Kautiliya Arthashastra Darshanik Sanskrutik Parikshan

Author(s): Nitin R Desai
Publisher: L D Indology Ahmedabad
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/005552/1

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koTilIya arthazAstra dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa, (Indriyajaya- AdhArita rASTrajIvana) vyAkhyAna-kartA prA.nItIna 2. desAI lA.da.graMthazreNI : 146 pradhAna saMpAdaka jitendra bI. zAha lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira amadAvAda-380 009 Jain Education intensallonal For Parsonal & Private Use only

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zeThazrI kastUrabhAI lAlabhAI smRti-vyAkhyAnamALA : 2004-2005 koTilIya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa (indriyajaya-AdhArita rASTrajIvana) vyAkhyAna-kartA nItIna 2. desAI (pUrvAdhyakSa : saMskRta vibhAga, zrI ha.kA. ArTsa kaoNleja, amadAvAda) mukhya saMpAdaka jitendra bI. zAha bhAratIya ilapatamA ga ( vidhAmaMki ahamadAbAda lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira, amadAvAda-380 009 For Personal & Private Use Only

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lA. da. zreNI: 146 kauTilIya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa (indriya-AdhArita rASTrajIvana) vyAkhyAna-kartA nItIna 2. desAI mukhya saMpAdaka jitendra bI. zAha prakAzaka jitendra bI. zAha niyAmaka zrI lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira amadAvAda (c) lA. da. bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira prathama AvRtti H 2010 prataH 500 ISBN 81-85857-28-8 kiMmata : rUA. 500/ For Personal & Private Use Only

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sAdara samarpaNa zIlasamanvita guNajJa suvidvAnuM, nityapreraka moTAbhAI DaoN. nagInabhAI jI. zAhane (pUrvaniyAmaka. lA.da. bhA. saMskRti vidyAmaMdira) nityajAgRta vidyApraharI, vidyAguNavatsala mUrdhanya zrotA, paramasakhA prA. DaoN. lagnezabhAI va. joSIne (pUrvAdhyakSa : saMskRta-vibhAga, gujarAta yunivarsiTI) mukha para taravaratI sthira vidyArucithI zobhatA aneka vaDIlo, mitro, svajanorUpa zrotRgaNane vinIta hadaye vidyAsaMvardhaka maMtrIone nitya jhaMkhato nItIna desAI For Personal & Private Use Only

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prakAzakIya zeThazrI kasturabhAI lAlabhAInI smRtimAM Ayojita vyAkhyAnamALAmAM sane 2004-05mAM saMskRta sAhitya ane bhAratIya darzananA ArUDha vidvAna zrI nItinabhAI 2. desAIne traNa vyAkhyAna ApavA AmaMtrita karyA hatA. temaNe kauTilIya arthazAstra : dArzanika ane sAMskRtika parIkSaNa' e viSaya upara traNa vidvattApUrNa vyAkhyAna ApyA hatA. A vyAkhyAno vidvAnoe AvakAryA hatA. te vyAkhyAnone ahIM graMtharUpe prakAzita karatA ame atyaMta harSa ane AnaMdanI lAgaNI anubhavIe chIe. kauTilyanuM arthazAstra bhAratIya sAhitya ane saMskRtinuM eka aNamola ratna che. A graMthe bhAratIya ciMtanane eka navI dizA ApI che, paraMtu tenuM sAcuM mUlyAMkana adyAvadhi thayuM nathI, tethI prA.nItinabhAI desAIe Apelo viSaya ame tarata ja svIkArI lIdho hato. A graMthamAM mUlyavAna ciMtana samRddhi che, uparAMta vicArazakti ane nirNayazakti khIle tevI aneka bAbato che. tene dArzanika ane sAMskRtika ema be dRSTikoNathI mUlavavAno prayAsa prastuta graMthamAM karavAmAM Avyo che. nItinabhAI kauTilya viracita arthazAstranA UMDA abhyAsu che ane anekavAra prastuta graMthanuM pArAyaNa karyuM che. teo svayaM lakhe che ke nabaLo-nabaLo to e tArA caraNano upAsaka vidyArthI chuM arthAt teo kauTilyanA cAhaka che. chatAM A adhyayanamAM temaNe mAtra koTilyanuM gauravagAna nathI karyuM, niSThApUrvaka ciMtana karyuM che. ciMtana ane mUlyAMkanamAM samagratA ane saccAI Ave te mATe saMpUrNa jAgRta rahyA che, tethI kauTilyane jANavA ane samajavAnI navI daSTi A graMthamAM jovA maLe che. A mATe saMsthA temanI AbhArI che. A graMtha jijJAsuone ane adhyetAone upayogI thaze tevI amane zraddhA che. graMtha prakAzanamAM sahayoga ApanAra tamAmano ame hRdayapUrvaka AbhAra mAnIe chIe. amadAvAda jitendra bI. zAha 2010 For Personal & Private Use Only

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anukramaNikA koTilIya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa (noMdha : A anukramaNikAnI puravaNIrUpe dareka zIrSaka nIcenI sAmagrInA phakarAomAM, carcAtAM viSayAMgo sUcavatA zabdo gADhA kALA akSaromAM chApyA che. evA zabdo pAMca-sAta lITImAM paNa phelAyelA hovA saMbhava che. dareka vyAkhyAnanA lakhANamAM mukhya zIrSaka lITInI madhya ane peTA-zIrSaka DAbA hAthe mUkyuM che.) (U vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha . (pR. 1thI 60) zIrSaka pR. kramAMka 'ekatvaprArthanA puNyasmaraNa zAstrajJAna jIvanapoSaka kaI rIte bane ? mAnavajIvanamAM rAjanItinuM sthAna kauTilya : upalabdha tathyo ane pratibhA-paricaya kauTilIya "arthazAstra' : paricaya 15 -zIrSaka 25 48 53 -graMthano viSayakrame -"arthazAstranI rajUAtazailI ane bhASAzailI * vAdazailI vastulakSitA bhASAzailI maulikatA arthazAstra'nAM saMpAdano, anuvAdo TippaNo : vyAkhyAna paheluM 54 55 55 58 For Personal & Private Use Only

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90 vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya (pR. 61thI 136) darzanatattvanI oLakha * (1) ananya buddhiniSThA * (2) keLavaNI-vicAra (3) rAjapadayogya bauddhika vidyAo * (4) karma-daiva-vibhAga-bodha (puruSArtha ane prArabdha) (5) naravuM arthadarzana * (6) lokapUjA - lokapUjakatAsUcaka graMthagata pramANo * (7) rASTrajIvana ane rAjanItinI karmayogarUpatA * (8) nirvastra ke vatta rAma * (9) sapta-prakRti, rAjamaMDala, pAguSyanI dArzanika bhUmikA - sapta-prakRti - rAjamaMDala - SADguNya * TippaNo : vyAkhyAna bIjuM 1/2 , , 107 112 115 119 119 127 13) 132 1 38 138 vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA (pR. 137thI 3pada) rAjarSi : zIla ane dinacaryA (vRtta) - zIlajanya guNo - dinacaryA saMskRti eTale zuM ? (1) kAyado-vyavasthA jALavanAruM rASTravyApI vahIvaTItaMtra (2) rAjadhAnInuM nagara-niyamana-taMtra 151 16 2 166 * 179 For Personal & Private Use Only

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\ = U * (3) arthataMtra - Arthika bhraSTAcAronuM niyamana - karanIti guptacarataMtra 235 * (5) nyAyataMtra 259 - trIjA (dharmasthIya) adhikaraNanI sAmagrI 272 - cothuM adhikaraNa : sthAyI rASTrabodhakonuM nivAraNa (Tazodhana) 285 * (6) paradeza-nIti 306 - yuddhanI anubhavAzrita sarvAgI vicAraNA - jitAyelA rASTramAM sarvAgI zAMtisthApanA * (7) gaNataMtra-ciMtana * (8) AdarzarUpa rAjakIya patro 324 * (9) "arthazAstra ane Adhunika rAjanIti 329 (10) zrotAonA prazno 334 TippaNo : vyAkhyAna trIjuM 348 pariziSTa 353 cha cha 320 For Personal & Private Use Only

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ArohaNa-avasare svastivacano (bhUmikA) avicAritAthI anarthane ja prAyaH notare tevA artha (dhana) pAchaLa "dhoDyA jatA' mAnavapUramAMthI tarIne, AtmabaLa ane hRdayabaLamAMthI nakkara, abhaMga preraNA pAmIne, zravaNa-manananididhyAsana thakI jIvanane mahimAyukta ArohaNanA avasara tarIke ujavavA mAganArA, AvA jJAnanA rasiyA viralA jIvanazUrone abhinaMdana ane AvakAra. emanAM utsAha ane dhairya akhaMDa rahe te mATe yathAmati sUjhatA A be bola. ekaladokala manuSya bhale bhUlI-bhaTakI jAya, paNa saravALe AkhI mAnavajAta mATe tema thavuM na saMbhave" (Man can mistake, but not the mankind) - evI eka ukti varSo pahelAM vAMcyA bheLI mAre mATe zraddhaya banI gaI. emAM manuSya mAMhe paDelI asala sAmAjikatA navAjAI che. racanAtmaka saMbaMdha jALathI gUMthAyelA Tharela janasamudAya ke samAja mATe ja prayojAyelo 'mahAjana' zabda paNa ukta abhiprAyano suspaSTa paDagho pADe che. jema dravyanI zuddhi tene taDake nAkhIne karIe chIe, tema te-te vidyAnA mUlyanI cakAsaNI ane zuddhi A 'mahAjana' vacce je-te vidyAne bharI-bharI namratA sAthe vidhipUrvaka rajU karavA thakI thAya che. e nyAye jIvanamAM yathAzakti-yathAmati rasathI saMgharelA jJAnane cheka aMdanA, paNa vicArazIla evA AdamI samakSa enI bhUmikA ane jJAti paribhASA mujaba mUkatA rahevAnuM game che; babbe kartavyarUpa lAge che. ema karatAM e mAnelA jJAnanI zI vale (zA hAla) thAya che te cakAsavuM paNa game che. ApaNA Adhunika be mahApuruSoe (svAmI vivekAnaMda ane gAMdhIjIe) prajA mATe 'janatA-janArdana' biruda taratuM karIne moTo upakAra karyo che. adhyApanakALanI zarUAtamAM ja nimittavazAt kauTilyanA vicAra-jagat viSe rasa ane AdarathI vAMceluM. varSo pachI adhyApananuM anya nimitta UbhuM thatAM kauTilyanA 'arthazAstranuM adhyApana anusnAtaka-kakSAe kutUhalathI ane parama AdarathI svIkAryuM. rasa poSAto gayo. kauTilyamAM ekaMdare vyavahAru, paNa khUba zANo ne chAtIvALo ciMtaka varatAyo. te-te mAnavIya samasyAthI bhAgavuM ke thAkavuM nahi evI emanI tAsIra, graMthamAMnI damanakArI, niyamanakArI rAjakIya, vahIvaTI kakSAnI khIcokhIca bharelI aneka aTapaTI vigato vacce A mahAmanISInAM ati-ucca jIvanamUlyo paNa gUMthAyelAM joIne sAnaMda Azcarya anubhavyuM; balka bhramabhaMjana thayuM. kavivara bhavabhUtie lokottara vibhUtionI cittavRttione 'vajathI paNa kaThora' ane chatAM 'puSpathI paNa komaLa' kahI che, te vAta kauTilyamAM sAkAra thaI. eTale mane koIka jijJAsu-samudAyamAM zIghravaktavya rUpe paNa A jIvanavIranA vicAravaibhavanI vAta karavI gamatI. "kauTilya viSe bolavA jevuM to che gAMdhInagaramAM evo vicAra dhRSTa manane vAraMvAra Avelo; ne kharekhara gAMdhInagaramAM ja bolavAno avasara anAyAsa Avyo - alabatta, "rAjadhAmamAM nahi, paNa "akSaradhAma'mAM ! For Personal & Private Use Only

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vidyAmaMdiranA niyAmaka snehI mitra zrI jitendra zAha sAthe vAtavAtamAM ja "saMgoSThI'nA vArtAlApa mATenA nimaMtraNa anvaye viSaya tarIke meM 'arthazAstra' para ja pasaMdagI utArI. tyAM be divasa bAda, bahu ja anurUpa rIte, emaNe A viSaya mATe vadhu samayavistAra phALavavAnuM upakAraka gaNI vidyAmaMdiranI zeThazrI kastUrabhAI lAlabhAI smRti vyAkhyAnamALA'nAM traNa vyAkhyAna rUpe A viSaya nirUpavA sUcavyuM; mane tarata ja vAta yogya paNa lAgI, ane e viSaya mATeno mAro bhaktipUrNa utsAha paNa madade Avyo. tethI, kevaLa lokAbhimukha mRdu hRdayathI kartavya rUpe ja e vAta svIkArI. vacceno samaya to TUMko hato, chatAM A iSTa viSayane sarvahRdayagrAhI svarUpe nirUpavA mATeno viziSTa AkAra paNa tarata ja sUjhayo ane vyAkhyAnamALAnI uccatA jaLavAya evo deDha AtmavizvAsa paNa, UlaTabharyA adhyApanayatnanI sudaDha bhUmikAe janmAvyo. chatAM vacceno doDha-be mAsano samaya graMthanA ucita AvartanamAM to vitAvyo ja. vyAkhyAnamALAnA traNa divaso daramiyAna paNa pustaka uthalAvatAM, ame abhyAsakramamAMthI bAkAta karAvelA keTalAya aDAbIDa graMthAMzo paNa jovAnuM thayuM, ane huM coMkyo ! kauTilyanuM gauravagAna karavAnA utsAha para AghAta thAya evI kuTila rAjanaitika yukti-prayuktio ane kapaTa-rItio zIkhavatA aneka aMzo para alapa-jhalapa najara paDI. ghaDIka mUMjhAyo paNa kharo - "prAmANikatAnuM zuM ?' paNa tarata enAM samAdhAna paNa samajaNamAM DokAyAM. paraMtu, vyAkhyAno bAda agAu TALelA moTA bhAganA e aMzo barobara joI javAno ane pUrI sajjatA sAthe ja vyAkhyAnone vadhu sarvagrAhI pariSkRta rUpe lakhavAno nizcaya tyAre ja baMdhAyo. bIjA vyAkhyAna vakhate te nizcaya jAhera paNa karyo. e mujaba mULanA zeSa bhAgonA vAcananI ane samAMtare thoDA-thoDA lekhananI gADIo, kasarothI bharelA zarIranI anukULatA mujaba, ThacUka-ThacUka cAlu rAkhI. ciMtana ane mUlyAMkanamAM bane eTalI samagratA ane saccAI Ave te mATe huM bane eTalo jAgRta rahyo. to ye kabUlavuM joIe ke veravikhera rIte ane koI paNa saiddhAMtika carcA vagara rajU thayelI aneka yukti-prayuktione samajavAnI ke mUlavavAnI sajjatA mArA ghaDataramAM na sadhAI hovAnuM anubhavyuM. paNa evI ghaNI sAmagrI to 'arthazAstranA kasAyelA viddhAnuM anuvAdaka adhyA kaMgalajIne paNa kAThI paDatI joI mana manAvyuM! ghaNAM prakaraNo to vAraMvAra vAMcyAM hovA chatAM enI sAmagrI yAdadAsta ke samajaNamAMthI chUTI jatI paNa joI; chUTavA dIdhI - kAraNa ke vacce vacce coTadAra satsiddhAMtorUpa vAkyaratnonI pAkI ane vachUTe nahi evI kamANI paNa thatI rahI ! saMskRta bhASAnuM jJAna paNa vadhu kasAyuM ne UMDuM banyuM. "nabaLo-nabaLo to ye tArA caraNano upAsaka vidyArthI to chuM ja" ema graMthadevatA samakSa peTachUTuM nivedana karato ! have vadhAre lobha atyAra pUrato choDIne zrotA samakSa lekhaka tarIke upasthita thAuM chuM. A lakhANamAM vyAkhyAnanuM mULa mALakhuM ane ekaMdara kathana to jaLavAya ja che, paNa vadhu vigato ke keTalAka navA muddAnI khilavaTa umerAya che. A vyAkhyAnamALA sAva sAmAnya mANasa mATe hovAno dAvo to na ja karI zakAya; evuM apekSita paNa nathI. paNa rasathI zikSaNa meLavanAra athavA to dhoraNasaranuM mAnavajIvana jIvavA mATe utsuka hoya evA samajadAra, vicAraniSTha sAmAnya manuSyane haiye dharIne, enI cetanAnI vizeSa samRddhi arthe A vyAkhyAno For Personal & Private Use Only

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AkAryo che. samAjane naravA ane navA-navA mArga cIMdhanAra Tharela nAgarikonuM hRdayabaLa khIle ane temanI lAMbuM jonArI saMgIna vicArazakti ane nirNayazaktinuM ghaDatara thAya evI UMDI lAgaNIthI zrotAo para netranAM amI sIMcatA jaI bolavAnuM rAkhyuM, ne te supere temanA sudhI pahoMcatuM paNa lAgyuM. kauTilyanI vAto keTale aMze ApaNI potAnI ja vAto banI rahe tema che te ja cIMdhavAnuM dhyeya rahyuM. kauTilyano aNachAjato bacAva ke temanAM ThAlAM vakhANa AmAM aprastuta che. AvA praziSTa, kALa-thapATomAM TakelA graMtho sAthe ApaNA aMtaranI keTalI ekarUpatA sahajapaNe sadhAya che te ja zodhavAnuM manohara lAge che. ahIM prasaMgavazAt e ghUMTAyelI samajaNa kahI chUTuM ke zikSaNa na graMtha kendrI hoya, na vibhUtikendrI, ke na vicAravizeSakendrI; te to hoya jijJAsAkendrI, sakaLamanuSya kendrI. chAtramAM svayaMbhU jJAnazakti jagADavAnuM, enA "paripraznone ucheravAnuM ane vadhAvavAnuM enuM dhyeya hoya. evA muktamanathI A vyAkhyAno pragaTa-ciMtanarUpe ja ApyAM che. arthazAstra' graMthane dArzanika ane sAMskRtika ema khAsa be dRSTikoNathI tapAsavAnuM paNa tarata ja eTale sUjhayuM ke darzana ane saMskRti A be anukrame AMtara-bAhya pAsAM vyaktithI mAMDIne te-te prajAjUthanuM ke rASTranuM AMtarika kAThuM batAvanArA mApadaMDo che. to "arthazAstra' paNa A be mAnavIya pAsAMo paratve keTaluM jAgRta ane udyata che te vAta ApaNA garavA sAmAjikonI (samAjapremIonI ) gAMThe baMdhAvI zakAya, temane khudane evAM UMcAM mUlyonA naravA zokhathI cetanavaMtA karI zakAya evuM dhyeya atre rakhAyuM che. bAkI sAmAjika viSayanA prAcIna graMthomAM ghaNI sAmagrI tatkAlIna saMdarbhe ja prastuta hoI kAlAMtare sAva aprastuta ke tyAjaya paNa banI jAya che. A graMthamAM paNa sahaja rIte ja, kALabaLe badalAyelAM ApaNAM mUlyonAM pariprekSyamAM AvI ghaNI-badhI vAMdhApAtra sAmagrI che. paNa emAM kALa kAraNarUpa che, lekhakano doSa nahi. e badhuM bAda karyA bAda zeSa rahetI pAyAnI ghaNI mUlyavAnuM ciMtanasamRddhi AmAM joI ApaNuM mana harakhAyA vinA rahetuM nathI. ethI mArA dharmavicArapremI, gAMdhIpremI evA svabhAva chatAM mane A viSaye bolavAnuM kema sUchyuM haze evo Azcaryaprazna koIne raheze nahi. bAkI 'arthazAstrano mAtra yathAtatha vistRta paricaya ApavAnuM koruM Ayojana AvI sAMskRtika vyAkhyAnamALAmAM na ja zobhata; te to kaMTALAjanaka banI zrotAno ane sarvano ThAlo zaktivyaya ja karata. traNa divasanuM ekaMdara bharyuM-bharyuM, ekAgra zrotRvaMda jotAM pasaMda karelo viSayaAkAra sarvarUpe sArthaka jaNAyo. alabatta, vaktavyamAM rajU karAyelA te-te vaicArika muddA paratve samarthanarUpe "arthazAstra'mAMnI khapanI te-te sAmagrI pIrasavAnA avasara to maLatA ja rahyA. agAu kahyuM che tema, sArthaka zikSaNavidhino eTale ke jJAnanA arthapUrNa vitaraNa ane AdAna(svIkAra)no pAyo to che vyaktinI tAlAvelIbharI jijJAsA, jene mATe bhagavadgItAe pariprazna' (tIvra-jijJAsAyukta prazna) saMjJA yogya rIte ja ApI che. A daSTie A vyAkhyAnanA nimaMtraNapatramAM zrotAone evA pariprazno mokalavA vinaMtI karela. kahevAtA "svataMtra bhAratamAM samAja-cetanAmAM, koIka akaLa kAraNothI, uttarottara vadhatA pramAdane kAraNe nabhelI ApaNI kamanasIba cIlAcAlu zikSaNapraNAlIe UbhA karelA jijJAsA-ghAtaka mAholane kAraNe, amane For Personal & Private Use Only

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AgotarA pariprazno na maLyA. alabatta, vyAkhyAnanA divasomAM be saMskRtapremI suvidvAno taraphathI likhita praznAvalI maLI. vyAkhyAna vakhate samayAbhAve enA uttaro samAvI zakAyelA nahi, paNa A pustakanA aMtabhAgamAM te samAvAyA che. sAcA zikSaNa mATe karavA jevI aneka maulika navaracanAo paikI Ama paripraznone khAsA samaya agAuthI notaravAnI ane vaktavyane tene AdhAre DhALavAnI paddhati khilavavAnI jarUra che. "praznopaniSad'mAM A paddhatino eka jIvaMta manovaijJAnika prayoga jovA maLe che. AnI pUrtirUpe zrotAne vyAkhyAna vakhate tatkAla UThatA prazno paNa likhitarUpe notarI vyAkhyAnAMte tenA uttara ApavAnuM yojI zakAya - ucita praznonuM cayana karIne. AvI aupacArika vyAkhyAnamALAnA anvaye je keTalIka rUDhionuM avicAritAthI yAMtrika anusaraNa (balluM anukaraNa) karAya che, temAM paNa sAphasUphI jarUrI lAge che; to ja enA kharA dhyeyane pUro uThAva maLe ane samagra Ayojana eka hetulakSI sAMskRtika ghaTanA banI zake. tevI keTalIka rUDhio viSe kahevuM che : (1) nimaMtrita vaktAne ja mahattama samaya maLI rahe te mATe binajarUrI aupacArikatAo ane koIkanA mAna-mobhA jALavavA mATenAM aprastuta vaktavyo samajaNapUrvaka tyajAya. jarUrI pUrvabhUmikA ApavA AyojakanuM TUMkuM vaktavya avazya rajU thAya. (2) eka viSaya ane eka vaktAvALI ekAdhika divasonI vyAkhyAnamALAmAM badhA divaso mATe eka ja tajjJa evI adhikArI vyakti pramukha hoya, jethI samagrapaNe saMpUrNa vyAkhyAnane aMte yathArtha mUlyAMkana thaI zake. (3) pramukhe mukhya ekAgra zrotA banIne vaktavyane pUrepUruM jhIlavAnuM hoya, jarUrI TAMcaNI karavAnI hoya ane chevaTe suruci ane samatva jALavIne vaktavyanA guNa-doSanI nikhAlasa samAlocanA paNa karavAnI hoya, ane vyAkhyAtAnA vaktavyamAMthI samagrapaNe UpasatI mukhya vAta sArakathanarUpe zrotAnI gAMThe barobara baMdhAvavI paNa ghaTe, vyAkhyAtA ane vyAkhyAnane sAva ja korANe mUkIne, tenI avagaNanA karIne, pramukhe pote ja aprastuta evuM svataMtra vaktavya ApavuM te bhAre moTI kartavyarcyuti ane be-adabI ja gaNAya. pramukhanI pasaMdagI suciMtita rUpe ja thavI ghaTe. (4) zrotAonAM nAma-saranAmAM sAthe emanAM zikSaNa ane rasaviyo batAvatI mAhitI saphaLa Ayojana dvArA ekatra karI eno pachInA avasaro mATe upayoga karavo. (5) zrotAonA pratibhAva, pAchaLathI vizeSa vinaMtI dvArA meLavavA. vyAkhyAna ke lakhANanI bhASA viSe thoDIka spaSTatA upayogI thaze. divase-divase gujarAtI mAdhyama pratye samAjamAM vistaratA ghAtaka pUrvagrahane kAraNe tathA saMskRta bhASAnuM saMgIna zikSaNa ane khAsa to tenAM samRddha zabdabhaMDoLano atyaMta jarUrI evo rucivardhaka vizleSaNAtmaka paricaya ApavA bAbatanI atyaMta avicArI avagaNanAne lIdhe, dhIme dhIme gujarAtIo pAsethI sArI, suMdara gujarAtI to zuM, nabaLI gujarAtI paNa chinavAI rahI che, ne mAtra bevakUphIbharI hoDamAM doDavA mATe ane ThAMsa mAravA mATe, adhakacarI ja zikhAtI aMgrejI jabaro ghero ghAlI rahI che. eTale Aje navI peDhI mATe ane mAtra paisAmAM ja mUlya mAnatA dhaMdhAdArIo mATe dhoraNasaranI sAdI gujarAtI paNa agharI banI rahI che, to pachI viziSTa viSayane nyAya ApavA vAparelI, saMskRta zabdabhaMDoLanA pramANasaranA ke maryAdita upayogavALI gujarAtInI to vAta ja zI karavI ? eTale "tamArI bhASA agharI paDe che" evI kautukajanaka phariyAda For Personal & Private Use Only

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mArA jevA ghaNAne suzikSito pAsethI paNa sAMbhaLavI paDe che. jo prajAne geraraste doranArAo bhASAzikSaNa bAbata potAnA AtmadhAtaka pUrvagraho choDavA taiyAra na hoya, ane prajA tenA bhAra taLe "goLa kANAmAM corasa khIlo'' jevI kaDhaMgI paristhitimAM vadhu ne vadhu bhUMDI rIte ragadoLAyA karavAnI hoya, to jenI pAse jIvanapoSaka jJAnasamRddhi che teNe gujarAtImAM jAheramAM bolavAnuM ke lakhavAnuM choDI daIne vinAzalIlA nirakhavI e ja upAya ne ? ame to A bolavA-lakhavAnI dhRSTatA karI ja nAkhI che tyAre zuM karIe ? zrotA sahakAra Apo ke na Apo; chevaTe eka ja utkaTa prArthanA : "savo sanmati re mAvAna !" lakhANamAMnAM punarAvartano bane tyAM sudhI sakAraNa haze. chatAM atireka lAge tyAM kSamA prArthu chuM. 'arthazAstra'mAMnA sthAnanirdezo prA. kaMgalenI AvRtti mujaba che. je vyAkhyAno likhitarUpe tA. 28thI 30 mArca, 2005 e vyAkhyAna-tArIkho pahelAM ke tyAM sudhImAM soMpAya te apekSita hatuM, temAM thayelA vilaMba mATe prathama to hArdika kSamAyAcanA. A mATe keTalAMka kAraNo hatAM. vyAkhyAna pUrveno gALo AvA vyAkhyAna mATe to cokkasa khAsso TUMko hato. ethI upara kahyuM che tema likhita rUpe pUratA vistArathI nirUpaNa karavAnuM ucita lAgatAM bIjA vyAkhyAna vakhate ja meM e vAta sahune karelI. viSayane barobara nyAya ApavA mATe, sAro evo samaya Apavo paDyo. emAM tA. 3-1-2007ne roja jamaNA paganA pahoMcA pAse be hADakAM bhAMgatAM Aja sudhI enI vyathAo cAlu rahI che. e badhAM vacce paNa eka vistRta saMdarbhagraMthanI garaja sAre tevuM samagra lakhANa sucAru rUpe thayuM che, eTale saMsthAnA kAryavAhako ane utsuka (mIThI ugharANI sudhdhAM karatAM !) vAcakonI kSamAne pAtra thayo chuM. graMthane pakSapAta vinA pUro cakAso ane kahevA-sUcavavA jevuM mane premathI niHzaMka pahoMcADajo. AbhAranA prathama adhikArI che saMsthAnI vinaMti hRdayathI svIkArI traNa vyAkhyAnonuM pramukhasthAna zobhAvanArA svajano, anukrame : (1) sarakArI ucca doddAo uccatara kAryaniSThA-vidyAniSThAthI ArAdhanArA mArA aMtaraMga mitra zrI maMgaLabhAI cha. nAyaka, (2) AjIvana vidyApremI keLavaNIkAra DaoN. kulInacaMdra yAjJika ane (3) madhuradarzI rasajJa DaoN. bhoLAbhAI paTela. hArdika'AbhAra A sauno to kharo ja : lA.da.nA niyAmakazrI DaoN. paM. jitendra zAha, prA. kAnajIbhAI, prA. kanubhAI, anya vidvAno, namra sevakagaNano; TAIpa-seTiMganA kuzaLa sahayogIo tema ja mudrakano paNa. vaLI prUpha-vAcanamAM UlaTathI sahayoga ApanAra ane mArA lakhANane potAnI rIte mANanAra patnI uSAne kema bhUluM ? 6, amUla ko. hA. sosA., navA zAradAmaMdira pAse, sukhIpurA myu. bAga sAme, po. pAlaDI, amadAvAda-380007 Te. naM. (079) 26606408 tA. 1-4-2009 For Personal & Private Use Only nItIna ra. desAI

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kauTilIya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa kRtsnaM hi zAstramidamindriyajayaH / arthazAstram : 1.6.3) ("A AkhuM zAstra - arthazAstra - te indriyajayarUpa che.") ApadAM kathitaH panthA indriyANAmasaMyamaH / tanmaya: saMpAM mA ye che tenI sthitAm | (subhASita) ("ApamArga gaNAyo che indriyono asaMyama, saMpa-siddhi jaye tenA; iSTa mArge ja saMcaro.") For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilIya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha kauTilIya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha eka-prArthanA (1) sarveDatra suvana: santu sarve santu nirAmaya: | sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcid duHkhamApnuyAt / (sarve AMhI sukhI thAo, sarve Arogya pAmajo, rUDAM vAnAM sahu pAmo, koI mA duHkha pAmazo.) tejasvi nAvadhItamastu / mA vidviSAvahai / (amAruM baMnenuM arthAt mAruM ane jagatnuM adhyayana tejasvI hajo . [jethI] ame be paraspara vidveSa na sevIe.) (3) mittI savvamUkuM vera maLyuM na Du (mAre maitrI sahu sAthe, koI sAthe na vera che.) sahune ekapiMDarUpa banAve tevI, manuSya parApUrvathI sAkSAt anubhavelI uparyukta bhAvanAo A vidyAsaMbaMdhanA pavitra avasara nimitte ApaNAmAM paDeluM naisargika ekatva dhabakatuM karo. ApaNA A viSayane paNa A prArthanAomAMnI bhAvanAo poSe tevI che te AgaLa upara joIzuM. evuM manAyuM che, ke vidyAnuM vidhipUrvakanuM pradAna vaktA, zrotA ane jJAna-viSayano abheda sAdhI Ape che. e nyAye vaktAno A pratipAdana-yatna paNa A sabhAmAM niraMtara sat-cit--AnaMdarUpa eka tattvane vilasatuM karI do. saniSTha AdAna-pradAnane yogya evuM AmAMnuM jJAna ApaNA lohImAM bhaLIne zarIra ane sarva jJAnendriyo-karmendriyone paNa prero. jIvanano ghATa satyAnurUpa ane tene lIdhe TakAu bano- evA bhAvathI A viSayane atre nirUpavo che. puNyasmaraNa A vyAkhyAnamALA AdaraNIya zrI kastUrabhAInI smRtimAM che eno kharekharo mahimA paNa anubhavIe. "mRti' eTale manamAM je-te vyaktinI AkRti hAjara karavI ke emanI laukika vigato For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilIya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa saMbhAravI eTalo ja artha thato nathI. smaraNapAtra vyaktinI vicArasamRddhi, bhAvanAM samRddhi ane karmAbhimukha guNasamRddhi vIjacamakAranI jhaDape haiye UbharAya te kharI smRti. ApaNI paraMparAmAM to smRti'no ethI ye vadhu UMDo artha che. vaidika sAhityane zruti ane smRti ema be vargo paikI koI ekamAM samAtuM batAvAya che. zrutirUpa sAhitya ke zAstra te RSione jenuM sIdhuM darzana ke zravaNa thayuM te vANI, ane smRti eTale zrutimAM pratipAdita zAzvata satyo ke mUlyo nityanA vyaktigata ke sAmudAyika jIvanamAM mUrta bane tevI, vividha kSetrane lagatI bhAvanAo ane tadanurUpa vAcika ke kAyika AcAronI vicAraNA karatA ane tenA Adezo ApatA dharmasUtrAdi graMtho. eTale Ama "mRti' eTale mananapUrvaka aMtarathI jhIlelAM RSivacanonuM, vyavahAru jIvanamAM pratyeka Dagale anusaMdhAna - evo gaMbhIra artha thAya che. ahIM e arthane paNa apanAvIne ApaNe evuM samajavuM ke koInI smRti eTale eNe AcarelA ke prabodhelA Adarzone haiye dharIne tenA amalano saMkalpa karavo te. e dRSTie joIe to zeThazrI kastUrabhAInA vicArarAzimAM ane karmaparaMparAmAM samajaNapUrvaka ane UlaTapUrvaka amalamAM mUkI zakIe, eTale ke enuM sAtatya jALavI zakIe tevI vipula sAmagrI che. temAM samajaNa ane udyama evI be pAMkhothI UDatA ja rahIe to ApaNuM bahumukhI kalyANa paNa sadhAtuM rahe. vaLI, jogAnujoga A vyAkhyAnamALAno viSaya paNa zeThazrInI AdarzalakSI vahIvaTI kuzaLatAno ane UMcI mutsaddIgIrInA kSetrabhede paNa sarasa paDagho pADe che. ethI emanA vidyAprepanA mUrta AkArarUpa evI A je saMsthA che, temAM yojAtI A vyAkhyAnamALAmAMnuM A vyAkhyAna paNa agAunAM vyAkhyAnonI jema, emanI bhAvanAonI paripuSTirUpa sAcI "smRti' banIne emanA AtmAne jarUra pUjaze ane porasAvaze evI vinamra zraddhA che. huM aMtarathI icchuM chuM ke bhale game te kAraNosara A prasaMge mu.zrI kastUrabhAInA satkAryanirata suputra AdaraNIya zrI zreNikabhAI ke temanA koI paNa parivAra-sabhya upasthita na rahyAM hoya, paraMtu teo sudhI A vyAkhyAno graMthAkAre paNa pahoMce ane emAM savistara nirUpAyelI dharmAnukULa vyavahArakuzaLatAnI ke vahIvaTI sUjhanI vAto barobara jhilAya ane mUlavAya. zAstrajJAna jIvanapoSaka kaI rIte bane? prAcIna-bhAratIya sAhitya ane bhASAonA, tema ja temAM pratibiMbita thatI dIrghakAlIna bAhyaAMtara svadezI saMskRtinA premIo ke jJAtAo A zrotRvaMdamAM moTI saMkhyAmAM hovA saMbhava che. kadAca A aMgenI temanI jANakArI pAMkhI hoya to ye te mATe temanI bharI-bharI jijJAsA hovAnuM, sahunI mukhAkRti dvArA paNa atre jarUra anubhavuM chuM. eTale temane mATe A viSaya kaMIka aMze zAstrIya ane agharo hovA chatAM, te bhArekhama na banatAM rocaka banaze evI haiyAdhAraNa baMdhAvavA, zAstra ane jIvanano kevo gADha, maitrIpUrNa ane lacIlo saMbaMdha che te batAvatI keTalIka rucivardhaka vAto, pasaMda karelAM subhASito dvArA batAvavI che. mArI evI daDha mAnyatA che ke e dvArA, svadezI zAstragraMthonI vipulatA ane virala aMtaHsamRddhi bAbata ApaNe samajaNapUrvaka mAtra gaurava ja nahi, paNa utkaTa ruci paNa anubhavatA jarUra thaIzuM, ane enuM mAtra aitihAsika mUlya na AMkatAM sAMprata vAstavika jIvanamAM paNa tenI kevI kevI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha upakArakatA hoI zake che te jarUra samajI zakIzuM. e kadI na bhulAya ke chellI doDheka sadIthI vizeSataH yupIya ke amerikI dezomAM sAtatyapUrvaka ahIMnI prAcIna saMskRta-prAkRta-pAlI-apabhraMza bhASAomAM ane Adhunika mulkI bhAratIya bhASAomAM paNa racAyelA zAstrIya-lalita ubhaya sAhityanuM paNa UMDuM ane surucipUrNa adhyayana-saMpAdana-mUlyAMkana thatuM rahyuM che. manuSyanI manuSyatAnI paripUrNa khilavaTa mATe A amara vAraso bhAre khapano che. zAstra aMgenA eka subhASitano Avo abhiprAya che : "aneka saMzayone ucchedanAra ane parokSa viSayono bodha karAvanAra evuM sarvanA locanarUpa zAstra jene haiye nathI, te aMdha ja che.'1 ahIM eTaluM spaSTa karIe ke mULe to cokkasa ghATa pAmelI prauDha vicAra-5raM5rA ja zAstra che. te mAtra maukhika (AmnAyarUpa) paNa hoI zake. nirakSa2 manuSya pAse paNa, viziSTa cittazuddhinA baLe, koI paNa vastunuM evuM kasAyeluM sAcuM jJAna hoIzake, jene 'zAstra'no darajjo ApI zakAya. 'zAstra' zabdanA pAyAmAM zAs dhAtu (kriyA) che, jeno artha 'koI paNa viSayanI barobara pakaDa ke pAkI samajaNane AdhAre pAke pAye mArga batAvavo ke sAcA vartanano Adeza karavo' evo thAya. AthI 'zAstra'no artha TUMkamAM 'AjJAvAkya' evo paNa karI zakAya - AjJA sattAdhArInI nahi, paNa niHspRha jJAnInI ke RSinI; eTale ke tAraka AjJA. badhA pAse satyAsatyano vicAra karavAnI zakti na hoya e dRSTie RSionI karuNAyukta eka paddhati te potAnA ucca jJAnabaLane AdhAre sAmAnya jIvone paNa aniSTamAMthI bacAve tevI AjJA ApavAnI hatI. sadAcArI zraddhALu manuSyane zraddheya vyaktinI AjJA pALavAnuM khUba-khUba game; bhejAbAjI phAve ya nahi ane AvaDe ya nahi. eTale zAstrAjJAonI nirbhaya, tejasvI, hRdayazuddhi sahitanI samAlocanA karanAra vidyAsAdhaka jeTalo ja, balke kadAca tethI ya vadhu mahimAmaya che A paripUrNa zraddhAthI AjJA-pAlana mATe sarvathA sajja ane nitya-udyata evo suvipula Ama prajAsamudAya. prAdhAnyabhede paNa paripuSTa jJAnabaLa ane paripuSTa zraddhAbaLa e samAjarUpI rathanAM be khamatIdhara ane anyonyapUraka evAM paiDAM ja samajavAM. 5 ahIM upalA subhASitamAMnA 'parokSa viSayono bodha karAvanAra' (parokSArthasya varza) e zabdo dvArA e paNa samajAya che ke pratyakSa eTale ke indriyagrAhya viSayo ke padArthonA jJAna mATe kAMI zAstra tarapha jovAnuM na hoya - hAthakaMkaNane ArasI zI ? zaMkarAcArye dRSTAMta ApyuM che ke so zAstro paNa jo agnine zItaLa kahe to te vAta koI ja na mAne, mAnavAnI hoya paNa nahi; kAraNa ke indriyAnubhava ja temAM sAcuM jJAna ApI de che. Ama mAtra potAnI zuddha jJAnazaktinI maryAdAnI bahAranI bAbatamAM ja zAstranuM zaraNa jarUrI hoI zake - e rokaDI vAta paNa AmAMthI samajAya che. vaLI zAstra pragaTa karanAra 'Apta' (arthAt manathI duniyAnuM badhuM pAmI cUkelo eTale ke niHspRha ane tethI mAtra sarvanuM hita ja joI jIvanAra ne bolanA2) che ke kema te paNa tapAsavuM ja paDe, anApta (an + Apta) na cAle - e paNa zAstrane 'zabdapramANa' saMjJA ApanAra bhAratIya pramANazAstra ghUMTI-ghUMTIne ekamatI sAthe kahe che. upalA subhASitamAM garbhita rahelI chellA phakarAmAM kahelI vAta barobara dhUMTI ApanAra anya subhASita kahe che : "jene potAnI buddhi nathI, tene zAstra zuM kare ? AMkho-vihoNAne darpaNa zo lAbha kare?"2 dareka (bhaNelA ke abhaNa) svastha manuSyane prakRtie mana sahitanI jJAnendriyo ane prAthamika For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilIya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa anumAnazakti (pratyakSa vastunA purAvA parathI tenI sAthe anivArya rUpe saMkaLAyelI parokSa bAbatano bodha pAmanAra buddhizakti) paNa ApI che. vaLI enAthI caDhiyAtI prajJA (koThAsUjha) ane aneka parokSa viSayono sAkSAtkAra karAvanArI, cittazuddhijanya aDIkhama dhyAnazakti paNa kudarate manuSyane ApelI che. koI zAstrane jhIlavA ane cakAsavA mATe e badhAMno upayoga karavo jarUrI che; nahitara zAstra bAbata gerasamaja thavAne kAraNe nukasAna paNa thaI zake. tethI dharma jevA parokSa gaNAtA (gupta rahelA - khudAyAM nitim) viSaya aMge paNa 'manusmRti'mAM kahevAyuM che : "je, vyakti tarkathI koI paNa vAtanuM anusaMdhAna kare che, te ja dharmane barobara samaje che; bIjo nahi."OM Ama koI paNa zAstra manuSyanI svAdhInatAne, svAvalaMbanazaktine toDI pADanAra na ja hoI zake. zAstrano prAthamika svIkAra bhale zraddhAzaktithI thAya, paNa tenI pratIti (AdhArabhUta samajaNa) mATe zAstra jhIlanAre potAnI vattI-ochI je koI sUjha-samaja hoya te vAparavI jarUrI che. ghaNI vA2 jyAre AkhA ne AkhA mAnavasamudAyanAM jAmI gayelAM ALasa ane pramAda temane vicAravAmAtramAM pUrA vimukha banAvI de che, tyAre temanI aMdhazraddhAno geralAbha laI mithyAzAsro dvArA temanuM vadhAre ne vadhAre zoSaNa thayeluM paNa itihAsamAM vAraMvAra noMdhAyuM che. te dRSTie to jarUra kahI zakAya ke kahevAtA zAsra(indoctrination)no durupayoga zastra karatAM paNa vadhu ghAtaka rIte vyApakapaNe thaI zake che, ane kharekhara thato rahyo paNa che. tethI uparyukta subhASitanI cetavaNI khUba khUba jarUrI che. eno bhAvArtha e paNa tAravI zakAya ke zAstra prajJAmAMthI janme che, tethI paraMparAprApta zAstranAM arthaghaTana ane mulavaNI paNa navA-navA manuSyonI potapotAnI prajJA (vizuddha jJAnazakti) dvArA thatAM rahevAM joIe ane emAM samayAnurUpa parivartano paNa e dvArA ja nirbhayapaNe thatAM rahevAM ghaTe. ane kharekhara, sarva bhAratIya zAstraparaMparAo AvI rIte ja UcharIne, kadAca ochAvattA saMgharSa ke gajagrAhomAMthI ya pasAra thaIne, chevaTe navA-navA sohAmaNA janmo pAmatI rahI che. A subhASitamAM supratiSThita 'prajJA' zabda vAparIne uchAMchaLA ke chIcharA tarkane lagAma soMpI devAno niSedha paNa sUcavAyo che. 6 eka subhASita trIjI vAta paNa AnI sAthe, jarUrI puravaNIrUpe joDe che : "zAstro zIkhI-samajIne paNa mUrkha rahenArA hoya che. to je puruSa kriyAmAM udyamI hoya che, te ja zAstrano sAco jANakAra ke zAstramarmajJa Thare che.'4 A ja vAta UlaTI rIte, eTale ke zAstra kone na kahevuM te dRSTie Ama kahevAI che : "game tevAne upadeza na devo; juo ne [sAcuM zikhavADatI] 'sugRhI'(sudharI)ne mUrkha vAnare 'nirgRhI'(ghara vinAnI, mALA vinAnI) karI nAkhI !"pa A uktio zAstranA adhikArI(yogya jhIlanAra)nI vAta cIMdhe che. jene koI paNa bAbata paratve 'sAcuM zuM' ne 'khoTuM zuM' evI tAlAvelIbharI jijJAsA haiye ubharAya tene ja zAstrano upadeza ApavA bhalAmaNa karAI che. temAM e lAbha paNa che ke evo ziSya gurunA zAstra aMge ya vAraMvAra mArmika zaMkAo UbhI karIne zAstramAM rahI gayelA doSo dUra ka2vAmAM paNa phALo Apaze. prAcIna bhAratIya aneka zAstragraMtho AvA guru-ziSya vaccenA, athavA to je-te zAstrakAra ane tenA prakhara virodhI vaccenA paNa saMvivAdothI jIvaMta rIte gAjatA ane rasaprada banI rahelA che ane e prakriyAmAM je te zAstradhArAnI parizuddhi ane nUtanatA paNa sadhAtI jovA maLe che. uparyukta subhASita jJAnanA amala para bhAra Ape che te na bhulAya. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha ApaNe A vArtAlApamAM AgaLa upara joIzuM ke kauTilIya 'arthazAstra' zAstra pratyeno Avo sarvAMgI viveka jALavIne ja gUMthAyuM che. ,, zAstra aMgenI uparyukta maryAdAo jALavatA bauddhikono, vividha zAstro sAthe kevo saMbaMdha zakya che tenI paNa eka suciMtita ukti ghaNI bodhaka che : "buddhiyukta manuSyono samaya kAvya thakI ke zAstra thakI maLatA vinodathI (jIvanapoSaka manoraMjanathI) pasAra thAya che; jyAre mUrkha manuSyonA samaya vyasanasevanamAM, UMghyA ka2vAmAM ke jhadhaDAomAM vIte che. ahIM 'vinoda' zabda [vi upasarga sahitanA nur (dhakelavuM) dhAtu parathI] enA mULa arthamAM vAparyo che. : 'viziSTa (sacoTa) rIte du:kha ke kaMTALAne dhakele te vinoda'. (Avo upAya bauddhika, hArdika, vAcika ke kAyika pravRttirUpa ema game te svarUpano hoI zake.) zAstranuM jijJAsAprerita manabhara adhyayana paNa caitanyasabhara buddhiyuktane mATe to naravA zokharUpa hoI atyaMta jIvaMta ane rasapUrNa banI rahe che te vAta anubhavasiddha che. enAthI manuSyacetanA aneka rUpanI muktatA ke UMDI mokaLAza anubhave che. vaLI ahIM kAvya (gadya-padya badhuM lalita sAhitya) ane zAstra baMnene eka kakSAe mUkIne paNa vizeSe bhAratIya paraMparAmAM zAstra ane kAvya (sAhitya) samAna rIte kevAM jIvanasparzI ane parasparapUraka che te pUrI saccAIthI, anubhavane AdhAre kahevAyuM che. zAstra ane kAvyanI A gADha maitrInI vAta to 'kavi' zabdanA AvA bevaDA arthathI paNa siddha thAya che : 1. rasALa vANI uccAranAra, 2. zANo manuSya ke RSi. eka pAzcAtya ciMtaka dvArA paNa ucca kAvyane to badhI ja jJAnazAkhAonuM sUkSmatama - madhuratama rUpa (finest essence of all knowledge) kahevAmAM AvyuM che. - zAstramAtra tarapha AvI bharIbharI AzAyukta zraddhA dhAraNa karIne A vArtAlApamAM 'arthazAstra' graMthanA vizleSaNa dvArA ApaNI prajJAne samRddha ka2vI che. koI vidyAne sarvAMgI rIte zIkhavA-samajavAnA saMkalpa sAthe karAyelA te mATenA vratayukta sthira prayatnane mATe upayoga' zabda vaparAto hovAnuM pANinie noMdhyuM che. jaina dharmavyavahAromAM A zabda kadAca A arthane AdhAre ja 'potAne mATe zraddheya banelA jJAna anusAra karAyeluM pratyeka vartana' evo eTale ke 'jJAnapUrNa sAvadha pravRtti' evA suMdara arthamAM calaNI banyo che. to eka naravA zAstrane jANIne enA pratye paNa ApaNo 'upayoga'rUpa bharyobharyo saMbaMdha baMdhAya te mATeno A nAnakaDo prayatna che. mAnavajIvanamAM rAjanItinuM sthAna zrI javAharalAla neharUe emanA eka graMthamAM mAnava-itihAsanA nirUpaNanuM viSayavastu cIMdhatAM eno hetu paNa A rIte kahyo che : "barbaratAmAMthI saMskRti sudhIno manuSyano vikAsa e itihAsanuM viSayavastu che" (Man's growth from barbarism to civilisation is the theme of History). pRthvInA popaDAnA jIvanapoSaka nirmANa sAthe udbhavelA jIvonI utkrAMtinA krame jyAre Ajano manuSya sAkAra thayo, tyAre bhUmi mukhyatve jaMgalothI AcchAdita hatI ane manuSya kaMda-pAna-phUla-phaLa ityAdi For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilIya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa uparAMta zikAra karelAM vividha prANIonA mAMsa para jIvato hato. e hato araNyayuga. koI cokkasa tabakke manuSya khetInI zodha karI. te sAthe AvAsa-nirmANa, agni peTAvavAnI kaLA, mATI-pAtronuM nirmANa, strIpuruSanA susthira-rasALa saMbaMdha para AdhArita sAmAjika sahajIvananI sUjha sAthe grAma-nirmANa ityAdirUpe kRSisaMskRti sthira thaI. jaina-jainetara ubhaya sAhitya jemanI aitihAsikatA cIMdhe che, tevA yugapuruSa RSabhadevane nAme AvI keTalIka saMskRtisthApaka pAyAnI zodho ane tenuM vatsala prazikSaNa caDhelAM che. khetInI AvaData eka krAMtikAraka pAyo banyo, jeNe samAja-nirmANa, grAmanirmANa dvArA mAnavanI vyaktigata pratibhAnAM vadhu gahana racanAtmaka lakSaNo kholI ApyAM, ane temanA sAmudAyika jIvananI vadhu ne vadhu manohara bhAta khIle te mATenI mokaLAza karI ApI. A Akho kRSi-yuga banI rahyo, jemAM pazupAlana, grAmodyoga, vepAra vageree kRSine pUrI sthiratA ane sAmAjika pratiSThA ApI. AmAMthI vyaktijIvana ane samAja-jIvananI je cokkasa, vyApaka ane cirasthAyI bhAta UbhI thaI, te uttama rIte guNakarmAdhArita sAmAjika varNavyavasthA ane vyaktigata Azrama-vyavasthArUpa maulika bhAratIya praNAlImAM pratibiMbita thAya che. kavivara ravIndranAthe barobara nADI pArakhIne kahyuM che, ke prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti te araNya-saMskRti che. e kathananuM tAtparya e che ke vanone ja mAnavIya sAdhanAnA uttama adhiSThAna tarIke pArakhI cUkelA RSioe potAnI pAradarzI prajJAthI ane sarvAzleSI karuNAthI je satyadarzana taTasthabhAve karyuM ane aTala vyavahAralakSI mArgadarzana sudhdhAM ApyuM, enA AdhAre bhAratamAM mAnavasaMskRti ghATa pAmI che. vedo rUpe pragaTelI e RSividyAmAM paramArtha ane tene pAmavA mATe mArga taiyAra karanArI samAjavyavasthA ane pratyeka vyaktinI sAdhanApUrNa jIvanacaryA e baMne viSayo - jemane koIke anukrame vidyA ane avidyA, koIke parAvidyA ane aparAvidyA, koIke zruti ane smRti kahI te - uttama rIte mUrta thayA che. eTale to vedanA ja aMtargata bhAga tarIke cha vedAMgo, ane vaLI 'itihAsa-purANa' rUpa be graMthaprakAro paNa acUka samAvAya che. manuSyanI baiguNyAtmaka ane triguNAtIta samagra prakRtine pArakhIne RSiparaMparAe jIvananAM sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjakIya, AdhyAtmika ema sarva pAsAM viSe adhikRta ane zraddheya mArgadarzana ApyuM, ane ene AdhAre taMtotaMta jIvavAno apUrva prayoga bhAratavarSamAM parApUrvathI Aja sudhI vatte oche aMze thato Avyo che. cha vedAMgo paikI yAjJika ane gharagaththu karmakAMDa uparAMta samagra sAmAjika jIvanacaryAno mArga AMkatA kalpa' nAmanA vedAMgamAM dharmazAstra' nAmanI samRddha zAstrazAkhA paNa sthAna pAmI che. temAM varNAzramadharmonA sarvAgI pratipAdananA bhAgarUpe rAjadharmanuM paNa uttama aMkana thayeluM che. A batAve che ke rAjadharma paNa pUrNapaNe pAramArthika anubaMdha (joDANa) dharAve che-arthAt rAjadharmano namra pratinidhi banI raheto rAjA jAte uccatama jJAnano ane tenuM jJAna dharAvatA jJAnIono aMkuza pUrNapaNe svIkArIne ja prajAjIvanane uttama mAnavocita rIte aMkuzamAM rAkhe che. "rAjakAraNamAM dharma hovo joIe ke nahi evo prazna ja "cAlavA dharatI joIe ke nahi' tevA praznanI jema naryo mUDhatAjanya che. rAjakAraNa mATe dharmanA saMganI AvazyakatA svataHsiddha che. RgvadAdi vedomAM sahajapaNe ja te vakhatanAM rAjakIya ekamo ane anya rAjakIya saMdarbhonA mUlyavAnuM prAsaMgika ullekho Thera-Thera maLe che. vividha vastIsthAno tarIke "grAma', 'viza" (AjanA tAlukA ke jillA jevo grAmasamUha), "rASTra'nA ullekho maLe che. rAjakAja mATenA sAmudAyika milanarUpa ke milanasthAnarUpa For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha sabhA' zabda (saha mati matra sA samA - jemAM sahu sAthe zobhe arthAt jyAM saune samAna gaurava ane abhivyaktino adhikAra hoya che tevuM aupacArika kAryasAdhaka milana, yA tevA milana mATenuM khAsa sthAna) uparAMta sabhAmAM bhAga levA mATenA anurUpa sarva saMskAra pAmelI vyakti mATe 'samaya' ke 'sakhya' zabdo vividha saMdarbhe vedomAM maLe che. "atharvaveda'mAM sameya banavA mATenI prArthanAnuM eka khAsa sUkta maLe che. prAcIna paribhASA mujaba varNAzramadharmane sudaDha rIte pravartAvavA mATe - sAdI bhASAmAM : samAjajIvanane sarvAgIpaNe sudaDha karavA mATe - rAjadharma hato. e rAjadharmanA hArdarUpa mAnava-vartananA niyamanano prAkRtika pAyo hato rASTranA ja laghutama namUnArUpa strI-puruSa-saMbaMdhamAM lagna-saMsthAdi rUpe pravartatA niyamanamAM, tema ja vedamAM Trama evA mahimAyukta zabdathI ullekhAtA parivAragRhamAM sthapAyelA niyamabaddha mAnavasaMbaMdhomAM. parivAranA vAsasthAnarUpa gRhane 'rama' saMjJA eTale maLelI ke emAM parivAranI sudaDhatA siddha thAya tevA Trama ke ramata(AtmasaMyama)nuM pravartana hoya che. parivArano pAyo che saMyama-kauzala para AdhArita evo strI-puruSano bahumukhI sahayoga. strI-puruSa-saMbaMdhamAM nIpajatI "rati' (saMbhogajanya AnaMda)nI avanavI manohAritA, ciraMjIvitA ane kalyANakAritAno AdhAra paNa saMyama para che. evI sthira ratinA anubhavathI yugalamAM sadhAto sthAyI saMtoSa ja parivArane viziSTa saMbaMdhothI gUMthAyelA manuSyono, AnaMda ane sahayogathI guMjato vaDalo banAve che. dharmazAstra samAjanAM A yugalarUpa ane parivArarUpa ghaTakonAM hAdarUpa niyamanone manovaijJAnika aucitya ke AnukUlya jALavIne sthAyI rUpa ApyuM. A cheka pAyAnA sAmAjika ghaTakathI mAMDIne tenA AdhAre vikaselAM uccAvaca sAmAjika ghaTakAne TakAvanArAM bahumukhI niyamanone paNa sthira karyA. anubhavane AdhAre lacIlI vivekitA vAparIne niyamonA aneka apavAdone paNa, vAjabIpaNuM joIne mAnya karyA. samayAnurUpa anivArya niyama-parivartano paNa kALe kALe aneka dharmazAstrakAro dvArA thatAM rahyAM, mAnya karAtAM rahyAM. AnA ja bhAgarUpe eka naisargika bRhat mulkamAM sthira thayelAM aneka sthAnika, svayaMpUrNa prajAjUthonAM sAmUhika dhAraNa, pAlana ane poSaNa arthe samAjanA ja ghaTakarUpa kSatriya varNa ane temAMnA rAjanya-vargamAMthI nIpajelI rAjyasaMsthA (arthAt kSatriyomAMnA eka ke adhika puruSavizeSanI rAhabarImAM daMDanuM pravartana karI samAjanA sthAyI vikAsane anurUpa suvyavasthA; nyAya ane mahimAmaya arthapravRtti mATenuM samagra sAdhanajALa UbhuM karanArI taMtravyavasthA) astitvamAM AvI. bhAratIya aneka suciMtita, samatola paraMparAonI jema, mULamAM varNavyavasthA, bhagavadgItAe spaSTa batAvyuM che tema, vyaktinA nisargadatta AgavA sahaja guNane anurUpa/anukULa karmanI premaLa manovaijJAnika bhalAmaNarUpa ke mArgadarzanarUpa hatI; vyakti ane samAja e baMnenuM hita eka sAthe eka kAMkare be pakSI'nA nyAye sadhAI jAya tevI kauzalayukta vyavasthA hatI. emAM na koI varNanA caDhiyAtAUtaratApaNAno bhAva hato, ne ahanA saMgharSone avakAza hato, na eka varNa dvArA bIjA varNanI hIlanAno ke zoSaNano bhAva. to Ane AdhAre prastuta carcAmAM e samajavAnuM che ke kSatriyavarNa dvArA thatuM vizALa mulkanAM prajAjUthonuM niyamana paNa samagra varNavyavasthAnA bhAgarUpe, nirahaMkAra kartavyarUpa hatuM ane tethI sarva varNonI, arthAt AkhA samAjanI adaba barobara jALavavAnI hatI. For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilIya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa have zarUAtamAM rAjyasaMsthAnI mukhya pharaja hatI navuM-navuM sahajIvana zIkhatA vizALa samudAyomAM pravartatI vyakti-vyakti vaccenI ke jUtha-jUtha vaccenI bahuvidha viSamatAo, udaMDatAo(ADAIo)nuM niyamana, zamana ke ucchedana baLa ane kaLa e baMne mAnavIya upAyothI karavAnI. eTale e AdhAre rAjyanA e kartavyane nAma maLyuM 'daMDanIti'. daMDanuM kAma hatuM damana eTale ke pAkuM niyamana karavAnuM. emAM zaktino phaTATopa ane lAla AMkha batAvavAnuM prastuta hatuM. tethI daMDanuM varNana karatAM tene 'lAla AMkhavALo' (rohitAkSaH) kahevAyo che. paNa kauTilya sudhdhAM kahe che tema e daMDazaktie prathama to AtmasaMyama dvArA Atmaniyamana ke pAkuM svadoSanirasana karavAnuM hatuM. svayaM vinIta hoya te ja sarvAMgI AtmabaLathI vizALa, bhAtIgaLa samudAya-jALanuM niyamana karI zake evuM subhaga darzana RSi-prerita bhAratavarSane thayeluM. 10 eTale rAjyataMtre je-je vividha daMDa ke zikSAo niyamana mATe pravartAvavAnAM hatAM, te jAte manamAnI rIte upajAvelAM nahotAM, paNa ukta dharmazAstro dvArA ja sUcavAyelA prabuddha AyojananA vinIta anusaraNarUpa hatAM. khristI carca ane rAjyasaMsthA vacce prAcIna kALathI pazcimanA dezomAM je hoMsAtuMsI, dArUNa gajagrAha ke saMgharSa hatAM, teno ekaMdare bhAratIya paraMparAmAM abhAva hato. brAhmaNa ane kSatriya varNa pota-potAnI maryAdAne ane paraspara pratyenA samabala Adarane barobara jALavatA. brAhmaNavarNanA rAjya sAthe joDAyelA pratinidhirUpa purohita ke darabAramAM beThelA paMDito ke RSio sAthe rAjA ke tenA maMtrIono ekaMdare atyaMta sahayogI saMbaMdha jaLavAto. brAhmaNa-agraNIo ane kSatriya-agraNIo paraspara kevA Adara ane vinaya jALavatA enA aneka prasaMgo vividha purANomAM tema ja mahAbhArata-rAmAyaNamAM aMkita thayelA che. alabatta, AnA apavAdo paNa emAM jarUra aMkita thayelA che. paNa 'apavAda niyamane daDha kare che' evA nyAyathI e apavAdone jovA ghaTe. upara carcA mujaba, rAjA ane samagra rAjanya-varge jALavavAnI eka agatyanI adaba, prAcIna-bhAratIya rAjanItinA aneka maulika adhyetA ane pravaktA paikInA eka jaina muni somadevasUrinA nItivALyAmRta graMthanA eka sUtramAM Ama sarasa rIte kahevAI che : 'zastrAdhikArIo te zAstrAdhikArIo na bane.''8 mahAna anarthomAMthI samAjane ane rASTrane bacAvanArI A keTalI mahattvanI maryAdA che te anubhavIonI ke vicArazIlonI najara bahAra nahi ja rahe. to have mULa vAtanuM anusaMdhAna karIe. rAjyataMtranI sauthI pAyAnI je daMDapravartananI eTale ke suciMtita niyamanonA amalanI pharaja hatI, te keTalI vyApaka ane samAjajIvananAM sarva aMgo ke pAsAMne sparzanArI hatI te joIe. strI-puruSa-saMbaMdha anvaye sAmAjika ane Arthika nyAya baMne pakSe jaLavAya te mATenAM tema ja yaunasaMbaMdha aMgenA kartavyo bAbatanAM aneka niyamano sthira thayelAM. bahupatnItvanA anvaye, to vaLI strI dvArA vaphAdArI-bhaMga anvaye UbhA thatA praznonA ukela arthe ane te anvaye saMtAnonI Arthika-sAmAjika surakSA aMge paNa aneka niyamano sthira thatAM gayelAM. piravAramAM navI peDhInA vArasAhaka tathA strInI jIvAI aMge aneka niyamano ane daMDavidhAna sthapAyAM. tenAthI AgaLa vadhIne jamInanI mAlikI, ghara ke jamInanI sarahado, vepArI bhAgIdArI, mAlika ane noka2 dAsa vacceno saMbaMdha, kharIda-vecANa jevA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha Arthika saMbaMdho, zArIrika ke vAcika hiMsA aMgenA aparAdho, nAgarike rAjayasaMsthA pratye jALavavAnI vAjabI adaba aMge - Ama vividha morace daMDavidhAna dvArA niyamana karanArA kAyadA banyA. A badhAna hetu pArasparika sAmAjikatA jALavIne saMbaMdhomAM nyAya ane samAnatA ANavAno ane te dvArA manuSyana mANasAIno vikAsa karavAno hato. 'kalpa'-vedAMga-aMtargata prathama racAyelAM 'dharmastro'mAM samAjanu niyamana karanArA uparyukta vividha kAyadAo nirUpAyA hatA. temAMthI ja pAchaLanA dhamazAstra-graMtho ane vividha 'smRtigraMtho' racAyA. mAnavasvabhAvano barobara vicAra karIe, to aneka vyaktionA AtmasaMyamanA baLe nirmANa pAmelA paraspara vizvAsanA sahaja-saMgIna pAyAne AdhAre ja 'samAja' nAmanuM amUrta paNa vAstavika zarIra astitvamAM AvyuM. samAja bhale vizALa hoya ane vizALa pradezamAM phelAyelo hoya, paNa rojiMdA pratyakSa saMbaMdha vikase to vividha phaLiyAM ke mohallAmAM ane aneka phaLiyAM dharAvatAM ekajaththu, ekarAge vaselAM gAmamAM. vaLI jarUrI samRddha samUhabaLa nipajAvavA arthe najIka-najIkanAM gAmonA bahumukhI arthapUrNa saMbaMdha vikasAvavA vedakALamAM 'vi' nAmanuM grAmasamUharUpa ghaTaka paNa mUrta thayuM. prAkRtika (bhaugolika) ekamamAM samAnArAM gAmonuM ja eka naisargika jUtha nIpajI AvavAnuM paNa vyApaka rIte bane. dhIme dhIme AvA grAmasamUhanA lokonI dvitIya kakSAnI ke jIvanane vizeSa saMskAranArI jarUriyAtonI kharIdI mATe ke svanirmita vadhArAnI khAdya-akhAdya cIjonA vecANa mATe nAnAM nagaro ke kasbA, khAsa vepArI nagaro, paradeza sAthe dariyAmArge mAlanI AyAta-nikAsano sAhasika udyama khilavanArAM baMdaro ityAdi paNa sAkAra thayAM. kauTilye temanA jamAnAnI paristhiti mujaba dasa gAma, baso gAma, cAraso gAma ane AThaso gAma vacce anukrame 'saMgrahaNa', 'khArvaTika', 'droNamukha' ane 'sthAnIya' evAM prakAranAmo dharAvatAM uccAvaca mathakonA nirmANanI noMdha lIdhI che. temAMnuM chellA prakAranuM nagara rAjadhAnI hoya tema jaNAya che. rAjadhAnImAM AkhA rASTranAM vahIvaTa, rakSaNa, vyavasAya-pravartana ane paripoSaNanuM saMkula taMtra goThavAtuM. tene kAraNe rAjadhAnI e koI paNa rASTranuM hRdaya banI rahetI. tethI ja zatrurAjA je-te rASTrane jItI levA rAjadhAnInI coTI pakaDIne tene ja kabaje karI le te paryApta thatuM. A kAraNe rAjadhAnInuM pAke pAye rakSaNa jarUrI banatAM tenI AsapAsa prAkRtika durga ke eka saMkula rUpe mAnava dvArA nirmita durga (naradurga - killo) racavAnI jogavAI thaI. ene kAraNe khuda rAjadhAnI mATe paNa 'durga' zabda pracalita banyo; eTaluM ja nahi, rAjyanAM anivArya sAta ghaTako paikI 'durga' eka ghaTaka banI rahyo. 11 manuSyajAtinA itihAsamAM prAthamika jJAna parathI paNa e jaNAya che ke vividha durlabha lAbho meLavavA mATe samAjamAM rahevAnuM to moTA bhAganA manuSyone pasaMda che, paNa te mATe bIjAnAM sukhano ke lAbhano paNa pUro khyAla rAkhIne svecchAe potAnA vartananuM niyamana karavA tatpara varga ghaNo ja nAno che. (eka saMskRta subhASita kahe che : "manuSyo dharmanuM phaLa icche che, paNa dharma AcaravAnuM icchatA nathI' dharmasya minti dharma neti mAnavA: !) hA, daMDanA pAkA bhayathI sIdho cAlanAro varga moTo che kharo ! to vaLI samAjane chUpI rIte pholI khAnAro varga (kauTilyokta gUjanIvina:) saMkhyAmAM vattoocho hoya to ye rAjyataMtranI UMgha harAma karI de teTalI kuTilatAne For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilIya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa kAraNe bahusaMkhyaka lAge tevo ane vaLI rASTrabharamAM phelAyelo jovA maLe che. to nAno paNa ati ugra vyavahAro AcaranAro eka varga to samAja sAme ughADe choge bahAravaTe caDhelo (trAsavAdI) hoya che. AmaprajAmAM anyonya pratye AcarAtA ne phariyAdI dvArA ja lakSamAM AvatA aparAdho bAbata jeTalI daMDazaktinI sAtatyayukta ane vyApaka jarUra che, tethI anekagaNI sajja, saMgaThita ane bahurUpI sAmarthyavALI daMDazaktinI jarUra atre cIMdhelA samAjazatruo mATe che. AvA aparAdhIo sAme to rAjayataMtre pUrepUrI jAtacokIdArIthI, dezadAjhathI, potAnI rAjayakartA tarIkenI lAyakAtane ane kartavyabhAvanAne puravAra karavA paNa nitya jAgRta ane sakriya rahevuM paDe che. prajAno to AmAM ADakataro sahakAra ja khapano gaNAya. A varga mATe prAcIna bhAratIya daMDanItimAM "kaMTaka' evuM upamAyukta nAma khUba vAjabI rIte ja apAyeluM che. Ama jo svarASTramAM ja TheraThera samAjavirodhI rASTrazatruo pratyenuM kaThora kartavya UbhuM thatuM hoya, to pachI rASTranI bahAranA vividha zatruonI to vAta ja zI ? vizeSa karIne to prajAne nAme rAjaya karanAra paDozI rAjAo ke tenA hAtha nIcenA uccatara maMtrI-Adi rAjapuruSo paikI koI ne koI, potAnI aMgata asAmAjika malina mahattvAkAMkSA, sattAlAlasA ke AsurI dhanalAlasAne vaza thaIne - arthAt rAja-kAraNa ke sattA-kAraNane vaza thaIne, paNa zuddha prajA-kAraNe to nahi ja - pote jamAvelAM vipula sattA-sAdhanono baLajarIpUrvaka durupayoga karIne, nizAna banAvelA paDozI rASTranAM taMtrone ane bhraSTa adhikArIone bahekAvI-lalacAvIne, te rASTra para khullA AkramaNa sahita sarva prakAranI zatrutA dAkhave che. AvA, kharekhara to mAnavIya saMskRtinA beThA zatrurUpa, paDakhenA Akramaka rASTra sAme potAnA rASTranuM - balka tattvata: mAnavIya sarvakalyANakara saMskRtinuM - rakSaNa karavAnI sauthI vadhu aTapaTI ane bahuvidha cirasaMcita sAmarthyanI apekSA rAkhatI, TALI na zakAya tevI javAbadArI naravA rAjyataMtra samakSa AvI paDe che. aneka rASTrorUpI rAjakIya ekamothI niraMtara bharelA vizALa mulkamAM AvI aNadhAryA vera ane sIdhA AkramaNanI saMbhAvanA nitya gAjatI rahe che. tethI paradezanIti e koI paNa daDhamUla rAjayanI daMDanItinuM sauthI mahattvanuM anivArya aMga banI rahe che. paradezanIti mATe koI kALe rUDha thayelo 'kAvAva' zabda khUba arthavAhI che. teno zabdArtha che 'vAvaNI'. to vividha pararASTromAM ati-vipula ane atisaMkula guptacara-jALa rUpe dhyAna, sAvadhAnI ane pratApanuM vAvetara karavAnuM hoya che - evo artha A zabdaprayoga parathI tAravI zakAya. upara varNavelAM vividha rAjakartavyo ekaMdare rASTranuM - balka vyApaka mAnava-samAjanuM ke sRSTinuM - saMskRti-rakSaka-aMga che, vizuddha dharmarUpa aMga che e vAta bhAratavarSamAM niraMtara vividha rIte vicAramAM ane AcAramAM ghUMTAtI rahI che. saphaLapaNe dharmarakSA karanArI cAturvaNya-vyavasthAnA bhAga tarIke ja rAjadharmanI vibhAvanA vikasita thayelI che. khAsa noMdhapAtra vAta e che ke rAjanItinI sarvAgI rUparekhA mukhyatve RSi-paraMparAnI sahaja nIpaja che. A vAta mahAbhArata-rAmAyaNa ane purANo tapAsatAM paNa vyApakapaNe dhyAnamAM Ave che. astra-zastravidyAmAM sudhdhAM agatya-Adi aneka RSionuM pradAna hatuM ! asala naravo kSatriya-varga prAyaH AvI sarvathA aMtaHsajaja RSiparaMparAne vaicArika rIte pramANIne tenA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha mArgadarzanane, potAnI AgavI pratibhA jALavIne paNa AcaraNamAM mUkato. rAja-darabAramAM paNa RSio uparAMta zreSTha jJAnI brAhmaNone, paMDitone AdarabharyuM kAyamI sthAna apAtuM. vRddha-sevana e rAjAnuM to nityanuM kartavya gaNAtuM. rAjA mATe khUba pracalita banelA 'go-brAhmaNa-pratipAlaka' birudamAM rAjA ane tenA taMtranI, samasta sajIva sRSTi ane narottamo (balke manuSyamAtra) pratyenI pUrNa pratibaddhatA sUcavAya che. rAjyanA hoddedAromAM 'purohita' (='AgaLa karAyelA' evA vedavid brAhmaNavizeSa)nuM mahimAyukta sthAna hatuM. purANomAM rAjAo dvArA RSio, purohito, brAhmaNo(jema ke khuda kauTilya !)nAM ghora apamAnanA kissAo paNa noMdhAyelA che ane temAM enAM ghora duSpariNAmo paNa batAvAyelAM che. eTaluM cokkasa ke ekaMdare A brahmaniSTha narottamonI rAjyataMtra pratye bedakhalI, aliptatA ane niHspRhatA rahetI. temanuM adoSa kartavya to rAjyakartAnA mAtra ataMraMga sAthI ane mArgadarzaka banI rahevAnuM hatuM. 'brahma-kSatra'no Avo atyaMta saMvAdI saMbaMdha ja prAyaH rAjAone manamAnyA rAjakarmathI aMtaraMgapaNe rokato. "satye sarva pratiSThitam" ("satyamAM sarvakAMI pratiSThA pAme che'") e nyAyanA pUrNa svIkAramAMthI ja sakalasatyagrAhI prajJA ke buddhine jIvanaracanAmAM TocanuM sthAna apAyuM. tethI bhagavadgItA paNa bhArapUrvaka kahe che; "buddhimAM zaraNa zodha" (yuddhau zaLamanvitjha). paramocca buddhinAM lakSaNo che : sarvagrAhitA, taTasthatA, samatva. eTale zarIrabaLanI mahattA sAthe tenI gaMbhIra maryAdAone paNa pArakhI laIne ene yogyatA mujabanuM sthAna ja apAyuM ane bahu ja lAkSaNika rIte kahevAyuM : "jenI buddhi, tenuM baLa" ("vuddhirya vataM tasya'"). gAMdhIjI ghUMTatA rahelA ke satyamAMthI ja ahiMsA phalita thAya che. tethI pUrNasatyagrAhI buddhi paNa ahiMsA tarapha laI jAya tema mAnavuM paDe. e dRSTie rAjadharmanI utpatti ke sthApanAnA saMjogo batAvatA eka paurANika zailInA vRttAMtamAM e vAta ghUMTAI che ke rAjA jevI koI hastInA abhAve mAnava-samUhamAM 'baLiyAnA be bhAga' e nyAya athavA to 'mAtmyanyAya' (moTuM mAchaluM nAnA mAchalAne gaLI jAya tevo saMdarbha) pravartato hato. e aTakAvavA ja rAjAnuM tenA sahAyaka taMtranA sahayogathI sadhAtuM Adhipatya brahmA (arthAt jaganniyantA) dvArA sthApavAmAM AvyuM. DArvina-pratipAdita saMgharSavAdathI viparIta evA samanvaya ane sahayoganA naisargika niyamanA puraskAra para saMskRtio cirakALa Take che. baLa e asala sAmarthyano eka saMbhavita prakAra kharo, paNa tenA racanAtmaka ke saMrakSaNalakSI upayoga thakI ja; nahitara gaLe ghaMTInuM paDa (dAkhalo : amerikA) ! bAkI 'nirvataje vatta rAma' e nyAye sthULa baLanI nyUnatA dharAvanArAmAM paNa anya aneka jIvanavidhAyaka durlabha sAmarthro hoI zake che. eTale saravALe sarvanA mahattama kalyANa mATe, baLa sAthe kaLa eTale ke UMDI manovaijJAnika sUjha ityAdi vadhu Tharela ane asa2kA2ka sAmarthyanA yogathI mAtmyanyAya aTakAvavo te ja sAphalyagAmI upAya che. AvI samajaNa upara rAjapadanI upayogitA ane cirapratiSThA nirbhara (AdhArita) che. e ja kAraNe bhAratIya rAjanItimAM sAma-Adi cAra upAyomAM daMDa'no agratAkrama chello che. ethI ja evI rAjanItimAM sarva varNanA sAmAnya lokanI racanAtmaka prakRti vipulapaNe khapanI banI rahe che. kSAtra pratibhAthI sadhAtI sarva jIvonI rakSAmAMthI ja sarvanI bahuvidha racanAtmaka zaktio sakriya banIne bahuvidha sthULa-sUkSma samRddhino rASTrasaMvardhaka ciraMtana rAzi sarje che; eTaluM ja nahi, enuM pIThabaLa mAnavajIvananA uccatama pAramArthika kalyANano mArga paNa sApha karI Ape che. AvuM rAjya jema sthULa 13 For Personal & Private Use Only

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14 koTilIya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa jaDa baLanA Adhipatyane aTakAve che, tema koI paNa jAtanI kaTTara manovRttine paNa jAmavA detuM nathI. tethI sarva dharmaparaMparA, sarva jAti, sarva bolI, sarva liMga ityAdinI nija-nija pratiSThA temAM sadhAya che. prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana-vyavasthAnA siddhAMtagraMtho jotAM ane dIrghakAlIna aitihAsika vastusthiti tapAsatAM, ekaMdare "ekarAjya'-paddhati cirapratiSThita rahI che. "ekarAjaya' eTale eka zAsakanA AdhipatyavALuM taMtra. vatteoche aMze ajamAvAyelA anya saMbhavita zAsanaprakAro paikI rAjaya" (ba vyaktinA saMyukta AdhipatyavALuM rAjaya), "vairAjaya' (ekAdhika zAsako dvArA zAsita rAjyataMtra - A kAM to umarAvazAhI hoya yA anya mate lokataMtra; prA. kaMgalenA mate videzI rAjAnuM zAsana), saMghataMtra ke gaNataMtra (prajApratinidhionuM ke umarAvonuM zAsana) ityAdinA ullekho maLe che. A badhAmAM prAcIna bhAratamAM samAjanI saMskAradazAnA anvaye "ekarAjaya'-paddhati (rAjAzAhI) paurANika-aitihAsika e baMne gALAmAM kAragara ane pratiSThita jaNAya che. ekaMdare enAthI samAja-rakSA, saMskRti-rakSA gaNanApAtra kakSAe dIrghakALa sudhI sadhAtI rahI. eTale prAcIna-bhAratIya rAjanItiviSayaka graMtho A rAjAzAhIne svIkArIne ja nirapavAdapaNe cAlyA. bhAratIya saMskRta-prAkRta-apabhraMza-sAMprata bhAratIya bhASAomAM racAyeluM lalita sAhitya paNa prANavAnuM rAja-pratibhAnAM vividha nidarzana rajU kare che. rAjanItiviSayaka prAcIna bhAratIya graMthonuM paMkhIdarzana karIe : dharmasUtro ane tajajanya dharmazAstra-graMthomAM mukhyatve sAmAjika-Arthika-vahIvaTI kAyadAo ane temane lagatuM daMDavidhAna ja prAdhAnya dharAve che. pAchaLathI rAjadharmanA vistaraNa sAthe arthataMtra, vahIvaTItaMtra, guptacarataMtra, karataMtra, paradezanIti, yuddhataMtra ityAdinAM nirUpaNa umarAtAM gayAM. dharmazAstragraMthomAMthI yAjJavalkaya, pArAzara, nArada, manu Adine nAme caDelAM smRtigraMtho Avazyaka saMkSepa ke vistArathI racAyA. te paikI suprasiddha "manusmRti'mAMnA sAtamA adhyAyamAM vistRta rIte rAjadharmanAM moTA bhAganAM aMgo nirUpAyAM che. "mahAbhAratamAM Ama to Thera-Thera rAjanItinI carcAo ke te aMgenAM dIrgha saMbhASaNo gUMthAyAM che. chatAM 'zAMtiparvamAM eka-so cALIsa adhyAyanuM sudIrgha "rAjadharmaparva' (peTAparva tarIke) alaga jovA maLe che. "manusmRti" ane "mahAbhArata'nA A bhAgo "arthazAstra'nI pachI prakSipta thayelA ane "arthazAstrano prabhAva jhIlanArA jaNAya che. kauTilya "arthazAstra potAnA viSayanA pUrvAcAryonAM prasthApita thayelAM moTA bhAganAM arthazAstronuM dohana karIne svapratibhA anusAra racyuM che tevuM teo pote ja graMthAraMbhe kahe che. A graMtha koI rAjAne upayogI bane te rIte pote racyo hovAnuM paNa kahyuM che. A graMtha enI prabhAvakatAne kAraNe kAmaMdaka, jainamunizrI somadevasUri ityAdi rAjanItiviSayaka uttaravartI graMthakartAo mATe AdhAragraMtha banyo che. mahAbhAratamAM mukhya kathAnakanA aMtaraMga bhAga tarIke ane aneka saMbaddha upAkhyAnonA sahaja aMza tarIke rAjanItinI ghaNI ja prauDha, maulika carcAo samAveza pAmI che. vAlmIkikRta 'rAmAyaNamAM paNa aneka prauDha rAjadharmacarcAo jovA maLe che. prAcIna purANomAM aneka rAjavRttAMtomAM ane svataMtra zAstrIya carcAo rUpe rAjadharmanI carcAo gUMthAyelI che. A badhI sAmagrI ThIka-ThIka aMze te-te graMthanA ke graMthAMzanA kALanI paristhitinuM pratibiMba pADatI paNa gaNI zakAya. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha kauTilya : upalabdha tathyo ane pratibhA-paricaya 'arthazAstra'mAM tenA kartAnuM nAma 'kauTilya' o. o. o0.mAM ApeluM che. graMthanA cheDe, vidvAno dvArA prAyaH prakSipta manAtA zlokamAM 'viSNugupta' nAma apAyuM che. 'arthazAstra'nI keTalIka dakSiNa bhAratanI hastapratomAM graMthakartAnuM nAma 'auTalya' evA AkAre maLe che. paraMtu moTA bhAganI paraMparAmAM 'kauTilya' nAma ja jovA maLe che. ethI ene svIkArI zakAya. kadAca 'kauTilya' zabdano mATho artha TALavA 'kauTalya' evI manamAnI sudhAraNA paNa thaI hoya. kadAca bhinna AkAranuM gotranAma paNa hoya. kauTilya mATe ja anya graMthomAM 'cANakya' ane 'viSNugupta' nAmo paNa maLe che. 'arthazAstra'nA adhyayana-saMzodhana-anuvAdamAM paMdara varSa gALanAra suvidvAn prA. Ara.pI. kaMgale ema tArave che ke 'viSNugupta' emanuM vizeSanAma che. jAmanvaya-nItisAramAM 'arthazAsrarUpI mahAsAgaramAMthI nItizAstrarUpI amRta tAravI lenAra' tarIke viSNugupta ullekhAyA che10. 'cANakya' e caLa ke bhin evA pitRnAma uparathI prayojAtuM nAma hovAnuM prA. kaMgale tArave che. jyAre 'kauTilya' e 'kuTila' gotra sUcavatuM vizeSaNa hovAnuM temanuM tAraNa che. Ama 'kuTilagotranA caNaka ke caNannA putra viSNugupta' evI emanI vyaktigata oLakhANa Thare. maisUranI 'arthazAstra'nI AvRttimAM vALayanItisUtra' nAme ATha adhyAyamAM kula 562 sUtra samAvato sUtrAtmaka graMtha chApavAmAM Avyo che. e uparAMta 'vALayanIti' nAme paNa aneka zlokono saMgraha maLe che. 'kauTilya' zabda viSNuguptanI kapaTaparAyaNatA (kuTilatA) sUcavavA vaparAtuM hulAmaNuM nAma ke vizeSaNa hovAnI vAta to adhikRta vartuLomAM nakArAI ja che. e mAtra lokastare haLavAzathI baMdha besADAyeluM arthaghaTana hovA saMbhava che. bAkI aneka vicitra lAgatI aTakonI jema 'kauTilya' zabda svIkArAya te iSTa jaNAya che. 15 'arthazAstra'nI pUrNAhutimAM - kharekhara, atyaMta suyogya tabakke ghaNuM mArmika, arthasabhara vidhAna padyarUpe karAyuM che, jenAthI suMdara zleSa dvArA graMthakAranI samagra pratibhAno - temanA laukika jIvanakAryano - pUro sAra sahRdayone haiye sthapAya che. e zloka11no artha Ama che : "jenA thakI zastra, zAstra ane naMda rAjAnA tAbAmAM gayelI bhUmi [e traNe ya], [vadhAre] sahana na thatAM, jhaDapathI 'uThAvAyAM' (udbhUtAni) teNe A zAstra racyuM che." - mULamAMnA uddhRtti padamAM rahelo zleSa zastra, zAstra ane bhUmi - e darekane anvaye judI arthachAyA dharAvato hovA chatAM e traNeno uddhAra kevo paraspara otaprota che te suMdara rIte sUcave che. e pratApI samayamAM brahmaniSTha brAhmaNo paNa prasaMgavizeSe nyAyasthApanA arthe zastra sudhdhAM vAparI jANatA te vAta AmAM kauTilyanA saMdarbhe kahevAI che jema mahAkavi bhAsanI pratijJAaudharAyaLa nATyakRtimAM amAtya yaugandharAyaNanA saMdarbhe. ahIM sUcavAtI zarIra, mana ane buddhinI samAna uccatA, samAna sajjatA ane samAna sAphalyazakti dvArA paripUrNa manuSyano jvalaMta Adarza rajU karAyo che. bhUmino uddhAra eTale bhUmi para vasatI rAjapIDita prajAnI mukti. naMdanuM lobhapradhAna atidUSita zAsana kauTilyathI sahI zakAyuM nahi; ethI ja dekhItI rIte to kuTila evA rAjanaitika ane abhicAravidyArUpa For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilIya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa upAyajALa dvArA, te zAsanane kALano saMketa darzAvIne prajAbhimukha suzAsana sthApavAno 'lokasaMgraha' kauTilye sAdhyo. zasrabaLa prayojatI vakhate tethI ya caDhiyAtuM prajJAbaLa vAparavuM paNa jarUrI hatuM. ATaluM paryApta na lAgatAM, mAnavajAta mATe koI cirasthAyI pradAna tejasvI vicAranuM ke sarvahitakara buddhiyoganuM pradAna - mUkI javA, uddhAraka rAjanIti bAbatanuM prabodhana eka zakavartI 'arthazAstra' graMtha dvArA karyuM. itihAsanA dUra-sudUranA gALAothI saMcita thatI AvelI nistejatA ane akarmaNyatAne kAraNe paraMparAgata daMDanItividyAnI ati durdazA pArakhIne, pUrI apramattatAthI kaThaNa parizrama aMgIkArIne, kahevAnI vAtamAM kazuM goLagoLa na hoya tevI nikhAlasatAvALuM tejasvI 'arthazAstra' racyuM - jevA hoya tevA pUrvenA tadviSayaka graMthone avagaNyA vinA, temane pUrA AtmasAt karIne. 16 ahIM bIjo eka dhvani paNa dhyAna-bahAra na javo joIe : 'jeNe potAnAM pagalAMthI ja agAu zAstrano paNa udghAra karI dIdho che, teNe te zAstrane mAtra graMthadeha ja atyAre Apyo' evo dhvani. 'zAstrano uddhAra karyo" e vidhAnano mULa artha e ke je-te prayogarUpI, eTale ke AcaraNarUpI vidyAne arthAt enA bhAgarUpa pravRttinA ke kriyAjALanA svarUpane avanatimAMthI bahAra AvyuM - te prayogAtmaka vidyA zobhe tevI UjaLI rIte teno sAcA nUtana AkAre amala karI batAvyo. koI paNa zAstra mULa to bodhAtmaka ane kriyAtmaka hoya che. je-te zAstrano buddhipUta nUtana bodha keLavIne teno amala samucita kriyA ke pagalAM dvArA karatAM jarUrI parivartano paNa mULa zAstra mATe sUcavavAM te ja kharo zAsrodvAra. AgalA graMtho karatAM sarvAMge vadhu tejasvI vicArasamRddhivALo graMtha racavAnuM kAma to e kriyAtmaka zAstrodvAra bAdanuM pUraka kArya che. Ane buddhiyoga, kriyAyoga ane vAgyoga e traNeyano e krame karAyelo sarvasamAvezaka pravRttiyoga kahevo ghaTe. vaLI AnI cAlanA maLI che amartta(puNyaprakopa)mAMthI. - kauTilya viSe paraMparAgata mukhya vigata ATalI maLe che. magadhamAMnA naMdavaMzanA dhananaMda rAjAnA darabAramAM vidvAn zrotriya (vedAnusArI) brAhmaNa tarIke temane sthAna maLeluM. koIka viziSTa saMjogomAM te rAjA kauTilya para krodhe bharAyA ane temaNe atyaMta uddhatAIthI temanI coTalI pakaDIne Asana parathI kheMcI kADhI temanuM ghora apamAna karyuM. kauTilye samagra vastusthitine pArakhIne koI ghAsanA eka gucchane dharatImAMthI kheMcI kADhe tema naMdavaMzane mULa sAthe pUrNapaNe ucchedavAnI tatkAla ugra pratijJA lIdhI. teo daMDanIti uparAMta tenA vikasita avatArarUpa arthazAstranA paNa marmajJa hatA, abhicAravidyA ane atharvavedanA jJAtA ane prayogavid paNa hatA ane vakhata Avye tene ajamAvavA jarUrI AtmabaLa paNa dharAvatA hatA. Ama to teo vizeSe sAmavedajJa hatA ane yajJAdi zrauta (vaidika) AcAramAM ja rata ('zrotriya' ) vedamarmajJa paNa hatA. potAnI ucca zIlasaMpattine kAraNe mAna-apamAnane sama karI jANanAra ane kAmAdi cha zatruone jItanAra paNa hatA. 'zamapradhAna tapodhanomAM gUDha dAhAtmaka teja hoya che' e prasiddha nyAya mujaba ja emano naMdavaMzI rAjAnA potAnI pratyenA udaMDa vyavahAra tarapha bina-aMgata rUpe puNyaprakopa jAgelo. emaNe e anvaye karelI pratijJA aMgata vera vALavAnI kriyA na hotAM, potAnI sakriya satyaniSThAmAMthI janmelI kartavya pratyenI dRDha pratibaddhatAnA ja udgArarUpa hatI. lobhanA vAjabI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM H rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha sImADAo sArI peThe vaTAvI cUkelA pUrA prajAbhakSaka rAjavaMzane ucchedavAno vidhidatta saMketa pArakhanAra rUDhimukta krAMtadraSTArUpe teo A prasaMge UpasI AvyA. tethI teo varNavyavasthAno Adara gItAnirdiSTa svarUpe karatA hoI samayadharma niHzaMka rIte joI zakyA. rAjya thoDA samaya mATe paNa rAjA vinAnuM hoya to mahAn anartho saMbhavI zake te teo barobara samajatA hatA. ema lAge che ke A ghaTanAthI ghaNA samaya agAu temaNe rAjabhavananI 'murA' nAmanI dAsInA eka putranI asAdhAraNa tejasvitA, prasaMge pArakhI lIdhI haze ane gItokta lokasaMgrahanI UMDI rucithI e bALakane keLavyuM paNa haze. enAmAM vinaya ane pratApa baMnenI asAdhAraNatA paNa potAnI jabarI koThAsUjhathI pArakhI lIdhI haze. A pUrvabhUmikA sAthe rAjadarabAramAMthI uparyukta ghaTanA banatAM emane naMdavaMzanA uccheda bAda magadhano navo nAtha ApI tene arAjakatAthI mukta rAkhavAno mArga paNa sApha-sApha dekhAyo haze. Ama pUrNa prazAzaktine ane pUrNa prANazaktine kAme lagADIne potAnI sarvAMgI pratibhA vaDe, jagatnA itihAsamAM paNa virala gaNI zakAya tevo prayoga kauTilye saphaLa rIte karyo. agAu sUcavyA mujaba jIvanavyApI sthira vedaniSThAne kAraNe kauTilya mATe rAjanIti ke amAtyakarma pasaMda karelo kAyamI vyavasAya nahoto; mAtra lokasaMgraha arthe sAva ja prAsaMgika rUpe aMgIkArAyeluM naimittika karma ja hatuM. niSThAe to teo nitya yajJarata dharmadarzI yAjJika hatA. 'mudrArAkSasa'mAM ApelA kauTilyanI kuTiranA varNanamAM, chApare sukAvA mUkelAM lAkaDAMno ullekha paNa A vAtanI puSTi kare che. "je puruSa kriyAvAnlR che, te ja vidvAn che" e nyAye temano paraMparAgata yajJadharma paNa, gItAe cIMdhelA svarUpanA arthAt lokaniSTha evA 'yajJArtha karma'mAM pariNata thaI zake tevo gatizIla, ane vaLI gItAe ja kahyA pramANe karmajanma baMdhanathI AtmAne bAMdhe nahi tevo arthAt cittalezarahita hato. 17 mudrArAkSasam nATaka tenA kartA vizAkhadattanI kauTilya viSenI jANakArI, kauTilyakRta 'arthazAstra'nA temanA UMDA abhyAsa ane kauTilIya pratibhAnI temanI sahRdaya sarvAMgI pichANanA AdhAre yojAyeluM jaNAya che; tethI kauTilyane samajavAmAM vizvasanIya AdhAra banI rahe tema che. vizAkhAdatta sAme kauTilya viSenAM ardha-aitihAsika, paurANika zailInA ke anuzrutirUpa carito hovAno pUro saMbhava che. bAkI A nATakamAM nirUpAyelA kauTilyanA samagra rAjanaitika upAyajALane jotAM, tema ja temAM AvatA aneka rAjanaitika pAribhASika zabdone jotAM, vizAkhadatte kareluM 'arthazAstra'nuM talasparzI adhyayana abhyAsIone satata pratIta thatuM rahe che. eTale kauTilyanI pratibhAne barobara AkAravA e nATakanA upayogI aMzo joIe. nATakamAM nirUpAyelA kauTilyanA samagra kAryakalApa bAbata eka to e tathya spaSTa thAya che ke rAjakAja te temano pasaMdagIno vyavasAya nathI, paNa kevaLa nirvyAja kartavyapUrti arthenuM naimittika karma ja che. temanI kuTiranuM nATakamAM ApeluM A varNana paNa e ja vAtane Teko Ape che ane agAu kahyA mujaba zrotriya brAhmaNa tarIkenI ja temanI jIvanacaryA sUcave che : "A che chANAM bhAMgavA mATeno nAno paththara. A che chAtroe ANelAM darbhonI jhUDI. sukAtAM iMdhaNothI chAparAnA namI gayelA cheDAvALuM zaraNa (AzrayasthAna, dhara) paNa jarjarita dIvAlovALuM che.12" A gharanA dIdAra joto kaMcukI (vRddha sevaka) For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa bolI UThe che : "vAha bhAI, zI che rAjAdhirAjanA maMtrInA gRhanI ronaka !" vaLI kahe che : "eTale pachI A maMtrIjI mahArAja caMdraguptane 'vRSala' (zUdra) evA varNavAcaka aDavA padathI ja sahajapaNe bolAvatA hoya emAM zI navAI ?" 18 kauTilyanA upalaka barachaTapaNA pAchaLa akabaMdha rahetI bharI-bharI guNajJatA ane vatsalatA temane naMdarAjAnA paNa 'rAkSasa' nAmanA vaphAdAra maMtrInA ucca guNonI sthira kadara karavA prere che. rAkSasanI, naMdarAjAonA nAza pachI paNa mAtra akabaMdha ja nahi rahelI, paNa svAmIkuLa-nikaMdananuM vera vALavA sudhdhAM pravRtta banelI vaphAdArI viSe paNa kauTilya pUrA mAhitagAra che. rAkSasa caMdraguptane padabhraSTa karIne, kaMI nahi to chevaTe anya vaMzanA paNa eka rAjaputrane magadhapati banAvavA vyUha race che ! A pAchaLanI vizuddha vaphAdArIne ane vaLI maMtrI tarIkenI rAkSasanI ucca dakSatAne paNa kauTilye barobara pichANI lIdhI che. eTale kauTilyanI pAkI icchA che ke rAkSasane tenA A tatkAlIna saMkula kAryakalApamAM, potAnI ajeya rAjanaitika vyUharacanAthI saMpUrNapaNe acUka niSphaLa karavo ane evI nAjuka paristhiti UbhI karavI ke chevaTe te caMdraguptanA ja amAtya tarIkenuM pada, potAnAM sahaja AbhijAtya ane sa2La-pariNAmitAthI potAnI prakhara virodhitAne paNa asAdhAraNa nirabhimAnapaNAthI pUrepUrI sameTI laIne, svIkAravA saMmata thaI jAya. kauTilye e pArakhI lIdhuM che ke jUnA svAmI pratyenI vaphAdArImAM paNa rAkSasa cheka ja mUDha ane akkaDa to nathI ja nathI. tethI ja kauTilya enI rAjAne sthAnacyuta karavAnI aTapaTI prAsaMgika vyUharacanAne, potAnI savAI caturAI ane dakSatAthI sAva niSphaLa karIne kharekhara to e ratnasamAna amAtyane jIvanamAM navI saphaLatA bakSavA mAge che. A be amAtyo paikI kauTilya nATyakriyAnA nAyaka jarUra che, paNa ekamAtra vijetA nathI ke nATakamAM nathI koI khalanAyaka; baMne vaccenI zatrutA paNa kartavyabhAvanAmAMthI janmelI 'dAnI duzmanAvaTa' che. ethI ja vizAkhadatta jevA kavivarane A pAtro ane emano kautukavardhaka kAryakalApa nATyakSama lAgyAM. rAkSasane Ama vaza karIne zatrurAjAnA amAtyapadamAM sthira karavo te enA eka bhavamAM bIjo bhava Ubho karavA jevuM kAThuM kAma che. adhyAtmavidyAmAM jene 'AtmavattA' kahe che, potAnA zarIrathI para evI AtmasvarUpatAnI anubhUti kahe che, temAMthI janmatI aneka lokottara zaktio vinA, AvuM, zatrunA manane jItavA sudhInuM aTapaTuM kAma pAra na ja paDe. potAnA jabarA AvezamAMthI bahAra na nIkaLe tevA lAgatA mANasane paNa, chevaTe to bhalabhalAne hoMze-hoMze namra banI rahevA prere tevA potAnA ucca hRdayabaLathI ja vaza karavAnuM bIDuM kauTilye jhaDapyuM hatuM. pote mAnelI pharajanA bhAgarUpe zatrutA AcarI rahelA mahAnubhAvane potAnI sAcI pharajanuM bhAna karAvI - potAnI maMtrI tarIkenI aneka racanAtmaka zaktionuM bhAna karAvI - naMdavaMzanikaMdananuM paNa laukika nyAyIpaNuM samajavAnI temanI taTastha buddhizakti jagADIne, Izvaradatta ekamAtra prajAkIya vaphAdArIne haiye sthApIne, kALadevatA dvArA vidhipUrvaka lokaniSTha rAjapade birAjelA navA rAjAnuM maMtrIpada svIkAravA rAjI karavAnuM mAthe levAmAM kauTilyanuM kevuM apUrva racanAtmaka manovijJAna ! ane prajAne uttama zAsana niraMtara maLatuM rahe e mATenI kevI diladAra jadojhada ! dekhItI rIte kapaTothI bharelA AvA aTapaTA rAjanItinA khela, kevA racanAtmaka hetuthI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluMH rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha 19 kauTilya khelelA, ane temanuM rAjanaitika ane jIvanalakSI vicArajagatuM kevuM lacIluM, pragatizIla ane udAra hatuM, tenuM vistRta nirUpaNa vizAkhadatte prayogavIro mATe karyuM che. "arthazAstramAM rAjanItinA vaktA tarIke UpasatA kauTilya tenI agAu racanAtmaka rAjanaitika khela khelIne rAjanItinA prayoktA tarIke prasiddha thayelA. "arthazAstra'mAM gaNAvAyelI rAjAe jANavI jarUrI cAra vidyAo paikInI "vArtA'-vidyA ane daMDanItividyA, rAjAe te baMne vidyAno prayoga karI cUkelA sunipuNa vaktA pAsethI (vastRprayojju pAsethI) zIkhavI - tevI pote ja kahelI vAta, kauTilya "arthazAstranA vaktA ane prayoktA ema baMne banI rahIne barobara pALI batAvI che ! kauTilyanI aMtaraMga namratA ane hRdayanI sahaja komaLatA nATakanA prathamAMkamAM ja ziSya pratyenI temanI nAnakaDI paNa nAjuka ukti parathI pragaTa thAya che. teo jyAre kArya-vyagratAnA mAryA ziSyane besavAnA Asana viSe AkaLA thaI pUche che, tyAre ziSya e khaMDamAM vetrAsana goThaveluM ja che te batAve che. te vakhate kauTilya potAnI adhIrAIthI nAnakaDo ziSya paNa ochuM ANe nahi, te mATe kahe che : "kAryavyagratA ja amane AkuLa banAve che, nahi ke sAmAnyataH upAdhyAyamAtramAM hAjara hoya evI tochaDAI.13" anya prasaMge jyAre rAjanaitika majabUrIne kAraNe koI nirdoSa sevakano (vairocakano) ya jAna levAnuM banyuM, tyAre te maranAra mATe "tapasvI' ('bicAro') zabda vAparavAmAM paNa emanA cittanI aMtaraMga komaLatA ane vyartha hiMsA bAbatanI nApasaMdagI vyakta thAya che. nATakanA trIjA aMkamAM caMdraguptano kauTilya mATeno bharyo-bharyo Adara khUba ghUMTavAmAM Avyo che. temanA pratApathI ja potAne akalpita rIte AvuM UMcuM rAjAdhirAjanuM pada maLyuM hovA chatAM, teo maMtrI tarIke ane guru tarIke potAnuM (= caMdraguptanuM) pUrepUruM gaurava jALavavA uparAMta potAnAmAM rAjapadane yogya AtmavizvAsa uttama rIte poSAya te mATe potAne nirNayasvAtaMtrya ane karmasvAtaMtrya paNa Ape che; mAtra bhUla thatI hoya tyAM ja roke che - ema caMdragupta kahe che. potAne saMbodhatAM kauTilya potAne potAnI hIna-jAtinA vAcaka aDavA (narmA) vRSala' zabdathI ja bolAve temAM paNa, potAnI koma pratye AtmIyabhAva anubhavatA (!) caMdraguptane saheja paNa apamAna nathI lAgatuM. potAnA A vatsala, uddhAraka vaDIla sAthe, emanI ja AjJAthI, jyAre rAjAne kalahanuM mAtra nATaka karavAnuM hoya che, tyAre paNa tene je khedano tIvra anubhava thAya che, te gurunI bharI-bharI mahAnubhAvatAno ja paDagho che. AvA mahAnubhAve potAnI pratApI prakRti mujaba vyavahAramAM sAce ja prayojelI ane potAnA graMtha dvArA prabodhelI, upalaka dRSTie kapaTajALa pradhAna lAgatI rAjanItine kAraNe teo kuTilamativALA hovAnI vAyakA vyApaka hatI. paNa kauTilyanuM aMtaraMga jANanAra tevuM mAne nahi ja. AthI vizAkhadatte nATakanA AraMbhe ('prastAvanA'-dazyamAM) kauTilyanA praveza vakhate ja A laukika chApa, sUtradhAranA mukhamAM temane mATe kuTinamatiH vizeSaNa vAparIne vyakta karI che. vaLI tyAM "koTilya' nAmanA uccAra sAthe ja naTI bhayano abhinaya kare che evI raMgasUcanA paNa ApI che. A badhuM nATyakAre mAtra pUrvapakSarUpe ja batAvyuM che. paNa AkhA nATaka daramiyAna kauTilyanI Rjumati ja kramaza: chatI karavAmAM AvI che; ane e ja sAcI samaja che, te temaNe racelA A graMthanA samatola adhyayanamAMthI tAravI zakAya che. kauTilya For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya arthazAstra dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa arthazAstramAM potAnA kSetranA pUrvAcAryonA atyaMta ghora ke kuTila mato, rAjanItinAM aneka muddA ke pAsAMnI carcA karatAM Dagale-pagale ApelA che, ane tenI sAme potAnA Tharela, mAnavatApoSaka mata tete sthaLe namrabhAve rajU karyA che. kauTilya, saravALe, buddhinuM zaraNa levAnI gItAnI vAtane niraMtara anusaratA hatA - e vAta bIjA vyAkhyAna vakhate vigate joIzuM. paNa vizAkhadatte ya A AMtarapravAhanI noMdha, jayAre ziSya caMdraguptanA pakSanA aneka sevako zatrupakSamAM cAlyA gayA hovAnA samAcAra lAvI-lAvIne potAnI AkuLatA batAve che, tyAre kauTilyanA mukhamAM mukAyelI A dhanya ukti dvArA barobara lIdhI che: "kAryanI siddhinI prakriyAmAM seMkaDo sainyothI ya adhika ane naMdone ukheDI pheMkavAmAM jenA sAmarthyano mahimA pratyakSa thayo che evI eka mArI buddhi jazo mA."14 kauTilya, ekaMdare vyavahAru AdarzajIvI hatA. potAnI ati gahana vAstavadarzitAne kAraNe, teo mAnavamananI, jhaTa pakaDavI kaThina evI jaTilatA ane tajanya prAsaMgika ghora kuTilatA paNa joI letA, ane jarUriyAtanA mApamAM niHzaMkapaNe AtmasaMrakSaka kuTila yukti-prayuktione nyApya ane anivArya mAnIne prayogamAM mUkatA. paNa prasaMge upekSAne paNa upAyarUpe aMgIkAravAmAM mAnatA. ekaMdare potAnA samaya sudhImAM vArasArUpe maLelI rAjanItine teoe AdarathI svIkArelI jarUra; paNa emanAmAM UMDe-UMDe dharma ane adhyAtma baMne pratyenI daDha niSThA paDelI hatI. ethI temaNe satyazodhaka vyakti mATe kAyamI vyavasAya tarIke (gAMdhIkuLanI jema) rAjanItikArya ayogya mAneluM. rAjanIti khelI jANIne paNa, rAjanItine dUra rahyAM-rahyAM asAdhAraNa cAritrabaLathI aMkuzamAM rAkhavAnuM ane vyavahAru svapnadraSTA tarIke samagra rAjanItinuM ke mAnavaprakRtinuM UrdhIkaraNa karavAnuM paNa tAkatA hovA joIe - e vAta ApaNe AgaLa upara "arthazAstranA parIkSaNa-prasaMge joIzuM. A rIte jotAM to kauTilyane kALabhede gAMdhI-vallabhakuLanA rAjapuruSa ke mahAmAnava mAnavAnuM nyApya lAge che.sAcA rAjapuruSanI saMkula lokakalyANakArI pratibhAno eka khUba agatyano aMza che AtmagauravasthApaka, satyasthApaka chatAM vaiSamukta evo pratApa ke "manyu' (puNyaprakopa) - je saravALe zatrune paNa pAvana karI sahune satyamAM pratiSThita kare che. gAMdhIjImAM paNa e pratApa ja dezakALAnurUpa abhinava svarUpe - zAMta paNa vijayI svarUpe - niravadhi kSamA ane premathI mizrita rUpe jovA maLe che. pazcimanA eNrisToTala, maeNkiyAvelI Adi rAjapuruSo sAthe tulanA karatAM paNa kauTilyamAM paramArthacijanya samatulA ane garimA (moTAI) caDhiyAtI ja jaNAI Ave. kauTilyanI viziSTa kuTira, vaLI jarUrI rAjanaitika parivartana potAnA jamAnAmAM zakya ane saravALe vAjabI Thare tevA upAyathI saphaLa rIte pAra pADIne chevaTe rAjakAja ane sattAthI para thaIne racanAtmaka rIte dhArmika-AdhyAtmika jIvana khilavavAnI utkaTa tamannA, ne tema chatAM pote ANelA parivartanane cirasthAyI banAvavA mATe ane rAjavaMzIya krAMtine lokamAnya ane lokahitakara mAnavIya svarUpanI banAvavA mATe jarUrI pUraka mahApuruSArtha paNa karavA bAbata dilacorI vinAno saphaLa udyama - AvA pAyAnA mudde kauTilyanuM gAMdhI sAthenuM sAmya khUba ja sUcaka ane bodhaka che. kauTilya e hetusara For Personal & Private Use Only

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yAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha mAdareluM rAkSasa-vazIkaraNa-karma ane gAMdhIe svarAjayanI ghaDIe aMgIkArelo noAkhalI-zAMtisthApanaruSArtha - baMne samAna rIte sattAmAMnarapekSa, svArtharahita ane kartavyanAM sthULa-sUkSma sarva aMgo bAbata ja jAgRta ane ughata jaNAya che. potAnA 'bhavya sAphalya'ne TANe abhinaMdanonI 'bhavya' kahevAtI jhaDIo jhIlavAnI sTeja paNa ruci bemAMthI ekeyane nathI ! baMnnemAM je bAhya phera che te te-te kALanI bhinna paristhiti, bhinna vaicArika utkrAMtine kAraNe che. paNa baMnenuM sattva samAna rIte pAramArthika, nirahaMkAra, zolAlasA vinAnuM, nirmohapaNe lokasaMgrahaparAyaNa jaNAya che. gAMdhIjIe AkhI svAtaMtrya-vIra kaoNMgresane mATe sattAthI aLagA rahevAnI pAkI samajaNa keLavIne saMkalpadaDhatA sAthe lokasevakasaMgharUpe parivartita thavAnI sonerI bhalAmaNa, potAnI hatyAnA divase ja, asaMdigdhapaNe likhita svarUpe taiyAra karI hatI. zrIkRSNa paNa A ja paMthanA pravAsI rAjA na banatAM rAjasthApaka (Kingmaker), rAjaniyAmaka ane sa2vALe lokasaMgraharata ja banI rahevAmAM kharI kartavyapUrti ane dhanyatA samajanAra ! - kauTilya viSe ATalI pAyAnI jANakArI ane samajaNa sAthe temanA graMthano prAthamika paricaya meLavavAthI tenuM ApaNe nirdhAreluM dvamukhI pa2IkSaNa sa2La, arthapUrNa ane AtmavikAsasAdhaka banI raheze. 21 kauTilIya arthazAstra' : paricaya game te kAraNothI vacagALAmAM adazya thayelo A graMtha Adhunika samayamAM I.sa.1909mAM zrI khAra. zAmazAstrI dvArA zodhAIne prakAzita karAyo, tyArathI bhAratamAM ane paradezamAM enI AsapAsa aneka abhyAso thaI rahyA che ane prakAzita paNa thaI rahyA che. zIrSaka : A graMthanuM 'arthazAstra' evuM nAmAMkana, te zabdanA, jIvana-saMdarbha gumAvI cUkelA AjanA pracalita kharthathI svarUpataH bhinna, tenAthI vadhu vyApaka kSetra ane aneka anubaMdho dharAvanAruM ane manuSyakendrI che. bemAMno artha zabda, mULamAM to 'tri-varga' (traNanuM jUtha) kahevAtA traNa laukika puruSArtho - dharma, artha, kAma paikInA 'artha'-puruSArthanA arthamAM che; te puruSArthanI siddhi mATenuM zAstra te 'arthazAstra'. paraMtu zabdone nUtana racanAtmaka rIte prayojI jANanAra kauTilye A zAsranAmane viziSTa rIte samajAvIne e dvArA artha-puruSArtha sAthe gADha saMbaMdha dharAvatuM enuM cokkasa ane kAryasAdhaka evuM laukika kAryakSetra paNa tAravI ApyuM che. (kAvyazAstranI paribhASAmAM kahIe to temaNe ahIM 'artha' zabdane kAraNamAM kArya jotI 'lakSaNA' nAmanI zabdazaktithI ghaTAvyo che.) artha zabdano prAthamika artha (-RRti - e 'javuM' arthanA dhAtune AdhAre) 'indriyo jenI pAse pahoMce che te' eTale ke indriyagrAhya vastuo - evo thAya. paraMtu artha (arthayate icchavuM, mAgavuM) dhAtu parathI banelo anya gartha zabda, jenAthI nirvAha thaI zake tevI vastuo mATe vaparAya che; ahIM e prastuta che. te dRSTie kauTilye vadhu cokkasa artha ApavA mATe artha zabdano artha 'gujarAna calAvatI vastuo'ne For Personal & Private Use Only

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22 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa badale "gujarAna (vRtti) evo - tevA laukika bhASAprayogane AdhAre - karyo. (ApaNo dezI chavAI zabda jema gujarAna, gujarAnanAM sAdhano ke te kharIdI zakAya tevuM rokaDa nANuM - evA sTeja bhinna-bhinna artho saMdarbhabhede dharAve che tema "artha zabdanA paNa AvA bhinnabhinna artho saMdarbha pramANe samajavAnI sahaja sUjha manuSya dharAve che.) paNa artha' zabdanA mULa arthamAMthI sthaLa-kALa-vyaktibhede navA-navA artha prayojavAnI manuSyanI tAsIra pramANe ahIM kartha zabdanA traNa ukta artho : (1) indriyagrAhya vastuo, (2) gujarAna nabhAvatI vastuo, ane (3) evI vastuonA phaLarUpa gujarAna-kriyA pote - uparAMta paNa eka cotho ne chello artha paNa kauTilya tArave che; te artha che e gujarAna mATe khapanI cIjo jemAMthI pedA thaI zake tevI "manuSyothI bharelI bhUmi' (manuSyavatI bhUmi:). (e na bhulAya ke vikasita bhASAmAM eka zabdanA mULa arthamAMthI AvA navA-navA lakSyArthI, sthaLa-kALa-manuSyaprakRtinA bhede sahajapaNe vikasatA ane samajAtA rahe che. kauTilya AvA chevaTanA arthanI tAravaNI sahaja bhASAzaktine AdhAre ja karI che.) jIvanopayogI badhI cIjo chevaTe dharatImAMthI maLe che kharI; paNa badhI cIjo emanema maLatI nathI; moTA bhAganI cIjo to manuSyanI jJAnapUrNa kriyAnA pariNAme ja maLe che. AthI kauTilya ahIM artha eTale "manuSyovALI bhUmi' evo khUba prastuta artha A zAstranAmanA saMdarbhe batAvyo che. AvI bhUmi ja mANasane joItI pAyAnI vastu che - vastuonuM akSayapAtra che. eTale ja AcArya vinobAe saunA bhUmi paranA samAna hakanI sthApanAne AkhI mAnavajAtanI kAyamI ane sArvatrika daDha sukhazAMti ane nityanUtana samRddhi arthe gurucAvI (master-key) rUpa upAya kahyo. vaLI A prasaMge saMskRtamAM sAkAra thayelo eka khAsa dharatIvAcaka zabda paNa ullekhavA yogya che: vasuMdharA zabda (vasun - dhanane, dharI - dhAraNa karanArI). e ja arthamAM vasudhA zabda paNa che. e paNa noMdhIe ke A baMne zabdo "dhana dhAraNa karanArI' evo artha Ape che; nahi ke "dhana denArI' evo artha ! pAkI mAtA saMtAnonI parIkSA karavA dhana saMtADIne rAkhe che ! eTale evI dharatI dhana denArI bane te mATe Avazyaka che manuSyo ane temano khaMtIlo puruSArtha. A AkhI vAta saMskRtamAM pracalita be parasparapUraka uktio dvArA sarasa rIte kahevAI che : (1) "vasuMdharA puSkaLa ratno(eTale ke zreSTha vastuo)vALI che" (vaduranA vasuMdharA). (2) "vasuMdharA vIro vaDe ja bhogavavA yogya bane che" (vIramAyA vasuMdharA), (ahIM 'vIra' zabdano artha mAtra yuddhakuzaLa yoddho' ja na karatAM "jIvanapoSaka karmono utsAhI manuSya" evo karavo.) 'martha' zabdanA A artha dvArA kauTilya ghaNI mArmika vAta karI dIdhI che. emAM sRSTi ane mAnava ubhayanuM samAna gaurava karIne baMnenA tAlabaddha, vidhisaranA sahayogane jIvanasamRddhinuM mULa batAvyuM che. A dRSTie zrI TI. gaNapatizAstrInI AkhA arthazAstra paranI TIkAnuM 'zrImUnam' ('lakSmInuM mULa') evuM nAma kauTilyanA graMthanAmanA marmanuM pragaTana suMdara rIte kare che. kauTilyakRta A zAstranAma dvArA "dharatI paranA manuSyonI barobara khilavaTa thavI joIe" - e sauthI pAyAnI sAMskRtika vAta paNa, tenAthI maLanArAM bhautika suphaLa pratyenA iMgita sAthe, sarasa rIte kahevAI jAya che, kAraNa ke pUratuM poSaNa-zikSaNa na pAmelA manuSyovALI bhUmi nirvAhanAM pUratAM sAdhanovALI na banI zake. (atre smaraNIya che bhAratasarakAre zikSaNa mATe chellAM keTalAMka varSothI pracalita kareluM lAMbuM paNa khUba arthavAhI evuM mAnavasaMsAdhana-vikAsa" [aMgrejImAM Human Resource Development - HRD] nAma to kharekhara For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM H rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha suMdara che, paNa keLavaNInI gati e uccatara dizAmAM karAI rahI che ke bhayAnaka adhogatinI dizAmAM ?) jema "dhArmiko vinA dharma nahi" (na dharmo dhArmivaivinA ) tema bhUmi-samRddhinA sAthamAM dhiMgI banI rahetI prajA vinA rASTra adhogAmI ja bane emAM zaka nathI. vyAkaraNa dvArA manuSyavatI zabda-prayoga tapAsatAM paNa A ja vAta phalita thaze. vat (strIliMgamAM vatI) pratyaya 'prAzastya' (uttamatA) sUcavavA paNa vaparAto hoya che je zabdane te pratyaya lagADo te zabdathI sUcavAtI vastunI uttamatA; dA.ta. dhanavat eTale puSkaLa ke uttama dhana dharAvanAra. te ja rIte manuSyavatI eTale 'jemAM puSTa ane dhiMgA evA uttama manuSyo che tevI' - evo artha thAya. - A prayogamAMthI bIjo bodhaka artha e paNa nIkaLe che ke manuSyanA nityanA jAgRta ane dakSatApUrNa puruSArtha vinA dharatImAM chupAyelI, evI lakSmI ke samRddhi ke je mAnava ane anya jIvonA nityanA jIvanane pratiSThita karanArI hoya, te pragaTa thatI nathI. vipula sRSTi-avalokana, sRSTi-niyamo samajavAnI vedhaka koThAsUjha, jJAta sRSTinI vivekI khilavaTa, khilavelI sRSTinuM mApasaranuM - sRSTi khame ane kSINa na thAya teTaluM - dohana, prApta prAkRtika dravyonuM, zakya hoya teTalA pramANamAM temanuM mULa svarUpa jALavIne sevana, anya prAkRtika dravyo 52 jarUra pramANenI laghutama prakriyA karIne jIvanopayogI svarUpe rUpAMtara ane evI upayogI cIjonuM sarvalokavyApI vitaraNa - AvAM asaMkhya kAmo nipuNa manuSyavyApAranI rAha jue che. emAM ekeeka parivAranI uccAvaca dakSatAvALI vyaktine anurUpa kAryavidhimAM parivAranirvAhakSama rojagArI maLavI ghaTe; eTale ke dharatInAM kula kSamatAyukta naranArIonI (ane kAryakSama pazuonI) sAmUhika zramazaktithI upayogI cIjonuM nirmANa (production by masses) thavuM joIe - e paNa atyaMta mahattvanI pAyAnI vAta dhvanita thAya che. Ama manuSyavatI prayoga dvArA 'sarvakoI manuSya bhUmi paranI ArAdhya vibhUti che' e mUlyavAn vAta paNa kahevAI che. koIne AmAM thayelI anya jIvo - pazu, paMkhI, jaLacaro Adi - nI bAdabAkI kadAca khUMce to enuM vAjabI samAdhAna e che ke ahIM manuSyano ullekha vastuonA mukhya nirmAtA rUpe samajavo ghaTe, ekamAtra nirmAtA ane upabhoktA tarIke nahi. upabhoga to svastha manuSya yathAzakti potAnI priya zeSa jIvasRSTimAM vaheMcIne ja ka2ze e vAta gRhIta samajavI. vaLI A zabdaprayogathI suzikSaNa dvArA manuSyanA kauzalonI vyApaka khilavaTanI AvazyakatAnI vAta paNa sUcavAya che. 23 Ama kauTilye Apelo Jartha zabdanA kharekharA hArdane khulluM pADato viziSTa artha jANyA pachI 'UrthazAstra' zIrSakano temaNe Apelo artha joIe. : Jartha eTale manuSyavastIvALI bhUmi; tenA lAbha eTale ke bhogavaTA ke adhikAranA ane tenA pAlana arthAt rakSaNa ane poSaNanA upAyarUpa zAstra te arthazAstra. A arthaghaTana paNa A suvidvAnnI Tharela samajaNanuM pratibiMba pADe che. AmAM 'arthazAstra' bhUmi sAthe saMbaMdhita be puruSArthonA upAyonuM ciMtana kare che - ema kahevAyuM che. bhUmino Ama eTale te parano mAlikI-haka ke te para zAsana karavAno haka. e kAMI anyanI jamIna mAtra haDapa karI levAthI sthAyI rUpe maLato nathI, paraMtu rAjyakartAnA guNasamUha para AdhArita pratApa ane AjJA-sthApana-zakti dvArA sAMpaDe che. Ama ahIM tAma zabda sAmarthyajanita adhikAra ke vizuddha kartavyapUrtinA sAdhanarUpa adhikAra - evo gauravapUrNa artha dharAve - For Personal & Private Use Only

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24 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa che. pAnana zabda be paraspara-pUraka kartavyo sUcave che: rakSaNa ane poSaNa -AMtarika (rASTranI aMdaranA) ane bAhya (rASTranI bahAranA) zatruo ke prAkRtika prakopomAMthI rakSaNa ane jIvanopayogI cIjonA vyApaka ane niraMtara utpAdana dvArA sarva prajAsamUhonuM sarvAgI poSaNa. Ama mAtra be ja vAkyo dvArA arthazAstra zabdanI je samajUtI kauTilya graMthanA cheka chellA (!) adhikaraNamAM ja ApI che, te dvArA rAjanItizAstra kevI Avazyaka saMskRti poSaka sAmAjika vidyA che te vAta khUba coTadAra rIte, bodhaka rIte kahevAI che. zAstra e sarvanuM kharuM locana che" e vAtanI sArthakatA AvA jIvanamarmagrAhI zAstrakAronA buddhigrAhya ane hRdayagrAhya zAstropadezamAM karelA manabhara snAnathI jarUra samajAze. A zIrSaka aMge eka jANavA-samajavA jevI vAta e paNa che ke rAjanItividyA mATenuM, kauTilyanA graMtha pUrvenuM paraMparAgata nAma to inIti hovAnuM, "arthazAstra' 1.ramAMnI cAra vidyA-prakAranI carcAnA anvaye, adhyAyanA AraMbhe ja jANavA maLe che. te zabdanI dvi-arthI vyutpatti paNa kauTilya anyatra ApI che. te paraMparAgata zIrSakanuM khaMDana karyA vinA A adhyAyanI agAu graMthAraMbhe ja kauTilya A zAstrane arthazAstra nAma Ape che. pUrvAcAryonA A viSaya aMgenA graMthono paNa teo, saMbhavataH potAnI pasaMdagIne anusarIne "arthazAstro' tarIke ullekha che. kauTilyanI pachInA A vidyAnA graMthonAM nAma, saMbhavataH e jUnA "daMDanIti' zabdanA TUMkA rUpa tarIke nIti' zabda ja samAve che ! dA.ta. nItisAra, nItivAvAmRta, -nIti ityAdi. (AvI kaMIka vilakSaNa vastusthitinuM kAraNa UMDI tapAsa jarUra mAge che.) majAnI vAta e che ke kauTilya A AkhA graMthanI viSayagoThavaNI dvArA ja samajadArone ADakatarI rIte e batAvI Ape che ke pote A zAstrane arthazAstra' kema kahe che. kadAca ethI ja pote graMthanA pahelA ja adhyAyamAM pADelA A navA zAstranAmanI viziSTa samajUtI to AkhA ye graMthanA cheka chellA adhyAyamAM ApI che ! e samajUtI sAva TUMkI paNa mArmika hovAthI, enA dvArA "arthazAstra' zIrSaka rAjanIti tarapha jovAnI kevI krAMtikArI - vadhu susaMgata, vadhu mAnavIya - dRSTinuM sUcaka che e vAta, upara e zIrSakanI kauTilya ApelI samajUtInuM je vizleSaNa karyuM che tenAthI paNa spaSTa thAya ema che. paraMparAgata zIrSakanA khaMDana vinA, khUba namra ane saumya rIte kauTilya jANe zIrSakathI ja A zAstranA nUtana avatAranAM maMDANa karyA che ! A zIrSakanuM ja pratibiMba graMthanI viSayagoThavaNImAM kaI rIte paDe che te hamaNAM ja ApaNe joIzuM. te pahelAM paraMparAgata inIti zIrSakanuM mahattva paNa samajI laIe. tenI kauTilyokta be samajUtI dvArA tenAM be mahattvanAM pAsAM ke lakSaNa spaSTa thAya che : (1) je daMDane doravaNI Ape, eTale ke zAsake prayojavAnI daMDazaktinuM vividha mudde sAcuM, samatola ke cirasthAyI sAphalya ApanAruM svarUpa batAve tevuM zAstra ('doravavuM arthanAM nI dhAtu parathI nIti zabda "doravaNI' arthamAM; tuM nati ti), (2) je daMDathI doravAya ke niyamana pAme tevuM zAstra, arthAt je zAstranA ghaTakarUpa niyamo daMDazaktithI aMkuzita thAya ke doravAya tevuM zAstra (blena nIyate rUtti). hakIkate paNa rAjanItividyAmAM uparanI be ya vyutpatti pramANenI baMne lAkSaNikatAo hoya che; eTale ke emAM rAjAe daMDazakti kevA vivekathI vAparavI enI vistRta ne sarvAgI carcA paNa hoya che ane emAMnAM badhAM taMtronA vyavahAro je cokkasa daMDazaktithI aMkuzita thaIne ja cAle che, tenI paNa carcA che. prathama vyutpatti svayaM daMDazakti kevI aMkuzita For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluMH rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha ke mAnavocita hoya te para bhAra mUke che, bIjI vyutpatti zAsananAM sarva taMtronA kSamatAyukta ke saphaLa kArobAra mATe daMDazaktinA pramAdarahita upayoganI AvazyakatA para bhAra mUke che. A baMne vyutpattiono samanvaya bhAratIya rAjanIti kevo taTastha ane samatola bauddhika abhigama jALavI mAnavIya banI rahe che te vAta spaSTa kare che. daMDanIti' nAma mULamAM to te tabakke paDeluM jaNAya che, jayAre rAjayanuM mukhya kAma sajAo dvArA samAjanA vividha aparAdhonuM niyamana karavAnuM rahetuM. emAM krAMti ANIne kauTilya vyakti ane samAjanI samagra arthotpAdana-pravRtti poSAya tevI rIte rASTrapradezano bAdhArahita bhogavaTo eTale ke svAyatta vahIvaTa karavA dvArA samAjanuM pAlana" (rakSaNa + poSaNa e baMne pAsAMnuM baneluM) karavuM tene samagra rAjakartavya tarIke oLakhAvyuM. rAjAe ke tenA taMtre vyakti ane samAjanA sarvAgI bhautika vikAsa mATe ane tenA pAyArUpa sarvAgI suvidhAmALakhA (infrastructure) mATe jarUrI Arthika jogavAIonuM netRtva karavAnuM apekSita che. Ama rAjanItimAM kauTilya svarASTranI taLa prajAonA anya sarva prakAranA sAmAjika, naitika, sAMskRtika, AdhyAtmika) vikAsanA pAyArUpa vistRta ane bhAtIgaLa evA Arthika upArjananA udyamarUpa svadezanItinuM prAdhAnya sthApIne rAjanItine racanAtmaka, zAMta ane mAnavakendrI banAvavAnI dizA cIMdhI che. A muddAnI vizeSa carcA trIjA vyAkhyAna vakhate karIzuM. graMthano viSayakrama : zIrSakanI ATalI carcA pachI A graMthanA viSayakrama pAchaLanI dRSTi samajIne te krama manamAM barobara goThavI laIe. prathama keTalIka sthULa vigato noMdhIe. graMthamAM mukhya ghaTaka (vibhAgo) tarIke 15 adhikaraNo che. dareka adhikaraNa prakaraNo dharAvatAM adhyAyomAM vaheMcAyeluM che. dareka adhyAyamAM eka ke vadhu prakaraNa" samAvAyA che, to keTalIka vAra eka ja prakaraNa ekathI vadhu adhyAyomAM patharAyeluM hoya che. A rIte graMthanA kula adhyAyo 150ane prakaraNo 180 che. 'arthazAstra'nA prathama adhyAyamAM sUtra kra. 7.2.18mAM graMthano vistAra - gadya-padya maLIne - "cha hajAra zloka-parimANa' batAvAyo che. agAu ullekhyA pramANe graMthanA aMtima - saMbhavataH prakSipta - zlokamAM jaNAvyA pramANe kauTilya jAte ja sUtro ane te paranuM bhASya - ema ubhaya svarUpano graMtha racyo. paraMtu kharekhara graMthamAM "sUtra' zabdanA mULa artha pramANenAM kharAM lakSaNo dharAvatAM sUtronI racanA nathI. dareka adhyAyamAM mukhyapaNe TUMkA vAkyo dharAvatuM saraLa gadya ane moTe bhAge adhyAyane cheDe prAsaMgika pado maLe che. AmAM sUtra ane bhAgya evA bhinna bhAgo jovAne avakAza ja nathI. dareka prakaraNanA nAmane sUtra gaNavAnuM koIke kareluM sUcana to sAva ja bAliza gaNAya. graMthamAMnAM kula padyo 380 che. AmAMnAM aneka, anya graMthomAMthI lIdhelAM hovAnuM judI-judI rIte spaSTa thAya che. to vaLI keTalAMya padyo kauTilya pote racelAM hovAnuM paNa samajAya che. graMthanuM kada cha-hajAra zlokaparimANa (zloka = anurupa chaMdanA 32 akSara) hovAnI vAtamAM paNa kaMIka cUka jaNAya che. gaghAtmaka ke gadyapadyAtmaka graMthone zloka-parimANamAM batAvavAnI prAcIna-bhAratIya For Personal & Private Use Only

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26 kauTilya "arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa praNAlI mujaba gaNIe to hAlanuM "arthazAstra 4800 zlokamApa jeTaluM ja che. Ama graMthamAM nirdiSTa parimANanA pAMcamA bhAga (1200 zlokaparimANa) jeTalI sAmagrI hAlanA "arthazAstra'mAM ochI jovA maLe che. tethI uparyukta graMthagata vidhAna prakSipta hovAnI zaMkA paNa karAya che. paNa e noMdhavuM joIe ke arthazAstranI pATaNanI eka khUba prAcIna hastapratamAM paNa A vAkya maLe che. vaLI daMDIkRta zakumAraritA e gadyakathAmAM "AcArya viSNugupta atyAre maurya mATe Ane (daMDanItine) cha hajAra zlokarUpe saMkSepamAM kahI che"15 evo ullekha kathAnA AThamA uvAsamAM maLe che. eTale samasyA gUMcavAya che. daMDanIti-vidyA taMtra ane mAvA tarIke oLakhAtA be mukhya vibhAgo dharAve che evuM somadevasUrinA nItivIvAmRtam graMthamAM rU0.14-vadda e traNa sUtromAM thaIne batAvyuM che. tatra eTale potAnA rASTranA pAlana mATenI vyavasthA ane bAvA eTale vAvaNI - anya rASTro upara kAbU rAkhavAnA ane jeno zAsaka nabaLo hoya tevA rASTrane potAnA tAbAmAM laIne potAnA suzAsana nIce lAvavAnA puruSArtharUpa vAvaNI. arthazAstranI viSaya-goThavaNI, A be zabdonA upayoga vagara paNa, AvA vibhAga pramANe ja thaI che. adhikaraNa kra. 1thI 5mAM svadezanItinAM badhAM pAsAM Ave che, adhi.kra. 6thI 13mAM paradezanItinAM vividha pAsAMnI vicAraNA che ane adhi. kra. 14, 15mAM pariziSTarUpa sAmagrI che. AmAM dekhItI rIte svadezanItinAM pAMca ane paradezanItinAM ATha adhikaraNo hovA chatAM graMthaparimANanI rIte svadezanItinI ane paradezanItinI sAmagrI anukrame 58% ane 42% najIkanI gaNI zakAya. prathama vibhAganA 96 adhyAya che, bIjA vibhAganAM 49 ane pariziSTa-vibhAganA pAMca adhyAya. A rIte AkhA graMthanA kula 150 adhyAya thAya che. A prAthamika pRthakkaraNa eTaluM batAve che ke svadezanItinI vicAraNA ja kauTilyane mana khUba mAvajata mAge che. emAM paNa emaNe 36 adhyAyonA sauthI vistRta bIjA adhikaraNamAM rASTranAM sarva kSetrone daDha karanArI arthotpAdanapravRttinI talasparzI vicAraNA rajU karI che. A rIte arthazAstra' zIrSakane paNa sArthaka karI batAvyuM jaNAya che. svadezanItinAM pAMca adhikaraNo paikI prathama vinayathAram adhikaraNamAM rAjA uparAMta amAtya, maMtrI, purohita, rAjadUta, guptacarataMtra jevA rAjakAjanA pAyAnA kAryakaronI potapotAnI lAyakAto ane emaNe kAryanI bajavaNI daramiyAna niyamanakAryomAM batAvavAnI dakSatAnI vAta mukhya rUpe che. uparAMta sAmAnya prajAnI vaphAdArInI tapAsa, anya rASTronI prajAnAM binavaphAdAra tattvono potAnA rAjakIya hetuonI siddhi mATe saMgraha, rAjayanA vividha hoddedAronuM vividha yogyatAonAM pAsAMo paratve gupta parIkSaNa, rAjAe rAjaputrathI, rANIvAsathI, mahelamAMnAM anya aniSTa tattvothI karavAnuM AtmarakSaNa - evA sva-para-niyamana(vinaya)saMbaMdhI muddAonI anubhavAzrita carcAo che. 3madhyakSayvAra: nAmanuM 36 adhyAyanuM bIjuM adhikaraNa, hamaNAM kahyuM tema, graMthanuM sauthI vistRta adhikaraNa che. rAjAnI samasta rAjanIti ke daMDanItinI saphaLatAno mApadaMDa ke tenuM TocanuM dhyeya che nipuNa arthanIti thakI vyaktimAtranI ane saravALe samasta rASTranI sarva prakAranI jIvanapoSaka ane yuddhakALamAM paNa aDIkhama pIThabaLa pUruM pADanArI cIjonAM nirmANa, parirakSaNa ane vitaraNa. AvA vivAdAtIta uttama dhyeyane AkAra ApatI, rAjayataMtra ane prajAsamUho e ubhaya dvArA sAkAra thatI nirmANa pravRttinAM - For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM H rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha bhUmidatta aneka cIjonI mAnavIya khilavaTanAM - aneka kSetronuM anubhava-samRddhithI bharapUra evuM nirUpaNa A adhikaraNamAM AkAra pAmyuM che. Aje jema rASTrapoSaka pAyAnI pravRttinAM nigamo, saMsthAno (kamizana, kaoNrporezana) racAya che ane tenA alaga-alaga niyAmaka nimAya che, tema te vakhate paNa vividhakAryakSetrIya adhyakSo nimAtA. adhyakSapravAra zIrSakano artha che AvA vividha adhyakSonAM kAryakSetra(pravAra)nuM nirUpaNa. AgaLa kahyA mujaba kauTilye A zAstrane ApelA 'arthazAstra' nAmano kevo akhUTa mahimA che te A adhikaraNathI sArI peThe samajAya che. kAlidAse rAjA mATe raghuvaMzamAM eka sthAne arthapati: paryAya vAparyo che emAM paNa A ja vastusthitinuM pratibiMba paDe che. AmAM arthapravRttino sudRDha ane chidrarahita pAyo racavA mATe keTalIka agatyanI ArthikasaMgaThanalakSI kAmagIrIo rAjyataMtra dvArA sIdhA niyukta karAyelA rASTrIya staranA ucca adhikArIo ane temanI viziSTa kAryakSetra dvArA nipuNa rIte siddha karAya che. sannidhAtA, samAhartA, akSapaTala nAme rASTrIya hisAba tema ja hisAba-tapAsa (audit) mATenA kAryAlayanA niyAmaka, paNyAdhyakSa (puravaThAmukhyAdhikA2I), mApatola-mukhyAdhikArI, mudrA eTale ke oLakhapatro (sthAnika 'pAsaporTa') ApanAra uparI ('mudrAdhyakSa'), zulkAdhyakSa (vepArI mArge mAla-parivahanano kara ugharAvanAra niyAmaka) jevA aneka adhikArIo rASTranI mukhyatve Arthika pravRttinuM nyAyI vyavasthApana kare che. rAjyanI kozanI samRddhi arthe suvarNAdhyakSa ane parIkSaNapUrvaka ratnasaMgraha karanAra uparI, upayogI ane kImatI khanIjadravyonI khANonAM sthApana-niyamana karanAra AkarAdhyakSa, jaMgala-pedAzonuM vyavasthApana karanAra 'kuppAdhyakSa', khetI-pazupAlana-vastranirmANa-gocarakSetra(vIvIta)nA alaga-alaga adhyakSo, jaLamArge Avana-jAvana mATe nAvadhyakSa, uparAMta prajA-vargonI mAMganA saMdarbhe surAnirmANa, mAMsanirmANa tema ja gaNikAsaMsthAnA adhyakSo, senAnAM gajAdi cAre aMgonA alaga adhyakSo, senApati, rAjadhAnInA nAgarika-jIvananA niyamana mATe 'nAgiraka' nAmano mukhyAdhikArI - AvA aneka suparIkSita, kasAyela adhyakSo rASTranA arthataMtranA te-te kSetrane saMgIna rIte dhamadhamatuM rAkhI rASTrane samRddha kare che. A bIjA adhikaraNanA AraMbhe sAta rAjyAMgo paikInA sauthI vadhu vistAra dharAvatA 'janapada' (rASTra ke taLa vastIpradeza) nAmanA aMganA navesara sthApana aMgenI tema ja Arthika-sAmAjika niyamana aMgenI mArmika mArgadarzaka vAto che. e ja rIte 'durga' nAmanA anya rAjyAMganA anvaye be adhyAyomAM ghaNI mArgadarzaka anubhavAzrita sAmagrI apAI che - je paikInA AgalA adhyAyamAM manuSyakRta durga(killA)nA nirmANa aMgenI vistRta doravaNI ane pAchalA adhyAyamAM killAnI aMdara AvelI rAjadhAnInA nagara-Ayojana aMgenI vistRta carcA che. pachInA be adhyAyomAM thaI rAjya-karmacArIonI kAmacorI ane dAmacorInI rItonuM anubhavAzrita vistRta digdarzana che ane tene aTakAvavAnA anubhavasiddha upAyonuM bodhaka varNana che. rAjA mATe kauTilye khAsa prayatnathI taiyAra kareluM, rAjanaitika patranA AdarzanI sarvAMgI carcA karatuM anokhuM prakaraNa paNa dasamA adhyAyamAM che, jenI chellA vyAkhyAnamAM carcA karIzuM. = 27 jema arthotpAdana-pravRtti pote paNa ghaNI ghaniSTha zista mAge che, tema tenI khUba jarUrI pUrvabhUmikArUpe bahumukhI sAmAjika saMvAditA, te sAmAjikatAne ja khUba sArI rIte mUrta karanArA kauTuMbika For Personal & Private Use Only

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28 kauTilya "arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa ke vyAvasAyika zuddha Arthika vyavahAro ane AkhA rASTranI prajAomAM nityanI sahayogitA ane ekarasatA pedA kare tevA draSamukta sarva sAmudAyika vyavahAro paNa ghaNo mahattvano bhAga bhajave che. A daSTie graMthanuM trIjuM adhikaraNa - tharmasthIyam (nyAyAdhIzanA kartavyo) - AvI sAmAjika saMvAditAnuM sthApana thAya tevAM vividha sAmAjika kSetro ane pAsAMone lagatA sucitita kAyadAonuM ghaNI jhINavaTathI ane samagratAthI nirUpaNa kare che. kAyadA mATe prAcIna-bhAratIya supratiSThita "dharma' zabda hato. bhAratIya dharmasUtra-sAhitya ane te parathI racAyelA dharmazAstra-graMtho mukhyatve AvA vAstavamAM amalI kAyadAonuM nirUpaNa kare che. te ja sAmagrI pAchaLathI deza-kALa mujabanA pheraphAro jhIlatA rahIne manusmRti, yazavarcaskRti jevA padya, lokabhogya graMtharUpe vyakta thaI. mukhyatve tene ja AdhAre vIsa adhyAyanuM trIjuM adhikaraNa racAyuM che. nyAyAdhIza mATeno eka paraMparAgata zabda hato prAddhiva (prad + vivI arthAt prazno pUchanAra + vividha UlaTatapAsa karanAra). tene sthAne kauTilya vadhu ucca ane pratiSThita dharmatha zabda nyAyAdhIza mATe kadAca navesara prayojIne nyAyakAryanI dharmAzritatA uttama rIte pragaTa karI che. dharma eTale ke nyAyI kAyadAnA pravartana mATe je nyAyAdhIzanA DirAsane bese te dharmastha. kadAca "je pote dharmamAM sthita hoya' e artha paNa sAthe abhipreta hoya. nyAyAdhIzanuM nirmaLa, dharmapAlaka jIvana ja ene nyAya toLavAno sAco, Tharela adhikArI banAvI zake. Aje paNa nyAyAdhIzanI taTasthatA, vidvattA, ucca saMskAritA ThIka-ThIka jaLavAI rahI che. A trIjA adhikaraNanA prathama adhyAyamAM samagra nyAyavidhinuM khUba susaMgata, spaSTa ane vigatavistAravALuM varNana che. bAkInA 18 adhyAyo paikI traNa adhyAyomAM dAMpatyanAM vividha pAsAMonAM niyamanonuM kramika varNana, pachI vArasAhakkanAM niyamano aMgenA traNa adhyAya, sthAvara milkatonA bhogavaTA mATenA niyamano saMbaMdhI traNa adhyAya, devA ane thApaNanA paraspara-saMbaMdhita vyavahAronA niyamana mATeno eka-eka adhyAya, mAlikanA dAsa ane sevaka sAthenA vahevAro aMgeno doDha adhyAya, vyAvasAyika bhAgIdArInA nyAyI vahevAro aMge artho adhyAya, kharIda-vecANanI zista saMbaMdhI eka adhyAya, dAna-vecANa-mAlikI aMgenI aniyamitatAonAM niyamano viSeno eka adhyAya, tIvra TheSa para AdhArita traNa doSakSetro - vAcika dveSa, kAyika dveSa ane ughADI lUMTa - ne lagatA eka-eka adhyAyo ne chevaTe jugAra, hoDa ane anya prakIrNa vyavahAro aMgenA aparAdhone lagato eka adhyAya - ema kula vIsa adhyAyo samakAlIna samAjanA jIvananuM vAstavika citra paNa ADakatarI rIte rajU kare che. trIjA adhikaraNanI jema cothuM vaTavalazodhana adhikaraNa paNa rASTranA sabhya samAjane chAje tevAM kaDapadAra daDha niyamanone lagatuM che. paNa baMne adhikaraNanA viSayavastumAM bheda e che ke trIjuM adhikaraNa sAmAnya manuSyonA banelA samAjamAM saMbhavatA aparAdho nirUpe che, tyAre cothuM adhikaraNa ughADI ke gupta rIte samAja-vighAtaka AcaraNa karanI vyaktio dvArA AcarAtA vadhu gaMbhIra ane gUMcavaNabharyA aparAdhonuM niyamana kare che. te mujaba cothA adhikaraNanA ukta zIrSakano artha che: kAMTAonuM nivAraNa. AmAM kaSTa zabda rUpakAtmaka che. zarIramAM peThelA kAMTAnI jema samAjane tIvra pIDA karanArAM asAmAjika samAjaghaTakone ahIM "kAMTA' kahyAM che. AgalA adhikaraNamAM evA kAyadAonuM nirUpaNa che, jemAM aparAdha-saMbaMdhI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha phariyAdane AdhAre nyAya toLAya che - evA vyaktigata aparAdho ke jenI sAme phariyAda karavAnI hiMmata - sAmAnya mANasa karI zake ema che. evA aparAdho sAmAnya rIte to sAmAjika prakRti dharAvatA manuSyanA sAmAnya doSo para AdhArita che. jyAre kaMTakarUpa vyaktinA aparAdho to tIvra dveSa para AdhArita, hiMsaka ane bhayotpAdaka hoI sAmAnya rIte vyakti ke vyaktijUtho enI sAme phariyAda karavA hAma bhIDI zakatAM nathI; evA aparAdhone to rAjyataMtre potAnI svayaMbhU, pAyAnI pharaja tarIke ja, potAnA sarvathA sajja evA guptacarataMtra dvArA jANIne potAnA abhikramathI (suo moto) kAbUmAM rAkhavAnA hoya che. emAM kAyadesara kAryavAhI cAlu nyAyAdhIzo (dharmastho) nathI calAvatA, paNa samAhartA, pradeSTA, gopa, sthAnika vagere uccatara buddhi, kauzala, zIghratA, sattA ane AtmabaLa dharAvatA vahIvaTI ane surakSAkArI adhikArIonA saMkula prayatna dvArA yuddha-dhoraNe hAtha dharAya che, ane jarUra paDye rAjA pote paNa potAnA asAdhAraNa abhikrama (pahela) dvArA ukela ANe che. AjanI paribhASA mujaba trIjuM adhikaraNa ekaMdare 'dIvAnI' (civil) aparAdho carce che, cothuM adhikaraNa 'phojadArI' (criminal) aparAdho nirUpe che. 29 rAjyanAM kAMTArUpa ghaTako aMgenI kauTilyanI gaNanA paNa viziSTa che. arthataMtramAM kapaTI kArIgaro ane vepArIo, vahIvaTI taMtramAM nAnA-moTA prajAhitabhakSaka adhikArIo, khuda bhraSTa nyAyAdhIzo, guptapaNe hInatama asAmAjika vahevArothI saMpatti banAvanArAM asAmAjika tattvo, dhorI mArgo para pravRtta dhADapADuo, baLAtkArI kAmuko - A badhA che rASTrakaMTako, je samAja para asAdhAraNa trAsa ane saMkaTo pravartAvI AkhA rASTrajIvanane tema ja rAjyataMtrane paNa asahya japhA pahoMcADe che. vaLI ativRSTi, anAvRSTi, pAkabhakSI pakSIo, uMdaro, agni, jaLapUra, mAraka cepI rogo, hiMsaka prANIo vagere jhaDapathI vyApIne vyApaka vinAza veranArI prAkRtika Apattio (3panipAta) paNa rASTrakaMTakarUpa gaNAvAI che. A sUcave che ke prAkRtika ApattionuM samartha niyamana-taMtra (Disaster-Management) paNa rAjyataMtra sAmeno eka mahA-kasoTIrUpa paDakAra che - manuSyanI asAdhAraNa hAma, navAM-navAM sAdhano UbhAM karavAnI koThAsUjha (resourcefulness), khuvArIo vacce prajAnA dhairyane TakAvI rAkhe tevuM dhIravatsala netRtva, nirbhaya samarpaNavRtti, atUTa rASTrabhakti ityAdi mahAguNone nimaMtraNa. uparyukta vividha kaMTakonuM 'zodhana' eTale ke temane dUra karavAnuM kAma judA-judA adhyAyomAM vigate nirUpAyuM che. A uparAMta A prakAranAM gunegAro ke tattvo sAme kevI-kevI rIte prasaMga pADavo te paNa prakaraNavAra batAvAyuM che. AvAM tattvone pakaDavA mATe mArgadarzaka banatAM bAhya lakSaNo, zaMkAspada rIte marelI vyaktinI maraNottara zArIrika (Post-Mortem) tapAsa, gunegAranI ghaniSTha UlaTatapAsa, AvazyakatAnusAra saMyamapUrvakanA zArIrika pIDanaprakAro dvArA gunegAro pAse guno kabUlAvavAnI kAmagIrI - AvAM vividha pAsAMonuM anubhavAzrita spaSTa nirUpaNa karAyuM che. vaLI kauTilya vyaktigata rIte keTalA jAgRta ane vicArazIla che te e parathI jaNAya che ke AvA gunAonI sajAomAM ke upara nirdezelI gunA siddha karavAnI ke kabUlAvavAnI paddhatiomAM amAnuSI atireko TALavA mATe naravA ke madhyamasaranA vikalpo paNa Thera-Thera sUcavAyA che - bhale, saMjogovazAt temAM kauTilyanuM pAyAnI krAMti ka2vAnuM valaNa koIne na dekhAtuM hoya. For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' H dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa bAramA adhyAyamAM dAMpatyasaMbaMdhI gaMbhIra aparAdhonuM je nirUpaNa che, temAM strI ane puruSa baMnenA doSonI temanI samatola jANakArInI paNa pratIti thAya che. te sAthe strIo pratye puruSo dvArA AcarAtA ati-gaMbhIra durAcAro viSenI temanI tIvra saMvedanazIlatA paNa jaNAya che. trIjA adhikaraNane aMte jema prakIrNa sAmagrI ApI che, te ja rIte ja vividha kSetranAM aticaraNo mATenA daMDanuM nirUpaNa A adhikaraNanA chellA teramA adhyAyamAM ApyuM che. A parathI potAnuM nirUpaNa bane eTaluM sarvAgI rahe te mATenI graMthakartAnI khAMkhata UpasI Ave che. prakIrNa viSayo sAthe kauTilyanuM anubhave ghaDAyeluM ne ghUMTAyeluM yugadharmarUpa susthira rAjanaitika nidAna samajavAnI cAvI paNa pAMcamA adhikaraNamAM maLe che. tenuM "yovRttam' evuM zIrSaka arthaghaTana karanAranuM kaMIka parIkSaNa jarUra kare che. thoDA zabda kauTilya dvArA prAyaH "gupta AcaraNa", "gupta yukti evA arthamAM A graMthamAM sthAne-sthAne vaparAto jaNAya che. paNa e zabda A graMthamAM paNa, mULamAM yogadarzanamAMnA ja yoga zabdano pAyAno artha paNa badhe samAve che; e artha che "cittavRttino arthAt cittanA Avegono nirodha (prasAdana ke zamana), ane temAMthI sadhAtI cittanI vastulakSI ananya ekAgratA'. eTale ahIM yovRttino artha ekAgra vartana, eTale ke ekAgratAthI ke sAvadhAnIthI sAdhavA lAyaka upAya ke hAtha dharavAnI kAryavAhI - evo karavo yogya lAge che. graMthanA AyojananI daSTie svadezanItinI carcAnuM A chelluM adhikaraNa che. kauTilya je viSaya hAthamAM le che, tenAM badhAM pAsAM viSe mahattvanuM badhuM ja kahevAI jAya tevI tIvra vRtti dharAve che. eTale AgalAM adhikaraNomAM game te kAraNe je bAbato samAI zakI na hoya, te badhI bAbato, enuM mahattva samajIne, chelle pariziSTa jevA adhikaraNamAM paNa kahevAnuM cUkatA nathI. e daSTie A adhikaraNa mukAyuM jaNAya che - koI mahattvanA kAma mATe mokalAtI vyaktine chelle apAtI bAkI rahetI agatyanI vyavahAru sUcanAo(tips)nI jema. kauTilya pote "prAmANika eTale ke zuddha bauddhika tarIke potAnA deza-kALamAM manuSyanA zreya mATe rAjAnI rAhabarIvALI daMDanItine ke zAsanakriyAne anivArya samaje che. e rAjAzAhI samaye-samaye UbhA thatA paDakAromAM TakI rahe te mATenI keTalIka mahattvanI, anubhavasiddha vAto A adhikaraNamAM samajadAronI gAMThe baMdhAvAI che. temAMnA kula cha adhyAyomAM anukrame atiduSTa adhikArIono gupta nigraha ke vadha, ApattikALamAM rAjayano koza (khajAno) pUrato samRddha karavAnA vividha laukika ke vahIvaTI upAyo, samagra rAjazAsana TakI rahe te mATe nAnA-moTA sarva rAjayakarmacArIonA nirvAha vAjabI rIte sadhAya tevA pagAra mATenI pAkA-pAyAvALI nIti ane jogavAI, rAjasevakoe khUba javAbadArIpUrvaka sAcavavAnI rAjA pratyenI zista (be adhyAyamAM), rAjAnA mRtyu samaye zAsanavyavasthA tUTI paDyA vagara ekadhArI jaLavAI rahe ane kAryadakSa evo cAlu rAjavaMza paNa akAraNe prajAniSTha rAjapadathI vyuta thayA vinA lokahitArthe TakI rahe te mATenI rAjakIya prakriyAo - ATalA, khUba ja pAyAnuM mahattva dharAvatA svadezanItisaMbaMdhI viSayo carcAyA che. AmAMnA chaThThA adhyAyamAM gUMthAyelI eka uttama carcA rAjAzAhI pratyenI kauTilyanI apratima buddhipUta niSThAnI pratIti karAve che. cha "inayoni' nAmanuM adhikaraNa mAtra be ja adhyAyanuM hovA chatAM graMthakAranI viSaya For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha uparanI dRDha pakaDa ke sarvAMgI samajaNane kAraNe sarasa ane saraLa saMkSepa (brevity) dvArA rAjAnI pratibhAnuM abhyAsapUrNa vizleSaNa karIne tenA samagra gauravayukta, Tharela rAjakAjanuM spaSTIkaraNa kare che. temAM rAjakAjanI kudaratI maryAdAo paNa barobara cIMdhI batAvI che. matayoni: evA viziSTa zIrSakano TUMko artha thAya 'maMDalarUpa yoni (AdhAra ke pAyo)'. 'yoni'no mULa artha to thAya strInuM prajanana-aMga. te parathI utpattisthAna, AdhAra ke pAyo - evA artho vikasyA che. ahIM paradezanItinI carcAnA AraMbhe graMthakAra samagra rAjanIti eTale ke svadezanIti ane paradezanIti e baMnenA vizALa ke vyApaka pAyAnI, vyApaka kAryakSetranI vAta karavA mAge che. ahIM ma'ttane samagra rAjanItinA pAyA tarIke batAvyuM che. maLyutta eTale rAjamaMDala, rAjAono samudAya, ke jemAM vividha rAjanaitika saMbaMdho ApoApa phAle tevA eka ghaTaka(unit)rUpa vizALa mulkanA pAsepAsenA aneka rAjAo ane temanAM sahAyabhUta rAjyAMgono samAveza thAya che. rAjyAMgo sahitanA aneka rAjAonA AvA saMkula(complex)mAM judAM-judAM rAjyo vacce sArA, mAThA, taTastha evA je bhAtabhAtanA saMbaMdho hoya che, tene ja ahIM rAjanItinA AdhArarUpa ke pravRttikSetrarUpa kahyA che. AmAM kahevAnI mULa vAta e che ke koI paNa rASTranI rAjanItino AdhAra mAtra potAnA mulkanA loko ane rAjyataMtra 52 ja nathI, paNa A samagra rAjasamUha ke rAjyonA samUha para paNa ADakatarI rIte hoya che. koI paNa rASTre potAnI samagra rAjUnIti ghaDavAmAM AjubAjunAM rASTronI ke rAjAonI ekabIjA pratyenI pragaTa ke gupta hIlacAlone barobara gaNatarImAM levI ja paDe; e ja che saphaLa rAjanItino pAyo. 31 AmAMnA prathama adhyAyamAM koI eka rAjyanA bhAvinirmANa mATe javAbadAra ke Avazyaka gaNAya evAM, rASTranAM sAta aMgo - jemane 'sapta prakRti' kahI che - te badhAMnAM mukhya lakSaNonuM kathana che. ahIM 'prakRti' eTale upAdAna-sAmagrI ke eka saMkula vastune ke zarIrane kAryakSama banAvanArAM tenAM aMgo ke peTA ghaTako. rAjyanI te sAta prakRtio A che H rAjA, maMtrI, janapada (grAma-kasbAovALo taLa mulka; taLarASTra), durga (killebaMda rAjadhAnI), koza (khajAno), daMDa (sainya), mitra (mitra-rAjA). prathama adhyAyamAM A sAte ya prakRtinI iSTa lAkSaNikatAo (guNasaMpatti) TUMkamAM kahI che. AmAMnI mitra-prakRti mitra-rAjA tarIke rAjyanI bahAra vase che. chelle spaSTa karAyuM che ke rAjA mATe potAnA sivAyanI bAkI cha prakRtio potAnAM aMgarUpa che, ane ekamAtra rAjAnI pratibhA ja e chayene prANavAn banAvIne ke prANavAn rAkhIne uttama siddhi tarapha laI jaI zake che. bIjA adhyAyamAM rAjakIya saMbaMdhonA ekamarUpa koI vizALa mulkanA rAjAonuM, parasparanA rAjakIya saMbaMdhonA svarUpa para AdhArita prakAra-bhedavALuM rAjamaMDala nirUpAyuM che. A rAjamaMDala koI paNa eka rAjAnA dRSTikoNathI, tenA pratibhAyukta saphaLa rAjakarma mATenA eka mahattama (vizALatama) kAryakSetra tarIke nirUpAyuM che. dhiMgI, naravI, sarvAMgI kSAtra-pratibhA dharAvatA koI paNa rAjAne vinizIpu (vijayAkAMkSI) evuM sUcaka biruda apAyuM che. tevA rAjAnA dRSTikoNathI zatru, mitra, madhyama ane udAsIna - evAM vizeSaNothI oLakhAtA anya paDozI rAjAo rAjakIya puruSArthane mahattama cAlanA ApanArAM kendro che; bIjI rIte kahIe to mahattama jAgRtivALo daSTivyApAra ane upAyavyApAra preranArA rAjakIya For Personal & Private Use Only

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32 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa paDakAro che. te vijigISanI trividha zakti paikInI utsAhazaktine uttama kAryakSetra pUruM pADe che. vijigISae potAnA rAjayanI maMtrI vagere pAMca prakRtio vaDe ane chaThThI, prAya: rAjayanI sarahadanI bahAranI, mitrarUpa prakRtinA sahayogathI zatru, madhyama ane udAsIna - e prakAromAMnA dareka rAjA ane te darekanI potapotAnI pAMca prakRtinI kakSA viSe, potAnA rAjyanA guptacara-vibhAganA saMkula vyApAro dvArA jANI-samajIne, potAnuM prabuddha ucca rAjanaitika kartavya AgavI pratibhA vaDe oLakhIne, te bajAvavA ane te rIte jagatamAM anokhI rAjanaitika cetanA jagavavA, samagra rAjakIya bRha te-te samaye racatA rahevAnuM ane pAra pADatA rahevAnuM jarUrI bane che. A badhuM, anya rAjAo ke temanAM rAjayone vyartha, aNachAjatI hAni na pahoMce ane zakya hoya to kALabaLe temanI sAthenI avanavI maitrIthI ane temanA sahakArathI mahattama lokahita ke sarvahita sadhAya tevI racanAtmaka dRSTie AdaravAnuM che. kauTilya potAnA anubhavabaLe, prAcIna paraMparAmAM 'narendra (naromAM zreSTha) evo sUcaka paryAya jenA mATe vaparAyo che tevA rAjAnI, rASTra ane temAMnA nivAsIonA Avazyaka hita mATenI 'anivArya' kahI zakAya tevI kAryapraNAlI A samagra adhikaraNamAM lAghavathI uttama rIte cIMdhI che. mAtra potAnI prajAnAM AMtarika rakSaNa ane pAlanathI rAjAnI kAmagIrI pUrI nathI thatI; mulkanA anya rAjAonA gatividhi bAbate mahattama satarkatA ane pratikAra-sajjatA dAkhavavI e paNa vadhu agatyanuM rAjakartavya che. ethI rAjA mATe, paradezanIti - jene mATe pAchalA graMthomAM, agAu kahyA mujaba, sUcaka 'bAvApa' (vAvaNI - satarkatAnI ane guptacaronI copAsa vAvaNI) zabda yojAyo che, te prajApAlananuM ja aMgabhUta kartavya che. A AkhuM rAjakIya saMbaMdha-jALa mAnavamananA pravAhonI UMDI parakhane AdhAre UbhuM thAya che e paNa dhyAnamAM rahe. A dvArA mAnavIno sauthI vadhu jAgRta rAjakIya kAryavyApAra keTalA kSetramAM ane kevo hoI zake tenuM nidarzana karavAmAM AvyuM che. A dRSTie A adhikaraNamAMnI sAta prakRtionI ane rAjamaMDalanI oLakhANa have pachInA paradezanItine lagatA uttarArdha mATe sabaLa bhUmikA banI rahe che. | vijigISa rAjAe A samagra rAjamaMDala ane dravyaprakRtiono (sAdhanarUpa prakRtiono) khyAla karIne saravALe rASTranI kSayadazA TALIne sthAnamAM arthAt samadhAraNadazA ke sAmAnya kAryakSamatA TakI rahe tevI dazAmAM AvavAnuM che, ane jAgRti ane udyama vistArIne kramazaH, tenAthI AgaLanI vRddhi'dazAmAM AgaLa vadhavAnuM che. A badhA mATe maMtra/prabhu utsAha-zaktirUpa trividha zaktinA vyApAra thakI trividha siddhi hAMsala karavAnI AvazyakatA rahe che. ekaMdare vijigISae anya ke sarva rAjAothI caDhiyAtA banavAnuM dhyeya, sthira puruSArtha thakI, eka naryA kartavyarUpe nibhAvavAnuM che; vikRta rIte ahaMkArane phulAvavA ke naryA julmI banI rahevA nahi. samajavAnuM e che ke ahIM zreSThatAnI gAMDI hoDanI ke gaLAkApa harIphAInI vAta abhipreta nathI, paNa AkhI mAnavajAtinA chUpA sattvane jAgRta karavA mATe "narendra gaNAtA rAjAe zreSTha ane samarpita evA mAnava-pratinidhi tarIke nirahaMkAritA ane adveSa jALavIne rAjakIya - bake prajAkIya - apramAdanI upAsanA karavAnI ja vAta che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha - A vAta A adhikaraNanA bIjA adhyAyane AraMbhe karelI eka atyaMta TUMkI, paNa khUba bodhaka lAgatI A tattvacarcAne AdhAre samajAya che : rAjAnI AvazyakatA mAnavasamAjanA 'yogakSema'nA samartha pravartana mATe che. 'yoga' eTale joDANa - jIvanopayogI vastuo sAthe joDANa; arthAt emanI prApti - ane 'kSema' eTale, kauTilya mujaba, surakSita rIte ke zAMti-saMtoSa sAthe, meLavelI jarUrI cIjono upabhoga. (kauTilye ahIM 'kSema'nA 'prApta vastunuM parirakSaNa' e paraMparAgata arthanuM bahu samajaNabharyuM rUpAMtara ke vistaraNa karyuM che te dhyAnapAtra vAta che.) AmAMnA 'yoga' mATe 'vyAyAma'nI arthAt utsAhapUrvakanA prayatnanI jarUra che ane 'kSema' mATe 'zama'nI cittanI zAMtinI, gAMDI tRSNAnA abhAvanI jarUra che. AthI vyAyAmarUpa ane zamarUpa parasparapUraka ane samatulA-sAdhaka manodazA e yogakSemanI yoni che, teno AdhAra che. rAjAnI rAjanIti samagrapaNe e baMnenA kuzaLa mizraNarUpa ja hoya che. paradezanItinA anvaye vikaselI cha prakAranI rAjanIti, ke je cha prakAranAM abhigama-kauzalo che, te 'cha guNo' (SAnukhyam) tarIke oLakhAya che. sAtamA adhikaraNamAM mukAyelI e aMgenI vistRta carcAne tapAsatAM te A zama ane vyAyAmano ja mizra kAryakrama pratIta thAya che. vaLI, ahIM e paNa spaSTa karAyuM che ke koI paNa siddhi mATe jeTalI AvazyakatA 'daSTa' (jANItA) evA manuSyayatnanI che, teTalI ja 'adRSTa' (ajANyA, agocara) evA daivanI paNa che. vaLI manuSyayatna paNa 'naya' eTale ke sAcA puruSArtharUpa joIe, 'apanaya'rUpa (avaLI nIti rUpa) nahi. to bIjI bAju daiva paNa anukULa eTale ke lAbhasAdhaka joIe, pratikULa eTale ke a-lAbhasAdhaka nahi. AthI, TUMkamAM, manuSya to kevaLa naya eTale ke sAco puruSArtha kare te ja tenuM kartavyakSetra che. daiva manuSyanA hAthanI vAta nathI, tethI te tenA ciMtanano viSaya na hoya; te mAtra Adarayogya hoya. "karmaphaLa 52 tAro adhikA2 nathI" evI gItA-vANI paNa A ja vAta kahe che. jIvananAM A paribaLone samagrapaNe jANIne daDhapaNe, paNa namratA sAthe puruSArtha karanAra rAjA 'AtmavAn' kahevAya che. rAjAe tevA thavAnuM che. 33 Ama prakhara paradezanItinI carcAnA AraMbhe A taTastha jIvana-vijJAna paNa uparyukta rIte A adhikaraNamAM suMdara rIte vaNI lIdhuM che. te bIjA adhyAyanuM 'zama-vyAyamim' evuM prakaraNa-nAma paNa A pAyAnI carcA para AdhArita kAryakramane ja ghUMTI Ape che. AvI naravI jIvana-mImAMsAnI pArzvabhUmikAmAM svastha ane jAgRta paradezanIti, je svadezamAM surAjya sthApavA-TakAvavA upakAraka bane, tenI anubhavAzrita vyavahAru carcA, vigatonA patharATa sAthe sAtamA pAzunya nAmanA aDhAra adhyAya ane ogaNatrIsa prakaraNanA adhikaraNamAM maLe che. jema sAMkhyadarzanamAM prakRtinAM ghaTakone 'traNa guNa' kahyAM che, kaMIka tevA ja arthamAM - 'taMtu' ke 'tANA-vANA' arthamAM - paradezanItinA 'cha guNa' (pAsAM ke bhAvAtmaka prakAro yA guNa karanArI nItio) kahyA che, ane tenI saMkula gUMthaNIne, sAMkhyanA 'baiguNya'nI jema, pAtkruNya kahI che. AvI cha prakAranI rAjanItinuM mULa (yoni) che AjubAjunA vividha rAjAonI bhinna-bhinna 'prakRti'o (rAjyAMgo ane rAjAonA svabhAvo - baMne artha paNa laI zakAya) - eTale ke samagra rAjamaMDala, jenAM ghaTako chaThThA adhikaraNamAM samajAvAyAM che. eka rIte kahIe to AkhI rAjanIti ane temAM ye paradezanIti vyakticittanI ane samUhacittanI UMDI, For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa gatizIla parakha para maMDAya che. vijigISunuM (rAjAnuM) ane te dvArA tenA samagra taMtranuM tema ja tenI samagra prajAnuM nyAyocita AtmasthApana te samagra SAguNyanuM, paradezanItinuM dhyeya che. AthI mAnavanI sAMskRtika jIvana ke sabhya vyavahAra mATenI mathAmaNa paNa temAM AMtara-pravAharUpe jarUra cAle che. mAnavamAM, svabhAvane lIdhe ke paristhitine lIdhe daDhamUla banelI vera-dveSanI gho2 vRttionI ane tajanya ucchedaka pravRttionI kAyamI khabaradArI dvArA tene vAjabI rIte niyaMtraNamAM rAkhIne, mAnavamAM saMbhavita evI, tenAthI UlaTA svarUpanI maitrI, vizvAsa ane sahayoganI vRttione paNa oLakhI, teno racanAtmaka, sarvahitakara upayoga karavAnI dUraMdezitA A SAdguNyamAM samAyelI che. saMdhi-vigraha, Asana-yAna, saMzraya-dvaidhIbhAva evI traNa joDIorUpa khAdguNya zama-vyAyAmanA samatola prayogarUpa saMkula rAjanIti che. 34 graMthanA be vibhAgo paikInA bIjA paradezanItisaMbaMdhI vibhAganuM A sauthI vistRta ane sauthI mahattvanuM adhikaraNa che. AgalA chaThThA adhikaraNamAM e paNa spaSTa karAyuM che ke SAdguNya e zama ane vyAyAmarUpa dvividha kAryapaddhatinI 'yoni' arthAt tene sAkAra karanArI, paristhitibhedane anusaranArI vistRta yojanA che. AmAM zakya hoya tyAM sudhI prajJAjanya zAMta upAyo ane abhigamo dvArA potAnA rASTranI anya rASTro sAthenI rAjanaitika samasyAono ukela zodhavAnI yojanA che. cha guNo ke nItio paikI traNa to spaSTapaNe ahiMsaka ane racanAtmaka che. AmAMnA eka-eka guNanA ke ekAdhika guNonA zakya dareka saMyojananA prayoganI je dizA vigatavAra, te-te paristhitinA anvaye batAvI che, te dhyAnathI samajavA jevI ane mUlavavA jevI che. dekhItI rIte to AmAM nagna rAjanaitika svArthane sarvatra prAdhAnya apAyuM che. paNa dhyAnathI vAMcanArane tenI pAchaLa jhalamalatI kSatriyocita dhITatA (bedhaDaka hiMmata), nyAyasthApana bAbatanI dRDha saMkalpazakti, duSTanigrahasajjatA, lokahitatparatA ityAdi mAnavocita saMskRti-vidhAyaka vRttio dekhAyA vinA rahetI nathI. vividha kakSAnI rAjakIya maitrIonA atyaMta nipuNa prayogo khUba vipula pramANamAM vividha adhyAyomAM varNavAyA che. alabatta, pratyeka pagale atyaMta sAvadhAna parIkSaNazakti guptacarataMtra vagere dvArA sakriya rAkhavAnI zIkha sarvatra apAI che. ekaMdare utkRSTa buddhivyApAra ja samagra rAjanItino niyAmaka batAvAyo che. adhikaraNanA chevaTanA eka marmALA zlokamAM kahevAyuM che : "Ama aMdaroaMdara gUMthaNI pAmatuM samagra SAdguNya jenI dRSTimAM satata rahe che, te potAnI buddhirUpI beDIothI bAMdhavAmAM AvelA anya rAjAo sAthe manamAnI ramata rame che17". rAjanItinuM kevuM diladAra varNana ! A vAtanuM ja darzanIya nirUpaNa vizAkhadattanA 'mudrArAkSasa' nATakamAM maLe che. samagra rAjakAja mATe ane khAsa karIne saMgIna paradezanIti AcaravA mATe sauthI pAyAnI vAta che rASTrapoSaka sAte ya prakRtionAM (rAjyAMgonAM) zuddhi ane sAmarthyanI jALavaNInI, tenI mahattama vRddhinI. bhAgyadoSathI ke manuSyadoSathI A prakRtio te-te doSothI gherAI zake che. tene kAraNe rAjakAjamAM vatte-oche aMze bAdhA ke saMkaTa UbhAM thaI zake che. paradezanItimAM saphaLatA mATe to A doSonuM pUrNa ke mahattama nivAraNa anivArya eTalA mATe bane che ke temAM parAyAM sAthe ghora dveSa ke kapaTo vacce kAma karavAnuM hoya che. AvA, potAne pakSe bAdhaka banatA saMbhavita doSo ke paribaLone 'vyasana' e vyApaka artha dharAvatA zabdathI oLakhavAmAM Ave che. bAhya Apattio ke manuSyanA svabhAvajanya doSo - e baMne For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha * 35 mATe "vyasana' zabda vaparAya che; ahIM have pachInA adhikaraNamAM paNa e baMne ya artho dhyAnamAM levAyA che. "vyasana' zabdano mULa artha vinam (pheMkavuM) dhAtu parathI Avo thAya che : "manuSyane kalyANathI ke saphaLatAthI vividha rIte dUra phaMgoLanAra paribaLo'. to, sAtamA adhikaraNamAM paradezanItinI sAMgopAMga carcA karyA bAda, enA amala mATe Avazyaka evI je sAte ya dhiMgI prakRtio che, temane lAgu paDatAM vyasanonI anubhavasamRddha, sAragarbha carcA AThamA vyasanAthirim nAmanA mAtra pAMca adhyAyanA adhikaraNamAM maLe che. A carcAmAM judAM-judAM vyasanonAM bhArepaNA-haLavApaNAnI (guru-ladhubhAvanI, tAratamyanI) carcA paNa eTale umerI che ke keTalIka vAra badhI ja prakRtionI ke temAMnAM badhAM ja peTA paribaLonI pUrepUrI zuddhi ke doSarahitatA sadhAI na hoya, to kyA doSane keTaluM mahattva ApavuM ane te nirNaya mujaba sAcA pagalAno nirNaya karavo tenI sUjha paDe. vaLI AnAthI zatrupakSa ane svapakSanAM prakRtisthita judAM-judAM vyasano jANI-samajIne saravALe potAnI sthitinuM yathArtha mUlyAMkana karI zakAya che ane te mujaba je-te rAjakIya pagalAnAM sthaLa-kALano nirNaya karI zakAya che. A adhikaraNanA prathama adhyAyamAM rAjyaghaTakarUpa sAta prakRtinA pArasparika mahattvakramanI bahu ja mUlyavAnuM carcA, vividha vicArakonA UlaTA-sUlaTA matonI rajUAta dvArA hAtha dharAI che. te dvArA te-te prakRtinAM vyasanone samagrapaNe keTalAM mahattvanAM gaNavAM teno nirNaya thaI zake che. eka prakRtinAM vyasanone DhAMkavAnuM ke nivAravAnuM teMnAthI anya zuddha caDhiyAtI prakRti dvArA thaI zake che - e vAta paNa AmAM upasAvAI che. A daSTie svapakSanI ane parapakSanI samagra paristhitinuM cokkasa mApa kADhIne, kriyAkALano nirNaya karavAno che. bIjA adhyAyamAM samagra rAjakAjamAM bAdhaka viziSTa paribaLonI tulanAtmaka carcA, tevAM saMbhavita be-be viparIta ke bhinna paribaLonI joDI laIne karAI che; dA.ta. zAsanamAM vadhu bAdhaka paribaLa kayuM : bAhya kopa ke AtyaMtara kopa,vairAjaya (be zAsakathI cAlatuM rAjya) ke vairAja (jhAjhA rAjapuruSothI cAlatuM rAjaya), zAstrajJAnahIna saraLa rAjA ke zAstrajJAnayukta kuTila rAjA, jUno rogagrasta rAjA ke rogarahita navo rAjA, kulIna paNa durbaLa evo navo rAjA ke hInakuLano baLavAna rAjA, zatru dvArA thato UbhAM (taiyAra) dhAnyano nAza ke navI vAvaNIno nAza, anAvRSTi ke ativRSTi ? badhI carcAo TUMkI, paNa prauDha ane mArgadarzaka che. trIjA adhyAyamAM 'vyasana' zabdanA "kharAba Adato' e vadhu pracalita arthane dhyAnamAM laIne carcA che. prasiddha smRtigraMthoe cIMdhelA krodhajanya vyasano ane kAmajanya vyasano paikInAM anukrame traNa ane cAra sauthI vadhu hAnikara vyasanonI ane temanI pArasparika guru-laghu-bhAvanI suMdara vyavahAru carcA karAI che. temAM paNa pUrvapakSa-uttarapakSanI Dhabe carcA thaI hoI te rasaprada banI che. prathama adhikaraNamAM karAyelI indriya-jayanI carcAnuM ja, ahIM rAjapuruSo mATenuM vyavahAropayogI vistaraNa jovA maLe che. sAmAnya rUpe rAjakAjamAM avarodharUpa banatI nAnI-nAnI, paNa pIDA janmAvanArI kaThaNAIonI carcA mAtra namUnArUpe cothA adhyAyamAM karIne graMthakAre rAjakAja kevo nityanI apramAda, kevI nityanavI sajjatA mAge che te vAta ja ghUMTI che. temAM kudaratI Apattio uparAMta sAmudAyika (prajAkIya ke For Personal & Private Use Only

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36 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa rAjakuLa saMbaMdhI) vilAsitA ke kalahazIlatA, sva-para-sainyanA upadravo, taMtrAdhikArIo ke asAmAjika jUthonA upadravo, vyApArI upadravo, bhUminAM dabANo tema ja vanya upadravonI carcA gUMthAI che. eka rIte jotAM A carcAo cothA kRSNodhana adhikaraNanI vistRta carcAonuM laghurUpa ja gaNAya tevI che. paNa lekhaka keTalIka vAto judI-judI daSTie kahevA mATe punarAvartanane doSarUpa gaNatA nathI te samajI zakAya tema che. (A vyAkhyAnomAM paNa evAM punarAvartano AvI daSTie ja hoI emane doSarUpa na gaNavAnuM nyAyI gaNAze. e rIte keTalIka dhyAnapAtra bAbato barobara ghUMTAya paNa che.) sainya paNa rAjataMtranuM khUba saMvedanazIla ane kAryasAdhaka aMga ("prakRti') hoI tene bhautika ke mAnasika pIDA janmAvanArAM paristhitijanya ane vizeSe to taMtrajanya paribaLonI lagabhaga sarvasamAvezaka evI gaNanA, lekhaka pAMcamA adhyAyanA pUrvArdhamAM karAve che. temAM yuddhakriyA vakhatanI vividha paristhitione paNa samAvI che. vaLI temAM kramazaH bannenI joDI laI temano mAMhomAMheno gurulaghu-bhAva paNa caryo che. A carcAmAM sainyanA sainikonA vyaktigata ke sAmudAyika doSo ke prajA pratyenA anAcAro ke atyAcAronI khUba jarUrI carcAno sadaMtara abhAva navAI upajAve che. (kadAca sainya pote kyAM paribaLone kAraNe pUratI kAryakSamatA gumAve ke jethI koI rAjanaitika pagaluM levAmAM bAdhA janme te saMdarbha ja atre prastuta hoI Ama thayuM hoya.) A adhyAyanA uttarArdhamAM mitrarAjArUpa sAtamA rAjyAMgamAM bedilI sarjanArAM paribaLonI carcA mAtra padyomAM ja karavAmAM AvI che te noMdhapAtra bAbata che. AmAM paNa rAjA taraphathI mitrane pahoMcatI vividhakAraNajanya japhAono ja vicAra karAyo che. e rIte kauTilya rAjakIya maitrImAM vaphAdArInA tattvane ahIM paNa sArI rIte ghUMTI Ape che. kauTilyane mana satyadharma e rAjanItino paNa sthAyibhAva che e vAta ekaMdare sArI rIte, dhruvapaMktinI jema, Thera-Thera ghUMTAtI rahe che. Ama A adhikaraNamAM svAmI(rAjA)thI mAMDIne mitra sudhInI sAte ya prakRtinAM vyasanonI carcA vatteoche aMze gUMthAI che. paradezanItinA ciMtananI zarUAtamAM samagra rAjakarmane tAttvika uccatama bhUmikAthI chaThThA adhikaraNamAM mUlavIne samagra paradezanItinA, paristhitibhede judA-judA rAjanaitika abhigamono cha mukhya prakAra tarIke sAtamA adhikaraNamAM vicAra karAyo. temAM sauthI vadhu prajJA, utsAha ane kriyAyoga mAgato zatru saMbaMdhI abhigama che yuddhanA nirNayarUpa. temAM nirNaya, prasthAna, yuddhavyApAra ane vijayasiddhi-e mukhya pAsAM che. temAM nirNayaprakriyAmAM madadarUpa pAsAMonA ciMtana paikI vyasanaciMtana AThamA adhikaraNamAM karAyuM. have e uparAMta yuddhanirNaya karatAM pahelAM barobara tapAsI levAnI gaNatarI mAMDI levA lAyaka bAbatonuM ciMtana navamA adhikaraNamAM sAta adhyAyo dvArA karAyuM che. tenuM zIrSaka che: mAya (arthAt yuddhanuM abhiyAna karavA sajja banavAnI pUrvataiyArIrUpe karavAnAM kAmo ke tapAsI levAnI bAbato). kauTilya pAthamAMnA yAna (yuddhapramANa)ne ke cAra upAyamAMnA "daMDa upAyane nachUTake hAtha dharavA yogya - zakya hoya tyAM sudhI TALavA yogya- mAne che. chatAM enI anivAryatA UbhI karanArA cokkasa For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha saMjogone teo barobara oLakhe che ane e tabakke yuddha aMge sAMgopAMga vicAraNA karIne vijayadAyI yuddha mATe abhiyAna karavAnA matanA che. to e nirNayanI prakriyAmAM prayANa pUrve karavA yogya taTastha vicAraNA ane prayANanA nirNayanA aucitya-parIkSaNa mATenAM sarva dhyAnapAtra pAsAMono ke sAvacetIono anubhava-AdhArita saMgraha graMthakAre A navamAM adhikaraNamAM karyo che. temAM ATalAM pAsAM nirdezAyA cheH svapakSanI trividha zaktinI kakSA, yuddhakarma mATe upalabdha deza (pradeza ke bhUmi) tathA kAla (Rtu ke samayagALo) - A traNe ya mude svapakSa ane parapakSanAM baLAbaLano hisAba, anurUpa RtukALa, potAnA pakSe laDI zake tevA sainyanA vividha sAmAjika, rAjanaitika prakAro paikI prApta je-te paristhitimAM saMDovavA lAyaka eka ke adhika cokkasa sainya-prakAro, e prakAronA lakSaNabheda ke svabhAvabheda, sAmApakSanA sainyane anurUpa potAnI senAnAM caturaMga (hAthI, ghoDA, ratha, pAyadaLa) paikI yogya aMgonI pasaMdagI, yuddhaprasthAnanI ke yuddhakarmanI sAthosAtha rAjadhAnImAM ke sarahada sahitanA bAkI rAjayamAM zakya lAgatA vidrohanA zamana mATenA yogya upAyonuM AgotaruM Ayojana, samagra yuddhakarmathI pariNamatA sajIvonA kSaya, dravyonA vyaya ane te sAme thanAra ekaMdara lAbhonI vAstavika gaNatarI, svarASTranAM dezadrohI tattvo sAthe zaTAnI zakya sAMThagAMTha sAmenI yogya upAyayojanA, tatkAlanAM sArAM-narasAM pariNAmonAM paNa lAMbA gALAnA pariNAmonI vicAraNA ane te aMge jarUrI upAya. A AkhuM adhikaraNa kauTilyanI UMDI ane sarvAgI vyavahAru sUjha uparAMta vizeSa to yuddha aMge kazuM avicArI, avivekI, mamatI pagaluM na bharAI jAya, narI vastulakSI rAjanItivicAraNA mujaba bina-aMgatapaNe yuddhanirNaya thAya te mATenI UMDI nisbata batAve che. e noMdhavuM ghaTe ke A adhikaraNanI viSayagUMthaNI ThIka-ThIkapaNe avyavasthita che - jema ke eka ne eka vAta judI-judI tarehathI pharI-pharI upADAtAM samajavAmAM kAMIka goTALA thAya che, ghaNe ThekANe kahevAnI zata rassI aspaSTa jazcaya che, koIka sthaLe eka rieka zvakITa vastu sAthe raNajoDAyelo jaNAya che ItyAdi. AmAMnA trIjA adhyAyanAM be prakaraNonI bhedarekhA dhUMdhaLI ke punarAvartanane kAraNe nahivat jaNAya che. vaLI A adhyAyanuM vastu pAchuM thoDA bhinna dRSTikoNathI pAMcamA adhyAyamAM pharI hAtha dharAyuM che ane chaThThA adhyAyamAM paNa aMzataH punarAvartana pAmyuM che ! ekaMdare chaThThA adhyAyanA viSayanuM AgavApaNuM batAvI zakAya ema nathI. "bhedanIti ke guptadaMDa(vadha)nIti ja navA-navA AkAre varNavI che. sAtamA adhyAyano viSaya agAunA kSaya-vyaya-lAbha-vimarzanuM ja rUpAMtara lAge che; tema chatAM Akho adhyAya kahevAnI vAtane vividha dRSTikoNathI, suspaSTa rIte, anurUpa daSTAMto dvArA kahe che. yuddhanirNayane khUba taTasthapaNe cakAsavAnI vAta prauDhapaNe temAM gUMthAI che. AvI badhI zailIgata ke rajUAtagata avyavasthitatA chatAM ekaMdare graMthakAranI Tharela buddhiniSThA avicArI yunirNaya sAme, vividha rIte AkhA adhikaraNamAM cetave che. utsAhazaktimAM samAtuM zaurya te kraurya(kUratA)mAM, jhanUnamAM, AsurIpaNAmAM pariNamatA vAra nathI lAgatI. kauTilya sarvadA maMtrazaktine arthAt buddhine mAnavapratibhAne samatola banAvato zreSTha guNa mAne che - bhale prasaMge, yogya maryAdAmAM yukti ke kapaTa paNa apanAvAtAM hoya. alabatta, A buddhi samagra satyane - enAM vividha staro ke For Personal & Private Use Only

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38 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa AyAmone - jonArI hovI joIe; satyanA aMzamAtrane jonArI nahi. buddhi ja gajAdAra, sAmarthyazALI ahiMsAnuM, sAmapaTutAnuM janmasthAna che; nirahaMkAritA ane samatvanuM dhAma che. mahAbhAratanuM nAyakapada je pAtrane ApavuM ghaTe te vyaktinuM nAma, bhavya "jJAnamaya dIvo' peTAvanAra vyAsajIe "yudhiSThira('yuddhamAM sthira') - evuM ApyuM che te jotAM, tathA e AkhA graMthanA hRdayarUpa "bhagavadgItA'nuM "javaramukta evo tuM laDI le" (yudhvasva vipatanvara:) evuM vivekI AdezavAkya ke mahAvAkya dhyAnamAM letAM, jIvananATakamAM yuddha paNa tenuM eka sahaja aMga banavA nirmAyuM che te samaju janonA haiye TharatI vAta banI rahI che. yuddha paNa koI saMskRtidhvaMsaka ke mAnavadrohI upadrava nahi, paNa saMskRtirakSA ke saMskRtisthApanA karanAro jIvanavidhi banI zake. ethI, saravALe e daiSaprasAraka vidhi nahi, paNa pAvana pratApa dvArA manuSyanA pramAdamAtrane, vikAramAtrane paDakArI, janajanane DhaMDhoLanAruM, Urdhva jIvanayAtrA mATe sajja karanAruM vidhAyaka sAmAjika paribaLa banI rahe. e ja saMskAravAraso jhIlanAra kauTilya arthazAstranA dasamA adhikaraNamAM e pratApI, vivekayukta yuddhavidhinAM badhAM mukhya pAsAMonI vAta, eka-eka adhyAyamAM prAyaH be ke traNa muddA UlaTathI ThAMsIne 'sAgrAma (saMgrAmasaMbaMdhI vAto) evuM adhikaraNa-zIrSaka ApIne karI che. temAM saMgrAma' (= suMdara mAnavameLo !)nuM mAnavIya pAsuM barobara jALavavA sAthe pUrI bauddhika gaNatarI, zakti-AdinA ativyayanuM nivAraNa, lAMbA gALAnI jarUriyAtonuM tathA lAMbA gALAnA pariNAmo aMgenuM Ayojana - AvI sarvAgINa kALajIvALuM nirUpaNa, paraMparA ane svAnubhava e baMnenA AdhAre karI, yuddhavizeSajJone paNa khapanuM viziSTa mArgadarzana pUruM pADyuM che. judI-judI paristhiti mujaba zreNIbaddha vikalpo ApavAnuM kauTilya bhAgye ja cUke che. kyAMya yuddhanuM citrAtmaka varNana karavAnA mohamAM na phasAtAM, dareka pAsAnA vyavahAropayogI mukhya badhA ja muddAonuM saMkSipta paNa niHzaMka kare tevuM mArgadarzaka nirUpaNa kare che. vaccevacce - bhale bahu jUja sthaLoe - mArmika rIte siddhAMtanirdeza paNa sacoTa rIte karI devAnI emanI Teva emanI prauDhatAno bharyo-bharyo paricaya karAve che. kula cha adhyAyamAM yuddhachAvaNI, prayANa, sainyarakSAnA upAyo jevAM yuddhanAM pUrvAgothI mAMDIne yuddhabhUmimAM cAra aMgovALA (caturaMga) sainyanI vividha zakaya goThavaNI, yuddhabhUminI lAkSaNikatAo, cAra aMgo mATe jarUrI bhUmivizeSatAo, zatrusainyanI goThavaNI mujaba svasainyanI goThavaNInA anurUpa vikalpo, vividha sainyabRho ane temanA upayoganA te-te anurUpa prasaMgo, cAra sainyAMgonI vividha yuddhapaddhatio ane temanA yogya upayoga prasaMgo, kUyuddha ane prakAzayuddhanA anurUpa upayoga prasaMgo - AvAM pratyakSa yuddhakriyAsaMbaMdhI pAsAMo paNa nirUpyAM che. sainyane yuddha mATe mana, buddhi ane prANathI sajja karavA mATe anurUpa protsAhana-prakAronuM nirUpaNa paNa rasaprada ane mulavaNIyogya che. vividha sainyaprakAronA upayoga-prasaMgo, ahIM punaH, lAghavathI nirdezyA che. kUTayuddhanI sarakhAmaNImAM prakAzayuddhanuM caDhiyAtApaNuM paNa nirdezya che. adhikaraNano chello zloka mArmika vAta kare che : "dhanuSyamAMthI choDeluM bANa lakSyane vIMdhe ke na paNa vIMdhe; paraMtu buddhirUpI zastra to garbhamAM sUtelA zatrune paNa avazya haNe !18", kauTilyanI pragalya pratibhAne anurUpa evuM A yuddhanirUpaNanuM samApana che. "chAza levI ane vaLI doNI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha 39 saMtADavI?' - evI nirbhaya, ni:saMdeha vAta A adhikaraNamAM paNa che. anya adhikaraNonI jema, AmAM paNa nirUpaNamAM, utAvaLamAMthI ane kahevA jevI vAtonI vipulatAmAMthI janmatI prAsaMgika avyavasthAo ane aspaSTatAo jaNAya che; paNa te kSamya ane sahya che. prAcIna bhAratamAM lokazAhIno eka rasaprada ane gaNanApAtra prayoga "gaNarAjayo'rUpe thayelo tenI saMzodhanapUrNa rajUAta prApta vividha purAvAone AdhAre bhAratIya-vidyAnA vividha vidvAnoe judI-judI rIte karelI che, jemAMnI eka dhyAnapAtra rajUAta zrI kAzIprasAda jayasvAle temanA "Hindu Polity' ('hiMdu rAjayavyavasthA') graMthamAM karelI che. te gaNarAjyonAM svarUpa ane guNavattA bAbata ghaNA matabhedo che, ane rahevAnA ja. tenI aitihAsika jANakArI paNa pAMkhI gaNAya. kauTilyanA samayanI agAu ja tevAM gaNarAjyo khAsa karIne uttara bhAratamAM astitvamAM AvelAM ane vividha prakAre prasiddhi paNa pAmyAM hatAM. kauTilya e viSe paNa pratyakSa-parokSa baMne prakAranI pAyAnI ane vizvAsapAtra jANakArI meLavI hovAnuM "arthazAstranA agiyAramA, mAtra eka adhyAyanA saMvRtta nAmanA adhikaraNa parathI spaSTa thAya che. kauTilya pote samajaNapUrvaka "#Inya (jemAM eka ja rAjA zAsaka tarIke hoya tevuM rAjyataMtra)ne potAnA deza-kALamAM uttama zAsana-paddhati mAnI hovAnuM "arthazAstra' a..6nA uttarArdhanI vistRta carcA parathI, AThamA adhikaraNanA bIjA adhyAyanA AraMbhanI keTalIka carcAo parathI, A agiyAramA adhikaraNamAM ane ekarAya-paddhatine ja svIkArIne AkhA graMthamAM karelI sarvAgI carcAo parathI paNa jaNAya che. saMskRti-premIone kauTilyanA e gaNarAjya aMgenA anubhavajanya vicAro jANavAnuM mana thAya ja. kauTilya pote pUrvagrahamukta, sarvaguNagrAhI vicAraka to che ja. paNa teo mAtra takazrita saiddhAMtika pAsAMno ja vicAra na karatAM vyavahAru ke vAstavalakSI pAsAMno paNa khUba cIvaTathI vicAra kare che. temane potAnA jamAnAmAM gaNarAjyo ekaMdare AzAspada ke kasadAra lAgyAM nahi hoya te A adhikaraNamAM spaSTa thAya che. gaNarAjya mATe temaNe "sa zabda vAparyo che - je zabda vizeSataH jaina ane bauddha dharmasaMgaThano mATe pracalita banyo hato. ethI A adhikaraNanuM nAma " uttam' rAkhyuM che. teno artha "saMghanI vastusthiti' evo karavAnuM sauthI yogya lAge che. prA.zrI kaMgalee "saMgho sAthenuM vartana' evo artha karyo che, te adhikaraNanI moTA bhAganI sAmagrI jotAM yogya lAge, paNa temAM saMkSepamAM saMghoe ekarAjayo sAthe paNa kema vartavuM ne potAnuM zAsana kema calAvavuM te vAta paNa kahI hovAthI ane bhASAkIya dRSTie paNa agAu sUcavelo artha sarvasamAvezaka lAge che. kauTilya AnA AraMbhe be prakAranA saMgho nirdezyA che e paNa ghaNI mahattvanI vAta che; te prakAro che : (1) "vArtAzAstrIpagIvI' eTale ke khetI ane zastravidyA baMnethI jIvanArAono saMgha, ane (2) rAnazabdonIvI" - "rAjanya' birudathI jIvato arthAtu kuLaparaMparAthI rAjavaMzI ane rAjakAjano ja vyavasAya karatA umarAvono saMgha. je mahattvanAM prAcIna bhAratIya gaNarAjyo aneka rIte prasiddha che, te badhAM lagabhaga A bIjA prakAramAM ja samAya che, ane kauTilya A adhikaraNanI samagra carcA e prakArane dhyAnamAM rAkhIne ja karavAnuM ucita mAnyuM jaNAya che. evA sAta rAjavaMzone AdhAre oLakhAtA gaNo ke saMdhonAM vizeSanAmo paNa ApyAM che, jayAre vidvAnonA mate, prathama prakAranAM paNa saMbhavataH cAra nAmo For Personal & Private Use Only

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40 kauTilya arthazAstra' dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa kauTilya ApyAM che. e saMghaprakAra grAmINa AmaprajAnI dhiMgI, svAdhIna pratibhAmAMthI nIpajato jaNAya che. e eka prAthamika samAjanI lokazAhI jaNAya che. bIjo prakAra mukhyatve nagararAjyonI zikSita, varaNAgI prajAne lagato jaNAya che. mukhyatve nagarajIvananI naitika badIo ja A prakAramAM saMkula bhraSTAcAro rUpe pravezatI jaNAya che. kauTilyanA samayamAM AvAM saMgharAjyo (gaNarAjyo) aneka bhraSTAcArothI bhraSTa rAjapuruSothI khadabadatAM haze te A adhikaraNanA ekamAtra adhyAyamAM nirdezelI vividha AkArovALI bhedanItipaddhatio ane guptavadha paddhatione AdhAre jaNAya che. prajAniSThA vagaranAM bhraSTa gaNarAjayone nAthavAnI AvazyakatA ane tAkIda barobara samajIne ja emAM kapaTI upAyonI vaividhyasabhara dIrdha paraMparA ApI che. dekhItI rIte e sarva upAyo sahRdayone khUMce tevA lAge. paNa vyApaka samudAyanA hitamAM, sAce raste lAvavI azakya gaNAtI eka ke vadhu vyaktiono bhoga levo paDe to levo - e nyAye ja A varNana hovA saMbhava che. paMdaramI-soLamI sadI AsapAsanA saMskRta sAhityamAM aneka "prahasana" tathA "bhANa' prakAranI nATyakRtiomAM rAjAzAhInA paNa AvA ghora bhraSTAcAro ThaThThAcitro dvArA pragaTa karAyA che te vAta AnI sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya. Ama chatAM saiddhAMtika rIte sanniSTha hoya evuM saMgharAjya sAruM hoI zake che ane te vakhate paNa tevA sArA saMgho haze - te vAta A adhikaraNanA chevADAnA ekamAtra gavAkya ane chellA eka zloka parathI jaNAya che. adhyAyanA AraMbhe paNa sArA saMghonI maitrI mitra-rAjaya ke svasainya karatAM paNa caDhiyAtI hovAnuM kahyuM che e vAta, tathA anukULa saMghone sAma ke dAnathI jItavAnI ane potAnA hetuo mATe khapamAM levAnI vAta saMgha bAbatanA lekhakanA taTasthapaNAnI ane chUpA AzAvAdanI sUcaka che. kauTilya, jema anyatra, tema ahIM paNa duSTa saMghamukhyonA anvaye bheda ke gukhavadhanI, nachUTake prayojavAnI akArI ane AkarI nItinA pAyA tarIke, kahevAtA "UMcA lokomAM rahelI ahaMkAra, matsara, dveSa, asUyA, UMca-nIcabhAva, kAmalolupatA, lobha jevI beThI vikRta manovRttione nizAna banAvavAnuM navA-navA AkAre daSTAMtarUpa kahI batAvyuM che. Aje ApaNI pAse je prabuddha manuSya kendrI vicAro bhAratanA tAjetaranA UjaLA sAMskRtika-rAjakIya puruSArthanA phaLarUpe saMcita thayA che, te dRSTie AvI malina yuktinA UjaLA mAnavIya vikalpo prayojavAnI eka prabaLa bhAvanA sakriya thaI che. vadha jevA hiMsaka upAyo khataranAka zastravaividhyanA A yugamAM vyavahAru kAraNosara paNa aprastuta banI rahyA che. paNa A badho samaya-samayano khela che te dRSTie samatvathI kauTilyanA - balka emanA jamAnAnA - vicArajagatane mUlavavAnuM che. kauTilya sama-sAmayika vAstavika sthitinA AdhAre "ekarAjaya' zAsana-vyavasthA (rAjAzAhI)ne pasaMda kare che, paNa rAjAdhirAjanA bRhat ekahaththu vizALa sAmrAjyane anivArya mAnatA nathI. rAjA mATe emaNe lAkSaNika "narendra ("naromAM uttama') zabda paNa prayojayo che te sUcaka che. rAjAnA rAjatvanuM hArda tenI AgavI, mukta pratibhA che, jenA mATe kauTilya "AtmavattA' evo adhyAtmaparaka sAMskRtika zabda vAparyo che. rAjAnI asmitA vyaktigata ahaMkArarUpa nahi, paNa sva-samudAyanI, sva-rASTranI asmitA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM: rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha 41 sAthe ekarUpa hoya che. AthI nAnA ke moTA AvA jAtavAnuM rAjA mATe kauTilya AkhA graMthamAM sarvatra vijigISa" ("vijaya-AkAMkSAvALo) zabda vApare che. rAjA-rAjA vacce prAsaMgika tAratamya ('tara'tamabhAva, caDhiyAtApaNuM-UtaratApaNuM) bhale ho, paNa vikAsanI saMbhAvanAnA mApadaMDe sarva rAjAo samAna che - jema sarva vyakti samAna che. eTale kauTilya graMtharacanA pAchaLa nAnA ke moTA eka-eka rAjayanI AgavI asmitAnI khilavaTanuM dhyeya mAnyuM che. game te dazAmAM paNa koI paNa rAjAnA ane tenA rASTranA ghaDatarane mATe, tema ja dAruNa durdazAmAMthI tenI muktine mATe avakAza rahe ja che; tenA mArgo zodhI zakAya tema che. hA, e mATe zama eTale ke dhIrajabharI rAha jovAnuM ane vyAyAma eTale ke padma samaye anurUpa upAyanuM utkaTa AcaraNa - e baMnene vArApharatI ke mizrarUpe ajamAvavAnA rahe. to A samajanA AdhAra para, sthULa baLanI bAbatamAM zatrupakSathI nabaLA (ga-vanIyam caDhiyAtA baLa vinAnA) evA rAjAe ajamAvavAnA vividha Tharela, vyavahAru ke vAjabI jokhamavALA upAyonI vicAraNA mATe graMthanuM bAramuM zAstrIyam (gavatIyam rAjAne lagatuM) adhikaraNa yojAyuM che. kauTilya Adhunika DArvinavAdanI (sauthI lAyakanA ja TakAvanI - survival of the fittest nI) vicArasaraNIthI bhinna abhigamanA prabuddha puraskartA hovAnuM paNa A adhikaraNane AdhAre jarUra kahI zakAya. prA.kaMgale AnA anuvAdanA AraMbhe ja noMdhe che tema, sAmagrInI daSTie to A adhikaraNamAM, paradezanItinAM AgalAM adhikaraNonI ane khAsa karIne "pAguNyaviSayaka sAtamA adhikaraNanA adhyAya 14mAthI 17mAnI sAmagrInuM ja vistaraNa che. A vAta sAcI che. paraMtu A adhikaraNamAM ApelI badhI vigato bhale nAvInya na dharAvatI hoya, paNa vigato saMdarbhabhede navI ane bhArapUrvaka kahevAvA jevI che. te saMdarbha che baLamAM pAchaLa evA rAjA ke zAsananI unnatinI bharI-bharI saMbhAvanAne rAjanaitika Arogya samatulA arthe poSavAnI jarUrano. ahIM e bAbata khAsa dhyAna ApavA jevI che ke AmAM je baLanA UtaratApaNAno saMdarbha che te sthULa sainikabaLa ke vyAyAmabaLanA UtaratApaNAno. kauTilya graMthamAM batAvelI trividha zaktio paikInI maMtrazakti (buddhibaLa) to ahIM ullekhAyelA nabaLA rAjAmAM sArI peThe hAjara che te vAta adhikaraNanuM samagra nirUpaNa jotAM spaSTa bane che. ahIM je buddhibaLa abhipreta che teno pAyo AtmabaLa ke AtmavizvAsamAM paDelo che; e ja che AtmavattA. bhartuharie je kahyuM che ke "viknothI pharI-pharI AghAta pAmatA dhIra-jano nizcita dhyeyanI prApti sudhI prayatnamAMthI aTakatA nathI"19, te vAta A adhikaraNanA pAMca adhyAyomAM cUMTAI che. paradezanItinAM judAM-judAM pAsAMomAM niraMtara bheda-daMDa jevA kAThA, jokhamI upAyonI vAta thayelI che. temAM "thAya evA thaIe, to gAma vacce rahIe.' e aTala laukika nyAya ja jaLavAya che. jema parokSatA ke saMbaMdhanuM dUrapaNuM vadhe che, tema mANasa nipura, naryo svArthI ane avicArI banato jovA maLe che. A adhikaraNanAM adhyAyo ke prakaraNo tapAsatAM e khyAlamAM Ave che ke baLiyA zatrunA potAnA paranA saMbhavita AkramaNanI pUrve karavAnA upAyo, AkramaNanI prakriyA daramiyAna karavAnA upAyo ane pote zatruthI killAmAM gherAya tyAre karavAnA upAyo - ema bhinna-bhinna upAya-tabakkAono vicAra For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa thayelo che. temAM dUtakarmorUpe prayojAtA caturAIbharyA saMdhio ane jene 'maMtrayuddha' kahe che temAM rAjakIya saMdezAo vagere dvArA sAmA pakSano thato manopacAra A Ayojanone garavAM ane dhoraNasaranAM rAjakIya pratibhAkarmo kahI zakAya. tyAra pachI Ave che dhRSTatAthI - jAsUsI hiMmata ane sAhasathI - sAmA pakSanA, potAnA sainyabaLanA avAstavika abhimAna para AdhArita avicArI yuddhanirNayarUpa kuchaMdane toDavA mATenA upAyo. temAM senAnA vaDAo ke rAjyanA mokAnA adhikArIono vadha, sainyanA mAnava-AhArane ke pazu-AhArane viSayukta karavo, rAjyanAM anya aMgo('prakRtio')nA uccAdhikArIo(mahAmAtra)ne bheda ke guptavadharUpa upAyo dvArA pharajasthAna parathI ke prANathI cyuta karavA, tema ja yukti-prayuktio dvArA rAjAno vadha karavA jevAM pagalAM paNa samAveza pAme che. A upAyajALa kharekhara to bahArathI baLiyA dekhAtA zatrunA ane tenA taMtranA khokhalApaNA para, sainyAdi sthULa baLanA mudde UtaratA, paNa pratibhAbaLa ke AtmabaLathI samRddha evA rAjA dvArA thatA vAjabI prahArarUpa hovAnuM samajAya che. na-chUTake paNa amuka tabakke daDha rIte prayojavAnAM A pagalAM che. koI paNa sAco AdarzavAda na namAlApaNAno paryAya hoya, na Atmagaurava bAbata bAMdhachoDa karanAra hoya. 42 A upAyajALamAM adhikaraNanA trIjA adhyAyanA aMtamAM 'maMDalaprotsAhana' nAmano eka umadA ane pAyAno upAya khAsa dhyAna kheMce che. eka vizALa mulkanA vividha rAjAonA samudAyane temanI vacce pravartatA sArA-narasA saMbaMdhane AdhAre, 'rAjamaMDala' tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che te agAu chaThThA adhikaraNanA AdhAre ApaNe joyuM. emAMnA rAjAo vacce paraspara verane paNa avakAza hovA chatAM, ekaMdare, 'vinA sahakAra nahi uddhAra' e nyAye emanI vacce eka cokkasa prakAranI rAjanaitika saMskRti astitva dharAvatI hoya che. AkhI paradezanItino pAyo A maMDalarUpa rAjanaitika samAja che te vAta kauTilye agAu ghUMTI ApI ja che. to sainikI rIte nabaLA rAjAe potAMnI nItiniSThA ke nItizraddhAne AdhAre A maMDalane enA prANarUpa nyAyaniSTha dUraMdezI tattvone - DhaMDhoLavAnI, tenI samakSa baLapradarzanavAdanI mAThI pariNAma-paraMparA cIMdhIne te sAme tene jAgRta ane susajjapaNe sakriya karavAnI vAta mukAI che. te ja rIte maMtrayuddhanA bhAgarUpe khuda zatrupakSane DhaMDhoLavAnI, enA dussAhasanAM aniSTa pariNAmo Atmagauravabhera cIMdhI batAvI tene cImakI ApavAnI vAta paNa A adhikaraNamAM samAvIne kauTilye pragalbha (Tharela) rAjanIti taraphanI potAnI sthira ruci ane niSThA pragaTa karI che. A anvaye A adhikaraNanA prAraMbhe ja AkramaNakAranI traNa zakya manovRttio batAvavArUpa je lAghavabharyuM samartha vizleSaNa karAyuM che te paNa graMthakAranI vedhaka pAradarzitA ane dRSTinI samagratA batAve che. vaLI A vizleSaNanI pUrve, nabaLA rAjAe apanAvavAnI nIti aMge be aMtimavAdI pUrvapakSo rajU karI, graMthakAre potAno samanvayakArI mata jaNAvIne AkhA adhikaraNano mukhya sUra rajU karI dIdho che. - A adhikaraNamAM batAvelI keTalIka atikuTila ke krUra lAgatI yuktio bAbate eTaluM ja kahI zakAya ke emAM te vakhatanI kharekharI vastusthiti ane paristhitinuM ja pratibiMba samajavuM. loka-svabhAva bAbata taTastha rahIne ane te prati samajaNabharyo avirodha jALavIne paNa, prasaMge-prasaMge potAno tAttvika mata pUrA vinaya sAthe deDhatApUrvaka kahevo e kauTilyano ArUDha saMskAra che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha 43 sAmagrInI goThavaNInI daSTie AkhA graMthamAM jovA maLatI vastusthiti ahIM paNa che. temAMnAM prakaraNo mATe ApavAmAM AvelAM keTalAMka zIrSako durbodha ke aspaSTa jovA maLe che. keTalAMka prakaraNa-zIrSaka taLe anurUpa sAmagrIno abhAva ke tenI alpatA jovA maLe che. koI eka adhyAyamAM ekAdhika prakaraNo hoya to tevA keTalAka kissAomAM te prakaraNonI sImArekhA spaSTa jaNAtI nathI. keTalAMka prakaraNonI sAmagrI je-te adhyAya uparAMta anyatra paNa aniyamitapaNe phelAyelI jovA maLe che. paNa eTaluM cokkasa jaNAya che ke lekhakane potAnA te-te peTA-viSayanI bane teTalI upayogI sAmagrI ApI chUTavAnI khUba tAlAvelI che. zatrue nabaLA rAjAnA durgano pAko ghero ghAlyo hoya, te vakhate AcaravAnI vividha vaikalpika yuktionuM, A adhikaraNanA pAchalA bhAgamAM, ApeluM varNana ThIka-ThIka vistAravALuM, kutUhalapoSaka ane pIDha hovA uparAMta carcAnI eraNe caDhAvavAnuM mana thAya tevuM che. jarUra paDye "jIvato nara bhadrA pAmaze e nyAye nabaLA rAjAe durgane paNa choDIne, mAtra prANa ane zakyatA mujaba sAthIone bacAvI cAlI nIkaLavAnI graMthakAranI salAha paNa rAjapratibhA paranI temanI anubhavAzrita pAkI AsthA sUcave che. arthazAstranA chaThThAthI teramA adhikaraNa sudhInA bhAgane keTalIka hastapratomAM "mAvAI' nAma apAyuM che. pahelAthI pAMcamA adhikaraNanA vibhAgane "vatra nAma apAyuM che. A yojanA pramANe teramuM adhikaraNa mAvAva-vibhAganuM chelluM adhikaraNa che. kauTilya pote graMthamAM kyAMya paNa AvA be vibhAgano ullekha nathI karyo e jotAM A zabdo ane rAjanItizAstranI AvI vibhAga-yojanA pAchaLanA kALanI nIpaja jaNAya che. paradeza-nItinAM A adhikaraNonI adhikaraNavAra sAmagrI tapAsIe to emAM paraspara cokhkhI, viSayavastusaMbaMdhI bhedarekhA ghaNI ochI che, ane eka ne eka jAtanI ghaNI sAmagrI mAtra vigatapheredRSTAMtaphere judAM judAM adhikaraNomAM DokAyAM kare che. e rIte kauTilya graMthAraMbhe A zAstra (= tenA graMtha) mATe vimukta graMthavitaram (graMthanA laMbANa vinAnuM) evo je dAvo karyo che, te amuka aMze khoTo Thare che. AkhA graMthanuM cokhkhuMcaNaka ane lAghavayukta Ayojana karavA jeTalI ekAgratA, saMbhavata: samayAbhAve sAdhI zakAI nathI. paNa sAme pakSe zAstra-racanAne prauDhatA, unnati ane vaicArika audArya arpanArI je uttama pratibhAzakti lekhaka-pakSe pragaTa thAya che, te saMtarpaka che. upara kahyuM tema, A adhikaraNonI aMdaranI sAmagrImAM ghaNuM ekavidhapaNuM ke vigatabhede ghaNAM punarAvartano to che, paraMtu adhikaraNonAM zIrSaka tapAsatAM viSayanirUpaNa mATe upakAraka evAM tarkabaddha pagathiyAM graMthakAranI buddhimAM spaSTa che. potAnA graMthanA viSayavibhAgonA nirUpaNamAM rAjanItirUpa mukhya viSayanuM eka paNa mahattvanuM pAsuM cUkI na javAya, viSayanI mAvajata jarA paNa adhUrI, cIlAcAlu, coTa vinAnI, vAjabI prayogazIlatAne na utteje tevI na rahI jAya enI graMthakAranI tAlAvelI satata DokAyA kare che. A graMthamAM saiddhAMtika carcA chUTI-chavAyI ja che, ane te-te viSayanI vyavahAru vigato ke te aMgenuM vigatavAra mArgadarzana ja niraMtara khIcokhIca bhareluM che, tema chatAM AvI badhI vigatonI mulavaNI mATe vedhaka buddhi jAgatI rAkhanArane e vigato pAchaLanI graMthakAranI saMskRtipoSaka nyAyabuddhinI pratIti satata thayA ja kare che. hakIkate to kharA kAma sAthe ja sIdho prasaMga pADanArI, arthAt sIdhesIdhAM, dharAtala para For Personal & Private Use Only

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44 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa AvI janArI (down to earch) temanI A sIdhIsaTa prakRti ja che. kyAreka-kyAreka ja, atyaMta lAghavathI - eka-be vAkyamAM ja - emaNe rajU karela siddhAMta jhIlatAM, emAM emanAM sarvAgI buddhibaLa ane parAkramabaLanI pArzvabhUmikAmAM raheluM emanuM acaMcaLa hRdayabaLa anubhavAyA vagara rahetuM nathI. teramA adhikaraNanuM zIrSaka che gunovA (zatrunAgaDhane jItavAnA upAya).vijigISa (rAjA)nI vijayavAMchA paradhvaMsI, vikRta, ahaMkendrI ane mahattvAkAMkSArUpa nahi, paNa vizuddha rAjadharmarUpa ke lokavijayarUpa rAjapratApanI sthApanA arthe hovAnI vAta ghUMTavAnuM kauTilya graMthamAM kyAMya bhUlatA nathI. AgalA bAramA adhikaraNanA AraMbhe traNa prakAranA AkramaNakAro(traya: mora:)nI je ukta vAta lAghavathI karI che, te parathI paNa AvuM a-doSa vinAputva kauTilyane abhipreta che e vAta bilakula sApha bane che. A saMdarbhe ja A teramA adhikaraNamAMnI, zatruno gaDha jItavAnI vAta thayelI che te bAbata, adhikaraNanA keTalAka khUNAomAM rajU thayelA Adezo uparathI - khAsa to A adhikaraNanA chellA pAMcamA nAnakaDA, suMdara adhyAya parathI - dIvA jevI sApha bane che. A samajaNa-mALakhAne dhyAnamAM rAkhIne A adhikaraNamAM paNa agAunAM adhikaraNonI jema ja, je rAjanaitika yukti-prayuktio, kapaTaprayogo vagerenuM pUraNa bharavAmAM AvyuM che, tene samabhAvathI jIravavAnuM che, ane enI pAchaLanI anivAryatAone samajavAnI jarUra che. mAnavakendrI umadA naitika sacetapaNuM sAphalyanI bhUharacanA dvArA sAkAra bane te paNa iSTa che. AmAM pAMca adhyAyo che. prathama adhyAya che "upanA : ('kAnabhaMbheraNI'). je rAjaya jItavAnuM che tenuM taMtra sArI peThe khokhaluM, bhraSTa ane kartavyayyata thayeluM che ane prajA-jIvana asta-vyasta thaI gayeluM hoya che. moTe bhAge sAmAnya prajA zraddhA para, kvacit aMdhazraddhA para TakatI hoya che. rAjyataMtra kharAba hoya to ye rAjapadano mahimA temanA manamAM rUDha thaI gayo hoI temane mana potAno rAjA deva ja che. A lokamAnasane khyAlamAM rAkhIne, ahIM Ama-prajAne uddezIne ane rAjAne vaLagI rahelA adhikArItaMtrane lakSIne (saMbodhIne) kAna-bhaMbheraNInI vAta che. prajAnI ane taMtravAhakonI rUDha zraddhAo ke aMdhazraddhAone hacamacAvavAnI che, ane AvA rAjayane jItavA icchanArA A paDozI vijigISanA mahimAnI chabI vividha rIte temanA mAnasapaTa para aMkita karavAnI che. jevA sAthe tevA thavAnI A laukika vAta che, jenI sAme taTastha dRSTie vAMdho uThAvavA jevuM jaNAtuM nathI. vijayavAMchu rAjAnI divyatA upasAvavA tenA sarvajJapaNAnI, tene thayela devatA-sAkSAtkAronI, tenI amAnuSI zaktionI vividha vAto, tenA yuktipUrNa banAvaTI purAvAo sAthe, vividha rIte vijigISae potAnA ane zatrunA rAjayamAM prasAravAnI che. alabatta, A badhuM aneka dazyo ke ghaTanAo dvArA siddha karavAnA pAyA tarIke to mAtra catura yukti-prayuktio ja hoya che. paNa ekaMdare navo rAjA jUnA rAjAne uthalAvIne tenA rAjayano svAmI bane te pahelAM enA mahimAnuM daDha sthApana zatrurAjayanI prajAmAM ane taMtravAhakomAM karavAnI vAta che. Aje jene brainwashing (lokamAnasamAM rUDha thayelA vicAronuM saMpUrNa dhovANa karI pasaMda karelA navA vicAronuM sthApana) kahe che, tenA ja nirdoSa prakAranI vAta, Ama to, kahevAya. adhyAyane cheDe zatrurAjayanA mukhya adhikArIonAM hRdaya agAuthI jAsUso vagere dvArA jItavAnI vAta For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM ? rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha 45 paNa che. temane dhana, mAna vagerethI paNa potAnI tarapha vALavAnA che. prApta paristhitimAM AvA upAyo paNa dhIra ane dhITa (hiMmatabAja) evA rAjAe apanAvavAnuM AvI paDe che. bIjo adhyAya che : yogAvAmAm (thoDA - kapaTayukti; tenA dvArA vAmanad - bahAra kADhavAnI kriyA. ekaMdara artha : kapaTayuktiothI zatrurAjAne mahela ke killAmAMthI jAheramAM kheMcI ANavAnuM pagaluM). zatrurAjAnI khokhalI dharmazraddhAo, lobhavRtti, hAthIghoDA kharIdavAno gAMDo zokha - A badhAM nabaLAM biMduo("chidro')ne AdhAre rAjAne mahela ke killAnI bahAra kheMcI lAvavAnI ane teno vadha karavAnI ke kvacit keda karavAnI vividha manovaijJAnika yuktio AmAM ApI che. vaLI vividha rIte rAjAnuM amaMgaLa bhAkhatI ke rAjAno bali mAgatI rAkSasonI, devatAonI vANI prakAzita karavAnI yuktionI paNa vAta che. chelle ja zloko dvArA anya vividha dainika pramAdasthAno para rAjAno vadha karavAnI vAta che. samudAyane bacAvavA aniSTanA mULarUpa - kharekhara to khokhalApaNAthI aMdara khatama thayelA jevI - eka mukhya vyaktino bhoga laI vyApaka hiMsA nivAravAnI, paristhiti-sApekSa laukika anigha (binaniMdApAtra) nIti AmAM che. trIjA adhyAyanuM zIrSaka koI sAva alAyado viSaya na sUcavatAM AkhI paradezanItimAM anivArya rUpe yojAtA upAyano ja ullekha kare che; e zIrSaka che pasaIvorfdha: ("guptacarano kAryakalApa'). alabatta, ahIM guptacarano kArya-kalApa zatruno gaDha jItavAnA ne zatrune harAvavAnA ekamAtra hetu mATeno ja che - te rIte ja tenuM varNana karAyuM che. Ama to paradezanItimAM khUba vyApakapaNe guptacarono upayoga thato hoya che, paNa keTalAMka kAmomAM guptacarataMtrano upayoga mAtra gupta vAto jANavA pUrato ja nahi, paNa zatru-rAjAne tyAM ke tenA rAjyamAM sevakapaNAnA vividha veSa adA karIne vadhAdi Avazyaka kAryo gupta rIte ATopavA mATe paNa thato hoya che. temAM aneka dekhADA, daMbha ke nATaka paNa saphaLa rIte karavAnAM hoya che. dekhAve mAtelA paNa mAMhethI khokhalA thaI gayelA zatrane, sIdhA yuddhane badale ADakatarI jeTalI rItothI, ochAmAM ochA kare ane jIvonA nyUnatama bhoge jItI zakAya te mATe prayatno karI chUTavAnuM che. AmAM paNa rAjAnA vadhanI vAta che ja; te uparAMta zatrudezanA adhikArIonI ke tenA bhraSTAcArIonI kAnabhaMbheraNI dvArA tenA taMtranuM moTuM pheravavAnI vAta, UbhA karAyelAM bIjA yuddhamAM rAjAne saMDovavAnI vAta, rAjAnA mitrone tenA zatru banAvavAnI vAta, potAnA sainikone rAjayamAMnA aneka sevakapado para goThavI temanA ja dvArA yogya vakhate zatrurAjA para saphaLa humalo karAvavAnI vAta, rAjAne killAmAMthI laDavA bahAra kADhavAnI vAta- evuM ghaNuMbadhuM sAhasabharyuM chatAM catura guptacarakArya-jALa ahIM rasaprada rIte varNavAyuM che. Avo kAryakalApa bhejAbAjone porasAve (prere) tevI DiTeTiva-kathAono sAro masAlo jarUra pUro pADe ! cotho adhyAya AgaLanAM be pagathiyAM nirUpe che: pAsanakarma (killA pharate ghero) ane navama: (zatruno kaccaraghANa). A adhyAyanA AraMbhe ne cheDe rajU thayelI keTalIka Tharela vAto dhyAna kheMce che. pahelAM to eka vahevAru vAta kahI che : zatrune ADakatarA upAyothI khokharo ne khokhalo karIne pachI ja ghero ghAlavo. hakIkate zatru potAnA aneka doSone kAraNe ja virodhapAtra arthAt duzmana banyo che. to e doSo utkaTapaNe ughADA pADI, enI vAstavika nabaLAIone sapATI para lAvIne vijaya mATe For Personal & Private Use Only

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46 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vijigISae aMtima laDAIno pAko dAva lagAvavAno che. ATaluM kahIne pachI ahIM kALajIthI kahevAyuM che ke zatru-rAjAnA durganI bahAra je janapada (grAma-nagaramaya taLa rASTra) che, temAMnI Ama-prajAne yuddhanA vinAzathI mukta rAkhavAnI che. yuddhano sapATo jyAM-jyAM phelAvAnI zakyatA hoya, teTalA mulkanI prajA jo cAhe, to tene salAmata sthAne vasAvavAnI che ane je jAte bIje javA mAge, tene tema karavA devAnuM che. prajAne vasAvavAmAM paNa Arthika vagere Teko ne verAmukti sudhdhAM ApavAnAM che! kharekhara, mAnavatApUrNa, dhiMgo, kautukapoSaka, kAryakalApa ! anukULa lAge to AvI sthAnAMtara-pAtra vastIne alAyadI bhUmimAM chuTTI-chuTTI ke ekajaththa paNa vasAvI zakAya. Ama karavAnuM eka ja kAraNa che ke je rAjayane jItavAnuM che, e rAjya sukha-zAMti bhogavatI prajAvALuM thAya e iSTa che. chevaTe prajAne ataMtra ke kutaMtramAMthI bacAvIne sa-taMtrathI saMtoSavAno hetu AvI vidhisaranI rAjakIya kAmagIrI pAchaLa hoya che. . ghero ghAlIne pratyakSa yuddha paNa karavAnuM ane yuktiothI zatrupakSane pIThano dvArA thakavavAno paNa kharo. zatrupakSane asahAya banAvavA kAM to laNavAlAyaka pAkano, kAM to navI vAvaNI (muSTi)no nAza karavAno. durgamAM puravaTho ke sainikI kumaka jatAM hoya, to te rokavAnAM. dahanazIla aneka saMyojanadravyo ke rAsAyaNika dravyo pazu-pakSIo, bANa-prayogo vagere dvArA durgamAM bahArathI ke aMdara sthApavAmAM AvelA potAnA guptacaro dvArA pheMkIne Aga lagADavAnA vikalpa ajamAvAya. chatAM spaSTa kahevAyuM che ke parAkramane avakAza hoya tyAM sudhI Aga jevA atinAzaka prayogo na karavA, jethI chevaTe sAva kSINa rAjaya ja hAthamAM AvavAno prasaMga na Ave. lAMbo ghero ghAlavAnuM tyAre ja karavuM ke jyAre zatrupakSane aneka rAjanaitika ke bhautika pratikULatAo hoya. zatrupakSa sAthe sIdho mukAbalo karI zakAya te mATe aneka jAsUsI kapaTaprayogo dvArA zatrurAjAne sainya sAthe killAmAMthI bahAra nIkaLavA lalacAvavAno che. te mATe mitra-rAjAno ke mAsaY(kumaka mokalanAra rAjA)no svAMga sajI, dUta mokalI vividha rIte zatrune bharamAvavo. ghero uThAvI lIdhAno dekhAva karI, vanamAM chupAI, bahAra nIkaLelA zatru para joradAra humalo karavAnuM paNa goThavI zakAya ! saMdhi karavAno dekhAva karIne paNa AkramaNanI taka jhaDapI levAya. A adhyAyane cheDe, zatru sAthenA sIdhA yuddhamAM paNa dharmayuddhanAM niyamano pALavAnuM kahevAyuM che. paDI gayelA, DarI gayelA, zaraNe AvelA, zastra tyajI cUkelA, chuTTA vALavALA, pITha pheravI gayelA - AvI lAcAra sthitimAM phasAyelA sainika para ghA na karavo. kevuM gaMbhIra aucitya ! adhyAya-aMte rajU thayelI cAra prakAranA pRthvI-vijayanI vAta kautuka janmAve che. eno sAra e lAge che ke paradezanIti e rAjatvanI paramocca ane sAcI kasoTI che. kharA vijigISae potAnI evI rAjakIya mudrA potAnA pratApI ane udAra rAjakarmonA aNathaka AcaraNathI - eka prakAranA rAjakIya mahAyajJakarmathI - upasAvavAnI che, ke jethI kAM to pUrNapaNe astitva dharAvatA samagra rAjamaMDalano pote adhirAja ke samrATu bane, athavA vistRta rAjamaMDalanA abhAvanA saMjogamAM, lAgatA-vaLagatAM paDozI rASTromAMnAM zatrurASTro ane mitrarASTrone parAkrama ane pratibhA baMnethI jItIne niraMtara potAnI AmanyAmAM rAkhe. A mArmika TUMkI carcA traNa prakAranA Akramako paikI asuravijayI ke lobhavijayI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha rAjAnI nahi, paNa dharmavijayI rAjAnI pratibhAne dhyAnamAM rAkhIne thaI che te samajAyA vagara rahetuM nathI. gItAnI bhASAmAM kahIe to lokasaMgraha (sthira lokakalyANa) arthe, mAnavanI aneka sAMskRtika Apa-lethI ke Ava-jAthI UbharAtA vizALa mulkamAM ke khaMDIya bhU-bhAgamAM asahya aMtarAyo UbhA karatAM mAthAbhAre rAjakIya ane upadravakA2I tattvone, sArI peThe khilavAyelI bAhozIthI vaza karIne saMgIna mAnava-jIvana sthApavAnI ja A vAta che. A ja kAraNe to kauTilye ucca vivekadRSTie tri-vargamAM arthapuruSArthane ane cAra vidyAomAM daMDanItine prAdhAnya ApyuM che. rAjasUya yajJanuM vidhAna paNa A ja uddezya arthe che. A adhyAyane aMte vijayI rAjAne sarva varNo ane Azramo vidhipUrvaka dharmamArge vikasatA rahe tevuM rAjya, tevo samAja sthApavA mATe nitya svadharmapAlana dvArA zAsana karavAnI bhalAmaNa karAI che. A ja taMtune AgaLa vadhAre tevo adhikaraNano chello (pAMcamo) adhyAya che na--prazamanam (jItelA rAjyamAM zAMtisthApana, arthAt sarva ghaTakonuM hRdaya jItavAnuM kAma). TUMko suMdara adhyAya che. vijayanA sahAyakone ApelAM vacanonuM pAlana thAya ane prajAmAM navA rAjya bAbate saMpUrNa abhaya ane vizvAsa sthapAya tevuM priya-hitasAdhaka saumya AcaraNa vijigISue niraMtara karavAnuM che. rAjyanAM aneka vyAvasAyika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika saMgaThanone paNa vizvAsamAM levAnAM che. sarva kSetranA guNI-janonI, dharmasthAnonI, AzramAdi saMskRti-sthAnonI mAtra pUjA ja nathI ka2vAnI, paNa temanA yoga-kSema aMge jarUrI kALajI kAyama levAnI che. samAjanA sarva asahAyone hUMpha ane Teko ApavAnAM che. vijayane vadhAvavA sarva baMdIjanone mukta karavAnA che. niyata karelA samayagALe TheravelA divasoe pazuo paratve 'adhAta' (jene jaina-paraMparAmAM 'amAri' paNa kahe che) jALavavAno che. rASTranA koza ke daMDa(sainya)ne hAni pahoMcADe tevA badhA vahevAro aTakAvI dharmavyavahAro sthApavAnA che. mAthAbhAre tattvo ke marmasthAnanA adhikArIono samaye-samaye sthAnaphe2 karatA rahevAnuM che. saravALe vijetAe potAnA guNone vikasAvatA rahI pUrvarAjAnA doSone ke guNone paNa prajA bhUlI jAya ane saMtApamukta, zaMkAmukta bane tevuM karavAnuM che. 47 A rIte paradezanIti aMgenuM A chelluM kaLazarUpa adhikaraNa kauTilyanA samagra sAMskRtika abhigamanI paNa suMdara pratIti karAve che. graMthanAM chellAM (14, 15) be adhikaraNa pariziSTa tarIke gaNAvAya che. temAnuM paheluM te paradezanItinA pariziSTarUpa che, jyAre bIjuM to AkhA graMthanA pariziSTarUpe lekhakanI potAnA A graMthanI zailInuM sadaSTAMta vizleSaNa karatI noMdha ja che. caudamuM adhikaraNa che aupaniSad - 3paniSad eTale ke gupta-prayogo; te badhAnuM nirUpaNa karatuM adhikaraNa. atyaMta asAdhya ke adharmiSTha zatrunA vadha ke pravaMcana (chetarapiMDI) mATe gupta rIte karavAnA ne jenI banAvavAnI rIta gupta rAkhavAnI hoya tevA prayogo AmAM nirUpAyA che. koIne prazna thAya ke evA prayogo A graMthamAM nirUpavAthI te ughADA paDI jAya tenuM zuM ? zaMkA sAcI che. tenuM samAdhAna e che ke A vidhio to mAtra namUnArUpa ke vadhu jANItA ja che; bAkI phaLadrupa mAnavabuddhi to jaladI pakaDAya nahi ke jANI na zakAya tevA nIta-navA nusakhA zodhI zake ja che. mAnava-pratibhA sAme zakyatAono amApa sAgara che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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48 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa :: AnA cAra adhyAyo paikInA prathama adhyAyamAM zatrurAjA ke tenA mANasonA vadha mATenA ke rogotpAdana mATenA viSa-prayogo varNavyA che. bIjA-trIjA adhyAyanuM saMyukta prakaraNa che 'chetarapiMDI' (prattambanam). temAM bIjA adhyAyamAM zatrune chetare tevA AzcaryakA2ka (adbhuta) dekhAvo utpanna karatAM saMyojana-dravyonuM te-te dekhAva-vAra varNana che. Ano prayoga guptacaroe potAnI jAta para karavAno hoya che - potAne nukasAna na thAya ne zatrupakSa AzcaryamAM mukAya ane chetarAya te rIte. emAM zarIrano dekhAva ke varNa badalAya tevA, zarIra para Agano dekhAva sarjAya tevA, aMgArA para cAlI zakAya tevA, agnizamana aMgenA, chate agnie rAMdhavAnI kriyA na thAya tevA, moMmAMthI agni ke dhumADo pedA thAya tevA ane lAMbuM cAlI zakAya tevA prayogo varNavAyA che. trIjA adhyAyamAM guptacarane potAnI kAryasiddhi mATe iSTa amAnuSI sAmarthya maLe tevA auSadhonA, uparAMta maMtronA paNa siddha-prasiddha prayogo ApyA che. uparAMta yuddha-samaye AjanAM rAsAyaNika zastro jevuM kAma karatA auSadhAdi-prayogo ApyA che ! chellA adhyAyamAM rAjapuruSo para ke sainya para zatru dvArA thatA AvA prayogonA nivAraNanA upAyo ya batAvyA che ! A adhikaraNanI sAmagrInuM naitika ke vaijJAnika mUlyAMkana karavuM kaThina che. kauTilya ahIM mAtra vanajIvI mAnavInI AtmarakSaka koThAsUjhane AdhAre AgaLathI cAlI AvatI, AtmarakSaka kAMTALI vADa jevI, hAthavagAM auSadha-maMtrAdi para AdhArita aDabaMga ke ghora kAmagIrIonuM taTastha bhAve, chatAM kautukapUrvaka digdarzana ne parigaNana (enumeration) karAve che ema kahI zakAya. alabatta, 'cAturvaryanA saMrakSaNa mATe adharmiSTho upara AvA prayogo karavA ghaTe" ema kahIne temanuM vivekApekSa anumodana, adhikaraNanA AraMbhe jarUra kare che. sAce ja satyano ane jIvanasaMgharSano mArga ghaNo vikaTa che, kaThina che. graMthanuM chelluM (paMdaramuM) adhikaraNa che tantrayukti: ahIM tantra eTale koI paNa zAstra ke vidyAviSayane nirUpato graMtha; tenI racanAmAM vaparAtI cokkasa rajUAtapaddhatio te taMtrayuktio. koI paNa zAstrano paripUrNa bodha je-je yuktio eTale ke nirUpaNapaddhatio dvArA sadhAya, enI A adhikaraNanA ekamAtra adhyAyamAM eka pachI eka TUMkI samajUtI, A ja graMthanAM anurUpa avataraNo dvArA apAI che. evI batrIsa yuktio ahIM tAravAI che. eka rIte joIe to ahIM A graMthanI nirUpaNazailInuM vizleSaNa karAyuM che. e dvArA jijJAsunA buddhitaMtramAM je-te zAstrano samagra bodha janme te mATe zAstragraMthomAM kevI bodhasahAyaka rIto prayojAtI hoya che ane prayojavA jevI che te bahu mahattvanI vAta kahevAI che. A yuktionuM dhyeya che je-te zAstranI paripUrNa samajaNa - evI samajaNa ke je pAmyA bAda evI vyakti e zAstrano bodha, e ja rItono upayoga karI bIjAne paNa karAvI zake; eTaluM ja nahi, e zAstrano tenA kSetranI vividha paristhitiomAM kuzaLa upayoga paNa karI zake. - AmAMnI keTalIka yuktionuM svarUpa athavA to tenI ApelI samajUtI aspaSTa lAge che; dA.ta. vyAghyAna ke haiM nuM svarUpa, svataMjJA nAM svarUpa ane ApelI samajUtI e baMne. vaLI 3pamAna ane nivarzana, For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM: rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha 48 tema ja patta ane niyonA e be joDIo paikI darekamAMnI yuktinuM svarUpa ekabIjAthI kaI rIte bhinna che te kaLI zakAtuM nathI. keTalAMka sthaLe ApeluM daSTAMtarUpa avataraNa muddAne spaSTa karatuM nathI. keTalAMka avataraNono pATha A graMthanA te-te mULa sthaLanA pAThathI vatteoche aMze bhinna jovA maLe che. zAstragraMthomAM taMtrayuktionA nirUpaNanI prathA kauTilya-pUrvenI che. suzrutasaMhitAmAM 32 ane varaihitAmAM be vadhArAnI sahita 34 taMtrayuktio ApelI che. A paraMparAnuM mULa nyAyadarzananA prAcInatama graMtha gotamanA "nyAyasUtromAM jarUra zodhI zakAya. te darzananuM paddhatisaranuM nirUpaNa soLa 'padArthonA nirUpaNarUpe thAya che. eka rIte e AkhuM zAstra vAdavidhinuM zAstra che. koI paNa zAstra viSe jijJAsuno bodha sarvAgI ane kasadAra bane ane e bodha zaikSaNika ke sAmAjika stare khAmIrahita ke kAryasAdhaka banI rahe te mATenuM e suvikasita paddhatizAstra banI rahe che. kauTilyanI A carcA sAthe "arthazAstranA adhyA0 2.20mAMnA zAsanAdhizvara prakaraNamAMnI zAsananA guNo ane doSonI carcA paNa sarakhAvavA jevI che. kauTilyanI pratibhA mAtra vaividhyapUrNa rAjakIya kAryakalApa pratApIpaNe pAra pADavAmAM ja samApta thatI nahotI; teo Tharela zAstrajJa, zAstraparaMparApUjaka ane vatsala vidyAguru paNa hatA te temanA A graMthanAM aneka mArmika sthAno parathI pAke pAye samajAya che. A chellA adhikaraNane aMte, graMthasamAptimAMnA prathama be zloko dvArA A graMtha ke zAstranI phaLazruti ApI che te jANavA jevI che. eka zlokamAM kahyuM che ke "AMvI sarva taMtrayuktiono upayoga karI racAyeluM A zAstra A loka ke A jagatunI prApti ane rakSA mATe to khapanuM che ja; sAthosAtha te paralokanI prAptimAM paNa sahAyaka che. 2" Ano artha e ke kauTilya adhyAtmanI avirodhI, adoSa, karmabaMdharahita evI rAjanItinA puraskartA ane pakSapAtI hatA. bIjA zlokamAM kahevAyuM che ke "dharma, artha ane kAma e traNeyane A zAstra pravartAve che ane rakSe che; eTaluM ja nahi, adhamoMne ane arthahAnikAraka sarva vahevArone A zAstra nivArI Ape che. 21" bIjA zabdomAM kahIe to te duSTazAsananuM saphaLa rIte nirAkaraNa karavAnuM sAmarthya Ape che. kauTilyanA vyaktitvamAM paDelI jIvanapoSaka UrjA ane mAnavatApoSaka magarUbInuM ahIM darzana thAya che. agAu kauTilyano paricaya ApatAM, A graMthanA aMtamAM ApelA trividha zleSa dharAvatA uttama zlokanI mImAMsA paNa TippaNa kra.11nI AsapAsa) karI ja che te na doharAvIe. jAmanvIya-nItisAra graMthanA AraMbhanA zloko paikInA be zlokomAM A zlokano sarasa paDagho paDAyo che. A zloka pachI paNa martharatra nI keTalIka hastapratomAM je vadhArAno zloka maLe che, tene viSe paNa agAu carcA karI lIdhI che. arthazAstranI rajUAta-zailI ane bhASA-zailI : vAda-zailIH zAstrIya-viSayamAtranAM aMgopAMgo paratve yathArtha bodha pAmavA mATe prAcIna vidyA-vartuLomAM eka bahu ja prasiddha ukti calaNI sikkAnI jema pUrA vyavahAru raNakA sAthe kahevAtI rahetI : vAdde vAve nAte tattvavodha: arthAtu koI saMzayagrasta viSayanA saMdarbhe pharI pharI vAdano Azraya levAthI tattvabodha For Personal & Private Use Only

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50 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa (yathArthabodha) pedA thAya che. jJAnanA vAstavika vikAsa ane sthirIkaraNa mATe pUrvapakSa ane uttarapakSanA kramika sahetuka kathanarUpa vAdavidhi mAtra atyaMta upakAraka ja nahi, anivArya gaNAyo hato. saMskRtividhAyaka evI aneka mAnavIya pravRttio paikInI jJAnotpAdana-pravRtti paNa manuSyanI racanAtmaka paNa tejasvI evI sAmAjikatA (samAja-abhimukhatA) dvArA khIle che. "tuSe tuSe matifpanA' evI anya pracalita ukti mAnava-samAjamAM jovA maLatI eka prAkRtika ghaTanAnI kALajIbharI noMdha le che ke "mastake-mastake bhinna mati jovA maLe che." to A vastusthiti pratye racanAtmaka abhigama laIne agAu kahelA vAdavidhino Azraya pUrI maitrI ane sAmAjikatA sAthe levAnI bhalAmaNa karAI che. manuSyanI kharI sAmAjikatA matabhedamAMthI maukya tarapha javAnI mathAmaNa dvArA sAmAjika sarvasaMmati ane tad-AdhArita sahakAritA khilavavA mathe che. pramANazAstra uparAMta vAdazAstra paNa banI rahetA evA prAcIna nyAyadarzananA AdyagraMtharUpa gotamamuniracita "nyAyasUtra' graMthamAM nyAyadarzane tAravelA vAdavidhisaMbaMdhI padArtho (=viSayAMgo)mAMnA 'nirNaya-padArthanI Tharela vyAkhyA Ama che : "koI paNa viSaya aMge prasiddhi pAmelA pakSa ane pratipakSarUpa matone dhyAnamAM levA dvArA temanAM baLAbaLano pUro vicAra karIne te viSayanA sAcA svarUpa(tha)no nizcaya karavo te nirNaya.23) ekaMdare sarva buddhigamya prAcIna-bhAratIya zAstro AvA vAdavidhino Dagale-pagale chUTathI upayoga karIne navA-navA bauddhika kSitijone batAM rahyAM, samaya sAthe pUrI UlaTathI tAla milAvatAM rahyAM. kauTilya paNa jayAre vidhisara arthazAstra racavA beThA, tyAre A vAdavidhino pUro Adara karyo ane graMthane saMkSipta rAkhavAnI pratijJA jALavavA, pAchalAM kALanAM zAstrothI bhinnapaNe baMne pakSonA sAmasAmA lAMbA saMvAdonI paddhati TALIne AgavI rIte eno aMgIkAra karyo. kauTilya A graMthanA AraMbhe ja e spaSTa kare che ke temanA samayamAM upalabdha te pUrvenAM badhAM arthazAstranuM adhyayana karIne, emAMnI sAmagrIno vivekI upayoga ane samAveza potAnA A graMthamAM karIne (saMhRtya) pote A zAstragraMthanuM ghaDatara karyuM che. A kAraNe arthazAstranAM vividha pAsAMonA te-te vivAdAspada muddAo paratve, temaNe A agAunA graMtho dvArA ane anya AdhAro parathI je anya AcAryonA gaNanApAtra mato jANyA haze, te paikI potAnA matathI sAva bhinna jaNAyelA matonI noMdha, pUrI prAmANikatA jALavI, A graMthamAM spaSTa rUpe levAnuM rAkhyuM che. ahIM e paNa dhyAnamAM laIe ke kauTilya anya aneka ciMtako jema pote vidyAkSetranA jUnA-navA dareka ciMtaka mATe samAna Adara dharAvatA ane mAnatA ke dareka vidvAnuM ke AcAryano mata potAnA samayanAM paribaLo mujaba ane darekanI AgavI pratibhA mujaba ghaDAyo hoI AdaraNIya che. e badhAnA matonI sAdara noMdha lenArA anukAlIna ciMtake samayanAM navAM paribaLo mujaba ane buddhi ke jJAnazaktinA vikaselA navA AyAmo mujaba, e matonI khAlI noMdha na letAM ke temane jema-na-tema svIkArI na letAM, badalAyelA pariprekSya mujaba enA sArAsAranuM dhIrajabharyuM tolana karIne jarUrI jaNAya to teno cokhkho asvIkAra, subodha kAraNo ApavA dvArA karIne, jJAnakSetranuM baMdhiyArapaNuM toDavuM ane tAjI havAno praveza karAvavo. lAghava jALavavA ane bauddhika-sAMskRtika vikAsakrama batAvavA, kauTilya, jarUra jaNAI tyAM badhe, For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM? rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha 51 matAMtaro ane svamata rajU karavAnI eka cokkasa ghATIlI paddhati apanAvI che. teo prathama sauthI nabaLo mata rajU karI, tyAra pachI caDhatA krame vadhu ne vadhu vicArapUrNa mato eka pachI eka, dareka mata dharAvanAranA nAmanirdeza sAthe rajU kare che. AmAM rasaprada Ayojana e che ke AmAMno dareka pAchalo matavAdI taratanA AgalA matano doSa cIMdhIne pachI potAno mata kahe che. koI sthaLe AvA cha-sAta pUrvapakSa mUkyA che, to koI sthaLe tethI ochA ke mAtra eka. badhA pUrvapakSonI A rItanI rajUAtane cheDe kauTilya potAno mata "ema kauTilya [kahe che]" - e rIte vyAkaraNanA trIjA puruSano upayoga, potAnA nAmanirdeza sAthe karIne rajU kare che. (prAcIna samayamAM ahaMbhAva sUkSma rIte paNa pragaTa na thAya te mATe graMthakAra potAno ullekha A rIte kare tevI paddhati paDI gaI hatI. eTale graMthamAMnI A paddhatine kAraNe A graMthanA kartA kauTilya nahotA - tevo mata bAMdhavAnuM vAjabI na gaNAya.) kauTilya apanAvelA AvA vAdakramano eka vahevAru lAbha e paNa lAge che ke prAcIna khAmIyukta mato, je-te navA zAstrakAranA potAnA samayamAM paNa amuka vartuLomAM jo cAlu hoya, to te moLA paDatA jAya. A rIte eka samayanI sarva prajAomAM bauddhika-sAMskRtika ekarasatA vyApakapaNe jAmatI jAya. kauTilya pUrvamato ane svamata rajU karavA aMgIkArelI upayukta paddhati aMge keTalIka spaSTatAo jarUrI che. kauTilya jyAM AgalA vAdInuM khaMDana pAchalo vAdI karato hoya tevuM batAvyuM che, tyAM evuM khAtarIpUrvaka kahI na zakAya ke e vAdIoe ja kharekhara evuM khaMDana karyuM haze, ane vaLI e vAdIo aitihAsika tathyanI daSTie e rIte ja AgaLa-pAchaLa thayA haze. evo pUro saMbhava che ke mAtra vicArano kramika vikAsa batAvavA kauTilya pote dareka sthaLe pUrvamatanuM khaMDana ane vAdIono krama to potAnI kalpanAthI ja ApyAM hoya; alabatta, je-te vAdIne nAme Apelo je-te mata to aitihAsika rIte hakIktarUpa hovAnuM khAtarIpUrvaka jarUra kahI zakAya. ahIM e paNa kahevuM joIe ke uparyukta aneka vAda-prativAdanirUpaNomAM chevaTe maLatA kauTilyanA je-te mato ghaNA buddhipUta, Tharela, udAra ane pragatizIla jaNAya che. eka dhyAnapAtra vastusthiti e che ke svadezanIti nirUpatAM prathama pAMca adhikaraNanA banelA prathama vibhAgamAM AvAM matAMtaronAM nirUpaNo vipula pramANamAM maLe che. paNa videzanIti-saMbaMdhI bIjA vibhAgamAM temanuM pramANa khAsse ghaTI jAya che. vicAratAM lAge che ke e bIjA vibhAgamAM nirdezelAM ghaNAM rAjanaitika pagalAM ke upAyo vAMdhAjanaka ja nahi, sAmAnya jananI dRSTie ghora paNa lAge che. e parathI evuM tAravI zakAya ke Akho videzanItino viSaya emanA samaya sudhI RSio ke ciMtakone prAyaH aspRzya ke "avadya' (vAta nahi karavA joga) lAgyo haze; kAraNa ke e kSetramAM to prAyaH barbara vyaktio ke jUthoe sarva udhamAto ke abhikramono dora potAnA ja hAthamAM rAkhyo haze. kauTilya paNa vizeSe to e vibhAgamAM te samaya sudhImAM kharekhara jAmelA ghora vahevAronuM ja yathAtatha citra ApyuM jaNAya che. emAM emanuM potAnuM kartutva ane tajjanya anumodana paNa thoDA aMzamAM jarUra haze te temaNe samakAlIna rAjanItimAM bhajavelA bhAga aMgenI ApaNI jANakArI parathI jarUra kahI zakAya. paNa ene mAtra Apaddharma tarIke apanAvI temaNe maryAdA ane AtmasaMyama uttama rIte jALavyAM hatAM e vAta paNa niHzaMka jaNAya che. e dRSTie kahI zakAya ke videzanItinAM anekanirUpaNo potAnA kALa sudhI nahi aTakelI mAnavInI barbaratAonA ekarAra rUpe, tema ja e saMskAravAnI For Personal & Private Use Only

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para kauTilya arthazAstra : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vicAravAnonI javAbadArI cIMdhavA mATe emaNe rajU karyA haze. peluM pUrvokta naherUvacana pramANenuM barbaratAmAMthI saMskRti taraphanI AgekUca'nuM svapna siddha karavA mAnavajAte hajI lAMbI khepo karavAnI che enI yAda ja, jANe graMthakAra ApatA na hoya! bAkI to aneka sthaLoe haiyAne saMtoSa thAya tevA naravA svamato kauTilya A bIjA vibhAgamAM paNa ApyA ja che. kauTilya AkhA graMthamAM thaIne keTalA ane kayA pUrvapakSo ullekhyA che te para najara nAkhIe. prA. kaMgalenI gaNatarI mujaba graMthamAM kula 112 vakhata pUrvapakSono nAmanirdeza thayelo che, to be vAra "keTalAka (pa) ane eka vAra "anyo' (anya) evA sAmAnya nirdezo ApyA che. nAmanirdezavALAM sthaLo traNa jAtanAM jovA maLe cheH (1) prasiddha evA koI cokkasa te-te zAstrakAranA anuyAyI-jUthane nAme, (2) koI cokkasa nAmavALA vyaktigata zAstrakartAne nAme, (3) "AcAryo' evA vyApaka nAme. graMthamAM A traNa prakAranA nAmanizavALAM sthaLo anukrame 25, 28 ane 29 che. prathama prakAramAM samAnArAM cokkasa jUthanAmo kula pAMca maLe che: bAhaspatyo, auzanaso (uzanas eTale ke zukrAcAryanA anuyAyIo), mAnavo, pArAzaro ane AbhIyo. bIjA prakAramAM samAtAM vyaktinAmo cha che : bhAradvAja, vizAlAkSa, pizuna, kauNapadaMta, vAtavyAdhi ane bAhudatIputra. A vyaktionI aitihAsika oLakhANa sthApavAnuM kAma khUba kaThina che. temAMnA keTalAMka nAma to arthadRSTie paNa vicitra che. paNa kauTilya A ane bAkInA pUrvapakSonAM cokkasa graMtho ke zrutaparaMparAonuM pAkuM adhyayana karyuM haze tema avazya kahI zakAya. AmAM ardhAthI vadhu sthaLoe to "AcAryo e vyApaka nAme ja pUrvamato maLe che. e zabdathI karyuM jUtha samajavuM te aMge vidvAnoe ghaNo UhApoha karyo che, paNa emAMthI koI cokkasa oLakhANa nIpajI zakatI nathI. "agAu ullekhelAM jUtho ke vyaktio paikInA moTA bhAganA zAstrakAro' evo artha sAmAnya buddhithI tAravI zakAya. AcAryonA keTalAka mato sAthe kauTilya saMmata hovAnuM e parathI samajAya che ke te sthaLoe kauTilya potAno judo mata kahetA nathI. A pUrvAcAryamAM matonuM vyaktivAra, jUthavAra ane samagra rUpe sanniSTha saMzodhana-adhyayana karavA jevuM che. rAjanIti tema ja tenA AnuSaMgika viSayo aMge keTaluM badhuM matavaividhya, matavaicitrya, paraspara sAva virodhI evuM ciMtana-valaNa pravarte che enuM khUba kautukapoSaka citra maLavA sAthe adhyatAmAM khAssI matAMtara-sahiSNutA paNa poSAya. "mahAbhArata'mAM to khUba vipula pramANamAM AvuM matavaividhya-matavaicitrya AvI ja samatAthI rajU thayuM che ane vyAsajIe e ja graMthamAM kyAMka mArmika rIte "ativAdonI titikSA karavAnI sonerI zIkha paNa ghUMTIne ApI che. eka kautukapoSaka namUnA tarIke "arthazAstramAM vividha carcAviSayonA anuSaMge apAyelA bharadvAjanA matone tAravI laI e badhAnI vicitratAno, emanA ghorapaNAno khyAla karavA jevo che. kauTilyanI sahaja anyamatasahiSNutAno sAco aMdAja e hakIkata parathI AvI zakaze ke pote jemanA jUthanA nAme caDhelA mato sAthe graMthamAM eka paNa sthaLe saMmata nathI, evA be prasiddha AcAryo - bRhaspati ane zukra -ne kauTilya graMthAraMbhe graMthamaMgala-rUpe namaskAra karyA che- 3OM namazugRhaspatigrAm e rUpe! For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM: rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMthe 53 vastugUMthaNIH graMthanA vistRta paricayanA AraMbhe karelI spaSTa chaNAvaTane AdhAre tema ja samagra graMthanA viSayavastuno kramika paricaya ApavAne anuSaMge graMthanI vastugUMthaNInuM citra zrotAone spaSTa rUpe moTe bhAge maLI gayuM haze. A viSayanI jarUrI puravaNIrUpe e hakIkata ullekhavI yogya che ke graMthakAre pote graMthanA zAsanadhAra: nAmanA adhyAya 2.20mAM rAjanaitika lekho eTale ke mahattvanA patro ke paripatro (zAsana) kema lakhavA tene aMge, ADakatarI rIte graMthalekhanamAM paNa khUba khapanuM bane tevuM, anubhavAzrita je cokkasa mArgadarzana ApyuM che, (janI carcA trIjA vyAkhyAnane cheDe karI che, te A graMthanI vastugUMthaNImAM paNa ekaMdare paLAyuM che ema jarUra kahI zakAya - bhale, prAyaH kauTilyanI vyaktigata ativyastatAne kAraNe, agAu graMthaparicaya daramiyAna Thera-Thera batAvyA pramANe, temAM prAsaMgika ke sthAnika skUlano hoya; sAce ja samaratha vaze nahIM roSa gusArUM! graMthanI ekaMdara vastugUMthaNI to uttama namUnArUpa ane anukaraNIya kahI zakAya evI che ja. AnuM kharuM kAraNa e che ke rAjanItino viSaya enAM sarva aMga-upAMgo paratvenI potAnI samAna ane UMDI nisbatane kAraNe ane pote emAMnAM moTA bhAganAM aMgopAMgomAM dAkhavelA ne keLavelA rasa ane anubhavane kAraNe, kauTilyane eka sparzakSama kAyArUpa bhAse che - jenAM aMgopAMgo paraspara cokkasa saMbaMdhe joDAIne eka mAnavapoSaka viziSTa manohAritA janmAve che. vastulakSitAH prastuta vastu tarapha ja satata lakSa rAkhavuM te vastulakSitA - ADI-avaLI vAto TALI jete prastuta viSayAMganI mArmika hakIkato (vastu) pUrepUrI taTasthatAthI rajU karavAmAM ja lakSa rAkhavuM te. kauTilya potAnA graMthanI A vizeSatA bAbata graMthanA AraMbhe ja saMkalpa karI cUkyA che te prathama adhikaraNanA prathama adhyAyanI cheDenA eka zloka parathI, temAM ke temAMnAM A be vizeSaNothI samajAya che : (1) tattvArthapazitam - hArda (tattva) rUpa hakIkato (artha) kahevA mATe je khapanA zabdo hoya temAM ja sImita; arthAt ADIavaLI koI vAto na karanAruM zAstra, (2) vimukta graMthavistaram - jemAM graMthano vadhu paDato patharATa (vitara) TALavAmAM Avyo che tevuM. baMneno bhego artha evo thAya ke kahevA jevI mahattvanI vAto saMkSepamAM, paNa cokkasapaNe muddo barobara samajAI jAya tevA spaSTa zabdomAM kahI che, ane te kahevA sivAya, jarUrI na hoya tevI vadhArAnI ke ADIavaLI koI vAto graMthamAM samAvI nathI. vAcakane graMthamAM sarvatra lAge che ke kauTilyanA manamAM dareka vyavahAra pAchaLanA siddhAMto spaSTa hovA chatAM teo saiddhAMtika carcA irAdApUrvaka ati alpa pramANamAM kare che ane je-te viSaya ke kSetramAM karavA lAyaka karmo, levA lAyaka pagalAM, pravartAvavA lAyaka niyamano ke dAkhavavA lAyaka valaNonI vAta khaMtapUrvaka, jarUrI badhI vigate, chatAM saMkSepamAM kahe che. upalaka dRSTie to A graMtha AjanA dhaMdhAdArIonI dhaMdhApothI (handbook) jevo ja vAcakane lAgyA vagara raheto nathI. chatAM te narI vyavasAyapothI nathI ja. lekhaka "tejIne Takoro' evA matanA che, tethI siddhAMtakathana khUba ja jarUrI hoya tyAM ja, ane moTe bhAge mArmika be-traNa vAkyamAM karI de che. alabatta, agAu batAvyuM che tema, koI vivAdAspada viSaya aMge saMkSepamAM paNa vividha pakSo viSenI cokhkhI vAta jarUra rajU kare che, jethI pracalita khoTA matonA doSo samajI sAco mata ane sAco vyavahAra svIkArAya. For Personal & Private Use Only

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54 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSA : vaLI graMthanA chellA zloko paikInA agAu carcelA eka zleSayukta mArmika zloka sivA graMthakAre potAno koI vadhu dunyavI paricaya Apyo nathI. eka-be sthaLo sivAya kyAMya aitihAsi ke rAjakIya ghaTanAo paNa ullekhI nathI. vivAdasthAno sivAya koI aitihAsika vyaktio ulle nathI ke jUja sthAno sivAya paurANika vyaktio paNa ullekhI nathI. uparyukta zloka sivAya kyAM naMdarAjA ke naMdavaMza viSe paNa anya vigato ApI nathI. amAtya rAkSasanA AkhA prasaMgano aNasAra sudhdhAM Apyo nathI! caMdraguptano ke tenI sAthenA potAnA saMbaMdhano paNa ullekha karyo nathI A graMtha graMthakAranA lAghava (TUMkANa) ane vastulakSitA mATenA namUnedAra zokhano sujJajanone jA cepa lagADe che ! koI paNa graMtha A guNane potAnAmAM gUMthI laIne potAnA viSayanAM bhinna-bhi aMgo viSe, UlaTuM, cokkasa ane nizaMka jJAna ApI zake che. bhASA-zailI : graMthanuM gadya paNa viziSTa ane namUnedAra che. potAnA zAstranI lAkSaNikatA varNava zlokamAMnA hamaNAM ullekhelAM be vizeSaNo uparAMta eka trIjuM vizeSaNa A che : suhagrahavijJeyam arthA sukhethI zabdArtha samajAvAne lIdhe kahevAtI vAta barobara samajI javAya tevuM. ema kahevAya che ke sahe lakhANa lakhavuM agharuM che ane agharuM lakhANa lakhavuM saheluM che ! A vAta bilakula sAcI che. jo ko viSaya upara uttama pakaDa AvI hoya to ja sAva sAmAnya mANasa paNa vAta samajI zake teTalI saraLa rI ane saraLa bhASAmAM kahevAnI AvaData Ave. A graMthamAM kyAMya bhASAno ADaMbara nathI, AlaMkArika vAkchaTAno upayoga nathI, goLa-go vAto (minting of words) nathI. vAkyo paNa aTapaTAM, lAMbAM ke saMkula (complex) prakAra (mukhya vAkyanA peTAmAM eka ke vadhu peTAvAkya hoya tevAM) bhAgye ja hoya che. avataraNarUpe Ape paghomAM ke graMthakAranA svaracita jaNAtAM paghomAM paNa samajAya tevAM sArthaka vizeSaNovALI, sara vAkyaracanAvALI zailI che. emaNe aneka paraMparAgata pAribhASika zabdo uparAMta potAnI sUjhathI navA zabdo paNa kuzaLa rI racyA hoya tema lAge che. alabatta, kyAMka eka ja bAbata mATe ekAdhika pAribhASika zabdo vAparyA ho tyAM kyAreka artha aMge saMzaya jarUra thAya che. ghaNA pAribhASika zabdonA artha aspaSTa paNa lAge che. graMtha aneka AdhAragraMthono upayoga karIne anya rokANonA dabANa vacce lekhake taiyAra karyo hoI amu aMze AvuM banavuM svAbhAvika che. kadAca, mAtra graMthanuM TUMkANa sAdhavA khAtara ja, potAnA A graMthanA rAjakIya patro viSenA adhyA 2.10mAM pote samAsa-racanA viSe rajU karelA potAnA ja matathI kaMIka cAtarI jaIne (rastAthI nIce Uta jaIne) vAkyomAM lekhakanuM lAMbA ane jhAjhA peTA-samAsovALA samAso vAparavAnuM valaNa dhyAna kheMce che evA ghaNA samAso vyAkaraNadRSTie azuddha paNa jaNAya che; to keTalAka samAsonA vigraha (padasaMbaMdha aMge saMdeha pedA thato hoya che. AnuM kAraNa paNa lekhakano kAryaboja ja hoI zake. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM : rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha agAu graMthaparicayamAM ThekaThekANe batAvyuM che tema, amuka viSayo prAyaH bhinna saMdarbhe yogya rIte punarAvartana pAmyA che, to kyAMka viSayanuM binajarUrI punarAvartana paNa lAge. prakaraNanAmonI vAta karIe to keTalAMkano spaSTa artha samajAto nathI. ghaNI vAra adhyAyane AraMbhe je prakaraNanAma ApyuM hoya tene anurUpa sAmagrI adhyAyamAM maLatI nathI yA nAmanI maLe che, ghaNI vAra eka ja adhyAyamAM jo ekAdhika prakaraNo hoya to temAM be prakaraNonI bhedarekhA spaSTa rIte kyAM che te batAvavuM muzkela ke azakya lAge che. lekhakanI svaccha pratibhA haiye dharatAM AvA doSone vAcaka sahelAIthI daragujara karI de ema che e vAta cokkasa. maulikatA H ema lAge che ke keTalAMya sthaLe samakAlIna ke prAcIna rAjanItinA amalI vahevArothI baMdhAyA vinA, adhyAtmalakSI jIvanazAstranI dRSTie, svataMtrapaNe potAne aneka kAraNe iSTa ane anivArya lAgatA nUtana siddhAMto kahyA che. kauTilye vAraMvAra vivAdasthaLoe matAMtaronI rajUAta karyAnI je vAta agAu karI che, temAMnA kauTilyanA matone anya mato sAthe sarakhAvIe to temanI vicArazaktinI maulikatAno barobara aMdAja maLe ema che. buddhisvAtaMtrya ane pratibhAyukta maulikatA e kauTilyanA A graMthanA jAjaramAna guNo che, je graMthane ciraMjIvitA, sArvabhaumatA ane jIvaMtatA bakSe che. 55 carcilanI 'Second World-War' e pustakazreNI sAthe arthazAstranI tulanA eTalA pUratI karI zakAya ke baMne yuddhakALamAM saphaLapaNe rAjanaitika ane yuddhasaMbaMdhI saphaLa rAhabarI karanArA rAjapuruSo hatA, ane baMnee anubhavanA pAyA upara potAnI AgavI pratibhA ane potAno Agavo saMdezo vyakta karatA graMtho lakhyA che. baMne ekaMdare yuddhanI pAchaLa prayojAtA udhamAtonA ThAlApaNA(futility of exercise)ne ane yuddha pAchaLa kAma karatI narI bevakUphIne paNa sIdhI ke ADakatarI rIte kabUle che. baMne AgavA ane AkarA mijAjavALI ke AkhAbolI chatAM sahRdaya evI pratibhA dharAvanArA che. 'arthazAstra'nAM saMpAdano, anuvAdo ' arthazAstra'nA viSayavastunuM agAu ApeluM savistara varNana ane enI mukhya AgavI lAkSaNikatAonuM, AnI tarata pUrve ApeluM bayAna e graMthanA manabhara sarvAMgI adhyayananI ruci aneka dhairyazIlomAM jagADavA mATe ja ApyAM che. tethI ahIM te graMthanA adhyayana mATenI AdhArarUpa sAmagrI nirdezavI jarUrI che. mULa graMthanuM prathama prakAzana, agAu kahyA mujaba, zrI Ara. zAmazAstrIe maisUramAM I.1909mAM karyuM hatuM. temaNe ja teno aMgrejI anuvAda 1915mAM beMgaloramAMthI prasiddha karyo. mULa graMthanI zAmazAstrInI sudhArelI cothI AvRtti I.1924mAM pragaTa thayA bAda enI punaH saMpAdita AvRtti 1960mAM zrI ena.esa. veMkaTAcArye bahAra pADI. I.1924mAM lAhoramAMthI J. Jolly ane R. Schmidt dvArA be bhAgamAM anukrame mULa graMtha ane mahAmahopAdhyAya mAdhavayavanI TIkA uparAMta noMdho bahAra paDAI. For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa 1924-25mAM mahAmahopAdhyAya TI. gaNapatizAstrIe traNa bhAgamAM vaheMcIne pote racelI 'zrIbhUtam'e nAmanI vistRta saMskRta TIkA sAthe mULa 'arthazAstra' paNa pragaTa karyuM. Aje paNa enI punarmudrita AvRtti sulabha che. 56 1959mAM kAzI mukAme rAmateja zAstrI pAMDeyanI hiMdI 'raMJanA' TIkA sAthenuM 'JarthazAstra' prakAzita thayuM. tyAra pachI paNa hiMdI TIkA ane anuvAda sAthe anya AvRttio paNa bahAra paDatI rahI che. 'arthazAstra'nA abhyAsamAM khUba ja mUlyavAn madada maLe evuM kAma muMbaI-nivAsI prA.zrI Ara.pI. kaMgalee prakAzita karyuM, jenI pAchaLa paMdara varSano sanniSTha parizrama hato. temanuM kAma traNa bhAgamAM anukrame 1960, 1963 ane 1965mAM 'yunivarsiTI oNpha baoNmba' dvArA prathama vAra prakAzita thayuM, jemAM prathama bhAgamAM pAribhASika zabdakoza sahitano mULa graMthano pATha che, bIjA bhAgamAM vistRta noMdho sAtheno aMgrejI anuvAda che ane trIjA bhAgamAM 283 pRSThomAM 'arthazAstra'nAM adhyayana-yogya mukhya badhAM pAsAMnI, vividha prakaraNomAM vistRta samAlocanA che. A suvidvAne 'arthazAstra'nAM dezavidezanAM potAnI agAunAM mahattvanAM saMpAdano, anuvAdo, TIkAo tema ja svataMtra samAlocanAono khUba khaMtathI suparicaya sAdhyo che tenI pratIti bIjA-trIjA bhAgamAM satata thayA kare che. temanI samajaNazaktinI prAsaMgika sahaja maryAdAo chatAM temano prayatna ekaMdare khUba sanniSTha, khaMtIlo, tejasvI ane mArgadarzaka che. Aje paNa enI navI AvRtti pustaka-bajAramAM sulabha che. Apa samakSanA A vyAkhyAtAe adhyApanakALe tema ja A vyAkhyAnonI taiyArInA anvaye A graMthono pharI-pharI pUro upayoga karyo che. te mATe e suvidvAno atyaMta RNI chuM. dakSiNa bhAratamAM maisUra yunivarsiTI taraphathI zrI ena.esa. veMkaTAcArya dvArA saMpAdita 'auTalIyArthazAstram' (saMpUrNa) pAThAMtaro, saMskRta pAdanoMdho ane aneka upayogI pariziSTo sAthe prakAzita thayeluM che. amadAvAdamAM 'sastu-sAhitya-vardhaka kAryAlaya' taraphathI 1982mAM zAstrIzrI vAsudeva mahAzaMkara joSIe karelA gujarAtI anuvAda ane 'cANakya-nItisUtro' sAthenuM 'arthazAstra' prakAzita thayeluM, jenI punarAvRtti paNa thaI che. anuvAda ane mULa pATha Dagale-pagale bhUlo ke ayogya arthaghaTanothI bharelA che, tethI upayoga karanAre khUba sAvadha rahevuM joIe. A uparAMta zarUAtanA gALAmAM 'arthazAstra'nA amuka aMzonAM saMpAdano koI prAcIna TIkA sAthe ke TIkA vagara paNa prakAzita thayAM hatAM. 'arthazAstra'nA anuvAdo aneka bhAratIya bhASAomAM tema ja videzI bhASAmAM thayelA che. gujarAtImAM upa2 nirdezelA 'sastu-sAhitya-vardhaka-kAryAlaya'nA anuvAdanI pUrve 1930mAM vaDodarAthI zrI jayasukharAya puruSottamarAya joSIpurA dvArA thayelo anuvAda bahAra paDyo hato. tenuM punaH prakAzana hamaNAM ja gujarAta-rAjyanI 'saMskRta sAhitya akAdamI'e traNa bhAgamAM karyuM che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluM ? rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha rASTrabhASA hindImAM ekAdhika anuvAdo prakAzita thayelA che : (1) lAhorathI 1923mAM prANanAtha vidyAlaMkArakRta anuvAda, (2) lAhorathI 1925mAM zAstrI-udayavIrakRta anuvAda, (3) dilhIthI 1940mAM zAstrI gaMgAprasAdajI-kRta anuvAda, (4) allAhAbAdathI 1957mAM prakAzita zAstrI-devadattakRta anuvAda, (5) vArANasIthI 1962mAM prakAzita vAcaspati nairolAkRta anuvAda. tyAra pachI bIjA paNa avazya prakAzita thayA haze. A uparAMta anya bhAratIya bhASAo paikI baMgALI, kannaDa, malayAlama, marAThI, uDiyA, tamALa, telugumAM anuvAdo 1923thI zarU karIne thatA rahyA che. vizvabhASAo paikI aMgrejImAM agAu kahyuM che tema zAmazAstrI ane prA. kaMgale dvArA anuvAdo thayelA che. te uparAMta jarmana, iTAliyana, raziyana vagere bhASAomAM AkhA graMthanA ke tenA aMzanA anuvAdo 191pathI zarU karIne thatA rahyA che. jarmana bhASAmAM J.J. Meyerno anuvAda cha bhAgamAM noMdho sAthe prakAzita thayo che te khAsa abhyAsapAtra che. prA. kaMgalee potAnA anuvAdavALA bIjA bhAganI TippaNomAM A anuvAda ane temAMnI noMdho aMge potAnA abhiprAyo satata rajU karyA che. khAsa kauTilya viSe ja rajU thayelA abhyAso paNa aneka dvArA pustakAkAre prakAzita thayelA che. aMgrejImAM prA. kaMgalenA pustaka (trIjo bhAga) uparAMta Ara. zAmazAstrI, ena.sI. baMdyopAdhyAya, ema.vI. kRSNarAvanAM pustako prakAzita thayelAM che. sauthI vadhAre pustako jarmanImAM prakAzita thayAM che, jemAMnA keTalAMkanA lekhakonAM nAma A pramANe che : B. Breloer, A. Hillebrandt, 0. Stein, Sten Konow, I. Topa, E. Whilhelm. marAThImAM prakAzita eka adhyayana che jI.jI. TipanisanuM "auTilIya-arthazAstra-pravIpa'. kauTilya ane temano graMtha e baMnenA mahattvanI daSTie satata svadeza-videzamAM temanA viSenAM judAM-judAM adhyayano pragaTa kaMtAM ja rahe che. "arthazAstra viSe deza-videzanA vidvAnoe lakhelA khUba mahattvanA abhyAsalekho to agaNita che. temanuM saMkalana ane vividha graMthorUpe vargIkRta prakAzana paNa thAya te ghaNuM jarUrI lAge che. prA. kaMgalee temanA trIjA bhAgamAM AvA aneka lekhonI noMdha laI temanI jarUrI samAlocanA paNa karI che. uparanI vigato prA. kaMgalenA arthazAstranI samAlocanA mATenA trIjA bhAganA AdhAre ApI che. e pachInAM prakAzanonI noMdha laI zakAI nathI. A prathama vyAkhyAnamAM jANI-joIne viSayanA mukhya kendrane bAjue rAkhIne have pachInAM be vyAkhyAnomAM kahevAnI aneka rasaprada ane mahattvanI mukhya vAtono daDha ane upakAraka pAyo ja nAkhyo che. ADakatarI rIte AmAM have pachI kahevAnI vAtonAM bI paNa Thera-Thera vavAI gayAM che. ahIM Apelo vistRta graMtha-paricaya have pachInI rajUAtomAM khUba upakAraka banI raheze. vaLI AmAM AraMbhe, saMskRta For Personal & Private Use Only

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58 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa ane bhAratIya saMskRti mATe gADha ruci dharAvatA, paNa tenA adhyayananI taka na pAmelA zrotAone khyAlamAM rAkhIne, emanA hRdayane AkarSavA mATe jIvana ane zAstranA anyonya-upakAraka saMbaMdhanI samajavA jevI vAto mUkI che. have ApaNA mukhya viSayane ja barobara nyAya ApavAno prayatna karavAmAM Avaze. Apa sahunAM mana AjanI dezanI paristhitinA anvaye paNa A viSaya aMge aneka rIte utsuka haze, to ApaNane sahune atre homelAM samaya ane zaktino badalo maLI jaze. 000 TippaNo vyAkhyAna paheluM 1. anekasaMzayocchedi parokSArthasya darzakam / sarvasya locanaM zAstraM yasya nAstyandha eva saH // 2. yasya nAsti svayaM prajJA zAstraM tasya karoti kim / locanAbhyAM vihInasya darpaNaH kiM kariSyati / / 3. ArSa dharmopadezaM ca vedazAstrAvirodhinA / yastarkeNAnusaMdhatte sa dharmaM veda netaraH // - manusmRti' 12.106 4. zAstrANyadhItyApi bhavanti mUrkhA yastu kriyAvAnpuruSaH sa vidvAn / / 5. upadezo na dAtavyo yAdRze tAdRze jane / pazya vAnaramUrkheNa sugRhI nirgRhI kRtA / / kAvyazAstravinodena kAlo gacchati dhImatAm / vyasanena ca mUrkhANAM nidrayA kalahena vA // 7. cAturvarNya mayA sRSTaM guNakarmavibhAgazaH / - magavAtA 4.13 zastrAdhikAriNo zAstrAdhikAriNo na syuH / -- somavasUrita 'nItivAkyAmRtam' dRSTvA vipratipattiM bahudhA zAstreSu bhASyakArANAm / svayameva viSNuguptazcakAra sUtraM ca bhASyaM ca // - arthazAstram 15.1.73 5chI che| so35 (artha zAstro aMge bhASyakAronI aneka prakAranI bhUlo joIne viSNugupta jAte ja sUtra paNa racyAM ane bhASya paNa racyuM.) For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna paheluMH rAjanaitika pariprekSya, graMthakAra ane graMtha 59 10. nItizAstrAmRtaM zrImAnarthazAstramahodadheH / ya uddadhe namastasmai viSNuguptAya vedhase | - kAmandakIyanItisAraH 1.6 (artha je zrImAne arthazAstrarUpI mahAsAgaramAMthI nItizAstrarUpa amRta tAravI ApyuM, te vidhAtArUpa viSNuguptane namaskAra.) 11. yena zastraM ca zAstraM ca nandarAjagatA ca bhUH / / amarSeNoddhRtAnyAzu tena zAstramidaM kRtam // - arthazAstram 15.1.73 12. upalazakalametad bhedakaM gomayAnAM baTubhirupahatAnAM barhiSAM stoma eSaH / zaraNamapi samidbhiH zuSyamANAbhirAbhiH vinamitapaTalAntaM dRzyate jIrNakuDyam // - mudrArAkSasam 3.15 13. kAryAbhiyoga eva asmAnAkulayati, na punarupAdhyAyasahabhUH ziSyajane duHshiiltaa| - mudrArAkSasam , prathamaimAM mAra ziSya saathen| saMvAhamA 14. ekA kevalamarthasAdhanavidhau senAzatebhyo'dhikA nandonmUlanadRSTavIryamahimA buddhistu mA gAnmama // - mudrArAkSasam 1.26B 15. iyamidAnImAcAryAviSNuguptena mauryArthe SaDbhiH zlokasahasraiH saMkSiptA / - dazakumAracaritam , ucchvAsa 8 16. tantrAvApau nItizAstram // 54|| svamaNDalapAlanAbhiyogastaMtram // 55 // paramaNDalAvAptyabhiyogaH AvApaH // 56 // - somadevasUrikRtaM nItivAkyAmRtam , uddezaka 30 17. evamanyonyasaJcAraM SADguNyaM yo'nupazyati / sa buddhinigaDairbaddhairiSTaM krIDati pArthivaiH // - arthazAstram 7. 18. 44 18. ekaM hanyAna vA hanyAdiSuH kSipto dhanuSmatA / prAjJena tu matiH kSiptA hanyAd garbhagatAnapi // - arthazAsram 10. 6. 51 18. vighnaH punaHpunarapi pratihanyamAnA na nizcitArthAdviramanti dhIrAH // - nItizatakam 27B 20. evaM zAstramidaM yuktametAbhistantrayuktibhiH / avAptau pAlane coktaM lokasyAsya parasya ca // - arthazAstram 15.1.71 21. dharmamarthaM ca kAmaM ca pravartayati pAti ca / adharmAnarthavidveSAnidaM zAstraM nihanti ca // - arthazAsram 15.1.72 For Personal & Private Use Only

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60 22. () zAstranA uddhAra aMge juo upara TippaNa kra.10. (a) bhUminA uddhAra mATe juo : yasyAbhicAravajreNa vajrajvalanatejasaH / papAtAmUlataH zrImAn suparvA nandaparvataH // kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa kAmandakIyanItisAra: 1.4 (artha : vajranI Aga jeTalA tejavALA je [puruSa]nA abhicArarUpI arthAt dAhaka maMtra-taMtrAtmaka vidyArUpI vajra vaDe sohAmaNo dekhAto naMda[vaMza]rUpI suMdara aMgovALo parvata cheka mULathI gabaDI paDyo...) 23. vidRzya pakSapratipakSAmyAmarthAvadhAraLa nirNaya: // - D] ] nyAyadarzanam, sUtra 1.1.41 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 'darzana'-tattvanI oLakha manuSyanA bAhya (vAcika, kAyika) AvirbhAvone samajavA mATe, eTale ke manuSyane AMtarapravAhonA anvaye barAbara oLakhavA mATe tenI samagra saMkula pratibhAnAM cokkasa ghaTakonuM barAbara vizleSaNa karavuM jarUrI che. e badhAMne barobara oLakhI levAthI ja potAno ane samAjano sarvAMgI paricaya maLe che, ane ene AdhAre ja sarvAMgI mAnavajIvana jIvavAnI kaLA sarvadA TakI rahe che; vikasatI paNa rahe che. AvuM eka vizleSaNa A gItAvAkyamAM maLe che : zraddhAmayo'yaM puruSa: (17.30) (artha : A AtmA zraddhAsvarUpa che). Ama to manuSya bauddhika prANI kahevAya che. paNa eno ya pAyo che tenI A zraddhALutA. zraddhA to maMdabuddhinA ke buddhihIna gaNAtA manuSyamAM paNa paDelI hoya che. zraddhArUpa avyakta tattvamAMthI ja manuSyanI pratibhAnAM vyakta pAsAM AvirbhAva pAmyAM che. - vyaktie vyaktie A zraddhAnuM svarUpa bhinna-bhinna hoya che - vizadatA(zuddhatA)nA bhede ke viSayanA bhede. e samajAvatAM kahevAyuM che : 'je jemAM zraddhA dharAvato hoya, te ja te che." saravALe mANasanuM rUpAMtara enI zraddhAnA lakSya (viSaya) anusAra thAya che. e rUpAMtaranI prakriyAno AdhAra enI zraddhAnI tIvratA ke vizadatA upara ane tenAthI pariNamanAra AkArano AdhAra zraddhAnA viSaya upara rahe che. tattvavidyAnA anvaye pracalita 'darzana' zabda kharekhara to A zraddhAno ja paryAya che. adhyAtmano mArga cIMdhatA eka bahu jANItA upaniSad-vAkyamAM kahevAyuM che : ''are, AtmA darzanayogya, zravaNayogya, mananayogya, nididhyAsana(sahaja utkaTa dhyAna)-yogya che.2" AmAM paNa 'darzana'ne zraddhAnA paryAya tarIke, sauthI pAyAnI avasthA gaNI hovAnuM samajAya che. jANyA pahelAM jANavuM te ja darzana ke te ja zraddhA ! koI pUchaze : ''jANyA pahelAM te kAMI jANI zakAya ?'' hA-- vizeSa rUpe nahi, paNa sAmAnyarUpe jANavAnI ahIM vAta che; khAsa to jANavAnA viSayane pasaMda karavAnI, je-te viSayane narI aMtaHsphuraNAthI rucipUrvaka jhaMkhavAnI vAta che. darzana e AtmAnI eka sahajAvasthA che, jyAre jJAna indriyAdithI vastunuM pratibiMba dhAraNa karanArI cala ke prAsaMgika avasthA che. jJAna e darzananuM aMkuraNa, pallavana ke phala che. mANasa te ja jANe che athavA mANasane tenuM ja jJAna karAvI zakAya che, jene e aMtaratamathI pasaMda kare che, jhaMkhe che ne notare che. AtmAne jJAnadharmI (jJa:) tarIke oLakhavAmAM paNa AtmAnI darzanazIlatAnI ja vAta lAge che. A For Personal & Private Use Only

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62 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa darzanarUpa pAyo na dharAvatuM jJAna jJAtAnuM aMtaraMga (aMtar + aMga - aMdaranuM aMga) ke jJAtAno svabhAva banI zakatuM nathI. (koI paNa zikSaNayojanA paNa A pAyAnI vAta uvekhavAthI vikRta ane viphaLa bane che.) A darzanatattvanuM ja ADakatarI rIte karAyeluM gaurava upaniSadUnA A vAkyamAM paNa maLe che : "kharekhara to AtmA mATenI AkAMkSA pUravA ja te-te vastu priya lAge che." darzanane nirvikalpaka jJAna ke zuddha caitanya (awareness) tarIke paNa oLakhI zakAya. A vastusthitinuM ja suMdara pratibiMba jaina paraMparAe ghaMTIghUMTIne puraskArelI "ratnatrayI'mAM samyagudarzanano prathama ratna tarIke samAveza karavAmAM jovA maLe che. samyagu jJAna ane samyagu cAritra - e bAkInAM be ratnonI pIThikA tarIke samyagu darzana puraskArAyuM che. je zraddhA ke ruci parama satya sAthe susaMbaddha che te samyag darzana. kAcAM, adhUrAM, pAMkhAM, bhrAMtiyukta ke saMzayagrasta darzano kharI paDatAM sAMpaDatuM paripakva, sarva-avirodha-sAdhaka, prasannatAvardhaka darzana te samyaguM darzana. bhAratIya kAvyazAstramAM paNa darzanano Agavo mahimA Ama thayelo che : "darzana ane varNananA vaizisya]ne kAraNe lokamAM kavi tarIkenI oLakhANa sthapAya che" kavinA darzananuM ucca mAdhurya ane sauMdarya ja kAvyamAMnA varNana thakI eTale ke zabdArtharUpI kAyA thakI mUrti bane che. emAM bhAvakanI tanmayatA sadhAvA thakI ja rasAdinI anubhUti thAya che. e dhanya avasthAmAM anya sAMsArika viSayo aMgenI bAdhAkAraka saMjJA (sabhAnatA) chUTI jatAM kAvya apUrva AnaMda (vimAnitavedyAntaram gAnandra" - mammaTanuM 'Avya-prakAza' .ranI svapajJa TIkA) sAdhI Ape che. e paNa dhyAnamAM rAkhavA jevuM che ke manuSyamAtramAM paDelo samyagudarzanarUpa svabhAva janmamaraNavaza ane rAga-dveSavaza jIvadazAmAM mahadaMze DhaMkAyelo hoya che. enA paranA AvaraNane dUra karavA mATe ja prAcIna bhArate Dhama (saMyamadhAma) saMjJAthI oLakhAtA parivAragRhamAM poSAtA premavidhinI ane tenA ja mAdhyamathI prayojAtA jIvanabharanA vividha saMskAravidhionI jIvaMta racanA karI che. naravo zikSaNavidhi paNa e samyagadarzana-vidhAyaka saMskAraparaMparAnuM ja eka adakuM aMga banI rahe che; e eka parivAra kAryanuM ja vistaraNa che. "mahAbhArata'nA dvitIya parvarUpa samAparvamAMnA "zva-adhyAya' tarIke jANItA banelA pAMcamA adhyAyamAM yudhiSThira-nAradanA navI indraprastha nagarImAM thayelA milana prasaMge uccArAyelI aneka mahimAmaya uktio paikI nAradanI eka ukti Ama che : "kRta zIla ane vRtarUpI phaLavALuM hoya che. ahIM "zruta' eTale manuSya kAnathI jhIlelo gurUpadeza; arthAt vidhisaranuM zikSaNa. temAM kahelAM, zikSaNanAM be phaLa paikInuM zIla paNa samyagudarzanano ja paryAya che. evA zIlanuM phaLa che manuSyanuM jIvanavyApI vRtta - tenI mana-vacanakAyA thakI mUrta thatI vyakta jIvanacaryA. TUMkamAM sarva ciMtakoe darzanane vyakti ane samAjanI mUrta vartanapaddhatinA, balka samagra saMskRtinA, avyakta paNa cokkasa svarUpa dharAvatA vidhAyaka paribaLa tarIke pramAyuM che. enI vizadatA ke parizuddhi para ja saMskRtinI parizuddhi ane parivRddhi nirbhara (Azrita) che. eTale mithyAdarzanonA duritakArI jALane pariharatuM "samyagadarzana' ja manuSyane khapanuM che. samyagadarzanane "AtmavattA tarIke paNa oLakhAvI zakAya. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 66 A dRSTie jarmana tattvajJa nitzenuM A maMtavya atyaMta mArmika jaNAya cheH darzana (vision) vagaranuM rASTra nAza pAme che.'' 'darzana' zabdano bhASAkIya arthavikAsa joIe. 'darzana'no mULa artha to che AMkhathI thatuM jJAna. AMkha viSaya para maMDAtAM bIjA jJAnanI kazI apekSA rAkhyA vinA A 'darzana'rUpa indriya-jJAna svayaMbhU rIte pragaTe che. te pragaTa thaIne sAmenA viSaya aMgenI prAthamika jijJAsAne pUrNapaNe saMtoSe che. A jJAnanI vizadatA (spaSTatA) khAsa dhyAna kheMce che. 'darzana'rUpa cakSujJAnanI vizadatAne AdhAre 'darzana' zabdano koI paNa 'vizada jJAna' evo navo artha paNa dhIre-dhIre sthira thayo. koI jJAnanI vizadatAno pAko purAvo e ke evA jJAnane AdhAre e viSaya paratvenI niHzaMka kriyA karI zakAya che. 63 'darzana'zabdanI arthavicAraNA karatAM anivAryapaNe prauDha ke zikSita vyaktine UThatA A praznano paNa uttara Apavo paDe : ''bhAratIya paraMparAmAM tattvajJAnanI vividha zAkhAo 'darzana' kema kahevAya che ?' kharekhara to te-te tattvajJAna-zAkhAnA tAttvika siddhAMtonA samUhane 'darzana' kahe che. barobara vicAratAM samajAya che ke te siddhAMto pote paNa darzanarUpa nathI hotA, paNa tenA Adya draSTA ke draSTAonA darzananA (temane potAne thayelA satyanA sAkSAtkAranA) phaLarUpa hoya che. Ama jyAre siddhAMtonA samUhane 'darzana' tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che, tyAre e phaLa, pariNAma ke kAryano tenA kAraNa upa2 (arthAt te kAraNanA dharmo upara) Aropa karavAmAM Avyo hoya che. evo Aropa karavA pAchaLano Azaya e sUcavavAno che ke e phalita siddhAMtonuM vidhisaranuM adhyayana tarata ja ke saralatAthI draSTAonA e mULa darzananI pratIti karAve che. prasiddha bhAratIya SaT-darzano ke anya darzanomAM jovA maLatuM matavaividhya ke matavaicitrya paNa 'rucinA (arthAt darzananA, zIlanAM) vaicitrya (bhinnatva)'mAMthI janme che te vAr3a prasiddha stotrakAra puSpadaMte potAnA 'zivamahimnaHstotra'mAM karelI che.* AvuM darzana e eka svayaMbhU aMtaH-satyAnubhUti che, jene je-te draSTA vividha siddhAMtonA samUha dvArA abhivyakta kare che, pragaTa kare che. Ama, kahevAtAM vividha tAttvika darzano satyanA darzana ke sAkSAtkAramAMthI janmelAM manAyAM hoI 'darzana' saMjJA pAmyAM. ahIM 'arthazAstra'nA anvaye kauTilyanA je darzananI vAta karavAnI che, te AvI koI cokkasa tattvajJAna-zAkhArUpa darzananI vAta nathI, paNa kauTilyane hRdaye vaselA samagra jIvanadarzananA bhAgarUpa vividha jIvanamUlyo ke zraddhAsthAnonI vAta che. alabatta, tattvajJAnanI amuka cokkasa zAkhAo rUpa darzananI vAta paNa temAM samAveza pAmelI che jarUra. to ApaNe A vyAkhyAnamAM kauTilye rajU karelA vividha rAjanaitika siddhAMto ke vyavahAro pAchaLa AvAM jIvanavidhAyaka je zraddheya mUlyo preraka banIne niyAmaka paNa banI rahe che, te badhAMne barAbara upasAvavAM che. e dvArA AjanA jijJAsu mATe A graMthanuM Ajane tabakke zuM mahattva che te ApoApa spaSTa thaze. kauTilya mAtra kuTila rAjanItinA praNetA hovAnI sAmAnya chApa 'arthazAstra'nuM taTastha adhyayana karanAra mATe kaI-kaI rIte aprastuta bane che, te vAta atre lUMTavI che. atre rajU thatI jIvanamUlyonI vAta jemanI tema svIkArI na letAM, zrotA paNa taTasthapaNe svayaM For Personal & Private Use Only

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64 kauTilya "arthazAstra' H dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vicArato thAya e apekSA atre che. kauTilyanA A graMthanuM yathArtha mUlyAMkana to bahumukhI sajjatA mAgI le che. A vaktA to mAtra potAne adhyayana-adhyApanamAM je cokhkhAM prakAzasthAno AmAM dekhAyAM, tenuM ullAsabhera kathana ja karavA mAge che; kazuM koInI gAMThe baMdhAvavA nathI mAgato. samatola mUlyAMkana-zakti dharAvatI koI paNa vyaktinI dRSTie kauTilyane samagrapaNe vivAdAspada vyakti gaNavA-kahevA mATe pUratuM kAraNa nathI; alabatta, temaNe eka cokkasa paristhitimAM prayojelI rAjanIti koIne vivAdAspada lAge evuM bane. ucca samadaSTi keLavAtAM kadAca evA saMvedananuM paNa zamana thaI zake. kauTilya khelelI e rAjanItine upalaka rIte jonAra bhaNelA ke abhaNa moTo samudAya kauTilya mATenA tIvra aNagamAmAM rAcato jarUra jovA maLe che. te ja rIte arthazAstra'mAM zatrunA uccheda vagere mATe aneka sthaLe je upAyo batAvAyA che, te, ke graMthamAMnI anya keTalIka vivAdAspada lAgatI vAtone AdhAre paNa kauTilyane niMdanAro varga gaNanApAtra haze. prAcInakALamAM ya AvuM valaNa hovAnA purAvA tarIke be prasiddha sAhityika ullekho atre dhyAnamAM levA jevA che : (1) eka che bANakRta "kAdaMbarI' kathAmAM maLato ullekha, je kathAnA eka pAtranA mukhamAM mukAyo hovA chatAM, temAM bANabhaTTanA abhiprAyano raNako paNa sAMbhaLI zakAya ema che. e ukti AvI che : "jemane mana, prAya: atikrUra kahI zakAya evA upadezane kAraNe "nirdaya' lAgatuM kauTilyazAstra pramANarUpa che, abhicArakriyAmAM krUratA dAkhave tevA svabhAvavALA purohito ja gururUpa che... tevAomAM zI yogyatA mAnavI ?' (2) jaina AgamagraMthomAMnA eka "naMdIsUtra'mAM mithyAzAstronI gaNanA karatAM AvI eka yAdI maLe che : bhArata (mahAbhArata), rAmAyaNa, bhImAsurIya ane kauTilIyam. A ane AvA anya ullekhone anAdarathI yA caturAIbharyA arthaghaTanathI avagaNI na zakAya. paNa temanI bhUmikAno samatola vicAra jarUra thaI zake. e to svIkAravuM ja paDaze ke vAstavaniSTha ane svadharmapAlaka evA kauTilyane mana "sArI rIte AcarAyelA paradharma' (arthAt anya paristhiti dharAvanAra mATe kartavyarUpa banI rahetA karma) karatAM guNarahita dekhAto svadharma ja kalyANakAraka che." jemAM kauTilyano guNa koI mANasa sAmAnya rIte na svIkAre, paNa chIcharI vicArazaktine kAraNe temano doSa kADhavA ja aneko zUrA thaI jAya evA sahaja kartavya sAthe, saMjogavazAt kauTilyane panAro paDelo. jaldI koI pITha to thAbaDe ja nahi tevuM kAma (thankless task) temane bhAge AveluM. potAnuM rAjakarma ane lekhanakArya temane mATe nAjuka kartavyo hato. prApta paristhitimAM to temaNe te potAnI uttama sUjhasamaja pramANe ja karelAM. tema chatAM umadA AdhyAtmika-dhArmika mUlyonA tAjA ja pracalanavALA e saMkramaNakALa(transition period)mAM sAmAnya rIte dharmaniSTha gaNAtA ALA manuSyone te ruce tevAM nahotAM ja - bhale kauTilya mATe pravAhaprApta hoI dharmarUpa hoya. khuda kauTilya paNa, zaMbUkavadha karatA prabuddha rAmanI jema prAyaH aMgata vyathA sAthe ja, prayatnapUrvaka taTasthatA jALavIne ja te AcaryAM hovAM joIe. potAnA A graMthamAM rAjanItinAM ghora pAsAMonA tyAgano ughADo bodha ApavA mATe temane apakva samaya lAgyo haze. e daSTie vicArIe to upalI be samAlocanAo potapotAne sthAne For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya ucita ja che. kauTilyane paNa UMDe UMDe to te game paNa kharI. sajjano emanI sajjanatAne, navAM sAmAjika-mAnavIya parimANo siddha thAya tevI apUrva kakSAe suvikasita karIne paraMparAgata ardhajaMgalI rAjanItine nAmazeSa karI de te kauTilyane paNa aMtaratamathI to iSTa ja lAge che. eTale siddha dharmapuruSo kalyANaka2 dharmanA prasthApana arthe potAnI AvI TIkA kare te kauTilyane to aMtaratamathI AvakArya ke iSTa ja lAge. teo to ardhajaMgAliyatavALA mAnava-samAjamAM, potAnAthI na TALI zakAya tevA kartavyamAM, parimita samaya pUratA mAtra nimittarUpa ja banyA. ahiMsAnuM vidhisara ane adhikArapUrvaka UMDuM kheDANa karanArI jaina paraMparA to kauTilyanA zAstrane mithyAzAstra kahe te sarvathA ucita, apekSita ane mAnavajAta mATe AzAnI kAMti lAvanAruM ja gaNI zakAya. alabatta, 'naMdIsUtra'nI uparyukta yAdImAM 'bhArata' ane 'rAmAyaNa' paNa samAviSTa hoI e avataraNanI adhikRtatA kaMIka aMze saMdehapAtra to bane ja che. have, sneha ane sakhyanA prabaLa dhA2ka ane puraskartA evA bANabhaTTa paNa kauTilyanA zAstra mATe aNagamo batAve to te mATe teo adhikArI che, ane tema chatAM kauTilyano AMtara-mahimA samajavAno mArga, gItApratipAdita samatva dhAraNa karIe, to khullo ja rahe che. kharekhara to, kauTilya pote paNa AvA dharmapuruSArthanA parama anumodaka ane sAdhaka paNa hatA e batAvanArAM graMthagata aneka cokkasa pramANo rajU karIne upara nirdezelA buddhibhedane zamAvavAno A bIjA vyAkhyAnarUpe namra prayatna che. trIjA vyAkhyAnano viSaya paNa judI rIte e ja dizAno prayatna che. prasiddha bAIbala-vacanane pramANIne koI vize lUkho-sUko nyAya na toLatAM, darekanuM paristhiti-sApekSa mUlyAMkana karavAnI sahRdayatA dAkhavIe. jo pazcimanA prAcIna-arvAcIna rAjanIti-mImAMsako pleTo, eNrisToTala, maeNkiyAvelI vagerenA graMthastha vicAronuM taTastha adhyayana karIe to tenI tulanAmAM bhAratanI dIrghakAlIna sthAyI sAMskRtika bhUmikAnuM pIThabaLa pAmelA kauTilyanAM jIvana, ciMtana ane netRtva vyakti ane samAjanAM kasAyelAM jIvanamUlyo sAthe susaMkalita ane bejavAbadAra bAMdhachoDa vagaranAM jarUra jaNAI Avaze. temanAmAM sAdhanazuddhinI sabhAnatA rAjanIti-kSetre paNa dezakALanI maryAdAmAM-jarUra jovA maLe che. ApaNe have pachI aneka muddAo dvArA e joIzuM ke temaNe paraMparAprApta rAjanaitika vicAraAcArane vadhu mAnavIya banAvavAnuM manISI-kArya jarUra karyuM che. 65 - ahIM 'IzAvAsya'-upaniSaddna atyaMta mahattvanuM sarvagrAhI mArgadarzana saMbhAravuM khUba upakAraka banI raheze. temAMno navamo maMtra che : jeo avidyAne upAse che, teo gADha aMdhArAmAM praveze che. paNa jeo vidyAmAM ja racyApacyA rahe che, te to jANe tenAthI paNa vadhu gADha aMdhArAmAM praveze che.10" pachI agiyAramA maMtramAM kahe che : je vidyA ane avighA e baMnenI joDIne ekasAthe oLakhe che, te avidyAthI mRtyune tarIne vidyAthI amRta pAme che.114 kauTilyanAM jIvana ane vicArajALane samajavA mATeno sAco mApadaMDa ahIM maLe che. vAstavavAda ane paramArthavAda (AdarzavAda) e be ya cheDA ekAMgI che. baMneno samanvaya samagradarzI dhIratAthI karavo For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa e ja manuSyanuM kharuM kartavya che. "paramAtmA mAyAthI sarva bhUtone jagata-cAkaDe caDhAvIne bhamAve che12" ema gItA kahe che. e jagata-prapaMcane pAra javA mATe tenAthI dUra bhAgavAmAM mahA-ajJAna che. tene svIkArIne, avidyAthI eTale ke "AvyA tevA devAze'nI ke "jevA sAthe tevA'nI sAMsArika rItine paNa aliptabhAve apanAvIne, haiye paramArthanI jayotine paNa jalatI rAkhIne, mRtyuthI bharelo, jayaparAjayAdi vaMdvothI bharelo saMsAra tarI javAno che. saMsAra ene sthAne sat che, paramArtha ene sthAne sat che. saMsAra e paramAtmAnI lIlA (ramata,krIDA) hoI ene kheladilIthI svIkAravAthI ja paramArthano sAco mArga maLe che. kauTilya zrotriya brAhmaNa hatA, vaidika karmakAMDa sahitanI vedavidyAnA upAsaka hatA. tethI upaniSadu-vidyAnA jJAtA paNa avazya hovA ghaTe. temaNe darzanavidyA, bhagavadgItA ityAdinuM paNa jIvanalakSI gADha sevana karyAnI chApa arthazAstramAM Thera-Thera UpasatI rahe che. ApaNe prathama vyAkhyAnamAM joyeluM tema, A suzikSaNane vaphAdAra rahIne ja, kauTilya gItAprokta "lokasaMgraha'-arthe ja abhicAravidyA ane paraMparAmAnya rAjanaitika kAryakalApane khaMtathI apanAvIne nyAyI rAjyaparivartana sAdheluM, ane ene mATe jarUrI uttara-kArya paNa apramAdathI pAra pADeluM. adhyAtmano daMbha ane sAcuM adhyAtma e be paraspara viparIta cheDA che. paga taLenI bhoMya pratyenI vaphAdArI adA karavA pUratuM ja emaNe rAjapuruSapada apanAvyuM, ane e avidyAmArga samucita prakAre choDavAnuM paNa paripakva kSaNe avazya karyuM. emanA A graMthamAM atyalya bhAga rokatAM, paNa emanAM darzanane ane aMtaraMgane vyakta karatAM je vacano, khaMDo graMthamAM verAyelAM paDelAM che, te ja ahIM ApaNA ciMtanano viSaya che; kAraNa ke te, graMthanI sAmagrIne mUlavavAnI cAvIrUpa che, graMthanA hArdarUpa che. upaniSadUnA eka prasiddha vacana : "koInI mAtra vANInI vizeSa mImAMsA na karatAM, tenA mULa vaktA bAbata - tenA tAtparya ane aMtaraMga bAbata - vizeSa jijJAsA dAkhavIe13 mujaba ApaNe ahIM vartI rahyAM chIe. A vaktA paNa hajI kauTilyanA aMtaraMganI A vAto ja ghUMTI rahyo che, temAM ramI rahyo che. emAM nirUpAyelI aTapaTI rAjanIti, graMthamAMnI aneka aTapaTI zAstrIya ke hunnaraviSayaka vigato ke e badhAM sAthe saMkaLAyelI saMkula dakSatAo bAbate A vaktA hajI sAva binajANakAra che, gabharU che. ApaNe to mAtra nirmaLa zraddhAothI ahIM nAva haMkAravAnuM che. tethI graMthamAM varNavelI rAjanIti mATe paNa sUga tyajI ekaMdara Adara jALavavAno che. svadeza-videza mATenI rAjanItinI, yuddhAdi rASTrarakSAvidyAnI, nagara ke killAonI nirmANavidyAonI - ema vividha viSayonI, bhinna-bhinna deza-kALanA uccAvaca vizeSajJo rasathI mUlavI zake, saMmata thaI zake evI ghaNI sAmagrI A graMthamAM paDelI jaNAya che. ApaNe to enI mahattvanI pUrvabhUmikArUpa, enA mahAdvArarUpa evuM emanuM sthAyI mUlyajagat jabarAbara jANIzuM, samajIzuM, mANIzuM. A vyAkhyAnanA zIrSakamAMno dArzanika' zabda enA vyApaka, ane sAmAnya manuSya mATe vadhu prastuta evAM jIvanamUlyonA saMdarbhamAM vAparyo che e vAta barAbara yAda rAkhIe. nAno-moTo dareka manuSya pote pArivArika, sAmAjika, zaikSaNika saMskArothI potAnA vyaktitvamAM vaNI lIdhelAM AvAM cokkasa jIvana-mUlyothI ja jIvananI badhI AsamAnI-sulatAnImAM sAcA sAphalyadAyI mArgano nirNaya prAyaH ApabaLe karI zake che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 67 graMthamAMnAM cokkasa AdhArasthAno parathI kauTilyane abhimata AvAM spaSTa dArzanika mUlyo eka pachI eka joIe ane e badhAMthI ApaNAM potapotAnAM jIvanone paNa samRddha karIe. (1) ananya buddhiniSThA bhagavadgItAe buddhiniSThA saMbaMdhI AkhI bhAratIya paraMparAno sArasaMgraha potAnI rIte karyo che. kauTilya emAMthI bharapUra preraNA jhIlI che. gItA 2.46BmAM A aMgenuM eka kAyama ravAyogya mahAvAkya che : yuddha zarAmaviMcha paI: hetava: (""buddhimAM zaraNa zodha, phaLa arthAt pariNAma pAchaLa paDelAo to lobhiyA ke muMjI che'). AnI AgalI paMktimAM kahyuM che: "buddhiyoga karatAM karma ghaNI ja nIcI pAyarIe che." A "buddhi te sarvadarzI, satyadarzI jJAnazaktino paryAya che. A jJAnazaktine indriya dvArA mana ane buddhimAM pravezIne besI gayelo kAmakrodharUpa doSa DhAMkI de che ema paNa gItAnA trIjA adhyAyanA cheDe AvelI kAmamImAMsAmAM kahevAyuM che. buddhine vizuddha rAkhavA prathama indriyone, pachI manane niyamabaddha ane kAmadoSarahita karavAnAM che. Avo saMyama sAdhanAra "yukta" (yogavALo, satya sAthe joDANa dharAvanAra) kahevAya tevA yuktane ja buddhi eTale ke prajJA ke pUrNa jJAnazakti hoI zake, ane jJAnane AtmasAt karavArUpa "bhAvanA' paNa tevA sAdhakane ja saMbhave. AvI buddhi sAthe nityano yoga (joDANa) ja "buddhiyoga" kahevAya. buddhisaMbaMdhI atre jANavA-samajavA yogya eka anya vAta paNa gItAmAM sarasa rIte kahevAI che : "buddhiyukta vyakti sukRta ane duSkRta (puNya ane pApa) baMnene (eTale ke baMne vaccenA bhedabhAvane ane baMne viSenI potAnI Asaktine) choDe che. 14 je e baMne bAbata nirAgrahI ane samacitta bane che, tene nirbheLa ane paripUrNa evA satyano sAkSAtkAra saraLa bane che. aMgrejImAM paNa Ane maLatA traNa zabdo che : moral (nItimAnuM, puNyavAnuM), immoral (anItimAnuM, pApI) ane a-moral (nIti-anIti aMgenA bhedabhAvathI para, atinaitika). kauTilyane samajavA A mApadaMDa paNa ghaNo khapano che. pApa-puNyabheda sAdhanAnA AraMbhe khapano che, paraMtu uccatara sAdhanAmAM ane parama satyano sAkSAtkAra ane aMgIkAra karavAmAM e bAdhaka ja che. sAmAnya mANase pApa-puNyano bheda choDI devAno nathI e jeTaluM sAcuM che, teTalI ja sAcI, uccatara ArohaNa mATe e aMgenuM anAgrahIpaNuM keLavavAnI jarUriyAta paNa che. pApInA pApane zamAvavA mATe ke prajAnuM samatvapUrNa zAsana karavA mATe tema ja dhArmika kaTTaratAthI zAsaka ane zAsanane mukta rAkhavA mATe A samatola valaNa khapanuM che. buddhi aMge atre samajavA jevI chellI sUkSma chatAM khUba mahattvanI vAta che buddhinI cokhkhI maryAdA samajavI te. mAnava-vyaktitvamAM iMdriyo khUba khapanI che. indriyonuM niyamana karanAra ane tenI kAryapUrti karanAra che mana. vaLI mananAM saMkalpa-vikalpo ke saMvedanonuM vyavasthApana ane For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa niyamana kare che buddhi. A buddhinuM paNa niyamana kare che te' (eTale ke paramAtmA, Izvara).15 Ano artha e paNa kharo ke Izvara buddhine pele pAra che. e sarvane jANI zake che, paNa ene buddhi vagere sAdhano jANI zakatAM nathI. tema chatAM buddhi sahitanAM sarva sAMsArika sAdhano homavA thakI (mAnavapratibhAnAM laukika tattvo homavA thakI - puruSane homavA thakI) IzvararUpa thavAya che jarUra! buddhithI paNa upara UThavAnI vAta upaniSadomAM khUba ghUMTAIne gItAmAM AvI che. Ano artha : buddhiniSTha thavuM, paNa buddhi-mAtra-vAdI na thavuM. "arthazAstrane dhyAnathI avalokatAM aneka sthAne sIdhI ke ADakatarI rIte buddhimahimAnI vAta ghUMTAI che. A vAta kavi vizAkhadatte paNa barAbara pArakhI hoIne, ApaNe AgalA vyAkhyAnamAM kauTilyanI pratibhA aMge mudrAkSasa nATakamAMnI kauTilyanI A ukti joyelI te pharI smarIe : "badhuM jajo, paNa mArI buddhi mA jajo." (juo prathama vyAkhyAna Ti. ka. 14.) . . upara buddhitattva viSe gItAnI je samAlocanA joI emAMnAM sarva pAsAM alaga-alaga UpasatAM hoya tevAM A graMthamAMnAM sthAno joIe : rAjAnI ke rAjyanI trividha zakti A prakAre batAvAI che : maMtrazakti, prabhuzakti, utsAhazakti. A zaktionuM tAratamya (uccAvacatA) batAvatAM kauTilya spaSTapaNe mannazaktine eTale ke buddhizaktine maMtraNAzaktine) zreSTha gaNI che. 16 Ano artha e ke koI rAjayataMtra ke rASTra mATe rASTrajIvana ane suzAsana aMgenI taTastha, pUrvagrahamukta, sarvAgI samajaNa koI paNa saphaLa kAmagIrI ane siddhi mATeno majabUta ane anivArya pAyo che. jJAna vagaranI sAdhanasaMpannatA (prabhuzakti) ke prANazakti (utsAhazakti) puSkaLa veDaphATamAM ane niSphaLatAmAM - kyAreka mahAvinAzamAM - pariName. maMtrazakti bAkInI be zaktione gANitika cokasAI dvArA ane temanA niyamanayukta pravartana ke vyApAra dvArA abhISTa sAphalya tarapha dorI zake. maMtrazaktinA saphaLa vyApAra mATe rAjayataMtranA, paDozI rASTronA ane prajAjIvananA sarva gupta pravAho sahitanI badhI talasparzI ane AdhArabhUta Avazyaka mAhitI satata maLatI rahe te mATe ja atyaMta saMkula, vizALa, sarvavyApta, cunaMdA ane vaphAdAra evA guptacarataMtrane kauTilya graMthamAM sarvatra khUba mahattva ApyuM che. rAjAnI dinacaryAmAM paNa doDha-doDha kalAkanA traNa alaga-alaga dainika vibhAgomAM guptacaro sAthenI rAjAnI alaga-alaga svarUpanI mulAkAtanI yojanA sUcavAI che. ahIM e paNa dhyAnamAM levA jevuM che ke buddhizaktine mAtra rAjayanA sAMkaDA svArtho (arthasaMcayAdi) mATe ke zatruvinAza mATe ja prayojavAnI nathI, paNa samagra rASTramAM ArthikasAmAjika nyAyasthApanA mATe, sarva prajAonA pravRtti svAtaMtryane satata nabhAve tevA duSTanigraha mATe paNa prayojavAnI che. e mATe khUba vizALa sattAkSetra ane bhAre moTI javAbadArI dharAvatA samAhartA' ('kalekTara') nAmanA eka uccatama adhikArInI jogavAI paNa rAjayataMtramAM karavAmAM For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 69 AvI che. te nimitte prajAhitakara zreSTha buddhivyApAra kAme lagADAya che - jenI vAta vigate trIjA vyAkhyAnamAM karavAmAM Avaze. ayuktane (asaMyamIne) buddhi na hoya" e gItAvacanano cokhkho paDagho graMthanA adhyAya 2.6mAMnA indriya-jaya-prakaraNanA prathama vAkyamAMnA vidyAvihetu: driyana: e aMzamAM paDe che. A aMzanuM sAcuM arthaghaTana karatAM ''vidyA-vinayanuM (vidyAne jhIlavAnuM, pacAvavAnuM) kAraNa indriyajaya che" evo artha maLe che. saMyamIne ja vidyAnI bhUkha lAge ne tene ja vidyA pace - evo bevaDo artha ahIM kADhavo yogya che. yAda rahe : A vAta khuda rAjAnI jIvanacaryAnA saMdarbhe karAI che. dharma paNa buddhigrAhya hoya che evo "manusmRti'no cokhkho-abhiprAya prathama vyAkhyAnamAM ullekhyo che. AmAMthI ja phalita thAya che dhArmika aMdhazraddhAno niSedha. dharma buddhigrAhya hovA uparAMta zraddhAgrAhya ke dhyAnagrAhya paNa kharo. paNa emAMnI zraddhA buddhinI avirodhI hoya; aMdhazraddhA na hoya. arthazAstra'mAM ADakatarI rIte AvI aMdhazraddhA pratyeno aNagamo ghUMTAIne vyakta thayo che. lokonI vyApaka ane bahuvidha dhArmika aMdhazraddhAonA jJAnano upayoga, rAjyanAM taMtro paikInA guptacarataMtramAM guptacaroe sajavAnA veSo mATe, khAlI khajAno bharavAnI vividha laukika yuktio mATe, zatrurAjAnAM ke anya mokAnA adhikArIonAM vadha ke baMdhana mATe - Ama vividha rIte vyApakapaNe karavAnI bhalAmaNa karAI che. AnA pAyAmAM che aMdhazraddhALuone, Avazyaka rAjanaitika ke vahIvaTI hetuo mATe, kazA khaTakA vinA ullu banAvavAnI vAta. dhArmika aMdhazraddhAo e kAMI sAco dharma nathI; manovikRti ja che - evI cUMTAyelI samajane kAraNe ja teno Avo dhITa (bold) upayoga karavAnI kalpanAzIlatA AkhA graMthamAM judA-judA AkAre puraskArAtI jovA maLe che. alabatta, sAcI dhArmikatAne daMDavA-ucchedavAnI vAta to ThIka, eno sTeja paNa anAdara karavAnI vAta paNa graMthamAM kyAMya nathI. A samagra valaNa nirmaLa buddhiniSThAne ja pratibiMbita kare che. "jenI buddhi, tenuM baLa" (ddhiArtha va<< to evA dhiMgA zANapaNanA vipula upayoga para ja rAjayataMtra ane tenA thakI prajAjIvana jayavaMtu rahe che. vyApaka saMyama A jayadAyI buddhimattAne nitya baLavattara kare che te na bhulAya. buddhiniSThA e ahIM ekAMtika buddhivAda nathI e vAta paNa graMthamAM yogya rIte ghUMTAI che. eTale kauTilya rational (buddhi-prayojaka) che, paNa rationalist (ekAMtika buddhivAdI) nathI ema cokkasa kahI zakAya. aMgrejI zabdo paikInA badhA ist-pratyayAta zabdo, ekAMtika dAvAnA yogamAM, "aniSTa'rUpa ja che ! A vAta sarasa rIte phalita thAya che rAjA ke rAjapuruSo mATe Avazyaka mukhya vidyAonI carcAmAM. tevI vidyAomAM daMDanIti (rAjanIti), vArtA (nirvAhavidyA) ane trayI (vedavidyA) uparAMta AnvIkSikI (darzanavidyA) paNa jarUrI che evo abhinava mata kauTilya ja pahelavahelo rajU karyo e vAta e carcAmAMthI phalita thAya che. e darzanavidyA manuSyane aMtarmukha, dhyAnaparAyaNa, dhIra ane AdhyAtmika arthamAM namra banAve che. AgaLa A vAta vadhu carcIzuM. paNa kauTilya buddhine paNa pele pAra javAmAM daDhapaNe mAnatA hatA te vAta ahIM dIvA jevI spaSTa dekhAya che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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SO kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa eka bIjI vigata joIe. rAjyanAM sAta aMgo ke ghaTako(sAta prakRtio)no cokkasa pAsparika agratAkrama, kauTilya vistRta vivAdapradhAna carcA dvArA cIMdhI batAvyo che. te mujaba sauthI mahattvanuM prathama aMga che rAjA ane bIjA krame Ave che maMtrI. rAjyataMtranI dRSTie "maMtrI caDhe, ke rAjA ?' evA praznanI tejasvI carcA dvArA kauTilya rAjAnA ananya mahimAnI vAta buddhipUta sahRdayo AgaLa saMkSepamAM paNa samagra rIte mUkI che (juo arthazAstram 8.2.22-28). AmAM prastuta vAta e che ke kauTilya buddhiniSTha hovA chatAM emaNe rAjyAMgonA agratAkramamAM maMtrIne prathama na mUkatAM rAjAne prathama mUkyA che; alabatta, maMtrIne tarata bIjA krame to mUkyA ja che. AnuM mULa kAraNa che rAjAnI sarvAgI pratibhA bAbata kauTilya rajU karelI sughaTita vicAraNA. ekaMdare rAjAmAM buddhiguNo hRdayaguNothI rasAyelA ane tenAthI ja samunnati pAmelA hoya che. tethI rAjA bAkInAM rAjayAMgone joDanAruM ane ekarasa rAkhanAruM khUba mahattvanuM paribaLa banI rahe che. AnA paDaghArUpe ja peluM jANItuM zraddhAvAkya prAcIna kALathI vahetuM thayuM : "nA jAtasya phAra" (""rAjA jamAnAne ghaDanAruM paribaLa che"). ApaNI prastuta AdhyAtmika carcAnA anvaye kahI zakAya ke rAjA buddhisaMcAlita rASTrane paNa Iza-vyApyuM (zAvastha) rASTra banAvavAnI supta kSamatA dharAve che. AjanA amerikAnA mukhya rAjakIya klevararUpa "koMgresamAM paNa navA pramukhanA padagrahaNasamAraMbha vakhate Izane ('gaoNDane') bhAvathI stavavAmAM Ave che. karthazAstra-a06.ramAM rAjayanI "sAta prakRti paikInI darekanA guNonI gaNanAnA prasaMge rAjAnA guNonI sauthI vadhu vistRta vAta thaI che. temAM rAjAnA guNo kula 47 vizeSaNo dvArA varNavAyA che. te cAra vibhAga dvArA kahevAyA che. te paikIno eka vibhAga che : mAtmasaMpan (ahaMbhAvathI mukta evA AtmaguNo). 47mAMthI ra3 eTale ke lagabhaga ardhI vizeSaNo A vibhAgamAM mUkyAM che te hakIkata ghaNuM kahI jAya che. rAjanItinA graMthamAM paNa AvI carcA Ave te bhAratavarSanI kaparI (-parA arthAt zreSTha karatAM UtaratI) vidyAonA parI (zreSTha) evI adhyAtmavidyA sAthenA gADha anusaMdhAna ke sakhane ja AbhArI che. A samagra carcAno upayogI sAra e che ke manuSya potAnAM indriyo ane manane saMyama dvArA uttama kauzalavALAM karIne te thakI uttama buddhinuM nirmANa karavuM ane te buddhine paNa nitya IzvarArpaNa karIne prayojavI. vinIta buddhinuM phaLa che sarva-udaya. A carcAnA pUraka evA pachInA muddAmAM pravezIe. (2) keLavaNI-vicAra judI-judI rIte keLavaNI" artha ja sUcavatA A traNa zabdo saMskRtamAM che vinayana, 3panayana, zikSA. ahIM nayanano artha (nI dhAtu parathI) "doravaNI" ke "laI javAnI kriyA' evo samajavAno che. vi-nayana eTale viziSTa doravaNI ane 35-nayana eTale ziSyane guru pAse laI javAnI kriyA; For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 71 vadhu vyApaka artha karIe to samajadAra bALakane satya-ziva-suMdara pAse laI javAnI kriyA. vinayanano paNa vyApaka artha karIe to vyaktine deha-dazAmAMthI Atma-dazAmAM laI javI yA annamaya kozathI AnaMdamaya koza sudhInI yAtrA karAvavI. mULa re dhAtunA icchAdarzaka rUpa zikSAno mULa artha che cetanAne zaktimAn karavAnI utkaTa icchA ane tajajanya prayatna. hamaNAM ja AgalA muddAmAM 'indriya-jaya te vidyA AtmasAta thavA mATenuM kAraNa che' evo kauTilyano mata joyo. A vAta barAbara samajAya te mATe kauTilya e adhyAya 2.6mAM ja indriyajayanI traNa vaikalpika saraLa vyavahAru vyAkhyA ke kasoTIo batAvI che. "indriya-jaya'no zabdArtha to thAya potAnI indriyo parano vyaktino kAbU. indriyo potAnI AjJAne adhIna thaIne varte ane potAnA jIvanarathane khADe na nAMkhe te indriya-jaya. ahIM manane paNa eka AMtarika indriya (maMta:kTara) ja samajavAnI che, je bAhya indriyonA jJAnanuM saMkalana ane vahana paNa kare che. A badhI indriyono jaya temanA upayogane aTakAvavAmAM samAto nathI, paNa pUrNa niyamanapUrvaka temano upayoga karavAmAM samAyo che. have kauTilya ApelI e traNa vaikalpika vyAkhyAo ke kasoTIo joIe : (1) manuSyanA je cha AMtarika zatruo (pa ripatra:), rUpe kAma, krodha, lobha, mAna, mada ane harSarUpa cittadoSo gaNAvyA che, temano tyAga indriyajayarUpa che yA indriya-jaya sadhAyAnA purAvArUpa che. (2) cakSu vagere pAMca indriyo tathA mana e sarva indriyonuM pota-potAnA viSayomAM vivekI pravartana te indriyajaya. potAno aviveka vistare tevA anucita viSaya-saMparkano AmAM niSedha sUcavAya che. koI indriya dvArA grahaNa karAyelA viSaya pAchaLa manane doDavA devAya tyAM indriya vyaktino svAmI banI te jIvane aneka anarthomAM nAkhe che - AvI vAta bhagavadgItAmAM paNa jovA maLe che (2.67). (3) zAstronA arthano (ucca upadezano) amala te indriyajaya7 A vAta kyAM zAstronA anvaye samajavI teno phoDa paDAyo nathI te eka gUMcavatI bAbata che. alabatta, saMdarbha parathI vivekabuddhine AdhAre ema kahI zakAya ke dharmazAstra jevAM AcArazAstra, upaniSabhagavadgItA jevAM sarvAgI adhyAtmazAstra ke darzanazAstra jevAM taTastha zAstronA amUlya upadezorUpa arthanuM anusaraNa ahIM samajI zakAya. bIjI rIte kahIe to zAstromAMthI phalita thatI zuddha dharmarUpa bAbatonuM anusaraNa samajavuM. upaniSamAM "svAdhyAya bAbate pramAda na karavo' e je hetulakSI, jIvanazuddhilakSI Adeza apAyo che, tenA tarapha ahIM iMgita che. ApaNe joIzuM ke rAjAnI dinacaryAmAM paNa nitya zAstrAdhyayananI vAta che ja. uparyukta traNa vyAkhyAo paikInI bIjI vyAkhyA indriyajayanuM svarUpa sIdhesIdhuM kahe che, to bAkInI be vyAkhyAo indriyajayanuM vadhu sUkSama ane mArmika svarUpa kahe che. e baMnemAM bIjI vyAkhyAnI vAta to samAI ja jAya che, paNa sIdhA indriyajayane pagale avazya sadhAtI vadhu UMDI ane sthAyI jIvanazuddhirUpa bAbato paNa uccatara jIvanasAdhanA mATe cIMdhAya che. barobara vicArIe to bIjI vyAkhyAmAM paNa ghaNI jIvanazuddhi samAI ja jAya che. vividha adhikArIo ke adhyayanakartAonI rUci ke samajaNazaktine dhyAnamAM rAkhIne Ama vividha marmasparzI vyAkhyAo apAI che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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72 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa A carcAne aMte UMco ahobhAva janmAvatuM eka bhavya vAkya che : "A AkhuM zAstra (=arthazAstra) IndriyajayarUpa che. 18' Ano sAco artha e jaNAya che ke rAjanItizAstra te rAjayanA sAte ya aMgo ke ghaTakoe potapotAnI rIte sAdhelA indriyajaya dvArA ja caritArtha thAya che ane potAno paripUrNa apUrva mahimA pAme che. Ano artha e paNa kharo ke samagra rAjayataMtra enA pratyeka ghaTakamAM sadhAtA - paLAtA ne paLAvAtA - indriyajaya dvArA ja dIrghakALa Take che, navI-navI rIte vikase che ane asAdhAraNa gaju kADhIne apUrva rIte vijayI, yazasvI bane che. ahIM vivekI janane e paNa samajAze ke ahI je bahu moTA samudAyanA vyApaka indriyajayanI apekSA batAvI che, temAMnI dareka vyakti pote zAstrIya samajaNa pAmIne svayaMbhU rIte indriyajaya apanAve e eka ja rIta to sAmudAyika dhoraNe zakya nathI. eTale emAM ochI ke nahivat samajaNazakti dharAvatA manuSyone paNa indriyajayane mArge caDyA sivAya cAle ja nahi evA svastha sAmAjika-rAjakIya paryAvaraNamAM mUkavAnI vAta paNa abhipreta mAnavAnI rahe. ane hakIkate svastha rAjyataMtra ke svastha samAja AvI ja jogavAI UbhI karatAM hoya che. jema indriyajayano mahimA svayaM samajIne enA UMcA lAbho pamAya, tema indriyajayane samajayA vinA paNa enuM pharajiyAta ke ghaDIka lAgatI majabUrIthI karAtuM pAlana dIrghakALe vyaktine kramazaH lAbhadAyI jaNAyA vagara rahetuM nathI. rAjayataMtre sAcI dRSTithI UbhAM karelAM daMDavidhAno doSito taraphanI AvI pracchanna sthAyI vatsalatA para ja Take che ane sArthaka bane che. eTaluM kharuM ke je rASTramAM svayaMbhU rIte adhyayanazIla ke dhyAnaniSTha prakRtinA loko dvArA moTI saMkhyAmAM indriyajaya taraphanI sthira pravRtti cAlatI hoya, te rASTra vyApakapaNe AmasamudAyane paNa, saravALe nirdoSa evI - kaThora lAgatI ke haLavI - yuktio dvArA pracchanna vatsalatAthI indriyajayanI AzIrvAdarUpa AdatamAM sthira karI zake che. evuM rASTra avijeya banI rahe che. je indriyajaya pALI jANe, te avazya saphaLapaNe paLAvI paNa jANe. indriyajaya-prakaraNa A rIte "AtmasaMyama e keLavaNIno ane rASTra-utthAnano prANa che e vAta TUMkANamAM paNa bahu samartha rIte kahe che. indriyajaya jevuM vyakta, rokaDuM ke sAmAjika adhyAtma jIvananAM sarvakSetrone pAkI unnatino mArga batAve che. ethI rAjanItimAM paNa ene nirvivAdapaNe pAyAnuM sthAna che evo manISI kauTilyano spaSTa abhiprAya che. zikSaNanI sopAnabaddha prakriyA aMge paNa traNeka khUba mahattvanI vAto .. 2.6mAM maLe che. tenA chaThThA sUtramAM kahyuM che : "te-te vidyAnA vinaya ane niyama e baMne, je-te vidyAnA AcAryanA mArgadarzana mujaba aMgIkAravA.19!' AmAM vinaya' zabdathI je-te vidyAviSayanAM sarvAgI bodha ke tAlIma (training) abhipreta jaNAya che ane niyama'no artha je-te vidyA AtmasAtu thaI jIvanavyApI bane te mATe jarUrI vratacaryA ke saMyamI jIvanacaryA - evo jaNAya che. koI paNa vidyA buddhi uparAMta saMvedanazakti, prANazakti, kriyAkauzala thakI samagra jIvanavidhine unnata karavA mATe jhIlavAnI che, jemAM zravaNa-manana-nididhyAsananI samagra prakriyA upakAraka banI rahe che. vidyAgrahaNanI kAryasAdhaka zArIrika-mAnasika-bauddhika pAtratA Ave che niyamathI, arthAt je For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 73 te vidyAnA svarUpa mujabanI viziSTa tema ja keTalIka sarvasAmAnya evI cokkasa vratacaryAthI; manavacana-kAyAnA ekaMdara saMyamathI. mukhyatve khuda rAjAnI keLavaNInA anvaye A vAta kahevAI che te na bhulAya. "indriyajaya e vidyAvinayano hetu che" e agAu nirdezeluM kauTilyokta vidhAna paNa A ja vAta kahe che. vaLI e ja adhyAya(.)nA soLamA sUtramAM gurUgamana thakI thato zikSaNavidhi kevI vikAsaprakriyAthI saphaLa bane che te kahyuM che. te vAkyane 20 Ama samajI zakAya : "vidyAnA ekAgra zravaNathI prajJA eTale ke je-te vidyAno pUrNa bodha janme che. evA bodhamAMthI, sahaja mAnavavRtti mujaba "yoga" eTale ke samajAyelI vidyAnA jIvanamAM prayoga ke viniyoga(application)no tabakko Ave che. ane evA susthira dIrghakAlIna prayogathI AtmabaLa ke AtmavizvAsa Ave che - evuM che vidyAnuM sAmarthya" A vAta, bhAratamAM sadIo sudhI, vizeSataH AzramomAM ke anyatra gADha guru-ziSya-saMbaMdhathI je adhyayana-prakriyA kharekhara ghUMTAI-ghUMTAIne cAlatI hatI ane samRddha thatI rahetI hatI, tenuM ja sAcuM saMkSipta kathana che. AvI vidyAprakriyA dvArA kauTilya pote paNa khUba paLoTAyelA haze ane pote uttama guru paNa haze tenA pUratA nirdezo graMthamAMthI ane bIjI rIte paNa maLI rahe che. kauTilyanI kalpanAnAM rAjA, vividha-padadhArI rAjapuruSo ane ekaMdare AkhuM rAjyataMtra A vidyAsAmarthyathI sArI peThe rasAyelAM haze ema cokkasa mAnI zakAya. rAjayasattAne barbaratAmAMthI vinItatA tarapha dorI javA mATe kauTilya AvA AdarzarUpa zikSaNavidhimAMthI rAjAne ane ucca rAjapuruSone paNa pasAra thavAnuM bhAre kALajIthI sUcavIne, temane pazubaLa choDI sarvAMgasuMdara AtmabaLa ('AtmavattA') dharAvatA karavAnuM dhyeya rAkhyuM che. A ja adhyAyanA pAMcamA sUtramAM21 kauTilya vidyAgrahaNanA vidhinAM paripakva jJAna tarapha laI jatAM, cittAvasthAnAM kramika parivartanorUpa cokkasa sopAno nirUpatI eka prasiddha prAcIna paraMparA UMDA anumodanapUrvaka TAMkI che. e sUtrano artha che : "zuzruSA, zravaNa, grahaNa, dhAraNa, vijJAna ane UMha-apoha dvArA tattvAbhinivezayukta (paramArthanI ke jJAna-viSayanA kharA svarUpanI anubhUtirUpa) buddhi dharAvanArane ja vidyA vinIta (viziSTa rIte keLavAyelo) banAve che, anyane nahi." AmAM Uha ane apohane be alaga avasthAo gaNatAM tattvAbhiniveza e aMtima avasthA sahita kula ATha avasthAono samagra vidyA-vinaya-vidhi bane che. AjanA AdarzalakSI manovijJAnanA jJAna-prakriyA-nirUpaka prakaraNanI dRSTie paNa vidyAvidhinuM A vizleSaNa samajavA jevuM che ane koI paNa keLavaNI-prakriyAne mUlavavA mATe te eka uttama mApadaMDa banI zake ema che. A sopAnonuM svarUpa barAbara samajIe. "zuzruSA"no mULa artha che sAMbhaLavA mATenI iMtejArI - gurUpadeza sAMbhaLavAnI tIvra icchA. A icchA tenA bIjarUpe jijJAsAnuM astitva sUcave che. amuka cokkasa jJAna ke vidyAnI tIvra bhUkha, tIvra jijJAsA janme tenAmAM ja A "zuzruSA' saMbhave. zuzruSAmAM jijJAsA karatAM vadhu vikasita cittadazA rahelI che : te che jijJAsAzamana mATe gurunA vidhipUrvakanA, sAtatyapUrvakanA sevananI preraNA thAya tevI namratA. A dhvanine kAraNe For Personal & Private Use Only

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74 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa zuzruSA'no pracalita artha "sevA' paNa thayo. alabatta, temAM AjJA sAMbhaLavAnI icchA mukhya bane che, paNa e zabdano mahimAmaya artha to A ja che : vidyAprApti mATe guru-samAgamanuM sevana. A zabda e mULa vAtanI paNa yAda apAve che ke bhASA ke jJAna e tattvataH to bolavA-sAMbhaLavAnI, anubhavavAnI vastu che; mAtra tenA saMgrahanI AvazyakatAnA saMdarbhe ja te baMne vAMcavA-lakhavAnI vastu gaNAya che. zuzruSAmAM gurusevanano aMza paNa samAveza pAmyo tenuM kharuM kAraNa che jJAnaprAptiviSayaka eka ghUMTAyelI bhAratIya vibhAvanA, je jJAna mATe gurunI anivAryatA sUcave che. enI yogyAyogyatAnI carcA anne cheDyA vagara paNa e AdezanA kharA hArdane dhyAnamAM laIne ja ucca zaMkA-samAdhAna pAmIe. vidyA arthe gurusevananI icchAnuM mULa che manuSyanI asalanI nirahaMkAritAmAM, namratAmAM, sarvaguNapUjaktAmAM ke hADanI sAmAjikatAmAM. sAcuM vidyAbhimukha citta anyathI potAno judAro ke bhaya tyajIne sarvavyApI AtmavistaraNamAM rAcavA lAge che. bIjA pAsethI jJAna meLavavAmAM ene parAvalaMbana nahi, paNa bharIbharI namratAne kAraNe tathA AtmavistaraNane kAraNe svAvalaMbana ja lAge che. eTale jJAnAbhimukha citta akutobhayatA (nirbhayatA) ane gItA-AdiSTa "sarvabhUtAtmabhUtAtmatA' (sarvajIvo sAthenuM ekatva) aMgIkArIne pUrA saubhAgya sAthe jJAnamArge caDhe che ane te mATe ullAsabhera gurusevana kare che. koI cokkasa vyaktine guru banAvavA para, enI vyaktipUjA para ke sthaLa gunI anivAryatA para paNa A vibhAvanAno bhAra nathI. A vibhAvanA to jJAna mATe bhAvAtmaka svarUpanI namratAnI anivAryatA cIMdhe che. A che A vibhAvanAnuM nirvivAda hArda, jJAna mATe jJAnadAtA vyaktinI uccAvI sAmAjika-Adi sthitine avagaNIne tenuM sAdara vinayayukta sevana karavAno ati UjaLo ane anarthanivAraka Adeza apAyo che. Aje jJAna corI levAnI, bIjAne harAvanArI ke mANasanA asAmAjika melA irAdA poSavA mATenI vastu banI che temAM keTaluM zANapaNa che, keTalI sukhazAMtinI prApti che teno sujJo vicAra kare. zuzruSA pachI sahajapaNe phalita thatuM sopAna che e icchAne saMtoSe tevuM gurUpadezanuM vidhipUrvakanuM, sAtatyabharyuM zravaNa. ema karavAmAM agAunI carcAmAM AvatA niyamanuM eTale ke vatacaryAnuM pAlana paNa samAI ja jAya che. evo bharyobharyo che zravaNavidhi. trIjuM pagathiyuM che grahaNa. grahaNa eTale pakaDa (grip) ke barAbara jhIlI levAnI kriyA. AmAM gurumukha dvArA pragaTa thayelAM vacanonA pratyeka vAkyaghaTakanA vArthano tema ja vAkyasamUhanA tAtparyano sunizcita bodha abhipreta che. vaktA dvArA uccArAyelAM vacanomAM kyAMka aTapaTAM vAkyo hoya, koI kaThina laukika ke pAribhASika zabdo hoya, rUDhiprayogo hoya - e badhAM aMge jarUra paDye pUchI laIne paNa temano bodha karIne vAkyartha ane tAtparyarUpa piDita (ekaMdara) artha samajavAno puruSArtha A tabakke Ave. A prayatnamAM paNa kacAza na ja cAle, nahitara pachInAM pagathiyAM paNa khoTAM paDe. bIjA pagathiyArUpa zravaNavidhi ekAgra karmendriya uparAMta mana-buddhinA pUrA vyApAra sAthe For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 75 thavo joIe e vAta A grahaNarUpa trIjA pagathiyAmAMthI phalita thAya che. eka-eka pagaluM barAbara bharavA thakI ja sAcuM ArohaNa thaI zake che. trIjA sopAne sAMbhaLelI vAta barAbara samajAI to gaI. have AgaLa vadhavA mATe samajAyelI vAtane buddhi jevI ne tevI dIrghakALa sudhI dhAraNa karI rAkhe, saMgharI rAkhe to ja tenA parIkSaNano, kasoTI mATe tenI ajamAyazano Agalo vidhi paNa cAlI zake. AthI cothA pagathiyAnuM nAma apAyuM "dhAraNa" - jANelA jJAnano sthira TakAva. dhAraNa kriyAnuM sAdhana to, alabatta, smRtizakti ja che. AnA pachI kauTilyanA uparyukta vAkyamAM "vijJAna'rUpa pagathiyuM batAvyuM che. jayAre AmAM heja kramaphera batAvatI anya paraMparAnA sUcaka eka zlokamAM 2 Uha-apoha e baMnenI bAda arthavijJAna" e rUpe A kauTilyokta pAMcamuM pagathiyuM sAtamA krame mUkeluM che; e vadhu vAstavika krama jaNAya che. kauTilyokta kramaphera kaMIka aMze tapAsano viSaya bane che. hAla to pelA zloka pramANeno krama svIkArIne AgaLa vadhIe. emAM pAMcamuM pagathiyuM che Uha, chaThTha che apoha. sAmAnya rIte A be pagathiyAM ekabIjA sAthe gADha rIte saMkaLAyelAM hoI baMneno "UhApoha' evA samAsarUpe saMyukta ullekha karAya che. gujarAtImAM bauddhikarUpe A zabda 'ugra vAdavivAda ke "cakacAra' arthamAM paNa vaparAto hoya che. emAM paNa batAvelo mULa artha to jaLavAya ja che. Uha be prakAre saMbhavI zake. e rIte "Uha'no artha kAM to "svataMtra tarka, kAM to "UThatI zaMkA' ema karI zakAya. manuSya buddhizALI hoI svataMtra pratibhA dharAvato hovAthI pote gurumukhe maLelA jJAnane dhAraNa karI tenA viSe svayaM manana karatAM gurue karelI koI rajUAta aMge yA to narI zaMkA anubhave yA te vastunA svarUpa aMge tarka dvArA navI dhAraNA UbhI kare; te zaMkA ke dhAraNA te "Uha. AvI zaMkA ke navI dhAraNA guru samakSa paNa cakAsaNI mATe rajU karAI hoya. "Uha paNa koI siddha pakSa ke siddha jJAna rajU karato nathI. mAtra zravaNa karanAra ziSya agAu saMcita karelA koI bhinna jJAna ke viparIta jJAnane kAraNe samagra jJAnazuddhi arthe te nikhAlasapaNe zaMkA ke potAnI vastusvarUpaviSayaka navI dhAraNA svayaM kare che ne guru samakSa vyakta kare che. emAM potAnI zaMkA ke potAnI bhinna dhAraNA brAMtiyukta hovA aMgenI saMbhAvanA paNa ziSyanA manamAM garbhita rahe ja che. apoha' (apa+Uha) eTale Uhano pratikAra (apanayana) karato tarka. e paNa Uha jema sTeja-sTeja bhinna saMdarbhe kAM to jJAtAmAM potAnA tarka sAme svayaM UThato pratitarka hoI zake, yA ziSya guru samakSa zaMkA ke potAnI navI dhAraNA rajU karI hoya tyAre guru dvArA karAtA zaMkAnirasanarUpa hoI zake. emAM paNa guru dvArA pratitarka vaDe thatuM zaMkAnuM nirasana hoI zake yA anya rIte paNa nirasana hoI zake. Ama UhApoharUpa manoghaTanAo paraMparAprApta jJAnanI navA jJAtA dvArA potAnI svataMtra For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa pratibhAne kAraNe thatI tAvaNIrUpa ke svataMtra tapAsarUpa ane temAMthI sadhAtI niHzaMkatArUpa hoya che. Ane kAraNe pachInA sAtamA pagathiyArUpe "vijJAna" ke "arthavijJAnano udaya thAya che. bhAratIya paraMparAmAM prAyaH jJAna sAthe vijJAnarUpa vikasita tabakkAnI AvazyaktA batAvAya ja che. jJAna mAtra zAbdika hoI zake, dhUMdhaLuM hoI zake; tethI zaMkAyukta ke pratItivihoNuM hoI zake (- je AjanI prAya: chIcharI zikSaNapaddhatimAM thAya che !). tevuM jJAna prayogakSama ke kriyApreraka bhAgye ja bane; kAraNa ke te AtmasAta thayuM hotuM nathI. Uha-apoha dvArA jJAtA svayaM yA gurunI sahAya dvArA prApta jJAnanuM barAbara parIkSaNa kare tyAra pachI ja jJAna e "viziSTa jJAna" ("vijJAna') eTale ke pratItirUpa jJAna yA anubhUtirUpa jJAna bane che. te jJAtA dvArA AtmasAta thAya che ane tethI prayogakSama ke kriyAnvita banI zake che. "arthavijJAna' zabdano artha vastu ke jJAnaviSaya('artha')nuM viziSTa (pratItirUpa) jJAna - evo karavo yogya che. A "vijJAna' ke 'arthavijJAna' bAda jJAnaprakriyAmAM kazuM bAkI nathI rahetuM -- evuM sAmAnya rIte lAge. paraMtu jJAnanAM navAM-navAM parimANo sudhI pahoMcelI bhAratIya paraMparA eka vidyAviSayano anya vidyAviSayo sAtheno yA paramasatya sAtheno anubaMdha yA saMvAdI saMbaMdha sthApavAmAM ke samajavAmAM daDhapaNe mAne che. upaniSamAM "satyanA paNa satya (satyastha satya)nI jijJAsA batAvAI che. koI paNa vidyAviSaya chevaTe to paramasatya taraphanI yAtrAmAM ja koI ne koI rIte sahAyaka bane che tema manAya che. Ane kAraNe adhyayana-prakriyAmAM vijJAna avasthA siddha thayA bAda paNa eno anya vidyAo ane paramasatya sAtheno anubaMdha tapAsavAnI mathAmaNa cAle che. vidyAo bhale jIvananAM alaga-alaga pAsAMne lagatI hoI, paraspara bhinna hoya, paNa aneka pAsAM dharAvatuM jIvana to akhaMDa ane eka che. jIvana jIvatAM tenAM judAM-judAM pAsAM paraspara meLamAM rahe to ja jIvananI akhaMDatA ane satyArAdhakatA jaLavAya ane jIvanamAM svArtha ane parArtha e ubhayane samAvatA paramArthanI sAdhanA niraMtara cAlI zake. AvA parasparanA saMvAdI saMbaMdhane "anubaMdha' kahe che. vijJAnarUpe jANelI vidyAno Avo anubaMdha zodhatAM e vijJAnamAM je rUpAMtara Ave te rUpAMtara pAmelI vidyA te tattvabodharUpa bane che. vidyAnuM A zikhara che. A chellA pagathiyAmAM, agAu ullekhelI buddhithI upara UThavAnI vAta paNa samAI jAya che. kauTilya sarvAgI keLavaNIne ATaluM mahattva ApatA hovAthI ja temaNe aneka sthaLe, rAjyanA vividha ucca adhikArIonI lAyakAto nirdezatAM prajJA ane zauca' e parasparapUraka guNajoDIne prajJAzaucayukta' evA samAsathI ullekhelI jovA maLe che. "mati' e koI muzkela paristhitimAM zIgha mArganirNaya karanArI buddhi che, to "prajJA' traNe ya kALane dhyAnamAM rAkhI nirNaya karanArI buddhi che. "zauca' (zucitA) eTale cAritryazuddhi - vizeSataH lobha ane kAma para kAbU ane ekaMdara indriyasaMyama. hakIkate prajJA-zaucarUpa guNayugala anya aneka pratibhAguNonuM paNa janmasthAna che. zuddha ane sAmarthyayukta rAjayataMtra AvA aneka adhikArIonA gADha sahayogathI ja nirmAya che, je zAMtimAM, kaTokaTImAM ke yuddhamAM uttama rIte lokanI kalyANayAtrAne AgaLa dhapAve che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya : keLavaNI brahmacaryAzramamAM ghaniSTha ane ekAgra rIte cAle tenI jeTalI jarUra che, teTalI ja jarUra che te pArivArika ke jAhera-jIvananI javAbadArIonA samagra gALA daramiyAna niraMtara cAlatI rahe, puSTa ane zuddha paNa thatI rahe tenI. eTale to upaniSamAM adhyayana-samApti vakhate jIvana jIvavA vidAya thatA ziSyane AcArya Adeza Ape che H 'svAdhyAyamAM kadI pramAda na ka2vo.'' kauTilye Ano paDagho adhyAya 1.26(rAnapranidhi: rAjAnAM dainika kartavyo)mAMnI rAjAnI dinacaryAmAM pADyo che. temAM rAtricaryAnA doDha-doDha kalAkanA ATha vibhAgo paikI bIjAmAM pAnabhojana uparAMta sUtA pUrvenA svAdhyAyanI ane nidrAtyAga bAda AvatA rAtrinA chaThThA vibhAgamAM (rAtrinA doDha vAgyAthI traNa vAgyA sudhImAM) divase karavAnAM vyavahAru kAmonI vicAraNA pUrve zAstraciMtananI bhalAmaNa karelI che. vRddhasevananI AvazyakatA paNa eTale ja batAvI che. - (3) rAjapadayogya bauddhika vidyAo AgalA muddAmAM ja A muddo samAyelo che, chatAM A muddo sAmAnya keLavaNIne lagato nahi, paNa rAjakartavyabodhaka jJAna-vistaraNa sAthe saMkaLAyelI viziSTa keLavaNIne lagato hoI, tenA upara khAsa bhAra mUkavA A carcA alaga karI che. vaLI A carcAmAM kauTilyanuM eka AgavuM pradAna paNa jANavA maLe che, tethI te tarapha dhyAna doravA paNa Ane alaga muddo banAvavAnuM vicAryuM. 77 ahIM vicAravAnI bAbata e che ke rAjAnI mAnavIya ane kSatriyocita keLavaNI uparAMta tenI bauddhika sajjatA ane ekaMdare samatola rAjapratibhAnA nirmANa mATe kyAM zAstronI, kaI vidyAonI tAlIma jarUrI che, AnuM ciMtana bhAratIya rAjanItizAstranA vividha AcAryonAM vartuLomAM bhinna bhinna rIte thayuM hovAnI vAtano nirdeza kauTilye karyo che. A matabheda ciMtananA sahaja ane kALasApekSa vikAsakramane lIdhe paNa mAnI zakAya. AmAM bhale spaSTatA na karI hoya, paNa sAmAnyataH rAjA ke uccatama rAjapuruSoe jANavA yogya vidyAonI A carcA samajavI. auzanaso (uzanas arthAt zukrAcAryanA anuyAyIo) 'daMDanIti' (rAjanIti) e eka ja vidyAne rAjA mATe Avazyaka gaNe che. bArhaspatyo (bRhaspatinA anuyAyIo) daMDanIti ane 'vArtA' (vRtti eTale nirvAhasAdhano; te pedA karavAnAM vidyAkauzalo) e be vidyAone Avazyaka gaNe che. 'mAnavo' (manunA anuyAyIo) daMDanIti, vArtA uparAMta trayI(vedavidyA)ne paNa Avazyaka gaNe che. to kauTilya pote A traNa uparAMta AnvIkSikI(anvIkSA eTale pramANa-vidyArUpa mananazakti; tenAthI sadhAtI tattvavidyA ke darzanavidyA)ne paNa Avazyaka gaNe che. arthazAstranuM paraMparAgata vighAnAma rajjunIti hatuM te prathama vyAkhyAnamAM joyuM. sva-52rASTranAM ghaTakonuM damana karavAnuM (aMkuzamAM rAkhavAnuM) kAma zIkhavatI vidyA te daMDanIti. emAM khuda daMDadhArako(damanakartAo)nuM paNa niyamana karavAnuM che ane temanA thakI bAkI rAjyataMtra, prajA tathA paDozI rASTro dvArA svarASTra pratye thatAM apakRtyo para paNa kAbU rAkhavAno che. 'vArtA' te 'vRtti' For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa (gujarAta) sAthe saMkaLAyelI vidyA che - gujarAtanAM mukhya sAdhano evAM khetI, pazupAlana ane vepArano vicAra ane amala zIkhavatI vidyA. samAjanI pravRttionuM vistaraNa thatAM temAM hunnaro ane dhIradhAranI pravRttio paNa samAveza pAmI. "trayI' eTale Rgvada, sAmaveda, yajurveda saMbaMdhI vidyAo; taduparAMta jJAna-kriyAtmaka samagra vedavidyAmAM ane te aMgenAM kauzalonI tAlImamAM zikSAAdi cha vedAMgo ane pAchaLathI cothA veda tarIke mAnyatA pAmelo atharvaveda (tenAM karmonA kauzala sahita), "paMcamaveda' ke "itihAsaveda' tarIke gaNanA pAmela mahAbhArata-rAmAyaNa ane prAcIna purANo paNa 'trayI'nA bRhat kSetramAM samAyAM. vedAMgo paikInA kalpa-vedAMgamAM zrautagRhya/dharma/zulvasUtronA samAvezathI vedavidyA e yajJadharmaprarUpaka vidyA uparAMta samAjavidhAyaka vidyA (prabuddha samAjavidyA) paNa banI rahI. varNAzramadharma e vedavidyAnA lokopakAraka sAra tarIke UpasI Avyo. Ama trayInI keLavaNI rAjA mATe samAjazAstranI keLavaNI banI rahI. AnvIkSika-vidyA "anvIkSA para nirbhara ciMtanavidyA che. "anvIkSA' (anu+IkSA)no artha che pAchaLathI thatuM (mana) jJAna (rUMkSA)'. konI pAchaLa thatuM? pratyakSa jagatanA jJAnanI pAchaLa thatuM. indriyapratyakSa jagatanA anubhavane AdhAre khIlelAM anumAna, zabda jevAM parokSagrAhI pramANothI jemAM jagata-tattvasaMbaMdhI ciMtana-tAraNa sadhAya te AnvIkSikI-vidyA. tene darzanavidyA ke tattvavidyA paNa kahe che. kadAca kALa pAkyo nahi hoya eTale kauTilya-pUrve rAjAnA ghaDataramAM A vidyAnI pAyAnI AvazyakatAnI vAta koI rAjadharmaciMtakanA dhyAnamAM AvI ja nahotI. rAjanItino gADha prAyogika anubhava naryA prAsaMgika dharma tarIke horanAra koI evA dharma-karmazUranI kALadevatA rAha joI rahyA haze, ke je prakhara buddhibaLa uparAMta pUrI samatAthI gupacUpa rIte potAnA rAjakIya kAryakalApane paNa hRdayabaLa ane AtmabaLanuM rakSAkavaca Ape. e rAha jovAnuM kauTilyamAM phaLyuM. kauTilya potAnA janmajAta saMskAra tathA kAryAnubhavathI vizada banelI potAnI pAradarzI, navanavonmeSa dharAvatI pratibhAthI daMDadhArako mATe paNa AnvIkSikInI savizeSa AvazyakatA pArakhI lIdhI - e vidyAne upaniSatparaMparAmAM apAyelA "parA(zreSTha) vidyA" evA birudano mahimA nANI lIdho. barAbara samajIe to A eka krAntadarzana hatuM - rAjanItividyAne mAnavIya ane dharmarakSita racanAtmaka vaLAMka ApanArI maMgala mahAghoSaNA hatI. Ama to "rAjarSi (rAjArUpI RSi)nI kalpanA ghaNI prAcIna hatI, paNa rAjanItividyAnI paraMparAmAM enuM avataraNa nahotuM thayuM. grIka-paMraparAmAM jema tattvaciMtaka pleToe potAnA The Republic graMthamAM tattvaniSTha rAjA (Philosopher King)nI kalpanA puraskArI, tema lagabhaga e ja samayamAM bhAratavarSamAM kauTilyane paNa evuM ja saubhAgyavaMtuM darzana thayuM. graMthamAM A cothI vidyA bhArapUrvaka umerI "cAra ja vidyAo che - ema kauTilya kahe che" ema ghoSita karyuM. rAjAnA rAjarSipaNAnA svarUpanI jhalaka Apato adhyAya 2.7 raSivRttanuM e ja zIrSake mUkavA uparAMta AkhA graMthamAM judAM-judAM sthaLoe thaIne AvA ucca rAjatvanuM svarUpa kauTilya uttama rIte ghUMTI ApyuM che - jeno vicAra trIjA vyAkhyAna samaye barAbara karAze. vidyAsaMkhyA aMge Avo potAno mata kema baMdhAyo te batAvatAM sudaDha kAraNo kauTilya For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 79 a. 2.2nA uttarArdhamAM namUnedAra lAghava (saMkSepa) jALavIne paNa atyaMta mArmika rIte kahyAM che; te A che : (1) rAjakAjamAM trayIvidyA dharma-adharma-nirNayamAM madada kare che, vArtAvidyA artha-anartha (lAbhahAni)no nirNaya karAve che, to daMDanIti naya-apanayano (koI pagalAthI pariNamanArI rAjakIya saphaLatA-niSphaLatAno) nizcaya karAve che. jyAre AnvIkSikI A traNe ya vidyAonAM khudanAM ja ekaMdara baLAbaLano nirNaya uccatama satyadharmanI dRSTie, yogya uccatara hetuo dvArA karavAnuM sAmarthya Ape che. mAtra najIkanI ane pratyakSa dekhAtI paristhitine ja joIne TUMkA kSetramAM ja pravartatAM jJAnasAdhano dvArA koI ucca samatola nirNaya levAmAM, mahadaMze ahaMkendrI pratibhAne kAraNe pUrvagraho ane Avego bekAbU rIte bhaLavAthI, lAMbA gALAnuM ane pratihiMsA na notaranAruM hita thAya tevo nirNaya levAnuM prAyaH azakya banI rahetuM hoya che. teve vakhate koI guruvaryanI kRpAthI maLelI darzanavidyAnI saMgIna tAlImathI svaccha, pUrvagrahamukta ane vinIta banelI pratibhA kALasthaLano vadhu vyApa saMvedIne kAlAtIta tattvomAM pAkI zraddhA anubhavIne samagratAthI apUrva nirNaya laI zake che; manuSyanI uccatara prakRtinA AlaMbana thakI ochI kriyAthI ane nyUnatama saMgharSathI iSTa phaLa meLavI zake che. (2) darzanavidyAno AjIvana prabhAva ApattikALamAM ke unnatikALamAM buddhine sthira rAkhe che (sthitaprajJatA Ape che), buddhine nirAzAthI ke abhimAnathI mukta rAkhe che. (3) manuSyanI prajJAne, vANIne ane kriyAzaktine dakSa ane kAryasAdhaka banAve che. 23 AnvIkSika-vidyAnI mahattA bAbata jarA ya avagaNanA ke zaMkA na poSAya te mATe A carcAne aMte, pUrI javAbadArI ane pratIti sAthe AnvIkSikIno mahimA guMjavatA svaracita ke kadAca paraMparAprApta evA eka zloka dvArA kauTilya kahe che : "AnvIkSikI sadAkALa sarvavidyAonA mahAdIpa(pradIpa)rUpa, sarva kAryasiddhionA upAyarUpa ane sarva dharmonA AzrayarUpa manAI che."24 bhagavadgItAnA "vibhUtiyoga'(adhyAya 4.10)mAM "vidyAomAM huM adhyAtmavidyA chuM" (adhyAtmavidyA vidyAnAm -bha.gI. 20.32) ema je spaSTarUpe kahevAyuM che, teno ane mukunnopaniSat dvArA adhyAtmavidyAnI je pa-vidyA (zreSTha vidyA) evI oLakhANa apAI che teno ja paDagho vizALa dRSTithI kauTilya A carcAmAM pADyo che. rAjanIti paNa parama-satyano Adara karIne ja (satyameva nayate - evI sAcukalI pratIti haiye dhAraNa karIne ja) cirakALa sudhI sArthaka ane jayavaMtI banI zake evo cokhkho mata kauTilya ahIM puraskAre che; eTaluM ja nahi, ApaNe A vyAkhyAnamAM AgaLa ane pachInA vyAkhyAnamAM paNa joIzuM tema graMthamAM vyApaka rIte temanA A abhiprAyano prabhAva rAjanItinAM vividha pAsAMnAM temanAM nirUpaNomAM pharI-pharI DokAyA kare che. e vAta atre ullekhayogya che ke upaniSado dvArA bhAratIya vidyAomAM zreSTha, zraddheya ane jIvaMta rUpe je adhyAtmavidyA vyakta thaI che, tenI utpatti ane khilavaTamAM kSatriya rAjAo - janaka, prasenajit, pravAhaNa jaivali ItyAdino phALo gaNanApAtra che. vizALa hRdayanA rAjAoe diladAra rAjakAja vacce TakAvI rAkhelI mukta mAnavIya ciMtanazaktine kAraNe potAnA rAjakAjanI ke yuddhonI aneka nabaLI, viphaLa ke amAnuSI bAjuo pharI-pharIne tIvrapaNe anubhavIne For Personal & Private Use Only

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80 kauTilya "arthazAstra' dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa tAlAvelIpUrvaka mAnavocita upAyo mATenI ane mAnavocita jIvanarIti mATenI potAnI khoja cAlu rAkhI haze. potAnI pratibhAthI ane vidyAniSTha RSio ke brAhmaNo sAthenA potAnA premAdarayukta saMbaMdhothI rAjanyoe potAnA prakhara rAjakIya kAryakalApa vacce paNa viziSTa vidyAvartuLomAM (AzramAdimAM) satyanI AtmatattvarUpe, brahmatattvarUpe khoja ane samAMtara sAdhanA paNa jarUra cAlu rAkhI haze te hakIkata aneka upaniSadomAM sacavAyelI jIvaMta tAttvika carcAo parathI paNa jaNAya che. karmakAMDagrasta brAhmaNonI buddhine na jaDyuM hoya tevuM ghaNuM AvA rAjarSitulya rAjAone jaDyuM hovAnA vipula purAvA upaniSadomAM, mahAbhArata-rAmAyaNamAM, purANomAM sacavAyA che. ethI evAM paNa aneka dRSTAMto noMdhAyelAM che, jemAM saraLa, jijJAsu brAhmaNo AvA tattvadarzI rAjAonA ziSya banyA hoya - jema ke yAjJavakya janakarAjAnA ziSya tarIke. dharmamArgonI zuddhinA prakhara bhAratIya draSTA mahAvIrasvAmI ane buddha paNa kSatriya ja hatA ! upalaka dRSTie vyavahArupaNuM ane AdarzaniSThAne paraspara virodhI valaNo mAnavAmAM Ave che. paNa kauTilyanI A carcAmAM tema ja prAcIna bhAratIya tAttvika-dhArmika sAhityamAM ane praziSTa lalita sAhityamAM paNa A baMne valaNo eka ja pratibhAnAM parasparapUraka ane zobhAvardhaka pAsAM hoya tevA jIvaMta siddhAMtonAM ke tevI vibhUtionAM rasapUrNa citro maLe che. A samanvayano mahimA ja janakAdi jevA uttama rAjAo mATe "rAjarSi' zabdanA calaNa dvArA ane lokabhogya cirakAlIna sAhityaracanAomAMnAM, AvI aneka vibhUtionA jaLahaLatAM citraNo dvArA bhAratabhUminA AmaAdamI sudhI vyApyo. agAu ullekhyA pramANe "arthazAstranA ao 2.7mAM, AgalA adhyAyanA indriya-jaya aMgenA prakaraNanA ja bhAgarUpe rAjAnA rAjarSi-caritanuM khUba saMkSipta paNa bodhaka ane preraka Alekhana mIThA AdezanI zailIthI karAyuM che. A cAra vidyAo paikI trayI ane AvI likInuM zikSaNa ziSTo eTale ke sadAcArapUta jJAnIo pAsethI, "vArtAnuM zikSaNa rAjyanI vividha Arthika pravRttionA adhyakSo pAsethI ane daMDanItinI keLavaNI siddhAMtajJAna ane teno gaNanApAtra prAyogika anubhava e baMnethI samRddha banelA guruo pAsethI (vavatRprayojIMga:) meLavavAnI vAta paNa A vidyAone kharekharA jIvanamAM paramasAphalyadAyI banAvavA mATenA sacoTa upAya ja jaNAya che. rAjAne yogya bauddhika keLavaNInI uparyukta carcA sAthe ja rAjAnA jIvanamAM dharma-artha-kAma e 'trivarga'(traNa puruSArthonA jUtha)nuM kevA prakAranuM sthAna hovuM joIe e aMge rAjJavRtta aMgenA uparyukta adhyAya 2.7mAM mukAyelI nAnakaDI rasaprada carcA tarapha dhyAna ApavuM jarUrI che. cAra vidyAo aMgenI ane A ema baMne carcAone sAthe dhyAnamAM levAthI A viSaya aMgenI kauTilyanI cokkasa dRSTi samagra rUpe samajAya che. e jotAM pahelAM, pelI cAra vidyAonA pArasparika saMbaMdha bAbatanuM eka vidhAna paNa tapAsavuM jarUrI che. adhyAya 2.4mAM eka vidhAna che : "daMDa te AnvIkSikI, trayI ane vArtA e traNa vidyAonA yogakSema (eTale ke temanI sAdhanA ane temanA prayoga mATenI pUrI mokaLAza) For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 81 sAdhanAra che25" (2.4.3). e dRSTie daMDanItividyAno pAko sthAyI amala bAkInI traNa vidyAnAM zikSaNa, prasAra ane prayoga mATe jarUrI che. jo daMDanIti dvArA zAMtipUrNa, racanA-tatpara samAja sthapAya to ja mAnavatApoSaka, jIvanapoSaka, satya-ziva-suMdaratApa mahAmUlyonI upAsaka aneka sthAyI vidyAonuM kheDANa zakya che e vyavahAru vAta nakArI nahi zakAya. A vAtano e artha paNa thayo ke daMDanIti to saravALe prajAnuM svayaMbhU racanAtmaka jIvana poSavA mATenuM sAdhana che, ane nahi ke prajAnAM pIDana-zoSaNanuM sAdhana - jevuM 'vaizvikIkaraNa" ane "udArIkaraNa' evAM chetarAmaNAM nAmothI AjanI nagharoLa sarakAro karI rahI che. vaLI bIjI bAju, ApaNe hamaNAM ja joyuM tema, kauTilya ane samasta prAcIna bhAratIya ciMtana-praNAlIoe daMDanIti sahita sarva anya vidyAo mATe mArgadarzaka vidyA tarIke to AnvIkSikI(darzanavidyA)ne ja navAjI che. Ama sauthI vadhu vyavahAropayogI vidyA daMDanIti ane sauthI vadhu kalyANasAdhaka vidyA AnvIkSikI - evo samanvayakArI viveka kauTilya dAkhavyo che. basa, evo ja abhigama dharma-artha-kAma puruSArthonA pArasparika saMbaMdhane samajavA bAbata kauTilya dAkhavyo che. dharma eTale sadAcAra, vyavahArazuddhi, IzvaraniSThA vagere. artha eTale jIvananirvAhanAM sarva sAdhano, dravyo, sevAo. kAma eTale vyaktigata, pArivArika ke sAmAjika kakSAe jIvanane mANIne AnaMdayAtrArUpa banAvavAnI zakti, ane e AnaMdanI vikasita pravRttirUpe lalitakalAonuM sarjana ane bhAvana. "kAma" e paripuomAM sthAna pAmavA chatAM abhigamabhede ucca puruSArtha paNa gaNAyo - jo te dharma ane artha sAthenA avirodha ane susamanvaya dvArA sevAya to. kAmanI doSarUpatA TaLIne tenI guNarUpatA nikhare tevI kuzaLatAnI khilavaTa te kAmapuruSArtha. A traNa puruSArthonA pArasparika saMbaMdha ke agratAkrama aMge eka mata evo che ke traNeyanuM sevana samAna rIte karavuM. to "mahAbhAratamAM AvatA eka sAvitrI-maMtrarUpa gaNAtA zloka mujaba dharmamAMthI ja artha ane kAma siddha thAya che, mATe dharma sevanayogya mULa puruSArtharUpa batAvAyo che (dharmAdrarthagra maza sa mirtha na sevyasta che. tyAre kauTilya potAnA maulika ciMtana mujaba A matone sadoSa gaNIne sAvadhatAthI kahe che : "artha ja pradhAna che ema kauTilya kahe che; kAraNa ke dharma ane kAma arthamUlaka (arthanA AdhAranI apekSA rAkhanAra) che.26" jIvananirvAhanAM sAdhano vagara dharma ke kAma puruSArtho AcarI zakAtA nathI e to anubhavasiddha nirvivAda vAta che. Ama, jema cAra vidyAomAM vyavahAradaSTie (sarva vidyAonA rakSaNanI dRSTie) kaI vidyA uttama teno uttara ApavAmAM kauTilya kuzaLa valaNa apanAvyuM, tema tevuM ja adoSa valaNa A carcAmAM paNa batAvyuM che. A joI koIne uparaTapake jotAM sAmyavAdanA guru mAno mata kadAca yAda Ave. paNa baMnemAM pAyAno ja phera che. ahIM arthapuruSArthane dharma ane kAmanI pUrvabhUmikArUpe, poSakarUpe joyo che; jayAre mArksa to bhrAMtinA mAryA naryA bhautikavAdI banI rahyA che. temane mana dharma to eka jAtanuM aphINa hoI tyAjya che ! kauTilya to arthanI kiMmata uccatara mUlyonA ArAdhaka sAdhana tarIke ja kare che. A rIte ADakatarI rIte "mahAbhArata' dvArA kahevAyelI vAta ja vadhu vyavahAru rIte kauTilya For Personal & Private Use Only

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82 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa kahI che te samajAze. alabatta, AmAM kauTilya dharma ane kAma baMnene samAna rIte arthane ArAdhya batAvIne potAnI lokasamAvezaka samadaSTi - balka manovaijJAnika dRSTi - batAvI che. kAma-puruSArtha pratyeno hInabhAva e game te kAraNe zuddha bhAratIya paraMparAmAM peThelI vikRti ja gaNAya. ethI to UlaTuM, daMbha ane anAcAra ja poSAyAM che. zrIkRSNanuM adoSa carita anya aneka paraMparAonI jema A puruSArthacatuSTayanI paNa mULa paraMparAnuM uddhAraka ane saMrakSaka che. A baMne (vidyAo ane puruSArtho viSenA) carcApravAhomAM kauTilyanI dRSTi kevI samanvayakArI ane kuzaLa che te samajavA mATe emaNe daMDanItinA dhyeya viSe je kahyuM che te dhyAnamAM levA jevuM che : "[daMDanIti] aprAptanI prAptinA hetuvALI, prAptane pUrNapaNe rakSanArI, rahelA [artha]ne vadhAranArI ane vRddhi pAmelAM [dhana ke dravyo]ne "tIrthomAM (supAtromAM) pahoMcatuM karanArI che. 27" A zAstra mATe maulikapaNe 'arthazAstra' zIrSaka yojIne, tene anurUpa rIte e kahevAtI daMDanIti'nA dhyeyanI ane kAryakSetranI kevI abhinava vyAkhyA ! arthazAstranI dharmazAstranA ja dhiMgA vyavahAru aMga tarIkenI kevI apUrva pratiSThA ! supAtra evA sarva koI khapI - jemAM mahadaMze to AmaprajA ja samAya che, tene - mATe mahAmahimAyukta "tIrtha' zabda vAparavAmAM kevuM vedhaka satyadarzana ! "sarvabhUtone Atmatulya anubhavavAnI gItAnI jhaLahaLatI bhalAmaNa arthazAstra to bhUlavAnI nathI ja' evI tejasvI Takora ahIM garbhita jaNAya che. bAvIzI eTale ke darzanavidyAne rAjA/rAjapuruSo mATenI Avazyaka vidyA gaNAvI, kauTilya prAcIna-bhAratIya prasiddha cha darzanonA jUtha(paddarzana)mAMthI tema ja kahevAtAM nAstika darzano paikI, khAsa kayAM darzanonuM adhyayana ucca rAjyakartAo mATe vizeSa upakAraka che, te paNa, kAnhAjInI mULa vyAkhyArUpe ja - "ATalAM darzano te AnvIkSikI' e Dhabe - kahe che e ghaNuM sUcaka che. kyAM che e darzano? e che sAMkhya, yoga ane lokAyata (cArvAka) darzano. kauTilya koI eka nAnakaDA vAkyamAM paNa je vAta sUtrAtmaka rIte kahetA hoya che, tenuM samarthana e vidhAna pAchaLanAM samartha paribaLo ke kAraNonA khulAsArUpa suMdara carcA dvArA jijJAsuo mATe avazya karavuM paDe. atyaMta mitabhASI ane potAnI namUnedAra karmaThatAne lIdhe ekAgrapaNe vyavahAranirUpaNamAM ja dattacitta jaNAtA A guru bhItarathI kevA sahRdaya, jAgRta, sajja ane parizramI vidyopAsanA karanArA che enI pratIti AvI chaNAvaTo karIe to ja thAya. to A vidhAnane paNa A rIte tapAsIe. A traNa darzano paikInAM sAMkhya ane yoga e padarzana-jUthamAMnAM be darzano che ane lokAyata e "nAstika' kahevAtAM darzanomAMnuM eka che. sAMkhyayoga paraMparAgata rIte joDiyAM eTale ke parasparapUraka darzano gaNAya che. sAMkhya mukhyatve jJAnAtmaka che ane yoga te ja svaanukULa jJAnabhUmikAne apanAvIne e ja jJAnane pUrNa jIvanasAphalyamAM pariNata kare tevI vikasita aMtarmukha sAdhanAparaMparAonuM, eka sugrathita sarvAgI sAdhanAmArga tarIke navAvataraNa karIne rajU kare che. e rIte baMne darzana maLIne eka prasiddha sAdhanAmArganuM pradAna sarva khapI jIvo mATe kare che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 83 e paNa dhyAnamAM levA jevI vastusthiti che ke bhagavadgItA cha darzano paikI ghUMTI-ghUMTIne pharIpharI A be darzanone ja ane temAM kahelI vividha vAtone ullekha che. Ama to darzanonA adhyetAo vAjabI rIte ja tattva-advaita(aMtima tattva eka ja hovAnI vAta)ne prasthApanArA vedAMta-darzanane zikhararUpa gaNIne parama-darzanarUpe svIkAre che. Ama hovA chatAM e na bhUlIe ke vividha darzano bhale sthULa dRSTie judAM-judAM parama tattvo sthApatAM jaNAya, paNa te dareka pAchaLa je-te samayanA prabaLa vaicArika pravAhonI asara hoya che ane vaLI dareka darzana satyanAM je-te cokkasa pAsAMo viSe sahune mATe sadA-upayogI evo jJAnaprakAza kholI ApatAM hoya che. e rIte vedAMta-darzananA vividha AcAryo dvArA thayelAM tattvanirUpaNomAM vatteoche aMze sAMkhyadarzananAM sRSTi-vizleSaNono svIkAra ane samAveza thayelo jovA maLe che; bhale tenuM samagra mALakhuM na svIkArAyuM. khAsa to sAMkhya-darzanano, puruSa ane prakRtinuM vaita nirUpato vAda ane prakRti-svarUpanI carcAnA aMgarUpa triguNavAda vastutattvane samajavAmAM khUba upayogI jaNAyo che. puruSanuM nirvikAra evuM nityapaNuM prasthApavAnI sAMkhyadarzananI vAta paNa UMDI sAdhanAnuM phaLa jaNAya che. tenI sAme jagatamAM dekhAtAM vaividhyo ane nityanAM parivartanone samajavA mATe sattva-raja-tamasU e triguNa viSenI vistRta carcAo upakAraka che. A carcAone AdhAre puruSa eTale ke AtmAne baMdhana kema thAya che ane mukti kema karIne sadhAya e paNa batAvAyuM che. vaLI jagatanI utpatti kayA krame thAya che e carcA paNa gahana ane bodhaka che. emAM khAsa dhyAna kheMce tevI eka vAta e paNa che ke buddhi(jene "mahata" paNa kahe che te)mAMthI nIpajatA ahaMkAramAMthI paMcamahAbhUtonI mULa sAmagrIrUpa "tanmAtrA" nIpajatI batAvI che. Ano artha e thayo ke bhautika dravyonuM mULa jagatamAM pravartatI saMkalpazaktimAM paDeluM che, cita-zaktimAM paDeluM che. puruSArthavAdIne citatattva ane bhautika jagatanA kArya-kAraNabhAvanuM AvuM nirUpaNa AzAnI apUrva krAMti karanAruM niHzaMka lAge. kauTilya paNa maMtrazaktine prathama ne prabhuzaktine bIjuM sthAna Ape che. vaLI lokasvabhAvanI triguNAtmakatA nirUpatI pAyAnI avadhAraNA (postulate) ane tene AdhAre saMsArIonA svabhAvo ane vyavahAromAM anubhavAtI bhinnatAnuM vistRta vizleSaNa nitya vyavahAropayogI ke kAryayojanAmAM upakAraka evA manovijJAnanI garaja sAre che. Adhunika yuganI uttama oLakhANa to, prasiddha aMgreja ciMtaka banDa rasela vagere kahe che tema, manovijJAnayuga tarIke ApI zakAya tema che. pApa-puNyanAM rAga-dveSapradhAna kuMDALAM bhedIne mAnavamAtranA ane prANIjagatanA paNa sArA-mAThA kahevAtA sarva vyavahAronA kAraNabhUta mAnasika pravAho oLakhavA e sAmAjika jIvanavidhinuM anivArya evuM pAyAnuM aMga che. gahana evI jaina jJAnamImAMsAmAM paNa eka jJAnaprakAre batAvyo che "mana:paryAyajJAna' (judA-judA jIvonI cittavRttinI vividha dhArAonuM jJAna). rAjA jevA lokazAsaka mATe to naravuM manovijJAna te sAphalya mATenI eka anivArya jarUriyAtarUpa ja gaNAya. dareka jIvane, te jevo che tevo, tenI ja prakRtidatta cittadhArAnI oLakha dvArA samajavo, tevA svarUpe ja tene niHzaMka apanAvavo ane sAmAjika jIvanavidhimAM yuktipUrvaka tene anurUpa rIte jotaravo e ja zAsakano ke netAno sAphalyagAmI kAryavidhi che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya "arthazAstra' H dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa eka atyaMta rasaprada vAta e che ke gItAkAre jagatanA mAtra tAttvika vizleSaNa mATe ja nahi, paNa lokanA AhAra, dAna, tapa ityAdi vyavahAromAM jovA maLatA vartanabhedane samajavA mATe paNa graMthanA chellA be (sattaramI-aDhAramA) adhyAyomAM sAMkhyazAstrano chUTathI upayoga karyo che. te rIte bhAratIya AyurvedaciMtakoe paNa sAMkhyazAstranA UMDA jJAnano ArogyazAstranI khilavaTamAM vipula upayoga karyo che. bhAratIya paraMparAmAM sAcuM tattvajJAna pAmavA mATe mAtra game te eka darzanano abhyAsa pUrato manAyo nathI - jema pelA dasa aMdho paikI koI paNa eka dvArA thayeluM hAthInA svarUpanuM jJAna ke varNana hAthInA yathArtha svarUpane samajavA mATe pUratuM nathI. 'zivamahimnaHstotrakAra kahe che tema, eka-eka darzana manuSyanI koI ne koI AgavI rucithI je-te AkAra pAmyuM hoya che - koIno vicArapatha sIdho-sAdo (Rgu) che, koIno vAMkocUMko (dita). A sthitimAM manuSya potAnI AgavI pratibhAthI te-te darzananA vizleSaNano AdarathI ane nididhyAsana (dhyAnayoga) sahitanA parizramathI bodha tAravIne potAnI varaNa-zakti mujaba temAMthI anurUpa vAto ja apanAvavAnI hoya che. vaLI dareka vyakti badhAM bauddhika darzanono abhyAsa kare e na jarUrI che, na zakya. tethI vyaktisvabhAvabheda ke vyavasAyabhede darzano paikI amukanA adhyayananI bhalAmaNa samajadAro dvArA karAya che te to bhAra mUkavA mATe. eTale emAM anya darzanonA adhyayanano niSedha na samajavo. chevaTe to darzanonuM adhyayana buddhine sUkSma, samagradarzI ane taTastha banAvavA mATe che; temAMnA koI Adezo avicAre mAthe caDhAvI laI mAtra AjJAMkita banavA mATe nahi. manuSya mAtra bahirmukha thavA ja sarjAyo nathI; aMtarmukhatA enA svabhAvanuM, enA astitvanuM pAyAnuM pAsuM che. e dRSTie jotAM, "sAMkhya-darzanamAM enA nAma pramANe saMsArasvarUpanuM je taTastha paramocca jJAna (saM-ro - sArI rItano bodha) ApavAmAM enA draSTAonI pratibhA prayojAI che, te to muktitattvanI gahana zraddhA para AdhArita muktisAdhanAnA dhyeyanuM ja aMga che. eTale ja emAM puruSanA mULa svarUpa aMgenI pAradarzI ujjavaLa kalpanA paNa barAbara sthAna pAmI che. puruSane e svarUpanI anubhUtimAM je mahAbAdhA che, enI nivRtti mATenI sAdhanAno ja khapa chevaTe to sAMkhyaciMtakone che. e sthitimAM agAu sUcavyA pramANenI parasparapUrakatAnI pratItinA saMdarbhe ja sAMkhyayoganI joDI jAmI. AthI kauTilya anya anuzIlanayogya darzana tarIke 'yogano ullekha karyo che. te mukhyatve cittavRttinA saMskaraNa ane samAyojananI keLavaNI ApanArI prAyogika darzanazAkhA che. vaidika, jaina, bauddha e traNe ya mukhya dharmadhArAomAM koI ne koI svarUpe bahu ja prAcIna samayathI yoga ke dhyAna nAme cittaniyamananI keLavaNI, saMnyAsI uparAMta gRhasthavargamAM paNa sthAnika svAyatta svarUpe, vyakti ane samAjanA pAyAnA sAMskArika ghaDatara arthe, tema ja sukhazAMtithI bharelI nirmaLa-manohara jIvanazailI arthe svayaMbhU rucithI vyApakapaNe apanAvAtI hovAnuM jANakAro dvArA kahevAtuM hoya che. AjanA viSamatApUrNa vizvamAM evI tAtI jarUra samajIne vaizvika vyApakatA sAthe, saMpradAyanirapekSa For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 85 bhAve e paraMparAo punaH vidhipUrvaka apanAvAvAnI mathAmaNo zarU thaI che. pataMjalie prAcIna paraMparAomAMthI eka samanvita sarvagrAhI aSTAMgI mALakhuM UbhuM karIne te sarva aMgo viSe, ucca pratibhAnA ane yogAnuzIlananA AdhAre potAnA yogazAstra dvArA uttama ane UMDANavALuM mArgadarzana ApyuM che. e rIte yogazAstra zarIra-mananI uttama keLavaNI dvArA prabuddha ane guNagaNasamRddha evA mAnavanuM nirmANa karavAno mahAmArga banI rahe che. tenI saMgIna tAlIma samAjanuM vadhu arthapUrNa sAMskRtika navanirmANa karavAnI paNa uttama ruci jagADe ema che. tethI rAjA ane rAjapuruSo mATe potAnI vidyAsaMpanna pratibhAne samatola, AMtarika keLavaNIyukta ane AtmabaLasabhara karavA mATe yogazAstranI samajaNa ane tenI yathAzakya nityanI sAdhanA khUba upakAraka bane. rAjAne mukhya vyAvasAyika tAlIma (vinaya) to zastrAstraprayoga, asavAra-vidyA uparAMta daMDanIti ane vArtA vidyAo dvArA maLe che, paNa enI pratibhA 'niyama" (vratabaddha saMyamI jIvanazailI) pAme che trayI ane AnvIkSikI dvArA - AnvIkSikImAM savizeSa yoganI niyamita sAdhanA dvArA. yoganuM dhyeya che AtmadarzananuM - pote deha, Indriya, mana, buddhithI para evo AtmA che tenI pratItinuM. eTale, agAu kahyuM che tema, kauTilya rAjAnA guNonA eka jUthane "AtmasaMpa' evuM nAma Ape che. e guNajUthanI khilavaTamAM yogasAdhanAno moTo phALo rahe che. AvA AdhyAtmika saMskArathI rAjA prajAnI mAtra bAhya sukhAkArI mATe ja nahi, temanA uccatama kalyANa mATe paNa mArgo mokaLA kare che. yoganuM yogya zikSaNa agraNI rAjapuruSone paNa vadhu kAbela ane Tharela adhikArI avazya banAve che. AjakAla I. Q. (Intellectual Quotient - buddhimAnAMko uparAMta E. O.(Emotional Quotient - UrmimAnAMkono paNa mahimA samajAvA mAMDyo hoI, ucca adhikArIone e mATenA khAsa zibiromAM apAtI vividha tAlImomAM yoganI tAlIma paNa samAveza pAme che. ' gItA kahe che tema vyavahAradRSTie yoga e karmanuM kauzala che, e kauzala gItAkArane mAtra bAhya eTale ke kAryadakSatArUpa ja abhipreta nathI; vizeSe to cittavRttinI dakSatArUpa - samasvarUpa, anAsaktirUpa - abhipreta che te tarata pUrve ApelI yoganI bIjA vyAkhyAthI spaSTa thAya che (yo 1: rmasu RIzanam - 2.10 ane samavaM yoga 3mte 2.48 ema suMdara be samIkaraNo !). evA vinIta rAjanuM rAjaya taghalakhI atirekovALuM ke julmI na ja hoya, zaivadharma uparAMta bauddhadharmane jIvanamAM apanAvanAra kanojanA vardhanavaMzamAM thayelA bhAratanA chellA samrAT harSavardhananuM atyaMta samartha, kAbela, udAra zAsana daSTAMtarUpe smaravA yogya che. A be parasparapUraka uttama darzana-paraMparAonI sAthe "lokAyata'(cArvAka)-darzananA adhyayananI-bhalAmaNa samAvIne kauTilya ApaNane vicAratA karI mUkyA che. "lokAyata" eTale lokamAM Ayata (phelAyeluM) darzana. enuM vadhu prasiddha nAma che "cArvAkadarzana'. anya paraMparAo dvArA ene (jema jaina tathA bauddha darzanone) "nAstika darzana" tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. vedaniMdA ane zraddhAnA mukhya viSayorUpa Izvara, karmatattva, punarjanma, mukti ityAdi alaukika tattvone na mAnavAnA For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa arthamAM cArvAka-darzana to kharekhara nAstika che. jaina-bauddha paraMparAo to mukhyatve vedaniMdA ane Izvara-niSedhane kAraNe nAstika TharAvAI che. cArvAko indriyapratyakSa jagat ane jIvanane ja vAstavika mAnIne game te rIte bhogo mANavAmAM mAne che. ''punarjanma koNe dITho che?" ema te kahe che. 86 A darzananuM 'lokAyata' nAma ghaNuM kahI de evuM sacoTa che. udyama ane sAcA-khoTA udhamAto e baMne dvArA, samAjamAM pradarzana thAya tevA ThaThArA sAthe avanavI ne ajanabI sukha-sagavaDo bhogavato samAjano eka varga to eza-ArAma ne vipula sAhyabInA bhogavaTAne ja jIvananuM dhyeya mAne e to samajAya evuM che, paNa enI sAmAjika asara barAbara tapAsIe tyAre khabara paDe che ke sAva sAdhanahIna dazAmAM jevA-tevA khoraDAmAM ke jhUMpaDapaTTImAM rahenAro ke gAmaDAmAM rahenAro dIna-hIna manuSya paNa, prathama to AvA ezaArAma ane AvI sukhasAhyabIne ahobhAvathI jotAM, dhIre-dhIre potAne mATe ya tene jhaMkhatAM, chevaTe taka maLe to pote ya e meLavavAnI gAMDI doDamAM joDAIne jorAvarI ane caMcaLa bhAgyanA pratApe aNadhArI sukhasAhyabIno dhaNI paNa banI bese che. A rIte mUDI dharAvato ke na dharAvato dareka AdamI sAmAnya rIte mUDIvAdI ja hoya che evI sahaja lokasthiti che. ene ja dhyAnamAM rAkhIne 'lokamAM lAMbuM-pahoLuM patharAyeluM' evA arthamAM A bhautikavAdI darzanane khUba ja yathArtha rIte 'lokAyata' nAma apAyuM che. tethI kauTilye 'cArvAka' e saMbhavataH vyaktivAcI (athavA kadAca 'cAruvAk' - 'mIThImadha vAta bolanAro' e artha dharAvato) paryAya na pasaMda karatAM A rokaDI vAta kaheto paryAya pasaMda karyo jaNAya che. vaLI A darzana A lokanI sukha-sAhyabIne zreSTha dhyeyarUpa mAnIne paNa aTakatuM nathI. saMbhavataH potAnA ajJAta bhayone game tema dabAvI devAnI peravI rUpe te, anya Astika darzanonI, pAralaukika mUlyo ke vibhUtio aMgenI sAtatyapUrNa rajUAtone bhautikavAdI ane pratyakSapramANavAdI dalIlathI yA aMzataH maMDanarahita UDajhUDa khaMDanarUpa vitaMDAzailInA AzrayathI ugra rIte toDI pADe che, utArI pADe che; gALo paNa bhAMDe che (evA darzanakArone bhAMDa, dhUtArA, nizAcaro sudhdhAM kahe che !) vedAdi zAstrone paNa naryA dAMbhika ghoSita kare che ! 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha'mAM A darzananuM lagabhaga AvuM varNana ApyuM che te pUruM prAmANika hovA saMbhava che. 'mahAbhArata'mAM paNa Avo mata dharAvatA eka nAstike lokamAM macAvelA bhrAMtionA tarakhATanuM vRttAMta Ave che. bhAratIya prajJAe AvAM aneka darzanone paNa samabhAvathI joyAM-jIravyAM che. mAnavamananuM sAcuM svarUpa samajavA AvA ugravAdo ke svatovirodhI prajJAvAdone paNa pUrA samabhAvathI jevA ne tevA svarUpe sujJoe to jANavA joIe ane e mATe javAbadAra paribaLone pArakhIne, AvA vAdo kaI rIte bhIMta bhUlyA hoya che ne khoTe raste phaMgoLAI gayA hoya che te samajIne temanI pratye prazAMta sAkSI-bhAva jALavI rAkhavo joIe, ane sAcA dhArmiko ke AstikonI AsthAone paNa acaLa rAkhavAmAM emanA bheru banI rahevuM joIe; chevaTe ghInA ThAmamAM ghI AvI rahevAnuM che enI khAtarI rAkhavI joIe. A dRSTie 'mahAbhArata'mAMnI 'ativAdonI titikSA karavAnI' salAha ghaNI ja anurUpa che. AvA mato dharAvanAra badhA durAcArI ke jIvanamUlyadrohI ja hoya che evuM paNa nathI. evA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 87 vAdIo mULamAM to prAmANika ane nikhAlasa hoya che. teo pratyakSapramANa ane bahu-bahu to laukika anumAna - A be pramANo sivAya bIjAM jJAnasAdhanone jANatA ke mAnatA nathI. eTale haiye te hoThe lAve che. daMbhI AdarzavAda sAme emane sAcI phariyAda paNa hoya che. "zabdapramANa" tarIke aMgIkArAtAM zAstrone teo pramANa mAnatA nathI, tethI temAMnI badhI vAtone eka jhATake nakAravAmAM pAchuM vaLIne jotA nathI. eTale mULamAM to jJAnasAdhano bAbatanI manuSyanI mUMjhavaNa ja AvA matonA astitva mATe javAbadAra che. eTale AvA matone ke temAM mAnanArAone mAtra vagovIne avagaNavAmAM nathI sAcI sAmAjikatA ke nathI kartavyapUrti. emanI pratyakSa-parAyaNatAnA mULamAM paNa che bhUkha-tarasa-TADha-tApa bAbate emanA dvArA anubhavAtI lAcArI. jyAM sudhI manuSya ApasUjhathI zarIra sivAyanA potAnA svarUpane saMvedato na thAya, tyAM sudhI indriyo sivAyanAM bIjAM jJAnasAdhano e pArakhI nahi zake ke jIvana aMgenI potAnI samajaNa badalI nahi zake. A vastusthitinI noMdha upaniSamAM Ama levAI che : "svayaMbhU(brahmA)e Indriyone bahAranI bAjue maMDAyelI ghaDI, eTale jIva bahAra ja jue che, potAnI mAMhenA AtmAne nahi.29" mAnavaastitva sAthe joDAyelI A pramANa saMbaMdhI kaTokaTI ke samasyAne dhyAnamAM laIne ja aneka sahRdaya bhAratIya ciMtakoe pramANavicAra arthe potAnAM mahattama samayazakti homyAM che. yogavidyAe manuSyanuM pramANakSetra vistAravA khUba ja pAyAnuM evuM cittazuddhinA upAyo zIkhavavAnuM kAma karyuM che. eTale rAjAe karavAnA darzanonA abhyAsamAM eka dhyAnayogya pUrvapakSa tarIke ane lokamAnasanI vastusthiti dhyAnamAM levA mATe kauTilya lokAyata-darzananuM pUrvagrahamukta adhyayana paNa Avazyaka batAvyuM hovAnuM samajAya che. "avighAne avagaNIne ekalI vidyAnuM sevana e vizeSa aMdhAro mArga che" evI A bIjA vyAkhyAnamAM agAu (TippaNa kra. 10, 11 sAthe) ullekhelI "IzopaniSad'nI vAta ahIM paNa lAgu paDe che. anya Astika darzanamAM dekhItI rIte zraddhA dharAvanAranuM mana paNa jhaTa dvidhA na choDatuM hoI tene paNa vyavahAramAM lokAyata-darzana tarapha abhAna AkarSaNa to hoya ja che. ethI potAnuM DagamagatuM jJAna pAkuM karavA paNa viruddha darzanano samatAthI ane tejasvI buddhithI abhyAsa karavo ghaTe. daMDanItividyAnA atiprAcIna AcAryo paikI paNa aneka lokAyata-darzana taraphanI vaNakahI evI paNa sakriya ruci dharAvanArA hovAnuM arthazAstramAM ullekhAyelA temanA mato tapAsatAM jarUra lAge; dA.ta. bRhaspati, zukra(uzanas), bhAradvAja vagere ane temanA anuyAyIo. e paNa dhyAnamAM rAkhavA jevuM che ke Astika ane AdarzarUpa (arthAt manuSyanI supta uccatara prakRti ke pratibhA anvaye "Adarza eTale ke arIsAnI garaja sAratAM) darzano ane temanA ja AdhAre vibhinna deza-kALanA vizALa paTamAM udaya pAmelI maulika vibhUtionI unnatigAmI, tema ja potapotAnA samAjonI zuddhi sAdhanArI jIvanacaryAne AdhAre vikaselA dharmo - jemAM sadAcAra para pratiSThita AdhyAtmika vikAsapathano divya vAraso, khapI jIvo mATe khullo mukAya che - e ubhaya, sudIrgha mAnavaitihAsanI dRSTie hajI uMmaramAM nAnAM ane pramANamAM arvAcIna gaNAya tevAM che. kadAca ema paNa hoya ke aneka prAcIna paraMparAo batAve che tema, atyAre kramazaH For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa 88 nabaLA yugo tarapha mAnavajAta AgaLa vadhatI hoI A darzana ane dharmo eno mULa ucca mahimA gumAvIne paNa, mAnavajAtane ane enI naravI samAjavyavasthAne yathAzakya TakAvavA mojUda che. samaya game teTalo viSama hoya, dharma pALavo bhale khUba muzkela hoya, to paNa dhairyane pUro avakAza che ema samajIne samajadAroe kartavyabuddhithI dharmanI paDakhe UbhA rahevuM joIe ane dharmatattvonI samajaNa khilavatA jaIne te mujaba yathAzakya dharma jIvanamAM utAravAnuM niHzaMka cAlu rAkhavuM joIe. (bha.gItA kahe che : "A dharmano alpa aMza paNa mahA-bhayamAMthI bacAve che" - svalpamadhyastha dharmastha trAyate mato mayAt | 2.40B.) vaLI samabhAvathI jIvananI viSamatAo zamAvavAnA upAya tarIke AvAM adhyAtmalakSI dharmo-darzanono lokamAM prasAra paNa karavo ghaTe. kauTilya paNa A bAbata pUratA jAgRta ane zraddhAvAnuM che. ethI emaNe rAjapuruSo mATe khapanI vidyAonI yAdImAM pUrI samajaNa sAthe ane yogya hetunirdeza sAthe AnvIkSikI-vidyAno pahelI ja vAra samAveza jAhera karyo. vaLI adhyayanayogya cokkasa darzanonAM nAma paNa pUrepUrI sAvadhatA jALavIne dIdhAM. e sivAyanAM darzanonA adhyayanano niSedha to emane abhipreta na ja hoya. vaLI je traNa darzano ullekhyAM temano krama paNa pUrA aucityano vicAra karIne ja Alekhyo che. jJAnazuddhi mATe prathama sAMkhyazAstra ullekhyuM. jJAna vagarano AcAra karmakAMDamAtra banI rahe ane kALakrame jhanUnamAM ya pariName ane samajaNanA abhAve, potAnA uparano sthULa aMkuza jevo dUra thAya yA potAnA upara caDhelo vaLa jema dUra thato jAya tema te AcAra sadaMtara chUTI jaI paNa zake. Ama jIvananuM dhyeya bauddhika stare samajI lIdhA bAda bIjA krame e jJAna dIvA jevuM sApha banI potAnAmAM otaprota ane AtmasAt thaI jAya te mATe, jarUrI cittazuddhinA pIThabaLa dvArA paramazaktinA astitvane sAkSAt saMvedatA jaIne enA sAnnidhyanuM sevana karavA yogadarzananuM, prayogakauzalasAdhaka sevana karavAnuM sUcavavAmAM AvyuM che. AvuM IzvarapraNidhAna' (IzvarasvarUpamAM nija svarUpanuM samarpaNa) kramazaH laukika puruSanA sarva doSo ane tenI sarva maryAdAonI nivRttimAM pariNamatAM, puruSamAM ja Izvaratvano, AtmAmAM ja paramAtmarUpatAno udaya thAya che. e to avazya mAnavuM paDe ke Ama thatAM yuvarAjanI ke je-te rAjapuruSanI pratibhAno ujvaLa-nirmaLa piMDa baMdhAya, enAmAM akhaMDa samatA ane tejasvitA baMne sthapAya. Aje paNa atiyAMtrika jIvananAM mAThAM pariNAmono, tanAvono anubhava asahya banato jAya che tema, bhArata uparAMta jagatanA aneka dezomAM paNa yoga tarapha AkarSaNa vadhavA mAMDyuM che - bhale hajI emAM aneka bhramo, Avezo ane chIcharApaNuM paNa hoya. paraMtu e dvArA, ekaMdare, mAnavanI sAcA-samatola jIvana mATenI utkaTa ruci ane bhUkha e baMne barAbara parakhAya che. AvI rIte anukrame jJAnapradhAna ane sAdhanApradhAna be darzanomAM thayelA hRdayapravezathI aMta:samRddha thayela abhyAsIne trIjA krame, upara kahyuM tema, pratipakSanA samatApUrNa paricayathI saravALe potAnI AgalAM be darzanonI samajaNane zaMkAmukta ane sudaDha karavA arthe ja, lokAyata-darzananA adhyayananI bhalAmaNa karAI che. eno nirdezakrama paNa kauTilyano A ja abhiprAya sUcave che. vaLI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 89 prajAne saMtoSavAnI dRSTie lokastare rAjAe lokAyatadarzananuM anusaraNa karIne prajAnI bhautika sukho mATenI icchA poSavAnI vAta paNa aMke thAya che. (eka subhASitamAM pUrI lokavansalatA sAthe karAyeluM A vidhAna ane nidAna yAda rAkhIe : "loka pAramArthika nathI"- no: paramatha: .) 'uttararAmacarita' nATakamAM bhavabhUtie mArmika rIte Ane "prajAonuM anuraMjana' kahyuM che. "anuraMjana' eTale koI vyaktine ke koI samudAyane, tenuM koI sthAyI hita na haNAya te rIte, tenI naravI icchAone pUratA pramANamAM saMtoSIne rAjI rAkhavAM te. na to prajAone ALasu, ezaArAmI ane paropajIvI banAvavAnI che, na to reDhiyALa zAsanapaddhati apanAvI enA jIvanane anucita abhAvothI ke agavaDothI lUkhuM-sUkuM ane naryuM bojArUpa thavA devAnuM che. ekaMdare ukta darzananA adhyayananuM AvuM vyakta pariNAma kauTilyane abhipreta jaNAya che. koI paNa samAja ke rASTra vividha manuSyonA tema ja vividha vidyAonA pArasparika anubaMdha(sumeLa)thI ane samanvayathI ja dhanya, samartha ane ciraMjIvI bane che; nitya vikasatAM rahe che. rAjapuruSonI keLavaNInI A carcAnA upasaMhAramAM eka mahattvanI vAta ullekhIe. 'arthazAstra'mAM, daMDanItinA anya graMthomAM, tema ja smRtigraMthomAM ane "mahAbhArata', prAcIna purANo ityAdimAM rAjA mATe nitya vRddhasevananI bhalAmaNa khAsa karavAmAM AvatI hoya che. arthazAstra'nA adhyAya 4.1nuM zIrSaka ja che "vRddhasaMyon:'. ahIM "vRddha'no artha uMmarathI gharaDAM nahi, paNa vRddhi pAmelA arthAt jJAna, anubhava ke mahattvanAM kauzalomAM AgaLa vadhelAM - evo samajavAno che. samAjamAM je koI pAkA jJAnIo ke judI-judI koThAsUjha dharAvanArAo che, te ja rASTranuM kharuM sthAyI baLa che. te sau viSe sAmethI pUrI jANakArI kAyamI rUpe rAjyanA daphataramAM jALavatA rahIne temanI pAse sAmethI jaIne jJAna, mArgadarzana meLavatA rahevAnI rAjavaMzanI namratA ane tatparatA e koI paNa rASTra mATe kharekharI surakSAnuM ane sadA Tharela rAjanIti jALavIne sarvanA sarvAgI vikAsanuM kAraNa banI rahe che. "pUche paMDita thAya' e kahevata mujaba rAjA mAtra pote yuvAvasthAmAM meLavelA jJAna para ke mAtra nimAyelA maMtrIo ke amAtyonA jJAna para badhA nirNayono AdhAra na rAkhatAM, rASTramAMnAM vividha gAmo ke nagaromAM sthira thayelAM, sAduM jIvana jIvatAM, ucca jJAna pAmelAM naranArIo ke vanavAsI RSiono samAgama, potAnA rAjapadanuM abhimAna sadaMtara tyajIne sAdhe, to rAjakAjanAM vividha aMgo viSe abhinava ane saMskArapUrNa jJAna meLavI zake, ane ethI enA rAjakAjamAM navI ja nirNayazakti khIle. namratA e ja jJAnanuM mULa kAraNa che; kAraNa ke jJAna sahune joDanAruM paribaLa che; ataDA, abhimAnI ke ekalapeTAne sAcuM jJAna maLatuM nathI. evuM kahevAya che ke jJAna karatAM jJAnano Adara caDhe. pazcimanA amerikA-yuropanAM rASTromAM kaoNlejo-yunivarsiTIonA adhyApakonA koI paNa bAbatanA matanuM UMcuM mUlya AMkavAmAM Ave che ane temano abhiprAya sAmethI puchAya che. udyogo vagere vyavahArajagatanI mokAnI saMsthAo paNa temanA abhiprAyano Adara kare che, enI kImata kare che. emane sarakArI ke anya aneka mahattvanI salAhasamitiomAM khAsa sthAna apAya che. kamanasIbe AjanA bhAratamAM AvI sthiti bhAgye ja jovA maLe che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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90 kauTilya "arthazAstra' H dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vRddhasevananI prAcIna paripATInI AvI bevakUphIbharI avagaNanAne lIdhe bhAratanA prakhara buddhizALIo potAnI sAcI kadara thAya tevAM anya rASTromAM sthAyI banI, tyAMnA samAjane potAnA jJAnano kharekharo lAbha paNa Ape che ane potAne chAjatAM gaurava ane kadara paNa pAme che. svAdhIna cetanAvALo manuSya svabhAvathI ja guru ke graMtha vinA paNa nitya copAsa vyApelI prakRtimAMthI ane AtmIya lAgatA copAsanA bhAtIgaLa samAjamAMthI potAnI naisargika jJAnazakti ane dhyAnazakti dvArA ghaTanAo ane padArthonA AMtara-saMbaMdha pragaTa karatuM jJAna tAravato ja rahe che. basa, A ja naisargika svAdhyAyazIlatAnI bhalAmaNa kauTilya rAjakartA-varga mATe bhArapUrvaka karI che. Ane kAraNe rAjA narendra (narazreSTha) banI rahI potAnI sarvAgI, ahaMkAramukta pratibhAnA baLe 'kALanuM kAraNa' arthAt lokanI prakRtidatta utkrAntinuM prakRtinirmita vAhana ke nimitta banI zake che. Avo rAjA mUlyonA parivartananuM ane manuSyajIvananA nitya vikAsanuM vAhana paNa banI zake che. rAjadharmanA samayAnurUpa navA-navA AyAmo, navo-navo kartavyabodha janme che; eTaluM ja nahi, rAjAraiyatanA saMbaMdhanuM vadhu saMvAdI, mAnavIya ane ghaniSTha svarUpa khIlI zake che. bhAratanAM chellAM rajavADAMomAMthI AvA keTalAka dRSTAMtarUpa rAja-vizeSo, kadAca gAMdhIyuganA prabhAva taLe anubhavavA maLyA hatA. e rIte kauTilya nirUpelA A prakaraNa dvArA "te rAjayataMtra zreSTha che, je nyUnatama zAsana kare che" e vAtane, gAMdhIjInA, potAne mATenA prabuddha arAjakatAvAdI'nA dAvAne ke vinobAnA, "rAjakAraNanA divaso gayA che; tenuM sthAna vijJAna leze" evA vedhaka nidAnane cokkasa lIlI jhaMDI maLe che. (4) karma-daiva-vibhAga-bodha (puruSArtha ane prArabdha) bhrAMtirahita tattvajJAnanuM pAyAnuM kAma che je kAMI jevuM hoya tevuM, pUrvagrahamAtrathI upara UThelA dhIra jJAtAne niHzaMkapaNe batAvavuM, ke jethI tene kartavyamArgano nizcita bodha thAya, te mujaba kAryayojanA thaI zake ane avAstavika AzA-apekSAo TaLatAM koI paNa pariNAma bAbata nirAzA ke phariyAdane avakAza na rahe. avAstavika icchAo ke tRSNAo buddhine kAM to rUMdhe che, kAM to tenI pAse azakya mAgaNIo kare che. ethI dhyAnasiddha taTastha jJAnazaktithI, anubhavazaktithI kauTilya, ApaNe prathama vyAkhyAnamAM graMthaparicaya karatAM joyuM hatuM tema, paradezanItinA vadhu nAjuka prakaraNanA AraMbhe - balba be vibhAga vaccenA uMbare - adhyAya 6.ranI zarUAtamAM ja, mAnavanI, A jagatumAM zI sthiti (predicament) che tenuM sAduM-sIdhuM paNa jhaTa haiye vase tevuM saMkSipta Alekhana kareluM che. jIvanamAM kazA kSobha ke AvegonI uthalapAthala vinA hetulakSI puruSArtha karI chUTavA icchanArane e varNana bahu asarakAraka mArgadarzana pUruM pADIne badhI hAlatamAM hRdayane samAdhAna Ape ema che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya jagatmAM pravartatAM mukhya paribaLone nizcayapUrvaka samajIne, jIvananI paristhitionI vividha viSamatAo vacce manuSya potAnAM mana ane buddhine samatAmAM rAkhI zake te mATe A varNana che. graMthakArano mukhya hetu to rAjAne ke rAjapuruSone rAjayakAryanI dareka paristhitimAM sAbadA ane lacIlA rahI kema potAnA sattvane TakAvavuM ane kartavyano te-te kSaNe nizcaya karavo te batAvavAno che. e varNana tenuM barAbara pRthakkaraNa (analysis) karIne Ama samajAvI zakAya : dareka jIva jIvanamAM 'sukha-zAMti' zodhe che. 'sukha-zAMti' artha mATe evo ja be padonA samAsarUpa, paNa vadhu UMDA arthavALo 'yoga-kSema' zabda saMskRtamAM calaNI banyo. prathama vyAkhyAnamAM batAvyA mujaba, sAmAnya rIte 'yoga'no artha 'aprAptanI prApti' ane 'kSema'no artha 'prAptanuM pUrepUruM rakSaNa' evo karavAmAM Ave che. paNa kauTilya, anya koI paNa kuzaLa zAstrakAranI jema, koI paNa pracalita zabdano vadhu sUkSma ke hArda pragaTa karanAro artha kare che. te mujaba teo 'yoga'no artha, nahi maLelAnI game te rIte thayelI prApti nahi, paNa Ayojita karmanI siddhirUpe ke tenA phaLarUpe thayelI prApti - evo anarthanivA2ka artha kare che. tethI corane thayelI dhananI prApti 'yoga' rUpa nahi Thare. te ja rIte maLelAnI mAtra sAcavaNI ke surakSA emanI dRSTie 'kSema' nathI, paNa vastuonI sAcavaNInA aMtima phaLarUpa upabhoga te 'kSema' che. saMgharAkhore khUba surakSA-vyavasthAthI rakSita dhana-mAla te 'kSema' nathI, paNa eno pUrA jIvanarasa sAthe, pUrI kaLAthI, hradayapUrvaka svajano-atithiomAM vaheMcIne karelo upabhoga te sAco 'kSema' che. A vyAkhyA keTalI badhI sUkSma ane anarthanivA2ka che ! paiso, mAla ke sevAzakti atyAranA ke bhaviSyanA upabhogamAM pariNamavAnAM na hoya to te kSema nathI. upabhoga potAnA mATe, svajano mATe ke Ama-jana (6tithi) mATe paNa hoI zake. Ama saravALe dhana ke lakSmI rasapUrNa, jIvanapoSaka upabhoga mATe ke kharekharI jarUriyAta(need)nI paripUrti mATe che; jIvananAzaka lobha (greed) poSavA nahi e vAta ahIM upasAvAI che. ahIM 'kSema'nA arthamAM upabhoga karatAM paNa e upabhogane anukULa AMtara-bAhya zAMti mukhyatattva che. Avo che svastha saMsArIno kharekharo yogakSema. to have Avo yogakSema siddha karavA zuM karavuM joIe te prazna thAya. teno uttara kauTilye Ama Apyo che : yoga eTale ke karmasiddhi mATe jarUrI che vyAyAma (parizrama). karmano saMkalpa karIe, tenuM manamAM ke kAgaLa upara, barAbara Ayojana paNa karIe, ne pachI besI ja rahIe ke zIghratA ne dakSatA vinA jema-tema karIe to 'jIyAtI pulAva' ja khAvA maLe - jenAthI peTa na bharAya. A parizrama mATe ahIM bahu samajaNapUrvaka 'vyAyAma' zabda prayojyo che. e dvArA e mArmika vAta paNa sUcavAI che ke phaLa meLavavA eTale ke nirvAha arthe je diladAra mahenata karIe, te ja asala 'vyAyAma' che; beThADu jIvananAM duSpariNAmothI bacavA bhayanA mAryA hAMphaLAM-phAMphaLAM thaIne kasarato, doDa, yogAsano vagere karIe e mukhya vyAyAma nathI. 91 A vyAyAma (eTale ke kriyA) aniSTa evo karmabaMdha kare tevo paNa hoI zake. tethI te nivAravAnA upAyo paNa ciMtavavA joIe - e vaLI vicArapAtra anya jJAnazAkhA che. eno For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya arthazAstra : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa lAghavayukta uttama uttara bhagavadgItAmAM Ama che : "yajJArtha karma sivAya A saMsAra karma dvArA baMdhana ja notare che" (bha. gItA : rU.2). eTale A mujaba yajJArtha karma eTale ke ekasAthe potAnuM ane anyanuM hita sAdhe ke jALave tevuM karma a-doSa, a-bAdhaka vyAyAma che. A vyAyAma ja rAjyataMtranI paNa saphaLatA sAdhatuM aMga che - jene mATe Atmaniyamana sAdhatA rahIne paraniyamanamAM paNa sAbaduM rahetuM dekharekha-taMtra (Vigilance) jarUrI bane che. kauTilyanI pratibhAnI samatulA vartAya che vyAyAmanA joDIdAra evA zamanA nirUpaNamAM. emAM ADakatarI rIte karmanA atirekarUpa javaranuM nivAraNa athavA upara nirdezyA pramANe adhyAtmavijJAnamAM ciMtavAyeluM karmanI baMdhakatAnuM nivAraNa paNa samAI jAya che. yogakSema' zabdamAMnA 'kSema' sAthe zamane sAMkaLavAmAM Avyo che. zama eTale cittanI zAMti ane AtmazraddhA, tema ja tenI upara AdhArita nirupadravI racanAtmaka ke rasAtmaka pravRtti. kauTilya AvI zamadazAne karmaphaLonA paripUrNa upabhoganA kSema(nizcitatA)nI ArAdhanA karanArI, arthAt tene avakAza ke mokaLAza ApanArI kahI che. vaLI A zamarUpa manovalaNa manuSyane tAtkAlika kAbU bahAranA daivatattvane jIravavAnuM dhairya paNa Ape che. Ama thavAnuM kAraNa e che ke zamane paNa yathAsamaya avakAza ApanAra vyAyAma to svarUpathI ja Agrahamukta, karmaphaLa bAbata anAsakta, AvezothI rahita ane hamaNAM kahevAyuM tema yajJArtha-karmarUpa hoya che. emAM sva-gati-niyaMtraNa game te kSaNe sAdhI zakAya tevuM lacIlApaNuM hoya che. eTale ja daivane pArakhI levAnI sabhAnatA sadA jAgRta hoya che. ethI daivanI AjJA thatAM veMta manuSya zamamAM sahajatAthI sthira thaI zake che, ane e dizAmAM paNa cittanI zAMti sAthe potAne sahajapaNe lAdhelAM vattAochAM karmaphaLane mANavAnI svasthatA ane AtmaniSTha sahaja AnaMditA paNa pragaTa thAya che. zaMkarAcArye A ja vAta emanA eka stotramAM suMdara rIte Ama kahI che : "potAnA karmathI meLaveluM je dhana hAjara hoya tenAthI cittane haLavuMphUla banAva."31 upara kahyuM tema "zama'ne kauTilya svakarmanA upabhogarUpa kSema sAthe sAMkaLyo che. paraMtu temanI samagra carcA parathI zamanuM sAcuM svarUpa pragaTe che anAraMbhano (karmazaktine sthagita rAkhI zakAya tevA AtmasaMyamano) sAco naisargika mahimA samajI laIne anAraMbha-kALane jIravavAmAM ane kazA ja kacavATa vagara sthira citte tene apanAvI jANavAmAM. A kAraNe daivanI pratikULatAne svayaM samajI laIne manuSya karmarUpa talavArane zamarUpa myAnamAM samAvI letAM khacakAto nathI. A rIte vyAyAma ane zama baMnenA potapotAnA mahimAne samajIne baMnene mANI jANavAnA che, baMne dvArA niraMtara AtmavikAsa sAdhI jANavAno che. A vAta bhagavadgItAnA A vacanamAM khUba suMdara rIte abhivyakta thaI che : "je vyakti karmamAM akarma jue ane akarmamAM karma jue te manuSyomAM kharo buddhimAnuM che, te karmane samagra rUpe karanAro yogI che. 2" AmAM samajavA jevo muddo e batAvAyo lAge che ke vyakta svarUpe ke avyakta svarUpe dareka jIvana samAMtara rUpe (ekasAthe) karmatattva ane akarmatattva baMnenI gUMthaNI pAmIne ja puSTa thAya che. A ja vAta bhagavadgItAnA A AdezavAkyamAM lAghavathI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 93 samanvita rUpe kahevAI che : "javaramukta evo tuM yuddha kara" (rU.30d) zamanuM hArda Ama samajyA pachI temAM svakarmaphaLanA upabhogano mahimA paNa AtmAnI AnaMdasvarUpatAnA anvaye barAbara samajI zakAze. nirmaLa AtmAmAM vyApelI zAMtinuM zreSTha phaLa che niraMtara thatI AnaMdAnubhUti, ke je viSayanirapekSa che. 'AnaMdI kAgaDo' e bALavArtAno ya A ja saMdeza che. kauTilya A zama-vyAyAmanI je AkhI carcA karI che tenI preraNAnuM mULa saMbhavataH gItAnA A vacana(zloka 6.3)mAM hovAno saMbhava che : "yoga para ArohaNa vAMchanAra munine mATe karma [ArohaNanuM] kAraNa kahevAya che ane yoga para ArohaNa pAmI cUkelA sAdhaka mATe zama [yoganI sthiratAnuM ke muktinuM] kAraNa kahevAya che."33 kauTilya AmAM "karma'ne sthAne teno vadhu bolako vyAyAma' e paryAya vAparyo che - eTalo ja baMne vacce phera jaNAya che. zamanuM mahattva gItAnA anya eka vAkyamAM paNa Ama aMkita thayuM che : "azAMtane sukha kyAMthI ?" (prazAMtaNya ta: suvam - zloka 2.66) (ahIM azAMta eTale zamarahita.) vaLI gItAnA zloka 28.ra6mAmAM sAttvika kartAnuM lakSaNa ApatAM kula cAra vizeSaNo paikI pRtyutsAhinvita: e vizeSaNa paNa che, jemAM dhRti te zamano ane satsada te vyAyAmano paryAya che. kharekhara, bhAratavarSanI sAdhanAe jIvana-AkAzamAM UDavA mATenI be samartha pAMkho vikasAvI che : zama ane vyAyAma ! kauTilya A AkhI vAta mUkI che rAjanItinA ekaMdara svarUpane spaSTa karavA mATe. e vairapradhAna, yuddhakhora, sattAvistAravAdI ke AsurI nathI ja. samAjamAMnAM zAMtiprerita vidhAyaka paribaLonI sakriyatAne vizALa avakAza ApavA, tema ja sarvapoSaka sRSTimAtAnuM jatana karavA mATe ja rAjanIti che, rAjasattA che. hA, AtmarakSaNa mATenI vIratvayukta vaLato thA mApha. AtmarakSaNa ke svagauravarakSaNa mATe "hA"; akAraNa veranI "nA' ! ahIM briTananA eka sAhityakArano lAkSaNika prasaMga, uparanI carcAno marma samajavA jANavAjoga che. jANItA briTiza sAhityakAra gilbarTa mane koIe bIjA vizvayuddha vakhate pUchyuM : "jyAre greTabriTana bhayaMkara yuddhamAM saMDovAyuM che, tyAre tame tene Teko karavAne badale tamArI sAhitya-pravRttimAM ja mazagUla kema cho?" tyAre jAgRta manISIno javAba hato : ""je sAMskRtika mUlyonA morace, tenA nitya jatanamAM jIvananI paLepaLa ame kharcIe chIe, te mUlyo mojUda che, to tenA rakSaNa mATenA yuddhano kaMIka paNa artha rahe che. nahitara AvuM yuddha laDavAmAM zANapaNa zuM?" AgaLa rAjanItinA - enA kAryakramarUpa pADyuSyanA - saMdarbhe A carcAnI AgalI kaDI Ama kahevAI che : yogakSemanA janmasthAnarUpa A zama-vyAyAma pote "janme che (amalI bane che) paradezanItirUpa SAguSyamAMthI - babbenI traNa joDIrUpa A cha nIti-ghaTakothI : saMdhi-vigraha, Asana-yAna, saMzraya-vaidhIbhAva. agAu prathama vyAkhyAnamAM carcA mujaba ahIM "guNa' zabda rAjanItinA aMga ke ghaTaka (constituent) rUpa upAyo, nItio ke abhigamonA arthamAM che. 'guNakArI nItio' evo artha paNa kadAca abhipreta hoya. For Personal & Private Use Only

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94 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa A cha "guNo' thakI zama-vyAyAma kaI rIte amalI bane te barobara samajIe. A che nItio dvArA vArApharatI zama ane vyAyAma baMnenI gUMthaNI thatI hoya che. eTale ke AmAMnI keTalIka nItio zamapradhAna che, keTalIka vyAyAma-pradhAna. Ano artha e ke A paradeza-nIti naryA vyAyAmarUpa eTale ke naryA udhAmAo ke uthaladhaDAnI banelI, ke mAraphADarUpa ja nathI. emAM kaLa dvArA kAma cAle, to baLa vAparavAmAM AvatuM nathI - TADhe pANIe khasa kADhavA prayatna karAya che. hamaNAM bhagavadgItAmAMthI cIMdhI batAvelAM dhRti ane utsAha baMnene jarUra mujaba zANapaNathI pALuNyarUpe kAme lagADAya che. A chamAMnI dareka bannenI joDImAMnI eka-eka nIti zamarUpa, ekaeka vyAyAmarUpa che - kevI samatulA ! traNa joDImAMnI A traNa pahelI-pahelI nItimAM - saMdhi, Asana ane saMzrayamAM - zama che. joDIomAMnI bAkI (bIjI-bIjI) traNamAM - vigraha, yAna ane vaidhIbhAvamAM - vyAyAma che. AvuM jADI rIte jarUra kahI zakAya. eTaluM kharuM ke rAjanItinA zamamAM buddhibaLajanya yuktijALano to samAveza jarUra thAya che. rAjanIti saMbhALanArane svarASTranA vipula prajAsamUhonAM jIvanavidhAyaka pAyAnAM hito rakSavAmAM cUka karavAnuM pAlave nahi, chAje nahi te barAbara samajIe to A rAjanaitika zamanA gALAmAM paNa koIno sIdho nAza na karatAM enI gApheliyata mATe ene ullu banAvIne ApaNA rASTrane hAni karato aTakAvavAmAM ke enA vakarelA khAsa doSone, arthAt enAM "chidro'(weak points)ne pakaDI pADIne enA dvArA ja ene bheravavAmAM ke bhekhaDe bharAvavAmAM ekaMdare kudaratI nyAya ja che; e ekaMdare dhiMgI jIvana-ramata tarIke khape ema che. vaLI enAthI saravALe to zatrupakSane paNa doSazuddhi mATe lAMbA gALe sAbadA rahevAnuM sUjhe e ghaNuM zakya che. jAgavuM ane jagADatA rahevuM e ja nyAyI ke dhiMguM sahajIvana che ne ! pAguNya viSe atyAre ATaluM iMgita pUratuM che. A zama ane vyAyAmanI vAtanuM mahattva cIMdhavA AjanA jagatanI sthiti para eka najara nAkhavA jevI che. jayAre rAjanItinuM asala lokaparaka samarpita svarUpa (dedication) bhUlI javAya che ane jyAre rAjanIti mAtra mAraphADathI parANe sattA para caDhI beThelA kahevAtA rAjapuruSonA potAnA sarvavinAzaka ahamane ane dhanaparAyaNatAne anekagaNAM ghUMTavAnI gADI ramata ja banI jAya che, tyAre naryA vyAyAmano ja keTalo badho atireka thAya che teno vizva-rAjakAraNamAMno tarata najare caDhe tevo dAkhalo che kahevAtA "vaizvika' () rAjakAraNano. amerikana mAMdhAtAone have jagatanA badhA ya dezonA jAte banI beThelA "moTA bhAI'(Big Brother)no bhAga bhajavavAno bhAre casko lAgyo che. kudarate dIdhelI akhUTa bhautika samRddhi, yurapamAMthI AvIne pagadaMDo jamAvI beThelI ne naryA svakendrI sAhaso ane mahattvAkAMkSAmAM racIpacI rahenArI prajAo dvArA khilavAyelI aTapaTI yaMtravidyA ane zastrAstravidyA, svagaurava bAbata samAna rIte sAbadI vividha AgaMtuka sAhasI prajAomAM jAmelI namUnedAra bhautikavAdI AMtarika-lokazAhInA tAlamAM bephAma rIte phAlelI mukta mUDIvAdI arthavyavasthA ane pramukhamAM sattAnuM asAdhAraNa kendrIkaraNa thAya tevuM aLavItaruM rAjabaMdhAraNa - A badhAM, navAjUnI karyA vinA na rahe tevAM parasparapUraka paribaLone kAraNe "Adhunika vizvanA prAraMbhakALamAM ja amerikAnuM A saMyukta rAjya, kahevAtI sarvAgI Adhunika samRddhinA ajoDa dhAma tarIke nirvivAdapaNe AkhA jagatanA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 95 jAmelA ahobhAvanuM mAnya kendra banI rahyuM. "Adhunika svarga' tarIke paMkAI te behAla rASTrone sudhdhAM lalacAvI rahyuM. thoDIka sAcI rIte ane vaLI khoTI rIte paNa maLatI vadhu paDatI prasiddhi ane prazaMsA to bhalabhalAne gAphela banAvI, ajANapaNe tenA patananAM bIja paNa vAvI de che. asAdhAraNapaNe maLelI aNachAjatI vipula sattAe amerikana pramukhonI sattAlAlasAne bhUMDI rIte bhaDakAvI. temAM bhaLyo asAdhAraNa astrabaLano ne sainikabaLano Teko. pariNAmasvarUpe, AjanA tabakke astrabaLanA amAnuSI atirekomAM, audyogika mahattvAkAMkSAonA atirekomAM, prasiddhibaLe jagatanA aneka behAla dezonI rAjanItimAM "jarUrI mAnelI dakhalanA oThe te-te dezonI prAkRtika ke anya saMpatti lUMTI levAnI mahattvAkAMkSAonA atirekomAM, jagatabharanAM, mAtra bhautika cIjonAM ja nahi, paNa "sAMskRtika mAla'nAM bajArone paNa kaje karI levAnI yukti-prayuktionA atirekomAM amerikA have mAtra vizva-rASTronA Arthika-sAmAjika astitvanA TakAvanI dRSTie ja nahi, paNa A dharatInA bhautika-paryAvaraNIya astitvanI dRSTie paNa bAkInA jagata mATe to eka mahApraznarUpa banI ja gayuM che. paNa A 2008nI sAlamAM to jagatanAM anya gajAM kADhI rahelAM maulika pratibhAzIla rASTro sAme potAnA "ekaDA'nA TakAva bAbata gherI ciMtAmAM sarI paDIne AjanI tArIkhanI enI Arthika mahAmaMdI vacce pote potAne mATe ja have mahApraznarUpa banI gayuM che ! ahIM prastuta bane che kauTilya-pratipAdita zama-vyAyAmanI paraspararakSaka joDInA mahattvanI vAta. udyamI(active) thavAmAM jayavAro che, ati-udyamI(proactive)thavAmAM vinAza. kauTilya hakIkate to ahIM eka sAmAjika zAstra prastuta karI rahyA hoI, rAjanItimAM indriya-jayanA puraskartA hovA chatAM, phaLatyAganI vRttine nakArIne phaLasiddhinA lakSyane anivArya mAne che; kAraNa ke temAM koI eka AdarzarUpa vyakti mATenA lakSyanI vAta nathI, paNa bhautika hita mATe vAjabI rIte talasatI bhAtIgaLa sAmAnya prajAnuM hita jALavavAnI vAta che. lokapratinidhi tarIkenA kartavyanI vAta che, eTale vAtano taMtu AgaLa vadhAratAM kauTilya kahe che ke e zamavyAyAmayukta SAguNyanAM traNa pariNAma zakya che : (1) kSaya, (2) sthAna eTale ke sAmAnya sthiti ane (3) vRddhi. rAjayakartAe kSayarUpa sthiti hoya to tenAthI AgaLa "sthAna" eTale ke mULa madhyama sthitirUpa vikAsa mATe ane "sthAna'nI sthitie pahoMcelA rASTra mATe vRddhi-avasthA sAdhavA pUrepUro udyama karavAno rahe che. vikAsano Avo vAjabI lobha rakhAya to ja rAjyataMtramAM potAnA doSonI zuddhi sahitanI udyamazIlatA jAge ane lokapoSaka ane rASTrasaMvardhaka vRddhi tarapha AgekUca cAle. AmAMthI ja e prazna vicAraNIya bane che ke pAzNya eTale ke koI paNa zama-vyAyAmayukta rAjanaitika pagalAMonAM iSTa-aniSTa pariNAmono AdhAra kayAM paribaLo para che, athavA to pariNAmo para kAbU keTale aMze ane kevI rIte zakya che. kauTilya A paribaLo Ama batAvyAM che : mAnuSa eTale ke manuSyanA kAbUmAM rahelAM paribaLa tarIke be prakAranAM karma hoI zake che : (1) nayarUpa karma eTale ke kharA upAyarUpa nIti, (2) apanayarUpa karma eTale ke ayogya upAyarUpa nIti. A be manuSyanA kAbUmAM rahelAM paribaLa hoI "mAnuSa" paribaLo kahevAyAM che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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96 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa manuSyanA kAbUmAM na hoya evuM paribaLa te deva'paribaLa. deva eTale jagata para kAma karatI parama zaktio, yA A badhI zaktionA saravALArUpa Izvaratattva; to tenA para AdhArita paribaLa te "deva' paribaLa ke daiva kahevAya. have AvuM manuSyanA kAbU bahAranuM daiva paNa be jAtanuM hoI zake che : (1) jaya rUpa paribaLa. aya eTale lAbha. bIjA zabdomAM kahIe to iSTa phaLa sAthe saMyoga karAvanAruM daiva (bhAgya). (2) mana (-ya) rUpa baLa. ana-maya. eTale alAbha yA pratikULa pariNAma. arthAt aniSTa phaLa sAthe saMyoga karAvanAruM daiva. A baMne (aya ane mana) paribaLo karmaphaLazAstranI rIte anukrame karmano anukULa ke iSTa vipAka ane karmano pratikULa eTale ke aniSTa vipAka - e rIte paNa oLakhAvAya che. upara gaNAvelAM mAnuSa paribaLo "daSTa' (jovAyelAM - joI zakAya tevAM) paribaLo kahevAya che; te manuSyanA kAbUmAM che. jayAre daiva paribaLo te "adeSTa' (na jovAyelAM - na joI zakAya, na kaLI zakAya tevAM) paribaLo kahevAya che; te manuSyanA sIdhA kAbUmAM nathI. alabatta, karmazAstra ema jarUra kahe che ke daiva paribaLa paNa je-te manuSyanA ja pUrvabhavanAM mAnuSa karmo pramANe niyata thayuM hoya che. ene prArabdha (baMdhAI cUkelAM) karmo paNa kahe che; TUMkamAM "prArabdha' kahe che. zubha karmono vipAka (pariNAma) zubha eTale ke lAbha(ya)dAyI hoya che, azubha karmono vipAka azubha eTale ke a-lAbha(manuM-ya)dAyI hoya che. saravALe mAnuSa ke daSTa paribaLone kauTilya aciMtya (manuSya vicAravA lAyaka) kahe che, deva ke adRSTa paribaLone "a-ciMtya' (manuSyanI vicArazaktinI bahAranAM) kahe che. citya paribaLonI manuSya evI kuzaLa vicAraNA karI zake che ke jethI "apanaya'(khoTI nIti)no tyAga karIne naya(sAcI nIti)no ja amala karavAnuM zakya bane. 'naya' ane 'apa-naya' zabdo "doravaNI ApavI" e arthanA saMskRta nI (5) dhAtu parathI banelA che. te ja dhAtumAMthI evA ja arthamAM nIti ane anIti zabdo banelA che. kauTilya baMnenI suMdara vyavahAru vyAkhyA ApatAM kahyuM che : "jenAthI yoga-kSema nIpaje te naryuM ane jenAthI yogakSema vipattimAM mukAya (muzkela bane ke nAza pAme) tevuM pagaluM te apanaya." A vyAkhyA dvArA khUba mahattvanI e vAta phalita thAya che ke iSTa phaLanI mAtra prApti (yA) nahi, paNa eno bhogavaTo (lema) paNa thaI zake tevuM ja (yogakSema ubhaya ANanAruM) pagaluM naya-rUpa batAvAyuM che. eno rokaDo ne sukhadAyI artha e thayo ke anyAyI rIte zatru pAsethI meLavAyeluM phaLa ke pariNAma kAyamI duzmano ja sarjatuM hovAthI tevA phaLano bhogavaTo azakya banI rahe che. tethI tevA phaLane meLavI ApatI nIti ke tevuM rAjakIya pagaluM to navarUpa nahi, kapa-navarUpa ja Thare ! kevuM zANuM, mAnavocita mArgadarzana ! A carcAno sAra e thayo ke jIvanamAM ke rAjakAjamAM saphaLatA meLavavA mATe "nayarUpa gaNAya tevo yathArtha ke zANo manuSyayatna karavo eTalI ja manuSyanA hAthanI vAta che, e ja manuSyanuM kartavya che. gAMdhIjIe "dharma-tattva samajAvatAM eka lekhamAM evuM kahyuM che ke jema sTImaramAM For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya musApharI karanArane mAtra tUtaka (Deka) para AMTA mArI zakAya teTalI ja mokaLAza ke halacalanI teTalI ja svataMtratA hoya che, tema jIvanamAM paNa manuSyanA hAthamAM tevI ja maryAdita mokaLAza, svataMtratA ke taka hoya che. teTalI maryAdita svataMtratAno upayoga paNa jarA ya pramAda ke nirAzA rAkhyA vagara karI chUTavuM ane evI dUraMdezI ke Tharela rIte karI chUTavuM ke jethI pastAvA vAro na Ave ane potAnI sAMsArika unnati ane uccatara kalyANa e ubhayanI ArAdhanA thaI zake. e ja che dharmAcaraNa. kauTilya rAjanItikSetre, rAjapuruSone paNa evI ja sAvadhatAthI potAnuM rAjanaitika karma AcaravAnI sonerI salAha Ape che. agAu je vyAyAma ane zama gaNAvyA che, temane anukrame A mAnuSakarma ane daivakarma sAthe joDavAnuM yogya lekhAze (bhale kauTilye spaSTa na karyuM hoya); arthAt ciMtya mAnuSakarma pratye vyAyAmano amala ane aciMtya daivakarma pratye zamano amala. vaLI hamaNAM carceluM tema khuda mAnuSa karma pote paNa ekalA vyAyAmarUpa nahi, paNa vyAyAma ane zama baMnenA vivekI upayogavALuM banI raheze. A gaNatarIe jotAM ekaMdare jIvana zamapradhAna Thare che; vyAyAmapradhAna nahi. Ano e artha paNa thayo ke zuddha kartavyarUpa vyAyAma uttama rIte, prakhara rIte ane pramAda-ALasa baMnenA tyAgapUrvaka pUrA ke utsAha sAthe chatAM nirahaMkAritA pUrI jALavIne AcaravAno rahe che. - - 97 kauTilye rajU karelA A mUlyavAn vizleSaNane eka sRSTi-vyApI saMvAditAnA vizleSaNa ke kathana tarIke paNa samajI zakAya : AkhuM vizva vyaSTi (vyakti) ane samaSTi(sajIvo sahitanI sRSTi)nA pArasparika tAlathI pravarte che jANe ke sAma-sAmI daDApheMkanI ramata cAle che ! ajJAnajanya saMgharSadarzanane sthAne A vyApaka saMvAditAne barAbara oLakhI levAya, to manuSyanA bhavarogarUpa ahaMkAranuM, temAMthI pedA thatI jIvanavighAtaka saMgharSazIlatAnuM ApoApa nirasana sadhAya. bAIbala sAthe pUrI samajaNapUrvaka saMmata thaIne zANo dareka manuSya pUrA AtmasaMtoSa sAthe paramazakti ke Izvara pratye Ama kahI zake : ''tArA saMkalpa mujaba thajo, mArA saMkalpa mujaba nahi" (Let thy will be done, not mine). manuSyasaMskRtinA uttama paripAkarUpa ghIra (dhI eTale ke buddhine -rDarati eTale ke preranAro; taTastha ane adhyayanazIla) zabda cheka 'Rgveda'mAM paNa aneka RSio dvArA, teno khUba mahimA karAIne prayojAto rahyo che. mahAkavi kAlidAse paNa e mahimAne sthAyI banAve evI 'dhIra'nI uttama vyAkhyA prAsaMgika rUpe temanA kumArasambhavam mahAkAvyamAM Ama ApI che : ''vikAranuM kAraNa hoya, chatAM jemanI cittadhArA vikAra na pAme te ja dhIra4.' rAjA ke rAjapuruSa mATe AvuM dhIratva ja sarvasamAvezaka mahAguNa tarIke khapanuM che te vyAyAma ane zamanA saMdarbhe thayelI uparyukta samagra carcAno sAra che. saMskRta kAvyo-nATyakRtionA nAyakaprakAromAM paNa dhIratva sarvasAmAnya lakSaNa hoya che. saMbhavataH zama-vyAyAmanI A carcAno ja paDagho rAjanItinA upAyonI khUba jANItI yAdI sAma, dAna, daMDa, bheda mAM pAMcamA upAya tarIke kAmaMdaka jevA rAjanItizAstrakAro dvArA For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa 'upekSA'nuM umeraNa thavA rUpe paDyo che. ahIM 'upekSA' zabdano artha sAcA svarUpe samajavAnI jarUra che, jethI enA artha viSenI vyApaka khoTI samajaNa TaLe. 'upekSA' eTale pramAda, bedarakArI, avagaNanA ke tiraskAra - evI samajaNa bhUlabharelI che. A gerasamaja TALavA jaina paraMparAmAM cAra bhAvanAomAM paNa, anya paraMparAomAM sthAna pAmelI 'upekSA'-bhAvanAne mATe, gerasamaja sAva ja TaLe tevo 'madhyasthabhAva' paryAya pasaMda karyo che. ('madhyasthabhAva' eTale taTasthatA, rAgadveSamukta samadaSTi.) 98 pekSA zabda 'najIka' evA arthanA 35 upasarga sahitanA s (jovuM) dhAtumAMthI baneluM bhAvavAcaka (manobhAvasUcaka) nAma che. 3pa-kSA eTale najIkathI (35) kareluM darzana (kSA); eTale koI vyakti ke vastune najIkathI (close quarterthI) tapAsavAnI kriyA. jyAre koI vyakti, vastu ke ghaTanA gUMcavaNabharI, samasyA(riddle)rUpa ke vadhu tapAsane lAyaka lAge tyAre tenA tarapha koI avicArI ke utAvaLuM pagaluM bharAI na jAya, e mATe tene taTastha mana-buddhithI, Avega ke pUrvagrahathI mukta banIne tapAsavAnI jarUra che; jethI khoTo zaktikSaya na thAya ke ene anyAya na thAya tevo, prApta gUMcano ke samasyAno ukela thaI zake. to Ama koI gUMcavaNabharI vastu, paristhiti ke vyakti bAbata samabhAvayukta banIne tene zreSTha dhyAnazakti dvArA tapAsavI, sAcA svarUpe pArakhavA mathavuM te upekSA kahevAya. kAnUnazAstramAM AvI bAbatane sub-judice (tapAsane adhIna ke nyAyAdhIna) kahe che; jene viSe tapAsa barAbara pUrI thAya tyAM sudhI ene viSe kazo abhiprAya ApavAmAM Avato nathI, mauna rakhAya che. 'upekSA' sAthe joDAyelA A maunanA valaNa parathI ja teno artha aNasamaju vartuLomAM 'avagaNanA' ke 'tiraskAra' evo pracalita banyo hovo joIe; paNa te artha mauna pAchaLanA hetune na samajavAthI ja khoTo siddha thAya che. to rAjanItimAM paNa aTapaTI ke gUMcavaNabharI lAgatI koI ghaTanA ke vyaktinI dhairyayukta tapAsa mATe khAmozI rAkhavI, zama apanAvavo te pagaluM ke te nIti te upekSArUpa nIti kahevAya. te dhairyayukta buddhivyApAra hoI bhAvAtmaka nIti banI rahe che. A carcAmAM koI paNa ghaTanAnI kAraNasAmagrImAM karAyelA daivarUpa paribaLanA paNa samAveza viSe thoDIka spaSTatA upayogI thaze. Ama to kauTilye ene aTThaSTa' paribaLa tarIke oLakhAvI 'aciMtya'- vicAraNA na karI zakAya tevuM kahyuM che. ane tethI ja teno namrapaNe svIkAra yA ene jIravavA mATenI mAnasika sajjatA te ja mANasanuM kartavya banI rahe che. eka rIte gItAnI A prasiddha zIkhano ja e paDagho che : karma para tAro adhikAra (kAbU) che, kadI paNa phaLo bAbata nahi" (rmatyevAdhiAraste mA tevu vAcana / 2.47). vaLI daiva koI paNa ghaTanA ke vastunI kula kAraNa-sAmagrImAMnuM eka Avazyaka ghaTaka hovAnI vAta paNa kAraNarUpa pAMca ghaTakonI gItAnI yAdImAM maLe che. samagra 'mahAbhArata'mAM paNa ghaTanApravAhanA judA-judA tabakke daiva-tattvano svIkAra ghUMTAto rahyo che. paNa khAsa dhyAnapAtra bAbata e che ke e daivavAda ke daivasvIkAra prabuddha udyamIone chAje tevo che - je karma mATenA utsAhane toDato nathI ane UlaTuM anAsaktino ane ,, For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya anAgrahano mahAguNa jIvanamAM ANe che. vaLI jaDa ke haThIlA banIne jyAre karmane mATe avakAza na hoya tyAre ya vyarthapaNe karma karyA karavuM tenA karatAM bhaktibharyo ke namratAyukta kriyAtyAga e ja kharuM sUkSma karma (gItA-kathita 'akarmamAM karma') Thare che. AvA prabuddhonA daivavAdathI bhinna che namAlAno daivavAda - je mANasane sadA niSkriya, ALasu, nirAza ane hataprabha banAve che. evA daivavAdIne bhulAve che dehAtmavAda ane cIkaNo ahaMkAra. - sAmAnya viveka vAparIe to paNa e to tarata ja samajAya che ke virATa ke aphATa sRSTimAM AkRtinI dRSTie manuSya keTalo nAno che; eTaluM ja nahi, tenAM mana ke buddhinI pahoMca paNa maryAdita ja che. e maryAdAo barAbara svIkArIne manuSya potAnI jIvananAva haMkAravAnI che. paNa thoDA dhairya A biMdu ane siMdhu vacce jaNAto virodha AbhAsI hovAnuM samajAya che. mAtra e mATe potAnI sahaja vivekazakti jAgRta karIne, e virodhanA mULa kAraNarUpa ahaMkArane ogALatA javAnuM che. ahaMkAranAM ja pharajaMdarUpa amaryAda icchAo, parigrahavRtti, kAmavRtti, krodha ityAdine niyamanamAM ANIne temane daMza vagaranAM ane niSphaLa banAvavAnAM che. deha uparAMta mana-buddhithI paNa upara UThI jANavAnuM che. te sthitimAM manuSyano sRSTi sAtheno sabaMdha samULo badalAI jAya che - saMgharSane badale nitya sahayogano, daiva sAthenI ekarasatAno saMbaMdha rahe che. enuM ja nAma che daivano UlaTabharyo svIkAra. bhagavadgItAmAM to vaLI daivanA nirmAtA devo ane manuSyo vacceno barAbarIbharyo gADha sahayogAtmaka saMbaMdha Ama nirdezyo che : ''tame AnAthI (yajJathI) devonuM bhAvana karo ane devo [vRSTi-AdithI] tamAruM bhAvana karo.6, daiva ane manuSya vaccenA virodhanuM ja nahi, dvaitanuM (judApaNAnuM) ya nirasana (samApana) upaniSanAM A be jANItAM vAkyothI thAya che : 'he zvetaketu, tuM te (=52matattvarUpa brahma) che'', ''huM te chuM" (anukrame ''tattvamasi zvetato'" ane ''sonnum''). vaLI 'matsyapurANa'mAM eka Akho adhyAya manuSya-daiva-saMbaMdha viSe che, jemAMnA eka zlokamAM hamaNAM ullekhyA mujaba kahevAyuM che : ''pUrvajanmamAM [manuSya pote] kareluM karma te ja ''daiva" kahevAya che; tethI [e siddha thAya che ke] puruSArtha vagara daiva sarjAtuM nathI.37" Ama manuSya ekaMdare to pote ja potAnuM daiva sarje che. tethI prArabdha ane puruSArtha paNa eka ja sikkAnI be bAju hovAnuM Thare che ! 99 A daivasvIkAranI parAkASThA kevI hoI zake e to kauTille ja A graMthamAM eka sthaLe karelI AvI bhalAmaNathI spaSTa thAya che : ''pratikAra azakya hoya to sarvakAMI choDIne nAsI javuM; kAraNa ke jIvatI vyaktine pharI prApti thatI jovA maLe che jema suyAtra (nala) ane udayanane38." -- (5) naravuM arthadarzana arthazAstra nirUpatA je-te zAstrakAranI artha pratye jovAnI zI daSTi che te jijJAsAno pAyAno viSaya kahevAya. agAu artha karatAM paNa vadhu mahattvanA keTalAka pAyAnA dArzanika muddA joyA, eTale For Personal & Private Use Only

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100 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa have sahaja krama Ave che artha aMgenA kauTilyanA darzanano. agAu A aMge thoDuM iMgita karyuM che tema kauTilya A viSayane nirUpatAM, vyavahAra ane Adarzano khUba Tharela samanvaya karyo che. artha' zabdano artha karavAmAM kauTilya teno vyAkaraNagata ke kozagata sAmAnya artha choDI dIdho che ane AkhA arthazAstranA dhyeya aMgenI emanI mAnavakendrI paripakva samajaNa mujaba, dhabakatA mAnavajIvananA saMdarbhe eno ghaNo vyavahAru ane bhrAMtinivAraka artha karyo che. potAnI vAtanuM hArda barAbara pragaTa thAya te mATe "artha' zabdane sTeja-sTeja judA AkAre be rIte samajAvyo che. te be artho kharekhara to eka ja vastunI be judA khUNAothI pADelI chabI jevI bhinnatA dharAve che. prathama saraLa artha ApatAM kahe che : "manuSyono nirvAha te artha." have kauTilya to rAjanItizAstranI racanA karatAM A carcA karI rahyA che, tethI rAjyataMtranI dRSTie sIdho prastuta hoya tevo bIjo artha Ape che : "manuSyovALI bhUmi te artha." A be arthonI a-bhinnatA samajavA ATalI vAta dhyAnamAM laIe : rAjyataMtre pote dareka manuSyano nirvAha jAte karI ApavAno nathI; nirvAha to dareka vyakti ke parivAre potAnA puruSArthathI karavAno che. paNa rAjayataMtranuM kAma che manuSya jAte potAno nirvAha karI zake tevAM sAdhano ene hAthavagAM karI devAnuM. have kauTilya e sAdhanonuM samAna utpattisthAna pakaDI le che : te che jamIna, mulka ke pRthvI. paNa ekalI jamIna kAMI nirvAha sAdhano emanema jevAM ne jeTalAM joIe teTalAM pUrAM pADatI nathI. e mATe bhUmi ke tenA paranI sRSTi kAMIka kImata mAge che, nirvAha icchatA sacetanonA anurUpa vyApAranI apekSA rAkhe che. e ja to che hamaNAM yAda karelI pelI devo (sRSTigata zaktio) ane manuSyonA paraspara sahayoganI vAta ! e ja to che sRSTi ane manuSyonA dvatabhramano bhedaka, ekatvano nirdezaka, nityanA utsavarUpa mahArAsa ! ahIM e paNa samajavA jevuM che ke arthanI utpatti mATe sRSTi manuSyonA vadhu paDatA ke AsurI udhAmAonI apekSA nathI rAkhatI; babbe tene to mahA-aniSTarUpa gaNe che. dA.ta. mAnavajAte saMbhALelI, itihAsanA moTA bhAganA dezakALamAM vyApelI sanAtana khetI manuSya jALavelA upasthiti-vyApAra, urvaratA-saMrakSaka bhUmisevA-vyApAra, bIjanA saMcaya ane punarutpAdanano vyApAra, deza-kALAnusArI vAvaNI-vyApAra, vAvaNImAM pAkonA vaividhya ane paraspara saMmizraNanI jALavaNIno vyApAra - AvA AvA zama-vyAyAmanA mizraNarUpa udyamanI, apekSA rAkhe che. to A dRSTie kauTilya "arthanI vyAkhyAmAM bhUmi mATe manuSyavatI vizeSaNa vAparyuM, paNa anartha nivAravA manuSyavyApAravatI evuM vizeSaNa vAparavAnuM sUkSma vivekathI TALyuM dharatIne apekSA che manuSyanA bharyA-bharyA maitrIpUrNa sAnnidhyanI ane tajajanya sahaja ane naravI (zamayukta) udyamanI. A agAu, A vyAkhyAnamAM "rAjapuruSayogya vidyAo' e trIjA muddAmAM daMDanIti-vidyAnA' bAkInI vidyAo sAthenA saMbaMdhanI carcArUpe tema ja ene ja maLatI, trivargamAM arthapuruSArthanA sthAna aMgenI carcAmAM, kauTilyano, rAjanItividyA tema ja arthapuruSArtha e baMne eka sikkAnI be bAjuo For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 101 jevA viSayo pratyeno abhigama kevo vyavahAru chatAM AdarzasaMrakSaka, saMskRti-saMvardhaka che te ApaNe barobara joyuM che. temAM e vAta ghUMTAI che ke rAjanIti ane arthanirmANa-pravRttinI sArthakatA, svapara-kalyANa sAthosAtha ja sadhAya tevI manuSyanI asala ucca prakRti ane tadanurUpa tenI kAryakuzaLatAne mATe pUrepUro avakAza Ubho karavAmAM ane jALavavAmAM ja che, arthAt tevA ucca hetunAM sevaka ane sAdhana banI rahevAmAM che; svayaM sAdhya banIne svastha mAnavajIvana ke khuda mANasanuM ane anya jIvonuM naryu astitva paNa bhUMDAmAM bhUMDI rIte rUMdhAya te rIte, ajagaranI jema te sahuno bharaDo levAmAM nahi ja nahi. AjanA jaganI kahevAtI ke nAmanI lokazAhImAM, AkhI dharatInuM ane te paranI samasta jIvasRSTinuM dhanotapanota jyAre najara sAme nIkaLI rahyuM che, tyAre kauTilya jevAno Avo zANapaNabharyo avAja koNa sAMbhaLaze ne kevI rIte - te pUrA dhyAnayoga sAthe ApaNA aMtaratamamAM (deza) beThelA sarvazaktimAn Izvarane pUchIe ane A ghaDIe bhAMgI paDyA vinA mAnavajIvanamAM zakya hoya tevI apUrva bhakti karI chUTIe. agAu ApaNe daMDanItinA dhyeyanuM paNa kauTilya kareluM TUMkuM paNa sacoTa varNana joyeluM. e dhyeya pharI ArIe : aprApta arthanI prApti, prApta arthanuM rakSaNa, rakSita arthanI vRddhi ane vRddhi pAmela vipula dhananuM tIrthomAM vitaraNa. A TUMkI-Taca rajUAtano tema ja temAM chelle prayojelA "tIrtha' zabdano mahimA paNa ApaNe samajyA hatA. A varNana kauTilyanA artha aMgenA yathArtha darzanane supere vyakta kare che. rAjanItinuM dhyeya nathI AMdhaLo ke AsurI pradezavistAra, nathI mAtra prajAnAM deha-mAlanuM "moTA-bhA' thaIne karAtuM rakSaNa; kharekharuM kartavya to che bhUmi-prApti, rakSaNa ityAdi thakI paNa chevaTe to prajAnA abhyadaya (laukika unnati) ane sthAyI Atma-kalyANa e baMne zakya bane tevI jIvanopayogI pAyAnI sAdhanasaMpatti naravI rIte meLavI ApavAnuM - eTale ke prajA sva-puruSArtha thakI te prApta karI zake te mATe AkhuM pAyAnuM suvidhA-jALa (infrastructure) UbhuM karI tene satata nibhAvavAnuM. Ama kauTilyanI kalpanAnI rAjanIti te mukhyatve navasarjaka arthanIti che. kauTilyanuM darzana saravALe prajAmAM svAvalaMbI nirvAhazakti jagADanAruM che; rAjyataMtrane ja prajAkalyANanA kartA-hartA ke mA-bApa tarIke upasAve tevuM kahevAtuM 'kalyANarAjya' banAvanAruM nahi. rAjanIti e prajAnA asAdhAraNa khamIrane jagADavAnuM nimitta banIne ja sArthaka bane che - e che kauTilyanuM darzana. Ane lIdhe ja "arthazAstra'nuM "adhyakSapracAra' nAmanuM, badhAM adhikaraNomAM khAsuM moTuM adhikaraNa rASTranI kudaratI saMpatti(natural resources)ne atyaMta vaividhyapUrNa manuSyatnothI sArI peThe kevI rIte vikasAvavI-vadhAravI enI ja anubhavasiddha mathAmaNo nirUpe che. kauTilya te-te arthapravRttinA svAyatta adhyakSo ane temanA hastakanAM svAyatta taMtronI je vyavahAru yojanA savistara batAvI che, te vigatabhede AjanI sarakAro mATe paNa mArgadarzaka banI zake ema che. "vArtA' eTale ke hunnaro ke udyogo sahitanI vANijyavidyA (Commerce)nuM adhyApana paNa AvA adhyakSo dvArA thAya tevuM kauTilya kareluM sUcana9 sAcA vidyAdjanI daSTie ane bharatIlAyaka arthAt svavyavasAyamAM ke nokarImAM joDAtAM ja uttama rIte kAma saMbhALI zake tevA susajaja suzikSitonI ja saMkhyAnI vRddhinI dRSTie atyaMta prastuta che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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102 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa uparyukta vicAronA prakAzamAM, kauTilyanI kalpanAnuM arthataMtra kevuM hoya te ApaNe trIjA vyAkhyAnamAM joIzuM. kauTilya rASTravyApI mAnavajIvana mATe arthaprAptinI tAkIda kevI samaje che te adhyAya 2.4nA uttarArdhamAMnI atyaMta anubhavasiddha evI vIsa muddAnI lAbhavidanonI yAdI tapAsatAM samajAya che. temAMnAM moTA bhAganAM paribaLo nabaLI ke sadoSa manodazArUpa che. ene kAraNe sAme AvelI arthaprAptinI taka paNa manuSya gumAve che. AmAMnuM eka paribaLa che : "maMgala tithi ane nakSatra jovAno atyAgraha" (maphatithinakSatreSTitam). e muddA aMge eka zlokamAM kaTAkSapUrvaka kauTilya kahe che : "artha ja arthanuM nakSatra che; tArAo zuM karI ApavAnA che?" koI A uparathI rakhe ne ema mAnI le ke kauTilya jyotiSazAstrane nakAmuM mAne che. adhyAya 2.26mAM ApelI rAjAnI dinacaryAmAM vahelI savAre ja rAjAnI jyotiSI sAthenI nitya-upayogI evI mulAkAtanI bhalAmaNa karI che - jema vaidya sAthenI mulAkAtanI. anya keTalAMka sthaLoe paNa kAryAraMbhe jyotiSInI salAhanuM mahattva batAvAyuM che. yuddhanA rasAlAmAM paNa jayotiSIno samAveza thAya che. paraMtu koI paNa vastu paranI ati-nirbharatA(vadhu paDato AdhAra levAnI vRtti)ne kauTilya pasaMda karatA nathI. bhayathI prerAIne na dharma AcaravAno hoya, na jyotiSa-vicAra karavAno hoya. sAme pakSe, game tevI anyAyI rIte yuddhAdi dvArA bhUmi-dhana-AdinA lAbhane paNa teo ISTa mAnatA nathI. zatrune saMpUrNapaNe parAsta karIne tenA killA para potAno kabdo kevI rIte meLavavo tenA upAyo batAvatA teramA adhikaraNanA chellA adhyAyanuM nAma ja ghaNuM sUcaka che : "meLavelA rAjayAdimAM vizvAsasthApanA' (navvaprazana). zaMkarAcArye temanA eka prasiddha stotramAM "rthanartha bhAvaya nitya" ("nitya "artha e anartha che' e samajane ghUMTaje') evI je cetavaNI ApI che, tenuM tAtparya kauTilya uparyukta prakAre acUka svIkAre che. Ano sarasa purAvo che sUtra 6.2.20mAM sAta rAjayAMgo paikInA kozarUpa rAjyAMganI lAkSaNikatA gaNAvatAM mUkeluM paheluM lakSaNa : dhamaffdhAta: pUrve svayaM vA (pUrvajo dvArA ke potAnA dvArA dharmamArge prApta karAyelo). prasiddha jainAcArya hemacaMdrasUrijI, gRhasthane mATe nyAyasaMpannavamava: ("nyAyayukta saMpattivALo') evuM je vizeSaNa mUke che, eno ja jANe suMdara paDagho rAjanaitika kSetramAM kauTilya ahIM pADyo che. | zrotA satata joI zakaze ke vyaktigata jIvananAM mUlyo yathAzakya rAjya saMsthA paNa jALavatI rahe te aMge kauTilya pUrA jAgRta ane AgrahI che; kAraNa ke temanI prajJA pAradarzI ke satyadarzI che. (6) lokapUjA bhagavadgItAnA bAramA 'vitayoga' adhyAyamAM bhaktalakSaNo kahetAM, paMdaramA zlokamAM eka lakSaNa Ama kahyuM che : "jenAthI loka udvega (pIDA, AzaMkA) pAmato nathI ane lokathI je udvega For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya pAmato nathI.41" enI pahelAM teramA zlokamAM bhaktanuM varNana AvuM che : "sarvabhUto pratye dveSarahita, maitrIyukta ane karuNAyukta 2". A be varNanomAM thaIne vikasita, prabuddha cetanAnA aneka sthAyI bhAvo paikIno A eka sthAyI bhAva suMdara-saraLa rIte kahevAyo che : lokapUjakatA. Izvarabhaktino mahimA uttama rIte ghUMTatI guru nAnakanI nAnakaDI, rasALa UrmikAvya-zI racanA 'napunI'nA AraMbhe mukAyelA japamaMtramAM Ane maLatAM ja A be IzvaralakSaNa aMkita che : namasa nivaidu (nirbhaya ane nirvera). ahIM e dhyAnamAM AvavuM joIe ke A varNanamAM ane agAunA gItAnA varNanamAM je 'nirderatA'rUpa lakSaNa kahyuM che te niSedhAtmaka chatAM khUba mahattvanuM lakSaNa che; kAraNa ke 'mAnavamanamAM zUnyAvakAza na hoI zake" e nyAye temAM eka dUSita lakSaNanuM na hovuM te bIjA udAtta lakSaNanA pravezanuM sUcaka banI jAya che. ane kharekhara uparyukta gItA-kathita lakSaNo paikInA pAchalAmAM niSedhAtmaka ('adreza') lakSaNanI paDakhe ja enuM sthAna lenArAM bhAvAtmaka lakSaNo (maitrI, karuNA) spaSTa rUpe kahyAM che. lokapUjakatA paNa maitrI-karuNAne samAvatuM bhAvAtmaka lakSaNa che. ApaNA A utthAna-samayamAM svAmI vivekAnaMde A bhAva ja sUcave tevo 'janatA-janArdana' evo loka pratyenI bhakti ke niSThA sUcavato preraka prayoga pracalita karyo che. lokapUjA e hakIkate to advaita-dRSTinI ja eka ADa-pedAza che. A vAta gItAnA A prasiddha vizeSaNa dvArA barAbara spaSTa thAya che : sarvabhUtAtmabhUtAtmA ('jeno AtmA sarva bhUtonA AtmArUpa banyo che evo manuSya'). temAMthI ja phalita thAya che A bIjuM lakSaNa : sarvabhUtahite rataH ('sarva bhUtonA hitamAM lIna'). bAIbalamAM paNa unto this last ('A chevADAnA jana sudhI') evA prayogathI A sarvasamAvezaka lokaniSThA ja sUcavAI che. kharekhara, loka-ArAdhakatA e manuSyanI pratibhAnI eka uccatama kasoTI banI rahe che. zrIkRSNamAM e suMdaratama rIte pragaTI che. 103 - ahIM e vastusthiti cIMdhavI ghaTe ke loka-pUjakatAnA AdhArarUpa yathArtha dharma, adhyAtma ke mAnavakendrI saMskRti pAramArthika rIte zAzvata hoya to paNa, vyavahAradRSTie vartamAnayugane jotAM kahevuM paDe ke A vastu hajI bAlya ke kadAca kizora avasthAmAM jaNAya che, ane tethI tenA amalanuM kSetra ghaNuM nAnuM che - Aje duniyAmAM vyApelI kahevAtI lokazAhI chatAM paNa yugabaLe sAmAnya loka pratye aruci, tiraskAra ane dveSa vyApakapaNe jovA maLe che. enuM mULa che kahevAtI zaherI saMskRtinA AvaraNamAM jAmelA ajJAnanI chatrachAyAmAM vakarelAM bhogavAda, bhautikavAda, saMgrahakhorI, hiMsa saMgharSavAda, vikRta ahamahamikA (huMpaNuM), bhIru bhAgyavAda ityAdi apalakSaNo. sAmudAyika abhimAnano coko vALIne beThelAM jUthomAM - jema ke pAzcAtya grIka ke romana 'saMskRti'-jUthomAM 'bUvA' (umarAvavarga) ane 'proleTeriyaTa' (Ama-janatA) evA matsarapUrNa judA pAkA cokA rUpe - lokadveSa beThA jhanUna sAthe poSAto jovA maLe che. chatAM dareka yugamAM satya mATenI jIvaMta ruci ke laukika garaja sudhdhAM anubhavatAM nAnAM samajadAra jUthomAM uttama vicAro bhAvanAomAM rUpAMtarita thaIne judA-judA deza-kALamAM UcharatA ane jamAnAnI pratikULatAo vacce paNa saMkalpabaLe phelAtA jovA maLe che; jema ke vIsamI sadIthI mAMDIne loka-ArAdhanA para AdhArita 'lokazAhI'nI For Personal & Private Use Only

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104 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vibhAvanA AkhA vizvamAM, bhale kAcA-pAkA ke pAMkhA svarUpe paNa vyApI gaI che ane tenA amalanAM maMDANa paNa duniyAnA dareka khaMDanA aneka dezomAM thayAM che. vaLI aMdhakArabharyA gaNAtA duniyAnA madhyayugane cheDe cAra-pAMca sadI pUrve yuropathI zarU thayelA punarutthAnakALa('renesAM')nA cAlu rahelA mojAmAM mAnavakendrI ciMtana ane prAcIna-arvAcIna jJAnanuM pUrvagrahamukta UMDuM, avanavuM kheDANa - e baMne vastuo asAdhAraNa nUtana lakSaNa tarIke UpasI AvI che. sAcA jJAna viSenA aneka gaMbhIra bhramo chatAM ane jJAnane vikRta ke ekAMgI banAvI teno bahujanavirodhI ghora durupayoga paNa ThIka-ThIka vyApa sAthe thavA chatAM, yugabaLe vividha prajAomAM jAgI rahelA utkaTa ane saMgaThita Atmagauravane kAraNe ane kulaDImAM goLa bhAMgavAnI aMdhArayugonI rItione ThIkaThIka rIte azakya banAve tevAM saMdezAnAM ane saMcAranAM sAdhanonI abhUtapUrva sulabhatAne kAraNe, agAunA yugo karatAM mAnavagaurava mATe Aje apUrva anukULatA to jarUra pedA thaI che. ane vaLI vyavahAru zANapaNanI dRSTie tema ja aneka aTapaTA tanAvomAMthI sahune mukti apAve tevA pArasparika abhayasthApananI dRSTie, samAjanI chellAmAM chellI ke hInamAM hIna mAnelI vyaktine paNa sArvajanika kalyANayAtrAmAM samAvavAno samajadArIbharyo udyama AcaravA jevo ja che. "sahunA bhalAmAM potAnuM bhaluM" e vAtane naitikatAnI ja dRSTie ke agharA AdarzanI daSTie nahi, paNa pariNAmadAyI vyavahAru ekamAtra paddhati tarIke apanAvavI paDaze. A daSTie, sauthI prathama, kauTilya sAta rAjyAMgomAMnA eka evA janapadanuM arthAta taLa prajAonuM sApekSa mahattva kevuM AkAryuM che te tapAsavAnuM prastuta bane che. AThamA vyasanAdhikAram' adhikaraNamAM, sAte ya prakRti para AvI paDatAM vyasanomAMthI kaI prakRti paranuM vyasana vadhu hAnikAraka che e samajavA mATe A prakRtinA pArasparika sApekSa mahattvano agratAkrama kauTilya potAnI daSTie prathama rajU karIne pachI najIkanI banne prakRtionA sApekSa mahattva aMgenA vivAdo vigate rajU karyA che. e kramamAM kauTilya mujaba janapadano krama rAjA ane maMtrI e be prakRtio pachI trIjo Ave che. tyAra pachI durgano krama che. janapadanA mahattvanI samajaNanI dRSTie, kauTilya rajU karelA vivAdo paikI maMtrI sAthenI tenI tulanA tema ja cothe sthAne AvatA durga sAthenI tenI tulanA ApaNe mATe prastuta che. aneka vaiSamyo vacce paNa sarvasaMyojaka evI bahumukhI pratibhA dharAvanAra rAjA ane rAjayataMtranAM aneka uccAvI kAryo sAdhavA mATe jarUrI evuM jJAna-vijJAnabaLa dharAvanAra maMtrIsamudAya rAjyataMtranA anivArya AdhArarUpa hoI sahajapaNe mahattvanA kramamAM sauthI AgaLa Ave che. zuddha hRdayaguNo ne buddhiguNa sarvAdhAra banI rahe che. A be aMgo pachInAM cAra aMgo rASTranI aMdaranAM che, to pAMcamuM mitrarUpa aMga mukhyatve rASTranI bahAranuM che. e aMtargata cAra aMgomAM taLa grAmINa ke nagaro-kasbAo rUpa pradezanuM baneluM "janapada' (Ama-janatAnuM thANuM) prathama sthAna bhogave che tevo AcAryamata che, ane kauTilyano potAno mata paNa e ja che. rAjanIti aMgenA keTalAka prAcIna bhAratIya graMthomAM (dA.ta. "manusmRtimAM) "janapada'ne sthAne "rASTra' evo vadhu mahimAmaya vyApaka zabda paNa vaparAyo che te ghaNuM sUcave che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya dAsa ke gulAma tarIke rAkhavAnI prathA, veThaprathA, bhAratamAM jAmela aspRzyatAnI dAruNa prathA, pazcimamAM evA ja vidveSa sAthe vyApelI 'kALiyAo' pratyenA vyApaka sAmAjika bheda-vyApAranI prathA, strIvarga pratyenA hInabhAva ane jo2-julmonI prathA AvA AvA aneka AkAre AkhA jagamAM vyApelo lokavidveSa mAnava-itihAsanA mahAkalaMkarUpa ja nahi, paNa Izvara pratyenI bevaphAIrUpa ke mahA-bevakUphIrUpa paNa eTalA mATe che ke je vizALa samudAye pedA karelA ativipula dravyarAzi upara ane pUrI pADelI sarva prakAranI sevAo upara sukhazIliyA lokono dainika jIvanavyavahAra ja nahi, paNa aneka prAcIna-arvAcIna kahevAtI 'saMskRti'onA badhA mUrta AvirbhAvo paNa pUrNapaNe nabhe che, enA ja jIvavAnA adhikArano satata niSedha karAto Avyo che !! AvI sthitimAM dharmazAstranA bhAgarUpe UcharelI daMDanItividyAmAM lokanuM rAjyAMgomAM sAcuM sthAna zuM che e aMgenuM satyaniSTha, ahiMsAniSTha ciMtana cAlyuM haze. arthazAstranA upara ullekhelA AThamA vyasana,dhAriSTham adhikaraNanA prathama adhyAyamAM janapadarUpa rAjyAMganI, enI AgaLa mukAyelA maMtrIrUpa aMga sAthenI tema ja tenAthI pAchaLanA krame mukAyelA 'durga'(killebaMdha rAjadhAnI)rUpa rAjyAMga sAthenI tulanA karatI je carcA maLe che, emAM nyAyapUrNa mUlyAMkana mATenI prAcInakAlIna mathAmaNanI mahattvanI jhalaka maLe che. - -- A paikI AgalI carcAmAM lokanI vizeSa tarapheNa karatI eka kautukajanaka vicAradhArAno paNa paricaya thAya che. janapada eTale ke taLa grAma-kasbAonA pradeza para ja rASTranI moTA bhAganI pazu kRSi/udyoga-janya pedAzo mATe, jaMgala ane khANanI pedAzo mATe, sainyanA puruSabaLa mATe, vAhano (pazuo ane gADAM) mATe AdhAra rAkhavo paDe che. janapada vinA jo A badhuM na maLe, to maMtrInI kAmagIrI azakya bane AvI dalIla ati-utsAhI 'vizAlAkSa' nAmanA daMDanItinA vidvAno nAme apAI che. dalIlano tarka dekhItI rIte ja chIcharo che. maMtrInI sahAyatAvALA rAjAnuM yojakapaNuM ane rakSakapaNuM A badhA utpAdanone zakya banAvavA aneka rIte anivArya che e samajavuM bahu agharuM nathI. Ama chatAM A pUrvapakSa amuka satyAMza jarUra dharAve che. grAmINa prajAmAM prANabaLa, hiMgu AyojanabaLa, UMcI klezasahiSNutA, vividha kauzalo, sAdI-dhiMgI jIvanazailI - e badhAM vAnAM prakRtidatta che. sAmAnya saMjogomAM maMtrI ke rAjAnI kazI daramiyAnagIrI vagara svasaMcAlita rUpe grAmapradezamAM A badhuM loka dvArA thatuM hoya che. gAMdhI-vinobAe ghUMTelA grAmasvarAjyanA vicArano pAyo paNa A vAstavikatAmAM ja che. vizAlAkSanA maMtavyamAMnA A mahattvanA satyAMzane jarUra AvakArIe. paraMtu rAjA ane maMtrIsamudAyanA agratAkramano niSedha samakAlIna vAstavika sthiti para AdhArita na hoI grAhya nathI e kauTilye sArI rIte batAvyuM che. jyAM sudhI sAmAnya, asaMgaThita prajA jIvomAM cAlatA 'mAtmyanyAya'(moTI mAchalI nAnIne gaLe tevI sthiti; baLiyAnA be bhAganI sthiti)ne jAte rokavAnuM sAmarthya na dharAvatI hoya, tyAM sudhI kAThI chAtI dharAvavA sAthe duSTonA damana mATe jarUrI evAM zaurya, nyAyabuddhi, dakSatA dharAvatA eka prakRtinirmita sAmAjika vargane (kSatriyavargane) ane temAM ya temAMnA kudarate ucherela samartha rAjapadayogya narazreSThane temanA netA ('vijigISu') tarIke AgaLa karIne, te saune (rAjA ane 43 105 For Personal & Private Use Only

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106 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' H dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa sAthI rAjapuruSone) suyogya mAna-mobho ane anurUpa kAryasthaLa ApIne pAkI samAjasurakSAvyavasthA karavI jarUrI che. tenAthI saravALe samAjamAM paDelI vattI-ochI duSTatA kAbUmAM rahetAM, dareka jIvanuM zreSTha hIra prakAzIne sArvatrika kalyANa pravartI zake ema che. A pachI AgaLanI carcAmAM janapada ane durga e baMnenA mahattvanI tulanA thaI che. pArAzaronA mate janapada karatAM durga paranI Apatti vadhu ciMtAjanaka gaNAya. e mATenI dalIlamAM mukhyatve grAmavAsIo ane nagaravAsIonI sAmAnyarUpe thayelI tulanA che te dhyAnapAtra che. nagaravAsIo grAmajano karatAM vadhAre zaktizALI, kAyamI vaphAdArIvALA ane ApattimAM rAjAne sahAya karanArA kahevAyA che. vaLI ema paNa kahevAyuM che ke rAjadhAnI dvArA ja khajAnAnI ane sainyanI utpatti thAya che, ane Apatti vakhate janapadane bacAvavAnuM sthAna paNa killebaMda rAjadhAnI ja che. "janapadavAsIo zatrupakSa sAthe paNa sAMThagAMTha rAkhatA hoya che' evo pUrvagrahayukta abhiprAya paNa uccArAyo che. A AkhI nagararAgaprerita, ekAMgI, pUrvagrahavaza thaI vAstavikatAo tapAsavAnI dhIraja vinAnI ane tethI chIcharI kahI zakAya tevI rajUAtanI samAlocanA kauTilya samatvapUrvaka rajU karI che. prathama to teo e bhautika hakIkata ke vAstavikatA cIMdhe che ke khuda durga uparAMta koza, daMDa (sainya), setukarmo (baMdha vagere sIMcAInAM bAMdhakAmo), vArtA(AjIvikAsAdhaka karmo)ne lagatA kAryakalAponuM mULa janapada eTale ke vizALa grAmINa pradeza che. grAmINa prajAmAM rahelA dhiMgA mAnavIya guNo - zaurya, aMDagapaNuM, dakSatA, zistabaddha samUhabaLa - paNa A karmone uttama rIte nabhAve che. vaLI parvata ke TApu durgasthAna tarIke uttama hovA chatAM tenI AsapAsa raiyata na hovAthI evI rAjadhAnImAM koI vasavA AvatuM nathI. Ama chatAM, kauTilya haMmezAM khUba lacIlA, pUrvagrahamukta ane vAstavadarzI hoI, A carcAmAM eTaluM umere che ke janapadamAM khetI ja mukhya vyavasAya hoya to durganI Apatti vadhAre ciMtAjanaka gaNAya; paraMtu jo janapadamAM zastrajIvI khaDatala prajAonuM prAdhAnya hoya to janapada paranI Apatti vadhu ciMtAjanaka kahevAya. kauTilyane nathI khapato grAmavAda, nathI khapato nagaravAda; khape che nityanA pUrvagraharahita avalokana para AdhArita vAstavavAda. upara rajU karelo pArAzaramata e batAve che ke cheka e samayamAM paNa mohAzrita nagaravAda kevo dhamadhamato hato. nagarajano sAcI-khoTI rIte sadhAyelI potAnI sAdhanasaMpannatA rakhe ne vIMkhAIpIMkhAI jAya tevA DarathI ane paMDanI ja ALapaMpALa karavAnA pAkA ne jaDa baMdhANanA mAryA, potAno pAko coko bAMdhI levAmAM ja salAmatI mAnIne, "garajavAnane akkala na hoya' e nyAye, potAnA svArthI cokA bahAranA te badhA duzmana ane durjana' evI sagavaDiyA mAnyatAmAM rAcatA. tethI taLa grAmapradezane upekSAnA dariyAmAM DubADIne, prakRtidarzananI dRSTie paNa grAmINa pradezano paricaya na rAkhatA; to grAmINa prajAmAM rasa levAnI to vAta ja kevI ! peTabharUne to bAraNe moMghero mahemAna Avelo jANIne ya thALI saMtADavAnuM ja sUjhe ne ! bhAga paDAvanAra mAnavamAtra duzmana ! For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 107 A AkhI carcAmAM, chelle durgano agrakrama aMzataH svIkAryA chatAM, mukhyapaNe upasAvelI vAta che nisargane khoLe jIvatA, pravartatA ane pAyAnI sarva jIvanapoSaka cIjo, kartutvanA kazA ThaThArA vinA sarjatA janapadanA rAjayAMga tarIkenA adakerA mahattvanI. Aje abhimAnapUrvaka vadhu ne vadhu prasArAI rahelI kahevAtI nagarasabhyatAe mAnavatA ane dharatInA astitvanA pAyA para ja kevA aMtima AghAto AramyA che e jyAre jhaDapI saMdezamAdhyamo dvArA sArI peThe ghera-ghera samajAI rahyuM che, tyAre janapadanuM arthAt grAmINa jIvanazailInuM pAyAnuM mahattva - e pAchaLanuM bahuvidha naisargika vijJAna - samajAyA vagara rahevAnuM nathI. mAtra vAstavikatAne nizcayapUrvaka joI-samajIne mAnavasamAje sAcI dizAmAM moDhuM pheravavAnI tAtI jarUra che. hA, atyAranI grAmINa prajAmAM paDelA doSo, jevA ke dvidhAgrastatA, nagaraparastI, potAnA viSeno hInabhAva, junavANIpaNuM, zramagaurava vinAnuM majabUrIbharyuM zramikapaNuM, kusaMpa, komI viSitA, nirakSaratA, sAmudAyika gaMdakI ityAdine, bahusaMkhya sajjanonI sAtatyapUrNa grAmAbhimukhatA dvArA AraMbhAvApAtra pAkA jAgRti abhiyAna vaDe kramazaH nAbUda karavAnI ane rAjayasaMsthAnA, grAmapradeza pratyenA oramAyA ja nahi, balka atyaMta zoSaNakhora valaNane prabaLa jAheramata dvArA pAyAmAMthI badalavAnI jarUra che; to ja dharatI jIvavA lAyaka rahI zakaze. lokapUjakatAsUcaka graMthagata pramANo : kauTilya samajapUrvaka puraskArelI A lokapUjakatA AkhA graMthamAM judA-judA saMdarbhe judI-judI rIte ghUMTAtI rahI che; tenI tarapha bharI-bharI najara nAkhIe : (1) agAu daMDanItinA dhyeyanI vAta karatAM A graMthamAM jaNAvAyeluM ke navI saMpattinAM nirmANa, rakSaNa ane punaH punaH vRddhi dvArA chevaTe to "tIrtho sudhI vipula saMpatti jIvanavikAsa mATe pahoMcADavAnI che. ahIM tIrtha zabda paNa bahuvacanamAM (tIthaiSa ema) prayojyo che e mahattvanI hakIkata che. tIrthano ahIM zo artha laIzuM? tIrtha zabda tU (taravuM) dhAtu parathI "jenAthI tarI javAya te tIrtha' - evI rIte karaNa(=sAdhana)vAcI (taravAnuM ke pAra javAnuM sAdhana - evA arthamAM) che. saMskRtinuM bahu rIte vahana karatI bhAratIya bhASAmAM A zabda aneka saMdarbhe bhinna-bhinna arthomAM vaparAyo che. ahIM A zabdano je bahuvacanayukta prayoga che tethI arthaghaTana karavAmAM saraLatA thaI che. rAjaya ke rASTra jenAthI tarI jAya te tIrtha. agAunI carcA parathI samajadAra vyakti jarUra kahI zake ke AmaprajA te tIrtha; kAraNa ke enA nityanA niSThAyukta, samarpita parizramathI ja saravALe rASTra tarI jAya che. emAM mAtra grAmavAsI ke kasbAvAsI ja nahi, paNa rASTranA sarva sAmAnya nAgarika samAI jAya. e nAgarika rAjyanA uccAvacca adhikArIorUpa ke sevako-rUpa paNa hoI zake ane potapotAnAM garavAM nAnAM-moTAM kAryakSetromAM mathato sAmAnya nAgarika paNa hoya. ahIM saMpattinA saMdarbhe jo 'jarUriyAtamaMdo' artha ja ("jarUriyAtamaMdomAM saMpattinuM vitaraNa'e rIte) kahevo hota to thin (jarUriyAtamaMda) zabda parathI thapu zabdarUpa vAparyuM hota. paNa ene badale A mahAciMtaka tIrtha e atyaMta suMdara arthadhvanio prasArato bhAre gauravayukta zabda vAparIne e For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa jarUriyAtamaMdo kevA ghanya (=dhananI pAtratA dharAvanArA) che e paNa cIMdhIne emanuM gaurava karyuM che, emanI pUjyatA (ArAdhanAyogyatA) sthApI ApI che. 'pote jAte saMpatti pedA karavAmAM jarUrI sIdhuM yogadAna (sahakAra) karyA vinA, sAcI-khoTI rIte meLavelA mAtra rokaDa paisA(currency)nA baLe vastunA upabhoktA banI rahenAro varga' evA arthamAM Aje Adhunika samAjazAstramAM consuming unit (mAtra upabhogamAM samajanAro varga) evo TIkA-sUcaka zabdaprayoga yojAyo che. kauTilye ahIM tIrtha zabda vAparIne AvA akarmaNya (zrama TALanAra) upabhoktAne rASTra mATe mahAaniSTarUpa gaNIne, rASTrasaMpattinA nirmANamAM satata samAnapaNe sahayogI banatA rahetA prajAsamudAyane ja iSTa gaNIne A samatulAsUcaka marmALo taurtha zabda vAparyo che. alabatta, potAnA kAbU bahAranAM kAraNothI saMpattinirmANa na karI zakanAra prajAjanonI A zabdathI bAdabAkI nathI ja thatI. evA sarvane premapUrNa paricaryA ane paripoSaNane pAtra ja gaNavA te svastha samAjano Avazyaka parivAradharma che, e ja nisargadatta sAmAjika surakSAyojanA (social insurance) che. Ama ahIM prayojAyelo 'tIrtha' zabda suMdara arthasaMketo pragaTa kare che. 108 ahIM prayojelo 'tIrtha'zabda vAkyArtha-saMdarbhe ADakatarI rIte sarva prajAo ane temAMnA pratyeka zaktimAn janane rASTranirmANakAryamAM sAmela karavAnA vyApaka AyojananI anivAryatA paNa sUcave che. jenuM peTa bharavAnuM che, tenAM buddhi, hAtha ane hRdayane (head, hand, heartne) paNa anurUpa kriyAyogathI poSavAnuM Ayojana rASTra karavAnuM che. ahIM jana-jananI rojagArInI mAtra Arthika ke rAjanaitika ja nahi, manovaijJAnika, ArogyazAstrIya, paryAvaraNIya ane sAMskRtika AvazyakatA tarapha paNa iMgita avazyapaNe samajAya che. bAIbala kahe che : mANasa mAtra roTalAthI jIvato nathI. Adhunika yAMtrikIkaraNanA saMdarbhe A sthAyI satyanI avagaNanA na thAya te joye ja chUTako che. tethI gAMdhIjIe, yaMtro dvArA ochA mANase thoka-utpAdana (mass-production) karI A mAnavamUlyanA mULamAM ghA na thAya mATe, aneka loko dvArA utpAdana(production by masses)nuM Ayojana karavAnI anivAryatA cIMdhI hatI. (2) adhyAya 1.mAMnA prakaraNanuM nAma che anapaniveza: arthAt navA janapada ke rASTranI sthApanA. ApaNI A carcAnA anvaye A prakaraNa tenA zIrSakamAtrathI ya dhyAna kheMce tema che. emAM vastIrahita koI vizALa mAnava-vAsa-yogya bhUmikhaMDamAM, dIrgha deza-kALanA paTamAM vizALa Ama-janasamudAyanA sarvAMgI ane sarvottama jIvanavikAsanI vyavahAru saMbhAvanA jonArA kalpanAzIla vijigISu (rAjA) dvArA, mulkanAM bhUpRSThavaiziSTyonI tapAsapUrvaka, nAnAM-moTAM vastInivAsaghaTako arthAt gAmaDAM, kasbA, nagaro ane durga eTale ke killAbaMda rAjadhAnInI sthApanAnuM ane temanI sImAonuM Ayojana kevI rIte karAya te aMge karAyelI suciMtita rajUAta adhyayanapAtra che. e aMge vizeSa vAta to ApaNe trIjA vyAkhyAnamAM arthataMtranI carcAnA anvaye karIzuM. ahIM to e prakaraNamAM mAtra janajIvananuM je vyavasthita Ayojana karAyuM che, tenA tarapha sAmAnya rUpe dhyAna doravuM upayogI thaI raheze. emAM mukhyatve sarva prajAonA banelA AkhA For Personal & Private Use Only -

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 109 rASTranuM Arthika-sAmAjika kalyANalakSI Ayojana, mAtra mArmika rUparekhAmAM paNa samartha rIte apAyuM che. koI rASTra navesara sthApavAnuM hoya enI emAM vAta che. emAM jamInano mahattama upajAu ane racanAtmaka upayoga udyamI manuSyonA abhikrama (hiMmata ane samajadArIthI bharelA kAryAraMbha) ane parizrama dvArA ja thAya e para sauthI vadhu bhAra apAyo che. AraMbhanA gALAmAM karamukti ke dhirANa jevAM Arthika protsAhano, nakAmI lAgatI jamIna khilavanArane sAmethI mAlikIhakkanuM pradAna, jamInanI barAbara khilavaTa na karanAra pAsethI jamIna pAchI laIne khilavaTa karanArane ApavAnI nIti - A badhuM janapadane sthAyI lokazaktithI khUba samRddha karavAnuM Ayojana che. vaLI rAjayanA uccatama brAhmaNa hoddedAro, anya agraNI brAhmaNo tema ja vividha mulkI rAjakarmacArIone paNa AvA janapadamAM nyAyI bhogavaTA-mAtra mATe (mAlikIhaka ke vecANa mATe nahi) jamIno ApavAnuM Ayojana paNa rASTranA mAnavadhana pratyeno udAra chatAM vyavahAru cokasAIvALo vatsalabhAva sUcave che. gAmanA anAtho, sagIro vagere rakSaNIya vargonA nijI dhananI surakSAnI sAmAjika vyavasthA (dezI benkiMga) paNa grAmavRddho dvArA pAke pAye thAya che. mAtra bAhya rIte nabaLA dekhAtAM vyakti ke samudAyanuM dhana chinavAvAnI vAta to rAjayataMtra mATe nAlezIrUpa ja gaNAI che. khullAM khetaro ke anya kAryasthaLomAM svayaMbhU (svecchAyukta) puruSArtha karatI prajAnuM dhyAna vikRta vinodo ke nATaka-ceTakathI bhaMga na pAme te mATe tevA vivAdAspada vyAvasAyikonI grAmINa pradezamAM thatI avarajavarathI saMbhavatI ayogya dakhala, pajavaNI, bhedanIti ke komI tiraskiyA (tiraskAra) para niyaMtraNa, bagIcA ke manoraMjanagRhonA nirmANano niSedha - A badhuM kharekhara to prajAnA sahaja kAryAnaMdane vistAravA mATenuM, aneka jAtanuM zoSaNa aTakAvavA mATenuM ane janapada dvArA thatA sthAyI ane pAyAnA rASTravikAsanA vAtAvaraNane TakAvavA mATenuM dhiMguM Ayojana gaNAya. grAmINa prajAnAM svAtaMtrya, AnaMda, tana-mananAM Arogya ane svAvalaMbanane poSe ane zoSaNane aTakAve tevA sahaja karmayogane poSanAra AvuM kauTilyokta rAjayataMtra kharekhara u arthamAM prajApUjaka gaNAya. A adhyAyanA aMte mukAyelA zlokomAM janapadanA svastha, ekAgra, karmaTha jIvanane bAdhA pahoMcADanAra aneka prAsaMgika paribaLo-upadravone rAjAe ekAgrapaNe vAravAnI vAta mUkI che. rogacALA, dukALa, zatrusainya, jaMgalonA kherakhAMo("ATaviko')nA upadravo, kharcALa ramato, kRSighAtaka anyAyI ThaMDo-karo-veTho, pazudhanane bAdhaka corIo, hiMThya pazuo, magara, vividha viSasaMparko, rAjAnA vhAlezrIo, karmakaro, sImArakSako vagerenA prajAjIvana paranA upadravo, vaNipatho (vepArI mArgo) paranA upadravo - A sarva sAme rAjAe udyamabharyuM rakSaNa pUruM pADavuM. A badhAM dUraMdezIbharI prajApUjA jALavanArAM nityanAM saMkalpabaddha pagalAM che. (3) prajAne rAjayataMtra ane rASTranI sevAmAM vividha ane vyApaka rIte gUMthavAno eka dhyAnapAtra prakAra che guptacarataMtramAM vividha deza-veSa-bhASA-vyavasAyanA svAMgamAM sarva prajAvargone For Personal & Private Use Only

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110 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa UMcI zista sAthe meLavIne samAvavAno. vividha prajAjUtho A mATenI naisargika rUci, AvaData ane niSThA dharAvatAM hoya che. ane sAcuM rAjayataMtra A hakIkatanI UMcI parakha ane kadara ja nahi, prajAkIya rojagArI-nirmANanA lAbhonuM jJAna paNa dharAvatuM hoya che. Aje jayAre sarakAro prajAnI AvI naisargika zaktione avagaNIne tene badale vyApaka yAMtrikIkaraNano yA videzI saMsthAono ja moTe upADe vyApaka upayoga karI, beTho prajAdroha dAkhave che, tyAre kauTilya-kalpita prajAniSTha rAjayataMtra zANA abhigamathI aneka samasyAothI bacIne UMcAM sAphalyo pAmI zake che. Ama bekArInivAraNano eka vizALa kAryakrama paNa banI rahe che ne taMtrane paNa vipula sAphalya maLe che. AvI rIte saMtuSTa, liMgI prajAmAMthI ja jogavAyelA guptacaro kharekhara ja rAjAnAM cakSu banI rahe che. AkhA graMthamAM nirUpAyelI svadezanIti tema ja paradezanIti e baMnemAM A aDIkhama svadezI sevAno atyaMta kalpanAzIla ane kuzaLa upayoga gUMthAyelo jaNAya che. rAjyataMtramAM sarva aMgonAM bharatItaMtro dvArA sarva prajAjUthone anurUpa rIte taMtranI sarva kAmagIrIomAM gUMthIne, evA uccAracA kAryakarone ane ekaMdare sarva prajAjUthone jAgRta taMtra ane rASTra baMne pratye vaphAdAra ane potAnAM nAnAM-moTAM sarva kartavyomAM pramAdarahita banAvavAnuM Tharela Ayojana karAya che. AmAM rAjayataMtranI UMcI hoziyArI, zobhA ane lAyakAta pragaTa thAya che. lokanA kAryakSama dareka aMgane rojI maLI rahe tevI jAjaramAna daSTi rAjyataMtramAM avazya hovI joIe - e samajaNanA anvaye ja rAjaya dvArA vividha prajAvargone khUba vyApakapaNe pUrI paDAtI guptacaronI kAmagIrIrUpa rojInI vAta hamaNAM karI. paraMtu te to aneka rojI-prakAro paikIno eka ja prakAra thayo. to rASTrapoSaNa sAthe sthirapaNe prajAnirvAha sAdhatA bIjA aneka rojI-prakAronuM digdarzana graMthanA sauthI vistRta bIjA adhyakSapvAra adhikaraNanA adhyAyomAM vyApakapaNe maLI rahe che. prajAnA anAtha ke apaMga vargo, vanavAsI vividha Adima jAtio, vidhavA ke anAtha strIo - A badhAMne samAvatA sarva prajAvargone potapotAnI ruci, zakti ane kuzaLatA mujabanuM kAma paNa maLI rahe ane te dvArA ja rASTra jIvanapoSaka sarva sAdhanasaMpattithI nitya samRddha paNa banatuM rahe e A adhikaraNanuM mukhya dhyeya kahI zakAya. eTale to artha zabdanI vyAkhyA paNa graMthakAre "manuSyavALI bhUmi' evI viziSTa ApI che. manuSyanA potAnA puruSArtha ane vikAsa dvArA dharatI ane samagra rASTranI samunnati sAdhavAnI samatola vAta che. Ama rAjA=rAjyataMtra prajAo evuM dhiMguM, bhAgyavaMtu ane sAMskRtika samIkaraNa sadhAya che. koI paNa dezakALamAMnA koI paNa rASTrane A samIkaraNa apanAvavA dharatImAtAnuM, satyanArAyaNanuM kAyamI ijana che. (4) saMskRtamAM sAmAnya paraMparA prajJA zabdanI ke sura, va evA rASTravAcI zabdono upayoga bahuvacanamAM karavAnI che. tenuM vAstavika kAraNa e samajAya che ke eka rASTra aneka svAyatta prajAjUthonuM ke AgavAM sAMskRtika ekamonuM baneluM hoya che. dareka prajAjUthanI deza-veSa-bhASA-AhAra-kaLA-rivAja ityAdi mudde paraMparAjanya AgavI bhAvAtmaka, jIvanavidhAyaka lAkSaNikatAo hoya che. eTale to e gaMbhIra samAjazAstrIya adhyayanano mahattvano viSaya paNa banI rahe che. e viziSTatAomAM ja pratyeka prajAjUtha For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 111 dhiMguM-svAdhIna jIvana jIvIne sAthe-sAthe ja rASTrane paNa jabarI diladArIthI samRddha kare che. tethI ja sAme pakSe rASTra eTale ke tenA rAjyataMtra ane prabuddha samAje enI samajabharI adaba jALavavAnuM paNa jarUrI bane che. sAmAnya rIte AvAM prajAjUtho vacce jIvanazailInI khAssI bhinnatA hoya che, paNa temAM ekaMdare pArasparika anAdara, virodha ke dveSa nathI hoto. eTale koI paNa Tharela rASTra ane rAjayataMtra dvArA AvA dareka prajAjUthanuM svAyattapaNuM mahadaaMze rakSAya che; kAraNa ke enA dvArA ja dareka jUthe potAnuM uttama pradAna sahajapaNe rASTrane paNa ApI zake che. alabatta, AmAM rASTrahita sAthe satata avirodha jaLavAto rahe te mATe jarUrI bAMdhachoDa, samaya-parivartana pramANe te-te prajAjUtha ane zAsana baMne pakSe cAlatI rahe che. te-te prajAjUthanI AvI AgavI jIvanazailI, sAmAjika bhUmikA, manobhUmikArUpa tAsIra - e badhAM pratyeno Adara kauTilyane mana kevo mahattvano che, te sAmAjika kAyadAone lagatuM je trIjuM dharmasthIyam adhikaraNa che tenA prathama adhyAyamAM, kAnUna lAgu pADavAnI ane nyAya toLavAnI samagra prakriyAnI carcAnA anvaye pragaTa thAya che. temAM koI paNa kAnUnI vivAdano pheMsalo ANavA mATe lAgu pADavA yogya kAnUna ke tenI kalamanI pasaMdagI kayA dRSTikoNathI thAya che, ene lagatI carcA paNa maLe che. temAMno eka mahattvano zloka Ama kahe che : "dharma, vyavahAra, caritra ane rAjazAsana - ema vivAdAdhIna bAbata cAra zakya vikalpika] pAyA (AdhAra) para UbhI rahe che, ane e cAra paikI pAchalo dareka AdhAra pUrvanA AdhArano bAdhaka gaNAya che. 5' A cAra paikInI trIjI bAbata - "caritra' te prAyaH je-te prajAjUthano potAno paraMparAgata sadAcAra ke sAmAjika kAnUna che - jene "mahAbhAratamAM eka sthaLe "laukika samayAcAra' kahevAmAM Avyo che, ke jeno UMDo abhyAsa arjunane hovAnuM kahevAyuM che. te-te prajAjUthanuM aupacArika-anaupacArika zikSaNa, tenI jAtigata lAkSaNikatAo, manoracanAsUcaka tAsIra - AvAM paribaLo dvArA te-te prajAnuM je naitika kAThuM baMdhAyuM hoya, teno (arthAt uparyukta varitrano) khyAla karIne nyAya toLavAmAM pUruM aucitya che evo bhAva A carcAmAM abhipreta jaNAya che. (5) jitAyelA rASTranuM hRdaya jItavAnI vAta . kra. 23.6mAM che, temAM paNa lokano mahimA thayelo che te chellA vyAkhyAnamAM joIzuM. upara carcalA lokapUjAsUcaka judA-judA muddA e batAve che ke kauTilya je paraMparAprApta rAjanItinuM dohana karyuM che, temAM prajAjUtho e mAtra pazcimamAM jene "ginIpijha" eTale ke akhatarA mATe mAtra vAparavI-varavA lAyaka bhUMDa ke pazuo nApAM nathI, paNa rASTranA sanmAnapatra bhAgIdAro manAyA che. rAjA ane rAjayataMtrane temanI khilavaTa jALavavA sAthe ja samAMtarapaNe thatI rASTranI khilavaTa iSTa che. bhartRhari paNa "nItizataka'nA agAu ullekhelA subhASitamAM kahe che : he rAjanuM, jo tuM pRthvIrUpI gAyane dohavA icchato hoya, to A prakArUpI vAcharaDAne poSa." yugone cIrato, avivekane paDakArato A kImatI saMdeza kAyama kadaradAnanI rAha joto Ubho che, Ubho raheze. For Personal & Private Use Only

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1 1 2 kauTilya arthazAstra' dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa (7) rASTrajIvana ane rAjanItinI karmayogarUpatA agAunA 'karma-diva-vibhAga-bodha' e cothA mudAmAMthI phalita thatA rASTrIya ane rAjakIya karmanA svarUpanI AgavI, bodhaka carcA ahIM karavA dhArI che. agAunA 'arthadarzana tema ja 'lokapUjA' e mudAomAM paNa ahIM hAtha dharelA muddA aMge iMgita thayelAM che. ahIM mukhya muddo che zIrSakamAM batAvyA mujaba karma taraphanA sAmudAyika svastha-samatola abhigamano - je prasthApavAmAM jAgRta, pratibhAzALI rAjyataMtra khUba mahattvano bhAga bhajavI zake. ekaMdare bhagavadgItAe karma taraphano je abhigama prabodhyo che, te ja "arthazAstramAM satata dhabake che. karma sAthe anAsaktino ke karmaphaLa aMgenA anAgrahano yoga kauTilyanA AdezomAM paNa ekaMdare gUMthAyelo joI zakAya che. kauTilya jayAre adhyAya 2.2(gapaniveza:)nA chevADe bhArapUrvaka kahe che ke grAmINa pradezomAM vihAra mATe na bagIcA hoya ke na manoraMjana mATe sabhAgRho ('zAlAo'), ane vaLI kahe che ke naTa, nartaka, gAyako, vAdako, kathako ke cAraNo vagere janapadamAM dhabakatA jIvanamAM karmavidana nA kare, tyAre e mATe spaSTapaNe be kAraNo paNa Ape che : (1) gAmamAM koI phAlatu AzrayasthAnane avakAza nathI tethI, (2) puruSo kAryarata hovAthI. bIjA kAraNanI spaSTatA karatAM kahe che ke puruSo kSetra-abhirata hovAthI ja rASTranAM koza, zramabaLa uparAMta jIvanopayogI pUraka dravyo, dhAnya, rasa AdinA saMcayarUpa koThAra (kopTara) jevI prANapoSaka saMpatti vRddhi pAme che. A nAnakaDo khaMDa gItAnI A sAdI-viMgI vAtanuM ja pratibiMba pADe che : "potapotAnA karmamAM abhirata manuSya saMsiddhi pAme che'' (18.45A). vaLI gItAmAM nakArAtmaka rIte Ama paNa kahyuM che : 'tuM karma na kare te sthitimAM tArI zarIrayAtrA (zarIranirvAha) paNa na sadhAya."(rU.8B) svayaMbhU (tAttvika) zrama-mahimA, zramakaLA, zramanI sarva svasthajano mATe anivAryatA, prakRtibhedAnusArI zramaprakAra-vibhAjana - AvI pAyAnI samajaNo ane tadanusArI pravRttivyavasthApana e svastha, sarvakalyANakara jIvanazailIno keTalo badho agatyano bhAga che e to jayAre gulAmI-veTha-Adi prathAonI viSamatAomAM khadabadatI pramAdapradhAna, zoSaNa-pradhAna, parAvalaMbI, 'dAraNa' (=cIranArI!) zAsanapaddhatio ke kahevAtI saMskRtiono vizva-itihAsa-stare paricaya karIe, tyAre samajAya che. jeTaluM mahattva bauddhika tejasvitAnuM ke tajajUnya saMkula maMtrAdisAdhanasaMpattinuM che, teTaluM ja mahattva svAzrayI zramasaMskRtinuM e dRSTie che ke tethI koI paNa rASTra sukha-duHkha, jaya-parAjaya, lAbha-alAbhamAM bhAMgI paDatuM nathI; dA. ta. AjanuM kyUbA. A dRSTie ja kauTilya "artha' zabdanI, "manuSyavALI bhUmi' evI khUba lAkSaNika (lakSaNasUcaka) vyAkhyA karI jANe enA paDaghArUpe ja graMthanuM sauthI moTuM, ativistRta bIjuM adhikaraNa vividha arthapravRttionA adhyakSonI saMkula, vaividhyapUrNa kAmagIrInA atyaMta kImatI, anubhavAzrita varNanane mATe rokyuM che. emAM kauTilyanI potAnI paNa kevI bahumukhI, rasapUrNa, For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 113 buddhiniSTha udyamaparakatA che enuM sAnaMdAzcaryakArI pratibiMba paDe che. e karmaThatA karmayoga banI rahe te mATe ja kauTilya AnvIkSika-vidyAnI rAjapuruSo mATenI AvazyakatAnI, indriyajayanI, rAjapuruSo mATe vRddhasaMyoganI anivAryatAnI, rAjAnA rAjarSivRttanI vagere kImatI vAto prathama 'vinayadhavAriza'-adhikaraNamAM lAvavathI paNa samartha rIte ghUMTI ApI che. enA ja vahIvaTI paDaghArUpe adhyakSapracAra adhikaraNamAM, rASTra kareluM karma niSphaLa na bane ane utpanna dravyonuM parirakSaNa (pUrNa rakSaNa) thAya te mATe sannidhAtA, samAhartA, gANanika (gaNanAadhikArI - AjanA A.G.) jevA cunaMdA, niSThAvAnuM mahA-adhikArIo ane temanAM saMkula kAryAlayonuM Ayojana prabodhyuM che. vaLI eka bAju rASTramAMno vaphAdAra (satya) ane bevaphA (kRtya) tattvonuM rASTravyApI parIkSaNa (tapAsa) karanAruM taMtra, to bIjI bAju rAjayanAM arthotpAdaka ghaTakomAM vividha yukti-prayuktiothI utpAdakone hAthe utpanna dravyonI khAyakI na thAya e mATe samAhartAnI adhyakSatAmAM pAko prabaMdha (vigilance) - e baMne AkAryA. mAnavaprakRti aMgenI kauTilyanI samajaNa keTalI jhINavaTabharI ane vyApaka che, te to e vAta parathI samajAya che ke adhyAya 2.8nA vIsamA sUtrathI AraMbhIne khAyakInA anubhUta cAlIsa prakAra varNavIne tene nivAravAnA upAyo paNa batAvyA che. karmayogamAM karmaphaLanI Asakti vyaktigata daSTie varyuM hovA chatAM, Ama-prajAsamudAyamAM, enI manovRttine anurUpa karmayoga pratiSThita karavA mATe, rAjayasaMsthAe vatsalabhAve vyaktigata ke saMsthAgata prAmANika karmanuM phaLa nAza na ja pAme eTalI ciMtA avazya karavI rahI. e daSTie upara cIMdhelI custa vyavasthAo nyAyI ane prajAcAritrane daDhapaNe poSanArI ja lAge che. tethI prajAmAM "udyama vipatane khAya' evI khAtarI ane evo AtmavizvAsa pedA thAya che, je rASTrane vipattikALamAM paNa rahe che. mAtra prajAnA dehane poSavAne badale, temanI nItibhakti (morale) poSavI temAM vyavahArupaNuM ane AdarzaniSThA baMne sAthe jaLavAya che. A che lokAbhimukha rAjya-vahIvaTa. karmayoganiSThA rAjAmAM potAnAmAM sauthI utkaTa rIte pratiSThita thAya tevI vAto paNa kauTilya aneka sthaLe saMdarbha-bhede vividha rIte upasAvI che. rAjA pote ke anya cha rAjyAMgo paikInAM eka ke adhika rAjayAMgo jayAre vyasanAvasthA(Apatti-avasthA)thI gherAyelAM hoya tyAre rAjAnI karmayogajanya anAsakti, dhRti ke zamavRtti ja kasoTI sahana karIne rAjyanI ApattinAM vaLatAM pANI karI sAro kALa pAcho ANe che. vyasano aMgenuM AThamuM adhikaraNa, durbaLa rAjA aMgenuM (nAvatIyasam) bAramuM adhikaraNa ke sAtamA pazukhya adhikaraNamAM varNavelI (1) hInasaMdhio, (2) saMzraya ke (3) vaidhIbhAvanI rAjanItio - A badhuM rAjAnI nirahaMkAra dharmayAtrA ane karmayogI manovRtti ghaDanArAM ja nirUpaNo che. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya rAjAonI AvI kautukapoSaka, rasapUrNa dharmayAtrAonA apAra dastAvejI purAvAo rajU kare che. vakhata Avye rAjA rAjadhAnI sahitanuM badhuM gumAvavA chatAM, mAtra aMtaHsattvathI TakI zake che For Personal & Private Use Only

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114 kauTilya "arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa e vAta A nAnakaDA vAkyathI paNa uttama rIte kahevAI che : "anitya dhana pratye dayA ( AtmIyatA) zI ?" bIjI bAju pUrepUruM phAleluM yuddha-abhiyAna paNa kevuM satyAzrita, samatApUrNa ane mAnavIya hoI zake te vAta AkramaNakAranA traNa prakAra batAvatAM Ama kahevAI che : "traNa prikAranA AkramaNakAro hoya che : dharmavijayI, lobhavijayI, asuravijayI. te paikI dharmavijayI rAjA, jitAyelo rAjA potAnI AmanyAno svIkAra (gamyavapatti) kare tenAthI ja saMtoSa pAme che. tevA dharmavijayIne vaza thavuM - anya [duSTa] zatruonA bhayanA khyAla paNa (arthAta tenAthI rakSaNa pAmavA mATe paNa) 48" A prakArabhedakathana dvArA saravALe to AkramaNakAra ane tenA thakI parAjita rAjA - e baMnenA rAjanaitika karmayoga para ja bhAra mukAya che. AmAMthI prathama iSTa prakArano AkramaNakAra potAnA nyAyapUrNa prabhutvarUpa dharmathI vijayI banI rahe che ane sAmo vazIbhUta (zaraNAgata) rAjA paNa potAnA anauddhatya(namratA)rUpa dharmathI vijayI ja banI rahe che; kAraNa ke baMnee ahaMkAra-nivAraNa karIne rAjanItinuM karmayogarUpe UrdhvakaraNa sAdhyuM che. rAjapuruSonI AvI sabUrI ja nitya prajAnuM kalyANa sAdhIne dhanya banI rahe che. vizALa mulkamAM pAse-pAse AvelAM rASTronA rAjamaMDalanI bhAratIya rAjanItizAstranI kalpanA Ama to dunyavI svArtha ane paDozI rASTronA irAdAnI khabaradArInA pAyA para maMDAI che, chatAM kauTilya potAnI pAragAmI ane samagragrAhI darzanazaktithI mAnavaprakRtinI gupta-sukha bhAsvaratA ane sarvasamAvezakatAnuM sthira ane kriyAbhimukha Akalana karyuM hoI, AvA rAjamaMDalanI kalpanA paNa chevaTanI uccatama kakSAe apanayane sthAne uccatama nAnI, rASTro vacce mahattama racanAtmaka-sahayoganI sthApanA arthe puraskArI che. jyAre koI eka udAtta rAjA zatrunI ke zatru-jUthanI duSTa AkramakatAno bhoga bane, tyAre enI potAnI RjutA (uprightness) chevaTe ene AkhA rAjamaMDalamAM paDelAM nyAya-sahAyaka kula paribaLone jAgRta karavA ane svayaM tene zaraNe javA paNa prerI zake che. nabaLA rAjAne lagatA (AvatIyasa) bAramA adhikaraNanA trIjA adhyAyamAM AvuM "iDuttaprotsAhanam" nAmanuM nAnakaDuM prakaraNa paNa gUMthAyuM che. AjanI dhokApaMthI ane dhokhApaMthI (amerikA-chApa) jAgatika rAjanItinA dAruNa duHsvapna sAme koI baDabhAgI jagata-bhAgyavidhAtAnA aMtaHsattva para Azrita kevI jAgatikakalyANAbhimukhI rAjanItinI zakyatAnuM mahAsvapna vAstavika dharAtala para sAkAra thavA mATe mahAkAlanI mahAkRpAnI rAha joI rahyuM che, tenI jhalaka ahIM tema ja teramA adhikaraNanA cothA adhyAyane cheDe rajU thayelI "pRthvIjaya'nI kautukajanaka vAtamAM paNa A manISI dvArA rajU thaI che. Ama cheka taLa-prajAthI mAMDIne rASTra-parivAranI Toce birAjatA rAjA sudhInA ane vaLI upalA mahAsvapnane vadhAvIne kahIe to AkhA rAjamaMDalanA mAnya koI udAtta adhirAja sudhInA sarva mATe rASTrajIvana (ke rASTrasamUhajIvana) eka nityanI bharIbharI anubhUtirUpa karmayoga banI zake evI kauTilyanI saMjIvaka dRSTi AkhA graMthamAM jovA maLe che. mAtra nAzavaMta sAdhanasaMpatti ane nAzavaMta hiMsAbaLa para mustAka eka kahevAtA adhirASTra For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 11pa ("super power } 'big brother) 2410142 laasl 46 sis di 2418] 74151 Elloldi gola e kharekhara Izvare sarjelI niyati nathI ja - evI daDha pratIti AvA anubhavAzrita graMthanI anivArya phalazruti kahI zakAya. (8) nirbala ke bala rAma AgalI carcAmAM Ama to ahIM kahevA dhArelo muddo gauNapaNe kahevAI gayo che. chatAM paNa aneka bhramo ane ThAlI manovyathAo miTAvanAra A AgavA vicArano - balka, ghUMTAyelI AgavI 'bhAvanA'no - paNa kauTilyanI guNiyala darzanasRSTinA eka mahimAmaya ghaTaka tarIke nirdeza karavo ghaTe. pazcimanA "navajAgaraNa' (renaissance)nA ughADa ane upADanA koI tabakke DArvine rajU karelo prakRti dvArA pasaMdagIno vicAra paNa jagata-mAnasa para ThIka-ThIka kabajo jamAvI gayelo ane haju Aje paNa "Adhunika' kahevAtA dareka kuzikSita mAnasa para abhAnapaNe ke sabhAnapaNe teno ja kabajo che. te vicAra mujaba kudaratamAM je vyakti pUrepUrI kSamatAyukta sAbita thAya teno ja TakAva (survival of the fittest) thAya che. jIvana eka hoDa che, doDa che - jemAM dareke potAnI sarasAI siddha karavAnuM anivArya che. temAM niSphaLa thAya te chevaTe kudaratamAM pheMkAI jAya che. dekhItI rIte ja, gaLAkApa harIphAIno Aje dhamadhamato javara A vicAranI oNthAra nIce ja phAlI rahyo che. alabatta, Adhunika vicAra-paraMparAono svastha abhyAsI e barAbara jANe che ke ucca ciMtanazakti dvArA ane vijJAna dvArA paNa A vicAra nApAyAdAra sAbita thaI cUkyo che, ane enA karatAM ghaNuM badhuM AzApoSaka UjaLuM vicAra-bhAthuM mAnavanA aMtarAkAzamAM ane anubhUtimAM paDeluM che. kauTilya pAse je aneka vinIta, sarvAzleSI vibhAvanAo che, emAMnI A graMthane zobhAvatI eka khUba dhyAnapAtra vibhAvanA che jIvamAtramAM paDelI vikAsazIlatAnI, vijayakSamatAnI. jIvonuM sahajIvana eka pUrA mahimAvALI majedAra sarvodayI mahephila che, jenA niravadhi AnaMdamAMthI koIne prakRtie bAkAta rAkhyuM nathI. pratyekano udaya e kudaratanI beThI yojanA che. kauTilya potAnA dezakALane tapAsIne pUrI vaicArika prAmANikatAthI, sRSTinI zubha niyatinA bhAga rUpe rAjAne kalyANakara 'nara-nAyaka' (1narendra) tarIke svIkAre che. rAjAnA ekatvamAM narasamudAyanuM - babbe jIvasamudAyanuM - etva, ekarasatva sAkAra thaI zake ema che. dekhItI rIte manuSyo ke jIvomAM mAMhomAMhe zaktinI uccAvacatA jarUra che, paraMtu te zaktio saravALe paraspara-bAdhaka banIne nahi, paraspara-sAdhaka banIne ja kAyamI zakti tarIke prasthApita thaI zake ema che. sRSTimAMnuM vaividhya koI "pAnaka-rasa' (pINAnA svAda)nAM ghaTakonA ke koI saMgItavaMdanAM ghaTakonAM vaividhya jema paraspara-upakAraka ane paraspara zobhAvardhaka hoya che. jaina AgamanuM eka jANItuM vidhAna paNa A ekatvanI ja duhAI de che : pakSa mApunA (manuSyajAti For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa eka che). A ekatvanI uttAna (TaTTAra, sIdhI-saTa) vibhAvanAne anusarIne ja kauTilye 'arthazAstra'mAM prajA pratyenuM kharuM nAyakatva (koI yAtrAsaMdhanA saMghavI samuM vatsala netRtvasAmarthya) dharAvatA koI paNa kakSAnA rAjAne mATe viniIpu (vijayAkAMkSI) e mULa vizeSaNapadane rAjAno lAkSaNika paryAya ja banAvI dIdho che. graMthamAM rAjAno ullekha e pada thakI karavAmAM kauTilya vizeSa umaLako anubhavatA jaNAya che. ''vyakti jenAmAM zraddhA dharAve tevo ja te banI jAya che'' e nyAye rAjAnI uccAvaca pratibhA vacce paNa enAmAM nitya rahelI nirahaMkAra paNa sthira utsAha ke magarUrI dharAvatI vijayAkAMkSA e enI prANabhUta ke anivArya lAkSaNikatA banI rahe che. vaLI e rahasya paNa na bhUlavuM joIe ke e vijayAkAMkSA jeTalI bAhya zatrune lakSe che, tenAthI anekagaNI rIte AMtiraka zatrurUpa doSamAtrane enA uparanA vijayane lakSe che. ahIM 'vijaya' e paraparAjayano paryAya na banatAM sarva-samAvezaka AtmavattAno, sarva doSone paDakArIne te-te vyaktinA asala mahimAne jagADe tevA naisargika Atmaprabhutvano paryAya banI rahe che. temAM saMbhavato bAhya zatru parano sthUla jaya paNa chevaTe evA zatrunA doSakSayane lakSe che. Avo rAjA gAyatrImaMtramAMnA Adezane mAthe caDhAvI 'preraka devanA (savitu: vaivasya) varaNayogya teja'nuM nitya dhyAna dharI potAnI kSaNa-kSaNanI buddhine divya preraNAthI bharato rahe che. jagatmAM e ja oLakhAya che 'rAjapratApa' tarIke. AvI divyatAnI saraNIe caDhelo koI paNa rAjA prakRtinA bahuvidha prasAdanuM (kRpAnuM) pAtra banI rahe che. 116 A dRSTie ja kauTilye graMthanuM bAramuM adhikaraNa AbalIyasam baLanI bAbatamAM zatrupakSathI hIna (avattIyas) evA 'caMDa-mahAsena' (pradyota) sAme 'vatsarAja' udayana jevA rAjAe zatruno parAjaya kema karavo tenA ciMtana aMge ja khAsa AkAryuM che. sauthI prathama e dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM ke avalIyam eTale 'asamartha' evuM samIkaraNa karavuM yogya nathI. ahIM vata zabda pratibhAnA eka cokkasa ane sImita pAsArUpa artha ja dharAve che. vatta e upaniSatkathita 'paMcakoza'nirdezaka vargIkaraNanI dRSTie bIjA 'prANamaya koza'no paryAya kahI zakAya. Ayurveda vattane 'vyAyAmathI jenuM anumAna thaI zake tevI za2I2zakti' tarIke samajAve che. uthalaghaDA karavAnI ke kleza khamavAnI zarIranI zakti te bala. bala enA sthAne jIvanano Avazyaka bhAga to che ja che. paNa e sarva sAmarthyanA sa2vALArUpa to nathI ja. jyAM sudhI bala karatAM uccatara paNa sUkSmatara evI anya zaktionI barAbara pichANa na thAya, tyAM sudhI ja, mAtra bAlabuddhi baLano ja mahimA kare che. AvI bAlabuddhine DhaMDhoLavA ja rAjanItinuM eka sUtra pracalita thayuM : "jenI buddhi, tenuM baLa'' (buddhirmasya vajaM tasya). e dRSTie ja strI mATe pracalita baneluM 'avatA' vizeSaNa paNa, kharekhara to mAtra pAribhASika eTale ke strInI nisarga-nirmita zArIrika racanAnA taTastha varNana tarIke ja samajavAnuM che asamarthatAnA ke hInatAnA paryAya tarIke nahi ja nahi. e zabda kharekhara to vyaMjanAthI potAnA kharA arthane Ama upasthita kare che : 'jeno mahimA baLa thakI nahi, paNa anya sUkSma svarUpe pragaTa thAya che, te avattA". eTale sudIrgha paraMparA to strIne yathArtha rIte zaktinA avatAra tarIke ja oLakhAve che e na bhulAya. Avo bala-tattva-viveka khUba jarUrI lAge che. For Personal & Private Use Only - -

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 117 bala viSenI ukta carcA e sUcave che ke sarvAgI jIvanasiddhi mATe manuSya bala sivAyanI bAdhA-AMtara baMne prakAranI jIvana-vidhAyaka zaktionI khoja ekAgrapaNe namratA ane AtmavizvAsa e baMne keLavIne karavI rahI. ane e khoja saphaLa paNa bane ja che. hA, Ama karavAmAM balanuM je nizcita mahattva che tene paNa avagaNavuM nahi, ane tethI balanI prAptinA pramANasaranA puruSArthamAM paNa pramAda na karavo - jethI duniyAdArImAM manuSya pramAdane kAraNe ja pAcho na paDe. ethI topaniSamAM sAvadhatAthI Ama paNa kahyuM che : "jIvanamAM baLane avagaNanArA dvArA paNa A AtmA prApta thato nathI." bAkI saravALe jagata-itihAsa tapAsavAmAM Ave, to vakhate baLamAM pAchI paDatI, paNa AtmasaMyama ke AtmazaktinI pUrvabhUmikAne lIdhe sUkSmatara sAmathya-kauzalo ane ekaMdara saubhAgya dharAvatI prajAonI vijayagAthAo emAMthI maLI rahe - jema ke Adhunika bhAratanA svAtaMtryaprApti-puruSArthanI ane lokotthAnanA aneka pAyAnA puruSArthonI gAthA. keTalIka vAra to sattAdhArIonA pakSe kharuM baLa nahi, paNa potAnuM naradama namAlApaNuM amuka samaya pUratuM chUpAve tevuM zastrabaLa, yaMtrabaLa ane zoSaNanI majabUrImAM dhaMdhavAtA sainikonuM bhrAmaka sainyabaLa ja hoya che e vAta gAMdhI-prerita Adhunika prajAo barAbara samajatI thaI che. eka aMgrejI kahevata che : Nature abhors superlatives ('prakRti zreSThatAnA dAvAone phagAvI de che"). e nyAye baLa ke zaktinAM baNagAM phUMkanArAthI DarI gayA vagara, pote samajaNabharI pUrNa namratA ane Atmazakti dhAraNa karIne manuSya potAnI zarIrazakti ane prANazakti uparAMta manomaya, vijJAnamaya ane AnaMdasamAdhirUpa zaktionI ekAgra khoja cAlu rAkhavI ane sAthosAtha khIlelI zaktione kAryasiddhi mATe nipuNatAthI ane ekAgratAthI prayojatA rahevuM. 'duniyA sUtI hai - yuvAnevAtA di' e vAta kAyamI varadAna tarIke sRSTimAM UbhI che. e paNa ahIM dhyAna ApavA jevI bAbata che ke baLa sivAyanAM sAmathya-kauzalyo thakI thatI vijayanI khoja saravALe AyAsa, saMgharSa ane kSaya-vyayane ghaTADavAnI zakyatA paNa cokkasa vadhAre che. ethI sAma-sAme AvI gayelA baMne pakSonI hAni ghaTe che, ane tene lIdhe zatrutAnI mAtrA paNa ghaTe che; saMbhavataH maitrI mATenI pUrvabhUmikA paNa sarjAya che. chevaTe to nirbheLa vijayane vAMchanAre peluM buddhavacana kadI na avagaNavuM ghaTe : "te ja zreSTha vijaya che, jemAM koIno parAjaya nathI" (jemAM victor arthAta vijetA che, paNa koI victim arthAt parAjita ke dhvasta thanAro nathI) ! "kSamA e vIranuM bhUSaNa che" (kSamA vIrasya bhUSaNam) - AvuM tAraNa paNa zuSka lAgatA vyavahAra-jIvananI pelI pAra paDelI divya saMbhAvanAone ja cIMdhe che. sarva sAmAjika rogonA mULarUpa ahaMkArane zamAvavAnI zIkha samAvatI pelI narI vyavahAru dekhAtI, chatAM AdhyAtmika mahimA dharAvatI kahevata paNa kema bhUlIe ? - vANiyA-mUcha-nIcI', to kahe "sAta vAra nIcI"." A muddAnAM zIrSakamAM je jANItA bhajananI paMkti TAMkI che, temAM ApelAM prAcIna dRSTAMtomAM to Izvara bhaktanI bhIDa vakhate kevI akalpita rIte sahAyabhUta thAya che e aMgenI zraddhagamya divya ghaTanAo nirdezI che. paNa kauTille to nirbalanI rakSA baLiyA sAme kaI rIte thaI zake tenI je vAto For Personal & Private Use Only

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118 kauTilya 'arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa mukhyatve AvatIyasat e bAramA adhikaraNamAM karI che, te to laukika staranI che. emAM koI AkAzamAMthI acAnaka UtarI AvIne saMkaTagrastane tAre che evI koI vAta nathI. emAM manuSyayana, IzvarakRpA' e vacananA paNa pUrvArdhanI ja vigato rAjanaitika kSetranA anvaye ApI che. carcA naryA bauddhika staranI hoI emAM IzvarakRpAno koI sadhiyAro ApavAmAM graMthakAra paDyA nathI. alabatta, evI zakyatAno koI virodha paNa emaNe nathI karyo. sRSTimAM paDelA beThA audAryamAM to kauTilya jarUra zraddhA dharAve ja che. kauTilya to bhaktinA pAyAnA lakSaNa tarIke, manuSya saMkaTa samaye potAnI prakRtidatta badhI ja zaktino upayoga ALasa, pramAda, bhaya ke azraddhAne vaza thayA vagara karI chUTavuM ane phaLa bAbata anAgrahI banI rahevuM - e gItA-pratipAdita manovRttine ja puraskAre che. bAramA sAvitnIyasam adhikaraNano Avo sArAMza dhyAnamAM levo joIe. prathama vyAkhyAnamAM AkhA graMthanI adhikaraNavAra sAmagrIno sAra ThIka-ThIka vigate Apyo ja che, temAMnI A adhikaraNa aMge ApelI vigato dhyAnamAM levI joIe. enuM atre saMkSepamAM punaHkathana karavuM te abhyAsIo mATe vadhu sagavaDabharyuM banI raheze. emAM AkhI mathAmaNano pAyo batAvavo hoya to te che aDaga Atmagaurava, AtmavizvAsa ane buddhibaLano sarvAgI ane ekAgra evo upayoga. zatrunAM pAkAM sAmaryo ane pAkAM asAmarthonA vistRta jJAna para potAnuM samagra pauruSa prayojavAnuM che. te mATe rAjAe potAnuM ane maMtrIonuM sajja jJAnabaLa vizvAsya guptacarataMtranI pUrepUrI sakriyatAnA sAthamAM, pratyeka pagale sAvadhAnI rAkhI prayojavAnuM che. uccatama buddhibaLa ekarasa rAjayataMtrane evo aDIkhama AtmavizvAsa Ape che ke jethI zatrunA badhA prakhara prayatno, udhAmA ke dhamapachADAo vacce kSobha ke kaMpa vinA taMtra zatru sAme dharma ane hiMmata jALavIne vadhumAM vadhu jhIMka jhIlI zake che, ramata ramI zake che ane saMjogAnusAra pUrA parAjayanI ghaDI Ave to rAjA taMtrane, nikaTatama sAthIone ke chevaTe narI potAnI jAtane sameTI laIne kevaLa potAnA AMtarika khamIra ke dhiMgA AtmabaLane AdhAre UjaLA bhaviSyano mArga khullo rAkhI zake che. potAnA sthaLa ati-baLanI sAcI ke khoTI dhAraNA karIne abhimAnamAM jhUmatA zatrumAM - ene potAnAmAM ane enA taMtramAM - aneka zithilatAo ane vyasanono praveza zarU thaI ja jato hoya che tevuM barAbara samajIne nabaLo paNa jAgRta rAjA ane tenuM vaphAdAra taMtra, zatru potAnA paranA zakya AkramaNamAM vilaMba karavA majabUra ke zithila bane evI aneka catura yuktio kare che. AtmavizvAsa bhala-bhalI paristhitimAM rastAo batAvI zake che. dUto dvArA saMdhio karavAnA dekhAvo karavA, zatru aneka rIte DarI jAya evI vAto vahetI karavI, banAvaTI maMtraNAo rUpa maMtrayuddha calAvavuM - AvA badhA naravA bauddhika prayatno e nirdoSa ane ahiMsaka evo prAthamika tabakko che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya agAu joyeluM tema baLiyA zatru sAme pratikAranA zakya traNa tabakkA hoya che : (1) AkramaNanI pUrveno tabakko, (2) AkramaNanI zarUAtanI prakriyAono tabakko, (3) Akramaka durbaLa rAjAne durgano ghero ghAlI haMphAvato hoya e aMtima tabakko. A traNa tabakkA pramANe 'khapa teno chocha nahi' e nyAye AtmarakSaNa mATe cAra upAyo paikInA AkarA upAyorUpa bheda ane daMDano prayoga paNa karI chUTavAnuM che. zatru para jarUrI pagalAM bharI jANanAra guptacaro dvArA zatrupakSanAM vividha rAjyAMgonA adhyakSo ke mokAnA adhikArIone phoDavA, temanAmAM paraspara avizvAsa Ubho karavo, temane keda karavA ke chevaTe temano guptavadha karavo evA tabakkA paNa AvI zake. khuda zatru-rAjAno vadha karavAnI nobata paNa AvI zake. agAu khAsa dhyAna doreluM tema AkhA mulkI rAjamaMDalane khAsa to temAMnA samajadAra samartha rAjAone AkhA mulkanA rAjanaitika svAsthya mATe, zakya mahA-anartho sAme pALa bAMdhI levA mATe paNa judI-judI rIte DhaMDhoLavA ane temAMthI janmatA saMgaThita rAjanaitika ke sainikI sAmarthyathI, mAjhA mUkI cUkelA zatrune sIdho karavo evA puruSArthanI preraNA ApanuM maLyutaprotsAhanam nAmanuM eka mArmika prakaraNa paNa AmAM mukAyuM che. cIlA-cAlu upAyo vacce potAne iSTa lAgatA ekAda upAyanI vAta paNa dhIme rahIne mUkI devAnI kauTilyanI namra rajUAtazailI che te ApaNe jANIe chIe. 119 1 Ama nirbaLa gaNAnAre paNa potAno AtmarakSaNano pUro prayatna karI chUTavAmAM mAtra sAMkaDA svArthane jALavavAnI ja mathAmaNa nathI hotI, paNa duSTane paDakArIne, vaza karIne mulkanI rAjanaitika samatulA ke mAnavIya maryAdA jALavavAnI sarvakalyANakara mathAmaNa paNa jaLavAya che. sRSTi ulALadharALa sarakhA karIne ja "vadhyuM-ghaTyuM tenuM kare barAbara, saunI le saMbhALa". A che nirvatane vala rAmanI vAtano kharo marma, potAne nirbaLa mAnanAre ane potAne baLiyo mAnanAre potapotAnI bhrAMtimAMthI bahAra AvIne svarUpamAM sthira thavAnuM che ane chevaTe to maitrI tema ja sahayoga dvArA ja potAnA astitvane sArthaka karI jANavAnuM che. (9) sapta-prakRti, rAjamaMDala ane SAdguNyanI dArzanika bhUmikA bhAratIya rAjanItimAM rUDha banelAM uparyukta traNa sauthI pAyAnAM mALakhAM dArzanika dRSTie paNa tapAsavAM jevAM che. A eka prakAranAM rAjanaitika spaMdanazIla zarIro che, jenAM aMgone jIvaMtatA bakSe che te pAchaLanA mAnavIya hetuo. tenI samajaNa rasaprada banI raheze. sapta-prakRti : 'prakRti' eTale mULa dravya, upAdAna-sAmagrI ke ghaTako; tene 'aMgo' paNa kahI zakAya. koI rASTra ke rAjyataMtra jemanA vyApAra thakI potAnuM samagra saMkula kartavya pAra pADe te aMgo te prakRtio. For Personal & Private Use Only

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120 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa agAu joyelA kauTilyokta agratAkrama (mahattva-krama) pramANe te sAta prakRtio A che : svAmI (rAjA ke vijigISa), amAtya (maMtrI), janapada (rASTra), durga, koza, daMDa (sainya) ane mitra (rAjakIya daSTie sahAyaka anya rAjA ne tenuM rAjayataMtra). AmAM janapada ja rASTranuM mULabhUta zarIra hoI tene mATe vikalpa thato "rASTra evo samagravAcI zabdano upayoga eno mahimA sUcave che. artha'nI ApaNe joyelI kauTilyokta vyAkhyAmAM paNa "manuSyovALI bhUmi' ema je kahyuM che, te dvArA paNa A janapadanI rASTra tarIke, pAyAnA aMga tarIke mahattA sUcavAya che. jayAM nisargane khoLe manuSya parizrama karato, bhAva-bhakti anubhavato, samAja ane sRSTi sAthe tAla milAvato jIve che, te taLa gAma-kasbA-nesaDAthI chavAyelo pradeza te 'janapada' - jayAM jana pada (pagalAM) mAMDe che. jayArathI mANasa khetI, AvAsa-racanA, rasoIkaLA, mATIkAma zIkhyo tyArathI sthiravAsavALo racanAtmaka, zAMtipradhAna kRSiyuga AraMbhAyo. aneka gAmono banelo vAsayogya mulka zarUAtamAM 'viza" (mAnava-pravezayogya vistAra) kahevAyo; kALAMtare te 'janapada' ke 'rASTra' paNa kahevAvA lAgyo. moTA bhAganA mANaso kRSi, pazupAlana, gRhodyoga, vepAra-vaNaja, mAlanI khamIravaMtI AyAta-niryAta jevAM saMkula kAryomAM rasa-rucithI sthira thavA lAgyAM. chatAM AvA kAryapaTu, sayogI samAjanuM aMga banI rahevAne badale lokane raMjADIne jIvavAno dhakhAro dharAvatAM asAmAjika tattvo samAjanA TakAva sAmeno eka vasamo paDakAra banI rahyAM. evAM tattvo baLiyAnA be bhAga" ke "moTuM mAchaluM nAnAne gaLe' ('mAsyanyAya') evA nyAyamAM ja samajatA hatA. jayAre bAkIno zAMticAhaka varga bahumatImAM Avyo ane AvA samAjabhaMjakone vaza karavA mATenI AvazyakatA ane zakyatA e baMnenI pUrI pratIti tene thaI, te tabakke enI najara bAhubaLiyA paNa samAjarakSaka vRtti dharAvatA kSatriyavarga ane temAMnA uccatama vaMzanA narazreSTha para sthira thaI. mAsyanyAya rokavAmAM tene netRtva levA vinavIne pote ya teno AjJAMkita sahayogI banI rahevA tatpara banyo. ema zAsanapaddhatino pAyo naMkhAyo. zAsanakriyA paNa kevaLa prANAdhArita nahi, paNa "prajJA-zauca"-pradhAna banIne garavI ane kAryasamartha banI zake evI pratItinA tabakke maMtrI-maDaLa' rUpa aMga umerAyuM. zAsana asAmAjika tattvonI dakhala vinA barAbara surakSita ane ekAgra rIte cAle te mATe janapadathI judI AvAsa-racanAvALA durga(killebaMda nagara)nI racanAno tabakko Avyo. killo ane enI aMdaranA nagaranuM Ayojana - e baMne ghaNAM saMkula, vipulavyayasAdhya banI rahyAM. enI jogavAI mATe kramazaH dhAtu-nANuM ane ratnAdi sArvabhauma mUlya dharAvatAM dravyonA saMcayarUpa "koza' (khajAno) nAmanuM alaga rAjyAMga vikasyuM. vaLI saMkula AMtarasaMbaMdhovALA, gIca nagaronI vRddhivALA arthaparAyaNa rASTramAM AMtaravigraha ke zAsana sAmenA vidroha vadhatAM ane evA ja saMkula paDozI rASTronA paNa uccAvaca upadravo vadhatAM, kevaLa janapadavAsIonA sAmAnya bAhubaLa ane khamIrathI A tattvone vaza karIne niSphaLa banAvavAnuM azakya banatAM, AkhA rASTramAMnA, mitra-rAjyonA, jaMgalavAsI prajAjUthonA ke potAne zaraNe AvelAM zatru-rAjayonA bAhubaLiyA, zastrAstrakuzaLa janono sthAyI saMgraha karI "daMDa' (senA) rUpa aMga paNa kAyama karAyuM. sAthe ja manuSyanI zAMtipradhAna saMskRtirucinI khilavaTa rUpe paDozI rASTro For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 1 21 paikInAM dhArmika bhadra prakRtinAM sahayogI rASTro (rAjyataMtro) sAthe pArasparika Adara, saMyama ane vaphAdArInA baLe TakAU maitrI keLavavAnuM paNa zakya banatAM rAjayazAsana-vyApAramAM prasaMge-prasaMge teno paNa sahayoga levAtAM mitra(mitrarAjaya)rUpa abhinava rAjyAMga paNa sthAyI banyuM. AmAM kayA aMgano kevo ne keTalo upayoga karavo e zAsakonA saMskAra pramANe ane prajAjIvananA bhautika-sAMskRtika stara mujaba nakkI thatuM hoya che. lAMbe gALe vividha rASTro cAlu jamAnAne nANIne, potAnA ane paDozI rASTronA vyavahArone, anubhavone tapAsIne kaMIka ekadhArI rIte A aMgono mahattAkrama tAravatAM ne goThavatAM paNa jovA maLe che. alabatta, eno nirNaya dezakALa mujaba badalAI zake; badalavo paDe. e rIte kauTilya paNa keTalAMka sthAyI, Tharela, vastulakSI dhoraNonA AdhAre agAu batAvyA mujabano mahattAkrama A rAjayAMgo vacce Theravyo che. enI keTalIka carcA 'lokapUjA'nA muddA sAthe agAu gUMthI lIdhI che. kauTilya-pratipAdita A mahattAkrama e sUcave che ke temaNe kahyuMluM rASTra prajAnA svayaMbhU jIvanane naisargika krame pAMgaravA devA mATe che. sAMsArika sukha-zAMti ane parama kalyANa e baMne sadhAya tevI jIvananI pAyAnI navI sarva jarUrI cIjo ke sevAo sArvatrika rUpe, sarva prajAvargone svanirbharapaNe (svAvalaMbanathI) maLI rahe tevA sarvodayakAraka sarvAgI arthotpAdananI ghaniSTha pravRttinuM prAdhAnya dharAvatuM rASTra kauTilyane iSTa jaNAya che. te mATe rASTranA uccAvI sarva bhU-bhAgonI apramattapaNe mahattama khilavaTa thatI rahe tevuM jAgRta-sakriya rAjyataMtra kauTilya AkAryuM che. saptaprakRtinAM lakSaNa-varNanamAM janapadanAM je lakSaNo kahyAM che te paikInuM eka lakSaNa batAvatuM A vizeSaNa khAsa dhyAna kheMce evuM che : sAra-vitra-vaiduM-paN: eTale ke janapada zreSTha, vaividhyasabhara, puSkaLa mAla tenAM sarva bajAromAM sulabha rahe tevuM hovuM joIe. A lakSaNa manuSyayatnasAdhya hoI vikendrita evA mahattama sarva-prAkRta puruSArtha dvArA ja te siddha karavA ane nitya nibhAvavA mATe to kauTilya graMthanuM sauthI vistRta bIjuM adhyakSapravIra adhikaraNa AlekhyuM che. AnA TekAmAM ja graMthanA tarata pachInAM be adhikaraNo anukrame sAmAjika-Arthika nyAyanI sthApanA arthe ane samAjanAM vyApaka sukhazAMti ane puruSArthane rUMdhanArAM khUMkhAra asAmAjika tattvonA saphaLa niyamana arthe AkAryA che. vaLI A traNa adhikaraNonI majabUta pUrvabhUmikArUpe rAjyataMtranA, rAjA sahitanA mukhya nirvAhakonA 'vinaya (tAlIma + AtmasaMyama) mATe graMthanuM prathama adhikaraNa che. Ama prathama cAra adhikaraNo ane enA pariziSTarUpa adhikaraNa pAMcamA dvArA kauTilya potAne iSTa evA AtmaniSTha, svAvalaMbI, sarvakalyANAbhimukha rASTrano vistRta Alekha ApI dIdho che. bAkI jene aMge kauTilyanI potAnI pasaMdagI sAkAra thavA bAbata deza-kALa anukULa nathI, tevI paDozI rASTronI viSama rAjadvArI ceSTAo sAme jhIMka jhIlavA to chaTTAthI teramA sudhInAM adhikaraNo pUrI taTasthatA ane pUrA sAmarthya sAthenI vyavahArutA jALavIne AkArAyAM che. graMthakAra Akramaka nahi, paNa Atma-gaurava-saMrakSaka paradezanItimAM ja mAne che. te mATe kartavyabuddhithI kSatriyocita sarva prakhara raNabhUmivyApAro ke Avazyaka kUTanItivyApAro mATe saphaLa rIte pUratAM jJAna ane kauzalyo vAparI zake che. A badhAM For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vacce paNa potAnI mULa racanAtmaka rAjanIti pratyenI ghaDAyelI ruci jALavI rAkhe che ane jyAM ane jyAre AvA sainikI kAryakalApa vacce paNa taka maLe tyAM tene puraskArI jANe che. 122 sAta prakRtiomAM svAmI ane maMtrIne yAdInA AraMbhe mUkavAnI AvazyakatA, agAu 'lokapUjA'nA muddAmAM carcI che. rakSaNa, asahAyonuM pAlana, arthapravRttionuM Avazyaka saMkalana, grAmanirmANamAM jarUrI sahakAra, mArganirmANa-mArgasurakSA jevI pAyAnI sAmAjika savalatonuM nirmANa, nyAyasthApanA, kaMTakazodhana jevAM samAjasaMrakSaka kartavyo mATe rAjAnuM pratibhAbaLa, saMyamajanya AtmabaLa ane amAtyo sahitanA maMtrIonuM buddhibaLa-vyavasthApanabaLa anivArya hoI te be rAjyAMgone prAthamikatA apAI che. jyAM sudhI pAMkhA AtmasthApanavALo ke tevA ja saMgaThanavALo samAja ghAMgho thaIne ja jIvato hoya, tyAM sudhI AtmasaMyama dvArA AtmabaLa pAmelA, bhale nAnA saMkhyAbaLavALA paNa mahattvanA manuSyo ja, 'eka dIve lAkho peTAya' e nyAye AkhA samAjanI sthira unnati mATe ane sAmudAyika zakti mATe rAjA/maMtrI-pada svIkArIne bhAga bhajave te ja kAla-sApekSa IzvarecchA gaNAya. jema-jema AtmabaLazALI manuSyonI saMkhyA barAbara vistaratI jAya, tema-tema rAjA-maMtrInI ke bAkInAM rAjyAMgonI AvazyakatA avazya badalAya e gAMdhIyugane pArakhanArA abhyAsIone samajAyA vinA nahi rahe. dareka vyakti saMyamabaLe pUrNa bane, pote ja potAnA para zAsana kare, tyAre to hoMsA-tUMsImAMthI, jhaghaDA-ragaDAmAMthI bahAra nIkaLI gayelA abhUtapUrva navA samAja mATe laukika ane divya baMne staranA jIvananI apUrva sAdhanA ja niraMtara sahayogavRttithI karavAnI bAkI rahe. evuM svapna kema na saMgharIe ? kema na poSIe ? kema dharAtala para na lAvIe ? bAkI potAnA samayanA siddha thayelA aneka lokaguNo pArakhIne ane punaH punaH anubhavIne kauTilye potAnI guNajJatAthI ane samayanI parakhathI bahu ja spaSTapaNe janapada ane durga e be aMgo vacce janapadane ja agratA ApI che. A vasamA kALamAM e kahevuM to muzkela che ke bhale nAmanI - lokazAhIo chatAM rAjyAMga tarIke lokane prathama krama kyAre, kevI rIte maLaze. to ye kharA mAnavapratinidhio evA divasanuM svapna to sAcavI ja rAkhaze. vizvavyApI - janapada e kharekhara to mAnavajIvana naravI-naisargika rIte jIvavAnuM sahaja mahAsthAna che. janapadanI lakSmI sarvapoSaka hoIne ja 'lakSmI' nAmane pAtra che. e lakSmI cittane lalacAvIne vikRta karanArI, asAdhAraNa lobhathI samAja pratyenA droha dvArA saMcita thanArI ke saDanArI hotI nathI. eTale to yuddhakALe paNa janapadanA jIvanane prAyaH vIMkhavA-pIMkhavAmAM AvatuM nathI. tyAM kImatI lakSmInuM sarjana bahu hAtho dvArA bahu badhAM moDhAM mATe thAya che. tethI janapada khUMkhAra lUMTArAonuM lakSya bhAgye ja bane che. (saMcayanI mUrkhAmIthI ja jIvanArA 'A vattA, paDa AtA' e nyAye abhAgiyAo na kahevAya ?) janapadavAsIonI gupta khamIre bharelI chatAM bhabhakA vagaranI jIvanapaddhati duSTa tattvonAM lobha-lAlacane bhaDakAve tevI hotI nathI. koI vijigISu jyAre zatru upara AkramaNa karavA dhArato hoya, tyAre teNe ADakatarI rIte paNa grAmINa pradezanI prajAne jarUra For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 1 23 joguM vyavasthita sthaLAMtara karAvavuM ema kahevAyuM che. (hA, kAThA zatrune haMphAvavA ja zatru-dezanI khetInI navI vAvaNIne ukheDI nAMkhavAnI vAta ke tAjA lakhelA pAkane lUMTI levAnI vAta rAjanaitika vyuharacanA tarIke Ave kharI.) vinobAjIe abhinava bhUmi-vaheMcaNI-AMdolana AraMbheluM, tyAre bahu ja mArmika rIte kahetA ke grAmadAna (ka grAmasvarAjaya) te 'Diphensa-mejhara' (rASTrasurakSAno upAya) che. A vAta bhAratanI prAcIna sAtatyayukta paraMparAnI pUrI parakhathI gaMbhIra bhAve, taTastha buddhithI, sAcI vastusthitinA pragaTanarUpe ja kahevAyelI. samajavA buddhi khullI hoya to Aje to aNuboMbanA abharakhAo vacce e vAta atyaMta prastuta che. vikendrita saMpattino ane tenAthI ya vizeSa, tevI saMpattinA nirmANanI kSamatA dharAvatI vikendrita jIvanakaLAno nAza karavo muzkela che. durgarUpa rAjyAMganuM mahattva sAmAnya saMjogomAM AkhA rASTranAM kAyado-vyavasthAnI jALavaNInuM samagra saMkalana karavAmAM, rASTravyApI Arthika pravRttionuM ane karagrahaNanuM saMkalana-saMcAlana karavAmAM, guptacara pravRttionAM saMkalana-saMcAlana karavAmAM ane rAjaparivAra uparAMta maMtrIoamAtyo sahitanA uccatama adhikArIone sArI rIte vasAvI emane sAbadAM-zuddha rAkhavAmAM raheluM che. durgano "pura' evo prAcIna vaidika paryAya sUcave che tema ApattikALamAM prajAne jarUrI rakSaNa ke AzrayasthAna ApavAmAM, zatrunA gherA sAme jhIMka jhIlI zatrune mArI haThAvavAmAM teno khapa raheto. durga eka rIte mAnava-zarIramAMnA magaja jevuM kAma kare che - magaja jJAnataMtuonA saMdezAo jhIle che ane saMdeza laI janAra jJAnataMtuo dvArA te te jJAnendriyo, karmendriyo ane samagra zarIrataMtrane Adezo paNa Ape che. sAthe e paNa na bhulAya ke sattA ane saMpattinA vadhu paDatA kendrIkaraNane kAraNe durga e corI, dhADa, kAvAdAvA, rAjavidroha jevI badIonuM paNa dhAma banI rahe che. A paristhitimAM rAjAnI vyaktigata caryA jeTalI zuddha, tene kulaparaMparAthI maLelI zAsananI dIkSA ane tAlIma jeTalI sagIna ane udyama-niSTha, tema ja maMtrIamAtyAdinI caryA jeTalI nitya-suparIkSita, teTaluM rAjyataMtra vadhu kAryakSama ane jayavaMtuM. kauTilya rAjamahela ane temAMnA rANIvAsa sahitanI rAjadhAnI kevuM agnigRha (kAlidAse potAnA eka uttama nATakamAM eka tApasanA pAradarzI kathanamAM rajU karelA hatavaparIta gRham - AgathI gherAyelA ghara rUpa) che te jANe che. tethI ja temaNe adhyAya 2.26mAM rAjAnI apramatta, RSitulya (sAMkhyadarzana-prarUpita zuddha puruSatulya !) dinacaryA AkArI che ane pachInA adhyAyamAM rAjamahelamAM saMbhavatA manuSyakRta durAcArothI rAjAe pote kevI nipuNatAthI bacavuM tenuM paNa vAstavadarzI vistRta nirUpaNa karyuM che. rAjAnI dinacaryAno prAtaHkAlIna kAryAraMbha nyAya-jhaMkhanA sAthe prajAvargomAMthI cheka rAjadhAnI sudhI AvelI bhAtIgaLa vyaktione, cokkasa agratAkrama jALavIne, alpatama vilaMbe (dvArA san - daravAje vadhu rokyA vinA) apAtI dhIrajabharI mulAkAtathI thAya che e paNa ghaNI ja mahattvanI vAta jaNAya che. kozarUpa rAyAMganuM TUMkuM varNana paNa mArmika che. koza rAjAe pote ke tenA pUrvajoe dharmathI saMcita karelo hoya te khUba UMcI vAta AraMbhe ja kahI che. AvA kozano asala hetu to AvI For Personal & Private Use Only

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124 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa paDelo koI lAMbo ne vasamo - kudaratI ke manuSyakRta - ApattikALa, ke jemAM navI Avaka sadaMtara baMdha hoya, te pAra karavAno che. te dRSTie temAM jIvananI prAthamika-jarUriyAtarUpa cIjo nahi, paNa UMcA pratIkamUlyavALI ane sarva rASTrone mATe svIkArya - sonuM, rUpuM, vaividhyayukta ratno ane rokaDanANuM - ja pradhAnapaNe khUba vipula pramANamAM hoya te jarUrI che. A vastuo bhale sIdhI khavAya-pivAya nahi, paNa tenI mUlyavattA AMtararASTrIya-rUpe binavivAdAspada ne sarvasvIkRta hoI jIvanajarUriyAtonI chatavALAM anya rASTro pAsethI te vastuo meLavavAmAM te pratIkasaMpatti pUrNapaNe calaNI banI rahe tema che. yugothI cAlatI A jagata-vyApI vizvAsa-vyavasthA Aje paNa rASTroe nabhAvelI sonAnI anAmata (bullion ke sterling) tarIke cAlu ja che. A varNanano mahattvano phalitArtha paNa dhyAna-bahAra na jAya. kozanI saMpatti sAmAnya kALamAM veDaphavA-vAparavA mATe nathI ja nathI; e to kharekhara koI rASTra saMcita karelI sarvarASTramAnya evI TakAu zAkha(credit)nuM ke sthAyI AbarUnuM pratIka che - je rASTranA kAyamI maMgalanA pratIkarUpe iSTadevanI maMtrAbhiSikta mUrtinI jema pUjA-AdarathI pUrI adaba sAthe jALavI rAkhavAnI che; enI sAthe koI cheDa-chADa svapna paNa nathI karavAnI. e rASTranA sudIrghakAlIna zIlanuM, tanya UMcI AbarUnuM mUrta pratIka che - jene rASTranA bhAgyadevatAnI AjJA mujaba ja ApattikALa taravA vivekathI vAparavAnI che ane pAchI vahelAmAM vahelI take enI evI ghaTa pUrI karavAmAM prasAda karavAno nathI; jo ke vasamA kALanI tarata pachI to e kArya azakya jevuM paNa lAge. e ja rIte ghaTa purAyA vagarano koza hoya ne vaLI koI Apatti AvI paDe to te vakhate koza mATe dravya-saMcaya karavA lokamanovijJAnano AdhAra tema ja kamAtA vargo para thoDI vadhAre rAjakIya bhIMsano prayoga - ema vividha navI rIto kauTilya pradhAnapaNe sUcavI che te khUba noMdhapAtra bAbata che. A mATe agAu graMthaparicaya vakhate pAMcamA adhikaraNanA kozafmasaMdaram prakaraNanI thoDI vAta karelI che. vaLI koI AkramaNa vakhate AkhA kozane sarahada para ke koI ajANyA surakSita sthAne khaseDavAnI jogavAI paNa karavI paDe che. e mATe koza atyaMta mUlyavAnuM dravyono hovA para bhAra che, jethI tenA parimita kadane lIdhe saphaLa ane saraLa rIte tenuM sthAnAMtara thaI zake. Ano artha e paNa kharo ke sAmAnya ApattikALa to khAsa anAmata rAkhelA jIvanajarUriyAtonA vipula, vaividhyapUrNa koThAranA TekA sAthe zakya teTalo prajA-udyama jIvato rAkhavAnA rAjyataMtrIya abhikramo ane vyaktigata abhikramo dvArA ja karavAno che. jema Ajano Tharela vAhanacAlaka anAmata UrjAno nyUnatama upayoga karIne tene anAmata ja rahevA de che, tevI nIti rAkhavAnI che. AnuM ja to nAma che ne indriyasaMyama-svarUpa arthazAstra (artha sAtheno zAstrazuddha, prakRtivijJAna-AdhArita vyavahAra) ! koza viSeno Avo svAvalaMbanapradhAna umadA viveka je rASTramAM hoya, tene dhanabhUkhyA vijigISa banIne potAnA pazubaLane AdhAre aneka rASTronAM kImatI dhanane (AjanA amerikA jema!) lUMTyA karavAnI nAdArI ane nAdAnI bhAgye ja dAkhavavI paDe. vyakti anyanuM dhana For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 125 anyAyathI lUMTe to te lUMTa gaNAya ane eka rASTra anya rASTra ke rASTronuM dhana anyAyathI lUMTe to te vijayalakSmI kahevAya - evA judA mApadaMDa kauTilyane mAnya na ja hoya. Avo sarvakalyANa arthe anAmata rakhAyelo koza khuda rAjA, rAjakuLa, ucca sattAdhArI rAjapuruSo ke rAjAnA hAlezrIo dvArA paNa kadI na veDaphAya enuM dhyAna dakSa-taTastha rAjayataMtre aharniza rAkhavuM ghaTe. e koza sAthe chIcharI cheDachADa karanAra ke calAvI lenAra rASTranA cAritryanuM ane bhAgyanuM taLiyuM AvI rahyuM ema ja samajavuM. rAjyAMgo madhye kozane cheka pAMcamA sthAne mUkIne paNa kauTilya ene mAtra anAmata rAjyAMga tarIke ghoSita karIne saravALe janapadanI nitya-usthita, aDIkhama pratibhAne ja sarvocca mahattva ApyuM jaNAya che. e paNa na bhulAya ke hamaNAM yAda devaDAvyuM tema asAdhAraNa saMjogomAM, kothahIna rAjAe mAnavanI pUrNa pratibhAthI, taTasthapaNe ne jhanUnI ke julmI vyavahAra vinA sarva upAya karI chUTavAnuM che. tethI AgaLa vadhI, chevaTe anya rASTro sAthenA vividha prakAranA saMbaMdhono upayoga karavAnI aneka anubhavasiddha vigato sAtamA pAgya adhikaraNamAM ApI che. ne chevaTe koza paNa jAya tyAre rAjAe svapratibhAno ane kImatI svaprANono koza kadI na choDavAnuM ane te rakSavA game te karI chUTavAnuM dhairya ne samatva jALavavAnI sarvakAlIna preraNArUpa vAta paNa kauTilya diladAra banIne sUcavI che. te ja rIte kauTilya chaThThA daMDarUpa rAjyAMgane paNa AvuM anAmata rAjyAMga TharelapaNe mAnyuM che. AjanA yugamAM aNuzastro viSeno eka khUba Tharela abhiprAya Avo che : ""aNu-zastrano uttama upayoga che tene na vAparavuM te !" evo ja abhigama daMDa viSe ekaMdare rAkhavAno che. to sAme pakSe kozanI jema daMDanI paNa AvazyaktA UbhI thAya to tenI jamAvaTa mATe buddhi-Azrita badhA upAya karI chUTavA. rASTrane bhayabhIta karanAra sAme pAko DAro to Ubho karavo paDe; na DarI javAya ke na palAyana karI javAya. daMDanA eTale ke sainyanA vividha prakAronI kauTilya karelI carcA paNa ghaNuM kahI jAya che. adhyAya 1.2nA pUrvArdhamAM enI savistara carcA che. daMDa sAmAdi cAra upAyomAM paNa chelle ajamAvavA lAyaka upAya che e vAta kauTilya vAraMvAra ghUMTI che. teo dhyAna dore che ke enA upayogamAM baMne pakSe kSaya, vyaya ane dIrgha-pravAsarUpa moTA geralAbho ke moTI bAdhAo (pratyavAyA:) che. yuddhamAM na saMDovAvuM paDe te mATe yuddha anivArya karanAra, adharmiSThatAne varelI ekAda rIDhI vyaktino vadha paNa, e dezakALamAM, kauTilyane dharmarUpa lAgyo hato. daMDa(senA)nA prakAro tapAsatAM e dhyAnamAM Ave che ke rAjya pagAradAra (mRtaka) sainya to maryAdita ja rAkhavAnuM che. sauthI kImatI che potAnA rAjavaMza pratye vaMzaparaMparAgata vaphAdArI dharAvatuM, nircAja bhakti dharAvatuM sainya - mauna arthAt UMDAM mULa dharAvatuM sainya. vaLI eka prakAra che zrejI-sainya - koI viziSTa janajAtie potAnA hetuo mATe potAnA samudAyamAMthI ja saMgaThita kareluM svataMtra sainya. te viziSTarUpe kasAyeluM, paNa potAnA saMgaThana taraphanI prathama vaphAdArI dharAvatuM For Personal & Private Use Only

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126 kauTilya "arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa sainya che; tethI trIjA krame grAhya che. pachInA krame che mitra-sainya - rAjyanA sAtamA aMga evA koI mitrarAjAnuM sainya. jovAnI vyavahAru vAta e che ke rAjakIya mitrane AMdhaLA bharosAne pAtra na gaNIne enA sainyane Ama cheka cothA krame mUkyuM che. tyAra pachI Ave mitra-sainya - hA, zatrusainya ! paNa te che vijigISane zaraNe AvelA zatrurAjAnuM sainya, ke je tenI vijigISa pratyenI tAbedArInA bhAgarUpe vijigISane prApta thayuM hoya che. te dago to daI zake; paNa chatAM viveke upayoga karI jANo to mokAnAM samaye kAma lAgI jAya kharuM. (dagAkhorI paNa game tyAre karavI sahelI nathI hotI !) yuddha jevI vasamI bAbatamAM, kAThI chAtIe, vasamA, jokhamI nirNayo paNa karI chUTavAnuM che; vipnabhaye kocaluM vALIne besI rahevAnuM nathI. sauthI vadhu avizvasanIya chatAM prasaMge sAvadha rahI khapamAM levA jevuM sainya te maTavI-vetta - jaMgalanAM viziSTa jUthonuM sainya. e viphare to jhAlyuM paNa na rahe. kauTilyanA A sainya bAbatanA AvA madhyama ke sAvadhAnIbharyA valaNa parathI AjanA tabakke kahevAnuM mana thAya che ke jaMgalo ane temAMnI prANIsRSTi, vanaspatisRSTi ane AMtarika vaphAdArIthI ne vaNalakhyA niyamanataMtrathI sughaTita samAjajIvana racIne jIvatI dhiMgI vanyajAtio - A badhAM tarapha e vakhatano kahevAto sabhya mAnava kutUhalathI ye nahi, paNa aMdhArabharyA avizvAsathI ja joto. enA aneka saMketo paNa prAcIna sAhityamAMthI maLe che. te avizvAsanAM keTalAMya kAraNo kadAca vajUdavALAM paNa haze. chatAM khuda vyAsajI jevA prabuddha AtmA dvArA "mahAbhArata' jevA "jJAnamaya pradIpa'nA ajavALe paNa jyAre kRSNArjuna joDI tha kI thatA ghora khAMDavavanadahananuM citra apAyeluM joIe tyAre haiyuM thaMbhI jAya, buddhi bahera mArI jAya. AjanA mApadaMDe A badhuM kema karI mUlavazuM ? bhAgyavazAt bhAratamAM to A vanya jAtionI paDakhe aDIkhama dharyathI UbhA rahenArAM dUdhamala yuvaka-yuvatIonAM vAvaDa sAMbhaLIe chIe. avizvAsanuM auSadha hotuM nathI, vizvAsanuM kAraNa hotuM nathI ! AvAM vividha sainyo paikI, saMjogo joIne, te-te prakAranA sainyanA lAbhAlAbhanI karela gaNatarI sAthe teno sAvadha upayoga karavAno A abhigama che. 'IzAvAsya'nI zIkha mujaba vidyAne paNa apanAvI jANavAnI che. sainyasaMbaMdhI bhautika ane manovaijJAnika (mAnavIya) bAdhAonuM je varNana adhyAya 8.1mAM che tenI vAta prathama vyAkhyAnamAM ullekhI che. yuddha viSe punarvicAra karavAmAM A yAdI AjanA tabakke vadhu vistRta karIne khapamAM levA jevI che. pUrvanirdiSTa cha rAjayAMgo rASTranI sImAnI aMdaranAM che, ne ekaMdare potAnAM che; jayAre mitra'-saMjJAvALuM sAtamuM rAjyAMga mukhyatve sImAnI bahAranuM che - paDozI mitra-rAjA rAjyarUpI aMga. e to mAnavajAtano kAyamI sAmAnya anubhava che ke rAjakIya maMtrI prAyaH svArtha kendrI hoI sagavaDiyA ane anitya hoya che - virala apavAdone bAda karatAM. eTale rAjayAMgonI yAdImAM ene agratAkramamAM chelle sthAna apAyuM che. chatAM gAjaranI pIpUDInI jema, anukULatA joI ApattikALamAM ke zAMtikALamAM tenA kalpanAzIla aneka upayogo jarUra thaI zake; paNa aMdaranAM che For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya aMgo jema eno svAdhIna ke mukhya upayoga sAmAnya rIte TALavo ghaTe. paristhitivaza kyAreka koI asAdhAraNa vaphAdArIvALuM mitrarAjya kharekhara asAdhAraNa rIte upakAraka thaI paNa zake. A aMganA svIkAranuM mahattva dArzanika-sAMskRtika dRSTie agAu nirdezyuM ja che. je-te samayanA rAjakIyasAMskRtika mAhola mujaba Ano racanAtmaka upayoga thaI zake. bAkI Aje kahevAtA mitra-rAjyo sAthenA sArA rAjakIya saMbaMdhonA ADaMbara nIce kAM to dAdAgIrI para jIvatuM rASTra evA rASTrane gulAma banAvI de che, kAM to emAM be rASTronA vaDAo vacce vyaktigata Arthika lAbhane tAkIne koI sodAno kaDado thAya je baMne rASTrone potAne to apAra hAni ja kare che. - kauTilyane ekaMdare svanirbhara ane sAbaduM chatAM anya rASTro bAbata khullI racanAtmaka manovRtti dharAvatuM rASTra iSTa che e vAta rAjyAMgonA AMtarasvarUpa aMgenI A carcAmAMthI spaSTapaNe tAravI zakAya. chevaTe AvA rAjyane iSTa che chevADAmAM chevADAnI vyaktino paNa svAdhIna vikAsa. temane mana rASTrano nAgarika rASTrarUpI mahAyaMtrano koI parAdhIna pUrve nathI, paNa rASTrajIvanano sanmAnanIya bhAgIdAra che; balke ArAdhya 'tIrtha' che. enuM bahuvidha kaDaka niyamana paNa e vyakti ane rASTra baMnenA parama hita sAthe susaMgata hoya tevI rIte thAya che. potAno varavo ekAdhikAra e rAjyataMtranuM ArAdhya tattva nathI, balke samAja ane sRSTi e baMnenI mahattama zrInuM sarvakalyANakara utthApana (jagADavAnuM kAma) enuM IzadIdhuM sthira kartavya che. rAjamaMDala : garbhita ucca mahimA dharAvatI kauTilya-pratipAdita rAjamaMDala-saMbaMdhI vibhAvanA jotAM uparyukta rAjyAMgo pote pUrNa bane che rAjamaMDala sAthenA vidhAyaka saMbaMdhathI ane e rAjyAMgo aMgenI carcA pUrNatA prApta kare che rAjamaMDala aMgenI carcA dvArA. yAtAyAtanAM maryAdita sAdhano chatAM, te kALamAM bhautika vistAranI dRSTie nahi, paNa bhAvanA ane kSamatAnI dRSTie to vaizvikatA, mArgo ane sAdhanonI pahoMca pramANenA suvizALa mulkanA gherAvAmAM phelAyelI rahetI. khuda kauTilyane paNa A rAjamaMDalanI kalpanA ThIka-ThIka prAcIna pUrvaparaMparA pAsethI maLI hatI. kauTilye A kalpanAne koI eka rASTranI sAvadhatAnI ke AtmarakSAnI dRSTie ja nathI apanAvI, paNa eka nyAyasthApaka ke kalyANasthApaka mahAmulkI naitika adhirAjyanA AdarzanI dRSTie paNa vadhAvI che. 'mahAbhArata'mAM yudhiSThiranA rAjasUya yajJanuM vistRta nirUpaNa karatAM te kALamAM pravRtta viSamayuganA saMdarbhe chUTAM-chUTAM aneka rAjyone eka samrAT ke adhirAjanI AmanyA taLe lAvavAnI AvazyakatA aMgenI tejasvI carcA paNa gUMthavAmAM AvI che. e ja yugadharmanI dRSTie kauTilye A rAjamaMDala paranA adhirAjatvanA Adarzane paNa potAnI carcAmAM nAnakaDuM, paNa mahattvanuM sthAna ApyuM che. alabatta, eno prAthamika hetu koI paNa rASTrane sAvadha paradezanIti (JAvApa sAvacetInI 'vAvaNI') apanAvavAnI AvazyakatA cIMdhavAno to che ja. 127 rAjAnA hetulakSI paryAya tarIke pravartAvAyela 'vijigISu' zabda sApekSa zabda che. 'konA upara ke zenA upara vijaya ?' * e praznanA uttara vinA 'vijigISu'paNuM na saMbhave. e praznano uttara - For Personal & Private Use Only

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128 kauTilya arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa che - zatru para vijaya. jo dharatI para "zatru' kahI zakAya evI koI hastI na hoya to "vijigISa' biruda paNa na saMbhave. kadAca koI rAjA ke rASTra pote sAme cAlIne koI anya rAjA ke rASTra sAthe zatrutA na dAkhave, to paNa e sAmI vyakti ke sAmuM rASTra potAnA pUrvagraho ke anyAyI sthApita hitone vaza thaIne ekataraphI (unilateral) zatrutA dAkhavI zake. e sthitimAM nirupadravI rASTra evA akAraNa zatrune paNa zatru tarIke svIkAryA vinA chUTako nathI. rAjakIya kSetramAM AvI zatrutAnuM paheluM kAraNa mulkavistAranI mahattvAkAMkSA che. AthI ja sarahadI rASTra koI paNa rASTra mATe sahaja zatru banI rahe che. have e sarahadI rASTranI potAnI sarahade AveluM, paNa prathama rASTranI sarahadathI dUra hoya tevuM rASTra e sarahadI rASTranuM zatru Thare - upara kahelA niyama mujaba. to "zatruno zatru te mitra' e laukika nyAye prathama rASTra mATe te mitra gaNAya. ema sIdhI eka rekhA paranAM rASTro kramazaH zatru-mitra-zatrumitra-mitramitra ityAdi svarUpanAM banI rahe. dekhItI rIte to A sthaLa tarka para AdhArita yAMtrika varNana lAge. paNa jayAM ajANyApaNuM hoya ane evA ajANyAno taTastha paricaya keLavavAnI nirbhayatAno ke udyamabharI hiMmatano abhAva hoya, tyAM mAtra ajANyApaNAne AdhAre ja zatrutvazaMkA yAMtrikapaNe rUDha bane ane pachI vyavahAra paNa e pramANe ja goThavAya. e nyAye ja prAcIna rAjanItizAtre sarahadanI paDakhethI zarU thatI rAjayAMtaronI paraMparAnI saMbhavita manovRtti AvI UlaTasUlaTa hovAnuM svIkArIne, te rIte dareka rASTrane potAnI paradezanIti ghaDavA sAvaceta karyuM. vaLI jyAre sarahadanI eka bAjue koI rAjaya paDozI sAthe yuddhamAM saMDovAyuM hoya, tyAre tenAthI UlaTI dizAnI sarahade AveluM koI rAjya enI majabUrIno saMjoga joIne ene AkramaNathI yA anya rIte pIDavAnI ceSTA karI zake che. to vaLI enI paNa pelI pArano paDozI prathama rASTrano mitra banI enI A bhIDa bhAMgavA potAnA ya sahajazatrurUpa pelA pAchalA Akramakane pIDIne AkramaNa karato rokI zake. AvI rIte pUMThe AkramaNa karanArane pANigraha (pUMTha pakaDanAra) ane ene sIdho karanArane monTa (mitranA zatru sAme avAja uThAvanAra') kahe che. pAcho ene sIdho karanAra hoI zake che pASNigrAhano mitra evo bandAsAra (pelA avAja uThAvanArane bhIDAvIne niSphaLa banAvanAra; nAsAra eTale humalo karanAra). AvI zatrutA ke mitratA hAlatAM ne cAlatAM AcarAya evuM to na ja samajI zakAya; kAraNa ke bha TUMDA thavuM paNa saheluM nathI ! mAtra AvI zakyatAnI kAyamI sabhAnatA rAkhIne koI paNa rAjyataMtre pUrA sajja rahevuM, jethI rASTranA AMtarika vikAsamAM aNadhArI bAdhA na AvI paDe - e vAta ahIM prastuta che. yuddha vakhate jo sarahada paranA eka bhAga para ja moTA bhAganuM sainya kAryarata hoya to upara kahyuM tema pANigrAhanA AkramaNanI zakyatA rahe che. te uparAMta khuda svarASTramAM asaMtuSTa ke baLavAkhora tattvo mukhyatve rAjadhAnImAM yA kvacit rAjyanA anya bhAgamAM baLavo kare che, jene "antaHkopa' (AMtarika vidroha) kahe che. A mATenI sAvacetI ane anurUpa pratIkAranI jogavAI rakhAI hoya to rASTra bhAre moTI behAlImAMthI bacI zake e mATe paNa uparyukta carcA upakAraka bane che. bAkI to AjanA yuganA yAMtrika-Adi vikAse racanAtmaka ane maitrIpradhAna rAjanItinI nUtana saMbhAvanA cokkasa UbhI karI che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 129 prathama vyAkhyAnamAM ullekhyA mujaba adhyAya rU.4nA sUtra kra. 54thI 60mAM kauTilya pRthvIjaya'nI avanavI - kaMIka taraMgI lAge tevI - vAta sAva saMkSepamAM nirdezI che. emAM pRthvIjayanI cAra vaikalpika rIto ullekhI che. e carcAmAM kauTilyane mukhyatve A samasta rAjamaMDala parano "jaya' - eka prakAranuM garavuM, sarvahitakara adhirAjatva, movaDIpaNuM - abhipreta jaNAya che. tenA prathama prakAramAM rAjamaMDalamAMnI samasta "ariprakRtine (badhA barobariyA zatruone) jItI lIdhA bAda, jemanA jayamAM rAjapratApanI asAdhAraNatAno khapa paDe tevI madhyama ane udAsIna rAjaprakRtione jItavAnI vAta che. (rAjamaMDalamAM gaNAvAtA rAjaprakAro bhinna-bhinna prakRtio arthAta rAjakIya tAsIra dharAvatA hoI emano ullekha paNa "prakRti' zabda dvArA thato hoya che !) madhyama rAjA zatru ke mitra baMne "prakRti' tarapha yatheccha sarasAI bhogavato hoya che. zatru ne mitra eka thayelA (saMhata) hoya ke aLagA (ke viruddha) (saMta) hoya; te baMne sthitimAM baMne para anugraha (upakAra) karavA samartha hoya che ane baMne paraspara zatratA(asaMhatapaNA)nI sthitimAM hoya tyAre baMnenA nigraha (niyamana) mATe paNa samartha hoya che (6.22). AvA samartha madhyama rAjAne paNa vijigISae badhI ariprakRti para jaya sAdhyA bAda jItavAno che. tethI paNa vadhu samartha - sahuthI samartha - rAjA 'udAsIna prakRti' tarIke oLakhAya che. te zatru, mitra ke madhyama prakRtithI "para" - caDhiyAto ane tethI te badhA bAbate nirbhaya ane betamA - banI rahe tevo balavattara hoya che. vaLI e badhI prakRti eka thayelI (saMta) ke phATa-phUTavALI (saMta) hoya tyAre e dareka para anugraha karavA samartha hoya che ane e badhA paraspara zatrutAmAM hoya tyAre e darekano nigraha karavA samartha hoya che (6.2.22). AvI jabarI udAsIna prakRtine paNa jo vijigISa jIte to te prathama prakArano ( zreSTha ) pRthvIjaya karanAra siddha thAya che. e dhyAnamAM rahe ke A pRthvIjaya te rAjapratibhAnA utkarSa thakI arthAt naitika (sAMskArika) ane rAjanaitika baMne prakAranA sAmarthyanA utkarSa thakI siddha thanAro utkRSTa dharmavijaya samajavAno che. enAthI saravALe to vizALatama mAnavasamUhamAM baMdhutvanA ke racanAtmaka rAjakIya maitrInA asAdhAraNa vikAsano mArga mokaLo bane che. dharmazAstra jene dharmarUpa mAne tevo A vijaya che. (pRthvIjayanA bAkI traNa prakAra e maryAdita paristhitimAM sadhAnArA maryAdita pRthvIjayarUpa hoI, atre ullekhanIya gaNyA nathI.) A rIte kauTilya adhyAya kra. 6.ramAM (paradezanItinA vibhAganA AraMbhe) samasta rAjamaMDalanI rUparekhA ApIne e ja vibhAganA aMtima adhyAya rU.4mAM upara nirdezelI pRthvIjayanI mArmika vAta karI che, tethI sujJajanone AkhI rAjamaMDalanI vibhAvanA mAnavasaMskRtinI daSTie mUlyavAnuM lAgyA vagara rahetI nathI. Ane kAraNe ApaNe evA vizvane jhaMkhatA thaIe chIe, jemAM Atmajaya ane pRthvIjaya te eka ja sikkAnI be bAju hoya, arthAt ekanI siddhimAM bIjAnI paNa siddhi thaI jAya. prabuddha vizvarAjakAraNanI A vAta che; bhale Aje mAnava-jAta enAthI sAva bIjA cheDAnuM rAjakAraNa joI rahI hoya. arthazAstramAMnA A bIjA vibhAgamAM tAttvika rIte sauthI mUlyavAnuM adhikaraNa che sAtamuM For Personal & Private Use Only

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130 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa ( pALya) . emAM kauTilya sAme, A samasta rAjamaMDala vacce vijigISa kema rakSita banI rahe te ja mukhya viSaya che. te adhikaraNanA samApanamAM (7.8.44mAM) AvatA suMdara zlokanI vAta pharI joIe : "je vijigISa Am SaSyane arthAt cha rAjanItione ekabIjAmAM pravezanArI satata samaje che, te potAnI buddhirUpI beDIothI baMdhAyelA jAtajAtanA rAjAo sAthe managamatI rIte rame che. 29A che kauTilyanuM svapnila rAjanaitika kSitija ! (kauTilyane A ramata saravALe prabhunI lIlA jevI bhavya ja abhipreta hoya e na bhulAya.) SADguNya : jema koI ramata ene lagatAM kSetra, sAdhano ane ramatanI prakriyA ema traNa pAsAMthI banelI hoya che, tema "SAgurya'rUpa rAjaramata paNa e traNa pAsAMnI banelI che. bhUmigata vastu-ochuM najIkapaNuM dharAvatA aneka rASTrone samAvato moTo mulka arthAta temAMnAM rASTro yA vizALa rAjamaMDala e tenuM krIDAkSetra che. e rAjamaMDalamAMnA sAmAnya rUpe bAra prakAramAM samAvAyelA rAjAo ane e rAjAonAM sahAyaka pAMca-pAMca matarika rAjayogo ('prakRtio'), eTale ke ekaMdare 60 prakAranI prakRtio te ramatanAM sAdhano che. ane ramatanI prakriyA SAguNyarUpa - cha prakAranA rAjanaitika abhigamo('guNo')rUpa hoya che. Ama thALuNya pravarte che rAjamaMDala ane temanI potapotAnI prakRtio vacce. pADyuSyanAM ghaTakonuM svarUpa saMkSepamAM joIe : "saMdhi' eTale sAmenA rAjaya sAthe cokkasa karAra dvArA karAyelo maitrIno saMbaMdha. 'vigraha eTale ADAI karatA.sAmAM rAjaya para vividha rIte apakAra ke ADAI karatA rahevuM te. "Asana' eTale caDhiyAtA sajja zatru pratye samajaNapUrvaka upekSA (madhyasthatA, taTasthatA dvArA tenI tapAsa) apanAvIne potAnI sajjatA vadhAravAnI mathAmaNa. "yAna' eTale potAnI pUrI sajjatAnI khAtarI karI, yuddhanI anivAryatA cakAsI, zatru pratye vidhipUrvaka sasainya prayANa. "saMzraya' eTale vasamA ke ugra zatrunI apekSAe potAnI nabaLAI pArakhI laIne potAnI surakSA arthe zaktizALI mitrarAjA ke taTastha rAjAno rAjakIya Azraya levo te, athavA potAnA baMdha durgano Azraya levo te. 'taidhIbhAva' eTale eka zatru sAthe vigraha (apakAra) nibhAvavA anya anukULa rAjA sAthe cokkasa svarUpanI maitrIno karAra (saMdhi) karavo te. agAu batAvyA pramANe, A SAgruNya vyApakapaNe jotAM rAjanItimAM zama ane vyAyAmanA zANA abhigamonA vArApharatI karAtA aMgIkArarUpa che. A cha guNomAM babbe nItinAM traNa jUtha tarI Ave che. e dareka jUthamAM eka zamapradhAna che to anya vyAyAmapradhAna - bhale zama ane vyAyAmanAM bAhya AkAro ane utkaTatA badalAya. prathama jUthamAM saMdhi zamapradhAna che, vigraha vyAyAmapradhAna. bIjA jUthamAM Asana zamapradhAna che, to yAna utkaTapaNe vyAyAmapradhAna. trIjA jUthamAM saMzraya zamapradhAna che, to kaidhIbhAva, aMze zamano yoga rAkhIne paNa saravALe vyAyAmapradhAna che. ATalI prAraMbhika carcAmAMthI mahattvanuM kAraNa e nIkaLe che ke A AkhI rAjanIti na to For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 131 mAtra avicArI jhanUna, daiSa ke prANabala para cAle che, na to mithyAbhimAna para cAle che. e cAle che prajJAbalanI rAhabarImAM deva-kRta lAbha-alAbha, jaya-parAjaya jevAM kaMkonA namra ke kheladilIbharyA svIkAra dvArA. hA. emAM satata Atmagaurava jALavavAnuM che. potAnAM "kSaya' ke 'sthAna' (sAmAnya sthiti) chevaTe "vRddhi'-gAmI bane tenI khAMkhata rAkhavAnI che; paNa adhIrAI, utAvaLa ke mithyAbhimAna sevavAnAM nathI. 'paMcataMtra'mAMnA eka zlokavAkya mujaba temAM "kuzaLa yuddha paNa apanAvAya che, to prasaMge kuzaLa palAyana paNa !" (suyuddha supalAyanam I) emAM nathI niSkriya prajJAbaLa ke AMdhaLuM AtmaghAtaka prANabaLa. rAjanIti Take che A baMnenA kAryasAdhaka samanvayathI. TUMkamAM, A AkhI pavidha rAjanIti kSatriyanA rAgadveSamukta ke anAsakta svadharmAcaraNarUpa ja che. ''gAma vacce rahIe, to thAya evA thaIe" e sahaja laukika nyAya emAM kartavyarUpe ja anusarAya che. rASTravAsI prajAonI zarIrayAtrA mATenI anivArya rASTrIya mUDIne kImatI thApaNa jema utkaTa dharmabuddhithI sAcavavAnI hoI e mUDI (sAdhano) na ja jokhamAya tevuM nityanuM jAgaraNa karavAnuM che. eTale vyaktigata jIvanamAM zakya evAM ahiMsA, kSamA, tyAga jevAM mUlyo rAjanItimAM te ja rUpe apanAvavAmAM dharma nathI. alabatta, e laukika hito saravALe vadhu sArI jALavaNI ne vRddhi pAme tevA gheryAdi guNo rAjanaitika aucitya mujaba apanAvavAmAM doSa nathI ja. evI sthitimAM prajAne kaSTo veThavAM paDe to paNa emAM prajAne barAbara hUMpha ApavAnI che ane emanI pairyayAtrA barAbara cAle te mATe emane zakya rAhato pUrI pADavA paNa mathavAnuM che. AmAM 'vigraha' ane 'yAna" e be guNo vacceno bheda thoDuM spaSTIkaraNa mAge che. vigrahanI vyAkhyA 'apakAra' zabdathI ane yAnanI vyAkhyA "amyuccaya' (saMnyAdi sarva sAdhanonI saMpannatA ane sajja sthiti) zabdathI ApI che. AthI ema kahI zakAya ke vigraha zatru taraphanA viziSTa abhigamarUpa che, yAna vijayasajjatArUpa. vigrahanI sthitimAM potAnI daMDAdizakti pUrI sajja na hoI potAnA tarapha vera sevatA sAmA rAjyane cAhIne ADakatarI rIte (kothaLAmAM "pAnazerInI Dhabe) judI-judI rIte hAni pahoMce yA ene Teko na apAya te rIte vartavAnuM mukhya che. tenA koI ne koI hIna rAjanaitika valaNa-vartananA saMdarbhe tene bhIMsamAM levA mATe ja tenA pratye Avo vigraha nibhAvavAno che. bIjI bAju, jayAre zatru jokhamI banI yuddha mATe toLAyo hoya, yA bIjI rIte ucchedayogya hoya te sthitimAM, yuddha mATe potAnI pUrI sajjatA (kamyuvI) joIne, deza-kALanI yogyatA mujaba vidhipUrvaka kartavyabuddhithI yuddhaprayANa paNa karavAnuM hoya che. te che 'yAna'. pAguSyanA dAva-pecanAM varNano parathI evuM tAravI zakAya che ke saMdhi, Asana ke saMzraya jevo zamapradhAna guNa apanAvatAM paNa sTeje gApheliyata na poSAya, sAmAno ativizvAsa na karAya ke svarASTrane saravALe hAni na thAya tema svakendrI rIte ja vartavAnuM che; bhAvukatAthI taNAvAnuM nathI. vizvAsano dekhAva karIne paNa mAnelA mitra ke AzrayadAtAne, potAnI garaja maTatAM, sahasA choDI devAno che. lAga joIne anyAyI zaratI saMdhiono paNa bhaMga karI potAnA svArthane thatI hAni aTakAvavAnI che. AvuM svArthapradhAna vartana, kharekhara to rAjanaitika kSetranuM laukika svarUpa samajI For Personal & Private Use Only

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132 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa svIkArIne, naryA dharmarUpe nibhAvavAnuM che; aMgata niSpharatAthI nahi. emAM pharI pharI parakhAyelA ke vaMzaparaMparAgata evA nitya miAne cheha devApaNuM samAtuM nathI e paNa yogya prasaMgoe kauTilya spaSTa kaheluM che. mULa vAta to jyAM vAjabI bhautika hito saMDovAyelAM hoya, tevI bAbatomAM 'jevA sAthe tevA' thavAnI nIti vAjabI kAraNothI nibhAvavI te che. sAMskRtika paraMparAnI daSTie ke AnvIkSikI'-prerita dArzanika bhUmikAnI dRSTie, zatru sAthe thayelA uccatara Tharela vyavahAro paNa pratibhAzALI rAjAnI rAhabarInA baLe svapakSe ke ubhaya pakSe sAphalya ANe te zakya che. AnvIkSikInuM rAjanaitika kSetre paNa mahattva prasthApatA kauTilyane to AvuM pragatizIla prayogavIrapaNuM iSTa ja hoya. kauTilya teramA adhikaraNanA saMbU zamana prakaraNamAM, jitAyelA zatrunI raiyata sAthe to vijigISae potAnI raiyatanI jema ja pUrI salukAIthI ane sahaja vatsalatAthI vartavAnuM zIkhavyuM che. rAjanItikSetramAM paNa dIrdhadaSTi rAkhI nibhAvelI vaphAdArIo ja vijigISane nitya jayavaMto ane sanmAnanIya banAve che. yuddha vakhate paNa dharmayuddhanA vyApaka rIte svIkArAyelAM niyamanone ane ekaMdare akrUratA ke mArdavane jALavavAnAM che. vidhipUrvaka svArthasaMrakSaka banI jANe, eno paramArtha mATeno daravAjo paNa khullo ja rahe che. rAjaye prajAnAM nirvivAda, saMgIna hito mATe sAbadA rahevuM e eka vAta che ane rAjya pote mUDIvAdI banIne rAjayanA koza ane koThArane sAcI-khoTI rIte bharavA arthe mAtra mAnelA avAstavika svArtha khAtara zatru para aNachAjatA trAsa ne lUMTaphATa AcaravAno mArga apanAvavo e sAva UlaTI ane anyAyI vAta che. evuM rAjya chevaTe potAnI prajAne paNa lUMTanAruM banI rahe che. tenAthI "prajAnA sukhe ja rAjAnuM sukha che ane prajAnA duHkhe duHkha" evI kauTilya batAvelI paripATIno sadaMtara cheda UDI jAya che. pAMkhI evI paNa lokazAhIonA AjanA vAtAvaraNamAM pararASTronI prajAne lUMTavAnI vAta jhaTa zakya na hoI potAnI ja bahusaMkhya prajAone mAtra lUMTavAnI ja nahi, balka emanA jIvananAM pAyAnAM sAdhanone ja khAlasA karIne itihAsamAM kadI na banyuM hoya evuM AsurI vartana karatI sarakAro jovA maLe che. evI lokazAhIo chevaTe AtmaghAtaka ja banI rahe che. AvI nagharoLa lokazAhIone paDakAravI te paNa vidhino saMketa che te vAta paNa kauTilyanI A carcAo parokSapaNe cIMdhe che. D B D. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 133 TippaNo : vyAkhyAna bIjuM 1. yo yacchraddhaH sa eva saH / - ma. gAtA 17.3D 2. AtmA vA are draSTavyaH zrotavyaH mantavya: nididhyAsitavyaH / - bRhadAraNyaka-upaniSad 2.4.5 Atmanastu kAmAya sarvaM priyaM bhavati / - bRhadAraNyaka-upaniSad 2.4.5 sane 4.5.6 darzanAdvarNanAccAtha rUDhA loke kavizrutiH / - ma tauta 5. zIlavRttaphalaM zrutam / - mahAbhAratam 2.5.101 trayI sAMkhyaM yogaH pazupatimataM vaiSNavamiti prabhinne prasthAne paramidamadaH pathyamiti ca / rucInAM vaicitryAdRjukuTilanAnApathajuSAM nRNAmeko gamyastvamasi payasAmarNava iva || -- zivamahimna:stotram 9405 7 7. kiM vA teSAM sAmprataM yeSAmatinRzaMsaprAyopadezanighRNaM kauTilyazAstraM pramANaM abhicArakriyAkUraikaprakRtayaH purodhaso guravaH / - kAdambarI 8. bhArahaM rAmAyaNaM bhImAsurakkaM koDilliyam... / - nandIsUtram zreyAnsvadharmo viguNaH paradharmAtsvanuSThitAt / - (bha. [iit| 3.35 andhaM tamaH pravizanti ye'vidyAmupAsate / / tato bhUya iva te tamaH ya u vidyAyAM ratAH // - IzAvAsyopaniSad 9 11. vidyAM cAvidyAM ya yastad vedobhayaM saha / avidyayA mRtyu tIrlA vidyayA'mRtamaznute // - IzAvAsyopaniSad 11 12. bhrAmayan sarvabhUtAni yantrArUDhAni mAyayA / - ma. sAtA 18.61B 13. na vAcaM vijijJAsIta, vaktAraM vijijJAsIta / - kauSItaki-brAhmaNa-upaniSad 3.8 14. buddhiyukto jahAtIha ubhe sukRtaduSkRte / - (. olltA 2.50A 15. indriyANi parANyAhurindriyebhyaH paraM manaH / manasastu parA buddhiryo buddheH paratastu saH // - ma. gItA 3.42 16. neti kauTilyaH - mantrazaktizzreyasI / prajJAzAstracakSurhi rAjA alpenApi prayatnena mantramAdhAtuM zaktaH, parAnutsAhaprabhAvavatazca sAmAdibhiyoMgopaniSadbhyAM cAtisandhAtum / - arthazAstram 9.1.13-15 (artha : "na" yoma Tilya 4 cha : "bhaMtrazasti yaDhiyAtI cha; // 29 // For Personal & Private Use Only

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134 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa ke prajJA ane zAstrarUpI cakSuvALo rAjA thoDA ja prayatnathI maMtrane khapamAM levA ane utsAhazakti ane prabhuzakti dharAvatA zatruone sAmAdi upAyothI ane yuktio tema ja miyA vidyAthI 25 41 / zaktimAn hoya che."). 17. vidyAvinayahetuH indri yajayaH kAmakrodhalo bhamAnamadaharSa tyAgAt kArya: / karNa - tvagakSijihvAghrANendriyANAM zabdasparzarUparasagandheSvavipratipattiH indriyajayaH / zAstrArthAnuSThAnaM vaa| - artha. 1.6.1,2 18. kRtsnaM hi zAstramidamindriyajayaH / - artha. 1.6.3 18. vidyAnAM tu yathAsvamAcAryaprAmANyAvinayo niyamazca / - artha. 1.5.6 20. zrutAddhi prajJopajAyate / prajJayA yoga: / yogAdAtmavattA iti vidyAsAmarthyam / - 'artha. 1.5.26 zuzrUSAzravaNagrahaNadhAraNavijJAnohApohatattvAbhiniviSTabuddhi vidyA vinayati, netaram / - artha. 1.5.5 zuzrUSA zravaNaM caiva grahaNaM dhAraNaM tathA / UhApoho'rthavijJAnaM tattvajJAnaM ca dhIguNAH // 23. dharmAdharmoM trayyAm, arthAnau~ vArtAyAm, nayApanayau daNDanItyAm / balAbale caitAsAM hetubhiranvIkSamANA AnvIkSikI lokasyopakaroti / vyasane'abhyudaye ca buddhimavasthApayati / prajJAvAkyakriyAvaizAradyaM ca karoti / - artha. 1.2.11 pradIpaH sarvavidyAnAmupAyassarvakarmaNAm / AzrayaH sarvadharmANAM zazvadAnvIkSikI matA // - artha. 1.2.22 25. AnvIkSikI-trayI-vArtAnAM yogakSemasAdhano daNDaH / - artha. 1.4.3 "artha eva pradhAna'' iti kauTilya: / arthamUlau hi dharmakAmAviti / - artha. 1.7.6,7 27. .....daNDanItiH alabdhalAbhArthA, labdhaparirakSaNI, rakSitavivardhanI, vRddhasya tIrtheSu pratipAdanI ca / - artha. 1.4.2 . 28. 4o 52 Ti5 . trIhu~ 2291. 28. parAJci khAni vyatRNatsvayaMbhUstasmAtparAG pazyati nAntarAtman / - kaThopaniSad 2.4.1 zamavyAyAmau yogakSemayooniH / karmArambhANAM yogArAdhano vyAyAmaH / karmaphalopabhogAnAM kSemArAdhanazzamaH / zamavyAyAmayoryoniSpADguNyam / kSayaH sthAnaM vRddhiriyudayAstasya / mAnuSaM nayApanayau, daivamayAnayau / daivamAnuSaM hi karma lokaM yApayati / adRSTakAritaM daivam / tasminniSTena 30. zamavyAcA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM : vizada dArzanika pariprekSya 135 phalena yogaH ayaH, aniSTenAnayaH / dRSTakAritaM mAnuSam / tasminyogakSemaniSpattirnayaH, vipattirapanayaH / taccintyam, acintyaM daivamiti / - artha. 6.2.1-12 31. yallabhase nijakarmopAttaM vittaM tena vinodaya cittam / - dvAdazapaJjarikA-stotram 1B 32. karmaNyakarma yaH pazyedakarmaNi ca karma yaH / sa buddhimAnmanuSyeSu sa yukta: kRtsnakarmakRt // - ma. gAtA 4.18 ArurukSormuneryogaM karma kAraNamucyate / yogArUDhasya tasyaiva zama: kAraNamucyate // - ma. giit| 6.3 vikArahetau sati vikriyante yeSAM na cetAMsi ta eva dhIrAH / - kumArasambhavam 1.59B adhiSThAnaM tathA kartA karaNaM ca pRthagvidham / vividhAzca pRthakceSTA daivaM caivAtra paJcamam // - ma. oItA 18.14 36. devAnbhAvayatAnena te devA bhAvayantu vaH / - (ma. old! 3.11A 37. pUrvajanmakRtaM karma tadaivamiti kathyate / tasmAtpuruSakAreNa vinA daivaM na sidhyati // - matsyapurANam 38. azakye sarvamutsRjyApagacchet / dRSTA hi jIvata: punarApattiH yathA .suyAtrodayanayoH / - artha. 9.7.35,36 38. vArtAmadhyakSebhyaH / - artha. 1.5.8 40. artho hyarthasya nakSatraM kiM kariSyanti tArakA: / - artha. 9.4.26B yasmAnnodvijate loko lokAnnodvijate ca yaH / - ma. old 12.15A 42. adveSTA sarvabhUtAnAM maitra: karuNa eva ca / - ma. t| 12.13A neti kauTilyaH / amAtyamUlAssarvArambhAH / janapadasya karmasiddhayaH, svataH paratazca yogakSemasAdhanaM, vyasanapratIkAraH, zUnyanivezopacayau, daNDakarAnugrahazceti / - artha. 8.1.22,23 (arthaH "auTilya mAno niSedha 42 cha. samAtya hoya to 4 [20 Mi ] ma. sapAya cha : janapadamAM thatAM kAmonI saphaLa pUrNAhuti, aprAptanI prAptirUpa yoganI ane evI prApta saMpattinA rakSaNa sahitanA upabhogarUpa kSemanI svabhUmi ke parabhUmimAMthI sadhAtI siddhi, Apattiono sAmano, khAlI bhUmiomAM vasavATa ane vRddhi, daMDa arthAt zikSA arthe levAtuM dhana; athavA sainyanA mANaso; tema ja kararUpe [kozane] thato lAbha [ityAdi].) For Personal & Private Use Only

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136 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa 44. karSakaprAye tu durgavyasanam, AyudhIyaprAye tu janapade janapadavyasanamiti / - artha. 8.1.32 45. dharmazca vyavahArazca caritraM rAjazAsanam / / vivAdArthazcatuSpAdaH pazcima: pUrvabAdhakaH // - artha. 3.1.39 46. rAjandudhukSasi yadi kSitidhenumetAM tenAdya vatsamiva lokamamuM puSANa / - nItizatakam Page #154
vyAkhyAna-trIjuM jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA sami(IMdhaNa)rUpa namra ardhya arpIne, vidhipUrvaka dIrghakALa gurucaraNa upAsIne ekAgratAthI jhIleluM zruta (vidyApravacana) ziSyamAM UjaLuM zIla (cetanAnI sarvAMgI ziSTatA ke AtmavattA) ane saMsAra-vyavahAramAM joDAtAM ja tene ujALe tevuM vRtta (sarvakSetrIya vyavahAra-kauzala) sAkAra kare che e vAta AgalA vyAkhyAnamAM zItavRttAM zrutam e mahAvAkya anvaye karelI. AvA zikSaNanA baLe ja manuSya saMsArakSetramAM samayocita navAM-navAM saMskRti-AkAro mUrta karI zake che. rAjanIti-kSetrane paNa A vAta pUrepUrI lAgu paDe che. agAunA vyAkhyAnamAM nirdezelo rAjapuruSano vizada dArzanika pariprekSya svarASTramAMnAM, parivArarUpa pAyAnAM sAmAjika ghaTakothI mAMDIne samasta rASTranA svarUpane ane tenI sImA bahAranA samasta rAjamaMDala sudhInAM mUrta saMgaThanonA svarUpane sAMskRtika ane vadhu saMvAdI evo abhinava ghATa ke AyAma (dimension) ApI zakavAnI kSamatA dharAve che. jema kAvyasarjana jevA atyaMta sajIva ne racanAtmaka kSetra aMge kahevAyuM che ke ''jo pratibhAguNa hoya to navA-navA kAvyArthone mUrta karavAmAM koI sImA ke maryAdA naDatI nathI.1', tema rAjanIti jevA dunyavI lAgatA kSetramAM paNa jenI UMcA darzanarUpa pratibhA barAbara khIlI hoya, tene samasta rASTranAM vividha kSetromAM navAM ja mAnavIya sAMskRtika lakSyo mUrta ka2vAnuM ke chevaTe teno AraMbha karavAnuM saubhAgya avazya prApta thaI zake che. AgalA vyAkhyAnamAM varNaveluM bahu-AyAmI ke vaividhyapUrNa mUlyadarzana je rAjapuruSamAM sthira thayuM hoya ane jenI nipuNa pratibhA thakI ane ucca bhAgyazakti thakI potAnI AsapAsa cunaMdu adhikArIvRMda, kAryakaravRMda ane sevakavRMda paNa jAmyuM hoya, balke jamAvAyuM hoya, tevo rAjA avazya svarASTramAM ane avasare samasta rAjamaMDalamAM navI sAMskRtika saMbhAvanAo mUrta karI zake ema bane. bhale rAjAnI darzanazakti asAdhAraNa na hoya, paNa chatAM tenI prakRti ThIka-ThIka saMskArI ane navA-navA saMskAro mATenI ruci dharAvanArI hoya, to paNa tenA rASTranAM vividha sAMskRtika kSetro TakAu kSamatAvALAM ane sacetano mATe kalyANonI paraMparA sarjanArAM banI zake che. AgalA vyAkhyAnamAM nirdezelAM dArzanika mUlyonA, vyavahAramAM karelA amalathI rASTranAM vividha taMtro kevI vividhakSetrIya sAMskRtika UMcAI siddha karI zake tenI vAta A vyAkhyAnamAM karIzuM. eTaluM dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke jo darzanazakti prathama kakSAnI ane maulika eTale ke rAjAnI pratibhAnuM aMtargata aMga banI gayelI hoya, to vyavahAramAM enuM pUruM avataraNa avazya thAya ane enAM cokhkhAM pariNAmo paNa dekhAyAM vinA na rahe. darzanazakti jeTalI vinayayukta ane ghUMTAyelI, teTalA pramANamAM temAMthI khilavAyelI saMskRti nitya lacIlI banI lAMbuM Take. darzananI nirmaLatA ane ujjavaLatA jeTalI UMcI, teTale aMze kriyAzaktimAM sAtatya ane daDhatA Ave ane niyamanono pAko amala karAvavAmAM paNa vinayayukta ane vatsala evI rAjakIya anunayazakti For Personal & Private Use Only

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1 38 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa (samajAvaTa-zakti)ne ja kAme lagADavAnI dhIraja Ave. AvI prakriyA je dheryazIla rASTramAM satata cAlatI rahe, te rASTra, saMskRti kevI TakAu ane hRdayagrAhI cIja che te batAvI aneka sanniSTha rASTrone racanAtmaka pravRttiomAM prerI zake. ApaNe rASTrajIvananAM judAM-judAM mUrti pAsAMne eka pachI eka hAtha dharIne tenuM asala sAMskRtika svarUpa jALavavAmAM rAjyataMtra kevI-kevI rIte sahAyabhUta thaI zake te tapAsatAM jaIzuM. rAjA pote ja rASTrajIvananuM pAyAnuM paribaLa hoI tenAthI AraMbha karIzuM. rAjarSi : zIla ane dinacaryA (vRtta). zIlajanya guNo : aneka ajJAnI, brAMta, pIDita janothI bharelo A saMsAra naryo jaDa ke parivartanathI sAva vimukha to nathI ja hoto. saMsAra UjaLA dRSTAMta AgaLa jhUke che. mAnavamAtramAM paDeluM zraddhAtattva zraddhayane nitya zodhe che. sAmAnyajana pote je avasthAmAM hoya che temAM pote anicchAe dhakelAyo hovAnuM paNa ene UMDe UMDe lAge che. "mahAbhArata'mAM anyatra kahyuM che : ""sapuruSomAM je vizvAsa baMdhAya che te to potAnI jAtamAM paNa hoto nathI." vizALa prajAsamUhanI AvI ananya zraddhAnuM kendra banI zake tevI pratibhA, kALakrame, sarvaprajAkSika ane pAlaka evA rAjAmAM mUrta thaI. prajAnuM unnatikara raMjana (anurana) karavAnI kSamatAthI ja tene "rAjA' evuM biruda maLeluM; to vaLI manuSyanA uttama guNonA pratinidhi tarIke te 'narendra (naromAM indra jevo arthAt narazreSTha) kahevAyo. bhAratIya samAjavidhAna pramANe rAjA kSatriya tarIke "go-brAhmaNa-pratipAlaka' ('guNasamRddha poSaNa ApatA go-vaMzano ane jJAna-zIla-tapanA upAsaka, brahmaniSTha brAhmaNavarNano rakSaka) gaNAyo. vizeSe to kSatriyatA sAthe bhAratavarSamAM viziSTarUpe gUMthAyelI udAra darzanazaktine kAraNe rAjA brAhmaNo ane RSionA sarvaprajAhitakara sAMskRtika Adezone sAdara jhIlIne te badhAno pravartaka banI rahyo. kSatriyatA sAthe gUMthAyelI uccatama prANazakti para ucca keLavaNI dvArA uttama prajJAno puTa caDhyo, tenI natha ghalAI. Ama asala rAjatvano piMDa abhimAna ane jhanUnathI nahi paNa vinIta evI sarvahitakara karmazIlatAthI baMdhAyelo hoya che. tenAmAM atirekI kriyAthI janmatI mAThI pratikriyAnuM cokhkhuM bhAna hoI potAnuM pratyeka pagaluM suciMtita hoya tevI tenI nityanI jAgRti rahe che. kALakrame, rAjAnuM mukhya kartavya mAtra zastraprayoga dvArA prajArakSaNanuM na rahetAM, bhUmidatta prAkRtika saMpattimAMthI vyApakapaNe mAnavajIvana vadhu sukhapUrNa ane anukULa bane tevAM sAdhanasaMpattinA utpAdanamAM prajAne sArI rIte parovavAnuM banI rahyuM. eTale enI eka abhinava oLakhANa banI rahI "arthapati' tarIkenI. vaLI A arthotpAdananuM lakSya paNa sAMskRtika vikAsarUpa - balka AtmavikAsarUpa - rahyuM. ahIM ApaNe rAjatva keTalI mAnavIya UMcAIne AMbI zake tenI vicAraNA karIe chIe te na bhulAya. evI uccatA vizALa deza-kALa-paTamAM thayelA agaNita rAjAomAMthI bhale thoDA ja rAjAomAM mUrta thaI hoya, paNa tevA thoDA rAjAo paNa judA-judA deza For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA kALamAM vyApIne pharI-pharI pedA thatA rahyA hoI, jANye-ajANye anya sAmAnya rAjAo mATe paNa zraddheya banI rahyA, ane vividha prajAonA hRdayamAM to samajaNabharI UMDI bhakti jagavatA rahyA. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya dvArA evA aneka rAjAo amara thaIne samAjahradayamAM nitya birAje che. AvA UMcA rAjatvathI rAjA 'rAjarSi' ('rAjArUpI RSi') biruda pAmyo. kauTilye potAnA graMthamAM, agAu joyeluM tema, eka nAnakaDo adhyAya kra. 2.7 AvA rAjarSinA zIlanI rUparekhA ApavA mATe ja phALavyo che. rAjAnI eka sarvasAmAnya kalpanA ja lokahRdayamAM evI bhakti ane zraddhA jagavatI rahI che ke saMskRta ke itara prAcIna, madhyakAlIna sAhityamAM rAjAnuM vyaktitva romAMcakArI, rasabhoktA nAyaka tarIke jIvanarasikone bahelAvatuM rahyuM che. sAmAnya rIte Avo janahRdayasthita rAjA enA manasvI ke kaThora vyavahAra mATe nahi, balke udAra, sarvasaMgrAhaka prakRti mATe ja paMkAyelo hoya che. AtmasamarpaNa jANe eno svabhAva banI rahyo hoya tevI sarvasAdhAraNa kalpanA sthira thayelI che. tethI ja AvA rAjAne mATe atyaMta bhaktizIla evI A lokokti prasarI : ''lAkho marajo, paNa lAkhono pAlaNahAra na marajo.' tethI ane vaLI mAnavapratibhAnA zakya AyAma (vistaraNa) samajavAnI dRSTie paNa rAjapratibhAno vistRta paricaya iSTa che. ahIM eTalI spaSTatA karIe ke manuSyano guNa-samudAya e enA darzana ane bAhyavartana (vRtta) vacceno, thoDeka aMze amUrta paNa mahad aMze mUrta evo bhAga hoI, ahIM sAMskRtika pAsAnI carcAmAM rAjAnA guNasamudAyanI vAta samAvI che. kauTilye rAjA aMgenI potAnA aMtaramAM sthira thayelI vibhAvanA AkhA graMthamAM aneka avasare mana mUkIne aMkita karI che, ramatI karI che. rAjAnA pada mATe 'vijigISu' zabda to pUrA aucitya sAthe temaNe premapUrvaka vizeSya tarIke ja calaNI banAvyo che. enuM vijigISupaNuM (vijayAkAMkSIpaNuM) lokapratinidhi tarIke che, lokavijayanuM pratIka che e na bhulAya. (sujJajano AjanI kahevAtI lokazAhInA sattAdhArIonI bhUmikA AnI sAthe jarUra sarakhAvaze.) game teTalA parAjayo vacce rAjA prajAhitano taMta mUke ema nathI tethI te 'vijigISu' kahevAyo che. gAMdhInI paribhASAmAM te satyAgrahI che, to vinobA tenI puravaNIrUpe je 'satyagrAhI' e pUraka-guNavAcI pada umeratA tevo paNa te che ja che. bhAsakavie potAnA ekAMkI satyanuM grahaNa karanAro varjhamAmAM kahyuM che ke 'raNabhUmimAM niSphaLatA nathI" (nAsti nitatA raLe). te paNa kauTilyokta vAtano ja paDagho che. - = 139 rAjAnA guNa-gaNa viSenuM kauTilyanuM pUrepUruM tAraNa adhyAya kra.6.nA sUtra kra. 2thI 6mAM, rAjyanI sapta prakRtionAM lakSaNakathananA prasaMge rAjArUpI prathama prakRtinA vargIkRta guNa-gaNa-varNana tarIke jovA maLe che. vaLI AnI ja puravaNIrUpa varNana che rAjAnI dinacaryAnuM adhyAya kra. 2.zmAMnuM bolakuM varNana. pahelAM ApaNe sarvAMgI evuM rAjaguNavarNana vigate tapAsIne rAjA kevI rIte narazreSTha ('narendra') che te barAbara samajIzuM. ahIM e na bhulAya ke A guNo loka vacce jIvanAra ane For Personal & Private Use Only

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14 kauTilya "arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa lokanuM netRtva karanAra manuSyanA atyaMta kAryasAdhaka guNo hoI rAjAnI narazreSThatA pragaTa kare che. emAM netRtvathI paNa vizeSa loka-mAMgalya sAdhanArA araNyavAsI RSinI parama uccatAno niSedha nathI. UlaTuM rAjA RSirUpa banI rahIne ja A guNagaNa dhAraNa kare che e to kauTilya anyatra spaSTa karyuM ja che. A varNana samajIne tene AdhAre rAjAnI dinacaryA tapAsavAnuM rasaprada banaze. AraMbhe eka samajavA yogya vastusthiti ullekhIe. dharmazAstro ane tenA dohanarUpa mRtigraMthoe varNadharmo aMge eka vAta e mUkI che ke jema dareka varNanA AgavA dharmo hoya che, tema cAre ya varNonAM keTalAMka sarvasAmAnya lakSaNo paNa hoya che. eTale AjanI rIte kahI zakAya ke samAjanAM vividha kAryonI samAMtara vyavasthA jaLavAya te mATe guNa ane karma e ubhayanI naisargika rUpe bhinna evI nija-nija saMpatti mujaba te-te varNanAM kAryo bhale bhinna hoya, paNa sarva varNomAM mAnava tarIkenA pAyAnA guNo to samAnapaNe icchanIya che. e guNo ja vargo mAMhe UMcanIcapaNAnI ke virodhitAnI samajaNano cheda uDADI daIne e sarvane eka dorAmAM parovI samAjajIvananA barobariyA bhAgIdAra banAve che. e dRSTie, kauTilya varNavelA rAjaguNo paikInA ghaNA guNo koI varNa-vizeSano judAro upasAvavAne badale sahu manuSyoe potapotAnI anukULatA mujaba apanAvavA lAyaka mAnavIya guNonI rasaprada yAdI banI rahe che. A yAdI anvaye evuM jarUrI sUcavI zakAya ke koI paNa ucca saMsthAnA uccAvI adhikArIonI varaNI mATe ane vaLI darekanA sevAkALanA vividha tabakke temanI vividhalakSI kAryakSamatAnI ane vyaktitvanI AMtarika samatulAnI jALavaNI ke khilavaTa mATe A AkhI yAdIne varaNIno ke tAlImI kAryakramano pAyo banAvI zakAya. A guNa-yAdI cAra jUthomAM vibhAjita che : (1) AbhigAmika guNo, (2) prajJAguNo, (3) utsAhaguNo ane (4) AtmasaMparUpa guNo. mAtra sthaLa vizeSaNapadonI gaNatarI karIe to temAM jUthavAra anukrame 14,7,4 ane 21 (kula 46) guNadarzI pado che - hakIkatamAM ghaNAM vizeSaNomAM ekAdhika guNo samAyA che. paNa AkhI yAdI ATalI prAthamika sthaLa tapAsathI ja ghaNI vAstavaniSTha jaNAya che. vibhAjana mATenAM A cAra jUtho aMge paNa thoDuM avalokana karIe. ema lAge che ke mAnavamAtranA guNo TUMkANamAM jeTalAM jUthomAM vaheMcI zakAya teTalAM A jUtho che. enAthI samatola pratibhAvALo kAryakSama mAnava mUrta thAya che. koI paNa zaikSaNika saMsthA ke saMkula potAno paripUrNa keLavaNI-krama goThavavAmAM A yAdIne pUrepUrI khapamAM laI zake. prathama jUtharUpa "AbhigAmika guNo joIe. "abhigama' eTale koInI pAse javuM ke koInuM sAnnidhya (samIpapaNuM) sevavuM. vyaktinA je guNo anyone tenI pAse javA prere, tenuM sevana karavA prere te guNo abhigAmika guNo. prajAjIvana ke mAnavasamUha sAthe levA-devA rAkhanAra adhikArI mATe to AvA guNo khUba jarUrI che. jenAthI manuSya sahajapaNe lokapriya banI rahe tevA A guNo che. yAda karIe peluM agAu nirdezala gItA-prokta bhaktalakSaNa : "jenAthI loka udvega na pAme ane For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 141 je lokathI uga na pAme". e na bhulAya ke manuSyanA game te uccatama guNanI paripakvatAnI kharI kasoTI A AbhigAmikatA ja che. abhigAmika evo atyaMta mahimAyukta zabda vAparIne kauTilya kharekhara to guNamAtranuM hArda sUcavI dIdhuM che - jenAthI manuSyonuM joDANa thAya ane te dvArA sAmAjika, Arthika, sAMskRtika ema vividhalakSI nirmANa saMgInapaNe pravarte te kharA guNo. 'guNa'no mULa artha thAya che sUtra ke dorI. jema sUtro ADA-UbhA gUMthAI paTa bane che, yA jema eka dorImAM aneka motI ke maNakA parovAya che, tema guNa paNa navanirmANamAtrano AdhAra che yA tenI upAdAnasAmagrI che. guNanI A kharI sArthakatA, enI A joDanArI zakti cUkI javAya to guNamAtra guNIjananAM ahaMkAranuM vAhana banIne tene lokathI ataDA rAkhe yA lokane dabAve ke mAtra DarAve; tethI koI suMdara sAmAjika hetu siddha thato nathI. evo guNa zobhAnA gAMThiyo ja banI rahe che. prajAnuM raMjana kare te rAjA' e vyAkhyA mujaba to rAjA mATe AbhigAmika guNo sauthI pAyAnA gaNAya. te dRSTie enI prathama rajUAta karI kauTilya ghaNuM aucitya jALavyuM che. rAjAnuM sauthI vadhu pAyAnuM kArya to lokanAM uttama guNo ane sAmartho pragaTa thAya tevI rIte temanA nityanA sahayogI ane preraNAdAtA banI rahevAnuM che. koI paNa dezakALamAM rAjA jevA uttama lokaniSTha jana mATe A pAsuM mahattvanuM banI rahe che. vinobA A jamAnA mATe je kahe che ke "have netAnA divaso gayA, 'gaNasevaka' (samudAyanI sevA karanAra)nA divaso AvyA che" te vAta paNa AvA lokAbhimukha guNono ja mahimA kare che. e na bhulAya ke AvI suMdaratA pAmelA zItaLa guNo "UMcA" kahevAtA manuSyonA jIvanamAM paNa jaldI dekhAtA nathI; kAraNa ke guNonI uccatA sAthe abhimAnano tyAga paNa karavo paDe che, potAnuM guNasamRddha vyaktitva lokane ke sRSTine samarpita karavuM paDe che. sAmAnya rIte to rAjAnuM DarAmaNApaNuM ja lokamAM pracalita hoya che. "zatruthI prajAnuM rakSaNa karavA to rAjAnuM raudra svarUpa ja khapanuM che' ema paNa samajavA-samajAvavAmAM AvatuM hoya che. emAM ya vaLI rAjA ane emanAM vhAlAMo jo vilAsI hoya to temane potAnA svacchaMdo poSavA AvuM raudrapaNuM ane ataDApaNuM ja sagavaDabharyuM lAge che; ne rAMka prajA to e svIkArI ja le che. rAjA ane raiyata vaccenI AvI kahevAtI vAstavikatAne paDakArIne, niSedhIne kauTilya A guNayAdI ApI che. kauTilya sAme naMdonI prakRtino svAnubhava paNa A yAdI rajU karatI vakhate manamAM hoya. kAlidAse kauTilyanuM "arthazAstra' AdarathI ane ekAgratAthI joyuM hovAnA aneka AdhArabhUta purAvA temanI ekAdhika kRtiomAMthI maLe che te paikI A abhigAmika guNavALI vAtano paDagho raghuvaMza'mAM Ama paDyo che : "bhayotpAdaka ane pratikAraka ema dvividha guNone kAraNe te sevako mATe [eka bAju] kSobha vagara pAse na jaI zakAya tevo, [to vaLI bIjI bAjue] manamokaLAzathI ke kSobha vagara pAse jaI zakAya tevo ('abhigamya') paNa banI raheto.4" kavie vAparelo 3 : zabda 'arthazAstranA ja "AbhigAmika' padano paDagho hovAnuM samajAya che. vaLI "raghuvaMza'mAM nA dilIpanA rAjaguNo varNavatA A prathama sarganA zloka ka. 20mAM dilIparAjA mATe For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa je saMvRtamantrasya pada vAparyuM che, te kauTilyanI A yAdImAMnA chellA AtmasaMpa -rUpa guNajUthamAMnAM saMvRta: e vizeSaNano paDagho hovAnuM cokkasa kahI zakAya. kAlidAsano kauTilyanA graMtha pratyeno Avo bharyobharyo Adara na bhulAya. 142 Ama AbhigAmika guNajUthane pUrA aucitya sAthe rajUAtamAM prathama sthAna ApIne, kauTilya pote prajJA(sarvAMgI buddhi)ne guNagaNano kharo AdhArasrota gaNatA hoIne prajJAguNonA jUtha tarIke, AgalA vyAkhyAnamAM keLavaNI-vicAranA muddAmAM gaNAvelA vidyAgrahaNanAM sAta pagathiyAMne (zuzruSAdine) ja rajU kare che. rAjAnI traNa zaktiomAM kauTilye utsAhazaktine khUba TharelapaNe chelluM sthAna ApeluM hoI A yAdImAM paNa utsAhaguNone prajJAguNonI bAda mUkyA che. utsAha prajJAthI aMkuzita hoya to ja e nirbheLa guNarUpa nIvaDe che evo saMketa emAMthI jarUra samajI zakAya. A traNa jUtha (AbhigAmika guNo, prajJAguNo ane utsAhaguNo) dareka rAjA mATe pAyAnAM kartavyo arthe Avazyaka ane vyavahAradaSTie jarUrI gaNIne prathama apAyAM che, ane rAjatvano utkarSa karatA anivArya nahi, paNa icchanIya gaNAya tevA guNone jANe ke pariziSTarUpe, 'AtmasaMpa 'rUpa guNajUtha tarIke chelle mUkyA che. alabatta, A jUtha badhAMmAM sauthI vistRta che ! kauTilya to rahyA rAjAnA rAjarSi tarIkenA utkarSanA sthira Azaka ! - have AmAMnA pratyeka jUthane thoDuM najIkathI tapAsIe : AbhigAmika guNajUtha puruSArthI, svamAnI ane saMskArI evI prajAne, je guNasamudAyathI rAjA zraddheya ane kAryakSama lAge che te cokkasa bhAvAtmaka guNone hetulakSI rIte rajU kare che. e guNone lIdhe prajA ke rAjyataMtranA nAnA-moTA sevako rAjA pAse jaIne dila kholI zake che, vAjabI phariyAda ke muzkelI nirbhayapaNe rajU karI zake che; evA hUMphALA e guNo che. tethI ja ene 'AbhigAmika' evuM khUba sArthaka vizeSaNa ApyuM che. AmAM pahelo ja guNa 'mAnIna' ema kahyo che. A vAta khulAso mAge che. prAcInabhAratIya sAmAjika dhoraNamAM manuSyanA sArA kuLano mahimA sarvamAnya che. aneka peDhIothI avicchinnapaNe je kuLanA UMcA AcAro ekaMdare jaLavAtA rahyA hoya, evA kuLamAM janmelA prAyaH dareka saMtAnanA vividha guNomAM vadhu UMDANa, daDhatA ane kAryakSama evI sthiratA hovAnI saMbhAvanA rahe che. enAthI vyaktitvamAM sarvapriyatA, audArya ane UMcI kAryadakSatA paNa UtarI Ave che ane vyakti, saravALe, samAjano sarvAMgI ne sarvavyApaka utkarSa sAdhanArI eka majabUta kaDI banI rahe che, tema ja bIjAonA pratibhA-utkarSamAM sahAyaka thaI samAjajIvananI aneka anya kaDIone paNa majabUta karI zake che. AmAM e vAta khAsa dhyAnapAtra gaNAya ke A mahAkulInatAnI khAtarI paNa tyAre ja thAya ane te guNarUpa paNa tyAre ja Thare, jyAre tenI sAthe sahaja (ADaMbararahita) namratA ane navI-navI vinayavAMchA joDAyelI hoya. sAcI mahAkulInatA avazyapaNe samarpaNavRttimAM, pradAnazIlatAmAM balke AtmadAnamAM ghasAIne UjaLA thavAmAM rAce che. e dRSTie A -, - For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 143 guNano kharo saMbaMdha kuLanA mAtra sthULa ke ADaMbarI itihAsa sAthe nahi, paNa enA pariNAme siddha thatI UMcI sAmAjikatA sAthe che. e rIte jotAM A eka icchanIya guNa che, paNa sthULa rUpe anivArya nathI. koI vyaktinuM kuLa ajANyuM hoya ke UMcI pUrvaparaMparA vinAnuM hoya, paraMtu game te kAraNe te vyakti UMcI, daDha ane aneka prasaMgoe kasAIne pragaTa thayelI pratibhA dharAvatI hoya, to ene UMcA pada mATe lAyaka ke ajamAvavA yogya to gaNavI ja rahI. sadIonA pasAra thavA sAthe kuLanI uccatA bAbata, prAcIna kALathI cAlyA AvatA samAjamAM aneka bhramo, mithyAbhimAna ke daMbha pravezatAM jovA maLyAM che. eTale kuLane mudde samajaNa vagaranI custatA ghaNI nakAmI rukAvaTo UbhI karI binajarUrI sAmAjika badilI janmAve che. ahIM kuLanA mudde mahAkavi-manISI bhAsanI bhUmikA paNa jANavA-samajavA yogya che. temanA vimAram nATakamAM eka sthaLe AvuM vidhAna che : "kuLanI bAbatamAM UNapavALI vyaktimAM AcArazuddhi sadhAtI nathI" ("na tu vinAnAM vartata vRttazuddhiH '' viram 2.5b) A vidhAna bhalabhalA udAra vicArakone mUMjhave tevuM jarUra che. paNa manISI bhAsamAM vaicArika udAratAnuM sAtatya jotAM A vidhAnane TharelapaNe, taTasthapaNe mUlavavuM jarUrI che. aneka UMcAM zIla ane AcAra dharAvatI vyaktio bAbate evuM bane ke sthaLa jANakArI mujaba tenuM kuLa nIcuM hoya; paraMtu tenA janma bAbata koI ne koI kharI hakIkata judAM-judAM kAraNe dabAI gayelI hoya. samAjamAM rUDha baneluM miththA varNAbhimAna ke jAti-abhimAna paNa ghaNI vAra anyanI AvI sAcI hakIkatone jANyeajANye dabAvI detuM jovA maLe che. TUMkamAM kahevuM hoya to kuLanI mahattA bAbatanuM bhAsanuM ke kauTilyanuM samAna dizAnuM jaNAtuM ciMtana e nRvaMzazAstrIya UMDI vaijJAnika samajaNanuM phaLa che; paNa ene samAjamAM rUDha banelA UMca-nIcanA pUrvagraho sAthe ke mithyAbhimAna sAthe koI saMbaMdha nathI. kuLanI uccatA aneka pUrva peDhIonI uccatAmAMthI ja janme evuM paNa mAnavuM jarUrI ke nyAyayukta lAgatuM nathI. kuLanA koI vyaktivizeSanA asAdhAraNa puruSArthanA kAraNe agAunI peDhI karatAM navI peDhInuM uccapaNuM saMbhave che. vyaktinA guNa parivAranI UMcI AMtarika paraMparAthI kasAIne saraLatAthI sudaDha banI zake che. paraMtu bIjI bAjue bhAratIya jIvanadarzana manuSyonA aneka janmomAM, tema ja aneka janmo bAda sadhAtA, pUrvanA eka ke adhika janmonA saMskAranA paripAkamAM paNa mAne che. e mujaba game tevA kuLamAM paNa temAMnA vyaktivizeSanI uccaguNatA tenA pUrva janmonA kAraNe ane e janmomAM sAMpaDelA kulasaMparkonA kAraNe paNa saMbhavI zake. bahumukhI AdhyAtmika ane vaijJAnika aMtardaSTi vinA mAtra chIcharA pUrvagrahonA dhakkAthI koI vyaktinI UMcanIcatAnA nyAyAdhIza thavAnuM kudaratane mAnya nathI. evA pUrvagrahothI ja vyaktione mUlavato samAja paDatImAM UMDo ne UMDo khUMpato jAya che. bhAsakavi ane kauTilyanI kuLagata uparyukta samAna samajaNa paNa udAra ja che te vAta, baMnenA anvaye keTalIka anya vigato tapAsatAM paNa samajAze. bhAsanI bAbatamAM temanI rAkSasajAtiviSayaka udAra samajaNa juo. temanAM madhyamavyAyo 1:, kUtapaTovam ane dUtavAkyam - For Personal & Private Use Only

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144 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa ATalAM ekAMkIomAM to rAkSasajAti mATeno temano bharyo-bharyo Adara pratItikAraka rIte vyakta thayo che. UMcA kahevAtA Aryo aneka hIna vyavahAronA kartA paNa banatA jovA maLe che. mahAbhArata'rUpa jJAnamaya pradIpa pragaTAvanAra vyAsajIe paNa rAkSasa-jAti ane anya aneka jAtio viSe pUrvagrahamukta dhiMguM ciMtana aneka nidarzano dvArA pragaTa karyuM che. kuLa bAbata paNa emanA vicAro krAMtadarzI che, paNa vidrohapUrNa ke chIcharA nathI. kauTilyano pakSa paNa joIe. kauTilya naMdavaMzano saMpUrNa nAza karIne tenI gAdIe eka dAsIputra ke zUdra evA caMdraguptane sthApavAno hiMmatabharyo ke kadAca udaMDa lAgato nirNaya paNa TharelapaNe, samayadharma samajIne karelo jaNAya che; kAraNa ke e nirNaya mujaba rAjapada pAmanAra caMdragupta potAnI pAchaLa paNa TakI zake tevo samartha rAjavaMza pravartAvyo hato. vizAkhadatte "mudrArAkSasam" nATakanA trIjA aMkamAM savizeSapaNe caMdraguptanI suvinIta rAjaprakRti suMdara rUpe pragaTa karI che. to Ama ucca kuLaparaMparAno mahimA pUrI samajaNathI ke utkaTatAthI svIkArIne paNa kulAbhimAna poSatA kuLavAdane to na ja svIkArIe. e rIte ja A "mahAkulIna' vizeSaNane kadaradAnIthI jhIlIe kharekhara to A prathama vizeSaNa pachI traNa parasparapUraka guNono, eka samAsamAM saMyukta ullekha karatuM bIjuM vizeSaNa, je-te vyaktimAM mahAkulInatAno abhAva hoya to paNa tenAmAM UMco vizvAsa - balka 'vizaMbha' (potApaNAno bhAva, AtmIyatA) - jagavatuM pAsuM kahe che. te traNa parasparapUraka bAbato che : UMcuM bhAgya (deva), e bhAgyane phaLavAmAM madadarUpa bane tevI buddhi ane evuM ja sattva (parAkramasAmarthya). A traNa guNo paraspara sahayogathI lokahRdayamAM rAjAne vizvAsapAtra banAve che; tenAthI mahAkulInatA paNa pArzvabhUmikAmAM jatI rahe che. bhAgya jevI amUrta vastu te vyaktine nitya maLatI saphaLatAthI ane tenI prasanna prakRtine AdhAre pratIta thAya che. agAu nirdezyA pramANe zubha daiva (bhAgya) manuSya pUrvajanmamAM upAselA UMcA zubhakarmane AbhArI che. A pachInAM pAMca vizeSaNo rAjAnA anya sAthenA saMbaMdhamAM vividha rIte pragaTato vinaya sUcave che : "vRddhadarzI' eTale ke jJAnAdimAM vRddhi pAmelAonuM niyamita sevana karanAro, 'dhArmika' eTale paraMparAgata dharmamUlyo sevanAra. vaLI satya bolanAra, ane "avisaMvAdaka' eTale kaheNI ne karaNI vacce ekarUpatAvALo. kRtajJa eTale koInA paNa potAnA pratyenA upakArane vinaya sAthe svIkAranAro. A pachInAM cAra lakSaNo enI karmazaktino mahimA darzAve che : pUnattakSA eTale vizALa dhyeya ke uddezya rAkhanAra. 'mahotsAha" UMcI prANazakti sUcave che. "adIrghasUtra' eTale koI paNa nirNaya karavAmAM ke kArya sAdhavAmAM vilaMba TALanAro. vayasAmanta: eTale sarahada paranA paDozI rAjAo potAnA vazamAM rahe tevA sAmarthyavALo. A pachInAM chellAM traNa lakSaNo enI AMtarika pragatizIlatA ke dhyeya pratyenI acaLatA sUcave che : kRDhavRddhaH eTale daDha nizcayavALo - aDaga saMkalpa dharAvato. bIjuM lakSaNa che tuccha ruci For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 145 na hoya tevA sAthe ja UThatA-besato. vinAma: eTale navAM-navAM jJAna, kauzala ke guNanI UMDI spRhA (jhaMkhanA) rAkhanAro. Avo rAjA prajAhRdayamAM pUrNa zraddhA ane vizvAsa baMnene pAtra banI rahe, calaNI sikko banI rahe. keTalAka vicArako e vAta tarapha dhyAna dore che ke adhyAya 2. nA AraMbhe gaNAvelAM jarUrI maMtrI-lakSaNomAM paheluM ja lakSaNa nAnapada (potAnA ja rASTranA taLapradezamAM, janapadamAM janmelo) che. jeno rAjalakSaNonI yAdImAM samAveza nathI. Ano artha e ke maMtrI svarASTrano ja muLa vatanI hovo joIe; jyAre rAjA mATe e Avazyaka nathI - AvuM tAraNa keTalAka kADhe che. emanA mate rAjA pararASTranI bhUmino muLa vatanI paNa hoI zake. mAtra anya rAjalakSaNo barAbara dharAvato hovo joIe. AvuM tAraNa yogya che ke kema te vicAraNIya che. rAjA, sAmAnya rIte to, svabhUmino ja mULa vatanI (native) hoya te iSTa lAge che, jethI te prajAne svIkArya banavAmAM koI bAdhA na Ave. vaLI rASTra pratyenI tenI vaphAdArIno prazna paNa janma. Aje lokataMtramAM paNa rAjyataMtranA sarvocca-padadhArI mATe AvI carcA cAle ja che ne ! Ama chatAM kauTilya rAjaguNonA anvaye A lakSaNa nathI ullekhyuM, tethI kauTilyane mate rAjA yogyatAnI daSTie sArvabhauma gaNAvA pAtra hoya - khAsa karIne enA bina-aMgata ucca mAnavaguNo ane enI bina-aMgata lokavatsalatA jotAM. Ama chatAM upara noMdheluM vicAmaH (sarahadI rAjAone vazamAM rAkhI zake tevo) lakSaNa ADakatarI rIte evuM sUcave che ke sAmAnyataH rAjA svarASTrano taLa nivAsI hoya to ja paDozI sarahadI sAmanto ke rAjAo vazamAM rahe te zakya bane; nahitara evA rAjAo ema vicAre ke A rAjA pote ja pArakI bhUmine pacAvIne teno rAjA banelo che to ame evAne vaza zAne rahIe. game tema paNa A carcA to ughADI ja rAkhavI paDe tevI che. bIjuM guNajUtha che prajJAguNonuM. temAM to kauTilya adhyAya 8.4mAM nirdezelAM ane AgalA vyAkhyAnamAM "keLavaNI-vicAra'mAM calAM vidyAgrahaNanAM je sAta pagathiyAM (zuzruSAdi) che, te ja pharI ullekhyAM che te dhyAnapAtra bAbata che. Ama joIe to prajJAno eTale ke samagradarzI buddhino eka ja guNa iSTa che - tejasvitA ke paripakvatA (tenasvi nAvadhItamastu - "amArA baMnenuM adhyayana tejasvI thAo" e prArthanA mujaba). AvI jJAnanI tejasvitA jJAnaprAptinAM A sAta pagathiyAMrUpI mahimAyukta vidhithI avazya utpanna thAya - evI kauTilyane daDha pratIti lAge che. e aMgenI carcA agAu vigate thaI gaI hoI ahIM enuM punarAvartana jarUrI nathI. ema kahI zakAya ke e pagathiyAM jJAnane 'vijJAna (barAbara khapamAM lagADI zakAya tevuM cokkasa ane zaMkAmukta - anubhUtirUpa - jJAna) banAvI jIvanazaktine mokaLI kare che. pachI Ave che utsAhaguNonuM nAnuM paNa Avazyaka jUtha. emAM cAra lakSaNa ApyAM che, paNa te dareka cokkasa, bhAvAtmaka ane mahattvanI cetanAgata vizeSatA cIMdhe che. utsAha mULamAM prANabaLa che, svayaMbhU kriyAbaLa che; rajoguNanA khUba upakAraka racanAtmaka AvirbhAvarUpa che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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146 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa A cAra paikInAM prathama be lakSaNa manovaiziSTayarUpa che, to bAkI be kriyAnI viziSTatA sUcave che - ema saravALe utsAhanuM paripUrNa baMdhAraNa samajAya che. 'utsAha' zabda pote 'ut' upasargapUrvakanA "sa (khamavuM) dhAtumAMthI banyo hoI 'uccapaNe sahevuM | khamavuM jIravavuM barobariyA thavuM' evI saMdarbhanusArI bhinna arthachAyAo Ape che. AcArya hemacaMdrasUrinA 'mathAntiAmaNi' zabdakozamAM utsAhano Avo artha sUcavato dhiMgo paryAya "theyAnuM saMrama:' (vadhu TakAu ke sthira jusso) ema Apyo che. koI kaThina paristhiti prasaMge A utsAharUpa bharIbharI manovRtti umaTI Ave che. emAM be pAsAM tAravI zakAya : lAMbA gALA sudhI phleza khamavAnI zakti ane phaLaprApti sudhI Take tevI jabarAI ke pratIkArazakti. AvA arthane kAraNe bhAratIya "nATyazAstramAM utsAhane vIrarasano sthAyIbhAva kahyo che. utsAhavRttinuM paripUrNa vizleSaNa karatAM kauTilyokta cAra lakSaNo paikI prathama che "zaurya. zaurya eTale parAkramazakti ke vIravRtti - "kAM to kArya siddha karuM, kAM to dehane homI dauM" ('Arya sAdhayAmi vI TeraM patiyAmi vA') evo sthira saMkalpa. kabIre paNa ADakatarI rIte 'sUra'nuM AvuM ja lakSaNa ApyuM che : "zUra saMgrAmo Teva mane nAhIM, tevuM mAne to zUra nAhIM |'' A rIte zaurya e deha-saMvedanone oLaMgI janAro AtmaguNa Thare che. zaurya jeTaluM ojasvI zatruvalamAM pragaTI zake, teTaluM ke tethI anekagaNuM vadhAre svadehabalidAnamAM paNa pragaTI zake che. kAlidAsanA "raghuvaMza'mAM varNavyA pramANe rAjA dilIpa siMhane potAno deha "mAMsanA locAnI jema dharI de che. bIjuM utsAhalakSaNa che samarSa (marpa- "jatuM karavuM, mApha karavuM' parathI calAvI na levuM te.) saravALe teno artha thAya : sAme dekhAtI khoTI vastune calAvI na letAM teno yogya pheMsalo lAvavAno TakAu prakopa - puNyaprakopa (nyAyasthApaka pavitra kopa). te sAcI vastu ke vyakti pratyenA anurodha (upakArecchA) arthe khoTuM karanAra pratye jAgatI dAjharUpa ke cittanI dIptirUpa hoya che. Ama joIe to 'utsAha'rUpa mULa vRttimAM sahanazaktinI mahattA batAvAI che ane tenA ja eka pAsArUpa 'mama'mAM sahana na karavAnI mahattA ! A virodhAbhAsanuM zamana e rUpe che ke prakRtidatta paristhitine sahana karavAmAM jevo cetanAno utkarSa che, tevo ja utkarSa damanayogya ke nivAraNayogya vyakti ke paristhitino saphaLa sAmano karavAnI sthira vRttimAM paNa rahelo che. jaina ciMtanaparaMparAmAM AtmAmAM cAra prakAranA "anaMto' (amaryAda utkarSa dharAvatA guNo) kalpAyA che; temAM eka anaMta che "anaMta-vIrya". "amarSane A anaMta vIryano ja prakoparUpe thato AvirbhAva kahI zakAya. e cittadoSarUpanahi, pavitratAne sthApanAra AtmaguNa hoI "puNyaprakopa' paNa kahevAya che. kyAreka paristhiti anusAra te pApiThanA vadhathI paNa pApanuM niyamana karI te dvArA ja pASiSTha para paNa anugraha karavAnuM divya sAmarthya dharAve che. trIjo utsAhaguNa che zIghatA - karmamAM jhaDapa, avilaMba. "dharamanA kAmamAM DhIla nahi te nyAye A guNathI karavA jevA kAma mATenI utkaTatA vyakta thAya che. kartavyanirNayamAM kazuM bAkI nathI, to jAgRta vyakti binajarUrIpaNe sTeja paNa vilaMba karyA vinA potAnA vIryane uccatama gatizaktithI kAryasiddhinA caraNe samarpI de che. mULa utsAhavRttine kAraNe zIvratAno thaDako vyakti For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 147 na ja anubhave. A zIdhratA e kAMI koI avicArI karma ("sAhasa') nathI, paNa zuddha saMkalpanuM dharmamaya anusaMdhAna che. AjanA yugamAM dekhAtI zIghatA zuM AvA guNarUpa che kharI ? cotho utsAhaguNa dAkya - karmanI dakSatA, nipuNatA. A guNa AgalA zIvratA-guNano pUraka ane tenI samatulA sAdhanAro guNa che. zIghratAmAM UDajhUDapaNuM ke naryo zaktikSaya hoI zake; dakSatAthI tenuM nivAraNa thAya. zIdhratA prANaguNa che, jayAre dakSatA prANa-prajJAjanya saMkula guNa. temAM cokkasa gaNita, tarkazaktijanya caturAI ane prANazakti para racanAtmaka niyaMtraNa - eTalo prajJAvyApAra, eTalI taTasthatA ke vastulakSitA (objectivity) hoya che; sAthe prANajanya zIghratA ane baLa paNa kharAM. 'AphTa' zabdanA mULamAM rahelo Tram dhAtu 'jhaDapathI javuM' ke "khatama karavuM' evA ekabIjAne maLatA pAyAnA artho dharAve che. ene AdhAre teno 'nipuNa thavuM' evo artha paNa vikasyo. zrIaraviMde yogya rIte ja drazna dhAtune aMgrejI dash (joradAra rIte javuM; trATakavuM) dhAtu sAthe sAMkaLyo che. Tram dhAtu ane dash dhAtu inDo-yuropiyana kuLanA koI mULa dhAtumAMthI samAna artha sAthe vikasyA haze. e kAraNe emAM hiMmata' ke 'bedhaDakapaNuM' (nirbhayatA) evo artha paNa gUMthAyelo samajI zakAya. vAstavamAM to 'dAkya mAtra kriyAnI dakSatA ja nahi, nIti ke nirNaya saMbaMdhI dakSatA ke vivekitA paNa sUcave che. e rIte vicAratAM dAkya te AgalA traNa utsAhaguNomAM rahelA prANaprAdhAnyamAMthI nIpajatAM jokhama ke sadoSatAne prajJAnA pAzathI dUra karIne kaLazarUpa uttama utsAhaguNa banI rahe che. samagrapaNe jotAM, kauTilya AbhigAmika guNone prathama sthAna, prajJA guNone bIjuM sthAna ane utsAhaguNone trIjuM sthAna ApIne ghaNuM badhuM sUcavI dIdhuM che, ghaNI vivekitA dAkhavI che. rAjapratibhAmAM mAnavocita sthira zobhAne prAdhAnya maLe te kauTilyane khUba gamatI vAta che. prANabaLa te premabaLa ane prajJAbaLathI niyaMtrita thAya temAM ja mAnavatAno, mAnavanA bhAvino vikAsa che - evo saMketa jANe kauTilya ApI rahyA che. temane khUMkhAra caMgIjhakhAnanI pratibhAne rAjarSi janakanI pratibhAmAM palaTavAnuM iSTa che; emAMthI ja AgaLa saMskRtividhAyaka ane saMskArAzrita evI "arAjakatA' eTale ke mAnava pote ja potAnAM vRtti ane vRtta (vartana) baMne para zAsana kare tevuM bAhya rAjA vinAnuM 'sva-rAja' siddha thaI zake. (juo graMthanuM pariziSTa.) agAu sUcavyA mujaba A pachInA "AtmasaMparUpa guNajUthane ApaNe pariziSTarUpa jUtha eTale ke anivArya guNorUpa nahi, paNa pratibhAnAM utkarSa ke zobhA mATe icchanIya jUtha gaNI zakIe. daSTisaMpanna zAstrakAra pAradarzI hoI svapnadraSTA paNa hoya che. Aje je vastusthiti dekhItI rIte nathI, te paNa dIrdhadaSTine kAraNe zAstrakArane bhAvinA garbhamAM dekhAya che. vaLI evAM keTalAMya vaizisyo ekaladokala vyaktimAM nisargadatta virala prasAdIrUpe jovA paNa maLyAM hoya che. agAu kahyA mujaba, kada ke guNasaMkhyAnI dRSTie A guNajUtha, lagabhaga AgalAM traNeyane bhegAM karIe eTaluM moTuM che ! e mAnavIya guNo hoI sAmAnya manuSya paNa emAMthI svapratibhAne ghaDavA ghaNuM badhuM apanAvI zake ema che; alabatta, AgalAM traNa jUthomAM paNa evI ghaNI sAmagrI paDelI che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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148 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa A yAdImAM keTalAMka pratibhAne uccatara, suMdaratara ke sUkSmatara karanArAM lakSaNo che, keTalAka cAturyaguNo ke bhUtakauzala vadhAranArA guNo che, keTalAka sAmAjikatA vadhAranAra guNo che. te paikI prathama A jUthamAMnA AtmazuddhikAraka guNo joIe : (1) 39 : eTale unnata ke udAra cittavALo, (2) sva: eTale smalana thatAM sahelAIthI potAnI jAtane aMkuzita karanAro, arthAt rAjatvanA nazAthI bhAna bhUlI sArvatrika niyamano toDavAthI dUra rahenAro ane te bhUlathI toDyAM hoya to bhUla tarata sudhArI lenAro, (3) vyasanI eTale ke vyasano(hAnikAraka Tevo ke zokha)thI mukta, (4) zrImAna eTale prasiddhi TALIne pUrI nirabhimAnatAmAM, AtmAnaMdamAM rAcanAra, (5) badrInAmadAsI - dIna ke pIDita vyaktinI hIna mazkarI nahi karanAra - arthAt jIvamAtranI uccAvacatA dhyAnamAM lIdhA vinA sArvatrikapaNe vAtsalya rAkhanAra, (6) nartapRrIkSaM: - vakra-bhUbhaMgayukta AMkho kadI nahi karanAra arthAt bhavAM vikRta karIne koI pratye paNa dveSa, prakopa ke dhamakI jevA malina bhAvo na darzAvanAra, (7) kAma-krodha-lobha-akaDAI-caMcaLatA-parapIDAparaniMdA jevA hIna rajoguNI bhAvothI dUra rahenAra, ane (8) vRddho dvArA vatsala hitabuddhithI apAyelA mArgadarzanane AdarathI anusaranAra. A guNagaNa dhyAnathI tapAsatAM khyAla Ave che ke uttama rAjA potAnA uccatama padane mAtra kartavya-bajavaNInuM sAdhana mAnIne aMtarathI to satata muktivAMchu saraLa manuSya banI rahIne, jIvamAtra pratye vinayadharma jALavIne Atmazuddhi ja sAdhato rahe che. AmAM ekaMdare nirabhimAnatA, jIvamAtra prati vinaya ane apramAda jevA AdhyAtmika guNo UpasI Ave che. A lakSaNo rAjAmAM rAjarSipaNuM pragaTAve che. bAkInA guNomAM ucca pratibhA dvArA sahRdayone AkarSe tevA guNo mAtra traNa batAvyA che, paNa e khUba mahattvanA ke cAvIrUpa pratibhAguNo che - je A pramANe che : (1) vAmI eTale ke bharIbharI (arthasabhara) vANIthI koI paNa vAtane manohara ane paripUrNa rIte kahevAnI zakti dharAvanAra, (2) pragarbha' eTale ke game teTalA moTA samudAya sAthe ke game tevI viziSTa vyaktio sAthe, satata Atmagaurava ane dhIragaMbhIra vartananI zobhA jaLavAya tema prasaMga pADanAro, ane (3) zinya: eTale managamatI saMgItAdi vividha kaLAomAM parizrama ane ekAgratA dvArA nipuNa banelo. AvA pratibhAguNo paNa rAjAne akkaDa, ataDo ne abhimAnI na banAvatAM, UlaTuM, bhItarathI vadhu mRdu ane saraLa banAve che, tene mAtra sthULa ke bhautika sauMdaryano ja nahi, jIvanasauMdaryano ane UMcI saMskAritAno paNa upAsaka banAve che. vaLI ene lIdhe kartavyakarmo vaccenA avakAzano paNa racanAtmaka upayoga karavAnI tenI nityanI vRtti rahe che, prajAmAM paDelI vividha kaLAone poSavAnuM-puraskAravAnuM valaNa paNa baMdhAya che. bhAratanA itihAsakALamAM thaI gayelo kanojanA vadhanavaMzano rAjA harSavardhana AvA kaLApremI, pratibhAzIla, dharmAbhimukha rAjAnuM uttama udAharaNa che. tevo ja mahimAmaya hato nAnakaDA vatsadezano rAjA udayana. AvAM aneka udAharaNo prAcIna-bhAratIya sAhitya dvArA amara thayAM che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 149 rAjA tarIkenAM pAyAnAM vyavahAru kartavyo bajAvavAmAM upayogI lakSaNo mAtra cAra vizeSaNo dvArA kahyAM che te dhyAnapAtra vAta che. A AkhI guNagaNanAmAM khUba vicArapUrvaka ane aucityapUrvaka kauTilya mAnavaguNone ja prAdhAnya ApyuM jaNAya che. kauTilyane mana AgavA varNadharmo karatAM sarvasAmAnya paNa sarvAgI evA vividha mAnavaguNo ja vyakti ane samAjane sabaLa, paraspara gADha-sahayogI ane saphaLa banAvavA mATe khUba mahattvanA banI rahe che; alabatta, varNabheda mAtrA kAryabheda puratA rahe che. vaLI sarvasAdhAraNa mAnavaguNomAMthI ja sva-sva kAryavizeSane anurUpa AgavA karmaguNo saraLatAthI meLavI zakAya ema che evuM paNa kauTilyanuM dRSTibiMdu hovAnuM tAravI zakAya. eTale ahIM rAjakAjamAM upayogI mArmika cAra ja guNo mAtra dANo cAMpavAnI dRSTithI ke namUnArUpe ja ApyA jaNAya che; te guNonI yAdI saMpUrNa (exhaustive) nathI jaNAtI. te cAra guNo A pramANe che : (1) TUNvanAthI eTale sainyanI AgevAnI karIne jAte paNa yuddhamAM joDAvA taiyAra rahenAra ane e dvArA sarva yoddhAonA AtmavizvAsane satata TakAvanAra, (2) anya vyakti ke rAjAe potAnA upara karelA upakAra ke apakAra mujaba rAjAnI pITatA(=bedhaDakapaNe vartavAnI hiMmata)ne chAje tevo vaLato vahevAra karI jANanAra. A lakSaNa rAjAnI paradezanItine nitya racanAtmaka, vijayazIla uparAMta svArthasAdhaka paNa banAve che. AmAM rAjAnI bhISaNatA ane prAsAdikatA (kRpAdRSTi) e baMneno vivekI samanvaya rAjapratibhAne mAtra vijayI ja nahi, zobhAyukta paNa banAve che. (3) nIcenAM kaMko viruddha lakSaNonI joDIo)mAM kyAre dareka joDImAMnA kayA vikalpanA AcaraNano avasara che te barAbara pArakhanAra : saMdhi ke vikrama (Akramaka pagaluM), tyAga (jatuM karavuM) ke saMyama (macaka na ApavI, namatuM na jokhavuM), karAra pALavo ke sAmAnI nabaLAI joI teno bhaMga karavo. AmAM paNa ekaMdare rAjAnI sAmarthyayukta madhyasthatA (taTasthatA ke samatA) pragaTa thAya che. nItimattAnA kalpita bhAra nIce dabAvAnuM paNa nathI ane sAmAnA guNa pArakhI, asthAne karkazatA ke cittanI saMkucitatA batAvavAnI bhUla paNa karavAnI nathI. ekaMdare potAnuM sAmarthya sadA jALavIne nipuNatAthI maitrIo paNa deza-kALa mujaba UbhI karavAnI che. zama ane vyAyAma baMnenI kSamatA prasaMgAnusAra dAkhavavAnI che. (4) saMvRta: - maMtraNAne ke manobhAvone kuzaLatAthI gupta rAkhanAra. karelA rAjanaitika nirNayo parghakALa sivAya saMpUrNapaNe gupta rAkhavAnA che. emAM na aMgata ke pArivArika saMkucita svArtha ADe AvavA.ghaTe, na bhAvukatAne vaza thavuM ghaTe. maMtraNAnI guptatA jALavavI ane manobhAvone paNa iMgitamAtrathI ya pragaTa na thavA devAnI pUrepUrI sAvadhAnI rAkhavI e rAjakartavyonI saphaLa bajavaNI mATe atyaMta jarUrI che. bAkInAM A vizeSaNo rAjAnI nityanI samatola kAryazelI ke kAryakuzaLatA batAvanArAM che : (1) mRti-mati-vartavAn - saMcita jJAnane smRtibhaMDAramAM jatanathI sAcavanAra, tenA upayoga dvArA "mati eTale ke upasthita sArA-mAThA asAdhAraNa prasaMgane anurUpa tAtkAlika kartavyanirNayakti dharAvanAra ane nirmIta kartavyano amala karavA mATe jarUrI samagra baLathI sajja rahenAra. Ama A saMkula vizeSaNamAM koI paNa kartavyanA anuSaMge khapamAM Ave tevI traNa lAgatIvaLagatI zaktinA sAgamaTA vyApAranI vAta che. (2) nA pratyAnviniyojI - Apattino samaya hoya ke sAmAnya (normal) samaya, te baMneno For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa rASTranA vikAsamAM samAna sphUrti, zakti ane custIthI judI-judI rIte nityanI sUjhathI upayoga karI jANanA2. Ano artha e ke rAjA Apattine paNa vikAsanA avasaramAM palaTI zakAya tevI nipuNa rIte ja teno sAmano ane ukela karanAra ane sAmAnya ke zAMtinA samayamAM paNa bhaviSyanAM saMkaTonI nipuNa kalpanAthI ane prajAkIya Arthika-sAmAjika-sAMskRtika vikAsanI jabarI sUjha ane aNathaka tamannAthI navAM navAM bhavyodAtta kartavyonuM darzana karanAra ane potAnI sAthe saune paNa badhI paristhitimAM judIjudI rIte udyamI rAkhanAra banI rahe che. sAmAnyataH adodaLAM (ughamamAM zithila) rAjapuruSo ane temanAM taMtromAM mAtra kaTokaTI vakhate ja garajanA mAryA sAco-khoTo udyama karavAnuM valaNa hoya che; zAMtikALamAM ALasa ane pramAdane vaza thaI sukhanuM nazAnI jema sevana karavAnuM ja sUjhe che. emAMthI ja navI-navI kaTokaTIone sAmethI noMtaruM maLe che ne ! A vizeSaNa atyaMta UMcI kAryakuzaLatA batAvavA sAthe ja UMcI anAsakti paNa sUcave che. A lakSaNanI AvI sUkSmatA joIne ja tene prathama jUthamAM nirdezyuM nathI. (3) rIrghatUravarzI - anukrame kALanA ane sthaLanA moTA vyApa sudhI jonAra ane e dvArA ghaNA AgaLanA kALanuM bhaviSya ane ghaNA vizALa pradeza sAthenuM saMbaMdhajALa dRDha bane te mATe mathanAra. rAjA mAtra TUMkA deza-kALano ja lAbha jonAra - 'mahAbhArata' pramANe tAtvija (tatkALano lAbha jonA2) - TUMkaghUMjiyo nahi, paNa samagra rASTranA sudIrghakAlIna hitanuM Ayojana karavA jeTalo svastha, dhairyavAn ane vicakSaNa hoya. ghaNI vAra TUMkA tAtkAlika lAbha sAme lAMbA gALe rASTranuM bhAre ahita thatuM hoya che yA veranAM vasamAM vAvetara thatAM hoya che. prajAkalyANanA pratinidhi tarIke rAjAne phaLa bAbata anAsakta thavAnuM to na paravaDe, paNa je phaLa vAMkyuM hoya te TakAu ane dIrghakAlajIvI hoya e to vyavahAru rIte paNa Avazyaka che. Ama TakAu svArthanI siddhinI vAtamAM vyavahArupaNuM ane adhyAtma e baMnenuM sAmasAme ardhe raste milana to jarUra thAya che. 150 (4) dezakAlapuruSakArakArya pradhAnaH potAnI sUkSma vAta cokkasapaNe kahevAnI tAlAvelImAM kauTilya avAranavAra vAcakane gUMcave tevA vicitra ghATavALo samAsa racI bese che; evo A samAsa che. paNa je-te zAstra aMgenA pAyAnA jJAnanI sAmAnya samaja (common sense) dharAvato sAbado vAcaka AvA DyuTIbharyA samAsamAMthI paNa yogya artha tAravI zake. (ahIM 'nirukta'nA racayitA yAskano evo mata smaraNIya che ke koI zAstra tene sAva ja na jANanA2-samajanArane na kahevuM. svatovirodhI lAgatI khuda A vAta paNa sAmAnya sUjha dharAvanAra e rIte samajI zake ke pustakanA zabdonI potAnI maryAdAne lIdhe, tema ja graMthakAranI aneka vyaktigata ke sAmAjika maryAdAone kAraNe, vAcaka pAse je-te zAstra aMgenI pUrvasaMcita pAyAnI jANakArI te aMgenAM rasa ke jijJAsAmAMthI janmelI - hoya e icchanIya che, jethI ene AdhAre graMthanI maryAdAo chatAM tenA truTIpUrNa zabdomAMthI pote sAco artha AvI sUjhathI tAravI zake.) prA. kaMgalee A samAsanA anya arthaghaTanano asvIkAra karIne suyogya artha tAravyo che. rAjA, potAnuM kArya avazya pAra paDe te mATe kevI nItine anusare che te vAta ahIM kahI jaNAya che. ahIM hrAryapradhAna: e bahuvrIhi samAsa che ane AgalAM traNa pada bhegAM maLIne Arya padanuM eka saMkula vizeSaNa bane che. eTale samagra artha Avo thaze : prApta (AvI paDelA) je-te deza ane kALamAM pauruSa-(puruSaprayatna, For Personal & Private Use Only -

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA udyama)yukta kAryane pradhAna gaNanAro, eTale ke tevA kAryanA AgrahavALo. tAtparya Ama che : deza (sthaLa) ane kALa sadA anukULa hoya ja evuM na bane; e baMne yA emAMnuM koI eka, kArya ukelavAmAM rukAvaTa paNa UbhI karI zake. tema chatAM samartha rAjA potAnA pauruSane jagADI, dezakALanI viSamatAne oLaMgIne kAma karavAno Agraha, tevI sUjhabUjha ane tevuM kauzala dharAvanAra hoya che. pratikULatA sAme phariyAda karIne te kAryatatparatAmAM oTa AvavA deto nathI. saMkalpa hoya tyAM siddhi hoya ja. bhAsakavi temanI sa pratijJAaunadharAyaLam nATyakRtimAM kahe che : "utsAhI narone kazuM asAdhya nathI; sAcA mArge AraMbhelA sarva yatno phaLe che.!" prApta paristhitimAM potAnI sUjha ane potAno sAtatyayoga zuM karI zake emAM ja rAjAnuM dila lAgeluM hoya. (5) zunta: Ano ahIM viziSTa artha che : 'priya ke madhura bolanAra'. kAryo anekonA sAtha-sahakArathI thatAM hoya che. te mATe sahu sAthe madhura saMbaMdha jALavavo jarUrI che. madhura vANI e mATeno hRdayo vacceno majabUta setu banI rahe che. (6) smitoprAbhimApI AmAM rAjAnI pAvana prakRtinuM citrAtmaka manohara varNana che. artha che : smita sAthe unnata (udAra arthavALAM) vacano sAmA pratyenI abhimukhatA (AtmIyatA) sAthe (mi) uccAranAra. AmAM sAmAnA hRdayane sparze tevAM vANI-saMbaMdhI ATalAM vaiziSTyo samAyAM che : 'smita' eTale mukulita (mukula eTale ke kaLI; tenI jema sheja hoLA thayelA) gAla ane daMtapaMktinA AcherA darzanavALo malakATa, je hRdayanI svacchatA sUcave che. vaLI bola, bolanA2-sAMbhaLanAra baMnenI unnati sAdhe tevA utkaTa (pra) hoya che. vaLI e bola uccArAya che sAmAnI abhimukha thaIne eTale ke sAmAnI AMkhamAM potAnI AMkha parovIne ane sAmAne premapAzamAM laIne. ahIM mukhya vAta che sAMbhaLanAranI cetanA sadbodhathI avazya unnati pAme tevA samarpitabhAve ane saMkocamukta hRdaye bolavAnI. A vizeSaNa jhIlatAM RgvedamAMnuM prasiddha 'vAtsUkta '(ke 'vidyAsUta') (20.76) sujJajanone avazya sAMbhare. temAM cAraNIthI loTa cALatA hoya'' tevA RSionI ''mitro banAve tevI'' anupama vANInuM varNana che. -- A AkhuM rAjaguNasaMpattinuM varNana vistArathI tapAsavAno hetu kauTilyanuM ucca saMskRtidarzana ane temanI sthira saMskRtibhakti e baMne cIMdhavAno che. trIjA vyAkhyAnamAM jyAre rAjanItinAM anekakSetrIya sAMskRtika lakSyo tapAsavAno ApaNo nirdhAra (nirNaya) che, tyAre e badhAMnA mULamAM rahelI rAjAnI ucca, sthira saMskAritA tapAsavAno prayatna ahIM ApaNe karyo che. have e saMskAromAMthI phalita thatI vyaktigata saMskRti jene kahI zakAya, evI rAjAnI dinacaryA 'arthazAstra'nA adhyAya kra. 6.1 (rAnapranidhi: 'rAjAno kAryakalApa')nA AdhAre tapAsIe. 151 dinacaryA : a.kra. 6.46nA prakaraNa-zIrSaka( rAnapranidhi: )mAMno priidha zabda ghaNA UMDA arthavALo, sUkSma arthavALo che. koI paNa bhASA ke je sudIrgha kALapaTamAM satata navuM-navuM caitanyapoSaNa pAmI hoya, enA zabdonAM mULa ghaTako, te ghaTakono artha, temAMthI vikaselo AkhA zabdano artha, e arthamAM kALabaLe te zabda vAparanArAonI sUjhanA vikAsa sAthe thayelo vikAsa, vistAra ke vilakSaNa For Personal & Private Use Only

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15ra kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa rIte temAM thayeluM rUpAMtara - A badhuM tapAsatA rahIe to bhASAnuM jJAna ApaNane navA-navA saMskArothI samRddha kare che. pradhi zabdamAM , upasarga sAthe nidhi nAmapada che. nidhi zabda pote paNa na upasarga sahitanA dhA (sthApavuM, sthirarUpe TakAvI rAkhavuM) dhAtumAMthI "jemAM kImatI dravya sthApavAmAM Ave te evI vyutpattithI ke "jene dharatImAM dATavAmAM Ave te' evI anya vyutpattithI dhana bhaMDAravAnA sAdhana ke sthAnarUpa caru vagere mATe rUDha thayo. have pradhAno prAthamika artha thAya 'daDha sthApana'. emAMthI 'khoDavuM, dharabavuM' (installation) evo bhautika artha paNa nIpaje ane 'samarpaNa' evo caitanyanI viziSTatA sUcavato artha paNa nIpaje. samarpaNa paNa eka rIte niSThAnuM ke ekAgratA(dhyAna)nuM sthApana ja che. te parathI evuM dhyAnanuM samarpaNa je viSaya mATe karavAnuM hoya te, eTale ke "kartavyarUpa karmo' evo artha paNa nIpajayo - je artha ahIM prastuta gaNAya. eTale ahIM offdhano artha kartavyasamudAya ke kAryakSetra - evo karavo. paNa upalI vyutpattio tapAsatAM "A kAryo khUba ekAgratAthI ja siddha thAya che evI arthachAyA A pradhi zabda samAve che. yogazAstramAM A ja dhAtu vageremAMthI banelo praNidhAna zabda paNa aSTAMgayoganA kSetre 'cittanuM ke ekAgratAnuM sthApana" evA mULa artha sAthe lAgu paDe che. te rIte "dhyAna" (meditation) artha dharAve che. to Ama A adhyAyamAM rAjAe ekAgrapaNe karavAnAM dainika kAryonI vAta che. rAjA mATe rAjakartavyomAM barAbara jotarAvAnuM kema jarUrI che te lAghavathI, paNa sacoTa rIte, adhyAyanA AraMbhe Ama kahevAyuM che : "je-je vartana zreSTha manuSya kare, te-te vartana itarajana karavA prerAya che" e nyAye rAjA UThato-besato-kAma karato rahe, to enI pAchaLa-pAchaLa sa-vetana sevako paNa udyama karatA rahe che, ane rAjA pramAda seve to sevako paNa laherIlAlA banI rahe che; eTaluM ja nahi, rAjAe saphaLapaNe pAra paDAvelAM karmonA phaLa paNa oLavI le che, to pote navAM phaLa pedA karavAnI to vAta ja kevI ? vaLI rAjA zatruo dvArA paNa mUrkha banAvAya che. sevako paNa loko mATe karavAnAM kAmo bAbata rAjAne UMdhe raste dore che. mATe rAjAe potAnI jAtane apramAdamAM sthira karavI joIe. dinacaryAnAM ghaTako tarIke rAtri ane divasa baMnene doDha-doDha kalAkanA ATha-ATha praharamAM vaheMcavAnI paddhati apanAvAtI hatI. e dareka praharanAM kartavyo - aMgata ke rAjakAjanAM - nakkI karIne tenuM sAtatyapUrvaka pUrI jAgRtithI rAjAe anusaraNa karavuM te anivArya ane iSTa gaNAyuM. rAjA jyAre anya koI tAkIdanA ke bahAranAM kartavyamAM na rokAyo hoya tyAre A dinacaryAnuM anusaraNa apekSita hatuM. AvI dinacaryAnuM pAkuM anusaraNa rASTranAM sudIrghakAlIna vikAsa ane nirmANanI dRSTie, tema ja AvatI rahetI Apattio sAmenI sajjatAnI daSTie khUba mahattva dharAve che. hamaNAM ja karelA rAjAnA guNonA varNanamAM eka muddo hato Apatti ane sAmAnya sthiti (prati) baMneno rAjAe pUro upayoga karI jANavAno. temAMnA sAmAnya samayano pUrAM udyama ane dIrdhadaSTithI upayoga karavAnI ja A vetaraNa che. rAjAno Avo nityano apramAda e ja saphaLa rAjatvano, rASTranA saubhAgyano upAya che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA AkhI dinacaryAnI yojanA pAchaLanI kauTilyanI dRSTi viSe thoDA muddA spaSTa karI laIe. prathama to e vAta dhyAna kheMce che ke rAjAnI aMgata sukhazAMti jaLavAya tevI jogavAI paNa AmAM barobara che; ne sAthe rAjakAja paNa taMtotaMta sadhAtAM rahe tenI paNa sarvAMgI jogavAI AmAM jovA maLe che. vaLI je kAmo kula vadhu samayanI phALavaNI mAge che, te kAmonAM badhAM mahattvanAM pAsAMo AvarAI jAya tema divasa-rAtamAM vaheMcAyelA judA-judA praharomAM kALajIbharI jogavAI karAI che. vaLI koI paNa kAmanI tAkIda(utAvaLa)nA pramANamAM dinacaryAmAM tene yogya krama apAyo che. keTalAMka kAmo mATe divasa ke rAtrino amuka kALakhaMDa ja vadhu anukULa gaNAyo hoya, to te pramANe Ayojana karAyuM che. AmAM saMgIta, Arogya, jyoti, dainika dharmAcAra, zAsrAdhyayana jevAM rAjAnAM aMgata vizeSa sAMskRtika pAsAMo paNa gUMthAyelAM che. 'svAdhyAyamAM pramAda na karavo' te vAta paNa barAbara dhyAnamAM rakhAI che. kAlidAse jenI noMdha vikrmorvazIya nATakamAM lIdhI che tevo rAjAne mokaLA thavA mATeno svairavihAra paNa eka vibhAgamAM sthAna pAmyo che. A AkhI dinacaryA custa ane jaDa na banI rahe te mATe e paNa spaSTa karAyuM che ke A dinacaryA eka sAmAnya rIte sUjhatA namUnArUpa ja samajavI. tethI rAjA potAnAM viveka ane anukULatA mujaba AmAM kAyamI ke prAsaMgika ghaTatA pheraphAra karI zake che. chevaTe to sarvAMgI kAryasiddhinuM dhyeya ja agatyanuM che. jo agAu varNavelo zIlajanya guNagaNa hoya, indriyajaya sadhAyo hoya ane vaLI ukta cAra vidyAono yoga hoya, to emAMthI kaI jAtanuM savRtta ke kevI dinacaryA khilavI zakAya ane tene kyAre kevI rIte badalI zakAya tenuM satata niHzaMka bhAna thatuM ja rahe. 153 have pahelAM to divasa-rAtanA ATha-ATha vibhAgonuM kAryavibhAjana joIe. sAmAnya buddhithI A samayapatraka aMge evuM samajI zakIe ke divasa savAre cha vAgyAthI zarU thato gaNavo ane rAtri sAMje cha vAgyAthI (saMdhyAthI) gaNavI. A rIte nIcenuM samayapatraka samajavuM. divasanuM kAryavibhAjana (doDha-doDha kalAkanA vibhAga mujaba) : (1) rakSaNavyavasthAnA ane Avaka-jAvakanA ahevAlonuM zravaNa (2) nagarajanonAM ane janapadavAsIonAM kAryo / muzkelIo aMge rUbarU mulAkAto snAna-bhojana-svAdhyAya (3) (4) rokaDa nANAMno (mahesUla vagereno) svIkAra ane vividha kAryanA adhyakSo(niyAmako)nAM kAmakAjanI tapAsa ke navA adhyakSonI nimaNUka (- je adhyakSonAM kAryonI carcA bIjA adhyakSaprA adhikaraNamAM che.) (5) maMtrIgaNa sAthe patranI Apa-lethI maMtraNA ane guptacaroe ANelI gupta mAhitIno svIkAra (6) svairavihAra athavA jarUra paDye maMtraNA For Personal & Private Use Only

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154 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanikalsAMskRtika parIkSaNa (7) hAthI, ghoDA, ratha ane pagapALA sainiko - e caturaMga (cAra aMgovALA) sainyanAM aMgo sAthe mulAkAta senApatinI sAthe karavAnAM vijaya-kAryonI vicAraNA rAtrinuM kAryavibhAjanaH (1) guptacaro sAthe mulAkAta (beThaka) (2) pAna-bhojana ane svAdhyAya (3) vAghaghoSa sAthe zayanagRhamAM sahazayana mANavuM (4-5) zayana (6) vAghaghoSa sAthe jAgIne ciMtana ane kAryavicAra (7) maMtraNA mATe maMtrIpariSad bharavI ane guptacarane kAmo soMpI temanuM saMpreSaNa (mokalavAnI kriyA) (8) Rtvika, AcArya ane purohitanA sevana dvArA AzIrvacana-grahaNa - cikitsaka, rasoDAnA niyAmaka ane muhUrtazAstrInI mulAkAta - vAcharaDA sAthenI gAya ane baLadanI pradakSiNA karIne AsthAnamaMDapa(mulAkAta khaMDa)mAM pahoMcavuM AkhI dina/rAtrIcaryA keTalI suciMtita, vyavahAru, samatola ane kAryasAdhaka che te to thoDAka ekAgra avalokanathI paNa samajAze. kharekhara to mAnavajAti mATe je kAMI ane jeTalI rAjanIti ke rAjasahAya jarUrI che te dharmAnukULa rIte ane mAnavasaMskRti kramazaH vikase te rIte banAvavI hoya, to rAjAnAM dainika aMgata AcAra ane nityano rAjanaitika vyavahAra e baMne kevA hoya teno A namUno che. AmAM eka bAju vyApakapaNe jAmelA mAnavadoSo paDakArAvAthI pAtaLA paDatA jAya tevI vyApaka ane UMDI tapAsavyavasthAnA sAthavALI, AtmabaLa-AdhArita niyaMtraNa-vyavasthA paNa che, to sAthesAthe lokonA samAjAbhimukha cAritryaghaDatara sAthe temanA Atmagauravayukta abhikramo vadhatA-. vistaratA jAya tevI laukika svauthAna ane svakalyANanI sAdhanA mATenI mokaLAzanI jogavAI paNa che. ATalI vigate ApeluM samayapatraka e paNa sUcave che ke vipula zAMtikALa(zamakALa)ne kauTilya prAdhAnya ApI rahyA che, ane evo kALa vipula pramANamAM maLI rahe tene rAjanaitika rIte zakya paNa mAne che. rAjA moTA bhAganA samaya mATe rAjadhAnImAM ja samagra rAjakIya kAryakalApanA adhyakSa tarIke birAjato hoya tevI paristhitine paNa zakya mAnavAmAM AvI che. paNa sAthe ja A kAryasUci parathI eTaluM jaNAya che ke AkhA rAjya para ane pararAjaya-vyApAro para khUba ja sAbadA thaIne, koI paNa gaphalatane avakAza na maLe te rIte pUrepUruM dhyAna, vaphAdAra sevako ane adhikArIonA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 155 sakyogathI rAkhavAmAM Ave che. te parathI durga (killebaMdha rAjadhAnI) e eka alaga rAjyAMga tarIke keTaluM anivArya che tenI pratIti paNa thAya che. rAjAnI AvI namUnedAra, talasparzI dinacaryAthI rAjadhAnI ane samagra rASTra kevAM dhamadhamatAM rahI zake ! keTakeTalI sAMskRtika saravANIo phUTe ane vistare ! sAmanto para paNa kevo jabaro caoNpa rahe ! A samagra kAryasUci ghaNuM badhuM sUcavI jAya che. sauthI vadhu dhyAna guptacaranA kAryakalApa para ane maMtraNA para kendrita thAya tevuM AmAM maLatuM Ayojana keTaluM badhuM ucita che ! AjanI I.T. (Information Technology) hoya, ke prAcIna guptacarataMtra; mahattva che mAhitI meLavavA mATenI jabarI tatparatAnuM ane enA AdhAre sAbaduM taMtra goThavavAnI tAkIdanuM. vaLI maLelI mAhitIne upayogamAM letI rojiMdI maMtraNAnuM Ayojana paNa khUba ucita che. emAM madhyAhana-samayanI maMtraNA maMtrIone rUbarU maLyA vinA patra mokalIne karavAnI vAta paNa kALakSaya ane zaktikSaya ghaTADavA uparAMta dareka maMtrI sAthe alAyadI, kSobharahita aMgata Apa-lenI anukULatAnI dRSTie paNa khUba anurUpa lAge che. chaThThA svairavihArakALamAM vikalpa maMtraNAne paNa avakAza Apyo che e paristhitino takAjA ane rAjAnI aMgata ruci - e baMnenI dRSTie mokaLAza UbhI kare che. Tharela ke kAryaniSTha rAjAne roja svairavihAranA sevananI AvazyakatA na rahe te dRSTie rAjAnI svayaMbhU vivekabuddhine avakAza maLe te mATe A vikalpanuM Ayojana nyAyI lAge che. chatAM rAjAnA svairavihAranuM paNa mahattva, tenA mAnasika ArogyanI uttama mAvajata dvArA tenI ekaMdara sahaja kAryaniSThAne jALavavAnI daSTie jarA paNa ochuM na kahI zakAya; saMskRta lalitasAhitya tenI sAkSI pUre che. e rIte ja A sUcimAM rAjakartavyamAM prathama sthAna dharAvatI surakSAnI kAmagIrIne paNa traNa vibhAgomAM sthAna maLeluM che. - divasanA prathama vibhAgamAM ane chellA be vibhAgomAM. savAranA pahelA vibhAgamAMnAM be kAmo paikI saMbhavataH nagara ane janapada baMnenI surakSA-vyavasthA aMge surakSAtaMtranA niyata adhikArIone rUbarU bolAvI te vyavasthA aMgenuM bayAna meLavavAne ane mAgyA pramANenA jarUrI khulAsAne barAbara avakAza rahe che. rAjA sAthenA dararojanA milananuM kevaLa pharajiyAtapaNuM paNa adhikArIone ane tenA taMtrane sAbadA rahevAnI tAkIda kare che. vaLI Ane lIdhe, sAmA pakSe, sAcA adhikArIne rAjA pAsethI hUMpha, ucita prazaMsA ane dhanamAna uparAMta koI kAryasaMbaMdhI prAsaMgika gUMcanA ukela meLavavAnI taka paNa maLe che, ane tethI kArya mATeno bharyobharyo utsAha nitya jaLavAI rahe che. rAjA paNa jema khoTuM hoya tene paDakAre che, tema sAcuM karanArane hUMpha, prema, nakkara kadara ane protsAhana ApavAno mahimA paNa barAbara jANe che. divasanA sAtamA bhAgamAM, sAMje cAre ya prakAranI senA sAthenI pratyakSa mulAkAta paNa surakSAkAryanA ane zatru sAmenI ucita kAmagIrIonA pAyAne majabUta kare che. te rIte divasanA AThamA vibhAgamAM senApati sAthenI mulAkAta to vizeSa puruSArtha ane rAjatejano prakarSa mAge tevI vijayasiddhinI Tharela vicAraNA mATe phALavAI che te hakIkata khAsa dhyAnapAtra che. raNabhUmi ke kAryakSetra paranI siddhionA mULamAM hoya che "A vastu to karye ja chUTako' evo dvidhAmukta, phleza-nirapekSa saMkalpa ane e saMkalpanA siddhipathanI, tejasvI indriya-mana-buddhinA For Personal & Private Use Only

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156 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vyApArathI ane tadvidonA jarUrI sahayogathI thatI mUrta yojanA. karavAnA bhautika kAryanuM A eka bauddhika pUrvAbhinayana (rehersal) banI rahe che. "abhyAsa (=sAtatyayukta pravRtti) karmamAM kauzala ANe che' e mammaTokti ke "Practice makes man perfect" e aMgrejI kahevata khUba mArgadarzaka che. A rIte koI paNa kArya avicAre ke utAvaLe karavAnuM TALavAthI kAryasiddhi lagabhaga nizcita bane che. peluM bhAravinA viratALunIyamAMnuM vacana yAda karIe : "kharekhara, vicArapUrvaka kriyA karanArane guNanI zokhIna saMpattio jAte ja pasaMda kare che.' rASTranI prajAonI zarIrayAtrAnI surakSA nabhe che sarvAgI arthasaMkalana para, te mATe rASTranI bhUmimAMthI thatI vaividhyapUrNa prAkRtika dravyonI prApti, temane jIvanopayogI banAvavA temanI upara karAtI saMskArajanaka vividha prakriyAo, utpanna cIjonI khAyakI sahitanAM vinAzaka paribaLone TALIne karAtI temanI jALavaNI, cIjonI sarvavyApaka ane nyAyI vitaraNavyavasthA, vastumUlyanI cokasAIbharI Apa-le mATe mAtra AvazyakatA jeTaluM pratIka-nANA(calaNI sikkA)nuM nirmANa - e bAbato Avazyaka che. AnuM paNa barAbara pratibiMba A dinacaryAmAM paDyuM che. divasanA pahelA vibhAgamAM rASTra-durgavyApI rakSaNavyavasthA jevA khUba tAkIdanA viSaya sAthe Avaka-jAvakanA ahevAlonA zravaNarUpa eTalA ja mahattvanA viSayane paNa sthAna apAyuM che - bhale ardhA ja vibhAgamAM. keTalIka bAbatomAM rojaroja mAtra dANo cAMpatA rahevAnuM ja vadhu mahattva hoya ane moDhAmoDha thatI nAnakaDI evI paNa mulAkAtanuM. vaLI pAchuM divasanA cothA vibhAgamAM mahesUla vagere, rAjayane phALe AvatAM nANAMnA pratyakSa svIkAranuM mahattvanuM kArya niyata karAyuM che. A dareka kAmamAM adhikArIo ane temanA sahAyakono sAtha to hoya ja - emaNe rUbarU ja hAjara thavuM paDe. samartha rAjA dvArA thatuM pratyakSa nirIkSaNa-parIkSaNa je kAmane sparze, e kAmane pArasamparza maLyo samajo; mahattva che rAjAnI khAMkhatanuM, samagra rAjakAja pratyenI nityanUtana jIvaMta nisbatanuM, UMDA rasanuM. vaLI A ja cothI beThakamAM vividha arthotpAdanapravRttinA adhyakSonA kAmakAjanI tapAsa ane jarUra pramANe navA adhyakSonI nimaNUkano sauthI vadhu pAyAno Arthika kAryakrama paNa rAjAnI sudaSTino viSaya bane che. Ama Arthika pAsA mATe paNa, bhale ardhA-ardhA, paNa traNa vibhAgo phALavAyA che. A AkhuM samayapatraka mAnavIya che; rAjAe mAnavajIvananA bhAgarUpa satya-ziva-suMdaranuM anusaMdhAna yathAzakya cAlu ja rAkhavAnuM che. eka bAju upaniSanI nityasvAdhyAyanI bhalAmaNano suMdaratama paDagho paNa AmAM joI zakAya che; divasanA ane rAtrinA bhojana mATenA kAlakhaMDamAM ja svAdhyAyane paNa joDyo che. bhojana sAthe ene joDavAno sUcitArtha e paNa lAge che ke A svAdhyAya sahaja vAcana-ciMtanarUpa che - bhArekhama nahi, paNa manovinoda sAdhI pAcanakriyAne paNa poSanAro svAdhyAya kalpAyo jaNAya che. prauDha uMmare to svAdhyAya tarapha mAtra manane preravA thakI - mAtra te mATenI manovRtti khullI rAkhavA thakI - paNa navo-navo prakAza sahajapaNe cetanA meLavI zake che ane potAnA sattvanI zuddhi vadhArI zake che. bhojana sAthe ke bhojana pachI, AjanI jema, manoraMjananA chetarAmaNA nAme kutsita saMskAro cittamAM bharavAnI ahIM vAta nathI. vaLI bIjI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 157 noMdhapAtra vAta e che ke divasanA bhojana bAda zayanano kAryakrama nathI. Ayurveda divasa daramiyAnanI UMgha(vivAdvIpa)no niSedha kare che. vaLI dharmazAstra ane smRtigraMthomAM paNa tene kAmajanya vyasanonI yAdImAM mUkela che A uparAMta rAtricaryAnA chaThThA khaMDamAM brAhma-muhUrta, jayAre suMdaratama nidrAthI citta ane buddhi pUrNa nirmaLatAne pAmyAM hoya, te ghaDIe zAstraciMtananI bhalAmaNa karAI che. te haLavA svAdhyAya karatAM kaMIka vizeSa ekAgra vidyAyoga jaNAya che. rAjakAja mATe ya nitya navA-navA AyAmonAM jJAnano khapa paDe che, te dRSTie paNa A jogavAI Avazyaka che. vaLI AnI ja sAthe kAryaciMtana - AgAmI divasamAM upAsavAnAM kAryonuM vyavasthita smaraNa - paNa sAMkaLavAmAM AvyuM che. zAstraciMtana ane kAryaciMtana baMne ekabIjAnAM puraka che. kadAca eka sikkAnI be bAju samAna che; kAraNa ke sAcuM zAstraciMtana haMmezAM paripakva evI jIvana-abhimukha jijJAsAnA uttarAMgarUpa ja hoya che; mAtra chogArUpa nahi. ahIM kauTilya indriyajayanA prakaraNamAM indriyajayanI siddhinI khAtarI karavA mATenI traNa vaikalpika kasoTI paikI eka kasoTI te "zAstrArthonuSThAna' (zAstranA arthano ke tAtparyano amala) kahela che te yAda karIe. rAjAe potAnA Arogya aMge paNa pratidina vizeSajJanI anubhavajanya doravaNI mujaba yogya niyamano, deDha-Arogyajanya, dIrghakAlIna prajAsevA arthe pALavAnAM che. te mATe rAtricaryAnA chellA AThamA vibhAgamAM jIvanavyavahAra mATe mahattvanAM vRddhasevano paikI cikitsaka(rAjavaidya)nI mulAkAta paNa levAnI che, jethI temanA khUba javAbadArIbharyA sUkSma parIkSaNa ane mArgadarzana mujabanAM AhAravihAra aMgenA niyamano pALIne zarIrayAtrAnI, kAryabhArane anurUpa iSTa kakSA TakAvI zakAya. AgaLa rAjaguNavarNanamAM ApaNe eka guNa e to joyo ja che ke rAjA jJAnavRddhoe ApelA mArgadarzana pramANe vartanAra (vRddhopadezAvara:) hoya, eTale ahIM paNa je viziSTa vRddhasevanonI vAta che, te temanA mArgadarzananA paripUrNa pAlananA ja AzayathI, te na bhulAya. cikitsakanI mulAkAtanA ja vyavahAru anusaMdhAnanA eka bhAgarUpe, potAnA te divasanA AhAra viSe ane e AhArane taiyAra karavAnA cokkasa vidhi aMge maLavAnuM che rAjarasoDAnA adhyakSa(mahInAsika)ne. sAmAnya manuSyo prAyaH AhAranAM dravyo, vAnagIo enAM yogya saMyojano, eno pAkavidhi vagere bAbata betamAM hoya che. paNa rAjapada jevuM uccatama javAbadArInuM pada jAgRtapaNe saMbhALanArane AvI bedarakArI na ja paravaDe. enI kAryaniSThA ja ene yogya khaTako rAkhavA prere. zAstramAM khAsa kaheluM paNa che ke "AhArazuddhi dvArA sattvazuddhi (potAnI karmazaktino utkarSa sAdhatI zuddhi) sadhAya che" (mAdA zuddha sattvazuddhi). AmAM baMne bhojana aMgenA samayo tapAsatAM savAranA bhojana bAbata ema lAgyA vagara rahetuM nathI ke te vadhAre paDatuM vaheluM (trIjA dinavibhAgamAM arthAt savAre 9-00 thI 10-30 vacce) jaNAya che. jayAre sAMjanuM bhojana bIjA rAtrivibhAgamAM (7-30 thI 9-00 vacce) yogya samayanuM lAge che; paNa savAra-sAMjanA bhojana vacce nava kalAkano gALo vadhAre paDato lAge che. tethI savAranuM bhojana trIjA dinavibhAgane badale cothAmAM to avazya rAkhI zakAya ema che. eka bIjI vastu dhyAna kheMce che ke kyAMya zArIrika vyAyAma, yogAsano ke dhyAnano kAryakrama nathI For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa sUcavAyo. cikitsakanI mulAkAtanA gALAmAM to anya be mulAkAto paNa hoIne te samaye A vastuno samAveza karI zakAya tema kahI zaMkAnuM samAdhAna karI zakAya tema nathI. e vAta ahIM ullekhavI ghaTe ke vRddhasaMyoga: e prakaraNavALA adhyAya 1.mAM rAjAnI dinacaryA viSe eka vyApaka vidhAna Ama che : ''divasanA pUrvabhAgamAM hAthI-ghoDA-ratha-astrazastravidyAnI tAlIma levI ane pAchalA bhAgamAM itihAsanuM zravaNa karavuM." tyArabAdano itihAsanI vyAkhyAvALo saMbhavataH prakSipta gaNAto bhAga javA daIe. tyArabAda kahyuM che : "divasa ane rAtrinA bAkI bhAgamAM navA jJAnanuM grahaNa ane samajAI gayelA jJAnano vizeSa paricaya karavo. ane barAbara na samajAyelA jJAna aMge 158 pharI-pharI zravaNa karavuM.8' A ullekho ane A dinacaryAnA prakaraNa vacce meLa besato nathI. vRddhasaMyoganA prakaraNavALI vAtamAMnI kSatriyocita tAlImanI vAta dinacaryAnA prakaraNamAM paNa prastuta gaNAya. A zaMkAnuM samAdhAna kadAca e hoI zake ke agAunA e prakaraNanI vAta rAjAnI kArakirdInA AraMbhakALanI yA kadAca tenA yuvarAjapadakALanI abhipreta hoI zake; jyAre rAjAnI dinacaryAnI vAta te rAjakAjamAM supratiSThita thayA bAdanI hoI zake. to paNa vyAyAma, yoga, dhyAna jevI mahattvanI bAbatonI bAdabAkI te khUMce ja che. moTI uMmare paNa te badhAMnI rAjA mATe to khUba AvazyakatA gaNAya ja. kauTilya jyotizAstrano vadhu paDato AdhAra levAmAM na mAnatA hovA chatAM sAmAnya jIvanavyavahAramAM tenA AdezonuM mahattva to svIkAre ja che. ApaNe bIjA vyAkhyAnamAM kauTilyanA daiva aMgenA paNa je vicAra tapAselA, tene AdhAre paNa A vAta jarUra kahI zakAya. jyotizAstra sRSTimAMnAM jyotionA niyamita avalokano ane te para AdhArita prauDha anumAno dvArA nirmANa pAmeluM eka pratiSThita vijJAna ja hoI teno anAdara karavAnuM kauTilyane kAraNa nathI. tethI rojiMdA jIvanamAM rAjA jevA atyaMta saMkula prajAkIya javAbadArIo dharAvatA padAdhikArIe to samagra rAjyanI kalyANaciMtAnI dRSTie paNa - alabatta, nirbhaya-niHzaMka cittathI -- jyotisaMbaMdhI prAkRtika Adezo, jJAnamAM supratiSThita evA rAjyotiSI pAsethI rojeroja jANavA-samajavA ane anAsaktapaNe anusaravA yogya ja che. tenAthI mAnasika sajjatA paNa sadhAvAthI rAjAnA mukhya dhairyaguNane paNa avakAza maLe che. rAjakAja pAchaLa rAjAnI namratA, zuddha zraddhA ane asala dhArmikatA nitya jaLavAya tenI kALajI paNa A dinacaryAmAM levAI che. aMtima rAtrivibhAgamAM (paroDhiye) sUcavAyelA aneka vRddhasaMyogo paikI Rtvik, AcArya ane purohitanuM sAnnidhya sevIne temanAM arthapUrNa hArdika AzIrvacano (svattvanAni - maMgala prasthAna vAMchatAM vacano) jhIlavAnI bhalAmaNa karAI che. agAu rAjAnuM rAjarSivRtta varNavatA adhyAya 1.7mAM AvelA AThamA sUtramAM ema kahyuM che : "AcAryone ke amAtyone potAnI maryAdA tarIke (jenI AjJA lopI na zakAya tevA vaDIlo tarIke) sthApavA je rAjAne vinAzanA janmasthAna[rUpa ayogya AcAro]thI vAre, athavA rAjA pramAda sevato hoya, tyAre [te vaDIlo] ekAMtamAM samayasUcaka chAyAyaMtra ke nalikAyaMtrarUpI paroNI bhoMkavA dvArA tene sArI rIte Toke,' vaLI maMtrI ane purohitanI nimaNUka bAbatanA adhyAya 1.6nA dasamA sUtramAM Ama kahe che : ''jema ziSya AcArya pratye, putra pitA pratye ke sevaka svAmI pratye AjJAMkita banI rahe, For Personal & Private Use Only -

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 1pa9 tema rAjAe purohitanI AjJA anusAra vartavuM." A rItanI vidhipUrvakanI arthapUrNa vRddhapUjA kharekhara to laukika lAgatA rAjapadanuM AmUla rUpAMtara karI nAkhe che. anAsakti jALavIne jJAnathI paripUrNa banelA Apta gurujanone potAnI vinayayukta pratibhAthI nitya prAtaHkALe bhAvapUrNa vaMdana karIne AziSu jhIlavAno rAjA dvArA apanAvAto vidhi mAtra nATakIya (dekhAvano) ke aupacArika na rahetAM, rAjapadane satyaniSThA dvArA prema ane karuNAnuM vAhana banAve che. Ama rAjatva vaMdanIyone samarpita thaIne anekagaNo zaktisphoTa pAme che. A vRddhapUjA sAthe bIjo paNa eka mahattvano pratIkAtmaka vidhi karavAno che : vAcharaDA sAthenI gAyanI ane baLadanI pradakSiNA karavAno vidhi. tyArabAda sIdhA mulAkAta-khaMDa(bArasthAna)mAM javAnuM che. ahIM samasta govaMzanI pUjAno saMketa che. mAMsAhAra ane yajJamAM pazuhomanI avasthAmAMthI manuSyamAM svastha buddhiyoganA prabhAvathI je ahiMsA-saMkalpa baMdhAyo, tenA amalanA AraMbhe khUba mahattvanuM je kadama levAyuM te govaMzanA vadhanA niSedhanuM. bhale Ano AraMbha eka vizeSa sImita prajAsamUhamAM thayo, paNa e AkhI mAnavajAtanA sAMskRtika-bhautika bevaDA utthAnanA mahApathanA nirmANarUpa ghaTanA banI rahI. cheka RgvadamAM gAyanA maLyA (na haNavAyogya) paryAya dvArA enA pravartanano saMketa maLe che. bhAratavarSamAM sarva manuSyanA AdhyAtmika, bhautika, Arthika evA bahumukhI vikAsanI kSamatA dharAvato ahiMsAdharma khUba vahelo AraMbhAI gayo. ahiMsAno pAyo buddhiyogathI saMbhavelo satyavicAra ja che; mAtra kAcI-pocI dayA ke bhAvukatAno Ubharo nahi. ravIndranAthe 'baliSTha dayA' evo zabda vAparI dayAnI bahumukhI kSamatA cIMdhI che. A AkhA saMskRtipatha pratyenA hArdika svIkArarUpe rAjAnI dinacaryAmAM A govaMzanI prAta:kAlIna pradakSiNA samajavAnI che. rAjAnA brAhmaNapratipAna evA sthira thayelA birudamAM mAnava samAja ane samasta sRSTi taraphanA manuSyanA sthiradharmano sAra AvI jAya che. bhAratIya paraMparAmAM kAmapuruSArthanI paNa anubhUtimUlaka UMDI vibhAvanA sthira thayelI che. eka bAju kAma paripuomAMno eka ripu (zatru) gaNAvAyo che; tema chatAM, kAmavRttinuM eka dharmAviruddha ojasvI pAsuM paNa anubhavAtAM, te svarUpe te jIvanapoSaka UrjA tarIke svIkArAI che. rAjAnI dinacaryAmAM eno paNa barAbara samAveza thayelo che. sauthI suMdara ullekha che zayana ane utthAna vakhate vAghaghoSanA zravaNano. saMgItanA eka mahattvanA ghaTakarUpa vAdyaghoSa kevI adbhuta saMjIvanI, cetanAne uttAna (rtiyukta) karavAno kevo suMdara upAya che te to anubhavagamya vAta che. zAmaka, niHsvapra nidrA zarIrayAtrA mATe uttama saMjIvanI (tonic) che. kAmano mULa artha che utkaTa icchA. icchA jayAre racanAtmaka banI satya-ziva-suMdarane lakSe che, tyAre te jIvanane samRddha ja kare che. A dinacaryAmAM evI icchAnA ja eka prasiddha utkaTa AvirbhAvarUpa ratikrIDAno paNa rAtrinA trIjA vibhAgamAM samAveza thayelo jovA maLe che - saMviB: ('sahazayana mANato') pada dvArA. divasanA chaThThA vibhAgamAM svairavihArano samAveza karIne paNa rAjAnAM tana-manane sukhazAtAmAM ane AnaMdamAM ANatA ujajavaLa, lAghavayukta premavihAranI ucita kadara karAI che. A For Personal & Private Use Only

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160 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa kAryakrama rAjAnI icchA ke rucine saMmati ApavArUpe ja samAvAyo hoI kAmAvegothI paravArI cUkelA rAjA mATe rAjakAjanA bhAgarUpa maMtraNAdino vikalpa paNa apAyo che. A dinacaryAmAM bIjA divasa-vibhAgamAM, rAjayabharamAMthI Avela durganivAsI ke samasta janapadanAM gAmo-nagaromAMthI AvelAM prajAjano, AzramAdi saMsthAonA pratinidhio, vyaktijUtho ityAdine, temanI muzkelIo ke phariyAdo dhyAnathI sAMbhaLavA mATe mulAkAta ApavAnuM Ayojana thayeluM che. rAjAnI prajAvatsalatAno e khUba mahattvano kAryakrama che. prajAnAM sukhaduHkha viSe sevako dvArA parokSa jJAna meLavavAmAM satyanA DhAMkapichoDAne vipula avakAza rahe che, ane kALapravAha sAthe te badI vadhavAnI pUrI zakyatA rahe che. A badhuM TALavA prajAne niyamita pratyakSa mulAkAta ApavAnuM Ayojana che. hakIkate A AkhI dinacaryA, uccatama adhikArI potAno samasta kArobAra gaphalata vinA pAra pADavA prajA ane taMtra pratye keTale aMze pratyakSapaNe sabhAna ane jAgRta rahI zake teno namUno che. A kAryakramanA anvaye khAsa kahevAyuM che ke mulAkAtIone daravAjo khoTo vilaMba karI rokI rAkhavAnA nathI. vaLI AvanAra judAM-judAM kSetranA ke kAryanI judI-judI tAkIdavALA mulAkAtIo paikI kone vhelA sAMbhaLavAnI jarUra che, teno ucca viveka karIne mulAkAtano eka nyAyI krama nakkI karAya che, ne te krame mulAkAta apAya che. kAryArthInI bhUmikA mujaba eka namUnArUpa krama paNa apAyo che te jANavA jevo che. prathama krama apAyo che devatAsaMbaMdhI eTale ke dharmasthAnasaMbaMdhI kAmane. dharmasthAnonuM prajAjIvananI daSTie ane eka svataMtra jIvana-mUlyanI daSTie samAjamAM sthira thayeluM mahattva samajIne Ama karAyuM che. pachInA krame che AzramavAsI kAryArthI. gAma ke nagaranI tulanAmAM mAnavajIvananA nityanUtana vikAsanuM AzAspada saMskRtivardhaka kAma uttama RSio, AcArya ke kulapatinI prabuddha rAhabarI nIce AzramomAM cAlatuM hoya che. Azramoe bhAratIya saMskRtinAM piyaranu kAma karyuM che. pachInA krame Ave che pASANuM eTale ke kahevAtA nAstika ke avaidika nAnA-nAnA, navA-navA ke parabhUmimAM uddabhava pAmelA saMpradAyonA sAdhu-saMnyAsIo. A batAve che ke kauTilya avaidika ke vedabhinna dharmadaSTi dharAvatA saMpradAyone paNa apekSA karatAM ghaNA UMcA krame AdarapAtra gaNe che. tethI ja AzramavAsIo bAda tarata ja temanAM kAryone mahattva ApavAnI bhalAmaNa karI che. Ama prathama traNa krama judAM-judAM dhArmika kAmone ApIne kauTilya dharmo ane tenA saMpradAyone, niSpakSa ke samAna Adara sAthe, mAnavajIvananAM atyaMta vidhAyaka paribaLa tarIke, atyaMta TharelapaNe navAjayA che. tyArabAda saMsArIo paikI prathama sthAna zrotriyo(vedAdhyayana ane vaidika yajJAdi anuSThAnamAM AjIvana rata brAhmaNo)ne Ape che. (jogAnujoga kauTilya pote paNa evA zrotriya brAhmaNa ja che ! pote potAnuM jIvanadhyeya ane jIvanakArya khUba ucca bhUmikAnuM pasaMda karyuM che.) pachI Ave che pazusaMbaMdhI kAryo, ne tyArabAda puNyakArya tarIke oLakhAvAtAM kUvA-vAva-taLAva-dharmArAma vagerene lagatAM kAmo. tyArabAda sAmAjika vargo mATe Avo vivekI krama Apyo che : bALako, vRddho, rogIo, Apattigrasto, anAtho ane strIonAM kAmo. vaLI A kramane custapaNe (jaDapaNe) vaLagI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 16 1 na rahetAM kAmanA cokkasa svarUpa ane kAma pAra pADavAnI tAkIdane AdhAre krama nakkI karavAnI khAsa bhalAmaNa karI che. A adhyAyane cheDe mukAyelA zloko keTalAka navA ke khAsa muddA umeravA sAthe mukhyatve rAjAnA utthAna (jAgRta udyama)no mahimA sarasa rIte ghUMTe che. tAkIdanAM kAmo aMge khAsa bhArapUrvaka kahevAyuM che ke evAM kAmo aMge sAMbhaLavAmAM ane temane pUrI tAkIdathI yogya rIte pAra pADavAmAM vilaMba na karavo; kAraNa ke vilaMbane lIdhe kAM to te mahAmuzkelIthI sAdhI zakAya, kAM to asAdhya thaI hAthamAMthI jatAM rahe. bIjI khAsa bhalAmaNa e che ke vidyA-upAsakonAM kAma ane tapasvIonAM kAma viSe potAnA bhavananA agnigRhamAM potAnA purohita ane AcAryane sAthe rAkhIne ja sAMbhaLavAno zirasto rAkhavo. AnuM kAraNa e ke agnigRhanA pavitra agninuM sAkSIpaNuM rahe ane potAnA dhArmika-vidyAkIya gurujanone sAthamAM rAkhavAthI AvAM kAryone pAra pADavA mATe sAcA mArgadarzana ane preraNA maLe. vidyA ane tapano kauTilyanI dRSTie apAra mahimA che. kAlidAsanA abhijJAnazAkuMtala' nATakanA pAMcamA aMkanA nirUpaNa pramANe zakuMtalAne patigRhe mUkavA AvelA tApasI ane tApasI sAthenI mulAkAta agnigRhamAM ja goThavavAmAM AvI che temAM kauTilyanI A bhalAmaNano spaSTa paDagho vAMcI zakAya. vaLI tApaso, aindrajAliko (jAdugaro), mannauSadhiprayoktAo jevA viziSTa varganI vyaktiono kopa ajANatAM paNa vhoravo na paDe te mATe temanI mulAkAta samaye potAnI sAthe traNa vedonI vidyAonA niSNAto(travidya)ne sAthe rAkhavAnI mahattvanI bhalAmaNa karAI che. tevA aThaMga vedavidyAupAsako gUDha manovijJAnamAM ane gUDhavidyAmAM paNa kuzala manayA hoI Ama kahevAyuM lAge che. 'vaividya' zabdane ahIM upalakSaNarUpa (mukhya namUnA kahenAra) mAnI emAM cothA veda atharvavedrano samAveza mAnavo A viziSTa saMdarbhe jarUrI lAge che. chelle rAjAnA utthAnanuM mahattva ghUMTIghUMTIne tejasvI rIte kahevAyuM che. tenI sAthe rAjAnA potAnI vRttio paranA kAbUne paNa khAsa mahattva apAyuM che. rAjakAjane moTA yajJakAryarUpe varNavavAmAM AvyuM che. prajAnA sukhamAM ja rAjAnuM sukha che. potAnuM ja priya karavuM ane prajAnI upekSA karavI - AjanA kahevAtA rAjakAraNIo jema - temAM saravALe rAjAnuM hita nathI, balka anarthane AmaMtraNa che. kauTilya jayAre potAnA dezakALane barAbara tapAsIne ekarAjAnA zAsana (parama) mATe ja potAnI pasaMdagI batAve che, tyAre temanI samakSa kevo ucca rAjA che te uparanI vistRta carcA parathI sArI peThI samajAya tema che. kharekhara to zAsana rAjA karato hoya ke koI lokapratinidhi karato hoya, zAsaka tarIke te-te vyaktie kevI saMgIna ane ucca mAnavapratibhAne khilavavAnI che ane potAnI ucca guNasamRddhi pramANe roja-ba-rojanA jIvanamAM sAtatyathI kevI udyamI ane jAgRta jIvanacaryA rAkhavAnI che, te vAta ja ahIM muddAnI che. kauTilyanI zuddha buddhiniSThAmAMthI ja A AkhI mAnavIya, saMskRtivardhaka rAjanItinI saMkula vibhAvanA vikasI che; jarUra che prayogavIranI. For Personal & Private Use Only

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16 2 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa agAu ullekha karelo che tema daMDanItividyAno yogya guru te mAtra zAstrajJa nahi, paNa zAstra ane prayoga baMne jANanAro - vastRtR - hoya te ja iSTa che. kauTilya AvA vetRprayatR tarIke ja A graMthanI racanAnA sAcA adhikArI banI rahe che. AkhA graMthamAM sarvatra kathanonI je sabaLatA ke sacoTatA che, koI viSayanA matAMtaro jaNAvavAne prasaMge anya matonI rajUAtane cheDe rajU thayelA temanA matomAM je prauDhatA che, aneka ThekANe gadya ke padya ubhayamAM temanI je pAradarzitA taravare che, te badhuM A graMthanA artha-dehane eka sAcavavA lAyaka - balka vAvavA lAyaka - sAMskRtika vArasA tarIke sthApI Ape che. rAjAnuM samagra svarUpa samajavA mATe atre arthazAstranA mukhyatve khapamAM lIdhelA e. ke. 6.2 (pUrvArdha) ane a. kra. 2.26 uparAMta prathama adhikaraNanA a.kra. 5, 6, 7 paNa khapanA che. vaLI a. ka. . (jamAM jItelA zatrurAjayanAM taMtranAM tathA prajAnAM hRdaya jItavAnA upAyonI vAta che. te) paNa khapano che. bAkI to AkhA graMthamAM anya aneka sthaLo paNa A mATe upayogI che. rAjAnI guNasaMpatti ane tenA vRttarUpa aMgata jIvanacaryA e pote jema saMskRtirUpa che, tema te samasta rAjayanI ke rAjamaMDalanI bahumukhI saMskRtino pAyo paNa che. rASTranI bahumukhI saMskRtinA pAyArUpa rAjapratibhAnI carcA, aucitya joIne AraMbhe karIne have "saMskRtinA svarUpa aMgenI carcA, rASTra-saMskRtinAM bhinna-bhinna pAsAMonI carcAnI pUrve karIzuM to khUba upayogI thaze. saMskRti' eTale zuM ? yajurveda, atharvaveda Adi vedomAM cokkasa ghaDatarakriyA dvArA susaMskRta banelA manuSya mATe meya ke zabda zokhathI prayojAto hoya che. tenA pAyAmAM che mahimAyukta samA zabda. sabhAmAM zobhe yA bhaLI jAya te sameya ke samya. sama zabda sada(sAthe)nA TUMkArUpa sa ane mA (zobhavuM) dhAtuthI banelo che - jemAM badhA ekasAthe (sa6) zobhe te "sabhA" (sa6 mAnti satra). AvA arthane kAraNe samA zabda sugaThita samAja ke samudAya mATe paNa kyAreka vaparAto hoya che - dA.ta. prArthanAsabhA' (prArthanAmAM tatpara samAja), brahmosamAja ityAdi. sabhA te evuM jUtha ke evo samudAya che, jemAM samAyelI vyaktionAM aMtaHkaraNa ekabIjA pratye maitrI ane sadyogavRtti dvArA eka sthAyI joDANa anubhave che. ene kAraNe evI vyaktio sAthe bhegI thaI hoya tyAre, ke bhegI na thaI hoya tyAre paNa ekabIjAnI hUMpha ane ekabIjAthI potAnI zobhA anubhave che; ekalA (ataDA) paDIne ke ekalapeTA banIne nahi. to evA samudAyamAM, potAnI ucca hArdikatAne kAraNe je vyakti bhaLI jAya ane tevA samudAya sAthe saMvAdI saMbaMdha nabhAvI jANe, te 'sameya' ke "sakhya' kahevAya. 'atharvaveda'mAM 'sameya' thavA mATenI khAsa prArthanA paNa maLe che. A sarga zabda parathI bhAvavAcaka zabda banyo 'satA'. teno artha thAya sabhyamAM rahelo jarUrI guNa, cittano anurUpa saMskAra. vaLI saMskAramAMthI janmelI jIvanazailI mATe paNa te zabda vaparAya. Ane lIdhe hindIbhASAmAM "sabhyatA' zabda yogya rIte ja "saMskRti' arthamAM vaparAya che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 163 'saMskRti' sApekSa zabda che. eno joDiyo eka zabda che prakRti, bIjo zabda che "vikRti'. 'prakRti' eTale vastunI utpattimAtrathI ke hayAtImAtrathI siddha avasthA ke tenA mULa svabhAva. e to che sRSTinI sarva saMpattino pAyo. have, moTA bhAganI prakRti rUpAMtara pAmavAnI kSamatA dharAvatI hoya che. jo e rUpAMtara kAryasAdhaka, suMdaratara ke anukULatA vadhAranAruM hoya, to te rUpAMtarane 'saMskRti' athavA to 'saMskaraNa' ke 'saMskAra' paNa kahe che. tethI UlaTuM, jo e rUpAMtara hIna, asuMdara ke kAryabAdhaka bane to 'vikRti' ke 'vikAra' kahevAya che. (sAMkhyadarzana ityAdimAM 'vikAra' zabda sArA ke mAThA game te rUpAMtara mATe vaparAya che.) "saMskRti' mULamAM koI paNa indriyagrAhya ke bhautika vastu sAthe saMkaLAyelA sacetananA AMtarapravAha ke AMtarika vaizizya sAthe saMkaLAyelI hoya che yA ene lAgu paDe che. bAhya padArtha ke kiyA to mAtra e aMtaHsattvanAM vAhaka ja hoya che, tethI te saMskRtinI pAkI pratIti na karAvI zake. alabatta, e vAhakanuM paNa mahattva hoI kyAreka e vAhaka dravya ke kriyAne paNa "saMskRti' kahevAmAM Ave che. AnA aMgrejI paryAya civilizationnI sthiti aMzataH Ane maLatI, aMzataH judI che. mULa laeNTina zabda civis (nagaravAsI) parathI civil vizeSaNapadano artha thayo nagaravAsIne yogya ke chAje tevuM. te parathI nAmadhAtu banyo civilize eTale ke nagaravAsIne zobhe tevuM karavuM. ne te parathI bhAvavAcaka (AkhI kriyAno vAra ka) zabda banyo civilization, eTale ke nagaravAsIne zobhe tevo te-te kSetrano vyavahAra ke nagaranI jIvanazailI. te parathI "saMskRti' zabdanI jema, A zabda paNa tevA vyavahAra ke AMtara-vaiziSTaTyanAM vAhaka evAM sthApatya, rAcaracIluM, kalAkRti vagerene mATe paNa rUDha thayo. A zabdamAM "saMskRti' zabdathI pAyAno phera eTalo ke AmAM pAyAno zabda 'nagaravAsI'no vAcaka che; eTale ke civilization zabda evuM svIkArIne ghaDAyo che ke saMskRtine Avazyaka pAyo che nagara. jayAre 'saMskRti' zabda e pAyo dharAvato nathI. eno vizALa pAyo che vastumAtranI prakRti - je paNa moTe bhAge suMdara ke rucikara ja hoya che. tevI prakRtimAM paNa bahuguNI caitanyanA vyApArathI vizeSa saMvAditA, sauMdarya ke navanirmANa sAdhavAM te saMskRti. nagara taraphanA valaNamAM prAcInakALathI pUrva ane pazcimanA samAjomAM pAyAno bheda jaNAya che. ApaNe joyuM che ke kauTilya to rAjyanA eka aMga tarIke bahumukhI nirmANa ane naisargika utpAdananA dhAmarUpa janapadane (naisargika nivAsasthAnarUpa agaNita gAmaDAM ane jIvanayAtrA mATenAM pUraka dravyonI Apa-lenAM pIThArUpa thoDA kasbAnA saMkulane) rAjadhAnI (durga) karatAM paNa vadhu mahattva Ape che. saMskRtino kharekharo pAyo samajavA bhAratIya itihAsa-purANAdimAM ane dharmazAstra ke tarjanya smRtigraMthomAM lagabhaga joDIrUpe vaparAtA be zabdo samajavA yogya che : rama ane zaN. ma eTale AtmasaMyama, Atmaniyamana ane zama eTale cittanI zAMti ke kaMkarahita saMvAdI sthiti. A artho jotAM ema samajAya che ke A baMneno sAthe ullekha e baMne parasparapUraka cittadharmo hoI karAya che. tuma (AtmasaMyama) evo AnukUlyarahita ke zuSka na hoya ke ke je gama eTale ke cittazAMti naSTa kare, ane zamamAMnI cittazAMti bhogajanya ane tethI asthAyI na hoya, ke jemAM For Personal & Private Use Only

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164 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa jIvanamAM AnaMda-mAMgalya sthApanAro sahaja AtmasaMyama na hoya. A baMne maLatAM eka jIvanavidhAyaka bhavya camatkAra sarjAya che. saMskRtinA pAyAmAM rama-gamathI banelo garavo ke UjaLo saMyama (self-discipline ke selfgovernance) hoya che. emAM nathI stoicism (ekAMgI saMyamavAda) ke nathI epicurianism (ekAMgI bhogavAda), saMskRti sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjakIya, lalita-kaLA jevAM dareka kSetramAM hoya che. paNa te dareka kSetranI sAcI ne TakAu saMskRtinA pAyAmAM niravadhi AnaMdanuM nimitta bananAra AtmasaMyama ke AtmavattA hoya che. evA saMyama mATe mukAdamanI jarUra nathI; kAraNa ke e svayaMbhU hoya che. jJAnIne saMyama sahaja hoya che, te tenI prakRtirUpa banI jAya che - e vAta ane vyaktimAtranI zuddha prakRtine jAgRta karIne ja sthAyI saMyamanI sthApanA thaI zake; bAhya niyaMtraNathI nahi - evo abhiprAya bhagavadgItAmAM A rIte rajU thayo che : "jJAnI paNa potAnI prakRti anusAra ja karma kare che. prANImAtra prakRtine zaraNe jatAM hoya che; nigraha (baLajorI ke bAhya niyamana) zuM karaze ?11" eTale gItAnI daSTie ema kahI zakAya ke sAcI saMskRti vAstavamAM to vastumAM paDelI suSupta ucca prakRti ja hoya che. saMskRtinuM hArda samajavA uparyukta rUma-zamanI joDInI jema ja anya joDI - parvavaArnavanI - paNa jANavA jevI che. mRdu (komaLa) e vizeSaNa parathI banelo bhAvavAcaka zabda che Hva - komaLatA, mRdutA; je mukhyatve mananI vizeSatA tarIke samajavAnI che. AthI te 'dayA' (anya mATe AtmabhAva)no paryAya banI rahe che. te rIte seTanu (saraLa, nikhAlasa) e vizeSaNanuM bhAvavAcaka nAma te bArgava - saraLatA, nikhAlasapaNuM. mULamAM e satyaparAyaNatAno paryAya che. A be guNo paNa sAthe hoya to ja ekabIjAnI maryAdA dUra karIne ekabIjAne yogya rIte TakAvI rAkhe che. koI pratyenI mananI komaLatA ke dayA (vartava) evI na hoya, je ene satya kahetAM ke nikhAlasa abhiprAya (bhArgava) pragaTa karatAM potAne roke. vaLI satyaparAyaNatA ke nikhAlasatA (mArnava) evI na hoya, ke je sAmA pratye mananI komaLatA ke madhuratA (mArka) dAkhavavAnI AvazyakatAne avagaNe. A rIte A baMne guNo paNa ekalA nahi, sAthe rahIne ja guNarUpa banI rahe tema che. mAdava e vyakti ke zrotAmAM rahelA cita-tattvano (saMvedanano) khyAla kare che, to Arjava jagamAM vyApelA sat-tattvano khyAla kare che. vyaktisthita cit ane jagasthita sat e baMnenA samanvayathI ja satya akhilAImAM pragaTe che; ne te ja kalyANakara che. to sAcI saMskRtimAM paTapaTameM hai saoNrDa ramatA e nyAye pratyeka vyakti pratyenI sthAyI adaba paNa hoya che ane vaLI parama satya taraphanI adaba paNa hoya che. ciraMjIva saMskRti sahune sAthe letAM-letAM ja satyanI sAthe joDAvAmAM rahelI che. ahIM AgaLa vadhatA pahelAM e jaNAvavuM ghaTe ke saMskRtinA AMtara svarUpa aMge ATalI carcA eTale karI che ke A trIjA vyAkhyAnanA AraMbhe rAjayataMtranA majabUta pAyArUpa rAjAnAM je hRdayahArI saMskAra (guNasamRddhi) ane saMskRti (dinacaryA) avalokyAM che, tenA AdhAre rAjyataMtranA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 165 AgavI bhAta sAthe pravartatA vividhakSetrIya vyavahArone ApaNe ahIM pRthakkaraNa karyA mujabanA aMtaHsattvavALI saMskRti tarIke joIe. ahIM vividha taMtronI mAtra sthaLa mAhitIno nIrasa gaMja khaDakavo nathI, paNa evI mAnavAcita saMskRtinI jhalaka meLavavI che, ke je AtmasAkSAtkAra karAvI 'niHzreyasa' (janAthI vadhu ucca avasthAnI jhaMkhanA na rahe tevI mukti) sudhIno samagra mArga khullo karI Ape, tema ja Aje ApaNe je kALabiMdue UbhAM chIe, temAM AdhunikatAnA bhramane vaza thaI je kahevAtI saMskRtinI bolabAlA thAya che, tene TakAu rIte mApavA-mUlavavAno eka vizvAsapAtra, sthira mApadaMDa ApaNane Ape ane bhavya kahevAtI A Adhunika "saMskRtine khoLe je visphoTaka, sarvavinAzaka samasyAo, viSamatAo beThI che, emAMthI UgaravAno cokhkho rAjamArga ApaNane batAve. A vyAkhyAnazreNI dvArA mAnavane kAyama sade evI saMskRtinI bhUkha jagADI zrotAonI ane temanA dvArA vyApaka samAjanI cetanAmAM "saMvega' (amaMgaLamAMthI choDAve tevo vairAgyajanya AdhyAtmika vega, tevI AdhyAtmika sakriyatA) paNa jagADavAno vyAkhyAtAno eka nAno-amatho anAsakta prayatna che. e paNa spaSTa karavuM ghaTe ke je rAjyataMtranAM vividha pAsAMnI ke taMtronI saMskRtirakSaka hetulakSitAnuM varNana ahIM karavA dhAryuM che, te koI AdhyAtmikatAno dAvo karanAruM rAjyataMtra nathI ja nathI. dekhAve to te laukika ja che. temAM manuSyone aneka rIte niyaMtrita karanAruM su-vizALa niyama-jALa che. aneka sthaLe, rASTramAM pedhI paDelI pecIdI samasyAo ukelavA mATe yojavAnA hiMsaka, prapaMcI lAgatA vividha upAyonI paNa bhalAmaNa che. aTapaTI paradezanItinI, yuddhanItinI vyavahAru, vijayalakSI vAto che. vaLI A graMthamAM vyakta rIte to kauTilya mokSa sivAyanA bauddhika traNa puruSArtho ja - dharma, artha, kAma - ullekhyA che. Ama chatAM, AgalA vyAkhyAnamAM je vividha dArzanika bhAvanAo ke raTaNAo varNavI che, temano prabhAva rAjA, tenA samagra taMtra tathA chevaTe prajAsamUha para paNa avazya paDe che. mAnavajIvananI pAyAnI sthAyI unnati sAdhe tevI saMskAritAno khaTako rAjAne ane tenA jIvaMta adhyakSapaNAne lIdhe rAjyanAM vividha taMtrono kArobAra saMbhALanAra karmazIlone, satata ane savizeSapaNe, koI paNa nirNayanA ane kAryavAhInA prasaMge ekaMdare rahe che. tene lIdhe zraddhApradhAna, udyamatatpara evI lacIlI AmaprajAne to managamato jIvanamArga paNa maLI jAya. AmAM rAjAne pakSe, vadhArAmAM teno darzanazAstrano jIvaMta paricaya paNa nitya ghaNo upakAraka banI rahe che. e rIte sarva udyamonI pArzvabhUmikArUpe ahIM mokSarUpa cothA dhyeya tarapha paNa Adara ane ruci pedA thaIne satata jaLavAI rahe che. "A AkhuM [artha-]zAstra eTale indriyajaya" AvuM hiMmatabharyuM, cokhuM, niHzaMka vidhAna graMthanA AraMbhe chaThThA adhyAyamAM kauTilya karI zakyA che te nAnI-sUnI ghaTanA nathI. e AdezarUpa vacana nathI, paNa mAnavanI mULa, sahaja prakRtinuM graMthakAre kareluM taTastha darzana che. hADanA saMyama sahitano vinaya (saMgIna tAlIma) pAmelo uccatama adhikArIgaNa ane tenA vizvAse nIceno bahusaMkhyaka kAryakaragaNa AkhA rASTramAM kevI nItiniSThA ane kAryaniSThA pAke pAye sAtatyathI For Personal & Private Use Only

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166 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa pravartAvI zake tenuM satyadarzana-AdhArita ane tethI sAkAra thaI zake tevuM A eka svapna che. pathabhraSTa, trasta sarva prajAo ane rAjyataMtro dhAre to emAMthI sAcA udyamano rAjapatha pAmI zake ema che. graMthanuM A vidhAna niraMtara vikAsazIla sAMskRtika rAjanItinAM dvAra khole evuM che. Ama to kauTilya potAnI koI asAdhAraNatAno dAvo nathI karatA ke graMthamAM te-te viSayonAM nirUpaNomAM pUrvaparaMparAono anAdara paNa nathI karatA; to paNa sahajapaNe keLavAyelI potAnI sarvakSetrIya maulika dRSTi, AkhA graMthamAM, aneka sthaLoe aneka viSama pUrvapakSonI AdarabharI rajUAta karIne paNa potAnA Tharela mata dvArA rajU karatA rahe che. e dvArA teo AzAspada mAnavIya rAjanIti mATenI potAnI zAMta udyamazIlatA paNa darzAve che. anya AdhAro parathI, agAu ApaNe joyuM che tema, teoe rAjanItine jIvananI kAyamI kArakirdI tarIke pasaMda nahotI ja karI. pote niSThAthI ane nitya-anuSThAnathI zrotriya brAhmaNa tarIke ja jIvatA hatA. sAva aparigrahI jIvanazailI hatI. tema chatAM deza-kALa pramANe jemAM potAne lokasevAdharma bajAvavo Avazyaka lAgyo, tyAM hRdaya, buddhi ane dehanA pUrA samarpaNa sAthe utkaTa karmayoga yajJabhAvanAthI AcarI batAvyo. barobara tapAsavAmAM Ave to jaganA itihAsomAM je puruSoe kauTilyanI jema narI kartavyabhAvanAthI, binavyAvasAyika rIte, paNa pUrI sarvAgI sajjatA sAthe, rAjanaitika krAMtidharma prAsaMgika rIte bajAvI jANyo che, teoe ja saMskRtinI pAyAnI sevA karI che. bAkInAoe to rAjanItithI potAnA sAMkaDA svArtho arthe prajAone iMdhaNarUpe ja vAparI che. A samagra dRSTi rAkhIne have rASTrajIvananA te-te kSetramAMnI kauTilIya arthazAstra'mAM nirUpAyelI kAryavAhIonuM sAMskRtika parIkSaNa karIe. (1) kAyado-vyavasthA jALavanAruM rASTravyApI vahIvaTI taMtra aMgrejImAM eka vicAraNIya vacana che : "To know all is to forgive all" (arthAt sarva koI viSe samagrapaNe vyApaka jJAna meLavatAM sarva pratyeno kSamAbhAva pragaTe che), jIvamAtra pratyeno, bAhya nimittathI nirapekSa evo sahaja premAdara te darekanI cAlu hAlata ane temanAM mULa svarUpa mATenI jijJAsA jagADe che, ane te samabhAvayukta jijJAsA saMtoSAtAM ja ApoApa sarva sadoSanirdoSa jIvo pratye samabhAva, prema ane karuNA jAge che. e jJAna mujaba sadoSanuM niyamana ane nirdoSane paripoSaNapUrvaka protsAhana (paritrANAya sAdhUnAM vinAzAya re sutA...bha. gItA 4.8 mujaba) paNa, samabhAvamAMthI ke sabhAvamAMthI caLyA vagara, avazya AcarI zakAya che. Ama ekaMdare, bIjA vyAkhyAnamAM ullekhelI lokapUjakatAne ja samartha rAjyataMtra, potAnuM pravAhaprApta niyamanakArya AcaratAM nibhAve che. rAjyataMtranuM pAyAnuM prathama kartavya che prajAnuM anyonyathI rakSaNa ane samasta prajAnuM AMtarika asAmAjika tattvothI tema ja bAhya AkramaNothI rakSaNa. AmAMnuM zArIrika rakSaNa to rakSakadaLa (sainya) dvArA thaI zake, paNa pArasparika zoSaNa ke pIDanathI rakSaNa kAryasAdhaka kAyadAonI nitya For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 167 saMskArAtI rahetI saMhitAnA astitvamAtrathI paNa, uparAMta sAbadA guptacarataMtranA niyamita ahevAlone AdhAre vahIvaTItaMtra dvArA levAtAM pagalAM dvArA, tema ja vyaktigata phariyAdone AdhAre aMgIkArAtI nyAyika kAryavAhI dvArA thaI zake. A paikI nyAyataMtra para vadhu-paDatuM kAryabhAraNa na Ave te mATe guno thato ja aTakI zake tevA kAryadakSa, pramAdarahita vahIvaTItaMtranI khUba mahattA che. tenuM eka pUraka Arthika kAma prajAe bharavAnI mahesUlanI kAryakSama ugharANInuM paNa che; kAraNa ke teno pAyo paNa kAyado ane vyavasthAnI jALavaNI dvArA sadhAyelI vyApaka prajAkIya zistabaddhatA ane nItimattAmAM che. A rASTravyApI pAyAnA niyamanataMtranI parama upakArakatA joIne ja khUba vyApaka vaividhyapUrNa kartavyo ane vizALa sattA dharAvatA eka uccatama adhikArInI te niyamanataMtranA samartha pravartaka tarIke jogavAI paraMparAgata bhAratIya rAjanItimAM karAI che ane kauTilya paNa ene pUrA anumodana sAthe puraskArI che. e adhikArI "samAhartA' kahevAya che - zabdabaMdhAraNa ane kAryakSetranI daSTie AjanA kalekaTarane maLato. san ane A upasarga sahitanA TU (harati) (levuM) dhAtu parathI 'vyavasthita rIte bheguM karanAra' arthamAM samAhartA, collect (bheguM karavuM) parathI 'bheguM karanAra' artha ja batAvanAra Collector maLato adhikArI che. te, prajAe rAjyane bharavAnI mahesUla potAnA kAryakaro dvArA bhegI karavAnuM eka mahattvanuM Arthika kartavya bajAve che; uparAMta bIjAM lAgatA-vaLagatAM aneka kartavyo paNa bajAve che. te, rAjayanAM Arthika, rakSAsaMbaMdhI, nyAyika-Adi taMtrono yojaka ne emano javAba lenAra paNa che. tethI samAhartA' - dhana ane javAbadArI baMne ugharAvanAra - kahevAya che. AjanA kalekTaranI jema mahesUlaugharANI uparAMta samagra mulkanAM kAyado ane vyavasthA jALavavAnuM paNa samAhartAnuM kartavya che. samAhartAnA hAtha nIce tenA samagra kAryakSetramAM 'pradeSTAthI mAMDIne uccArI karmacArIonuM rASTravyApI rakSakataMtra (polisataMtra), 'dharmastho' dvArA cAlatuM nyAyataMtra, rASTravyApI guptacarataMtra, pradeSTA vagerenI sahAyathI cAlatI kaMTakazodhananI (asAmAjika ke trAsavAdI tattvone dUra karavAnI) pravRttio, te-te alaga adhyakSo nIce cAlatI rASTravyApI sarvAgI Arthika pravRttio, durga(rAjadhAnI)nAM kAyado-vyavasthA jALavanAra nAgarika' nAmanA adhikArInI kAmagIrI, janapadanAM kAyado-vyavasthAnI jALavaNI, uparAMta temAMnA pratyeka gAma-kasbAnA pratyeka parivAranAM sabhyasaMkhyA, vyavasAya ItyAdinI noMdhaNI (vastInoMdhaNInI AjanA sensasa-adhikArInI kAmagIrI), sarahadanA "aMtamAlo'nI kAmagIrI - ATalo vaividhyapUrNa ane vipula kAryavistAra rahe che. eka prakAranA nAyaba rAjA' jevo A bhAre mahattvano hoddo che. e vakhatanAM rASTro bhAgye ja AjanA jevAM vizALa ke ativipula vastIvALAM haze te saMdarbhe A vyavasthA hatI, tethI te pramANasara ke pahoMcI vaLAya tevI (managable) ja haze. Avo rAjapadathI thoDo ja nIco, paNa ghaNI sattA ane svataMtratAvALo UMcA gauravano hoddo ApavAnI rAjayabaMdhAraNIya jogavAI rAjAnI khamIravaMtI vizvAsazakti, guNaparIkSaNazakti ane pAkA jAptA (vigilance)nI kSamatA vagara na saMbhave. vaLI "gA viThThI, jovo mAra' jevI namAlI rIte moTA bhAganuM rAjakAja ane uttaradAyitva bIjAne soMpI rAjA pote eza-ArAmamAM racyopacyo rahe evI rAjanIti paNa AmAM abhipreta nathI. kharekhara to kauTilyanI samagra rAjanIti aneka manuSyonA guNavikAsanA mukta vAtAvaraNanA pAyA upara For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa ja AgaLa vadhanArI bahumukhI racanAtmaka pravRtti che. rAjA mukhyatve sarvane joDanAra, preranAra, yogyatA mujaba hUMpha ke kaDakAI dvArA sevakone samatola rAkhanAra paribaLa banI rahe che. rAjA potAnI sattA ekahaththu na rahetAM saunA sahayoga ane kSamatAvikAsano caoNro (platfom) banI rahe tene zANo vyavahAra lekhe che. rAjAnI gerahAjarI, bImArI, yuddhavyastatA ke pakva samaya pahelAM jAhera na karAtI gerahayAtI (mRtyu) sudhdhAMmAM AvA mahattvanA hoddedAra dvArA rAjakAja vaNathaMbhye cAlI zake evI A mAnavIya jogavAI che. dekhItI rIte vyaktipradhAna lAgatI rAjAzAhI kauTilyanI suciMtita vibhAvanA (kalpanA) pramANe to, javAbadArI ane sattAnA vyApaka vibhAjana dvArA, bahumukhI mAnavIya rIte, asaMkhya guNavaMta bhAgyazALIonA sahayogathI cAle che. zrI araviMda temanA 'gItA-nibaMdho'mAM kahe che tema 'binavaiyaktika ke nirahaMkAra pratibhA'(impersonal personality)nA naravA Adarzane kauTilyanI kalpanAno rAjA cAhIne anusare che. koI paNa saMskRti vyaktivizeSanI pUjA ane mAtra tenA paranI ja nirbharatAne TALIne bahujananI sahayogI gUMthaNI dvArA ja dIrghajIvI ane khamIravaMtI banI zake che. 168 ahIM e bhUlavuM na joIe ke bahumukhI ke vikendrita taMtra, kauTilye bhArapUrvaka sUcavelA viziSTa svarUpanA indriyajayanA vyApaka amala sivAya nabhI zakatuM nathI. ucca gaNAtI vyakti pote pUrI samajaNa ane AtmabaLa sAthe potAnI jAta para sudRDha indriyajaya siddha karI temAMthI ja anekone te mATe prerIne kAryakSama, UjaLo mAnavasamUha nipajAvI zake che. 'parathama paheluM mastaka mUkI vaLatI levuM nAma jI' - e vacanano paNa A ja marma che. vaLI AtmasaMyamamAMthI janmatAM mAnavIya niyamanomAM anubhavajanya vAstavikatAnuM, pramANabhAnanuM tattva paNa jaLavAya che, to bIjI bAju niHzaMkatA ane kSobharahitatAmAMthI janmatI dRDhatA niyamanonA pravartakanA pakSe sadhAya che. tethI AvAM niyamanomAM bhAgye ja bAMdhachoDa ke pAchA pharavApaNuM hoya che, bhAgye ja niSphaLatA hoya che. saMyamabhaMga badala apAtI 'zikSA' paNa AvAM saMdarbhe sAcA 'zikSaNa'rUpa ja banI rahe che. AvI prakriyA dvArA ja saMyama ekaMdare AkhA taMtrano, AkhI prajAno, AkhA rASTrano svabhAva banI rahe te zakya bane che. AmAM e vAta garbhita che ke AvI vizALa sattA pAmatA samAhartAnI pasaMdagI paNa khUba UMDA ane sarvAMgI parIkSaNathI karavAnI hoya ane tenuM parokSa parIkSaNa paNa satata, tene khyAla paNa na Ave te rIte, guptacarataMtra dvArA tema ja vividha kasoTIo dvArA thatuM rahe. samAhartAnAM kartavyo ane sattAkSetranuM saMkSipta chatAM ghaniSTha nirUpaNa, te mATe anurUpa evA bIjA adhyakSaprA adhikaraNanA a. chaThThA ane pAMtrIsamAmAM karAyuM che. te sivAya graMthamAM anyatra paNa judA-judA saMdarbhe tenAM prAsaMgika kartavyono ullekha thayelo che. mukhyatve uparyukta be adhyAyone AdhAre ahIM mahattvanA muddA joIe. samyam bAhartA ('copAsathI sArI rIte laI AvanAra ke bheguM karanAra') evI vyutpattivALo 'samAhartA'zabda A adhikArInA mukhya ane pAyAnAM kartavyo tarIke rAjyataMtrane judI-judI rIte maLavA pAtra thatA rokaDarUpa-vasturUpa dhananI custa ane vyavasthita ugharANI, tenI rAjyakozamAM soMpaNI, tenA hisAbanI vidhisara mAMDaNI, yogya taMtra dvArA rAjyanI AvakonA hisAbonI tapAsa For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 169 - eTalAM kAmo sUcave che. paNa A to AkhA rAjayanA vikAsanA phaLane mAtra ekatra karavAnuM mahattvanuM chatAM taMtrasAdhya yAMtrika kAma ja thayuM. alabatta, e ugharANImAM sahajapaNe AvatI ke loko, vyAvasAyiko ke asAmAjiko dvArA UbhI karAtI aDacaNonA nivAraNanuM kAma samAhartApadanI ne tenA taMtranI kasoTI karanAruM agatyanuM kAma jarUra kahevAya. chatAM sAmAnya sthitimAM e moTA paDakAronuM kAma na bane. tethI samAhartA mATe A kAma dekhItI rIte mukhya kAma gaNAya, paNa pUrNa samayanI kALajI mAgatuM kAma bhAgye ja Thare. A ugharANInA kAmanA pAyArUpa, UMDuM ciMtana ane saMkula karmajALa mAgI letAM kAmomAM ja samAhartApadanI kasoTI che. samasta rAjayamAM mahattama kakSAe nyAyI arthotpAdana, pUrepUrI sArvatrika rojagArI sthapAya te rIte, pratyeka kSamatAyukta manuSyanA jAgRta udyamathI pAke pAye thAya tevA sIdhA-ADakatarA upAyo aMgenuM samartha ciMtana ane tevA upAyonuM pAkuM pravartana - e che samAhartAnI samagra kAmagIrIno dhabakato sattvazIla prANa. e rIte samAhartAnI uccatama rASTrabhakti, buddhizakti, lokaniSThA ane kAryadakSatA dvArA ja A hoddo enI. kharI garimA (mahattA) batAvI zake ema che. A rIte samAhartAe samasta rASTranI racanAtmaka beThI pratibhAne niraMtara jagADatA rahevAnuM sAMskRtika kartavya bajAvavAnuM che. e dRSTie ja tenI eka niyata thayelI pharaja che durga ane janapadanA samasta parivAro ane emAMnI pratyeka vyaktinuM Arthika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika ityAdi sarvekSaNa ane samudAyonuM vividhalakSI saMkhyAkIya citra rajU karatA rahevAnuM. tenI pAkI noMdhaNI rAkhavAnuM paNa potAnA kAbela taMtrathI karavAnuM che te hamaNAM ja ApaNe thoDI vigate joIzuM. Ama teNe kharA 'vikAsa-adhikArInuM ane te mATe "janagaNanAadhikArI'nuM kartavya paNa bajAvavAnuM che. prajA viSenI evI taLa-kakSAnI jANakArI ane kALajI dvArA prajAne "joDo kyAM DaMkhe che" eno satata khyAla rAkhanAra vibhAga tarIkenuM racanAtmaka kartavya A adhikArIne bhAge AvyuM che. e kartavyanI niyamita bajavaNInuM kAyamI parIkSaNa karavA guptacarataMtra dvArA paNa uparyukta kAmagIrIo gupta rIte samAMtarapaNe avAranavAra karatA rahI tALo meLavatA rahevAnI jogavAI karAI che. rAjapuruSe jema vizvAsa karI jANavAnuM che, tema bIjI bAjue apramAda arthe nikhAlasapaNe avizvAsa paNa karI chUTavAnuM che - jethI vastusthiti bAbatanI gaMbhIra gApheliyatathI ane enAM hitavinAzaka pariNAmothI bacI zakAya. samAhartAe, saraLatA khAtara, AkhA janapadane cAra vibhAgamAM vaheMcavAnuM che ane te dareka vibhAganA adhikAra "sthAnika' nAmanA, potAnA hAtha nIcenA sahAyaka mukhyAdhikArIne soMpavAno che. e sthAnikano mukhya rakSAsahAyaka adhikArI "pradeSTA' che ane grAmajUtho saMbhALanAra tenAthI nIcalI kakSAno adhikArI "gopa' kahevAya che, jene hastaka pAMca ke dasa gAmonI kAmagIrI rahe che. pUrvakathita vibhAgAdhikArI evA sthAnikane ane gopane pradeTA potAnA sahAyako dvArA khUba jarUrI evA rakSAkAryamAM madadarUpa thAya che. vaLI samAhartAe grAmonuM vargIkaraNa uttama-madhyama-kaniSTha evA vaDamAM paNa karavAnuM che ane rAjayane temAMthI prApta thatI samRddhinA dRSTikoNathI (1) karamukta, (2) zastradhArI sainiko pUrA For Personal & Private Use Only

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17) kauTilya "arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa pADanAra ke (3) dhAnya, pazu, nANAM, halakI pedAzo, veTha (pharajiyAta majUrI) vagere rUpe karI bharanAra - evA vargomAM vaheMcIne kula gAmonI alaga-alaga pAkI noMdha rAkhavAnI che. sarakArI copaDAmAMnI AvI noMdha sAmasAmA be hetu sAre che - e gAmo mATe zuM karavA jevuM che ane zuM karI zakAya ema che teno aMdAja ane e gAmo rAjayakozane keTalo samRddha karaze teno aMdAja. Ama A copaDo banI jAya che 'vyakti ane samudAya (rASTra) anyonyane puSTa karatA rahevAnuM che" te parama kartavyanI sAmAjika pratijJA. gAmonuM upara batAveluM bIjuM vargIkaraNa rAjayataMtrane tenAM vividha kartavyomAM samatola rIte madadarUpa bane che. kauTilyane artha (samRddhi) ane surakSA baMne daSTie Atmanirbhara rASTra iSTatama lAge che. gAmonAM vividhalakSI sarvekSaNonuM pAyAnuM kAma pAMca ke dasa gAmonA jUthamAM pharaja bajAvatA gopa' dvArA thAya che. sarvaprathama eNe pAyAnAM be kartavyo bajAvavAnAM che : gAmonAM ane jamInonAM sImAMkanonAM. dareka gAmanA tAbAnI sImA moTe bhAge koI ne koI prAkRtika eMdhANa (nizAnI) dvArA nakkI karavAnI che. te sImAmAM gAmanAM khetaro ane gAmanAM pazuonuM cariyANa (caravAnuM kSetra, gocara) samAveza pAme che. A sImA kevaLa vahIvaTI vyavasthA ane sugamatA mATe jALavavAnI che; gAmo vaccenA anyonya sahayogamAM te bAdhaka na ja hoya. bIjuM kartavya che vyaktio parivAro sArvajanika hetuo saMsthAonA vividhalakSI jamInakhaMDonuM sImAMkana. prajAnA sarva vargo ekabIjAnI adaba jALavIne, bIjAnA jIvanamAM bAdhA pahoMcADyA vagara potapotAnAM vividha kartavyo bajAvatA rahe te sthiti rASTrane pAke pAye susamRddha, saMskArasaMpanna, Atmanirbhara ane svarakSita banAvavAno eka sahuthI vadhu mahattvano pAyo che. vaLI tethI yuddhAdi amAnavIya, aprAkRtika, rASTrasamRddhinA nAzaka upAyothI prAyaH bacI zakAya. Aje jema yuropamAM sviTjharlenDa asAdhAraNapaNe zAnticAhaka, yuddhathI alipta rASTra gaNAya che, tevuM rASTra kauTilyane paNa iSTatama lAge che. A jamInonA je vividha hetuo ke mAnya karelA upayogo che, tenI paNa gope vyavasthita noMdha rAkhavAnI che. enuM eka prayojana e jaNAya che ke rASTramAM AvA hetuonuM vaividhya jaLavAya to rASTrano vikAsa thAya te dRSTie A noMdhamAMthI jarUrI citra UpasI zake ane jarUra pramANe hetuvaividhya ke khUTatA hetuonI paripUrti paNa karI zakAya. bIjuM prayojana e ke jo jAhera karelA hetuthI anya hetu mATe koI kSetrano (jamInano) upayoga thato hoya to prAyaH te pAchaLanuM kAraNa hoya asAmAjika hetu ke chetarapiMDI. to te paNa pakaDI te kSetranI soMpaNI suyogya anya vyaktine saMsthAne karIne je te upayogI hetune thatuM nukasAna rokI zakAya. vaLI AvI noMdhathI pratyeka hetu mATe kevaDAM, keTalAM sthAno che tenuM eka ArthikasAmAjika-sAMskRtika sarvekSaNa paNa maLI rahe. pratyeka kSetra(jamIna)-dITha vividha hetuo ke prakAronuM je vargIkaraNa ApyuM che, te paNa aneka rIte upayogI lAge che : khetInI daSTie kheDANavALI kheDANarahita khetI, korI | pIyatavALI khetI ('sthala' ane kedAra'), bAga, zAkabhAjInI vADI, puSpa-phaLanI vADI, setu Adi sIMcAI-sthAno - eTalA prakAro; prAkRtika ane hetulakSI hariyALInI daSTie vana ane gocaro; mAnavavastInI dRSTie raheNAka, For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA annasatra, mArgo, paraba, smazAna; dhArmika dRSTie caitya (prAkRtika sthAnako), maMdiro, puNyasthAno. A uparAMta dareka sImA, vana ke mArganAM mApa; dareka kSetranI prAptisaMbaMdhI Arthika vyavahAranI dRSTie dAna, vecANa, Arthika pravRttinA protsAhana mATenuM anudAna (anugraha) ke mahesUla(yA anya verA)thI mukta kSetra - evuM caturvidha vargIkaraNa; gharomAM karadAtA-akaradAtA evuM Arthika vargIkaraNa; sAmAjika rIte varNavAra vargIkaraNa; vyavasAyanI dRSTie kheDUta, pazu-pAlaka, vepArI, kArIgara, nokara ane dAsa * evuM vargIkaraNa; vastIsaMkhyAnI dRSTie mAnavasaMkhyA, pazusaMkhyA; vaLI kuLo vageremAMthI rAjyane thatA upArjananI dRSTie thatI vecANanI ke karonI nIpaja; veTha (pharajiyAta majUrI fafe), es (mAlaparivahana parano kara), daMDanI kula 2kama; vaLI pratyeka kuTuMbamAMnAM strI-puruSomAMnAM bALako ane vRddhonI saMkhyA, parivAranI dareka vyaktinAM karma (vyavasAya) ane AkhA kuTuMbanAM Avaka-kharca. Ama samasta rASTranI jaDa-cetanarUpa kula saMpadAnuM hetulakSI rIte vargIkRta saMkula citra maLe che, jenI vigato rASTranAM vividha AyojanomAM khapa lAge che. A citra zAMtikALanA vikAsanA Ayojana mATe ane kaTokaTIkALanAM yuddhAdinA Ayojana mATe ya satata khapamAM AvatuM rahe evuM che. dareka rASTra ke samAja mATe AvuM hetulakSI saMkula AMkaDAzAstra anivArya che. alabatta, kauTilye rajU kareluM A AMkaDAzAstrIya citraNa to, temanI graMthazailI mujaba, mAtra namUnAnuM ke dizAdarzaka che. emAM deza-kALabhede, hetubhede pheraphAra ane umeraNane vipula avakAza rahe ja che. vaLI A mAhitI pharIpharI guptacarataMtra dvArA ane bIjI rIte cakAsAtI rahIne ja koI paNa Ayojanano vizvAsya pAyo banI zake te mahattvanI vAta paNa kauTilye ghUMTI che. avAstavika ke ADedhaDa taiyAra karAyeluM AMkaDAzAstra khare prasaMge nakAmuM sAbita thaI atyaMta bhayAvaha paNa banI zake; jyAre pUrI kALajIthI kasIne taiyAra karAyeluM AMkaDAzAstra prajA ane rAjya vacceno vyavahArasAdhaka setu banI rahe. 171 A ja 2.35mA adhyAyanA pAchalA bhAgamAM, samAhartAnI AjJA pAmelA vividhaveSadhArI guptacaroe, uparyukta gopa ane sthAnika e be adhikArIo dvArA taiyAra karAyelA uparyukta bAbato saMbaMdhI AMkaDAonI pramANikatAne, potapotAnI gupta tapAsa dvArA cakAsavAnI vAta vigate thayelI che. e kAmagIrImAM keTalIka navI bAbatonI tapAsanI vAta paNa sAmela karAI che; dA.ta. pratyeka gAmanAM kuLonI tapAsamAM anartha-nivAraNanI dRSTie, gAmamAM pravezatI ane gAmamAMthI bahAra jatI vyaktinA anukrame praveza ke pravAsanA kAraNanI tapAsa rAkhavAnI che; te rIte asAmAjika tattvarUpa jaNAyelAM strI-puruSonI Avana-jAvananAM kAraNonI khAsa tapAsa rAkhavAnI che. zatruonA jAsUso bAbata paNa koThAsUjhane AdhAre pUrI sAvadhAnI rAkhavAnI che. A tapAsa 'gRhapati' eTale ke parivAradhArI kheDUtanA veSamAM rahelA guptacaroe rAkhavAnI che. vepArI(vaiveda)-veSadhArI guptacaroe Arthika upArjanasaMbaMdhI AMkaDAonuM samAMtara sarvekSaNa guptapaNe hAtha dharavAnuM che. temaNe rAjyanI mAlikInAM khANa, setu (bAMdhelAM jaLAzayo), vana, udyogagRho ane khetara jevAM arthotpAdanasthAnomAM pedA thayelA sarakArI mAlanAM mApa ane kImata jANavAnAM che. te ja rIte jaLamArge ke sthaLamArge videzomAMthI AvelA kImatI ane sAmAnya jAtonA For Personal & Private Use Only

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172 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa mAla para lAgelAM zulka (parivahana-kara), mArgaverA, vaLAviyA(escort)nA lAgA, sipAI-thANAnA lAgA, nadI taravAnA lAgA, sAmA rAjayane ApavAnA thatA 'bhAga' (upArjananA niyata aMzarUpa kara), sevakonI khAdhA-khorAkI, adhikArIone ApavAnI thatI bheTa ('pezagI') - e badhAMnA AMkaDA jANI levAnA che. samAhartA-prerita tApasaveSadhArI guptacaroe kheDUta-pazupAlaka-vepArI jevA vyavasAyIonI ane vividha arthapravRtti saMbhALatA "adhyakSonI prAmANikatA ke bhraSTatA (zavAnaM) zodhI kADhavAnI che. rASTramAM vividha sthAne sakriya asAmAjika tattvonI tapAsa rIDhA coranA veSamAM rahelA guptacaroe barAbara karatA rahevAnuM che. temaNe caityo, cAra rastA, khAlI makAno, jaLAzayo, nadI, navANa, ovArA, maMdira, Azramo, jaMgala, pahADI jaMgalo, guptasthAno vageremAM coro ke zatrunA trAsavAdIonAM praveza, nivAsa ke prasthAna pAchaLanAM prayojano jANI levAnAM che. ' chevaTe e paNa kahevAyuM che ke samAhartA dvArA prayojAyelA uparyukta guptacaro uparAMta guptacarataMtre svayaMbhU rIte paNa AvI tapAsa rAkhyA karavAnI che. AvA jAgRta rAjayataMtrane sAcA adhyAtmane vareluM kema na kahIe - savAyuM adhyAtma kema na kahIe ? ATalI vigato e batAve che ke samAhartAe rAjayanA guptacarataMtrano khUba ghaniSTha, hetulakSI upayoga karIne paNa rASTramAMnI sAmAjika, Arthika, sAMskRtika uttama sarjakatAone, kAyado ane vyavasthAnI atyaMta ghaniSTha ane kalpanAzIla sAcavaNI dvArA uttejIne sakriya banAvavAnI che. rAjAnI sattvazIla, zuci (nirmaLa) pratibhA, guNavAnono nitya saMgraha karavA bAbatanI tenI mamatAbharI tatparatA ane mANasa-pArakhu vedhaka daSTi ja upara sUcavelAM saMkula, rASTravyApI kAryo karavAnI niSThA ane dakSatA dharAvanAra AvA samartha samAhartA-padadhArIne zodhI lAvIne, tenI nityanI kadarathI tene rASTravikAsanI upara sUcavelI ane anya umadA kAmagIrIomAM racyopacyo rAkhI zake. bhAsa kavinA vanavAsavadrattam nATakamAM nAyakamukhe uccArAyelI A ukti atre smaraNIya che : ''vizALa guNonA ke vizALa karmonA kartAo to saMsAramAM kAyama sulabha hoya che. paNa tevAone pArakhanAra maLavA muzkela che.12" samAhartAe rAjyanI samasta bhUminA premI, nirIkSaka ane jANatala (jANakAra) banI rahevAnuM che. vasu (saMpatti) dhAraNa kare te vasuMdharA (dharatI). e kAraNe samAhartAe rAjayanI bhUminA khUNe-khUNAnA rasa-kasa jANavAnA-samajavAnA-pArakhavAnA che. lobha, Ama to uttama AdhyAtmika dRSTie doSa ja kahevAya, paNa sAMsArika vyavahAramAM lobha jema sarva-ahitakara prakArano hoI zake che, tema sAcI daSTi hoya to sarvahitakara prakArano paNa hoI zake che. saMsAravyavahAra pUrato e bIjA prakArano lobha khapano ke dharmarUpa che. e lobha bina-aMgata hoIne ja khapano ke guNarUpa hoya che. samAhartAe paNa e UjaLo lobha dAkhavIne judI-judI pravRttio dvArA dharatImAMthI mAnava-samAjanI jIvanayAtrAmAM khapanI vividha cIjo mahattama mAtrAmAM kema pedA karI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 103 zakAya eno nitya sarvAgI vicAra karavAno che. alabatta, Aje mAnava-pravRttionA atirekomAMthI janmatI samasyAonI paribhASAmAM eTalI cetavaNI to umeravI ja joIe ke dharatInuM ke sRSTinuM atidohana karIne vyApaka mAnava-samAjane ke nitya-kalyANa kara paryAvaraNane kAyamI ke atidIrghakAlIna nukasAna na pahoMcADAya enuM dhyAna to rAkhavAnuM ja che. kauTilyanI kalpanAnA rAjyataMtramAM dareka pravRttinA atireko para niyaMtraNanI jogavAI prAyaH hoya ja che. koI utpAdanakendramAM vadhu paDatuM utpAdana thayuM hoya tenI ya tapAsa karavAno Adeza A graMthamAM maLe ja che ! kharekhara to hitakara ke dIrdhadaSTivALo lobha - vadhu sAco zabda vAparIe to divya asaMtoSa (divine dis-content) - lAMbe gALe arthaprAptine thanArA kAyamI nukasAnane gaNatarImAM lIdhA vagara rahe ja nahi. e samayanI arthapravRttinI daSTie adhyAya ka. 2.6mAM rASTrIya arthotpAdananAM sAta kSetro gaNAvAyAM che, ke jemAMnI samagra pravRttio para samAhartAe nitya dhyAna ApavAnuM che, te kSetro A che : durga (rAjadhAnI), rASTra (gAmo-kasbA-baMdaro samAvatuM janapada), khANa, setu (sIMcAI mATenI manuSyakRta racanAo), vana, vraja (nesaDA, pazupAlaka gAmo) ane vaNipatho (vepAra mATenA mArgo). A sAtamAM setu ke vaNipatha jevI manuSyakRta racanAo sIdhuM arthotpAdana na karatAM arthotpAdana mATe jarUrI mALakhA (infrastructure) tarIkenuM mahattva dharAve che. alabatta, e sagavaDo vAparanAra dvArA tenA upayoga mATe niyata kImatarUpe ke lAgArUpe cukavAtuM rokaDa dhana rAjayataMtranI AvakarUpa bane ja che. saravALe A sAta kSetromAMthI mAnavasamAjano samatola jIvananirvAha supere cAlI zake evI bahuvidha sAmagrI satatanA udyamathI maLatI rahe che. AmAMnA khANo sivAyanA dhanagnoto punaH punaH puSTa thanArA (renewable) hoI arthanI nityaprApti karAvanArA (sustainable) kahI zakAya - alabatta, vivekitAthI sevAya to. A dhanaprApti mukhyatve cIjorUpe thavA sAthe nANArUpe paNa thatI hoya che; kAraNa ke A saMkula samAjanuM arthataMtra hoI, temAM vinimayanA mAdhyama tarIke mAnavanirmita nANAno praveza paNa thaI gayo che. e vakhate A prathA AraMbhanA tabakke hoI emAMthI arthataMtramAM UbhI thaI zake tevI aTapaTI samasyAo dekhAvA pAmI nahi hoI, jethI evI koI samasyA (dA.ta. phugAvAnI) carcAI nathI. alabatta, khoTA sikkA banAvavAnI pravRtti para barAbara jApto rAkhanAra khAsa adhikArInI jogavAI karAyelI che. sikkAone vidhipUrvaka TaMkazALamAMthI arthataMtramAM, enI kImata vasUlIne dAkhala karAya che. ukta adhyAyamAM A sAte ya kSetromAMthI kayA-kayA prakAre arthaprApti (cIjo ke nANAMnI prApti) thaI zake che te lekhakanA vAstavika sthitinA suparicayane kAraNe aneka rasaprada vigate batAvAyuM che; dA.ta. durganA arthoto A batAvAyA che : zulka (parivahana-kara), zulkacorI-daMDa, mApatolanI tapAsanA lAgA (tad), "nAgarika' (nagarAdhyakSo dvArA thatI daMDanI Avaka, TaMkazALanA adhyakSa (taikSapAdhyakSa) dvArA sikkA pUrA pADavA mATe levAto 8% lAgo, sikkAcakAsaNInA lAgA vagere; mudrAdhyakSa ('pAsaporTa'-adhikArIo dvArA paradezI ke bahAranI vyaktine For Personal & Private Use Only

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174 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa apAtA praveza-paravAnAnA lAgA; surA-udyoga, katalakhAna, sUtara-udyoga, tela-ghI-khAMDa-goLanA udyogo paikI rAjayakRta udyogonI Avaka ke anyakRta udyogonA lAgA; sauvarNika(suvarNAdhyakSa)nA taMtra dvArA khAnagI rAhe thatI sonAnI le-veca, vastunirmANa ityAdinA niyama mujabanA lAgA ke rAjayanAM tevAM utpAdana-ekamonI Avaka; rAjayanirmita bajAronI Avaka, vezyAsaMsthAnAM niyamano, dhUtasaMsthAnAM niyamano, gharaverA, kArIgaro-kasabIonA saMgha pAsethI levAtA lAgA, devamaMdironA adhyakSo dvArA ugharAvAtA lAgA, durgapravezano kara (?!), durgamAM praveza icchatA ajANyA paradezIo pAsethI levAtA vividha kara ityAdi. A thayo samRddhino eka madhapuDo; evA sAta madhapuDAmAMthI rAjayane Avaka maLe ! A mahAdhanarAzino daSTisaMpanna, saMyamapradhAna upayoga thAya to rASTrabharamAM sAMskRtika navanirmANo cAlyA kare. janapadanA arthasroto A che : rAjayasaMcAlita khetI, bhAga (AvakanA niyata bhAgarUpa mahesUla), bali (prAsaMgika kara - cess) (?), vepArIoe ApavAnA lAgA (vecANavero?), nadIpAla (sarahadanI nadIo oLaMgavAnA lAgA), bAkInI nadIo nAvothI pAra karavAnA nakkI dara (ke kara), rAjayanI potAnI naukAonAM bhADAM, baMdara (paTTana) paranA lAgA, gocaronA nakkI dara, mArgavaro, mApaNI(survey)nA dara, cora pakaDavA mATeno rAjyakara. 'khANa' (ni)no vyApaka artha karI temAM samudrataLano paNa samAveza thAya che. e daSTie khANamAMthI thatI arthaprAptinA AvA prakAro nirdezyA che : sonuM, cAMdI, vaja ke maNi jevAM ratna, motI, paravALAM, zaMkha, loha (loDhuM, tAMbu, jasata vagere halakI dhAtuo), mIThuM (siMdhAlUNa vagere prastararUpa mIThuM; dariyAI mIThuM paNa kharuM ?), bhUmi-prastaraja-rasa (pravAhI)janya kAcI dhAtuo (ores). prAcIna bhAratIya dhAtuvidyA ghaNI vikasita hatI te to jANItI vAta che. samudranI to "ratnAkara' (ratnabhaMDAra) tarIke ja prAcIna bhAratamAM prasiddhi hatI. baMdha, sarovara, vAva-kUvA jevAM kRtrima jaLAzayo mATe "setu' ('baMdha') zabda prAdhAnyane AdhAre samudAya oLakhAtAM hoya che" (prAdhAnyana paddezA maryAnti) e nyAye rUDha thayo gaNAya - kAraNa ke AvAM jaLAzayomAM "setu' mukhyatA dharAve che. A badhA sIMcAI(piyata)nAM sroto che. enA dvArA mukhyatve kRSinA sukumAra aMgarUpa bAgAyatanI khilavaTa thAya che. temAM arthaprAptinA vividha sroto A hoya che : puSpa-phaLanI vADI (voTa), zAkabhAjInI vADI (pA), kyArAnI arthAt piyatanI khetI (DAMgara, zeraDI i.) ane mULanI vAvaNIthI thatI khetI (mUvIpa) arthAt kaMdamULanI khetI. mAMsAhAramAMthI bahAra nIkaLatA jaI duSpAhAra, annAhAra tarapha ane tyAMthI AgaLa vadhI cokhA-zeraDInA vaibhavI AhAra uparAMta zAka-bhAjI-phaLanA ArogyarakSaka AhAra taraphanI kUca A mAnavanirmita jaLAzayonA saMgamAM AraMbhAI lAge che. vAva-kUvA-taLAvanA nirmANane prAcIna samayamAM puNya-karma gaNavAmAM AvatuM - pUrta e dvividha puNyo paikInA pUrva karma tarIke. hakIkatamAM baMdhonuM nirmANa e samayamAM vadhu paDatA pramANamAM prajAhita jokhamAya tevA sthApita hito arthe na thatuM hoI emAMthI janmatAM paryAvaraNIya ane anya jokhamo virala ja haze. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 175 vanamAMthI thatI arthaprAptinA prabhedonuM varNana sAva TUMkuM che; zrI kaMgale mujaba upayogI vastuonA cAra mukhya prabhedo nirdezyA che : pazuvana eTale ke gavayAdi pazuonuM vana, mRgavana, dravyavana ane hastI-vana. A dareka prakArano svataMtra ane mahattama vikAsa thAya te hetuthI temanA alaga rUpe nirdhArita karelA niyaMtrita svataMtra vibhAgo (pariprada) samajavAnA che. ahIM ema sUcavavAnuM jarUrI lAge che ke "pazu-mRga' zabda eka saMyukta evo vibhAga (pariprada) sUcave che, jemAM 'pazu' zabda pAlatu prANIo, mRga ane hAthI e traNa vargo sivAyanAM jaMgalI prANIo sUcave che ane 'mRga' eTale vividha haraNajAtio. vicAratAM ema lAge che ke e jaMgalI prANIo ane haraNajAtio maLIne eka Akho zikArayogya prANIono varga sUcavAya che - jemano zikAra vividha mAMsa uparAMta carma, nakha, ziMgaDAM, kasturI-Adi sugaMdhI yA auSadhayogya dravyo vagere mATe karAya che. dravyavana eTale vanaspatija asaMkhya dravyo Apato vanavibhAga. ane hastIvana eTale hAthIonA uchera ane temane jIvatA pakaDavA mATenuM khAsa vana. hAthIono mahattama upayoga senA mATe thAya; uparAMta te rAjakuLa vageremAM savArI mATe, zobhA mATe prayojAya. 'pazumRga'no upara sUcavela artha na karIe to mRga sivAyanA zikAra yogya gaNAtAM prANIo bAkAta rahI jAya che. eTale 'pazu' zabdathI gavaya jevAM vanaspatyAhAri prANIo samajavAnuM yogya lAgatuM nathI. alabatta gavaya (nIlagAya ke rojha) koI paNa rIte upayogI nahi, paNa khetIne game te rIte puSkaLa nukasAna karanAra prANI hoI zikArayogya prANI tarIke gaNavAmAM AvatuM haze ema mAnI zakAya. paraMtu te mAtra mAMsa ApatuM prANI hoI "gavayAdi' evo TIkAkArasUcita artha hiMsaka prANIono artha sUcavI zake nahi. vaLI Ama to gavayanuM mAMsa paNa amuka mAnavajAtionA apavAda sivAya khapamAM paNa levAtuM nathI ! alabatta, ahIM 'pazu' zabdano upayoga 'hiMsaka prANIo'nA arthamAM mAnavAnuM paNa vicitra lAge che. A daSTie eka kalpanA evI karI zakAya ke ahIM sAco pATha pazumRNI nahi, paNa kRpazu haze ane te sthitimAM mR zabdano mULa vyutpati-AdhArita A artha levo nyAyI bane - mR51 (zodhavuM) dhAtu parathI "je manuSya dvArA zikAra mATe zodhAya te mR' evo vyutpatti-janya artha. haraNa mATe paNa "mRA' zabda A arthamAM ja rUDha thayo che. paNa te uparAMta mRNI' zabda zuddha vizeSaNa tarIke upara batAvelA vyutpatti-janya arthamAM ke jaMgalI prANIonA arthamAM vaparAto jovA maLe che; dA.ta. siMha mATe vaparAto 'mRgapati' zabda - mRgono pati eTale ke jaMgalanAM prANIono pati. A rIte kRpazuno artha zikArayogya badhAM prANIo - mAMsAhArI ke haraNa jevA tRNAdi vanaspati khAnArAM prANIo - samajAya. bAkI pazumRga pATha to samasyArUpa ja che. ahIM e paNa dhyAnapAtra vAta che ke A graMthamAM anyatra moTe bhAge vananA be ja vibhAgo nirdezAtA jovA maLe che : dravyavana ane hastIvana; dA. ta. 2.2.22mAM 'janapadasthApana' varNavatAM je arthaprAptikSetronI vAta che, temAM A be prakAro ja nirdezyA che. e daSTie 'dravyavana' zabdamAMnA 'dravya' padamAM prANI-ja ane vanaspati-ja ema baMne prakAranAM dravyo samAviSTa gaNI zakAya. hastI For Personal & Private Use Only

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176 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vanano alaga ullekha upara batAvyA mujaba hAthInA sainyasaMbaMdhI ane savArI-saMbaMdhI asAdhAraNa mahattvane kAraNe samajavo. hAthIne bANabhaTTe temanA harSacaritamAM "pharatA killA' (sauMratu:) kahyA che. navAInI vAta e che ke bIjA adhyakSaprAra: adhikaraNamAM arthapravRttinA aneka adhyakSonI kAmagIrI mATe eka-eka alaga adhyAya ApavAmAM Avyo che, paNa vanAdhyakSa jevA adhikArIno to ullekha suddhAM nathI ! kharekhara to samAhartAnA tAbA nIcenAM aneka arthapravRtti-kSetronA alaga adhyakSonA kAryakalApanAM varNano ukta bIjA adhikaraNamAM che ja, tema samAhartAnA ja tAbA nIcenA mukhya sAta arthakSetromAMnA ja eka vanarUpa mahAna arthakSetranA alaga adhyakSanI jogavAI to atyaMta Avazyaka lAge che. to kauTilya ATalI moTI bAdabAkI kema karI haze ? alabatta, rAjayanA vividha koThAromAM eka pyaJda kahevAto koThAra vanya pedAzo mATe alaga rakhAto hovAnI vAta jarUra che. prAcIna samayamAM AjanA jevI paryAvaraNa-pradUSaNanI samasyA na hovAthI vano dvArA paryAvaraNarakSaNa ane te dvArA arthataMtrane thanArA ADakatarA lAbhanI vAta A graMthamAM kyAMya ullekhAI nathI. te ja rIte arthaprApti mATe vanonA vyApaka vinAzanuM valaNa paNa e kALe sAmAnyata: nahi hoya ema lAge che. sAme pakSe kRSiyuganA maMDANanA pagale sthAyI vAsasthAnomAM samAja tarIke jIvavAnI zailI vikasatAM janapada mATe vanonA amuka bhAgo ucchedatA rahevAnI AvazyaktA paNa UbhI thaI haze te vAta "mahAbhArata'no khAMDavadAha-prasaMga paNa cIMdhe che. ethI UlaTuM, navA janapadanI sthApanA sAthe karavAnAM uparyukta dvividha vanonA nirmANanI vAta rasaprada che. kAyadAonA prakaraNamAM rAjayanI maMjUrI vinA vRkSoccheda mATenA daMDanI jogavAIno ullekha maLe ja che. kauTilya pazupAlananA mukhya dhAmarUpa vrajomAM ucherAtAM ATha mAnava-upayogI pazuo ullekhyAM che : gAya-bheMsa, gheTAM-bakarAM, gadheDAM-UMTa ane ghoDA-khaccara, je AhAra, mAla ke manuSyanI herApherI, vastra, yuddha jevA mAnavIya hetuomAM khapa lAge che. vrajo uparAMta cAlu gAmomAM paNa A pazuo parivAronA potAnA upayoga mATe ucherAya che. tethI dareka gAmanI vastIgaNatarImAM pazusaMkhyA paNa noMdhAya che. rAjyataMtra dvArA khAsa nirmANa pAmelA mArgo mukhyatve vepAra-vaNaja mATe vaparAtA hoI vaNipatha (vepArI mArgo) kahevAya che. mAlanI lAva-laI jA karatA vepArIonA pravAsI samudAyarUpa 'sArtha (vepArI kAphalA)nA ullekho paNa graMthamAM maLe che, ane enA jAnamAla mATenI rAjyataMtranI javAbadArInA saMdarbho maLe che. e mArgo mATe vepArIo pAsethI mArgavero (vartanI), zulka (mAla-parivahana-vero), lUMTa-dhADa sAme mArga para apAtA rAjayarakSaNa mATeno kara (tivAhi), nadIo oLaMgavAno kara (tara) - jevA vividha lAgA paNa ugharAvAtA. AvA vepArI mArgone AjanA rAjayamArgo (state-highway) sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya. lokonI heraphera paNa AvA mArgo para jarUra thatI haze, paNa enuM pramANa Aje jovA maLe che teTaluM vyApaka nahi hoya. nAnAM gAmo vaccenA sthAnika vahevAra mATe gADAmArgo ke sAMkaDA mArgo paNa jarUra haze. temano ullekha samAhartAnI kAmagIrI aMgenA prakaraNamAM nahi, paNa sainyanI AgekUca aMgenAM yuddhasaMbaMdhI prakaraNomAM maLe che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 177 vaNiprathonA be prakAra batAvyA che : sthalapatha (bhUmimArga) ane vAripatha (jaLamArga). baMnenA lAbhAlAbha batAvAyA che. janapadanA bhAgarUpa "payapattano' (vepArI nagaro) prAyaH nadIkAMThe ke samudrakAMThe hovAnA ullekha sUcaka che. je-te rASTranI bhaugolika paristhiti anukULa hoya to vepAra mATe jaLamArgonI pasaMdagI vadhAre thatI haze; kAraNa ke e prakRtinirmita mArgo che. vaNipathonuM mahattva rAjaya ane vepArIone thatA arthalAbhanI daSTie jeTaluM che, teTaluM ja prajAne sthAnikapaNe sulabha na hoya tevI pUraka jIvanajarUriyAtonI thatI prAptinI daSTie paNa che. rASTrabharamAM mAlano puravaTho samAna rIte pahoMcADavA mATe ane vastunA bhAvaniyamana mATe paNa A mArgo mahattvanA che. A kAmo mATe pappAdhyakSa (puravaThA-adhyakSa) paNa niyukta karAya che te AgaLa joIzuM. vaNipatha' zabda eTaluM barAbara spaSTa kare che ke kauTilya sAme vepArapradhAna saMkula arthataMtranuM citra che. arthaprAptinA sAta rASTrIya sroto paikInA eka srota tarIke vaNipathanI gaNanA thAya che. temAMthI rAjayataMtrane jAtajAtanA kara ke lAgAo maLe che, vepArIone svapna-zA naphA maLe tevA potAnAM dUraMdezIbharyA ke ajAyaba lAgatAM vepArI sAhaso ajamAvavAnI manabhara mokaLAza maLe che ane prajAne prAyaH sthAnika rIte maLelI pAyAnI nirvAha sAmagrI uparAMtanI vadhArAnI jarUriyAto nimitte sukhadAyaka ke kautukajanaka avanavI cIjo tema ja jIvanazailI ghATIlI ke raMgIna bane tevAM navAM sAdhano paNa maLe che. A che sau-saunA potapotAnA lAbha. A vaNikUpatha gAmo ane nagaro baMnenI jIvanazailI para gaNanApAtra prabhAva pADe che e paNa svIkArIe. chatAM ahIM rASTrIya arthataMtranA A pAsA paratve tenI maryAdAthI ye vizeSa tenI sAthe joDAyela saMbhavita sAMskRtika saMkaTa tarapha mAtra AMgaLI cIMdhavI che; te che ekAMgI artha kendrIpaNArUpa ke arthaparAyaNatArUpa sAMskRtika saMkaTa, kauTilya trivargamAM arthane ja pradhAna kahIne to potAnI vivekitA ja batAvI che te tenuM sAcuM arthaghaTana cIMdhatAM, AgaLa batAvavAmAM AvyuM ja che. dharma-kAma arthamUlaka che" e vAkya A carcAne samajavAnI cAvI hovAnuM agAu cIMdhyuM che. vaNipathonuM nirmANa karavAnuM vizALa-saMkula Ayojana ane vepArane UlaTabharyuM samucita protsAhana - e paNa mULamAM to rAjayataMtranA pAyAnA kartavyano ja bhAga che. eka rIte joIe to lokasvabhAva ane pAyAnI mAnavIya vRttione pArakhIne, tenI sAthe saMgharSane badale sahayogano saMbaMdha sthApIne ja rAjyataMtra potAnI madhyasthatA ane vivekitA darzAvI zake che; ane te ja tene tenA samagra dhyeyamAM saphaLa paNa banAve che. paNa e madhyasthatA te nathI jaDatA ke nathI narI yAMtrikatA. jAtavAnuM rAjyataMtramAM svAdhIna darzanazakti garbhitarUpe hoya ja che. rAjAnA mAdhyamathI rAjayataMtra mAnavasaMskRtinA ulALa dharALa jALavavA jeTaluM daSTisaMpanna hoya ja che. manuSyanI vRttio parano teno hitakara sAMskRtika jApto sIdho, dekhIto ke Akramaka na hotAM parokSa ane caturAIbharyo hoya che. "arthazAstrIne samagrarUpe tapAsavAthI pratIti thaze ke kauTilya vepArI vRttinA saMbhavita atireko bAbata pUrepUrA jANakAra ane jAgRta paNa che. zulkAdhyakSa, pappAdhyakSa, "rUpadarzaka' (calaNI sikkAnI parIkSA karato raheto adhikArI) ityAdi aneka adhikArIonA kAryakSetronAM vistRta varNano ke mAtra nirdezo paNa vepArI lobhanAM tophAnone aTakAvavA rAjyataMtra keTaluM sAbaduM hoya che te batAve che. samAhartAnA bRhat kAryakSetramAM A badhuM For Personal & Private Use Only

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178 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa paNa AvI jAya che. AgaLa arthataMtranI carcA daramiyAna A vAta vadhu cheDIzuM. kAyado ane vyavasthAnI jALavaNI saMkula ane bahuAyAmI kAmagIrI che e daSTie paNa ahIM vahIvaTItaMtranI carcAmAM arthataMtranI bAbatonI ya saMDovaNI sAva ADavAta banI rahe tema nathI. upara rAjayane arthaprApti karAvatA je sAta sroto varNavyA che, te badhA maLIne svastha, vikAsazIla mAnavajIvanano AdhAra bane tevA che. e dareka srotamAM jeTalAM mukhya puruSArthasthAno che, teno thayelo lAdhavapUrNa ullekha, svastha rASTra kevA sarvajanahitakara abhikrama ane udyamathI nitya dhamadhamatuM hoya, teno preraka citAra zANA janone Ape che. agAu ApaNe daMDanItividyAnuM je kauTilyokta svarUpavarNana joyeluM te pharI ghUMTIe : "te (daMDanIti) na meLaveluM meLavanArI, meLavelAnuM rakSaNa karanArI, rakSita samRddhinI vividha rIte vRddhi karanArI ane vRddhi pAmelI samRddhinuM 'tIrthomAM (satpAtromAM) vitaraNa karanArI che. e vAtanuM ja samAhartAnA kAryakSetranA A varNanamAM pAke anusaMdhAna jaNAya che. Aje kahevAtA svAtaMtryanA ke lokazAhInA jamAnAmAM vividha rASTronI ajaba-gajaba ke avanavI cAla joIe chIe, tyAre prauDhajanane A varNanamAM sAMskRtika TharelapaNuM, racanAtmakatA ane pAradarzakatA lAgyA vagara rahetAM nathI. samAhartAnA kartavyakSetra viSenA A adhyAya 2.6nA uttarArdhamAM khUba cIvaTathI khAtAvAra ke prakAravAra karavAnI, AvakanI atyaMta kALajIbharI noMdhanI vAta, Avaka-jAvaka-silakanA pAkA hisAbanI vAta, tenA yogya dezakALa-nirdezanI vAta, bAkI leNAMnI vAta - evI badhI, sarva sAthe samatulAsAdhaka dhanavinimaya jALavanArA zuddha vyavahAranI vAto ullekhavAnuM cukAyuM nathI. prAyaH pUrvanA rAjanaitika dIrghadarzI manISIo dvArA vicakSaNa pratibhA vaDe puraskArAyelA, udyamI rAjanaitika peDhIo dvArA sAtatyapUrvakanI ajamAyazothI daDhamULa banelA ane rAjAnI pramAdarahita vatsala adhyakSatAthI kasAyelA A samAhartApadanA vizALa ane atyaMta javAbadArIbharelA kAryakSetrane jayAre ciMtana ane prayoga e baMnenAM UMcAM dhoraNa jALavanAra kauTilyanI anumodanA (svIkRti) maulikapaNe maLe che, tyAre tenI bhavyatAne eka vAstavika dharAtala paNa maLe che. sarvAgI rIte kasAyelA ane pratibhAzuddhi pAmelA manuSyathI ja AvA padano saMtApa ane kAryabhAra jiravAya. indriyajayanA mahAmaMtranuM sAtatyayukta, UMDANabharyuM sevana ja AvA manuSyane nipajAvI zake. alabatta, samAhartAe vividha taMtromAMnA kAryakara-samUhanI madada satata levAnI che, ane sAthe ja emanI kAryaniSThAnI tapAsa ane mulavaNI guptapaNe karatA rahevAnI che. samAhartAe 'pradeSTA' birudavALA, rASTrastaranA adhikArIo, je amAtyanI samakakSa gaNAya, temanI madada levAnI che. pradeTAne zrI kaMgale AjanA maeNjisTreTanI barAbarInA samaje che. pradeSTAe, A muddAnI carcAmAM agAu ullekhelA 'gopa' (pAMcathI dasa gAmanA vikAsa-adhikArI) ane sthAnika' (AkhA janapadanA cAra prakhaMDa paikI darekanA mahA-vikAsaadhikArI) dvArA, sAthe AkhA rASTramAM goThavavAmAM AvelA rakSApuruSo(polisa-adhikArIo)ne satata madadamAM rAkhIne samAhartAnA Adeza mujaba mukhyatve A be kAmo karavAnAM che : "kaMTakazodhana' (rAjayataMtranI potAnI pahelathI - suo moto- karAtuM vividha asAmAjika tattvonuM niyamana) ane For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 179 'balipragraha' (rAjayane maLavApAtra karaverA ane jAtajAtanA prAsaMgika lAgAo bharavAmAM thatI cUka ke corI pakaDI pADIne tenI pUrI ugharANInuM kAma - chApAmAra verA-adhikArInuM kAma). (eka navAInI vAta e che ke rakSakataMtra eTale ke polisataMtranI vAta adhyakSapvAra jevA anurUpa adhikaraNamAM ke graMthamAM bIje kyAMya karAI nathI !). samAhartAe satata guptacara taMtrano vipula upayoga, jarUrI vividha sAmAnya jANakArIo ane vividha aparAdhonI jANakArI vizvAsapAtra rIte meLavavA karavAno che. vaLI agAu joyuM tema gopa ane sthAnike janapadamAM karelI vividhalakSI mojaNIonI kharAI cakAsavA paNa guptacarataMtra dvArA tevI jarUra mujabanI samAMtara mojaNIo karAvavAnI che. taduparAMta gAma-kasbA-vepArImathakonA vividha dhaMdhAdArIonI tathA adhyakSapravIra adhikaraNamAM batAvyA mujabanA, rASTranI mukhyatve vividha Arthika pravRttionA niyamana mATe rAjya dvArA nimAyelA adhyakSanI prAmANikatA ane kAryadakSatAnI gupta tapAsa paNa guptacarataMtra dvArA karatA rahevAnI che. Ama samAhartAe kAyado ane vyavasthA jALavIne jALavavA ekaMdare to rASTranI arthapravRttione niyamabaddha ane kAryadakSa banAvavA saMbaMdhI khUba pAyAnI mahattvanI kAmagIrI karavAnI che. (2) rAjadhAnInuM nagaraniyamanataMtra durga eTale ke rAjadhAnInA adhyakSane nAgarika kahe che, je nagaracaryAnuM niyaMtraNa kare che. enA kAryakALanuM svarUpa AjanA "maiyara' ane savizeSapaNe 'zahera-polisa-kamiznaranI pharajonA mizraNarUpa jaNAya che. 'nAgarikanI pharajo paNa samAhartAnA sattAkSetranA aMgarUpa gaNAya che, tethI te adhikArI samAhartA pratye javAbadAra gaNAya. pANininA vyAkaraNamAM paNa 'nAgarika' zabdano A viziSTa artha noMdhAyelo che. nagaravAsI mATe pANinie koI zabda batAvyo nathI, paNa eka ghaNI rasaprada vAta e che ke temaNe "nAgaraka' zabdanA be pracalita lAkSaNika (guNasUcaka) artho ApyA che, je nagaravAsI viSenI anukrame kharAba ane sArI chApa Ama batAve che : "nAgaraka'no eka artha che "kharAba mANasa' ane bIjo artha che "pravINa eTale ke kAryadakSa vyakti 15 ! nagarajIvana pANini vakhate paNa khAsse prAcIna haze; to ja te jIvana viSenI AjanA jevI ja be viruddha chApa te vakhate paNa rUDha thaI gayelI haze. nagarajIvana eka gUMcavaNabharelI sAMskRtika dvidhA tarIke manuSyanA zANapaNa sAmano eka paDakAra che, sAmano na TALI zakAya tevo baLato prazna che. kAlidAsano nagarajIvana viSeno paripakva abhiprAya abhijJAnazAkuMtala' nATakanA pAMcamA aMkamAM zakuMtalAne duSyatane tyAM mUkavA AvelA be tApasonA mukhamAM mukAyelI, samAna abhiprAyo dharAvatI eka-eka ukti dvArA samartha rIte pragaTa thAya che16 . eka asAdhAraNa mahAmAtya tarIkenI dhIratA(jabarAI)nI joDAjoDA ja aMtaratamathI zamapradhAna mAnavIya saMskRtinA svaprane varelA kauTilya, nagarajIvana mAnavInI ativiSama prakRti ane tene anurUpa asaMkhya kuTevothI kevuM baLabaLatuM ane baNabaNatuM banI rahe che te samaje che. paNa pRthvI paranA samakAlIna For Personal & Private Use Only

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180 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa mAnavasamAjanI vAstavika prakRtinA anvaye, rAjayanI ekaMdara mahattama suvyavasthAnI dRSTie killebaMda rAjadhAnInI ke anya nagaronI paNa AvazyaktA pArakhIne teo nagarajIvanane, saMbhavita badIone aMkuzita karatAM niyaMtraNothI suvyavasthita banAvavAnuM jarUrI mAne che. e kAmanI viziSTatA ane saMkulatA samajIne nagaranA niyaMtraka tarIke viziSTa uccAdhikArI 'nAgarika'nI jogavAInI paraMparA sthapAI haze. te adhikArInAM kartavyo nagarakSetramAM samAhartA jevAM ja hovAnuM a. ka. 2.rUddanA AraMbhe ja kahevAyuM che. nAgarike kAThA nagaraparivAranA hiMmatabAja paNa vatsala evA mobhInuM ke kAryadakSa evA nityanA hitaciMtakanuM kAma karavAnuM che. AvA adhikArIonI mAtra yAMtrika (kArakunI) ke cIMdhI zakAya tevI sthULa pharajo ja hotI nathI, paNa prabuddha manuSya tarIke potAnA adhikArakSetranI sthULa-sUkSma sarvAgI pharajo pratye aMtaratamathI samarpita thavAnuM che. AvA adhikArInI niSThAno AdhAra rAjAnI samagra pratibhA para ane rAjAe jamAvelA rAjyataMtranI jIvaMtatA ane sudaDhatA para rahe che. nAri pratha: (adhyAya kra. 2.36)('nAgarikanuM dhyAnakSetra') e adhyAyamAM nAgarikanI samagra kAryadizA cIMdhavA mATe nagarajIvananI suvyavasthAne lagatAM prAthamika mahattvanAM keTalAMka ja kartavyo namUnArUpe jaNAvyAM jaNAya che. samAhartAnA jevA eka kartavyarUpe svakSetranAM vividhalakSI pArivArika sarvekSaNo sahAyako dvArA nAgarike rAjadhAnI pUratAM karavAnA che e anukta vAta paNa samajI levAnI rahe che. samAhartAnA kartavyakSetrarUpa janapadamAM jema kAryanI sugamatA mATe pAMca-dasa gAmanA samUho karAya che, te ja rIte nAgarikanA rAjadhAnIrUpa kAryakSetrano rojiMdo vahIvaTa vyavasthita rIte saMbhALavA daza, vIsa ke cAlIsa kuLa dITha eka "gopa" ane nagaranA cAra vibhAga pADI dareka para "sthAnika' e janapada jevA adhikArIo sahAyamAM rahe che. temaNe potAnA tAbAnAM kuLo bAbata upara cIMdhyAM tevAM vividha sarvekSaNo karI tenI pAkI noMdha rAkhavAnI paNa hoya che. vizeSarUpe rAjadhAnI ane sAmAnya rUpe anya koI paNa nagara e mukhyatve to saMpatti ane sattAnI jamAvaTa mATenAM ja khAsa kendra hoI, te baMne lalacAmaNI bAbatomAM bhAga paDAvavA, tenI oLavaNI karavA ke corI-lUMTa karavA durjano ke samAjanAM asAmAjika tattvo nagaramAM judI-judI rIte sakriya hoya ja che. "khoTA sikkA sAcA sikkAne bhagADe' evo arthazAstra tAravelo niyama samAjanAM anya kSetromAM paNa amalI banavAnI saMbhAvanA rahe che. nAgarike mukhyatve evI pravRttio satatanI khabaradArIthI aTakAvatA rahI, rAjadhAnImAMnA saMkula kAryakalApa dvArA rASTrajIvananA hRdayarUpa e dhAmane kAryakSama rIte dhabakatuM rAkhavAnuM che. vaLI sAmudAyika rItabhAto, Avana-jAvana, svacchatA jevA anivArya nAgarikadharmo aMgenAM asarakAraka niyamanonuM paNa khUba mahattva che. A kAma nAgarike mAtra gopa-sthAnika dvArA ja nahi, paNa anukULatA pramANe nagaranAM jIvaMta vyAvasAyika jUthone potapotAnA vyavasAyonAM pAyAnAM hitonA rakSaNa mATe jAgRta karIne temanA dvArA, tema ja guptacaro dvArA paNa karavAnuM che. koI paNa samAjanuM rakSaNa temAMnA moTA bhAganA sabhyonAM Atmagaurava, jAgRti, buddhiyoga, udyamazIlatA ityAdi dvArA uttama rIte thaI zake che. mAtra taMtrane bharose besI rahenAro samAja paDato ja jAya che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 181 vividha vyAvasAyika jUtho ane saMsthAonI potapotAnA kAryakSetranI AvI cokIdArI aMge keTalIka AvI vAto rajU karAI che : dharmazALAnA Ayojakoe potAne tyAM utArA mATe AvatA pAkhaMDadharmIone (arthAta pracalita saMpradAyonuM khaMDana karanArA navasAMpradAyikone) utAro ApatA pahelAM nAgarikanA taMtrane jANa karavI. bAkI aparicita saMpradAyonA tapasvIone ke zrotriya brAhmaNone to nAgarike ke tenA taMtra jAte khAtarI karIne ja utArAnI saMmati ApavI. nagaranA kArIgaronAM ke kalAkAronAM jUthoe potAnA dhaMdhAmAM navA umerAtA dhaMdhArthIne potAnA ja mahollAmAM vasAvavo. vepArIoe paNa ema ja karavuM. temaNe ayogya sthAne ke ayogya samaye mAla vecanAra aMge ke vecavAnA mAlanI mAlikI bAbata zaMkAspada vyakti aMge taMtrane jANa karavI. dArUnA, mAMsakhAdyonA ke annakhAdyonA vepArIoe tema ja rUpajIvinIo(vezyAo)e pUrI parakha karIne ja potAnA navA dhaMdhAbherune mahollAmAM vasAvavA. khUba kharcALa ke mAraphADa karanAra dhaMdhAdArI aMge paNa jANa karI devI. koI cikitsaka potAnI pAse guptapaNe ghAnI cikitsA karAvavA icchanAra vyakti aMge ke apathya AhAra-vihAra sevanAra rogI aMge gopa ke sthAnikane jANa karIne ja, pachIthI UbhA thanAra saMbhavita ALathI bacI zake; nahitara te pote evI vyaktinA aparAdhano sAthI lakhI zakAya. gharanA vaDAe rAtre potAnA ghare AvanAra ke gharethI bahAra janAra aMge paNa taMtrane jANa karIne tevI vyakti dvArA rAtre thanArA saMbhavita gunhAnA ALathI bacavuM. atyaMta malina irAdAvALAM asAmAjika tattvone veLAsara pakaDI pADavA mATe mukhya mArgo, galIo ane nirjana sthAnomAM - nagaranI aMdara ke bahAra - guptacaroe pharatA rahevuM ane ghAyala, vAMdhAkAraka ojAro dharAvatA, mAthe moTo bojo upADI jAtane chupAvavA mathanAra, uzkerATavALA, vadhu paDatI UMgha lIdhA karanAra yA sAva ajANyA lAgatA manuSyane pakaDIne tapAsa karavI. e ja rIte nagaranI aMdara khAlI jagAo, zilpasthAno, madirAlayo, khANAgRho, jugArakhAnAM, pAkhaMDadharmIonAM sthAno vageremAM paNa bhALa kADhatAM rahevuM. ahIM pAkhaMDadharmIonA ullekhanA saMdarbhe khulAso karavo joIe ke kauTilya pote AvA ladhusaMkhyaka viziSTa sAMpradAyiko bAbata paNa sarvasAmAnya Adara ja dAkhave che. tethI ja to, agAu joyuM tema, rAjAe roja potAnA jAhera mulAkAtanA samayamAM A vargane devakArya ane tApasakAryanI tarata pachI sthAna ApyuM che. jayAre ahIM to saMbhavita gunhegAronI AgotarI bhALa meLavavAnA saMdarbhe, ochA lokone maLavAne kAraNe amuka aMze ataDA rahetA, paNa sAcA evA pAkhaMDadharmInA veSano duSTo dvArA durupayoga thavAnI zakyatA vadhu rahe che - evA vicAre ja, ane vaLI anucita sthAnano Azraya levAne kAraNe, AvA veSadhArI pAkhaMDadharmIo bAbata zaMkAzIla banI chUTavAno vyavahAru Adeza Apyo hovAnuM mAnavuM yogya gaNAze. AvAso ane bhavanothI niraMtara (khAlI avakAzo vinA) gherAyeluM nagara Aga jevI sarvanAzaka honAratathI prAya; mukta rahe te mATe vividha sAvacetIonuM custa pAlana thAya te nAgarikanA taMtranuM eka khUba mahattvanuM kartavya che. anyatra rASTrIya ApattionI carcAmAM paNa For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa agnikRta AphatanI gaNanA khAsa karAI che te ApaNe joIzuM. pahelAM gharonA nirmANamAM lAkaDAno upayoga khAsso karAto te dRSTie, khAsa karIne unALAmAM divasanA vacalA be caturtha bhAgomAM, agni gharamAM na peTAvatAM, AMgaNAmAM ja peTAvavAnI bhalAmaNa karAI che. agnino upayoga karavo paDe tevA vyavasAyone nagaramAM ekajanthe vasAvavA. rastAo, cArarastA, daravAjA, rAjyanI mAlikInAM sthAno vageremAM pANI bharelA puSkaLa ghaDAo rAkhavA. ghAsa, sAdaDI jevI dahanazIla sAmagrInAM mALakhAMne jAheramAM na rahevA devAM. AvA upAyo Aga na lAge te mATe sUcavAyA che. 182 Aga lAge tyAre sAmAjika sahayoga khUba jarUrI che. kauTilye te mATe jarUrI kAnUnI jogavAIonI sudhdhAM bhalAmaNa AganA saMdarbhe khUba vAjabI rIte ja karI che. Aga lAge tyAre sAdhanadAna ane kAryasahayoga e be vAta khUba mahattvanI che. kauTilya sAme hajI ughamatatpara sahayogI samAja ane tenI sahajIvananI tamannAnuM citra che; badhuM sa2kA2-mAbApa ke khAnagI dhaMdhAdArIo ja kare evuM sAmAjika citra nathI. Avo jIvaMta samAja ja mAnavIya samAja che, TakAu samAja che, vijayI samAja che. Aga olavavAnAM jaLapAtro ane phasAyelAMne bacAvavAnAM vividha sAdhano sthAnika lokoe paNa jarUra mujaba ane potAnI sagavaDa mujaba pUrAM pADavAM te temanI naitika uparAMta kAnUnI pharaja paNa che. te rIte makAna-mAlikoe ke bhADe rahenArAoe paNa Aga bujhAvavAnA ane jAnamAlanA bacAvakAryamAM sahayoga Apavo te temanI kAyadesara pharaja che. nagaramAM game tyAM Aga cAMpanAra vyaktinA to vadhanI ja bhalAmaNa karAI che. upara kahyuM tema, cothA Tazodhana-adhikaraNamAM keTalIka khAsa kudaratI Apattio(3pattipAta)nA pratIkAranA prakaraNamAM AgarUpa Apattino samAveza thayelo ja che. zatruno killo jItavA viSenA teramA adhikaraNa(durvyatammopAya:)mAM paNa ghero ghAlanAra zatrue bahArathI killAnI aMdara Aga lagADavAnA upAyo to varNavyA che; paNa jo sAcI parAkramazakti bAkI hoya, to AvA prayoga TALavA ja rahyA ema kahIne umeryuM che ke Aga eTalI badhI khAnA-kharAbI karI zake ke pachI killo jitAya to paNa tenA bhogavaTAmAM kazI barakata na rahe yA naSTa nagara hAthamAM Ave ! (raziyAmAM nepoliyananA AkramaNa vakhate raziyanoe chevaTe 'dhIkatI dharA'nI nIti mujaba potAnAM ja nagaro bALIne pIchehaTha karelI, jethI zatruo hAtha ghasatA rahI jAya !) nagaranI cokhkhAI jevA, pAyAnuM bahumukhI mahattva dharAvatA viSayamAM TUMkANamAM paNa yogya niyamano sUcavyAM che. rastAomAM ke rAjamArga para mATI ke kAdava nAkhavA-pAtharavA mATe mArgaprakAra mujaba daMDa sUcavyA che; jo ke daMDa (eka aSTamAMza 'paNa' ane tethI bamaNo) ghaNA nIcA lAge che. te rIte dhArmika sthAno, jaLAzayo, rAjyataMtranAM sthAnoe maLa-mUtra-visarjana aMge, sthAnanA mahattva mujaba nAnA-moTA daMDa sUcavyA che; to sAthe vAjabI mAnava-sahaja kAraNothI ema thayuM hoya tyAM mAphInI jogavAI paNa che. vadhu gaMbhIra prakAranI gaMdakI che nagaramAM game tyAM jIvajaMtu, prANIo ke mAnavanA mRtadeho rajhaLatA mUkI devAnI. (manuSya haju keTakeTalI jaMgAliyata, hevAniyata ke zetAniyatathI bharelo che For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 183 e aMge to mAnavajAta vatI rAjyataMtra pAchaLa paDI-paDIne, TUMkI-phUMkIne khabaradAra rahe che te mAnavajAtanI jarA ya UtaratI sAMskRtika sevA nathI.) bilADuM, kUtaruM, naoNLiyo, sApa, gadheDuM, UMTa, ghoDuM, khaccara ane dUdhALAM ke sevAprada pAlatu prANIonA mRtadeho mATe UMcA-nIcA niyata daMDo hoya che; jayAre mAnavazaba aMge pacAsa paNa jevA khUba UMcA daMDanI jogavAI sUcavAI che. manuSyanI smazAnayAtrA mATe paNa nakkI karelA mArgamAM ke nakkI karelA daravAjAomAM pheraphAra karIne javuM te paNa daMDapAtra gunyo che, ane te mATe daMDaparimANa paNa ghaNuM UMcuM che. tethI tevo gunho calAvI lenAra dvArapALa mATe paNa khAsso UMco daMDa (20) paNa !) sUcavAyo che. smazAna sivAya bIje zaba dATavA-bALavA mATe paNa daMDavidhAna che. adhyAya ka. 2.4mAM rAjadhAnInI sAmAjika maryAdAonI daSTie batAvelI vyavasthAnI vigatomAM jJAtibheda anusAra bhinna smazAnonI vAta paNa maLe che; teno viparyaya (pheraphAra) daMDapAtra batAvyo che. dezakALa mujaba samAjamAM rUDha praNAlIne manasvIpaNe halabalAvI nAkhavI nahi e daSTie AvI rajUAta thayelI samajavI. rAjyataMtre sIdhA samAja-sudhAraka banavAnuM na hoya. A to mAtra namUnArUpa, dizAdarzaka varNana che. dharmazAstranA graMthomAM vadhu vistRta nirUpaNo maLe che. nagarajIvana aneka saMbhavita mAnavIya duvRttio ane duSkarmonuM dhAma hoI, aneka morace pANI pahelAM pALa bAMdhavAnI - gunho karavAnI anukULatA ja UbhI na thavA devAnI - AvazyakatA che. evI kaDaka vyavasthA ja kharekhara nirupadravI nagaravAsanuM nitya ghuMTAtuM navuM-navuM samAjaniSTha mAnavIya zikSaNa' paNa banI rahe che. e 'zikSaNa' (zakti jagADanAra upAya) eTalA mATe che ke e zista eLe ke baLe paNa paLAtAM-paLAtAM enA pagale samajaNa paNa vikasatAM, dareka manuSyanI asala nirupadravI kSamatA mahattama rIte bahAra Ave che ane samAja ane vyakti baMne sAthe puSTa thAya evo maMgadha rAjapatha kaMDArAya che. potAnA vikAsa mATe bIjAne hAni karavI jarUrI che. evI jenI-jenI avaLI samajaNa che, temane pahelAM to dRSTi-saMpanna taMtre pUrepUrI pratIti ane namUnedAra daDhatA sAthe tema karatA rokavA mATe A badhAM niyaMtraNonuM RSi-prerita Ayojana che. khoTo rasto jaDabesalAka rIte baMdha ja thAya, to bIjo kharekharo, svAdhIna, naravo rasto avazya dekhAya che evI kudaratanI racanA che. bIjI bAju kauTilya A prakaraNamAM tema ja graMthamAM sarvatra khuda niyaMtraka adhikArIo ane temanA dvArA paLAvAtAM niyaMtraNo vivekarahita, nirmaryAda ane tethI hetuvihIna ke iSTa pariNAma vinAnAM na ja bane tenI kALajIbharI bhalAmaNo paNa gUMthI lIdhI ja che. Aje siMgApura, cIna jevA aneka dezomAM kAyadAnA bhAre UMcA kaDapathI gunhAhita badhI pravRtti pAke pAye rokavAmAM AvatI hovAnI vAto jarUra sAMbhaLIe chIe, paNa emAM thatA caitanyavighAtaka atirekonI pUrI ciMtA karyA sivAya cAle ema nathI. vADa cIbhaDA gaLe to nahi ja e jovuM rahyuM. rAjayataMtra mATe sarvatra ane sarvadA, saravALe mAnavanI utkrAMti sadhAya ane navI-navI sAMskRtika saravANIo phUTe temAM sahAyaka For Personal & Private Use Only

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184 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa bane tevo UMDo ane kasAyelo AMtarika vinaya e atyaMta Avazyaka guNa banI rahe che. A ja kAraNe Aje "mAnava-haka-saMgaThana", "AMtararASTrIya kedImukti-saMsthA (Human Rights Organisation, Amnesty International) ityAdi saMgaThano AkhI duniyA para A daSTie pUrI sAvadhAnIbharI vatsala cokI karI rahyAM che. A vAta nagaramAM rAtre nagarajanoe avarajavara vagere mATe pALavAnAM niyamanonA varNanamAM paNa barAbara jovA maLe che. rAtri e sarva jIvo sahitanA nagarajano mATe ekaMdare saMpUrNa ArAmano, nIravatAno, cetanAnA prakRtikRta navasarjanano samaya che. rAtrinI AgaLa-pAchaLano keTaloka kALa moDA kAryasamApana mATe ke vahelA kAryAraMbha mATe vAparavo paDato hoI, rAtridivasanA kala ATha praharamAM rAtrinA traNa prahara ('yAma') gaNIne rAtri mATe 'triyAmA' evo paryAya rUDha thayelo che. tene dhyAnamAM rAkhIne ahIM kahevAyuM che ke rAjamahelanI pAse AgalA-pAchalA yAmo(kula be yAmo)mAM vAdyAdinA dhvani mATe savA paNano daMDa, vacalA kAma mATe enAthI bamaNo daMDa ane rAjabhavananA aMdaranA bhAge A baMne kALakhaMDo mATe anukrame pAMca "paNa" ane dasa "paNa" daMDa karavo. AmAM bAkInA nagara mATe vyApakapaNe rAtrinuM dhvani pradUSaNa nivAramAM koI niyamano kema kahevAmAM AvyAM nahi hoya ? bAkI, A ullekho atyaMta rasaprada che. rAtre nagaramAM saMcAra karavA aMgenAM paNa keTalAMka niyamano ullekhAyAM che. rAtre nagaramAM paheregIronI yogya pramANamAM hAjarI hovAnA saMketo maLe che. nagaramAM rAtrinA be cheDAno che nAlikAo' (?) jeTalo samaya choDIne praharasUcaka vAdyaghoSa karavAno hoya che. pharatA cokIdAro paraspara Alabela (All Well !) paNa pokAratA haze evo saMketa paNa maLe che. teoe ayogya sthAne rahelA, ayogya veSa ke cihno dharAvatA ke gunhAhita itihAsa dharAvatA manuSyane pakaDIne tenI UlaTatapAsa karavAnI hoya che. rAtre rAjaya-mAlikInAM sthAnomAM pravezelI ke nagaranAM rakSAsthAno para caDhI gayelI vyaktine "madhyama sAhasadaMDa karavAno che. Ama chatAM vAjabI hetusara rAtre paNa bahAra nIkaLavA para pratibaMdha nathI. prasUti, cikitsakasaMparka, mRtyuprasaMga jevAM zArIrika kAraNothI nIkaLavuM, dIvA sAthe ke dIvAvALA vAhanamAM nIkaLavuM, nAgarika' dvArA karAyelA ApattisUcaka vAghaghoSa vakhate nIkaLavuM, nATaka-ceTaka jovA nimitte (kevuM sarasa !) javuM-AvavuM - AvA saMjogo pratiSedhathI mukta gaNavA, vaLI rAjamudrA (saMcAra-paravAnA) sahita nIkaLanArane paNa rokAya-TapArAya nahi. tahevAra jevA nimitte koI rAtri harapharanI chUTavALI (vArarAtri) jAhera thAya, tyAre mAtra chUpA ke viparIta veSavALAne, saMnyAsIone (?), hAthamAM lAkaDI ke zastra laI nIkaLelAne doSa pramANe daMDavA. niyamanonuM A che garavuM lacIlApaNuM. rakSako bhakSako na bane tenI ciMtArUpe je paheregIro na vAravA lAyakane vAratA hoya ke vAravA pAtrane na vAratA hoya temane daMDavA. rakSako prajAmAM strIonuM jAtIya zoSaNa kare te prazna Ajano ja nahi, jugajUno che. atyAre kazmIramAMthI, asamamAMthI asAdhAraNa rIte ane bAkI badhethI ja vyApakapaNe poliso ke sainikonA AvA uccAvaca durvyavahAronA ahevAlo AvatA ja rahe che. te For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 185 vakhatanI strIonI sAmAjika koTIo mujaba sipAIonA kArakarma badala vividha kakSAnA paNa UMcA daMDa batAvyA che - strI dAsI hoya, adAsI (paNa kuMvArI) hoya, paraNelI sAmAnya strI hoya ke kulastrI hoya te mujaba "pUrva-sAhasadaMDathI AraMbhI vadha sudhInuM daMDavidhAna che. vaLI sipAI jaDavastusaMbadhI ke cetanasaMbaMdhI koI paNa rAtridoSanI jANa nAgarikane na kare to thayelA doSa (nukasAna ke aparAdha) mujaba tene daMDavo. te ja rIte sipAInA anya pramAdo bAbata paNa samajavuM. rAjapuruSoe pote apramAdano saMtotaMta nitya abhyAsa rAkhIne, tevI sabaLa bhUmikAnA prabhAvathI ja ochA ane mRdu prayatna judI-judI koTinA sevakonA apramAdanuM kuzaLa-naravuM Ayojana karavuM te ja che AkhA rAjayataMtrano - arthazAstrano - indriyajayarUpI pAyo. A ja che uttama rAjanItinI asarakAraka, chatAM sAMskRtika samatulAvALI prakRti. nAgarike nagarajIvananI prANabhUta suvidhAonAM sthAnonuM niraMtara rakSaNa thAya te mATe kAyamI tapAsa rAkhavI - jema ke jaLa-puravaThAnuM sthAna, saMcita jaLanA nikAlanI praNAlIo, bhUmigata gupta mArgo, nagara-pharatAM koTa ane tene rakSatI TekarA-dIvAlo (vapra - rampart) ane anya cokIlAyaka sthAno. prAcIna-bhAratIya rAjayataMtramAM baMdhanAgAra (jala)ne to sthAna che ja, paNa gunhAonI daMDasaMhitAmAM lAMbI jelanAM viMdhAna maLatAM ja nathI e Azcarya che. alabatta, sAhityika ullekho - vatsarAja udayana, vasudeva-devakI jevA - aneka maLe che, jemAM kadAca mukhyatve rAjakIya zatruone ja lAMbo vakhata jelamAM goMdhI rAkhavAnI vAta hoya. to bIjI bAjue navA rAjAno abhiSeka, rAjAne tyAM putrajanma jevA rAjavaMzanI khuzInA prasaMgoe ke pUnama, viziSTa tahevAro jevA jAhera maMgaLa divasoe amuka ke badhA kedIone paNa choDI mUkavAnI vAto maLe che. "arthazAstramAM paNa teramA adhikaraNanA cheDe zatrurAjaya jItI lIdhA pachInA lokahRdaya-vijayanA upAyo paikI sarva kedIonI muktinI vAta maLe che. Ano artha to daMDavidhAnamAM baMdhanAgAra-nivAsano samAveza thato haze ema samajAya che. to kharekhara zuM samajavuM ? A paraspara viruddha tathyono virodha-parihAra (ukela) zo ? Aje dharapakaDa bAda gunho puravAra thAya tyA AropI nirdoSa Thare tyAM sudhI rimAnDa ke polisa-kasTaDImAM levAnI vAta hoya che, jene mATe "kAcI jela' hoya che. to zuM baMdhanAgArano upayoga mukhyatve te hetu mATe thato haze ? paNa to pachI sarva kedInI muktinI vAta avyavasthA na sarja? atyAre to ahIM eTaluM ja kahIe ke barAbara saMzodhana mAgatI A majAnI samasyA che. A gUMca chatAM eTaluM to kahI zakAya ke prAcIna-bhAratIya rAjyataMtrano jela taraphano abhigama AjathI judo hovo joIe. alabatta, kauTilya paNa "sannidhAtA' nAmanA ucca rAjyAdhikArIe nirmANa karavAnAM saMgrahAgAro paikI baMdhanAgArano paNa ullekha karyo che ja. chatAM naravA rAjyataMtramAM e vicAra pratiSThita thayelo lAge che ke rAjyataMtranuM lakSya hoya cherASTramAM gunhAo ochAmAM ochA thAya tevI samagra nIti; nahitara ghoDo tabelAmAMthI chUTI gayA bAda pAcho pakaDI lAvavAnuM khUba agharuM che. jema roga bAbata, tema gunhA bAbata, teno udbhava ja na thAya For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa te sthiti, te udbhavyA bAda tenA upAya karavA karatAM anekagaNI zANI che; balke rAjyataMtranI suvyavasthA mATe anivArya che. eTale gunhAnI vRttine ja ochAmAM ocho ke nahivat avakAza rahe tevI rASTravyApI aMtyodayapradhAna, sarvodayapradhAna nIti hoya. te mATe prathama to sarva ucca adhikArIomAM ucca 'prajJA-zauca' (jJAnazakti ane cAritrya) Avazyaka che. tene lIdhe rAjyanuM dareka taMtra ucca rIte kAryakSama bane. AjakAla to rAjanItinI aparAdhapoSakatAthI paNa AgaLanI paristhiti che aparAdhIo dvArA aparAdhIo mATe cAlatI aparAdhIonI rAjanIti (Criminalisation of Politics)!! taTastha ke sarva-Avezamukta evI buddhiniSTha vyaktine to AmAM rAjanItinI ane rAjakAraNIonI cokhkhI AtmaghAtakatA ja lAge che - rAjanIti jenA ukela mATe AraMbhAyelI te 'baLiyAnA be bhAga'vALI ja mULa dAruNa paristhiti ! zANI mAnavajAtane emAM kadI jayavAro dekhAyo nathI, ane yugabaLanA jevA-tevA sAtha pramANe paNa pharIpharI e asthiratAmAMthI sthiratA ANe tevI navaracanAnI zodha to mAnavI mAnavI rahyo haze tyAM sudhI to karato rahevAno ja. eTale ja vinobAe bhAkhyuM che ke rAjanItinA divaso gayA che; tene sthAne vijJAnanA divaso AvI pahoMcyA che. to uparyukta baMdImuktinI kautukajanaka paraMparAmAM 'jela khAlI rAkho'nuM sudRDha, svastha rAjanaitika valaNa ja jovuM rahyuM; bejavAbadAra gunhApoSaka valaNa nahi - nahitara e paraMparA sudIrgha kALa sudhI poSAtI rahI na hota. rAjA ane enuM taMtra hozamAM ane jozamAM barAbara sthira thayeluM hoya to te baMnenA astitvathI ja aparAdhavRtti ghaNI nIcI sapATIe rahe. peluM dhruvatAraka jevuM AMdarza vAkya yAda Ave che : That government is best that governs the least ("nyUnatama nigraha karanAruM rAjyataMtra uttama"). 186 gunhAnI zikSAnI yojanA mULamAM to badalAnI duniyAdArI ke jaMgalI vRttinuM ja ziSTa dekhAvavALuM, ADedhaDa sarakArI sikko pAmeluM rUpa hatuM. pachI vaLI evI samaja umerAI ke aparAdhIne kaThora zikSA thatI jANIne anya saMbhavita aparAdhIo aparAdha karatAM aTake ane zikSA pAmelo aparAdhI paNa pharI aparAdha karatAM aTake. aparAdha calAvI levA karatAM to upalA be ardhadagdha hetusara paNa aparAdha sAme kaMIka ziSTarUpe, je-te mulke vyApaka samajaNathI mAnya rAkhelAM pAyAnAM mUlyo pramANe ane te mUlyone poSatA kAyadAnA mApadaMDa pramANe, vyApaka rAjabaLa ane prajAbaLanA TekA sAthe, vidhisara gunhegArane paNa svabacAvanI vAjabI taka maLI rahe te rIte kAma calAvavuM e icchanIya AgekUca ja gaNAya. AvI 'zikSA' paNa kaMIka aMze sAmAjika 'zikSaNa'rUpa banI rahe. paNa zikSA ke sajA aMgenA uparyukta baMne hetuo zikSAne haLavI karavA chatAM sadhAI zake tevuM pratibhAbaLa mUlyaniSTha, vidhisaranI rAjanItimAM khIlI zake che tevo saMketa prAsaMgika baMdImuktinI uparyukta paraMparA ApatI lAge che - jema prasaMgavizeSe aucitya joI jAhera devA mApha karAya che tema. gunho karanAra aMdhakArathI gherAyelo hoya che (bha. gItA kahe che tema pApI pApa 'anicchA chatAM koIthI jANe baLajorIthI AjJA karAyelo hoya tema17'kare che). tethI prabuddha samAje eno gatividhi samajIne kharekhara to aparAdha-nivAraka upacAra-yojanA ja karavAnI che. AvezanI aMdha kSaNa pApIne na saMbhavita badalAno bhaya pAmavA de che, na bIjAne thayelI sajAmAMthI zIkhavAnI dhIraja Ape che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 187 atre 'nAgarika saMbaMdhI adhyAyane cheDe kauTilya karelI baMdIone lagatI bhalAmaNo tapAsIe : bALaka, vRddha, rogI ane anAtha baMdIone rAjAnA janma-nakSatranA divase ke pUnamanA divase mukta karavA. puNyazIla kedIoe ke zaratathI baMdhAyelA kedIoe karelA aparAdha (pa) mujaba yogya badalo eTale ke anukrame jAta-mucarako (pote potAnI jAmInagIrI Apato khata) ke choDAmaNI (mukti mATenI kImata) ApavAM. vaLI chellA be zlokomAM kahyuM che : dararoja ke pAMca divase baMdhanAgAramAM rahelAono yogya pheMsalo (sajA ke muktirUpa yogya niveDo) lAvavo. sajA majUrI vagere kAmarUpe, zarIrapIDArUpa kAyadaMDarUpe ke daMDadhananI vasUlI rUpe bajAvavI. navA rAjyanI prAptinA prasaMge, yuvarAjanA abhiSeka vakhate ke putrajanma nimitte baMdIonI muktino zAstrAdeza che. kauTilyanuM ATaluM namUnArUpa varNana paNa vilaMba TALanArA, vivekI, apramatta, gatizIla ane ekaMdare prabhAvazALI kahI zakAya tevA nyAyataMtrano saMketa kare che. ahIM vAta to che nAgarikanAM kartavyonI, paNa teNe prAyaH rAjadhAnImAM ja AvelAM (?!) baMdIgRho tarapha samagra rAjyataMtra vatI dhyAna ApIne nyAyataMtrane sahayoga ApatuM A mahattvanuM kartavya bajAvavAnuM hoya tema lAge che. rAjyataMtranA koI paNa aMganA adhikArIe samagra rAjaya vatI ke rAjAnA pratinidhi tarIke vyApaka nItionuM amuka kartavya paNa potAnA kAryakSetramAM rahyAM-rahyAM bajAvavAnuM hoya che. "navaro mANasa zetAnanuM ghara" e nyAye aparAdhIone nyAyaprakriyAnA vilaMba nimitte ke sajAnI lAMbI bajavaNI nimitte vadhu paDatA goMdhI rAkhavA e bhAre jokhamI nIti ja gaNAya. ekaMdare to aparAdhonI vRddhinuM mULa, anyAya-pravartaka evuM ane "samAja' evA khoTA nAme oLakhAtuM duSTapradhAna saMgaThana ane tenA pharajaMdarUpa ane tenAM ja sthApita hitone poSatuM, mAtra kahevAtuM 'rAjyataMtra' pote ja hoya che. e be ghaTakoe AtmanirIkSaNa karatAM rahI sAcI AtmasudhAraNA karatA rahevuM te aparAdhazuddhinuM pAyAnuM ane vadhu kAryakSama buddhipUta (rational) paribaLa che te kadI na bhUlavuM. nyAyataMtra, sajAo - e badhAM to mAnavajAtanI UMgha uDADavA AMkhe pANI chAMTavA jevAM sAva ja kAmacalAu vAnAM che; pAyAno upAya nathI ja. navA dezanI prApti, yuvarAjano abhiSeka ke putrajanma jevA abhyadayasUcaka prasaMgo rAjakuLa ane rAjyataMtra sAme navI AzAo ane samRddha zakyatAo ane tene anurUpa, pratibhAnI navI UrjA pragaTAve che. tyAre rAjayataMtra taraphathI baMdIo pratye AcarAtuM asAdhAraNa audArya e avicArI pagaluM ke dusAhasa nahi, paNa rAjyataMtrane samRddha karanAro kalpanAzIla prayoga ja lAge che; babbe rAjAe potAnI badhI suSupta sevAkSamatA jagADavA potAnI jAtane Apelo paDakAra ja samajavo, bahAranA ke bIjAnA doSonuM mULa potAnAmAM zodhanArI rAjAnI AtmavattA ja samajavI. sAvadhAna zAsaka prajA pratyenI UMDI vatsalatA ghUMTIne, prajAno vizvAsa jagADavAnA kalpanAzIla upAyarUpe tenAmAM aneka guNonI saMbhAvanA ke AzA dAkhavIne vizvAsano prAsaMgika ke vaccevacce karAto mAnavIya-manovaijJAnika prayoga karIne temane bharIbharI vRddhikAraka arthapravRttiomAM gUMthe to gunhAomAM jaththAbaMdha ghaTADo thayA vagara paNa rahe nahi. je rAjaya sarvaprajAjanone samAnapaNe gUMthI letI For Personal & Private Use Only

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188 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa kriyAo nitya pravartAvavA jeTaluM sAbaduM, udyamI ane pratibhAzIla nathI hotuM, te ja, prajAone potAnI bheMkAra garIbImAMthI pedA thatA dAruNa khAlIpAnA ghaDIbharanA mAraNarUpe gunhAomAM, temanI anicchAe paNa dhakele che. bekArI ja anargaLa (rokAya nahi tevAM) pAponuM mULa che. Aje deza-videzamAM jelInI je hAlata che, tenI sAthe uparyukta paraMparAne sarakhAvavA jevI che. gunhAkhorI vadhI rahI nathI, paNa vadhArAI rahI che ema ja kahevuM paDe; kAraNa ke sajAonuM (zikSAnuM nahi) saDeluM taMtra vadhu ne vadhu maraNiyuM thaIne Akramaka banI rahyuM che. tethI potA dvArA ja nakkI karAyelA niyamo toDIne, taMtra dvArA jelomAM samAI zake te karatAM anekagaNA vadhAre kedIone ThAMsIne durdazAmAM sabaDavA devAmAM Ave che - amerikAmAM paNa ! khuda jelomAM ja bhraSTAcAranI sahAyathI khUMkhAra gunhA phAlI rahyA che. bIjI bAju rAjanaitika daMbhane kAraNe rAjakIya kedIone jelamAM mahelanI sAhyabI che. manovijJAna-yugamAM to jelonuM taMtra vadhu prabuddha banavuM joIe; te kyAre thaze ? A rIte nAgarike rASTranA dhabakatA hRdayarUpa durgane prANavaMta rAkhI rASTranI bahumukhI vRddhinI eka mahattvanI kaDI banIne dhanya banavAnuM che. paraspara-pUraka A prathama be vibhAgo dvArA dekhItI rIte to ApaNe anukrame janapada ane durgarUpa be vyApaka rAjaghaTakonA banelA rASTrazarIranA vyApaka suvyavasthAtaMtranI ke sAmAnya vahIvaTanI ja - manuSyanA vyavahAronA prAthamika niyamananI - vAta karI che ! hakIkate, A taMtranuM kAma samagra rASTranA sarvAgI vikAsamAM aMgabhUta evAM bAkInAM sarva taMtrone, taMtravAhakone ane rASTranA hRdayarUpa AmaprajAne mATe eka kAryAnukULa, AtmavizvAsasthApaka pAyAnI suvyavasthA ane kAyadAnI vyApaka AmanyA sthApavAnuM che. rASTranAM anya taMtronuM jeTaluM mahattva che, teTaluM ja A prAthamika lAgatA taMtranuM paNa che. eka mahAyaMtrano eka paNa pUrNo nakAmo ke ochA mahattvano hoto nathI. AjanA sacivAlayamAM ke koI paNa moTA taMtramAM Avo vibhAga G.A.D. (General Administration Department) yA anya nAme, koI ne koI rUpe hoya che jarUra. ene maLato ja sarvasahAyaka eka anya vibhAga bhavanasaMkula dharAvatI moTI saMsthAomAM Estate Department (sthAvara saMsthAsaMkulanI bhautika suvyavasthA jALavato vibhAga) nAme hoya che. AvA vibhAgone anya sarva vibhAgo sAthe ekarAMga thaIne kAma karavAnI rtidAyaka taka maLe che. Ama to badhAM ja taMtrone pArasparika ekarAgatA jALavIne sAphalyo para kaLaza caDhAvavAnI pharaja paNa sAMpaDe che, taka paNa. Aje jene Apatti-pratIkArakArya (Disaster Management) kahe che, te paNa hakIkate samAhartA ane nAgarikanuM sahayogayogya saMyukta kartavya banI jAya - bhale e mATe kAryakuzaLa niSNAtonuM kAyamI jUtha emanI rAhabarI nIce kAryAnvita karAya. e rIte prajAmAM rASTradrohI tattvone guptacarataMtranI madadathI zodhI kADhavAnuM nityanuM kartavya prajAne ane rASTrazarIrane uccArI rIte khoravI nAkhanAra ghora vidrohone UgatA ja DAmavA mATe khUba jarUrI hoI te paNa A banne taMtranA kAryakSetramAM samAveza pAme che. bAkInA te-te taMtra saMbaMdhI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA bhraSTAcAro rokavAnuM kartavya je-te taMtranuM gaNAya. alabatta, te dareka taMtranI aMtargata AvatAM te-te mokAnAM kartavyonI yogya bajavaNInI vyApaka cokI (khabaradArI) samAhartAnAM kartavyomAM samAya ja che. mANasa, kavi khabaradAranI bhASAmAM 'teja-aMdhAranuM pUtaLuM' hoI, jAgatA rahevuM ne jagADatA rahevuM te ja rAjyataMtrano vyApaka dhruvamaMtra banI rahevo ghaTe. (3) arthataMtra AgalA vyAkhyAnamAM ApaNe kauTilyanuM arthadarzana joIne enuM hArda samajelAM. khAsa to 'tri-varga'(dharma,artha,kAma)mAM temaNe kayA tAtparyathI arthane pradhAna kahelo te paNa tapAseluM . arthAtpAdanano prajAjIvana sAtheno temaNe cIMdhelo adababharyo anubaMdha (saMbaMdha) paNa joyelo. 'artha khAtara artha' evuM viparIta darzana kauTilyamAM hovuM mULathI ja azakya hatuM. zaMkarAcAryanI vyavahAru cetavaNI mujaba artha anartharUpa puravAra thaI zake ema che te vAta paNa kauTilya barAbara samajatA hatA. graMthanA AraMbhe cAra vidyAonAM phala nirdezatAM 'vArtA'-vidyAthI artha-anarthano viveka khIle che - evuM je kahyuM che te to prAyaH dunyavI sthULa gaNatarInA arthamAM samajavAnuM che. paraMtu bAkInI traNe ya vidyAonAM phalanAM baLAbaLa jANanAra 'AnvIkSikI'-vidyA te vArtA-vidyAjanya artha-anarthavivekane paNa uccatara kasoTIe caDhAvI uccatara satyarUpa aMtima nirNaya karAvI Ape che te paNa kauTilye kaheluM che. Ama artha viSe samajaNanI koI bhrAMti ke koI geravAjabI apekSA graMthakAre barAbara TALI dIdhI hoI arthanuM je vAjabI mahattva che e bAbatamAM temanI dRDha niSThA (pAkI lagana) baMdhAI che. tethI tenAM utpAdana, rakSaNa, vRddhi, vitaraNa ityAdi bAbato mATenI pUratI custa vyavasthAo batAvI che. vaLI paraMparAthI 'daMDanIti' tarIke oLakhAtI vidyAne 'arthazAstra' evuM hetulakSI bhAvAtmaka nAma ApavA dvArA paNa te vidyAnuM chevaTanuM upAsya tattva artha (jIvanasAdhaka cIjo) hovAnuM batAvyuM che. 189 'manuSyavALI bhUmi te artha' evI vedhaka, samagralakSI vyAkhyA dvArA A lokane sukhazAMtidAyaka ke naMdanavana samAna banAvavA mATe be mULarUpa tattvonI samAna upAsanAnI AvazyakatA cIMdhI che bhUmi ane manuSya. bhUmine 'vasumatI' (saMpattiyukta) ke 'vasuMdharA' 'vasudhA' (saMpatti dhAraNa karanArI) tarIke anubhavavA mATe manuSyanI vaividhyapUrNa hetulakSI sakriyatA Avazyaka che e vastusthiti, mahattvanI ADapedAza tarIke, mAnavanAM tana-mananI sahaja svasthatAnuM paNa anAyAsa pradAna kare che. Ano cokhkho artha e paNa kharo ke manuSya rAjyataMtrano upAsya deva gaNAya rAjyataMtranA potAnA aMgata svArthanI siddhi arthe paNa. Aje manuSyanI keLavaNI mATenA sarakArI khAtAne 'keLavaNI-khAtuM' na kahetAM, eka ghaNuM ja anurUpa nAma ApyuM che, je manuSya taraphanA kauTilyanA valaNane barAbara vyakta kare che : 'mAnava-saMsAdhana-vikAsa-khAtuM' (Human Resource Development TUMkamAM H.R.D. Department). AmAM mAnavane rASTranI -- For Personal & Private Use Only

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190 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa samRddhinAM anya prAkRtika sroto ke saMsAdhano (resources) jevuM eka saMsAdhana gaNavAmAM AvyuM che; tethI tenI khilavaNIne paNa khanIjo vagerenI khilavaNInI jema rASTranI samRddhino eka srota gaNavAmAM AvI che. tethI keLavaNI eTale e mAnavarUpI samRddhisrotanA vikAsano kAryakrama' evI vibhAvanA A navA nAmamAM aMkita thayelI che. (UMDA kheda sAthe kahevuM joie ke AvA suMdara, arthasabhara nAma pramANe bhAratanI sarakAra keLavaNInA vahevAro to goThavatI ja nathI; UlaTuM e ja maeNkole-zAhI zikSaNamALakhuM cAlu che, ane nathI bhaNI zakanAranI samagra cetanAno vikAsa thato ke nathI zikSaNa sarva zikSaNavAMchuone sulabha; UlaTuM, te garIba ane nIcalA madhyama varga mATe have to sAva ja gajA bahAranuM banavA devAyuM che.) uparyukta nAmamAM rASTra mATe manuSya keTalo badho mahimAmaya che tenI je ucca vibhAvanA gUMthAI che, teno ja paDagho agAu rajU karelI bhartuharikRta nItizataka'nI A uktimAM paDelo che : "he rAjA, jo tuM dharatIrUpI gAyane dohavA icchato hoya, to pelA lokarUpI vAcharaDAne stanapAna karavA daI poSAvA de. te dina-rAta sArI rIte poSAtAM, bhUmi kalpalatAnI jema vividha phaLo Apaze." manuSya mAtra arthano utpAdaka hoIne ja kauTilyane upAsya lAge che evuM nathI. manuSya, sRSTinI prabuddha adhiSThAtrI (adhyakSa) thaI zake evI cetanA dharAvato hovAthI ja maMgalarUpa che; e cetanAne khullI karI pravRtta karavA mATe jarUra che mAtra manuSya pratyenA adababharyA vahevAranI. potAne apAyelI samucita mokaLAzathI saMtoSAyelo manuSya naisargika rIte ja potAnI zramazakti, koThAsUjha vagere dvArA, potAnI AnaMdAnubhUti paNa sadhAya tevI rIte, jIvanopayogI uttama cIjonuM nirmANa karI zake che. "arthazAstra'nuM bIjuM 'adhyakSapravAra' -adhikaraNa dhyAnathI tapAsatAM Thera-Thera e vAta ghUMTAya che ke kauTilyane samasta sajIva-sRSTinI khilavaTa ane saMDovaNI dvArA vikasatuM arthataMtra ja iSTa lAge che. prajAnuM ke utpAdakonuM zoSaNa karIne koI adhikArI - kadAca uparIno hAlezrI banavA - bamaNI Avaka UbhI kare te saMjogamAM, bhale ne te badhI ja Avaka kozamAM jamA karAve, to paNa kauTilya te vartanane eTalA mATe ThapakA ke daMDane pAtra doSa gaNe che ke te e dvArA janapadanuM zoSaNa kare che. A to kauTilyanI prakhara prajAniSThA batAvato sAva nAno namUno ja che; bAkI e valaNa Thera-Thera sthAyI rUpe graMthamAM dekhAya che. dA.ta. janapadanI sthApanA aMgenA adhyAya ka. 2.2mAM jamInanA mahattama upayoganI carcAnA anvaye sUcana e che ke "koI sAva verAna jamInane jo koI vyakti ApameLe upajAu banAve to te jamIna para tene rAjayataMtre sAmethI mAlikIhaka ApI devo. to bIje pakSe potAnI upajAu jamInane paNa kheDyA vinA aDavI paDI rahevA denAra AsAmIno te parano mAlikI haka rada karIne tene khaMtathI kheDe tevA bIjA kheDUtane te jamIna soMpavI. athavA gAmanA mRtako (vasavAyA) ke vepArIo tene kheDe. 21:' A AkhuM janapadasthApanAsaMbaMdhI prakaraNa prajAnI naisargika khilavaTa sAthe ja temane koI paNa hisAbe udyama-tatpara banAvIne rASTrane svAvalaMbanathI guMjatuM banAvavA bAbatanA kauTilyanA sthira utsAhano suMdara paricaya karAve che. Ane lIdhe manuSya ane dharatI baMnenI samAna ane samAMtara khilavaTa para khUba ja yogya bhAra mukAya che; ane A ja to che koI paNa arthataMtrane svAvalaMbI ane sthira vikramothI jayavaMtuM For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 191 banAvavAno, dareka sthaLa-kALamAM prastuta upAya. enAthI cAtaro (caLI jAva) ane samasyAonA jaMgalamAM aTavAyA karo. A ja che "yaMtro dvArA jhAjhA utpAdanano lobha choDI jhAjhA hAtho dvArA utpAdana"nI gAMdhI-cIMdhI divya vAta. prajAmAMnA kSamatAyukta dareka manuSyane enI kSamatA ane jarUriyAta baMnene nyAya maLe tevI rojI ApavI e koI paNa javAbadAra rAjayataMtranI pharaja che, ane evI rojInI apekSA rAkhavI e garavI prajAno naisargika haka paNa che. AmAM ja "arthataMtrano asala pAyo manuSya-svabhAvanA aMgarUpa parizramaniSThA che" e vAta paNa barAbara vaNAyelI joI zakAya che - alabatta, e parizrama zArIrika, bauddhika, mAnasika ema koI paNa prakArano samajavo. arthataMtramAM parizrama ke majUrIne ATalo bhAra ApavA sAme koI jarUra pUchaze : "zuM arthataMtrano pAyo mUDI nahi ?" to uttara haze : "jarUra; e paNa pAyArUpa to che ja. paNa mUDInuM mUDIpaNuM mAnava-parizramathI ja che e na bhulAya." ahIM kauTilyanI dRSTie parizramanAM paNa be pAsAM alaga pADIne e darekanI mahattA samAna rIte samajI levAnI jarUra che : bauddhika parizrama ane zArIrika parizrama. AgalA vyAkhyAnamAM rAjayataMtranI je traNa zaktinI vAta karI hatI te arthataMtrane paNa lAgu paDatI hoI tene ahIM yAda karIe. traNa zaktiono agratAkrama temaNe A batAvyo che : maMtrazakti prabhuzakti, utsAhazakti. eTale arthataMtranA cheka pAyAmAM Ave zArIrika parizramathI bhinna evo arthotpAdana mATeno buddhipUrvakano abhikrama ane aNathaka bauddhika parizrama (buddhiyoga) - jene "Ayojana' kahevAmAM Ave che. bIjA krame Ave prabhuzakti eTale ke bhautika mUDI (sAdhano ane nANAMrUpI). trIjA krame Ave utsAhazakti eTale ke pUratI keLavaNIthI vikaselo zArIrika parizrama - jemAM kAryanI zIdhratA ane dakSatA sahitanuM zaurya eTale ke UMcuM kleza-sahiSNupaNuM samAya. upara maMtrazakti-aMtargata paNa be bhinna pAsAM nirdezyAM che temanI alaga-alaga barAbara oLakha paNa karI levI rahI; te pAsAM eTale bauddhika abhikramazakti ane bauddhika parizramazakti. abhikramazaktine AjakAla 'sAhasa' tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che; A sAhasa eka prakAranI viziSTa hiMmatarUpa samajavAnuM che. (aMgrejImAM A mATe enterprise zabda vaparAya che.) hakIkate Aje vaparAto 'sAhasa' zabda mULamAM to UMDo vicAra karyA vagaranA jussAdAra pagalAMno artha dharAve che. ethI emAM bauddhikatA ke hoza kama ane joza vadhAre paDatuM hoya che. jayAre "abhikrama' to koI paNa viSaya ke vastune ArapAra joI-jANI levAnI zaktimAMthI janmatI saMzayarahita pratItimAMthI ApoApa sAkAra banatA nirNayarUpa hoya che. eno ja suMdara ane anurUpa paryAya che vyavasAya, eTale ke saMzayamukata nirNaya. Avo abhikrama ke vyavasAya tene pagale AraMbhavAnA mahAkAryane pAke pAye lIlI jhaMDI ApI de che; te, mahAkArya sAdhavA mATe karavAnI hajAro peTAkriyAo paratve manuSyanI parAkramazaktine sthirapaNe TakAvI rAkhe che. abhikrama janme che pratibhAnI nirmaLatA ane tejasvitAmAMthI, vastuonA bAhya svarUpanI ArapAra joI zakanAra vedhakatAmAMthI, jabarI koThAsUjhamAMthI. abhikramazaktine pagale janme che pelI bIjI bauddhika parizramazakti, je upADavAmAM For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa AvelA mahAkAryane pAra pADavA mATe jarUrI prakriyAono satata bodha karAvatI rahe che. A prakArano parizrama zArIrika parizramathI judo che; kAraNa ke A to zarIra ArAmanI tanAvarahita sthitimAM hoya tyAre sAdhI zakAtA dhyAnayogane AbhArI hoya che. bIjA vyAkhyAnamAM keLavaNI-vicAranA anvaye kaheluM tema A bauddhika parizrama paNa 'niyama' (vratabaddha eTale sAdI jIvanacaryA) ane 'vinaya' (pUrepUrI tAlIma) e baMnene AbhArI hoya che. jIvananI kauTilya jevI sAdagI ja buddhinI prakriyAone avazya sAphalya maLe e rIte pradIpta kare che. bauddhika abhikramamAM AyAsa ke kALakSepa (samayano kharca) ocho hoya che, bauddhika parizramamAM sAdagInA vratanI jALavaNIno ane dhyAnayogano parizrama paNa jarUrI che ane samaya paNa khUba Apavo paDe che. 192 kauTilyanA samayamAM yaMtro AvI cUkyAM hatAM. arthotpAdanamAM paNa yaMtrano upayoga thaI cUkyo hato. paNa yaMtro sAme parizramane gauNa samajavAnI dRSTi ke Dhagalo utpAdana ochAmAM ochA mANaso dvArA karI AmajanatAvirodhI ane paryAvaraNa-pradUSaka arthapravRttinI vAta maryAdita kSamatAvALAM yaMtrone kAraNe paNa e vakhate arthataMtramAM pravezelI nahi. kauTilya to pAkI samajaNathI paNa AvA zoSaka arthataMtranI himAyata kare ema nahotuM. AkhA adhyakSaprAnta adhikaraNa para mAtra prakaraNa-yAdI dvArA vihaMgAvalokana karavAmAM Ave to paNa jaNAze ke svayaM-zikSaNathI ke paitRka zikSaNathI vividha kauzalyo pAmelA prajAvargo thakI ja moTA bhAganI arthapravRtti vikendritapaNe, janapadanAM asaMkhya taLa sthAnomAM ja thatI abhipreta che. sUtrAdhyakSa (a.kra. 2.2rU) prakaraNamAM joIe chIe ke vidhavA ke vRddha strIone paNa sUtrotpAdananA kAmamAM joDavAmAM AvatI hatI. Aje jene ApaNe audyogika vistAra kahIe chIe tevo kauTilya sAmenA arthataMtramAM maryAdita rUpe hovAnuM jaNAya che - tene mATe rmAnta (karmo ke udyogono vistAra) zabda graMthamAM aneka vAra vaparAyo che. hamaNAM ja ApaNe 'nAgarika'nAM kartavyomAM e paNa joyuM ke nagaramAM Aga sAtheno vyavasAya karanArane ekajaththu vasAvavAnI prathA iSTa gaNAtI. paNa AkhA vistRta adhyakSapravAr adhikaraNamAM mAtra eka prakaraNa rmAntane lagatuM che. temAM khANonI kAcI pedAzomAMthI jIvana-upayogI cIjonuM utpAdana karanArAM kArakhAnAMnI ja vAta che. te prakaraNanuM AkhuM nAma che ArAntipravartanam (adhyAya kra.2.22). A batAve che ke kauTilya sAme atiyAMtrika udyogapradhAna samAja nathI. alabatta, e samayamAM khanIja-UrjA (peTrola-DIjhala vagere) ane te para cAlatAM yaMtrovAhano nahotAM e kharuM. paNa game tevA bAhya saMdarbhamAM paNa AmaprajA zoSaNa na pAme evuM arthataMtra goThavavA bAbatanI kauTilyanI khAMkhata pUrepUrI jaNAya che. utpAdanonAM vividha saMgaThano (agency) bAbata A graMthamAM hetulakSI mizra abhigama jovA maLe che. utpAdana kAM to rAjyataMtra potAnA Ayojana-nirIkSaNa-parIkSaNa nIce karAve, kAM to khAnagI rAhe vyaktio, parivAro ke jUtho dvArA svAyatta rIte -- alabatta, vAjabI rAjyataMtrIya niyamanonI maryAdAmAM thAya. vaLI AjanI jema ja A rAjyataMtramAM paNa rASTrahitanI dRSTie Avazyaka gaNAya tevAM utpAdanakSetro kevaLa rAjyahastaka rahe che jema ke calaNI sikkAnuM - For Personal & Private Use Only -

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 193 utpAdana, oLakhANa mATe Avazyaka evA rAjakIya oLakhapatro(mudrA)nuM utpAdana, mApa ane vajananAM dhoraNonuM niyamana (pautava) vagere. Aje sarakAro AmAM paNa khAnagIkaraNa tarapha jaIne bhUla ja kare che. e sivAyanAM paNa aneka utpAdanakSetromAM rAjya pote paNa jhukAve ane bhAga le tevo abhigama A arthataMtramAM che. temAM aucitya e jaNAya che ke rAjaya e rASTrabhAvanAnuM, rASTranA sarva prajAvargonI hitarakSakatAnuM AzrayasthAna hoI enI pAse je-te utpAdana pAchaLanuM dhyeyadarzana paNa hoya che ane tene anurUpa utpAdananuM sarvAMgI uttama kauzala paNa potAnA rAjyavyApI ghaniSTha saMparko ane saMbaMdhone AdhAre AvAM kAmomAM jotaravAnI uttama sUjha, samaja ane vRtti paNa hoya che. rAjyataMtra kAcA mAlanI dhoraNasaranI prApti, utpAdanakuzaLa uttama adhikArIonI ane karmacArIonI vidhisara karAtI bharatI ane temanI sAtatyapUrNa mAvajata, utpanna mAlanI guNavattAnuM sAtatya, zoSaNamukta dakSa vecANa vyavasthA, bhAvanuM nyAyI niyamana - A badhAM pAsAM paratve vyAvasAyika uttamatA(professional excellence ke integrity)no eka Adarza ke anukaraNIya namUno prasthApe che. enA AdhAre te ja kSetranA khAnagI utpAdakone eka to samartha mArgadarzana maLe che, to sAme pakSe rAjaye UbhA karelA uttama kAryadhoraNane lIdhe khAnagI vyavasAya para, ekadama akAruM na thaI paDe tevuM parokSa niyaMtraNa paNa sadhAya che. A rIte utpAdana jevI rASTranI karoDarajjarUpa pravRttimAM rAjyanI pratibhAyukta sAmelagIrI samasta rASTranA sarva vargone hUMpha, svapnasiddhinI AzA ane AtmavizvAsa ApIne dunyavI, lobhapradhAna ne gaLAkApa harIphAIvALA gaNAtA Arthika kSetramAM paNa ekasAthe vyavahAru ane vaLI AdarzarUpa paNa gaNAya tevAM uttama jJAna ane karma uparAMta rASTrabhakti paNa jagADe che. evuM bane ke rAjaya te-te utpAdanakSetramAM, prajAnI prauDhatA barAbara khIlelI joIne potAnI te kSetramAMnI saMDovaNI ghaTADatuM jAya ane kALabaLe khaDAM thatAM navAM karmakSetromAM pote padArpaNa karatuM jAya; ane ema navAM-navAM kSetromAM paNa sarvahitakAraka uttamatA sthapAya te mATenuM netRtva dAkhave. Ama rAjyataMtre arthataMtramAM prabuddha ane vyavahAru evA zikSakanuM kAma karIne rAjAne mATe pracalita banelA "arthapati' birudano mahimA nitya jALavavAno che. agAu ApaNe joyuM che ke rAjA mATenI khAsa adhyayanayogya vidyAomAM 'vArtA'(AjIvikA-sAdhaka vidyA)ne paNa sthAna kauTilyanI paNa pUrve apAyeluM hatuM. e paNa ApaNe joyeluM ke enuM zikSaNa paNa siddhAMta ane vyavahAra baMnemAM nipuNa (vavatR-prayojIM) guru dvArA ja meLavavuM evo Agraha hato. mAtra aMgata phUDa-kapaTanI ke sthULa zatrunAzanI vaMdhya pravRttimAM racyApacyA rahevuM e kadI rAjadharma na gaNAya. saMskRtinA Adya-pravartakomAMnA eka, jaino dvArA mAnya covIsa tIrthakaromAMnA 'AdinAtha' biruda prasiddha banelA prathama tIrthakara ane vaLI pUrva jIvanamAM cakravartIpada saMbhALI cUkelA evA RSabhadeve pote khetI, AvAsa, mATInAM vAsaNo ityAdi grAmINa jIvananA pAyArUpa navAM kauzalyo paNa mAnavajAtane zikhavADelAM, eTaluM ja nahi, strI-puruSa-saMbaMdhane paNa niyamanonA zikSaNa dvArA sAMskRtika rUpa ApeluM. A badhA uparathI evo niSkarSa kADhI zakAya ke bhAratIya saMskAra ane paraMparAone anurUpa rIte, rAjA mAtra prajAonAM deha ke milkatano rakSaka For Personal & Private Use Only

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194 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa nahi, paNa aneka hunnaro ane kauzalyomAM prajAne pravartAvanArA saMskRtirakSaka karmaguru tarIke Upaselo. gAMdhIjIe paNa agiyAra vratonI sAthe samayAnurUpa aDhAra prakArano racanAtmaka kAryakrama rASTra-utthAnanA pAyA tarIke khilavIne prAcIna "arthapati'nI ane narendranI (nara-zreSThanI) ja garavI jIvana-saMvardhaka paraMparAne puraskArI che. enI sAme AjanI nArI napuMsaka thatI jatI lobhagrasta sarakAro rAjayahastakanAM utpAdana-abhikramomAM, eka pachI eka, ulALiyo karatI jaIne jagakSaka rIte arthapravRtti para aDapelAM (savAra banelAM) asAmAjika jAgatika (bahurASTrIya) jUthone sarva prakAranAM arthotpAdano ja nahi, prajAhitarakSaka niyamanataMtro sudhdhAM (!!) bhaLAvIne jagamAM abhUtapUrva barbaratAne, arAjakatAne, saMskRti-vinAzane notarI rahI che. ahIM ullekhelI rAjadharmanI prAcIna paraMparAonuM dRSTisaMpanna adhyayana karIne, emAMthI bharapUra preraNA ane kAyamI haiyAdhAraNa paNa meLavIe ane e pramANe cAlavAnI pAkI pahela paNa karIe. sArvatrika parizramaniSThAthI ane parizramakaLAthI - balka asala jIvanakaLAthI - vividha morace svAvalaMbI banI rahenAruM rASTra aparAjeya banI jagadgurunuM pada paNa sahajapaNe pAmI zake. atyAranuM nAnakaDuM kyUbA-rASTra A mApadaMDe, kharekhara, adhyayanapAtra rASTra che. kauTilya arthotpAdana-pravRttiomAM mobha (mukhya AdhAra) tarIke kaI pravRttione gaNAvI che te jANavuM rasaprada banaze. "vArtA'-vidyAnAM traNa aMga temaNe batAvyAM che : kRSi, pazupAlana ane vepAra. A vAta ghaNI sUcaka che. AmAM temaNe udyogono sIdho ullekha karyo ja nathI. alabatta, A traNa pAyAnI arthapravRttinA pUraka aMga tarIke hastodyogo ane maryAdita ke madhyama yaMtrodyogo paNa kauTilyane abhipreta hovAnuM jarUra tAravI zakAya. vistRta bIjuM adhikaraNa ukta be (kRSi, pazupAlana) utpAdana-pravRtti uparAMta manuSyajIvanane poSanArI aneka pUraka paNa binasaMkula prakriyAovALI arthapravRttio paNa aneka vigato sAthe nirUpe che. - paNa "vArtA'nI uparyukta mULa vyAkhyA kauTilyanI daSTie mAtra kRSipradhAna arthataMtra ja nahi, kRSikendrI saMskRti eka buddhipUta (buddhimAMthI gaLAIne svaccha banelo) mAnavIya Adarza hovAnuM spaSTa kare che. pazupAlana paNa kRSinA pUraka aMga tarIke ja pUrI pratiSThA pAme che. jayAre vepAra to utpanna dravyonI kuzaLa vitaraNa-vyavasthA ja che. mAnava-saMskRtinA sthira bhaviSyanI dRSTie kauTilyano A samagra vicAra khUba sthAyI mahattva dharAve che. kauTilyane akkaDa kRSivAda ke grAmavAda paNa abhipreta nathI. paraMtu dhiMgu mAnavajIvana parAdhIna ke lobha-mohanA dhakkAvALuM na bane te pAyAnI nirvivAda vAta temane mahattvanI lAge che. bAkI kRSi-pazupAlanathI poSAtuM svAdhIna jIvana jIvatI vaividhyapUrNa prajAone e vyavasAyo mATenAM sahAyaka sAdhano, sAmagrI, anya vyaktigata-pArivArika-sAMskRtika jarUriyAto mATe prAya: sthAnika ke nAnA pAyAnA gRhodyogo/grAmodyogo ne thoDA anivArya moTA-pAyAnA udyogonI jogavAI sahajapaNe karavI paDe. paNa udyogono hetu paNa jIvanasaMvardhaka cIjo ja pUrI pADavAno hoya; kRtrima jarUriyAto UbhI karI, prajAne bharamAvI binajarUrI cIjo ThaThADavAno nahi. vArtA jIvI dareka For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 195 vyAvasAyikamAM paNa mulka pratyenI sAMskRtika adaba ane prajAniSThA avazya hoya. vaLI bIjI bAjue joIe to je jarUriyAto pAyAnI ke anivArya siddha thaI hoya, te prajA-saMkhyA mujaba vipula mAtrAmAM pedA thAya tevuM vyApaka ane kALajIbharyuM Ayojana paNa hovuM joIe. AyojakonA kevaLa buddhidoSane kAraNe khoTI achato ane tene pagale ghora naphAkhorI na ja UbhI thavI joIe. vaLI utpAdananI sthAnikatAno paNa jaDa Agraha kauTilyamAM jarA paNa nathI. paradeza sAthe ane svarASTranA vividha mulko vacce rASTropayogI mAlanI AyAta-nikAsano, vepArI sAhasathI sAdhya saMbaMdha to prAcIna bhAratamAM khUba vikasitarUpe sAMskRtika anurUpatA sAthe baMdhAto rahyo hato e to prAcIna bhAratIya vipula sAhitya ane lokaparaMparAo paNa raMgIna rIte batAve che. A mATe arthazAstranuM nAnakaDuM rASTrIya puravaThA-adhikArI (puSpAdhyakSa) aMgenuM prakaraNa (adhyAya ka. 2.26) paNa jovA jevuM che. koI paNa mAlanI achata pedA na thAya, saMgrahakhorI na thAya ane sarvapoSaka bhAvaniyamana jaLavAya tevI rASTrIya nIti teNe pravartAvavAnI che. "vArtA"-vidyAmAM vepAra(vA )no samAveza, sAta rAjayamaMtrIya Avaka-srotomAM vaNipathanI paNa gaNanA, vepArI sArtha pratyenAM rAjayakartavyonA ullekho, janapadamAM paNa nAnA ke madhyama nagarone maLeluM samucita sthAna, zu dhyakSa: (a.kra.2.) ane su vyavahAra: (a.kra. 2.22) evAM, vepArI mArgaverA (jI)saMbaMdhI be vistRta prakaraNo, sunAmInapautavam (a.kra. 2.26) prakaraNamAM tola-mApanAM suvikasita kaDaka rASTrIya niyamanonI vAta - A badhAM para sTeja najara nAkhatAM paNa samajAya che ke vivekapUrvaka vikasita evA garavA vepAra, Ayojanabaddha udyogo, videzo sAthe Tharela chatAM UMcA gajAnI hiMmatathI sadhAtA vepArI saMbaMdho - e badhAMne paNa samucita sthAna kauTilyanI kalpanAnA arthataMtramAM che ja che. agAu ullekhyA pramANe "janapada' eTale ke AkhA rASTramAMnAM sarva gAmonagaronuM eka A lakSaNa kauTilya batAvyuM che : sAra-citravidupaN:, arthAt emAM sarvatra jIvanajarUriyAtanI cIjo vipula pramANamAM to hoya, paNa te ya uttama guNavattAvALI (sara) ane vaividhyasabhara hoya. ATalAmAM to kauTilya ghaNuM-ghaNuM sUcavI dIdhuM che. Aje ApaNI kahevAtI lokazAhI sarakAro kyAM UbhI che ?) arthataMtranA samagra svarUpa aMge AvI samatola vicArasaraNI samajI lIdhA pachI, kRSipradhAna taLa janapadanA grAmapradezanuM kRSiviSayaka Ayojana paNa kevuM niyamabaddha ane ekaMdare mAnavajIvanane samRddha ane sukha-zAMti-saMtoSathI bharyuM bharyuM karanAra hoI zake tenI jhalaka meLavavA agAu pharI-pharI ullekheluM adhyAya ka. 2.2mAM maLatuM "vanapaniveza:' e prakaraNa tapAsavA jevuM che. enI samajavA lAyaka vigato joIe : gAma sothI mAMDI pAMcaso jeTalAM kuLonuM baneluM hoya. koI paNa gAma anyonyanA sahayoga sahitanA pratyeka kuLanA jiMdAdilIbharyA puruSArtha para vikAsakAryonA samagra cakrane barAbara pUruM karI zakatuM hoya che. e daSTie vastIpramANa samatola, sarvAgI ane sahayogI saMbaMdhone anukULa hoya te khUba icchanIya che. vastI vadhAre pAMkhI hoya ke vadhAre gIca hoya te baMne sthiti hAnikAraka hoI For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa anicchanIya - tenAthI grAma-svAvalaMbananI siddhi muzkela bane che. e dRSTie kauTilye vastIsamatulA mATe sAma-sAmA be vaikalpika vahIvaTI pagalAMnI eka paraMparA potAnA anumodana (TekA) sAthe ullekhI che : (1) jo koI gAmanI ke grAmasamUhanI vastI ochI hoya to kAM to svarASTranA gIca vastI dharAvatA pradezamAMthI, kAM to anya rASTramAMthI (prAyaH mitrarASTramAMthI) pramANasaranI vadhAre vastIne AkarSIne (apavahanena) vasAvavI. (anya rASTramAMthI sudhdhAM vadhArAnI vastIne akarSavAnA vikalpano ullekha e batAve che ke kauTilyane mana videza-nIti paNa chevaTe to, jyAM-jyAre zakya hoya tyAM-tyAre, racanAtmaka sahayoga, barAbarIbharyA parasparAvalaMbana ane sAMskRtika vikAsa dvArA ja sArthaka bane che.) (2) ethI UlaTuM, jo koI gAma ke grAmasamUhamAM vastI vadhu gIca hoya to thayelA bharAvA(mikSandra)nA, anya anukULa (ochI vastIvALA) svarASTranA ke pararASTranA pradezamAM sthAnAMtara (vamana) dvArA vastInI samatulA sthApavI. rASTranA vividha pradezonA vastIpramANanuM Ama vividha stare dIrghadaSTipUrvaka karAtuM niyamana prajAnI ane arthataMtranI ema baMnenI sukhazAMtinuM nimitta banI rahe. kauTilye rajU kareluM A sUcana koIne vivAdAspada lAge to ya rasaprada jarUra che ane prajAnI pUrepUrI anukULatA jaLavAya tema amala karavA yogya paNa lAge che. amerikAmAM eka varSo-jUnuM vicAramaMDaLa che, je zahero madhyama vastIpramANavALAM rahe tene atyaMta Avazyaka mAne che ane te mATenA vahIvaTI AyojanamAM rAjyataMtre sakriya thavuM joIe ema paNa mAne che. saMskRti-vikAsa mATe, A prAcIna ane arvAcIna samAna samajaNa khUba ja pAyAnuM mahattva dharAve che. enA amalamAM ADe Ave che kahevAtuM 'Adhunika' AsurI, avaLuM arthataMtra -- je avicAre AtmaghAta tarapha UMdhuM ghAlIne doDI rahyuM che. 196 pratyeka vahIvaTakSama pradezaghaTaka(grAmajUtha)nA mahesUlI ane vahIvaTI niyamana mATe ane pUraka vyApArI suvidhA mATe amuka masaMkhyAnA ghaTaka dITha nAnAM-moTAM nagaro ke kasbAonI AvI yojanA sUcavAI che H daza gAmanA ghaTaka mATe 'saMgrahaNa' tarIke oLakhAtuM mathaka, baso gAme 'khArvaTika', cAra-so gAma vacce 'droNamukha' ane AThaso gAma vacce 'sthAnIya' evAM kramazaH vadhu moTAM ane AvAM prakAranAmothI judAM tarI Ave tevAM mathako (nagarorUpa vepArI-vahIvaTI dhAmo). AmAMnuM chelluM sthAnIya te durgarUpa eTale ke rAjadhAnIrUpa nagara hovAnuM jaNAya che. jo ema hoya to kauTilyanI daSTie rASTro bahu vizALa na hoya te ja iSTa sthiti gaNAya. (briTiza udyogakAra zumAkhare pracalita karelo Small is Beautifulno vicAra !) rAjya-hastakanAM nyAyAlayo paNa AvAM mathakoe hovAnA aNasAra maLe che. AvAM mathako taLa gAmo ane rAjyataMtra vaccenI jIvaMta Apa-le mATe kaDIrUpa banI rahe. kRSipradhAna gAmonA AyojananA ja bhAgarUpe dareka gAma mATe eka ke be kroza (kosa) lAMbI sImanuM dhoraNa sUcavAyuM che. e sImamAM gAmanA parivAronAM khetaro, uparAMta gocara-vibhAgo tema ja enukULatA mujaba vana upavananA ucherano paNa samAveza thAya che. sarva jIvonA vikAsane anukULa kevuM suMdara, susthira Ayojana ! nisarga-khoLe sahayogapradhAna mAnavajIvana ! be gAma vaccenI sIma paNa prAkRtika nadI, parvata, vana, setu, guphA ke koI viziSTa mahAvRkSarUpa ! - For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 197 rASTrasamRddhi ane rASTrasurakSA (vinobA-nirdiSTa defence-measure) e baMne ya daSTie gAmanAM kRSiyogya saghaLAM khetaro uparAMta zakyatA mujaba bina-upajAuM, avaDa ke verAna gaNAyelA bhU-vibhAgomAM paNa mahattama kRSi-utpAdana thAya te mATenAM samucita rAjayamaMtrIya dhoraNomAM jarA ya DhIla na thAya te mATe, khAsa to gAmanAM pramAdI ke asAmAjika mAnavaghaTakone yogya rIte paDakAre tevAM keTalAMka niyamano sUcavAyAM che. enI pAchaLano mukhya mAnavIya udezya e che ke taLa-prajAmAM paDelI dhiMgI-saraLa parizramazaktine ane koThAsUjhane rAjayataMtranA naitika TekAthI savizeSarUpe protsAhita karI jIvaMta ane kriyAzIla rAkhavI, ane e rIte te-te gAmanI ane rASTranI sukhAkArI ekasAthe sAdhavI. niyamanano pAyAno muddo e che ke dareka kheDUta-hastakanI jamInamAMthI, anubhavane AdhAre sthapAyelAM sthAnika dhoraNo-aMdAjo pramANe amuka laghutama utpAdana to thavuM ja joIe. jo tenAthI ochuM utpAdana thAya to kheDUta ghaTADA jeTalI Upajano rAjabhAga vadhArAmAM daMDa tarIke Ape. agAu kahelAM keTalAMka niyamano TUMkamAM doharAvIe : potAnI jamIna na kheDanAra pAsethI jamIna japta karI kheDanArane soMpavI, yA gAmanAM vasavAyAM ke vepArI dvArA kheDAvavI. tethI UlaTuM, jo rAjayahastakanI verAna jamInane koI kheDUta jAte upajAu banAve to te jamIna japta na karatAM tene kheDavA ApI devI. "kheDe tenI jamIna' e suvarNaniyama AmAM sahajapaNe jaLavAya che ! vaLI koI kheDUta chatI jamIne sAdhano kharIdavAnI azaktine kAraNe khetI na karI zakato hoya, to temane khAvA jeTaluM ane biyAraNa tarIkenuM dhAnya, pazuo ane rokaDa dhananuM RNadAna (loan) karI khetImAM parovavo, ane te apAyela sahAya sagavaDe pAchI vALe. vaLI kheDUtone anudAna ke karamukti paNa evI kuzaLa gaNatarI sAthe ApavAM, ke jethI saravALe rAjyakozamAM vRddhi ja thAya; kozaghAtaka avicArI dhana-lhANI na ja karavI. (AnAthI viruddha rIte AjanI matabhUkhI sarakAronA konA bApanI divALI ?' evA avicArI dhana-veDaphATo sAthe sarakhAmaNI sahajapaNe thaI jAya che!) A sthaLe kauTilya eka jabarI cetavaNI uccArI che ke kozano avicArI uDAu upayoga karanAra rAjA chevaTe AvAM svayaMsamRddha gAmo, nagarone lUMTavAno ja - jevI rIte AjanAM 'vaizvikIkaraNa', 'udArIkaraNa'nAM rUDAM nAmoe "krAMti'nAM nagArAM pITIne, 'lokazAhI'nA pATiyA nIce kAma karatI sarakAro, moTA bhAganI Ama-prajAnAM svAvalaMbI jIvana-sAdhanarUpa ghara-jamIno sudhdhAMne cAMu karI jatA navA prajAvidrohI kAyadAonA oThe, paryAvaraNa-vinAzaka, dhanikaparasta ane rAjakAraNIonAM ghara ane cUMTaNI phaMDo bharanArA audyogikIkaraNa khAtara SEZ (Special Economic Zone) jevA, rAkSasI' nahi paNa AsurI" kahevA lAyaka "AyojanothI rAjayanA kozane bhAre phaTako pahoMcADanArA, saMskRtino nAza karanArAM udhAmA paNa bedhaDaka karI rahI che ! samatola vastInI nItine prApavA rAjyataMtre navI-navI vasAhato UbhI karIne tyAM rahevA mATe vividha prajAjanone protsAhita karavA mATe, AjanI sarakAronI jema, amuka samayAvadhi sudhI karamukti paNa ApavI ne dhanasahAya yA RNadAna paNa. A yojanA kAM to vasAhata zarU karyA bAdanA amuka samaya sudhI rAkhavI, yA je-te vyakti ke parivAra vasavA Ave tyArabAdanA nakkI For Personal & Private Use Only

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198 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa karelA gALA sudhI ApavI. RNa samayasara cukavanArane chevaTe thoDI RNamAphI paNa ApIne rAjAe prajA pratye pitA jevo vatsala vahevAra dAkhavavo. kauTilyanI dRSTi evI che ke na rAjayane arthahAni thAya ke na prajAhita jokhamAya tevI samatola nIti rAye rAkhavI. vyakti ane samaSTi e baMne eka sikkAnI be bAju che evI saMgIna samajaNa ja samAja ane tenI saMskRtine poSe che. rASTranI parizramatatpara bahusaMkhya grAma/nagara-vAsI prajA sAtatyapUrvaka ane agavaDo sAmenA saMgharSamAM thatA puSkaLa zaktikSaya vagara, tAlabaddha-layabaddha rIte, bharapUra koThAsUjha ane kAryAnaMda sAthe rASTrapoSaka khetI, pazupAlana, hunnaro tathA vepAramAM racIpacI rahe te mATe, Aje jene pAyAnI sagavaDonuM mALakhuM (infrastructure) kahe che tevAM pUratAM, uttama sAdhana-sAmagrInuM ane samayAnurUpa vizALa suvidhAjALanuM dhoraNasaranuM nirmANa ane tenI nityanI pUrti tathA pUratI sAcavaNI ne surakSA karavAmAM ja prajA ane rAjyataMtra baMneno jayavAro che. e dRSTie AkAzI khetI(jene kavivara bhAravie TevamAtRkA kRSi - devoe poSelI khetI kahI che te)nI Avazyaka pUrti mATe sIMcAIvALI (piyatavALI, mavamAtRza) khetI pUratA vyApa sAthe poSavA setubaMdhanuM jarUrI nirmANa te rAjyataMtranuM eka mahattvanuM kartavya banI rahe che. ApaNe samAhartA nIcenA vahIvaTItaMtranI carcAmAM je sAta rASTrIya AvakanA sroto gaNAvelA temAM paNa setubaMdhanI gaNanA hovAnuM joyeluM. setubaMdha' zabda ahIM mAtra prAdhAnyasUcaka hoI emAM "setu (baMdho) uparAMta kUvA, vAva, taLAva, sarovara jevAM kudaratI ke kRtrima jaLAzayonA nibhAva athavA ane nirmANanI vAta paNa samAI jAya. setu-nirmANa vahetI nadImAM paNa thaI zake (jene kauTilya "so' setu kahe che) athavA copAsathI AvatAM varSAjaLanAM saMcayathI ke nahera dvArA ANelA (hArya) sarovarajaLathI paNa thaI zake (jene kauTilya mArA setu kahe che). bIjA prakAramAM vizeSataH pahADI vistAra anukULa paDato hoya che. kauTilya kyAMya khUba vizALa mulkane sIMcAIno lAbha maLe te mATe zAkhAupazAkhAovALI naheronA saMkula jALa sahitanA baMdhonI vAta ullekhI nathI, te parathI temane nAnA-nAnA baMdho - jene "baMdhAro' yA AjakAla "cekaDema' zabdathI oLakhavAmAM Ave che te, yA kavacit madhyama baMdho ja abhipreta hovAnuM jaNAya che. kUvA, vAva, taLAvanA nirmANanI vAta kadAca eTale nathI karI ke te kartavyo {pUrtamAMnAM 'pUrtarUpa dhArmika kartavyomAM ja samAI jAya che. AvA baMdhonA vyApaka mahattvanuM pratibiMba e vAtamAM paDe che ke kauTilya AnA nirmANa mATe traNa vaikalpika sAmudAyika paddhatio ullekhI che : kAM to setu rAjyataMtra pote bAMdhe, kAM to rAjaya dvArA prAthamika suvidhAo(infrastructure)no Teko pAmeluM khAnagI saMgaThana (private sector) bAMdhe, kAM to loko parasparanA sahayogathI tema ja samucita tAlIma ane saMgaThananA baLe kharekharA sahakArI dhoraNe bAMdhe. A vigata - emAM ya trIjI paddhatinI vAta - suvikasita rASTravyApI Arthika cetanA ane te mATenAM aDIkhama prANabaLa tema ja prajJAbaLa sUcave che. saMkalpa - ane te ya rASTrIya ke sAmAjika starano - zuM cIja che tenI jhalaka ahIM maLe che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtiMrakSakatA AmAMnI trIjI sahakArI paddhati aMge spaSTatArUpe keTalIka vAto paNa kauTilye umerI che. temAM lAbha pAmanAra gAmonA ke vistAranA pratyeka parivAre potAnA pratinidhi dvArA pratyakSa kAryamAM sAtha ApavAno rahe che. jo koI parivArano eka paNa sabhya zramamAM sAtha na Ape, to tenA sevako ane baLadone te kAma mATe mokalavAnI pharaja rahe ane kharcano bhAga paNa Apavo paDe; paNa setubaMdhathI thanAro lAbha tene na maLe ! A chellI vigata AkarI ane kadAca koIne anyAyI paNa lAge. Ama kema kahevAyuM haze ? kadAca kauTilya dareka svastha manuSya mATe zramaniSThA Avazyaka mAnatA hoya ane tenA vAstavika pAyArUpe tevI zramaniSTha vividha taLa prajAonAM dRSTAMto paNa temanI sAme taravaratAM hoya. taLa muslima samAjomAM garIba ane nika parivAro vacce dhArmika AcAro bAbatamAM tema ja keTalAMka sAmAjika pAsAMo paratve paNa samAnatAnI ke birAdarInI bhAvanA jovA maLatI hoya che. mANasa game teTalAM sAdhano ke dhanathI bAMdhelA cAkaro vasAve, paNa jo potAnA aMgata jIvanamAM vAjabI parizramane sthAna na Ape, to te samAja pratye jeTalo aparAdha kare che, teTalo ja jAta pratye - deha-mananAM Arogya pratye paNa kare che e sujANa vyakti to jarUra samajI zakaze. kauTilya hADathI ja (potAnA aMtargata mULa svabhAvathI ja) dAsapaNuM (gulAmI), veTha vagere prathAne vyakti ane samaSTi baMne mATe abhizAparUpa samajI, ApaNe AgaLa joIzuM tema, te prathAone pAtaLI ane niHzeSa karatA javAnA pragatimArgo zodhatA rahyA che. AkhuM A khetI aMgenuM prakaraNa paNa e dizAnuM ja che zramanA sAmAjika samavitaraNanI dizAnuM. - adhyAya 4.2.24mAMnA sItAdhyakSaH ('khetIvADInA niyAmaka') prakaraNamAM rAjyanA khetIvADInA adhyakSanAM kartavyo varNavyAM che. temAMnI, khetIvADInAM vividha pAsAMo aMgenI anubhavAzrita thoDI, paNa marmALI vigato e batAve che ke rAjye pote paNa kevI nipuNatAthI khetI karavAnI che ane te dRSTAMta dvArA samasta rASTrane khetIvADImAM kevuM umadA netRtva pUruM pADavAnuM che. sItAdhyakSa pote je rAjyahastakanI kRSiyogya jamInomAM khetI na karAvI zake, te jamIno, prajAmAMthI vividha zarate khetI karavA taiyAra thanArA vividha koTinA kheDUtone ke kheta-majUrone soMpIne khetI karAve tevo Adeza che. AkhA adhyAyamAM khetI pUrepUrI kasadAra thAya te mATe bIja-saMgraha, varSApramANa sAthe kRSi-prakAra Adino saMbaMdha, AkAzI jyotionA AdhAre karavAnA varSAnA vartArA, khetInI uccAvaca koTio, sIMcAI-AdhArita khetIno mahimA, sIMcAI-prakAra mujabanA rAjyabhAganI vividha kakSAo ke te mujaba karavAnI vividha khetInI pasaMdagI, bIjanA prakArabheda mujabanI vividha mAvajato, utpanna pedAzonI kuzaLa saMcayavyavasthA ema karAyelI ghaNI vAto, arthataMtramAM kRSinA mahimAyukta sthAnane paNa sthApI Ape che. - 199 sthAvara sajIvo (vRkSAdi vanaspati-jIvo, je dharatI ubhedIne arthAt vIMdhIne janmanAra tarIke 'udbhijja' kahevAya che) ke jIvANuthI mAMDI pazu-paMkhI-manuSyAdi 'jaMgama' (haratA-pharatA) sajIvonI prakRtine samajIne ane navI-navI rIte vadhune vadhu sUkSma dhyAnayogathI samajatA rahIne, ane te samajaNane sadA vaphAdAra rahIne, e prakRtinI ja khilavaTanA bhAga tarIke kRSi ane For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa pazupAlananI pravRtti karIne mAnavajIvanane naisargika rAhe sarvAMgI rIte poSavAnuM che. e ja manovRttithI kauTilye kRSi mATe ayogya gaNAyelI jamInonI paNa pUrepUrI naisargika suSupta zaktine bahAra ANavAnI upAya-paraMparAnA bhAga tarIke 'bhUmichiMdrAvidhAnam'(bhUmicchidra eTale bhUmimAM paDelA kANA sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya tevI sAva binaupajAu jamIna ane apidhAna eTale AcchAdana; ethI samagra artha : binaupajAu jamInane gocara, vana AdithI hariyALAM vastra paherAvavAM te) nAmanA adhyAya kra. 2.2mAM keTaluMka namUnArUpa mArgadarzana rajU karyuM che. vAtsalyasabhara pazupoSaNa arthe gocaro eTale gAya vagere pAlatu pazuo pharIne ghAsa vagere vAgoLI zake tevA ghAsa-DhAMkyA pradezo taiyAra karavA te eka kuzaLa karma. bIjuM saMskRti-saMvardhaka kAma che vadhumAM vadhu 'goruta'-mApanAM (gAyonuM 'ruta' eTale ke temano bhAMbharavAno avAja pahoMce teTalA mApanAM Azare be hajAra dhanuSu eTale ke ATha hajAra phUTa ke teTalA hAtha jeTalAM lAMbAM), vedAdhyayana ane somayajJone yogya evAM tapasvIbhogya tapovano khilavavAnuM. vaLI teTalA ja mApanuM, eka pravezadvAravALuM, copAsa khAIthI rakSAyeluM, jemAM vividha vRkSo-jhADIo mIThAM phaLa ApatAM rahetAM hoya tevuM, kAMTALAM na hoya tevAM vRkSothI ja bhareluM, chIcharAM jaLAzayovALuM, mRga ane pAlatu pazuo saMyamamAM rahetAM hoya tevuM, jemAMnAM hiMslR pazuonAM dADha ne nakha bhAMgI nAkhyAM hoya tevuM, zikArayogya hAthI-hAthaNI-madaniyAMvALuM mRgavana (prANIvana) rAjAnA vihAra arthe AkAravuM-ucheravuM. tenI paDakhe yA anya anukULa bhUmimAM sarva prANIone abhaya ApatuM 'abhayAraNya' sthApavuM. ('abhijJAna-zAkuntala' nATakamAM AvAM paDakhe AvelAM be bhinna vanono cokhkho ullekha che.) A thayA bhU-pradezonA sAMskRtika upayogo. te sAdhIne bAkInI AvI jamInomAM rAjyataMtrane ane te dvArA saravALe prajAjIvanane saMpanna kare tevAM dravyavano ane nAgavano (nAga eTale ke hAthIo vipula saMkhyAmAM uttama rIte Uchare tevAM vano) vikasAvavAM. hAthIo te kALe sainyanA vijayadAyI aMga tarIke bANabhaTTa kahe che tema 'pharatA killAo' tarIke gaNAtA te vAta agAu kahI ja che. (agAu ApaNe noMdhyuM hatuM ke graMthamAM kyAMya vanAdhyakSano ullekha nathI, paNa ahIM tenI vistRta kAmagIrIno ullekha to khUba rasaprada vigate che ja !) hAthIonA mahattvane dhyAnamAM rAkhIne A adhyAyamAM nAgavanonA aneka prakAra, hAthIonI saMkhyAgaNatarInI rIto, tenI vigatavAra noMdhaNI, vizeSajJonI salAha mujaba sainya-yogya hAthIonuM grahaNa ityAdi anubhavasiddha vyavahAru vAto nirUpI che. prakRti pratyeno saMpUrNa vinayadharma ane jatanadharma jALavatuM, saMskRtinA mobharUpa sAdhaka-zreSThone savizeSapaNe poSatuM, ekaMdare sarva prANIo ane manuSyonI bhAre adaba jALavatuM ane to ye 'mahattama kula svadezI utpAdana' (Gross Domestic Production G.D.P.) karatuM ane te ya saMpUrNa pradUSaNarahita, 'kArbana-kreDiTa'nA daMbhI rAjakAraNa vagaranuM kevuM mAnavIya ciraMtana (sustainable) arthataMtra ! ane tenuM videza sAthenuM mAthAdITha rASTrIya devuM keTaluM ? AvA rASTrane devuM karavAnI navarAza hoya to te gaNavAnI navarAza kADhavI paDe ne ! 200 1 - upara batAvyuM tema, kRSi-pazupAlana sAthe A prakAre bina-upajAu bhUmine paNa manuSyanA nisargAnukULa samarpita puruSArthathI samRddha AcchAdana maLatAM, manuSya-saMskRtine punaHprApya For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 201 (renewable) ke cakravartI (cakra jema Avartana ke bhramaNa karatI rahetI- recycling) dravyasamRddhi ApanArA kAyamI arthasrotonuM mahAsaubhAgya maLe che. tenI AmanyA jALavIne, koI paNa jAtanA bephAma vyavahAranI AvazyakatA (pelA DAhyA' eNDasmitha jema) anubhavyA vagara, tenA pUraka vyApAra tarIke karmAta eTale ke mAnavanAM vividha udyogakarmo mATenAM karmasthAno (kArakhAnAM), rani (khANo ane samudrapeTALa), sIMcAI mATenI vividha manuSyavRta racanAo (setuvantha) - e badhuM paNa garavuM sthAna pAme che. Ama arthataMtranuM kRSipradhAnapaNuM ekAMgI, jaDa ke grAmya nahi paNa saMpUrNapaNe ekamAtra sAcI buddhigamya jIvanapaddhatirUpa samajavAnuM che. mULa dravyonA A badhA sroto sAthe ja te kAcI sAmagrImAMthI manuSyAdi jIvone upayogI anukULa sAdhanasAmagrI banAvavA mATe janapadanA grAmavistAro, durga, khANanI najIkanA pradezo, jaMgalamAMnA ke tenI najIkanA pradezomAM - ema vikendrita ane sthAnika rIte kArakhAnAM (mana) sthApavAnI vAta dhyAnapAtra che. kAcI sAmagrInuM dUra sudhI parivahana (transportation) karavAmAM je aneka prakAranAM vyayo ke hAnio saMbhave che, tenuM nivAraNa AvI vikendrita utpAdana-vyavasthAmAM che. prAcIna samayamAM utpAdano mATe kRtrima rasAyaNonA ke UrjA tarIke khanIja-telanA upayoganI koI jANakArI ke zodha thaI nahotI; na to e mATenI tAtI jarUriyAta ne ethI e dizAnI mathAmaNa hatI. tethI Adhunika yaMtrapravidhi TekanolojI) ane tajjanya amaryAda pradUSaNanI pecIdI samasyA udbhavI nahotI. evuM kahevAyuM che ke e soil(jamIna)-AdhArita arthataMtra hatuM, Aje oil (tela)-AdhArita arthataMtra che - je paryAvaraNa-vinAzanA ane jAgatika sarvavinAzaka yuddhanA mULarUpa paNa che. ethI prAcIna paristhitimAM cIjanA utpAdana mATe gRhodyogo, grAmodyogo, sImoghogo, paDatara bhUmi paranA udyogo, nagarodyogo, khANo pAsenA tene lagatA udyogo, vanya udyogo - evA naravA vaividhyapUrNa udyoga-prakAro hatA. e na bhulAya ke kauTilya samakSanA samAjamAM, prAya: janapadamAM sthira thayelI prajAnI naravI jIvanazailI para AdhArita jabarI koThAsUjha, UMcuM ane nitya vikasatuM hastakauzala, nibaMdha zramaniSThA, zANapaNabharyA vikendrita vitaraNa-kauzalonI joDamAM dariyApAranA dezo sudhI UMDI koThAsUjha ane sAhasikatAnA pIThabaLe saphaLapaNe vistaraNa pAmeluM prajAkIya vyApAra-kauzala, rAjayamaMtrI ane vepArIvarga vaccenI zistabaddha pArasparikatA, rASTravyApI vyApAramA(vanapathanuM sthaLamArga-jaLamArganA zANA vikalpavALuM sthAyI jALa - Avo eka Adarza, kAryakSama ane arthataMtranI ciraMjIvitA nabhAve tevo te arthataMtrano sAmarthyayukta vastAra hato. vepArIvarganI, prajA taraphanI ane rAjayataMtra baMne taraphanI Avazyaka zista jaLavAya te mATe paDyAdhyakSa (puravaThA-adhyakSa) ane zu dhyakSa(vepArI mArga-verAnA adhyakSa)nA kArobAra nabhAvAtA hatA. temanAM kartavyonuM rUparekhAtmaka bodhaka varNana, agAu jaNAvyA pramANe adhyAya ka. 2.16mAM ane 2.21mAM maLe che. vaLI mahattvanI dRSTie e baMne pachI tarata mUkI zakAya evo kArobAra che, agAu ullekhyA pramANe, rAjyamAnya tola-mApanA uccAvaca prakAro TheravI, tevAM mApana-sAdhanonuM rAjyataMtra dvArA nirmANa karI tene rASTramAM prasAranAra pautavAdhyakSa(tolamApasthApaka adhyakSa)no - adhyAya ka. 2.19mAM varNavyA pramANe. For Personal & Private Use Only

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202 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa A vyAkhyAnamAM agAu vahIvaTItaMtranA mudde samasta rASTranAM kAyado-vyavasthA uparAMta arthataMtramAM agatyano bhAga bhajavatA je uccatama adhikArI samAhartAnA kAryakSetranI vAta karI hatI, tene pharI yAda karIe. kAyado-vyavasthAnuM sthApana, vastInuM vividhalakSI sarvekSaNa ane tenI rAjayataMtranA copaDe pAkI noMdha - A badhAMno gADha saMbaMdha arthataMtranA Ayojana sAthe che. rAjyavyApI suvyavasthA ane zAMtino, arthataMtra sAthe parasparopakArano saMbaMdha che. samAhartAnuM saMkula kartavyovALuM, bahumukhI pratibhA para Azrita pada e vAtanI yAda Ape che ke rASTrajIvananAM vividha pAsAMonA anvaye samagralakSI abhigama ja rAjayataMtranA nityanA sAphalyano pAyo che. samAhartAnA kAryakSetranuM eka atyaMta mahattvanuM aMga che hisAba-tapAsaNI-vibhAga (rAjyano 'oNDiTa'-vibhAga ke "oNDiTara-janarala' - A.N.nuM kAryAlaya). tene mATe "arthazAstra'mAM akSapaTana (?) zabda vaparAyo che. temAM anya vibhAgoe taiyAra karelA hisAbo cakAsavAmAM paNa Ave che ane tenA aMtima hisAbonI pAkI noMdha karI tevA copaDAonI pAkI jALavaNI paNa karavAmAM Ave che. A viSaya samAhartAnA kAryakSetra aMgenA adhyAya pachInA ja adhyAya ka. 2,7mAM nirUpAyo che. "hisAbanIza" (accountant) mATe vaparAtA "niva' (gaNanA-adhikArI) zabda parathI 'hisAba' (accounts) mATe nikya zabda prayojAyo che. Adhunika svataMtra bhAratanA sarakArI taMtra mATe arthazAstra ane anya prAcIna-bhAratIya graMthomAMthI ghaNA anurUpa pAribhASika zabdo ane vyavahArakSama vibhAvanAo maLI zake ema che. mAtra aMgrejInA mohamAM phasAI rahevAmAM khUba jarUrI evI svataMtra rASTrIya asmitAnuM devALuM ja che. agAu khANakAma ane tenI kAcI nIpaja para AdhArita kArakhAnAM (karmAnta) aMgenA adhyAya kra. 2.12no ullekha karyo che. bhAratIya dhAtuvidyA prAcIna jagat-saMskRtinA itihAsamAM ghaNuM UMcuM sthAna dharAve che. bhAratIya rasAyaNavidyAnI daSTie mizra dhAtuo banAvavAnuM prAcIna-bhAratIya taMtrajJAna ghaNuM mahattvanuM che. Aje paNa tenA purAtattvagata aneka aDIkhama namUnA bhAratabharamAM jovA maLe che. e dhAtuvidyAnuM eka sahune sparzatuM vyAvahArika aMga che sikkA-nirmANanuM. rAjyataMtra AkhA rASTra mATe anukULa dhoraNo vicArIne nAnAM-moTAM mUlyanA sikkA bahAra pADe che. sikkA-nirmANa karanAra niyAmaka mATe graMthamAM "nakSaUTTdhdhakSa' zabda vaparAyo che. tenI kAmagIrIno saMkSipta citAra alaga adhyAyane badale e ja adhyAya 2.12mAmAM rajU thayo che. temAM mukhyatve cAMdInA sikkAo ane tAMbAnA sikkAo anya dhAtunA jarUrI AMzika mizraNa sAthe vadhu-ochAM kayAM-kayAM mUlyanA bahAra pADavA te vAta che. sikkAnA nirmANa jeTaluM ja mahattvanuM kAma sikkAne vidhisara calaNamAM mUkavAnuM ane sikkA aMgenA bhraSTa vyavahArone rokavAnuM che. tene mATeno alaga niyAmaka che "parza'. te eka to rAjayanA sikkAne bajAramAM mUkatI vakhate rAjaye levAnA thatA keTalAka lAgA ugharAve che. vaLI su-vyavasthAnI dRSTie calaNI sikkAno rASTravyApI vahIvaTa rAjyataMtra-hastaka ekahaththu dhoraNe ja calAvavAno hovAthI khAnagI rAhe sikkA banAvavA, vecavA, kharIdavA ke tapAsavA te aparAdha hoI rUpadarzake tevA aparAdha AcaranArane dhoraNasara daMDavAnuM kartavya paNa nibhAvavAnuM che. bajAramAM pharatA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 203 sikkAonuM parIkSaNa karatA rahevAnuM paNa tene bhAge Ave che. koza mATenA (revenue) ane bajAra mATenA alaga sikkA rahetA tevo ullekha paNa dhyAnapAtra che. e to Adhunika arthazAstramAM paNa jANItI vAta che ke nANAnuM calaNa e koI paNa rAjyataMtra sAmeno paDakAra che. calaNano samagrapaNe saphaLa vahIvaTa e rAjayanA samagra niyamanataMtranI saphaLatAno sauthI agatyano mApadaMDa (acid-test) gaNI zakAya. sikkAmAM vaparAtI dhAtu vagere parathI paNa rASTranI sadhdharatAnuM mApa maLe che. kauTilyanA uparyukta varNanamAM sonA-nANuM gerahAjara che te eka tapAsavA jevI bAbata gaNAya. AnI sAme rokaDa nANA mATe kauTilya prAyaH 'diratha' zabda (sonAno paryAya ke rUpAno ?) vAparyo che te paNa eka gUMcavanArI hakIkata che. rASTranI prAkRtika, rAjakIya, sAmAjika ityAdi koI paNa kaTokaTImAM zakya eTaluM TakI rahevA mATe rAjayanI "saptaprakRti'mAMnA eka evA kozanuM mahattva che; alabatta, e prakRtiomAM khUba vivekapUrvaka agratAkramanI dRSTie to kozane cheka pAMcamuM sthAna apAyuM che. rAjyanAM prathama cAra (rAjAmaMtrIgaNa-janapada-durgarUpa) aMgo rAjyanI nityapravRtta, navanirmANakArI sacetana saMpad che; jayAre koza to e sacetana aMgonA dIrghakAlIna pUrva-puruSArthonAM mUrti bhautika pratIkonA saMcayarUpa che. e rUpe enuM AgavuM mahattva paNa che. jema koI pUrvanAM parAkramI naranArIonI kaviracita rasALa gAthA dAyakAo ke saikAo sudhI aneka sAmAnya manuSyone paNa e sucaritonuM punaH punaH smaraNa ane zraddhAbharyuM bhAvana karAvavA dvArA evAM ja sucarito e sau manuSyomAM navAM-navAM samayAnurUpa svarUpe jagavavA samartha bane che, tema kozagata atyaMta garavo ane pavitra saMpattisaMcaya rAjyanAM bAkI sacetana aMgonA nityanUtana paruSane uttejIne punaH punaH navAM-navAM parAkramo(ucca karmo)nuM nirmANa karAvavAnuM dhyeya rAkhe che. emAMnI saMpatti sthULa hovA chatAM te enA sahaja nirmANanA pAyAmAM rahelAM, pUrvapuruSonAM lIlArUpa parAkramonuM smaraNa karAvanAra divya pratIkorUpa che. tethI koza rAjayanuM atyaMta zraddheya, rakSaNayogya ane gopanIya (gupta rAkhavA yogya) aMga banI rahe che. e rIte koza rASTrano pUrvasaMcita amITa yazapuMja banI rahe che. game tema UbhA karAyelA koza mATe A sAcuM nathI; e mATe je keTalAMka pAyAnAM ane khUba mahattvanAM lakSaNo temAM sahajapaNe iSTa che, te lakSaNo graMthane AdhAre agAu ApaNe joyAM che, te vadhAre ghUMTIe ('arthazAstra' 6.2.20nA AdhAre) : kozanuM prathama lakSaNa che te rAjAnA pUrvajo dvArA ke potAnA ja dvArA dharmamArge prApta karAyelo hovo. TakAu, sarvakalyANakara ane nitya UjaLA bhaviSyavALI saMpatti mATe bhAratIya paraMparAmAM lakSmIdevInI kalpanA che. lakSmI' zabdanA be artha eka sikkAnI be bAjurUpa hoI te zabdano saMkula artha thAya 'zobhAyukta saMpatti'. dharmathI prApta koza AvI lakSmIrUpa che. TakAu, kasadAra, sarvapoSaka dhana ke saMpatti kharekhara to bahujana pratyeno sAmAjika nyAya jALavatA maulika samarpita parizramamAMthI pedA thAya che ane tenA saMyamapUrNa sArvatrika upayoga ane upabhogamAMthI ApoApa bacatA rahetA bAkI aMzano saMcaya paNa samAjamAM vyApaka rUpe evA parizramane ane tenI sAthe saMkaLAyelA AtmavizvAsane jIvato-jAgato rAkhavA ja khapa lAgI sArthaka banI rahe che. tethI ja tene sAmAnya For Personal & Private Use Only

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204 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa saMjogomAM zraddheya pratimAnI jema jALavI rAkhavAnuM ja sUjhe che; rojanA kArobAramAM kharcavAnuM ke uDAvI mAravAnuM nahi. tethI UlaTuM, mAtra baLajorIthI AMcakI lIdhelI, bIjAnA parizramanA phaLarUpa saMpatti dvArA nirmita koza samAjamAM mAtra pArakAmAM ja nahi, potAnI jAtamAM paNa avizvAsa (!), kapaTa, bhayajanya hiMsA ane kAyamI azAMtinuM ja nimitta bane che. Aje vyApaka banelA trAsavAdanA mULamAM AvI anyAyopArjita saMpatti ja kAraNarUpa che; ene "lakSmI' kahI zakAya nahi. vaLI "jevo rAjA tevI prajA" (yathA rInA tathA prajJA) e anubhavasAra mujaba, jo rAjA ja potAno koza anyAya ane julmathI bharavAnuM rAkhe, to prajA paNa evuM ja karatI thaI jaze. tevo kahevAto samAja nathI hoto salAmata, nathI hoto khuzAla, nathI hoto TakAuM. - ahIM 'pUrvajo dvArA dharmathI arjita (prApta)' kozane mAnya ethI gayo che ke hAlanA rAjAno ja e vaMza che (athavA kvacit anya svasamAna ane maitrIpUrNa vaMza); tethI navA rAjA mATe, pote te pUrvajonA saMskAravArasAne paNa jhIlavAnI pratijJArUpe AvA kozano vAraso svIkAravo e hakathI tha vizeSa to ene sAcavavA-vadhAravAnA kartavyanA svIkArarUpa banI jAya che. vaLI e koza to rAjAno aMgata vAraso nathI, paNa prajAhitane samarpita nidhi che, thApaNa che. rASTra paranI kaTokaTImAM paNa samRddha koza ja ene pAra karavAnuM sAdhana hoIne rAjayataMtrane pratikSaNa enA astitvanI AvazyakatA rahe che. koza koI paNa kAraNosara jo vArasAmAM na maLyo hoya, to rAjAe pote gAdI para AvatAM ja te Ubho karavo paDe e vAta paNa samajAya tevI che. pUrvajo pAsethI vArasAmAM meLavelA koza karatAM Avo sva-ajita koza caDhiyAto gaNAya - evuM paNa haMmezA hotuM nathI; kAraNa ke svaarjita koza paNa ekalA rAjAnA parAkramanuM nahi, paNa samagra rAjayataMtranI guNavattA ane kAryadakSatAnuM phaLa hoya che. kharo mahimA manuSyanI nirmaLa ane pratApavaMtI pratibhAno che. evI pratibhA haze to pUrvajothI prApta koza sAcavavA-vadhAravAmAM ane jarUra paDye pUrI hiMmata ane vivekatAthI te pUrepUro vAparI chUTavAmAM paNa eno pUrepUro paraco maLavAno ja che. prathama lakSaNamAMnA "koza dharmathI Ubho karelo hovo joIe' evA Agrahane paNa samatola rIte mUlavavAnI jarUra che. je dhAraNa kare, jIvanane pUrNapaNe TakAve te dharma - evI vyAkhyA jo samajAI jAya to buddhiniSTha vyakti dharmane vyavahArupaNAno ja paryAya mAnI sAMsArika kAryakSetre tene saphaLatAno sAco mApadaMDa ja mAnaze. dharma saravALe mitro janmAve che, adharma zatruo. tethI rAjayataMtranA aMgarUpa koza ekaMdare dharmathI ja saMcita thayelo hoya te rAjayataMtra ane rASTra baMnenAM sthira astitva ane sukhazAMti arthe ane enA pIThabaLe zakya evA nityanUtana vikAsa arthe niHzaMka rIte icchanIya che. samarpita rAjA ane rAjyataMtrane mATe koza dhanaparastInuM phaLa hoya te ya iSTa nathI ke vadhu ne vadhu dhanasaMcayanuM sAdhana paNa nathI. e to che rASTranI sarvahitakara vijayitA ane kalyANanuM pavitra sAdhana. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 205 kozanuM bIjuM lakSaNa enA bhautika baMdhAraNa viSe anubhavAzrita viziSTa vAta kahe che : "koza mukhyarUpe sonA-rUpAnA saMcayarUpa hoya ane vividha jAtamAM moTAM ratno ane calaNI nANAMno paNa emAM saMgraha hoya' (hemaUprAya: tribhUtaratnadirakhya:). ahIM e vAta dhyAnamAM levA jevI che ke saMpattinAM be svarUpo che : poSaNadAyI svarUpa ane zobhAvardhaka svarUpa. jIvananA saMkula svarUpanI daSTie e baMne potapotAnI rIte vikasita TakAu saMskRtinA Avazyaka bhAgarUpa banI rahe che. poSaNadAyI svarUpamAM roTI-kapaDAM-makAna vagere jIvanopayogI cIjo Ave, to zobhA sAthe paritRpti ane zaNagAra sAdhanAra cIjomAM vividha kaLAo paNa Ave ane tenAM mUrti pratIka ane pariNAma evAM AbhUSaNo, zobhAvastro, gRhasuzobhano ityAdi paNa. e daSTie manuSya paththara, loDhuM-tAMbu-pittaLa-kAMsu, kASTha vagere nirmANakSama upAdAna-dravyonuM mUlya AMkavA uparAMta kaLAsAdhanA dvArA saudaryanirmANanI prabaLa jijJAsAne baLe, eka bAjue puSpAdi prAkRtika suzobhanonuM paNa mUlya AMkyuM, to bIjI bAjue sonuM-rUpuM-hIrA-mANeka-motI vagerenuM paNa mUlya AMkyuM. jIvananI zobhAnI paripUrtirUpe emAMthI banatI kalApUrNa racanAone 'alaMkAra' (alay-pUrNa, kAra-karanAra; arthAt apUrNatAmAM pUrNatA ANanAra) evuM nAma ApyuM. vaLI sonuM, rUpuM, hIrA, motI e badhAnuM, Arogya vagere daSTie paNa sUkSma mUlya parakhAyuM. ethI vikasita sabhyatAomAM pratibhAyukta parAkrama ane parizramathI prApta thatAM evAM dravyonuM sthira ane sArvabhauma (sarva pradezomAM samAna) mUlya sthapAyuM. e dravyo vaNaghaDAyelA svarUpe hoya ke ghaDAyelA; paNa enuM mUlya saMskRtinA kaLazarUpa gaNAtuM rahyuM che. emAM mANasanI pratibhAnA dheryaguNo ane zobhAguNo dharabAyelA che. eTale vividha mAnavasamAjomAM, yathAzakti, ekabAju A dravyonI dharatImAMthI ke sAgaramAMthI prAkRtika rUpe prApti bAda te paranI Avazyaka vividha zuddhiprakriyAo ane peDhI-dara-peDhI paraMparAgata kaLAvAraso jhIlIne khaMtathI navA-navA rUpe te vArasAne vikasAvanArA sonI, jhaverI vagere dvArA AbhUSaNonuM nirmANa - e baMne cAlatAM rahyAM. to bIjI bAju jIvanakaLA-kuzaLa Tharela prajA dvArA anukULatA mujaba AbhUSaNAdi pAchaLa vivekI dhanavyaya, teno surakSApUrNa saMcaya ane jIvanacaryAmAM AvatA vividha sAmAjika-sAMskRtika-dhArmika su-avasaro TANe ullAsanI suMdara abhivyaktirUpe teno samucita upayoga pravartatA rahyA. A dravyo paikI sonA-rUpAne ghaDatarayogya jANIne ane prajAkIya zAMta puruSArthanAM pratIko samajIne, prajAjano vacce Tharela Arthika vinimayanA sAdhana tarIke sonArUpAmAMthI vividha ucca mUlyanA sikkAo rAjyataMtra dvArA, sonA-rUpA saMbaMdhI zuddhi ane vajananAM dhoraNo custapaNe jALavIne, nirmANa karAvA lAgyA ane vidhisara rAjyakozamAM ane prajAjanomAM pravezAvAyA. AvA sikkA sonArUpArUpa kImatI dhAtuone kAraNe, AjanA UtaratI dhAtunAM ke kAgaLa vagerenAM calaNI nANAMnI jema mAtra pratIkamUlya na dharAvatAM, vinimayathI nirapekSa rIte bhArobhAra dravyamUlya paNa dharAvatA hatA. calaNI sikkA mATe "rUpiyo (), "sonAmahora' (suvaf) jevA zabdo ja enA nirmANadravyonI jAherAta karatA hatA. Aje to 'rUpiyo' zabda "sApa gayo ne lisoTA rahyA' e nyAye ja cAlu che ! ekaMdare calaNI nANAMnuM bhautika svarUpa ane enuM pUrNa vizvAsyapaNuM koI paNa rAjayataMtranI ane rASTranI pratibhAno mApadaMDa banI rahe che. rASTranI For Personal & Private Use Only

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206 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa parAkramazaktinuM, saMcaya mATe anukULa TakAu svarUpa sonuM-rUpuM-hIrA-motI jevAM dravyomAM tema ja sonA-rUpA-nirmita sikkAomAM ja hoI, koza tenA ja saMcayarUpe Ubho karAya che. sAMsArika bhASAmAM kahIe to AvA kozanuM parimANa, rASTra dvArA potAnA itihAsathI kamAvAyelI AbarUnA parimANa(jaththA)nuM pratIka banI rahe che. jema ThAvakA saMsAravyavahAramAM mANasanI AbarU e jALavavA lAyaka ane vadhAravA lAyaka cIja gaNAya che, tema rASTrajIvanamAM koza paNa tevo ja gaNAya che. vaLI AbarU jarUra-jogI vaTAvavI paNa paDe, tema kozane paNa jarUra paDye vaTAvavo paNa paDe. paNa ema vaTAvavAmAM jeTalAM pramANabhAna ane saMyama jaLavAya teTalo e baMnene lAbha che. A kAraNe ja koza roja-ba-rojanA zArIrika-bhautika jIvana-vahevArane upayogI evI cIjonA saMcayarUpa nahi, paNa uccatara pratibhAguNonA phaLarUpa zobhAdravyonA saMcayarUpa hoya tevI paraMparA sthapAI jaNAya che. jIvanopayogI cIjonA saMcaya mATe to che "koThAra' (mojha IIT). kozanAM uparanAM be lakSaNonI sArthakatA batAve tevI trIjI lAkSaNikatAnA nirdeza sAthe kozanuM TUMkuM paNa sacoTa varNana paripUrNa banI rahe che. te lAkSaNikatA A batAvI che : ""koza AvakanA abhAvavALI lAMbI Apatti(rASTrIya Apatti)mAM paNa jhIMka jhIle tevo, eTale ke rASTranI Apattine pAra karAve tevo kasadAra ane vipula hovo ghaTe (vIrdhAmaNA manathatiM saheta). kozamAM agAu batAvyA pramANe, sarva rASTromAM samAna rIte mAnya evI UMcI mUlyavattAvALAM dravyo hovAthI, ApattikALe, jIvanadAyI cIjonI chata dharAvatAM anya Apattirahita rASTrone kozamAMthI jarUra mujabanI saMpatti cukavIne, pUratAM nirvAhadravyo meLavIne, potAnA rASTrane bhautika rIte TakAvI zakAya. A varNana e sUcave che ke koza e AMtararASTrIya stare rASTro vacce paraspara vizvAsanI mUDI UbhI karanAra ane jALavanAra eka sAMskRtika setu che. rASTranuM calaNI nANuM e rASTrIya calaNa che, to kozasaMpatti AMtararASTrIya calaNa. paNa kozanuM A svarUpa uparyukta traNe ya lAkSaNikatAone ekasAthe jALavavAthI ja nirmANa pAmI zake che. emAM paNa koza niraMtara baLajorIthI, adharmaparaMparAthI saMcita hoya tyAre anya rASTro sAthenA vizvAsane TakAvI zakato nathI e vAta spaSTapaNe samajAya tevI ja che. ahIM yAda karIe peluM graMthagata mahAvAkya : "A AkhuM zAstra (bhUminA vahIvaTane lagatuM arthazAstra) indriyajayarUpa che.' lAMbA gALe rASTroe sudIrdhakALa sudhI TakI rahevuM hoya to temaNe najIkanAM ke dUranAM paDozI rASTronI otha maLI rahe tevI saMyama-AdhArita ('damadAra') sAmudAyika raheNI-karaNI-kaheNI apanAvavI ja paDe kauTilyanI nirUpaNazailInI eka vizeSatA e che ke teo potAnI pAragAmI dRSTithI potAnA nirUpaNIya koI paNa muddA aMgenuM tAttvika svarUpakathana paNa kare che ane sAthosAtha e muddA paratve mAnavasvabhAvanI vakratAomAMthI janmatI laukika vAstavikatAonI paNa sabhAnatA graMthamAM sarvatra batAvatA rahIne, emAMthI janmatI viSamatAomAM zo ukela kADhI zakAya te paNa jayAre-jayAre prasaMga paDe tyAre-tyAre batAvatA rahe che. koza viSenAM temanA nirUpaNo bAbata paNa A ja sthiti jovA maLe che. AvI keTalIka koza vizenI vyavahAru bAbato paNa joI laIe. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 207 kozanI saMpatti mahA-ApattinI DhAlarUpa hoIne rASTranI nAnI-moTI Apattio prasaMge kozamAMthI ochA-vatto ke khUba vipula vyaya ke homa paNa karavo paDe. evo eka mahattvano saMdarbha che baLavattara zatru sAme pote nirupAya ane asahAya hoya tyAre nabaLA rAjA tarIkeno e sabaLa zatru sAtheno saMdhi (hInanyi) karavAno. tevo saMdhi zatrune dekhItI rIte to lAbha thAya tevI zarato dvArA ja sAdhI zakAya che. adhyAya 4.7.3nA uttarArdhamAM AvA hIna (nabaLA) rAjAe karavAnA saMdhio varNavAyA che. (saMskRta bhASAnI paraMparA mujaba ahIM "saMdhi' zabda, 'vidhi' zabdanI jema, puliMgamAM vAparavAnuM pasaMda karyuM che.) temAM 27mAthI 31mAM sUtramAM cAra prakAranA RozopanatakSazvi (zatrune kozanI judI-judI kakSAnI soMpaNI karavAmAM Ave tevA saMdhio) rajU karAyA che. A saMdhiomAM kozanI soMpaNIno je prakArano karAra zatru sAthe thAya, temAM potAnA rAjayane vAstavika rIte ochAmAM ochuM nukasAna thAya te mATe zakya evI yukti-prayuktio paNa rAjayataMtranI kuzaLa maMtrazakti vAparIne ajamAvavAnI che; alabatta, kozano vatto-ocho aMza gumAvavo to paDe ja che. pachInA bAramA kAvatnIyasam ("nabaLA rAjA saMbaMdhI') adhikaraNamAM to, koIka paristhitimAM koza paNa saMpUrNapaNe homavo paDe to paNa tenI taiyArI rAkhavA ane rAjAne mAtra potAnA prANa bacAvI levA anurodha karAyo che - "jIvato nara bhadrA pAme" e nyAye. chevaTanI tAttvika bhUmikAe to kauTilya rAjAnA sattvane (rAjAnI "AtmavattAne) ja rAjayano kharo khajAno mAne che. arthazAstra'nuM kALajIbharyuM adhyayana karanAra bhAratIya darzanazAstrajJane kauTilyano sAMkhyadarzana pratyeno cUMTAyelo paramAdara jaNAyA vagara raheto nathI. AgaLa ApaNe bIjA vyAkhyAnamAM rAjA mATenI adhyayanayogya cAra vidyAonI vicAraNA karatAM joyuM ja che ke darzanavidyA(nAvIfkSI)mAM paNa adhyayana-yogya je traNa darzana gaNAvAyAM che temAM sAMkhyadarzana prathama ullekhAyuM che. ethI caitanyanI nirlepatA ane sAkSitA (taTastha sAkSI ja banI rahevApaNuM) temane mana paramocca manuSyalakSaNo che. teo caitanyavAdI che; jaDavAdI nahi. koza atyaMta kImatI dravyonA saMcayarUpa hoI eka moTo lAbha e che ke kaTokaTI prasaMge tenuM jhaDapathI sthAnAMtara karI rakSaNa thaI zake che. tethI kaTokaTI prasaMge kozanuM salAmata sthaLe sthAnAMtara karavAnI paNa bhalAmaNa karAI che. vaLI eka vadhArAno anAmata (reserved) koza ('rijharva beMka !) sarahadanA koI gupta sthAne sthApavAnI bhalAmaNa paNa bhArapUrvaka karAI che. evA kozanuM sthAna gupta ja rahe te mATe evI paNa jogavAI sUcavAI che ke te sthAnanuM nirmANa vadhanI sajAno nirNaya jene mATe thaI gayo hoya tevA (zista) gunhegAra dvArA karAvavuM - jethI pachI tarata amalI bananArA tenA vadhane kAraNe te sthAnanI mAhitI gupta ja rahe. atre graMthano adhyAya ka. 5.2 paNa smaraNIya che. temAMnA prakaraNanuM zIrSaka che : lokasaMdaram ('khAlI koza bharavAnA upAyo'). jema gRhastha vyaktinA jIvanamAM, tema rASTranA jIvanamAM game tyAre aNadhArI mahA-Apatti paNa AvatI hoya che. kAM to AvI paDelI ApattinA aNadhAryA atibhayAvaha vizALa kadane kAraNe, kAM to agAunAM vividha kAraNothI koza sAva kSINa thayo hoya tethI, rAjayanI koI For Personal & Private Use Only

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208 kauTilya "arthazAstra' H dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa paNa aNadhArI Apattine pahoMcavAno upAya rahe nahi tevuM banI zake. AvA saMjogomAM Apattijogo koza TUMkA gALAmAM Ubho karavAnA upAyo sUjhavA paNa joIe ane bane tyAM sudhI prajAne anucita udvega na thAya te rIte kuzaLatAthI prayojAvA paNa joIe. tevA upAyonI sadRSTAMta vicAraNA karatuM A prakaraNa che. upAyonuM apAra vaividhya sUcavavA namUnArUpa upAyonuM ja A nidarzana gaNAya. e badhA upAyomAM paNa baLajorI na thAya, ke na azakya ke anucita upAya thAya; ekaMdare AkhA rASTramAM ke temAMnI amuka prajAomAM bedilI na janme tenuM barAbara dhyAna rAkhavAnuM che. manuSya saMcayazIla ke parigrahI hovAno eka lAbha paNa che ke Apatti vakhate samajIne manuSya e saMcayane bane eTalo bahAra kADhIne, Apatti pAra karavA arthe jarUra pramANe teno pUro paNa vivekI vyaya ke homa karavA taiyAra hoya che. vAjabI saMcayazIlatArUpa AvA Tharela prajAkIya guNanA AdhAra para ja, saravALe Ama-prajAvargonI ja kalyANaparaMparA akhaMDa rAkhavA rAjayataMtre nirdoSa manovaijJAnika yuktijALa prayojavAnuM che. eka upAya che kheDUta, pazupAlaka, vepArI jevA pAyArUpa kAmaDhA kamAu vargo pAsethI chaThThA ke evA sAmAnya rIte niyata thayelA rAjabhAgane badale vadhAre bhAga mAgavAno. e TharAvanA nyAyI ane lAbhakArI kharekharA pAlana arthe rAjaye potAnA guptacarataMtra-Adi dvArA A vargonI vyaktionI kharekharI kamANI ke Upajano vAstavika aMdAja meLavavo jarUrI che, jethI emAM koIne pakSe dilacorI na thAya. (2008nI sAlamAM UbhI thayelI vaizvika Arthika maMdInA saMdarbhe bhAratIya prajAnI, AvakamAMthI bacata karI tevA dhanano vyavasthita anAmata saMcaya sAcavavAnI TevanI khUba prazaMsA vAjabIpaNe ja thaI che !) A sAthe ja je vyaktio ke vargo rAjaya-hastakanAM vividha Arthika kAryomAM karmasahAyaka thavA svecchAe taiyAra thAya, tevA pAsethI Avo bhAga na levo. te ja rIte sarahadI vastIo nArAja thAya, to te zatrupakSamAM bhaLavAnI zakyatA rahetI hoI, temanI pAsethI paNa vadhu bhAga na mAgavo. ochI AvakavALA vargane paNa bAkAta rAkhavo. Apatti vakhate paNa aucityane neve mUkyA vagara ane ghAMghA thaIne, saravALe rAjyataMtra khUba vagovAya tema UDajhUDa rAjakIya paddhatio ke yuktio apanAvyA vagara, rAjA-prajAnA saMbaMdho UlaTA vadhu ghaniSThapaNe sahayogI bane tevI rIto ja kauTilya jevA Tharela manISI rAjapuruSane mAnya che. ApattikALa ho ke saMpattikALa; tevA koI bahAne prakRti koI vyaktine ke masamoTA rAjyataMtrane paNa durvyavahAro mATeno paravAno nathI ja ApatI. ane Ama chatAM kauTilya pariNAmadAyI aneka naravA upAyo potAnA lokamanovijJAna dvArA rajU kare che. " rASTramAM vatteoche aMze patharAyelI pUrNa bekArI ke ardhabekArI ApattikALa-nimitta bane eTalI ghaTe ane rASTranI Arthika kSamatA vadhe te mATe aDavA (virgin) bhU-bhAgomAM navI vAsabhUmio sthApavI (zUniveza) e paNa ApattikALanuM eka kImatI pagaluM che. arthAtpAdana mAtra nagarakendrI ke amuka ja pradezamAM kendrita banavAthI sarjAtAM aniSTo TALavA mATe paNa A khUba upakAraka kadama che. tevAM navAM-navAM vAsasthAnomAM hiMmata, koThAsUjha ane parizramavRtti dharAvatA loko niHzaMka AvavA prerAya te mATe zarUAtanI mUDIrUpe dhAnya, Dhora, nANAM vagere navA AvatA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 209 jatA vasAhatIone rAhatarUpe ApavAM. paNa te sAthe Apattino saMdarbha na bhulAya te mATe A loko pAse khetI karAvI, temanA khAdhA-khorAkInA ane biyAraNanA jaththAne bAda karIne dhAnyanA bAkInA jaththAno cotho bhAga rAjyataMtrane vecANe ApavAnI pharaja temanA para nAkhavI. (dareka tabakke rAjayanA vyavahAramAM jaLavAtuM nyAyIpaNuM ke vAjabIpaNuM noMdhapAtra che !) A niyamamAMthI vanajIvIonI pedAzone ane zrotriya(vedanAM jJAna ane karmomAM rata brAhmaNa)nI nIpajone bAda gaNIne temanI svacchA hoya to ja ane teTalI temanI pedAzo ja, temane lAbha thAya te rIte kharIdavI. A baMne vargonI kAThI (anukrame parizramazIla ane tapa-pradhAna) jIvanazailI taraphanI adaba jALavavA Ama TharAvyuM lAge che. AnA vikalpa samAhartAnA hAtha nIce kAma karatA gopa, sthAnika vagere prAdezika adhikArIoe (saMbhavataH rAjayamAlikInI jamInomAM) kheDUto pAse unALAmAM khetaro khetI mATe sajja karAvavAM ane vAvaNInA samaye rAjaya taraphathI cokkasa biyAraNano jaththo kheDUtone ApIne, biyAraNanA sarakArI copaDAmAM tenI noMdhaNI karavI. e biyAraNanA pramANamAM je-te deza-kALanA dhoraNa pramANe kheDUte pAkano laghutama jaththo to nipajAvavo ja joIe, nahitara pAkanI thayelI ghaTathI bamaNA pAka jeTalo daMDa bharavo paDe. thayelA pAkamAMthI aMgata jarUriyAta pUratuM ke dhArmika hetu arthe yA gAya mATe "mUThI' (je te prayojana mATe pUratA evA amuka cokkasa mApa jeTaluM ?) zAka ke mUThI" dANA sivAya khetaramAM taiyAra thaI UbhelA pAkamAMthI kheDUtane potAnI mAlikI mATe vadhAre laNaNI na karavA devI. lalA pAkanA DhagalA upADI lIdhA bAda DhagalAnA taLiyAnA bacelA dANA vagere aMzo bhikSuko ke gAmanA vasavAyAM (gAmamAM vasAvelAM ane gAmanAM upayogI paraMparAgata niyata kAmonI pharaja bajAvatA parizramIo) mATe rahevA devA. te badhuM bAda karIne potAnA hAtha nIcenA khetaramAMthI laNelA pAkanA DhagalAmAMthI kheDUta potAne mATe jeTalo pAka gharabhego kare, tenAthI AThagaNI nukasAnI teNe rAjayane bharapAI karavI. te rIte bIjAnA khetarethI upADanAra kheDUta pAsethI pacAsaMgaNI nukasAnI levI, ane kheDUta sivAyanI vyakti tema kare to teno vadha (!) karavo. (ahIM ane A graMthamAM ghaNAM kharAM sthaLoe ema samajI zakAya ke kAgaLa para vadhanI khUba AkarI sajA lakhavA pAchaLa dhAka besADavAno hetu raheto haze. bAkI teno amala nyAyAdhIzanI sarvAgI vivekabuddhi mujaba ke je-te dezakALanI sthira thayelI rUDhi pramANe rahemathI vadhu haLavI sajA rUpe karAto haze. "vadhanI sajA' evo dekhIto pheMsalo aparAdhI para sAmAjika kalaMkanI pUrI sabhAnatA janmAvI tenA mana para jarUrI DAro Ubho karI ene bhaviSyamAM aparAdha karatAM prAyaH rokI zake che. alabatta, amuka rIDhA gunDAo mATe to vadha kharekhara amalI banato haze ja.) kheDUto pAsethI levAnA vadhu kara aMge kauTilya pAkelI vastunA svarUpa mujaba e vadhAro vadhuocho levA sUcave che. e ja rIte vecANanI cIjanA ke kAmagIrInA svarUpabheda mujaba vepArI pAsethI judA-judA pramANamAM ApattikALe vadhArAno bhAga ke kara levo. te ja rIte "yonipoSako' arthAta pazupAlako For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa ane vezyApoSako pAsethI, pazuonI bAbatamAM kula pazumAMthI niyata karelA vividha da2 mujaba ucherAyelA pazuonA bhAga meLavavA ane vezyApoSako pAsethI vezyA yuvatIo paikInI rAjasevAkSama zreSTha rUpa ane yauvana dharAvatI vezyAo rAjamahela mATe meLavI ADakatarI kozavRddhi karavI. (vezyAsaMsthA tattvataH sAmAjika badIrUpa hovA chatAM, rAjyataMtra sAmAjika naitikatA bAbata sudhAraka banI bese te tenA potAnA cokkasapaNe bhinna svarUpanA kAryakSetranI dRSTie tene mATe anadhikAra ceSTArUpa banI rahe ane kyAreka anarthane UlaTo vadhAranAra banI rahe. tevo sudhAro saMtonI vizuddha preraNA ane vyApaka sAmAjika jAgRti dvArA ja thaI zake. rAjyataMtre to samAjamAM vatte-oche aMze rUDha banI gayelI badI vadhu anartha na kare tenI ane jo tenI sAme koI sAmAjika jAgRta AMdolana UThe to tene mATe surakSA ane anukULatAo pUrI pADavAnI ja pharaja rahe. rAjyataMtrano naitika ati-utsAha paNa AjanA tAlibAno jevo mahA-anartha sarjI zake !) 210 ApattikALe paNa AvA bhAgavRddhiprayogo eka ja vAra karavA; vAraMvAra niha. eka zakya upAya e che ke Ama-prajA pAsethI rAjye karavAnA koI prajAkIya kAryanuM nAma pADIne te mATe dAna mAgavAM. prajAne pANI caDhAvavA rAjyanA guptacaro khUba moTI rakama ApavAnI jAherAta (dekhAva-pUratI) kare. chAtraveSadhArI (ATivjha) guptacaro ochuM dAna ApanAranI niMdA kare. vaLI dhaniko pAsethI temanI saMpattinA pramANamAM dAnadhana mAge. preraNA arthe dAnanA pramANamAM dAtAone vividha mAna-cAMda vagere ApavAnI paNa jAherAta karavI. te dhoraNo mujaba yA svecchAe je Ape, tenA pramANamAM padavI, chatra, sApho, AbhUSaNa vagere mAnArthe ApavAM. ApaNe joyeluM ke dharmatattvamAM pAkI ane UMDI zraddhA dharAvatA kauTilya paNa aMdhazraddhA ke ardhadagdha/uparachallI zraddhA para nabhatI laukika dharmabhAvanAnuM UMcuM tAttvika mUlya na AMkatA hoI, tevI dharmabhAvanAno rAjakIya vAjabI hetunI siddhi arthe, kazA naitika khaTakA vinA upayoga karavAmAM koI doSa jotA nathI. emanA AvA abhigamamAM kyAMya sAcI dharmabhAvanAno prajAmAMthI uccheda thAya tevI yukti-prayuktio to nathI ja hotI. kauTilya citta-vijJAnI tarIke eTaluM barAbara samajelA che ke laukika rUDhigata kahevAtA 'dharmAcAro'mAM ajJAnajanya kalpanAnuM, bhaya vagere rUpa uttejanAonuM ke uparachallI bhAvukatAnuM tattva mukhya hoya che. eTale evI dharmabhAvanAne uttejIne dhana bheguM karavAnuM paNa saraLa banI jAya che. rAjapuruSo kRtrima yuktiothI kyAMka mahimAyukta vRkSa, kyAMka sthAnaka vagere khaDuM karIne yA devatA-prakopanAM bAhya lakSaNo UbhAM karIne lokone, kAM to bhaktithI, kAM to bhayamAMthI rakSaNa meLavavA dhanadAna karavA mAsUika rIte taiyAra karI de che. e rIte paNa kozane amuka aMze bharI zakAya che. vaLI, Aje jema sarakAro dharmasthAnonA saMcita vipula dhana para rASTrahitanI dRSTie najara rAkhatI hoya che ane rASTrIya kaTokaTImAM enA para niyaMtraNo lAvI emAMno paiso chUTo karAvavAnA upAyo kare che, tema ahIM paNa rAdhadhAnInAM ane janapadanAM devamaMdiromAMnA saMcita dhanane maMdirakhAtAnA rAjyAdhikArI dvArA ekajaththu karavAno Adeza, kozanI ane rASTra paranI kaTokaTI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA vakhate ApavAnI bhalAmaNa karAI che. e ja rIte pAkhaMDIo(virala saMpradAyo)nA saMsthAgata dhana bAbata paNa karavuM. keTalAka dekhItI rIte anaitika lAgatA upAyo paNa, aneka upAyo paikInA eka tarIke, mAtra rASTrahitArthe tAbaDatoba joItA vipula kozanI AvazyakatA pUravAnA eka prayatna tarIke sUcavyA che. vepArI, sonI, sikkA-parIkSaka adhikArI (rUparza) jevA dhaMdhAdArIonA veza bhajavatA guptacaro dvArA te ajamAvavAnA che. vepArIrUpe potAnA puSkaLa mAla sAme moTuM dhirANa zarApha pAsethI meLavI, mAla vecAI jatAM saMcita thayeluM bevaDuM dhana lUMTAI gayAnuM nATaka UbhuM karI, nAdArI noMdhAvI, te dhana kozabheguM karavAnI vAta che ! sonInA veSadhArI guptacare ghaDavA mATe grAhakanuM sonuM laIne ane sikkA-parIkSake tapAsavA mATenA vipula sikkAo laIne pachI lUMTAyAnuM nATaka karI hAtha khaMkherI nAkhI te prApta sonuM ke sikkA kozabhegA karavA ! AvA upAyo kauTilyane potAne kadAca ekadama grAhya na lAgyA hoya, chatAM paraMparAthI vyavahAramAM AcarAtA ane rAjyataMtramAM pracalita hovAnA kAraNe, mAtra sAro aMtima hetu siddha karavA mATenA tAtkAlika Apaddharma tarIke puraskAryA jaNAya che. vaLI AmAM je dhaMdhAdArIne nukasAna pahoMcADavAnuM che, te paikI eka che dhIradhAra karanAra zarApha. zarAphonI vyAjakhorI te vakhate paNa pracalita hovAno saMbhava che. eTale samAjamAMthI eNe anyAyathI paDAveluM tagaDuM dhana AkhA rASTranA hita mATe, 'jevA sAthe tevA'nI nItithI, rASTranI kaTokaTI vakhate, yuktithI paDAvavAmAM sAmAjika nyAya paNa che. te rIte sonI ke sikkAparIkSaka dvArA chetaravAmAM AvanAra vyaktinI paNa Ane maLatI ja Arthika sadhdharatA joIne ja pagaluM bharAtuM haze ema cokkasa mAnI zakAya. 211 bIjA eka 'dUSyo'nA vargane paNa vividha rIte khaMkherI levAnI vAtamAM rASTrIya ane rAjakIya ema bevaDI dRSTie nyAya che. svArtha khAtara rASTradoha karavAnI beThI manovRttivALA adhikArIo ke prajAjano te 'dRSya', athavA dUSaNa jhaTa apanAvI zake, bagaDI zake te dRSya. emAM je-te vyaktinI nabaLI kaDI jANIne, vividha yuktio dvArA je-te doSanuM sevana karavA tene uttejI zakAya tevI paristhiti guptacaro dvArA UbhI karIne, e doSa-sevananA bahAne tenI saMpatti japta karavAnI yojanA hoya che. te uparAMta tene khoTA AropamAM saMDovI, e Aropano khoTo purAvo Ubho karIne tenI saMpatti japta karavAnA vikalpo paNa darzAvAyA che. A yuktivarNanone aMte bhArapUrvaka Adeza apAyo che ke Avo vyavahAra atyaMta adhArmika evI, dezadrohI valaNavALI (dUSya) vyaktio sAthe ja karavo; anyo sAthe nahi. adhyAyane aMte suMdara upamA dvArA kozasaMcayanA A kArya aMge Avo sonerI niyama kahe che : ''jema bagIcAmAMthI, tema rAjyamAMthI paNa barAbara pAkI gayeluM phaLa ja cUMTavuM. prakopa, roga, vidroha janmAvanAruM kAcuM phaLa, potAnA chedanA bhaye TALavuM.22, atyaMta lAghavathI, khUba mahattvano viveka, koza-saMcaya sivAyanI bIjI ghaNI bAbatone paNa lAgu paDe tevI vyApakatAthI kahyo che. ahIM pAyAnI vAta e che ke dIrghakAlIna surAjya sarva prajAjUthone jIvavAnI uttama mokaLAza For Personal & Private Use Only

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21 2 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa karI ApI evAM sukha-saMpattinAM svAmI banAve che, ke jemAM bhaviSyanI zakya aNadhArI Apattiono upAya paNa nitya dharabAyelo paDyo hoya che (arthAt garbhita hoya che.) zAMtipriya ane arthanuM sthira upAsaka evuM rASTra prAkRtika ke zatru-nirmita koI paNa Apattine pAra karI javAnI svayaMbhU (inherent) kSamatAnuM saubhAgya pAmeluM hoya che. bhAratIya paraMparAmAM 'sthUlabhadra' arthAt 'vipula kalyANa'(koI paNa vartamAna ke bhAvI akalyANa ke Apattine paNa kApe tevo kalyANano pUratI vipulatAvALo jaththo - buffer stock ke reserve fund)nI eka suMdara vibhAvanA ane tenA pratyenI cetanAnI pratibaddhatA vikaselI che. eno saMdezo e che ke manuSya evI jIvanazailI apanAvavI joIe ke jethI naisargika rIte ja AvanArI koI paNa kakSAnI Apattine tarI jaI zake tevA puNyanA ke kalyANanAM nidhino te svAmI banI rahe. koza-saMcayanA upara varNavelA upAyo rASTramAMnA AvA UjaLA pracchanna dhanabaLane ja bahAra lAvavAnA vaidha (vidhisaranA - legitimate) prayogo banI rahe che. samadhAraNa (samatola) rAjIvana AvI dhiMgI sarvAgI (all-rounder) pratibhAnuM ucherakSetra ja banI rahe che. Arthika bhraSTAcAronuM niyamana kANA vAsaNamAM jaLa TakI zakatuM nathI. kANuM arthataMtra paNa rASTra mATe arthahIna zaktikSayarUpa ja banI rahe. eTale utpAdana kSetramAM utpanna thayelo arthasamudAya utpAdako dvArA ucApata na karAya ke anya rIte nAza na pAme che, ane evo upadravamukta rakhAyelo artha rASTranAM saMcayasthAnomAM vidhisara saMcaya pAme te rAjayamaMtrano eka moTo ciMtanaviSaya ane, pauruSaviSaya che. e dvArA ja rAjyanA koza ane koThAra (jhAra) baMne samRddha rahe che. e be paikI paNa jAgatika bhautika paribaLo sAme rASTranI bhautika samatulA sAdhavA mATe kozano mahimA sarvocca siddha thayelo che. koza e rASTranA jAgatA ane gAjatA aMtarAtmAnuM mUrta pratIka che, jenA thakI samasta rASTranAM jana-jana, prANIo ane naisargika sRSTi nitya yatheccha rIte poSAtAM rahe che. koThAranI sthira samRddhithI paNa puSTa banatA kozanI samRddhino mahattvano AdhAra anukULa deva uparAMta uttAna (kAryasajja) cetanAthI sabhara buddhiniSTha manuSyo che. to bIjI bAjue, manuSyacitta vyApaka rIte vikRta thatAM kozanI ane rASTranI sukhazAMtinI samRddhi bhAMgyA vinA rahetI nathI. utpAdanasthAnonA kAryakaro ne niyAmakonI vyApaka niyamabaddhatA ane karmazIlatA niraMtara unnata rahe te dvArA kozanI samRddhi TakI rahe che. arthazAstranuM bIjuM adhyakSapravIra-adhikaraNa rASTranI sauthI mahattvanI sarvAgI arthapravRttinuM - khAsa karIne e pravRttionA niyAmaka adhyakSonAM sattvazIla kartavyonuM - ciMtana karavA mATe racAyuM che ane rAjayanA sauthI TocanA adhikArIonA vinayanI vicAraNA karatA vinayatharim e prathama adhikaraNa pachI yogyatApUrvaka tarata ja sthAna pAmyuM che. e adhikaraNanA adhyAya 4.7,8,9 mukhyatve arthotpAdanakSetranA saMbhavita doSonuM anubhavAzrita ciMtana kare che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA te paikI sAtamo adhyAya che. akSapaTale zAniyAthijAra: (akSapaTatta eTale hisAbonI noMdha ane cakAsaNInuM kAryAlaya AjanI A.G.nI Accountant GeneralnI kacerI; temAMnuM nijya eTale temAMnI rASTrIya hisAbanI kAmagIrI). gaNita athavA hisAba e Arthika karmaThapaNuM ane Arthika samavitaraNa ke mAnavIya nyAya siddha karanAra khUba mahattvanI ane kAyamI evI ujjavaLa bauddhika pravRtti che; viziSTa sAmAjika cetanA che. hisAbamAM rajU thatI cokkasa gaNanA koI paNa utpAdanAdi Arthika pravRttimAM thayelA ke karAyelA doSano dhajAgaro kare che. A prakaraNa rAjyanI judI-judI Arthika pravRttio saMbhALatA te-te adhyakSonAM potapotAnAM arthautpAdana-kSetromAM judA-judA kALakhaMDo daramiyAna thayelA utpAdananA 2jU ka2vA lAyaka cokasAIbharyA saMkSipta ane vistRta hisAbonA svarUpano vyavahAru paricaya Ape che. AvA hisAbone jema ne tema svIkArI na letAM, temAM samAtA saMkSipta ane vistRta vividha hisAbonI paraspara saMgati tema ja pratyeka gaNanAnI vAstavika sthiti sAthenI saMgati paNa cakAsavAnI hoya che. anumAnathI ane guptacaro dvArA ANavAmAM AvatI vividha pAkI jANakArIo parathI paNa dareka hisAbanI kharAI pAke pAye tapAsavAmAM Ave che. vaLI rajU karAyelA AMkaDAonI kharAInA dastAvejI purAvAo paNa ApavAnA hoya che. hisAbo ayogya (zaMkAjanaka) vilaMba vinA rajU thAya tenI paNa kALajI levAnI hoya che. A che lokahitane aMtaranI niSThAthI varelA rAjyataMtranI satya pratyenI sAtatyayukta pratibaddhatA, jeno pAyo che cheka uccatama kakSAnA rAjapuruSothI AraMbhAto pratibhAzALI, jJAnapUrNa indriyajaya. AjanA paNa naravA rAjyataMtrano hisAbI kArobAra ekaMdare Avo ja hoya che. jyAM sudhI mAnavasvabhAvanI pAyAnI vastusthitio badalAya nahi, tyAM sudhI ekaMdare samAjane vAjabI sukha-zAMti maLI zake tevo Arthika pAyo pUrato sadhdhara banAvI rAkhavA, AvI custIbharI kAmagIrI ja sthira-svastha buddhine sUjhe. A prakaraNamAM utpAdanahAni ke utpanna dravyanI khAyakI kevI-kevI mAnava-vakratAothI, sadoSa vahevArothI thaI zake tenI paNa eka rasaprada yAdI doSanI tIvratAnA ke gaMbhIratAnA caDhatA krame Ama ApI che : ajJAna, zarIrakleza uThAvavA bAbatanI ALasa, viSayAsatijanya pramAda, virodhaadharma-anartha aMgeno bhaya, kAryasAthI pratyenA rAgane kAraNe tenA para anugraha karavA prerato kAma, tethI UlaTuM : kAryasAthI pratyeno hiMsAjanaka krodha ane tola-mApa AdinA chaLamAM dhakele tevo lobha. AmAMnA pachI-pachInA doSo manunA anuyAyIonA mate kramazaH vadhu ne vadhu daMDane pAtra che.23 213 upara kahyA mujaba hisAbanI kharAI mATe samayabaddhatA paNa Avazyaka che. hisAbamAM thatA vilaMba aMge maryAdita chUTachATa karatAM adhika samaya gALanArane zikSA karavI jarUrI che. hisAbanI sAthe ja e hisAbamAM batAvelI kula 2kama ke zeSa rahetI rakama (nIvai- balance) tarata jamA thavI joIe. agAu ApaNe rAjAnI dinacaryA tapAselI ; temAM roja vividha arthapravRttionA niyukta adhyakSo dvArA rajU thatAM vividha arthakAryonA ahevAlo ane hisAbonI tapAsa paNa khuda rAjAnI kAmagIrImAMnA eka tarIke batAvAI che ! 'arthapati'nI, arthapravRttinI jhINAmAM jhINI For Personal & Private Use Only

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214 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vigatanI satyatA aMge kevI aMgata nisbata ! hisAbonI taMtotaMta saccAI ane sarvajanapoSaNa para ja pratiSThita thatI saMskRti - e baMnene ekabIjAthI aLagA karI zakAya nahi. A pachI, thoDo krama badalIne adhyAya 4.2.9 tapAsIe. prakaraNanuM zIrSaka che 3payuvataparIkSA - adhikArIonuM parIkSaNa. sAmAnya rIte ucca adhikArI mATe yukta zabda ane tenA hAtha nIce kAma karanAra mATe upayukta zabda vaparAya che. paraMtu ucca ke mukhya adhikArI paNa chevaTe rAjA ke evA uccatama uparIno tAbedAra hoI e apekSAe tene paNa 3payukta gaNI zakAya ema ahIM samajavuM paDe. to A navamo adhyAya A ja bIjA adhyakSa pravIra adhikaraNamAM varNavAnAra, vividha arthapravRttionA rAjayaniyukta adhyakSone sarvasAmAnyapaNe lAgu paDe che. zreSTha ke uccatama pade beThelA manuSyo jevuM AcaraNa karaze tevuM ja AcaraNa hAtha nIcenA kAryakaro (karmacArIo) karaze - evA sAmAnya nyAya mujaba ane arthazauca (dhanavyavahAranI zuddhatA) e rASTrajIvanano prANabhUta ane prANarakSaka anivArya mahAdharma hoI, A adhyakSonI kAmagIrI para asarakAraka tapAsanI kAyamI vyavasthA jarUrI che. e dRSTie A cAvIrUpa vicAraNA A adhyAyamAM hAtha dharI che. mAtra UMcA adhikAre besavAthI mANasa moTo ne lAyaka banI jato nathI; eNe aneka prAsaMgika bAhya Apattio uparAMta pralobhano vagere svarUpanI AMtarika bAdhAo pAra karI moTAI kamAvavI paDe. enI ja kaDaka cakAsaNInI AvazyaktAnI vAta AmAM che. adhyAya 4.1.1mAM maMtrInI nimaNUkanI carcAnA AraMbhe maMtrInA apekSita guNonI eka khUba abhyAsapAtra adhikRta yAdI ApI che, jemAM vIseka vizeSaNo dvArA pacIseka guNone aMgata guNo, vyAvasAyika guNo ane sAmAjika guNo - evo krama jALavIne rajU karyA che. tyAM e paNa kahevAyuM che ke AmAMthI pA bhAganA guNo ochA hoya to te maMtrInI madhyamakakSA gaNAya, ane ardhA bhAganA guNo ochA hoya to te "avara' (nimnatama) kakSA gaNAya. ethI ochA guNo na cAle. A varNanane yAda karIne A adhyAya ka. 2.6nA AraMbhe kahevAyuM che ke arthapravRttinA A adhyakSo AvI maMtrInI guNasaMpattivALA hovA ghaTe. (kauTilya "maMtrI" ane "amAtya' zabdo prathama adhikaraNamAM anukrame navamA ane AThamA adhyAyamAM cokhkha-cokhkhA judA arthamAM vAparyA che, paNa A 2.2mA adhyAyamAM "amAtya' zabda maMtrInA arthamAM ja vAparyo jaNAya che. AvuM graMthamAM anyatra paNa ghaNe ThekANe jovA maLyuM che. AvI zithilatA judA-judA AdhArasrotonA kauTilya karelA upayogane lIdhe paNa saMbhavI hoya. bIjA aneka zabdomAM paNa AvuM A graMthamAM banyuM che.) adhyakSo kevI UMcI lAyakAta dharAvatA hovA joIe te A parathI spaSTa thAya che. e lAyakAto zarIra-mana-buddhi-AtmA (upaniSadU-ukta prAyaH pelA "paMcakoza') e sarvane lagatI che. te-te kAryanuM niSNAtapaNuM to hoya ja, paNa e niSNAtapaNuM barAbara khapamAM paNa lAge ane vikasatuM ke samayAnurUpa parivartana pAmI zake tevuM lacIluM paNa rahe ane saravALe mAnavanuM rASTrIya dhoraNe vyApaka kalyANa paNa thAya e mATe pratibhAnI AvI sarvAgitA ane samarpitatA (bina-aMgatatA, nirahaMkAratA) jarUrI mAnI che. chatAM A lAyakAtomAM uttama-madhyama-avara kakSAone paNa mAnya rAkhI che temAM zAstrakAranuM mAnavaniSTha For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 215 lacIlApaNuM paNa jaLavAya che ane sahaja ke naisargika vAstavikatAne paNa nyAya maLe che. sAco zAstrakAra, vizAkhadatte "mudrArAkSasa' nATakamAM kauTilyanA mukhe ja je varNana mUkyuM che - upAdhyAyamU ziSyanane du:zInaMtI (gurumAtramAM ghara ghAlI gayelI ziSya ke zikhAu sAmAnya jano taraphanI kaDakAI ke tochaDAI) - tevo jaDa ane mAnava pratye kaThina hRdayano na hoya. mAnava arthe zAstra hoya, zAstra arthe mAnava nahi. mAnavavatsalatA ke jIvavatsalatA sAcA zAstranI kasoTI che. to AvI uccAvI yogyatAvALA adhyakSone potapotAnI kula zaktinI kakSA mujaba anurUpa kAmagIrI soMpavAnI bhalAmaNa che. A adhyakSonA samagra kAryakALa daramiyAna, teonA cAlatA te-te kAryanA sthaLe kAyama temanI kAmagIrI ane samagra hilacAla para dekharekha rAkhavI jarUrI che. agAunA adhyAya kra. 2.7nA navamA sUtramAM to spaSTa kahyuM che ke dareka arthapravRttinA kAryakSetra(pravAra)mAM guptacara(pa)nI sthAyI gupta goThavaNI hovI ghaTe. kauTilya taTastha ane vedhaka jJAnazaktithI mAnavanI nADa pArakhIne A saMdarbhe kahe che ke manuSyanI cittavRtti sadA ekadhArI rahetI nathI, tethI (vinityasvAta) kazuM vizvAse reDhuM mUkI na zakAya. A ja vAtane ApaNe bhAvAtmaka rIte ema rajU karI zakIe ke manuSyanI duvRttimAMthI janmatI dupravRttine niSphaLa banAvavI te tenI savRttionI vATa saMkoravA barAbara che, ane bIjAnuM bUruM nahi, paNa bhaluM karavA dvArA saravALe manuSya vadhAre sthAyI saphaLatA ane AtmasaMtoSa baMne pAmI zake che evI samajaNano rasto khUle che - khAsa karIne rAjyataMtra jayAre bhagavadgItA-kathita sajjanonuM paritrANa ane apakRtya karanAra durjanano uccheda karavAmAM ekAgra ane nipuNa hoya tyAre. sarvakalyANasAdhaka nUtana jagata-saMskRtinuM bIja paDe che Adya RSio (draSTAo)nA atimUlaka ahiMsApradhAna dharmanA nityanUtana vizadatara darzanathI ane tadanusArI gahana AcaraNathI, tema ja temanI sevA ramya dharmanI bodhaka saMgIna vANI dvArA, ane e bIjane khAtara-pANI-prakAza maLe che tene poSanArA jAgarUka rAjayataMtra dvArA tema ja teno samartha sadhiyAro (sAtha) pAmI AmaprajA dvArA AcarAtA vyaktigata ane sAmAjika kAnUnonA pAlana sahitanA zraddhApUrNa sadAcAra dvArA. rAjyanI mukhya kAmagIrIrUpa arthapravRttinA adhyakSo para cheka pAyAnI dekharekha rahe te mATe rAjAnI dinacaryAmAM dararoja rAjyanA mukhya hisAbonI tapAsa, guptacaro dvArA ANavAmAM AvelAM bayAnanuM zravaNa, guptacarone navAM tapAsakAryonI soMpaNI uparAMta adhyakSo sAthenI paNa rUbarU mulAkAta gUMthAyelI che te A trIjA vyAkhyAnanA AraMbhe ApaNe joyuM che. adhyakSonI kAmagIrI aMge tapAsavA yogya bhautika pAsAM A che: utpAdana saMbaMdhe kartA, sAdhana, deza, kALa, karavAnuM kArya, vAparelI sAmagrI ('prakSepa' - input), maLeluM phaLa (3) - output); A dareka pAsA paratve dhoraNasara ane apAyelA Adeza pramANe vyavahAra thayo ke kema te tapAsavAnuM hoya. | upalA adhikArIonA irAdAnI zuddhi jaLavAya te dRSTie teo na to paraspara maLI jaIne eTale ke koI gupta malina irAdA bAbata saMtalasa karIne kAma kare, na to paraspara virodha ke saMgharSa dAkhavIne kAma kare te paNa tapAsano eka agatyano muddo che. jo maLI jaIne kAma kare to rAjayano mAla khAI jAya, jo saMgharSathI varte to kAmane sAva ja bagADe, niSphaLa kare. vaLI For Personal & Private Use Only

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216 kauTilya "arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa tAtkAlika UbhA thayelA tAkIdanA saMjoga bAda karatAM, teo dareka navuM ke bhinna pagaluM rAjAne jaNAvIne ja bhare te jarUrI che. A tapAsa mujaba dareka doSa mATe yogya sajA paNa karavI ghaTe; to sAme pakSe Adeza mujaba taMtotaMta ke vadhu sArI rIte kAma ATopanArane uccatara sthAna ane mAna paNa ApavAM ghaTe. uccAdhikArIonI arthazuddhinI tapAsanuM eka anaupacArika chatAM agatyanuM pAsuM te je-te vyaktinI pArivArika-sAmAjika jIvanazailInI AdhArabhUta jANakArI paNa gaNI zakAya. adhikArI samAjamAM, parivAramAM kevA pArivArika vaibhavathI, keTalA dhanavyayathI jIve che te paNa tenI vAstavika Avaka ane dhanasaMpatti sUcavatI hakIkata gaNAya. tenI copaDe noMdhAyelI Avakano ane tenA AvA aMgata vyayano meLa kevoka jaNAya che te sahajapaNe dhyAnamAM AvyA vagara rahetuM nathI. tenI jANItI AvakanA pramANa sAthe tenA kharcAo tAlamAM hoya to te bhraSTa vyavahArothI vadhArAno paiso pacAvI pADato nathI ema mAnI zakAya, ane jo dhyAnapAtra rIte AvakanA pramANamAM vadhAre paDato kharco hoya to te tenA bhraSTa vyavahArano sAmAjika ADakataro purAvo banI rahe; alabatta, te mATeno khAtAkIya tapAsataMtra mATe mAnya gaNAya tevo AdhArabhUta vyakta purAvo to zodhavo ja paDe. sAmAjika starano purAvo mAtra pUraka ke dizAdarzaka banI zake. kauTilya A bAbate potAno anubhavasiddha mata ApatAM kahe che ke sAmAjika rIte sArI ke vAMdhAjanaka dekhAtI hakIkata Ama ke tema pAko nizcaya na karAvI zake; guptacara dvArA thatI AdhArabhUta tapAsa dvArA ja nirNaya thaI zake. ApaNe jyAre 'arthazAstra'mAM varNavelI rAjanItinI sAmAjika-sAMskRtika abhimukhatA cAhIne pUrI utsukatAthI tapAsavA beThAM chIe, tyAre A carcAnuM eka suMdara lokapUjaka pAsuM jANIne ApaNane saMtoSa thaze; alabatta, A vyAkhyAnamAM anyatra Ano ullekha karyo paNa che. e mudAne ahIM vadhu sabhAnapaNe ApaNA hRdayamAM ghUMTIe. muddo e che ke arthotpAdananA koI paNa kAryasaMgaThana dvArA game tema karIne vadhAremAM vadhAre utpAdana thAya evuM lakSya kauTilyane abhISTa nathI, paNa aucitya jaLavAya te rIte ja mahattama utpAdana thAya te jarUra iSTa che. eTale evA mahattama utpAdanamAM adhyakSanA saMbhavita ajJAnAdi-doSathI jeTalI ghaTa Ave, te sAme adhyakSanA je-te cokkasa doSanI kakSA dhyAnamAM rAkhIne tenI pAsethI te ghaTa eTalA-gaNI vasUla karavI ! suMdara nyAya! e ajJAna vagere sAta doSo hamaNAM ja ApaNe adhyAya 2.7nA paricaya daramiyAna joyA che te yAda karIe. te-te doSanI gaMbhIratAnA pramANa mujaba ghaTanI teTalAgaNI (yathA [v) vasUlAta eTalA mATe AkArAI che ke nAnakaDo doSa paNa vastramAMnA kANAnI jema vistaratA vAra thatI nathI - khAsa to rASTrIya kakSAe moTI lAyakAtanI apekSAe UMcAM sthAna-mAna pAmatA adhikArInI bAbatamAM. AthI UlaTuM, jo koI adhyakSa potAnA kAryakSetramAMthI apekSA karatAM bamaNuM ke khUba vadhAre utpAdana karI batAve to tevI kAmagIrIne paNa AvakArapAtra na gaNatAM tene paNa sadoSa mAnavI; kAraNa ke te rASTrane ke mulka(janapada)ne eTale ke AmaprajAne "khAI jAya che - temanuM bhayaMkara zoSaNa kare che. (AjanA kahevAtA 'udArIkaraNa ane vaizvikIkaraNa'nA, eTale ke nagharoLa For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA bahurASTrIya dhaMdhAmaMDaLIo ane tenAM ja vAjAM vagADanArAM vizva-vyApAra-saMgaThana, vizvabeMka, 'geTa'karAra vagerenA lokahitanAzaka ne saravALe to AtmaghAtI, bevakUphIbharyA, lohiyALa atirekonA jamAnAmAM to kauTilyanI A lokaciMtA ane sAthe sRSTiciMtA paNa keTalI badhI sAcI che !) Avo adhika-utpAdana-kArI adhikArI evuM vRddhi sahitanuM sarva utpAdana rAjyane caraNe dharI de to paNa eno aparAdha nAnA pAye - ochuM lokazoSaNa, sRSTidohana karanAro hoya to ene mAtra ThapakA dvArA rokavo; paNa jo prajA vagerenuM dAruNa zoSaNa ityAdi gaMbhIra doSa hoya to aparAdha pramANe anurUpa UMco daMDa avazya karavo. rAjyataMtrano samagra khaTATopa chevaTe to kauTilye jene mATe tIrtha (tAranAra) evo UMco zabda vAparyo che tevI Ama-prajAnA rASTrahitakara utthAna arthe che e pAyAnI vAta kadI na bhulAvI joIe. (A sthitimAM 'neno'-kAra jevI vAtone rAjyataMtra potAnI pharaja neve mUkIne poMkhe ane loka-zoSaNa bharapaTTa thAya tema lAla jAjama bichAve evuM to ze banI zake?) bhAratavarSe enI asala paraMparAmAM dharma ke adhyAtma sAthe rAjanItino abheda sAdhyo che. -- upara je dharma ane rAjanItinA otaprotapaNAnI vAta kahI, tene ja anurUpa kahI zakAya evI eka bIjI paNa dhyAnapAtra carcA A navamA adhyAyamAM jovA maLe che - te che Ama-prajAnA dhana-vyavahAranI vyApaka sAmAjika jANakArI aMgenI. A muddo sAMskArika ke sAMskRtika mahattva dharAvato hoIne kauTilye eka vadhArAnI bhalAmaNa tarIke ja nirdezyo jaNAya che; rAjya emAM koI taMtragata pagalAM bhare evuM kauTilyane abhipreta nathI. paNa rAjye saravALe vyakti ane samAjanA jIvananI parizuddhi mATenuM anukULa rASTrIya mALakhuM to UbhuM karavAnuM ja che evI kauTilyanI pAkI samaja A muddo rajU karavA pAchaLa jaNAya che. A adhyAyamAM Ama to rAjyaniyukta adhyakSonI ja arthazuddhinI vAta che. paNa sAthe-sAthe jAgRta samAjazAstrI tarIke kauTilya rAjyane mAtra parokSa rIte AvI sAmAjika kAmagIrImAM paNa - kadAca svaicchika sAmAjika maMDaLo dvArA - nimitta thavA prere che. AgaLa joyA pramANenI samAhartAnI kAmagIrImAM rASTranA gha2-2nA sarvekSaNamAM paNa A jIvaMta tapAsa sAMkaLI levAyelI ja che e paNa na bhulAya. 217 pAyAno muddo che prajAno potAnA dhana sAthenA vyavahArano. jo e vyavahAra naravo ke samatola hoya, to temAMthI ja AvatA rAjyataMtranA karmacArIonA arthavyavahAro paNa naravA rahevAnI moTI saMbhAvanA rahe che. dhanano mAlika ekalo hoya ke parivAravALo; paNa dhana veDaphavA mATe nahi, paNa pratyeka prANanA pUratA poSaNa mATe che. vaLI samAjanA vyApaka sahakAra vinA vyakti pote kamAyela dhana paNa na kamAI zakata. ethI manuSya dhanano sAmAjika rakhevALa (TrasTI) ja che; veDaphanAro mAlika nahi. e dRSTie dhana sAthenA traNa jAtanA vahevAro karanAra vyakti aTakAvavA pAtra batAvAI che : bApadAdAthI cAlyuM AvatuM badhuM dhana anyAyathI ekalI ja haDapa karI janAra vyakti te 'mUlahara'. bIjI che pote jeTaluM cAlu dhana kamAya, temAMthI sahaja thatI bacata na karatAM badhI kamANI AvyA bhegI vAparI nAkhanAra. tene 'tAdAtvika' kahI che. cAlu jIvananI ja paravA karanAra te tAdAtvika. (pazcimamAM ne temAM ye amerikAmAM amerikano to AvI rIte jIvavAmAM mAne che ! 2008mAM zarU thayelI mahAmaMdInuM mULa A TevamAM ja For Personal & Private Use Only

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218 kauTilya "arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa paDeluM che ! ekaMdare bhAratIyo A bAbate khUba vivekI TharyA che!) tAdAtvika potAnA ke parivAranA bhAvi mATe, navI kamANInA abhAvamAM paNa TakI rahevA kazI jogavAI karato nathI. trIjI vyakti che kaMjUsa (Artha:), je potAnA mATe ke parivAra mATe potAnA dhanano vAjabI upayoga paNa karatI nathI.! tevo manuSya jo Azrito vinAno ke parivAra vinAno hoya, to tenuM saMcita dhana kAyadesara rAjaye laI levA pAtra bane che. A uparAMta kaMjUsa potAnuM vipula dhana sAcavavA-vadhAravAnA zA upAyo kare che e tapAsa paNa samAjane ke rASTrahitane thanAra zakya hAninI dRSTie karavAnI jarUra batAvAI che. kAM to dhana potAnA gharamAM bhaMDArI rakhAya, kAM to nagarajanomAM ke grAmajanomAM UMcA vyAje pheravAya, kAM to rASTrahitane pAyAnuM nukasAna thAya tema anya rASTramAM ke zatru-rASTramAM paNa, dezadrohI irAdA sAthe mokalAya. A trIjA prakAra paratve e dhananI herapheramAM salAhakAra, mitra, sevaka ke sagA vagere paikI koNa-koNa saMDovAyeluM che tenI ane paradeza sAthe dhananI thatI Avana-jAvananI - tenA svarUpanI - tapAsa guptacara dvArA barAbara thavI joIe. khAsa to dhananI lAva-laIjA karanAra vyaktine vizvAsamAM laIne te pravRtti pAchaLanuM rahasya jANavuM. jo dezadrohI hetuno nizcaya thAya, to zatrue mokalelA patra tarIke TheravAya ke puravAra karI zakAya tevo nakalI patra (jUTazAsana ke Talea) Ubho karI, te nakalI puravAra na thaI zake te rIte evA kaMjUsa dhanapatino ghAta karAvavo. ' artha-adhyakSonAM kAmonI, avyavasthAthI ke bhraSTatAthI mukti mATe te darekanAM kAryAlayo hisAbanIza, noMdhaNI-adhikArI, AvelAM calaNI nANAMnI kharAI tapAsanAra (rUparzavA), silaka jamA karAvanAra (tIvI grAha) ane kAryanirIkSaka (mukAdama - supervisor ke je zastra, asavAra vagerethI saMpanna paNa sAdA vezano adhikArI hoya) - A badhAMthI sajja hoya. guptacaronI jugalabaMdImAM pravRtta zastrakuzaLa adhikArI kaTokaTI-prasaMge khapa lAge che. bIjI eka jogavAI evI sUcavAI che ke eka kAryakSetramAM ekAdhika adhyakSo hoya, jethI khoTA vyavahAranI zakyatA ghaTe; alabatta, AvI jogavAImAM agAu ullekhyA pramANe jo evA samakakSa adhikArIo khoTA irAdA mATe eka thaI jAya to rAjayane maLavApAtra ghaNI Avaka khAI jaI zake, ane jo e ekabIjAno pAko dveSa ke virodha karavAmAM rata hoya to kAryone kAM to Talle caDhAve, kAM to bagADe. Ane maLatI paristhitimAM, anya saMdarbhe, evo upAya sUcavAyo che ke bethI vadhu vyaktine mukhya banAvavA, jethI temanI vacce uparyukta be zakyatAo na rahe. kauTilya be rAjAvALI vairAjyapaddhatine to rAjyataMtra mATe anicchanIya gaNI che e ahIM noMdhavuM ghaTe. paNa tyAM rAjA upara koI uparI nathI hoto, jayAre adhyakSonI bAbatamAM to rAjA uparI hoya che e bheda che. A uparAMta AvA uccAdhikArIonI, kArya sAthIo sAthe ke prajAjanomAMnI koI vyaktio sAthe khoTA kAma aMge sAMThagAMTha na thAya te mATe, AjanI jema, enA kAryasthaLanI avAra-navAra badalI karavAnI bhalAmaNa e samaye paNa karAI che ! rAgadveSamukta, vyaktinirapekSa satyapAlana ane kartavyapAlana ja arthataMtrane ane prajAne beThAM karavAnI, AbAda karavAnI jaDIbuTTI che. kaNa nAza pAmya dhana kyAMthI ?" evI sUkti mujaba uparyukta thayelA bhraSTAcAranI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA uttarakriyA e che ke rAjyanA adhikArIoe ucApata karelAM utpAdanane ke dhanane pAchuM meLavavAnA upAyonuM paNa eka kAyamI taMtra kAryakSama rIte nabhAvavuM. A bAbatanuM nirUpaNa karato adhyAya ukta be adhyAyonI vacce (2.8) che. e sAragarbhita carcAmAMnI keTalIka bAbato khAsa dhyAna kheMce tevI che; te joIe. AraMbhamAM ja kozavRddhinAM ane kozakSayanAM kAraNonI anubhavasiddha yAdI ApI che, ane pachI mAtra kozakSayanA e dareka kAraNanI vyAkhyA ke spaSTatA rajU karI che, jethI prakaraNanA mukhya viSayano pAyo baMdhAya. 219 kozavRddhinAM paNa ahIM gaNAvelAM A kAraNo jANavA-samajavA jevAM che : (1) 'pracArasamRddhi' eTale ke kAryakSetranI samRddhi. keTalAka TIkAkAro ahIM 'prAra'no artha 'deza' ke 'pradeza' kare che, jyAre zrI kaMgale 'je-te arthotpAdana-vibhAganI pravRttinI samRddhi' evo kare che. utpAdana pAmatI je vastu hoya tenA utpAdana-yatna mATenI anukULatA; kAcI sAmagrInI sulabhatA, kAryakaronI sulabhatA ane utpanna vastunuM kImatIpaNuM - A badhuM AmAM samAI zake. (2) kAryakaronA ke mulkanA rIta-rivAjonuM sanmAna ke enI jALavaNI (caritrAnugraha), (3) coronuM kAryakSama grahaNa, (4) kAryakaro para jApto, (5) mulkamAM annanI chata, (6) anya jIvanajarUrI cIjonI je-te pradezamAM vipulatA, (7) prAkRtika upadravomAMthI saMtoSakAraka mukti (upasanpramokSa:), (8) RNadAnamAM, anudAnamAM ke karamukti(parihAra)mAM kramika ghaTADo, (9) rokaDamAM apAtI bheTa (upAyana --'bonasa'; A karmacArI-saMdarbhe samajavuM ?) A AkhI yAdI suciMtita ane prabuddha koTInI lAge tevI samatola ane sarvAMgI lAge che, mAnavamahimAne kendra banAvanArI che. temAM mAnavIya paribaLonI ane prAkRtika-bhautika paribaLonI anukULatAnI samatola vicAraNA thayelI hoI, koI paNa deza-kALamAM khUba mArgadarzaka ane rASTravardhaka banI rahe tevI che. kauTilyane mana koza ane koThAra e kevAM paribaLonuM ke rASTranI kevI cetanAnuM nityopakAraka mUrta svarUpa che te A yAdIne samagratAthI jotAM samajAyA vagara rahetuM nathI, ane AjanA viSama vaizvika arthapravAhomAM to tenI tAtI prastutatA jaNAya che. AmAMnAM prathama be paribaLone sUcavatAM sAmAsika vizeSaNomAMnA zabdonI pAribhASika saMdigdhatA chatAM dhiMgI anubhavAzrita vivekabuddhithI tenA paNa sAcA artho sUjhI AvyA vagara rahetA nathI. AmAMnA pracAra ane ritra zabdo graMthamAM anyatra paNa ahIMnA jevA ja cokkasa arthamAM vaparAyA che. A nava bAbatonA kramamAM paNa DokAtI kuzaLatA dhyAnapAtra che. emAM babbenI saMlagna cAra joDI che ane chelle eka pUraka bAbata che. vaLI mahattvanI dRSTie, kauTilyanI sAmAnya zailI pramANe, ahIM paNa A paribaLonI gaNanA tIvratAnA UtaratA krame che. prathama joIe arthaghaTanamAM gUMcavatI pahelI joDIne. prathama pracArasamRddhi paribaLamAMno 'pracAra' zabda kriyAvAcaka (prasaraNa ke pravartana) tarIke paNa vaparAya che ane lAkSaNika (lakSaNA-zaktijanya) rIte e kriyAnA AdhArarUpa sthAna ke kSetra mATe paNa vaparAya che. ahIM e bIjo artha prastuta che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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220 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa pravAramAM kriyA che pravartana ke pravRttirUpa. e vAcyArtha parathI 'te kriyAno AdhAra ke tenuM kSetra' evo lakSaNA' nAmanI zabdazaktithI samajAto artha maLe che. A "kSetranA je-te sthaLarUpa artha uparAMta pravRttinAM AdhArabhUta paribaLonuM jUtha' evo vyApaka artha paNa laI zakAya. upara muddAnI gaNatarImAM eno A vyApaka artha Apyo che. arthapravRttimAMnAM je paribaLonI anukULatAne kAraNe e pravRttine "sAro dhaMdho' e rUpe vyavahAru daSTie oLakhAvI zakAya e badhAMno samUha A zabda(puvAra ke "kSetra')thI ahIM samajI zakAya. AmAMnuM kImatIpaNArUpa pAsuM paNa je-te cIjanI jIvanagata upayogitA ane bajAra mUlyavattA e baMne ya arthamAM samajavuM. A ja "pracArasamRddhi'; dA.ta. hIrAnI khANonA pradezamAM hIrA-udyoga yA Arabadezono khanIja-telano dhaMdho. dareka rASTra potAnI pAse AvI prAkRtika saMpattinI sagavaDavALA thoDAka udyogo yA ekAda khUba moTA pAye zakya udyoga jhaMkhe e svAbhAvika che; kAraNa : te, prajAnI samRddhine svapnasiddhinI jema vadhAre che ane te dvArA ApoApa kozane paNa samRddha kare che. ahIM e vAta tarapha khAsa dhyAna doravAnI jarUra che ke "pracArasamRddhimAM prAkRtika saMpatti jeTaluM ja, balka kyAreka tethI ya vadhu mahattva, kasAyeluM, pratibhAzIla mAnavabaLa dharAve che. AnA saMdarbhe paraspara-pUraka be saMskRta sUktio mArgadarzaka che. "dharatI aneka ratno zreSTha vastuo) dharAve che" (vaduranA vasuMdharA) ane "dharatI vIro dvArA bhogavI zakAya tevI che" (vIramAyA, vasuMdharA). A baMne suvacanono saMyukta paDagho ja kauTilya ApelI marthanI maulika vyAkhyAmAM paDyo che : "manuSyavALI bhUmi te artha." A uktio ane kauTilyokta vyAkhyA evI naisargika zubha racanA sUcave che, jemAM dharatImAM dharabAyelI bahuvidha prAkRtika saMpattinuM mahattva ane tenA nimitte jAgatI mAnavacetanAnI zarIra, mana, buddhi thakI pragaTatI bahuvidha jIvanavidhAyaka zaktiono mahimA - e baMnenA milanano ja sthira mahA-mahimA UpajI Ave che. mAnavayatna vinA dharatI jIvanavidhAyaka badhI saMpatti ApatI nathI e vastusthiti barAbara tapAsatAM prakRtinA mahAna AziSarUpa ja lAge che. A dRSTie dareka rASTra ciraMjIva ane cirayazasvI to bane che AkhI prajAnA mahimAyukta puruSArthane uttejanAra UMcAM svapro vaDe, mahecchAo vaDe. pUrvagrahamukta, lobhapAzamukta haiyAukalata hoya to svAvalaMbanasAdhaka gRhodyogonA maMgaLakArI yogamAM kRSi ane pazupAlana zAtAdAyaka parizramakaLAnI dRSTie tema ja prakRti sAthenA maitrIpUrNa gADha yogane kAraNe, deza-kALanI aneka maryAdAo ane UMcA kharcALapaNAne kAraNe aneka bAdhAo janmAvatA anya vyavasAyo karatAM A pracArasamRddhinI daSTie uttama sArvabhauma vyavasAyo banI rahe che. aneka dekhItI maryAdAo vacce paNa, aneka prAkRtika, sthAnika upAyo vaDe ochAM sAdhano dvArA paNa sAmAnya koThAsUjhathI khetI sArvabhauma vyavasAya banI rahe che ane jIvanapoSaka pAyAnI jarUriyAto pUrI pADI, sAthe maLatA pUrA phAjala samayane kAraNe svAvalaMbanacakra pUrNa karatA sthAnika udyogothI jIvananI paripUrNatA sAdhIne saMtoSa ane vizvamaitrInAM amRta pragaTAve che. saravALe to samRddhino asala srota (janmasthAna) che samRddha mAnavacetanA. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA caritrAnugraha te prathama lakSaNanuM pUraka ane tenA doSa nivAratuM bIjuM lakSaNa che. 'tri'no mULa artha che vartanapaddhati ke jIvanazailI; tene 'cAlacalagata' ke 'tAsIra' paNa kahI zakAya. 'pracArasamRddhi'rUpa prathama lakSaNathI koI vyavasAya ke udyoga sthULa saMpatti jhaDapathI ane khUba vipula mAtrAmAM to sAdhI zake; paNa evuM bane ke mAnavajIvana sAthe eTale ke taLaprajAnI svAdhIna-svayaMbhU jIvanazailI sAthe, tema ja tenAM zarIra-mana-buddhinI sahaja ArogyarakSA sAthe e siddhi meLa na khAtI hoya. vaLI siddha thatI vipula nIpaja sa2vALe mAnavajIvanane sthAyIrUpe poSanArI ane unnata karanArI na hoya ema paNa bane. ritra zabdano eka artha rivAja ke rUDhi paNa che. to ahIM jIvanazailInA ja naravA ke sahaja aMgarUpa nirdoSa rUDhio paNa caritra zabdanA artharUpe jarUra sthAna pAme che. koI Arthika pravRttinI sthiratA ane vRddhikArakatA mATe evI rUDhionI jaLavAtI AmanyA paNa eka sahAyaka paribaLa gaNAya. vaLI ahIM arthavistAra karIne varitra zabda je-te sthAnanA bhUmivistAra ane samagra paryAvaraNane paNa lAgu pADI zakAya; eTale ke bhUpRSThanuM svarUpa, RtucaryA, havAmAna, vana-upavanarUpa vanaspatijagat paNa caritra zabdathI samajI zakAya. TUMkamAM janajIvananuM ane sRSTinuM paripoSaNa te caritrAnupra. lobhAMdhatAnA gulAma banI avicArIpaNe thayeluM 'kImatI' lekhAtuM vipula utpAdana paNa saravALe prajAjIvanane ane kozane paNa samRddha na karI zake e A pUraka bIjuM lakSaNa batAve che. Aje to janajIvana ane paryAvaraNa baMnene vadhu ne vadhu jarjarita karatuM jatuM, kahevAtuM 'vaizvika' arthataMtra, evA ja mAyAvI 'udArIkaraNa'nA nAme phAlI rahyuM che. ahIM sujJajanane tarata e samajAyA vagara rahetuM nathI ke ahIM kozanI vRddhi karanArAM paribaLonI samagra gaNanA rUpe parokSapaNe naravA arthataMtranAM ja lakSaNo kahevAI rahyAM che. ekaMdare mAnavakendrI, sRSTikendrI dhiMgu arthataMtra ja kozanI sAcI ciraMjIva vRddhi kare che, jenA AraMbha, madhya, aMta upakAraka banI kalyANanuM sAtatya sarje che. 221 upara gaNAvelAM prathama be lakSaNa koI paNa rASTranA arthataMtranA mobharUpa che. e jeTalAM baLavattara hoya teTalA pramANamAM A pachI gaNAvelAM bAkI lakSaNonI siddhi saraLa banI rahe. vaLI eka bAju e bAkI lakSaNo prathama bene lIdhe saraLapaNe siddha thAya che, to bIjI bAju te lakSaNo e bene prabaLa ane paripUrNa banAve che. pachI gaNAvelAM be lakSaNo, samAjamAM alpasaMkhyAmAM paNa hAnikAraka banI rahe te rIte TheraThera phelAyelAM asAmAjika tattvonA ucchedarUpa ke asarakAraka niyamanarUpa che : corono nigraha ane khAyakI karanAra nAnA-moTA adhikArIo-krAryakaro(yu)no nigraha. coro saMcayasthAnomAMthI baLajorI ane sAhasa dvArA, saMcita dhana paikInuM uThAMtarI karavAmAM saraLa evuM ochAM kada-vajanavALuM paNa khUba kImatI evuM dhana ja prAyaH gupta kAmagIrI dvArA uThAve che, to adhikArIo-karmacArIo potapotAnAM arthAtpAdana-sthAnomAMthI ja utpanna thayelA mAlane yA tenA vecANathI AvelA dhanane bArobAra aneka yuktiothI gharabhegAM ke sagevage kare che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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22 2 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa A be lakSaNomAMnA nigrahakAryamAM prayojAtI rakSApuruSonI ane nyAyataMtranI saMyukta kAmagIrInuM sAMskRtika mUlya paNa samajI levuM ghaTe. manuSyane mAtra sthaLa baLajorI paranI mustAkI dvArA hInatara banAvatI jatI ane saravALe to jIvanane kalaMkita, tiraskArapAtra ane niSphaLa ja banAvatI manuSyanI A be asAmAjika vRtti-pravRttiono prasAra-mArga pAke pAye rokI daIne tene prAmANika ane gauravayukta jIvana tarapha preravAmAM evI rAjayataMtraprerita kAmagIrIo nimitta banI rahe che - jo e pramAda vinA vidhisara amalI banAvAya to. e paNa na bhulAya ke corone ane khAukaNiyAone vadhu ne vadhu phAvatA joIne dekhAdekhI dvArA gatAnugatikatA(sAcI-khoTI game te bAbatanA anukaraNa)mAM rAcatA prajAjanonI saMkhyA paNa vadhatI ja jAya che ane prAmANika nAgarikonI nItiniSThA (morale) paNa tUTatI jAya che. saravALe, jIvanane sarvAgI praphullatA bakSatI prajAkIya dhiMgI karmaniSThA ghaTI anyanI saMpatti para tarApa mAravAnI narI anutpAdaka-pravRtti ja vadhatI jAya che - khAsa karIne asAmAjikatAne uzkeratI jokhamI nANAprathAvALA ane kImatI dravyonA atisaMcayamAM rAcatA zoSaNakhora varaNAgI prajAjanovALA samAjamAM. AnAthI dekhItI rIte ja kozane vadhu ne vadhu mAni ja thatI jAya che. evA rASTrane sAcI ane kalyANakArI parizramajanya lakSmI tyajI jAya che. jAmelI duvRttio ane tajjanya duSkarmo nAbUda karavAno tAttvika ke asala upAya to che mAnavacittanuM zuddhIkaraNa - je sadAcArI premamUrti saMto ja saphaLapaNe karI zake. paraMtu khAsa karIne kaLiyugamAM to evA kharA saMto sarvadA, sarvatra sulabha hotA nathI; e sthitimAM rAjaya-saMsthA dvArA satya ane aucityane mahad aMze jALavIne nizcaya ane kAryadakSatA sAthe bajAvAtI nigrahanI kAmagIrI paNa mAnavasaMskRtino AzAspada bIjo gaDha che. tenAthI duSkarmonI tIvratA ane vipulatA asarakAraka rIte ghaTIne rASTra ane samAjanA vikAsa ane kalyANano mArga ThIka-ThIka pramANamAM sApha thAya che. alabatta, saMtonA abhAvamAM vacalo paNa tAttvika upAya che nANAsaMsthA ane prajAmAM vadhatI jatI parigrahavRtti - e baMne dUSaNo aMgenI prajAkIya ane rAjayamaMtrIya jAgRti ane nigrahadakSatA. bAkI coro ane khAukaNiyAonA vyApakapaNe thatA kAryadakSa nigrahanI cIlAcAlu rAjayataMtrIya kAmagIrI paNa saMskRtirakSAnuM eka prAraMbhika kadama to avazya banI rahe che. saMtonAM abhAva ke achatanA saMdarbhe jo samAjamAM ne rASTramAM vyApakapaNe kharekharA sajjanonI hayAtI hoya to temanA dvArA pramAdityAgapUrvaka saMgaThita rUpe ke asaMgaThita rUpe paNa rASTranA prajAsamUhomAM thatuM sadguNavikAsa ane saguNavRddhinuM sAtatyapUrNa kAma paNa e rAjayamaMtrI nigrahakAryane khAsse saraLa ane haLavuM karI zake. e dRSTie evA rASTrIya sajjanavyApArane rAjyataMtre paNa sakriyapaNe AvakArIne, uttejIne jarUrI mALakhAkIya sagavaDo vagere dvArA vatsalatAthI poSavo joIe. tyAra pachInAM be lakSaNo ke muddAo rAjyataMtranA sevako ane AmaprajAnI jIvanayAtrA aMgenI pAyAnI sukhAkArI - vizeSataH zarIramananI svasthatA ane sudaDhatA - arthe jarUrI evI pAyAnI jIvanapoSaka cIjonI sulabhatArUpa cheka pAyAnI vAta upasAve che. temAM annanI chatano muddo For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 223 vAjabIpaNe AgaLa mukAyo che ane tyAra pachI anya jIvanajarUriyAto saMtoSatI cIjonI chatano mudo. ahIM koThAranI nahi paNa kozanI samRddhi sAdhanArAM paribaLo prastuta hovA chatAM dekhItI rIte koThAranI samRddhi sAthe saMkaLAyelAM A be lakSaNono ullekha khUba samajapUrvaka karAyo che. eka to A be bAbato rASTranA sarva prajAsamUhonA sarvAgI poSaNarUpa pAyAnI siddhi dvArA sahajapaNe kozanI samRddhinuM prabaLa nimitta bane che e vAta AmAM garbhita che, ane vaLI A baMne prakAranI cIjonuM rASTrIya svAvalaMbana paNa AmAM garbhitapaNe sUcavAyuM jaNAya che; kAraNa ke AvI sAva pAyAnI cIjo bAbatanuM pararASTro paranuM avalaMbana to kozane bhoge ja koThArane samRddha kare ane te paNa anizcita rIte ane kharcALapaNe. temAM pararASTro sAthenA rAjakIya prazno paNa bhAre bAdhaka banI zake. ApaNA samayamAM saMyukta-rASTra-amerikAnA aNachAjatA ghora vidveSa ane nAkAbaMdhIno bhoga baneluM nAnakaDuM rASTra kyUbA annAdi pAyAnI cIjo bAbata pUrNa svAvalaMbanano saMkalpabaddha, samayabaddha, saMpUrNa lokajAgRti ane lokasahayoga para AdhArita Arthika kAryakrama pAra pADIne ja Aje AtmagauravathI TakI rahyuM che. e mojAmAM e rASTra dezI sAdhanovALI uttama sajIvakhetI paNa namUnedAra rIte khIlavI che. kozasaMpattisAdhaka lakSaNonI dRSTie to A be muddA samasta taLa janapadanA svAdhIna ane dezI udyamothI dhamadhamatA - babbe maghamaghatA - jIvananI AvazyakatA sUcave che. A AkhI carcAmAM e vAta paNa barAbara ghUMTAya che ke arthotpAdanonuM samatola, vivekI vaividhya ja kozane rASTropakAraka rIte samRddha karatuM rahe che. rASTranI arthapravRtti utpAdanonA jIvanapoSaka samatola vaividhyathI ane sarva kAryakSama prajAjanonI svAdhIna sAmelagIrIthI sadhAtA rASTrarakSaka svAvalaMbanathI cirakALaparyata kAryasAdhaka ane bahuvidha rIte jayavaMtI banI rahe che. AnA anusaMdhAnamAM e khUba mahattvanI vAta paNa ahIM noMdhavI ghaTe ke prAcInakAlIna bhAratavarSamAM daSTisaMpanna rAjayataMtro dvArA kAryakarone roDa vetana uparAMta anna jevI prathama jarUriyAtane poSatI cIjo marU (bhAta vagere khorAkI cIjo) evA yathArtha nAma sAthe niyamita apAtI hatI. rokaDa nANuM e mAyAvI dhana hoI nANA sAme maLatI vastunA pramANanI koI nakkI mAtrAnI bAMhedharI jaganuM koI rAjyataMtra ApI zakatuM nathI. ethI anna jevI pAyAnI cIja to vetananA bhAgarUpe sIdhI ja sevakone apAya to parivAronA nirvAhamAM pAyAnI sthiratA sadhAya che. zarIra-manane saMyukta rIte poSanAra anna ja jIvanano kharo AdhAra hoI bhAratamAM be sUtro vahetAM thayAM: (1) "anna te svayaM prANa che" (banne vai prANA:) ane (2) "anna svayaM brahma che" (banne vai brahma). AnA ja paDaghArUpe upaniSadU jevA AdhyAtmika graMthe paNa AkhA rASTramAM ane vizvamAM dayAnuM rAjaya sthapAya evuM vyavahAru sUtra ApyuM : "puSkaLa anna ugADavuM; A to vrata che" (anna va6 rvIta | utar vratam I). Aje to masta zabda parathI UtarI Avelo 'bhaththu' zabda ja rahyo, paNa enI sthULa prathA badalAtAM e nAma pAchaLanI prajAhitarakSaka sArthakatA nAza pAmI. 'bhaLyuM ke vaLI navA vicitra nAme apAtuM "moMghavArI-bhaththu paNa vetananI jema rokaDa nANAmAM ja apAtAM e hakIkate prajAnI mazkarI ke jabarI chetarapiMDI banI rahyuM che. e rakama vadhe tema-tema bajAramAM moMghavArI to tenAthI paNa vadhu UMcA pramANamAM vadhe che ! eTale hakIkate moMghavArIno For Personal & Private Use Only

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224 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vAjabI sAmano karavAmAM e vadhAro sAva ja niSphaLa rahe che; UlaTI vadhu AkarI moMghavArIne e notare che. eTale "moMghavArI-bhaththu'no sarakAranA manamAM rahelo khAnagI artha "moMghavArI vadhAre tevuM bhaththu' chevaTe ughADo ja paDI jAya che ane prajAmAM vyApaka bedilI janmAve che ! A pachInAM be lakSaNa, kozano gaMbhIra kSaya karI zake tevAM be mahAvyayasthAnonA niyaMtraNane lagatAM che; e be vyayasthAno A che : (1) kudaratI prakopo ane (2) prajAnI vividha rItanI vyApaka behAlInA prasaMge prajAnA sattva(jIvanazakti)ne beThuM karavA mATe rAjayataMtre pharajarUpe vyApakapaNe prajAne ApavI paDatI vividha karamuktio (parihAra) ke apAto vipula Arthika Teko. agAuthI A saMdarbhe bane eTalA sarvAgI kuzaLa Ayojana dvArA kozanAM A be devakRta saMbhavita mahAchidrone paNa vatte oche aMze maryAdita to jarUra karI zakAya. A be lakSaNo cheH (1) 35sapramIkSA (kudaratI ApattiomAMthI vyavasthitapaNe sadhAtI mukti), (2) parihArakSaya: (rASTranI prajAone karamukti vagere vyApaka Arthika rAhata pUrI pADavI paDe tevI kAThI paristhitionuM zakya Ayojano dvArA gaNanApAtra nivAraNa). kauTilya graMthanA adhyAya kra.4.3mAM vAparelo 3panipAta zabda atre prayojAyelA 35 zabdano ja paryAya jaNAya che. Avo zabdaphera kauTilya tapAselA ekAdhika AdhAragraMthomAMthI saMbhavyo lAge che. e daSTie e adhyAya A 'upasarga-pramokSa'nI ja vistRta carcArUpa gaNI zakAya. e vakhatanA deza-kALa pramANe prAdhAnya dharAvatA prAkRtika ke jaivika upadravo 'upanipAta' ke 'upasI' tarIke gaNAvAyA jaNAya che. Aje to hakIkate pota-potAnA pUrA zAsanakALa daramiyAna AsurI rIte - bale akathya rIte - vyApakapaNe AmaprajAne Arthika rIte dhvasta karavAmAM racI-pacI rahenArI sarakAro dekhAva khAtara ja "ApattinA vahIvaTa' (disaster-management) mATenuM sarakArI mALakhuM jAhera kare che. ApattinA AgotarA pAkA aTakAvanI to enI dAnata hotI ja nathI,UlaTuM. paryAvaraNane dAruNapaNe bagADI Apattione notaryA ja kare tevI sarvanAzakArI kahevAtI 'audyogika nIti' jAhera karIne 'udArIkaraNa'nA rUDA nAme khAnagI udyogone be-rokaToka pravRtti karavA de che ane temane gharajamAIo banAve che ! eka bAju rAyataMtra prajAniSTha, dRSTisaMpanna ane udyamI hoya ane bIjI bAjue samAjamAM tIvra buddhizakti ane Tharela pratibhA dharAvatI vyaktionI chata hoya to manuSyakRta Apattio prAya: na ja udbhave yA udbhave tevI ja DAmI zakAya tevA vyApaka nAgarika-zikSaNanI kAyamI jogavAI hoya. vaLI paryAvaraNa-vizeSajJo ke bhUmivizeSajJonI haiyA-ukalata dvArA prAkRtika ApattionAM AgotarA varatArA ke anumAna karIne, "pANI pahelAM pALa bAMdhIne ghaNA kSaya-vyaya nivArI kozarakSA karI zakAya. vaLI ApattikALamAM ke tenA pachI paNa prajAnAM sattva (sAmarthya) ane nItiniSThA TakAvIne rAjyataMtra prajAne Apatti vItye jaldI beThI karI zake. AnuM joDiyuM lakSaNa che parihArakSaya - prajAne ApavI paDatI vividha karamuktio ke Arthika rAhatomAM zakya banato kramika ghaTADo. adhyAya kra.2.2(nAnapaniveza:)mAM spaSTapaNe kahevAyuM che ke For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 225 navA janapadamAM sthAyI thavA AvanArAone "anugraha' (dhana/sAdhana-dAna) ane parihAra' (karamukti) saravALe kozamAM vRddhi thAya tevI yojanAthI ApavA; koza para gaMbhIra phaTako paDe tevA TALavA. 6'' sadA-sarvatra saMyamapAlana karavAthI ja rAjyataMtra ane prajAno paraspara-lAbhakAraka ane unnatikAraka racanAtmaka saMbaMdha baMdhAya che e vAta mukhya che. ahIM prastuta carcAmAM kozavRddhikara lakSaNa tarIke, game te kAraNe, parihArano ja kSaya kahyo che, sAthe "anugrahano ullekha nathI karyo. tema chatAM tAtparyanI dRSTie teno paNa samAveza abhipreta mAnI zakAya. anugrahanuM svarUpa thoDuM juduM ane racanAtmaka hoIne paNa kadAca eno ullekha ahIM na thayo hoya. manuSya jayAre kazA sAdhana vagarano hovA chatAM zarIra-manathI naravo hoya ane ekalo ke saparivAra navI vastImAM AvavA taiyAra thayo hoya, tyAre tenAmAM paDelI utpAdanakSamatA bahAra lAvavA mATe pahelAM tenI jIvanayAtrAne anna-vastra-nivAsano prAthamika AdhAra to Apavo ja paDe te sAva vahevAra, racanAtmaka ane saravALe denAra-lenAra baMnene lAbha karanAra dharmamArga che. vaLI AvuM anudAna rAjayataMtra dvArA vAjabI evI cokkasa apekSA sAme apAya che; A kAMI khAlI pAralaukika puNyaprApti arthe thatuM dAna nathI. alabatta, AmAM prajA taraphanI vatsalatA ane vizvAsa mUkavAnI zANI sUjha jarUra hoya che; rAjA-prajA vacceno eka daDha setu hoya che. paNa Akhare to vyakti potAnA sattvathI ja tare che; kAyama bIjAno Azraya zodhyA karavAthI nahi - e daSTie rAjakIya anugraha e ADakatarI rIte eka jAtanuM RNadAna (loan) ja banI rahe che - bhale te sthULarUpe kadAca vasUla na karAya. te rIte karamukti (parihAra) paNa manuSyane koI paNa navA Arthika abhikramanA (hiMmatabharyA koI kAryasvIkAranA) AraMbhe, potAnuM saparivAra poSaNa thAya tevA vAjabI naphAnI pAkI khAtarI karavA mATeno samayagALo maLI rahe te mATe hoya che. eTale cokkasa tabakke rAjyataMtre je-te vyaktine apAto "parihAra' paNa baMdha karavo te tene pakSe dharmarUpa che ane evA nyAyI pagalAne samajaNapUrvaka AvakAravuM te prajAjana mATe dharmarUpa che. AjanI cUMTaNI-pradhAna lokazAhImAM sarakAro cokkasa komo ke anya cokkasa valaNovALAM vyAvasAyika ke anya prakAranAM jUthonA mata kharIdavA khAtara konA bApanI divALI?" ema vicArIne rAjyanI tijorInA bhoge lAMbA vakhata sudhI temane lhANIo kare che. paNa tethI rASTra devALiyuM banIne patanane mArge ja jhaDapathI AgaLa vadhe che. Ama uparyukta be lakSaNo kozanAM saMbhavita mahAchidro nivAravAnI jogavAIrUpa che. chelle eka lakSaNa che - rokaDa-nANAMnI prAsaMgika bheTa (phiropAyanam ; A graMthamAM digya zabda "rokaDa nANuM' evA arthamAM rUDha zabda tarIke vaparAyo che). A lakSaNa prajAne moMghavArIjanya nANA-bhIDathI bacAvatA rahevAnA samajadArIbharyA rAjyataMtrIya pagalArUpa jaNAya che; eka jAtanI 'baoNNI' kahI zakAya. jayAre rAjyataMtrane ema lAge che ke prAsaMgika rUpe jIvananI pAyAnI jarUriyAto saMtoSatI cIjo bajAramAM Akasmika kAraNothI ja moMghI thaI gaI che ane tethI prajA te gALo pUratI nANAbhIDa vyApakapaNe anubhavatI hoya, tyAre prajAnAM AtmavizvAsa ane kAryakSamatA TakAvI rAkhavA prAsaMgika rIte pUraka nANAbheTa rAhatavetana tarIke ApavI jarUrI thaI paDe che. ahIM e spaSTa karavuM joIe ke bajAramAM bephAma rIte saMgrahakhoro vagere dvArA bhAvo vadhArI For Personal & Private Use Only

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2 26 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa devAya tyAre pAyAno upAya to evI niraMkuza sthiti rAjayamaMtrIya pAkA-pAyAnAM sarvAgI pagalAMothI aTakAvavI te ja che. A mATe graMthamAM adhyAya ka. 2.16mAM 5LyAdhyakSa(rASTrIya puravaThAadhyakSa)nI kAmagIrInuM saMkSipta chatAM khUba mahattvanuM je nirUpaNa che, te tapAsavA jevuM che. bIjI eka vAta e paNa dhyAnamAM levA jevI che ke rAnam zabdanI vyutpatti Ama apAya che : "prajAnuM raMjana kare arthAta prajAne sukhazAMtimAM sthApI prasanna rAkhe te rAjA' (TnA praznatiraksanAta). A vAta bhavabhUtie uttararAmaratam nATakamAM rAmane vasiSThamuni dvArA pAThavAyelA suciMtita saMdezamAM AvI rIte mUkI che : "prajAnA anuraMjanamAM sadA-tatpara raheje; temAMthI ja yaza prApta thAya che - je yaza tamArA sahunuM (raghuvaMzIonuM) parama dhana che25" (3.rA.va., 2.22). prajAne niyaMtraNothI nitya kasatA rahetA rAjAe saravALe to prajAnA mAnavIya kAma-puruSArthanA paNa bheru thavAnuM che; ene sAdA jIvananA, sahiSNutAnA ke "calavI levA'nA mithyA upadezothI murajhAvIne tenA jIvanane rasakasavihoNuM karavAnuM nathI. kauTilya rAjAne anugrahakArI pitAnI upamA ApI che (adhyAya kra.2.1). anugraha ke anaraMjana eTale prajAnA sattvane vikRta na kare tevuM tenuM ArAdhana. vaLI viziSTa prajAkIya utsava vakhate paNa A prakAranI "AnaMda-bheTa ApavAnI paraMparA tarapha paNa ahIM kauTilyano nirdeza joI zakAya. AgaLa joyuM tema kozamAM ratnAdi kImatI vastuo uparAMta rokaDa nANAno paNa saMcaya hoya che ja. emAMthI Avo racanAtmaka, prajAsattvasaMvardhaka vyaya saravALe to UlaTI kozanI vRddhi karanAro ja samajI AvI vAvaNIrUpa dhana-prasAdI TharelapaNe vaheMcavAnI che. A lakSaNo para samagra rUpe najara nAkhatAM jarUra kahI zakAya ke koza e rAjyataMtra saMgrahelI rASTranI UMcI ne TakAu AbarU-rUpa, rASTranI bahumukhI saMskRtinA nidhirUpa, tema ja vizeSe to rASTranA, nitya-nUtanatA ane puSTi pAmatA rahetA kSamatanA mUrta purAvArUpa rASTramANa che. emAM jaDatA-poSaka nahi, paNa caitanyapoSaka uparyukta sulakSaNo rASTranI saMyamI-udyamI pratibhAmAMthI nIpaje che. kozanAM A lakSaNonI jALavaNI arthataMtrane ghAtaka phugAvAthI acUka mukta rAkhI zake. rAjyanI aMgabhUta sAta prakRtiomAM kozane daMDa ane mitra e be prakRtionI agAu ane janapada tathA durga prakRtionI pachI mUkavAmAM paNa kauTilyanI pAradarzaka sUjha jaNAya che. koza e svAmI (rAjA) ane amAtyanI prabhAvaka adhyakSatAmAM janapada ane durganA saMyuktapaNe pravartatA sacetana pauruSanuM nitya navIkaraNa pAmatuM, rASTranA aMtaHsattvanI rakSA karatuM ane daMDa (sainya) karatAM vadhu racanAtmaka ane daSTisaMpanna evuM upakAraka jIvaMta aMga che. koI puNya jagavatI satInA satanI jema, ziyaLa(zIla)nI jema, kozanA caitanyapradhAna sattvanI rakSA karavA mATe enI pratye pUrA vinayathI, adabathI vartIne enI koI paNa jAtanI avivekI cheDachADathI dUra rahevAnuM che. koI paNa taghalaghI (manasvI) zAsana kozanI yathArtha rakSAmAMthI Tyuta thaIne kozane jema-tema barabAda karavA dvArA potAnI ja saMpUrNa barabAdIne notare che. kozanI AvI pavitra svarUpanI samRddhi daMDanA (sainyanA) vyApArane khAsso ghaTADI zake che te vAta kadAca jagat-itihAsanAM UlaTA prakAranAM daSTAMto('vyatireko')thI daDha rIte tAravI zakAya. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA AnI sAthe ja kauTilye kozakSayanAM je ATha kAraNo nirdezyAM che, te mukhyatve je-te utpAdanasthAnamAM ke arthasevAnA sthAnamAM karavAmAM AvatA zakya Arthika durvyavahAronI yAdI banI rahe che. te kAraNo A che H (1) 'pratibaMdha' (nIpaja na thavI), (2) 'prayoga' (rAjakIya nANA para aMgata vyAjakhorI), (3) 'vyavahAra' (utpanna mAla para yA dhana para vepAra), (4) 'avastAra' (avadhibhaMga-?), (5) 'parihApaNa' (ghaTADo), (6) 'upabhoga' (rAjyanA dhana ke mAlano aMgata vaparAza), (7) 'parivartana' (mAlabadalI), (8) 'apahAra' (uThAMtarI) . A yAdIne muddAvAra ane samagra rUpe samajIe. A bAbato mukhyatve sarakArI Arthika abhikramo(enterprise)ne lAgu paDatI samajI zakAya. paraMtu khAnagI utpAdakone paNa AmAMthI mahattvanuM mArgadarzana maLatuM hoI temAM paNa A kAraNo dhyAnamAM levAtAM haze. AmAMnA keTalAka muddA utpAdanasthAnone sIdhA na lAgu paDatAM ugharANInI pharajone lAgu paDatA jaNAya che. (1) prathama 'pratibaMdha'rUpa muddo che ALasa ke bedarakArIrUpa anudyamamAMthI ke alpa udyamamAMthI janmato. kAM to koI karavAnuM utpAdana karavuM ja nahi, kAM to adhUrI prakriyA karI utpAdana pUrNatAe na pahoMcADavuM - kAcI sAmagrI veDaphavI, kAM to mAlanA yogya saMcayanA abhAve teno nAza thavA devo. 227 (2) 'jara joIne munivara caLe' e nyAye vizALa saMsthAnuM vipula saMcita dhana joIne jAte ja potAnA manane daDhasaMskArabaLe lAlacathI mukta rAkhanAra karmacArI virala ja hoya che. 'manusmRti' sAcuM ja kahe che : "cokhkho mANasa maLavo muzkela che" (TurnAmo hi nruttirnara: -'manusmRti' 7.22). upalA adhikArIonA pramAdano geralAbha laIne, temanI AMkhamAM dhULa nAkhIne ke temanI sAthe lAbhanI bhAgIdArIrUpa sAMTha-gAMTha karIne paNa koI sarakArI utpAdana-sthAnamAM ke ugharANI-taMtramAM saMcita thayelA rokaDa dhananA nAnA-moTA aMzane khAnagI rAhe UMcA vyAje pharatuM karI vyAja bhogavavuM te 'prayoga'. "garajavAnane akkala na hoya" e nyAye Ama karanArane, moTe bhAge, e bhAna rahetuM hotuM nathI ke sAbadA taMtra dvArA potAnI AvI khAyakI vhelI-moDI pakaDAvAnI pAkI zakyatA che. paNa emAM thatA vilaMbanA pramANa mujaba kozane gaNanApAtra phaTako to paDe ja. vyAjakhAda e prAyaH vyAjaprathA nabhAvatA saMkula arthataMtra dvArA gaNatarImAM levAtuM moTuM Arthika nukasAna gaNAya che. (3) kozagata trIjuM dUSaNa che adhikArI dvArA potAnA kSetramAM utpanna thayelA sarakArI pAkA mAlano khAnagI vepAra - tene kahyo che 'vyavahAra'. khUba moTA jaththAmAM prAyaH je mAla pedA thato hoya, te mAlamAMnA tarata dhyAna na jAya eTalA jaththA para AvI ramata ramAI zake. Avo bhraSTAcAra zakya bane bajAra karatAM mAla sasto vecavAthI. eka rIte A ekakendrI jaththAbaMdha utpAdananI prathAmAMthI janmatuM pradUSaNa che, je prAcIna kALamAM paNa hayAta hatuM ! kozanAM vRddhi ke kSayanAM kAraNonI A AkhI carcA ciMtanazIlane paraMparAthI rUDha banI beThelA kahevAtA 'mAtabara' (balke 'mAtelA' !) arthataMtramAM pAyAnI krAMtinI jarUrata bAbata vicArato karyA sivAya rahe ema nathI. hA, e mATe jarUrI bane mAnavacetanAnI pAyAnI krAMti. kauTilya pote aMtaratamathI krAMtinA himAyatI ja nahi, rAhabara banavAnI kSamatAvALA paNa hovA chatAM, pravAhaprApta rUDha mAnavaprakRtinA ja saMdarbhe A graMthamAM to namratAthI mukhyatve vyavahAru stare carcAo kare For Personal & Private Use Only

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228 kauTilya "arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa che; alabatta, AmAM mAnava-svabhAva sahI zake tevI krAMtinAM chIMDAM to avazya cIMdhatA rahe che! (4) have joIe cotho dUSita arthavahevAra : "avastAra'. AnI graMthagata vyAkhyA kazA udAharaNa ke saMdarbhanA abhAvamAM samajAya tevI nathI. (A graMthanuM lAghava avAra-navAra arthaghaTananA pecIdA prazno pedA kare che.) zrI adhyA. kaMgale paNa A prasaMge mAtra zAbdika anuvAda karI TippaNamAM naryuM mauna (bAMdhI mUThI !) rAkhe che. mavastAranA paraspara maLatA AvatA bhautika artho che : cAdara, kanAta; taMbU caTAI. teno dhAtuja artha che kazuMka DhAMkavAnI kriyA ke DhAMkavAnuM sAdhana. dekhItI rIte ja ahIM dhAtuja kriyAvAcaka artha - "kazuka DhAMkavA ke chupAvavAnI kriyA' - levAno rahe che. tenI kauTilyokta vyAkhyA AvI che : "adhikArI siddha thayelA (pAkelA) kALane "e asiddha che' ema batAve (kroti ) ane aprApta (asiddha, nahi pAkelA) kALane prApta thayelo (siddha, pAkI gayelo) batAve te'. TIkAkAro baMdhabesato artha ApavAnI daSTie A dUSaNane sarakArI kara-ugharANI-taMtra sAthe sAMkaLe che. kara-ugharANIno samaya thaI gayo hoya tyAre "te nathI thayo" ema kahIne pachI kharekhara moDuM thayuM hoI "moDuM thayuM che" ema kahI cUka batAvI lAMca mAge, ane bIjI bAju ugharANIno samaya na pAkyo hoya tyAre "samaya thaI gayo che" ema kahI ajJAna bhoLI prajA pAsethI dhananI vahelI ugharANI karI le, yA vilaMbanI vAta kahI te bahAne daMDa karI potAnuM khisse bhare ! e rIte prAyaH kozanA dhanamAM ADakatarI rIte hAni karIne yA abUdha prajAne mAtra raMjADIne bhraSTa adhikArI potAnuM khisse bhare che. A arthaghaTana "avastAra' zabda jotAM barobara baMdhabesatuM nathI. anubhavI uccavahIvaTakAra dvArA AnuM sAcuM arthaghaTana jANavuM joIe. (5) "pariNApA' zabda pUri + ra (tyajavuM) dhAtu parathI prerakakriyAvAcaka zabda tarIke siddha thAya che; tethI zabdArtha thAya "copAsathI (pari) ghaTADavuM. koI arthasthAnamAM cokhkhI rIte nIpajelI Avakane hisAbanA goTALAo dvArA sIdhI ja ochI batAvavI athavA to te sAme thayelo kharca vadhAre batAvI bAkI rahetI Avaka ochI batAvavI te. A muddAmAMnI Avaka koI cIjanA utpAdanasaMbaMdhI paNa hoI zake ke ugharANI-saMbaMdhI paNa hoI zake. mAlanA saMdarbhe nIpajelA bhAva aMge ghAlamela karI ochI rakama jamA karAvavI - ema paNa samajI zakAya; kAraNa ke mAla ocho pedA thayelo batAvavAmAM to te uparAMta kharekhara utpanna thayelA bAkInA mAlanA apaharaNanI vAta AvI paDe - je mATe to AgaLa mAdAra e judo muddo che ja. vaLI ugharANInI kAmagIrIno saMdarbha hoya to hakIkata karatAM ochA loko pAsethI ugharANI thayAnuM batAvI zakAya. TUMkamAM thayelA kharA utpAdanane ke thayelI kharI ugharANIne ochAM batAvIne khAIkI karavI te "parIpaLa'. (6) "3Amo' rUpa dUSaNa AmAMnAM dhanalobhajanya dUSaNothI thoDI ochI tIvratAvALuM che, kAraNa ke emAM nIpajelA mAlano sIdho ja jAte ke sagAM-saMbaMdhImAM thato maphata upabhoga (vaparAza) hoya che. sAro mAla joIne te anadhikRta rIte paNa vAparavAnuM mana thAya e dhanalobha jeTaluM khAnAkharAbI karanAruM ane nitya vadhatuM janAruM dUSaNa nathI. upabhoganI to zArIrika maryAdA ApoApa AvI jAya. anyone paNa upabhoga arthe ApavAnI maryAdA, potAnA upabhogane For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 2 29 salAmata rIte gupta rAkhavAnI dRSTie - AMkhe na caDhI javAnI dRSTie - paNa ApoApa AvI jAya. alabatta, A sAme dhanadaMDa vastunI kakSA mujaba uccAvaca paNa khAssA UMcA batAvAyA che. (7) nIpajelA asala mAlane sthAne anya nakalI - halakI kakSAno ane sasto - mAla mUkIne asala kImatI mAla gharabhego karavo te che parivartana' (adala badala). AmAM chetaravAno vadhu catura prayatna che; te khAsa to AbarUdAra utpAdanasaMsthAnI zAkha tenA ajANatAM ja toDIne vepArI-jagamAM bedilI ane kyAreka lAMbA gALAno ghAtaka avizvAsa paNa janmAvI zake. dhanahAni karatAM anekagaNI kharAba che AbarU ane vizvAsa(good-will)nI hAni. e dRSTie A doSa to satata cAMpatI najara rAkhI aTakAvavA jevo ane sakhata rIte daMDavA jevo che. (8) "apahAra'-doSa nIpajanI sIdhI - alabatta, chUpI - uThAMtarIrUpa ja che. te 'pratibaMdha e prathama doSathI UlaTuM ane vadhu ghAtaka svarUpa dharAve che. tyAM ALasa ane pramAda che, ahIM vadhAre paDato, paNa avaLo udyama che ! emAM be prakAre lUMTa zakya hovAnuM sUcavAyuM che : (1) thayelI mAlanI ke dhananI nIpaja goTALA vALIne - khoTA ahevAlo vagere dvArA - saMsthAne soMpavI nahi, athavA (2) bIjI bAju vastu pedA karavAmAM ke ugharANI karatI saMsthAnA saMdarbhe dhananI ugharANI karAvavAmAM, je-te kAma karI cUkela hakadAra vyaktine cukavavApAtra mahenatANuM hoya te goTALA vALIne kharekhara cukavavuM nahi, ne mULa saMsthAne cukavAyAno kharca batAvI evuM dhana gharabheguM karavuM! A bIjo prakAra e rIte paNa saMbhave ke saMsthAnA mukhya hisAbanIze mAlanA vecANanI AvakamAMthI thayela kharca bAda karIne vadhelI je cokhkhI silaka ("navI' - balance) saMsthAnA mukhya adhikArI pAse jamA karAvI hoya, te e adhikArIe rAjayakozamAM jamA na karAvavI. A doSa khUba gaMbhIra prakArano hoI ucApata karAyelI rakamathI bAragaNo daMDa sUcavAyo che ! kozanI vRddhi karanArAM ane kSaya karanArAM paribaLonI A baMne yAdIomAM bIjAM ghaNAM vadhArAnAM vAstavika paribaLo umerI zakAya tema che. A apUrNatAnuM saMbhavita vyavahAru kAraNa e jaNAya che ke A baMne yAdIo golamAla karAyelAM mAla ke dhanane pAcho kema meLavavA tene lagatA prakaraNanA saMdarbhe apAI che. A adhyAyano mukhya viSaya che utpAdakasaMsthAnA adhikArIo ke karmacArIo dvArA ucApata karAyelA mAlane ke dhanane samagrapaNe ke mahad aMze rAjayataMtranI sthAyI takedArI-saMsthAo (vigilance organisation) dvArA ke je-te utpAdanataMtranI vizeSa kAnUnI jogavAIo dvArA kAyamI rIte rASTravyApI dhoraNe pAchAM meLavavAM te. saMkaTa-samayanI sAMkaLa jevA kozarU5 rAjayAMgane kSINa thatuM rokavAno A paNa eka khUba mahattvano upAya che. vaLI khoTI vAta sAthe bAMdhachoDa e rASTrajIvananI khAnAkharAbI notaranAruM eka moTuM chidra banI rahe. ahIM A adhikArIo ke karmacArIo dvArA golamAla mATe ajamAvAtA anubhavAzrita cAlIsa yuktiprakAro batAvyA che. teno pAyo che. mAnavasvabhAvanI jaldI na choDAvI zakAya evI sArvatrika For Personal & Private Use Only

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23) kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa nabaLAImAM. mAnavaprakRtinI pAyAnI sudhAraNAnuM kAma to RSio, AcAryo vagere ucca sAdhaka-varga para ane gAma-gAmanA saMskAra ane jJAnathI sajja sajjanonA saMgIna zikSaNakArya para nirbhara che. jayAM sudhI evuM mAnavacetanAnI vATa saMkoranAruM zikSaNakArya samAjamAM barobara goThavAyuM na hoya ke prabhAvazALI na banyuM hoya, tyAM sudhI kAMI samRddha kozanAM phaLothI AkhA rASTrane vaMcita rahevAnuM to na ja paravaDe. tethI manuSyanI sahaja bhaya-saMjJA ane UMDa-UMDe paDelI pApabhIrutAne dhyAnamAM laIne garavA kAnUno ke sipAItaMtrIya baLaprayoga dvArA khoTuM karanArane aTakAvavArUpa ane DAravArUpa prazAsana-karma rAjayasaMsthAne mATe kartavyarUpa bane che. je rAjayamAM pAyAnA prazAsakonI pUrNa jAgRtine kAraNe vyApaka bhraSTAcArane Ugato ja DAmavAnI dhiMgI-sAbadI anubhavasiddha vyavasthAo satata kriyAzIla rahe che, te rASTra potAnA dhyeyarUpa 'arthanI nityanI Avazyaka siddhiothI vaMcita rahetuM nathI ane saravALe "prAmANikatA ja samRddhinI mAtA che" (Honesty is the best policy) e ciraMjIva saMdeza sArA-narasA sarva dezavAsIone ApI prajAnuM naitika stara paNa vyApakapaNe sudhAre che. ucApatanA cAlIsa upAyonI yAdI kauTilyane ghaNe bhAge pUrvaparaMparAthI ja maLI hovI joIe. je rASTramAM sadIo-jUnI prAmANika zAsakonI paraMparA jIvaMta rahI hoya, tenI najaramAM ne buddhimAM badhI durjanalIlAo paNa vahelI-moDI taMtotaMta pratibiMbita thayA vagara na ja rahe. dhArmika stare evo mArmika bodha apAya che ke je koI manuSya ekAMtamAM pApa karIne ema samajato hoya ke "ahIM mane koI jotuM nathI, eTale mArA pApanI koIne khabara nahi paDe", to kharekhara tyAM paNa Izvara (ke aTala karmaniyama) to sAkSI hoya ja che, ane saravALe pApa chUpuM rahI zakatuM ja nathI. kharekhara to jAgRta, saMyamI rAjyazAsana AvA vyApaka IzvaratattvanuM ja mAnavasamAjamAM mUrta thayeluM jAjaramAna (pratibhAzALI) svarUpa che. kauTilyanA kALamAM jAgRta prazAsano dvArA cAlIsa golamAla-prakAro dhyAnamAM AvyA haze, to kadAca AjanA vadhu jAgRta hoya evAM lokazAhI prazAsano samakSa cAraso ke tethI paNa aneka-gaNA vadhAre bhraSTAcAro dhyAnapAtra banyA hoya. A badhAne gaNanApAtra rIte kAbUmAM levAmAM prazAsana jAgRta samAjanA vyApaka TekAnI jarUra cokkasa anubhave che. jo sajjano ane jIvananiSTha-prajAniSTha jJAnIonA sAtatyayukta prayatnathI rASTranI samagra saMskRtinA aMgarUpa sAmAjika, Arthika, dhArmika, rAjakIya, kaLAviSayaka vahevAromAM satyanI garavI upAsanA navA-navA rUpe khIlatI hoya, to tenI samagra asara rUpe rASTramAM sAcuM, saraLa, samRddha jIvana jIvavAnI tamannAnuM ja vyApaka prAdhAnya sthapAtuM hoI thoDI paNa vyApaka ane sAtatyayukta sAmAjika jAgRtithI khUMkhAra paNa alpasaMkhyaka evAM asAmAjika tattvone paNa vazamAM ANavAmAM rAjayataMtranI daDhatA ane kAbeliyata prAyaH saMtoSakAraka saphaLatA pAmyA vagara rahetI nathI. A sthitimAM navo-navo koI bUrAI-prakAra paNa na ajANyo ke vaNaparakhAyelo rahe ke na ukelAyA vagara rahe. mULamAM naryo sAMskRtika evo A zuddhi-saMkalpa vinIta rAjyataMtra dvArA judI-judI rIte sAkAra thaIne kAryasaddhimAM pariNamato rahe che. rAjayanuM sthAyI, vaividhyapUrNa, vyApaka, satata cakAsAtI ane poSAtI rahetI vaphAdArIvALuM, hiMgI lokazakti para UbheluM guptacarataMtra A saMkalpanA khamatIdhara For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 231 pAyArUpa prathama mUrta svarUpa che. vaLI naravI udyamapriya prajAmAM vyApaka rIte paDelI asatya sAmenI dAjha ane tene ughADuM pADavAnI niHsaMzaya kartavyabuddhi ane tamannA paNa enuM evuM ja pAyAnuM mUrta svarUpa che. A bhUmikAnA anvaye kauTilya kahe che ke koI paNa eka bhraSTa vyavahAra anekonA chUpA sahakArathI ja zakya bane che. e daSTie AvA sahakArIomAMnA eka-ekanI AkarI UlaTatapAsa thavI joIe, jethI AvA sahakAra ApavA sAmeno kAyamI DAro mulkamAM phelAya. vaLI AvI khoTI sAMTha-gAMThane nyAyI ane samartha evI bhedanItithI, evI bhraSTatAmAM ajJAnathI sakyoga ApanArAone "jUTha sAthenI maitrInAM phaLa viSayukta hoya che enuM bhAna karAvI bhraSTAcArIothI alaga pADI, temane temanAthI sAvaceta karI, thayelA bhraSTa vahevArane ughADo pADavAmAM temano kImatI sAtha meLavI zakAya che. bhraSTAcArIo thAka paNa beThA zuddha saMkalpathI nitya skUrti dAkhavatuM taMtra na thAke evuM sAbaduM, dhIra ane lokasvabhAva sAthe ramata ramI jANanAruM hoya. AvuM khamatIdhara taMtra mAnavasvabhAvanI utkrAMtimAM ghaNo mahattvano phALo ApI zake, saMskRtinuM jayotirdhara banI zake. samartha taMtre to vyApaka abhaya sthApI bhraSTa vahevArathI nukasAna pAmelAone rAjya samakSa nyAyataMtra dvArA phariyAda karavA paNa preravA joIe, porasAvavA joIe, ane temane thayelI hAni gunhegAra puravAra thayela vyakti pAsethI bharapAI paNa karAvavI joIe ane vadhArAmAM gunhegArane Akaro daMDa paNa thavo joIe. vaLI aneka Aropone nakAratA AropIno ekAda Aropa paNa sAco Thare to bAkInA Aropo paNa sAcA hovAnI saMbhAvanA karIne AgaLanI pAkI-pUrI kAryavAhI karavI joIe. jAhera hita arthe taMtrane bhraSTAcAranI saccAIpUrvakanI jANa karanAra (sUkSa) rASTrapremInA utsAhane rAjayataMtre rakSavo ane poSavo ghaTe. ene AropInI saMbhavita veravRtti sAme pAkuM rakSaNa (avasthA) ApavuM. vaLI enI phariyAda sAcI Thare to siddha (punaHprApta) thayelI vastunA mUlyano chaThTho bhAga tene bakSisa tarIke Apavo. batAvyA karatAM ochI khAyakI puravAra thAya to paNa teno vAjabI aMza bheTa tarIke Apavo. to tethI UlaTuM, mAtra verabuddhithI khoTI phariyAda karanArane, te phariyAda khoTI hovAnuM puravAra thaye Akaro daMDa karavAmAM paNa pramAda na karavo, jethI jherIlA mANasomAM AvAM jUThANAM uDADavA sAme DAro Ubho thAya. bIjI bAju, Aropo siddha thayAnA tabakke jo gunhegAranI caDhavaNIthI mULa phariyAdI bhaya ke lAlacano mAryo potAnI phariyAda pAchI kheMcI le athavA bhAgato phare, to rASTranA asAmAjika tattva sAthenI tenI tatkAlIna ane bhaviSyanI paNa saMbhavita sAMThagAMTha DAmavA tene AkarAmAM AkarI (vadhanI !) sajA karavI ema paNa kahevAyuM che. Ama taMtranI ane prajAnI saMyukta jAgRtithI saravALe bhraSTa artha-vyavahAro Adi pratyenuM, rAha bhUlelAM prajAghaTakonuM AkarSaNa ghaTADIne "saravALe prAmANikatA ja sarvanI sAcI samRddhi vadhAranAro jayavaMto sAmAjika guNa che' tevI samajaNa prasAravI tevo kauTilyano sAMskRtika Azaya ahIM parakhAya che. sarvadA manuSyanI darzanazuddhi paNa sAdhatAM jaI saMskRti poSaka vahevAro sthApavA e pAyAnI vAta paNa bhAratIya rAjadharmaciMtakonA manamAM daDha thayelI hatI. For Personal & Private Use Only

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232 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa karanIti : prAyaH kauTilyanI ativyastatAne kAraNe 'arthazAstra' graMthamAM rAjayataMtra aMgenA keTalAMka nAnAM pAsAMonuM alAyaduM nirUpaNa chUTI gayuM hoya evuM bane che. uparyukta pAsA bAbata paNa ema banyuM lAge che. AvA viSayone lagatAM paNa pAyAnA siddhAMto ke tAraNo vera-vikhera rIte graMthamAMnA bIjA viSayonI carcA sAthe lagabhaga rajU thayelAM jovA maLe che. karanIti viSenA paNa mArgadarzaka siddhAMto evI rIte verAyelA paDyA che. kadAca kara-dhoraNo dezakALa pramANe badalAtAM rahetAM hovAthI judAMjudAM karanAM dhoraNo AMkaDAkIya rIte nathI ApyAM. "mahAbhArata'nA 'zAMti-parva' aMtargata rAjadharmaparvamAM karanIti viSe vistRta alaga carcA maLe che. karanirdhAraNa aMge baMne cheDAnA atireko TALatI prajAbhimukha nIti iSTa lekhAI che. khetI, pazupAlana, hunnara, vepAra ke vividha sevA-vyavasAyo para kula maLataranA amuka paraMparAgata ucita TharAvAyelA 'bhAga' (aMza)rUpa kara levAto. koza khAlI thaI javAnI kaTokaTI prasaMge yojavAnA upAyonI carcA agAu karavAmAM AvI che, temAM A kAradhoraNa prAsaMgikarUpe vadhAravAnI vAta paNa ApaNe joI che. evo kara na baLajorIthI vasUla karavo, na pharI-pharI - e paNa joyuM. prajAnI Arthika zakti saMtoSakAraka rIte nirmANa thAya te jovAnI rAjayanI pharaja graMthamAM vAraMvAra svIkArAyelI jovA maLe che. ethI "janapadasthApanA' prakaraNa (adhyAya-ka. 2.1)mAM paNa navA janapadasthAna(vasAhata)mAM sthAyI thavAnI pahela karanArane zarUAtamAM be pAMdaDe thavA devA mATe te-te vyakti ke parivAranA praveza-kALathI mAMDI amuka samayagALA sudhI karamukti (ridAra) ApavAnI nIti, AjanI sarakAronI jema, apanAvavA bhalAmaNa karAI che. vaLI sAdhanahIna sthitimAM AvelA parivArone yogya maryAdAmAM rAjya taraphathI zarUAtamAM anudAna (anupra) karavAnI paNa bhalAmaNa che. tyAM paNa, ApaNe joyeluM tema, spaSTa kahevAyuM che ke saravALe kozane cokhkhI hAni (35dhati) kare tevA parihAra ane anugraha na karavA; saravALe e pAmanAra prajAjanonI kSamatA baMdhAtAM temanA Arthika abhikramo kozanI paNa sthira vRddhimAM pariNamavA ghaTe. vAvaNIrUpa supAtradAna ja kartavya gaNAya; dezakALa joyA vinAnuM apAtradAna nahi. AjanI sarakAromAM beThelA rASTrabhakSaka vaDerAo kozanA bhoge potAnAM ghara bharAya te rIte mAtabara ane mAtelA sAMDha jevA udyoga-samrATone anugraha-parihAranI bheTa dhare che, ane kharekharA jarUratamaMda sAmAnya janane bhikhArI banAvatA jAya che ! karasaMbaMdhI eka vaikalpika vyavasthA paNa karanItinI mAnavIyatA batAve che. je vyakti potAne bharavApAtra thato kara rokaDamAM na bharI zake tema hoya, te karane sthAne tenuM sATuM vALavA rAjayanA koI ne koI kAma mATe zramadAna kare; tevI vyakti R-pratira (karanA sATe zramazakti ApanAra) kahevAya che. ubhaya pakSe vadhu guNakArI banI rahenAro kevo suMdara vikalpa ! prajAnI vividha vAstavika svayaMbhU zaktio AkhA mulkanA khUNe-khUNe jAgatI rahe, khIlatI-vikasatI rahe tevI saMgIna zAsana-vyavasthA upajAvIne prajAnI vRddhi pAmelI te zaktinA ja aMza tarIke kara ugharAvavo e khUba nyAyI vyavasthA che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 233 bIjI bAjue chatI zaktie pramAda, atilobhajanya kapaTIpaNuM ityAdi kAraNe kara ApavAnuM TALanArane barAbara ThekANe lAvIne enI pAsethI taMtotaMta karavasUlAta karavI e paNa pAyAnuM rAjayakartavya che; nahitara prAmANiko vadhu ne vadhu daMDAya ane aprAmANiko rAjayakozanuM chidra banI mahAlatA rahe. evuM duSTanigraha vagaranuM vaiSamyapoSaka zAsana kALakrame svayaM uzkerAyA vagara rahe nahi. A daSTie ja agAu joyA pramANe rAjyataMtranA khUba mahattvanA ghaTakarUpa uccatama vikAsaadhikArI tarIke "samAhartA'nA padanuM Ayojana karAyuM che. padanuM nAma ja "sArI rIte ugharANI karanAra' evo dhanaparaka mArmika artha dharAve che. rAjyataMtre suciMtita rIte nakkI karelA karo, lAgAo vagerenI pUrI custatAthI ugharANI karavI e rAjayataMtranI kasoTIrUpa khUba mahattvanI ane pAyAnI kAmagIrI che - bahuphaLadAyI kAmagIrI che. kharekhara badhI rIte sAbadI, kasAyelI ne kAmaDhI rAjayasattA ja potAnI beThI pratibhAthI prajAmAM vyApakapaNe sahaja DAro pedA karIne potAnuM chidrarahita ugharANItaMtra gAjatuM rAkhe che, jethI barobara bajavaNI pAmatA AkarA daMDavidhAnathI bacavA prAmANikatAthI karI bharI devAmAM ja bhalabhalA bhUMDAo paNa salAmatI jue che. "mahAbhArata'mAM navI banelI indraprasthanagarImAMthI pravartelA yudhiSThiranA suzAsananA varNananA AraMbhe ja karonI saMgIna vasUlAta(vatnInAM saMsthAna)no muddo paNa khAsa cIMdhavAmAM Avyo che. eTale samAhartapadamAM evI saMbhAvanA bharavAmAM AvI che ke pradeSTA, sthAnika, gopa Adi tenA tAbA heThaLanA kAryakarajALa dvArA karavasUlImAM paDatAM chIMDAMonI bhALa satata thatI rahe ane e sAme zaktizALI upAyothI chIMDAM purAtAM paNa rahe. vaLI karavasUlImAM, pratyeka vasatImAMnA pratyeka parivAranuM thatuM jhINavaTabharyuM Arthika, sAmAjika niyamita sarvekSaNa paNa cokkasa madadarUpa thAya. janapadanA sAmAjika, Arthika, sAMskRtika paraspara-saMbaMddha AMtarapravAho para vAjabI cokIdArImAM, vaphAdAra ane kAryadakSa evuM vaividhyapUrNa guptacarataMtra paNa khUba mahattvano phALo Ape che. khetI, pazupAlana, hunnara, udyoga, vepAra, vyAvasAyika sevAo e badhI prajAkIya Arthika pravRttimAM kaI vyakti ke kayuM jUtha upArjana ane saMpannatAmAM kyAM UbhAM che tenI jANakArI AvA khullA ane vikendrita arthotpAdanovALA pratyakSa samAjamAM lAMbo samaya chUpI rahI zakatI nathI. agAu vahIvaTItaMtranI carcAnA anvaye samAhartAnAM kAryo vicAratAM rAjayataMtranI AvakanA sAta sroto paikI vaLaHtha ne paNa eka srota gaNAvelo joyo hato. rASTramAM vepAra paNa eka khUba mahattvanI pravRtti tarIke e prAcInakALamAM paNa barobara sthapAyelo hato, jenAthI prajAjIvana paNa vizeSa suvidhApUrNa banatuM hatuM. vepAranI pravRtti karanArAomAM, vividha deza-pradezomAM mAlanI heraphera karanAra hiMmatabAja, kAThI chAtIvALA, catura zAha-sodAgarono paNa eka moTo gaNanApAtra varga hato. AvA vepAranuM sthaLa dhyeya to rahetuM aMgata naphArUpe maLatuM ativipula dhana. aneka hiMmatabAja, ke pote dhaMdhAcatura hovA chatAM hiMmate kAcA ke kAcApAkA evA vividha vepArIone dUranAM sthAnomAM vepAra karavAmAM saraLatA rahe te mATe moTA vyavasthita samudAyarUpe paNa vepArIo vepAra karavA nIkaLatA, jene "sArtha' (kAphalo) kahetA. AvA samudAyamAM aneka mAnavaguNo ke sAmudAyika sakyogitAnA ane sAmAjikatAnA guNo paNa namUnApAtra svarUpe jarUra pragaTatA hatA ane aneka pradezo sAthe temanA dvArA sthAyI mUlyavattAvALI sAMskRtika Apa For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa le paNa thatI. chatAM lobhanI preraNA paNa temanA vyavasAyanA svarUpa anusAra vatte-oche aMze rahe ja. have rAjyataMtra dvArA je vaNikSatho A vepArapravRttine dRDha pAyo eTale ke pAyAnuM suvidhAmALakhuM pUruM pADavA kAyamI dhoraNe nirmANa ane nibhAva pAmatA, tenA kharcane sarabhara karavA A mArgono vepArI upayoga karanArAo pAsethI zulka eTale ke vepAra mATeno mArgavero 'zulkAdhyakSa' nAmanA ucca mukhyAdhikArInI kuzaLa rAhabArImAM pravRtta rahetA alaga taMtra dvArA vasUla karAto. mAlanAM jAta, jaththo ityAdi pAsAM mujaba uccAvaca zulka nakkI karAya. enI vasUlI acUkapaNe thAya ane ene TALavA ke emAM ghaTADo karavA mATenAM zakya vividha kapaTo, chetarapiMDIo ughADAM pADavA mATenAM sthAyI nAkAM paNa mArgo para rahetAM. 'zulkAdhyakSa'nAM A badhAM kartavyono vicAra adhyAya kra.2.21, 22mAM maLe che. AjanA oNkTroya jevo e kara jaNAya che. A karanI javAbadArImAMthI prajA mATe pAyAnI AvazyakatArUpa cIjone ke dhArmika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika pravRttimAM mahattva dharAvatI cIjone mukti paNa apAtI. bAkInI cIjonA vepArIo dvArA je aneka aTapaTI yuktio thatI, enAM varNano paNa AvA rAjanItinA ke dharmazAstranA graMthomAM maLe che. evAM kapaTone zulkataMtranA vividha karmacArIo dvArA, jarUra pramANe guptacaronA vyApaka sahayogathI ughADAM pADI AkarA daMDa sAthe zulka vasUla karAtAM. emAM zithila hoya evA rAjyataMtrano jayavAro avazya TaLe; kAraNa ke eno koza ghasAto jAya. 234 kRSi-pazupAlana-pradhAna ane grAmapradhAna samAjamAM kRSi ane pazupAlananI Avako para paNa niyata rAjabhAga ke kara levAto e paNa ahIM pharI bhArapUrvaka noMdhavuM joIe. jo Ama na karAya to kozane bhAre moTo phaTako paDe. A uparAMta rAjya taraphathI je keTalIka vyApaka jAhera sevAvyavasthAo karAya che, te para paNa sevA vAparanArA pAsethI kararUpa rakama levAya che; dA.ta. rAjyanI naukAsevA, viNapatho para lUMTArAothI bacavA apAtI vaLAviyA(ativAhi)nI sevA (escort), coronA satata-upadravavALAM sthAnomAM corone pakaDI ApavAnI je te mulka mATenI sevA ityAdi. prAkRtika, rAjakIya, sAmAjika nimittoe jyAre koI pradezavizeSamAM ke AkhA rASTramAM prajA prAsaMgika ApattithI grasta hoya tyAre vyApaka karamukti (parihAra) paNa jAhera karAya che. Ama nyAyI kara-vyavasthA rAjA-prajAne sama-udyamI ane paraspara sahayogI banAvI rASTranI sarvAMgI unnatino sthira pAyo race che. (4) guptacarataMtra kahevAyuM che : "satyamAM sarva pratiSThita che" (satye sarva pratiSThitam). bAhya vastu(sat)nuM cetanAmAM paDatuM yathArtha pratibiMba athavA Apta RSio dvArA pragaTa thayelA parama sat-tattva sAthe meLamAM hoya tevAM vicAra-vartana te satya. evuM satya ja sarvano AdhAra hoI je-te kALe je-te bAbata aMgenuM satya pramAda tyajI jANavuM joIe ane ene AdhAre ja koI paNa vicAra ke AcAra For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 235 apanAvavo joIe. tethI "satya e ja Izvara" ke "satya-nArAyaNa" evAM samIkaraNo paNa pracalita banyAM che. jevuM paramArthanA kSetramAM, tevuM vyavahAranA kSetramAM satya to ArAdhya che ja che - bhale satyanAM judAM judAM stara AvazyakatA ane sUjha pramANe te-te jIvanakSetre ArAdhAya. satya starabhede bAhya jJAnendriyothI, manathI, buddhithI ke AtmAthI jJAta bane che. jyAM sudhI aihika jIvana che, tyAM sudhI A vividha staranAM satyo, judA-judA saMdarbhe, ahIM batAvelAM judAM-judAM indriyAdi sAdhanothI upAsAvAM, aMke karAvA Avazyaka che. rAjyataMtre paNa enAM badhAM kartavyo pAra pADavA niraMtara judAMjudAM satyonAM siddhi ane saMgraha te-te jJAnasAdhanothI - jene mATe tattvavidyAmAM "pramANa' zabda vaparAya che ne vyavahArakSetre "purAvA' zabda vaparAya che tenA dvArA - karatAM rahevAnuM che. A mATe saMkSepamAM kahIe to bahirmukha avalokana-yatna ane aMtarmukha ciMtanayatna yajJa-bhAvanAthI niraMtara karavAno che. A yajJanuM adhvaryapaNuM eka cheDe rAjAe ne bIje cheDe sAbadA janapadavAsIoe karavAnuM che, ane vacce pAchuM saMkula adhikArI jALa, karmacArIjALa paNa emAM pUrepUro sAtha ApavA sajja rahe te apekSita che. A rIte jotAM, AkhA rASTranA satyAdhArita saphaLa pravartana ane niyamana arthe rAjA ke rAjyataMtranA cakSunuM (yA sarva bahirindriyonuM) kAma karavA mATe sahaja vaphAdArI (anurAga)mAM sthira thayelA ane bahuvidha kauzalo dharAvatA prajAjanomAMthI khaDuM thayeluM rASTravyApI guptacarajALa sarvatra ane sarvadA khapanuM banI rahe che. A ja che asala mAhitIkhAtuM, jemAM mAnavapratibhAmAMthI ja mAhitI kauzala (I.T.) prabhave che. vizALa mulkamAM patharAyelA vividha ne vipula evA prajAvargonA ane rAjyanA karmakAronA bhautika jIvana-vyavahAranuM AvazyakatAnusAra talasparzI avalokana karIne, tene AdhAre sanmArgathI cAtarI gayelA (zruta thayelA) sarva vyavahArone maryAdAmAM sthApI, tema ja manuSyonI jANavA maLelI eSaNAo (icchAo) ane jarUriyAto pUrI pADavAnI jogavAIo UbhI karIne saravALe prajAonuM vyaktigata, sAmAjika, Arthika, sAMskRtika ane AdhyAtmika kalyANa siddha karavuM te che rAjanItinuM zAzvata dhyeya. A mATe AvA vizALa prajAsamUhonA ane khuda rAjayataMtranA, rASTramAM sarvatra patharAyelA karyakaronA nityanA navA-navA vahevAronA yathArtha jJAnanI jarUra satata rahe che. rAjA ke rAjapuruSo pote badhuM ja jAte jovA na jaI zake; temane to potapotAnAM pravAhaprApta niyamanakartavyomAM rata rahevAnuM hoya. tethI jarUrI che eka vipula vizvAsya sevakasamudAya, ke je potAnI kuzaLa iMdriyothI ane potAnAM doSamukta, pUrvagrahamukta manovyApAra ke mananazakti thakI manuSyonAM te-te vartanonI, manovalaNonI, je-te hetu mATe khapanI badhI vigato bharosApAtra rIte rAjayataMtra samakSa upasthita karI zake. ApaNe joyuM che tema kauTilya pramANe arthazAstra te indriyajayanuM zAstra che. te mujaba akhaMDa arthasiddhi arthe sarvatra, sarvadA indriyasaMyama sthapAto rahe ne jaLavAto rahe temAM sauthI samartha sAdhana che A guptacarataMtranI khaMtIlI kAmagIrI. ne indriyajayathI chevaTe sadhAtAM suphaLanI prAptimAM paNa A taMtrano phALo sauthI mahattvano che. "pApI pApa paM caina vaha ?" - e nyAya mujaba saMskRtino sUryodaya pAmI cUkelA samAjamAM For Personal & Private Use Only

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236 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa doSonuM sevana karanAra dareka vyaktinA manamAM UMDe UMDe kSobha, athavA to pote asahAyapaNe (gItAvacana mujaba H najIgna pa - anicchAe paNa) khoTuM karI rahI che evuM bhAna prAya: hoya ja che. ethI ja doSonuM sevana prAyaH guptapaNe thatuM hoya che - prajAjana dvArA yA rAjasevaka dvArA. (A paNa saMskRtinuM eka suphaLa gaNAya !) potAnA doSane Ama DhAMkavAnuM valaNa, evA doSomAMthI chUTavAnI manuSyanI suSupta jhaMkhanAnuM sUcaka che. A vastusthitinA anvaye ja koI paNa saMskRtiniSTha rAjanItino prayatna AvA doSo ughADA pADI, ene vivekI rIte daMDIne, saravALe je-te vyaktino saguNa taraphano mArga sApha ane vijJAhita karavAno ja hoya. akAryanI A mAMhyalAmAM paDelI lajjA ja mANasane jagADI tene saMskRtinA rAjamArga para sthApavAnI anukULa bhUmikA banI rahe che. ahIM e paNa cIMdhavuM joIe ke samAjamAM, hajI potAnA jIvanamAM Avo saMskRtino sUryodaya na thayo hoya evI vyakitao paNa Thera-Thera jovAmAM Ave che. e, samAjane to zuM, prAyaH potAnA parivArane ya zatru gaNatI hoya che. kukarma eno svabhAva banI rahe che. evAno viziSTapaNe nigraha paNa rAjayataMtranuM kartavya gaNAya. manuSyatvanI utkrAnti ane lalita khilavaTamAM apUrva bhAga bhajavavAnI apAra kSamatAvALA jagadravyApI vividha dharmo, savRttione satata jIvaMta ane manohara evA navA-navA AkAre janahRdayamAM sIMcanArA, vividha deza ane kALamAM pAkatA rahetA saMtonA premapradhAna mAdhyamathI, mAnavajIvanamAM divyatA sIMcI vyaktione paNa parasparAbhimukha karI cUpacApa divya samAjanA udayano yajJa karI rahyA che. emAM ya pUrvanA dezomAM bhAratabhUmi nirvivAda rIte baDabhAgI gaNAI che. e dharmoe kevo ucca mAnavasamAja kaMDArI Apyo che tenI sAcI jhalaka pUrvagrahamukta citte prakRtinA pUjaka-saMrakSaka banIne prakRti vacce jIvatA janapadavAsIomAM ne emanA ekaMdare sahayogI samAjamAM maLyA vagara na rahe. A dhiMgA satyane lIdhe ja, kauTilya bahu ja UMcI sUjha-samajathI, rAjayanAM ghaTakomAM janapadane, niyAmaka caitanyanA pratIkarUpa rAjA ane maMtrIrUpa be sarvopakAraka ghaTako bAda taratanuM sthAna, enA mahimAne kAraNe, enI anaMta upakArakatAne kAraNe ApyuM che. janapadasamAjamAM jJAna-bhakti-karmanI triveNIno apUrva saMgama, sahajapaNe samatola rUpe thayelo anubhavI zakAya che. to upara batAvelA rASTravyApI doSonA niyamananA ane zamananA kAryamAM rAjayataMtrane sAtha ApavA mATe sajja evuM cunaMduM caitanyabaLa janapadamAM vyApakapaNe ane vipula mAtrAmAM paDeluM che. (e mATe paradezanA jJAnane ke paradezIone, mAtra tenAthI uparachallI rIte aMjAIne, svarASTra para ThokI besADavAnI jarUra UbhI thatI nathI.) uparyukta rASTravyApI doSonA adhikRta jJAna mATe AvAM, sRSTi ane samAja tarapha jJAnapUrNa bhakti dharAvatAM jAnapada (janapadavAsI) naranArIone premAdara sAthe rAjasevaka banavA notarI, temane guptacaryA dvArA rASTranA khUNe-khUNe paDelA doSo ughADA pADavAnA pAyAnA kAmamAM sthAyI rUpe jotaravA te dRSTisaMpanna rAjyataMtranI pharaja banI rahe che. vaLI AvuM svadezI prajAkIya guptacarataMtra rASTranI doSazodhanaprakriyAmAM ekaMdare moTA bhAganI navI prajAno paNa Teko ane sAtha avazya pAme che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 237 arthazAstramAM keTalAka AkhA adhyAyo dvArA, keTalAka adhyAyonA amuka aMzo dvArA, tema ja AkhA graMthamAM AvazyakatA mujaba thatA rahetA viziSTa prAsaMgika ullekho dvArA kauTilyanI guptacarataMtra aMgenI samagra vibhAvanA jANI-samajI zakAya che. e vibhAvanA kauTilyanI svakalpanAnI ja nathI, paNa prAcIna bhAratavarSanAM vikasita rAjayataMtromAM vAstavika rIte UpasI AvelAM prauDha, namUnedAra, guptacarataMtronA jJAnamAMthI ane vaLI pote prAsaMgika rIte prayojelA rAjanaitika kAryakalApane AdhAre paNa nIpajI AvelI che. kauTilya tene anumodanapUrvaka puraskArI che. Ane lagatI AkhA graMthamAMnI vividha vigato vAgoLatAM, sujJa jananA dhyAnamAM tarata Ave evuM rasaprada pAsuM e che ke rAjayataMtranuM kadAca sauthI vadhu vipula rojagAra AmaprajAne pUrA pADanAruM A khAtuM che. A prakAranuM Ayojana koI paNa rAjyataMtranI kevI UMDI ane vyApaka prajAniSThA ane prajAvatsalatA hoI zake eno prakhara purAvo pUro pADe che. nirakSara, grAmINa ke AdivAsI vividha taLa-prajAomAM mana-buddhi-zarIranI keTakeTalI vipula, racanAtmaka, rASTratAraka zaktio paDelI che e aMgenI rAjyataMtranA rAhabaromAM paDelI UMDI sUjha prAcIna bhAratIya rAjanItinA A prakRSTa graMthamAMnAM, A taMtra aMgenAM varNano parathI supere UpasI Ave che. prajAmAM dhyeyasiddhi arthe te-te cokkasa sAmAjika, vyAvasAyika, dhArmika, laiMgika (strI-puruSa-jAti aMgenA), jAtigata, vayogata vaizisyovALI vyaktinuM - dA.ta. kheDUtanuM, chAtra(vidyArthInuM, vepArInuM, sevakanuM, saMnyAsItApasAdi dharmopAsakonuM, puruSa dvArA strInuM, kirAtAdi jAtivizeSonuM, vRddhanuM - hUbahU anukaraNa karI saphaLa rIte dhAryuM kArya - koI viSenI gupta jANakArI gupta rIte meLavavAnuM ane / athavA koI pagaluM bharavAnuM - pAra pADavAnI jabarI zaktio paDelI hoya che. koI paNa pratibhAzALI prajAmAM uttama abhinayazakti - bhASA, veSa, hAvabhAvo, Tevo, prAdezika vizeSatAonA addala anukaraNanI AvaData - sAmAjika ekarasatAne kAraNe sahajapaNe sArI rIte dharabAyelI paDI hoya che. vividha sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjadvArI, dhArmika, sAMskRtika ityAdi anAcAro ke aparAdho purAvA sahita jANI levA mATe ane vizeSa pratibhA ke sajjatA hoya to aparAdhIne pakaDavA ke daMDavA mATe paNa AvA vividha veSa bhajavatA guptacaro atyaMta khapanA che. AmAM noMdhapAtra vAta e paNa che ke sAmAjika ane bIjI badhI anukULatA mujaba strIonI paNa sevA chUTathI levAmAM Ave che; apaMgo, napuMsako jevA nimna ke gaMbhIra zArIrika khAmI dharAvatA vargonI sevA paNa sArI rIte prajApAlana karatuM rAjayataMtra, svayaMbhU rIte, potAnA prajAvargo('tIrtha)mAMthI ja rASTrane atyaMta vaphAdAra evA ane rASTrahitamAM judI-judI rIte atyaMta khapanAM nara-nArIono atyaMta vipula sevakasamUha pedA karI le che. anyane japhA pahoMcADatI bUrAImAtrathI prAyaH mukta evA, dharatInA lUNa samA Ama-prajAsamUhomAM vaphAdArI ane kAryaniSThAnA saMskAra to lohImAM ja vaNAyelA hoya che. AmaprajAsamUhomAMthI vyApakapaNe prAyaH yuvAvaye ja A rIte asaMkhya vyaktione rAjayanI khUba javAbadArIbharI kAmagIrImAM sthAyIrUpe bharatI karavAnI nIti sarva prajAjanomAM, kharekhara annadAtA (ane nahi ke AjanA kapaTI vaizvikIkaraNa ne udArIkaraNanA oThe annahartA) banI rahelA For Personal & Private Use Only

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238 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa rAjyataMtra para AsthA ane sthira vaphAdArInA bhAvo pedA kare emAM navAI nathI. tethI moTA bhAganA prajAjano paNa AvA guptacarone ajANapaNe paNa sahakAra ja ApatA rahe. Ane pariNAme rASTrakaMTakarUpa bhraSTa ke duSTa tattvo laghumatImAM AvI, ekalA paDI, judAM tarI AvyA vagara rahe nahi. je rASTranA moTA bhAganI prajAnI UMcI nItibhakti (morale) TakI rahe, e rASTra dunigraha dvArA sajajanonA kALajIbharyA parirakSaNa mATe nityasajaja gaNAya. bhAratIya rAjanItizAstramAM rAjAone vAraMvakSa: (vIra arthAt guptacaro - te svarUpanI AMkha dharAvatA, eTale ke guptacaro jemanI AMkho che tevA) kahyA che. agAu ApaNe rAjAnI je dinacaryA joyelI, temAM kAryonI samayabaddha goThavaNImAM e paNa joyeluM ke divasa daramiyAna rAjAnA jAgRtinA kula tereka vibhAgomAM traNa vibhAgo guptacaro sAthenI, paraspara cokkasa bhinna svarUpanI mulAkAto mATe phALavAyelA che. e parathI e taMtranuM paNa rAja-kAjamAM kevuM cAvIrUpa mahattva che te samajAya che. jema koI tabIbane mATe prathama dardInI kALajIbharI tapAsa sUkSma nADI jJAna, rogalakSaNo-saMbaMdhI jJAna ke Adhunika DhabanAM yAMtrika parIkSaNo dvArA karI levAnuM anivArya che, tema rASTrahita arthe, zAsana karanAre vyApakapaNe ane jhINavaTathI lokamAMnA judA judA vargo ke temAMnI vividha vyaktionI hilacAlonI ke temanA irAdAonI tapAsa karavI Avazyaka bane che. evI tapAsa pAchaLa koI vyakti ke prajAjUtha tarapha tochaDAI, tiraskAra ke vAMkadekhApaNuM hotAM nathI, paNa te-te dezakALamAM lokaprakRtinAM ke rAjasevakonAM kyAM-kayAM ane kevA-kevAM zubha ke azubha lakSaNo pravartI rahyAM che, tenI dhyeyalakSI, kartavyabodhajanaka pUrNa sabhAnatA ja sthApavAno hetu hoya che. e ja rIte paDozI rAjayonI temanAM rAjayomAM thatI, tema ja temanA guptacaro dvArA ApaNA rAjayamAM thatI malina irAdAovALI ke cokhkhI rIte zatrutAbharI hilacAlo paNa jANavA cunaMdA, vaphAdAra guptacaronI vistRta sevAnI kAyamapaNe jarUra paDe che. "zatrune ane rogane Ugato ja DAmavo joIe" e zANI nIti anusAra, AvA sthAyI guptacarataMtranI AvazyakatA prasthApita thAya che. AnAthI jema rASTranuM sthaLa ke bhautika ahita samayasara aTakI zake che, tema te-te malina irAdAone samayasara niSphaLa karavA dvArA duSTavanivAraNarUpa sAmAjika zuddhino krAMtikArI mArga paNa khUle che. vaLI AvI tapAsa rAjAne potAnA taMtranuM ane sAthI-taMtravAhakonuM mUlyAMkana karI, temAM jAgRti sudhAraNA karatA rahevAnI sUjha paNa Ape che. koI vyakti ke samudAya mATenI UMDI nisbata ja tenI upara AvavA pAtra zakya saMkaTanI AgotarI zaMkA ke ciMtA karAve che te vAta kAlidAse potAnA mazAnInatattamAM pAtramukhe uccArAyelI A uktithI sarasa rIte cIMdhI che : "koI pratyeno khUba UMDo sneha tenA pratye AcarAnArA ke tenA dvArA aMjJAne thanArA pAparUpa kAryanI AgotarI zaMkA karAve che" ("gatine vanu pApazI" aMka cotho, zlo. 21mA pachI). Ama rAjayataMtranI prabuddha pratibhAnI dRSTie joIe to, guptacarataMtra pArakI paMcAtarUpa nahi, paNa saravALe to satatanA prAmANika AtmaparIkSaNarUpa che. "badhuM barobara cAle che evA mithyAbhimAna ke mithyA AtmasaMtoSamAM rAcanAra rASTra dAruNa patana ja pAme che. tethI dhoraNasara UbhuM karAIne satata kALajIthI ane nyAyI rIte nibhAvAtuM guptacarataMtra koI paNa rAjayataMtrane nitya-namra, nitya-udyamI ane vAstavikatAnA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 239 nityaparIkSaka banAvI lAMbe gALe apUrva gaurava apAve che. alabatta, rAjA ane rAjapuruSonA aMgata rAgadveSa poSavAnuM sAdhana banAvyA vinA tene mAnya dhoraNo mujaba mokaLAzathI kAma karatuM rahevA devuM te paNa ati Avazyaka che e vAta paNa A aMgenAM nirUpaNomAM garbhita jaNAya che. kauTilyanI A viSayanI carcAomAMthI tema ja prAcIna bhAratIya rAjanItinA anya graMthomAMnAM nirUpaNone AdhAre, guptacaranAM atyaMta Avazyaka lakSaNonuM citra paNa barobara UpasI Ave che. A taMtramAM atyaMta vizALa pAye asaMkhya guptacarone bharatI karavAmAM Ave che e vastusthiti nabhe che taLaprajAomAM vyApakapaNe paDelI svayaMbhU ane rAjyataMtranA nyAyI vyavahArothI khUba poSaNa ane sadhiyAro pAmelI, samAja ane samagra rASTra taraphanI atUTa vaphAdArI para. sAcuM ja bolavuM, koInuM bUruM karavuM nahi, samartha svAmInI AjJA uttama rIte pALavI, 'lAkho marajo, paNa lAkhono pAlanahAra marazo mA evI jJAnapUrNa daDha rAjabhakti sevI jANavI, je kAma karavAnuM hoya e kAma taMtotaMta vigate jANIsamajI laIne, e pAra pADavA mATe potAnAmAM khUTatuM kauzala paNa navesara ApasUjhathI ke bIjAnI madadathI keLavI laIne te kAma uttama rIte ja karavuM - AvA dhiMgA guNonI samRddhi, judI-judI, paNa naravI potapotAnI AgavI komI jIvanapaddhativALI taLa prajAomAM acUka hoya che - jema vanaspatiomAM AgavAM zreSTha vargo, AkAro, sparzI, sugaMdho, svAdo ane divya poSaNazakti svayaMbhU hoya che. alabatta, mAnavasvabhAva mujaba kyAreka AmAMnI chUTIchavAyI vyaktiono paga uparyukta saccAInA rastethI khaDI paDe evuM bane. paNa 'tejIne Takoro' e nyAye bIjA dvArA TapArAvAthI ke vAjabI zikSA pAmavAthI ne kadIka potAnA ja khaTakAne lIdhe, AvAM skUlano jaldI ukelAI jatAM hoya che. nirakSara prajAo hADathI azikSita nahi, suzikSita ane navuM-navuM zIkhavA tatpara hoya che. eka vAra emanI zaktine pArakhIne, ene thoDI nAthIne emane koI kAmagIrImAM vizvAsathI jotaravAmAM Ave to kAma uttama rIte pAra pADe tevI e hoya che. alabatta, vaphAdArI nibhAvavA guptacare kAma, krodha, lobha, bhaya jevA vinAzaka Avegone prayatnathI satata vazamAM rAkhavA paDe che. vaLI vipula zArIrika ke mAnasika phaleza jIravavAnI zakti paNa guptacaryAnA aTapaTAM kartavyo pAra pADavA mATe jarUrI banI rahe che. avAra-navAra bhUkha-tarasa, mAnaapamAna, divasa-rAta joyA vagara teNe potAnuM kartavya pAra pADavuM paDe che. kAryanI cokkasa ghaDI cUkavAnuM guptacarane pAlavI na zake. mukhyatve rASTranAM duSTa tattvone nAthavA aMgenI ja kAryavAhIo guptacare karavAnI hoI avAra-navAra teNe prANanA jokhame paNa kAma karavAnuM hoya che. AvAM kAryomAM tatparatAthI joDAnAra taLa manuSyanI janmajAta beThI saccAI ane niSThA ja temane A badhA kaSTa vacce akathya AtmabaLa Ape che. tene lIdhe ja rAjayataMtrane A pAyAnI kAmagIrImAM jabaruM pIThabaLa maLI rahe che. ahIM guptacaranI khUba ja cAvIrUpa mahattvanI ane satata jhaLuMbatAM zakya badhAM smalanasthAnothI mukta rAkhavA lAyaka kAmagIrIne dhyAnamAM rAkhIne e spaSTa karavuM joIe ke upara kahI tevI AmaprajAnI ekaMdAra vizvAsthatA eka vAta che, paNa je-te guptacaranI te-te kAryakSaNe taMtotaMta vaphAdArInI acUka jALavaNI bIjI vAta che; kAraNa : bhalabhalA manuSyanuM citta kvacit aMdarathI, kvacit bAhya kAraNothI badalAI zake che. manusmRti'nuM peluM vacana pharI smarIe : "cokhkho manuSya kharekhara durlabha For Personal & Private Use Only

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240 kauTilya "arthazAstra' dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa che" (kurtama di suvirnara: | - "manusmRti 7.22). prajAhitArthe rAjayataMtra pravartAvanAre Dagalepagale avizvAsa paNa karI chUTavAnuM che. manuSya svayaM vizvAsya bane te mATeno pAyAno tAttvika upAya sRSTimAM nathI ema nahi, paNa te jaldI hAtha lAgato nathI ke lAgu pADI zakAto nathI. A sthitimAM guptacaronI manomalinatA ("azauca') ane tajajanya bevaphAI jaldI jAge nahi ane jAge to ughADI paDe te mATenI vyavahAru jogavAI paNa taMtramAM pAke pAye rakhAya ja che. e doSa jAgato aTakAvavA mATenI mahattvanI jogavAI e hoya che ke koI vyakti guptacara (jAsUsa) che tenI khabara sAmAnya lokone ke rAjakarmakArone to na ja paDe, paNa guptacarone paNa aMdaroaMdara tenI khabara na paDe evI guptatA jALavavAmAM Ave che. nahitara sAmAnya loka ke rAjakarmakara khoTuM karatAM cetI jAya, guptacaro paraspara taMtrane khoTo ahevAla ApI rokaDI karavA bAbate maLI jAya ane jarUrI guptacarakarma thAya nahi; ane joItI satya hakIkata hAtha na lAgatAM rAjayataMtra potAnuM agatyanuM kartavya cUkI jAya. Ano artha e ke rAjAnA khUba vizvAsya evA suparIkSita adhikArIo ja athavA to khuda rAjA ja guptacarone jAte nIme ane guptacaronI vAta koI rIte bIjA adhikArI sudhI nA pahoce. A niyamanA sAthamAM bIjo eka niyama paNa jALavavAmAM Ave che, jethI baMne niyamonA saMyukta pariNAmarUpe je te guptacaranI saccAI ane vaphAdArInI pAkI kasoTI thaI jAya ane tene AdhAre tenI sAthe yathAyogya vyavahAra karI zakAya. e bIjo niyama evo che ke eka ja kAma traNa guptacarone alaga-alaga rIte soMpavuM. have AgaLa joyelA niyama mujaba te traNe ya ekabIjAne cAra (guptacara, jAsUsa) tarIke to jANatA ja nathI hotA. AthI traNe ya potapotAne soMpAyeluM eka ja kAma karavAmAM koI saMtalasa karIne, lAMca khAI, jAhera thaI javAthI je-te vyaktine nukasAna kare tevI gupta hakIkatano ahevAla na ApIne ekadhArI rIte ene nukasAna na thAya tevI khoTI hakIkatano ja ahevAla Ape tevuM banI zakaze nahi. te traNe ya hakIkata jANIne potapotAnI rIte ja ahevAla rAjAne Apaze. te traNeyanA ahevAla jo ekarUpa hoya to je temanI jANakArIne ane guptacarone sAcAM mAnavA. jo te traNe ya ahevAla ekabIjAthI judA paDe tyA ekano ahevAla bIjA benA ahevAlathI judo paDe, to prathama kissAmAM sAca-jUThano nirNaya anya vizvAsya guptacaranA svataMtra ahevAlathI ke anya kasoTIthI ja karavo paDe ane bIjA kissAmAM jeno ahevAla bAkI benA sarakhA ahevAlathI judo paDato hoya te avizvAsya Thare. te guptacaranI vRttinI, anya kasoTIo dvArA barobara cakAsaNI karIne tevA guptacara sAme yogya lAge tema vadha ke barataraphInuM pagaluM bharavuM A uparAMta anya rASTronA, ApaNAM rASTramAM pharatA guptacarone paNa oLakhI pADavA satata cetatA rahevAnuM khUba jarUrI gaNAya. "je-te kALe astitva dharAvatI je-te vastusthitinI bhALa meLavIne te aMge anurUpa pagalAM levAM ja joIe" (sthitI ti: vantanIyA) e vyakti, samudAya ke jUthane lAgu paDato jADo niyama pALyA sivAya jIvanano mArga bAdhArahita banato nathI. rAjanItinuM pUrNa mAnavIya dhyeya nirmaLa RSitulya prajJAthI AtmasAt karI cUkelA ane potAnA jIvanamAM sAmethI zuddha kartavya tarIke AvI paDelA rAjaparivartananA kAryane, sattA pratyenI pUrNa aliptatA sAthe, buddhi ane karmanA jhaMjhAvAtI sAmarthyathI pAra pADI cUkelA kauTilya guptacaronI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA bahuvidha aTapaTI pariNAmadAyI kAmagIrIono gADha anubhava dharAvatA hoI, enI prasAdIrUpe graMthamAM alapa-jhalapa namUnArUpe paNa je ene lagatI rasaprada vigato Ape che, te ghaNI sUcaka ane bodhaka che. graMthanA prathama vinayAdhiAriSTha adhikaraNanA adhyAya kra. 11 ane 12mAM guptacarataMtranI zAkhA-prazAkhAonI pAyAnI vigato ApI che ane tyAra pachInA be adhyAyomAM e taMtranI kAmagIrIno vAstavika citAra ApavA, tenA anukrame svadezamAMnA ane paradezamAMnA eka pAyAnA mahattvanA kArya aMgenA vyApAranI rasaprada vigato ApI che. teramA adhyAyamAM guptacaro kaI rIte svarASTranA adhikArIomAMnAM ke prajAjanomAMnAM vaphAdAra tattvo (anRtyapakSa ) ane lobha-lAlacane vaza thaI rASTradroha kare tevAM tattvo(styapakSa )ne pArakhI zake te vAta che ane caudamA adhyAyamAM 522ASTranAM evAM tattvo judAM pADI temAMnAM rASTradroha karavAnI zakyatAvALAM tattvone potAnA rASTranA hitamAM kevI rIte upayogamAM levAM e vAta paNa varNavI che. e uparAMta cothA Tazodhanam adhikaraNamAM, yuddhanItisaMbaMdhI navamAthI teramA adhikaraNomAM - temAM ye khAsa karIne nabaLA rAjAe paNa zatru sAme kema TakI rahevuM ene lagatA bAramA AvatIyam adhikaraNamAM, ane zatrunA killAno ghero ghAlI cUkelA vijigISue killo kema kabaje karavo tene lagatA teramA TurnAlopAya: adhikaraNamAM - guptacaronI aTapaTI kAmagIrIonAM aneka citro maLe che. vaLI pAMcamA yovRttam adhikaraNamAMnA prathama adhyAyamAM paNa ayogya adhikArIono yuktiothI pheMsalo lAvavAnA saMdarbhe vividha guptacarakarmo varNavAyAM che. A paikI atre prathama adhikaraNanA 11-12mA adhyAyanA AdhAre guptacarataMtranuM samagra mALakhuM samajIe. pravRttinA bhautika sthAna ane kAmagIrInA svarUpanI saMyukta daSTie guptacarataMtranI be mukhya zAkhAo sthApavAmAM Ave che : 'saMsthA' ane 'saMcAra'. 'saMsthA' (sthira) zAkhA sthAnanI dRSTie koI paNa gAma ke nagarane mathaka banAvI tyAM rahIne ja potAno kAryakalApa goThave che. vaLI tenI kAmagIrInuM svarUpa che guptacarone te-te mulkanA vistAramAM karavAnAM kAryonI soMpaNInuM. guptacaroe rASTramAMnA niyata mulkamAM judAM-judAM sthAnoe jaIne karavAnAM kAmonI vyavasthita phALavaNI karatuM A sthAyI mathaka (Head-Quarter) hoya che (bhale guptatAnI jALavaNInI dRSTie kAryAlayanuM cokkasa makAna na hoya). A kAryAlaye navA-navA lokone guptacaranI kArakirdI tarapha AkarSIne, temanI barobara cakAsaNI karIne. temanI bharatI paNa karavAnI hoya che. 241 bIjI 'saMcAra' (pharatI) zAkhA cokkasa gAma ke nagarane mathaka banAvI kAma nathI karatI, paNa jyAM-jyAM koI kAma pAra pADavAnuM hoya, te-te sthAnamAM jaIne potAnI kAmagIrI pAra pADe che. ekabIjAne guptacara tarIke na jANatA haratA-pharatA kAryakaro te ja A saMcAra-zAkhA. A guptacaro potAne sAdhavAnA kAryanA svarUpanI dRSTie anurUpa vividha sAmAjika-vyAvasAyika veSe potAnI kAmagIrI sAdhe che. temaNe kAmagIrI pUrI karIne guptacaronI sAMketika lipi ane sAMketika bhASA(codeword)mAM (ttipisaMjJAmi:) pote jANelI vastusthiti potapotAne kAma soMpatI 'saMsthA'ne vidita karavAnI hoya che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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242 kauTilya "arthazAstra' dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa A AkhuM taMtra je-te guptacarane guptacara tarIke koI manuSya nAnAmAM nAnA aNasArathI ya na oLakhI zake tevA atyaMta vividhatA-sabhara vyAvasAyika-sAmAjika-dhArmika-prAdezika mAnavaveSonA adala abhinaya-AcArAdithI ja kArya pAra pADI zakatuM hoI, kauTilya guptacarataMtranI uparyukta be zAkhAmAM apanAvAtA je veSavizeSo batAvyA che, te to namUnArUpa ja ane prAdhAnyanI dRSTie ja rajU karAyA hovAnuM mAnavuM joIe. ApaNe te veSonI vigato sAMskRtika dRSTikoNathI tapAsIe. saMsthA'-zAkhA prajAmAMnI mukhyatve evI vyaktionA sahayogathI nabhe che ke je potAnA koI cokkasa vyavasAya ke dhyeyalakSI pravRttimAM saMjogavazAt niSphaLa banI hoya, paraMtu prajJA ane zauca (cAritrazuddhi) bAbate uttama hoya. niSphaLatA ja saphaLatAnuM khAtara banI zake che' evA nyAye prajAvatsala rAjayataMtra ghaDIka nirAza thaI kartavyapatha zodhatA sanniSTha prajAjanone guptacaranI anurUpa kAmagIrImAM notare che ne anukULatA joI jotare che. ATalI nAnI hakIkata paNa e vAta sarasa rIte gAI-vagADIne kahe che ke rAjaye potAnAM kAryonI siddhi mATe je vividha taMtro sthApavAnAM che ane emAM ghaNA-badhA sevakone bharatI karavAnA che, te taMtro potAnA rASTranI ja vadhumAM vadhu sthAnika prajAone saMtoSakAraka ane gauravaprada rojI ApIne emanA jIvanamAM sthiratA paNa ANe e paNa apekSita che. dhamadhamatuM prajAniSTha rAjayataMtra pote ja prajAne susthira ane sanmArga-vyasta karavA sauthI vadhu mahattvano saMtoSakAraka rojIno adhikAra pUro pADatuM eka mahAkSetra banI rahe che. Aje ethI UlaTI ja dAruNatama sthiti, varavI rAjanItine kAraNe jovA maLe che. saMsthA'-zAkhAmAM kauTilya upara varNavelI manodazAvALA je vyAvasAyikone potAnI dRSTie mahattvanA gaNIne rajU karyA che te ATalA che : tejasvI vidyArthI, saMnyAsamAMthI pAchI pharela vyakti, niSphaLatAthI nirAza banelo kheDUta, tevo ja vepArI ane muMDana ke jaTA dhAraNa karIne paNa AjIvikAno vyavasAya zodhato saMnyAsI. yAdI ghaNI sUcaka che - rAjyataMtranI, sAmAjika sabhAnatA ane sAmAjika punaHsthApana (social rehabilitation) mATenI sahaja UlaTa ne tatparatA sUcavanArI. bhartuhari dvArA rAjAne uddezIne apAyelI pelI zIkha - dharatIrUpa gAyane dohavA mATe prajArUpa vAcharaDAne poSavAnI - ahIM rAjyataMtra dvArA sahaja rIte paLAI rahI che ! hA, rAjyataMtrano dayAdharma pUro prabuddha ane sva-para sarvanuM samAnapaNe hita sAdhanAro ja hoya. eka jaina AgamavAkya sahu saMskRtirasiyAoe jIvanamAM gUMthI levA jevuM che : "paheluM jJAna, te pachI dayA" (DhAM nAnuM to rayA). alabatta, AnA uttarArdharUpa pelI tulasI-ukti paNa apanAvAvA-yogya che ja : "yA dharama | mUla hai, pApa-mUna mana " ahIM upara nirdezelA vyAvasAyikone, temano potAno vyavasAya paNa rAjayanA pUrA TekA sAthe saphaLatAthI karatA rahIne, sAthosAtha saMpUrNa sAmAjika guptatA sAthe guptacaranI kAmagIrI apanAvIne potAnI jema ja guptacara banavA cAhanArA jarUriyAtamaMda ane utsAhI evA anyajanone paNa te kAma mATe AkarSavAnuM, yogyatA cakAsI temane paNa vidhisara bharatI karavAnuM ane ekaMdare guptacaryAnAM vividha kAryonuM eka sthaLe rahyAM rahyAM samagra saMcAlana karavAnuM khUba mahattvanuM, javAbadArIbharyuM ane For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 243 gauravayukta kAma soMpAya che. majAnI hetulakSI vAta e paNa che ke potAnI jAtane potAnA mULa vyavasAyamAM sthApavA sAthe, AvI rAjayano Teko pAmelI vyaktie potAnA e vyavasAyane rAjayadatta puSkaLa dhana ane sahAyako dvArA vizALa pAye Ubho karIne, potAnA jevI ja paristhitithI akaLAtA aneka supAtrajanone prathama to e vyavasAyamAM sArI peThe TharIThAma karavAnuM ane nipuNa banAvavAnuM apekSita che. e bhUmikA sadhAyA bAda ja temane potAnI kArakirdI ane pratibhAnA vikAsarUpe garavI rAjayasevArUpa guptacaranuM samAMtara kAma karavA kAnamAM kahevAnuM che. Ama samAjopayogI pAyAnA vyavasAyone paNa puSTa karIne samAMtarapaNe ane prAyaH saMsthAnA teDAnA TANe, eTale ke prAsaMgika rUpe ja, guptacarasevA apAya tevuM apekSita che. Ama samAjamAMnA jarUratamaMda ane Arthika-sAmAjika Teko jhaMkhatA evA supAtrajanone poSavA sAthe, temane sanniSTha guptacaranI kAmagIrI soMpavAnI bahu Tharela mAnavIya yojanA ahIM rajU thaI che. Ane lIdhe guptacarataMtra svayaMbhUpaNe UMcI kSamatA ane vizvAsyatA aMke karI zake che. samAjanuM dhAraNa-poSaNa karatA vyavasAyone khoravI nAkhI mAtra kamANI khAtara guptacara banavAnI, pAyAno jIvana-rasa sUkavI devAnI zerabajAriyA vAta ahIM nathI. aMgrejothI AraMbhI ApaNA Adhunika kahevAtA bhAratamAM to dhiMgA samAja-dhAraka vyavasAyone khoravIne, prajAne kArakUnArUpa gulAmo banAvavAnI rASTranAzaka ceSTA cAlI che. kauTilyane evuM lokajIvananI khumArIne ane enA khamIrane haNanAruM rAjayataMtra ke arthataMtra khapatuM nathI. tejasvI chAtrane rASTranAM ahitakara tattvo marmajJatAthI pakaDavAnI pravRttimAM jotaravAnI vAta che. ene kApaTika' evuM jAsUsI biruda apAyuM che - "kapaTa pArakhI lenAro' evo eno artha karI zakAya. zakya che ke vidyArthI tarIke cAlu abhyAse phAjala samaya jogavIne ke prAsaMgika rUpe A pravRtti karavAnuM abhipreta hoya. athavA to koI chAtranuM dila jo paraMparAgata bhaNataramAM lAgatuM ja na hoya (deschooling !) to, athavA AvI kAmagIrI svIkAryA bAda barobara phAvaTa ane lagAva UbhA thatAM sthaLa bhaNatara aupacArika rIte choDIne paNa AvI guptacaryAmAM pUro samaya bharatI thaI jAya; alabatta, aMgata rIte adhyayana cAlu paNa rAkhe. binakudaratI, amAnavIya zikSaNaprathAnA atireko sAme AjanA samayamAM "zALAmukta samAjanI kalpanA UbhI thaI. bAkI te vicAranuM amalIrUpa to, arthakendrI zikSaNaprathAthI mukta sahaja samAjamAM prAcIna samayamAM vidyamAna hovAnuM to sAhityanA purAvAone AdhAre paNa tAravI zakAya ema che. ApaNe agAu joyeluM ke kauTilya dharmamarmajJa ane dharmopAsaka hovA sAthe dharmane nAme cAlatAM daMbho, aMdhabhakti, akarmaNyatA, sAmAjika bejavAbadArI vagerene aniSTarUpa gaNIne buddhiniSThApUrvaka AvA bhrAMta dharmAcAronA pracalanano rAjakAjajoga upayoga karavAmAM pUruM aucitya jotAM; eTaluM ja nahi, anukULatA mujaba evA AcArone sAcI dizAmAM vALavA cIlAcAlu dhArmikone rAjakIya sevAmAM paNa jotaravAnuM yogya lekhatA. eTale uparyukta yAdImAM saMnyAsa sAthe saMkaLAyelAM be jUthono samAveza paNa ApaNe joI zakIe chIe. te paikI eka sAmAjika varga saMnyAsa mAphaka na AvatAM saMsAramAM pAchI pharelI vyaktiono che. saMnyAsamAM peThelI badIone pArakhIne nikhAlasa rIte saMnyAsa For Personal & Private Use Only

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244 kauTilya "arthazAstra' H dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa choDanAra vyaktine kauTilya abhinaMdanIya ane sAcA mArge caDhavAmAM protsAhana ApavA yogya mAne te samajI zakAya che. kharekhara bhagavadgItAmAM cUMTAyelA AvA vicAro sAthe kauTilya pUrA sahamata che. Aje pracalita banelA svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyamAM ke rAmakRSNa mizanamAM saMnyAsIo mATe paNa jema utkRSTa karmayoganI AvazyakatA barobara svIkArAI che, tema kauTilya paNa saMnyAsathI nirAza thaI pAchI pharela vyakti mATe karmayogane ja sAcA upAya tarIke puraskAre che. e karmayoga ahIM 'vArtA karma (khetI vagere) rUpe upAsavAnuM kahevAyuM che. A mATe umedavArane "vArtA-karma mATenI khAsa bhUmi ApavAnI vAta jotAM ahIM "vArtA' zabdathI khetI, pazupAlana, vepAra e prAthamika arthamAM samAtA vyavasAyo uparAMta pAchaLathI umerAyelA vyavasAyo paikI hunnara ke udyoga paNa abhipreta hovAnuM tAravI zakAya. te sthitimAM AjanA jevA audyogika vistAra ke je rAjayataMtra dvArA alaga phALavAyA hoya, teno saMketa paNa samajI zakAya. TUMkamAM : Avo koI mahenata mAgato vyavasAya svIkArI rAjaya taraphathI pUrAM paDAtAM dhana ane jananI madadathI bahoLuM Arthika upArjana karavAnuM che ane temAM udyamarucivALA aneka cokhkhA anya lokone paNa notaravAnA che ane emanI icchAzakti mujaba jotaravAnA che. emAMthI pedA thatA cokhkhA lAbha(naphA)no upayoga vividha paMthonA saMnyAsIo mATe anna-vastra-nivAsanI jogavAI arthe paNa karavAnI, pahelI najare vicitra lAgatI vAta karAI che. kauTilyane mana saMnyAsa-saMsthA enA mULa svarUpamAM AvakArapAtra jIvanamArga khilavanAra mAdhyamarUpa che ane sAdhanArata aneka paMthonA sAcA saMnyAsIone daihika sagavaDo pUrI pADavI e sAdhanasaMpanna gRhasthavarga ane rAjayataMtra mATe kartavyarUpa che; balka dharmarUpa che. AnI sAthe guptacarakarma-saMdarbhe AgaLanuM rAjayataMtrane khapanuM Ayojana paNa rajU karAyuM che; te che. A rIte poSAtA saMnyAsIo paikI jeo svaparizramathI viziSTa AjIvikA meLavavAnI vRtti ane zakti dharAvatA hoya, temane mATe rAjayanA guptacarakarmano prastAva. temane guptacarakarmanA hetu mATe potAno saMnyAsIno veza choDyA vagara A sevA ApavAnuM apekSita ane anurUpa gaNAvAyuM che. AvI, paraMparAgata bhikSAdharmayukta saMnyAsamAM sthira thayelI vyaktio, potAne svaparizramathI bhAvapUrvaka AjIvikA pUrI pADatA gRhasthavarga pAsethI ja udyamanI preraNA meLave che. saMnyAsa taraphanI hiMmatabharI chatAM ucca prajJAne anurUpa krAMtikArI dRSTine AdhAre kauTilya A apUrva yojanA ahIM sUcavI che - je gItAnA jIvanadarzanane anurUpa hovAnuM avazya kahI zakAya. saMnyAsI guptacarakarma kare temAM saMnyAsanA paNa hArdane lAMchana nathI lAgatuM evuM kauTilya sUcavatA hoya, tyAre ApaNe namrapaNe te svIkAravuM paDe; kAraNa ke agAu ApaNe joyuM tema, guptacaranI sevA asalamAM rASTrajIvanano zuddhiyajJa che. A guptacara-prakArane "udAsthita' (ud+Asthita - UMce birAjelo, taTastha, evuM biruda (oLakhanAma), saMbhavataH guptacarakarma karatAM saMnyAsInI madhyasthatA ke alipta cittavRttine dhyAnamAM rAkhIne ApyuM che. adhyAtmano ane rASTradharmano kevo bhavya samanvaya ! yAdImAM tyAra pachI Ave che. kheDUta, utkrAMtikrame kRSikendrI abhinava janapadasaMskRtinA prasthApana bAda paNa kRSikAranI durdazA satata prabuddha jano ane samAja mATe ciMtA ane ciMtanano viSaya che; kAraNa ke te pUrNapaNe prakRtinA raMgaDhaMga para nabhato vyavasAya che. "arthazAstra'mAM AnA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 245 nivAraNanuM ciMtana khUba UMDANapUrvaka thayuM hoI, temAM, pAyAnAM aneka sthAyI upAyo ane Ayojano AgrahapUrvaka puraskArAyAM che. A pariprekSyamAM guptacarataMtranA anvaye darzAvAyelA A prakAranI carcAne jovAnI che. durdazA pAmelA sanniSTha kheDUtane rAjyataMtra agAunA prakAranI jema nakkara dhanasAdhanano Teko ApI, ene potAne saphaLa kRSimAM sthira karI, enA ja dvArA, AgalA prakAra jema, aneka anya samAnadharmA kheDUtone paNa bahoLI khetImAM sthira karAvI, chevaTe emAMthI ichukone guptacarasevAmAM jotare che. khetI e samagra janapadamAM phelAyelo pratiSThita vyavasAya che. vaLI emAM kheDUtano Akho parivAra jotarAya che. tethI kheDUta mATe "gRhapati' ke "kuTuMbI' (te parathI dezI bhASAmAM "kaNabI) evA anurUpa pratiSThAsUcaka zabdo paNa rUDha banyA. kuTuMba to dareka daMpatIne hoya, paNa ekarasa banI khetImAM sahayogI banatA AkhA kuTuMbanA adhyakSa mATe A zabdo rUDha thayelA samajAya che. A zabdo e paNa sUcave che ke kuTuMbanuM ghaniSTha ane gADha sahayogavALuM sahajIvana khetInA vyavasAyamAM uttama rIte pAMgare che. vikRta mUlyothI mukta samAjamAM to gAmamAM AbarU ane yogyatAnI dRSTie paNa kRSaka-parivAra UMcA sthAne ja birAje che. to jo kheDUta guptacarasevA paNa Ape to tenA gAmanI ke AjubAjunAM anya gAmonI paNa vAMdhAkAraka bAbato saraLatAthI ughADI paDI zake ane rAjayataMtra tema ja rASTra majabUta bane. kheDUtane gAmanA moTA bhAganA hunnaranA kArIgaro sAthe ya gADha saMbaMdha raheto hoya che. vaLI tenuM jIvana gAma sAthe varSanA moTA bhAga mATe joDAyeluM che rahe che. A prakAranA guptacara mATe gRhapati-vyaMjana" (gRhapatinA vezamAM rahelo) evo zabdaprayoga graMthamAM sarvatra thayo che. guptacarataMtranuM nirmANa AvA saMgIna sAmAjika ke samAjazAstrIya pAyA upara karavAmAM Ave che e ja enuM UMcuM sAMskRtika zANapaNa sUcave che. tevI ja rIte rAjyataMtre prAsaMgika niSphaLatAthI grasta chatAM hADathI sanniSTha evA vepArIno hAtha pakaDIne, tenA vepArane sthira karavA sAthe, tenI ja preraNAthI saMbhavataH guptacarakarmamAM paNa joDAya tevA anya vepArIone UMce uThAvavAnI ane taiyAra karavAnI vAta paNa che. samAjajIvanamAM vepArI to sarvavyApI hoI samAjanA zubhAzubha pravAho pakaDI pADavAnuM tene mATe saraLa banI rahe che. enI pratiSThA paNa kheDUta pachInA krame to jarUra gaNAya. A vargane nAma ApyuM 'vaidehakavyaMjana' (vepArIveSI guptacara). ATalAM jUtho samAjanAM sthAyI aMgarUpa hoI temanI UMcI pratiSThAno lAbha guptacarakarmanI saphaLatA bAbate paNa maLe che. ethI ja kauTilya lAkSaNika ane mahattvanA namUnA tarIke A jUthone kevI rIte kAmamAM levAM tenuM varNana karavAnuM ahIM pasaMda karyuM jaNAya che. A vargo pota-potAnA vyavasAya cAlu rAkhavA sAthe potAnI rASTrabhaktinA pIThabaLathI prerAIne rasapUrvaka guptacarakarma bajAvI zake ema che. A vargonI pAyAnAM jIvanamUlyo taraphanI niSThA ane udyamazIlatA ja guptacarakane khamIravaMtu banAvI avanavI dakSa kAmagIrIomAM mahore evI che. A yAdImAM chelle je be ekabIjAne maLatA saMnyAsIvargo ullekhyA che te che jaTAdhArIo ane muMDanadhArIo. A vargo kauTilyanA samayamAM cAlu dharmAcArothI aneka rIte judA tarI AvatA For Personal & Private Use Only

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246 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa AcAronA pravartaka hovAthI "pAkhaMDa' (ugrapaMthIo) evA kaMIka zaMkA ke hInatAnA sUcaka birudathI oLakhAvAtA hatA. paraMtu kauTilyanI dRSTie te paNa samAjane saMgIna rIte khapanA banI zake ema che. A vaga ghora tapasyAthI paNa khAsa judA paDatA hoi 'tApasa' tarIke paNa oLakhAtA. bhAratIya samAjamAM banatuM AvyuM che, tema prajAvaga dharmanA navA-navA pravAho tarapha, ekaMdare Adarayukta kutUhalavALA ane te dvArA navI-navI AsthAo vikasAvanArA rahyA che. eTale AvA "pAkhaMDa' (pAkhaMDI) kahevAtA aneka sAdhako pAse paNa prajA dhIre-dhIre AsthAthI javA mAMDe che ane potAnI iSTasiddhinA mArgonI temanI pAsethI zraddhAbharI jijJAsA rAkhe che. A jAtanA saMnyAsIomAM paNa vatteoche aMze aneka sAMsArika apekSAovALA jovA maLavAnA ja. koI ne potAnI jIvanajarUriyAto vadhAre hoya, ane bhikSA, bheTa vagere samAjamAMthI joItA pramANamAM na maLatuM hoya te saMjogamAM, keTalAya evA nIkaLe ke je koI ne koI Arthika vyavasAya ke dhaMdho sIdhI rIte ke prAyaH ADakatarI rIte karI-khAvA mAgatA hoya. Avo aTapaTA mAnasa-pravAhavALo, paNa khuzIthI khapamAM laI zakAya tevo sAmAjika masAlo dhiMgo rAjapuruSa kema eLe javA de ? dareka yugamAM aMdhazraddhALu prajAvargo to Thera-Thera jovA maLe ja che. koI bAvA ke saMnyAsI viSe kazuMka camatkArI hovAnI vAyakA sAMbhaLIne paNa evA loko zraddhAthI 'bApajI' pAse doDI jatA hoya che. emane je-te camatkAranI vAyakAnI saccAImAM UMDA UtaravAnI jarUra nathI lAgatI. vaLI kAkatAlIya nyAye aMdhazraddhAo paNa aThe-kaThe avAranavAra phaLatI hoya che ke tevo ahesAsa Ubho thAya che; ema 'pUjayazrI' ane 'bhakto'nuM gADuM gabaDatuM hoya che ! alabatta, pUjayazrInA ziSyoaMtevAsIoe camatkAranA dekhAva yuktipUrvaka UbhA karavA paDe ! to kyAreka vaLI keTalIka sahaja vAstavika siddhivALA tApasAdi paNa maLI AvatA hoya che. enA AdhAre ja nakalI siddho paNa calaNI banI zakatA hoya che. Avo bhakti-AcAra ghaNA-kharA kissAmAM to samAjanuM gaMbhIra prakAranuM ke vyakta ahita karanAro hoto nathI eTale samAjane te taraphanI udAsInatA pAlavI zake. ahIM A lokasthitino guptacaryA arthe racanAtmaka upayoga karavAnI kheladilIbharI vAta che. je tApasa guptacara banI sanniSTha sevAthI AjIvikA raLavA saMmata thAya che, te e mATe guptacaryAnA saphaLa nirvahaNa (siddhi) mATenI pAkI bhUmikA taiyAra karavA, aMtima zuddha hetunI daSTie nirdoSa Thare tevuM samagra nATaka karavAmAM sahayoga Ape che. te, pote siddha tApasa che evI pratIti vipula prajAvargamAM sthira thAya te mATe potAnI jema ja saMnyAsI-veze rahI guptacarakarma karavA icchatI ane te mArge AgaLa paNa vadhelI vyaktione, potAnA ziSya tarIkenA svAMgamAM goThavI temanA sahayogathI jarUrI yuktio yoje che. AvI yukti saMnyAsInA tapanI ugratA bAbata, tenA jJAnanI alaukikatA bAbata ke te jenI upara tuSTa thAya, te bhaktanI iSTasiddhi karavA samartha divya prabhAva bAbata zraddhALuone pAko vizvAsa bese tevA ghaTanAkramo UbhA karavA aMge prayojAya che. e badhI yuktio laukika caturAI para ja AdhArita, paNa koIne zaMkA na jAya tevI hoya che. vaLI je aMdhazraddhALu ke duHkhapIDita varga sAme AvA dekhAva karavAnA hoya che, e to AvA banAvonI cakAsaNI karavA buddhi vAparI vadhu UMDA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA UtaravAnI icchAzakti ja na dharAvanAro hoI yuktinI koI nabaLI kaDI rahI gaI hoya to ye satya ughADuM paDavApaNuM khAsa rahetuM nathI ! che ne gaMbhIra hetu mATenI hiMmatabharI ramata ! zarUAtamAM vizvAsa Ubho karavA anya guptacaro ja vepArI ke evA koI sAMsArika vezamAM Aghabhakto tarIke upasthita thAya che ane emanI vyaktigata ke pArivArika aMgata ajJAta hakIkato sacoTa kahI ApavA rUpe ke emanA viSe amuka ghaTanAnI ke UMcA lAbhanI bhaviSyavANI karI, te anya guptacaronI madadathI sAcI pADavArUpe bAkInA upasthita bhaktavRMdamAM saMnyAsInA prabhAvanI satyatAnI dheDa barobara besADAya che. A guptacara-prakAra 'tApasa-vyaMjana' (tApasavezadhArI) kahevAya che. 247 - eka vAra AvA tApasa taraphano lokapravAha zarU thAya, eTale gADariyo pravAha cAle. A rIte AvanAra vargomAM koI ne koI kakSAnuM khoTuM kAma karanArAo potAnAM aparAdha ke pApamAMthI mukti meLavavAnI lhAyanA mAryA paNa AvatA hoya che * kAM to prajAjano, to rAjyasevako. AvA tapasvI (lie-detector !) AgaLa to teo peTachUTI vAta paNa, kazI zaMkA vagara kare che. A biMdue ja guptacarakarma siddha thAya che - dezadrohIo, bhraSTAcArIo vagere khullA paDI jAya che. AvanArAomAMthI keTalAka evA paNa hoI zake, ke jemane rAjasevaka tarIke koI kharekharo anyAya thayo hoya ane tenA udvegathI. kharekhara khUba du:khI hoya. eTale AvI guptacaryAnAM tAraNo mujaba duSTone judI-judI kakSAnA yogya daMDa dvArA ane vAjabI kAraNe dubhAyelI vyaktinA asaMtoSane yogya dhana-mAnathI zamAvavA dvArA rAjyataMtranuM ane rASTranuM hita nitya sAcavI zakAya. mAtra keTalAka namUnAonA nidarzana dvArA guptacarataMtranI 'saMsthA'zAkhAnI je u52 mujabanI rUparekhA rajU thaI che, te sujJajanone e vAta barobara batAve che ke lokasvabhAvanI dhiMgI sUjha-bUjhane AdhAre pUrI lokavatsalatAthI samAjanA vividha vargo pratyenI bharapUra kalyANakAritA jALavIne, keTalA vyApaka rUpamAM guptacarataMtranuM sthAyI saMgaThana ane beThuM vyavasthita Ayojana prAcIna rAjanItijJone iSTa hatuM. jema vyaktinA jIvanamAM, tema eka jIvaMta rASTranA jIvanamAM niraMtara vahetI bahumukhI cokkasa jJAnadhArAnI pratyeka pagale tAtI jarUra hoya che. samyag-jJAna ja jIvanasAphalyanI cAvI che. eTale gUDhacara(guptacara)-taMtra mATe uccatama saMgaThana, mahattama saMkhyAbaLa, niyamita anurUpa kAryasoMpaNI, jAsUsonI ane temanA ahevAlanI kharAInI cakAsaNI, guptatAnI pUrNa jALavaNI ane samucita dhanavyaya e Tharela rAjanItinuM adakuM aMga banI rahe che. 'saMsthA'-zAkhAnI carcA karatAM A agiyAramA (1-11) adhyAyane aMte ApelA zloka parathI e paNa jaNAya che ke saMsthA-zAkhAmAM anukULatAnI dRSTie upara gaNAvelA pAMca prakAranA guptacaronI eka khUba ghUMTAyelI paraMparA banI haze; pachI pAchaLathI saMbhavataH bIjA prakAro paNa umerAyA haze. A saMsthA-zAkhA guptacarataMtrano eka sudRDha, sugupta vyavasthA-vibhAga che, je AkhA rASTramAM jyAM-jyAM je-je prakAranI gupta jANakArI meLavavAnI hoya, gupta tapAsa karavAnI hoya, tyAM-tyAM te For Personal & Private Use Only

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248 kauTilya 'arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa te kAryane anurUpa hoya te prakAranA guptacarane kAryanI cokkasa soMpaNI karIne samayabaddha AjJA sAthe mokale che. A mATe, moTe bhAge, AkhA janapadanI mAnavavastIomAM ja rahenArA ane A kArya karavAnI vRtti ne zakti dharAvatA lokone potapotAnA vyavasAya sAmAnya samayamAM cAlu rAkhIne, jarUra mujaba taMtra dvArA kaheNa AvyuM te-te vezamAM guptacarakarmanI soMpaNI thatI haze. AvA haMgAmI (temporary) ke khaMDasamayanA kAryakaronI ja moTI saMkhyA rahetI haze. AvI vyavasthAthI kAryakaronuM mAnava-jIvana ane samadhAraNa (normal) vyaktitva akabaMdha rahetuM haze, ane guptacaryA chatAM khoTI khaNakhodavRtti emanA vyaktigata ke pArivArika jIvanamAM magaja para caDhI jatI nahi hoya. "saMsthA dvArA nimAyelA ane tene te sthaLe tapAsa mATe saMcaratA (pharatA) guptacaro 'saMcAra-zAkhAno bhAga banI rahe che. saMcAra'-zAkhAnI eka vizeSatA e hoya che ke temAM gupta jANakArI meLavavA uparAMta jANakArInA anusaMdhAnamAM jayAM anivAryatA ke tAkIda jaNAya tyAM keTalAMka pagalAM - vadha, vaMcanA (mUrkha banAvavA te) ityAdi- paNa guptapaNe levAnAM hoya che. eTale tevI bevaDI sajjatAvALA guptacaro paNa "saMcAra'zAkhAmAM bharatI karAya che; jayAre keTalAka mAtra gupta bAtamI lAvanArA hoya che. vaLI A kAryakaromAM judI-judI anukULatAo mujaba strIono paNa kAryakara tarIke samAveza thAya che - mukhyatve saMnyAsa ke bhikSAcaryA grahaNa karanAra strIono; te uparAMta vidhavA, anAtha, vezyA vagere prakAranI cAlu gRhasthajIvanathI vaMcita ke cAtarI gayelI jarUriyAtamaMda strIo paNa kharI. AnAthI sadhAtuM asahAyonuM ke patitonuM punarutthAna paNa dAda mAge che ! A prakAro tarapha viziSTa najara nAkhIe. A nidarzana paNa namUnArUpa ane prAdhAnya-AdhArita ja lAge che; arthAt temAM anya aneka prakAro (vazo) saMbhave che ane deza-kALAnusAra te pracalita paNa banyA haze. kauTilya rAjayanA cAvIrUpa hodA dharAvatA - "mahAbhArata'mAM jemane aDhAra 'tIrtha gaNAvyA che te - adhikArIo para guptacaro dvArA, temanI bahAranI carcA (hilacAla) vakhate ane temanA nivAsamAMnI temanI carcA vakhate, avAranavAra temanAM sArAM-khoTAM vartano (vANI, kriyA vagere) bAbata guptapaNe tapAsa karavAnI vAtane ja, rASTrahitanI daSTie tenuM khUba ja vadhAre mahattva samajIne, A adhyAya kra. 1.12mAM kendramAM rAkhI che. "saMcAra' prakAranA guptacaronI kAmagIrInuM svarUpa nirdezavA lAkSaNika (lakSaNa batAvatA) namUnA rUpe ja A rajUAta thaI che. bAkI A zAkhAnA guptacaronI kAmagIrInuM kSetra to khUba vizALa che - anya ucca, madhyama, nimna (nIcI pAyarInA) rAjasevako ke adhikArIo, vividha vyAvasAyiko, AmaprajAmAMnAM rASTra pratye vaphAdArabinavaphAdAra tattvo ane agAu ullekhyA pramANe pararASTramAMnA, ApaNA rAjayamAM guptapaNe goThavAyelA ke te-te rASTramAM pravRtta vyaktivizeSo vagere. kauTilya AmAM batAvelA "saMcAra'-zAkhAnA cAra prakAro paikI be mAtra jANakArI meLavanArA ke anya meLavelI jANakArI yogya sthAne guptapaNe pahoMcADanAra che ane be jarUra paDye gupta pagalAM paNa bharI jANanAra che. AmAMnA prathama vargamAM sthAna pAmanAra eka samudAya puruSono che, anya samudAya strIono; jyAre, svAbhAvikapaNe, bIjo varga puruSono ja che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 249 pahelA varganA puruSa-prakAranuM biruda (oLakhanAma) che "satrI'. ahIM AmAM rahelA "satra' zabdanA be artha baMdha besI zake : (1) gupta veSa, (2) dhArelI taka mATe lAga jotAM chupAvAnI kriyA (ambush). e parathI "satrI' eTale kAM to guptavezadhArI, kAM to takanI rAhamAM koIthI jarUrI samaya pUrato chUpo rahenAra puruSa. A prakAranA guptacaramAM, kharekhara to A be ya bAbato hAjara hoya che; alabatta, lAga jotAM chupAvAnI kriyAmAM te chevaTe jenAthI chUpo rahyo hoya che e vyakti ke jUtha para AkramaNa kare e abhipreta nathI; mAtra cokkasa hakIkata jANavA mATe ja lAga joto arthAt rAha joto bese che. rasaprada vAta e che ke A varga rASTranA evA manuSyomAMthI Ubho karavAmAM Ave che ke jeo anAtha hoI jemanI AjIvikAnI javAbadArI rAjayataMtra upADavAnI hoya che. eTale rAjyataMtra enA pote poSelA varganA manuSyo, je tabakke javAbadAra-samajadAra bane te tabakke temane AvA sAdA guptacara banAve che. temane mATenA vezonI pasaMdagI loka-pracalita evI aMzataH aMdhazraddhApoSaka "vighAo jANanAranI hoya che - jema ke lakSaNavidyA (zarIra paranAM cihanonA arthaghaTananI vidyA), aMgavidyA (aMgasparzathI bhaviSya kahevAnI vidyA), jaMbhakavidyA (jAdugarI), aMtaracakravidyA (dizAnA 32 bhAgomAM banatI prAkRtika ghaTanAo parathI bhaviSyavANI karavAnI vidyA), nimittazAstra (zukana-apazukananuM zAstra), mAyAgata (bhramo utpanna karavAnI vidyA ?), AzramadharmonuM zAstra, saMsargavidyA (loko jenAthI bhegA thAya tevI nRtya-nATya-saMgItAdi vidyA ?) vagere. AvI keTalIka vidyAnA dAkhalA "mudrArAkSasa' nATakamAM maLe che : jemake yamapaTika (yamalokanAM citro batAvanAra) ke AhituMDika (madArI). sAmAnya lokomAM A badhI vidyAo tarapha pAkuM kutUhala ke pAkI zraddhA jAmelAM hoI ghera-ghera pharavAmAM paNa zaMkAspada na bane tevA A veSo banI rahe che. A rIte A varga potAnI anAthatAnA pAkA ukelathI UMDo saMtoSa pAmI gupta jANakArI zodhI lAvavAnuM ke evI jANakArI yogya adhikArI sudhI pahoMcADavAnuM kArya kare che. rAjayanA UMcA adhikArIo para guptacarakarma karavA mATe strIvargamAMthI mukhyatve prAcIna bhAratIya samAjamAM svIkRta, calaNI ane prasiddha banela parivrAjikAnA sAmAjika prakArano, tenI aneka rUDha lAkSaNikatAone dhyAnamAM rAkhIne, ajaba-gajaba upayoga, samAjamAM vyaktie vyaktie pragaTa thatI mAnavasvabhAvanI vilakSaNatAomAMthI UbhI thatI zakyatAone AdhAre saphaLapaNe karavAnI vyavahAru paraMparA UbhI thaI hatI. koI rakhe ne ema mAne ke saMnyAsIvarganA AvA rAjakAja-saMbaMdhI upayogathI svayaMpratiSThita saMnyAsa-saMsthAnI ucca AdhyAtmika mahattA pratyenAM avagaNanA ane anAdara vyakta thAya che. agAu je jaTAdhArI ke muMDanadhArI saMnyAsIno ullekha ane ahIM parivrAjikAno ullekha thayo che, tyAM baMne sthaLe te saMnyAsIo/saMnyAsinIo mATe anukrame vRttima: ane vRttijhAma (arthAt AjIvikAnI talAzamAM hoya tevA ke tevI) evuM vizeSaNa mukAyuM che. jayAre koI ucca vicAramAMthI koI mUrta prathA AkAra le che, tyAre tenA sAmAjika prasArane kAraNe mAnavamananI malinatAothI e prathA kharaDAya paNa che, ane evA kissAomAM e prathAno For Personal & Private Use Only

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250 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vidhisara (legitimate) upayoga thato nathI, ane daMbha poSAtAM e prathAnI matharAvaTI eTale aMze melI thAya che. AvI sAmAjika azuddhio aTakAvavAmAM jema zANA samAjasevako, tema ja zANA rAjapuruSo paNa potAnI nipuNa, manovaijJAnika Ayojanazakti dvArA khapanA banI rahe che. je vyaktioe koI prathAno aMgIkAra tenA prANabhUta mULa uddezya arthe ja jo karyo hoya, to te e prathAmAM ja ucca hetu siddha karavA racIpacI rahevAnI che. emane ThekANe pADavAno ke anya sAMsArika pravRttimAM khapamAM levAno savAla ja pedA thato nathI. tyAre bAkInA avidhisaranA ane mArgathI phagI gayelA veSadhArIone ja emanI prakRtine anurUpa kAma ane rojI ApavAthI emaNe je asahAyatAthI ke mUMjhavaNanA mAryA te prathA avidhisara apanAvI mAtra veSa dhAraNa karyo hato, te asahAyatAmAMthI te nIkaLI jaIne sAco rAha pAme che, AjIvikA pAme che; ane vaLI samAjanAM jarUrI kAmone yogya kAryakara maLe che. tethI bIjo moTo lAbha e thAya che ke pelI mULa sAcI AdhyAtmika paraMparA zuddha ane vizvAsya bane che. ahIM parivrAjikA mATe upara kaheluM vRttimAM vizeSaNa vAparyA bAda vAkyamAM driA vidhavA ane prAtmA zrImaLI ema be savizeSaNa vizeSyo ane vaLI anta:pure tarI (pArivArika nivAsomAM satkAra pAmelI") evuM vizeSaNa paNa vApareluM che. Ama chatAM vAkyanuM kriyApada ekavacanamAM che, tethI vAkyanuM arthaghaTana thoDuM muzkela bane che. zrI kaMgalee to upara batAvelAM be vizeSyo ane eka vizeSaNa - e traNeyane "parivrAnA' padanAM ja vizeSaNa mAnelAM che. te yojanA svIkAratAM khamacATa thayA vagara raheto nathI. temane mate A parivrAjikA daridra vidhavA paNa che ane vaLI svAdhIna manobaLavALI (pra.nmA) brAhmaNI paNa che ! sAmAnya buddhithI paNa AvuM arthaghaTana kaMIka aMze svatovirodhI ane vaLI hAsyAspada paNa lAge che. vaLI teo kahe che ke prAcIna samayamAM brAhmaNa strI ja saMnyAsa laI zakatI. A vAta paNa vivAdAspada lAge che. pAchI A vAkyanI muzkelI e che ke temAM traNa jAtanI strIono vikalpa abhipreta hoya evuM sUcavatuM vA' ('athavA') pada paNa nathI, ke ADakatarI rIte chevaTe vikalpa sUcavI zake tevuM "" ("ane') pada paNa nathI; ane vaLI vAkyanuM kriyApada ekavacanamAM che ! sAcI vAta ema lAge che ke vAkyaracanA bAbate avAranavAra jovA maLatI kauTilyanI zithilatA jotAM ahIM "vA' padano adhyAhAra karavo joIe. ane vRttikAmAM tathA manta:pura kRtasara e be vizeSaNo arthanA aucityanI daSTie A traNe ya prakAranI strIo mATe abhipreta mAnavAM joIe. athavA prA.kaMgale vAraMvAra cIMdhe che tema ahIM paNa pAchaLathI koI TIkAkAre parivrAjikAnA vikalpamAM uparyukta be prakAranI strIo paNa cAle te sUcavavA hastapratanA hAMsiyAmAM e sUcavatAM be zabdajUtho mUkyAM hoya ane pachIthI koI lahiyAe mULamAM laI lIdhAM hoya. eTale ekaMdara artha evo baMdha bese che ke koI parivrAjikA athavA daridra vidhavA strI athavA koI svAdhIna manobaLavALI (ke hiMmatabA) brAhmaNI paikI koI paNa strI jo rojI pUrI pADatuM kAma zodhatI (vRttima) hoya ane koI paNa pArivArika nivAsomAM mAnathI AvakAra pAmI zake tevI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 251 garavI pratibhAvALI (kanta:pure tArA) hoya, to teNe rAjyataMtranA ucca adhikArIo(mahAmAtra)nAM gharomAM niyamita Avaro-jAvaro Ubho karI devo; emAM ja enuM guptacarakarma cAlu thaI jAya. AvI strI-guptacAriNIone potAnI pratibhAthI ane buddhizaktithI rAjapuruSo ke temanA parivAra viSenI gupta mAhitI ane temanA manamAM UMDe-UDe rahelA Azayo, vicAro jANI lAvavAnuM agatyanuM - baLathI nahi, paNa kaLathI ja sadhAnAruM - kAma soMpavuM joIe. emane prAyaH koI gupta ugra pagaluM bharavAnuM kAma soMpavAnuM anurUpa na gaNAya. emanI sukumAratAnI jALavaNI ja emanI agatyanI jANakArI meLavavAnI sUkSmatA ane ekadhyAnatAnuM rakSaNa kare che. hA, saMdezAnI lAva-laIjAnuM kAma jarUra emanA mATe yogya gaNAya. kauTilya ahIM parivrAjikA uparAMta ugrapaMthI saMpradAyonI zUdra muMDanadhAriNI saMnyAsinIo(muThThA: vRSa:)no paNa Avo ja upayoga karavAnI saMpradAya-rAga-mukta, vyavahAru ne kalpanAzIla kahI zakAya tevI dIrdhadaSTi batAvI che. bIjA be puruSa-jAtinA guptacaro dekhItI rIte sAmAjika daSTie aparAdhanA chocha vagaranA ke motanI paravA vagaranA (AjanA AtmaghAtI humalAkhoronI barobarInA !) manuSyomAMthI UbhA karavAnI bhalAmaNa thayelI che. duniyA yuktI hai, sujAnevInA vAhiye e nyAye rAjanItinAM aTapaTAM laukika kartavyo mATe graMthimukta, buddhiniSTha, mAnasapArakhuM daSTi ja khapanI gaNAI che. A paikIno eka prakAra evI prakRtino zUro eTale ke kSAtravRttivALo kautukajanaka janapadavAsI manuSya che, je zauryakALe potAnA prANanI jarA ya paravA karato nathI ane potAnA nirvAha mATe hAthI ke anya hiMsaka prANI sAthe bAkhaDavA jevA tamAzA karavA mATe paNa thanagane che. AvI vyaktine guptacara tarIke "tIkSNa' (mAraphADiyo) birudathI oLakhavAmAM Ave che. prathama daSTie ja prazna thAya ke pharatA mukta guptacara tarIke AvI vyaktinI pasaMdagI kema iSTa manAI haze. TharelapaNe vicAratAM ema lAge che ke samAjamAM tene mATe anurUpa koI dhoraNasaranA sAmAnya vyavasAyanA abhAve, evI 'bAbarA bhUta" jevI vyakti, Ama to samAjane prAyaH trAsarUpa ja banI zake. tene badale javAbadAra rIte ane AjJA mujaba ja vartavuM paDe tevI guptacara-padanI kAmagIrIne nimitte, navarApaNAnI sthitimAM samAjane ane saravALe potAnI jAtane paNa bhAre paDI zake tevA A prakAranA manuSyane, AraMbhamAM, rAjyataMtranA kuzaLaTharela tAlIma-dAtA dvArA, tenA pratyeno premanA ane svIkRtinA mAdhyamathI tene samAjavatsala banAvAIne. 'tene soMpAyeluM guptacarakarma rAjyataMtranA ekaMdara sarvakalyANapravartaka kAryakalApanA bhAgarUpa che' tevuM samajAvAIne te pachI ja cokkasa kAmagIrIo soMpAtI haze. A rIte tenI potAnA prANa pratyenI beparavAIne pauruSayukta guNa tarIke khapamAM lagADI zakAya, ane tenA, samAjane hAnikara bane zake tevI vRtti-pravRttinA atirekone zamAvI zakAya. Ama ekasAthe vyaSTi-samaSTinAM hitarUpa be hetuo siddha thAya ! premaprApti ane tajajanya sAmAjikatA e evuM divya rasAyaNa che, ke tenAthI bhala-bhalA manojavaro ane veSone zamAvI zakAya. A che prabuddha, lokalakSI rAjanItinI nityanUtana saMskRti-saMvardhakatA ! guptacarakarmanI potAnI AvazyakatAnI dRSTie, AvA prakAranI vyakti, khAsa karIne rASTranA vAjabI rAjakIya hitane ane ekaMdare samAjane naryA upadravarUpa hoya tevI, asAdhya rogI samAna vyaktinA guptavadha For Personal & Private Use Only

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252 kauTilya 'arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa jevA anivArya kArya mATe khapanI hoya che. ema paNa lAge che ke tIkSNa guptacare Avo vadha kAM to yuddhanI paristhitimAM, kAM to vadhya vyaktinI gApheliyatanI kSaNamAM zastra dvArA karavAno hoya che, ke jemAM pratihiMsAnI eTale ke guptacaranA potAnA prANa jokhamAvAnI paNa zakyatA rahe che. enA anvaye ja AvI vyaktinI, zarUAtamAM batAvAyelI lAkSaNikatAo khapanI che. AmAMno bIjo prakAra che "rasada' ('rasa' eTale jhara; te denAro, arthAt jherapAu te 'rasada'). te sAmAjika rIte vadhu khataranAka che. e svabhAvathI ja parivAra pratyenI koI paNa lAgaNI vagarano hoya che; arthAt mANasa jenAthI sAmAjika banI zake e pArivArika saMbaMdharUpa pAyo ja na nAkhI zakAya tevI tenI cittabhUmi che. A to hajI nirupadravI lAkSaNikatA thaI; paNa emAMthI phalita thanArI tenI mUrta lAkSaNikatA che krUratA. te mAnavamAtra pratye lAgaNIzUnya to che ja; temAM vaLI hiMsArUpI khataranAka zokhamAM rAcanAro che ! A lAkSaNikatAnA sAthamAM khataranAka banI zake tevuM tenuM trIjuM lakSaNa che ALasupaNuM. A badhAM lakSaNono ekaMdara artha e, ke e nathI samAjamAM ke dayAmAM mAnato ke nathI udyamamAM mAnato; pachI joIe zuM ? navaruM mana zetAnanuM ghara ! A to kharekhara che je-te mulkanA pratyeka parivAranI ane jana-jananI niMda harAma karanAro khUMkhAra hatyAro ! thoDAM varSo pUrve muMbaImAM AvA ja eka ramaNa-rAghava' nAmanA zakhsa lAMbA vakhata sudhI hAhAkAra macAvyo hato. avAranavAra dezakALabhede AvA khUMkhAra manuSyo jovA maLatA hoya che. keTalIka vAra evuM bane ke rAjayataMtra cAhIne AvA khUMkhAra manuSyane potAno sevaka banAvavA na cAhatuM hoya to ye Avo koI kharekharo upadravI jayAre samAjane dhamaroLato hoya, tyAre koI daSTisaMpanna, jyotiomAMnA eka apUrva jyoti ('LyotiSAM vyotiram' "zivasaMkalpa'-sUkta, yajurveda)rUpa prabhAvaka manavALo maMtrI ke anya rAjapuruSa AvAne prathama anya paraMparAgata upAyo thakI bAhya rIte vaza karI, samAjanA anya adhyAtmavidda ke saMtanI madada laIne paNa tenA mananI keLavaNI karIne, kramazaH AvA rAjasevakapadamAM ene jotarI, samAjane nirbhaya karavA sAthe AvI vyaktine kalyANapatha para caDAvI zake. sUkSma manovijJAna para UbhelA ane vyavahAru kauzala sUjhADatA samAjavijJAnanI keTalI UMcI kAryakSamatA zakya che ! vijJAnomAMheluM e keTaluM UMcuM vijJAna che ! A prakAranuM "rasada' nAma sUcave che tema, AvA guptacare jarUra paDye je te vayogya rAjapuruSanAM AhAra-pINA-pANI-AdimAM guptapaNe jhera bheLavI teno khAtamo bolAvavAnI taiyArI rAkhavI paDe. mAtra eTalA prasaMga pUratI enI mULa prakRtimAM khapamAM lAge; bAkI to enI potAnI pharaja taraphanI navI sukhazAMtiprada laganI ja ene nAthatI rahevAnI ane samAjAbhimukha karatI rahevAnI. e "rasada' kahevAya che. eno artha e nathI ke eNe mAtra jhera pAvAnuM hoya tyAM ja pharaja bajAvavAnI che. evo ugra upAya kyAMka karavAno Ave te vakhate A prakArano guptacara e mATe sajaja haze eTalo ja eno artha che. bAkI eNe paNa prAya: gupta hakIkato jANI lAvavAnAM ja guptacarakarmo karavAnAM che. vaLI jherapAla tarIkenI kAmagIrI paNa teNe jAte nakkI karIne karavAnI nathI. A guptacaranI kauTilya batAvelI lAkSaNikatAo joIne, te anyathA grAhya na lAgatAM, atre For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 253 AvA UMDA hetunI kalpanA karI A samajUtI mAtra sAmAnya buddhithI ja ahIM prastuta karI che. vyavahAramAM AvuM keTale aMze zakya bane te to daSTAMta ke svAnubhava dvArA ja nakkI thaI zake. paraMtu ucita kalpanAzaktithI ane bauddhika abhigamathI ja prAcIna zAstrone khapayogya banAvavAM rahyAM. eTaluM cokkasa ke koI paNa eka zAstranuM kAryakSetra anya zAstronAM kAryakSetrothI bhale alaga hoya, paNa jIvana to aneka zAstronAM satyone otaprota karIne ja khIle che. koI paNa honahAra, dIrghajIvI rAjanIti paNa mAnavamana ane mAnava-samAjanAM sAMskRtika baMdhAraNane ane saMdarbhabhede judI-judI rIte sAkAra thatAM gativijJAnane (dynamicsne) nitya samarpita rahIne ane potAnA gajA mujaba tene kramazaH vikasAvIne, navAM-navAM sAMskRtika parimANonI UMcAIe pahoMcI zake che. A badhA saMcaratA guptacaronuM sauthI mahattvanuM ane nityanuM kAryakSetra che AvazyakatAnusAra ghaniSTha sAtatya sAthe ke amuka-amuka gALe, rAjayataMtranA uccatama adhikArIonI AtyaMtara caryA (gRhacaryA) ane bAhyacaryAnAM nirIkSaNa ane parIkSaNa karatAM rahevAnuM. "je-je zreSTho Acare che, tene te itarajana Acare che" e sarvasvIkRta satya mujaba zreSTho tarIke gaNAvAtA rAjayAdhikArIo potAnA nityanA vAstavika jIvananA vicAra-AcAramAM e zreSThatva kevuMka jALave che te tapAsatA rahevuM te rAjyataMtranI yogyatama kAmagIrInuM sAtatya jALavavA mATe ati-Avazyaka che. e paNa na bhulAya ke je vyakti pote sAmudAyika sahajIvana mATe pUrepUrI dhagaza dharAve che, e ja potAnI jAtane pUrNa saMyamamAM ane niyamanamAM sthira karIne prajAmAM ane sevakomAM paNa tenI zakti ane pahoMca mujabanAM saMyama ane niyamano, vairya ane Agraha e baMnenI anurUpa meLavaNIthI jarUra khIlavI-jALavI zake, ane te dvArA vyakti ane rASTra baMnenA kalyANanA mArgo dhamadhamatA karI zake. mukhya adhikArIo paranI tapAsa to mAtra agratAkrame thatI zarUAtamAtra che. e rIte nAnA-moTA sarva adhikArIo, vyAvasAyiko, samAjo, vyaktio para paNa - alabatta, vattI-ochI mAtrAmAM - jApto rAkhavAnI jarUra che ja. sAco tabIba jema potAnA dardInA zarIranAM aMgopAMgonI dazAnI jhINavaTabharI tapAsa karIne ja teno saphaLa upacAra karavAnuM mAthe le, tema A sarva vargonI caryAnI tapAsa karatA rahI, tenAM tAraNo mujaba rAjayataMtre potAno saMyama vadhu daDha ane prabhAvaka karIne ja rASTrazarIramAM peThelA doSonA vidhipUrvakanA yathArtha upAya mULamAMthI karavAnA che. prAcIna bhAratIya rAjyanItizAstramAM koIka tabakke paripUrNa rAjayaMtatranA ghaTakarUpe atyaMta mahattvanA adhikArIo mATe "tIrtha' zabda calaNI banyo. "arthazAstramAM e zabda A adhyAya(2.12)nA vIsamA sUtrarUpa zlokamAM maLe che. e zabda "mahAbhArata'mAM paNa maLe che. jenAthI tarI javAya te tIrtha. rASTra ke tenI prajAo AvA uccatama adhikArIonA zAstrazuddha vahIvaTa ane chidrarahita niyamanataMtra thakI tarI jAya che mATe te adhikArIo tIrtha. (agAu, kauTilya rASTranI khuda prajAone paNa sUjhapUrvaka "tIrtha' kahyAnI vAta to ApaNe joI ja che.) A adhikArIo zuddhimAM sthira thatAM ja potAne naisargika bakSisarUpe ane keLavaNIthI lAdhelI pratibhAnI saMkula samRddhi dvArA rAjayataMtrane jayavaMtuM kare che. evA tIrtha"-birudayogya adhikArIo kayA te aMge paNa rAjanIti-ciMtakomAM khAsuM maMthana cAlyuM haze, For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vivAdo thayA haze. ema eka tabakke rAjyataMtranAM AvAM 'tIrtho'nI saMkhyA aDhAranA AMkaDe sthira thaI lAMbo vakhata TakI haze. e yAdImAM rAjAnI gaNatarI eTalA mATe nathI ke siddhAMta tarIke rAjA to rAjyataMtrano 'svAmI' ja gaNAyo hoI eno mahimA svataHsiddha che - e guNasamRddha pratibhAno svAmI hoya te apekSita che. eTale rAjAnA kAryakalApanAM aMgo banI rahenArA mukhya adhikArIo ja e yAdImAM che. temAM rAjAnI atyaMta najIka rahenArA ane darabAranA mukhya sadasyorUpa maMtrI, purohita, senApati ane yuvarAjathI zarU karI rAjabhavananA mukhya dvArapALa, AkhA rAjabhavananI samagra vyavasthA jALavanAra 'aMtarvazika', rASTranI bhautika samRddhinuM ane tene jALavanArA mALakhAnuM jatana karanAro sannidhAtA, mahAmahimAyukta samAhartA, prazAstA, pradeSTA, sainyano 'nAyaka', rAjadhAnInI suvyavasthA jALavanAra 'pauravyAvahArika' (?-saMbhavataH kauTilye adhyAya kra. 2.35mAM varNavelo 'nAgarika'rUpa nagarapati athavA to nagarano mukhya nyAyAdhIza), audyogika vistArano vaDo kAryAntika, vividha arthapravRttionA judA-judA adhyakSo, killAnA rakSaka durgapAla, senArakSaka daMDapAla, sarahadarakSaka vividha aMtapAlo - A badhA 'mahAmAtro' (moTA adhikArIo) ja 'tIrtha' birudathI oLakhAvAyA. 'mahAbhArata' vageremAM maLatI aDhAra tIrthonI yAdI sAthe A yAdI lagabhaga maLatI Ave che. A sUtra 1.12.6mAM 'tIrtha' zabdano upayoga ane 'aDhAra' saMkhyAno ullekha nathI eTalo ja phera che; saravALo aDhAranI najIka pahoMce che kharo. paraMtu A pachI AvatA zlokAtmaka vIsamA sUtramAM e baMne vigatono ullekha maLe che. 254 mULa vAtanuM pharI anusaMdhAna karIe to guptacarataMtranI A kriyAzIla 'saMcAra'-zAkhAe kevaLa zuddha rASTrahitanI dRSTie A uccatama adhikArIonI gRhacaryA ane bAhyacaryAnuM sUkSma-nipuNa nirIkSaNa-parIkSaNa karatA rahevAnuM che. mAnavasvabhAva je-te kALe pravartatA yugabaLa mujaba vatte-oche aMze caMcaLa hoya che. paNa sadbhAgye kaLiyugamAM paNa badhA manuSya caMcaLa ke bhraSTa nathI hotA. sRSTi dareka yugamAM samAjanA dhA2ka-poSaka thoDAM paNa zubha paribaLone to sAcavI rAkhe che evuM suMdara tAraNa 'matsyapurANa'nA 'dharmavRSabha'nuM rUpakAtmaka varNana karatA eka AkhA adhyAyamAMthI nIkaLe che. e rIte 'doSane Ugato DAmavo' e lAghavasAdhaka (TUMkANa sAdhatA) nyAye, ADe raste cAlatA 'mahAmAtra'(uccAdhikArI)ne sIdhe raste cAlato karavA samayasara yogya zikSAtmaka pagalAM bharAvAM joIe. athavA asAdhya lAgatA adhikArIne, te je upAyathI rASTrane hAni karato avazya aTake te upAyathI niyamanamAM rAkhavo joIe. AvI kaDaka zista je rASTranA rAjapuruSo, rAjasevako ane ekaMdare AkhI prajA jhIlIne pacAvI zake ane enA dvArA potAnA zubha saMkalpone pUrepUrA jAgRta ane sakriya karI zake, te rASTra sAcuM sarvakalyANasAdhaka ane dhaDo levA jevuM (anusaravA jevuM) rASTra bane che. AmaprajAmAMthI ja bharatI karAyelA guptacaro AvA uccatama adhikArIonA samIkSaka thAya te ucita che, ke zakya che evo prazna thAya. ahIM e yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke ghaNI vAra sAva sAmAnya manuSya paNa uccAzayI svAmInuM ke taMtranuM samarpita aMga banIne enI AjJAnA ja pIThabaLe tenA pAlana dvArA ane potAnI sAdI-sIdhI-svaccha prakRtimAMthI janmelI aDIkhama vaphAdArI ane kuzaLatA dvArA moTAM kAma karI zake che. vaLI e na bhulAya ke samAja paraspara-samIkSAthI ja TakI - For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 255 zake che. manuSya bAhyaprakRtivaza thaI bUrAI tarapha prerAyA chatAM, tenI mULa prakRti to sAruM-sAcuM karavAnI ja che te vAta AvA jAgRta taMtranA jAptA dvArA phaLe che. ApaNe mAtra sRSTimAM pravartatA zubhatattvanA vAhaka banavA jeTalAM namra banI rahevAnuM che. ahIM eka bIjI vastusthiti paNa barobara samajI levA jevI che ke manuSya svayaM potAnI prajJAthI zuddha-samartha bane e mArga TUMkAmAM TUMko ane uttama hovA chatAM te bahu ochI vyaktione sulabha hoya che. eka subhASitamAM lokane mAtra anukaraNazIla (AtAnumati) kahyo che. eTale sAmAjika jIvananA gamatA lAbho pAmavAnI prabaLa icchAthI prerAyelI vyakti te icchA phaLavA mATe judAM-judAM staranA sAmudAyika niyamanone anivArya samajIne amuka aMze, bIjAonuM joIne paNa te pALavA jAte rAjI thAya che, athavA to vividha prakAranI sAmAjika ke rAjakIya zikSAonA haLavA ke sahI zakAya tevA bhayathI (mATura eTale ke haLavA DaranA mizraNavALI AmanyAthI) paNa dhIme-dhIme tene pALato thaI jAya che. tenAthI tene sAMsArika lAbha to thAya ja che, paNa vadhArAmAM tenA AMtaravyaktitvano paNa vikAsa thavA lAge che. eka tabakke, e kadAca potAnA mohanA ane pramAdanA kocalAmAMthI nIkaLavAnI bhUmikAe paNa pahoMcI zake, ane pachI bAhya Dara vinA paNa svecchAthI ane pAkI samajathI niyamanone svabhAvamAM ja vaNI laI sAco sAmAjika (samAjabhakta) paNa banI zake ane evA niyamanataMtranA niyamana-pravartaka sevaka tarIke sevA ApavA paNa tatpara banI zake. ahIM e vAta tarapha paNa dhyAna ApavuM jarUrI che ke taMtrakRta bAhya niyamano paNa manuSyane vicAravAnI, anutApa (pazcAttApa) karavAnI, sudharavAnI taka Ape tevAM madhyamamArgI ane mAnavamAtranA pAyAnA Atmagauravane UnI AMca na AvavA de tevAM hovA ghaTe. kevaLa naryA avicArathI samAjane tatkAla atigaMbhIra hAni pahoMcADavA toLAyelAM apavAdarUpa duSTa tattvo mATe ja prAyaH guptapaNe ajamAvavAnAM (aunidri) AtyaMtika niyamano (vividha prakAranA guptavadha) apavAdarUpe kadAca ucita gaNAya. sAmAnya manuSya to kAM to pahelethI ja samajIne AtmasaMyamapUrvaka niyamano pALe, ke pahelAM mAtra bhayathI niyamanone vaza vartI kramazaH emAMthI AtmasaMyamanuM mahattva samajato thaIne chevaTe svecchAthI sahaja pAlana karato thaI zake. e rIte uttama rAjAnI nizrAmAM "tIrtharUpa uccAdhikArIoe rAgadveSa vinA sAmAjika aucityane samajIne pravartAveluM, dekhItI rIte kaDaka evuM niyamanataMtra saravALe sAmudAyika ekarasatA, saMvAditA ane svayaMbhU saMskRtine prasArIne rASTranI samagra pratibhAne AtmasaMrakSaka ane svAdhIna banAvI zake che. (kadAca temAMthI "arAjaka eTale zAsaka vagaranA svayaMzAsita prabuddha samAjanuM divAsvapna paNa mUrta thaI zake !) guptacarataMtramAM sarvadA ane sarvatra guptatAno mahimA hoIne, agAu batAveluM tema guptacaro anyonyane paNa guptacara tarIke na oLakhe (jethI maLelI kharI bAtamInI vikRta rajUAtonI saMtalasa na karI zake, te tathA guptacarano saMdezo lAgatA-vaLagatA uparIne vyaktigatarUpe ja - mULa guptacare ke guptacara-sAMkaLanI aMtima kaDIrUpa guptacare lIdhelI rUbarU mulAkAta dvArA - athavA guptacaronI guptalipimAM vAhaka guptacara dvArA yathAsthAna pahoMce te jarUrI che. adhyAya 1.12nA chevaTanA sAta zloko potAnA rAjaya dvArA pararAjyomAM niyukta thayelA For Personal & Private Use Only

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256 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa guptacaronA atyaMta jhINavaTabharyA ane saMkula evA kAryakalApanuM lAghavathI suMdara paMkhIdarzana karAve che. ema paNa lAge ke paradezanItinA saMdarbhe (arthAt SAguNyavicAraNA mATe) guptacarono vadhu vyApaka, vadhu aTapaTI gUMthaNIvALo ane saMkhyAmAM vadhu vipula puravaTho jarUrI gaNAya che; alabatta, dareka dezakALanA AMtararASTrIya rAjakAraNa mujaba A paristhiti judA-judA svarUpanI hoI zake. svarASTranI kalyANayAtrAne bane eTalI nirvighna rAkhavA mATe mAnavIya prajJA ane pahoMca pramANe, thAya te badhuM karI chUTavuM e ja vizvavidhAtAe sarjelI mAnavIya niyati che e ahIM svIkAravuM ja rahyuM. bAhya sRSTimAMthI UbhAM thatAM vighno karatAM yugabaLa mujaba pravartatI mAnavonI atikuTila prakRtimAMthI janmatAM vidano anekagaNAM vadhAre ane gUMcavaNabharyA hoya che. paNa ene vaza thavA karatAM to samagra rASTra tenA kSatriya-varganA (arthAt saMgharSakSama daDha zarIra-prANa-mana-buddhinI zaktio dharAvatA varganA) sAtatyayukta daDha netRtvamAM teno pUrepUro sAmano karI chUTavAmAM ja dhanyatA che. e mATe atisaMkula guptacarakarma e atyaMta mahattvano ane majabUta pAyo banI rahe che te niHzaMka. (peluM kavizrI avinAza vyAse lakheluM ane mannA Dee gAyeluM 'hu-tu-tu-tu hutututu....' gIta haiye dharIne AvA kAryakalApane kheladilIthI vadhAvIe !) ahIM zAsakoe dhyAna rAkhIne jogavAI karavA jevI mahattvanI bAbata e paNa che ke mulkI rAjamaMDalanAM aneka paDozI rAjayataMtro paNa koI eka vijigISanI potAnI jema temanA potapotAnA guptacarone vijigISanA sayamAM ghusADI jAtajAtanI guptacaryA karAvatAM hoya che. to tevA zatrunA guptacarone oLakhI pADavAnA ane potAnA guptacaro te-te pararAjayamAM na oLakhAya-parakhAya te mATe badhI ja sAvadhAnI rAkhavAnI - AvI diladAra ramata ke bhAre kaThina javAbadArI guptacarataMtra para ane saravALe samasta rAjyataMtra ane rASTra para AvI paDe che. te mATe je rASTranuM AtmasaMyama para TakeluM kula AtmabaLa ane temAMthI khIlatI maMtrazakti, prabhuzakti, utsAhazakti ema trividha zakti vadhu joradAra hoya, te rASTra saravALe jayavaMtuM bane - alabatta, daivabaLane adhIna rahIne ja. ane AvI kasAyelI, chatAM kheladilIbharI javaramukta spardhAthI ekaMdare mAnavasaMskRti paNa tejasvI ne khamatIdhara jarUra banI zake. darzanazaktithI rakSita vyavahArupaNuM, karmaThapaNuM, spardhAkauvata e adhyAtmamArgano ja aMgabhUta Tappo che. avidyAthI mRtyune tarIne ja vidyAthI amRta pAmavAnI jogavAI zakya che. A carcA parathI, rAjAnI dinacaryAmAM guptacaro sAthenI mulAkAtanA doDha-doDha kalAkanA traNa khaMDo pratidina AyojAyA che tenI mahattA pUrepUrI samajAze. rASTranI guptatama bAbato suvinIta rAjA sivAya koIne na pahoMce te paNa khUba jarUrI gaNAya; kAraNa ke ApaNe upara joyuM tema, rAjA mATe je atyaMta aMtaraMga gaNAya te badhA adhikArIo ('mahAmAtro') paNa, cokkasa manobhUmikAe avizvAsa gaNAIne gahanatama tathyothI dUra rakhAtA hoya che. ahIM yAda rahe : kauTilyane mana emanI vibhAvanAno rAjA sAMkhya-darzananI puruSasvarUpanI vibhAvanAno samAjasthita utkRSTa pratinidhi hovAnuM kahI zakAya. uccatama stare rAjA koI paNa hakIkata ke vastusthiti tarapha sauthI vadhu nirlepa evo sAkSIrUpa manuSya che. e koI paNa vastu prakRtiniyame je rIte palaTAtI rahetI ('pariNamatI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 257 rahetI') hoya teno jAgRta sAkSI banI rahe che. tenI nirlepatA ja ene satyamAM ke ghaTanAkramamAM madhyasthI banAvI, je jema thavuM joIe te tema thavA denAro ane dakhala nahi karanAro banAve che. AmAMthI ja sAmAnyajanane sahajapaNe e prazna thAya ke khuda rAjA para koI guptacarakarma karavAnI vAta AkhA graMthamAM kyAMya thayelI kema jovA maLatI nathI. A sAcA pariprazna(dilamAMthI UThelA praznono sAMsArika uttara to A ja hoya : "dhaNInuM koI dhaNI thayuM che?" paNa e to sattAzokhInonA sthApita hitano mAtra bacAva che. jyAre kauTilya jevA bauddhika to A paripraznane AvakAre ja. ane kharekhara, AkhA graMthamAM aneka rUpe A praznanA uttara sIdhI yA ADakatarI rIte jaDI Ave ema che. vaLI agAu batAvyA pramANe, chevaTe to samAjamAM paDelI jIvanazuddhinI anivArya ane svayaMbhU bhUkha ja, anyonyanI niraMtara jAMca-tapAsa bAbate kartavyabuddhithI saune jAgatAM ne sAbadAM rAkhIne AkhI prajAne, saravALe, UMce caDhAve che. eTale rAmarAjyanI jema rAjA para paNa pUrNa jAgRta rASTranA "tIrthonI, anya hajAro karmacArIonI ane jAgRta prajAjanonI najara judI-judI rIte rahetI ja hoya che. vaLI rAjAnuM nivAsasthAna rAjadhAnInI sarahade ke bahAra ekAMtamAM na rakhAtAM rAjadhAnInA dhamadhamatA vistAranI vaccovaca rAkhavAnI jogavAI paNa ADakatarI rIte prajAne rAjA para jApto rAkhavA aMge protsAhaka banIne rAjAne paNa svayaM niyamanamAM rahevA bAdhya karanArI banI rahe tema che. vaLI rAjA pratye jo vizuddha zraddhAno abhigama hoya to e zraddhAmAMnI vizuddhi ja jarUra pramANe rAjAnI cokI paNa karI jANe ane tAvaNI paNa karI jANe. vaLI rAjAnA AcArya (rAjaguru) ane purohita sAthenA paraMparAgata dhoraNasaranA saMbaMdha paNa rAjAnI vizuddhi niraMtara sAdhatA rahe. rAjAe A baMne pratye putra ke ziSyanI jema ja vinamra thaI vartavAnuM che te ApaNe agAu joyuM che. Ama to rAjAnI jema mukhyamaMtrI ke senApati paNa Apakhuda banI rAjyataMtrane svahastaka karI Apakhuda zAsanathI chevaTe sva-paranI durdazA kare tevI saMbhAvanA rahe ja che. paNa kauTilyano A badhA praznono chevaTano tAtvika uttara to naryo sAMskRtika starano ja che. rAjayataMtra e hakIkate bhogavaTAnI vastu nahi, paNa kAMTALo tAja che. je mAtra bhogavaTAnI dRSTie ene pacAvI pADavA cAhe che, te saravALe pote paNa behAla thayA vinA raheto nathI; kadAca khamatIdhara rASTra to pAchuM potAnA mULa umadA kAThA pramANe beThuM thaI paNa zake. eTale "arthazAstra'nuM prathama adhikaraNa, zIrSakanA "vinayadhAri' evA sAMskRtika ninAda sAthe graMthano AraMbha kare che te hakIkatanI kadara sahRdayo kayA vagara rahe tema nathI. rAjA ke anya Apakhuda bane teno je uttara bAIbalanA A prasiddha vAkyamAM che : "je talavArathI mAraze, te talavArathI maraze", tene maLato uttara ja samagrapaNe kauTilyanA A graMthamAMthI paNa phalita thAya che. A viSayanI carcAne sameTatAM be pUraka vAto umerI laIe : adhyAya ka. 1.16mAM prakaraNa-zIrSaka che : kUtapratha: (dUtano kAryakalApa). koI paNa pararAjya sAthenA saMbaMdhanA anvaye jayAre koI sArI-mAThI bAbata aMge saMdezAnI Apa-le cAlatI hoya, tyAre koI paNa kadama uddhata rIte, paraspara jANa ke carcA vinA na bharAya te mATe kAM to mAtra For Personal & Private Use Only

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258 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa patravAhaka (zAsanadA) dUta, kAM to thoDI ja sIdhI-sAdI (mAhitIlakSI) vAta karavAnI hoya tevo (mitAthI dUta athavA to potAnI bahumukhI pratibhA mujaba rAjAe cIMdhelI nIti mujaba AkhI vAtanI potAnI pragalsa (prauDha) vivekabuddhithI potAnI Dhabe rajUAta karanAra (nivRSTI) dUta mokalavAmAM Avato. te trIjA prakAranA dUtanI ja kAmagIrInuM je rasaprada varNana e adhyAyamAM che, temAM teNe guptacaranuM kArya paNa, jarUra mujaba, mAtra tapAsa pUratuM karavAnuM hoya che te tarapha ahIM dhyAna doravuM joIe. e dUte khAsa dhyAna rAkhavAnuM che ke potAnA dvArA e pararAjayanA koI guptacaro potAnA rAjayanI koI paNa marmarUpa bAtamI na meLavI le. 'dUta kAyama avadhya gaNAya" tevI vyApaka rAjanaitika zista hovA chatAM, koIka vAra potAnA prANa para sAmA rAjAnA mANaso dvArA bhaya jaNAya to te sAvadhAnIthI pArakhI laIne potAnA prANa bacAvI palAyana thaI javAno Adeza che. A batAve che ke guptacarakarmanI nipuNatA jarUra mujaba anya hodAdhArakoe paNa barobara batAvavAnI hoya che. kyAMya khoTA vizvAsanA ke bhoLapaNanA bhoga na thavAya te khAsa jovAnuM che. dareka rAjA ke rAjayataMtranI tAsIra mujaba guptacarataMtranA vidhisaranA ke melI rItanA upayoga thatA hoya che. te badhA aMge khUba cetatA rahevAnI jarUra che. bIjI vAta che "upadhAnI eTale ke adhikArInA vividhalakSI cAritra-parIkSaNa mATe yojAtA chaTakAnI (UbhA karAyelA kasoTIrUpa prasaMganI). A eka prakAranI prAyogika guptacaryA che. graMthamAM, guptacarataMtranA varNananA uparyukta be (1.11, 12) adhyAyo pUrvenA adhyAya ka. 1.10mAM AnuM varNana che. te kAma paNa guptacaroe ja karavAnuM che. upadhAmAM manuSyanI prakRtinA koI mahattvanA cokkasa pAsAnI cokkasa kasoTI thaI jAya tevI paristhitivALo prasaMga Ubho karAya che. upadhAno prayoga mukhyatve amAtyo ke maMtrIo para karavAno che; kAraNa ke teo ja rASTranAM te-te kAryonA nirNAyaka ane vahIvaTadAra hoya che. temAM je-te sevakanI pAyAnI sAcI dhArmikatAnI tapAsa karatI "dharmopadhA', lobhavRttinI parIkSA karatI "athapadhA', kAmavRttinI tapAsa karatI "kAmo padhA' ane bIkaNapaNAnI tapAsa karatI "bhayopadhA'nuM varNana che. temAM kyo maMtrI | amAtya kaI bAbate kAco ne kaI bAbate cokhkho che te tapAsIne tene anurUpa khAtAnI kAmagIrI soMpAya che. AmAMno koI ekAda doSa koImAM hoya to ye vyaktine nakAmI gaNavAmAM nathI AvatI e mAnavIya abhigama noMdhapAtra che. sarva upadhAmAM zuddha ThassAne maMtrI banAvavo ane sarva upadhAmAM azuddha Tharelane paNa chUTo karI bekAra ane samAja mATe bhayAvaha na banavA detAM tenA doSo ADA na Ave tevI pAyarInAM kAmo ApavAM evI daSTisaMpanna vAta rajU thaI che. Ama guptacaryAnAM aneka rUpo hoya che, ane tenI tapAsane aMte nirNaya paNa Tharela rIte, manovaijJAnika aucitya jALavIne levAya che. Ama vividha rIte jotAM, guptacaryAnI kAmagIrI enA svarUpanI daSTie, saMkula prakRti dharAvatA manuSyone AvI judI-judI racanAtmaka zuddhisthApaka kAmagIrIonI natha ghAlIne rASTrakAryamAM temane sArvatrika rIte pravRtta karavAnI ane tenA thakI rASTrane vizuddhithI ujjavaLa, samartha ane nitya jayavaMtu banAvavAnI ne rAkhavAnI zuddha sAMskRtika pravRtti banI rahe che te vAta sarva saMskRtibhakta sahRdayoe gAMThe bAMdhavA jevI che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 259 (pa) nyAyataMtra mAnava A pRthvI para AgavAM deha ane manovRttirUpe pUro sAkAra thayo, tyAre zarUAtamAM potAnI kSAtrAmAM ja savizeSa ekAgra thayelo hoI mukhyatve vyaktigata saMgharSapradhAna jIvana jIvato haze. dharatI mukhyatve vanothI AcchAdita hoI vanya phaLa-phUla-mULa-kaMda ane anurUpa vanyaprANIonA haNelA deho vaDe potAno nirvAha karato haze. prANIono zikAra karatAM, anya manuSyo sAthe saMgharSa paNa vatte oche aMze thatA rahetA haze. kadAca te asthAyI nAnAM jUtho racavA jeTalI sAmUhika bhAvanA to dharAvato haze. evI sthiti seMkaDo nahi, paNa hajAro varSa cAlI haze. paraMtu A pRthvI para mAnavajIvana, balka prANImAtranuM jIvana, yugothI utkrAMtinA niyamane vareluM jovA maLe che. e krame mAnavapratibhAmAM kRSinAM sUjha-kauzala UbhAM thaI, emAMthI eka cokkasa sAmUhika jIvana navesara kaMDArI zakAya teTalI samajaNa UbhI thaI haze. zarIranirvAhanuM vadhu vizvasanIya, sthAnika ane nizcita evuM sAdhana maLatAM, e sAdhanane barobara khilavavA bhaTaku jIvanane sthAne sthAyI, nivAsakendrI jIvanano pAyo jarUrI banyo haze. te mATe sAmAjika vikAsa sAthe "grAma', grAmasamUharUpa "vize" ane "vizu'-samUharUpa janapada ke rASTra paNa, kramaza: nizcita svarUpanI sAmudAyika asmitA ke saMvedanazIlatA dharAvatA mulkI sAmAjika ekama tarIke sAkAra thatAM gayAM. mANasa mAtra potAnA dehanI ja mAvajatane badale aneka sahajIvIo sAthenA saMbaMdhanI mAvajatamAM ekAgra thaI aneka jAtanI sthULa-sUkSma samRddhi ane jIvanasArthakatA anubhavavA lAgyo. ethI sabhAnapaNe potAnAM daihika-vAcika vartanone ane enAM mULarUpa vaicArika ke mAnasika-bauddhika vartanone paNa svaicchika niyamana(saM-yama)mAM sthApavAmAM dhanyatA ke rasALatA anubhavavA lAgyo haze. Avo saMyama AkhA samudAyamAM to svayaMbhUpaNe nahi pragaTyo hoya, paNa dareka jUthamAMnA thoDAka svayaMbhU saMyamIo pratyenI zraddhAnA baLe, pramANabhede paNa bAkInA sabhyomAM saMyama anukaraNa pAmato gayo haze. ("Rgvada'mAMnA yamadeva, kharekhara to AvA saMyamIonA prathama pUrvajarUpa ane te kAraNe mRtyu pachInA sukhazAMtibharyA milanasthAnarUpa lokane zodhI kADhanArA gaNAyA che !) samAjaracanAmAM saMyamanA prAdhAnyane kAraNe koI samudAyamAM jenuM prAdhAnya hoya tenA AdhAre te samudAya tevuM biruda (pUrveza) pAme che" (prAdhAncana paddeza: mavati) e prasiddha nyAya mujaba e samudAya ajANyAo mATe paNa pAse javA lAyaka (fmAga) banatAM zabdabhede "Arya' (pAse javA lAyaka, maitrIyogya) evuM biruda pAmyo haze. vyaktigata rIte sUjhelAM ane keLavaNIthI samudAyamAM phelAtAM jatAM saMyamo ke niyamano samAjane sArI rIte TakI rahevAmAM upakAraka lAgatAM "dharma' (dhAraNa karanArA eTale ke TakAvanArA niyamo) tarIke paNa oLakhAvA lAgyAM. AkhA samAjamAM sudIrghakALa sudhI anukULa ane sarvopakAraka lAgelAM ane te rIte samAja-dehamAM barobara pacI gayelAM niyamano ja bhASAbaddha thaI saMcita thatAM gayAM ane peDhI-dara-peDhI Avartana (raTaNa) pAmatAM dharmazAstra' tarIke oLakhAvA lAgyA, ane kaMThastha - balka 'AcAra' - ane graMthastha ema be AkAre TakI rahyAM. dharmazAstranuM ciMtanakSetra vizALa hatuM : vyakti, parivAra, samAja ane rAjAnA dharmo arthAt For Personal & Private Use Only

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260 kauTilya arthazAstra' dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa kartavyono vicAra emAM mukhya hato. ahIM "dharma'no artha che vartanane sarva-hitakara maryAdAmAM sthApatAM niyamano. have, rAjAnA kartavyavicAramAM, zarUAtamAM samAja-vyavasthApaka varNAzramadharmonA pAlanane ja TocanuM mahattva maLeluM. eTale rAjAe samAjamAM vyakti, kuTuMba, vepAra, samudAyajIvanane lagatA paraMparAgata eTale ke dharmazAstranA graMtho ke smRtigraMthomAM saMgRhIta niyamo(kAyadAonuM pAlana karAvavuM te mukhya kartavya hatuM. kAyadA mATe te vakhate dharma' zabda rUDha thayo hato. rAjAnA padanI sthApanA paNa samAjamAM vyApelA "mAsyanyAya'(masyo eTale ke mAchalAMomAM moTuM nAnAne gaLe tevo "baLiyAnA be bhAgavALo avaLo rivAja)ne dUra karavA mATe thayo hato tema bhAratIya rAjanItinA udbhavanuM paurANika vRttAMta ('mahAbhArata', purANo vageremAM sacavAyeluM) kahe che. baLa (zArIrika jora) karatAM vadhAre sarjanazaktivALAM mAnavasAmaththone prAdhAnya ApI, tene sadhiyAro ApI, kAryazIla banAvavAno ja e upakrama (hetulakSI kAryakrama) hato. AnA anvaye rAjAnI sattA mATe "daMDa (damana-sattA) zabda rUDha thayelo. e sattArUpI daMDa kema vAparavo te aMge mArgadarzana ApavuM te rAjadharma ke rAjanItinA graMthonuM prayojana hatuM. eTale tevA zAstrane mATe "vahunIti' (sattA vAparavA mATenuM mArgadarzana) evuM nAma rUDha thayuM. niSpakSa nyAya toLIne eno amala karAvavAnI potAnI pharaja bajAvavA mATe rAjAmAM nirbhayatA, niSpakSatA ke toLelA nyAyanI paDakhe UbhA rahevAnuM khamatIdharapaNuM ke khamIra - evA guNonI jarUra paDatI. adala insApha e ja uttama rAjAnI oLakha gaNAtI. dharmazAstramAM nirUpita rAjadharmamAM Ama kAnUnonuM pAlana karAvavuM e ja rAjA mATe mukhya kartavya gaNAtuM. alabatta, AMtara-bAhya zatruothI rakSaNa karavAnuM kartavya paNa kaTokaTIomAM jarUra prAdhAnya pAmatuM. paNa mukhya muddo e che ke prAcInatama rAjadharmavicAramAM rAjAe paLAvavAnA kAnUnonI jhINavaTabharI rajUAta ane vicAraNA ja mukhya bAbata hatI. tyAra pachI vikasatI rahelI rAjadharmasaMbaMdhI bhAratIya vibhAvanA ke vicAraNAnuM barobara khIleluM samagra rUpa ApaNane "arthazAstramAM uttama rIte jovA maLe che. emAM kAnUnonI vicAraNAne sthAna ApatAM adhikaraNo mAtra be che - tharmasthIyam e trIjuM ane dazodhanam e cothuM adhikaraNa. emAM kAyadesara kAmakAja karanAra paNa alaga adhikArIo - anukrame dharmastha ane samAhartAnA tAbAmAM kAma karatAM pradeSTA vagere - hoya che. trIjA adhikaraNamAM vyaktio vaccenA vivAdo ke jhaghaDAone lagatA kAnUnonI vicAraNA che ane cothAmAM AkhA rASTrane pholI khAtAM vividha prakAranAM asAmAjika ke samAjadrohI tattvo tema ja mAnava-nirmita ke prakRtinirmita vipadAonA niyaMtraNanI vicAraNA che. ekamAM nyAyakArya vyakti ke jUthanI phariyAdane AdhAre cAle che ane bIjAmAM vyaktigata phariyAda para nahi, kvacita sAmudAyika bUma UDyAnuM jANIne, paNa prAya: rAjayane guptacarataMtra ke adhikArIo dvArA maLelI jANakArIne AdhAre rAjayanA potAnAM abhikramathI (suo moto) ja, adAlatI kAryavAhIne badale sIdhAM pagalAM levAnI kAmagIrI thatI hoya che. samagra rASTramAMnA svayaMbhU vikAsane bAnamAM lenArAM muThThIbhara asAmAjika tattvonI yathAyogya saphAI karavAnI rASTrabhakti dhiMgA, vidhisaranA rAjayataMtramAM hoya ja - e AdhAra para cothuM adhikaraNa racAyuM che. svastha rAjayataMtra AvI javAbadArIbharI, kartavyabhAvanAyukta sAmAjikatA ane jIvaMtatAthI dhabakatuM ja hoya evI bhAratIya praziSTa rAjanItinI samaja che. bhAratIya For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 261 vibhAvanA mujaba samAjano pAyo samadhAraNa (normal) vyaktijIvana che, ane tethI saravALe svastha vyaktijIvana ArAdhya manAya che. vyaktisvAtaMtrya rASTravardhaka mUlya manAya che. vaLI jaDa bhautika baLa samAjanA niyAmaka ekamAtra samartha paribaLa tarIke paNa svIkArAtuM nathI. "baLa karatAM kaLa caDhe" e vadhu sUkSma nyAyane pArakhIne sAcuM rAjayataMtra aneka prakAre kaLa vAparIne - alabatta, cokkasa AvazyakatA prasaMge dhiMguM baLa paNa prayojIne -- AvA kahevAtA baLiyAone niSphaLa banAvI, emanuM vAstavika asAmarthya pragaTa karIne, samAjanAM dekhItAM durbaLomAM paDeluM jIvanavidhAyaka, vividhalakSI apAra sAmarthya bahAra ANIne rASTranuM vyApaka kalyANa sAdhI zake che. Aje mAtra mAtelAM duSTa rAjayamaMtronA pIThabaLathI daMbhapUrvaka phelAvAtA udArIkaraNa ane vaizvikIkaraNanA kahevAtA siddhAMto ke abhigamo e to hakIkate rAjayataMtroe kADheluM svakartavya-pAlananuM pUrepUruM devALuM ja che e saMskRtionA sAcA abhyAsI evA saMvedanazIlone lAgyA vagara na ja rahe. kauTilyanI samagra rAjadharmavibhAvanA(kalpanA)mAM nyAyataMtra khUba agatyanuM jarUra che, paNa rAjakartavyono e aMzamAtra che, arthanirmANarUpa mukhya rASTrIya puruSArthanuM pUraka sAdhana che e vAta ApaNe agAu "arthazAstra' zIrSakanI vicAraNAmAM dhyAnamAM lIdhI che. anya taMtronI jema nyAyataMtra paNa enA sAmarthyavAnuM vinIta adhikArIo dvArA cAle che ane svayaM rAjA paNa AvazyakatA mujaba AtyaMtika kissAomAM jAte nyAyasthApanAnuM kartavya bajAve che. rAjAnI dinacaryAmAM divasanA AraMbhano ja eka kALakhaMDa lokonI sIdhI phariyAdo sAMbhaLavA mATe niyata karAyo che. sAmAnya nyAyakAryomAM nyAyataMtranA suparIkSita adhikArIo dvArA thato kAryanirvAha nyAyamAM niSThA ane kauzalavALA manuSyonI vyApaka khilavaTa karIne bahumukhI saMkula rAjakartavyonA nirvahaNa mATe saMkalpabaddha rAjAno kImatI samaya paNa phAjala rAkhI zake che. rAjAnI adhyakSatAmAM rAjasattA aneka cunaMdA rASTra-puruSonA barobarIbharyA sahayoga ane nija-nija prabuddhatAthI vikendritapaNe suMdara ane saraLa rIte pravarte che. Aje jene dIvAnI (civil) vivAdo kahIe chIe, teno nyAya toLanArA amAtya-kakSAnA adhikArIo mATe "arthazAstra'mAM "dharmastha" evo khUba anurUpa garavo zabda vaparAyo che, je anya prAcIna rAjanItiviSayaka graMthothI alaga paDato jaNAya che. prAcInatara graMthomAM pravitra evo nyAyAdhIzanA hoddA mATeno zabda maLe che. prat eTale prazna karanAra ane vivI eTale vivecana ke samAlocanA (vicAraNApUrvakano nirNaya) karanAra - evA padagata artho sAthe nyAyAdhIzanA kAryanAM be pAsAM A zabdamAM samAviSTa che. kauTilya nAgarika-kAyadAo mATe prAcIna dharmazAstromAM pravartAvelo dharma' zabda ja apanAvIne, te parathI nyAyAdhIza mATe "dharma arthe arthAta dharma ke dharmazAstra mujabanA pheMsalA mATe sthirAsane birAjanAra' evA arthamAM "dharmastha" zabda yojayo che. ahIM sarakhAmaNI sUjhe che "Rgvada'mAMnAM agnisUkto vageremAM, "yajJAgninA tApa (ghAma-dharma) vacce besanAra ()' arthAt devonI upAsanA arthe yajJavedIno tApa jIravanAra Rtvijo mATe vaparAtA dharmasat zabda sAthe. dharmastha" zabda nyAyataMtranA aMtima dhyeyane - dharmasthApanAne - cIMdhe che. khoTA mArge jaI anya pratye ajJAna ke majabUrIthI aparAdha AcaranArane tenA apakRtyathI maLelA sthaLa paNa viSamaya banelA ke For Personal & Private Use Only

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26 2 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa takalAdI evA phaLathI vaMcita (alaga) karIne, samAja vacce tenA malina irAdA ughADA pADIne, tenI tAtkAlika apratiSThA karIne, tema ja "potAnA samAjamAM dharma AcaravA dvArA pratiSThA, tema ja potAne ane parivArane sade ane pace tevI saphaLatA maLe che tevI samajaNa upajAvIne, saravALe mAnavamAtramAM DhaMkAyelI paDelI pazcAttApavRttinI ane zuddhinI kakaDIne bhUkha jagADavAnuM kAma sAbaduM nyAyataMtra kare che. bIjI rIte kahIe to "pApI, pApa meM vaina do ?" - evA, pApInA manamAM ApameLe UbhA thatA hitakara prazna dvArA aparAdhavRtti tarapha sahaja jugupsA (tiraskAra, napharata) jagADavAnuM kAma Tharela nyAyataMtra karI zake che. aparAdha mATe karAtA daMDane mATe je "zikSA' zabda paNa vaparAya che, te eka bAjue aparAdhIne maLatuM cittanuM zikSaNa sUcave che, to vaLI zikSa dhAtunA mULamAM paNa zam dhAtu hovAnA ane tenA icchAdarzaka sAdhita dhAtu tarIke zizna dhAtu nIpajato hovAnA vyAkaraNazAstrIya tAraNa mujaba, "zikSA' zabdathI hitakara gurunI ke ucca rAjayataMtranI, ajJAnI ke aparAdhI vyaktine zIlasamRddhithI samartha banAvavAnI gupta paNa anivArya evI icchA ke karuNA paNa sUcavAya che. nyAyataMtrane dharmanuM upakaraNa gaNanAra bhAratIya paraMparA nyAya toLavA pAchaLa mAtra sthaLa badalAnI bhAvanA ke anya zakya aparAdhI mATe aparAdha karavA sAme jabaro DAro Ubho karavA vagere svarUpanA kevaLa nakArAtmaka dhyeyanI mAnyatAne nivAre che. cokkasa vidhiomAM sthira thayeluM nyAyataMtra pheMsalA dvArA rAjyataMtranI manasvitA, rAgadveSavRtti ke naryo julma abhivyakta karavAnuM sAdhana na ja hoI zake. kauTilya adhyAya 4.1.4mAM "daMDanIti-vidyAnuM svarUpa carcatAM rAjAnI daMDaprayogasaMbaMdhI yathArtha nIti aMge eka TUMkI mArmika carcA karI che te nyAyataMtranA svarUpane paNa lAgu paDe che. sUtra kra.1.4.5-12mAMnI A carcAmAM rAjanItividyAnA AcAryoe karelI kaDaka daMDanItinI bhalAmaNa ullekhIne tenuM nirasana (khaMDana) karatAM kahevAyuM che ke "rAjAe na "tIkSNadaMDa' (tIkSNa che daMDa jeno tevA arthAt doSo ke aparAdho sAme ugra pagalAM ja bharyA karanAra) thavuM ke na mRdudaMDa. dIrdhadaSTi ane uccAzayI dRSTi ema bevaDA abhigamathI madhyastha(taTastha)-bhAve paristhitinI samIkSA karIne rAjA dvArA levAyelAM samadhAraNa (moderate) pagalAM ja saphaLapaNe prajAone dharma-artha-kAmarUpa trivarga(traNa puruSArthonA samUha)mAM niraMtara sthApI dhanya banAve che ane rAjAnI pratiSThAne paNa deDha kare che. kAma, krodha ke tiraskArathI prayojAyelo daMDa vAnaprastha ane parivrAjako jevA saumya-zAMta prajAvargomAM paNa prakopa janmAve che, to gRhastha-jIvana jIvatA sAmAnya prajAjanonuM to pUchavuM ja zuM ?" kevo mAnavakendrI, kUNo ane adababhaya abhigama ! AvA rAjayataMtranA pAyAnA abhigamamAM ja AjanI mAnava-adhikAranI cokI karatI AMtararASTrIya saMsthAonI prabuddhatA (ucca jAgRti) gUMthAI jAya che. nyAyataMtrane zIghanyAya mATe tAkIda karatI eka jANItI aMgrejI ukti che : Justice delayed is justice denied (arthAt vilaMbe apAto nyAya te nyAya nakAryA barAbara che). A paristhiti nivAravA nyAyataMtra vikendrita sattAvALuM, bahukendrI ane karmaTha hoya te Avazyaka che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA graMthanA trIjA dharmasthIyam adhikaraNanA prathama adhyAyamAM nyAyataMtranI samagra kAryapaddhati ane koI paNa vivAdanI nyAyapAtratA mATenI zarato ke bhUmikAnI tejasvI rasaprada carcA haMmeza mujabanA coksAIbharyA sarvasamAvezaka lAghava(saMkSepa)thI karAI che. temAM iSTatama nyAyataMtra saMbaMdhI ghaNA mArmika praznonA uttara maLI jAya tevI subodha, mArgadarzaka, tarkabaddha vAto gUMthAyelI che. AjanI jema, maLelA pheMsalAnA punarvicAra mATe uccAvaca kakSAnAM aneka nyAyAlayonI vyavasthA emAM sUcavAI nathI. alabatta, rAjA pote ja AvA punarvicAranuM sthAna hovAnuM, rAjAnI dinacaryAnI agAu karela vistRta vAtamAM joyA mujaba, sUcavAyuM che. A ane bIjI aneka jogavAIone kAraNe uccatara nyAyAlayonI vilaMbakArI vyavasthA anAvazyaka banI rahetI haze. nyAyataMtranI satyaniSThA, zIghratA ane daDhatAno AdhAra to che dharmastho(nyAyAdhIzo)nAM prajJA (sarvAMgI tejasvI buddhi), zauca (sarvAMgI cAritrazuddhi) ane karmaThatA para ane tenI takedArIbharI jALavaNI 52. taMtranA moTAM ke jhAjhAM mALakhAM to prAyaH karavAnAM kAryone Thele ja che te vAta AjanI sthitinA saMdarbhe 'pArkinsananA siddhAMta' (Parkinson's Law) tarIke oLakhAya che 'bAI-bAI cAyaNI'nI ramata tarIke. jhAjhA rasoIyA rasoI bagADe ! 263 - gAmegAmanA nyAyataMtrano sIdho ullekha to kyAMya thayo nathI; paNa dareka gAmamAM 'mukhyo' eTale ke ekAdhika mukhIo ke vizvasanIya ane zANA evA sajjano gAmanAM sulehasaMpamAM sahAyaka hovAnuM adhyAya 6. 2.1mAM jarUra sUcavAyuM che. anAtha, vidhavA vagerenuM dhana, paraNetaronuM 'strIdhana' ityAdi grAmamukhyo pAse athavA to emanI AmanyA nIce salAmata rIte sacavAtuM hovAnI paraMparA paNa batAvAI che. AjanA sa2paMca jevI, paNa ekAdhika saMkhyAne kA2Ne vadhu vizvAsapAtra evI A mukhyonI vyavasthA jaNAya che; ethI to "paMca kahe te paramezvara" evI kahevata pracalita banI. AkhA rASTranAM sukha-zAMti ane suleha-saMpa sAcavavAmAM, agAu carcA mujaba, samAhartAnI deDha nizrAmAM pravartatI jAgRta vahIvaTI kAmagIrI paNa atyaMta upakAraka jaNAya che. tenA hAtha nIcenA rASTravyApI ke gAmagAmanA anukrame 'sthAnika', 'gopa' ityAdi kAryakartAo gharagharanI Arthika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika sthitinuM vyaktidITha niyamita sarvekSaNa rASTranA utthAna-AyojananA daDha pAyA tarIke karatA hoya che. Ane AdhAre rAjyataMtranI rAhabarImAM sadhAtI pratyeka vyaktinI mAvajata, unnatimAM sarvanI zakti joDAya te rIte AyojAtI sAmAjika sahabhAgitA ane puruSArthaphaLonuM samavitaraNa (caring and sharing) UMcI sAMskRtika ghaTanA banI rahIne je Arthika, sAmAjika samAnatA ane sAMskRtika ekarasatA niraMtara vadhAre che ne phelAve che, te ja vastusthiti samAjamAM kalaho, vivAdone ochAmAM ocho avakAza Ape che. sAmAjika, Arthika nyAyanuM niraMtara dhairyabharyuM prajAkendrI nirmANa ja asala nyAyataMtra che. anyAyo bharapaTTe cAlavA devA ane te sAme sthULa nyAyAlayonuM saMkula jALa sthApavuM e to 'khAtara upara dIvela' jevI avaLI nIti che. jema rogane tema anyAyane pedA ja na thavA devA te, tenA thavA daI pachI tenA upacAranA udhAmA karatAM vadhu zANI, balke ekamAtra sAcI nIti che. A uparAMta, A agAu sArI peThe carcAyelAM zANI For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa rAjanIti-saMbaMdhI aneka pAsAM dhyAnamAM letAM lAge che ke sanniSTha, karmaTha rAjyataMtra rASTranI prajAomAM kalaho ane vivAdonI zakyatA khAssI ghaTADe che. 264 A paristhitimAM, yogya rIte ja agAu nirdezyA pramANe vadhu-ochAM gAmo vacce vaDAM-mathaka tarIke oLakhAtAM saMgrahaNa, droNamukha, sthAnIya prakAranAM gAmomAM nyAyAlayonI sthApanAno Adeza che. vaLI sarahada-pradezomAM 52rASTranI gunhAhita hilacAlone ane svarASTranAM rASTradrohI ke lobhalAlacavaza tattvonI rASTradrohI pravRttione vipula avakAza hoIne tyAM paNa sthAne-sthAne nyAyAlayonI bhalAmaNa karAI che; nyAyAlayonA sAthamAM sarvatra phelAyeluM guptacarataMtra to kharuM ja. bIjI eka dhyAnapAtra bAbata e che ke sAco taTastha nyAya toLAya te mATe dareka nyAyAlayamAM eka-eka dharmasthanI nahi, paNa traNa-traNa dharmasthonI saMyukta jogavAI Avazyaka lekhAI che. "gaoNLa nAkhyA vinA gaLyuM na thAya' evA Tharela nyAya mujaba koI paNa taMtra enA iSTa dhyeyane mahattama kAryakSamatAthI pAra pADe te mATe jarUrI pUrepUro kharca kAyama mATe paNa mAthe laIne pUratAM jana ane sAdhananI sthAyI jogavAI karavI ja ghaTe. ocho kharca ghaNI vAra pUratA kharca karatAM aneka dRSTie moMgho paDI rahe ! Aje paNa ucca nyAyAlayomAM saha-nyAyAdhIzonuM jUtha (bench) paraspara sAthamAM kAma kare tevI jogavAI hoya che. eka vyakti kAryamAM manasvI banI zake che ane be vyakti khoTI saMtalasamAM joDAI kAmane bagADI zake te dRSTie laghutama traNa sahayogIonI jogavAI iSTa gaNAI che - maMtrIo, guptacaro ityAdimAM paNa. vaLI AvI jogavAIne lIdhe prAmANika eka dharmastha dvArA saMbhavita zuddha bauddhika doSa ke nirNayadoSa paNa TaLe che. Ane lIdhe ApelA pheMsalA bAbata asaMtoSa ke phariyAdane avakAza mahadaMze TaLe che ane AjanI jema phariyAdono vicAra karavA mATe uccatara nyAyAlayonI vyayakArI ne vilaMbakA2I jogavAI karavAnuM TALI zakAya che. alabatta, agAu joyA pramANe pheMsalA bAbata asaMtoSanI sthitimAM rAjAnI pratyakSa mulAkAta laI zakAya che. A jogavAIno maryAdita paNa cokhkho upayoga thaI zake che. enuM pratIkAtmaka mUlya ghaNuM che, ane nyAya toLanAra para eka jarUrI DAro paNa rahe che. rAjA potAnI dinacaryAmAM je UlaTa, viveka ane prajAvatsalatAthI e mulAkAtanA kAryakramane sthAna Ape che te agAu ApaNe joyuM che. e vastusthiti rASTranAM sarva nyAyAlayo ane temAM beThelA dharmasthone kema vartavuM tenA prabaLa saMketo Ape che. dIvAnI vivAdomAM, jema anyAyano bhoga bananArane, enI phariyAdane AdhAre addala nyAya maLe te mATenI utkaTa tAlAvelI uccAzayI rAjyataMtra dAkhave che, tema phariyAdInI sAcI ke nakkara bhUmikAnuM parIkSaNa karavAnI khAMkhata ke samIkSaka vRtti paNa te batAve che. 'arthazAstra'mAM sarvatra koI paNa vivAdamAM saMDovAyelA sAma-sAmA baMne pakSonA AzayonuM niSpakSa, nipuNa parIkSaNa karavAnuM valaNa jovA maLe che. te rIte phariyAda karavA mATenI pAtratA eTale ke sAcI bhUmikA TheravavA be pakSa vacceno kevA svarUpano saMbaMdha ke kevo pUrvakarAra mAnya gaNavo tenI paNa vyavahAru vigato ApelI che. jyAM eka vyaktie bIjI vyakti sAthe amuka rIte vartana karavAnuM je te samAjanAM ke samudAyanAM nirvivAda dhArAdhoraNo mujaba apekSita hoya, tevA kissAmAM ja tenAthI judA amAnya For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA vartana badala karelI phariyAda mAnya gaNAya. kevaLa malina ke sAmAnI badanakSInA irAdAthI phariyAdo karI sAmAvALAne khuvAra ke beAbarU karavA ke sAmAne bhoge svArtha sAdhavA nyAyataMtrano durupayoga karIne tenA para khoTo bojo vadhA2vAnuM prajAkIya valaNa rokavA AvI vAjabI maryAdA nyAyataMtra mUke che. jevAM geravartano vyaktinAM, samudAyanAM ane saravALe rASTranAM nyAyI vikAsa ane jIvanabaLane bAdhA pahoMcADatAM hoya, tevAM geravartano(aparAdho)nI tejasvI samAlocanA karI, satyAdhArita pheMsalo ApI teno kaDaka amala karavo te nyAyataMtranuM sahaja kartavya banI rahe che. vyaktio ke jUtho vaccenA koI saMbaMdha ke karAra jene lIdhe amAnya TheravavA paDe, tevA saMjogonI yAdI adhyAya kra. 3.1mAM ApI che - eno mApadaMDa che sAmAjika pAradarzakatAno ke grAhyatAno abhAva. koI be vyaktio ke jUtho vacce koI saMbaMdha ke karAra je saMjogomAM sthapAyelo batAvAyo hoya, te saMjogo samAjasvIkRta, bhautika rIte cokhkhI cakAsaNI thaI zake tevA ane saMbaMdha ke karAra karanArAonA AzayanI (irAdAnI) zuddhatAnA pradarzaka hovA joIe. dA.ta. koI Arthika ke sAmAjika karAra madhyarAtrie, vanamAM, gharanA gupta bhAgamAM ityAdi prakAranA zaMkAspada kALasthaLarUpa saMjogomAM thayelA batAvAya, to te karArano pAyo ja khoTo gaNAya. tethI te AdhAre thayelI phariyAda nyAyataMtra dvArA hAtha dharavA lAyaka na gaNAya. paraMtu jo amuka karAro ja evI viziSTatA dharAvatA hoya, athavA to je-te karAra ka2vA vakhatanA saMjogo ja viziSTa hoya, to Ama sAmAnyataH amAnya gaNAtAM sthaLa, kALa ke vidhine paNa mAnya gaNavA tevo samatola viveka paNa A carcAmAM batAvAyo che. 265 eka mahattvanI coksAI e karAI che ke parivAranA dRSTikoNathI jotAM koI paNa sAmAjika, Arthika vagere vyavahAra nakkI karavA mATe, je-te samAjanI samajaNa ke paraMparA mujaba, parivAranI je vyakti mAnya bauddhika adhikAra ane anurUpa pArivArika mobho (status) dharAvatI hoya, te ja mAnya gaNAya. te sivAyanI pArivArika anadhikRta gaNAtI vyaktie karelA AvA vyavahAranirNayo amAnya gaNAya. alabatta, asAdhAraNa paristhitimAM, te saMjoga pUratI cokhkhI rIte mAnya gaNAya tevI anya vyaktie karelo nirNaya paNa mAnya gaNAya. A aMge te vakhatanI sAmAjika paristhiti mujaba kaI-kaI pArivArika vyakti mAnya gaNAya tenI gaNanA kauTilye karelI che. e sAmAjika paristhiti mUlyaparivartana pramANe badalAya tema A nirNaya mATenI adhikRtatAnAM dho2Na badalAya ja e paNa sujJajane samajI levuM ghaTe. A AkhI vyavasthA nyAyataMtra mATe, grAhya-agrAhya vivAdonA vargIkaraNanI buddhigrAhya vyavasthA UbhI karIne taMtra para AvanAro avAstavika kAryaboja ghaTADavA mATe ja che. eka spaSTatA e paNa karAI che ke koI saMbaMdha ke karAra aMgeno nirNaya kALAMtare spaSTa hetu arthe badalAyo hoya, to temAM pAchalo nirNaya ja nyAyaprakriyAnA AdhAra tarIke grAhya gaNavo. koI paNa nyAyAlaya ke dharmastha (nyAyAdhIza) dvArA 'kulaDImAM goLa bhAMgavA'nI jema manamAnI ke pakSapAtI kAryavAhIthI khoTo nyAya na toLAya te mATe, agAu batAvyA pramANe, dareka nyAyAlaya(adhiraLa)mAMnA traNa dharmastho samAna kakSAnA ane potapotAnuM bauddhika svAtaMtrya dharAvanAra hoya che. dharmastho vAdI, prativAdI ane temanA sAkSIonI UlaTa-tapAsa je-je praznothI kare, tenI ane te For Personal & Private Use Only

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266 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa darekanA apAyelA te-te uttaranI vigatavAra pAkI noMdha 'lekhaka' kahevAtA adhikArIe karavAnI hoya che. Aje jema vijJAnanI navI-navI zodho mujaba viDiyogrAphI ityAdi sAthe paNa keTalIka mahattvanI korTa-kAryavAhI thAya che, te ja rIte te vakhatanAM sAdhano pramANe nyAyavidhi, tenI jAhera cakAsaNI thaI zake tevA cokhkhA purAvA jaLavAya te rIte thaIne vizvAsya banI raheto. vaLI AvI noMdha sarakArI daphataramAM jaLavAIne saMbhavataH pachInA kALe hAtha dharAtA samAna aparAdhonA kissAomAM paNa nirNaya mATe mArgadarzaka banI zakatI haze - jema Aje bane che. cothA aTakazodhana adhikaraNamAM bhraSTa nyAyAdhIzone paNa rASTranA kaMTaka gaNIne emanA nyAyavidhisaMbaMdhI judA-judA bhraSTAcAro mATe paNa cokkasa sajAnI jogavAI batAvI che. AkhI nyAyaprakriyA aparAdhanA grAhya sthULa purAvAo (za) tathA vAdI-prativAdInI, tema ja sAkSIonI jhINavaTabharI UlaTa-tapAsathI AgaLa vadhe che ane pheMsalA para pahoMce che. dareka kissAmAM A lAMbo nyAyavidhi na karavo paDe te mATe, vAdInA ke prativAdInA amuka-amuka amAnya anucita vahevAro prakAzamAM AvatAM ja kAM to AkhI phariyAda ja banAvaTI gaNI rada-bAtala karAya che ane evA phariyAdIne Akaro daMDa paNa karAya che, athavA to vAdInI tarapheNamAM, pheMsalo ApI devAya che, arthAt gunDo siddha gaNAya che. AvA amAnya ke vAMdhAkAraka vahevAro-(parovatadetava:)nI anubhavAzrita bodhaka yAdI paNa apAI che. khoTI phariyAdo thatI ja rokAya te mATe vAdI (phariyAdI) prativAdI (AropI) karatAM purAvAo, dalIlo vagere bAbate vadhu sajja ane hAjarajavAbI hovo joIe evI vAjabI apekSA rakhAya che. tethI vAdI sAme prativAdIe UbhA karelA muddAno uttara ApavA mATe vAdIne TUMkI mudata apAya che. tethI UlaTuM, prativAdIne vAdIe UbhA karelA muddAno uttara ApavA mATe vadhu lAMbI mudata apAya che. AjanI jema A graMthamAM paNa sAkSI potAnI vAtamAM pharI bese to tene paNa ThIkaThIka kaDaka sajA ApavAnI bhalAmaNa karAI che. samAje nyAyI rAjataMtranAM suphaLa bhogavavAM hoya to samAjanI vyaktio mATe javAbadArIpUrvaka ane prAmANika rIte je-te nyAyavidhimAM potAno phALo ApavAnuM nAgarika-kartavya anivArya banI rahe che. nyAyavidhinI adhavacce jo vAdI prativAdI sAthe maLI jaIne potAnI phariyAda ja pAchI kheMcI le, to tevA vartanane atyaMta bejavAbadAra ane samAjavirodhI gaNIne te mATe khUba AkarI sajA sUcavAI che. kharekharuM nyAyataMtra pAyAmAM to rAjAnI, samagra rAjayataMtranA sevakonI ane atyaMta nAnI saMkhyA dharAvatA asAmAjikone bAda karatAM moTA bhAganI bAkInI prajAnI, sva-AlocanA dvArA sukhazAMtivardhaka, kalyANagAmI Atmazuddhi sAdhavAnI jAgRta jhaMkhanAnI ja mUrta abhivyakti che. tethI potAne thayelA anyAya bAbata phariyAda karanArI svastha vyakti koI paNa anyAyI vahevArane jAherajIvananA cokamAM paDakArIne, mAtra potAne thayelo anyAya ja dUra karAvavA na icchatAM samAjamAM zuddha vahevAra ja pratiSThita ane hiMgI sukhazAMtino TUMko, saraLa rasto che' evI vyApaka samajaNa phelAvavAmAM paNa sahAyabhUta banavA icche che. e daSTie koI sAme sAcI phariyAda karyA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA bAda, kazuM vAjabI kAraNa batAvyA sivAya, te phariyAda pAchI kheMcIne, kAM to te potAnI atibhIrutA batAve che, kAM to e aparAdhI sAthe maLI jaIne, tenI sAthe koI melI saMtalasa karIne, evA aparAdhI sAthe tenA aparAdhomAM sAthI banavAno melo saMkalpa kare che, ane te dvArA samAjane puSkaLa bhautika hAni karavA uparAMta khoTA vicArane samAjamAM phelAvIne svastha samAjabhaktine toDavA mAMDe che. e kAraNe upara kahyA mujaba tene AkarI sajA karavAnuM sUcavAyuM che tema samajavuM. prativAdIne vAdI dvArA ne saMbhavataH dharmastha dvArA paNa pUchAyelA praznonA uttara ApavA ke khulAsA karavA mahattama traNa saptAhano samaya ApI zakAya che. te nakkI karyA mujabanA gALAmAM paNa javAba na ApanAra AropI ApoApa gunhegAra Thare che ane te badala yathAyogya daMDa dharmastha tenI pAsethI vasUla karAvavAno rahe ane vaLI tenA aparAdhathI vAdIne thayeluM Arthika bhautika nukasAna jo te bharapAI na kare, to tenI AjIvikAnAM sAdhanone bAkAta rAkhIne bAkInI tenI milkatamAMthI te vasUla karAvavuM. vaLI jo te daMDa bharavA paNa azakta hoya, to, jo vAdI saMmati Ape to, te vAdIne potAnA vatI daMDa bharavA (!) vinaMtI karIne tenA badalAmAM daMDanI rakamane (ane tene thayelA nukasAnane) anurUpa samayagALA mATe vAdIno cAkara bane. tenA paNa vikalpe prativAdI potAnI avejI (dhi) rUpa potAnA pratinidhine evI kAmagIrI arthe mokalI zake. 267 uparanI chellI vigato parathI tema ja AkhA dharmasthIya-adhikaraNamAMnAM vividha daMDavidhAno parathI nyAyataMtranuM valaNa ekaMdare pUrepUruM mAnavatApUrNa ane lacIluM jaNAya che. chevaTe to Tharela rAjyanuM nyAyataMtra samAja ane taLa saMskRti vatI potAnAM nipuNa rIte saMgaThita karAyelAM sevakabaLa ane sAdhanabaLa dvArA samAjanI koI paNa vyaktino evo doSa, ke je samAjane ane saravALe khuda aparAdhIne paNa acUka bAdhaka bane tevo hoya, tene mAnya purAvAo dvArA pradarzita karI, potAnA taraphathI sImita mAtrAmAM dhanadaMDa yA kaSTadaMDanI pharaja pADIne tene ghaDIka thobhavA ane potAnA kRtya bAbata svastha punarvicAra karIne chevaTe aparAdhathI aTakavA sadbhAvapUrNa iMgita Ape che. vaLI samAjanA caoNkamAM nyAyataMtra dvArA jAhera karAyelI AvI aparAdhavRtti ane tenA ochAvattA sAmAjika vyAparUpa vastusthiti samAjanI vaicArika ALasane halabalAvI, samAjanA jAgRta-zANA sajjanonI ane prabuddhajanonI vicArazaktine sakriya kriyAkSetra, balke upakArakSetra, pUruM pADe che. Tharela nyAyataMtranA apramatta pheMsalA kharekhara to sAmAjika-sAMskRtika upacAravidhinuM AraMbhabiMdu banI zake. 'arthazAstra'mAM baMdIgRha (jela) ane cAra(kAcI jela)nA nirmANanuM vidhAna 'sannidhAtA'(saMgraha-vyavasthApaka)nA kAryakSetranA bhAgarUpe to jarUra che; paraMtu teno upayoga AropIne nyAyakAryavAhI daramiyAna baMdI tarIke rAkhavA ja prAyaH thato hoya tevAM IMgita maLe che te agAu joyuM che. daMDavidhAna to mahad aMze dhanadaMDathI ne viziSTa aparAdha mATe kaSTadaMDa ke vadhadaMDathI ja batAvAyuM che. vaLI hamaNAM joyuM tema, saMjogAnusAra aparAdhI vyakti potAnA aparAdhano bhoga bananArano dAsa ke sevaka niyata kALa mATe banI rahe tevuM paNa daMvidhAna jovA maLe che. aparAdha siddha thayA pachI ochA-vattA gALAnA kArA-vAsanuM vidhAna kyAMya jovA maLatuM nathI. to kArAgRhanuM For Personal & Private Use Only

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268 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa astitva ane daMDavidhAnanI uparyukta sthiti vacceno virodha eka rasaprada samasyA banI rahe. AnI vistRta carcA A vyAkhyAnamAM rAjadhAnInA vaDA(nAgarika')nA kAryakSetranA anvaye (pR. 185188 para) karelI che te joI levI. AjanA vAcakane khUMce tevuM tattva che AkhA graMthamAM vyApakapaNe jovA maLatuM vadhadaMDanuM vidhAna. bhAratIya rAjanItizAstranA dharmazAstrAnusArI mAnavIya valaNane jotAM A vastusthiti AzcaryakAraka paNa lAge che. alabatta, amuka aMze A daMDA rIDhA ke sudhArI na zakAya tevA jaNAtA gunhegAro ke gunhAprakAro mATe hovAnuM jaNAya che. vaLI emAM ye vadhu upadravakArI gunhegAro ke atyaMta rASTradrohI rAjyAdhikArIo mATe nyAyataMtrathI nirapekSa rIte mukhyatve rAjAnI prAyaH maMtrI-anusArI vivekabuddhithI guptavadha (upAMzuvadha), agAu guptacarataMtranI carcAmAM batAvyA pramANe, prAyaH "tIkSNa' ke "rasada' prakAranA guptacaro dvArA karAya che. vaLI gunhAnA svarUpa mujaba AkarA kulezadaMDo ke 'citravadha" (jAtajAtanI ribAmaNI dvArA vadhu) paNa nyAyataMtra dvArA AdezAya che. vadhadaMDa pratyenA A abhigamane svasthapaNe samajavA prayatna karIe. prAyaH rAyacaMtranA vAhakoe taMtranA aMgarUpa nirNayomAM vyaktigata bhAvukatAthI upara UThIne aitihAsika paristhitio mujaba sthira thayelI paMraparAne dhyAnamAM laIne ja je-te nirNaya ke pagalAM levAnuM kartavya banI rahe che. vaLI potAnA dezakALamAM rASTranI prajAomAM pravartatI vividha vRtti-pravRttionuM paNa cokkasa citra guptacarataMtranI paNa vyApaka madadathI meLavIne temAM kAragara nIvaDe tevA dezakAlAnusArI nirNayo taTasthapaNe levA paDe. rAmane anicchAe zabUkavadha karavo paDe che ke sItAtyAga karavo paDe che. upAyonI ugratA ghaTADavA mATe dIrghakAlIna ane sArvatrika evo sAMskRtika puruSArtha karavo paDe. vaLI AjanI AkarI sajAonA vAstavika amala bAbata bane che tema. prAcInakALamAM paNa pheMsalAmAM AdezAvelI vadhadaMDAdi ugra sajAo prajAkIya prasiddhi dvArA aparAdhImAM ane samAjamAM DAro Ubho karavAno hetu dharAvatI haze; paNa amala vakhate prAyaH kUNuM valaNa rAkhI sajAnuM vivekI rUpAMtara ja karAtuM haze. nyAyataMtra saMbaMdhI adhyAya ka. 3.1mAMnI prAthamika carcAmAM sAMskRtika mahattvanI eka carcA, adhyAyanA cheDe, te saMbaMdhI judA-judA srotomAMthI cUMTelA saheja matAMtarovALA zloka saMgrahIne tenA anumodanarUpe karI che. pUrvaparaMparAnI prauDha ane pUrNapaNe zraddheya sAmagrI ke carcAonA yathAtatha avataraNanuM paNa kauTilyanuM valaNa graMthamAM dekhAya che. bIjI bAjue, samAlocanA-pAtra aneka matonuM nirasana karI "Ama kauTilya kahe che e AkAre temaNe potAnA AgavA mata paNa hetukathana sAthe puraskAryA che. ahIM rajU karelA zlokomAMnA matAMtaro paikI kauTilya koI eka matane puraskAratA nathI; e bheda deza-kALabhedane AbhArI hovAnuM samajatA lAge che. athavA te vividha matone samabala gaNI pasaMdagI vAcaka para choDe che. A carcA taLa prajAonAM subaddha sAMskRtika valaNo ke sAmAjika mUlyAMkano prati nyAyataMtrano udAra abhigama sUcave che. prazna e che ke phariyAdInI phariyAdane AdhAre koI paNa aparAdhano nyAya koI sarvasAmAnya zAstra, saMhitA ke paraMparAne AdhAre ja toLavo ke aparAdhInI svasamudAyagata cokkasa sAmAjika For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 269 sAMskRtika bhUmikAnA mApadaMDe toLavo. Ama to nyAyataMtra saMbaMdhI eka prabuddha vicAra mujaba doSita aparAdhI nirdoSa TharI jAya te paravaDe, paNa nirdoSa AropI khoTI rIte aparAdhI TharI daMDAya te na paravaDe. AmAM virala kissAomAM vadhu vikasita valaNa e paNa jovA maLyuM che ke aparAdhIe aparAdha karyAnuM siddha thayuM hovA chatAM e thavAnA saMjogonuM taTastha-sahRdaya parIkSaNa karI aparAdhIne mAtra sajAthI pIDana ApavAne badale tene Akasmika aparAdhakarmathI paNa dUra rahevA joga citta-keLavaNInI taka maLe athavA to enA dekhItA aparAdhanI pUrNa nirdoSatA samagra nyAyataMtranA prabuddho dvArA kAlAMtare mAnya bane te rIte tenA upara daMDa prayojavAnuM mokUpha rAkhavAmAM ke haLavuM banAvavAmAM Ave che. ahIM e spaSTa karavuM joIe ke atre prastuta carcAmAM rajU karelI paraMparA upara ullekhelI koI sabhAna mAnavatAvAdI daSTikoNathI nIpajelI nahi, paNa te vakhatanI taLa samAjasthiti pramANe nabhatAM svAyatta, sthAnika vibhinna prajAjUthonA anvaye vyavahAru rIte rUDha thayelI jaNAya che. alabatta, enI prastutatA sahRdayone mAnavIya dRSTikoNathI paNa lAge ema che. A carcAmAM pAyAnI vAta ATalI che : koI paNa nyAyika vivAda cAra judAM-judAM mApadaMDo, dRSTikoNo ke vaicArika starothI hAtha dharI zakAya che. e cAra staromAM pasaMdagInI cokkasa uccAvacatA (mahattAkrama) paNa sthapAI hatI. have jayAre koI vivAdano pheMsalo ekAdhika zakya mApadaMDo dvArA ApavAnuM zakya hoya, tyAre, athavA to jyAre te paikInA koI eka mApadaMDathI apAyelA pheMsalA sAme koI dharmasthAno jhoka e mApadaMDathI bhinna bAkInA traNa paikInA koI eka mApadaMDathI pheMsalo ApavA tarapha hoya tyAre, niyata kramamAM rajU thatA te cAra paikInA pAchalA-pAchalA krame AvatA mApadaMDa pramANenA pheMsalAne grAhya gaNavo - evI vAta che. e cAra mApadaMDo A krame batAvAya che : dharma, vyavahAra, caritra ane rAjazAsana29. dharma eTale taTastha ke tAttvika satyavicAraNA para AdhArita dharmazAstrano (ke tadAdhArita smRtiono) mApadaMDa. 'vyavahAra' eTale koI paNa mizra mAnavasamudAyamAM koI paNa jAtanA zAstrIya siddhAMta vinA, sAmudAyika tAsIra ane anukULatA mujaba UpajI AvelI prathA athavA tevo mApadaMDa. "caritra' eTale koI pradezavizeSamAM sadIothI sthAyI thayelI koI sahajIvI koma ke jAtinAM dhArmika, sAmAjika, Arthika vagere pAsAMnA cokkasa AkAranA rivAjo. 'laukika samayAcAra' ke "samaya' evo zabda paNa mahAbhArata, purANo vageremAM A ja arthamAM vaparAto jaNAya che. rAjapuruSoe prajAniSThAnA bhAgarUpe A "caritra' ke "samAcArothI vAkepha ane sabhAna rahevAnuM Avazyaka gaNAtuM. "rAjazAsana' eTale je-te dezakALamAM jenI ANa cAlatI hoya, te rAjAno kAyado. A cAra mApadaMDo satyanI samajaNanA staranA bheda para ke mUlyabheda para AdhArita che. mAnavasaMskRtionI nyAyanI sthAnika vibhAvanAo je-te jUtha dvArA oLakhAyelAM mUlyo para ke komanI Atmaniyamana-zakti para AdhArita hoya che. nyAya toLatAM A samUha-manovijJAna cakAvuM na joIe e mULa vAta che. je prajAjUthamAM nyAya toLAto hoya, tene potAnI bhUmikA pramANe lAgavuM joIe ke kharekhara sAco nyAya- amane mAnya dhoraNano nyAya toLAI rahyo che. koI paNa aparAdha ke doSanI samIkSA je-te prajAjUthane "A barAbara thayuM" ema lAge tevI vatsalatAthI thavI ghaTe. For Personal & Private Use Only

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27) kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa AmAM dhyAna kheMcatI vAta e che ke AmAMno dareka pAchalo mApadaMDa kharekhara to saMkucita kSetravALo, saMkucita mUlyavALo ke paramasatyathI vadhu ne vadhu dUra gayelo jaNAya che ! paraMtu koI paNa rASTra, mizra samAja ke cokkasa prajAjUthamAM koI paNa vyakti dvArA thayelA vartanane je-te paristhitimAM e traNa paikI phariyAdI ane aparAdhIne samAna rIte lAgu paDatA cokkasa samudAyane jJAta ane mAnya mUlya pramANenA upalA cAra (yA anya) paikInA je-te samaye prastuta banatA mApadaMDathI ja mUlavavAnuM yogya banI rahe che. jene jayAre je satya samajAyuM te ja tene mATe tyAre prastuta gaNAya. vAstavika jagatumAM satya sApekSa ja hoya che e vAta "IzAvAsya upaniSaddamAM thayelI, agAu nirdezelI avidyA ane vidyAnI samatola rajUAtamAMthI pratItikAraka rIte samajAya che. uparyukta cAra mApadaMDo paikI je-te prajAjUtha karatAM paNa je-te samaye pravartatI rAjasattAne vyavahAru dRSTie sauthI vizeSa mahattva ApIne "rAjazAsana' rUpa mApadaMDane sauthI vadhu prabaLa gaNyo che e paNa noMdhapAtra bAbata che. samAja jyAM sudhI rAjasattA vinA vyavasthita ane nyAyI rIte nabhI zakato nathI, tyAM sudhI je-te kALe pravartatI rAjasattAne ane enI je-te AjJAne vaza vartavuM ja paDe e sIdhI vAta che. to A cAra mApadaMDo ekaMdare, anukrame (1) RSidaSTa parama satya, (2) A-te prajAjUthathI nirapekSa evI rASTranI sarerAza AmaprajAmAM rUDha banelA sAmAjika-Arthika-sAMskRtika vyavahArorUpe satya, (3) je-te viziSTa prAdezika (sthAnabaddha) prajAjUthanA svAyatta samAjamAM sthira thayelA sAmAjika-Arthika-dhArmika-sAMskRtika rivAjo rUpa satya ane (4) rAjAjJArUpa satyane kramazaH prabaLatara gaNI je-te kALe tene ja prastuta ke amalI banAvavAnuM mArgadarzana Ape che. AmAM eTaluM samajavuM joIe ke je-te kALe sajA pAmatA aparAdhI dvArA ke enI sAthe saMlagna parivAra, koma, AmaprajA ke rAjayataMtra paikI koI paNa dvArA nyAyataMtre toLelA nyAya bAbata virodhano sUra na UThe, to pachI cAra paikInA kyA mApadaMDe nyAya toLAyo te jovAnuM rahetuM nathI. mAtra vyaktimAM ke nAnA-moTA samudAyamAM ke rASTramAM e aMge virodhano sUra UThe tyAre ja upalA mahattAkrama pramANe nyAyano punarvicAra karavAnuM AvI paDe. ghaNA kissAmAM pUrvapUrvano mApadaMDa pAchaLa-pAchaLanA mApadaMDa sAthe koI virodha dharAvato na paNa hoya. TUMkamAM, nyAya dharmasthanI manovaijJAnika samajadArIthI TharelapaNe toLAya ane saravALe aparAdhI ke koI samudAyamAM levAyelA je-te nirNaya bAbata koI vAjabI asaMtoSa ke virodhabhAva na Ubho thAya, to badhuM samuM-sUtaruM cAle ane rAjasattA paNa vadhu pratiSThA pAme. AnI sAthe, AjanAM nyAyataMtro keTakeTalA aMze vakarI rahyAM che, rAjasattAtaraphI ke dhanikataraphI banIne samAjamAM vyApaka bedilI UbhI karI rahyAM che tenI sarakhAmaNI khAsa karavA jevI che ane mAnavajAtinA bhAvi parano khataro nivAravA sakriya thavAnI tAtI jarUra che. nyAyataMtra mAnavadhvaMsa ane saMskRtidhvaMsa karIne chevaTe to AtmadhvaMsa ja notare che. koIne uparanA mApadaMDa sAme zakya vAMdho evo hoI zake ke koma-koma pramANe bhinna kAnUno ke tenI saMhitA amalI gaNavAnI hoya to bhraSTAcAro paNa praveze ane arAjakatA paNa Ave. ahIM yAda rAkhIe ke uparanI vicAradizA te kALanI sAmAjika-rASTrIya paristhitinI daSTie che ke jyAre vividha komo ke jAtio mulkavizeSamAM sadIothI sthAnika, svAyatta ane AgavuM jIvana jIvatI hatI. Aje vipula saMcArasAdhano ane bephAma zaherIkaraNane lIdhe paristhiti AmUla badalAI che. ethI Aje uparanAM bhinnastaronA mApadaMDanI vAta prastuta rahI nathI. paNa A carcAno agatyano For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 271 sAra e che ke dareka kALamAM koI ne koI jUtho to hoya ja che - dA.ta. uccAvaca Arthika stara mujabanAM jUtho, nivAsabhede grAmINa, zaherI ke vicaratAM jUtho, bhaNatarabheda mujabanAM jUtho, dhArmika jUtho ityAdi. alabatta, A dareka mATe judA mApadaMDe nahi, paNa sAmAjika-manovaijJAnika stara mujaba lacIlA mApadaMDe vivekabuddhi vAparI nyAya toLAvo ghaTe. Aje evuM vivekIpaNuM vizeSataH AjanAM, samAja para caDhI beThelAM vividha sthApita hito - rAjakIya, vyApArI, sAMpradAyika ityAdi staranAM - pratyenI sabhAna-abhAna mAnasika gulAmIvALA ke rAjadvArI dabAvo nIce kAma karatA nyAyataMtramAM vadhu ne vadhu lopAtuM jAya che, jethI gunhAnA mULarUpa ke gunhAno dorIsaMcAra karanAra vyakti, jUtha ke saMsthA pratiSThA bhogavatAM binadhAsta phare che ane ajANatAM ke koI ne koI majabUrI nIce mAtra sthULa rIte ke dekhItI rIte gunho karI besanAra vyakti daMDAI-vadherAI jAya che; yA to sIdho sarakArI goLIthI sAmudAyika pheMsalo paNa karI nakhAya che ! have to sthApita hitonA lAbhArthe temanI piTTha sarakAro dvArA rAtorAta binabaMdhAraNIya rIte kAyadAo sudhdhAM badalI nakhAya che ! pheMsalA mATe upara batAvelA cAra mApadaMDonA batAvelA mahattAkramathI bhinna krama sUtra kra. 3.1.44 mAMnA zlokamAM Apyo che, je mujaba jo agAunA krama mujabanA bIjA ane trIjo e mApadaMDo ("vyavahAra" ane "saMsthA" eTale ke caritra yA prathA) jo prathama mApadaMDa(dharma)thI viruddha jatA hoya to prathama mApadaMDa mujaba pheMsalo Apavo. e to spaSTa samajAya che ke agAu nirdezelo mata tAttvika nahi, paNa vyavahAru ane manovaijJAnika ke laukika che, jayAre A mata tAttvika (AdarzalakSI) che. ema lAge che ke kauTilya, e matanA zlokane pAchaLa sthAna ApavA dvArA, eka bAju tenA pratye Adara dAkhavIne tene radiyo nathI ApatAM, paNa bIjI bAjue tenI avyavahAryatA paNa sUcavatA jaNAya che. vaLI A matamAM "rAjazAsana jo dharmathI viruddha jatuM hoya to dharma ke dharmazAstrane anusaravuM' evo Adeza ApavAnI RjutA (saraLatA) ke hiMmata nathI e vAta paNa dhyAna kheMcyA vinA rahetI nathI. tenI pachInA zlokamAM to AvI paristhitimAM, prA.zrI kaMgalenA matane anusaratAM, "nyAya' eTale ke rAjAjJA ja nirNAyaka bane ema kahevAyuM che. alabatta, A zlokanuM zrI kaMgalenuM arthaghaTana, 'cAya' zabdano "rAjAjJA' (edict) evo artha karavAne kAraNe vivAdAspada jarUra lAge che. sAmAnya buddhithI to e zloka vAMcanArane niHsaMdeha eka ja artha phare che : "dharmanirNaya bAbate (dharme) eTale ke pheMsalA aMge, jayAre koI kissAmAM tarkasaMgata vicAraNA sAthe eTale ke sAmAnya vivekabuddhi ke samaja (common-sense view) sAthe (cAyena navat ) virodha dharAvato mata zAstra ApatuM hoya (vipratipata) to tyAM sAmAnya vivekabuddhijanya samaja(cAya)ne pramANabhUta gaNavI; kAraNa ke tevI bAbatamAM zAstrano sAco mULa pATha nAza paNa pAmyo hoya." A vAta to gAMdhIjI je vAta ghUMTIghUMTIne kahetA te ja lAge che. zAstranA zabdone vaLagI na rahevAya. tyAM zuddha hRdayanI vivekajanya samajaNane anusaravAmAM koI jokhama nathI - AvuM arthaghaTana ja svAbhAvika lAge che. have ziSTa samAjamAM thatA, Aje jene dIvAnI (civil) kahe che tevA aparAdhonI trIjA adhikaraNamAM maLatI carcAnuM ane asAmAjika khUMkhAra vyaktio ke jUtho dvArA karAtA ke prAkRtika For Personal & Private Use Only

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272 kiauTilya 'arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa paribaLo dvArA thatA rASTrabhaMjaka vyApAronI cothA adhikaraNamAM maLatI carcAnuM upayogI avalokana vArApharatI karIe. e spaSTa karavuM ghaTe ke A be adhikaraNo mAtra daMDasaMhitArUpa ke vyavahAropayogI kAyadApothI ja nathI, paNa tenI aMdara dhabakatuM samAjadarzana sujJa-hRdayomAM sthApavAno garbhita hetu paNa temAM jaNAya che. A hRdayatarpakatAM (hRdayane dharavavAnI zakti) vacce-vacce AvatAM jIvanamUlyanirdezaka vAkyomAM, prakaraNonA kramamAM, dareka prakaraNamAMnA avAMtara (peTA) muddAnA kramamAM, dhULa sAthe sUkSma doSo-aparAdhonI kautukapoSaka navI-navI vigato ApatA javA pAchaLa dhabakatI lekhakanI susaMskArasusaMskRti pratyenI udAra-namra rucimAM anubhavAya che. ahIM kauTilyanI bahumukhI bharIbharI sAmAjikatA nirdezatA rahevAno ja mukhya Azaya (irAdo) che, jethI parizramI jijJAsu, hRdayanI tAlAvelI sAthe, mULa graMthanA yatheccha adhyayana mATe prerAya. trIjA (tharmasthIyaH) adhikaraNanI sAmagrI : manuSyanuM AgavApaNuM mAtra tenI saMkula bahumukhI buddhimAM ke temAMthI sadhAtAM dhanArjana (dhanaprApti) ke sarjanomAM ja nahi, paNa e buddhinA saMgamAM Atmadarzanano UMDo talasATa saMtoSavA arthe thatA manuSyanA AtmavistaraNamAM eTale ke tenI bharI-bharI sAmAjikatAmAM anubhavAya che. e ja manuSyanI bhAvAtmaka vaividhyapUrNa guNasamRddhinuM mULa che. sattvaguNamAM sthira thayelI ke vaLI triguNAtIta banI gayelI vimala prakRti para tamoguNa-rajoguNanuM, vividha mAtrA ane mizraNovALuM saMkula AvaraNa AvI jaI manuSyane doSo ke aparAdhomAM dhakele che. evA aparAdhakAraka doSone sthULarUpe nizcayapUrvaka daMDavA dvArA, "prAyaH kSobha pAmavA thakI manuSya potAno Agavo mahimA pAcho meLave che" evA, majJAnazAkuntatvanA chaThThA aMka(zloka 6.32)mAMnA kAlidAsavacana mujaba, mANasanI prakRtinuM zodhana ane mahimAnuM udIpana karavAmAM nyAyataMtra ane daMDasaMhitAnI sArthakatA samAyelI che e vAta paNa kauTilya A adhikaraNamAM ghUMTe che ema jarUra anubhavI zakAya. mukhyatve parama-tattvanA anusaMdhAnamAM eTale ke tenAM dhyAnapradhAna ciMtana ane sAdhanAmAM nirata RSio ne draSTAo potAnI lokAbhimukhatA ane lokasaMgraha' (lokArAdhana)-vRttine kAraNe samAjaciMtanamAM paNa utkRSTa rIte pravartatA hatA. ethI RSiomAM potAnuM AgavuM samAjadarzana paNa hatuM. AvA dharmazAstrakAra ke RtikAra RSionA AgavA samAjadarzana mujaba, te-te RSinA graMthamAM daMDasaMhitAnA anvaye samAjanAM vividha pAsAMono cokkasa mahattAkrama nakkI karIne prakaraNono krama nakkI thato. manuSyanA vividha sAmAjika vyavahAromAM kayuM mULa pAsuM ane temAMthI cokkasa krame phalita thatAM kayAM anya avAMtara (peTA) pAsAM enI cokkasa samajaNa mujaba prakaraNakrama te-te graMthamAM aMgIkArAto. A vAtane ullekhato eka saMgrahazloka (sArakathanarUpa zloka) kahe che tema "manu RNane pAyAno vyavahAra gaNe che, uzanas milkatane, bRhaspati thApaNane ane kauTilya vivAhane tevo vyavahAra gaNe che." kauTilya viSenuM AmAMnuM vidhAna 'arthazAstra'nA trIjA adhikaraNane jotAM sAcuM Thare che. kanirdiSTa anya AcAryonA vividha viSayo aMgenA mato kauTilya "arthazAstra'mAMnAM For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA vividha carcAsthaLoe ullekhIne temanA te-te matothI bhinna potAno mata paNa dareka sthaLe Apyo che e jotAM, kauTilya kALakrame temanI pachI Ave che, ne samajaNanI zreSThatA paNa pAmyA che. jarmana vidvAna meyare (Meyer) vistRta carcA karI batAvyuM che ke daMDasaMhitA saMbaMdhI upalA cAra matomAM koTilyamata sauthI vadhAre susaMgata ane yogya che. prA. zrI kaMgale paNa A vAtane Teko Ape che. barobara vicAratAM ApaNane paNa A mata uttama lAge che. vivAha para parivAra nabhe che, ane te saMdarbhe ja milkata, RNa, thApaNanA vahevAro, vyAvasAyika vyavahAro vagere UbhA thAya che. agAu joyuM tema, adhikaraNano prathama adhyAya nyAyaprakriyAnAM vividha pAsAM carce che. daMDasaMhitAnAM prakaraNo bIjA adhyAyathI zarU thAya che. prathama prakaraNa che vivAhasaMyuktam je peTA prakaraNo sahita traNa adhyAya(rU. rathI 4)mAM phelAyeluM che. AraMbhanuM ja vAkya che : "vivAdapUrva: vyavahAra:' arthAt vivAha sarva sAmAjika vyavahAro(=saMbaMdho ane AcaraNo)no pAyo che. samAjazAstrIone, manovijJAnIone, jIvanasvarUpaciMtakone vicAratA karI de tevuM arthagarbha ane ciMtanIya A vidhAna che. mArksanA matathI viruddha ane sthULa rIte phroIDanA matane maLatuM vidhAna che. alabatta, kauTilyane abhipreta sAMskRtika anubaMdha (saMdarbha) judo ja che. UMDuM vicAratAM kauTilya caitanyavAdI ane saMskRtikendrI ciMtaka hovAnuM A vidhAnamAM UpasI Ave che. 273 potAnAM deha, mana ke vyaktitvamAM ja 'huM'paNuM anubhavavAmAMthI AgaLa vadhIne anya vyakti eka, aneka ke anaMta mAM te eTale ke Atmadarzana anubhavavuM te ja che manuSyanI sAmAjikatA ke manuSyatA. prAcIna bhAratIya RSio ane RSikavioe sunizcitapaNe e vyApaka satya nIrakhyuM ke premanuM zreSTha, TakAu ane divya svarUpa pati-patnI vacce aMkurita thaIne aneka suMdarata2 AvirbhAvo pAme che. sAmAnyataH korA nItivAdIo dvArA to pati-patnIno saMbaMdha kAma-kendrI gaNAI caMcaLa, chalanArUpa ke vikRtirUpa manAya che, paraMtu satyadarzI manISIo e jANe che ke strI-puruSanI pota-potAnI asala pratibhA ADenAM avarodho ja vikRtio janmAve che; naravuM parasparApekSa strItva ane puruSatva to jIvananAM uccatama sAMskRtika zikharo AMbI zake che, samarpaNavRtti para AdhArita gADha sahayoga dvArA uccatama sAmAjika-sAMskRtika mUlyo ane tene sAkAra karatI nityanavI racanAo sAdhI zake che. A satyanI suMdara abhivyakti 'rAmAyaNa'mAM eka dhanya ghaDIe sItAnA mukhamAM mukAyela ugAramAM jovA maLe che, je pitA dvArA vanavAsanI AjJA pAmelA ne navapariNIta sItAne akAraNa vanamAM laI javA na mAgatA rAmane uddezIne uccArAyela che. pote eka patnI tarIke Ama kahe che : "he Aryaputra, pitA, mAtA, bhAI, putra tema ja putravadhU potapotAnAM puNyo bhogavatAM potapotAnA bhAgyane upAse che. paraMtu he narazreSTha ! eka patnI ja patinA bhAgyane potAnA bhAgya tarIke apanAve che. tethI tamane vanano Adeza maLatAM huM ya 'vanamAM vasavuM' tevI AjJA pAmI chuM." hakIkate A 'vAlmIki-rAmAyaNa'mAM to rAmanI paNa sItA pratyenI ananya niSThA, temAMnA ghaTanAcakra dvArA batAvAtAM, mAnavatAnA zreSTha vikAsa mATe strI-puruSa-saMbaMdhamAM baMnenI anyonyaniSThAmAM uttama saMbhAvanAo paDI che evuM niHzaMka RSidarzana pragaTa thayuM che. kavivara bhavabhUtie to vaLI vigata navonmeSathI e kathAnA aMtamAM ,, - For Personal & Private Use Only

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274 kauTilya arthazAstra : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa parivartana karIne e RSidarzanane pariNAma sudhI pahoMcADyuM che. A rIte kauTilya vivAhane mAnavasaMbaMdhono ziramora gaNIne temanI AvI ja uttama darzanazakti pragaTa karI che. e to spaSTa che ke samAjanA AMtarika baMdhAraNa ane saMbaMdha-svarUpano pAko pAyo che je-te samAjamAMnA parivAronuM jIvanapota, parivArono pAyo che strI-puruSanuM dAMpatyapota ane strIpuruSasaMbaMdhano majabUta ke sthAyI pAyo che gItAe batAvyA pramANe 33 dharmathI aviruddha evI kAmavRttinA AlaMbana thakI vikasato ane sthira thato nija (bAhya kAraNa vinAno) ane sarvane samAvI le tevo prema - parasparano ekatvAnubhava. A pAyA para khIlelA pArivArika jIvananI prakriyA daramiyAna keLavAtA udAra mAnavIya-sAmAjika guNonA sAmarthya vaDe ja sAmAjika jIvanano utkarSa ane kALakrame thatI rahetI tenI apUrva navaracanA uttama rIte sadhAya che. ethI kauTilya adhyAya-4.3.2-4mAM vivAhita strIpuruSanA evA bhAvAtmaka saMbaMdhamAM pratikULa banI rahenArA vividha uccAvI (nAnA-moTA) vartanadoSo mATenA niyatadaMDa, prAyaH pUrvaparaMparAne AdhAre, paNa potAnA te pratyenA gADha anumodana sAthe, rajU karyA che. emAM smRtiprokta mAnya-dharmI vivAhaprakAronuM ane vivAhitonI pArasparika pharajonuM (jANe saptapadInA sAranuM) TUMkuM paNa marmasparzI varNana rucipUrvaka mUkyuM che. strI ane puruSa baMnenA doSono vicAra karyo che. alabatta, svasamAjamAM pracalita kuTuMbapaddhatinI pitRsattAkatAne svIkArI levAnA vyavahAru valaNane lIdhe vividha AdijAtio ke taLa-prajAonI noMdhapAtra ke anumodanapAtra bhinna prathAonI vicAraNA karavA jeTalo krAntikArI abhigama graMthakAra dAkhavI zakyA nathI. paNa ema lAge che ke keTalIya AvI krAntikArI bAbato rAjanIti aMge eka vyApaka pAyAnI tAlIma ApavAnA lakSyavALA A graMthamAM temaNe cheDavAnuM ucita dhAryuM nathI; paNa aneka mudde ke morace temane haiye navA Adaza vaselA jarUra che, ane eno ahesAsa thAya tevI ghaNI sAmagrI A graMthamAM paNa sahRdayone Thera-Thera jarUra jaDe che; dA.ta. hamaNAM ja rajU karelI nyAya toLavA mATenA zakya caturvidha mApadaMDanI emanI paraMparAzrita rajUAta paraMparAmAM paNa paDelAM krAntikAraka valaNo-vicAro pratyenI temanI abhiruci batAve che. kAM to bahupatnItvanI prathAvALA samAjamAM puruSa dvArA manamAnI rIte karAtA anya vivAhothI, kAM to pati dvArA karAyelA potAnA tyAgathI, kAM to pati dvArA dhanopArjana na karAtAM, kAM to prAsaMgika pArivArika ApattithI strI ane tenAM saMtAnonI Arthika nirAdhAratA UbhI na thAya te mATenI sthira Arthika jogavAInI saMkSipta paNa paristhitibheda anusAranI carcA coksAIbharI vigato sAthe AmAM gUMthAyelI che. sAmAnya rIte pariNItA mATe karAtI Arthika jogavAIne "strIdhana" kahe che ane pati dvArA anya patnIo karAtAM teNe pUrvenI strI ke strIo mATe karavAnI Arthika vyavasthA "Adhivedanika" kahevAya. adhivezana' eTale puruSa chatI strIe navI strI (patnI) karavI te; tene kAraNe jUnI patnI ke patnIone patie ApavuM paDatuM dhana te "Adhivedanika'. A baMne prakAranA dhana paranA strInA bhogavaTA-hako ane e hako UbhA rAkhavA mATe strIe pote pALavAnAM niyamano - e baMnenA samatola nirUpaNa dvArA kauTilya nara-nArI baMne taraphanuM potAnuM samatva For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA pragaTa kare che. dAMpatyanI daDhatA paNa e pArasparikatA upara ja sthapAya che. samatola dAMpatyanA anukULa saMjogomAM paNa strIne mATe paristhitivizeSamAM potAnuM A AgavuM dhana paNa yogya maryAdAmAM, sahajIvana arthe vAparavAnI chUTa sUcavAI che. khAsa to, pitRsattAka parivAramAM strI ayogya rIte Arthika-sAmAjika morace dabAya-caMpAya nahi e ja samabhAvI zAstrakArono ciMtAviSaya rahyo che. kauTilye samakAlIna samAjanA vikAsastara ane mUlya-bhAnanI kakSAnA pariprekSyamAM srI ane puruSanI pArasparika niSThA (vaphAdArI) acaLa rahe, paraspara Adara TakI rahe tevAM mukhya-mukhya vahevAravartano - srIpuruSanI bahizcaryA (ghara bahAranAM saMbaMdho ane vartano), zArIrika baLajorI aMgenAM niyamano, nija-nija pArivArika pharajono amala ityAdi - rucipUrvaka spaSTa rIte cIMdhI batAvyAM che. 275 pati pravAsethI dIrgha ke atidIrgha kALa sudhI pAcho na phare ke teno koI saMdezo paNa na Ave te sthitimAM strInA pratIkSAdharmanI samaya-maryAdA cIMdhavA sAthe, te kALamaryAdA bAda strIne, tyArabAdanA jIvananuM vaivAhika, pArivArika navavyavasthApana karavA bAbata maLatA svAtaMtryanI paNa vAta karI che. deza-kALa pramANenI samAjanI ekaMdara manodazAnI maryAdAmAM khAsa karIne srInI mokaLAza vadhe te kauTilyane abhISTa che. upara navI srI karanAra puruSe AgalI strI ke strIone ApavAnA thatA je 'Adhivedanika' dhananI vAta karI che, te meLavavA-bhogavavA aMge strIe pALavAnI maryAdAonI paNa vAta thaI che. evI strI jo bIjuM lagna kare ne sAthe AgalA patithI thayelAM saMtAnone na laI jAya, to Adhivedanika-dhana e saMtAnone phALe jAya evI nyAyI vyavasthA cIMdhI che. patnInA jIvatAM pati mRtyu pAme tyAre strIne te pachInA pArivArika ke vaivAhika jIvana aMge pasaMdagIpUrvaka nirNaya levAnuM svAdhInapaNuM kauTilya vyApakapaNe to svIkAre ja che. kAM to strI sAsare ja anya parivArajano sAthe jIvavAnuM pasaMda kare, kAM to saMtAno hoya te sthitimAM temane laIne anya vivAha kare, kAM to bALakone AgalA parivAramAM ja mUkIne vivAha kare. tevA pasaMda karelA je-te vikalpa pramANe strIne mATe potAnuM maLeluM agAunuM strIdhana kAM to agAu jema potAnI pAse ja rahe yA pAchaLa mUkelA saMtAna mATe choDavuM paDe. kauTilya potAnI sAme vividha sAMskRtika stara dharAvatAM vividha sAmAjika jUtho(koma)no yA vividha manovRttiono pariprekSya (daSTikoNa) rAkhe che. strIpuruSanAM ane vividha komonAM vidhidatta AgavAM svAtaMtryo pratye kauTilya samajaNabharyo Adara dharAve che. strI-puruSa-sahajIvana tene lagatI aneka samasyAo ane doSasaMbhAvanAone oLaMgIne paNa sRSTimAM paDelI saMvAditA, sahayogitA ane eka-rasatAnI suMdara abhivyakti banI zake tema che tevI kauTilyanI zraddhA paNa A prakaraNomAM jhalamale che. e saMvAditA ke ekarasatA ja bhAtIgaLa vyavahAromAM pariNamatI samasta mAnavIya saMskRtine tAlabaddha ane sArthaka banAvanAro pAyo hoI kauTilye ''vivAdapUrva: vyavahAra:" evuM peluM mahAvAkya lakhI dIdhuM ! prasiddha aMgreja ciMtaka barTrAnDa selanA 'Marriage and Morals' ('lagnajIvana ane nItiniyamo') e Tharela rasapUrNa pustakanuM agatyanuM tAraNa e che, ke jema agni sAthe adababharyo vyavahAra karavAthI ja tenA mahattama lAbha maLe che, nahitara apAra jIvanahAni paNa thaI zake che, tema strI-puruSasaMbaMdha paNa ubhaya dvArA thatI tenA niyamonI For Personal & Private Use Only

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276 kauTilya "arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa jALavaNI thakI eka suMdara ramatanI kheladilIthI aMgIkArAya to ja temAMthI zreSTha AnaMda ane kalyANa pragaTa thaI zake che; nahitara jIvanane sAva astavyasta paNa karI zake che. zeksapiyaranuM RSitulya kavidarzana to vaLI jiMdAdilIthI kahI de che: prema kadI nahi karavA karatAM, prema karIne khuvAra thavuM paNa behatara che" ("It is better to have loved and lost, rather than never have loved.') ane hA, pelA kabIrajI paNa kahe ja che ne "DhA akSara prema che paDhe so paMDita hoya" ! vedamAM pArivArika gRha mATe ra zabda vaparAyAnI vAta agAu ullekhI che. Tram (Ati) dhAtu ("jAtane niyamanamAM rAkhavI' artha) parathI te zabda banelo kahevAyo che. vartamAna bhAratIya RSi evA vinobAjI A zabdane samajAvatAM kahe che ke jayAM dareka parivArajana potAnAM vRtti-vartana kAbUmAM rAkhe te drama. A che dAMpatyanA pAyA para UbhelA parivAranA mahimA aMgenuM bhAratIya - bake mAnavIya- darzana. kauTilya A vivAha-prakaraNamAM mukhyatve UMcI meDInA sukhazIliyA (kAlidAsavacana mujaba "suphI ) dhanaparAyaNa parivArone dhyAnamAM na letAM ekarasa strI-puruSa-saMbaMdhavALA grAmINa ke nagaravAsI madhyamavargI parivArone najara sAme rAkhyA jaNAya che. Ama parivArajIvananA pAyArUpa vivAhajIvana aMge dharmavicAra ane daMDavidhAnanI rajUAtathI ja nyAyataMtranI carcA khUba aucityapUrvaka AraMbhIne, pachI paNa paraspara-saMlagna vividha sAmAjika pAsAMo aMgenI daMDasaMhitAnI rajUAta khUba manovaijJAnika krame karI che. emAM bIjA krame pArivArika bhautika vArasAnI vaheMcaNIno viSaya paNa yogya sthAne ja cheDAyo che. enA paNa traNa adhyAyo che, jemAM mahattvanA AnuSaMgika (mukhya viSaya sAthe joDAyelA) viSayonI TUMkI paNa jijJAsApoSaka rajUAta che. bhautika cIjonA vArasAnI vaheMcaNInA A viSaya sAthe pArivArika saMskAra-vArasAnAM paNa sAtatyayukta rakSaNa ane saMvardhanano khyAla sUkSma rIte gUMthAyelo hoIne ja sucitita daMDasaMhitAmAMno e viSaya sAMskRtika mahattva dharAve che. AmAM vividha kakSAnA parivArajano vacce vArasAnI vaheMcaNIno krama ane darekane maLavApAtra aMzanuM pramANa rajU thayAM che. vaLI strI-puruSa-saMbaMdhanA sAmAjika-naitika staranA taLa vaividhya mujaba thatA putronA uccAvaca (caDhiyAtA-UtaratA) prakAronuM nirUpaNa, temAM thatI vArasAnI vaheMcaNInA parimANabheda(pramANabheda)nI dRSTie paNa hAtha dharAyuM jaNAya che. mAnavaprakRti pramANe rokI na zakAya tevA yaunasaMbaMdhonA (maithunasaMbaMdhonA) rUDha banelA sAmAjika prakArone, temanI yathocita sAmAjika uccAvacatA AkArIne paNa temane samatvabharI svIkRti ApavAno A dharmazAstrIya abhigama che. - tyAra pachI parivArane bhautika AdhAra ane zaraNa ApanAra vAsasthAna(vAtu)ne lagatAM niyamanono vicAra temanA AnuSaMgika khetara, bAga, jaLAzaya Adi vibhAgone paNa samagratApUrvaka sAMkaLIne thayo che. AvI sthAvara milkatanAM vecANane lagatAM, milkato vaccenI hadanA nirNayane lagatAM ane milkatanA dabANa (encroachment) ke nukasAnane lagatAM niyamanono ane khetara, carANa ke mArgane lagatA niyamonA bhaMgane lagatA daMDano vicAra kula aDhI adhyAyamAM, samajadArone rasa paDe tema thayo che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 277 sAmAjika amana para asara karatA evA ja viSayo che devuM (meLaveluM dhirANa vagere pAchuM ApavAnI javAbadArI) ane thApaNa (vizvAsathI potAne sAcavavA mATe soMpAyelAM dhana, sAdhana vagere aMgenI sarva javAbadArI). saMjogabheda anusAranAM e baMnenAM aneka pAsAMne lagatAM niyamanono vicAra eka-eka adhyAyamAM thayo che. "vizvAsa e samAjano zvAsa che" evuM vinobAjInuM mArmika vidhAna A prakaraNomAM khAsa prastuta bane che. 'dAsa' (gulAma) gaNAtA mANasa para kAyamI mAlikI karI tene karmabojathI majabUra karavo e sahRdayonI dRSTie koI paNa saMskRtimAM peThelo kAramo saDo che. kauTilyanA samayamAM bhAratamAM paNa parApUrvathI (vedakALathI) cAlI AvatI dAsaprathA hatI. tene lagatAM niyamanonA teramA adhyAyamAM kauTilyano mAnavIya abhigama be mudde dhyAna kheMce che : dAsa sAthenA vahevAramAM sAcavavAnI, mAnavatAne chAje tevI maryAdAonI parigaNanAnA mudde ane dAsa mATe dAsapaNAmAMthI pAkI kAyamI muktinAM dvAra paNa khullAM rahe tevI bhUmikA ke zaratonI vicAraNAnA mudde. kauTilya sAmAjika sudhAraka banavAnuM pasaMda karyuM nathI; kAraNa ke temanI samasyAo pratye Avega ke pUrvagrahathI mukta adhyatAno ane manovaijJAnika vizleSaNano abhigama rahyo che. tema chatAM e taTasthatA jaDa ane satpakSapAtarahita nathI. teo sahajapaNe graMthamAM mAnavocita abhigamane puraskAratA paNa rahe che. ahIM taTastha abhigama jALavIne dAse pALavAnA niyamono vicAra paNa joDI dIdho che. samAjamAM jema dAsaprathA sAmAjika ane naitika aniSTa che, tema gaNikAno vyavasAya paNa e baMne rIte aniSTa che - samAjanI ja bahuvidha azuddhionAM aneka viSaphaLo paikInuM eka. eTale kauTilya potAnI taTasthatA jALavIne gaNikA-saMsthA(-prathA) svaya maryAdAmAM rahe ane tenAM, samAja sAthe saMkaLAyelAM vyAvasAyika hito paNa jaLavAya evAM niyamanono sucitita saMgraha karavAnuM ucita gayuM che. e mATenI vicAraNA saMjogavazAt emaNe A trIjA adhikaraNamAM nahi, paNa bIjA (adhyakSa pravIra:) adhikaraNamAMnA sattAvIsamA adhyAyamAM "gaNikAdhyakSa'nI pharajorUpe karI che. viSayasAmyanI dRSTie teno ullekha ahIM karavAnuM ucita mAnyuM che. temAM paNa gaNikApaNAmAMthI mukti zakya banAvatA mAnavatApUrNa niyamo paNa cIMdhI batAvyA che. prAcIna bhAratIya gaNikA saMsthAnuM adhyayana karavA mATe prAcIna zAstro uparAMta prAcIna saMskRta-prAkRta-pAlI-apabhraMza jevI prAcIna bhASAonAM kathAsAhitya, nATyasAhitya vageremAM paNa vipula ane kImatI sAmagrI paDelI che. tevI ja adhaHpatanakArI sAmAjika-aniSTarUpa, paNa samAja sAthe kAyama joDAyelI pravRtti che dhUtanI. tene lagatAM vyavahAru niyamanono vicAra trIjA adhikaraNanA chellA vIsamA adhyAyanA pUrvArdhamAMnA prakaraNamAM thayelo che. Ama to dhUta-pravRttinA niyamana mATe alaga ghUtAdhyakSanI paNa jogavAIno ullekha ukta adhyAyanA AraMbhe ja thayelo che. paNa prAyaH utAvaLamAM ke saratacUkathI bIjA adhikaraNamAM tenA kAryakSetranI vAta samAvAI nahi hoya. alabatta, dhUtanI aniSTatA viSe AThamA vyasanadhArim' adhikaraNamAM vistRta vicAraNA thayelI ja che - mukhyatve rAjacaritranA saMdarbhe. For Personal & Private Use Only

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278 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa AjanA yugamAM vizeSataH gAMdhIjInA abhiyAnane kAraNe, vyakti, parivAra, samAja ane arthataMtrane sArI peThe chinnabhinna karanArI dArUnI lata prAcIna samayamAM, kadAca AjanA jevA vyApaka ne gIca zaherIkaraNanA tathA audyogikIkaraNanA abhAve atyaMta vyApakapaNe samAjamAM phelAIne jaTila samasyArUpe vakarelI nahi hoya, tethI kAyadAzAstramAM eno khAsa samAveza thayelo dekhAto nathI. alabatta, dharmazAstramAM kAma-ja vyasanomAM tenI gaNanA karI, tenI aniSTatA prarUpAI che. "arthazAstranA AThamA adhikaraNamAM tenI aniSTatAnI carcA paNa "pAna-vyasana' nAme thaI che. vyAvasAyika saMbaMdho aMge uparyukta teramA adhyAyamAM dAsa ane sevako aMgenAM kAnUnI vidhAnothI AraMbha thayA bAda caudamA adhyAyanA paNa pUrvArdhamAM sevaka(nokara)ne lagatAM niyamanonI carcA cAlu che. te ja adhyAyanA uttarArdhamAM dhaMdhAkIya bhAgIdArInAM niyamano nirUpAyAM che. vyAvasAyika saMbaMdho paNa temAM samAjanA hArdarUpa sAmAjikatA jALavavAthI ja vyaktione ane samAjane puSTa karIne rASTranI sukha-samRddhi vistAre che. vyAvasAyika saMbaMdhomAM vecanAra-kharIdanArano saMbaMdha paNa sAmAjikatA poSAya tevAM nyAyI niyamanonI apekSA rAkhe che. vastu eka vAra vecyA bAda ke kharIdyA bAda anukame pAchI levAnI ke pAchI ApavAnI, yA koI bAbatano sodo TharAvyA bAda mAlanuM hastAMtaraNa (mAlikI-badalo) yA karavAnI kAmagIrI (sevA) adA na karavAnI ke grAhake te na svIkAravAnI vRtti-pravRtti, saMjogavizeSa sivAya, daMDapAtra gaNAya; kAraNa ke te eka yA bIjA pakSane cIjalakSI ke nANAMlakSI muzkelImAM mUkI zake. dharmazAstrathI AraMbhAIne nirUpAtI AvelI bajAra saMbaMdhI AvA saujanyanI vigatavAra daMDasaMhitA ahIM paNa lAghavathI paMdaramA adhyAyamAM nirUpAI che. samAjamAM koI sthAvara ke jaMgama vastu saMbaMdhI keTalAka vyavahAro te vastu paranI mAlikInA anucita ke aprAmANika dAvA ke khyAlanA pAyA para thatA hoya che. tevA vyavahAro rokavA e paNa anyAyI vyavahArano bhoga banelI te-te vyaktinI vhAre dhAIne nyAyasthApanA karavAnuM nyAyataMtranuM kartavya banI rahe che. dAna, vecANa ke sthAvara-jaMgama vastuno dIrghakAlIna bhogavaTo - evA vyavahAro aMge keTalIka vAra naisargika, tArkika ke sAmAjika aucityanI daSTie vastunI kharI mAlikIno nirNaya karIne, e pAyA para tevA vyavahAranI grAhyatA ke agrAhyatAno nirNaya karavo te nyAyataMtranuM kAma che. mAlikInA manamAnyA dAvA para thayelA AvA vyavahAro aMge lAMbI aucityabuddhithI pheMsalA ApI nyAyataMtra kharekhara to samAjamAM parizrama ane prAmANikatAnA guNo paDakhe aDIkhama UbhuM rahIne prajAmAM pAyAnuM cAritraghaDatara thAya tevuM nimitta pUruM pADe che. adhyAya 3.16mAM AvA vyavahAro aMge aTapaTA saMjogomAM kevI rIte nyAyasthApanA karavI tenuM nidarzana karAyuM che; jema ke vidhisara dAna jAhera karIne te dAnano amala na karavo te mATe devuM na cukavavAnA kAyadA mujaba pheMsalo ApavAnuM kahevAyuM che. to vaLI tethI UlaTuM, pUrA vicAra vinA ke lenAranI pAtratAnI tapAsa vinA thayeluM dAna phoka karavAno pheMsalo ApavAnI vAta paNa che ! For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA e rIte, corelI ke oLavI lIdhelI (pacAvI pADelI) vastunA vecANane te vastunA mULa mAlikanI purAvA sAthenI phariyAda parathI phoka TheravI daMDavAnI ane vastu mULa mAlikane parata karavAnI vAta che. tethI UlaTuM, koI vecANa viruddha purAvA vinAnI evI khoTI phariyAda karanArane daMDavAnI vAta paNa che. to ghaNI vAra koI vastunA mAlikanI udAsI, sudIrgha gehAjarI vagere saMjogomAM, te vastunA sudIrghakAlIna bhogavaTAne AdhA2e bhogavaTo karanAranI mAlikI sthApI ApavAnA pheMsalA paNa grAhya gaNAyA che ! chevaTe to koI paNa vastunA mULa mAlike pote mAlikI bAbata jAgRta ane AgrahI hovuM jarUrI che. jo tene je-te vastunI mAlikInI kImata ja na hoya, to evI cIja samAjamAM kAyadesara rIte bhogavatI AvelI jarUriyAtamaMda vyakti bhogave te nyAyI gaNAya. chevaTe to mAlikI e nirvAhanI saraLatA mATenI sAmAjika goThavaNa che. kevo sUkSma addala nyAya ! 279 uparyukta badhA mAlikIsaMbaMdhI aparAdhomAM ane sattaramA adhyAyamAM nirUpAyelA 'sAhasa'rUpa arthAt koInI vastunI ughADI lUMTarUpa aparAdhamAM, dhyAnamAM rakhAyelo pAyAno sAMskRtika muddo che prasiddha paMcavratomAMnuM acaurya-vrata - jenuM sAcuM sAmAjika-manovaijJAnika svarUpa, A vratane jainadharmaparaMparAmAM apAyelA 'adattAdAna' nAma (adattanuM AdAna arthAt koIe anyane svecchAe na ApelI vastu laI levI te) dvArA pragaTa thAya che. bAkI samAjamAM dhananuM nyAyI vitaraNa samajaNapUrvaka sthapAya e svastha samAjanuM eka pAyAnuM mahattvanuM lakSaNa ke aMga hovAnI vAta dharmadarzI aneka vizvavibhUtioe utkaTa hRdayavRttithI samAnapaNe kahelI che. te siddha thAya to acaurya e vrata maTI sArvajanika svabhAva banI rahe. jaina paraMparAe nirUpelAM gRhasthanAM* keTalAMka vratomAM 'atithi-saMvibhAga' evA hAIsparzI nAma sAthe AtithyadharmanI preraNA karI che te ya A ja dizAnI AgekUca che. vaLI moTA bhAganA dharmoe uparyukta samavitaraNanA Adezane samakAlIna samAjo mATe kaThina joIne ane sarAsarI laukika manovRttine tenA aMgIkAra mATe apakva joIne e dizAnA ja eka lokagrAhya vrata tarIke vividha prasaMgoe dAnavrata AcaravA bhalAmaNa karI che. tAttvika carcA karatA graMthomAM 'dAna'nI vyAkhyA 'saMvibhAga' (nyAyI vaheMcaNI) zabda dvArA mArmika rIte apAI che. paraMtu koI paNa hisAbe nikonuM dhana parANe AMcakI levAnuM valaNa naitika to nathI ja; ane vyavahAramAM te lAMbuM nabhe tema paNa nathI te Adhunika jagatmAM DokAyelA sAmyavAdanAM utpatti, TakAva ane rakAsano itihAsa uparachallI rIte jonArane paNa tarata samajAya ema che. tethI ja daMDasaMhitAmAM 'sAhasa'rUpa aparAdha paNa ucita rIte ja daMDanIya aparAdha tarIke sthAna pAmyo che. hiMsA ane baLajorI AmaprajAne ekaMdare koI paNa samasyAnA saphaLa upAyarUpe nahi, paNa khuda samAjarUpa deDha jIvanAdhArane ja raphe-daphe karanAra lAge che. satyane raste vacce ahiMsAno Tappo AvyA vagara raheto nathI. vinobAe sAmyavAdane mahAvara tarIke oLakhI bhagavadgItAnA anubhavAzrita adhyayana(eTale ke 'anuzIlana')ne AdhAre 'sAmyayoga'ne e mahAvara zamAvanAruM samAja mATenuM zreSTha ane sarvAMgI auSadha mAnyuM che. AmAM krAntinuM dvAra che svAmitvagraMthinuM sArvajanika zamana. For Personal & Private Use Only

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28) kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa ahIM "sAhasa' eTale koI paNa vyaktinA tAbAmAM rahelI vastunI, baLaprayoga dvArA, te vyaktinI yA tenA pratinidhinI hAjarImAM ja karAtI lUMTa (dhADa). AvI "baLiyAnA be bhAganI mAnyatA (darzana) para AdhArita pravRttinA niyamana ke aTakAvanI vAta che. e samajavuM jarUrI che ke A niyamana e chevaTe to hiMsAdarzana sAme satya para pratiSThita ahiMsAdarzanano, pAradarzI-vijayI prajJAnA mArgadarzanavALo beTho moraco che - aMdhakAramAM prakAzanuM avazyavijayI Agamana che. AjanA vakarelA AtaMkavAdanuM acUka mAraNa paNa rASTranA uccatama satyadarzanane AtmasAt karIne pravartatA rAjayataMtra thakI sarjAtA pratibhA-zIla duSTa-damanamAM che - zakya hoya tyAM sudhI kAyadAnI prakriyA dvArA, jarUra paDe to parimita bhautika baLa dvArA. balAtkAra eTale ke uddhatAI sahitanI zArIrika jorAvarI sthira sAmarthyano ke vIratvano paryAya nathI; balba jIvanalakSI sAmarthonA abhAvamAM aprAmANikapaNe ane mithyAbhimAnathI (ThAMsamAM) bIjAnA parizramaphaLane oLavavA thatI pravRtti che, je satyopAsanAthI puSTa banelA jIvaMta samAja vacce kAyama nathI zake tema nathI - khuda te AcaranAra mATe paNa AtmavinAzaka che. eTale to lUMTa karanAra vyakti paNa duSTo ane aprAmANikonA saMgaThananA jore yA ghaNI vAra to tenA hAthA tarIke ja pravarte che. enI pAse koI svayaMbhU sAmarthya hotuM nathI. vaLI AvI lUMTanuM vAhana bananAra vyakti 'jhaTapaTa-dhana' (easy money)nI lAlacamAM paNa khUba lapaTAyelI hoya che. eTale saravALe to "sAhasa'-daMDa e duSTanI sAna ThekANe lAvanAruM eka prAraMbhika pagaluM ja che, jene jarUra paDye satyAdhArita anya sAmarthya vaDe sAphalya sudhI pahoMcADI zakAya. deha-mana-buddhinAM uttama sAmarthyavALA prabuddha samAjanI, kriyA ane pratIkSAnA ucita mizraNavALI sakriyatA e Ano pAyAno upAya che. A prakaraNanI puravaNI cothA "kaMTakazodhana'adhikaraNamAM varNita kAryakalApamAM (adhyAya 4.4.5 vageremAM) maLe che. manuSyanI sAmAjikatAnI ke baMdhutAnI puSTinuM eka sAdhana che vANI - "manusmRti'nusUcita satya-madhura vANI. enI keLavaNI to parivAra, samAja ane zikSaNasaMsthA thakI sadhAya. bIjI bAjue, manuSyanI samAja-vighAtaka duvRttithI UbharAtI vANI mahollA, koma, gAma ke rASTra mATe jokhamI AgarUpa banI zake tema hoI vANInA dhyAnapAtra rIte hAnikAraka jAhera apa-prayogonuM niyamana e kAyado, vyavasthA ane zAMtinI anivArya jALavaNInI dRSTie nyAyataMtranuM eka agatyanuM kartavya banI rahe che. e dRSTie aDhAramA adhyAyamAM cokkasa rIte hAnikAraka evA vANInA mukhya ke vyApakapaNe thatA apaprayogonA niyamananI vAta lAghavathI sodAharaNa karI che. dharmazAstrano rasa-kasa jhIlanAra kauTilya arthazAstrane indriyajayarUpa vidyA ke prajAkIya keLavaNI mAnI hoI indriyajayanI vyApaka prajAmAM siddhi ke pratiSThA thAya te mATenA vividha svarUpanA, vividha koTinA upAyo, paraMparAgata daMDanItividyAne AdhAra banAvI, temAM potAnAM paNa UlaTabharyA maulika umeraNo ke pheraphAro joDIne graMthamAM lAghavathI marmasparzI rIte rajU karyA che. ATaluM dhyAnamAM Ave to hIna vANI jevI vyaktigata TevanI - dekhItI rIte rAjayataMtra dakhala na karavA jevI lAgatI - bAbatamAM paNa nakkara ne daDha niyamano rajU karatI daMDasaMhitAnuM For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM ? jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 281 aucitya hRdaye vasaze. samAjanI koI ne koI vyakti pratyeno hINo vANI-vyavahAra kyAreka moTA jAhera anartha tarapha laI jaI zake. e dRSTie vANInI tochaDAI bhArelA agni samAna TharatI hoI daMDanIya vartana banI jAya che; bhale ene lagatI daMDasaMhitAno lAbha levA mATe phariyAda karanAra nirbhaya vyaktio samAjamAM ochI hoya. paNa dareka jAgRta nAgarika mATe evI phariyAda karavI te pavitra sAmAjika pharaja paNa banI rahe che. A daSTie vANInI mAtra vizeSa gaMbhIra prakAranI hInatAone dhyAnamAM laIne enA daMDapAtra traNa prakAra ukta prakaraNamAM darzAvyA che : "upavAda' (vyaktinI sAmAjika hiNapata. ahIM mULa zabda apavAda' haze ? arthadaSTie e zabda ahIM anurUpa lAge che), kutsana' (gaMbhIra vyaktigata doSAropaNa - badanakSI) ane "abhibharsana' (dhamakI). vicAratAM, AmAMno dareka pAchalo prakAra dareka AgalA prakArathI vadhu gaMbhIra doSarUpa jaNAya che. A ja vAtano paDagho temane mATe thatA tete dhanadaMDanA pramANa dvArA paDe che. A paikI prathama prakAramAM hINapatanA mukhya pAMca prakAra batAvyA che te samajavA jevA che : zarIra, prakRti (svabhAva), zrata (bhaNatara), vRtti (AjIvikA, vyavasAya) ane janapada(mULa vatanarUpa pradeza)nI hINapata vyaktigata hINapatarUpa prathama prakArane bAda karatAM, bAkInI cAra sAmAjika prakAranI hINapatanI gaMbhIratA jayAre hINapata karanAra ane teno bhoga bananAra vyakti bhinna varNanI hoya, tyAre vadhAre gaNAya tema kauTilyanA samagra nirUpaNa parathI jaNAya che. cAra varNanI prasiddha uccAvacatAne svIkArI laIne teo ema sUcave che ke hINapata karanAra vyakti jo uccatara varNanI hoya, to teno varNa jema vadhu ucca tema tene thavApAtra daMDa ocho, ane jo hINapata karanAra vyakti nIcA varNanI hoya, to hINapata pAmanArano varNa jema vadhu ucca tema AropI vadhAre diMDane pAtra. AvA pakSapAtI lAgatA kathanane utAvaLe utArI na pADatAM tene samakAlIna paristhitinA anvaye - saMbhavataH varSonI guNamUlaka sarvasvIkArya sahaja uccAvacatAnA anvaye - mUlavavAnuM dhairya rAkhavAnuM, kauTilya jevI Tharela pratibhAno khyAla karatAM, ucita lAge che. hIna vANInA uparyukta mukhya traNa prakAro paikInA prathama be prakAromAM hIna vANI kAM to sAcI hakIkata rajU karatI hoya, khoTI vAta rajU karatI hoya ke kaTAkSapUrNa vANI(avaLa-vANI)thI hINuM kahetI hoya te pramANe kramazaH vadhAre daMDane pAtra bane che. dhamakIrUpa trIjA prakAramAM dhamakIno amala na karAya ke karAya te mujaba anukrame vadhAre daMDa karavo. vaLI jo namAlo mANasa dhamakI ApyA bAda pote tema karavAmAM kopa, mada ke mohane vaza hato tema jo khAtarI karAvI zake, to daMDa ghaTADavo. tethI UlaTuM, je vyakti jabarI hoI dhamakI amalI banAvI zake tevI nIvaDe, te vyaktine (saMbhavataH daMDa uparAMta) potAno AjIvana jAmIna rajU karavAnI paNa pharaja pADavAmAM Ave. hIna vANInA eka vadhAre prasiddha prakAranI je noMdha adhyAyanA chellA zloka dvArA karavAmAM For Personal & Private Use Only

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282 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa AvI che, te paNa rasaprada ane vicAraNIya che. mANasa ghaNI vAra "jenuM khAya, tenuM ja khode evo vahevAra karato hoya che. te sthitimAM potAnA vatanarUpa deza ke gAmanI niMdAnA doSa karatAM potAnI jAti ke potAnA saMgha(dhArmika, sAmAjika vagere prakAranA saMgaThana)nI niMdArUpa doSa ane tenA karatAM deva ke maMdiranI niMdArUpa doSa vadhAre daMDane pAtra che. aneka prakAranA aucityanI dRSTie kauTilya prastuta karelI A vAta paNa vizeSa samarthanapAtra lAge che. jaina AcArazAstramAM je pAMca prakAranA saMyamo ('paMca-samitio) batAvyA che, te paikIno eka che vANI parano saMyama ('bhASAsamiti'), te vAta tulanA khAtara ahIM ullekhavI ghaTe. saMyama mUlataH manane ThekANe rAkhavAnI bAbata che. paNa bIjAnuM mana avyakta hoI tenuM niyamana je-te vyaktinA vAcika ane kAyika vahevAranA niyamana dvArA thaI zake. e daSTie A prakaraNanI ane A pachInA adhyAyamAM nirUpAyela parazarIrahiMsArUpa kAyika vartananI nyAyika mImAMsA sAMskRtika rIte prastuta bane che. pachInA e adhyAyanuM prakaraNa-nAma che i6pAdhyam (kAyika hiMsAnI kaThoratA). zIrSaka sUkSma vAta kahe che. Ama to "daMDa' rAjayanI dRSTie to kartavyarUpa che. Avo kartavyarUpadaMDa e hiMsA nahi, paNa hiMsAne apratiSThA ApavAno hetulakSI saMyamita upAya che. rAga-dveSa-mohAdithI mukta rahIne ja rAjyataMtro daMDano amala 'zikSA' (vartananI keLavaNI) rUpe karavAno hoya che. e sivAyano daMDa rAjA ane tenA taMtranI apratiSThAmAM pariName che. to uparyukta prakaraNa-zIrSakamAM sUcana e che ke eka nAgarika jayAre bIjA nAgarikanA, potAnI sAthenA sAcA ke mAnI lIdhelA aparAdha badala manamAnI rIte nyAya toLavA ke badalo levA tenA tarapha hiMsA Acare che, tyAre prAya: temAM rAgadveSanuM ke AvezanuM niyamana karAtuM na hoIne, e vartana hiMsA-pratihiMsAnuM viSacakra calAve che. mATe te to vAravA jevo aparAdha che. tethI saravALe je-te aparAdhI vyaktinuM paNa hita sadhAya che, ane anyAyanA sAcA, TakAu, Tharela upAyanI enI samajaNa paNa jAge che. bIjI vyaktine, enA dvArA AcarAyelA anyAya mATe pramANasara daMDa karavAmAM AvatAM jo "mIyAM-bIbI rAjI" jevo ghATa saMDovAyelI ubhaya vyaktio (ke ubhaya pakSo) vacce sarjAya, to tyAM nathI hoto koI phariyAdI ke nathI hoto koI AropI; mAtra ghInA ThAmamAM ghI samAI jAya che ! ahIM drAvuM zabdano artha "sajA'. karatAM paNa vadhu to kAraNasara ke akAraNa thatI "kAyika hiMsA' vadhAre prastuta samajavAno che. vyakti doSita hoya ke nirdoSa, paNa dareka saMjogamAM vyaktinI kAyA pratyenI-sAmAjika ke sAMskRtika adaba jALavavAmAM ja zANapaNa ane hitarakSaNa che. agAu joyela "sAhasarUpa aparAdha ane daMDapAruSya e bAhya svarUpe bhinna aparAdho hovA chatAM AMtarika doSanI dRSTie ekarUpa gaNAya. . ahIM je viziSTa hiMsana-prakAro varNavyA che, te pAchaLano ciMtAviSaya jaNAya che doSano (hiMsAno) bhoga banelI vyaktine nimitte janmatI vyApaka sAmAjika vaimanasya bhabhUkavAnI zakyatA. nAnI-moTI pratyeka vyakti samAjarUpI sudaDha sAMkaLanI anivArya kaDI che. tethI eka vyaktinI paNa bedilI (tanAva, trauma) sAmAjika saumanasya(pArasparika sadbhAvanA)nA samagra vAtAvaraNa para For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA AghAta kare che. tethI te sphoTa pAmIne rASTraghAtaka paNa banI zake. e dRSTie mukhyatve sAmAjika saumanasyarUpa atirakSaNIya kImatI mUDI sAcavavA ahIM daMDavidhAna batAvAyuM che. ahIM badhe pAyAnI samajaNa ATalI ja joIe : "potAnA pratyenuM bIjAnuM na game tevuM vartana ApaNe to anya pratye na ja AcaravuM.' mAnavadeha bhale sAdhana ja hoya, paNa te jevA-tevA hetunuM sAdhana nahi, paNa sAmAjikatAnuM, pArasparikatAnuM, ekabIjAnA abhyudayamAM rAjI thavA dvArA ne maitrI dAkhavavA dvArA sadhAtI aNadITha-akalpya sarvonnatinuM sAdhana hoI, e IzvaranuM ja indriyagamya zraddheya rUpa che. e dRSTie avamAnanA sUcavatAM trividha deha-hiMsano ullekhAyAM che : (1) 'sparzana' eTale ke dveSapUrvaka koInA dehane asvAbhAvika rIte sparzavo gUMdavo, dabAvavo; (2) avapUrNa (bhAvavAcaka kRdaMta : ava + dur dhamakAvavuM, zastra ugAmavuM parathI avatturaLa arthamAM) arthAt hAtha, paga ke du:khotpAdaka hathiyAra ugAmIne sAmI vyaktine gabharAvI devI ane (3) lAkaDI, DhephuM, paththara, lohadaMDa jevAM sAdhanothI dehane mUDhamAra pahoMcADavo yA lohI dadaDe tema ghAyala karavo. A traNa prakAromAM hiMsA kramazaH baLavattara bane che. - 283 AmAMnA prathama be prakAro mukhyatve mAnasika pIDA janmAvanArA che, jyAre trIjo prakAra mAnasika ane zArIrika baMne prakAranuM pIDana janmAve che. hiMsA raktahIna ke raktapAtajanaka hoI zake, dehanAM nAnAM-moTAM aMgano bhaMga karanArI hoI zake, vacana-ceSTA-bhojanAdi vyApArone rUMdhanArI paNa hoI zake. AgaLa vadhIne sAmI vyaktinI upayogI ke moMghI cIjono nAza karanArI paNa hoI zake, AvAsasthAnane hacamacAvanArI ke temAM nAnI-moTI toDa-phoDa karanArI paNa hoI zake. A dareka kakSA pramANe mukhyatve dhanadaMDanuM, naSTa vastune bharapAI karavAnuM, sAjA thavAno pUro kharca ApavAnuM - evuM vAstavalakSI ne nyAyI banI rahe tevuM saMkula daMDavidhAna batAvAyuM che. sAmI vyakti mRtyu pAme te paristhitimAM 'kaMTakazodhana' adhikaraNamAM batAvAyelI AkarI daMDasaMhitA lAgu pADavAnI rahe. AnI sAthe upavananAM, gAma-sImADAnAM vRkSo, jhADIo, velIo vagere para uccAvaca prakAre bhAMgaphoDa karavA mATe ya prayojAtuM daMDavidhAna vanaspatinI sajIvatA pramANanAruM ane paryAvaraNIya jAgRti batAvanAruM banI rahe che. ATalI amathI namUnArUpa vigata ahiMsA-puruSArthanI samagratA cIMdhe che. vaLI pALelAM pazuo paNa jIvananuM, parivAranuM aMga hoI hiMsAno bhoga vividha kakSAnAM zuo paNa bane te sAmenuM daMvidhAna paNa ahIM vIsarAyuM nathI. ahIM eka mArmika jaina-zAstravacana haiye aMkita karIe : "paravadha te Atmavadha che.34" kevuM sAduM, paNa keTalI saMgIna mAnavIya samajaNa batAvanAruM suvacana ! sArvatrika ahiMsAthI ja mAnavajIvana anaMta rUpe pAMgare paNa che ne bhavyodAtta paNa bane che. trIjA adhikaraNanA vIsamA adhyAyamAM jugAra ane hoDa bakavA (samAndvaya) aMgenA aparAdho tema ja bAkInA mahattvanA vividha prakIrNa (paracUraNa, nAnA-nAnA) aparAdho mATenA daMvidhAnanI puravaNI karI che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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284 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa samagra trIjA adhikaraNanA hArdarUpa bhAvanAtmaka pAsAnI je vAta A vIsamA adhyAyanA cheDe karI che, te dhyAnapAtra che. graMthavibhAgonuM paraspara joDANa barobara jaLavAya te rIte viSayAMgo rajU karavAnuM kauTilyanuM pAkuM valaNa hoIne A chevADAmAMnI rajUAta pa pachInA cothA aTakazodhana-adhikaraNanI bhUmikA paNa banI rahe che. A vAta saheja vigate tapAsIe. AmAM dharmo eTale ke nyAyAdhIzone ja uddezIne, temanA samagra valaNamAM kevI prauDhatA ane mAnavIya zobhA (zucitA) iSTa che, te temanA nyAyakArya nimitte mAtra sIdhesIdhA saMparkamAM AvatA manuSyonA ja nahi, paNa parokSa rIte jANamAM AvatAM vividha mAnavajUthonA anvaye (eTale ke temanA hitanI daSTie) paNa kahevAyuM che. emaNe jAte satyanuM paripAlana (pUrNa pAlana) karIne koI paNa ghaTanAnuM satya bahAra lAvavAnuM kartavya to bajAvavAnuM ja che, paNa te hRdayanI komaLatA (mArtava) jALavIne - te mukhya vAta che. dharmastha pote jenA gunhA tapAsato hoya, tenI sAMsArika, sAmAjika ke zArIrika sthitino khyAla karI mAnavatAne chAje tevI rahemanajara paNa teNe rAkhavAnI che. koI dharmasaMghano mAnya vaDo hoya, tapasvI hoya, rogI hoya, bhUkha-tarasa-thAkathI trasta hoya, anya mulkamAMthI Avyo hoya, vAraMvAra zikSA pAmI adhamUo thayelo hoya, kazA dhana vinAno hoya - AvI-AvI nAjuka avasthAonA khyAle daMDavAmAM jarUrI rahemanajara rAkhavAnI che. Aje ApaNI kalpanA vistArIne A Adezano artha evo paNa ghaTAvIe ke gunhegArano gunho bhale pAke pAye sAbita thayo hoya, paNa te gunho karavA pAchaLa tenI lAcArI, pAyAnuM koI ajJAna, ene agAu samAja taraphathI thayelA koI ghora anyAya - AvAM ghaNAM kAraNo hoI zake. dharmastha te kAraNonI samajathI zikSA karavAmAM daMDasaMhitAne bAjue mUkavAnI koI krAntikArI vAta bhale ahIM abhipreta na hoya, paNa mananI komaLatArUpa bArI khullI rAkhavAnI vAta che. e saddabhAvanAnI khullI bArI koI ne koI rIte gunhAne gunhegArathI alaga pADI tapAsavAnI ane vizALa pariprekSyamAM mUlavavAnI, pelI AnvIkSikIvidyAthI prerita ucca darzanazakti dharmasthavargamAM, rAjapuruSomAM, samAjanA mahAnubhAvomAM jagADI parivartananAM, utkrAntinAM dvAra kholI zake. nyAya toLavAmAM bhAvukatArUpa uparachallI "kRpA' (jane gItAe satyadarzana rUMdhanAro Aveza ke Avega kahyo che te)nI ahIM vAta nathI. zAstrIya rIte je-te gunhA mATe niyata daMDa jAhera karIne paNa aparAdhInAM deha-mana khoravAI na jAya, enI pazcAttApanI taka chinavAI na jAya te rIte daMDano amala karavAnI dhIratA jALavavAnI vAta che. paraMparAgata daMDa ke sajA e paNa aMtima upAya nathI ema samajI sAcA upAya mATenA maMthanano mArga khullo rAkhavA paNa rahema batAvavAnuM nyApya che. uparanI yAdImAM keTalIka, guNone ghUMTI cUkelI ke sAdhanAmArge AgaLa vadhelI kakSAnI vyaktio - jema ke saMghamukhya, tapasvI - paNa che. tethI temanI AtmanirIkSaNazaktine punaH jagADI temanAmAM pazcAttApa Ubho karavA mATe paNa daMDamAM pUratI chUTa ApavAnuM ucita che. yAdImAM aneka rIte pIDA, trAsa ke asahAyatAmAM gUMcavAyelAono varga moTo che. evI bAdhAonA zamana arthe paNa daMDamAM mRdutA dAkhavavAmAM zANapaNa jaLavAya che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 285 vaLI keTalAka vargo evA che, je kAM to potAnI koI ne koI asahAyatAne lIdhe, yA pApabhIrutA ke gabharUpaNAne lIdhe potAne thayelA kharekharA anyAya badala paNa nyAyataMtramAM phariyAda karatA nathI yA phariyAda karatAM khacakAya che. to nyAyataMtra ane dharmathe potAnA karuNAjanya vyApaka sAmAjika jANapaNAthI evA loko mATe sva-abhikramathI (suo moto) emanI phariyAda UbhI karIne emane nyAya maLe tevI jogavAI karavAnI che. evA vargonI namUnArUpa yAdI Ama che : devasthAna, brAhmaNa, tapasvI, strI, bALaka, vRddha ane vyAdhigrasta. A vargone thayelA je-te anyAyanuM nivAraNa karavAnAM kAma sthaLa, kALa ke bhogavaTAnA adhikAra (1) saMbaMdhI koI ne koI vAMdhAne bahAne paNa TALavA nahi. vaLI nyAyaprakriyAmAM sAkSI vagere rUpe sahayoga ApatA ke khuda nyAya mAgavA AvelA manuSyonAM paNa zAstrajJAna, buddhi, parAkrama, khAnadAnI ke karma-vaiziSTaTyo jANI temanuM sarva rIte sanmAna karavuM. kevuM prabuddha nyAyataMtra ! dharmazAstranI dRSTie rAjadharmano sauthI vadhAre agatyano athavA nitya aMza to prajAvargonA sAmAjika ane nAgarika/jAnapada (grAmapradezavAsI) tarIkenA jIvanamAM prajAmAMthI vyaktio ke jUtho dvArA aMdaroaMdaranA saMbaMdhamAM UbhI karAtI viSamatAo sAme kAMTo kAMTa nyAya toLavAnuM kartavya ja gaNAya. pAlana ane rakSaNathI poSAyelA prajAvargomAM paNa mULa zikAra-yuganI jaMgAliyatanA avazeSorUpa je cIkaTAM rAga-dveSa-chaLa TakI rahyAM hoya, tenuM nipuNa ane kaDaka niyamana karavuM e ja sauthI vadhAre sarjanAtmaka, vikAsagAmI, sAMskRtika ke prajAkIya mananI keLavaNIrUpa rAja-kartavya banI rahe che. bhAratIya kalpanAno rAjadharma eka dhiMgI parivAra-bhAvanAthI maghamadhe che. e ukta madhuratama samAptizlokamAM kauTilya potAnI dharmastha aMgenI paripUrNa vibhAvanA sAdI-suMdara rIte Ama rajU karI che : "A rIte potAnI pAse chaLanI kalpanAmAtrane TUMkavA na denArA, sarva jIvo ane ghaTanAo pratye samatvathI samarpita rahenArA, saunuM vizvAsasthAna, sarvalokane potIkA lAgatA evA dharmasthoe potAnAM nyAya-sthApananAM kartavyone ATopatAM rahevuM." rAjayataMtranI kharI kRtakRzyatA nitya prajAnI UlaTabharI vhAra karavAmAM ja che te vAta nyAyataMtranA A samagra citraNamAM to cokhecokhkhI UpasI Ave che. vyavasAya rAjanItino hoya ke bIjo koI paNa, paraMtu teno prANa che svayaMbhU vatsalatA ane rAgadveSarahita upakAravRtti. vyavasAyamAtra ane AmaprajA vacce gajagrAhano ke uMdara-bilADIno saMbaMdha hovAnI kalpanA ja saMskRtino rAjamArga khoIne khoTe raste caDhI gayelA vikRta manuSyatvanI nizAnI che. cothA Takazodhana adhikaraNamAM to vaLI A vAta vadhu ghaniSTha rIte UpasI Ave che - bhale emAM varNavelI kAryazailI dekhItI rIte vadhAre kaThora hoya. cothuM adhikaraNa - sthAyI rASTrabodhakonuM nivAraNa (Tothanama) : rASTranI sImA paranA zatruonI parakha ane enuM samartha nivAraNa paNa TALI na zakAya evuM rAjakartavya che e kharuM; paraMtu e prAyaH prAsaMgika kartavya rUpe UbhuM thAya che. enuM svarUpa ghaNI For Personal & Private Use Only

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286 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa anizcitatAothI gherAyeluM rahe che ane e puSkaLa kSaya, vyaya, pravAsa mAgIne samagra rASTranI cirasaMcita trividha zakti(maMtra/prabhu/utsAha-zakti)ne nicovI zake che. tethI zANapaNa dAkhavI e morace bane eTalI "madhapuDo na chaMcheDavA'nI nIti dAkhavavI yogya che. e rIte saravALe bahuphaLadAyI, svAdhIna ane racanAtmaka nityakarma to rASTrane AMtarika rIte bAdhAmukta karatA rahI ciraMjIva samRddhinI upAsanA karavAnuM ja gaNAya. Aje haju mAnavasamAjanuM svarUpa evuM che ke emAM dhiMgI AmaprajAnA nirupadravI karmayogamAM paNa vividha rUpe bAdhAo khaDI karanAra bahuvidha = bhale alpasaMkhyaka - paribaLo mAthuM UMcakatAM ja rahe che. Tharela sarvAgI jIvanadarzanamAM samAveza pAmatA ane sAmAnya mAnavanI buddhinI pahoMca bahAra pravartatA daivatattva(kauTilya jene 'devakarma' kahe che te)ne namrabhAve svIkArIne, AvAM bAdhaka paribaLone paNa daivanI lIlAno ja bhAga gaNIne, enA sarvAgI upAyarUpa viziSTa karmayogamAM paNa thAkyA-hAryA vinA macI paDavuM te koI paNa Tharela rASTranuM ne rAjyataMtranuM prakRtidatta kartavya che; enI ja A vAta che. A bAdhaka paribaLo evAM vasamAM ane aTapaTAM che ke kAM to ApaNe ene ApaNI pahoMca bahAranAM mAnIne avagaNIe, kAM to enI chUpI ghora vinAzakatAne na oLakhavAne kAraNe ene nirupadravI ke ApoApa zamI janArAM gaNIne beThAM rahIe. AvA lokamAnasa vacce lAMbuM jovAnI darzanazaktivALuM ane hAmavALuM jAgRta, prabuddha rAjyataMtra ja AvAM paribaLo sAme karavA ja paDe. tevA ane saphaLa thavAnI UMcI zakyatAvALA upAyo mATe kamara kasavAnuM e paNa dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM - "harino mArga che zarAno. nahi kAyaranuM kAma jo ne." kauTilya to sarvoddhAraka vikAsazIla mAnavasaMskRtinI sthApanAnA sAdhana tarIke rAjanItine jue che. pazcimanA jaganA dAruNa itihAso tapAsIe ke AjanI bhArata sahitanI nAmanI lokazAhIonA kArobArane achaDato ya tapAsIe, to khyAla Avaze ke jagatamAM moTA bhAganAM rAjayamaMtro kevo ghora prajAdroha karatAM AvyAM che. je manISI sAcA dilanA dhabakArathI rAjA viSe AvuM kahI zake : "prajAnA hitamAM ja rAjAnuM hita che ane prajAnA duHkhamAM ja enuM du:kha che", te ja rASTramAM Thera-Thera jAmI paDatAM prajAbAdhaka, saMskRtidhvaMsaka paribaLone taMtotaMta pArakhIne tenI sAmenI rAjyataMtranI pratApI jehAdanuM mahattva, pote paNa naMdavaMzotthApananI karelI aitihAsika saphaLa jehAdanA pIThabaLa sAthe ghUMTI-ghUMTIne atyaMta Avazyaka kartavya tarIke batAvI zake. trIjA adhikaraNanA kAryakSetranA vadhu pratApapUrNa vistaraNa tarIke A cothuM adhikaraNa AkArAyuM che. prajAnI ghora chetarapiMDIrUpe AjanI kahevAtI lokazAhIoe jagat para jhIMkelA kahevAtA vaizvikIkaraNa" ane "udArIkaraNa'ne dhiMgI saccAIthI paDakAravAnI preraNA paNa A adhikaraNamAMthI maLI zake ema che. A adhikaraNamAM, mahAkavi mAghe zizupAnavadha-mahAkAvya (2.179)mAM AkArelA 'zAnta, pratApI karma'ne - "karmayogane - ArAdhavAnI vAta che. A adhikaraNanA vastunuM mAtra paMkhIdarzana karIe; teTalAthI ya A adhikaraNa pAchaLanI prabuddha jorAvarI taravarI Avaze. IzupitAe bodha Apyo che ke tArA zatrune paNa mitra gaNa. teno amala jAgRta rAjanItimAM For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 287 paNa bAhyAMtara baMne prakAranA zatruo sAme javaramukta beTho paDakAra pheMkavArUpe ane dIrdhadaSTiyukta yUharacanArUpa buddhiyoga vaDe karavAno che ema jarUra kahI zakAya. bUrAne bUro to na kahIe, paNa enI bUrAI paDakAravI, khaMkherI kADhavI ke chevaTe niSphaLa banAvavI emAM 'dAnI duzamanAvaTa' eTale ke pAyAnI maitrI ja che. e rIte A adhikaraNamAMnI kAMTAonI sAphasUphInI vAta jovAnI che. AvI samAja ane rASTrane bAdhAkAraka bAbato mukhyatve prAkRtika, vyAvasAyika vepAraviSayaka, rAjayasevakIya, lUMTa-mArasaMbaMdhI, yaunaviSayaka(sexual), nyAyataMtrIya, grAma-nagaranI jAhera zistane lagatI (civil), abhicAravidyAsaMbaMdhI, prANIhiMsAsaMbaMdhI vagere kauTilyanA dezakALamAM dhyAnapAtra ane upAyayogya hatI. dezakALabhede AmAM aneka navI-navI bAbato umeravI paDe; dA.ta. AjanI "sAIbara' gunhAkhorI (cyber crimes). A adhikaraNanI sAmagrI paNa mahad aMze pUrva-paraMparAnA dohanarUpa hovA saMbhava che; paNa e dohanamAM lekhakanuM uSmAsabhara anumodana ane svataMtra ciMtana paNa jaNAya che. ethI AmAM yathAvakAza mAnavIya utkrAnta daSTine kAraNe daMDavidhAnamAM parivartanono anurodha paNa karAyo che te joIzuM. alabatta, ahIM utkAntimArga cIMdhyo che, kahevAto krAntimArga nahi - eTaluM kahevuM joIe. eTale ghaNe ThekANe vadhadaMDanI paraMparAgata bhalAmaNo ja jaNAya che. to 'citravadha' (ribAmaNI sahitanA vadha) bAbate kauTilya potAnI namra asaMmati paNa jarUra pragaTa karI che. yuropamAMthI sattaramI-aDhAramI sadIthI AraMbhAyelI 'navajAgRti'(renaissance)thI nirmANa pAmelA vikAsakramamAM vividha prAcIna ane navI vikaselI jJAnaparaMparAono mahimA sthapAtAM mAnavatAnI utkrAMtino mArga paNa sApha thaI khullo thayo che. emAM karuNAguNane khilavatA manovijJAnanuM paNa pratibhAzIla vividha ciMtako dvArA gaNanApAtra ane pariNAmadAyI kheDANa thayuM che. vividha dharmonA cokAomAM kheDAyelI ahiMsAnI prAcIna vibhAvanAne, AvI jAgatika prabuddhatAnI sthitimAM, khAsa karI bhAratamAM rASTrIya muktinA daDha dhyeya nimitte, eka uttama sAmAjika krAntisAdhana tarIke khilavavAmAM AvI che. tyAre teno prabhAva jhIlI yuddha, aparAdha-niyaMtraNa, Arthika nyAya ityAdi morace jagatabharamAM vidhAyaka navA abhigamo sAkAra thaI rahyA che. bhale e vizeSataH vaicArika stare hoya ane amalamAM aneka bAhyatara vighno pAra karavAnA bAkI hoya, paNa aparAdhaniyaMtraNa jevA morace paNa Thera-Thera mathAmaNa ane prayoga AraMbhAyAM che. kauTilya paNa emanA samayanI maryAdAmAM ya mAnavatAvAdI avazya che. teo krAntinA premI avazya hovA chatAM pote vAstavadarzI hoI avAstavikapaNe apakva deza-kALamAM krAntino dekhADa nathI karatA. jagatu-itihAsa tapAsatAM emAM krAntinI brAntio aneka jovA maLe che. bhAvukatAnA ubharAmAtrathI krAnti zakya nathI te kauTilya barobara samaje che. ATaluM samajI laIne A cothA adhikaraNanA dasamA-agiyAramA adhyAyo (anukrame vidhaniyaH' - "je-te eka aMga kApI nAkhavAnI sajAmAMthI mukti mATenA avejIrUpa daDo' ane "ziva8 03Rtva:' - "zuddha ane ribAmaNI sahitanA daMDonA vyavahAra') tarapha najara For Personal & Private Use Only

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288 kauTilya "arthazAstra'dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa nAkhIe to amAnuSI ne kALagrasta evI paraMparAone mAnavIya banAvavAnI samadaSTi ane samayadarzitA kauTilyamAM bharI paDI che te jarUra dhyAnamAM Ave. AmAMnuM prathama prakaraNazIrSaka to svayaMspaSTa che ane bIjA prakaraNamAM paNa 'citravadha'(ribAmaNIyukta vadha)nA vikalpa, yathAsaMbhava, sAdA vadhano anurodha karAyo che. agiyAramA adhyAyane aMte saMbhavataH svaracita zloka dvArA kauTilya Ama kahe che : "mahAtmAonA zAstragraMthomAM A arthAta paraMparAgata phalezadaMDo (ribAmaNIvALI vadhanI sajAo) anusarAyA (ke anumodAyA) che. atiduSTa nahi tevA pApIo (athavA adhyA. kaMgale mujaba : "ati pIDAdAyaka nahi tevA aparAdho") mATe to zuddhavadha ja dharmAnukULa gaNAya." zlokamAM 'mahAtmA' zabda, garbhita rIte, nirdaza (daza vagaranA, premaLa) kaTAkSamAM vaparAyelo jaNAya che. kauTilya sarvatra anyanA bhinna viSama abhiprAyo pratye paNa vinayadharma ane vAtsalyadharma cUkatA nathI. teo pote to gAMdhIjInI Dhabe, potAne "alpAtmAmAnavAmAM ja AnaMda anubhave teTalA ahaMkAra-bhAra-rahita che ! ne to ye teo prasiddha vanaputra pRthu rAjA jema, maMda-mAMdalI ke jAmI paDelA duSTovALI pRthvInA asala vidhAyaka sattvane jagavavA ke saMkoravA bAhya rIte ugra-kaThora lAgatA AkAranA upAyane jarUrI paNa mAne che ane prasaMge prayojI paNa jANe che. kRSNazodhana adhikaraNane A rUpe joIe. A adhikaraNamAM prAyaH kyAMya anya AcAryonA koI paNa matAMtaranuM kathana nathI e vAta paNa dhyAna khece che. dunigraha e koI siddhAMtano nahi, paNa yukti-kauzala sahitanA karmakauzalano viSaya che ethI ema thayuM hoya. potAnA dezakALamAM jovA maLatuM gunhAkhorInuM stara, vividha komo ke ghaniSTha jUthonI khAsiyato, duSTatAnI mAtrA, samAjano dukho pratyeno abhigama ane emanI sAtheno zakya aTapaTo saMbaMdha - e badhuM joIne gunhA ane gunhegAro baMnene pakaDI pADavAnuM yuktikauzala ane nigraha mATenuM pramANasara daMDavidhAna karavAnuM rahe che. emAM anya sthaLa-kALanA koI AcAryonA matAMtaro jevuM kAMI hoya to ye potAnA dezakALamAM enuM koI mahattva hotuM nathI. A to rAjayakartAvarganuM prAyogika ke vyavahAru kSetra che. kauTilyanI khIlelI udAra mAnavIya dRSTi jema ukta dasamA-agiyAramA adhyAyomAM dekhAya che, tema "vAvanuyo: ('vAtacIta dvArA ke zArIrika trAsa - + - dvArA AropInI UlaTatapAsa') nAmanA AThamA adhyAyamAM paNa barobara dekhAya che. temAM khAsa karIne karma eTale ke zArIrika trAsa dvArA gunho kabUlAvavAnI ke gunhAnI vigato kaDhAvavAnI paddhati (third degree treatment) aMge mAnavatAbharI maryAdAo jALavanArA uccatara saMskAranI temanI utkaTa zodha cokkasa dekhAya che; jema ke bALaka, vRddha, rogI, bhUkhatarasa mArgakhedathI trasta, madirAmatta, unmatta (gAMDI vyakti), ThAMsIne khAdhuM hoya tevI ke apacAgrasta vyakti, durbaLa, garbhavatI ke tAjI prasUtivALI strI - AvAM AropIo para trAsa-paddhati na ja apanAvavI ema kahevAyuM che. sAmAnya rUpe paNa, jo strI upara trAsa gujAravo ja paDe, to puruSathI ardhA ja gujAravA kahyuM che. bAkInA para daMDAno mAra, cAbUkano mAra, UMcethI laTakAvavAnI rIta - A badhAMno prayoga niyata maryAdAmAM ja For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 289 karavA kahyuM che. atyaMta rIDhA gunhegAra pUratI AvI ane anya paddhatio thoDA AkarA svarUpamAM ajamAvavA sUcavyuM che. e sAcuM ke sAmAnya lAgaNIzIla koI paNa vyaktine to A maryAdAmAM paNa trAsa ApavAnuM asahya lAge ema che. paNa deza-kALa pramANe thatAM ati-vasamA, samAjane pIMkhI nAkhatA aparAdho pramANe, kaMIka pagalAM to levAM paDe te sthitimAM "pArakI mA kAna vIMdhe' e nyAye prajAhita joIne ya koIke kyAre aLakhAmaNI thaIne nirupAye AvuM karavuM to paDe. saMto, sajjano, sannArIo vagere sAme A aMge vadhu sajja thaI naravI paraMparAo sthApavAno kALadevatAno paDakAra jarUra che. AvI AkarI ke maryAdAyukta trAsapaddhati paNa AMtare dahADe ane eka divasamAM eka ja paddhati - ema ajamAvavI eTaluM avazya kahevAyuM che. vidyAvAn brAhmaNa ke tapasvI upara to AvI koI paddhati na ja ajamAvavI; ene badale guptacara-vyApArathI jeno aparAdha siddha thayo hoya evI A koTinI vyaktinI mAtra gauravAni (apajaza) thAya tevI ja paddhati ajamAvavAnuM kahevAyuM che. kevI pramANasara vAta ! lokasvabhAvanA anubhavAzrita UMDA, bahoLA jJAnane vAparatA rahIne, potAnA deza-kALamAM kevA-kevAM jUtho ke vyaktivizeSo dvArA kevAM lokadrohI kukarmo thatAM rahe che, te bAbate sAmAnya rUpe pUrA sabhAna rahIne, ucca adhikArIo ane maMtrIo sAthenI nitya vicAraNA thakI ane te mujaba sAbadA ane kAryakSama guptacarataMtra dvArA dhamadhamatI rahetI gupta tapAso thakI rAjAe svabhUminA asvAthyanAM kAraNo yathAzakya jANatA-ukelatA rahevAnI A dhiMgI-aTaLa vAta che. AvA gunhA thatAM veMta ke thayA pachInA taratanA be-traNa divasomAM ja pakaDAI jAya to kAryakSamatAnuM khUba UMcuM dhoraNa siddha thAya ane taMtra tema ja prajA ghaNA vyartha zaktizayamAMthI, aparAdhanA jhaDapI phelAvAmAMthI bacI jAya. A bAbatanA anusaMdhAnarUpe adhikaraNano chaThTho adhyAya (a.kra.4.6) A che : "zaMkAthI, muddAmAlathI ke koI javAbadAra vyaktinI najare caDelI gunhAnI cAlu kAmagIrI parathI aparAdhInI dharapakaDa (zaGga-pa-varga-magra:). emAM kauTilya vyApaka anubhavane AdhAre, ukta traNe prakAre gunho pakaDI pADavAnI kAmagIrI rasaprada daSTAMtothI batAvI che. A to tarata dhyAnamAM AvatA mukhya-mukhya aparAdha-grahaNa-prakAro che. dareka taMtrasevakane ane sAbadA prajAjanane AvA aneka prakAro zodhatA rahI viSama mAnavacarito sAme rASTranI dhiMgI cokIdArI karavAnI preraNA ApavI te ja A adhyAyano Azaya lAge che. AvI AgotarI jAgRti nyAyaprakriyAne saraLa banAve che. ahIM zaMkAthI grahaNanA upAyonA namUnA varNavatAM ADakatarI rIte e sUcavAyuM che ke AmAM prajAnAM vividha staronA sAmAjika pravAhonI UMDI ane vyApaka jANakArI khUba khapanI che. rAjayataMtranI AvI namUnedAra sArvajanika khabaradArInuM eka zubha pariNAma che bhayane kAraNe gunhAomAM thato svayaMbhU ghaTADo ane prajAmAM thatI prAmANika jIvanarItinI pratiSThA. je vyaktine pUrvajo, parivAra ke zikSaNaprakriyA dvArA samAja sAthe avirodhathI jIvavAno pAyAno saMskAra nathI maLyo, enI dUSita ke rIDhI jIvanapaddhatine "vAryo nahi te hAryo vaLe' e nyAye pAke pAye niSphaLa banAvavI te, chevaTe to evI vyakti mATe aMtaratama (mAMhyalI) mAnavaprakRti mujaba, For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa prAmANika jIvanarItinA sukhazAMtivardhaka rAjamArga para caDhavAnI aMtaHpreraNAnuM sukhada nimitta banI zake; athavA to kama-se-kama lAMbA samaya mATe enA hAtha heThA pADe che. hA, A mATe samagra rASTramAM prAmANikatAthI jIvavA icchanAra dareka kAryakSama vyakti mATe kuzaLa rASTrIya-sAmAjika Ayojana dvArA vaividhyapUrNa kAyapI rojagArI pUratA pramANamAM sulabha karAya e paNa sAmuM kartavya rAjyataMtrane bhAge savizeSapaNe Ave che. Aje to rAjyataMtro A bAbate sAva ja UlaTuM vartana karatAM hoI agaNita vaividhyovALA kaMTakonI sAphasUphI azakya ja gaNAya kAraNa ke rAjyataMtra ja khuda mahAkaMTakarUpa hoI manuSyanI sAmAjikatAno saphAyo karIne gunhAkhorIne ja sahu mATe anivArya jIvanazailI banAvI de che ! keTalAka nimnatama vargo to gunhA dvArA ja peTiyuM raLavA majabUra hoya che. 'kaMTakazodhana' prakaraNano A AyAma (samajaNanI bhUmikA) ke A mahattvano anubaMdha (joDAyeluM pAsuM) na bhulAya. A pAsAnI ghaNI mAvajata ApaNe A graMthamAM joI ja che. 290 asAmAjika vahevAro paikI tarata dhyAnamAM Ave tevA dhADa-mAra jevA prakAro karatAM paNa vadhu drohakArI prakAro te prAthamika jIvana-jarUriyAtone lagatA vyavasAyo ke sarakArI kArya-bajavaNIonA oThe cAlatI, samAjane judI-judI rIte kAyama pholI khAvAnI aneka prakAranI kuceSTAo ne yuktiprayuktio che. emAM je-te vyavasAya ke kAryasthAnanI zAkha(good-will)nA oThe ke je-te kAmagIrI ke cIjanI vyApaka jarUriyAta ane mAMgano khoTo lAbha uThAvI kAyamI ane vyApaka svarUpe samAja bhAMgato jAya te bAbatanI beThI niSThuratA che, tema ja prAmANika jIvana-paddhatine apratiSThita karI nAkhe tevI mAnavatAnI krUra mazkarI hoya che. kAraNe adhikaraNanA AraMbhanA keTalAka adhyAyo AvA kAMTAone vINI kADhavA bAbatanAM kartavyo batAve che. prathama adhyAya che vividha kArIgaronA durvyavahArothI samAjane rakSavA aMge drArakSaLam (hi - kArIgara - temanA bhraSTa vyavahAro sAme rakSaNa). temAM vaNaka2, dhobI, sonI, anya dhAtukAmanAM kArIgaro, sarakArI calaNI sikkAno tapAsa-adhikArI (varNa), banAvaTI sikkA taiyAra karanAra ke vecanAra, vaidya, naTa jevA vyavasAyonI prajAdrohI aneka rIti-nItione lagatA vividha daMDaprakAro rasaprada rIte cIMdhyA che. A - bIjA adhyAyamAM vepArIo(vaiveda)nA kUTa-vyavahAronI samIkSA thaI che. sAmAnya cIjonA vepArI uparAMta moMghI cIjonA vepArIonAM kapaTo paNa nirdezAyAM che. corIno mAla jANI-joIne kharIdIne moMghA bhAve vecanArA vepArIono aparAdha svAbhAvikapaNe bahu bhAre gaNyo che. kArIgaro ke vepArIo saMtalasa karIne koI sevAnI ke mAlanI guNavattA sAmudAyika rIte ghaTADatA hoya, kRtrima achata UbhI karIne khoTI rIte UMcA bhAva TheravatA hoya te sAme kaDaka daMvidhAna AdezAyuM che. nIcA bhAva ApavA dvArA utpAdakanuM zoSaNa karI UMcA bhAva levA dvArA grAhakavarganuM paNa zoSaNa karanArA nagharoLa rASTradrohIone paNa sANasAmAM lIdhA che. jAtajAtanI yuktiothI mAlamAM bheLaseLa karanArA para paNa DoLo mAMDyo che. vepArInA hAtha nIce kAma karanArAonuM paNa zoSaNa na thAya tevA prabaMdho AdezyA che. naphAnuM nyAyI dhoraNa TheravyuM che. AvA dareka prakaraNamAM kauTilyanI UMcI nIti-bhakti jAtatapAsa para AdhArita bahoLA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA anubhavajJAnanA AdhAre dekhAya che. vepAra-vyavahAro paranA jAptA mATe puravaThA-adhikArI('paLyAdhyakSa' adhyAya kra. 2.16)nI kAmagIrI ziramoranI gaNAya. temAM, moMdhavArIno saphaLa aTakAva karavA mATe rAjyasaMsthA zuM karI zake tene lagatI aneka bodhaka vAto gaMbhIra AdezavAkyothI bharelA nAnakaDA adhyAyamAM che. vahIvaTI vyavasthAnI dRSTie 'kaMTakazodhana'nI samagra kAmagIrI mukhyatve 'samAhartA'nA vizALa kAryakSetramAM rASTravyApI rIte samAveza pAme che. samAhartA potAnA hAtha nIce janapada-vibhAgamAM pravRtta pradeSTA-gopa-sthAnika rUpa adhikArIo dvArA ane durga(rAjadhAnI)mAM pravRtta mukhyAdhikArI 'nAgarika' (AjanA 'siTI polisa kamiznara'nA samakakSa) ane tenA hAtha nIcenA karmacArIo (jenAM spaSTa padanAmo graMthamAM maLatAM nathI) dvArA A kAmagIrI bajAve che. alabatta, kaMTakazodhananI samagra kAmagIrImAM guptacarataMtra sauthI vadhu mahattvano phALo Ape che. A sarva kAmagIrInI TocanI javAbadArI dharAvanAra ane badhAMnA javAba pUrA pratibhAbaLathI mAganAro adhikArI to rAjA pote ja che - khAsa karIne dUranuM ane samagrarUpanuM kAryadarzana karanAra tarIke. jyAM jarUra jaNAya tyAM uparyukta adhikArIone bAjue rAkhI, je-te kAmagIrI potAnA hAthamAM laIne rAjyataMtranI lokaniSTha garimA(mahattA)ne anurUpa, prajAnI sukhazAMtinI jALavaNIne anurUpa kAmagIrI bajAve che. rAjA ragaziyA gADA jevA rAjyataMtrano beThADu hAkema nathI, paNa te-te deza-kALanI nADa pArakhI laI temAMthI UbhAM thatAM rASTrotthAnakArI uccAvaca kartavyo, prANanA bhoge paNa pAra pADavAmAM ja rAcanAro narottama che. copAsa prajAne aneka rIte 'kothaLAmAM pAnazerI'nI jema guptapaNe raMjADatA rahIne asAmAjika rIte ja chAnI-chapanI yuktiothI paiso banAvanAra varga eka mahattvano rASTrakaMTaka gaNAya. ema chAnAMchapanAM melo paiso kamAnAra tera prakAranA gorakhadhaMdhAdArIonA nikAlanI vAta cothA adhyAya('rUdAnIvinAM rakSA' 'chUpA dhaMdhAvALAo bAbate jApto')mAM karI che. te mATenI mukhya kAmagIrI jAtajAtanA veSathI pravartatA guptacaro dvArA sadhAya che. evA bhraSTa loko A gaNAvyA che : (12) gAmaDAnA vividha sarakArI adhikArIo ane gAmamukhI, (3) rAjyasaMcAlita vyavasAyonA adhyakSo, (4) pradeSTA, (5) khoTA sAkSI, (6) sAcA sAkSIone chetaranArA banAvaTI phariyAdIo, (7) maMtro, auSadhio ke melA prayogothI nirdoSa strI-puruSo para saMmohana (vazIkaraNa) karanArA saMvananakArako, (8) duSTa sattvonuM AvAhana (teDuM) karI dhArela vyaktione raMjADanArA kRtya(DAkaNa va.)saMbaMdhI melA prayoga karanArA, (9) jAtajAtanI melIvidyAothI prajAjIvanane chinna-bhinna karanAra abhicArakartAo, (10) paisA khAtara duSTo vatI nirdoSone jherathI haNanAra 'rasada'varga (rasa eTale jhera; te denArA, pAnArA mArAo), (11) evA ja melA madirA-prayogo karanArAo, (12) khoTA sikkA banAvanArAo, (13) dhAtuno mULa raMga badalI banAvaTI sonuM vecanArAo. A badhAMnA milana irAdAonI khAtarI, A dareka vargane vizvAsa paDe tevA veSa dharAvatA guptacaro dvArA thatI sahaja vAtacIta daramiyAna thatAM garbhita parIkSaNone AdhAre thAya. ene AdhAre evI gupta (samAjabhaMjaka) AjIvikA (gujarAta-paddhati) dvArA jIvanAra vyaktino dezanikAla karavAmAM Ave tevo Adeza che. 291 = For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa AmAM prabuddha rAjyataMtra dvArA "nAka dabAvo, to moDhuM khUlaze" e nyAya apanAvAya che. prajAnuM vividha rIte zoSaNa karIne ke dhanotapanota kADhI jIvanAramAM koI TakAu, nityavijayI jIvanasattva hotuM nathI; tethI to melI buddhinA baLe sukhazAMtirahita hINo dhaMdho apanAve che. "vAryA nahi te hAryA vaLe" e nyAya paNa AmAM pravarte che. ahIM moTe bhAge temane thatI dezanikAlanI suyogya sajA paNa samajadAra vyakti mATe to 'tejIne Takoro' banI, tene AjIvikA ane jIvanano yazodAyI rAjamArga apanAvavA prerI zake. upara varNavelA tera prakAromAM keTalAka lAMcakhoro che, keTalAka majabUronI majabUrIno lAbha uThAvI temanI saMpatti oLavI lenAra che, keTalAka paisA meLavavA khAtara AmaprajAnA sAmAjika jIvanane khatama karanAra ke hatyA karanArA che, to keTalAka khoTI vastu prajAne mAthe mArIne tenI Arthika ne vyAvahArika behAlI karanArA che. A sivAya paNa AvA aneka malina AjIvikAprakA2o samayanA vahevA sAthe have to kahevAto 'bhadra'-samAja paNa pedA karye ja jAya che. ne Aje to 'vADa cIbhaDAM gaLe' tema khuda rAjyataMtra ja, mAtra gupta rIte ja nahi, paNa naphaTAIthI, garavI rIte jIvatI rakSaNapAtra khuda prajA sAmenI sazastra dAdAgIrI dvArA chaDecoka prajAne sAva nicovIne ja jIve che te jAnadAra samAjamAM na nabhe tevuM varavuM mahA-Azcarya che. dhiMgA saMgaThanathI A aTakAvavAmAM pote pramAdamAMthI pAchA vaLIne duSTa rAjyataMtrane pAchA pharavA mATe majabUra ka2vAmAM ja prajAno TakAva ane jayavAro baMne che; nahitara saravALe to zoSaka ane zoSita e badhAno ApaghAta ja samajo. pachI zuM thaze te to kadAca bhagavAna paNa nahi jANe jANavA icchaze ja nahi ! 292 - kauTilyanuM eka sApha darzana evuM che ke saMskRtino prAthamika paNa majabUta piMDa baMdhAya che svAdhIna manodazA sAthe ucca saMyamI jIvanacaryA apanAvanAra prajAvatsala mahApuruSo ke prajAhitatatpara agraNIo dvArA; kAraNa ke emanA dhiMgA AcaraNabaLa dvArA prajAcaritrane khilavavAnuM ekaMdare saraLa bane che, kAyamI svarUpanuM bane che. ekaMdare prajA aMtarathI to, vatsala, sarvahitakAraka AtmasaMyamIonA sahacAranI, sAmIpTanI bhUkhI hoya che. zreSThonuM AcaraNabaLa joI emanAmAM sadAcAranI utkaTa bhUkha jAge che. rAjyataMtra paNa A satya para ja ciraMjIva saMskRtinuM vAhaka banI zake. A vAtane dhyAnamAM rAkhIne AmAMno navamo adhyAya Ama AkArAyo che : sarvAdhiraLarakSaNam sarva adhikaraNo(mahattvanAM saMgaThano ke pratiSThAno)nuM [badIothI] rakSaNa. ahIM 'adhiraLa' zabda viziSTa arthamAM che - rASTrajIvanane niyamabaddha ane susaMpanna karavA mATeno kArobAra saMbhALatI saMsthAo, prathAo yA tevAM pratiSThAno mATe. eTale emAM jIvanopayogI saMpattinAM vividha nirmANasthAno paNa AvI jAya, evI sarvasaMpatti yogya vidhi, parimANa, dravyazuddhi dvArA nirmANa thAya tenAM niyamano paNa AvI jAya, bhraSTa nItirItio, pramAda ke ana-AvaData mATenI daMDa-vyavasthA paNa Ave, AropanI tapAsanA gALA mATenI kAcI jela(vAra, AjanI 'polisa-kasTaDI')nA ane pAkI jela(vadhanAra)nA adhikArIonA bhraSTa vahevAronuM niyamana paNa AvI jAya. agAu jaNAvyA pramANe te vakhate rAjya-saMcAlita jaMgalo, khANo, khetaro, kArakhAnAM vagere arthotpAdana-sthAno paNa rahetAM; te sthAno uparAMta tenI pedAzo saMgharavAnA koThAra (annAdi khAghonuM saMgrahagRha), paNyAgAra (anya upayogI cIjonuM saMgrahagRha), vanya pedAzonuM saMgrahagRha (pyAR), koza (atimUlyavAn For Personal & Private Use Only -

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 293 ratna, sonuM ityAdi dhAtuo tathA rokaDa nANAMnuM saMgrahasthAna), akSaNItA (sonAnI cIjonuM AgavuM saMgrahasthAna) - A badhAMmAMnI vividha cIjonI barobara jALavaNI mATenI kaDaka vyavasthAo paNa AmAM samAya. jo A badhI dhoraNasaranI bAbato (dhaM )rUpa vAsaNo kANAM hoya, to rASTravAsIo dvArA taiyAra thaI yogya saMgraha paNa pAmI cUkelI cIjo vadhu ne vadhu vipula pramANamAM gumAvavI paDe ane prajAnI nityanI vividha jarUriyAto saMtoSavAnuM muzkela banatuM jAya. vaLI, "prajAnA hitamAM rAjAnuM hita samAyeluM che" - ema ghUMTI-ghUMTIne pUrI pratIti sAthe kahetA kauTilya rAjadhAnI ane janapada e baMnemAM sarvatra phelAyelAM prajAnAM vAsasthAnomAMnI saMpattinI paNa pUrI surakSAnI ciMtA to kare ja ne? ethI A adhyAyamAM te paNa dharaLa rUpa gaNAyAM che. tethI coro vagerethI tenI rakSA mATenAM vividha niyamano paNa kahevAyAM che. Ama ahIM "dha" zabda "yoga-kSema' (jarUrI cIjonAM saMpAdana, rakSaNa ane upabhoga)no paryAya banI rahyo che. kharekhara pecIdo zabdaprayoga che. hakIkate, A adhyAyamAMnI ghaNI vAto bIjA adhyakSapracAra adhikaraNamAM rUpAMtare ke te ja rUpe AvI jAya che. paNa daSTibhede ke pariprekSyabhede (saMdarbhonA kula kSetravistAranA bheda) kauTilya kahelI vAta paNa pharI kahe che tenuM aucitya samajAya evuM che. vaLI, AvI mahattvanI vAto Ama nimittavazAt pharI ghaMTAya te ya yogya che. sarva adhikaraNonA rakSaNa'nI A mahattvanI kAmagIrI saMbhALanAra eka cunaMdo uccatama adhikArI to samAhartA pote ja che. alabatta, agAu joyA pramANe, tenA hAtha nIce durgamAM ane janapada(rASTra)mAM viziSTa karmacArIgaNa madadamAM hoya che. te daMDapAtrane daMDavAmAM ane koI paNa hisAbe nirdoSa vyakti na daMDAya tenI sAvacetI rAkhavAmAM - ema baMne bAbate apramAda dAkhave te apekSita che. jelomAM strI-aparAdhIone paNa rAkhavAmAM AvatAM tevI vastusthiti kauTilyokta rAjayataMtramAM samAveza pAmelI che. pAyAnA strI-puruSa-sAmyanI dRSTi AnI pAchaLa jaNAya che. kauTilya avAstavika ke AMdhaLuM strI-dAkSiNya batAvavA jeTalA mithyA-utsAhI nathI. to sAme pakSe vivekapUrNa strI-dAkSiNyane saMskRtino daDha pAyo gaNIne strI-kedIonI savizeSa surakSA paNa thAya te anivArya samaje che. alabatta, A surakSAnI uccAvacatA je-te strInA sAmAjika stara pramANe bhinna rAkhavAnuM to prAyaH sahaja manovaijJAnika AdhAra para ja sUcavatA jaNAya che; koI rAgadveSapradhAna pakSapAtathI nahi. - hiMsAyukta ke jorAvarIbharI dhADa-lUMTa karanAro rIDho gunhegAra-varga pUrNapaNe samAjadrohI hoI, eka saMgaThita vyavasAyanI jema, Aje jovA maLe che tema, niyamita rIte jAta-jAtanAM ne navAM-navAM kalayukta AgotarA Ayojano karato rahe che. AvA gunhA thAya e pahelAM ja ene rokI devA ke niSphaLa banAvavA mATe guptacarataMtranI ghaniSTha sevA khUba kAryasAdhaka bane. Aje paNa guptacara-vibhAgane Intelligence Department ('vicakSaNa-vibhAga') tarIke yogya rIte ja oLakhavAmAM Ave che. ukta rIDho varga aneka gUDhavidyAo, 'siddha' tarIke oLakhAtA, paNa laukika atitRSNAno kAraNe potAne hAthavagI evI gUDhavidyAone vecIne jIvatA varga pAsethI meLavato hoya che. eTale e ja "siddha'-veSano upayoga, AvA gunhegArone AgotarA ja pakaDI pADavAmAM khUba ja kAryasAdhaka banI rahe che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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294 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa guptacarataMtra kAyama sAbaduM rahIne AvAM pardAphAza karavAnAM kAma saphaLapaNe sAdhatuM rahe che tevI copAsa phelAyelI dhAka paNa rIDhA gunhegAro paikInA kAcA-pocA zamnone ke UMDe-UMDe sArA IrAdA dharAvatA gunhegArone to A kAMTALo dhaMdho choDI vadhu AbarUdAra dhaMdho karavA paNa prere tevI pAkI zakyatA rahe che. pAMcamA adhyAyamAM A jAtanAM kaMTakazodhananA anubhavasiddha mArgo cIMdhAyA che. rAjyataMtranI eka khUba agatyanI kAmagIrI che manuSyamAtranI jIvanajyotanI rakSAnI. rAmarAjayanA AdarzamAM apamRtyuno abhAva paNa eka Avazyaka lakSaNarUpa gaNAvAya che. A daSTie, thayelI koI hatyA aMge koInI phariyAda hoya ke na hoya, paNa prANavAnuM rAjayataMtra rASTramAMnA koI paNa apamRtyu aMge ciMtita ane sakriya hoya te apekSita che; khAsa karIne binavArasI mRtadeha bAbata, mAnavamAtranI jIvanajayotanA upAsaka rAjayataMtranI A aMgenI sakriyatA khUba utkaTa hoya. atyaMta tejasvI anumAnavidyA, zarIra-rasAyaNa-vidyA (Bio-chemistry ane Forensic Science), vividha prajAjUthonA sAmAjika-Arthika-dhArmika AMtarapravAhanI UMDI jANakArI, dezakALa mujabanA viziSTa pravAhonI jANakArI - A badhAM dvArA, tarata pUrve prANa gumAvI beThelA dehanI tapAsa cokkasa tAraNa para laI jAya che ane aparAdhazaMkAnA anusaMdhAnano mArga mokaLo kare che. A dRSTie AjanI jema e vakhate paNa maraNottara dehaparIkSaNa(post mortem)-vidyA ThIka-ThIka vikaselI hatI, ane AjanI jema ajJAtapaNe thayelA mRtyunI tapAsa aMge jAgRta rAjyataMtra custa rahetuM. A parIkSaNanI carcA sAtamA adhyAyamAM sAmAnya jijJAsuone ane A kSetranA jANakArone paNa rasa paDe tevI vigato sAthe karAI che. adhikaraNanA chellA be adhyAya paikI Agalo bAramo adhyAya kahevAtA "vikasita samAjomAM vyApakapaNe jovA maLatI strI-dehanI amAnuSI cheDachADanA viSayamAM pUraka vAto kahe che. nRvaMzazAstra (Anthropology) mujaba ekaMdare vaidha (mAnya vidhi pramANenA) jAtIya vyavahAro samAja ane rASTranA vaMzIya ane mano-daihika svAthyanA starane jALavIne eno samucita utkrAntimArga mokaLo kare che. A adhyAyamAM ekaMdare strInA jAtIya jIvananI surakSA aMge ja vizeSa bhAra apAyo che tenuM kAraNa e hovA saMbhava che ke strI-puruSa paikI strInuM jIvana parivAra ane gharanA sImADAmAM, tenI naisargika mano-daihika racanAne kAraNe paNa sImita hoI, tene vikRtinimittarUpa bAhya jagano saMparka ocho hoI, tema ja parivAramAM tene vAtsalyapradhAna kAryakalApamAM vyasta rahevApaNuM paNa pUrNakAlIna hoI strIone jAtIya jIvana bAbata niyamanamAM rAkhavAnuM, mukhyatve bAhya saMparko vacce pravartatA puruSanI tulanAmAM saraLa banI rahe. jo eka pravRttinA be sAthIo paikI baMnene eka sAthe niyamanamAM rAkhavAnuM dohyaluM hoya, to chevaTe eka sAthIne saraLatAthI niyamanamAM rAkhI zakAya to saravALe te sAthI dvArA ja anya sAthIne laghutama niyamanomAM sahayogI banAvavAnuM zakya banI zake. eka sahajapaNe niyamanavaza sAthI anyane maryAdAmAM rAkhI zake tevI zakyatA jeTalI paNa phaLe tema hoya, te kaMIka ne kaMIka lAbhanI ja vAta gaNAya - khAsa karIne jayAM niyamana khUba jarUrI hoya ane enA pAlananA aneka sAMskRtika lAbho ughADA hoya tyAM. be kharAba jaNa sudhare te jayAM prAyaH azakya hoya tyAM temAMthI eka jaNa paNa samajapUrvaka sAruM hoya te sthiti AzAspada che. A adhyAyamAM strI dvArA AcarAtA jAtIya jIvananA zakya malina vyavahAronA For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 295 niyamananI paNa ghaNI mArmika vAto gUMthAyelI che e paNa noMdhapAtra bAbata che. eka vAkyamAM, saMbhavataH strI dvArA AcarAto sajAtIya kAmasaMbaMdha (Lesbianism) paNa ullekhAyo jaNAya che ! (kAgaDA badhe kALA !) gaNikA ke dAsInA vAjabI adhikAro paranAM AkramaNo sAme paNa daMDavyavasthA batAvI che. uMmara pramANe, khAsa karIne RtudharmanA AraMbha bAda amuka samaya vItye strInA sahaja jAtIya Avegone paNa nyAya maLe tevI kAnUnI tajavIjo cIMdhI che. vivAha pUrve strInuM kaumArya (akSatayonita) rakSAya te paNa (nRvaMzazAstranI dRSTie ?) jarUrI mAnyuM che. (pAzcAtya jIvanamAM AnAthI UlaTo pravAha jovA maLe che - "DeiTiMga'nA mahimArUpe !) te vakhate kanyAvikraya(zulka sATe kanyA)nI prathA paNa vyApaka hovAnuM A adhyAya parathI jaNAya che; jo ke ahIM to kauTilya te prathA svIkArIne ja vAta kare che; e viSe temano koI UhApoha rajU thayo nathI. tethI kanyA-pitAne anucita rIte zulkahAni na thAya tenI nyAyika jogavAIo mUkI che. pariNItA sAthe koI anya kAmI puruSanA anAcArathI vaidha (vidhipUrvaka paraNelA) patine thayeluM zudAnanuM ane pariNayakharcanuM nukasAna e kAmI puruSe bharapAI karavAnuM daMDavidhAna che. koI vezyA sAthenA yA tenI vezyA/avezyA putrI sAthenA baLajorIbharyA kAmasaMbaMdha mATe paNa daMDavidhi batAvI samAjanA e varganI paNa pAyAnI mAnavIya garimA jALavavAnI pratibaddhatA batAvAI che. uparyukta aMtaHsAmagrI jotAM spaSTapaNe jaNAya che ke A bAramo adhyAya ane vaLI tyAre pachIno chello teramo adhyAya (tivara :) kaMTakazodhana sAthe nahivat saMbaMdha dharAve che. ApaNe graMthanAM trIjA-cothA adhikaraNane ekaMdare nyAyavyavasthA sAthe saMyuktapaNe sAMkaLyAM che te tathya ahIM spaSTa paDagho pAmyuM che. e mujaba A be adhyAyo baMne adhikaraNanAM, athavA vadhAre yogya rIte kahIe to nyAyavyavasthA aMgenAM pariziSTo kahI zakAya tevA ja che. graMtha lakhatAM je-je viSaya kauTilya hAtha dhare che, te-te viSaya aMge sUjhatA badhA mukhya muddAo krame ke kvacit akrame e graMthabhAgamAM kahI chUTavAnuM temanuM utkaTa valaNa dekhAya che. kRSNajazodhana adhikaraNanA chellA ukta teramA adhyAya(prativarabA: - ayogya AcaraNonA daMDa)mAM sAmUhika sabhya jIvanavyavahArone lagatAM niyamanonI vAta mukhya che. e vAMcatAM AjanA yuropa ke amerikAmAM pravartatAM, mukhyatve nagarajIvanasaMbaMdhI nAnAM-nAnAM, sAmudAyika ziSTatAne lagatAM niyamanonI yAda Ave. sAmudAyika jIvana ekabIjAnI adaba ane anukULatA jALavI anyanI suruci pratye paNa Adarayukta ane javAbadArIbharyA vyavahArathI ja mAnavIya, namaNuM-sohAmaNuM ane kulezarahita bane che. hajI A niyamano gAMdhIyugIna, grAmadAna-yugIna ghaniSTha, arthapUrNa parivArabhAvanAne to AMkhatAM nathI, paNa kadama e dizAmAM ja che e cokkasa. A adhyAyanuM vastu prAyaH bIjA adhikaraNanA chellA "nAriyffdha:' ("nagarAdhyakSa evA nAgarikanAM kartavyo') zIrSakavALA adhyAya sAthe cokkasapaNe joDI zakAya ema che. AmAMnAM niyamano pAchaLa mukhya vAta che : "potAne pratikULa lAgatA vahevAro bIjA pratye na karavA" (tminaH pratikrUttAna pareSAMta samArelU ). A adhyAyamAM cIMdhAyelAM niyamano koI anucita baLajorIrUpa nathI te vAta noMdhavI joIe. AjakAla siMgApuranA nagarajIvana aMgenI ghaniSTha zista khUba vakhaNAya che. paraMtu e jeTale aMze jaDa baLajAta For Personal & Private Use Only

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296 kauTilya "arthazAstra' H dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa para AdhArita hoya, teTale aMze mAnavanA AMtaraghaDataranuM agatyanuM ne pAyAnuM kArya cUkI jatI gaNAya; ene mAnavIya adabano puTa Apavo ja rahyo. pAlana bAbata koI ja chUTachATa vagaranI batAvAtI rAjAjJAnuM mahattva cokkasa tabakke ke niyata samayAvadhi daramiyAna avazya svIkAravA chatAM, ciraMjIva sAMskRtika vikAsanI dRSTie to AcAryanA "anuzAsana'(anukULa AjJA, samajAvaTabharI AjJA)nuM ja sthAyI mahattva che; kAraNa ke tenA dvArA ja niyamanonuM pAlana mANasanI pratibhAmAM vaNAI jAya che - eno svabhAva banI rahI nyAyataMtranuM kAma khAsse ghaTADe che. mAnavetara paribaLo paNa rAjyataMtre AkArelA sarvaprajAlakSI vikAsapathanAM bhaMgANorUpa ke durgama kaMTakajhuMDorUpa banI zake che te dRSTie sRSTimAMnAM bAdhArUpa sajIva-nirjIva ghaTakono paNa pAkAM rASTravyApI Ayojano dvArA yathAzakya upAya karavo joIe. mahAApadA-pratikAra (Disaster Management) e pratyeka rAjayazAsana sAmeno dhiMgo pratibhA-mApaka paDakAra banI rahe che. emAM zAsana ane prajA ubhayanI samarpaNapradhAna dilAvara sahakArazaktinI paNa uttama kasoTI rahelI che. jJAna ane dakSatA baMnenAM zikharo AMbavA prere ane asAdhAraNa dhairya tema ja sAmudAyika dRDha baMdhutA mAgI le tevo A nisargadatta paDakAra che. eka bhavya stotramAM Izvarane eka bAjue bhayAnakomAM rahelA bhayatattvarUpa ane bhISaNa tattvonA ziramorarUpa (arthAt bhISaNatama) kahyAM che, to sAme pakSe prANIonI ekamAtra gatirUpa ane zreSTha pAvana svarUpa dharAvanAra paNa kahyA che enI sArthakatA AvA mahApaDakAra ane pratikAranA samagra kAMDo dvArA jarUra anubhavI zakAya. sAthosAtha e stotravacano ja AvA ApatupratIkAramAM dhairya ane sAmarthya pUre che. AvI Apattione lagato 3panipAtapratIra: zIrSakavALo trIjo adhyAya paNa A Takazodhana adhikaraNamAM ja mukAyo che. emAM jhIlavA-saMgharavA jevo prANavAn saMdezo e dhvanita thAya che ke koI paNa jAtanAM AyAma (vistAra ke patharATa) ke svarUpa dharAvatA mahAsaMkaTamAM paNa manuSya AtmavizvAsa TakAvIne potAne prakRtie ApelI je kAMI puruSArthazakti (bauddhika, mAnasika, zArIrika, kriyAkauzalarUpa, AdhyAtmika ema vividha staranI) hoya, te niSkAma ane dvidhAmukta bhAve, kAM to kArya sAthuM, kAM to dehane paDavA dauM' ('Arya sAdhayAmi vA teduM pAtayama vA') evA niHzaMka samarpaNabhAva sAthe vAparI chUTavI. bhAsa-kavi paNa puruSArthamAtrane sadhiyAro ApatAM kahe che : "utsAhI naro mATe kazuM asAdhya na hoya; yogya upAya AraMbhelA sarva yatno phaLa Ape che.38" kauTilya potAnA samayamAM rASTrane sArI peThe dhamaroLanAra je mukhya prAkRtika ghaTanAo ke ghaTako anubhavAyelAM te badhAMne dhyAnamAM laIne A adhyAyamAM Apattio(panipAta)nI samagra gaNanA ane carcA samAvI che; alabatta, ene eka namUnArUpa gaNanA ja mAnavI ghaTe. tulanA arthe, eka prasiddha zlokamAM ti evA mahA-ApattivAcaka paryAya dvArA je Apattio gaNAvI che te joI jaIe : "ativRSTi, anAvRSTi, uMdara, tIDa, popaTa ane AkramaNakhora paDozI rAjAo - A cha Itio gaNAvAya che.39jha kauTilyanI yAdImAM AmAMnI prathama traNa ja samAveza pAmI che ane temAM anya pAMca bAbato paNa gaNAvI che. A batAve che ke deza-kALa pramANe AvI judI-judI Apattio For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 297 zAsana mATe sthAyI paDakArarUpa rahetI haze, ane tene mATe AgavI taiyArIo rakhAtI haze. AmAMnI paDozI Akramaka rAjArUpa Apatti to prAkRtika na hoI AmAM sthAna na ja pAme. enA mATe to arthazAstranAM yuddhasaMbaMdhI pAchalAM adhikaraNomAM tema ja sAtamA adhikaraNamAM vistRta vicAraNA thayelI ja che. bAkI be paribaLo (tIDa ane popaTa) khetI-saMbaMdhI viziSTa paribaLo che. alabatta, uMdara paNa khetIsaMbaMdhI paribaLa che; jo ke te to gharomAM ya ghaNA nukasAnakAraka che. kauTilya gaNAvelI Apattio A ATha che : "agni, pANI, rogacALo, dukALa, uMdara, jaMgalI (hiMsaka) prANIo (cAtA:), sApa ane rakSasa (melI zaktio)." AmAMnI prathama cAra Apattio prAkRtika ke paMcamahAbhUto paikInI yA tajajjanya paribaLorUpa che, to bAkInI cAre ya ApattikAraka sacetano rUpa che. jAgRta abhyAsIne A yAdI jotAM evo prazna thAya, ke AmAM paMcabhUto paikI sIdhI rIte be ja paribaLo (agni ane pANI)nI gaNanA thaI che; vAyu ane pRthvI (bhUmi ke mATI) e bAkI be paribaLo paNa anukrame jAtajAtanI vinAzaka AMdhIo rUpe ke bhUkaMpa rUpe ApattikAraka banI zake tema hoI tenI paNa gaNanA kema nahi thaI hoya ? vaLI agni e tejatattvano eka svarUpabheda ja che; paNa sUryakiraNo paNa Aje ApattikAraka banI rahyAM che - ojhonapaTanA bhaMgANane kAraNe. (alabatta, e kALe Avo saMdarbha kalpanAmAM paNa nahi hoya !) kauTilya jevA samagradarzI (prakSAvaMta) ciMtaka e cUke tema mAnI na zakAya. vicAratAM tarata ema jaNAya che ke sRSTi sahitanA samagra jIvana pratyenI adabane kAraNe paryAvaraNa sahajapaNe surakSita rahetuM hoI, AjanA manuSyanAM amAnuSI (!) valaNoe peTa coLIne zULa pedA karavAnI jema je samasyAo UbhI karI che, te evA rASTrabhakSaka vyApaka ke vikarALa svarUpe te jamAnAmAM UpasI AvI nahi ja hoya. bhAratIya ke jAgatika prAcIna asaMkhya sAhityakRtio paikInI koI kRtiomAM ke upalabdha anya aitihAsika purAtattvIya dastAvejomAM AvI ApattionA ullekho nahivat che. Aje to ekabAju dekhItI rIte Apatti-niyamananAM jJAnadAyI vijANu (IlekTronika) sAdhano, yaMtra-pravidhio (TekanolaoNjI, bhUmi-jaLa-AkAzagAmI saMcArasAdhano e badhuM akathya parimANa ane jhaDape vikasyuM ane phAlyuM che, to bIjI bAju e badhAMno upayoga karanArA manuSyomAM AtmasaMyamajanya janahitatatparatA, samarpaNatti, nityano apramAda ke traNe ya kALano vicAra karanArI prajJA (vision) khUTe che ane trIjI bAjue AkAza paNa bAkAta na rahe tema pAMceya mahAbhUto (bhUmi, jaLa, vAyu, teja ane AkAza)nuM sarvavinAzaka pradUSaNa saMyamahIna dhanaparAyaNatA ane vivekarahita bhogavazatAne kAraNe AkhI mAnavajAtanI chAtI para caDhI beThuM che. AmAM to have kahevAtI mAnavapratibhA pote ja mahA-Apatti (disaster) banI beThI che; tyAM Apatti-niyamana (disastermanagement) pralayakArI parama zakti sivAya bIjuM koNa karI zakaze ? kauTilya ahIM gaNAvelI Apattio paikI jaMgalI prANIorUpa ke sarUpa Apatu Aje prakhara rUpamAM che ja nahi, UlaTuM e baMnenuM vyApaka ane vipula pramANamAM ghaTeluM pramANa pote ja eka paryAvaraNIya ApattirUpa banI gayuM che ! pahelAM grAma-nagarAdinA nirmANano, kRSikendrI jIvanakrAntinA For Personal & Private Use Only

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298 kauTilya "arthazAstra' dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa pagale Ubho thayelo saMdarbha, pUrvenA zikArayugamAM prAdhAnya bhogavatAM gADha vanonA pathArAne ghaTADIne vasavATo ane kRSikSetro mATenA khullA bhU-bhAgo saMpAdita karavA pharaja pADI rahyo hato. e vakhate vanono maryAdita vinAza e manuSyane kartavyarUpa dekhAyo hato. ene lIdhe navanirmita grAma-nagarAdinA kSetramAM jaMgalI prANIo ane sarpono atipraveza e sahaja paNa hato ane grAma-nagaravAsIo mATe bAdhAkAraka paNa hato. e kAraNe kauTilyanI parigaNanAmAM e be jIvasamudAyo paNa ApattirUpa batAvAyA che. eno ukela e baMne samudAyonA niyamanarUpa abhipreta che, ucchedarUpa nahi. atyAre to aviveka ane tarjanya pramAdanuM sAmrAjaya phelAtAM manuSya manorogajanya saMgrahavRtti ane vikRta, kharcALa bhogavRttinA azakya evA saMtoSa arthe kRtrima saMpatti ane arthataMtranAzaka avAstavika calaNI nANuM pAgalanI jema bheguM karyuM ja javA majabUra banyo hoI jagatamAM jIvana-nAzaka, sRSTivinAzaka yAMtrika mahAudyogo bhayAvaha jhaDape phAlI rahyAM che ane enI avAstavikatAne kAraNe sarvavinAzaka yuddho ane tenI khataranAka sAmagrI jarUrI gaNAI rahyAM che. tethI vanono bhayAvaha khAtamo ane jaLa-bhUmi-vAyu-AkAzanuM atipradUSaNa sRSTi ane mAnavano uccheda karavAne Are AvIne UbhAM che. Aje to jaMgalo ane temanI jIvasRSTinA punaHsthApananI tAtI jarUra UbhI thaI che. ekaMdare dharatI paranA vividha jIvonuM astitva paryAvaraNa, vanasRSTi, anya jIvo, kRSi Adi jIvanAdhAronI rakSA - paraspara rakSA - kare che. sahAyavRtti e sarva prANIjUtho - nAnAmAM nAnAMthI mAMDI moTAmAM moTAM - no mULa svabhAva hovAnuM potAnAM paribhramaNa, vyApaka nirIkSaNa ane adhyayana-ciMtanane AdhAre prakhara paryAvaraNapremI prinsa kropoTakIne pratipAdita karyuM che. dAyakAo pUrve temaNe A vAta temanA "sahAyavRtti' pustaka uparAMta "udhaInuM jIvana ityAdi adhyayanaphaLarUpa graMthothI rajU karI che. sadIo pUrve prakhara jaina ciMtaka umAsvAtie potAnA 'tattvArthasUtra' graMthanA eka sUtramAM "paraspara upakAra e jIvono svabhAva che" ema ghoSita karyuM che. paryAvaraNapradUSaka rAsAyaNika khetInA nUtanatama yugamAM paNa hajI uMdaro uparAMta anya paraMparA dvArA cIMdhAyelI tIDa ane popaTanI samasyA, te uparAMta bhUMDa, nIlagAya, mora AdinI samasyA kRSi para jhaLuMbatI rahe che. eno eka artha e ke hajI paryAvaraNa temano nAza thAya teTalI hade bagaDyuM nathI. bIjo artha e che ke jaMgalo ghaTavAthI A jIvo kRSi para, svanirvAha arthe trATakI rahyA che. kauTilyokta samasyAonA sUcavAyelA ukelo tarapha najara nAkhavAnuM rasaprada ane bodhaka banI raheze. agAu ApaNe joyuM che ke dharmo ane temAM pratipAdita AcAro taraphanuM kauTilyanuM valaNa taTastha ane guNagrAhI che. aMdhazraddhA ane daMbhanA poSaka dharmAcAro pratye vAjabI puNyaprakopa dAkhavIne paNa guNavRddhi, IzvarazraddhA, upAsanAzakti ityAdine poSanArA dharmAcAro tarapha UMDo Adara jALavI potAnA jIvanamAM paNa teo tene apanAve che ane rAjayazAsanamAM paNa anurUpa rIte gUMthavAnI bhalAmaNa kare che. ApaNe bIjA vyAkhyAnamAM joyA pramANe temaNe karelA daivatattvanA svIkAramAMthI paNa A vAta ApoApa phalita thatI joI zakAya che. ApaNe e paNa prathama vyAkhyAnamAM joyuM che ke kauTilya yajJAdi vedapratipAdita karmo upAsanArA zrotriya brAhmaNa hovAnI vAta paraMparAgata rIte kahevAya che. vizAkhadatte For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA paNa emanA 'mudrArAkSasam' nATakamAM karelA emanI kuTiranA varNanamAM A tathyano barobara paDagho pADyo che. AthI A vividha 'upanipAta'nA upAyo nirdezatAM, temaNe laukika upAyo uparAMta prAyaH koI ne koI dhArmika vaidika anuSThAna paNa sUcavyAM che. teo 'atharvaveda'nA paNa UMDA jJAtA tarIke, enA para AdhArita karmo-anuSThAnonI paNa chUTathI bhalAmaNa kare che. agni-upadrava mukhyatve grAmo-nagaronA anvaye ja nirUpAyo jaNAya che. eTale tenuM mukhya kAraNa mAnavapramAda hovAnuM cIMdhyuM che. A vAta adhyAya 2.36mAM 'nAgarika'(nagarAdhyakSa)nAM kartavyonI vicAraNAnAM anvaye nirUpAI che; te vigato temaNe A prakaraNamAM yAda ja karAvI che. culhAonAM khoTAM sthAna-Ayojanone nivAravA bhalAmaNa karAI che. vikalpe te mATe mahollAomAM jUthavA2 ghaniSTha sAvacetI rAkhavAnI paNa bhalAmaNa karI che. e adhyAya(2.36)mAM Aga olavavA saMbaMdhI niyamano paNa batAvAyAM che. A nirUpaNa ghaNuM pAMkhuM ane mAtra namUnArUpa ja jaNAya che. alabatta, 'tejIne Takoro' pUrato che. ahIM vanAgni(dAvAnaLa)nI samasyA kema nahi ullekhAI hoya? ema lAge che ke te samasyA prakRti dvArA ja UbhI thaIne prakRti dvArA ja nirAkaraNa pAmatI haze. kAlidAsa 'raghuvaMza'nA bIjA sargamAM dilIpanI gosevAnA varNanamAM ema kahe che ke jyAre rAjA vanamAM gAya pAchaLa pharatA hatA, tyAre vanamAM lAgelI Aga varasAda vagara ja zamI gaI41. vaLI e jamAnAmAM jaMgalo asAdhAraNapaNe vizALa bhUmibhAgomAM phelAyelAM hatAM; tethI mAnava dvArA nivAsI jIvana AraMbhAvAnA tabakke Thera-Thera vanomAMthI vAsa ane kRSi mATe, hamaNAM joyuM tema, khullI bhUminuM saMpAdana karavAnuM kAma eka agatyanA puruSArtharUpa banI gayuM hatuM. vinobAe batAvyuM che tema khAsa karIne enA anvaye kASTha-iMdhaNathI sadhAtA yajJo e eka vyApaka dharma tarIke pracalana 299 pAmyA. prAkRtika vanAgnio paNa A paristhitimAM prAyaH iSTApatti(upakAraka Apatti)rUpa gaNAtA haze. 'mahAbhArata'no khAMDavadAha-prasaMga paNa mAnavanA A prakhara-raudra karmano romaharSakArI paricaya karAve che. (mAnavaitihAsanuM A vanavinAzarUpa prakaraNa taTastha mUlyAMkana ane kadAca punarvicAra paNa mAge che.) Aje to vanavinAza mAnavavinAzano paryAya banI rahyo che. paryAvaraNavido eka bharI-bhAdarI jANakArI evI Ape che ke vano to bhUmirUpa dehanuM ArogyarakSaka phephasuM che. evuM noMdhAyuM che ke brAjhilamAM eTalAM badhAM vano prakRtie sarjelAM ke teno vaizvika paryAvaraNanI rakSAmAM khUba ja mahattvano phALo hato. Aje emAMnAM moTA bhAganAM vanono nAdAna mAnave uccheda karyo che ! jaLarUpa upAdhi mukhyatve ativRSTithI UbharAtAM jaLAzayonI samasyArUpe ullekhAI che. mAnava ane tenAM vAsasthAno vinAzathI bace te rIte yogya samaye jaLAzayothI vyApakarUpe prajAe dUra haTI javAnI sahaja vAta mukAI che. vaLI bacAva mATe taravA-tAravAnAM sAdhanonI vipulatA ane yogya sthAne nitya sajja sthitimAM tenuM sthApana nabhAvavAno rAjyataMtrIya tema ja prajAkIya khaTako e mahattvanI bAbato che. sAmUhika bacAvakAryamAM sAdhanasajja ane kSamatAyukta vyaktie sAtha na Apavo te paNa jema agni-upadravamAM tema AmAM paNa daMDanIya aparAdha gaNAyo che te dhyAnapAtra vAta kahevAya. gUDha ke dhArmika upAya tarIke nadIpUjA, gaMgApUjA, parvatapUjA, sAgarapUjAno anurodha For Personal & Private Use Only

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300 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa paryAvaraNa premIone to khUba rasaprada lAge tevo che. laukika yA vaidika abhicAravidyA(maMtrataMtravidyA)nI paNa bhalAmaNa karAI che. vyApaka vyAdhi ke mAraka rogacALAnA pratIkArarUpe te vakhatanI utkrAMtidazA anusAra mAtra vaidyakIya (tabIbI) upAyane pUrato ke rAmabANa ilAja na samajatAM te mATe gUDhavidyAno prayoga ke zAntikAraka vaidika prAyazcittavidhi paNa kAryasAdhaka upAya tarIke bhalAmaNa pAmyA che. A be upAyo anukrame prANabaLa ane cittazuddhinA prakarSa upara AdhArita kahI zakAya, ane cikitsakanA upAya prajJAbaLa para Azrita. Aje paNa navA-navA aneka dAvAo karatuM rahetuM AjanuM tabIbI-vijJAna saMtoSakAraka rIte vyApakapaNe saphaLa banatuM jovA maLatuM nathI. upara gaNAvela bAkInI be vidyAo Aje paNa samAjamAM koI ne koI rUpAMtara prayojAya che - bhale teno vyApa maryAdita ke gupta hoya. dubhikSa (dukALa; rUpAMtare "anAvRSTi')rUpa mahA-ApattinuM nirUpaNa sauthI vadhu rasaprada ane sAMskRtika maulikatAvALuM jaNAya che. AkhA rASTranI prajAnI deyAtrA anna-jaLanI kAramI achata vacce ya kema TakAvavI te to saMskRtino pAyo TakAvavAno prazna paNa banI rahe che. rASTranI sacetanorUpa mULa saMpattino prANAdhAra che jIvanapoSaka cIjono vipula ane sAtatyayukta mahApravAha. e, prajAdehone, prANIdehone poSIne saMskRtidehane ya poSe che. cIjonA A mahApravAha mATe jarUrI che surakSita, supoSita prajAnuM saMkhyAbaLa, tenI karmazakti ane samatulA-sAdhaka saMskArasamRddhi, tema ja rAjayataMtra dvArA cirakAlIna dhoraNe sarvAgI sUjhabUjhathI jAte UbhI karAyelI ke nabhAvAyelI arthotpAdaka ane jIvanavidhAyaka evI sArvajanika, akhUTa, naravI kAmagIrIo (rojagArI). dukALano sAmano A majabUta pAyAnI dhiMgI diladAra surakSA dvArA karavAno che. dareka jIva akALa mRtyuthI bacI prANa sArI rIte TakAvI zake te mATe rAjAnI vAtsalyazakti, prANazakti ane prajJAzaktithI prerita taMtre yathAzakti pUrNa prayatna karavAno che; "upAdhiyogane "samAdhiyoga' banAvavAno che. ahIM dukALanA saMdarbhe prAcIna-paraMparAgata ke saMbhavataH kauTilyane AgavI rIte sUjhelA aneka zakya upAyavikalpo rajU karAyA che. dukALanA svarUpa ane vyApa mujaba, tema ja prajAjUthonI zArIrikamAnasika dazA mujaba je-te vikalpa ke vikalpasamUha lAgu pADI zakAya. kALabhede, dezabhede koI anurUpa anya vikalpa paNa apanAvI zakAya. A prajAnI ne taMtranI supta pratibhAnA utthAnano avasara che. prajAmAM khetI karavAnI zakti, sUjha ane zAMti TakI zakI hoya ane jaLanI maryAdita jogavAI paNa zakya hoya, to rAjaye kheDUtone khAvA mATe ane vAvavA mATe dANA vagere sAmagrInI sahAya karavI joIe, jethI khetI cAlu rahI prajAne khAdya-puravaTho maLe. laghutama jaLajarUriyAtavALI 'sUkI khetI' ghaNI prAcIna hovAnuM sUcana ahIM vAMcI zakAya. khetInA vikalpa rAjayanAM keTalAMka sthAyI upayogitAvALAM nirmANakAryo - jevAM ke killo, setu(sIMcAI mATenI racanAo)nAM nirmANa, samArakAma ke vistaraNa - AraMbhI temAM prajAne vyApakapaNe jAMDIne mahenatANuM mukhyatve khAdhA-kharAkamata - bhAta; bhajanasAmagrI)svarUpe cukavavuM. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA Ane lIdhe dukALasamaye, rASTramAM kAyamI lokopayogI suvidhAonI vRddhi ane rojagArI dvArA tAtkAlika prajA-poSaNa e baMne nakkara hetuo sAthe sadhAya che. A vikalpamAM khAdyasAmagrI rASTramAM ja chatavALA pradezo rahyA hoya to tyAMthI athavA mitra evA najIkanA rAjyamAMthI meLavavAnI rahe. duSkALakAlIna eka samabhAvI Ayojana evuM paNa hoI zake ke nika-garIba sarva prajAjanone samAna rIte mAthAdITha khAdhA-khorAkInI vaheMcaNI karavI eka pUraka ane tAtkAlika upAya tarIke. bAkI, prajAne beThADu to rAkhavAnI ja nathI. 301 bIjA vyAkhyAnanA aMte joyeluM tema prAcIna-bhAratIya rAjanItimAM mUrta thayelI rAjamaMDalanI kalpanA tattvataH rASTro vacce mAtra pratispardhA ke paraspara-zatrutAnI vyUharacanA mATe ja puraskAra pAmI nahotI, paNa zakyatA pramANe paraspara-sahayoga, duSTatattva sAme saha-abhiyAna vagere sAMskRtika hetu mATe paNa hatI. te mujaba dukALanA prasaMge upAyarUpa eka vikalpa batAvAyo che potAnA duSkALagrasta rASTrane anya mitrarASTra pAse 'thApaNa' tarIke mUkavAno. Ama to dezane giro mUkavAnI A vAta che, paNa rAjanaitika sAvacetI rAkhIne ane potAnA dezanI sAmA rASTramAM baMdhAyelI zAkhamAM vizvAsa mUkIne, rASTragauravane japhA na pahoMce tema A vikalpa paNa ajamAvI zakAya. A vikalpa . svIkAravAthI, thApaNa tarIke dukALagrasta rASTrane svIkAranAra rASTrane thApaNa mUkAyelA rASTranAM je koI aMgo ke mulko dukALanI asarothI mukta hoya, teno potAnA vikAsamAM upayoga karavAnI taka maLe che ane sAme dukALagrasta rASTrane paNa rojagArI ane nirvAhasAdhano maLe che. : rAjyAMgarUpa sAta 'prakRti'o (pAyAnAM ghaTako) paikI sAtamI prakRti tarIke 'mitra' gaNAvAya che. enI sArthakatA dukALanA saMdarbhe sUcavAyelA A saheja judA vikalpamAM paNa dekhAya che H dukALamAM mitrarASTrano Azraya levo. agAu evA rASTra sAthe bahumukhI sahayoganAM jeTalAM vyApa, UMDANa ane audAryathI maitrI poSI hoya, te pramANamAM dukALa pAra karavAmAM evA rASTrano majabUta Teko maLI rahe. A arasaparasa upakAranI vAta hoI eka sahaja rAjanaitika saMskRti ane sadAcArano ja bhAga gaNAya. = bIjA be vikalpo paNa dRSTisaMpanna ane hiMmatabharyA che. eka vikalpa che 'karzana' (kRza arthAt pAtaLuM ke ochuM karavuM) - rASTranI dukALagrasta prajAne saMpanna evA anya rASTramAM pheravavI (paristhiti mujaba lAMbA-TUMkA gALA mATe). ene khUba maLato anya vikalpa che 'vamana' (bahAra ThAlavavuM) - rASTranA duSkALagrasta bhAganI prajAne rASTranA ja anya saMpanna bhAgamAM pheravavI. ahIM e vigata yAda karIe ke nainapaniveza ('navA janasthAnanI sthApanA') nAmanA adhyAya kra. 2.1mAM navA grAmasamAjanI sthApanAno eka mahattvano hetu AnA paryAyarUpa zabda amircandra-vamana dvArA batAvyo che vastInA jamAva(miscandra)ne ghaTADavA mATe, sthAnaphera icchatA parivAronI navI vasAhatamAM pheravaNI (vamana) karavI. A vAta sAmAnya saMdarbhe che; dukALanA saMdarbhe nahi. paNa baMnemAM pAyAno vicAra samAna che - vastInuM samavistaraNa karI puravaThA-taMtra paranI prAdezika tANa dUra karavI. A eka saMskRtipoSaka Tharela vicAra che, jene nyAya ApavAno paDakAra dRSTisaMpanna rASTrIya arthataMtre UMDI sUjha-samaja dAkhavIne jhIlavAnI jarUra che. saMtati-niyamana karatAM paNa rASTramAM prajAnuM samavistaraNa e vadhu pAyAno nIti For Personal & Private Use Only

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302 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa viSayaka kAryakrama che. ene apanAvavA vikendrita arthataMtranI nIti Avazyaka bane che. dukALa samayanI rAjayamaMtrI nItinA bhAgarUpa je vikalponI ahIM vAta karI, tenuM ucca sAMskRtika mahattva samajI levuM jarUrI che, "manuSyothI bharelI bhUmi te artha' evI kauTilyokta marmasparzI vyAkhyA hRdayathI svIkArIe, to prabuddha rAjayataMtre dukALamAM mAtra dayA-dAnarUpe nahi, paNa rASTranA dIrghakAlIna unnata bhAvine haiye dharIne, vadhumAM vadhu manuSyone mAtra jIvatA rAkhavA ja nahi, paNa temanA jIvanane zakya teTalI sArI rIte TakAvavA mATe, hamaNAM kahyA mujaba moTA pAye prajAnI prAdezika herApherI jevo tatkALa khUba kharcALa dekhAto vikalpa paNa, rASTranI dIrghakAlIna sthiratA ane bahumukhI samunnati mATe, bharyA-bharyA prajAvAtsalya sAthe aMgIkAravo ja rahyo. dhana veDaphIe to nahi ja, paNa vipula pramANamAM vAvI to jANIe ja. (AjanI vakarelI sarakAro AthI UlaTuM kare che - prajA mATenA sAva prAthamika kharcA paNa TALIne prajAvinAzaka, paryAvaraNavinAzaka pUMjIpatio pAchaLa abajonA abajo kharco kADhe che !) . saMbhavataH AjanA jeTalo vastIvisphoTa nahoto tevA e jamAnAnA saMdarbhe anya eka vilakSaNa lAgatuM sUcana AvuM ya che : "khuda rAjA ane rAjyataMtre janapadasahita dhAnyasamRddhivALA anya pradezamAM ke rASTramAM javuM" ! alabatta, A sUcana tAtA, agharA lAgatA vyavahAru prazno janmAve kharuM; paNa kalpanAzIla manuSyane A sUcana dvArA kauTilya rAjanItine kevo moTo mAnavocita abhikrama (initiative) - balka paristhitivizeSa anvaye saMskRti-jatanano apUrva sahayogI upAya - mAnatA hatA e samajAze. vaLI A AkhA prakaraNamAM e paNa jaNAya che ke eka bAjue, yAtAyAtanAM maryAdita sAdhanonA e samayamAM rASTronI sarahado cokkasapaNe (prAyaH prAkRtika ke bhaugolika rIte) aMkita ane vividha sthAnika prabaMdho dvArA surakSita hatI, tema ja AmaprajAnuM jIvana ekaMdare sthAnika vadhAre hatuM; tyAre paNa kauTilya saMkIrNa rASTravAdanA taraphadAra nahotA. saravALe paradezanIti paNa vyApaka, sarvahitakara arthanIti ke sAMskRtika sahayoga vikasAvavA mATe ja AyojAya temAM ja kauTilyane mAnavanI zreSTha buddhimattA ane pratibhA jaNAya che. anya eka vikalpa sUcavAyo che dukALamAM samudra, sarovara ke taLAvonA kAMThAnA pradezomAM Azraya levAno. AmAM samudrakAMThAno paNa samAveza kema karyo haze ? vicAratAM eka vAta e lAge che ke tyAre paryAvaraNIya khAnAkharAbI thAya tevA vahevAronA ekaMdare abhAvane kAraNe dariyAkAMThe dUranA bhUbhAga sudhI khArAM samudrajaLa ghUsavAnI samasyA haze nahi. bIjuM, dariyAkAMThe samadhAta ne bhejavALA vAtAvaraNamAM vanaspati-vikAsane vadhu avakAza raheto mAnI zakAya. vaLI dariyo kheDI mAchImArI, vepAra, dariyAtaLanI khAdya vanaspationI prApti, dariyAI mIThAnI prApti, samudravizeSa pramANe dariyAI motI, ratnonI prApti - A badhAM jIvanapoSaka, samRddhi-vardhaka kAmo thaI zake; prajAmAM jiMdAdilI hoya eTale basa. e cetanAdharma ja dukALa sAmenI kharI DhAla che. samudrajaLane khetIlAyaka ke pIvAlAyaka banAvavAnuM jJAna to te samaye paNa hovAnAM koI pramANa nathI. AjanA vijJAnayugamAM paNa e AvaData vizALa pAye hajI mAnavajAtane lAdhI nathI. sIMcAI mATenA baMdhothI nirmita bharyAbharyA jaLAzayo jo dukALamAM paNa TakI rahyAM hoya - For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 303 ane A sUcana parathI khAsa lAge che ke e vakhate evAM khUba vizALa mAnavakRta, copAsathI baMdha jaLAzayonA nirmANanI paraMparA haze; jema ke jUnAgaDha pAseno sudarzana setubaMdha ne tenuM vizALa jaLAzaya -, to tenA dvArA AhAraprApti karAvanAra be vyavasAyo sUcavAyA che : dhAnya, zAka, kaMdamULa athavA/ane phaLanI bAgAyatI khetI (Horticulture) ane mAchImArI. taduparAMta setubaMdhonA kAMThe phAlelAM ke anyatra TakI rahelAM vanomAM haraNa, anya pazu, hiMsaka prANIo, pakSI vagereno zikAra paNa mAMsAhAranI TevavALI AmaprajAno zarIra-nirvAha karI zake. hiMsAjanya mAMsAdino AhAra kRSiyugamAM paNa prAyaH annAhAranI samAMtare moTA bhAganI prajAmAM calaNI hato te satya to AjanA saMdarbhe ya svIkAravuM rahyuM. ahiMsAdharmI mAMsAdityAganI vibhAvanA e utkrAMtikrame hajI nAnakaDuM bALa che - alabatta, atyaMta pratibhAzALI nIvaDe tevuM honahAra (UMcA bhaviSyavALuM) bALa. e dhyAnamAM rahe ke e vakhate zikAranI vyApaka paraMparA hovA chatAM, ekaMdare AkhI ne AkhI prANI-jAtiono khAtamo ke temanI gaNanApAtra saMkhyAhAni thAya evI samasyA UThI nahotI; emAM jaMgalonI vipulatA paNa kAraNarUpa gaNI zakAya. "arthazAstra'mAMnA sauthI vadhu vistRta ane mahattvanAM adhyakSapravIra: e bIjA adhikaraNamAM koI vanAdhyakSano (AjanA jaMgala-vibhAga ane jaMgalamukhyAdhikArInI jema) ullekhamAtra paNa nathI; AkhA graMthamAM paNa kyAMya nathI ! sAme pakSe, vanomAM tyAMnI gaNanApAtra saMkhyAbaLa dharAvatI vanya mAnavajAtionuM paDakArI na zakAya tevuM joradAra svAdhIna rAjayataMtra hovAnA saMketo graMthamAM Thera-Thera maLe che, ane AvA taMtranA mukhiyAo (jene mATe bATavi karatAM paNa jaMgalanA paryAyarUpa khuda TavI zabda lAkSaNika rIte vaparAyo che te) cAlu rAjayataMtra mATe kaMIka aMze mAthAbhAre paDakArarUpa batAvAyA che; alabatta, anunaya (manAmaNAM, 'bhAbApA') dvArA vaza karI zakAya evA kharA. A thaI dukALa aMgenI khUba rasaprada carcA. uMdaranI rASTrIya Apatti mATe paNa keTalAka kAryakSama vyavahAru upAyo sUcavAyA che. uMdarabhakSI bilADA ane noLiyAno vyApaka uchera karI emano Thera-Thera phelAvo karavo; eTaluM ja nahi, te be jIvone haNavA badala Akaro daMDa karavo. uparAMta e be jIvone vyApakapaNe haNanArA kUtarAonI vastIne ane ceSTAone kAbUmAM rAkhavAnI pharaja pADato kAyado amalI banAvavo. vaLI uMdaro jAte marI jAya te mATe jherI dUdha pAyelAM ke gUDha jherI banAvaTovALAM dhAnyo Thera-Thera veravAM. (maulika ahiMsA-saMzodhana mATeno paDakAra ! ahiMsApremIoe khUba-khUba dhIraja ane sArvatrika mAnavavatsalatA dhAraNa karavI rahI.) eka kalpanAzIla, ramUjI lAgato upAya che karanI avejImAM mRta uMdaro svIkAravAno ! naravAM dhArmika zAMtikAraka anuSThAno paNa kartavyarUpa batAvAyAM che. jaMgalonA asAdhAraNa vyApanA anvaye vasatIomAM hiMsaka prANIonA upadravane kAbumAM levA bebhAna karanArAM rasAyaNa (manarala) bheLavelAM pazuzabo, evAM prANIonAM saMcArasthAnomAM mUkavAM, athavA mRtapazunAM AMtaraDAM mAdaka kodarA bharIne mUkavAM - evA jhaTa asara karanAra vyavahAru upAyo sUcavAyA che. kUtarAne khapamAM letA zikArIo dvArA gupta khADA ke pAMjarAno upayoga karIne prANIone phasAvIne, pakaDIne pUrI devAnI vadhu kauzala parizrama mAgatI yukti paNa sUcavI che. vadhu parAkramazakti For Personal & Private Use Only

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304 kauTilya arthazAstraH dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa dharAvanAra vyakti DhAlathI sajja banI AvAM prANIono pratyakSa mukAbalo karIne haNI paNa zake. AvA prasaMgoe zaktizALI vyakti madada mATe na doDe to tene daMDa karavAnuM vidhAna paNa che ! (sahayogI, ekarasa samAjanI kevI samRddha kalpanA !) samayapherane lIdhe Aje to hiMsaka prANIonuM ane emanA naisargika nivAsarUpa vanonuM rakSaNa e ciMtA ane ciMtana baMneno viSaya banI gayuM che ! sApanI vastInI rASTrIya Apatti tarIkenI gaNanA vipula vanonA sAnnidhyarUpa ke vasatIo mATe kapAyelI avaDa ke aDavI (virgin) bhUmirUpa viziSTa paryAvaraNIya saMdarbha sUcave che. sApanAM nivAsasthAno para vipula pramANamAM AkramaNa thatAM temanuM mAnavavasatIomAM ubharAvuM sAva sahaja ghaTanA banI rahe. "khapa teno chocha nahi' e nyAye mAnavajIvananA navA yuga ane navA vyavahAranA saMdarbhe A ghaTanAne anivArya gaNI kauTilya koI paryAvaraNIya Uha-apoha karavAnuM TALIne mAtra vyavahAru upAyonI ja vAta karI che. tyAre paryAvaraNa-prazno paNa khAsa na hatA. upAya tarIke gAruDIvarga (nAphullIviddA) dvArA sarpanigraha mATe thatA maMtraprayoga ke auSadhi prayogo mukhyarUpe batAvAyA che. vikalpa atharvaveda' para AdhArita abhicAra-vidyA paNa khapanI batAvAI che. grAmavAsIo dvArA bhegA thaIne sarpono vadha karavAno vikalpa paNa sucavAyo che ! sAme pakSe dhArmika upAya tarIke nAga-pUjAno upAya paNa sUcavAyo che ! sAmA cheDAnA AvA paraspara viruddha upAyono Azraya te vakhatanI, saMbhavataH samasyAnA AraMbhanA tabakkAnI bhayagrasta, dvidhAgrasta, ajJAnagrasta dazA sUcave che. Aje sarpo ane anya jaMgalI hiMsaka prANIo khIlelI taTastha vijJAnadaSTithI judI-judI rIte, vyApaka rUpe paryAvaraNane ke khetIne upakAraka hovAnuM samajAI rahyuM che; bhale lobhAMdha loko A prANIone kevaLa manamAnyuM dhana kamAvA Aje corIchUpIthI paNa mAravA pravRtta hoya, paNa temanuM game te upAyothI rakSaNa karavuM joIe evo vaijJAnika-sAMskRtika vicAra niHzaMkapaNe sthira thayo che ane A prANIsRSTinA nAzako sAme kaDaka hAthe kAma levAnI mathAmaNo paNa AraMbhAI che. sAcesAcI prajAniSTha lokazAhInA abhAve AvA pAyAnI samunnatinA aneka kAryakramo Talle caDhI rahyA che. ethI lokastare ja saMgaThita prayatno dvArA sarvAgI upAyo karavA ja rahyA. sAcuM vijJAna Aje prAcIna ahiMsAdi dharmamUlyone vaijJAnika Teko pUro pADI rahyuM che, tyAre pragativirodhI lobhAMdha tattvone barobara ughADA pADIne sAmudAyika jAgRti, apramAda ane svastha kriyAzIlatAthI mAnavasaMskRtinI zakya utkrAMtine mUrti karavI ja rahI. AvI ApattiomAM rAjyataMtra potAnuM kartavya samajIne, samajaNabharI prajAniSThAthI ekaMdare svayaMbhU rIte kharekhara pravarte e prAcIna kALathI cUMTAyelI paripATI Aje vyApakapaNe jAmI rahelI saMkIrNa svArthadaSTinA UMdhA gaNita sAme bhale AzcaryakAraka lAge, paNa taTastha rIte jotAM emAM sarvAgI buddhimAMthI janmelI AtmoddhAraka, sarvoddhAraka sAMskRtika ane AdhyAtmika vijayazIlatA che, je koIne parAjita karIne nabhatI nathI. prAcIna bhAratIya rAjA ane tenuM dRSTisaMpanna taMtra sarvabhUtahitarata RSisaMskRtinuM mAnava-saMtAna che, ane tenuM pravartana jIvamAtranA ekatvano mahotsava ja banI rahe che. prAcIna kALathI mAMDI Aja sudhI Ama-prajA para kahevAtI gUDha ke agocara melI zaktionI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA oNthAra paNa vyApakapaNe caMpAyelI che. grAmINa jIvana to AvI zaktionA sAcA-khoTA bhayathI savizeSa rUpe gherAyeluM rahe che, te prajAnA dainika jIvana ane arthopArjanakarmomAM paNa bAdhAkAraka banI zake che. AthI jAgRta rAjyataMtre rASTranA kharA 'tIrtha'rUpa AmaprajAnI A AMtarabAdhA ukelavAmAM paNa yathAzakya bheru banI rASTravikAsanA mArganA kAMTA dUra karavA ja rahyA. kauTilye potAnA samayamAM pravartatI viziSTa lokasthitinA anvaye ja 'rakSas' rUpa gUDha sattvonA trAsane paNa mahA-ApattiomAM sthAna ApyuM jaNAya che. kauTilya jevA buddhiniSTha manuSya pote kadAca AvI koI gUDhazaktine mAnatA na paNa hoya, paNa mAnavamananI saMkulatAne kAraNe prajAmAM sAcI-khoTI rIte vyApaka pramANamAM phelAyelA AvA bhayanA ane tenAM vAstavika duSpariNAmonA khyAle eno paNa, nivAraNa-pAtra Apatti tarIke svIkAra karelo jaNAya che. vaLI e paNa dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke utkrAMtinI gati dhImI hoI te-te kALe satyanA te-te vividha AkAro prajAmAM rUDha banatA haze. 'atharvaveda' jevo Akho veda AvI Apattio nivAravA mATe ja anurUpa maMtronA saMgraha tarIke ghATa pAmyo che. rakSas ane anya sattvonA bhaya nivAravA mATe 'atharvaveda'nI maMtra-karmAtmaka abhicAravidyA khapamAM levAtI haze. vaLI mAyA-yo(melI vidyA)nA jANakAra laukika bhuvAonI paNa AmAM madada levAnI bhalAmaNa karAI che. rAjyataMtrane AmAM saMDovavAnI bhalAmaNa prajAnI lAcArIno geralAbha laI bhaLatAM ja tattvo janapadanI sukhazAMtine ane udyamazIlatAne Talle na caDAve enuM dhyAna rAkhavA mATe karAyelI jaNAya che. e paNa dhyAnamAM levA jevuM che ke AvI badhI mahA-ApattiomAM, sAmAnya samasyAomAM ke Arthika upArjananA vyavasAyomAM paNa kAyama rAjye ja netRtva ane javAbadArI levAnI apekSA mAnavanA sAMskRtika bhAvi ke utthAna mATe lAMbe gALe iSTa na ja gaNAya. jema mAnavabALanI kALajI svastha mA-bApa amuka vaya sudhI ja laIne chevaTe tene svataMtra ane svAyatta banAvavAmAM ja potAnA vAlIpaNAnI sArthakatA ane dhanyatA anubhave che, tema saMskRtinI khilavaTanA utthAnakALamAM ja rAjyataMtranuM vyApaka ane ghaniSTha vaDapaNa ane netRtva khapanuM gaNAya; bAkI kAyama mATe jo prajA bahuvidha rIte sAmudAyika jIvananA abhikrama bAbata kuMThita ane parAyatta ja rahe to rAyasaMsthAnI sAMskRtika ke kalyANalakSI madhyasthatA ja niSphaLa thaI gaNAya. pachI te rAjyataMtra asAdhAraNa kAryabhAranA taNAvothI ane nIrasatAmAMthI janmatA kaMTALAthI gherAI, nakArAtmaka banIne dekhItA vaDapaNanA aMcaLA nIce, AMtarika prajA-dveSathI gherAIne uttarottara vadhu ne vadhu prajAzoSaNamAM ja rAcatuM thaI jAya. te sthitimAM rAjanIti enI sahajatA gumAvIne eka melo vyavasAya (sthapita hita) ja banI rahe. zrI vinobA paristhitionuM soMsaru darzana karatA hoI A kahevAtA kalyANarAjya (Welfare State)ne "Illfare State" (mAThuM karatuM rAjyataMtra) yogya rIte ja kahe che. gAMdhIjIe svarAjya meLavanAra koMgresane svarAjya maLyA bAda pakSIya saMgaThana tarIke vikharAI jaIne, rAjyasattAthI dUra rahI, lokasevaka-saMgha tarIke rUpAMtara pAmavA pAkI bhalAmaNa karato kharaDo mRtyu pAmyA te divase ja taiyAra karelo e ghaTanA jagat-rAjakAraNanA itihAsamAM eka khUba mahattvanA sAMskRtika vaLAMka tarIke parakhAvI joIe. vyApaka lokazikSaNa dvArA lokazakti jagavIne 305 For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa gAmegAma grAmasvarAjya khilavIne cheka nIcalA staranI AmaprajA sva-zAsita, sva-poSita, svazikSita banI rahIne rASTranA nirmANa ane vikAsanI kharekharI bhAgIdAra banavI ghaTe. rAjyataMtranuM kAma rASTra-nirmANanAM grAsastaranAM vikendrita kAmomAM pAyAnI mulkI suvidhAo (infrastructure), jarUrI Arthika anudAna, vahIvaTI saMkalana ityAdirUpe Teko pUruM pADavAnuM ja mukhyapaNe rahe. A rIte kauTilyanA samayanI rAjyataMtrIya pharajone utkrAMtikramanA eka tabakkA tarIke mUlavavI joIe, ane kauTilyane e svarUpe ja te abhipreta hovAnA aneka saMketo graMthamAMthI tAravI zakAya tema che. 306 (6) paradeza-nIti saphaLatA maLe tevI samagratAnI dRSTie prAcIna-bhAratIya rAjanItimAM paradezanItinI vicAraNA vyavahAru pAsAMo paratve to che ja, uparAMta tAttvika ke dArzanika stare, paNa thayelI che te kauTilyanAM keTalAMka nirUpaNone AdhAre ApaNe prAsaMgika rUpe AgaLa joyuM che. svadezanIti ane paradezanIti mATe, agAu joyuM tema, koI tabakke prAcIna-bhAratIya paribhASAmAM anukrame tantra ane AvAva zabdo rUDha thayA hatA. 'taMtra' eTale svadezanA rakSaNa ane poSaNa mATenuM vahIvaTI mALakhuM. 'AvApa'no zabdArtha che copAsa vAvaNI. jema kheDUta potAnI sarvAMgI samRddhi mATe khetaramAM te-te sthAne judAM-judAM bIja, dharu ke ropAnI vAvaNI kare che, tema dRSTisaMpanna rAjyataMtra dvArA najIkanAM tema ja dUranAM paDozI rASTro sAthenA jAgRta svahitakara saMbaMdha mATe cokkasa suciMtita abhigamo, manuSyo ane karmonI vAvaNI arthAt sthApanA karAya che. vizALa dharatInAM rASTro ke manuSyonA saMdarbhe rAjyataMtre svarASTranuM dRDha astitva sthApavuM hoya, to teNe potAnA AMtarika sthiti mATenA saMgaThana uparAMta paDozanAM rASTronAM potAnAM jevAM saMgaThanonA parIkSaNa dvArA temanI sAcI aMtaraMga oLakhANa meLavI levI joIe. tenAthI e rASTronA prAsaMgika duSTa vyavahAronuM niyaMtraNa ane anukULatA pramANe zakya teTalA Arthika-sAmAjika-sAMskRtika sahayoganAM paNa sthApana ane pallavana (khilavaTa) - e baMne mATe vizALa avakAza Ubho thAya che. 'arthazAstra'mAM prathama pAMca adhikaraNo svadezanItinAM che, je graMthaparimANanI dRSTie tenA betRtIyAMza bhAgathI paNa vadhAre sthAna roke che. adhikaraNa kra. 6thI 13 paradezanIti aMgenAM che, ane chellAM be adhikaraNo pariziSTo rUpa che. mAneluM 'potAnuM rASTra' ja rAjanItinuM kAyamI ke pheraphAra na thAya tevuM salAmata ghaTaka nathI te samajAtAM, je-te kALe mANasanI jeTalA mulka sudhInI Avana-jAvananI pahoMca hoya te samagra kSetra sarvadA rAjanItinuM vAstavika kSetra, ghaTaka ke ekama hovAnuM samajAya che. te samajAyAthI ja paradezanItinI AkhI rAjanaitika zAkhA vikasI che, jenA mUrta pariNAma ke pratIka tarIke 'rAjamaMDala'nI prAcIna rAjanaitika vibhAvanA rUDha thaI. jevI potAnA rASTranI asmitA hoya che tevI aneka rASTrIya asmitAo copAsa sakriya che ane e badhAM sAthenI AMtarakriyA para ja ApaNI potAnI rASTrIya asmitA, samRddhi ane sukhazAMti nirbhara che te bAbatanI nitya-jAgRti arthe ja For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 307 paradezanIti anivArya banI rahe che. ApaNuM karyuM-kAravyuM anya rASTra dvAra nakAmuM na karI devAya te paNa satata jovAnuM che, ane vaLI susaMyoga Ubho thAya, to ApaNA rASTrIya puruSArthane anya rASTranI maitrIbharI oNtha ane kumaka paNa maLI zake. - ahIM e spaSTa karavuM joIe ke prAcIna bhAratIya paradezanIti na to zatrupaNuM vadhAravA mATe ke na to mAtra zatrune mArI haThAvavAnA dhyeyavALI che. cAra yuganI dhAraNA pramANe bhAratIya paraMparA mahAbhArata yuddhanA AraMbha sAthe kaLiyuga beTho tema prarUpatI hoI, dareka rASTranI copAsa anya rASTronAM kUDakapaTanuM, zatrutAnuM gADha jaMgala hovAnuM to jarUra svIkArAyuM che, ane te mATe eka zreSTha sAdhaka yogI jeTalo sAtatyayukta dhyAnayoga paNa dareka rASTranA rAjayataMtre dAkhavavAno che e paNa nakkI. paraMtu "masyapurANa'mAM eka adhyAyamAM maLatI "dharmavRSabha'nI kalpanA mujaba cAra paga dharAvato dharmavRSabha kaLiyugamAM chevaTe eka paga para paNa Ubho to rahe che ja; mRtyu pAmato nathI ! tAtparya e ke kaLiyugamAM dharmapAlana khUba kaThina jarUra che, paNa azakya nathI. kALatattvasaMbaMdhI zIkhadharmanI eka prasiddha mAnyatA che ke parama zakti "akAla' (kALabaMdhanathI para) che. ema kahI zakAya ke jANe A mAnyatAnA ja paDaghA rUpe bhAratIya rAjanItimAM svIkRta rAjyanI sAta prakRtiomAM eka "mitra'-prakRtinI paNa avadhAraNA sthira thaI che. bhale agratAkramamAM e chellI hoya, paNa UjaLI rAjanItinI kharI kamANIrUpa e prakRti che. mitrarUpa A rAjayAMganI cirakAlIna jALavaNI ja zANI, vijayazIla rAjanItinuM madhuratama suphaLa che. pharI e asala mitra-prakRtinAM kauTilyokta lakSaNo yAda karIe : pUrvajothI cAlI AvatI, nitya (sthAyI), vazamAM rahe tevI, dvidhAmukta, mahAt (mahimAyukta) ane maitrI arthe jaldI sajja thaIne UbhI rahe tevI. sAmAnya rIte to rAjanItimAM 'para' (anya; anya rASTra) zabda ja "zatru'no paryAya gaNAya che e na bhulAya. e pArzvabhUmikAmAM A 'mitra'nI kalpanAnI kalama' karAI che ! yugasaMdarbhe dareka 'para' rASTrane zatru tarIke gaNIne cetatA rahevuM te to jarUrI che ja. paNa A to gApheliyatathI bacavA mATenI vAta che; potAnA taraphathI tenI pratye kUDakapaTa ja AcaratA rahevAno ke zatrutA dAkhavavAno e Adeza nathI. to bIjI bAjue rAjanaitika "mitra' pratye paNa potAnA rASTranI samagra prajAnuM nityanuM hita jALavavAnI sthAyI javAbadArIne varelA rAjyataMtre nitya nirIkSaka-parIkSaka banI rahevAno udyama paNa choDavAno nathI. mAneluM mitrarAjaya paNa sAco ke svakalpita hita-virodha jaNAtAM ke teno mukhya rAjayakartA badalAtAM kyAre zatru banI bese te kahI zakAya nahi. eTale "rAjanItimAM kAyamI mitratA hotI nathI" evuM sUtra paNa rUDha thayuM. A daSTie 'mitra' bAbate paNa bhAvukatAmAM kheMcAI javAnuM barobara nathI; taTastha, sAvadhAna buddhiyoga ja rAjayataMtranuM aTala kartavya che. pAkI gupta zatrutA AcaratA kahevAtA 'mitra'-rAjayane barobara oLakhI laIne, prasaMge AtmarakSaka (defencive) AkramaNa(thAna)nI ke zItayuddha samAna pracchanna vaimanasya(viprada)nI nIti paNa apanAvavI jarUrI thaI paDe. A badhAM chatAM, saravALe to sAcI dizAnI sarvAgI mAnavocita arthasamRddhinuM nirmANa ja kauTilyane rAjanItinuM kharekharuM dhyeya dekhAya che. tenAthI ja sarvaprajAjanonA bhautika jIvananI iSTa For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa siddhi paNa sadhAya che ane e 'artha' ja dharma ane kAma baMnenI paNa siddhi karIne rAjanItine apUrva sAMskRtika UrdhvarohaNanuM ke divyatA taraphanI gatinuM nimitta banAvI zake che. ethI ja pararASTra sAthenAM kAThAM vera paNa zakya teTalA naravA vikalpothI ukelavAnI mathAmaNa karI chUTavAnuM TharelapaNuM ApaNane A graMthamAMnI carcAonI aneka vigatomAM dekhAya che. 308 A kAraNe ja prasiddha cAra rAjanaitika upAyono ke abhigamono agratAkrama paNa A che : sAma, dAna, bheda, daMDa. ciraMjIva pariNAma ane vaira-nirasana baMne sAdhanAro pAyAno sAMskRtika upAya che sAma arthAt zatru sAthe nikhAlasa carcA ane samajAvaTa; bhale ene prayojanAra ke ene vaza ke anukULa thanAra varga ghaNo nAno hoya ane emAM saphaLa thavAnuM khUba kaThina hoya. 'dAna' eTale zatrune dhana ke vastu ApavAM te. Ano agratAkrama jotAM ene lAMca jevA melA upAyano paryAya na samajatAM mAnavamananI parakha para AdhArita evA, pramANamAM naravA upAyaprakAra tarIke ja jovo joIe. e upAya mAnavamanamAM paDelA maryAdAyukta ane ThIka-ThIka naravA evA lobhanA vivekayukta ne dAtAnuM svamAna jaLavAya tevA poSaNa para AdhArita che. emAM evA lobha-zAmaka pradAna dvArA chevaTe to zatru-pakSa jo kaMIka aMze saraLapariNAmI hoya to tenI samajazaktine jagADavAno sAmarUpa upAya ja tenA bIjA tabakkArUpe amalI bane che. lobha uparAMta kAma, krodha, IrSyA jevA keTalAka mAnavacittanA vikAro nirdoSa mAtrA ke svarUpanA paNa hoI zake che. tethI enuM vivekayukta zamana kAryasAdhaka bane che te vyavahAru diSTa A upAya-yojanAmAM rahelI che. e rIte Ane nirupadravI upAya ja gaNavo rahyo. tethI te bIjA krame gaNAvAyo che. emAM sAmA pakSanI lobhavRtti dUra karAtI nathI eTalo ja sAmAnya doSa rahelo che. paNa rAjanIti e sIdhI sudhAraka pravRtti nathI te dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM joIe. pAchalA be upAyo vatte-oche aMze anarthakAraka hoI na-chUTake ane ochAmAM ocho anartha thAya te rIte apanAvavA ghaTe. sRSTimAM zreSTha vastu ke vartana haMmezA sulabha hoya tema banatuM nathI, tethI jyAM upAya karavAnuM to anivArya ja hoya, tyAM je-te deza-kALamAM zakya jevo paNa upAya hoya te apanAvavo te kartavya banI rahe che. 'bheda' eTale bhedana - toDavAnI kriyA. te 'bheda' ke 'bhedana' be prakAranA che bhedanaviSayanA bhede. emAM kAM to zatrunA AtmavizvAsanuM bhedana thAya che, yA samagra zatrujUthanA saMpanuM bhedana thAya che. A baMne rIte zatrunI AkramakatA DhIlI paDAya che yA enA 52 pANI pheravI devAya che. zatru jo kAco-poco, bIkaNa ke namAlo hoya, to tene dhamakI dvArA yA zatrutAnA kharAba pariNAmanI joradAra AgAhI dvArA tenA jorane, AtmavizvAsane toDavAmAM Ave che. have jo zatru aneka sAthIonA saMgaThanavALo, sahayoganA pIThabaLavALo hoya, paNa e sAthIo jo kAcA-kAnanA hoya, to te sAthIonI alaga-alaga rIte, eka-bIjA-viruddha kAna-bhaMbheraNI nipuNatAthI karAya che, jene lIdhe prAyaH temanAM saMpa ane saMgaThana tUTe che ane mukhya zatrunA hAtha heThA paDe che. A upAya moTA bhAge te prayojanAra (vAparanAra) vyaktinA dhamadhamATabharyA paNa manovaijJAnika sUjhavALA vANIbaLa para AdhArita che. emAM bolAtAM vacano satya para AdhArita hoya ke na hoya tenI paravA nathI karAtI; sAmAne mAtra sAcAM dekhAya enI jogavAI ja manovaijJAnika For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 309 sUjha-samajathI karAya che. AmAM paNa chevaTe AkramaNa ne yuddha TaLe che te naravuM pariNAma gaNAya. khoTuM jora mAranArane enI vAstavika bhUmikAmAM lAvanAro A upAya paNa kharekhara naravo ja gaNAya. daMDa eTale kAM to zatrune bhAre Arthika phaTako pahoMcADavo yA tenI vividha staranI vipula rASTrIya khAnAkharAbI thAya, yA te sattA sudhdhAM gumAve tevo sainyavyApAra arthAt yuddha prayojavuM. AgalA traNa upAyanI niSphaLatA ke azakyatAnA saMjogomAM je yuddharUpa daMDa-upAya prayojavAno che, te saravALe "upAyarUpa eTale ke kAryasAdhaka bane te mATe paNa bhAratIya-rAjanItimAM khUba taTastha ne svastha ciMtananuM tema ja amalanI UjaLI paraMparAnuM kheDANa thayeluM che. ethI saravALe baMne pakSa potapotAnI zakti aMgenI vAstavikatAnA bhAnathI avAstavika kharca ane khuvArIno mArga tyajIne svarASTrane saMbhALavAmAM ja parovAya che. A parathI ema paNa kahI zakAya ke yuddhanI anivAryatA pArakhIne, enI sahaja maryAdAo jALavIne, pUrI zaktithI yuddha karI chUTavuM te saravALe to puSkaLa anarthonuM nivAraka ja bane che. paNa AjanA yugamAM maryAdAnI jALavaNInuM valaNa paNa nahivat che ane khuvAra karavAnAM sAdhano paNa saravALe AtmaghAtaka ja banI rahe tema hoI koI paNa yuddha upAyarUpa ja nathI rahyuM te dhIre-dhIre samajAtuM jAya che. sAcuM yuddha to udhaIthI khokhalA thayelA vRkSa jevA zatrune toDI pADavA jevuM sahaja karma hoya ane tethI emAM lAghava (TUMkANa) hoya. pAchaLanA samayanA prAcIna-bhAratIya nIti(daMDanIti)graMthomAM A sAthe eka pAMcamo upAya batAvyo che "upekSA' - dA.ta. kAmaMdakIya nItisAra'mAM. agAu kahyA pramANe "arthazAstra'mAM paNa enI ADakatarI svIkRti samajAya che - khAsa to graMthanA "zamavyAyAmim' adhyAya(6.2)mAMnI zama'-viSayaka carcA parathI. vaLI rAjanItinA cha "guNo' ( SAgyam - lAbhakAraka che paradezanItio) paikInA trIjA mAsana guNanI to 3pekSaNam (upekSA) evI ja eka vaikalpika vyAkhyA apAI che te paNa enI upAya tarIkenI ADakatarI svIkRti sUcave che. hakIkate, sAmAdi upAyonI carcA graMthamAM prAsaMgika rIte ja anya viSayanA prakaraNamAM TUMkamAM karAI che. "zAsanAdhikAra: e adhyAya kra. 2.10mAM rAjadvArI patranA viSayonI bhinnatA carcatAM A cAra upAyo paNa lekhanA bhinna viSayo tarIke samajAvAyA che. anya keTalAMka prakaraNomAM paNa AnA prayoganA prasaMgo carcAyA che. upekSA upAyano vicAra karatAM khAsa karIne "RgvadamAM aneka sthaLoe prayojAyelo 'thIra zabda yAda Ave che. koI paNa sArA-mAThA prasaMge samatAyukta (taTastha) buddhine je prayoje te dhIra - dhiyaM ti sa dhIra: ("dhI" arthAt buddhine prere, pravRtta kare te dhIra). khuda upekSA zabdano paNa mULa artha yAskanA "nirukta' graMthamAM, temAM rahelAM dhAtunA viziSTa prayoga dvArA dhyAnapUrvaka tapAsavuM" evo sUcavAya che. mahAkavi kAlidAse kumArasamava-mahAkAvyamAM dhIranI vyAkhyA Ama ApI che : "vikAranuM kAraNa hoya, tyAre jemanAM citta vikRta nathI thatAM teo ja dhIra che.42 3pekSAmAM paNa zatrupakSanI viziSTa ceSTA prasaMge e ceSTAnuM svarUpa cokkasa prakAre samajAya te mATe potAnI koI paNa jAtanI pratikriyAne tatkAla zAMta rAkhavAnI vAta che. mahAkavi bhAravi potAnA viratALunIya For Personal & Private Use Only

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310 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa mahAkAvyamAM kahe che : "utAvaLe koI kriyA na karavI. aviveka (paristhiti ke vastu viSenA sAcA darzanano ke bodhano abhAva) e ApattionuM moTuM dhAma che. 43" ApaNe joyuM che ke kauTilya trividha zaktimAM paNa maMtrazaktine prabhuzakti ane utsAhazaktithI caDhiyAtI gaNe che. utAvaLe avicArI pagalAM na bharatAM paristhitinA pUrNa Akalana arthe pratIkSA karavI te ja che upekSA. rAjanItinA judA-judA guNakArI ke guNarUpa (lAbhakArI) abhigamorUpa pAtha('cha guNonuM jUtha')mAM rahelA dArzanika pAsAne paNa samajavA mATe agAu bIjA vyAkhyAnane aMte ja enI savistara carcA karI che, ethI ahIM enuM punarAvartana na karIe, paNa thoDI puravaNI karIe. hamaNAM je dhIra' zabdanI vAta karI, temAM rahelA dharatvane A paIiSyamAM yogya sthAna vyApaka rUpe maLeluM che. "kevaLa ratva ke kevaLa dhIratva (mAtra rAjanItinI beThADu carcAo) rAjanItimAM na cAle" evA prasiddha rAjanaitika sUtranuM ja, jANe pADyuSyanI carcArUpe sAtamA adhikaraNamAM bhASya thayuM che. emAM 'zama' ane 'vyAyAma" baMnenI samatola gUMthaNI hovAnI vAta to e AgalI carcAmAM joI ja che. AvA " pArtha'nuM dhyeya batAvatAM kahevAyuM che ke temAM saravALe svarASTra "kSayanI sthitimAMthI "sthAna' (samatola samadhAraNa sthiti)mAM Ave, ane temAMthI AgaLa vadhIne "vRddhi (savizeSa ke sarvAgI unnati)nI sthitimAM Ave te jovuM. e samajIe ke A koI dhULa vepArI naphAnI vRddhinI vAta nathI, paNa laukika hitanI vAta ane saravALe prajAnA ucca kalyANano rasto paNa sApha thAya tevI mAnavIya ke sAMskRtika vAta che. yuddhanI anubhavAzrita sarvAgI vicAraNA : - zatru sAthenuM yuddha e 'pAguSya'mAMnA "yAna'no ja paryAya che te ApaNe joyuM. 'vigrahanuM svarUpa mukhyatve zatru pratyenA apakArarUpa valaNanuM hoya che, temAM kriyAo zatruno apakAra thAya tevI nAnI ke madhyama hoI zake. to "yAna" to pUrNa sajjatA sAthe zatru pratyenI kUcarUpa, ane alabatta, temAMthI pariNamatA sarvAgI yuddharUpa hoya che te paNa ApaNe joyuM. e yuddha, zatru udhaIthI polA thaI gayelA vRkSa jema khokhalo thaI gayo hoya to enA ucchada mATe hoI zake, athavA mAtra zatru nabaLo paDe (vArzana pAme) tevI kakSAnuM (madhyama-parimANavALuM) paNa hoI zake. bhagavadgItA jevo pUrNapaNe adhyAtmabodha karAvato graMtha paNa, arjunane nimitta karIne manuSyamAtrane kartavyarUpa yuddhano paNa niHzaMka aMgIkAra karAvavA sAkAra thayo che e dekhItI rIte mahA-Azcarya hovA chatAM, enA pAyAmAM jIvananA sAva bhinna ke viruddha lAgatAM AcaraNonI starabhede samAMtara mAvajata thaI zake tevo sarvAgI jIvanabodha paDelo che. arjunane Adeza karatuM gItAnuM A mUlyasamanvayayukta vAkya gItAnA samagra saMkula bodhane sugama-sukara rIte pragaTa kare che : "javaramukta [thaI] tuM laDa" (yudhvasva vitezvara:). mANasanI sAmAnya prakRti pramANe, jarUrI sajajatA sAdhI koI ne koI svarUpe laDavAnuM to pramANamAM saheluM che, paNa javara eTale ke Aveza, uttejanA ke dveSa choDIne laDavAnuM tene prathama dRSTie agharuM ke azakyavat jaNAya. chatAM AdezadAtA ucca guru pratyenI acaLa zraddhA jarUra e Adezane For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 311 anusaravAnuM AMtarika sAmarthya thoDA prayatna, thoDA dhyAnayoge ApI zake. kharekhara to A Adeza apUrva nathI; bhAratanAM anubhUtimUlaka samagra AdhyAtmika valaNonA navanIta(mAkhaNa)rUpa che - AdhyAtmika vArasAnA dohanarUpa upaniSadonA paNa supaca punaHdohanarUpa che ! jIvananI paraspara otaprota ghaTanAonA, IzvaralIlA tarIke oLakhAvAyelA jALa ke saMkulamAM yuddhanuM kartavya paNa alaga na pADI zakAya tevuM sahaja aMga pAradarzI manISIone dekhAya che. svarUpabhede, starabheda, AkArabhede yuddha paNa jagannATakanuM prANabhUta aMga che. Adhunika manISA dAdA dharmAdhikArI ahiMsAnuM bhAvAtmaka svarUpa samajAvatAM kahe che ke e vIratvarUpe jagatamAM prakAzita thAya che. e pramANe to yuddha ane ahiMsA vaccenuM aMtara niraMtara ghaTatuM jAya tema che. bAhubaLazAlI hRdayavAnuM vyakti satyane spaSTa rUpe ane gANitika coksAIthI joI laIne, dhIra ane taTastha vRtti sAthe, je sAmethI zatru banI bese tenI sAme deza-kALAnusAra pUrA pratApathI, tenA maryAdAbhaMgane bane eTalA saMkSepayukta yuddhavyApArathI ThekANe lAvIne, pUrI javAbadArIthI yuddhanI paraMparAnirdiSTa AcArasaMhitAne anusaratAM, zatru zatrutAmAMthI paravAre tevI kSamA paNa ApI jANe che. daMDa upAyane agratAkramamAM chelle sthAna maLyuM hovA chatAM, jayAre yuddha kartavyarUpe apanAvavAnuM hoya che, tyAre tenA samagra kriyAkalApa ane sAdhanakalApa sAthe, zaMkAmukta pUrI utsAhazaktithI - prajJAyukta prANazaktithI - teno amala karavAno che. ethI arthazAstramAM tene graMthanAM cheka pAchalA adhikaraNomAM sthAna apAvA chatAM tenAM baliSTha tejasvI aMgonI anubhavAzrita rasaprada carcA samagratAyukta lAghavathI karAI che. graMthamAMnAM navamAthI teramA sudhInAM adhikaraNo paikI vacce AvatuM agiyAramuM adhikaraNa yuddhasaMbaMdhI nathI (!); te vakhatanAM gaNataMtronI carcA karatA eka adhyAyanuM ja baneluM che. A kramavaicitrya vAcakane kaMIka aMze gUMcave che. kadAca yuddhathI zatrunA ucchedanI carcAnA prakaraNa sAthe nabaLAM ke nAmanAM gaNataMtronA ucchedanI vAta meLamAM AvatI gaNI e saMdhavRtta adhikaraNane sAmi e dasamA adhikaraNanI tarata pachI mUkyuM hoya. bhAratIya ciMtana pramANe yuddhavAda ke yuddhakhorI to aniSTa che ja, paNa yuddhavirodhavAda ke zAMtivAda (Pacifism) paNa iSTa nathI. ahiMsAno ya pAyo satya hoI taTasthatA ke vastulakSitA (objectivity) ja jIvanasAphalyanI cAvI che. paristhitisApekSa navI-navI anubhUti mujaba, potAnAM kalpanAzrita ke bhAvuka evAM mata ke rucine dareka staranA satyanA prakAzamAM rUpAMtara pAmavA devAnI vAta che. je-te dezakALanI vAstavika paristhitirUpa satya pratyenI samabhAvI samarpitatA ja saravALe vyakti ane samaSTi(=samAja ane sRSTi)nI kAlAnurUpa utkrAMtinuM nimitta bane che. A daSTie ja ahIM A yuddhaviSayaka carcA aMgIkArAI che. maMtra/prabhu/utsAha-zaktine AvI anAsakti sahitanI utkaTa udyamazIlatAthI yuddhakartavyamAM homavAnI che. adhikaraNa kra. 9, 10, 12, 13 A cAra yuddhaviSayaka adhikaraNo AkhI carcAnI sarvAgitA Ama sAdhe che : "mAsya' (yuddha karavAno nirNaya karI cUkelAe yuddha pUrve levAnAM pagalAM') e navamuM adhikaraNa yuddhAraMbha ke kUcapUrvenAM bauddhika ane bhautika kartavyonI anubhavAzrita For Personal & Private Use Only

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31 2. kauTilya arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vyavahAru carcA sAta adhyAyomAM kare che. " sAmim' ('yuddhavidhi') e dasamuM adhikaraNa che adhyAyomAM, yuddha daramiyAna karavAnAM kAmo ane dhyAnamAM levA yogya bAbato rajU kare che. pAMca adhyAyanA bAramAM 'vinIyam' ('avanIyam eTale baLamAM UNapavALo rAjA; teNe prApta yuddha prasaMge ajamAvavA yogya viziSTa vijayayatno') adhikaraNamAM yuddhasAmagrI vageremAM UNA rAjAe ochAM sAdhano chatAM dakSatA ane capaLatAthI amalamAM mUkavAnI, sAphalyasAdhaka evA buddhiprayukta parokSa yuddha (gerIlA yuddha') mATenI mathAmaNonI khUba rasaprada carcA karI che. AmAM kauTilyanI mAnavamAtra mATenI cUMTAyelI sanabhAvI AsthA paNa pragaTa thaI che. vastusvarUpanI daSTie Ane maLatA paNa AnAthI UlaTI paristhitivALA (arthAt sabaLa) rAjAne uddezelA teramA sutrApopAya: ('killo kabbe karavAnA upAyo') nAmanA adhikaraNamAM AkramaNakArI rAjAe agAu karelA yuddhayatnone dhArelA lakSyanI siddhi dvArA vijayI banAvavA mATe khapanA, chevaTanA baLabuddhiprayukta viziSTa ghaniSTha upAyonuM Alekhana thayuM che. jIvananA koI paNa kSetramAM moTuM kAma saphaLatA sudhI pahoMcADavA mATe chevaTa sudhI apramAda ane sAmarthyane to khapamAM ANavAnAM ja che; paraMtu chevaTanA tabakke e baMnene tIvratama banAvI ('ranA ho raghuna pAnI' e saMkalpa sAthe !), chellI ghaDIe paNa niSphaLatA AvI na paDe te mATe badhuM uccatama sAmarthyathI karI chUTavAnuM jarUrI hoya che. prayatnamAM koI chIMDA ke kacAza na rahI jAya te mATe bhAgyadevatAne caraNe aMtima tabakkAno prakhara puruSArtha samarpavo jarUrI che. (bharatamuninA nATyazAstramAM paNa nATyaprayoganI siddhi arthe chevaTanA AvA utkRSTa dhyAnayoga ane karmayoganI carcA karI che.) A adhikaraNano chello tabdhapraza-nam ('prApta karelA zatrurAjyamAM vizvAsa-sthApana dvArA zAMti-sthApanA') nAmano adhyAya A AkhI yuddhakriyA saravALe kevI mAnavIya ane saMskRtirakSaka che te vAta tRptikara rIte prasthApI Ape che. jitAyelA rASTramAM sarvAgI zAMti sthApanA : A samagra yuddhasaMbaMdhI carcA vigate prathama vyAkhyAnamAMnA graMthavastuparicayamAM ApI hoI eTaluM ja umerIe ke pravAhaprApta parimita yuddha rAjanaitika parizuddhi sAdhIne saMskRtivardhaka prajAniSThAne ja aMke kare che. hamaNAM joyuM tema, sAcuM yuddha dveSarahita, abhimAnarahita virakarma che; drohayukta dUrakarma nahi. vIratva to saravALe sarvakalyANakara ja banI rahe che. AnA jIvaMta purAvArUpe navyaprazamanam (adhyAya ka. 23.5) ane anya keTalIka vAto thoDI vigate tapAsIe. vaidika sAhityanA mahattvanA bhAgarUpa cha vedAMgo paikInA "kalpa' vedAMganA eka viSayAMgarUpa dharmasUtromAM, temAMthI vikaselA dharmazAstra'-graMthomAM ane tenAM ya avataraNorUpa smRtigraMthomAM je udAra dharmatattvanuM bauddhika ane bhAvanAtmaka saMgopana (jALavaNI) lagAtAra ane samAna utkaTatA sAthe vividha rIte thatuM AvyuM che, tevuM ja saMgopana dharmazAstranI eka zAkhArUpa rAjadharmane nirUpatI daMDanIti-vidyA(TUMkamAM nIti'-vidyA)mAM ane kauTilyanA 'arthazAstramAM paNa pUrI utkaTatAthI thayuM che enI bharI-bharI khAtarI karAve tevI kauTilyanI A rajUAtane joIe. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 313 agAu ullekhyA mujaba vAta che vijigISa dvArA pUrNa parAkrama ane satyadharmI pratApa dvArA jitAyelA zatru-rASTranAM taMtranA tema ja sarva prajAvargonA hRdayane jItavAnI, hRdaya-siMhAsana para birAjavAMnI. e nAjuka kAmagIrIno pAyo che satyadharma - yA sAcA rAjadharmanuM ja vijigISa dvArA thayeluM vivekI anusaraNa. vijigISa ane tenA vijayI taMtravAhakonA, vijaya bAdanA saumya, sauhArdapUrNa vyavahArathI e satyadharmanI kramika pratIti jitAyelA rASTranAM sarva aMgone thAya che. raghuvaMzanA raghurAjA pachI gAdIe AvelA ajarAjAe rAjayagrahaNa bAda prajAmAM phelAvApAtra aniSTa-zaMkAne zamAvavA pRthvI (prajA) para sadayapaNe zAsana karyuM (sadvayaM tumune) - jema navavivAhita vivekI puruSa potAnI paraNetara uga na pAme tema ja enI sAthe sadayapaNe (mRdutA jALavIne) ratisaMbaMdha vikasavA de tema. "raghuvaMza' kAvyamAM kAlidAse AvuM atyaMta sUcaka nirUpaNa, jIvananAM A mahattvanAM baMne kSetro para vedhaka prakAza paDe tema karyuM che. kauTilya paNa vijita rASTra sAthe navA rAjA ane tenA taMtranI ekarUpatA ane ekarasatA sthapAya te mATe "bdhaprazamanas' nAmanA TUMkA paNa atyaMta hRdayasparzI ane vyavahArabodhaka adhyAya(kra. 13.5)mAM anubhavasArarUpa rajUAta karI che. enI vigato prathama vyAkhyAnamAM graMthaparicayanA vibhAgamAM to, vAcakanI ruci uttejAya tema saMkSepamAM varNavI ja che, paNa ahIM enI puravaNI thAya tema vadhu vyApaka pariprekSyathI keTalIka vAto umeravI yogya che. te pahelAM ukta adhyAyanI pUrvenA cothA adhyAyanA uttarArdhamAM (sUtra bAvanamAmAM), zatrunA killAmAM ke tenI chAvaNImAM aMtima vijaya mATenA AkramaNanA nirUpaNamAM ApelI eka vigata paNa joI levA jevI che, jethI ApaNe samajavAno mukhya muddo hRdayasparzI rIte puSTa thAya. vAta che zatrusainyanA sainiko paikI kaI-kaI avasthAmAM rahelA sainiko para AkramaNa (yuddhavidhi) na karavuM te aMgenI. e kALajIbharI yAdI AvI che : nIce paDI gayelA, pITha pheravI gayelA, zaraNe AvelA (fmapanna), chuTTA thaI gayelA vALavALA, zastra choDI cUkelA, bhayathI murajhAI gayelA (virU5) ane laDavAnuM choDI cUkelA - AvA sainikone abhayadAna devuM. kauTilya rajU karelI A vAta paraMparAgata hovA chatAM kauTilya jevA prabuddha manISI dvArA kahevAvAthI e vizeSa mahimA pAme che. A suciMtita yAdI paripUrNa na hovAnuM ane namUnArUpa ja hovAnuM to sAmAnya buddhithI paNa samajI zakAze. mULa vAta che yuddhabhUmimAM paNa niraMtara taMtotaMta jhanUna-mukta (fvAtaq2) rahevAnI, naryA dharmayuddhanI. e ja "dharama 1 mUna'rUpa pratApI dayAno rasa, ApaNe have jovAnI mukhya vigatomAM paNa UtarI Avato anubhavAze. e dayAdharma ja bharyA-bharyA mAnavajIvanano zAzvata sAra che e sahRdaya bauddhikone samajAyA vagara raheze nahi. jitAyelA rASTranAM hRdaya jItavA ane saMbhavita virodhone ke vidrohone viphaLa karavA mATe je TUMkA-TUMkA upAya-nirdezo ukta adhyAyamAM apAyA che te pAchaLa UMDo buddhiyoga jaNAya che; emAM nathI uparachallI bhAvukatA ke nathI vijita rASTranAM taMtrarUpa ane prajArUpa ghaTakonI gAbharI-gAbharI narI svArthI khuzAmata - e na bhulAya. enI pAchaLa buddhipUta manovijJAna, lokasvabhAva- jJAna, For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa lokAdara ane vizuddha-niHsvArtha rAjadharmanuM pUrNa sabhAnapaNuM e badhAMno vyApAra pravo che. pararASTrane jItavuM eTale, sAMskRtika rIte joIe to, te rASTranI atipIDita prajAne khokhalA, saDI gayelA rAjyataMtranI cuMgAlamAMthI choDAvavuM. sAco rAjadharma sva-para-bheda nathI karato; mAtra prApta dezakALamAM potAnI pahoMca (zakti) keTalI che tenuM ja gaNita gaNe che. rAjanItinI vizuddha bhUmikAnI dRSTie koI rASTra ke dezano bhogavaTo te bhogapradhAna nahi paNa tyAgapradhAna hoya che; dharmabajavaNIrUpa ke suzAsanarUpa hoya che 'kAMTALA tAja' rUpa kahevAya che. (Aje AkhA jaganAM rASTro AvAM khokhalAM rAjyataMtrothI jakaDAyelAM che; A sthitimAMthI jaganuM paritrANa kaI rIte sadhAze ? sudRDha sAMskRtika upAya ja kAragara banI zake.) 314 - - adhyAyanAM AraMbhe be vargIkaraNo apAyAM che : (1) 52rASTrane jItavA dvArA vijigISune potAnA rAjadharmanA vistaraNa mATe be jAtanAM mokaLAM kSetro maLe che : jaMgalo sahitano bhAtIgaLa, vizALa prAkRtika mulka ane eka-eka AgavA sAmAjika ghaTakarUpa grAma, nagara, durga(rAjadhAnI)rUpa sughaTita vAsasthAno - bIjA zabdomAM : arthopArjananA navA AyAmo UbhA karanAra vaividhyasabhara bhUmi ane racanAtmaka, sahayogapradhAna mAnavasaMbaMdhonI khilavaTa mATenA AgavAM prajAjUtho ke samRddha asmitAothI bharelAM sthAyI samAjadhaTako. A baMne, samAna rIte rAjadharma-bajavaNI karavA mATenAM samRddha kSetro che. potAnA vijayane vijigISue AvA sva-parakalyANakArI svadharmavistAranA avasara tarIke ja jovAno che. A dhIradharmamAM koI vikRta vahevArane avakAza ja nathI. prAcIna-bhAratIya AdarzarUpa samrATonA itihAsa tapAsIe to Avo dvividha 'bhogavaTo' to prAyaH jitAyelA rASTranA ja sthAnika, avikArI sacetanothI racAyelA abhinava taMtrane sattA soMpavA thakI ja thAya che jemAM rAjapade yathAsaMbhava parAjita rAjAnA ja koI avikRta vaMza-ja ke anuja (laghubaMdhu) ityAdi paikI koI, yA jarUra paDye anya rAjavaMzanI koI yogya vyakti mAnabhera besADAya che. vijigISue mAtra enI vaphAdArInI, balke lokaniSThAnI samaye-samaye cakAsaNI karavAnI rahe. (2) jitAyelo mulka vijigISune mATe traNamAMthI koI eka prakArano hoI zake : navo, bhUtapUrva arthAt agAu potAnA tAbAmAM hoya ane koI rAjanaitika kAraNosara pa2rASTrano bhAga banI gayo hoya tevo tathA paitRka arthAt pUrve vijigISunA pitAnA tAbAmAM hoya ane evA ja koI kAraNe 522ASTranA tAbAmAM jato rahyo hoya tevo. (pAchalA be prakAro, jitAyelA rASTranA amuka pradezo pUratA paNa hoI zake.) A vargIkaraNamAMnA prathama prakAranA saMdarbhe (jitAyelA navA rASTranA saMdarbhe) adhyAyamAMnI mukhya vistRta carcA che. bAkI be prakAranA saMdarbhe eka-eka vAkyamAM ja sUcana che. e be prakAromAM vijigISue svadoSanI ke pitRdoSanI zuddhi karavAnI ja mukhya vAta che. aharniza jAgRti e dharmamAtranuM hArda hoI rAjadharma paNa enA thakI ja bajAvI zakAya. ahIM e spaSTa pratIta thAya che ke paradeza-nIti paNa rAjAe yajJadharmanI rIte pravartAvavAnI che. - jitAyelA navA rASTra sAthe ekarasatA sthApavAnI vAtamAM agAu sUcavyA mujaba mukhya be pAsAM che : naravA vargomAM vizvAsasthApana ane varavA vargonA virodhI ke vidrohI durvyApAronuM saMpUrNa For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA niSphalIkaraNa. prathama sarala varga sAthe satyAzrita niSkapaTa vyavahAra prayojavAno che, bIjA kuTila varga sAthe pramANasaranI kuTilatAthI kAryasiddhi karavAnI che. A be mukhya pAsAM uparAMta eka trIjuM bhAvAtmaka sAMskRtika pAsuM paNa mAtra dizA-darzana arthe namUnArUpa vigatothI cIMdhAyuM che. enA dvArA ja rAjanIti prajAnI sAMskRtika cetanAnA sthira saMvardhaka mAdhyamarUpa che te vAta pAkI thAya che. AmaprajAne yathArtha rIte ja ekaMdare satya-ziva-suMdaranI pakSapAtI samajIne ane thoDIka keLavaNIthI e mUlyonI abhimukha thaIne potAnA rojiMdA jIvanamAM emane vaNI lenAra jANIne vijigISu rAjA navavijita rASTranI prajAne paNa potAnI sattAnI yogyatAnI kasoTI samajIne,jema sevaka svAmInA hRdayane svaguNothI jItavA icche, tema navI prajAne potAnA pratye abhimukha karavA vAMche che ane vijayane pagale te mATe pUrI mathAmaNa paNa kare che. pUrvarAjAnA doSothI hebatAI gayelI prajAne navA AkramaNakArI rAjAnA AvavAthI to vadhu zaMkA ane bhaya hovAnAM. e sthitimAM tevA rAjAe saMtapta prajAno saMtApa ane bhaya dUra karavA AgalA rAjAnA prakhara doSone sthAne potAnA cokhkhA ane niSkapaTa guNo pragaTa thAya tevA vahevAro prasAravAnA che. ane sAcA vijigISune to prajA pAsethI kaMI lUMTavAnI to kalpanA ja nathI hotI; UlaTuM, ene to duSTazAsananA saMtApothI prajAne bacAvavAno rAjadharma bajAvavAnI ja laganI hoya che. AgalA rAjAnA koI guNo paNa hoya to te guNo paNa vadhu ghaniSTha svarUpe prajA anubhave tema karavAnuM che. 'rAmAyaNa'mAM rAmanuM varNana evuM Ave che ke prAsaMgika prakhara yuddha karIne tarata bIje divase to rAma prajAnI sukhazAMti jANavA-vadhAravA loko vacce pahoMcI jatA. kAlidAse dilIpa rAjAnA guNavarNanamAM yogya rIte ja temanA guNo eka bAju bhayotpAdaka (bhIma) batAvyA che, to bIjI bAju prItijanaka ke ramaNIya (nti ) hovAnuM batAvyuM che. rAjAnI pratibhAnI AvI divya guNasamatulAe sadIo sudhI rAjapadanI lokahRdayamAM sthira pratiSThA UbhI karelI che. 315 pUrvarAjAnA, aneka pAsAM paratve gaMbhIra apacAro (durvartano) hoIne ja tene parAjita karanArA rAjAe, pote sattAsUtro saMbhALIne, eka bAjue to potAnA dhoraNasaranA svadharma anusAra badhAM kAmakAjo AraMbhavAnAM che ane prajAnI vividha behAlI miTAvavA, yogya samayagALA mATe, lokonA rojiMdA jIvana mATe rAhatarUpa anudAno, vividha prakAranI karamuktio, sArI pravRttio karatI saMsthAo vagerene bhUmi, dhana, sAdhana vagerenuM dAna, ane satkAryo karanAranuM dhoraNasaranuM sanmAna karIne prajA-utthAna mATenI potAnI utkaTa tAlAvelI darzAvatA rahevAnI che. kharAba rAjAne haTAvavAmAM sahayoga ApanAra tenA bhUtapUrva sevakone Ama svAmIpakSano tyAga karI vijigISu-pakSa sAthe sahayoga karavA badala vijigISue pote temane ApelAM vacano pramANe yathAyogya badalo ApavAmAM paNa cUka karavAnI nathI. vacanabhaMga jevo gaMbhIra doSa svamAnI sevakomAM utkaTa virodha janmAvyA vinA na rahe. koI paNa garavI prajA sAtheno rAjAno AtmIyabhAva temanI sthAnika jIvanazailI mATenI UMDI kada2 vaDe pragaTa thAya che. e kadara rAjAnA zabdothI nahi, paNa prajAkIya svabhAvaguNo, veSa, bhASA, paraMparAgata AcAro vagerene rasapUrvaka nibhapaNe apanAvavAthI ja niHzaMkapaNe vyakta thAya che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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316 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa hakIkate sAco rAjA potAne potAnA prajAjanothI alaga ane viziSTa na mAnavAmAM ja saMtoSa anubhave che. eTale to rAjabhavana rAjadhAnInI vacce ja haMmezAM rakhAya che. mAtra AmaprajAne rAjI rAkhavAthI navA jitAyelA rASTra sAthe nirvidana ekarasatA siddha thatI nathI. judI-judI prajAlakSI pravRttio karatA samAjanA vividhakSetrIya bauddhiko-sAhasikone paNa mukhyatve bauddhika stare jItavAnuM jarUrI che. thayeluM rAjaparivartana AgalA rAjAnA avaguNo ane apacAronuM zAsana nivAravA ane suzAsana sthApavA ja thayeluM che te naradama hakIkatarUpa vAta AvA agraNIonA kAna sudhI guMjatI karavAnI paNa jarUra che. vizALa, parokSa taMtramAM Avo satya-pracAra paNa jarUrI gaNAya. tethI mukhyatve bauddhiko tarIke rajU thatAM guptacaroe (triA:) bauddhika vizleSaNa sAthe pUrvanA ane atyAranA rAjAnA guNono taphAvata sAcI rIte AvA bauddhikonAM vartuLomAM upasAvI ApavAnuM jarUrI che. AvA agraNIo prAdezika, je-te gAma-nagaranA, viziSTa jAtionA ke vividha saMsthAo(vepArI, dhArmika, sAMskRtika)nA adhyakSarUpa hoI zake. navA rAjAnI bhAgyasamRddhi, tenuM navA rASTranI prajAo vagere pratyenuM UMDuM sauhArda ane tenuM anekavidha rIte thatuM raheluM sanmAna - A vAto sapracArarUpe karavAnI che; khoTI DiMgorUpe nahi. AvA agraNIonAM hRdaya jItavA emanI sukha-samRddhinI vRddhinI jogavAIo, kara lAgAmAMthI vividha muktio (aucitya pramANe), rakSaNavyavasthA - A badhuM paNa dhyAnathI karavAnuM che. dhArmika-sAMskRtika audArya barobara pragaTa thAya tema vividha dharmanA devonuM, vividha svarUpanA AzramonuM bhakti-dhana-mAnAdithI arthasabhara pUjana karavAnuM che. vidyAzUro, vAkyazUro (pravacanapaTuo), dharmazUro ityAdinuM pUjana bhUmidAna, dravyadAna, kararAhato vagerethI karavAnuM che. * sArA zAsanano udaya gunhAkhorInA zamananuM sAcuM sAdhana che e vAta prAcIna manISIoe barobara pArakhelI. ethI ja navA jitAyelA rAjyanA badhAM baMdIjanone mukta karavAnI bhavya vAta ahIM paNa che ane prAcIna-bhAratIya zAstrIya ke lalita sAhityamAM paNa satata DokAya che. alabatta, AmAM khUMkhAra kedIonA apavAda hoI zake; yA tenI sajA haLavI karAya.) bhAratIya parivArabhAvanA kuTuMbathI AgaLa vadhArI gAma, mulka, samAja, rASTranAM vadhu ne vadhu vistRta kuMDALAM sudhI prasAravAnI vibhAvanA saMskRtipravAhano bhAga hoI, navA rAjAnA surAjayamAM dIna, anAtha, rogAdipIDito jevA oNtha jhaMkhatA vargone paNa bharI-bharI oNtha zAsane pUrI pADI emane beThA karavAnA che. suzAsana mAtra prajAnA ja lAbhamAM pariNamIne viramatuM nathI. prANIo paNa mAnavajIvananA aMtaraMga sAthI, sahAyako ane parivArajanorUpa che. tethI mAMsAhArI prajAomAM paNa pAlatu pazuo pratyenA dayAdharmano vikAsa thAya te atyaMta iSTa gaNAvA lAgyuM. eTale prAcIna-bhAratIya suzAsanomAM "amAri (sAmayika pazudhabaMdhI)no rivAja pratiSThita banyo. ahIM hareka cAra mAsamAM cAra pUnamane divase ane anya paMdara divasa daramiyAna rAjayabharamAM 'aghAtanI AjJA jAhera karavAnI che. bIjI keTalIka amAnuSI krUratAono paNa kAyamI niSedha pharamAvavAno che - strIvadha (vAnivadha), bAlavadha ane manuSya-pazu AdinuM vaMdhyIkaraNa (khasIkaraNa) ityAdi. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 317 navA rAjyataMtre aMdha ke khuzAmatI lokapUjA paNa na karatAM, vaicArika ke mAnavadharmIya pragatizIlatA paNa batAvavAnI saMtarpaka vAta paNa AmAM che. prajAjUthonA je rivAjo koza ke sainyanI vRddhi-samRddhinA bAdhaka hoya ke adharmarUpa (amAnuSI) hoya, teno pratiSedha karIne dharmAnukULa prathAo sthApavAnI che. rAjayanI AvI vaicArika pragatizIlatA ane jAgRti saMskRtine zuddha ane daDha karavAmAM moTI cAlanA ApI prajAmAM vRddhikAraka ekarasatA sthApe che. rASTramAM pUrvarAjAnA zAsanamAM avazyapaNe jAmelI gunhAkhorI ane badIone niSphaLa banAvavA vividha upAyo karavAnA che. corI mATe paMkAyelAM prajAjUthonAM ane aneka mithyA ke samAja-vighAtaka pravRttiomAM rata mlecchajAtionAM raheNAMka badalIne temane veravikherapaNe ja rahevAnI pharaja pADavAnI che, jethI temanI paraMparAgata mithyApravRttio aTake ane anya samajadAra samAjono prabhAva pote jhIlI zake. e rIte durga, janapada, sainyanA uccAdhikArIonI paNa sthAna badalI karatAM rahevAnuM che - AjanI jema ! upadravasamartha yA rAjAnA nAzanI taka jhaMkhatA manuSyono guptavadha karavAno che. samajIne dUra karAyelA jUnA adhikArIone sthAne rAjAe potAnA mULa rASTranA manuSyone yA pUrvarAjAe jemane rUMdhI rAkhelA tevA tenAthI mithyApIDita evA manuSyone nImavA. jUnA rAjAno asaMtuSTa koI kuLabaMdhu mAthAbhAre hoya yA teno koI darabArI umarAva vidana UbhA karavAnI gaNatarIe sarahada para ke vanapradezamAM chupAyelo hoya, tene tenA iSTa mApanI nabaLI jamIna yA tethI cothA bhAganI sArI jamIna ApI TADho pADavo; paNa temAM ya koza ane sainya mATenI moTI khaMDaNInI zarata rAkhavI, jene lIdhe tene prajAnuM zoSaNa karavuM paDe ne tethI prajAmAM vidroha janme; e rIte ja eno uccheda karavo. prajAthI jAkAro pAmelA pUrvAdhikArIne dUra karavo ke kharAba sthAne nImavo. potAnA bhUtapUrva mulkane ja jo pAcho jItyo hoya to potAnA ane potAnA taMtranA je doSothI rAjaya gumAveluM te potAnA ke rAjayAMgonA anya doSone dUra karavA. kevI sIdhI-saTa nItinI bhalAmaNa ! pitAe gumAveluM rAjya pAchuM meLavatAM pitAnA ane tenA taMtranA je doSoe hAni karI hoya te zamAvI, pitAnA ne tenA taMtranA guNo potAnA dvArA ne potAnA taMtra dvArA vadhAravA. sArI-sAcI prajAne sAro-sAco zAsaka niraMtara maLato rahe enI jadojhada e ja mAnavIya rAjanIti, saMskRtisaMvardhaka rAjanIti. samagra paradezanItisaMbaMdhI carcAnuM kevuM madhuratama samApana ! A adhyAyane cheDe AvelA zlokamAM to jANe A maMdirane pragatizIlatAthI cakacakato kaLaza lAge che ! zlokamAM kahyuM che : potAne dharmavardhaka lAgatuM hoya tevuM AcaraNa kyAMka bIjAe paNa AcaryuM hoya yA kadAca koIe paNa na AcaryuM hoya to ye rAjAe potAnI zAsanacaryAmAM to te dAkhala karavuM ja. vaLI potAne dharmaviruddha lAgatuM AcaraNa AcaravuM nahi ane bIjAe AcaryuM hoya to paNa potAnA daSTAMtathI aTakAvavuM." (anuvAda mukta rIte karyo che.) For Personal & Private Use Only

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318 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa rAjanIti ane mAnavajIvana vacce vAstavamAM koI ja sImA ke judAro nathI; baMne parasparapoSaka ane ekarUpa che e ja che kauTilyano ciraMjIva saMdeza. bAramA "navanIyam' adhikaraNanA prathama adhyAyanA pUrvArdhamAM be bodhaka carcAo mukAI che : (1) baliSTha rAjA pratye nabaLA rAjAe kema vartavuM te aMgenI carcA, jemAM pUrvAcAryonA be aMtima mato ApI, tene sthAne kauTilya potAno samatola mata kahyo che. bhAradvAja baliSTha rAjA pratye nabaLA rAjAe kAyama mAtra namatA rahevAno dharma batAve che, jyAre vizAlAkSa tevA rAjA pratye paNa potAnI badhI ja zakti bhegI karIne laDI levAno abhiprAya pragaTa kare che. AmAM pUrvamata pramANe durbaLa rAjAnI dazA ToLAmAMnA gheTA jevI nirAdhAra thAya che ane anya mata mujaba nAva vagara sAgara taravA jatAM chevaTe DUbI maranAra vyakti jevI thAya che - ema batAvI kauTilya kahe che ke kAM to viziSTa rAjAno Azraya svIkArI abhedya killAno Azraya laIne nabaLA rAjAe sabaLAno sAmano karavo joIe. (A pASyimAMnA "saMzraya'rUpa guNanI ja vAta thaI.) (2) vijayI rAjAonA traNa prakAra kahyA che : dharmavijayI, lobhavijayI ane asuravijayI. prathama prakArano rAjA parAjita rAjA dvArA potAnI AmanyAnA svIkArathI ja saMtoSAI jAya che. bIjA prakArano rAjA hArelAnA mulkane ane sarva saMpattine lUMTI laIne ja jaMpe che. trIjA prakArano rAjA parAjita rAjAnA sarva mulka, dhana uparAMta parivArasahita prANa harIne ja saMtoSAya che. nabaLA rAjAe A traNe ya pratye kevI-kevI rIte vartavuM te nirUpavA A prakAra kahyA che. te paikI prathama prakAranA rAjAno pratikAra na karatAM tenI dharmavardhaka AmAnyA svIkArIne svahitavRddhi karavI. bIjA prakAranA rAjAne bhUmi (deza) na ApatAM vipula samRddhi ApI TADho pADavo. paNa trIjA prakArano rAjA upadrava karato aTake teTalI svarASTranI bhUmi ane saMpatti ApI, pote enI pakaDanI bahAra rahI, samagra bAramA adhikaraNamAM batAvelA vividha parokSa cAturyapradhAna, dakSatApradhAna upAyothI tene parAjita karavA pUrA prayatno karavA. A uparathI samajAze ke kauTilya mithyAbhimAnAzrita ke sainyAdi dhULa baLa para AdhArita gAMDI ekAMgI rAjanaitika uthalapAthalone aniSTa gaNIne, naravuM, racanAtmaka prajAjIvana ucchedAya nahi ane rAjyataMtrano sAMskRtika pAyo nAza na pAme tevuM, vipula manovijJAna para Azrita mutsadIpaNuM iSTa gaNe che. rAjAnI satyagrAhI saMskRtirakSaka pratibhAne paramasatyAzrita mAnavIya rAjanItinuM bIja gaNe che.. rAjAnI namUnedAra rAjakIya dinacaryA varNavatA 1.19mAM adhyAyamAM kahelI A vAta keTalI badhI coTadAra ane pAyAnI che ! - "prajAnA sukhe rAjAnuM sukha che ane prajAnA hitamAM hita. potAnI manamAnyo vahevAra rAjAnA hitarUpa nathI, paraMtu prajAnuM priya rAjAnA potAnA hitarUpa che.45" te parathI bAhya baLathI saMpanna ke asaMpanna paNa samartha evA rAjAnuM kartavya tarata pachInA be zlokomAM Ama kahyuM che : "tethI nityanA (= pramAdarahita) udyamane varelA (sthita:) rAjAe upakAraka saMpatti(artha)nA nirmANa aMge rASTrane Tharela mArgadarzana ApavuM. saMpattinuM mULa utthAna (pramAdarahita udyama) che, tethI UlaTuM vartana (pramAda) anartha(Apatti)nuM mULa (35). utthAna-tyAgamAM, prApta lAbhano ke hajI bhaviSyanA garbhanA paDelA lAbhano paNa nAza che. utthAna thakI iSTa phaLa maLe che arthAt iSTa rASTrasamRddhi maLe che. (36)" For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA graMthamAM eka sthaLe, kauTilye bahu ja yathArthapaNe, lAghavathI, rASTra para pratyakSa yuddhathI AvatA aMtarAyo cIMdhyA che : "[rASTranI bhautika saMpattino ane mAnavarUpa caitanya-saMpattino] kSaya, dhanano vyaya ane sainyanI lAMbI-lAMbI khepo - rASTrajIvana paranI A mahAbAdhAo [yuddhathI] AvI paDe che" (kSayavyayapravAsapratyavAyA mavanta). sAva sAduM lAgatuM A varNana jagatnA koI paNa deza-kALanA Tharela rAjapuruSanA ke pIDha senApatinA cUMTAyelA samAna matane ja puSTi Ape che. vijJAnane pagale vikaselA saMkula yaMtrapravidhio (TaeNkanolojI) dvArA amaryAdapaNe khaDakAyelAM paramANu-boMba sahitanAM zastrAstroe to have, vicakSaNa rAjapuruSa carcila kahe che tema, yuddhane narI khataranAka bevakUphI ja banAvI dIdhI che ane vinobAnI dRSTie ahiMsAnI AdhyAtmika gaNAtI vibhAvanAne jAgatika (jagastaranI) rAjanaitika vyUharacanAnA majabUta pAyA tarIke upasAvI ApI che. kauTilyanA A graMthamAM ke prAcIna-bhAratIya rAjanItinA anya graMthomAM paradezanItinA bhAgarUpa zatru-uccheda-karmamAM je aneka kapaTa, kAvA-dAvA, vizvAsaghAta, vividha prakAranA guptavadha ityAdi (adhikaraNa kra. 14 : aupaniSavim, adhyAya kra. 5.1 vAGamim) barbara (jaMgalI) lAgatA upAyo ke AcAro vAstavikatAnA anubhavane AdhAre varNavAyelA che, ene dhiMgA manovijJAna para AdhArita itihAsajJAnane AdhAre vadhAre samatvathI mUlavavAnI jarUra che. e na bhulAya ke TakAu ane itihAsamAM nAmanA pAmelI saMskRtio nirbhayatAnA, cittanI svAdhInatAnA, Atmagaurava ke AtmaniSThAnA pAyA para ja pAMgarI che. itihAsa-patha para jovA maLelA vividha zubhAzubha mAnava-AcAronuM samagralakSI, taTastha, maulika ane udAra evuM mUlyAMkana ja mAnavatAnA pragatimArgane khullo kare che. 'paMcataMtra'mAMnI eka zlokokti Ama kahe che : "potAnI dIna-hIna dazAmAM zubha ke azubha game te upAyathI potAnI jAtane dIna-dazAmAMthI bahAra kADhavI; pote samartha thaye dharma Acaravo." dhiMgA zANapaNathI bharapUra kevI samatola, niHzaMka ukti ! A dRSTie ja ukta vicitra lAgatA rAjanaitika vahevArone yogya rIte mUlavI zakAya. 319 A rakSAkartavyanI kaThaNAIno khyAla e vastusthiti samajavAthI Avaze ke vividha rASTronI, bhaugolika rIte ke kyAreka itihAsa dvArA nirmita alagatAsAdhaka sImAone kAraNe, parasparanA paristhitijanya aparicayanA kAraNe ane vaLI rAjyakartA-varganA sattAbhogajanya atimadane kAraNe, rASTro vacce avizvAsajanya paraspara-dveSa ghaNI UMcI mAtrAmAM hoya che. AmAM bhaya ane vaira joDiyA bhAI banI rahe che. rASTro vaccenA dveSa mukhyatve parasparanI bhautika, mAnasika ane sAMskRtika sthitinA ajJAnane kAraNe janme che. bhaya ajJAnanA DhAMkapichoDArUpa bephAma kalpanA dvArA khUba phAlephUle che. 'rAmAyaNa'nI eka prasiddha ukti che : "mayaM mItAddhi gAyate" ("bhaya ke AtaMka Ubho thAya che bhayabhIta vyakti dvArA"). DarelI vyaktinI kalpanA ane uttejanA baMne bephAmapaNe vadhe che. ene kAraNe te jorAvara aham ane svArthavRttithI sAmA mATe anekagaNo AtaMka Ubho kare che. (AjanA AtaMkavAdanuM mULa paNa A ja che !) AvA AtaMkano bhautika mukAbalo, tenA bhoga bananAre, tAtkAlika anivArya upAya tarIke pUrA sAmarthyathI karavo ja rahyo. bAkI, paristhitinuM taTastha ane For Personal & Private Use Only

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320 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa tejasvI adhyayana draSanA ane tenA kAraNarUpa bhayanA zamanano pAko upAya che te vAta ApaNA prasiddha aupaniSadika zAntipAThamAMnA A vAkya dvArA sUcavAya che : "tesvi nAvadhItamastu | mI vidriSAvahai " ("amArA baMnenuM adhyayana tejasvI thAva; [jethI] ame be [paraspara] SamAM na saMDovAIe.") e na bhUlIe ke saMskRti ekotthAnathI nahi, paNa samudAyotthAnathI pAMgare che ane sarvotthAnathI pUrNa bane che. (7) gaNataMtra-ciMtana sukhazAMtisthApaka bhautika samRddhinA yoga dvArA rASTranAM vividha prajAjUthonI ('tIrthonI) sarvAgI mAnavIya unnati kema thAya e manISI kauTilyanuM acaLa lakSya che. vividha samAjonA banelA rASTranA sarvAgI unnayana mATe je-te dezakALamAM jevuM rASTrIya niyamana-taMtra (rAjakIya paddhati) kharekhara uttama rIte kAryasAdhaka hoya, tevuM kauTilyane khapanuM ane makkamapaNe apanAvavA jevuM lAge che. prAcIna bhAratamAM kRSiyuga bAdanA grAma-nagarAdi-nirmANakALamAM A mATe judA-judA sAmAjika gRhIto (avadhAraNAo - axioms) ke tattvakalpanA mujaba "ekarAja', dvarAjaya', "bahurAjanya rAjya (umarAvazAhI - Oligarchy), "vairAya" jevI vividha rAjyavyavasthA(zAsana-paddhati)onA prayogo thayA hovAnAM prAcIna sAhityika pramANo ke saMketo maLe che. kauTilya potAnI dhiMgI lokaniSThA tema ja adhyayana-zIlatAne kAraNe, AvA aitihAsika yatnonA vinamra-taTastha jijJAsu ane temAMthI potAne uttama lAgatI paddhatinA dakSa prayoktA paNa hatA. emanI rAjanaitika karmazIlatA anAsakta karmayoganI kakSAnI hatI; bina-aMgata eTale ke "lokasaMgraha'ne lakSanArI hatI. emaNe potAnA dezakALanI sAMskRtika vikAsakakSAnA anvaye suprayukta rAjAzAhIne sauthI vadhu kAryakSama mAnI hatI. tethI tene kendramAM rAkhIne ja "arthazAstramAM sarva kartavyavicAraNA thayelI che. ane bhAtIgaLa prAcIna-bhAratIya lalita ke dhArmika sAhityane prAcIna bhAratanA sauthI vadhu AdhArabhUta sAMskRtika dastAveja tarIke svIkArIe, to bhAratavarSamAM rAjapadano bahumukhI mahimA parIkSako ane AmaprajA baMnemAM sthira thayo hato. prAcIna-bhAratIya rasIluM kathAsAhitya, nATyasAhitya paNa pratibhAzIla rAjAonI rasapoSaka kathAothI bharapUra che. potAnA dezakALa pramANe, rAjatvanI ucca-udAra vibhAvanAne (kalpanAne) jALave tevI vidhisaranI rAjAzAhI kauTilyane sauthI vadhu lokopakAraka ane saMskRtivardhaka lAgI hatI. bhAratavarSa prAcInakALathI savizeSa rIte mAnavasaMskRtinA utthAna ane vikAsa mATenI mukta prayogabhUmi rahyuM che. vicArakSetre te anekAnta(ekAttavAda-tyAga)nI daDha AdhArabhUmi banavA sAthe AcArakSetre nizcayalakSI paNa rahyuM che. e mujaba bhAratamAM zAsanapaddhati tarIke gaNataMtranA prayogo paNa thayA hovAnuM itihAsa-prasiddha che. (kauTilya "gaNataMtra' zabda nahi, paNa "saMgha" zabda vAparyo che.) A "saMgha' taraphanuM kauTilyanuM valaNa ekaMdare taTastha paNa che ane vAstavikatAne AdhAre ArapAra For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 32 1 jonAruM paNa che. "sa #i sta yune" ("kaLiyugamAM lokasaMgaThanamAMthI ke samUha-karmamAMthI kharI zakti pragaTe che") evA 'bhAgavata'vacanano marma kauTilya paNa svIkAre che. teo rAjAzAhIne paNa ekahaththu sattA (autocracy) tarIke nathI ja jotA. bhAratamAM RSisaMskRtinA saMvardhaka aMga tarIke sahaja krame guNa-karmAzrita ane saravALe sAmyapoSaka evuM je cAturvarya (cAra varNo para AdhArita samAjabaMdhAraNa) sthira thayuM, temAMnA ja kSatriyavarNanA RSipraNIta kartavya tarIke rAjadharma UpajI Avyo. kSatriyavarNanI, potAnAM deha-mana-buddhinAM vaizistro pramANe samAja ane samasta rASTranI saMrakSaka ane pAlaka evI je prakRti ane zakti sAkAra thaI, teno prakarSa je zreSTha nara(nara-vara, nara-indra)mAM ke tevI kuLaparaMparAmAM pragaTa thayo te anukrame "rAjA" ane "rAjavaMza' saMjJAthI prasiddha thayAM. potAnA abhijAta (khAnadAna) ane lokaniSTha vartanathI te baMne, lokamAM sahaja pratiSThA pAmyA. RSioe ane brAhmaNavarNa svaanubhUti ane AcaraNa dvArA je lokaArAdhaka kartavya AkArI ApyuM, tene ja kSatriyavarNa potAnI pratibhAthI Acare ane khIlave evI paraMparA sahajapaNe sthapAI. Ama rAjAnuM pada samagra samAjavyavasthAnI eka niyamabaddha kaDI tarIke sthira thayuM; eka Apakhuda vyakti tarIke nahi. AvA saMdarbhe kauTilya paNa rAjAzAhIne potAnA deza-kALa pramANe sauthI vadhu kAryakSama zAsana-paddhati tarIke puraskArI ane potAno graMtha paNa potAnA pratyakSa gADha anubhavane AdhAre rAjAnA mArgadarzana arthe racyo. paraMtu kauTilya koI rUDha graMthithI baMdhAyelA na hoI mAnavakendrI koI paNa vicAraparaMparAne ane te para AdhArita abhinava prayogane AvakAravA ane mUlavavA tatpara hatA. tethI potAnA dezakALa pramANe AvI saMghIya (gaNataMtrIya) zAsanapaddhatinI UpasI AvelI kakSAnA anvaye eka ja adhyAyanA adhikaraNa dvArA e paddhati aMgenuM potAnuM vyavahAru ciMtana rajU karyuM che; e che "sadhavRttam' ("saMghanI vartana-paddhati) nAmanuM agiyAramuM adhikaraNa. saMgharAjyanuM saMskRtikavardhaka tattva che "ekarAya'ne sthAne anekonI pratibhAzIla ekamatI ke ekarasatAthI thatI samUhasAdhanA. e ja che "sada vIrya ravIva' (ame be sAthe utkaTa karma upAsIe")nI bhAvanAno amala. e vakhata sudhImAM vikaselAM ke AraMbhAyelAM thoDAMka saMgharAjyonI AdarabharI noMdha letAM kauTilya enA be prakAro tAravyA che : (1) vArtAzopanavina eTale ke zAMtikALamAM vArtA(AjIvikA-sAdhaka vyavasAya - mukhyatve khetI, pazupAlana ke vepAra)nuM kheDANa karanAra ane rASTra paranA pararASTranA AkramaNa vagere prasaMge jAte ja zastra dhAraNa karIne kSatriyadharmanuM paripAlana karanAra piMgo-lacIlo samudAya. prajAnI bahumukhI dhiMgI pratibhAthI rASTranA grAmasaMskRti jaLavAI rahe tevo saMgharAjyano A prakAra prAthamika sAdA samAjamAM pravartanAro jaNAvA chatAM dhyAnapAtra vaiziSTaTya dharAve che. (2) ranizabdopanAvina - potAne maLelA "rAna ke "nya' evA sAmAjika biruda pramANe rAjyazAsanano vyavasAya karanAro varga. A varga paraMparAgata baMdhAraNamALakhA mujaba rAjayataMtra calAvI jANe che. A rAjanItino pUrA samayano vyavasAya karanArA (arthAt dhaMdhAdArI rAjakAraNI) dvArA pravartato zAsanaprakAra che. A prakArane eka prakAranI umarAvazAhI (Oigarchy) tarIke paNa oLakhAvI zakAya. A rAjanyo loka dvArA pasaMda For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa karAyelA pratinidhio to nathI ja; rAjyazAsananI paraMparAgata tAlIma pAmelA cunaMdA kSatriyo ke tenA kuLanA vaMzajo che. alabatta, mAtra sAmAnya jIvanazaktio dharAvanAra prajAo temanA taraphanI vaphAdArImAM ane temanI AjJA pALavAmAM dhanyatA anubhave che. 322 AmAMno prathama prakAra grAmapradhAna arthataMtravALA mukhyatve kRSi-pazupAlana karatAM rASTranuM evuM svazAsana jaNAya che, jemAM anya rASTranA ke svarASTranA koI mAthAbhAre vargonA Akramaka ke upadravI vyavahA2 vakhate zAMtikALamAM arthotpAdaka vyavasAyo karavAmAM rata rahenAra khaDatala prajAmAMnA cunaMdA khamatIdharo zasraprayoganAM kauzala ane hAmanA baLe AkramaNane saphaLatAthI khALavAmAM pravRtta thAya che. lobha ke mahattvAkAMkSAthI mukta evo A nirupadravI, saMkula pravRttio vinAno, khaDatala, svAdhIna ane saMtoSI Adima samAja jaNAya che, jene rAjakAraNa kAyamI dhaMdhA tarIke pasaMda paNa nathI ane jarUrI paNa lAgatuM nathI. kharekhara to A svapoSita, svazAsita, svaprakAzita sAdo AtmaniSTha samAz2a jaNAya che. kauTilyanA samayamAM AvAM thoDAM paNa cokkasa nAmanAvALAM prajAjUtho haze, jemane saMkula zAsanavyavasthAno khapa eTalA mATe nahi hoya, ke teo prAthamika jarUriyAto meLavIne saMtoSa thAya tevI dhiMgI-naravI jIvanazailImAM ane nirupadravI-svAdhIna AjIvikA-paddhatimAM sthira thayelA haze. paNa AvAM prajAjUtho virala hoI evA saMgho jUja haze; alabatta, sAMskRtika rIte vizeSa samRddha paNa haze. kauTilya evA saMghone viziSTa AdarathI paNa jotA jaNAya che. paNa saMkula mAnavasvabhAva para Azrita ane nagarajIvanano phaTATopa jarUrI mAnanArA bIjA prakAranA saMgho vadhu saMkhyAmAM, vadhu prasiddha ane vadhu aTapaTA hoI A adhikaraNamAM carcA evA saMghone dhyAnamAM laIne thayelI che evo adhyA. zrI kaMgaleno abhiprAya yogya lAge che. evA saMghonI ja maryAdAo ane badIo gaMbhIra vicAraNA mAge che te paNa dhyAnamAM rahe. A ubhayavidha saMghone kauTilya keTalA ne kevA samabhAvathI jue che e paNa adhikaraNanA AraMbhanA nAnA gadyakhaMDa parathI ane aMtanA pagha parathI barobara samajAya che. AraMbhe cAra vAkyano gadyakhaMDa Avo Tharela abhiprAya vyakta kare che : "sainyalAbha ke mitralAbha karatAM paNa saMgha [sAthenI maitrI]nI prApti caDhiyAtI che; kAraNa ke saMgho gADha saMgaThana pAmelA hoI zatruothI paDakArI zakAya evA hotA nathI. AvA saMgho paikI je saMgho sahayogI guNo kharekhara dharAvatA hoya, temane sAma ane dAnanA vyavahArothI AtmasAt karavA, ane je sattva vagaranA hoya tevA saMghone bheda ke daMDarUpa upAyothI vazamAM rAkhavA48" chelle, prathama gadyavAkyamAM eka samatulAsAdhaka saMgha-taraphI hitavacana che ane pachI zloka che. gadyavAkyamAM kahyuM che : "saMgharAjyoe paNa A rIte ekarAjAvALA zAsana taraphathI (rInAt) prayojAtAM chaTakAMothI potAnA taMtrane rakSavuM." pachInA padyamAM kahyuM che : "saMghanA vaDAe saMghanA adhikArIo tarapha (sa ghevu) nyAyabhAvanAvALA, hitakara, priya, AtmasaMyamI, samarpita sevakovALA ane sahunA cittanA ArAdhaka banIne sthiratA sAdhavI.49" agAu kahyA pramANe, AkhA adhyAyamAM te saMghanA bhraSTa adhikArIo vacce zatrutA pedA karavArUpa bhedayuktio ane vyaktigata rIte atibhraSTa adhikArIo / mukhyAdhikArInA guptavadha (daMDa) mATenAM vividha tarAhanAM chaTakAM guptacaronA viziSTa sahayogathI yojavAnI ja vAto mUkI che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA e na bhulAya ke niSThAvAn adhikArIomAM ke AkhA taMtramAM bheda-daMDarUpa upAyo prayojavAnI ahIM koI vAta nathI. kevaLa bhraSTatAthI saDI gayelA taMtra taraphanI gunhAhita upekSAno cheDo ANIne, evA taMtrane enI vidhinirmita vAstavika niyatie pahoMcADIne prajAjIvanane vahelI take uddhAravAnI ja A vAta che. prabuddha rAjatva saravALe gItAe AdezelA 'lokasaMgraha'(lokanAM hitonI vRddhi)rUpa rAjadharmane vareluM hoya e na bhulAya. 323 duSTa adhikArIonA guptavadhanI je vividha yuktio varNavI che, temAM asAdhya kAmadoSane ja mukhya nizAna banAvyAnuM jovA maLe che; mAtra prathama yukti mithyAbhimAnanA doSane lakSya banAve che. lobha ke bhaya jevA doSone vadhapAtra gaNyA nathI lAgatA. kharekhara, lobha to kAmukatAthI ya vadhu rASTrahAnikAraka doSa gaNAya. vaLI evuM paNa jarUra kahI zakAya ke kAmadoSa karatAM rASTradroha jevo doSa to avazya vadhayogya gaNAya. ahIM ema kema nahi vicArAyuM hoya ? vaLI bhedanAM kusaMpasAdhaka prakAra uparAMta bhayanI othAra khaDI karatAM anya prakAra (tarjhana arthAt dhamakI) tarapha ahIM lakSya kema nahi apAyuM hoya ? ahIM kAmadoSanI gaMbhIratAnA pakSamAM pelI prasiddha ukti jarUra TAMkI zakAya : "kAmAturone nathI hoto bhaya ke nathI hotI lajjA' (AmAturALAM na mayaM na takhtA). bIjI paNa eka ukti che : "kAma adhama hoya che" (jAmo vAma:). kauTilye potAnA deza-kALa pramANe zuddha buddhiyogathI rAjAzAhIne uttama paddhati tarIke puraskArI hovA chatAM, manuSyatvanA anurUpa vikAsanI temanI khevanA jarA ya nabaLI lAgatI nathI. pUrvavicArakone mAnya hovA chatAM rAjanItine malina banAvatA jaNAyelA aneka paraMparAgata AcAravicArone 'arthazAstra'mAM kauTilye te-te sthAne paDakAryA ja che ane tene sthAne navA mato prasthApyA che. A ja rIte yugaphere kauTilya rAjAzAhIne paNa paDakArIne ekAdhika prabuddha-janonA sahayogathI cAlatA zAsanane jarUra AvakAre e to A adhikaraNanA AraMbhanAM ane aMtanAM uparyukta vidhAno parathI paNa tAravI zakAya ema che. vaLI gAMdhIjInI jema teo paNa pazcimanI pArlamenTarI paddhativALI kahevAtI lokazAhInA daMbha ughADA pADIne grAmasvarAjya para AdhArita, AmaprajAnI pratyakSa sAmelagIrIvALI lokazAhI(Participatary Democracy)ne jarUra puraskArata. kauTilye batAvelA saMghonA be prakAro paikI 'vArtAzasropajIvI' prathama prakAra lokataMtra, balke grAmasvarAjya tarapha DhaLato vadhu anaupacArika mAnavIya prayoga jaNAya che. alabatta, temAM zAsanasahAyaka varga vizeSe kSatriyavarNano hoya tema lAge che. evo paNa saMbhava che ke vaizyAdi anya varNa paNa zastraprayogamAM dakSa hoya. bAkI eTaluM cokkasa ke emAM zAsana-nirvAha karanAra varga - kSatriya ke anya - AmaprajA sAthe ekarasa banI rahI sAmAnya rIte saMskRtividhAyaka evI pAyAnI arthotpAdaka pravRtti(vArtA)mAM ja jIvananI sArthakatA samaje che; rAjanIti aupacArika vyavasAya tarIke temane iSTa nathI. kauTilye jema ahIM saMdhazAsanane vAstavikatAnI eraNa para nirmamapaNe kasyuM che, tema teo AjanA kahevAtA prajAtaMtranA khokhAno paNa aMtaranA puNyaprakopathI udhaDo lIdhA vinA raheta nahi. For Personal & Private Use Only

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324 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa gAMdhI hoya ke kauTilya, mAnavocita zuddha buddhiyoga aneka buddhimAnone samAna tAraNa para doryA vinA na rahe; juo gItAnuM A aNamola tAraNa : "he kurunaMdana, nizcayagAmI (yathArthadarzI) buddhi A lokamAM ekarUpa ja hoya che. pa" ApaNe agAu khAsa karIne bIjA vyAkhyAnamAMnA lokapUjakatAnA muddAmAM ane prAsaMgika rIte anya carcAo daramiyAna paNa kauTilyanI ananya lokArAdhakatA to joI ja che. emane lokazAhI ke anya game te uparacoTiyuM mALakhuM iSTa nathI; emane to ISTa che jete dezakALa pramANe zakya evI lokaniSThA, lokacetanA ane zakya eTalo vadhAre lokazaktino AvirbhAva. eTale ja sapta-prakRtimAM lokaniSTha rAjA ane maMtrInI be caitanyazaktionI tarata pachI emaNe janapadarUpa prakRtino agratAkrama AkAya che. kauTilyanI vibhAvanAnI rAjAzAhIno pAyo che saMgIna vinayagrahaNano rAjakAja sAthe saMkaLAyelA uccAvaca sarva manuSyomAM ane AmaprajAmAM paNa sArI peThe sAdhavAmAM Avelo vyApa. Avo vyApa emane jJAti pUrvakAlIna ke samakAlIna saMghomAM - khAsa karIne "rAjazabdopajIvI' pracalita prakAramAM - jovA na maLyo. ethI ja emaNe e prayogane vizeSa rUpe na abhinaMdo. alabatta, e prakAranI dhoraNasaranI khilavaTanI zakyatA jarUra pramANI che. bAkI, kauTilyane dhaMdhAdArI rAjakAraNa je kahevAtA saMgharAjaya, gaNataMtra ke lokataMtranA oThe cAle ane prajA vadhu ne vadhu sIdAtI (rIbAtI) jAya e sthiti sAme pariNAmadAyI beTho puNyaprakopa che e nakkI. (8) AdarzarUpa rAjakIya patro mAnavIya rAjanIti saMskRtinAM zreSTha tattvone pacAvIne rAjakIya vivAdo ke kalahone paNa saMvAditA ane mRdutAnA pAza dvArA deza ane dveSathI yathAzakya mukta karI sthAyI ukela tarapha laI jaI zake che - evo Adarza, samanvayanA premI kauTilyane haiye vaselo che. te sUcavatI eka ghATIlI carcA suMdara zAstrIya Dhabe "arthazAstra'mAM maLe che; e carcA che rAjadvArI patronAM ucca dhArA-dhoraNo aMgenI. kauTilyanI A prakaraNa (zAsanadhal :) aMgenI viziSTa mamatA e adhyAya(ra.10)nA aMtima zlokamAM 51 aMkita thaI che, jemAM kahevAyuM che : "sarva [lAgatA-vaLagatAM] zAstrone tapAsIne ane vAstavika prayogo (vahevAronA namUnAo)ne joIne kauTilya rAjAo mATe rAjadvArI patro(zAsana)no vidhi batAvyo che." A adhyAyane Ama temaNe mukhya graMthamAM sthAna pAmela alaga ladhu graMtha tarIke navAjIne enuM ucca mahattva cIMdhyuM che. Rgvada'mAM suprasiddha "vAvarRvata' (ke vidyAbhUta -R. 10.71) maLe che, je vANIno AdarzarUpa vyavahAra rajU karIne teno mahimA cIMdhe che. vANIne setu (joDanAruM tattva) paNa kahevAmAM Arva che. eka subhASitamAM kahevAyuM che : "jayAre-jayAre vyakti vAkyarUpI bANa choDe che, tyAre tyAre tenAM jAti ane kuLano bodha thAya che. para" rAjanItine vadhu ne vadhu mAnavIya ane saMskRtiniSTha banAvavAnI ucca rucine varelA kauTilya, peluM 'vAvamUkta' suMdara rIte batAve che tema, vANInA vidhAyaka, saMyojaka sAmarthyane barobara For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 325 pArakhe che. rAjanItimAM khAnadAnI ane pratApa (jaLahaLatuM Atmagaurava) - e baMneno samanvaya sadhAya te rItanI rAjAnI bhAvAtmaka kuzaLa rAhabarI nIce zAsanakriyAnI eka mahattvanI kaDIrUpa lekhaka' nAmanA (AjanA "sTenone maLatA) adhikArI dvArA lakhAyelA gauravayukta rAjakIya patra(zAsana)nuM bhAre mahattva che. tethI to A adhyAyanA AraMbhe ja eka coTadAra vAkya mukAyuM che : "rAja-abhiprAyanA vAhaka rAjakIya patra para ja rAjasattAnuM pravartana (zAsanama) AdhArita che - ema kahevAya che" (zAne zAsanamatyavakSa7). vaLI e paNa dhyAnamAM rahe ke AvA mahattvanA caitanyavAhI patrane evI ja caitanyasabhara vyakti dvArA pAThavavAmAM Ave che. jaima patrano lekhaka' tema patra anya rAjAne pAThavanAro eTale ke "dUta' - traNa prakAranA dUto paikI zreSTha 'nisRSTArtha" ("jene kahevAnI vAtanI rajUAta potAnI AgavI rIte karavAnI pUrI chUTa apAI che tevo') dUta - paNa amAtya jevI ne jeTalI guNasaMpatti dharAvanAro hovo joIe evuM nakkI kareluM dhoraNa ucca pariNAma (saphaLatA) meLavavAnI dRSTie khUba mahattvanuM che. (gaoNLa nAkho eTaluM gaLyuM thAya !) e Avazyaka nathI ke Avo patra "sAma" upAyano ja vAhaka hoya. sAmA rAjAnI ke lAgatA-vaLagatA rAjaya-adhikArInI rUDha-mUDha rIti-nIti samajIne patrapreSaka rAjAe ekaMdare to potAnA rAjatvano nigUDha paNa dAhaka pratApa paNa, sAmA pratyenI jarA ya tochaDAI ke hIna tiraskAravRttinuM AlaMbana lIdhA vinA (eTale ke pragabhUtAthI, vinayayukta atmigauravathI) pragaTa karavAno che. Ama patra sAma, dAna, bheda ke daMDa paikIM, sAmI je-te vyakti mujaba ke deza-kALa mujaba, yathAyogya upAyane anurUpa bhASA ane manobhAva sAthe lakhAya che. patramAM game te manobhAva ke valaNa vyakta thAya, paNa te kadI sAva nIcI kakSAnI tochaDI ke UjhUDa) bhASAmAM na pragaTe; kAraNa ke Avegayukta hiMsakatA ke vANInI tochaDAI to, kharekhara, bolanAranI tucchatA ane pAyAnI nabaLAIno saMketa ja sAmA pakSane Ape che. vaLI evI vANIthI bhalabhalo sAmo pakSa potAnI samatulA gumAvI sAmAne khUba gUMgaLAve tevI japhA, vANI uparAMta atiraMjita rAjadvArI ceSTAo dvArA paNa pahoMcADe che. tyAre Tharela mutsaddIpaNAvALo patra, lakhanAranA Avegone ke prakopane paNa prabhAvazALI, pramANasaranA ane lAghava(TUMkANa)thI pariNAma Ape tevA racanAtmaka banAve che ane sAmAne paNa maryAdAmAM rahevA prere che. AvA patro rAjA pote na lakhe, paNa amAtyanI guNasaMpatti dharAvato rAjAno "lekhaka' lakhe evI paraMparA paNa sArthaka che. Ama to sAmAne mokalavAnA saMdezanI guptatA jALavavAnI daSTie rAjA pote ja patra lakhe te prAthamika dRSTie koIne yogya lAge. paraMtu bhAratIya rAjatvanI AkhI mULa kalpanA ja evI ucca che, ke emAM rAjAnuM manasvIpaNuM ke ApakhudapaNuM asarakAraka rIte maryAdAmAM rahIne, rAjAnAM ane taMtranAM ema baMnenAM gaurava ane prabhAva samAna rIte jaLavAya che. lekhaka'nI pratibhA ja guptatAnI jALavaNImAM sahayogI banI rahe che. alabatta, e mATe enI nimaNUka pUrI kasoTI karIne karavAmAM Ave che; eTaluM ja nahi, enA samagra kAryakALa daramiyAna, pharI pharI enAM vRtti-valaNonI parIkSA thatI rahe che. "lekhakanI prabhAvazALI patra taiyAra karavAnI AgavI zaktino paNa khAsa lAbha maLe che. AvI yojanAthI sauthI moTo lAbha e che ke rAjA mithyAbhimAnathI mukta rahI anya suyogya For Personal & Private Use Only

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326 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa vyaktine je-te bAbatamAM vAjabIpaNe gurupada ApIne potAnI buddhine, samajaNane satvagAmI ane Avegamukta banAve che. AnAthI prajAjanomAM paDelI zreSTha buddhinuM zAsana sthapAya che. rAjakIya patranA icchanIya guNonI ane zakya doSonI kauTilya rajU karelI yAdI dhyAnathI tapAsatAM, ema lAge che ke Avo patra bauddhika tejasvitA ane rajUAtanI saMskAritAne kAraNe be pakSo vacce samajaNanA seturUpa banI rahe. emAM nikhAlasatA ane spaSTabhASitA sAthe sAmA pakSa pratyeno pAyAno sthAyI Adara paNa jaLavAya che. mithyAbhimAna, uddhatAI ane sAmA pratyeno akaDAIbharyo tiraskAra to buddhimattAnuM jabaruM devALuM paNa gaNAya ane peTa coLIne zULa pedA karavA jevI bevakUphI paNa. karmamAM ja yatheccha zUratva batAvI zakAya che, to bolI bagADavuM zAne ? vANImAM namratA ane sAmA pratyeno pAyAno sthAyI Adara e nirbaLapaNuM nahi paNa samarthapaNuM che; potAnI nirbhayatAno purAvo che. samartha vANI sAmAnA doSane jarUra lakSya banAve, paNa e, vyaktine utArI pADavAnI jarUra na ja jue. evI ahiMsaka, saumya vANI sAmAne sudharavAnI ke sArA banavAnI preraNA paNa ApI zake. sAmAnuM mAna jALavIne potAnI vAta sarvAgI rIte, eTale ke sarva pAsAMnI pUrI vigata sAthe kahevAthI tenI vicArazakti jagADavAnI pUrI taka maLe che. vaLI enAthI ene, UbhI thanAra paristhitinuM pUruM bhAna paNa thAya che, ane jo te saraLa prakRtino hoya, to potAnAM khoTAM-vRttivalaNone anurUpa rIte badalavA paNa taiyAra thAya che. e rIte yuddha ke saMgharSa vinA ja duzmanAvaTano cheDo AvI zake che. ghaNAM dhanavyaya, mAnavakSaya ane sainyanI lAMbA aMtaranI AvanajAvana aTakI zake che. e dRSTie ja cha paikInI prathama traNa lekhasaMpat" (patranI guNasaMpatti) batAvI che. prathama guNa che 'arthakrama' eTale ke kahevAnI AkhI vAta pUrepUrI samajAya e mATe kahevA-yogya muddA jijJAsAnA kramamAM kahevA - mukhya vAta prathama kahevI ne tenI sAthe joDAyelI vAta pachI, jethI badhA muddAnuM yogya joDANa thaI AkhI vAta barobara samajAI jAya. bIjo guNa che "saMbaMdha'. pUrve rajU thayelo mudo gUMcavAya nahi te rIte tenI sAthe saMgati jALavIne pachIno muddo rajU karavAnuM lekhanI samApti sudhI jALavavuM, jethI badhA muddA ekarasa thaI AkhI vAta pUrNa rIte kahevAI jAya. trIjo guNa che paripUrNatA'. tenAM traNa pAsAM che : kahevAnI vAta ke vigata (artha) jarUrI koI paNa zabda ke akSara khUTe nahi ke koI zabda ke akSara vadhArAno paNa na hoya tema kahevI te eka pAsuM. bIjuM pAsuM che yogya dalIla (hetu), zAstranuM avataraNa ane dAkhalA sAthe kahevuM che. trIjuM pAsuM che. zabdomAMthI kheMcI-kheMcIne artha kADhavo na paDe tema kahevuM. AvAM pAsAM sahitano A 'paripUrNatA'rUpa guNa eTale kAvyazAstranA vANInA AdarzanuM - vANImAM nyUnatA ke atireka e baMnenA abhAva(anyUnAnatiriktatva)nuM - rAjanItikSetre sthApana. A che sAmA pakSanI hRdaya-taMtrIne barobara jhaMkRta karIne tenAM sAnabhAna jagADe tevo vANIno krAMtikAraka ne vaLI zAMtikAraka evo Adarza ! cha guNo paikInA A bAkInA traNa guNo patranAM padonI te-te upakAraka lAkSaNikatAo cIMdhI uparanA trIjA guNane ja poSatA jaNAya che : (4) pado saraLa rIte suMdara AkAranA arthano bodha karAve tevAM hoya, (5) sTeje tochaDAI ke azlIlatAnuM saMvedana na thAya tevAM (prANa) pado hoya ane (6) jeno For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 327 sArI peThe (kAyamI) paricaya hoya evAM padono prayoga hoya, jethI vAkyamAMthI spaSTa (zaMkAmukta) artha samajAya. A carcAmAM samApado cArathI vadhAre peTA pado na hoya tevAM, arthAt madhyama kadanAM vAparavA bhalAmaNa karAI che. bhASAnI sUkSma vizeSatAonA mahimAnI rAjanaitika kSetre kevI anurUpa kadara ! A guNacarcA dvArA be pakSo vacce setunuM, vizvAsasthApananuM kAma kare tevA marmALA saMskRtivAhaka patrano Adarza rajU thayo che. patraguNonI A carcA pUrNa bane che patranA saMbhavita doSonI carcAthI. pAMca doSo batAvyA che : (1) prathama doSa patranA kalevaranA pAsAne khUba vyavahAru rIte sparze che. A doSane nAma ApyuM che akAnti', eTale ke patrane jotAveMta aNagamo pedA thAya tevuM kadarUpApaNuM. te pedA thavAnAM kAraNo mukhyatve traNa batAvyAM che : kAgaLa, zAhI ane akSaro - A traNeyanuM reDhiyALapaNuM. surucisUcaka suMdaratA e manuSyone joDanAruM sarvocca mAdhyama che. kAgaLa UjaLo ne suMdara na hotAM melo ke halakI kakSAno hoya, zAhI jhAMkhI hoya, akSaro asuMdara ke nAnA-moTA hoya - A che patrano "akAnti" -doSa (phikkAza ke asuMdaratA). kevI vyavahAru ane manovaijJAnika vAta ! (2) "vyAdhAta" eTale ke svatovirodha (self-contradiction) - AgaLa-pAchaLanAM kathano vacce visaMvAda. AnAthI kAM to patra mokalanAranuM daMbhIpaNuM ke kapaTIpaNuM pragaTa thaIne vAcakamAM bedilI (vaimanasya) pedA kare che, kAM to A vyAghAta, lakhanAranI saMzayagrastatA pragaTa karIne vAtane buThThI banAve che. kyAreka A vyAghAta vigatonA svatovirodharUpa nahi, paNa patranA bhAgo ke aMzo vacce dekhAtA manobhAvonA viruddhapaNArUpa paNa hoya, je vadhu hAnikAraka banI rahe. (3) trIjo doSa thoDo moLo che - punarukti', arthAt khAsa kAraNa vinA eka ne eka vAta pharI kahevI. tenAthI lakhanAranI bauddhika daridratA paNa sUcavAya che. (4) cotho "apazabda nAmano doSa padaprayogasaMbaMdhI ke bhASAkIya che, je prathama doSanI jema asuMdaratAnuM ke lakhanAranI anAvaDatanuM pratikULa saMvedana janmAve che. ahIM apazabda' padano artha viziSTa che : zabdanAM liMga, vacana, kriyAkALa ke kAraka (vibhakti) khoTAM prayojavAM te. tethI vAMcanAra arthabodhamAM vikSepa paNa anubhave che ane patralekhakanI anAvaData ke adakSatA paNa anubhave che. ucca bauddhiko vacce buddhinI ke dakSatAnI nyUnatA, saMbaMdhanI khilavaTamAM pUrepUrI bAdhaka bane che e na bhulAya. vaLI jemAM be pakSo vacce saMbaMdha tanAvabharyo hoya, tyAM AvA sAmAnya lAgatA doSo paNa khUba hAnikAraka banI zake che. A carcA dvArA vyAkaraNazAstranuM vyavahAru mahattva e rIte samajAya che ke vyAkaraNazAstra artha bAbata niHzaMkatA sadhAya tevI bhASAno ekadhAro ke sthApita dhoraNo pramANeno vaparAza sthira karIne bhASAnuM setukArya (joDavAnuM kAma) daDha banAve che. vyAkaraNano mahimA rAjanItikSetre paNa A rIte pramANAya e che e zAstranI sArvabhaumatA. (5) "saMplava'-doSa (bheLaseLa ke UMdhAcatApaNuM). AnI kauTilyokta vyAkhyA aspaSTa hoI teno judA-judA TIkAkAro judo judo artha Ape che. AmAM pAyAnI vAta lAge che apekSita lakSaNathI UlaTuM lakSaNa. e UlaTApaNuM kAM to samAsa(vA ?)nA prayoga bAbate hoya - samAsa jarUrI hoya tyAM vyasta chuTTA) pado vAparavA ane vyasta pado jarUrI hoya tyAM samAsa vAparavo. athavA bIjo saMbhavita artha e For Personal & Private Use Only

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328 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa hoI zake ke jayAM je lakSaNa anurUpa hoya, tenAthI viparIta lakSaNa dAkhavavuM. (A doSanuM sAcuM svarUpa samajAtuM na hoI, prAcIna anya graMthomAM AnA sagaDa zodhavA vagere prakAranuM saMzodhana-kArya jarUrI lAge che. carcA mahattvanI che, eTale teno sAco artha jANavo khUba jarUrI lAge che.) A guNa-doSacarcA saravALe rAjapatranI bauddhika ane hArdika (I.Q. ane E.Q.ne lagatI) samAna uccatAno Adarza rajU kare che. A prakaraNamAM, patranA viSayavastumAM vividha dRSTie maLatAM te-te vaividhyanI carcA paNa che. te kauTilyanA bahoLA anubhavanuM pratibiMba pADatI hoI rasaprada paNa banI rahe che ane vyavahArabodhaka paNa che. AvA patromAM saMskAranI uccatA ke vinItatA to jarUra jALavavAnI hoya, paNa tethI lakhanAranA cUMTAyelA AgavA, prANavAnuM manobhAvanA ke AzayanA prakAzana upara koI pratibaMdha ladAto nathI; UlaTuM, lakhanAranI pratibhAnuM sAmarthya ke lakhanAranuM, mahAkavi mAdhe cIMdhI batAveluM zAMta paNa pratApI teja" emAM jarUra vyakta thavuM joIe, lakhanArano prasaMgAnusArI Azaya ke sAmA sAthe karavAnI sArI-narasI kAmagIrI bAbatano nizcaya paNa cokhecokhe pragaTa thavo joIe. AvA patro to najIkanA samayagALAmAM prastuta evA mahattvanA rAjakIya kadamanA dhvaja samAna hoya che. nirbhayatA ane saMkalpa-svAtaMtrya eno sthAyI-bhAva hoya che. sAmAnuM mAna jALavIne paNa enA upara potAnI tAtI pratibhAnuM zAsana kAM to AjJAthI, kAM to tenA akAryanI niMdAthI, kAM to karaDAkIbharyA rokaDA praznathI, kAM to kAThA ThapakAthI, kAM to sapta manAIhukamathI, kAM to duSTa zatru pratyenI bharsanAthI (eTale ke vAjabI rIte avajJApUrvaka varasAvAtI tiraskAra-vacanonI ke nakkara dhamakIonI jhaDIothI) pravartAvavAnuM che, ane e dvArA potAnuM anivArya rAjanaitika kartavya pUrepUrA sAmarthyathI pAra pADavAno mArga sApha karavAno che. tethI UlaTuM, sAmA pakSanI yogyatAnI barobara khabaradArI ane kadara dAkhavIne tenA pratye prazaMsA, namra yAcanA (vinaMtI), sAttvanakriyA (AzvAsana), sahAya-tatparatA, premaLa manAmaNAM, satreraNA - AvI bhAvAbhivyakti paikI je anurUpa ke kartavyarUpa hoya, te pUrepUrA mAnatyAga sAthe karavAnI hoya che. "raghuvaMza' mahAkAvyanA prathama sargamAM kAlidAse dilIparAjAnuM ucca rAjatva varNavatAM tenA bhayAvaha (mIma) ane prItijanaka (vanta ) ema ubhayavidha guNanI vAta karI che. rAjAnI svarASTrIya sarvoparitA ane saMskAritA khAsa karIne svarASTramAM vividha vyaktivizeSo, saMsthAo ke sarakArI adhikArIo mATe lakhAyelA vividhalakSI ghoSaNApatromAM paNa pratibiMbita thAya che; alabatta, e prAya: TUMkA ane mAhitIlakSI hoya che. paNa emAM ya bhASAnI ane bhAvanI ema baMne prakAranI uccatA hoya che. evA ATha prakAranA ghoSaNApatro kauTilya sadRSTAMta batAvyA che. kAryabajavaNI (function) paratve A ATha prakAro paDe che : savizeSa nivedana (koI prastuta viziSTa hakIkatanI jANakArI), AjJA, guNIjanane Apatti-prasaMge ke guNapUjA arthe karAtuM paridAna (kAyamI dAna), jAtipura-grAma-dezavizeSane kara vageremAMthI apAtI hetulakSI mukti (rIhAra), kartavyabajavaNI mATe koIne apAtI sattA (nivRSTi - delegation of power), devavaza banelI koI asAdhAraNa ghaTanA - For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA prAkRtika, mAnuSI ityAdi - viSenA samAcAra, Avela patrano pratyuttara ane paripatra (vyApaka rIte sarva adhikArIone prajAnI rakSA ke sahAya mATe Adeza Apato sarvasAmAnya patra - Ajano G.R.). A jAtanA patro paNa bhAva ane bhASAmAM ucca sAMskRtika gaurava ke ziSTatA jALave evuM sUcavavA A prakaraNamAM kauTilye temano ullekha karyo jaNAya che. rAjyataMtranI yA prajAmAMnI koI paNa vyakti pratye avinaya, uddhatAI ke vartananuM koI paNa prakAranuM anaucitya vyakta na thAya e mukhya vAta che. eka anya vargIkaraNa sAmAdi cAra upAyonI dRSTie che sAma, dAna, bheda ke daMDanI nIti vyakta karatA patro. hamaNAM ja AnI vAta karI che. 329 - A prakaraNa aneka zAstrone dhyAnamAM laIne taiyAra karAyAnuM yogya rIte ja kahevAyuM che; khAsa karIne kAvyazAstra, vyAkaraNazAstra ane niruktazAstranuM anusaMdhAna UpasI Ave che. (9) '3rthazAstra' ane Adhunika rAjanIti paNa nRvaMzazAstra(Anthropology)nI dRSTie kahIe to vikasita buddhi e manuSyanI anya prANIonI sarakhAmaNIe AgavI viziSTatA che. e buddhinuM ja aMga che smRti. tene lIdhe te vartamAnakALa uparAMta vizALa bhUtakALane emAM bhaMDArAyelA viziSTa ghaTanApravAhane potAnA magaja dvArA tema ja bhAre kALajIthI sAcavavAmAM AvatA vividhakAlIna graMtho dvArA potAnI jIvanazaktine, ciMtanazaktine puSTa karavA mATe sAcave che. bhUtakALa ane vartamAnakALanI samRddha khabaradArIthI puSTa thayelI potAnI atisaMkula buddhizaktithI e be kALathI vilakSaNa AkAranI kSamatA ke zakyatA dharAvatA bhaviSyakALane paNa e AkArI zake che. A vyAkhyAnamALAmAM ApaNe kauTilyanA anubhUti-pradezamAM mUrta thayelI saMkula rAjanItinuM je paMkhIdarzana manabhara rIte karyuM, te paNa vartamAnakALamAM vividha nUtana zubhAzubha paribaLothI mUrta thayelI rAjanIti sAthe tenAM tulanA ane samanvaya baMne karI zakIe te mATe ja. ApaNe ApaNA manuSyatvane AvI suciMtita, susaMcita, sanAtana evI prAcIna sAmagrIthI mAMjIne UjaLuM ane sArthaka ka2vAnI ruci sabhAnapaNe ke abhAnapaNe avazya sevIe chIe nAnakaDI billI paNa jIbhathI cATI-cATIne potAnA dehane svaccha-suMdara rAkhavA icche che tema ! jema koI koDIlI garbhavatI strI udaramAM saLavaLatA rahetA garbhathI potAnA astitvane bharyuM-bharyuM anubhave che, tema ApaNe manuSyo satya-ziva-suMdara evA sanAtana jIvanadharmo mATenI jhaMkhanAnA ke mathAmaNanA saLavaLATathI ja hRdayapradezamAM ghero, ciraMjIva, abola thanaganATa anubhavIe chIe. For Personal & Private Use Only - A vaktAne kauTilyanA UlaTabharyA adhyayana-adhyApanamAMthI je ciraMjIva jIvanamUlyo dArzanika, sAMskRtika ubhaya - lAdhyAM te hRdayanA pUrA ullAsa sAthe, A vArtAlApamAM, zrotAone vadhAvavA ardharUpe ja rajU karyAM che. vyApakapaNe zrotAomAM je prazno utkaTa rUpe UThavA joIe, te vyApakapaNe ladAyelI arthakendrI jIvanazailIne kAraNe ke ALasa, saMkoca ke prazna AkAravAnI bina

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa phAvaTane lIdhe te bhale na pUche. paNa te prazno, temanA vatI vaktAe to A prAcIna vArasAne uddezIne pUchavA ja rahyA. evo A zrotRvRMdamAM avazya UThato eka prazna A che : "zuM A rAjanItine AjanI rAjanIti sAthe kAMI levA-devA ke meLa che ?" 330 Ano lAbhadAyI uttara meLavavA prathama e viveka karavo ghaTe ke jema jIvanamAM anya kSetre tema rAjanItikSetre paNa acala mUlyone cala (palaTAtAM) mUlyothI ane acala vyavahArone cala vyavahArothI judAM tAravavAM ghaTe. atrenI rajUAtamAM (uttaramAM) acala mUlyo ke vyavahAro tarapha ja dhyAna kendrita karyuM che. e mUlyone jarUrI rUpAMtare paNa apanAvIne ja samAja ane rASTrane - balke mAnavajIvanane kharekhara samRddha karI zakAya ema che. ahIM carcA karatAM pahelAM eka agatyanuM avalokana noMdhavuM joIe. 'rAjanIti', 'rAjakAraNa' evA 'rAja'padayukta zabdo ja rASTranA niyamanataMtra mATe Aje ya calaNI che ! e 'rAja' zabda to rAjAno paryAya hoIne rAjAzAhIne ja e zabdo lAgu paDe; jyAre Aje moTA bhAganAM Adhunika rASTromAM sAcI-khoTI (moTA bhAge to khoTI ja !) lokazAhI che. Ama chatAM 'rAjanIti', 'rAjakAraNa', 'rAjyataMtra' jevA zabdonuM ja calaNa sAcI lokazAhIno abhAva sUcave che, ane AjanI cUMTaNI-AdhArita lokazAhInA ucca-padadhArIo to navA rAjAo - balke svacchaMdI bhraSTa rAjAo - jema ja varte che ema paNa sUcave che. hajI ekaMdare loka e rASTranA nirmANanA aMtima niyAmako hovAnI vAta nathI vaicArika rIte spaSTa banI, ne tethI nathI amalI banI. tethI 'lokanIti', 'lokakAraNa', 'lokataMtra' jevA zabdo hajI to dharu tarIke ya pAMgaryA jaNAtA nathI ! A vastusthitinI vAta ahIM eTalA mATe karI che ke 'arthazAstra' ke anya prAcIna-bhAratIya daMDanItigraMthomAM to rAjAzAhIne ja ativyApakapaNe svIkRta ane asarakAraka evI rASTra-niyamanapaddhati tarIke jANIne, tene ja vyavahAramAM ekamAtra paddhati tarIke svIkArIne badhI carcAo thayelI che. jyAre atyAre to, siddhAMta tarIke, jagatmAM vyApakapaNe loko rASTranA mAlika ane bhAgyanirmAtA gaNAyA che. AthI uparachallI rIte to AvI rAjakendrI zAsanapaddhati aMgenI prAcIna saMhitA lokazAhInA Adhunika saMdarbhe aprastuta gaNAya. paNa A graMthanI mahattvanI carcAo A avasare ApaNe khullA manathI tapAsI hoI, te AdhAre ApaNane barobara jaNAyuM che ke rAjA ahIM eka Apakhuda ke julmI vyakti tarIke na jovAtAM lokahita sAdhanAra eka taTastha mAdhyama tarIke jovAyo che. ene mATe vaparAtA 'narendra' ke 'naradeva' jevA zabdo tene AMtarika guNasaMpattinI ane ekaMdara pratibhAnI dRSTie zreSTha nara ke devatulya nara ja Therave che. ethI barobara tapAsavAmAM Ave to evA rAjAnuM taMtra Aje vyApakapaNe loka dvArA abhISTa (icchAyela) ane bhale kaMIka aMze ke upalaka rIte ja amalI banelI lokakendrI paddhatinuM ja mAtra bAhya AkAranI bhinnatA dharAvatuM zAsana che. tethI sAcA mAnavocita lokazAsana mATe upayogI vipula ane bahumukhI mArgadarzana emAMthI akhUTapaNe maLe che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA jANItA bahuzruta (aneka vidyAomAM pAraMgata) ciMtaka eNrisToTale emanA Politics graMthanA prathama bhAgamAM je traNa mukhya zAsana-paddhatio rAjAzAhI (Monarchy), umarAvazAhI Aristocracy) ane lokazAhI (Polity) gaNAvI che, te darekanA vikRta svarUpanuM alaga nAma paNa ApyuM che, te paikI rAjAzAhInuM vikRta svarUpa te julmazAhI' (Tyranny) kahevAyuM che. evI julmazAhIthI sarvathA bhinna evI rAjAzAhIne mAnavIya ke saMskRtisaMrakSaka zAsanapaddhati tarIke oLakhIe, to kauTilyanA 'arthazAstra' jevA graMthamAMthI mAnavakendrI, lokakendrI koI paNa zAsana- mALakhAne prANavAnlR ke caitanyasabhara banAvavA mATenI ghaNI sAmagrI maLI rahe tema che. zAsananuM mALakhuM parivartanayogya calatattva che. e mALakhAmAM dhabakatuM sanAtana caitanya vividha deza-kALamAM TakanAruM acala-tattva che. A vyAkhyAnomAM te-te muddA paratve AvAM acala tattvo ane enI sanAtanatA (sarva kALa mATenI upayogitA) avazya cIMdhI batAvyAM che. 331 Aje kahevAtA lokataMtranAM ucca sattAsthAnoe khUba arthasaMgraha karAya che e to svIkArya evuM acala(sarvakAlIna)-tattva che, paNa e saMgraha kevaLa lokahitane samarpita na hotAM, sAMkaDA vyaktigata svArtho poSavA arthe vadhu paDato khapamAM levAya che te A yugamAM paNa satyadharmathI cyuta (nIce paDelo) vyavahAra ja Thare che. vaLI utpAdita ghaNo artha anartharUpa paNa hoya che. tyAM AvA prAcIna graMthamAM ghUMTAto arthazuddhino bodha khUba ja prastuta che, khapano che. vidhinirmita (legitimate) zAsanataMtra, kharekhara to, prajAhita sAthe rASTrahita paNa mahattama kakSAe sadhAya e mATe, sarva prajAjUtho ane temAMnI pratyeka vyaktinI zreSTha zarIrayAtrA mATenI upayogI cIjo vipula pramANamAM, vaividhya sAcavIne, ucca guNavattA nibhAvIne ekAgra sthAyI Ayojana dvArA pedA karavAnA kAryane ane pedA thayelo e suvipula arthabhaMDAra, rASTrane samRddhi arpI tAranAra (taurtha !) prajAne caraNe dharavAnA kAryane potAnuM mukhya kArya mAne che. prajAkIya svAdhIna bauddhika, Arthika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, dhArmika upAsanAmAM rAjyataMtre koI anucita dakhala karavAnI na hoya, koI baMdhana lAdavAnuM na hoya. AvA arthakendrI sarvAMgI mAnavIya puruSArthano mahimA sUcavavA kauTilye zAsana-vidhinuM mArgadarzana ApatA zAstrane paraMparAgata 'daMDanIti' nAmane sthAne 'arthazAstra' nAma ApyuM. Ama zAsananuM mukhya kAma aparAdhono nyAya toLavAnuM na hotAM, aparAdhavRttinA mukhya kAraNanuM nivAraNa thAya te mATe prajAjIvananI sukhazAMtino artharUpa aDIkhama pAyo majabUta banAvavA AkhA rASTranI racanAtmaka arthotpAdakatAne AdhAra maLe tevuM mALakhuM racavAnuM ane nibhAvavAnuM che. ethI to dharma-artha-kAmarUpa trivargamAM 'artha ja pradhAna che' evo khUba gahana mata paNa kauTilye rajU karyo. A to upaniSadnI "khUba anna pedA karavuM; A vrata che" evI AjJAnuM ke sudAmA-patnInI "anna vinA bhajana sUjhe nahi RSirAyajI re" evI premaLa phariyAdanuM ja rUDuM anusaMdhAna thayuM ! agAu kahyuM tema, Aje rAjyataMtra vipula arthotpAdana to kare-karAve ja che; paNa jema-jema rASTranI kula saMpatti vadhe che, tema-tema AmaprajAnI Avaka, potAno nirvAha pAMkho ke azakya banI rahe teTalI hade ghaTe tevuM beThuM, lokadrohI ane dhanika-taraphI Ayojana, kahevAtI lokazAhI sarakAro dvArA For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa thaI rahyuM che. khAsa to rojI vipula pramANamAM ghaTatI ja rahe evI yaMtroghogataraphI udyoga-patitaraphI ekAMgI, balke mahAjokhamI maMdIne lAMbe gALe notare tevI, apa-nIti calAvAya che. mAtra naitikatAnI dRSTie nahi, paNa buddhimattAnI dRSTie, lAMbA gALAnA rASTrIya Arthika pAyAnI aDIkhama salAmatI arthe paNa 'arthazAstra'nI niSkapaTa loka-niSThAvALI arthanItino aMgIkAra karye ja chUTako che. 332 yuddha pratyenuM kauTilyanuM zANuM valaNa AjanI sarakAronA svArthakendrI yuddhakhora mAnasane ane emAMnI AtmaghAtaka bevakUphIne ughADAM pADe che. khetI, pazupAlana, gRhoghoga, grAmodyoga sahitanA grAmINa arthataMtranA prAdhAnya sAthe madhyama kArakhAnAM, tenAM viziSTa saMkulo, khANa-udyoga, svadezI vepAra ke paradezo sAtheno vipula racanAtmaka vepAra, te mATenA rAjyanirmita viNakSatho - AvAM aMgo dharAvatuM prajAhitalakSI, jIvanakendrI, nirupadravI puruSArtho sevatuM sarvAMgI-samadhAraNa arthataMtra yuddhonI AvazyakatA sArI peThe ghaTADe che ane rASTro vacce Arthika sahayoga vadhAre che. indriyasaMyama 52 cokhkho bhAra ApIne, tema ja darzanavidyA (AvIkSiI) sahitanI rAjopayogI cAra pAyAnI vidyAnI, 'niyama' (vratabaddha jIvana) ane 'vinaya' (pUrNa viSayabodha ane tatsaMbaMdhI vyavahArakauzala prApta thAya tevuM vidyAonuM vidhipUrvakanuM zikSaNa, je viSayanA siddhAMta ane vyavahAra e baMnemAM pIDha hoya tevA guru dvArA apAya) sahitanI keLavaNI dvArA rAjA ane ucca rAjapuruSone prajAsevAmAM sarva rIte dakSa narottamo banAvIne, zAsanane lokAzrita ane rASTravyApI guptacara-taMtranA mahAjALanA ghaniSTha sahayoga dvArA bhraSTAcAramukta rAkhIne rASTrano niraMtara5Ne apUrva sarvAMgI vikAsa thAya tevuM dhiMguM naitika mALakhuM UbhuM karavAnuM mArgadarzana graMthamAM apAyuM che. AjanI rASTraghAtaka, lokadveSI, bhraSTa sarakArone saMpUrNapaNe ughADI pADIne, taMtranA naitika-bauddhika devALAne kAraNe nIpajatA rASTrIya ApaghAtathI samasta rASTrane bacAvI levAnI prabaLa cAlanA A zIla-sAmarthyasaMpanna lokaguru dvArA A graMthanA mAdhyamathI apAI che. AvI che A prAcIna rAjanItinI sanAtanatA ! Aje killAo, hAthI-ghoDA-2tha-padAtIonuM baneluM caturaMga sainya ityAdi, rAjyataMtranAM cala (parivartanazIla) ghaTako svAbhAvika rIte ja aprastuta banyAM che. paraMtu graMthamAM sainikonA mAnasika prazno, vaphAdArInA prazno, emanAM tana-mananI mAvajatanA praznonI je saMkSipta carcAo maLe che te Aje paNa dhoraNasaranI ane prastuta lAge che. rAjAzAhInA A graMthamAM paNa sAcI lokanItinI sarvAMgI khilavaTanA aneka suciMtita, vyavahArakSama muddAo vizALa pAye jANavA-samajavA maLe che. AmAMthI AjanI lokazAhIone lokasvAmitvavALI, lokonA kalyANa mATenI ane loko dvArA ja arthataMtra sahita sarva morace vikasatI banAvavAnuM rokaDuM mArgadarzana meLavI zakAya ema che. kauTilyane sIdho rasa nathI kAvAdAvAnI rAjanItimAM, ke nathI kevaLa rAjakIya nokarazAhInA mALakhAnA vahIvaTamAM; emano chevaTano rasa to che jIvanatattvane samagrapaNe pArakhIne enI namra nAnakaDI kaDI banavAmAM, paramatattva ke paramazaktimAM gUMthAvAmAM. 'rAjanIti jIvana ane satya For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA taraphanI UMDI AMtarika vaphAdArI vinAno, pUrNa ahaMkAramukti sAthe, hRdayamAM ke aMtaHkaraNamAM vilasatA Izvara ke paramatattva pratyenI paripUrNa upAsanA vinAno koI dunyavI ADaMbara nathI' evI kauTilyanI samajaNa, graMthano khUNekhUNo tapAsI lenArA jAgRta abhyAsIne graMthanAM aneka marmALAM sthAnomAM bharI-bharI rIte anubhavavA maLe ema che. evAM be sauthI mahattvanAM sthAno che emaNe 'AnvIkSikI' (darzanavidyA) mATe mArmika hetukathana sAthe karelA sahRdaya anurodhanuM sthAna (adhyAya kra. 1.2mAM) ane zama-vyAyAmim zIrSake daiva-puruSArthanAM AgavAM kSetrono suMdara nakazo batAvatuM sthAna (adhyAya kra. 6.2mAM). e zikharo sAthenAM peTA-zikharorUpa indriya-jayAdi aneka sthAno paNa che. AnI vistRta samAlocanA ApaNe bIjA vyAkhyAnamAM karI che. AjanI rAjanItine A mApadaMDe mUlavyA vinA cAle tema nathI khAsa karIne AjanA yuganI AjanI ghaDInI kharI oLakha vijJAnayuga, samajaNayuga ane mAnavatAyuga tarIke prasthApita thaI rahI che tyAre. prajA ja pUrNapaNe jAgRta, jJAnavAn ane parizramazIla banIne netAone balke lokasevaka vahIvaTakArone mApadaMDe mUlavIne rAjadharmathI anekagaNo mahimAyukta lokadharma prasthApe te ghaDI AvI pahoMcI che. vinobAjIe rAjakAraNane kALagrasta (khokhaluM) dhoSita karIne tene sthAne vijJAnanA eTale ke anubhavasiddha kAryakSama jJAnanA prasthApananI AgAhI karI che tenI prastutatA pArakhIne te mujaba pravartavAnI tAtI jarUra che e cokkasa. guMDAgIrIne ja varelA rAjakAraNIo prajAne nAme zAsana calAve tevI kALagrasta niyatine, jarAka khUTatA AtmavizvAsane kAraNe ja zuM prajA svIkArI leze ? A = 333 A vicArasamRddhinI daSTie A graMthanI tulanA pAzcAtya rAjanIticiMtako, jemake grIka ciMtaka pleTonA 'Republic' graMtha sAthe (khAsa karIne tenA prathama bhAga sAthe) ane iTAliyana rAjapuruSa mekiyAvelInA The Prince' graMtha sAthe karavI upayogI gaNAya. vaLI kArlamArksanA 'Das Capital' e jarmana graMthanI mukhya vicArasaraNI sAthe paNa tulanA karavI ghaTe. A maMthanamAMthI saMskRticiMtakone jarUra dIrghakAlIna poSaNa Ape tevuM navanIta, tevuM bhAtuM maLI rahe. A dareka ciMtakanI potapotAnI vicArasaraNInI saMgati je-te aitihAsika pariprekSya sAthe besADIne temanuM tAttvika, eTale ke dArzanika-sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana taTasthapaNe karavA jevuM che. A vaktAne to hajI evuM adhyayana karavAnI taka maLI nathI, paNa sanniSTha mitra prA. siddhArtha bhaTTa dvArA mAtra eka beThakamAM thoDIka prAthamika jANakArI meLavatAM paNa evuM jaNAyuM che ke AvI tulanA karatAM kauTilyanI vicAradhArA, uccatara bhAratIya ciMtanadhArAnI pUrvabhUmikAnA pIThabaLane lIdhe paNa ghaNI ucca ane pAragAmI banI zakI che. alabatta, prAcIna-arvAcIna, pAzcAtya ke anyadezIya rAjanIticiMtanamAMthI paNa mukta mane chUTathI guNagrahaNa karavuM rahyuM. -- eka vAta ahIM pharI ghUMTIe ke korA AdarzavAdI ke ahiMsAvAdI ghaNI vAra phophAM jevA ja hoya che; kAraNa ke Adarzane amalanI eraNe caDhAvavAnI temanI pAse na sUjha ke vyavahArutA hoya che, na tatparatA ke javAbadArInI bhAvanA hoya che. ApaNe ahIM e sArI peThe tapAsyuM che ke kauTilye bhale kaThora, hiMsAyukta ke kapaTayuktiothI bharapUra rAjakAraNa, prasaMga paDye khelyuM hoya ane graMthamAM evI aneka For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa bhalAmaNo Thera-Thera karI hoya, paNa e pAchaLanuM kharuM kAraNa A che : teo aMtaratamathI vividha zAstraparaMparAomAM TharelapaNe 2jU thayelA AdarzonA jANakAra ane anumodaka (TekedAra) paNa hovA sAthe, tattatkAlIna mAnava-svabhAvanI ane tajanya rUDhionI vAstavikatAonI, niHsaMzayapaNe karelI sAcI parakhane kAraNe, kALadevatAnI te-te kALanI AjJA pArakhIne jJAta AdarzonA upalaka amala para avyavahArupaNe tarata UtarI javAne badale bhaviSyanA yogya biMdue e mATenI cokkasa taka UbhI thaI Ave te mATenI bArI khullI rAkhIne, prApta thayelI paristhitimAM je na karavuM te paNa aparAdharUpa hoya te avazya karavAnI hiMmata, kalpanAzakti ane dhIraja batAve che, ane te vakhate chIcharA AdarzavAdIonA maheNAnI ciMtA karatA nathI. bAkI emanA prabuddha rAjakAraNamAM te-te AdarzanA amala mATenAM dvAra niHzaMkapaNe khullAM rakhAyAM hoya che te ApaNe vAraMvAra joyuM che. ahIM gItA-prokta sthitaprajJa-lakSaNamAMnuM A vacana saMbhArIe : "Avo manuSya te-te zubha ke azubha bAbata sAme AvI paDe tyAre (anukrame) na to rAjI thaI jAya che ke na to aNagamo anubhave che.13" satyanI saMkulatA samajIne manuSya nirAgrahIpaNe, nirmohIpaNe taTastha indriya, mana, buddhi samakSa UpasatA nirbheLa satya pratye samarpitabhAva dAkhavavAno che, nirvikAra banIne tene hRdayabaLathI svIkRti ApavAnI che ane tenI aMtima vAstavika niyati paNa zAnta pratibhAbaLathI zodhavAnI che. : 334 kauTilye mAnavajAti ane tenI saMskRtinA tema ja bhAvinA sthira-premI zANA manuSya tarIke A graMthamAM potAnA anubhavanA gaLaNAmAMthI gALIne vividha siddhAMto ane vyavahAravidhio khUba vinItapaNe, zrotA-adhyetAnI svataMtra prajJA pratyenA bharapUra AdarathI, rAjanItinA vArasAne svapratibhAthI vikasAvavAnI gupta bhalAmaNa sAthe rajU karyA che. adhyetAe to mukhyatve potAnI pratItionA tALA meLavavA mATe A sAmagrIno racanAtmaka manabhara upayoga karI chUTavAnuM che, dezakALa vagere cala-paribaLonA bheda pratye vaphAdAra rahIne A siddhAMtonuM samucita rUpAMtara karavAnuM che. (10) zrotAonA prazno jJAnanA mahAbhaMDAranI cAvI che pariprazno - kakaDIne lAgelI bhUkha jevI tAlAvelIthI bharelA prazno. vasamA yugabaLe ekaMdare mANasanI, vizALa mAnavajUthonI sthiti harAyA (apaharaNa pAmelA) Dhora jevI ativihvaLa karI dIdhI hoI AvA pariprazno thaMbhI gayA che, aMdara ne aMdara sukAI gayA che; nisbata ke jijJAsA kevaLa sthULa dhananI bAkI rahI che. keLavaNInuM sthAna mANasane mAra-Thoka karIne paisA kamAvAnI AtmaghAtaka hoDamAM dhakelavAnI mukAdamagIrIe laI lIdhuM che. A dRSTie, A mudde mAtra dANo cAMpavA, A vyAkhyAnamALAnA nimaMtraNapatramAM zrotA pAsethI vyAkhyAna-viSayasaMbaMdhI AgotarA prazna mokalavA vinaMtI karAI hatI. paraMtu, AgotarA svarUpe koI prazno maLyA na hatA; paNa vyAkhyAna daramiyAna saMskRta vidyAsamAjanA be jAgRta vidyAvyAsaMgI mitroe - strI-puruSanI samatulA jaLavAya tema - potAne UThatA A viSayane lagatA praznonI yAdI ApI hatI. samayAbhAvane lIdhe enA uttara vyAkhyAnAMte ApI zakAyA nahotA, paNa lekhananA A For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA avasare, enA A aMtabhAgamAM, te prazno ane tenA sUjhatA uttaro ApavAnuM ubhaya-pakSe saMtoSaprada banaze; kartavyapUrtirUpa paNa banaze. prathama laIe sahRdaya mitra prA. DaoN. lakSmazabhAI joSInA prazno. e vAta atre ullekhyA vinA rahevAtuM nathI ke teo traNe ya divasanAM A vyAkhyAno, agratama haroLamAM besIne, pUrI tanmayatA sAthe, anumodana sAthe, vaktAne porasa caDhe tema sAMbhaLatA paNa rahyA ane koI avataraNa ke vigatanI cokasAI karavAmAM vaktAne AtmIyatAthI Teko paNa karatA rahyA. vaktA-zrotAnuM kevuM pharI-pharI spRhaNIya (jhaMkhavA lAyaka) sAyujya ! 335 temanA pAMca prazno paikI, 'hindu-koDa-bila'nA paricayanA abhAve "tene kauTilya samarthana Ape che ke kema ? '' evA temanA prathama praznano uttara ApI zakAya ema nathI. eTaluM kahI zakAya ke koTilyanA graMthamAM 'dharmasthIyam' e sAmAjika kAyadA(dIvAnI kAyadA)ne lagatA adhikaraNamAM ghaNIbadhI kAnUnI jogavAIo 'yAjJavalkya-smRti' ke 'manusmRti'nA anusaraNarUpa jaNAya che. keTalAMka sthaLoe kauTilya je-te muddA paratve pUrvAcAryanA mata nirdezIne potAno bhinna mata hetukathanasahita yA kvacit hetukathana jarUrI na lAgatAM tenA vinA rajU kare che. 'hindu-koDa-bila' prAyaH AvI prAcIna smRtionA AdhAre taiyAra thayeluM samajIne kahI zakAya ke kauTilyanI te paratve prAyaH saMmati hoya. bAkI dezakALabhede piravartanayogya aneka prathAo paratve 'hindu-koDa-bila'mAM parivartano thatAM rahyAM che; kauTilya A deza-kALamAM thayA hota to teonI vaicArika pragatizIlatA mujaba jarUra tevAM parivartanono anurodha sudhdhAM karata. bIjo prazna che hindu vArasAnA kAyadA viSe kauTilyanA mata aMgeno. A viSenA kauTilyanA vicAro trIjA dharmasthIyam adhikaraNanA pAMcamA, chaThThA, sAtamA adhyAyamAM anukrame vAyavibhAga:, aMzavimAna:, puvimAnaH evA praka2Nabhede ThIka-ThIka vigate maLe che. AmAM vArasA viSenI sarvagrAhI carcA che. vAraso nakkI karanAra tarIke puruSa-vaDIla mAnya karAyo che; strIno sIdho avAja ke nirNaya nathI. A che dezakALabaLa ! paraMtu aneka ADakatarI Arthika-sAmAjika staranI strI-saMrakSaka jogavAIo dvArA puruSa-vaDIlanI manasvitA niyaMtrita karIne strInI barobarI pramANAya tevI aneka jogavAIo saMbhavataH mahad aMze paraMparAno ja AdhAre - kauTilye potAnI savizeSa UlaTa sAthe rajU karI che. sAme pakSe, strInA vivAhAntara(anya vivAha)saMbaMdhI caMcaLapaNAnA pramANamAM tenA vA2sA-haka 52 vAjabI kApa paNa sUcavAyA che. vivAhasaMbaMdhanI kakSAnA bheda mujaba tenAthI dhanArA putrone maLavApAtra vArasAaMzamAM paNa bheda sUcavAyo che. sIdhI rIte putrInA vArasAhakanI vAta nathI. ekaMdare vArasA-hakasaMbaMdhI samagra carcA, anya carcAonI jema dareka vyaktine yogya nyAya maLe tevI samatvapUrNa ane buddhigrAhya che. agAu A trIjA vyAkhyAnamAM nirdezyA pramANe, vArasAhakka e svakuLa pratyenI asmitAne puSTa karavAnA eka manovaijJAnika upAya tarIke mahattvano che evo dhvani A carcAmAMthI tAravI zakAya. milkatanA vArasAhakanI jema devAnA vArasA-kartavyanI vAta paNa cukAI nathI trIjo prazna che : "bhraSTAcAra anivArya aniSTa hoya to paNa tene ocho karavAnA upAyo kauTilya For Personal & Private Use Only --

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336 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa darzAve che?" AnI vistRta carcA A trIjA vyAkhyAnamAMnA trIjA arthataMtra' aMgenA muddAmAM alaga peTAzIrSaka mUkIne karI ja che. ahIM eno mAtra TUMko nirdeza karIe. praznano uttara "hA"mAM che. utpAdana sthAnomAM karmacArIo dvArA corAyelI cIjo pAchI meLavavAnA upAyo aMgenA adhyAya kra. 2.8mAM mukhyatve utpAdana-sthaLe mAla coravAnA, oLavavAnA cAlIsa prakAro batAvyA che ane te sAmenA upAyo paNa batAvyA che. "Takazodhana' evA mArmika zIrSakavALA cothA adhikaraNamAM vepArIo, kArIgaro, gorakhadhaMdhAo dvArA gerakAyadesara chUpI kamANI karanArAo, sarakArI adhikArIo, khuda nyAyAdhIzo (AjanI jema !) - e badhAnA bhraSTAcAraprakAro ane te rokavAnA upAyo batAvyA che. atyaMta vyApaka guptacarataMtranuM sauthI mahattvanuM kAma A che : jAtajAtanAM chaTakAM goThavI maMtrI-Adi ucca padadhArIonuM vividhalakSI parIkSaNa vividha 3qdhA (chaTakA) dvArA temanA samagra kAryakALa daramiyAna samaye-samaye karAya che. Arthika pravRttionA badhA sarakArI adhyakSo svavibhAgIya gatividhionI pUrI tapAsa rAkhIne rASTrane paDanAro Arthika phaTako aTakAve che. te rIte vepArI rAjamArgo (vakhaHtha) paranA zulkanI corI vividha nipuNa rIto dvArA aTakAvavAnI, daMDavAnI jogavAIo varNavAI che. kauTilyanI majedAra tulanA juo : "pANImAMthI mAchalI pANI na pIe e jema azakya che, tema sarakArI karmacArI, niANA ke mAlano vahIvaTa potAnA hAtha para hoya tyAre,] khAyakI na kare te asaMbhava che !54'' indriyajayano adhyAya kra. 1.6 graMthanA AraMbha-bhAge mUkIne tathA emAM "A AkhuM zAstra (arthazAstra) eTale indriyajaya" ema kahIne teo bhraSTAcAra nAthavAnuM samAjamanovijJAna-AdhArita pAyAnuM sAMskRtika sAdhana paNa uttama rIte cIMdhe che. bhagavadgItA AmAMnuM saraLa samAja-manovijJAna Ama cIMdhe che : "je-je AcaraNa zreSTha vyakti kare che, te ja sAmAnya jana kare che. alabatta, A pAyAnA upAya sAthe ja rAjayataMtrane bhraSTAcAra rokavA te-te saMsthAo, niyamano, adhikArI-jALa ityAdi sthApavuM ne pAke pAye nibhAvavuM to jarUrI che ja. to bIjI bAjue pelA pAyAnA upAyane sArI peThe majabUta banAvavA graMthanuM 'viyAdhArim' evA dhyAnAkarSaka nAmavALuM prathama adhikaraNa AkAryuM che. temAM rAjAnA vinayagrahaNa saMbaMdhI vistata sAmagrI uparAMta maMtrI, amAtya, purohita, dUta, guptacara jevA khUba mokAnA kAryakaronI AMtara-bAhya lAyakAtonI carcA khUba kALajIthI gUMthAI che. saune gamI jAya tevo cotho prazna kauTilyanI dRSTi mujabanA zikSaNakSetranA Adarzane lagato che. prAcIna-bhAratIya saMskRtine mAna ApIne zikSaNavidhi paratve rAjayanA abhikrama ane aMkuza iSTa manAyA nathI; paraMtu vizeSataH AzramAdinuM baMdhanamukta bhautika paripoSaNa rAjayahastaka kharuM - A vAta khAsa dhyAnapAtra che. vividha Arthika-sAmAjika-vahIvaTI AgavA adhyakSonI carcA karatAM bIjA vistRtatama adhikaraNamAM koI zikSaNAdhyakSano ullekha sudhdhAM nathI ! prajAjIvana ane temanI bhAtIgaLa svayaMbhU pravRttione atyaMta ISTa lekhIne tenI pratye Adara ane AmanyA jALavatA rAjayataMtra dvArA RSio, brAhmaNavarga ane te-te taLa prajAjUtho dvArA nija-nija jIvanadaSTi ane viziSTa jijIviSA mujaba zikSaNavidhi vikendrita rUpe goThavAya te ja jIvaMta, svAdhIna samAjanuM lakSaNa manAyuM haze. eka rIte "zALAmukta samAja' (iTalInA manISI ivAna ilice prabodhela Deschooling Society)nI najIkanI A mukta samAjasthiti gaNAya. taLa prajAjUtho to For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 337 pArivArika ke grAmanA stare koThAsUjha-AdhArita vyAvasAyika, sAmAjika ke pArivArika jIvana mATenuM zikSaNa peDhI-dara-peDhI potAnI naisargika dhiMgI pratibhA mujaba ApatAM haze. saMbhavataH upalA traNa kiMja-vargo mATe grAmasabhA dvArA prAthamika zALAo paNa UbhI karAtI hoI zake ane AgaLanuM ucca zikSaNa tapovanomAMnA Azramo dvArA thatuM haze. ekaMdare AvI kaMIka naravI svAyatta vyavasthA haze. Aje vepArathI paNa badatara evI lUMTa ke guMDAgIrI staranI jAmelI zikSaNa saMsthAonI varavAmAM varavI ijArAzAhI joI kone mAnavasaMskRtinuM bhAvi bhayAnaka jokhamothI gherAyeluM nahi lAge ? vidyAgrahaNanAM sopAno aMge agAu bIjA vyAkhyAnamAM vigate carcA karelI che. te aMge cAra sthaLoe lAghavathI je mahattvanI vAto kahevAI che, temAM mukhya vAta che AtmasaMyama (Indriyajaya) e vidyAgrahaNano Avazyaka pAyo hovAnI vAta. AjanA kahevAtA zikSaNamAM vyApakapaNe jovA maLato A satyAzrita vaijJAnika pAyAno abhAva ja nahi, paNa cAhIne karAyelo uccheda saravALe to buddhinAzamAM, saMskRtivinAzamAM, AtmavinAzamAM ja pariNamI rahyo che. emAMthI bacavA kauTilya rajU karelI A vaijJAnika vAta zikSaNanA pAyA tarIke prasthApavA samajadAroe kamara kasavI ja rahI. zrI lakSmazabhAIno pAMcamo prazna paNa sarva saMskRtipremIonA hRdayano paDagho pADe che : "videzI sAMskRtika-Arthika nigUDha AkramaNone rokavAnA upAya "arthazAstramAM che?" pAyAnI vAta e ke te jamAnAmAM saMdezAnAM ane parivahananAM AjanA jevAM ane jeTalAM sAdhano zodhAyAM nahotAM, tethI sthAnika Arthika-sAMskRtika jIvana para AvAM nigUDha AkramaNo mATe bahoLI anukULatA nahotI, tema ja tene poSanArI saMsthAnavAdI vRttine paNa avakAza nahoto. vaLI eka rASTramAM paNa vividha prajAjUthonI jIvanazailInuM AgavApaNuM sahajapaNe jaLavAtuM. tethI to kauTilya dIvAnI ke samAjalakSI kAyadAonA trIjA adhikaraNanA prathama adhyAyamAM nyAyasthApanA mATe lAgu pADavAnA cAra mApadaMDo paikI trIjA krame caritra' eTale ke sthAnika rivAja ke sthAnika jIvanazailIno samAveza paNa karyo che, ane tenI prastutatA dharma' (zuddha satyanI dRSTie phalita thato kAyado) ane vyavahAra (sAmAjika saMbaMdha ane Apa-lemAMthI phalita thayelI rUDhi) karatAM vadhAre batAvI che. prajAono videzo sAtheno saMbaMdha mukhyatve vepAra-nimitte hato, ane e saMbaMdha para Arthika pAsA paratve rASTranA "pappAdhyakSa (puravaThA-adhyakSa)nuM ane ekaMdare khuda rAjAnuM niyamana rahetuM - prajA para anugraha (upakAra) thAya tevuM niyamana. svAyatta puruSArthamAM rata prajAjIvananI kevI pratiSThA karAtI hatI te to ganapaniveza: (adhyAya kra.2.1) dhyAnathI vAMcatAM samajAya che. khetI ane tenA peTAmAM ke puravaNIrUpe pazupAlana ane grAmodyoga e janapadanA ghaTakarUpa gAmanI mukhya Arthika pravRtti hatI, ane saMskRti paNa enA AdhAre ja khIlatI hatI. ekeeka parivAranI Arthika-sAmAjika-dhArmika sthitinuM hetulakSI sarvekSaNa rASTravyApI mahimAyukta sattA dharAvatA "samAhartA dvArA potAnA sahAyaka karmacArIgaNanI madadathI thatuM ane sarakArI copaDe pAke pAye noMdhAtuM. gAmamAM sabhAsthaLa ke bagIcA paNa na rAkhavAnI bhalAmaNa eTale karAtI ke gAmo niraMtaranAM parizrama ane puruSArthanAM ja dhAma hatA; temAM moTA upADAnI, prajAjIvanamAM na sade tevI bahArathI ladAtI, kahevAtI sAMskRtika' ke manoraMjananI sAmagrI aprastuta gaNAtI. prajAnA vyAvasAyika jIvanamAM ja dhArmika For Personal & Private Use Only

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338 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa sAmAjika utsavo gUMthAIne bharapUra AnaMda relAvatA. bahAranA naTa-nartakonA vyApAro para paNa prajAmAM bedilI ke kusaMskAra na phelAvAya te daSTie niyamana karavAnI cokhkhI vAta paNa "janapadasthApanA prakaraNamAM gUMthI che te ApaNe agAu joyuM ja che. upara joyuM tema samAhartA dvArA pravartAvAtAM pArivArika sarvekSaNo dvArA parokSa rIte prajA bekArI ke bhUkhamarAthI na piDAya tenI ja kALajI levAnuM abhipreta hatuM. 'uttama vyavasAya khetI' e dhiMgA sUtrane barobara sAkAra karatuM rASTrIya arthataMtra ja koI paNa ArthikasAMskRtika AkramaNane azakya banAve che. (AdaraNIya saMskRtipremI suvidvAn zrI rasikabhAI parIkhe lakheluM ane amadAvAdamAM naTamaMDaLa dvArA saphaLa rIte raMgabhUmi para aneka vAra rajU thayeluM menA gurjarI, nATaka A vAtane atyaMta manohara rIte rajU kare che. TI.vI.nA AkramaNane khALavA ene punaH sajIvana karavAnI jarUra che.) sAta rAjayAMgomAM janapadane rAjA ane maMtrImaMDaLa pachI tarata sthAna ApIne paNa kauTilya grAmINa samAjanI gAMdhI-vinobAcIMdhI manohara vibhAvanAne ja vidhisara puraskArI che. pachI paradezI Arthika-sAMskRtika AkramaNanI zakyatA ja kyAM rahI ? janapadamAM gAmonA saMgamAM gocaro, vano, khANo, karmAnto (udyogavistAro) paNa potapotAnuM arthavidhAyaka ane jIvanavidhAyaka sthAna pAme che e paNa na bhulAya. vaLI jene "pUchidra' (nabaLI bhUmi) kahe che tevI binaupajAu ke verAna gaNAtI bhUmine paNa upajAu ke upayogI banAvavA mATe rAjayataMtra paNa sakriya rahe che ne te aMgenA prajAnA koThAsUjhabharyA abhikramone paNa vadhAvavAmAM Ave che, tyAM AjanI varavI rItanuM svadezI videzI udyogamaMDaLIonuM Arthika AkramaNa prastuta ja kyAM rahyuM? AjanAM parivahananAM tema ja saMdezAvyavahAranAM sAdhanono atireka Ama-AdamIne puSTa karIne saMskRtinuM saMvardhana kare che ke Ama-AdamIne varavAmAM varavI rIte khadeDIne saMskRti-saMkara ane saravALe sarvavinAza kare che te joI-samajI levAnI ghaDI AvI pahoMcI che. chevaTe eka vAta umerIe ke sAMskRtika AkramaNa karanAra chevaTe to tevA pratyAkramaNane paNa notarIne sarvavinAzano ja kAraso race che. bIjA praznakAra che vidyA-bhaginI DaoN. pArula mAMkaDa : "zrI lA. da. bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira'nA kAryavAhaka vidvatraNa paikInAM sanniSTha adhyetrI. temaNe paNa cokkasa ruci ane dRSTi sAthe pAMca prazno likhita rUpamAM ApyA hatA. tenA paNa marmasparzI uttaro ApavAnI koziza atre prastuta che. prathama prazna Ama che : "bhAravi ane mAgha e baMnenAM saMskRta mahAkAvyomAMnI rAjanaitika carcA para "mahAbhArata' sivAya "arthazAstra'no paNa prabhAva che ke kema ?" prAthamika abhyAsa parathI paNa sahaja tAraNa evuM nIkaLe che ke "mahAbhAratanA "zAMtiparvamAMnA peTA-parva "rAjadharmaparvamAM ghaniSThapaNe rAjayanAM vividha aMgonAM kartavyonI je carcA che, te ghaNA pAchalA samayamAM umerAyelI sAmagrI paikInI hovA saMbhava che. "mahAbhArata' Akara-graMtha banI rahetAM judAM-judAM samaye temAM umeraNo thatAM rahyAnI vAta vyApakapaNe svIkArAyelI che. kauTilyanA "arthazAstranI sAmagrInI bahoLI asara "rAjadharmaparvanI sAmagrI para jaNAya che. vaLI e paNa dhyAnamAM rahe ke praziSTa saMskRta sAhityanA kAlidAsa sahitanA aneka kavivaroe kauTilIya "arthazAstra'nuM AdarabharyuM adhyayana karyAnAM cokkasa pramANo emanI te-te kRtiomAM maLI Ave che. e sthitimAM bhAravi ane mAgha para For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA paNa kauTilyanA A graMthano prabhAva hovAnuM jarUra kahI zakAya. te rIte e baMne kavionAM mahAkAvyonA vividha aMzo para 'arthazAstra'nA te-te aMzonI asara jarUra vigatavAra tAravI zakAya. AmAM vadhu tapAsapAtra bAbata zAstragraMthanA A-te aMzonA je-te kavikRti paranA sthULa prabhAvanI vigato uparAMta te kavivaro dvArA pUrvAcAryanA zAstragraMthamAM je-te sthAne vyakta thayelI sahRdaya ciMtanazIlatA pratye kevo ne keTalo Adara vyaMjita thAya che te, athavA je-te zAstrIya muddA paratve AtmIyabhAve saMbhavita vakra kavikarma paNa karAyuM che te che; eka suMdara kautukaviSaya che. bIjo prazna che : "cANakye gunhAonI sajA vyaktilakSI karI che ke samAjalakSI ?" saMbhavataH Adhunika samAjazAstrIya, mAnavatAlakSI aparAdhazAstra-saMbaMdhI ke sarvodayI vicAradhArAo pratyenA anurAganA prabhAva nIce A prazna karAyo lAge che; paNa tethI praznamAM tarkasaMgati cUkI javAI che. bIjI zakyatA e paNa che ke 'vyaktilakSI' ane 'samAjalakSI' zabdo praznakAre bhUlathI anukrame 'badalAlakSI' ane 'sudhAraNAlakSI' artho manamAM rAkhIne vAparyA hoya. game tema paNa prazna barobara AkArAyo nathI. tema chatAM prazna pAchaLanI udAra bhAvanA abhinaMdanIya che. uttaramAM pahelI vAta to e ke sajA to, jyAM sudhI paraMparAgata nyAyataMtrano saMdarbha che, tyAM sudhI vyaktilakSI ja hoya; samAjalakSI sajA kayA dhoraNe ane kayA svarUpe karavI ? Aje paNa udAra vicAronA apUrva vyApa chatAM paNa sajA to vyaktilakSI ja cAlu rahI che. praznakArano hRdgata udAra vicAra e che ke prAyaH gunhAonA pAyAmAM, kahevAtA gunhegArane thayelo sAmAjika anyAya javAbadAra hoya che. eTale kharekhara to doSa samAjanAM khoTAM dhArAdhoraNo sthApanArA ne baLajorIthI tene satata nibhAvanArA evA kahevAtA samAja-agraNIono hoya che. emane lokajAgRtithI, avaLA svArthakendrI ekAMgI nirNayo lAdatAM kramazaH rokavA joIe; emanA irAdAo niSphaLa karavA joIe. paNa e kAma sAmAjika ane manovaijJAnika staranuM che; nyAyataMtranuM nahi. vaLI aneka gunhAo evA paNa che, jemAM koI sAmAjika anyAyane javAbadAra lekhI zakAya nahi. temAM to gunhegAranI asAdhAraNa manovikRti javAbadAra hoya che. tevA gunhAnuM nivAraNa to asAdhAraNa Atmazuddhi pAmelA virala saMto ja karI zake. kauTilya pote gunhAnA AvA sAmAjika ke bAhya mULa bAbata UMDe UMDe sabhAna hovAnA keTalAka saMketo maLe che; dA.ta. teo keTalIka ribAmaNIvALI vadhanI paraMparAgata sajAone sthAne sAdA vadhanI bhalAmaNa kare che. vaLI vadhAdi keTalIya AkarI sajAonI avejI(niya)rUpe dhanadaMDa, sevAdaMDa vagerenI paNa bhalAmaNovALo eka adhyAya pArvaniya: (R. 4.60) paNa che. vaLI sajArUpe moTA bhAge dhanadaMDo ja graMthamAM dekhAya che; kyAMya baMdhanadaMDa(jelavAsa)nI bhalAmaNa nathI dekhAtI. aparAdhI aparAdha kabUle te mATenI vividha rItomAM paNa ribAmaNIno atireka nivAravAno prabaLa anurodha karAyo che. aparAdhonA mULamAM rAjyataMtra dvArA mahattamarUpe rojagArIlakSI vyavasthAo na hovAnI paristhiti e sauthI moTI bAbata che e to kauTilya khUba jANe che. tethI grAmINa arthataMtranI emanI samagra vibhAvanA AkhA graMthamAM sauthI vadhAre mahattvanI banI 339 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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34) kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa rahe che. agAu A badhI carcA karelI che. strIvarga, dAsavarga, kRSakavarga, nimnatama prajAjUtho, apaMgone paNa sAmAjika-Arthika nyAya thato na rokAya te mATenI aneka jogavAIo graMthanAM bIjAtrIjA adhikaraNamAM to savizeSa rUpe che. trIjo prazna : AmAM bhAratanA svAtaMtryanI AgAhI karanAra zrI araviMda svAtaMtryottara je zakya paristhiti - guMDArAja, arAjakatA ane baoNlzavijhama (hiMsaka krAMti) - aMge ciMtA vyakta karI hatI, tevI paristhiti aMge kauTilyanA koI pratibhAvo ane upAyanirdeza hoya to te bAbate jijJAsA vyakta karAI che. tevI paristhitimAM rAjA, pradhAna, samAjamAnya vyaktio ane sAmAnya prajA mATe koI salAhasUcano che ke kema e aMgenI jijJAsA paNa batAvI che. vaLI te vakhate sAmyavAdane maLato koI vAda hato ke kema tevI pRcchA paNa che. - A praznanA mukhya prathama aMzano uttara 'arthazAstra'nA judA-judA aMzomAMthI ThIka-ThIka saMtoSa sAthe maLI zake ema che. bIjA aMzano pAMkho uttara maLe ema che. trIjo aMza prAcIna bhAratanA sAmAjikarAjakIya pravAhonuM sAmAnya jJAna dharAvatA saMskRtajJa dvArA puchAvAmAM koI aucitya nathI. pote jANelI bAbatanA anusaMdhAnamAM tenA koI vizeSa pAsA viSe pUchavAmAM ja sArthakatA che. uttaradAtAe praznakArane sAmo prazna pUchavo paDe e sthiti TALIe. have ApaNe upara kahyA mujaba zakya uttaro vicArIe. mukhya prazna che bhAratamAM koThe paDI gayelA dIrghakAlIna paradezI zAsananA samApana bAda pravartanArA prajAsattAka svadezI zAsananA saMkramaNa-avasara-nimitte rASTramAM saMbhavataH bhaDakI UThanAra guMDArAja, arAjakatA ane baoNlzavijhama (hiMsaka krAMti) bAbatanI maharSi araviMdanI bhaviSyavANInA saMdarbhe zakya upAya aMge kauTilyanA arthazAstra'mAMthI maLatA koI mArgadarzana aMgeno. Adhunika bhAratanA aitihAsika svAtaMtrya-saMgrAmano saMdarbha ane kauTilyanA samayamAM pravartatI rAjAzAhIno saMdarbha - baMnemAM bAhya phera to ughADo che. baMne kALanI prajAkIya cetanAmAM paNa ghaNo guNAtmaka bheda che. tema chatAM sadIo sudhI mAnavasvabhAvamAM koI nATyAtmaka parivartana, A paraMparAnirdiSTa kaLiyugamAM to jovA maLatuM nathI tema jarUra kahI zakAya. arAjakatA' zabda mULamAM to rAjAzAhI sAthe saMlagna zabda che - rASTramAM rAjA na hovAnI sthiti te "arAjakatA'. rAjAzAhI Aje aprastuta banI rahI che te AdhAre bhale ApaNe rAjAzAhIne vagovIe. paNa vizeSataH bhAratabhUmimAM pravartelA prAcInakAlIna uttama samAjazAstranA guNiyala, saMskRtisaMvardhaka aMgarUpe dIrghakALa sudhI rAjazAsana-paddhatie mAnava-itihAsamAM sadA-smaraNIya ne anukaraNIya kartavya-bajavaNI karelI che te vAta to bhAratanA uttama prAcIna lalita sAhitya parathI tema ja khuda prAcIna rAjanItizAstra parathI paNa nirvivAdapaNe phalita thAya che. mahAbhArata'nA 'zAntiparvamAM AvelA "rAjadharmaparva' tarIke prasiddha peTAparvamAM vizeSataH aDasaThamA adhyAyamAM rASTra ke samAjamAM rAjA na hoya to zAzA pArivArika, sAmAjika, rASTrIya anartho pravartI zake tenuM khUba rasaprada ane gaMbhIra adhyayanane yogya kalpanAcitra ApyuM che. "rAmAyaNa'mAM paNa rAma-vanavAsa-TANe bharate kevaLa kartavyapUrti arthe ja ayodhyAne badale naMdIgrAmamAM tyAgInuM jIvana jIvatAM rAjazAsana saMbhALyAnI vAta che; tyAM paNa For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 341 rASTra kSaNabhara rAjA-rahita ('arAjaka') na hovuM joIe e anubhavasiddha vAta ghUMTIne rajU thaI che. kauTilya paNa rAjAzAhIne mAnava-saMskRtinI AvI atyaMta mUlyavAnuM ane anivArya kaDI tarIke jue che. e na bhulAya ke A mata sAthe ja emanI rAjatvanI ucca-bhavya vibhAvanAne paNa joDavAnI che. koI kAraNe rAjA acAnaka asAdhya rogamAM gherAI jAya ke acAnaka svarASTra ke pararASTramAM mRtyu pAme tyAre mukhya amAtya (mukhyamaMtrIe) samasta rAjyataMtranA samarpita pratinidhi tarIke kevI cAre bAjunI sAvadhAnIthI ane Avazyaka guptatA jALavIne rASTranI rAjArahita sthitine nipuNatAthI pasAra karIne yogya vidhithI navA rAjAnI sthApanA karavAnI che te atyaMta samajavA jevI vAta adhyAya ka. 5.6mAM karI che. tenI badhI vigato atre prastuta nathI, paNa temAMnI mArmika vAta joIzuM. uparyukata adhyAyanI madhyamAM kahelI vAta khUba mahattvanI hoI te pahelAM joIe; te vAta che rASTranI Akasmika arAjaka sthitimAM mukhya amAtya(maMtrI)nA javAbadArIbharyA Tharela valaNa aMgenI. 'kAgaDA badhe kALA' e nyAye AjanI jema te samayamAM paNa, rAjasattA mULamAM kartavyapUrtirUpa sevAdharma hovA chatAM, te vipula dhanaprAptino, vaibhavI sukhabhoganA ane ahaMkArane hulAve-phulAve tevI kIrti ke nAmanAnA sAdhana tarIke ja sAMsArikomAM jovAtI. ene khAtara pitA putrane ne putra pitAne haNe e sthiti kAyamI hatI; alabatta, emAM AzcaryakAraka apavAdo paNa vAraMvAra jovA maLatA. to AvI hoDanI sthitimAM itihAsamAM noMdhAyelA ke kiMvadaMtIrUpe TakelAM aneka dRSTAMto che ke jemAM arAjaka sthitino 'lAbha' (rASTrane to geralAbha !) laIne kAM to mahA-amAtye ke kvacit senAdhyakSe rAjasattA pacAvI pADI hoya. A adhyAyamAM kauTilya to mRta ke asAdhya rogathI gherAyelA rAjAne sthAne anya rAjA sthapAya tyAM sudhI vividha yuktiothI cAlu rAjAnI vAstavika sthiti aMge, banAvaTI rAjA dvArA ke rAjAnA adarzana aMgenAM kAlpanika kAraNone prasiddhi ApIne, guptatA acUka jALavavAno pAko anurodha karyo che. A saMdarbhe kauTilya ja "bhAradvAja' nAmanA rAjanItizAstranA pUrvAcAryano mata rajU karyo che ke jayAre Ama rAjalakSmI svayaM sAmethI upasthita thaI hoya, tyAre ene potAne hastaka karavAnI taka cUkanAra mahA-amAtya mUrkha gaNAya. AvA matano sthULa javAba to kauTilya ucca bauddhika kakSAno ja, atyaMta lAghavathI Apyo che; paNa te javAbanI pUrvabhUmikAmAM che kauTilyanI prabuddha (UMDI samajaNathI bharelI) rAjaniSThA. te anubhavAzrita bauddhika uttara paNa saphaLatA sAthe pAramArthika kalyANa paNa icchatA koI paNa dezakALanA zANA rAjapuruSe haiye dharavA jevo che; mahAamAtye arAjaka rASTranI rAjasattA svahastagata kema na karavI te mATe traNa kAraNo ApyAM che : (1) te AmaprajA sahitanA bAkI rAjayAMgo ('prakRtio) - maMtrImaMDaLa, durga, sainya, kozarakSako vageremAM tIvra prakopa janmAve che. (2) te adharmiSTha eTale ke manuSyanA aMtima kalyANanA sAdhanarUpa dharmano lopa karanAra che; arthAt saravALe e mArge caDhanAranI durgati thAya che. ane (3) evuM rAjasattAnuM manamAnyuM grahaNa nizcita lAbha ja karAve tevI khAtarI hotI nathI; arthAt evI rAjasattA potAne hastaka lAMbo samaya TakI rahe evI khAtarI hotI nathI. AmAMnuM vacaluM kAraNa ja vizuddha AtmAne mATe to pUratuM che; kAraNa ke te badhAM kAraNonuM ya kAraNa evuM tAttvika kAraNa che. For Personal & Private Use Only

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342 kauTilya arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa ukta adhyAyanA uttarArdhamAM rAjA aputra hoya paNa jo tene putrI hoya to tenAthI thayelA putrane gAdI ApavI ke rAjAnI koI paNa rANI garbhavatI hoya to tenAthI thanAra putranI rAhamAM maMtrIe zAsana karavuM vagere vigato paNa vyavahAru cIvaTathI ApI che te choDIe. mukhya vAta che zrI araviMde temanA gItA-nibaMdho'mAM cIMdhelA nirahaMkAra vyaktitva' (impersonal personality)nI. mukhya mahA-amAtya paNa AvI pratibhAmAM sthira thaIne eka sAMkaLanI namra-nAnakaDI kaDI banIne kRtArtha (kartavyamAMthI paravArelA) thavAnuM che. mahattvAkAMkSA ke koI paNa bAbatano lobha saravALe manuSyane khAI jAya che. praznakarNInI tAlAvelIbharI jijJAsAne saMtoSavAmAM pUrI anukULatA thAya te mATe agAu ghUMTIghUMTIne kahelI "arthazAstramAMnI keTalIka bIjI vAto paNa yAda karI laIe : (1) rAjA ke rAjapuruSa, kauTilyamata mujaba avazya jANavI joIe tevI vidyAo paikI traNa to prajAnA laukika jIvanamAM upayogI banavA mATe khapanI che, paraMtu kauTilyanA vaicArika kSitija mujaba temAM "AnvIkSikI' eTale ke darzanavidyA paNa AtmasAt karavI Avazyaka che. e manuSyanI buddhine sarvagAmI ane vizALa karIne, jIvananI uccArI sthitimAM cittanI samatulA jALavIne, vicAra, vANI, karma e traNeyamAM pAragAmI nipuNatA ANe che. vaLI vyavahAru vighAonAM tAraNone lokottara (bina-sAMsArika) rIte mUlavavAnuM apUrva sAmarthya Ape che. (2) e darzanavighAmAMthI ja phalita thatI eka pAyAnI jIvanamImAMsA adhyAya kra. 6. ranA prAraMbhamAM maLe che, jemAM saravALe daiva ane puruSArtha e baMne jIvanaghaTakarUpa anivArya paribaLo hovAnI ane e baMnenA kSetrabhedanI vAta karI che. vaLI daivanA anvaye zama (buddhinA samatva sahitanI cetanAnI zAntatA ane sAkSibhAva) dhAraNa karavAno che ane puruSArtha-kSetranA anvaye vyAyAma (buddhi, mana sahitanI vANI ane kAyAno karmayoga) aMgIkAravAno che. A baMne maLIne vedamAM cUMTAyelo dhIratvano Adarza ja mUrta thAya che; athavA bhagavadgItAno "nimittamAtra' banI rahevAno Adeza. (3) koI paNa vidyA AtmasAt karavA mATenI anivArya zarata tarIke indriyajayanI prasthApanA. AnA svarUpa vagerenI carcA bIjA vyAkhyAnamAM karelI che. vizeSa mahimAmaya vAta e che ke A AkhA zAstrane (arthAt arthazAstrane - tenI keLavaNIne) temaNe indriyajayarUpa ghoSita karyuM che. nAnA-moTA dareka kSetre rAjanItinuM, rAjakAjanuM ane rASTrapaSaka karmonuM saphaLa pravartana indriyajayathI eTale ke AtmasaMyama ke naitika jAgRtithI ja thaI zake tevo Ano artha thAya. AnA anusaMdhAnamAM ja kauTilya sarvavyApI ane ghaniSTha evA lokAzrita guptacarataMtranI sthAyI racanA ane tenI nityanI vyApaka sakriyatAnuM nirUpaNa AkhA graMthamAM te-te prasaMge ke sthAne kareluM che. teo e paNa barobara jANe che ke ghaniSThapaNe saMyama ke indriyajaya apanAvI jANanAra ucca adhikArIono suvizALa samUha ja tenuM kAryakSama pAlana karAvI zake che. tethI ja temaNe graMthanuM prathama adhikaraNa (fvanadharim) ucca adhikArIonI cAritrika sajjatA bAbate AkAryuM che. hakIkate, pachInAM traNa adhikaraNo paNa arthakSetre, sAmAjika saMbaMdhonA kSetre, vyAvasAyika kSetre ane rASTranA jAherajIvananA kSetre naitikatAnI jayota jalatI rAkhavA mATe AyojAyAM che. jarmana tattvajJa nityenuM eka vacana che "pAragAmI darzanazakti (vision) vinAnuM rASTra nAza pAme che." AmAM sIdho mahimA darzanazaktino karAyA chatAM temAM darzanazaktinA pAyA tarIke prajAnuM ane netAonuM ucca naitika kAThuM paNa samAviSTa gaNavuM ghaTe. sarahada-pAranA zatrunuM pAkuM ane karakasarabharyuM For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA u43 niyamana paNa rASTranA A pAyA dvArA ja zakya che. (4) eka sthaLe A graMthamAM ema paNa kahevAyuM che ke rAjA potAnA parivAra sahitanuM sarvasva gumAve to paNa te potAnAM prANa ane satta(AtmabaLa)ne bacAvIne punaH aizvarya pAmI zake che. kAlidAse kahyuM che : "bhavitavyo (thavA sarjAyelI ghaTanAo)nAM dvAra sarvatra hoya che." vaLI kahevAyuM che : "jevI jenI bhAvanA, tevI tenI siddhi." bhagavadgItAe eTale sudhI sAcA sAdhaka bAbata kahyuM che ke "sArAM vAnAM pravarte ane kharAba vAnAM nivarse tema paNa te jhaMkhato nathI." AvI nirAgrahitA ja AtmabaLanI nizAnI che. ATalI sAmagrIne AdhAre praznano uttara tAravIe. bhAratanA svAtaMtryanA pagale zrI araviMda karelI AgAhImAM traNa bAbato batAvAI che : guMDAgIrI arthAt duSTonuM vyApaka pracalana, arAjakatA arthAt duSTo paranA ane rASTradrohIo ("kaMTako') paranA niyamanataMtrano abhAva ane baoNlzavijhama eTale ke arAjakatAnA virodha artha e ja arAjakatAno anaitika upayoga karIne (!) avicArI gupta hiMsA (bhAMgaphoDa) dvArA saravALe sattAlakSI evI "krAntino nATyAtmaka ADaMbara, je lAMbe gALe dekhA detA svatovirodhathI saMpUrNa viphaLatAne, zUnya phaLane pAme che. hakIkate A traNe ya vastuonI AgAhI sAcI paDyAnI pratIti chellA dazakAmAM to - svAtaMtryanA cha dazakA vItyA pachI paNa - pAke pAye thaI rahI che. guMDAgIrI eTalI hade ke vidhAnasabhAnA sabhyo, sAMsado, rAjya ne kendranA staranA maMtrIo ane asaMkhya uccAdhikArIo temanA gunhAhita itihAsa chatAM pada pAmyA che ane sattA dvArA paNa guMDAgIrI AcarI rahyA che ane/athavA poSI rahyA che. udArIkaraNa ane vaizvikIkaraNane bhAratamAM 1991nI sAlathI manamohanasiMgha dvArA avicArIpaNe lIlI jhaMDI maLatAM, sarakArI hodA, pagAro ane agaNita AnuSaMgika sukhasagavaDono bhogavaTo binadhAsta cAlu rAkhIne paNa niyamano vagaranuM "zAsana' (!!) pravartAvAI rahyuM che - jemAM vadhu ne vadhu pramANamAM kahevAtA lokazAsana'nA nimnatama prajAvagathI AraMbhI have to upalAM-upalAM prajAtharono paNa dALovATo karAI, paryAvaraNa jIvone jIvADavAnuM paNa baMdha karI de teTalI hade udyogo ane udyogapatione - mahadaMze paradezI bahurASTrIya sarvazoSaka udyoga maMDaLIone - mATe lAla jAjama ane lIlAlaheranuM Ayojana karAI rahyuM che. A to arAjakatA nahi, paNa sarakArI mAradhADa ja thaI. eno nAdara namUno che sAmyavAdI baMgALI sarakAre sarjelo naMdIgrAmakAMDa. taLAvane tALAM marAya evA gujarAtamAM 'vAyabranTa'nA upADAne hajI bolako ucca madhyamavarga, sarakArI roTalAnA TukaDAnI lhAyamAM paDakArato nathI. baoNlzavijhama vadhu ne vadhu rAjayomAM phelAtA jatA nakasalavAda dvArA ane amerikA-briTana vagere dvArA thayelA atirekonA paDaghArUpe ja navA-navA AkAre Ayojana ane binadhAsta amala pAmatA jatA AtaMkavAda dvArA mAthuM UMcakI rahyuM che. A sthitimAM AgaLa cIMdhelI kauTilyokta vAtomAMthI kevuM ne keTaluM mArgadarzana maLI zake te vicArIe. kauTilya rAjAnI hayAtInI acAnaka UbhI thayelI ke thaI rahelI kaTokaTI vakhate, rAjA pachI bIjA krame rASTranA sarve-sava evA mahA-amAtya sattAmoha bAbata acUka jALavavAnA saMyamanI vAta je rIte ghUMTI-ghUMTIne karI che, temAM jagatu-itihAsamAM kadAca kevaLa bhAratavarSe vizuddha For Personal & Private Use Only

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344 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa aMtaHkaraNanA sAmarthya joyelAM ane sahasrAbdIothI dAkhavelAM saMyamano arthAt naitika kAThAno ane samasta saMsArathI upara UThI zake tevI jhaLahaLatI darzanazakti(vaLyuM maf:)no prabaLa paDagho paDe che. potAnI vAta barobara pAkI karavA pUrvAcArya bhAradvAjano viparIta mata thoDA vistArathI rajU karIne eno TUMko paNa samartha uttara, ApaNe upara joyuM tema, graMthakAre rajU karyo che. Ane maLatI ja bhavya vAta bhAratanA svAtaMtrya-TANe, svAtaMtrya bAda mAtra sADA pAMca mahine, potAnI hatyAnA divase ja, gAMdhIjI eka mahattvanA kharaDA rUpe lakhatA gayA; te vAta che koMgrese sattAnA mohamAM na phasAtAM, potAnuM rUpAMtara 'lokasevaka-saMgha' rUpe karavAnI. sUkSma rIte joIe to gAMdhIjInI A vAta mAtra bhoLI-bhalI (naive) naitikatAnI kakSAnI nahi, paNa jagatunA bhalabhalA bauddhikonAM ya mAna mukAve tevI vicakSaNa che; sva-para saunuM - samasta rASTranuM - chidrarahita laukika ane AdhyAtmika kalyANa acUka sAdhI zake tevI adhyAtma rasAyelI mutsaddIgIrInI che. saMjogavazAt gAMdhInI pAradarzI sApha vAta temanA svAtaMtrya-saMgrAmanA sAthI evA netAoe, potAnI pratibhAnA TUMkA panAne lIdhe - gAMdhInA aMtaratamane ke pratibhA-rahasyane na samajayAne kAraNe - jhIlI nahi, ane sattAnI TUMka-najarI varavI lAlacamAM kheMcAI gayA - enI soDamAM gAMdhIthI saMtAI gayA ! sattA khAtara gAMdhInI pIThamAM khaMjara bhoMkIne, temane ajANa rAkhavAnI coksAI sAthe bhAratanA bhAgalAnI paNa TUMka-najariyA svIkRti karIne mAtra sattA maLyAthI "phAvI gayA" evA bhramamAM rAcIne, dezanA svAtaMtryane enA apUrva mahimAthI, enI gAMdhI-dekhI kharekharI sArthakatAthI vaMcita karatA gayA. kauTilyane rAjAnI sattA akabaMdha rAkhavAnuM abhipreta hatuM, gAMdhIjIne yugabaLe lokanI sattA akabaMdha rAkhavAnuM. Aje vivekabhraSTa bhArata enuM vAstavika svAtaMtrya pahelAMthI hajAragaNI gulAmImAM palaTAvA daIne bhUMDI rIte bhAMgatuM jAya che. rASTra niSphaLa gayuM, gAMdhI nahi. "tethI tyajIne bhogava. koInA ya dhananI lAlaca rAkhIza mA" e upaniSa-cIMdhI vAta ja gAMdhIe to navabhAratanA zreya arthe batAvI hatI; hajI Aje paNa UbhI che. kauTilyanI ane gAMdhInI samAna vAta e che ke sattA bhogavavA karatAM sattAne taTasthapaNe, AtmabaLathI sarvakalyANakArI aMkuzamAM rAkhIne mukta gagananI mastI mANavI. bhalabhalA bhUpa bhU pItA thayA che, mATe "rAjA'ne ramADI paNa jANo ne jarUra paDye padAvI paNa jANo ! lokasaMge khUba rAcatA zrIkRSNano paNa e ja mArga hato. upara kauTilya kahelI anya je cAra vAto mUkI che, e paNa svAtaMtryottara durdazA vacce sAcA rASTrabhaktonA sattvane TakAvI rAkhe tevI che. darzanavighAne "parAvidyA' ke laukika "avighAo' vaccenI asala vidyA tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM AvI che. e anityo vaccenA avinAzI nityatattvanuM darzana karAve che. laukika niSphaLatAo vacce paNa vyaktatA-avyaktatAnI ramata ramatuM e nitya parama tattva ja lokaguruonA sattvane, vairyane TakAvI, bhAMgelA rASTrano, vizALa prajAsamUharUpa 'virATa'no navajIvana sAthe yoga punaH punaH karAve che. gAMdhIe adhakacarA svAtaMtryanA pagale jAgelA komI viSa vacce noAkhalImAM ekalavIra tarIke apAra kaSTa veThIne paNa je apUrva loka-sAttvana, vidveSa-zamana karyuM te darzana ke adhyAtmane AtmasAt karyAnuM ja phaLa che. - pArga hato. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 345 zama ane vyAyAmanI vAta paNa rASTrIya daivano namra svIkAra karAvIne manuSyane zamanA avalaMbana dvArA zubhadina mATenI pratIkSA karavAnuM khamIra ane nityasvAdhyAyanuM dhairya Ape che, ane karmanI anukULatA UbhI thatAM nirahaMkArapaNe prakhara karma karavAnuM kauvata paNa Ape che. AjanA dhvasta bhArata vacce gAMdhInA 'hiMda-svarAjaya' e graMthamaNimAMthI sAcI daSTi ane preraNA meLavIne, khetaranA baDabhAgI aLasiyAnI jema, lokazakti jagADavAno vyAyAma acUka karavo ghaTe. indriyajayanI vAta anaupacArika evA ghaniSTha lokazikSaNa dvArA ja svayaM paramasaMyamI evA lokaguruo dvArA rASTrabharamAM prasarAvI joIe. manuSyane anarthakArI artha pAchaLanI ja AMdhaLI doDa ane hoDamAM dhakelatI AjanI zikSaNapraNAlIne tyajIne sarvAgI cAritrya ghaDatI saMskAradAyI "keLavaNI'nuM vikendrita prasaraNa thAya te mATenI anukULatA svayaM prajAe potAnA abhikramathI UbhI karavI joIe; zAsananI A bAbatamAM thatI dakhalane nipuNatAthI ane makkamatAthI vAravI joIe. rAjanIti e prajAmAMthI nItino ja cheda kema uDADI zake ? indriyajayano amala lokanetAo, zikSako, susthita uccavaNa dvArA AraMbhAIne ja lokane saMyamI thavA bAbate hAma ane hUMpha baMne ApI zake. jema rAjA potAnI badhI bAhya susthiti saMpUrNapaNe gumAvIne paNa potAnAM prANa ane sattvane TakAvIne sArA divasa mATe zAMta puruSArtha karI zake che, tema netAoe, gAMdhIjIe sUcaveluM tema, sattAsthAnothI dUra rahIne lokasevaka banI rahIne, AjanA vikRta "rAja zAsana(!)ne sthAne sarvane sAbadA rAkhanAruM grAmAbhimukha lokazAsana sthApavA mATeno mArga kramazaH mokaLo karavo ghaTe, jema zrI araviMde svataMtratAne pagale bhAratamAM phUTI nIkaLanArA anarthonI AgAhI karelI, tema cokkasa kALabiMdue thanArA enA zamananI paNa AgAhI karelI e paNa prazna karanAre bhUlavuM na joIe. e AgAhImAMthI hUMpha meLavI sanmArgane niHsaMzayapaNe jANanAra sarva rASTrapremIoe niSkAma karmayoga Acaravo ja rahyo. indriyasaMyamanI dUraMdezI vAtamAMthI ja, prajA, netAo, pradhAno vageree bhAratanA bhAgyavidhAna mATe zuM karavuM te badhuM phalita thaI zake ema che. 'tyajIne bhogava' e amara saMdeza na bhUlavo; bhale bhAratanA kalyANanI khepa khUba lAMbI hoya. kauTilya mATe sAmyavAdanA astitvanI vAta karavAnI koI prastutatA hatI nahi. Ajano sAmyavAda to dhanikonI asUyA para nabhIne saravALe netAonA nijI dhanayoganA udhAmAmAM (!) ja pariNamIne Aje prAyaH nAza pAmyo che. baMgALanI sAmyavAdI sarakAranuM naMdIgrAmanI prajA pratyenuM vidrohI vartana phATI paDelA sAmyavAdanA chevaTanA vinAzano ja DhaMDhero pITe che. ahIM eTaluM umerIe ke gautama muninA 'nyAyasUtra' graMtha para TIkA racanAra vAtsyAyane ATha prAvAduko(ghoravAda rajU karanArAo)nA adharmiSTha mato TUMkamAM varNavyA che : koI pApa-puNyano asvIkAra kare che, koI puruSArthano asvIkAra kare che, koI punarjanmano asvIkAra kare che vagere. bhAratavarSamAM ghora mato pratye vidyAvartuLomAM tema ja AmaprajAmAM paNa samajaNabharI akhUTa sahiSNutA pravartatI hatI. koI For Personal & Private Use Only

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346 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa paNa pUrvapakSa pratye ke saMpradAya pratye dveSarahita Adara ane adhyayanano abhigama saravALe prajAnI zAMta tejasvitAne ane nirupadravI vijayitAne vadhArato rahyo che. ahIM vinobAnI eka mahattvanI vAta noMdhavI joIe. bhagavadgItAnA vivecana nimitte teo e vAta ghUMTatA ke e graMthano sAra che sAmyayoga. vaLI ema kahetA ke sAmyavAdanI nahi, paNa sAmyayoganI sthApanA icchanIya che. arthazAstrano samagra dhvani paNa e ja che. meM A trIjA vyAkhyAnamAM, sAmAdi cAra upAyo uparAMta kAmaMdakIya nItisara vagere graMthomAM je pAMcamAM 3pekSA upAyanI vAta karI che, te upAyanI vAta anumodana sAthe prastuta karI hatI. tenA saMdarbhe suMdara cotho prazna Ama che : " "upekSAne eka rAjanaitika upAya tarIke prastuta karavAnuM ucita che ke kema?" praznamAM ema paNa puchAyuM che ke jayAre sAmAdi cAra upAyo Aje niSphaLa banI rahyAM che, tyAre upAya tarIke upekSA to vadhu hAnikAraka nIvaDe; to rAjya ke dezanI cetanAnI samagra kaTokaTI vakhate kauTilyamAMthI koI vizeSa prakAza maLe che ke kema e mukhya praznabhAga che. hakIkate, ahIM Agalo ja prazna rUpAMtara karAyelo jovA maLe che. chellA praznano mukhya bhAga pahelAM laIe. kauTilya A graMtha mukhyatve rAjanIti viSe lakhyo che. tethI temAM rAjanaitika kaTokaTIno vicAra aneka rUpe jovA maLe che. paNa rASTrIya sAMskRtika-AdhyAtmika kaTokaTInI vAta sIdhesIdhI ahIM prastuta nathI. paNa eTaluM kharuM ke rAjanaitika kaTokaTIne paNa AgalA praznanA uttaramAM varNavyA mujabanI vizuddha rIte ukelavAmAM Ave, to avazya sAMskRtika-AdhyAtmika kaTokaTI ukelavAno mArga paNa zuddha thato ja rahe che. AdarzavAdanI havAI vAtonA ApaNA taraMgI zokhamAM kauTilya A graMthamAM Arthika, rAjanaitika vagere kakSAnI zuddhinA vyavahAru upAyonI je vAta karI che, tenA samRddha sAMskRtika-AdhyAtmika saMketo samajavAmAM kalpanAdAridya na dAkhavIe, ekAgra buddhiyogane na avagaNIe. sAmAdi cAra upAya Aje niSphaLa banyAnI mAnyatA paNa ajJAna ane prayogAbhAva ke anubhUti mATeno pAyo racavAnA prAmANika prayatnano abhAva sUcave che; dheryAbhAva paNa. vaLI 'upekSAne jyAre eka cokkasa sAmarthya dharAvatA upAya tarIke koI prAcIna javAbadAra prayogazIla paraMparAe rajU karyo hoya, tyAre prathama to tenA kharA svarUpanI samaja prApta karavI jarUrI che. A samaja ApavAnuM kAma agAu sAmAdi upAyonI carcA sAthe karavAmAM AvyuM ja che. te mujaba 'upekSA' enAM zabdaghaTakono AdhAre to "najIkathI jovuM', 'tapAsavuM' evo bhAvAtmaka artha dharAve che; "avagaNanA' ke 'bedarakArI' artha nahi. A upAya koI paNa AMtara-bAhya rAjakIya kaTokaTI vakhate te samasyAnA taTastha, vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana para bhAra mUkIne jIvanamAM sarvatra tejasvI buddhiyoganI (vareSya : vevastha - savitAdeve dIdhelA zreSTha tejanI) AvazyakatA cIMdhe che. jJAnayoga vagaranuM karma moTe bhAge khoTI dizAmAM zaktinA gAMDA veDaphATarUpa banI jatuM jovA maLe che. e aTakAvavA jarUra che "upekSA'nI. eno mULa artha adhyayana hovA uparAMta emAM pratIkSA (rAha jovAno vidhive paNa samAveza pAme che. A mATe ja ApaNe prArthanAmAM A vAkyo paNa bolIe chIe : "tesva nAvadhItamastu mA vidviSAvahai" ("amArA baMnenuM adhyayana tejasvI thAo; rakhe For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 347 ne ame be ekabIjAno dveSa karIe") kauTilya "zamavyAyafma prakaraNamAM zama dvArA A upekSAnI ja vAta karI che. moTA bhAganI kaTokaTI cetanAnI, AtmavizvAsanI, ke vyApaka vizvAsazaktinI kaTokaTI ja hoya che; bAhya vastusthitinI nahi. Izvaratattva "bhayasthAnomAMnA bhayatattvarUpa, bhayotpAdaka cIjomAM sauthI vadhu bhayotpAdaka cIjarUpa, tema chatAM prANIonI gati(zaraNa)rUpa ane pAvanakArIomAM sauthI vadhu pAvanakArI"(payAnAM artha mAM pIpaLAnAM ti: praLinAM pAvana pAvanAnA)rUpe varNavAmAM AvyAnuM ApaNe joyuM che. enuM barobara dhyAna dharI maMgalane pAmIe. pAMcamo chello prazna che : "cIna sAthenA yuddhamAM ane kAragila yuddhamAM ApaNI zAMti ane ahiMsAnI nItinI niSphaLatA jotAM tevA prasaMge kauTilya kevI yuddhanIti sUcave che ?" prazna ghaNo sarasa ane prastuta che. praznamAMnI ciMtA vAstavika che. cIna sAthenA yuddhamAM javAharalAlanA zAMti ane ahiMsA aMgenA avyavahAru, taraMgI (bhAvuka) khyAloe, gAMdhInI ahiMsA samajavAmAM temaNe khAdhelI thApe ane tenI sAthe poSAyelA rAjakIya pramAde bhAga bhajavyo hato. AjhAdI vakhatanI kAzmIra-kaTokaTI vakhate gAMdhIjIe ane cIna sAthenI e (1962nI) kaTokaTI vakhate vinobAjIe potAnI ahiMsAnI saMkula samajaNane anusarIne paraMparAgata yuddha pUrA sAmarthyathI khelavAno anurodha karelo te khAsa dhyAnapAtra bAbata che. koI samasyA ekAeka AvI paDe tyAre saMzayomAM na ALoTatAM sUjhato upAya niHzaMkapaNe Acaravo e aTaLa nIti che - "saMzayamAM rahenAro nAza pAme che" (saMzayAtma vinazyati). kAragila yuddha pUrve paNa AvI DhIlI nIti ane pramAda ja poSAyelAM. ahiMsAne nAme pramAda to na ja poSAya. dAdA dharmAdhikArI "karmane mUlavavAno mApadaMDa te vIratva che, hiMsA-ahiMsA nahi" ema bedhaDaka kahetA; vIratva kharuM, paNa krUrata nahi. kauTilya zAMtipremI che, paNa zAMtivAdI (game te upAye yuddha TALavAno anurodha karanAra - pacifist; laukika bhASAmAM phagbA') nahi. cAra upAyonI ajamAyaza sAma, dAna, bheda, daMDa (yuddha) e krame karavAnI che e sAcuM; paNa yuddhano anya vikalpa na dekhAto hoya tyAM pUrI sajjatA sAthe yuddha khelI levuM te dharmarUpa che. hiMsA karatAM paNa saMzaya, pramAda ane upAya yojavAnI ALasa e vadhu gheruM pApa che. alabatta, ahiMsAno sthira saMskAra yuddhamAM akAraNa hiMsAthI to dUra ja rAkhe che. Aje jinIvA karAra (convention) paNa AMtararASTrIya rIte yuddhamAM niSiddha AcaraNo para manAI pharamAve che. adaba jALavIne (vitavara thaIne) yuddha khelavAnuM hoya. ApaNuM saunuM vidyAteja ApaNane sAmudAyika jIvananuM apUrva sAmarthya Apo ane vizvane eka mALo banAvavAnuM svapna ApaNI bhAvanAone ane karmazaktine nitya prero. kauTilya jayAre pUrA hRdayabaLa sAthe darzanavighA(sAvalI)ne rAjapuruSoe avazya jANavAsamajavA jevI ('sarva vidyAonA pradIparUpa') vidyA tarIke puraskArI che, arthazAstrane (arthAtu sarva kakSAnAM rAjanaitika ke rASTrIya AcaraNamAtrane) indriyasaMyamarUpa batAvyuM che, ane vaLI, mAtra jIvanamAM ja nahi, rAjanItimAM ya vyAyAma (prakhara kama) sAthe zama(samatvabharyA pratIkSAyoga)ne paNa anivArya For Personal & Private Use Only

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348 koTilya "arthazAstra': dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa gaNAvyo che, tyAre A vyAkhyAnanA ane graMthanA 'samApti-maMgala'rUpe, graMthanA pariziSTa tarIke jainAgama 3ttaranA eka prasiddha prAcIna-bhAratIya saMvAda-pradhAna AkhyAnano anuvAda prastuta karavAnuM ghaNuM mokAsaranuM lAge che. majAnI vAta e che ke e AkhyAna "mahAbhArata'mAM tema ja uttaraSphayAmAM ema baMnemAM thoDA rUpAMtare, paNa eka ja srotamAMthI UtarI AvyuM hoya tema maLe che. temAMnuM eka prasiddha mahAvAkya to saMskRta-prAkRta bhASAnA bhede ekarUpa ja che - bhale baMne AkhyAnomAM rAjAnuM nAma bhinna ('mahAbhAratamAM "janaka' ane "uttarannuyA'mAM 'nemi') hoya. baMne mithilAdhipa tarIke ja batAvAyA che. e paNa samajAya che ke A eka aitihAsika paraMparAnuM ja amUlya avataraNa che. bhAratavarSanA ane te dvArA jagatanA bhAvi mATe, samajIe to, emAM ghaNo arthaghana, AzAspada sAMskRtika-AdhyAtmika saMketa paDelo che. mahApuNyaprabhAve eka samartha rAjapuruSane lAdhelI "aruNA parabhAta'-sama sArvajanika AdhyAtmika kamANI - avinAzI kamANI - AmAM sAkAra banI che. khAsa karIne diggaja vicakSaNo (intellectual giants) sahitanA sarva buddhiniSThone mAnavacetanAnI A aMtaraMga ghaTanA para manananididhyAsana (utkaTatAvALuM dhyAna) prayojavA ane mAnavanA - balka sRSTinA - divya bhAvine sAkAra karavA namra anurodha che. mULa graMthanA mAtra A anUdita zabdo ja vizALa caitanyabhUmi para svarapaNe bIjanI jema veryA che. temAMthI prabhuno pAka pAMgaro ! [anuvAdamAM prAyaH gujarAta-vidyAsabhA (amadAvAda) dvArA prakAzita prasiddha prAcyavidyAvid DaoN. bhogIlAla ja. sAMDesarA kRta mULa, anuvAda ane TippaNa sAthenA 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' (adhyayana 1thI 18) pustakano upayoga karyo che. te badala e mahAnubhAvano RNa-svIkAra karuM chuM. punarAvartana pAmatI badhI gAthAo choDI dIdhI che. juo TippaNa bAdanuM pariziSTa.]. TippaNo : vyAkhyAna trIjuM 1. vyArthavirAmoDasti caDhi thAt pratimAku: | - pracAto: 4.6 2. nichatrapa vAva vanavi niyogita: | - 5.TItA pU.rUddaB 3. Atmanyapi na vizvAsastAvAnbhavati satsu yaH / - mahAbhAratam 4. bhImakAntainUpaguNaissa babhUvopajIvinAm / adhRSyazcAbhigamyazca yAdoratnairivArNavaH // - raghuvaMzam 1.16 5. sotsAdAnAM nAsyasAdhya nA mArgArabdhAH sarvayatnAH phalanti // - pratijJAyaugandharAyaNam 1.18B 6. vRNate hi vimRzyakAriNaM guNalubdhAH svayameva saMpadaH // - kirAtArjunIyam 2.30B 7. pUrvamaharbhAgaM hastyazvarathapraharaNavidyAsu vinayaM gacchetpazcimamitihAsazravaNena / - artha. 1.5.12,13 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA zeSamahorAtrabhAgam apUrvagrahaNaM gRhItaparicayaM ca kuryAt / agRhItAnAmAbhIkSNyazravaNaM ca / artha. 1.5.15 8. 11. sadRzaM ceSTate svasyAH prakRterjJAnavAnapi / prakRtiM yAnti bhUtAni nigrahaH kiM kariSyati // 12. guNAnAM vA vizAlAnAM karmaNAM caiva nityazaH / kartAraH sulabhA loke vijJAtArastu durlabhAH // 8. maryAdAM sthApayet AcAryAnamAtyAn vA ya enamapAyasthAnebhyo vArayeyuH, chAyAnAlikApratodena vA rahasi pramAdyantamabhitudeyuH / - artha. 1.7.8 10. tamAcAryaM ziSyaH pitaraM putraH bhRtyassvAminamiva cAnuvarteta / artha. 1.1.20 14. rakSati / aSTAdhyAyI 4.4.33 15. nagarAtkutsanaprAvINyayoH / 16. (1) (2) svapnavAsavadattam 4.9 13. AkarakarmAntadravyahastivanavrajavaNikpathapracArAn vAristhalapathapaNyapattanAni ca nivezayet / artha. 2.1.19 - 18. rAjandudhukSasi yadi kSitidhenumetAM tenAdya vatsamiva lokamamuM puSANa / tasmiMzca samyaganizaM paripoSyamANe nAnAphalaiH phalati kalpalateva bhUmiH // - aSTAdhyAyI 4.2.128 tathApIdaM zazvatparicitaviviktena manasA janAkIrNaM manye hutavahaparItaM gRhamiva // abhijJAnazAkuntalam 5.10 B abhyaktamiva snAtaH zucirazucimiva prabuddha iva suptam / baddhamiva svairagatirjanamiha sukhasaGginamavaimi // khe 4, 5.11 [artha : (1) to paNa kAyama ekAMtathI paricita manane kAraNe lokothI UbharAtA A nagarane AgathI gherAyelA ghara samAna mAnuM chuM. (2) jema nhAI cUkela telamAliza karIne beThelAne, svaccha jana asvacchane, jAgI gayelo sUtelAne, mokaLI gativALo baMdhana pAmelAne jue, te rIte ahIM sukhanA vaLagaNavALA manuSyane jouM chuM.] 17. dukho 52 [2.5. 2. 18. divase paJcarAtre vA bandhanasthAn vizodhayet / karmaNA kAyadaNDena hiraNyAnugraheNa vA // apUrvadezAdhigame yuvarAjAbhiSecane / putrajanmani vA mokSo bandhanasya vidhIyate // bha. gItA 3.33 - - - artha. 2.36.46, 47 348 nItizatakam 46 For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa 20. yaH samudayaM dviguNamudbhAvayati sa janapadaM bhakSayati / sa cedrAjArthamupanayati, alpAparAdhe vArayitavyaH / mahati yathAparAdhaM daNDayitavyaH / artha. 2.9.15-16 350 21. akRtAni kartRbhyo nAdeyAt / akRSatAmAcchidyAnyebhyaH prayacchet / grAmabhRtakavaidehakA vA kRSeyuH / artha. 2.1.9-11 22. pakvaM pakvamivArAmAt phalaM rAjyAdavApnuyAt / AtmacchedabhayAdAmaM varjayetkopakArakam // artha. 5.2.70 23. pracAracaritrasaMsthAnAnyanupalabhamAno hi prakRtaH samudayamajJAnena parihApayati, utthAnaklezAsahatvAdAlasyena, zabdAdiSvindriyArtheSu pramAdena, saGkrozAdharmAnarthabhIrurbhayena, kAryArthiSvanugrahabuddhiH kAmena, hiMsAbuddhiH kopena, vidyAdravyavallabhApAzrayAddarpeNa, tulAmAnatarkagaNitAntaropadhAnAllobhena / teSAmAnupUrvyA yAvAnarthopaghAtaH tAvAnekottaro daNDaH iti mAnavAH / - artha. 2.7.10 24. anugrahaparihArau caibhyaH kozavRddhikarau dadyAt, kozopaghAtikau vArayet / 25. yuktaH prajAnAmanuraJjane 'syAstasmAdyazo yatparamaM dhanaM vaH // 26. na cAnyonyaM saMsthAste vA vidyuH / artha. 1.12.12 28. dharmazca vyavahArazca caritraM rAjazAsanam / - [arthAt sthAna para rahenArA guptayaro (saMsthA) ne iratA guptayaro khejIbhane pAna oLakhatA hoya.] vivAdArthazcatuSpAdaH pazcimaH pUrvabAdhakaH // artha. 3.1.39 artha. 1.12.15,16 27. trayANAmekavAkye sampratyayaH / teSAmabhIkSNavinipAte tUSNIMdaNDaH pratiSedho vA / - 28. tasmAllokayAtrArthI nityamudyatadaNDaH syAt / na hyevaMvidhaM vazopanayanamasti bhUtAnAM yathA daNDa ityAcAryAH / neti kauTilyaH / tIkSNadaNDo hi bhUtAnAmudvejanIyaH / mRdudaNDaH paribhUyate / yathArhadaNDaH pUjyaH / suvijJAtapraNIto hi daNDaH prajAH dharmArthakAmairyojayati / duSpraNItaH kAmakrodhAbhyAmavajJAnAdvA vAnaprasthaparivrAjakAnapi kopayati, kimaGga punargRhasthAn ? artha. 1.4.5-12 - 30. saMsthA yA dharmazAstreNa zAstraM vA vyAvahArikam / yasminnarthe virudhyeta dharmeNArthaM vinizcayet // 31. zAstraM vipratipadyeta dharme nyAyena kenacit / nyAyastatra pramANaM syAttatra pATho hi nazyati // 32. Aryaputra pitA mAtA bhrAtA putrastathA snuSA / svAni puNyAni bhuJjAnAH svaM svaM bhAgyamupAsate // bharturbhAgyaM tu bhAryaikA prApnoti bharatarSabha / atazcaivAhamAdiSTA vane vastavyamityapi // - - artha. 3.1.44 - artha.2.1.15 uttararAmacaritam 1.11 B - artha. 3.1.45 For Personal & Private Use Only rAmAyaNam, ayodhyAkANDam 24.2,3

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA 3pa1 33. dharmAviruddho bhUteSu kAmo'smi bharatarSabha / - bha.gItA 7.11B 34. paravaho appavaho hoi / / upa. evaM kAryANi dharmasthAH kuryuracchaladarzinaH / samAssarveSu bhAveSu vizvAsyA: lokasaMpriyAH // - artha. 3.20.24 (artha : Ama dharmasthoe kapaTavicArarahita, sarva bhUto tarapha samabhAvayukta, vizvAsapAtra ane sArI peThe lokapriya thaIne nyAyakAryo karavAM.) 36. ete zAstreSvanugatA: klezadaNDA mahAtmanAm / akliSTAnAM tu pApAnAM dharmyaH zuddhavadhaH smRtaH // - artha. 4.11.36 37. bhayAnAM bhayaM bhISaNaM bhISaNAnAM gatiH prANinAM pAvanaM pAvanAnAm / 38. zubho 752 [2. 6. 5. . 38. ativRSTiranAvRSTirmUSikA: zalabhAH zukAH / atyAsannAzca rAjAnaH SaDetA ItayaH smRtAH // 40. parasparograhazca jIvAnAm / - tattvArthasUtram 5.21 41. zazAma vRSTyApi vinA davAgnir ....... ....... tasminvanaM goptari gAhamAne / - raghuvaMzam 2.14 a, d 42. vikArahetau sati vikriyante yeSAM na cetAMsi ta eva dhIrAH / - kumArasambhavam 1.59 43. sahasA vidadhIta na kriyAmavivekaH paramApadAM padam / - kirAtArjunIyam 2.30A 44. balIyasA'bhiyukto durbalassarvatrAnupraNato vetasadharmA tiSThet / indrasya hi sa praNamati, yo balIyaso namati iti bhAradvAjaH / sarvasandohena balAnAM yudhyeta / parAkramo hi vyasanamapahanti / svadharmazcaiva kSatriyasya yuddhe jayaH parAjayo vA iti vizAlAkSaH / na iti kauTilyaH / sarvatrAnupraNataH kulaiDaka iva nirAzo jIvite vasati / yudhyamAnazcAlpasainyaH samudramivAplavo'vagAhamAnaH sIdati / tad viziSTaM tu rAjAnamAzrito, durgamaviSahyaM vA ceSTeta / - artha. 12.1.1-9 45. prajAsukhe sukhaM rAjJaH prajAnAM ca hite hitam / nAtmapriyaM hitaM rAjJaH prajAnAM tu priyaM hitam // - artha. 1.19.34 46. tasmAnnityotthito rAjA kuryAdarthAnuzAsanam / arthasya mUlamutthAnamanarthasya viparyayaH // anutthAne dhruvo nAzaH prAptasyAnAgatasya ca / prApyate phalamutthAnAllabhate cArthasampadam // - artha.1.19.35,36 For Personal & Private Use Only

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35ra kauTilya "arthazAstra' H dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa 47. yena kenApyupAyena zubhenApyazubhena vA / uddhareddInamAtmAnaM samartho dharmamAcaret // 48. saGghalAbho daNDamitralAbhAnAbhuttamaH / saGghA hi saMhatatvAdadhRSyAH pareSAm / tAnanuguNAnbhuJjIta sAmadAnAbhyAm, viguNAn bhedadaNDAbhyAm / - artha. 11.1.1-3 48. saMghAzcApyevamekarAjAdetebhyo'tisaMdhAnebhyo rakSayeyuH / saGghamukhyazca saGkeSu nyAyavRttirhitaH priyaH / dAnto yuktajanastiSThetsarvacittAnuvartakaH // - artha.. 11.1.55,56 50. vyavasAyAtmikA buddhirekeha kurunandana / - bha.gItA 2.41A 51. sarvazAstrANyanukramya prayogamupalabhya ca / __ kauTilyena narendrArthe zAsanasya vidhiH kRtaH // - artha. 2.10.63 . 52. yadA yadA muJcati vAkyabANaM tadA tadA jAtikulapramANam / 53. nAbhinandati na dveSTi tattprApya zubhAzubham // - bha. gItA 2.57 B 54. matsyA yathA'ntassalile caranto jJAtuM na zakyAH salilaM pibantaH / yuktAstathA kAryavidhau niyuktAH jJAtuM na zakyA dhanamAdadAnAH // - artha. 2.10.33 000 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pariziSTa uttarathaM - adhyayana navamuM namipravajyA ("nami-rAjAno gRhatyAga') 1. 3. devalokamAMthI UtarI AvIne manuSyalokamAM utpanna thayelA nimirAjA] mohanIya karma zAnta thavAthI pUrvajanmane saMbhAravA lAgyA. pUrvajanmanuM smaraNa karIne te bhagavAn namirAjA uttama dharmane vize svayaMsaMbuddha thayA, ane putrane rAjaya upara sthApIne temaNe abhiniSkramaNa karyuM - dIkSA lIdhI. zreSTha antaHpuramAM rahIne, devaloka samAna uttama bhogo bhogavIne buddha (uttama-bodhayukta) banelA namirAjA bhogono tyAga kare che. nagaro ane janapado sahita mithilA nagarI, senA, aMtaHpura ane sarva parijanono tyAga karIne e bhagavAne abhiniSkramaNa karyuM ane ekAntamAM jaIne vAsa karyo. rAjarSi namie pravrayA laIne abhiniSkramaNa karyuM tyAre mithilAmAM kolAhala thaI rahyo. uttama pravrayAsthAnamAM rahelA rAjarSine brAhmaNaveSadhArI indra A vacana kahyuM : "he Arya ! Aje mithilA zA kAraNe kolAhalathI bharelI che, ane prAsAdomAM tathA gRhomAM dAruNa zabdo zAthI saMbhaLAya che ?" e vAta sAMbhaLIne hetu ane kAraNathI prerita thayelA rAjarSi namie devendrane A pramANe 5. 8. 9-10. "mithilAmAM zItaLa chAyAvALuM, manohara, patra-puSpa-phaLathI yukta tathA bahujanone sadAkALa bahuguNa karanAruM caityavRkSa che. he bhAI ! e manohara caityavRkSa vAyu vaDe harAI jatuM hovAthI duHkhI, azaraNa, Arta A pakSIo Akranda karI rahyAM che." For Personal & Private Use Only

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354 kauTilya "arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa 11. e vAta sAMbhaLIne hetu ane kAraNathI prerita thayelA indra nami rAjarSine A pramANe kahyuM : 12. "A agni ane vAyu che; teinAthI tamAruM A bhavana baLI rahyuM che. he bhagavan! to tame A aMtaHpuranI sAme kema jotA nathI ?" 14. (teramI gAthA uparanI AThamI mujaba) (namirAjA :) "jenuM kaMI ja nathI evA ame sukhethI vasIe chIe ane jIvIe chIe. mithilA baLatI hovA chatAM emAM amAruM kaMI baLatuM nathI. (A pAchaluM mahAvAkya "mahAbhArata'mAM paNa Ave che.) 15-16. "putra-patnI tyajI cUkelA nirvyApAra bhikSune siMsAramAM] kazuM priya nathI ke kazuM apriya paNa nathI. gRhatyAgI, sarva rIte mukta ane ['huM ekalo chuM, mAruM koI nathI' evI,] ekatvanI bhAvanA bhAvatA bhikSune, kharekhara, vipula kalyANa prApta thAya che." 17-18. (sattaramI gAthA 11mI barobara) (devendraH) "killo, daravAjAo, koThA, khAI ane zataknIo (seMkaDone mAranArAM yaMtro) karAvIne pachI te kSatriya ! jajo.'' 20-22. (namirAjA :) "tapa ane saMvararUpI bhogaLa(AgaLA)vALuM, kSamArUpI suMdara killAvALuM ane traNa (mana, vacana, kAyAnI) gupti(saMyama)rUpI koThA, khAI ane zataknI) vaDe durjaya baneluM zraddhArUpI nagara racIne parAkramane dhanuSya ane 'iryA'(vivekayukta gamana)ne paNacha banAvIne, dhRti (dharya)ne mUTha banAvIne satya sAthe ei dhanuSyane - enI paNachane ?] bAMdhavuM. tArUpI bANa vaDe [zatrunA] karmarUpI bazvarane bhedIne saMgrAmanA cheDe pahoMcelo muni saMsArathI mukta thAya che." 24. (devendraH) "prAsAdo (mahelo), "vardhamAnagRho' (uttama prakAranAM bhavano) ane 'bAlAjhapotikA'o (sarovara vaccenA mahelo ke AkAzI mahelo) karAvIne pachI, he kSatriya ! jajo." 26. (rAjarSi ) "je rastAmAM ghara banAve che te kharekhara saMzaya kare che. jyAM javuM hoya tyAM ja potAnuM kAyamI dhira) banAvavuM." 28. (devendraH) "dhADapADuo, lUMTArA, dUdhananI poTaluM bhedanArA (gaThiyA) ane coro - ti badhAthI nagaranI salAmatI sAdhIne pachI, he kSatriya ! jajo." 30. (rAjarSi) "ghaNI vAra manuSyo dvArA mithyA daMDa (khoTI sajA) karAya che. emAM [aparAdha] na karanArA baMdhAya che ane karanArAo chUTI jAya che." 32. (devendra :) "je koI rAjAo tamane namatA na hoya temane vaza karIne pachI, he kSatriya ! jajo." For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM : jIvanadharmI rAjanItinI saMskRtirakSakatA - 355 34-36 . (rAjarSi :) "koI dasa lAkhayoddhAone durjaya saMgrAmamAM jIte ane bIjI bAjue mAtra potAnI jAtane jIte, to A [bIjo] jaya uttama che. potAnI jAtanI sAthe ja yuddha kara; bahAranA zatru sAthe laDIne zuM kAma che? jAte ja potAnI jAta upara vijaya meLavanAra sukhethI vRddhi pAme che. AtmAne jItatAM, pAMca indriyo, krodha, mAna, mAyA ane vaLI lobha, uparAMta potAnI durjaya jAta (durjaya ahaMkAra) - [] badhuM jitAI gayuM [samajo]. 38. (devendra :) "moTA yajJo karIne, zramaNa-brAhmaNone jamADIne - [Ama] dAna karI, bhogo mANIne ane yajana karIne pachI, he kSatriya ! jajo ." | (rAjarSi :) "dara mahine koI daza-daza lAkha gAyonuM dAna kare, tenA karatAM paNa kazuM nahi ApanArano [mAtra]. saMyama zreyaskara (kalyANakArI) che." 42. (devendra ) "kaThina gRhasthAzrama choDIne tame bIjA AzramanI (saMnyAsanI) icchA karo cho; he narapati ! ahIM (gRhasthAzramamAM) ja pauSadha(upAzrayavAsanA vrata)mAM rata thAva." (rAjarSi :) "koI mUrkha mAse-mAse mAtra kuzanA agra bhAga jeTaluM bhojana kare, te vrita] paNa sAkSAt dharma(caritrapAlana)nA soLamA aMzanA mUlya]ne pAtra thatuM nathI." 46. (devendra ) "cAMdI (divi), sonuM, maNi-muktA, kAMsuM (kAMsAnAM pAtro), uttama vastro ane vAhano - [e svarUpe] kozane (rAjyanA khajAnAne) vipula banAvIne pachI, he kSatriya ! jajo." 48-49. (rAjarSi :) "sonA-rUpAnA parvato hoya - bhale ne kailAsa jevaDA ane agaNita hoya, to paNa lobhI puruSane te kAMI ja nathI. icchA to AkAzanI jema anaMta che. cokhA, java, suvarNa ane pazuo sahita pRthvI eka manuSyane saMtoSavA mATe pUratI nathI ema samajIne tapa AcaravuM." 51. (devendra :) "navAI che ke abhuta (ke abhyadayarUpa) bhogone tyajo che ane je nathI evA kAmabhogone iccho che. [khoTA saMkalpane kAraNe behAla bano cho." 53-54. (rAjarSi :) "kAmabhogo zalya che, kAmabhogo viSa che, kAmabhogo jherI sApa samAna che. kAmabhogone jhaMkhatA jIvo kAmabhoga pAmyA vinA ja durgati pAme che. krodhathI jIva nIce paDe che, mAnathI adhama gati thAya che, mAyA sadgatimAM vighnarUpa che ane lobhathI banne rIte (A lokamAM ane paralokamAM) bhaya che." 55. pachI brAhmaNanuM rUpa choDI daIne ane potAnuM) indra(devendra)rUpa nipajAvIne [indra] A pramANe madhura vacanothI stuti karatAM [rAjarSine vaMdavA lAgyA : For Personal & Private Use Only

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kauTilya 'arthazAstra' : dArzanika-sAMskRtika parIkSaNa 56-58. "aho ! tame krodhane jItyo che ! aho ! mAnano parAjaya karyo che ! aho ! tame mAyAne dUra karI che ! aho ! lobhane vaza karyo che ! aho ! tamAruM Arjava (saralapaNuM) suMdara che ! aho ! mArdava (mananuM komaLapaNuM) suMdara che ! aho ! tamArI kSamAvRtti uttama che, [ne vaLI] aho ! mukti (muktadazA) [paNa] uttama che ! he bhadaMta, tame A lokamAM uttama cho, [ane] pachI paNa uttama thazo. [karma]raja vinAnA tame lokamAM uttama evA sthAnarUpa siddhine pAmI rahyA cho.'' 356 59. 60. 61. 62. e pramANe uttama zraddhAthI rAjarSinI stuti karatA tathA temanI pradakSiNA karatA indra temane pharI-pharI vaMdavA lAgyA. pachI cakra ane aMkuzathI aMkita thayelAM munivaranAM caraNomAM vaMdana karIne, caMcala lalita kuMDala ane mukuTa dhAraNa karanAra [indra] AkAzamAM UDyA. sAkSAt zakra (indra) vaDe prerAyelA nami potAnI jAtane (kAyAne) namAve che, ane [e] videharAja gharano tyAga karIne zramaNapaNAmAM sthira thAya che. bodhi pAmelA ane paMDita (AtmajJa) evA mahAvicakSaNo Ama kare che; e nami rAjarSinI jema teo bhogo bAbate pAchAM pagalAM bhare che. Ama mAruM kahevAnuM che. [][][] For Personal & Private Use Only

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AIbhAratI tarIta : cAmadira rAdhA . lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira amadAvAda-380 009 For Per i vate Use of without