagrI rAjA pradezI kI kathA meM prApta hai| rAjAoM ke prAsAda varNanoM evaM zreSThiyoM ke vaibhava ke dRzya upasthita karane Adi meM bhI prAsAdoM evaM krIr3AgrahoM ke sthApatya kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa saba sAmagrI ko eka sthAna para ekatra kara usako prAcIna kalA ke sandarbha meM jA~cA-parakhA jAnA caahie| yakSa-pratimAoM aura yakSa-gRhoM ke sambandha meM to jaina kathAe~ aisI sAmagrI prastuta karatI hai, jo anyatra upalabdha nahIM hai| 294. prAkRta sAhitya meM bhUgola prAkRta kI ina kathAoM kA vistAra kevala bhArata meM hI nahIM, apitu bAhara 2540 prAkRta ratnAkara

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ke dezoM taka rahA hai| ina kathAoM ke kathAkAra svayaM sAre deza ko apane padoM se nApate rahe haiN| ataH unhoMne vibhinna janapadoM, nagaroM, grAmoM, vanoM evaM aTaviyoM kI sAkSAt jAnakArI prApta kI hai| use hI apanI kathAoM meM aMkita kiyA hai| kucha paurANika bhUgola kA bhI varNana hai, kintu adhikAMza deza kI prAcIna rAjadhAniyoM, pradezoM, janapadoM evaM nagaroM se sambandhita varNana hai, kauzala Adi janapadoM, ayodhyA, campA, vArANasI, zrAvastI, hastinApura, dvArikA, mithilA, sAketa, rAjagRha Adi nagaroM ke ullekhoM ko yadi sabhI kathAoM se ekatra kiyA jAe to prAcIna bhArata ke nagara evaM nAgarika jIvana para nayA prakAza par3a sakatA hai| Adhunika bhArata ke kaI bhaugaulika sthAnoM ke itihAsa meM isase parivartana Ane kI guMjAiza hai| isa dizA meM kucha vidvAnoM ne kArya bhI kiyA hai| kintu usameM ina kathAoM kI sAmagrI kA bhI upayoga honA caahie| jaina kathAoM ke bhUgola para svatantra pustaka bhI likhI jA sakatI hai| 295. prAkRta sAhitya meM loka jIvana sAhitya kA lokajIvana meM sambandha banAye rakhane ke lie prAkRta kI pratyeka avasthA evaM vidhA ne kArya kiyA hai| janasAdhAraNa ke nizcala hRdaya se jo bhASA phUTatI hai usameM aura usake dainika sarala vyavahAroM meM koI antara hone kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai| prAkRta sAhitya ke loka sAMskRtika se ota-prota hone meM eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki prAyaH prAkRta sAhitya kA sambandha lokadharma se rahA hai| yaha kahanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki zramaNadharma grAmya-jIvana pradhAna saMskRti kA poSaka rahA hai| ataH usake AcAryoM ne lokabhASAoM ko apnaayaa| sAhitya meM sAdhAraNa koTi ke cAritroM ko ubhAra kara abhijAta varga kA nAyakatva samApta kiyA tathA dhArmika kSetra meM indra Adi devatAoM ko tIrthaMkaroM kA bhakta batAkara manuSya janma ko devatva se zreSThatA pradAna kii| itanA hI nahIM, prAkRta sAhitya ke mAdhyama se sabhI lokakalAoM kI surakSA huI hai| lokasaMskRti ke antargata yadyapi aneka tattva samAhita hote haiN| prAkRta sAhitya ne lokasaMskRti ke ina pramukha tattvoM ko ubhArakara prastuta kiyA hai- 1. lokasAhitya 2. lokabhASA 3. lokajIvana 4. lokavizvAsa 5. lokakalA tathA prAkRta ratnAkara 0 255

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6. lokcikitsaa| loka sAhitya lokavArtA kA eka mahattvapUrNa bhAga hai| isake antargata yadyapi vidvAnoM ne aneka viSayoM ko saMgrahIta kiyA hai, kintu ve saba loka kI vibhinna abhivyaktiyAM hI haiN| ataH vyaktitva se rahita samAna rUpa se samAja kI AtmA ko vyakta karanevAlI maulika abhivyaktiyA~ loka sAhitya kI zreNI meM AtI haiN| ina abhivyaktiyoM ko nimna bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai- dharmagAthA (lokagIta), lokakathA, lokoktiyA~, paheliyA~ aadi|praakRt tathA apabhraMza sAhitya meM ina sabhI tattvoM kA samAveza hai| dharmagAthA- prAkRta sAhitya kA gAthA se nikaTa kA sambandha hai| usakA bahuta sA bhAga gAthAbaddha hI hai| sAhitya racanA meM gAthA kA prayoga prAkRta sAhityakAroM ne loka se hI grahaNa kiyA hai| kyoMki loka meM saralatA se gAye jAne aura kaMTha taka smaraNa banAe rakhane meM padyoM kA prayoga bahupracalita thaa| prAkRta kI gAthAoM kI yaha arthavattA hI Aja ke lokagItoM kI utsabhUmi hai| dhIre-dhIre gAthAoM meM loka aneka AkhyAna bhI gAye jAne lge| gAthAoM meM nibaddha aneka prAkRta lokakathAe~ upalabdha haiN| inhIM prAkRta kathAoM ke gAthArUpa se madhyakAlIna va Adhunika lokagItoM se AkhyAna kahe jAne kI paramparA vikasita huI pratIta hotI hai, jinheM Aja bhI lokagAthA ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai| lokakathA- prAkRta evaM apabhraMza kathA sAhitya meM lokakathA ke aneka tattva vidyamAna haiN| kyoMki ina kathAoM kI utsabhUmi hI lokajIvana hai| sAhitya kA loka sambandha banA rahe isake lie prAkRta kathAkAroM ne jo kucha bhI kahA hai use samUha kI vANI banAkara aura jana-samUha meM ghula milakara / yahI kAraNa hai ki unakI kathAoM meM lokadharma, lokacitra aura lokabhASA lokakathA ke ye tIvra tathya vidyamAna haiM va inakI pracuratA kA kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki prAkRta kathAkAroM kA mukhya uddezya jana jIvana ke naitika aura AdhyAtmika stara ko U~cA uThAnA thaa| ataH unhoMne binA kisI bheda-bhAva ke loka jIvana meM pracalita kathAoM ko grahaNa kara unheM dhArmika evaM upadezAtmaka zailI meM prastuta kara diyA, kintu isase lokakathAoM kI maulikatA meM koI antara nahIM AyA unake svarUpa meM kucha jur3A hii| 256 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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prAkRta kathAoM meM lokatattvoM kA samAveza kramazaH huA hai / AgamakAlIna kathAe~ yadyapi bIja rUpA haiM vikasita nhiiN| phira bhI unake kathA - bIjoM meM lokatattvoM kA puTa hai / jJAtAdharmakathA kI dharaNI kA dohada, vijayacora, sAgaradatta aura vezyA, dhannA seTha aura usakI patohU Adi kathAe~ lokakathAoM kA pUrA pratinidhitva karatI hai| mahArAnI dhAriNI devI ne apane dohada meM asamaya meM hI varSAkAlIna dRzya dekhane kI icchA pragaTa kI thI, jo kathA ke anta meM pUrI kI gaI / kathA kA yaha svarUpa lokakathA zailI kA hai| prArambha meM anahonI jaisI bAta ko samasyA ke rUpa meM rakhakara pAThaka meM kautuhala utpanna kiyA gayA hai aura bAda meM usakI pUrti kI gaI hai / TIkAyugIna kathAoM meM nItikathA aura lokakathA ke tattva adhika milane lagate haiM, ina kathAoM kI nIti unmukhatA pUrNataH vyApaka jIvana ke saMdarbha meM ghaTita hotI hai, isalie vaha sArvabhaumika aura sAdhAraNa jana AsvAdya hai / svatantra prAkRta kathA granthoM meM laukika tattva pracura mAtrA meM samAviSTa haiM, inameM aneka lokakathAe~ svatantra rUpa se nirmita kI gaI haiN| vasudevahiNDI vizuddha lokakathA grantha hai / isakI loka kathAe~ manoraMjana ke sAtha-sAtha jJAnavardhana bhI karatI haiN| isake zIlamatI, dhanazrI, vimalasenA, grAmINa gAr3IvAna vasudattAkhyAna ripudamana Adi AkhyAna sundara loka kathAnaka haiM / inameM loka kathAoM ke sabhI guNa aura tattva vidyamAna haiM / prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI sampannatA kA yuga 8-9vIM sadI hai, isa samaya kathAnaka zilpa aura bhASA ina tInoM kA paryApta vikAsa huA hai| mUla kathA ke sAtha avAntara kathAoM kA kalAtmaka saMzleSa isa yuga kI pahalI cetanA hai / ataH svAbhAvika rUpa se loka pracalita aneka kathAe~ evaM kathAtattva prAkRta va apabhraMzaM kathAoM meM samAhita hue haiM / haribhadrasUri kI samarAi ccakahA aura udyotanasUri kI kuvalayamAlA kahA meM lokakathA ke paryApta guNa dharma vidyamAna haiN| lokabhASA meM loka paramparA se prApta kathAnaka sUtroM ko saMghaTita kara loka mAnasa ko Andolita karanevAlI lokAnuraMjaka kathAe~ likhakara ina prAkRta kathAkAroM ne lokakathA ke kSetra meM anupama yogadAna diyA hai| vizleSaNa karane para ina prAkRta kathAkRtiyoM meM prAkRta ratnAkara 0257

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nimnAMkita lokakathA ke tattva upalabdha haiM-1. lokamaMgala kI bhAvanA 2. dharma zraddhA 3. kutUhala 4. amAnavIya tattva 5. manoraMjana 6. aprAkRtikatA 7. aMtiprAkRtikatA 8. andhavizvAsa 9. anuzruta mUlakathA 10. hAsya vinoda 11. sAhasa kA nirUpaNa 12.janabhASA 13. milana-bAdhAe~ 14. prema ke vibhinna rUpa 15. upadezAtmakatA ityaadi| lokakathA kA pradhAna tattva kathAnakarUDhi hai| kathAnakarUDhi ke Adi strota ke rUpa meM loka pracalita aneka saMskAra vizvAsa evaM AcAroM ko svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| prAkRta kathAoM meM aneka kathArUr3hiyoM kA prayoga huA hai| yathA-(1) loka pracalita vizvAsoM se sambaddha (2) amAnavIya zaktiyoM se sambaddha (3)atimAnavI prANiyoM se sambaddha (4) kAlpanika rUDhiyA~ (5) sAmAjikatA kI dyotaka rUDhiyAM (6) mantra-tantra sambandhI (7) pazu-pakSI sambandhI tathA (8)AdhyAtmika abhiprAya aadi| ye rUDhiyA~ bhAratIya sAhitya meM hara jagaha mila jAyeMgI, kintu prAkRta kathAoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne loka jIvana meM se aneka aisI kathAnaka-rUr3hiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai, jinakA aba taka sAhitya meM prayoga nahIM huA thaa| ataH abhijAta sAhitya taka loka saMskRti ko pahu~cAne meM prAkRta-kathA sAhitya dvArA kiyA gayA prayatna sarvaprathama hai| apabhraMza kathAoM ne prAkRta sAhitya kI aneka lokakathAoM ko nayA rUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai| bhavisayattakahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana DaoN. devendra kumAra zAstrI ne prastuta kiyA hai, jisameM apabhraMza sAhitya meM prayukta loka tattvoM kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta evaM apabhraMza lokakathAoM kA anya bhAratIya lokakathAoM ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai| DaoN. satyendra ne kucha kathAoM kI lokayAtrA kA vivecana prastuta kara isa kSetra meM mArga prazasta kiyA hai| loka sAhitya meM lokoktiyoM, paheliyoM, muhAvaroM Adi kA vizeSa mahattva hai, inake dvArA lokacintana dhArA kA pratinidhitva hotA hai| prAkRta sAhitya meM inakI bharamAra hai| udAharaNa svarUpa kucha dRSTavya hai1.marai guDeNa ciyaM tassa visaM dijajae kiNv| --jo gur3a dene se mara sakatA hai use viSa dene kI kyA AvazyakatA hai| 258 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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2.kiM na sambhavanti lacchinilayesukamalesu kimao-(samarAicca 4,268) kyA sundara kamaloM meM kIr3e nahIM hote? 3. hatthaThiyaM kaMkaNayaMko bhaNa joeha Arisae? - (jJAnapaMcamI kahA) hAtha kaMgana ko ArasI kyA? 4.na hi gehammi palitte avaDaM khaNiuMtarai koI - (bhava bhAvanA) ghara meM Aga lagane para kyA koI ku~A khoda sakatA hai? 296. prAkRta sAhitya meM grAmINa jIvana prAkRta kathAoM meM prAyaH madhyamavargIya pAtroM ke loka jIvana vAtAvaraNa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, ataH grAmINa jIvana ke vividha dRzya isa sAhitya meM dekhane ko milate haiM, unheM pramukha pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM- (1) grAmya vAtAvaraNa (2) pArivArika jIvana (3) rIti-rivAja (4) tyauhAra-parva evaM (5) lokAnuraMjana / inameM se pratyeka ke kucha dRzya upasthita haiM. grAmya vAtAvaraNa - gAhAsattasaI prAkRta kRti gAMvoM ke ullAsa aura svatantra jIvana kA pUrNa pratinidhitva karatI hai| eka gAMva kI subaha kA varNana dekheM - prAtaHkAla hone para gAya carane cala detIM,khoMce vAle apane vyApAra ke lie nikala par3ate haiM, luhAra apane kAma meM laga jAte haiM, kisAna apane khetoM meM cale jAte haiM, mAlI phUloM kI TokarI le gAMva meM nikala par3atA hai, rAhagIra rAstA calane lagate haiM aura telI kolhuoM meM tela perane lagate haiN| dUsarA varNana gAMva meM par3e duSkAla kA hai| bAraha varSa taka anAvRSTi huI, usase auSadhiyAM nahIM panapIM, vRkSa nahIM phale, phasala vyartha ho gaI, pazuoM kA cArA nahIM ugaa| kevala pavana calatA rahA, dhUla ur3atI rahI, pRthvI kaMpatI rahI, megha garajate rahe, ulkAeM par3atI rhiiN| dizAe~ gUMjatI rahIM aura bAraha sUryoM ke teja jaisA kaThora tApa vAlI garmI par3atI rahI, varSA Rtu meM gAMva meM mUsalAdhAra pAnI barasa rahA hai|jhopdd'ii meM Tapa-Tapa pAnI cUrahA hai| kisAna kI patnI apane pyAre bacce ko bacAne ke lie usa para jhuka kara pAnI kI bUMdeM apane sira para le rahI hai, kintu apanI daridratA ke lie rotI huI use nahIM patA ki vaha apane nayanoM se jharate jala se bacce ko bhiMjo rahI hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0259

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297. prAkRta sAhitya aura loka bhASA samasta prAkRta sAhitya kI bhASA lokabhASA hai / lokajIvana kI jaba bAta kahanI hai to usI bhASA meM kahanA upayukta hogA jise jana mAnasa hRdayaMgama kara ske| prAkRta kathAkAroM ne dezI bhASA ko vizeSa mahattva diyA hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA par3hane kA adhikArI usako samajhA gayA hai jo dezI bhASA kA acchA jAnakAra ho / yahI kAraNa hai ki isa grantha meM jaise pAtroM kI racanA hai, vaisI hI unakI bhASA / vibhinna dezoM ke vyApArI apanI-apanI loka bhASAoM meM bAta karate haiN| anya prAkRta granthoM meM bhI aneka aise loka zabda milate haiM jo Aja bhI prAntIya jana bhASAoM meM prayukta hote haiM / isa prakAra prAkRta sAhitya meM loka sAhitya ke upayukta tattva - dharmagAthA, lokakathA, lokoktiyA~, lokabhASA Adi prApta hote haiN| inake atirikta loka saMskRti ke vibhinna aMgoM kA samAveza bhI isase huA hai / sampUrNa prAkRta sAhitya vibhinna yugoM ke loka jIvana kA pratibimba upasthita karatA hai / 298. prAkRta sAhitya meM pArivArika jIvana prAkRta sAhitya meM prAyaH saMyukta parivAroM kA citraNa prApta hotA hai, jo lokajIvana meM pramukha rahA hai| parivAra ke sabhI loga eka hI sthAna para rahate, eka hI jagaha pakAyA huA bhojana karate tathA sarva sAmAnya jamIna-jAyadAda kA upabhoga krte| striyA~ charane - pachArane, pIsane - kUTane, rasoI banAne, pAnI bharane aura bartana mAMjane kA kAma karatI thiiN| milakara bhI rahatI aura lar3atI jhagar3atI bhii| ina sabake vivaraNa prAkRta kI lokathAoM meM haiN| Adarza gAMva kI gRhaNI kA eka citra dRSTavya hai bhuMjai bhuMjiyasesaM suppara suppammi pariyaNe sayale / paDhamaM ceya vibujjhai gharassa lacchI na sA ghariNI // jo bAkI bacA huA bhojana karatI hai, saba parijanoM ke so jAne para svayaM sotI hai, sabase pahale uThatI hai, vaha gRhaNI hI nahIM, ghara kI lakSmI hai| parivAra kI pratiSThA aura pAhune satkAra ke prati usakA karttavya dekhie- kisI priya pAhune ke 260 prAkRta ratnAkara

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A jAne para usane apanA maMgalavalaya beca diyA isa prakAra usa kula vAlikA ke dayanIya dazA dekhakara sArA gAMva ro pdd'aa| na mAlUma gA~voM ke pArivArika jIvana ke aise kitane citra isa sAhitya meM upalabdha haiN| jana-jIvana ko jyoM kA tyoM kathAoM meM utArakara rakha diyA gayA hai| kevala eka udAharaNa paryApta haiN| eka garIba vyakti kA dainika-jIvana ke prati cintana dRSTavya hai mere ghara meM paisA nahIM hai, aura loga utsava manAne meM lage haiM, bacce mere ro rahe haiM, apanI ghara vAlI ko maiM kyA dU~? kucha bhI to nahIM mere pAma dene ko| mere svajanasambandhI apanI samRddhi meM masta haiM, dUsare dhanI loga bhI tiraskAra hI karate haiM, ve sthAna nahIM dete| Aja mere ghara meM ghI, tela, namaka, IMdhana aura vastra kucha bhI nahIM hai, taunI (miTTI kI kuThiyA) bhI Aja khAlI hai, kula kuTumba kA kyA hogA? ghara meM kanyA sayAnI ho rahI hai, lar3akA abhI choTA hai isalie dhana kamA nahIM sktaa| kuTumba ke loga bImAra haiM aura davA lAne ke lie pAsa meM paise nahIM haiN| gharavAlI gusse se mu~ha phulAe baiThI hai, bahuta se pAhune ghara meM Aye hue haiM / ghara purAnA ho gayA hai, vaha cUtA hai saba jagaha pAnI gira rahA hai| maiM karU~ to kyA karU~? sAhUkAra karja aura mAMgate haiN| kahA~ jAU~? sAhitya meM isase adhika yathArtha kI abhivyakti aura kyA hogI? prAkRta ke anya granthoM meM nanada-bhAbhaja, sAsa-bahU aura devarAnI-jiThAnI ke jhagar3e TaMToM kA sajIvana varNana milatA hai, jisakA lokajIvana se hamezA ghaniSTa sambandha rahA hai| 299. prAkRta meM rIti-rivAja aura utsava loka-jIvana aneka rIti-rivAja se bharA hotA hai, janma se lekara mRtyu taka kaI sAmAjika rItiyAM nibhAnI par3atI haiN| prAkRta kathAoM meM dohada, putrajanma, vivAha, dhArmika anuSThAna Adi avasaroM para kaI paramparAe~ nibhAne kA ullekha milatA hai| garbhakAla meM dohada kA bahuta mahattva thA, bhikhArina se lekara paTarAnI taka ke dohada pUre kiye jAte the, dohadoM ke vicitra prakAra upalabdha hote haiN| koI phnI pati kA mAMsa khAne kA dohada pragaTa kara usake prANa saMkaTa meM DAla detI thI to koI aisI bhI patnI thI ki usase pUche jAne para apane dohada meM khAlI pAnI pIne kI icchA vyakta kI, jisase garIba pati ko parezAna na honA pdd'e| prAkRta ratnAkara 0261

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parva utsava prAkRta granthoM meM aneka utsavoM aura parvoM ke ullekha milate haiN| puNNabhAsiNI kA utsava kaumudI mahotsava ke nAma se manAyA jAtA thA / ujjANiyA-mahotsava eka prakAra se vanabhoja jaisA thA / iTThagA nAmaka eka parva meM sevaiyA~ banAyI jAtI thiiN| isakI tulanA rakSAbandhana tyauhAra se kI jA sakatI hai| kheta meM hala calAne ke dina bhI pUjA kI jAtI thI aura bhAta bhI khilAyA jAtA thA / kucha gharelU tyauhAra bhI manAye jAte the, jinameM zrAddha, devabali pramukha the| saMkhaDi nAma se eka bar3A sAmUhika bhoja kA Ayojana kara utsava manAyA jAtA thaa| 300. prAkRta sAhitya maiM lokAnuraMjana loka jIvana meM manoraMjana ke sAdhana nirAle hote haiN| baccoM ke alaga aura praur3ho tathA vRddhoM ke alg| nAgarika jIvana meM manoraMjana ke sAdhanoM ke atirikta prAkRta sAhitya meM lokajIvana meM vyahata manoraMjana ke sAdhanoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| parva - utsava ke atirikta loga vibhinna prakAra ke khela khilaunoM dvArA apanA manovinoda karate the| kucha loka khilaunoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM- khullaya (eka prakAra kI kaur3I karpadaka) khaTTaya ( lAkha kI golI), aDoliyA (gillI), tindUsa (geMda), potulla ( gur3iyA) aura sADollaya (kapar3e kI gur3iyA), sarayata (dhanuSa), gArahaga (baila kA khela), ghaTaka (choTA ghar3A bajAne Adi ke lie), DiDisa ora celagola (kapar3e kI geMda) Adi khilaune baccoM kA manoraMjana karate the| kapar3e kI geMda kA khela gaDA geMda ke nAma se Aja bhI buMdelakhaMDa ke gAMvoM meM pracalita hai / ina khilaunoM ke atirikta mallayuddha, kukkaTayuddha tathA mayUra-pota yuddha Adi manoraMjana ke pradhAna sAdhana the / lokajIvana inhIM ke sahAre jIvanta banA rahatA thA / 301. prAkRta sarvasva : mArkaNDeya prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA prAkRta sarvasva eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| isake granthakAra mArkaNDeya prAcya zAkhA ke prasiddha prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa the| 1968 meM prAkRta TeksTa soyAyaTI ahamadAbAda se prakAzita saMskaraNa meM mArkaNDeya kI tithi 1490-1565 I. svIkAra kI gayI tathA granthakAra aura unakI kRtiyoM ke sambandha meM vistAra se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| mArkaNDeya ne prAkRta bhASA ke cAra bheda kiye 262 prAkRta ratnAkara

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haiM- bhASA, vibhASA, apabhraMza aura paishaacii| bhASA ke pA~ca bheda haiM-mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, prAcyA, avantI aura maagdhii| vibhASA ke jakArI, cANDAlI, zabarI, AbhIrI aura DhakkI ye pA~ca bheda haiM / apabhraMza ke tIna bheda hai - nAgara, brAcaDa aura upanAgara tathA paizAcI ke kaikaI, pAMcAlI Adi bheda haiN| inhIM bhedopabhedoM ke kAraNa DaoN. pizala ne kahA hai ki mahArASTrI jainamahArASTrI, ardhamAgadhI aura jainazaurasenI ke atirikta anya prAkRta boliyoM ke niyamoM kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie mArkaNDeya kavIndra kA prAkRta sarvasva' bahuta mUlyavAna hai| prAkRta sarvasva ke prArambha ke ATha pAdoM meM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke niyama batalAye gaye haiN| inameM prAyaH vararuci kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA haiN| nauveM pAda meM zaurasenI aura dasaveM pAda meM prAcyA kA niyamana hai| vidUSaka Adi hAsya pAtroM kI bhASA ko prAcyA kahA gayA hai| gyArahaveM pAda meM avantI vAlhIkI kA varNana hai| bArahaveM meM mAgadhI ke niyama batAye gaye haiN| ardhamAgadhI kA ullekha isI pAda meM AyA hai| isa prakAra 9 se 12 pAdoM ko bhASAvivecana kA khaNDa kahA jA sakatA hai| 13veM se 16veM pAda taka vibhASA kA anuzAsana kiyA gayA hai| jakArI, cANDAlI, zAbarI Adi vibhASAoM ke niyama evaM udAharaNa yahA~ diye gaye haiN| eka sUtra meM oDrI (ur3iyA) vibhASA kA kathana hai tathA eka meM AbhIrI kA / grantha ke 17veM evaM 18veM pAda meM apabhraMza bhASA kA tathA 19veM aura 20veM pAda meM paizAcI bhASA kA niyama huA hai| apabhraMza ke udAharaNa svarUpa kucha dohe bhI diye gaye haiN| isa taraha mArkaNDeya ne apane samaya taka vikasita prAyaH sabhI loka bhASAoM ko, jinakA prAkRta se ghaniSTha sambandha thA, apane vyAkaraNa meM sammilita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| mArkaNDeya ne prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM ke sambandha meM bhI kaI tathya prastuta kiye haiN| inameM se zAkalya evaM kauhala nizcita rUpa se prAkRta ke prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa rahe hogeM, jinake prAkRta sambandhI niyamana se prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra samaya-samaya para prabhAvita hotA rahA hai| yadyapi abhI taka inake mUla granthoM kA patA nahIM calA hai| isa taraha mArkaNDeya kA 'prAkRta sarvasva' kaI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| pazcimIya prAkRta bhASAoM kI pravRttiyoM ke anuzAsana ke lie jahA~ hemacandra kA prAkRta ratnAkara 0263

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa pratinidhi grantha ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai, vahA~ pUrvIya prAkRta kI pravRttiyoM kA niyamana mArkaNDeya ke isa vyAkaraNa se pUrNatayA jAnA jA sakatA hai| pUrvIya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke sambandha meM DaoN. satyaraMjana banarjI ne apanI pustaka meM paryApta prakAza DAlA hai| ina pramukha vyAkaraNa granthoM ke atirikta rAma zarmA tarkavAgIza (17vIM zatAbdI) kA prAkRta kalpataru, zubhacandrasUrI zabdaciMtAmaNi, raghunAtha (18vIM zatAbdI) kA prAkRtAnaMda, devasundara kA prAkRta yukti Adi bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke acche grantha haiM, jinameM prAkRta bhASA ke sAhityika svarUpa kA yathArtha vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 302. prAkRta svayaM-zikSaka __prAkRta svayaM-zikSaka ke lekhaka prAkRta bhASA ke DaoN. prema sumana jaina haiM / prAkRta svayaM-zikSaka prAkRta ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie sarala evaM subodha zailI meM likhI gaI kRti hai| isameM vaikalpika prayogoM se rahita prAkRta bhASA ke svarUpa ko vibhinna vAkya-prayogoM evaM cArTo dvArA samajhAyA gayA hai| jina vidyArthiyoM ko bilkula bhI saMskRta yA prAkRta nahIM AtI hai, ve isa sarala paddhati se bar3I hI AsAnI se svayaM hI prAkRta bhASA kA adhyayana kara sakate haiM aura use sIkha sakate haiM / isa pustaka ke pA~ca saMskaraNa nikala cuke haiN| isakA aMgrejI aura kannar3a saMskaraNa bhI taiyAra huA hai| DaoN. prema sumana jaina ne hindI bhASA ke mAdhyama se zaurasenI prAkRta ke adhyayana hetu zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA evaM vyAkaraNa nAmaka eka zodha grantha bhI likhA hai| 303. prAkRta sAhitya meM loka vizvAsa / mAnava samAja meM Adi kAla se aneka prakAra ke aise vizvAsa, jo tarka aura buddhi se pare hote haiM, mAnya aura pracalita rahe haiN| ina andhavizvAsoM kA lokakathAoM meM samAveza hai| lokasAhitya ina se bharA hotA hai / prAkRta sAhitya meM jo andhavizvAsa vyakta hue haiM unheM isa taraha vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai1. vidyA, mantra aura yoga 2. jAdU-TonA aura jhAr3a pheMka 3.zubhAzubha zakuna vicAra 4.alaukika camatkAroM se sambaddha 264 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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jaina granthoM meM aneka vidyAoM aura mantroM kA varNana milatA hai| jaina sAdhu aneka vidyAoM mantroM ke jAnakAra hote the / jana-sAmAnya meM unake camatkAra bhI dikhAte the| jana-jIvana meM inakA prayoga aneka icchAoM kI pUrti ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathA meM poTTilA kI kathA AtI hai / vaha jaba prayatna karane para bhI apane pati kA prema prApta na kara sakI to usane cUrNayoga, mantrayoga, kArmaNayoga, kAmayoga, hiyapayaDaDAvaNa kAuDaDAvaNa, vazIkaraNa, guTikA Adi ke prayoga dvArA use vaza meM karanA caahaa| isI prakAra eka parivrAjaka ne mantra aura auSadhi kI zakti dvArA nagara kI sabhI sundariyoM ko apane vaza meM kara liyA thaa| (sUtrakRtAMga TIkA) logoM meM yaha bhI mAnyatA thI ki murge kA sira bhakSaNa karane se rAjapada prApta hotA hai / jAdU Tone aura jhAr3a-phU~ka ke bhI aneka citra upalabdha hote haiM / prAyaH loga snAna karane ke bAda kautuka, maMgala, prAyazcitta Adi karate the / kautuka ke no bheda ginAye haiM- visnapana, homa ziva pariyaraya, kSAradahana, dhUpa, asadRzaveSagrahaNa avayAsata, avastobhana aura bandha / najara se bacane ke lie tAbIja Adi bAMdhanA bandha kautuka kahalAtA thA / kuvalayamAlAkahA meM putra prApti ke lie aneka jAdUTone aura ToTake karane kA ullekha hai / zubhAzubha zakuna se sambandhita aneka kathAe~ prApta hotI haiM / samarAi ccakahA meM candrakumAra aura candrakAntA jaba kue~ meM girA diye jAte haiM to vahA~ se chuTakArA pAne ke lae cintAtura hote haiN| tabhI candrakAntA kA bAMyA aura candra kumAra kA dAyAM netra phar3akane lagatA hai| isa zakuna ko ve zubha mAnakara santoSa karate haiM aura anta meM eka sArthavAha ke dvArA kuMe se nikAla lie jAte haiN| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM kumAra kI vidA ke samaya zubha - azubha zakunoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai / vibhinna dizAoM, pazu-pakSI, per3a paudhe, tathA zarIrika kriyAoM se zubha-azubha zakunoM kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| inake atirikta yajJapUjA, vaTavAsinI devI kI pUjA, gaMgA meM asthiyoM kA visarjana, siddhoM kI sAdhanA Adi kitane lokavizvAsa kI jAnakArI prAkRta sAhitya ke mAdhyama se hotI hai / yadyapi jaina dharma Izvarakartatva Adi para vizvAsa prAkRta ratnAkara 265

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nahIM karatA, kintu usake sAhitya meM ina saba vizvAsoM kA ullekha milatA hai| laukika devI-devatAoM ko samAja meM vizeSa sthAna prApta thaa| indra, skanda, rudra, mukunda, ziva, vaizramaNa, nAga, yakSa, bhUta, AryA aura vyohakiriyA maha kA vizeSa pracalana thaa| inake atirikta vAnamaMtara, vAmantarI, guhyaka aura pizAcoM kI bhI arcanA kI jAtI thii| 304.prAkRta sAhitya meM loka kalA ___ loka saMskRti kI vAstavika pahacAna loka kalA ke mAdhyama se hotI hai| loka kalAoM ke antargata ve sabhI kArya vizeSa parigaNita hote haiM, jinameM loka ke mukta kalAkAroM ke sarala hRdaya aura pratibhA ko abhivyakti milatI hai| vibhinna avasaroM para banAI gaI miTTI va kASTa kI mUrtiyAM, vivAha Adi utsavoM para khIMce gaI rekhAnukRtiyAM, mukta kaMThoM se gAyA gayA saMgIta tathA vibhorakara dene vAlI uchala-kUda Adi ke avazeSa bahuta thor3e bace hoM, kintu prAkRta sAhitya meM unake jo ullekha milate haiM, ve lokakalA kI samRddhi, lokapriyatA ke udghoSaka haiN| tatkAlIna saMgIta tathA nATyakalA ke lokarUpa dRSTavya haiN| __ saMgIta ke vAdya, nATya, geya aura abhinaya ke cAra bheda batalAye gaye haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM baDja, RSabha, gAMdhAra, madhyama, paMcama, dhaita aura niSAda nAmaka sAta svaroM kA ullekha hai| ina svaroM ke svara sthAna, uccAraNa prakaTa, vAdyoM kA sambandha, svaroM se lAbha tathA guNa doSoM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| tat, vitat, dhana aura jhasira ina cAroM prakAra vAdyoM kA na kevala ullekha hai, apitu unake lagabhaga 5060 bheda prabhedoM kI bhI carcA kI gaI hai| kucha vAdya to saMskRta granthoM meM ullikhita vAdyoM ke samAna haiM, kintu kharamuhI, pIripiriyA, gaumukhI, tuMbabINA, klazI, riMgisiyA, lattiyA, vAlI, parillI, vaktagA Adi vAdya naye haiM, jinakA sambandha pradeza vizeSa ke loka vAdyoM se ho sakatA hai| jambUdvIpaprajJapti (5, pRSTha 413) meM ukkhitta (ukSipta), pattama (pAdAtta), mandaya (mandaka) aura roviMdaya athavA roiyA vasANa (rocitAvasAna) ina cAra prakAra ke geya saMgIta kA ullekha hai| sambhavataH ina geyoM se zarIra kI vibhinna kriyAoM ke utkSepana, nipatana Adi dvArA saMgIta ko prastuta kiyA jA rahA hogaa| 2660 prAkRta ratnAkara

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nATyoM ke bhI cAra bheda prApta hote haiM- aMciya (aMcita) ribhiya (ribhita), ArabhaDa (ArabhaTa) aura bhsol| inakA vizeSa varNana nahIM diyA gayA hai kintu nATya vidhi meM abhinaya kA honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| cAra prakAra ke abhinaya batalAye gaye haiM- didvitiya (dArTAntika), pANDusuta, sAmantovayaNiya (sAmantoMpayAtanika) aura logamajmavasita (lokmdhyaavsit)| abhinaya ke cAroM bheda bharata ke nATya meM varNita abhinaya bhedoM se bhinna pratIta hote haiM / yadi inake zAbdika artha liye jAyeM to| (1) mukhataka aMgaprakSAlana karane vAlA abhinaya (2) pANDusuta kA kathAnaka vyakta karane vAlA abhinaya (3) samAna rUpa se aMga saMcAlana dvArA kiyA gayA abhinaya (4) janasamudAya ke bIca meM hI kiye jAne vAlA abhinaya kI pratIti inase hotI hai| jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM abhinaya zUlya nATakoM kA bhI ullekha hai| yathA- utpAta (AkAza meM uchalanA) nipAta, saMkucita, prasArita, bhrAnta, sambhrAnta Adi naattk| rAjapraznIyasUtra meM battIsa prakAra kI nATyavidhi kA ullekha hai| unameM se kucha to bharata nATyazAstra meM ullikhita hai kintu zeSa nATya vidhiyAM lokanATya ke kSetra meM khojI jA sakatI haiN| - loka nATya se sambindhita kuvalayamAlA kA eka prasaMga ullekhanIya hai| eka gAMva meM pRthvI ko dhana-dhAnya se samRddha dekhakara phasala kATane ke samaya naTa, nartaka, muSTika, aura cAraNoM kA eka dala ghUmatA huA A phuNcaa| gAMva ke mukhiyA ne una naToM ke tamAze ko dekhane ke lie sAre gAMva meM nimantraNa diyaa| dina meM kAma-kAja ke kAraNa ThIka avasara na jAnakara rAtri ke prathama pahara meM use dikhAne kI vyavasthA kI gii| grAmINa janatA ghara ke saba kAryoM ko nipaTAkara apane-apane Asana aura mazAla le lekara tamAzA dekhane ko pahuMca gii| eka parivAra ke to sabhI loga use dekhane kA moha saMvaraNa na kara sake aura gaye, kintu ghara kI bahu nandinI pati ke caNDasvabhAva ke kAraNa apane jIvana kI rakSA karatI huI ghara para hI raha gii| kAphI rAtri taka vaha nATaka calA jisameM strIpAtra bhI the| tathA saMgIta aura gIta AdidvArA kisI zrRMgAra-pradhAna AkhyAna ko abhinIta kiyA gyaa| isake atirikta anya nATyavidhiyoM kA ullekha bhI prAkRta sAhitya meM milatA hai| naTa loga strI kA veSadhAraNa kara nRtya karate the| rAsa kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0267

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gAMdharva, nATya Adi kI zikSA dene kI vyavasthA ke ullekha kathAkoSaprakaraNa meM Ate haiN| isa prakAra kI loka kalAoM dvArA prajA manoraMjana karane vAle kitane hI logoM ke nAma Ate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie naTa, nartaka jalla (rassI para khela dikhAne vAle) malla, moSTika, vidUSaka, kathaka, laMkha (uchalane kUdane vAle), maMkha (citrapaTa dikhAne vAle), lUNailla, tumbavINika bhojaka aura mAgadha ke nAma lie jA sakate haiN| maMkhoM kI paramparA to Aja bhI paTa dikhAne vAle bhomA logoM se kI jA sakatI hai| 305. prAkRta vAkyaracanA bodha prasiddha manISI AcArya mahAprajJa ne AcArya hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa ke anusAra prAkRta vAkya racanA bodha nAmaka grantha 1991 meM prakAzita kiyA hai| isameM prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke 1114 sUtra niyama ke nAma se hindI anuvAda evaM udAharaNa sahita varNita haiN| yaha grantha abhyAsa ke mAdhyama se prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA jJAna karAtA hai, kintu isake lie saMskRta bhASA kA vizeSa jJAna honA apekSita hai| 306. prAkRta sAhitya meM loka cikitsA prAkRta sAhitya meM Ayurveda se sambandhita paryApta sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai, rogoM ke prakAra, rogotpatti ke kAraNa vyAdhiyoM ke dezI upacAra, ghAvoM ke bharane ke. lie vividha ghRta aura tela kA prayoga, choTe-moTe rogoM ke ilAja ke lie gharelU cikitsA Adi ke viSaya para DaoN. je.sI. jaina ne vistRta jAnakArI prastuta kI hai| prAkRta sAhitya meM isa sabake ullekha kA eka kAraNa yaha hai ki jaina sAdhusAdhviyAM hamezA paidala pravAsa karate the| rAste calate jo choTe-choTe roga yA braNa unheM hote the, gAMvavAsI dezI davAiyoM se unakA ilAja kara dete the| ataH sAhitya sRjana ke samaya ina saba dezI upacAroM kA usameM ullekha ho gayA hai| isa prakAra sAhitya meM loka-saMskRti ke sabhI pakSoM-loka sAhitya, bhASA, jIvana, vizvAsa, kalA, cikitsA Adi se sambandhita paryApta sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai| pAli aura apabhraMza sAhitya kI khoja se isameM aura vRddhi ho sakatI hai| loka saMskRti kI sAmagrI kI vividhatA aura pracuratA ko dekhate hue yaha niHsandeha rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAkRta sAhitya kA lokatAtvika adhyayana zodha 268 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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evaM anusaMdhAna kA eka svatantra viSaya hai| isa para niSThA aura parizramapUrvaka kiyA gayA kArya nizcaya hI bhAratIya loka saMskRti para mahattvapUrNa prakAza ddaalegaa| 307. prAkRta vyAkaraNam(do bhAga) ___ upAdhyAya paNDitaratna munivara zrI pyAracanda jI mahArAja ne AcArya hemacandrakRta, hemazabdAnuzAsana ko hindI vyAkhyA ke sAtha prAkRta vyAkaraNa nAma se do bhAgoM meM san 1966-67 meM zrI jaina divAkara divya jyoti kAryAlaya, byAvara (rAja.) se prakAzita karAyA thaa| isa vyAkaraNa grantha meM hemacandra ke mUla sUtra, usakI saMskRtavRtti, usakA hindI artha, zabda kI vyutpatti aura usameM lagane vAle anya sUtroM kI jAnakArI dI gaI hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa sIkhane ke lie yaha grantha lambe samaya se vidvAnoM meM samAdRta hotA rahA hai| aba isa grantha kA dUsarA saMskaraNa Agama prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura se prakAzita huA hai| DaoN. kamalacanda sogAnI ne isa vyAkaraNa kA saMkSipta rUpa hindI aura aMgrejI meM prakAzita kiyA hai| isameM saMjJA, sarvanAma, kriyA, kRdanta Adi kA vistAra se vivecana hai| 308. prAkRta-hindI-koza __pAiya-sad-mahaNNavo ke viSayoM ko saMkSipta kara DaoN. ke. Ara. candrA ne I. san 1987 meM prAkRta hindI-koza kA sampAdana kiyA hai| akArAdi krama meM zabdoM kI saMyojanA karane vAle isa grantha meM prAkRta zabdoM ke liMga, saMskRta rUpa evaM hindI artha diye gaye haiN| laghukAya hone ke kAraNa yaha koza-grantha prAkRta ke prArambhika vidyArthiyoM ke lie atyaMta upayogI hai| isake atirikta Adhunika koza-granthoM meM zrI jainendra varNI dvArA racita jainendra siddhAntakoza pramukha hai, jisameM jainadarzana ke pAribhASika zabdoM meM prAkRta ke aneka zabdoM ke artha uddharaNa sahita mila jAte haiN| samaNI kusuma prajJA dvArA sampAdita ekArthaka koza, yuvAcArya mahAprajJajI dvArA sampAdita dezI zabda koza evaM nirukta koza tathA DaoN. udayacandra jaina dvArA sampAdita kundakunda koza Adi prAkRta ke mahattvapUrNa zabda koza haiM, jinake adhyayana se prAkRta bhASA kA jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vartamAna samaya meM pro. e. ema. ghATage ne bhaNDArakara prAkRta ratnAkara 0269

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oriyanTala risarca insTITyUTa, pUnA se e kampreheMsiva eNDa kriTIkala DikzanarI oNpha da prAkRta leMgyuejeja nAma se eka vizAla koza kA nirmANa prArambha kiyA hai| isake cAra bhAga chapa cuke haiN| yaha prAkRta aMgrejI koza hai| 309. prAcIna ardhamAgadhI kI khoja meM ___ pAli-prAkRta ke manISI sva. pro. ke. Ara. candrA ne ardhamAgadhI Agama granthoM ke sampAdana kAryoM ko gati dene ke lie tathA prAcIna ardhamAgadhI vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko nirdhArita karane ke lie prAcIna ardhamAgadhI kI khoja meM nAmaka pustaka likhI hai, jo 1991 meM prakAzita huI hai| prAcIna jaina AgamoM para zodhakArya ke lie yaha pustaka upayogI hai| 310. prAcIna chaha karmagrantha kammavivAga (karmavipAka) kammatthava (karmastava) baMdhasAmitta (baMdhasvAmitva) saDasIi (SaDazIti) sayaga (zataka) aura sittari (saptatikA) ye chaha karmagraMtha gine jAte haiN| inameM kammavivAga ke kartA gargaRrSi haiN| ye vikrama kI 10vIM zatAbdI ke vidvAn mAne jAte haiN| isa karmagrantha para tIna TIkAyeM haiM / karmastava ke kartA haiM, dUsarI udaprabhasUri kRta Tippana hai| donoM TIkAoM kA racanAkAla vikrama kI 13vIM zatAbdI kahA jAtA hai| karmastava ko baMdhodayasatvayukstava bhI kahA jAtA hai| baMdhasvAmitya ke kartA ajJAta haiM / devasUri ke ziSya haribhadrasUri ne vi. saM. 1172 meM vRtti likhI hai| SaDazIti ko AgamikavastuvicArasAraprakaraNa bhI kahA jAtA hai| caityavAsI jinezvara sUri ke ziSya jinavallabhagaNi ne vikrama kI 12vIM zatAbdI meM isa karmagrantha kI racanA kii| isa para do ajJAtakartRka bhASya aura bahuta sI TIkAyeM haiN| TIkAkAroM meM dvitIya haribhadrasUri aura malayagiri ke nAma mukhya haiM 311. bAhubalI prAkRta vidyApITha __bAhubalI prAkRta vidyApITha evaM usakA rASTrIya prAkRta adhyayana evaM saMzodhana saMsthAna prasiddha aitihAsika zrIkSetra zravaNabelagolA se pUrva dizA meM 5 kimI. kI dUrI para baiMgalora mArga para 25-30 ekar3a bhUmi para vistRta manorama paryAvaraNa ke bIca saMsthApita hai| zrI bAhubalI prAkRta vidyApITha ke antargata saMcAlita yaha 270 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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prAkRta saMsthAna maisUra vizvavidyAlaya maisUra se zodha saMsthAna ke rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta hai| isa prAkRta saMsthAna ke antargata kaI vibhAga saMcAlita haiM / jaise- prAkRta zikSaNa evaM parIkSA vibhAga, samRddha graMthAlaya, zodha prakalpa, pANDulipi saMrakSaNa saMgrahAlaya, prAkRta dhavalatraya kannar3a anuvAda evaM saMpAdana vibhAga, prAkRta hindI prAkRta apabhraMza vibhAga, ena.ema.ema. projekTa, prAkRta-kannar3a-hindI aMgrejI zabdakoza sampAdana vibhAga, prAkRta tathA vizvakoza vibhAga ityaadi| isa rASTrIya prAkRta adhyayana evaM saMzodhana saMsthAna kI sthApanA 1991 meM jagadgurU karmayogI svastizrI cArukIrti bhaTTAraka svAmIjI ke dvArA huI thii| isa saMsthAna kA udghATana 2 disambara 1993 ko bhArata ke tatkAlIna rASTrapati mahAmahima DaoN. zaMkara dayAla zarmA ke dvArA sampanna huaa| isa saMsthAna ke vikAsa hetu paramapUjya rASTasaMta AcArya zrI 108 vidyAnanda jI mahArAja, paramapUjya AcArya zrI 108 vardhamAnasAgara jI mahArAja evaM paramapUjya AcArya zrI 108 devanandI jI mahArAja evaM anya pramukha muni saMghoM kA AzIrvAda prApta hai| * isa bAhubalI prAkRta vidyApITha evaM prAkRta saMsthAna kA pramukha uddezya tIrthaMkaroM kI divyadhvani svarUpa prAkRta bhASA ke mUla graMthoM kA saMrakSaNa sampAdana, anuvAda, prakAzana dvArA pracAra-prasAra karanA hai| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke divya upadeza gaNadharoM evaM AcAryoM dvArA loka-bhASA prAkRta meM saMrakSita kiye gaye haiN| prAkRta bhASA bhArata kI prAcInatama bhASA hai jisakA sambandha bhArata kI sabhI bhASAoM ke sAtha jur3A hai| ahiMsA, aparigraha, anekAnta, karmasiddhAnta Adi mAnavIya mUlyoM aura zilpa, vAstu Ayurveda, bhUgola, khagola, jyotiSa Adi vijJAnoM tathA kalAoM kA sAhitya bhI prAkRta bhASA meM hai| ataH aisI prAkRta bhASA kA janasamudAya ko zikSaNa pradAna karanA aura usake sAhitya ko prakAza meM lAnA isa saMsthAna kA pramukha uddezya hai| isI ke lie saMsthAna meM vibhinna prAkRta pAThyakrama aura zodha-kArya kI pravRttiyA~ saMcAlita haiN| 312. bRhatkalpa(kappo) bRhatkalpa kA ardhamAgadhI Agama ke chedasUtroM meM gauravapUrNa sthAna hai| bRhatkalpa kalpasUtra se bhinna sAdhvAcAra kA svataMtra grantha hai| anya chedasUtroM kI taraha isameM bhI zramaNoM ke AcAra-viSayaka vidhi-niSedha, utsarga-apavAda, tapa, prAkRta ratnAkara 0271

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prAyazcitta Adi para cintana kiyA gayA hai| isameM chaH uddezaka haiN| isake racayitA zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiN| zramaNa jIvana se sambaddha evaM prAcInatama AcAra-zAstra kA grantha hone ke kAraNa isakA Agama sAhitya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / isa grantha meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke lie varSAvAsa meM vihAra, vastra lene Adi kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / nirgranthI kA ekAkI rahanA, pAtra rahita rahanA, grAma Adi ke bAhara AtApanA lenA Adi kA varjana kiyA hai| isake chaThe uddezaka meM apavAdika sUtroM kA vivecana hai / isa prakAra bRhatkalpa meM zramaNa - zramaNiyoM ke jIvana aura vyavahAra se sambandhita aneka mahattvapUrNa tathyoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| vastutaH utsarga aura apavAda ke kathana dvArA munidharma kI rakSA aura zuddhi karanA hI isa grantha kA mukhya uddezya hai / 313. bRhatkalpabhASya bRhatkalpabhASya-laghubhASya saMghadAsagaNI kI eka bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| isameM bRhatkalpasUtra ke padoM kA vistAra ke sAtha vivecana kiyA gayA hai| laghubhASya hone para bhI isakI gAthA saMkhyA 6490 hai| yaha chaha uddezyoM meM vibhakta hai / bhASya ke prArambha meM eka savistRta pIThikA dI gaI hai, jisakI gAthA saMkhyA 805 hai| isa bhASya meM bhArata kI mahattvapUrNa sAMskRtika sAmagrI kA saMkalanaAkalana huA hai / isa sAMskRtika sAmagrI ke kucha aMza ko lekara DaoN. motIcanda ne apanI pustaka sArthavAha meM yAtrI aura sArthavAha kA sundara AMkalana kiyA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti aura sabhyatA kA adhyayana karane kA hRdayagrAhI, sUkSma, tArkika vivecana isa bhASya kI mahattvapUrNa vizeSatA hai / prastuta bhASya meM yatra-tatra subhASita bikhare par3e haiM, yathA-he mAnavo, sadA-sarvadA jAgrata raho, jAgrata mAnava kI buddhi kA vikAsa hotA hai jo jAgatA hai vaha sadA dhanya hai jAgaraha narA NicchaM, jAgaramANassa vaDDhate buddhi / so suvataNa sodhaNaM, jo jAggati so sayA dhaNNo // prastuta bhASya meM zramaNoM ke AcAra-vicAra kA tArkika dRSTi se bahuta hI sUkSma vivecana kiyA gayA hai / usa yuga kI sAmAjika, sAMskRtika dhArmika, rAjanItika sthitiyoM para bhI khAsA acchA prakAza par3atA hai / aneka sthaloM para manovaijJAnika dRSTi se sundara vizleSaNa huA hai| jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa meM hI 272 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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nahIM, apitu bhAratIya sAhitya meM isa grantha ratna kA apUrva aura anUThA sthAna hai| 314. bRhatkalpa-laghu bhASya yaha bhASya bRhatkalpa ke mUla sUtroM para hai| isameM pIThikA ke atirikta chaH uddezya haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI dRSTi se isa bhASya kA vizeSa mahattva hai| jaina zramaNoM ke AcAra kA sUkSma evaM satarka vivecana isa bhASya kI vizeSatA hai| pIThikA meM maMgalavAda, jJAnapaMcaka, anuyoga, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| sthavirakalpa aura jinakalpa ina donoM avasthAoM meM kauna sI avasthA pradhAna hai? isa prazna kA uttara dete hue bhASyakAra ne syAdvAdI bhASA meM likhA hai ki niSpAdaka aura niSpanna ina do dRSTiyoM se donoM hI pradhAna haiN| sthavirakalpa sUtrArthagrahaNa Adi dRSTiyoM se jinakalpa kA niSpAdaka hai, jabaki jinakalpa jJAnadarzana cAritra Adi dRSTiyoM se niSpanna hai| isa prakAra donoM hI avasthAe~ mahattvapUrNa evaM pradhAna hai| bRhatkalpa laghubhASya kA jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa meM hI nahIM, sampUrNa bhAratIya sAhitya ke itihAsa meM bhI eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isameM bhASyakAra ke samaya kI evaM anyakAlIna bhAratIya sAmAjika, sAMskRtika rAjanItika evaM dhArmika sthiti para prakAza DAlane vAlI sAmagrI kI pracuratA kA darzana hotA hai| jaina sAdhuoM ke lie to isakA vyavahArika mahattva hai| 315. becaradAsa (paNDita) dozI paNDita becaradAsa jozI jaina AgamoM ke jJAtA evaM prAkRta sAhitya ke pracAraka vidvAna rahe haiN| ApakA janma 1889 I. meM valabhIpura (gujarAta) meM huA thaa| Apane nyAyatIrtha aura vyAkaraNatIrtha parIkSAeM uttIrNa kI |aapne usa jamAne meM jaina AgamoM ke sampAdana aura prakAzana ke lie bahuta saMgharSa kiyaa| Apake dvArA bhagavatIsUtra prAkRta Agama kA prakAzana huaa| paM. sukhalAla saMghavI ke sAtha Apane sanmatitarka prAkRta grantha ke sampAdana-prakAzana meM bhI sahayoga kiyaa| ahamadAbAda meM ela.DI. ArTas kAleja kI sthApanA ke bAda paM. jozI usameM prAkRta ke lekcarara bne| bAda meM Apane ela.DI. insTITyUTa Apha iNDAlaoNjI meM bhI apanI sevAe~ diiN| Apane lagabhaga 30 pustakeM likhI haiN| ApakA akTUbara 1982 meM dehAvasAna huaa| prAkRta ratnAkara 0 273

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316. bhagavatI ArAdhanA : ( zivArya ) zivakoTi athavA zivArya prAcIna digambara AcArya the| jinhoMne bhagavatI ArAdhanA nAmaka zaurasenI prAkRta grantha likhA hai| isa grantha kA nAma ArAdhanA athavA mUlArAdhanA bhI prApta hotA hai / zivArya ko aneka digambara AcAryoM ne AdarapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki zivArya aura unakA grantha donoM kI acchI prasiddhi thii| zrI paMDita nAthUrAma premI zivArya ko yApanIya saMgha kA AcArya svIkAra karate haiM aura unake guru kA nAma sarvagupta mAnate haiM / kintu vidvAnoM ne zivArya ko digambara AcArya svIkAra kiyA hai| vidvAnoM ne zivArya kA samaya IsvI san kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI mAnA hai / inake grantha bhagavatI ArAdhanA para 7vIM - 8vIM zatAbdI meM aparAjitasUrI dvArA TIkA likhI jA cukI thI / bhagavatI ArAdhanA zaurasenI sAhitya kA eka prAcIna grantha hai| isa grantha kA mUla nAma ArAdhanA hai| kintu isake prati zraddhA evaM pUjya bhAva vyakta karane kI dRSTi se bhagavatI vizeSaNa lagAyA gayA hai| grantha ke anta meM granthakAra ne ArAhaNA bhagavadI likhakara ArAdhanA ke prati zraddhA vyakta kI hai| vartamAna meM yaha bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke nAma se hI prasiddha hai / isa grantha meM 2166 gAthAe~ haiM, jo 40 adhikAroM meM vibhakta haiN| ina gAthAoM meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, samyakcAritra. aura samyak tapa ina cAra ArAdhanAoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| vastutaH ina ArAdhanAoM ke mAdhyama se munidharma ko hI samajhAyA gayA hai / grantha ke prAraMbha meM hI dUsarI gAthA meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, samyakcAritra aura samyaktapa ke udyotana, udyavana, nirvahana, sAdhanA Adi ko ArAdhanA kahA hai / yathA - ujjovaNamujjavaNaM NivvahaNaM sAhaNaM ca NiccharaNaM / daMsaNaNANacarittatavANamArAhaNA bhaNiyA // .. (gA. 2 ) - yadyapi anya jainAgamoM meM bhI samyagjJAna - darzana - cAritra evaM tapa kA vivecana huA hai, parantu, vahA~ unheM ArAdhanA zabda se abhivyakta nahIM kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha meM marate samaya kI ArAdhanA ko hI yathArtha ArAdhanA kahA hai / usI ke lie jIvana bhara kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI hai| marate samaya virAdhanA hone para jIvana bhara kI ArAdhanA niSphala ho jAtI hai / ataH jo marate samaya ArAdhaka hotA hai, usI kI 274 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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samyagjJAna-darzana-cAritra evaM tapa rUpa sAdhanA ko ArAdhanA zabda se paribhASita kiyA hai| isa grantha meM mukhya rUpa se maraNasamAdhi kA kathana hai| grantha ke Arambha meM 17 prakAra ke maraNa batAye gaye haiN| inameM se paMDitamaraNa, paMDitamaraNa aura bAlapaMDitamaraNa ko zreSTha kahA hai| isake atirikta isameM AryikAoM ke lie saMgha-niyama, acelakya, nAnA dezoM meM vihAra karane ke guNa, saMlekhanA, dhyAna, lezyA, bAraha bhAvanAoM, AlocanA ke guNadoSa, paMcanamaskAra maMtra kI mahattA, muniyoM ke mRtaka saMskAra Adi kA bhI nirUpaNa huA hai| prasaMgavaza gajakumAra, bhadrabAhu, vidyuccara, azvaghoSa, dharmaghoSa Adi sAdhuoM kI kathAe~ bhI varNita haiN| 317. bhadrabAhu niyuktikAra ___ niyuktikAra AcArya bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiN| ye caturdaza-pUrvadhara chedasUtrakAra bhadrabAhu se pRthaka haiM, kyoMki niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu ne dazAzrutaskandha niyukti, pancakalpaniyukti meM chedasUtrakAra bhadrabAhu ko namaskAra kiyA hai| yadi chedasUtrakAra aura niyuktikAra eka hI bhadrabAhu hote to namaskAra kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| niyuktiyoM meM itihAsa kI dRSTi se bhI aisI aneka bAteM AI haiM jo zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke bahuta kAla bAda ghaTita huii| ___niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu prasiddha jyotirvida varAhamihira ke bhrAtA the, jo aSTAMga nimitta aura maMtravidyA ke niSNAta vidvAna the, jinhoMne upasargaharastotra, bhadrabAhusaMhitA aura dasa niyuktiyA~ likhI haiN| vijJoM kA aisA mantavya hai ki bhadrabAhusaMhitA jo vartamAna meM upalabdha hai vaha kRtrima hai| asalI bhadrabAhusaMhitA vartamAna meM upalabdha nahIM hai| niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu kA samaya vikrama samvat 562 ke lagabhaga hai aura niyuktiyoM kA racanA samaya vikrama samvat 500-600 ke madhya kA hai| 318. bhadrezvarasUri bhadrezvarasUri mahattvapUrNa kRti prAkRta kahAvalI ke racayitA haiN| ye abhayadevasUri ke guru the| abhayadeva ke ziSya aSAr3ha kA samaya vi. saM. 1248 hai| ataH bhadrezvara kA samaya 12vIM zatAbdI ke madhya ke AsapAsa mAna sakate haiN| parantu isa grantha kI bhASA cUrNiyoM kI bhASA ke bahuta samIpa hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0275

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319. bharata muni : prAkRta bhASA ke sambandha meM jina saMskRta AcAryoM ne apane mata prakaTa kiye haiM, inameM bharata sarvaprathama haiN| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa mArkaNDeya ne apane prAkRta - sarvasva ke prArambha meM anya prAcIna prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke sAtha bharata ko smaraNa kiyA hai| bharata kA koI alaga prAkRta vyAkaraNa nahIM milatA hai| bharatanATyazAstra ke 17veM adhyAya meM 6 se 23 lokoM meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa para kucha kahA gayA hai| isake atirikta 32veM adhyAya meM prAkRta ke bahuta se udAharaNa upalabdha haiM, kintu srotoM kA patA nahIM calatA hai| DaoN. pI. ela. vaidya ne trivikrama ke prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana vyAkaraNa ke 17veM pariziSTa meM bharata ke lokoM ko saMzodhita rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA hai, jinameM prAkRta ke kucha niyama varNita haiN| DaoN. vaidya ne una niyamoM ko bhI spaSTa kiyA hai| bharata ne kahA hai ki prAkRta meM kauna se svara evaM kitane vyaMjana nahIM pAye jaate| kucha vyaMjanoM kA lopa hokara unake kevala svara bacate haiN| yathA vaccaMti kagatadayavA lopaM, atthaM ca se vahati sraa| khaghathadhabhA uNa hattaM uti atthaM amucaMtA // 8 // prAkRta kI sAmAnya pravRtti ko bharata ne aMkita kiyA hai ki zakAra kA sakAra evaM nakAra kA sarvatra NakAra hotA hai| yathA- viSa > visa, zaGkA > saMkA aadi| isI taraha Ta Da, ja Dha, pa va, Da la, ca ya, tha dha, pa pha Adi parivartanoM ke sambandha meM saMketa karate hue bharata ne unake udAharaNa bhI diye haiM tathA loka 18 se 24 taka meM unhoMne saMyukta varNoM ke parivartanoM ko sodAharaNa sUcita kiyA hai aura anta meM kaha diyA hai ki prAkRta ke ye kucha sAmAnya lakSaNa maiMne kahe haiN| bAkI dezI bhASA meM prasiddha hI haiM, jinheM vidvAnoM ko prayoga dvArA jAnanA cAhiye evametanmayA proktaM kiMcitprAkRta lkssnnm| zeSaM dezIprasidvaM ca jJeyaM viprAH prayogatAH // prAkRta vyAkaraNa sambandhI bharata kA yaha zabdAnuzAsana yadyapi saMkSipta hai, kintu mahattvapUrNa isa dRSTi se hai ki bharata ke samaya meM bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI gayI thii| ho sakatA hai, usa samaya prAkRta kA koI 276 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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prasiddha vyAkaraNa rahA ho ataH bharata ne kevala sAmAnya niyamoM kA hI saMketa karanA Avazyaka samajhA hai / bharata ke ye vyAkaraNa ke niyama pramukha rUpa se zaurasenI prAkRta ke lakSaNoM kA vidhAna karate haiM / 320. bharatamuni aura zaurasenI prAkRta - AcArya bharatamuni isa dizA meM sambhavataH sarvaprathama - lakSaNa - zAstrI haiM, jinhoMne kSetrIya AdhAra para prAkRtoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA aura unheM zaurasenI, mAgadhI, avanti, prAcyA evaM ardhamAgadhI jaise bhedoM meM vibhakta kara zaurasenI ko sarvAdhika mahattva diyA aura saMskRta nATakakAroM ko zaurasenI prAkRta ke prayoga karane kA vimarza bhI diyA / yathA - zaurasenI samAzritya bhASA kAryA tu nATake / athavA chandataH kAryA dezabhASA - prayoktRbhiH // - ( nATyazAstra 14/ 48 ) arthAt sAmAnyajanoM kI sukha-dukha sambandhI yA nItigata bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti ke lie nATakoM meM zaurasenI prAkRta kA prayoga karanA cAhie / yadi kisI kSetrIya prAkRta meM nATaka likhanA ho to usa kSetra kI bhASA vahA~ ke pracalita chandoM ke mAdhyama se prastuta karanA cAhie / vararuci evaM mArkaNDeya ne kramazaH apane prAkRta- prakAza evaM prAkRta sarvasva nAmaka vyAkaraNa granthoM meM zaurasenI kI prAcInatA tathA guNavattA ko svIkAra kara use sabhI prAkRtoM kI prakRti mAnA hai / usake anusAra mAgadhI evaM paizAcI jaisI pramukha prAkRtoM tathA prAcyA, cANDAlI, avantI evaM mahArASTrI Adi kI prakRti zaurasenI prAkRta hai| AcArya hemacandra ne bhI prAsaMgika prAkRtoM ke vizeSa lakSaNoM kA varNana kara "zeSaM zaurasenIvat " kahakara zaurasenI prAkRta ko pramukha mAnA hai| 321. bhavabhAvanA bhavabhAvanA ke karttA maladhAri hemacandrasUri haiN| praznavAhana kula ke harSapurIya nAmaka vizAla gaccha meM jayasiMha sUri hue, unake ziSya kA nAma abhayadevasUri thA / abhayadeva alpa parigrahI the aura apane vastroM kI malinatA ke kAraNa maladhArI nAma se prasiddha the| paMDita zvetAMbarAcArya bhaTTAraka ke rUpa meM prasiddha maladhAri hemacandrasUri inhIM abhayadeva ke bahuzruta ziSya the| inhoMne vikrama saMvat 1170 san 1123 meM prAkRta ratnAkara 0 277

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mer3atA aura chatrapallI meM rahakara bhavabhAvanA vararayaNamAliyA zreSTharatnamAlA aura usakI svopajJa vRtti kI racanA kI hai| bhavabhAvanA meM 531 gAthAyeM haiM, jinameM 12 bhAvanAoM kA varNana hai| ina bhAvanAoM meM mukhya bhAvanA hai bhavabhAvanA yAnI saMsArabhAvanA jisakA 322 gAthAoM meM vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai, anya 11 bhAvanAoM kA nirUpaNa prasaMgavaza saMkSepa meM kiyA hai| graMtha kA adhikAMza bhAga prAkRta gAthAoM meM likhA gayA hai| bIca bIca meM gadyamaya saMskRta kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai, apabhraMza ke padya bhI haiN| grantha ke padyAtmaka svopajJa vivaraNa meM aneka dhArmika va laukika kathAyeM guMphita haiN| kitane hI citraNa bar3e svAbhAvika aura suMdara bana par3e haiN| prema, ghRNA, zatrutA mAyAjAla, kapaTa, lobha, krodha, kRtaghnatA amIrIgarIbI, strI-puruSa saMbaMdha svAmI-dAsa saMbaMdha Adi kA kuzala citraNa kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta aura saMskRta kI aneka uktiyA~ yahA~ dI huI haiN| 322. bhAvasaMgraha ___ bhAvasaMgraha meM darzanasAra kI aneka gAthAyeM uddhRta haiN| isameM 701 gAthAyeM haiN| sabase pahale snAna ke doSa batAte hue snAna kI jagaha tapa aura indriyanigraha se jIva kI zuddhi batAI hai| phira mAMsa ke dUSaNa aura mithyAtva ke bheda batAye gaye haiN| caudaha guNasthAnoM ke svarUpa kA yahA~ pratipAdana hai| yaha racanA 12-13vIM zatAbdI kI hai aura isake karttA devasena darzanasAra ke kartA devasena gaNi se bhinna haiN| 323. bhASA parivAra evaM prAkRta bhArata kI prAcIna bhASAoM meM prAkRta bhASAoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| loka bhASAoM ke rUpa meM prArambha meM inakI pratiSThA rahI aura kramazaH ye sAhitya aura cintana kI bhASAe~ bniiN| prAkRta prAcIna bhArata ke jIvana aura sAhityika jagat kI AdhAra bhASA hai| janabhASA se vikasita hone ke kAraNa aura janasAmAnya kI svAbhAvika (prAkRtika) bhASA hone ke kAraNa ise prAkRta bhASA kahA gayA hai| prAkRta bhASAoM meM zaurasenI evaM mAgadhI prAkRta ke nAma prAcIna samaya se pracalita rahe haiN| sUrasena pradeza (kAzI, mathurA, ayodhyA) kA ullekha tIrthaMkaroM kI karmabhUmi aura mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa Adi ke nAyakoM kI jIvana-sthalI ke rUpa meM prApta hai| ataH sUrasena pradeza kI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta isa deza kI mUla bhASA ke 278 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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rUpa meM pratiSThita mAnI jA sakatI hai| AryoM ke samparka aura prabhAva se prAcIna prAkRtoM se vaidika bhASA Adi vikasita huI tathA magadha meM mAgadhI prAkRta Adi kA vikAsa huaa| magadha ke mahApuruSoM ne, bhagavAn mahAvIra ne arddhamAgadhI prAkRta meM aura bhagavAna buddha ne pAli (madhyapradeza kI bhASA) meM apane upadeza die| kramazaH anya prAkRteM vikasita huI aura unameM grantha Adi likhe gye| ___ vaidika yuga meM eka ora IrAnI aura dUsarI ora prAkRta boliyA~ janapracalita thiiN| vaidika bhASA, prAkRta boliyoM kA pracalita rUpa naisargika svarUpa lie hue thA, usameM kRtrimatA nahIM thii| isalie una saba ko bhAratavarSa kI prathama prAkRta kahA jA sakatA hai| vidvAnoM ne vaidika yuga kI inhIM prAkRta boliyoM se bhArata kI anya prAcIna aura arvAcIna bhASAoM kA vikAsa mAnA hai| Adhunika bhASAvida svIkAra karate haiM ki vaidika yuga kI bolacAla kI bhASA prAkRta hI thI, jo kucha bAtoM meM saMhitAoM kI sAhityika bhASA se bhinna thii| bhAratIya AryabhASA ke vikAsa ko vidvAnoM ne adhyayana kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se tIna pramukha kAloM meM vibhakta kiyA hai (ka) prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAkAla (1600 I. pU.) (kha) madhyakAlIna bhA. Arya bhASAkAla (1600 I. pU. se 1000 I.pU. taka) (ga) Adhunika bhA. Arya bhASAkAla (1000 I. se vartamAna yuga) prAkRta bhASA kA sambandha bhAratIya AryabhASA ke ina sabhI kAloM se rahA hai| vaidika yuga ke sAtha prAkRta janabolI evaM kathya bhASA ke rUpa meM rhii| madhyayuga meM prAkRta darzana-cintana evaM sAhitya kI bhASA banI tathA Adhunika yuga meM prAkRta apabhraMza ke mAdhyama vibhinna prAntIya bhASAoM ke sAtha jur3I huI hai| 324. bhASya sAhitya niyukti sAhitya sAMketika bhASA meM likhA gayA thaa| ataH AgamoM ke gUr3ha sUtroM ke tAtparyoM ko samajhane ke lie tathA niyuktiyoM meM chipe artha- bAhulya ko spaSTa karane ke lie jo Agama vyAkhyAe~ likhI gaI, ve bhASya sAhitya ke rUpa meM vikhyAta huI haiN| bhASya bhI prAkRta gAthAoM meM likhe gaye haiM tathA niyuktiyoM kI taraha bhASya bhI saMkSipta hI haiN| bhASya-sAhitya meM ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke sAtha-sAtha prAkRta ratnAkara 0 279

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mAgadhI va zaurasenI kA prayoga bhI milatA hai| bhASyoM kA lekhana kAla lagabhaga I. san kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| bhASyakAroM meM saMghadAsagaNi kSamAzramaNa tathA jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa pramukha haiN| mukhya rUpa se jina granthoM para bhASyoM kI racanA huI haiM ve nimna haiM- 1. Avazyaka 2. dazavaikAlika 3. uttarAdhyayana 4. bRhatkalpa 5. paMcakalpa 6. vyavahAra 7. nizItha 8. jItakalpa 9.oghaniyukti 10. pinnddniyukti| prAcIna zramaNa jIvana va saMgha ke itihAsa va paramparAoM ko jAnane kI dRSTi se bhASya sAhitya atyanta mahattvUparNa hai| isa sAhitya meM aneka prAcIna anuzrutiyoM laukika kathAoM aura muniyoM ke paramparAgata AcAra vicAra kI vidhiyoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM jaina AgamoM meM varNita, jJAna pramANa nayanikSepa syAdvAda karmasiddhAnta AcAra Adi aneka viSayoM kA vivecana atyanta sahaja rUpa se huA hai| bRhatkalpa-laghubhASya meM zramaNoM ke AcAra-vicAra kA tArkika dRSTi se sUkSma vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yaha bhASya grantha tatkAlIna sAmAjika dhArmika evaM rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM kI jhA~kI bhI prastuta karatA hai| nizIthabhASya meM aneka sarasa evaM manoraMjaka kathAoM ke mAdhyama se vidhi zramaNAcAra kA nirUpaNa huA hai| vyavahArabhASya meM zramaNa ke AcAra-vyavahAra tapa AlocanA, prAyazcitta, bAla dIkSA kI vidhi Adi ke atirikta prasaMgavaza vibhinna dezoM kI rIti-rivAjoM Adi kA bhI varNana hai| 325. bhuvanasundarI kathA mahAsatI bhuvanasundarI kI camatkArapUrNa kathA ko lekara prAkRta meM eka vizAla racanA kI gaI jisameM 8111 gAthAe~ haiN| ina gAthAoM kA parimANa bRhaTippanikA meM 10350 granthAna batalAyA gayA hai| isakI racanA saM. 975 meM nAilakula ke samudrasUri ke ziSya vijaya siMha ne kI hai| isakI prAcInatama prati saM. 1365 kI milI hai| 326. majjhimakhaMDa kucha viddhAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki majjhimakhaMDa jise dvitIya khaMDa bhI kahA gayA hai, vasudevahiMDi kA dUsarA khaMDa hai| kahA jA cukA hai ki majjhimakhaMDa ke 2800 prAkRta ratnAkara

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kartA dharmasenagaNi mahattara ke anusAra vasudeva ne 100 varSa bhramaNa kara 100 striyoM ke sAtha vivAha kiyA, ataeva vasudevahiDi vastutaH 100 laMbhoM kI racanA honI cAhiye, kintu usameM kevala 29 hI laMbha hai zeSa laMbhoM kI unhoMne isaliye upekSA kara dI ki unameM kathAnakoM ke laMbe varNana the| aisI sthiti meM dharmasenagaNi ne isa apUrNa kRti ko pUrNa karane ke liye majjhimakhaMDa ke mAdhyama se zeSa 71 laMbhoM kI racanA kii| vasudevahiMDi kI bhA~ti yahA~ bhI nAyaka vasudeva apanI kathA svayaM kahate haiN| yaha racanA mahArASTrI prAkRta meM likhI gaI hai| jaina kathAkAroM ko apane dhArmika AkhyAnoM ko lokapriya banAne ke liye jahA~-tahA~ zRMgArapUrNa premakathAoM kA Azraya lenA par3A hai| isa bAta ko spaSTa karate hue dharmadAsagaNi mahattara ne likhA hai loga nahuSa nala dhudhumAra, nihasa pururava mAndhAtA rAma-rAvaNa janamejaya rAma kaurava puMDasuta naravAhanadatta Adi laukika premAkhyAnoM ko sunakara inameM itanA ekAnta rasa lete haiM ki dharmakathAoM ko sunane kI icchA taka bhI unake mana meM zeSa nahIM rahatI, aise hI jaise ki jvarapitta se jisakA muMha kaDuA ho gayA hai aise rogI ko gur3a zakkara yA khAMDa bhI kar3ave lagane lagate haiN| aisI dazA meM jaise koI vaidya amRtarUpa auSadha pAna se parAMDagamukha rogI ko manobhilASita auSadhapAna ke bahAne apanI auSadhi pilA detA hai, usI prakAra kAmakathA meM rata pAThakoM ke manoraMjana ke liye zRMgArakathA ke bahAne dharmakathA sunAnI caahiye| vasudevahiNDI kA vizva kathA-granthoM meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isameM aneka jJAnavardhaka evaM manoraMjaka AkhyAnoM, kathAnakoM, caritoM evaM ardha-aitihAsika vRttoM kA saMkalana hai| yaha grantha ati prAcIna hai| isakA racanA kAla anumAnataH cauthI zatAbdI hai| prastuta grantha meM kRSNa ke pitA vasudeva ke bhramaNa-vRttAMta kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| prasaMgavaza aneka avAntara kathAe~ bhI isameM AI haiN| isa grantha meM rAmacarita, kaurava evaM pANDavoM ke kathAnaka Adi ko bhI saMkSipta rUpa meM gumphita kiyA gayA hai| aneka laukika kathAe~ bhI varNita haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki yaha grantha kathA, carita evaM purANa tInoM hI vidhAoM ke tattvoM ko apane meM samAyojita kiye hue haiN| sau lambhaka vAle isa grantha ke kathAnakoM kI sarasatA meM pAThaka svAbhAvika prAkRta ratnAkara 0 281

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rUpa se DUba jAtA hai| isa grantha ke do khaNDa haiN| prathama khaNDa ke racayitA saMghadAsagaNi haiM, jinhoMne 29 lambhakoM kI racanA kI / dvitIya khaMDa ke racayitA dharmadAsagaNi haiM, jinhoMne zeSa 71 lambhakoM kI racanA kara grantha ko vistAra diyA / yaha prAkRta kathA-sAhitya ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se AdhArabhUta grantha hai| isI grantha ke AdhAra para Age calakara aneka svatantra kathA - grantha likhe gaye / jambucariyaM, agaDadattacariyaM, samarAiccakahA Adi kA mUla srota yahI kathA - grantha hai / tatkAlIna samAja evaM saMskRti ke vibhinna pahalU bhI isameM ujAgara hue haiN| isakI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai| jagaha-jagaha subhASitoM kA prayoga huA hai / yathA - - savvaM gIyaM vilaviyaM savvaM naTTaM viDaMbiyaM / , savve AbharaNA bhArA, savve kAmA duhAvahA // ... (mukhAdhikAra pR.105) arthAt - sabhI gIta vilApa haiM, sabhI nRtya viDambanAe~ haiM, sabhI AbhUSaNa bhAra haiM, sabhI kAmabhoga duHkhaprada haiN| jarmana vidvAn AlsaDorpha ne vasudevahiNDI kI tulanA guNADhya kI paizAcI bhASA meM likhI bRhatkathA se kI hai / saMghadAsagaNi kI isa kRti ko ve bRhatkathA kA rUpAntara mAnate haiN| bRhatkathA meM naravAhanadatta kI kathA dI gaI hai aura isameM vasudeva kA crit| guNADhya kI ukta racanA kI bhA~ti isameM bhI zRMgArakathA kI mukhyatA hai para antara yaha hai ki jainakathA hone se isameM bIca-bIca meM dharmopadeza bikhare par3e haiN| vasudevahiNDI meM eka ora sadAcArI zramaNa, sArthavAha evaM vyavahArapaTu vyaktiyoM ke carita aMkita haiM to dUsarI ora kapaTI tapasvI, brAhmaNa, kuTTanI, vyabhicAriNI striyoM aura hRdayahIna vezyAoM ke kathAnakoM kI zailI sarasa evaM sarala hai| 327. madhyakAlIna prAkRta patra bhaTTArakoM dvArA sthApita grantha bhaNDAroM meM prAkRta bhASA ke aneka durlabha grantha saMrakSita hue haiM / prAkRta vyAkaraNa, chanda, koza Adi ke atirikta laukika upayoga ke granthoM kI pratiyAM bhI ina grantha-bhaNDAroM meM surakSita rakhI jAtI thiiN| AraNIya svargIya DaoN. kAsalIvAla jI ne aise katipaya prAkRta ke granthoM kI sUcanA dI hai| jayapura meM sthita digambara jaina maMdira pANDeya lUNakaraNa jI meM to prAkRta kA eka 2820 prAkRta ratnAkara

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kAvyapatra bhI surakSita hai, jo kisI premI ne apane AtmIya jana ko likhA hogaa| prAkRta kI kula 9 gAthAoM meM gumphita vaha patra isa prakAra hai kusala amhANa vara aNavarayaM tumha gunnnilyNtss| paTThAviya niyakusalaM jima amhaM hoi sNtoso|| 1 // so divaso sA rAI so ya paeso guNANa aavaaso| suha gurU tuha muhakamalaM dIsai jattheva suhjnnnnN||2|| kiMabbhujjo deso kiMvA masi natthi tihuynnesyle| kiM amhehiM na kajjaM jaM leho na pesio tumheN||3|| jai bhujo hoi mahIM uyahi masI lehiNIya vnnraaii| lihai surAhi vaNAho tumha guNA Na yaannNti||4|| jaha haMso sarai saraMpaDDala kusumAiM mahuyaro srdd| caMdaNavaNaM ca nAgo taha amha maNaM tumaM sarai // 5 // jaha bhadavae mAse bhamarA samaraMti aMba kusumaaiN| taha bhayavaM maha hiyayaM sumarai tumhANa muhkmlN||6|| jaha vaccha sarai surahiM vasaMtamAsaMca koilA sri| vijjho sarai gaiMdaM taha amha maNaM tumaM sarai // 7 // jaha so nIla kalAo pAvasa kAlammi paMjara buuddho| saMbharai vaNe ramiuM taha amhaM maNaM tumaM sri||8|| jahasaisIya rAmorUppiNi knnhonnloydmyNtii| gorI sarai ruI taha amha maNaM tumaM sarai // 1 // rAjasthAna ke jaina zAstra-bhaNDAroM meM saMskRta, apabhraMza evaM hindI bhASA kI taraha zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA kI pANDulipiyA~ kA bhI acchA saMgraha milatA hai| AcArya kundakunda kI pUrI kRtiyoM kA saMgraha rAjasthAna ke zAstra bhaNDAroM meM saMgrahita hai| 328. manoramAcarita manoramA kI kathA jinezvarasUrikRta kahArayaNakosa (saM. 1108) meM dI gaI prAkRta ratnAkara 0 283

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hai| isameM batalAyA gayA hai ki zrAvastI kA rAjA kisI nagara ke vyApArI kI patnI ko apanI rAnI banAnA cAhatA hai| vaha saphala bhI ho jAtA hai kintu anta meM devatAoM dvArA manoramA ke zIla kI rakSA kI jAtI hai| isa kathA ko svataMtra vizAla racanA ke rUpa meM banAyA gayA hai jisakA parimANa 1500 gAthAe~ haiN| isakI racanA navAMgI TIkAkAra abhayadeva ke ziSya vardhamAnAcArya ne saM. 1140 meM kI hai| 329. malayasundarIkathA isameM mahAbalaM aura malayasundarI kI praNayakathA kA varNana hai| isa nAma kI aneka racanAe~ vividhakartaka milatI haiN| prathama prAkRta 1256 gAthAoM meM ajJAtakartRka hai| isameM eka paurANika kathA kA parIkathA se saMmizraNa kiyA gayA hai| isameM pracura kalpanApUrNa anokhe aura jAdUbhare camatkArI kAryoM kI bAr3ha meM pAThaka bahatA hai| isa upanyAsa meM parIkathA sAhitya meM sujJAta kalpanAbandhoM (motifs) kA tAnA-bAnA phailA huA hai jisameM rAjakumAra mahAbala aura rAjakumArI malayasundarI kA Akasmika milana, phira eka dUsare se viyoga aura phira sadA ke lie milana citrita hai| yaha saba unake pUrvopArjita karmoM ke phala kA hI AzcaryakArI rUpa thaa| pIche mahAbala jaina muni ho jAtA hai aura malayasundarI saadhvii| isa taraha jaina paurANika kathA ko parIkathA se saMmizritakara prastuta kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta kI yaha racanA abhI aprakAzita hai| 330. mallinAthacariya ____ 19veM tIrthakara mallinAtha para prAkRta meM 3-4 racanAe~ milatI haiN| unameM jinezvarasUrikRta kA pramANa 5555 granthAna hai| isakI racanA saM. 1175 meM huI thii| jinezvarasUri ke anya prAkRta carita-candappahacariyaM aura naminAhacariyaM bhI isa kAla ke lagabhaga likhe gaye the| dvitIya racanA candrasUri ke ziSya baDagacchIya haribhadrasUri kI hai jisakA granthAgra 9000 pramANa hai| yaha tIna prastAvoM meM vibhakta hai| isakI racanA meM sarvadevagaNi ne sahAyatA kI thii| grantha ke anta meM dI gaI prazasti se jJAta hotA hai ki inhoMne kumArapAla ke maMtrI pRthvIpAla ke anurodha para 2840 prAkRta ratnAkara

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isa carita kI tathA anya carita granthoM kI racanA kI thI unameM kevala candappahacariyaM aura apabhraMza meM NemiNAhacariu upalabdha haiN| tIsarA mallinAtha carita bhuvanatuMgasUri kRta 500 granthAgra pramANa jaisalamera ke bhaNDAroM meM tAr3apatra para likhita hai tathA caturtha mallinAtha carita 105 prAkRta gAthAoM meM ajJAtakartRka hai| 331. mahAkavi svayambhU ___apabhraMza ke Adi kavi ke rUpa meM svayambhUko smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| aba taka upalabdha apabhraMza racanAoM meM svayaMbhU kI prasiddha racanAe~ haiN| paumacariu, riTThanemicariu evaM svyNbhuuchnd| ye unakI kAvya-pratibhA kA pratinidhitva karatI haiN| yadyapi svayaMbhU ne apane granthoM meM apabhraMza ke pUrvavartI kaviyoM caturmukha, IzAna Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu inake sAhitya Adi kA pUrA paricaya upalabdha na hone se unakI kAvya-pratimA kA mUlyAMkana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ataH na kevala dakSiNa bhArata ke apabhraMza ke kaviyoM meM apitu sampUrNa apabhraMza sAhitya meM svayambhU kA yogadAna vizeSa artha rakhatA hai| svayambhU apabhraMza ke pahale mahAkavi haiM, jinhoMne rAma aura kRSNa-kathA ko prabandha-kAvyoM kA viSaya banAyA hai| jisa prakAra saMskRta aura prAkRta kI sAhityika kRtiyoM kA zubhArambha rAmakathA se hotA hai usI prakAra svayambhU ne apabhraMza sAhitya meM bhI paumacariu nAmaka pahalA prabandha kAvya likhA hai| apabhraMza meM kRSNa aura pANDava-kathA ko sarvaprathama kAvya rUpa meM prastuta karane kA zreya svayambhU ko hai| sAhitya evaM bhASA ke kSetra meM svayambhU ke yogadAna ko dekhate hue unheM apabhraMza kA yuga-pravartaka kavi kahA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne bhAratIya kAvya kI aneka kathAoM aura abhiprAyoM ko vikasita kiyA hai| apabhraMza jaisI loka bhASA ke svarUpa ko susthira kara use mahAkAvya ke upayukta banAyA hai tathA saMvAdatattvoM evaM sUktiyoM Adi se use samRddha kiyA hai| DaoN. sakaTA prasAda upAdhyAya ne kavi svayambhUnAmaka pustaka meM vizeSa adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai| svayambhU ke janma-sthAna evaM janmakAla sunizcita nahIM haiM, kintu unakI racanAoM se jJAta hotA hai ki ve yApanIya saMgha se sambandhita the| karnATaka unakI prAkRta ratnAkara 0 285

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kAvya-sAdhanA kA pramukha kSetra thA / kavi ke janma - kAla ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM ke vivecana se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki ve I. 677 se I. 959 ke bIca kabhI hue the| kavi ne AcArya jinasena (I. 783) ko apane 'riTThanemicariu' meM smaraNa kiyA hai tathA mahAkavi puSpadanta (I. 959) ne svayambhU kA ullekha kiyA hai| ataH mahAkavi svayambhU AThavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha evaM navIM ke pUrvArdha meM hue hoNge| apabhraMza ke mahAkavi puSpadanta ne svayaMbhU kavi ko vyAsa, bhAsa, kAlidAsa, bhAravi, bANa, caturmukha Adi kI zreNI meM virAjamAna kiyA hai| anya kaviyoM ne unheM mahAkavi, kavirAja, kavirAja cakravartI jaisI upAdhiyoM se sammAnita kiyA hai| hindI bhASA evaM sAhitya ke jAne mAne samIkSaka rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne unheM hindI ke pA~coM yugoM ke kaviyoM meM sabase bar3A batAyA hai| 332. mahAnisIhaM mahAnizItha ko samasta arhat pravacana kA sAra mAnA gayA hai| vastutaH ardhamAgadhI granthoM meM mUla rUpa meM jo mahAnizItha thA, vaha yathAvata rUpa meM upalabdha nahIM rhaa| vartamAna meM AcArya haribhadra dvArA usakA pariSkAra kara saMzodhana kiyA gayA rUpa upalabdha hai, jise siddhasena, yakSasena, nemicandra, jinadAsagaNi Adi AcAryoM ne bhI bahumAnya kiyA hai| isakI bhASA evaM viSaya ke svarUpa ko dekhate hue yaha sUtra arvAcIna hI pratIta hotA hai / isameM cha: adhyayana evaM do cUlA haiM, jinameM kramazaH 18 pApasthAna, pApa karmoM kI AlocanA, paMca maMgala kA mahattva, kuzIla sAdhu kA saMsarga chor3ane, guru-ziSya ke pArivArika sambandha tathA AlocanA evaM prAyazcitta kA varNana milatA hai| 333. mahAbandha mahAbandha kA dUsarA nAma mahAdhavala bhI hai / mahAbandha chakkhaNDAgama kA chaThA khaNDa hai| isakI racanA AcArya bhUtabali ne cAlIsa hajAra zloka pramANa meM kI hai| isakA maMgalAcaraNa bhI pRthaka nahIM hai, balki yaha caturtha vedanA khaNDa meM upalabdha maMgalAcaraNa se hI sambaddha hai| vizAlatA ke kAraNa hI mahAbandha ke pRthaka grantha kA rUpa prApta huA hai| isa grantha meM cAra adhikAra haiM 2860 prAkRta ratnAkara

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(1) prakRtibandha adhikAra (2) sthitibandha adhikAra (3) anubhAgabandha adhikAra (4) pradezabandha adhikAra karmasvarUpa ke avagata karane ke lie yaha grantha atyadhika upayogI hai| 334. mahArASTrI aura apabhraMza ___ madhyayuga meM prAkRta bhASA kA jitanA adhika vikAsa huA, utanI hI usameM vividhatA aaii| kintu sAhitya meM prayoga bar3ha jAne ke kAraNa vibhinna prAkRteM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke rUpa meM ekarUpatA ko grahaNa karane lgiiN| prAkRta ke vaiyAkaraNoM ne sAhitya ke prayogoM ke AdhAra para mahArASTrI prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa ke kucha niyama nizcita kara die| unhIM ke anusAra kaviyoM ne apane granthoM meM mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prayoga kiyaa| isase prAkRta bhASA meM sthiratA to AI kintu usakA jana-jIvana se sambandha dinoM dina ghaTatA calA gyaa| vaha sAhitya kI bhASA banakara raha gii| ataH janabolI kA svarUpa usase kucha bhinnatA lie hue pracalita hone lagA, jise bhASAvidoM ne apabhraMza bhASA kA nAma diyA hai| isa taraha se prAkRta ne lagabhaga 6-7 vIM zatAbdI meM apanA janabhASA athavA mAtRbhASA kA svarUpa apabhraMza ko sauMpa diyaa| yahA~ se prAkata bhASA ke vikAsa kI tIsarI avasthA prArambha hii| phira bhI zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta meM Age bhI sAhitya likhA jAtA rahA hai| 335. mahArASTrI prAkRta jisa prakAra sthAna bheda ke kAraNa zaurasenI Adi prAkRtoM ko nAma diye jAte haiM usI taraha mahArASTra prAnta kI janabolI se vikasita prAkata kA nAma mahArASTrI pracalita huA hai| isane marAThI bhASA ke vikAsa meM bhI yogadAna kiyA hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta ke varNa adhika komala aura madhura pratIta hote haiN| ataH isa prAkRta kA kAvya meM sarvAdhika prayoga huA hai| IsA kI prathama zatAbdI se vartamAna yuga taka isa prAkRta meM grantha likhe jAte rahe haiN| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke lakSaNa likhakara anya prAkRtoM kI kevala vizeSatAe~ ginA dI haiM / yadyapi caMDa, vararuci evaM hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM mahArASTrI' prAkRta kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| kintu kAvya kI bhASA prAkRta mahArASTrI hI mAnI jAtI thii|atH usI ko sAmAnya prAkRta svIkAra kiyA hai| vararuci ke 10veM evaM 11veM paricchedoM meM zaurasenI kI prAkRta ratnAkara 0 287

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pradhAnatA hai| kintu 12veM pariccheda meM mahArASTrI zabda kA prayoga kara use sAmAnya prAkRta kahA gayA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki vararuci ke isa 12veM pariccheda kI racanA ke samaya mahArASTrI zaurasenI se bhinna prAkRta bhASA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho cukI thii| bAda meM vaiyAkaraNoM ne use hI AdhAra mAnakara apane grantha likhe haiN| sAmAnya niyama- prAcIna prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa caMDa ne apane vyAkaraNa meM jina niyamoM kI mAtra sUcanA dI thI vararuci ne una niyamoM ko sthira aura samRddha kiyA hai| hemacandra ne sUkSmatA se sAhitya aura loka meM pracalita rUpoM ke AdhAra para apane niyama prastuta kiye haiN| bAda meM vaiyAkaraNoM ne prAkRta ke ina sAmAnya niyamoM ko apane granthoM dvArA pracArita kiyA hai| 1. bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke R, R evaM lu kA sarvathA abhaav| 2. R varga ke sthAna para a, i, u aura ri kA pryog| yathA nRtyaH > Nacco tRNaH > tiNo, mRSA > musA, RSiH > risi| 3. ai aura au ke sthAna para e, o kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| yathA zailaH > selo, kaumudI > komuI aadi| ai aura au rUpa bhI milate haiM- . daivaH > daive, pauraH > pauro aadi| 4. prAyaH hasva svara surakSita hai| yathA akSi > akkhi, agniH > agni aadi| 5. saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke pUrvavartI dIrgha svara hasva ho gaye haiN| yathA zAntaH > saMto, zAkyaH > sakko aadi| 6. sAnunAsika svara badalakara dIrgha svara ho jAte haiN| yathA siMha - sIho aadi| 7. prAkRta meM visarga kA prayoga nahIM hotaa| usake sthAna para e yA o ho jAtA hai| yathA- rAmaH > rAmo, devaH > deve| 8. padAnta vyaMjanoM ka lopa ho jAtA hai| yathA pazcAt > pacchA, jAvat > jAva 9. za, Sa aura sa ke sthAna para kevala sa kA pryog| yathA zvaH > asso, manuSyaH > mANuso aadi| 288 0 prAkRtaratnAkara

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10. do svaroM ke bIca meM Ane vAle ka ga ca ja ta da va kA prAyaH lopa ho jAtA hai| yathA mukulaH > muule nagaram > NayaraM, zacI > saI, prajApatiH payAvaI, yatiH > jaI, madanaH > mayaNo, ripuH > riu, jIvaH > jIo Adi 11. saMyukta vyaMjAnAnta dhvaniyoM kA samIkaraNa ho gayA hai| yathA cakra cakko, lakSma > lacchI, vRkSaH vaccho aadi| 12. dvivacana kA lopa ho gayA hai| 13. halanta pratipAdika samApta ho gaye haiN| 14. SaSThI kA prayoga caturthI ke sthAna para aura caturthI kA prayoga SaSThI ke sthAna para __ hone lagA hai| 15. na ke sthAna para prAyaHNa kA prayoga hone lagA hai| ityaadi| 336. mahAvIracariyaM(guNacandragaNi) * antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke jIvana para prAkRta racanAe~ upalabdha haiN| unameM yaha sarvaprathama hai| mahAvIracarita. guNacandragaNi kI utkRSTa racanA hai| isakA racanA kAla vi. saM. 1139 hai| gadya-padya mizrita isa caritakAvya meM antima tIrthakara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke Adarza jIvana ko sarasa evaM kAvyamaya zailI meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa kAvya-grantha meM 8 sarga haiN| prathama cAra meM nAyaka ke pUrvabhavoM kA evaM zeSa cAra meM vartamAna bhava kA varNana hai| kAvyakAra ne dhArmika siddhAntoM ke nirUpaNa, tattvanirNaya evaM darzana ke gUr3ha rahasyoM ko spaSTa karane hetu nAyaka ke jIvana kI vibhinna ghaTanAoM kA vizleSaNa dhArmika vAtAvaraNa meM prastuta kiyA hai| mArIca ke bhava ke kRtya, vardhamAna kI bAla-krIr3Ae~, lekhazAlA meM pradarzita buddhi kauzala, vibhinna upasarga, gozAlaka kA AkhyAna Adi ghaTanAoM ke varNana dvArA tIrthakara mahAvIra ke carita ko aneka utAra-car3hAva ke sAtha vikasita kiyA gayA hai| nAyaka ke pUrva janmoM kI ghaTanAoM ke samAveza ke kAraNa kathAnaka meM sampUrNatA parilakSita hotI hai| ahiMsA, satya, acaurya Adi mahAvratoM ke AkhyAnoM kA gumphana kara nAyaka ke carita ko sarala, ujjvala evaM nirmala banAne kA kavi ne pUrNa prayAsa kiyA hai| sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI isa caritakAvya meM mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI prAkRta ratnAkara 0289

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upalabdha hai| maMtra-taMtra, vidyA-sAdhaka, kApAlikoM ke kriyAkANDa Adi kA bhI ullekha hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita isa kAvya meM yatra-tatra saMskRta evaM apabhraMza ke padya bhI prApta hote haiN| 337.mahAvIracariyaM(nemicandra) yaha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana carita para nemicandrasUri dvArA likhita prAkRta racanA hai jo padyabaddha 3000 granthAna pramANa hai| isameM kula 2385 padya haiN| isakA prAraMbha mahAvIra ke 26veM bhava pUrva meM bhagavAn RSabha ke pautra marIci ke pUrvajanma meM eka dhArmika zrAvaka kI kathA se hotA hai| usane eka AcArya se Atmazodhana ke lie ahiMsAvrata dhAraNa kara apanA jIvana sudhArA aura Ayu ke anta meM bharatacakravartI kA putra marIci nAma se huaa| eka samaya bharatacakravartI ne bhagavAn RSabha ke samavazaraNa meM AgAmI mahApuruSoM ke sambandha meM unakA jIvana paricaya sunate hue pUchA- bhagavan, tIrthaMkara kauna kauna hoMgeM ? kyA hamAre vaMza meM bhI koI tIrthakara hogA ? isa prazna ke uttara meM bhagavAn RSabha ne batalAyA ki ikSvAkuvaMza meM marIci antima tIrthaMkara kA pada prApta kregaa| bhagavAn kI isa bhaviSyavANI ko apane sambandha meM sunakara marIci prasannatA se nAcane lagA aura ahaM bhAva se viveka tathA samyaktva kI upekSA kara tapabhraSTa bhaTakatA phiraa| isa racanA meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke 25 pUrva bhavoM kA varNana rocaka paddhati se huA hai| bhASA sarala aura pravAhamaya hai| bhASA ko prabhAvaka banAne ke lie alaMkAroM kI yojanA bhI kI gaI hai| isake raciyatA bRhadaccha ke AcArya nemicandrasUri haiN| inakA samaya vikrama kI 12vIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai| inakI choTI bar3I 5 racanAe~ milatI haiM - 1. AkhyAnamaNikoza (mUlagAthA 52), 2. Atma bodhakulaka athavA dharmopadezakulaka (gAthA 22), 3. uttarAdhyayanavRtti (pramANa 12000 loka),4. ratnacUr3akathA (pramANa 3081 loka) aura, 5. mahAvIracariyaM (pramANa 3000 lok)| prastuta racanA unakI antima kRti hai aura isakA racanAkAla saM. 1141 hai| 338. mahipAlacarita ( mahivAlakahA) mahivAlakahA prAkRta padya meM likhI huI vIradevagaNi kI racanA hai| isameM 1826 gAthAe~ haiN| kintu grantha meM adhyayana Adi kA vibhAjana nahIM hai| isa grantha 2900 prAkRta ratnAkara

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kI prazasti se itanA hI patA calatA hai ki devabhadrasUri candragaccha meM hue the| unake ziSya siddhasenasUri aura siddhasenasUri ke ziSya municandrasUri the| vIradevagaNi municandra ke ziSya the| viSayavastu ke vivecana ko dekhate hue yaha racanA arvAcIna mAlUma hotI hai| isa kathA meM navakAramaMtra kA prabhAva, caNDIpUjA, zAsanadevatA kI bhakti, yakSa aura kuladevI kI pUjA, bhUtoM kI bali, jinabhavana kA nirmANa, kevalajJAna kI prApti hone para devoM dvArA kusuma varSA, AcAryoM kA kanaka ke kamala para AsIna honA Adi viSayoM kA varNana kiyA hai| vezyAsevana ko varjita batAyA hai| sone cA~dI (sovaniyahaTTha) aura kapar3e kI dukAnoM (dosiyahaThTha) kA ullekha hai| isa kathA kA nAyaka vAstava meM parIkathA kA eka rAjaputra hai| isa kathA meM parIkathA aura paurANikakathA kA acchA sammizraNa kiyA gayA hai| isa para prAkRta -saMskRta meM kaI racanAe~ upalabdha hotI haiN| 339.maNDalapagaraNa: ___ AcArya vijayasenasUri ke ziSya muni vijayakuzala ne prAkRta bhASA meM 99 gAthAoM meM maNDalaprakaraNa nAmaka grantha kI racanA vi. saM. 1652 meM kI hai| granthakAra ne svayaM nirdeza kiyA hai ki AcArya municandrasUri ne maNDalakulaka racA hai, usako AdhArabhUta mAnakara jIvAjIvAbhigama kI kaI gAthAe~ lekara isa prakaraNa kI racanA kI gaI hai| yaha koI navIna racanA nahIM hai| jyotiSa ke khagola viSayaka vicAra isameM pradarzita kiye gae haiN| yaha grantha prakAzita nahIM hai| isa kI pANDulipilA.da.bhA.saMskati vidyAmaMdira ahamadAbAda meM hai| 340. mAgadhI prAkRta magadha pradeza kI janabolI ko sAmanya taura para mAgadhI prAkRta kahA gayA hai| mAgadhI kucha samaya taka rAjabhASA thii| ataH isakA samparka bhArata kI kaI boliyoM ke sAtha huaa| isIlie pAli, ardhamAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM ke vikAsa meM mAgadhI prAkRta ko mUla mAnA jAtA hai| isameM kaI loka bhASAoM kA samAveza thaa| mAgadhI prAkRta kI yadyapi sabhI prAkRtoM ke svarUpa-gaThana meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai, kintu anya prAkRtoM kI taraha mAgadhI meM svatantra racanAe~ prApta nahIM hotI haiN| kevala saMskRta nATakoM aura zilAlekhoM meM isake prayoga dekhane meM Ate haiN| prAyaH sabhI prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne mAgadhI ke lakSaNa aura udAharaNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0291

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kintu unameM matabheda bhI hai ki kauna loga isa prAkRta kA adhika prayoga karate the| saMskRta nATakoM meM sAmAnya stara ke pAtra isakA vyavahAra karate haiM, kintu isa sambandha meM nizcita niyama nahIM haiN| isa AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki mAgadhI koI eka nizcita bhASA nahIM thI, apitu kaI boliyoM kA usameM sammizraNa thA, jinameM ja ke sthAna para ya, ra ke sthAna para la, sa ke sthAna para za tathA akArAnta zabdoM meM e kA prayoga hotA thA / mAgadhI kisa pradeza kI bhASA thI, yaha nizcita kahanA kaThina hai| kyoMki magadha janapada ke bAhara kaI jagaha usakA prayoga hotA thA tathA usameM bhI ekarUpatA prApta nahIM hotii| lekina ise magadha deza kI bhASA mAnanA ThIka hai, kyoMki mAgadhI bhASA ko rAjabhASA hone kA saubhAgya prApta thA / aura zAyada boliyoM ke samparka meM Ane se isake pAli, ardhamAgadhI, Adi kaI rUpa pracalita hue / vararuci evaM mArkaNDeya ne mAgadhI kI prakRti (mUla) hone kA zreya zaurasenI ko diyA hai / kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki mAgadhI zaurasenI se janmI hai / jisa prakAra zaurasenI madhyapradeza meM pracalita vaidika yuga kI kathya bhASA se utpanna huI hai usI prakAra mAgadhI ne bhI usa kathya bhASA se janma grahaNa kiyA hai, jo vaidika kAla meM magadha deza meM pracalita thI / kintu madhyapradeza kI sAmAnya prAkRta zaurasenI ke prabhAva meM mAgadhI avazya rhii| madhyapradeza aura magadha kI rAjanIti kA bhI ina bhASAoM kI pramukhatA para prabhAva par3atA rahA hai / mAgadhI ke bhI do rUpa hote haiM - (1) prathama yuga kI mAgadhI, jo azoka ke zilAlekhoM tathA azvaghoSa ke nATakoM meM pAI jAtI hai tathA (2) madhyayuga kI mAgadhI, jo bhAsa ke aura parivartIkAla ke nATakoM meM tathA prAkRta ke vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA prayukta huI hai| ina pramukha bhedoM ke atirikta mAgadhI ke antargata anya lokabhASAoM kA bhI samAveza thaa| zakArI, cAMDAlI aura zabarI ye tIna bhASAe~ mAgadhI ke hI rUpAntara haiN| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke anusAra mAgadhI kI pramukha vizeSatAe~ isa prakAra haiM / yathA 1. akArAnta pu. zabdoM ke prathamA ke ekavacana meM ekArAnta rUpa hote haiN| sAmAnya prAkRta kI taraha 'o' nahIM hotA / yathA - eSaH puruSaH > eze pulize, meSaH meze, naraH > nale Adi 292 prAkRta ratnAkara

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2. sa, Sa evaM za ina tIna ke sthAna para kevala tAlabya za kA prayoga hotA hai yathA-haMsaH > haMze, sArasaH > zAlaze, puruSaH > pulize, zatruH > zattU 3. kintu 'sa' evaM 'Sa' saMyukta varNa ke sAtha prayukta hoM to vahA~ sAmAnya prAkRta kI taraha dantya sakAra kA hI prayoga hotA hai| yathA- kaSTam > kasalaM, niSphalaM > nisphal, bRhaspati > buhspdii| 4. kintu 'grISma' ko 'gamhi' hotA hai| isameM SakAra kA sakAra nahIM hotaa| 5. repha ke sthAna para lakAra kA prayoga hai| ___ yathA- karaH > kale, naraH > nale, giri > gilI, rAjA > lAA 6. ja,rja, dya kA 'ya' meM parivartana ho jAtA hai| yathA- jAnAti > yANAdi, durjana > durayaNe, madyam > mayyaM / 7. mAgadhI meM Ta aura SkAra se yukta ThakAra ke sthAna para 'sTa' Adeza hotA hai| yathA-paTTaH > pasTe, bhaTTArikA > bhasTAlikA, suSThu > zusTu, koSThAgAram > kosttaagaalN| 8. nya, Nya,jJa, nja ke sthAna para ba kA hotA hai| yathA- prajJA > pa JA, aJjalI > ajalI 9. stha aura rtha ke sthAna para 'sta' hotA hai| yathA- upasthitaH > uvastide, arthavatI > astavadI aadi| 10.anAdi'ccha' ke sthAna para 'zca' hotA hai| yathA-gaccha > gazc, pucchati > puzcadi Adi 11. kta' prastayaya kA Da tathA 'vatvA' pratyaya kA dANi' hotA hai| yathA- gataH > gaDe, mRta > maDe, kRtvA > karidANi 12. 'ahaM', ke lie nimna tIna Adeza hote haiN| yathA-ahaM bhaNAmi > hake, hage, ahake bhnnaami| 13.hRdaya zabda ke sthAna para haDakka' Adeza hotA hai| yathA- mama hRdaye > mama haDakke 14.mAgadhI ke dhAturUpa zaurasenI ke samAna hote haiN| kintu unameM varNa-parivartana mAgadhI kI pravRttiyoM ke anusAra hote haiN| prAkRta ratnAkara 0293

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mAgadhI prAkRta kI ye vizeSatAe~ prAyaH saMskRta nATakoM aura zilAlekhIya prAkRta meM upalabdha hotI haiM, kintu anya prAkRtoM ke granthoM meM inake prayoga kama haiN| 341. malavaNiyA, dalasukha bhAI zrImAn paM. dalasukhabhAI DI. mAlavaNiyA kA janma gujarAta ke surendra jile ke eka gAMva sAyalA meM 22 julAI 1910 ko huA thA / Apane nyAyatIrtha parIkSA 1931 meM uttIrNa kI thii| Apa banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI meM jainadarzana ke prAdhyApaka rahe aura 1959 I. se Apane ela. DI. insTITyUTa Apha iNDAlAMjI, ahamadAbAda meM apanI sevAe~ dI, tathA 1976 meM vahA~ se sevAmukta hue| prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI ke Apa ( 1957-73) saciva rahe / isa sevAkAla meM pro. mAlavaNiyA ne prAkRta sAhitya aura jaina AgamoM ke adhyayana evaM pracAra-prasAda meM apUrva yogadAna kiyA hai| gaNadharavAda, sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMgasUtra prAkRta granthoM kA Apane sampAdana-anuvAda kA kArya kiyaa| Agama yuga kA jaina darzana ApakI prasiddha pustaka hai| paM. mAlavaNiyA jI ne kanAr3A, phrAMsa, jarmanI Adi dezoM meM bhI jainadarzana aura prAkRta ke pracAra prasAra ke lie bhramaNa kiyA thA / 342. munisuvvayasAmicariyaM prAkRta meM 20veM tIrthaMkara para zrIcandrasUri kI eka mAtrA racanA upalabdha hotI hai| isameM lagabhaga 10994 gAthAe~ haiM / yaha aprakAzita racanA hai| prastuta carita kA samaya nizcita nahIM hai para eka hastalikhita prati ke anusAra grantha racanA kA samaya saM. 1193 hai| isa grantha kI prazasti se mAlUma hotA hai ki lekhaka ne AsApallipurI (vartamAna ahamadAbAda) meM zrImAlakula ke zreSTha zrAvaka zreSThi nAgila ke suputra ke ghara meM rahakara likhA thaa| 343. mUlAcAra (mUlAyAro) zaurasenI prAkRta ke prAcIna AcAryoM meM mUlAcAra ke racayitA vaTTakera kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| prArambha meM AcArya kundakunda kA grantha hI mUlAcAra mAna liyA gayA thA kyoMki vaTTara ko unakA upanAma anumAnita kiyA gayA thA kintu aba vidvAnoM ne gahana adhyayana ke bAda yaha spaSTa kara diyA hai ki vaTTakera svataMtra AcArya hue haiN| vaTTakera kA samaya AcArya kundakunda ke samakAlIna svIkAra 294 prAkRta ratnAkara

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kiyA jAtA hai | ataH vaTTakera prathama zatAbdI ke prAkRta AcArya the| inakA grantha mUlAcAra muniyoM ke AcAra kA pramukha grantha hai| isameM kula 1252 gAthAe~ haiN| bhASA aura zailI kI dRSTi se zaurasenI prAkRta kI yaha prAcIna racanA hai| zramaNAcAra kA grantha hone ke kAraNa isameM aneka gAthAe~ digambara aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke sAhitya meM pracalita milatI haiN| jaina AcAra darzana ke lie mUlAcAra eka AdhArabhUta grantha hai / mUlAcAra pramukha rUpa se zramaNAcAra kA prAcIna grantha hai / zaurasenI prAkRta meM racita isa grantha ke racayitA AcArya vaTTakera haiN| bhASA evaM viSaya donoM hI dRSTiyoM se yaha grantha prAcIna hai| isa grantha meM 12 adhikAra haiM, jinameM zramaNa-nirgrathoM kI AcAra saMhitA kA suvyavasthita, vistRta evaM sAMgopAMga vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isakI tulanA AcArAMga se kI jAtI hai| AcArya vIrasena ne SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM mUlAcAra ke uddharaNa ko 'AcArAMga' nAma de kara isakA Agamika mahattva pratipAdita kiyA hai / prathama mUlaguNAdhikAra meM pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca samiti, pA~ca indriya-nirodha, chaH Avazyaka Adi ko milAkara zramaNa ke 28 mUlaguNoM ke svarUpa evaM unake pAlana se prApta phala kA vivecana hai| dvitIya bRhatpratyAkhyAnAdhikAra meM zramaNa ko sabhI pApoM kA tyAga karane, kaSAya rahita rahane, parISahoM ko samatAbhAva se sahane, cAra ArAdhanAoM meM sthira rahane Adi kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| tIsare saMkSepapratyAkhyAnAdhikAra meM Akasmika mRtyu ke samaya kaSAya evaM AhAra tyAga kA nirdeza diyA hai| samAcArAdhikAra meM dasa prakAra ke AcAroM kA varNana hai| paMcAcArAdhikAra meM darzana, jJAna, cAritra, tapa aura vIrya ina pA~ca AcAroM kA bheda sahita vistAra se varNana hai / prasaMgavaza isameM Agama evaM sUtra granthoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| piNDazuddhiadhikAra meM zramaNoM kI piNDaiSaNA se sambandhita niyamoM kI mImAMsA kI gaI hai / SaDAvazyakAdhikAra meM ' Avazyaka' zabda kA artha batAte hue sAmAyika, stava, vaMdana, pratikramaNa, pratyAkhyAna evaM kAyotsarga ina chaH AvazyakoM kA bhedapUrvaka vistAra se nirUpaNa kiyA hai| isa adhikAra ke prArambha meM arhanta, jina, AcArya, sAdhu Adi paMcanamaskAra kI niraktipUrvaka vyAkhyA prastuta kI gaI hai| dvAdazAnuprekSAdhikAra meM anitya, azaraNa, prAkRta ratnAkara 0295

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azuci Adi bAraha anuprekSAoM kA sUkSma vivecana karate hue inheM karmakSaya evaM pariNAmazuddhi kA mAdhyama batAyA gayA hai| anagArabhAvanAdhikAra meM anagAra kA svarUpa, cinha, vrata, bhikSA, vihAra Adi se sambandhita zuddhiyoM kA pAlana karane kA nirdeza hai| samayasArAdhikAra meM zAstra ke sAra kA pratipAdana karate hue cAritra ko sarvazreSTha kahA gayA hai| jIvoM kI rakSA ke lie yatanA ko zreSTha kahA gayA hai| yathA - jadaM care jadaM ciThe jadamAse jadaM sye| jadaM bhuMjeja bhAseja eyaM pAvaM Na bjjhii||...(gaa.1015) arthAt - yatnapUrvaka gati kare, yatnapUrvaka Thahare, yatnapUrvaka baiThe, yatnapUrvaka soye, yatnapUrvaka bhojana kare, yatnapUrvaka bole, isa prakAra pApakarma nahIM baMdhatA hai| zIlaguNAdhikAra meM zIla ke 18,0000 bhedoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| paryAptiadhikAra meM jIva kI cha: paryAptiyoM ko batAkara saMsArI jIva ke aneka bheda-prabhedoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| 344. mRcchakaTikam mahAkavi zUdraka ke mRcchakaTikam ko prAcIna saMskRta nATakoM meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| zUdraka ke samaya ko lekara vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| anumAnataH inakA. samaya lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| mahAkavi zUdraka kA mRcchakaTika lokajIvana kA pratinidhi nATaka hai| isameM kavi ne nAyaka cAradatta tathA nAyikA vasaMtasenA kI premakathA ko rAjanaitika ghaTanA se sambaddha kara tatkAlIna sAmAjika evaM rAjanaitika jIvana ko yathArtha rUpa se pratibimbita kiyA hai| vividha prAkRta bhASAoM ke saphala prayoga kI dRSTi se mRcchakaTikam advitIya kRti hai| isa nATaka meM prayukta prAkRtoM meM vividhatA hai| kavi ne pAtrAnukUla prAkRta bhASAoM kA bejor3a prayoga kiyA hai| vibhinna prAkRta bhASAoM kI jAnakArI ke lie mRcchakaTikam kA adhyayana atyaMta upayogI hai| saba milAkara isa nATaka meM 30 pAtra haiM, jinameM se sUtradhAra, naTI, dAsI radanikA, dAsI madanikA, basaMtasenA, usakI mAtA, ceTI, dAsa karNapUraka, cAsdatta kI patnI dhUtA, zodhanaka evaM zreSThI ye 11 pAtra zaurasenI meM bolate haiM / vIraka evaM 296 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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candanaka avantijA meM, vidUSaka prAcyA meM, saMvAhaka, sthAvaraka, kuMbhIlaka, vardhamAnaka, bhikSu tathA rohasena mAgadhI meM bolate haiN| zakAra zakArI meM, donoM cANDAla cAMDAlI meM, dyUtakara evaM mAthura DhakkI meM bAta karate haiN| nAyaka cAsdatta, viTa, Aryaka Adi zeSa pAtra saMskRta bolate haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa nATaka meM prayukta prAkRta bhASAe~ bharata ke nATyazAstra meM vivecita prAkRta bhASAoM ke niyamAnusAra prayukta huI haiN| ___ mRcchakaTikam ke saMskRta TIkAkAra pRthvIdhara ne mRcchakaTikam meM prayukta vibhinna prAkRtoM kA vistRta vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| unake anusAra prAkRta bhASAe~ sAta mAnI gaI haiN| mAgadhI, avantijA, prAcyA, zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI, vAhvIkA tathA dkssinnaatyaa| apabhraMza bhI sAta haiM - zakArI, cAMDAlI, AbhIrI, zabarI, drAvir3I, uDrajA evaM ddhkkii| ina bhASAoM meM se mRcchakaTikam meM sAta bhASAvibhASAoM kA prayoga huA hai| zaurasenI, avantijA, prAcyA, mAgadhI, zakArI, cANDAlI aura ddhkkii| zakAra dvArA bolI jAne vAlI zakArI bhASA kA yaha udAharaNa dRSTavya hai - zuvaNNaaMdemi piaMvademi paDemi shiishennshveshttnnenn| tadhA vimaMNecchazizuddhadanti kiM shevaNkshttmaamnnushshaa||(8.31) arthAt - maiM tumheM svarNa detA hU~, priya bolatA hU~, pagar3I sahita sira detA hU~ tathApi he zveta dA~toM vAlI! tuma mujha sevaka ko nahIM cAhatI ho| manuSya bar3e hI 345. yativRSabhaAcArya jaina paramparA ke karaNAnuyoga sAhitya meM agraNI karmavargaNA karmaprakRti ke gaNitIya viSaya ko prakaTa karane vAle AcArya yativRSabha kA nAma bahuta prasaddhi hai| zruta paramparA ke AcArya ke bAda AryamaMkSu aura nAgahasti se kaSAyapAhuDa ke adhyayanakartA ke rUpa meM yativRSabha ko smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai / unhoMne kaSAyapAhur3a kA adhyayana karake karmasAhitya ke kSetra meM apUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| unhoMne sarvaprathama sUtra ke artha ko cUrNi ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, jo zaurasenI prAkRta meM hai| cUrNi ke sUtroM meM artha gAmbhIrya aura pAMDitya kA gaurava jhalakatA hai| jayadhavalA TIkA meM yativRSabha kA ullekha kaI sthAnoM para kiyA gayA hai| kabhI unheM sUtrakAra ke rUpa meM aura kabhI vRttikAra ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0297

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cUrNi sUtrakAra ke rUpa meM prasiddha AcArya bahupratijJA ke dhanI kAvyagarimA se maNDita bhI haiN| kyoMki unhoMne sUtra ke artha ko aneka hetuoM, nipAta evaM upasarga, pratyaya, vyutpatti Adi ke mAdhyama se spaSTa kiyA hai| ve sabhI prakAra ke viSaya ke jJAtA haiM, kyoMki unake sUtra meM jo artha huA hai, vaha unake vyaktitva ko prakaTa karatA hai| prophesara rAjArAma jaina ne yativRSabha ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki ve zrutajJAna kI paramparA ke pratiSThita AcArya haiN| unhoMne jo bauddhika pratibhA prApta kI usakA prazasti jJAna paravartI AcArya ne kisI na kisI rUpa meM avazya liyA hai| AryikA vizuddhamati mAtAjI ne tiloyapaNNati kA sampAdana karate hue yativRSabha ke vyaktitva ke viSaya meM kathana kiyA hai ki AcArya yativRSabha karaNAnusAra ke mahAna AcArya haiN| inhoMne jo khagola aura bhUgola kA viSaya pratipAdana kiyA hai, vaha bahuta vistRta hai / paNDita nAthUrAma premI ne yativRSabha ko jaina gaNita kA utkRSTa AcArya mAnA hai| DaoN. ena. upAdhye ne bhI unheM mahApuruSoM ke jIvana ko prastuta karane vAlA kahA hai / yativRSabha kA vyaktitva vicArakoM ke kathana ke sAtha-sAtha grantha ke sUtroM meM praviSTi karate haiM to unheM itihAsavettA, purANa - abhilekhAgAra, bhUgolavettA, karmaprakRti ke gaNitIya prastotA kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki unake vizAlakAya grantha prastuta prastuta karatA hai / isake bhASA saundarya meM praviSTi karane para prAkRta ke prasiddha gAthA chanda ke sampUrNa sauSThava ko sarvatra dekhA jA jAtA hai / prAcIna paramparA ke AcArya puSpadanta, bhUtabali aura AcArya kundakunda yativRSabha se avazya prAcIna haiM / parantu yativRSabha viSaya vivecana ke kAraNa SaTkhaNDAgama ke racanAkAra bhUtabali ke samakAlIna yA unake kucha hI uttaravartI hai| indranandI ne apane zrutAvatAra meM kaSAyapAhur3acUrNi ke sUtrakarttA ke rUpa meM yativRSabha ko smaraNa kiyA Lai / yativRSabha ko AryamaMkSu aura nAgahasti kA ziSya kahA hai / isa dRSTi se unakA samaya zaka saMvat tIsarI zatAbdI ke pazcAt hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| samaya-nirdhAraNa meM jugalakizora mukhtAra kA nAma sarvaprathama AtA hai| unhoMne unakA samaya cauthI - pA~cavI zatAbdI ke bIca kA hI mAnA hai| eka anya pramANa se AcArya yativRSabha pUjyapAda ke pUrvavartI haiM kyoMki inake 298 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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ziSya vajranandi ne vikrama saMvat 526 meM draviNa saMgha kI sthApanA kI hai ataeva yativRSabha kA samaya vikrama saMvat 526 se pUrva sunizcita hai| prasiddha itihAsakAra DaoN. jyoti prasAda ne I. san 176 ke Asa-pAsa unakA samaya nizcita kiyA hai| unhoMne yativRSabha ke grantha meM guptavaMzIya rAjAoM se sambandhita gAthAoM ko prakSipta mAnA hai, jo I. san 500 ke lagabhaga grantha meM jor3a dI haiN| 346. ratnaparIkSA ratnaparIkSA grantha kannApura mahendragar3havAsI zrIcandra ke putra zrImAlavaMzIya Thakkarapheru ne saMvata 1372 IsavI san 1315 meM likhA hai| isa grantha meM kula milAkara 132 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM ratnoM ke utpatti, AkAra, varNa, jAti guNa doSa phala aura mUlya kA vistAra se varNana hai| vajra nAmaka ratana zUrpAraka, kaliMga kozala aura mahArASTrI meM muktAphala padamarAgamaNi siMghala aura tubaradeza Adi dezoM meM marakatamaNi, malayaparvata aura barbara deza meM indranIla siMghala meM vidruma vindhya parvata, cIna mahAvIra aura nepAla meM tathA lahasuniyA vaiDUrya aura spaTika nepAla, kAzmIra aura cIna Adi dezoM meM pAye jAte the| acche ratna svasthya, dIrghajIvana dhana aura gaurava pradAna karate haiM tathA sarpa, jaMgalI jAnavara, pAnI Aga bijalI ghAva aura roga mukta karate haiN| 347.ratnazekharasUri __ sirivAlakahA grantha ke anta meM kahA gayA hai ki isakA saMkalana vajrasena gaNadhara ke paTTaziSya evaM prabhu hematilakasUri ke ziSya ratnazekharasUri ne kiyaa| unake ziSya hemacandra sAdhu ne vi. saM. 1428 meM isako lipibaddha kiyaa| paTTAvali se jJAta hotA hai ki ratnazekharasUri tapAgaccha kI nAgapurIya zAkhA ke hematilaka ke ziSya the| ve sulatAna phirazeSajoha tugalaka ke samakAlIna the| ratnazekharasUri kA janma vi. saM. 1372 meM huA thA aura 1384 meM dIkSA tathA 1400 meM AcArya pd| inakA visda 'mithyAndhakAranabhomaNi' thaa| vi. saM. 1407 meM inhoMne phirazeSajoha tugalaka ko dharmopadeza diyA thaa| isakI anya racanAe~ : guNasthAnakramAroha, laghukSetrasamAsa, saMbohasattarI, guruguNazaTtriMzikA, chandaHkoza Adi milatI haiN| prAkRta ratnAkara 0299

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348. rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM ratnacUDarAjacarita meM nAyaka ratnacUDa kA sarvAMgINa jIvana carita varNita hai| uttarAdhyayana kI sukhabodhA nAmaka TIkA ke racayitA AcArya nemicandrasUri ne vi.saM. 1129-40 ke madhya isa gadya-padya mizrita caritakAvya kI racanA kI thii| mokSa puruSArtha ko uddezya banAkara isa grantha meM rAjA ratnacUDa evaM unakI patnI tilakasuMdarI ke dhArmika jIvana ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha kI kathAvastu tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| (1) ratnacUDa kA pUrvabhava (2) janma, hAthI ko vaza meM karane ke lie jAnA, tilakasuMdarI ke sAtha vivAha (3) ratnacUDa kA saparivAra mesAmana evaM dezavrata grahaNa krnaa| vastutaH isa caritakAvya meM nAyaka ratnacUDa kA carita uttarottara vikasita hotA huA dikhAyA hai| pUrvajanma kI ghaTanAoM kA prabhAva nAyaka ke vartamAna jIvana ko udAtta rUpa detA hai| grantha meM varNita vibhinna avAntara kathAe~ laukika evaM upadezAtmaka haiN| dhanapAla seTha kI kaTubhASiNI bhAryA IzvarI' kA dRSTAMta lokakathA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| rAjazrI, padmazrI, rAjahaMsI, surAnaMdA Adi ke pUrvabhavoM kI ghaTanAoM ke varNana dvArA dAna, zIla, tapa evaM bhAvadharma kI mahattA ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| kAvyAtmaka varNanoM meM nadI, parvata, vana, sarovara, saMdhyA, yuddha Adi ke varNana prazaMsanIya haiN| ise ratnacUDakathA yA tilakasundarI-ratnacUDakathAnaka bhI kahate haiN| __ pUrvajanma meM kaMcanapura ke bakula mAlI ne RSabhadeva bhagavAn ko puSpa car3hAne ke phalasvarUpa gajapura ke kamalasena nRpa ke putra ratnacUDa ke rUpa meM janma grahaNa kiyaa| yuvA hone para eka madonmatta hAthI kA damana kiyA kintu hAthI ke rUpadhArI vidyAdhara ne usakA apaharaNa kara jaMgala meM DAla diyaa| isake bAda vaha nAnA dezoM meM ghUmatA huA aneka anubhava prApta karatA hai, anekoM rAja kanyAoM se vivAha karatA hai aura anekoM Rddhi-vidyAe~ bhI siddha karatA hai| tatpazcAt patniyoM ke sAtha rAjadhAnI lauTakara bahuta kAla taka rAjyavaibhava bhogatA hai| phira dhArmika jIvana bitAkara svarga-prApti karatA hai| 349.rayaNasAra yaha AcArya kundakunda kI racanA hai| rayaNasAra meM 167 gAthAyeM haiN| yahA~ samyaktva ko ratnasAra kahA gayA hai| isa graMtha ke par3hane aura zravaNa se mokSa kI prApti batAI hai| eka ukti dekhiye300 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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viNao bhattivihINo mahilANaMroyaNaM vinnnnehN| cAgo veraggaviNA ededovAriyA bhnniyaa|| bhakti ke binA vinaya, sneha ke binA mahilAoM kA rodana aura vairAgya ke binA tyAga ye tInoM viDaMbanAyeM haiM / eka upamA dekhie makkhI silimme paDio muvai jahA taha pariggahe pddiuN| lohI mUDho khavaNo kaaykilesesuannnnaannii|| jaise zreSma meM lipaTI huI makkhI tatkAla hI mara jAtI hai, usI prakAra parigraha se yukta lobhI, mUr3ha aura ajJAnI muni kAyakleza kA hI bhAjana hotA hai| 350. rayaNaseharInivakahA (ratnazekharInRpakathA) ___ jayacandrasUri ke ziSya jinaharSagaNi prAkRta gadya-padyamaya isa prAkRta graMtha ke lekhaka haiM jo pandrahavIM zatAbdI ke anta meM hue haiM / isa grantha kI racanA cittaur3a meM huI hai| jinaharSagaNi ne vasupAlacaritra, samyaktvakaumudI tathA viMzatisthAnakacaritra Adi kI bhI racanA kI hai| ye saMskRta aura prAkRta ke bar3e paMDita aura anubhavI viddhAna jAna par3ate haiN| unhoMne bar3I sarasa aura praur3ha zailI meM isa kathA kI racanA kI hai| ratnazekharIkathA meM parva aura tithiyoM kA mAhAtmaya batAyA hai| gautama gaNadhara bhagavAna mahAvIra se paryoM ke phala ke saMbaMdha meM prayatna karate haiM aura usake uttara meM mahAvIra rAjA ratnazekhara aura ratnavatI kI kathA sunAte haiN| prAkRta aura saMskRta kI yahA~ aneka sUktiyA~ dI huI haiM - jA davve hoi maI, ahavA taruNIsu ruuvvntiisu| tA jai jiNavaradhamme, karayalamajjhaTThiA siddhI // -jitanI buddhi dhana meM athavA rUpavatI taNiyoM meM hotI hai, utanI yadi jina dharma ke pAlana meM lagAI jAye to siddhi hAtha meM AI huI smjhiye| vara kanyA ke saMyoga ke saMbaMdha meM ukti hai - katthavi varo na katrA katthavi kannA na suMdaro bhttaa| varakannA saMjogo aNusariso dullaho loe // -kabhI vara acchA mila jAtA hai, lekina kanyA acchI nahIM hotI, kabhI kanyA sundara hotI hai, lekina vara sundara nahIM milatA, vara aura kanyA kA eka dUsare ke anurUpa milanA isa loka meM durlabha hai| prAkRta ratnAkara 0301

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351.rambhAmaMjarI karpUramaMjarI ke pazcAt prAkRta saTTaka kI paramparA meM raMbhAmaMjarI kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isake racayitA muni nayacandra SaDbhASAvid kavi the| kavi nayacandra kA samaya lagabhaga 14vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArddha mAnA gayA hai| karpUramaMjarI ke AdhAra para likhe gaye isa saTTaka ko kavi ne karpUramaMjarI se adhika zreSTha mAnA hai| tIna javanikAoM vAle isa saTTaka meM vArANasI ke rAjA jaitracandra evaM lATadeza kI rAjakumArI raMbhAmaMjarI kI praNaya kathA varNita hai| yadyapi kavi nayacandra ne ise karpUramaMjarI se adhika zreSTha saTTaka batAyA hai, kintu zAstrIya dRSTi se isa saTTaka meM kucha kamiyA~ raha gaI haiN| tIna javanikAoM meM hI bharatavAkya ke binA acAnaka samApta hone ke kAraNa isakI kathAvastu adhUrI sI pratIta hotI hai| kathA kA aMta kaise huA yaha kautUhala anta taka banA rahatA hai| isakI kathAvastu bhI abhijAtya varga ke saMskAroM ke viruddha hI pratIta hotI hai| nAyaka ke jIvana meM maryAdA kA abhAva hai| sAta rAniyoM ke hote hue nAyaka raMbhAmaMjarI kA apaharaNa karA kara vivAha karatA hai| isa dRSTi se kathAvastu meM maulikatA to hai, kintu sarasatA kA abhAva hai| yaha saTTaka karpUramaMjarI ke AdhAra para hI likhA gayA hai| ataH nAyaka-nAyikA kA svabhAva, zRMgAra, prema, viraha, basaMtotsava Adi sabhI kucha karpUramaMjarI kI taraha hI varNita hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se saMskRta evaM prAkRta donoM bhASAoM kA prayoga huA hai| varNana-kauzala evaM chaMda-alaMkAroM kA cAruvinyAsa kavi ke pAMDitya ko darzAtA hai| 352. rAjazekhara kavi ___ karpUramaMjarI ke racayitA yAyAvaravaMzIya rAjazekhara kA samaya IsavI san 900 ke lagabhaga hai| karpUramaMjarI ke atirikta unhoMne bAlarAmAyaNa, bAlabhArata, viddhazAlabhaMjikA aura kAvyamImAMsA kI bhI racanA kI hai| rAjazekhara nATakakAra kI apekSa kavi adhika the| ukti vizeSa ko unhoMne kAvya kahA hai, bhale hI bhASA koI bhI ho| ve sarvabhASAcatura kahe jAte the| apanI bhASA para unheM pUrNa adhikAra hai| vasaMta, candrodaya, carcarI nRtya Adi ke varNana karpUramaMjarI meM bahuta sundara bana 302 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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par3e haiN| saTTakakAra rAjazekhara ne saMskRta ko chor3akara prAkRta meM apane graMtha kI racanA kI hai| hariuDDa, NandiuDDa, poTTisa aura hAla Adi pUrvavartI sukaviyoM kA ullekha karpUramaMjarI meM kiyA gayA hai| 353. rAmapANivAda uSAniruddha Adi kAvya granthoM ke racayitA rAmapANivAda malAvara pradeza kI nambiyam jAti ke the| inakA vyavasAya nATya pradarzana ke samaya muraja yA mRdaMga bajAnA thaa| yahI yathArthataH pANivAda nAmakI sArthakatA hai| isa prakAra kavi sAhitya aura nRtyakalA kI paramparA se suparicita thaa| kavi kA janma I. san 1707 ke lagabhaga dakSiNa malAvara ke eka grAma meM huA thaa| bAlyakAla meM usane apane pitA se hI zikSA prApta kI thii| inhoMne usa samaya ke eka prasiddha vidvAn nArAyaNabhaTTa se kAvya sAhitya kI zikSA prApta kii| prasiddha kavi hone ke bAda ye uttara malAvara ke kolatiri rAjA ke Azraya meM cale gye| yahA~ se calakara ye kramazaH rAjA vIrarAya, kocIna ke eka tAllukedAra muriyanAiDa cempaka kesarI ke rAjA devanArAyaNa, vIramArtaNDa varmA evaM kArtika tirUnAla Adi rAjAoM ke Azraya meM bhI rahe / inakI mRtyu I.san 1775 ke lagabhaga huI thii| kavi rAmapANivAda yAvajIvana brahmacArI rhaa| saMskRta prAkRta aura malayAlama ina tInoM bhASAoM meM usane samAna rUpa se racanAoM kA praNayana kiyA hai| saMskRta meM inake cAra nATaka, tIna kAvya aura pA~ca stotra grantha upalabdha haiM / inake do TIkA grantha bhI mile haiN| malayAlama meM inakI bahuta sI racanAe~ haiM, jinameM kRSNacarita zivapurANa paMcatantra evaM rUkmAMgada carita vikhyAta hai| ye prAkRta bhASA ke mahAna paNDita kavi haiN| inhoMne vararuci ke prAkRtaprakAza para prAkRtavRtti nAmaka TIkA bhI likhI hai| inake do khaNDa kAvya haiM- kaMsavaho aura uSAniruddha / 354. rAjapraznIyasUtra (rAyapaseNaiyaM) naMdIsUtra meM dvitIya upAMga grantha rAjapraznIya kA nAma 'rAyapaseNiya' milatA hai| isake do vibhAga haiN| prathama bhAga meM sUryAbha nAmaka deva kA varNana hai, jo bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAmane upasthita hokara nRtya evaM vibhinna prakAra ke nATakoM kI racanA karatA hai| dUsare bhAga meM sUryAbha ke pUrvajanma kA vRttAMta hai| sUryAbha kA jIva rAjA prAkRta ratnAkara 0303

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pradezI ke rUpa meM pArzvanAtha paramparA ke muni kezI ke sAtha jIva ke astitva evaM nAstitva ko lekara saMvAda karatA hai| munikezI isa durgama prazna kA yukti evaM saralatA se samAdhAna karate haiN| samAdhAna pAkara rAjA pradezI anta meM samyagadRSTi bana jAtA hai| rAjA pradezI evaM kezI kumAra zramaNa ke isa saMvAda dvArA 'jIva evaM zarIra eka hai', isa mata kA khaNDana kara 'jIva evaM zarIra bhinna hai', isa tathya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| isa Agama se pArzvanAtha kI paramparA se sambandhita aneka bAtoM kI jAnakArI to prApta hotI hI hai, sAtha hI sthApatya, saMgIta, vAstu, nRtya evaM nATya kalA sambandhI aneka tathyoM para bhI prakAza par3atA hai| isa upAMga kI gaNanA ardhamAgadhI ke prAcIna AgamoM meM kI jAtI hai| isameM do bhAga haiM aura kula sUtra 217 haiN| isameM rAjA paesI pradezI dvArA kie gaye praznoM kA kezI muni dvArA samAdhAna prastuta kiyA gayA hai| vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki isa grantha kA yathArtha nAyaka kauzala kA itihAsa prasiddha rAjA prasenajit hI rahA hai, bAda meM usake sthAna para pradezI kara diyA hai| isake prathama bhAga meM to sUryAbhadeva kA varNana hai aura dUsare bhAga meM isa deva ke pUrvajanmoM kA vRttAnta hai| sUryAbha kA jIva rAjA pradezI ke rUpa meM pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke muni kezI se milA thaa| usane AtmA kI sattA ke sambandha meM aneka prazna kiye the| anta meM kezI muni ke upadeza se yaha samyamdRSTi banA thaa| samyaktva ke prabhAva se vaha sUryAbhadeva huaa| isa upAMga kI nimna vizeSatAe~ haiM1. sthApatya, saMgIta aura nATyakalA kI dRSTi se aneka tatvoM kA samAveza hai| battIsa prakAra ke nATakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| sUryAbhadeva ne mahAvIra ko 32 prakAra ke nATaka dikhalAye the| 2. lekhana sambandhI sAmagrI kA nirdeza kiyA hai| 3. sAma, dAma aura daNDanIti ke aneka siddhAntoM kA samAveza vartamAna hai| 4. bahattara kalAoM, cAra pariSadoM evaM kalAcArya, zilpAcArya aura dharmAcArya kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| 5. sAhityika dRSTi se kezI aura rAjA pradezI ke madhya sampanna huA saMvAda hai| 3040 prAkRta ratnAkara

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6. pArzvanAtha kI paramparA sambandhI aneka bAtoM kI jAnakArI upalabdha hai / 7. muni kezI ne jIva kI anivArya gati ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie banda kamare ke bhItara AvAjAha karane para bhI usake bAhara nikalane kA udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai| yahI udAharaNa haribhadrasUri kI samarAiccakahA ke tIsare bhava meM piMgala aura vijayasiMha ke vAda-vivAda meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| udAharaNa donoM hI sthAnoM meM samAna rUpa se AyA hai| 8. kAvya aura kathAoM ke vikAsa ke liye vArtAlApa aura saMvAdoM 41 Adarza yahA~ prastuta hai| isI prakAra ke saMvAda kAvya kA aMga banate haiN| isa upAMga meM aneka vAdyoM kA ullekha prApta hai - 355. riTThasamuccaya (durgadeva ) durgadeva ne riTThasamuccaya ko zakuna aura zubhAzubha nimittoM ke saMkalana rUpa meM racA hai / lekhaka ne riTThoM-riSToM ke piNDastha, padastha aura rUpastha nAmaka tIna bheda . kiye haiN| prathama zreNI meM aMguliyoM kA TUTanA, netrajyoti kI hInatA, rasajJAnakI nyUnatA, netroM se lagAtAra jala pravAha evaM apanI jihvA ko na dekha sakanA Adi ko parigaNita kiyA hai| dvitIya zreNI meM sUrya aura candramA kA aneka rUpoM meM darzana, prajvalita dIpaka ko zItala anubhava karanA, candramA ko tribhaMgI rUpa meM dekhanA, candralAMchana kA darzana na honA ityAdi ko liyA hai| tRtIya meM nijacchAyA, paracchAyA tathA chAyA puruSa kA varNana hai aura Age jAkara chAyA kA aMgavihIna darzana viSayoM para tathA chAyA kA sachidra aura TUTe-phUTe rUpa meM darzana para anekoM mata diye haiM / isake anantara granthakartA ne svapnoM kA kathana kiyA hai jinheM usane devendra kathita tathA sahaja ina do rUpoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| ariSThoM kI svAbhAvika abhivyakti karate hue praznAriSTa ke ATha bheda - aMguli prazna, alaktaprazna, gorocanAprazna, praznAkSaraprazna, AliMgita, dagdha jvalita aura zAnta, evaM zakuna prazna batAye haiN| praznAkSarASTikA artha batalAte hue likhA hai ki mantroccAraNa ke anantara pRcchaka se prazna karAke praznavAkya ke akSaroM kA dUnA aura mAtrAoM ko caugunA kara yogaphala meM sAta se bhAga denA caahie| yadi zeSa kucha na rahe to rogI prAkRta ratnAkara 305

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kI mRtyu aura zeSa rahane se rogI kA caMgA honA phala jAnanA caahie| saMkSepa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa grantha meM AcArya ne bAhya aura Antarika zakunoM dvArA AnevAlI mRtyu kA nizcaya kiyA hai / grantha kA viSaya rucikara hai / isa graMtha meM 1. piMDastha, 2. padastha aura 3. rUpastha- ye tIna prakAra ke riSTa batAe gae haiN| jinameM uMgaliyA~ TUTatI mAlUma par3e, netra stabdha ho jAyeM, zarIra vivarNa bana jAya, netroM se satata jala bahA kare aisI kriyAe~ piNDasthariSTa mAnI jAtI haiN| jinameM candra sUrya vividha rUpoM dikhAI deM, dIpaka - zikhA aneka rUpoM meM najara Ae, dina kA rAtri ke samAna aura rAtri kA dina ke samAna AbhAsa ho aisI kriyAe~ padasthariSTa kahI gaI haiN| jisameM apanI khuda kI chAyA dikhAI na par3e vaha kriyA rUpasthariSTa mAnI gaI hai| isake bAda svapna viSayaka varNana hai| svapna ke eka devendrakathita aura dUsarA sahaja- ye do prakAra mAne gaye haiN| durgadeva ne maraNakaMDikA kA pramANa dete hue isa prakAra kahA hai : nahu suNaI sataNusa dIvayagaMdhaM ca Neva giNheDa / jo jiyai sattadihe iya kaaiM maraNakaMDIe // 139 // arthAt jo apane zarIra kA zabda nahIM sunatA aura jise dIpaka kI gandha nahIM AtI vaha sAta dina taka jItA hai, aisA maraNakaMDI, meM kahA gayA hai| 3. gorocanA prazna, praznAriSTa ke 1. aMgulI prazna, 2. alaktaka - prazna, 4. praznAkSara prazna 5. zakunaprazna, 6. akSaraprazna, 7. horAprazna aura 8. jJAnaprazna - ye ATha bheda batAte hue inakA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| 356. risabhadevacariyaM prathama tIrthaMkara para risabhadevacariya nAma se 323 gAthAoM kI eka racanA aura milatI hai jisakA dUsarA nAma dharmopadezazataka bhI hai| isake raciyatA bhuvanatuMgasUri haiM / 357. risIdattAcariyaM (RSidattAcaritra ) isameM RSi avasthA meM hariSeNa prItimatI se utpanna putrI RSidattA aura rAjakumAra kanakaratha kA kautukatApUrNa caritra varNita hai| kanakaratha eka anya rAjakumArI rukmaNI se vivAha karane jAtA hai para mArga meM eka vana meM RSidattA se 306 prAkRta ratnAkara

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vivAhakara lauTa AtA hai| rukmaNI RSidattA ko eka yoginI ke dvArA rAkSasI ke rUpa meM kalaMkita karatI hai| use phA~sI kI bhI sajA hotI hai| para RSidattA apane zIla ke prabhAva se saba vipattiyoM ko pAra kara jAtI hai aura apane priya se samAgama karatI hai| isa AkarSaka kathAnaka ko lekara saMskRta, prAkRta meM kaI kathAkAvya upalabdha hote haiN| isa kathA para sabase prAcIna racanA prAkRta meM hai jo parimANa meM 1550 granthAgra hai| isakI racanA nAilakula ke guNapAla muni ne kI hai / lekhaka kI anya racanA jambUcariyaM bhI milatI hai| isidattAcariya ( RSidattAcaritra) kI prati saM. 1264 yA 1288 kI milatI hai| isase yaha ukta kAla ke pUrva kI racanA guNapAla muni kA samaya bhI 9 - 10 vIM zatAbdI ke bIca anumAna kiyA gayA hai / 358. laggasuddhi (lagnazuddhi) suddhi nAmaka graMtha ke kartA yAkinI - mahatarAsunu haribhadrasUri mAne jAte haiM / parantu yaha saMdigdha mAlUma hotA hai| yaha lagnakuNDalikA nAma se prasiddha hai| prAkRta kI kula 133 gAthAoM meM gocarazuddhi, pratidvAradazaka, mAsa, vAra, tithi, nakSatra, yogazuddhi, sugaNadina, rajachannadvAra, saMkrAMti, karkayoga, vAra, nakSatra, azubhayoga, sugaNArkSaradvAra, horA, navAMza, dvAdazAMza, SaDvargazudvi, udayAstazuddhi ityAdi viSayoM para carcA kI gaI hai / 359. labdhisAra isake lekhaka AcArya nemicandra haiN| Atmazuddhi ke lie pA~ca prakAra labdhiyA~ Avazyaka haiN| ina pA~ca labdhiyoM meM karaNa labdhi pradhAna hai, isa labdhi ke prApta hone para mithyAtva se chUTakara samyaktva kI prApti ho jAtI hai| ina grantha meM tIna adhikAra haiM- (1) darzana - labdhi ( 2 ) caritra labdhi (3) kSAyika cAritra / ina tInoM adhikAroM meM AtmA kI zuddhi rUpa labdhiyoM ko prApta karane kI vidhi para prakAza DAlA hai / 360. lIlAvaIkahA prAkRta kA pratyeka mahAkAvya kisI viziSTa svarUpa kA paricAyaka hai / vimalasUri dvArA racita paumacariyaM paurANika mahAkAvya hai to pravarasenakRta prAkRta ratnAkara 307

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setubandha zAstrIya mahAkAvya / vAkpatirAjakRta gauDavaho prazasti mahAkAvya kI meM AtA hai to prastuta kautuhala praNIta lIlAvaIkahA romANTika mahAkAvya athavA kathAmahAkAvya kI zreNI kA pratinidhitva karatA hai / premakathA kI AdhArazilA para mahAkAvyocita zailI aura vizeSatAoM se ise kavi ne alaMkRta kiyA hai| isa sambandha meM DaoN. nemicanda zAstrI kA yaha kathana saTIka pratIta hotA hai alaMkRti, vastu vyApAra varNana, prema kI gambhIratA aura vijaya kI mahattA sthApita karane kA mahAuddezya, rasoM aura bhAva saundarya kI abhivyakti udAttazailI evaM mahAkAvyocita garimA aise tatva haiM, jisake kAraNa ise mahAkAvya mAnanA tarka saMgata hai hindI ke premAkhyAnaka kAvyoM kI zailI kA vikAsa prAkRta ke isI koTi ke kAvyoM se huA hai / lIlAvaIkahA meM pratiSThAna ke rAjA sAtavAhana aura siMhala deza kI rAjakumArI lIlAvatI kI premakathA varNita hai / nAyikA ke nAma para hI grantha kA nAma lIlAvaIkahA rakhA gayA hai| isa kAvya meM kula 1800 prAkRta gAthAe~ haiM, jo anuSTupa chanda ke nAma se jAnI jAtI haiM / isa grantha kA sampAdana DaoN. e. ena.. upAdhye ne kiyA hai| isa kAvya para lIlAvatI kathA - vRtti nAmaka eka saMskRta TIkA bhI kisI ajJAta TIkAkAra dvArA likhI gayI hai / ye TIkAkAra zvetAmbara jaina, gujarAta nivAsI evaM lagabhaga 12-14 vIM zatAbdI ke the / 361. loka vibhAga tiloyapaNatti ke karttA yativRSabha ne loka vibhAga kA aneka jagaha ullekha kiyA hai, lekina yaha graMtha kaba aura kisake dvArA racA gayA isakA kucha patA nahIM lagatA / siMhasUra ke saMskRta lokavibhAga ke anta meM dI gaI prazasti se jJAta hotA hai ki sarvanandi ke prAkRta grantha kI bhASA kA parivartana karake siMhasUri ne apane saMskRta loka vibhAga kI racanA kii| isa grantha IsavI san kI chaThI zatAbdI se pUrva hone kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| 362. vajjAlaggaM vajjAlagga vibhinna kaviyoM dvArA racita prAkRta subhASitoM kA saMgraha grantha hai / vajjAlagga ke saMkalana karttA mahAkavi jayavallabha haiN| isa muktakakAvya kA 308 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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vajjAlagga nAma eka viziSTa artha kA dyotaka hai / 'vajjA' eka dezI zabda hai, jisakA artha hai adhikAra yA prastAva tathA 'lagga' kA artha samUha hai| isa dRSTi se isa muktakakAvya meM eka viSaya se sambandhita gAthAoM ke samUha kA saMkalana eka 'vajjA' ke antargata kiyA gayA hai| pUre kAvya meM 995 gAthAe~ saMkalita haiM, jo 95 vajjAoM meM vibhakta haiM / kavi jayavallabha ke anusAra nAnA kaviyoM dvArA viracita zreSTha gAthAoM kA saMkalana kara unhoMne isa kAvya kI racanA kI hai / vividha subhASitoM kA saMkalana karane vAlA yaha kAvya-grantha kaI arthoM meM prAkRta muktaka kAvya gAthAsaptazatI kI apekSA adhika zreSTha hai / gAthAsaptazatI meM zRMgAra evaM saundarya citraNa se sambandhita gAthAoM kA samAveza adhika hai| lekina vajjalagga meM kavi jayavallabha ne vyaktigata hitoM se Upara uThakara sAmAjika hitoM para adhika bala diyA hai| unhoMne mAnavatA ke prakAza meM vividha jIvana mUlyoM ko isameM pratiSThApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / zRMgAra ke sAtha-sAtha satpreraNA dene vAle paropakAra, mitratA, sAhasa, prema, sneha, dhairya, udAratA, kRtajJatA, vinaya, kSamA jaise naitika mUlyoM se sambandhita muktakoM kA samAveza kara kavi ne mAnava mAtra ke kalyANa kA patha-pradarzita kiyA hai| yathA - upakAra evaM kRtajJatA ko pratiSThApita karane vAlI yaha gAthA dRSTavya hai - ve purisA dharai dharA ahavA dohiM pi dhAriyA dharaNI / ... uvayAre jassa maI uvayariaM jo na pamhusai // (gA. 45 ) arthAt - yaha pRthvI do puruSoM ko hI dhAraNa karatI hai, athavA do puruSoM dvArA hI yaha pRthvI dhAraNa kI gaI hai| (pahalA) jisakI upakAra meM mati hai, tathA (dUsarA) jo kisI ke dvArA kiye gaye upakAra ko nahIM bhUlatA hai| vastutaH kavi jayavallabha ne vajjAlagga meM ina naitika mUlyoM kI sthApanA kara acche evaM bure jIvana ko bahuta hI sahaja evaM sarala DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai| svastha samAja ke nirmANa meM Adarza nArI kI ahama bhUmikA hotI hai| isa bAta kA bhI kavi ko pUrNa AbhAsa thA / nArI ke garimAmaya ujjavala caritra kI kavi ne bar3I hI mArmika prastuti kI hai / yathA - prAkRta ratnAkara 309

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patte piyapAhuNae maMgalavalayAi vikkiNantIe / duggayaghariNI kulabAliyAe rovAvio gAmo // ... (gA. 458) arthAt - kisI priya atithi ke A jAne para kula kI pratiSThA kI rakSA ke lie apane vivAha kA maMgala kaMkaNa becatI huI garIba gRhiNI dvArA sArA gA~va hI rulA diyA gayA / uparyukta gAthA meM nArI ke Adarza rUpa kI prastuti ke sAtha daridratA evaM vivazatA kA bhI hRdayasparzI citra aMkita huA hai| prakRti citraNa se sambandhita vividha gAthAoM kA saMkalana bhI isa muktakakAvya meM huA hai / cha: RtuoM kA naisargika citraNa hai| spaSTa hai ki vajjAlagga jIvana ke vividha AyAmoM kA sazakta prastutIkaraNa karane vAlA kAvya hai| isameM AdarzavAdI kAvyoM se Upara uThakara kavi ne samAja kA yathArtha citraNa karate hue mAnavIya mUlyoM kI svAbhAvika pratiSThA kI hai| 363. vaTTakera AcArya zaurasenI prAkRta ke prAcIna AcAryoM meM mUlAcAra ke racayitA vaTTakera kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| prArambha meM AcArya kundakunda kA grantha hI mUlAcAra mAna liyA gayA thA, kyoMki vaTTakera ko unakA upanAma anumAnita kiyA gayA thA kintu aba vidvAnoM ne gahana adhyayana ke bAda yaha spaSTa kara diyA hai ki vaTTakera svataMtra AcArya hue haiN| vaTTakera kA samaya AcArya kundakunda ke uttaravartI svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai / ataH vaTTakera prathama zatAbdI ke bAda ke prAkRta AcArya the| inakA grantha mUlAcAra muniyoM ke AcAra kA pramukha grantha hai| isameM kula 1252 gAthAe~ haiN| bhASA aura zailI kI dRSTi se zaurasenI prAkRta kI yaha prAcIna racanA hai| zramaNAcAra kA grantha hone ke kAraNa isameM aneka gAthAe~ digambara aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke sAhitya meM pracalita milatI haiN| jaina AcAra darzana ke lie mUlAcAra eka AdhArabhUta grantha hai / vikrama kI 11-12vIM zatI ke AcArya vasunandi ne apanI AcAravRtti meM aneka sthAnoM para mUlAcAra ke kartA ke rUpa meM vaTTakera kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| mUlAcAravRtti ke prArambha ke isa kathana kA Azaya yaha hai ki bala, buddhi aura 310 prAkRta ratnAkara

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Ayu meM alpa ziSyajanoM ke lie vaTTakerAcArya ne aTThAraha hajAra pada pramANa AcArAMga ko saMkSipta karake mUlAcAra ko bAraha adhikAroM meM prastuta kiyA hai| apanI vRtti ke anta meM bhI vaTTakera ko hI isakA kartA ullekha kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, vasunandi ne mUlAcAra ke sAtaveM se antima adhikAra taka ke sabhI adhikAroM ke anta meM mUlAcAra ko AcAryavarya vaTTakerakRta hone kA ullekha kiyA hai| mUlAcAra ke dvitIya bhAga ke anta meM diye gaye paMdR medhAvi kavi dvArA likhita prazasti pATha meM bhI ise vaTTakerAcAryakRta kahA gayA hai| AdaraNIya paM. nAthUrAma premI ne mUlAcAra ke kartA vaTTakeri nAmaka lekha meM ise vaTTakerAcAryakRta mAnate hue likhA hai dakSiNa bhArata meM gA~voM ke nAma vyakti ke nAma se pahale likhane kI paddhati bahuta samaya se hai| jaise sarvapallI DaoN. rAdhAkRSNanayahA~ sarvapallI zabda unake gA~va kA hI sUcaka hai| koNDakuNDa' gA~va ke rahane vAle AcArya kundakunda tathA tumbulUra grAma ke rahane ke kAraNa tumbalUrAcArya kahalAye, vaise hI mUlAcAra ke kartA vaTuMgerI yA veTTekerI grAma ke hI rahane vAle hoMge ataH vaTTakeri kahalAne lge| vaTTakeri nAma unake gA~va kA bodhaka honA caahie| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ne mUlAcAra ko vaTTakerAcArya kI racanA batalAte hue likhA hai mUlAcAra kA adhyayana karane se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki vaTTakera eka svatantra AcArya haiM aura ye kundakundAcArya se bhinna haiN| __DaoN. hIrAlAla jI ne vaTTakera ko kundakunda se bhinna svIkAra karate hue likhA hai- vaTTakera svAmIkRta mUlAcAra ko kahIM-kahIM kundakundAcAryakRta bhI kahA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha bAta siddha nahIM hotI, tathApi usase isa grantha ke prati samAja kA mahAn AdarabhAva prakaTa hotA hai| mUlAcAra na to kundakundAcArya kI kRti hI siddha hotA hai aura na saMgraha grantha, apitu yaha vaTTakerAcArya kI eka maulika evaM prAcIna kRti hai| hA~, vaTTakera yaha nAma kevala unake janmabhUmi vAle nagara kA sUcaka hone se dakSiNa kI paramparAnusAra hI nAma ke rUpa meM prasiddha ho gayA aura bAkI nAma Aja bhI vismRta hai| mUlAcAra eka maulika, prAcIna aura prAmANika graMtha hai jo ki digambara paramparA meM AcArAMga sUtra ke rUpa meM mAnya hai| zramaNa evaM zrAvaka samAja meM yaha graMtha prAkRta ratnAkara 0311

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sadA hI atyanta pUjya mAnA jAtA rahA hai| mUlAcAra ke adhyayana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki pAMcaveM zrutakevalI A. bhadrabAhu ke samaya jo durbhikSa par3A thA, usake prabhAva se sAdhuoM ke AcAra-vicAra meM jo zithilatA AyI, use dekhakara hI mAno A. vaTTakera ne zramaNoM ko apane AcAra-vicAra evaM vyavahAra Adi kI vizuddhatA kA samaya evaM vyavasthita jJAna karAne hetu bAraha aMga-granthoM meM apane sAmane upasthita prathama aMga grantharUpa mUla AcArAMga kA uddhArakara prastuta grantha kI racanA kI hai| jaisA ki AcArya vasunandi ne bhI isakI AcAravRtti tathA AcArya sakalakIrti ne mUlAcAra pradIpa nAmaka grantha ke prArambhika maMgalAcaraNa kI bhUmikA meM bhI sUcita kiyA hai| AcArya vIrasena racita SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM bhI mUlAcAra ko AcArAMga nAma se ullikhita kiyA hI hai| isI kAraNa isa grantha kA nAma mUlAcAra par3A aura tadAnusAra zramaNasaMgha kA pravartana karAne se unake saMgha kA nAma bhI mUlasaMgha pracalita jJAta hotA hai| mUlAcAra apane viSaya kA eka apratima grantha hai| isake racayitA ko vasunandi ne AcAryavarya kahA hai| vartamAna meM inakI yahI eka mAtra kRti upalabdha hai| para mUlAcAra ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki sArasamaya nAmaka grantha bhI inakI anya kRti bhI ho sakatI hai| jisakA mUlAcAra meM bhI inhoMne ullekha kiyA hai| para yaha abhI taka anupalabdha hai| mUlAcAra ke atirikta sArasamaya grantha kA ullekha anyatra nahIM pAyA jAtA isase pratIta hotA hai ki sArasamaya grantha bhI AcArya vaTTakera kI racanA ho sakatI hai, jisameM unhoMne kahA hai ki puvvasArasamae bhaNidA dugadIgadI mayA kiMciM - arthAt isI prakAra kA gati-agati kA kucha varNana mere (vaTTakera ke dvArA) sArasamaya nAmaka grantha meM kiyA gayA hai| isa taraha AcArya vaTTakera ne isI viSaya ke kathana kA saMketa apane sArasamaya nAmaka grantha meM karake usakA mUlAcAra meM ullekha kiyaa| DaoN. phUlacandra jaina ne apane zodha kA yaha niSkarSa diyA hai ki mUlAcAra ke gahana adhyayana se AcArya vaTTakera kA bahuzruta vyaktitva pratibhAsampanna evaM utkRSTa cAritradhArI AcArya ke rUpa meM hamAre samakSa upasthita hotA hai| grantha kA adhyayana karate-karate aisA pratIta hotA hai ki AcArya vaTTakera mUlasaMgha kI 312 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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paramparAoM ke poSaka eka mahAn digambara AcArya the jinhoMne apane apUrva saMyamI aura dIrgha tapasvI jIvana kI sampUrNa anubhUtiyoM kA yatra-tatra sacitra citraNa kiyA hai| inake nAma Adi ke AdhAra para yaha siddha hotA hai ki ye dakSiNa bhArata (vaTTakerI sthAna) ke nivAsI the| mUlAcAra nAma se bhI siddha hotA hai ki ye digambara paramparA ke mUlasaMgha meM mahAn evaM pramukha AcArya the| isa saMgha ke prathama AcArya kundakunda aura inake bAda AcArya vaTTakera hue| isI mUlasaMgha ke zramaNoM ke AcArya kA pratipAdaka hone se isa grantha kA nAma mUlAcAra aura unake saMgha kA nAma mUlasaMgha pracalita huaa| mUlAcAra apanI viSaya-vastu aura bhASA Adi kI dRSTi se tRtIya zatI ke AsapAsa kA siddha hotA hai| ataH AcArya vaTTakera kA samaya bhI yahI mAnA jA sakatA hai| inhoMne mUlAcAra kA praNayana eka nizcita rUparekhA ko dRSTi meM rakha kara kiyaa| isa eka kRti ne hI unheM amara banA diyA kyoMki saikar3oM, hajAroM varSoM se Aja taka samasta zramaNoM ko yaha grantha dIpaka kA kArya karatA A rahA hai| 364. vardhamAnadezanA - vardhamAnadezanA nAmaka grantha ke racayitA sAdhuvijayagaNi ke ziSya zubhavardhanagaNi haiM / vikrama saMvat 1552 (IsavIM san 1495) meM inhoMne isa graMtha kI racanA kii| prAkRta padyoM meM likhA huA yaha graMtha upAsakadazA nAma ke sAtaveM aMga meM se uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| isake prathama vibhAga meM tIna ullAsa haiN| yahA~ vividha kathAoM dvArA mahAvIra ke dharmopadeza kA pratipAdana hai| udAharaNa ke liye, samyaktva kA pratipAdana karane ke lie haribala, haMsanRpa, lakSmIpuMja, madirAvatI, dhanasAra, haMsakezana, cArudatta, dharmanRpa, surasena, mahAsena, kezari cora, sumitra maMtrI, raNazara napa ozra jinadatta vyApArI kI kathAoM kA varNana hai| dasare ullAsa meM kAmadeva zrAvaka Adi aura tIsare ullAsa meM culanI pitA zrAvaka Adi kI kathAyeM kahI gaI haiN| 365.vasantarAja,ema.DI. prophesara ema.DI. vasantarAja kannar3a, prAkRta evaM jainavidyA ke samarpita zikSaka rahe haiN| Apane karnATaka meM prAkRta evaM jainavidyA ke pracAra-prasAra meM mahanIya sevAe~ prAkRta ratnAkara 0313

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dI hai| ApakA janma 15 akTUbara 1926 ko karnATaka ke maNDayA jile ke murukanahallI gAMva meM huA thaa| Apake pitA paNDita dharmarAja zravaNabelagolA ke pujArI the| svAmI nemisAgara varNI jI ne pro. vasantarAja kI zikSA Adi meM vizeSa sahayoga kiyA thaa| Apane baiMgalora evaM maisUra meM apanI zikSA bar3I kaThinAI se pUrI kii| saMskRta meM ema.e. karane ke bAda pro. vasantarAja 1960 meM lekcara ke rUpa meM niyukta hue| 1971 meM maisUra vizvavidyAlaya meM jaba jainAlAjI evaM prAkRta vibhAga kI sthApanA huI taba vibhAga ke saMsthApaka adhyakSa pro. e. ena. upAdhye ke samparka meM pro. vasantarAja aaye| 1971 se ve vibhAga meM sarTiphikeTa evaM DiplomA kakSAoM kA zikSaNa karane lge| pro vasantarAja ne pro. e. ena. upAdhye ke nirdezana meM trivikrama ke prAkRta grAma para pIeca.DI. ke lie zodhakArya prArambha kiyA, jo 1979 meM pro. TI. jI. kalaghaTagI ke nirdezana meM pUrA huaa| taba Apa prAkRta vibhAga meM rIDara ke rUpa meM niyukta hue| Apake prayatnoM se 1980 se vibhAga meM ema.e. prAkRta evaM jainAlAjI kA pAThyakrama prArambha ho gyaa| san 1983 meM pro. vasantarAja vibhAga meM prophesara ke rUpa meM niyukta hue aura 1986 meM Apa vahA~ se sevA nivRtta hue| 1988 I. se 1992 taka pro. vasantarAja ne madrAsa yUnivarsiTI ke jainAlAjI vibhAga meM vibhAgAdhyakSa ke rUpa meM kArya kiyaa| isa bIca pro. vasantarAja ne dezavideza ke kaI vidvAnoM ko zodha ke kSetra meM mArgadarzana kiyaa| ApakI 75 varSa kI Ayu pUrNa hone para pro. jayandra sonI jarmanI ne "vasantagauravam" nAmaka abhinandana grantha bhI samarpita kiyA hai| pro. vasantarAja prAkRta paramparA aura jaina itihAsa ke prakANDa vidvAn the| ApakI pustakoM meM zrutAvatAra, sanmatizrI vihAra, bArasaanuvekkhA, digambara jaina Agama kRtigalabhAse, jainAgama itihAsadIpike Adi pramukha haiN| pro. vasantarAja aneka puraskAroM se sammAnita hue haiN| yathA- prAkRta jJAnabhAratI avArDa (1990), AcArya vidyAmanda puraskAra (1997), AcAryaratna bAhubalI kannar3a sAhitya avArDa aadi| 366. vasudevahiMDi prAkRta ke prAcIna kathA grantha vasudevahiMDi meM kRSNa ke pitA vasudeva ke bhramaNa (hiMDi) kA vRtAnta hai isalie ise vasudevacarita bhI kahA gayA hai| AgamabAhya 3140 prAkRta ratnAkara

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granthoM meM yaha kRti kathA sAhitya meM prAcInatama ginI jAtI hai| vasudeva ke Atma vRtAnta kI kathA guNADhya kI baDDakahA (vRhatkathA) ke nAmaka naravAhanadatta ke anukaraNa para likhI huI jAna par3atI hai| isake kartA saMghadAsagaNi vAcaka haiM jo vRhatkalpabhASya ke kartA saMghadAsagaNi kSamAzramaNa se bhinna haiM / durbhAgya se inake saMbaMdha meM thor3I bhI jAnakArI nahIM miltii| itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye apane viSaya ke sammAnita viddhAn the aura kathA varNana kI zailI meM niSNAta the| graMtha ke AraMbha meM apanI racanA ko graMthakAra ne guru paraMparAgata saMgraha racanA kahA hai tathA prathamAnuyoga meM varNita tIrthaMkara, cakravartI aura dazAravaMza ke rAjAoM ke carita ke anusAra sudharmA svAmI ne yaha carita apane ziSya jaMbU ko upadezita kiyA hai| 1 prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya ke vikAsa ke adhyayana ke liye vasudevahiMDi eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa racanA hai / ardhamAgadhI se kisa prakAra prAcIna jaina mahArASTrI vikasita ho rahI thI, usake adhyayana ke liye yaha racanA mahattvapUrNa kar3I hai / isake atirikta, paizAcI meM likhI huI anupalabdha guNADhya kI bRhatkathA kA yaha eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa jaina rUpAntara hai / isameM yatra-tatra sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika sAmagrI bikharI par3I hai| zvetAmbara jaina viddhAnoM meM yaha racanA lokapriya rahI hai / jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne apanI vizeSaNavatI (racanA IsavI san 610) meM vasudevacariyaM kA ullekha kiyA hai / jinadAsagaNi mahattara ne AvazyakacUrNI (600-650) meM vasudevahiMDi kA ullekha karate hue RSabhacarita (1,164), prasannacandra aura valkacIrI ( 1,460 a ) aura malayagiri ne Avazyaka sUtravRtti (218) meM vasudevahiMDi kA ullekha kiyA hai| dharmasenagaNi mahattara (7 vIM - 8vIM zatAbdI) ne apane majjhimakhaMDa (jise vasudevahiMDi kA dvitIyakhaMDa bhI kahA gayA hai) ke AraMbha meM kahA hai ki unhoMne saMghadAsagaNi vAcaka kI 29 laMbha vAlI vasudevahiMDi kI apUrNa racanA ko zeSa 71 laMbhoM kI racanA kara use pUrNa kiyA hai| isase vidita hotA hai ki dharmadAsa gaNi mahattara isa racanA se bhalIbhA~ti paricita the / vasudevahiMDi mukhyatayA gadyAtmaka samAsAMta padAvali meM likhI gaI eka viziSTa racanA hai| bIca-bIca meM padya bhI A jAte haiM, kahIM gadya-padya mizrita bhI ho prAkRta ratnAkara 0315

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gaye haiN| bhASA sarala, svAbhAvika aura prasAdaguNasaMpanna hai, saMvAda custa haiN| bhASA prAcIna mahArASTrI prAkRta hai| kitane hI prayoga bar3e vilakSaNa haiM jinakA vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se mUla nahIM baiThatA aura jinakA prAkRta ke vikAsa ke prAcInatama stara se saMbaMdha hai| isa grantha meM 29 laMbha haiM jo 11.000 zlokapramANa haiN| yaha grantha cha: adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai kahappatti (kathA kI utpatti), peDhiyA (pIThikA) muha (mukha), paDimuha (pratimukha), sarIra (zarIra) aura uvasaMhAra (upsNhaar)| kathotpatti (2-26) meM dharma prApti kI durlabhatA, indriyaviSayoM meM Asakti, madhubindudRSTAMta, jaMbU aura prabhava kA saMvAda kuberadatta evaM kuberadattA kA AkhyAna, mahezvaradatta kI kathA, prasannacandra valkacIrI kA AkhyAna, brAhmaNa dAraka kI kathA, aNADhiya deva kI utpatti aura vasudevacaritta Adi kI kathAyeM haiN| tatpazcAt dhammillahiMDi (27-76) kA varNana hai| ukta chaha adhikAroM meM isa adhikAra kA ullekha nahIM hai| jAna par3atA hai ki isa adhikAra kA samAveza bAda meM kara liyA gayA hai| 367. vasudevahiNDIsAra___ yaha vizAla kathAgrantha vasudevahiNDI kA saMkSipta sAra hai jo 250 lokapramANa prAkRta -gadya meM likhA gayA hai| isa vasudevahiNDIsAra ke kartA kauna hai, unhoMne kyoM aura kisalie sAroddhAra kiyA hai ? yaha nizcita nahIM ho skaa| kevala grantha ke anta meM likhA hai ki iha saMkhepeNa siriguNanihANasUrINaM kae kahA kahiyA' arthAt zrIguNanidhAnasUri ke lie saMkSepa meM kathA kahI gaI hai| para kisane kahI hai yaha jJAta na ho skaa| isake sampAdaka paM. vIracandra ke anusAra yaha grantha tIna-cAra sau varSa se adhika prAcIna nahIM hai| ise 'vasudevahiNDIAlApaka' bhI kahA jAtA hai para granthAnta meM 'vasudevahiNDI kahAsamattA' likhA hai isase isakA 'vasudevahiNDIsAra' nAma ThIka hai| 368. vasunandizrAvakAcAra(athavA upAsakAdhyayana) vasunandizrAvakAcAra ke kartA AcArya vasunandi haiM jinakA samaya vi.saM. kI 12vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha mAnA jAtA hai| isa grantha kI kucha gAthAyeM bhAvasaMgraha kI gAthAoM se samAnatA rakhatI haiN| paNDita AzAdhara jI ne sAgAradharmAmRta kI TIkA 3160 prAkRta ratnAkara

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meM vasunandi kA ullekha bar3e AdarapUrvaka karate hue unake zrAvakAcAra kI gAthAoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| isameM kula milAkara 546 gAthAyeM haiM, jinameM zrAvakoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai| Arambha meM samyagdarzana kA svarUpa pratipAdana karate hue jIvoM ke bheda-prabheda batAye gaye haiN| ajIva ke varNana meM skandha, deza, pradeza aura paramANuoM ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana hai / dyUta, madya, mAMsa, vezyA, zikAra, corI aura paradArA-sevana nAma ke sAta vyasanoM kA prarUpaNa hai| vratapratimA ke antargata 12 vratoM kA nirdeza hai| dAna ke phala kA vistRta varNana hai| 369. vRSNidasA (vaNhidasA) ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM vRSNidazA aMtima upAMga hai| prastuta upAMga meM bAraha adhyayana haiN| inameM vRSNivaMza ke baladeva ke niSadhakumAra Adi 12 putroM kA bhagavAn neminAtha ke pAsa dIkSita hone evaM sAdhanA karake sarvArthasiddhi vimAna meM jAne tathA vahA~ se mahAvideha kSetra meM janma lekara mokSa meM jAne kA varNana hai| isa upAMga meM paurANikatA kA pratipAdana adhika huA hai| grantha meM bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke viSaya meM vizeSa citraNa huA hai tathA unake zAsana kAla meM dIkSita anagAroM kA bhI varNana prApta hotA hai| zrIkRSNa ke vyaktitva, prabhutva, sainya, samRddhi, garimA Adi kA nirUpaNa huA hai| yAdava vaMza ke prAgaaitihAsika vivaraNa kI dRSTi se isa grantha meM mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI saMkalita hai| isameM yaduvaMzIya rAjAoM ke itivRtta aMkita haiM, jinakI tulanA zrImadbhagavat meM Aye hue yaduvaMzI caritoM se kI jA sakatI hai| harivaMza purANa ke nirmANa ke lie bhI yahA~ se upakaraNa lie gae hoNge| ariSTanemi aura kRSNacarita kI eka sAmAnya jhA~kI isa grantha meM vidyamAna hai| 370. vAkapatirAja gauDavaho ke racayitA vAkpatirAja haiN| yaha kavi kannauja ke rAjA yazovarmA ke Azraya meM rahate the| isa kAvya meM unhoMne kannauja rAjA yazovarmA dvArA gauDa deza- magadha ke kisI rAjA ke vadha kiya jAne kA varNana kiyA hai| kAvya ke racayitA vAkpatirAja nizcayataH apane AzrayadAtA ke samakAlIna haiN| vAkpatirAja ne apane isa kAvya meM yazovarmA kA yazogAna kiyA hai| isa kAvya ke adhUre hone se pratIta hotA hai ki vAkapatirAja ne apane kAvya kI prAkRta ratnAkara 0317

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racanA yazovarmA ke vijayI dinoM meM Arambha kI thI, kintu kazmIra ke rAjA lalitAditya ke hAthoM yazovarmA kA parAjaya hone para use adhUrA hI chor3a diyA / ataH vAkpatirAja kA samaya I san 760 ke lagabhaga hai| 371. vAsupujjasAmicariyaM bArahaveM tIrthaMkara vAsupUjya para candraprabha kI 8000 grathAMgra pramANa racanA upalabdha hai| isakA prArambha suhasiddhibahuvasIkaraNa se hotA hai| candraprabha ne apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM meM pAdalipta, haribhadra aura jIvadeva kA ullekha tathA graMthoM meM taraMgavatI kA ullekha kiyA hai| 372. vAstusAra pUrva zAstroM kA adhyayana kara saMvat 1372 meM ThakkurapherU ne vAstusAra grantha kI racanA kii| yahA~ gRhavAstuprakaraNa meM bhUmiparIkSA, bhUmisAdhanA, bhUmilakSaNa, mAsaphala, nIMvanivezalagna, grahapravezalagna aura sUryAdigrahASTaka kA 158 gAthAoM meM varNana kiyA gayA hai / 373. vikramasenacarita isameM vikramasena nareza kA samyaktvalAbha se lekara sarvArthasiddhi vimAna jAne taka kA vRttAnta prAkRta chandoM meM varNita hai| sAtha hI dAna, tapa, bhAvanA ke prasaMga se 14 kathAe~ bhI dI gaI haiN| yaha eka upadezakathA grantha hai| isake racayitA ne apanA nAma padmacandra ziSya mAtra diyA hai| grantha kI racanA kA samaya ajJAta hai / 374. vicArasAra prakaraNa vicArasAra prakaraNa bhI eka mahatvapUrNa graMtha hai| isameM 900 gAthAe~ haiM, jinameM karmabhUmi, bhogabhUmi, Arya, anArya deza, rAjadhAniyA~, tIrthaMkaroM ke pUrvabhava, mAtApitA, svapna, janma, samavazaraNa, gaNadhara, aSTamahAprAtihArya, kalki, zaka vikrama kAla gaNanA, dazanihnava, caurAsI lAkha yoniyA~ eva~ siddha svarUpa Adi viSayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA haiN| isake racayitA devasUriM ke ziSya pradyumnasUri haiN| inakA samaya 13vIM zatI hai| 375. videzoM meM prAkRta - adhyayana 19vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM prAkRta bhASA kA adhyayana bhI videzI vidvAnoM dvArA prArambha ho gyaa| phrAnsIsI vidvAn cArlsa vilkinsa ne abhijJAnazAkuntalama ke adhyayana ke sAtha prAkRta kA ullekha kiyaa| henarI TAmasa kolabuka ne prAkRta 318 prAkRta ratnAkara

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bhASA evaM jainadharma ke sambandha meM kucha nibandha likhe| tathA 1897 I. meM landana ke je. je. phalga ne apanI prasiddha pustaka zArTa sTaDIja ina e sAinsa Ava kampereTiva rilijansa meM zilAlekhoM meM utkIrNa prAkRta bhASA kA ullekha kiyaa| isa prakAra prAkRta bhASA evaM jainadharma ke adhyayana ke prati pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke ruci lenA prArambha kiyA, jo AgAmI adhyayana ke lie mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA thii| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne jainavidyA ke adhyayana kA prArambha prAkRta bhASA ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se kiyaa| kucha vidvAnoM ne saMskRta kA adhyayana karate hue prAkRta bhASA kA anuzIlana kiyA to kucha vidvAnoM ne svatantra rUpa se prAkRta bhASA ke sambandha meM apanI zodha prastuta kii| yaha zodha sAmagrI nibandhoM aura svatantra granthoM ke rUpa meM prApta hotI hai| 19vIM zatAbdI ke caturtha dazaka meM jarmanI meM prAkRta bhASA kA adhyayana prArambha ho gayA thaa| hoephara kI De prAkRta DiAlekTo libriduo (1836 I.) tathA lAssana kI insITyUtsIonesa liMguAe prAkRtikAe~ isa samaya kI pramukha racanAe~ haiM / pA~caveM dazaka meM prAkRta granthoM kA jarmana meM anuvAda bhI hone lagA thaa| o bolika ne 1848 I. meM hemacandra ke abhidhAnacintAmaNi kA jarmana saMskaraNa taiyAra kara diyA thaa| spIgala (1949 I.) ne myuMzanara gelerne AntsAigana meM prAkRta bhASA kA paricaya diyA hai| isa samaya tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bhI prAkRta bhASA kA mahatva bar3ha gayA thaa| ataH anya bhASAoM ke sAtha prAkRta kA adhyayana videzI vidvAn karane lage the| DaoN. arnesTa Trampa (1861-1862) ne isa prakAra kA adhyayana prastuta kiyA, jo gremara Avada vindhI leMgveja kampeyarDa vida da saMskRta, prAkRta eNDa da kAgneTa iMDiyana varnAkyularsa nAma se 1872 I. meM prakAzita huaa| 1869 I. phreDarika heMga ne apane zodhaprabandha vargalacuMga Desa prAkRta uNDa Dera romAnizciyana zprAkhana meM prAkRta bhASA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA hai| 19vIM zatAbdI ke antima dazakoM meM prAkRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana gatizIla ho gayA thaa| DaoN. je. eca. bUlara ne 1874 I. meM da dezI zabda saMgraha Apha hemacandra evaM Ana e prAkRta glAsarI inaTAyaTilDa pAiyalacchI ye do mahatvapUrNa lekha prakAzita kiye| tathA 1889 I. meM yUvara DAsa lebana Desa jaina moendosa hemacandrA nAmaka pustaka vienA se prakAzita huI / I bI kAvela ne prAkRta ratnAkara 0319

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saMskRta nATakoM kI prAkRta kA adhyayana prastuta kiyA jo san 1875 I. meM landana se e zArTa iMTroDakzana Tu da ArDanarI prAkRta Avada saMskRta DrAmAja vidae lisTa Ava kAmana iraigulara prAkRta varDasa ke nAma se prakAzita huaa| isa sambandha meM I myUlara kI vAivege tsUra grAmATIka Desa jaina prAkRta (barlina, 1875 I.) nAmaka racanA bhI prAkRta bhASA para prakAza DAlatI hai| sambhataH prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke mUlagrantha kA aMgrejI saMskaraNa sarvaprathama DaoN. ruDolpha hArnala ne kiyaa| unakA yaha grantha dra prAkRta lakSaNam Apha candrAja gremara Apha da enziyeMTa prAkRta 1880 I. meM kalakattA se prakAzita huaa| 376.videzoM meM apabhraMza bhASA kA adhyayana : bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbha taka prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM koI vizeSa bheda nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| kintu pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI khoja evaM apabhraMza sAhitya ke prakAza meM Ane se aba ye donoM bhASAe~ svatantra rUpa se astitva meM A gaI haiM aura una para alaga alaga adhyayana anusandhAna hone lagA hai| ricarDa pizela ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke sAtha apabhraMza bhASA ke svarUpa Adi kA bhI adhyayana prastuta kiyaa| 1880 I. meM unhoMne dezInAmamAlA kA sampAdana kara use prakAzita karAyA jisameM yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA haiM ki apabhraMza bhASA janatA kI bhASA thI aura usameM sAhitya bhI racA jAtA thaa| Apake mata kA lAssana ne bhI samarthana kiyaa| 1902 I. meM pizala dvArA likhita mATeriAlisana lsura Desa apabhraMza pustaka barlina se prakAzita huI, jisameM svatantra rUpa se apabhraMza kA vivecana kiyA gyaa| jisa prakAra prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana kA sUtrapAta karane vAle ricarDa pizela the, usI prakAra apabhraMza ke granthoM ko sarvaprathama prakAza meM lAne vAle vidvAn DaoN. harmana jaikobI the| 1914 I. meM jaikobI ko bhArata ke grantha-bhaNDAroM meM khoja karate hue ahamadAbAda meM apabhraMza kA prasiddha grantha bhavisayattakahA prApta huA tathA rAjakoTa meM neminAthacarita kI pANDulipi milii| jaikobI ne ina donoM granthoM kA sampAdana kara apanI bhUmikA ke sAtha inheM prakAzita kiyaa| tabhI se apabhraMza bhASA ke adhyayana meM bhI gatizIlatA aayii|apbhrNsh kA sambandha Adhunika bhASAoM ke sAtha spaSTa hone lgaa| ___ apabhraMza bhASA ke tIsare videzI anveSaka manISI DaoN. ela. pI. TessiTarI haiM, jinhoMne rAjasthAnI aura gujarAtI bhASA kA adhyayana apabhraMza ke sandarbha meM kiyA hai| san 1914 se 1916 I. taka Apake vidvattApUrNa lekhoM ne apabhraMza ke svarUpa 3200 prAkRta ratnAkara

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evaM Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke sAtha usake sambandhoM ko pUrNatayA spaSTa kara diyaa| TessiTarI ke ina lekhoM ke anuvAdaka DaoN. nAmavara siMha evaM DaoN. sunItikumAra cATuA ina lekhoM ko Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM aura apabhraMza ko jor3ane vAlI kar3I ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| isa bAta kI puSTi DaoN. giyasana dvArA apabhraMza ke kSetra meM kiye gaye kAryoM se huI hai| DaoN. griyarsana ne liMgvisTika sarve oNpha iMDiyA ke prathama bhAga meM apabhraMza para vizeSa vicAra kiyA hai| 1913 I. meM griyarsana ne mArkaNDeya ke anusAra apabhraMza bhASA ke svarUpa para vicAra prastuta karate hue eka lekha prakAzita kiyaa| 1922 I. meM da apabhraMza stavakAja Apha rAmazarmana nAmakA ApakA eka aura lekha prakAza meM aayaa| isI varSa apabhraMza para Apa svatantra rUpa se bhI likhate rhe| bIsavIM zatAbdI ke tRtIya evaM caturtha dazaka meM apabhraMza para aura bhI nibandha prakAza meM aaye| harmana jaikobI kA jUra phrAga nAka Dema usaspragapsa apabhaMza esa smitha kA dejI dutIya apabhraMza A pAlI tathA luDaviga AlsaDorpha ne apabhraMza sTaDiyana nAma se svatantra grantha hI lipajiMga se prakAzita kiyA, jo apabhraMza para aba taka hue kAryoM kA mUlyAMkana prastuta karatA hai| 1939 I. meM luigA nitti DolacI ke da apabhraMza stavakAja Apha rAmazarmana se jJAta hotA hai ki apabhraMza kRtiyoM ke phreMca meM anuvAda bhI hone lage the| nitti DolacI ne apabhraMza evaM prAkRta para svatantra rUpa se adhyayana hI nahIM kiyA, apitu pizela jaise prAkRta bhASA ke manISI kI sthApanAoM kI samIkSA bhI kI hai| ____ san 1950 ke bAda apabhraMza sAhitya kI aneka kRtiyA~ prakAza meM Ane lgiiN| ataH unake sampAdana aura adhyayana meM bhI pragati huii| bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne isa avadhi meM prAkRta-apabhraMza para paryApta adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai| videzI vidvAnoM meM DaoN. ke. DI. vIsa evaM AlsaDorpha ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| ke. DI. vIsa ne 1954 I. meM apabhraMza sTaDIja nAmaka do nibandha prastuta kiye| dravir3a bhASA aura apabhraMza kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karate hue unhoMne e dAviDiyana IDiyama ina apabhraMza nAmaka do nibandha tathA apabhraMza sTaDIja kA tIsarA aura cauthA nibandha 1959-61 ke bIca prakAzita kiye| prAkRta ratnAkara 0321

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bIsavIM zatAbdI ke sAtaveM dazaka meM apabhraMza bhASA ke kSetra meM videzI vidvAn tizyozI nArA kA kArya mahatvapUrNa hai| san 1963 meM unhoMne zArTaniMga Apha da phAinala vAvela Apha insTa sIga ena eNDa phonolojI Apha da leMgveja ina saraha dohA nAmaka nibandha prakAzita kiyaa| 1964 I. meM e sTaDI Apha avahaTTa eNDa proTobeMgAlI viSaya para kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya se ApakA zodha-prabandha svIkRta huaa| isake bAda bhI apabhraMza para ApakA adhyayana gatizIla rhaa| 1965 I. meM apabhraMza eNDa avahaTTa - proTo nyU iMDo Aryana sTejeja nAmaka nibandha Apake dvArA prastuta kiyA gyaa| videzoM meM 1970 se 2010 taka kie gaye prAkRtaapabhraMza viSayaka adhyayana kA prAmANika vivaraNa taiyAra kiyA jAnA cAhie / isase aneka videzI vidvAnoM kI prAkRta- sevA kA jJAna ho skegaa| 377. vipAkasUtra ( vivAgasuyaM ) ardhamAgadhI ke aMga granthoM meM vipAkasUtra kA gyArahavA~ sthAna hai / vipAka kA artha hai- phala yA pariNAma | yaha Agama do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta hai- (1) sukha vipAka (2) duHkha vipAka / inameM prANiyoM dvArA kiye gaye sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM ke phala ko dikhAne ke lie 20 kathAe~ AI haiN| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se yahI samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki jina jIvoM ne pUrvabhavoM meM vividha pApakRtya kie haiM, unheM AgAmI jIvana meM dAruNa vedanAe~ prApta huIM tathA jinhoMne pUrvabhavoM meM sukRta kiye unheM puNya svarUpa sukha upalabdha huaa| karma siddhAnta jaina darzana kA mukhya siddhAnta hai| isa siddhAnta kA dArzanika vizeSaNa to isa grantha meM nahIM milatA hai, kintu kathAoM ke mAdhyama se karmasiddhAnta kA jisa prakAra sUkSma va samyak pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, vaha asAdhAraNa hai| prathama zrutaskandha duHkha vipAka ke dasa adhyayanoM meM azubha karmoM kA phala dikhAne ke lie mRgAputra, ujjhita, abhaggasena, zakaTa, vRhaspatidatta, naMdIvardhana, umbaradatta, zauryadatta, devadattA va aMjuzrI ke kathAnaka varNita haiN| dvitIya zrutaskandha sukhavipAka meM zubhakarmoM kA phala dikhAne hetu subAhu, bhadranandI, sujAtakumAra, suvAsavakumAra, jinadAsa, dhanapati, mahAbala, bhadranandIkumAra, mahAcandra kumAra aura varadatta kumAra ke kathAnaka varNita haiN| Ayurveda kI dRSTi se yaha zAstra atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM nAnA vyAdhiyoM ke auSadha va upacAra kA varNana huA hai| vipAkasUtra mUlataH mAnava jIvana kI yAtrA ke 322 prAkRta ratnAkara

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utAra-car3hAva ko darzAtA hai| sAmAjika dRSTi se purAtana mAnyatAoM, pravRttiyoM, prathAoM evaM aparAdhoM kA bhI paricaya prApta hotA hai 378. vimalasUri paumacariyaM grantha ke anta meM dI gaI prazasti se jJAta hotA hai ki isake kartA nAilakula vaMza ke vimalasUri the jo ki rAhu ke praziSya aura vijaya ke ziSya the| yAkobI ne ise tRtIya zatAbdI kI racanA mAnA hai aura DaoN. ke. Ara. candra ne ise vi. saM. 530 kI kRti mAnA hai| kuvalayamAlA kI prastAvanA gAthAoM meM vimalAMka vimalasUri ko smaraNa kiyA gayA hai aura unakI amRtamaya sarasa prAkRta' kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai| 379. vivAhapaDala (vivAha paTala) vivAhapaDala ke kartA-ajJAta haiN| yaha prAkRta meM racita eka jyotiSaviSayaka graMtha haiM, jo vivAha ke samaya kAma meM AtA hai| isakA ullekha nizIthavizeSacUrNi meM milatA hai| vivAhapaTala nAma ke eka se adhika grantha haiN| ajaina kRtiyoM meM zAraMgadhara ne zaka saM. 1400 (vi. saM.1435) meM aura pItAmbara ne zaka saM. 1444 (vi.saM. 1579) meM isakI racanA kI hai| jaina kRtiyoM meM vivAhapaTala ke kartA abhayakuzala yA ubhayakuzala kA ullekha milatA hai| isakI jo hastalikhita prati milI hai usameM 130 padya haiM, bIca-bIca meM prAkRta gAthAe~ uddhRta kI gaI haiN| isameM nimnokta viSayoM kI carcA hai| yoni-nADIgaNazreva svAmimitraustathaiva c| junjA prItizrava varNazrava lIhA saptavidhA smRtA // . nakSatrA,nADIvedhayantrA, rAzisvAmI, grahazuddhi, vivAhanakSatra, candra sUrya spaSTIkaraNa, ekArgala, godhUlikAphala Adi viSayoM kA vivecana hai| yaha grantha prakAzita nahIM huA hai| 380. vividhatIrthakalpa (tIrtha-saMbaMdhI) vividhatIrtha athavA kalpapradIpa jinaprabhasUri kI dUsarI racanA hai| jaise prAkRta ratnAkara 0323

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hIravijayasUri ne mugala samrATa akabara bAdazAha ke darabAra meM sammAna prApta kiyA thA, vaise hI jinaprabhasUri ne tugalaka muhammadazAha ke darabAra meM Adara pAyA thaa| jinaprabhasUri ne gujarAta, rAjapUtAnA, mAlavA madhyapradeza barADa dakSiNa karNATaka, teMlaga, bihAra, kozala, avadha, uttarapradeza aura paMjAba Adi ke tIrtha-sthAnoM kI yAtrA kI thii| isI yAtrA ke phalasvarUpa vividhatIrthakalpa nAmaka mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika grantha kI racanA kI gaI hai| yaha grantha vikrama saMvat 1380 IsavIM sana 1332 meM samApta huA isameM gadya aura padyamaya saMskRta aura prAkRta bhASA meM vividha kalpoM kI racanA huI hai, jinameM lagabhaga 37-38 tIrthoM kA paricaya diyA hai| isameM kula milAkara 62 kalpa haiN| 381. vivekamaMjarI isake kartA mahAkavi zrAvaka AsaDa haiM jo bhillamAla zrImAla vaMza ke kaTukarAja ke putra the| ve bhImadeva ke mahAmAtya pada para zobhita the| vikrama saMvat 1248 IsavIM san 1191 meM unhoMne vivekamaMjarI nAmake upadezAtmaka kathA-grantha kI racanA kii| AsaDa ne apane Apako kavi kAlidAsa ke samAna yazasvI batAyA hai| ve kavi sabhAaMgAra ke rUpa meM prasiddha the| unhoMne kAlidAsa ke meghadUta para TIkA, upadezakaMdalIprakaraNa tathA aneka jinastotra aura stutiyoM kI racanA kI hai| ' bAla sarasvatI nAmaka kavi kA putra taruNa vaya meM hI kAla kavalita ho gayA, usake zoka se abhibhUta ho abhayadevasUri ke upadeza se kavi isa grantha kI racanA karane ke lie prerita hue| isa para bAlacandra aura akalaMka ne TIkA likhI hai| 382. vizeSAvazyakabhASya vizeSAvazyakabhASya jinadAsagaNI kI eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa racanA hai| AvazyakasUtra para tIna bhASya likhe gaye haiM- (1) mUlabhASya, (2) bhASya aura (3) vishessaavshykbhaassy| pahale ke do bhASya bahuta hI saMkSepa meM likhe gaye haiN| aura unakI bahuta sI gAthAe~ vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM mila gaI haiM ataH vizeSAvazyakabhASya tInoM bhASyoM kA pratinidhitva karane vAlA hai| yaha bhASya kevala prathama adhyayana sAmAyika para haiN| isameM 3603 gAthAe~ haiN| prastuta bhASya meM jaina Agama sAhitya meM varNita jitane bhI mahattvapUrNa viSaya 3240 prAkRta ratnAkara

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haiM una sabhI para cintana kiyA gayA hai| jJAnAvAda, pramANavAda, AcAranIti, syAdvAda, nayavAda, karmasiddhAnta para vizada sAmagrI kA saMkalana Akalana kiyA gayA hai| isakI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki jaina dArzanika siddhAntoM kI tulanA anya dArzanika vicAradhArAoM ke sAtha kI gaI hai| isameM jaina Agama sAhitya kI mAnyatAoM kA tArkika dRSTi se vizreSaNa kiyA gayA hai| Agama ke gahana rahasyoM ko samajhane ke lie yaha bhASya atyadhika upayogI hai| paravartI AcAryoM ne vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI vicAra sAmagrI aura zailI kA apane granthoM meM upayoga kiyA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya kA bhASya sAhitya meM anUThA sthAna hai| AcArya kI prabala tArkika zakti, abhivyakti, kuzalatA, pratipAdana kI paTutA, vivecana kI viziSTatA sahaja rUpa se dekhI jA sakatI hai| isameM jaina AgamoM ke prAyaH samasta mahattvapUrNa viSayoM kI carcA hai| isa bhASya kI eka bahuta bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM jaina mAnyatAoM kA nirUpaNa kevala jaina dRSTi se na kiyA jAkara itara bhAratIya dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke sAtha tulanA, khaNDana, samarthana Adi karate hue kiyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki prastuta bhASya meM dArzanika dRSTikoNa kA vizeSa prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| jainAgamoM kA rahasya ke lie vizeSAvazyakabhASya niHsaMdeha eka atyanta upayogI grantha hai| isakI upayogitA evaM mahattA kA sabase bar3A pramANa yahI hai ki jinabhadra ke uttaravartI Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM evaM granthakAroM ne etanirUpita sAmagrI ke sAtha hI isakI tarkapaddhati kA bhI bahuta udAratApUrvaka upayoga kiyA hai| yaha grantha, AvazyakasUtra kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM haiN| isameM Avazyaka ke prathama adhyayana sAmAyika se sambandhita niyukti-gAthAoM kA vyAkhyAna hai| .. cAritrarUpa sAmAyika kI prApti kA vicAra karate hue bhASyakAra ne karma kI prakRti, sthiti samyaktvaprApti Adi kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana kiyA hai| kaSAya ko sAmAyika kA bAdhaka batAte hue kaSAya kI utkRSTatA evaM maMdatA se kisa prakAra cAritra kA ghAta hotA hai, isa para vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai| cAritra prApti ke kAraNoM para prakAza DAlate hue AcArya ne sAmAyika, chedopasthApanA, parihAravizuddhi, sUkSmasamparAya aura yathAkhyAta cAritra kA vistAra se vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| sAmAyika prAkRta ratnAkara 0 325

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ke gyArahaveM dvAra samavatAra kA vyAkhyAna cAritra kA vistAra se vyAkhyAna karate hue bhASyakAra ne anuyogoM- caraNakaraNAnuyoga, dharmakathAnuyoga, gaNitAnuyoga aura dravyAnuyoga ke pRthakkaraNa kI carcA kI hai aura batAyA hai ki Arya vajra ke bAda hone vAle Arya rakSita ne bhaviSya meM mati-meghA-dhAraNA kA nAza honA jAnakara anuyogoM kA vibhAga kara diyaa| usa samaya taka saba sUtroM kI vyAkhyA cAroM prakAra ke anuyogoM se hotI thii|aary rakSita ne ina sUtroM kA nizcita vibhAjana kara diyaa| caraNakaraNAnuyoga meM kAlika zrutarUpa gyAraha aMga mahAkalpazruta aura chedasUtra rkheN| dharmakathAnuyoga meM RSibhASitoM kA samAveza kiyaa| gaNitAnuyoga meM sUryaprajJapti ko rkhaa| dravyAnuyoga meM dRSTivAda ko samAviSTa kiyaa| siddha namaskAra kA vyAkhyAna karate hue AcArya ne karmasthiti samudaghAta zailezI avasthAM dhyAna Adi ke svarUpa kA bhI paryApta vivecana kiyA hai| siddha kA upayoga sAkAra hai athavA nirAkAra isakI carcA karate hue kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ke bheda aura vibheda kA vicAra kiyA hai| kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana kramazaH hote haiM yA yugapad isa prazna para bhI paryApta prakAza DAlA hai| prastuta bhASya meM jaina AcAra-vicAra ke mUlabhUta samasta tattvoM kA suvyasthita evaM suprarUpita saMgraha kara liyA hai| isameM gUr3hatama dArzanika mAnyatA se lekara sUkSmatama AcAra viSayaka vidhi vidhAna kA saMkSipta kintu paryApta vivecana hai| 383. vIradevagaNi prAkRta kathA grantha mahivAlakahA ke racayitA vIradevagaNi haiN| grantha ke anta meM cAra gAthAoM dvArA unhoMne apanI guruparamparA mAtra dI hai| tadnusAra candragaccha meM kramazaH devabhadra-siddhasena-municandrasUri hue| unhIM ke ziSya prastuta grantha ke lekhaka haiN| isa racanA kA kAlasaMvat kahIM nahIM diyA gayA para racayitA ke dAdA guru aura paradAdA guru kI kaI racanAe~ milatI haiN| candragaccha se sambandhita devabhadra ne prAkRta zreyAMsacaritra kI racanA (vi.saM. 1248 se pahale) kI thI aura siddhasena ne saM. 1248 se pahale padmaprabhacaritra kI tathA ukta saMvata meM pravacanoddhAra para tattvavikAzinI TIkA aura stutiyA~ likhI thiiN| saMbhavataH inhIM siddhasena (siMhasena) ne saM. 1213 meM pratiSThA karAI thii| isa AdhAra para siddhasena ke praziSya vIradevagaNi 326 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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kA samaya terahavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha AtA hai| 384. vIrasenAcArya SaTakhaNDAgama para sabase mahattvapUrNa TIkA dhavalA hai jisake racayitA vIrasena haiN| isa TIkA ke kAraNa hI yaha samasta graMtha dhavalasiddhAMta ke nAma se kahA jAne lgaa| AdipurANa ke kartA suprasiddha jinasena AcArya inake ziSya the| jinasena ne apane guru kI sarvArthagAminI naisargika prajJA ko bahuta sarAhA hai| vIrasena ne bappadevaguru kI vyAkhyAprajJapti TIkA ke AdhAra se cUrNiyoM ke DhaMga kI prAkRta aura saMskRtimizrita 72 hajAra lokapramANa dhavalA nAma kI TIkA likhii| TIkAkAra kI likhI huI prazasti ke anusAra zaka saMvat 738 san 816 meM yaha TIkA vATagrAmapura meM likhakara samApta huI / isa prazasti meM TIkAkAra ne paMcastUpa anvaya kA vidyAguru elAcArya aura dIkSA guru Aryanandi kA ullekha kiyA hai| dhavalA TIkA ke kartA vIrasena bahuzruta vidvAn the aura unhoMne digambara aura zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke vizAla sAhitya kA AloDana kiyA thaa| 385. vaidika bhASA aura prAkRta madhyapradeza kI vibhASA zaurasenI prAkRta kA jitanA gaharA saMbaMdha janabhASA se thA, prAcyA vibhASA se thA, utanA hI nikaTa saMbaMdha usakA vaidika bhASA chAndas udIcyA vibhASA evaM bAda meM laukika saMskRta se bana gayA thaa| ataH usa mUla lokabhASA meM jo vizeSatAe~ thI ve dAya ke rUpa meM vaidika bhASA aura prAkRta ko samAna rUpa se milI haiN| prasiddha bhASAzAstrI DaoN. dhIrendra varmA ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki prAkRta madhyakAlIna bhASAoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| prAkRta bhASA koI ekAeka prayoga meM nahIM A gii| apane naisargika rUpa meM vaha vaidika kAla se pUrva bhI vidyamAna thii| vaidika bhASA ko svayaM usa kAla meM pracalita prAkRta boliyoM kA sAhityika rUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai| prathama starIya prAkRta ke svarUpa ko vaidika bhASA kA adhyayana bhI Avazyaka hai| yadyapi prathamastarIya prAkRta kA sAhitya anupalabdha hai, tathApi mahAvIra yugIna svatIya prAkRta kI pravRttiyoM ke pramANa vaidika bhASA (chAndasa) ke sAhitya meM prApta hote haiN| DaoN. guNe ke anusAra prAkRtoM kA astitva nizcita prAkRta ratnAkara 0 327

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rUpa ke vaidika boliyoM ke sAtha-sAtha vidyamAna thaa| vastutaH Rgveda kI bhASA meM bhI kucha sImA taka hameM prAkRtIkaraNa dekhane ko milatA hai| Adhunika bhASAvidoM kI vyAkhyA ke anusAra yaha mUla prAkRta bhASAoM ke kAraNa hai jo ki prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA (chAndasa) kI boliyoM ke sAtha-sAtha usa samaya nizcita rUpa se pracalita thIM jabaki vaidika sUkta race jA rahe the| yahA~ yaha kahanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki sAhityika chAndas kI janabhASA meM chAndasa bhASA aura prAkRta ke tatva mila jule rUpa meM upasthita the| yahI kAraNa hai ki Rgveda, atharvaveda, brAhmaNa Adi chAndasa sAhitya meM prAkRtIkaraNa ke tattva upasthita haiN| chAndasa sAhitya meM zabdoM ke prAkRtIkaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha prAkRta ke vyAkaraNAtmaka tatva bhI mahAvIra yugIna prAkRta ke anusAra prApta hote haiN| isIlie DaoN. pizela ne bhI kahA hai kisaba prAkRta bhASAoM kA vaidika vyAkaraNa aura zabdoM kA nAnA sthaloM meM sAmya hai| vaidika bhASA meM prAkRta ke jina tattvoM kI jAnakArI dI hai, unameM se kucha yahA~ dRSTavya haiN| 1.samAna svara-vyaMjana - vaidika bhASA aura prAkRta ke svara tathA vyaMjanoM ke prayoga meM kaI sAmya dekhe jAte haiN| yathAvaidikabhASA artha prAkRta vaidikabhASA artha prAkRta harI hari harI deva devo dUlaha durlabha dUlaha nahIM Na vAyU vAyu vAyU roma loma amatta amAtya amatta akSa/A~kha accha mahi mahI mahi sUrya suja suvarga svarga suvagga pUrva puvvaM pitara pitA piara uccA U~cA uccA buda samUha buMda mahA mahAn mahA geha gRha geha pakka pakA huA pakka senya sainya sennaM yajJa jaNNa 328 0 prAkRta ratnAkara devo loma accha sUyarya purva IF jajJa

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2. zabda rUpoM meM samAnatA prAkRta ke kArakoM kI kamI tathA unakA Apasa meM prayoga prAyaH dekhA jAtA hai| vaidika bhASA meM bhI yaha pravRtti upalabdha hai| nAma rUpoM meM prayukta kaI pratyaya donoM bhASAoM meM samAna haiN| donoM meM kucha zabda vibhakti rahita bhI prayukta hote haiN| vaidika bhASA meM prAkRta kI taraha dvivacana ke sthAna para bahuvacana kA prayoga bhI pAyA jAtA hai| kucha samAna zabda aura sarvanAma Adi isa prakAra haiM vaidika bhASA artha prAkRta (ka) samAna zabda rAyo rAjA rAyo chAga bakarA chAga jAyA patni jAyA pippalaM pIpala pippalaM pavitra pU/pUdaM (kha) samAna sarvanAma vaha so ve te maiM ahaM hama mo mere lie mujha meM mayi tuma tuvaM tumako na 5 EEEEET ME FEET artha prAkRta iha yahA~ (ga) samAna avyaya vaidika bhASA iha NahI Namo nahIM Nahi namaskAra kayA kaba kayA prAkRta ratnAkara 0329

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(gha) dANiM hanati bhediti marate gacchahi pAhi kara cara muMca 330 prAkRta ratnAkara isa samaya jahA~ mAratA hai bhedatA hai maratA hai jAo pio karanA calanA chor3anA dANiM jahi hanati, haNai bhedati gacchi gaccha pAhi kara cara muMca isI taraha prAkRta evaM vaidika bhASA ke saMdhi-rUpoM meM bhI samAnatAe~ dekhane ko milatI haiN| kRdanta donoM meM samAna haiN| isa taraha ye kucha namUne ke taura para ye vizeSatAe~ haiM jinakI ora vidvAnoM kI dRSTi jAnI caahiye| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki vaidika bhASA aura prAkRta kisI eka mUla janabhASA ke dharAtala para jJAna karanA Avazyaka hai| ataH prAkRta bhASA kA adhyayana aura paThana-pAThana prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA vaidika bhASA ke lie kitanA upayogI hai, yaha svayaM samajhA jA sakatA hai| prAkRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNa saMbaMdhI niyama svataMtra AdhAra ko liye haiM tathA janabhASA meM prayogoM kI bahulatA ko bhI prAkRta ne surakSita rakhA hai| prAkRta ne apane inhIM tatvoM ke anurUpa kucha aise niyama nizcita kara liye jinase vaha kisI bhI bhASA ke zabdoM ko prAkRta rUpa dekara apane meM sammalita kara sakatI hai| yaha prAkRta bhASA kI sajIvatA aura sarvagrAhyatA kahI jA sakatI hai| isI pravRtti kA prayoga karate hue prAkRta kaviyoM ne apane kAvya sAhitya ko vibhinna zabda-bhaMDAroM kaise samRddha kiyA hai| koI bhI pravAhamAna bhASA prAkRta kI isa pravRtti se achUtI nahIM hai| vaidika yuga se mahAvIra yuga taka pracalita prAkRta bhASA ke svarUpa ko punajIrvita karane ke lie eka ora vaidika bhASA meM prayukta prAkRta tatvoM kI gaharAyI se khojabIna karanI hogI to dUsarI ora isa avadhi ke anya-upalabdha sAhitya kA

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bhASA kI dRSTi se punarmUlyAMkana karanA hogA / isa deza meM bhAratIya AryabhASA ke rUpa meM saMskRta ke sAtha prAkRta ko bhI sadaiva smaraNa kiyA gayA hai| jana-sAmAnya meM saMskRta- prAkRtAbhyAM yad bhASAbhyAmanvitaM zubham / maMtrarthavarNanatyAtra kiyate kAmadhuDa. mayA / / vArAhIsaMhitA se jJAta hotA hai ki saptarSi bhI prAkRta bolate the / prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa AcArya pANini bhI svIkArate haiM ki svayaMbhU brahmA saMskRta evaM prAkRta donoM kA prayoga karate the| -saMskRte prAkRte cApi svayaM proktA svayaMbhuvA / 386. vaidikayugIna boliyA~ (vibhASAe~) prAcIna bhArata meM Arya-saMskRti kA vikAsa pazcima se pUrva kI ora mAnA gayA hai| vaidika yuga meM jina-jina bhASAoM kA adhika pracAra thA, bhASAvidoM ne unheM tIna vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai- (ka) udIccA yA uttarIya vibhASA (kha) madhyadezIya vibhASA evaM (ga) prAcyA yA pUrvIya vibhASA / AryoM kA prAthamika samparka bhArata ke uttara-pazcima bhUbhAga se huA thA / vahA~ para unhoMne apanI bauddhika kSamatAoM kA adhika vikAsa kiyaa| phalasvarUpa uttara-pazcima kSetra kI jana-pracalita vibhASA udIccA adhika vyavasthita aura pariniSThita ho gii| isI vibhASA meM vaidika sAhitya kA pramukha bhAga racA gyaa| bAda meM yahIM para maharSi pANinI ne bhASA ko saMskArita kara aSTAdhyAyI likhI, jo laukika saMskRta bhASA kA AdhAra grantha bnaa| vaidika yuga kI 'chAndasa' bhASA aura yaha udIccA vibhASA sAhityika- bhASA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huI / kintu unameM anya janaboliyA~ prAkRta ke tattva bhI samAhita hote rhe| pUrvI uttara bhArata aura bihAra vaidika yuga meM adhika vikasita kSetra nahIM the| vahA~ kI prAcyA vibhASA madhyadezIya vibhASA ke samparka ke kAraNa thI to prAkRta hI, kintu usakA prayoga bolacAla meM hI thA, sAhityika bhASA para vaha pratiSThita nahIM thI / udIcyA vAle prAcyA ko vikRta vibhASA samajhate the / prAcyA bolane vAloM ko ve apane se bhinna evaM asaMskArita mAnate the / prAcyA prayogI jana bhI yajJIya saMskRti ke pakSapAtI nahIM the| ve saMyamapUrNa AcaraNa ko hI apanA dharma mAnate the| prAkRta ratnAkara 0 331

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unheM vaidika sAhitya meM vrAtya kahA gayA hai| yahI vrAtya zramaNa saMskRti ke poSaka kahe gaye haiN| inakA sAmAjika evaM rAjanaitika saMgaThana bhI udIcyA ke nivAsiyoM se bhinna thaa| purAtattvavettA DaoN. jayacanda vidyAlaMkAra ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki ina vrAtyoM kI zikSA-dIkSA kI bhASA prAkRta thI, unakI veSabhUSA pariSkRta na thI, ve madhyapradeza ke AryoM ke saMskAra nahIM karate the tathA brAhmaNoM ke bajAya arhantoM (santoM) ko mAnate aura cetiyoM (caityoM) ko pUjate the| Rgveda meM batAyA hai ki jo pRthvItala ke mUrdhAsthAnIya haiM ahiMsaka haiM, jo apane yaza aura vratoM kI Adroha se rakSA karate haiM, ve vrAtya haiN| AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI ne apane eka lekha meM yaha niSkarSa diyA hai ki vrAtya hI bhArata ke mUla nivAsI aura bhArata kI Adya saMskRti ke pratiSThAtA rahe haiN| isI prAcyA ke bhUbhAga meM magadha sAmrAjya vikasita huaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha isI bhUbhAga meM jnmeN| unhoMne prAcyA aura usase vikasita prAkRta mAgadhI ko apane upadezoM kA AdhAra bnaayaa| udIcyA kI pariniSThita bhASA aura vahA~ kI madhyadeza se pUrva meM logoM kA AnA-jAnA banA huA thaa| vyApArika samparka the| ataH zaurasenI prAkRta aura mAgadhI prAkRta meM kSetrIya prabhAva ko chor3akara prAyaH samAnatAe~ rahI hoNgii| isIlie tatkAlIna prAkRta sabake samajha meM A jAtI thii| isa samAna tatva ko prakaTa karane ke lie hI aura sarvagAhya prAkRta bhASA ke pratinidhitva ke lie sambhavataH ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke svarUpa aura nAmakaraNa ko bAda meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| mahApuruSa dvArA prayukta hone ke kAraNa, mizrita bhASA hone ke kAraNa aura dhArmika zraddhA ke kAraNa arddhamAgadhI Arya prAkRta, devabhASA Adi nAmoM se pracArita kI gyii| anyathA vaidika yuga se lagabhaga IsA kI prathama zatAbdI taka do hI prAkRta bhASAe~ thIM- zaurasenI (madhyadezIya) evaM mAgadhI (praacyaa)| inhIM se anya prAkRtoM kA vikAsa huA hai| prasiddha bhASAzAstrI jarmana vidvAn hoenale ne sabhI prAkRta boliyoM ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai| eka ko unhoMne zaurasenI prAkRta kahA hai aura dUsarI ko mAgadhI praakRt| bhAratIya bhASAoM kA sarvekSaNa karane vAle vidvAn griyarsana ne bhI isa mata kA samarthana kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki ina donoM ke (zaurasenI evaM mAgadhI) mela se vikasita bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI sAmAnya tattva to the hii| ataH vaha prAcyA madhyadezIya vibhASA se milatI julatI 332 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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thii| ye donoM kSetra paraspara jur3e hue the| 387. vairAgya-rasAyana prakaraNa isa nItikAvya ke racayitA lakSmIlAbhagaNi haiN| kavi ke samaya, jIvana paricaya Adi ke viSaya meM jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM haiN| grantha ke anta meM raiyaM pagaraNamayaMlacchI lAheNa varamuNiNA (102 gA.) itanA ullekha hai isa prakaraNa meM kaSAya aura vikAroM ko dUra karane ke lie upadeza diyA gayA hai| kavi ne batAyA hai ki vairAgya usI vyakti ko prApta hotA hai jo bhavabhIru hai| bhavabhIrutA ke abhAva meM vairAgya ke vacana bhI viSa ke samAna pratIta hote haiN| jisa sAdhaka ko apanI AtmA kA uddhAra karanA abhISTa hai vaha saMsAra se anAsakta rahatA hai kavi rUpaka alaMkAra kI yojanA karatA huA kahatA hai ki mAnava zarIra rUpI kamala ke rasa kA pAna mRtyurUpI bhramara nitya karatA rahatA hai| ataH jisa prajvalita krodhAgni meM zarIra rUpI tRNakuTIra jala rahA hai, usakI zAMti saMvegarUpI zItala kSamA jala se karanI caahie| kavi rUpaka alaMkAra kA parama dhanI hai usane cAra kaSAyoM ko vRkSa kA rUpaka diyA hai| isa vRkSa kI hiMsA jar3a hai, viSaya vAsanA zAkhAe~ haiM, aura janmajarA tathA maraNarUpI phala hai| ataH jo isa vRkSa ke kaTu phaloM ko choDanA cAhatA hai use isako jaDa se ukhADa kara phaiMka denA caahie| yathA cauvviha-kasAyarUkkho hiNsaadddhmuul-visybhusaaho| jammajarA-maraNa-phalo ummUleyavvo ya muulaao| kavi jIvana ko sukhI banAne kA nuskhA AkiMcana ko hI mAnatA hai| ataH vaha kahatA hai ki duHkha ke naSTa hone se moha naSTa ho jAtA hai| moha ke naSTa hone se tRSNA, tRSNA ke naSTa hone se lobha aura lobha ke naSTa hone se sabhI prakAra ke bhayavivAda naSTa ho jAte haiN| yathA dukkhaM hayaMjassa na hoi moho, moho hao jassa na hoi tnnhaa| taNhA hayA jassa na hoi loho, loho hao jassa na kiNcnnaaii|vhii 79 // isa prakAra kavi ne upamA, utprekSA, yamaka parisaMkhyA Adi alaMkAroM kA prayoga kara isa dharmamUlaka kAvya ko uccatA pradAna kI hai| upadezaka aura tathyanirUpaka zailI ke prayoga ke sAtha naitika upamAnoM kI kavi ne jhar3I lagA dI hai| tathya prAkRta ratnAkara 0 333

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pratipAdana ke sAtha anyApadezika zailI kA bhI vyavahAra kiyA hai| yaha nItikAvya kA utkRSTa udAharaNa hai| 388. vairAgya zataka isa nItikAvya ke racayitA kA nAma evaM paricaya ajJAta hai| kAvya para guNavinaya ne vi.saM. 1646 meM saMskRta vRtti likhI hai| jisa prati ke AdhAra para isakA mudraNa kiyA gayA hai vaha kArtika vadI SaSThI vi.saM. 1663 kI hai| isa zataka kA nAmakaraNa bhartRhari ke vairAgya zataka ke anukaraNa para rakhA gayA hai| isameM 105 gAthAe~ hai aura vairAgya utpanna karane ke hetu zarIra yauvana aura dhana kI asthiratA kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| isa saMsAra ke svabhAva aura carita ko dekhakara kaSTa hotA hai kyoMki jo sneha sambandhI pUrvAhna meM dikhalAI par3ate haiM ve hI saMdhyA ke samaya dikhalAI nahIM pdd'te| ataH saMsAra kI kSaNabhaMguratA ko jAnakara AtmotthAna ke kAryoM meM vilamba nahIM karanA caahie| kavi AtmotthAna ke lie pramAdI vyakti ko sAvadhAna karate hue kavi kahatA hai ki jo eka kSaNa ko bhI dharma se rahita hokara vyatIta karatA hai vaha bahuta bar3I bhUla kara rahA hai| isa prakAra isa nItikAvya meM kavi ne vairAgya kI dRSTi ke lie sAMsArika vastuoM kI asthiratA kA citraNa kiyA hai| kAvyakalA kI dRSTi se yaha grantha acchA hai| 389. vyavahArabhASya yaha bhASya sAdhuoM ke AcAra se sambandhita hai| isameM prAraMbha meM pIThikA hai| pIThikA ke prArambha meM vyavahAra, vyavahArI evaM vyavahartavya kA svarUpa batAyA gayA hai| vyavahAra meM doSoM kI saMbhAvanA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue prAyazcitta kA artha, bheda, nimitta Adi dRSTiyoM se vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| bIca-bIca meM aneka prakAra ke dRSTAnta bhI diye gaye haiN| pIThikA ke bAda sUtra-sparSika niyukti kA vyAkhyAna prAraMbha hotA hai| prathama uddezya kI vyAkhyA meM bhikSu, mAsa, parihAra, sthAna, pratisevanA, AlocanA Adi padoM kA nikSepapUrvaka vivecana kiyA gayA hai| AdhAkarma Adi se sambandhita atikrama, vyatikrama, aticAra aura anAcAra ke lie vibhinna prAyazcitta kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| prAyazcitta se mUlaguNa evaM uttaraguNa donoM hI parizuddha 3340 prAkRta ratnAkara

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hote haiN| inakI parizuddhi se hI cAritra kI zuddhi hotI hai| piNDavizuddhi, samiti, bhAvanA, tapa, pratimA aura abhigraha uttaraguNAntargata haiN| prAyaztti karane vAle puruSa do prakAra ke hote haiM nirgata aura vartamAna / jo prAyazcitta se atikrAnta haiM ve nirgata haiN| jo prAyazcitta meM vidyamAna haiM ve vartamAna haiN| 390. vyavahArasUtra (vavahAro) vyavahArasUtra ko ardhamAgadhI ke Agama granthoM kA navanIta kahA gayA hai| zramaNa jIvana ke sarvAMgINa adhyayana evaM anuzIlana kI dRSTi se yaha grantha atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| anya chedasUtroM kI bhA~ti isa sUtra meM bhI zramaNa jIvana kI AcAra saMhitA kA varNana huA hai| isake racayitA bhadrabAhu mAne gaye haiN| bRhatkalpa evaM vyavahArasUtra ko eka dUsare kA pUraka mAnA gayA hai| isake dasaveM uddezaka ke tIsare sUtra meM pA~ca vyavahAroM ke nAma Ae haiM - paMcavihe vavahAre paNNatto taMjahA Agame sue ANA dhAraNA jiie| inhIM pA~ca vyavahAroM ke AdhAra para isa sUtra kA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isameM dasa uddezaka haiM, jinameM svAdhyAya evaM anadhyAya kAla kI vivecanA, zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ke bIca AcAra-vyavahAra sambandhI tAratamya, UnodarI-tapa, AcArya evaM upAdhyAya ke vihAra ke niyama, pratikAra ke lie AlocanA, prAyazcitta, sAdhviyoM ke nivAsa, adhyayana, caryA, vaiyAvRtya Adi zramaNAcAra sambandhI vyavahAroM tathA saMgha vyavasthA ke niyamopaniyama Adi kA vivecana hai| 391. vyAkhyAprajJApti (viyAhapaNNattI ) ardhamAgadhI aMga granthoM meM vyAkhyAprajJapti kA pA~cavAM sthAna hai| praznottara zailI meM likhe gaye isa Agama grantha meM gautama gaNadhara, anya ziSya varga evaM zrAvaka-zrAvikA Adi dvArA jijJAsu bhAva se pUche gaye praznoM ke uttara bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane zrImukha se diye haiN| isI kAraNa sabhI prakAra ke jJAna-vijJAna se bhare hue isa grantha ko vidvAnoM dvArA zAstrarAja kahakara sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| nandI evaM samavAyAMga ke anusAra vyAkhyAprajJapti meM 36000 praznoM kA vyAkaraNa hai, kintu vartamAna samaya meM isameM 41 zataka hI haiM, jo 1925 uddezakoM meM vibhakta haiN| praznoM ke vivecana krama meM tattvajJAna, jJAna-mImAMsA, AcAra, anya dArzanika mata, prAkRta ratnAkara 0335 pAhA

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vibhinna aitihAsika vyakti evaM ghaTanAoM kA vistAra se vivecana hai| isa apekSA se yaha grantha prAcIna jaina tattva jJAna kA vizvakoza bhI kahA jAtA hai| anya AgamoM kI apekSA isakI viSaya-vastu bahuta adhika vizAla hai| jJAna kI koI aisI dhArA nahIM, jisakA pravAha isameM na huA ho| jIva-ajIva, loka- aloka, svasamayaparasamaya Adi samasta viSaya isameM samAhita haiM / janamAnasa meM isa Agama ke prati vizeSa zraddhA hone ke kAraNa isakA dUsarA nAma bhagavatI adhika pracalita hai| praznottara zailI meM nibaddha isa grantha meM prAyaH praznoM kA uttara dene meM anekAMtavAda evaM syAdvAda kA sahArA liyA gayA hai| praznoM ko katipaya khaMDoM meM vibhakta kara uttara diyA gayA hai| yathA - - gautama - bhante, jIva sakampa hai yA niSkaMpa? bhagavAn mahAvIra - gautama, jIva sakampa bhI haiM aura niSkampa bhI / gautama - isakA kyA kAraNa? bhagavAn mahAvIra - jIva do prakAra ke haiM- saMsArI aura mukt| mukta jIva ke do prakAra haiM - anantarasiddha aura paramparasiddha / paramparasiddha to niSkampa haiM aura anantarasiddha sakaMpa | saMsArI jIvoM ke bhI do prakAra haiM - zailezIpratipannaka aura azailezIpratipannaka zailezIpratipannaka jIva niSkampa hote haiM aura azailezIpratipannaka sakampa hote haiN| (25.4.81) prAkRta kathA grantha kI dRSTi se jaina darzana ke pramukha siddhAnta anekAntavAda, nayavAda, syAdvAda evaM saptabhaMgI kA prAraMbhika svarUpa bhI isa grantha meM surakSita hai| 392. vRtajAtisamuccaya isake racayitA virahAMka nAmaka kavi saMskRta evaM prAkRta bhASA ke prakANDa paNDita the| inakA samaya I. san kI chaThI zatAbdI hai / yaha chaMda-grantha padyabaddha hai| chaH niyamoM (adhyAyoM) meM vibhakta isa grantha meM mAtrA chaMda tathA varNa chaMda para vicAra prAkRta ke rUpa meM jAnA gyaa| yajJIya saMskRti ko unhoMne asvIkAra kiyaa| udIcyA se pUrva kI janabhASA prAkRta bhale bhinna rahI ho, kintu usameM lokabhASA ke 336 [ prAkRta ratnAkara

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kiyA gayA hai| prathama niyama meM prAkRta ke samasta chaMdoM ke nAma ginAye haiM, jinheM Age ke niyama meM samajhAyA hai| tIsare niyama meM 52 prakAra ke dvipadI chaMdoM kA vivecana hai| cauthe niyama meM 26 prakAra ke gAthA chaMda tathA pA~caveM niyama meM 50 prakAra ke saMskRta ke varNa chaMdoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| chaThe niyama meM prastAra, naSTa, uddiSTa Adi chaH pratyayoM kA varNana hai| 393. zAMtisUri (pAiaTIkA) zAntisUri eka pratibhAsampanna AcArya the| unakA janma rAdhanapura ke sannikaTauNa unnatAyu gA~va meM huA thaa| gRhasthAzrama meM inakA nAma bhIma thaa| inhoMne vijayasiMhasUri jo thArApada gacchIya the unake pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kii| pATaNa ke rAjA bhamarAva kI sabhA meM ye kavi tathA vAdicakravartI ke rUpa meM vikhyAta the| mahAkavi dhanapAla ke atyAgraha para mahArAjA bhoja kI sabhA meM bhI gaye the aura vahA~ para 84 vAdiyoM ko parAjita kiyA thA jisase rAjA bhoja ne unheM vAdivetAla kI upAdhi se samalaMkRta kiyaa| unhoMne mahAkavi dhanapAla kI tilakamaMjarI kA saMzodhana kiyA thA, anta meM vikrama saMvat 10096 meM 25 dina ke anazana ke pazcAt samAdhipUrvaka giranAra para svargastha hue| zAntisUri ne tilakamaMjarI para eka TippaNa likhA thaa| jIva-vicAra prakaraNa, caitya vandana mahAbhASya aura uttarAdhyayanavRtti inakI mahattvapUrNa racanAe~ mAnI jAtI haiN| uttarAdhyayana TIkA nAma ziSyahitAvRtti mAnA jAtA hai| isakA aparanAma pAiaTIkA bhI hai kyoMki isa TIkA meM prAkRta kI kathAoM kA uddharaNoM kI atyadhika bahulatA hai| TIkA mUla sUtra va niyukti ina donoM para hai| TIkA bhASA va zailI kI dRSTi se madhura va sarasa hai| viSaya kI puSTi ke lie bhASyagAthAe~ bhI prayukta huI haiN| pAThAntara bhI diye gaye haiN| 394. zAntisUri vAdivetAla vAdivetAla zAntisUri kA janma rAdhanapura ke pAsa uNa-unnatAyu nAmaka gA~va meM huA thaa| inakA bAlyAvasthA kA nAma bhIma thaa| inhoMne thArapapadragacchIya vijayasiMhasUri se dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| pATana ke bhImarAja kI sabhA meM ye kavIndra prAkRta ratnAkara 0 337

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tathA vAdicakravartI ke rUpa meM prasiddha the| kavi dhanapAla ke anurodha para zAntisUri mAlava meM bhI pahu~ce the tathA bhojarAja kI sabhA ke 84 vAdiyoM ko parAjita kara 84 lAkha rupaye prApta kiye the| apanI sabhA ke paMDitoM ke lie zAntisUri ko vetAla ke samAna samajha rAjA bhoja ne unheM vAdivetAla kI padavI pradAna kI thii| inhoMne mahAkavi dhanapAla kI tilakamaMjarI kA bhI saMzodhana kiyA thaa| zAntisUri apane antima dinoM meM giranAra meM rahe evaM vahA~ 25 dina kA anazana arthAt saMthArA kiyA tathA vi.saM. 1096 kI jyeSTha zuklA navamIM ko svargavAsI hue| vAdivetAla zAntisUri ne uttarAdhyayana TIkA ke atirikta kavi dhanapAla kI tilakamaMjarI para bhI eka TippaNa likhA hai| jIvavicAraprakaraNa aura caityavaMdana-mahAbhASya bhI inhIM kI kRtiyA~ mAnI jAtI haiN| vAdivetAla zAntisUrikRta uttarAdhyayana-TIkA ziSyahitAvRtti kahalAtI hai| yaha pAia-TIkA ke nAma se bhI prasiddha hai kyoMki isameM prAkRta kathAnakoM evaM uddharaNoM kI pracuratA hai| TIkA, bhASA zailI Adi sabhI dRSTiyoM se saphala hai| isameM mUla-sUtra evaM niyukti kA vyAkhyAna hai| bIca-bIca meM yatra-tatra bhASya gAthAe~ bhI uddhRta haiN| aneka sthAnoM para pAThAntara bhI diye gaye haiN| 395. zAstrI nemicanda (DaoN.) DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI saMskRta, prAkRta evaM jyotiSa ke prakANDa vidvAn the| ApakA janma dhaulapura jile AgarA ke basaI dhiyArama gAMva meM 1922 I. meM huA thaa| Apake pitA kA inake bacapana meM hI nidhana ho gayA thaa| mAtA jI ne inako Age bddh'aayaa| ApakI zikSA rAjAkher3A aura banArasa meM huii| Apane saMskRta, hindI aura prAkRta evaM jainazAstra meM ema. e. kiyA thA tathA 1962 meM Apane pIeca.DI., 1967 meM DI. liT kI upAdhiyA~ prApta kI thiiN| DaoN. zAstrI 1940 I. se ArA (bihAra) meM A gaye the| vahA~ para Apa eca.DI.jaina kaoNleja meM saMskRta-prAkRta vibhAga ke prAdhyApaka evaM adhyakSa ke rUpa meM kAryarata rhe| 10 janavarI 1974 I. meM asamaya hI ApakA nidhana ho gayA lekina itane alpakAla meM hI zAstrI jI ne aneka mahattvapUrNa granthoM kA lekhana aura sampAdana kArya kiyA hai| ApakI 30 pustakeM aura saikar3oM zodhalekha prakAzita haiN| unameM prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, saMskRta kAvya ke 338 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna, haribhadra ke prAkRta kathAsAhitya kA parizIlana, tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA (cAra bhAga) Adi bahucarcita pustakeM haiN| bhAratIya jyotiSa' nAmaka ApakI pustaka ke darjanoM saMskaraNa nikala cuke haiN| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ne prAkRta bhASA ke zikSaNa aura pracAra-prasAra ke lie bahuta kAma kiyA hai| bihAra meM saikar3oM prAkRta ke vidyArthI Apane taiyAra kiye haiN| abhinava prAkRta vyAkaraNa, prAkRta prabodha, hemazabdAnuzAsana- eka adhyayana Adi ApakI lokapriya prAkRta pustakeM rahI haiN| Apa aneka puraskAroM se sammAnita hue haiN| jaina samAja ke vikAsa meM DaoN. zAstrI jI kA apUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| devakumAra oriyanTala risarca insTITyUTa, ArA ke Apa nidezaka rahe haiN| 396. zAstrI phUlacanda (paNDita) paM. phUlacanda siddhAntazAstrI jaina AgamoM evaM siddhAnta ke prakANDa paNDita the| prAkRta granthoM ke sampAdana-anuvAda meM Apane mahanIya sevA kI hai| paM. jI kA janma 11 aprela san 1901 meM uttarapradeza ke silAvana gAMva meM haA thaa| Apane indaura aura murainA meM zikSA prApta kii| paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI aura paM. jaganmohanalAla zAstrI ke sAtha ApakI sAhitya sAdhanA kI aTUTa maitrI thii| Apa tInoM ko jainasiddhAnta ke ratnatrayI paNDita ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| Apane san 1937se 1940 taka DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ke sAtha amarAvatI meM rahakara SaTkhaNDAgama ke sampAdana-kArya meM sahayoga kiyaa| Apane prAkRta ke kaSAyapAhuDa grantha kA TIkA ke sAtha 1-16 bhAgoM kA sampAdana evaM anuvAda kArya kiyA hai| svatantrarUpa se bhI paNDita jI ke kaI grantha prakAzita haiN| Apako 'siddhAntAcArya' siddhAntaratna jaisI upAdhi prApta huii| 1990 meM rASTrIya prAkRta sammelana baiMgalora meM paNDita jI ko prAkRtajJAna bhAratI avArDa bhI pradAna kiyA gyaa| 31 agasta 1991 ko paNDita jI kA dehAvasAna huaa| jainadharma evaM sAhitya meM ApakA apUrva yogadAna rahA hai| 397. zAstrI bAlacanda ( paNDita) paM. bAlacanda zAstrI jaina siddhAnta aura prAkRta bhASA ke prakANDa paNDita the| ApakA janma 1905 I. meM lalitapura jile ke soraI grAma meM huA thaa| ApakI zikSA banArasa ke syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya meM sampanna huii| paM. zAstrI jI ne prAkRta ke prAkRta ratnAkara 0 339

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prAcIna grantha SaTkhaNDAgama dhavalATIkA ke bhAga 6 se 16 taka ke sampAdanaanuvAda ke kArya meM sahayoga kiyaa| Apake dvArA sampAdita kI huI prasiddha pustakeM haiM- tiloyapaNNatti bhAga (1, 2), jaMbUdIvapaNNatti AtmAnuzAsana, kathAkoza, jJAnArNava aadi| jaina lakSaNAvalI bhAga (1, 2, 3) prasiddha jainasiddhAnta kA kozagrantha hai| Apane zrAvakaprajJapti, dhyAnazataka, dhyAnastava aura SaTakhaNDAgamaparizIlana pustakeM bhI vidvat samAja ko dI haiN| 398. zilAlekhIya prAkRta zilAlekhI prAkRta ke prAcInatama rUpa azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM prApta hote haiN| ye zilAlekha I.pU. 300 ke lagabhaga deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM azoka ne khudavAye the| isase yaha spaSTa hai jana samudAya meM prAkRta bhASA bahu pracalita thI aura rAjakAja meM bhI usakA prayoga hotA thaa| azoka ke zilAlekha prAkRta bhASA kI dRSTi se to mahattvapUrNa haiM hI, ve tatkAlIna saMskRti ke jIte jAgate pramANa bhI haiN| azoka ne choTe-choTe vAkyoM meM kaI jIvana-mUlya janatA taka pahu~cAe haiN| usakA saMdeza hai prANAnAMsAdhu anAraMbho,apavyayatA apabhaMDatA saadhu|- (tRtIya zilAlekha) -prANiyoM ke lie kI gaI ahiMsA acchI hai, thor3A kharca aura thor3A saMgraha acchA hai| savapAsaMDA bahusutA ca asu, kalANAgamA ca asu - (dvAdasa zilAlekha) (sabhI dhArmika sampradAya eka dUsare ko sunane vAle hoM aura kalyANa kA kArya karane vAle hoM) samrATa azoka ke bAda IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI taka prAkRta meM zilAlekha likhe jAte rahe haiM, jinakI saMkhyA lagabhaga do hajAra hai| khAravela kA hAthIguMphA zilAlekha udayagiri evaM khaNDagiri ke zilAlekha tathA Andhra rAjAoM ke prAkRta zilAlekha sAhityika aura itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiN| prAkRta bhASA ke kaI rUpa inameM upalabdha haiN| khAravela ke zilAlekha meM upalabdha Namo arahatANaM Namo savasidhANaM paMkti meM prAkRta ke namaskAra mantra kA prAcIna rUpa prApta hotA hai| saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti kA bhI jJAna hotA hai| bhAratavarSa (bharadhavasa) zabda kA 340 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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sarvaprathama ullekha isI zilAlekha kI dazavIM paMkti meM milatA hai| isa taraha prAkRta ke zilAlekha bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ke lie mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI pradAna karate haiN| 399. zivArya AcArya zivakoTi athavA zivArya prAcIna digambara AcArya the| jinhoMne bhagavatI ArAdhanA nAmaka zaurasenI prAkRta grantha likhA hai / isa grantha kA nAma ArAdhanA athavA mUlArAdhanA bhI prApta hotA hai| zivArya ko aneka digambara AcAryoM ne AdarapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki zivArya aura unakA grantha donoM kI acchI prasiddhi thii| zrI paMDita nAthUrAma premI zivArya ko yApanIya saMgha kA AcArya svIkAra karate haiM aura unake guru kA nAma sarvagupta mAnate haiM / vidvAnoM ne zivArya kA samaya I. san kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI mAnA hai / inake grantha bhagavatI ArAdhanA para 7vIM-8vIM zatAbdI meM aparAjitasUrI dvArA TIkA likhI jA cukI thI / bhagavatI ArAdhanA grantha ke anta meM isake racayitA ne apanA paricaya diyA hai| usase itanA hI jJAta hotA hai ki Arya jinanandi gaNi, sarvagupta gaNi aura AcArya mitranandi ke pAdamUla meM samyak rUpa se zruta aura artha ko jAna kara hastapAtra meM AhAra karane vAle zivArya ne pUrvAcAryakRta racanA ko AdhAra banAkara yaha ArAdhanA racI hai / yathA ajjajirNedigaNi- satvaguttagaNi-ajjamittaNaMdINaM / avagAmiya pAdamUle sammaM suttaM ca atthaM ca // 2159 // puvvAyariyaNibaddhA uvajIvittA imA sasattIe / ArAdhanA sivajjeNapANidalaoiNA raidA // 2160 // gAthA se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki granthakAra kA nAma zivArya thA aura jinanandi, sarvagupta aura mitranandi unake guru the| unake pAdamUla meM hIM unhoMne zruta kA adhyayana kiyA thaa| muni AcAra para zivArya kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA atyanta mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| zivArya pANitala bhojI hone ke kAraNa digambara paramparA ke anuyAyI haiM / Arya zabda eka vizeSaNa hai / ataH paM. nAthUrAma premIjI ke anumAna ke anusAra prAkRta ratnAkara 0 341

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inakA nAma zivanandi, zivagupta yA zivakoTI honA caahiye| paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI ne kahA yaha grantha zivArya kI apanI zakti se racita maulika kRti hai| tabhI to vaha Age kI gAthA meM apanI chadmasthatA ke kAraNa Agamaviruddha yadi koI likhA gayA ho to usako zuddha karane kI prArthanA karate hai| ataH unhoMne apanI zakti se eka lupta kRti ko punajIvita kiyA hai, yaha unakA abhiprAya hameM pratIta hotA hai| zivArya meM ziva nAma aura Arya vizeSa ho sakatA haiM, jaise Arya jinanandi gaNi aura Arya mitranandi gaNi meM hai| ataH yaha kaha sakate haiM ki isa grantha ke racayitA Arya ziva the - dhadumatthadAya ettha dujaM baddhaM hoja pvynnviruddh| sodhetu sugItthA pavayaNavacchaladAe du // 216 ||-bhgvtii aaraadhnaa| zivArya vinIta, sahiSNu aura pUrvAcAryoM ke bhakta haiN| inhoMne guruoM se sUtra aura usake artha kI samyak jAnakArI prApta kI hai| jinasena AcArya ne Adi purANa ke prArambha meM zivakoTi muni ko namaskAra kiyA hai| yathA zItIbhUtaM jagatasya vAcArAdhya ctussttym| mokSamArga sa pAyAtraH zivakoTi munizvaraH ||-aadipuraann artha- jinake vacanoM se prakaTa hue cAroM ArAdhanA rUpa mokSa mArga kI ArAdhanA kara jagat ke jIva sukhI hote haiM ve zivakoTi munIzvara hamArI rakSA kreN| jisa rUpa meM jinasena AcArya ne zivakoTi munIzvara kA smaraNa kiyA hai usase yaha spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki zivakoTi bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke kartA haiN| ataeva darzana, jJAna, cAritra, tapa rUpa cAra prakAra kI ArAdhanAoM kA vistRta varNana karane vAle zivArya kA hI zivakoTi nAma honA caahiye| bhagavatI ArAdhanA yA mUlArAdhanA ke kartA zivArya ne apane samaya kA nirdeza kahIM nahIM kiyA hai| paravartI AcArya ne jinasena AcArya ne hI sarvaprathama unakA ullekha kiyA hai| jinasena kA samaya 9vIM zatAbdI hone se zivArya ke samaya kI sabase UparI sImA navIM zatAbdI mAnI jA sakatI hai| zakaTAyana ke nirdezAnusAra sarvagupta unake guru hai| zakaTAyana kA kAla bhI zivArya ke samaya kI nicalI sImA 342 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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ho sakatI hai / grantha kA antaraMga adhyayana karane para jJAta hotA hai ki ArAdhanA ke 40veM vijahanA nAmaka adhikAra meM ArAdhaka muniyoM ke mRtaka saMskAra varNita haiM, unake grantha kI prAcInatA para prakAza par3atA hai| isake anusAra usa samaya muni ke mRtaka zarIra ko vana meM kisI acchI jagaha para yoM hI chor3a diyA jAtA thA aura pazu pakSI use samApta kara dete the T bhagavatI ArAdhanA grantha para aparAjitasUri dvArA vicarita 'vijayodayA ' nAmaka saMskRta TIkA upalabdha hai| isa TIkA se bhI isa grantha kI prAcInatA prakaTa hotI hai| anya TIkA-TippaNiyoM se yaha avagata hotA hai ki isa grantha para prAkRta TIkAe~ bhI upalabdha thiiN| prAkRta granthoM kI prAkRta bhASA meM TIkA likhane kI paramparA pA~cavI evaM chaThI zatAbdI taka hI milatI hai / ataH bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA samaya prAkRta TIkA likhe jAne ke pUrva 5vIM zatAbdI ke pahale honA cAhiye / AcArya zivArya ArAdhanA ke atirikta tatkAlIna svasamaya aura parasamaya bhI jJAtA the| unhoMne apane viSaya kA upasthitikaraNa kAvyazailI meM kiyA hai| Agama siddhAnta ke sAtha nIti, sadAcAra evaM pracalita paramparAoM se suparicita the| AcArya ne jIvana ke aneka citroM ke raMga, nAnA anubhUtiyoM ke mAdhyama se prastuta kiye haiM / bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke racayitA AcArya zivArya digambara jaina paramparA ke poSaka AcArya haiN| unhoMne isa grantha meM aneka sthAnoM para acela tattva kI pratiSThA kI hai| ataH zivArya zramaNa paramparA meM sAdhu ke niyamoM kA kaThoratA se pAlana karane ke pakSa meM rahe haiN| unake grantha se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zivArya zramaNa jIvana kA sAra antima samaya meM samAdhimaraNa ko mAnane vAle haiN| unakI dRSTi se cAritra kA pAlana jIvana kA pramukha lakSya rahA hai isaliye unhoMne ArAdhanA ke cAra bhedoM meM cAritra ArAdhanA ko sarvazreSTha mAnA hai| usa meM sabhI ArAdhanAoM ko sammilita mAnA hai| zivArya jaina darzana ke bahuzruta vidvAna the| unake eka mAtra grantha bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA pramukha viSaya yadyapi samAdhimaraNa hai kintu prasaMgavaza unhoMne jaina prAkRta ratnAkara 0 343

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darzana ke prAyaH sabhI siddhAntoM kA vivecana apane isa grantha meM kara diyA hai| grantha ke viSaya ke prastutikaraNa ke anusAra zivArya ekatapasvI sAdhu ke rUpa meM rahe hoNge| unhoMne samAdhimaraNa kI pUrI prakriyA kA pratyakSa prayoga bhI karAyA hogaa| jaina darzana ke adhyetA ke sAtha-sAtha zivArya prAkRta bhASA ke niSNAta vidvAna the| unhoMne isa grantha meM zaurasainI prAkRta ke prAcIna svarUpa ko surakSita rakhA hai| grantha kI aneka gAthAoM se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki zivArya kavi hRdaya the aura acche kathAkAra bhI the| unhoMne apane isa grantha meM aneka kAvyAtmaka dRSTAntoM aura kathAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| isI prakAra zivArya apane samaya kI saMskRti aura samAja ke bhI pUrNa jAnakAra the, jisakA pramANa unake isa grantha meM aneka jagaha upalabdha hotA hai| 400. zIlAMkAcArya (aparanAma tatvAcArya) vI.ni. kI 14vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha aura pandrahavI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke bIca kI avadhi ke AcArya zIlAMka kA nAma devarddhi kSamAzramaNa se uttaravartI kAla ke Agama marmajJa AcAryoM meM zIrSa sthAna para AtA hai| ve tatvAcArya nAma se bhI vikhyAta rhe| prabhAvaka caritra meM unakA eka aura nAma koTayAcArya bhI diyA hai| ve saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM hI bhASAoM ke ucca koTi ke viziSTa vidvAna the| apane samaya meM zIlAMkAcArya AgamoM ke adhikArI pramANika vidvAna mAne jAte the| gUDhArthoM evaM anekArthoM se yukta durUha AgamoM ko sAdhaka evaM jijJAsu AsAnI se samajhakara hRdayaMgama kara sakeM isake lie inhoMne TIkAe~ likhI haiN| zIlAMkAcArya dvArA racita una 11 aMgazAstroM kI TIkAoM meM se vartamAna meM kevala AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga, ye do TIkAe~ hI upalabdha hotI haiN| 401. zIlAMka yA sIlaMka, ____ 'cauppannamahApurisacariyaM' carita grantha ke racayitA ne apanI pahacAna tIna nAmoM se dI hai - 1. zIlAMka yA sIlaMka, 2. vimalamati aura 3. siilaariy| grantha ke anta meM pA~ca gAthAoM kI eka prazasti dI gaI hai usase jJAta hotA hai ki ye nirvRtti kula ke AcArya mAnadevasUri ke ziSya the| lagatA hai AcArya pada prApta karane ke pUrva aura usake bAda granthakAra kA nAma kramazaH vimalamati aura zIlAcArya rahA 344 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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hogaa|'shiilaaNk' to upanAma jaisA pratIta hotA hai jo saMbhavataH unakI anya racanAoM meM bhI prayukta huA ho| bRhaTTippanikA meM 'cauppannamahApurisacariyaM' kA racanAsamaya vi.saM. 925 diyA hai| ye zIlAcArya apane samakAlIna zIlAcArya aparanAma tattvAditya se bhinna haiN| tattvAditya ne AcArAMga tathA sUtrakRtAMga para vRtti likhI thii| 402. zIlAcArya (vimalamati) vI. ni. kI 14vIM zatAbdI meM prAkRta bhASA ke anamola grantha cauvannamahApurisacariyaM ke racanAkAra AcArya zIlAMka aparanAma vimalamati tathA zIlAcArya prAkRta bhASA ke udbhaTa vidvAn evaM mahAna jinazAsana prabhAvaka AcArya hue haiN| zIlAMkAcArya nAma ke tIna vidvAn AcArya bhinna-bhinna samaya meM hue haiN| unameM se eka zIlAMkAcArya kA mahAn kozakAra ke rUpa meM jaina vAGgamaya meM ullekha upalabdha hotA hai para vaha koza vartamAna meM kahIM upalabdha nahIM hai| dUsare zIlAMkAcArya ve haiM jinhoMne vI. ni.saM.1403 meM AcArAMga-TIkA kI racanA kii| unhIM zIlAMkAcArya ne sUtrakRtAMga-TIkA aura jIvasamAsavRtti kI racanAe~ bhI kii| isI nAma ke tIsare vidvAn AcArya haiM- zIlAcArya athavA AcArya vimalamati / unhoMne vi. saM. 925 (vI.ni. 1395) meM cauvannamahApurisacariyaM nAmaka ucca koTi ke caritra grantha kI prAkRta bhASA meM racanA kii| 403. zubhazIlagaNi ___ isa mahattvapUrNa kathAsaMgraha kathAkoza (bharatezvarabAhubalivRtti) ke racayitA zubhazIlagaNi haiN| inake guru kA nAma munisundaragaNi thaa| vikrama kI 15vIM zatI meM hue yugaprabhAvaka AcArya somasundara kA vizAla ziSya-parivAra thA jo vidvAn tathA sAhityasarjaka thaa| somasundara ke paTTaziSya sahastrAvadhAnI munisundara the| unake anya gurubhAiyoM ne aneka grantha likhe the| zubhazIlagaNi isI parivAra ke sAhityasarjaka vidvAn the| zubhazIlagaNi ne isa kathAkoza kI racanA vi. saM. 1509 meM kI thii| granthAnta meM dI gaI prazasti meM racanA-saMvat diyA gayA hai| inakI aneka racanAeM upalabdha haiN| yathA - vikramAdityacaritra (vi. saM. 1499), zatrujayakalpa kathAkoza (vi. saM. 1518), paMcazatIprabaMdha (vi. saM. 1521), bhojaprabaMdha, prabhAvakakathA, prAkRta ratnAkara 0 345

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zAlivAhanacaritra, puNyadhananRpakathA, puNyasArakathA, zukarAjakathA, jAvar3akathA, bhaktAmarastotramAhAtmya, paMcavargasaMgrahanAmamAlA, uNAdinAmamAlA aura assttkrmvipaak| 404. zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA kundakunda Adi AcAryoM ke granthoM meM prayukta zaurasenI prAkRta ke vaiziSTya ko nirdhAraNa karane ke lie svatantra rUpa se cintana karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ne avazya siddhAnta-granthoM kI zaurasenI prAkRta ke niyamoM ko sammilita karate hue kucha vistAra se zaurasenI ke niyama diye haiN| DaoN e. ema. ghATage ne apane eka nibandha meM zaurasenI niyamoM kI vistAra se carcA kI hai| SaTkhaNDAgama evaM kaSAyapAhaDa Adi granthoM ke sampAdakoM ne bhI paramparAgata rUpa se hI zaurasenI ke niyamoM kI saMkSepa meM carcA kI hai| paM. hIrAlAla zAstrI ne vasunandizrAvakAcAra ke pariziSTa meM zaurasenI ko spaSTa karane kA acchA prayatna kiyA hai| paM. bAlacandra zAstrI ne " SaTkhaNDAgamaH " eka parizIlana " meM grantha kI bhASAtmaka sAmagrI prastuta kI hai, jo upayogI hai| zaurasenI prAkRta, mahArASTrI, nATakIya zaurasenI Adi prAkRtoM se prAcIna evaM vistRta bhASA hai| zaurasenI prAkRta kA nAmakaraNa usake pracAra kSetra ke nAma para huA hai| vajramaNDala, mathurA ke Asa pAsa kA pradeza zUrasena kahalAtA hai| isa zUrasena kSetra meM jisa janabhASA kA pracAra adhika thA vaha bhASA zaurasenI kahalAyI / kAzI usa samaya pramukha nagara thaa| usake pUrva meM magadha meM pracalita bhASA ko mAgadhI aura kAzI ke pazcima meM pracalita bhASA ko zaurasenI kahA gyaa| pahale yahI do prAkRta bhASAe~ pramukha thiiN| vararUci ne prAkRta-prakAza ke 12 veM pariccheda meM jo bhI zaurasenI prAkRta kI vizeSatAe~ ginAyI haiM, ve zaurasenI ke niyama nirdhAraNa ke lie paryApta nahIM kahIM jA sakatI haiM, kyoMki vararuci ne jo niyama diye haiM, ve prAyaH saMskRta nATakoM kI zaurasenI ke vaiziSTya kA bodha karAte haiN| AcArya hemacandra ne vararuci ke dvArA nirdhArita zaurasenI niyamoM kA prAyaH prayoga kiyA gayA hai| 346 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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zaurasenI prAkRta kI pramukha vizeSatAe~ isa prakAra haiM: 1- ta > da : prAyaH do svaroM kA madhyavartI anAdi asaMyukta ta da meM badala jAtA hai| jaise- latA ladA evaM caturgati , caduggadi | 2- tha dha : jaise - tathA ) tadhA, katham , kadhaM evaM paSthatvaM > pudhattaM / vikalpa se tha kA ha bhI hotA hai| yathA- nAthaH > NAho evaM kathati ) kahedi Adi / 3-" bhU" - (honA) dhAtu ko vikalpa se " bha" hotA hai| yathA- bhavati > hoI, bhodi evaM bhvedi| 4- "kR" karanA dhAtu ke pramukha rUpa ye haiM : karoti, kuvvadi, karedi, kuNedi kuNai, karei aadi| 5- madhya evaM anya pa kA va ho jAtA hai| yathA- dIpaH > dIvo, tapaH > tavo 6-ya kA ja meM parivartana hotA hai| yathA- yadi jadi, saMyama > saMjama, yuddha >juddho Adi / 7-paMcamI ke ekavacana meM Ado aura Ad pratyaya hote haiN| yathA- devAdo, devAdu evaM bhAvAdo, udayAdu aadi| 8-kucha dhAtvAdeza bhI pramukha haiN| jaise dRz- pekkha, pekkhadi, tiSTha- ciTTha, ciTdi aadi| 9- ardhamAgadhI kI taraha ka kA ga bhI hotA hai| yathA- svakam - sagaM, kSapakaH > khabage Adi 10-ardhamAgadhI kI taraha saptami vibhakti meM ekavacana meM mmi, mhi pratyaya hotA hai| yathA- sAhummi, sAhumhi Adi / 11-sambandha kRdanta meM dUNa evaM UNa donoM pratyayoM kA prayoga milatA hai| yathA- bhaNidUNa, bhaNiUNa aadi| 12- " ya " ke sthAna para ya evaM jja donoM kA prayoga hotA hai| yathAkAryam ) kayyaM kajja Adi ina sAmAnya vizeSatAoM ke atirikta zaurasenI prAkRta meM bahuta se aise prayoga prApta haiM jo use anya prAkRtoM se pRthaka karate haiN| zaurasenI prAkRta ke pramukha niyamoM ko udAharaNa sahita DaoN. udayacanda jaina dvArA bhAaurasenI prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| anya vidvAnoM ne isa viSaya para pustakeM likhI haiN| zaurasenI ko mUla prAkRta mAnane kI paramparA zramaNa saMskRti meM vidyamAna hai / sUrasena padaza aura sUrasenoM kI bhASA hone se yaha zaurasenI bAda meM vikasita anya prAkRtoM se itihAsa kI dRSTi se prAcIna hai / prAkRta ratnAkara 0347

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405. zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA aura vyAkaraNa pro. prema sumana jaina dvArA likhita yaha pustaka - ' zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA aura vyAkaraNa' 2001 I. meM bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana dillI se prakAzita hai| isa pustaka meM bhAropIya parivAra kI bhASAoM ke sAtha zaurasenI prAkRta ke sambandha, anya prAkRtoM ke sAtha isakI tulanA, zaurasenI prAkRta kA AdhArabhUta sAhitya, zaurasenI prAkRta kA vyAkaraNAtmaka svarUpa evaM racanAnuvAda Adi binduoM para sapramANa evaM sodAharaNa vivacena prastuta kiyA gayA hai| AcArya vidyAnanda jI ne isa pustaka ke Amukha meM kahA hai ki isa pustaka meM zodha, siddhAnta - jJAna aura racanA abhyAsa kA anUThA saMgama hai| zramaNoM aura zramaNAoM ko zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA sIkhanA caahie| digambara jaina Agama granthoM kI mUlabhASA zaurasenI prAkRta hai / 406. zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA sAhitya pro. DaoN. rAjArAma jaina dvArA likhita yaha pustaka zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA itihAsa sAhitya zrI kundakunda bhAtarI TrasTa, naI dillI se 1990 I. meM prakAzita hai| isa pustaka meM DaoN. jaina ne zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA ke udbhava evaM vikAsa para mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI prastuta kI hai| zaurasenI prAkRta sAhitya ke avadAna ko bhI saMkSepa meM rekhAMkita kiyA gayA hai| zrIlAlabahAdura zAstrI rASTrIya saMskRta' vidyApITha, naI dillI meM AcArya kundakunda smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA ke antargata pradatta do vyAkhyAnoM ko pustakarUpa meM yahA~ prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 407. zaurasenI aura anya prAkRteM prAkRta bhASA janabhASA thii| ataH usameM kucha samaya ke uparAnta jana boliyoM kI vividhatA ke kAraNa naye-naye parivartana Ate rahe haiM / kintu phira bhI kucha vizeSatAe~ samAna banI rahI haiN| isa dRSTi se adhyayana karane para jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra ke samaya se samrATa kaniSka ke samaya taka jisa prAkRta bhASA kA prayoga huA vaha prAyaH eka-sI thI / usameM prAcIna prayoga kI bahulatA thI / ataH I.pU. chaThI zatAbdI se IsA kI dvitIya zatAbdI taka prAkRta meM race gaye sAhitya kI bhASA ko Adi yuga athavA prathama yuga kI prAkRta kahA jA sakatA hai| isa prAkRta ke pramukha pA~ca rUpa prApta hote haiM 348 prAkRta ratnAkara

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(1) ArSa prAkRta (2) zilAlekhI prAkRta (3) niyA prAkRta (4) prAkRta dhammapada kI bhASA aura (5) azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI praakRt| prathama yuga kI isa prAkRta kA sabase prAcIna likhita rUpa zilAlekhI prAkRta meM milatA hai| kintu zilAlekha likhe jAne ke pUrva hI buddha mahAvIra ne apane upadezoM meM janabhASA prAkRta kA prayoga prArambha kara diyA, jisakA Agama sAhitya ke rUpa meM saMkalana evaM lekhana paramparA dvArA bAda meM kiyA gayA hai| AgamoM kI isa prAkRta ko pAli, zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI nAma se jAnA gayA hai| ataH racanA kI dRSTi se pAli, zaurasenI evaM ardhamAgadhI Agamika prAkRta ko zilAlekhI prAkRta se prAcIna svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| 408. zRMgAraprakAza - zRMgAraprakAza bhI bhojarAja dvArA racita alaMkArazAstra kA prasiddha grantha hai| isa grantha meM 36 prakAza haiM, jisameM se 26vA~ prakAza lupta hai| kavi bhojarAja ne zRMgAra rasa ko sabhI rasoM meM pradhAna rasa svIkAra kiyA hai| grantha meM zRMgAra rasa pradhAna prAkRta padyoM kA vizeSa ullekha kiyA gayA hai| 409. zrRMgAramaMjarI-siMgAramaMjarI (saTTaka) zRMgAramaMjarI ke kartA kavi vizvezvara paMDita kA samaya lagabhaga 17vIM18vIM zatAbdI kA mAnA jAtA hai| zRMgAramaMjarI saTTaka kA sAhitya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| cAra javanikAoM meM rAjA rAjazekhara evaM nAyikA zRMgAramaMjarI kI praNaya kathA varNita hai| isakI kathAvastu atyaMta rocaka hai| isakA AdhAra yadyapi rAjazekhara kI karpUramaMjarI hai, kintu kathAnaka gaThana, ghaTanA-vinyAsa evaM varNanoM meM maulikatA hai| rAjA dvArA svapna meM zRMgAramaMjarI ko dekhanA, dAsI dvArA citra banavAnA, nAyikA dvArA AtmahatyA kA prayAsa Adi ghaTanAe~ maulika haiN| vasaMta, saMdhyA, kuMja, rAtri, candrodaya Adi ke varNana vizada evaM kAvyAtmaka saundarya se abhibhUta haiN| zilpa purAtana hote hue bhI caritra-citraNa evaM saMvAda kI dRSTi se yaha eka uttama koTi ratnAkara1349

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410. zrAvakaprajJapti (sAvayapaNNati ) yaha racanA umAsvAmi kI kahI jAtI hai / koI ise haribhadrakRta mAnate haiM inameM 401 gAthAoM meM zrAvakadharma kA vivecana hai / 411. zrAvakadharma vidhi (sAvayadhammavihi ) yaha racanA haribhadrasUri kI hai| mAnadevasUri ne isa para vivRtti likhI hai| 120 gAthAoM meM samyaktva aura mithyAtva kA varNana karate hue yahA~ zrAvakoM kI vidhi kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| 412. zrIcandrasUri prAkRta grantha sanatkumAracarita ke racayitA zrIcandrasUri haiM jo candragaccha meM sarvadevasUri ke santAnIya jayasiMhasUri ke ziSya devendrasUri ke ziSya the / praNetA ne apane gurubhAI ke rUpa meM yazobhadrasUri, yazodevasUri aura jinezvarasUri kA nAma diyA hai / grantha ke prArambha meM kavi ne haribhadrasUri, siddhamahAkavi abhayadevasUri, dhanapAla, devacandrasUri, zAntisUri, devabhadrasUri aura maladhArI hemacandrasUri kI kRtiyoM kA smaraNa kara unakI guNastuti kI hai| zrI candrasUri ne ukta grantha kI racanA aNahilapura (pATana) meM karpUra paTTAdhipaputra somezvara ke ghara ke Upara bhAga meM sthita vasati meM rahakara vahA~ ke kuTumba vAloM kI prArthanA para kI thI / isakI racanA saM. 1214 AzvinavadI 7 budhavAra ko huI thii| isakI prathama prati hemacandragaNi ne likhI thii| 413. SaTkhaNDAgama zaurasenI Agama grantha SaTkhaNDAgama ke chaH khaNDa haiN| prathama khaNDa jIvadvANaM meM ATha anuyogadvAra tathA nau cUlikAe~ haiM, jisameM guNasthAna evaM mArgaNAoM kA Azraya lekara jIva kI nAnA avasthAoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| yaha bhI ciMtana kiyA gayA hai ki kauna jIva kisa prakAra se samyagdarzana evaM samyakcAritra ko prApta kara sakatA hai| dvitIya khaNDa khudAbaMdha ke 11 adhikAroM meM kevala mArgaNAsthAnoM ke anusAra karmabaMdha karane vAle jIva kA varNana hai| tRtIya khaNDa baMdhasAmittavicaya meM guNasthAna evaM mArgaNAsthAna ke AdhAra para karmabaMdha karane vAle jIva kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / kina karmaprakRtiyoM ke baMdha meM kauna jIva svAmI hai aura kauna jIva 350 prAkRta ratnAkara

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svAmI nahIM hai, isa para bhI ciMtana kiyA gayA hai| caturtha veyaNAkhaMDa meM kRti aura vedanA ye do anuyogadvAra haiN| vedanA ke kathana kI isameM pradhAnatA hai| pA~caveM vaggaNAkhaNDa ke prArambha meM sparza, karma evaM prakRti nAmaka tIna anuyogadvAroM kA pratipAdana hai| vargaNAkhaMDa kA pradhAna adhikAra baMdhanIya hai, jisameM baMdha, bandhaka aura bandhanIya ina tIna kI mukhya rUpa se prarUpaNA kI gaI hai| chaThe khaNDa mahAbandha meM prakRti, pradeza, sthiti evaM anubhAga baMdha kA vistAra se vivecana hai / apanI vizAlatA ke kAraNa yaha khaNDa pRthaka grantha bhI mAnA jAtA hai| SaTkhaNDAgama para samaya-samaya para parikarma, vyAkhyAprajJapti Adi aneka TIkAe~ likhI gaI haiN| inameM se AcArya vIrasena dvArA likhI gaI dhavalA TIkA pramukha hai| AcArya vIrasena ne bappagurudeva kI vyAkhyAprajJapti TIkA ke AdhAra para SaTkhaNDAgama ke prArambhika pA~ca khaMDoM para isa TIkA grantha kI racanA kI hai| isakA racanA kAla zaka saMvat 738 arthAt I. san 816 mAnA gayA hai| yaha TIkA 72,000 zloka, pramANa hai / yaha TIkA grantha prAkRta - saMskRta mizrita bhASA meM hai| chaThA khaNDa mahAbandha svayaM AcArya bhUtabali dvArA vistAra se likhA gayA hai| yaha mahAdhavala ke nAma se bhI prasiddha hai| 414. SaDbhASAcandrikA lakSmIdhara ne apanI vyAkhyA likhate hue kahA hai ki trivikrama ke grantha ko sarala karane ke liye yaha vyAkhyA likha rahA huuN| jo vidvAn mUlagrantha kI gUr3ha vRtti ko samajhanA cAhate haiM ve usakI vyAkhyArUpa 'SaDbhASAcandrikA' ko dekheMvRtiM travikramIgUr3hAM vyAcikhyA santi ye budhAH / bhADbhASAcandrikA taistad vyAkhyArUpA vilokyatAm // vastutaH lakSmIdhara ne trivikrama ke grantha ko siddhAnta kaumudI ke DhaMga se taiyAra kiyA hai tathA udAharaNa prAkRta ke anya kAvyoM se diye haiM / prastuta grantha meM prAkRta mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA paizAcI aura apabhraMza ina chaha bhASAoM kA vistAra pUrvaka vivecana kiyA hai| Age calakara ina chaha bhASAoM ke vivecana ke lie anya kaI grantha bhI likhe gaye haiM / unameM bhAmakavi - 'SaDbhASAcandrikA', durgaNAcArya - ' SaDbhASArUpamAlikA', tathA 'SaDbhASAmaMjaro', 'SaDbhASA suvantAdarza' 'SaDbhASAvicAra' Adi pramukha haiN| prAkRta ratnAkara 0 351

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415. SaDAvazyakasUtra Avazyaka athavA Avassaga (SaDAvazyakasUtra) meM nityakarma ke pratipAdaka chaha Avazyaka kriyA anuSThAnoM kA ullekha hai, isalie ise Avazyaka kahA gayA hai| isameM chaha adhyayana haiM- sAmAyika, caturvizatistava, vaMdana, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura prtyaakhyaan| yahA~ ataraMga manovRtti para vizeSa jora diyA gayA hai, bAhya anuSThAnoM para nhii| isa sUtra para jitanI vyAkhyAyeM haiM, utanI aura kisI para nhiiN| isa para bhadrabAhu kI niyukti aura bhASya donoM sAtha chape haiN| sAmAyika adhyayana se saMbaMdhita niyukti para jinabhadragaNi ne vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI racanA kI hai| Avazyaka niyukti ke sAtha yaha sUtra hameM upalabdha hotA hai| isa para jinadAsagaNi mahattara kI cUrNi hai| haribhadrasUri ne ziSyahitA nAma kI saMskRta TIkA likhI hai, jisakI kahAniyA~ prAkRta meM haiN| haribhadrasUri ne apanI TIkA meM ukta chaha prakaraNoM kA 35 adhyayanoM meM varNana kiyA hai, jisameM aneka prAcIna prAkRta aura saMskRta kathAoM kA samAveza hai| tilAkAcArya ne AvazyakasUtra para laghuvRtti likhI hai| rAga-dveSa rahita samabhAva ko sAmAyika kahate haiM / yaha prathama Avazyaka hai| dUsare Avazyaka meM sAta gAthAoM meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kA stavana hai| tIsare meM vadana -stavana kiyA gayA hai| ziSya guru ke pAsa baiThakara guru ke caraNoM kA sparza kara unase kSamA yAcanA karatA hai aura unakI sukhasAtA ke saMbaMdha meM prazna karatA hai| cauthe Avazyaka pratikramaNa kA ullekha hai| pramAdavaza zubhayoga se cyuta hokara azubha yoga ko prApta karane ke bAda phira se zubha yoga ko prApta karane ko pratikramaNa kahate haiN| pAMcave Avazyaka meM vaha kAyotsarga-dhyAna ke lie zarIra kI nizcalatAmeM sthira rahanA cAhatA hai| chaThe Avazyaka meM pratyAkhyAna-sarva sAvadya karmoM se nivRtti kI AvazyakatA batAI hai| isameM azana, pAna, khAdya aura svAdya kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai| 416. saDasII (SaDazIti) saptatikA nAmaka chaThe karmagrantha ke kartA ke viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kucha kahanA saMbhava nhiiN| kucha loga candrarSimahattara ko aura kucha zivazarmasUri ko isakA kartA mAnate haiN| isakI aneka gAthA nemicandrakRta gommaTasAra meM milatI haiN| 352 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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saptatikA nAmaka chaThe karmagrantha meM bandha, udaya, sattA, prakRtisthAna, jJAnAvaraNIya Adi kI uttara prakRtiyA~ aura bandhAdi sthAna ATha karmoM ke udIraNAsthAna, guNasthAna aura prakRtikabaMdha Adi kA vivecana hai| 417.sanatkumAracarita (saNaMkumAracariya) caturtha cakravartI sanatkumAra ke jIvana para yaha prAkRta bhASA meM bar3I racanA hai| isakA parimANa 8127 zloka pramANa hai| isa carita meM ukta nAyaka ke adbhuta kAryoM ke varNana-prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai ki eka bAra vaha eka ghor3e para baiThA to vaha bhagA kara use ghane jaMgala meM le gayA jahA~ use aneka musIbatoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A parantu una saba para vaha vijaya pA gayA aura usI bIca usane aneka vidyAdhara putriyoM se pariNaya kiyaa| 418.samayasAra AcArya kundakunda kI yaha prasiddha racanA hai| vocchAmi samayapAhuDamiNamo samayasAra ke prArambha meM AI isa gAthA se spaSTa hotA hai ki kundakunda ko isa grantha kA nAma samayapAhuDa abhISTa thaa| kintu pravacanasAra, niyamasAra Adi granthoM kI paramparA meM isakA nAma samayasAra pracalita ho gyaa| samaya ke do artha haiM, AtmA yA samasta padArtha / isa dRSTi se jisameM AtmA yA sabhI padArthoM kA sAra varNita hai, vahI samayasAra hai| samayasAra eka AdhyAtmika grantha hai| zuddha Atmatattva kA vivecana jisa vyApakatA se isameM huA hai, vaha anyatra durlabha hai| samaya kI vyAkhyA karate hue grantha ke prArambha meM hI kahA hai ki jaba jIva samyagjJAnadarzana-cAritra meM sthita ho, to use svasamaya jAno tathA jaba pudgala karma-pradezoM meM sthita ho, to use parasamaya jaano|shuddhaatm tattva kA nirUpaNa karane vAlA yaha grantha 10 adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai| ina adhikAroM meM kramazaH zuddha-azuddhanaya, jIvaajIva, karma-kartA, pApa-puNya, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, baMdha, mokSa evaM sarva vizuddha jJAna kA vivecana huA hai| 419.samarAiccakahA samarAdityakathA ko prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM vahI sthAna prApta hai, jo ki saMskRta sAhitya meM bANabhaTTa kI kAdambarI ko prApta hai| isake racayitA AcArya prAkRta ratnAkara 0353

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haribhadra haiM, jinhoMne aneka prAkRta granthoM kI racanA kI hai| AcArya haribhadra kA samaya 8vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| samarAiccakahA kA mUlAdhAra pratizodha kI bhAvanA hai| isa kathA-grantha meM rAjakumAra samarAditya evaM usake pratidvaMdvI girisena ke nau bhavoM kI kathA varNita hai| kathA kA mUla AdhAra rAjakumAra guNasena evaM agnizarmA ke jIvana kI vaha ghaTanA hai, jahA~ kurUpa agnizarmA rAjakumAra guNasena kI bAla-sulabha krIr3AoM se apamAnita evaM duHkhI hokara kaThora tapasvI bana jAtA hai| yuvA hone para rAjA guNasena mahAtapasvI agnizarmA kI tapasyA se abhibhUta hokara unheM tIna bAra mAsakhamaNa ke pAraNe ke lie rAjamahala meM Amantrita karatA hai, kintu paristhitiyoM vaza tapasvI kA pAraNA nahIM ho pAtA hai| taba krodhita agnizarmA tIvra ghRNA evaM pratizodha kI bhAvanA ke sAtha agale pratyeka bhava meM rAjA guNasena se badalA lene kA nidAna bAMdha kara mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai| yahIM se sadAcArI nAyaka guNasena evaM durAcArI pratinAyaka agnizarmA ke jIvanasaMgharSa kI kathA Arambha hotI hai aura nau bhavoM taka anavarata calatI hai| pratyeka bhava meM agnizarmA kA jIva kisI na kisI rUpa meM guNasena se badalA letA hai| aMta meM zubha-pariNati dvArA naveM bhava meM guNasena kA jIva mokSa meM jAtA hai tathA agnizarmA kA jIva azubha-pariNati ke kAraNa ghora naraka meN| vastutaH. samarAiccakahA meM pratizodha kI bhAvanA vibhinna rUpoM meM abhivyakta huI hai, jise darzana kI bhASA meM zalya yA nidAna kahA gayA hai| isa kathA ke mAdhyama se yaha saMdeza diyA gayA hai ki pratizodha kI bhAvanA se bAMdhA gayA nidAna kA eka choTA sA bIja kisa prakAra eka vizAla vaTa-vRkSa kA rUpa lekara aneka janmoM taka calatA huA manuSya ke ghora patana kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| nidAna ke sAtha-sAtha yaha kathA karmasiddhAnta kI bhI sundara vyAkhyA prastuta karatI hai| yathA - savvaM puvvakayANaM kammANaM pAvae phlvivaagN| avarAhesu guNesuyanimittamettaM paro hoii||... (prathama bhava) arthAt - sabhI vyakti pUrva meM kiye gaye karmoM ke phala rUpI pariNAma ko prApta karate haiM / aparAdhoM athavA guNoM meM dUsarA vyakti to nimitta mAtra hotA hai| yadyapi isa kathA-grantha meM guNasena evaM agnizarmA ke nau bhavoM kI kathA varNita 3540 prAkRta ratnAkara

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hai, kintu pratyeka bhava kI kathA svataMtra astitva lie hue hai| mUla kathA ke sAtha aneka avAntara kathAe~ bhI zAmila haiN| dharma-darzana pradhAna yaha grantha sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| tatkAlIna samAja evaM saMskRti ke kaI mahattvapUrNa pahalU isameM ujAgara hue haiN| tatkAlIna vibhinna jAtiyoM, pArivArika gaThana, utsava, vivAha-prathA, dAsa-prathA, zikSA-paddhati, bhojana, vastrAbhUSaNa, vyApArI aura sArthavAhoM ke vyApArika niyama, nagara-grAma kI sthiti Adi ke vividha rUpa isameM varNita haiN| samarAiccakahA ke kartA yAkinI mahattarA ke putra haribhadrasUri kA nAma pAdalipta aura bappabhaTTi AcAryoM ke sAtha AdarapUrvaka liyA gayA hai| siddharSi aura rahanevAle the| saMskRta aura prAkRta ke ye bar3e vidvAna the, AgamagranthoM kI TIkAyeM inhoMne likhI hai| inakA samaya IsvI san kI AThavIM zatAbdI hai| samarAiccakahA ko haribhadrasUri ne dharmakathA nAma se ullikhita kiyA hai| apanI isa kRti ke kAraNa unhoneM kavirUpa meM prasiddhi prApta kI thii| isa kathA meM nAyaka nAyikAoM kI premakathAoM aura unake caritroM kA varNana hai jo saMsAra kA tyAga karake jaina dIkSA grahaNa kara lete haiN| bIca-bIca meM aneka dhArmika AkhyAna guMphita haiM jisase karma aura punarjanma ke siddhAntoM kA samarthana hotA hai| samarAiccakahA jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta meM likhI gaI hai, yadyapi aneka jagaha zaurasenI kA prabhAva bhI pAyA jAtA hai| isakA padyabhAga Aryachanda meM likhA gayA hai, dvipadI, vipulA Adi chaMdo ke bhI prayoga milate haiN| bhASA prAyaH sarala aura pravAhabaddha hai| kahIM para varNana karate samaya laMbe samAsoM aura upamA alaMkAroM kA bhI prayoga huA hai, jisase lekhaka ke kAvya kauzala kA patA calatA hai| 420. samavAyAMga samavAyAMga kA dvAdazAMgI meM caturtha sthAna hai| samavAyAMga vRtti meM likhA hai ki isameM jIva-ajIva Adi padArthoM kA samavatAra hai, ataH isa Agama kA nAma samavAyo hai|sthaanaaNg ke samAna samavAyAMga bhI saMkhyA zailI meM racA gayA hai, kintu isameM eka se prAraMbha hokara koTAnukoTi kI saMkhyA taka ke tathyoM kA samavAya ke rUpa meM saMkalana hai| naMdIsUtra meM samavAya kI viSaya sUcI isa prakAra dI gaI hai - prAkRta ratnAkara 0355

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(1) jIva, ajIva, loka, aloka, sva-samaya aura para-samaya kA samavaMtAra, (2) eka se sau saMkhyA taka kA vikAsa, (3) dvAdazAMgI gaNipiTaka kA vrnnn| isa grantha meM krama se pRthvI, AkAza, pAtAla, tInoM lokoM ke jIva Adi samasta tattvoM kA dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI dRSTi se eka se lekara koTAnukoTi saMkhyA taka paricaya diyA gayA hai| AdhyAtmika tattvoM, tIrthakaroM, gaNadharoM, cakravartiyoM, baladevoM aura vasudevoM se sambandhita varNanoM ke sAtha bhUgola, khagola Adi kI sAmagrI kA saMkalana bhI kiyA gayA hai| 72 kalAoM, 18 lipiyoM Adi kA bhI isameM ullekha hai| vastutaH jaina siddhAnta, vastu-vijJAna, evaM jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se yaha Agata atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| 421. sanmatiprakaraNa (sammaipayaraNa) siddhasena divAkara vikrama saMvat kI 5vIM zatAbdI ke vidvAn haiM, inhoMne sanmatitarkaprakaraNa kI racanA kI hai| jainadarzana aura nyAya kA yaha eka prAcIna aura mahattvapUrNa grantha hai jisameM nayavAda kA vivecana kara anekAMtavAda kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| isa para mallavAdI ne TIkA likhI hai jo Ajakala anupalabdha hai| digambara vidvAn sanmati ne isa para vivaraNa likhA hai| pradyumnasUri ke ziSya abhayadevasUri ne isa mahAn grantha para vAdamahArNava yA tatvabodhavidhayinI nAma kI eka vistRta TIkA kI racanA kI hai|snmtitrk meM tIna kANDa haiN| prathama kANDa meM 54 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM naya ke bhedoM aura anekAMta kI maryAdA kA varNana hai| dvitIya kANDa meM 43 gAthAoM meM darzana-jJAna kI mImAMsA kI gaI hai| tRtIya khaNDa meM 69 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM utpAda, vyaya, dhrauvya tathA anekAMta kI dRSTi se jJeyatatva kA vivecana hai| 422.samyaktvasaptati yaha haribhadrasUri kI kRti hai| saMghatilakAcArya ne isa para vRtti likhI hai| isameM 12 adhikAroM dvArA 70 gAthAoM meM samyaktva kA svarUpa batAyA hai| aSTaprabhAvakoM meM vajrasvAmI, mallavAdi bhadrabAhu, viSNukumAra, AryakhapuTa, pAdalipta aura siddhasena kA carita pratipAdita kiyA hai| 356 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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423. sarasvatIkaMThAbharaNa kAvyazAstra ke prasiddha grantha sarasvatIkaMThAbharaNa ke racayitA bhojarAja (I. san 996-1051) mAlavA kI dhArA nagarI ke nivAsI the| isa grantha meM 331 prAkRta padya uddhRta haiN| prAkRta gAthAe~ setubaMdha, gAthAsaptazatI, karpUramaMjarI Adi granthoM se uddhRta kI gaI haiN| sAhityika saundarya kI dRSTi se sabhI padya sarasa evaM madhura haiN| dhIra puruSoM kI mahattA kA yaha varNana dRSTavya hai - saccaMgaruA giriNo ko bhaNai,jalAsavAna gNbhiiraa| dhIrehiM uvamAuMtahavihu maha NAtthi ucchaaho||-(pricched -4) arthAt - yaha satya hai, kauna nahIM kahatA ki parvata vizAla hote haiM, tAlAba gaMbhIra hote haiM, kintu taba bhI dhIra puruSoM ke sAtha (unakI) upamA dene kA merA utsAha nahIM hotA hai| 424.saMghadAsagaNI - AgamoM ke dvitIya bhASyakAra saMghadAsagaNI hai|aacaary saMghadAsa ke jIvana vRtta ke sambandha meM kucha bhI sAmagrI nahIM milatI hai| Agama prabhAvaka munizrI puNyavijayajI kA mAnanA thA ki saMghadAsa gaNI nAmaka do AcArya hue haiN| eka ne bRhatkalpalaghubhASya kA nirmANa kiyA aura dUsare AcArya ne vasudevahiNDi-prathama khaNDa likhaa| bhASyakAra saMghadAsagaNI kA vizeSaNa kSamAzramaNa hai to vasudevahiNDi ke racayitA kA vizeSaNa vAcaka hai| vasudevahiDi ke racayitA saMghadAsagaNI bhASyakAra jinabhadragaNI se pUrva hue haiN| saMghadAsagaNI jaina Agama sAhitya ke marmajJa vidvAn the|ched sUtroM ke talasparzI anusaMdhAtA the| 425.siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra ko pUrNatA AcArya hemacandra ke siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsana se prApta huI hai| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM kI pUrvI aura pazcimI do zAkhAe~ vikasita huI haiN| pazcimI zAkhA ke pratinidhi prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa hemacandra haiM (san 1088 se 1172) / inhoMne vibhinna viSayoM para aneka grantha likhe haiN| inakI vidvattA kI chApa inake isa vyAkaraNa grantha para bhI hai| isa vyAkaraNa kA aneka sthAnoM se prakAzana huA hai|hemcndr ke isa vyAkaraNa grantha meM ATha adhyAya haiM / prathama sAta adhyAyoM prAkRta ratnAkara 0357

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meM unhoMne saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA anuzAsana kiyA hai, jisakI saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke kSetra meM alaga mahattA hai| AThaveM adhyAya meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA nirUpaNa hai| usakI saMkSipta viSayavastu draSTavya hai| AThaveM adhyAya ke prathama pAda meM 271 sUtra haiN| inameM saMdhi, vyaMjanAnta zabda; anusvAra, liMga, visarga, svara-vyatyaya aura vyaMjana-vyatyaya kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isa pAda kA prathama sUtra atha prAkRta m prAkRta zabda ko spaSTa karate hue yaha nizcita karatA hai ki prAkRta vyAkaraNa saMskRta ke AdhAra para sIkhanI caahiye| dvitIya sUtra bahulam dvArA hemacandra ne prAkRta ke samasta anuzAsanoM ko vaikalpika svIkAra kiyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki hemacandra ne na kevala sAhityika prAkRtoM ko, apitu vyavahAra kI prAkRta ke rUpoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara bhI apanA vyAkaraNa likhA hai| isa pada ke tIsare sUtra ArSam 8/1/3 dvArA granthakAra ne ArSaprAkRta aura sAmAnya prAkRta meM bheda spaSTa kiyA hai| isake Age ke sUtra svara Adi kA anuzAsana karate haiN| jisa bAta ko prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa caMDa, vararuci Adi ne saMkSepa meM kaha diyA thA, hemacandra ne use na kevala vistAra se kahA hai, apitu aneka naye udAharaNa bhI diye haiN| isa taraha prAkRta bhASA ke vibhinna svarUpoM kA sAMgopAMga anuzAsana hemavyAkaraNa meM ho sakA hai| dvitIya pAda ke 218 sUtroM meM saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke parivartana, samIkaraNa, svarabhakti, varNaviparyaya, zabdAdeza, taddhita, nipAta aura avyayoM kA nirUpaNa hai| yaha prakaraNa Adhunika bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se bahuta upayogI hai| hemacandra ne saMskRta ke kaI dvayaartha vAle zabdoM ko prAkRta meM alaga-alaga kiyA hai, tAki bhrAntiyA~ na hoN| saMskRta ke kSaNa zabda kA artha samaya bhI hai aura utsava bhii| hemacandra ne utsava artha meM chaNo (kSaNaH) aura samaya artha meM khaNo (kSaNaH) rUpa nirdiSTa kiye haiN| isI taraha hema ne avyayoM kI bhI vistRta sUcI isa pAda meM dI hai| tRtIya pAda meM 182 sUtra haiM, jinameM kAraka, vibhaktiyoM, kriyA-racanA Adi sambandhI niyamoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| zabdarUpa, kriyArUpa aura kRta pratyayoM kA varNana vizeSa rUpa se dhyAtavya hai| vaise prAkRta prakAza ke samAna hI isakA vivecana hema ne kiyA hai, kAraka vyavasthA para acchA prakAza DAlA hai| hemaprAkRta 358 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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vyAkaraNa kA caturtha pAda vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| isake 448 sUtroM meM zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA paizAcI aura apabhraMza prAkRtoM kA zabdAnuzAsana granthakAra ne kiyA hai| isa pAda meM dhAtvAdeza kI pramukhatA hai| saMskRta dhAtuoM para dezI apabhraMza dhAtuoM kA Adeza kiyA hai| yathA- saMskRta kath, prAkRta -kaha ko bolla, cava, jaMpa Adi aadesh| __ mAgadhI, zaurasenI evaM paizAcI kAanuzAsana to prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM ne bhI saMkSepa meM kiyA thaa| haima ne inako vistAra se samajhAyA hai| kintu isake sAtha hI cUlikA paizAcI kI vizeSatAe~ bhI spaSTa kI haiN| isa pAda ke 329 sUtra se 448 sUtra taka unhoMne apabhraMza vyAkaraNa para pahalI bAra prakAza DAlA hai| udAharaNoM ke lie jo apabhraMza ke dohe diye haiM, ve apabhraMza sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi haiN| AcArya hema ke samaya taka prAkRta bhASA kA bahuta adhika vikAsa ho gayA thaa|is bhASA kA vizAla sAhitya bhI thaa|apbhrNsh ke bhI vibhinna rUpa pracalita the| ataH hemacandra ne prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM ke granthoM kA upayoga karate hue bhI apane vyAkaraNa meM bahuta-sI bAteM nayI aura viziSTa zailI meM prastuta kI haiN| - AcArya hemacandra ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa para tattvaprakAzikA nAmaka subodha-vRtti (bRhatvRtti) bhI likhI hai| mUlagrantha ko samajhane ke lie yaha vRtti bahuta upayogI haiM isameM aneka granthoM se udAharaNa diye gaye haiN| eka laghuvRtti bhI hemacandra ne likhI hai, jisako prakAzikA bhI kahA gayA hai| yaha saM. 1929 meM bambaI se prakAzita huI hai| hemaprAkRta vyAkaraNa para anya vidvAnoM dvArA bhI TIkAe~ likhI gaI haiN| 426.saMtinAhacariyaM isa grantha meM guNasena ke ziSya aura hemacandrAcArya ke guru pUrNatallagacchIya devacandrAcArya kRta 16veM tIrthaMkara zAntinAtha kA carita hai| isakA parimANa granthAgra 12000 hai| isakI racanA saM. 1160 meM huI thii| yaha prAkRta gadya-padyamaya hai / bIcabIca meM apabhraMza bhASA bhI prayukta huI hai| isakI racanA khaMbhAta meM kI gaI thii| inakI eka anya kRti mUlazuddhiprakaraNaTIkA (aparanAma saSAnaprakaraNa- TIkA) hai| zAntinAtha para isa vizAla racanA ke atirikta prAkRta meM eka laghu racanA 33 prAkRta ratnAkara 0359

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gAthAoM meM jinavallabhasUri racita tathA anya somaprabhasUri racita kA ullekha milatA hai| 427.saMvegaraMgasAlA __ saMvegaraMgazAlA ke racayitA jinezvarasUri ke ziSya jinacandra haiM, jinhoMne vi.saM. 1125 meM saMvega bhAva kA nirUpaNa karane hetu isa grantha meM aneka kathAoM kA gumphana kiyA hai| zAMta rasa pradhAna isa kathA-grantha meM mukhya rUpa se mahAsena rAjarSi kA kathAnaka calatA hai| ve saMsAra tyAga kara muni dIkSA grahaNa karate haiM / isa kathAgrantha ke mAdhyama se ArAdhanA, upAsanA Adi ko sArvajanIya banAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| dArzanika evaM dhArmika siddhAntoM ko isa grantha meM vizada rUpa se vivecana huA hai| jinacandra ne apane laghu gurubAndhava abhayadeva kI abhyarthanA se isa grantha kI racanA vi.saM. 1125 meM kI hai| navAMgavRttikAra abhayadeva sUri ke ziSya jinavallabha sUri ne isakA saMzodhana kiyA hai| isa kRti meM saMvega bhAva kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| isameM zAntarasa pUrNatayA vyApta hai| saMvegabhAva kA nirUpaNa karane ke lie kRti meM aneka kathAoM kA gumphana huA hai| kathAnakoM ke rahane para bhI isa kRti meM dArzanika tathyoM kI bahulatA hai| AcAra aura dharma sambandhI siddhAntoM kA vivecana lekhaka ne khUba khulakara kiyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki isa kRti meM kathAtmaka punaruktiyoM kA prAyaH abhAva hai| uddezya kI dRSTi se yaha kRti pUrNatayA saphala hai| lekhaka ne sabhI kathAnakoM aura pAtroM ko eka hI uddezya ke Dore meM bA~dha diyA hai| saMvega kI dhArA sarvatra pravAhita dikhalAyI par3atI hai| jisa prakAra miTTI ke bane kacce ghar3e jala ke chIMTe par3ate hI TUTa jAte haiM, usI prakAra saMvega ke zravaNa se sahRdayoM ke hRdaya dravIbhUta ho jAte haiN| saMvegarasa kI prApti ke abhAva meM kAyakleza sahana karanA yA zrutAdhyayana karanA nirarthaka hai| 428. saMkSiptasAra : (kramadIzvara-) kramadIzvara kA samaya lagabhaga 12vIM-13vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| hemacandra ke bAda ke vaiyAkaraNoM meM kramadIzvara kA pramukha sthAna hai| unhoMne 'saMkSiptasAra' nAmaka apane vyAkaraNa grantha ko ATha bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| prathama sAta 3600 prAkRta ratnAkara

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adhyAyoM meM saMskRta evaM AThaveM adhyAya 'prAkRta pAda' meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| grantha ke isa svarUpa meM hI kramadIzvara hemacandra kA anukaraNa karatA hai| anyathA prastutIkaraNa aura sAmagrI kI dRSTi se unameM paryApta bhinnatA hai| vastutaH vararuci ke 'prAkRta prakAza' aura 'saMkSiptasAra' meM bar3A ghaniSTha sambandha dikhAyI detA hai| kintu kaI sthaloM para kramadIzvara ke anya lekhakoM kI sAmagrI kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| lAssana ne kramadIzvara ke isa grantha para acchA prakAza DAlA hai| 'prAkRta pAda' kA sampUrNa saMskaraNa rAjendralAla mitrA ne prakAzita karAyA thA tathA 1889 meM kalakattA se isakA eka nayA saMskaraNa bhI prakAzita huA thaa| 429.saMbodhasaptatikA isake kartA sirivAlakahA ne racayitA ratnazekharasUri (IsavI san kI 14 vIM zatAbdI) haiN| pUrvAcAryakRta nizIthacUrNI Adi granthoM ke AdhAra se unhoMne isa grantha kI racanA kI hai| amarakIrtisUri kI isa para vRtti hai| isa grantha meM samatAbhAva, samyaktva jIvadayA, suguru sAmAyika sAdhu ke guNa jinAgama kA utkarSa, saMgha, pUjA, gaccha, gyAraha pratimA Adi kA pratipAdana hai| samatAbhAva ke sambandha meM kahA hai seyaMbaroyaAsaMbaroya,buddhoyaahava anno vaa| samabhAvabhAviyappA,laheya mukkhaM na sNdeho|| zvetAmbara ho yA digambara, bauddha ho yA koI anya, jaba taka AtmA meM samatA bhAva nahIM AtA, mokSa kI prApti nahIM ho sktii| 430.sAhityadarpaNa ___ 14vIM zatAbdI meM kavirAja vizvanAtha ne mammaTa ke alaMkArazAstra ke grantha kAvyaprakAza kI AlocanA ke rUpa meM sAhityadarpaNa kI racanA kii|saahitydrpnn meM prAkRta ke 24 padya uddhRta haiM, jinameM se adhikAMza gAthAsaptazatI ke haiM tathA kucha svaracita bhI haiN| 431.siddhasena aura unakI racanAe~ ___ AcArya siddhasena ke jIvana ke sambandha meM vizeSa kucha jJAta nahIM hai, phira bhI, sAmAnyataH yaha svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki janma se ve brAhmaNa the| ve saMskRta, prAkRta ratnAkara 0 361

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prAkRta, tarkazAstra tatvavidyA, vyAkaraNa, jyotiSa tathA vibhinna bhAratIya dArzanika sampradAyoM ke prakANDa vidvAn the| pror3hAvasthA meM unakA jhukAva va pravRtti jainadharma kI ora unmukha ho gaI jo ki unake gahana tArkika vizleSaNa evaM antardRSTi kA pariNAma thii| apanI racanAoM meM pratipAdita jaina siddhAntoM ke kAraNa unhoMne zuddha tarkazAstra ke kSetra meM eka utkRSTa sthAna banA liyA thaa| DaoN. upAdhye ke anusAra siddhasena usa yApanIya saMgha ke eka sAdhU the jo ki digambara jainoM meM eka upasampradAya thaa| unhoMne dakSiNa bhArata kI ora sthAnAntaraNa kiyA thA aura paiThana meM unakI mRtyu huI thii| tathyoM se yaha bhalIbhA~ti pramANita ho jAtA hai ki ve digambara paramparA ke anuyAyI the| digambara Agamika sAhitya meM siddhasena kA nAma unakI kRti "sanmatisUtra' ke sAtha nirdiSTa hai| jaina sAhitya meM vizuddha tarkavidyA viSaya para prAkRta bhASA meM jJAta racanAoM ke sarvaprathama sammaisuttaM yA sanmattisUtra anupama dArzanika racanA ke kAraNa AcArya siddhasena kA nAma prasiddha rahA hai| prAkRta, saMskRta aura apabhraMza ke paravartI aneka vizruta jaina vidvAnoM ne unake nAma kA sAdara ullekha kiyA hai| yathArtha meM ve darzanaprabhAvaka AcArya ke rUpa meM vizruta rahe haiN| yadyapi unakI isa racanA kA nirdeza sanmatitarkaprakaraNa nAma se bhI kiyA jAtA rahA hai, kintu isakA vAstavika nAma sammaisutta hai| "sanmatisUtra' 167 AryA chandoM meM prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha anekAntavAda siddhAnta kA pratipAdaka grantha hai| anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta nayoM para AdhArita hai| ataeva grantha-racanA meM anekAntavAda ke sAtha nayoM kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sampUrNa racanA tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, jinheM kANDa kahA gayA hai| grantha ke prathama kANDa meM mukhya rUpa se naya aura saptabhaMgI kA, dvitIya khaNDa meM darzana aura jJAna kA tathA tRtIya khaNDa meM paryAya-guNa se abhinna vastu-tatva kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| niHsandeha yaha eka aisI racanA hai jisakA prabhAva sampUrNa jaina sAhitya para lakSita hotA hai| DaoN. upAdhye jI ne bhalIbhA~ti paryAlocana kara sanmatisUtra ke racayitA A. siddhasena kA samaya 505-609 I. nirdhArita kiyA hai| 432. siripAsanAhacariyaM(guNacandra) isa pArzvanAthacarita ke racayitA kahArayaNakosa ke kartA guNacandragaNi (guNacandrasUri) haiN| vi. saM. 1168 meM kavi ne bhar3auca meM isa grantha kI racanA kI 362 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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thii| prastuta grantha meM pA~ca prastAvoM meM bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kA jIvana-carita varNita hai| prathama do prastAvoM meM pArzvanAtha ke pUrva bhavoM kI, tathA zeSa tIna prastAvoM meM vartamAna bhava kI ghaTanAoM kI nirUpaNa huA hai| yaha eka zreSTha carita kAvya hai, jisameM bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke asAdhAraNa puruSArtha kA svAbhAvika vikAsa udghATita huA hai| kamaTha ke jIva dvArA nirantara parISaha kiye jAne para bhI ve saMyama meM dRr3ha rahate haiM tathA unake mana meM kisI bhI prakAra kI pratizodha kI jvAlA prajvalita nahIM hotI hai| nAyaka ke carita meM sahiSNutA ke guNa kI bejor3a parAkASTA isa caritakAvya ko purANoM ke najadIka lAkara khar3A karatI hai| prasaMgavaza isa kAvya meM taMtra-maMtra kI vividha sAdhanAe~ bhI varNita haiN| racayitA ne ina sAdhanAoM kA khaMDana kara samyak carita kI pratiSThA karate hue kahA hai ki rAga, dveSa evaM moha kA tyAga karake hI sAdhaka kA carita nirmala banatA hai| 433. sirivijayacaMda kevalicariyaM ___ isa caritakAvya ke raciyatA zrI candraprabha mahattara haiN| ye abhayadevasUri ke ziSya the| isakI racanA vi.sa. 1127 meM huI hai| isa caritakAvya kA uddezya jinapUjA kA mAhAtmaya prakaTa karanA hai| aSTadravyoM se pUjA kiye jAne kA ullekha hai| pratyeka dravya se pRthaka-pRthaka pUjA kA phala batalAne ke lie kathAnakoM kA praNayana kiyA gayA hai| ye sabhI kathAe~ apane meM svatantra hotI huyI bhI Apasa meM sambaddha haiN| vijayacandra kevalI dvArA kathita hone se unake carita meM hI inako sambaddha kara diyA gayA hai| kathAnaka bar3e hI manoraMjaka aura zikSAprada haiN| isa carita kAvya meM AyI huI avAntara kathAoM kA svatantra astitva hai| pratyeka kathA apane meM pUrNa hai| aura hara eka kA ghaTanAcakra kisI vizeSa uddezya ko lekara calatA hai| janma janmAntara kI ghaTanAe~ aisI pramukha uddezya ke cAroM ora cakkara lagAtI rahatI haiN| caritra citraNa kI dRSTi se prAyaH ye sabhI kathAe~ saphala haiN| ina laghu kathAoM meM pradhAna apradhAna pAtroM ke kartavya aura kartavyoM kI bhalI prakAra yojanA kI gayI hai| guru yA AcArya kA samparka prApta karate hI pAtra kucha se kucha bana jAte haiM, yaha ina laghu kathAoM se spaSTa hai| aizvarya aura saundarya pAtroM ko rAgAtmaka bandhana ke prAkRta ratnAkara 0363

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lie prerita karatA hai, sabhI pAtra jagat ke mAyAjAla meM ulajhate haiM, kintu guru ke , samparka se ve saMsAra, zarIra aura bhogoM se virakta hokara Atma-kalyANa karane meM laga jAte haiN| pAtroM meM jAtigata, vargagata aura sAmpradAyika vizeSatAe~ bhI vartamAna haiN| bhASA sarala hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta meM isa grantha kI racanA kI gayI hai| yatra-tatra ardhamAgadhI kA bhI prabhAva hai| isa kAvya meM kula 1063 gAthAe~ haiN| 434. sirisirivAlakahA ( zrIpAlakathA) zrIpAlakathA ke kartA sulatAna phIrojazAha tugalaka ke samakAlIna ratnazekharasUri haiN| unake ziSya hemacandra ne isa kathA ko vi.saM. 1428 (san 1371) meM lipibaddha kiyaa| isakI bhASAzailI sarala hai aura vividha alaMkAroM kA isameM prayoga hai| mukhya chaMda AryA hai| kucha padya apabhraMza meM bhI haiN| saba milAkara isameM 1342 padya haiM jinameM zrIpAla kI kathA ke bahAne siddhacakra kA mAhAtmya batAyA gayA hai| zrIpAlacaritra para aura bhI AkhyAna saMskRta aura gujarAtI meM likhe gaye haiN| zrIpAla ke AkhyAna para sarvaprathama eka prAkRta kRti 'sirivAlakahA' milatI hai jisameM 1342 gAthAe~ haiN| unameM kucha padya apabhraMza ke bhI haiN| prathama gAthA meM kathA . kA hetu diyA gayA hai: arihAi navapayAiMjhAittA hiyykmlmjjhmi| sirisiddhacakkamAhappamuttamaM kiNpijNpemi|| teIsavIM gAthA meM navapadoM kI gaNanA isa prakAra dI hai: arihaM siddhAyariyA ujjhAyA saahunnoasmmttN| nANaMcaraNaMcatavo iyapayanavagaMmuNeyavvaM / isake bAda ukta padoM kA 9 gAthAoM meM artha tathA mAhAtmya kI carcA hai| 288vIM gAthA se zrIpAla kI kathA dI gaI hai| yaha kathAgrantha kalpanA, bhAva evaM bhASA meM udAtta hai| isameM kaI alaMkAroM kA saphalatApUrvaka prayoga kiyA gayA hai| kathAnaka kI racanA AryA aura pAdAkulaka (caupAI) chandoM meM kI gaI hai, para kahIM-kahIM pajjhar3iA chandoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| 3640 prAkRta ratnAkara

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435.sItAcarita __isa grantha meM 465 prAkRta gAthAoM meM bhuvanatuMgasUri ne sItA kA caritra likhA hai| sItAcaritra para prAkRta meM ajJAta kartRka do aura racanAyeM milatI haiN| eka kA graMthAgra 3100 yA 3400 hai| dUsare kI hasta. prati meM saM. 1600 diyA gayA hai| 436. sudarzanAcarita bhar3auca (bhRgukaccha) ke zukunikAvihAra-jinAlaya ke mAhAtmya ko prakaTa karane ke lie sudarzanA kI kathA para jJAtakartRka do prAkRta racanAe~, eka saMskRta racanA tathA eka ajJAtakartRka prAkRta racanA milI hai| ajJAtakartRka prAkRta racanA kI hastalikhita prati saM. 1244 kI milI hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki yahI pazcAdvartI kRtiyoM kA AdhAra rahI haiN| dvitIya racanA bhI prAkRta meM hai| isake racayitA maladhArI devaprabhasUri (terahavIMzatI kA uttarArdha) haiN| yaha 1887 zoka pramANa grantha hai| 437.sudaMsaNAcariya - isakA dUsarA nAma zakunikAvihAra bhI hai| yaha eka prAkRta grantha hai jisameM kula milAkara 4002 gAthAe~ haiN| bIca bIca meM zardUlavikrIDita Adi chandoM kA prayoga huA hai| isameM dhanapAla, sudarzana, vijayakumAra, zIlAvatI, azvAvabodha, bhrAtA, dhAtrIsuta aura dhAtrI ye ATha adhikAra haiM, jo 16 uddezyoM meM vibhakta haiN| sudarzanA siMhadvIpa meM zrIpuranagara ke rAjA candragupta aura rAnI candralekhA kI putrI thii| par3ha likhakara vaha bar3I viduSI aura kalAvatI ho gii| eka bAra usane rAjasabhA meM jJAnanidhi purohita ke mata kA khaNDana kiyaa| dharma bhAvanA se prerita ho vaha bhRgukaccha kI yAtrA para gaI aura vahA~ usane munisuvrata tIrthaMkara kA mandira tathA zakunikAvihAra nAmaka jinAlaya kA nirmANa kraayaa|iske raciyatA tapAgacchIya jagaccandrasUri ke ziSya devendrasUri haiN| kartA ne apane viSaya meM kahA hai ki ve vitrapAlakagacchIya bhuvanacandra guru unake ziSya devabhadra muni aura unake ziSya jagaccandrasUri ke ziSya the| unake eka gurubhratA vijayacandrasUri ne isa grantha ke nirmANa meM sahAyatA dI thii| prAkRta ratnAkara 0365

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isa carita-kAvya ke laMkhaka devendrasUri ke guru kA nAma jagaccaMdrasUri hai|| devendrasUri ko gurjara rAjA kI anumati se vastupAla mantrI ke samakSa arbudagiri- : AbU para sUripada pradAna kiyA thaa| inakA samaya lagabhaga I. san 1270 ke hai| isa carita kAvya kA nAma nAyikA ke nAma para rakhA gayA hai| isa kAvya kI nAyikA sudarzanA viduSI aura rUpa-mAdhurya se yukta hai| sudarzanA kA janmotsava dhUma-dhAmapUrvaka sampanna kiyA jAtA hai| zaizavakAla meM vaha vidyAdhyayana ke lie upAdhyAyazAlA meM jAkara lipi, gaNita sAhitya Adi kA abhyAsa karatI hai| paMDitA hone para jaba vaha ghara lauTakara AtI hai to usake kalAbhyAsa kI parIkSA lI jAtI hai| use jAtismaraNa ho jAtA hai| bhasyakaccha kA RSabhadatta nAma kA seTha rAjA ke pAsa bheMTa lekara rAjasabhA meM upasthita hotA hai| sudarzanA ke pitA apanI kanyA kI parIkSA karane ke lie kucha paheliyA~ pUchate haiN| sudarzanA una paheliyoM ke uttara bahuta acchI taraha detI hai| rAjA bahuta prasanna hotA hai aura beTI sudarzanA ke jJAna kI prazaMsA karatA hai| isa carita kAvya meM tatkAlIna sAmAjika paristhiti kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| mUla kathAvastu ke sAtha avAntara kathAoM kA isameM sundara gumphana huA hai| sudarzanA kA carita manda gati se vikasita hotA huA Age bar3hA hai| sudarzanA kA yaha caritra hiraNyapura ke seTha dhanapAla ne apanI patnI dhanazrI ko sunaayaa| kathA meM prasaMgavaza aneka strI-puruSoM ke tathA nAnA anya ghaTanAoM ke rocaka vRttAnta zAmila haiN| 438. supAsanAhacariyaM prAkRta kI yaha eka suvistRta aura uccakoTi kI racanA hai| isameM lagabhaga ATha hajAra gAthAe~ haiM / samasta grantha tIna prastAvoM meM vibhakta hai| nAma se spaSTa hai ki isameM sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzvanAtha kA jIvanacarita varNita hai| prathama prastava meM supArzvanAtha ke pUrvabhavoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai aura zeSa meM unake vartamAna janma kaa|is taraha isameM vividha dharmopadeza aura kathA-prasaMgoM ke bIca supArzvanAtha kA saMkSipta carita vikherA gayA hai| adhikAMza bhAga meM samyagdarzana kA mAhAtmaya, bAraha zrAvaka, vrata, unake aticAra tathA anya dhArmika viSayoM ko lekara aneka kathAe~ 366 10 prAkRta ratnAkara

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dI gayI haiM jinase tatkAlIna buddhivaibhava, kalAkauzala, AcAra-vyavahAra, sAmAjika rItirivAja, rAjakIya paristhiti evaM naitika jIvana Adi ke citra prastuta kiye gaye haiN| isake praNetA kA nAma lakSmaNagaNi hai| inake guru kA nAma hemacandrasUri thA jo harSapurIyagaccha ke the aura jayasiMhasUri ke praziSya aura abhayadevasUri ke ziSya the| isa grantha kI racanA unane dhaMdhukanagara meM prArambha kI thI aura usakI samApti maMDalapurI meM kii| unhoMne ise vi.saM. 1199 meM mAgha zukla 10 gurUvAra ke dina racakara samApta kiyA thaa| usa varSa caulukya nRpa kumArapAla kA rAjyAbhiSeka bhI huA thaa| isa padyabaddha caritakAvya meM kAvya ke nAyaka sAtaveM tIrthakara supArzvanAtha kA jIvana-carita varNita hai| sampUrNa kAvya tIna prastAvoM meM hai| prathama prastAva meM nAyaka ke pUrvabhavoM kA tathA zeSa prastAvoM meM vartamAna bhava kI ghaTanAoM kA ullekha hai| isa caritakAvya kA mUla saMdeza yahI hai ki aneka janmoM meM saMyama eMva sadAcAra kA pAlana karane se hI vyakti caritra kA vikAsa kara mukti patha kI ora agrasara hotA hai| mUla kathA ke sAtha avAntara kathAe~ bhI dharmatattva kA hI praNayana karatI hai| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se zrAvaka ke 12 vratoM evaM unake aticAroM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| samyaktva kI mahattA ke lie 'campakamAlA' kI rocaka kathA varNita hai| isa caritakAvya meM sAMskRtika tattva bhI pracura parimANa meM upalabdha haiN| jaina dharma ke pramukha siddhAntoM ke sAtha-sAtha kApAlika, vedAnta evaM saMnyAsI mata ke AcAra evaM siddhAntoM kA bhI isameM nirUpaNa huA hai| bhImakumAra kI kathA meM naramuNDa kI mAlA dhAraNa kiye hue kApAlika kA varNana sajIva hai| isI prasaMga meM naramuNDoM se maMDita kAlIdevI kA bhI bhayaMkara rUpa citrita huA hai| isa caritakAvya kI bhASA para apabhraMza kA pUrA prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai| isa carita kAvya ke nAyaka sAtaveM tIrthakara supArzvanAtha hai| lagabhaga ATha hajAra gAthAoM meM isa grantha kI samApti kI gayI hai| samasta kAvya tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai -pUrvabhava prastAva meM supArzvanAtha ke pUrvabhavoM kA varNana kiyA hai aura zeSa prastAvoM meM unake vartamAna jIvana kaa| isa caritakAvya meM prema, Azcarya, prAkRta ratnAkara 0367

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rAgadveSa evaM anukUla-pratikUla paristhitiyoM ke bIca nAnA prakAra ke bhAvoM kI vyanjanAkI gayI hai| mUlakathA ke nAyaka se kahIM jyAdA avAntara kathA ke nAyakoM kA carita vikasita hai / caritroM ke vikAsa ke lie vAtAvaraNa kA sRjana bhI kiyA gayA hai / prAyaH sabhI avAntara kathAe~ dharmatatva ke upadeza ke hetu hI nirmita haiN| ghaTanAoM kI bahulatA rahane se varNanoM kI saMkhyA atyalpa hai| yadyapi nagara, gA~va, vana, parvata, caitya udyAna, prAtaH sandhyA, Rtu Adi ke prabhAvotpAdaka dRzya varNita haiM, to bhI isameM mahAkAvya ke paripArzva kA abhAva hai| sUkti aura dharmanItiyoM dvArA carita ko marmasparzI banAne kA AyAsa kiyA gayA hai| mitra aura amitra kA nirUpaNa karate hue kahA hai - bhavagiha majjhammi pamAyajalaNajaliyammi mohaniddAe / jo jaggavar3a so mittaM vAranto so puNa amittaM // -pramAdarUpI agni dvArA saMsArarUpI ghara ke prajvalita hone para jo moharUpI nidrA se sote hue puruSa ko jagAtA hai, vaha mitra hai aura use jagAne se jo rokatA hai, vaha amitra hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki jo saMsAra meM Asakta prANI ko udbuddha karatA hai, vahI saccA hitaiSI hai| isa caritakAvya kI bhASA para apabhraMza kA pUrA prabhAva hai / saMskRta kI zabdAvalI bhI apanAyI gayI hai / kavi ne upamA, utprekSA aura rUpaka alaMkAra kI kaI sthaloM para sundara yojanA kI hai| varNanoM kI sajIvatA ne caritoM ko sarasa banAyA hai / 439.sumaiNAhacariyaM pA~caveM tIrthaMkara sumatinAtha ke carita kA varNana karanevAlA prAkRta tathA saMskRta meM yaha pahalA grantha hai| isakA pramANa 1621 loka hai| isameM aneka paurANika kathAyeM dI gayI haiN| isake lekhaka vijayasiMhasUri ke ziSya somaprabhAcArya haiM jo bRhadgaccha ke the| inakA prasiddha grantha kumArapAlapratibodha prakAzita ho cukA hai| 440. surasundarIcariyaM prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha yaha rAjakumAra makaraketu aura surasundarI kA eka premAkhyAna hai| isameM 16 pariccheda haiM, pratyeka meM 250 gAthAe~ haiM aura kula milAkara 368 prAkRta ratnAkara

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4001 gAthAoM meM samApta huA hai| surasundarI kuzalAgrapura ke rAjA naravAhanadatta kI putrI thii| vaha nAnA vidyAoM meM niSNAta thii| citra dekhane se use hastinApura ke makaraketu nAmaka rAjakumAra se Asakti ho gaI thii| usakI sakhI priyaMvadA makaraketu kI talAza meM nikalatI hai| bar3I kaThinAIyoM aura nAnA ghaTanAoM ke pazcAt surasundarI aura makaraketu kA punarmilana aura vivAha huaa| pazcAt saMsArasukha bhoga donoM ne dIkSA le tapasyA kara mokSapada paayaa| ___ isa kathA kI nAyikA surasundarI kA nAma va vRttAnta vAstava meM 11veM pariccheda se prArambha hotA hai| isase pUrva makaraketu ke mAtA pitA amaraketu ora kamalAvatI kA tathA usa nagara ke seTha dhanadatta kA ghaTanApUrNa vRtAnta aura kuzalAgrapura ke seTha kI putrI zrIdattA se vivAha usI ghaTanAcakra ke bIca vidyAdhara citra vega aura kanakamAlA tathA citragati aura priyasuMdarI ke premAkhyAna varNita haiN| isake praNetA dhanezvarasUri haiM jo jinezvarasUri ke ziSya the| granthAnta meM 13 gAthAoM kI eka prazasti meM granthakAra kA paricaya, racanA kA sthAna tathA kAla kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| tadanusAra yaha kathAkAvya caDDAvallipurI (candravatI) meM saM. 1095 kI bhAdrapada kRSNa dvitIyA guruvAra ghaniSThA nakSatra meM banAyA gyaa| isa mahattvapUrNa carita-kAvya ke raciyatA dhanezvarasUri ne grantha ke anta meM jo prazasti likhI hai, usameM batalAyA hai ki mahAvIra svAmI ke ziSya sudharma svAmI, sudharma svAmI ke ziSya jambU svAmI, unake ziSya prabhava svAmI, prabhava svAmI ke ziSya vajra svAmI, isake ziSya jinezvarasUri, jinezvarasUri ke ziSya allakopAdhyAya uddyotanasUri, inake vardhamAnasUri aura vardhamAnasUri ke do ziSya hue -jinezvarasUri aura buddhisAgarasUri / yahI jinezvarasUri dhanezvarasUri ke guru the| jinezvarasUri ne lIlAvatI nAma kI prema-kathA likhI hai| dhanezvara nAma ke kaI sUri hue hai| ye kisa gaccha ke the, isa sambandha meM nizcita rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ____nAyikA ke nAma para hI kAvya kA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA hai| nAyikA ke carita kA vikAsa dikhalAne ke lie kavi ne mUlakathA ke sAtha prAsaMgika kathAoM kA gumphana ghaTanA parikalana ke kauzala kA dyotaka hai| paristhiti vizeSa meM prAkRta ratnAkara 0369

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mAnasika sthiti kA citraNa vAtAvaraNa kI sundara puSTi caritroM kA manovaijJAnika vikAsa, rAgadveSa rUpI evaM vRttiyoM ke mUla saMgharSa evaM carita ke vibhinna rUpoM kA udghATana isa carita kAvya ke pramukha guNa hai / kavi ne isa kAvya meM jIvana ke vividha pahaluoM ke citraNa ke sAtha prema virAga aura pArasparika sahayoga kA pUrNatayA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| lekhaka ne dhArmika bhAvanA ke sAtha jIvana kI mUla vRtti kAma vAsanA kA bhI vizleSaNa kiyA / caritoM ke manovaijJAnika vikAsa, pravRttiyoM ke mArmika udghATana evaM vibhinna mAnavIya vyApAroM ke nirUpaNa meM kavi ko pUrNa saphalatA milI hai / vastuvarNanoM meM bhISaNa aTavI, madanamahotsava, varSARtu vasanta sUryodaya, sUryAsta, putrajanmotsava, vivAha, yuddha, samudrayAtrA, dharmasabhAe~, nAyikAoM ke rUpa saundarya, udyAna krIr3A Adi kA samAveza hai| varNanoM ko sarasa banAne ke lie lATAnuprAsa, yamaka, zleSa upamA, utprekSA, arthAntaranyAsa, rUpaka Adi kA ucita prayoga kiyA hai| virahAvasthA ke kAraNa vistare para karavaTa badalate hue aura dIrgha niHzvAsa chor3akara santapta hue puruSa kI upamA bhAr3a meM bhune canoM ke sAtha dI haiM kavi kahatA hai bhaTThiyacaNago vi ya sayaNIye kIsa taDaphaDasi // 3 // 148 // rasaniSpatti kI dRSTi se yaha kAvya utkRSTa hai| vividha rasoM kA samAveza hone para bhI zAntarasa kA nirmala svaccha pravAha apanA pRthaka astitva vyakta kara rahA hai| surasundarI sanyAsa grahaNa kara ghora tapazcaraNa karatI / kaSAya aura indriyanigraha kI kSamatA usameM apUrNa zAnti kA saMcAra karatI hai / zatrunjaya aura naravAhana yuddha ke prasaMga meM vIra rasa ke sAtha bIbhatsa evaM bhayAnaka rasa kA bhI sundara citraNa huA hai| prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha yaha kathA rAjakumAra makaraketu aura surasundarI kA eka premAkhyAna hai| surasundarI kuzalAgrapura ke rAjA naravAhanadatta kI putrI thI / vaha nAnA vidyAoM meM niSNAta thI / citra dekhane se use hastinApura ke makaraketu nAmaka rAjakumAra se Asakti ho gaI thii| usakI sakhI priyaMvadA makaraketu kI talAza meM nikalatI hai| bar3I kaThinAIyoM aura nAnA ghaTanAoM ke pazcAt surasundarI aura 370 prAkRta ratnAkara

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makaraketu kA punarmilana aura vivAha huaa| pazcAt saMsArasukha bhoga donoM ne dIkSA le tapasyA kara mokSapada paayaa| dhArmika evaM dArzanika siddhAntoM ko vivecita karane vAlA yaha grantha apane kAvyAtmaka varNanoM ke kAraNa atyaMta hI sarasa evaM sajIva hai / prema evaM rAga kI mArmika abhivyaMjanA karane vAlI yaha gAthA dRSTavya hai - - tAvacciya parama- suhaM jAva na rAgo maNammi uccharai / haMdi ! sarAgammi maNe dukkha sahassAiM pavisaMti // ( gA. 8.80 ) arthAt - jaba taka mana meM rAga kA udaya nahIM hotA hai, taba taka parama sukha hai, kyoMki rAga yukta mana meM hajAroM duHkha praveza kara jAte haiN| - 441. susaDhacarita rAjA kI AjJA bhaMga karane se isa bhava aura parabhava meM aneka duHkha milate haiN| susar3ha ne caturtha, SaSTha-vrata kara una duHkhoM ko pAra kara liyaa| mahAnizItha kI antima cUlA meM susaDha kA carita varNita hai| usako lekara devendrasUri ne prAkRta gAthAoM meM isakI racanA kI hai| isakI hastalikhita pratiyoM meM 487 se lakara 420 prAkRta -gAthAe~ milatI haiN| 442. sUtrakRtAMga (sUyagaDo ) ardhamAgadhI Agama granthoM meM sUtrakRtAMga do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta eka dArzanika grantha hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke sUtagaDa, suttakaDa evaM sUyagaDa nAma bhI pracalita haiN| samavAyAMga meM sUtrakRtAMga kA paricaya dete hue likhA gayA hai ki isameM svamata, paramata, jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, baMdha aura mokSa Adi tattvoM kA vizleSaNa hai evaM navadIkSitoM ke lie bodha vacana haiM / sUtrakRtAMga mukhya rUpa se 180 kriyAvAdI, 84 akriyAvAdI, 67 ajJAnavAdI evaM 32 vinayavAdI matoM kI carcA karate hue unakA nirAsana kiyA gayA hai tathA anya matoM kA parityAga kara zuddha zramaNAcAra kA pAlana karane kA saMdeza diyA gayA hai| prathama zrutaskandha ke 16 adhyayanoM meM svasamaya, parasamaya, parISahajaya, kaSAyajaya, narakoM ke duHkha, mahAvIra kI stuti, parigraha tyAga, uttama sAdhu ke prAkRta ratnAkara 0 371

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lakSaNa, mAhaNa, zramaNa, bhikSu aura nirgratha zabdoM kI vyutpatti bhalI prakAra se vyAkhyA kara udAharaNoM evaM rUpakoM dvArA samajhAI gaI hai / dvitIya zrutaskandha meM 7 adhyayana haiM, jinameM paramatoM ke khaNDana ke sAtha-sAtha zramaNoM ke AcAra kA pratipAdana huA hai| jIva evaM zarIra ke ekatva, Izvara kartatva, niyativAda, AhAra doSa, bhikSAdoSa Adi para vizeSa prakAza DAlA gayA hai / antima adhyayana 'nAlandIya' meM nAlandA meM hue gautama gaNadhara aura pArzvanAtha ke ziSya per3hAlaputra kA madhura saMbhASaNa varNita hai| isameM per3hAlaputra gautama gaNadhara se pratibodha pAkara cAturyAma dharma ko chor3akara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa paMca mahAvrata rUpa dharma ko aMgIkAra karatA hai| usa yuga kI jo dArzanika dRSTiyA~ thIM, unakI jAnakArI to isa Agama se milatI hI hai sAtha hI aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI prAkRta sAhitya kI anupama racanA hai / 443. sUrya prajJapti / candra prajJapti ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA sUryaprajJapti ko bhI kahIM pA~cavAM, kahIM chaThavA~ evaM kahIM sAtavA~ grantha upAMga mAnA hai| isameM 20 pAhuDa, 108 gadya sUtra tathA 103 padya gAthAe~ haiN| prasaMgavaza dvIpa evaM sAgaroM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| prAcIna jyotiSa sambandhI mUla mAnyatAe~ bhI isameM saMkalita haiM / ise jyotiSa, bhUgola, gaNita evaM khagola vijJAna kA mahattvapUrNa koza kaha sakate haiN| isa upAMga meM 20 pAhuDa aura 108 sUtra hai| isameM sUrya, candra aura nakSatroM kI gatiyoM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| prasaMgavaza dvIpa aura sAgaroM kA nirUpaNa bhI AyA hai| brAhmaNa purANoM kI bhA~ti jainoM ne bhI isa loka meM asaMkhyAta dvIpa aura samudra svIkAra kiye hai| ina asaMkhyAta dvIpa - samudroM ke bIca meM merU parvata avasthita hai| pahale jambUdvIpa hai, usake bAda lavaNasamudra, phira dhAratI khaMDa, kAloda samudra, pu karavara dvIpa - isa prakAra merU asaMkhyAta dvIpa samudroM se ghirA hai| jambUdvIpa ke dakSiNabhAga meM bhAratavarSa aura uttarabhAga meM airAvatavarSa hai, tathA merU parvata ke pUrva aura pazcima meM sthita videha, pUrva videha aura pazcima videha- ina do bhAgoM meM ba~Ta gayA hai| sUrya, candra aura nakSatra meruparvata ke cAroM ora bhramaNa karate hai| 372 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra jaba sUrya jambUdvIpa meM 180 yojana se adhika praveza kara paribhramaNa karatA hai to adhika se adhika 18 muhUrta kA dina aura kama se kama 12 muhUrta kI rAta hotI hai| DaoN. vinTaranitja sUryaprajJapti, candraprApti ko vaijJAnika grantha svIkAra karate haiN| anya pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne bhI unameM ullikhita gaNita aura jyotiSa vijJAna ko mahattvapUrNa mAnA hai| DaoN. zubriga ne jarmanI kI hemabarga yUnivarsiTI meM apane bhASaNa meM kahA ki jaina vicArakoM ne jina tarka sammata evaM saMsaMmata siddhAntoM ko prastuta kiyA ve Adhunika vijJAnavettAoM kI dRSTi se bhI amUlya evaM mahattvapUrNa hai| vizvaracanA ke siddhAnta ke sAtha-sAtha usameM uccakoTi kA gaNita evaM jyotiSa vijJAna bhI milatA hai| sUryaprajJapti meM gaNita evaM jyotiSa para gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ataH sUryaprajJapti ke adhyayana ke binA bhAratIya jyotiSa ke itihAsa ko sahI rUpa se nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| candraprajJapti meM candra ke paribhramaNa kA ullekha mukhya rUpa se huA hai| candraprajJapti aura sUrya prajJapti kA varNana prAyaH samAna hai| kevala maMgalAcaraNa ke rUpa meM jo 18 gAthAe~ dI gaI haiM ve vizeSa haiN| 444. setubandha kAvya kI praur3hatA aura abhivyakti kI saghanatA ke kAraNa prAkRta kI jina kRtiyoM ko zAstrIya mahAkAvya kahA jAtA hai unameM pravarasena kRta setubandha advitIya zAstrIya mahAkAvya hai| bAlmIkI rAmAyaNa ke yuddhakANDa kI kathAvastu setubandha ke kathAnaka kA AdhAra hai| isa mahAkAvya meM mukhyarUpa se do ghaTanAeM haiN|- setubandha aura raavnnvdh| ataH ina donoM pramukha ghaTanAoM ke AdhAra para pravarasena ke isa kAvya kA nAma setubandha athavA rAvaNavadha pracalita huA hai| isa kAvya ke TIkAkAra rAmadAsa bhUpati ne ise rAmasetu bhI kahA hai aura apanI TIkA ko raamsetuprdiip| vastutaH mahAkavi ne isa grantha meM setu - racanA ke varNana meM adhika utsAha dikhalAyA hai| ataH setubandha isa kAvya kA sArthaka nAma hai| rAvaNavadha ko isa kAvya kA phala kahA jA sakatA hai| setubandha ke racanAkAra kavi pravarasena hai| kyoMki isa grantha ke pratyeka AzvAsa ke anta meM pavarasena viraie kA ullekha hai| setubandha kI kucha pratiyoM meM prAkRtaratnAkara 0373

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bhI kevala pravarasena kA nAma kartA ke rUpa meM ullikhita hai| bANabhaTTa aura kSemendra ne bhI setubandha ke kartA ke rUpa meM pravarasena kA nAma ullikhita kiyA hai apanI kRtiyoM meN| kambuja ke eka zilAlekha meM bhI spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki yazovarmA (889-909) apanI pravarasena dvArA sthApitadharma setuoM se dUsare pravarasena ko pIche chor3agayA, kyoMki usane kevala eka prAkRta setu (prAkRta bhASA meM setubandha mahAkAvya) kA nirmANa kiyA hai - yenapravarasenena dharmasetuM vivRnnvtaa| para: pravarasenoupi jita: prAkRta setukRt|| -inskrapsaMsa Apha kaMboja, lekha naM. 33, pRSTha 99 setubandha mahAkAvya kathopakathana tathA bhASAzailI meM kAlidAsa ke adhika nikaTa hai| unhoMne bhAvanAoM ko bhI kathopakathana se prastuta kiyA hai| hanumAna jaba sItA kA samAcAra lekara lauTate haiM to unakA pratyeka vacana rAma para apanA prabhAva chor3atA hai| kavi kahatA hai ki jaba hanumAna ne Akara kahA ki maiMne dekhA hai to rAma ko vizvAsa nahIM huA, sItA kSINa zarIra ho gayI hai yaha sunakara rAma ne gaharI sAMsa lii| sItA tumhArI ciMtA karatI hai yaha sunakara rAma rone lage aura sItA sakuzala jIvita haiM yaha sunakara rAma ne hanumAna ko gale se lagA liyaa| yathA - dilRttiNa sadahiaM jhINaM tti sabAha-mantharaM nniissi| soai tumaM tti ruNNaM pahuNA jiai tti mAI avaUDho // setubandha meM mahAkAvyocita aneka guNa haiN| kintu ve kisI paramparA para AdhArita nahIM hai| kavi ne prakRti kA varNana pramukha kathA ke prasaMgoM ke anusAra kiyA hai, mahAkAvya kI mAMga ke anusAra nhiiN| kAlidAsa kI bhAMti unhone prakRti kA mAnavIkaraNa bhI nahIM kiyaa| yadyapi prakRti kA mAnava svabhAva se sambandha avazya sthApita kiyA hai| setubandha meM alaMkAra evaM chanda Adi kA kAvyAtmaka upayoga bhI huA hai| yaha kAvya vIrarasa pradhAna kAvya hai, ataH zrRMgAra rasa kA isameM kama varNana hai| kintu adbhuta rasa aura karuNarasa kI abhivyaMjanA isa kAvya kI vizeSatA hai| setubandha meM pramukhataH anuprAsa, yamaka aura zleSa jaise zabdAlaMkaroM kA 3740 prAkRta ratnAkara

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prayoga adhika huA hai| arthAlaMkAroM meM upamA, rUpaka tathA utprekSA alaMkAroM kA sarvAdhika prayoga pravarasena ne kiyA hai| aneka citroM meM kavi ne upamA ke sAtha anya alaMkAroM kA samAveza bhI kara diyA hai| eka sthAna para ve kahate haiM ki rAma kI dRSTi sugrIva ke vakSasthala para vanamAlA kI taraha, hanumAna para kIrti ke samAna, bAnara senA para AjJA ke samAna, aura lakSmaNa ke mukha para zobhA ke samAna par3I - sohavva lakkhaNamuhaM vaNamAlavva viaDaM harivaissa uraN| kittivva pavaNataNaaM ANavva balAiM se vilaggai diTTI // aa.|, gA. 48 utpekSA alaMkAra kavi ko sarvAdhika priya hai| eka dRzya ke kaI pakSoM ko citrita karane meM kavi siddhahasta haiN| vahA~ utprekSA kI zrRMkhalA jaisI bana jAtI hai| sAgara ko virATarUpa, vistAra aura AtaMkita karane vAle svarUpa ko prakaTa karate hue kavi kahatA hai ki sAgara mAnoM vRkSahIna parvata hai, mAnoM barpha se Ahata kamaloM vAlA sarovara hai, mAnoM vaha madirA se khAlI pyAlA yA cAMda se rahita aMdherI rAta hai ukkhaadumaM va selaM himahaakamalAaraM va lacchi vimukkN| pIamaira vva casaaMbahulapaosaM va muddhcndvirhiaN|| - A . 2, gA. 11 setubandha kI 1290 gAthAoM meM se 1246 AryA gItichanda haiM aura 44 vividha prakAra ke galitaka chaMda haiM / isa kAvya meM aneka chaMdoM ke prayoga kA Agraha nahIM hai| phira bhI setubandha ke kAvyatva meM koI kamI nahIM hai| yaha grantha sAMskRtika aura naitika AdarzoM kI dRSTi se bhI mahattvapUrNa prAkRta mahAkAvya hai| Atma nirbharatA, AtmasaMyama, puruSArtha, vIratA, aura maitrI -nirvAha kA yaha Adarza kAvya hai| . sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI yaha mahAkAvya mahattvapUrNa hai| maMgalAcaraNa kI prArambhika gAthAoM meM avatAravAda kA pUrNa vikAsa parilakSita hotA hai| yakSa evaM nAga saMskRti kA bhI isameM varNana huA hai| maitrI-nirvAha, karttavya-pAlana Adi sAmAjika mUlyoM kI pratiSThApanA kara kavi ne vyakti ke naitika jIvana ko bhI uThAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| kAvyAtmaka saundarya kI dRSTi se bhI yaha sarvazreSTha prAkRta ratnAkara 0 375

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kAvya hai| zleSa, rUpaka, upamA, utprekSA, virodhAbhAsa Adi alaMkAroM kI sthAnasthAna para naisargika upasthApanA huI hai| prakRti citraNa meM kavi pUrNa siddhahasta haiN| vizeSakara zarada Rtu ke varNana meM unakI prakhara pratibhA sAmane AI hai| jar3a evaM cetana donoM para hI zAradIya suSamA ke prabhAva kA kavi ne bar3A hI sundara citraNa kiyA hai| yathA - to harivaijasavantho rAhavajIassa pddhmhtthaalmbo| . sItAbAhavihAodahamuhavajjhadiaho uvagao sro||... arthAt - sugrIva ke yaza-mArga, rAghava ke jIvana ke prathama hastAlamba, sItA ke AMsuoM ke vighAtaka aura rAvaNa kevadha divasa ke rUpa meM zarada upasthita huaa| 445. seyaMsacariya __ gyArahaveM tIrthakara zreyAMsanAtha para do prAkRta paurANika kAvya upalabdha haiN| prathama to vRhadagacchIya jinadeva ke ziSya haribhadra kA jo saM. 1172 meM likhA gayA thaa| isakA granthAgra 6584 loka pramANa hai| dvitIya candragacchIya ajitasiMhasUri ke ziSya devabhadra ne granthAgra 11000 pramANa racA thaa| isakI racanA kA samaya jJAta nahIM phira bhI yaha vi. saM. 1332 se pahale banI hai kyoMki mAnatuMgasUri ne apane saMskRta zreyAMsacarita (saM. 1332) kA AdhAra isa kRti ko hI batalAyA hai| isa racanA kA ullekha pravacanasAroddhAraTIkA meM unake ziSya siddhasena ne kiyA hai| devabhadra kI anya racanAoM meM tattvabindu aura pramANa prakAza bhI hai| 446. somaprabhAcArya isa kumArapAla-pratibodha (kumAravAla-paDiboha) kI racanA somaprabhAcArya ne kI hai| somaprabha ke pitA kA nAma sarvadeva aura pitAmaha kA nAma jinadeva thaa| ye poravAr3a jAti ke jaina the| somaprabha ne kumAra avasthA meM jaina-dIkSA le lI thii| ve bRhadgaccha ke ajitadeva ke praziSya aura vijayasiMhasUri ke ziSya the| somaprabha ne tIvra buddhi ke prabhAva se samasta zAstroM kA talasparzI abhyAsa kara liyA thaa| ve mahAvIra se calanevAlI apane gaccha kI 40vIM paTTaparamparA ke AcArya the| inakI anya racanAe~ zatArthIkAvya, zRMgAravairAgyataraMgiNI, sumatinAthacaritra, sUktamuktAvalI Adi milatI hai| inakA zatArthIkAvya kI racanA ke kAraNa zatArthika upanAma bhI 376 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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ho gayA thaa| kumArapAlapratibodha kI racanA saM. 1241 meM huI thI jo kumArapAla kI mRtyu ke 11 varSa bAda AtA hai| yaha itihAsa kI dRSTi se adhika mahattva kI racanA hai| 447. svayaMbhUchaMda svayaMbhUchaMda ke racayitA apabhraMza ke mahAkavi svayaMbhU haiN| inakA samaya lagabhaga 8-9vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| prastuta grantha teraha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama ATha adhyAyoM meM prAkRta chandoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai tathA antima pA~ca adhyAyoM meM apabhraMza chaMdoM kA vivecana hai| chaMdoM ko samajhAne ke lie udAharaNa prAyaH prAkRta kaviyoM kI racanAoM ke hI diye gaye haiN| svayaMbhU ke paumacariu ke aneka udAharaNa bhI isameM Aye haiN| udAharaNa svarUpa AI gAthAe~ kAvya-tattvoM kI dRSTi se samRddha haiN| subhASitoM kA bhI inameM prayoga huA hai| yathA - te viralA sappurisA je abhaNaMtA ghaDaMti kjjaalaave| thoacciate adumA je amuNiakusumaNiggamA deMti phlN|| (gA.3.1) arthAt - jaise ve vRkSa thor3e hI hote haiM, jo phUloM ke nikale binA phala dete haiN| usI prakAra vesajjana puruSa birale hI hote haiM, jo binA pralApa kiye kArya pUrA karate haiN| ina pramukha chaMda granthoM ke atirikta prAkRta ke kucha anya chaMda-granthoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| nandiSeNakRta ajitazAntistava meM prayukta 25 chaMdoM kA vivecana jinaprabha kI TIkA meM chaMdolakSaNa ke antargata milatA hai| kavidarpaNa ke TIkAkAra ne apanI TIkA meM chaMdaHkadalI kA ullekha kiyA hai| isake kartA kA nAma jJAta nahIM hai| vajrasenasUri ke ziSya ratnazekharasUri dvArA viracita chaMdaHkoza meM 74 gAthAoM meM apabhraMza ke chaMdoM kA vivecana milatA hai| 448. haribhadra sUri saMskRta TIkAkAroM meM AcArya haribhrada kA nAma sarvaprathama AtA hai| ye saMskRta eva prAkRta bhASA ke prakANDa-paNDita the| unakA samaya vi.sa. 757 sau 727 kA hai| prabhAvakacarita ke anusAra unake dIkSAguru AcArya jinabhadra the| para svayaM unake ullekhAnusAra jinabhadra unake gacchapatiguru the kintu jinadatta unake prAkRta ratnAkara 0 377

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dIkSAguru the | yAkinI mahattarA unakI dharmamAtA thiiN| unakA kula vidyAdhara thA / gaccha evaM sampradAya zvetAmbara thA / sitAmbarAcAryajinabhadranigadAnusAriNovidyAdharakulatilakAcAryajinadattaziSya dharmato yAkinI mahattarAsUnoH alpamateH AcAryaharibhadrasya Avazyakaniyukti TIkA / AcArya haribhadra ne 1444 granthoM kI racanA kI thii| rAjazekharasUri ne caturviMzatiprabandha evaM muni kSamAkalyANa ne kharataragaccha kI paTTAvalI meM likhA hai ki bauddhoM ke saMhAra karane kA saMkalpa ke kAraNa unake guru ne 1444 grantha likhane kI AjJA pradAna kI thii| AcArya haribhadra ne apane pratyeka grantha ke anta meM viraha zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| prabhAvakacaritrAnusAra apane do atyanta priya ziSyoM ke viraha se vyathita hokara hI unhoMne pratyeka grantha ke anta meM viraha zabda likhA hai| vartamAna meM haribhadra sUri ke 75 grantha milate haiN| jinameM unake prakANDa pANDitya aura vilakSaNa pratibhA ke saMdarzana hote haiM / inake granthoM meM samarAiccakahA, dhUrtAkhyAna, upadezapadaTIkA, dazavaikAlikavRtti Adi prasiddha haiN| 449. hAthIgumphA zilAlekha cedi vaMza meM jaina samrATa khAravela jo usa samaya ur3IsA (kaliMga) kA cakravartI samrATa thaa| usakA eka zilAlekha ur3IsA ke bhuvanezvara tIrtha ke pAsa udayagiri parvata kI guphA meM khudA huA milatA hai| yaha hAthIgumphA ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isameM kaliMga ke rAjA khAravela ke jIvana vRttAMtoM tathA usake zAsana kAla ke prathama 13 varSa kI ghaTanAoM kA varNana hai| yaha zilAlekha I.pU. 150 ke lagabhaga kA hai / brAhmI lipi meM likhe gaye isa abhilekha meM 17 paMktiyA~ haiM, jo karIba 84 varga phuTa kSetraphala meM likhI gaI haiN| isakI bhASA prAcIna zaurasenI yA jaina zaurasenI se milatI-julatI hai| hAthIgumphA abhilekha jaina arhatoM kI stuti se prAraMbha hotA hai| lekina isakA uddezya laukika hI hai| yaha prAcInatama rAja prazasti hai, jisameM khAravela ke zAsana kAla kI ghaTanAoM ko ginAyA gayA hai / isa dRSTi se yaha samudragupta kI prayAga prazasti se tulanIya hai / 378 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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khAravela kA hAthIgumphA zilAlekha bhAratIya sAhitya evaM itihAsa donoM hI dRSTiyoM se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| itihAsakAroM kA mata hai ki mauryakAla kI vaMza paramparA tathA kAlagaNanA kI dRSTi se isakA mahattva azoka ke zilAlekhoM se adhika hai| isameM vaMza tathA varSa saMkhyA kA spaSTa ullekha huA hai| tatkAlIna sAmAjika evaM rAja vyavasthA kA sundara citraNa hai|khaarvel ke hAthagumphA abhilekha se nimna mahattvapUrNa bAteM jJAta hotI haiN| 1. isa abhilekha se samrATa khAravela ke vyaktigata jIvana kA patA calatA hai| pandraha varSa kI Ayu meM use yuvarAja banAyA gayA thA tathA 24 varSa kI Ayu meM usakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gayA thaa| 2. isa zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki khAravela eka saphala vijetA thaa| usane apane samaya kI rAjanIti ko atyadhika prabhAvita kiyaa| dakSiNa Andhra vaMzI rAjA zAtakarNI khAravela kA samakAlIna thaa| zAtakarNI kI paravAha na karake khAravela ne zAsana ke dUsare varSa meM dakSiNa meM eka bar3I bhArI senA bhejii| zAsana ke cauthe varSa meM bhojakoM, pUrvI khAnadeza aura ahamadanagara ke raThikoM ke viruddha sainika abhiyAna kiyaa| khAravela ne magadha para car3hAI kI aura vahA~ ke rAjA bahasati mitra ko parAjita kiyA tathA kaliMga jina-pratimA jise nanda zAsaka zatAbdiyoM pahale le gayA thA, use apanI rAjadhAnI vApasa laayaa| sudUra dakSiNa ke pANDya rAjA ke yahA~ se khAravela ke pAsa bahumUlya upahAra Ate the| uttara se lekara dakSiNa taka samasta bhArata meM usane vijayapatAkA phaharAI thii| 3. khAravela eka varSa vijaya ke lie prasthAna karatA thA to dUsare varSa mahala Adi banavAtA, dAna detA tathA prajAhita ke kArya karatA thaa| zAsana kAla ke pA~caveM varSa meM vaha tanasuli se eka nahara ke jala ko apanI rAjadhAnI meM lAyA thaa| chaThe varSa meM eka lAkha mudrA vyaya karake usane apanI prajA para anugraha kiyA aura brAhmaNoM ko bar3e-bar3e dAna diye| usane grAmINa tathA zaharI janatA ke kara mApha kiye| 4. khAravela kA yaha abhilekha aitihAsika dRSTi se atyadhika mahattvapUrNa hai| bhArata varSa kA sarvaprathama ullekha isI zilAlekha kI dasavIM paMkti meM bharadhavasa ke prAkRta ratnAkara 0 379

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rUpa meM milatA hai| isa deza kA nAma bhAratavarSa hai isakA pASANotkIrNa pramANa yahI zilAlekha hai| khAravela ke isa abhilekha se jaina dharma kI prAcInatA kA jJAna hotA hai| nandavaMzIya rAjA naMda ke samaya meM bhI jaina dharma kA pracAra thaa| isa zilAlekha kI 12vIM paMkti meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki zatAbdiyoM pahale naMda jisa kaliMga-sthita jina kI pratimA ko le gayA thA, use samrATa khAravela ne magadha para car3hAI karake vApasa prApta kiyaa|jain paMca namaskAra maMtra sarvaprathama likhita rUpa meM isI zilAlekha meM namo arahaMtAnaM / namo savasidhAnaM ke rUpa meM prApta hotA hai| 5. isa abhilekha se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki samrATa khAravela eka jaina dhArmika nareza thaa| usane jaina sAdhuoM ko saMrakSaNa pradAna kiyA thA tathA unake nirvAha ke lie paryApta dAna diye| usane eka bar3A jaina sammelana ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata para bulAyA thA, usameM paNDita, RSi, zramaNa evaM tapasvI Adi ekatrita hue the| mauryakAla meM jo zruta vismRta ho gayA thA, usakA usane puraruddhAra kraayaa| jaina saMgha ne khAravela ko khemarAjA, bhikSurAjA aura dharmarAjA kI padavI pradAna kI thii| vaha svayaM jaina thA, kintu anya dharmoM ke prati usameM sahiSNutA thii| usane sabhI devatAoM ke mandiroM kA jIrNoddhAra karavAyA thaa| 6. bhASika evaM sAhityika dRSTi se isa abhilekha kA apanA mahattva hai| isameM zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA kI eka nizcita paramparA dRSTigocara hotI hai| yadyapi isameM zaurasenI kI samasta pravRttiyA~ vidyamAna nahIM haiM tathApi usake Adi rUpoM kI jhalaka isameM prApta hotI hai| azoka ke zilAlekhoM kI apekSA isa zilAlekha meM bhASA kA pravAha adhika dekhane meM AtA hai, jisase isa kAla kI prAkRta kI samRddhatA kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake zabda vinyAsa racayitA kI kAvya kuzalatA kA saMketa dete haiN| zabda nape-tule haiN| saMkSiptatA meM yaha sUtrazailI kI yAda dilAtA hai| 450. hAla kavi (sAtavAhana ) gAthAsaptazatI ke saMgrahakartA ne eka karor3a prAkRta padyoM meM se kevala 700 padyoM ko cunA hai| bANa, udyotanasUri tathA rudraTa, mammaTa, bAgbhaTa, vizvanAtha aura 380 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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govardhana AcArya Adi kAvya aura alaMkAra-granthoM ke racayitAoM ne isa kAvya kI muktakaMTha se prazaMsA kI hai aura isakI gAthAoM ko alaMkAra, rasa Adi ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA hai| kavivatsala hAla athavA AMdhravaMza ke sAtavAhana (zAlivAhana) ko isa kRti kA saMgrahakarttA mAnA jAtA hai| sAtavAhana aura kAlakAcArya ke bIca sambandha thaa| sAtavAhana pratiSThAna meM rAjya karate the tathA bRhatkathAkAra guNADhya aura vyAkaraNAcArya zivavarmA aura Adi vidvAnoM ke AzrayadAtA the| bhoja ke sarasvatI kaMThAbharaNa (2.15) ke anusAra jaise vikramAditya ne saMskRta bhASA ke pracAra ke lie prayatna kiyA, usI prakAra zAlivAhana ne prAkRta ke lie kiyA / rAjazekhara kAvyamImAMsA (pR. 50) ke anusAra apane aMtaHpura meM zAlivAhana prAkRta meM hI bAtacIta kiyA karate the ( zrUyate ca kakuMtaleSu sAtavAhano nAma rAjA, tena prAkRtabhASAtmakantaHpura eveti samAnaM pUrveNa ) / bANa ne apane harSacarita meM sAtavAhana ko prAkRta subhASita - ratnoM kA saMkalanakarttA kahA hai| inakA samaya IsavI san 69 mAnA jAtA hai| gAthAsaptazatI ke Upara 18 TIkAyeM likhI jA cukI haiM, jaina vidvAnoM ne bhI TIkA likhI haiN| jayapura ke zrI mathurAnAtha zAstrI ne isa para vyaMgyasarvakaSA nAma kI saMskRta meM pAMDityapUrNa TIkA likhI hai| 451. hIrAlAla jaina (prophesara ) bIsavIM zatAbdI jaina sAhitya ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai jisameM aneka manISiyoM ne apanI vizeSa pratibhA dvArA Adhunika paddhati meM jaina sAhitya meM chipe rahasyoM ko jana-jana ke samakSa ujAgara kiyaa| unameM zraddheya DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina kA nAma ullekhanIya hai / inhoMne prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza Adi bhASAoM meM likhe gaye AcAryoM ke granthoM kA kuzala saMpAdana, anuvAda evaM mahattvapUrNa prastAvanAyeM likhIM tathA aitihAsika dRSTi se AcAryoM ke kAla-nirdhAraNa Adi kA kArya kara unako prakAzita kiyaa| unakA vyaktitva evaM kRtitva bahuAyAmI hai tathA jaina saMskRti kI prabhAvanA kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina kA janma 18 sitambara 1899 ko madhya pradeza ke narasiMhapura jile ke gAMgaI nAmaka grAma meM huA thA / ucca zikSA prApta karane ke lie Apa ilAhAbAda gye| 1920 meM snAtaka prAkRta ratnAkara 0 381

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parIkSA tathA isake bAda saMskRta meM ema.e. kiyaa| san 1925 meM kiMga eDavarDa kAleja amarAvatI vidarbha madhyapradeza meM saMskRta ke prAdhyApaka hone ke bAda san 1932 I. se jo sAhitya saMpAdana evaM lekhana yAtrA kI, vaha 13 mArca 1973 I. unakI mRtyu tithi paryanta anavarata rUpa se calatI rhii| ___DaoN. jaina ne san 1932 meM NAyakumAracariu, sAvayadhammadohA, san 1933 meM pAhuDadohA, karakaMDacariu, san 1934 se 1958 taka SaTakhaNDAgama dhavalA TIkA, jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, tatva-samuccaya, san 1962 meM "bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna" mayaNaparAjaya, san 1966 meM sugaMdhadazamIkathA, san 1969 meM kahAkosu, san 1970 meM sudaMsaNacariu, vIrajiNiMdacariu, Adi graMthoM kA sampAdana, anuvAda Adi kArya kiyaa| DaoN. jaina ne apane jIvana-kAla meM lagabhaga 14000 pRSThoM kI apUrva zodha-sAmagrI prAcya vidyA jagat ko pradAna kI hai| pro. hIrAlAla jaina ne aneka graMthoM kA saMpAdana kiyA parantu unameM vIrasenAcArya kI SaTkhaNDAgama graMtha kI dhavalA TIkA ke 16 khaNDa unakI sAhitya sAdhanA ke kIrtistambha jaise haiN| jisa tarIke se unhoMne prAcya paramparAoM ke vizeSajJa vidvAnoM ko jor3akara prAmANika rUpa se saMpAdana karAyA Aja vaha sAhityika jagat kI amUlya dharohara bana gayA hai| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne mukhyamaMtrI DaoN. zrIkRSNasinhA ke vizeSa anurodha para san 1955 meM prAkRta zodha saMsthAna vaizAlI, ke saMsthApaka nidezaka kA pada-bhAra grahaNa kiyA thaa| prAkRta zodha saMsthAna vaizAlI se tyAgapatra dene ke bAda DaoN. jaina ne jabalapura vizvavidyAlaya meM saMskRta, prAkRta evaM pAli vibhAga ke adhyakSa tathA kalA saMkAyAdhyakSa ke pada para kArya kiyaa| vahIM se Apa sevAnivRtta hue| 452. hemacandrAcArya sarvatomukhI pratijJA ke dhanI AcArya hemacaMdra eka yugapravartaka mahApuruSa the| jaina dharma aura jaina vidyAoM ke to ve eka mahAn AcArya va prakAMDa paMDita the hI, brAhmaNoM ke kahe jAne vAle zAstroM va vidyAoM meM bhI ve pAraMgata the|agaadh, vyApaka va sarvatogAmI pAMDitya ke sAtha-sAtha ve uccakoTi ke kavi bhI the| unake dvayAzrayakAvya unake sahRdayatva va zAstrIya vaiduSya kA maNikAMcana yoga prastuta 3820 prAkRta ratnAkara

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karatA hai| udbhaTa vidvAn va sahRdayatva kavi hone ke sAtha hI AcArya hemacandra eka udAramanA santa, pragatizIla samAjasudhAraka, utsAhI dharmapracAraka evaM prabhAvazAlI upadezaka bhI the| gujarAta prAMta meM jaina dharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM unakA yogadAna kisI bhI anya AcArya se adhika rhaa| gujarAta ke tatkAlIna zAsaka siddharAja jayasiMha va kumArapAla unakA atyadhika sammAna karate the| yahA~ taka ki kumArapAla unake vyaktigata saMparka va upadezoM ke prabhAva se jainadharma kA anuyAyI ho gayA thaa| gujarAta ke samakAlIna rAjanItika, sAmAjika, dhArmika va sAMskRtika jIvana para hemacandra kA bar3A gaharA prabhAva pdd'aa| unhoMne gujarAta meM vidyAnuzIlana, zAstrAbhyAsa va sAhitya-sAdhanA kA eka uccastarIya vAtAvaraNa banAne meM apUrva yogadAna kiyaa| hemacaMda ne apane yuga meM pracalita prAyaH sabhI pradhAna zAstroM kA maMthana kara svayaM vividha viSayoM para sarala va subodha zailI meM aneka vizvakoSAtmaka graMthoM kI racanA kI tathA vidvAn va karmaTha ziSyoM kI maMDalI taiyAra karake gujarAta meM saMskRti, sAhitya vizeSa rUpa se zAstroM ke adhyayana-adhyApana va praNayana kI eka sazakta paraMparA kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| hemacandra kA dvayAzrayAkAvya, siddhahemaprazasti tathA triSaSTizalAkApuruSa meM antarbhUta mahAvIra carita Adi bhI unake jIvana para mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlate haiN| prasiddha jarmana vidvAn vyUhalara ne hemacandra ke jIvana va kRtitva para eka vistRta nibandha likhA hai| AcArya hemacandra kA janma vikrama saMvat 1145 (1088 I.) meM gujarAta prAMta ke antargata dhaMdhukA nAmaka grAma ke eka vaizyaparivAra meM huaa| unake pitA kA nAma cacca athavA cAciMga tathA mAtA kA nAma pAhiNI thaa| hemacanda kA bacapana kA nAma caMgadeva thaa| pUrNatalagaccha kezarI devacandrasUri ke prabhAva se caMgadeva ATha varSa kI avasthA meM zramaNa-dharma meM dIkSita hue| 22 varSa kI Ayu (1109 I.) meM AcArya sUcaka sUri pada prApta hone para ve hemacandrasUri nAma se prasiddha hue| lagabhaga pacAsa varSoM taka gujarAta ke dhArmika, sAmAjika sAhityika va rAjanItika jIvana para chAye rahakara san 1173 I. meM 84 varSa kI Ayu meM mahArAja kumArapAla kI mRtyu ke kucha hI pUrva, AcArya hemacandra divaMgata hue| hemacandrapraNIta sAhitya parimANa meM vizAla va viSayavastu kI dRSTi se prAkRta ratnAkara 0 383

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vividhatA - sampanna hai tathA unakI kalikAlasarvajJa upAdhi ko caritArtha karatA hai| nimnalikhita graMtha pramANikarUpa se hemacandraracita mAne jAte haiM - (1) siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana, (2) yogazAstra, (3) kumArapAlacarita yA dvayAzrayakAvya, (4) chando'nuzAsana, (5) kAvyAnuzAsana, (6) koSagraMtha - abhidhAnarcitAmaNi, anekArtha zabdasaMgraha, nighaMTu tathA dezInAmamAlA, (7) triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, (8) vItarAgastuti, (9) dvAtriMtrazikA tathA, ( 10 ) prmaannmiimaaNsaa| inameM se aneka para hemacandra ne saMkSipta yA vistRta vRttiyAM va TIkAeM bhI likhI haiN| yaha samaya vAGmaya unakI bahumukhI prajJA evaM sarvagrAhiNI vidvattA kA jvalanta pramANa hai| 453. hemacandra maladhArI maladhArI hemacandrasUri vikrama kI 12vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha ke eka mahAna prabhAvaka rAjamAnya mahApuruSa aura granthakAra AcArya hue haiN| ve praznavAhana kula kI madhyama zAkhA ke harSapurIya gaccha ke AcArya maladhArI abhayadevasUri ke pramukha ziSya evaM paTTadhara the| maladhArI AcArya hemacandrasUri kI tIna pramukha ziSya the vijaya siMha, zrIcandra aura vibudhacandra / unameM se zrIcandra unake paTTadhara AcArya the| hemacandrasUri apane samaya ke eka samartha pravacana pAragAmI vyAkhyAtA the| viyAhapaNNatti (bhagavatIsUtra) jaisA vizAlakAya Agama unheM kaNThastha thA / unhoMne apane adhyayanakAla meM mUla AgamoM, bhASyoM evaM Agamika granthoM ke sAtha-sAtha vyAkaraNa, nyAya sAhitya Adi aneka viSayoM kA talasparzI adhyayana kiyA thaa| maladhArI hemacandra ne aneka granthoM kI racanA kI / vizeSAvazyakabhASya para TIkA unakA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa kArya hai| unhoMne vi.saM. 1164 kI caitra zuklA 4 somavAra ko aNahillapura pattana meM siddharAja jayasiMha ke rAjyakAla meM 'jIvasamAsavRtti' kI racanA kii| 384 prAkRta ratnAkara 000

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(ka) prakAzita prAkRta granthasUcI 1. aMgavijA - saM. muni puNyavijaya, prAkRta granthapariSad, vArANasI, san 1957 ii.| 2.aMgasuttANi (bhAga 1, 2, 3)- jaina vizvabhAratI lADanUM, 1970 ii.| 3. aMtagaDadasAo tathA aNuttarovavAiyadasAo-saM. DaoN. pI. ela. vaidya, 12 kainoTa roDa, pUnA, san 1932 ii.| 4. aMtakRtadazAMga sUtra - ema.DI. bAraneTa, landana, 1907 I. (aMgrejI anuvAda), Agamodaya samiti, bambaI 1920 I. 5.ajiyasaMtithava- muni vIravijaya, ahamadAbAda, vi.saM. 1992 / 6.aTThapAhuDa-kundakundAcArya, anantakIrti granthamAlA samiti, bambaI, vIra nirvANa saMvat 24461 7.anaMtanAhacariyaM- nemacandra sUri, RSabhadevakezarImala zvetAmbara jaina saMsthA, ratalAma, san 1939 ii.| 8. anuttaropapAtika- aMgrejI bhUmikA, kathAnaka aura zabdakoSa sahita, saM. DaoN. pI. ela. vaidya, pUnA san 1932 ii.| / 9. anuyogadvArasUtra- kesarIbAI jJAnamandira, pATana (gujarAta),vi.saM. 1995 |jain Agama granthamAlA, bambaI 1968 ii.| 10. abhidhAna rAjendra koza - jaina prabhAkara priMTiMga presa, ratalAma 11.ardhamAgadhIkoza- muni ratanacandra, ajamera, bambaI, 1923-1932 12. AkkhAnamaNikosa- (devendra) nemicandra,AmradevakRta TIkA sahita, prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI, vArANasI, san 1962 ii.| 13. AcArAMgasutta - Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1935 I., sekreDa buksa AphadaIsTa, jilda 22, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara 14.AcArAMgacUrNi - RSabhadeva kezarImala saMsthA, ratalAma, 1941 I. 15.AyArAMgasutta - harmana yAkobI, prA. Te. so. landana, san 1982 I. tathA ahamadAbAda, vi. saM. 19801 16.AnandasundarI - ghanazyAma, saM.DaoN. e.ena. upAdhye, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, vArANasI, san 1955 ii.| 386 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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17. ArAmasohAkahA- saMghatilakAcArya, zrIsaMgha sUrata, vi. saM. 1997 / 18. AvazyakasUtra - jaina zAstroddhAra samiti rAjakoTa, 1958 I. klAsa brahla, ___Avazyaka sTaDIja 1, 1981 I. jarmanI, jaina Agama granthamAlA, bambaI, 1977 I. 19. AvassacuNNi- zvetAmbara sabhA, ratalAma, san 1928 ii.| 20. Avassakavitti TippaNa- haribhadrAcArya, devacandra lAlabhaI, ahmdaabaad| 21. isimaMDalathotta-saM. yazovijala, bar3audA, vi.saM. 2012 / 22. isibhAsiyAI- RSabhadeva kezarImala saMsthA stalAma 1927 I.prAkRta akAdamI jayapura, 2003, jaina vizvabhAratI lADanUM, 2011 23. uttarAjjhayaNa- saM.Ara. DI. vedakara aura ena. vI. vaidya, phargusana kAleja, pUnA tathA aMgrejI prastAvanA, TippaNa Adi sahita-jArja cApeMTiyara, upasAlA, san 1914 ii.| Agama prakAzana samiti, byaavr| 24. uttarAjjhayaNa (sukhabodhaTIkA)- saM. vijayomaMgasUri, puSpacandra kSemacandra, balAda (ahamadAbAda) san 1937 ii.| 25. upAsakadazAMgasUtra - Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1920 I., hArnela, biblobhikA iMDikA, kalakattA 1885-88 (aMgrejI anuvAda), pI. ela. vaidyA, pUnA, 1930 I. 26. uvasaggahara- bhadrabAhu, devacanda lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra granthamAlA, bambaI, san 1933 ii.| 27. uvadesapada mahAgrantha- haribhadra sUri, lAlacanda nandalAla, muktikamala jaina mohanamAlA, koThIpola, bar3audA, san 1923-25 ii.| 28. uvadesamAlA prakaraNa- sa. hemasAgara sUri, dhanajI bhAI devacanda javerI, 50. 54 mIrajhA sTrITa, bambaI-3, san 1958 I. tathA RSabhadeva kesarImala saMsthA, indaura san 1936 ii.| 29. uvaesaraNNAyara (upadezaratnAkara) - munisundara, jaina dha. di. pra. varga pAlItAnA (gujarAta), vi. saM. 19641 30. uvAsagadasAo- saM. ena.e. gore, oriyanTala buka ejeMsI, zukravAra peTha, pUnA-2, san 1953 ii.| prAkRtaratnAkara0387

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31. upAMgaMsuttANi, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, 2002 ii.| 32. RSabhapaMcAzikA- kAvyamAlA granthAMka-7, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1890ii.| 33. oghaniyukti - 1957 I. meM sUrata se prakAzita / eDela hAiTa meTe dvArA 1974 I. meM prkaashit| 34. aupapAtikasUtra- mUlapATha aura pAThAntara sahita, ena.jI.guru, pUnA, san 1936 ii.| jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, 2002 ii.| 35. kaMsavaho- rAmapANivAda, saM.DaoN. e. en upAdhye, hindI granthasnAkara kAryAlaya hIrAbAga, bambaI, san 1946 ii.| 36. kammathava (karmastava-karmagrantha-2)- hindI anuvAda sahita, AgarA san ___ 1918 ii.| 37. kammapayaDI (karmaprakRti)- vizazarmA, malayagiri aura yazovijaya TIkA sahita, jainadharma pracArakasabhA, bhaavngr| 38. kammavipAga (karma-vipAka-karmagrantha-1)-saM. zrI paM. sukhalAlajI, lohAmaNDI, AgarA, san 1939 ii.| 39. karalakkhaNa- bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1954 ii.| 40. kalpasUtra-saM. amolakaRSi, sara rAjAjvAlAprasAda, haidraabaad|hindii-gujraatii anuvAda sahita rAjakoTa se prakAzita, 1958 ii.| 41. kalpavyavahari (nizIthasUtra)- saM. vAlTara zUviMga, lAipaciMga tathA ahmdaabaad| 42. kasAyapAhuDa(jayadhavalA TIkAsahita)-saM.paM.phUlacandra aurapaM.kailAzacandrazAstrI, di. ____ jainasaMgha caurAsI, mathurA, san 1944-62 ii.| 43. kasAyapAhuNa (sUtra aura cUrNi) saM.paM. hIrAlAla siddhAntazAstrI, vIrazAsanasaMgha, kalakattA, san 1955 ii.| 44. kahAkosapagaraNa (kathAkoSaprakaraNa,- jinezvara sUri, saM. muni jinavijaya, siMgho jaina granthamAlA, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, san 1949 ii.|) 45. kahAmahodadhi- somacandra, karpUra prakaraNa sahita, hI.haM. jAmanagara, san 1913ii.| 46. kahArayaNakosa- devabhadra,saM.muni puNyavijaya,AtmAnandasabhA bhAvanagara, san 1944ii.| 388 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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47. kappUramaMjarI-rAjazekhara, saM. manamohana ghoSa, yUnivarsiTI oNpha kalakattA, san 1939 I. tathA sTena kono hArvarDa yUnivarsiTI, kaimbrija, san 1901 ii.| prAkRta zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI, 1975 / 48. kArtikeyAnuprekSA- rAyacandra granthamAlA, AgAsa, 1960 / 49. kAlakAcAryakathA- pro. ena. DablyU brAuna kRta sTorI oNpha kAlaka ke antargata, vAziMgaTana, san 1933 ii.| 50. kundakunda prAbhRta saMgraha- saM.paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI, jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA, solApura, san 1960 ii.| 51. kumArapAlacarita- hemacandra, saM. DaoN. pI. ela. vaidya, bhaNDArakara oriyaNTala insTITyUTa, pUnA san 1936 ii.| 52. kumArapAla pratibodha- somaprabhAcArya, saM.muni jinavijaya, gAyakavAr3aoriyanTala sIrIja, bar3audA, san 1920 ii.| . 53. kummAputtacariyaM = anantahaMsa, saM.pro. ke. bI. abhyaMkara, gujarAta kAleja, ahamadAbAda san 1933 ii.| 54. kuvalayamAlA- udyotanasUri, saM.e. ena. upAdhye, siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI 1959 ii.| 55. gauDavaho-haripAla TIkA sahita, saM.zaMkara pANDuraMga, bhANDArakara oriyanTala ___insTITyUTa, pUnA, san 1927 I., prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, 1969 / 56. gAthAsahasrI- prAcIna pustakoddhAraka phaNDa, sUrata, 1940 ii.| 57. gAhAsattasaI- kavi hAla, gaMgAdhara bhaTTa TIkA sahita, kAvyamAlAgranthAMka 31, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI / bebara dvArA jarmana anuvAda, 1881 58. gommaTasAra (jIvakANDa aura karmakANDa)- AcArya nemicandra, saM. je. ela. jainI, sekreDa buksa oNpha jainsa, ArA, grantha-5, 6, 7 tathA hindI anuvAda, rAmacandrazAstramAlA, bambaI, san 1927-28 ii.| 59. caMdappahacariyaM-jinezvarasUri, mahAvIra granthamAlA, vi. saM. 1992 / 60. caMdalehA- rudradAsa,saM.DaoN.e. ena. upAdhye, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, san 1945ii.| prAkRta ratnAkara 0 389

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61. caupanna mahApurisacariyaM- zIlaMkAcArya, saM.amRtalAla mohanalAla bhojaka, prAkRta grantha pariSad, vArANasI, san 1961 ii.| 62. chakkhaMDAgama (dhavalATIkA sahita)- bhAga 1-16- saM. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, jaina-sAhityoddhAraka-phaMDa-kAryAlaya, amarAvatI , san 1939-1959 ii.| 63. jaMbucariyaM-guNapAla, saM. muni jinavijaya, siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI 1959 ii.| 64. jaMbUdvIvapaNNatti- padmanaMdi, jIvarAja granthamAlA, solApura, san 1958 ii.| 65. jayantacarita- saM. AcArya vijayakumuda sUri, maNivijaya granthamAlA mu. lIMca (mahesANA), vi.saM. 2006 / 66. jinadattAkhyAnadvaya- sumatisUri tathA ajJAta vidvAn, saM.paM. amRtalAla mohanalAla bhojaka, siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, vi. saM. 2009 / 67. jItakalpasUtra-saM. puNyavijaya, ahamadAbAda, vi. saM. 1994 / 68. jIvAbhigama- rAyadhanapati siMha bahAdura, ahamadAbAda, san 1939 ii.| 69. joisakaraMDaga-RSabhadeva kezarImala saMsthA, ratalAma, san 1928 ii.| 70. jyotiSasAra- prAcyavidyA pratiSThAna, jodhapura, 1961 ii.| 71. taraMgalolA (saMkSipta taraMgavatI)- gujarAtI anuvAda sahita, ahamadAbAda, 1979 I., pro. lAyamana, jarmana anuvAda, 1921 / 72. tiloyapaNNatti- yativRSabha, jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA, solApura, san 1943, 1952 ., zrutasaMvardhana saMsthAna, meraTha, 2004 / 73. tiloyasAra- nemicandra, mAdhavacandrakRta saMskRta TIkA sahita, mANikacandra di. jaina granthamAlA, bambaI vIranirvANa saMvat 2444 / 74. dazavaikAlikasUtra (hAribhadravRtti)- saM. manusakhalAla mahAvIra priMTiMga varksa, bambaI, prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, 1973 ii.| 75. desInAmamAlA- hemacandra, bhANDArakara oriyanTala risarca insTITyUTa, puunaa| 76. dravyaparIkSA- prAkRta zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI, 1976 ii.| 77. dravyasaMgraha - sekreDa buksa Ava da jainsa sIrIja, ArA, 1917 / 3900 prAkRta ratnAkara

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78. dhammarasAyaNa - mANikacandra jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1909, diga. jaina pariSad, kalakattA, 1990 1 79. dharmopadezamAlAvivaraNa - jayasiMha sUri, saM. muni jinavijaya, siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI, 1949 I. / 80. dhUrtAkhyAna - haribhadrasUri, saM. DaoN. ena. upAdhye, siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, 1944 I., DaoN. raMjana sUrideva dvArA hindI anuvAda, 2006 | 81. nandisUtra - anu. hastimalla muni, rAyabahAdura motIlAlajI mUthA, satArA, san 1942 I., jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~, 1976 I. 1 82. nandIsUtra (malayAgiri TIkA sahita) - Agamodaya samiti, 426 javerI bAjAra, bambaI, san 1924 I. / 83. nandIsUtrasya cUrNi :- hAribhadrIyA vRtti, zvetAmbara sabhA, rtlaam| 84. naravikramacarita-guNacandrasUri, jhaverI ajitakumAra nandalAla rAjanagara, vi.saM. 2008 / 85. narmadAsundarIkathA - siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1990 I. / 86. nANapaMcamIkahA- mahezvarasUri, saM. DaoN. amRtalAla rUpacaMda gopANI, siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI, san 1949 I. / 87. nAyAdhammakahAo - ena. vI. vaidya, phargusana kAleja, pUnA-4, san 1940 I . / , jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~, 1974 I. / 88. jJAtAkarmakathAsUtra- Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 89. niyamasAra - kundakundAcArya, ugrasenakRta aMgrejI anuvAda sahita, ajitAzrama, lakhanaU, san 1931 ii.| kundakunda bhAratI, naI dillI, 2005 90. nimittazAstra-vardhamAna pArzvanAtha zAstrI, solApura, 1941 I. / 91. nirayAvalio (antima pA~ca upAMga) - saM. pI. ela. vaidya, pUnA, san 1932 I. / 92. nirayAvaliyA (kalpikA) - pro. gopANI aura caukasI dvArA ahamadAbAda se prakAzita, 1934 I., je. Delu - nirayAvaliyAo, 1967, lAiDaina, 1969 I 93. nizIthacUrNi - Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 957-60 / 94. paMcasaMgraha (candrarSi) svopajJavRtti - Agamodaya samiti, bambaI 1927 I. aura malayagiri TIkA sahita, jAmanagara, 1909 I., ahamadAbAda, 1935, 1941 I. / prAkRta ratnAkara 391

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95. paMcasaMgraha (prAkRta vRtti TIkA aura saMskRta TIkA)- bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1960 ii.| 96. paMcAthikAya-kundakundAcArya, pro. cakravartIkRta aMgrejI anuvAda sahita, jainapablisiMga hAusa, ArA, 1920 I. tathA hindI anuvAda sahita rAmacandra zAstramAlA, bambaI 1904 ii.| 97. paMcavastuka-haribhadra, devacanda lAlabhAI pustakoddhArakaphaMDagranthamAlA, san 1927 ii.| 98. paMcasUtra- labdhi sUrizvaragranthamAlA, 1939 ii.| 99. paMDia dhaNavAlakahA- saMghatilakasUri, zrIsaMgha sUrata, vi.saM. 1997 / 100. paumacariyaM- vimalasUri, jainadharma prasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, san 1994 / prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda, 1962, 1968 / 101. pavayaNasAra- kunkundAcArya (amRcandra aura jayasena saMskRta TIkA sahita) saM.DaoN. e.ena. upAdhye, rAmacandra zAstramAlA, bambaI, san 1935 ii.| 102. pAiakahAsaMgaho- vijayadAna sUrIzvara granthamAlA gopIpurA, sUrata, 1952 ii.| 103. pAia- lacchI nAmamAlA- dhanapAla, ahamadAbAda, san 1945 ii.| 104. pAiyasaddamahaNNavo- prAkRta TekTasa sosAyaTI, vArANasI, 1963 105. pAsanAhacariyaM- guNacandra, ahamadAbAda, san 1945 ii.| 106. prajJApanA- mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1969, 1971 ii.| 107. praznavyAkaraNa- Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, amUlyacandrasena, e kriTIkala eNTroDakzana TU da paNhavAgaraNaM, vurjaburga, 1936 ii.| 108. prAkRtanuzAsana- ela nittI DolcI dvArA perisa se 1938 meM prkaashit| 109. prAkRtagalam-saM. DaoN. bholAzaMkara vyAsa, prAkRtagranthapariSad, vArANasI tathA da eziyATika sosAyaTI A~va baGgAla, kalakattA san 1902 ii.| 110. prAkRta prakAza- aDayAra lAibrerI, madrAsa, 1946 I., caukhambA vArANasI, 1959, nayA saMskaraNa 19701 111. prAkRtarUpAvatAra- rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, 1909 ii.| 112. prAkRtalakSaNa- hoenale dvArA kalakattA se 1880 meM prakAzita, ahamadAbAda se 1929 I.meM prkaashit| 392 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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113. prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana- jIvarAja granthamAlA, solApura, 1954 / 114. prAkRtasarvasva - prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, 1968 I. / 115. prAkRta hindIkoza - pArzvanAtha vidyAlaya, vArANasI, 1987 I. / 116. baMbhadattacariyaM - gujarAta granthamAlA kAryAlaya, gAMdharoDa, ahamadAbAda, san 1937 I. / 117. baMdhasAmitta (bandhasvAmitva - karmagrantha 3) - hindI anuvAda sahita, AgarA, san 1927 I. / 118. bRhatkalpabhASya-zvetAmbara sabhA, rtlaam| 119. bRhatkSetrasamAsa-jinabhadra, jainadharma prasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, vi. saM. 1977 / 120. bhagavatI ArAdhanA - zivArya, anaMtakIrtti graMthamAlA, bambaI, vi.saM. 1989 / 121. bhagavatIsUtrazataka 1-20- madanakumAra mehatA, kalakattA, vi.saM. 2011 yaha graMtha abhayadeva kI TIkAsahita Agamodaya samiti bambaI dvArA san 1921 I. meM prakAzita hai aura paM. becaradAsa tathA paM. bhagavAnadAsa ke gujarAtI anuvAda sahita saM. 1979-1988 meM cAra bhAgoM meM prakAzita hai| 122. bhavabhAvanA- ma. hemacanda, saM. RSabhadeva, jaina zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma, vi. saM. 1992 / 123. malayasundarIkathA - harTela dvArA jarmana meM anuvAda, jenA, 1919 124. mahAbandha 1-7 - hindI anuvAda sahita, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 194758 125. mahAvIracariyaM- nemicandra sUri, saM. muni caturavijaya, AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, vi. saM. 1973 / 126. mahAvIracariyaM- nemicandra sUri, saM. muni caturavijaya, AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, vi. saM. 1973 / 127. mahivAlakahA- vIradevagaNi, saM. hIralAla popaTalAla, zihora, vi. saM. 1998 / 128. mUlAcAra - vaTTakera, mA. di. jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, vi. saM. 1977, 1180 1 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI, 1995 129. mUlasuddhiprakaraNa- prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda, 1971 I. / 130. yatilakSaNa-yazevijaya, jainadharma prasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, vi. sa. 1965 prAkRta ratnAkara 393

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131. raMbhAmaMjarI- nayacandra, saM. DaoN. pITarsana aura rAmacandra dInAnAtha, nirNayasAra presa, bambaI, 1889 ii.| 132. rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM- nemicandra sUri, saM. AcArya vijayakumuda sUri, pra. maNi vijayagaNivara granthamAlA, san 1942 ii.| 133. rayaNaseharanivakahA- jinaharSa sUri, saM. haragovindadAsa, jaina vividha zAstramAlA, banArasa, san 1918 ii.|, prAkRta zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI, 1990 134. rAyapaseNiya-saM. ena. bI. vaidya, khAdayAta bukaDipo, gA~dhIroDa, ahamadAbAda, san 1938 ii.| 135. riTThasamuccaya- siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1945 I. 136. laghukSetrasamAsa-ratnazekhara, muktikamala jaina mohanamAlA, bar3audA, 1934 / 137. lIlAvaI-kautUhala, saM. DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye, siMghI jaina granthamAlA bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI, 1949 I., aMgrejI anuvAda, ahamadAbAda, 1985 / 138. vaDDamANadesanA-zubhavarddhana, jainadharma prasAraka sabhA, bhaavngr| 139. vajjAlaggaM- pro. jUliyasalevara, kalakattA, san 1914, 22, 44 / prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda, 1969, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI, 1990 / 140. vasudevahiNDI- saMghadAsa gaNi, saM. muni caturavijaya puNyavijaya, AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara 1930-31 I., ela. DI. insTITyUTa, ahamadAbAda, 1977 / 141. vasudevahiNDIsAra-saM.vIracanda prabhudAsa, hemacanda sabhA, pATana, san 1917ii.| 142. vasunandizrAvakAcAra- vasunandi, saM.paM.hIrAlAla siddhAntazAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, san 1952 ii.| 143. vicArasAra-pradyumnasUri, Agamodaya samiti, sUrata, san 1923 ii.| 144. vividhamArgapripA- jinaprabha sUri, saM. muni jinavijaya, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, san 1941 ii.| 145. vipAkazrutam- saM. muni jJAnacandajI mahArAja, jaina zAstramAlA kAryAlaya, jaina sthAnaka, ludhiyAnA (pNjaab)| pI. ela. vaidya, pUnA, 1933 I. / 3940 prAkRta ratnAkara

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146. vidheyamaMjarI- ASAr3ha, bAlacandra-TIkA, vividha sAhityazAstra mAlA, . banArasa, vi.saM. 1975 / 147. vizeSAvazyakabhASya-RSabhadeva kezarImala saMsthA, ratalAma, 1936-37 / 148. vRttajAti samuccaya- rAjasthAna oriyanTala risarca insTITyUTa, jodhapura, 1962 / 149. vyavahArasUtra-zUbiMga dvArA sampAdita, hambarga, 1966 / 150. vyavahArabhASya- Agamodaya samiti, bmbii| 151. vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatIsUtra)- Agama prakAzana, vyAvara, je. Delu dvArA viyAhapaNNatti, beljiyama, 1970 ii.| 152. zataka (karmagrantha-5)- saM.paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI, lohAmaNDI, AgarA, san 1942 ii.| 153. zrIkRSNacaritam- devendrasUri, RSabhadeva kezarImala zvetAmbara, ratnapura (mAlavA), san 1938 ii.| 154. SaDazIti (karmagrantha-4)-hindI anuvAda sahita, lohAmaNDI, AgarA, san 1927 ii.| 155. SaDbhASAcandrikA- ke. pI. trivedI, bambaI, 1916 I. 156. svayambhUchanda- rAjasthAna prAcya vidyA pratiSThAna, jodhapura, 1962 / 157. samayasAra-kundakunda, saM.pro. cakravartI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI, san 1950 ii.| 158. samarAiccakahA-haribhadrasUri, saM.DaoN. harmana yAkobI, baMgAla eziyATika sosAyaTI, kalakattA, san 1926 ii.|, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 159. samAcArI-tilakAcArya, DAhyAbhAI mokamacandra, ahamadAbAda, vi.saM. 1990 / 160. sAvayapaNNatti-haribhadra, jJAnaprasAraka maNDala, bambaI, vi.saM. 1961 / 161. sanmatiprakaraNa- zvetAmbara ejyukezana borDa, 1939 / 162. siddhapAhuDa- Atmananda jainasabhA, bhAvanagara, san 1921 ii.| 163. siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana- pI. ela. vaidyA, pUnA 1936, 1958 I., pyAracanda mahArAja, vyAbara (do bhAga), Agama-samatA-prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, 20021 prAkRta ratnAkara 0395

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164. siripAsanAhacariyaM- guNabhadra, saM. AcArya vijayakumuda sUri, maNivijaya gaNivara granthamAlA, mu. lIMca, ahamadAbAda, san 1945 / 165. sirivijayacaMda kevalIcariyaM-candraprabha mahattari, kezavalAla premacandra kesarA, khaMbhAta vAyA ANaMda, vi.saM. 2007 / 166. sirivAlakahA-snazekhara sUri, devacandralAla bhAI, jaina pustakoddhAraka granthamAlA, bhAvanagara, san 1923 ii.| 167. sIlovadesamAlA-jayakIrti, hIrAlAla hansarAja, jAmanagara, san 1909 ii.| 168. sudaMsaNAcariyaM-devendra, Atmavallbha granthamAlA valAda (ahamadAbAda), san 1932 ii.| 169. supAsanAhacariyaM-lakSmaNa gaNi, saM. haragovindadAsa, jaina vividha zAstramAlA, vArANasI, vIra nirvANa saMvat 2445 / 170. surasundarIcariyaM-ghanezvara sUri, saM. haragovindadAsa, pra. jaina vividha zAstramAlA, vArANasI, 1916 ii.| 171. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra-Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1917 I., sekreDa buksa AphadaIsTa, jilda 45, (aMgrejI anuvAda),1895 I., prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda 1975 ii.| 172. sUtrakRtAMga (niyukti sahita)- saM.DaoN. pI. ela. vaidya, pUnA, san 1928 ii.| 173. sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi- DaoN. pI. ela. vaidya pUnA, san 1928 ii.| 174. setubaMdha-pravarasena, nirNayasAgara presa, kAvyamAlA granthAMka 47, bmbii| 175. saMkhittataraMgAI (taraMgalolA)- nemicandra, jIvana bhAI choTA bhAI jhaverI, ahamadAbAda, vi.saM. 200 / 176. saMvegaraMgazAlA-jinacandra, nirNayasAgara, bambaI, san 1924 ii.| 177. sthAnAMgasUtra- Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1918-20 I. Agama prakAzana samiti, vyaabr| 3960 prAkRta ratnAkara

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(kha) prAkRta adhyayana ke zodhagrantha 1. AcArya ghAsIlAla- prAkRta kaumudI, vArANasI, 1988 2. AcArya ghAsIlAla- prAkRta cintAmaNi, vArANasI, 1987 3. AcArya mahAprajJa - AcArAMgabhASya, lADanUM, 1990 4. AcArya mahAprajJa - prAkRta vAkya racanA bodha, lADanUM, 2000 5. AcArya harirAma - gAhAsattasaI (prAkRta-hindI), jayapura, 1986 6. AksaphorDa, ela. - klAine zriphTena, vIsavADena, jarmanI, 1974 7. upAdhye, e. ena. - pravacanasAra - iNTroDakzana sahita, AgAsa 8. upAdhye, e. ena. - kuvalayamAlA-ena inTroDakzana, saMghI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI-1970 9. upAdhye, e. ena.-bRhatkathAkoza-bhUmikA bambaI, 1943 10. katra, esa. ke, - prAkRta laiMgvejeja eNDa deara kANTrIvyUsana TU iMDiyana kalcara, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI, 1945 11. kApar3iyA, eca. Ara.- e. hisTrI oNpha kainonikala liTarecara Apha da jainsa, bambaI, 1941 12. kamalA, ke. - evarI De lAipha ina eNziyanTa iMDiyA eja DipekTeDa ina prAkRta liTarecara, haidarAbAda,1978 13. kochar3a, harivaMza - apabhraMza sAhitya, dillI, 1952 14. koThArI, rAjakumArI - jJAtAdharma kathA kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana, vArANasI, 2003 15. * koThArI, subhASa - upAsakadazAMga aura usakA zrAvakAcAra- eka parizIlana, udayapura, 1988 13. kRSNakumAra karaNa - karakaNDacariu kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, vArANasI,2008 16. khaDabaDI, bI. ke. - jinapadasAra, vaizAlI, 1998 17. khaDabaDI, bI. ke. - vaDDhArAdhane- e sTaDI, dhAravAr3a, 1980 prAkRta ratnAkara 0 397

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18. gAMga (siMghavI ), suSamA AcArya kundakunda ke pramukha granthoM meM dArzanika dRSTi, dillI, 1982 19. candrA, ke. Ara. - isi bhAsiyAI kA prAkRta - saMskRta zabdakoza, prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda, 1998 1989 20. candrA, ke. Ara. - kriTIkala sTaDI oNpha da paumacariyaM, vaizAlI, 1970 21. candrA, ke. Ara. - nammayAsundarIkahA ( hindI anuvAda), vArANasI, 22. caudharI, gulAbacanda - jainasAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga-6, vArANasI,1978 23. caudharI, vizvanAtha - kundakunda aura unake pratinidhi Agama grantha, vaizAlI,1997 24. jAmakheDakara, e.pI. - vasudevahiNDI - e kalcarala sTaDI, bambaI, 25. jAmakheDakara, e. pI. - kuvalayamAlA - e sTaDI, bambaI, 1985 26. jinendravarNI - jainaindra siddhAntakoza (bhAga-1-5) bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1990 27. jaina, udayacanda - prAkRta hindI zabdakoza ( bhAga 1-2), dillI, 28. jaina, udayacanda - prAkRta racanodaya, dillI, 2007 1978 2005 29. jaina, RSabhacandra - niyamasAra, vaizAlI, 2002 30. jaina, zrImatI kamala - haribhadra sAhitya meM samAja evaM saMskRti, vArANasI, 1994 31. jaina, zrImatI kamala, vasudevahiNDI - eka adhyayana, vArANasI, 1997 32. jaina, kapUracanda - prAkRta jainavidyA zodha sandarbha, khataulI, 2004 33. jaina, komalacanda, jaina, bauddha AgamoM meM nArI jIvana, vArANasI 34. jaina, kalpanA, ArAmasohAkahA, jayapura, 2007 35. jaina, gokulacandra paramAgamasAro, vArANasI, 1990 36. jaina, jagadIzacandra - jaina sAhitya kA vRhat itihAsa bhAga-2, vArANasI,1989 37. jaina, jagadIzacandra - jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, vArANasI, 1965 38. jaina, jagadIzacandra - prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, caukhambhA, vArANasI,1985 39. jaina, jagadIzacandra - prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya, ahamadAbAda, 1970 40. jaina, jagadIzacandra - prAkRta naireTiva liTarecara - orijana eNDa grotha, dillI, 1981 41. jaina, devendrakumAra - apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya, naI dillI, 1965 42. jaina, pramilA - SaTkhaNDAgama meM guNasthAna vivecana, lakhanaU, 1995 398 prAkRta ratnAkara -

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43. jainI, je. ela. - gommaTasAra, bambaI, 1927-1928 44. jaina,jainamatI-paMcAstikAya kA tulanAtmakaevaMsamIkSAtmakaadhyayana,vaizAlI,2002 45. jaina, nandalAla - sAinTiphika kanTenTa ina prAkRta kenansa, vArANasI, 1995 46. jaina, nandalAla - kaSAyapAhur3a, (aMgrejI anuvAda) vArANasI, 2006 47. jaina, parameSThIdAsa - AcArAMgasUtra-eka adhyayana, vArANasI, 1987 48. jaina, prema sumana - kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, vaizAlI,1975 49. jaina, prema sumana - prAkRta svayaM zikSaka (paMcama saMskaraNa), jayapura, 2011 50. jaina, prema sumana - zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA aura vyAkaraNa, dillI, 2005 51. jaina, prema sumana - prAkRta kAvya maMjarI, jayapura, 1984 52. jaina, prema sumana - prAkRta prAimara, zravaNabelagolA, 2011 53. jaina, prema sumana, sukumAlasAmicariu, zrImahAvIrajI, 2005 54. jaina, prema sumana, prAkRta kathA-parizIlana, jayapura, 1995 55. jaina, phUlacanda premI - mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, vArANasI, 987 56. jaina, bhAgacandra - prAkRta dhammapada, jayapura, 2003 57. jaina, rAjArAma - raidhU sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana, vaizAlI,1974 58. jaina, ramezacandra, samarAiccakahA, dillI, 1990 59. jaina, rAjArAma - vittasAro, dillI, 2002 60. jaina, rAjArAma - zaurasenI bhASA evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa, dillI, 2004 61. jaina, rAjArAma - vaDDamANacariu, dillI, 1998 62. jaina, lAlacandra - tattvasAra, vaizAlI, 2002 63. jaina, lAlacanda - prAkRta sAhitya meM anekAnta cintana, zravaNabelagolA,2006 64. jaina vimalaprasAda, jaMbUsAmicariu, dillI, 1980 65. jaina, saroja - NemiNAha cariu, bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana, dillI 2010 66. jaina, saroja - apabhraMza kavi-darzana, zravaNabelagolA, 2008 67. jaina, sAgaramala, RSibhASita-eka adhyayana, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura,1988 68. jaina, sudarzanalAla - uttarAdhyayanasUtra- eka parizIlana, vArANasI, 1970 69. jaina, sudarzanalAla - prAkRta dIpikA, vArANasI, 2005 prAkRta ratnAkara 0399

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70. jinendra - pAiya-jaM-pajjaM saMgaho, jabalapura, 2011 71. jaina, hIrAlAla - bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, rAjasthAna sarakAra, jayapura, 2003 72. jaina, hIrAlAla - nayanandI racita sudaMsaNacariu, vaizAlI, 1970 73. TATiyA, nathamala - vizeSAvazyaka bhASyaM, vaizAlI, 1972 74. DAgA, tArA, prAkRta sAhitya kI rUparekhA, jayapura, 2005 75. tagAre, jI.vI. - hisTrorikala grAmara oNpha apabhraMza, bambaI, 1946 76. tomara, rAmasiMha - prAkRta-apabhraMza kA sAhitya aura usakA hindI sAhitya para prabhAva, zAntiniketana, 1951 77. dulIcanda jaina - jinavANI ke motI, vArANasI, 2000 78. dozI, becaradAsa - jaina sAhitya kA vRhat itihAsa, bhAga-1, vArANasI,1989 79. dozI, becaradAsa - prAkRta mArgopadezikA, ahamadAbAda, 1968 80. nAyakara, candramauli esa. - saTTaka laTarecara-e sTaDI, dhAravAr3a 1986 81. nAhaTA, bhaMvaralAla - alaMkAradappaNa, vArANasI, 2001 82. nAhaTA, bhaMvaralAla - Thakkura pheru granthAvalI, vaizAlI, 1996 83. paNDita, prabodha - prAkRta bhASA, vArANasI, 1954 84. pAThaka, vizvanAtha - vajjAlaggaM (jayavallabha), vArANasI, 1984 85. pAThaka, vizvanAtha - gAthAsaptazatI (hAla), vArANasI, 1995 86. pANDe, rAjanArAyaNa - mahAkavi puSpadanta, AgarA, 1963 87. pANDeya, zrIprakAza - siddhasena divAkara-vyaktitva evaM kRtitva, varANasI,2003 88. pANDeya, harizaMkara-prAkRta rUpa racanA koza,nyU bhAratIya bukakAraporezana, dillI,2001 89. pANDeya, harizaMkara - prAkRta eMva jaina Agama sAhitya, lADanUM, 2000 90. pizala, ricarDa - grAmATika Dera prAkRta-prAkhena, jarmanI hindI anuvAda- prAkRta . bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa, (hemacandra jozI), paTanA, 1958 91. poddAra, Ara.pI. - ena. inTroDakzana TU karpUramaMjarI, vaizAlI, 1974 gAMdhInagara, 1963 4000 prAkRta ratnAkara

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92. poddAra, Ara. pI. - nayanacandrasUrIkRta rambhAmaMjarI, vaizAlI, 1976 93. poddAra, Ara. pI. - rayaNaseharInivakahA (sampAdana-anuvAda), vaizAlI, 1993 94. premI, nAthUrAma - jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, bambaI, 1956 95. banarjI, satyaraMjana - da IsTarna skUla Apha prAkRta grAmeriyansa, kalakattA,1964 96. bAharI, haradeva - prAkRta aura usakA sAhitya, dillI-1 97. mahindale, ema.e. - hisTorikala grAmara Aphainskrapzanala prAkRta, bambaI,1943 98. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha - gaNadharavAda, jayapura 1990 99. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha - Agamayuga kA jaina darzana, jayapura, 1980 100. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha - nizItha-eka adhyayana, AgarA, 1959 101 . mizra, sudarzana - mahAkavi puSpadanta aura unakA mahApurANa, vaizAlI, 1987 102. mizra, ravizaMkara - sambodhasaptatikA (hindI anuvAda), vArANasI, 1986 103. mukhtAra, jugalakizora - jaina granthaprazasti saMgraha, vIrasevA maMdira, dillI,1954 * 104. mukhtAra, jugalakizora - purAtana jaina vAkya sUcI, dillI, 1950 105. muni candraprabha sAgara - prAkRta sUktikoza, bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana, varANasI, 2001 106. muni nagarAja - Agama aura tripiTaka-eka anuzIlana, kalakattA, 1969 107. muni vIrendra kumAra - jaina Agama prANIkoza, jainavizvabhAratI, lADanUM,1999 108. muni vIrendrakumAra - jaina Agama vAdya koza, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~,2004 109. muni zrIcandra - jaina Agama vanaspati koza, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM,1996 110. mehatA, mohanalAla - jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga-3, vArANasI, 1989 111. mehatA, mohanalAla - prAkRta propara nemsa, ela.DI. insTITyUTa, ahamadAbAda,1972 112. muni, vimalakamAra - pAiyasaMgaho, lADanUM, 1990 113.. yAdava, jhinakU - samarAiccakahA-eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, vArANasI,1997 114. rAya, rAmajI - setubandha mahAkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana, vaizAlI,1987 115. rAya, zailendrakumAra - prAkRta ke pratinidhi mahAkAvya, vaizAlI, 1994 116. lalavAnI, gaNeza - uvaNaisuttaM (aMgrejI anuvAda), jayapura, 1990 117. velanakara, eca.DI. - jinaratnakoza, pUnA, 1944 prAkRta ratnAkara 0401

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118. zarmA, govardhanadAsa - prAkRta aura apabhraMza kA DiMgala sAhitya para prabhAva, 119. zAstrI, indracanda - jaina ipisTomolAjI, vArANasI, 1990 120. zAstrI, dharmendra - tiloyapaNNatti kA sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana, vaizAlI, 2009 121. zAstrI, kailAzacandra - kArtikeyAnuprekSA, AgAsa, 1960 122. zAstrI, devendrakumAra - sammaisuttaM, indaura, 2000 123. zAstrI, devendrakumAra - pAhuDadohA, dillI 2001 124. zAstrI, nemicandra - haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana, vaizAlI, 1965 125. zAstrI, nemicandra - prAkRtabhASA evaM sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, vArANasI, 1966 126. zAstrI, nemicandra - abhinava prAkRta vyAkaraNa, vArANasI, 1970 127. zAstrI, nemicandra - prAkRta prabodha, vArANasI, 1969 128. zAstrI, devendramuni - prAkRtaAgama sAhitya parizIlana, udayapura, 1984 129. zAstrI, lAlabahAdura - AcArya kundakunda aura unakA samayasAra, gohATI,1976 130. zAstrI, hIrAlAla - vasunaMdizrAvakAcAra, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1952 131. sAdhvI priyadarzanA - AcArAMgasUtra kA nItizAstrIya adhyayana, vArANasI1995 132. sAdhvI, rAjazrI - AcArAMga-zIlAMkavRtti- eka adhyayana, jayapura, 2005 133. zAha, ramaNakalAla - vilAsavaIkahA, ahamadAbAda, 1972 134. sinhA, manISA - jaina evaM bauddha AgamoM meM lokadharma, dillI, 2004 135. sAdhvI, vidyuta prabhA - jIva samAsa, vArANasI, 1998 136. sikadara, je.sI.- sTaDIja ina da bhagavatIsUtra, prAkRta zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI,1964 137. siMha gadAdhara - prAkRta-apabhraMza chanda koza, vaizAlI, 1995 138. sUrideva, zrIraMjana - vasudevahiNDI-bhAratIya jIvana aura saMskRti kI vRhatkathA, vaizAlI, 1993 139. sUrideva, zrIraMjana - agaDadattakahA, (sampAdana-anuvAda), vaizAlI, 1994 140. sUrideva, zrIraMjana - upAsakadazAMgasUtra, vaizAlI, 2002 402 0 prAkRta ratnAkara

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41. sena, sukumAra - grAmara Apha da miDila eNDo Aryana, kalakattA, 1951 142. sena, madhu - e kalcarala sTaDI Apha da nizIthacUrNi, vArANasI, 1978 143. sogAnI, ke. sI. - praur3ha prAkRta racanA (bhAga 1-2), jayapura, 20072008 144. sogAnI, ke. sI. - samaNasutta cayanikA (hindI-aMgrejI), jayapura, 2000 145. zrIvAstava, vIrendra - apabhraMza bhASA kA adhyayana, paTanA, 1964 146. lA nAgeza - e kriTikala sTaDI Apha mahApurANa Apha puSpadanta, ahamadAbAda, 1969 147. siMha, rAmanAtha - karpUramaMjarI evaM zrRMgAramaMjarI kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, zAhapura (bihAra), 1985 148. hema eNDa zubriga - sTaDIja ina mahAnizItha, hemavarga, jarmanI, 1951 prAkRta ratnAkara 0403

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(ga)zabdAnukramaNikA prAkRta bhASA ke pramukha grantha, granthakAra evaM viSaya krama evaM pRSTha saMkhyA 1.1 2.1 3.2 4.2 5.2 6.2 7.3 8.3 9.3 10.4 11.5 praviSTiyA aMga graMtha aMgavidyA aMgaprajJapti aMjanAsuMdarIkahA agaDadattacariyaM agaDadattapurANa anantanAhacariyaM anantahaMsa kavi anuttaropapAtikadazA aNuogadArasutta, anuyogadvAra sUtra antaHkRddazA apabhraMza carita kAvya abhayadevasUri abhidhAna rAjendrakoza abhinava prAkRta vyAkaraNa / ardhamAgadhI koza ardhamAgadhI prAkRta alaMkAra darpaNa alaMkAra sarvasva alaMkAra zAstra avantisukumAla kathA azoka ke zilAlekha 4040 prAkRta ratnAkara 12.5 13.6. 14.7 15.7 16.8 178 18.11 19.11 20.11 21.12 22.13

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azzvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI prAkRta azzvaghoSa ke nATaka 23.17 24.17 25.18 26.19 27.20 28.20 Agama kathAoM meM kAvya tatva 29.21 Agama kathAoM meM kathAnaka rUDhiyAM 30.22 Agama vAcanAeM 31.23 Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna 32.24 AgamoM kI bhASA 33.25 Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya 34.25 35.25 36.26 37.26 38.27 39.27 40.27 41.28 42.28 43.29 44.30 45.31 46.32 47.32 48.33 49.34 prAkRta ratnAkara 405 aSTapAhuDa, aTThapAhuDa AkhyAnamaNi koSa Agama kathAoM kI saMskati Agama kathAoM kI bhASAtmaka daSTi AyAradazA AcArAMgasUtra (vyAyakhyA sameta) Adima prAkRta AdinAhacariyaM AnandasundarI Amrakavi ArAdhanA prakaraNa ArAmasohAkahA AvazyakacUrNi Avazyaka niryakti AvazyakasUtra isi bhAsiyaM risibhAsita uttarAdhyayanasUtra uttarAdhyayanasUtra niryakti uttarAdhyayanasUtra TIkA

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50.35 51.35 52.36 53.36 54.36 55.37 56.37 57.38 58.39 59.39 60.40 61.40 62.41 63.45 udyotanasUri uktivyakti prakaraNa uktiratnAkara upadezapada upadezamAlA prakaraNa upadezamAlA (bhavabhAvanA) upadezaratnAkara upAdhye e. ena. uvasaggahara stotra uvAsagadasAo upAsakAdhyayanaM uSAniruddha aupapAtika, uvavAisutta ogha niyukti RSidattAcarita kaMsavaho kakkuka zilAlekha kathAnaka koza kahANayakosa kathAkoza kathAkoza bharatezvaravRtti kathAkoSa prakaraNa kappUramaMjarI kammapayaDi karalakkhaNa kalpasUtra kalpAvataMsikA, kappavaDaMsiyA kalpikA, kappiyA 4060 prAkRtaratnAkara 64.45 65.46 66.47 67.47 68.48 69,48 70.49 71.50 72.52 73.52 74.53 75.53 76.54

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vidarpaNa kalyANAlocanA kaSAyapAhuDa kahANaya kahArayaNakosa (kathAratnakoza kahAvali, kathAvali kArtikeyAnuprekSA kAlakAcArya kAlidAsa ke nATaka kAvyaprakAza kAvyAnuSAsana kAvyAlaMkAra kAvyAdarSa kundakundAcArya kundakunda jJAnapITha kundakunda bhAratI jaina zodha saMsthAna kumArapAlacarita dvayAzrayakAvya kumAravAlavaDivoha kummAputtacariyaM kuvalayamAlAkahA koTyAcArya kohala kRSNacarita, kaNhacariyaM kSetrasamAsa khArabela zilAlekha kharoSThI zilAlekha gauDavaho 77.54 78.55 79.55 80.57 81.57 82.59 83.60 84.60 85.61 86.62 87.62 88.63 89.63 90.64 91.70 92.70 93.71 94.74 95.76 96.77 97.84 98.85 99.87 100.87 101.87 102.88 103.88 prAkRta ratnAkara 407

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104.93 105.93 106.95 107.96 108.96 109.96 110.97 111.98 112.98 113.99 114.100 115.100 116.101 gaNaharahorA gAthAsaptazatI, gAhAsattasaI gAthA sahasrI gAthAlakSaNa, gAhAlakkhaNa guNapAla muni guNacaMdrasUri guNadharAcArya gommaTasAra ghanazyAma kavi cauppanamahApurusacariyaM zIlAMka . cauppanamahApurusacariyaM anya candappahacariyaM candralehA candraprajJapti cUrNi sAhitya chakkhaNDAgamasuttaM chandolakSaNa chandazAstra chedasUtra jaMbusAmicariyaM jaMbusAmicariyaM jambUdIvapaNNatti jayadhavalA jayapAhuDa jArja griyarsana dvArA prAkRtoM kA adhyayana jinadattasUri jinadattacarita, sumatigaNi 408 0 prAkRta ratnAkara 117.102 118.102 119.103 120.104 121.104 122.104 123.105 124.107 125.107 126.108 127.109 128.109 129.109 130.110

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jinadattacarita 131.110 jinadAsa mahattara 132.111 jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa 133.112 jinalnasUri 134.113 jinezvarasUri, kahArayaNakoza 135.113 jItakalpasUtra, jIyakappo 136.114 jItakalpasUtra bhASya 137.114 jIva samAsa 138.115 jaina Agama evaM prAkata 139.115 jaina, jagadIzacandra 140.117 jainavidayA evaM prAkRta vibhAga 141.118 jainavidayA ke khojI vidvAna je je bUlhara / 142.118 jaina vizva bhAratI saMsthAna 143.119 joindu 144.119 joisasAra 145.120 joisahIra 146.120 joisasAra 147.120 joisadAra 148.121 joisacakkaviyAra 149.121 joNipAhuDa 150.121 jyotiSkaraNDaka, kAlajJAna 151.123 jyotiSasAra 152.123 TIkA sAhitya 153.123 Thakkarapheru 154.124 ThANAMgasutta, sthAnAMga 155.124 NaravikkamacariyaM 156.124 NANapaMcamI kahA 157.125 prAkRtaratnAkara 0409

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NAyAdhammakahAo NAyakumAracari tatvasAra, taccasAra taraMgavA taraMgalolA tiloyapaNNatta trilokasAra daSarupaka dazavaikAlikaM, dasavaiyAliya daMsaNasattari dinasuddhi divyadhvani aura ardhamAgadhI divyadhvani evaM kampyuTara durgadeva dRSTivAda, diTTivAyo devabhadra, pAsaNAhacariyaM devabhadra (guNacandra) devarddhi kSamAzramaNa devasena devendrasUri, sudaMsaNacariyaM dezInAmamAlA dravyaparIkSA dvAdazakulaka dhanapAla dhammakahANa dhammapada kI prAkRta dhanezvarasUri surasuMdarIcariyaM 410 prAkRta ratnAkara 158.126 159.127 160.128 161.129 162.130 163.131 164.133 165.133 166.133 167.135 168.135 169.135 170.136 171.137 172.138 173.138 174.139 175.139 176.139 177.140 178.140 179.141 180.142 181.142 182.142 183.142 184.142

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dhammarasAyaNa (dharmarasAyana) dhammavihipayaraNa dhammasaMgahaNI dharasenAcArya dhavalATIkA dhAtuppatti dhUrttAkhyAna dhvanyAloka nandisUtra nammA sundarIkahA naye karma grantha nATyazAstra nimittazAstra nitti DolcI nimittapAhuDa niyamasAra nirayAvaliyA niyA prAkRta niryukti sAhitya nirvANakANDa nirvANalIlAvatI kathA nizIthasUtra, nisIha nizItha cUrNi nemicandra siddhAntacakravartI nemicandrasUri, mahAvIracariyaM nemicandrasUri, devendragaNi neminAhacariyaM 185.143 186.144 187.144 188.144 189.145 190.145 191.146 192.147 193.147 194.148 195.150 196.150 197.151 198.151 199.152 200.152 201.153 202.153 203.153 204.154 205.155 206.155 207.156 208.157 209.158 210.158 211.159 prAkRta ratnAkara 0411

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paumacariu paumacariyaM paumanAhacariyaM padmanandi muni paramAtmaprakAza paMcakalpa paMcasaMgraha paMcasaMgraha candarSi paMcAstikAya pAiakahAsaMgaho pAialacchInAmamAlA pAiasaddamahaNNavo pAli prAkRta bhASA pAsanAhacariyaM, guNacaMdragaNi pAsanAhacariyaM, devabhadra pAli- prAkRta ke jJAtA je je bUlhara piNDaniryukti puphpacUlakahA, puphpiyA pizela ricarDa puhavIcaMdacariyaM, satyAcArya puSpadantAcArya evaM bhUtavalI paizAcI prAkRta prakIrNaka, paiNNaya prakIrNaka grantha prajJApanA prathama prAkRta pratyekabuddhacarita 412 0 prAkRta ratnAkara 212.159 213.161 214.165 215.165 216.166 217.167 218.167 219.168 220.168 221.169 222.169 223.170 224.170 225.172 226.172 227.172 228.173 229.174 230.174 231.175 232.175 233.176 234.177 235.178 236.183 237.185 238.186

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pravacanasAra, pavayaNasAra pravarasena prazravyAkaraNa, nimittazAstra prazravyAkaraNa, paNhAvAgaraNAI prAkRtakalpataru prAkRta evaM apabhraMza prAkRta evaM jainAgama vibhAga prAkRta evaM saMskRta prAkRta kA artha evaM mahattva prAkRta ke mahAkAvya prAkRta meM saMdhi evaM samAsa vidhAna prAkRta Agama kathAeM prAkRta aura sarvodaya siddhAnta prAkRta aura chAndasa prAkRta aura apabhraMza kA dAya prAkRta aura kannaDa, tamila, telagu prAkRta aura madhyadezI bhASAeM prAkRta aura pazcimI bhASAeM prAkRta aura pUrvI bhASAeM prAkRta aura hindI prAkRta kA samddha yuga prAkRta ke prAcIna vyAkaraNa grantha prAkRta ke anya saMsthAna evaM vibhAga prAkRtAnuzAsana, puruSottama prAkRtapaiMgalama prAkRtaprakAza, vararuci prAkRta dhammapada 239.186 240.187 241.188 242.188 243.189 244.189 245.190 246.191 247.194 248.198 249.199 250.204 251.205 252.206 253.206 254.207 255.208 256.210 257.213 258.216 259.218 260.218 261.219 262.219 263.220 264.221 265.222 prAkRta ratnAkara 0413

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prAkRtapuSkariNI 266.223 prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI 267.223 prAkRta bhASA 268.223 prAkRta bhASA vibhAga 269.224 prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa 270.224 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya 271.225 kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa prAkRta bhASA ke tIna yuga 272.225 prAkRta mArgopadezikA 273.226 prAkRta bhASA ke pANini pizela 274.226 prAkRta meM Adhunika bhASAoM ke poSaka tatva 275.227 prAkRta meM svara vikAsa 276.228 prAkRta meM vyaMjana vikAsa 277.231 prAkRta meM saMyukta vyaMjana vikAsa 278.234 prAkRta meM svara evaM vyaMjana 279.237 prAkRtarUpAvatAra, siMharAja 280.239 prAkRtalakSaNa 281.239 prAkRta meM vibhakti evaM kAraka 282.240 prAkRta racanAsaurabha 283.245 prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana 284.247 prAkRta zilAlekha 285.248 prAkRta saTTaka 286.249 prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa grantha videzoM meM 287.250 prAkRta zodha saMsthAna vaizAlI 288.251 prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa 289.251 prAkRta sAhitya meM sAmAjika jIvana 290.251 prAkRta sAhitya meM rAjya vyavasthA 291.253 4140prAkRtaratnAkara

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prAkRta sAhitya meM dhArmika mata matAntara 292.253 prAkRta sAhitya meM kalA 293.254 prAkRta sAhitya meM bhUgola 294.254 prAkRta sAhitya meM loka jIvana 295.255 prAkRta sAhitya meM grAmINa jIvana 296.259 prAkRta sAhitya meM loka bhASA 297.260 prAkRta sAhitya meM pAravArika jIvana 298.260 prAkRta sAhitya meM rIti-rivAja aura utsava 299.261 prAkRta sAhitya meM lokAnuraMjana 300.262 prAkRta sarvasva mArkaNDeya 301.262 prAkRta svayaMzikSaka 302.264 prAkRta sAhitya meM loka vizvAsa 303.264 prAkRta sAhitya meM loka kalA 304.266 prAkRta vAkyaracanA bodha 305.268 prAkRta sAhitya meM loka cikitsA 306.268 prAkRta vyAkaraNam, do bhAga 307.269 prAkRta hindIkoSa 308.269 prAcIna arddhamAgadhI kI khoja meM 309.270 prAcIna chaha karma grantha 310.270 bAhubalI prAkRta vidayApITha 311.270 bRhatkalpasUtra 312.271 bRhatkalpasUtra bhASya 313.272 bRhatkalpasUtra laghu bhASya 314.273 becaradAsa, paMDita 315.273 bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlArAdhanA 316.274 bhadrabAhu niyuktikAra 317.275 bhadrezvarasUri, kahAvalI 318.275 prAkRtaratnAkara 0415

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bharatamuni bharatamuni aura zaurasenI prAkRta bhavabhAvanA bhAvasaMgraha bhASA parivAra evaM prAkRta bhASya sAhitya bhuvanasundarIkathA majjhima khaNDa madhyakAlIna prAkRta patra manoramA cariyaM malayasundarIkahA mallinAhacariyaM mahAkavi svayambhU mahAnizItha mahAbandha mahArASTI aura apabhraza mahArASTI prAkRta mahAvIracarita, gadya, guNacandra mahAvIracariyaM (padyabaddha), nemicaMdra mahIpAlacarita, mahIvAlakahA maNDala prakaraNa mAgadhI prAkRta mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha bhAI muni suvvayasAmi cariyaM mUlAcAra mRcchakaTika yativRSabhAcArya 4160 prAkRta ratnAkara 319.276 320.277 321.277 322.278 323.278 324.279 325.280 326.280 327.282 328.283 329.284 330.284 331.285 332.286 333.286 334.287 335.287 336.289 337.290 338.290 339.291 340.291 341.294 342.294 343.294 344.296 345.297

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ratnaparIkSA ratnazekharasUri, chaMdakoza rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM rayaNasAra rayaNaseharanivakahA raMbhAmaMjarI rAjazekhara kavi rAmapANivAda rAyapaseNiyasutta riTusamuccaya risabhadevacariyaM risIdattAcariyaM lagnazuddhi labdhisAra lIlAvaIkahA lokavibhAga vajjAlaggaM vaTTakera vardhamAnadezanA vasantarAja, ema DI vasudevahiNDI vasudevahiNDI sAra vasunaMdizrAvakAcAra vaNhidasA vAkpatirAja vAsupUjyasAmicariyaM vAstusAra 346.299 347.299 348.300 349.300 350.301 351.302 352.303 353.303 354.303 355.305 356.306 357.306 358.307 359.307 360.307 361.308 362.308 363.310 364.313 365.313 366.314 367.316 368.316 369.317 370.317 371.318 372.318 prAkRta ratnAkara 0417

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373.318 374.318 vikkamaseNacariyaM vicArasAra prakaraNa videzoM meM prAkata adhyayana videzoM meM apabhraMza adhyayana vipAkasUtra, vivAgasuyaM vimalasUri vivAhapaDala vividha tIrthakalpa vivekamaMjarI vizeSAvazyaka bhASya vIradevagaNi vIrasenAcArya vaidika bhASA eva prAkRta vaidika yugIna boliyAM vairAgyarasAyanaprakaraNa vairAgyazataka vyavahArabhASya vyavahArasUtra vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatIsUtra) vRttijAti samuccaya zAMtisUri pAiya TIkA zAMtisUri zAstrI , nemicandra zAstrI , phUlacandra zAstrI , bAlacandra zilAlekhIya prAkRta zivArya 418 0 prAkRta ratnAkara 375.318 376.320 377.322 378.323 379.323 380.323 381.324 382.324 383.326 384.327 385.327 386.331 387.333 388.334 389.334 390.335 391.335 392.336 393.337 394.337 395.338 396.339 397.339 398.340 399.341

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zIlAMkAcArya zIlAMka zIlAcArya zubhazIlagaNi zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA aura vyAkaraNa zaurasenI bhASA aura usakA sAhitya zaurasenI ora anya prAkRteM zrRMgAraprakAza zrRMgAramaMjarI zrAvakaprajJapti, sAvayapaNNatti zrAvakadharmavidhi zrIcaMdasUri saNaMkumAra SaTakhaNDAgama SaDASAcandrikA SaDAvazyakasUtra saDasIi (SaDazIti) saNaMkumAracariyaM samayasAra samarAiccakahA samavAyAMgasutta sammaisutta (sanmatisUtra) samyaktvasaptati sarasvatIkaMThAbharaNa saMghadAsagaNi kSamAzramaNa siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana 400.344 401.344 402.345 403.345 404.346 405.348 406.348 407.348 408.349 409.349 410.350 411.350 412.350 413.350 414.351 415.352 416.352 417.353 418.353 419.353 420.355 421.356 422.356 423.357 424.357 425.357 prAkRtaratnAkara 0419

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saMtinAhacariyaM saMveraMgazAlA saMkSiptasAra saMbodhasaptatikA sAhityadarpaNa siddhasenasUri aura unakI racanAeM siripAsanAhacariyaM sirivijayacaMda kevalIcariyaM sirisirivAlakahA sIyAcariyaM sudaMsaNAcariyaM, devaprabhasUri sudaMsaNAcariyaM, devendrasUri supAsanAhacariyaM, lakSmaNagaNi sumatinAthacarita, sumaiNAhacariyaM surasundarIcariyaM susaDhacarita sUtrakRtAMga, sUyagaDo sUryaprajJapti candraprajJapti setubandha, rAvaNavaho seyaMsacariyaM somaprabhasUri svayaMbhU chaMda haribhadrasUri AcArya hAthIguMphA zilAlekha hAlakavi hIrAlAla jaina, pro hemacandrAcArya hemacandra maladhArI 4200 prAkRta ratnAkara 426.359 427.360 428.360 429.361 430.361 431.361 432.362 433.363 434.364 435.365 436.365 437.365 438.366 439.368 440.368 441.371 442.371 443.372 444.373 445.376 446.376 447.377 448.377 449.378 450.380 451.381 452.382 453.384

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kaTanI, vArANasI, vaizAlI evaM bodhagayA meM saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta, jaina dharma tathA bhAratIya saMskRti kA zikSaNa evaM vizeSa adhyyn| kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana viSaya para piiec.ddii.| aba taka 60 pustakoM kA lekhana, sampAdana evaM lagabhaga 170 zodhapatra bhI prkaashit| sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura ke jainavidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga ke prophesara evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa pada se sevaa-nivRtt| deza-videza ke vibhinna sammelanoM meM shodhptr-vaacn| yU.jI.sI. dvArA sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya udayapura meM sthApita bauddha adhyayana evaM ahiMsA kendra ke mAnada nidezaka ke uparAnta emeriTasa prophesara phailo ke rUpa meM zodhakArya smpnn|baahublii prAkRta vidyApITha zravaNabelagolA meM nidezaka pada se sevA nivRtt| vibhinna pratiSThita puraskAroM ke sAtha 2006 meM rASTrapati pAli-prAkRta prazasti se bhI smmaanit| samprati prAkRta, apabhraMza kI pANDulipiyoM ke sampAdana-kArya meM sNlgn| 29, vidyA vihAra kaoNlonI uttarI sundaravAsa, udayapura -313001

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36.USNE LEPEATURE PREEL.ERUPcHD ALLAHADKISALY DRI ict8thernd Cardy k trk Al Khi OXIL EI LATEST DEFIELUKKA Ferechnet KA I ILTht do Elka samrATa azoka kA prAkRta zilAlekha, giranAra pani baahubli praakRt vidyaapiitth dhvltirk, 31 jgllgll prakAzaka rASTrIya prAkRta adhyayana evaM saMzodhana saMsthAna bAhubalI prAkRta vidyApITha zrI dhavalatIrthaM, zravaNabelagolA-573135 karnATaka