Jain Puranoka Sanskrutik Adhyayana

Author(s): Deviprasad Mishra
Publisher: Hindusthani Academy Ilahabad
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001350/1

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 23 *Dan Wain Education International vv DaoN. devI prasAda mizra 28 PoSMECO 301 2000 www.amenbr.org

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DaoN devI prasAda mizra kA prastuta grantha jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana atyanta mahattvapUrNa evaM prabhAvazAlI zodha kArya hai, jo tathyoM ke sUkSma anusandhAna tathA unakI prAmANika vyAkhyAoM se maNDita hai| viSaya kA sAhityika prastutIkaraNa mohaka, cAru aura atyadhika lAbhaprada hai / .... lekhaka dvArA viSaya ke vizleSaNAtmaka prastutIkaraNa se usakI kSamatA kA AbhAsa milatA hai, jo bhAratIya sAMskRtika itihAsa kI aneka jvalanta samasyAoM ko samAdhAna karane meM sakSama hai| ...."isase vidvAn lekhaka kI maulika zodhadRSTi, AlocanAtmaka vizleSaNa, tathyAnusandhAna tathA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI kSamatA kA dyotana hotA hai / ...."prastuta grantha jainavidyAnurAgiyoM, vidvAnoM evaM anusandhAtAoM ke lie prakAza-puJja hai| DaoN0 nathamala TATiyA nidezaka jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM (rAjasthAna) jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana eka mahattvapUrNa zodha-prabandha hai / isameM sAMskRtika sAmagrI kA suvyavasthita anuzIlana prastuta kiyA gayA hai / DaoN devI prasAda mizra ne apane isa grantha ko bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana kA eka Akara grantha banA diyA hai| ....." prastuta grantha meM vidvAn lekhaka ne purANoM kI mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI ko samakAlIna sAhityika, aitihAsika evaM purAtAttvika sAkSyoM ke Aloka meM jA~cA-parakhA hai| bhArata kI vibhinna sAMskRtika paramparAoM ke saMdarbha meM usakA AlocanAtmaka vivecana prastuta kiyA hai|'' lekhaka kA vyApaka adhyayana, udAra dRSTikoNa aura Agraha-mukta vizleSaNa grantha meM pade-pade dRSTigocara hotA hai| ... merI dRSTi meM yaha prathama grantha hai, jisameM jaina purANoM kA sarvAGgINa sAMskRtika adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| niHsandeha yaha grantha bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyetA, anusandhAtAoM evaM vidvAnoM kA mArga-darzaka siddha hogaa| DaoN0 gokula candra adhyakSa, prAkRta evaM jainAgama vibhAga sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI lain Education International

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana DaoN0 devI prasAda mizra ema0e0, DI0 phil 0, pI0jI0DI0ela0 BOG hindustAnI ekeDemI ilAhAbAda

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[ ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya dvArA DI0 phila0 upAdhi ke lie svIkRta zodha-prabandha ] prathama saMskaraNa san 1888 I0 vikrama saMvat 2044 vIra nirvANa saMvat 2513 mUlya : 16000 rupaye prakAzaka : hindustAnI ekeDemI ilAhAvAda - 211001 mudraka : aravinda priMTarsa 20 DI, belI roDa nayA kaTarA ilAhAbAda - 211002

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samarpaNa jinake puNya evaM AzIrvAda ko razmiyA~ mere jIvana-patha ko Alokita kara rahIM haiM, unhIM svargastha pUjya pitA paNDita kedAra nAtha mizra jI ke divya caraNoM meM zraddhA sahita smrpit|

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prakAzakIya jainoM ke anusAra sRSTi anAdi hai aura unakI kAla-gaNanA brAhmaNa-graMthoM se bhI vizada dikhAyI detI hai / jaina-kalA evaM zilpa bhI atyanta samRddha rahe haiN| bhAratIya jJAnapITha ne "jaina kalA aura sthApatya' nAma se tIna khaNDoM meM eka bRhat graMtha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke 2500veM nirvANa mahotsava ke pAvana avasara para zrI amalAnanda ghoSa ke sampAdakatva meM 1675 meM kiyA hai / usameM jaina-zilpa zAstroM tathA jaina-purANoM kA AdhAra liyA gayA hai / DaoN0 zivarAmamUrti dvArA likhita aMgrejI graMtha 'painoramA oNva jaina ArTa' iMgita karatA hai ki jaina kalA bhAratIya saMskRti ke atyanta udAtta pakSa kA vikAsa hai / kintu ye purANoM para hI kendrita zodha-kArya nahIM kahe jA sakate haiM / yaha zodha-grantha vizeSa rUpa se ukta abhAva kI pUrti karatA hai, kyoMki isane jaina purANoM kI AdhArapIThikA para bhAratIya saMskRti kA manojJa citra prastuta kiyA hai| purANoM kA bhAratIya vAGamaya meM viziSTa sthAna hai / pAramparika saMskRtapurANoM ke atirikta jaina-paramparA meM bhI purANoM kI racanA huI hai| jaina-purANoM kA praNayana yadyapi guptottara kAla meM huA hai, kintu viSaya-vastu evaM vicAradhArA kI dRSTi se ye cira-purAtana kahe jA sakate haiN| jaina-vidyA ke ye vizva-koza haiN| saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kA koI aisA aMza nahIM hai jo ina purANoM meM varNita na ho| jaina-purANa prAcIna jaina-saMskRti ke sakSama vAhaka haiM / jaina-purANa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kA vyApaka citra prastuta karate haiN| inameM jina dhArmika vizvAsoM, deva-stutiyoM, vratoM kI kathAoM, tIrthoM ke mAhAtmyoM kA varNana hai, unakA jaina-samAja meM Aja bhI ghara-ghara meM pracalana hai / itihAsa-viSayaka zodha kI paddhatiyoM ko pratibimbita karane vAle DaoN0 devI prasAda mizra dvArA likhita "jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana" nAmaka isa zodhaprabandha meM viSaya-vastu ko bar3e hI suvyavasthita DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isameM jaina

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purANoM ke AdhAra para tatkAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kA sajIva citra sundara DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yaha pustaka apane viSaya kI eka prAmANika, saMtulita evaM gambhIra racanA hai / pustaka ke anta meM aneka citraphalakoM dvArA viSaya ke anurUpa vividha rekhAMkana samAhita kara diye gaye haiM, jo upayukta tathA prAmANika AdhAra para bane haiN| sAMskRtika dRSTi se unakA jJAna upAdeya hogaa| isameM saMdarbha graMtha aura zabdAnukramaNikA bhI de dI gayI hai| hindustAnI ekeDemI dvArA prakAzita yaha pustaka jaina-vidyA ke vidvAnoM, anurAgiyoM tathA zodhArthiyoM ke lie atyanta upayogI siddha hogI aura gaMbhIra adhyayana kI preraNA pradAna kregii| ilAhAbAda 25-12-1687 jagadIza gupta saciva tathA koSAdhyakSa - -- 0 - -

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AzIrvacana jaina sAhitya ke akSaya bhaNDAra meM jaina Agama aura unakA vyAkhyA sAhitya sarvopari mahattva kA sAhitya hai / uttaravartI sAhitya meM purANa sAhitya aisA hai, jo jaina darzana ke gUr3ha tattvoM ko saralatA aura sarasatA se apane sAtha guMphita kiye hue hai / usa sAhitya meM padma purANa, harivaMza purANa aura mahA purANa atyanta mahattvapUrNa kRtiyA~ haiM / inakA samaya IsA kI sAtavIM se dazavIM zatAbdI ke madhya mAnA gayA hai| DaoN0 devI prasAda mizra ne ina AdhArabhUta purANoM kI buniyAda para gaveSaNAtmaka evaM AlocanAtmaka "jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana" nAmaka zodhaprabandha likhA hai / isameM sAmAjika, rAjanItika, Arthika, zikSA evaM sAhitya, lalita kalA, vAstu evaM sthApatya kalA, dharma evaM darzana, bhaugolika dazA Adi viSayoM se sambaddha sAmagrI ko vargIkRta kara vyavasthita rUpa meM prastuti dI hai| anta meM prAmANika evaM tathyaparaka citra-phalakoM dvArA zodha-prabandha ko samalaMkRta kiyA gayA hai / yaha prastuti jitanI sahaja hai, utanI hI sUkSma hai / - lekhaka ne pAramparika purAgoM se jana purANoM kI bhinnatA dikhAI hai aura jaina purANa sAhitya meM ukta tInoM ko sabase prAcIna evaM mUlAdhAra pramANita kiyA hai| inake AdhAra para yaha sAMskRtika adhyayana samIkSita huA hai / isameM tatkAlIna bhAratIya jIvana kI jhalaka sApha-sApha dikhAI de rahI hai / kucha aisI bAteM bhI isase ubhara kara sAmane AtI haiM, jo vartamAna loka-jIvana se jur3akara use naI dizA de sakatI hai / lekhaka kA yaha zrama mUlyAha hai| purANa sAhitya ke jijJAsu vyaktiyoM, vidvAnoM evaM zodhArthiyoM dvArA isakA samucita upayoga hI prastuta pustaka kI sArthakatA hai| AcArya tulasI 17 agasta, 1687 yuvAcArya mahAprajJa aNuvrata bhavana naI dillI-2

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purovAk jisa sAhitya- sandoha meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke aMga- upAMgoM kA bimbana evaM pratibimbana huA hai, usameM paurANika vAGmaya kA sthAna mahattvapUrNa hai / paurANika vAGamaya ke bhI do pakSa haiM - eka to kriyAtmaka pakSa aura dUsarA pratikriyAtmaka pakSa | kriyAtmaka pakSa ke pratiphala pAramparika purANa haiM, jinheM vastutaH purANa kI AkhyA pradAna kI jA sakatI hai; tathA pratikriyAtmaka pakSa kI prasUti haiM jaina purANa, jinheM jaina santoM ne vastutaH pAramparika purANoM kI anukRti meM saMvArA hai / saMkalana kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to jaina purANoM ke sandarbha meM do stara banate haiM; eka to paramparA kA stara jise kisI kAlAvadhi meM Abaddha karanA sukara nahIM hai, dUsare praNayana kA stara jise guptottara kAla se sambandhita karane meM koI hAni nahIM dikhAI detI hai / jaina muniyoM ne apanI racanAoM ko purANa nAma dekara atIta kAlIna vRttoM evaM pravRttiyoM ko navodita mAnyatAoM ke sAtha samAyojita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / isake pariNAma meM jaina purANa bhAratIya saMskRti kA eka aisA kalevara prastuta karate haiM, jo eka ora yadi jaina paramparA kA sparza karatA hai to dUsarI ora usake mAdhyama se saMskRti ke sArvajanIna svarUpa kA bhI Akalana kiyA jA sakatA hai / yaha eka sukhada saMyoga kA viSaya hai ki saMkhyAtIta jaina dharma ko sannibaddha karane vAlI pANDulipiyA~ jaina bhaNDAroM meM surakSita rahIM tathA sambandhita saMrakSakoM ne ' inake sannikarSa meM kevala AdhikArika evaM supAtra sAhityika samAlocakoM evaM jijJAsuoM ko Ane diyA / vidvatsamAja ke samakSa inake praNidhAna kA mUla zreya jina pUrvasUriyoM ko diyA jA sakatA hai, unameM vilasana, Telana, bUlara, rAjendralAla mitra, yAkobI, barnala, hulza, Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara, kIlahArna, vebara ityAdi ko vizeSatayA sandarbhita kiyA jA sakatA hai| isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki samprati jaina dharma ko gauravAnvita karane vAlI pracura saMkhyA meM pANDulipiyA~ karnATaka, gujarAta, mahArASTra, rAjasthAna, uttara pradeza evaM madhya pradeza ke bhaNDAroM meM saMgRhIta haiM tathA inakA AlocanAtmaka prakAzana sAtizaya vAJchanIya hai / yadyapi prAcya vidyAnusandhAna meM jaina saMskRti

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( x ) ke anuzIlana ko abhI taka santoSajanaka evaM apekSita sthAna nahIM prApta ho sakA hai, tathApi isa tathya ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vigata kaI varSoM se saMgoSThiyoM evaM sAMskRtika sammelanoM meM ise samucita evaM samAdRta sthAna diyA jA rahA hai / yaha parama santoSa kA viSaya hai ki ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ke prAcIna itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga ne jaina saMskRti se sambandhita katipaya mahattvapUrNa zodha-prabandha taiyAra karAye haiN| "jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana" nAmaka zodha-grantha kA purovAka likhane meM mujhe vizeSa gaurava kA anubhava ho rahA hai| prastuta racanA mere nirdezana meM avazya taiyAra huI hai, kintu ise vartamAna kalevara meM pratiSThita karane kA samasta zreya mere ananya-sAmAnya antevAsI DaoN0 devI prasAda mizra ko hai / sAMskRtika tattvoM ke saMkalana, samAyojana evaM pUrvAgraha-nirapekSa-prastutIkaraNa jaisI itihAsa-lekhana kI sugrAhya zailI ko apanAkara DaoN0 mizra ne prastuta grantha ko supAThya banA diyA hai| mujhe pUrNa vizvAsa hai ki aneka vizeSatAoM dvArA antanihita, prAJjala evaM pariSkRta bhASA meM praNIta prastuta racanA kA sudhI pAThaka na kevala samAdara kareMge, apitu isake guNa-doSa ke vivecana meM apanI manISA ko saMlagna kareMge, zodha-jijJAsu anusandhAna samarUpa evaM samastarIya granthoM ke praNayanArtha prayAsa kareMge tathA sAmAnya pAThaka bhI ise par3hakara jaina purANoM ke aitihAsika mahattva kA mUlyAMkana kara skeNge| vijayA dazamI 2-10-1687 ilAhAbAda pro0 siddhezvarI nArAyaNa rAya prAcIna itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya

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prAkkathana bhAratIya vAGamaya meM paramparAgata purANoM ke samAnAntara jaina purANoM kI eka avicchinna dhArA dRSTigocara hotI hai| purANa bhAratIya itihAsa ke ajasra srota haiN| inameM sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, dhArmika, sAMskRtika evaM Arthika pakSoM se sambandhita prabhUta sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai| vastutaH purANoM ko 'bhAratIya saMskRti kA vizvakoza' kI avidhA pradAna kI jA sakatI hai| purANa sAhitya bhAratIya saMskRti kI vaidika aura jaina dhArAoM meM samAna rUpa se upalabdha hotA hai / bauddhoM ne purANa nAmadhArI kisI bhI grantha kI na to racanA kI aura na hI unako aisA karane kI AvazyakatA thI / 'itihAsa purANAbhyAM vedaM samupadvhayet' kI preraNA se vaidika paramparA meM aSTAdaza purANoM tathA aneka upapurANoM kI racanA huI hai| pAramparika purANoM kA vikAsa AkhyAna, itihAsa, galpa, gAthA evaM upAkhyAna se huA hai| jaina purANa sAhitya vizAla evaM bahuvidha haiN| jaina purANoM kA udbhava Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva se mAnA jAtA hai, jo guru-paramparA dvArA vikasita huaa| jaina purANoM ke udbhava meM tatkAlIna rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, Arthika evaM dhArmika paristhitiyoM kI bhUmikA mahattvapUrNa rahI hai| jaina paramparA meM bAraha prakAra-~-arahanta, cakravartI, vidyAdhara, vAsudeva, cAraNavaMza, prajJA zramaNa, kuruvaMza, harivaMza, ikSvAkuvaMza, kAzyapavaMza, vAdi (vAcaka tathA nAthavaMza-ke purANoM kI paramparA kA ullekha milatA hai (SaTakhaMDAgama khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, dhavalATIkA 1.12, pRSTha 113) / sAmAnyatayA jaina paramparA meM caubIsa tIrthaMkara, bAraha cakravartI, nau nArAyaNa, nau pratinArAyaNa evaM nau balabhadra ina tirasaTha zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvana-carita ko AdhAra banA kara aneka purANoM evaM caritra granthoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai / jaina purANoM kI kathAvastu rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata evaM triSaSTizalAkApuruSoM ke jIvana para AdhArita hai / yaha sAhitya sAmAnyatayA digambaroM meM 'purANa' tathA zvetAmbaroM meM 'caritra' yA 'carita' nAma se abhihita hai| vastutaH caritra grantha isI vidhA ke antargata Ate haiM / jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta, saMskRta evaM apabhraza ke atirikta aneka prAntIya bhASAoM-tamila, telagU, kannaDa, malayAlama, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI, marAThI, hindI Adi--meM bhI pracura mAtrA meM granthoM kA

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( xii ) praNayana kiyA hai / pAramparika purANoM kI taraha jaina purANoM kI saMkhyA sImita nahIM hai / jaina purANoM meM kathArasa gauNa aura dharmabhAva pradhAna hai / isa sAhitya meM jahA~ eka ora kisI eka yA ekAdhika zalAkApuruSoM kA jIvanavarNita hai, vahIM dUsarI ora bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa kI bahumUlya sAmagrI bhI nibaddha hai / isa dRSTi se jaina purANa bhAratIya saMskRti ke akSaya bhaNDAra haiM / jaina purANakAroM kA mantavya sadaiva lokonmukhI rahA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki jainAcAryoM ne apane dharma ke pracArArtha sarvaprathama janasAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASA meM hI jaina sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA / pAramparika purANoM kA racanA-kAle ajJAta hai, kintu jaina purANoM ke racanA - kAla tathA AcAryoM ke viSaya meM paryApta prAmANika jAnakArI upalabdha hai / jaina dharma ke prArambhika sAhitya prAkRta meM hai / prAkRta ke bAda saMskRta bhASA kA adhika prabhAva bar3hane se saMskRta meM purANoM kA praNayana huA / isake bAda jaba apabhraMza lokapriya huI, to jainAcAryoM ne apabhraMza meM grantha race / isake sAtha hI sAtha jainoM ne kSetrIya AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie kSetrIya bhASAoM meM bhI purANoM kA sRjana kiyaa| jaina purANoM kA praNayana guptottara kAla se huA, kintu varNya viSaya kI dRSTi se ye cirapurAtana kahe jA ko IsA kI chaThI zatI se aTThArahavIM zatI ke madhya inakI saMkhyA zatAdhika hai, kintu adhyayana kI suvidhA ke lie padma purANa, harivaMza purANa aura mahA purANa (Adi purANa evaM uttara purANa) ko vizeSa rUpa se grahaNa kiyA gayA hai, jo jaina purANoM ke pratinidhibhUta haiM / ina purANoM kA racanAkAla sAtavIM zatI IsavI se dazavIM zatI IsavI ke madhya hai / sakate haiM / jaina purANoM rakhA jA sakatA hai / vigata katipaya varSoM se vidvAnoM kA dhyAna jaina vAGmaya kI ora vizeSa rUpa se AkRSTa huA hai / pariNAmasvarUpa unake adhyayana, adhyApana evaM anusaMdhAna ke prayatna bhI hue haiM / isI zrRMkhalA meM jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana ke bhI katipaya prayatna hue haiM, kintu deza-videza meM aisA eka bhI prayatna nahIM huA hai, jisase vibhinna jaina purANoM kI sAmagrI ko eka jagaha upayoga karake tatkAlIna bhAratIya sAMskRtika jIvana kA sampUrNa rekhAMkana karake eka pUrNa manojJa citra prastuta kiyA jA sktaa| isI ko dRSTi meM rakha kara yaha eka laghu prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / prastuta adhyayana ke lambe antarAla meM mujhe aneka viSama paristhitiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A / viSaya kI vyApakatA, anusaMdhAna sAmagrI kI durlabhatA evaM anya bahuvidha

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( xiji ). vighna-bAdhAoM ko pAra karanA pdd'aa| daiva durvipAka se isI bIca mere pUjya pitA paM0 kedAra nAtha mizrajI ke Akasmika svargavAsa ke kAraNa pArivArika uttaradAyitva kA bhAra vahana karanA pdd'aa| merI vipattiyoM kI pariNati mere zodha-prabandha ke pAMca adhyAyoM kI pUrNa mUla pANDulipi kI rela-yAtrA ke samaya corI se huii| isa bAra to aisA pratIta hone lagA ki prastuta zodha-prabandha mere vyaktigata jIvana kI samasyAoM ke nIce daba kara apUrNa hI raha jaayegaa| kintu maiMne punaH naye sire se kAma prArambha kiyA aura samprati ise grantha rUpa meM vidvajjanoM ke samakSa prastuta karate hue apAra alaukika Ananda kI anubhUti ho rahI hai| apanI sImAoM ke bAvajUda bhI yaha prayatna kiyA hai ki pramukha jaina purANoM kI vipula sAmagrI kA tatkAlIna jaina evaM jainetara granthoM se tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta karate hue, purAtAttvika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para prAmANika sAMskRtika adhyayana prastuta kiyA jaae| eka dazaka se adhika nirantara adhyavasAya ke phalasvarUpa maiMne apane anusaMdhAna kI upalabdhiyoM ko adholikhita nau adhyAyoM meM saMyojita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai : prathama adhyAya meM sAkSya-anusIlana ke antargata 'purANa' zabda kI vyAkhyA karate hue itihAsa evaM itivRtta zabda kA parizIlana kiyA gayA hai / jaina purANoM kA udbhava aura vikAsa, unakA racanA-kAla, vizeSatAoM kA varNana karate hue prastuta anusaMdhAna kI pRSThabhUmi evaM yojanA kI vivecanA kI gayI hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM jaina purANoM kI sAmAjika vyavasthA kA adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| sAmAjika vyavasthA ke vyApaka adhyayana ke lie prastuta adhyAya ko trayodaza upakhaNDoM meM vibhakta karake vivecanA kI gayI hai-prArambhika svarUpa evaM kulakara-paramparA, varNa-vyavasthA, Azrama-vyavasthA, saMskAra (kriyA), vivAha, puruSArtha, strI dazA, bhojanapAna (AhAra), vastra evaM vezabhUSA, AbhUSaNa, prasAdhana, manoraJjana, dhArmika evaM sAmAjika utsava / tRtIya adhyAya meM jaina purANoM meM upalabdha rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA kI samIkSA kI gayI hai| isake antargata rAjanaya : svarUpa evaM siddhAnta, rAjA aura zAsana-vyavasthA, sainya saMgaThana ye tIna upakhaNDa haiM / caturtha adhyAya meM zikSA aura sAhitya kI dRSTi se jaina purANoM kA adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai / ise zikSA aura sAhitya upakhaNDoM meM vibhakta kara tatkAlIna zikSA evaM sAhitya kI mImAMsA kI gayI hai|

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( xiv ) paMcama adhyAya meM kalA aura sthApatya ke antargata jana-sanniveza : svarUpa evaM prakAra, vAstu evaM sthApatya kalA, mUrtikalA isa prakAra tIna upakhaNDa haiM / SaSTha adhyAya meM lalita kalAoM kA anuzIlana saMgIta kalA, citrakalA aura vividha lalita kalA upazIrSaka ke antargata kiyA gayA hai| saptama adhyAya meM Arthika vyavasthA kI vivecanA gaveSaNAtmaka DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai / isa adhyAya ko Arthika upAdAna, AjIvikA ke sAdhana, vyApAra aura vANijya ina tIna upakhaNDoM meM vivecita kiyA gayA hai| aSTama adhyAya meM dhArmika vyavasthA ko dArzanika pakSa aura dhArmika pakSa ke antargata rakhakara samIkSA kI gayI hai / isa adhyAya meM jaina dharma-darzana ke sAtha hI jainetara dhArmika vyavasthA kI bhI vivecanA kI gayI hai| navama adhyAya meM bhaugolika dazA ke antargata deza (rASTra), nagara, parvata evaM nadI kA adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| jaina purANoM meM upalabdha bhaugolika sAmagrI kA tAdAtmya tatkAlIna anya srotoM ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| jinakA samIkaraNa nahIM kiyA jA sakA, unakA pRthak se vivaraNa diyA gayA hai / uparyukta nau adhyAyoM ke uparAnta prastuta zodha-prabandha meM jina granthoM kA saMdarbha diyA gayA hai tathA jinakA upayoga pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai, unako saMdarbha-grantha ke antargata rakhA gayA hai| taduparAnta zabdAnukramaNikA ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| anta meM citra-phalaka evaM unakA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| inameM se katipaya citra tatkAlIna anya granthoM evaM purAtAttvika utkhananoM ke AdhAra para nirmita haiM / zeSa kA vivaraNa jaina purANoM meM upalabdha vivaraNa ke AdhAra para svataH taiyAra kiyA gayA hai jo vizeSa rUpa se AkarSaka evaM anusaMdhAna ke lie mahattvapUrNa haiN| prastuta zodha-prabandha pUjya guruvara pro0 siddhezvarI nArAyaNa rAya ke kuzala evaM samartha nirdezana kA hI pratiphala hai| isa kArya kI pUrNatA meM unakA yogadAna bhavismaraNIya hai, jisake lie maiM unakA ciraRNI rahU~gA / prAcIna itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ke variSTha gurujana svargIya pro0 govardhana rAya zarmA, pro0 govinda candra pANDeya, pro0 je0 esa0 negI, pro0 braja nAtha siMha yAdava, pro0 udaya nArAyaNa rAya, pro0 esa0 sI0 bhaTTAcArya, pro0 vinoda

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( xv ) candra zrIvAstava, pro0 rAdhA kAnta varmA, DaoN0 sandhyA mukarjI, zrI vidyAdhara mizra, zrI Ara0 ke0 dvivedI, pro0 yU0 pI0 aror3A, DaoN0 oma prakAza tathA anya gurujanoM kA hRdaya se AbhArI hU~, jinhoMne samaya-samaya para parAmarza evaM preraNA pradAna kI hai| vibhAga ke hI rIDara DaoN0 jaya nArAyaNa pANDeya ne eka abhinna mitra evaM preraka ke durvaha dAyitva kA nirvAha kiyA, jisake lie ve dhanyavAda aura zraddhA ke pAtra haiM / mere sahapAThI mitra DaoN0 rudradeva tivArI, prAdhyApaka, hindI vibhAga, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ne isa kaSTasAdhya evaM sAntarAya zodha-yAtrA meM mujhe Adyanta utsAhita kiyA, jisake lie maiM unheM sAdhuvAda detA hU~ / isake atirikta apane anya mitroM, sahayogiyoM evaM zubhacintakoM meM pro0 lakSmI nArAyaNa tivArI, pro0 kamalA kAnta zukla, zrI umAdhara dvivedI, zrI jagata nArAyaNa tripAThI, zrI rAma bhavana mizra, zrI Aloka zrIvAstava, zrI rAma kumAra siMha, DaoN0 rAma nihora pANDeya, DaoN0 hari nArAyaNa dube, zrI parama haMsa dube, DaoN0 candrikA prasAda dIkSita 'lalita', DaoN0 (zrImatI) pratibhA tripAThI, DaoN0 (zrImatI) raMjanA bAjapeyI, zrImatI hIrAmaNi agravAla, ko dhanyavAda detA hU~, jinhoMne mujhe yathAsamaya protsAhita evaM utsAhavardhana kiyaa| triniDADa (vesTa iNDIz2a) nivAsI apane priya mitra zrI ravIndra nAtha mahArAja ko maiM bhUla nahIM sakatA, jinhoMne zodha-kArya ke samaya cAra varSoM taka mere sAtha raha kara mitra ke pAvana-kartavya kA nirvAha kiyaa| isake lie ve dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiN| nyAyamUrti paM0 rAma vRkSa mizra, pUrva nyAyamUrti, uccatama nyAyAlaya, naI dillI; pro0 ambA datta panta, nidezaka, govinda vallabha panta sAmAjika vijJAna saMsthAna, ilAhAbAda; pro0 badarI nAtha zukla pUrva kulapati, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI; pro0 vizvambhara nAtha tripAThI, saMskRta vibhAga, gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya; pro0 e0 sI0 banarjI, kulapati, avadha vizvavidyAlaya, phaijAbAda DaoN0 vidyA nivAsa mizra, kulapati, kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI; pro0 karuNApati tripAThI pUrva kulapati, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ne apane garimAmaya vyaktitva se na kevala mujhe prabhAvita kiyA, apitu apane sneha aura satparAmarzoM se merA utsAhavardhana kiyA, jisake lie maiM Apa sabhI kA kRtajJa huuN| jaina vAGamaya ke vidvAn DaoN0 gokula candra jaina, adhyakSa, prAkRta evaM jainAgama vibhAga, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ne zodha-prabandha ke nirmANa ke samaya jo mArga-darzana diyA, usake lie maiM unakA hRdaya se AbhArI huuN| jaina vAGamaya

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( xvi ) ke anya vidvAn pro0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA, pro0 nathamala TATiyA, mahAmahopAdhyAya DaoN0 dAmodara zAstrI, sva0 paM0 kailAza candra zAstrI, sva0 paM0 phala candra zAstrI, pro0 mohana lAla mehatA, DaoN0 darabArI lAla koThiyA, DaoN. lakSmI candra jaina, DaoN. vimala prakAza jaina, DaoN0 pannA lAla jaina, DaoN0 sAgara mala jaina Adi mahAnubhAvoM kA bhI AbhArI hU~, jinhoMne apane satparAmarzoM se mujhe anugRhIta kiyA hai| / prastuta zodha-prabandha ke nirmANa kI avadhi meM zrI rAjendra prasAda pANDe, pUrva nidezaka, sthAnIya nidhi lekhA parIkSA vibhAga, uttara pradeza, ilAhAbAda aura samprati prakAzana ke samaya zrI haradeva tivArI, nidezaka, sthAnIya nidhi lekhA parIkSA vibhAga, uttara pradeza, ilAhAbAda se mujhe jo snehamaya protsAhana prApta huA hai. isake lie maiM hRdaya se kRtajJa huuN| zaikSaNika gatividhiyoM tathA rASTrIya evaM antarrASTrIya sammelanoM meM sammilita hone meM zrI haradeva tivArI dvArA mujhe jo protsAhana upalabdha ho rahA hai, isake lie maiM unakA AbhArI huuN| zodha-prabandha ke nirmANa meM sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI; pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha-saMsthAna, vArANasI; varNI zodha-saMsthAna, nariyA, vArANasI; kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI; ela0 DI0 insTIcyUTa oNva iNDolojI, ahamadAbAda; jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanaM (rAjasthAna); prAcIna itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya; gaMgAnAtha jhA kendrIya vidyApITha, ilAhAbAda Adi pustakAlayoM se mujhe vizeSa rUpa se sahAyatA milii| isake lie maiM inake adhikAriyoM evaM karmacAriyoM ko dhanyavAda detA huuN| digambara sampradAya ke pramukha AcArya vidyAnandajI ne apanI sAdhanA meM se apanA amUlya samaya pradAna kara mere zodha-prabandha ko Adyanta par3hane ke uparAnta AzIrvAda aura protsAhana pradAna kiyA hai / isake lie maiM AcArya jI ke prati apanI kRtajJatA jJApita karatA hU~ / samprati zvetAmbara sampradAya ke ziromaNi AcArya tulasI aura yuvAcArya mahAprajJajI apane cAturmAsa ke pravAsa ke vyastatama amUlya kSaNoM meM mere isa zodhaprabandha ko samyak par3hane ke uparAnta jo 'AzIrvacana' likhA hai, vaha mere lie bahuta hI saubhAgya kI bAta hai / isa lie maiM unake prati anugRhIta huuN| prastuta zodha-prabandha kA prakAzana hindustAnI ekeDemI, ilAhAbAda ke tattvAvadhAna meM ho rahA hai / ekeDemI ke adhyakSa DaoN0 rAma kumAra varmA, saciva DaoN0 jagadIza gupta, sahAyaka saciva DaoN0 rAmajI pANDeya aura ekeDemI ke samasta

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( xvii) karmacArIgaNa jisa niSThA, lagana evaM utsAha se isa dAyitva kA nirvAha kiyA, isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaise yaha svataH unhIM kI pustaka ho| isake lie maiM sabhI ke prati atyanta kRtajJa hU~ / isa zodha-prabandha ke citra-phalaka kA nirmANa zrI esa0 ke0 ThAkura aura prUpha saMzodhana zrI zivacandra ojhA evaM zrI jagadIza dIkSita ne atyanta tatparatA se kiyA hai, isake lie ve dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiN| ___agraja tulya zrI govinda zaraNa dAsa evaM bhAbhI zrImatI mInAkSI dAsa ne mujhe jo sneha aura sambala pradAna kiyA, usakA pratidAna zabdoM meM asambhava hai / bhAI zrI santoSa kumAra dIkSita evaM bhAbhI (zrImatI) DaoN. urmilA dIkSita aura priya mitra zrI arabinda zaraNa dAsa evaM bhAbhI zrImatI zazi prabhA dAsa kI snehasikta sadAzayatA ne mujhe sadaiva jo protsAhana diyA hai, vaha avismaraNIya rhegaa| ___ svargastha pitAjI kI puNya-smRti se maiM romAMcita ho uThatA hU~, jinakI adRzya preraNA pratipala merA mArga-nirdezana kara rahI hai| pUjanIyA jananI ke RNa se maiM janma-janmAntara taka uRNa nahIM ho sakatA, jinhoMne pati ke svargavAsa ko hRdaya meM dabAkara, gRhasthI ke sampUrNa jaMjAloM ko sameTa, mere kArya kI nivighna samApti ke lie apanA pavitra AzIrvAda pradAna kiyA / merI dharmapatnI zrImatI nirmalA mizrA ne bAla-baccoM ke dAyitva ko apane Upara lekara mujhe isa kaThora zodha-sAdhanA ke lie mukta rakha kara apane sahamiNI ke kartavya kA nirvAha kiyA, jisake lie ve sAdhuvAda kI adhikAriNI haiN| isa prakAra jaina purANoM ke sarvAGgINa sAMskRtika adhyayana kI dizA meM merA yaha eka atyanta vinamra prayAsa hai / AzA hai, isase aba taka isa dizA meM kiye gaye anusandhAnoM kI zrRMkhalA meM eka nayI kar3I jur3egI tathA bhaviSya ke anusandhAna kAryoM meM jaina purANoM kI isa mahanIya sAmagrI kA upayoga kiyA jA skegaa| jaina purANoM ke itastataH bikhare sAMskRtika sUtroM kA saMcaya karane kA maiMne jo prastuta prayAsa kiyA hai, usake dvArA agAdha jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana meM vidvAnoM, zodhArthiyoM, jijJAsuoM evaM sAdhAraNa pAThakoM ko yadi kiJcit bhI sahAyatA mila sakI, to maiM apane parizrama ko sArthaka samajhUgA / dIpAvalI 22 akTUbara, 1687 I0 ilAhAbAda devI pUsApaka

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viSayAnukrama 4-16 prakAzakIya AzIrvacana purovAk prAkkathana sAkSya-anuzIlana 1-22 (ka) purANa-vyAkhyA : pAramparika evaM jaina dRSTikoNa 1-3 (kha) itivRtta evaM itihAsa zabda kA parizIlana (ga) jaina purANoM kA udbhava aura vikAsa (a) rAmAyaNa viSayaka purANa; (ba) mahAbhArata viSayaka purANa; (sa) triSaSTizalAkApuruSa viSayaka purANa; (da) tirasaThazalAkApuruSoM ke svataMtra purANa (gha) jaina purANoM kA racanA-kAla 16-17 (Ga) jaina purANoM kI vizeSatAe~ 17-20 (ca) prastuta anusaMdhAna kI pRSThabhUmi evaM yojanA 20-22 2. sAmAjika vyavasthA 23-176 (ka) prArambhika svarUpa evaM kulakara paramparA 23-31 1. bhogabhUmi, karmabhUmi tathA kulakara paramparA; 2. kula (parivAra) kI mahattA; 3. kula (parivAra) kA svarUpa evaM saMghaTana; 4. pArivArika paridhi : AyAma evaM sImA / (kha) varNa-vyavasthA 32-53 1. varNa-vyavasthA aura jaina mAnyatA; 2. varNa-vyavasthA aura usakA svarUpa; 3. varNa-vyavasthA ke niyAmaka upAdAna; 4. vibhinna vargoM kI sAmAjika sthiti evaM karttavyaa. brAhmaNa, ba. kSatriya, sa. vaizya, da. zUdra kAru evaM akAru), ya. dAsa prathA; 5. varNasaMkara : upajAtiyoM kA vizleSaNa, upajAtiyA~ sAmAjika evaM Arthika vizleSaNa / Azrama-vyavasthA 54-64 1. brahmacaryAzrama; 2. gRhasthAzrama; 3. vAnaprasthAzrama, 4. saMnyAsAzrama /

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(xx ) (gha) saMskAra kriyA) 1. 'saMskAra' zabda : vyutpatti evaM artha; 2 'saMskAra' ke prati jaina purANoM kA dRSTikoNa : tAtparya evaM vyAkhyA, 3. saMskAroM ke bheda-bhedAntara-(a) garbhAnvaya kriyA : AdhAna, prIti, suprIti, dhRti, moda, priyodbhava, (jAtakarma), nAmakarma, bahiryAna, niSadyA, annaprAzana, vyuSTi (varSa vardhana), kezavApa (cUDAkarma), lipi saMkhyAna, upanIti (upanayana)-[samaya, niyama, yajJopavIta], vratacaryA, vratAvataraNa, vivAha, varNalAbha, kulacaryA, gRhIzitA prazAnti, gRhatyAga, dIkSAdya, jinarUpatA, maunAdhyayanavRttatva, tIrthakRdbhAvanA, gurusthAnAbhyupagama, gaNopagraha, svagurusthAnAvApti, niHsaMgatvAtmabhAvanA, yoganirvANa saMprApti, yoganirvANasAdhana, indropapAda, indrAbhiSeka, vidhidAna, sukhodaya, indratyAga, indrAvatAra, hiraNyotkRSTajanmatA, mandarAbhiSeka, gurupUjana, yauvarAjya, svarAjya, cakralAbha, dizAJjaya, cakrAbhiSeka, sAmrAjya, niSkAnti, yogasammaha, Arhantya, vihAra, yogatyAga, agranirvRtti; (ba) dIkSAnvaya kriyA : avatAra, vRttalAbha, sthAnalAbha, gaNagrahaNa, pUjArAdhya, puNyayajJA, dRr3hacaryA, upayogitA, upanIti, vratacaryA, vratAvataraNa, vivAha, varNalAbha, kulacaryA, gRhIzitA, prazAntatA, gRhatyAga, dIkSAdya, jinarUpatA; (sa) kanvaya kriyA : sajjAti, sadguhitva, pArivrajya, surendratA, sAmrAjya, Arhantya, pari nirvRtti; (da) mRtaka-saMskAra / (Ga) vivAha 61-101 1. vivAha kA mahattva; 2. vivAha ke prakAra evaM bhedasvayaMvara vivAha, gAndharva vivAha, parivAra dvArA niyojita vivAha, prAjApatya vivAha, rAkSasa vivAha; 3. vivAha viSayaka niyama-savarNa vivAha (anuloma vivAha), ekapatnI vrata aura bahuvivAha; 4. vivAhArtha vara-kanyA kI Ayu; 5. vara-kanyA ke guNa evaM lakSaNa; 6. daheja prathA; 7 vivAha-vidhi /

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(ca) puruSArthaM (cha) strI-dazA ( xxi ) 1. dharma; 2. artha ; 3. kAma; 4. mokSa; 5. puruSArtha kA samanvaya / 102 - 105 1. striyoM kI sAmAnya sthiti; 2. striyoM ko saMrakSaNa; 3. striyoM ke guNa; 4. striyoM ke durguNa; 5. vibhinna rUpoM meM striyoM kI sthiti -- kanyA; patnI, mAtA, vidhavA, vIrAGganA, sevikA ( sAmAnya dhAtrI, dAsI, paricArikA), vezyA; 6. bahupatnI prathA; 7 pardA prathA; 8. patnI tyAga yA talAka prathA; 6. satI prathA / 106 - 126 (ja) bhojana - pAna (AhAra) 1. bhojana (AhAra) ke niyama-nirdeza; 2. bhojana ( AhAra ) ke svarUpa evaM prakAra - bhakSya, bhojya, peya, leya, cUSya; 3. bhojana nirmANa kalA - yonidravya, adhiSThAna, rasa, vIrya, kalpanA, parikarma, guNa-doSa, kauzala; 4. niSiddha bhojana (AhAra); 5. bhojana sAmagrI yA khAdyAnna - nIvAra, akSata, vrIhi, taNDula, zAli, kalama, sAmA, sAThI, zyAmA kodo ( kodrava), yava, godhUma, rAjamASa, Ar3hakI, mudga, masUra, tila, mASa, canA, niSpAva, barakA, tripuTa, kulittha, kaGgava, atasya, sarSapa, kozIpuTa, zasya; 6. taiyAra bhojana sAmagrI yA pakvAnna - apUpa, vyaJjana, mahAkalyANa bhojana, amRtagarma modaka, sUpa, sarpigur3apayomizrazAlyodana, amRtakalpakhAdya, pAyasa, zarkarAmodaka, khaNDamodaka, karkarA, pUrikA, gur3apUrNikApUrikA, zaSkulI, ghanabandha, amlikA ( kar3hI ) ; 7. zAka nirmita bhojana, 8. dUdha nirmita padArtha; 6. bhojana meM prayukta anya padArtha ; 10. bhojanazAlA meM prayukta pAtra; 11. phalAhAra; 12. peya padArtha - surA, maireya, sIdhu, ariSTa, Asava, nArikelAsava, nArikelarasa, amRta, puNDrekSurasa, Ikha kA rasa / 130-142

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( xxii ) (jha) vastra evaM vezabhUSA 143-150 1. prastAvika; 2. sAmAnya vizeSatAe~; 3. prakAra evaM svarUpa-aMzuka (zukacchAyAMzuka, stanAMzuka, ujjvalAMzuka, sadaMzuka, paTAMzuka), kSoma, kaMcuka, cInapaTa, prAvAra, uSNISa, cIvara, paridhAna, kambala, raMga-biraMge kapar3e, upasaMvyAna, valkala, duSyakuTI yA devadUSya, dukUla, kuzA ke vastra, vAsas, kusumbha, netra, eNAjinA, upAnatka, uttarIya, anya prakAra ke vastra (pracchadapaTa, parikara, gallaka, upadhAna, lAlaraMga kA sAphA, valkala, carma-nirmita, piitaambr)| (a) AbhUSaNa 151-163 1. AbhUSaNa banAne ke upAdAna; 2. AbhUSaNa ke AkAraprakAra- (a) zirobhUSaNa-kirITa, kirITI, cUr3AmaNi, mukuTa, mauli, sImAntakamaNi, uttaMsa, kuntalI, paTTa / / (ba) karNAbhUSaNa-kuNDala, avataMsa, talapatrikA, bAlika / (sa) kaNThAbhUSaNa-yaSTi (zIrSaka, upazIrSaka, prakANDa, avaghATaka, tarala prabandha-(maNimadhyA yaSTi evaM zuddhA yaSTi), hAra (indracchandahAra, vijayacchandahAra, hAra, devarac chandahAra, arddhahAra, razmikalApahAra, gucchahAra, nakSatramAlAhAra, arddhagucchahAra, mANavahAra, arddhamANavahAra), kaNTha ke anya AbhUSaNa (kaNThamAlikA, kaNThAbharaNa, sraka, kAJcanasUtra, graiveyaka, hAralatA, hAravallI, hAravallarI, maNihAra, hATaka, muktAhAra, kaNThikA, kaNThikevAsa ) / (da) karAbhUSaNaaMgada, keyUra, mudrikA, kaTaka / ya) kaTi AbhUSaNa-kAJcI, mekhalA, rasanA, dAma, kaTisUtra / (ra) pAdAbhUSaNanUpura, tulAkoTi, gomukhamaNi / (Ta) prasAdhana 164-167 1. prasAdhana-sAmagro evaM usakA upayoga-maJjana, tilaka, kAjala, bhauMha kA zRGgAra, patraracanA, oSTha ra~ganA, kapUra, candana. kuMkuma, Alaktaka, sugandhitacUrNa; 2. kezaprasAdhana-keza-vinyAsa, alaka-jAla, dhammilavinyAsa,

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( xxiii ) kabarI; 3 puSpa-prasAdhana-puSpa-mAlA, AmramaJjarI, puSpa maJjarI, karNotpala / (Tha) manoraJjana 168-174 1. mahattva evaM upAdeyatA; 2. manoraJjana ke prakAra(zArIrika, mAnasika, AdhyAtmika); (a krIr3A (krIr3A ke prakAra evaM svarUpa : jala, vana, dolA kanduka, daNDa, rAsa, dhU ta, mRgayA-vinoda, parvatArohaNa, yuddha indrajAla, bAhyAlI alaukika); (ba) goSThI (prakAra evaM svruup)| (Da) dhArmika evaM sAmAjika utsava 175-176 (a) dhArmika utsava-paJcakalyANaka mahotsava, (garbha kalyANaka, janma kalyANaka, dIkSA kalyANaka, kevalajJAna kalyANaka, nirvANakalyANaka), kalyANAbhiSeka, janmotsava (ba) sAmAjika utsava-vivAhotsava, varSaddhidinotsava, vijayotsava, madanotsava, kArtika pUrNimA mahotsava / 3. rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 180-230 (ka) rAjanaya : svarUpa evaM siddhAnta 181-186 1. rAjya kI utpatti; 2. rAjya ke prakAra; 3. rAjya ke uddezya evaM kArya-(Avazyaka kArya, aicchika yA lokahitakArI kArya); 4. rAjya ke saptAGgasiddhAnta-svAmI, amAtya, daNDa, janasthAna, gar3ha, koza, mitra; 5. rAjanaya ke catuSTaya siddhAnta-sAma, dAma, daNDa, bheda; 6. svarASTra aura pararASTra nIti; 7. rAjanaya ke SaD siddhAnta sandhi, vigraha, Asana, yAna, saMzraya, dvaidhIbhAva / (kha) rAjA aura zAsana-vyavasthA 160-220 1. rAjA tathA usakA mahattva; 2. rAjA : upAdhiyAM evaM prakAra; 3. rAjA ke guNa; 4. rAjA ke upahAra; 5. rAjA : adhikAra evaM karttavya; 6. rAjA-prajA-sambandha; 7. rAjA ke uttarAdhikArI : cayana, zikSA aura rAjyAbhiSeka; 8. rAjatantra kI sImAe~; 6. rAjA kA mantrimaNDala;

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( xxiv ) 10. sAmanta vyavasthA; 11. rAjA ke pramukha karmacArIpurohita, amAtya, senApati, zreSThi, dharmAdhikArI, lekhaka, lekhavAha (panavAhaka), nagara-rakSaka, guptacara, dUta, ArakSI; 12. nyAya vyavasthA-nyAya : svarUpa evaM prakAra, mahattva evaM Adarza, nyAya ke prakAra, zapatha, aparAdha evaM daNDa; 13. rAjya ke Aya ke srota; 14. rAjya kA vyaya / (ga) sainya-saMgaThana 221-230 1. senA aura usake aMga-pattI, senA, senAmukha, gulma, vAhinI, pRtanA, camU, anIkinI; (hasti-senA, azva-senA, ratha-senA, paidala-senA); 2. yuddha ke kAraNa; 3. sainikaabhiyAna evaM yuddha; 4. yuddha kA niyama; 5. senA ke zastrAstra; 6. senA se sambandhita anya sAmAna; 7. yuddha kA phala / 4. zikSA aura sAhitya 231-245 (ka) zikSA 231-238 1. zikSA kA mahattva; 2. zikSA sambandhI saMskAra yA kriyA-lipi, upanIti (upanayana); vratacaryA, vratAvataraNa; 3. vidyA prApti kA sthAna; 4. guru kA mahattva; 5. guru ke guNa; 6. ziSya ke guNa; 7. ziSya ke doSa; 8. guru ziSya sambandha; 6. guru-sevA; 10. guru-dakSiNA; 11. .. strI-zikSA; 12. saha-zikSA; 13. pAThya-krama / (kha) sAhitya 236-245 1. bhASA aura lipi-anuvRttalipi, vikRttalipi, sAmayika lipi, naimittika lipi; 2. veda; 3. vedAMga; 4. purANa; 5. vAGamaya-vyAkaraNazAstra, chandazAstra, alaMkArazAstra; 6. pahelI; 7. gaNita; 8. arthazAstra; 6. kAmazAstra; 10. gAndharvazAstra; 11. citrakalA; 12. vAstu evaM sthApatya kalA; 13. nATaka; 14. kathA sAhitya-AkSepaNI kathA, nikSepaNI kathA, sevejanI kathA, nirvedanI kathA;

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( xxv ) 15. cikitsAzAstra; 16. jyotiSazAstra; 17. khagolazAstra; 18. anya zAstra-nItizAstra, mAnavidyA (mApavidyA), upakaraNa nirmANazAstra, AyudhanirmANazAstra, vastroM se sambandhita zAstra, lakSaNazAstra, taMtrazAstra, lokAcArazAstra, darzanazAstra, ratnaparIkSAzAstra / 5. kalA evaM sthApatya 246-281 (ka) jana-sanniveza : svarUpa evaM prakAra 246-252 1. grAma; 2. nagara; 3. pattana; 4. droNamukha; 5. puTabhedana; 6. kharvaTa (karvaTa); 7. kheTa; 8. maTamba; 6. saMgraha; 10. saMvAha; 11. ghoSa; 12. Akara / (kha) vAstu evaM sthApatya kalA 253-276 1. nagara-vinyAsa-durga, rAjadhAnI, sar3aka nirmANa, surakSAvyavasthA [parikhA, vapra (koTa), prAkAra, aTTAlaka, burja, gopura, pratolI]; 2. bhavana-nirmANa-bhavanoM kI vizeSatAeM, bhavanoM ke pramukha aMga (dvAra, stambha, AsthAna-maNDapa, anya maNDapa, sabhA, gavAkSa, dIpikA, dhArAgRha),bhavana : prakAra evaM svarUpa, (gRha yA geha, sadma, vezma, AgAra, Alaya, snAnAgAra, harmya, prAsAda, bhavana, zAlA yA zAla bhavana, kUTAgAra, puSkarAvarta, bhANDAragRha, krIr3Asthala yA krIDAnaka, prapA yA pyAU); 3. mandira nirmANa-kalA-jainamandira : vizleSaNa, nirmANa kalA evaM vizeSatAeM, samavasaraNa / (ga) mUrtikalA 277-281 1. srota; 2. samaya; 3. sAmagrI; 4. mUrtikalA : prakAra evaM svarUpa-tIrthaMkara, zAsanadeva, yakSa-yakSiNI, saptarSi, naugraha, zrutadevI aura vidyA devI / 6. lalita kalA 282-314 (ka) saMgIta-kalA 282-305 1. saMgIta-kalA ke siddhAnta : svarUpa evaM prakAra-svara; vRtti; jAti (sthAna, svara, saMskAra, vinyAsa, kAku,

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( xxvi) samudAya, virAma, sAmAnyAbhihita, samAnArthatva, lekha)zuddha jAti evaM vikRta jAti; mAtrikAe~; mUrcchanA; tAna; rAga; tAla; laya; abhivyakti, pada aura alaMkAra (sthAyI pada ke alaMkAra, saMcArI pada ke alaMkAra, ArohI pada ke alaMkAra, avarohI pada ke alaMkAra); zrutiyA~; grAma (SaDja grAma, madhyama grAma) 2. saMgIta-kalA ke bheda-bhedAntara-gIta yA gAyana saMgIta; vAdya-saMgIta : [1. tata vAdya-svaragata gAndharva, padagata gAndharva, tAlagata gAndharva-tuNava, vINA, alAbu, taMtrI, sughoSA; 2. avanada vAdya-Anaka, jhallarI, DhakkA, dardura, dundubhi, paTaha, paNava, pANigha (tabalA), puSkara, bherI, mRdaMga, muraja, mardala; 3. suSira vAdya-kahalA, tUrya, vaMza tathA bA~surI, veNu, zaMkha, 4. ghana vAdya-ghaNTA, tAla, kaMsavAdaka (jhAMjha), jhAMjha-maMjIrA; 5. anya vAdyaamlAtaka, guJjA, jharjhara, duMdukANaka, bhaMbhA, maNDuka, raTita, lampa, lampAka, vipaJcI (vaipaJca), venAsana, sunda, hakkA, huMkAra, hetugujA, haikA]; nRtya kalA (vizeSatAeM, nRtya kI mudrAe~, nRtya ke prakAra evaM svarUpa-Ananda, alAtacakra, aMguSTha, indrajAla, kaTAkSa, cakra, tANDava, niSkramaNa, putalI, bahurUpiNI, bA~sa, lAsya, sAmUhika, sUcI, nIlAMjanA / (kha) citrakalA 306-310 1. sAmAnya paricaya; 2. jaina citrakalA : udbhava aura vikAsa; 3. citra-nirmANa ke upakaraNa; 4. vargIkaraNaguhAntargata bhitticitra, caityAlayAntargata bhitticitra, tAr3apatra citra, kargala citra, paTacina, dhUlicitra, phuTakara lalita kalA, kASTha citra, laukika citra; 5. vizeSatAe~ / (ga) vividha lalita kalA 311-314 1. patraccheda kalA-buSkima, chinna, achinna; 2. pustakarma kalA-kSayajanya, upacayajanya, saMkramajanya, (yantra, niryantra, sazchidra, nizchidra); 3 paridhAna kalA, 4. saMvAhana kalAkarma sazrayA, karma saMzrayA ke doSa aura zayyopacArikA saMvAhana;

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( xxvii ) 5. mAlA nirmANakalA-AI, zuSka, tadunmukta, mizra; 6. gandhayojanA kalA-yonidravya, adhiSThAna, rasa, vIrya, kalpanA, parikarma, guNadoSa, vijJAna, tathA kauzala; 7. lepyklaa| 7. Arthika vyavasthA 315-333 (ka) Arthika upAdAna 315-316 1. Arthika samRddhatA; 2. arthopArjana aura dharmAnukUlatA; 3. zrama-vibhAjana; 4. grAmINa artha-vyavasthA / (kha) ajIvikA ke sAdhana 320-327 1. asi vRtti; 2. maSi vRtti; 3. kRSi aura pazupAlana; 4. zilpa-karma; 5. vyAvasAyika varga / (ga) vyApAra aura vANijya 328-333 1. mahattva eva pracalana; 2. rASTrIya vyApAra; 3. anta rASTrIya vyApAra; 4. AyAta-niryAta; 5. mudrA; 6. mApa praNAlI-meyamAna, dezamAna, kAlamAna, tulAmAna / dhArmika vyavasthA 334-367 (ka) dArzanika pakSa 334-363 1. loka-adholoka, madhyaloka, Urdhvaloka / 2. SaDdravyadravya kA svarUpa; dravya ke prakAra-(a) jIvadravyajIva ke nAma, jIva kA svatantra astitva, jIva kA svatantra mahattva, jIva aura AtmA, jIva : prakAra evaM svarUpa (saMsArI jIva aura unake bheda, mukta yA siddha jIva, saMsArI jIva kI gatiyA~); (ba) ajIva dravya-pudgala, paramANa, skandha, dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla (kAla ke bhedavyavahAra kAla aura nizcaya kAla) / 3. saptatattva evaM nau padArtha-tattva kA artha, tattva : prakAra evaM svarUpa-jIva, ajIva, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA, mokSa evaM pApa aura puNyA; (sa) Asrava-jIvAdhikaraNa

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( xxviii ) Asrava, ajIvAdhikaraNa Asrava; (da) bandha; (ya) saMvarabhAvasaMvara, dravyasaMvara; (ra) nirjarA-vipAkajA nirjarA, avipAkajA nirjarA; (la) mokSa-mahattva, mokSa-prApti ke sAdhana (samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyakacAritra); phala, tIrthakaratva prApti ke sAdhana; (va, za) puNya aura pApa / 4. Izvara : jainI dRSTikoNa 5. karma siddhAnta-karma kA mahattva, karmabandha ke kAraNa, karmoM ke bheda evaM svarUpa, karmoM kA phala, karma aura punarjanma / 6. anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda; 7. syAdvAda aura sptbhNgii| 8. nayavAda-naya kA lakSaNa, naya : prakAra evaM svarUpa [nagama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha, evaMbhUta] / (kha) dhArmika pakSa 364-367 1. muni kA AcAra yA zramaNAcAra-muniyoM kA mahattva, muniyoM ke prakAra [yati, pArivrAjaka, RSi, bhikSuka, zramaNa kSapaNa, saMnyAsI, amoghavAdI muni, siddha, nirgrantha muni (pulAka, vakuza, kuzIla, nirgrantha, snAtaka); muniyoM ke kartavya; muni-dharma (niyama)-pA~ca mahAvrata (ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya, parigrahatyAga); pA~ca samiti (I, bhASA, eSaNA, AdAna nikSepaNa, utsarga); gupti; mUlaguNa; uttaraguNa, parISaha; tapa; anuprekSA; cAritra; kaSAya]; munisaMgha; muni-dIkSA; patita (bhraSTa) muni / 2. yogayoga kI vyutpatti, yoga ke lakSaNa, yoga : prakAra evaM svarUpa (yoga, samAdhAna yA samAdhi, prANAyAma, dhAraNA, AdhyAna, dhyeya, smRti, dhyAna kA phala, dhyAna kA bIja, pratyAhAra) / 3. dhyAna-dhyAya kI vyutpatti; dhyAna ke aMga (dhyAtA, dhyAna, dhyeya); dhyAna kA svarUpa; dhyAna kI kriyA; dhyAna : prakAra evaM svarUpa (ArtadhyAna-bAhya AtadhyAna aura Abhyantara AtadhyAna; raudradhyAna, dharmyadhyAna-bAhya dharmyadhyAna aura Abhyantara dharmyadhyAna, shukldhyaan)| 4. gRhastha kA AcAra yA shraavkaacaar| 5. devatA

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( xxix ) devatAoM ke prakAra, jyotiSI devatA, bhavanavAsI devatA, vyantara devatA, kalpavAsI devatA, anya devii-devtaa| 6. pUjA- pUjA : lakSaNa evaM nAma, pUjA : prakAra evaM vidhi-vidhAna (sadArcana, caturmukha, kalpadruma, aSTAhnika); yajJa aura yajJoM kA virodha (Arya yajJa aura anArya yajJa); veda aura vedoM kA virodha / 7. dAnadAna kI vyutpatti; dAna kA lakSaNa; dAna : prakAra evaM svarUpa (dayAdatti, pAtradatti, samadatti, anvayadatti, zAstra dAna, abhaya dAna, anna dAna, prazaMsanIya dAna, nindita dAna); dAna kI pAtratA aura usakA pariNAma; dAna kI vastue~; dAna kA mahattva tathA phala / 8. vratopavAsa / 368-454 368-416 6. bhaugolika dazA (ka) deza [rASTra] 1. samIkRta deza (rASTra); 2. asamIkRta deza (rASTra) (kha) nagara 1. samIkRta nagara; 2. asamIkRta nagara / 417-438 (ga) parvata 436-446 2. asamIkRta parvata / 447-454 2. asamIkRta ndii| 1. samIkRta parvata; (gha) nadI 1. samIkRta nadI; saMdarbha-grantha zabdAnukramaNikA citra-phalaka 455-481 482-462 463-533 - - -

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saMketa tAlikA AzvalAyana kAtyAyana kAmandaka kauTilya gautama AzvalAyana gRhya sUtra kAtyAyana zrautasUtra kAmandakIya nItisAra kauTilIya arthazAstra gautama gRhya sUtra nAradasmRti padma purANa parAzaramAdhavIya pANDava purANa pAraskara gRhyasUtra nArada padma parAzara pANDava pAraskara purANa baudhAyana manu mahA yAjJavalkya baudhAyana gRhyasUtra manusmRti mahA purANa yAjJavalkyasmRti zukranItisAra harivaMza purANa hiraNyakezin gRhya sUtra zukra harivaMza hiraNyakezin

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sAkSya-anuzIlana [ka] purANa-vyAkhyA : pAramparika evaM jaina dRSTikoNa 'purANa' kA artha prAcIna kAla kI ghaTanAoM kA sUcaka grantha hai| 'purANa' zabda kA AvirbhAva to bahuta pahale ho cukA thA, parantu paurANika grantha bAda meM race gaye / 'purANa' zabda kA ullekha sarvaprathama vaidika-granthoM meM upalabdha hai| Rgveda meM kaI sthaloM para 'purANa'' zabda kA prayoga huA hai, kintu eka sthala para 'purANI'2 zabda prApya hai / yahA~ yaha zabda prAcInatA tathA prAcIna gAthA ke lie prayukta huA hai / atharvaveda ke do maMtroM meM 'purANa' 3 tathA 'purANavit'4 zabda milate haiM / gopatha-brAhmaNa meM brAhmaNa, upaniSad, kalpa Adi ke sAtha-sAtha purANa bhI vedAMga ke rUpa meM mAnya hai| isameM anyatra 1. Rgveda 3 / 5 / 46, 3 / 58 / 6, 10 / 13016 2. vahI 6664 3. atharvaveda 117 / 27 4. vhii| 5. gopatha brAhmaNa 1 / 2 / 10

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 'purANa - veda' aura 'itihAsa - veda' kA bhI ullekha hai / " paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya ke matAnusAra isa samaya taka 'itihAsa' tathA 'purANa' meM bhinnatA ho cukI thI / zatapatha-brAhmaNa, bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad evaM chAndogya upaniSad tathA AzvAlayanagRhyasUtra ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTataH vidita hotA hai ki inake kAla meM purANoM kI pratiSThA paurANika vAGamaya ke rUpa meM nahIM ho pAyI thI / vaidika granthoM meM 'purANa' zabda kA prayoga mAtra AkhyAnArtha huA hai / cUMki purANa-praNetA vaidika AkhyAnoM ke prati zraddhAvAn the, ataeva prAthamika purANa-saMracanA kA sUtrapAtra bhI ina AkhyAnoM ke samAveza ke sAtha huA thA / vedoM tathA pAramparika purANoM meM aise AkhyAna bhI mila jAte haiM, jinake vivaraNa meM yA to samarUpatA hai yA jinakA pahale ke AdhAra para dUsare ke anuvartI vikAsa kA sAkSya upalabdha hotA hai / " DaoN0 esa0 ena0 rAya ke matAnusAra vedoM meM jo AkhyAna ke prakaraNa upalabdha haiM, ve bauddhika rUpa se samAja ke nimna varga ke lie the, kintu paurANika AkhyAna kA vikAsa yuga ke anurUpa huA thA / isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki pAramparika purANoM kA vikAsa AkhyAna, itihAsa, kalpa, gAthA, upAkhyAna se huA hai / inhIM kA vikasita rUpa pAramparika purANa haiM / jainAcAryoM ke kathanAnusAra jaina 'purANa' kA udbhava tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva se huA hai / mahApurANa meM varNita hai ki utsarpiNI, avasarpiNI evaM tRtIya kAla meM RSabhadeva ne jisa itivRtta kA varNana kiyA, vRSabhasena gaNadhara ne use hI purANa rUpa pradAna kiyA / vahI purANa ajitanAtha Adi tIrthaMkaroM, gaNadharoM tathA bar3e-bar3e RSiyoM dvArA prakAzita kiyA gayA / " caturtha kAla meM antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra se mahArAja zreNika ne rAjagRha meM ukta purANa ke viSaya meM jijJAsA prakaTa kI, taba gaNadhara svAmI ne unheM sunAyA / gautama gaNadhara se sudharmAcArya, sudharmAcArya se jambUsvAmI aura 1. gopatha brAhmaNa 919190 2. baladeva upAdhyAya- purANa-vimarza, vArANasI, 1665, pR0 11 3. esa0 ena0 rAya - paurANika dharma evaM samAja, ilAhAbAda, 1673, pR0 28 - 26 4. esa0 ena0 rAya - hisTaoNrikala eNDa kalcarala sTaDIz2a ina da purANAJca, ilAhAbAda, 1678, pR0 5 mahA 11161-165 5.

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sAkSya - anuzIlana taduparAnta guru paramparA se yaha calA A rahA hai| isa prakAra isa purANa ke mUla kartA mahAvIra aura antima karttA gautama gaNadhara haiM / jaina purANoM meM 'purANa' ke do bheda haiM :- 'purANa' aura 'mahApurANa' / jisameM eka puruSa ke caritra kA varNana ho, use 'purANa' kahate haiM aura jinameM tirasaTha zalAkApuruSoM ke caritra kA varNana ho, use 'mahApurANa' kahate haiM / ' mahApurANa meM af hai ki ye purANa AcAryoM dvArA praNIta hone se pramANabhUta haiM / " [kha] itivRtta evaM itihAsa zabda kA parizIlana vaidika granthoM meM 'itihAsa' aura 'purANa' zabda sAtha-sAtha itihAsa - veda tathA purANa- veda ke rUpa meM prayukta hue haiM, parantu vahA~ para itihAsa kA artha spaSTa nahIM hai / viNTaranitja ke matAnusAra itihAsa - veda kI pRthak se pustaka nahIM thI, apitu ye adhyayana ke sAdhana the / " chAndogyopaniSad meM spaSTataH varNita hai ki yadyapi itihAsa aura purANa pRthaktaH astitva nahIM rakhate the, parantu apane guNa ke kAraNa inheM pA~cavA~ veda kahate haiM / ' uttara vaidika kAla meM itihAsa aura purANa spaSTa rUpa meM prakAza meM Aye / paurANika evaM apaurANika sAkSyoM ke adhyayanoparAnta paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki itihAsa aura purANa kA antara paravartI kAla meM milatA hai / " DaoN0 pusAlkara kA mata hai ki uttara vaidika kAla meM purANa kI apekSA itihAsa kA sthAna U~cA thA aura donoM usa samaya bahuta lokapriya the / " chAndogyopaniSad meM 1. mahA 1 / 166-200 2 . vahI 1 / 201 3. vahI 1 / 22-23 pANDava, pR0 4. purANamRSibhiH proktaM pramANaM sUktamAsam / mahA 1 / 204 5. viNTaranitja - hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 1, pR0 313 6. chAndogyopaniSad 7 1/2 3 7. baladeva upAdhyAya - purANa- vimarza, vArANAsI, 1665, pR0 6 8. e0 DI0 pusAlkara - sTaDIz2a in da epiksa eNDa purANAz2a, bambaI, 1655, pR0 44-45

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana itihAsa aura purANa sAtha prayukta huA hai / " viNTaranitja kA vicAra hai ki usa samaya samAja meM kathAvAcakoM ke do varga the- aitihAsika tathA paurANika / 2 kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM purANa ke sAtha 'itivRtta' zabda varNita hai, jo ki itihAsa hai / itihAsa ko purANa, itivRtta, AkhyAna, dharmazAstra tathA arthazAstra kahA gayA hai / " Alocita jaina purANoM meM ukta vicAra parilakSita hote haiN| mahA purANa meM purAtana ko purANa varNita kiyA hai| isI purANa meM anyatra purANArtha 'itihAsa' 'itivRtta ' tathA 'aitihya' zabda kA prayoga upalabdha hai / " yahI vicAra kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM bhI prApya hai / Alocita jaina purANoM meM itihAsa tathA purANa ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / itivRtta kevala ghaTita ghaTanAoM kA ullekha karatA hai, parantu purANa unase prApta phalAphala, puNya-pApa kA bhI varNana karatA hai aura vyakti ke cAritanirmANa kI apekSA bIca-bIca meM naitika aura dhArmika bhAvanAoM kA pradarzana bhI karatA hai / itivRtta meM kevala vartamAna kAlika ghaTanAoM kA ullekha rahatA hai, parantu purANa meM nAyaka ke atIta anAgata bhAvoM kA bhI varNana rahatA hai; aura vaha isa lie ki janasAdhAraNa samajha sake ki mahApuruSa kaise banA jA sakatA hai / avanata se unnata banane ke lie kyA-kyA tyAga aura tapasyAe~ karanI par3atI haiN| vastutaH manuSya ke jIvana-nirmANa meM purANa kA bar3A hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki usameM janasAdhAraNa kI zraddhA Aja bhI yathAvata akSuNNa hai / [ga] jainapurANoM kA udbhava aura vikAsa jainapurANoM ke udbhava ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki tIrthaMkara Adi ke jIvana ke kucha tathyoM kA saMgraha sthAnAMga sUtra meM upalabdha hai, jisake AdhAra para zvetAmbarAcArya hemacandra Adi ne viSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita Adi kI racanAe~ kIM / digambara paramparA meM tIrthaMkara Adi ke caritra ke tathyoM kA prAcIna saMkalana hameM prAkRta bhASA 1. chAndogyopaniSad 7 1/2 2. viNTaranitja - vahI, pR0 313 3. arthazAstra 5 / 13-14 4. purAtanaM purANaM syAt 5. mahA 1 / 25 arthazAstra 5113-14 | mahA 11 / 2

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sAkSya - anuzIlana ke 'tiloya paNatti' grantha meM prApya hai / caubIsa tIrthaMkara, bAraha cakravartI, nau nArAyaNa, nau pratinArAyaNa tathA nau balabhadra ke jIvana ke pramukha tathya bhI isI meM saMgrahIta haiM / inhIM ke AdhAra para vibhinna purANakAroM ne apanI lekhanI uThAyI aura choTe-bar3e aneka purANoM kA praNayana kiyaa| svAmI samantabhadra kRta svayaMbhU stotra meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana caritra ke aneka prasaMga ullikhita haiM / purANakAroM ke lie ve bhI AdhAra srota bane / 2 jaina purANoM ke udbhava meM tatkAlIna rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika evaM dhArmika paristhitiyoM kI bhUmikA mahattvapUrNa hai / ina para atyanta saMkSepa meM dRSTipAta kiyA jA sakatA hai / ina purANoM kA samaya guptottara kAla hai / usa samaya deza saMkramaNa yuga se gujara rahA thA / sArvabhauma sattA kA abhAva thA / jaina-dharma deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM prasArita thA / bahuta se rAjA jaina - matAvalambI the, jisase jaina-dharma ko rAjakIya saMrakSaNa bhI prApta thA / 5 tatkAlIna bhAratIya samAja jAti prathA meM jakar3atA jA rahA thA aura dhArmika rIti-rivAja ke baMdhana jaTila hote jA rahe the| samAja ke zikSita evaM azikSita sabhI loga taMtra-maMtra, jAdU TonA-ToTakA, zakuna - muhUrta Adi aMdhavizvAsoM se grasita the / sAmAjika vaimanasya evaM bhedabhAva kA antarAla vizAla hotA jA rahA thA / guptayuga saMskRta sAhitya kA bhArata, purANa tathA dharmazAstroM ko bhAravi, mAgha, bhavabhUti, bANa Adi kara rahe the / svarNayuga mAnya hai / isa samaya rAmAyaNa, mahAantima rUpa diyA jA rahA thA / kAlidAsa, rItibaddha zailI se saMskRta sAhitya ko samRddha guptayuga brAhmaNa dharma kA punarjAgaraNa kAla thA / brAhmaNa dharma meM nAnA avatAroM kI avadhAraNA, unakI pUjA tathA bhakti kI pradhAnatA ho gayI thI / ke sthAna para purANa kA mahattva bar3ha gayA thA / rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata lokapriya isa samaya vedoM 1. mahA, prastAvanA, pR0 7 2. svayaMbhU stotra, sarasAvA, 5 saM0 16 3. gulAba candra caudharI - jaina sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, vArANasI, 1673, pR0 8-18

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6 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ho gaye the / pAramparika purANoM ko antima rUpa diyA jA rahA thA / vibhinna dharmo meM paraspara AdAna-pradAna aura sammizraNa adhika bar3ha rahA thaa| jainoM ke prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva aura bauddhoM ke bhagavAn buddha ko brAhmaNa dharma ke avatAroM meM gRhIta kara liyA gayA thA / dhArmika vizvAsoM meM parivartana ho rahA thA / uparyukta tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM ke atirikta yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki pAramparika purANa jaina evaM bauddha dharma ko anutsAhita kara rahe the / pAramparika purANoM meM buddha ko avatAra mAnane tathA bauddha dharma kA samAhAra karane kI pravRtti adhika dikhAI detI hai / mAyAmoha AkhyAna ke mAdhyama se bauddha dharma ko paurANika dharma meM aMgIbhUta karane kI ceSTA kI gaI hai / ' viSNu purANa meM varNita hai ki kaMka, koMkaNa, veMkaTa, kUThaka, dakSiNI karnATaka prAyadvIpa ke pazcimI bhAga meM RSabha ke anuyAyI nagna arhat rahate the| ye loga kalayuga meM vyavasthA ko dharma ke karmakANDa, yajJa evaM vedoM kA virodha kareMge / ye daitya mayUrapicchadhArI digambara tathA muNDitakeza mAyAmoha nAmaka asura madhuravANI meM saMzayAtmaka veda virodhI matoM kA upadeza karate hue pAyA gayA hai / mAyAmoha ko jaina dharma kA pravartaka varNita kiyA hai / 2 bhAgavata purANa ke pA~caveM skandha ke prathama cha: adhyAyoM meM RSabha deva ke vaMza, jIvana va tapazcaraNa kA vRttAnta upalabdha hai, jo mukhya-mukhya bAtoM meM jaina purANoM ke varNanoM se sAmyatA rakhatA hai / yaha samIkSA kA viSaya hai ki kyA jaina purANoM kA udbhava pAramparika purANoM dvArA jaina evaM bauddha dharmoM ke anutsAhita karane se huA ? vastutaH bauddhoM ne na to purANa nAmadhArI koI grantha likhA aura na hI use lokapriya banAne kA prayAsa kiyA / kyoMki bauddhoM ke kriyAkalApa kA kSetra bhArata ke atirikta bAharI deza bhI the / isa prakAra unakI lokapriyatA bAhara adhika bar3hatI gyii| isake viparIta jainoM ke kriyAkalApa kA kendra bhArata thA / jaina dharma ko vyAvahArika rUpa pradAnArtha tathA use sarvasAdhAraNa taka supracalita karane ke lie jaina AcAryoM ne 'purANa' nAmadhArI granthoM kA bhI sRjana kiyA / dhvasta kara brAhmaNa arhat kahe gaye haiM / ko daityoM ke prati 1. draSTavya, rAya - paurANika dharma evaM samAja, ilAhAbAda, 1668 pR0 35 2. eca0 eca0 vilsana -da viSNu purANa - e sisTama oNpha hindU maithAlojI eNDa TreDIsana, kalakattA, 1661, pR0 133 tathA 270-271 3. uddhRta, hIrAlAla jaina - bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, bhopAla, 1642, pR0 11

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sAkSya-anuzIlana jainAcAryoM ne tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM kA Akalana kiyA / jainadharma mUlataH ahiMsA, tapa. tyAga, jJAna evaM vairAgya pradhAna thA, parantu yuga kI mAMga ke anurUpa jaina vidvAnoM ne na kevala saMskRta meM, apitu prAkRta evaM apabhraMza meM bhI aneka prakAra kI racanAoM kA sRjana kiyA / jainoM kI sAhitya sAdhanA sarvaprathama lokaruci kI ora kendrita huI / isIlie unhoMne sAmAnya jana ke yogya prAkRta-apabhraMza ke atirikta aneka prAntIya bhASAoM-tamila, telagU, malayAlama, kannaDa, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI, marAThI, hindI Adi meM bhI pracura mAtrA meM granthoM kA praNayana kiyaa| isa sAhityika sAdhanA meM jainoM ko rAjavarga evaM dhanikavarga se bhI atyadhika protsAhana milaa| pAramparika brAhmaNa dharma kI lokapriyatA, prabhAva evaM jaina-dharma ke prati upekSA ke kAraNa jaina muniyoM kA dhyAna zAstroM, mandiroM evaM mUrtiyoM ke saMrakSaNa meM hone lagA / ve aba ina kAryoM ke lie dAna bhI grahaNa karane lge| jina Agama-sUtroM kA adhyayana mAtra jaina sAdhuoM taka hI niyata thA, dezakAla ke parivartana tathA gRhastha zrAvakoM ke prabhAva evaM unakI ruci kA dhyAna rakha kara Agamika aura aupadezika prakaraNoM ke sAtha paurANika mahAkAvyoM, bahuvidha kathA sAhitya, stotroM tathA pUjApAThoM kI racanA hone lagI / jainAcAryoM ne laukika dharma ko bhI apane dharma meM AtmasAta kara liyaa| tatkAlIna bhAratIya samAja meM rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata ke pAtra-rAma, lakSmaNa, sItA aura kaurava, pANDava, kRSNa, balarAma Adi-samAja meM lokapriya evaM pUjya the| jaina purANoM ke racanA-kAla meM pAramparika purANoM kA samAja meM bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa| isI samaya pAramparika purANoM ko antima rUpa diyA jA rahA thaa| jainAcAryoM ne jaina dharma ko lokapriya banAne tathA sarvasAdhAraNa meM ise pracalita karane ke uddezya se rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata kI kathAvastu tathA pAtroM ko lekara saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza tathA prAdezika bhASAoM meM granthoM kI racanA kii| jaina vidvAnoM ne na kevala rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata kI kathAoM evaM pAtroM ko jaina purANoM meM nibaddha kiyA, apitu pAramparika purANoM ke katipaya nAmoM ko bhI jaina purANoM kA nAma diyA, udAharaNArtha-padma purANa, mahA purANa / unhoMne alaukika tathA avizvasanIya ghaTanAoM ke sthAna para sarala, tarkasaMgata tathA bodhagamya ghaTanAoM ko apane purANoM meM sthAna diyaa| yaha sAhitya sAmAnyatayA digambaroM meM 'purANa' tathA zvetAmbaroM meM 'caritra' yA 'carita' nAma se abhihita hai|' prastuta grantha kA viSaya 'jaina purANoM 1. viNTaranitja-e hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, naI dillI, 1677, pR0 461; ke0 RSabhacandra-jaina purANa sAhitya, zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya suvarNa mahotsava grantha, bhAga 1 bambaI 1668, pR0 72

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' hai, isalie prastuta adhyayana ko 'purANa' nAmadhArI granthoM taka hI sImita rakhA gayA hai| jaisA ki pAramparika purANoM evaM upapurANoM kI saMkhyA nizcita hai, vaisI saMkhyA jaina purANoM kI nahIM hai| jaina 'purANa' aura 'carita' grantha bahu saMkhyA meM prApya haiN| inakI spaSTa saMkhyA kA ullekha kahIM bhI nahIM milatA / 8 AdhAra granthoM tathA viSayavastu ke AdhAra para jaina purANoM ko nimnAMkita cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai : / " ( a ) rAmAyaNa viSayaka purANa, ( ba ) mahAbhArata viSayaka purANa, ( sa ) triSaSTizalAkApuruSa viSayaka purANa, (da) tirasaTha zalAkApuruSoM ke svataMtra purANa / [a] rAmAyaNa viSayaka purANa : jaina purANa vimalasUri kA prAkRta meM nibaddha ne isakI tithi tRtIya zatI I0 mAnI hai, isakI tithi vi0 saM0 530 nirdhArita digambara tathA yApanIya - sabhI sampradAyoM kA samAveza ke jIvana kA varNana hai, jo ki vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se sAmya rakhatA hai / viNTaranitja kA vicAra hai ki praNetA vAlmIki kA anusaraNa nahIM karatA, apitu rAma kI kathA ke mAdhyama se vizva itihAsa meM jaina paramparA ko pratipAdita karanA cAhatA hai | 2 svayaMbhU ne apabhraMza meM vimalasUri ne rAmAyaNa kI jisa paramparA ko pratipAdita kiyA, usI ko paravartI aneka jainAcAryoM ne apanAyA / 'pauma cariyaM' ke AdhAra para 677 I0 meM jainAcArya raviSeNa ne sarvaprathama saMskRta meM 'padma purANa' likhaa| 'pauma cariu' kI racanA kii| rAma viSayaka yaha kathA guNabhadra kRta saMskRta 'uttara purANa', puSpadanta kRta apabhraMza 'mahA purANa' aura hemacandra kRta saMskRta 'viSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita' meM upalabdha hai / 1. gulAbacandra caudharI - vahI, pR0 35-230 2. viNTaranitja - vahI, pR0 486 rAmAyaNa viSayaka sabase prAcIna 'pauma cariyaM' hai / yAkobI parantu adhikAMza vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai / isameM - zvetAmbara, upalabhya hai / isameM padma (rAma)

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sAkSya-anuzIlana padma purANa kI tithi ke viSaya meM ukta purANa meM hI varNita hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 1203 varSa 6 mAha bAda padmamuni kA caritra nibaddha kiyA gyaa|' yadi mahAvIra nirvANa se 470 varSa bAda vi0 saM0 mAnA jAe to isakI racanA vi0 saM0 733 arthAt 677 I0 meM huii| padma purANa meM padma (rAma) kA caritra varNita hai / isameM rAmAyaNa kI asambhava pratIta hone vAlI ghaTanAoM kI bauddhika vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| jaina dharma meM padma (rAma), lakSmaNa tathA rAvaNa triSaSTizalAkApuruSoM meM parigaNita haiM / jaina mAnyatAnusAra pratyeka kalpa meM tirasaTha mahApuruSa hote haiM : caubIsa tIrthaMkara, bAraha cakravartI, nau balabhadra yA baladeva, nau nArAyaNa yA vAsudeva tathA nau prati nArAyaNa yA prati vAsudeva / inameM se baladeva, vAsudeva tathA prativAsudeva samakAlIna hote haiN| inameM rAma, lakSmaNa tathA rAvaNa kramazaH aSTama baladeva, vAsudeva aura prativAsudeva haiM / anta meM ina sabhI ko jaina dIkSA meM dIkSita kiyA gayA hai / rAmAyaNa kI atimAnavIya ghaTanAoM kA vizleSaNa karake rAma ko jina-dIkSA dilAkara mokSa prApti karAnA padma purANa kI racanA kA pramukha uddezya hai| isIlie zreNika ne pracalita rAmAyaNa kI ghaTanAoM ke viSaya meM apane saMdeha ko gautama maNadhara ke sammukha pUrva-pakSa meM rakhA, jisakA samAdhAna uttara-pakSa meM gautama ke dvArA sampanna huA tathA rAkSasoM, vAnaroM Adi kI samasyAoM kA buddhisaMgata samAdhAna sAmane aayaa| padma purANa meM rAma-kathA ko tarkasaMgata banAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| padma purANa ke AdhAra para rAma viSayaka adholikhita purANa likhe gaye haiN| adhyayana kI suvidhA ke lie inheM do vargoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiN| prathama varga meM ve purANa sammilita haiM, jinheM spaSTatayA 'purANa' nAma diyA gayA hai aura dvitIya varga meM ve grantha sammilita haiM, jinako purANa na kaha kara 'carita' yA 'caritra' kI saMjJA pradatta hai| 1. padma 123 / 182 2. ramAkAnta zukla padma purANa aura rAmacaritamAnasa, naI dillI, 1674, pR0 33 3. vahI, pR0 35

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 1. purANa nAmadhArI grantha : krama saM0 grantha kA nAma _padma purANa (apabhraMza) (rAmadeva purANa) For* * lekhaka kA nAma kavi raidhU jinadAsa somadeva dharmakIrti bhaTTAraka candra kIrti candra sAgara zrIcandra racanA-kAla 15-16vIM zatI 16vIM zatI saM0 1656 saM0 1666 17vIM zatI (rAma purANa) - ; 2. carita yA caritra nAmadhArI grantha : racanA-kAla lekhaka kA nAma bhuvanatuMgasUri krama saM0 grantha kA nAma 1. sItA caritra 2. rAma lakSmaNa caritra 3. padma mahAkAvya 4. rAmacaritra 5. padma purANa paMjikA 6. sItA caritra zubhavardhanagaNi padmanAtha prabhAcandra yA zrIcandra (aprakAzita). zAntisUri brahmanemidatta amaradAsa yA ba] mahAbhArata viSayaka purANa : mahAbhArata kI kathA para AdhArita jinasenAcArya dvArA viracita saMskRta kA harivaMza purANa isa prakAra kA sarvaprathama purANa hai / ye jinasena AcArya Adi purANa ke racayitA jinasenAcArya se pRthak haiM / harivaMza purANa kI tithi zaka saM0 705 (783 I0) mAnI gayI hai| harivaMza purANakAra ne apane grantha kA AdhAra guru paramparA varNita kiyA hai| harivaMza purANa meM mukhyataH 22veM tIrthakara neminAtha kA caritra-lekhana abhISTa hai, parantu prasaMgopAMta anya kathAnaka bhI isameM ullikhita haiM / neminAtha ke sAtha nArAyaNa aura balabhadra pada ke dhAraka zrIkRSNa aura rAma kA bhI caritra varNita hai| isa prakAra

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sAkSya-anuzIlana pANDavoM evaM kauravoM kA caritra sundaratA se abhihita hai / isameM zrIkRSNa ke pradyumna kA bhI caritra sundara DhaMga se nirUpita hai| harivaMza purANa para AdhArita mahAbhArata viSayaka adholikhita purANa aura caritra granthoM kI racanA huI thI : 1. purANa nAmadhArI grantha : krama saM0 grantha kA nAma 1. pANDava purANa (apabhra za) 2. harivaMza purANa ( , ) lekhaka kA nAma - yazaHkIrti racanA-kAla saM0 1467 saM01507 jayAnanda 4. harivaMza purANa (apabhraMza) * sakalakIrti zrutakIrti kavi raidhU kavi rAmacandra saM0 1520 saM0 1552 15-16vIM zatI saM0 1560 se pUrva * " 8. pANDava purANa yA zubhacandra vAdicandra zrI bhUSaNa saM0 1608 saM0 1654 saM0 1657 1657 (lagabhaga) saM0 1675 saM0 1671 12. zAntinAtha purANa 13. harivaMza purANa dharmakIrti jayasAgara jayAnanda gaMgarasa (apabhraMza) svayaMbhUdeva caturmukha deva (anupalabdha)

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racanA-kAla jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 2. caritra yA carita nAmadhArI grantha : krama saM0 grantha kA nAma lekhaka kA nAma 1. pANDava-carita devabhadra sUri 2. pANDava-caritra devavijaya gaNi 3. , (harivaMza purANa) zubhavardhana gaNi 4. pANDava-caritra (laghupANDava caritra) ajJAta saM0 1270 saM0 1660 [sa] triSaSTizalAkApuruSa viSayakapurANa : jaina paramparA meM sarva mAnya tirasaTha zalAkApuruSa-caubIsa tIrthaMkara [RSabhadeva, ajitanAtha, sambhavanAtha, abhinandanAtha, sumatinAtha, padmaprabhu, supArzvanAtha, candra prabha, puSpadanta, zItalanAtha, zreyonAtha, vAsupUjya, vimalanAtha, anantanAtha. dharmanAtha, zAntinAtha, kunthunAtha, amaranAtha, mallinAtha, suvratanAtha, naminAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha, aura mahAvIra ]', bAraha cakravartI [ bharata, sagara, sanatkumAra, maghavA, zAnti, kunthu ara, subhUma, mahApadma, hariSeNa, jayasena aura brahmadatta 2, nau baladeva [ vijaya, acala, dharma, suprabha, sudarzana, nandISaNa, nandimitra, rAma, padma ]', nau nArAyaNa [ tripRSTha, dvipRSTha, svayaMbhU, puruSottama, puruSasiMha, puruSa puNDarIka, datta (puruSa datta), nArAyaNa (lakSmaNa), kRSNa ]", tathA nau pratinArAyaNa [ azvagrIva, tAraka, meraka, madhukaiTabha, nizumbha, bali, praharaNa, rAvaNa, jarAsaMdha ]5-haiN| huMDAvasarpiNI kAla meM aTThAvan zalAkApuruSa kA ullekha hai| nau nArada [ bhIma, mahAbhIma, rudra , mahArudra , kAla, mahAkAla, durmukha, narakamukha, adhomukha], bAraha rudra [ bhImAvali, jitazatru, rudra, vaizvAnara, supratiSTha, acala, puNDarIka, ajitaMdhara, ajinanAbhi, pITha, sAtyaki putra, bala]", caudaha kulakara 1. padma 5 / 212-216, 6 / 185-186, 20 / 18-30; harivaMza 60-142-163; mahA 2036-60; 76 / 476-4180 20 padma 5 / 222-223; mahA 201124-204, 36 / 1-220, 76 / 282 288; harivaMza 60 / 286-287, 601563-565, 3. pama 201205-242; harivaMza 60 / 260; mahA 76 / 485-486, 4. padma 20205-228; harivaMza 60 / 288-286; mahA 68 / 666-677, 57460-64, 71 / 124-128 5. padma 201242-248; harivaMza 60 / 261-262, 6. harivaMza 60 / 548 7. vahI 60 / 534-536,

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sAkSya anuzIlana [ pratizruti, sanmati, kSemaMkara, kSemaMdhara, sImaMkara, sImaMdhara, vimalavAhana, cakSuSmAn, yazasvI, abhicandra candrAbha, mahaddeva, prasenajita, nAbhirAya ]; caubIsa kAmadeva, [ bAhubali Adi caubIsa kAmadevoM kA nirdeza mAtra huA hai ] Adi ko milAne se 166 zalAkApuruSoM kA ullekha milatA hai / inake jIvana caritra ke AdhAra para purANoM kI racanA kI gayI hai, jisameM saMskRta kA mahA purANa sarvaprathama mAnA jAtA hai / mahA purANa ke do bhAga haiM-Adi purANa aura uttara purANa / bhAratIya jJAnapITha se prakAzita Adi purANa ke do khaNDa- inameM prathama khaNDa meM eka se paccIsa tathA dUsare khaNDa meM chabbIsa se saiMtAlisa parva - haiM / uttara purANa meM atAlisa se tihattara parva haiM / Adi purANa ke eka se bayAlisa parva tathA taiMtAlisa parva ke tIna zloka jinasena aura isake bAda ke cauthe zloka se tihattara parva taka jinasena ke ziSya guNabhadra dvArA praNIta haiM / mahA purANa kI tithi nizcita rUpa se jJAta nahIM hai, tathApi mahA purANa ke adhyayana tathA tatkAlIna granthoM ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki Adi purANa evaM uttara purANa kI racanA kramazaH kSvIM evaM 10 vIM zatI meM huI thii| jinasena vIrasena svAmI ke ziSya the / unhoMne samasta zalAkApuruSoM kA caritra likhane kI icchA se mahA purANa kI racanA prArambha kI thI / parantu ve mAtra prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva evaM bharata kA hI varNana kara sake / anya zalAkApuruSoM kA varNana unake ziSya guNabhadra ne atyanta saMkSepa meM kiyA hai / Adi purANa purANa kAla ke saMdhikAla kI racanA hai / ataH yaha na kevala purANa grantha hai, apitu kAvya-grantha hai, kAvyagrantha hI nahIM mahAkAvya bhI hai| yaha saMskRta sAhitya kA anupama ratna hai / aisA koI viSaya nahIM hai, jisakA isameM pratipAdana na kiyA gayA ho / mahA purANa meM hI varNita haiM ki yaha purANa, mahAkAvya, dharmakathA, dharmazAstra, rAjanItizAstra, AcAra- zAstra aura yuddha kI zreSTha vyavasthA-sUcaka mahAn itihAsa hai / * 13 1. padma 375 - 88 harivaMza 7 / 125 - 170, 255 / 270; mahA 70 / 463 - 466, ( mahA purANa meM RSabha evaM bharata kI gaNanA kulakaroM meM karane se inakI saMkhyA solaha ho gayI hai) 2. tiloyapaNati 4 / 1472, 3. jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga-4, vArANasI 1673, pR0 8-26 4. maMhA, prastAvanA, pR0 28

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana - Adi purANa meM prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva aura unake putra cakravartI bharata kA hI varNana ho pAyA hai| uttara purANa meM guNabhadra dvArA dvitIya tIrthakara ajitanAtha sahita teisa tIrthakara, gyAraha cakravartI, nau balabhadra, nau nArAyaNa, tathA nau pratinArAyaNa aura jIvandhara svAmI Adi kucha viziSTa puruSoM ke kathAnaka varNita haiN| AcArya jinasena ne jisa rIti se prathama tIrthakara tathA cakravartI bharata kA varNana kiyA hai, yadi ve jIvita rahate aura usI rIti se anya kathA-nAyakoM kA varNana karate to yaha mahA purANa saMsAra ke samasta purANoM tathA kAvyoM se bRhatkAya hotaa|' mahA purANa ke AdhAra para niSaSTizalAkApuruSa viSayaka adholikhita purANa evaM caritna nAmadhArI granthoM kI racanA huI hai : 1. purANa nAmadhArI grantha : krama saM0 grantha kA nAma lekhaka kA nAma racanA-kAla 1. mahApurANa (triSaSTi mahA purANa yA muni malliSeNa zaka saM0 666 viSaSTizalAkA purANa) saM0 1104 2. purANa-sAra zrIcandra saM0 1080 ajJAta sakalakIrti 5. mahA purANa puSpadanta 6. purANasAra saMgraha dAmanandi 11vIM se 13vIM zatI ke madhya 7. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita hemacandra saM0 1216-1228 8. triSaSTismRtizAstra AzAdhara saM0 1262 6. Adi purANa sakalakIrti saM0 1520 10. uttara purANa 11. Adi purANa (kannar3a) kavi paMpa 12. bhaTTAkara candrakIrti 17vIM zatI 13. karNAmRta purANa kezavasena 1688 14. laghumahApurANa yA candra muni laghutriSaSTilakSaNa mahApurANa 1. mahA, prastAvanA, pR0 26, 40

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sAkSya - anuzIlana 2. caritra yA carita nAmadhArI grantha : krama saM0 grantha kA nAma 1. triSaSTismRtizAstra 2. rAmamallAbhyudaya 3. cauppannamahApurisacariya 4. kahAvali 5. cauppannamahApurisacariya ( prAkRta) Amra 6. caturviMzatijinendrasaMkSipta caritAni 7. mahApuruSacarita 8. laghu triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita 5. laghutriSaSTi 10. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra 11. 17 12. viSaSTizalAkApaMcAzikA 13. triSaSTizalAkApuruSavicAra 17 lekhaka kA nAma AzAdhara upAdhyAya padmasundara vimalamati yA zIlAcArya bhadrezvarasUri 11 amaracandrasUri merutuMga meghavijaya upAdhyAya somaprabha vimalasUri vajrasena kalyANa vijaya ke ziSya ajJAta 15 racanA-kAla saM0 1262 saM0 625 saM0 1248 saM0 1160 taka [6] tirasaThazalAkApuruSoM ke svataMtra purANa : rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, kathAoM tathA tirasaThazalAkApuruSoM ke paurANika mahApurANoM yA mahAkAvyoM aura unake saMkSipta rUpoM ke pazcAt svataMtra rUpa se tIrthaMkaroM, cakravartiyoM, baladevoM, vAsudevoM Adi ke jIvanacarita bhI bahuta likhe gaye / 10vIM se 18vIM zatI I0 ye racanAe~ nirvAdhagati se likhI jAtI rahIM / 12vIM aura 13vIM zatI I0 meM ye racanAe~ pracura mAtrA meM likhI gayIM, parantu Age kI zatAbdiyoM meM bhI inakA krama calatA rahA / mahA purANa meM aisI racanAoM ko purANa kI saMjJA dI gayI hai / " tIrthaMkaroM meM sarvAdhika racanAe~ zAntinAtha para haiM / dvitIya sthAna para 22veM nemi tathA 23veM pArzvanAtha haiM / tRtIya krama meM Adi jina vRSabha, aSTama candraprabha aura antima tIrthaMkara para carita-kAvya praNIta hue| vaise bhI tIrthaMkaroM aura anya mahApuruSoM para caritra grantha likhe jAne ke chuTapuTa ullekha milate haiM / ye racanAe~ prAkRta, saMskRta tathA apabhraMza meM likhI gayI haiM / ye racanAe~ bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM prApta hotI 1. mahA, 1 / 22-23 1238 I0 1306 I0 18vIM zatI

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana haiM, jinakA ullekha karanA sambhava nahIM hai / inameM katipaya mahatvapUrNa 'purANa' nAmadhArI purANoM kA ullekha nimnavat kiyA jA rahA hai : 16 krama saM0 grantha kA nAma 1. vardhamAna purANa zAntinAtha purANa 2. 3. mahAvIra purANa 8. 5. 6. 7. 8. cAmuNDa purANa (kannar3a) pArzva purANa ( apabhraMza ) anantanAtha purANa mahAvIra purANa mallinAtha purANa zAntinAtha purANa pArzva purANa ( apabhraMza ) E. 10. 11. jayakumAra purANa 12. neminAtha purANa 13. pArzvanAtha purANa 14. karNAmRta purANa 15. padmanAbha purANa 16. ajita purANa 17. 18. 16. mallinAtha purANa ( 20. munisuvrata purANa 21. 22. 23. candraprabha purANa dharmanAtha purANa (kannar3a) 13 vAgartha saMgraha purANa zrI purANa 17 > lekhaka kA nAma jinasena asaga kavi 33 cAmuNDarAya padmakIrti zrI jannAcArya bhaTTArakasakalakIrti " bhaTTAraka zrIbhUSaNa kavi raidhU bra0 kAmarAja bra0 nemidatta vAdicandra kezavasena bhaTTArakazubhacandra aruNamaNi kavi agAsadeva kavi bAhubali kavi nAgacandra brahma kRSNadAsa bhaTTAkara surendrakIrti kavi parameSThI bhaTTAraka guNabhadra racanA-kAla tIsarI zatI 10vIM zatI 610 I0 zaka saM0 680 666 I0 saM0 1206 15vIM zatI 21 saM0 1656 15-16vIM zatI saM0 1555 saM0 1575 saM0 1668 saM0 1688 17vIM zatI saM0 1716 [gha] jaina purANoM kA racanA-kAla jaba pAramparika purANoM ko antima rUpa diyA jA rahA thA, usa samaya unake anukaraNa evaM sAmpradAyika preraNA evaM AvazyakatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jainAcAryoM ne

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sAkSya - anuzIlana purANoM kI racanA kii| jainAcAryoM ne apane dharma ke pracArArtha sarvaprathama janasAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASA meM hI jaina sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA / isalie samaya-samaya para parivartita paristhiti meM jaina purANoM kI racanA huI / pAramparika purANoM kA racanA kAla ajJAta hai / kintu, jaina purANoM ke racanAkAla tathA racanAkAroM ke viSaya meM paryApta jAnakArI prApta ho jAtI hai / isase vibhinna purANoM kI tithi nirdhAraNa karane meM suvidhA hotI hai / jaina dharma ke prArambhika sAhitya prAkRta meM haiM / sAdhAraNa logoM kI bolacAla kI bhASA prAkRta thI / isI lie jainAcAryoM ne prArambha meM prAkRta meM jaina purANoM kI racanA kI hai / prAkRta ke bAda jaba saMskRta bhASA kA adhika prabhAva bar3hA to jaina vidvAn isa kSetra meM bhI pIche nahIM rhe| unhoMne bar3I saMkhyA meM saMskRta meM purANoM kA praNayana kiyA / isake uparAnta jaba apabhraMza bhASA lokapriya ho gayI to jainAcAryoM ne apabhraMza meM racanA kI / isake sAtha hI sAtha jainoM ne kSetrIya AvazyakatAoM kI ApUrti ke liye kSetrIya bhASAoM meM bhI purANoM kA sRjana kiyA / jaina purANoM kI racanA vibhinna kAloM meM huI hai / prAkRta ( mahArASTrI ) jaina purANoM kA racanA kAla chaThI zatI se lekara pandrahavIM zatI taka, saMskRta purANoM kA samaya sAtavIM zatI se aTThArahavIM zatI taka aura apabhraMza purANoM kI tithi dazavIM zatI se solahavIM zatI hai / prAyaH ye sabhI jaina purANa prAkRta, saMskRta yA apabhraMza meM se kisI eka hI bhASA meM haiM, tathApi kisI-kisI prAkRta racanA meM kahIM kahIM para saMskRta va apabhraMza ke zabda milate haiM aura apabhraMza racanA meM saMskRta va prAkRta evaM dezI bhASAoM ke zabda yatra-tatra milate haiM / isa prakAra sabhI jaina purANoM kA racanA kAla lagabhaga chaThI zatI se aTThArahavIM zatI taka nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai / " Alocita jaina purANoM - padma purANa, harivaMza purANa tathA mahA purANa ( Adi purANa tathA uttara purANa ) - kI racanA tithi sAtavIM zatI I0 se dazavIM zatI I0 ke madhya hai / isaliye prastuta zodha kI sImA sAtavIM zatI I0 se dazavIM zatI I0 hai | [Ga] jaina purANoM kI vizeSatAe~: purANakAroM ne purANoM ko apane-apane kAla ke vizvakoSa banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| usameM na kevala kathAnaka mAtra haiM, apitu prasaMgAnusAra dharma va nIti ke atirikta nAnA kalAoM aura vijJAna kA bhI paricaya vistAra ke sAtha prastuta hai / 1. ke 0 RSabha candra - vahI, pRSTha 72-73 17

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jaina purANoM kI kathAvastu rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata tathA tirasaThazalAkApuruSoM ke jIvana carita ke AdhAra para nirUpita hai / isake atirikta anya dhArmika puruSoM ke jIvana-caritra bhI varNita haiM / jaina itihAsa dvArA ina jIvana caritroM kA Adi srota jaina-paramparA meM hI DhU~r3hane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / inakA udgama jainAgamoM, bhASyoM aura prAcIna purANoM meM upalabdha hai / cU~ki ukta granthoM ke pAtra janasAdhAraNa ko mAnya the, isalie ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se jainAcAryoM ne apane dharmopadeza ko sAmAnya jana taka pahu~cAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai / 18 jaina purANoM meM kathArasa gauNa aura dharma-bhAva pradhAna hai / jaina vidvAnoM isa bAta para bala diyA hai ki karma pradhAna hai aura karmAnusAra logoM ko usakA phala prApta hotA hai / jaina purANoM meM jahA~ eka ora mUla kathA milatI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora kathAoM ko Age bar3hAne evaM upadeza ko samajhAne ke liye avAntara kathAoM kA bhI varNana milatA hai / ina purANoM meM sAmAnyataH eka hI racanA - vinyAsa milatA hai / cU~ki ye purANa janasAdhAraNa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara nirmita kiye gaye the isaliye inakI bhASA aisI hai jisako sabhI par3ha evaM samajha sakeM / bhASA pUrNataH sarala aura pravAhamayI hai / jaina purANoM meM paurANika tathA kAvyAtmaka zailI kA aisA sammizraNa ho gayA hai jo ki pAramparika purANoM meM bahuta kama milatA hai / ina purANoM meM yaha bAta bhI dekhane ko milatI hai ki inameM alaukika tathA aprAkRtika tattvoM kI pradhAnatA nahIM hai / jaina purANoM meM loka, deza, nagara, rAjya, tIrtha, dAna, tapa tathA - ye ATha purANa ke viSaya haiM ? " anvaya ( sambandha ) Alocita jaina purANoM meM agrAMkita vizeSatAe~ sAmAnyataH sabhI meM milatI haiM- prArambha meM tInoM loka, kAla-cakra tathA kulakaroM kA prAdurbhAva varNita hai / tadanantara jambUdvIpa aura bharata kSetra meM vaMza vistAra karake vahA~ para tIrthoM kI sthApanA kI gayI hai / isake bAda sambandhita puruSa kA caritra-citraNa kiyA gayA hai| jaina purANoM meM unake pUrva bhavoM kA varNana upalabdha hai / pUrva-bhava kI kathAoM ke atirikta prasaMgAnusAra avAntara kathAe~ aura loka kathAoM kA bhI citraNa upalabhya hai / jaina purANoM meM kathAoM ke sAtha jainAcAryoM ke upadeza bhI milate haiM, jo ki kahIM para saMkSipta 1. loko dezaH puraM rAjyaM tIrthaM dAnatapo'nvayam / purANeSvaSTadhAkhyeyaM gatayaH phalamityapi // mahA 4 | 3

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ca sAkSya - anuzIlana aura kahIM para vistRta haiM / unameM jaina siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana, satkarmapravRtti tathA asatkarmanivRtti, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, vairAgya, dhyAna, yoga, karma-siddhAnta kI prabalatA ke sAtha huA hai / isake atirikta tIrthaMkaroM kI nagarI; mAtA-pitA kA vaibhava, karma, janma atizaya krIr3A, zikSA, dIkSA, tapasyA, pravrajyA, pariSaha upasarga, kevala jJAna prApti, samavasaraNa dharmopadeza, vihAra, nirvAha, itihAsa Adi kA varNana saMkSepa yA vistAra ke sAtha milatA hai / sAMskRtika dRSTi se ina tattvoM meM bhASAtattva kA vikAsa sAmAnya jIvana kA citraNa tathA rIti-rivAja ke darzana hote haiM / " jaina dharma ne yadyapi vaidika dharma ke karmakANDa kA virodha kiyA, kintu Age calakara jaina dharma meM bhI brAhmaNa AcAra, vrata, dharma, saMskAra ityAdi kitane hI dhArmika kRtya apanA liye gaye / pAramparika purANoM meM deza va kAla donoM hI dRSTikoNa se anizcitatA pAyI jAtI hai, kintu jaina purANoM meM kAla nirdeza kI pravRtti prAyaH adhika spaSTa hai aura jaina purANoM ke pramukha racayitA evaM unake racanA kAla kA spaSTa ullekha bhI hai / jaina mAnyatAoM ke anusAra AcAryoM dvArA varNita hone se jaina purANa pramANabhUta haiN| isI lie mahA purANa meM hI varNita hai ki jo purANa kA artha hai vahI dharma kA artha hotA hai / vastutaH purANa ko pA~ca prakAra kA varNita kiyA hai- kSetra, kAla, tIrtha, satpuruSa aura unakI cessttaaeN|" jaina purANoM meM cAra puruSArthI - dharma, artha, kAma evaM mokSa - para bala diyA gayA hai aura unhIM ke kathana evaM zravaNa kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / " purANa ko puNya, maMgala, Ayu, yazavardhaka, zreSTha aura svargapradAyaka batAyA gayA hai|" jaina purANoM kI pUjA se sukha, zAnti, Arogya, maMgala kI prApti aura vighna vinAzaka varNita hai / " jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se 1. harivaMza 1 / 71-72 tathA ke0 RSabha candra - vahI, pR0 72-73 2. hIrAlAla jaina - bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR0 85-126 4. mahA 1 / 204 sa ca dharmaH purANArthaH purANaM paJcadhAH viduH / kSetra kAlazca tIrthaM ca satpuMsastadviceSTitam // mahA 2 / 38 16 5. mahA 54 / 7; pANDava 141 6. vahI 1 / 205 7. vahI 1 / 206

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bure svapna tathA amaMgala kA nAza hokara abhISTa phala kI prApti batAyI gayI hai|' isI lie jainAcAryoM ne jaina purANoM ke zravaNa evaM kathana para vizeSataH bala diyA hai / 2 jisa prakAra kA vibhAga evaM nirdhArita saMkhyA pAramparika purANoM tathA upapurANoM meM prApya hai, vaisA jaina purANoM meM aprApya hai, parantu jo bhI jaina purANa sAhitya vidyamAna hai, vaha apane DhaMga kA nirAlA evaM anUThA hai / jahA~ purANakAra itivRtta kI yathArthatA ko surakSita nahIM rakha sake haiM, vahA~ jaina purANakAroM ne itivRtta kI yathArthatA ko adhika surakSita rakhA hai / isalie Aja ke niSpakSa vidvAnoM kA yaha spaSTataH mata hai ki hameM prAkkAlIna bhAratIya paristhiti ko jAnane ke lie jaina purANoM evaM unake kathA granthoM se jo sAhAhya upalabdha hai vaha anya purANoM se nahIM / itihAsa kA saMcita bhaNDAra jaina purANoM meM milatA hai / 20 [ca] prastuta anusaMdhAna kI pRSThabhUmi evaM yojanA : spaSTa hai ki jaina purANoM ke praNayana kA sUtrapAta sAmpradAyika Ananda tathA AvazyakatAoM kI preraNA meM huA thA / Upara yaha varNita hai ki purANa zabda kI jo vyAkhyA pAramparika purANa dete haiM lagabhaga vahI vyAkhyA jaina purANoM meM bhI prApya hai / isa prakAra jaina purANoM kI racanA kI maulika preraNA pAramparika purANoM ke lokapriyatA evaM atyadhika pracalana ke kAraNa milI thI, kintu yaha samAnatA mUla meM dikhAyI detI hai / lekina vistAra kI dRSTi se jaina purANa apane sampradAya ke dhArmika tathA dArzanika siddhAntoM ko apane granthoM meM niHsUta kiye haiM / pAramparika purANoM kA yaha uddezya thA ki jaTila aura durUha dhArmika evaM dArzanika siddhAntoM ko sarala bhASA evaM zailI dvArA janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita kiyA jAye / jaina purANoM kA bhI yahI uddezya pradarzita hotA hai / 'purANa' zabda kA prayoga inhoMne mAtra AkarSaNa ke lie prayukta kiyA thA - - aisA pratIta hotA hai / vastutaH inake varNanoM meM jaina dharma aura darzana ke durUha siddhAnta sarala zailI meM piroye gaye haiM / inake kathAnakoM, varNanoM evaM vivaraNoM meM dhArmika evaM dArzanika tattvoM ke atirikta aise anya sAMskRtika tattva bhI mila jAte haiM, jisake AdhAra para tatkAlIna bhAratIya jIvana kI sAMskRtika rUparekhA taiyAra kI jA sakatI hai / 1. mahA 1 / 207 2. harivaMza 170 3. phUlacandra - jaina purANa sAhitya, zramaNa, 1653 varSa 4, aMka 7-8, pRSTha 36 tathA mahA, prastAvanA, pR0 20

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sAkSya-anuzIlana 21 jaisA ki uparyukta anucchedoM meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai ki guptottara kAla meM jaina purANoM kI saMracanA kI jo prakriyA prArambha huI usameM kisI vizeSa sImA evaM nizcita virAma ke liye avakAza nahIM thaa| purANanAmadhArI aneka jaina grantha prakAzana evaM pracalana meM aaye| kucheka granthoM ko purANa saMjJA dvArA abhihita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| ina aneka granthoM meM katipaya pahale ke haiM aura kucha bAda ke / kucha ke racanA kAla kI avadhi sAtavIM se dasavIM zatI I0 kA antarvartI kAla hai| anya purANoM kA kAla isa avadhi ke uparAnta nirdhArita hotA hai / aisI sthiti meM ina dIrghakAlika racita purANoM meM mAtra unhIM purANoM ko samIkSA kA viSaya banAnA ucita hai jo bhAratIya itihAsa aura saMskRti ke usa stara ke antargata Ate haiM, jise sAtavIM se dasavIM zatI I0 kA kahA jAtA hai| bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ke gaThana meM isa avadhi kA bar3A hI mahattva hai / sAmAjika, Arthika tathA rAjanaya viSayaka gatizIlatA meM isa kAlAvadhi kA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai / isa avadhi kI mUlabhUta prathAe~ evaM paramparAe~ parivardhana evaM saMzodhana kA viSaya banI thiiN| ataeva prastuta prabandha kI yojanA meM kevala unhIM jaina purANoM ke sthaloM ko samIkSA kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai, jinakI prAmANikatA asandigdha hai aura jo apekSAkRta anya jaina purANoM ke pUrvavartI haiN| jaisAki vivecita adhyAyoM kI yojanA evaM parizIlana se spaSTa ho jAyegA ki ina purANoM ke sthala bhArata ke tatkAlIna sAMskRtika itihAsa kA saMtoSajanaka kalevara nirmita kara sakate haiM / hamAre Alocita jaina purANa mUlataH tIna haiN| prathama, raviSeNa kRta padma purANa, isakI tithi vi0 saM0 733 arthAt 677 I0, dvitIya, jinasena dvArA viracita harivaMza purANa, jisakI tithi zaka saM0 705 arthAt 783 I0 hai aura tRtIya, mahA purANa hai / mahA purANa ke do bhAga haiM-Adi purANa aura uttara purANa / Adi purANa ke do khaNDa haiM-prathama khaNDa meM eka se paccIsa aura dvitIya khaNDa meM chabbIsa se saitAlisa parva haiN| jinasena ne eka se bayAlisa parva evaM tirAlisaveM parva ke tIna zlokoM kI racanA kI hai / isake dvitIya bhAga uttara purANa ko jinasena ke ziSya guNabhadra ne (tirAlisaveM parva ke cauthe zloka se tihattara parva taka) likhA hai| Adi purANa aura uttara purANa milakara mahA purANa banate haiM / jinasena kA samaya sAtavIM zatI I0 kA antima bhAga aura guNabhadra kA samaya dasavIM zatI I0 kA prathama bhAga hai| yaha suvidita evaM susammata hai ki hamAre Alocita jaina purANoM ke viSayavastu ko apanAkara aneka uttaravartI jaina purANoM kA sRjana huA hai| hamAre Alocita purANa apane kSetra ke prAcIna tathA AdhArabhUta purANa haiM / isa dRSTi meM Alocya purANa srotabhUta evaM pramukha haiM aura isa koTi ke anuvartI purANa kevala aMgIbhUta Thaharate haiM / inakI prAcInatA isalie bhI

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana siddha ho jAtI hai ki inakI bhASA zuddha saMskRta hai, jabaki kucha anya jaina purANa prAkRta evaM apabhraza meM likhe gaye haiM / isa dRSTi se prastuta prabandha meM kevala saMskRta meM hI likhe hue-padma purANa, harivaMza purANa tathA mahA purANa-jaina purANoM ko hI AlocanA kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai / ukta purANoM ke AdhAra para jo sAmagrI upalabdha hai, use analikhita adhyAyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai, jisase tatkAlIna sAMskRtika paristhiti kA jJAna prApta hotA hai|

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sAmAjika vyavasthA sAmAjika jIvana kI dRSTi se jaina purANoM meM atyanta mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha hotI hai / eka ora isa sAmagrI se mAnava-sabhyatA ke vikAsa kI prArambhika sthiti kI jAnakArI pAramparika varNana ke rUpa meM sulabha hotI hai, dUsarI ora mAnava-sabhyatA aura sAmAjika jIvana ke vikAsa ke vibhinna caraNoM kA spaSTataH jJAna upalabdha hotA hai| isake sAtha hI sAtha jaina purANakAroM ne sAmAjika jIvana ke sambandha meM dhArmika mAnyatAoM ko bhI yathAsthAna abhivyakta kiyA hai| prastuta adhyAya meM vibhinna zIrSakoM ke antargata ukta sAmagrI kA vivecana prastuta hai| [ka] prArambhika svarUpa evaM kulakara paramparA 1. bhogabhUmi, karmabhUmi tathA kulakara paramparA : jaina paramparAnusAra sRSTi ke Arambha meM bhogabhUmi thI / usake samApta hone ke bAda karmabhUmi prArambha huaa| bhogabhUmi meM jIvana pUrNarUpeNa bhogamaya thaa| bhogabhUmi meM sabhI vastue~

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24 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vibhinna prakAra ke kalpavRkSoM-madyAGga, tUryAGga, vibhUSAGga, sragaGga (mAlyAGga), jyotiGga, dIpAGga, gRhAGga, bhojanAGga, pAtrAGga tathA vastrAGga-se prApta hotI thiiN| ye cirakAla taka bhogoM ko jIvanaparyanta bhogakara svarga jAte the| isa yuga meM yaugalika vyavasthA thii| eka yugala janma letA aura vahI anya yugala ko janma dene ke bAda samApta ho jAtA thaa| isa prakAra ke aneka yugala the| kAlAntara meM krama se kalpavRkSa naSTa hone lge| usI yuga meM kramazaH caudaha kulakara. utpanna hue| jaina purANoM meM inakA varNana adholikhita hai-pratizruti, sanmati, kSemAGkara, kSemandhara, sImaGkara, sImandhara, vipulavAhana, cakSuSmAn, yazasvI, abhicandra, candrAbha, marudeva, prasenajita tathA nAbhirAja / 2 jaina mAnyatAnusAra kulakara eka sAmAjika saMsthApaka the| kulakaroM kA bhoga evaM tyAga ke samanvita jIvana ko pratipAdita karanA, jIvana mUlyoM ko niyamabaddha kara ekatA evaM niyamitatA pradAna karanA, manuSya ke naitika karmoM kA saMketa karanA, kriyAkalApoM ko niyantrita karane ke lie anuzAsana kI sthApanA karanA, sAmAjika prANI ke madhya sambandha sthApita karanA, kArya-praNAlI kA mArga-darzana karanA, zAnti evaM saMtulana kA pratipAdana karanA, AjIvikA, rIti, rivAja evaM sAmAjika arhatAoM kI prApti kA pratipAdana karanA, sAmAjika gaThana evaM sAmUhika kriyAoM kA niyantraNa karanA tathA sAmAjika kalyANa karanA pramukha uddezya thaa|' jaina purANo ke anusAra strI puruSa ke yugma sAtha-sAtha utpanna hote evaM eka / sAtha raha kara bhogoM kA upabhoga karate hue Ayu ke anta meM sAtha hI sAtha mRtyu ko 1. madyatUryavibhUSAsragrajyotirdIpagRhAGgakAH / bhojanApatravastrAGgA dazadhA kalpazAkhinaH / / mahA 3 / 36; padma 3 / 61 2. padma 3 / 30-88; harivaMza 7 / 106-170; mahA 3 / 22-163 harivaMza purANa meM anyatra caudaha kulakaroM ke nAma bhinna-bhinna prApya haiM-kanaka, kanakaprabha, kanakarAja, kanakadhvaja, kanakapuGgava, nalina, nalinaprabha, nalinarAja, nalinadhvaja nalipuMgava, padmaprabha, padmarAja, padmadhvaja aura padmapuGgava (harivaMza 601554-557) / mahA purANa ke uttara purANa meM jinasena ke ziSya guNabhadra ne solaha kulakara batAyA hai, jinameM se harivaMzapurANa ke ukta caudaha kulakaroM ke atirikta padma aura mahApadma ko bhI solaha kulakaroM meM sammilita kiyA hai (mahA 76 / 463-466) / 3. padma 3 / 30-88; harivaMza 7 / 106-170, mahA 3 / 22-163

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sAmAjika vyavasthA prApta karate the / ise samIkSA aura vicAra-vimarza kA viSaya banAyA jA sakatA hai / aisI sambhAvanA vyakta kI jA sakatI hai ki jaina purANoM ke ukta strI-puruSa kA yugma ( yugala) eka hI zarIra meM AdhA strI aura puruSa kA rahA hogA, jo sAtha hI sAtha mRtyu ko prApta karate the| yaha prabhAva vaidika dharma kA thA / isa kathana kI puSTi hetu jainetara dharmoM meM bhI sAkSya milatA hai / vaidika devatAoM meM 'azvinIkumAra' kA ullekha huA hai / inake eka hI zarIra meM azvinI aura kumAra devatA the jise azvinIkumAra kahA gayA hai| pAramparika purANoM meM 'arddhanArIzvara' kA bhI varNana upalabdha hai / eka hI zarIra meM AdhA bhAga puruSa evaM AdhA bhAga strI kA ho sakatA hai / sambhavatayA yugma kI yaha atyanta prAcIna paramparA sampUrNa bhAratIya vAGmaya meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM surakSita mila jAtI hai / harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai ki terahaveM kulakara prasenajita ke pUrva yugala utpanna hote the / sarvaprathama marudeva ne ayugma - eka santAna prasenajita ko utpanna kiyA / harivaMza purANa kA ukta kathana satyatA ke adhika nikaTa hai / sambhavataH yaha kathana usI vicAra ko dyotita karatA hai, jaisI sambhAvanA pUrva vyakta kI jA cukI hai / yahA~ para yaha kahanA asamIcIna na hogA ki jaina siddhAntAnusAra eka zarIra meM eka hI AtmA hotI hai / kevala vanaspati-jIvoM meM sampratiSThita jIvoM ke zarIra ke Azrita anya jIva bhI hote haiM / jainoM ke anekAtmA - siddhAnta ke kAraNa yaugalika kI samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM hotA / yaugalika kauna the ? inakI utpatti aura vikAsa kaise huA ? mAnava kI utpatti se inakA kyA sambandha thA ? kyA inase koI nayI paramparA pratipAdita hotI hai ? samAja meM inakA kyA sthAna thA ? ina praznoM para bhaviSya meM zodha kI AvazyakatA hai / 25 jaina purANoM ke kulakaroM ko jainetara vaidika dharma ke manvantaroM (manuoM) se samIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai / brAhmaNa dharma meM caudaha manvantara (manuoM) kA ullekha milatA hai / jinameM se sAta dharma (sugati ) manu tathA sAta adharma ( kugati) manu the / 2 mahA purANa bhI isI sthiti kA ullekha huA hai / pahale pUrvavartI sAta 1. ekamevAsRjatputra prasenajitamatra saH / yugmasRSTerihaivordhvapito vyapaninISayA // harivaMza 7 / 166 bhAgavata purANa 2|7|36

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26 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kulakaroM ke samaya bhogabhUmi kI sthiti thI, jisameM mAtA-pitA saMtAna kA sukha nahIM dekha pAte the aura dUsare uttaravartI sAta kulakaroM ke samaya bhogabhUmi evaM karmabhUmi kI sthiti thI, jisameM mAtA-pitA unakI vyavasthA ke liye cintita hote the|' mahA purANa meM hI kulakara ko manu kathita hai| inako prajA ke jIvana ke upAya jAnane se manu, Arya puruSoM ko kula kI bhA~ti ikaTThA. rahane kA upadeza dene se kulakara, aneka vaMza sthApita karane se kuladhara aura yuga ke Adi meM hone se yugAdipuruSa kahA gayA hai / 2 jaina dharma meM nAbhirAja antima kulakara yA manu the| unhoMne pUrI vyavasthA ko pratipAdita kara manuSyoM ko saMyamita evaM anuzAsita rahane kA upadeza diyA thaa| unhoMne binA boye utpanna hue dhAnya, vRkSoM ke phaloM tathA ikSurasa Adi kSudhA zAnta karane kA tathA miTTI kA bartana banA kara usase kArya karane ko kahA / isI samaya karmabhUmi kA AvirbhAva huaa| isI karmabhUmi meM karma ke AdhAra para phala kI vyavasthA pratipAdita kiyaa| isI samaya nAgarIya tathA kauTumbikI vyavasthA ke sAtha kRSi-karma bhI prArambha ho gayA thaa| asi, masi, kRSi, vANijya, vidhA aura zilpa jaisI kalAoM kA janma bhI isI samaya huaa| jaina dharma meM isI yuga ko 'karmabhUmi' kahA gayA hai| 2. kula (parivAra) kI mahattA : prAcIna sAmAjika vyavasthA aura saMtulana kI prakriyA ke mUla meM kula athavA parivAra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna prAyaH sabhI saMskRtiyoM aura sabhya dezoM meM prArambha se rahA hai| isakA saMketa Alocita jaina purANoM meM bhI upalabdha hai / udAharaNArtha, mahApurANa meM kula athavA parivAra ke niyAmaka ke rUpa meM pitA ko pratiSThita karate hue use 'vaMza-zuddhi' kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| paramparA ke anusAra bhAratIya samAja ke vyavasthApaka manu tathA manu sambandhI zrRMkhalA meM anya vyavasthApaka mAne gaye haiM, jinheM purANa 'kulakara' kI saMjJA pradAna karate haiM aura unheM pitA ke pada para AsIna karate haiN|' 1. mahA 3163-163, 3 / 210 . 2. vahI 3 / 211-212 3. vahI 3 / 161-206; bhAgacandra bhASkara-jaina darzana aura saMskRti kA itihAsa, nAgapura 1677, pR05 4. pituranvayazuddhiryAtatkulaM paribhASyate / mahA 36085 5. padma 388

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 27 isa sandarbha meM mahA purANa ne kulAcAra kA prasaMga dete hue isa bAta para bala * diyA hai ki kula kI maryAdA kI surakSA kA uttaradAyitva usake sadasyoM para hai aura yadi isa maryAdA meM kisI prakAra kA vyavadhAna huA athavA AcAra kI rakSA nahIM huI to samasta sampanna kriyAyeM vinAza ko prApta hotI haiM / AcArya vIrasena ne dhavalA-TIkA meM gotra, kula, vaMza tathA saMtAna ko eka hI artha meM prayoga kiyA hai| jaina purANoM meM kula kI zuddhi kI ora bhI dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA gayA hai aura isa prakAra vaNita hai ki yaha tabhI sambhava hai jabaki dvija kevala kula-strI kA sevana kareM aura yaha bhI ullikhita hai ki kulAcAra usI sthiti meM nirdoSa rahatA hai, jabaki 'gotra-zuddhi' kI kriyA sAtha-sAtha calatI hai| isI lie kulAGganAe~ apane pati ke anurUpa calatI thIM aura pati ko maryAdita hone para bala diyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki pati-patnI eka dUsare ke pUraka kahe gaye haiN| paM0 phUlacandra zAstrI ke kathanAnusAra jaina dharma meM gotra kA sambandha varNa-vyavasthA ke sAtha na hokara prANI ke jIvana se sambaddha hai aura usakI vyApti cAroM gatiyoM ke jIvana meM dekhI jAtI hai| __ jaina purANoM ke ukta nirdeza Adhunika samAjazAstrIya vicAroM ke adhikAMzataH samastarIya haiN| inake anusAra parivAra vaha prAthamika mAdhyama hai jo vaiyaktika AcaraNa ko sAmAjika-paridhi meM DhAlatA hai| DaoN0 panthArI nAtha prabhu ke matAnusAra samAja kI vyavasthA karane vAle aura usake prArambhika vicArakoM ne bhI parivAra ko mAnava-jIvana kI vyavasthA meM ucca sthAna diyA hai| jo naitika aura sAmAjika kriyAe~ parivAra meM sampanna hotI haiM unakA sahaja prabhAva samAja para par3atA hai aura etadanusAra hI samAja kI gatividhi kA niyamana athavA saMcAlana bhI hotA rahatA hai| samAjazAstrI epha0 iMgelsa ke anusAra parivAra vaha sAmAjika ikAI hai jisameM yuga-yugAntara kI paramparAoM, bhAvanAoM tathA vyavahAra viSayaka prathAoM kA samAveza hotA rahatA hai aura parivAra ke hI mAdhyama se ina sabhI tattvoM kA usake sadasyoM para svAbhAvika 1. mahA 40 / 181 2. draSTavya, phUlacandra-varNa, jAti aura dharma, vArANasI, 1663, pR0 143 3. padma 8 / 11; harivaMza 17 / 16; mhaa,6|56 phUlacandra-vahI, pR0 123 5. Ara0 ema0 meklavara tathA sI0 eca0 peja-sosAiTI, laMdana, 1662, adhyAya 2 6. prabhu-hindU sozala ArganAijezan,bambaI, 1654, pR0 125

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28 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana prabhAva par3atA rahatA hai|' DaoN0 panthArI nAtha prabhu ke matAnusAra yadyapi Adhunika yuga meM zaikSaNika, Arthika evaM dhArmika kartavyoM meM aneka parivartana ho cuke haiM aura ina parivartanoM ke mUla meM anya sAmAjika aura rAjanItika saMsthAoM kI preraNA rahI hai, tathApi sAmAjika saMracanA meM Aja ke yuga meM bhI parivAra ke yogadAna ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / 2 dharmazAstroM meM varNita pArivArika-zuddhatA kI udAttatA kI tulanA kisI sImA taka cInI pArivArika jIvana ke AdazoM se kara sakate haiM / 3. kula (parivAra) kA svarUpa evaM saMghaTana : jaina purANoM kI samIkSA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki usa samaya saMyukta parivAra praNAlI pracalita thii| unake anusAra parivAra vaha saMsthA hai, jisameM pati-patnI ke atirikta mAtA-pitA, bhAI-bahana, cAcA-cAcI sabhI ko Avazyaka aura ucita sthAna upalabdha thaa| ye jaina purANagata vicAra yathArthatA ke nikaTa isalie mAne jA sakate haiM kyoMki inake samarthaka tatkAlIna abhilekhIya-pramANa bhI prApya haiM / udAharaNArtha, madhya bhArata se upalabdha eka abhilekha meM spaSTataH ullikhita hai ki kAyastha ratnasiMha ke parivAra meM patnI, eka putra, do bahU, pautra, eka pautrI ke atirikta aneka anya sambandhI bhI vidyamAna the|" __ jaina purANoM meM dAmpatya jIvana meM yauna-sambandha hI AdhArabhUta nahIM thA, apitu dhArmika aura sAmAjika kAryoM para sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA thA, jo sukhasampanna jIvana ke lie Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thaa| jaina purANoM kI dRSTi meM pati aura patnI donoM hI parivAra ke mahattvapUrNa avayava ke rUpa meM mAnya the| isI lie padma purANa aura mahA purANa ke racayitAoM ne patnI evaM pati ko eka dUsare kA 1. iMgelsa-da orijina oNpha da phemilI, prAiveTa prAparTI aiNDa da sTeTa, mAsko, 1652, pR0 66 2. prabhu-vahI, pR0 125 3. olgA laMga-cAiniz2a phemilI aiNDa sosAiTI, laMdana 1646, pR06 4. padma 31 / 26-27; harivaMza 50 / 67; tulanIya-arthazAstra 2 / 1 / 16-34 5. mirAzI-inskripzansa oNpha da kalacuri cedi irA, naM063, paMkti 11-17 draSTavya, yAdava-sosAiTI aiNDa kalcara ina nArdarna iNDiyA, ilAhAbAda 1673 6. mahA 6 / 58-83

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sAmAjika vyavasthA Adara-satkAra karane kA nirdeza diyA hai / " pArivArika kalaha ko rokanA donoM kA hI karttavya thA / kalaha kA kAraNa kabhI to patnI hotI thI aura kabhI pati / parantu donoM hI sthitiyoM meM saumanasya aura sAmaJjasya sthApita karanA unakA dharma thA / prasaMgataH yahA~ ullekhanIya hai ki prAcIna saMskRtiyoM meM anyatra bhI saMyukta parivAra ke hone kI sUcanA upalabdha hai / romana kAnUnoM se pratIta hotA hai ki pitA saMyukta parivAra kA svAmI hotA thA / ataeva vaha parivAra ke anya sadasyoM para niyaMtraNa bhI rakhatA thA / kintu jaisA ki jAlI ke matAnusAra uttarakAlIna staroM para pitA kI niraMkuzatA para niyaMtraNa lAne kI ceSTA kI gayI aura isa ceSTA kA uddezya thA mAtra pArivArika saMtulana | " prastuta vivecana ke saMdarbha meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki jaina purANoM ke racanA-kAla meM saMyukta parivAra kI saMsthA ke viruddha kucheka pravRttiyA~ kriyAzIla thIM / kintu jaina purANa isa prakAra kA spaSTa nirdeza nahIM dete haiM / apitu jaisA ki agrima anucchedoM meM varNana kiyA jAyegA ki isa pravRtti kI AMzika jhalaka avazya milatA hai / sAmAnyatayA jaina purANa sAmAjika vyavasthA ke Adarza se prerita the / ve saMyukta parivAra ke pakSa meM calate the / pitA kA kartavya thA ki vaha gArhasthya uttara- dAyitva se mukta hone ke pUrva apane vaMza ke anuvartI saMrakSaka putra ko suyogya banAye / " vaha usakI zikSA kA samucita prabandha karatA thA / na kevala adhyAtma ke kSetra meM, apitu putra ko laukika vidyAoM kI zikSA upalabdha karane meM bhI vaha tatpara rahatA thA / isa saMdarbha meM mahA purANa ne arthazAstra, saMgItazAstra, lakSaNazAstra, Ayurveda, 1. padma 67 / 155; mahA 16 / 64-65 2. 3. padma 66 / 40-41; mahA 16 / 64-65 tulanIya AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 526 jAlI - AuTa lAinsa oNpha ena hisTrI oNpha da hindU laoN oNpha pArTiza, inherITeMsa aiNDa eDAnsana, kalakattA, 1685, 81-83 2. 26 pI0 esa0 esa0 aiyara - ivolyuzana oNpha hindu mArala AiDiyalsa, kalakattA, 1635, pR0 42 jAlI - vahI, pR0 83 5. 6. vahI 7. mahA 4 / 136 - 140

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30 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dhanurveda, azvavidyA, ratnaparIkSA, zastravidyA Adi viSayoM para vizeSa bala diyA hai|' / jaina purANoM ne putra kI utpatti puNya ke prabhAva se mAnI hai| mahA purANa meM putra ke lie 'kulabhUSaNa' zabda prayukta huA hai| ... prastuta prasaMga meM yaha prazna vicAraNIya ho jAtA hai ki tatkAlIna bhArata ke kSetrIya viSamatAoM, paramparAoM tathA prathAoM kA jaina purANoM ke varNanoM para prabhAva par3A hai athavA nahIM ? ina purANoM ke racanAkAla meM bhAratIya samAja kI gatividhi kA niyamana jImUtavAhana evaM vijJAnezvara jaise vyavasthApaka kara rahe the, jinheM kramazaH Arya aura drAvir3a prathAoM kA pratinidhi mAnA jAtA hai| je0DI0eca0 DaireTa ke matAnusAra jImUtavAhana ne pitA ko pArivArika saMsthA evaM sampatti kA nirvirodha svAmI svIkAra kiyA hai aura vijJAnezvara ne use kevala prabandhaka mAnA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki vijJAnezvara ne yaha bhI vyavasthA kI hai ki putra pitA ke jIvana kAla meM hI apanI sampatti kA vibhAjana kara sakatA thaa| jaina purANoM meM se mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki vivAhoparAnta varNalAbha kriyA (saMskAra) dvArA yogya putra apanA parivAra pRthak banAte the aura pitA se apanI sampatti kA vibhAjana bhI karavAte the| kintu yahA~ para vicAraNIya hai ki mahA purANa kA ukta ullekha drAvir3a paramparA kA dyotaka hai athavA nahIM ? kyoMki jaisA ki hama pUrva hI saMketa kara cuke haiM ki vijJAnezvara drAvir3a prathAoM ke pratinidhi mAne gaye haiM / mahA purANa ke ukta saMdarbha se jJAta hotA hai ki purANakAra ne jaina dharma meM prAcIna drAvir3a paramparA kA bhI samAveza kiyA hai| dvitIya vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki parivAra meM putrI ko kaisA sthAna diyA gayA thA ? tatkAlIna jainetara granthoM se vidita hotA hai ki inakI sthiti bahuta acchI nahIM thii| udAharaNArtha, kathAsaritsAgara ke anusAra pArivArika jIvana meM putriyA~ avAMchanIya thiiN| kintu jaina purANoM meM isake viparIta varNana upalabdha hotA hai| udAharaNArtha, mahA purANa meM jahA~ pitA ke lie putroM ko vibhinna prakAra kI vidyAoM 1. mahA 16 / 105-125 2. harivaMza 8 / 104, 21 / 8-8; mahA 54146; padma 8 / 157 3. mahA 54163 4. DaireTa-rilijana, laoN aiNDa sTeTa ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, landana, 1668, pR0 411 5. mahA 381138-141 6. kathAsaritsAgara 28 / 6

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sAmAjika vyavasthA evaM kalAoM kI zikSA upalabdha karAnA vAMchanIya mAnA hai, vahIM putriyoM ko bhI ukta vidyAoM ko aura inameM vizeSatayA akSara vidyA tathA aMkavidyA sikhAne kA nirdeza diyA hai / harivaMza purANa meM kanyAoM ko zAstroM meM pAraMgata tathA pratiyogitA meM vijayI dikhAyA gayA hai / usI prakAra jaina sUtroM meM bhI varNana prApya hai ki pitA Izvara ke tulya hai aura isa prasaMga meM inakA nirdeza hai ki prAtaHkAla uThakara na kevala putra, apitu putriyA~ bhI pitA kI caraNa-vandanA kareM / 4. pArivArika paridhi : AyAma evaM sImA : prAcIna bhAratIya samAja ke jijJAsu Adhunika cintakoM ne isa prazna para bhI vicAra karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki pArivArika paridhi kA saMkoca athavA vistAra kisa sImA taka thA ? jAlI ne kRtyakalpataru, mitAkSarA aura dAyabhAga ke prasaMgoM evaM vidhi niSedhoM ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki tatkAlIna pArivArika paridhi saMkucita nahIM thI / jaina purANoM ke vivaraNa inake samAnAntara calate haiM / mahA purANa meM striyoM ke lie zata- putra utpanna karane kA AzIrvAda, bharata ke sau putroM kA ullekha, marudevI ke sau putroM kA prasaMga, vajrasaMdha ko apane aTThAnabe putroM kA pitA honA kalpanA kA atiraJjana avazya hai, kintu inase vyaMjanA yahI nikalatI hai ki inakA mantavya pArivArika paridhi ke vistAra se hai / isa prakAra kI sUcanAe~ anya prAcIna saMskRtiyoM ke sAkSyoM se bhI prApya haiM, jisameM prAcIna cIna ke AdarzoM kA vizeSa ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai / " 5 1. mahA 16 / 105-117; padma 15/20, 24 / 5 2. harivaMza 21 / 133 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR016 4. jAlI - vahI, pR0 81, 83, 168 5. sukhaM prasUSva putrANAM zatamityadhikotsavaH / mahA 15/45 6. mahA 37/21 vahI 46 8. ena0sI0 senaguptA - ivolyuzana oNpha eNzeNTa iNDiyana laoN, kalakattA, 1653, pR0 210 7. 31

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jaina purANo kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [kha] varNa-vyavasthA 1. varNa-vyavasthA aura jaina mAnyatA : jaina purANakAlIna samAja choTechoTe vargoM meM ba~TA huA thA / Adarza rUpa meM una dinoM bhI varNAzrama vyavasthA kI vaidika mAnyatAe~ pracalita thIM / varNAzrama vyavasthA kI vaidika mAnyatAoM kA prabhAva sAmAjika jIvana ke raga-raga meM isa prakAra pravAhita thA ki isa vyavasthA kA ghora - virodha karane vAle jaina dharma ke anuyAyI bhI inake prabhAva se achUte na raha sake / dakSiNa bhArata meM yaha prabhAva sarvAdhika par3A / isakA prabhAva vahA~ utpanna hone vAle jainAcAryoM ke sAhitya meM dRSTigocara hotA hai / AcArya jinasena ne una sabhI vaidika niyamopaniyamoM kA jainIkaraNa kara una para jaina dharma kI chApa lagA dI thI / jinheM vaidika prabhAva se prabhAvita hone ke uparAnta bhI jaina samAja mAnane lagA thA / jainAcArya ne vaidika sAhitya tathA sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa ke prabhAva ke kAraNa aneka vaidika mAnyatAoM evaM vicAroM kA jainIkaraNa karane kA prayatna kiyA / mUla meM jaina dharma varNa-vyavasthA tathA usake AdhAra para AdhArita sAmAjika vyavasthA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA thA / saiddhAntika granthoM meM sAmAjika vyavasthA sambandhI mantavyoM kA varNana nahIM hai / paurANika anuzruti bhI cAturvarNya vyavasthA ko sAmAjika vyavasthA kA AdhAra nahIM mAnatI / anuzruti ke anusAra sabhyatA ke prArambhika caraNa ( karmabhUmi ) RSabhadeva ne asi, masi, kRSi, vidyA, zilpa tathA vANijya kA upadeza diyA / usI AdhAra para sAmAjika vyavasthA nirmita huI / logoM ne svecchA se apanA-apanA kArya dhAraNa kara liyA aura koI kArya choTA-bar3A nahIM samajhA gayA / isI taraha kisI kArya ke karane meM dharma ne bhI vyavadhAna upasthita nahIM kiyA / kAlAntara ke sAhitya meM yaha anuzruti to surakSita rahI, tathApi usake sAtha meM varNa vyavasthA kA sambandha jor3A jAne lagA / sAtavIM zatI ke jayasiMhanandi ne cAturvarNya vyavasthA kI laukika tathA zrautasmArtta mAnyatAoM aura paramparAoM kA vistArapUrvaka khaNDana kiyA hai| padma purANa ke racayitA raviSeNAcArya ( 676 I0) ne pUrvokta anuzruti to surakSita rakhI, kintu usake sAtha varNoM kA sambandha saMyukta kara diyA / harivaMza purANa meM jinasena ( 783 I0) ne raviSeNAcArya ke kathana ko hI anya zabdoM meM doharAyA hai| ukta AcAryoM dvArA isa prakAra kI karmaNA varNa-vyavasthA kA pratipAdana karate rahane ke bAda bhI usake 32 1. gokula candra jaina - yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, 1667, pR0 56 amRtasara

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 33 sAtha cAturvarNya kA sambandha jur3a gayA aura isake pariNAmasvarUpa sAmAjika jIvana aura zrIta-smArta paramparAe~ jaina samAja aura jaina cintakoM ko prabhAvita karatI gyiiN| eka zatAbdI vyatIta hote-hote yaha prabhAva jaina janamAnasa meM isa taraha paiTha gayA ki navIM zatI meM jinasena ne una saba mantavyoM ko svIkAra kara liyA aura una para jaina dharma kI muhara bhI lagA dI / mahA purANa meM pUrvokta anuzruti ko surakSita rakhane ke bAda bhI brAhmaNa granthoM kI bhA~ti cAra varNoM ke pRthak-pRthak kArya, unake sAmAjika evaM dhArmika adhikAra, cAra AzramoM aura saMskAroM (tirapana garbhAnvaya, ar3atAlIsa dIkSAnvaya evaM ATha kanvaya kriyAoM) kA vistArazaH varNana kiyA hai|' 2. varNa-vyavasthA aura usakA svarUpa : varNa-vyavasthA ke sambandha meM jaina purANoM meM mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI prApya hotI hai, jinakA ullekha nimnAMkita dRSTikoNa se mahattvapUrNa hai : 1. purANakAroM ne varNa-vyavasthA viSayaka mAnyatAoM ko nibaddha kiyA hai| 2. zrauta aura smArta paramparA meM varNita varNa-vyavasthA viSayaka mAnyatAoM kA bhI samAveza kiyA hai| 3. purANakAla meM sAmAjika jIvana meM varNa-vyavasthA kI kyA sthiti thI, isakA vistRta varNana prApta hotA hai| zrauta-smArta paramparA meM mAnya varNa-vyavasthA ke siddhAntoM kA prabhAva jaina dharmAnuyAyioM para kisa prakAra huA aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa una mAnyatAoM kA purANakAroM ne kisa prakAra jainIkaraNa kiyA; isa sambandha meM bhI pracura sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| jaina purANoM meM upalabdha sAmagrI kA vizleSaNa tatkAlIna anya sAhityika evaM abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jaina purANoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki Adi kAla meM varNa-vyavasthA nahIM thii| loga icchAnukUla vyavasAya kiyA karate the| kisI para koI pratibandha nahIM thA / padma purANa tathA harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai ki RSabhadeva ne sukha-samRddhi ke lie samAja meM suvyavasthA lAne kI ceSTA kI thI aura isa vyavasthA ke phalasvarUpa 1. gokula candra jaina-vahI, pR0 68-70

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra-ye tIna varNa utpanna hue / RSabhadeva ne jina puruSoM ko vipattigrasta manuSyoM ke rakSArtha niyukta kiyA thA, ve apane guNoM ke kAraNa loka meM 'kSatriya' nAma se prasiddha hue; jinako vANijya, khetI evaM pazu-pAlana Adi ke vyavasAya meM lagAyA thA, ve loka meM 'vaizya' kahalAye / jo nIca karma karate the tathA zAstra se dUra bhAgate the, unheM 'zUdra' kI saMjJA pradAna kI gayI / mahA purANa meM bhI ukta vicAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai / parantu isake atirikta yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo zastra dhAraNa kara AjIvikA karate the ve 'kSatriya' hue; jo khetI, vANijya evaM pazupAlana Adi ke dvArA jIvikA karate the ve 'vaizya' kahalAye aura jo una (kSatriya evaM vaizya) kI sevA-zuzrUSA karate the, unheM 'zUdra' kI saMjJA dI gayI / aisI sambhAvanA haiM ki usa samaya bhAr3e ke sainikoM kI atyadhika AvazyakatA thI aura yaha kSatriyoM kI utpatti ko dyotita karatA hai / 34 ukta purANoM meM kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra varNoM kA spaSTa ullekha huA hai / kahIM-kahIM para jaina purANoM ke varNana vaidika paramparA se prabhAvita pAramparika dharmazAstra evaM purANoM ke sarvathA anukUla haiM arthAt brahmA ke mukha se brAhmaNa, bAhuoM se kSatriya, uruoM se vaizya tathA paira se zUdra- ina cAra varNoM kI utpatti batAyI gayI hai / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki RSabhadeva ne apanI donoM bhujAoM meM zastra dhAraNa kara kSatriyoM kI sRSTi kI, kyoMki hAthoM ke hathiyAra se ve nirbaloM kI sabaloM se rakSA yAtrA dikhalAkara vaizyoM kI kara vyApAra dvArA AjIvikA karate the, isalie ve kSatriya kahalAye / apane uruoM se racanA kI, kyoMki ve jala, sthala Adi pradezoM meM yAtrA calAte the / sadaiva nIca vRtti meM tatpara rahane ke kAraNa zUdroM kI racanA paira se kiyA kyoMki brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya kI sevA-zuzrUSA karanA zUdroM kA karma thA / RSabhadeva ke putra bharata mukha se zAstroM kA adhyayana karAte hue brAhmaNoM kA sRjana kareMge / " jaina 1. padma 3 / 256-258; harivaMza 6 / 386 mahA 16 / 183 3. vahI 16 / 184-185 zloka 5-6; 4. Rgveda 10 / 60 / 12; mahAbhArata, pUnA, 1632, adhyAya 366. manusmRti 1 / 31; esa0 ena0 rAya - paurANika dharma evaM samAja, ilAhAbAda 1668, pR0 152 mahA 16 / 243-246; padma 5 / 164 5.

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 35 purANoM meM brAhmaNoM kI utpatti ke viSaya meM ullikhita hai ki cakravartI bharata ne eka bAra apane yahA~ dAnAdi ke lie zrAvakoM ko AmaMtrita kiyaa| rAjabhavana ke A~gana meM harI-harI ghAsa ugI thI / jIvahatyA ke bhaya se jo vratI zrAvaka bharata ke pAsa nahIM gaye aura bAhara khar3e rahe; unheM unhoMne brAhmaNa ghoSita kiyA / yahA~ ullekhanIya hai ki varNana viSayaka ukta samatA ke hote hue bhI jaina sampradAya ke mata meM inakA karmamUlaka siddhAnta adhika mAnya thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki uttarAdhyayana sUtra ne brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdroM ke vibhAjana kA AdhAra mUlataH karma hI mAnA hai| isI nirdeza ko adhika spaSTa karate hue padma purANa meM varNita hai ki koI bhI jAti nindanIya nahIM hai| vastutaH kalyANa kA kAraNa guNa hai / yadi cANDAla bhI vrata meM rata hai, to vaha bhI brAhmaNa kahalAne kA adhikArI hotA hai / yahI vicAra guNabhadra ne vyakta kiyA hai ki manuSyoM meM jAti kRta bheda nahIM hotA hai| kintu aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaina purANoM ke racanA kAla meM viziSTa rAjanItika paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa jo arAjakatA utpanna huI thI aura jisake phalasvarUpa sAmAjika saMtulana AyAta-pratighAta kA viSaya bana rahA thA, unake kAraNa jaina AcAryoM ko bhI vibhinna vargoM ke nirdhArita AjIvikA meM Abaddha evaM sImita hone ke lie vivaza honA par3A thaa| mahA purANa ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna vargoM ko apane-apane varNAnusAra nirdhArita AjIvikA ke atirikta anya AjIvikA ko grahaNa 1. mahA 3817-20; harivaMza 11 / 105-107; padma 5 / 165 2. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 25133 3. na jAtigarhitA kAcidguNAH kalyANakAraNam / vratasthamapi cANDAlaM taM devo brAhmaNaM viduH // padma 11 / 203 tulanIya--cAturvarNya mayA sRSTaM guNakarmavibhAgazaH / gItA 4 / 13 mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 1864-5; varAGgacaritam 25 / 11 4. nAsti jAtikRto bhedo manuSyANAM / mahA 74 / 462 matsya purANa, pR0 345; rAjataraMgiNI 1 / 312-317; mandasora zilAstambha lekha (phlITa-sI0 AI0 AI0, bhAga 3, pR0 146, 1 / 3); jI0 Ara0 zarmA-eksavezansa aiTa kauzAmbI, pR0 46-54; devI bhAgavata 4 / 8 / 31; harSacarita, adhyAya 3; draSTavya, yAdava-sosAiTI aiNDa kalcara ina' nArdarna iNDiyA, ilAhAbAda, 1673, pR0 4-5

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36 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana karane kA niSedha hai / isI kathana ko aura spaSTa karate hue mahA purANa meM anya prasaMga meM varNita hai ki prArambha meM varNa vyavasthA nahIM thI, kintu kAlAntara meM cAra varNoM meM vibhakta varNa-vyavasthA prakAza meM AyI / prasaMgAnantara meM mahA purANa tathA padma purANa ne varNa vibhAjana kA AdhAra aucitya sApekSa mAnA hai / inake kathanAnusAra vratoM ke saMskAra se brAhmaNa, zastra dhAraNa karane se kSatriya, nyAyocita rIti se dhanopArjana karane se vaizya aura inase viparIta vRtti kA Azraya lene se manuSya zUdra kahalAne lage jaina purANoM ke racanA kAla meM sAmAnyatayA varNa-vyavasthA kA hrAsa ho rahA thA, jisake nidarzana sAkSya tatkAlIna abhilekhoM evaM granthoM meM upalabdha haiM / sAtavIMAThavIM zatI ke varman rAjA varNAzrama ko sudhArane kA prayAsa kara rahe the / AThavIM zatI ke eka gurjara pratihAra abhilekha meM isa prakAra kA ullekha AyA hai ki kaliyuga ke prabhAva ke kAraNa varNAzrama dharma nirdhArita vyavasthA se cyut ho rahA thA / " navIM zatI I0 ke sAmAjika svarUpa kA ullekha karate hue zaMkarAcArya ne aisA abhivyaJjita kiyA hai ki varNa aura Azrama dharmoM meM vyavasthA kA sarvathA abhAva ho gayA thA / ' tilakamaMjarI ke praNetA dharmapAla ne apane yuga ke dharmaviplava kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai / dazakumAracarita meM daNDI ne cAturvarNa ko kaliyuga meM avyavasthita varNita kiyA hai / " ye sabhI sAkSya tatkAlIna sAmAjika viparyaya kI ora saMketa karate haiM / isake sAtha hI sAtha yaha yathArtha hai ki guptakAla ke bAda uttara bhArata meM videzI AkramaNa se rAjanaitika evaM sAmAjika vyavasthA asta-vyasta ho gayI 1. 2. mahA 16 / 187 vahI 38 / 45 brAhmaNA vratasaMkArAt kSatriyAH zastradhAraNAt / vaNijo'rthArjanAnnyAyyAt zUdrAnyagvRttisaMzrayAt // mahA 38|46; padma 11 / 201 - 202 4. Ara0 basAka - hisTrI oNpha nArtha isTarna iNDiyA, 1634, pR0 314 5. epIgrAphikA iNDikA, bhAga 23, 1635-36, pR0 150 6. brahmasUtra--zAMkarabhASyam, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, pR0 273 tilakamaMjarI, pR0 348-46 7. dazakumAracaritra, pR0 160 8.

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sAmAjika vyavasthA thI / gupta sAmrAjya ke patana ke uparAnta tathA videzI AkramaNoM ke sAmAntara 'cAturvarNa' ke sudRr3hIkaraNa aura sazakta banAne kI jo prakriyA prArambha huI, vaha isa samayAvadhi meM nirantara calatI rahI / nAlandA se upalabdha eka muhara abhilekha meM maukhari vaMza ke nareza mahArAja harivarmA ke viSaya meM varNita hai ki unhoMne apane rAjya meM varNavyavasthA ke sudRr3hIkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA thaa| sAtavIM zatI I0 ke eka tAmrapatra abhilekha meM balabhI nareza viSayaka ullekhAnusAra varNAzrama ko pratiSThita kara unhoMne manu kA samastarIya sammAna prApta kiyA thaa| AThavIM zatI I0 ke ur3IsA se prApta eka abhilekha meM ullekha hai ki kSemaGkara varNa aura Azrama ke karttavyoM ko vyavasthita karane meM vyasta rahate the / gyArahavIM zatI ke dhanapAla ne apane grantha tilakamaMjarI meM sArvabhauma mahAmeghavAhana ko varNAzrama vyavasthita karate hue pradarzita kiyA hai / " nAgapura ke pASANa-abhilekha meM mAlavA nareza lakSmaNadeva (san 1080 - 1104 I0 ) ko vaivasvata manu kA putra batAyA hai / mAnasollAsa meM somezvara rAjya kI vyavasthA ko sudhArane ke lie 'varNAdhikArI, nAmaka padAdhikArI' kI niyukti kA varNana hai / isI prakAra dazakumAracarita meM daNDI ke kathanAnusAra rAjA puNDravarmA ne manu kI vyavasthA ke anukUla cAroM varNoM ko suvyavasthita kiyA thA / " ukta prasaMgoM ke Aloka meM katipaya vidvAnoM ne yaha mata pratipAdita kiyA hai ki jaina purANoM ke racanA kAla meM jAti prathA viSayaka jainiyoM ke vicAra pAramparika hindU-cintakoM ke vicAroM kI apekSA adhika udAra the arthAt unhoMne janma kI 1. mandasora stambhalekha ( phlITa - sI0 AI0 AI0, bhAga 3, pR0 146), 1 / 31, jI0 Ara0 zarmA- eksavezansa aiTa kauzAmbI, ilAhAbAda, 1657-58, pR0 46,54; devI bhAgavata 4 | 8 | 31; khoha tAmrapatra abhilekha (gu0 saM0 206), mahArAja saMkSobha ( phlITa - sI0 AI0 AI0, bhAga 3, saM0 25 ), 1110 epIgrAphikA iNDikA, bhAga 21, pR0 74 3. kalekzana oNpha prAkRta eNDa iMskripzana, naM05, pR0 50 4. epIgrAphikA iNDikA, bhAga 15, pR0 3 5. tilakamaMjarI, pR0 11 6. epIgrAphikA iNDikA, bhAga 2, pR0 162 7. mAnasollAsa, bhAga 2, pR0 104 8. dazakumAracarita, kAle saMskaraNa, pR0 188 37

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38 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana apekSA guNa para adhika bala diyA thA aura anya kucha vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra inameM adhikAMzataH unhIM vicAroM kI jhA~kI milatI hai, jo pAramparika hindU-cintakoM ke vicAra haiM / kintu aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jahA~ kahIM tatkAlIna jaina vicArakoM ke vidhi-niSedhoM meM udAratA kI pravRtti parilakSita hotI hai, vahA~ ve mUlataH jaina samAja ke maulika prArambhika vicAroM kI udbhAvanA karate haiM aura jahA~ kahIM inake vicAroM meM pRthak pakSa kA paricaya prApta hotA hai, vahA~-jaisAki hama Upara kaha cuke haiMtatkAlIna viziSTa rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM kA pariNAma mAnA jA sakatA hai| 3. varNa-vyavasthA ke niyAmaka upAdAna : jaina mahA purANa ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina AcAryoM ko yaha mAnya thA ki varNa sImA meM hI vivAha sampanna karanA eka aisA pratibandha hai, jisake kAraNa varNa-vyavasthA surakSita raha sakatI hai aura isake pariNAmasvarUpa sAmAjika santulana bhI vyavasthita raha sakatA hai| prastuta jaina purANa ke ullekhoM se yaha spaSTataH pramANita ho jAtA hai ki isakI racanA kAla meM varNadharma kA vyatikrama ho rahA thA, loga apane se pRthak varga kI AjIvikA grahaNa karane lage the aura isake atirikta isa vyatikrama pradhAna pravRtti para sAmAjika niyantraNa kA yathocita prabhAva nahIM par3a rahA thA / aisI sthiti meM rAjya kI ora se aise kAnUna nirmita kiye gaye, jinake anusAra apanI AjIvikA ke pratyAgI vyakti ko daNDa kA bhAgI honA par3atA thaa| padma purANa meM bhI kula dharma para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai|" isa bAta kA ullekha pUrva hI kara cuke haiM ki tatkAlIna abhilekhoM meM katipaya mahattvapUrNa zAsakoM ko varNa-vyavasthA ke niyamana kA zreya pradAna kiyA gayA hai / isake atirikta jainetara sAkSyoM se pratIta hotA hai ki pAramparika hindU samAja meM varNa-vyavasthA ke niyantraNArtha eka anya pravRtti kriyAzIla thii| inhoMne pArthiva varNa-vyavasthA kI eka alaukika evaM daivI praticchAyA pradarzita kI, jisameM agni tathA bRhaspati ko brAhmaNa 1. kathAkoSa prakaraNa, pR0 120; draSTavya, yAdava-vahI, pR0 8 2. ke0 pI0 jaina-jaina eNTIkvaTI, bhAga 13,1647, aMka 1 3. mahA 161247 4. svAmimAM vRttimutkramya yastvanyA vRttimAcaret / sa pArthivainiyantavyo varNasaMkINiranyathA // mahA 16 / 248 5. padma 21 / 156, 22 / 28

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sAmAjika vyavasthA kA; indra, varuNa evaM yama ko kSatriya kA; vasu, vizvadeva evaM maruta ko vaizyoM kA aura USA ko zUdra kA pratinidhi prastAvita kiyA hai|' 4. vibhinna vargoM kI sAmAjika sthiti evaM kartavya : jaina purANoM ke adhyayana se brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdroM kI sAmAjika sthiti evaM unake kartavyoM para prakAza par3atA hai| tatkAlIna sAmAjika vyavasthA kA prabhAva jainAcAryoM para bhI par3A hai| unhoMne tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM ke Aloka meM apane granthoM kA praNayana kiyA / ukta varNoM ke viSaya meM vistRta vivaraNa adholikhita anucchedoM meM kiyA gayA hai| [abrAhmaNa : jaina granthoM ne sAmAnyatayA brAhmaNa ke lie dvija aura brAhmaNa zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, kintu prasaMgataH inameM vipra, bhUdeva, zrotie, purohita, devabhogI, bhauhUrtika, vADava, upAdhyAya tathA trivedI jaise zabda bhI prApta hote haiM / 2 dvija zabda kI inakI paribhASA pAramparika brAhmaNa granthoM kI paribhASA ke samAna calatI hai| mahA purANa ke anusAra vaha vyakti dvijanmA (dvija) hai, jisakA janma eka bAra mAtA ke garbha se aura dUsarI bAra usakI kriyA (pAramparika granthoM meM varNita saMskAra) se hotA hai| prastuta purANa isa bAta para bhI bala detA hai ki jisameM kriyA aura maMtra donoM kA abhAva hai, vaha mAtra nAmadhAraka dvija hai| isa purANa ne eka anya mahattvapUrNa tathya para bala dete hue varNita kiyA hai ki cAroM vargoM meM maulika bheda isalie nahIM hai ki garbhadhAraNa kriyA sabhI ke prasaMga meM samAna hai| inameM bheda kA kAraNa vastutaH unake nirdhArita karttavya haiM, jise isa purANa ne 'jAtikRta' bheda kI saMjJA pradatta kI hai| inameM svAbhAvika bheda kA abhAva hai, jise Alocita purANa ne 'AkRti' bheda kA abhidhAna diyA hai| DaoN0 jagadIza candra jaina ke matAnusAra jaina sUtroM meM 1. kANe-hisTrI oNpha dharmazAstra, bhAga 2, khaNDa 1, pUnA, 1674, pR0 42; vAyupurANa 30 // 67; brahmANDa purANa 2 / 13 / 65 2. gokula candra jaina-vahI, pR0 60 3. dvijAto hi dvijanmeSTa: kriyAto garbhatazca yaH / kriyA maMtravihInastu kevalaM nAmadhArakaH // mahA 38 / 48 dvija ke antargata brAhmaNa, kSatriya tathA vaizya Ate haiN| manu 10 / 4; yAjJavalkya 1 / 10; vAyu purANa 5621; brahmANDa purANa 2 / 32 / 22 4. mahA 38 / 47,74 / 461-463

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sAmAnyatayA brAhmaNoM ke prati avahelanA pradarzita kI gayI hai / kintu paurANika vAGmaya ne svabhAvataH samAja ke sarvAMgINa svarUpa kA paricaya prastuta kiyA hai / isI lie isa vAGmaya ke viziSTa grantha mahA purANa meM dvijoM kI zreSThatA ko prakAza meM lAte hue unake gauravAnvita pada kA pradhAna AdhAra jJAna mAnA hai / prastuta grantha meM brAhmaNa ke lie saMskAra, tapazcaraNa tathA zAstrAbhyAsa ko anivArya mAnA gayA hai aura yaha kathita hai ki tapazcaraNa aura zAstrAbhyAsa se jinakA saMskAra nahIM huA hai, ve jAti mAtra se bhale hI dvija hoM, vastutaH dvija kahalAne ke adhikArI nahIM haiM / brAhmaNoM ko varNottama mAnanA jaina sampradAya ko bhI mAnya hai / isakA samarthana mahApurANa ke eka anya prasaMga se hotA hai / vrata, maMtra, saMskAra, kSamA aura zauca meM tatpara rahane vAle tathA saMtoSa evaM nirdoSa AcaraNadhArI dvija vyakti ko sabhI varNoM meM zreSTha kahA gayA hai / " 40 mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki zruti, smRti, purANa, sadAcAra, maMtra, kriyAoM ke Azrita aura devatAoM ke cihna yajJopavIta ke dhAraNa karane tathA kAma kA vinAza karane se dvijoM kI zuddhI hotI thii|" isake atirikta yaha bhI varNita hai ki brAhmaNa sabhI varNoM meM zreSTha hone ke kAraNa vaha svataH dUsaroM ko zuddha karatA thA / isI purANa meM brAhmaNoM ke dasa adhikAroM kA ullekha bhI upalabdha hai- atibAla vidyA, kulAvadhi, varNottamatva, pAtratva, sRSTyadhikAritA, vyavahArezitA, avadhyatva, adaNDyatA, mAnArhatA tathA prajA sambandhAntara / 1. jagadIza candra jaina -- jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, vArANasI, 1665, pR0 224-225 mahA 36 / 130 tataH zrutAbhyAmevAtI jAtisaMskAra iSyate / asaMskRtastu yastAbhyAM jAtimAtreNa sa dvijaH / mahA 38|47 2. 4. 5. zrutasmRtapurAvRttamantra kriyAzritA / devatAliGgakAmAntakRtA zuddhirdvijanmanAm // mahA 36 / 136 mahA 36 / 131 - 132; tulanIya, sUtrakRtAMga 6 / 1 6. varNottamatvaM varNeSu prApnotyasaMzayam // mahA 401182 - 184 tulanIya, taittirIya brAhmaNa 3 7 3; mahAbhArata zAnti 343 / 13-14, 60 / 7- 12; vaziSTha 30 / 2 - 5; manusmRti 4 / 117 mahA 40 / 175-176 7.

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 41 ukta ullekhoM ke AdhAra para sAmAnyatayA yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki dvija zabda kA prayoga karate hue jaina purANa inake prati zraddhAlu haiN| kintu yaha tathya vicAra-vimarza kA prazna bana jAtA hai ki ve zraddheya dvija kauna the? isa prazna ke uttara meM aisI sahaja sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai ki vastutaH inakI zraddhA viSayaka ve brAhmaNa haiM, jo jaina matAvalambI the| anyathA jainetara brAhmaNoM ke prati inakI dRSTi siddhAntataH anudAra hI thii| jaina purANoM ke anusAra brAhmaNatva ke AdhArabhUta tIna kAraNa haiMtapa, zAstra-jJAna tathA jAti / ina tInoM meM prastuta grantha ne tapa ko sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa mAnA hai aura yaha bhI ullikhita hai ki sabase bar3I tapasyA ahiMsA vrata hai| isa mahAvrata ke viSaya meM aisA kahA gayA hai ki vastutaH brAhmaNa kA yahI lakSaNa hai| lambAyamAna zikhA hI brAhmaNatva kA pratIka nahIM hai| dhyAna vaha agni hai jisase brAhmaNatva kI siddhi hotI hai aura usakA 'zAnta-dAnta-citta' hI mukti kA kAraNa banatI hai| padma purANa ke anusAra brAhmaNa vaha vyakti hai jo RSabhadeva rUpI brahmA kA bhakta hai| isake atirikta mahA purANa ne una brAhmaNoM kI nindA kI hai jo isa grantha ke anusAra kaliyuga meM utpanna hokara jAti-viSayaka abhimAna ke kAraNa sadAcAra se bhraSTa hokara mokSa-mArga meM bAdhaka evaM virodhI baneMge tathA dhana kI AzA se nimnakoTi ke zAstroM ke dvArA logoM ko mohita karate rheNge| prastuta grantha meM aise brAhmaNoM ko adharmI ghoSita karate hue punaH kahA hai ki ye loga kaliyuga meM hiMsA ko dharma batAyeMge / isI purANa ne isa prasaMga meM veda kI bhI nindA kI hai aura ise hiMsA kA pratIka batAyA hai| aise brAhmaNoM kI veda nirdhArita veSabhUSA (vizeSatayA yajJopavIta) ko spaSTatayA pApa kA pratIka mAnA hai aura unheM dhAraNa karane vAle brAhmaNoM ko dhUrta varNita kiyA hai / " padmapurANa ne bhI jainamata dvArA vihita-Arambha meM virata rahanA, zIla evaM kriyA yukta honA-AcaraNoM ko na karane vAle brAhmaNoM ko kevala nAma mAtra kA brAhmaNa ghoSita kiyA hai| isI lie mahA purANa ne aise durAcArI, pApI tathA 1. mahA 42 / 162 2. vahI 421176-161 3. vahI 38 / 43; padma 10680-81 4. padma 11 / 201 AyuSman bhaktA...."sanmArgaparipanthinaH / mahA 41 / 46-53 6. padma 106182, 4 / 115-120

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pazubadha karane vAle dvijoM ko brAhmaNa kahalAne ke adhikAra se vaMcita kiyA hai| padma purANa ne una dvijoM ko hI brAhmaNa kI mAnyatA pradAna kI hai, jo mahAvrata rUpI coTI, kSamA rUpI yajJopavIta, dharma rUpI yajJa meM havana karate haiM evaM mukti ke lie siddhi karane meM tatpara tathA zAnta haiM / 2 ukta anuccheda meM varNita brAhmaNoM ke atirikta jaina AcAryoM ne aise brAhmaNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo vaidika paramparA ke anuyAyI the aura jinake karttavya Adi kA varNana jaina granthoM meM prApya hotA hai / udAharaNArtha, mahA purANa meM brAhmaNoM ke adhyayana, adhyApana, dAna tathA yAjJika kriyAoM kA bhI varNana upalabdha hai| isake atirikta anya jaina granthoM meM bhI brAhmaNArtha nirdhArita una caudaha vidyAoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jinakA varNana pAramparika dharmazAstra tathA purANa meM upalabdha hai| ye caudaha vidyAe~ isa prakAra haiM : SaTAMga (zikSA, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, chanda, jyotiSa evaM kalpa ), cAra veda ( Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda tathA atharvaveda ), mImAMsA, nyAya, purANa tathA dharmazAstra / ukta anucchedoM meM brAhmaNa kI sthiti tathA kartavyoM ke prasaMga meM jitane tattvoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, ve tatkAlIna vastusthiti ke paricAyaka avazya haiM, kintu harivaMza purANa kA eka sthala punarvicAra kA viSaya avazya bana jAtA hai, jahA~ yaha varNita hai ki pravaraka nAmaka brAhmaNa kRSaka thA tathA svataH hala calAkara apanA jIvikopArjana karatA thaa| prAcIna bhAratIya samAja ke jijJAsu vidvAnoM ne prastuta prazna ko gambhIratA se grahaNa kiyA hai tathA jina vizeSa sAkSyoM ko unhoMne prastAvita kiyA hai, ve haiM-manusmRti, parAzarasmRti evaM parAzarasmRti ke TIkAkAra mAdhavAcArya / manusmRti ke anusAra kRSi-vRtti brAhmaNa ke lie apekSita nahIM hai kyoMki karSaNa kArya se bhUmigata kITANuoM kI hatyA hotI hai, kintu manusmRtikAra ne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA 1. mahA 36 / 133 2. padma 10681-82 3. mahA 16 / 246 4. jagadIza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 227 5. AsItpravarako nAmnA grAme'traiva kRSIbalaH / vipraH prakRSya sa kSetraM mahAvarSAnilAditaH / / harivaMza 43 / 116

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sAmAjika vyavasthA hai ki ApAtakAla meM brAhmaNa kRSi kArya sampanna kara sakatA hai| parAzarasmRti ( 600 se 600 I0 ke madhya ) ne kaliyuga kA vRtAnta dete hue kRSi ko brAhmaNoM kI AjIvikA ke antargata sammilita kiyA hai / 2 parAzarasmRti ke TIkAkAra mAdhavAcArya ne isI tathya ko spaSTa karate hue varNana kiyA hai ki kRSi-vRtti--jo ki prArambha meM brAhmaNoM ke lie ApAtakAlIna vRtti thI, kaliyuga meM sAmAnya - vRtti bana cukI thI / yaha ullekhanIya hai ki ukta TIkAkAra mAdhavAcArya ne apanI TIkA meM 'kAryet' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, na ki 'kuryAt' / ' kAryet zabda para bala dete hue DaoN0 brajanAtha siMha yAdava kA kathana hai ki brAhmaNa svayaM kRSi kArya nahIM karatA thA, apitu kRSi - kArya zUdroM ke mAdhyama se karavAtA thA / aisI sthiti meM brAhmaNa kA 'karSaNa kArya' se sambandha sthApita nahIM ho pAtA, apitu 'kRSi-vRtti' ke sAtha sambaddha avazya ho jAtA hai / " kintu kUrma purANa ( jo pUrvamadhyakAlIna racanA hai ) se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vikalpata: brAhmaNa karSaNa kara sakatA hai / aisI sthiti meM jaina harivaMza purANa aura pAramparika kUrma purANa ke varNana meM paryApta samAnatA pradarzita hotI hai / sambhavataH harivaMza purANa ne nindA aura garhaNA ke lie brAhmaNa ko kRSaka aura halavAhaka batAyA hai / kyoMki jaisAki manusmRti ke ukta varNana se spaSTa hai ki hala calAne se jIva hiMsA hotI thI aura hiMsA-vRtti jainamata ke lie mAnya nahIM thI, aisI sthiti meM spaSTa hai ki brAhmaNa kRSi kArya ko zUdroM se karavAtA thA, na ki svataH karatA thA / [ba] kSatriya : jaina purANa kSatriya varNa ke liye prAyaH 'kSatra' aura 'kSatriya' zabda kA prayoga karate haiM / kintu inameM kahIM-kahIM 'ayonija' zabda kA bhI ullekha 1. 2. 3. bRhatparAzara saMhitA 114 4. 5. 6. uddhRta - kRtyakalpataru ke gRhasthakANDa, pR0 161 parAzarasmRti, AcArakANDa, 201 7. taiH sahito vipraH zuzrUSakaiH zUdraH kRSi kAryet / parAzarasmRti para mAdhavAcArya kI TIkA, AcArakANDa 22 yAdava, vahI, pR0 10 svayaM vA karSaNaM kuryAtvANijyaM vA kusIdakam / AcArakANDa 22 uddhRta - yAdava - vahI, pR0 80, TippaNI 105 padma 11 / 202, harivaMza 6 / 38, mahA 44 / 30 43

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44 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 'kSatriya' zabda ke dyotanArtha huA hai / 'ayonija' zabda ko samIkSA kA viSaya banAyA jA sakatA hai| isakA zAbdika artha hotA hai, aisI jAti jisakI utpatti mAnavIya yoni se nahIM huI hai| sambhavataH yaha zabda usa agnikula ke AkhyAna ko dyotita karatA hai, jise rAjapUtoM kI utpatti kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / jaina purANa spaSTatayA ukta AkhyAna kA ullekha nahIM karate haiM, pratyuta ise prakArAntara se prastuta karate haiM / udAharaNArtha, mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki kSatriyoM kI utpatti jinendra deva se huI hai aura isI se ve 'ayonija' kahalAte haiN|' prAcIna kSatriya jAti se pUrvamadhyakAlIna rAjapUta jAti kA rakta-sambandha sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai athavA nahIM ? isa prazna ko katipaya vidvAnoM ne hAla hI meM sulajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai / jeDa0 jI0 ema0 DaireTa ne rAjapUtoM ko prAcIna kSatriya jAti se pRthak karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| kintu DaoN0 brajanAtha siMha yAdava isa mata kI zraddheyatA svIkAra nahIM karate haiM / / jaina purANoM meM kSatriya jAti ke lie jo karttavya vihita kiye gaye haiM, unameM do tattvoM kA samanvaya dRSTigata hotA hai| prathamataH unameM vahI kSatriyocita karttavya varNita haiM, jinakA ullekha prAcIna kSatriyoM ke saMdarbha meM anya granthoM meM upalabdha hai| dvitIya, ina kSatriyoM ke kartavya gaurava meM zaurya aura parAkrama kA bAra-bAra ullekha prApta hotA hai, jise rAjapUtoM kI 'sivailrI' kahate haiN| ataeva aisI sthiti meM sAmAnya niSkarSa yahI nikalatA hai ki rAjapUta purAne kSatriyoM se pRthak nahIM the| jaina purANoM ke anusAra vinAza (kSat) se rakSA (trANa) karane se kSatriya saMjJA prApta hotI hai|' ukta purANa meM kSatriya kI AjIvikA zastra dhAraNa karanA varNita hai| padma purANa meM vipanna vyakti ko kSati na pahu~cAnA, sote hue, bandhana meM par3e hue, vinamra, bhaya-trasta tathA dA~toM meM tRNa dabAye hue yoddhA ko na mAranA kSatriya kA parama kartavya nirUpita 1. divyamUrtaruputpadma jinAdutpAdayajjinAn / ratnatrayaM tu tadyoninupAstasmAdayonijAH // mahA 42115 2. DaireTa-je0 i0 esa0 eca0 o0, bhAga 7, 1664, pR0 74 3. yAdava-vahI, pR0 32 4. kSatrAt trAyata ityAsIt kSattro'yaM bharatezvaraH / mahA 44 / 30; padma 356 5. kSatriyA : zastrajIvitvamanubhUya tadAbhavan / mahA 16 / 184

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sAmAjika vyavasthA hai / ye vizeSatAe~ vastutaH rAjapUta 'sivailarI' ke antargata AtI haiM jisakA ullekha tatkAlIna granthoM meM aneka sthaloM para milatA hai - udAharaNArtha, rAjataraMgiNI / 2 isa saMdarbha meM mahA purANa kA eka sthala vizeSatayA vicAraNIya hai, jahA~ brahmA RSabhadeva ne sarvaprathama kSatriya varNa kI sRSTi kI thI / ApAtataH yaha prasaMga cAturvarNa sRjana ke pAramparika AkhyAna ke samarUpa nahIM hai, jahA~ brAhmaNa ko brahmA kI prathama sRSTi mAnA gayA hai / yaha sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai ki jainI paramparA kA yaha sampradAyagata lakSaNa hai / kintu isakI aitihAsika vyAkhyA anya DhaMga se bhI kI jA sakatI hai / guptoM ke patana ke uparAnta yadi eka ora rAjanItika viplava ke spaSTa lakSaNa dRSTigocara ho rahe the, to dUsarI ora samAja meM hI sambhrama kI pravRttiyA~ kriyAzIla ho rahI thiiN| aisI sambhAvanA hai ki jaina purANoM ke racanAkAla meM sArvabhaumasattA ke sthAna para sAmantavAdI vicAradhArAe~ adhika prabala ho rahI thIM aura rAjasthAna evaM gujarAta jaise kSetroM meM sAmantoM ne na kevala rAjanItika dRSTi se, apitu sAmAjika dRSTi se bhI apanA gaurava sthApita kiyA thaa| yaha sambhAvita bhI hai ki mahA purANa dvArA kSatriya jAti kI sarvazreSThatA svIkAra kiyA jAnA isI sthiti kI ora saMketa karatA hai | kSatriyoM ke saMdarbha meM jaina purANoM ne inake anya karttavyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / mahA purANa ne kSatriyoM ke pA~ca - kula - pAlana, buddhi - pAlana, Atma-rakSA, prajA rakSA tathA samajjasattva-dharma (kartavya) varNita kiye haiM / " ukta purANa meM hI kSatriyoM ke anya karttavyoM meM nyAyocita vRtti, dharmAnusAra dhanopArjana karanA, rakSA karanA, vRddhi ko prApta karanA tathA yogya pAtra ko dAna dene kA vidhAna varNita hai / [sa] vaizya : vaizyArtha jaina purANoM meM vaizya, seTha, vaNik, zreSThI evaM sArthavAha zabda prayukta hue haiN| zreSThi pada parivAra ke sabase variSTha vyakti ko diyA jAtA thA / " 1. padma 3 / 246, 78/12 2. rAjataraMgiNI 7 / 325 Ana vedhasA sRSTaH sargeyaM kSatrapUrvakaH / mahA 42|6 3. 4. draSTavya, yAdava - vahI, pR0 34 5. mahA 4214 6. vahI 42 / 13 7. 45 vahI 47 / 215

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jaina purANoM ke praNayana kAla meM vaizyoM kI sAmAjika sthiti kaisI thI? isa prazna para vicArArtha 'sArthavAha' zabda ullekhanIya hai / 'sArthavAha' kA artha hai usa TolI kA netA jo vANijya aura vyApAra ke saMdarbha meM deza-videza meM bhramaNa karatA thA / uparyukta kathana kI puSTi jaina purANoM se hotA hai ki vaizya dhanopArjana ke lie deza se bAhara jAyA karate the| anya sAkSyoM se bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki tatkAlIna bhArata ( vizeSatayA gujarAta) ke baniyoM ne vANijya aura vyApAra ke vikAsa meM vizeSa yogadAna diyA thA aura ve itane samRddhavAn the ki kucheka to sAmanta vyavasthA meM sammilita ho gaye the / 2 ukta paurANika saMdarbha vaizyoM kI utthAnaparaka sthiti kI sUcanA pradAna karate haiM / kintu inakI sthiti kA eka anya pakSa bhI thaa| jaina purANoM meM spaSTatayA varNita hai ki vaizyoM kI nirdhArita AjIvikA vyApAra ke atirikta kRSi aura pazupAlana bhI thA / padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki vANijya, khetI, gorakSA Adi ke vyApAra meM rata loga vaizya hote haiN| yaha varNana yathArthatA ke nikaTa kahA~ taka hai ? yaha eka vicAraNIya prazna hai / kyoMki jaisAki isake pUrva varNana kiyA jA cukA hai ki jaina purANoM ke racanA-kAla meM vaizya pradhAnatayA vANijya se sambandhita the / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ina purANoM ke varNana vaizyoM ke atItakAlIna kartavyoM kI ora saMketa karate haiM aura ina varNanoM ko mAtra maulika AdarzoM kA avazeSa mAnA jA sakatA hai| DaoN0. yAdava kA vicAra hai ki pUrvamadhyakAla meM vANijya aura vyApAra kI unnati ke kAraNa vaizyoM kI pUrvanirdhArita AjIvikA meM parivartana A gayA thaa| kintu tatkAlIna vaizyoM kI sthiti kA svarUpAMkana karane vAle Adhunika jaina vidvAnoM ne eka dUsarA hI tarka prastuta kiyA hai| inakI samIkSA ke anusAra vaizyoM ne kRSi aura pazupAlana ke kArya ko isalie chor3A thA, kyoMki isameM hiMsA kI sambhAvanA adhika rahatI thii| 1. padma 55661, 83 / 80; harivaMza 2178-80; mahA 70 / 150 2. yAdava-vahI, pR0 38 3. mahA 16 / 184; padma 4 / 202, 3 / 256; harivaMza 6 / 36 4. padma 3 / 257 5. yAdava--vahI, pR0 38 6. kailAza candra jaina - prAcIna bhAratIya sAmAjika evaM Arthika saMsthAe~, bhopAla, 1671, pR0 41

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sAmAjika vyavasthA [da] zUdra : jaina purANoM meM zUdrArtha kAru, akAru preSya, dAsa, antyaja tathA zUdra zabda vyavahata hue haiM / jaina purANoM ke anusAra jo nIca karma karate the tathA zAstroM se dUra bhAgate the, unheM 'zUdra' kahA gayA hai / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki jo kSatriya tathA vaizyoM kI sevA karate the, ve zUdra kahalAte the / 2 jaina purANoM se zUdroM ke vibhAjana para bhI prakAza par3atA hai| padma purANa meM zUdroM ke preSya, dAsa Adi bheda upalabdha haiM / mahA purANa ne zUdroM ke mukhyataH do bheda varNita kiye haiM : * [ka] kAru zUdra : dhobI, nAI Adi kAru zUdra the| [kha] akAru zUdra : kAru se bhinna AcaraNa karane vAle akAru hote the / kAru zUdra ke bhI spRzya aura aspRzya ke bheda se do upabheda hote the : 1. spRzya kAru zUdra : jo spRzya yA chUne yogya the unheM spRzya kAru zUdra kahA , gayA hai / udAharaNArtha, nAI, kumhAra Adi / 2. aspRzya kAru zUdra : jo chUne yogya nahIM hote the, unheM aspRzya kAru zUdra kahA gayA hai| udAharaNArtha, cANDAla Adi / jainetara granthoM meM takSakAra, tantravAya (julAhA), nApita, rajaka evaM carmakAra ina pA~ca prakAra ke kAru zilpiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| DaoN0 Ara0 esa0 zarmA kA zUdroM kI sthiti para yaha vicAra hai ki kAlAntara meM zUdroM ne kRSi, pazupAlana, zilpa evaM vyApAra dvArA apanI sthiti sudRr3ha kara vaizyoM ke samIpa Ane lage the| jo kheta brAhmaNa ko upalabdha the, una para ve zUdroM dvArA khetI karavAte the| jaina purANoM ke samaya meM zUdroM kI sthiti sudhArane kI ceSTA kI gaI hai| jaina evaM bauddha dharmoM ke AndolanoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa zUdroM ko 1. ye tu zrutAd drutiM prAptA nIcakarmavidhAyinaH / zUdrasajJAmavApuste bhedaiH preSyAdibhistathA // padma 3 / 28, harivaMza636 tulanIya-mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 60 / 28-35; udyogaparva 40 / 28; bhISmaparva 42 / 44; manusmRti / 161 2. teSAM zuzrUSaNAcchUdrAste..."mahA 16 / 185 3. padma 8 / 258 4. mahA 16 / 185-186 5. yAjJavalkya 2 / 246, 1 / 187; manusmRti 5 / 128, 10 / 12 6. Ara0 ela0 zarmA-vahI, pR0 282 '9. prema sumana jaina-kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, vaizAlI, 1675, pR0 107

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48 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana heya dRSTi se dekhA jAnA kama ho gayA thA / kucha tAMtrika AcArya svayaM zUdra the|' [ya] dAsa-prathA : prAcIna vizva kI saMskRtiyoM meM dAsoM kI sthiti ke saMdarbha meM prAyaH unakI dayanIya sthiti kI hI sUcanA upalabdha hai| misrI, sumeriyana tathA yUnAnI sabhyatAoM meM inake kaTutApUrNa jIvana ke sAkSya prApta hote haiM / bhAratIya saMskRti ke Aditama grantha Rgveda ke varNanAnusAra Arya apane virodhI jAti ko dAsa kahate the| taittirIya saMhitA (2 / 2 / 6 / 3), bRhadAraNyopaniSad (4 / 4 / 23), chAndogyopaniSad (7 / 24 / 2), arthazAstra (3 / 13), ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 4 / 6 / 11), jaiminI (6 / 7 / 6), manusmRti (1061), mahAbhArata (233 / 43) Adi prAcIna granthoM meM dAsoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jaina purANoM ke racanA-kAla meM gRhaparicAraka athavA gRhaparicArikA dAsoM kI hI koTi meM parigaNita kiye jAte the| kahIM to inameM dAsa-dAsI' athavA ghaTadAsI kA spaSTa ullekha huA hai aura kahIM inheM dhAya', dUtI tathA paricArikA' zabda se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai| jaisAki luDaviga sTanavArava kA kathana hai ki isa samayAvadhi meM gRhaparicAraka bhI dAsoM kI bhA~ti asvAdhIna sthiti meM vidyamAna the| manu ne sAta prakAra ke dAsoM kA varNana kiyA hai-yuddha meM bandI banAyA gayA 1. kailAzacandra-vahI, pR0 4; dazaratha zarmA-rAjasthAna yU da aiz2a z2a, pR0 435 2. insAiklopIDiyA oNpha sozala sAinseja, bhAga 14 pR0 74, draSTavya, pI0vI0 kANe-hisTrI oNpha dharmazAstra, bhAga 2, khaNDa 1, pR0 180 brasTeDa-kankvesTa oNpha sivilIjezana, landana, 1634, pR0 615 3. Rgveda 8 / 16 / 36, 8156 / 3 4. harivaMza 43 / 2; mahA 20156 5. vahI, 8.52 6. vahI 33 / 47-50 7. padma 6 / 381-422; mahA 14 / 165, 43 / 33 8. harivaMza 43 / 23; mahA 75 / 464-465 6. mahA 16 / 114-125 10. luDaviga sTanavArava-juriDikala sTaDIja ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyana lA, dillI, 1665, pR0 471 tathA aage|

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sAmAjika vyavasthA (dhvajAhRta), bhojana ke badale rakhA hu| (bhuktadAsa), dAsIputra (gRhaja), kharIdA huA (krIta), dUsare ke dvArA diyA huA (dAtrima), pUrvajoM se prApta (paitRka) aura bhugatAna ke lie banA huA (dnndddaas)| paM. vAsudeva upAdhyAya ke matAnusAra bhRtyoM aura dAsoM meM itanA antara thA ki bhRtya naukarI karate hue bhI svataMtra the aura isa prakAra vaha jo kamAtA thA usakA adhikArI vaha svayaM hotA thaa| parantu dAsa parataMtra hote the tathA ve jo kucha arjana karate the, vaha unake svAmI kA hotA thA / 2 dAsa prathA kI sUcanA jaina purANoM se bhI upalabdha hotI hai / mahA purANa ke anusAra sevaka kA yaha karttavya thA ki vaha svAmI ke anusAra cale tathA usake muTThiyoM se diye hue anna se jIvana nirvAha kre|' padma purANa kI pravRtti isa saMdarbha meM kucha udAra pratIta hotI hai| isake anusAra sevaka ko svAmI ke samIpa bhaya-rahita hokara aise vacana bolanA cAhie, jo svAmI ke lie hitakArI ho| mahA purANa ne svAmI ke hitArtha sevaka dvArA Atmotsarga kiyA jAnA usakA ucita karttavya mAnA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki udAra hRdaya svAmI apane sevaka kA samucita sammAna bhI karatA thaa| isa grantha kA kathana hai ki svAmI dvArA satkRta hone para sevaka jitanA saMtuSTa hotA hai. utanA pracura mAtrA meM dhanarAzi dene para bhI nahIM hotaa| harivaMza purANa ke anusAra apane-apane niyogoM para acchI taraha sthira rahanA hI bhRtyoM kI svAmI-sevA hai| padma purANa meM varNita hai ki saMbhramadeva ne apanI dAsI ke kUTa tathA kArpaTika nAmaka do putroM ko jaina mandira meM niyukta kiyA thaa| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki svAmI kA apane dAsa yA dAsiyoM ke baccoM para bhI adhikAra rahatA thaa| 1. dhvajAhRto bhuktadAso gRhajaH krItadAtrimo / pautriko daNDadAsazca saptate dAsayonayaH // manu 48 / 15 2. vAsudeva upAdhyAya-gupta sAmrAjya kA itihAsa, bhAga 2, ilAhAbAda, 1652, pR0 240 3. mahA 44 / 125; tulanIya-gautama 10 // 60-61; manusmRti 10 / 124-125 4. paramArtho hi nirbhIkarupadezo'nujIvibhiH / padma 66 / 3 5. mahA 44 / 234-235 6. vahI 42 / 157 7. bhartR sevA hi bhUtyAnAM svAdhikAreSu susthitiH / harivaMza 56 / 21 8. padma 52122-123

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana aisA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki dAsoM kA eka aisA varga bhI thA jo svAmI ke parivAra kA aMga nahIM thA aura isa koTi ke dAsa begAra (viSTi) ke lie bAdhya kiye jAte the| isa sandarbha meM DaoN0 Ara0 esa0 zarmA kA mata hai ki dAsa aura carmakAra se begAra lene kI prathA maurya kAla se hI calI A rahI thI aura Age calakara begAra hI vaizya tathA zudra kI pRthaktA kA mApadaNDa bana gy| / prAcIna samaya meM begAra-prathA kA pracalana thA / / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaina purANoM ke racanAkAla meM dAsoM kI sthiti meM sudhAra lAne kI pravRtti prArambha ho cukI thI, jinake pramANa ina granthoM meM anekatra prApta hote haiM / yaha sudhAravAdI dRSTikoNa vyavahAra meM kahA~ taka yathArtha siddha huA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| kintu isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki ye paurANika vicAra hameM romana saMskRti ke usa stara kA smaraNa dilAte haiM, jabaki dAsoM kI dazA ko unnata karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA thaa| pUrva-madhyakAla ke sAkSyoM kI samIkSA karane ke uparAnta DaoN0 yAdava isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki dAsa-paricArakoM ko vastra-bhojanAdi kI samucita vyavasthA karanA svAmI kA kartavya thA / " ___ Alocita jaina purANa bArambAra sevAvRtti kI nindA karate haiN| padma purANa meM ise duHkha aura nindA kA viSaya batAyA gayA hai| ukta grantha ke anusAra manuSya kutte kA jIvana vyatIta kare, kintu sevaka kI vRtti apanAnA usake lie ucita nahIM hai| kyoMki aisA karane se usakI AtmA nirantara duHkha kA anubhava karatI hai| isI purANa meM prasaMgAntara se varNita hai ki manuSya ko bhRtya kA jIvana isalie nahIM svIkAra 1. viSTidaNDakarANAM ca nibandho rAjasAdbhavet / mahA 16 / 168 2. Ara0 esa0 zarmA-zUdrAja ina aizeNTa iNDiyA, vArANasI, 1658, pR0 281-282 3. jJAnendra rAya-phorsaDa lebara ina aizeNTa aiNDa arlI meDivala iNDiyA, da iNDiyana hisTorikala rivyU, bhAga 3, aMka 1, julAI 1676, pR0 16-52 4. asTeDa-da kankvesTa oNpha sivilIjezana, landana, 1654, pR0 615 5. yAdava-vahI, pR0 74 6. padma 67 / 146 7. vahI 67 / 141

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 51 karanA cAhie kyoMki aisA karane se vastutaH vaha apanI zakti se vaMcita hotA hI hai aura isake atirikta vaha prakArAnta se apane mAMsa kA vikraya karatA hai tathA usakI tulanA kacar3A-ghara se kI gayI hai / 2 purANakAra ne bhRtya-vRtti ko saba prakAra se nindanIya batAyA hai|' [5] varNasaMdhara : upajAtiyoM kA vizleSaNa : prAcIna bhAratIya samAja ke jijJAsu anveSaka vidvAnoM ne yaha sujhAva rakhA hai ki sAmAjika saMracanA ke nizcita cAra staroM ke atirikta prArambha meM eka upastara bhI prakAza meM A rahA thA, jisake AvirbhAva kI mUla preraNA varNasaMkara dvArA upalabdha huI / varNasaMkara ke pakSa meM prArambha meM prArambhika dharmazAstra evaM purANa nahIM the| isa maulika udbhAvanA ke avazeSa uttarakAlIna jainetara granthoM meM to prApya hote hI haiM, isake atirikta tatsambandhita vivaraNa Alocita purANoM meM bhI upalabdha haiN| udAharaNArtha, harivaMza purANa tathA mahA purANa meM isa prakAra kA varNana prApya hai ki varNasaMkaratA ko dUra karanA rAjA kA kartavya hai aura varNasaMkara utpanna karane vAle loga daNDa ke pAtra haiN| kintu aisA pratIta hotA hai ki uttarakAlIna sAmAjika saMzliSTatA evaM navIna Arthika mAnyatAoM ke phalasvarUpa bahuta-sI upajAtiyA~ prakAza meM A cukI thIM, jinake ullekha jainetara granthoM (bRhatdharma purANa) meM prApta hote haiM jinheM AlocanA kA viSaya banAyA jA cukA hai|" jaina sampradAya meM jAti-vyavasthA ko mAnyatA prApta nahIM thii| jaina AgamoM meM jAti-vyavasthA kI nindA kI gayI hai| jaina purANoM meM se padma purANa meM jAti 1. padma 67 / 148 2. vahI 67 / 144 3. vahI 8 / 162, 67 / 140 4. harivaMza 1417; mahA 16 / 248 5. bRhatdharma purANa 3 / 13; Ara0 sI0 majUmadAra-hisTrI oNpha baMgAla, bhAga 1, pR0 567; rameza candra hAz2arA-sTaDIz2a ina da upapurANAja, bhAga 2, pR0 437 6. uttarAdhyayana 12 / 37; AcArAMga 2 (3) / 46

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vyavasthA ko hatotsAhita kiyA gayA hai| jabaki mahA purANa ne jAti-vyavasthA ko mAnyatA pradAna kI hai / mahA purANa kA prabhAva uttaravartI jaina granthoM meM milatA hai / 52 upajAtiyA~ : sAmAjika evaM Arthika vizleSaNa : jaina purANoM meM jina upajAtiyoM kA ullekha huA hai unheM do vargoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM / prathama, jinakA AvirbhAva sAmAjika saMzleSaNa ke pariNAmasvarUpa huA thA / dvitIya, jo tatkAlIna viziSTa Arthika paristhitiyoM ke phalasvarUpa AvirbhUta hue the / prathama varga ke antargata sAmAjika Avartta', ( mlecchoM kI upajAti), AraNya ( mlecchoM kI upajAti), cilAta', ( dhArmika utsavoM meM sammilita hone vAlI jaMgalI jAti); mleccha', zabara / " dvitIya varga meM Arthika dRSTikoNa se agralikhita upajAtiyA~ AtI haiM : klArina" ( zarAba dvArA AjIvikA calAne vAlI ), kapATajIvi 2 ( bar3haI), kulAla " (kumbhakAra), kuvinda" ( julAhA ), kaMvarta" ( kahAra), gopAla ( ahIra yA AbhIra), 1. padma 11 / 165-202 2. phUla candra - varNa, jAti aura dharma, kAzI, 1663, pR0 158-164 3. mahA 32|76 4. vahI 16 161 5. vahI 16 / 161 6. vahI 32|76 7. vahI 36 / 168 8. padma 41 / 3; mahA 16 161 6. vahI 27 / 5; vahI 41 / 66 dRSTi se nimnavat upajAtiyA~ AtI haiM ; caraTa" (jaMgalI yoddhAoM kI jAti), ( mlecchoM kI upajAti), divyA jAti), pulinda (asabhya evaM varvara 10. 11. harivaMza 33 / 60 vahI 7/266, 32 26; mahA 16 / 161 12. padma 61 / 24 13. vahI 5 / 287; mahA 25 / 126 14. mahA 4 / 26 15. padma 14 / 27 16. vahI 34 / 60; mahA 42 / 138

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sAmAjika vyavasthA ghoSa' (ahIra), cANDAla2, tAmbUlikA (tamolI), dhIvara (machalI becane vAlI jAti), naTa', nApita' (nAI), niSAda (kevaTa), naigama (vyApAriyoM kI eka jAti), bhIla', mAlI (mAlAkAra), mAtaMga" (jaMgalI zikArI), mRgayoSita'2 (zikArI), nirAda", rajaka" (dhobI), lAsaka 5 (nRtya dvArA AjIvikA karane vAlI jAti); lubdhaka" ( pakSioM ko becane vAlI jAti ), aura vyAdha" ( bhIla ) / 1. padma 33 / 52; mahA 16 / 176 2. mahA 42 / 342 3. padma 801178 vahI 58 / 65; mahA 71 / 326 5. vahI 6136 6. mahA 16 / 186 7. padma 8580 8. mahA 16 / 247 6. vahI 62187 10. vahI 17 / 167 11. padma 2 / 45; harivaMza 25 / 54 12. mahA 11 / 202 13. harivaMza 356 14. mahA 16 / 185 15. padma 2036 16. mahA 16 / 161 17. padma 8576; mahA 70 / 156

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55 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [ga]. Azrama-vyavasthA sAmAnyatayA Azrama zabda kI vyAkhyA 'zram' dhAtu ke AdhAra para kI jAtI hai| 'Azramyanti asmin iti AzramaH' arthAt aisI jIvana-paddhati jisameM manuSya 'zram' karatA huA apane Apako samAja ke lie nirdhArita kartavyoM ke anukUla sakSama banAtA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jainiyoM ne Azrama-vyavasthA ko brAhmaNa dharma se uddhRta kiyA hai, tathApi isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki jainocita anuzAsana ke anukUla unhoMne isameM saMzodhana kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai / mahA purANa ne spaSTatayA svIkAra kiyA hai ki jainiyoM ke cAra Azrama brahmacarya, gRhastha, vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsa haiN| isake sAthasAtha mahA purANa kA yaha bhI kathana hai ki una AzramoM meM zucitA Avazyaka hai|' kintu, mahA purANa meM yaha bhI vaNita hai ki antarbhedoM ke kAraNa ina AzramoM ke aneka prakAra bana jAte haiM / 2 padma purANa meM sAgAra aura anagAra Azrama kA ullekha milatA hai| uparyukta tathyoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki sampradAyocita viziSTa mAnyatAoM ke uparAnta bhI jaina mata ko Azrama-vyavasthA svIkAra hai| bhAratIya AzramavyavasthA ke anuzIlana karane vAle vidvAnoM ne ApastambadharmasUtra, gautamadharmasUtra, vaziSThadharmasUtra aura manusmRti Adi anthoM ke AdhAra para yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki Azrama-vyavasthA vyakti ke jIvana ke vibhinna staroM kA prazikSaNa sthala hai tathA isake anuzAsana kI AdhArazilA hai / DaoN0 panyArI nAtha prabhu ke matAnusAra vastutaH ina cAroM avasthAoM ke mAdhyama se manuSya apanA gantavya nizcita karatA hai aura ye 1. caturNAmAzramANAM ca zuddhiH sthAdArhate mate / cAturAzramyamanyeSAM avicAritasundaram / / brahmacArI gRhasthazca vAnaprastho'tha bhikSukaH / ityAzramAstu jainAnAm uttarottarazuddhitaH / / mahA 36 / 151-152 2. mahA 36 / 153 3. padma 5 / 166 4. ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 6 / 21 / 1; gautama dharmasUtra 32; vasiSThadharmasUtra 7 / 1-2, draSTavya, pI0vI0 kANe - hisTrI oNpha dharmazAstra, bhAga 2, khaNDa 1, pR0 417-418

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sAmAjika vyavasthA cAroM avasthAe~ prazikSaNa kI cAra zreNiyoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kI jA sakatI haiM / ' ukta varNana se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki AzramoM kI jo saMkhyA athavA krama smArta evaM pAramparika purANoM meM upalabdha hai, vahI jaina purANoM ko bhI mAnya hai / isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki bhAratIya paramparA meM Azrama vyavasthA bahuta prAcIna hai / yadyapi vaidika granthoM meM Azrama zabda kA ullekha nahIM huA hai tathApi jaisAki kANe kA sujhAva hai ki brahmacarya, gRhastha, vAnaprastha tathA saMnyAsa athavA inake samAnArthaka zabdoM kA prasaMga vaidika granthoM ne aneka staroM para kiyA hai| aisA bhI sujhAva hai ki upaniSadoM ke kAla taka Azramabodhaka bhAvanA kI AdhArazilA pratiSThita ho cukI thI / uttaravartI staroM para vikasita Azrama - vyavasthA kA mUla inhIM granthoM meM DhUMDhA jA sakatA hai / jaina purANoM meM Azrama vyavasthA viSayaka jo jAnakArI milatI hai, usakA varNana nimnAMkita hai / 1. brahmacaryAzrama : mahA purANa meM brahmacaryAzrama ke viSaya meM vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai / bAlaka kI ATha varSa kI Ayu meM upanIti - kriyA (upanayana saMskAra) sampanna hotI thI / isa kriyA meM bAlaka kA keza muNDana, vratabandhana tathA mauJjIbandhana ( ( kaTipradeza meM mU~ja kI rassI kA bandhana) kiyA jAtA thA / prastuta kriyA meM aneka vidhi-vidhAna sampanna kiye jAte the / brahmacArI ko arhantadeva kI pUjA jinAlaya meM karanI par3atI thI / mauJjI-bandhana ke atirikta use zveta dupaTTA evaM dhotI dhAraNa karanA par3atA thA / isake uparAnta use yajJopavIta dhAraNa karAyA jAtA thA, jise vrata kA pratIka mAnA jAtA thA / use bhikSAvRtti meM niyukta kiyA jAtA thA tathA bhikSAvRtti se prApta AhAra kA agrabhAga vaha arhantadeva ko samarpita karatA thA / isake uparAnta zeSa bhAga ko vaha svayaM grahaNa karatA thaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki brahmacArI jisa muJjA-mekhalA aura yajJopavIta ko dhAraNa karatA thA use vizeSa vidhi se banAte the / yaha muJjA tIna laroM se banatI thI aura ise vizuddhi 1. 2. 3. 4. prabhu - vahI, pR0 78 draSTavya, kANe - vahI, pR0 418 draSTavya, rAnADe - e kAMsTrakTiva sarva oNpha upaniSadika pR0 60-61; prabhu -vahI, pR0 84 rAjabalI pR0 262 mahA 38 / 104 - 108 55 philAsaphI, pANDeya - hindU saMskArAja,

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56 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kA kAraNabhUta "ratnatraya' kA dyotaka mAnate the / yajJopavIta sAta laroM kA banatA thA aura yaha saptabhaMgInaya kA pratIka thA / isa kriyA meM brahmacArI kA muNDana bhI anivArya thA tathA ise vacana, mana evaM karma kI pavitratA kA kAraNa mAnate the / isake atirikta isI avasara para use ahiMsA vrata dhAraNa karane ke lie vacanabaddha honA par3atA thA / ' prastuta Azrama meM kucha kriyAe~ niSiddha mAnI jAtI thIM- jaise vRkSa kI dAtauna karanA, pAna khAnA, aMjana lagAnA, haldI se snAna karanA, palaMga para sonA, dUsare vyakti ke zarIra ke sAtha samparka ityAdi / jo vizeSa kriyAe~ vidheya thIM, unameM pratidina snAna, zarIra kI zuddhatA aura pRthvI para zayana jaise kAryoM para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / 2 prastuta Azrama meM brahmacArI kA mUla karttavya thA, guru-mukha se zrAvakAcAra par3hanA aura vinayapUrvaka AdhyAtmazAstra kA avalokana karanA / AcAra evaM AdhyAtma viSayaka zAstra kA jJAna prApta karane ke uparAnta vidvatA evaM pANDitya prApti hetu anya zAstroM kA adhyayana bhI apekSita thaa| ina zAstroM meM vyAkaraNa zAstra, arthazAstra, jyotiSazAstra, chandazAstra, zakunazAstra evaM gaNitazAstra kA vizeSa ullekha kiyA gayA hai / donoM kA hI dAtauna karanA, brahmacarya Azrama meM 'gRhIta vizeSa vrata' aura 'yAvat jIvana vrata' AcaraNa kiyA jAtA thA / 'gRhIta vizeSa vrata' (jinameM vRkSa kI pAna khAnA, haldI se snAna karanA, palaMga para sonA, dUsare vyakti ke zarIra se samparka Adi sammilita the) brahmacarya Azrama taka hI sImita rahatA thA, kintu 'yAvat jIvana vrata' brahmacarya Azrama ke uparAnta jIvanaparyanta calate the, jinameM madhutyAga, mAMsatyAga, pA~ca, udumbara phaloM kA tyAga aura hiMsAdi pA~ca sthUla pApoM kA tyAga Adi kI pradhAnatA thI / brahmacarya Azrama kI samApti evaM gRhasthAzrama meM praveza ke pUrva vyakti kI 'tAvataraNa kriyA' sampanna hotI thI / pratIta hotA hai ki brahmacarya Azrama kI avadhi 1. mahA 38 / 106 - 113 2. vahI 38 / 115-117 3. vahI 38 / 117-120 4. vahI 38 / 121-122

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sAmAjika vyavasthA bAraha athavA solaha varSa kI hotI thii|' yahA~ yaha vicAraNIya hai ki pUrvavartI kAloM meM brahmacarya kI avadhi apekSAkRta dIrgha hotI thI udAharaNArtha, manusmRti meM isakI sImA 25 varSa nirdhArita hai / 2 isa avadhi meM saMkoca kA kAraNa kyA ho sakatA hai ? spaSTa nahIM hai| kintu, isameM saMdeha nahIM ki jainetara pUrvamadhyakAlIna granthoM meM bhI samAna nirdeza upalabdha hai| udAharaNArtha, tatkAlIna kucheka purANa evaM nibandha grantha isa bAta para bala dete haiM ki kaliyuga meM brahmacarya kI avadhi vistRta honA apekSita nahIM hai| mahA purANa ke atirikta brahmacarya Azrama kA prasaMga anya jaina purANa bhI dete haiM, yadyapi unameM mahA purANa kI bhA~ti savistAra varNana prApya nahIM hotA hai| udAharaNArtha, padma purANa ne una brahmacAriyoM ko utkRSTa evaM dharma-prApti kA adhikArI mAnA hai, jo digambara muniyoM kI bhAvapUrvaka stuti karate haiN| harivaMza purANa ne yajJopavIta ke kevala tIna laroM kA ullekha karate hue unheM samjhakdarzana, samyakjJAna tathA samyakcAritra kA pratIka mAnA hai / ise dhAraNa karane vAle nArada muni ko asAdhAraNa pANDitya kI zobhA mAnA hai tathA unake naiSThika brahmacarya kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI hai| 2. gahasthAzrama : brahmacaryAzrama ke bAda gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karane kA vidhAna hai| gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karane kA prathama sopAna vivAha hai / ataeva mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki-gRhasthoM ke lie vivAha eka dharma hai, kyoMki gRhasthoM ko santAna kI rakSA meM avazya prayatna karanA caahie| 1. mahA 38/123 2. draSTavya, yAdava-vahI, pR0 18 3. hAjarA-sTaDIja ina da upapurANAja, bhAga 2, pR0 467 meM uddhRta Aditya purANa; bRhannAradIyapurANa 22 / 13,15; kRtyakalpataru ke pR0 160; para uddhRta brahmapurANa; parAzara-mAdhavIya 1 / 13 4. padma 4150 5. harivaMza 42 / 5-6 6. devemaM gahiNAM dharmaM viddhi dAraparigraham / santAnarakSaNe yatnaH kAryo hi gRhamedhinAm / / mahA 15 / 64 tulanIya-teSAM gRhastho yoniraprajanatvAditareSAm / gautama 353; manusmRti 377-78

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58 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jainetara prAcIna granthoM meM gRhasthAzrama ke mahattva kA ullekha milatA hai| harivaMza purANa meM ullikhita hai ki gRhastha-dharma sAkSAt svargAdi ke abhyudaya evaM paramparA se mokSa kA kAraNa hai| mahA purANa meM gRhastha ke viSaya meM varNita hai-- pUjA karane vAle yajamAna jisakI pUjA karate haiM aura dUsaroM se bhI karAtA hai, jo veda evaM vedAMga ke vistAra ko svayaM par3hatA hai tathA dUsaroM ko par3hAtA hai, jo yadyapi pRthvI kA sparza karatA hai tathApi pRthvI sambandhI doSa jisakA sparza nahIM kara sakate haiM, jo apane prazaMsanIya guNoM se isI paryAya meM deva paryAya ko prApta hotA hai, jisake aNimA arthAt choTApana nahIM hai, kintu mahimA hai, jisake garimA hai parantu laghimA nahIM hai, jisameM prApti, prAkAmya, Izitva aura vazitva Adi devatAoM ke guNa vidyamAna haiN| uparyukta guNoM se jisakI mahimA bar3ha rahI hai, jo devarUpa ho rahA hai aura loka ko ullaMghana karane vAlA utkRSTa teja dhAraNa karatA hai / aisA bhavya gRhastha pRthvI para pUjita hotA hai / satya, zauca, kSamA aura dambha Adi dharma sambandhI AcaraNoM se vaha apane meM prazaMsanIya devatva kI sambhAvanA karatA hai| padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki ve gRhasthadharma ke sukha meM lIna vivekI zrAvaka ho gye| mahA purANa meM gRhasthoM ko varNottama, mahIdeva, suzruta, dvijasattvama, nistAraka, grAmapati aura mAnArha Adi zabdoM se sambodhita kara usakA satkAra karate the| harivaMza purANa meM gRhastha ko dharma, artha evaM kAma puruSArtha kA sevana karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki gRhastha apanI strI meM saMtoSa rakhate haiM, jisase unameM kAma zuddhi pAyI jAtI thii| padma purANa meM gRhastha dharma ko munidharma kA choTA-bhAI kahA gayA hai / jaina purANoM meM 1. manusmRti 6 / 86-60; viSNudharmasUtra 56 / 27-26; vasiSTha 717, 8 / 14-16; baudhAyanadharmasUtra 2 / 2 / 1; mahAbhArata, udyogaparva 40 / 25; zAntiparva 270 / 6-7 2. harivaMza 1851 3. mahA 36 / 103-107 4. padma 106 / 125 varNottamo mahIdevaH suzru to dvijasattvamaH / nistArako grAmapatiH mAnArha zceti mAnitaH // mahA 38 / 147 6. harivaMza 64 / 8 7. mahA 36 / 31 8. padma 32 / 146

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sAmAjika vyavasthA gRhastha dharma ke dAna, zIla, pUjA evaM parva ke dina upavAsa kRtyoM kA varNana hai / isI mantavya ko padma purANa meM anya zabdoM meM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai- prayatnapUrvaka sAmayika karanA, proSadhopavAsa dhAraNa karanA, atithisaMvibhAga aura Ayu kA kSaya upasthita hone para sallekhanA dhAraNa karanA-- - ( dhArmika mRtyu ) -- ye cAra zikSA vrata haiM / ' 2 padma purANa aura mahA purANa meM digvirati, dezavirati evaM anarthadaNDavirati ye tIna guNavrata haiM / koI vidvAn bhogopabhoga parimANavrata ko bhI guNavrata kahate haiM aura dezavrata ko zikSAvrata meM sammilita karate haiM / harivaMza purANa meM dizA, deza aura anarthadaNDoM se virata hone ko guNavrata kahate haiM / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki jinendra deva ne gRhasthoM ke lie gyAraha sthAna ( pratimAe~) batalAyI hai : darzana, vrata, sAmAyika, proSadha, sacittatyAga, divAmaithunatyAga, brahmacarya, ArambhatyAga, parigrahatyAga, anumatityAga aura uddiSTatyAga | jaina purANoM meM ahiMsA para bala diyA gayA hai, isI lie vratI loga hare aMkuroM meM jIva hone ke kAraNa unake vadha kI AzaMkA se hare aMkuroM para nahIM calate haiN|" mahA purANa meM gRhasthoM dvArA asi, maSi Adi SaDkarma karane para hiMsA ke doSa kA prazna uThAyA hai / yaha manuSya uttamottama bhoga karatA hai aura bAda meM munidIkSA dhAraNa kara mokSa prApta karatA thA / " mahA purANa meM sadgRhastha ko vizuddha AcaraNa ke sAtha SaDkarma karane kA vidhAna hai / jaina purANoM meM gRhasthoM ke bAraha vratoM kA varNana prApya hai- pA~ca aNuvrata, cAra zikSAvrata, tIna guNavrata, isake atirikta yathAzakti hajAroM niyama dhAraNa karane 1. 2. 3. mahA 10 / 165; padma 14/168 4. harivaMza 18 / 46 mahA 41 / 104; harivaMza 9015 padma 14 / 166 8. 5. 6. vahI 38 / 17 -16 7. padma 6 / 266 vahI 6 / 268 mahA 36 / 66 cis mahA 101156-160 56

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana par3ate haiN| jaina purANoM ke anusAra pA~ca aNuvrata-ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha haiM, jise sUkSmarIti se arthAt pUrNarUpa meM (mahAvata) dhAraNa kiye jAveM to muni kA dharma aura yadi sthUlarIti se dhAraNa kiye jAveM to gRhastha kA dharma hai / 2 AjIvikA ke chaH karmoM ke karane se jo hiMsA kA doSa lagatA hai usake nivAraNArtha jaina dharma meM tIna mArga varNita haiM-pakSa, caryA evaM sAdhana / maitrI, pramoda, kArUNya, mAdhyasthya meM vRddhi evaM hiMsA kA tyAga pakSa hai / devatA, maMtra kI siddhi, auSadhi evaM bhojana banAne meM kisI jIva kI hiMsA na karane kI pratijJA tathA pratijJA meM pramAda se doSa laga jAne para prAyazcita dvArA usakI zuddhi karanA aura saba kucha putra ko sauMpakara parityAga karanA gRhastha kI caryA hai| Ayu ke anta meM zarIra AhAra evaM samasta ceSTAoM kA tyAga kara dhyAna kI zuddhi se AtmA ko zuddha karanA sAdhana hai| isa prakAra nyAyamArga se apane AtmA ke guNoM kA utkarSa prakaTa karatA huA vaha puruSa sarvazreSTha avasthA ko prApta kara sadgRhastha hotA hai / jaina purANoM meM varNita hai ki jo gRhastha anta samaya saba prakAra ke Arambha kA tyAga kara zarIra meM bhI niHspRha ho jAte haiM tathA samatAbhAva se maraNa karate haiM, ve uttama gati ko prApta hote haiM / isI ko sallekhanA kahate haiM / padma purANa aura harivaMza purANa meM gRhasthoM ke niyamoM kI vivecanA kI gayI hai / gRhasthAzramavAsiyoM ko madhu, mAMsa, zarAba, juA, rAtribhojana aura vezyAsamAgama se virakta honA hI niyama kahalAtA hai| jaina granthoM meM sUryAsta ke bAda bhojana karane kI atyadhika nindA kI gayI hai aura aise bhojana ko apavitra padArtha kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| isI saMdarbha meM padma purANa meM varNita hai ki rAtri meM amRta bhI pIne kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| yadi rAtri meM koI amRta pItA hai to vaha viSa pItA hai|" 1. padma 14 / 183; harivaMza 18145, 58 / 143;. mahA 101162 2. mahA 10 / 163; padma 14 / 180-166; harivaMza 107 3. vahI 36 / 143-145 4. vahI 361125 5. padma 4 / 47; harivaMza 58 / 157 6. padma 14 / 202; harivaMza 58 / 157 7. padma 14 / 271-308,106 / 32-33

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sAmAjika vyavasthA prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti meM atithi kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| atithiyoM kI sevA-suzrUSA Adi karanA gRhasthoM kA pradhAna karttavya thaa| 'atithi' zabda kI vyutpatti niruktakAra ne kiyA hai| atithi use kahate haiM jo pUre dina nahIM rukatA hai yA eka rAtri ke lie rukatA hai / 2 jainetara granthoM meM atithi ke viSaya meM savistAra varNana huA hai| harivaMza purANa meM atithi kI paribhASA nirUpita karate hue varNita hai kijo saMyama kI vRddhi ke lie nirantara bhramaNa karatA rahatA hai vaha atithi kahalAtA hai| use zuddhipUrvaka Agamokta vidhi se AhAra Adi denA atithisaMvibhAga vrata hai| atithisaMvibhAga vrata ko bhikSA, auSadha, upakaraNa aura AvAsa ke bheda se cAra prakAra kA mAnate haiN|" jaina purANoM meM Atithya-satkAra para vizeSataH bala diyA gayA hai| harivaMza purANa meM ullikhita hai ki atyadhika puNya ke udaya hone para hI atithi ghara Ate haiN| atithi ke Ane para sugandhita candana, zubha akSata, naivedya, dIpa, dhUpa, dravya Adi dvArA manasA, vAcA evaM karmaNA unheM namaskAra kreN| harivaMza purANa meM cAndrIcaryA (choTe-bar3e sabhI ke ghara jAne ) kA niyama atithi ke lie varNita hai arthAt jaise candramA choTe-bar3e sabhI ke yahA~ samAna prakAza detA hai, usI prakAra atithi ko bhI samAna rUpa se sabhI ke yahA~ jAnA caahie| 3. vAnaprasthAzrama : prAcIna jainetara granthoM meM vAnaprastha ke artha meM 1. nirukta 4 / 5 2. manusmRti 3 / 102; parAzara 1142; mArkaNDeya purANa 25 // 2-6 3. Rgveda 4 / 4 / 10, 4 / 33 / 7; atharvaveda 16; aitareya brAhmaNa 25 / 5; zatapatha brAhmaNa 2 / 1 / 4 / 2; kaThopaniSad 176 4. sa saMyamasya vRddhyarthamatatItyatithiH smRtaH / harivaMza 58 / 158 5. harivaMza 58 / 158-156; tulanIya-gautama 5 / 26-34; ApastambadharmasUtra raa3|6|7-15, manusmRti 366 6. harivaMza 156 7. vahI 15 / 12 8. vahI 6180 .

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 'vaikhAnakha' zabda prayukta hotA thA / jaina purANoM meM vAnaprasthAzrama ke lie parivATa, naiSThika, zrAvaka zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki gRhasthadharma kA pAlana kara ghara ke nivAsa se virakta hote hue puruSa kA jo dIkSA grahaNa karanA hai, use pArivajya kahate haiN| isI purANa meM Age varNana AyA hai ki parivATa kA jo nirvANa dIkSA rUpa bhAva hai, use pArivrajya kahate haiM / isa pArivrajya-kriyA meM mamatvabhAva chor3akara digambara rUpa dhAraNa karanA par3atA hai| padma purANa meM isI prakAra kA mata vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki jo parigraha ko saMsAra kA kAraNa samajhakara use chor3akara mukti ko prApta karate haiM, ve parivrAjaka kahalAte haiN| yathArtha meM mokSarahita nirgrantha muni hI parivrAjaka haiN| parivrAjaka kI paribhASA ko nirUpita karate hue mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki jo Agama meM kahI huI jinendradeva kI AjJA ko pramANa mAnatA huA tapasyA dhAraNa karatA hai, usI ko yathArtha meM pArivrAjaka kahate haiN| isI purANa ke anusAra mokSa ke abhilASI puruSa kI zubha tithi, zubha nakSatra, zubha yoga, zubha lagana aura zubha grahoM ke aMza meM nirgrantha AcArya ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa karanI caahie| mahA purANa meM pArivrAjaka kI yogyatA ke viSaya meM varNita hai ki jisakA kula evaM gotra vizuddha hai, caritra uttama hai, mukha sundara hai aura pratibhAzAlI hai, aisA puruSa hI dIkSA grahaNa karane ke yogya mAnA gayA hai| ukta purANa meM pArivrAjaka ke lakSaNa kA ullekha hai ki jAti, mUrti, usameM rahane vAle lakSaNa, zarIra kI sundaratA, prabhA, maNDala, cakra, abhiSeka, nAthatA, siMhAsana, upadhAna, chatra, cAmara, ghoSaNA, azoka vRkSa, nidhi, gRhazobhA, avagAhana, kSetrajJa, AjJA, sabhA, kIrti, vandanIyatA, 1. Rgveda 6 / 66; taittirIyAraNyaka 1 / 23; gautama dharmasUtra 3 / 2; baudhAyanadharmasUtra 3 / 6 / 16 2. mahA 36155 3. vahI 36 / 156; tulanIya-vAnaprastha avasthA meM manuSya vana meM kaThora niyamoM kA pAlana karate hue rahatA hai / yAjJavalkya 3 / 45 4. padma 10686 5. mahA 36 / 166 6. vahI 36 / 157 7. vahI 36 / 158

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sAmAjika vyavasthA vAhana, bhASA, AhAra aura sukha-ye jAti Adi 27 sUtrapada kahalAte haiM, jinake nirmANa hone se pArivrajya kA sAkSAt lakSaNa prakaTa hotA hai| ye lakSaNa sAmAnya pArivAjaka meM nahIM, apitu tIrthaMkaroM meM prApya the| ina lakSaNoM kA kucha aMza sAmAnya pArivrAjaka meM upalabdha hotA thaa| 4. saMnyAsAzrama : jaina purANoM meM saMnyAsI ke lie prAyopagamana, bhikSukasaMjJaka, munidIkSA nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai / saMnyAsa (muni) dharma kI vistRta vivecanA Age kiyA gayA hai / mahA purANa meM saMnyAsAzrama ke viSaya meM adholikhita jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| muniyoM ne saMnyAsa kA nAma prAyopagamana batalAyA hai, jisameM saMsArI jIvoM ke rahane yogya grAma-nagara Adi se haTakara kisI vana meM jAnA par3e, use prAyopagamana kahate haiM / 2 prAyopagamana saMnyAsa meM zarIra kA na upacAra karate haiM aura na dUsare se upacAra karAte haiN| zarIra se mamatva nahIM rkhte| jaise koI zatru ke mRtaka zarIra ko chor3akara nirAkula hote haiM / munimArga se cyuta hone tathA karmoM kI vizAla nirjarA hone kI icchA se saMnyAsI ko kSudhA, tRSNA, zIta, uSNa, daMzamazaka, nAgnya, arati, strI, caryA, zayyA, niSadhA, Akroza, vadha, yAcanA, alAbha, adarzana, roga, tuNasparza, prajJA, ajJAna, mala aura satkArapuraskAra ye bAisa pariSaha ko sahana karanA caahie| kSamA, mArdrava, Arjava, zauca, satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, akiJcana aura brahmacarya dasa dharma saMnyAsI ko dhAraNa karanA caahie| ___ sajjana loga tapasyA hetu jaMgala meM jAyA karate the| Ayu ke anta samaya meM rAjA muni ke pAsa saMnyAsa dhAraNa karate the| prAyopagamana saMnyAsa ke dvArA dhanapati nAmaka rAjA ne jayanta vimAna meM ahamindra pada prApta kiyaa| kisI parvata para saMyama 1. mahA 36 / 162-165 2. vahI 11 / 67 3. vahI 11168 4. vahI 11 / 100-102 5. vahI 11103-104 6. vahI 63 / 228 7. vahI 63 / 246 8. vahI 6516

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65 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dhAraNa kara eka mahIne taka prAyopagamana saMnyAsa dhAraNa karane ke bAda anta meM zAnta pariNAmoM se zarIra chor3akara ahamindra pada prApta karate haiN| mahA purANa ke anusAra isameM munidIkSA sampanna hotI hai aura sAMsArika evaM karmabandhana ko tor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai| uparyukta vivecana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki jaina purANakAroM ne yadyapi pAramparika purANoM evaM dharmoM kI taraha Azrama-vyavasthA kA zrauta-smArtaparamparA sammata vivecana nahIM kiyA hai, tathApi prakArAntara se cAroM Azrama kA varNana kiyA hai / jaina purANakAroM kA ukta vivecana vizeSataH isa bAta kI ora bhI iMgita karatA hai ki zrauta-smArta paramparA meM pratyeka Azrama ke lie Ayu kA jo sImAMkana kiyA gayA hai, jaina purANakAroM ne anivAryataH Avazyaka nahIM mAnA hai| vizeSataH eka bAta aura dhyAna dene kI hai ki gRhasthAzrama kA varNana karate hue jaina purANakAroM ne vivAha aura saMtAnotpatti kA spaSTataH ullekha kiyA hai| purANakAroM kI isa dRSTi kA aura spaSTa udAharaNa Age jAkara somadeva ke 'upAsakAdhyayana' tathA AzAdhara ke 'sAgAra dharmAmRta' meM prApta hotA hai / bhAratIya sAmAjika vyavasthA kA adhyayana evaM anusaMdhAna karate samaya jainoM kI isa mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI kA upayoga kiyA jAnA cAhie / 1. mahA 63 / 336-337

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sAmAjika vyavasthA [gha] saMskAra [kriyA ] [1] 'saMskAra' zabda : vyutpatti evaM artha : 'saMskAra' zabda kI vyAkhyA do prakAra se kI jA sakatI hai : eka vyutpattimUlaka aura dUsarA vyavahAramUlaka / jahA~ taka prathama vyAkhyA kA sambandha hai, isa zabda kI niSpatti 'sam' pUrvaka 'kR' dhAtu meM 'gha' pratyaya se mAnI gaI hai / 'saMskRyate anena iti saMskAra:' / isakA artha hai saMskaraNa yA parimArjana athavA zuddhIkaraNa / mUlataH isakA tAtparya zuddhIkaraNa se hai, jisakA prayoga saMskRta sAhitya meM aneka arthoM meM huA hai, jaise zikSA, saMskRti, prazikSaNa, saujanya, pUrNatA, vyAkaraNa sambandhI zuddhi, saMskaraNa, pariSkaraNa, zobhA, AbhUSaNa, prabhAva, svarUpa, svabhAva, kriyA, smaraNazakti, smaraNazakti para par3ane vAlA prabhAva, zuddhi - kriyA, dhArmika vidhi-vidhAna, abhiSeka, vicAra, bhAvanA, dhAraNA, kArya kA pariNAma, kriyA kI vizeSatA Adi arthoM meM huA hai / katipaya vidvAnoM ne 'saMskAra' zabda ko laiTina ke 'sIrImoniyA' (Caerimonia) aura aMgrejI ke 'serImanI' (Ceremony) zabdoM kA samastarIya mAnA hai / 'saMskAra' zabda kA ina donoM zabdoM meM maulika samAnatA bhale hI ho, kintu vyApaka abhiprAya meM inameM paryApta bhinnatA hai / 'sIrImoniyA' aura 'serImanI' zabda sAmAnyataH dhArmika kRtyoM ke dyotaka haiM / dvitIya, vyavahAramUlaka vyAkhyA kI dRSTi se 'saMskAra' zabda inase paryApta bhinna hai / isakA abhiprAya nitAnta bAhya dhArmika kriyAoM, anuzAsanaparaka anuSThAna, ADambara, nistattva karmakANDa, rAjya ke dvArA nirdiSTa pracalanoM, aupacArikatAoM tathA anuzAsanaparaka vyavahAra se nahIM hai / aisI sthiti meM saMskAra ko ukta donoM zabdoM kA samAnArthaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / isake viparIta 'saMskAra' zabda ke tAtparya se nyUnAdhika sImA taka samatA rakhane vAlA aMgrejI kA 'sekrAmeNTa' (Sacrament) zabda hai, jisakA uddezya hai Antarika zucitA aura jisake vidhi-vidhAna Antarika zucitA ke dRzyamAna bAhya pratIka mAne jA sakate haiM / sAmAnyatayA prAcIna bhAratIya Adarza ke vyavasthApakoM ne 'saMskAra' kA tAtparya aisI kriyA se mAnA hai, jisake dvArA vyakti-vizeSa kI pAtratA sAmAjika gatividhi ke anukUla banAI jAtI thI, udAharaNArtha, jaiminI-sUtra ( 3 / 1 / 3 ) kI vyAkhyA meM zabara ne saMskAra zabda kI vyAkhyA karate hue varNana kiyA hai ki 'saMskAro nAma sa bhavati yasmiJjAte padArtho bhavati yogyaH kasyacidarthasya' - saMskAra vaha hai jisake hone se koI padArtha yA vyakti kisI kArya ke lie yogya ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra kumArilabhaTTa ne tantravAttika meM kahA hai ki- 'yogyatAM cAdadhAnAH kriyAH saMskArA ityucyante' 5 65

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana saMskAra ve kriyAe~ tathA rItiyA~ haiM, jo yogyatA pradAna karatI haiM / ' [2] 'saMskAra' ke prati jaina purANoM kA dRSTikoNa : tAtparya evaM vyAkhyA : prArambha kAla meM jaina dharma meM 'saMskAra' nahIM thA / kintu zrauta-smArta brAhmaNa dharma ke prabhAva ke kAraNa mahA purANa meM garbha se lekara mRtyuparyanta sabhI kriyAoM (saMskAra) ke viSaya meM vizad varNana upalabdha hai| isake pUrva anya kisI bhI jaina grantha meM isa prakAra kA vistRta varNana prApya nahIM hotA hai| yadyapi Alocya jaina purANakAra saMskAroM ke viSaya meM bhAratIya vyavasthApakoM ke sAmAnya pravRtti ke anukUla haiM, kintu yuga-vizeSa kI paridhita paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa aura vizeSatayA sAmpradAyika Agraha ke phalasvarUpa inake varNana adhikAMzataH bhinna avazya hI pAye gaye haiN| saMskAra ke lie jaina purANoM meM kriyA' zabda vyavahRta huA hai| ye 'kriyAe~' yA 'saMskAra' vyakti ke nijI jIvana se sambaddha rahatI haiN| garbhAdhAna se nirvANa paryanta jo kriyAe~ sampanna kI jAtI haiM, unheM hI saMskAra samajhanA caahie| isake atirikta garbha se maraNaparyanta jo kriyAe~ anya logoM ne kahI haiM, ve yathArtha nahIM haiM / 2 mahA purANa ke anusAra jIvoM kA janma do prakAra kA hai---zarIra-janma tathA saMskAra-janma / 'zarIra-janma' meM prathama zarIra kA kSaya ho jAne para dUsare paryAya meM anya zarIra kI prApti hotI hai aura 'saMskAra-janma' meM saMskAra ke yoga se AtmalAbha prApta puruSa ko dvijatva kI prApti hotI hai / 3 janma ke sabhAna mRtyu bhI do prakAra kA kathita hai-zarIra-mRtyu aura saMskAra-mRtyu / Ayu ke anta meM zarIra tyAgane ko 'zarIra-mRtyu' evaM vratI puruSoM dvArA pApoM ke parityAga karane ko 'saMskAra-mRtyu' kahate haiM / 'saMskAra' kI mahattA pradarzita karate hue varNita hai ki jo bhI vyakti Alasyarahita yathAvidhi saMskAroM (kriyAoM) kA sampAdana karate haiM, unheM paramadhAma evaM utkRSTa sukha kI prApti hotI hai / saMsAra ke bhavabandhana, janma, vRddhAvasthA evaM mRtyu se unheM mukti milatI hai / aise puruSa zreSTha jAti meM janma grahaNa kara sadgRhastha evaM parivrajyA ko vyatIta kara svarga meM indra kI lakSmI prApta karate haiM / svarga se cyuta hone para kramaza: 1. kANe-hisTrI oNpha dharmazAstra, bhAga 2, khaNDa 1, pR0 160; rAjabalI pANDeya--hindU saMskAra, vArANasI, 1666, pR0 17-18 2. mahA 36 / 25 3. vahI 36 / 116-121 4. vahI 36 / 122

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sAmAjika vyavasthA cakravartI tathA arhanta pada ke bAda nirvANa ko prApta karate haiM / " isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki saMskAra ko sampanna karane para kramazaH abhyudaya kI upalabdhi hotI haiM / [3] saMskAroM ke bheda-bhedAntara: jahA~ taka saMskAroM ke prakAroM evaM bhedabhedAntara kA prazna hai, inakI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM bhAratIya paramparA nizcita nahIM hai / udAharaNArtha, gautama, zaMkha aura mitAkSarA ne 40; vaikhAnasa ne 18 zarIra ke evaM 22 yajJoM ke; aMgirA ne 25 tathA vyAsa ne SoDsa saMskAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai / kucha vyavasthApaka inakI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM mauna haiN| yadyapi kucha saMskAroM kA ullekha inhoMne avazya kiyA hai, kintu Adhunika samIkSakoM kA aisA vicAra hai ki lokapracalita sarvamAnya saMskAroM kI saMkhyA solaha hai / 2 jahA~ taka jainAcAryoM kA prazna hai, unhoMne saMskAroM (kriyAoM) ko pradhAnatayA tIna vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai- (a) garbhAnvaya kriyA, (ba) dIkSAnvaya kriyA tathA ( sa ) kartanvaya kriyA | antyeSTi kriyA ko ina prakAroM meM kahIM sammilita nahIM kiyA gayA hai, apitu isakA ullekha pRthaktaH huA hai / [ a ] garbhAnvaya kriyA : mahA purANa meM garbhAnviya kriyA ke antargata adholikhita tirapana kriyAoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jo ki garbha se lekara nirvANaparyanta haiM | isake sAtha yaha bhI varNita hai ki bhavya puruSoM ko sadA unakA pAlana karanA cAhie aura dvijoM kI vidhi ke anusAra ina kriyAoM ko karanI caahie| ye kriyAyeM samyagdarzana kI zuddhatA ko dhAraNa karane vAle jIvoM kI hotI haiM / * 67 1. AdhAna kriyA : jainetara grantha pUrvamImAMsA meM varNita hai ki jisa karma ke dvArA puruSa strI meM apanA bIja sthApita karatA hai, use garbhAdhAna saMskAra kahate haiM / zaunaka ke anusAra isake do anya nAma bhI haiM - garbhAlambhana tathA garbhAdhAna | 1. mahA 36 / 208-211 2. kANe - vahI, pR0 163 - 164; rAjabalI pANDeya - vahI, pR0 26 3. ati nirvANaparyantAH kriyA garbhAdikAH sadA / bhavyAtmabhiranuSTheyAH tripaJcAzatsamuccayAt // yathokta vidhinaitAH syuH anuSTheyA dvijanmabhiH / mahA 38 / 310 - 311 4. mahA 63 / 303 5. rAjabalI pANDeya - vahI, pR0 586

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ___ mahA purANa ke anusAra patnI ke rajasvalA hone para jaba vaha cauthe dina snAna karake zuddha ho jAtI hai taba use Age kara arhantadeva kI pUjA ke dvArA, maMtrapUrvaka jo saMskAra (kriyA) kiyA jAtA hai, use AdhAna kriyA kahate haiN|' AdhAna Adi kriyAoM meM sarvaprathama tIna chatra, tIna cakra tathA tIna agniyA~ sthApita karanI caahie| vedi ke madhya vidhipUrvaka jina-deva kI pratimA ko sthApita kara unakI pUjA karanI cAhie / mahA purANa meM isa anuSThAna meM pIThikA, jAti, nistAraka, RSi, surendra, paramarAjAdi tathA parameSThI se sambandhita mantroM kA yathAvidhi viniyoga karane kA vidhAna hai| garbhAdhAna ke samaya 'sajjAtibhAgI bhava, sadgRhibhAgI bhava, munIndrabhAgI bhava, surendrabhAgI bhava, paramarAjyabhAgI bhava, ArhantyabhAgI bhava, paramanirvANabhAgI bhava' Adi maMtroM kA viniyoga karanA caahie| isa prakAra ke anuSThAna ko yathAvidhi sampanna kara pati-patnI ko viSayAnurAga meM virata hokara kevala santAna kI kAmanA se sambhoga meM pravRtta honA caahie| jainetara sAkSyoM ke anusAra bhI isa saMskAra kA mukhya uddezya uttama santAnoM kI prApti se rahA hai| 1. AdhAnaM nAma garbhAdau saMskAro maMtrapUrvakaH / patnImRtumatI snAtAM puraskRtyAhadijyayA / / mahA 38170 tulanIya-bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 6 / 4 / 21; AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1113 / 1; zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 18-16; pAraskaragRhyasUtra 1 / 11; manusmRti 3 / 2; yAjJavalkya 176 2. mahA 40 / 3-4, 3871-75; tulanIya-atharvaveda 3 / 23 / 2 3. vahI 4015-76 4. vahI 40162-65, viSNuryoni japetsUktaM yoni spRSTvA tribhirvatI / garbhAdhAnasyAkaraNAdasyAM jAtastu duSyati // tulanIya-vIramitrodaya saMskAra prakAza, bhAga 1, pRSTha 175 para uta; rAjabalI pANDeya-vahI, pR0 66 5. mahA 3876 6. esa0 ena0 rAya-paurANika dharma evaM samAja, ilAhAbAda, 1668, pR0 217-218

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 2. prIti kriyA : 'priya' dhAtu se 'ti' pratyaya hone se 'prIti' zabda nirmita huA hai| isakA artha tarpaNa yA icchA hai| garbhAdhAna ke bAda tIsare mahIne meM prIti nAmaka kriyA sampAdita hotI hai / santuSTa hue dvija loga ise karate haiN| isa kriyA meM bhI garbhAdhAna ke samAna jinendradeva kI pUjA kA vidhAna hai| apane ghara ke daravAje para toraNa bA~dhakara do pUrNa kalazoM kI sthApanA vihita hai| usa dina se lekara gRhasthoM ko pratidina apane vaibhava ke anusAra ghaMTA aura nagAr3A bajavAnA caahie|' garbhiNI patnI ke manovinodArtha mahA purANa meM aneka upAya varNita haiM jinameM jala-krIr3A, vanavihAra, kathA, goSThI Adi haiN| isa kriyA meM 'lokanAtho bhava, traikAlyajJAnI bhava, triratnasvAmI bhava' maMtroM kA viniyoga karate haiM / vaidika sImantonnayana saMskAra kI tulanA prIti kriyA se kI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki donoM kA uddezya garbhasaMrakSaNa evaM strI ko prasanna karanA hai| 3. suprIti kriyA : garbhAdhAna ke pA~caveM mAha meM prasanna hue uttama zrAvakoM dvArA suprIti kriyA sampanna kI jAtI thii| isa kriyA meM bhI maMtra aura kriyAoM ke jJAtA zrAvakoM ko agni tathA devatA ko sAkSI kara pUrva kathita sabhI vidhiyoM ko sampanna karanA cAhie / 5 suprIti kriyA ke vizeSa maMtra isa prakAra haiM-'avatArakalyANabhAgI bhava, mandarendrAbhiSekakalyANabhAgI bhava, niSkrAntikalyANabhAgI bhava, ArhantyakalyANabhAgI bhava, paramanirvANakalyANabhAgI bhava / '6 vaidika puMsavana-saMskAra ke samAna yaha kriyA hai| 4. dhRti kriyA : 'dhRja' dhAtu bhAva artha meM 'ti' pratyaya hone se 'dhRti' zabda dhAraNa karane ke artha meM prayukta huA hai / garbha ke sAtaveM mAsa meM samAvRta tathA avikala 1. mahA 38 / 77-76 2. vahI 12 / 187 3. vahI 4066 4. AzvalAyana 14 / 1-6; zAMkhAyana 1 / 22; baudhAyana 110; gobhila 2 / 7 / 1-12; pAraskara 1115 5. mahA 38 / 80-81 6. vahI 40167-100 7. AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 13 / 2-7; vaikhAnasa 3 / 11; ApastambagRhya sUtra 14 / 10

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70 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana citta gRhasthoM ko garbha kI vRddhi ke lie pUrva kriyAoM ke samAna dhRtti kriyA karanI caahie| dhRti kriyA ke vizeSa maMtra ye haiM--'sajjAtidAtRbhAgI bhava, sudgRhidAtRbhAgI bhava, munIndradAtRbhAgI bhava, surendradAtRbhAgI bhava, paramarAjyadAtRbhAgI bhava, ArhantyadAtRbhAgI bhava, paramanirvANadAtRbhAgI bhava' / 2 jisa prakAra garbha-rakSA ke nimitta vaidika prasthAna meM pazubali vihita hai, usI prakAra jaina AcAryoM ne dhRti kriyA kA vidhAna kiyA hai| 5. moda kriyA : naveM mAsa ke nikaTa hone para dvijoM dvArA garbha kI puSTi hetu moda kriyA kI jAtI hai| isa kriyA meM zreSTha dvijoM ko garbhiNI ke zarIra para gAvikA-bandha karanA cAhie arthAt abhimantrita bIjAkSara likhanA, maMgalamaya AbhUSaNAdi pahanAnA, rakSA ke lie ke kaMkaNasUtra Adi bA~dhanA caahie| moda kriyA kA vidhAyaka maMtra yaha hai-'sajjAtikalyANabhAgI bhava, sadgRhikalyANabhAgI bhava, vaivAhikakalyANabhAgI bhava, surendrakalyANabhAgI bhava, mandarAbhiSekakalyANabhAgI bhava, yaurAjyakalyANabhAvI bhava mahArAjakalyANabhAgI bhava, paramarAjyakalyANabhAgI bhava. ArhantyakalyANabhAgI bhava / vaidika soSyantIkarma kA jainiyoM ne moda kriyA meM anuharaNa kiyA hai| ' 6. priyodabhava kriyA (jAtakarma vidhi) : santAna ke utpanna ho jAne para priyodbhava (jAtakarma) nAma kI kriyA kI jAtI hai| yaha kriyA jinendra bhagavAna kA smaraNa kara vidhipUrvaka karane kA vidhAna hai| priyodbhava kriyA meM bhagavAna ke pUjana ke bAda ina vizeSa maMtroM ke par3hane kA vidhAna hai-'divyanemivijayAya svAhA, paramanemivijayAya svAhA, ArhantyanemivijayAya svAhA' / janma ke bAda pitA bAlaka ko 1. mahA 38 / 82 2. vahI 40 / 101; tulanIya-Rgveda 10 / 6 / 1-3; taittirIya saMhitA 4 / 1 / 5 / 11 3. vaziSTha, draSTavya, saMskAra prakAza, pR0 178 4. mahA 37183-84 5. vahI 40 / 102-107 6. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 6 / 4 / 23; ApastambagRhyasUtra 14 / 13-15; pAraskaragRhya sUtra 116 7. mahA 38 / 85; harivaMza 8 / 105; tulanIya-taittirIya saMhitA 2 / 2 / 5 / 3-4; jaimini 4 / 3 / 38; bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 1 / 5 / 2; viSNu purANa 3 / 10 / 1-5 8. mahA 40 / 108-106

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37 sAmAjika vyavasthA AzIrvAda dekara usake samasta aMzoM kA sparza kare aura usameM nAnA saMkalpa kare / usake jarAyu paTala ko nAbhi kI nAla ke sAtha-sAtha kisI pavitra jamIna ko khodakara maMtra par3hate hue gAr3a denA cAhie / 'samyagdRSTe samyagdRSTe sarvamAtaH vasundhare vasundhare svAhA - ' maMtra se abhimaMtrita kara usa bhUmi meM jala aura akSata DAlakara pA~ca prakAra ke ratnoM ke nIce vaha garbha kA mala rakha denA caahie| taduparAnta garama jala se mAtA ko snAna karAnA cAhie / saMtAna ke janma ke tIsare dina 'anantajJAnadarzI bhava' maMtra par3hakara putra ko godI meM uThAkara AkAza dikhAne tathA yathAzakti dAna dene kA ullekha upalabdha hai / 7. nAmakarma kriyA : saMtAna utpanna hone ke bAraha dinoM ke bAda nAmakarma kriyA kA vidhAna hai / mAtA, pitA tathA saMtAna ke maMgalakAraka evaM sukhadAyaka dina ko yaha kriyA karane kA vidhAna hai / isa kriyA meM apane vaibhava ke anusAra arhantadeva, RSiyoM kI pUjA tathA dvijoM kA satkAra karanA anivArya hai / saMtAna kA nAma vaMzavardhaka honA cAhie / jainiyoM ke anusAra 'ghaTapatra - vidhi' kA prayoga kara arhantadeva ke 1008 nAmoM meM se koI nAma ( santAna kA ) rakhanA prazasta mAnA gayA hai / 2 nAmakarma kriyA kA vizeSa maMtra isa prakAra hai- 'divyASTasahasranAmabhAgI bhava vijayASTasahasranAmabhAgI bhava, paramASTasahasranAmabhAgI bhava / AcArya guNabhadra kriyA annaprAzana kriyA ke bAda bhI kI jA sakatI hai / " anusAra nAmakarma 8. bahiryAna kriyA : santAna janma ke do-cAra mAha bAda kisI dina zubhavelA meM turahI Adi maMgalavAdyoM ko bajAte hue pahalI bAra use prasUtigRha se bAhara le jAne kA niyama hai, ise bahiryAna kriyA kahate haiM / jisa dina yaha kriyA kI jAya usI dina se mAtA yA dhAya kI goda meM baiThe hue zizu kA prasUtigRha se bAhara le jAnA zAstra sammata hai / isa kriyA ko karate samaya bAlaka ko bhAI-bandhu 1. 2. mahA 40 / 110-131 vahI 3887-88 tulanIya - Apastamba gRhyasUtra 15 / 8 - 11; AzvalAyanagRhasUtra 1 / 15 / 4-10; baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 2 / 1 / 23 - 31; vaikhAnasa 3 / 16; pAraskaragRhasUtra 1 / 17, viSNupurANa 3|10|8; jJAtavya hai ki 'ghaTapattravidhi' Adhunika yuga meM pracalita lATarI ke samAna rahI hogI / 3. mahA 40 / 132-133 4. vahI 75 / 250

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72 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana Adi se upahArasvarUpa prApta dhana ekatra kara kAlAntara meM pitA ke dhana kA uttarAdhikAra prApta karane ke samaya use dene kA niyama hai / ' bahiryAna kriyA kA vizeSa maMtra isa prakAra hai-'upanayananiSkrAntibhAgI bhava, vaivAhaniSkrAntibhAgI bhava, munIndraniSkrAntibhAgI bhava, surendraniSkrAntibhAgI bhava, mandarAbhiSekaniSkrAntibhAgI bhava, yauvarAjyaniSkrAntibhAgI bhava, mahArAjyaniSkrAntibhAgI bhava, paramarAjyaniSkrAntibhAgI bhava, ArhantyaniSkrAntibhAgI bhava' / 2 6. niSadyA kriyA : isa kriyA meM bAlaka ko maMgalakAraka Asana para baiThAyA jAtA hai| isa Asana ke samIpa maMgala-kalaza kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai / niSadyA kriyA meM siddha bhagavAn kI pUjA Adi sabhI vidhiyA~ pUrvavat vihita haiM / isa kriyA ke kAraNa bAlaka bhaviSya meM nirantara divya AsanoM para AsIna hone kI yogyatA kA arjana karatA hai| niSadyA kriyA meM viniyukta mantra isa prakAra haiM-'divyasiMhAsanabhAgI bhava, vijayasiMhAsanabhAgI bhava, paramasiMhAsanabhAgI bhava' / ' 10. anna prAzana kriyA : janma ke sAta-ATha mAsa pazcAt bAlaka ko prathama bAra anna khilAyA jAtA hai, ise annaprAzana kriyA kahA jAtA hai| annaprAzana kriyA ke pUrva arhanta kI pUjA kA vidhAna hai| annaprAzana kriyA kA vizeSa maMtra isa prakAra hai .. 'divyAmRtabhAgI bhava, vijayAmRtabhAgI bhava, akSINAmRtabhAgI bhava' 11. vyuSTi kriyA (varSa vardhana) : 'vi' pUrvaka 'uS' dhAtu se 'ti' pratyaya se vyuSTi zabda banA, jo vizeSa rUpa se jalane ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| 1. mh| 38160-62) tulanIva.gobhila 2 / 8 / 1-7, khAdira 2 / 3 / 1-5; kAThagRhyasUta 37-38 2. mahA 401125-136, tulanIya-pAraskaragRhyasUtra 1 / 17; baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 1112 3. vahI 38163-14 4. vahI 40 / 140 5. vahI 3865; tulanIya-AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 16 / 1-6; zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra 1-27; ApastambagRhyasUtra 1661-2; manu 2 // 34; yAjJavalkya 1112 6. mahA 401141-142

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 73 santAna ke janma ke eka varSa pUrNa ho jAne para vyuSTi kriyA kI jAtI hai / isakA anya nAma zAstrAnusAra 'varSa vardhana' hai| isameM bhI pUrvavat jinendra kI pUjA tathA dAna dene kA vidhAna hai| varSa vardhana ke avasara para nikhila iSTa-bandhuoM ko sAdara nimaMtrita kara bhojana karAne kA niyama bhI hai|' isa kriyA kA viziSTa maMtra yaha hai--'upanayanajanmavarSavardhanabhAgI bhava, vaivAhaniSThavarSavardhanabhAgI bhava, munIndra janmavarSavardhanabhAgI bhava, yauvarAjyavarSavardhanabhAgI bhava, mahArAjyavarSavardhanabhAgI bhava, paramarAjyavarSavardhanabhAgI bhava, Arhantya rAjyavarSavardhanabhAgI bhava / 2 12. kezavApa kriyA (cUDAkarma kriyA) : kezavApa kA abhiprAya hai muNDana / kisI zubha dina meM deva tathA guru kI pUjA isa kriyA meM anivArya hai / sarvaprathama . zizu ke kezoM ko sugandhita jala se bhigoyA jAtA hai| pUjita hue avaziSTa akSata ko kezoM para rakhane kA niyama hai| tadanantara svakula kI rIti ke anusAra kSaura-karma kiyA jAtA hai / isI samaya zikhA rakhane kA bhI vidhAna hai| muNDana hone ke bAda zuddha jala se bAlaka ko snAna karAkara usake zarIra ko vividha sugandhita dravyoM se anulipta kara alaMkaraNoM se alaMkRta kiyA jAtA hai / susnAta, gandhAnulipta tathA samalaMkRta zizu guniyoM evaM sabhI ko namaskAra karatA hai| usa bAlaka ko bhAI-bandhu AzIrvAda bhI dete haiN| isa kriyA meM puNyAhabhaMgala kiyA jAtA hai aura yaha caula kriyA ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isa kriyA meM samAkRta loga saharSa pravRtta hote haiM / isa kriyA kA vizeSa maMtra yaha hai-'upanayanamuNDabhAgI bhava, nirgranthamuNDabhAgI bhava, niSkrAntimuNDabhAgI bhava, paramanistArakakezabhAgI bhava, paramendrakezabhAgI sava, paramarAjyakezabhAgI bhava, ArhantyarAjyakezabhAgI bhava / ' 1. mahA 38 / 66-76; tulanIya-gobhilagRhya sUtra 2 / 8 / 16-20; zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 25 / 10-11; baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 3 / 7 / 1-2 2. mahA 10 / 143-146 3. kevApastu kezAnAM zubhe'nhi vyaparopaNam / kriyAsyAbhAdRto loko yatate parayA mudA / / mahA 38168 / 101; tulanIya-AzvalAyanagRhya sUtra 17 / 1-18; ApastambagRhyasUtra 16 // 3-18; pAraskaragRhyasUtra 1 / 2; hiraNyakezinagRhya sUtra 2 / 16 / 1-15; manu 2 / 35 4. mahA 401147-151

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 13. lipisaMkhyAna kriyA : aneka zAstrAcAryoM ne isa saMskAra ko vidyArambha, akSarArambha, akSarasvIkaraNa, akSaralekhana Adi nAmoM se sambodhita kiyA hai|' bAlaka ke janma ke pA~caveM varSa meM akSara-jJAna karAne kI vidhi sampanna karane kI vyavasthA hai / isa kriyA meM bhI apane vaibhava ke anusAra pUjA Adi kA vidhAna hai aura adhyayana karAne meM kulavatI gRhastha ko hI usa bAlaka ke adhyApaka pada para niyukta karanA caahie| isa kriyA kA vizeSa maMtra isa prakAra hai-'zabdapAragAmI bhava, arthapAragAmI bhava, zabdArthapAragAmI bhava' arthazAstra raghuvaMza, uttararAmacarita, kAdambarI, aparArka, mArkaNDeya purANa, saMskAraprakAza evaM saMskAra ratnamAlA meM vidyArambha-saMskAra kA varNana upalabdha hai| 14. upanIti-kriyA yA upanayana-saMskAra : 'upa' upasarga pUrvaka 'nI' dhAtu se 'an' pratyaya hokara 'upanayana' zabda banatA hai| guru ke samIpa ziSya ko lAnA upanIti arthAt guru ke samIpa lAyA huA ziSya / upanayana saMskAra ke bAda bAlaka AcArya ke pAsa zikSA grahaNa karane ke lie jAtA hai / [1] samaya : mahA purANa ke anusAra saMskAra ke pUrva sabhI janma se brAhmaNa hote haiM, kintu vratoM se saMskRta hone se dvijanma guNa se yukta hone ke kAraNa dvija kahalAte haiN| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki garbha ke AThaveM varSa meM bAlaka kI upanIti (upanayana) kriyA hotI hai| isameM keza-muNDana, vratabandhana tathA maujIbandhana kI kriyAe~ sampAdita hotI haiN| sarvaprathama bAlaka kA jinAlaya meM arhantadeva kI pUjA ke uparAnta bhaunjIbandhana kA vidhAna hai| tadanantara brahmacArI ko zikhAdhArI, dhavala uttarIya tathA dhauta vastra se sajjita, vikRta veSa rahita vrata ke cihna svarUpa yajJopavIta 1. rAjabalI pANDeya-vahI, pR0 137 2. mahA 38 / 102-103 3. vahI 40 / 152; tulanIya-'zrIgaNezAyanamaH, sarasvatyainamaH, gRhadevatAbhyonamaH, lakSmInArAyaNabhyAM namaH, U~ namaH siddhAya / ' rAjabalI pANDeya-vahI, pR0 141 142 4. pI0 vI0 kANe-vahI, pR0 266-267 5. mahA 40 / 156; tulanIya-gautamadharmasUtra 12

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sAmAjika vyavasthA ko dhAraNa karAyA jAtA hai|' jainetara granthoM meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya tathA vaizyoM ke upanayana ke lie kramazaH 8, 11 eva 12 varSa kI Ayu kA vidhAna hai| aisA sambhava na hone para vizeSa paristhiti meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya tathA vaizyoM ke lie kramazaH 16, 22 evaM 24 varSa kI Ayu kI bhI vyavasthA milatI hai / 2 [2] niyama : upanIti kriyA ke vizeSa maMtra isa prakAra haiM-paramanistArakaliMgabhAgI bhava, paramapiliMgabhAgI bhava, paramendraliMgabhAgI bhava, paramarAjyaliMgabhAgI bhava, paramArhanyaliMgabhAgI bhava, paramanirvANaliMgabhAgI bhava / isa maMtra se bAlaka ko vidhivat abhimaMtrita karake aNuvrata, guNavrata tathA zikSAvratoM se yukta guru kI sAkSIpUrvaka vidhivat saMskAra karanA caahie| tadanantara guru use upAsakAdhyayana par3hAkara aura cAritra ke yogya usakA nAma rakhakara atibala vidyA Adi kA niyoga rUpa se upadeza deveM / phira bAlaka siddha bhagavAna kI pUjA karake apane AcArya kI pUjA kre| isa avasara para bAlaka ko apanI jAti yA kuTumba ke logoM ke ghara meM praveza kara bhikSA mA~gane kA vidhAna hai aura isa bhikSA se jo kucha artha kA lAbha ho use Adara sahita upAdhyAya ko samarpita kara de| bAlaka ko vidyA adhyayana kAla meM brahmacaryavrata kA pAlana karane kA vidhAna hai| 1. mahA 38 / 104-106, 40 / 156-158 2 gautamadharmasUtra 116-14; vaziSThadharmasUtra 11 / 46-54; 71 / 73; AzvalAyana gRhasUtra 1 / 161-6; ApastambadharmasUtra 1 / 1 / 3 / 1-8, 1 / 12 / 38; ApastambagRhyasUtra 11 / 15-16; baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 2 / 57-13; hiraNyakezin 1 / 216; manu 2 / 42 3. mahA 40 / 153-155; jainetara brAhmaNa granthoM meM yajJopavIta dhAraNa karane ke pUrva isa maMtra ko par3hane kA vidhAna haiyajJopavItaM paramaM pavitraM prajApateryatsahaja purastAt / AyuSyamagrayaM pratimuJca zubhra yajJopavItaM balamastu tejaH // baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 2157 mahA 40 / 160-164, 381107-108; tulanIya-AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra paa22|7-8 evaM 17; baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 2 / 5 / 43-55; manu 2 / 108; gautama 2 / 17; jainetara granthoM meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya tathA vaizya chAtroM ke lie kramazaH sAta, tIna evaM do gharoM se bhikSA mA~ganA anivArya thaa| ----kauzikagRhya sUtra 1 / 22 / 6-7

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [3] yajJopavIta : yadyapi jainAcArya yajJopavIta ko nahIM mAnate the, tathApi yajJopavIta ke viSaya meM unake granthoM se jo sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai, usase tatkAlIna samAja meM yajJopavIta kI mahattA pratipAdita hotI hai / inhIM kA vivecana Age kiyA gayA hai / 76 (i) vyutpatti evaM artha : 'yajJasya upavItam iti yajJopavIta' vigraha se SaSThItatpuruSa samAsa hokara yaha nirmita huA / isakA tAtparya hai yajJa kA adhikAra dilAne vAlA sUtra | prAcIna kAla meM dhArmika anuSThAna karane ke pUrva yajJopavIta saMskAra honA Avazyaka thA / (ii) svarUpa evaM prakAra : yajJopavIta kA ullekha na kevala prAcIna granthoM meM upalabdha hai, apitu purAtAttvika utkhananoM se bhI bahuta sAkSya upalabdha hote haiM / devagar3ha se yajJopavItadhArI mUrti milI hai| yajJopavIta ke mukhya rUpa se tIna prakAra haiM : (a) tIna lara, (ba) sAta lag, evaM (sa) gyAraha lara | (a) tIna lara ke yajJopavIta ke do upa bheda haiM dravyasUtra evaM bhAvasUtra / tIna ra ke yajJopavIta ko dravyasUtra se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai aura isake dhAraNa karane se hRdaya meM utpanna huA samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrya rUpI guNoM se banA huA vicAra bhAvasUtra hai | ( ba ) sAta laroM kA yajJopavIta sAta parama sthAnoM kA sUcaka mAnA jAtA hai / " ( sa ) jina bhagavAn kI gyAraha pratimAoM ke anuharaNa meM gyAraha laroM kA yajJopavIta eka-eka pratimA ke vrata ke cihna svarUpa hotA hai / " (iii) yogyatA : mahA purANa meM yajJopavIta dhAraNArtha yogyatA nizcita kI gayI hai / asi, masi, kRSi, zilpa evaM vANijya Adi pakarmI dvArA yogyatAnusAra apanI AjIvikA karane vAlA dvija hI yajJopavIta dhAraNa karane kA adhikArI hotA 1. 2. bhAga candra jaina --- devagar3ha kI jainakalA, naI dillI, 1674, pR0 136 mahA 3664-65, 36 / 56 - 167, harivaMza 42 / 5; tulanIya - baudhAyanadharmasUtra 1 / 515 3. mahA 38 / 112 4. vahI 38 / 21-22, 41 / 31 hai

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sAmAjika vyavasthA hai| jisake kula meM doSa laga gayA ho vaha rAjA kI anumati se kula-zuddha karake yajJopavIta dhAraNa kara sakatA hai / yadi usake pUrvaja yajJopavIta dhAraNa karate hoMge tabhI aisI zithilatA dI jA sakatI hai| 2 nRtya karanA, gAyana karanA Adi vidyA evaM zilpa se AjIvikA karane vAle tathA ayogyakula meM utpanna hue vyakti yajJopavIta dhAraNa karane ke adhikArI nahIM haiM / yadi aise kula meM utpanna huA vratI vyakti yajJopavIta dhAraNa karane kI icchA karatA hai, to use saMnyAsamaraNa paryanta taka eka hI dhotI pahananI hotI hai| (iv) niyama : yajJopavItadhArI ko mahA purANa meM niyama se rahane ko nirdezita kiyA gayA hai| use nirAmiSa bhojana, vivAhitA kulastrI kA sevana, ArambhikI hiMsA kA tyAga karanA hotA hai / " samIcIna mArga se bhraSTa hone vAle vyakti kA yajJopavIta pApa kA sUtra hotA hai| pApAcaraNa karane vAloM kA yajJopavIta pApa cihna batAyA gayA hai| 15. vratacaryA kriyA : brahmacarya vrata ke yogya kamara meM maujIbandhana, jA~gha meM sapheda dhotI, vakSasthala para yajJopavIta aura siratva muNDana-ina cihnoM ko dhAraNa karane vAle bAlaka kI vratacaryA kriyA hotI hai| prAyaH isa prakAra bar3he hue sthUla hiMsA kA tyAga Adi vrata use dhAraNa karane kA vidhAna hai| brahmacArI ko kaThora vrata taba taka dhAraNa karanA cAhie, jaba taka samasta vidyAe~ samApta na ho jaaeN| brahmacArI ko guru ke mukha se zrAvakAcAra, AdhyAtmazAstra, vyAkaraNa, nyAya, arthazAstra, jyotiSazAstra, chandazAstra, zakunazAstra, gaNitazAstra Adi viSayoM ko par3hane kI vyavasthA hai|' 1. mahA 401167 2. vahI 40 / 168-166 3. vahI 40 / 170 4. vahI 40 / 171 5. vahI 40 / 172 6. vahI 26 / 118 7. vahA 41153 8. vahI 38 / 106-120, 40 / 165-173; tulanIya-zatapathabrAhmaNa 11 / 5 / 4 / 1 17; AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 22 / 2; pAraskaragRhya sUtra 2 / 3; kAThakagRhyasUtra 41 / 17; gautama 2 / 10-40; manu 2 / 46-246

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana - 16. vratAvataraNa kriyA : samasta vidyAoM kA adhyayana kara lene vAle brahmacArI kI vratAvataraNa kriyA hotI hai / isa kriyA meM sAdhAraNa vratoM kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai, parantu adhyayana ke samaya jo vizeSa vrata kI vyavasthA hai, usakA parityAga kiyA jAtA hai / isa kriyA ke uparAnta usake madhu, mAMsa, pA~ca udumbara phala aura hiMsA Adi pA~ca sthUla pApoM kA tyAga - ye jIvanaparyanta rahane vAle vrata raha jAte haiM / yaha vratAvataraNa kriyA guru ko sAkSIpUrvaka jinendra kI pUjA kara bAraha yA solaha varSa bAda karane kI vyavasthA hai / pahale dvijoM kA satkAra kara phira vratAvataraNa karanA ucita hai / vratAvataraNa ke bAda guru kI AjJA se vastra, AbhUSaNa, mAlA Adi kA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / isake bAda vaha apanI AjIvikA grahaNa karatA hai / parantu jaba taka Age kI kriyA sampanna nahIM hotI hai, taba taka kAma parityAga rUpa mahAvrata kA pAlana karatA hai / ' 78 17. vivAha kriyA : vivAha kriyA kA vistRta adhyayana AgAmI pRSThoM para pRthaka se prastuta kiyA gayA hai / 18. varNalAbha kriyA : apane dharma kA ullaMghana na karane ke lie vivAhita gRhastha kI varNalAbha kriyA kI jAtI hai / pitA ke ghara meM rahakara vaha ( gRhastha ) svatantra nahIM hotA hai, isalie svatantratA prApti hetu varNalAbha kriyA kI jAtI hai| pitA dvArA pRthak se dhana evaM makAna pAkara svatantra AjIvikA karane ko varNalAbha kahate haiM / isa kriyA ke samaya bhI pUrva kI bhA~ti siddha pratimAoM kA pUjana kara, pitA evaM anya zrAvakoM ko sAkSI kara unake sammukha pitA putra ko dhanArpaNa karatA hai aura isa prakAra kahatA hai ki - 'yaha dhana lekara tuma apane isa ghara meM pRthak se rho| tumheM dAna, pUjA Adi samasta kriyAe~ gRhastha-dharma ke samAna karate rahanA caahie| jisa prakAra hamAre pitA ke dvArA diye hue dhana se maiMne yaza aura dharma kA arjana kiyA hai, usI prakAra tuma bhI yaza aura dhana kA arjana kro|' isa prakAra putra ko samajhAkara pitA use varNalAbha kriyA meM niyukta karatA hai aura sadAcAra kA pAlana karatA huA, vaha pitA ke dharma kA pAlana karane ke lie samartha hotA hai / 2 1. 2. mahA 38 / 121 - 126; tulanIya - Rgveda 1 / 152 / 1, 10192519; hirakezigRhyasUtra 16 - 13; baudhAyanagRhya sUtra 1114; pAraskaragRhyasUtra 226, gobhilagRhyasUtra 3 / 4-5; AzvalAyanagRhya sUtra baudhAyana gRhya paribhASA ||14|1; gobhila 3 / 4 / 23-34 3 / 6 / 6-7, 31816 mahA 38 / 135-141

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 16. kUlacaryA kriyA : varNalAbha kriyA ke pazcAt pUjA, dAna, nirdoSa AjIvikA, Arya puruSoM ke cha: kArya Adi kulacaryA kriyA ke lakSaNa haiM, jinakA pAlana kiyA jAtA thA / jainAcArya jinasena ne ise kuladharma varNita kiyA hai|' 20. gRhIzitA kriyA : kulacaryA ke uparAnta vaha puruSa dharma meM dRr3hatA ko dhAraNa karatA huA gRhasthAcArya rUpa gRhIzitA kriyA sampanna karatA hai, jo anya gRhasthoM meM na pAyI jAve aisI zubhavRtti, kriyA, maMtra, varNottamatA, zAstrajJAna tathA cAritraka guNa Adi gRhIza meM honI cAhie / varNottama, mahIdeva, suzruta, dvijasattama, nistAraka, grAmapati tathA mAnArka ityAdi upAdhiyoM se usakA sammAna kiyA jAtA thA / 2 21. prazAnti kriyA : vaha gRhasthAcArya apanI gRhasthI ke bhAra ko samartha yogya putra ko sauMpa detA hai aura svayaM uttama zAnti kA Azraya letA hai| viSayoM meM Asakta na honA, nitya svAdhyAya karane meM tatpara rahanA tathA nAnA prakAra ke upavAsAdi karate rahanA prazAnti kriyA kahalAtI hai / 22. gRhatyAga kriyA : gRhasthAzrama meM svataH ko kRtArtha mAnatA huA, jaba vaha gRhatyAga karane ke lie udyata hotA hai, taba gRhatyAga kriyA kI vidhi kI jAtI hai| isa kriyA meM sarvaprathama siddha bhagavAn kA pUjana kara samasta iSTa janoM ko bulAkara aura punaH unako sAkSIpUrvaka putra ke lie saba kucha sauMpakara gRhatyAga karate haiN| gRhatyAga karate samaya vaha jeSTha putra ko bulAkara usako yaha upadeza detA hai ki-'he putra ! tuma kulakrama kA pAlana karanA aura dhana kA tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjana kara isakA sadupayoga karanA / dhana kA eka bhAga dharma-kArya meM, dusarA bhAga gRhakArya meM tathA tIsarA bhAga pUtra-pUtriyoM meM samAnataH bA~TanA / tuma merI saba santAnoM kA pAlana karanA tathA tuma zAstra, sadAcAra kriyA, maMtra aura vidhi ke jJAtA ho| isalie Alasyarahita hokara deva aura guruoM kI pUjA karate hue apane kuladharma kA pAlana krnaa|' isa prakAra jeSTha putra ko upadeza dekara vaha dvija nirAkula hokara dIkSA grahaNa karane ke lie apanA ghara chor3a detA hai| 1. mh| 38 / 142-143 2. vahI 38 / 144-147 3. vahI 38 / 148-146 4. vahI 38 / 150-156

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80 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 23. dIkSAdya kriyA : jo gRhatyAgI samyak draSTA, prazAnta, gRhasthoM kA svAmI tathA eka vastradhArI hotA hai, usake dIkSAgrahaNa karane ke pUrva jo AcaraNa kiye jAte haiM, una AcaraNoM yA kriyAoM ke samUha ko dvija kI dIkSAdya kriyA kahate haiN|' 24. jinarUpatA kriyA : vastrAdi kA parityAga kara jina-dIkSA ke icchuka puruSa kA digambara rUpa grahaNa karanA jinarUpatA kriyA kahalAtI hai| kAtara AtmA vAle 'jina-rUpa' dhAraNa nahIM kara sakate, ise kevala dhIra-vIra puruSa hI dhAraNa kara sakate haiN|2 25. maunAdhyayanavRttatva kriyA : dIkSoparAnta tathA pAraNa-vidhi meM pravRtta sAdhu kA zAstra kI samAptiparyanta jo mauna rahakara adhyayana karane meM pravRtti hotI hai, use maunAdhyayanavRttatva kriyA kahate haiN| mauna dhAraNa karane vAle, vinaya yukta AtmA vAle, mana-vacana-kAya se zuddha sAdhu ko guru se samasta zAstroM kA adhyayana karane kI vyavasthA hai / kyoMki isa vidhi se bhavya jIvoM ke dvArA upAsanA kiyA huA zAstra isa loka meM unakI yogyatA bar3hAtA hai aura paraloka meM prasanna rakhatA hai|' 26. tIrthakadbhAvanA kriyA : samasta AcAra zAstra evaM anya zAstroM ke adhyayanoparAnta zrutajJAna prApta kara vizuddha AcaraNa vAle sAdha jisa tIrthaMkara pada kI samyak darzana Adi solaha bhAvanAoM kA abhyAsa karate haiM, use tIrthakRdbhAvanA kriyA kahA gayA hai| 27. gurusthAnAbhyupagama kriyA : tadanantara samasta vidhAoM kA jJAna prApta kara jitendrIya sAdhu apane guru kI kRpA se guru-pada prApta karatA hai, jo ki zAstrasammata hai| guru-pada prApta karane ke lie sAdhu meM-jJAnI, vijJAnI, guru ko priya, vinayI tathA dharmAtmA ke guNa kA honA Avazyaka hai| ise gurusthAnAbhyupagama kriyA kahate haiN| 1. mahA 38 / 157-158 2. vahI 38 / 156-160 3. vahI 38 / 161-163 4. vahI 38 / 164-165 5. vahI 38 / 166-167

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 81 28. gaNopagraha kriyA : sadAcArI evaM gaNa ( muni saMgha ) poSaka dvArA kRta kriyAoM ko maharSiyoM ne gaNopagraha kriyA mAnI hai| vaha muni, AryikA, zrAvaka evaM zrAvikAoM ko samIcIna mArga meM lagAtA; acchI taraha saMgha kA poSaNa karatA, dIkSA detA, dharma kA pratipAdana karatA, sadAcAra ko prerita karatA, durAcAriyoM ko dUra haTAtA tathA apane aparAdha kA prAyazcitta karatA hai| isa prakAra vaha gaNa kI rakSA karatA hai| 26. svagurusthAnAvApti kriyA : isa prakAra saMgha kA pAlana karatA huA vaha apane guru ke sthAna ko prApta karane kA prayatna karatA hai| kAlAntara meM vaha samasta vidyAoM ko par3hane vAle tathA muniyoM dvArA samAdRta ziSya ke Upara apanA bhAra sauMpa detA hai / guru kI anumati se vaha ziSya bhI guru ke sthAna para adhiSThita hotA huA unake samasta AcaraNoM kA svayaM pAlana karatA hai tathA samasta saMgha ko pAlana karAtA hai / mahA purANa meM ise svagurusthAnAvApti kriyA kahA gayA hai| 30 niHsaMgatvAtmabhAvanA kriyA : isa prakAra suyogya ziSya para samasta bhAra sauMpakara kabhI duHkhI na hone vAlA vaha sAdhu akelA isa bhAvanA se vihAra karatA thA ki 'merI AtmA saba prakAra ke parigraha se rahita hai'| 31. yoganirvANa saMprApti kriyA : apane AtmA kA saMskAra kara sallekhanA-dhAraNArtha udyata aura saba prakAra se AtmA kI zuddhi karane vAlA puruSa yoga nirvANa kriyA ko prApta hotA hai| yoga nAma dhyAna kA hai, usake lie jo saMvegapUrvaka prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, usa paramatapa ko yoganirvANa saMprApti kahate haiM / jo nitya aura ananta sukha kA sthAna hai, aise loka ke agrabhAga (mokSa sthAna) meM mana lagAkara usa yogI ko yoga (dhyAna) kI siddhi ke lie yoganirvANa kriyA kI bhAvanA karane kA vidhAna hai|" 32. yoganirvANasAdhana kriyA : samasta AhAra aura zarIra ko chor3atA huA vaha yogirAja yoganirvANa sAdhanArtha udyata hotA hai / isa yoga kA nAma samAdhikA hai| isa samAdhi ke dvArA citta ko jo Ananda hotA hai use nirvANa kahate haiM, cUMki yoganirvANa iSTa padArthoM kA sAdhana hai, isalie ise yoganirvANasAdhana kahate haiN|" 1. mahA 38 / 168-171 4. mahA 38 / 178-185 2. vahI 38 / 172-174 5. vahI 38 / 186-186 3. vahI 38 / 175-177

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 33. indropapAda kriyA : yogoM kA samAdhAnakara arthAt mana-vacana-kAya ko sthira kara, jisane prANoM kA parityAga kiyA hai aisA sAdhu puNya ke Age-Age calane para indropapAda kriyA ko prApta hotA hai / vaha indra divya avadhijJAnarUpI jyoti ke dvArA jAna letA hai ki maiM indrapada meM utpanna huA hU~ / ' 82 34. indrAbhiSeka kriyA : paryAptaka hote hI jise apane janma kA jJAna ho gayA hai, aise indra kA phira zreSTha devagaNa indrAbhiSeka karate haiM / 2 35. vidhidAna kriyA : namrIbhUta hue ina uttamottama devoM ko apaneapane pada para niyukta karatA huA, vaha indra vidhidAna kriyA meM pravRtta hotA hai / ' 36. sukhodaya kriyA : apane-apane vimAnoM kI zuddhi dene se saMtuSTa hue devoM se ghirA huA vaha puNyAtmA indra cirakAla taka devoM ke sukhoM kA anubhava karatA hai / 37. indratyAga kriyA : indra apanI Ayu zeSa hone para devatAoM ko upadeza dekara indrapada tyAga se duHkhI nahIM hotA hai / isa taraha jo svarga ke bhogoM kA tyAga karatA hai, vaha indratyAga kriyA hotI hai / dhIravIra puruSa svarga ke aizvarya ko binA kisI kaSTa ke chor3a dete hai / " 38. indrAvatAra kriyA : jo indra Ayu ke anta meM arhanta deva kA pUjana kara svarga se avatAra lenA cAhatA hai, usake Age kI avatAra kriyA varNita hai / manuSya janma pAkara mokSa ke icchuka indra ko zubha solaha svapna dvArA agale mAhAtmya kA jJAna huA / isa taraha svargAvatAra kriyA ko indra prApta karatA hai / 36. hiraNyotkRSTajanmatA kriyA : ve mAtA mahAdevI ke zrI Adi deviyoM ke dvArA zuddha kiye hue ratnamaya garbhAgAra ke samAna garbha meM avatAra lete haiM / garbha meM Ane para vibhinna sampadAoM Adi se sUcita ho jAtA hai / garbha meM bhI tIna jJAna ko dhAraNa karate haiM tathA hiraNya (suvarga) varSA se utkRSTatA sUcita hone se hiraNyo - skRSTajanma kriyA sArthaka hotI hai / " 40. mandarAbhiSeka kriyA : janma ke anantara Aye hue indroM ke dvArA 1. mahA 38 160 164 2. vahI 38 / 165 - 168 3. vahI 38 / 166 4. vahI 38 |200 5. 6. 7. mahA 38 / 203-213 vahI 38 / 214 - 216 vahI 38 / 217-224

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sAmAjika vyavasthA meru parvata ke mastaka para kSIrasAgara ke pavitra jala se bhagavAn kA jo abhiSeka kiyA jAtA hai, vaha una parameSThI kI mandarAbhiSeka kriyA hotI hai / " 41. gurupUjana kriyA : svatantra aura svayaMbhU rahane vAle bhagavAn hI guru kI pUjA ko prApta isalie sabhI unakI pUjA ke vidyAoM kA upadeza hotA hai / ve ziSya bhAva ke binA hote haiM / Apa azikSita hone para bhI sabhI ko mAnya haiM, karate haiM / : 42. yauvarAjya kriyA kumAra kAla Ane para unheM yuvarAja-pada prApya hotA hai, usa samaya mahApratApavAn una bhagavAn ko rAjya paTTa bA~dhA jAtA hai tathA abhiSeka kiyA jAtA hai / " 43. svarAjya kriyA : samasta rAjAoM ne rAjAdhirAja ke pada para jinakA abhiSeka kiyA hai aura jo anya ke zAsana se mukta isa samudraparyanta pRthvI kA zAsana karate haiM, aise una bhagavAn ko svarAjya kI prApti hotI hai / " 83 44. cakralAbha kriyA : nidhiyoM aura ratnoM kI upalabdhi para unheM cakra kI prApti hotI hai, usa samaya samasta prajA unheM rAjAdhirAja mAnakara unakA abhiSeka sahita pUjA karatI hai / " 45. dizAJjaya kriyA : cakraratna ko Age kara samudrasahita samasta pRthvI ko jItane vAle una bhagavAn kA, jo dizAoM ko jItane kA udyoga karatA hai, vaha dizAJjaya kriyA hotI hai / 46. cakrAbhiSeka kriyA : jaba bhagavAn digvijaya pUrNa kara apane nagara meM praveza karane lagate haiM, to cakrAbhiSeka kI kriyA hotI hai / " 47. sAmrAjya kriyA : cakrAbhiSeka ke bAda sAmrAjya kriyA hotI hai / isameM rAjAoM ko zikSA dI jAtI hai / unake dharmasahita sAmrAjya kriyA kA pAlana karane se vaha jIva ihaloka aura paraloka donoM meM hI samRddhi ko prApta hotA hai / " 48. niSkAnti kriyA : bahuta dinoM taka pUjA aura rAjAoM kA pAlana karate hue unheM kisI samaya bheda-vijJAna utpanna hone para dIkSA grahaNArthaM udyama hote 1. mahA 38 / 227-228 2 . vahI 38 / 226-230 3. vahI 38 / 231 4. vahI 38 / 232 5. mahA 38 / 233 6. vahI 38 / 234 7. vahI 38 / 235 - 252 8. vahI 38 / 253-265

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana haiM / isa kriyA meM bhagavAn abhikramaNa karate haiM tathA keza locanA, hotI hai / " pUjA Adi 46. yogasammaha kriyA : mokSa ke icchuka una bhagavAn kI yoga sammaha nAmaka kriyA hotI hai / dhyAna aura jJAna ke saMyoga ko yoga kahate haiM aura usa yoga se jo atizaya teja utpanna hotA hai, vaha yogasammaha kahalAtA hai / 2 50. Arhantya kriyA : ATha prAtihArya, aTThAraha divya sabhA, stUpa, makAnoM kI paMktiyA~, koTa kA gherA aura patAkAoM kI paMkti ityAdi adbhuta vibhUti ko dhAraNa karane vAle una bhagavAn ke Arhantya nAma kI yaha eka bhinna kriyA hai / 84 51. vihAra kriyA : dharma cakra ko Age kara bhagavAn ke vihAra ko bihAra kriyA kahate haiM / * 52. yogatyAga kriyA : dharmamArga ke upadeza dvArA paropakArArtha jinhoMne tIrtha vihAra kiyA hai, aise bhagavAn kI yogatyAga nAmaka kriyA hotI hai / jisameM vihAra karanA samApta hokara, sabhAbhUmi ( samavasaraNa ) vighaTita hotI hai tathA yoganirodha karane ke lie apanI vRtti karane ko yogatyAga kriyA kahA gayA hai / " 53. agranivRtti kriyA : mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki jinake samasta yogoM kA nirodha ho cukA hai, jo jinoM ke svAmI haiM, jinheM zIla ke Izvaratva kI avasthA prApta huI hai, jinake aghAtiyA karma naSTa ho cuke haiM, jo svabhAva se utpanna hue Urdhvagati ko prApta hue haiM aura jo utkRSTa mokSasthAna para pahu~ca gaye haiM, aise bhagavAn kI agranirvRtti nAma kI kriyA mAnI gayI hai / [ba] dIkSAnvaya kriyA : 'dIkSAyAH anvayanam iti' tatpuruSa samAsa se 'dIkSAnvaya' zabda nirmita hotA hai, jisakA tAtparya dIkSA ke anurUpa kriyA karane se hai / isakA sambandha dhArmika abhyudaya se hai / ina kriyAoM ke mAdhyama se vyakti ke vyaktitva evaM dhArmikatA kA vikAsa hotA hai aura vaha zrAvaka yA munipada prApta karatA hai / vratoM kA dhAraNa (pAlana) karanA dIkSA hai / vrata ke do bheda haiM : (1) mahAvrata - sabhI prakAra ke hiMsAdi pApoM kA tyAga karanA mahAvrata hai / ( 2 ) aNuvrata - sthUla hiMsAdi doSoM se 1. mahA 381266-264 2 . vahI 38 / 265-300 3. vahI 38 / 302-303 4. mahA 381304 5. vahI 381305-306 6. vahI 38308-308

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 85 nivRtta hone ko aNuvrata kahate haiM / una vratoM ko grahaNa karane ke lie sammukha puruSa kI jo pravRtti hai, use dIkSA kahate haiM aura usa dIkSA se sambandha rakhane vAlI jo kriyAe~ haiM, ve dIkSAnvaya kriyAe~ kahalAtI haiM / maraNa se lekara nirvANa paryanta dIkSAnvaya kriyA aDatAlisa (48) prakAra kI varNita haiN| isake sampAdana se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / 2 jo bhavya manuSya ina kriyAoM ko yathArthataH jAnakara pAlana karatA hai, vaha sukha ke adhIna hotA huA bahuta zIghra nirvANa ko prApta karatA hai / ar3atAlisa dIkSAnvaya kriyAoM kA varNana nimnavat hai : 1 avatAra kriyA : jaba mithyAtva se bhraSTa huA koI bhavya puruSa samIcIna mArga ke grahaNa karane ke sammukha hotA hai, taba avatAra kriyA kI jAtI hai| usa samaya guru hI usakA pitA hotA hai aura tattvajJAna hI saMskAra kiyA huA garbha hai / yaha bhavya puruSa dharma rUpa janma dvArA usa tattva jJAna rUpI garbha meM avatarita hotA hai| isakI yaha kriyA garbhAdhAna kriyA ke sadRzya mAnI gayI hai, kyoMki janma kI prApti donoM hI kriyAoM meM nahIM hai| 2. vRttalAbha kriyA : usI guru ke caraNa kamaloM ko namaskAra karate hue aura vidhipUrvaka vratoM ke samUha ko prApta hote hue bhavya puruSa kI vRttalAbha nAmaka dvitIya kriyA hotI hai| 3. sthAnalAbha kriyA : upavAsa karane vAle bhavya puruSoM kI sthAnalAbha kriyA hotI hai| vidhipUrvaka jinAlaya meM jinendra kI pUjA kara guru kI anumati se ghara jAte haiN| 4. gaNagrahaNa kriyA : jaba mithyA devatAoM ko ghara se bAhara nikAlatA hai; to usakI gaNagraha nAmaka kriyA hotI hai| pahale devatA kA visarjana kara unake sthAna para apane mata ke devatA kI sthApanA karate haiM / 5. pUjArAdhya kriyA : pUjA aura upavAsa rUpa sampatti ke sAtha-sAtha aMgoM ke artha samUha ko zravaNa karane vAle usa bhavya puruSa kI pUjArAdhya kI kriyA sampanna hotI hai| 1. mahA 36 / 3-5 2. vahI 36 / 1-2, 63 / 304 3. vahI 3680 4. vahI 367 5. vahI 36 / 34-35 6. mahA 36 / 36 7. vahI 36 / 37-44 8. vahI 36145-48 6. vahI 36146

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 6. puNyayajJA kriyA : saddharmI puruSa ke sAtha caudaha pUrva vidyAoM kA artha sunane vAlI puNyayajJA nAmaka bhinna prakAra kI kriyA hotI hai|' 7. dar3hacaryA kriyA : apane mata ke zAstra samApta kara anya mata ke granthoM yA dUsare viSayoM ko sunane vAle usake dRr3hacaryA nAmaka kriyA hotI hai / 8. upayogitA kriyA : dRr3havatI ko upayogitA kriyA hotI hai| pUrva ke dina upavAsa ke anta (rAtri) meM pratimAyoga dhAraNa karanA upayogitA kriyA kathita hai / 9. upanIti kriyA : zuddha evaM bhavya utkRSTa puruSoM ke yogya cinha dhArita rUpa ko upanIti kriyA kathita hai| devatA aura guru kI sAkSIpUrvaka vidhi ke anusAra apane veSa, sadAcAra aura samaya kI rakSA karanA hI upanIti kriyA hotI hai| isameM veSa, vRtta aura samaya ke pAlana kA vidhAna hai| 10. vratacaryA kriyA : yajJopavIta se yukta huA bhavya puruSa zabda aura artha donoM ko acchI taraha upAsakAdhyayana ke sUtroM kA abhyAsa kara vratacaryA kriyA dhAraNa karatA hai| 11. vratAvataraNa kriyA : samasta vidyAoM ke adhyayanoparAnta zrAvaka jaba usa guru ke samIpa samyak vidhi se AbhUSaNa Adi grahaNa karatA hai taba usakI pratAvaraNa nAma kI kriyA hotI hai| 12. vivAha kriyA : jaba vaha bhavya puruSa apanI patnI ko uttama vratoM ke yogya zrAvaka kI dIkSA se yukta karatA hai taba ise vivAha kriyA kI avidhA dI gaI hai / apanI patnI ke saMskAra kA icchuka usa bhavya puruSa kA usI strI ke sAtha punaH vivAha saMskAra hotA hai aura usa saMskAra meM siddha bhagavAn kI pUjA Adi samasta vidhiyA~ sampanna kI jAtI hai|" 13. varNalAbha kriyA : jinheM varNalAbha ho cukA hai aura jo apane samAna hI AjIvikAdhArI aise anya zrAvakoM ke sAtha sambandha sthApita karane ke abhilASI usa bhavya puruSa kI varNalAbha kriyA hotI hai| 1. mahA 3650 2. vahI 3651 3. vahI 36052 4. vahI 3653-56 mahA 3657 6. vahI 36 / 58 7. vahI 3656-60 8. vahI 36061

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 87 14. kulacaryA kriyA : Arya puruSoM ke upayukta devapUjA Adi cha: kAryoM meM pUrNa pravRtti rakhanA kulacaryA kahalAtI hai|' 15. gahIzitA kriyA : jo samyakacAritya evaM adhyayana rUpI sampatti se parapuruSoM kA upakAra karane meM samartha hai, jo prAyazcitta kI vidhi kA jJAtA hai, zruti, smRti, purANa kA jAnakAra hai, aisA bhavya gRhasthAcArya pada ko prApta hokara gRhIzitA kriyA ko dhAraNa karatA hai / 2 16. prazAntatA kriyA : nAnA prakAra kI upavAsa Adi bhAvanAoM ko prApta hone vAle usa bhavya ke samAna hI prazAntatA kriyA mAnI jAtI hai| 17. gahatyAga kriyA : jaba vaha ghara-nivAsa se virakta hokara yogya putra ko nIti ke anusAra zikSA dekara ghara chor3a detA hai, taba usakI gRhatyAga nAmaka kriyA hotI hai| 18. dIkSAdya kriyA : jo ghara chor3akara tapovana meM calA jAtA hai, aise bhavya puruSa kA pUrva kI bhA~ti eka vastra dhAraNa karanA dIkSAdya kriyA hotI hai| 16. jinarUpatA kriyA : jaba gRhastha vastra tyAga kara kisI yogya AcaraNa vAle munirAja se digambara rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai, taba usakI jinarUpatA kriyA hotI hai| 20 se 48 taka kI anya kriyAyeM : uparyukta kriyAoM ke atirikta jo anya kriyAe~ zeSa haiM, ve sabhI garbhAnvaya kriyAoM ke sadRzya kI jAtI haiM tathA pratipAdya haiM / inameM aura unameM koI bheda nahIM hai / sabhI ke vidhAna eka samAna haiM / sa karz2anvaya kriyA : 'kartuH anvayaH iti kanvaya' tatpuruSa samAsa se rikAra ko repha Adeza hone para 'kanvaya' zabda banatA hai / isakA artha kartA ke anurUpa kriyA hai / mahA purANa ke anusAra jaina dharma ke antargata unhIM prANiyoM kA karjanvaya kriyA hone kA vidhAna vihita hai, jo saMsAra meM atyalpa samaya taka rahatA hai arthAt jisa vyakti ko jJAna prApta hotA hai, usako ina kriyAoM ko karane kA vidhAna hai| isameM yaha bhI ullekha 1. mahA 3672 2. vahI 3673-74 3. vahI 3675 4. vahI 3676 5. mahA 3677 6. vahI 3678 7. vahI 36176 8. vahI 3681

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88 . jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana AyA hai ki sajjAti, sadgRhitva, pArivrajya, surendratA, sAmrAjya, Arhantya evaM parinirvRtti Adi sapta kriyAe~ karz2anvaya kriyA ke antargata AtI haiN|' Agama ke anusAra ukta sAta karjanvaya kriyAoM kA pAlana karane se yogiyoM ko parama sthAna kI prApti hotI hai|2 1. sajjAti kriyA : uttama vaMza meM vizuddha manuSya yoni meM janma-grahaNa karane para jaba vaha dIkSA grahaNa karane yogya hotA hai to usakI sajjAti kriyA hotI hai| pitA ke vaMza kI zuddhi ko kula evaM mAtA ke vaMza kI zuddhi ko jAti kahate haiM / kula evaM jAti kI zuddhi ko sajjAti kahate haiM / sajjAti se iSTa padArthoM kI pUrti (prApti) hotI hai| jaba bhavya jIva (binA yoni ke prApta hue) divya jJAna rUpI garbha se utpanna hone vAle utkRSTa janma ko prApta karate haiM, taba sajjAti kriyA hotI hai|' 2. sadgRhitva kriyA : sadgRhastha hone ke sAtha hI Arya puruSa ke karane yogya chaH karmoM kA pAlana karatA hai, gRhastha avasthA meM karane yogya vizuddha AcaraNa ko grahaNa karatA hai, arhantya ke kathita una samasta AcAroM ko Alasya mukta hokara sampanna karatA hai, jisane jinendradeva se uttama janma prApta kiyA hai aura gaNadharadeva ne jise zikSA dI hai, aisA vaha zreSTha dvija utkRSTa brahmateja (Atmateja) ko dhAraNa karatA hai / dvija ko vizuddha hone tathA hiMsA se Darane kA vidhAna hai| hiMsA kA Azraya lene vAle ko cANDAla kahA gayA hai / jainI hI varNottama hai / jainiyoM ko cha: karma karane se hiMsA kA doSa laga sakatA hai, tathApi isake lie prAyazcitta kA vidhAna bhI varNita hai| brahmacarya, gRhastha, vAnaprastha aura bhikSuka-ye cAra Azrama haiM, jo ki uttarottara adhika vizuddhi ko prApta karate haiM / isa prakAra ke guNoM ke dvArA apanI AtmA kI zuddhi karanA sadgRhitva kriyA ke antargata hai| 3. pArivrajya kriyA : gRhastha dharma kA pAlana karane ke uparAnta virakta hue puruSa ke dIkSA-grahaNa karane ko pArivrajya kriyA kahA gayA hai / parivrAT kA jo nirvANa dIkSA rUpa bhAva hai use pArivrajya nAma se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| isa pArivrajya meM mamatA bhAva kA tyAga kara digambara rUpa grahaNa karanA hotA hai| zubha dina, lagna Adi para guru se dIkSA prApta karatA hai| muni saMkalparahita hokara jisa prakAra kI jisa-jisa vastu kA parityAga karatA hai, usakA tapazcaraNa usake lie vahI-vahI vastu utpanna kara detA hai / aneka prakAra ke vacanoM ke jAla meM nibaddha tathA yukti se 1. mahA 63 / 305 2. vahI 360207 3. mahA 38182-68 4. vahI 3666-154

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sAmAjika vyavasthA bAdhita anya logoM ke pArivrajya ko chor3akara isI pArivrajya ko grahaNa karane kA vidhAna varNita hai| 4. surendratA kriyA : pArivrajya ke phala kA udaya hone se jo surendra pada kI upalabdhi hotI hai vahI surendratA kriyA huI / isakA varNana pahale varNita hai / 2 5. sAmrAjya kriyA : jisameM cakraratna ke sAtha-sAtha nidhiyoM evaM ratnoM se utpanna hue bhogopabhoga rUpI sampadAoM kI paramparA prApta hotI hai, aise cakravartI kA bar3A bhArI rAjya sAmrAjya kriyA kahalAtI hai| 6. Arhantya kriyA : arhat parameSThI kA bhAva arthAt karmarUpa jo utkRSTa kRtya hai, vaha Arhantya kriyA hai| isa kriyA meM svargAvatAra Adi mahAkalyANaka rUpa sampadAoM kI prApti hotI hai| svarga se avatIrNa hue arhantya parameSThI kI jo paJcakalyANaka rUpa sampadAoM kI upalabdhi hotI hai, use Arhantya kriyA kahate haiN| yaha Arhantya kriyA tInoM lokoM meM kSobha utpanna karane vAlI hai| 7. parinivatti kriyA : saMsAra ke bandhana se mukta hue paramAtmA kI jo avasthA hotI hai, vaha parinirvRtti kriyA kahalAtI hai| isakA anya nAma 'paraMnirvANa' bhI hai| samasta karma rUpI mala ke vinaSTa hone se antarAtmA kI zuddhi ko hI siddhi kahate haiM / yaha siddhi apane Atmatattva kI prApti rUpa hai, abhAva nhiiN| isake atirikta yaha Adi guNoM ke nAza-svarUpa bhI nahIM hai| da] mRtaka-saMskAra : uparyukta kRtyoM ke atirikta mRtaka saMskAra kA ullekha jaina purANoM meM upalabdha hai, parantu isakA samAyojana ukta nirdhArita tIna vargoM meM na karake pRthaka rakhA gayA hai| isakA mukhya uddezya yaha rahA hogA ki mRtaka-saMskAra azubha kA dyotaka hotA hai / aisI sthiti meM ise unake sAtha nahIM rakhA gayA hai| mahA purANa meM do prakAra kI mRtyu kA ullekha hai : zarIra-maraNa (Ayu ke anta meM zarIra kA tyAga) aura saMskAra-maraNa (vratI puruSoM kA pApoM kA prityaag)| zarIra-maraNa meM hI mRtaka-saMskAra kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| jaina purANoM meM mRta 1. mahA 36 / 155-200 2. vahI 36 / 201 3. vahI 36202 4. vahI 36203-204 5. mahA 36 / 205-206 6. vahI 36 / 122 ___7. vahI 5658, 68703

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana zarIra ko gAr3ane, jala-pravAha aura agni-dAha kA ullekha haiM / samAja ke garIba varga ke loga mRtaka ke mRtazarIra ko jala meM pravAhita karate the, parantu samAja ke sampanna vyakti dAha saMskAra karate the / jaina purANoM meM mRtaka ke antima saMskAra ke sthala ko zmazAna kahA gayA hai / isake sAtha hI zmazAna ke vIbhatsya evaM bhayaMkara dRzya kA varNana upalabdha hai / jaina AgamoM meM zava ko pazupakSiyoM ko khAne hetu khule sthAna meM chor3ane kA ullekha hai / ' anya sthala para zava ke gAr3ane kA varNana milatA hai / padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki mRtyu hone para mRtaka ke ghara meM saMgIta, maMgala, utsava, pUjana Adi nahIM hote / " 60 jaina purANoM meM varNita hai ki mRtaka ke zarIra para AtmIya jana kapUra, aguru, gauzIrSa, candana, ubaTana Adi lagAte the tathA snAna karAte the / AtmIya janoM dvArA rone kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| padma purANa meM varNana AyA hai ki pati ke mRtyu para striyA~ apane hAtha kI cUr3iyA~ tor3a detI thiiN| harivaMza purANa meM ullikhita hai ki sAmAnyatayA mRtaka ko jala dene kI paramparA nahIM thI, tathApi AtmIya janoM dvArA mRtakAtmA kI zAnti hetu jala dene kA bhI vidhAna vihita hai / " padma purANa meM mRtyUparAnta lokAcAra ke anusAra kriyAoM ko sampAdita karane kA vidhAna hai| jaina AgamoM meM maraNoparAnta nIharaNa, vyaMtarAdhiSThita, pariSThApana Adi kriyAoM ke karane kA ullekha hai / isake sAtha hI mRtakoM ke zrAddha meM brAhmaNa bhojana karAne kI bhI vyavasthA thI / " 1. padma 78 / 2,8, 118 / 123; harivaMza 63 / 56, 72; mahA 75 / 227 2. vahI 106 / 63-65; mahA 75 / 227 3. mahAnizItha, pR0 25 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 3 | 4824 5. padma 116 / 40-42 6. vahI 7818 harivaMza 63 / 55 7.. vahI 78/6 8. harivaMza 63 / 52; tulanIya - bRhatkalpabhASya 3 | 4824 4. lokAcArAnukUlatvAccakre pretakriyAvidhim / padma 46 6 tulanIya - vipAkasUtra 10. 2, pR0 24 jagadIza candra jaina - prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM mRtaka karma, AcArya bhikSu smRti grantha, kalakattA, 1661, pR0 232-234

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sAmAjika vyavasthA [6] vivAha 1. vivAha kA mahattva : vivAha nikhila sAmAjika saMsthAoM kA mUlAdhAra hai| svAbhAvika tathA sArvajanika sthiti ke kAraNa jaina purANoM ne bhI vivAha ko eka mahattvapUrNa kRtya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina puraNoM ke anusAra gArhasthya-jIvana meM pravezArtha vara-vadhU samyak jIvana vyatIta karane, santAnoM kI rakSA evaM sAmAjika vyavasthA ke lie vivAha-sUtra meM baMdhate the| bhogabhUmi kAla meM strI-puruSoM kA yugala sAtha-sAtha utpanna hotA thA, sAtha hI sAtha bhoga bhogane ke uparAnta kevala eka yugala ko janma dekara sAtha hI sAtha mRtyu ko prApta karate the|' sAmAjika vyavasthA ko saMtulita banAne ke lie tathA vaMza-vistArArtha santAnotpatti ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / isI lie mahA purANa meM isa bAta para bala diyA gayA hai ki putrahIna manuSya kI gati nahIM hotI arthAt mokSa kI prApti nahIM hotii| yaha kathana veda vihita hai / 2 mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki vivAha kriyA gRhasthoM kA dharma hai aura santAna-rakSA gRhasthoM kA pradhAna kArya hai| kyoMki vivAha na karane se santati kA uccheda ho jAtA hai aura santati ke uccheda hone se dharma kA uccheda hotA hai| vivAha ke mahattva evaM pracalana kI sUcanA jainetara sAkSyoM se bhI prApya hotI hai / udAharaNArtha, kAlidAsa ne dharma artha evaM kAma ko vivAha kA mukhya uddezya mAnA hai| pAramparika viSNu, brahmANDa evaM matsya purANoM meM sapatnIka gRhastha ko hI mahAn phala, dAna tathA abhiSeka kA adhikArI varNita kiyA hai|" 2. vivAha ke prakAra evaM bheva : prAcIna bhAratIya dharmazAstrIya paramparA meM vivAha ke nirdhArita ATha prakAra-brAhma, daiva, ArSa, prAjApatya, Asura, gAndharva. rAkSasa evaM paizAca-suvidita haiM / ina ATha prakAroM ke kramabaddha ullekha jaina purANoM meM 1. padma 3 / 51; mahA 6578 2. mahA 6576 3. vahI 15 // 62-64 4. gAyatrI varmA-kAlidAsa ke grantha : tatkAlIna saMskRti, vArANasI, 1663, pR0 81 5. esa0 ena0 rAya-paurANika dharma evaM samAja, ilAhAbAda, 1668, pR0 222 . 6. AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 6; baudhAyanadharmasUtra 1111; gautama 4 / 6-13; yAjJa valkya 1156-61; kauTilya 3 / 1 / 5; manu 3 / 21; viSNusmRti 24 / 17-18; viSNu purANa 3 / 10 / 24; viSNudharmottara purANa 24 // 18-16

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1333 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana prApta nahIM hote haiM / ataeva yaha nizcita karanA kaThina hai ki inameM kisa vidhi ko kisa sImA taka mAnyatA milI thI / jaina AgamoM ke sambandha meM DaoN0 jagadIza candra jaina kA mata hai ki jaina AgamoM meM vivAha ke tIna prakAra - mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita, svayaMvara tathA gAndharva-haiM / pI0 thAmasa ke matAnusAra jaina dharma meM cAra prakAra ke vivAha pracalita the-mAtA-pitA dvArA niyojita, svayaMvara, gAndharva tathA asura 12 Alocita jaina purANoM meM prasaMgataH jina vivAhoM ke ullekha milate haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM: (i) svayaMvara, (Ii) gAndharva, (iii) parivAra dvArA niyojita, (iv) prAjApatya, (v) rAkSasa / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaina purANoM ke racanAkAla meM svayaMvara ko vivAha kI pRthak vidhi mAnane ke saMdarbha meM do mata pracalita the / dharmazAstrIya sampradAya meM svayaMvara ko pRthaktaH vivAha-vidhi nahIM mAnate the, apitu ise gAndharva vivAha kA hI aMga mAnA jAtA thA / udAharaNArtha, yAjJavalkya smRti (1 / 61 ) meM vIra - mitrodaya ne yaha spaSTatayA kahA hai ki svayaMvara bhI gAndharva vivAha hai / kintu dUsarI ora sthiti yaha thI ki jaina sampradAya meM svayaMvara aura gAndharva donoM ko pRthak-pRthak vivAha vidhi ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / yahA~ ullekhanIya hai ki kSetrIya, paristhitijanya aura sampradAyagata vaiziSTya evaM Agraha ke kAraNa vivAhoM ke prakAra ke viSaya meM jo ullekha milate haiM, unameM samarUpatA nahIM thI / na kevala jaina sampradAya meM, apitu brAhmaNa sampradAya meM bhI vivAha ke prakAroM kI saMkhyA ko kama karane kI paramparA cala par3I thI / udAharaNArtha, brahmANDa purANa kA pramANa prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai, jisake anusAra vivAha kI cAra hI vidhiyA~ - kAlakIta, kramakrIta, svayaMyuta tathA pitRdatta - haiM / " brahmANDa purANa kA yaha sthala lagabhaga hamAre Alocya purANoM ke samayAvadhi meM AtA hai / kyoMki purANa samIkSaka ke anusAra brahmANDa purANa guptottara kAla meM saMkalita huA thA, jisakI racanA kA krama 1000 I0 taka calatA hai / " kAlidAsa ne vivAha ke ATha prakAroM meM se kevala gAndharva, 1. jagadIza candra jaina - jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, vArANasI, 1665, pR0 253 2. pI0 thAmasa - iNDiyana vImena thrU da ez2a ez2a, landana, 1654, pR0 107 3. kANe - hisTrI oNpha dharmazAstra, pR0 523; esa0 ena0 rAya - vahI, pR0 232 4. brahmANDa purANa 4 / 15 / 4 5. hAjarA - sTaDIja ina da paurANika rikarDasa oNpha hindU rAiTsa eNDa kasTamasa, - hisTorikala aiNDa kalcarala sTaDIz2a ina da pR0 136 esa0 esa0 rAya - purANAz2a, ilAhAbAda, 1678, pR0 162

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 3 Asura tathA prAjApatya vidhiyoM kA hI ullekha kiyA hai|' janetara agni purANa meM deva prakAra ko chor3akara kevala sAta prakAroM ke vivAha kA hI varNana upalabdha hai / 2 adholikhita anucchedoM meM jaina purANoM meM ullikhita vivAha ke prakAroM kI vivecanA prastuta hai : (6) svayaMvara vivAha : jaina purANoM ke anusAra svayaMvara prathA ke udbhAvaka akampana mahArAja the| mahA purANa meM svasampradAya viziSTa zrutiyoM evaM smRtiyoM kI prAmANikatA para bala dete hue vivAha kI sanAtana vidhi evaM paramparA kA ullekha upalabdha hai| mahA purANa kA kathana hai ki prAcIna purANoM meM vivAha kI sarvottama vidhi svayaMvara hai|" vidvAn klarise badera ke kathanAnusAra svayaMvara yA pati cunane kA vizeSAdhikAra kSatriya kanyAoM ko hI thaa| isa mata meM kiJcita saMzodhana kiyA jA sakatA hai| svayaMvara prathA rAjakanyA ke lie apekSita mAnI jAtI thI aura prAcIna bhArata meM rAjapada kSatriyoM ke atirikta brAhmaNa bhI alaMkRta karate the| jaina purANoM ke anusAra svayaMvara kA pracalana rAjagharAnoM meM thaa| sambhavataH samAja ke dhanI evaM sampanna vyakti meM bhI isa prathA kA pracalana thaa| svayaMvara vidhi viSayaka varNana jaina purANoM ke anusAra kanyA ke vivAha yogya ho jAne para pitA usake vivAha ke lie deza-videza meM sUcanA bhejatA thA / dezavideza ke rAjakumAra nava-nirmita svayaMvarazAlA meM baiThate the / svayaMvarazAlA meM kaJcukI ke sAtha kanyA praveza karatI thI aura kaJcukI sabhI rAjakumAroM kA paricaya kanyA ko detA thaa| kanyA apanI icchAnusAra una rAjakumAroM meM se eka ko pati ke rUpa meM varaNa karatI thii| tadanantara vivAha sampanna hotA thaa| kanyA jisa puruSa kA varaNa 1. bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya-vahI, pR0 206 esa0 DI0 jJAnI-agnipurANa : e sTaDI, vArANasI, 1664, pR0 246 3. mahA 45 / 54 ; pANDava 3 / 147 4. vahI, 44 / 32 vahI 43 / 166 __ klarise badera-vImena ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, laMdana, 1625, pR0 31 padma 110 / 2; mahA 63 / 8 vahI 24 / 86-60, 121; harivaMza 31 / 43-55; mahA 43152-278, 63 / 8; tulanIya-jJAtAdharmakathA 16, pR0 176-182; bRhatkalpabhASya 2 / 3446; gautamadharmasUtra 4 / 10; manu 3 / 32

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana karatI thI, vahI usakA pati hotA thA aura aisI paristhiti meM usake bIca meM vyavadhAna DAlanA anucita thA / yadi kanyA ko vara pasanda nahIM AtA thA, taba svayaMvara bhaMga kara diyA jAtA thA / 2 svayaMvara meM prArambha se anta taka kA sampUrNa uttaradAyitva kanyA pakSa kA hotA thA / ' 64 (ii) gAndharva vivAha : jaba karate the, to use gAndharva vivAha kI ne kuntI ke sAtha gAndharva vivAha kiyA thA / * vivAha meM prema kA prArambha kabhI vara kI ora se se aura kabhI-kabhI donoM hI ora se hotA hai / jainetara mArkaNDeya purANa ke anusAra gAndharva vivAha kevala kSatriyoM ke lie hI vihita thA / gAndharva vivAha meM pitA kI abhiruci gauNa thI / yahI kAraNa hai ki uttarakAlIna smRtikAroM ne svayaMvara ko bhI gAndharva vivAha mAnA hai / " (iii) parivAra dvArA niyojita vivAha / kanyA ke upayukta vara ke lie apane mitra aura maMtrI se parAmarza kiyA jAtA thA / " kanyA ke mAtA-pitA kanyA ke yogya vara DhUMr3ha kara tathA vidhi-vidhAna se vivAha sampanna kara jAmAtA ko yathAzakti dhana Adi dekara maMgalAcArapUrvaka kanyA kI vidAI karate the / " padma purANa ke anusAra 1. padma 670, 66 61 2. harivaMza 31 / 35 3. mahA 6282 4. padma 8 / 108, 5. padma 63 / 18 yuvaka evaM yuvatI kAma ke vazIbhUta hokara sambhoga saMjJA dI jAtI hai / udAharaNArtha, rAjA pANDu padma purANa meM varNita hai ki gAndharva hotA hai tathA kabhI kanyA kI ora pR0 141; jJAtAdharmakathA 8 8. harivaMza 26/68, 45|37 tulanIya - uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 6. vahI 81101, 107 19. vahI 6 / 16 8. bRjendra nAtha zarmA - sozala aiNDa kalcarala hisTrI oNpha nArdarna iNDiyA, naI dillI, 1672, pR0 58 yAjJavalkya smRti 161; kANe - vahI, pR0 523; ema0 ena0 rAya - paurANika dharma evaM samAja, pR0 232 10. padma 15/25-26 11 . vahI 10 / 10; mahA 45 / 34

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 65 saba sAmagrI lekara kanyA pakSa vAle vara ke ghara jAkara vivAha sampanna karAte the / isI purANa meM anyatra ullikhita hai ki kabhI-kabhI kanyA ke rUpa para Asakta ho jAne para vara svayaM yA usakA pitA kanyA ke yahA~ jAkara kanyA kI yAcanA karate the / 2 (iv) prAjApatya vivAha : isa vivAha ko mahA purANa meM vizeSa mahatva diyA gayA hai / isameM kanyA kA vidhipUrvaka pANigrahaNa saMskAra sampanna karane kI vyavasthA hai / " jaina mAnyatAnusAra antima kulakara nAbhirAya ne pANigrahaNa kI vartamAna prathA calAI thI / unhoMne apane putra RSabhadeva, jise jainadharma kA prathama tIrthaMkara mAnA gayA hai, kA vidhipUrvaka pANigrahaNa saMskAra sampanna kiyA thA / * (v) rAkSasa vivAha : pI0 thAmasa ke matAnusAra jaina dharma meM rAkSasa aura paizAca prakAra ke vivAhoM ko mAnyatA pradAna nahIM kI gaI hai / " parantu yaha mata amAnya hai / jainI sampradAya viziSTa Adarza kI ora saMketa avazya karate haiM, kintu yathArthatA yadi Alocita granthoM ke pariprekSya meM samagratA kI dRSTi se dekhA jAe to sthiti bhinna dRSTigocara hotI hai| jaina purANoM meM rAkSasa vivAha ke aneka dRSTAnta milate haiM / kanyA ko balAt usake parivAra vAloM ko mArakara haraNa kara lete the aura apane yahA~ lAkara vidhipUrvaka vivAha sampanna karate the / : 3. vivAha viSayaka niyama jaina purANoM ke adhyayana se tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita vivAha ke niyamoM evaM pratibandhoM para prakAza par3atA hai| isakA ullekha adholikhita hai : (i) savarNa vivAha (anuloma vivAha) : vivAha viSayaka niyamoM aura upaniyamoM kI dRSTi se jaina purANoM meM tathA inase itara sAkSyoM meM jahA~ kahIM samAnatA dRSTigata hotI hai, unameM savarNa vivAha vizeSatayA ullekhanIya hai / jaina sampradAya dvArA sammata vidhi-niSedha meM kahIM to brAhmaNa paramparA se samAnatA hai aura kahIM viSamatA dikhAI detI hai / dharmazAstrIya brAhmaNa-vyavasthA meM savarNa yA anuloma vivAha 1. padma 8178-80 2 . vahI 10 / 6; harivaMza 21 / 26 3. mahA 70 / 115 4. gokula candra jaina - jaina saMskRti aura vivAha, gurudeva zrI ratnamuni smRtigrantha, AgarA, 1664, pR0 283 5. 6. pI0 thAmasa - vahI, pR0 108 harivaMza 4266, 44 / 23 - 24; mahA 32 / 183, 68 600

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mAnya thA aura pratiloma vivAha ko mAnyatA pradAna nahIM kI gaI hai, jisake spaSTa nirdeza gautamadharmasUtra, vaziSThadharmasUtra, manusmRti, yAjJavalkyasmRti Adi granthoM meM upalabdha hai / ' 66 ukta paramparA jaina purANoM ke vicAra ke adhika sannikaTa hai / mahA purANa meM savarNa vivAha kA ullekha karate hue, usa vikalpa vidhi kI ora bhI saMketa hai, jisake anusAra cAroM varNoM ko apane varNa meM hI vivAha kA vidhAna thA / vizeSa paristhiti meM krama se apane nIce varNa kI kanyA se vivAha karane kI chUTa thI / 2 etadartha jaina purANoM meM ullikhita do sthala vizeSataH dhyAtavya hai, jo anulomavidhi kI mAnyatA kI ora spaSTatayA saMketa karate haiM / pratiloma vivAha ke nidarzaka pramANa ina purANoM meM nahIM upalabdha haiM / dUsarI ora sthiti yaha hai ki dharmazAstroM kI bhA~ti hI jainetara purANa grantha asagotra, asapravara aura asapiNDa vivAha ke pakSa meM kadApi nahIM haiM / kintu jaina paramparA ke niyAmaka AgamoM tathA jaina purANoM se yaha vidita hotA hai ki isa koTi ke vivAhoM kA pracalana tatkAlIna samAja meM avazya thA / udAharaNArtha, bhAI-bahana, mAmA, buA, mausI kI lar3akI, sautelI mAtA, devara, mAmAphUphA, mamerI bahana Adi ke sAtha vivAha kA ullekha prApya hai / padma purANa meM ziSya dvArA guru putrI ke sAtha bhI vivAha kA ullekha milatA hai / isI purANa meM guru ke yahA~ sAtha-sAtha par3hate hue ziSya - ziSyA Apasa meM vivAha karate the / " sAmAnyatayA vaidika dharma meM ukta vivAha karanA niSiddha thA / tathApi katipaya smRtikAroM ne prAyazcitta sahita isakI svIkRti pradAna kara dI thI / nyUnAdhika aMzoM meM ukta jaina paramparA ke bheda kA kAraNa sthAnIya bhinnatA thI / kyoMki jaisA ki mahAmahopAdhyAya pI0 vI0 kANe ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki 'mAtula 1. esa0 ena0 rAya - vahI, pR0 227 2. mahA 16 / 247 3. jagadIza candra jaina - vahI, pR0 265 - 266; padma 8 / 373, 65 / 31; harivaMza 33 / 21, 6 / 18; mahA 7 / 106, 10 / 143, 73|105 tulanIya - cakaladArasosala lAipha ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA sTaDIz2a ina vAtsyAyanansa kAmasUtra, pR0 133 padma 26 / 6-13 4. 5. vahI 25 / 54 6. baudhAyanadharmasUtra 1 / 16 - 26; ApastambadharmasUtra 1 / 7 / 21 / 8 7. ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 5 / 11 / 6; manu 11 / 172-173

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sAmAjika vyavasthA kula' meM vivAha kA pracalana dAkSiNAtyoM meM thA / ' jaina purANoM ke sambandhita sthala vindhya prAntara ke dakSiNI bhAga sambhavataH saurASTra kSetra ke Asa-pAsa likhe gaye the / varNita hai ki patnI bandhyA (ii) ekapatnIvrata aura bahuvivAha : sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya Adarza meM 'ekapatnIvrata' ko protsAhana milA hai / kintu viSama evaM vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM bahuvivAha ko bhI mAnyatA milI thI / parantu aisI sthiti kama hI avasthAoM meM sambhAvita thI / udAharaNArtha, ApastambadharmasUtra meM puruSa usI dazA meM dvitIya vivAha kara sakatA thA jabaki usakI athavA adhArmika ho / 2 isake atirikta 'ekapatnIvrata' kA niyama Abaddhya nahIM kara sakatA thA / udAharaNArtha, bhAsa dvArA racita 'svapnavAsavadattam' nAmaka nATaka meM udayana kI sapatniyoM kI IrSyA kI ora saMketAtmaka citraNa milatA hai / kAlidAsa ke zAkuntala meM rAjAoM ke bahupatnItva kA ullekha prApya hotA hai / anya jainetara sAkSyoM se bhI bahuvivAha ke ullekha upalabdha haiM / " rAjaparivAra ko 6 mahA purANa meM rAjAoM tathA samAja ke dhanI evaM sampanna logoM kI kaI patniyoM kA ullekha AyA hai| padma purANa meM varNita hai ki lakSmaNa kI 16,000 rAniyA~ tathA ATha paTarAniyA~ thIM / " rAma kI 8,000 rAniyA~ evaM cAra paTarAniyA~ tathA rAvaNa kI 18,000 rAniyA~ thIM / mahA purANa meM bharata kI 66,000 rAniyoM kA varNana hai / " ina atizayoktiyoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM rAjAoM ke bahupatnItvaparamparA kA sannidhAna nirvivAdataH mAnA jA sakatA hai / padma purANa meM parastrI tyAga para bala diyA gayA hai / " hamAre Alocita jaina purANoM ke praNayana kAla meM yaha paramparA vizeSataH pracalita thI ki rAjakula meM bahuvivAha eka lokapriya paramparA thI / tatkAlIna narezoM ke aneka 1. 2. 4. 5. svamAtula sutAM prApya dakSiNAtyaste tusyati / anye tu savyalIkena manasA tanna kurvate // tantravArtika, pR0 204 7 ApastambadharmasUtra 215 / 11 / 12-13 bahuballabhAH 'rAjAnaH zrUyante / 6. 8. padma 64 / 24-25 10. mahA 37 34-36 Rgveda 10/8526; zatapathabrAhmaNa 13 / 4 / 16; 36, viSNu purANa 1 / 15 / 103-105; vAyu purANa 2 / 37142-44 matsya purANa 5 / 10-12 mahA 15/66, 68 / 166 3. svapnavAsavadattaM, aMka 3 abhijJAnazAkuntalam, aMka 3 mahAbhArata, Adi parva 160 / 63 / 40-42; brAhmaNa purANa 67 7. E. 11. padma 58 / 66, 64 / 17-18 padma 56 / 17 padma 12 / 124

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana antaHpura hote the, jinakA sambandha aneka rAniyoM se thA / rAjakula ke atirikta yaha prathA anya sampanna parivAroM meM bhI pracalita thI / isa prathA kA eka mAtra kAraNa rAjAoM kI vilAsitA ko mAnA jA sakatA hai / kalhaNa ne apanI rAjataraMgiNI meM harSa nAmaka rAjA ke vilAsocita kriyA-kalApoM kA ullekha karate hue usake nirarthaka evaM nirbandhya prayAsoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai / isakI sAmAjika pratikriyA ke pariNAma meM tatkAlIna zAsaka upahAsa ke viSaya bana cuke the / udAharaNArtha, dazavIM zatI ke arabI lekhaka ibna khurdaba ne bhAratIya narezoM ke vilAsapriyatA kI kaTu AlocanA karate hue likhA hai ki ve apanI vilAsitA ko dharma-sammata mAnate the / 2 I 4. vivAhArthaM vara-kanyA kI Ayu : vaidika, uttara vaidika, rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata meM yuvAvasthA meM vivAha hone kA ullekha upalabdha hai| sUtroM, smRtiyoM evaM TIkAkAroM ne kanyA ke lie vivAha yogya Ayu kama batalAyI hai / jaina sUtroM vivAha kI Ayu kama thI / ' alberunI ke anusAra 11vIM zatI meM hinduoM meM vivAha kI Ayu kama ho gayI thI / brAhmaNa vara kI sAmAnya Ayu 12 varSa thI / kSemendra ne bAla vidhavA kA ullekha kiyA hai / DhAkA saMgrahAlaya se prAk muslima kAla kI sthApatya kalAkRtiyoM ke AdhAra para kanyA ke vivAha kI Ayu 13-14 varSa kathita hai / " jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se aisA jJAta hotA hai ki vara-kanyA kA vivAha bar3e hone para kiyA jAtA thA / uparyukta vivecita vivAha prakAroM evaM vivaraNoM ke Aloka meM aisI sambhAvanA vyakta kI jA sakatI hai ki unakA vivAha alpAyu meM nahIM hotA thA / 5. vara-kanyA ke guNa evaM lakSaNa : bhAratIya Adarza ke anusAra samAna sthiti vAloM meM hI vivAha karanA apekSita hai / isa paramparA kI nirdezikA jo bI0 ena0 esa0 yAdava - vahI, pR0 68-66 yAdava - vahI, pR0 123; habIna - hindustAnI patrikA, varSa 1631, pR0 273 prItiprabhA goyala -- hindU vivAha mImAMsA, baurundA, 1676, pR0 63 - 105; kRSNa deva upAdhyAya - hindU vivAha kI utpatti aura vikAsa, vArANasI, 1674, pR0 121; zakuntala rAva zAstrI - vImena ina da sekreDa lAja, pR0 175 4. piNDaniryukti TIkA 506 5. yAdava - vahI, pR0 70 1. 2. 3.

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sAmAjika vyavasthA II 2 to dUsarI ora jaina jaina purANoM meM vara ke vidyAgama ina nau guNoM dharmazAstrIya' vAridhArA calI A rahI thI, usakA samyak nirvAha yadi eka ora jainetara pUrvakAlIna paurANika - sampradAya ne svIkAra kiyA thA, purANoM ne inake pAramparika mantavya se preraNA prApta kiyA thaa| kula, zIla, dhana, rUpa, samAnatA, bala, avasthA, deza aura para vizeSa bala diyA hai| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki kula, rUpa, saundarya, parAkrama, vaya, vinaya, vibhava, bandhu evaM sampatti Adi guNa zreSTha vara meM upalabdha hote haiM / " jaina purANoM meM vara kI ucca kulInatA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / padma purANa meM zreSTha kanyA ko vinayI, sundara, ceSTAyukta varNita kiyA hai|" mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki yadi kanyA meM acche lakSaNa nahIM hote haiM, taba use koI puruSa grahaNa nahIM karatA aura aisI paristhiti meM use mRtyuparyanta pitA ke ghara meM rahanA par3atA hai / " jaina AgamoM meM vivAhArtha kanyA kA vara ke anurUpa vaya, lAvaNya, rUpa, yauvana tathA samAna kula meM utpanna hone para bala diyA hai / " yaha ullekhanIya hai ki ukta lakSaNoM ke sunirIkSaNa kA pradhAna uddezya dAmpatyajIvana ko sukhada banAnA aura sAmAjika vyavasthA ke mUlAdhAra gArhasthya evaM pArivArika jIvana ko saMtulita banAnA rahA hogA / yaha paramparA bhAratIya jIvana meM prArambha se calatI A rahI thii| isake pramANa pUrvakAlIna sUtra evaM smRti granthoM se hI milane lagate haiM / udAharaNArtha, AzvalAyanagRhasUtra meM usI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha apekSita mAnA gayA hai, jo buddhi, rUpa, zIla aura svAsthya se sampanna ho / 1. manusmRti 3 / 7 2. viSNu purANa 3 / 12 / 22, 41/62, 1/15 | 64 ; vAyu purANa 54 / 112, 107 / 4-5; matsya purANa 154 / 495, 227 / 18 mahA 43 / 161 padma 101 / 14, 86 mahA 62064, 43 / 186; pANDava 4 / 24 mandodaryAH kulaM rUpaM saundaryaM vikramo nayaH / 3. 4. vinayo vibhavo bandhuH sampadanye ca ye stutAH / mahA 67 / 221; padma 6|41; tulanIya - yama (smRti candrikA 1, pR0 78 ); Apastamba gRhyasUtra 3 / 20; bRhatparAzara (sampAdita jIvAnanda), pR0 118 6. padma 101 / 14-15, 6 / 46; mahA 7 / 166; tulanIya - AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 5 / 1 7. padma 17 / 53, 6 / 42; tulanIya - zatapathabrAhmaNa 1/2/5/16 bhAradvAjagRhyasUtra 1 / 11; mAnavagRhyasUtra 1 / 7 / 6-7; laugAkSigRhyasUtra 15 4 7; gautama 41; manu 3|4, 10 vAyu purANa 3317; viSNu purANa 3 / 10 / 16-24; matsya purANa 227/15 5. 8. mahA 68 / 165 6. jJAtAdharma 919; bhagavatIzataka 11 / 11 10. AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 5 / 3

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100 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 6. daheja prathA : daheja ke lie 'prItidAna' zabda prayukta huA hai| jaina purANoM se jJAta hotA hai ki daheja ke rUpa meM pitA vara ko dhana detA thA aura dAma-daheja dene para vivAha sampanna hotA thaa| mahA purANa evaM pANDava purANa meM varNita hai ki cakravartI rAjA apanI putrI ko daheja ke rUpa meM hAthI, ghor3e, piyAde, ratna, deza evaM koSa, kula paramparA meM calA AyA bahuta-sA dhana Adi dete the / 2 yahA~ para yaha ullekhanIya hai ki daheja prathA samAja meM pracalita thI aura loga apanI yathAzakti daheja dete the| 7. vivAha vidhi : jaina AgamoM meM maiMganI yA tilaka jaisI koI paramparA kA ullekha nahIM prApya hai / vastutaH pANigrahaNa ke nizcayArtha samAja ke kucha pratiSThita vyaktiyoM ke samakSa kevala eka zrIphala ke AdAna-pradAna ko hI paryApta mAnA gayA thaa| Alocita jaina purANoM meM vivAha-saMskAra kA varNana milatA hai| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki ziSTa-jana evaM jyotiSiyoM ke nidezAnusAra uttama evaM zubha muhUrta, tithi, karaNa, nakSatra tathA yoga meM kanyAdAna kA vidhAna vihita hai| vivAha kisI tIrthasthAna yA siddha pratimAoM ko sammukha rakha kara sampanna karate the| vivAha ke samaya vizeSa utsava manAye jAte the, jinameM vAdya-saMgIta kI pradhAnatA thii| AvAsa-sthala ko susajjita kiyA jAtA thaa| isa avasara para sajjanoM evaM bandhu-bAndhavoM kA samAgama hotA thaa| kulAMganAe~ AzIrvAda ke lie akSata kA prayoga karatI thiiN| abhiSeka ke uparAnta vara-kanyA ko yathAzakti sundara vastra evaM AbhUSaNa pahanAte tathA prasAdhana karAte the| abhiSeka ke bAda ve pUrva dizA meM siddha bhagavAna kI pUjA karake tIna agniyoM kA pUjana karate the / vivAha ke samaya vara-kanyA zRGgAra karate the| pANigrahaNa ke bAda vara-vadhU 1. padma 38 / 6-10, 10 / 11; mahA 45 / 3-4 2. mahA 8 / 36; pANDava 8 / 67; tulanIya-uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR0 88; upAsaka dazA 4, pR0 61; rAmAyaNa 174-4 __ dhanirAma jaina-saMskRti aura vivAha, zramaNa, varSa 13, aMka 4, pharavarI 1662, pR0 17-18 4. mahA 7 / 221, 43 / 161; tulanIya-jJAtAdharmakathA 1 / 1; bhagavatIzataka 11 / 11; nizItha cUrNI 3 / 1686 5. mahA 7 / 222, 43 / 263, 38 / 128-126, 7 / 246-248; tulanIya-uttarA dhyayanasUtra 22 / 6-10 6. mahA 43 / 183 - 7. mahA 7 / 210-230; pANDava 3 / 220

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 101 ko manohara caityAlaya meM le jAkara arhantadeva kI pUjA karAte the| vivAha ke dUsare dina vara-vadhU mahApUta caityAlaya (ghara ke bAhara jina mandira) jAte the / 2 vivAha ke dina se vara-vadhU deva evaM agni kI sAkSIpUrvaka sAta dina taka brahmacarya vrata rahate the|' prasaMgataH yahA~ ullekhanIya hai ki vaidika paramparA meM kevala tIna rAtri ke lie brahmacaryavrata dhAraNa karate the| kAlidAsa ikSvAku-vaMzIya rAjAoM ke vivAha kA uddezya kevala santAnotpatti mAnA hai, na ki kAma prerita kAma vAsanA kI pUrti / " isa saMdarbha meM jainAcAryoM ne gArhasthya jIvana meM brahmacarya-vrata ke nirvAha para bAra-bAra bala diyA hai tathA samAgama kriyA ke lie kAla viSayaka niyama aura sImA kI ora punaH-punaH saMketa bhI kiyA hai| padma purANa ke anusAra vivAhoparAnta vara-vadhU sva-vivekAnusAra sthAna para jAkara vivAha kA prathama Ananda (hanImUna) manAte haiM / pANigrahaNoparAnta vara-vadhU ke lie jo anya kriyAe~ vihita thIM, unameM dezATana (vizeSataH tIrthasthala kA darzana) lokapriya mAnA jAtA thaa| taduparAnta vara-vadhU vaibhavapUrvaka ghara lauTate the| nirdhArita .. velA meM kAma-vAsanA se nirapekSa kevala santAnotpatti ko lakSya meM rakhakara vara-vadhU kA samAgama spRhaNIya mAnA jAtA thaa| yahA~ para yaha ullekhanIya hai ki jainAcAryoM ne sRSTi ko anavarata calAne ke lie hI santAnotpatti ko pradhAna lakSya mAnA hai| isI uddezya kI pUrti ke lie kAma-vAsanA ko gauNa sthAna para rakhA hai| vaise jaina dharma vizeSa rUpa se nivRtti pradhAna dharma hai aura brahmacarya para vizeSa rUpa se bala diyA gayA hai| 1. padma 8 / 80; mahA 43 / 263 2. mahA 7 / 271 3. vahI 38 / 131 4. baudhAyanadharmasUtra 1 / 5 / 16-17; ApastambadharmasUtra 818-10 5. prajAyai gRhymedhinaam...| raghuvaMza, prathama sarga 6. padma 6 / 56 7. mahA 38 / 127-134

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [ca] puruSArtha bhAratIya dharmoM meM- dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa-ina cAra puruSArthI ko mahattvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai / yadi ina puruSArthoM ko vyakti paraspara avirodhapUrvaka sevana karatA hai, to usake vyaktitva kA vikAsa sahaja rUpa se sambhava ho sakatA hai aura anta meM vyaktitva ke pUrNa vikAsa rUpa mokSa puruSArtha ko vaha upalabdha kara sakatA hai / 102 jaina purANakAroM ne apane purANoM meM cAroM puruSArthoM kA varNana kiyA hai / yadyapi yaha satya hai ki dharma aura mokSa puruSArtha kA jitanA vistArazaH vivecana jaina purANakAroM ne kiyA hai, utane vistAra ke sAtha artha aura kAma puruSArthaM kA vivecana nahIM kiyA gayA hai / kintu jaina purANoM meM ina puruSArthoM kA jo varNana prApya hotA hai, usase jJAta hotA hai ki purANakAra vyaktigata aura sAmAjika jIvana ke lie cAroM puruSArthoM ko Avazyaka evaM mahattvapUrNa mAnate haiM / prastuta prakaraNa meM jaina purANoM ke saMdarbha meM purANakAroM kI dRSTi ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai / vaiyaktika jIvana ko zuddha karane ke lie puruSArtha kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai / puruSArtha ke mAdhyama se manuSya kA jIvana sudharatA hai, isase samAja ke sthAna para vyakti lAbhAnvita hotA | jIvana meM cAra puruSArtha batalAye gaye haiM, unameM se prathama tInadharma, artha evaM kAma -- trivarga hI sArthaka yA sAdhaka haiM / caturtha (mokSa) puruSArtha sAdhya hai / trivarga ke sampanna hone se caturtha svataH pUrNa ho jAtA hai / 1. dharma jaina purANoM meM dharma kA mahattva pratipAdita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki isa saMsAra meM kucha bhI sArapUrNa nahIM hai, eka dharma hI sArapUrNa hai, jo saba prANiyoM kA mahAbandhu hai / dharma hI mahAhitakArI hai / asIma phaladAyI dharma kI jar3eM bahuta gaharI haiM / dharma se manuSya iSTa vastuoM ko prApta karate haiM / isa loka meM dharma atyanta pUjya hai / isalie jo dhArmika haiM, ve loka meM vidvAn hote haiM / " anyata mahA purANa meM dharma kI saba prakAra se rakSA karane para bala diyA gayA hai / dharma kI rakSA hone para isase cara aura acara jagata kI rakSA ho jAtI hai| isI purANa meM anya prasaMga meM varNita hai ki dharma hI pApoM se rakSaka, manovAnchita phaladAyaka, paraloka meM kalyANakArI evaM iha loka meM AnandadAyaka hai / 1. padma 27/26 2. vahI 27 / 23 3. vahI 78 / 34; mahA 2 / 31-40 4. 5. mahA 40 / 168 6. vahI 42116 padma 5 / 21-22

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sAmAjika vyavasthA padma purANa meM varNita hai ki 'dharatIti dharmaH' arthAt jo dhAraNa kare vaha dharma hai / kyoMki acchI taraha AcArita kiyA huA dharma durgati meM par3e hue jIva ko dhAraNa kara letA hai / isalie vaha dharma kahalAtA hai / dharma sukhotpatti kA kAraNa hai aura adharma duHkhotpatti kA / aisA samajhakara dharma kI sevA karanI cAhie / mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki jo ziSyoM ko kugati se pRthak kara uttama sthAna meM pahu~cA de, satpuruSa use hI dharma kahate haiM / dharma ke mukhya cAra bheda varNita haiM- samyakdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyagcAritya tathA samyaktapa / padma purANa meM pA~ca samitiyA~, cAra kaSAya, pA~ca indriyA~, bAhya tapa tathA antaH tapa ko dharma kahA gayA hai| padma purANa meM aNuvrata tathA mahAvrata ke bheda se dharma do prakAra kA varNita hai aura harivaMza purANa meM aNuvrata, zIlavrata tathA guNavrata ko dharma kahA gayA hai| mahA purANa meM ahiMsA ko dharma kA lakSaNa kathita 2. artha : Alocita jaina purANoM meM dharmamUlaka arthavRtti para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki isa saMsAra meM dravya Adi ke lobha se bhAI Adi meM vairabhAva utpanna ho jAtA hai / isakA mUla kAraNa yoni sambandha na hokara artha hai / " mahArAja bharata ko AyudhazAlA meM cakraratna kI prApti huI thI, jo artha puruSArtha kA phala hai / " jaina dharma nivRttimUlaka hote hue bhI sAMsArika jIvana ke lie pravRtta ko svIkAra karatA hai / isI lie usane arjana, rakSaNa, vardhana tathA vyaya - ina cAroM upAyoM se dhana saMcaya karane ko kahA hai / " isa prakAra jaina purANoM meM artha puruSArtha meM nyAyapUrvaka artha saMcaya karane ko kahA gayA hai / 3. kAma : dharma evaM artha ke uparAnta kAma puruSArtha kA krama AtA hai / yadyapi jaina dharma meM brahmacarya vrata para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai, tathApi sAmAjika jIvana ke lie kAma puruSArtha ko svIkAra kiyA hai / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki indriyoM ke viSaya meM anurAgI manuSyoM ko jo mAnasika tRpti hotI hai use kAma kahate haiM / " jisa prakAra koI rogI puruSa kaTu auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai, usI prakAra kAma jvara se 1. 2. 3. 4. padma 14 / 103 - 105 padma 14 / 310 mahA 47 / 302-303 padma 14 / 107-136 5. padma 11 / 37 6. harivaMza 45 / 86 7. 8. mahA 41 / 52 padma 58 / 68 E. 10. vahI 5117 11. vahI 51 / 6 mahA 24 / 3, 246 103

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104 __ jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana saMtapta puruSa strI rUpa auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai / ' kAmAtura kI sthiti kA varNana karate hue padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki sUrya zarIra ke bAharI camar3e ko jalAtA hai / itane para bhI sUrya asta ho jAtA hai, parantu kAma kabhI asta nahIM hotA hai| isI lie kAma se grasita manuSya na sunatA hai, na sUMghatA hai, na dekhatA hai, na anya kA sparza jAnatA hai, na DaratA hai aura na lajjita hotA hai| vastutaH kAma sevana se kabhI saMtoSa nahIM hotA hai| mahA purANa ke anusAra kAmI vyakti apanI bahana Adi kA bhI viveka nahIM rakha pAtA hai| 4. mokSa : mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki dharma, artha evaM kAma ke samyak nirvAha se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / yahI jIvana kA lakSya hotA hai| viSayabhoga meM lipta rahane se vinAza hotA hai / isalie isakA tyAga karanA caahie| isI purANa meM varNita hai ki artha aura kAma se saMsAra kI vRddhi hone se sukha nahIM miltaa| dharma meM bhI pApa kI sambhAvanA se sukha nahIM hai / pAparahita munidharma zreSTha hai| isI se sukha prApti hotI hai aura mokSa milatA hai| harivaMza purANa meM munidharma ko sAkSAt mokSa kA kAraNa mAnA hai| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki jisase jIvoM ke svarga Adi kA abhyudaya tathA mokSa kI prApti hotI hai, vahI dharma hai arthAt dharma se hI mokSa milatA hai| harivaMza purANa meM samyakdarzana, samyajJAna tathA samyakcAritya ko mokSa prApti kA upAya batAyA gayA hai| isalie inase bar3hakara dUsarA mokSa kA kAraNa, na hai aura na hogA / yahI sabakA sAra varNita hai| 5. puruSArtha kA samanvaya : uparyukta anucchedoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ye cAroM puruSArtha pRthak-pRthak haiM, tathApi ina sabakA anyonyAzraya sambandha hai| purANoM dvArA inameM Apasa meM sAmAJjasya sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| samyak rUpa se trivarga (dharma, artha evaM kAma) kI upalabdhi para mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / isI lie hamAre AcAryoM ne trivarga meM pahale sambandha sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| trivarga (dharma, artha evaM kAma) kI prApti se sabhI manoratha upalabdha hote haiN|" 1. mahA 11 / 166 2. padma 28 / 45 3. padma 36208; mahA 7 / 167 4. mahA 8 / 3 5. padma 36170 6. mahA 8 / 61-78 7. mahA 51010-11 8. harivaMza 18151 6. mahA 1 / 120 10. harivaMza 10 / 158-156 11. harivaMza 6 / 34, 17 / 1; mahA 518, 5315, 63 / 255

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 105 isa prakAra dharma se puNya, puNya se artha aura artha se kAma abhilaSita bhogoM kI prApti hotI hai / puNya ke binA artha aura kAma nahIM mila sakate / isI bAta ko anya prakAra se vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki dharma eka vRkSa hai, artha usakA phala hai tathA kAma phaloM kA rasa hai / ina tInoM ko trivarga kahate haiM / trivarga kI prApti kA mUla kAraNa dharma hai | 2 dharma se hI artha, kAma evaM svarga kI prApti hotI hai / dharma hI kAma tathA artha kA utpatti sthAna hai / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki RSabhadeva ko kevalajJAna utpanna honA dharma hai, putra prApti kAma kA phala hai aura cakra kA prakaTa honA arthaphala kI prApti hai / ye varga puruSArtha unako prApta hue the / " I mahA purANa ke anusAra ukta puruSArthI ko sajjana anukUla mAnate haiM aura durjana unakI nindA karate hue unako pratikUla mAnate haiM / " parantu ina puruSArthoM se logoM kA vaiyaktika jIvana nikharatA hai, jisase samAja kA kalyANa hotA hai / hamAre jIvana ke lie puruSArtha bahuta hI upayogI hai / 1. mahA 48 / 7 2 . vahI 2 / 32 3. vahI 2 / 31 4. vahI 24 / 6 5. vahI 44 / 334

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106 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [cha] strI-dazA isameM sandeha nahIM ki hamAre Alocita jaina purANoM ke racanA-kAla meM samAja meM striyoM kI dazA girI huI thI / jainetara tatkAlIna pracalita mAnyatAnusAra striyA~ naitika aura AdhyAtmika patana kA kAraNa mAnI gaI thiiN| pAramparika mAnyatA ke anusAra unheM nirbala aura niSkriya naitika kalikarma kA pratIka mAnA jAtA thaa|' naitika aura AdhyAtmika akSu se pRthak hokara yadi dhArmika dRSTikoNa se vicAra kiyA jAe to aisA pratIta hogA ki ve Alocya kAla ke bahuta pUrva hI upanayana saMskAra ke lie anupayukta mAnI jAtI thIM / aisI paristhiti meM unheM zUdroM kI zreNI meM rakhA jAtA thA aura unakI sthiti dina pratidina giratI gaI / 2 hamAre Alocita purANoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina sampradAya ne unakI sthiti meM sudhAra lAne kI ceSTA kI thii| jaisA ki saMskAra viSayaka adhyAya meM vivecita kara cuke haiM / jaina purANoM ne striyoM ke lie bhI upanayana saMskAra ko eka apekSita kriyA batAyI hai| yathArthatA to yaha hai ki Alocya purANoM ke racanA kAla meM do vicAradhArAe~ pravAhita ho rahI thiiN| eka ne striyoM kI avanata-sthiti kA aMkana kiyA hai to dUsare ne unakI unnata sthiti kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| yaha ullekhanIya hai ki dUsarI vicAradhArA kA samAhAra na kevala Alocita granthoM meM hI hai, apitu tAMtrika sAhitya meM bhI unakI unnatizIla dazA kA citraNa hai / tAMtrika vicAradhArA ke anusAra striyA~ daivI zakti kI srota mAnI jAtI thiiN| isa dvaidhI vicAradhArA ke atirikta eka tRtIya vicAradhArA bhI pallavita ho rahI thI, jisakA sambandha tatkAlIna zAsaka-parivAra se thA athavA usakA sambandha bauddha paramparA se bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| rAjataraMgiNI meM sugandhA aura dihA ke viSaya meM kathita hai ki ve saphala evaM kuzala zAsana saMcAlikA thiiN| isI prakAra prastuta grantha meM chuddA aura zillA nAmaka vIrAMganAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| 1. striyoM ko sAmAnya-sthiti : prAcIna kAla ke pitR-pradhAna saMskR- . tiyoM ke samAja meM kanyA kA janma aprasannatA kA kAraNa hotA thaa| isalie vahA~ 1. yAdava-vahI, pR0 71; prabodha 127 2. altekara-da pojIzana oNpha vImena ina hindU sivilAijezana, banArasa, 1638, pR0 426 3. yAdava-vahI, pR0 71 4. yAdava-vahI, pR0 71-72

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 107 putrI kI apekSA putra ko vizeSa sthAna diyA gayA thA tathA putra ko parivAra kI sthAyI sampatti samajhA jAtA thaa| kAlAntara meM paristhitiyoM meM parivartana aayaa| hamAre Alocita jaina purANoM meM striyoM kI sthiti para prakAza par3atA hai| inake anuzIlana se usa samaya kI striyoM kI sAmAnya sthiti kA jJAna prApya hotA hai| mahA purANa ke anusAra striyoM kI sthiti itanI gira gayI thI ki unheM mahattvapUrNa kAryoM se pRthak rakhA jAtA thA / 2 padma purANa meM patnI ko pati ke adhIna paratantra rakhA gayA thA, jisase pati ke icchA ke viparIta vaha koI kArya nahIM kara sakatI thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki mahA purANa meM striyoM ko mokSa kA adhikArI nahIM mAnA gayA hai| padma purANa meM varNita hai ki unhIM striyoM ko svarga kI prApti ho sakatI hai jo pAtivrata kA pAlana karatIM thiiN|" mahA purANa meM kevala vrata, zIla Adi satkriyAoM vAlI striyoM ko hI pavitra mAnA gayA hai tathA isake viparIta striyoM ko azuddhatA kI zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai| mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki puruSa parastrI kI prApti ke lie hara sambhava prayatna karatA thaa| AvazyakatA par3ane para vaha usakA apaharaNa bhI karatA thA / isa pravRtti ko rokane ke lie guNabhadra ne strI-haraNa ko sabhI pApoM meM sabase bar3A pApa kahA hai| isI lie unhoMne parastrI ko ayogya, anAtha, vinAza kA kAraNa, pApa evaM duHkha kA saMcAyaka batA kara parastrI se prema karane kA niSedha kiyA hai| padma purANakAra ne to para strI ko mAtA kaha kara samAja meM Adarza sthApita kiyA thaa| itane pratibandha ke viparIta yadi koI vyakti parastrI ke sAtha prema (gamana) karatA thA to harivaMza purANa meM usake aMga-bhaMga ke daNDa kI bhI vyavasthA milatI hai| 1. altekara-pojIzana oNpha da vImena ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, banArasa, 1638, pR0 3 2. mahA 6871 3. padma 16 / 28 4. mahA 43 / 111 5. padma 80 / 147 6. mahA 72 / 62 7. vahI 68 / 117 8. vahI 681460 6. parastrI maatRvd.....| padma 7 / 136 10. harivaMza 43 / 180-181

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 2. striyoM ko saMrakSaNa : striyA~ svabhAva se bhIru hotI haiM, jisake kAraNa puruSa use mAratA pITatA hai / jainAcAryoM ne isa atyAcAra ke virodha meM AvAja uThAyI aura yaha vyavasthA kiyA ki jo striyoM ko mAregA vaha nindita samajhA jAyegA / 2 raviSeNAcArya ne kahA hai ki puruSoM dvArA striyoM ke zoSaNa kI itizrI yahIM para nahIM hotI, apitu vaha kucha dInAroM meM striyoM ko becatA bhI thaa| ina atyAcAroM ke virodha meM jainAcAryoM ne striyoM ko saMrakSaNa diyA / isake lie unhoMne vyavasthA diyA hai ki pitA, bharttA aura putra striyoM ko pratyeka avasthA meM saMrakSaNa pradAna kreNge| jaina sUtroM meM varNita hai ki striyoM kI rakSA kaumAryAvasthA meM pitA, yauvanAvasthA meM pati tathA vRddhAvasthA meM putra karate haiM / " isI tathya kA ullekha jainetara granthoM meM bhI huA hai / 108 3. striyoM ke guNa : jaina purANoM ke adhyayana se striyoM ke guNoM para prakAza par3atA hai / striyoM kA sarvapradhAna guNa pAtivratadharma hai, jisake prabhAva se ve svarga kI adhikAriNI ho jAtI haiN| padma purANa meM varNita hai ki pativratA strI ke zarIra ko cAhe cheda DAlo yA bheda DAlo yA kATa DAlo, parantu vaha apane bharttA ke sivAya anya puruSa ko mana meM bhI nahIM lA sakatI / striyA~ svabhAva se mugdhA hotI haiM, unameM sadAcAra kA honA Avazyaka hai| vastutaH striyoM kA zIla hI AbhUSaNa 1. padma 73 / 65 2. harivaMza 16 / 16, padma 15 / 173 3. dInAre paJcabhiH kAJcit kAJcIguNasamanvitAm / nija manuSyasya 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. I. 10. ha vyakrINAtkIDanaudyataH / padma 71 / 64 janako bharttA putraH strINAmetAvadeva rakSAnimittam || vahI 78 / 61 jAyA pativvasA nArI dattA nArI pativvasA / vihavA puttavasA nArI natthi nArI saMyaMvasA || vyavahArabhASya 3 / 233 pitA rakSati kaumAre bharttA rakSati yauvane / rakSanti sthavire putrA na strI svAtantyamarhati // manu 6 / 3; gautama 18/1; vaziSTha 5 / 1, 3; baudhAyana 2/2/52; mahAbhArata, anuzAsana parva 20/21; nArada ( dAyabhAga 28 - 30 ) mahA 17 166, padma 801147 padma 4684 strINAM svabhAvamugdha pR0 167-168 padma 80 / 154 | padma 12/136; tulanIya - aupapAtika sUtra 38,

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 106 hai| ve prANa dekara bhI zIla kI rakSA karatI haiN| padma purANa meM striyoM ko svabhAva se mRdu batAyA gayA hai / 2 jaina purANoM meM striyoM ke zIla ke mAhAtmya kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai aura ve devatA se bhI nahIM DaratI haiN| striyoM meM lajjA svAbhAvika rUpa se vidyamAna rahatI hai| mahA purANa meM strI ke rUpa, lAvaNya, kAnti, zrI, dyuti, mati aura vibhUti Adi guNoM kA varNana upalabdha hai / " satI pativratA strI kA eka hI pati hotA hai| isI purANa meM satItva prazaMsanIya mAnA gayA hai| pati ke kurUpa, bImAra, daridra, duSTa, durvyavahArI hone para bhI pativratA striyA~ cakravartI rAjA se bhI sambandha nahIM rakhatI haiN| yadi koI puruSa balAt bhoga kI icchA karatA hai to kulavatI striyA~ dRSTi se viSasarpa kI bhA~ti use bhasma kara sakatI haiN| isI lie kathita hai ki samudrasahita pRthvI uThAyI jA sakatI hai, parantu satItva bhraSTa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 4. striyoM ke durguNa : jainAcAryoM ne jahA~ eka ora striyoM ke guNoM kI prazaMsA kI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora unake durguNoM kA bhI sUkSma dRSTi se vizleSaNa kiyA hai / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki striyA~ kulInatA, avasthA, rUpa, vidyA, cAritra, vaMza, lakSmI, prabhutA, parAkrama, kAnti, ihaloka, paraloka, prIti; aprIti, grAhya, agrAhya, dayA, lajjA, hAni, vRddhi, guNa aura doSa ko kucha bhI nahIM gintii|' padma purANa ke anusAra striyA~ prakRti se bhIru hotI haiN| harivaMza purANa meM striyoM ko akRtajJa kathita hai / 10 mahA purANa meM striyoM ke doSoM ke viSaya meM yahA~ taka kahA 1. vinazyati na me zIlaM kulazailAnukAri tat / mahA 68 / 223 2. mRducittAH svAbhAvena bhavanti kila yoSitaH / padma 15 / 112 3. mahA 47 / 266; pANDava 17 / 263 4. padma 8 / 35 5. mahA 12 / 12 6. vahI 62 / 41 7. vahI 68 / 175-160, tulanIya-dazavakAlikarNI 1, pR0 46 8. AbhijAtyaM vayo rUpaM vidyAM vRttaM yazaH zriyam / vibhutvaM vikramaM krAntimaihikaM pAralaukikam / / prItimaprItimAdeyam anAdeyam kRpAM trayAm / hAnibRddhi guNAn doSAn gaNayanti na yoSitaH // mahA 43 / 101-102; tulanIya-uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR0 63; bhagavatI ArAdhanA 638 / 1002 6. padma 73 / 65; tulanIya-Rgveda 1065 / 15; zatapathabrAhmaNa 11 / 5 / 16 10. ... . . 'akRtajA hi yoSitaH / harivaMza 21170

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana gayA hai ki - doSoM ko pUchanA hI kyA hai ? ve to strI svarUpa hI haiM yA doSoM kI utpatti striyoM meM hai athavA doSoM se striyoM kI utpatti hotI hai / isa bAta kA nizcaya isa saMsAra meM kisI ko nahIM huA hai / ' padma purANa meM varNita hai ki striyA~ svabhAva se hI kuTila hotI haiM, isI lie unakA citta para puruSa meM lagA rahatA hai / 2 yahI kAraNa hai ki saba striyoM meM sadAcAra nahIM pAyA jaataa| isI purANa meM varNita hai ki saMsAra meM aisA koI kArya nahIM hai jise khoTI striyA~ nahIM kara sakatI hoM / yahA~ taka ki ve apane putra ke sAtha vyabhicAra bhI kara sakatI haiN| jaina Agama ke anusAra striyA~ puruSoM ko ATha prakAra se bA~dhatI haiM -- ronA, ha~sanA, bolanA, eka tarapha haTanA, bhrUbhaMga karanA, gandha, rasa tathA sparza / " isI lie mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki kamala ke patte ke Upara pAnI ke samAna striyoM kA citta kisI puruSa para sthira nahIM rahatA / striyA~ lAlacI hotI haiM, isI kAraNa unakI loluptatA ko. dhikkArA gayA hai / " striyoM kI icchAe~ dUSita hotI haiM, jisase unake cAroM ora viSama viSa bharA rahatA hai / " striyA~ itanI adhika Thaga hotI haiM ki ve indrasahita bRhaspatti ko bhI Thaga letI haiM, isI kAraNa unheM mAyAcAra kI jananI kahA gayA hai| striyA~ doSa svarUpa aura caMcala svabhAva kI hotI haiM / " mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki 110 1. doSAH kiM tanmayAstAsu doSANAM kiM samudbhavaH / tAsAM doSebhya ityatra na kasyApi vinizcayaH // mahA 43 / 106 svabhAvAnitA jihna vizeSAdanyacetasaH / padma 110 / 31; tulanIya - manu 2 / 213-214; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR0 83 mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva 48 / 37-38 padma 80 / 154; tulanIya - mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva, 16 / 43 akAryamavaziSTaM yattannAstIha kupoSitam / muktvAM putrAbhilASitvametadapyetayA vRttam || mahA 72 / 61; 2. 3. 4. tulanIya - manu 6 / 14 - 15; AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 81, 170; bRhatkalpabhASya 4 / 5220-5223, kathAsaritsAgara, jilda 7, pR0 116 5. anuttaranikAya 38, pR0 306 6. ambho vAgbhojapatreSu cittaM tAsAM na keSucit / mahA 72163 ....... dhik tAsAM vRddhagRdhnutAm / mahA 43 / 103 yoSitAM dUSitecchAnAM vizvato viSamaM viSam / mahA 43 / 104 7. 8. E. mahA 43 / 107 50. vahI 43 / 111

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 111 striyA~ svabhAvataH caMcala, kapaTI, krodhI aura mAyAcAriNI hotI haiN| puruSoM ko striyoM kI bAtoM para vizvAsa na kara vicArapUrvaka kArya karane para bala diyA gayA hai| vAsanA ke Aveza meM Akara nAriyA~ dharma kA parityAga bhI kara detI haiN| striyA~ doSoM kI mAtAe~ evaM sarpiNI ke samAna haiM / 2 striyA~ utpatti mAtra se viSakanyA aura anArya hotI haiM / pANDava purANa ke anusAra striyA~ apane kula ko girAtI haiN| 5. vibhinna rUpoM meM striyoM kI sthiti : Alocita jaina purANoM ke adhyayana se striyoM kI sthiti kA vibhinna rUpoM meM adholikhita prakAra se vivecita kiyA jA rahA hai : (i) kanyA (ii) patnI (iii) mAtA (iv) vidhavA (v) vIrAGganA (vi) sevikA (vii) vezyA (i) kanyA : jaina purANa ke anuzIlana se yaha tathya prakAza meM AtA hai ki kanyA kA janma mAtA-pitA ke lie abhizApa na hokara prIti kA kAraNa hotA hai| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki mAtA-pitA apanI kanyAoM kA lAlana-pAlana, zikSAdIkSA, evaM dekhabhAla putroM ke samAna hI kiyA karate the| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina mahA purANa meM kanyA kI mahattA pradarzita karate hue varNita hai ki kanyAratna se zreSTha anya koI ratna nahIM hai / jainetara matsya purANa meM zIla sampanna kanyA ko dasa putroM ke samAna mAnA gayA hai| 1. mahA 43 / 100-113 2. vahI 71 / 237-238 3. vahI 71 / 241; tulanIya-aMguttaranikAya 2 / 2, pR0 468 meM striyoM ko atikrodhI, pratizodhI, ghoraviSI, dvijihvI tathA mitradrohI kahA gayA hai| pANDava 7 / 248 mahA 6 / 83; padma 87 tulanIya-kAlidAsa kI kRtiyoM meM kanyA ko sammAnapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| kumArasambhava meM kanyA ko kula kA prANa kahA gayA hai / bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya--guptakAla kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, vArANasI 1666, pR0 221 mahA 16 / 68 7. kanyAratnAt paraM nAnyad ityatrAhaH prabhRtyataH / mahA 43 / 238 8. dazaputrasamA kanyA yA na syAcchoktavajitA / matsya purANa 154 / 157

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112 . jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana padma purANa se spaSTa hai ki nirdoSa, vinaya ko dhAraNa karane vAlI sundara aura / uttama ceSTAoM se yukta ghara kI lar3akI sabako priya hotI hai / jaina purANoM ke kathanAnusAra zaizava kI AdhAra zilA para jIvana kA svarUpa nirmita hotA hai| baccoM kA lAlana-pAlana ke sAtha hI zikSA dvArA unakA mAnasika stara U~cA uThAte the| lar3ake aura lar3akiyoM ko sAtha hI sAtha zikSA dI jAtI thii| lar3akiyoM kI zikSA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai|2 lar3akiyA~ gaNita, vAGamaya (vyAkaraNa, chanda evaM alaMkAra zAstra) Adi samasta vidyAe~ aura kalAe~ guru yA pitA ke Agraha se prApta karatI thiiN| jainetara sAkSyoM se kanyAoM kI sthiti para prakAza par3atA hai| lar3akiyoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~Ta sakate haiM brahmavAdina-ye AjIvana brahmacAriNI rahakara siddhAnta darzana Adi kA adhyayana kiyA karatI thIM aura sadyodavAhA-isa prakAra kI lar3akiyA~ apane jIvana ke lie Avazyaka zikSA grahaNa kara vivAha karatI thiiN| navoM zatI I0 meM striyoM kI zikSA rAjaparivAra, karmacArI, dhanI tathA nartakI parivAroM taka sImita raha gyaa| isakA dRSTAnta tatkAlIna saMskRta ke nATakoM meM milatA hai| san 1000 I0 ke Asa-pAsa 30 pratizata se adhika puruSa aura 10 pratizata se kama striyA~ zikSita thiiN| saMgIta, nRtya evaM citrakalA kA jJAna lar3akiyoM ko prArambha kAla se karAyA jAtA thaa| zAsaka vargIya lar3akiyA~ sainika evaM prazAsanika zikSAe~ grahaNa karatI thiiN| mahA purANa ke anusAra bAlAe~ jaba taka kanyA-vrata meM rahatI haiM, taba taka anya kA nAma bhUla se bhI nahIM letIM / pANDava purANa meM varNita hai ki kulIna kanyA pati kA svayaM varaNa nahIM krtiiN| padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki kanyAe~ pitA kI AjJAnusAra calatI haiN| isI lie pitA kI AjJA ke binA zikSA kI samApti aura 1. padma 17153 2. mahA 16 / 102; padma 64 / 61 3. vahI 16 / 105-117; vahI 15 / 20, 2415; tulanIya-rAmAyaNa 15 / 48 4. altekara-vahI, pR0 13 5. altekara-vahI pR0 21-25 6. mahA 46 / 13 7. pANDava 786 8. vahI 7 / 161

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sAmAjika vyavasthA kalAoMke sIkhane ke uparAnta pitA ko apanI kanyAoM ke vivAha kI cintA hotI hai / mAtAe~ to kanyAoM ke zarIra rakSA karane meM upayukta hotI haiM aura unako dAna dene meM pitA hI upayukta hote haiM / ' ukta purANa meM ullikhita hai ki kanyA ke vivAha yogya hone para mAtA-pitA usake vivAha ke lie cintita hote haiM / 2 yuvAvasthA meM kanyAoM kA vivAha pitA unake yogya vara se karatA hai| isake atirikta bAlAe~ svayaM vara kA cayana kara svayaMvara paddhati dvArA vivAha karatI thiiN| jaina purANoM ke anusAra kucha kanyAe~ gAndharva vivAha bhI karatI thIM / " kanyA ke mAtA-pitA yogya vara DhUMDhakara maMtra sahita vidhivata kanyA kA vivAha kara usako dakSiNA Adi pradAna kara vidA karate the / padma purANa meM kanyA ke vidAI kA karuNApUrNa dRzya citrita hai / " harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai ki kabhI-kabhI kanyAoM ko balapUrvaka apaharaNa kara lAte the aura apane yahA~ unakA vidhipUrvaka vivAha karate the / " jaina purANoM ke anusAra katipaya kumArI kanyAe~ vairAgyavaza parivrAjikA kI dIkSA grahaNa kara letI thIM / ' viduSI kanyAoM kA vivAha zAstrArtha meM vijita puruSa ke sAtha kiyA jAtA thA / " kanyAoM ko sampatti kA adhikAra : prArambhika kAla meM striyoM ko sampatti kA adhikAra thA / ve apanI pRthak sampatti rakha sakatI thIM, jise strIdhana se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / strIdhana ko mitAkSarA aura dAyabhAga meM vivecita kiyA gayA hai / dAyabhAga strIdhana ke antargata AtA hai, kyoMki striyoM ko svecchA se unake sambandhI upahAra Adi ( saudAyika) dete the / usa para striyoM kA pUrNataH adhikAra * 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. I. 10. padma 8 / 10 vahI 86 vahI 15 / 24 113 mahA 638 padma 24 / 121; tulanIya - brahmacaryeNa kanyA yuvAnaM vindate patim / viSNu purANa 4|13|14 padma 8108, harivaMza 45 / 37 mahA 75 / 34, padma 10 / 6-11 padma 8 / 8 harivaMza 44 / 23-24 padma 21 / 133; mahA 24 / 176-177 vahI 23 / 10

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114 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rahatA thaa| kisI sImA taka parivAra kI sampatti meM bhI unheM sImita adhikAra pradAna kiyA gayA thaa| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki pitA kI sampatti meM putra ke samAna putriyA~ bhI barAbara bhAga kI adhikArI hotI thiiN| jainetara sAkSyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki putrAbhAva meM hI pitA ke dhana para putrI kA svatva sambhava thaa|' jahA~ taka hamAre Alocita granthoM kA sambandha hai, prastuta prazna para mahA purANa dvArA prakAza par3atA hai / isake vivaraNAnusAra pitA kI sampatti para putra ke samAna putrI kA bhI adhikAra hotA thaa| prastuta vivaraNa kA svarUpa itanA sAmAnya hai ki yaha spaSTa nahIM ho pAtA ki jainAcAryoM ke mata meM tatkAlIna pracalita paramparA ke lie sammata 'strIdhana' ko kisa sImA taka mAnyatA pradatta kI gayI thii| tathApi yaha nitAnta asambhAvya hai ki mahA purANa ke vivaraNa kA tAtparya strIdhana se hI hai| (ii) patnI : mUlataH nivRttimUlaka aura pravRttimUlaka ina do dhArAoM dvArA bhAratIya saMskRti kA niyamana huA hai / nivRttiparaka jIvana meM strI athavA patnI kI anivAryatA bhI nahIM thI aura vastutaH inheM heya dRSTi se bhI dekhA gayA hai| kintu pravRttipradhAna jIvana kI pradhAna pratiSThA patnI meM thI, jo gArhasthya jIvana kI kI aura niyAmikA mAnI jAtI thI / padma purANa meM patnI ke lie 'mAma' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| padma purANa meM vivAhoparAnta vara-vadhU ke gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karane para saMyamita jIvana para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| vara-gRhAgamana para vadhU apane mukha para cUMghaTa rakhatI thI, jisase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya striyA~ mukha para ghUghaTa rakhatI thIM aura pardA-prathA kA pracalana thA / mahA purANa ke anusAra sundara strI vicitra padanyAsA arthAt aneka prakAra se caraNa rakhane vAlI, rasikA (rasIlI) evaM sAlaMkArA hokara apane pati kA anuraJjana karatI thii| padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki kulaGganAe~ apane pati ke abhiprAya kA anukaraNa karatI thiiN| ukta purANa 1. yAjJavalkya para mitAkSarA 2 / 143, 115, 123, 124, 135, prabhAvakacarita, pR0 337-38 2. putyazca saMvibhAgAhIH samaM punaH samAzakaH / mahA 38.154; tulanIya-kAtyAyana 621-27 3. esa0 ena0 rAya-vahI, pR0 268 4. padma 24 / 101 6. mahA 43 / 43 5. vahI 866 7. padma 811

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sAmAjika vyavasthA meM anyatra varNita hai ki patnI apane pati ko kumArgI hone se bacAtI hai / udAharaNArtha, mandodarI ne apane pati rAvaNa ko kumArga ke parityAga ke lie bahuta samajhAyA thA / ' mahA purANa meM pati-patnI ke saMyoga-kriyA kA rocaka varNana upalabdha haiM / jainetara grantha rAmAyaNa ke anusAra pitA, bhrAtA evaM putra use sImita Ananda dete haiM, parantu pati patnI ko apAra Ananda detA hai / harivaMza purANa meM ullikhita hai ki strI tabhI taka maryAdita hai jaba taka svAmI maryAdA meM rahatA hai| mahA purANa meM vivAhitA nArI ko ghUmane-phirane kI pUrNa svatantratA thI / " strI kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdana karate hue ukta purANa meM kathita hai ki pati se hI patnI kI zobhA nahIM hotI hai, apitu pati bhI patnI se zobhita hotA hai| padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki usa samaya aisI sAdhvI mahilAe~ thIM jo ki para-puruSa ke sammukha hokara bAta nahIM karatI thIM, apitu madhya meM tRNa rakhakara parokSa rUpa meM bAta karatI thiiN| isa prakAra kI striyoM ko saba prakAra ke AcAroM kA jJAna hotA thA / pativratA striyA~ pAtivrata dharma ke rakSArtha apane prANoM kI Ahuti de detI thiiN| jainetara granthoM ke anusAra patnI kA saba Ananda usake pati meM kendrita hotA thA / " yadyapi jaina dharma meM madyapAna niSiddha thA, tathApi mahA purANa meM strI-puruSa donoM dvArA madyapAna kA ullekha prApya hai / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki nAriyA~ madyapAna karatI thIM / zrAvikAe~ madyapAna nahIM karatI thIM / kAmoddipanArtha pati-patnI madirA pIte the / koI strI IrSyAviza sapatniyoM ko adhika madirA pilA detI thIM / " parantu sarvatra sapatnI ke prati IrSyA kA bhAva parilakSita nahIM hotA hai / harivaMza purANa meM hameM sapatnI ( sauta ) ke Ane para prasannatA kA dRSTAnta bhI milatA hai / 12 vastutaH pArivArika jIvana ko sukhamaya banAne ke lie jainAcAryoM ne sauhArdapUrNa vAtAvaraNa nirmita karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA / padma purANa meM patnI ko pati kA 1. padma 7351-52 2. mahA 35 / 158- 237 rAmAyaNa 2 / 40 / 3 3. 4. harivaMza 17 / 16 5. mahA 276 10. rAmAyaNa 2|37|30, 2 / 27 / 6; 6/86, raghuvaMza 6 | 17; matsya purANa brahmANDapurANa 31864 11. mahA 44 / 286 - 262 12. harivaMza 44 / 17 mahA 6 / 56 padma 46 / 11 8. vahI 53 / 128 6. vahI 46 / 84 6. 19. 115 brahmavaivarta purANa 35 / 116 kumArasambhava 154 / 166; vAyu purANa 70 67;

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116 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bAndhava aura zaraNa kathita hai / isI purANa meM pitA, pati evaM putra ko kulavatI striyoM kA AdhAra varNita kiyA gayA hai / 2 AdikAla se nAriyoM meM dhArmika pravRtti rahI hai / usa samaya ve sabhI dhArmika kRtya puruSa ke sahayoga se karatI thIM / jaina evaM bauddha AgamoM ke avalokana se jJAta hotA hai ki nAriyoM ko na kevala gRhasthAzrama meM puruSoM ke samAna dharmAcaraNa karane kA adhikAra prApta thA, apitu bhikSuNI banane meM una para saMgha kI ora se kisI prakAra kA pratibandha nahIM thA / " (iii) mAtA : mAtA kA samAja meM sarvocca sthAna hai / putra kA janma dene se strI kA mAna bar3ha jAtA hai aura loga usakI prazasti karate haiM / vaidikakAlIna pitA dasa putroM kI kAmanA karatA hai / smRti kAla meM yahI pitA ATha putroM kI kAmanA karatA hai / " manu ke matAnusAra mAtA kA apekSA sahasra guNA uccatara hai / " yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne patita devakoTi meM rakhA hai / vaidika paramparA ke purANoM meM mAtA ko sarvocca sthAna pradAna kiyA gayA hai / " jaina purANoM meM mAtA atyadhika zraddheya thI tathA samAja meM use viziSTa sthAna pradAna kiyA gayA thA / padma purANa meM varNita hai ki yathArtha meM isa saMsAra meM mAtA hI sarvazreSTha bandhu hai / ' yadyapi kanyA viSayaka yukti meM antarvirodha hai tathApi striyoM kA samAja meM pratiSThita sthAna thA / padma purANa meM mAtA kI mahattA kA varNana karatI huI indra kI patnI indrANI kA kathana hai ki he mAtA ! tU tInoM lokoM kI kalyANa 1. padma 30/166 2. pitA nAtho'thavA putraH kulastrINAM trayI gatiH / padma 31 / 177 3. komala candra jaina - jaina aura bauddha AgamoM meM nArI jIvana, amRtasara, 1667, 4. 5. 6. 7. pR0 183 altekara - vahI, pR0 118 manu 2 / 145 vahI 11 / 60 esa0 ena0 rAya - vahI, pR0 263 sthAna pitA kI mAtA ko bhI 8. padma 101 / 37 6. vahI 80170

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 117 kAriNI mAtA hai, tU hI maMgalakAraNI hai, tU hI mahAdevI hai, tU hI puNyavatI hai aura tU hI yazasvinI hai|' ukta purANa meM varNita hai ki saMsAra meM vaha manuSya atyadhika puNyAtmA hai, jo mAtA kI vinaya meM tatpara rahatA hai tathA kiMkarabhAva se usakI sevA karatA hai| ___ mahA purANa ke anusAra santAnotpatti na hone para kula kA nAza hotA hai aura strI ko mukti nahIM miltii| ukta purANa meM putrotpatti kA vizeSa mahattva varNita hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki saMsAra meM sAdhAraNa se sAdhAraNa manuSya ke lie putra kA janma bhI harSa kA kAraNa hai / isI purANa meM anyatra varNita hai ki vastutaH striyA~ saMsAra kI latA ke samAna haiN| yadi puruSa ke putra nahIM huA to isa pApI manuSya ke lie putrahIna pApinI striyoM se kyA prayojana hai ? padma purANa meM putra se bar3hakara prIti kA aura dusarA sthAna nahIM hai| mahA purANa ke anusAra kanyA utpanna hone para parivAra meM zoka chA jAtA thaa| isI purANa meM anyatra varNita hai ki yadi kisI ke putra nahIM huA to jisa ghara meM vaha strI praveza karatI hai aura jisa ghara meM utpanna huI hai, una donoM hI gharoM meM zoka chAyA rahatA hai / yadi bhAgyahIna hone se koI bandhyA huI to usakA gaurava nahIM rahatA / / mahA purANa meM yaha ullikhita hai ki garbhiNI strI kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| dohalA (dauhRda) ko pUrNa karanA pati kA parama karttavya mAnA jAtA thaa|' jalakrIr3A, vanakrIr3A aura kathA Adi dvArA garbhiNI kA manovinoda kiyA jAtA thaa|" isa prakAra dohalA pUrNa hone para usakA samasta zarIra puSTa hotA hai aura akathanIya kAnti evaM dIpti dhAraNa karatI thii| harivaMza purANa ke anusAra garbhiNI striyoM ko dIkSA-grahaNa karane para pratibandha thaa| ve bacce ke janma ke bAda hI dIkSA le sakatI thiiN|12 mahA purANa kA 'antarvantI' zabda garbhiNI ke lie prayukta hone para usakA mahattva bar3ha jAtA hai / 12 pANDava purANa meM garbhiNI kI sthiti kA sundara citraNa upalabdha hai| 1. mahA 13 / 30; tulanIya-gautama 2 / 56; manu 2 / 145; vaziSTha dharmasUtra 13 / 48 2. padma 81176 7. mahA 68/170 3. mahA 68 / 173 8. mahA 68 / 166 4. vahI 56 / 20 6. vahI 15 / 137, 70 / 343 5. vahI 54 / 44 10. vahI 12 / 187, 6. padma 8 / 157 11. padma 711 12. harivaMza 18120 13. antarvantImathAbhyarNe navame mAsi sundaram / mahA 12 / 212

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118 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana garbhiNI kA mastaka duHkhanA, cakkara AnA, vamana honA. mukha sapheda honA, udara kI trivalI naSTa honA, peTa kaThina honA, alpa bhASaNa, sundara A~kha, mRttikA bhakSaNa, stana sundara, unnata puTa honA pramukha lakSaNa haiN|' jaina purANoM meM varNita hai ki santAnotpatti se mAtA kA hRdaya vAtsalya se paripUrNa ho jAtA hai aura stana se dUdha jharane lagatA hai / 2 mahA purANa ke anusAra mAtA ke lie putra sarvAdhika snehapAtra hotA hai| usase bar3hakara prIti kA aura dUsarA sthAna nahIM hai| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki uttama saMtAna prasavA striyA~ apane pati ko Anandita karatI haiN| utanA Ananda lakSmI bhI nahIM de sktiiN| uttama latAoM ke samAna uttama putra prasavaNI striyA~ priya hotI haiN| jainetara grantha mahAbhArata ke anusAra putra apanI mAtA ko apane pitA se adhika mAnatA hai| putra apanI mAtA ko nahIM chor3a sakatA, bhale hI usakI mAtA ko sAmAjika evaM dhArmika bahiSkAra kyoM na prApta ho / jainAcAryoM ne mAtAoM ke putra-prema ko pati ke prema se adhika ucca sthAna pradatta kiyA hai| padma purANa meM varNita hai ki pati para striyoM kA prema vicalita bhI ho sakatA hai, parantu apane dUdha se puSTa kiye hue putroM para vAtsalya kabhI vicalita nahIM hotA / mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki mAtA ko apane putra ke vivAha ke avasara para paramAnanda kI prApti hotI hai| saMsAra meM mAtA ko putra viyoga se bar3hakara koI anya viyoga nahIM hotA / padma purANa meM varNita hai ki putra viyoga meM mAtA ko na AhAra meM, na zayana meM, na dina meM aura na rAtri meM thor3A bhI Ananda upalabdha hotA hai| vaha putra viyoga meM kurarI ke samAna rudana karatI rahatI hai tathA atyanta vihvala hokara donoM hAthoM se chAtI aura sira pITatI rahatI hai| ukta purANa meM Age kathita hai ki putra 1. pANDava 7 / 238 242, 8 / 124-125 2. padma 85 / 127; harivaMza 35 // 60-62 3. vahI 17 / 360 4. vahI 8 / 157 5. mahA 43 / 132 6. mahAbhArata 121116 7. padma 107 / 62 8. mahA 1573-74; 7 / 205 6. padma 81 / 72-73

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116 sAmAjika vyavasthA viyoginI nirantara udvigna rahatI hai, netra A~suoM se paripUrNa rahate haiM, nava prasUtA gAya ke samAna putra se milane ke lie vyAkula rahatI hai, putra ke prati sneha prakaTa karane ko lAlAyita rahatI hai aura ghora zoka-sAgara meM DUbI rahatI hai / putra viyoga meM mAtAoM ke bAla bikhare rahate haiM tathA pRthvI para loTatI rahatI haiM / 2 Ajakala ke Adhunika vAtAvaraNa meM mAtAe~ apane baccoM ko apanA dUdha nahIM pilAtI, usI taraha mahA purANa ke racanA kAla meM sambhrAnta parivAroM kI mAtAe~ bhI apane baccoM ko apanA dUdha nahIM pilAtI thIM, apitu dhAyeM apanA dUdha baccoM ko pilAtI thIM / (iv) vidhavA : vigata ( mara gayA ) hai dhava (pati) jisakA aisI strI vidhavA huI / 'vidhavA' zabda bahuvrIhi samAsa hai / mahA purANa meM vidhavA ko paribhASita karate hue varNita hai ki vidhavA usa strI ko kahate haiM, jisakA pati mara gayA ho, anAtha ho tathA balahIna ho / ukta purANa meM ullikhita hai ki vidhavA ko ghora duHkha jhelanA par3atA hai | mAMgalika kAryoM meM vidhavAoM kA niSedha rahatA hai / ' padma purANa ke anusAra pati ke marane para striyA~ apane hAthoM kI cUr3iyA~ svataH phor3a letI haiM / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki kabhI-kabhI pati ke marane para striyA~ talavAra se Atma hatyA kara letI thiiN| kucha striyA~ pati ke marane para duHkha ko sameTa kara avazeSa jIvana ko vratopavAsa, pUjA-arcanA dvArA jina vrata dhAraNa kara jinendra kI sevA dvArA apanA paraloka siddha karatI thIM aura sukha sAdhanoM kA parityAga kara sAdagI kA jIvana vyatIta karatI thIM / " vidhavA striyA~ koI bhI AbhUSaNa nahIM dhAraNa karatI haiM / Alocita jaina purANoM ke ukta kathana kI puSTi jainetara purANoM se bhI hotI hai / " 1. padma 8113-4 2 . vahI 81 / 66 3. mahA 14 / 165 4. vahI 43 / 68; tulanIya - Rgveda 187 / 3 5. vahI 68 / 171-172 6. padma 78 / 6 7. mahA 75 / 63 8. vahI 71 362, 6 / 55-57; tulanIya - kAtyAyana 626-627, parAzara 4 / 31 6. vahI 68 / 225; vRddhahArIta 11 / 205-210 10. esa0 ena0 rAya - vahI, pR0 281

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120 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana DaoN0 ananta sadAziva altekara ke matAnusAra pati kI mRtyu para vidhavA ko sampatti nahIM miltii| vaha sampatti usake putroM ko upalabdha hotI hai| isake sAtha hI putra kA yaha uttaradAyitva hotA thA ki vaha apane mAtA kI rakSA apane pitA kI mRtyu ke uparAnta karate rheN| lakSmI nArAyaNa bhAratIya ne jainadharma meM vidhavAoM ko sampatti kA adhikArI mAnA hai,2 parantu yaha mata amAnya hai| ___ jainetara mArkaNDeya purANa vidhavA ke punarvivAha kA virodha karatA hai / jaba ki kaI dharmazAstroM ne niyoga prathA kA ullekha kiyA hai| vAyu purANa meM niyoga prathA kA ullekha prApya hai / vAtsyAyana ne vidhavA ke punarvivAha ke lie 'punarbhu' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| zUdra vidhavA striyoM kA punarvivAha sAmAnyatayA hotA thaa| jainAgama meM vidhavAoM ke vivAha kA ullekha upalabdha hai| (v) vIrAGganA : bhAratavarSa meM prAcIna kAla se hI vIra striyoM, mAtAoM, bahanoM evaM preyasiyoM kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai| unake adamya sAhasa evaM tyAga ke kAraNa isa deza ko nayI dizA milI hai / jaba-jaba deza para saMkaTa AyA hai, ve deza kI rakSA meM apanA sarvasva nyauchAvara karatI rhiiN| padma purANa ke anusAra aisI striyA~ apane prANa-pati ko yuddha meM bhejakara navIna ghAva bar3e gaurava se dekhanA cAhatI thIM, kyoMki unake pati ke zarIra ke ghAva purAne par3a gaye the / ve apane pati se vijaya kI 1. altekara-vahI, pR0 116 2. lakSmI nArAyaNa bhAratIya-jaina dharma aura nArI, zramaNa, varSa 18, aMka 3, janavarI 1667, pR06 3. ema. vAI0 desAI-aizeNTa iNDiyana sosAiTI, relijana aiNDa mAithAlojI eja DipekTeDa ina da mArkaNDeya purANa, bar3audA, 1668, pR0 45 4. gautama 1814-14; mahAnizItha, pR0 24; vaziSThadharmasUtra 17456-65; baudhAyanadharmasUtra 2 / 2 / 17; manu 6 / 56-61; yAjJavalkya 1 / 68-69; nArada (strIpuMsa 80 / 101) 12167; kauTilya 3 / 6, 1117; mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva 44 / 52-53 parAzarasmRti 4 / 28 5. pATila-kalcarala hisTrI phrAma da vAyu purANa, dillI, 1673, pR0 45-46 6. cakaladara-sTaDIz2a ina da kAmasUtra, dillI, 1676, pR0 182 7. bRjendra nAtha zarmA-sozala aiNDa kalcarala hisTrI oNpha nArdarna iNDiyA, naI dillI, 1672, pR0 66 8. jagadIza candra jaina-vahI, pRSTha 181-183 6. padma 57 / 12-13

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 121 AzA karatI thIM / parAjita pati ko ve tiraskRta karatI thI, kyoMki par3osI yoddhAoM ke parAjaya para unakI patniyoM ko bhI ve pasanda nahIM karatI thIM, ataH svapati ke parAjaya ko ve sahana nahIM kara pAtI thiiN|' vIra patniyoM ke tyAga kI pUrNAhuti yahIM para samApta nahIM hotI, apitu ve yuddha meM jAte samaya apane patiyoM se kahatI thIM ki he nAtha ! yadi saMgrAma meM ghAyala hokara Apa pIche AyeMge to mujhe bar3A apayaza hogA aura usa apayaza ke sunane mAtra se hI maiM prANa tyAga duuNgii| kyoMki isase mujhe vIra kiMkaroM kI garvIlI patniyA~ dhikkaareNgii| isase bar3hakara kaSTa kI aura bAta kyA hogii| vIrAGganAoM kI sthiti para prakAza DAlane ke lie jainetara sAkSya se bhI pracura mAtrA meM sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai / dazavIM-gyArahavIM zatI meM sugandhA evaM diddA rAniyA~ kuzala prazAsaka thiiN| rAjataraMgiNI se cuddA jaisI vIrAGganAoM para prakAza par3atA hai / 'pRthvI-rAjavijaya' se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA somezvara ne apanI mRtyu ke samaya apanI rAnI karpUrIdevI ko apane putra pRthvIrAja tRtIya kI rakSA karane ke lie niyukta kiyA thaa| gujarAta kI nekidevI ne 1178 I0 meM mohammada gorI ke AkramaNa kA sAmanA kiyA thA / mevAr3a ke rAjA samarasiMha kI vidhavA patnI kumAradevI ne kutubuddIna ke AkramaNa kA sAmanA (1165 I0) kiyA thaa| (vi) sevikA : Alocita jaina purANoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya samAja meM sevikAe~ thIM, jinakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA / sevikAe~ kula-paramparA ke anusAra hotI thiiN| Alocya purANoM ke avalokana se jJAta hotA hai ki inheM adhyayana kI dRSTi se tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai : (a) sAmAnya dhAtrI : dhAtrI kA samAja meM mahattva prAyaH mAtRvat thA / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki rAjaparivAroM evaM samAja ke sampanna vyaktiyoM ke baccoM ke lAlana-pAlana kA pUrA uttaradAyitva 'dhAtrI' yA 'dhAya' ke Upara rahatA thaa| rAnI to mAtra zizu ko janma detI thii|" jaina purANoM meM dhAtrI ke sAmAnya kAryoM meM bacce ko snAna karAnA, vastrAbhUSaNa pahanAnA, dUdha pilAnA, zarIra meM tela-kAjala Adi lagAnA 1. padma 57 / 11 2. vahI 57 / 4-5 3. yAdava-vahI, pR0 71-72 4. etatkulakramAyAtA bhRtyA: / padma 17 / 341 5. mahA 43333

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122 aura baccoM ko krIr3A karAnA mukhya thA / (ba) dAsI : gharelU kAma karane ke lie dAsI hotI thIM / 2 sAmAnyataH inakI tIna zreNiyA~ thIM-- prathama, ve striyA~ jo garIbI yA anya paristhitivaza kisI ke yahA~ naukarI kara letI thIM / aisI dAsiyoM ko mAsAnta meM vetana diyA jAtA thA / dvitIya, kucha dAsiyA~ krIta hotI thIM / inheM kevala bhojana evaM vastra diyA jAtA thA / tRtIya, yuddha ke samaya vijita deza se lAyI gayI striyoM ko dAsI banAyA jAtA thA / ye dAsiyA~ rAjAoM ke vyaktigata kAryoM kI dekha-rekha karatI thIM aura ve antaHpura meM rahatI thIM / padma purANa meM varNita hai ki jo striyA~ becI jAtI thIM, unheM samAja ke dhanI evaM sampanna vyakti kraya kara lete the / " harivaMza purANa meM ina dAsiyoM meM se nadI, kuA~, tAlAba Adi se jala bharane ke kAraNa unheM 'ghaTa- dAsI' yA 'panihArina' kahA gayA hai / " (sa) paricArikA : isa varga kI sevikAe~ nAyaka-nAyikAoM ko milAne, zRGgAra Adi karane, manovinoda karane, samAcAra dene, rUThane para milAne kA kAma karatI thIM / " bauddha aura jaina AgamoM meM cAra prakAra kI dAsiyoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai / 1. AmAyadAsI (gharadAsI yA gehadAsI ) - parivAra kI dAsI ke kukSi se utpanna santAna para bhI vaidhAnika rUpa se usake svAmI kA adhikAra rahatA thA / 2. krItadAsIkraya kI huI dAsI / 3. svataH dAsatva ko prApta dAsI- pratikUla evaM viSama paristhiti meM dAsI vRtti svIkAra karane para hotA thA / 4. bhayadAsI - yuddha meM vijita deza se lAyI gayI striyoM ko dAsI banAyA jAtA thA / " Alocita jaina purANoM ke racanA kAla ke anya sAkSyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya sevikA ( dAsI) vRtti pracalita thI / nArada smRti, bRhaspatismRti, jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. mahA 20156, harivaMza 43 / 2 3. padma 7164 4. harivaMza 852 padma 26 / 35 harivaMza 33 / 47-50 vahI 43 / 23; mahA 75 464-465 komala candra jaina-bauddha aura jaina AgamoM meM nArI - jIvana, amRtasara, 1667; pR0 136 8. padma 6 / 381-422, 22 / 14 - 18 mahA 14 / 165

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 123 vijJAnezvara, lekhapaddhati Adi ne dAsI vRtti kA ullekha kiyA hai / (vii) vezyA : vezam arhati yA sA vezyA arthAt jo veza ko pratikSaNa badalatI rahe vaha vezyA kahalAtI hai| bhAva artha meM-kisI vyakti vizeSa ko anukUla banAne ke lie veza badalatI hai| samAja meM vezyAoM kA apanA pRthak sthAna thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki sabhI AcAryoM kI dRSTi unakI ora gyii| unake lie prazaMsAmUlaka padya banAye gaye / harivaMza meM varNita hai ki sAketa nagara meM buddhisenA vezyA itanI sundara thI ki jisa para mugdha hokara muni vicitra matI ne muni pada kA tyAga kara diyA thaa| usa samaya rAjakumAroM ko vyAvahArika zikSA vezyAe~ pradAna karatI thIM, jise rAjakumAra ko grahaNa karanA anivArya thaa| __ vezyAoM ke do varga the-gIta nRtya dvArA AjIvikopArjana aura apanA zarIra becakara jIvikArjana karane vAlI / prathama, jo vezyAe~ nRtya-gIta dvArA AjIvikA calAtI thIM unheM vArAMganA kahA gayA hai| ye mAMgalika zubhAvasaroM para apanA kAryakrama prastuta karatI thIM / vivAha, utsava, janma, rAjyAbhiSeka Adi zubhAvasaroM para vArAMganoM ko vizeSa rUpa se bulAyA jAtA thA / ve zubha kI pratIka thIM aura samAja meM unakA sammAnapUrNa sthAna thaa| jainetara sAkSyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki ve vezyAe~ nRtya-gIta Adi kalA sambandhI kauzala se suzobhita, saundarya kI parama sImA aura yauvana kI nUtana pratIka thiiN| DaoN0 nemi candra jaina ne devadAsiyoM ko hI vArAGganAe~ kahA hai| parantu yaha mata amAnya hai, kyoMki devadAsiyA~ mandira meM bhagavAn kI mUrti ke sAmane hI nRtya-gAyana kiyA karatI thIM na ki sArvajanika sthAnoM para / unakA prayojana dhArmika aura Antarika abhyudaya kI prApti thA, dhanArjana nhiiN| DaoN0 yU0 ena0 ghoSAla ne cAU-jU-kvA ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki gujarAta ke 4,000 mandiroM meM 20,000 devadAsiyA~ rahatI thiiN| 1. e0 bI0 pANDe-pUrvamadhyakAlIna bhArata kA itihAsa, pR0 424; asarapha lAipha aiNDa kaNDIzana oNpha da pIpula oNpha hindustAna, pR0 186, kANevahI, pR0 186, Ara0 esa0 zarmA-iNDiyana phiyuDalijma-pR0 60, e0 ke0 majUmadAra-cAlukyAz2a oNpha gujarAta, pR0 345-346, yAdava-vahI, pR0 73-74 2. harivaMza 27 / 101 3. maMgalodgAnamAtenaH- raNannUpuramekhalam / mahA 7 / 243-244; harivaMza 21142 4. raghuvaMza 3 / 16; meghadUta 35, kAmasUtra 1 / 320-321 5. nemicandra jaina-Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 184 6. bRjendra nAtha zarmA-vahI, pR0 74

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124 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dvitIya prakAra kI vezyAe~ zarIra becakara jIvana nirvAha karatI thiiN| inake viSaya meM harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai ki unheM dekhakara muni bhI bhraSTa ho jAte the| padma purANa meM nirUpita hai ki vezyA aura kulaTA striyoM kI sevikAe~ unake lie puruSa kA prabandha karatI thIM / ukta purANa meM ullikhita hai ki vezyAoM ke yahA~ 'viTa' rahate the jinheM hiMjar3A kahA jA sakatA hai| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki nadI ke samAna vezyAe~ viziSTa pApa ke sahita, grAhavatI (dhana saMcaya karane vAlI), kuTilavRtti (mAyAcAriNI), aMladhya (viSayI manuSyoM dvArA vazIbhUta) sarvabhogyA (U~ca-nIca manuSyoM dvArA bhogya yogya), vicitrA (aneka varNa kI), evaM nimnagA (nIca puruSoM kI ora jAne vAlI) hotI thiiN| jaina purANoM ke anusAra vezyA juA Adi chala vidyA se puruSoM ko pha~sA kara svagRha meM rakhatI thIM aura puruSoM se dhana cUsatI thIM / dhanavAna hI vezyA ke mitra hote the| jisa prakAra loga rasahIna Ikha ke chilake ko chor3a dete hai, vaise hI dhanarahita manuSya ko vezyA chor3a detI haiM / " isI lie samarAiccakahA meM dhana ko vezyAoM kA pati kahA gayA hai / vezyAoM ko dhanI, rAjA, rAjA ke sambandhI evaM sampanna vyakti dhana evaM AbhUSaNa Adi dete the| harivaMza purANa meM ullikhita hai ki vezyAe~ madyazAlA meM madya-kraya bhI kiyA karatI thiiN| padma purANa meM gaNikAoM kA ullekha huA hai / vezyAoM para vizvAsa na karane kI salAha jaina sUtroM meM upalabdha hai| harivaMza purANa ke anusAra vezyAoM kA bhI 1. harivaMza 274101; tulanIya-mRcchakaTika aMka 1 2, vezyAyAH kulaTAnAM ki kurvanti paricArikAH / padma 1710 3. padma 2 / 43 4. mahA 473 5. harivaMza 21156-66; mahA 50 / 48; tulanIya-mRcchakaTika, aMka 4 jhinakU yAdava-samarAiccakahA eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, vArANasI, 1677, pR0 141 7. mahA 46 / 300-308, tulanIya-yAjJavalkya 2 / 262; matsyapurANa 227 / 144-145 8. harivaMza 33 / 16 6. padma 8 / 162 10. AcArAMgacUrNI 2, pR0 67; sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA 4 / 1 / 24; tulanIya-manusmRti 4185

Page #159
sAmAjika vyavasthA vivAha hotA thA aura unakA bhI parivAra hotA thA / vasantasenA vezyA apanI mA~ ke ghara se Akara sAsa kI sevA karatI thI tathA aNuvratoM prasanna hokara usake pati ne use svIkAra liyA thA / meM kahA hai ki vezyAe~ suzikSita, susaMskRta tathA hotI thIM / se vibhUSita ho gaI thii| jisase vAtsyAyana ne apane kAmasUtra vividha kalAoM meM pAraMgata 6. bahupatnI prathA : Alocita jaina purANoM ke samaya meM samAja meM eka se adhika patnI rakhane kA ullekha prApya hai / parantu dhanI, sampanna evaM rAjagharAnoM meM hI isakA pracalana thA / jainAgamoM ke parizIlana se rAjA ke yahA~ tIna prakAra ke antaHpuroM kA ullekha upalabdha hai - jIrNa antaHpura ( vRddhA striyoM ke lie), nava antaHpura (navayuvatI paribhogya striyoM ke lie ) tathA kanyA antaHpura / ' rAjakuloM meM antaHpuroM kI vyavasthA hetu kaJcukI hote the / kanyAoM ke antaHpuroM meM dvArapAliyA~ hotI thIM / " jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya rAjAoM ke pAsa bahuta-sI rAniyA~ hotI thIM, jinheM ve apane antaHpura meM rakhate the / udAharaNArtha, zrIkRSNa ke antaHpura meM ATha paTarAniyA~ thI, bharata ke pAsa 66,000 rAniyAM thIM, lakSmaNa ke pAsa 16,000 rAniyA~ tathA ATha paTarAniyA~ thIM, rAma ke pAsa 8,000 rAniyA~ evaM cAra paTarAniyA~ thIM, rAvaNa ke pAsa thIM / ye varNana AkhyAnAtmaka evaM atizayoktipUrNa haiM, tathApi eka se adhika rAniyA~ hotI thIM / pI0 TAmasa kA vicAra hai ki ina striyoM ko rAjA loga vivAha kara, kraya kara athavA pakar3avA kara apane rAjamahala ke antaH pura meM rakhate the / " 18,000 rAniyA~ rAjAoM ke pAsa striyoM meM sapatnI ke prati IrSyA evaM kalaha kA honA svAbhAvika thA / isalie unameM svabhAva, mukha, vacana, kAya evaM mana kI apekSA kuTilatA banI rahatI thI / " 1. harivaMza 21 / 176; tulanIya - mRcchakaTika, aMka 3 2. cakalakAra - vahI, pR0 168 3. nizIthacUrNI 6 / 1513 kI cUrNI; aupapAtikasUtra 6, pR0 25 4. padma 26 / 41 125 5. vahI 2818 6. mahA 15/66, 37 / 34-36; harivaMza 44|50, padma 58 / 66, 64 / 17-18 7. pI0 TAmasa iNDiyana vImena thrU da ejeja, landana, 1664, pR0 116 8. mahA 68 / 166

Page #160
126 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki ve IrSyAvaza madyapAna ke samaya sapatniyoM ko adhika madirA pilA detI thIM, jisase pati ke sAtha ramaNa meM kevala vaha hI sammilita ho ske| parantu kabhI-kabhI sapatnI (sauta) ke prati sauhArdratA kA bhI udAharaNa prApya hai| isI lie klIrase badera ke matAnusAra samAja meM dUsarI patnI kA vahI sthAna hotA thA jo ki pahalI patnI kA thA / bahupatnItva ko samApta karane ke lie jainAcAryoM ne bahuta prayatna kiyA / unhoMne vyavasthA diyA ki rAjA ko 'ekapatnI vratI' honA cAhie, jisase prajA usakA anukaraNa kara sake / bAda ke jainAcAryoM ne bhI isa prathA ko samApta karane kA prayatna karate rahe / zubhacandra ne vikrama saMvata 1608 meM pANDava purANa kI racanA kI thii| unhoMne usameM yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki sauta hone para jo vyakti apanI kanyA ko detA hai, vaha apanI kanyA ko kueM meM Dhakela dene ke samAna kArya karatA hai| isa prathA kA ullekha vivAha adhyAya meM bhI kiyA gayA hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ziSTa varga ne isa prathA ko mAnyatA nahIM dI thii| 7. pardA prathA : jaina purANoM ke avalokana se pardA prathA kA jJAna hotA hai| padma purANa meM varNita hai ki vadhU kA vara ke gRha meM praveza hone para vaha apane mukha para bUMghaTa rakhatI thii| mahA purANa meM striyoM ko bUMghaTa rakhe hue citrita kiyA gayA hai| jainasUtroM meM yavanikA (javaNiyA) zabda vyavahRta hai| kintu isakA tAtparya cUMghaTa (pardA) ke lie jJAta nahIM hotA hai|' janetara purANoM meM pardA prathA ke pracalana aura apracalana donoM hI prakAra ke sthala prApya hai| eka ora hama dekhate haiM ki mahAkAvyoM meM rAjaparivAra kI striyA~ parde meM rahatI thIM, isakA uddezya yaha thA ki rAniyoM ko sAmAnya loga sAmAnya rUpa se na dekha skeN| 1. mahA 44 / 262 2. harivaMza 44 / 17 3. klIrase badera-vImena ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, laMdana, 1625, pR0 51 4. mahA 62141 5. sondhakUpe kSipetputrI sApatnyeyaM dadIta yaH / pANDava 765 6. padma 870 7. mahA 43 / 43 8. jagadIza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 271-272 6. esa0 ena0 rAya-vahI, pR0 284-287

Page #161
sAmAjika vyavasthA 127 bhAsa ne apane pratimA nATaka meM sItA ko ghUMghaTa dhAraNa kiye huye pradarzita kiyA hai / mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne zakuntalA ko rAjA duSyanta ke rAjadarabAra meM bhejate samaya ghU~ghaTa DAlakara kulInatA para prakAza DAlA hai / vasantasenA (vezyA) jaise hI vadhUpada prApta karatI hai, vaise hI apanA mukha Dha~ka letI hai / dUsarI ora dRSTi DAlane para aisA jJAta hotA hai ki sAtavIM zatI I0 ke cInI yAtrI yuvAna cvAMga ne pardA prathA kA koI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / harSa ke darabAra meM usakI bahana rAjyazrI binA parde ke AyI thI, parantu rAjyazrI vara ke sAmane mu~ha Dha~ka kara AyI thI / rAjataraMgiNI meM bhI kahIM para pardA prathA dRSTigata nahIM hai / dasavIM zatI ke araba yAtrI abU jaida ne darabAra meM binA parde kI striyoM kA ullekha kiyA / pardA prathA 1000 I0 taka kucha rAjaparivAroM taka hI sImita thA / kathAsaritsAgara meM pardA prathA kA ullekha anupalabdha hai / vastutaH hinduoM meM pardA prathA kA pracalana musalamAnoM ke Agamana se samyak rUpa se prArambha hotA hai / ' 8. patnI tyAga yA talAka prathA :- DaoN0 altekara ke anusAra usa samaya talAka prathA nahIM thA / kintu jaina purANoM ke adholikhita uddharaNoM se jJAta hotA hai ki Alocita purANoM ke samaya talAka prathA kA pracalana thA / jainAcAryoM ne samAja ko suvyavasthita DhaMga se calAne ke lie pati-patnI meM pArasparika sauhArdratA kA Adarza pratiSThApita kiyA hai| striyoM ke pAtivrata ke pAlana para vizeSa bala diyA hai / parantu yaha Adarza sarvatra kArya rUpa meM kriyAnvita nahIM ho pAtA thA / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki pati-patnI meM vaimanasya ke pariNAmasvarUpa kabhI-kabhI patnI para-puruSa ke sAtha ramaNa karatI thii| isa sambandha ke pariNAmasvarUpa vaha apane pati kI hatyA bhI karAtI thI / yadi pati ko patnI ke viSaya meM yaha jJAta ho jAtA thA ki usakA kisI puruSa se anucita sambandha hai, taba vaha use ghara se nikAla detA thA / " padma purANa ke anusAra pati-tyaktA patnI apane mAtA-pitA ke ghara meM rahatI thii| samAja meM hameM isa prakAra kA bhI udAharaNa upalabdha hote haiM, jaba pati kA patnI se sambandha nahIM 1. altekara - vahI, pR0 167 - 208 tathA bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya - gupta kAla kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, lakhanaU, 1666, pR0 216-220 altekara - vahI, pR0 67 mahA 72 / 63 2. 3. 4. vahI 71 / 226-228 5. vahI 47 / 203 - 206 padma 16 / 6 6.

Page #162
128 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana use ghora kaSTa pahu~cAtI thIM / mahA purANa meM ullikhita vaha cakravartI kI putrI hI kyoM na ho use apAra kaSTa hotA thA, taba sAsa Adi hai ki patityaktA strI cAhe sahanA par3atA thA / 2 6. satI prathA : 'as' dhAtu se 'zatR' pratyaya hone se strItva vivakSA meM 'IkAra' pratyaya huA tathA 'as' ke akAra kA lopa hone se 'satI' zabda banA / isakA artha hai jo strI apanI sattA ko nitya sthira rakhe vaha satI hai arthAt jisane pati ke sAtha apane zarIra ko bhasma kara liyA hai| jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se satI prathA kA pracalana jJAta hotA hai / mahA purANa meM nirUpita hai ki pati ke yuddhasthala meM vIragati prApta karane para patniyA~ jauhara vrata kA pAlana karatI thIM arthAt unake mRta zarIra ke sAtha citA meM bhasma ho jAtI thiiN| isI purANa meM anyatra varNita hai ki pati ke marane para kabhI-kabhI patniyA~ Atma hatyA bhI karatI thiiN| hamAre Alocita jaina purANoM ke sAkSya pAramparika purANoM ke samastarIya haiN| ina purANoM meM satI hone vAlI striyoM ke udAharaNa upalabdha haiM / " jaina sUtroM meM satI prathA ke bahuta kama udAharaNa prApya haiM / " satI prathA ke pracalana kA pramANa purAtAttvika anveSaNoM se jJAta hotA hai / eraNa ke abhilekha meM goparAja kI patnI kA guNagAna huA hai, jisane mRta pati kA agni-rAzi meM anugamana kiyA thA / caMgunArAyaNa ke stambha lekha ke anusAra nRpa - patnI rAjyavatI, putra- vAtsalya kI upekSA kara divaMgata pati ke sAtha satI huI thI / " ahicchatra ke utkhanana se 850 se 1100 I0 ke madhya satI prathA ke pracalana kA ullekha milatA hai / ' 1. padma 17366 2. mahA 68 / 167-168 3. vahI 44 / 266-302 4. vahI 75163 esa0 ena0 rAya - vahI, pR0 282-283 5. 6. jagadIza candra jaina - vahI, pR0 271 kArpasa iMsakripzanam iNDikeram, bhAga 3, pR0 63 7. 8. vahI, bhUmikA, pR0 85 8. vI0 esa0 agravAla - aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, 1647-48, naM0 4, pR0 178

Page #163
sAmAjika vyavasthA 126 brAhmaNa granthoM, gRhyasUtroM evaM mahAkAvyoM meM satI prathA kA pracalana anupalabdha hai| prathama aitihAsika hindU senApati ketu kI mRtyu para usakI patnI dvArA satI hone kA udAharaNa prApya hai| kSatriyoM meM satI prathA kA pracalana 400 I0 meM ho gayA thA / parAzara, agni purANa, vAtsyAyana, kAlidAsa, zUdraka, bhAsa Adi ne satI ke viSaya meM ullekha kiyA hai| manu, medhAtithi, bANa, devaNa bhaTTa ne satI prathA kA virodha kiyA hai| uttarI bhArata evaM kazmIra meM 700 se 1100 I0 taka satI prathA kA atyadhika pracalana thaa| araba vyApArI sulemAna 1000 I0 meM dakSiNa bhArata ke dakana pradeza meM AyA thaa| usake anusAra yahA~ para satI prathA bahuta kama pracalita thI / sudUra dakSiNa meM 1000 I0 meM hI pallava, pANDya ke rAjaparivAroM meM satI ke udAharaNa anupalabdha haiM / rAjapUtAnA-jo madhyakAla meM satI prathA ke lie prasiddha thA-se sabase prArambhika satI patthara 838 I0 ke pUrva kA nahIM milatA / jodhapura meM 650 I0 ke bAda yaha prathA prArambha hotI hai| uttarI bhArata meM satI prathA 1000 I0 taka bahuta kama pracalita thii| __ vAtsyAyana ne kAmasUtra meM pati ke marane para patnI ke lie 'anumaraNa' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, jo 'sahamaraNa' kA samAnArthI hai / parantu yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki strI usI citA para jalatI thI yA anya citA para / 2 kSemendra kA kathana hai ki baccI vidhavA ke bhI punarvivAha para roka lagA dI gayI thii| bArahavIM zatI ke devaNa bhaTTa ke anusAra punarvivAha kA niSedha kiyA gayA thA, jo saMkucita pravRtti kA dyotaka hai| parantu samAja ke nimnavarga meM punarvivAha hotA thaa| rAjataraMgiNI ke anusAra candrApIr3a kI mAtA ne punarvivAha kiyA thA / parantu triSaSThizalAkApuruSa carita ke anusAra isa prakAra ke vivAha rUr3hivAdI ucca varga meM nahIM hote the|3. alteka 218 36-153; bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya 2. cakaladara-vahI, pR0 184 3. yAdava-vahI, pR0 70-72

Page #164
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [ja] bhojana-pAna (AhAra) jaina purANa ahiMsA pradhAna jaina saMskRti kI pRSThabhUmi para praNIta haiM / isalie svabhAvataH jaina purANakAroM ne bhojana-pAna kI zuddhatA evaM sAttvikatA para vizeSa bala diyA hai / bhojana-pAna zarIra ke sampoSaNArthaM apekSita haiM, kintu isake lie bhakSyAbhakSya kA viveka anivArya hai / 130 jaina purANoM meM bhojana-pAna viSayaka jo vidhAna upalabdha haiM, unase pramANita hotA hai ki unake praNetAoM ne zAkAhAra para pUrNataH bala diyA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki jahA~ bhI mAMsAhAra ke ullekha haiM, vahA~ use sAmAjika aura dhArmika donoM hI dRSTiyoM se garhita batAyA gayA hai / 1. bhojana (AhAra) ke niyama nirdeza : harivaMza purANa evaM mahA purANa meM dasa prakAra ke bhogoM - bhAjana, bhojana, zayyA, sevA, vAhana, Asana, nidhi, ratna, nagara evaM nATya- kA varNana upalabdha hai / " mahA purANa meM AhAra padArthoM ko zuddha mAnA gayA hai / AhAra viSayaka niyama yaha thA ki snAnAntara uccAsana para baiTha kara bhojana grahaNa karanA cAhie / ahiMsA pradhAna dharma hone ke kAraNa jaina purANoM meM zAkAhAra para adhika bala diyA gayA hai / jahA~ mAMsAhAra ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, vahA~ sAmAjika evaM dhArmika dRSTi se ise garhita evaM nindita mAnA gayA hai / ' yadyapi katipaya prasaMgoM (vivAhotsava ) meM mAMsAhAra pracalita thA / padma purANa meM dina meM ravi razmi se prakAzita supavitra, manohara, puNya evaM Arogyavardhaka AhAra grahaNa karane kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai / isI purANa meM ahiMsA kI rakSA ke uddezya se hI rAtri samaya meM bhojana grahaNa karane kA 1. bhAjanaM bhojanaM zayyA camUrvAhanamAsanam / nidhi ratnapuram nATyaM bhogastasya dazAGkakAH / / harivaMza 11 / 131; mahA 54 / 116 2. mahA 20186 3. vahI 20 21, 20186; padma 53 / 136 4. padma 14 / 266 5. harivaMza 55 / 86 . ravirazmikRtodyotaM supavitaM manoharam / puNyavardhana mArogyaM divAbhuktaM prazasyate // padma 53 / 141

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 131 niSedha kiyA gayA hai| jainetara granthoM meM ati prAtaH, ardharAtri evaM saMdhi-kAla meM AhAra grahaNa karanA varjita hai| harivaMza purANa meM ullikhita hai ki pUrva deza kA sugandhita bhAta, pAJcAladezIya mUMga kI svAdiSTa dAla, pazcimI deza kI gAyoM kA tapAyA huA ghI tathA kaliGgI gAyoM kA madhura dUdha ucita AhAra hai|' harivaMza purANa meM bhojana karane ke bAda muMha dhone, gandha lepa karane tathA bhojanoparAnta supArI evaM ilAyacI yukta tAmbUla khAne kA ullekha milatA hai|' 2. bhojana (AhAra) ke svarUpa evaM prakAra : jaina sUtroM meM cAra prakAra ke AhAra varNita haiM-azana, pAna, khAdya, tathA svAdya / papa purANa ke anusAra bhojya padArthoM ke pA~ca prakAra-bhakSya, bhojya, peya, lehya tathA cUSya haiN| (i) bhakSya : jina padArthoM ko svAdArtha khAyA jAtA hai unheM bhakSya kahate haiM / isake kRtrima evaM akRtrima do upabheda haiM / (ii) bhojya : una padArthoM ko kahate haiM, jinakA prayoga kSudhA nivAraNArtha hotA hai / isake mukhya (roTI Adi) evaM sAdhaka (dAla-zAka Adi) do upabheda haiM / (iii) peya : ve padArtha haiM jinakA pAna kiyA jAtA hai / zItayoga (zarbata), jala tathA madya ke bhedAnusAra peya tIna prakAra ke hote haiN| (iv) lehya : isake antargata ve padArtha Ate haiM jinheM cATa kara svAda kA Ananda liyA jAtA hai, jaise caTanI Adi / (v) cUSya : isake antargata una padArthoM kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai jinakA rasAsvAdana cUsakara karate haiM, jaise Ikha Adi / ukta sabhI padArthoM se sambandhita jJAna ko AsvAdya vijJAna kahate haiN| inake pAcana (pacanA), chedana (tor3anA), uSNatvakaraNa (garama karanA) tathA zItatvakaraNa (ThaNDhA karanA) Adi bheda haiM / mahA purANa evaM harivaMza purANa meM (i) azana (bhAta, 1. padma 14 / 272-273, 106 / 32-33 2. manu 4155- 62; viSNudharmasUtra 68 / 48 3. harivaMza 181161 4. vahI 36 / 27-28 5. jagadIza candra jainapjaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 163-164 6. padma 24 / 53-55 7. vahI 24156

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132 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dAla, roTI Adi), (ii) pAnaka (dUdha tathA jala Adi peya padArtha), (ili) khAdya (khAne yogya padArtha laDDU Adi) evaM (iv) svAdya (pAna-supArI Adi svAda vAle padArtha) Adi cAra prakAra ke AhAra varNita haiN|' mahA purANa ke antargata bhojya-sAmagrI kA anya vargIkaraNa khAdya, svAdya tathA bhojya varNita kiyA gayA hai / jaina purANoM meM rasa ko atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna pradAna kiyA gayA hai| kaTu . (kar3avA), amla (khaTTA), tikta (tIkhA yA caTapaTA), madhura (mIThA), kaSAya (kasailA) evaM lavaNa (khArA) Adi SaDrasoM kA ullekha jaina,purANoM meM upalabdha haiN| padma purANa meM bhI paMcarasoM-kasailA, madhura, caTapaTA, kaDuvA tathA khaTTA--kA varNana prApya hai| 3. bhojana nirmANa kalA : padma purANa meM sugandhita bhojana nirmANa kalA ke aMga-yonidravya, adhiSThAna, rasa, vIrya, kalpanA, parikarma, guNa-doSa tathA kauzalaAdi kA varNana hai| inakA savistAra varNana agralikhita hai : (i) yonidravya : isase tagara Adi sugandhita padArtha nirmita kiye jAte haiN| (ii) adhiSThAna : isake antargata ve padArtha Ate haiM, jinake nirmANa meM dhUpabattI kA Azraya lete haiN| (ii) rasa : isameM kasailA, madhura, caTapaTA, kaDuvA evaM amlAdi paMcarasa hote haiM, jinakI mAtrA sugandhita dravyAnusAra nirdhArita karanA par3atA hai| (iv) vIrya : padArthoM kI uSNatA yA zItalatA ko hI vIrya kahate haiM / (v) kalpanA : anukUla evaM pratikUla padArthoM ko mizrita karanA hI kalpanA hai| (vi) parikarma : vaha kriyA hai jisase padArthoM ko zodhate yA dhote haiM / 1. azanaM pAnakaM khAdya svAdyam cAnnaM caturvidham / mahA 6 / 46; harivaMza 7 / 85 2. mahA 20124 3. kaTvAmlatiktamadhurakaSAyalavaNA rsaaH| mahA 656, harivaMza 7/85; padma 53136 4. kaSAyo madhurAtiktaH kaTukAmlaJca kIrtitaH / rasa paJcavidho yasya nihAreNa vinizcayaH / / padma 24 / 46 5. yonidravyamadhiSThAnaM raso vIrya ca kalpanA / parikarma guNA doSA yuktireSAtu kauzalam / / padma 24 / 47 6. padma 24148-51

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sAmAjika vyavasthA (vii) guNa-doSa : padArthoM ke guNa-doSa kA jJAna hI guNa-doSa vijJAna kahalAtA hai / (viii) kauzala : parakIya tathA svakIya vastu kI viziSTatA kA jJAna honA hI kauzala hai / 4. niSiddha bhojana (AhAra) : jaina purANoM meM katipaya AhAroM ke niSedha kA varNana prApya hai / jaina zAstrAnusAra zaMkita, abhihRta, uddiSTa evaM kraya - krIta Adi prakAra ke AhAroM kA kisI bhI sthiti meM na grahaNa karane kA vidhAna hai / " mahA purANa meM mAMsAhArI vyakti ko sarvaghAtI sambodhita kara mAMsAhAra kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra kA ullekha anya sthala para AyA hai ki raktapAna aura mAMsAhAra se manuSya adhomukha ( nIcAmukha ) hokara narakagAmI hotA hai / madhu evaM mAMsa bhakSaka brAhmaNa ko adharmI kahane se pUrva kathita padArthoM kA niSedha dhvanita hotA hai / AryaM puruSoM ke madyapAna kA niSedha mahA purANa meM upalabdha hai / " yadyapi mAMsAhAra kA niSedha hone para bhI ve guptata: mAMsAhArI the / pazumAMsa anupalabdha hone para mahAmAMsa ( naramAMsa ) ke bhakSaNa kA ullekha padma purANa meM prApya hai / " mahA purANa ke anusAra masAlA yukta kar3avI tumar3I kA AhAra grahaNa karane se mRtyu hone kA ullekha hai, arthAt kar3avI tumar3I viSailI hotI hai / " 5. bhojana sAmagrI yA khAdyAnna : jaina purANoM meM nimnalikhita annoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai : nIvAra' : yaha vana meM svataH utpanna hone vAlA nikRSTa prakAra kA cAvala hai / ise Adhunika kAla meM tinnI kA cAvala bhI sambodhita karate haiM / isakI gaNanA phalAhAra meM hotI hai / 1. zaGkitAbhihRtoddiSTa krayakrItAdi lakSaNam / sUtre niSiddhamAhAraM naicchanprANAtyaye'pite // mahA 34 / 166 2. mahA 36 / 26 tulanIya - garur3a purANa 1 / 105-157 3. adhomukhAH khagaimuktA raktapAnAt palAzanAt / mahA 44 / 146; tulanIya - upaniSad 8 / 15 / 1; bhAgavata purANa 7 / 15 / 7-8 mahA 41151 4. 5. vahI 6 / 37 6. padma 22 / 137-140 7. mahA 71 / 275 8. vahI 3|186 tulanIya - abhijJAnazAkuntala, aMka 2, pR0 65; raghuvaMza 1 / 50 133 pR0 35 aMka 4,

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134 akSata' : aaNDa cAvala ko akSata kahate haiM / vrIhi: varSA Rtu bhArata meM yaha atyadhika prasiddha thA / jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana taNDula' : yaha chilakA pRthak kiyA huA cAvala hai / zAli : isakI paudha lagAkara ropAI karate haiM / yaha hemanta Rtu meM paka kara taiyAra hotA hai / kalama' : yaha cAvala patalA, sugandhita evaM svAdiSTa hotA hai / sAmA' : yaha bhI binA boye, binA prayAsa ke vanoM meM utpanna hone vAlA nirdhanoM evaM RSiyoM kA khAdyAnna hai / utpAdita cAvala ko vrIhi kahA gayA hai / prAcIna sAThI" : yaha cAvala varSA Rtu meM sATha dina meM paka kara taiyAra ho jAtA hai / zyAmAka' : yaha viziSTa prakAra kA dhAnya hai / kAlidAsa ne abhijJAna zAkuntala meM isakA prayoga kiyA hai|" kodo ( kodrava ) " : yaha sA~vA jAti kA moTA cAvala hai| isakA prayoga prAyaH nirdhana vyakti hI karate haiM / yava" : prArambha meM isakA prayoga sAmAnya anna ke lie kiyA jAtA thA, kintu bAda meM yaha jau ke lie rUr3hi bana gayA hai| mAMgalika avasaroM para isakA prayoga hotA hai / prAcIna bhArata kA yaha viziSTa anna hai / 1. 2. godhUma 12 : uttarI bhArata kA yaha pramukha khAdyAna hai / pazcimI bhArata meM isakI atyadhika upaja hotI hai / rAjamASa" : eka vizeSa prakAra kI ur3ada hai / ise barvaTI yA alasAndra yA aisA bhI kahate haiM / dAla kI dRSTi se yaha uttama anna hai / mahA 11 / 135 vahI 3 / 186, tulanIya - siddhAnta kaumudI prakaraNa 2 / 3 / 46 3. vahI 37 / 67 4. vahI 4 / 60; padma 53 / 135 5. vahI 3 / 186 6. vahI 33186 7. vahI 3 / 186 8. vahI 3 / 186 6. 10. 11. 12. 13. abhijJAna zAkuntala 4 14 mahA 3 / 186, padma 13 / 68 mahA 3 / 186 mahA 3 / 186; padma 226, 102 106 vahI 3 / 187; vahI 28

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 135 Ar3hakI' : yaha arahara ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai| sarvasAdhAraNa meM dAla ke rUpa meM isakA prayoga hotA hai| mudga : ise mUMga kahate haiM / yaha sampUrNa bhArata meM upalabdha dAla hai| masUra : isakI parigaNanA dalahanoM meM hotI hai| manuSya isakA upayoga bhI karate haiM, sAtha hI pazuoM ko bhI khAne ke lie diyA jAtA hai| tila : mahA purANa meM tila kA ullekha sAThI, cAvala kalama, nIvAra ke sAtha huA hai| jainetara vAyu purANa evaM brahmANDa purANa meM bhI vrIhi, yava, godhUma ke sAtha tila kA varNana upalabdha hai| inhIM purANoM dvArA yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki sUrA evaM Asa meM bhI tilacUrNa kA prayoga hotA thaa| mASa : ur3ada kA anya nAma mASa hai| yaha atyanta upayogI evaM pauSTika dAla hai| mahA purANa meM isakA varNana khAdyAnnoM ke sAtha huA hai| padma purANa meM bhI isakA ullekha hai| canA : mahA purANa meM canA ke lie canA : zabda prayukta huA hai| vizeSataH yaha uttara bhArata kA khAdyAnna hai| isase vibhinna prakAra ke bhojya padArtha nirmita kiye jAte haiN| niSpAva : khAdyAnnoM ke sAtha niSpAva" kA bhI ullekha mahA purANa meM upalabdha hai| ise moTha bhI kahate haiM tathA dAla ke rUpa meM prayoga karate haiN| barakA : maTara ke lie barakA" zabda kA prayoga mahA purANa meM huA hai| isako baTAne bhI kahate haiM / tripuTa12 : isake lie hindI meM tevarA zabda prayukta huA hai| 1. mahA 3 / 187 2. vahI 3 / 187; padma 217 3. vahI 31187 4. vahI 3 / 186-187 5. vAyu 8.143-146; brahmANDa 2 / 7 / 142-146 6. vahI 66 / 287; vahI 371406 7. mahA 31187 10. mahA 3 / 187 8. padma 33 / 47 11. vahI 33186 6. mahA 31187 12. vahI 3 / 188 - mm

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136 kulittha' : yaha kulathI nAmaka vizeSAnna hai / kaGgava' : kAMganI saMjaka vizeSa anna ko kaGga kahate haiM / atasya : yaha vartamAna alasI hai / ise atIsI bhI kahate haiM / yaha khAdya evaM taila donoM rUpoM meM prayukta hotA hai / sarSapa : sarasoM ke artha meM sarSapa kA prayoga huA hai / isakA tela prayoga meM AtA hai| kozIpuTa' : mUMga kI bhA~ti isakA bhI prayoga hotA hai / zasya : yaha dhAna hai jo svataH utpanna hotA thA / 6. taiyAra bhojana sAmagrI yA pakvAna :- mahA purANa meM kAdambika (halavAI) kA ullekha hone se vibhinna prakAra ke madhurAna kA pracalana honA svAbhAvika thaa| bhArata meM prAcInakAla se pakavAna zabda vyavahRta hotA rahA hai / ise madhurAnna kI saMjJA pradAna kI gayI hai / isakA vivaraNa nimnavat hai : jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana apUpa : prAcIna bhArata kA prasiddha pakvAnna apUpa yA pUA hai| gehU~ ke ATe meM cInI aura pAnI milAkara ghI meM manda manda A~ca meM pake hue mAlapue hI apUpa haiM / yaha aneka bhA~ti ke banAye jAte haiN| gur3a milAkara nirmita apUpa ko gur3ApUpa kahate tilApUpa banAne ke lie cAvala ke ATe meM tila milAte haiM / inakI samatA tathA haiM Ajakala ke anarase se hotI hai / bhraSTA- apUpa Adhunika kAla ke nAnakhaTAI yA khaurI hai / Aja ke biskuTa ke pUrvaja cInI mizrita 'bhraSTA- apUpa' hI the / cUrNina apUpa gujhiyA / hai isake andara kasAra yA ATA bharakara nirmita karate haiM / ' 1. mahA 3 / 188 2. vahI 3 / 186 3. vahI 3 / 187 vatI 3 / 187 4. 5. padma 27 6. vahI 3 / 235 7. mahA 8 / 234 padma, 34 / 13; mahA 8 / 236-237 premi candra zAstrI -- Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 166-167 C. 45

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 137 vyaJjana' : vyaJjana yanAnnaM rucimApadyate taddadhighRtazAkasUpAdiH' arthAt jina padArthoM ke sAtha khAne se yA milAne se khAdya rucikara athavA svAda utpanna hotA hai, ve - dAla, dadhi, ghRta evaM zAka Adi - padArtha vyaJjana kahalAte haiM / mahA purANa meM kaI sthaloM para vyaJjana ke vyavahRta hone kA ullekha upalabdha hai | mahAkalyANa bhojana : cakravartI rAjA aura sampanna vyakti hI isakA upayoga karate the / yaha khAdya, svAdya, lehya aura peya sabhI bhA~ti ke adbhuta bhojana kA sammizraNa hai / isake sevana se tRpti aura puSTi donoM hI milatI hai / amRtagarma modaka : ise aneka prakAra ke atyanta gariSTha, sugandhita, svAdiSTa evaM rucikara padArthoM se rAjAoM evaM dhanI vyaktiyoM ke upayoga ke lie banAyA jAtA thA / sUpa : pakAye hue phala, dAla Adi ke rasa ko sUpa kahate haiM / sarpigur3apayomizra zAlyodana' : yaha gur3a, ghRta evaM dUdha mizrita zAlI cAvala kA atyanta rucikara bhAta hotA thA / amRtakalpakhAdya' : yaha dhanADhya sampanna vyaktiyoM evaM rAjAoM kA khAdya padArtha thA / isameM aneka prakAra ke susvAdya masAloM kA prayoga hotA thA / isakA svAda mana ko sukhakara evaM priya thA / pAyasa' : prAcIna kAla se hI khIra kA vizeSa mahattva rahA hai / uttama sugandha, rasa evaM rUpa yukta khIra taiyAra kiyA jAtA thA / zarkarAmodaka' : zakkara se bane hue laDDU ko kahate haiM / khaNDamodaka" : yaha khAMDa se nirmita laDDU hotA hai / 1. padma 53 / 136 nemI candra zAstrI - vahI, pR0 167 3. mahA 38 / 187 4. vahI 37 / 188 5. vahI 12 / 243; padma 53 / 135 6. mahA 46 / 313 7. vahI 37 / 168 8. padma 121 / 16-17; harivaMza 16 | 61 6. vahI 34 / 14 10. vahI 34 / 14

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138 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana karkarA' : yaha eka prakAra kI mizrI hai, jo khAne meM mIThI hotI hai| isase vibhinna prakAra ke pakavAna banAye jAte haiN| pUrikA 2 : ATA aura ghI se banI pUr3iyA~ hI pUrikA kahalAtI haiN| gur3apUrNikApUrikA' : yaha ATA, gur3a evaM ghI dvArA taiyAra kI gayI pur3iyA~ zaSkulI : yaha eka prakAra kI kaMcaur3I hai, jisakA nirmANa gUMthe ATe meM masAle tathA ghI ke yoga se hotA hai| ghanabandha : ghevara ko hI ghanabandha kahate haiM / yaha vizeSa prakAra kA pakavAnna hai| amlikA (kar3hI) : yaha besana se nirmita khAdya padArtha hai / 7. zAka nirmita bhojana : phala evaM pattA Adi ke bhojya padArtha kA isake antargata varNana milatA hai / " methika (methI), zAlmalI' (sema), panasa (kaTahala), citramRta" (kakar3I) tathA kUSmANDa'2 (kAzIphala) kA ullekha padma purANa meM prApya hai| 8. dha nimita padArtha : dUdha kA prayoga bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se hI pracalita hai| dUdha se nirmita padArthoM meM lehya" (rabar3I), ghI'5 dahI Adi kA ullekha jaina purANoM meM upalabdha hai / 6. bhojana meM prayukta anya padArtha : AhAra ke sAtha prayukta hone vAle anya upabhogya padArthoM meM haridra" (haldI), jIrA", sarasoM, dhaniyA20, mircA21; lavaMga22 1. padma 120 / 23 2. vahI 34 / 14; 12023 3. vahI 34 / 14 4. vahI 34 / 14 5. vahI 34 / 13 6. mahA 651156 7. padma 5615 8. vahI 42 / 20 6. vahI 42 / 21 10. vahI 53 / 167 11. vahI 80 / 154 12. vahI 80 / 154 13. vahI 2 / 4, 53 / 137 14. vahI 531137 15. vahI 8077 16. vahI 53 / 137 17. mahA 26161 18. vahI 3 / 187; pama 2 / 6 16. vahI 3 / 187 20. vahI 3.187 21. vahI 30021-22 22. vahI 1668; padma 6 / 62

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 136 (lauMga), tAmbUla', elAre (ilAyacI), pItha' (dUdha sahita makkhana) kI carcA jaina purANoM meM varNita hai| 10. bhojanazAlA meM prayukta pAtra : bhojana-pAtra svarNa, cA~dI, tAmra, kamaladala, palAzadala kA hotA thaa| lohe evaM miTTI ke pAtra meM bhojana karane kA niSedha hai / " jaina purANoM ke anusAra nimnalikhita pAtra prayukta hote the : ___ piThara' (baTaloI yA maTakA), sthAlI (thAlI), caSaka (pyAlA yA kaTorA), sUrpa' (anAja se kUr3A-karakaTa sApha karane kA pAtra), kalazadeg (jala bharane kA ghar3A), bhRgAra" (jhArI yA sAgara), ghaTa'2 (ghar3A), uSTrikA (kaTAha, kar3AhA, kar3AhI), pArthivaghaTa (miTTI kA ghar3A), karaka5 (karavA); svarNa kumbha6, varanA (majabUta rassI), zukti AkRtipAtra (viziSTa pAtra), kuNDa" (patthara kA ktthautaa)| isake atirikta miTTI, bA~sa tathA palAza ke pattoM se saba prakAra ke bartana tathA upayogI sAmAna nirmita hote the / 20 sthAlI21 (haNDa) (bhojana banAne kA vizAla pAtra) kA ullekha hai / bhojana nirmAtA hetu sUpakAra 22 zabda vyavahRta hai| karkarikA23 1. mahA 5 / 126, 2661; harivaMza 36328 2. vahI 2666-100; padma 42 / 16; harivaMza 36 / 28 3. vahI 27 / 26 4. vyAsa 3 / 67-68 5. hArIta, smRticandrikA 1, pR0 222 meM uddhRta 6. padma 33 / 180; mahA 72 7. vahI 120 / 21, 53 / 134; mahA 3 / 204, 6 / 47; harivaMza 7 / 86 8. vahI 73 / 137; mahA 6 / 47; harivaMza 7 / 86 6. vahI 33 / 180 10. vahI 88 / 30, 120 / 24; mahA 13 / 116 11. vahI 647 18. vahI 647 12. vahI 33 / 180 16. vahI 26 / 46 13. mahA 10144 20. padma 41 / 11 14. vahI 35 // 126 21. mahA 37.67 15. vahI 6 / 47 22. vahI 65 / 156, 71 / 271 16. vahI 43 / 210 23. harivaMza 15 / 11 17. vahI 35 / 146

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140 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (jala rakhane kA jhArI jaisA pAtra) evaM cAlina' (calanI-ATA cAlane hetu) kA ullekha hai| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki antima kulakara nAbhirAja ne prArambha meM miTTI kA pAtra banA kara diyA aura isI prakAra pAtra banAne kA upadeza diyaa| yahA~ para yaha ullekhanIya hai ki loga prArambha meM miTTI ke bartana kA hI prayoga karate the, usake bAda anya dhAtuoM kA prayoga huaa| 11. phalAhAra : jaina purANoM meM vRkSoM se prApta phaloM kA varNana nimnavat hai : jambu (jAmuna), vimItaka' (baher3A), akSauTa' (akharoTa), nAriMga (nAraMgI), elA (ilAyacI), spandanavilva (teMdU), cirabilva (bela), karkandhU'' (bera), kuvalIphala' (badarIphala), rasadAra bela12, piNDa khajUra" (khajUra), dADima" (anAra), mAtuliGgI" (bijaurA), drAkSA' (dAkha), nArikela" (nAriyala), Amalaka(AMvalA), nIpa" kapittha2deg (kathA), kadalI21 (kelA), pUga22 (supArI), kaMkona 2', lavaGga24 (lauMga), iMguda25 (iMgudI vRkSa vizeSa), Amra26 (Ama), khajUra (khajUra); panasa28 (kaTahala), lakuca2 (bar3ahala). moca (viziSTa kelA), kramuka ? (supArI vishess)| 1. mahA 1 / 136 17. vahI 2015; mahA 17 / 252, 30 / 13 2. vahI 3 / 204 18. vahI 6161 3. padma 3 / 48; mahA 17 / 252 . 16. vahI 6 / 61 vahI 42 / 11 20. vahI 6161 vahI 42 / 11 vahI 6161; mahA 16 / 252 vahI 42 / 16 22. vahI 6 / 62; mahA 30 / 13; vahI 42 / 16; harivaMza 36 / 28 harivaMza 36 / 28 vahI 42120 23. vahI 6/62 vahI 66048 24. vahI 6 / 62; mahA 26166 10. vahI 66148 25. vahI 41 / 26 11. mahA 3 / 30, 672 26. vahI 41 / 26; mahA 17 / 252 12. padma 41126 27. vahI 41 / 26 13. vahI 2016 28. mahA 17 / 252 14. vahI 2 / 16; mahA 17 / 252 26. vahI 174252 15. vahI 2 / 17; vahI 17 / 252 30. vahI 171252 16. vahI 2018 31. vahI 17 / 252 -NMmX90

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 141 12. peya padArtha : annAhAra aura phalAhAra ke atirikta kucha peya padArtha bhI AhAra ke rUpa meM prayoga meM Ate the| jaina purANoM meM bhI vibhinna peya padArthoM kA vivaraNa nimnAMkita hai : (i) surA' : isakA anya nAma madirA bhI hai| prAcIna kAla meM bhAratIya samAja meM madirA kA pracalana thA / strI-puruSa donoM hI isakA sevana karate the| (ii) maireyara : yaha suvAsita evaM adhika mAdakatA utpanna karane vAlI madirA hotI thii| (ii) sIdhu' : yaha rAba yA gur3a se nirmita madirA hai| isakI gaNanA uttama prakAra kI madirAoM meM hotI thii| (iv) ariSTa' : yaha drAkSA, gur3a evaM jar3I-bUTiyoM dvArA nirmita madirA hai| isameM mAdakatA nahIM hotI thii| (v) Asava' : cAvala, drAkSA, gur3a Adi ko sar3Akara Asava nirmita karate the| yaha svAsthyavardhaka hotA thaa| (vi) nArikelAsava' : nAriyala se banI huI madirA ko nArikelAsava kahate haiM / yaha madirA anya madirAoM se atyadhika mAdaka hotI thii| (vii) nArikelarasa' : nAriyala ke rasa ko nArikela rasa kahate haiN| isake rasapAna kA ullekha upalabdha hai| (vill) amRta : rasAyana ke samAna rasIle padArtha ko amRta kahate the / yaha eka prakAra kA peya padArtha hotA thaa| (ix) puNDrekSurasa' : pauMDA (puNDa) nAmaka ganne ke rasa ko puNDrekSurasa kahate haiM / yaha baMgAla meM utpanna hotA hai / (x) Ikha kA rasa : ikSu kA rasa chaH rasoM se yukta thaa| pahale yaha svataH nikalatA thaa| bAda meM yantra se perakara nikAlate the| 1. mahA 36 / 87 2. vahI 6 / 37 3. vahI 6 / 37 4. vahI 6137 5. vahI 6 / 37 6. mahA 30 / 25 7. vahI 30 / 20 8. mahA 371186 6. vahI 201101, 2 / 4 10. padma 3 / 233-234

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142 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana prAcIna kAla meM madya-pAna kA pracalana thaa| samRddha evaM sAmAnya parivAra meM ise vilAsitA kA mApadaNDa mAnA gayA hai|' harivaMza purANa meM piNTa, kiNva Adi madya nirmANa ke sAdhanoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai / 2 bRhatkalpabhASya meM madya ko svAsthya tathA dIpti kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| jaina sUtroM meM candraprabhA, maNizalyakA, varasIdhu, varavAruNI, Asava, meraka; madhu, riSTAbha, jambUphala kalikA, dugdhajAti, prasannA, tallaka, zatAyu, khajUrasAra, mRdvIkAsAra, kApizAyana, supakva aura ikSusAra nAmaka madirAoM kA varNana upalabdha hai / ' madya kA upayoga vivAha, utsava evaM kAmazAlAoM meM hotA thaa| vezyAoM ke yahA~ madya kA vizeSatayA prayoga hotA thaa| padma purANa meM apanI patnI ke sAtha madyapAna karake. Ananda manAne kA varNana prApya hai| akhaNDa madyapAna kara patnI ke dohalApUrNa karane kA dRSTAnta milatA hai| madyapa kI madyapAna kI avasthA kA sundara citraNa jaina granthoM meM ullikhita hai| madyapa (zarAbI) asambaddha gIta gAte, lar3akhar3Ate pairoM se nRtya karate the, keza bikhare rahate the, AbhUSaNa asta-vyasta rahate the| kaNThoM meM jaMgalI puSpoM kI mAlA dhAraNa karate the| netra idhara-udhara ghumAte the| adhikAMza vyakti madirA kA sevana nahIM karate the| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki virahaNI striyA~ kAmAgni kI jalana ko madya kA jalana samajhakara madirA kA parityAga kara detI thiiN| isI prakAra premikAe~ apane prema kI sArthakatA siddha karane ke lie zrAvikAoM kI bhA~ti madya kA dUra se hI tyAga karatI thiiN| Arya-puruSoM ko madyapAna kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| 1. rAmAyaNa 2 / 61151; arthazAstra 2 / 25 / 42-36; mahAbhArata, Adiparva 177 / 10; dhammapada aTThakathA 3, pR0 100; surApAnajAtaka 1, pR0 471 / / 2. harivaMza 61 / 35; tulanIya-jagadIza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 168-166 bRhatkalpabhASya 56535 jagadIza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 166-200 bRhatkalpabhASya 31116 padma 73 / 136; vahI 14 / 21 bRhatkalpabhASya 1415 vahI 61151-53 6. mahA 44 / 288 10. vahI 44 / 260; tulanIya-kalpasUtra 617, nizIthacUrNI pIThikA 131 11. vahI 1136 ,

Page #177
sAmAjika vyavasthA 143 [jha] vastra evaM vezabhUSA 1. prastAvika : prAcIna kAla meM pracalita vastra evaM vezabhUSA kA jJAna sAhityika evaM purAtAtvika sAkSyoM ke mAdhyama se upalabdha hotA hai| vibhinna kSetroM meM vibhinna prakAra ke vastra evaM vezabhUSAe~ pracalita haiN| strI, puruSa, bacce, sAdhu saMnyAsI bhikSu Adi ke vastra evaM vezabhUSAoM meM vibhinnatA milatI hai| grAmINa, nagarIya, jaMgalIya, parvatIya, taTavartIya ityAdi kSetroM ke nivAsiyoM ke rahana-sahana evaM vezabhUSA meM bhI paryApta antara thaa| Alocya jaina purANoM ke racanAkAla meM sAmAnyataH adholikhita vastroM ke pracalana kA jJAna upalabdha hotA hai --kApasika (sUtIvastra), aurNa (UnI vastra), kITaja (silka), rezama, makhamala ke vastra, carma (camar3e) ke vastra, balkala (vRkSoM kI chAloM ke vastra), patra (vRkSoM ke pattoM ke vastra) tathA dhAtu nirmita vastra / ina sabhI prakAra ke vastroM kA ullekha hamAre Alocita jaina purANoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM huA hai| Adhunika yuga meM pracalita rAsAyanika vastroM kA pracalana usa samaya nahIM thaa| 2. sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ : jaina sAdhu evaM sAdhviyoM kI vezabhUSA meM hama jaina dharma ke vikasita rUpa kA avalokana karate haiN| prArambha meM ve moTe evaM rUkSa vastra kevala sAmAjika niyamoM kA pAlana karane ke lie dhAraNa karate the, parantu zanaiH-zanaiH bhAratIya saMskRti kI vizeSatA ke prabhAva se tapaH pradhAna jaina dharma bhI achUtA nahIM raha sakA aura use bhI apane vastra sambandhI kaThora niyamoM ko zithila karanA hI pdd'aa| yahA~ para ullekhanIya hai ki digambara sampradAya meM muniyoM ke lie vastroM kA niSedha hai| sAdhu-sAdhviyAM apane guhyAMga ke AvaraNArtha vastroM kA prayoga karate the| mahA purANa meM jahA~ manojJa vezabhUSA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai vahIM vibhinna zubha avasaroM para vezabhUSA kI mahattA bhI pratipAdita kI gayI hai / 2 vastroM ko sugandhita karane ke lie paTavAsa cUrNa kA bhI prayoga karate the| padma purANa ke anusAra vastroM ke surakSArtha use pATala meM rakhate the| vastroM para sUtI evaM rezamI dhAgoM se kar3hAI bhI kiyA jAtA thA / vibhinna prakAra ke raMgoM se ra~ga kara raMgIna vastra nirmita kiye jAte the / sUta se nAnA prakAra ke upakaraNoM kA nirmANa karate the| isa prakAra kI kalA kA padma purANa meM ullekha upalabdha hai|" 1. motI candra-prAcIna bhAratIya vezabhUSA, prayAga, saM0 2007, bhUmikA, pR0 20 2. mahA 5276, 17 / 211 4. padma 27 / 32 3. vahI 14188 5. vahI 24 / 58-56

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144 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 3. prakAra evaM svarUpa : puruSoM dvArA dhArya pradhAna vastra uttarIya evaM adhovastra kA ullekha padma purANa meM upalabdha hai| harivaMza purANa meM vastroM ko pATa, cIna evaM dukUla nAma se tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / 2 Alocita jaina purANoM meM adholikhita vastroM evaM veSabhUSAoM kA vistArazaH varNana upalabdha hai : aMzuka' : nizItha cUrNI meM ullikhita hai ki aMzuka meM tArabIna kA kAma hotA thaa| alaMkAroM meM jaradojI kA kAma evaM unameM svarNa ke tAra se citra-vicitra nakkAziyA~ nirmita kI jAtI thiiN| bRhatkalpasUtrabhASya' kI TIkA meM yaha komala evaM camakIlA rezamI vastra varNita kiyA gayA hai| samarAiccakahA evaM AcArAMga meM aMzuka kA ullekha prApya hai| motIcandra ke kathanAnusAra yaha candrakiraNa evaM zveta kamala ke sadRzya hotA thaa| bANa ne aMzuka ko atyanta svaccha evaM jhInAvastra svIkAra kiyA hai| vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ke anusAra yaha uttarIya vastra thA jisake Upara kasIdA dvArA aneka bhA~ti ke phUla nirmita kiye jAte the| raMgabhedAnusAra aMzuka kaI prakAra ke hote the-jaise, nIlAMzuka, raktAMzuka Adi / isI prakAra binAvaTa ke AdhAra para isake bheda-ekAMzuka, adhyAMzuka, dvayAMzuka tathA trayAMzuka Adi haiM / 2 aMzuka vastroM ke adholikhita upabheda milate haiM : (i) zukacchAyAMzuka : yaha suA paMkhI yarthAt halake hare raMga kA mahIna rezamI vastra thaa| 1. padma 45067 2. harivaMza 787 3. padma 3 / 168; mahA, 10 / 181, 15 // 23 4. nizItha 4, pR0 467 / / 5. bRhatkalpasUbabhASya 4 / 36-61 6. samarAiccakahA 1, pR0 74 7. AcArAMga 2, 5, 1, 3 / 8. motI candra-vahI, pR0 55 6. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-harSa caritra : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 78 10. padma 3 / 168 11. mahA 10 / 181, 11 / 133, 12 / 30, 15 / 23 12. motI candra-vahI, pR0 55 13. mahA 6 / 53

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 145 (11) stanAMzuka' : yaha 'aMgiyA' kI bhA~ti kA vastra hotA thaa| yaha rezamI vastra kA Tukar3A hotA thA, jisako stana para sAmane se le jAkara pIche pITha para gA~Tha bA~dhI jAtI thii| kAlAntara meM ise stana-paTTa bhI kahA gayA hai| isakA pramANa guptakAlIna citroM meM stana-paTTa dhAraNa kiye hue striyoM ke citraNa se upalabhya hotA hai / (iii) ujjvalAMzUka' : isa prakAra ke rezamI vastra ko striyAM sADI kI bhA~ti dhAraNa karatI thiiN| (iv) sadaMzuka : yaha svaccha, zveta, sUkSma evaM snigdha rezamI vastra hotA thaa| tIrthakara bhI isako dhAraNa karate the / (v) paTAMzuka : mahIna, dhavala evaM sAde rezamI vastra kI saMjJA paTAMzuka thii|' samarAiccakahA meM isako paTavAsa varNita kiyA gayA hai| yaha sUtI eva sastA vastra thaa| isakI apekSA paTAMzuka bahumUlya vastra thaa| kSauma : yaha atyanta mahIna evaM sundara vastra thA / yaha alasI kI chAla-tantu se nirmita hotA thaa| vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ke vicArAnusAra yaha asama evaM baMgAla meM utpanna hone vAlI eka prakAra kI ghAsa se nirmita kiyA jAtA thaa| kAzI aura puNDradeza kA kSauma prasiddha thA / 19 / kaMcuka 12 : isakI sAmyatA colI yA aMgiyA se kara sakate haiN| gAndhAra kalA meM striyoM ko sAr3I ke Upara yA nIce kaMcuka dhAraNa kiye hue pradarzita kiyA gayA 1. mahA 8 / 8, 12 / 176 2. motI candra-vahI, pR023 3. mahA 7 / 142 4. vahI 16 / 234 5. vahI 11 / 44; padma 3 / 122 6. motI candra--vahI, pR0 65 7. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-harSacarita : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 76 8, mahA 12 / 173 6. motI candra-vahI, pR0 5 10. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-harSacarita : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 76 11. motI candra-vahI, pR0 6 12. padma 2 / 46 . 10

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hai / yaha lambA evaM kasA huA hotA thaa| isa para silavaTeM par3I rahatI thiiN|' striyA~ kaMcuka dhAraNa karatI thiiN| nAgArjunIkoNDA aura amarAvatI kI kalA meM kaMcuka kA citraNa upalabdha hai| cInapaTa : nizItha meM ullikhita hai ki bahuta patale rezamI vastra yA cIna nirmita rezamI vastra ko cInAMzuka yA cInapaTa kahate haiN| prathama zatI I0 pU0 meM bhAratIya vaNika madhya eziyA meM vyApAra karate the aura vahA~ se ve cInI-rezamI vastra kA bhI vyApAra karate the| bRhatkalpabhASya meM isakA varNana cIna ke mahIna rezamI vastra ke rUpa meM upalabdha hai| prAvAra" : vartamAna kAlIna duzAle se isakI sAmyatA parilakSita hotI hai| hemacandra ne apane grantha meM 'rAjAcchAdanAH prAvarAH' kA prayoga kiyA hai| isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki rAjAoM ke or3hane-bichAne yogya UnI yA rezamI vastra hetu prAvAra (cAdara) zabda pracalita thaa| nizItha meM nIlagAya ke carma se nirmita cAdarArtha prAvAra zabda prayukta huA hai| amarakoza meM duppaTTe evaM cAdara hetu pA~ca zabda -prAvAra; uttarAsaMga, bRtikA, saMvyAna aura uttarIya-upalabdha haiN|" uSNISa' : uSNISa zabda kA prayoga pagar3I yA sAphA ke artha meM sarvaprathama atharvaveda meM huA hai| isakA pracalana vaidika kAla meM ho cukA thaa| zatapathabrAhmaNa meM 1. motI candra-vahI, pR0 106-110 2. siddhezvarI nArAyaNa rAya-paurANika dharma evaM samAja, pR0 266. 3. mahA 648; harivaMza 7 / 87, 11 / 121 4. nizItha 47, pR0 467; tulanIya-AcAsaMga 2 / 14 / 6; bhagavatIsUtra 6 / 336 sara Arala sTAina-eziyA mejadA hartha enivarsarI, vAlyUma 1623, pR0 368-372 6. bRhatkalpasUtra 4 / 36 / 62 7 mahA 6 / 48; AcArAMga 2 / 5 / 1-8 8. hemacandra kA vyAkaraNa 3 / 4 / 41 6. nizItha 47, pR0 467 10. amarakoza 2 / 6 / 117-118 11. mahA 10 / 178

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 147 varNita hai ki yajJa ke avasara para yajamAna uSNISa dhAraNa karate the| raghuvaMza meM alakaveSThata, zirasaveSThata, zirastrajAla zabda uSNISArtha prayukta hue haiN| mithuna mUrti meM puruSAkRti uSNISa dhAraNa kiye zRMgAra-sajjita avasthA meM eka sthala para nAgArjunIyatetust kalA meM aMkita hai / cIvara' : yaha bauddha bhikSuoM kA paridhAna hai / prArambhika brahmacArI evaM zramaNa cIvara dhAraNa karate the / yaha pItavarga ke rezamI vastra se nirmita kiyA jAtA thA / " motI candra ne apane grantha 'prAcIna bhAratIya veza-bhUSA' meM bauddha bhikSuoM ke prayogArtha tIna vastroM kA ullekha kiyA hai - (1) saMghATI kamara meM lapeTane kI doharI luMgI, (ii) aMtara vAsaka - UparI bhAga Dhakane kA vastra aura (iii) uttarAsaMga - cAdara / paridhAna : yaha eka prakAra kA adhovastra hotA thA / paridhAna zabda se dhotI kA bodha hotA hai / kambala' : kambala kA prAcInatama ullekha atharvaveda meM upalabdha hai / isakA prayoga sabhI loga karate the / isakA prayoga ratha ke parde ke nirmANa meM bhI hotA thA / " hvenasAMga ke anusAra yaha bheMr3a-bakarI ke Una se nirmita aura mulAyama evaM sundara hotA thaa| " raMga-biraMge kapar3e 12 : vibhinna prakAra ke raMgIna vastroM ke prayoga kA pracalana thA / 1. motI candra - vahI, pR0 16 2. siddhezvarI nArAyaNa rAya - paurANika dharma evaM samAja, pR0 267 3. mahA 1114; harivaMza 6 / 115; koseyya, sANa tathA bhaMga nAmaka 4. hemacandra kA vyAkaraNa 3 / 3 / 3 5. vahI 3|4|4 6. motI candra - vahI, pR0 35 mahA 6 / 48 7. 8. vahI 47 / 76; harivaMza 11 / 121 8. atharvaveda 14 / 2 / 66-67 10. hemacandra kA vyAkaraNa 6 / 2 / 132 11. vATarsa - Ana yuvAna cvAMga 1, pR0 148 12. harivaMza 11 / 121 mahAvagga 8|6|14 meM khoma, kappAsikA, cIvaroM kA ullekha hai /

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148 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana upasaMvyAna' : yaha zabda dhotI kA bodhaka hai| amarakoza meM dhotI ke paryAyArthaka cAra zabda-antarIya, upasaMvyAna, paridhAna aura adhoMzuka-upalabdha haiM / ___ valkala' : vaidika kAla se isakA prayoga pracalita hai| AzramavAsI, tapasI evaM sAdhu valkala dhAraNa karate the| motI candra ne chAla ke vastra ko valkala varNita kiyA hai| bauddha bhikSuoM ke lie isa prakAra ke vastra bhI avihita the| bANabhaTTa ne valkala vastra kA prayoga uttarIya aura cAdara ke lie kiyA hai| harSacarita meM bANabhaTTa ne sAvitrI ko kalpadruma kI chAla-nirmita valkala vastra dhAraNa kiye hue ullekha kiyA hai| . duSyakuTI yA devadUSya' : isakA mukhyataH prayoga tambU ke nirmANArtha kiyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta isase cAdara evaM takiyA bhI nirmita hotA thaa| vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ke matAnusAra stUpa para car3hAye jAne vAle bahumUlya vastra devadUSya kahalAte the / ' bhagavatIsUtra meM devadUSya ko eka prakAra kA devI vastra kathita hai, jise bhagavAn mahAvIra ne dhAraNa kiyA thaa|" dukUla" : nizIthacUrNI meM varNita hai ki dukUla kA nirmANa dukUla nAmaka vRkSa kI chAla ko kUTakara usake reze se karate the| 12 yaha zveta raMga kA sundara evaM bahumUlya vastra hotA thaa| gaur3adeza (baMgAla) meM utpAdita eka vizeSa prakAra ke kapAsa se nirmita 1. mahA 13 / 70 2. amarakoza 2 / 6 / 117 3. mahA 17; padma 3 / 266; harivaMza 6 / 115 4 abhijJAnazAkuntala, aMka 1, 16 pR0 13; kumArasambhava 6 / 62, samarAiccakahA 7, pR0 645 5. motI candra-vahI, pR0 31 6. harSacarita 1, pR0 34; kAdambarI pR0 311, 323 7. vahI, pR0 10 8. mahA 8 / 161, 27 / 24, 37 / 153 6. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-vahI, pR0 75 10. bhagavatIsUtra 15 / 1 / 541 11. padma 7 / 171; harivaMza 7 / 87, 11 / 121; mahA 6 / 66 6 / 24, 11 / 27, 12. nizIthacUrNI 7, pR0 10-12

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 146 dukala vastra kA varNana AcArAMgasUtra meM upalabdha hai / vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ke vicArAnusAra sambhavataH kUla kA tAtparya dezaja yA Adima bhASA meM kapar3A se thA, jisase kolika (kolI) zabda banA hai| doharI cAdara yA thAna ke rUpa meM vikrayArtha Ane ke kAraNa yaha dvikUla yA dukUla nAma se sambodhita hone lagA / 2 bANa ne dukUla se nirmita uttarIya, sAr3iyA~, palaMgapoza, takiyA ke gilApha Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai| kuzA ke vastra : sAdhu loga apane guhyAMga ke AvaraNArtha kuza, cIvara evaM vRkSoM kI chAloM ko prayukta karate the| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki kuza ko kUTakara vastra nirmita karate the| vAsas : Rgveda evaM kAlAntara ke sAhitya meM dhAraNIya vastra hetu vAsas zabda pracalita thaa|' kapar3e ke lie vAsas, vasana evaM vastra zabda prayukta hue haiN| amarakoza meM kapar3e ke chaH paryAyavAcI zabda-vastra, AcchAdana, vAsa, cela, vasana evaM aMzuka-prApya haiN| kusumbha : yaha lAla raMga kA sUtI aura rezamI vastra hotA thaa| sambhavataH garIba loga sUtI kusumbha kA prayoga karate the aura dhanI loga rezamI vastra kA / netra' : netra vRkSa-vizeSa kI chAla se rezamI vastra nirmita hotA thaa| harivaMza purANa meM isake lie 'mahAnetra' zabda prayukta huA hai| kAlidAsa ne sarvaprathama netra kA ullekha kiyA hai| bANabhaTTa ne kaI sthaloM para netra-nirmita vastroM kA citrAMkana kiyA hai| 12 1. 'dukUla' gauDa viSaya viziSTa kAryAsikam-AcArAMga 2 / 5 / 13 2. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-vahI, pR0 76 3. vahI, pR0 76 4. kuzacIvaravalkalaiH-harivaMza 6 / 115; padma 3 / 267 5. padma 3 / 263 6. motI candra-vahI, pR0 15 7. amarakoza 2 / 6 / 215 8. mahA 3 / 188 6. mahA 43 / 211 10. harivaMza 11 / 121 11. raghuvaMza 7 / 26 12. harSacarita, pR0 31, 72; 143

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana eNAjinA' : kRSNa - mRgacarma ko eNAjina sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| tApasI evaM vanavAsI mRgacarma kA prayoga vastra evaM Asana ke lie karate haiM / upAnatka' : upAnatka zabda se jUtA kA bodha hotA hai / mahAvagga' meM jUte kA varNana upalabdha hai / yaha raMga-biraMge evaM kaI talle ke nirmita kiye jAte the / uttarIya * : isakA dupaTTArtha prayoga huA hai / ise kandhe para dhAraNa karate the / " amarakoza meM uttarIya ko or3hane vAlA vastra kahA gayA hai / " 150 anya prakAra ke vastra : anya prakAra ke vastroM kA jaina purANoM meM varNana upalabdha hai - pracchadapaTa ( cAdara ), parikara' (kamarabanda), gallaka' (gaddA ), upadhAna ( takiyA), lAla raMga kA sAphA", valkala 1 2 ( vRkSoM ke pattoM se nirmita), carma - nirmita " aura pItAmbara" Adi / 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. mahA 36 / 28 vahI 36 / 163 mahavagga 5 / 2 / 2, 5 / 1 / 26 padma 3 / 168 e0 ke0 majUmadAra - cAlukyAja oNpha gujarAta, pR0 356 amarakoza 2 / 6 / 118 padma 16 / 240 8. vahI 8|424; 27 / 31 6. vahI 7 / 172 10. vahI 7 / 172 11. vahI 27 / 67 12 vahI 3 / 266 13. vahI 3 / 266 14. harivaMza 41 / 33

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 151 [a] AbhUSaNa AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karanA samRddhi evaM sukhI jIvana kA dyotaka hai| isake atirikta vastrAbhUSaNa se saMskRti bhI prabhAvita hotI hai| sikadAra ke matAnusAra vastra nirmANa-kalA ke AviSkAra ke sAtha-sAtha AbhUSaNa kA bhI prayoga bhAratIya sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha prArambha huA / jaina purANoM meM zArIrika saundarya kI abhivRddhi ke lie AbhUSaNa kI upAdeyatA kA pratipAdana huA hai| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki kulavatI nAriyA~ alaMkAra dhAraNa karatI haiM, jabaki vidhavA striyA~ isakA parityAga kara detI haiN|' isI grantha meM AbhUSaNa se alaMkRta hone ke lie 'alaMkaraNagRha aura 'zrIgRha" kA ullekha huA hai / mahA purANa meM hI varNita hai ki nUpura, bAjUbanda, rucika; aMgada (ananta), karadhanI, hAra evaM mukuTAdi AbhUSaNa bhUSaNAGga nAma ke kalpavRkSa dvArA upalabdha hote the| prAcIna kAla meM AbhUSaNa evaM prasAdhana-sAmagrI kI upalabdhi vRkSoM se hone kA ullekha prApya hai| zakuntalA ko vidAI ke zubhAvasara para vRkSoM ne usako vastra, AbharaNa evaM prasAdhana-sAmagrI pradatta kiyA thaa| 1. AbhUSaNa banAne ke upAdana : jaina purANoM meM ApAda-mastaka AbhUSaNoM ke ullekha eva vivaraNa upalabdha hote haiN| yaha vivaraNa pAramparika samasAmayika tathA kAlpanika tInoM prakAra ke upalabdha hote haiN| jaina purANoM ke anusAra AbhUSaNa kA nirmANa maNi, svarNa, rajata Adi padArthoM se hotA thaa| mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki agni meM svarNa ko tapA kara zuddha karane ke uparAnta AbhUSaNa nirmita hote haiN| ratnajaTita svarNAbhUSaNa ko ratnAbhUSaNa kI saMjJA se sambodhita karate haiN| samudra meM mahAmaNi ke bar3hane kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / 1 je0 sI0 sikadAra-sTaDIz2a ina da bhagavatIsUtra, mujaphpharapura, 1664, pR0 241 2. mahA 62 / 26 3. vahI 68 / 225 4. vahI 63 / 461 5. vahI 631458 6. tulAkoTika keyUrarucakAGgadaveSTakAn / hArAn makuTabhedAMzca suvate bhUSaNAGgakAH // mahA 641 7. kSaumaM kenaciditdupANDutaruNA..."pratidvandvibhiH // abhijJAnazAkuntala 4 / 5 8. mahA 61 / 124 6. vahI 631415

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jaina purANoM meM vibhinna prakAra kI maNiyoM kA varNana upalabdha hai, jo nimnavat hai: candrakAntamaNi', sUryakAntamaNi 2, hIrA, vaidUryamaNi, kaustubhamaNi, motI', vajra (hIrA ), indramaNi' ( indranIlamaNi ) - [ isake do bheda haiM : mahAindramaNi ( halke gahare nIle raMga kI ) tathA indranIlamaNi' ( halke nIle raMga kI ) ], pravAla", gomukhamaNi", muktA 12, sphaTikamaNi, marakatamaNi", padma rAgamaNi " jAtyaJjaya" (kRSNamaNi) padmarAga" ( kAlamaNi ), " haima ( pItamaNi ), muktA" ( zvetamaNi) Adi / AbhUSaNa nirmANa meM ukta maNiyoM kA prayoga hotA thA / uparyukta varNana se yaha pramANita hotA hai ki inameM se adhikAMza maNiyA~ yahIM upalabdha hotI thIM, parantu inameM se kucha maNiyA~ AyAtita hotI thIM / 152 2. AbhUSaNa ke AkAra-prakAra : nara-nArI donoM hI AbhUSaNa premI hote the / inake AbhUSaNoM meM prAyaH sAmyatatA parilakSita hotI hai / strI-puruSa donoM hI kuNDala, hAra, aMgada, valaya, mudrikAdi AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karate the / puruSoM ke pramukha AbhUSaNa zikhAmaNi, kirITa evaM mukuTa the / aMgAnusAra pRthak-pRthak AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karane kA pracalana thA / inakA vistArazaH vivaraNa nimnavat hai : [a] zirobhUSaNa : sira ko vibhUSita karane vAle alaMkaraNoM meM pramukha mukuTa, kirITa, sImAntakamaNi, chatra, zekhara, cUDAmaNi, paTTa Adi haiN| mahA purANa ke anusAra sindUra se tilaka bhI lagAte the / 20 1. harivaMza 2|7 2. vahI 28 3. vahI 2 / 10 4. vahI 2 / 10 5. vahI 62 / 54 6. vahI 2110; mahA 68 676 7. padma 80 75; mahA 35 / 42 5. mahA 58/56 padma 80 75; harivaMza 772 6. harivaMza 2 / 54 10. mahA 12/44; 35 / 234 11. mahA 14 / 14 12. 13. vahI 7 / 231, 1581; harivaMza 7/73 vahI 13 / 154; padma 80 75 14. vahI 13 / 138, harivaMza 2 / 10 vahI 13 / 136; vahI 226 15. 16 17. 18. 16. 20. harivaMza 7/72 vahI 7 / 72 vahI 772 vahI 7 / 73 mahA 68 / 250

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 153 (i) kirITa' : cakravartI evaM mahAn samrAT hI isako dhAraNa karate the / isakA nirmANa svarNa se hotA thA / yaha pratibhAzAlI samrAToM kI mahattA kA sUcaka thA / (ii) kirITI : mahA purANa meM isakA varNana upalabdha hai / isakA nirmANa svarNa aura maNiyoM dvArA hotA thA / kirITa se yaha choTA hotA thA / strI-puruSa donoM hI isako dhAraNa karate the / (iii) cUr3AmaNi' : padma purANa meM cUr3AmaNi ke lie mUrdhniratna kA prayoga huA hai / " rAjAoM evaM sAmantoM dvArA isakA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / cUr3AmaNi ke madhya meM maNi kA honA anivArya thA / mahA purANa meM cUr3AmaNi ke sAtha cUr3Aratna bhI vyavahRta huA hai / " ina donoM meM alaMkaraNa kI dRSTi se sAmyatA thI, kintu bheda mAtra nAma kA hI hai / sAdhAraNatayA donoM zabda paryAyavAcI haiM / (iv) mukuTa : yaha rAjA aura sAmanta donoM ke hI sira kA AbhUSaNa thA / kirITa kI apekSA isakA mUlya kama hotA thA / tIrthaMkaroM ke mukuTa dhAraNa karane kA ullekha jaina granthoM meM upalabdha hai / rAjAoM ke paJcacihnoM meM se yaha bhI thA / niHsaMdeha mukuTa kA prAcIna kAla meM atyadhika mahattva thA / vizeSataH isakA pracalana rAjaparivAroM meM hI thA / (v) mauli" : DaoN0 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ke matAnusAra kezoM ke Upara ke gola svarNapaTTa ko mauli saMjJA pradAna kI gayI haiM / ratna razmiyoM se jagamagAne vAle, svarNa sUtra meM pariveSThita evaM mAlAoM se yukta mauli kA ullekha padma purANa meM upalabdha hai / kirITa se isakA sthAna nimna pratIta hotA hai, kintu sira ke alaMkAroM meM isakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA / 1. 2. 3. padma 36 7; mahA 144, 464, 148; harivaMza 11 / 13 4. vahI 71 / 65 5. mahA 26 / 167; tulanIya - kumArasambhava 6 / 81; raghuvaMza 17 28 vahI 361, 3 130, 554, 6 / 41, 10 / 126 padma 85107, harivaMza 41 / 36; tulanIya - raghuvaMza 6 / 13 mahA 68 650, 11 / 133; padma 118 | 47; tulanIya - raghuvaMza 10 / 75 vahI 3178 6. 7. padma 71 / 7, 11 / 327; mahA 6 / 186; tulanIya - raghuvaMza 13 / 56 8. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla - harSacarita : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 216

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154 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (vi) sImAntakamaNi' : striyA~ apane mA~ga meM isako dhAraNa karatI thiiN| Aja bhI mA~ga-TIkA ke nAma se isakA pracalana hai / (vii) uttaMsa2 : kirITa evaM mukuTa se bhI yaha uttama koTi kA AbhUSaNa hotA thA / tIrthakara isako dhAraNa karate the| anya prakAra ke mukuToM se isameM sundaratA atyadhika hotI thI / isakA prayoga vizeSataH dhArmika guru hI karate the| isakA AkAra kirITa evaM mukuTa se laghu hotA thA, parantu mUlya inase adhika hotA thaa| (viii) kuntalI' : kirITa ke sAtha hI isakA bhI ullekha prApya hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki kirITa se kuntalI kA AkAra dIrgha hotA thaa| kalagI ke rUpa meM isako keza meM lagAte the / kirITa ke sAtha hI isako bhI dhAraNa karate the| isakA prayoga strI-puruSa donoM meM pracalita thaa| jana sAdhAraNa meM isakA pracalana nahIM thA / isake dhAraNa karane se vyaktitva meM kaI gunI vRddhi ho jAtI thii| apanI samRddhi evaM prabhutA ke pradarzanArtha striyA~ isako dhAraNa karatI thiiN| (ix) paTTa : bRhatsaMhitA meM paTTa kA svarNa nirmita honA Avazyaka mAnA hai| isI sthala para isake adholikhita pA~ca prakAroM kA bhI varNana upalabdha hotA hai : (i) rAjapaTTa (tIna zikhAe~), (ii) mahiSIpaTTa (tIna zikhAe~), (iii) yuvarAjapaTTa (tIna zikhAe~), (iv) senApatipaTTa (ekazikhA), (v) prasAdapaTTa (shikhaavihiin)| zikhA se kalagI kA tAtparya hai| isa prakAra spaSTa hotA hai ki isakA nirmANa svarNa se hI hotA thA aura pagar3I ke Upara ise bA~dhA jAtA thaa| Ajakala bhI vivAha ke zubhAvasaroM para pagar3I ke Upara paTTa (kalagI) bA~dhate haiN| [ba] karNAbhUSaNa : kAnoM meM AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karane kA pracalana prAcInakAla se calA A rahA hai / strI-puruSa donoM hI ke karNapAliyoM meM chidra hote the aura donoM hI ise dhAraNa karate the / kuNDala, avataMsa, talapatrikA, bAliyA~ Adi karNAbhUSaNa meM parigaNita hote haiM / karNAbhUSaNa evaM karNAbharaNa' zabda isake bodhaka haiN| 1. padma 8170 2. mahA 147 3. vahI 378 4. vahI 16 / 233 5. bRhatsaMhitA 48 / 24 6. nemicandra zAstrI-Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 210 7. padma 3 / 102 8. vahI 103164 " 0

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sAmAjika vyavasthA (i) kUNDala' : yaha kAnoM meM dhAraNa kiyA jAne vAlA sAmAnya AbhUSaNa thA / amarakoza ke anusAra kAnoM ko lapeTakara isako dhAraNa karate the / 2 mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki kuNDala kapola taka laTakate the| padma purANa ke anusAra zarIra ke mAtra hilane se kuNDala bhI hilane lagatA thaa| ratna yA maNi jaTita hone ke kAraNa kuNDala ke aneka nAmAntara jaina purANoM meM upalabdha haiM-maNikuNDala, ratnakuNDala, makarAkRtakuNDala, kuNDalI, makarAMkita kuNDala, ratna kuNDala / isakA ullekha samarAiccakahA', yazastilaka , ajantA kI citra-kalA tathA hammIra mahAkAvya meM bhI upalabdha hai| (ii) avataMsa : padma purANa meM ise caMcala (caMcalAvataMsaka) nAma' se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| adhikAMzataH yaha puSpa evaM komala pattoM se nirmita kiyA jAtA thA / bANabhaTTa ne harSacarita meM do karNAlaMkAra avataMsa (jo prAyaH puSpoM se nirmita kiyA jAtA thA) evaM kuNDala kA ullekha kiyA hai|" (iii) talapatrikA'2 : yaha dA~ta nirmita kAna meM dhAraNa karane kA AbhUSaNa hotA thA / puruSa apane eka kAna meM ise dhAraNa karate the| isako mahAkAntika varNita kiyA gayA hai| (iv) bAlika (bAliyA~)12 : striyA~ apane kAnoM meM bAliyA~ dhAraNa karatI thiiN| 1. padma 118147, 3188; mahA 378, 15 / 186, 16 / 33, 33 / 124, 72 / 107; harivaMza 786 2. kuNDalam karNaveSTanam / amarakoSa 2 / 6 / 103 3. ratnakuNDalayugyena gnnddpryntcumbinaa| mahA 15 // 186 4. capalo maNikuNDalaH / padma 71 / 13 5. mahA 378, 3 / 102, 4 / 177 16 / 133, 6 / 160, 33 / 124 6. samarAiccakahA 2, pR0 100 7. yazastilaka pR0 367 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-vahI phalaka 20 citra 78 dazaratha zarmA-arlI cauhAna DAinesTIz2a, pR0 263 10. padma 3 / 3, 71 / 6; tulanIya-raghuvaMza 21 / 13-46 11. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-vahI, pR0 147 12. padma 71 / 12 13. vahI 871 M0X5

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156 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [sa] kaNThAbhUSaNa : strI-puruSa donoM hI kaNThAbharaNa kA prayoga karate the| isake nirmANa meM mAtra muktA aura svarNa kA hI prayoga hotA thaa| eka ora yaha bhAratIya Arthika samRddhi kA sUcaka thA to dUsarI ora yaha bhAratIya svarNakAroM kI zilpakuzalatA kA bhI paricAyaka thaa| isa prakAra ke AbhUSaNoM meM yaSTi, hAra tathA ratnAvalI Adi pramukha haiM / yaSTi ko pRthak rUpa se dhAraNa karate the aura isase hAra bhI banAte the / (i) yaSTi : lar3iyoM ke samUha ko yaSTi kahA gayA hai / isa AbhUSaNa ke pA~ca prakAra-zIrSaka, upazIrSaka, prakANDa, avaghATaka aura tarala prabandha-mahA purANa meM varNita hai|' (1) zIrSaka : jisake madhya meM eka sthUla motI hotA hai use zIrSaka sambodhita karate haiM / 2 (2) upazIrSaka : jisake madhya meM kramAnusAra bar3hate hue AkAra ke kramazaH tIna motI hote haiM vaha upazIrSaka kahalAtA hai|' (3) prakANDa : ise prakANDa nAma se sambodhita karate haiM, kyoMki isake madhya meM kramAnusAra bar3hate hue AkAra ke kramazaH pA~ca motI jaTita hote haiN|' (4) avaghATaka : jisake madhya meM eka dIrghAkAra maNi lagA ho aura usake donoM ora kramAnusAra ghaTate hue AkAra ke choTe-choTe motI jar3eM hoM, use avaghATaka kahate haiN| (5) tarala prabandha (tarala pratibandha) : jisameM sarvatra eka samAna motI lage hue hoM, vaha tarala pratibandha yA tarala bandha kahalAtA hai| uparyukta pA~coM prakAra kI yaSTiyoM ke maNimadhyA tathA zuddhA ke bhedAnusAra do vibheda milate haiM : 1. yaSTayaH zIrSakaM copazIrSakaM cAvaghATakam / prakANDakaM ca taralaprabandhazceti paJcadhA // mahA 16147 2. yaSTi: zIrSaka saMjJA syAt madhyaikasthUla maulikA / vahI 16 / 52 3. madhyastribhiH kramasthUlaiH mauktirUpazIrSakam / vahI 16 // 52 4. prakANDakaM kramasthUlaH paJcabhirmadhyamauktikaiH / / vahI 16 / 53 5. madhyAdanukramAddhInaH mauktikaravadhATakam / vahI 16 / 53 6. taralapratibandhaH syAt sarvatra samamauktikaH / vahI 16 / 54 7. maNimadhyAzca zuddhAzca tAsteSAM yaSTeyo'bhavana / vahI 16 // 46

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 1 (ka) maNimadhyA yaSTi : jisake madhya meM maNi prayukta huI ho. use maNimadhyA yaSTi kahate haiM / maNimadhyA yaSTi ke bhI tIna upabheda haiM: prathama, isa prakAra kI maNimadhyamA yaSTi ko sUtra tathA ekAvalI bhI kahate haiM / dvitIya, yadi isakA nirmANa vibhinna prakAra kI suvarNa, maNi, motI evaM mANikya se huA ho, to ise ratnAvalI nAma se sambodhita karate haiM / tRtIya, jisa maNimadhyA yaSTi ko kisI nizcita pramANa vAle suvarNa maNi, mANikya aura motiyoM ke madhya antara dekara guMthI jAtI hai usako apavartikA kahate haiM / amarakoSa meM motiyoM kI eka lar3I kI mAlA ko ekAvalI kI saMjJA pradAna kI gayI hai / 2 sapheda motI ko maNi madhyA ke rUpa meM lagAkara ekAvalI banAne kA ullekha upalabdha hai / (kha) zuddhA yaSTi : jisa yaSTi ke madhya meM maNi nahIM lagAyI jAtI hai, use zuddhA yaSTi nAma se abhihita karate haiM / (ii) hAra : mahA purANa ke anusAra yaSTi arthAt lar3iyoM ke samUha ko hAra kI saMjJApradAna kI gayI hai| hAra meM zuddha evaM kAntimAna ratna kA prayoga karate the / mAlA bhI hAra kI koTi meM AtA hai / muktA- nirmita mAlA muktAhAra kahalAtI thI / hAra motI yA ratna se guMthita kiye jAte the / lar3iyoM kI saMkhyA ke nyUnAdhika hone se hAra ke gyAraha prakAra hote the / " (1) indracchandahAra jisa hAra meM 1008 lar3iyA~ hotI thIM, use indracchandahAra nAma se sambodhita karate the / yaha hAra sarvottama hotA thA / isa hAra ko indra, jinendra deva evaM cakravartI samrAT hI dhAraNa karate the / 1. sUtramevAvalI saiva yaSTiH syAnmaNimadhyamA / ratnAvalI bhavet saiva suvarNamaNicitritA // yuktapramANasauvarNamaNimANikya mauktikaiH / sAntaraM grathitA bhUSAbhaveyurapavartikA // mahA 16 / 50-51 2. amarakoza 2 / 6 / 106 3. vahI 2 / 6 / 155 4. mahA 16 / 46 5. padma 3 / 277,712, 85107, 88 31 103 / 64; mahA 3 / 27, 3 / 156, 16 / 587, 63 / 434; harivaMza 7 / 87 6. hAro yaSTikalApaH syAt / mahA 16155 7. mahA 16 / 55 5. 157 rocess sahasraM tu yatendracchandasaMjJakaH / sa hAraH paramodAraH zakracakrAjitezinAm / / mahA 16 / 56

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158 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 2. vijayacchandahAra : jisameM 504 lar3iyA~ hotI thIM use vijayacchandahAra kI saMjJA pradAna kI gayI thii| isa hAra kA prayoga arddhacakravartI aura balabhadra Adi puruSoM dvArA kiyA jAtA thaa|' saundarya kI dRSTi se yaha mahattvapUrNa hAra hotA thaa| 3. hAra : jisa hAra meM 108 lar3iyAM hotI thIM, vaha hAra kI saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA jAtA thA / 2 4. devaracchandahAra : yaha motiyoM kI 81 lar3iyoM kA nirmita hAra hotA thaa| 5. arddhahAra / cauMsaTha lar3iyoM ke samUha vAle hAra ko arddhahAra kI saMjJA pradAna kI gayI hai| 6. razmikalApahAra : isameM 54 lar3iyA~ hotI thIM evaM isakI motiyoM se apUrva razmi nissarita hotI thii| ataH yaha nAma sArthaka pratIta hotA hai / 7. gucchahAra : battIsa lar3iyoM ke samUha ko gucchahAra nAma pradAna kiyA gayA hai| 8. nakSatramAlAhAra : sattAisa lar3iyoM vAle mauktikahAra ko nakSatramAlAhAra kI saMjJA se abhihita karate haiN| isa hAra kI motiyA~ azvanI, bharaNI Adi nakSatrAvalI kI zobhA kA upahAsa karatI thiiN| isa hAra kI AkRti bhI nakSatramAlA ke sadRza hotI thii| ___9. arddhagucchahAra : muktA kI caubIsa lar3iyoM kA hAra arddhagucchahAra kahalAtA hai| 10. mANavahAra : isa hAra meM motI kI bIsa lar3iyA~ hotI thiiN| 11. arddhamANavahAra : yaha hAra arddhamANava nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAtA thA, jisameM muktA kI dasa lar3iyA~ hotI thiiN| yadi arddhamANava hAra ke madhya meM maNi lagA hotA thA to use phalakahAra kahate the| ratnajaTila svarNa ke pA~ca phalakIya 1. mahA 1657 2. vahI 16 // 58; harivaMza 7 / 86 3. vahI 16158 4. vahI 16 / 58 5. vahI 16656 6. mahA 1656 7. vahI 16 / 60 8. vahI 16161 6. vahI 16 / 61 10. vahI 16661

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 156 phalakahAra hI maNisopAna kahalAte the| yadi phalakahAra meM mAtra tIna svarNaphalaka hote the to vaha sopAna saMjJA se sambodhita hotA thA / ' yadi hAra ke ukta gyAraha prakAroM meM pratyeka prakAra ke sAtha yaSTi ke pA~ca prakAroM-zIrSaka, upazIrSaka, avaghATaka, prakANDa evaM tarala prabandhako bhI sammilita kara liyA jAya to isake 55 upaprakAra ho jAte haiN| inake nimnAMkita nAma haiM : 1. zIrSaka indracchanda, 2. zIrSaka vijayacchanda, 3. zIrSaka hAra, 4. zIrSaka devacchanda, 5 zIrSaka arddhahAra, 6, zIrSaka razmikalApa, 7. zIrSaka guccha. 8. zIrSaka nakSatramAlA, 6. zIrSaka addhaMguccha, 10. zIrSaka mANava, 11. zIrSaka arddhamANava, 12. upazIrSaka indra cchada, 13 upazIrSaka vijayacchanda, 14. upazIrSaka hAra, 15. upazIrSaka devacchanda, 16. upazIrSaka addha hAra, 17. upazIrSaka razmikalApa, 18. upazIrSaka guccha, 16. upazIrSaka nakSatramAlA, 20. upazIrSaka arddha guccha, 21. upazIrSaka mANava, 22. upazIrSaka arddha mANava; 23. avaghATaka indracchanda, 24. avaghATaka vijayacchanda, 25. avaghATaka hAra, 26. avaghATaka devacchanda, 27. avaghATaka arddhahAra, 28. avaghATaka razmikalApa, 26. avaghATaka guccha, 30. avaghATaka nakSatramAlA, 31. avaghATaka arddhaguccha, 32. avaghATaka mANava, 33. avaghATaka arddhamANava; 34. prakANDaka indracchanda, 35. prakANDaka vijayacchanda, 36 prakANDaka hAra, 37. prakANDaka devacchanda, 38. prakANDaka arddhahAra, 36. prakANDaka razmikalapa, 40. prakANDaka guccha, 41. prakANDaka nakSatramAlA, 42. prakANDaka arddha guccha, 43. prakANDaka mANava, 44. prakANDaka arddha mANava; 45. taralaprabandha indracchanda, 46. taralaprabandha vijayacchanda, 47. tarala prabandha hAra, 48. taralaprabandha devacchanda, 46. taralaprabandha arddha hAra, 50. taralaprabandha razmikalApa, 51. taralaprabandha guccha, 52. taralaprabandha nakSatramAlA, 53. taralaprabandha arddha guccha, 54. taralaprabandha mANava, 55. taralaprabandha arddha mANava / 2 / DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI ke matAnusAra-indracchanda, vijayacchanda, devacchanda, razmikalApa, guccha, nakSatramAlA, arddha guccha, mANava, arddha mANava, indracchanda mANava, vijayacchanda mANava-yaSTi ke gyAraha bheda haiM / inheM zIrSaka, upazIrSaka, avaghATaka, prakANDaka, tathA taralaprabandha, Adi bhedoM meM vibhakta karane para inakI saMkhyA 55 hotI hai|' zAstrI kA mata asaMgata pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki uparyukta gyAraha kathita bheda 1. mahA 16 / 65-66 2. vahI 16 / 63-64 3. nemicandra zAstrI-Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 216

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160 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana yaSTi ke nahIM apitu hAra ke haiN| mahA purANa meM hAra ke gyAraha bheda-indracchanda, vijayacchanda, hAra, devacchanda, arddha hAra, razmikalApa; guccha, nakSatramAlA, arddha guccha, mANava evaM arddha mANava haiN|' mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki indracchanda Adi hAroM ke madhya meM jaba maNi jaTita hotI hai taba unake nAmoM ke sAtha mANava zabda saMyukta ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra inake nAma indracchanda mANava, vijayacchanda mANava, hAra mANava devacchanda mANava Adi ho jAte haiM / 2 uparyukta purANa ke anusAra ye sabhI hAra kI koTi meM Ate haiN| kintu nemicandra zAstrI ne isI indracchanda mANava aura vijayacchanda mANava kI parigaNanA yaSTi ke gyAraha bhedoM ke antargata kiyA hai, jo ki ucita pratIta nahIM hotaa| (iii) kaNTha ke anya AbhUSaNa : gale meM dhAraNa karane vAle anya AbhUSaNoM ke nimnAMkita ke ullekha jaina purANoM meM draSTavya haiM-kaNThamAlikA' (strI-puruSa donoM dhAraNa karate the), kaNThAbharaNa' (puruSoM kA AbhUSaNa), sraka (phUla, svarNa, muktA evaM ratna se nirmita), kAJcanasUtra' (suvarNa yA ratnayukta), greveyaka', hAralatA, hAravallI', hAravallarI", maNihAra", hATaka 12, muktAhAra", kaNThikA", kaNThikevAsa", (lAkha ko banI huI kaNThI hotI thI, jisakI gaNanA nimnakoTi meM hotI thI) Adi / [da] karAbhUSaNa : hAtha ke AbhUSaNoM meM aMgada, keyUra, kaTaka evaM mudrikA Adi pramukha haiM / strI-puruSa donoM hI ina AbhUSaNoM ko dhAraNa karate the| kevala inameM yahI antara rahatA thA ki puruSavargIya AbhUSaNa sAde aura strIvargIya ke AbhUSaNoM meM ghugharU Adi lage hote the| 1. mahA 16155-61 2. mahA 16162 3. vahI 68 4. vahI 15 / 163; harivaMza 47138 5. padma 31277, 88 / 31 6. vahI 33 / 183; mahA 26167 7. mahA 26 / 167; harivaMza 11 / 13 8. vahI 15 / 162 6. vahI 15 / 163 10. vahI 15 / 164 11. vahI 14 / 11 12. padma 100 / 25 13. mahA 15 / 81; padma 3 / 161 14. vahI 6650 15. vahI 1166

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 161 (i) aMgada : ise bhujAoM para bA~dhA jAtA thA / isako strI-puruSa donoM hI the / aMgada ke samAna keyUra kA prayoga jaina granthoM meM varNita hai / amarakozakAra ne aMgada aura keyUra ko eka-dUsare kA paryAya svIkAra kiyA hai / kSIrasvAmI ne keyUra aura aMgada kI vyutpatti karate hue likhA hai ki 'ke bAhUzIrSe yauti keyUram' arthAt jo bhujA ke UparI chora ko suzobhita kare use keyUra kahate haiM aura 'aMgaM dayate aMgadam' arthAt jo aMga ko nipIr3ita kare vaha aMgada hai / 2 (ii) keyUra' : strI-puruSa donoM hI apane bhujAoM para keyUra ( aMgada yA nirmita hote the / jisa para loga keyUra ) dhAraNa karate the / yaha svarNa evaM rajata apane stara ke anusAra maNiyA~ bhI jar3avAte the para huA hai| keyUra meM noka bhI hotI thI / " alaMkAra ke antargata kiyA hai / " / hema keyUra kA bhI ullekha kaI sthaloM bhartRhari ne keyUra kA prayoga puruSoM ke (iii) mudrikA (a~gUThI ) : yaha hAtha kI aMgulI meM dhAraNa karane kA AbhUSaNa mudrikA hai| isakA prayoga strI-puruSa samAnata: karate / prAcIna bhAratIya granthoM meM svarNaghaTita, ratnajaTila, pazu-pakSI, devatA - manuSya evaM nAmotkIrNa mudrikA kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai / " padma purANa meM a~gUThI ke lie urmikA zabda prayukta huA hai / " triSaSThizalAkApuruSacaritra meM bhI strI ke AbhUSaNa ke rUpa meM a~gUThI kA varNana prApya hai / (iv) kaTaka " : prAcIta kAla se hAtha meM svarNa, rajata, hAthIdA~ta evaM zaMkha 1. mahA 5 / 257, 6 / 41, 14 12, 15/166 harivaMza 11 / 14 2 gokula candra jaina - yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 147 3. mahA 68 652, 3 / 157, 6 / 41, 15/166 harivaMza 786 padma 32, 3 / 160, 8 / 415, 11 / 328, 85107, 88 / 31 raghuvaMza 7 / 50 narendra deva siMha - bhAratIya saMskRti kA itihAsa, pR0 115 raghuvaMza 7 / 50 4. 5. 6 bhartRharizataka 2 / 16 7. harivaMza 46 / 11; mahA 7 / 235, 47 216, 46 / 167, 68 / 367; padma 3 / 165 8. padma 33 / 131; tulanIya - raghuvaMza 6 / 18 6. e0 ke0 majUmadAra - cAlukyAz2a oNpha gujarAta, pR0 356 10. padma 3 / 3; harivaMza 11 / 11; mahA 7 / 235, 14/12, 16 / 236; tulanIya - mAlavikAgnimitram, aMka 2, pR0 286 11

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162 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana nirmita kaTaka dhAraNa karane kA pracalana thaa| strI-puruSa donoM hI isakA prayoga karate the| mahA purANa meM ratnajaTila camakIle kar3e ke lie divya kaTaka zabda kA prayoga huA hai / harSacarita meM kaTaka aura keyUra donoM kA varNana AyA hai / vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne kaTaka-kadamba (paidala sipAhI) kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai ki sambhavataH kaTaka (kar3A) dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa hI unheM kaTaka-kadamba sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / ' [ya] kaTi AbhUSaNa : kaTi AbhUSaNoM kA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / ise kamara / meM pahanate haiN| kAJcI, mekhalA, rasanA, dAma, kaTisUtra Adi kI gaNanA kaTi AbhUSaNoM meM huA hai| (i) kAJcI : jaina purANoM meM kaTivastra se saTAkara dhAraNa kiye jAne vAle AbhUSaNa hetu kAJcI zabda prayukta huA hai / kAJcI caur3I paTTI kI svarNa-nirmita hotI thii| isameM maNiyoM, ratnoM evaM dhuMgharuoM kA bhI prayoga hotA thaa| (ii) mekhalA : yaha kaTi meM dhAraNa kiye jAne vAlA AbhUSaNa thaa| strI-puruSa donoM mekhalA dhAraNa karate the / isakI caur3AI patalI hotI thI / sAdIkanaka mekhalA evaM ratnajaTita mekhalA yA maNi mekhalA bhI hotI thii| (iii) rasanA : yaha bhI kAJcI evaM mekhalA kI bhAMti kamara meM dhAraNa karane kA AbhUSaNa thaa| rasanA bhI caur3AI meM patalI nirmita hotI thii| isameM ghaMgharU lagane ke kAraNa dhvanita hotI thii| amarakoza meM kAJcI, mekhalA evaM rasanA paryAyavAcI artha meM prayukta hue haiM / inako striyA~ kaTi meM dhAraNa karatI thiiN| (iv) dAma : ise kamara meM dhAraNa karate the| dAma kaI prakAra ke nirmita 1. mahA 26 / 167 2. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-harSacarita : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 176 3. vahI, pR0 131 4. padma 3 / 164, 8172; mahA 7/126, 12|26;tulniiy-RtusNhaar 67 5. vahI 71 / 65; mahA 15 // 23; tulanIya-raghuvaMza 10 / 8; kumArasambhava 8 / 26; RtusaMhAra 1 / 4 6. harivaMza 2 / 35 7. mahA 15 / 203; tulanIya-raghuvaMza 8 / 58; uttaramegha 3; RtusaMhAra 313; kumArasambhava 7161 8. strIkaTyAM mekhalA kAJcI saptakI razanA tthaa| amarakoza 336 / 108

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 163 hote the| kAJcIdAma, muktAdAma, mekhalAdAma evaM kiMkiNI yukta maNimayadAma Adi pramukha haiN| (v) kaTisUtra : isako strI-puruSa donoM kaTi meM dhAraNa karate the / [ra] pAdAbhUSaNa : ise paira meM dhAraNa karate the / nUpura, tulAkoTi, gomukhamaNi Adi kI gaNanA pramukha pAdAbhUSaNoM meM hotI thii| isa AbhUSaNa kA prayoga striyA~ karatI thiiN| (i) napura' : striyA~ pairoM meM ise dhAraNa karatI thiiN| napura meM ghugharU lagane ke kAraNa madhura dhvani nikalatI thii| jaina granthoM meM-maNinUpura, zijitanUpura, bhAsvatakalanUpura tathA kalanUpura-cAra prakAra ke nUpuroM kA varNana prApya hai|' (ii) tulAkoTi : tulA arthAt tarAjU kI DaNDI sadRza AbhUSaNa ke donoM kinAre kiJcit ghanAkAra hone ke kAraNa hI isakA nAma tulAkoTi pdd'aa| isakA ullekha bANabhaTTa ne harSacarita meM kiyA hai / (iii) gomukhamaNi : isa prakAra ke maNiyukta AbhUSaNa ko gomukhamaNi kI saMjJA pradAna kI gayI hai / isakA AkAra gAya ke mukha ke samAna hotA thA / " 1. mahA 4 / 184, 8 / 13, 111121, 14 / 13 2. vahI 13166, 16 / 16; harivaMza 7 / 86, 11115 3. harivaMza 14 / 14; mahA 6 / 63, 16 / 237; padma 27 / 32; tulanIya-raghuvaMza 13 / 23; kumArasambhava 1 / 34; RtusaMhAra 4 / 4; vikramorvazIya 3 / 15 4. nemicandra-AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 222 5. mahA 14 / 14 6. draSTavya, gokula candra jaina-yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 151 7. mahA 14 / 14

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164 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [] prasAdhana jaina purANoM meM prasAdhana sAmagrI tathA prakriyA donoM kA vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai / strI aura puruSa donoM hI prasAdhana karate the / striyoM meM nakha se lekara sira taka prasAdhana kA pracalana thA / puruSoM meM bhI prasAdhana-priyatA pAyI jAtI hai| yahA~ para hama prasAdhana-sAmagrI evaM usakA upayoga karane kI vyAkhyA kI hai| isakA varNana karane ke uparAnta keza ke vibhinna prakAra ke banAvaTa aura taduparAnta puSpa se prasAdhana karane kI vivecanA kI hai| 1. prasAdhana-sAmagrI evaM usakA upayoga : jaina purANoM meM strI-puruSoM ke prasAdhana-sAmagrI kA vizada vivaraNa upalabdha hai / adholikhita prasAdhana-sAmagriyoM kA vizeSa mahattva hai : . (i) maJjana' : snAna karane ke lie snAna-sAmagrI prayukta hotI thii| isake prayoga se zArIrika svacchatA, sphUrti evaM kAnti prApta hotI thii| (ii) tilaka : strI aura puruSa donoM hI apane lalATa para tilaka lagAte the| tilaka rahita lalATa zUnya aura amAMgalika samajhA jAtA thaa| puruSa lalATa para candana, zekhara, gorocana Adi kA tilaka lagAte the| striyA~ saubhAgyasUcaka lAla raMga kI bindI evaM sindUra lagAtI thiiN| (iii) kAjala' : strI-puruSa apanI A~khoM kI rakSA evaM saundarya-vRddhi ke lie aJjana (kAjala) kA prayoga kiyA karate the| (iv) bhauMha kA zRgAra : Adhunika yuga kI bhA~ti usa samaya bhI striyA~ saundarya-vRddhi ke lie apane bhauMhoM kA prasAdhana kiyA karatI thiiN| (v) patraracanA : striyA~ saundarya-vRddhi evaM AkarSaNArtha hasta nirmita patraracanA ke citroM se apane kapoloM ko citrita karatI thiiN| (vi) oSTha raMganA : strI-puruSa donoM hI apane adharoM (oSThoM) ko raMgate the| isase unake saundarya meM abhivRddhi ho jAtI thii| jinake adhara rakta varNIya hote the, ve pAna ke rasa ke saMsarga se atyadhika lAla ho jAte the / 1. mahA 20 / 20 5. mahA 43 / 247 2. vahI 14 / 6 6. vahI 7 / 134 3. vahI 27 / 120 7. vahI 43 / 248 4. vahI 43 / 247 8. vahI 43 / 246

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 165 (vii) kapUra' : zarIra ko sugandhita evaM saundarya ke abhivRddhi hetu kapUra kA upayoga vividha prakAra se kiyA jAtA thaa| (viii) candana : samAja meM candana kA prayoga vividha bhA~ti se hotA thaa| ataH strI-puruSa donoM hI candana kA upayoga karate the| candana meM kastUrI, priyaMgu, kuMkuma evaM haldI ko mizrita karake lepa taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| isake prayoga se zArIrika saundarya evaM kAnti dviguNita ho jAtI thii| (ix) kuMkuma : zArIrika svAsthya, saundarya evaM sugandhi ke lie kuMkuma (dasara) kA prayoga strI-puruSa donoM kiyA karate the| (x) Alaktaka* : striyA~ apane pairoM kI sundaratA meM abhivRddhi ke lie Alaktaka (AlatA) yA lAkSArasa' kA prayoga karatI thiiN| vastutaH Alaktaka aura lAkSArasa eka prakAra kA mahAvara hai| isakA prayoga Adhunika yuga meM bhI pracalita hai / (xi) sugandhitacUrNa' : Ajakala ke pAuDara ke tulya usa samaya sugandhita cUrNa kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| 2. keza-prasAdhana : jaina purANoM meM kezoM kA prasAdhana kaI prakAra se kiyA jAtA thA, jisase strI-puruSa apanI sundaratA ko pradarzita kara skeN| (i) keza-vinyAsa : kezoM ke lie jaina purANoM meM kuntala, keza, alaka, kabarI Adi zabdoM kA prayoga upalabdha hai| sugandhita jala se snAnoparAnta keza ko dhUpa ke sugandhita dhue~ meM sukhAyA jAtA thA, taduparAnta tela Adi dvArA kezoM ko saMvAra kara bA~dhA jAtA thaa| keza-prasAdhana meM puSpa-mAlA, vibhinna prakAra ke puSpa, puSpaparAga, pallava, maMjarI, evaM sindUra Adi kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne apane raghuvaMza mahAkAvya meM dhUpa se sugandhita keza ko 'dhUpavAsa" aura dhUpita keza ko 'AzyAna' varNita kiyA hai| keza ko sugandhita karane kI vidhi ke lie meghadUta meM 'keza-saMskAra' zabda prayukta huA hai / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki sapheda bAla vAle' loga bAloM meM haridrAra ( khijAba ) lagAte the|" mahA purANa ke adhyayana se 1. mahA 31661 7. mahA 12153, 1560 2. vahI 6 / 11 8. raghuvaMza 1650 3. vahI 13 / 178 6 vahI 17 / 22 4. vahI 7 / 133 10. meghadUta 1 / 32 5. vahI 7145 11. mahA 271120 6. vahI 1488

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166 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki sapheda bAla ko khijAba dvArA kAlA karane kI paramparA mahA purANa ke racanA-kAla meM pracalita thii| (ii) alaka-jAla : mahA purANa meM sAlakAnana zabda prayukta huA hai, jisakI vyutpatti sa + alaka+Anana hotI hai arthAt cUrNakuntala (sugandhita cUrNa lagAne yogya Age ke bAla yA julpheM sahita mukh)|' alakAvalI (ghugharAle bAla) banAne ke lie vizeSa prakAra ke cUrNa kI AvazyakatA par3atI thii|2 piSTAta yA piSTAtaka, kuMkuma Adi sugandhita dravyoM ko pIsakara isa cUrNa ko nirmita kiyA jAtA thaa| kerala kI striyA~ alakoM meM cUrNa kA prayoga karatI thiiN| vArANasI meM rAjaghATa se prApta miTTI ke khilaunoM meM keza-vinyAsa, kuntalakalApa evaM alaka-jAla ke aneka prakAra ke udAharaNa draSTavya haiN| udAharaNArtha zuddha pUMghara, caTuledAra cUMghara, chatarIdAra bUMghara evaM paTiyAdAra dhUMdhara / ' mAnasAra meM kuntala keza prasAdhana kA aMkana lakSmI aura sarasvatI kI mUrti ke mastaka para upalabdha hai| (iii) dhammilavinyAsa : nIce kI ora kucha laTake, komala aura kuTila kezapAza ko dhammila kahate haiM / amarakoza meM maulivaddha keza-racanA ko dhammilla (dhammila) kathita hai| isa prakAra saMyamita puruSa ke keza ko mauli tathA strI ke keza ko dhammila kI zreNI meM rakhate haiN| vArANasI meM rAjaghATa se prApta khilaunoM meM dhammila-vinyAsa ke aneka prakAra upalabdha haiN| (iv) kabarI" : bAloM ke vizeSa prakAra se sa~bhAlakara bA~dhane ke DhaMga ko kabarI kahate haiN| kabarI prakAra ke kezavinyAsa meM puSpa-mAlAe~ dhAraNa karane kI prathA 1. mahA 12 / 221 2. amarakoza 2 / 6 / 66 3. vahI 2 / 6 / 136 4. raghuvaMza 4 / 54 5. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-rAjaghATa ke khilaunoM kA eka adhyayana, kalA aura saMskRti, pR0 246-246 je0 ena0 banarjI-dI DevalapameNTa oNpha hindU AikonogrAphI, pR0 314 7. mahA 680 8. atha dhammilaH saMyatAH kacAH / amarakoza 2 / 6 / 67 # zivarAma mUrti-amarAvatI, pR0 106 10. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-vahI, pR0 251 11. mahA 12 / 41, 371108

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 167 thii| coTI ke DhIlI hone para puSpa-mAlAoM ke girane kA ullekha jaina purANoM meM upalabdha hai| 3. puSpa-prasAdhana : saundarya abhivRddhi ke lie strI-puruSa dvArA puSpoM kA vibhinna prakAra se prasAdhana ke rUpa meM prayoga karane kA ullekha jaina purANoM meM AyA hai| vividha bhA~ti ke puSpoM evaM unake pallavoM se nirmita AbhUSaNoM kA pracalana prAcIna kAla meM thaa| dakSiNa bhArata meM puSpa-prasAdhana kI prAcIna kalA apane abhinava rUpa meM Aja bhI striyoM meM pracalita hai| (i) puSpa-mAlA : sampanna evaM nirdhana sabhI strI-puruSa harSollAsa evaM utsava ke avasara para gale meM puSpamAlA dhAraNa karate the| puSpamAlAoM ko kezoM, bAhoM tathA hAthoM meM AbhUSaNa kI bhA~ti dhAraNa kiyA karate the| (ii) AmramaJjarI' : prAcIna kAla meM vasanta Rtu meM strI-puruSa AmramaJjarI kA prayoga vizeSataH kiyA karate the| AmramajarI kAmoddIpana meM sahAyaka mAnA gayA hai| (iii) puSSamaJjarI : vihAra kAla meM nAyaka-nAyikAe~ puSpamaJjarI kA adhikAMzataH upayoga karate the| inakA prayoga ve vividha bhA~ti se karate the| (iv) karNotpala" : kAnoM meM puSpa evaM pattoM se nirmita vividha prakAra ke karNAbhUSaNa dhAraNa kiyA karate the| usa samaya nIlotpala (kamala) ko kAna meM pahanane kI prathA pracalita thii| 1. mahA 12 / 53; tulanIya-kabarI kezavezaH / amarakoza 2 / 6 / 67 2. vahI 171167, 16 / 234; harivaMza 31 / 3 3. vahI // 288 4. vahI 118 5. vahI 15288

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [Tha] manoraJjana 1. mahattva evaM upAdeyatA : mAnava pravRtti se hI vinoda priya rahA hai / nirantara kAryarata rahane ke kAraNa jaba manuSya thakAna kA anubhava karatA hai yA jIvana ke ekarasatA se Uba jAtA hai to usase mukti pAne ke lie usako aise sAdhana kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai, jisake dvArA use Ananda evaM sphUrti kI anubhUti ho aura apane atIta ko vismRta kara utsAha ke sAtha apane jIvana-patha para agrasara ho ske| isalie prAcInakAla se manuSya vividha prakAra se apanA manoraJjana karatA rahA hai / 168 jaina purANoM meM manoraJjana viSayaka jo sAmagrI prApta hotI hai usase eka ora manoraJjana ke aneka prakAroM kA patA calatA hai to dUsarI ora manoraJjana kI sAtvikatA ke viSaya meM jaina purANakAroM kI vizeSa dRSTi kI bhI jAnakArI hotI hai / mahA purANa ke anusAra isa saMsAra meM sabhI loga apane mana ke viSayabhUta padArtha ( manoraJjana) kI kAmanA karate haiN|' isI purANa meM AvazyakatA se adhika manoraJjana meM lipta honA varjita kiyA gayA hai / 3 Adhikya ko hI vyasana kI saMjJA pradatta kI jAtI hai / 2. manoraJjana ke prakAra : somezvara ne bIsa prakAra ke vinodoM (manoraJjanoM) kA ullekha kiyA hai / " manovinoda ke sAdhanoM ko mukhyataH tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai : zArIrika : isameM zarIra ko svastha evaM sabala banAne ke lie daur3adhUpa, kuztI, nAnA prakAra ke khela - kUda, zikAra Adi haiM / mAnasika : mAnasika zaktiyoM ke vikAsArthaM nRtya-gIta, nATya-abhinaya, kavitA-pATha, AkhyAna - kahAnI - kathA Adi kI prathA aura kucha buddhi pradhAna khela jaise zataraMja, caupaDa Adi isa zreNI ke antargata Ate haiM / 1. mahA 26 / 153 2. vahI 36 / 76 3. ziva zekhara mizra - mAnasollAsa : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, vArANasI, 1666, ilAhAbAda, saM0 2013 4. pR0 321 manmatha rAya -- prAcIna bhAratIya manoraJjana, pR0 10-17

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sAmAjika vyavasthA AdhyAtmika : isa zakti kI abhivRddhi ke lie yajJa-havana, pUjA-pATha, snAnadarzana, yAtrA zRMgAra prabhUti isakI prathAe~ haiM / anya dRSTi se manoraJjana ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta karate haiM : [ a ] krIr3A evaM [ba] goSThI / [ a ] kror3A : padma purANa meM krIr3A ko cAra vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA - ceSTA : zarIra se utpanna krIr3A ceSTA kahalAtI hai / upakaraNa : geMda Adi sAdhana kA jina krIr3AoM meM upayoga hotA hai, use upakaraNa kahate haiM / vAk-krIr3A : subhASita Adi mu~ha se vyakta kiyA jAtA hai / ataH ise vAk-krIr3A kI saMtA pradatta kI gayI hai / kalA - vyatyasana : juA Adi khelane kI Adata ko kalA - vyatyasana ( kalA vyAsaMga ) kahate haiM / " krIr3Asthala ke lie padma purANa meM krIr3AdhAma zabda prayukta huA hai, jahA~ para vibhinna prakAra ke manoraJjana evaM bhogopayoga kI vastue~ upalabdha hotI thIM / isa prakAra ke krIr3AdhAma ramaNIya sthAnoM meM hote the / padma purANa meM krIr3AdhAma kI vistRta vivecanA hai / jaina purANoM meM parvata-zikharoM para krIr3AgRha nirmita karane kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai / " 168 krIr3A ke prakAra evaM svarUpa : jaina purANoM meM adholikhita krIr3AoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai : (i) jalakrIr3A : isakA varNana jaina purANoM meM prAcIna kAla se upalabdha hai / isa krIr3A meM strI-puruSa donoM hI saMyukta rUpa meM bhAga lete the / isa krIr3A meM jalayantroM kA prayoga hotA thA / jala-yantra kI kalA kA itanA adhika vikAsa ho cukA thA ki usase samudra kA jala bhI avaruddha kiyA jA sakatA thA / " nAyaka-nAyikA ke zRMgArika kriyA-kalApoM kA bhI ullekha isa krIr3A meM upalabhya hai / preyasiyoM ko khIMcakara pakar3anA, unakA zArIrika sparza karanA, picakArI se unake mukha ko sugandhita jala se siJcita karanA evaM jala meM AbhUSaNa kA DhU~r3hanA Adi mukhya haiM / 1. padma 24 / 67-68 2 . vahI 40 / 4 - 24 3. harivaMza 5 / 204; mahA 12|33 4. mahA 14 / 204; padma 10 / 71-108 padma 10168 mh| 8 / 22-28; padma 8 60-100; tulanIya - pUrvamegha 37, raghuvaMza 16 / 58 - 61; yazastilakacampU 11526-533; zizupAlabadha 8 / 1-78 5. 6.

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (ii) vanakrIr3A : jaina purANoM meM ullikhita hai ki rAjA evaM dhanADhya vyakti sapatnIka prakRti kA Ananda lene ke lie vana meM jAyA karate the / vahA~ para icchAnusAra ve vanakrIr3A kiyA karate the / isa krIr3A meM nAyaka-nAyikA tathA patipatnI sAmUhika rUpa se Amoda-pramoda, hAsa-parihAsa, manovinoda meM bhAga lete the / jaina purANoM meM vana, upavana, evaM udyAna samAnArthaka haiM / udyAna meM vibhinna prakAra ke vRkSoM kI manohara chaTA, sabhAgRha, snAnagRha, latAgRha pakSiyoM kA kalarava, jharane evaM pahAr3I pradezoM kA Ananda upalabdha hotA thA / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki vasanta Rtu meM AmramaJjarI ke prasphuTana se nAyaka-nAyikAe~ AmrakuJja meM jAkara sahakAravanakrIr3A arthAt ramaNa kArya karate the / * 170 (iii) dolAkrIr3A : nAriyoM ke krIr3A ke lie dolAgRha hote the / " ve dolAkrIr3A (jhUlA) meM peMga mArakara jhUlatI thIM aura madhura dhuna meM gIta gAtI thIM / jhUle para baiThane ke lie Asana banA rahatA thA / dolAkrIr3A kA samaya varSA Rtu meM hotA thA / kAdambarI ke anusAra dole meM choTI-choTI ghaMTiyA~ ba~dhI hotI thIM aura sAmAnyataH inakA upayoga sUryAsta hone para hotA thA / (iv) kandukakrIr3A : strI-puruSa donoM hI kanduka krIr3A ke premI hote the / isa krIr3A meM choTe aura bar3e kanduka prayoga meM lAye jAte the / vartamAna samaya meM kanduka kA vikasita rUpa phuTabAla hai / prAcInakAla meM kandukakrIr3A kA vizeSa pracalana thA / (v) daNDakrIr3A " : Adhunika kAla meM bAlaka zaizavAvasthA meM gullI-DaNDA khelate haiM / yahI prAcIna samaya meM daNDakrIr3A kahalAtA thA / padma 5 / 266-303; mahA 14 / 207-208 mahA 8116-20, 14 / 208 harivaMza 14 / 20- 21, tulanIya - piMDaniyukti 214-215; rAjapraznIyaTIkA, pR0 5 3. padma 46 / 156 - 161; mahA 451183; avadAnakalpalatA 26 / 761-803 mahA 68 4. 5. vahI 7 / 125; tulanIya - raghuvaMza 6 / 46 6. padma 36 / 4, 6 / 226 harivaMza 14/20 7. hajArI prasAda dvivedI - prAcIna bhArata ke kalAtmaka vinoda, kAdambarI 1 / 212 1. 2. 8. EUR. 10. vahI 14 |200 mahA 45 | 183; tulanIya - raghuvaMza 16 / 83; kumArasambhava 5 / 11 pR0 41

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 171 (vi) rAsakrIr3A' : bAlaka-bAlikAoM ke vAsanA-rahita krIr3A ko rAsakrIr3A kahA gayA haiN| (viii) dyUtakrIr3A : dhUta-vyasana kI nindA kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki krodhaja [madya, mAMsa, zikAra], kAmaja [juA, corI, vezyA evaM parastrI-gamana]ina sAta vyasanoM meM dhU ta sadRza nikRSTa anya koI vyasana nahIM hai / 2 jaina purANoM meM juAr3iyoM ke viSaya meM kathita hai ki vaha kramazaH satya, lajjA, abhimAna, kula, sukha, sajjanatA, bandhuvarga, dharma, dravya, kSetra, ghara, yaza, mAtA-pitA, bAla-bacce, strI aura svataH ko hAratA (naSTa karatA) hai| juAr3iyoM kI manodazA kA citraNa jaina purANoM meM varNita hai ki juA khelane vAlA manuSya Asakti ke kAraNa na snAna karatA hai, na bhojana karatA hai, na sotA hai| ina Avazyaka kAryoM ke avarodha ho jAne se vaha rogI ho jAtA hai / jue se dhana ke sthAna para pApa kA saMcaya karatA hai, nindya kArya karatA hai, sabakA zatru bana jAtA hai / dUsaroM se yAcanA karatA hai, dhana ke lie ayogya karma karatA hai, jisase bandhujana use tyAga dete haiM aura rAjA se daNThita ho aneka kaSTa (daNDa) sahana karatA hai| (ix) magayA-vinoda krIr3A : harivaMza meM mRgayA-vinoda krIr3A ko vyasana varNita kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna kAla se rAjA vanoM meM mRgayArtha jAyA karate the| usake sAtha vizAla senA bhI jAtI thii| isa prakAra manovinoda ke sAtha-sAtha apanI dUrastha prajA viSayaka pratyakSa jJAna bhI ho jAtA thA / ahiMsA pradhAna dharma ke kAraNa mRgayAvinoda ko jaina granthoM meM nindanIya kathita hai| rAjA somezvara ne mRgayA ke ikatIsa bheda kahA hai, kintu mAnasollAsa meM kevala ikkIsa ke hI varNana upalabdha haiN| 1. harivaMza 35 // 66 2. krodhajeSu niSUkteSu kAmajeSu caturSu ca / nAparaM vyasanaM dyU tAnnikRSTaM prAhurAgamAH / / mahA 56175; harivaMza 21155; padma 85 / 120 3. mahA 5676-77; harivaMza 46 / 3 4. vahI 5678-80; padma 85 / 120 5. vahI // 128; tulanIya-abhijJAnazAkuntala 215 6. harivaMza 62 / 26; tulanIya-arthazAstra 8 / 3; manu 7 / 44-50 7. abhijJAnazAkuntala 17-11 8. harivaMza 5561-63 / / 6. manmatha rAya-vahI, pR0 276

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172 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (ix) parvatArohaNa-krIr3A' : prAcIna kAla se hI logoM meM parvatArohaNa kI abhilASA thii| tIrthasthaloM kA parvatoM para nirmANa honA logoM kI ukta icchA kA dyotaka hai| manoraJjana ke lie krIr3AMcala banAye jAte the, jahA~ para premI-premikAe~ Amoda-pramoda kiyA karate the| (x) yUddhakrIr3A : isa krIr3A se bhI logoM kA manoraMjana hotA thaa| ve bhArasvarUpa yuddha nahIM karate the, balki AnandArtha karate the| isI lie padma purANa meM yuddhakrIr3A ke rUpa meM varNita hai / 2 / (xi) indrajAla krIr3A :prAcIna kAla se logoM ke manoraMjanArtha alaukika siddhiyoM dvArA indrajAla kA pracalana thaa|' (vii) bAhyAlI krIr3A : bAhyAlI krIr3A meM vinodArtha ghor3e, hAthI Adi jAnavaroM kI daur3a, krIr3A evaM yuddha Adi hotA thaa| rAjA ke sAtha antaHpura kI rAniyA~, sAmanta, rAjakumAra, mantrIgaNa, ucca adhikArI sambhrAnta nAgarika evaM viziSTa atithi Adi isake avalokanArtha krIr3A-sthala para upasthita hote the| hasti-krIr3A, meSa-krIr3A tathA kukkuTa-yuddha (murge kI lar3AI) dvArA manoraJjana kiyA jAtA thaa| padma purANa meM bandara evaM bhAlU Adi ke nRtya dvArA manovinoda kiyA karate the| manmatha rAya ke anusAra yaha khela Adhunika polo hai| somezvara kRta mAnasollAsa meM bAjivAhyAli khela se sambandhita vivaraNa upalabdha hai| isase spaSTa hai ki yaha khela usa samaya pracalita thaa| (xiii) alaukika krIr3Ae~ : yaha krIr3A vidyAdharoM dvArA kI jAtI thii| unakI krIr3AoM kA ullekha jaina purANoM meM upalabhya hai| unakI krIr3AoM meM aneka rUpa 1. padma 6 / 230; harivaMza 5 / 24; mahA 12 / 33 2. vahI 75 / 22 3. vahI 28 / 165 4, vahI 5 / 356 5. mahA 37 / 47; tulanIya-samarAiccakahA 1, pR0 16; nizIthacUrNI 23-24 mAnasollAsa 4 / 4 / 662-666 6. mAnasollAsa 4 / 3 / 330-563, 4141767-827 7. harivaMza 16063-66, 47 / 106; mahA 63 / 152 8. padma 6 / 113-116 6. manmatha rAya-vahI, pR0 264

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 173 dhAraNa kara striyoM ke sAtha krIr3A karanA, sUrya sadRza santApa utpanna karanA; candramA tulya dhavala cA~danI, megha ke samAna varSA, agni kI bhA~ti jvAlA utpanna karanA, vAyu sadRza vizAla parvatoM ko gativAn karanA, indra ke samAna prabhutva sthApita karanA, samudra, parvata, agni, hAthI kA rUpa dhAraNa karanA, kSaNabhara meM pAsa AnA, kSaNabhara meM dUra jAnA, kSaNabhara meM dRzya honA, kSaNabhara meM adRzya honA, kSaNabhara meM sUkSma, mahAn evaM bhayaMkara rUpoM ko grahaNa karanA Adi mukhya haiM / ' [ba] goSThI : prAcInakAla se mAnasika vikAsa evaM manoraJjanArtha sAhityika evaM kalAtmaka goSThI yA pariSad kA Ayojana vividha prakAra ke vidvAnoM evaM kalAkAroM dvArA kiyA jAtA thaa|2 ye goSThiyA~ zikSAprada hotI thIM tathA inase vyaktitva kA vikAsa hotA thaa| ye goSThiyA~ sAMskRtika dRSTi se samAja meM apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI thiiN| padma purANa meM varNita hai ki rAjA apanI patniyoM sahita mahala meM sundara goSThI kA Ananda lete the / ' harivaMza purANa meM ullikhita hai ki pRthvI para sarvatra nAnA prakAra ke divya evaM cittAkarSaka nRtya, saMgIta evaM vAdina Adi kI goSThiyoM dvArA manuSya apanA manoraJjana karatA thaa|' goSThI kA prakAra evaM svarUpa : Alocita jaina purANoM meM gIta, nRtya, vAditra, vINA, kathA, pada, kAvya, jalpa, zUra, vidvAn, kalA, pada, vidyA-sambAda, zAstra, mUrkha Adi goSThiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / ina goSThiyoM ke viSaya meM adholikhita anucchedoM meM varNana kiyA jA rahA hai / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki kathA-goSThI meM satpuruSoM ke caritra kA varNana hotA thaa| isake zravaNa se manuSya kA pApa vinaSTa hotA thA aura satpatha para calane kI pravRtti hotI thii| sAtha-sAtha buddhi kA vikAsa bhI hotA thA / kabhI gIta-goSThI, kabhI nRtyagoSThI, kabhI vAditragoSThI aura kabhI vINAgoSThI ke dvArA loga apanA manabahalAva evaM samaya vyatIta kiyA karate the| jaina purANoM meM AtmIya janoM dvArA mano 1. padma 886-86 2. dharmendra kumAra gupta-sosAiTI aiNDa kalcara ina da TAima oNpha daNDina, dillI 1672, pR0 275 3. padma 6 / 336 4. harivaMza 56020 5. mahA 12 / 188, 14 / 162 6. padma 1123-35, 36 / 5; mahA 12 / 187

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174 . jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vinoda hotA thA evaM isake mAdhyama se samaya bhI vyatIta ho jAtA thaa| mahA purANa ke anusAra prAcIna kAla meM padagoSThI dvArA vyAkaraNoM ke sAtha vyAkaraNa viSayaka carcA huA karatI thii| kAvyagoSThI ke mAdhyama se kaviyoM ke sAtha kAvya-vArtA hotI thI aura jalpagoSThI dvArA ati vaktAoM meM vAda-vivAda hotA thaa| ina goSThiyoM se manoraJjana ke sAtha hI jJAnArjana bhI hotA thA / 2 padma purANa meM zUragoSThI aura vidvAngoSThI kA ullekha upalabdha hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya vibhinna zreNI yA varga ke loga apane-apane starAnusAra goSThI kA Ayojana karake manoraJjana ke sAtha-sAtha sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika pragati meM sahayoga dete the|' mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki sabhI causaTha kalAoM ke pradarzana, vizleSaNa, jJAnArjana, evaM anuraJjana ke lie kalAgoSThiyoM kA Ayojana karanA usa samaya ke logoM kA pramukha uddezya thaa| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki jisa prakAra kalAgoSThI meM mAnakalAoM kA, kAvyagoSThI meM kevala kAvya kA, padagoSThI meM ekamAtra vyAkaraNa kA aura kathAgoSThI meM paurANika kathAoM kA hI nirUpaNa hotA thA, usI prakAra vidyAsambAdagoSThI meM eka sAtha hI samasta vidyAoM kI vArtA, paricaryA evaM vivecanA huA karatI thI / ina vidyAoM meM kAmazAstra, rAjanItizAstra, vyAkaraNa, gaNita, jyotiSa, bhUgola, darzana, kAvya, tathA khagolazAstra Adi viSaya pramukha the| jaina purANoM meM jahA~ eka ora uparyukta goSThiyoM kI carcA evaM mAhAtmya kA varNana upalabdha hai, vahIM para mUrkhagoSThI ko sarvathA nindanIya evaM varjanIya varNita kiyA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jisa prakAra Ajakala holI ke avasara para mUrkhagoSThI kA kahIM-kahIM Ayojana hotA hai, sambhavataH usa samaya bhI kisI zubhAvasara yA vinodapUrNa avasara para aisI goSThI kA Ayojana kiyA jAtA thA / cUMki yaha goSThI zreyaskara nahIM thI, isI kAraNa jainAcAryoM ne ise niSiddha batAyA hai| 1. mahA 12 / 187; padma 37 / 63 2. kadAcit padagoSThIbhiH kaavygosstthiibhirnydaa| vAvadUkaH samaM kaizcit jalpagoSThIbhirekadA / / mahA 14 / 161 3. padma 53 / 113 4. mahA 26164 5. vahI 7165 6. padma 15 / 184

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 175 [Da] dhArmika evaM sAmAjika utsava mAnava-jIvana meM utsavoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| inase jIvana kI ekarasatA vinaSTa hotI hai aura Antarika AnandAnubhUti se navollAsa kA sRjana hone se jIvana meM navInatA AtI hai / isa prakAra manuSya apane jIvana-patha para agragAmI hotA rahatA hai / jaina purANoM meM janmotsava, vivAhotsava evaM garbha kalyANaka mahotsava Adi pramukha utsavoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai / harSa ke samaya meM bhI madanotsava (vasantotsava yA madanamahotsava), kaumudI mahotsava, udayotsava evaM indrotsava Adi viSayaka varNana upalabdha hai / ' daNDina ke kAla meM bhI vasantotsava, kAmotsava, indrapUjotsava evaM kumudotsava Adi kA pracalana thA / jaina kathAoM meM janmotsava, vidyArambhotsava, vivAhotsava, nirvANotsava, vasantotsava evaM holikotsava Adi utsavoM kA ullekha prApya hotA hai| adhyayana kI dRSTi se utsava ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai : (a) dhArmika utsava tathA (ba) sAmAjika utsava / [a] dhArmika utsava : jaina purANoM meM dhArmika utsava ke antargata nimnAMkita utsavoM ko sammilita karate haiM : 1. paJcakalyANaka mahotsava : jaina purANoM meM tIrthaMkaroM ke paJcakalyANaka mahotsava, garbha, janma, dIkSA ke samaya, kevala jJAna prApta hone evaM nirvANa ke samaya devatAoM dvArA sampanna kiye jAte the| [i] garbha kalyANaka mahotsava (garbha mahotsava) : bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke garbhAvasthA meM Ane para mAtA marudevI kI sevA meM tatpara deva kanyAoM kA citraNa jaina granthoM meM upalabdha hai| vaha isa prakAra hai-unase AjJA prApta karanA, guNagAna karanA, gIta gAnA, pA~va dabAnA, tAmbUla denA, camara DulAnA, vastrAbhUSaNa denA, zayyA, lepa / karanA Adi kArya deva kanyAe~ indra ke Adeza se sampanna karatI thiiN| fii] janmakalyANaka mahotsava (janmAbhiSeka mahotsava) : jaina purANoM meM varNita hai ki tIrthaMkara ke janmotsava ke samaya indra' kA Asana kampAyamAna ho jAtA 1. baija nAtha zarmA-harSa aiNDa hija TAimsa, vArANasI, 1670, pR0 360-362 2. dharmendra kumAra gupta-sosAiTI aiNDa kalcara ina da TAima oNpha daNDina, dillI, 1672, pR0 270-272 3. zrI candra jaina-jaina kathAoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, jayapura, 1671, pR0 57 4. padma 3 / 112-120; harivaMza 868-102; mahA 121163, 6626

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176 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hai / bhavanavAsI devoM ke gRha meM svataH zaMkha-dhvani hone lagatI hai / vyaMtaroM ke bhavanoM meM bheriyA~ bajane lagatI haiN| jyotiSI devoM ke sadanoM meM siMha kI svataH garjana sunAI par3ane lagatI hai evaM kalpavAsI devoM ke yahA~ svataH ghaNTA dhvanita ho uThate haiM / indrasahita devatAgaNa janmotsava sthala para upasthita hokara prasannatApUrvaka vikriyA veza dhAraNa kara siMhanAda evaM tAliyA~ bajAte hue nRtya-gAna karate the / indrANI sahita indra prasUtigRha se bAlaka ko lekara sumera parvata para jAte haiM / vahA~ abhiSeka karane ke uparAnta vastrAbhUSaNoM se susajjita bAlaka ko prasUtigRha meM punaH pahu~cA dete haiM / " [iii] dIkSAkalyANaka yA niSkramaNa mahotsava (dIkSA mahotsava ) : tIrthaMkara ko kisI kAraNavaza virAga utpanna hotA hai aura ve gRha tyAgakara pAlakI meM baiTha kara kisI ramaNIka sthAna meM jAte haiM / vahA~ vaha apane bahumUlya vastrAlaMkAroM kA tyAga kara svahasta se apane keza ko noca DAlate haiM / una bAloM ko indra kSIra sAgara meM visarjita kara dete haiM / tIrthaMkara ke dIkSAkalyANaka mahotsava ke sampanna ho jAne para sabhI loga apane-apane sthAna ko cale jAte haiM / 2 [iv] kevalajJAna kalyANaka mahotsava (kevalajJAnamahotsava ) : bhagavAn ko jaba kevala jJAna utpanna hotA hai to usI samaya bhAmaNDala, azoka vRkSa aura chatralaya utpanna hote haiM / devatAgaNa bhagavAn kI vandanA karate haiM / bhagavAn samavasaraNa ke madhya para virAjamAna hote haiM / saba logoM ke yathAsthAna baiTha jAne ke uparAnta gaNadhara bhagavAn se upadeza dene kI prArthanA karate haiM / " [v] nirvANakalyANaka mahotsava ( nirvANa mahotsava ) : isa utsava meM zaraNAgata jIvoM ko bhagavAn ratnatraya dAna kara unakA bhavasAgara se uddhAra karate hai / bhagavAn ke nirvANa prApti para indrAdi devatA upasthita hokara nirvANakalyANaka mahotsava sampanna karate haiM / 2. kalyANAbhiSeka : yaha utsava bhagavAn ke mAtA-pitA ke svargAvataraNa ke avasara para indra dvArA sampanna kiyA jAtA hai / " 1. padma 3 / 160-212; harivaMza 8 / 127-171; mahA 13 / 36- 160, 51 / 24 2 . vahI 3 / 263 - 285; harivaMza 6 / 77-100 3. mahA 46 / 36; 66 / 53; padma 4 / 22-33; harivaMza 6 / 2-3 4. 5. harivaMza 12-1 tadAkhilAmarAdhIzaH samAgatya vyadhurmudA / svargAvataraNe pitroH kalyANAbhiSavotsavam // mahA 73188

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 177 3. janmotsava : saMsAra meM sAmAnyataH sAdhAraNa se sAdhAraNa vyakti ko bhI putra janma ke kAraNa prasannatA hotI hai / ' putra janma se dampatti ko harSAtireka hotA hai / dhanADhya yA nirdhana sabhI apanI sAmarthyAnusAra putra janmotsava manAte haiM / 2 isa avasara para ghaNTa dhvani, siMha dhvani, paTaha dhvani evaM zaMkha dhvani karate haiM / " putrotpatti hone para janmotsava kI prathA pracalita hai / jisameM bhAI-bandhu, sage-sambandhI, iSTa-mila Adi sammilita hote haiM / bhagavatIsUtrAnusAra putra janmotsava para apanI sAmarthya ke anusAra nRtya - gAna, vAdya evaM nATaka Adi kA Ayojana tathA dAnAdi kA vitaraNa karate haiM / " rAjA evaM sAmanta ke yahA~ yaha utsava viziSTa prakAra se sampanna hotA thA / isa avasara para nagara ko susajjita kiyA jAtA thA / rAjapatha ko sugandhita ( candana) jala se tiJcita kiyA jAtA thA / ghara-AMgana ko kuMkuma - kesara Adi se suvAsita karate the / saMgIta vAdya evaM nRtya Adi kA Ayojana kiyA jAtA thA / jJAtAdharmakathA ke anusAra kanyA ke janma para bhI janmotsava kA Ayojana kiyA jAtA thaa| (ba) sAmAjika utsava : Adhunika samAja meM jisa prakAra Ajakala sAmAjika utsavoM kA Ayojana hotA hai, isI prakAra prAcIna kAla meM sAmAjika utsavoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA / hameM jaina sAhitya meM bhI sAmAjika utsavoM kA rocaka varNana upalabdha hotA hai, jisakA vivaraNa nimnavat hai : 1. vivAhotsava : sAmAjika vyavasthA ko suvyavasthita rakhane ke lie vivAha anivArya mAnA jAtA hai / vivAha ke pAvana sUtra meM ba~dha kara pati-patnI apanI jIvana naukA ko sahaja bhAva se isa saMsAra meM khete haiM / vivAhotsava ke avasara para dhvajA evaM toraNa se nagara ko bhalI-bhA~ti susajjita karate haiM / vivAha maNDapa bhI sundara DhaMga se susajjita kiyA jAtA thA / vara-vadhU ko striyA~ gavAkSoM se dekhatI thIM / svayaMvara kI chaTA nirAlI hotI thI / vivAha ke avasara para vibhinna prakAra ke 1. mahA 56 / 20 2. vahI 26 / 1 3. harivaMza 16 / 14 4. 3 padma 26 / 147 5. bhagavatI sUtra 11 / 11 / 426 6. jhinakU yAdava - jaina sAhitya meM utsava mahotsava, zramaNa varSa 23, aMka 11, * sitambara 1672, pR0 26 jJAtAdharmakathA 8, pR066 12

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178 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana maMgala gIta evaM vAdyoM kA pracalana thaa| mAMgalika-pAThoM dvArA vivAha-kriyA sampanna hotI thii| 2. varSavRddhidinotsava (janmadinotsava) : prAcIna kAla se hamAre yahA~ janmadinotsava yA varSavRddhi dinotsava kI paramparA pracalita rahI hai| isa utsava meM maMgalagIta, vAdina tathA nRtyAdi kI pradhAnatA rahI hai / 2 jisa vyakti kA janma dina manAyA jAtA hai, vaha nava vastra dhAraNa kara uccAsana para baiThatA hai| mAMgalika gIta evaM nRtya hotA hai / purohita mAMgalika stotroccAraNa karate hue AzIrvAda dete haiN| vayovRddha evaM agraja vyakti hArdika zubhakAmanAoM sahita AzIrvAda dete haiN| isa avasara para vaha vyakti yathAzakti nirdhana evaM apaMgu vyakti ko dAna detA hai / sagesambandhiyoM evaM iSTa-mitroM se isa suavasara para use upahAra bhI upalabdha hotA hai| 3. vijayotsava : rAjA jaba yuddha meM zatru para vijaya prApta kara apanI rAjadhAnI meM pahu~catA thA to vaha bar3e ullAsa se vijayotsava kA Ayojana karatA thA / sampUrNa nagara atyanta manorama DhaMga se susajjita kiyA jAtA thaa| vibhinna bhA~ti ke sAMskRtika kAryakrama Ayojita kiye jAte the| vijaya meM upalabdha dhana kA vitaraNa sainikoM evaM nirdhanoM meM kiyA jAtA thaa| yaha utsava kaI dinoM taka nirantara calatA rahatA thaa| 4. madanotsava : samarAiccakahA meM isa utsava ke viSaya meM ullekha AyA hai ki caitra mAsa kI zukla pakSa kI trayodazI ke dina ise manAyA jAtA thaa| nagara ke kisI udyAna meM nara-nArI ToliyoM meM ekatra hokara atyadhika ullAsa se isa utsava ko manAte the| prAcIna jaina granthoM meM katipaya laukika devI-devatAoM ke pUjanArtha prativarSa mele lagate the, jise 'maha' saMjJA se sambodhita karate the| isakA prayoga saMskRta 1. padma 28 / 267; mahA 7 / 238-280; harivaMza 1658; tulanIya-gAyatrI varmA-kAlidAsa ke grantha : tatkAlIna saMskRti, vArANasI, 1663, pR0 274-276 kadAcid tasyA''sIda varSavRddhidinotsavaH / maGgalaiIta vAdina nRtyArambhazca saMbhRtaH // mahA 11 3. mahA 52-12 4. padma 765-104 5. samarAiccakahA 5, pR0 373

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sAmAjika vyavasthA 176 meM bhI huA hai aura yaha mUla vaidika 'makha' se AyA hai / vaidika yajJa hI laukika jIvana meM 'maha' ke nAma se sambodhita hone lagA thA / ' 5. kArtika pUrNimA mahotsava (kaumudI mahotsava ) : jagadIza candra jaina ke matAnusAra kArtika pUrNimA mahotsava hI kaumudI mahotsava hai / sUtrakRtAGgaTIkA ke varNanAnusAra isa suavasara para strI-puruSa udyAna meM keli-krIDA karate the / 1. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla - prAcIna bhAratIya loka dharma, pR0 4-32 2. jagadIza candra jaina --- jaina Agama meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 361 3. sUtrakRtAMGgaTIkA 275

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA jaina purANoM meM rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA se sambandhita jo sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai, usake svarUpa kA pratibimbana mukhyatayA do pakSoM para huA hai : prathama pakSa kA sambandha una saiddhAntika AdarzoM se hai, jisakA nirmANa prAkyugIna paramparAoM meM huA thaa| dvitIya pakSa samakAlIna rAjanItika saMsthAoM evaM rAjanaya viSayaka vyavasthAoM kI ora kendrita hai| inake nirmANa-kAla meM dharmazAstra aura arthazAstra paramparA ke saiddhAntika vivecanoM meM nIti-sAhitya kA AvirbhAva ho cukA thA tathA prazAsakIya tattvoM para mAtra AMzika rUpa meM, kintu sainika evaM kUTanIti tattvoM para pUrNataH bala diyA jAne lagA thA / tatkAlIna nIti-sAhitya meM kAmandakIya nItizAstra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isake samastarIya evaM samakAlIna anya nItizAstroM kI samIkSA ke AdhAra para yaha sarvasammata se nirdhArita ho cukA hai ki rAjanaya viSayaka kucha vivecanIya tattva, udAharaNArtha-'adhyakSa-pracAra' evaM 'dharmasthIyam' jaise arthazAstra ke suvidita khaNDa atIta ke viSaya bana cuke the / nItizAstra viSayaka saMkalita svatantra racanAoM ke atirikta nIti sambandhI sandarbho kA samAveza karane vAle samakAlIna pAramparika purANoM ke rAjanItiparaka khaNDoM meM bhI ukta sthiti kA nidarzana upalabdha hotA hai| aisI vizeSa paristhiti ke kAraNa jaina purANoM ke tatsambandhI sthaloM ko arthazAstra, dharmazAstra tathA nItizAstra se vidita hone vAle rAjanItika vyavasthA ke bRhattara sandarbha meM samIkSA kA viSaya banAnA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| isa mApadaNDa ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue prastuta adhyAya kA vivecana nimnoddhRta anucchedoM meM kiyA jAnA ucita pratIta hotA hai|

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 181 [ka] rAjanaya : svarUpa evaM siddhAnta 1. rAjya kI utpatti : rAjya ke niyAmaka tattvoM meM isakI utpatti kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| prAcIna granthoM ke parizIlana se rAjya kI utpatti para prakAza par3atA hai / mahAbhArata aura dIghanikAya meM sRSTi ke AdikAla meM svarNa-yuga kI kalpanA kA ullekha upalabdha hai| yUnAnI evaM phrAMsIsI vidvAn pleTo tathA rUso ne bhI Adima kAla meM svarNayuga kI parikalpanA kI hai| jaina purANoM meM bhI sRSTi ke Arambha meM svarNa-yuga kA ullekha AyA hai| AdikAla meM rAjya kA avirbhAva nahIM huA thA tathA prajA pUrNataH sukhI thii| kalpavRkSoM dvArA vyavasthA niyantrita hotI thii| kAlAntara meM mA~ga kI ApUrti pUrNataH na hone se vyavasthA meM vyavadhAna utpanna ho gayA thaa| isake nivAraNArtha yonija-puruSa (kulakara) utpanna hue aura manuSyoM ne inase ubhayapakSIya samajhautA kiyA / jaina purANoM meM rAjya kI utpatti viSayaka siddhAntoM meM sAmAjika samajhautoM para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| rAjya daivI saMsthA na hokara mAnavIya saMsthA thii| isakA nirmANa prAkatika avasthA meM rahane vAle vyaktiyoM dvArA pArasparika samajhaute ke AdhAra para huA hai| AdikAla meM yaugalika vyavasthA thii| eka yugala janma letA aura vahI yugala anya yugala ko janma dene ke bAda samApta ho jAtA thaa| isa prakAra ke aneka yugala the / ' kAlAntara meM prakRti meM parivartana se prAkRtika sAdhanoM kA hrAsa hone ke kAraNa rAjanItika samAja kI sthApanA huii| samaya-samaya para caudaha kulakaroM kA 1. e0 esa0 altekara-prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, ilAhAbAda, saM0 2033, pR0 16 2. dhanya kumAra rAjeza-jaina paurANika sAhitya meM rAjanIti, zramaNa, varSa 23, aMka 1, navambara 1673, pR0 3-4; gokula candra jaina-jaina rAjanIti, zrI puSkara muni abhinandana grantha, bambaI, udayapura, 1676, pR0 27 padma 3 / 30-88, 3 / 238-241; harivaMza 8 / 106-170; mahA 3 / 22-163, tulanIya-naivarAjyaM na rAjAsIt na daNDo na ca dANDikaH / dharmeNaiva prajAH sarvA rakSanti ca parasparam // mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 56 / 14 4. atha kAlAntyato hAni teSu yAteSvanukramAt / kalpapAdapakhaNDeSu zrRNu kolakarI sthitim // padma 3 / 74

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182 ___ jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana janma prajA ke duHkha evaM vipattiyoM ke nivAraNArtha huA / ' ina kulakaroM kA prajA se pitRvat vyavahAra thaa| puNya-karmodaya se inakI utpatti huI aura ina sabhI kI buddhi samAna thii|2 mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki karmabhUmi ke pUrva bhogabhUmi meM sajjanoM ke rakSArtha duSToM ko daNDa dene kI samasyA hI na thI kyoMki samAja meM aparAdha kA abhAva thaa| kAlAntara meM karmabhUmi meM rAjA ke abhAva ke kAraNa prajA meM 'mAtsya-nyAya' kI pradhAnatA thii| jisa prakAra bar3I machaliyA~ choTI machaliyoM ko nigala jAtI haiM, usI prakAra sabala vyakti nirbala ko trasta karane lage the| jaina purANoM ke samakAlIna vasubandhu sadRzya AcAryoM ne bhI ukta prakAra kA mata vyakta kara uparyukta vicAradhArA kI puSTi karate haiN| yahI nahIM jainetara granthoM meM bhI 'mAtsya-nyAya' kI sundara vivecanA upalabdha hai| 2. rAjya ke prakAra : rAjya kI utpatti ke sAtha hI tatsambandhita samasyAoM kA bhI prAdurbhAva huaa| mahA purANa meM unake samAdhAnArtha sAdhanoM kA nirdeza haianvIkSikI, trayI, vArtA tathA daNDa / padma purANa ke anusAra eka deza nAnA janapadoM se vyApta hotA hai, jisameM patana, grAma, saMvAha, maTamba, puTabhedana, ghoSa tathA droNamukha Adi Ate haiN| 1. mahA 3163-163; harivaMza 7 / 125-176; padma 375-88 2. padma 3178-88,harivaMza 71123-127, 7 / 141-158 3. duSTAnAM nigrahaH ziSTapratipAlanamityayam / na purAsItkramo yasmAt prajA: sarvA nirAgasaH // prajAdaNDadharAbhAve mAtsyaM nyAyaM zrayantyamUH / grasyate'ntaH praduSTena nirbalo hi balIyasA // mahA 160251-252 vaTa kRSNa ghoSa-hindU rAjanIti meM rASTra kI utpatti, premI abhinandana grantha, TIkamagar3ha, 1646, pR0 266 5. zatapathabrAhmaNa 11 / 6 / 24; rAmAyaNa ayodhyA kANDa 67 / 31; mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 15 / 30; arthazAstra 114; manu 7 / 14; kAmandaka 2 / 40; matsyapurANa 22526; mAnasollAsa 2 / 16 6. mahA 5115 7. dezo janapadAkIrNo viSayaH sundaro mahAn // pattanagrAmasaMvAhamaTambapuTabhedanaH / ghoSadroNamukhAdya zca sannivezaivirAjitaH // pama 41156-57

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 183 prAcIna granthoM ke parizIlana se rAjyoM ke prakAroM para prakAza par3atA hai| kauTilya ne dvairAjya kA ullekha kiyA / ' prAcIna bhArata meM 'rAjya-saMgha' kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai| udAharaNArtha, yaudheya gaNarAjya tIna gaNarAjyoM kA saMgha thaa| licchaviyoM ne eka bAra malloM tathA dUsarI bAra videhoM ke sAtha saMgha banAyA thaa| kAlidAsa ne apane granthoM meM rAjya ke prakAroM kA varNana kiyA hai, jisakA vivaraNa nimnavat hai-rAjya, mAhArAjya, AdhirAjya, dvairAjya, sAmrAjya tathA sArvabhauma (cakravartI raajy)| jaina grantha AcArAMgasUtra meM aneka prakAra ke rAjyoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai-yathA gaNarAjya, dvirAjya aura vairAjya / ' padma purANa ke anusAra sAmAnyatayA eka rAjya kA pracalana thA, parantu kabhI-kabhI do rAjAoM dvArA saMyuktataH zAsita deza kA dRSTAnta bhI upalabdha hotA hai, jise mahA purANa meM dvairAjya kI saMjJA pradAna kI gaI hai| nizIthacUrNi meM sAta prakAra ke rAjyoM kA ullekha prApya hai-anArAjya (arAjaka), juvarAjya, verajja, virudha-rAjya, dorajja, gaNarajja aura rajja / " kintu uparyukta rAjya ke sAta prakAroM meM se verajja (vairAjya), gaNarajja (gaNarAjya), dorajja (dvairAjya) hI rAjya kI koTi meM rakhe jA sakate haiM aura anya cAra viziSTa taraha kI rAjanItika sthitiyoM ke sUcaka haiM, na ki svatantra rAjya ke prakAra haiN| 1. kauTilya 82 2. altekara-vahI, pR0 32 3. bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya-kAlidAsa kA bhArata, bhAga 1, kAzI, 1663, pR0 187 4. AcArAMgasUtra 1 / 3 / 160 5. padma 106 / 65; tulanIya-mAlavikAgnimitra, aMka 5, zloka 13 6. mahA 52 / 36 7. madhusena-e kalcara sTaDI oNpha da nizIthacUNi, amRtasara, 1675, pR0 16 jaina AgamoM meM cAra prakAra ke 'vairAjya' kA ullekha milatA hai : (i) aNarAjya-rAjA kI mRtyu ho jAne para yadi anya rAjA yA yuvarAja kA abhiSeka na huA ho to use aNarAja kahate haiN| (ii) juvarAja-pahale rAjA dvArA niyukta yuvarAja se adhiSThita rAjya, abhI taka anya yuvarAja abhiSikta na kiyA gayA ho, ko juvarAja kahA gayA hai| (ii) verajjaya yA vairAjya-anya rAjya kI senA ne jaba rAjya ko ghera liyA ho to use vairAjya kI saMjJA pradAna kI gayI hai| (iv) verajja yA dvairAjya-eka hI gola ke do vyaktiyoM meM kalaha ko verajja yA vairAjya sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / jagadIza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 368

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184 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 3. rAjya ke uddezya evaM kArya : padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki icchAnusAra kArya karanA hI rAjya kahalAtA hai / ' mahA purANa meM usa rAjya kI nindA kI gayI hai jisakA anta azreyaSkara hai tathA jisameM nirantara pApoM kI utpatti evaM sukha kA abhAva hai aura sazaMkita manuSya mahAn duHkha prApta karate haiM / 2 DaoN0 altekara ke matAnusAra zAnti, suvyavasthA kI sthApanA aura janatA kA sarvAGgINa naitika; sAMskRtika tathA bhautika vikAsa karanA rAjya kA uddezya thaa| rAjya ke kAryoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai : (i) Avazyaka kArya : isake antargata ve sabhI kArya Ate haiM, jo samAja ke saMgaThana ke lie nitAnta anivArya haiM, jaise bAhya zatru ke AkramaNa se rakSA, prajA ke jAna-mAla kA saMrakSaNa, zAnti-suvyavasthA aura nyAya kA prabandha ityaadi| (ii) aicchika yA lokahitakArI kArya : zikSA, dAna, svAsthya rakSA, vyavasAya, DAka evaM yAtAyAta kA prabandha, jaMgala tathA khAnoM kA vikAsa, dIna-anAthoM kI dekha-rekha Adi aicchika yA lokahitakArI kArya ke antargata Ate haiN| jaina purANoM meM rAjya ke uddezya evaM kAryoM kA vistRta varNana upalabdha nahIM hai, tathApi unake anuzIlana se uparyukta vicAroM kA hI dyotana hotA hai / jainAcAryoM ne rAjya ko manuSyoM ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa kA kendra mAnA hai| isI lie prajA ke kalyANArtha rAjAoM ko pratyeka kSaNa saceSTa aura protsAhita karanA caahie| 4. rAjya ke saptAMgasiddhAnta : mahA purANa meM rAjya kI sAta prakRtiyoM (aMgoM) kA varNana upalabdha hai-svAmI, amAtya, daNDa, janasthAna, gar3ha, koza tathA mitra / jainetara granthoM meM bhI rAjya ke saptAMgoM kI vivecanA prApya hai / vastutaH 1. svaicchAvidhAnamAtraM hi nanu rAjyamudAhRtam / padma 88 / 24 2. rAjye na sukhalezo'pi durante duritAvahe / / sarvataH zaGkamAnasya pratyutAnAsukhaM mahat // mahA 42 / 120 3. altekara-vahI, pR0 36 4. altekara-vahI, pR0 42-43 5. svAmyamAtyo janasthAnaM kozo daNDa: saguptikaH / mitraM ca bhUmipAlasya saptaH prakRtayaH smRtAH / / mahA 68172 6. arthazAstra 6 / 1; manu 264; yAjJavalkya 1353; viSNudharmasUtra 3133; ___ mahAbhArata zAnti 66 / 64-65; matsya purANa 225 / 11; agni purANa 233 / 12; kAmandaka 1 / 16; mAnasollAsa anukramaNikA zloka 20

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 185 prakRti aura aMga zabda samAnArtha meM prayukta huA hai / 'prakRti' zabda rAjya ke maNDala ke aMgoM kA bhI dyotaka hai / ' zukranItisAra meM 'prakRti' zabda kA tAtparya maMtriyoM se kiyA hai / 2 raghuvaMza meM isakA prayoga prajA ke artha meM huA hai| zukranItisAra meM rAjya ke saptAMgoM kI tulanA zarIra ke aMgoM se kI gaI hai-rAjA sira, maMtrI netra, mitra kAna, koza mukha, bala (senA) mana, durga (rAjadhAnI) hAtha evaM rASTra paira haiN| kAmandaka ne ullekha kiyA hai ki rAjya ke saptAMga eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN| yadi rAjya kA koI aMga doSapUrNa huA to rAjya kA saMcAlana samucita rUpa se nahIM ho sakatA / manu ne rAjya ke sabhI aMgoM kI ekatA para bala diyA hai| uparyukta rAjya ke saptAMgoM meM se yahA~ para janasthAna (deza), durga, koza aura mitra kI vivecanA prastuta hai| anya zeSa kA varNana yathAsthAna kiyA jAyegA : (i) janasthAna : janasthAna zabda rASTra ke lie prayukta huA hai / 'rASTra' zabda kA prayoga Rgveda meM upalabdha hai| Alocya jaina purANoM meM se padma purANAnusAra janasthAna ko janapada yA deza kI saMjJA pradatta kI gaI hai| isameM pattana, grAma, saMvAha, maTamba, puTabhedana, ghoSa, droNamukha Adi sammilita the| mahA purANa meM ullekha hai ki janasthAna kI prajA kI surakSA evaM suvyavasthArtha rAjA hotA hai, jo inakI sukha-samRddhi evaM vyavasthA kA uttaradAyitva grahaNa karatA hai / prajA isake lie rAjA ko kara pradAna karatI hai| jainetara agni purANa meM rASTra ko rAjya ke saptAMgoM meM zikharastha sthAna prApta hai|" (ii) gar3ha : gar3ha yA durga ko hI usa samaya rAjadhAnI sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna kAla se rAjya ke saMcAlana evaM surakSA kI dRSTi se durga kA mahattvapUrNa 1. arthazAstra 6 / 2; manu 7 / 156 2. zukranItisAra 2 / 70-73 3. raghuvaMza 8 / 18 4. zukranItisAra 1161-62 5. kAmandaka 4 / 1-2 6. manu 6265 7. mama dvitA rASTra kSatriyasya / Rgveda 4 / 42 8. padma 41656-57; tulanIya-arthazAstra 2 / 1; manu 7 / 114-117; mAnasollAsa 2 / 2 / 156-162 6. mahA 18 / 270-280 10. bI0 bI0 mizra-paoNlaTI ina da agni purANa, kalakattA, 1665, pR0 31

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sthAna thA / jisa deza meM durga nahIM hote the, zatru AkramaNa kara usa deza ko apane deza meM sammilita kara lete the| inameM senAe~ rahA karatI thiiN| inase zatru ke AkramaNa kAla meM apanI surakSA tathA sucAru rUpa se yuddha saMcAlana hotA thaa| mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki durga, yantra, zastra, jala, ghor3e, yava tathA rakSakoM se paripUrNa rahate the / durga kA vistRta varNana kalA evaM sthApatya adhyAya meM Age prastuta hai / * 186 (iii) koza: kisI bhI deza kA sthAyitva vahA~ kI lakSmI ( dhanasampatti ) tathA deza kI sampannatA para nirbhara karatA hai / zAstrakAroM ne koza kI mahattA ke dRSTikoNa se rAjA ko sarvaprathama apane koza kI paripUrNatA para dhyAnAkarSita kiyA hai / " prAcIna granthoM meM koza ko rAjya kA mUla kathita hai aura isakI suvyavasthA para bala diyA gayA hai| jaina purANoM ke anusAra rAjAoM ke samIpa rAjalakSmI nivAsa karatI thIM, jisase unheM deza-vyavasthA ke saMcAlana meM sugamatA hotI thii| jainAcAryoM ne rAjalakSmI ko pApayukta citrita kiyA hai / " mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki yadyapi rAjalakSmI phalavatI haiM tathApi kaMTakAkIrNa bhI haiM / " (iv) mitra : Adhunika yuga meM jisa prakAra rASTroM ko mitra rASTroM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / una mitra rASTroM se yuddha kAla meM sahayoga upalabdha hotA hai / usI prakAra prAcIna kAla meM bhI rAjA ke lie mitra rAjya bhI Avazyaka thA / padma purANa ke anusAra yuddhakAla meM vijaya prAptArtha mitra rAjA kA sahayoga upalabdha honA anivArya hotA thA / AkramaNa ke samaya vijaya hetu mitra rAjAoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI thI / jainetara granthoM meM mitra ke mahattva evaM guNa kI vivecanA milatI hai / " 1. padma 26 / 40, 43 / 28; tulanIya - pI0 sI0 cakravartI - ArTa oNpha vAra ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, DhAkA, 1641, pR0 127 2. durgASyAsan yathAsthAnaM sAtatyenAnusaMsthitaiH / yantrazastrAmbuyavasaindhavarakSakaiH / / bhUtAni mahA 54 / 24 3. arthazAstra 22; mahAbhArata zAntiparva 116 / 16 kAmasUtra 13 | 33 mahAbhArata zAntiparva 130 / 35; kAmandaka 31 / 33, nItivAkyAmRta 21 / 5 mahA 36 / 66, padma 27 / 24-25 8. 5. 6. duSitAM kaTakairenAM phalinImapi te zriyam / 7. padma 16 / 1, 55 / 73 8. arthazAstra 7 6; mahAbhArata zAntiparva 138 / 110 ; manu 7 / 208; yAjJavalkya 1 / 352; kAmandaka 4 / 74-76, 8 / 52; zukranIti 4 / 118-10 mahA 36 / 68

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 187. eka ora acche mitroM kI anivAryatA para bala diyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora duSTa mitroM se sajaga rahane ke lie sAvadhAna bhI kiyA gayA hai| duSTa mitroM ke viSaya meM padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki maMtra, doSa, asatkAra, dAna, puNya, svazUravIratA, duSTa svabhAva tathA mana kI dAha kA jJAna duSTa mitroM ko nahIM honA caahie|' 5. rAjanaya ke catuSTaya siddhAnta : mahA purANa meM rAjanaya ke cAra mUla tattvoM kI vivecanA upalabdha hai / rAjya ke sucAru zAsana-vyavasthA ke lie nimna cAra tattva-sAma, dAma, daNDa evaM bheda-mUlAdhAra the / 2 janetara sAkSyoM se bhI rAjanaya ke catuSTaya siddhAnta-sAma, dAma, daNDa evaM bheda-para samucita prakAza par3atA hai| (i) sAma : kisI pakSa ko milAkara yA mitra banAkara kAma karanA hI sAma siddhAnta hai| (ii) dAma : isa siddhAnta ke antargata lobhI vyakti ko dhanAdi dekara vaza meM kiyA jAtA hai| (iii) daNDa : yaha siddhAnta nikRSTa mAnA gayA hai / anya siddhAntoM ke asaphala ho jAne para isakA prayoga karate haiN| isakA prayoga karane se pUrva apane sAmarthya kA pUrNataH jJAna honA Avazyaka hai| (iv) bheda : isa siddhAnta dvArA zatru ko Apasa meM lar3Akara saphalatA prApta kI jAtI hai| 6. svarASTra aura pararASTra nIti : jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se svarASTra (taMtra) aura pararASTra (avAya) nIti para prakAza par3atA hai| mahA purANa ke anusAra rAjA apane maMtrimaNDala, rAjaputroM, rAjyapAloM, sahayogiyoM tathA karmacAriyoM Adi ke mAdhyama se taMtra (svarASTra) kI vyavasthA kA saMcAlana karatA thaa| pararASTra viSayaka nIti-nirdhAraNa ke lie jaina granthoM meM avAya zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / rAjA ko svarASTra evaM pararASTra viSayaka cintana karanA anivArya thaa| jainAcAryoM ne amAtyoM ke sAtha taMtra aura avAya para vicAra-vimarza 1. padma 47 / 15; tulanIya-ziva zekhara mitra-mAnasollAsa : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, vArANasI, 1666, pR0 206-208 - 2. mahA 8/253 3. rAmAyaNa 51413; manu 7 / 106; yAjJavalkya 11346; zukra 4 / 1 / 77; ziva zekhara mizra-vahI, pR0 228-238 4. tantrAvAyamahAbhAraM tataH prabhRtiH bhUpatiH / mahA 46 / 72; padma 10316

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188 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana karane ke lie rAjA ko nirdeza diyA hai / padma purANa meM varNita hai ki videzoM meM rAjA apane rAjadUta niyukta karate the / 2 / / 7. rAjanaya ke SaD-siddhAnta : rAjanaya ke mUla tattvoM meM SaD-siddhAnta kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / ina siddhAntoM kA upayoga pararASTroM para hotA thaa| inakA yathocita prayoga kara rAjA saphalatA ke zikhara para ArUr3ha hotA thA / mahA purANa ke anusAra sandhi, vigraha, Asana, yAna, saMzraya aura dvaidhIbhAva SaD-siddhAnta haiN|' (i) sandhi : yuddha-rata do rAjAoM meM kisI kAraNa se maitrIbhAva ho jAnA hI sandhi kahalAtI hai| yaha do prakAra kI hotI hai : sAvadhi sandhi-nizcitakAlIna mitratA ko sAvadhi sandhi kahA gayA hai / avadhi rahita sandhi-vaha sandhi hai jisameM samayasImA kA pratibandha nahIM rahatA hai| kauTilya ne apane arthazAstra meM amiSa, puruSAntara, AtmarakSaNa, adRSTapuruSa, daNDamukhyAtma rakSaNa, daNDopanata, parikrama, upagraha, pratyaya, suvarNa, kayAla Adi sandhiyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / " jainetara agni purANa meM solaha prakAra kI sandhiyoM kA varNana prApya hai|' (ii) vigraha : zatru tathA use jItane vAlA anya vijayI rAjA donoM hI paraspara eka dUsare kA jo apakAra karate haiM, use vigraha kI saMjJA pradAna kiyA gayA hai| (iii) Asana : jaba koI rAjA yaha samajhakara ki isa samaya mujhe koI anya aura maiM kisI anya ko naSTa karane meM samartha nahIM hU~ aura jo rAjA zAntibhAva se rahatA hai| ise Asana kahate haiN| isa guNa ko rAjAoM kI vRddhi kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| 1. mahA 541144 2. padma 44 / 31 3. sandhiH vigraho neturAsanaM yAnasaMzrayo / dvaidhIbhAvazca SaT proktA guNAH praNayinaH zriyaH / mahA 68 / 66-67 kRtavigrahayoH pazcAtkenaciddhetunA tayoH / maitrIbhAvaH sa sandhiH syAtsAvadhiviMgatAvadhiH / mahA 68 / 67-68 5. arthazAstra 713 6. bI0 bI0 mizra-pAlaTI in da agni purANa, kalakattA, 1665, pR0 164 7. paramparApakAro'rivijigISvoH sa vigrhH| mahA 68 / 68; padma 3713 8. mAmihAnyo'hamapyanyamazakto hantumityaso / tUSNIMbhAvo bhavenneturAsanaM vRddhikAraNam // mahA 6866

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 186 (iv) yAna : apanI vRddhi aura zatru kI hAni hone para donoM kA zatru ke prati jo udyama hai arthAt zatru para AkramaNa Adi karanA hI yAna kahalAtA hai| yaha yAna apanI vRddhi aura zatru kI hAni kA phaladAyaka hai|' (v) saMzraya : jisako kahIM zaraNa nahIM milatA hai, use apanI zaraNa meM rakhanA saMzraya (Azraya) hai / 2 (vi) dvaidhIbhAva : zatruoM meM sandhi aura vigraha karA denA hI dvaidhIbhAva hai| jainetara sAkSyoM se bhI hamAre Alocya jaina purANoM ke SaDsiddhAnta kI puSTi hotI hai| isase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki sabhI matoM ke AcAryoM ne rAjanaya meM SaDsiddhAnta ko mAnyatA pradAna kiyA thA / 1. svavRddhau zatruhAnI vA dvayorvAbhyudyamaM smRtam / ariM prati vibhoryAnaM tAvanmAtraphalapradam // mahA 6870 2. ananyazaraNasyAhuH saMzrayaM satyasaMzrayam / mahA 6871 3. sandhivigrahayorvattidvaidhIbhAvo dviSAM prati / mahA 6871 arthazAstra 7 / 3; mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 66067-68; manu 7 / 160; viSNudharmottara 2 / 145-150; raghuvaMza 8 / 21, kAmandaka 6 / 16; zukra 4 / 1065-1066; mAnasollAsa, pR0 64-116 /

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160 / jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [kha] rAjA aura zAsana-vyavasthA 1. rAjA tathA usakA mahattva : rAjA rAjya kA sarvopari mahattvapUrNa vyakti hotA thaa| usI ke AdezAnusAra sampUrNa rAjya-vyavasthA saMcAlita hotI thii| kauTilya ne to saMkSepa meM rAjA ko hI rAjya svIkAra kiyA hai|' rAjA ke mahattva ke viSaya meM jaina purANoM meM pracura sAmagrI upalabdha hai| padma purANa ke varNanAnusAra rAjA dvArA hI dharma kA abhyudaya hotA hai / 2 jaina purANoM ke ullekhAnusAra pRthvI para manuSyoM ko dharma, artha kAma evaM mokSa ke upabhoga kA adhikAra prApya hai, kintu rAjAoM dvArA surakSita hone para hI ye manuSyoM ko upalabhya hote haiN|' yahI vicAra jainetara sAhitya meM bhI prApta hai| jainetara vidvAn kAtyAyana ke matAnusAra rAjA gRhavihIna anAtha aura nivaMzI vyaktiyoM kA rakSaka, pitA evaM putra ke tulya hotA thaa|" mahA purANa ke anusAra pRthvI para jo kucha bhI sundara, zreSTha evaM sukhadAyaka vastue~ haiM, vaha rAjA ke upabhoga ke yogya hotI haiN| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki rAjA cAroM vaNoM evaM AzramoM kA rakSaka (Azraya) hotA thaa| anya sthala para ukta purANa meM hI rAjA meM devI guNa kI kalpanA kara use brahmA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jainetara sAhitya meM bhI rAjatva meM devatva kI mAnyatA milatI hai| mahA purANa meM ratna sahita nava nidhiyA~, rAniyA~, nagara, zayyA, Asana, senA, nATyazAlA, bartana, bhojana evaM vAhana Adi rAjA ke dasa bhoga ke sAdhana varNita haiM / ukta purANa meM hI anya sthala 1. rAjA rAjyamiti prakRtisaMkSepaH / kauTilya kAra 2. dharmANAM prabhavastvaM hi ratnAnAmiva sAgaraH / padma 66 / 10 3. padma 27 / 26; mahA 41 / 103 4. kAmandaka 1113; zukra 1667 5. rAjanIti prakAza, pR0 30 6. mahA 4 / 173-175 7. vahI 50 / 3 8. vahI 54 / 117 6. gautama 11 / 32; ApastambadharmasUtra 1 / 11 / 31 / 5; manu 7 / 4-8, 6 / 66; zukra 171-72; matsya purANa 226 / 1 10. saratnA nidhayo divyAH puraM zayyAsane camUH / nATyaM sabhAjanaM bhojyaM vAhanaM cetitAni vai / / mahA 37 / 143

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 16 1 para - azoka vRkSa, dundubhi, puSpavRSTi, camara, siMhAsana, anupama vacana, uccachata tathA bhAmaNDala- ye ATha cakravartI rAjA ke aizvarya nirUpita haiM / ' rAjA kA pada kula paramparA se prApta hotA thA / 2. rAjA : upAdhiyA~ evaM prakAra : jaina purANoM ke adhyayana se rAjA kI upAdhiyoM evaM unake vargoM ke viSaya meM samyak jAnakArI milatI hai jisakA varNana nimnavat hai : (a) upAdhiyAM : jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se rAjAoM kI upAdhiyA~ jJAta hotI haiM / usa samaya rAjAgaNa apanI zakti ke anusAra cakravartI', arddhacakravartI, rAjarAjezvara', mahAmaNDalezvara', maNDalezvara ", arddha - maNDalezvara, mahIpAla, nRpa", rAjA", bhUpa 12, mahAmANDalika ", adhirAja", rAjarAja " rAjendra 11, AdirAja", rAjarSi " adhirAt", samrAT 20, lokapAlina ( loka rakSaka) 21 3 22 Adi upAdhiyA~ dhAraNa karate the / jainetara srota se bhI ukta prakAra kI rAjAoM kI upAdhiyoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai, jo unakI zakti kA dyotaka hai| mahAbhArata meM rAjAoM ke lie rAjan, rAjendra, rAjJa, nRpa, nRpati, narAdhipa, narendra, narezvara, manuSyendra, janAdhipa, janezvara, pArthiva, pRthvIzvara, 1. jayati tarUrazoko dundubhiH puSpavarSa, camarirUhasametaM viSTare hamudyam / vacanamasamuccairAtapatraM ca tejaH, tribhavanajayacinhaM yasma sArvo jino'sau | 2. golakramasamAyAtamidaM rAjakulaM mama / 3. harivaMza 5 / 252; mahA 45 / 53 4. mahA 23 / 60 5. harivaMza 11 / 23 6. mahA 48 / 74 7. vahI 23 / 60 8. vahI 23 / 60 6. vahI 41 / 67 10. vahI 4 / 136; harivaMza 16 / 16 11. vahI 52 / 27; vahI 16 / 16; padma 11 / 58 12 . vahI 4 / 70; vahI 16 16 mahA 35 / 244 . padma 26 / 67 13. mahA 16 / 257 14. vahI 16 / 262 15. vahI 31 / 144 16. vahI 32 68; padma 282 17. 18. 16. 20. 21. vahI 34 / 34 vahI 34 / 34 vahI 37/20 vahI 37 / 20 padma 7 / 66

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162 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pRthvIpAla, pRthvIpati, bhUmipa, kSitibhuja, vizAMpati, lokanAtha Adi upAdhiyA~ prayukta huI haiN|' kAlidAsa ne apane granthoM meM bhagavAn, prabhu, jagadezanAtha, Izvara, Iza, manuSyezvara, prajezvara, janezvara, deva, naradeva, narendra sambhava, manuSyadeva, rAjendra, vasudhAdhita, rAjA, bhUmipati, arthapati, priyadarzana, bhavobhartuH, mahIkSita, vizAMpati, prajAdhipa. madhyama lokapAla, gopa, mahIpAla, kSitIza, kSitipa, naralokapAla, agAdhasatva, daNDadhara, pRthivIpAla, bhaTTAraka Adi upAdhiyoM kA prayoga rAjA ke lie kiyA hai / 2 jaina purANoM ke racanAkAla meM rAjA usI prakAra kI upAdhiyA~-paramabhaTTAraka, rAjA, nRpa; mahArAjAdhirAja, cakravartina, paramezvara, deva, paramadevatA, samrATa, aikAdhirAja, sarvabhauma, mahAdhirAja Adi-dhAraNa karate the, jisa prakAra hamAre Alocita jaina purANoM meM varNita hai| purAtAtvika sAkSyoM se bhI jaina purANoM ke racanAkAla meM rAjAoM dvArA vaisI hI upAdhi dhAraNa karane ke pramANa milate haiM / harSa ke madhuvana pleTa se jJAta hotA hai ki guptarAjAoM kI paramabhaTTAraka evaM mahArAjAdhirAja upAdhiyA~ usake samaya meM bhI pracalita thiiN| dakana ke rASTrakUTa rAjavaMza ke rAjA kRSNarAja tRtIya (10vIM zatI) akAlavarSa, mahArAjAdhirAja, paramamAhezvara, paramabhaTTAraka, pRthvIvallabha, zrI pRthvIvallabha, samastabhuvanAzraya, kandhArapurAdhIzvara Adi upAdhiyA~ dhAraNa karatA thaa| 11 vIM zatI ke paramAra rAjA paramabhaTTAraka, mahArAjAdhirAja, paramezvara Adi upAdhiyA~ dhAraNa karate the| bArahavIM zatI ke gahar3avAla vaMzIya rAjA paramabhaTTAraka, mahArAjAdhirAja, paramezvara, "paramamAhezvara, gajapati, narapati, rAjanayAdhipati, vividhavicAravidyAvAcaspati upAdhiyA~ dhAraNa karate the| ye rAjAgaNa apanI zakti se adhika U~cI-U~cI upAdhiyA~ dhAraNa karate the| [ba prakAra : jaina purANoM meM rAjAoM ke prakAroM kA ullekha upalabdha hai| mahA purANa meM camara ke AdhAra para rAjAoM kA vibhAjana huA hai / jainendradeva ke pAsa causaTha camara the| isI AdhAra para cakravartI battIsa, ardhacakravartI solaha, maNlezvara 1. premakumArI dIkSita-mahAbhArata meM rAja vyavasthA, lakhanaU, 1670, pR0 26 2. bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya-kAlidAsa kA bhArata, bhAga 1, kAzI, 1663, pR0 132-133 3. baija nAtha zarmA-harSa eNDa hija TAimsa, vArANasI, 1670, pR0 250-251 4. bI0 ena0 esa0 yAdava-sosAiTI aiNDa kalcara in nArdarna iNDiyA, ilAhAbAda, 1673, pR0 113-114

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA ATha, arddhamaNDalezvara cAra, mahArAja do aura rAjA eka camara bA~dhate the / ' mahA purANa ke anusAra bharata prathama cakravartI rAjA the aura unhoMne hI cakravartI prathA kA pravartana kiyA thA / 2 mahA purANa ke anusAra 32,000 rAjA cakravartI rAjA ke adhInastha the| cakravartI rAjA dvArA vIracakra bA~dhane kA ullekha anyatra isI purANa meM AyA hai| yaha eka prakAra kA pramANa-patra thA, jise sArvabhauma rAjA dhAraNa karate the| mahA purANa' meM hI yuddha ke AdhAra para rAjAoM ke tIna vargoM kA varNana upalabdha hai: (i) lobha vijaya-use kahate haiM jisameM kArya ke siddhArtha dAna diyA jAtA thaa| (ii) dharmavijaya-vaha hai jisameM zAntipUrNa vyavahAra karate the| (iii) asura vijaya--isameM bheda evaM daNDa kA prayoga karate the| 3. rAjA ke guNa : rAjya ke uttaradAyitva ko vahana karane ke lie rAjA meM aise guNa hone cAhie, jisase ki vaha rAjya kA saMcAlana samyak DhaMga se sampanna kara ske| isI lie prAcIna manISiyoM ne rAjAoM ke guNoM kA nirdhAraNa kiyA hai| jaina AgamoM tathA jaina purANoM meM rAjAoM ke guNoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai| ina granthoM ke varNanAnusAra rAjA ko jaina dharma ke rahasya kA jJAtA, zaraNAgata vatsala, paropakArI, dayAvAn, vidvAn, vizuddha hRdayI, nindanIya kAryoM se pRthak, pitA ke tulya prajArakSaka, prANiyoM kI bhalAI meM tatpara, zatrusaMhAraka, zastrAstra kA abhyAsI, zAnti kArya meM athakya, parastrI se virata, saMsAra kI nazvaratA ke kAraNa dharma meM ruci, satyavAdI aura jitendriya honA caahie| padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki rAjA ko nItijJa, zUravIra aura ahaMkAra rahita honA caahie| mahA purANa meM AtmarakSA karate hue 1. mahA 23 // 60 2. vahI 45153 3. vahI 6 / 166 4. vahI 43 / 313 vahI 68 / 384 jinazAsanatattvajJaH zaraNAgatavatsalaH / x X satyasthApitasadvAkyo bADhaM niyamitendriyaH // padma 68 / 20-24; mahA 4 / 163; tulanIya-aupapAtikasUtra 6, pR0 20 7. padma 2153 13

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164 - jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana prajA-pAlana karanA hI rAjA kA maulika guNa kathita hai| jainetara sAhitya meM bhI ukta vicAra upalabdha haiM / mahA purANa ke kathanAnusAra rAjA apane citta kA samAdhAna karate hue duSTa puruSoM kA nigraha aura ziSTa puruSoM kA pAlana karatA hai, vahI usakA samajjasatvaguNa hai / padma purANa ke anusAra zaktizAlI evaM zUravIra rAjA kabhI bhayabhIta nahIM hotA hai aura brAhmaNa, muni, nihatthe vyakti, strI, bAlaka, pazu evaM dUta ke Upara prahAra nahIM karatA hai| rAjA ke guNoM kA varNana karate hue padma purANa ke praNetA raviSeNAcArya ne likhA hai ki use sarvavarNadhara, kalyANaprakRti, kalAgrAhI, lokadhArI, pratApI, dhanI, zUravIra, nItijJa, zastrAbhyAsa evaM vyAyAma se avimukha, Apatti ke samaya nirvyagra, vinamra, manuSya kA sammAnadAyI, sajjanoM kA premI, dAnI, hastimadamana Adi guNoM se saMyukta honA caahie|' anya sthala para ullekha AyA hai ki zreSTha rAjA ko lokatantra, jaina vyAkaraNa evaM nItizAstra kA jJAtA tathA mahAguNoM se vibhUSita honA caahie| rAjA pracura koza kA svAmI, zatru-vijetA; ahiMsaka, dharma evaM yajJa Adi meM dakSiNA dene vAloM kA rakSaka hotA thaa| rAjA satyavAdI evaM jIvoM ke rakSaka hote the / jIvoM kI rakSA karane ke kAraNa hI unheM 'RSi' kahate the / pitA ke samAna nyAyavatsala hokara prajA kI rakSA karanA, vicArapUrvaka kArya karanA, 1. kRtAtmarakSaNazcaiva prajAnAmanupAlane / rAjA yatnaM prakurvIta rAjJAM maulo hyayaM guNaH / / mahA 42 / 137 mahAbhArata zAntiparva 67 / 17, 71 / 2-11; mahAbhArata sabhAparva 17 / 30-31; garuDapurANa 1 / 66 / 27 rAjA cittaM samAdhAya yatkuryAd duSTanigraham / ziSTAnupAlanaM caiva tatsAmajjasyamucyate // mahA 42 / 166 4. padma 66160 vahI 2 / 50-56 sarveSu namazAstreSu kuzalo lokatantrAvit / jainavyAkaraNAbhijJo mahAguNavibhUSitaH // papa 72188 7. padma 27 / 24-25 8. vahI 11158 isI prakAra ke vicAra kI samatA ur3IsA meM hAthIgumphA abhilekha ke jainamatAvalambI rAjA khAravela ke guNoM se milatI hai|

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 165 duSTa manuSya ko kucha dekara vaza meM karanA, snehapUrNa vyavahAra dvArA AtmIya janoM ko anukUla rakhanA, zatra ko zIla dvArA vaza meM karanA, mitra ko sadbhAvapUrNa AcaraNa dvArA anukUla rakhanA, kSamA se krodha ko, mArdava se mAna ko, Arjava se mAyA ko aura dhairya se lobha ko vaza meM karanA rAjA kA guNa (kartavya) mAnA jAtA thaa| mahA purANa ke anusAra rAjAoM meM chaH guNa-sandhi, vigraha, yAna, Asana, saMsthA aura dvaidhIbhAva kA honA anivArya mAnA gayA thaa| isakA vizad varNana pUrvapRSThoM para kiyA jA cukA hai| mahA purANa hI ke anusAra rAjA ko sAma, dAma, daNDa evaM bheda kA jJAna aura sahAya, sAdhanopAya, dezavibhAga, kAlavibhAga tathA vinipAtapratIkAra Adi pA~ca aMgoM se nirNIta sandhi evaM vigraha aura yuddha ke rahasya kA jJAtA honA caahie|' jaina purANoM ke samAna hI jainetara sAdhanoM se bhI rAjA ke guNoM para prakAza par3atA hai| mahAbhArata evaM skanda purANa meM rAjA ke chattIsa guNoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai| 4. rAjA ke upahAra : adhInastha rAjA, sAmanta, RSi evaM prajA apane rAjA (svAmI) ko yathAzakti upahAra pradAna karate the| digvijaya, vivAhotsava, rAjyAbhiSekotsava, vijayotsava yA anya kisI zubhAvasara para upahAra pradAna karane kI prathA pracalita thii| jaina purANoM ke anusAra hAra, mukuTa, kuNDala, ratna, vastra, tIrthodaka, cUr3AmaNi, kaNThahAra, kavaca, bAjUbanda, kar3A, karadhanI, puSpamAlA, motiyoM kI jAlI, kaTisUtra, jhArI, kalazajala, kezara, agarU, kapUra, suvarNa, motI, senA ko bhUsA evaM 1. padma 67 / 128-130 2. sandhivigrahayAnAni saMsthApyAsanameva ca / dvaidhIbhAvazya vijJeyaH SaDguNA nItivedanam // mahA 44 / 126-130, (TippaNI) 3. bhUpatiH padmagulmAkhyo dRSTopAyacatuSTayaH / paJcAGga mantranirNItasandhivigrahatattvavit / / mahA 56 / 3 4. arthazAstra 6 / 1; manu 7 / 32-44; yAjJavalkya 1 / 306-334; agni purANa 236 / 2-5; kAmandaka 121-22, 416-24; mAnasollAsa 2 / 1 / 1-6, pR0 26; zukra 1173-86 5. avasthI-sTaDIz2a in skanda purANa, bhAga 1, lakhanaU, 1665, pR0 242-244

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166 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana IMdhana, kanyA, camarI gAya ke bAla, mRga nAbhi Adi bahuta sI vastue~ rAjA ko upahAra svarUpa pradAna kI jAtI thIM / ' sAhityika sAkSya ke atirikta purAtAttvika srotoM se bhI rAjAoM ko upahAra pradatta karane kI prathA kI puSTi hotI hai / prayAga prazasti meM varNita hai ki samudragupta ko usake adhInastha rAjAoM ne Atmanivedana, kanyAdAna evaM apane-apane kSetroM ke upayoga-nimitta garur3amudrA se aMkita rAjAjJArtha prArthanA-patra aura vividha upAyoM dvArA usakI sevA kI thI / 2 5. rAjA : adhikAra evaM karttavya : rAjA apane rAjya kA sarvocca adhikArI hotA thA / vaha rAjataMtra, senA, prazAsana tathA nyAyapAlikA kA pradhAna hotA thaa| usake adhikAra asImita the / vaha apane deza ke ucca adhikAriyoM, rAjadUtoM, maMtriyoM evaM rAjyapAloM kI niyukti karatA thA / mahA purANa ke anusAra rAjya se apekSA kI jAtI thI ki vaha yuddha meM mRta vyakti ke sthAna para usake putra yA bhAI ko usake pada para niyukta karegA / jaina purANoM meM rAjA kI dinacaryA ke viSaya meM ullekha AyA hai ki rAjA zayyA se uThakara deva evaM guruoM kI pUjA-arcanA karatA thA / isake uparAnta vaha rAnI ke sAtha sabhAgRha meM siMhAsana para virAjamAna hotA thA / mahA purANa meM rAjA kI vRtti ke viSaya meM ullikhita hai ki niSpakSa hokara sabako eka samAna dekhanA, kula-maryAdA kI rakSA karanA, buddhi dvArA apanI rakSA 1. harivaMza 11 / 10-20; mahA 27 152, 28 / 42-44, 31 / 61-63 / 31 / 141; padma 282, 6 / 60 'Atmanivedana-kanyopAyanadAna - garutmadaGkasvaviSayamukti zAsanayAcanA pAya sevA - kRtabAhu - vIryya - prasara-dharaNibandhasya pRthivyAmapratirathasya / ' ilAhAbAda stambha lekha 23; draSTavya - udayanarAyaNa rAya - -- gupta rAjavaMza tathA usakA yuga, ilAhAbAda, 1677, pR0 681 gulAba candra caudharI - poliTikala hisTrI oNpha nArdarna iNDiyA phrAma jaina sorseja, amRtasara 1663, pR0 333 ; baTa kRSNa ghoSa - hindU rAjanIti meM rASTra kI utpatti, premI abhinandana grantha, TIkamagar3ha, 1646, pR0 272; arthazAstra 519 tathA nRpo'pi saGgrAme bhRtyamukhyevyasau sati / tatpade putramevAsya bhrAtaraM vA niyojayet // mahA 42 / 151 mahA 41 / 121, 62 100, 64 18 3. 4 5.

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gajanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 167 karanA tathA prajA kA pAlana karanA Adi rAjA kI vRttiyA~ thiiN| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki vaha apane rAjya meM dharma, artha evaM kAma ke samvardhanArtha vividha prakAra ke kArya karatA thA / 2 padma purANa meM rAjA apanI prajA se bheMTa karane kA samaya detA thA / yahI vicAra hameM jainetara grantha mahAbhArata meM bhI upalabdha hote haiN| __mahA purANa meM rAjA ko sAvadhAna karate hue ullikhita hai ki rAjA ko anya matAvalambiyoM se AzIrvAda, zeSAkSatAdi grahaNa nahIM karanA caahie| isase jainiyoM kI saMkIrNa vicAradhArA kA AbhAsa milatA hai / sambhavataH isI saMkIrNatA ke kAraNa rAjA isakA pAlana nahIM karate the| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki yadi usakA dAhinA hAtha bhI duSTa (doSa pUrNa) ho jAe, to rAjA ko use bhI kATa DAlanA caahie|' isI prakAra mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki duSToM kA nigraha tathA sajjanoM kA saMrakSaNa karanA rAjA kA dharma hai| padma purANa meM varNita hai ki rAjA bhayabhIta, brAhmaNa, zramaNa (muni), nihatthe vyakti, strI, bAlaka, pazu tathA dUta para prahAra nahIM karate haiN| isI purANa meM rAjA ko gotraparamparAnusAra tapasviyoM kI sevA kA dRSTAnta bhI upalabdha hai| jaina purANoM ke anusAra rAjA kA yaha karttavya hai ki vaha varNAzrama dharma ko varNa-saMkaratA se surakSita rakhe / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki samAja meM usa samaya saMkramaNakAla cala rahA thaa| jainAcAryoM ne bhI varNa-saMkaratA ko rokane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / jainAcArya jinasena kA kathana hai ki rAjA ko nyAyapUrvaka prajA kA pAlana karanA 1. samaM samajjasatvena kulmtyaatmpaalnm| . prajAnupAlanaM ceti proktA vRttirmahIkSitAm / / mahA 38 / 281 2. mahA 41 / 103 3.. padma 11:46 4. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 60 / 16; mahAbhArata sabhAparva 5 / 116 5. mahA 42 / 20-26 6. vahI 67 / 111 7. vahI 67 / 106 8. narezvarA UrjitazauryaceSTA na bhItibhAjaM praharanti jAtu / na brAhmaNa na zramaNa na zUnyaM striyaM na bAlaM na pazuM na dUtam // padma 66 / 60 6. padma 85252 10. harivaMza 14 / 7; mahA 41 / 82, 5013

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168 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana cAhie / dharmazAstra ke anusAra arthArjana meM apanI prakhara buddhi kA use upayoga karanA cAhie / apane bAhubala se apane iSTajanoM evaM prajA kI rakSA karanI cAhie / jo rAjA ina chaH antaraMga zatruoM-kAma, krodha, mada, lobha, moha evaM matsarya-para vijaya kara apanI vRtti kA pAlana karatA huA svarAjya meM sthira rahatA hai vaha ihaloka evaM paraloka meM samRddhi ko prApta karatA hai| padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki rAjA apanI prajA kA hita pitA sadRzya karatA hai| jainetara AcAryoM ne rAjA kA pramukha kartavya prajA-rakSA mAnA hai', kintu agni purANa meM nau, nArada smRti meM pA~ca tathA manusmRti meM ATha prakAra ke rAjA ke kartavyoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai| DaoN0 baTa kRSNa ghoSa kA mata hai ki bhAratIya rAjanItizAstra meM prajA kA prabhutva usake vyaktigata rUpa meM na mAnakara zAsakIya niyamoM ke saMrakSaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / 6 rAjA-prajA-sambandha : prAcIna granthoM meM rAjA aura prajA meM sAmAJjasya sthApita karate hue rAjA ko prajA kA sevaka svIkArya kiyA hai / prajA rAjA ko apanI Aya kA chaThAMza kara ke rUpa meM pradAna karatI thI, yahI rAjA kI Aya hotI thI / isa prakAra rAjA ko bhRtya kI bhA~ti prajA kI sevA karane kI vyavasthA dI gayI hai| Alocya jaina purANoM meM varNita hai ki prajA rAjA kA anukaraNa karatI thii| yadi rAjA dharmAtmA hotA thA to prajA bhI dharmAtmA hotI thI aura rAjA ke adhAmika hone para prajA bhI adhArmika hotI thii| isa prakAra jaisA rAjA vaisI prajA kI kahAvata caritArtha hotI hai| jainetara granthoM se bhI uparyukta mata kA pratipAdana huA hai ki prajA 1. mahA 38 / 270-280 2. padma 21154 3. viSNudharmasUtra 3 / 2-3; mahAbhArata zAntiparva 68 / 1-4; manu 71144; vaziSTha 16 / 7-8; raghuvaMza 14 / 67 4. bI0 bI0 mizra-paoNlaTI ina da agni purANa, kalakattA, 1665, pR0 32 5. baTa kRSNa ghoSa-vahI, pR0 272 6. baudhAyanadharmasUtra 1 / 10-6; zukra 4 / 2 / 130 yathA rAjA tathA prajA / padma 106 / 156 anAcAre sthite tasmin lokastatra pravartate / padma 53 / 5; pANDava 17 / 256-260 dharmazIle mahIpAle yAnti tacchIlatA prajAH / atAcchIlyamatacchIle yathA rAjA tathA prjaa| mahA 41167

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA ke sukha meM hI rAjA kA sukha thA aura prajA ke hita meM rAjA kA bhI hita thaa| ataH rAjA ko apanA hita na dekhakara prajA kA hita dekhane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai|' ___ mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki prajA rAjA ko brahmA mAnakara samRddhi prApta karatI thii|2 jainetara viSNu purANa meM yaha spaSTataH varNita hai ki rAjA niHsvArtha bhAva se prajA kI sukha-samRddhi ke lie saceSTa rahatA thaa| ataH prajA bhI rAjA ko devatulya samajhatI thii| ___mahA purANa meM rAjA dvArA prajA ke rakSArtha vibhinna upAyoM kA nirUpaNa karate hue varNita hai ki rAjA ko apanI prajA kA pAlana usa prakAra karanA cAhie, jisa prakAra Alasya rahita hokara gvAlA bar3e yatna se apanI gAyoM kI rakSA karatA hai, jisa prakAra gvAlA apanI gAya ko aMgacheda Adi kA daNDa nahIM detA, usI prakAra rAjA ko bhI daNDa dene meM apanI prajA ke sAtha nyAyocita udAratA karanI cAhie, isake atirikta gvAle ke samAna rAjA apanI prajA ke rakSArtha davA denA, sevA karanA, AjIvikA kA prabandha karanA, parIkSA karake uccakulIna putroM ko kraya karanA aura apane rAjya meM kRSakoM ko bIja Adi pradAnakara khetI karAnA caahie| harivaMza purANa ke anusAra rAjA ko prajA ke sAtha pitA tulya vyavahAra karanA caahie| rAjA ke pAsa svataH aMgarakSaka hote haiM / ukta vicAra jainetara granthoM meM milatA hai| jainetara agni purANa meM . 8 1. prajAsukhe sukhaM rAjJaH prajAnAM ca hite hitam / nAtmapriyaM hitaM rAjJaH prajAnAM ca hite hitam // arthazAstra 1 / 16; mahAbhArata zAntiparva 6672-73 2. prajAH prajApati matvA tamadhanta sumedhasam / mahA 54 / 117 3. sarvAnanda pAThaka-viSNu purANa kA bhArata, vArANasI, 1667, pR0 138 4. mahA 42 / 136-168 5. harivaMza 7 / 176; tulanIya-azoka ke abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki azoka caubIsoM ghaNTe prajA kI bhalAI meM vyasta rahatA thaa| isI prakAra abhijJAnazAkuntala ke anusAra rAjA duSyanta bhI prajA kI bhalAI meM tatpara rahatA thA / yAdava-vahI, pR0 116 6. padma 2 / 221 7. rAmAyaNa 2 / 2 / 28-47; mahAbhArata zAntiparva 136 / 104-105; yAjJavalkya 1 / 334; raghuvaMza 1 / 24; mArkaNDeya purANa 130 / 33-34; harSacarita (5); garur3a purANa 1 / 111116

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ullikhita hai ki jisa prakAra garbhavatI strI apane udarastha zizu ko kSati pahu~cane kI AzaMkA se apanI icchAoM kA damana kara sukhoM kA parityAga karatI hai, usI prakAra rAjA ko bhI apanI prajA ke hita ke sAmane apanI icchAoM kA damana kara sukhoM kA parityAga karanA cAhie / " 200 7. rAjA ke uttarAdhikArI : cayana, zikSA aura rAjyAbhiSeka : Alocita jaina purANoM meM rAjA ke uttarAdhikAriyoM ke cayana, unakI zikSA tathA rAjyAbhiSeka ke viSaya meM vizad vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai, jisakA varNana agralikhita hai : (i) cayana : mahA purANa ke anusAra rAjA kA uttarAdhikArI rAjA kA jyeSTha putra hotA thA, usake bAda rAjA ke laghu putra ko uttarAdhikArI banAyA jAtA thA / laghu putra ke rAjya grahaNa karane para jyeSTha putra ke jyeSTha putra ko rAjya dene kA sAmAnya niyama thA / parantu mahA purANa meM hI anyatra ullekha hai ki vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI rAjA kA laghu bhrAtA bhI ho sakatA thA / usake asvIkAra karane para vaha apane jyeSTha putra ko rAjagaddI pradAna karatA thA / ukta purANa meM yaha spaSTataH varNita hai ki rAjya kA uttarAdhikAra vaMzAnugata (krama prApta ) thA / yahA~ para ullekhanIya hai ki jainetara AcAryoM ne bhI pitA kI sampUrNa sampatti kA uttarAdhikArI jyeSTha putra ko mAnA hai / " mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki rAjA apane jyeSTha putra ko rAjagaddI dete samaya sabhI sabhAsadoM kI upasthiti meM apanA mukuTa usake mastaka para pahanAtA thA / padma purANa meM spaSTataH varNana AyA hai ki yaha paramparA nahIM thI ki samartha jyeSTha putra ko chor3akara laghuputra ko rAjagaddI pradAna kI jAya / viSama paristhitiyoM meM mahA purANa meM isa prakAra kI vyavasthA upalabdha hai ki rAjA kI akAla mRtyu hone para athavA anya kAraNa se yadi usakA uttarAdhikArI alpAyu 5. nityaM rAjJA tathA bhAvyaM garbhiNI sahadharmiNI / yathA evaM sukhamutsRjya garbhasya sukhabhAvahet // agni purANa 2228 2. mahA 876 -86 3. vahI 63 / 307-310 4. 5. vahI 52 / 36; tulanIya - jagadIza candra jaina - vahI, pR0 43 taittirIya saMhitA 5|2|7; rAmAyaNa 2 | 3 | 40; mahAbhArata sabhAparva 688; arthazAstra 1 / 17; manu 6 / 106 6. mukuTaM mUrdhni tasyAdhAn nRpairnRpavaraH samam / mahA 11 / 43 7. padma 31 / 121

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 201 hotA thA to rAjya kA kAma rAjamAtA ke saMrakSaNa meM hotA thA / ' jaina Agama evaM jaina purANoM ke anusAra strI ko rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA thA, parantu vayaska saMtAna na hone para rAjya saMcAlana ke lie isa niyama meM zithilatA pradAna kI gayI thI / AvazyakatAnusAra garbhastha zizu ko bhI uttarAdhikArI niyukta karane kA vidhAna thA / Alocita jaina Agama aura jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya uttarAdhikAra ke lie yuddha bhI hote the / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki laghu bhrAtA apane jyeSTha bhrAtA ke viruddha vidroha bhI kiyA karate the / rAjA unheM samajhAkara zAnta karane kA prayatna karatA thA / parantu usake na samajhane para vidroha ko zakti dvArA dabAne kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / pANDava purANa meM ullikhita hai ki rAjakumAra ke vidroha karane para kabhI-kabhI rAjA Atma hatyA kara lete the / * (ii) zikSA : rAjakumAra hI rAjya ke uttarAdhikArI hote the / isalie rAjakumAroM kI zikSA-dIkSA para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thA / mahA purANa meM unakI zikSA-dIkSA kI sundara vyavasthA kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai / rAjakumAroM koanvIkSikI, tayI, vArtA tathA daNDanIti- ina cAra rAjavidyAoM ke adhyayana ko Avazyaka evaM anivArya batAyA gayA hai / " jainetara granthoM meM bhI rAjakumAroM kI zikSA Adi kI vyavasthA kA sundara citraNa upalabdha hai / (iii) rAjyAbhiSeka : jaina Agama sAhitya meM rAjakumAra ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA bahuta sundara citraNa citrita hai / " jaina purANoM meM rAjyAbhiSeka kA bhavya varNana kiyA gayA hai / rAjA ke abhiSekotsava para bahuta se rAjAgaNa upasthita rahate the / 1. mahA 878-68 2. jagadIza candra jaina --- vahI, pR0 45; dhAnya kumAra rAjeza - vahI, pR0 6 3. mahA 34 / 36 - 56; jagadIza candra jaina - vahI, pR0 43-47 4. pANDava 4211 5. rAjavidyAzcatasro'bhUH kadAMcicca kRtakSaNaH / vyAcakhyau rAjaputrebhyaH khyAtaye sa vicalakSaH // mahA 41 / 136 6. arthazAstra 1 / 2 ; mahAbhArata zAntiparva 56 / 33; 7. manu 7 43; yAjJavalkya 1 / 311; kAmandaka 2 / 2; zukra 1 / 151; agni purANa 238 AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 205 nizIthacUrNI 2, pR0 462-463 jambUdvIpaprajJapti 3 / 68; jJAtAdharmakathA 1, pR0 28; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 8, pR0 240

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202 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana abhiSeka ke zubha avasara para vibhinna prakAra ke vAdya, zaMkha, jhAlara, tUrya, dundubhi Adi bajAye jAte the / taduparAnta suvarNa evaM rajata ke kalazoM se rAjA ko snAna karAyA jAtA thA / isake pazcAt rAjA ko mukuTa, aMgada, keyUra, hAra, kuNDala Adi AbhUSaNoM se vibhUSita kara vastra, mAlA, vilepanoM se suzobhita kiyA jAtA thA / rAjA ke abhiSeka ke bAda sAmrAjJI kA bhI abhiSeka kiyA jAtA thA / padma purANa meM do bhAIyoM ke sAtha-sAtha abhiSeka kA ullekha milatA hai / ? yaha dvairAjya prathA kA spaSTataH saMketa karatA hai / jainetara granthoM meM bhI ukta prakAra ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA sundara varNana upalabdha hotA hai / agni purANa meM pA~ca prakAra ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA ullekha prApya hotA hai / " 8. rAjatantra kI sImAe~ : jainAcAryoM ne rAjatantra ko sImita karane kA prayAsa kiyA thaa| jaina purANoM meM durAcArI rAjA ke virodha kA ullekha milatA hai / mahA purANa ke anusAra jaba rAjA durAcArI ho jAtA thA aura usake atyAcAroM se prajA atyadhika paripIDita ho jAtI thI to usake rAjya kA parityAga kara prajA anya rAjA ke rAjya meM calI jAtI thii|" durAcArI rAjA dvArA jaba prajA kA zoSaNa apanI carama sImA para pahu~ca jAtA thA to vahA~ kI prajA dvArA rAjya se usake niSkAsana kA ullekha padma purANa meM AyA hai / ' anyAyI evaM pApI rAjA ke rAjya meM aneka prakAra ke utpAtoM kA varNana mahA purANa meM upalabdha hotA hai / " jaina purANoM ke tulya hI jainetara sAkSyoM se bhI rAjatantra ko sImita karane ke prayAsa kA ullekha milatA hai / rAmAyaNa meM varNana AyA hai ki prajA ko atyadhika adhikAra upalabdha thA / vaha karttavyacyuta rAjA ko apadastha kara sakatI thI / " brAhmaNa 1. padma 88 / 20- 33; mahA 11 / 36-45, 16 / 166-233, 381238-236 2 . vahI 88 / 26 3. taittirIya saMhitA 2 / 7 / 15 - 17; nItimayUkha pR0 4-5; baudhAyanagRhyasUtra 1 / 23 ; mahAbhArata zAntiparva 4016 - 13; viSNudharmottara 2 / 18 / 2-4; raghuvaMza 27|10 ; harSacarita pR0 103 bI0 bI0 mizra - vahI, pR0 47 4. 5. mahA 62 / 210-211 6. padma 22 / 136 - 144 7. mahA 68 / 226 8. rAmAyaNa 3 / 33 / 16

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 203 granthoM meM varNita hai ki prajA ko kaSTa dene vAle anyAyI rAjA ko apanA jIvana, kuTumba evaM rAjya se hAtha dhonA par3atA thA / ' anya granthoM meM rAjA ko daNDita karane kI vyavasthA karate hue ullikhita hai ki duSTa, anyAyI, durAcArI evaM adharmI rAjA ko badha kara denA nyAyasaMgata hotA hai / e. rAjA kA maMtrimaNDala : rAjya kArya kA saMcAlana amAtyoM ke binA sambhava nahIM thA, ataH unheM niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa| sabhI amAtyoM ko milAkara maMtrimaNDala kA nirmANa hotA thA / kauTilya ne maMtriyoM kI sabhA ko 'pariSad', bauddha jAtakoM meM 'mahAvastu' tathA azoka ke zilAlekha meM 'parisA' varNita hai / ' Adhunika yuga meM pariSad ko hI maMtri-pariSad yA maMtri-maNDala kahate haiM / jaina purANoM ke anusAra maMtri-maNDala ke sadasyoM kI nimnatama saMkhyA cAra evaM adhikatama saMkhyA sAta hotI thI / jainetara sAkSyoM se maMtrimaNDala kI saMkhyA ghaTatI-bar3hatI rahatI thI / manu ne maMtriyoM kI saMkhyA ATha nirdhArita kiyA hai / " mahAbhArata meM bhI inakI saMkhyA ATha hI varNita hai / kauTilya aura zukrAcArya ne dasa maMtriyoM kI vyavasthA kI hai / yazastilakacampU meM eka se adhika maMtriyoM ko rakhane kA ullekha hai / padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki maMtri-maNDala kA pradhAna mukhyamaMtrI hotA thA / isake adhInastha anya maMtrI hote the / rAjA dharmAsana para baiThakara maMtriyoM ke sAtha vicAra-vimarza karatA thA / " jaina purANoM ke anusAra maMtrIgaNa rAjA ke vibhinna kAryoM 2. 1. taittirIya saMhitA 2|3|1; zatapathabrAhmaNa 12 / 6 / 3 / 1 - 3 ; manu 7 / 111-112 mahAbhArata zAntiparva 62 / 16; manu 7 / 27-28; viSNupurANa 1 / 13 / 26 zukra 4171332-333 kAzI prasAda jAyasavAla - hindU rAjatantra, dUsarA bhAga, vArANasI, saM0 2034 pR0 113-114 3 4. 5. manu 7 / 54 6. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 12 / 85 mahA 4 / 160 ; padma 8487 7. arthazAstra 1 / 15 8. zukranIti 270 10. PS. ke0ke0 haiMDIkI - yazastilaka aiNDa iNDiyana kalcara, solApura, 1668, pR0101 padma 73 / 25; tulanIya - manu 7 / 141; mahAbhArata zAntiparva 8 1 / 21, virATaparva 68 / 6; AraNyaparva 57/16; nizIthacUrNI 3, pR0 57 padma 106 / 146; tulanIya - - jJAtAdharmakathA 1, pR0 3 11.

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204 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana anusAra ) meM parAmarza dete the / ' rAjA ke sAtha vicAra vinimaya ke samaya maMtrIgaNa upasthita rahate the / 2 harivaMza purANa ke varNanAnusAra maMtrI rAjA kI atyanta nikaTastha ApattiyoM ko nivAraNa karate the / padma purANa meM to yahA~ taka varNita hai ki maMtrI rAjakanyA ke lie suyogya vara ke cayanArtha parAmarza bhI dete the / jaina purANoM maMtrIgaNa tantra (svarASTra) aura avAya ( pararASTra ke sambandha meM rAjA ke sAtha nItinirdhAraNa karate the / " jaina purANoM se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki maMtrIgaNa rAjA ko yuddha ke samaya nIti viSayaka maMtraNA bhI dete the tathA vijaya prApti ke lie devatAoM kA pUjana bhI kiyA karate the / padma purANa meM varNita hai ki rAjA maMtriyoM kI rAya se zatru pakSa ke yahA~ dUta bhejate the / ukta purANa meM anyatra dRSTAnta milatA hai ki parIkSita evaM vizvAsapAtra maMtriyoM ke saMrakSaNa meM rAjA koza, nagara, deza tathA prajA chor3akara bAhara cale jAte the / mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki corI ke aparAdha meM maMtrI ko usake pada se tatkAla apadastha kara diyA jAtA thA / 10. sAmanta vyavasthA : jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki Alocita purANoM ke praNayanaM kAla meM sAmanta vyavasthA bhI pracalita thI / rAjA dvArA yuddha-kAla meM adhInastha sAmantoM ko yuddha meM sahayogArtha Amantrita karane" aura AvazyakatA par3ane para unheM dUta ke rUpa meM anya rAjA ke yahA~ bhejane kA ullekha padma purANa meM upalabdha hotA hai / " jaina purANoM meM yaha ullekha bhI samupalabdha hai ki adhInastha rAjA yA sAmantagaNa apane svAmI ko kulaparamparAnusAra dhana-dhAnya, kanyA tathA anya aneka vastue~ dekara unakI ArAdhanA karate the / 13 mleccha rAjA cAmarI gAya ke bAla aura 1. padma 8 | 16; mahA 4 / 160 (tulanIya - arthazAstra 1 / 15; manu 7 / 147 - 150 ; 2 . vahI 11 / 65; harivaMza 50111) kAmandaka 11 / 65-66; yAjJavalkya 3. harivaMza 14 / 66 1 / 344 4. padma 15 / 36 5. tantrAvAya mahAbhAraM tataH prabhRti bhUpatiH / mahA 46 / 72; padma 103 / 6 mahA 32|57; padma 4 / 487 6. 7. padma 66 / 13 8. ityukte tatra nikSipya kozaM dezaM puraM janam / nirakrAmat purAda rAjA sahAsya suparIkSitaH // mahAbhArata udyogaparva 37 / 38 6. sadyo mantripadAd bhraSTo nigrahaM tAdRzaM gataH / padma 37 / 10 10. 11. vahI 66 / 12 12. mahA 27 / 152; harivaMza 11 / 13 - 20 padma 23|40; tulanIya mahA 56 / 186

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 205 kastUrI mRga kI nAbhi apane svAmI ko bheMTa meM pradAna karate the / adhInastha rAjA yA sAmanta vRSa, nAga, bAnara Adi cihnita patAkAe~ dhAraNa karate the / maNDalezvaroM ( sAmantoM ) ke rAjAdhirAja (rAjendra ) ke darzanArtha Ane kA ullekha padma purANa meM bhI prApya hai / " jaina purANoM ke ukta tathyoM kI puSTi abhilekhIya sAkSya se hotI hai| samudragupta ke prayAga prazasti meM utkIrNa hai ki adhInastha rAjA apane svAmI ko yathAzakti dhana, sampatti evaM kanyA Adi upahAra svarUpa pradAna kara svAmI dvArA anudiSTa cihna dhAraNa karate the / * abhilekhIya sAkSyoM se yaha bhI vidita hai ki gupta kAla se sAmanta vyavasthA kA prAdhAnya ho jAtA hai / " Alocita purANoM ke praNayana kAla ke jainetara sAkSyoM se bhI sAmanta vyavasthA kI puSTi hotI hai / " DaoN0 rAma zaraNa zarmA ke matAnusAra sAmanta vyavasthA kA udbhava mauryottara kAla evaM vikAsa gupta kAla meM huA thaa| chaThI zatI meM vijita jAgIradAroM ko sAmanta ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI gayI thI dAroM kI svatantra sattA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / ' dakSiNa bhArata meM bhUsvAmI kA bodhaka bana gayA thA / " meM dakSiNa tathA pazcimI bhArata ke dAnapatroM meM sAmanta zabda kA prayoga jAgIradAra (bhUsvAmI) ke artha meM huA hai / " sAmanta, mahAsAmanta, anuraktasAmanta, AptasAmanta, / kauTilya ne par3osI jAgIrapA~cavIM zatI meM sAmanta zabda pA~cavIM zatI ke antima bhAga 1. 2. padma 102 / 126 vahI 282 3. 4. mahA 28 | 42; harivaMza 11 / 16 ilAhAbAda stambha lekha 23; udayanArAyaNa rAya - - vahI, pR0 681 5. yAdava - vahI, pR0 136 6. altekara - rASTrakUTAz2a aiNDa deyara TAimsa, pUnA, 1667, pR0 265; kumArapAlaprabandha pR0 42; iNDiyana aiNTIkvaTI 6, 8, 12 9. Ara0 esa0 zarmA - bhAratIya sAmantavAda, dillI, 1673, pR0 2 Ara0 esa0 zarmA - vahI, pR0 24-25 arthazAstra 1 / 6 rAjabalI pANDeya - hisTorikala aiNDa liTarerI inskripsansa, naM0 16, 1-3 lallanajI gopAla - sAmanta : iTsa vairiMga siganIphikensa ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, jarnala oNpha da eziyATika sosAiTI, apraila 1663 8 I. 10. 11.

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206 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pradhAnasAmanta, pratisAmanta tathA karadIkRtamahAsAmanta Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kara bANa ne harSacarita meM sAmantoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA hai| ye sabhI sAmanta apane-apane svAmI ke sambandhoM ke kAraNa pRthaka-pRthak the / ' 11. rAjA ke pramukha karmacArI : rAjya ke suvyavasthita saMcAlana ke lie rAjA vibhinna prakAra ke karmacAriyoM kI niyukti karatA thaa| rAjA ke AdezoM kA kAryAnvayana inhIM karmacAriyoM ke mAdhyama se hotA thaa| mahA purANa kA kathana hai ki rAjA apane karmacAriyoM ko samucita satkAroM dvArA saMtuSTa rakhatA thA, jisake kAraNa ve usa para anurakta rahate the aura ve kabhI bhI usa rAjA kA parityAga nahIM karate the|2 rAjA ke pramukha karmacAriyoM kA varNana adholikhita hai : (i) purohita : jaina purANoM ke anusAra rAjya meM purohita kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa| rAjya ke rakSArtha purohita kI niyukti anivArya thii| mahA purANa ke anusAra purohita rAjA ko rAjya kI bhalAI ke lie parAmarza detA thA aura aniSTa kArya ke vicAraNArtha yoga-kSema karAtA thaa| padma purANa meM rAjA ke purohita kA rAnI ke sAtha juA khelane kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| ___ jainetara sAhitya se purohita viSayaka vistArazaH jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai / Rgveda se jJAta hotA hai ki yuddha sthala para maMtra, yoga tathA pUjA Adi dvArA vijaya prApti ke lie rAjA ke sAtha purohita bhI jAyA karate the| brAhmaNa granthoM meM varNita hai ki yadi rAjA dIrghakAla taka yajJAdi anuSThAna meM vyasta rahatA thA, to usa samaya purohita hI rAja-kArya saMcAlita karatA thaa| purohita kI yogyatA ke viSaya meM ullikhita hai ki usako maMtra tathA anuSThAna meM sampanna, veda trayI kA jJAtA, karma tatpara, jitendriya, 1. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-harSacarita : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pariziSTa 1 2. kRtApadAnaM tathogyaiH satkAraiH prINayan prabhuH / na mucyate'nuraktaiH svaiH anujIvibhiranvaham // mahA 421160 / 3. mahA 37 / 175; padma 41 / 115 sthAnAMgasUtra (7 / 558) meM ratnoM meM purohita ko senApati, gRhapati, vardhakI, strI, azva aura hasti meM gaNanA kI gayI hai| 4. mahA 57; tulanIya-vipAkasUtra 5, pR03|3 5. padma 5 / 40 6. Rgveda 2 / 3 / 3 7. ApastambadharmasUtra 2012 / 12, 3 / 1 / 13; baudhAyanadharmasUna 1524

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 207 jitakrodha, lobha, moha evaM mada se rahita, veda ke SaDAMgoM kA jJAtA, dhanurvidyA meM pAraMgata tathA dharma kA jJAtA, svarASTra evaM pararASTra nIti kA marmajJa honA caahie|' mAnasollAsa meM rAjapurohita ko trayI vidyA, daNDanIti, zaktikarma Adi guNoM kA jJAtA varNita hai / 2 DaoN0 altekara kA mata hai ki vaha rAjadharma aura nIti kA saMrakSaka hotA thaa| usake adhIna dharmArtha vibhAga hotA thaa| isa vibhAga ke adhikArI ko maurya kAla meM dharma-mahAmAtya, sAtavAhana yuga meM 'zravaNa-mahAmAtra', gupta kAla meM 'vinayasthiti sthApaka' aura rASSTrakula yuga meM 'dharmAMkuza' varNita kiyA hai / (I) amAtya : jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjya meM amAtya kA pada atyanta mahattvapUrNa hotA thaa| maMtrI tathA saciva' zabda bhI amAtya ke lie vyavahRta haiN| DaoN0 Ara0 jI0 basAka ke matAnusAra amAtya zabda kA tAtparya 'sahAyaka' yA 'sAthI' se hai, parantu maMtrI kA artha 'maMtra' (gupta athavA rAjanaitika parAmarza) se hai / ' amAtya (maMtrI) ko rAja-rASTrabhRta kI saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai arthAt vaha rAjA aura rASTra donoM kA uttaradAyitva vahana karatA hai / samarAiccakahA meM amAtyArtha maMtrI, mahAmaMtrI, amAtya, pradhAnAmAtya, saciva tathA pradhAna saciva zabda vyavahRta haiN| jainetara sAhitya meM bhI amAtya ke lie aneka zabda prayukta hae haiN| manu ne saciva aura amAtya ko eka hI artha meM prayukta kiyA hai| jaina purANoM meM amAtya kI yogyatA kA ullekha karate hue varNita hai ki use nirbhIka, svakriyA tathA parakriyA kA jJAtA, mahAbalavAn, sarvajJa evaM mantrakovida 1. ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 5 / 10; gautama 11 / 12-14; arthazAstra 1 / 6; zukranIti 2177-80, kAmandaka 4 / 32 2. mAnasollAsa 2 / 2 / 60 3. altekara-vahI, pR0 152 4. padma 8 / 16; harivaMza 14 / 66; mahA 57 5. vahI 113 / 4 6. Ara0 jI0 basAka-minisTarsa ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, iNDiyana hisTArikala kvArTaralI, bhAga 1, pR0 523-524 7. bhinakU yAdava-samarAiccakahA : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, vArANasI, 1677 pR0 60 8. ApastambadharmasUtra 2 / 10 / 25 / 10; arthazAstra 1 / 15; mahAbhArata 121857-8 6. manu 7 / 54, 7 / 60

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ( maMtraNA meM nipuNa) Adi guNoM se saMyukta honA caahie|' prAcIna AcAryoM ne bhI amAtya ke sambandha meM ullekha kiyA hai ki use lalita kalAvid, arthazAstrI, anvayaprApta zUravIra, nirlobhI, saMtoSI, sandhivigrahakoviMda, catura, vAk-paTu, utsAhI, prabhAvazAlI, pratibhAvAn mRdubhASI, dhIra, dakSa, smRtivAn, medhAvI, svara-yukta, dharmazAstra-vettA, sahiSNu, snehI, pavitra, svAbhimAnI, svAmibhakta, suzIla, svastha, samartha, dUradarzI, priyadarzI, pratyutpannamati, prAmANika, satyavAdI, ImAnadAra, smRti evaM dhAraNA Adi guNoM se vibhUSita honA cAhie / zukrAcArya ke matAnusAra yadi rAjya, prajA, bala evaM koza, suzAsana kA samvardhana na ho aura maMtriyoM kI nIti evaM maMtraNA se zatru kA vinAza na ho to aise maMtriyoM ko nahIM rakhanA cAhie / " kauTilya ke vicArAnusAra jisa prakAra eka cakra se ratha nahIM cala sakatA, usI prakAra binA maMtriyoM kI sahAyatA ke rAjA svataH rAjya kA saMcAlana nahIM kara sakatA / mahAbhArata meM varNita hai ki rAjA apane maMtriyoM para usI prakAra nirbhara rahatA hai, jisa prakAra prANimAtra parjanya para, brAhmaNa veda para aura strI apane pati para nirbhara rahatI hai / " manu ne rAjakArya hetu maMtriyoM kI upasthiti ko anivArya mAnA hai / " (iii) senApati: senApati kA pada mahattvapUrNa hotA thA / rAjA ke vizvAsapAtra vyakti athavA rAjakumAroM meM se senApati kA cayana kiyA jAtA thA / deza kI rakSA tathA yuddha meM vijaya kA uttaradAyitva usa para hotA thA / mahA purANa ke anusAra senA ko susaMgaThita kara vijaya prApta karanA usakA mukhya uddezya hotA thA / vijaya prApti se usakA yazavardhana hotA thA / " prAcIna granthoM meM usake guNoM kA varNana karate hue ullikhita hai ki senApati ko kulIna, zIlavAna, dhairyavAna, aneka bhASAoM kA jJAtA, gajAzva kI savArI meM dakSa, zastrAstra zAstra kA jJAtA, zakunavida, 208 1. 2. 3. padma 8 / 16-17, 15 / 26-31, 63 / 3, 103 / 6, mahA 4 / 160 vyavahArabhASya 1 pR0 131; jJAtAdharmakathA 1 pR0 3; arthazAstra 118-6 mahAbhArata zAntiparva 118 / 7 - 14; yAjJavalkya 1 / 312; viSNu 3 / 17 ; nItisAra 4 / 24-30; zukra 2 / 52 - 64; mAnasollAsa 2 / 2 / 52-56 rAjyaM prajA balaM koza: sunRpatvaM na varddhitam / yanmaMtrato'rinAzastairmantribhiH kiM prayojanam || zukra 2283 4. arthazAstra 1 / 3 mahAbhArata zAntiparva 5 / 37-38 5. 6. manu 8 / 53 7. mahA 37 / 174

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 206 prArambhika cikitsA kA jJAtA, vAhana vizeSajJa, dAnI, mRdubhASI, dAnta, buddhimAn, dRr3hapratijJa, zUravIra Adi guNoM se AbhUSita honA cAhie / " (iv) zreSThi : mahA purANa ke anusAra zreSThi kI niyukti kozAdhyakSa pada ke lie kI jAtI thI / vaha amAtya, senApati, purohita sahita rAjA ke sAtha rahatA thA / mahA purANa meM kozAgAra ke lie 'zrIgRha' zabda prayukta huA hai / " (v) dharmAdhikArI : mahA purANa meM dharmAdhikArI hI nyAya vyavasthA kA rAjA ke bAda sarvocca adhikArI hotA thA / ukta purANa meM hI isake lie 'adhikRta " aura harivaMza purANa meM 'daNDadhara" zabda kA ullekha AyA hai / deza meM niSpakSa tathA sulabha nyAya kI vyavasthA kA uttaradAyitva dharmAdhikArI para hI thA / jainetara grantha garur3a purANa meM ullikhita hai ki dharmAdhikArI ko sampUrNa smRtiyoM kA jJAtA, paNDita, saMyamI, zaurya tathA vIryavAn honA cAhie / " (vi) lekhaka : padma purANa ke anusAra lekhaka sandhivigraha tathA saba lipiyoM kA marmajJa hotA thA / ' garur3a purANa meM ullikhita hai ki lekhaka ko buddhimAn, kuzalavaktA, prAjJa, satyavAdI, saMyamI, sabhI zAstroM kA pAraMgata aura sajjana honA cAhie / " (vii) lekhavAha (patravAhaka ) : padma purANa meM patravAhaka ke lie lekhavAha zabda prayukta huA hai / " harSacarita" aura rAjataraMgiNI 12 meM lekhavAha ko lekhahAraka varNita hai / 1. arthazAstra 2 / 33; mahAbhArata zAntiparva 85 / 11-32; matsya purANa 2 / 5 / 8 - 10; kAmandaka 28 / 27-44: mAnasollAsa 2 / 2 / 10-12 2. mahA 57 3. vahI 37 / 85 4. vahI 57 5. vahI 56 / 154 6. harivaMza 16 / 255 7. 8. I. 10. 11. 12. garur3a purANa 1 / 1126 padma 37 3-4; tulanIya - mahAbhArata sabhAparva 562 medhAvI vAkyapaTuH prAjJaH satyavAdI jitendriyaH / sarvazAstra samAlokI hyeSasAdhuH sa lekhaka: / / garur3a purANa 1 / 112 / 7 padma 37/2 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla - harSacarita : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 180 rAjataraMgiNI 6 / 316 14

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210 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rAjA lekhavAha kI niyukti patra le jAne aura le Ane ke lie karate the| vaha lekha (patra) ko apane mastaka para le jAtA thaa| isI lie harSacarita meM inheM 'mastaka lekhaka' saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| (viii) nagara-rakSaka : mahA purANa meM nagara-rakSaka ko hI pura-rakSaka kahA gayA hai| vaha surakSA-vyavasthA kA prabandha karane ke atirikta daNDita vyakti ko zmazAnabhUmi meM phAMsI dene kA kArya bhI sampanna karatA thaa| (ix) guptacara : guptacara viSayaka jJAna prAcIna granthoM se upalabdha hotA hai| mahAbhArata meM guptacaroM ke lie cAra, praNidhi tathA gUr3hacara zabda prayukta hue haiN|' kauTilya ne guptacaroM kI niyukti ke lie niyama banAye the| guptacaroM kI AdhArapIThikA para hI sAmrAjya meM sukha-zAnti sthApita hotI hai| mahA purANa meM guptacaroM ko rAjA kA netra aura padma purANa meM antaraMga' kahA gayA hai / jisa prakAra netra kevala mukhamaNDala kI zobhA hai tathA sAMsArika padArthoM ko dekhate haiM, usI prakAra guptacara rahasyapUrNa bAtoM ko jJAtakara zAsana ko sudRr3ha karate haiN| mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki maMtrIgaNa guptacaroM ke mAdhyama se sabhI prakAra kI sUcanAe~ upalabdha kara usI ke anurUpa rAjA ko maMtraNA dete haiM, jisase rAjya kI sudRr3hatA evaM surakSA sthApita rhe| harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai ki guptacarI dvArA avAMchanIya tattva, jisake SaDyantroM se rAjya evaM samAja ko kSati pahu~cane kI sambhAvanA hotI thI, unheM daNDita kara kArAgAra meM banda kara diyA jAtA thaa| mahA purANa meM spaSTataH ullikhita hai ki guptacaroM dvArA rAjya meM bhaviSya meM ghaTita hone vAle ahitakara samAcAroM ko sunakara rAjA 1. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-vahI, pR0 217 2. mahA 671100 3. premakumArI dIkSita-vahI, pR0 240; vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 130; arthazAstra 1 / 11-14; kAmandaka 12 / 25-26; zukra 1 / 334-336 4. arthazAstra 1 / 11 5. mahA 4 / 170 6. padma 37426 7. cakSuzcAro vicArazca tasyAsItkAryadarzane / cakSuSI punarasyAsya maNDane dRzyadarzane // mahA 4 / 170 8. mahA 62 / 121; tulanIya-'cAracakSurmahIyate' / kAmandaka 12 / 18 6. harivaMza 16 / 33

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 211 atyadhika krodhita ho jAyA karate the| isI purANa meM hI rAjAoM ke pAsa bahusaMkhyA meM guptacaroM ke hone kA ullekha hai / 2 jaina purANoM meM ullikhita hai ki kArya-siddhi para unheM puraskAra, viziSTa zaurya pradarzana sambandhI Ayojana dvArA puraSkRta karane tathA dAna Adi dene kI vyavasthA thii|' guptacaroM kA kArya sarala nahIM hotA thaa| ve sadaiva kAla ke gAla meM rahate haiN| pANDava purANa meM varNita hai ki kabhI-kabhI guNDoM dvArA guptacaroM kI hatyA bhI karA dI jAtI thii| DaoN0 altekara kA mata hai ki senA ke guptacara pRthak hote the| (x) dUta : Rgveda meM dUta zabda kA ullekha upalabdha hai| eka rAjya jisa vyakti ke mAdhyama se dUsare rAjya ko rAjanItika sandeza bhejatA hai; usa vyakti ko dUta kahate haiM / jaina purANoM meM dUta ke kArya ke viSaya meM varNita hai ki rAjA apane virodhI rAjya meM dUta bhejate the tathA vahA~ pahu~ca kara nIti viSayaka bAta karate the| dUta kI yogyatA ke viSaya meM ullikhita hai ki use sandhivigraha kA jJAtA, zUravIra, nirlobhI, dharma evaM artha kA jJAtA, prAjJa , pragalbha, vAkpaTu, titikSu, dvija, sthavira tathA manohara AkRti kA honA caahie| padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki dUta anya deza ke rAjA se vArtA meM apane svAmI ke kathana ke atirikta vaha kucha bhI nahIM kahatA thA / ' mahA purANa ke anusAra vaha rAjA kA patra maMjUSA (piTArA) meM le jAtA thA / deg mahA purANa meM hI muhara tor3akara patra par3hane kA ullekha upalabdha hai| padma purANa meM dUta ko mAranA nIti viruddha batAyA gayA hai, kintu usako atyanta kaSTa dene ke bhI aneka dRSTAnta 1. cropniittdvaartaajvlnNjvlitaashyH| mahA 74 / 156 2. mahA 4541 3. harivaMza 3313-5; pANDava 18 / 8-6 4. pANDava 12 / 118 5. altekara-vahI, pR0 146 6. Rgveda 1 / 12 / 1, 8 / 4413 7. mahA 35 // 62, 68 / 408; padma 16.55-56 __ dhAnya kumAra rAjeza-vahI, pR0 6 6. hRdayasthAne nAthena pizAceneva coditAH / dUtA vAci pravartante yantradehA ivAvazaH // padma 8 / 188 10. mahA 68 / 251 11. vahI 68 / 366

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212 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana upalabdha hote haiM / ' jainetara sAhitya meM bhI uparyukta tathya prApya haiM / ' mahA purANa meM dUta ke tIna prakAra-niHsRSTArtha dUta, mitArtha dUta evaM zAsanahAriNa dUta-varNita haiM : niHsaSTArtha dUta : usa dUta ko kahate haiM jo donoM pakSa ke abhiprAya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara svataH uttara-pratyuttara detA huA svakArya siddha karatA hai| isa prakAra ke dUta . meM amAtya ke sabhI guNa vidyamAna rahate the| isa koTi ke dUta kI gaNanA uttama koTi meM hotI thii| mitArtha dUta : yaha madhyama zreNI kA dUta hotA thaa| isameM amAtya kA tInacauthAI guNa hotA thaa| zAsanahAriNa dUta : ise nimna zreNI kA dUta mAnA jAtA thaa| isameM amAtya ke adhaM guNa hI vartamAna rahate the| vyaktigata jIvana meM bhI isakI upayogitA thii| mukhyataH isakA kArya sandezavAhaka kA hotA thaa| strI-puruSa donoM hI dUta kA kArya karate the| mahA purANa meM isa prakAra ke puruSa dUtoM ko kalaha-premI' aura strI dUtI ko dhAtrI' kI saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| (xi) ArakSI : mahA purANa meM pulisa kotavAla ke lie ArakSiNa tathA talavara' zabdoM kA prayoga upalabdha hai| usa kAla meM asAmAjika tattva hI corI kiyA karate the| unake avarodhanArtha evaM sajjanoM ke rakSArtha pulisa-vyavasthA sthApita 1. padma 668, 37 / 47, 66351-56 2. rAmAyaNa 5152 / 14-15; mahAbhArata zAntiparva 86 / 25-26; arthazAstra 1 / 16 3. atraikeSAM nisRSTArthAn mitArthAnaparAn prati / pareSAM prAbhRtAntaH sthapanAn zAsanahAriNaH // mahA 43 / 202 tulanIya-yAjJavalkya 1 / 328; arthazAstra 1116; nItisAra 13 / 3 4. mahA 44 / 136 (TippaNI) 5. vahI 58 / 102 6. vahI 66166 7. vahI 46 / 261; tulanIya-mahAbhArata sabhAparva 5164-65; samarAiccakahA 2, pR0 155-156 . 8. vahI 46 / 304

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 213 huI / yadi aparAdhI corI kI sAmagrI sahita pakar3A jAtA thA to ArakSI use daNDita karatA thaa|' __gupta-yuga meM pulisa vibhAga ke sAdhAraNa karmacArI ko 'cATa' aura 'bhATa' kI saMjJA se sambodhita karate the| abhijJAnazAkuntala tathA mRcchakaTika meM 'rakSin' zabda paharedAra ke lie prayukta huA hai / 2 gAMvoM meM rakSakAroM kI niyukti surakSA evaM zAnti vyavasthA karane ke lie hotI thii|' 12. nyAya-vyavasthA : Alocita jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se usa samaya kI nyAya-vyavasthA para prakAza par3atA hai| jisakA vivaraNa analikhita hai : (i) nyAya : svarUpa evaM prakAra : Alocya jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se tAtkAlika nyAya-vyavasthA kA jJAna upalabdha hotA hai / padma purANa meM varNita hai ki rAjA svataH nyAya karatA thaa| vaha rAjya kA sarvocca nyAyAdhIza hotA thaa| vaha sUryAsta taka nyAyAlaya kA kArya karatA thA, taduparAnta vaha antaHpura meM jAtA thaa| mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki dhArmika rAjA adhArmika (nAstika) logoM ko daNDa detA thaa| padma purANa meM 'vyavahAra' zabda kA prayoga vAdArtha huA hai| jisa Asana para rAjA AsIna hokara apanA nirNaya sunAtA thA, use 'dharmAsana' kI saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| rAjA ke atirikta anya nyAyAdhIza bhI hote the, jinheM 'dharmAdhikArI' kI saMjJA pradAna kI gaI hai| nyAyAdhIzArtha 'adhikRta' aura 'daNDavara" zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai| jainetara sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika sAdhanoM se bhI nyAyAdhIza viSayaka jJAna upalabdha hotA hai| saMskRta nATaka 'mRtchakaTika' meM nyAyAdhIza ko 'adhikaraNika' varNita kiyA gayA hai| kauTilya ne 'paura-vyAvahArika' zabda nyAyAdhIzArtha 1. mahA 46 / 263 2. udaya nArAyaNa rAya-vahI, pR0 373 3. dazaratha zarmA-arlI cauhAna DAyanesTIja, lakhanaU, 1656, pR0 207 padma 106 / 150 5. adharmastheSu daNDasya praNetA dhArmiko npH| mahA 40 / 200 6. padma 106 / 152 7. vahI 106 / 146 8. mahA 57 6. vahI 56154 10. harivaMza 160255

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214 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vyavahRta kiyA hai| azoka ne nagara-nyAyAdhIza ko 'adhikaraNika' kI saMjJA pradAna kI hai / (ii) mahattva evaM Adarza : nyAya ke mahattva para jaina purANoM se yatheSTa prakAza par3atA hai / mahA purANa meM nyAya ko rAjAoM kA sanAtana dharma svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadi rAjA kA dAhinA hAtha bhI duSTa ho jAya arthAta duSkarma kare to use bhI kATa kara zarIra se pRthak kara dene ke lie use tatpara rahanA cAhie, aisI vyavasthA kA nirUpaNa mahA purANa meM upalabdha hai| isase rAjA kI nyAyapriyatA pratipAdita hotI hai| ukta purANa meM anyatra varNita hai ki rAjA ko sneha, moha, Asakti aura bhaya Adi ke kAraNa nItimArga kA ullaMghana nahIM karanA caahie| isake atirikta nyAyAvalambI vyakti ko nyAya-mArga meM bAdhaka sneha kA parityAga karanA caahie| putra se adhika nyAya kI mahattA para mahA purANa meM bala diyA gayA hai| isI purANa meM yaha bhI vyavasthA nirdhArita hai ki rAjA ko prajA-pAlana meM pUrNa rUpeNa nyAyocita rIti kA anukaraNa karanA cAhie, kyoMki isa prakAra pAlita prajA kAmadhenu ke samAna usake manorathoM ko pUrNa karatI hai|" (iii) nyAya ke prakAra : mahA purANa meM nyAya ke do prakAroM kA ullekha prApya hai : duSToM kA nigraha aura ziSTa puruSoM kA pAlana / ' isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki uparyukta kAryoM ke siddhArtha hI nyAya kA upayoga hai| (iv) zapatha : Alocita mahA purANa se zapatha para bhI prakAza par3atA hai| gavAhI (sAkSI) dete samaya rAjA ke samakSa dharmAdhikArI (nyAyAdhIza) dvArA kathita 1. udaya nArAyaNa rAya-vahI, pR0 378 2. so'yaM sanAtanaH kSAtro dharmo rakSya : prajezvaraiH / mahA 38256 3. duSTo dakSiNahasto'pi nyAye svasya chedyo mhiibhujaa| mahA 67 / 111 4. mahA 17 / 110; tulanIya-vyavahArabhASya 1, bhAga 3, pR0 132 5. nyAyAnuttinA yuktaM na hi snehAnuvartanam / mahA 67 / 100; tulanIya mRcchakaTika 6, pR0 256 6 hitvA jeSThaM tujaM tokam akronnyaaymaursm| mahA 45 / 67 7. tvayA nyAyadhanenAGga bhavitavya prajAdhRtau / prajA kAmadudhA dhenu: matA nyAyena yojitaa| mahA 38 / 266 8. nyAyazca dvitIyo duSTanigraha : ziSTapAlanam / mahA 38 / 256

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 215 zapatha ko grahaNa karanI par3atI thii| yaha prathA Aja bhI nyAyAlayoM meM pracalita hai| prasiddha saMskRta nATaka mRcchakaTika meM cAra prakAra kI divya parIkSAoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai : viSa-parIkSA, jala-parIkSA, tulA-parIkSA aura agni-parIkSA / 2 (v) aparAdha evaM daNDa : prAcIna rAjanItijJoM ne rAjasattA ke antima AdhAra ko daNDa yA bala prayoga vihita kiyA hai| manu ke matAnusAra yadi rAjasattA aparAdhiyoM ko daNDa na de to 'mAtsya-nyAya' kA bolabAlA ho jAyegA / daNDa ke bhaya se hI loga nyAya kA anusaraNa karate haiM / jaba saba loga sote haiM to usa samaya daNDa unakI rakSA karatA hai| manu ne daNDadAyaka vyakti ko rAjA nahIM svIkAra kiyA hai, pratyut daNDa ko hI zAsaka svIkRta kiyA hai| kauTilya ne daNDanIti ke cAra pramukha uddezya nirUpita kiye haiM - (1) alabdha kI prApti, (2) labdha kA parirakSaNa, (3) rakSita kA vivardhana, (4) vivadhita kA supAtroM meM vibhAjana / ' daNDa ke viSaya meM isI prakAra kA vicAra anya jainetara AcAryoM ne bhI vyakta kiyA hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ne vibhinna prakAra ke aparAdhoM ke lie bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke daNDoM kI vyavasthA kA nirdhAraNa kiyA hai / daNDa kA prayoga sImita honA caahie| daNDa na to atyadhika kaThora honA cAhie aura na atyadhika nmr| aparAdha ke anukUla hI daNDa bhI honA caahie| manu ke kathanAnusAra deza, kAla, zakti evaM vidyA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara daNDa kA nirdhAraNa karanA caahie| mAtA-pitA, bhAI-bandhu, patnI evaM purohita Adi ko eka sadRza aparAdha ke lie daNDa bhI eka samAna dene kI vyavasthA nirdhArita thI / vastutaH 1. samakSa bhUpaterAtma zuddhayarthaM zapathaM ca saH / dharmAdhikRtanirdiSTaM cakArAcAradUragaH // mahA 56154; tulanIya--manu 8 / 113 2. udaya nArAyaNa rAya-vahI, pR0 380 3. daNDaH zAsti prajA sarvA daNDa svAbhirakSati / daNDaH supteSu jAgarti daNDaM dharma 'vidurbudhAH // manu 8 / 14 4. sa rAjA puruSo daNDa: sa netA zAstA ca saH / manu 77 5. kANe-hisTrI oNpha dharmazAstra, bhAga 3, pR0 6 6. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 102 / 57; yAjJavalkya 1 / 317; nItisAra 1118 7. arthazAstra 114; kAmandaka 2 / 37 8. taM deza kAlaM ca vidyAM cAvekSya tattvataH / yadAhataH sampraNayennareSvanyAyavartiSu // manu 716 6. mAtA-pitA ca bhrAtA ca bhAryA caiva purohitaH / nAdaNDo vidyate rAjJo yaH svadharme na tiSThati // mahAbhArata zAntiparva 121160

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216 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana daNDa kA uddezya vinAzAtmaka evaM saMhArakAraka na hokara sudhArAtmaka hotA thaa|' ___ jaina AgamoM meM sAta prakAra kI daNDanIti varNita haiM / 2 Alocya jaina purANoM meM hA, mA, dhik -tIna daNDanItiyA~ maryAdA ke lie vihita haiM / jaina AgamoM meM corI ko nindanIya nirUpita kiyA gayA hai aura corI ke aparAdha meM kaThora daNDa kI vyavasthA kA vidhAna vihita hai| mahA purANa meM dhanApaharaNa ke Aropa meM tIna prakAra ke daNDa kI vyavasthA hai : (1) aparAdhI kA sarvasampattiharaNa (2) aparAdhI ko zaktizAlI pahalavAna se tIna bUMsA lagavAnA (3) aparAdhI ko kAMse ke tIna thAla nayA gobara khilaanaa| isa grantha meM anyatra varNita hai ki anyAya se anya ke dhana kA haraNa karanA hI corI kahalAtI hai| corI do prakAra kI hotI hai : (1) svabhAva corI : sampannatA ke uparAnta bhI Adatavaza kI gaI corI ko svabhAva corI kahate the / (2) kaSAya corI-vyaya kI adhikatA se utpanna dhanAbhAva kI pUrti corI dvArA kI jAtI hai, use kaSAya corI kahate the / yaha ullekhanIya hai ki donoM prakAra kI corI nindanIya thii| corI karane vAlA vyakti duHkha evaM pApa kA bhAgI hotA hai / mahA purANa meM cora ko thappar3a, lAta, cUMsA Adi se mAra kara daNDita karate the / kabhIkabhI mArate-mArate cora kI mRtyu bhI ho jAyA karatI thii| padma purANa meM suraMga dvArA corI kA ullekha upalabdha hai| ukta purANa meM corI ke aparAdha meM mRtyu daNDa kI vyavasthA nirUpita hai|' mRtyu-daNDa ke aparAdhI kI jamAnata ho jAtI thii| mahA purANa meM ullekha AyA hai ki yadi brAhmaNa corI karate hue pakar3A jAya to use deza se niSkAsita kara dene kA vidhAna thA / " jainetara sAhitya meM bhI isa aparA 1. upavAsamekarAnaM daNDotsarge narAdhipaH / vizuddhayedAtmazuddhayarthaM nirAnaM tu purohitaH / mahAbhArata zAntiparva 3 / 17 2. jagadIza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 42 / 3. maryAdArakSaNopAya hAmAdhikkAranItayaH / harivaMza 7 / 176; mahA 16 / 250 4. jagadIza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 81-82 5. mahA 561175-176 6. vahI 56 / 178-187 7. vahI 8 / 226 8. pana 5 / 103 6. vahI 34176 10. vahI 34180 11. mahA 70 / 155

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 217 dhArtha kaThora daNDa kA vidhAna nirdhArita thA / ' jaina AgamoM meM parastrIgamana ke aparAdha meM bhI kaThora daNDa dene kI vyavasthA thii| Alocita padma purANa meM varNita hai ki parastrI kA sparza, usase vArtAlApa evaM usake sAtha sambhoga ke aparAdha meM atyanta kaThora daNDa dene kA vidhAna thA / kabhI-kabhI isa prakAra ke aparAdhI ko deza-niSkAsana kA daNDa pradAna kiyA jAtA thaa|' mahA purANa ke varNanAnusAra kanyApaharaNa ke aparAdha meM rAjA apane putra ko bhI zmazAna meM mRtyu-daNDa detA thaa| ukta purANa meM mausI kI putrI se maithuna ke aparAdha meM aMga vicchedana kA vidhAna vihita hai|' netara granthoM ke anusAra mAtA, mausI, cAcI, bahina, mitra yA ziSya kI strI, beTI, putra-badhU, guru-strI, zaraNArthI-strI, rAnI, saMnyAsinI, dAI (zizupAlinI) yA kisI bhI pativratA nArI yA kisI uccavarga kI nArI ke sAtha balAtkAra karane para usakA liMga kATa liyA jAtA thaa| Alocita jaina purANoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke aparAdhoM ke lie bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke daNDa kA vidhAna nirdhArita hai| mahA purANa meM ullekha AyA hai ki mandira kA murgA yadi kisI kA anAja khAtA thA aura anAja ke svAmI dvArA usakA vadha kara diyA jAtA thA to vaha vyakti daNDa kA bhAgI hotA thaa| yadi koI vyakti hAra Adi curAkara vezyA ko pradAna karatA thA to use mRtyu daNDa pradAna karane kA vidhAna thaa| yadi putra pitA kI hatyA karatA thA to use isa aparAdha meM deza niSkAsana kA daNDa pradAna kiyA jAtA thA / jue meM hAre hue dhana ke bhugatAna kI asamarthatA meM aise vyakti ko durgandhita dhue~ meM baiThAte the| bher3a corI kara usake mAMsa kA bhakSaNa karane ke aparAdha meM aparAdhI ko viSThA bhakSaNa karAte the| kisI vyakti ke dharohara kA sAmAna. kisI ke yahA~ rakhA hai aura usake mAMgane para vaha sAmAna na dekara beImAnI 1. Rgveda 4 / 38 / 5; mahAbhASya 5 / 1 / 64-66; yAjJavalkya 2 / 266-268; manu 8 / 323, 6276-280 2. jagadIza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 83 3. padma 106 / 153-156 4. mahA 67 / 66 5. vahI 46 / 276-277 6. nArada, strIpuMsayoga 73-75; vRddha-hArIta 7 / 201 7. vahI 46 / 272-275 [ aisI sambhAvanA hai ki jaina mandira meM murgA pAlane kI prathA rahI ho aura usa murge se prApta Aya mandira ke prayoga meM lAyI jAtI hogI (mahA purANa ke dRSTAnta se)|

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218 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rAja karatA hai to aisI sthiti meM vaha vyakti rAjA ko isakI sUcanA detA thA / karmacArI usake ghara kI talAzI lete the aura sAmAna upalabdha hone para usakI sampUrNa sampatti kA haraNa kara use gobara-bhakSaNa karAte the / malloM dvArA cora ko ghUsA mArA jAtA thA, jisase usakI mRtyu bhI ho jAyA karatI thI / padma purANa meM rAjadaNDa ke aparAdhI ko talavAra se do Tukar3e karane, mugadaroM ke prahAra se prANa lenA, kASTha ke sikaje meM atyanta tIkSNadhAra vAlI karoMta se dhIre-dhIre kATane se cillavAne, anya zastroM se cUra-cUra karane aura pAnI meM viSa milAkara pilAne kI vyavasthA thI / 2 mahA purANa meM aparAdhI ke aparAdha pramANita hone para mRtikA evaM viSThAbhakSaNa, malloM dvArA mukkA mArane, sampUrNa sampadA haraNa kI vyavasthA thI / padma purANa meM aparAdhI ke hAtha-paira sAMkaloM meM bA~dhakara naMgI talavAra ke pahare (saMrakSaNa) meM lAne kA ullekha upalabdha hai / isI purANa meM anyatra varNita hai ki aparAdhI ko nagara meM ghumAyA jAtA thA, jahA~ para janatA use dhikkAratI thI tathA usake Upara dhUla pheMkatI thI / " rAjya ke Aya ke srota : deza kI sukha evaM samRddhi kA mUlAdhAra vahA~ kI Aya hotI hai / yaha Aya kaI srotoM se hotI thI / jaina AgamoM meM aTThAraha prakAra ke karoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki rAjA usI prakAra prajA se kara vasUla kare jisa prakAra dudhArU gAya ko binA kaSTa diye dUdha prApta karate haiM / ukta purANa ke hI parizIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki isake racanAkAla meM brAhmaNa kara dene se mukta the, parantu mahA purANakAra ne brAhmaNoM para bhI kara lagAne kA vidhAna nirUpita kiyA thA / padma purANa ke varNanAnusAra prajA kI rakSA ke phalasvarUpa rAjA ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM usase kara prApta hotA thA / vanavAsI RSi-muni kI rakSA ke kAraNa rAjA ko unakI tapasyA ke phala kA chaThAMza bhAga milatA thA / jaina 13. 1. harivaMza 27 / 23-41 2. padma 72 / 74-76; tulanIya - manu 8 / 246; bRhaspatismRti 17 / 16 3. 4 5. 6. 19. is as 8. mahA 46 / 272-275 padma 10/158 vahI 53 / 216 - 221, 72 / 73 jagadIza candra jaina - vahI, pR0 111 - 112 mahA 16 / 254; tulanIya - mahAbhArata zAntiparva 34 / 17-18 parAzarasmRti 1162, dhammapada 46 vahI 42 / 181 - 162 vahI 27 28

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 216 AgamoM meM prajA se dasAMza bhAga kara svarUpa lene kA vidhAna thA / ' DaoN. kAzI prasAda jAyasavAla ke vicArAnusAra yahI kara rAjA kA vetana hotA thaa|2 bhUmi se prApta Aya ko bali aura anya prakAra kI Aya (phala, jalAne kI lakar3I, phUla Adi) ko bhoga varNita kiyA gayA hai| hvenasAMga ke yAtrA kAla meM nadI ke ghATa aura sar3aka kI cuMgI bahuta nimna thii| rAjasva ke rUpa meM prApta Aya kA pradhAna srota kRSi thaa| isake atirikta dhAtuoM ke nirmANa, udyoga, pazupAlana, surA, vezyA, naTa, nartaka, gAyaka, ghATa, bAjAra Adi para kara vasUla kiyA jAtA thaa| kAlidAsa ne Aya ke sAta pradhAna sAdhanoM kA ullekha diyA hai-(1) bhU-kara, (2) siMcAI, (3) mAdaka dravya, (4) rAjakIya ekAdhikAra evaM anya kArya-kalApa, (5) rAjakara, (6) vijaya, upahAra, bheMTa aura (7) rAjakoza meM Agata anadhikRta sampatti / harSa ke kAla meM paristhiti meM parivartata ho jAne ke pariNAmasvarUpa Aya ke sAdhanoM meM bhI parivartana-parivardhana ho gayA thaa| usa samaya bhI Aya ke pramukha sAta sAdhanoM kA varNana upalabdha hai-(1) udraMga (bhUmi zulka), (2) uparikara, . (3) dhAnya, (4) hiraNya, (5) zArIrika zrama, (6) nyAyAlaya zulka aura (7) arthadaNDa / pUrva madhyakAla meM rASTrakUTa, cAlukya, pratihAra, paramAra, cauhAna, gahar3avAla Adi rAjavaMzI ke rAjAoM ke lekhoM aura tatkAlIna sAhityika sAdhanoM ke anusAra usa samaya bhAga, bhoga, hiraNya, uparikara Adi rAjya ke Aya ke srotoM para prakAza par3atA hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ne Aya ke sAdhana aura unakI mAtrA kA sundara vivecanA kiyA hai / sAdhAraNatayA upaja kA chaThA bhAga rAjA kara ke rUpa meM prajA se grahaNa karane kA adhikArI thaa| kintu Apatti-kAla meM rAjA ko bhArI kara lagAne ke lie prajA 1. jagadIza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 42 2. jAyasavAla-vahI, pR0 165 3. bI0 bI0 mizra-vahI; pR0 146-151 4. bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya-kAlidAsa kA bhArata, bhAga 1, kAzI, 1663, pR0 251 5. kailAza candra jaina-prAcIna bhAratIya sAmAjika evaM Arthika saMsthAe~, bhopAla, 1671, pR0 263 6. kailAza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 263-264 7. viSNudharmasUtra 3 / 22-23; gautama 10 / 24; manu 7 / 130

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220 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana se snehapUrvaka yAcanA karane kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai / samaya evaM paristhiti ke anusAra inakI mAtrA kama aura adhika hotI thI / rAjA bhUmi se prApta anna meM se 16 yA 18 yA 1 / 12 bhAga kA adhikArI batAyA gayA hai / rAjA apane deza meM nirmita sAmAnoM para 1 / 10 bhAga aura AyAtita sAmAnoM para 1 / 20 bhAga kara ke rUpa meM le sakatA thA / " 14. rAjakIya vyaya kA dAna, 83 pratizata pratizata bacata | rAjya kA vyaya : hamAre Alocita jaina purANoM ke racanAkAla ke samakAlIna anya sAkSyoM se rAjya ke vyaya para samucita prakAza par3atA hai| hvenasAMga ke anusAra harSavardhana apanI rAjakIya Aya ko cAra bhAgoM meM bA~Takara vyaya karatA thA - ( 1 ) prazAsana evaM rAjya kI prajA para vyaya / (2) rAjya meM samArohoM para vyaya / ( 3 ) vidvAnoM para vyaya / ( 4 ) vibhinna sampradAyoM ko upahAra dene para vyaya / mAnasollAsa ke anusAra rAjya kI Aya kA tIna-cauthAI bhAga vyaya honA cAhie aura eka-cauthAI bhAga kI bacata honI cAhie / jabaki zukrAcArya ne vibhAjana isa prakAra kiyA hai - 50 pratizata senA evaM yuddha, 83 pratizata janahita pratizata prazAsana, 3 pratizata nijIkoza aura 16 rAjakIya Aya ko prAyaH cAra madoM meM vyaya kiyA jAtA thA--- - (1) karmacAriyoM kA vetana, (2) rASTrIya tathA sArvajanika kArya, (3) zikSA aura (4) dAna / yahA~ para samIkSA kA viSaya hai ki rAjya kI Aya ko saMcita koza meM rakhate the athavA nahIM / isa viSaya meM prAmANika vivaraNa kA abhAva hai / parantu musalamAna lekhakoM ne ullekha kiyA hai ki hindU rAjA siMhAsana para baiThate samaya pUrvajoM dvArA saMcita koza pAte the / ve ise saMkaTa ke samaya vyaya karate the / musalamAna AkramaNa ke samaya bhArI dhanarAzi lUTane kA ullekha upalabdha hai / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki rAjA saMkaTa se bacane ke lie saMcita koza rakhate hoMge / ' 1. arthazAstra 5 / 2; manu 10 / 118 zukra 4 2 6-10 2. viSNudharmasUtra 3 / 22; gautama 10 | 24 ; bhanu 7 / 130; mAnasollAsa 2 / 3 / 163 3. viSNudharmasUtra 3 / 26-30 4. bI0 bI0 mizra - vahI, pR0 163 5. kailAza candra jaina - vahI, pR0 268 266 vAsudeva upAdhyAya - - pUrva madhyakAlIna 6. pR0 115-117 bhArata, prayAga, saM0 2006

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 221 [ga] sainya-saMgaThana ahiMsA pradhAna jaina dharma ne sainya-vRtti ko rAjya kA eka Avazyaka aMga mAnA hai| tatkAlIna AvazyakatAoM ke anukUla sainya-saMgaThana ke abhAva meM kisI bhI rAjya kA astitva vidyamAna nahIM raha sakatA thaa| deza kI Antarika evaM bAhya surakSA hetu senA ko rakhanA anivArya thaa| isI lie jainAcAryoM ne sainya-vRtti kI mahattA para bala diyA hai / Alocita jaina purANoM meM isa bAta para bala diyA gayA hai ki rAjA ko eka zaktizAlI, suyogya evaM kuzala senA rakhanI cAhie / jainAcAryoM ne pAramparika paramparA kA nirvAha kiyA hai| sainya-vRtti kI mahattA ko pratipAdita karate hue mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki jisa vyakti kI yuddha meM mRtyu hotI hai, use svarga kI prApti hotI hai|' Alocya jaina purANoM meM senA viSayaka vahI sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai, jo inakI racanAkAla ke anya sAkSyoM se jJAta hotI hai / parantu yathAsthAna unakA dhArmika dRSTikoNa apanA vaiziSThya pratiSThApita karatA huA parilakSita hotA hai| padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki yuddha meM kevala nara-saMhAra hotA hai / isalie yuddha karanA kevala aparihArya paristhitiyoM meM hI samucita hai| apAra nara-saMhAra ke avarodhanArtha jainAcAryoM ne dharma-yuddha kI vyavasthA kI thii| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki bAhubalI aura bharata donoM sahodara bhAIyoM ke madhya jaba yuddha kI vinAzAgni prajvalita hone vAlI thI, usI samaya donoM pakSoM ke mukhya-maMtriyoM ne Apasa meM maMtraNA kara yaha nizciya kiyA ki jisa yuddha kA uddezya zAnti ke sthAna para mAtra Atma-zlAghA hetu apAra janasamUha kA vinAza ho, usakA sarvathA tyAga karanA caahie| aisI sthiti meM 'dharma-yuddha' arthAt dRSTiyuddha, jalayuddha tathA malla-yuddha kI vyavasthA thii|' Alocita jaina purANoM meM sainya-saMgaThana se sambandhita nimnalikhita jJAna prApta hotA hai : 1. senA aura usake aMga : deza kI Antarika evaM bAhya surakSA vyavasthA ke lie jina logoM kI niyukti kI jAtI hai use senA kahA jA sakatA hai / Alocita jaina purANoM ke praNayana kAla ke jainetara sAhitya zukranIti meM kathita hai ki astroM tathA zastroM se susajjita manuSyoM ke samudAya ko senA saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai|' 1. mahA 44 / 232 2. padma 66 / 24 3. mahA 36 / 37-40 4. zukra 4 / 864

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222 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana Alocya padma purANa' meM saMkhyA ke AdhAra para senA ke cAra aMga vaNita haiMhAthI, ghor3A, ratha tathA piyAdA (paidl)| inakA vargIkaraNa nimnavat kiyA gayA hai : . [i] pattI : isameM eka ratha, eka hAthI, tIna ghor3e tathA pA~ca paidala hote the| . [ii] senA : tIna pattiyoM se eka senA kA nirmANa hotA thaa| [iii] senAmukha : isakA nirmANa tIna senAoM dvArA hotA thaa| [iv] gulma : eka gulma ke antargata tIna senAmukha hote the| [v] vAhinI : trigulmoM dvArA eka vAhinI kA nirmANa hotA thaa| [vi] pRtanA : tIna vAhiniyoM se eka pRtanA kA sRjana hotA thA : [vii] cam : isakA nirmANa tIna pRtanAoM dvArA hotA thA, jise camU saMjJA se sambodhita karate the| [vili] anIkinI : tIna camU kI eka anIkinI aura dasa anIkinI kI eka akSauhiNI senA hotI thii| padma purANa meM hI varNita hai ki eka akSauhiNI senA meM ikkIsa hajAra ATha sau sattara ratha, utane hI hAthI hote the| ukta saMkhyA se tIna gunA (65,610) ghor3e aura pAMca gunA (1,06,350) paidala hote the / 2 harivaMza purANa meM eka akSauhiNI senA meM isake viparIta saMkhyA upalabdha hotI hai| isameM nau hajAra hAthI, nau lAkha ratha, nau karor3a ghor3e tathA nau sau karor3a paidala sainika hote the| parantu isI purANa kI TippaNI meM eka akSauhiNI senA meM vahI saMkhyA kathita hai jo uparyukta padma purANa meM ullikhita hai| Alocita jaina purANoM meM senA meM sammilita hone vAle aMgoM kA bhI ullekha hai| jaina purANoM meM senA ke saptAMga kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai-hAthI, ghor3A, ratha, paidala, gAndharva, nartakI tathA baila / parantu kahIM para senA ke SaDAGga kA varNana upalabdha 1. padma 56 / 3-6 2. vahI 56 / 10-13 3. harivaMza 5075-76 4. vahI, pR0 588 kI TippaNI 5. vahI 8 / 133; mahA 13 / 16, 52 / 4

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 223 hotA hai-hAthI, ghor3A, ratha, paidala, devatA tathA vidyAdhara / ' jaina purANoM meM caturaMgiNIsenA-hAthI, ghor3A, ratha tathA paidala-kA vizeSa mahattva pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / 2 jaina purANoM meM vibhinna prakAra kI senAoM kA bhI ullekha prApya hai, jo sAmAnya senA se pRthak apanA mahattva rakhatI thoM : mleccha-senA,' bandara senA aadi| senA ke pramukha aMgoM kA varNana nimnAMkita hai : [i] hasti-senA : hamAre deza meM prAcIna kAla se hI hasti-senA kA prAdhAnya rahA hai / hAthI ke vibhinna prakAroM kA ullekha jaina purANoM meM huA hai| [ii] azva-senA : videziyoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa bhArata meM azvasenA ke prayoga kA atyadhika pracalana huA / inakA senA meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa| azva yuddha sthala meM viSama paristhitiyoM kA sAmanA karane meM nipuNa hote the| inake prakAroM evaM guNa-doSoM kA varNana jaina purANoM meM huA hai| kAmboja, vAhalIka, taitila, AraTTha, saundhava, vAnAyuja, gAndhAra tathA vANa dezoM ke ghor3e uttama nazla ke kathita haiN| [iii) ratha-senA' : hamAre deza meM prAcIna kAla se ratha-senA ke prayoga kA pracalana hai| jaina purANoM meM ratha ke prakAra, guNa-doSa, mahattva Adi kI vivecanA prApya hai| [iv] paidana-senA" : sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa paidala-senA hotI thii| vijayazrI kI upalabdhi meM isakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA thaa| isake nimna bheda kathita haiM-maula, bhRtya, mitra, zreNI tathA ATavika / " senA ke anya aMga bhI yuddha sthala meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha karate the| * 1. mahA 6 / 113, 58 / 110 2. harivaMza 2071, 11 / 2; mahA 62 / 138; padma 4168 3. padma 28 / 128 4. mahA 68 / 515 - vahI 44 / 204 6. vahI 31 / 3, 44176 7. vahI 30 / 107 8. vahI 26 / 77, 37 / 160 6. vahI 27 / 110, 30 / 3 10. mAnasollAsa 2 // 6 // 556

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224 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki devatA evaM vidyAdhara bhI yuddha meM bhAga lete the / ' yahA~ para yaha sujhAva rakhA jA sakatA hai ki deva aura vidyAdhara samIpastha rAjA rahe hoMge, jo yuddha kAla meM apane mitra rAjA kI sahAyatA karate the| mahA purANa ke varNanAnusAra senA meM gAndharva bhI hote the / ye sainikoM kA manoraMjana evaM gAnA Adi sunAyA karate the, jisase unakI sphUrti evaM utsAha kA varddhana hotA thA / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki senA ke sAtha yuddha-sthala meM striyA~, vArAMganAyeM tathA bacce bhI jAyA karate the|' isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki senA ke sAtha striyoM evaM baccoM ke jAne se sainikoM ko ghara kI yAda evaM cintA nahIM rahatI thI, ataH ve utsAha ke sAtha yuddha karate the| vArAMganAoM kA yuddha-sthala meM jAne kA kAraNa yaha thA ki sainikoM ke strI-bacce na hone se unake manoraMjana kA sAdhana yahI kiyA karatI thiiN| mahA purANa meM hI varNita hai ki senA kI rasada Adi AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie senA ke pIche 'pASNi-senA" hotI thii| ise 'rasada-senA' kI avidhA pradAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| 2. yuddha ke kAraNa : jaina purANoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya yuddha ke mukhyatayA tIna kAraNa the-nArI, sAmrAjya-vistAra tathA Atma-sammAna / isa kathana kI puSTi Alocita purANoM ke racanA kAla ke anya sAkSyoM se bhI hotA hai / sAmAnyatayA ukta samasyAoM kA samAdhAna pArasparika vArtAlApa ke mAdhyama se kiyA jAtA thA, parantu samAdhAna na hone para yuddha honA aparihArya ho jAtA thaa| 3. sainika-abhiyAna evaM yuddha : rAjA uttama DhaMga se Ayojana kara yuddhaabhiyAna ke lie prasthAna karatA thaa| vaha yuddha sthala ke samasta upayogI evaM anivArya sAdhanoM se susajjita hokara calatA thaa| senA ke skandhAvAra rAste meM vahA~ lagAye jAte the, jahA~ para ghAsa yogya bhUmi hotI thii| Age kathita hai ki senA kI chAvanI isa prakAra nirmita kI jAtI thI ki ghora varSA ke uparAnta bhI eka bUMda pAnI andara nahIM jA sakatA thaa| senA kA abhiyAna senAnAyaka karatA thaa| donoM pakSoM 1. mahA 58 / 110 2. vahI 52 / 4 3. vahI 8 / 156 4. vahI 12 / 23 5. vahI 26 / 30, 35 / 107-110 6. vahI 451107 7. vahI 32 / 60 8. vahI 181583

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA kI senAe~ yuddha-sthala para milatI thIM / yuddha ke niyamAnusAra hI hotA thA / yuddha Arambha hone ke pUrva nagAr3e bajAye jAte the / tadanantara mArU -bAje bajAye jAte the / 2 vijayI rAjA zaMkhavAdana karatA thaa| vijetA rAjA kA eka hajAra ATha svarNa kalazoM se abhiSeka kiyA jAtA thA / Alocita purANoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke yuddhoM kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai / inake bheda nimnavat haiM : dharmayuddha, dRSTiyuddha', jalayuddha", meSayuddha', mAyAyuddha' mallayuddha", garuDavyUha " cakravyUha 12, kapaTayuddha", gatiyuddha", " bAhuyuddha" / 1. mahA 68 / 546 2. vahI 68568 3. vahI 68 / 631 yuddha meM pratyeka pakSa eka dUsare ke vinAza karane kA prayAsa pUrNa rUpeNa karatA hai / jaina purANoM meM yuddha kA bhavya varNana prApya hai / " yoddhAgaNa yuddha meM apane zaurya kA pradarzana karate hue mRtyu kA varaNa karane ke lie tatpara rahate the, kintu unheM parAjaya svIkAra nahIM thA / " sainika - vRtti kA samAja meM sammAnanIya sthAna thA / 4. vahI 68 / 644 5. harivaMza 11180 6. vahI 11181; mahA 36 45; padma 4 / 73 7. vahI 11 / 83; vahI 36 / 45; vahI 4 / 73 vahI 47 / 106 mahA 68 / 617 8. I. 10. harivaMza 11 / 84, 2457; mahA 70 / 474, 36 / 58 11. vahI 50 / 133 12 . vahI 50 / 133 13. mahA 44 / 138 14. harivaMza 34 31; mahA 46 / 157 . 15. 16. 17. padma 57 / 8 15 padma 4 / 73 harivaMza 53 | 14; mahA 68 / 540-644; padma 7 / 67-74 225 unameM yuddha

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 4. yuddha kA niyama : niyamAnusAra sabhI kArya sampanna hote haiM, ataH yuddha niyama bhI nirdhArita the / jaina purANoM ke racanA - kAla meM yuddha dina meM huA karate the / parantu yadA-kadA rAtri meM bhI zatru kA AkramaNa ho jAtA thA / yaha atyadhika hyeya mAnA gayA thA / isI lie 'rAtri-yuddha' kA niSedha kiyA gayA thA / ' harivaMza purANa nindrita evaM vighnabAdhAoM se pIr3ita vyakti, strI tathA baccoM ke mArane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / Age yaha bhI kathita hai ki ekAkI vyakti para sAmUhika AkramaNa 'anyAyayuddha' ke antargata parigaNita hai / " yuddha meM parAjita rAjA vijetA rAjA ko AbhUSaNa, ratna, kanyA, hAthI, ghor3e Adi upahAra meM pradAna karate the / usa samaya aisI vyavasthA thI ki yuddha meM mRta sainika ke dAha saMskAra kA vyaya rAjakIya koza se kiyA jAtA thA / sAmAnyatayA yuddha ke niyamoM kA sabhI pAlana karate the / yoddhAgaNa apane hathiyAroM kI pUjA karane ke bAda hI zayana karate the / padma purANa meM yuddha kA bhavya varNana upalabdha hai / yadi yuddha meM striyAM zatru dvArA pakar3I jAtI thIM to unheM mukta kara diyA jAtA thA / " 226 5. senA ke zastrAstra : jaina mahA purANa ke parizIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki mahArAja bharata ko eka 'daNDaratna' tathA eka 'cakraratna' prApta huA thA / yahA~ para yaha kaha sakate haiM ki mahArAja bharata ko ukta divyAstra bhagavAn ke AzIrvAda se upalabdha hue the / ina astroM meM 'daNDaratna' senA ke Age-Age aura 'cakraratna' senA ke pIche-pIche calatA thA / jaina purANoM ke praNayana kAla meM rAjanItika asthiratA tathA avyavasthA vyApta thI / sainika - vRtti kI pradhAnatA hotI jA rahI thii| senA ke mArga prazasta karane tathA daNDa dene ke lie 'daNDaratna' thA / sambhavataH yaha Adhunika TaiMka kI bhA~ti kA koI vizeSa astra thA / isI prakAra 'cakra' ko Adhunika bamavarSaka vAyuyAna kahA jA sakatA hai / isa ora anusaMdhAna evaM adhyayana kI vizeSa AvazyakatA hai / 1. padma 86 / 56, 10 / 53; harivaMza 62 / 18; mahA 44 / 272 harivaMza 62 / 18 2 3. vahI 53 / 14 mahA 681646-660 4. 5. vahI 44 / 351 6. vahI 32 / 85-86 7. padma 12 / 260-345 8. vahI 16 / 84-87 6. vahI 26/7

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 227 6 * ma Alocya jaina purANoM ke adhyayana se adholikhita zastrAstra para prakAza par3atA hai : aMhriya' azvagrIva, antarIkSa astra,' arddhacandrabANa, asi,' aparAjita halAyudha, ' amoghatIkSNa bANa, amoghamukhI zakti, ' amoghabANa, agnibANa, " asidhenukA, " Agneya astra " AgneyabANa, " karavAlI, " kapizIrSakadhanuSa, " amoghamUlAzakti, 1 25 26 ghana, kanaka,17 kuThAra," kaNapa, " kauNa, 20 kaumudIgadA, 21 kaustubhamaNi, 22 kRpANa, 23 ( barchA ), 24 kaukSeyaka (talavAra), 28 'khaga (bANa), krakaya (ArA), 27 'gadA,' garur3Astra, grAva, " gajabANa, 2 cakraratna, caNDavegadaNDa, 35 cakrarata, " cApa, 37 30 cakra, jalabANa," DhAla (kheTaka), tAmasAsra, talavAra (khaDga), " tomara, 2 tamobANa, " 1. 2. 3. vahI 52 / 51 4. padma 12 / 257 harivaMza 52 / 55 5. 6. 7. vahI 55 / 335 5. vahI 68 675 6. vahI 37 / 162 10. vahI 44 / 186 11. vahI 5 / 113 12. harivaMza 53 / 46 13. 14. 15. padma 12 / 257 16. mahA 44 / 174 17. padma 7174 18. vahI 12 / 258 16. mahA 37 / 166 20. padma 121258 21. harivaMza 53 / 46 22 . vahI 53 / 50 39 40 23. mahA 68 / 556, 10173 24. 25. mahA 36 / 11 26. vahI 10156 padma 12 / 257; mahA 15/200, 44 / 180 27. vahI 44 / 121 mahA 68 / 673 28. padma 7 74 vahI 68 / 673 26. vahI 12 / 258 30. vahI 12 / 336; hrivNsh52|46 31. vahI 12 / 258 32. vahI 44 / 242 33. harivaMza 52/63 34. padma 7 74; harivaMza 11 / 117; mahA 44 / 81, 68 602 mahA 37 / 170 vahI 37184 vahI 4 / 176 padma 12 / 322 harivaMza 52 / 52; mahA 3 / 172 33 34 35. 36. 37. kunta 28 padma 12 / 257; harivaMza 23 / 66 38. mahA 44 / 242 38. harivaMza 11 117 40. vahI 52 / 54 41. vahI 11 / 117; mahA 48 / 81 42 . vahI 23 / 66; vahI 45 / 83 mahA 44 / 242 43.

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228 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana daNDa,' dhanuSabANa, nAgAstra; nArAyaNAstra, nArAca, nAgapAza, nirghAta (bajra), pAza, prabhAstra, pAJcajanya zaMkha, parigha," prAsa (bhAlA),12 pavanabANa," paMcabANa (tapana, tApana, modana, vilApana tathA sAraNa), brahmazirasa," bANa (reSu),6 bhUtamukhakheTa, bhuSaNDI, bhAskarAstra," mahAstra,20 mAhendra,21 meghabANa 22, mudgara,25 musala,24 mAlA,25 mahAzvasanAstra, yaSTi,20 rAkSasabANa 28 lobhavAhinI churI,29 lakuTa, lAGgalai,39 vajra,32 vajrakANDadhanuSa,33 vajratuNDAzakti,3 bajramANDadhanuSa,35 vairocanAstra, vAruNAstra, vAyavyAstra," barachA (kuntA),"vyastra, vizikha," zara, 2 1: padma 12 / 258; 21. harivaMza 52 / 53 mahA 151200, 37 / 84 22. mahA 44 / 242 2. mahA 4 / 175, 4481; 23. padma 12 / 258,7 / 74; mahA 44 / 143 harivaMza 111117 24. vahI 7 / 74; harivaMza 53 / 51 3 padma 121332 . 25. harivaMza 53151 harivaMza 52 / 54 26. vahI 52 / 50 5. mahA 68 / 602 27. mahA 3 / 105 6. vahI 56 / 128 28. harivaMza 52 / 54 7. vahI 2777 26. mahA 37 / 165 8. padma 774 30. vahI 3 / 105 6. vahI 12 / 330 31. padma 12 / 258 10. harivaMza 53 / 50; mahA 68 / 676 32. mahA 1143 11. vahI 52162 33. vahI 44 / 135 12. padma 774; mahA 44181 34. vahI 37 / 163 13 mahA 44 / 240 35. vahI 44 / 336 14. vahI 72 / 46 36. harivaMza 52153 15. harivaMza 52155 37. vahI 52 / 52; padma 121325 16. padma 7 / 74; harivaMza 111117; 38. vahI 52 / 51 mahA 44 / 115-156 36. . mahA 44 / 180 17. mahA 37 / 168 40. vahI 37 / 172 18. padma.774 41. vahI 6 / 165 16. harivaMza 52 / 55 42. padma 12 / 257; mahA 44 / 240 20. vahI 52 / 63 mr mr mr m

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rAjanaya evaM rAjanItika vyavasthA 226 zUla,' zAGga zaMkha,2 zakti,' zAGga dhanuSa, saptaratna (asi, zaMkha, dhanuSa, cakra, zakti, daNDa tathA gadA), sAyaka (bA~sa ke bANa) siMhabANa, sudarzanacakra, sUryabANa, sonandaka talavAra, siMhATaka bhAlA,"hala'2 / senA se sambandhita anya sAmAna : Alocita jaina purANoM meM yuddhoM meM prayukta hone vAle zAstrAstroM ke atirikta anya sAmAnoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, jo nimnAMkita haiM : ___asikoza", abhedakavaca", AyudhAlaya", AyudhazAlA", kavaca", Topa, tanutrika", tasarU (talavAra kI mUTha) 20, nigaDa (ber3I) 21, niSaMga22, pRtanA22, varma vaisAkhasthAna 25, zakhya', zaravrAta, zirastra, sarvAyudha, saMvarmita", zaMkha", mahAjAla'2, mahIzA (kaatthii)|" 7. yuddhaphala : sainya vyavasthA ke adhyayana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki jaina purANoM kI racanA kAla meM sainika saMgaThana para vizeSa bala diyA jAtA thaa| kyoMki usa 1. padma 12 / 258 2. harivaMza 53 / 46 3. vahI 53 / 51; mahA 271111; padma 12 / 257 4. mahA 68 / 675 5. vahI 57 / 62 6. padma 12 / 258 mahA 44 / 242 harivaMza 53 / 46; mahA 37 / 166, 68675 6. mahA 44 / 242 10. vahI 371167 11. vahI 37 / 164 12. harivaMza 52 / 61 13. mahA 5 / 250 14. vahI 37 / 150 15. vahI 37 / 85 16. vahI 63 / 458 17. mahA 27 / 112, 72 / 111 18. vahI 36 / 14 16. vahI 31 / 72 20. vahI 371165 21. vahI 42 / 76 22. vahI 16 / 42 23. vahI 6 / 106 24. vahI 681556 25. vahI 32187 26. vahI 3571 vahI 3680 vahI 36 / 14 vahI 1056 30. vahI 36 / 138 31. vahI 72 / 110 32. vahI 72 / 110 33. vahI 681556

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230 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana samaya rAjanItika avyavasthA thI / ahiMsaka hone para bhI jainAcAryoM ne sainika vRtti ko manuSya kA pavitra karttavya mAnA thA / unake matAnusAra jo vyakti yuddha-sthala meM vIragati ko prApta karate haiM, unheM svarga kI upalabdhi hotI hai / sAmAnyatayA yuddhoparAnta zAnti kA Agamana hotA hai / bhayAvaha sthiti se mukti pAne para loga suvyavasthA sthApita karane kA prayAsa karate the / yuddha meM vijetA rAjA vijayotsava kA Ayojana karatA thA aura parAjita rAjA saMsAra kI nazvaratA svIkArate hue jina - dIkSA grahaNa karatA thA / parantu kabhI-kabhI vijayI rAjA hI jina dIkSA aMgIkAra karatA thA / mahA purANa se pramANita hotA hai ki bAhubalI aura bharata ( sahodara bhrAtA) ke madhya jaba yuddha kI bhayAvaha sthiti utpanna ho gayI thI, to donoM pakSoM ke mukhya maMtriyoM ne nara-saMhAra ke avarodhanArtha donoM ke madhya 'dharma- yuddha' (jalayuddha, dRSTiyuddha tathA mallayuddha) kA prastAva prastuta kiyA / ina tInoM yuddhoM meM bAhubalI ko vijayazrI upalabdha huI / sattA ke lie bharata hiMsA para kaTibaddha huA / bAhubalI para usane cakra kA prayoga kiyA / vaha usase ghAyala nahIM hue para unake hRdaya ko AghAta phuNcaa| unhoMne sattA ke lie hiMsA ke pratirodha meM apanA sarvasva tyAga diyA / jina dIkSA grahaNa kara unhoMne tapasyA dvArA svarga prApta kiyA / bharata - bAhubalI yuddha, jaina rAjanItika itihAsa meM sattA ke lie saMgharSa aura isameM parAjaya hone para anIti tathA hiMsA kA Azraya lene kI sarvaprathama ghaTanA hai / " ukta prakaraNa se pramANita hotA hai ki jainI nara-saMhAra evaM hiMsA se mukti ke lie vikalpa kI vyavasthA pratipAdita karate the, jisase hiMsA aura yuddha kA nivAraNa hotA thA / yuddha ke antima pariNAma se saMsAra kI nazvaratA kA jJAna hone se manuSya jaina- dIkSA meM dIkSita hotA thA / 1. mahA 44 / 138 2 . vahI 36 / 37-104 3. gokula candra jaina - jaina rAjanIti, zrI puSkara muni abhinandana grantha, bambaI, udayapura, 1676, pR0 27

Page #265
zikSA aura sAhitya [ka] zikSA prAcya kAla se mAnava jIvana meM zikSA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai / azikSita manuSya kI gaNanA pazuvat rahI hai / samAja meM maryAdita evaM pratiSThita jIvana ke lie manuSya kA zikSita honA anivArya hai| manuSya kA mAnasika, cAritrika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA mAdhyama zikSA hI rahA hai / zikSA dvArA manuSya kA bahumukhI vikAsa huA hai| ataH hamAre RSi-muniyoM ne zikSA kA guNagAna kiyA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainAcAryoM ne bhI zikSA ko samAja ke lie mahattvapUrNa mAnA hai / yadyapi Alocita jaina purANoM meM zikSA se sambandhita vistRta vivaraNa kA abhAva hai, tathApi unake paryAlocana se jo tathya prakAza meM Aye haiM ve analikhita haiM : 1. zikSA kA mahattva : jaina purANoM meM zikSA ke mahattva para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| mahA purANa meM vidyA ke mahattva ko pradipAdita karate hue ullikhita hai ki zarIra, avasthA tathA zIla vidyA se vibhUSita ho jAne para manuSya-jIvana sArthaka ho jAtA hai / isa saMsAra meM vidvAn puruSa tathA viduSI mahilAeM sammAna evaM

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232 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana zreSTha pada ko prApta karate haiM / isa sambandha meM yaha bhI kathita hai ki vidyA manuSyoM kA yaza, kalyANa tathA manoratha pUrNa karatI hai| isI lie vidyA ko kAmadhenu, cintAmaNi, trivarga (dharma, artha tathA kAma) kA phala kathita hai / vidyA ko manuSya ke jIvana kA mUlAdhAra siddha karate hue varNita hai ki vidyA hI manuSya kA bandhu, mitra, kalyANakArI, sAtha-sAtha jAne vAlA dhana tathA saba prayojanoM ko siddha karane vAlI hai / jaina purANoM ke zikSA sambandhI Adarza usa samaya ke jainetara sAkSyoM se bhI jJAta hotA hai / DaoN0 rAdhA kumuda mukarjI kA vicAra hai ki zikSA bauddhika evaM naitika unnati pradAna karatI hai / dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana meM zikSA kA vizeSa mahattva hai| DaoN0 ananta . sadAziva altekara kA vicAra hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM caritra-nirmANa, pratibhAzAlI vyaktittva, saMskRti kI rakSA tathA sAmAjika evaM dhArmika kartavyoM ko sampanna karane ke lie zikSA ko samAja kA anivArya aMga mAnA jAtA thA / jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se zikSA ke mahattva kA niSkarSa yahI hai ki zikSA zarIra, mana evaM AtmA ko samartha banAte hue antarnihita zreSThatama mahAn guNoM kA vikAsa kara antarbhUta daivI-guNoM kA vikAsa karatI hai| nirantara svAdhyAya se manuSya kI antarnihita zaktiyoM kA prAdurbhUta hotA hai| zikSA se zArIrika svAsthya, mAnasika zucitA, bauddhika prakharatA, AdhyAtmika dRSTi, naitika bala, karmaThatA tathA sahiSNutA kI prApti hotI hai / sAMskRtika virAsata kI prApti, jJAnArjana, samasyAoM kA samAdhAna, AdhyAtmika tattvoM kA anveSaNa, mAnasika kSudhA kI zAnti, kalA-kauzala kA parijJAna, AcAra-vicAra kA pariSkAra, zAzvata sukha kI upalabdhi, tyAga, saMyama, kartavyaniSThA, vaiyaktika jIvana kA pariSkAra tathA samAja kI unnati zikSA se hI hotI hai| zikSA se manuSya kA sarvAGgINa vikAsa hotA hai| 2. zikSA sambandhI saMskAra yA kriyA : bhAratIya paramparA evaM pAramparika purANoM ke samAna hI jaina purANoM meM bhI zikSA viSayaka saMskAroM yA kriyAoM kA ullekha hai / zikSA sambandhI mukhyatayA adholikhita cAra saMskAroM yA kriyAoM kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai : (i) lipi saMskAra (ii) upanIti yA upanayana saMskAra (iii) vratacaryA saMskAra (iv) vratAvataraNa yA samAvarttana athavA dIkSAnta saMskAra / inakA vistRta varNana 'saMskAra' nAmaka upa-adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai / yahA~ para saMkSipta vivaraNa prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| . 1. mahA 16 / 67-101 2. rAdhA kumuda mukarjI-aiMzeNTa iNDiyana ejUkezana, dillI, pR0 366 3. altekara-ejUkezana ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, banArasa, 1648, pR0 326

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zikSA aura sAhitya . [i]. lipi saMskAra : Alocita jaina purANoM ke varNanAnusAra jaba bAlaka pA~ca varSa kA ho jAe taba usakA akSara jJAna karAyA jAtA thaa| isake lie lipikriyA yA saMskAra kiyA jAtA thaa| lipi saMskAra ke bAda hI bacce ko akSara tathA lipi sikhAyI jAtI thii| mahA purANa meM lipi saMskAra ke viSaya meM varNita hai ki zizu ke janma ke pA~caveM varSa meM isa kriyA ko sampanna karanA cAhie / isakI vidhi yaha thI ki yathAzakti pUjana kara, suvarNa kI paTTI para likhane ke pUrva hRdaya meM, 'zrutadevI' kA smaraNa kara, dAhine hAtha se zizu ko varNamAlA (a, A Adi) tathA aMkoM (ikAI, dahAI Adi) ko likhane kA upadeza denA cAhie / 'siddhaM namaH' se maMgalAcaraNa prArambha karate the / yaha 'siddha-mAtrikA lipi' thI, jisameM svara, vyaJjana, samasta vidyA, saMyuktAkSara, bIjAkSara akAra se hakAra taka, visarga, anusvAra, jihvAmUlIya, upadhyAnIya tathA zuddhAkSara hote the| [i] upanIti yA upanayana kriyA : lipi saMskAra ke uparAnta bAlaka ghara para hI vratI gRhastha dvArA adhyayana karatA thaa| jaba vaha AThaveM varSa meM praveza karatA thA, taba usakA upanIti yA upanayana saMskAra kiyA jAtA thaa| isameM kezamuNDana, vratabandhana tathA maujIbandhana kriyAe~ hotI thiiN| bAlaka yajJopavIta dhAraNa karake bhikSA mA~gatA thaa| isa kriyA ke bAda bAlaka ko guru ke pAsa zikSA-grahaNa karane ke lie bhejA jAtA thaa| bAlaka kA vidhivat adhyayana kArya isa kriyA ke uparAnta prArambha hotA thaa| fini] vatacaryA kriyA : isa kriyA kA tAtparya vidyAdhyayana ke samaya saMyamita evaM kaThora jIvana vyatIta karane se hai / isake dvArA vidyArthI apanA dhyAna eka mAtra vidyArjana kI ora kendrita karatA thaa| [iv] vratAvataraNa kriyA : vidyArthI jIvana kI samApti para vidyAdhyayana kara cukane para isa kriyA ko karate the / isa kriyA ko samAvartana saMskAra kaha sakate haiM / isa kriyA ke bAda vidyArthI brahmacarya Azrama kA parityAga kara gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karate the| isa kriyA ko Ajakala pracalita 'dIkSAnta' se samIkRta kara sakate haiN| 1. mahA 16 / 103-104, 38 / 102-103 2. vahI 16105 3. vahI 16 / 106-108 4. vahI 38 / 104-106, 40 / 156-158, 36164-65; harivaMza 4215 5. vahI 38 / 106-112 6. vahI 38 / 121-126

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234 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana isa avasara para ziSya apane guru ko gurudakSiNA bhI pradAna karatA thaa|'. . 3. vidyA prApti kA sthAna : Alocita purANoM ke racanAkAla meM vidyAdhyayana maukhika evaM likhita donoM prakAra kA hotA thaa| choTe baccoM ko khar3iyA evaM miTTI ke Tukar3e se varNamAlA sikhAyI jAtI thii| jaba bAlaka choTA hotA thA taba usakA pitA hI usakA zikSaka hotA thaa| bAlaka ko prArambhika zikSA ghara para hI usakA pitA pradAna karatA thaa|' yadi pitA yogya hotA thA, to Asa-pAsa ke bacce bhI usake pAsa cale Ate the| isake bAda bAlaka vidyAlaya jAtA thaa| padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki rAjya kI ora se zikSA ke lie vidyAzAlA (vidyAlaya) hotA thaa| isake sAtha hI vana meM bhI zikSaNa-sthala ke rUpa meM Azrama hote the, jahA~ para vidyArthI vidyAdhyayana karate the| viziSTa vidvAnoM ko rAjA loga apane yahA~ rakhate the| padma purANa meM hI varNita hai ki vidyArthI adhyayanArtha guru ke ghara jAte the| hamAre jaina purANoM ke racanA-kAla ke anya sAkSyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya Azrama yA gurukula, vihAra tathA maTha meM zikSA kA prabandha thaa| 4. guru kA mahattva : Alocita padma purANa meM vidyA dene vAle ko guru', upAdhyAya", AcArya", vidvAn'2 yati" kathita hai| padma purANa meM guru ko sarvAdhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| guru kA sabhI sammAna karate the, jisase usakI pratiSThA sthApita thii| ziSya ke abhibhAvaka bhI guru kA Adara-satkAra karate the|" harivaMza purANa meM guru kI mahattA pradarzita karate hue yahAM taka kahA gayA hai ki yadi koI eka akSara yA AdhA pada yA eka pada kA upadeza detA hai to bhI usakA mahattva guru ke samAna hai aura yadi koI bhI aise guru ko vismRta kara detA hai, to use pApI kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai / parantu yadi koI dharmopadezadAtA ko vismRta kara detA hai to aise manuSya kI nimnatara gati hotI hai / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki guru hRdaya meM rahatA hai, cUMki vacana hRdaya 1. padma 36 / 163; harivaMza 1776 2. vahI 267 3. mahA 16 / 110, 16 / 118 4. padma 36162 5. vahI 8 / 333-334 6. vahI 36160 7. vahI 26 // 5-6 8. braja nAtha siMha yAdava-vahI, pR0 403 6. padma 266 10. vahI 36 / 163 11. vahI 2553 12. padma 36 / 160 13. vahI 36 / 303 14. vahI 6 / 262-264 15. vahI 361163 16. harivaMza 21 / 156

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zikSA aura sAhitya se nikalate haiM, isalie vacanoM meM guru saMskAra karate haiM / ' jainetara granthoM meM guru ko ziSya kA 'mAnasa - pitA' kahA gayA hai / 2 5. guru ke guNa : padma purANa meM guru ke guNoM kA ullekha hai / use mahAvidyAoM se yukta, parAkramI, prazAntamukha, dhIravIra, sundara, zuddha, alpaparigraha kA dhAraka, dharma ke rahasya kA jJAtA, aNuvratI, guNI, mRdubhASI, kalA-marmajJa, zikSA dvArA AjIvikA vyatIta karane vAlA kahA gayA hai / " mahA purANa meM guru ke guNoM ( lakSaNoM) ko sundara DhaMga se varNita kiyA gayA hai / guru sadAcArI, sthira buddhivAlA, jitendriya, saumya, bhASaNa meM pravINa, gambhIra, pratibhAyukta, subodha vyAkhyAna dene vAlA, pratyutpanna buddhivAlA, tarkapremI, dayAlu, premI, dUsare ke abhiprAya ko samajhane vAlA, samasta vidyAoM kA adhyayana karane vAlA, dhairyavAn, vIra, vidvAn, vAGamayoM kA jJAtA, gambhIra, mRdu, satya evaM hitakArI vacana bolane vAlA, satkula meM janma lene vAlA, apramadya, parahita sAdhana karane vAlA, dharmakathAvAcaka, mahAvidyAoM se yukta, parAkramI prazAnta mukha vAlA, sundara AkRti vAlA, zuddha, alpaparigraha. vAlA, dharma ke rahasya kA jJAtA, aNuvratI, guNI, bhikSA dvArA AjIvikA vyatIta karane vAlA hotA thA / * 6. ziSya ke guNa : padma purANa meM varNita hai ki vidyA prApti sthira-citta vAloM ko hI hotI hai / isalie ziSya kA prathama lakSaNa hai ki vaha sthira citta vAlA ho / " Alocya mahA purANa meM ziSya ke guNoM ke viSaya meM varNita hai ki ziSya meM vinayazIlatA, adhyayana evaM adhyApaka ke prati zraddhA, viSayoM kI grahaNazIlatA, jijJAsuvRtti, , zuzrUSA, smaraNa zakti, tarkaNa zakti, pAThoM ke zravaNa meM satarkatA, viSayoM ko dhAraNa karane kI zakti, apoha (jJAna ke AdhAra para prAvalya evaM akaraNIya kA tyAga ), yuktipUrvaka vicAra - sAmarthya, sahaja pratibhA, saMyama aura adhyavasAya honA cAhie / " 7. ziSya ke doSa : padma purANa meM pAtrApAta ziSyoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / jaise sUrya kA prakAza ullU ke lie vyartha hotA hai vaise hI apAtra ko pradatta vidyA vyartha hotI hai / " mahA purANa meM ziSyoM ke kiyA gayA hai / doSoM kA varNana 1. mahA 43 / 18 baudhAyana dharmasUtra 28 / 38-36; gautama dharmasUtra 1 / 10; manu 2 / 170 padma 100 / 33-38 3. 4. mahA 1 / 126-132 5. 6. 235 7. padma 26 / 7 mahA 1 / 168, 1 / 146, 38 / 106 118 padma 100 / 52

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236 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ziSyoM meM viSayI, viSayAsakta, hiMsakavRtti, kaThora pariNAmI niHsAra kA grAhaka, arthajJAna kI nyUnatA, dhUrtatA, kRtaghnanatA, udaNDatA, pramAdI, grahaNa zakti kA abhAva, durguNa grAhakatA, pratibhA kI kamI, haThagrAhitA, dhAraNazakti kI nyUnatA tathA smaraNazakti kA abhAva Adi durguNa kathita haiN|' 8. guru-ziSya sambandha : Alocita jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se guru-ziSya sambandha para prakAza par3atA hai / padma purANa meM guru-ziSya ke Atmika sambandha kA ullekha milatA hai| guru-ziSya meM itane pragAr3ha-sambandha hote the ki ziSya guru se apanI sabhI bAtoM ko batA detA thaa| isase yadi koI bAta ziSya ke prati ahitakara hotI thI to guru usako surakSA kA mArga batA detA thaa| guru ke sAmane ziSya vrata lete the| yadi koI ziSya isa vrata ko bhaMga karatA thA to aisI mAnyatA thI ki use bhArI kaSTa uThAnA par3atA thaa|' mahA purANa meM guru-ziSya kI paramparA ko vizAla-pravAha ke samAna kathita hai| vastutaH guru-ziSya meM pitA-putra ke samAna sambandha hotA thA / isI AtmIyatA ke kAraNa guru ziSya se kahatA hai ki he ziSya ! tU hI merA mana aura tU hI merI jIbha hai| jainAcAryoM ne guru-ziSya ke sambandha ko yAvajjIvana nirvAha karane kA nirdeza diyA hai / gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karane para bhI guru se pratidina milane ko nirdezita kiyA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki unase apanA hita-ahita batAyA kareM jisase guruoM dvArA ziSyoM kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna hotA rhe| - mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki guru ke pAsa jo ziSya rahate the, unameM se yogya ziSya ko guru apanA uttarAdhikArI banAtA thA / yaha ziSya sabhI vidyAoM kA jJAtA tathA muniyoM dvArA samAdRta hotA thaa| yaha ziSya guru kA uttarAdhikArI hone para guruvat AcaraNa tathA samasta saMghoM kA pAlana karatA thaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki guru kA uttarAdhikArI yogya evaM kuzala ziSya hotA thaa| usa samaya guru apane ziSyoM meM se yogya ziSya ko upAdhyAya-pada para niyukta karatA thaa| uparyukta vivaraNoM se yaha sunizcita ho jAtA hai ki hamAre Alocya purANoM ke praNayana kAla meM guru-ziSya sambandha bahuta hI uttama the| ve eka dUsare ke sukha-duHkha meM bhAga lete the aura unameM Apasa meM bahuta hI AtmIya sambandha hote the| 1. mahA 38 / 106-118 5. mahA 4371 2. padma 152122-123 6. vahI 41 / 14 3. vahI 67160 7. vahI 18 / 173-174 4. mahA 1 / 104 8. vahI 67 / 317

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zikSA aura sAhitya 237 6. guru-sevA : Alocita padma purANa ke parizIlana se guru-sevA para prakAza par3atA hai / sAmAnya se rAjapuna taka sabhI ziSya guru kI sevA karate the| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya samAja meM guru kI sevA karanA sabhI ziSyoM ke lie anivArya thA / isase dhanI aura nirdhana chAtroM meM hIna bhAvanA kI utpatti nahIM hotI thI aura sabhI meM mela-milApa thA / unameM Apasa meM bheda-bhAva kI bhAvanA nahIM hotI thii| 10 guru-dakSiNA : Alocita jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki ziSya adhyayana ke uparAnta apane guru ko yathAzakti guru-dakSiNA dete the| parantu guru-dakSiNA ke lie koI sImA nirdhArita nahIM kI gayI thii| 11. strI-zikSA : jaina purANoM ke racanAkAla meM striyoM kI zikSA kA hrAsa ho gayA thA / jainAcAryoM ne unakI sthiti ke utthAna kA prayatna kiyaa| jaina purANoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya striyoM ko bhI zikSA pradAna kI jAtI thii| jainAcAryoM ne putra ke samAna putriyoM kI zikSA para bala diyA hai| harivaMza purANa meM kanyAoM ko zAstroM meM pAraMgata tathA pratiyogitA meM vijayI pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / jaina purANoM meM varNita hai ki lar3akiyAM gaNita, vAGamaya ( vyAkaraNa, chanda evaM alaMkArazAstra ) tathA samasta vidyAoM meM nipuNa hotI thiiN| kanyAoM ke zikSA grahaNa karane ke uparAnta vayaska hone para unakA vivAha hotA thaa|' ataH spaSTa hai ki jaina purANoM ke racanAkAla meM strI-zikSA kA vizeSa pracAraprasAra thaa| 12. saha-zikSA : Alocya jaina purANoM ke avalokana se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki lar3ake aura lar3akiyAM sAtha-sAtha adhyayana kiyA karate the| pitA apane putra-putriyoM ko sAtha-sAtha prArambhika zikSA khar3iyA, miTTI ke Tukar3oM se ghara para 1. padma 100 / 81; tulanIya-gopathabrAhmaNa 1 / 2 / 1-8; mahAbhArata 5 // 36 // 52 2. vahI 36 / 163 11 / 51; harivaMza 1776 3. yAdava-vahI, pR0402 4. mahA 16168 5. vahI 16 / 102, 108 / 115 6. harivaMza 21 / 133 7. padma 1520, 2415; mahA 16 / 105-117 8. vahI 24 / 121; harivaMza 45 // 37; mahA 63 / 8

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238 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hI detA thA / ' hameM aise bhI udAharaNa upalabdha hote haiM jaba guru ke ghara meM lar3ake aura lar3akiyA~ sAtha-sAtha adhyayana karate the / padma purANa ke varNanAnusAra cittotsavA tathA piGgala guru ke yahA~ sAtha-sAtha zikSA grahaNa karate the| ve donoM paraspara prema meM Abaddha ho jAne ke kAraNa bhAga gaye aura gAndharva-vivAha kara liyA, jisase unheM vidyA kI prApti nahIM huii| cUMki usa samaya lar3akiyoM ke lie pRthaka se par3hane kI vyavasthA kA koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai aura aneka viduSI evaM pratibhAzAlI kanyAoM kA dRSTAnta upalabdha hai / aisI sthiti meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki Alocita jaina purANoM ke praNayanakAla meM sahazikSA pracalita thii| 13. pAThya-krama : uparyukta anucchedoM se spaSTa hai ki pA~ca varSa ke bAlaka-bAlikAoM ko lipijJAna evaM sAmAnya-bhASA sikhAyo jAtI thii| gaNita kA thor3A-bahuta jJAna karAyA jAtA thaa| ATha varSa taka bAlaka ghara para hI sAmAnya zikSA grahaNa karate the / upanayana saMskAra ke bAda ve guru ke pAsa zAstrIya jJAnArjananArtha 'jAte the| jaina purANoM meM adholikhita pAThya-krama yA zAstroM kA ullekha milatA hai :' cAra veda ( Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda tathA atharvaveda), zikSA (uccAraNa vidhi), kalpa, vyAkaraNa, chanda, jyotiSa, nirukti, itihAsa, purANa, mImAMsA, nyAyazAstra, kAmazAstra, hasti evaM azvazAstra, Ayurveda, nimittazAstra , zakunazAstra, taMtrazAstra, maMtrazAstra , lakSaNazAstra, kalAzAstra, rAjanItizAstra tathA dharmazAstra Adi haiN| hamAre Alocita purANoM ke racanAkAla ke anya sAkSyoM se bhI pAThya-krama para prakAza par3atA hai / bANabhaTTa ne kAdambarI meM paiMtAlisa viSaya, daNDina ne bAraha aura rAjazeSara ne ikahattara viSayoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 1. padma 265 2. vahI 26 // 5-7 3. mahA 2148, 16 / 111-125, 41 / 141-155 4. yAdava-vahI; pu0 40.

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zikSA aura sAhitya [kha] sAhitya mAnava ke bauddhika vikAsa kA jJAna usake sAhitya sRjana se hotA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya vAGamaya meM jaina sAhitya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se sAhitya ke viSaya meM adholikhita jAnakArI prApta hotI hai : 1. bhASA aura lipi : jaina purANoM se jo sUcanAe~ prApta hotI haiM. unakA varNana vakSyamANa hai / padma purANa ke ullekhAnusAra ajitanAtha kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI thI, kintu inake kAla meM tIna bhASAe~ thIM : saMskRta, prAkRta tathA zaurasenI / ' ina bhASAoM ko nibaddha karane ke lie jina lipiyoM ke nAma milate haiM ve nimnAMkita (i) anuvRttalipi : apane deza meM pracalita lipi ko anuvRttalipi kahate the| (ii) vikRttalipi : isa lipi ko loga apane saMketAnusAra samajhate the| (iii) sAmayika lipi : isakA prayoga pratyaMga Adi vargoM meM hotA thaa| (iv) naipittika lipi : isameM vargoM ke pUrva puSpa Adi kucha nimitta rakha kara prayoga karate the| ukta lipiyoM kA svarUpa aura gaThana kyA thA? inake bAre meM sAkSyetaroM se koI atirikta sUcanA prApta nahIM hotI hai| sambhavataH ina lipiyoM kA nAmakaraNa bhASA ke svarUpa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA gayA thA / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki unakI apekSA jo lipi adhika pracalita thI aura jise adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnate the vaha lipi 'siddhamAtrikA' thii| 1. padma 5160 2. nAmAkhyAtopasargeSu nipAteSu ca saMskRtA / prAkRtI zaurasenI ca bhASA yatra trayI smRtA / padma 24 / 11 3. anuvRttaM lipijJAnaM yatsvadeze pravartate / dvitIyaM vikRtaM jJeyaM kalpitaM yatsvasaMjJayA // pratyaGgAdiSu varNeSu tattvaM sAmayikaM smRtam / naimittikaM ca puSpAdidravyavinyAsato'param / / prAcyamadhyamayaudheyasamAdrAdibhiranvitam / padma 24 / 24-26

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240 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vigata anuccheda meM lipi saMskAra ke saMdarbha meM siddhamAtrikA' kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| prasaMgAnusAra yahA~ 'siddhamAtrikA' kA tAtparya vyakta karanA anivArya ho jAtA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya lipiyoM meM 'siddha mAtrikA-lipi' kA sthAna mahattvapUrNa pratIta hotA hai| sarvaprathama pAzcAtyapurAvid evaM bhAratIya lipiyoM ke samIkSaka jarmana vidvAn vyUlara ne 'siddhamAtrikA-lipi' kA ullekha kiyA thaa| unake matAnusAra araba-yAtrI alberunI ne apane bhAratIya vRttAnta ke saMdarbha meM jisa 'siddhamAtrika-lipi' kA ullekha kiyA hai vaha ati mahattvapUrNa hai| usane varNita kiyA hai ki bhArata meM isa lipi kA prayoga pahale kiyA jAtA thaa|2 vyUlara ke vicArAnusAra guptottara-kAla meM arthAt sAtavIM zatI I0 se brAhmI lipi vikAsa ke navIna stara para AsIna hotI hai| sAmAnyatayA isa lipi ko 'kuTila-lipi' ke nAma se sambodhita karate haiN| isake akSara vakrAkAra hote haiM tathA mAtrAoM ko alaMkRta karane kI ceSTA kI gaI hai| jarmana vidvAn ke kathanAnusAra sambhataH araba-yAtrI ke 'siddhamAtrikA-lipi' kA tAtparya isI 'kuTila-lipi' se hai, kyoMki isameM mAtrAoM athavA mAtrikAoM ko siddha arthAt alaMkRta nirmita karate the / mahA purANa ke ukta viSayaka varNana se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vastutaH 'siddhamAtrikA-lipi' (sambhavataH jaina sampradAya meM pracalita) eka dhArmika lipi thii| yaha lipi kuTila lipi kI samakAlIna rahI ho, aisI sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai| para kuTila lipi se isakA pUrNa tAdAtmya sthApita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| mahA purANa ke varNana se isakI nimnAMkita vizeSatAe~ spaSTa hotI haiM : prathamataH, isa lipi meM nibaddha hone vAle lekhoM aura abhilekhoM kA prArambha 'siddhaM namaH' maMgalAcaraNa se prArambha kiyA jAtA thaa| dvitIya, isameM svara aura vyaJjana donoM vidyamAna hote the| tRtIya, isameM saMyukta akSaroM ko atyadhika satarkatA se nirmita karate the| caturtha, isameM sAMketika akSara bhI rahate the| paMcama, isameM akSaroM ko itanA suDaula aura sudarzana banAte the ki motI kI taraha camakate the| mahA purANa ke ukta varNana meM brAhmI zabda kA bhI ullekha huA hai aura aisA kathita hai ki siddhamAtrikA ko brAhmI ne dhAraNa kiyaa| aisI sthiti meM yaha sahaja hI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki siddhamAtrikA lipi brAhmI kI hI aMgabhUta thI 1. vyUlara-iNDiyana pailiyogrAphI, kalakattA, 1656, pR0 68 2. sacAU, iNDiyA, 1,178, vyUlara dvArA uddhRta, pAdaTippaNI 218 3. mahA 16 / 106-108

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zikSA aura sAhitya 241 athavA adhika sahI zabdoM meM kaha sakate haiM ki yaha lipi brAhmI kI uttarakAlIna vikAsa thii| mahA purANokta varNana ke AdhAra para yaha sahaja sujhAva rakhA jA sakatA hai ki sAtavIM zatAbdI se bArahavIM zatAbdI I0 taka bhArata meM jina lipiyoM kA vikAsa huA thA, usameM siddhamAtrikA kA viziSTa sthAna thaa| purAlipizAstriyoM kI samIkSA ke anusAra isa avadhi meM nimnAMkita lipiyA~ pracalita thIM-kuTila lipi zAradA lipi aura nAgarI lipi / Alocita varNana ke AdhAra para yahA~ kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina tInoM ke atirikta eka cauthI lipi pracalita thI jise 'siddhamAtrikA lipi' kI saMjJA pradAna kI gayI thii| 2. veda : brAhmaNa granthoM meM veda ko apauruSeya kahA gayA hai| jainI veda virodhI the| isalie unhoMne vedoM kI kaTu AlocanA kI hai| unhoMne veda ko pauruSeya tathA doSa yukta siddha karane kI aneka yuktiyA~ dI haiN| 3. vedAMga : veda ke atirikta vedAMgoM kA adhyayana brAhmaNa karate the, parantu jainI inakA virodha karate the / 2 4. purANa : purANa ko 'itihAsa', 'itivRtta' tathA 'aitihya' kahA gayA hai|' atyanta prAcIna hone ke kAraNa inheM purANa saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| pAramparika purANa tathA jaina purANa pRthak-pRthak haiN| purANoM kA hama pUrva hI adhyayana kara cuke haiM / 5. vAGamaya : vyAkaraNa, chanda tathA alaMkAra zAstroM ko vAGamaya kahate haiN| (i) vyAkaraNazAstra : vyAkaraNa ke vikAsa meM dhAtu, gaNa, suvarNa, pada, prakRti, vila evaM svara zabda Avazyaka haiM / isake pAribhASika nAmoM meM AkhyAta, upasarga evaM nipAta zabda vyavahRta haiN| RSabhadeva dvArA praNIta vyAkaraNa meM eka sau se adhika adhyAya the / (ii) chandazAstra : RSabhadeva ne eka bRhat chandazAstra kA praNayana kiyA thaa| unhoMne usase cha: pratyaya bhI banAyA thaa| 1. padma 11 / 110, 11 / 184, 5. mahA 16 / 111 11 / 206-215 6. padma 6112-113, 24 / 11 2. padma 106-76 7. mh| 16 / 112 3. mahA 125 8. vahI 26 / 113-114 4. vahI 121 16 mA ma .

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242 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana . (iii) alaMkArazAstra : alaMkArazAstra ke antargata zabdAlaMkAra aura arthAlaMkAra ke sAtha hI dasa guNa bhI hote the|' prasannAdi, prasannAnta, madhyaprasAda evaM prasannAdyavasAna-ye cAra sthAyI pada ke alaMkAra; nirvRtta, prasthita, vindu, preGkholita, tAramandra evaM prasanna-ye cha: saMcArIpada ke alaMkAra tathA ArohI pada ke prasannAdi eka alaMkAra tathA avarohI pada ke prajannAnta evaM kuhAra do alaMkAra the / ye teraha alaMkAra saMgIta ke lie bahuta hI uttama the| anya alaMkAroM meM vyAjastuti, zleSopamA, gUr3hacaturtham, niroSThyam alaMkAroM kA ullekha milatA hai|' 6. pahelI : usa samaya pahelI karanA evaM samajhanA eka bahuta bar3I kalA thii| isI lie Alocita mahA purANa meM nimnAMkita paheliyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| antarlApikA, ekAlapaka, vahiApikA, kriyAgopitA, prazna, spaSTAndhaka, bindumAna, vinducyutaka, mAnAcyutakaprazna, vyaJjanacyutaka, akSaracyutaka praznottara, ekAkSaracyutakapAda, nihna taikAlApaka, AdiviSamamantarAlApaka praznottara, vahirAlApakamantaviSaya praznottara Adi paheliyA~ thiiN|' 7. gaNita : usa samaya gaNita kA atyadhika pracAra-prasAra thaa| padma purANa meM gaNitArtha 'sAMkhyikI' zabda vyavahRta huA hai|" usa samaya gaNita aura sAMkhyikI samAnArthI the| 8. arthazAstra : kauTilya ke arthazAstra ke sadRzya jainiyoM ne bhI arthazAstra kI racanA kI thii| arthazAstra kI atyadhika mahattA thii| 6. kAmazAstra : kAma viSayaka zAstra kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thaa| isameM lAlitya kI pradhAnatA thii|" 10. gAndharvazAstra : saMgItazAstra se sambandhita gAndharva-zAstra kI racanA huI thI jisameM eka sau se adhika adhyAya the| parantu yaha grantha anupalabdha hai| isameM sagIta ke siddhAnta Adi pratipAdita the| 11. citrakalA : usa samaya nirmita citrakalA zAstra meM eka sau se adhika adhyAya the| parantu yaha bhI grantha Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| 1. mahA 16 / 115 6. mahA 16 / 116 2. padma 24 / 16-16 7. padma 123 / 186; mahA 16 / 123 . 3. mahA 12 / 213-218 _____8. . mahA 16 / 120 4. vahI 12 / 218-255 6. vahI 16 / 121 5. padma 5 / 114; mahA 16 / 108

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zikSA aura sAhitya 243 12. vAstu evaM sthApatya kalA : isa viSaya se sambandhita grantha kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thA, jisase mUrtiyA~ evaM makAna Adi ke nirmANa meM suvidhA rahatI thii| 13. nATaka : gIta, nRtya evaM vAdina kA eka sAtha honA nATya kahalAtA hai| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki kisI ke dvArA kiye hue kArya kA anukaraNa karanA nATaka hai|' ukta purANAnusAra nATaka se dharma, artha evaM kAma ina tIna puruSArthoM kI siddhi tathA paramAnanda rUpa mokSa kI prApti hotI hai| jaina purANoM meM nATaka ke pAtroM meM naTa, naTI, nartakiyA~, bhANa Adi hote the / mahA purANa meM nATaka ko indra se udbhUta mAnA gayA hai aura sarvaprathama garbhAvatAra evaM maMgalAvatAra nATaka indra dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA thaa| nATaka karane, usameM prayukta sAmAna, khelane kA DhaMga, prekSAgRha, saMgIta, raMga-bhUmi, gIta Adi kA varNana ukta purANa meM milatA hai : 14. kathA sAhitya : prAcInakAla se kathA-pracalita hai| padma purANa meM kathAoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / kathAoM se loga Ananda lete the / satpuruSoM kI kathA kA vizeSa mahattva thA aura ise mAnyatA bhI prApta thii|' cAra prakAra kI kathAoM kA ullekha padma purANa meM milatA hai : 11 (i) AkSepaNI kathA : isameM anya matoM kI AlocanA hotI hai| (ii) nikSepaNI kathA : isameM tattva kA nirUpaNa hotA hai| (iii) sevejanI kathA : isameM sAMsArika bAtoM kI carcA hotI hai| (iv) nivedanI kathA : isameM bhogoM se virakti utpAdaka evaM puNya-varddhaka kathAe~ haiN| 15. cikitsAzAstra : purANoM se cikitsAzAstra para prakAza par3atA hai| hamAre yahA~ kI cikitsA atyadhika unnata avasthA meM thI / isameM kAya cikitsA Adi ATha prakAra ke Ayurveda tathA prANAyAma Adi ke vibhAga aura unakI pRthvI Adi dhAraNAoM kA varNana hai / 12 Alocya purANoM meM roga aura unake nidAna kA ullekha milatA hai / padma purANa meM urodhAta (vakSasthala evaM pasalI darda), mahAdAhajvara 1 mahA 16 / 122 7. mahA 14 / 103 2. padma 24 / 22 8. vahI 141105-115, 35 / 161 3. mahA 1466 6. padma 11 / 15 4. vahI 141101 10. vahI 1123-35 5. padma 8058; mahA 751466 11. vahI 106 / 62-63 6. mahA 1466 12. harivaMza 10 / 116

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (dAha), lAlAdarisrAva ( mu~ha se lAra bahanA), aruci ( bhojanAdi kI ruci na honA ), chardi ( vamana honA ), zvapatha ( zarIra meM sUjana) aura sphoTaka ( zarIra meM phor3e nikalanA) Adi rogoM kA ullekha upalabhya hai / " vimohana (mUrcchA) ke tIna bheda - mAyAkRta, pIr3A tathA maMtrISadhi - kathita haiM / 2 padma purANa meM varNita hai ki yadi kisI ko kSudhA ke kAraNa vAyu-roga ho to vaha bahuta ha~satA tathA bolatA hai / " mahA purANa meM udumbara nAmaka kuSTha roga kA ullekha milatA hai / " 244 / " vAta, pitta tathA kapha ko jaina purANoM meM roga kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / " mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki rAtri meM parvatoM para auSadhiyA~ camakatI thIM / roga meM auSadhiyoM kA prayoga karate hue logoM kA ullekha jaina purANoM meM milatA hai strI- sambhoga meM asamartha hone para logoM ke auSadhi ke prayoga karane kA varNana mahA purANa meM AyA hai| purAne ghI ke lagAne se sannipAta roga dUra ho jAtA hai / " kSayaroga meM khAMsI bahuta AtI hai / isakA upacAra dhUmapAna na karane se hai / 16. jyotiSa - zAstra : bahuta prAcIna kAla se jyotiSa kA pracalana hamAre deza meM hai / koI bhI mAMgalika kArya jyotiSa dvArA muhUrta nikAlane ke bAda hI sampanna hotA thA / jyotiSI grahoM kI gaNanA karake jyotizcakra dvArA grahoM kI sthiti jJAta karate the| zizu kA janma muhUrta jAnakara usake graha-nakSatra evaM bhAgyaphala ko nikAlA jAtA hai / " muni bhaviSyavANI karake bhUta, vartamAna tathA bhaviSya jIvana kA phala batAte the / " nimitta jJAna ko jyotiSa - jJAna kahate haiM / 12 grahoM kI sthiti ke AdhAra para bhAgyaphala nirdhArita kiyA jAtA thA / candra, sUrya, nadI, samudra, maccha kacchapa Adi zubha lakSaNa haiM, jisa vyakti ke caraNatala meM yaha pAyA jAtA hai, use bhAgyavAn puruSa samajhanA cAhie / " mahA purANa ke anusAra cakravartI ke paira meM zaMkha, cakra, aMkuza Adi lakSaNa pAye jAte the / " isI prakAra gAya mukha ke samAna paira honA zubha lakSaNa kA pratIka thA / " harivaMza purANa ke varNanAnusAra candramA ke samIpa guru ( bRhaspati ) se adhiSThita graha zubha lakSaNa ke pratIka hote haiM / " 1. 2. padma 64 / 35 vahI 24 / 65 vahI 53 / 35 3. 4. mahA 71 / 320 5. vahI 15 / 30, 56 / 251 6. vahI 33 / 58 7. 8. vahI 167 vahI 25/40 mahA 44 / 281 padma 17 / 356-377 I. 10. 11. mahA 81181-205 12 . vahI 62 / 176 - 160 13. vahI 3 / 162 14. vahA 6 / 168 15. vahI 14 / 14 16. harivaMza 276

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zikSA aura sAhitya 245 17. khagolazAstra : pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI yaha dhAraNA ki prAcIna kAla meM bhAratIyoM ko khagola vijJAna kA jJAna nahIM thA, nitAnta bhrAntimUlaka hai / prAcIna granthoM ke parizIlana se isa samasyA kA samAdhAna hotA hai / Alocya jaina purANoM meM isa tathya para paryApta prakAza par3atA hai / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki sUrya grahaNa, candra grahaNa, grahoM kA sthAnAntaraNa, dina tathA ayana Adi ke saMkramaNa kA jJAna sanmati ko huA thA / ' candra, sUrya, graha, nakSatra tathA prakIrNaka tAre-ye pA~coM AkAza meM rahate the / inake udaya asta Adi se lAbha-hAni kA jJAna antarikSa-vijJAna se hotA thA / mahApurANa meM candramA, tArA, dhruva Adi kA ullekha milatA hai / rAhu candramA ko pUrNimA ke dina grasatA hai arthAt kevala pUrNimA ke dina candra grahaNa hotA hai / mahA purANa ke ullekhAnusAra AkAza se eka jyoti nikalI thii| aisA sujhAva rakhA jA sakatA hai ki ukta jyoti sambhavataH koI pucchala tArA rahA hogA / jaina purANoM meM pRthvI ko kacchue ke pRSTha para sthApita mAnA gayA hai / " jainAcArya dvIpa, nadI, pahAr3a Adi kI nApa kA jJAna rakhate the / uparyukta tathyoM ke atirikta AkAza mArga kA bhI jJAna thA / muniyoM tathA vidyAdharoM ko AkAzagAmI varNita kiyA gayA hai / " AkAza-vidyA se eka vyakti ko dUsare sthAna para zIghra bhejA jAtA thA / ' devatAoM ke pAsa vimAna hone kA ullekha milatA hai / padma purANa ke varNanAnusAra usa samaya AkAza mArga se bhI AkramaNa hote the / " isa prakAra sujhAva rakhA jA sakatA hai ki Alocita purANoM ke kAla meM sambhavataH vijJAna kA pracalana ho gayA thA / 18. anya zAstra : Alocita jaina purANoM meM anya vidyAoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai, jo adholikhita haiM- nItizAstra, " mAnavidyA (mApavidyA) 12, upakaraNa nirmANazAstra, AyudhanirmANazAstra, " vastroM se sambandhita zAstra, , 15 lakSaNazAstra", taMtrazAstra", lokAcArazAstra, " darzanazAstra" aura ratna- parIkSAzAstra 20 Adi / 1. harivaMza 3 / 87 2 . vahI 62 / 182-183 3. mahA 4 6 / 51-54 vahI 3381-87 4. 5. vahI 51 / 48 6. 7. 8. 8. vahI 6 / 65 10. padma 6 / 541 padma 105 / 150; harivaMza 5 / 67 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. mahA 66, 8246 17. vahI 5 / 100, 62 / 266; padma 188 18. padma 73 / 28 vahI 25 / 60-62 vahI 24 / 56 vahI 24 / 57 vahI 24 / 58 vahI 16 / 123 vahI 16 / 123 vahI 16 / 125 16. vahI 1862 vahI 16 / 124 20.

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5 kalA evaM sthApatya [ka] jana-sanniveza : svarUpa evaM prakAra yadyapi jaina purANoM meM jana-sanniveza ke svarUpa evaM prakAroM kI koI vistRta evaM vizada vivecanA prApya nahIM hotI tathApi jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se jo motI upalabdha hue haiM, unheM mAlA ke rUpa meM saMgrathita karane kA prayAsa agralikhita paMktiyoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai : 1. grAma : saMgrAme yuddhe dhAtu se 'a' pratyaya hokara tathA 'sama' upasarga kA lopa hone se 'grAma' zabda nirmita huA hai / isakA artha hai- yuddhasthala / kahane kA tAtparya hai ki jahA~ sabhI prakAra kI ceSTAe~ kI jAtI haiM use grAma kahate haiM / yahA~ para kriyA kSetra yogarUr3ha huA hai| jaina purANoM meM varNita hai ki jinameM bAr3a se ghire hue ghara hoM, jinameM adhikatara zUdra aura kisAna nivAsa karate hoM tathA jo upavana aura tar3AgoM se yukta hoM, use grAma kahate haiM / jaina purANoM meM hI yaha jisameM sau ghara hoM use nikRSTa arthAt laghu-gA~va aura jisameM ullekha AyA hai ki pA~ca sau ghara hoM evaM 1. mahA 16 164; harivaMza 23; padma 3 / 318 - 327; pANDava 2 / 158

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kalA evaM sthApatya 247 kRSaka dhana-dhAnya se sampanna hoM use vizAla-gA~va kahate haiN| prathama evaM dvitIya prakAra ke gAMvoM kI sImA kramazaH eka kosa (do mIla) evaM do kosa (cAra mIla) hotI thii| ina gA~voM ke dhAna ke kheta sadA sampanna rahate the tathA unameM ghAsa evaM jala bhI adhika rahatA thA / nadI, pahAr3a, guphA, zmazAna, kSIra-vRkSa (thUhara) Adi ke vRkSa, babUla Adi ke kaTIle vRkSa, vana aura pula-ye saba una gAMvoM ke sImA-cihna kahalAte the / gA~va ke basAne aura unake upabhoktAoM ke yogya vidhi-vidhAna nirmita karanA, navIna vastu ke nirmANa evaM purAnI vastu kI surakSA ke upAya, vahA~ ke logoM se begAra karAnA, aparAdhiyoM ko daNDa pradAna karanA tathA janatA se kara vasUla karanA Adi kArya rAjAoM ke adhIna rahate the| padma purANa meM grAmoM kI samRddhi evaM sampannatA nagaroM ke samAna kathita hai| yaha varNana vizAla gA~voM ke sandarbha meM hai| mahA purANa meM gA~va kI sImA viSayaka varNana AyA hai ki gA~va itane samIpa base hote the ki murgA saralatA se eka gA~va se ur3akara dUsare gA~va taka sukhapUrvaka jA sakatA thaa| gA~voM kI sImAe~ thor3e hI parizrama se phalane vAle dhAna ke khetoM se zobhAyamAna hotI thiiN| sainika mArga ke samIpastha khetoM kI surakSA gAMva ke kisAna sainikoM se kiyA karate the| gA~va ke kisAna idhara-udhara ghUmate the / gA~va ke mArga gAyoM ke khuroM se U~cenIce, saMkare evaM kIcar3a se yukta hote the| gA~va ke mukhiyA mahAbalavAn hote the| gA~va meM jhopar3iyoM ke samIpa phala aura phUloM se yukta latAeM hotI thIM / gA~voM ke loga ghI ke ghar3e, dahI ke pAtra aura aneka prakAra ke phala rAjA ko bheMTa karate the| isI purANa meM anyatra ullikhita hai ki gA~va daNDa Adi kI bAdhA se rahita hone ke kAraNa saba sampattiyoM aura varNAzrama se paripUrNa the tathA sthAnIya logoM kA anukaraNa karane vAle hote the| grAmoM ke viSaya meM jaina purANoM ke ukta vicAra jainetara sAhityoM, utkhanana se prApta sAmAgriyoM, videzI vivaraNoM Adi meM yathAsthAna draSTavya haiM / jainetara vidvAn kauTilya ne grAma-niveza evaM grAma-nirmANa ke viSaya meM batAyA hai ki-'grAma' jinameM 1. mahA 16 / 165-168; padma 33 / 56 2. ... "grAmAH sarvasukhAvahAH / padma 476 3. mahA 4164, 54 / 15 4. mahA 26 / 120-127 5. vItadaNDAdibAdhatvAnnigamAH sarvasampadaH / varNAzramasamAkIrNAste sthAnIyAnukAriNAH // mahA 54 / 16

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ki pratyeka meM kama se kama sau zUdra athavA kRSaka parivAra tathA adhika se adhika pA~ca sau parivAra hoM, sthApita kiye jAyeM! pratyeka gA~va kI sImA eka kosa se do kosa kI ho / inake rakSArtha apanI-apanI sthityanurUpa pArasparika rakSA kA prabandha ho / sImA kA pArthakya athavA nirdhAraNa kisI nadI, parvata, vana, vAlbAkRti vIrudha, kandarA, pula athavA vizeSa vRkSa jaise zAlmalI, zamI yA kSIravRkSa Adi se sampAdita kiyA jAye / ina grAmoM ke rakSArtha 800 grAmoM ke bIca sthAnIya durga, 200 grAmoM ke bIca droNamukha durga tathA 10 grAmoM ke bIca meM saMgrahadurga kI sthApanA kI jAye / ' 248 jainetara grantha mAnasAra evaM mayamata meM grAma prabheda kA varNana upalabdha hai / mAnasAra ke varNanAnusAra grAmoM ke ATha bheda haiM- daNDaka, sarvatobhadra, nandyAvarta, padmaka, svastika, prastara, kArmuka tathA caturmukha / mayamata ke anusAra bhI grAmoM ke ATha bheda haiM - daNDaka, svAstika, prastara, prakIrNaka, nandyAvarta, parAga, padma tathA zrIpratiSThita / isa prakAra mAnasAra evaM mayamata meM kevala pA~ca sAmAnya grAma haiM- daNDaka, nandyAvarta, padma (padmaka), svastika tathA prastara / 2 2. nagara : 'naga' zabda meM taddhit kA 'ra' pratyaya hone para nagara zabda banA hai / jahA~ para naga arthAt uttamottama vastueM bikatI hoM, use nagara kahate haiM / jaina purANoM meM nagara ke viSaya meM varNita hai ki jo parikhA, gopura, aTTAlikA, koTa aura prAkAra se suzobhita ho, jisameM aneka bhavana bane hoM, jo upavana evaM sarovaroM se yukta hoM, jo uttama rIti se uttama sthAna para basA ho, jisameM pAnI kA pravAha pUrva evaM uttara dizA ke bIca vAlI IzAna dizA kI ora ho, jo pradhAna puruSoM ke rahane ke yogya ho, use prazaMsanIya pura yA nagara saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / " mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki nagara meM bar3I U~cI patAkAe~ phaharatI thIM aura toraNa bA~dhe jAte the / harivaMza purANa ke varNanAnusAra nagara meM dhUli ke bandhAna, koTa, parikhA, udyAna, vana, ArAma, 1. dvijendra nAtha zukla-bhAratIya sthApatya, lakhanaU, 1668, pR0 61 2 . vahI, pR0 63 3. parikhAgopurATTAlavapraprAkAramaNDitam 4. 1 nAnAbhavanavinyAsaM sodyAnaM sajalAzayam / puramevaMvidhaM zastamucitoddezasusthitam / pUrvottaraplavAmbhaskaM pradhAnapuruSocitam / mahA 16 166 - 170, 71 / 25 zAlazailamahAvapraparivApariveSiNaH | harivaMza 2 / 11; pANDava 2 / 158 mahA 62 / 267

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kalA aura sthApatya 246 sarovara, vApikA aura vibhinna maNiyoM se yukta bhavana hote the| jainetara grantha mAnasAra meM nagara kI paribhASA batAte hue kathita hai ki jahA~ para kraya-vikraya hotA ho, vibhinna jAtiyoM evaM parivAroM ke vyakti rahate hoM, vibhinna prakAra ke karmakAra basate hoM, sabhI dharmAvalambiyoM ke dharmAyatana sthita hoM, vaha nagara hai / 2 3. pattana : jainasUtroM meM varNita hai ki jahA~ naukAoM dvArA gamana hotA hai, use 'paTTana' kahate haiM evaM jahA~ naukAoM ke atirikta gAr3iyoM evaM ghor3oM se bhI gamana hotA hai, use 'pattana' kahA gayA hai|' isI prakAra kA vivaraNa jaina purANoM meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai / jaina purANoM ke anusAra jo samudra ke taTa para sthita ho aura jahA~ nAvoM ke dvArA AvAgamana ho, use 'pattana' kahate haiN| jaina sAhitya meM ise 'jalapaTTana' kathita hai / jainetara grantha arthazAstra meM bandaragAha ko 'paNyapattana' varNita kiyA gayA hai| mAnasAra ke anusAra pattanaM usa nagara ko kahate haiM, jo samudra taTa para sthita ho, jisameM vaNika evaM vibhinna jAti ke loga rahate hoM, vastue~ kraya evaM vikraya kI jAtI hoM tathA vANijya evaM vyavasAya kA bolabAlA ho aura bAharI dezoM se kraya-vikraya ke lie lAyI gayI sAmagrI se paripUrNa ho / bRhatkathAkoza meM 'pattana' ko 'ratnasambhUtiH' arthAt ratnaprApti kA sthAna batAyA gayA hai|' * 4. droNamukha : jaina purANoM meM usa nagara ko droNamukha kathita hai, jo kisI nadI ke taTa para ho / mahA purANa ke ullekhAnusAra droNamukha meM cAra sau gA~va hote the| droNamukha use kahate the, jahA~ jala aura thala donoM se AvAgamana hotA thA, jaise 1. harivaMza 8147-148 2. mAnasAra, adhyAya 10 3. pattanaM zakaTairgamyaM dyoTakainAbhireva ca / naubhireva tu yad gamyaM paTTanaM tatpracakSate // vyavahArasUtra, bhAga 3 4. pattanaM tatsamudrAnte yannaubhiravatIryate / mahA 16 / 172; padma 41657; harivaMza 2 / 3; pANDava 2 / 160 5. motI candra-sArthavAha, paTanA, 1653, pR0 163 6. arthazAstra (zAmA zAstrI kA anuvAda), pR0 328 7. mAnasAra, adhyAya 10; mayamata 10128-26 8. bRhatkathAkoza 64 / 16 6. bhaved droNamukhaM nAmnA nimnagAtaTamAzritam / mahA 16 / 163; padma 41657; harivaza 2 / 3; pANDava 2 / 160 10. mahA 16 / 175; tulanIya-catuzzatagrAmyA droNamukhaM / arthazAstra 17 / 1 / 3

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250 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana tAmralipti aura bharukaccha / jaina sAhitya se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki yahAM para videzI dAsa-dAsiyoM kI bhI bahuta mA~ga thii| mAnasAra meM isake lie droNAntara zabda vyavahRta huA hai / yaha nagara samudra taTa ke pAsa nadI ke muhAne para sthita hotA thA, isameM baniye tathA anya jAti ke loga rahate the aura vastuoM kA kraya-vikraya hotA thA / 2 kAlAntara ke zilpazAstroM meM bhI isI prakAra kA varNana samupalabdha hai| 5. puTabhedana : jaina purANoM meM bar3e-bar3e vyApArika kendroM (nagaroM) ko puTabhedana varNita kiyA hai| bar3e nagaroM meM thoka mAla kI gA~The muharabanda AtI thIM aura muhara tor3akara mAla ko choTe (phuTakara) vyApAriyoM ko beca diyA jAtA thaa| muharoM ke isa prakAra tor3ane se viziSTa vyApArika kendra ko puTabhedana saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / aisI muhareM purAtattva kI khudAI se prApta huI haiN|" samarAGgaNa-sUtradhAra meM varNita hai ki jahA~ bahuta se vyApArI nivAsa karate hoM aura jo bandaragAha ho, use puTabhedana kahate haiN| 6. kharvaTa (karvaTa): kharvaTa zabda kA zAbdika artha jahA~ para pati kI abhilASA vAlI bahuta-sI kanyAoM kA aTana (bhramaNa) ho, use kharvaTa kahate haiN|' samarAGgaNa-sUtradhAra meM ise karvaTa varNita kiyA gayA hai aura isameM nagara-tattva kI pradhAnatA kA ullekha hai| jaina purANoM ke anusAra jo nagara parvata se ghirA ho use kharvaTa kahate haiM / 1. drohiM gammati jaleNa vithaleNa vi droNamukhaM / jahA bharuyacchaM tAmalitti evamAdi // AcArAGgacUrNi' pR0 282 droSyo nAvo mukhamasyeti droNamukhaM jalasthalanirgamaprabezam yathA bhagukacchaM tAmra liptirvA-uttarAdhyayana kA zAntisUrivRtti, pRSTha 605 2. mAnasAra, adhyAya 10 3. zilparatna, adhyAya 5 4. padma 41657; harivaMza 2 / 3; tulanIya-milindapaJho, pR0 2; dIghanikAya (dvitIya bhAga), pR0 72; amarakoza, dvitIya kANDa, pRSTha 116 5. motI candra-sArthavAha, pRSTha 16; amarakoza (haradatta zarmA), pR0 74; bhArata kI maulika ekatA, pR0 121 6. samarAGgaNa-sUtradhAra 185 7. viSNu purANa, aMza 1, adhyAya 6 8. 'kaTaM nagaropamam'-samarAGgaNa-sUtradhAra, pR0 86 6. kevalaM girisaMruddhaM khaTaM tatpracakSate / mahA 16 / 171; harivaMza 2 / 3; padma 3 / 116

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kalA aura sthApatya 251 mAnasAra' aura mayamatam meM kathita hai ki kharvaTa parvata ke samIpa sthita hotA hai aura isameM sabhI jAtiyoM ke loga rahate haiN| kauTilya ke anusAra isameM do sau gA~va hote the|' mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki kharvaTa meM do sau gA~va hote haiM / pANDava purANa ke anusAra parvatoM se ghire hue gA~va ko karvaTa nAma se sambodhita karate haiN| 7. kheTa : jaina purANoM ke anusAra jo nagara nadI aura parvata se ghirA huA ho, use 'kheTa' kahate haiN| pANini ne kheTa ko gahita nagara kahA hai / " amarakoza meM isake lie 'kutsika' tathA 'avadya' zabda vyavahRta huA hai / mAnasAra aura mayamatam meM ullekha AyA hai ki isameM adhikAMzataH zUdra hI nivAsa karate the aura nadI evaM parvata se AveSTita hote the| zilparatna meM varNita hai ki do grAmoM athavA grAmasamUha ke madhya meM eka samRddha laghu-kAya nagara kheTaka nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai| kheTa meM samAja ke nimnavarga ke loga nivAsa karate the| isakI puSTi kheTa zabda kI vyutpatti se kI jA sakatI hai / khe (AkAze) aTati asau kheTa: arthAt AkAza meM bhramaNa karane vAle nakSatra, graha Adi kheTa haiN| jisa prakAra graha-nakSatra Adi sUrya se sambaddha rahate hue pRthak pratIta hote haiM, usI prakAra nimna varga ke loga bhI gA~va se sambaddha rahate hue bhI alaga se rahate the| 8. maTamba : maTamba ke lie maDamba zabda bhI vyavahRta hotA hai / jaina purANoM meM usa nagara ko maTamba kI avidhA dI gayI hai, jo pA~ca sau gA~voM se saMyukta hote the| isameM bar3e nagaroM kI vizeSatAeM parilakSita hotI haiM / ye vyApAra Adi ke kendrasthala hote the| 1. mAnasAra, adhyAya 10 2. mayamatam, adhyAya 10 3. arthazAstra, adhyAya 1, sUtra 3 4. mahA 16 / 175 5. pANDava 2 / 156 6. sarigiribhyAM saMruddhaM khettmaahurmniissinnH| mahA 16 / 171; harivaMza 2 / 3 21156; padma 32 / 25 7. celakheTakaTukakANDa / garhAyAm aSTAdhyAyI 6 / 2 / 126 8. mAnasAra, adhyAya 10; mayamatam, adhyAya 10 6. grAmayoH kheTakaM madhye....' / zilparatna, adhyAya 5 10. maDambamAmananti jJAH paJcagrAmazatIvRttam / mahA 16 / 172; pANDava 2 / 156

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252 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 6. saMgraha : saMgraha zabda 'sam' pUrvaka 'graha ' dhAtu se 'a' pratyaya hone se banA hai / isakA zAbdika artha saMcaya karanA hai / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki dasa gA~voM ke madhya meM eka aise mahAn (bar3e) gA~va ko, jahA~ para vastuoM kA saMgraha kiyA jAtA ho aura AvazyakatAnusAra vitaraNa hotA ho, use saMgraha kahate haiN| ye saMgraha-grAma tatkAlIna nagara aura grAma ke samparka-sUtra ke rUpa meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAte the| Adhunika paraganA ko saMgraha-grAma mAnA jA sakatA hai| 10. saMvAha : saMvAha zabda kI vyutpatti-'sam' pUrvaka 'vaha' dhAtu se 'a' pratyaya hokara vakottara akAra ko AkAra Adeza hone se 'saMvAha' zabda banA / isakA zAbdika artha, jahAM para Ama rUpa se vAhana prApta hote hoM use saMvAha kahA gayA hai| jaina purANoM ke anusAra jisameM mastaka taka U~ce-U~ce dhAnya ke Dhera lage hoM, usa gA~va ko saMvAha kahate haiM / isase jJAta hotA hai ki gAMvoM meM sarvAdhika anna kI upaja hotI thI, jisase loga samRddhi evaM sampannatA kA jIvana vyatIta kara rahe the / vastutaH saMvAha nagara ke samAna samRddha hote the| 11. ghoSa : 'ghuS' dhAtu se 'a' pratyaya hokara 'ukAra' ko okAra Adeza hone para 'ghoSa' zabda banA / jahA~ para kolAhala karane vAle prANI rahate hoM, use ghoSa kahate haiM / jaina purANoM ke anusAra usa samaya ahIroM (gvAloM) kI bastI pRthak huA karatI thii| ahIroM ke isa choTe se gAMva ko ghoSa kathita hai|' Aja bhI pazcimI uttara-pradeza meM ahIra ke lie ghosI zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| 12. Akara : mahA purANa ke anusAra jisa gAMva ke pAsa meM tAmra, rajata svarNa, maNi, ratna Adi kI khAneM hotI haiM, use Akara kI saMjJA pradAna kI gayI hai| 1. dazagrAmyAstu madhye yo mahAn grAmaH sa saMgrahaH / mahA 16 / 176 2. saMvAhastu zirovyUDhadhAnyasaMcaya ipyate / mahA 16 / 173; padma 476 3. padma 41157; harivaMza 2 / 3; mahA 16 / 176 4. mahA 16 / 176

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kalA aura sthApatya 253 [kha] vAstu evaM sthApatya kalA 'vAstu' zabda kI jo vyAkhyA prAcIna AcAryoM ne kI hai vaha bhI vAstu zAstra ke vyApaka sambandha meM bar3I sahAyaka hai| mAnasAra ke anusAra bhUmi, harmya (bhavanaAdi), yAna evaM paryaMka se 'vAstu' zabda kA bodha hotA hai / vAstu kI isa caturmukhI vyApakatA kI sodAharaNa vyAkhyA karate hue DaoN0 prasanna kumAra AcArya ne vAstu vizvakoza (pR0 456) meM likhate haiM ki-harmya meM prAsAda, maNDapa, sabhA, zAlA, prapA tathA raMga-ye sabhI sammilita haiN| yAna Adi se spandana, zibikA evaM ratha kA bodha hotA hai / paryaMka ke antargata paMjara, macalI, maMca, phalakAsana tathA bAla-paryaMka Ate haiM / vAstu zabda grAmoM, puroM, durgoM, pattanoM, puTabhedanoM, AvAsa-bhavanoM evaM nivezya-bhUmi kA bhI vAcaka hai| sAtha hI mUrtikalA athavA pASANakalA vAstukalA kI sahacarI kahI jA sakatI hai / arthazAstra, agni purANa tathA garur3a purANa vAstu zabda ke isa artha kA samarthana karate haiN|' prAcIna kAla meM vAstu evaM sthApatya kalA kA atyadhika vikAsa huA thA / mahA purANa meM abhiyantA (ijIniyara) ke lie 'sthapati' zabda vyavahRta huA hai| jaina Agama meM vAstupAThakoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai, jo ki nagaranirmANa ke lie idhara-udhara bhramaNa kiyA karate the / ' jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se vAstu evaM sthApatya kalA ko adhyayana kI dRSTi se adholikhita bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara vivaraNa prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai : 1. nagara-vinyAsa : prAcIna kAla se vAstukalA meM nagara-nirmANa kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| nagara-nirmANa ke lie rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, jAtaka, milindapaho, yuga purANa, mayamata, mAnasAra, sasarAGgaNasUtradhAra Adi prAcIna-granthoM meM nagara-sthApana, nagara-vinyAsa, pura-nivezana, nagara-nivezana, nagara viniveza, purasthApana tathA nagara karaNa zabdoM kA yathAsthAna prayoga huA hai| vAstukalA aura prAsAda banAne ke lie sthapati (ijIniyara) hote the| sthapati kA prayoga jainetara grantha mAnasAra', mayamata aura samarAGgaNasUtradhAra Adi zilpa-zAstroM meM huA hai| 1. dvijendra nAtha zukla : bhAratIya sthApatya, lakhanaU, 1668, pR0 17 2. mahA 32 / 34 3. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 177 4. udaya nArAyaNa rAya-prAcIna bhArata meM nagara evaM nAgarika jIvana, pR0 231 5. mahA 371177 6. mAnasAra, adhyAya 2 7. mayamata, adhyAya 5 8. samarAGgaNasUtradhAra, pR0 235

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254 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana Alocita jaina purANoM ke anusAra nagara pUrva aura pazcima nava yojana caur3e aura dakSiNa se uttara bAraha yojana lambe hote the / unakA mukha pUrva dizA kI ora hotA thA / ' nagariyoM meM 1,000 cauka (catuSka) 12,000 galiyAM (vIthiyA~), choTebar3e 1,000 daravAje, 500 kivAr3a vAle daravAje evaM 200 sundara daravAje hote the| padma purANa meM varNita hai ki nagara cUne se pute hone se sapheda mahaloM kI paMkti se yukta pratIta hote the| jaina purANoM meM nagaroM kI samRddhi ke varNana upalabdha haiM / padma purANa ke anusAra bharata ke rAjya meM nagara devaloka ke samAna utkRSTa sampadAoM se paripUrNa the| padmapurANa meM varNita hai ki vijayArddha parvata kI dakSiNa zreNI kI nagariyA~ eka se eka bar3hakara, nAnA dezoM evaM grAmoM se vyApta, maTamboM se saMkIrNa tathA kheTa aura karvaTa ke prasAra se yukta haiN| vahA~ kI bhUmi bhogabhUmi ke samAna hai| jharane sadA madhu, dUdha, ghI Adi rasoM ko bahAte haiM / anAjoM kI rAziyA~ parvatoM ke sadRzya hai / anAja kI khattiyoM kA kabhI kSaya nahIM hotA / vApikAoM evaM bagIcoM se AvRtta mahaka bahuta bhArI kAnti ko dhAraNa karate haiM / mArga dhUli aura kaNTaka se rahita sukhada haiM / pyAU bar3e-bar3e vRkSoM kI chAyA se yukta evaM rasoM se pUrNa haiN| mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki dhUli ke Dhera aura koTa kI dIvAroM se durladhya nagara daravAjoM, aTTAlikAoM kI paMktiyoM tathA bandaroM ke zira jaise AkAra vAle bujoM se atyadhika suzobhita ho rahA thaa| jaina purANoM ke ukta ullekha atiraMjita avazya haiM, tathApi nagaroM kI samRddhatA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ___ mahA purANa meM pura nirmANa ke sAta avayava-vapra, prAkAra, parikhA, aTArI, dvAra, galI aura mArga-varNita haiM / padmapurANa ke anusAra nagara ke cAroM ora vizAla koTa kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| koTa ke cAroM ora gaharI parikhA khodI jAtI thii| jo atyadhika gaharI hotI thI, jisase isakI upamA pAtAla se dI jAtI thii| 1. pUrvApareNa rundrAH syuryojanAni navaivatAH / dakSiNottarato dIrghA dvAdaza prAGamukhaM sthitAH // mahA 1670; harivaMza 5 / 264 2. mahA 1668-66; harivaMza 5 / 265-266 3. sudhArasasamAsaGgapANDurAgArapaMktibhiH / pama 2 / 37 4. padma 476 5. padma 3 / 315-325 6. mahA 63 / 365 7. vahI 16154-73

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kalA aura sthApatya 255 nagara U~ce gopuroM se saMyukta hote the / bar3I-bar3I vApikAoM - aTTAlikAoM se nagara ko alaMkRta kiyA jAtA thA / padma purANa meM varNita hai ki nagara meM striyA~, puruSa, bacce, muni, vezyAe~, lAsaka (nRtya karane vAle), zatru, zastradhArI, yAcaka, vidyArthI vandijana, dhUrta, saMgItazAstra ke pAragAmI vidvAn, vaijJAnika ( vijJAna grahaNodyukta) sAdhu, vaNika, zaraNAgata, vArtika, vidagdha, viTa, cAraNa, kAmuka, sudhI tathA mAtaMga Adi rahate haiM / mahA purANa meM vyavasthA dI gayI hai ki pratyeka nagara ke madhya meM catuSka ( caurAhA ) nirmita kiyA jAtA thA / caurAhe caur3e hote the tathA nagara ke sabhI pramukha sthAnoM se sambaddha rahate the / ' nagara ke pratolI aura rathyA" kA ullekha mahA purANa meM huA hai / pratolI rathyA se caur3I galI thI / pratolI nagara ke pramukha bAjAra evaM muhalloM kI ora jAtI thI, jabaki rathyA sImita muhalle taka hI jAtI thI / [i] durga: padma purANa ke anusAra zatru ke dvArA AkrAnta hone para rAjA loga durga meM Akara zaraNa lete the / zatru para AkramaNArtha bhI rAjA durga meM Azraya letA thA / mahA purANa meM durga ke andara yathAsthAna yantra, zastra, jala, ghor3e, jau tathA rakSakoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai / " padma purANa meM durgama-durga kA sandarbha prApta hai / " jainetara sAhitya meM durgoM ke prakAra kA vistArazaH varNana upalabdha hai / kauTilya ne cAra prakAra - audaka, dhAnvana, pArvata tathA vana - ke durgoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / " anya zAstrakAroM ke matAnusAra chaH prakAra ke durga hote haiM - dhAnva, mahI, vArkSa, jala, nR tathA giri / " zukrAcArya ne nau prakAra ke durga batAyA hai - airiNa, parikha, pAridha, vana, dhanva, jala giri, sainya tathA sahAya / samarAGgaNasUtradhAra meM durga-vidhAna kI vivecanA upalabdha hai / isameM vijayArthI rAjA ke lie cha: prakAra - jala, paMka, vana, airiNa, parvatIya tathA guhA ke durgoM kI AvazyakatA para bala diyA gayA hai / " Alocita jainapurANoM 1. padma 246, 3166-170 2. vahI 2136 45 .3. 4. mahA 26 / 3 vahI 43 / 208 vahI 26 / 3 5. 11. 8. E. 10. arthazAstra 2 / 3-4 mahAbhArata zAntiparva 5635, 86 4-5; manu 7 70, viSNudharmasUtra 3 6; matsya purANa 2 / 7 / 6-7; agni purANa 222 / 4-5 12. zukra 4 / 850-854 13. dvijendra nAtha zukla-samarAGgaNIya bhavana niveza dillI, 1664, pR0 41 6. padma 43 / 28 7. vahI 26 / 40 mahA 54 / 24 padma 26 / 47

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256 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ke racanA-kAla meM durgoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA / zAnti evaM yuddha kAla meM inakA bahuvidhi prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / [ii] rAjadhAnI : durga rAjA kI zakti kA paricAyaka hotA thA / ' samarAGgaNasUtradhAra aura mayamatam' meM rAjadhAnI ko usa nagara ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai, jahA~ rAjA nivAsa karatA thA / arthazAstra meM rAjadhAnI ke lie 'sthAnIya ' zabda prayukta huA hai aura rAjadhAnI meM 800 grAma hote the / * prAcIna granthoM meM rAjadhAnI ke lakSaNoM kA nirUpaNa karate hue ullikhita hai ki rAjadhAnI ke caturdik parikhA, prAkAra evaM nagara dvAroM kA honA anivArya thA tathA isake andara caur3e rAjamArgoM, sundara bhavanoM, upavanoM evaM sarovaroM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / isake atirikta rAjadhAnI ke nagara dvAra para sainika zivira, unnatagopura, zAlAoM evaM vizAla bhavanoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / " DaoN0 dvijendra nAtha zukla ke matAnusAra jisa nagara meM rAjA nivAsa karatA hai usako rAjadhAnI kI abhidhA se sambodhita karate haiM aura anya nagaroM kA bodha zAkhA nagara kI saMjJA se hotA hai / " zukrAcArya ke matAnusAra rAjadhAnI ke nirmANa meM agralikhita bAtoM kA dhyAna rakhanA cAhie / suramya evaM samatala bhU-bhAga para rAjadhAnI yA nagara kA nirmANa karanA cAhie; jo vividha prakAra ke vRkSoM, latAoM evaM paudhoM se AvRtta ho, jahA~ para pazupakSI evaM jIva-jantuoM kI sampannatA ho, bhojana evaM jala sulabha ho sake, bAga-bagIce, hariyAlI prAkRtika saundarya darzanIya hoM, samudrataTa para gamanazIla naukAoM ke yAtAyAta ko dRSTigata kiyA jA sake aura vaha sthAna parvata ke samIpa ho / jaina purANoM ke anusAra koTa - prAkAra, gopura, aTTAlikA, vApikA, bagIcoM Adi se suzobhita rAjadhAniyA~ hotI thiiN| Alocya jaina purANoM meM bhI rAjadhAniyoM ke nagaroM meM vahI Adarza upalabdha hai jaisA ki zukranIti meM varNita hai / padma purANa meM pI0 sI0 cakravartI - ArTa oNpha da vAra ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, DhAkA, 1641, pR0 127 1. samarAGgaNasUtradhAra, pR0 86 2. 3. mayamatam, adhyAya 10 8. arthazAstra 17 / 1 / 3 5. zukra, adhyAya 1; mayamatam adhyAya 1; mAnasAra adhyAya 1 dvijendra nAtha zukla - vahI, pR066 6. 7. zukranIti, prathama adhyAya 8. mahA 16 / 162; padma 3 / 316-317

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kalA aura sthApatya 257 kathita hai ki ukta rAjadhAniyoM meM binA parizrama ke anna, phala evaM auSadhi milatI thii| anAja se khattiyA~ paripUrNa thiiN| mArga dhUli evaM kaNTaka rahita the| Rtue~ Anandaprada thIM / varSA AvazyakatAnusAra hotI thii|' rAjadhAnI meM 800 grAma hone kA ullekha milatA hai| [iii] sar3aka nirmANa : nagaroM meM sar3aka yA mArga nirmANa parama kuzalatA kA paricAyaka hotA hai / jaina purANoM meM rAjamArga, pratolI aura rathyA zabda sar3aka ke lie vyavahRta hue haiN| rAjamArga sIdhe banAye jAte the / / padma purANa meM varNita hai ki nagara meM galiyA~ itanI saMkarI hotI thIM ki kisI vyakti ke vega se Ane para khar3e hue vyakti ke hAtha se bartana gira jAtA thaa| rAjamArga nagara ke madhya se hokara jAtA thA / samarAGgaNa-sUtradhAra meM rAjamArga kI caur3AI kI mApa-jyeSTha, madhya aura kaniSTha-tIna prakAra ke nagaroM meM bA~Ta kara nikAlI gayI hai, jo kramazaH 24, 20 evaM 16 hAtha (36 phuTa, 30 phuTa evaM 24 phuTa) honI caahie| inakA itanA vistAra honA cAhie ki paidala, caturaMgiNI senA, rAjasI julUsa evaM nAgarikoM ke calane meM kisI prakAra kA avarodha na ho| yaha rAjamArga pakkA nirmita karanA caahie|' zukrAcArya ke anusAra uttama, madhyama evaM kaniSTha prakAra ke nagaroM ke rAjamArgoM kI caur3AI kramazaH 45 phuTa, 30 phuTa evaM 221 phuTa honI caahie|' padma purANa meM varNita hai ki jahA~ para do mArga eka dUsare ko samakoNa para kATeM, usa sthAna ko caurAhA (catvara) kahA gayA hai aura jaba eka mArga ke bIca se koI mArga nikalatA ho to usa sthAna ko tirAhA (trika) kahA gayA hai| vizeSa avasaroM para ina tirAhoM evaM caurAhoM sahita mArga ko susajjita kiyA jAtA thaa| samarAGgaNa-sUtradhAra meM tIna prakAra kI rathyAyeM varNita haiM -mahArathyA, rathyA evaM uprthyaa| jeSTha, madhyama evaM kaniSTha nagaroM ke bheda ke kAraNa mahArathyAyeM 1. padma 3 / 316-336 2. mahA 16 / 175 3. padma 6 / 121-122; mahA 43 / 208, 26 / 3 4. vahI 120 / 27 5. dvijendra nAtha zukla-bhAratIya sthApatya , lakhanaU, 1668, pR0 85 6. dvijendra nAtha zukla-vahI, pR0 86 7. padma 66 / 12-13 . 17

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258 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kramazaH 12, 10 evaM 8 hAtha (18, 15 evaM 12 phuTa ) caur3I honI cAhie / rathyA kI caur3AI rAjamArga se AdhI aura uparadhyA kI caur3AI rAjamArga se cauthAI honI cAhie | ye rathyAyeM evaM uparadhyAyeM nagaroM ko choTe-choTe upakhaNDoM meM bA~Tane meM sahAyaka hotI haiM / ' [iv] surakSA vyavasthA : nagara- vinyAsa meM surakSA vyavasthA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / prAcIna kAla meM surakSA ke do sAdhana the - ( 1 ) prAkRtika aura (2) kRtrima | arthazAstra se jJAta hotA hai ki nadI, jala, parvata, pattharasamUha, marusthala, jaMgala Adi prAkRtika sAdhana the / samarAGgaNa sUtradhAra meM nagaroM ke rakSArtha pA~ca prakAra ke kRtrima sAdhana varNita haiM - ( 1 ) parikhA, (2) vapra, (3) prAkAra, (4) dvAra evaM gopura, (5) rathyA / ukta ke atirikta aTTAlaka evaM burja zabda kA ullekha jaina purANoM meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai, jinakA varNana agralikhita hai : (1) parikhA : 'parikhA' zabda kI vyutpatti paripUrvaka khan dhAtu se a pratyaya hokara ana pratyaya kA lopa hone evaM strItva vivakSA meM TAp pratyaya hone se parikhA zabda nirmita huA hai / cAroM ora khudI huI khAIM ko parikhA saMjJA se abhihita karate haiM / nagara kI surakSA ke lie usake cAroM ora parikhA yA khAIM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / padma purANa ke anusAra rAjagRha nagara kI parikhA use samudra ke samAna ghere huI thii| surakSA kI dRSTi se nagara ke atirikta mandiroM ke cAroM ora parikhAoM ke nirmANa karane kA ullekha padma purANa meM huA hai / " mahA purANa ke varNanAnusAra jala, paMka tathA rikta nAmaka tIna prakAra kI parikhAyeM hotI thIM / jainetara grantha arthazAstra, samarAGgaNasUtradhAra", mahAummaga jAtaka' meM bhI tIna prakAra kI parikhAoM - jala parikhA, paMka parikhA tathA rikta parikhA- - kA ullekha 1. dvijendra nAtha zukla - vahI, pR0 85-86 2. arthazAstra, bhAga 2, adhyAya 3, pR0 54 3. dvijendranAtha zukla - vahI pR0 101-102 4. padma 2 / 46 5. vahI 40 / 26 6. mahA 16 / 53 7. arthazAstra, bhAga 1 8. I. samarAGgaNasUtradhAra, bhAga 1, pR0 40 jAtaka, saMkhyA 546 i

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kalA aura sthApatya 256 upalabdha hai| parikhA ke bhItarI donoM kinAroM evaM tala kI sudRr3hatA ke lie IMToM yA pattharoM kI cunAI kI jAtI thii| megasthanIz2a ke anusAra pATaliputra kI parikhA 600 phuTa caur3I thii| jainetara grantha arthazAstra meM prathama parikhA 14 daNDa, dvitIya parikhA 12 daNDa aura tRtIya parikhA 10 daNDa vistIrNa hotI thiiN| parikhA kI gaharAI caur3AI se kama hotI thii| isakI gaharAI sAmAnyataH 15 phuTa hotI thii| parikhA kI gaharAI nApane ke lie puruSa (purusA) kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| parikhA ke jala meM kabhI-kabhI bhayaMkara jalajIva, ghar3iyAla, nAka (nakra) aura magara Adi chor3e jAte the, jisase zatru parikhA ko pAra na kara ske| parikhA kI sundaratA ke lie usake jala meM kamala, kumuda Adi jalapuSpa aura haMsa, kAraNDava Adi pakSiyoM kA ullekha prApya hai| kabhI-kabhI parikhAoM meM nAloM (parivAhoM) kI gandagI girAI jAtI thii| Alocita jaina mahA purANa meM bhI ukta ullekha milatA hai| (2) vA (koTa) : mahA purANa meM vapra ke nirmANa kA ati rocaka varNana huA hai| parikhA ke nirmANoparAnta vapra (raimparTa) nirmita kiyA jAtA thaa| parikhA ke utkhanana se jo miTTI nikalatI thI, usI se vapra kA nirmANa hotA thaa| isake nirmANa ke lie yaha miTTI parikhA se cAra daNDa (24 phuTa) kI dUrI para ekatra kI jAtI thii| vapra ke Upara kaTIlI evaM viSailI jhAr3iyA~ lagAne se vaha zatru ke lie agamya ho jAtA thaa| yaha sAmanyatayA chaH dhanuSa (36 phuTa) U~cA tathA bAraha dhanuSa (72 phuTa) caur3A hotA thaa| koTa ke UparI bhAga meM aneka kaMgUre nirmita kiye jAte the, jo gAya kI khura ke samAna gola tathA ghar3e ke udara ke samAna bAhara kI ora ubhare hae AkAra ke hote the| isI prakAra kA varNana jainetara grantha samarAGgaNasUtradhAra meM bhI upalabdha hai| (3) prAkAra : prAkAroM (parakoTe) kA nirmANa vanoM ke Upara hotA thaa| prAkAra tIna prakAra ke hote the : (1) prAMsu prAkAra yA mRd-durga (dhUlakoTa) (2) iSTakA prAkAra (aiSTaka prAkAra) aura (3) prastara prAkAra / " isakI U~cAI vapra 1. udaya nArAyaNa rAya-prAcIna bhArata meM nagara aura nAgarika jIvana pR0 241-246 2. mahA 4 / 108, 14166, 16 / 53-57 3. vahI 1658-56 4. samarAGgaNa-sUtradhAra, pR0 40 5. udaya nArAyaNa rAya-vahI, pR0 245-246

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260 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ke vistAra se dUnI honI caahie| yaha 12 dhanuSa caur3A tathA 24 dhanuSa U~cA hotA thaa| isake agrabhAga meM mRdaMga aura bandara ke AkAra ke kaMgUre nirmita hote the| isakA nirmANa IMToM tathA pattharoM se hotA thA / IMToM kI apekSA pattharoM kA prAkAra prazasta mAnA jAtA thaa|' padma purANa meM laMkA ke prAkAra ko mahA prAkAra kI avidhA pradAna kI gaI hai|2 isI purANa meM varNita hai ki prAkAra para car3hakara zatru evaM nagara ke bAhara kI dekharekha kI jAtI thii| padma purANa meM usa samaya mAyAmaya koToM ke varNana kA uddharaNa milA hai, jo ki duSpraveza evaM durgamya hote the| usake samIpa pahu~ca kara manuSya vApasa nahIM lauTatA thaa| prAkAra (koTa) kI U~cAI atyadhika thii| ve gopuradaravAjoM se yukta, dunirIkSya, vistIrNa evaM hiMsAmaya hotI thiiN| mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki nagara ko gherane ke lie prAkAra kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra jainetara grantha arthazAstra meM ullikhita hai ki prAkAra kI nIMva itanI vistRta hotI thI ki usameM rathI ratha para baiThakara AvAgamana kara sakatA thaa|' (4) aTTAlaka : Alocya jaina purANoM meM vizAla aTTAlakoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai| prAkAroM meM bujoM kA nirmANa hotA thaa| inheM 'aTTAlaka' kathita hai| pratyeka dizA ke nagara-prAkAra meM burja banAye jAte the| inake madhya kI dUrI adhika hotI thii| ye saMkhyA meM adhika nirmita kiye jAte the| burja kI coTI para sainika niyukta kiye jAte the| durga para AkramaNa ke samaya ye sainika usakI rakSA karate the|' mahA purANa ke anusAra aTTAlikAyeM 15 dhanuSa lambI tathA 30 dhanuSa U~cI hotI thIM aura 30-30 dhanuSa ke antara se nirmita hotI thiiN| ye bahuta citra-vicitra DhaMga se citrita thIM tathA Upara car3hane ke lie sIr3hiyA~ banI hotI thiiN| ye bahuta U~cI hotI thIM, mAnoM AkAza ko chU rahI haiM / 1. mahA 16160-61 2. padma 5 / 175 3. vahI 46 / 215 4. vahI 52 / 7-14 5. vahI 3 / 316 6. mahA 54 / 35 7. arthazAstra, adhikaraNa 2, adhyAya 3, pR0 78 8. padma 3 / 3-6; harivaMza 5 / 264; mahA 1662 6. udaya nArAyaNa rAya-vahI, pR0 248 10. mahA 16 / 62-63 -

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kalA aura sthApatya 261 (5) burja : Alocita mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki gopura aura aTTAlikA ke madhya meM tIna-tIna dhanuSa vistAra vAle burja (indrakoza) nirmita hue the| burja kivAr3a-sahita jharokhoM se yukta hote the| buoM ke madhya atyanta svaccha devapatha se bane hue the, jo tIna hAtha caur3e aura bAraha hAtha lambe hote the|' (6) gopUra : Alocya jaina purANoM meM aneka gopuroM ke nirmANa kA varNana upalabdha hai| padma purANa ke anusAra usa samaya kapar3oM ke DeroM meM bhI gopureM nirmita kI jAtI thoM aura unake daravAje para yoddhA niyukta kiye jAte the / ' jaina purANoM meM koTa ke cAroM dizA meM eka-eka gopura hote the / aTTAlikAoM ke madhya meM eka-eka gopura kA nirmANa huA thA, usa para ratnoM ke toraNa lage hue the| ye gopura 50 dhanuSa U~ce aura 25 dhanuSa caur3e hote the| mahA purANa ke anusAra pratyeka gopura dvAra para-paMkhA, chatra, cAmara, dhvajA, darpaNa, supratiSThaka (ThaunA), bhRGgAra evaM kalaza--ye ATha maMgala dravya rakhe jAte the| gopura ke daravAje para paharedAra paharA dete the| (7) pratolI : arthazAstra se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki prAkAra meM cAra pradhAna dvAroM ke atirikta gauNa dvAra bhI hote the, inheM pratolI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| pradhAna nagara-dvAra (gopura) kI caur3AI pratolI kI chaH gunI honI cAhie / nagara dvAra ke Upara eka burja nirmita kiyA jAtA thA, jo AkAra meM ghar3iyAla ke mukha ke sadRzya hotA thaa| mahA purANa meM pratolI ko rathyA se caur3I galI ke rUpa meM citraNa prApya hai| 2. bhavana-nirmANa : 'bhU' dhAtu se adhikaraNa artha meM 'an' pratyaya hone se bhavana zabda banatA hai, jisameM prANI nivAsa karate haiM, ataH use bhavana saMjJA se sambodhita karate haiM / Adima kAla se manuSya kI tIna prAthamika AvazyakatAe~-bhojana, vastra evaM AvAsa-rahI haiM / manuSya kisa prakAra apanA jIvana vyatIta karatA thA ? isakA 1. mahA 1665-66 2. padma 3 / 316, 5 / 175; mahA 62 / 28; harivaMza 2065 3. vahI 63 / 28-34 4. harivaMza 2165; mahA 62 / 28 5. mahA 1664 6. vahI 22 / 275-276 7. arthazAstra (zAstrI), pR0 53 8. mahA 43 / 208

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262 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rucikara citraNa jaina purANoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| padma purANa ke anusAra Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne zilpakalA ke mAdhyama se nagara, grAma evaM makAna Adi ke nirmANa kI zikSA prajA ko pradAna kiyA thA / ' prAsAda nirmANa kI kalA ke kramika vikAsa kA vivaraNa padma purANa meM upalabdha hai| caudahaveM (antima) kulakara nAbhirAya ke samaya meM jaba kalpavRkSa naSTa ho gaye, tabhI unake kSetra meM eka kalpavRkSa raha gayA, jo prAsAda arthAt bhavana ke rUpa meM sthita thA aura atyadhika U~cA thaa| aisI sambhAvanA vyakta kara sakate haiM ki usa samaya vRkSa hI Azraya (rahane) ke sthAna the, jisake nIce pattoM kA avarodha nirmita kiyA gayA hogA, Age calakara bhitti kA nirmANa huA hogA aura anta meM dIvAla kA nirmita huI hogii| isI kA vikasita rUpa prAsAda hai| padma purANa meM nagara ke nivAsArtha gRha', AgAra (choTe mahala), prAsAda (bar3e mahala) tathA sadma' (bar3e mahala) Adi zabdoM kA prayoga jaina purANoM meM prApya hai| ukta purANa meM hI anyatra ullekha AyA hai ki inakI cUne se putAI kI jAtI thI aura nagara meM raMga-biraMgI dhvajAe~ lagAyI jAtI thIM tathA kezara Adi mizrita jala se pRthvI kA siMcana kiyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta kAle, pIle, nIle, lAla evaM hare pA~ca raMga vAlI cUrNa se mahaloM kI bhittiyoM para belabUTe citraNa karate the| zubha evaM mAMgalika avasaroM para daravAjoM para jala se paripUrNa kalaza rakhane kI vvavasthA thI, mAlAe~ bA~dha kara acche-acche vastroM ko laTakAkara zobhArtha unheM susajjita karate the| [i] bhavanoM kI vizeSatAyeM : mahA purANa meM bhavana kI vizeSatAoM kA rucikara DhaMga se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| bhavana ke nirmANa meM U~ce-U~ce zikharoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / bhavana kI lambAI-caur3AI ke anusAra usameM eka' A~gana honA caahie|" bhavanoM ko sapheda, nAnA AkAroM kA dhAraka evaM ratnAdi uttamottama 1. padma 3 / 255 2. atha kalpadrumo nAbherasya kSetrasya madhyagaH / sthitaH prAsAdarUpeNa vibhAtyatyantamunnataH // padma 386 3. padma 285 8. padma 12 / 367 4. vahI 777 6. vahI 12 / 368 5. vahI 8 / 26 10. mahA 54 / 28 6. vahI 2820 11. padma 2 / 81-83 7. vahI 12 / 366

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kalA aura sthApatya bhavana vastuoM se paripUrNa honA cAhie / ' bhavana meM pakkA dharAtala honA cAhie / meM bagIce evaM vApikAe~ ( dIrghikAe~) bhI honI cAhie / " rAjA ke darabAra meM aneka gopura, koTha, sabhA, zAlAe~, kUTa, prekSAgRha tathA kAryAlaya Adi kA honA anivArya thA / rAja bhavana kI bhUmi ko cAMdI tathA suvarNa ke lepa se sundara banAnA cAhie / " rAjamahala U~ce hone cAhie / maNDapa meM aneka stambha honA cAhie jo motiyoM Adi kI mAlAoM se suzobhita hoM / inameM aneka prakAra ke putaloM se yukta vividha prakAra ke maNDapa nirmita kiye jaaeN| daravAje bar3e-bar3e ratnoM se jaTita hone cAhie | " bhavana kA dvAra vizAla AkAra kA honA cAhie / ' [ii] bhavanoM ke pramukha aMga : adhunAtana yuga meM bhavanoM ke aMgoM ke nirmANa viSayaka vibhinna prakAra kA vivaraNa milatA hai, usI taraha Alocita jaina purANoM meM bhavanoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| bhavana ke pramukha aMgoM kA vivaraNa nimnavat prastuta hai : (1) dvAra : padma purANa meM dvAraviSayaka sundara citraNa upalabdha hotA hai / prAsAda kA dvAra U~ce prAkAra se yukta rahatA thA / dvAra para saikar3oM dedIpyamAna belabUTe urehe jAte the tathA dvAra indradhanuSa sadRzya raMga biraMge toraNoM se suzobhita rahatA thA / " dvAra bahuta vizAla hote the / dvAra ke nirmANArthaM kASTha kA prayoga karate the, parantu ratnoM, maNiyoM evaM suvarNa dvArA nirmita dvAra kA bhI ullekha huA hai, jina para motI kI mAlAe~ laTakAyI jAtI thIM / " isake do pramukha aMga hote the- abhyAntara dvAra evaM vAhya dvAra / 12 ukta purANa meM hI kampa nAmaka bar3haI kA ullekha upalabdha hai, jo kapATa banAkara apanI jIvikA calAyA karatA thA / " (2) stambha : stambha bhavana kA pramukha aMga hotA thA, jo mandiroM tathA pakke bhavanoM ke sandarbha meM nirmita kiyA jAtA thA / " IMTa evaM patthara ke atirikta suvarNa tathA ratna kA bhI prayoga stambhoM ke nirmANa meM hotA thA / 15 1. padma 83|17 2 . vahI 83 / 18 3. vahI 83 / 16 4. vahI 83 / 4-8 5. vahI 81 / 112 6. vahI 81 / 113; mahA 14 / 64 7. 8: vahI 81 / 114 vahI 8 / 115 263 e. padma 71 / 18 10. vahI 38 / 83 11. vahI 6 / 124-127 12 . vahI 3 / 117 13. 14. 15. vahI 61 / 24 pdm40|28, 53 / 264 vahI 8018

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264 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (3) AsthAna-maNDapa : Alocita jaina purANoM meM AsthAna-maNDapa zabda kA prayoga upalabdha hotA hai|' harSacarita meM isako AsthAna, rAjasabhA, sabhA tathA sabhAmaNDala saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| rAjA 'AsthAna-maNDapa' meM baiThakara vicAra-vimarza karate the| (4) anya maNDapa : Alocya jaina purANoM meM anya maNDapoM kA bhI ullekha prApya hotA hai : latA-maNDapa', AsthAyikA, AhAra-maNDapa', kunda-maNDapa', sannAhamaNDapa Adi / AhAra-maNDapa meM bharata mitroM, sambandhiyoM Adi ke sAtha bhojana karate the| sannAha-maNDala AyudhazAlA thI, jisameM zastrAstra aura bAje Adi rakhe jAte the| (5) sabhA : padma purANa meM sabhA ke viSaya meM atyanta rucikara varNana upalabdha hai / isakA anya nAma padma purANa meM sadma zabda upalabdha hai| ukta purANa meM rAjasabhA evaM sabhA12 kA ullekha milatA hai| rAjasabhAoM ke cAroM ora atyadhika vizAla khulA maidAna rahatA thA, jahA~ para bahuta loga baiThate the / yaha maidAna rAjamahala se AvRta rahatA thaa| isake gavAkSoM se striyA~ sabhA ke kArya-kalApoM kA avalokana karatI thiiN|" gavAkSa ke Age chapariyAM (nivyUha) nirmita hotI thIM, jahA~ se sabhA spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigata hotI thii| sabhA ramaNIya sthAna meM nirmita kiyA jAtA thA / " ukta varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki isa prakAra kI sabhA Adhunika nirIkSaNa bhavana kI taraha rahe hoNge| (6) gavAkSa : padma purANa meM varNita hai ki striyA~ rAvaNa ko gavAkSa se dekhatI thiiN|" isa purANa meM gavAkSa ke lie vAtAyana' zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai| gavAkSa kA jAla ke samAna hone ke kAraNa jAlaka" aura jAlaka meM maNi jaTila hone se maNijAlaka" kathita hai| 1. padma 31, 8 / 60; mahA 36 / 200 10. padma 53 / 202 2. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-harSacarita : 11. vahI 38 / 86 eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 204 12. vahI 38163-64 3. padma 42185 13. vahI 3866 4. mahA 40 / 266 14. vahI 38167 5. padma 84|14 15. vahI 46 / 152 6. vahI 2887 16. vahI 11.326 7. vahI 12 / 181 17. vahI 111326 8. vahI 84 / 14-15 18. vahI 16122 6. vahI 121181 16. vahI 16122

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kalA aura sthApatya 265 (7) dIpikA : lambI hone ke kAraNa inakA nAma dIpikA par3A / dIpikA eka lambI nahara hotI thI jo rAjamahaloM meM hotI huI gRhodyAna taka jAtI thii| isake madhya krIr3AvApiyA~ nirmita kI jAtI thiiN| uttama udyAnoM ke madhya sthita, phUloM se suzobhita, uttama sIr3hiyoM se yukta evaM krIr3A ke yogya dIpikAoM kA ullekha jaina purANoM meM huA hai / 2 / (8) dhArAgRha' : aise jalAzaya ko dhArAgRha kahate haiM jisameM kaI sthAnoM para phavvAre nirmita hote the| phavvAroM ko niyantrita karane ke lie dhArA-yantra lagAye jAte the| rAjamahaloM meM isakA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| [iii] bhavana : prakAra evaM svarUpa : jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se bhavanoM ke adholikhita nAma milate haiM, jo mUlabhUta meM eka hote hue bhI apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhate haiN| nirmANa kI dRSTi se ye pRthak haiM / inake prakAra kA nirdhAraNa inakI banAvaTa ke AdhAra para hotA hai / jaina purANoM meM ullikhita bhavanoM ke nAma nimnavat haiMgRha', geha. prAsAda', AgAra', mandira', Alaya', sadma", vezma", nilaya12, caitya" kuTa vimAna", jinendrAlaya", zAlA", puSkarAvarta, gRhakUTaka", vaijayantabhavana', girikuTaka21, sarvatobhadra 22 / jainetara grantha samarAGgaNIya-sUtradhAra meM bhI bhavanoM ke ukta nAma upalabdha haiM / 21 jaina purANoM meM ullikhita AvAsagRha, rAjabhavana, mandira Adi kA yahAM para 1. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla vahI, pR0 206 2. padma 83 / 42; mahA 8 / 22 3. mahA 8 / 28 4. padma 5 / 103; mahA 46 / 245 5. vahI 6 / 124-130 vahI 83 / 41 7. vahI 2 / 37 8. vahI 2036 6. vahI 8063 10. vahI 2 / 40 11. vahI 53 / 203; mahA 7 / 206 12. vahI 2140 13. padma 67 / 15 14. vahI 112 / 32 15 vahI 112 / 34 16. vahI 65 // 37 17. vahI 68 / 11 18. mahA 37 / 151 16. vahI 37 / 150 20 vahI 371147 21. vahI 371146 22. vahI 37 / 146 23. dvijendra nAtha zukla-samarA GgaNIya : bhavana niveza, dillI, 1664, pR0 66

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266 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana varNana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| sthApatya ke Arambhika siddhantoM kI dRSTi se AvAsagRha aura mandira meM adhika antara nahIM hai / mukhya dvAra yA siMha dvAra kI dizA aura sthiti kA nirdhAraNa satarkatApUrvaka sthApatya ke siddhAntoM aura naimittika vidhAnoM ke anurUpa hI kiyA jAnA cAhie / gRha kA agrabhAga pRSThabhAga se saMkarA aura nIcA honA uttama hotA hai| dukAna kA agrabhAga pRSThabhAga se caur3A aura U~cA honA cAhie / mukhya dvAra pUrva meM, pAkazAlA (rasavatI) nairRtya (dakSiNa-pazcima koNa) meM, zayanAgAra dakSiNa meM, zaucAlaya (nIhArasthAna) dakSiNa-pUrva koNa meM, kozAgAra uttara meM aura dharmasthAna uttara-pUrva meM / yadi gRha kA mukhyadvAra pUrva meM na ho to jisa dizA meM ho usI ko pUrva mAnakara ukta krama ko banAye rakhanA caahie| pazuoM ke lie ghara ke bAhara pRthaka kakSa ho / AvAsa-gRha kA vistAra gRhasvAmI kI pratiSThA ke anukUla honA cAhie / AvAsa-gRhoM ke sandarbha meM adholikhita vivaraNa prastuta hai : (1) gRha yA geha : gRha aura geha eka hI artha meM AyA hai / padma purANa meM gRha aura vezma kA prayoga prAsAda ke artha meM huaa|2 mahA purANa ke anusAra ghara meM vATikAeM hotI thiiN|' isI purANa meM anyatra varNita hai ki gRha ke vAtAyana sar3aka kI ora khulate the, gRha ke chata para Alinda (jharokhe) hote the, gRha ke dvAra para makara, deva, muni, pazu-pakSI, puSpalatA, pallava, matsya Adi kI AkRtiyA~ nirmita karate (2) sadma : manuSyoM ke nivAsa karane ke sthAna ko sadma saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai| padma purANa meM varNita hai ki sabhA, vApikA, vimAna tathA bAga-bagIcoM se yukta bhavana sadma saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai aura rAjabhavana ko rAjasadma kathita hai|' svarNamaya (kAJjana sadma) kA bhI ullekha padma purANa meM huA hai|' (3) vezma : vezma zabda gRha kA hI bodhaka hai| (4) AgAra : gRha artha meM AgAra zabda kA prayoga upalabdha hotA hai| padma purANa meM prasavAgAra kA ullekha prApya hai| (5) Alaya : Alaya zabda A upasarga tathA lI dhAtu se adhikaraNa artha meM a pratyaya hone se nirmita huA hai / jisakA artha acchI taraha se logoM se sambaddha yA 1. amalAnanda ghoSa-jaina kalA aura sthApatya, 5. padma 53 / 202 naI dillI, 1675, pR0 513-515 6. vahI 656 2. padma 53 / 264-266 7. vahI 6 / 65 3. mahA 4 / 111 . 8. vahI 3172 4. bahI 46 / 245

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kalA aura sthApatya 267 milane kA sthAna / jisakA jahA~ nivAsa ho vaha usakA Alaya hotA hai, jaise vidyAlaya / padma purANa meM rAvaNa ke Alaya kA bhavya varNana huA hai|' (6) snAnAgAra : rAjAoM ke mahala meM snAnAgAra pRthak hI nirmita kiyA jAtA thA jo ki 100 phuTa lambA aura 80 phuTa caur3A hotA thaa| isake madhya meM dhArAgRha tathA vApikA hotI thiiN|| (7) harmya' : rAjA yA dhanika vargoM ke lie jina bhavya bhavanoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA, use harmya saMjJA pradAna kiyA gayA hai| yaha sAta maMjilA hotA thaa| (8) prAsAda : pra tathA A upasargoM ko pUrva meM rakhakara sad dhAtu meM adhikaraNa artha meM ghatra pratyaya hone se prAsAda zabda kI utpatti huI hai| prAsAda kA artha hai acchI taraha se baiThane kA sthAna / 'prAsAda-racanA' vAstukalA kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga hai / 'prAsAda' zabda prAyaH sAmAnyatayA rAjAoM ke bhavanoM ke lie prayukta hotA hai, parantu vAstuzAstrIya paribhASA meM isakA prayoga vizuddhataH deva mandira ke lie huA hai / DaoN0 prasanna kumAra AcArya 'insAiklopIDiyA oNpha hindU ArkITekcara' (pR0 364) meM likhate haiM ki-'prAsAda' zabda kA tAtparya AvAsabhavanoM evaM deva mandiroM donoM hI se hotA hai| prAsAda ke bhedoM meM zrIvijaya, mahApadma, naMdyAvarta, lakSmItilaka, naraveda, kamala-haMsa tathA kuJcara-ye sAta bheda jina mandira ke lie sarvottama hote haiN| vizvakarmA ke anusAra prAsAdoM ke agaNita bheda haiM, jinameM 25 nimnavat haiM--kezarI, sarvatobhadra, sunandana, nandizAla, naMdIza, zrIvatsa, amRtodbhava, hemavaMta, himakUTa, kailAza pRthvIjaya, indranIla, mahAnIla, bhUdhara, ratnakUTa, vaiDUrya, padmarAga, vajrAMga, mukuTojjvala, airAvata, rAjahaMsa, garur3a, vRSabha, mandira aura merU / ' ___ harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai ki candrakAntA, vaidUrya, sUryakAntA, padmarAga, marakaTa, motI kI mAlA Adi maNiyoM evaM ratnoM se prAsAda ko susajjita kiyA jAtA thaa| prAsAda se saMlagna (saTA) pramoda vana kA nirmANa hotA thA, jisameM 1. padma 71 / 16-40 5. amalAnanda ghoSa-vahI, pR0 525 2. mahA 37 / 152 6. harivaMza 217-10 3. vahI 12 / 184 7. mahA 476 4. dvijendra nAtha zukla-bhAratIya-sthApatya, lakhanaU, 1668, pR0 213 .

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268 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rAjA avakAza kAla meM apane priyajanoM ke sAtha manovinoda karatA thaa| mahA purANa ke anusAra rAja prAsAda meM sabhAbhUmi, AsthAnamaNDapa tathA AsthAyika hotI thii|' () bhavana : yaha AyatAkAra AMganayukta hotA thaa| isake andara zayanAgAra, vAtAyana, agnyAgAra, garbhavezma, krIr3Avezma, sArabhANDaka Adi hote the| cakravartI ke bhavana ko sarvatobhadra saMjJA pradAna kiyA gayA hai / bhavana ke cAroM ora koTa hotA thA tathA dvAra toraNayukta hote the|2 (10) zAlA yA zAla bhavana : padma purANa meM yajJazAlA', candrazAlA', prekSakazAlA', AtodyazAlA (vAdanazAlA), nATyazAlA', catuHzAlA Adi saMjJAe~ zAlA bhavanoM ke lie vyavahRta huI haiM / inakA pRthak astitva hotA thaa| (11) kUTAgAra' : jisa bhavana kA nirmANa zikharoM ke rUpa meM nirmita kiyA jAtA thA use kUTAgAra nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| rAjAoM tathA dhanikoM dvArA inakA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| (12) puSkarAvarta : inake nirmANa meM iMToM kA prayoga hotA thaa| isakI dIvAloM para cUne kA palastara karane ke uparAnta saphedI karAI jAtI thii| (13) bhANDAragRha" : sAmagrI ke saMcayanArtha viziSTa prakAra ke gRha pRthaktaH nirmita kiyA jAtA thA, use bhANDAragRha nAma se sambodhana karate the| (14) krIr3Asthala (krIDAnaka) : samarAGgaNa-sUtradhAra meM krIr3Asthala ke lie krIr3AgRha evaM krIr3A-vezma zabda vyavahRta huA hai| 12 krIDAnaka niyUMha (chaparI) balabhI (aTTAlikA), zrRga (zikhara), praghaNa (dehalI) se saMyukta hote the| aneka prAsAdoM se suzobhita, raMgabiraMge maNiyoM se nirmita kuTTima (pharza), sundara dIpikAyeM, sundara saMgIta se yukta the|" PN-Marwa 1. mahA 36 / 200, 46 / 266 2. vahI 37 / 146 3. padma 356 4. vahI 141131 5. vahI 6 / 46 6. vahI 65146 7. vahI 68 / 11 8. vahI 83 / 18 6. mahA 22 / 260 10. vahI 37 / 151 11. vahI 37 / 151 12. dvijendra nAtha zukla-samarAGgaNIya : _bhavana niveza, dillI, 1664, pR0 11-12 13. padma 83641-45

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kalA aura sthApatya 266 (15) prapA (pyAU) : pra upasargapUrvaka pA dhAtu se apratyaya hokara strItvavivakSA meM TApa pratyaya hone para prapA zabda nirmita huA hai| pAnI pilAne ke sthAna ko prapA kahate hai / prapA kA nirmANa nagaroM', udyAnoM, mandiroM evaM mArgoM para kiyA jAtA thaa| mArgoM ke prapA ke Upara vRkSoM kI chAyA par3ane se inakA jala saba rasoM se samanvita hotA hai / yaha eka kamare kA hotA thaa| 3. mandira nirmANa-kalA [i] jainamandira : vizleSaNa : 'maMd' dhAtu meM ir pratyaya hokara mandira zabda kI utpatti huI / kalyANa ke sAdhanIya sthAna kA bodhaka mandira hai / saMskRti ke do zabda 'mandira' aura 'Alaya' sAmAnyataH kisI chAyAvAn vAstu kA bodha karAte haiM, kintu unakA eka artha-vizeSa rUpa se jainadharma ke sandarbha meM-devAlaya bhI hai / parantu ina donoM zabdoM se bhI prAcIna zabda 'Ayatana' hai jisakA astitva mahAvIra ke samaya meM bhI thA, kyoMki ve apane vihAroM ke samaya yakSAyatanoM meM ThaharA karate the| bAda meM Ayatana zabda kA prayoga jinAyatana zabda ke antargata hone lagA aura isake uparAnta bhI mandira, caitya, Alaya, vasati, vezma, vihAra, bhuvana, prAsAda, geha, gRha Adi zabdoM ne usakA sthAna grahaNa kara liyaa| padma purANa meM bhI eka hI zAnti-jinAlaya ke lie zAntibhavana, zAntigeha, zAntyAlaya, zAntiharmya, zAntisadya Adi saMjJAoM ke prayoga kA ullekha huA hai jo eka dUsare ke paryAyavAcI zabda haiM tathA nirmANa meM eka dUsare se samAnatA rakhate haiN| mahA purANa meM jaina mandira ke lie 'siddhAyatana' zabda prayukta huA hai| jainetara grantha amarakoza meM Ayatana aura caitya zabdoM kA eka hI artha kathita hai| jaina Agama granthoM meM caitya zabda kA prayoga deva mandira ke lie huA hai|" 1. padma 38 / 63 7. padma 71 / 33-46 2. vahI 46 / 152 8. mahA 4164 3. vahI 68 / 11 6. 'caityamAyatana' tulye / amarakoza 4. vahI 3 / 325 2 / 2 / 7 5. prapA mahAtarukRtacchAyAH prapAH 10. prabhAzaMkara o0 somapurA-bhAratIya sarvarasAnvitAH / padma 3 / 36 zilpasaMhitA, bambaI, 1675, amalAnanda ghoSa-jaina kalA aura pR0 206 __sthApatya, bhAga 3, naI dillI, 1675, pR0 161, 515-516

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270 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mahA purANa' aura padma purANa meM jina pratimA ko caitya saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai; jo kRtrima aura akRtrima huA karatI thiiN| jaina purANoM meM caitya ko caityAlaya bhI kathita hai|' padma purANa meM caityAlaya ko mahApavitra batAyA gayA hai| vastutaH jinendrAlaya kA bRhatAkAra hI caityAlaya hai / " mahA purANa ke varNanAnusAra jaina mandira caityavRkSa ke samIpa hone ke kAraNa inheM caitya nAma pradAna kiyA gayA hai / padma purANa meM jinendrAlaya ke sthAna para 'jinavezma' zabda bhI vyavahRta huA hai| prabhAzaMkara o0 somapurA ke matAnusAra devoM ke samUha ko 'mandira' aura devakulikAoM ke samUha ko 'Ayatana' kahA gayA hai / viSNu, ziva, caNDI aura sUrya kA paMcAyatana hotA hai| isI prakAra caubIsa avatAra kA viSNu caturviMzati Ayatana huA / jaina tIrtha kA caubIsa Ayatana kA dvIsa-tAyatana huA / jainoM meM bhI isa prakAra ke Ayatana hote haiN| __padma purANa meM pratyeka parvata, gA~va, pattana, mahala, nagara, saMgama tathA caurAhe para jaina mandira ke nirmANa kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa rAjAoM evaM seThoM tathA samAja ke dhanI-mAnI vyaktiyoM dvArA karAyA jAtA hai / DaoN0 dvijendra nAtha zukla ke vicArAnusAra ye mandira nagara kI zikSA-dIkSA, dharma-darzana, adhyAtma-cintana, yoga evaM vairAgya ke sajIva kendra hote the| [ii] nirmANa kalA evaM vizeSatAeM : jaina mandira ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-ghara-derAsara yA gRha-mandira aura pASANa yA kASTha se nirmita mandira / ghara-derAsara gujarAtI jaina samAja kI eka apanI vizeSatA hai aura aisA mandira prAyaH pratyeka ghara meM hotA hai, cAhe usake sAdhana sImita hI kyoM na hoN| gujarAta aura dakSiNa bhArata meM hindU gharoM meM bhI gRha-mandira hote haiM, parantu jaina derAsaroM kI apanI pRthaka vizeSatAe~ haiN| pASANa yA kASTha nirmita mandiroM kI yathArtha 1. mahA 5 / 161 8. prabhAzaMkara o0 somapurA-vahI, 2. kRtrimAkRtimAnyasmiMzcatyAnabhyarcya pR0 207 viSTaye / padma 68156 6. padma 67 / 14-15 3. padma 3 / 45; mahA 8 / 235 10. saujanyadA nRpatau caityagRhanirmANa4. padma 68 / 58 Nodyate / mahA 8 / 235; padma 5. vahI 7 / 338, 33 / 332 67 / 11 6. mahA 6.56 11. dvijendra nAtha zukla-bhAratIya 7. padma 28 / 100 sthApatya,lakhanaU, 1668, pR067

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kalA aura sthApatya 271 laghu anukRti ke rUpa meM ghara meM parivAra dvArA upAsanArtha ina derAsaroM kA nirmANa karate haiN| sUkSma zilpAMkana, pAliza Adi se inakA alaMkaraNa.hotA hai| gRhasvAmI kI Arthika sthiti ke anusAra inake alaMkaraNa kA stara bhI hInAdhika hotA hai / pASANa yA kASTha nirmita-pratyeka jaina-mandira ke cAroM ora sAmAnyataH prAcIra hotI hai jisake antarbhAga meM tIrthaMkaroM ke devakoSTha nirmita kiye jAte haiN| isa prakAra varSA evaM pAnI se mandira ke mukhya bhAga kI surakSA ho jAtI hai|' hindU mandiroM kI bhA~ti jaina mandira ke bhI do bhAga hote haiM : maNDapa-jisameM bhakta ekatra hote haiM aura mukhya mandira (garbhAlaya)-jisameM iSTadeva kI sthApanA hotI hai| inameM maNDapa mahattvapUrNa hotA hai, kyoMki pASANa tathA kASTha para kalA ke bhavya aura vividha zilpAMkanoM ke nimitta paryApta sthAna nahIM milatA hai| maNDapa kI saMyojanA paMktibaddha stambhoM para hotI hai| ve toraNoM aura dharanoM ko Azraya pradAna karate haiM jina para vistRta alaMkaraNa hote haiM aura una para surucipUrNa zilpAMkti stUpI AdhArita hote haiN| maNDapa meM sarvatra nirantara zilpAMkana hote haiN| samAna antara para sthita aura toraNa se paraspara sambaddha bAraha stambhoM para eka vRttAkAra stUpI kI saMyojanA hotI hai| madala sahita zIrSa aura bar3eriyA bAda meM nirmita kiye jAne lage, jinhoMne bhavana kI sthApatya sambandhI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti to kI hI, sAtha hI kASTha para sundara zilpAMkana ke lie atyanta upayukta sthAna bhI upalabdha huaa|2|| __ maNDapa ke kaI bheda haiM-(1) prAsAda-kamala (garbhagRha yA mandira kA mukhya bhAga), (2) trika-maNDapa (jisameM stambhoM kI tIna-tIna paMktiyoM dvArA tIna Ar3I aura tIna khar3I vIthiyA~ hoM), (3) gUr3ha-maNDapa (bhittiyoM se ghirA huA maNDapa), (4) raMgamaNDapa (sabhAgAra), (5) satoraNa balAnaka (meharAbadAra cabUtare) / maNDapa kI caur3AI garbhagRha kI caur3AI se Der3hagunI yA paune do gunI honI caahie| stambhoM kI U~cAI maNDapa ke vyAsa kI AdhI honI caahie| jala kA pravAha bAyIM ora yA dakSiNa dizA meM ho|' jaina mandiroM ke maNDapa (maMDAvora) ke vimAna (dhumaTa) meM yakSa-yakSiNI yA vidyAdevI ke kaI svarUpa rakhe jAte haiN| mandira ke bAhara tIna bhadraka gavAkSa meM jaina pratimA kI sthApanA karane kA Adeza hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki vaha kisa devatA kA mandira hai| 1. amalAnanda ghoSa-vahI, pR0 443-446 2, vahI, pR0 447 3. vahI, pR0 520 4. prabhAzaMkara o0 somapurA-vahI, pR0 206 .

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272 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana deva prAsAda kI nIMva itanI gaharI ho ki usase jala nikalane lage yA zilAtala nikala Aye / nIMva meM dhArmika anuSThAnoM sahita dharmazilA rakhakara evaM bharakara Thosa banA deN| bhUtala para pITha yA adhiSThAna kA nirmANa kiyA jaae| maNDapa ke teraha aMga hote hai| yaha bhitti yA bAhya dIvAra hai jisa para prAsAda ke eka yA aneka maNDapoM kI chata AdhArita hotI hai| zikhara eka vartulAkAra chata hai jo bhavana para ulTe pyAle kI taraha Upara kI ora ucca hotI jAtI hai| usake ucca bhAga meM cAra aMga hote haiM-zikhara, zikhA, zikhAnta tathA zikhAmaNi / zikhara ke UparI bhAga para daNDa sahita dhvaja sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai| dvAra kI caur3AI-UMcAI kI AdhI ho| dvAra kI caukhaTa para yathocita sthAna para tIrthaMkaroM, pratihAra-yugala, madanikA Adi kI AkRtiyA~ utkIrNa hoN| mandira kA jIrNoddhAra karate samaya mukhya dvAra sthAntarita na kiyA jAe aura na hI usameM koI maulika parivartata kiyA jaae| jitane sthala para jagatI-pITha yA mandira kA nirmANa hotA hai utane sthAna ko jagatI nAma pradAna kI gaI hai| jagatI ko AdhAra mAnakara hI prAsAda yA mandira kA nirmANa hotA hai| jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se jaina mandira ke nirmANa meM uparyukta vizeSatAeM parilakSita hotI haiN| harivaMza purANa ke anusAra cAroM dizAoM meM cAra bhavya evaM vizAla jinAlaya sthApita karanA caahie| isake mukhya dvAra ke agala-bagala do laghudvAra rakhanA caahie| bar3e dvAra kI U~cAI-caur3AI kI dUnI ho / laghudvAroM kI lambAI UMcAI kI dUnI ho aura bar3e dvAra kI AdhI ho| mandira meM eka vizAla garbhagRha hotA hai / isakI dIvAloM tathA vizAla stambhoM para sUrya, candra, ur3ate hue pakSI evaM hariNa-hariNiyoM ke jor3e nirmita rahate haiN| garbhagRha meM suvarNa evaM ratna se nirmita pAMca sau dhanuSa U~cI, eka sau ATha jina pratimAe~ rahatI haiN| ina pratimAoM ke pAsa camaradhArI nAgakumAra, yakSa-yakSiNI, sanatkumAra evaM zruta devI kI mUrtiyA~ rahatI haiN| ___Alocita jaina purANoM meM parvata para mandira nirmANa kI vyavasthA pradatta hai|' jaina purANoM se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki mandira ke zikhara bahuta vizAla hote the, mAnoM ve svarga kA unmIlana karanA cAhate hoN| padma purANa meM mandira ke bAhya evaM 1. amalAnanda ghoSa--vahI, pR0 517-520 2. harivaMza 5 / 354-365 . 3. mahA 48 / 107-108; harivaMza 51356 4. vahI 6 / 182; padma 71 / 47

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kalA aura sthApatya 273 antaHkakSa (garbhagRha) kA ullekha upalabdha hai| jinendra deva Adi ke citra bhittiyoM para nirmita hote the / dvAra alaMkRta hote the evaM isake donoM kinAroM para kalaza rahate the| mandira ko sundara DhaMga se susajjita kiyA jAtA thA / ' harivaMza purANa meM yaha ullekha AyA hai ki mandira meM eka prAkAra (koTa) hotA thA tathA cAroM dizAoM meM eka-eka toraNa dvAra aura eka vizAla gopura nirmita hotA thaa| caityAlaya ke Age vizAla sabhAmaNDapa, usake sAmane prekSAgRha, usake sammukha stUpa, stUpoM ke Age padmAsita virAjamAna pratimAoM se suzobhita caityavRkSa hote the / jinAlaya ke pUrva dizA meM eka vizAla sarovara hotA thA / 2 harivaMza purANa ke anusAra jinAlayoM meM jharokhe, gahajAlI, motiyoM kI jhAlara, ratna, mUMgA rUpI kamala evaM choTI-choTI ghaNTiyA~ hotI thiiN| padma purANa meM bhI choTI-choTI ghaNTiyoM ke lagAne kA ullekha AyA hai| padma purANa ke anusAra jaina mandira meM eka bar3A stUpa nirmita kiyA jAtA thaa| jainoM meM digambara sampradAya meM stambha kI prathA hai| stambha ko 'mAnaka-stambha' yA 'mAnava-stambha' saMjJA se bhI sambodhita karate haiN| bauddhoM meM bhI aise stambha vartamAna samaya meM parilakSita hote haiN| jaina purANoM ke varNanAnusAra jaina mandiroM meM vAdya, gAyana evaM nRtya kA kAryakrama hotA thaa| vAra-vanitAyeM maMgalagAna evaM devaMganAe~ nRtya karatI thiiN| padma purANa ke anusAra rAjagRha ko zatruoM ne kAma mandira tathA vijJAna ke grahaNa karane meM tatpara manuSyoM ne vizvakarmA kA mandira samajhA thaa| harivaMza purANa meM mandiroM meM chatra, camara, bhRGgAra, kalaza, dhvajA, darpaNa, paMkhA aura ThaunAina ATha prasiddha maMgala dravyoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| jaina purANoM meM ATha aura dasa 1. padma 71 / 43-48,65 / 38-42 2. harivaMza 5 / 367-372 3. vahI 5 / 366 4. padma 65 / 43 5. vahI 4028, 53 / 264, 6026 6. prabhAzaMkara o0 somapurA-vahI, pR0 206 mahA 16 / 167, 477; harivaMza 51364-365 8. padma 2136-41 6. chatracAmarabhRGgAraiH klshdhvjdrpnnaiH| vyaJjanaiH supratIkaizca prasiddhairaSTamaGgAlaH // harivaMza 2 / 72 10. mahA 22 / 266; harivaMza 2073 11. vahI 22 / 216 vahI 57 / 44

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274 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana prakAra ke dhvajAoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / mayUra, haMsa, garur3a, mAlA, siMha, hAthI, magara, kamala, baila aura cakra se cinhita dhvajAoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa|' [iii] samavasaraNa : samavasaraNa kI vyutpatti sama tathA ava upasargoM ko pUrva meM jor3akara sR dhAtu meM ana pratyaya lagAne se huI hai, jisakA zAbdika artha hai uttama rIti se baiThane kA sthAna / samavasaraNa ke lakSaNa kA nirUpaNa karate hue mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki isameM samasta surAsura upasthita hokara divyadhvani ke avasara kI pratIkSA karate hue baiThate the| isalie jAnakAra gaNadharAdi devoM ne ise samavasaraNa sadRzya sArthaka nAmakaraNa pradAna kiyA hai / 2 jaina dharma meM isakA atyadhika mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isake nirmANa, AkAra, prakAra kI ati rucikara vivecanA jaina purANoM meM upalabdha hai / samprati samavasaraNa ke koI udAharaNa upalabdha nahIM hote, kyoMki jaina dharma kI mAnyatAnusAra tIrthaMkara (ye kevala karma-bhUmi meM utpanna hote haiM, bhoga-bhUmi meM nahIM) kI divyadhvani samavasaraNa meM hI uccarita hotI thI, jisakI racanA saudharma indra ke Adeza se kuvera dvArA mAyA se hotI thii| tIrthaMkara ke prasthAna karate hI samavasaraNa vighaTita ho jAtA thA aura anya sthAna para usakI racanA punaH kI jAtI thii| sUryamaNDala kI bhA~ti vartulAkAra yaha racanA eka aisI vAstu-kRti ke sadRza hai, jise vizAla sodyAna-prekSAgaha' yA pArka-kama-ADiToriyama kaha sakate haiM, kintu isakA prasAra bAraha yojana hotA thaa|' dharmasabhA kA anya nAma samavasaraNa hai / jaina granthoM meM samavasaraNa kI saMracanA viSayaka pracura sAmagrI upalabdha hai / Alocita jaina purANoM meM se mahA purANa' meM isakI saMracanA kA sundara varNana upalabdha hotA hai / isake bAhara cAroM ora balaya ke samAna dhUlizAla nAmaka gherA hotA thaa| isa dhUlizAla kI tulanA cahAradIvArI se kiyA jA sakatA hai / isake bAhara kI ora cAroM dizAoM meM suvarNamaya stambhoM ke agrabhAga para avalambita cAra toraNadvAra nirmita hote the| inheM alaMkRta karate the| isameM mukhyataH matsya evaM ratnoM kI mAlAoM kA aMkana hotA thA / dhUlizAla ke andara kI ora galiyoM ke bIco-bIca pratyeka dizAoM meM eka-eka atyadhika U~ce evaM suvarNa mAnastambha kA nirmANa karate the| jisa jagatI para mAnastambha hote the, 1. harivaMza 57144; mahA 22 / 216 2. mahA 33173 3. amalAnanda ghoSa-vahI, pR0 544 4. tiloyapaNNatti 4 / 710-632 5. mahA 212 / 81-312

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kalA aura sthApatya 275 vaha jagatI cAra-cAra gopura (dvAroM) se yukta tIna koToM se ghirI huI hotI thI, usake madhya meM eka pIThikA hotI thii| pIThikA taka pahuMcane ke lie survaNa kI solaha sIr3hiyA~ hotI thiiN| yaha jinendradeva ke abhiSeka ke jala se pavitra, ghaNTe, camara, dhvajA Adi se saMyukta hotI thI, jisakI manuSya, deva evaM dAnava Adi puSpAdi se pUjana karate the| mAnastambhoM ke mUla bhAga meM jinendra bhagavAn kI survaNamayI pratimAyeM pratiSThApita kI jAtI thiiN| yahA~ nirantara vAdya, gAyana evaM nRtya hotA rahatA thaa| jagatI ke madhya bhAga meM tIna kaTanIdAra eka pITha hotA thaa| usake agrabhAga para hI mAnastambha pratiSThita hote the, unakA mUla bhAga atyadhika sundara, suvarNa nirmita evaM bahuta U~ce hote the| unake mastaka para tIna chatra (indadhvaja) hote the / mAnastambha ke samIpavartI kSetra meM svaccha jala evaM vikasita kamaloM se yukta sundara vApikAyeM hotI thiiN| vApikAoM se thor3I dUra para jala, jalacara evaM jalajoM se yukta parikhA samavasaraNa ke cAroM tarapha hotI thii| isakA bhItarI bhU-bhAga latAvana se ghirA hotA thaa| latAvana, latAoM, choTI-choTI jhADiyoM, krIr3A parvata para saba RtuoM meM puSpita hone vAle vRkSa, aura zayyAoM se saMyukta latAgRha se suzobhita hote the| isake bhItara kI ora kucha hI dUra para samavasaraNa ko cAroM ora se ghere hue eka svarNamaya sundara koTa hotA thaa| koTa ke cAroM dizAoM meM bahuta U~ce rajata evaM padmarAga maNi nirmita cAra gopura dvAra hote the, jo ucca zikharoM, eka sau ATha maMgaladravyoM, AbhUSaNoM sahita sau-sau toraNoM aura nau nidhiyoM se yukta hote the / ina gopura dvAroM ke bhItara, jo lambe rAste hote the, unake donoM ora do-do nATyazAlAe~ nirmita hotI thiiN| ye nATyazAlAe~ timaMjalI (tIna-tIna khaNDoM) hotI thIM aura suvarNa stambhoM se nirmita, sphaTika maNi kI dIvAla evaM ratnoM ke bane hue zikharoM se saMyukta hote the| nATyazAlAoM se Age calakara galiyoM ke donoM ora do-do dhUpaghaTa rakhe hue hote the| dhUpaghaToM se kucha Age mukhya galiyoM ke bagala meM cAra-cAra vana-vIthiyA~ hotI thIM; jisameM azoka, saptaparNa campaka aura Ama ke vRkSa hote the| una vanoM ke madhya meM kahIM para trikoNa (tikone) aura kahIM para catuSkoNa (caukone) bAvar3iyA~ hotI thIM, kahIM choTe-choTe tAlAba, kahIM kRtrima parvata, kahIM manohara mahala, kahIM krIr3A-maNDapa, kahIM ajAyabaghara, kahIM citrazAlAyeM, kahIM nadiyA~ hotI thiiN| azoka vana ke madhya meM azoka nAmaka caityavRkSa hotA thA / isake mUlabhAga meM cAroM dizAoM meM jinendradeva kI cAra pratimAyeM pratiSThita hotI thiiN| jisa prakAra azoka vana meM azoka nAmaka caityavRkSa hotA thA, usI prakAra anya tIna vanoM meM bhI apanI-apanI jAti kA eka-eka caitya vRkSa hotA thA aura una sabhI ke mUlabhAga meM jinendradeva kI cAra-cAra pratimAyeM hotI

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276 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana thiiN| ina vanoM ke anta meM cAroM ora eka-eka vanadevI hotI thIM, jo U~ce-U~ce cAra gopura dvAroM, aSTamaMgaladravya, saMgIta, vAdyoM, nRtya tathA ratnamaya AbharaNoM se yukta toraNoM se suzobhita hote the / ina vedikAoM se Age suvarNamaya khambhoM para citrita mAlA, vastra, mayUra, kamala, haMsa, garur3a, siMha, baila, hAthI aura cakra cinhita dasa prakAra kI dhvajAoM kI paMktiyA~ mahAvIthI ke madhyabhAga ko alaMkRta karatI thIM / pratyeka dizA meM 108 dhvajA eka bhA~ti kI hotI thIM; jinakI cAroM dizAoM meM cAra hajAra tIna sau bIsa dhvajAe~ hotI thiiN| ina dhvajAoM ke uparAnta antaHbhAga meM cA~dI kA pUrvavata banA huA bar3A bhArI koTa hotA thaa| isake sammukha makAnoM kI paMktiyA~ hotI thiiN| mahAvIthiyoM ke madhyabhAga meM nau-nau stUpa hote the| isake Age svaccha koTa hotA thaa| koTa ke cAroM ora gopura nirmita hote the| koTa se lekara pITha-paryanta lambI evaM mahAvIthiyoM ke antarAla meM solaha dIvAleM huA karatI thIM, jisase bAraha sabhA vibhAgoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / dIvAloM ke Upara ratnamaya stambhoM dvArA zrImaNDapa nirmita hotA thaa| zrImaNDapa kSetra meM pIThikA huA karatI thii| inake Upara pITha nirmita hote the| isa prakAra vIthikA, mahAvithikA, pIThikA evaM pITha se yukta samavasaraNa sabhA kA nirmANa kalAtmaka evaM AkarSaka hotA thaa| isake bIca meM bhagavAn jinendradeva ke virAjamAna hone ke sthAna para gandhakuTI kA nirmANa hotA thaa| isake madhyabhAga meM siMhAsana hotA thA, jisa para baiThakara bhagavAn upadeza diyA karate the| isakI lambAI-caur3AI lagabhaga chaH sau dhanuSa evaM U~cAI isase kucha adhika hotI thii| samavasaraNa ke nirmANa vidhi kA sundara evaM bhavya kalA kA nidarzana harivaMza purANa', padma purANa' aura pANDava purANa' meM upalabdha hai / samavasaraNa meM bAraha sabhAyeM hotI thIM, ina sabhAoM ke lie bAraha koThoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA, jina para kramazaH muni, kalpavAsinI deviyA~, AryikAe~, jyotiSa devoM kI devAGganAe~, vyantara devoM kI striyA~, bhavanavAsI devoM kI nAriyA~, jyotiSa deva, vyantara deva, bhuvana vAsI deva, kalpavAsI deva, manuSya aura tiryaJca ke sthAna hote the / yahA~ yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki harivaMza purANa ke anusAra samavasaraNa meM zUdroM ke praveza para niSedha thaa|" 1. harivaMza 57 / 1-161, 7 / 1-161 2. padma 2 / 135-154, 22 / 77-312 3. pANDava 6 / 40-46 .. 4. harivaMza 276-86; mahA 23 / 163; padma 21135-142 5. harivaMza 57 / 171-173

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kalA aura sthApatya [ga] mUrtikalA Alocya purANoM ke parizIlana se tatkAlIna mUrtikalA viSayaka jJAna upalabdha hotA hai jisakA vivaraNa nimnavat hai / 1. srota : jaina mUrtikalA ke jJAnArthaka sAhityika srota prAcInatama jaina zAstroM (aMgoM evaM upAMgoM ) ke rUpa meM prasiddha jaina Agama sAhitya se prArambha hotA hai / kintu jaina mUrtikalA yA mUrtizAstra para koI svatantra Agama kI racanA nahIM hai / siddhAyatanoM ke sampUrNa vivaraNoM meM jaina mUrtiyA~ aura mandiroM ke viSaya meM avazya ullekha upalabdha haiM / ' saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, kannar3a, tamila Adi bhASAoM ke jaina purANa meM jaina mUrtizAstra ke anuzIlana ke samRddha srota prApya hote haiM / stotragranthoM ke sAtha-sAtha AkhyAna granthoM meM bhI isa viSaya kI sAmagrI vidyamAna haiM / Arambhika grantha mAnasAra ke atirikta aparAjita pRcchA, devatAmUrti prakaraNa, rUpamaNDapa, Thakkura pheru kA vAstusAra Adi zilpa-grantha bhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM, jinameM jaina mUrtizAstra viSayaka sAmagrI vidyamAna hai| mathurA ke pAsa kaMkAlI TIlA 2. samaya : jaina mUrti-pUjA kI prAcInatA viSayaka koI nizcita sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai / prabhAzaMkara ke anusAra jainiyoM meM mUrtipUjA IsA pUrva cauthI pA~cavIM zatI meM hI pracalita ho gaI thii| DaoN0 kAzI prasAda jAyasavAla ke matAnusAra mauryakAla meM jaina mUrtiyA~ upalabdha hotI thIM / khAravela ke hAthIguMphA abhilekha meM kaliMga rAjya se jina kI mUrti ke upalabdha hone kA ullekha hai / se jaina mUrti prApta huI hai / dvitIya zatI I0 pU0 se gyArahavIM zatI I0 ke madhya bahuta-sI sthApatya kalA viSayaka sAmagrI prApta huI haiN| DaoN0 umAkAnta premAnanda zAha ke vicArAnusAra jaina - mAnyatA ke anusAra dIkSA se eka varSa pUrva eka bAra jaba vardhamAna apane sthAna para hI dhyAna magna the, taba ( unake jIvana kAla meM hI ) unakI eka candana ( kASTha ) kI mUrti nirmita huI thii| isa prakAra kI anuzruti bauddhoM meM bhI milatI hai / parantu yaha prazna vivAdAgrasta hai| tIrthaMkara kI 1. amalAnanda ghoSa - vahI, pR0 476 2. amalAnanda ghoSa - vahI, pR0 460 3. 4. 5. 6. 277 prabhAkara o0 somapurA - vahI, pR0 172 jyoti prasAda jaina-da jaina sorasez2a oNpha da hisTrI oNpha aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, dillI, 1664, pR0 230 - 231 umAkAnta premAnanda zAha-sTaDIz2a isa jaina ArTa, banArasa, 1655, pR0 4-5 Ananda kumAra svAmI- hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana eNDa iNDoneziyana ArTa, nyUyArka, 1665, pR0 43

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278 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kASTha mUrti se pASaNa yA kAMsya meM kaba parivartita ho gaI isakA sAkSya nahIM miltaa| vastutaH jainiyoM meM kASTha nirmita mUrti kI pUjA kA niSedha hai| ataH yaha sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai ki pUjA meM jala evaM dugdha-prakSAlana tathA candana-carcaNa Adi se kASTha nirmita mUrti kA prayoga upayukta nahIM samajhA gyaa| kintu anya devI-devatAoM tathA sthApatya ke aMga ke rUpa meM saMyojita mUrtiyA~ avazya kASTha se nirmita hotI rhiiN| isI lie vibhinna saMgrahAlayoM evaM nijI saMgrahoM meM isa prakAra kI aneka mUrtiyA~ upalabdha huI haiN|' 3. sAmagrI : jaina purANoM meM 'jina' pratimAoM ke nirmANa ke lie suvarNa evaM ratnoM ke prayoga kA ullekha milatA hai|2 mahA purANa meM tIrthaMkara se itara mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa meM anya dhAtu-lohA, tA~bA Adi-ke prayoga kI vyavasthA pradatta hai / ' padma purANa meM mahArAja dazaratha kI mUrti (putalA) kA ullekha prApya hai, jo unakI AkRti se bilkula milatI-julatI thii| mUrti ke andara rudhira ke sthAna para lAkha Adi kA rasa upayoga kiyA gayA thaa| vasunandi kRta zrAvakAcAra meM maNi, ratna, sonA, pItala, motI evaM pASANa Adi se pratimAoM ke nirmANa kA varNana milatA hai|" jayasena ne sphaTika kI pratimAoM ko prazasta mAnA hai / ' lohA, pASANa, kASTha, miTTI, gobara, kAMsA, zozA evaM kalaI se nirmita pratimAoM kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai|" jainetara bhaviSya purANa meM mUrti nirmANa sapta vastuoM-svarNa, rajata, tA~bA, patthara, miTTI, lakar3I tathA vArsI (kanavAsa)-kA ullekha huA hai / ' DaoN0 rAya kRSNadAsa ke matAnusAra sonA, cA~dI, tAMbA kAMsA, pItala, aSTadhAtu Adi prAkRtika evaM kRtrima dhAtu. pAre ke mizraNa, ratna, uparatna, kA~ca, kar3e va mulAyama patthara, masAle, kaccI va pakAI miTTI, moma, lAkha, gandhaka 1. amalAnanda ghoSa-vahI; pR0 448 2. harivaMza 5 / 362; padma 28166; mahA 43 / 173, 3. mahA 10 / 163 / 4. padma 23 / 41-43 5. vasunandi kRta zrAvakAcAra, zloka 360 6. pratiSThApATha 66, pR0 17 7. AcAra-dinakara, bhAga 2, pR0 143 8. kAMcanI rAjatI tAmrI pArthivI zailajA smRtA / vArsI cAlekhyakA ceti mUrtisthAnAni saptavai // bhaviSya purANa 1 / 131 / 2-3

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kalA aura sthApatya 276 hAthIdAMta, zaMkha, sIpa, asthi, lakar3I evaM kAgaja ke Tukar3e Adi upAdAnoM ko unake svabhAva ke anusAra gar3hakara, khodakara, ubhArakara, hAtha yA aujAra se DoliyA kara ( hAtha se jahA~ jaisI AvazyakatA ho upakaraNa ko U~cA uThAkara yA nIce dabAkara AkRti utpanna karanA), ThappA karake yA sA~cA meM DhAla kara nirmita kI huI AkRti ko mUrti kahate haiM / ' 4. mUrtikalA : prakAra evaM svarUpa : jaina purANoM ke adhyayana se bhadho- likhita mUrtiyoM, unake prakAra tathA svarUpa kA jJAna prApta hotA hai : (i) tIrthaMkara jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM ke nAma kA vidhAna nimnAMkita granthoM meM upalabdha hotA hai -barAhamihira kI bRhatsaMhitA, mAnasAra, AzAdhara ( 1228 I0 ) ke pratiSThAsAroddhAra, vasunandi saiddhAntika ke pratiSThAsAra-saMgraha, tiloyapaNatti, pratiSThAsAroddhAra aura jaina purANa / 2 jaina mUrtizAstra kI ullekhanIya vizeSatA yaha hai ki caubIsoM tIrthaMkaroM ke nAmoM ke viSaya meM digambara evaM zvetAmbara donoM sampradAya pUrNatayA eka mata haiN| vasunandi zrAvakAcAra ne 'jina bhavana' ko nirmita kara usameM 'jina pratimA' pratiSThApita karane se apAra puNya kI prApti kA varNana kiyA hai| * mahA purANa meM jina kI pratimA kA nirmANa kara unake pUjana kA ullekha milatA hai / " DaoN0 umAkAnta premAnanda zAha ke matAnusAra tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ maNiyoM, dhAtuoM, pASANoM, kASTha aura miTTI se nirmita kI jAtI thIM / padma purANa ke anusAra tIrthaMkara kI pratimAyeM paMca varNIya nIlA, harA, lAla, kAlA evaM zveta nirmita karanI cAhie / " isI purANa meM anya sthala para jinendra ( tIrthaMkara) kI pratimA ke viSaya meM varNita hai ki padmamAsana mudrA meM ucca siMhAsana para nirmita unakI pratimA ko mandira meM sthApita karanI cAhie / pratimA ke sira kI jaTAoM kA nirmANa mukuTa ke sadRzya honA cAhie / pratimA agnizikhA kI bhA~ti gaura varNa tathA mukhAkRti candramA ke sadRza honA cAhie / pratimA ko suvarNa ke samAna 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. rAya kRSNadAsa - bhAratIya mUrtikalA, kAzI, saM0 2030, pR0 13 amalAnanda ghoSa - vahI, pR0 480 - 483 amalAnanda ghoSa - vahI, pR0 484 zramaNa, varSa 18, aMka 7, maI 1668, pR0 12 mahA 5 / 161, 67 / 452 amalAnanda ghoSa -- vahI, pR0 485 padma 65 / 27

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280 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kamaloM dvArA pUjita pradarzita karanA caahie| pratimA ATha prAtihAryoM se saMyukta honI caahie|' jaina paramparAoM ke anusAra tIrthaMkara kI kucha asAdhAraNa vizeSatA hotI hai| jaina zAntipATha meM' meM ATha prAtihArya-divya vRkSa, devatAoM dvArA puSpavRSTi, chAtA sahita siMhAsana, do cAmara, divya-dhvani, dundubhi', dhUpa rokanA tathA prabhAmaNDala vizeSatAyeM haiN| harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai ki mandira ke garbhagRha meM suvarNa evaM ratnoM se nirmita 500 dhanuSa UMcI 108 'jina-pratimAyeM' thiiN| yahAM para yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai ki kyA 500 dhanuSa U~cI pratimA kA nirmANa sambhava hai ? yaha U~cAI atizyokti-sI pratIta hotI hai, parantu purAtAttvika sAkSya tIrthaMkaroM kI U~cI pratimAnirmANa kA dRSTAnta prastuta karatA hai / maisUra ke zravaNavelagolA, kArakala tathA pannUra se 35' ke 70' U~cI jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI sundara mUrtiyA~ prApta huI haiN|' jaina purANoM ke racanAkAla meM tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAoM ke sAtha yakSoM (zAsana devatAoM) tathA devatAoM kI mUrtiyAM bhI nirmita karane kA ullekha milatA hai| DaoN. dvijendra nAtha zukla ke vicArAnusAra kuSANakAla kI jina mUrtiyoM meM pratIka-saMyojanA ke atirikta yakSayakSiNiyoM kA anugAmitva nahIM miltaa| yaha vizeSatA gupta kAla se Arambha hotI hai, taba se tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAoM ke sAtha yakSa-yakSiNiyoM kA sAhacarya anivArya bana gayA hai|" 1. padma 28165-66 2. puSyadanta kA mahA purANa 1 / 18 / 7-10; samavAyAMga-sUtra, sUtra 43 pR0 56-60 hemacandrakRta abhiAdhanacintAmaNi 1 / 57-64 divyataruH surapuSpavRSTidundubhirAsanayojanaghoSo / AtapavAraNacAmarayugme yasya vibhAti ca maNDalatejaH // jaina zAntipATha; draSTavya- vI0 sI0 bhaTTAcArya-jaina AiknogrAphI, dillI, 1674, pR0 20 dundubhi meM pAMca saMgIta vAdyoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA, jise paMcamahAzabda kahate haiN| pA~ca saMgIta vAdya isa prakAra haiM-zrRga, tammata (Drama), zaMkha, bherI tathA jayaghATa-draSTavya, bhaNDArakara-jaina AiknogrAphI, iNThiyana eNTIkyUTI, jUna 1611 ratnakAJcananirmANAH paJcacApazatocchitAH / __ aSTottarazata tatra jinAnAM pratimA matAH // harivaMza 5 / 362 6. I0 bI0 hAvela-da AiDiyalsa oNpha iNDiyana ArTa, landana 1611, pR0 128 7. dvijendra nAtha zukla-bhAratIya sthApatya, lakhanaU 1686, pR0 463

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kalA aura sthApatya 281 [i] zAsanadeva : jaina mAnyatAnusAra caubIsa zAsana deva hote haiM / yadyapi sabhI zAsanadevoM kA savistAra varNana jaina purANoM meM anupalabdha hai, tathApi yatra-tatra varNana avazya upalabdha hote haiM / padma purANa meM varNita hai ki samIcIna dharma-yakSa kI rakSA meM nipuNa, kalyANakArI evaM bhakti yukta zAsanadevoM kI mUrtiyA~ jaina mandiroM meM pratiSThApita thI / ' [iii] yakSa-yakSiNI : jainadharma meM caubIsa yakSoM aura yakSiNiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / DaoN0 Ara0 esa 0 gupte ne yakSoM ko zAsanadevatA svIkAra kiyA hai, jo tIrthaMkara ke bhakta hote the / tIrthaMkaroM ke sAtha yakSoM kI pratimA nirmita karane kA ullekha padma aura harivaMza purANoM meM upalabdha hai / siMha evaM hAthiyoM kI mUrtiyAM atyanta sundara DhaMga se nirmita kI gayI thIM / [IV] saptarSi: padma purANa meM saptarSiyoM meM suramanyu, zrImanyu, zrInicaya, sarvasundara, jayavAna, vinayalAlasa aura jayamitra kA nAmollekha hai / ye nirgrantha muni hote the aura vihAra karate the / zatrughna ne inakI mUrtiyA~ atyanta sundara nirmita karAI thIM / " [v] naugraha : jaina dharma meM sUrya, candra, maMgala, budha, bRhaspati, zukra, zani, rAhu aura ketu naugrahoM kA varNana milatA hai / jaina purANoM meM inakA samyak vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM hotA / parantu yatra-tatra inakA ullekha milatA hai / udAharaNArtha, padma purANa meM sItA kI tapomayI avasthA kA varNana sUrya se kiyA gayA hai !' . [vi] zrutadevI aura vidyA devI : ye jJAna kI deviyAM thIM inakI saMkhyA solaha varNita hai / jaina purANoM meM yatra-tatra inakA bhI ullekha huA hai / harivaMza purANa meM jina pratimAoM ke sAtha zrutadevI kI mUrti kA varNana prApya hai / 1. 2. 3. adhiSThitA bhRzaM bhaktiyuktaiH zAsanadevataiH / padma 67|12 agara canda nAhaTA -- bhAratIya vAstuzAstra meM jaina pratimA sambandhI jJAtavya, anekAnta, varSa 20, ki0 5, disambara 1667, pR0214 Ara0 esa0 gupte - AiknogrAphI oNpha hindU, buddhisTa aiNDa jainasa, bambaI, 1672, pR0 176 padma 71 / 16 - 21; harivaMza 5 / 363 4. 5. vahI 62 / 1-3 6. vahI 105 / 103 7. harivaMza 5 / 363

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lalita kalA [ka] saMgIta-kalA prAcIna kAla se saMgIta-kalA kA kisI na kisI rUpa meM manuSya ke jIvana meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai / saMgIta ke mAdhyama se manuSya apane sukha-duHkha ke bhAvoM ko bhI prakaTa karatA hai, jisase usako eka prakAra kI mAnasika zAnti upalabdha hotI hai evaM usakA manoraMjana bhI hotA hai / harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai ki nRtya, saMgIta evaM vAdina dvArA manuSya apanA manoraMjana kara sphUrti kA anubhava karatA hai / mahA purANa meM saMgIta, vAdina tathA nRtya-goSThiyoM ke Ayojana kA ullekha upalabdha hai / ukta purANa meM anya-goSThiyoM ke atirikta kAvya-goSThI' meM gAyana kI pradhAnatA kA varNana 1. cittaizcittaharaidivyarmAnuSaizca samantataH / ___ nRtyasaGgItavAdinabhUtalai'pi prabhUyate // harivaMza 56 / 20 2. kadAcitgItagoSThIbhirvAdyagoSThIbhiranyadA / kahicinnRtyagoSThIbhideyastAparyamupAsat // mahA 12 / 188 3. mahA 12 / 212

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lalita kalA 283 bhI prApya hai / jaina sUtroM meM saMgIta ko bahattara kalAoM meM sthAna prApta hai to vaha mahilAoM ke causaTha guNoM meM eka guNa ke rUpa meM vidyamAna hai / jaina granthoM ke anusAra saMgIta meM ina tIna tattvoM-gIta, saMgIta aura nRtya-kA samAveza huA hai / jainetara granthoM meM bhI saMgIta kA yahI tAtparya hai| samAja meM atyadhika pracAra-prasAra ke kAraNa saMgIta manoraMjana kA pradhAna aMga bana cukA thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina bhikSuoM ko vilAsitA se muktArtha saMgIta niSedhita thaa| samAja meM janatA ke manoraMjana ke anyAnya sAdhanoM ke sAtha hI gAyana, vAdana evaM nRtya kA bhI Ayojana hotA thaa| jaina AgamoM meM tIrthaMkara ke janmadina, jinatva kI prApti, putra-janmotsava para saMgIta ke Ayojana kA ullekha milatA hai| ___ saMgIta-kalA ke anuzIlana se isake guNoM kI ora dhyAna AkarSita honA svAbhAvika hai| manmatha rAya ne saMgIta ke ATha guNa nirUpita kiye haiM : svara kalA se paripUrNa, rakta (pavitra), alaMkRta, vyakta, avighuTTa (surIlA), madhura, sama aura sukumAra / " devatAoM ke nAma se sambaddha kara saMgIta ko loka-priya banAne ke uddezya se ise dharma se sambandhita kara diyA gayA hai / Alocita harivaMza purANa meM kinnara, gandharva, tumburu, nArada tathA vizvAvasu ko saMgIta ke devatA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta thI / 1. saMgIta-kalA ke siddhAnta : svarUpa evaM prakAra : lalita-kalA meM saMgIta-kalA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / saMgIta kalA ke siddhAnta ke jJAnAbhAva meM usakI 1. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra, pR0 68 2. kalpasUtra, pR0 203 / 3. AcArAMgasUtra 2 / 11 / 18; sUtrakRtAMga 2 / 2 / 55; jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra, pR0 401; bhagavatI sUtra 15 / 114 4. gItaM vAdya ca nRtyaM ca trayaM saMgIta mucyate / ke0 vAsudeva zAstrI-saMgItazAstra, pR0 1; mahAbhArata, Adiparva 76 / 24 5. AcArAMga sUtra 2 / 11 / 14 6. vahI 2 / 11 / 1-8 7. kalpasUtra, pR0 253 8. vahI, pR0 265 6. vahI, pR0 254 10. manmatha rAya-prAcIna bhAratIya manoraJjana, ilAhAbAda, saM0 2013, pR0 106 11. harivaMza 8 / 158; padma 31176

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284 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana samyaka samIkSA sambhava nahIM hai| isalie yahA~ jaina purANoM meM ullikhita saMgIta-kalA ke siddhAntoM ke svarUpa aura prakAroM kA vivecana kiyA jA rahA hai : [i] svara : jaina purANoM meM saptasvara-SaDja, RSabha, gAndhAra, madhyama, paJcama dhaivata aura niSAd-kA ullekha upalabdha hai / ' kArtikeyAnuprekSA meM spaSTataH varNita hai ki saptasvara kA sambandha zArIrika avayavoM se sambaddha hai jisakA vivaraNa nimnavat hai : kaNTha deza meM SaDja, zirodeza meM RSabha, nAsikA deza meM gAndhAra, hRdaya deza meM madhyamA, mukhadeza meM paJcama, tAludeza meM dhaivata evaM sarvazarIra meM niSAda / 2 jainetara grantha nATyazAstra meM bhI bharatamuni ne svara ke ukta sapta prakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai|' svara ke viSaya meM varNita hai ki-zrutiyoM ko nirantara utpanna karane aura zabda kA anuraNana rUpa hI svara hai / pratyeka svara dUsare svara kI sahAyatA ke binA rajjaka hai| svaroM ke prayoga meM vAdI, saMvAdI, vivAdI aura anuvAdI ina cAra prakAroM kA ullekha harivaMza purANa meM huA hai / ' mahA purANa meM bhI svara ke zuddha aura dezaja do prakAra ullikhita haiN|' harivaMza purANa meM svaroM meM saMcAra karane vAlI jAtiyoM kA rocaka varNana huA hai| harivaMza purANa meM svara ke do bheda haiM : vaiNa svara ke antargata zruti, vRtti, svara, grAma, varNa, alaMkAra, mUrcchanA, dhAtu aura. sAdhAraNa Adi svara Ate haiN| zArIrasvara ke antargata jAti, varNa, svara, grAma, sthAna, sAdhAraNa kriyA aura alaMkAra vidhi Ate haiN| 1. SaDjazcApyUSabhazcaiva gAndhAro madhyamo'pi ca / paJcamo dhaivatazca syAnniSAdaH saptamaH svaraH // harivaMza 16153; padma 17 / 277, 24 / 8 2. kArtikeyAnuprekSA 186 / 123 / 1-3 3. SaDjazca RSabhazcaiva gAndhAro madhyamastathA / paJcamo dhaivatazcaiva saptazca niSAdavAn // bharata-nATyazAstra, adhyAya 28, pR0 432 4. ke0 vAsudevazAstrI-saMgItazAstra, pR0 14 5. vAdI cApi ca saMvAdI to vivadyanuvAdinI / harivaMza 16154 6. mahA 75 / 616 7. harivaMza 16 / 161-261 8. vahI 16146-148

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lalita kalA 285 [li] vRtti : padma purANa meM drutA, madhyamA evaM vilambitA tIna vRttiyoM ke prayoga ko hI vRtti nAma se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / inakA prayoga gAte samaya hotA hai| __ [ili] jAti : AcArya abhinava gupta bharatakoza meM jAti ko pAribhASita karate hue varNita karate haiM ki rajjana aura adRSTa abhyudaya ko janma dete hue viziSTa svara hI vizeSa prakAra ke sanniveza se yukta hone para 'jAti' ke bodhaka hote haiN| dasa lakSaNoM se yukta viziSTa svara ke anuzIlana se sanniveza jAti kA bodha hotA hai / 2 ___ jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se jAti ke bhedopabheda para prakAza par3atA hai| padma purANa meM jAti ke adholikhita dasa bheda upalabdha haiM : (1) sthAna : isameM urasthala, kaNTha aura mUddhI ke bheda se tIna upabheda hote haiN| (2) svara : SaDja, RSama, gAndhAra, madhyama, paMcama, dhaivata aura niSAda Adi svaroM ke sAta bheda haiN|' (3) saMskAra : lakSaNa aura uddezya athavA lakSaNA aura abhidhA kI apekSA do prakAra ke saMskAra mAnya haiM / (4) vinyAsa : padavAkya, mahAvAkya Adi ke vibhAga sahita jo kathana hotA hai, use vinyAsa saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai|' (5) kAku : sApekSA aura nirapekSA ke bheda se kAku do prakAra kA hotA hai| 1. bheje vRttIryathAsthAnaM drutamadhyavilambitAH / padma 17 / 278 2. abhinava gupta--bharatakoza, pR0 227 3. padma 24 / 27-34 4. uraH kaNThaH zirazceti sthAnaM tridhA smRtam / padma 24 / 26 5. SaDjarSabho tRtIyazca gandhAro madhyamastathA / paJcamo dhaivatazcApi niSAdazcetyamI svarAH // padma 24 / 8 6. saMskAro dvividhaH prokto lakSaNoddezatastathA / padma 24 / 30 7. vinyAsastu sakhaNDAH syuH pdvaakyaastduttraa|| padma 24 / 30 .. sApekSA nirapekSA va kaakurbheddvynvitaa| padma 24 / 31

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (6) samudAya : gadya, padya evaM mizra (campU) ke bheda se tIna prakAra ke samudAya hote haiN| (7) virAma : kisI viSaya kA saMkSepa se ullekha karanA virAma kahalAtA hai| (8) sAmAnyAbhihita : ekArthaka (paryAyavAcI) zabdoM kA prayoga karanA sAmAnyAbhihita kA bodhaka hai|' (9) samAnArthatva : eka zabda dvArA anekArtha kA pratipAdana karanA samAnArthatva hai| (10) lekha : jisakA padma rUpa vyavahAra hotA hai, use lekha kahate haiM / padma purANa meM jAti ke hI ATha bheda-dhaivatI, ArSabhI, SaDja-SaDjA, udIcyA, niSAdinI, gAndhArI, SaDjakaikazI evaM SaDjamadhyamA tathA dasa bheda-gAndhArIdIcyA, madhyapaJcamI, gAndhArapaJcamI, raktagAndhArI, madhyamA, AndhrI, madhyamodIcyA, karmAravI, nandinI evaM kaizikI-kula aTThAraha bheda varNita haiN| aTThAraha jAtiyoM kA varNana harivaMza purANa meM bhI upalabdha hai, jinameM ATha SaDja grAma-pADjI, ArSabhI, dhaivatI, niSAdajA, suSaDjA, udIcyayA, SaDjakaizikI tathA SaDjamadhyA aura dasa madhyama grAma-gAndhArI, madhyamA, gAndhArodIcyavA, raktAndhArI, raktapaJcamI, madhyamodIcyavA, nandayantI, karmAravI, AndhrI tathA kaizikI-se sambandhita jAtiyA~ haiM / jainetara sAkSyoM se bhI jAti ke aTThAraha bheda upalabdha hote haiN|' harivaMza purANa ke ullekhAnusAra madhyamA, SaDjamadhyA evaM paJcamI tIna jAtiyA~ sAdhAraNa svaragata haiM / ukta grantha meM anya sthala ke varNana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai 1. gadyaH padyazca mizrazca samudAyastridhoditaH / padma 24 / 31 2. saMkSiptatA virAmastu / padma 24 / 32 3. sAmAnyAbhihitaH punaH zabdAnAmekavAcyAnAM prayogaH parikIrtitaH / padma 24 / 32 4. tulyArthataikazabdena bahvarthapratipAdanam / padma 24 / 33 5. pdmvyvhRtirlekh| padma 24 / 34 6. padma 24 / 12-15 7. harivaMza 16174-177 8. ke. vAsadeva zAstrI-saMgItazAstra, pR0 53 6. harivaMza 16178

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287 salita kalA ki madhyamodIcyavA, SaDjakaizikI, karmAravI evaM gAndhAra paJcamI-ye cAra jAtiyA~ sAta svara vAlI; SaDjA, AndhrI, nandayantI evaM gAndhAramodIcyavA--jAtiyA~ chaH svara vAlI aura anya dasa jAtiyA~ pA~ca svara vAlI hotI haiN| inameM se chaH svara vAlI ko SADva evaM pA~ca svara vAlI ko oDava saMjJA pradatta hai| ukta jAtiyoM ke do upabheda haiM-zuddha jAti aura vizuddha jaati| zuddha jAti : vaha jAti hai jo paraspara saMyukta utpanna nahIM hotI hai, balki pRthak-pRthak lakSaNoM se yukta hotI hai| vikRta jAti : yaha samAna lakSaNoM se yukta hotI hai| isakA nirmANa do grAmoM (SaDja evaM madhyama) kI jAtiyoM se hotI hai tathA donoM ke svara se Alupta rahatI hai| harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai ki svaroM meM madhyama svara pradhAna hone ke kAraNa usakA vinAza kabhI bhI nahIM hotA hai, jabaki anya svara vinaSTa ho sakate haiM / isake atirikta gandharva kalA ke samasta bhedoM meM bhI ise svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| harivaMza purANa meM tAra, mandra, nyAsa, upanyAsa, graha, aMza, alpatva, bahutva, SADva tathA auDavita Adi dasa jAtiyoM kI gaNanA upalabdha hai, jinakA jJAna honA anivArya hai| vastutaH jAti ke lakSaNa ye hI haiN| jAti evaM svaroM kA sundara samanvaya harivaMza purANa meM upalabdha hai, jo apane DhaMga kA udAtta dRSTAnta hai / [iv] mAtrikAe~ : mAtrikAoM kA saMgIta kalA meM pradhAna sthAna hai| padma purANa meM vyaktavAk, lokavAk tathA mArga vyavahAra mAtRkAe~ kahalAtI haiN| [v] mUrcchanA : mUrcchanA zabda 'mUrcha' dhAtu se banA hai, jisakA artha 'moha' aura 'samuchAya' (utsedha, ubhAra, camakanA, vyakta honA) hai| bharata ke anusAra sAta --------------- 1. harivaMza 16180-186 2. vahI 16176 3. vahI 16176-180 4. vahI 16166-167 5. vahI 16168-166 6. vahI 16186-261 7. vyaktavAtalokavAgmArgavyavahArazya maatrH| padma 24 / 34

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288 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana svaroM kA kramAnusAra prayoga (yukta) hI mUrcchanA kahalAtA hai| padma purANa meM gandharva dvArA 21 mUrcchanA aura 46 dhvaniyoM kA varNana milatA hai, jisameM 21 mUrcchanA kA tAtparya SaDja grAma kI 21 auDava tAne aura 46 dhvaniyoM se tAtparya saba mUrcchanAoM meM dI jAne vAlI 46 tAnoM se hai / harivaMza purANa ke anusAra SaDja evaM madhyama grAmoM kI 14 mUrcchanAoM ke SaDja, auDava, sAdhAraNIkRta tathA kAkalI ke bheda se cAra-cAra svara hone se mUrcchanAoM ke kula 56 svara hote haiN|' mUrcchanAoM ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karate haiN| inake vibhAjana meM do matoM ko mAnyatA milI hai : eka mata ke anusAra mUrcchanAoM ke bheda pUrNA, SADvA, auDuvittA evaM sAdhAraNa haiM aura dUsare matAnusAra bhI isake cAra bheda-zuddhA, antarasahitA, kAkalI sahitA tathA antarakAkalI sahitA haiN| inameM se dusarA mata adhika pracalita hai| isakA kAraNa hai ki maharSi bharata ne auDuvita aura SADvika avasthA ko 'tAna' aura sampUrNa avasthA ko 'mUrcchanA' kahA hai / mUrcchanA kA pradhAna lakSaNa saptasvaratA hai| , [vi] tAna : harivaMza purANa meM kula 84 tAneM varNita haiM, inameM pAMca svaroM se 35 aura chaH svaroM se 46 tAne haiM / bharata ke anusAra 84 tAne mUrcchanAoM para Azrita haiM, jinameM 46 SADva evaM 35 auDuva haiN|' [vii] rAga : bharata ne grAma rAgoM kI utpatti jAti se batAte hue rAga ke viSaya meM nirUpita kiyA hai ki loka meM gAyA jAne vAlA sabhI kucha jAtiyoM meM sthita hai / harivaMza purANa meM nApita rAga aura gopAla rAga kA varNana upalabdha hai| 1. kramayuktAH svarAH sapta mUrcchanAstvabhisaMjJitAH / bharata-nATyazAstra, adhyAya 28, pR0 435 2. padma purANa 17 / 278-280 3. harivaMza 16166 4. kailAza candra deva bRhaspati-bharata kA saMgIta-siddhAnta, pR0 36-38 5. harivaMza 16171 6. kailAza candra deva bRhaspati-vahI, pR0 43 7. 'jAtisambhUtatvAd grAmarAgANAm iti |-kailaash candra deva bRhaspati-vahI, pR0 166, pA0 Ti0 3 8. yatkiJcid gIyate tatsarvajAtiSa sthitam |-vhii, pR0 166, pA0 Ti0 4 6. harivaMza 21146 10. harivaMza 21147

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lalita kalA 256 [viii] tAla : pratiSThArthaka 'tal' dhAtu ke pazcAt adhikaraNArthaka 'ghana' pratyaya lagane se 'tAla' zabda kI utpatti huI hai, kyoMki gIta, vAdya evaM nRtya tAla meM hI pratiSThita hote haiM / laghu, guru, pluta se yukta sazabda evaM niHzabda kriyA dvArA gIta, vAdya aura nRtya ko parimita karane vAlA kAla tAla kA bodhaka hai|' padma purANa meM tAla kI asra aura catusra do dhvaniyA~ ullikhita haiM / 2 [ix] laya : bharata ke matAnusAra tAla kriyA ke anantara (agalI tAla kriyA ke pUrva taka) kiyA jAne vAlA vizrAma laya kA bodha karatA hai| padma purANa meM laya ke tIna bheda upalabdha haiM-druta, madhya aura vilmbit| fx] abhivyakti : padma purANa ke ullekhAnusAra saMgIta kI abhivyakti kaNTha, zira tathA urasthala hai / [xi] pada aura alaMkAra : sthAyI, saMcArI, ArohI tathA avarohI varNoM se saMyukta hone ke kAraNa ina cAra prakAra ke padoM kA ullekha padma purANa meM huA hai| saMgIta inhIM cAra padoM meM hI sthita hai| ukta granthAnusAra saMgIta kA samyak jJAna inhIM cAra padoM evaM nimniSTa teraha alaMkAroM ke mAdhyama se hotA hai : (1) sthAyI pada ke alaMkAra : prasannAdi, prasannAnta, madhyaprasAda evaM prasannAghavasAna Adi sthAyI pada ke cAra alaMkAra haiN|' (2) saMcArI pada ke alaMkAra : isa pada ke chaH alaMkAra-nirvRtta, prasthita, vinyu, prevolita, tAramandra aura prasanna haiN| (3) ArohI pada ke alaMkAra : isa pada ke antargata mAtra prasannAdi nAmaka eka alaMkAra hai| (4) avarohI pada ke alaMkAra : isa pada meM prasannAnta tathA kuhara nAmaka do alaMkAra haiN| 1. kailAza candra deva bRhaspati-vahI, pR0 234 2. padma 24 / 6 3. kailAza candra deva bRhaspati-vahI, pR0 242 4. padma 2416 8. vahI 24 / 17 5. vahI 247 6. vahI 24 / 18 6. vahI 24 / 10 10. vahI 24 / 18 7. vahI 24 / 16 16

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260 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana xii] zratiyA~ : bharata ne zratiyoM kI saMkhyA bAIsa nirdhArita kiyA hai| Alocya harivaMza purANa meM bhI zrutiyoM kI nirdhArita saMkhyA bAIsa hI hai| SaDja, madhyama, evaM paMcama meM cAra-cAra, RSabha tathA dhaivata meM tIna-tIna aura gAMdhAra tathA niSAda meM do-do zrutiyA~ haiM / isa prakAra kula bAIsa zrutiyA~ hotI haiM / [xiii] grAma : 'grAma' zabda samUha kA dyotaka hai| bharata ke matAnusAra samvAdI svaroM ke usa samUha se grAma kA bodha hotA hai, jinameM zrutiyA~ vyavasthita rUpa meM hoM evaM mUrcchanA, tAna, varNa, krama, alaMkAra ityAdi kA Azraya ho / ' grAma ko mUrcchanA tathA svara ke sAtha prayukta karane kA ullekha padma purANa meM huA hai / ' bharata ne grAma ke tIna bheda-SaDja, madhyama evaM gAndhAra-nirUpita kiye haiN| harivaMza purANa meM grAma ke do bheda SaDja grAma evaM madhyama grAma kA ullekha upalabdha hai : (1) SaDja grAma : harivaMza purANa meM SaDja grAma ke viSaya meM savistAra varNana milatA hai / SaDja grAma meM SaDja tathA paMcama svara kA saMvAda hotA hai| isameM bAIsa zrutiyA~ aura sAta mUrchanAe~ prayukta hotI haiM / SaDja meM cAra, RSabha meM tIna, gAndhAra meM do, madhyama meM cAra, paMcama meM cAra, dhaivata meM do, niSAda meM tIna zrutiyA~ hotI haiN| isa prakAra kula bAIsa zrutiyA~ SaDja grAma meM hotI haiN| uttara bhadrA, rajanI, uttarAyatatA, zuddha SaDjA, matsarIkRtA, azvakrAntA tathA AbhirudgatAye sAta SaDja grAma kI mUrcchanAe~ haiM / harivaMza purANa ke anusAra SaDja grAma kI ATha jAtiyA~-pADjI, ArSabhI, dhaivatI, niSAdajA, suSaDjA, SaDjodIcca, SaDjakauzikI tathA SaDjamadhyA-haiM / " padma purANa meM SaDja grAma kI ATha jAtiyoM meM dhaivatI, ArSabhI, SaDjaSaDjA, udIcyA, niSAdinI, gAndhArI SaDjakaikazI tathA SaDjamadhyamA ko sammilita karane kA ullekha huA hai / 1 1. tatra vA dvAviMzatizrutayaH / bharata-nATyazAstra, adhyAya 28, pR0 433 2. harivaMza 16 / 158-156 / 3. kailAza candra deva bRhaspati-vahI, pR0 5 padma 37 / 108 5. kailAza candra deva bRhaspati-vahI, pR0 6 6. harivaMza 16 / 155 7. vahI 16155 8. vahI 16158-156 6. vahI 163161-162, 161165-166 10. harivaMza 16 / 174-175 11. padma 24 / 12

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lalita kalA 261 (2) madhyama grAma : harivaMza purANa meM madhyama grAma viSayaka sAmagrI pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha hotI hai| madhyama grAma meM paMcama tathA RSabha svara kA saMvAda prayoga hotA hai| madhyama grAma meM bAIsa zrutiyoM aura sAta mUrchAoM kA prayoga huA hai| SaDja grAma meM pUrvokta ullikhita bAIsa zrutiyAM isameM bhI upalabdha haiM, kintu isakI sapta mUrchanAe~ pUrvakathita grAma se bhinna prApya haiN| madhyama grAma kI sAta mUrcchanAe~saubIrI, hariNAzcA, kalopanatA, zuddha madhyamA, mArgavI, pauravI tathA rissykaa-haiN| ukta purANa meM madhyama grAma kI dasa jAtiyA~-gAndhArI, madhyamA, gAndhArodIcyA, raktagAndhArI, raktapaMcamI, madhyamodIcyA, nandayantI, karmAravI, AndhrI tathA kauzikI-kA ullekha huA hai / ' padma purANa meM bhI madhyama grAma kI dasa jAtiyoM meM gAndhArIdIcyA, madhyamapaMcamI, gAndhArapaMcamI, raktagAndhArI, madhyamA, AndhrI, madhyamodIcyA, karmAravI, nandinI, tathA kaizikI sammilita hai| 2. saMgIta kalA ke bheda bhedAntara : jaina purANoM meM ullikhita saMgIta kalA ko adhyayana kI dRSTi se nimniSTa bheda-bhedAntaroM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai : [i] gIta yA gAyana saMgIta : pUrva hI hama varNana kara cuke haiM ki saMgIta ke tIna tattva-gIta (gAyana), vAdya evaM nRtya-haiM / ina tIna aMgoM meM gIta kA prathama sthAna hai| manuSya svataH kucha na kucha apane mana meM gAtA hai| Alocya jaina purANoM meM gIta yA gAyana se sambandhita sAmagrI upalabdha hai| jaina sUtroM meM cAra prakAra ke geya-utkSipta, pAdAtta, maMdaka tathA rocitAvasAnavarNita haiN| gIta meM ina tattvoM kA honA anivArya mAnA gayA hai / uras, kaNTha evaM ziras se padabaddha, gAne yogya padoM ke sAtha samarUpa tAla pada kA uccAraNa karanA aura sapta svaroM ke samAkSaroM sahita gAnA hI gIta yA gAyana kA bodhaka hai / gAyana ke niyamAnusAra prathama mandra svara se prArambha karake kramaza: madhya evaM tAra svara meM gIta kA uccAraNa karanA caahie| vidhivat gIta gAne ko 'lalita-gIta' kI zreNI meM rakhate haiN| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki vAra-vanitAoM dvArA gAye gaye gIta -vizeSa AnandadAyaka hote haiM / 1. harivaMza 16155 2. vahI 16163-164, 16167-168 3. vahI 16 / 175-177 4. padma 24 / 13-14 5. jambUdIpaprajJapti TIkA 5, pR0 413 6. mahA 16 / 167

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262 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana manmatha rAya ne gIta ke tIna AkAra evaM prakAra, ATha guNa evaM chaH doSa varNita kiye haiM / tIna AkAroM meM mRdugIta dhvani, tIvragIta dhvani tathA kSayayukta manda gIta dhvani sammilita haiN| ATha guNoM ke antargata-pUrNa kalA se, rAga se, alaMkRta, spaSTa, madhura, tAlavaMza ke svara se saMyukta, tAlasvara yukta evaM mUrchanAoM kA dhyAna rkhte-haiN| gAte samaya gAyana ke ina chaH doSoM-bhIti, druta, rahasya, uttAla, kAka svara tathA nakiyAnA se bacanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jainetara rAmAyaNa meM gAyana ke viSaya meM varNita hai ki gAyana madhura, tInoM pramANoM yA layoM (dUta, madhya evaM vilambita) se yukta, sAta jAtiyoM se yukta, vINA vAdana kI laya se milatA honA caahie| rAmAyaNa meM gAyana meM rasoM kA vizeSa mahattva batAyA gayA hai|' gAyana kI kucha mudrAoM kA aMkana bharahuta kI kalA meM upalabdha hai| [ii] vAdya-saMgIta : kisI anya sAdhana ko sammilita kiye binA hI saMgIta ke mUlAdhAra svara evaM laya ke dvArA vAdya saMgIta manuSya ko AnandadAyaka hotA hai| saMgIta meM vAdya saMgIta kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai, kyoMki isameM kisI anya kI sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI, jabaki nutya evaM gIta meM sahAyaka vAdyoM kA honA anivArya hai| vAdyoM kA prayoga anyatra bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| vAdya kA zAstrIya saMgIta meM apanA vizeSa sthAna hai| zAstrIya saMgIta se vAdya ko pRthak karanA asambhava hai, kyoMki zAstrIya saMgIta vAdyoM para hI Azrita haiN| ___ jaina granthoM meM vAdyoM ko cAra bhAgoM-tata, vitata, ghana tathA suSira-meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ para vitata avanaddha ke lie AyA hai| jaina purANoM meM vAdyoM ko tata, avanaddha, suSira evaM ghana vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| jainetara sAkSyoM meM bhI vAdyoM ko tata, avanaddha, suSira evaM ghana meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| vaidika paramparA ke sUtra sAhitya aura bauddha jAtakoM, nipaTakoM evaM anya granthoM meM bhI vAdyoM 1. manmatha rAya-prAcIna bhAratIya manoraJjana, ilAhAbAda, saM0 2013, pR0 106 2. pAThye geye ca madhuraM pramANaustribhiranvitam / jAtibhiH saptabhiryuktaM tantrIlayasamanvitam // rAmAyaNa 1 / 47 3. rAmAyaNa 1 / 4 / 8 4. dharmAvatI zrIvAstava-prAcIna bhArata meM saMgIta, vArANasI, 1667, pR0 65 5. AcArAMgasUtra 2|15|5-15,bhgvtiisuutr 5 / 4 / 636 6. harivaMza 7 / 84; padma 171274, 24 / 20

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lalita kalA ko tat, avanaddha, suSira evaM ghana ye cAra bhAga kiye gaye haiM / ' cAra prakAra ke vAdyoM kA ullekha huA hai / bharata ne tata, suSira ke lakSaNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / " ( 1 ) tata vAdya : padma purANa meM tantrI zabda tata ke lie vyavahRta huA hai| tantrI yA vINA se utpanna hone vAle vAdya tata ke antargata Ate haiM / " tAra se bajane vAle vAdya (vINA Adi ) tata vAdya saMjJA se abhihita haiM / " harivaMza purANa meM ullikhita hai kitata nAmaka vAdita karNapriya hone se prAyaH sabhI prANiyoM ko priya evaM gandharva zarIra se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa tata 'gAndharva' nAma se vikhyAta thA / gAndharva kI utpatti ke tIna kAraNa vINA, vaMza tathA gAna - haiM / gAndharva ke tIna bheda svaragata, padagata tathA tAlagata upalabdha hote haiM / isake upabheda aura lakSaNa agralikhita haiM / " svaragata gAndharva : isake do upabheda vaiNasvara evaM zarIrasvara haiN| zruti, vRtti, svara, grAma, varNa, alaMkAra, mUrcchanA, dhAtu evaM sAdhAraNa Adi vaiNasvara ke antargata Ate haiM / " jAti, varNa, svara, grAma, sthAna, sAdhAraNa kriyA tathA alaMkAra Adi kI gaNanA zarIrasvara ke antargata hotI hai / " 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 263 mahAbhArata meM ukta avanaddha, ghana tathA padma 24 / 20 harivaMza 16 / 143 prANiprItikaraM prAyaH zravaNendriyatarpaNAt / gAndharvadehasambaddhaM tataM gAndharvavamIritam / / harivaMza 16 / 144 vINA vaMzazca gAnaM ca tasya yoniritIriyam / vahI 16 / 145 gAndharva trividhaM caitatsvaratAlapade gatam / vahI 16 / 145 I. vaiNAzcApi ca zarIrA dvividhAstu svarAH smRtAH / vahI 16 146 zrutivRttisvaragrAmavarNAlaGkAramUrcchanAH 8. 10. 11. dharmAvatI zrIvAstava - vahI, pR0 26, 66, 113 dharmAvatI zrIvAstava - vahI, pR0 70 tataM caivAvanaddhaM ca ghanaM suSirameva ca / caturvidhantu vijJeyamAtodya lakSaNAnvitam // nATyazAstra adhyAya 28, zloka 1 I dhAtusAdhAraNAdyAzca dArUvINAsvarAH smRtAH / / vahI 16 | 147 jAtivarNasvaragrAmasthAnasAdhAraNa kriyAH / sAlaGkAravidhizcAyaM zArIrasvaragocaraH / / vahI 16 / 148

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264 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana padagata gAndharva : isake antargata jAti, taddhita, chanda, sandhi, svara, vibhakti, subanta, tiGanta, upasarga evaM varNa Adi Ate haiN|' tAlagata gAndharva : isa tAla ke ikkIsa bheda-AvApa, niSkAma, vikSepa, pravezana, zamyAtAla, parAvarta, sannipAta, savastuka, mAtrA, avidArya, aGga, laya, gati, prakaraNa, yati, do prakAra kI gIti, mArga, avayava, pAdabhAga tathA sapANi haiN| jainetara sAkSya se bhI isake ikkIsa prakAra kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| bharata ke matAnusAra isake antargata ikkIsa prakAra hote haiM / jaina purANoM meM tata vAdya saMgIta viSayaka vivaraNa agralikhita hai : (1) tuNava : ise sitAra ke rUpa meM prayoga karane kA ullekha mahA purANa meM upalabdha hai| tritaMtrI vINA kA vikAsa tambUrA aura sitAra ke saMyukta rUpa meM huA thaa|" sitAra ke rUpa meM prayukta tambUrA ko tuNava kahA jA sakatA hai / (ii) vINA : mahA purANa meM vINA ke svara ko sarvazreSTha mAnA gayA hai|' hAtha kI aMguliyoM se tADita vINA se madhura svara pravAhita hotA hai / anya sthala para ukta purANa meM vINA vAdana kI mudraoM kA rucikara citraNa upalabdha hai| eka vidhi ke anusAra oThoM ke agrabhAga se vINA ko dabAkara aMguliyoM se vINA vAdana karate the| anya rItyAnusAra vINA vAdana ke sAtha gAyana bhI karate the / pANDava purANa meM ghoSA, sughoSA, mahAghoSA evaM ghoSavatI vINAoM kA ullekha huA hai / ' mahA purANa meM vINA 1. jAtitaddhitavRttAni sandhisvaravibhaktayaH / nAmAkhyAtopasargAdya varNAdyAste pade vidhiH // harivaMza 16146 AvApazcApi niHkAmo vikSepazca pravezanam / zamyAtAlaM parAvartaH sannipAtaH savastukaH / maMtrAvidAryagalayA gati prakaraNaM yatiH / gIti ca mArgAvayavAH pAdabhAgA: sapANayaH // harivaMza 16150-151 3. bharatanATyazAstra, adhyAya 28, zloka 15-16 4. mahA 15 // 147 5. lAlamaNi mizra-bhAratIya saMgIta vAdya, naI dillI, 1673, pR0 57 6. padma 6 / 376; harivaMza 8 / 44 7. mahA 12 / 236 8. vahI 12 / 166-204 6. pANDava 7 / 66-70 2.

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lalita kalA 265 ke sAtha anya vAdyoM ke svaroM kA bhI ullekha upalabdha hai / ' vINA se sambandhita adholikhita vAdyoM kA ullekha jaina purANoM meM huA hai : alAbu : isakA ullekha mahA purANa evaM vaidika granthoM meM prApya hai / Adhunika vINAoM meM alAbu (lokI kA tumbA) prayukta hotA hai / sambhavataH ukta vastuoM kA bhI prayoga alAbu meM kiyA jAtA thA / isake AkAra-prakAra ke viSaya meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai / nemicandra ne alAbu ko suSira vAdya ke antargata rakhA hai kyoMki tumbI vAdya ke lie alAbu zabda vyavahRta huA hai / alAbu sAraMgI kA atyadhika vikasita rUpa hai, jo bhAratIya sAraMgI se milatI-julatI hai| mukhyataH jaisalamera kI maMjIniyA jAti dvArA isakA prayoga hotA thA / isakA prayoga saMgIta ke lie kiyA jAtA thA / " taMtrI : taMtrI vAdya kA varNana harivaMza purANa meM upalabdha hai / " padma purANa meM bhI taMtrI ke lie vINA zabda prayukta huA hai / yaha eka vizeSa prakAra kI vINA thI / isameM prayukta tAra kI saMkhyAnusAra isakA nAmakaraNa hotA thA, jaise eka tAra kI vINA ko ekatantrI vINA yA tIna tAra kI vINA ko tritaMtrI vINA kI saMjJA se sambodhita karate the / sughoSA : harivaMza purANa meM sataraha tAra kI sughoSA nAmaka vINA kA ullekha huA hai / " bharata ne ghoSavatI vINA kA nAmollekha kiyA hai, kintu isakA vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai / paravartI AcAryoM ne ghoSavatI ko ghoSA, ghoSaka, brAhmI tathA ekataMtrI Adi saMjJAoM se abhihita kiyA hai / ghoSavatI meM nau tAra prayukta hote the / isakA vikasita rUpa hI sughoSA hai / (2) avanaddha vAdya : camar3e se mar3hakara nirmita vAdya ko avanaddha vAdya nAma se 1. mahA 14 / 117 2. vahI 12 203 3. dharmAvatI zrIvAstava - vahI, pR0 10, lAlamaNi mizra - vahI, pR0 62 8. nemicandra - Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, vArANasI, 1668, pR0 320 lAlamaNi mizra - vahI, pR0 182 5. 6. harivaMza 8|44 7. padma 24 / 20 harivaMza 16 / 137 lAlamaNi mizra - vahI, pR0 40 8. PS.

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266 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sambodhita karane kA ullekha jaina purANoM meM huA hai| isake antargata mRdaMgAdi vAdya Ate haiM / avanaddha vitata vAdya kA bhI bodhaka hai| bharata ne avanaddha vAdyoM ke antargata mukhyataH puSkara vAdyoM ko sammilita kiyA hai / isa prakAra ke vAdyoM kI saMkhyA eka sau se bhI adhika thI / 2 jaina purANoM meM adholikhita avanaddha vAdyoM kA varNana upalabdha hai : (i) Anaka : yaha eka prakAra kA mukha vAdya hai / isakI dhvani gambhIra hotI hai / Adhunika nagAr3e yA naubata vAdya se isakI samatA kI jA sakatI hai| (ii) jhallarI : padma purANa meM jhallA" zabda prayukta huA hai, jise jhallA yA jhalarI kahA jA sakatA hai| Adhunika samaya meM ise khaMjarI, dAyarA, caMga Adi nAma se sambodhita karate haiN| yaha camar3e se mar3hA hotA thA tathA bAyeM hAtha meM aMgUThe meM laTakA kara dAhine hAtha ke zaMku dvArA isakA vAdana hotA thaa| isakI gaNanA ghana tathA suSira vAdya ke antargata huA hai| (iii) DhakkA : isa vAdya kA ullekha padma purANa meM upalabdha hai| isakA varNana saMgIta-ratnAkara, saMgIta-makaranda, saMgItasAra, mAnasollAsa meM bhI varNita hai / Dhavasa ke sadRzya isakA AkAra hotA hai / isake donoM mukha teraha-teraha a~gula rakhe jAte haiM / isako bAyIM bagala meM dabAkara dAhine hAtha se DaNDe se bajAte haiM / ise dhauMsA nAma se bhI sambodhita karate haiN| (iv) dardara : yaha ghaTa kI AkRti kA hotA hai| isakA mukha nau a~gula kA hotA hai, jisake Upara camar3e kI cUr3I bAraha aMgula para hotI hai / paNava ke samAna camar3e kI cUr3iyA~ sutaliyoM se kasI hotI haiM / yaha donoM hAtha se bajAyA jAtA hai / kAlAntara meM isakA prayoga ghaTa evaM ghar3A ke lie hone lagA hai|' 1. padma 24 / 20; harivaMza 16143 2. lAlamaNi mizra-vahI, pR0 65 3. harivaMza 11 / 120; mahA 137, 68, 541 4. padma 6 / 376; harivaMza 4 / 6, 5676; mahA 15 / 147 5. vahI 6 / 376 6. vahI 8055 7. lAlamaNi mizra-vahI, pR0 66 8. padma 58 / 28; harivaMza 22 / 12 6. lAlamaNi mizra-vahI, pR0 15

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lalita kalA 267 (v) dundubhi' : dundubhi kA ullekha prAcIna granthoM meM upalabdha hotA hai / isakA artha hindI zabda sAgara meM nagAr3A aura dhauMsA hai / isako nagAr3A kaha sakate haiM, dhauMsA nahIM / yaha tabale kI bhA~ti do nagoM se nirmita hotA hai / bar3e naga se gambhIra dhvani nikalatI aura choTe naga kI dhvani dUra taka prasArita hotI hai / yaha dvaya zaMkvAkAra lakar3iyoM se bajAyA jAtA hai / nagAr3A evaM nagar3iyA zabda bhI isake lie vyavahRta haiM / uttara pradeza meM isakA upayoga nauTaMkI meM adhikatara kiyA jAtA hai / isakA prayoga yuddha evaM zubhAvasaroM para hotA hai / yadi yaha zahanAI sahita bajatI hai to ise naubata saMjJA se sambodhita karate haiM / saMgIta - pArijAta ke anusAra paTaha kA tAtparya kI bhA~ti kA vAdya hai / yaha patale yA moTe hAtha se bajAyA jAtA hai / isakA kA hotA hai - dezI tathA mArgI / * (vi) paTaha: hindI zabda sAgara meM paTaha kA artha nagAr3A aura dundubhI hai, parantu Dholaka se hai / yaha Der3ha hAtha lambA bheri camar3e se mar3hA jAtA hai| ise lakar3I yA ullekha prAcIna granthoM meM huA hai / yaha do prakAra (vii) paNava' : mRdaMga ke samAna yaha prAcIna kAlIna avanaddha vAdya hai / yaha solaha aMgula lambA, bhItara kI ora madhyabhAga dabA, ATha aMgula vistarita tathA donoM mukha pA~ca aMgula ke hote haiM / isake kASTha kI moTAI Adhe a~gUThe ke sadRza hotI hai aura antaH bhAga cAra aMgula vyAsa kA khokhalA hotA hai / isake donoM mukha komala camar3e se mar3he jAte haiM tathA ise sutalI se kasA jAtA hai / sutalI ke kasAva ko DhIlA rakhate haiM / ise prAcIna evaM Adhunika kAla meM huDuka nAma se abhihita karate haiM, jaba ki madhya kAla meM ise AvAja nAma diyA gayA thA / (viii) pANigha (tabalA) " isakA prayoga prAcIna granthoM meM anupalabdha hai / saMgItasAra ke anusAra prAcIna huDukkA kA vikasita rUpa hI Adhunika tabalA hai / tabalA vAdana meM paMjA se kama U~galiyoM se adhika kAma liyA jAtA hai / 1. padma 8054; harivaMza 8 / 141; mahA 13 | 177, 15 / 147 2. lAlamaNi mizra - vahI, pR0 76-78 3. padma 80 / 58, 82 / 30 ; harivaMza 8 / 157; mahA 15 / 147, 2363 lAlamaNi mizra - vahI, pR0 76 80 4. 5. harivaMza 22 12; mahA 12 207, 2362 6. lAlamaNi mizra - vahI, pR0 78 76 7. padma 17 / 275; harivaMza 11 / 120

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268 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (ix) pUSkara' : bharata ne puSkara ke sau se adhika prakAra vaNita kiye haiM / jaina purANoM meM puSkara vAdya kA adhika ullekha huA hai| mRdaMga kA anya rUpa ise kahA jA sakatA hai / Adhunika pakhAvaja se isakI samatA kI jA sakatI hai| puSkara meM - ka, kha, ga, gha, Ta, Tha, Da, Dha, ta, tha, da, dha, ma, ra, la, ha- svaroM kA prayoga hotA hai| (x) bherI' : isakA artha hindI zabda sAgara meM Dhola, nagAr3A tathA DhakkA pradatta hai| parantu yaha vAdya mRdaMga vargIya hai, jo dhAtunirmita lagabhaga do hAtha lambI evaM dvimukhI hotI hai / isake eka mukha kA vyAsa eka hAtha hotA hai aura yaha carma se mar3hI evaM kAMse ke kar3e se yukta DorI se kasI hotI hai| ise dAhine ora lakar3I se tathA bAyIM ora hAtha se bajAte haiN| uttara pradeza ke kucha kSetroM meM vivAhotsava ke avasara para eka lambI turahI kA prayoga karate haiN| isakA AkAra dhvani vistAraka kI bhA~ti hotA hai / isakI lambAI lagabhaga pA~ca hAtha hotI hai aura muMha se phUMkane para eka hI svara nikalatA hai / bherI avanaddha tathA suSira varga ke antargata parigaNita kiyA jAtA (xi) mRdaMga : prAcIna granthoM meM mRdaMga, paNava tathA durdara kA ullekha puSkara vAdya ke antargata huA hai / puSkara vAdyoM meM mRdaMga vAdya kA pramukha sthAna hai| vaidika kAla meM mRdaMga kA ullekha anupalabdha hai| rAmAyaNa meM muraja tathA mRdaMga kA ullekha huA hai| kAlidAsa ke granthoM meM mardala, muraja evaM mRdaMga kA varNana upalabdha hai / bharata ke kAla meM mRdaMga tathA muraja pracalita thaa| isake tIna AkAra harItakI, yavAkRti tathA gopRcchA haiN| isake tIna bhAga-AMkika, Urdhvaka tathA AliGgana haiN| inake donoM muMha camar3e se mar3he jAte haiN| madhya kA bhAga donoM kinAroM kI apekSA adhika ubharA rahatA hai| mahA purANa meM mRdaMga bajAne kI vidhi kA varNana upalabdha hai| 1. mahA 3 / 174, 14 / 115 2. bharata-naTyazAstra, pR0 34-36 3. padma 44172, 58 / 27; harivaMza 8 / 141; mahA 12 / 208, 13 / 13 4. lAlamaNi mizra-vahI, pR0 86 5. lAlamaNi mizra-vahI, pR0 87 6. padma 6 / 326; harivaMza 4 / 6, 22 / 12; mahA 13 / 177, 17 / 143 7. lAlamaNi mizra-vahI, pR0 88-61 8. mahA 12 / 204-206

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lalita kalA 266 (xii) muraja' : muraja mRdaGga kA anya nAma hai / ise muNDa vAdya ke sAtha bajAyA jAtA thA / (xiii) mardala' : padma purANa meM mardala ke lie mardaka zabda vyavahuta huA hai / " ise mRdaGga bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / (3) suSira vAdya : Alocita jaina purANoM meM suSira vAdya ke viSaya meM ullikhata hai ki mu~ha se phUkakara jina vAdyoM se dhvani utpanna karate haiM unako suSira vAdya kahate haiM / " inakA vivaraNa nimna prakAra hai : (i) kahalA : isakA nirmANa sonA, cA~dI eva tA~bA se hotA thA / isakI lambAI tIna hAtha hotI thI / yaha bhItara se khokhalA hotA thA / dhatUre ke phUla ke sadRza isakI mukhAkRti hotI thI / isake madhya meM do chidra rahate the / phUMkane para isake mu~ha se 'hA hU' dhvani nikalatI thI / saMgItasAra meM ise ' 'bhUpAr3o' saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / (ii) tUrya : dUra se isakI dhvani bhAratIya zahanAI ke sadRza pratIta hotI hai / isakI lambAI Der3ha hAtha hotI hai / zanaiH zanaiH isake mukha kA vyAsa bar3A hotA jAtA hai aura anta meM isakA AkAra khile hue dhatUre ke puSpa ke sadRzya hotA hai / dakSiNI bhArata ke mandiroM meM utsava, vivAha, julUsa evaM mAMgalika avasaroM para yaha bajAyA jAtA hai / uttara bhArata ke zahanAI vAdaka ke samAna dakSiNa bhArata meM isake prasiddha vAdaka haiM / (iii) vaMza tathA bA~surI : padma purANa meM vaMza zabda kA ullekha upalabdha hai / 1. mahA 12/207 2 . vahI 54 / 162 3. harivaMza 8 / 157 4. padma 6 / 376 5. harivaMza 16 / 143; padma 24 / 20 6. padma 58 / 28, 6 / 376; harivaMza 56 / 16; mahA 15 / 147, 17 113 7. lAlamaNi mizra - vahI, pR0 100 8. padma 43 | 3; harivaMza 56 / 16; mahA 12 207, 15/47 68 / 546 6. lAlamaNi mizra - vahI, pR0 100 101 10. padma 110 / 35

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300 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mahA purANa' tathA harivaMza purANa meM isake lie bA~surI zabda vyavahRta huA hai| vaMza yA bA~surI Adhunika bA~surI ke lie prayukta huA hai / yaha muMha se phUMkane para dhvanita hotI hai| (iv) veNu' : isakA prayoga bhI bA~surI ke artha meM huA hai / jaina purANoM ke anusAra bA~sa se nirmita hone ke kAraNa ise veNu nAma pradatta kiyA gayA hai| (v) zaMkha : harivaMza purANa meM pAJcajanya zaMkha kA ullekha huA hai|' zaMkha samudra se nikAlA jAtA hai| dhArmika evaM yuddha Adi avasaroM para isake prayoga kA ullekha hai| (4) dhana' vAdya : Alocya jaina purANoM meM ullekha huA hai ki kAMse se nirmita jhAMjha-majIrA Adi ghana vAdya kahalAte haiN| inakI utpatti tAla vAdyoM se huI hai| jaina purANoM meM adholikhita ghana vAdyoM kA varNana hai : (0) ghaNTA : isakA mahA purANa meM ullekha huA hai| isakA prayoga mukhyata: mandira yA devI-devatAoM kI pUjA arcanA meM hotA hai| isake AkAra meM katipaya parivartana ke uparAnta bhI isakA rUpa prAcIna hI hai| (ii) tAla' : mahA purANa meM tAla zabda kA varNana huA hai| agni dvArA zodhita kA~sa dhAtu se nirmita yaha vAdya ghana vAdyoM meM pramukha hai| isakA AkAra maMjIrA se bar3A hotA hai / yaha teraha aMgula kI paridhi evaM madhya meM stanAkAra hotA hai / isake bIca meM DorI lagI rahatI hai / yaha donoM hAtha se bajAyA jAtA hai| (iii) kaMsavAdaka (jhAMjha) : isakA ullekha mahA purANa evaM harivaMza purANa meM 1. mahA 141116 2. harivaMza 10 / 102 3. padma 6 / 376; harivaMza 5616; mahA 12 / 166-200 4. vahI 6 / 376, vahI 8 / 141; vahI 13 / 13, 151147, 68 / 631 5. harivaMza 1 / 113 6. padma 24120; harivaMza 16143 7. mahA 14 / 158 8. harivaMza 22 / 12 6. mahA 6764, 13 / 13 10. harivaMza 5 // 365

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lalita kalA 301 huA hai| jhAMjha tathA jhAlara kI jhanaka tathA jhanakAra evaM AkAra-prakAra meM sAmAnya bheda hai / jhAMjha, jhAlara tathA maMjIrA ke vibhinna rUpa milate haiM / (iv) jhAMjha-maMjIrA : harivaMza purANa meM jhAMjha-maMjIrA zabda kA ullekha huA hai / yaha donoM hI hAtha se bajAyA jAtA hai / ' (5) anya vAdya : Alocita jaina purANoM meM kucha isa prakAra ke vAdya prayukta haiM, jinakA mAtra ullekha hI hai / inakA vistRta vivaraNa evaM ukta cAroM prakAra ke vAdyoM se sAmyatA na hone ke kAraNa inakI kevala tAlikA prastuta kI jA rahI hai / ina vAdyoM kA nAma nimnavat hai : amlAtakara, guJjA', jharjhara', duMdukANaka', bhaMbhA', maNDuka, raTita, lampa', lampAka", vipaJcI" (vaipaJca), vetrAsana '2, sunda", hakkA", huMkAra", hetuguJjA", haikA " Adi / [iii] nRtya kalA : prAcInakAla se hI samAja meM nRtya kalA kI pradhAnatA kisI na kisI rUpa meM upalabdha hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki samAja ke sabhI vargoM meM nRtya kalA ke premI evaM abhiruci rakhane vAle vyakti hote haiM / " dazarUpaka ke varNanAnusAra bhAvoM para AdhArita aMga saMcAlana kI prakriyA hI nRtya hai / " isakA anya rUpa 'nRtta ' hai, jisameM tAla tathA laya ke anurUpa gAtra vikSepaNa hotA hai / 20 manmatha rAya ne 'nRtya' tathA 'nRtta' ke prabheda ko spaSTa karate hue ullekha kiyA hai ki - prAcIna AcAryoM ne tAla-laya ke sAtha mela rakhate hue aMga saMcAlana prakriyA ko nRtya saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai / isI prakAra rakhate hue aMgabhaMgimA dvArA apane manogata bhAvoM kA pradarzana unhIM bhAvoM ko ( gAtra vikSepa) kI tAla-laya se sAmaJjasya kara darzakoM ke mana meM 1. harivaMza 22 / 12 2. padma 58 / 27, 82 / 31 3. vahI 82 / 31 4. vahI 58 / 28 5. vahI 58 / 27 6. vahI 58 / 27 7. vahI 58 / 27 8. vahI 82 / 31 6. vahI 82 / 30 10. vahI 58 / 27 11. 12 . 13. 14. vahI 58 / 27 15. vahI 58 / 27 16. vahI 58 / 28 17. vahI 8 / 31, 855 18. vahI 246, 103 / 66 16. dazarUpaka 1 / 6 20. vahI 1 / 10 harivaMza 22 / 13 vahI 4 / 6 padma 80 / 55

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302 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana utpanna karane kI kalA ko nRtta nAma pradAna kiyA hai| somezvara ne utsava, jaya, harSa, kAma, tyAga, vilAsa, vivAda tathA parIkSA Adi ATha avasaroM para nRtya karAne kI vyavasthA dI hai / padma purANa ke ullekhAnusAra rAjA sahasrAra ne putra-janmotsava para 26,000 nRtyakAroM dvArA nRtya kA Ayojana kiyA thA / jaina purANoM meM nRtya karane vAle puruSa ko nartaka evaM nRtya karane vAlI strI ko nartakI kI saMjJA pradatta hai / inake aneka bheda hote the / isI lie mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki rAjA naTa evaM naTI ke bheda kA jJAtA hotA thA / " naTa, nartakI' nartaka, vaitA lika, cAraNa tathA laTikA Adi chaH prakAra ke nartakiyoM kA ullekha mAnasollAsa meM huA hai / ' mahA purANa meM rAjaputroM ke lie nRtya - zikSA kI vyavasthA thI / lalitakalA kI cauMsaTha kalAoM meM nRtya kalA kA bhI samAveza hai / " (1) vizeSatAe~ jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se nRtya kalA kI vizeSatAoM para paryApta prakAza par3atA hai / sundara evaM AkarSaka vastrAbhUSaNoM ko dhAraNa kara nRtya karane kA ullekha mahA purANa meM huA hai| padma purANa meM nRtya kI vizeSatAoM kA varNana rocaka DhaMga se huA hai / samasta sundara nRtyoM ke lakSaNoM kA jJAna, manohara vezabhUSA dhAraNa karanA, hAra-mAlAdi se alaMkRta, lIlA sahita, suspaSTa abhinaya, sundaratA, mudrA-pradarzana meM nipuNa, laya parivartana ke sAtha stana maNDala ko kampita karanA, jA~ghoM kA abhinaya, zArIrika bhaMgimAoM kA saMgIta zAstra ke anurUpa pradarzana karanA cAhie / " puruSa kA strI veSa dhAraNa kara aura strI kA puruSa veSa grahaNa kara 1. manmatha rAya - prAcIna bhAratIya manoraJjana, ilAhAbAda, saM0 2013, pR0 114 zivazekhara mizra - mAnasollAsa : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, vArANasI, 2. 3. 8. 1666, pR0 431 padma 7 / 16-25 mahA 14/153, 62 / 426 harivaMza 6 / 47 5. vahI 47 / 15 6. mAnasollAsa 4 / 18 / 2858 - 2856 7. mahA 16 / 120 8. padma 36 / 161; harivaMza 8 / 43 &. 10. mahA 14 / 124 padma 36 / 53-56

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303 lalita kalA nRtya karane kA vivaraNa mahA purANa meM upalabdha hai / ' harivaMza purANa ke anusAra uttama nRtya meM tIna prakRtiyoM - uttama, madhyama evaM jaghanya -- kA honA anivArya hai aura vyavadhAna rahita gAyana, vAdana aura nartana kA pradarzana honA cAhie / padma purANa meM varNita hai ki nartakoM ko samaveta svara meM gAnA caahie| darzaka kI saMtuSTi se hI pradarzana sArthaka hogA / isI lie darzakoM ko saMtuSTa karane ke lie unake netra kA rUpa lAvaNya se, zravaNa ko madhura svara se evaM mana ko chavi tathA svara se Abaddha karanA cAhie / " mahA purANa ke varNanAnusAra nRtya ke samaya vibhinna veza-grahaNa karanA caahie| padma purANa meM varNita hai ki nUpura-dhAraNa kara nRtya karane se nRtyazrI kI vRddhi ho jAtI hai / " jaina purANoM ke anusAra nRtya ke samaya bhAva kA pradarzana kaTAkSa, kapoloM, pairoM, hAthoM, mukha, netroM, aMgarAja, nAbhi, kaTi pradeza tathA mekhalAoM dvArA kiyA jAtA thA / prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke abhiSekotsava para Ananda nAmaka nATaka abhinIta karane kA ullekha padma purANa meM huA hai / " (2) nRtya kI mudrAe~ jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se nRtya kI mudrAoM para paryApta prakAza par3atA hai / uparyukta purANoM ke anusAra nRtya kI pramukha mudrAe~ nimnoddhRta haiM : 1 - manda manda muskAna se dekhanA, 2 - bhauMhoM kA saMcAlanA, 3 - stana kampana, 4 - manthara gati 5 - sthUla nitamba kA vibhinna mudrAoM meM pradarzana, 6 - bhujAoM kA calAnA, 7 - kaTi ko hilAnA, 8-zarIra ke nAbhi Adi avayavoM kA pradarzana, 6 - lIlApUrNa DhaMga se pallava girAnA, 10 - pRthvI tala chor3a-chor3a kara nRtya karanA, 11 - nRtya kI aneka mudrAoM kA zIghratA se parivartana, 12 - keza - pAza kA nRtya dvArA pradarzana, 13 - kamara dvArA nRtya karanA, 14 - nAbhi-stana Adi pradarzana evaM spandana karate hue nRtya karanA, 15 - gAyana ke sAtha nRtya karanA, 16 - kaTAkSa evaM hAvabhAva dvArA nRtya karanA, 17 - gAyana kI tAla dhvani ke AdhAra para nRtya karanA, 18puSpa, mRttikA evaM svarNa ke ghaToM ko sira para rakhakara nRtya karanA, 16 - zarIra ko loca ke sAtha netroM dvArA apanA abhiprAya vyakta karate hue nRtya karanA, ghumAkara nRtya karanA, 21 - nRtya ke samaya vibhinna rUpa grahaNa karanA, para nartakI tathA dUsare para nartaka ko nRtya karAte hue svayaM bhujA Adi / " , 20 - hAtha ko 22 - eka bhujA para nRtya karanA 1. mahA 47 / 11 2. harivaMza 22 / 12-14 3. 4. 8. 5. padma 38|13 mahA 14 / 145 - 147; harivaMza 2147 padma 37 / 108 - 110 mahA 14 / 165 - 166 7. padma 3 / 212 padma 37 / 104 107; mahA 12 / 166 - 167, 14 / 126, 14 132, 14/153, 14 / 165 - 166

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304 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (3) nRtya ke prakAra evaM svarUpa : padma purANa meM nRtya ke tIna prakAra-aGgaharAzraya, abhinayAzraya tathA vyAyAmika-varNita haiM, jinameM sabhI nRtya samAhita haiN| jaina sUtroM meM nATaka kI 32 vidhiyoM kA ullekha huA hai / Alocya purANoM meM nRtyoM ke vibhinna prakAroM kA varNana huA hai| usa samaya pracalita nRtyoM ke AdhAra para unakA svata: vibhAjana kiyA jA sakatA hai : (i) Ananda natya : isa nRtya kA ullekha sabhI jaina purANoM meM huA hai| gAndharvo ne vibhinna prakAra ke vAdyoM ko bajAte hue isa nRtya ko kiyA thaa| usa samaya samAja meM isa nRtya kA vizeSa rUpa se pracalana thA / (ii) alAtacakra natya : phirakI lete hue vibhinna mudrAoM dvArA zarIra ke aMga-pratyaMga kA saMcAlana alAtacakra meM karate the| isa nRtya meM zIghratA avazyaka thii| (iii) aMguSTha natya : aMgulI ke dvArA jo nRtya kiyA jAtA thA use aMguSTha nRtya nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa|' (iv) indrajAla nRtya : jisa nRtya meM kSaNa meM vyApta, kSaNa meM laghu, kSaNa meM pragaTa, kSaNa meM adRzya, kSaNa meM dUra, kSaNa meM samIpa, kSaNa meM AkAza meM, kSaNa meM pRthvI para AnA hI pradarzita hotA hai use indrajAla nRtya kI saMjJA se abhihita karate haiM / isameM nartaka evaM nartakI donoM ko atyadhika zrama karanA par3atA hai| (v) kaTAkSa nRtya : mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki striyA~ apane kaTAkSoM kA vikSepaNa karatI huI kisI puruSa kI bAhuoM para jo nRtya karatI haiM usakA nAmakaraNa kaTAkSa nRtya kiyA gayA hai / sUcInRtya puruSa kI U~galiyoM para hotA hai tathA kaTAkSa nRtya meM puruSa kI bAhuoM para nartana karate haiN| (vi) cakra natya : isa nRtya meM nartakiyoM kI phirakiyoM dvArA mAtra sira kA mukuTa hI ghUmatA hai| zarIra kA anya bhAga nahIM nacAyA jAtA / 1. padma 2416 2. rAjapraznIya TIkA, pR0 131; bhagavatIsUtra 1 / 3 3. mahA 141157; padma 38 / 135; harivaMza 53 / 30 4. vahI 14 / 128, 14 / 143 5. harivaMza 21 / 46 6. mahA 14 / 130-131 7. vahI 14 / 144 8. vahI 14 / 136

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lalita kalA 305 (vii) tANDava nRtya' : isakI parigaNanA uddhata-nRtya ke antargata hotI hai / tAloM, kalAoM, varNoM tathA layoM para yaha AdhArita hotA hai / mahA purANa ke varNanAnusAra pAda, kaTi, kaNTha tathA hAtha ko vibhinna prakAra se saMcAlita karanA hI tANDava nRtya hai| isa nRtya ko bhaktipUrvaka karane kA vidhAna hai / 2 jainetara granthoM meM tANDava mRtya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| (viii) niSkramaNa nRtya' : isa nRtya meM phirakiyoM ke sAtha do-tIna hAtha Age A jAte haiM aura puna: do-tIna hAtha pIche haTa jAte haiM / (ix) putalI natya* : jaba yantra kI paTTI para lakar3I kI putalI banAkara nRtya pradarzita karate haiM to ise putalI nRtya nAma se sambodhita karate haiN| isI kA vikasita rUpa Ajakala kI kaThaputalI nRtya hai / (x) baharUpiNo nRtya : isake antargata lalanAe~ apanA svarUpa parivartita kara evaM muktAmaNi dhAraNa kara nRtya karatI haiN| aneka pratibimba par3ane ke kAraNa ise bahurUpiNI nRtya nAma pradatta hai| (xi) bA~sa natya : mahA purANa se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya eka bA~sa ke Upara nRtya kiyA jAtA thA, isameM bA~sa para phirakI lagAte the| (xii) lAsya natya : sAvana mAha meM dolA krIr3A ke samaya kAminiyoM dvArA yaha nRtya kiyA jAtA thaa| yaha nRtya lokapriya tathA rasotpAdaka hotA thaa| sukumAra prayogoM se paripUrNa hone ke kAraNa isa nRtya ko lAsya nRtya nAma pradAna kiyA gayA hai| (xili) sAmUhika nRtya : mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki aneka vyakti pArasparika rUpa meM saMyukta ho kara isa prakAra nRtya karate the mAnoM sabhI kI AtmAyeM eka hoN| isa prakAra ke nRtya ko sAmUhika nRtya kahate haiM / yaha nRtya gherA banAkara karate the| (xiv) sUcI natya : jaba nartakiyA~ nRtya karate samaya simaTakara sUcI ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI haiM taba use sUcI nRtya kahate haiM / isI prakAra jaba kisI puruSa kI U~galI para lIlApUrvaka nRtya hotA hai to use bhI sUcI nRtya kahate haiN|20 (xv) nIlAMjanA nRtya" : isa nRtya se vairAgya utpanna hotA thaa| 1. mahA 14 / 133, 50 / 34; 6. mahA 141143 harivaMza 8 / 233 7. vahI 14 / 133, 14 / 155 2. mahA 14 / 120-121 8. vahI 14 / 148-146 3. vahI 14 / 134 6. harivaMza 21144 4. vahI 14 / 150 10. mahA 14 / 142 5. vahI 14 / 141 11. padma za262-264 20

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306 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [kha citrakalA 1. sAmAnya paricaya : prAcIna kAla se bhAratIya samAja meM citrakalA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| yaha sAmAjika jIvana kI sarasatA evaM gatizIlatA kA paricAyaka rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki citrakalA kI parigaNanA lalita kalAoM ke antargata huI hai| jinabhadra muni kRta 'kalpasUtra kI TIkA' meM causaTha strIkalAoM kI tAlikA meM citrakalA ko bhI sthAna pradatta hai / ' jainetara vidvAn vAtsyAyana ke kAmasUtra meM varNita causaTha kalAoM ke antargata citrakalA (Alekhyam) kA caturtha sthAna hai / kAmasUtra ke prathama adhikaraNa ke tRtIya adhyAya kI TIkA karate hue yazodhara paNDita ne Alekhya (citrakalA) ke cha: aMga-rUpabheda, pramANa, bhAva, lAvaNyayojanA, sAdRzya evaM vaNikAbhaMga Adi--kA ullekha kiyA hai / 2 AcArAMgasUtra meM jaina sAdhuoM aura brahmacAriyoM ko citrazAlAoM meM praveza karane evaM Thaharane para kaThora pratibandha thaa| RSabhadeva ne apane putra ananta vijaya ko citrakalA kI zikSA 'pradAna kI thii| jinAlaya meM eka citrazAlA hone tathA rathoM ko citrita karane kA nideza varAMga-carita meM upalabdha hotA hai ." nAyAdhamma kahAo grantha meM lalitagoSThI nAmaka pramoda sabhA kA varNana varNita hai| 2. jaina citrakalA : udbhava aura vikAsa : jaina kalA sarvAdhika prAcIna rAjapUtI citroM se bhI eka zatAbdI pUrva kI siddha hotI hai| tAr3apatra para aMkita 'kalpasUtra' tathA 'kAlakAcAryakathA' para AdhArita pArzvanAtha, neminAtha, RSabhanAtha tathA anya tIrthaMkaroM ke dRSTAnta citra janakalA ke sarvAdhika prAcIna dRSTAnta haiN| jaina citrakalA kA astitva harSa ke samakAlIna pallava rAjA mahendravarmA (7vIM zatI) ke samaya meM nirmita sittannavAsala guphA kI pA~ca jina-mUrtiyoM se pramANita hotA hai / samagra bhAratIya citna zailiyoM meM 15vIM sadI se pUrva jitane bhI citra upalabdha hae haiM, una saba meM mukhyataH jaina citra hI prAcIna haiN| ye citra digambara jainiyoM se sambaddha haiM, jinheM apane sampradAya ke granthoM ko citrita karAne tathA karane kI utkaTa abhi1. vAcaspati gairolA-bhAratIya citrakalA, ilAhAbAda, 1663, pR0 62 2. vAcaspati gairolA-vahI, pR0 48 3. AcArAMgasUtra 2 / 2 / 3 / 13 .4. mahA 16 / 121 5. varAMgacarita 2058 6. nAyAdhamma kahAo 1 / 1677-80

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lalita kalA 307 lASA thii| yaha 12vIM zatI ke pUrva hI zithila par3a gayI thI aura mugala zailI ke vikAsa ke kAraNa isakA astitva hI prAyaH samApta ho gayA thaa| kintu pUrva kathita zatAbdI ke uparAnta punarujjIvita hokara mahamUda gajanavI ke vidhvaMsoM ke uparAnta jaina citrakalA AbU tathA giranAra ke kendroM meM apane pariveza ke nava nirmANa meM agrasara thii| jaina citrakalA gujarAta kI zvetAmbara kalama se Arambha hokara rAjapUtAnA meM varSoM taka apanA vikAsa karatI huI bAda meM IrAnI prabhAvoM se mukta hokara 'rAjapUta kalama' meM hI vilayita ho gyii| Ananda kumAra svAmI ke matAnusAra sarvAdhika prAcIna jaina citrakalA tAr3a kI pattI para prApta huI hai, jisakI tithi 1237 I0 nirdhArita kI jA sakatI hai / 2 parantu yaha mata amAnya hai| DaoN0 umAkAnta premAnanda zAha tathA motI candra jaina ne prArambhika jaina citrakalA kA dRSTAnta udayagiri aura khaNDagiri kI guphAoM meM I0 pU0 prathama zatI kI citrakArI ko mAnA hai| 3. citra nirmANa ke upakaraNa : kAlidAsa ne apane granthoM meM citra nirmANa ke upakaraNoM meM ilAkA, vartikA, tUlikA, lamba-kUca, citraphalaka, varNa, rAga aura vAtikAkaraNDaka kA prayoga kiyA hai| Alocya purANoM meM ukta sabhI sAmagriyoM kA ullekha samyaka rUpa se upalabdha nahIM hotA hai, parantu mahA purANa meM pradhAnataH tIna vastue~-tUlikA, paTTa tathA raMga-kA varNana prApta hotA hai|" citrakAra apanI tUlikA yA lekhanI se rekhAMkana ke pazcAt hI raMga bharatA thA tathA navarasa sambandhI bhAvoM ko vaha apanI citrakalA meM sAkAra rUpa pradAna karatA thaa| citrakAra kI vizeSatA thI ki vaha citra kI lambAI-caur3AI kA yathArtha jJAna rakhatA thaa| ukta purANa meM anya sthala para ullekha AyA hai ki citrakAra raMgoM ke sammizraNa meM paTu hotA thaa| ina 1. vAcaspati gairolA-vahI, pR0 138 2. Ananda kumAra svAmI-iNTroDakzana TU iNDiyana ArTa, dillI, 1666, pR0 71 3. umAkAnta premAnanda zAha--sTaDIz2a in jaina ArTa, pR0 27; motI candra jaina 'miniyecara priMTiMga phAma vesTarna iNDiyA, pR0 10 4. bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya-kAlidAsa kA bhArata, bhAga 2, pR0 35 5. mahA 7 / 155 6. vahI 7 / 120 7. vahI 7116 8. vahI 71118

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308 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa citroM meM rekhAoM, raMgoM tathA anukUla bhAvoM kA krama atyanta spaSTa parilakSita hotA thA / jaina citrakalA ke aMtargata jo citra lakar3I, kapar3e tathA patthara para aneka raMgoM ke saMyoga se urehe jAte the, una citroM kA sAmUhika nAmakaraNa 'lepakampa' hai| usa samaya miTTI, patthara tathA hAthIdA~ta para citra nirmita kiye jAte the / cAvaloM ke cUrNa se bhI citra kA nirmANa karate the| jaina granthoM se hameM 'alpanA-citroM' kI paramparA kA bhI jJAna hotA hai, jo loka-kalA ke unnata svarUpa kA paricAyaka hai / harivaMza purANa meM kezara ke rasa se nAnA prakAra ke citroM ke nirmANa kA ullekha huA hai| isase citrakalA kI samRddhi kA AbhAsa hotA hai / padma purANa meM svarNa ke citrita Asana nirmita karane kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| 4 vargIkaraNa : padma purANa meM citra ke do bheda vaNita haiM : prathama, zuSkacitra haiM aura isake bhI do upabheda haiM-nAnA zuSkacitra evaM vajita zuSkacitra / dvitIya, Ardracitra-jise candanAdi ke drava se nirmita kiyA jAtA thaa| padma purANa meM hI varNita hai ki kRtrima aura akRtrima raMgoM dvArA pRthvI, jala tathA vastra Adi ke Upara isakI racanA hotI thii| aneka raMgoM se saMyukta hone para citra sundara pratIta hote the / citrakalA kA vargIkaraNa viSaya, zailI, evaM kAlakrama Adi ke AdhAra para nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai| parantu jaina citrakalA meM dharmAzraya kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa ukta prakAra kA vargIkaraNa karanA sambhava nahIM hai| ataeva ise nimnavat vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai : (1) guhAntargata bhitticitra, (2) caityAlayAntargata bhitticitra, (3) tAr3apatra citra, (4) kargala citra, (5) paTacitra, (6) dhUlicitra, (7) phuTakara 1.. mahA. 7 / 154-155 2. vAcaspati gairolA-vahI, pR0 62 3. harivaza 56 / 43 4. padma 40 / 16 5. zuSkacitraM dvidhA prokta nAnAzuSkaM ca vajitam / ArdracitraM punarnAnA candanAdidravodbhavam / / padma 24 // 36 6. kRtrimAkRtrimairaGgabhUjalAmbaragocaram / varNakazleSasaMyukta sA vivedAkhilaM zubhA // padma 24 / 37

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lalita kalA lalita kalA, (8) kASTha citra, (6) laukika citra / ' ina sabhI vargIkaraNoM kA ullekha jaina purANoM meM anupalabdha hai, tathApi inase sambandhita ullekha yatra-tatra upalabdha haiN| mahA purANa meM bhitticitra,2 citrazAlA' evaM citrapaTa kA ullekha huA hai / padma purANa meM vaMzasthala parvata para dhUli cinna nirmita karane kA varNana upalabdha hai|" 5. vizeSatAyeM : jaina purANoM meM ullikhita citrakalA kI samIkSA karane para jJAta hotA hai ki unameM sabhI vizeSatAyeM upalabdha haiN| mahA purANa ke vajrasaMgha tathA zrImatI ke paTacitroM kI lambAI, caur3AI evaM U~cAI kA pramANa samAnupAtI thA / isa citra meM rasa tathA bhAva donoM hI kA ramaNIya aMkana upalabdha hai| isI purANa meM citra meM AkRti ke sAtha aneka gupta aura rahasyapUrNa viSayoM kA bhI sanniveza kiyA gayA hai| padma purANa meM nArada dvArA nirmita sItA ke bhavya-citra kA varNana hai, jo dekhane meM sItA kI sAkSAt sajIvAkRti pratIta hotI thii| yahI kAraNa thA ki sItA ke citra ko dekhakara bhAmaNDala kAmAsakta hokara mohita ho gayA thaa| mahA purANa meM ullikhita citroM se jJAta hotA hai ki kapoloM evaM gaNDasthaloM para kI gaI citrakArI aneka rahasyapUrNa Antarika bhAvanAoM ko prakaTa karatI thii| isI purANa meM kalpavRkSoM kI paMktiyA~, vikasita kamalayukta sarovara, manohara dolAgRha evaM atyadhika sundara kRtrima parvata kA citraNa upalabdha hai| anya citra meM sarovara ke taTIya bhAga para maNiyA~ bikharI huI haiM, isake dUsarI ora meru parvata parde ke rUpa meM pradarzita hai| yahA~ para krIr3Arata dampatti ko citrita kiyA gayA hai / " ukta grantha meM lalitAGgadeva ke jIvana viSayaka pUrNa citrAMkana kA varNana upalabdha hai / 12 anyatra praNaya-kupita nAyikA ke bhavya citraNa kA varNana prApya hai| nAyikA (svayaMprabhA) parAGgamukha baiThI huI hai aura aisI pratIta ho rahI hai, mAno vAyu ke AghAta se Ahata latA kalpavRkSoM ke samIpa asahAya par3I huI hai / 13 1. suzIlA devI jaina-jana citrakalA : saMkSipta sarvekSaNa, gurugopAla dAsa varaiyA smRtigraMtha, sAgara, 1667, pR0 612 2. mahA 6 / 181 8. padma 28116-27 3. vahI 7 / 117 6. mahA 7 / 134 4. vahI 7 / 118-120 10. vahI 7 / 125 5. padma 4017 11. vahI 7/127-133 6. mahA 7 / 116-122 12. vahI 7123-130 7. vahI 16 / 122-126 13. vahI 7 / 126

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310 jana purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ___mahA purANa meM citrakalA ke lie mukhyataH tIna bAtoM kA jJAna honA Avazyaka evaM anivArya hai, jisase citrakalA meM vaiziSTayatA A jAtI hai| ye tIna bAteM agralikhita haiM-(1) rekhAoM kA AvazyatAnusAra spaSTa prayoga, (2) raMgoM kA samucita upayoga aura (3) bhAvoM kA paristhitiyoM ke anusAra pradarzana / ' ina vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa hI smitha aura vyUlara ne jaina citrakalA kI prazaMsA karate hue ullekha kiyA hai ki jaina citroM meM eka naisargika antaHpravAha, gati, Dolana evaM bhAva-nidarzana vidyamAna hai / 2 jaina citroM kI nirmalatA, sphati evaM gatizIlatA se mugdha hokara DaoN0 Ananda kumAra svAmI ne kahA hai ki--jaina citroM kI paramparA kA anukaraNa ajantA, elorA, bAgha, sittannavAsala ke bhitticitroM meM hai| samakAlIna sabhyatA ke adhyayana ke lie ina citroM se bahuta kucha jJAnavRddhi hotI hai, vizeSarUpa se veSabhUSA tathA sAmAnya upayoga meM Ane vAlI vastu ke sambandha meM jJAna upalabdha hotA hai| 1. mahA 7.155 2. smitha-hisTrI oNpha phAina ArTa ina iNDiyA eNDa sIlona, pR0 133; parsI brAuna-iNDiyana peNTiga, pR0 38, 51 3. nAnA lAla cimana lAla mehatA-bhAratIya citrakalA, pR0 33 .

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311 lalita kalA [ga] vividha lalita kalA jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se una lalita kalAoM kA jJAna prApta hotA hai, jo tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita thiiN| samAja meM ina lalita kalAoM ke jJAtA ko zraddhA evaM sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaimAcAryoM ne apane purANoM meM inakA yathAsthAna ullekha kiyA hai / jaina purANoM meM ullikhita adholikhita vividha lalita kalAoM kA saMkSipta paricaya diyA jA rahA hai : 1. patraccheda kalA : padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki patnaccheda kriyA (kalA) patna, vastra tathA suvarNAdi ke Upara kiyA jAtA thaa| yaha do prakAra kA hotA thA-sthira aura caMcala / ' patraccheda kalA ke nimnoddhRta tIna bheda padma purANa meM hI ullikhita haiM : [1] buSkima : isameM suI yA dAMta kA prayoga hotA thaa| [i] chinna : isameM kUcI se kATakara pRthak-pRthak avayavoM meM vibhakta karate the| fili] achinna : isameM kUcI Adi se kATA to jAtA thA, parantu anya avayavoM se sambaddha rahatA thaa| 2. pustakarma kalA : miTTI, lakar3I, dhAtu Adi se khilonA nirmANa karane kI kalA ko pustakarma kalA kI saMjJA pradAna kI gaI hai / padma purANa meM isake tIna prakAra ullikhita haiM : fil kSayajanya : isameM lakar3I Adi ko chIlakara khilaune kA nirmANa karate the| [i] upacayajanya : isa vidhi meM Upara se miTTI lagAkara nirmita karate the| fini] saMkramajanya : isameM sAMce Adi kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| ukta purANa meM hI pustakarma kalA ke adholikhita anya prakAroM kA bhI ullekha huA hai : [i] yantra : isa koTi ke khilaunoM ke nirmANa meM yantra kA prayoga hotA thaa| 1. panavastrasuvarNAdisaMbhavaM sthiracaJcalam / padma 24 / 43; tulanIya-gAyatrI varmA kAlidAsa ke grantha : tatkAlIna saMskRti, vArANasI, 1662, pR0 234 2. padma 24141-42 3. vahI 24 / 38-36 4. vahI 24140

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312 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [ii] niryantra : isa vidhi ke antargata yantra kA prayoga kiye binA khilaunoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| " fiii] sazchidra : isa zreNI meM ve hI khilaune sammilita the, jinameM chidra hotA thaa| [iv] nizchidra : isa koTi meM binA cheda ke khilaune kI gaNanA kI jAtI thii| 3. paridhAna kalA : jina vAhya vidhiyoM dvArA zarIra kI sundaratA meM vRddhi kiyA jAye use paridhAna kalA kahate haiM / padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki snAna, keza vinyAsa, zarIra ko sugandhita evaM acche-acche vastrAbhUSaNa dhAraNa karanA Adi kriyA dvArA vezakauzala kiyA jAtA thaa|' ise hI paridhAna kalA kI abhidhA pradatta kI jA sakatI hai| 4. saMvAhana kalA : isa kalA ke antargata zarIra kI mAliza kI vidhi AtI thii| isake prayoga se zArIrika thakAvaTa kA nivAraNa aura AtmazAnti upalabdha hotI thii| kabhI-kabhI isake dvArA rogoM kA nidAna bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| isake pramukha do bheda haiM-karma saMzrayA evaM zyyopacArikA saMvAhana / fi] karma saMzrayA : isake cAra upabheda analikhita haiM-tvacA, mAMsa, asthi tathA mana / ' (1) mRdu karma saMzrayA--isameM kevala tvacA ko sukha milatA hai| (2) madhyama karma saMzrayA--isa vidhi dvArA tvacA tathA mAMsa donoM ko sukha upalabdha hotA hai| (3) prakRSTa karma saMzrayA-yaha kriyA tvacA, mAsa tathA haDDI ke lie sukhakara hotA hai| (4) manaHsukha karma saMzrayA-isa vidhi kA prayoga tvacA, mAMsa, haDDI tathA mana ke lie sukhadAyaka hotA hai| padma purANa meM karma saMzrayA ke anya bhedoM-saMspRSTa, gRhIta, bhuktita, calita, AhUta, bhaGgita, viddha, pIr3ita aura bhinnapIr3ita Adi-kA ullekha hai| 1. padma 24182 2. vahI 24173 3. vahI 24174 4. vahI 24 / 75-76 5. vahI 24 / 74-75

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lalita-kalA 313 karma saMzrayA ke doSa : padma purANa meM karma saMzrayA ke agralikhita doSa haiM-- zarIra ke romoM kA ulTA udvartana karanA, jisa sthAna para mAMsa nahIM hai, vahA~ para adhika dabAnA, kezAkarSaNa, adbhuta, bhraSTaprApta, amArga prayAta, atibhugnaka, adezAhata, atyartha aura atrasuptapratIpaka / " [it] zayyopacArikA saMvAhana : padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki jo saMvAhana aneka AsanoM se kiyA jAe vaha citta ko sukhadAyaka hotI hai aura use hI zayyopacArikA saMvAhana kalA nAma se sambodhita karate haiM / 5. mAlA nirmANa kalA : jaina purANoM ke racanAkAla meM mAlA nirmANa kalA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA / sambhavataH mAlA kA vyApAra bhI hotA thA / padma purANa meM mAlA nirmANa kalA ke cAra prakAroM kA ullekha huA hai: [i] Ardra : isameM tAje puSpa se mAlA nirmita karate the / [ii] zuSka : isa vidhi meM sUkhe pattoM Adi se mAlA kA nirmANa karate the / [iii] tadunmukta: isake nirmANa meM cAvala yA jau Adi anAja kA prayoga karate the / [iv] mizra : ukta prakAroM ke saMyukta vidhi se mAlA nirmita karate the / padma purANa meM hI mAlya kalA ke raNa prabodhana, byUha saMyoga Adi bheda bhI ullikhita haiM / " 6. gandhayojanA kalA : sugandhita padArtha nirmANa kalA ko gandhayojanA kalA nAma se abhihita kiyA hai / isake - yonidravya, adhiSThAna, rasa, vIrya, kalpanA, parikarma, guNadoSa vijJAna tathA kauzala - bheda haiM / " yonidravya se sugandhita padArthoM ( tagara Adi) kA nirmANa hotA hai / dhUpabattI ke Azraya ko adhiSThAna kahate haiM / kaSAya, madhura, ciraparA, kaDuA tathA khaTTA ye pA~ca prakAra ke rasa haiN| padArthoM kI zItatA yA uSNatA se do prakAra ke vIrya hote haiM / anukUla pratikUla padArthoM kA sammizraNa kalpanA kahalAtA hai / tela Adi padArthoM kA zodhanA tathA dhonA Adi parikarma haiM / guNa yA doSa ko jAnanA guNa-doSa vijJAna hai / svakIya tathA parakIya vastu kI . viziSTatA kA jJAna kauzala hai / " 1. padma 24 / 78 786 2 vahI 24/80 3. vahI 24 / 44 - 45 4. 5. 6. padma 24 / 46 vahI 24 / 47 vahI 24 / 48- 51

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314 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana padma purANa meM isake do anya bheda-svatantra aura anugata kA ullekha huA hai| 7. lepyakalA : manuSya Adi ke AkAra kI mUrti (putalA) banAne kI kalA ko lepyakalA kathita hai| padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki rAjA dazaratha ke maMtrI ne dazaratha kA aisA putalA nirmita kiyA thA, jo vastutaH unakI AkRti hI pratIta hotI thii| isa prakAra yaha jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya putalA (mUrti) banAne kI kalA apane vikasita rUpa meM thii| 1. padma 24 / 52 2. vahI 23 / 41-44

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7 Arthika vyavasthA kisI bhI samAja yA sampradAya kA utkarSa usakI Arthika sampannatA evaM samunnati para nirbhara karatA hai / vyakti ke bhautika evaM sAMsArika sukha Arthika vikAsa se prabhAvita hote haiM / ataH mAnava jIvana meM artha kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| arthAbhAva ke kAraNa mAnava jIvana abhizApa bana jAtA hai / aisI sthita meM nivRttamUlaka jaina darzana ke pratipAdaka manISiyoM evaM cintakoM ne bala dete hue kahA hai ki sadkAryArtha manuSya kA arthAjana karanA kartavya hai / Alocya purANAntargata artha-vyavasthA viSayaka upalabdha vivaraNa prastuta kara rahe haiM / [ka] Arthika upAdAna Alocita jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se artha kI mahattA, isake upArjana ke sAdhana, isakI surakSA evaM samvardhana tathA samucita bhogopabhoga para prakAza par3atA hai| isase sambandhita vivaraNa nimnavat vivRta hai : 1. Athika samRddhatA : Alocya jaina purANoM kI samIkSA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne pravRttimUlaka ina dvaidhI paraspara viSama vicAradhArAoM

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316 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ke madhya sAmaJjasya sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jaina darzana mukhyatayA nivRttamUlaka hai, kintu vyAvahArika jagata meM jaina cintakoM evaM manISiyoM ne pravRttimArga ko nirutsAhita nahIM kiyA hai / Alocita purANa isa bAta para bala dete haiM ki arthArjana manuSya kA sadoddezya hai|' __ sAmAnya jana-jIvana kA svarUpa kyA thA? yaha to spaSTa nahIM ho pAtA, parantu cakravartI rAjA ke jo caudaha ratna ginAye gaye haiM, unase yahI pratIta hotA hai ki rAjakIya jIvana meM Arthika samRddhi para vizeSa bala diyA jAtA thaa| kucha jaina purANa usa cakravattitva ke dyotaka caudaha ratnoM kI pratiSThApanA karate haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM : cakra, chatra, khaNDa, daNDa, kAkiNI, maNi, carma, gRhapati, senApati, hastI, azva, purohita, sthapati tathA strI aura kucha purANoM meM sAta ratnoM-cakra, chatra, dhanuSa, zakti, gadA, maNi tathA khaNDa-kI prApti zubhaprada mAnI gaI hai| sAmAnyatayA inhoMne Arthika samRddhi kI ora saMketa karate hue adholikhita aSTasiddhiyoM-aNimA, mahimA, garimA, laghimA, prApti, prAkAmya, Izatva tathA vazitva-aura navanidhiyoM-kAla, mahAkAla, pANDuka, mANava, nausarpa, sarvaratna, zaMkha, padma tathA piGgala-kI carcA kI gaI hai| isa saMdarbha meM mahA purANa ne jIvana ke nimnoddhata dasa bhogoM kI ora iMgita kiyA hai-ratna, deviyA~, nagara, zayyA, Asana, senA, nATyazAlA, bartana, bhojana tathA vAhana / padma purANa ne dhana ke mahattva para bala diyA hai aura isake sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI kahA hai ki dhanArjana dharma ke pratikUla nahIM honA caahie| isI purANa ke hI kathanAnusAra sarvasAdhAraNa kI Arthika samRddhi kA pariveza usI sthiti meM sambhava hai, jabaki rAjA dharma ke patha kA ullaMghana na kre| isase yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM rAjA kI sakriyatA ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI Arthika samRddhi sambhava hai| 1. mahA 46 / 55 2. harivaMza 11 / 108; mahA 63 / 458-456 3. padma 64 / 11 4. harivaMza 11 / 110; mahA 37173, 381163 5. mahA 37 / 143 6. padma 35 / 161-164 7. vahI 11 / 350

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Arthika vyavasthA 317 vastutaH ina purANoM ke racanAkAla meM Arthika samRddhi kA svarUpa kyA thA ? aura isakI yattA kyA thI? isakA yathAtathya mUlyAMkana to nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, parantu itanA vivAdarahita hai ki inake varNanAnusAra rASTra ke artha kA niyAmaka vaha kendrIyabhUta sattA hai jisako vyavahArataH "rAjA' zabda se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| Alocita jaina purANoM ke praNayana-kAla ke samarAiccakahA meM trivarga (dharma, artha evaM kAma) ko bhautika sukhoM kA mUlAdhAra batAyA gayA hai|' Alocya mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki usa samaya sarvAdhika artha kI mahattA thii| isI purANa meM Arthika vicAra ke antargata dhanopArjana, ajita dhana kA rakSaNa, punaH usakA saMvardhana tathA bhogopabhoga meM dAna denA AtA hai|' 2. arthopArjana aura dharmAnukUlatA : jaina purANoM meM nyAyapUrvaka jIvikopArjana para bala diyA gayA hai| isa saMsAra meM manuSya kI icchAyeM ananta haiM, kintu unakI pUrti ke sAdhana atyalpa haiN| astu samasta icchAoM kI pUrti asambhava hai / isalie anivArya AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti para hI saMtoSa karanA cAhie / viveka evaM nyAyapUrvaka ajita sAdhana se hI icchA kI pUrti karanI caahie| yadi koI vyakti apanI icchA kI pUrti hetu nyAyetara mArga kA anusaraNa karatA hai to use atyadhika kaSTa uThAnA par3atA hai| manuSya kI samasta sAmAjika kriyAoM kA sambandha Arthika jIvana se hI hotA hai| isI lie mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki nyAyapUrvaka dhanArjana karanA hI jIvana ko sukha kI ora saMtuSTa banAne kA eka mAtra mArga hai| mahA purANa ke anusAra kAmanAoM kI pUrti kA sAdhana artha hai aura artha kI upalabdhi dharma se hotI hai| isalie dharmocita arthopArjana se icchAnusAra sUkha kI prApti hotI hai aura usase manuSya prasanna rahate haiN| isI purANa ke antargata dharma kA ullaMghana na kara dhanopArjana, usakI surakSA aura yogya pAtra ko pradatta karanA hI mukhya lakSya 1. jhinakU yAdava-samarAiccakahA : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, vArANasI 1677, . pR0 157-158 2. mahA 41 / 158 3. vahI 421123 4. nyAyopArjitavittakAmaghaTanaH .. ... / mahA 41 / 158 5. mahA 42 / 14; tulanIya-garur3a purANa 1 / 205 / 68 6. dharmAdiSTArthasaMpattistataH kAmasukhodaya: / sa ca saMprItaye pUMsAM dharmAt saiSA paramparA // mahA 5 / 15

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" 318 honA cAhie / " 3. zrama vibhAjana : jainAcAryoM ne vyaktiyoM kA guNakarmAnusAra vibhAjana kara unake zrama ko bhI vibhAjita kiyA thaa| samAja ke vyavasthApakoM ne samAja meM varga saMgharSa aura vyavasAya kI pratispardhA ko kama karane ke lie varNAzrama vyavasthA kA pratipAdana kiyA thA / logoM ke apane varNAnusAra svapaitRka vyavasAya ko karane se rojagAra ke lie saMgharSa nahIM hotA thA aura kArya kI kuzalatA meM bhI saMvRddhi hotI thI / isI lie mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki prajA apane - apane yogya kAryoM ko sampAdita kare jisase unakI AjIvikA meM varNoM kA sammizraNa na ho sake / isake pUrva hama parizIlana kara cuke haiM ki kula (parivAra ) tathA varNa-vyavasthA dvArA zrama kA vibhAjana huA thA / jisase vyavasAya meM pratispardhA nahIM thI aura loga paitRka vyavasAya ko karake usa kSetra meM pravINatA grahaNa karate the / 4. grAmINa artha-vyavasthA : mahA purANa meM ullekha AyA hai ki jisameM bAr3e se pariveSThita ghara hoM, adhikatara zUdra aura kisAna rahate hoM tathA jo udyAna evaM sarovaroM se saMyukta hoM, use grAma kahate haiM / hamAre Alocita jaina purANoM ke racanAkAla meM samAja kI artha-vyavasthA ke mUlAdhAra grAma the / gA~voM ke viSaya meM mahA purANa meM upalabdha vivaraNa se parilakSita hotA hai ki usa samaya gA~va bahuta bar3e-bar3e huA karate the / bar3e gA~va meM kama se kama pA~ca sau aura choTe gA~va meM do sau ghara hote the / bar3e gAvoM meM kisAna dhana-dhAnya se sampanna hote the / choTe gA~voM kI sImA eka kosa evaM bar3e gA~voM kI sImA do kosa hotI thI / ina gA~voM meM dhAna ke kheta sadA sampanna rahate the aura jala evaM ghAsa bhI adhika hotI thI / gA~voM kI sImA nadI, pahAr3a, guphA, zmazAna, kSIra vRkSa, babUla Adi kaTIle vRkSa, vana evaM pula Adi se nirdhArita hotI thI / " isI purANa meM varNita hai ki gAMvoM meM lohAra, nAI, darjI, dhobI, bar3haI, rAjagIra, carmakAra, vaidya, paMDita, kSatriya Adi vyavasAya evaM varNa ke sabhI vyakti nivAsa karate the / ye vividha vyAvasAyika vyakti apane-apane kAryoM dvArA eka dUsare jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 1. sa tu nyAyo'natikrAntyA dharmasyArthasamarjanam / rakSaNaM vardhanaM cAsya pAtre ca viniyojanam // mahA 26 / 26 2. 3. 4. 5. yathAsvaM svocitaM karma prajA dadhurasaMkaram / grAmAvRttiparikSepamAtrA: syurucitA zrayAH / zUdrakarSakabhUyiSThAH sArAmAH sajalAzayA // mahA 16 165-168 mahA 42 / 13 mahA 16 / 187 mahA 16 / 164

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Arthika vyavasthA 316 gA~va ko svAvalambI padma purANa meM grAmoM kA kAma karake gA~va kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karate the evaM banAte the / gA~va Atmanirbhara, sahayogI evaM janataMtrIya hote the / kA atyanta manorama citraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / 2 tatkAlIna Arthika vyavasthA ke mUlAdhAra niHsandeha gA~va hI the / yahI kAraNa hai ki gA~voM ke unnata hone ke sAtha hI sAtha pUrA deza unnata evaM samRddha thA / yahA~ para yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki hamAre Alocita jaina purANoM ke racanA kAla meM gAMvoM meM janataMtrIya vyavasthA thI / 1. mahA 26 / 106 - 127 2. padma 2 / 3-32

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320 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [kha] AjIvikA ke sAdhana mahA purANa meM manuSya kI AjIvikA hetu chaH' pramukha sAdhanoM kA ullekha huA hai, jisameM asi (zastrAstra yA sainika vRtti), maSi (lekhana yA lipika vRtti), kRSi (khetI aura pazupAlana), zilpa (kArIgarI evaM kalAkauzala). vidyA (vyavasAya) evaM vANijya (vyApAra) haiN| Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke samaya prajA vANijya evaM zilpa se rahita thii| inameM se vANijya kA vivecana pRthak se Age prastuta kiyA gayA hai / AjIvikA ke anya sAdhana agralikhita haiM : 1. asi vatti : padma purANa ke varNanAnusAra samAja meM kucha loga zastrAstra ke mAdhyama se apanI AjIvikA calAte the isake antargata sainika, pulisa, rakSaka Adi Ate haiN| ye deza, samAja evaM vyakti ko zatruoM tathA asAmAjika tattvoM se surakSA pradAna karate the| samAja ke sampanna evaM pratiSThita vyaktiyoM ke pAsa ratha, hAthI, ghor3e aura paidala sipAhI rahate the| mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki kSatriyoM ko zastra zakti se apanI AjIvikA calAne kI vyavasthA thii| 2. maSi vatti : isa varga ke antargata lekhaka Ate haiN| ye loga rAjAoM ke yahA~ sarakArI likhA-par3hI kA kArya sampanna karate the / kauTilya ne lipikoM kI yogyatA, guNa evaM kartavyoM kA vistArazaH vivecana kiyA hai / " Alocita jaina purANoM meM inake viSaya meM vistRta jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai, tathApi itanA sunizcita hai ki rAjya meM inakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa| 3. kRSi aura pazupAlana : Alocita jaina purANoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya logoM kA kRSi aura pazupAlana hI jIvikA kA mukhya AdhAra thaa| isakA pRthak vivaraNa agralikhita hai : [i] kRSi : prAcIna bhArata meM kRSi deza ke Arthika jIvana kA mUlAdhAra thI, jisa para adhikAMza logoM kA jIvana Azrita thaa| vartamAna samaya meM bhI 1. asimaSiH kRSividyA vANijyaM zilpameva ca / karmANImAni Sor3hA syuH prajAjIvanahetavaH // mahA 16 / 176, 16 / 181 2. padma 3 / 232 3. rathakuJjarapAdAtaturaGgIghasamanvitaH / / padma 62 / 40 4. kSatriyAH zastrajIvitvamanubhUya tadAbhavan / mahA 16 / 184 5. kauTilIya arthazAstra, vArANasI, 1662, pR0 143-145

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Arthika vyavasthA 321 adhikAMzataH vyakti svajIvikArtha kRSi para hI nirbhara haiN| parvatIya evaM U~cI-nIcI bhUmi ko samatala kara, jaMgaloM ko sApha kara evaM bhUmi ko khoda kara kRSi kArya sampanna kiyA jAtA hai| jaina purANoM ke lie kSetra zabda vyavahRta huA hai evaM kheta (bhUmi) ko hala ke agrabhAga se jotate the| hamAre purANoM ke racanAkAla meM hala pratiSThA kA dyotaka mAnA jAtA thaa| jisake pAsa jitanI adhika saMkhyA meM hala hote the, vaha vyakti utanA hI adhika sampanna evaM pratiSThita mAnA jAtA thA / bharata ke pAsa eka karor3a hala hone kA ullekha upalabdha hai|' janetara granthoM meM hala ke atirikta anya kRSi yantroM meM heMgA (matya aura koTIza), khanitra (avadAraNa), godAraNa (kundAla), khurapI, dAtra, lavitra (asida), ha~miyA Adi kA prayoga karane kA ullekha huA hai| jaina purANoM meM khetoM ke do prakAroM kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai : (1) upajAU-upajAU bhUmi meM bIja bone se ati uttama phasala utpanna hotI thii| (2) anupajAU---Usara yA khila (anupajAU) bhUmi (kheta) meM boyA gayA bIja samUla naSTa ho jAtA thaa| jainetara sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki Usara bhUmi ko kRSi yogya banAne ke lie rAjya kI ora se puraskAra pradAna diyA jAtA thaa| jainetara anya abhidhAna-ratnamAlA meM miTTI ke guNAnusAra sAdhAraNa kheta, urvara kheta sarvaphasalotpAdaka kheta, kamajora kheta, paratI bhUmi, lonI miTTI kA kSetra, registAna, kar3I bhUmi, domaTa miTTI, uttama miTTI, nayI ghAsoM se AcchAdita bhUmi, narakuloM Adi se saMkula bhUmi Adi ke lie pRthak-pRthak zabda vyavahRta hue haiN| 1. mahA 16 / 181; tulanIya-viSNu purANa 1 / 13 / 82; bRhatkalpabhASya 4 / 4861 2. kSetrANi dadhate yasminnutkhAt lAGgalAnanaiH / padya 2 / 3, 3 / 67; harivaMza 7 / 117 3. padma 4 / 63; mahA 37168 4. lallanajI gopAla-pUrvamadhyakAlIna uttara bhArata meM kRSi vyavasthA (700 1200), rAjabalI pANDeya smRti grantha, devariyA, 1676, pR0 265 5. urvarAbhyAM varIyobhiH yaH zAleyairalaMkRtaH / padya 27 6. USarakSetranikSiptazAlinazyati mUlataH / harivaMza 7 / 117 khilegataM yathAkSetre bIjamalpaphalaM bhavet / padya 370 7. nArada smRti 14 / 4 8. lallanajI gopAla-vahI, pR0 256 21 ____m.

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322 jainapurANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kRSi ko suvyavasthita karane evaM adhika upaja ke lie rAjya kI ora se sahAyatA pradAna karane kI bhI vyavasthA thii| mahA purANa ke anusAra rAjA kRSi kI unnati ke lie khAda, kRSi upakaraNa, bIja Adi pradAna kara khetI karAtA thA / isI purANa meM ullekha AyA hai ki kheta rAjA ke bhaNDAra ke samAna the| jaina purANoM meM kRSaka ko karSaka aura halavAhaka ko kInAza zabda se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / mahA purANa ke anusAra kRSaka bholebhAle, dharmAtmA, vItadoSa tathA kSudhA-tRSA Adi klezoM ke sahiSNu tathA tapasviyoM se bar3hakara hote the| kRSaka hala, baila aura kRSi ke anya aujAroM ke mAdhyama se khetI karate the / kheta kI uttama jutAI kara, usameM uttama bIja evaM khAda kA prayoga karate the| ra0 gaMgopAdhyAya ne egrikalcara eNDa egrIkalcarisTa ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA meM gobara kI khAda ko khetI ke lie atyanta upayogI mAnA hai| isake uparAnta usakI siMcAI kI AvazyakatA par3atI thii| mahA purANa meM siMcAI ke do prakAra ke sAdhanoM kA ullekha huA hai : adevamAtRkAnahara, nadI Adi kRtrima sAdhana se siMcAI vyavasthA aura devamAtRkA-varSA ke jala se siMcAI vyavasthA / mahA purANa ke varNanAnusAra varSA samayAnukUla aura paryApta mAtrA meM hotI thI, jisase khetI uttama hotI thii| kuA~, sarovara", taDAga" aura vApI ke jala ko siMcAI ke lie prayoga karate the / jaina purANoM ke kathanAnusAra usa samaya 1. deze'pi kArayet kRtsne kRSi samyakkRSIbalaH / mahA 42 / 177 2. mahA 54 / 14 3. padma 6 / 208; mahA 54 / 12 vahI 34 / 60 Rjavo dhArmikAvItadoSA klezasahiSNavaH / karSakAH saphalArambhAH tapa. sthAMzcAtizerate // mahA 54 / 12 6. lallanajI gopAla-vahI, pR0 260 adevamAtRkA: kecid viSayAH devamAtRkA / pare sAdhAraNAH kecid yathAsvaM te nivezitAH // mahA 16 / 157 mahA 476, tulanIya-epi0 iNDi0, jilda 20, pR0 7 para siMcAI ke sAdhanoM para prakAza par3atA hai| 6. mahA 472 10. vahI 5 / 256; padma 2 / 23 11. vahI 472 12. vahI 5 / 104 * 5. ;

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Arthika vyavasthA 323 ghaNTItaMtra' (arahaTa yA rahaTa) dvArA kuoM, tAlAboM Adi se jala nikAlakara siMcAI karate the / khetoM kI siMcAI ke lie nahareM atyadhika lAbhaprada pramANita huI, jinakA ullekha mahA purANa meM upalabdha hotA hai / 2 naharoM se nAliyoM kA nirmANakara kRSaka apane kheta taka pAnI le jAte the| ukta siMcAI ke sAdhana adevamAtRkA ke antargata Ate haiN| siMcAI ke ukta sAdhanoM kI puSTi jaina purANoM ke praNayanakAla ke jainetara granthoM se bhI hotI hai, jinameM jhIla, nadI, kuA~, mazIna kuA~, arahaTa, tAlAba tathA nadI bA~dha kA ullekha hai|' Alocya jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki kRSaka kheta meM bIja vapana karane ke uparAnta siMcAI kara usakI nirAI evaM gur3AI karate the| isake anantara punaH siMcAI kI jAtI thii| phasaloM ke paka jAne para usakI kaTAI kara use khalihAna meM ekatrita karate the / phira bailoM se daMvarI calAkara mar3AI kI jAtI thI / mar3AI ke uparAnta anAja aura bhUse ko pRthak karane ke lie osAI kI jAtI thii| tadanantara anAja ko ghara le jAte the aura khAne ke kAma lAyA jAtA thaa| bhUse ko baila, gAya, bhaiMsa ko khilAne ke lie rakhate the| khetI kI rakSA karanA paramAvazyaka thaa| mahA purANa ke varNAnAnumAra kRSakabAlAe~ pazu-pakSiyoM se kheta kI rakSA karatI thiiN|" caJcApuruSa kA ullekha mahA purANa meM haA hai jo kheta ke rakSArtha rakhe jAte the, jinako dekhakara jAnavara bhAga jAte the| jaina purANoM meM adholikhita pramukha anAjoM kA ullekha milatA hai-brIhi, sAThI. kalama, cAvala, yava (jau), godhama (gehU~), kAMganI (kaMgava), zyAmAka (sAvA~), kodra (kodo), nIvAra, varakA (baTAne), tila, tasyA (alasI), masUra, sarSapa (sarasoM), dhAnya (dhaniyA), jIraka (jIrA), mudgamASA (mUMga), DhakI (arahara), rAja (roMsA), mASa (ur3ada), niSpAvaka (canA), kulittha (kulathI), tripuTa (tevarA), 1. padma 2 / 6, 6 / 82; mahA 17 / 24; harivaMza 43 / 127 2. mahA 35140 3. arAjitapRcchA, pR0 188 4. mahA 3 / 176-182, 12 / 244, 35 / 30; padma 2 / 5 5. vahI 35 // 35-36; tulanIya-manu 7 / 110 para TIkA 6. vahI 28 / 130; tulanIya-dezInAmamAlA 26

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324 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kumumbha, kapAsa, puNDra (paur3o), ikSu (Ikha), zAka, Adi / ' [i] pazupAlana : Alocita jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya pazupAlana unnati dazA meM thaa| pazupAlana dvaar| loga apanI jIvikA calAte the| padma purANa ke racanA kAla meM manuSya kI sampannatA evaM dhanADhyatA kA mApadaNDa pazuoM kI saMkhyA para AdhArita thA / / gAya aura bhaiMsoM se yukta parivAra ko mahA purANa meM sukhI mAnA gayA hai| gAya, bhaiMsa, baila Adi pazuoM kI rakSA karane kI vyavasthA kA varNana harivaMza purANa meM upalabdha hai| anyatra gAya, bhaiMsa evaM bakarI ke dUdha ko usake svabhAva ke anusAra mAdhurya guNa se sampanna varNita hai|" jaina purANoM meM gAya ko vizeSa sthAna pradatta hai aura ghor3e tathA hAthI ko savArI ke yogya kathita hai|' harivaMza purANa ke varNanAnusAra cArAgAhoM (daviya) meM gAya, baila, bher3a, bakarI Adi pazu carA karate the| padma purANa meM bhaisoM kI pITha para Arur3ha ahira gvAle gAnA gAte evaM unakI rakSA karate hue pradarzita kiye gaye haiN| padma purANa ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya ghI, dUdha, dahI paryApta mAtrA meM upalabdha thA tathA unakA prayoga bhojana meM hotA thA, jisase bhojana svAdiSTa ho jAtA thaa| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki gAya, bhaiMsa, bakarI aura bher3oM kA dUdha prayoga meM AtA thA / vibhinna dezoM ke ghI evaM dUdha ke svAda kA ullekha harivaMza purANa meM AyA hai| kaliMga deza kI gAya kA dUdha aura aparAnta deza kA ghI bahuta svAdiSTa hotA thaa|ukt kathana kI puSTi 1 padma 2 / 3-8; mahA 3 / 186-188; harivaMza 14 / 161-163, 16318, 58 / 32, 58 / 235; tulanIya-jagadIza candra jaina-jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 123-130; bI0ena0esa0 yAdava-sosAiTI eNDa kalcara ina da nArdarna iNDiyA, pR0 256; sarvAnanda pAThaka-viSNu purANa kA bhArata, pR0 168 . 2. padma 4163-64, 83 / 15 vahI 83 / 20 4. harivaMza 636 5. vahI 58 / 211 6. padma 2 / 10-24, 4 / 8; harivaMza 8 / 134-136 7. harivaMza 35150-53; tulanIya-arthazAstra 2 / 26; manu 8237; yAjJavalkya 3 / 167; matsya purANa 227424 8. padma 2 / 10 6. vahI 34 / 13-16 10. harivaMza 18 / 161-163

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abhilekhoM se bhI hotI hai / " ukta anucchedoM meM carcita kRSi evaM pazupAlana ke saMdarbha meM yaha tathya vicAravimarza kA viSaya bana jAtA hai ki hamAre Alocita purANoM ke praNayana kAla meM kRSivRtti se kisa vizeSa jAti athavA varga kA sambandha thA ? prastuta viSaya para Adhunika vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki isa kAla meM kRSi kArya, yathArthataH karSaNa kArya, meM zUdroM ko hI niyukta kiyA jAtA thA / kyoMki hvenasAMga ne apane vivaraNa meM spaSTatayA ullekha kiyA hai ki kRSi kArya ke yathArtha kartA zUdra the / ukta anuccheda meM jaina purANoM ke usa sthala kA bhI saMdarbha prastuta hai, jahA~ halavAhaka ko 'kInAza' saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA hai / kInAza eka purAtana zabda hai / Rgveda' meM yaha zabda halavAhaka aura karSaka ke artha meM prayukta huA hai, kintu viSNudharmottara' tathA bhaviSya purANoM meM kInAza zabda kA prayoga halavAhaka yA karSaka ke abhiprAya meM na hokara vaizya jAti ke arthabodhaka ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / parantu AThavIM zatI ke nAradasmRti ke bhASyakAra ne kInAza zabda kA prayoga zUdrArtha kiyA hai| aisI sthiti meM vidvAnoM kA yaha anumAna ki pUrva madhyakAla meM vANijya ke hrAsa ke kAraNa vaizyoM ke eka varga ne zUdroM kI vRtti grahaNa kara liyA thA - tarkasaMgata avazya pratIta hotA hai / kintu isase yaha tarka samarthita nahIM ho pAtA ki hamAre Alocya purANoM ke racanAkAla meM vANijya vyApAra kA sarvathA aura sarvazaH hrAsa ho gayA thA / isakA spaSTIkaraNa agralikhita vivaraNa se hogA / 2. 4 zilpa- karma : jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se tatkAlIna zilpoM kA jJAna upalabdha hotA hai / mahA purANa meM hasta kauzala ko zilpa-karma kI abhidhA pradatta hai / " 1. Arthika vyavasthA : 4. vaidika iNDeksa, bhAga 1, pR0 156 5. viSNudharmottara 3 / 10 / 3 bhaviSya purANa, brahmaparva 44 / 22 nAradasmRti 1 / 181 7. 8. zivanandana mizra - guptakAlIna abhilekhoM se jJAta tatkAlIna sAmAjika evaM Arthika dazA, lakhanaU, 1673, pR0 84-85 Ara0 esa0 zarmA -- zUdrAz2a ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, pR0 234 tathA brajanAtha siMha yAdava - sosAiTI eNDa kalcara ina nArdarna iNDiyA, ilAhAbAda 1673, pR0 41 TI0 vATarsa - oNn yuAna cvAMgasa Trablasa ina iNDiyA, landana, 1604 - 1605, vA0 1, pR0 168 325 zilpaM syAt karakauzalam / mahA 16 / 182

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326 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana usa samaya kumbhakAra, citrakAra, lohAra ( karmakAra ), nApita ( kAzyapa), vastrakAra Adi zilpa dvArA jIvikopArjana karane vAloM meM pramukha the / anya zilpakAroM meM telI the, jo tela nikAla kara apane parivAra kA pAlana-poSaNa karate the / harivaMza purANa meM tela perane ke yantra kA ullekha upalabdha hai / kaMsakAra kAMsa ke bartana nirmita karate the / vyAkhyA prajJapti meM kaMsakAra kI gaNanA nau kAruoM ke antargata huI hai / prAcIna kAla se hI isa deza meM hAthIdA~ta kA kAma unnati ke zikhara para thaa| hAthIdA~ta se vibhinna prakAra ke khilaune Adi nirmita kiye jAte the / isa kArya ko adhikatara pulinda nAmaka Adima jAtiyA~ kiyA karatI thiiN| kucha Arya jAtiyA~ bhI hAthIdA~ta kA kAma karatI thIM / haDDI, sIMga aura zaMkha se vibhinna prakAra kI vastuoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / vAstukara aura takSaka milakara makAna, bhavana, prAsAda, nagara, tAlAba, mandira, mUrtiyA~, jalAzaya Adi kA nirmANa karate the / samAja meM inakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA / ye jala ke bhItara khambhe nirmita kara pula kA nirmANa karate the / pula ke dvArA AvAgamana meM suvidhA tathA vikAsa kI gati druti hotI hai / 2 jaina purANoM evaM jainAgamoM meM bahuta se khanija padArthoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jisake AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki usa samaya khanan -vidyA kA vikAsa bhalIbhA~ti huA thA / khanija padArthoM se vibhinna prakAra kI vastuyeM nirmita kI jAtI thIM / bRhatkalpabhASya TIkA meM dhAtuoM ke utpatti sthala ko 'Akara' saMjJA pradatta hai / ina AkaroM se lohA, tA~bA, jastA, zIzA, rajata, svarNa, maNi, ratna, vajra, lavaNa (namaka), Usa (sAjImATI), gerU, haratAla, hiMgulaka, ( siMgarapha), maNasila ( manasila ), sAsaga ( pArA), seDiya ( sapheda miTTI), sauraTThiya aura aMjana Adi nikAle jAte the / samAja ke adhikAMza loga ina dhandhoM meM vyasta rahate the / suvarNakAra maNi, ratna, suvarNa evaM cA~dI se AbhUSaNa Adi kA nirmANa karate the / strI aura puruSa donoM AbhUSaNa premI hote the / isalie bahusaMkhyaka AbhUSaNoM ke nirmANa kA ullekha milatA hai / svarNakAra beImAna bhI hote the / nizIthacUrNI meM saMdarbha milatA hai ki ve kuNDala ( moraMga ) meM tA~bA milA dete the / usa samaya dhAtuoM se mudrAyeM nirmita kI jAtI thIM / inheM nirmita karane ke lie rAjakIya TakasAla hote the / aise zilpakAroM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, jo hAtha se vibhinna prakAra ke sAmAna nirmita kara jIvakopArjana karate the / inameM se mukhyataH caTAI banAne vAle ( kaTAdikAra), muMjapAdukA nirmAtA (muMjapAdukAkAra), rassI baTane vAle (barur3a), tAr3a ke pattoM se paMkhe banAne vAle ( tAlavRntakAra), bA~sa harivaMza 11 / 63 vahI 27 / 71; mahA 16 / 182, 32 / 26 1. 2.

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Arthika vyavasthA 327 kI khapacciyoM se chAte banAne vAle, camar3e ke sAmAna banAne vAle (carmakAra), mAlA banAne vAle (mAlAkAra), tela banAne evaM becane vAle (gaMdhI) aura lAkSArasa Adi se raMga banAne vAle Adi ullekhanIya hai / ' padma purANa meM yantra nirmANa karane vAloM kA varNana milatA hai jo samudra kA bhI jala rokane meM samartha the / 2 5. vyAvasAyika varga : samAja meM isa prakAra ke vyAvasAyika varga the, jinako guNoM ke AdhAra para AjIvikA upalabdha thI / ye samAja ke eka vibhAga kA pratinidhitva karate the| mahA purANa meM cha: prakAra ke karmoM meM se eka karma vidyAkarma hai, jisameM zAstra par3hA kara yA nRtya-gAyana Adi AjIvikA se jIvana nirvAha karate the / harivaMza purANa meM vidyAkarma se AjIvikA calAne vAloM kA ullekha upalabdha hai| ___jaina AgamoM ke anusAra isa varga meM AcArya, cikitsaka, vAstupAThaka, lakSaNapAThaka, naimittika, gAMdhavika, naTa, nartaka, jalla (rassI kA khela karane vAle), malla (malla yuddha karane vAle), mauSTika (muSTi yuddha karane vAle), viDaMvakaH (vidUSaka), kathaka (kathAvAcaka), tairAka (plavaka), rAsa gAne vAle (lAsaka), AkhyApaka, laMkha (bA~sa para car3ha kara khela dikhAne vAle), maMkha (citrapaTa lekara bhikSA mAMgane vAle), tUNa illa (tUNA bajAne vAle), bhujaga (saMpere), mAgadha (gAne-bajAne vAle), hAsyakAra, masakhare, cATukAra, darpakAra, kautkucca (kAma se kuceSTA karane vAle), rAjabhRtya, chatragrAhI, siMhAsanagrAhI Adi Ate haiN| guptakAla meM bhI isI prakAra ke pezevara logoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jainetara grantha harSa carita meM hAthiyoM ke pAlana-poSaNa evaM bikrI karane vAle pezevara varga kA varNana upalabdha hai| 0 1. mahA 16 / 182, 32 / 26; harivaMza 27 / 71, 38 / 68, 56 / 57, 55 / 62, jagadIza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 140-154 2. padma 1068 3. ...."vidyA zAstropajIvane / mahA 16 / 181 4. harivaMza 27 / 48, 47 / 111 5. jagadIza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 155 6. bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya-guptakAla kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, lakhanaU, 1666, pR0 247-252 7. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-harSacarita : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 128

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328 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (ga) vyApAra aura vANijya prAcIna kAla se bhAratIya samAja meM vyApAra evaM vANijya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| aisI sthiti meM inakA ullekha hamAre dhArmika sAhityika evaM Arthika granthoM meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai / isa prakAra jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se bhI ina para vizeSa prakAza par3atA hai jisakA vivaraNa nimnavat prastuta hai : 1. mahattva evaM pracalana : Alocita jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya deza kI Arthika sthiti sudRr3ha thii| deza meM utpAdana adhika hotA thA, AvazyakatA se adhika utpAdana dUsaroM ko diyA yA vikraya kiyA jAtA thA / utpAdana ke vikraya kA kArya varNika varga karatA thA / mahA purANa meM ullekha AyA hai ki vyApArI dUsaroM dvArA nirmita mAla meM kucha parivartana kara apanI mudrA (chApa) aGkita kara bikrI karate the / ' jaina purANoM meM nakalI vyApAriyoM ke viSaya meM ullikhita hai ki ve dUsaroM se thor3I-sI vastu lekara usameM kucha parivartana kara vyApArI bana jAte the| jainetara sAkSyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki beImAna vyApArI rAjasva kI corI bhI karate the| aise vyApAriyoM ke pakar3e jAne para kaThora rAjadaNDa kI vyavasthA thii| vyApArI ke lie vaNij', vaNika aura vaizya' zabda jaina purANoM meM vyavahRta hue haiM / kAlidAsa ne vyApAriyoM ke vibhinna prakAra ke saMgaThanoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-sArtha, sArthavAha, zilpa saMgha, naigama, zreSThI Adi / inake kAla meM eka hI kSetra meM kAryarata kArIgara apanA saMgha banAkara kAma karate the / inakI zreNI hI baiMka kA kArya karatI thii| ye zreNI dhana saMgrahaNa evaM pradAyaka RNa kA kArya karatI thiiN| bauddha sUtroM kI bhA~ti jaina sUtroM meM bhI aTThAraha prakAra kI zreNiyoM kA ullekha huA hai| jaina purANoM ke kecidanyakRtairarthe...."pratiziSTyeva vANijAH / mahA 1 / 68 2. chAyAmAropayantyanyAM vastreSviva vaNigbruvAH / mahA 1 / 66; harivaza 2176 3. motIcandra-sArthavAha, paTanA, 1653, pR0 173 4. padma 6 / 154; mahA 1968 5. vahI 55260 6. vahI 3 / 257 7. bhagava' tazaraNa upAdhyAya-vahI, pR0 262; rAisa DeviDsa-kaimbrija hisTrI oNpha' iNDiyA, pR0 307, gAyatrI varmA kAlidAsa ke grantha : tatkAlIna-saMskRti, vArANasI, 1663, pR0 263 8. gAyatrI varmA-vahI, pR0 265 6. jagadIza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 164

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Arthika vyavasthA 326 varNanAnusAra zilpakAroM kI zreNiyoM ke samAna vyApAriyoM kI bhI zreNiyA~ hotI thiiN| usa samaya vyApAra ke mArga asurakSita the| mArga meM cora-DAkuoM aura vanya pazuoM kA bhaya rahatA thA / isalie vyApArI loga eka sAtha milakara kisI sArthavAha ko apanA netA banAkara vyApAra ke lie nikalate the / zreSThI aTThAraha zreNI-prazreNiyoM kA pradhAna mAnA jAtA thaa| jainetara grantha amarakoza meM sArthavAha ke lie sArtha, sArthapArthiva aura sArthAnika zabda pradatta haiM / samAna yA sahayukta artha (pUMjI) vAle vyApArI, jo bAharI maNDiyoM meM vyApAra karane ke lie TA~DA bA~dhakara calate the, unheM sArtha saMjJA se sambodhita karate the| unake netA zreSTha vyApArI ko sArthavAha kI abhidhA pradatta kI gayI thii| padma purANa ke ullekhAnusAra usa samaya vANijya vidyA kA pracalana paryApta mAtrA meM thA tathA vANijya vidyA kA adhyayana karane ke uparAnta ve dhanopArjana ke lie jAyA karate the| jainetara granthoM ke varNanAnusAra vaNik zreNI yA nigamoM dvArA baiMka kA kArya sampAdita kiyA jAtA thA aura ye pandraha pratizata kI dara se byAja lete the| RNI yadi apane deza meM rahatA thA to use byAja cukAnA par3atA thA, parantu yadi samudra yAtrA se bAhara gayA ho aura usakA jahAja DUba gayA ho tathA kisI taraha jAna bacAkara AyA ho to use RNa nahIM denA par3atA thA / jainasUtroM meM ise 'vaNik-nyAya' kathita hai / " harivaMza purANa meM ullikhita hai ki vyApArIgaNa satyavAdI evaM nirlubdha vyakti ke pAsa apane dharohara rakhate the / nirlubdha vyakti nagara meM dharohara rakhane ke sthAna-bhANDazAlAoM kA nirmANa karate the / kabhI-kabhI dharohara na dene para rAjA dvArA daNDita kiyA jAtA thaa|' 1. varazavarasenayA"dutamAgatayA / harivaMza 4127; mahA 46 / 112-142; tulanIya-bRhatkalpabhASya 3 / 3757; rAisa DeviDsa-kaimbrija hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA, pR0 207 2. sArthAn sadhanAn sarato vA pAnthAn vahIla sArthavAhaH / amarakoza 3 / 7 / 78; tulanIya-gokulacandra jaina-yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, amRtasara, 1667, pR0 163 3. Agato'smyarthalAbhAyayukto vANijya vidyA / padma 33 / 145 4. yAjJavalkya 2 / 37; manu 8 / 41 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 12660, 6. harivaMza 27 / 23-40

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330 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 2. rASTrIya vyApAra : rASTrIya vyApAra unnati para thA / gAya, baila, bhaiMsa, U~Ta Adi pazuoM ke kraya ke samaya pratibhU kA honA anivArya thA / yaha pratibhU Ajakala ke kara-adhIkSaka ke samAna rahA hogA, jo pazuoM ke krayoparAnta anubandha patra tathA rasIda Adi detA thaa| vartamAna samaya kI bhA~ti bAjAra meM sAmAna Anele jAne para usa samaya bhI kara dene kI vyavasthA rahI hogii| deza kA antaH vyApAra gAr3iyoM (zakaTa) dvArA karane kA ullekha padma purANa meM upalabdha hai / mahA purANa ke racanA kAla meM pazu vyApAra kA atyadhika pracalana thaa| harivaMza purANa meM nadiyoM se vyApAra ke lie naukAoM ke prayoga kA ullekha prApya hotA hai / ukta purANa se spaSTa hai ki usa samaya rAjapatha dvArA vyApAra hotA thA, jisa para dasyuoM kA ghora AtaMka rahatA thA / kAravA~ kI sUcanA pAte hI ve unheM lUTa lete the| 3. antarrASTrIya vyApAra : padma purANa meM antarrASTrIya vyApAra ke protsAhanArtha yaha ullekha AyA hai ki dhanopArjana, vidyA grahaNa evaM dhana saMcaya karanAye tInoM kArya yadyapi manuSya ke adhIna haiM, tathApi adhikAMzataH inakI siddhi videzoM meM hI hotI hai| jaina purANoM meM ullikhita hai ki vyApArI jalamArga se dhanopArjanArtha videza (bAhara) jAyA karate the| jahAja ke lie pota evaM yAnapatra' zabda padma purANa meM vyavahRta hue haiM / harivaMza purANa meM uzIrAvarta deza se kapAsa kraya kara tAmralipta nagara meM vikraya karane kA ullekha huA hai / mahA purANa meM ratnoM kA vyApAra samIpavartI dezoM (pratyantavAsina) ke sAtha hotA thaa|" 1. yadvaccapratibhUH kazcid yo kraye pratigRhyate / mahA 42 / 173 2. padma 33 / 46 3. mahA 42 / 150-171 4. harivaMza 8 / 134 5. vahI 4627-26 6. draviNopArjanaM vidyAgrahaNaM dharmasaMgrahaH / svAdhInamapi tatprAyo videze siddhamaznute // padma 25144 7. mahA 70 / 150; harivaMza 21178-80 8. padma 83180 6. vahI 55 / 61 10. harivaMza 2175-76 11. mahA 32170

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Arthika vyavasthA 331 isa prasaMga meM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki pUrva madhyakAlIna Arthika pariveza meM kucheka aise tattvoM kA AvibhAva huA thA, jinake kAraNa bhAratIya vyApAra para AghAta pahu~cA / bodhisattvAvadAna, kalpalatA, kathAsaritsAgara, madhyayugIna purAtana prabandha saMgraha, nainasI kA khyAta, rAjataraMgiNI, vastupAla carita, prabandha koza tathA triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra granthoM ke sambandhita sthaloM ke AdhAra para DaoN0 dazaratha zarmA evaM DaoN0 brajanAtha siMha yAdava sadRza vidvAnoM ne yaha pratipAdita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki sAmudrika luTeroM ke AtaMka ke kAraNa videzoM ke sAtha bhAratIya vyApAra nirvAdha rUpa meM nahIM cala sakatA thaa| isa mata kA samarthana hamAre Alocita purANa se pUrNataH ho jAtA hai| ukta anuccheda meM hama vaNita kara cuke haiM ki dasyuoM kA ullekha harivaMza purANa meM huA hai / inakI pravRtti vidhvaMsakArI thii| ye vyApAriyoM ke kAravA~ ke pratIkSA meM hamezA rahate the aura avasara pAte hI unheM lUTa lete the / kintu hamAre purANoM ke anya ullekhoM se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai isa viSama paristhiti meM bhI videzoM ke sAtha vyApAra samparka kiyA jAnA eka anusaraNIya Adarza mAnA jAtA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki ukta anuccheda meM carcita padma purANa kA sthala videza meM dhanopArjana karane para bala detA hai| isI purANa meM jahAja ke lie pota aura yAnapatra' zabda prayukta huA hai, jo samudrI mArga se vyApAra kA spaSTa pramANa hai| mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki jala-sthala Adi ke yAtriyoM ko vaizya abhidhA se sambodhita karate the| uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya vyApAra evaM vANijya kA bilkula hrAsa nahIM huA thaa| 4. AyAta-niryAta : jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se jJAtA hotA hai ki usa samaya bhArata meM videzoM se sAmAnoM kA AyAta-niryAta donoM hI hotA thA / yUnAna, kazmIra, vAlIka se bhArata meM ghor3oM kA AyAta hotA thaa| bhArata se niryAtita vastuoM meM hAthIdA~ta, rezama, sUta, hIrA, nIlama, candana, kesara, muMge Adi the| 1. draSTavya-yAdava-vahI pR0 270-275 2. harivaMza 4627-26 3. padma 2544 4. vahI 83 / 80 5. vahI 55 / 61 6. mahA 16 / 244 7. dahI 681562; tulanIya-bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya-vahI, pR0 255-257 /

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332 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 5 mudrA : AyAta-niryAta ke vastuoM ke kraya-vikraya kA jo mAdhyama thA, usa mudrA ke lie Alocita jaina purANa meM 'dInAra' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| dInAra eka suvarNa mudrA thii| isake atirikta anya kisI mudrA kA ullekha ukta purANoM meM upalabdha nahIM hai| yaha kevala saMyoga kI bAta hai| kintu anya jaina granthoM meM hiraNya, suvarNa, kArSApaNa, mAsa, arddhamAsa, rUpaka, paSNaga, pAyaMka, svarNamASaka, kaur3I, kAkiNI, niSka Adi mudrAoM ke ullekha milate haiN| .. yadi dInAra jaise suvidita Adarza svarNa mudrA ke vyavahAra kA ullekha hamAre purANa karate haiM to yaha tathya punarvivecana kA viSaya bana jAtA hai ki pUrva madhyakAla meM sikkoM kA hrAsa ho rahA thA aura isa hrAsa kA kAraNa vyApAra aura vANijya kA adhaHpatana thA / yadyapi hamAre purANoM se isa viSaya para koI vizeSa prakAza nahIM par3atA tathApi prAyaH sabhI jaina purANoM meM prayukta dInAra zabda ke prayoga ke AdhAra para yaha prastAvita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vANijya aura vyApAra kA hrAsa utanA nahIM huA thA jitanA ki vidvAnoM ne mAnA hai| vyApAra evaM vANijya kI unnati sthiti kA vivecana ukta anucchedoM meM ho cukA hai / 6. mApa praNAlI : jaina purANoM se mApa-praNAlI ke viSaya meM vistRta jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hotI hai, tathApi jo prakAza par3atA hai, usake Aloka meM niSkarSa yaha hai ki mApa ke lie 'mAna' zabda vyavahRta hotA thA / mAna ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai : meya, deza, kAla aura tulA / ' 1. padma 71 / 64; harivaMza 1868; mahA 70 / 146 2. draSTavya-jagadIza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 187-188; gokula candra jaina yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, amRtasara, 1667, pR0 165; kailAza candra jaina-prAcIna bhAratIya sAmAjika evaM Arthika saMsthAeM, bhopAla, 1671, pR0 282 meyadezatulAkAlabhedAnmAnaM caturvidham / tatraprasthAdibhibhinna meyamAna prakIrtitam // dezamAnaM vitastyAdi tulAmAnaM palAdikam / samayAdi tu yanmAnaM tatkAlasya prakIrtitam // taccArohaparINAhatiryaggauravabhedataH / kriyAtazca samutpanna sAdhyagAnmAnamuttamam // padma 24 / 60-62 harivaMza 4 / 341, 4 / 326; mahA 6171

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Arthika vyavasthA [i] meyamAna : isake aneka upabheda haiM / isake dvArA rasAyana evaM khAdya tathA anya vastuoM kI mApa kI jAtI thii| dainika jIvana meM isakA atyadhika upayoga thaa| [i] dezamAna : dezamAna se dUrI tathA lambAI mApI jAtI thii| aMgula, vitAsta, ratni, kukSi, dhanuSa tathA gavyUta dvArA dUrI aura paramANu, trasareNu, rathareNu, bAlAgra, likSA, yUkA evaM yava dvArA lambAI mApI jAtI thii| [iii] kAlamAna : kAla mApane ke lie samaya, AvalikA, zvAsa, ucchvAsa, stoka, lava, muhurta, ahorAtra, pakSa, mAsa, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara, yuga, varSazata (zatAbdI) se zIrSa pahelikA taka, nAlikA aura zaMkucchAyA kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| [iv] tulAmAna : pala, chaTAMka, sera Adi se mApa karanA tulAmAna thA / dUsare kI A~kha bacAkara kama-jyAdA taulane aura mApane kI sUcanA milatI hai / pUrva madhyakAla meM sAhityika evaM abhilekhIya mApa praNAlI para prakAza par3atA hai / bhAraka kA prayoga nAriyala, anna, ruI, zakara, gur3a evaM maMjiSTha Adi ke lie hotA thA / ghaTaka evaM kumbha se makkhana aura tela; mUtaka aura mANaka se namaka; pulaka se phUla; karSa aura palaka se tela evaM ghI; vumbaka se zarAba aura maNi se anAja taulA jAtA thaa| sei aura droNakArI bhI anna taulane ke bATa the|' 1. kailAza candra jaina-vahI, pR0 288

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dhArmika vyavasthA [ka] dArzanika pakSa jaina purANakAroM ne apane granthoM meM jaina dharma evaM darzana ke siddhAntoM kA vistAraza: pratipAdana kiyA hai| pUrvAcAryoM se paramparAgata upalabdha tAttvika siddhAntoM meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana ina purANakAroM ne nahIM kiyA / AcAramImAMsIya dRSTi se bhI yathApUrva ahiMsAmUlaka pravRtti hI dRSTigocara hotI hai, kintu yuga aura paristhitiyoM ke anukUla purANakAroM ne AcArazAstrIya niyamoM- upaniyamoM Adi meM yathAvazyaka parivartana bhI kiye haiM / inhIM prasaMgoM meM anya dharmoM ke AcAra viSayaka niyama Adi evaM anya darzanoM ke tattvamImAMsIya aura jJAna yA pramANamIsAMsIya siddhAntoM kI samIkSA bhI kI hai| jainetara dharma evaM darzana para adhika prakAza na par3ane ke kAraNa yahA~ mAtra jaina dharma-darzana kI hI vivecanA prastuta kI jA rahI hai / isa prakAra yathArtha meM 'jaina purANoM meM pratipAdita dharma evaM darzana tathA purANakAlIna jaina dharma-darzana' jaise viSayoM para pUrNatayA svatantra anusandhAna apekSita hai /

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dhArmika vyavasthA prastuta prakaraNa meM usa sAmagrI kA eka vihaMgAvalokana karane kA prayAsa huA hai / purANoM ke mAdhyama se jainAcAryoM ne apane dharma ko janasAdhAraNa taka pahu~cAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai / isI lie jaina purANoM meM jaina dharma-darzana kI atyadhika sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai / adhyayana kI dRSTi se hama ise do bhAgoM meM vibhakta karate haiM : dArzanika pakSa aura dhArmika pakSa / jaina purANa mUlataH dArzanika grantha nahIM haiM; tathApi inake adhyayana se dArzanika pakSa para jo prakAza par3atA hai usakI vivecanA agrapaMktiyoM meM kiyA gayA hai : 1. loka : loka sRSTi arthAt jagatkartatva kA siddhAnta jaina dharma meM pUrNatayA amAnya rahA hai, kintu loka vijJAna aura loka vidyA kA pratipAdana jaina granthoM meM vistArazaH huA hai / vizva, jagata, saMsAra, bhuvana ke lie jaina paramparA meM loka zabda vyavahRta huA hai / jaina purANoM meM sampUrNa brahmANDa ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai - alokAkAza evaM lokAkAza / harivaMza purANa meM alokAkAza ke viSaya meM varNana upalabdha hotA hai ki jisakA saba ora se ananta vistAra, ananta pradeza tathA anya dravyoM se rahita hai, use alokAkAza kahA gayA hai / isameM jIvAjIvAtmaka anya padArtha nahIM dikhAI par3ate, gati evaM sthiti ke nimitta dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya kA abhAva hone se alokAkAza meM jIva tathA pudgala kI na to gati hotI hai aura na sthiti / ' lokAkAza ke viSaya meM jaina purANoM meM ullikhita hai ki yaha ananta aloTata ke madhya meM sthita hai / yaha loka akRtrima, anAdi, prakAzamAna evaM ananta hai tathA yahA~ bandha aura mokSa kA phala bhogA jAtA hai / loka se jo bahirgata hai use aloka kahate haiM / harivaMza purANa ke varNanAnusAra loka kA nirmANa kAla dravya aura apane avAntara vistAra sahita anya samasta paMcAstikAya - dharma, adharma, AkAza, jIva tathA pudgala - se huA hai|" jaina purANoM meM loka ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai - adholoka, madhyaloka aura Urdhvaloka / inakA AkAra kramaza: vetAsana, jhallarI aura mRdaMga ke samAna hai| tIna prakAra se sthita hone ke kAraNa loka ko tiloka yA vividha sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / " harivaMza purANa meM loka viSayaka yaha ullekha 1. harivaMza 4 / 1-3 2. padma 105 106 harivaMza 2 / 110, 63288; mahA 4 36-40 kAlaH paJcAstikAyAzca saprapaJcA ihAkhilAH / harivaMza 4 / 5 4. harivaMza 4 / 5 - 6 ; mahA 4 / 41; padma 14 146 105/106 3. 5. padma 105 / 110-111 335

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana huA ki adholoka mUMThA ke samAna, Urdhvaloka mRdaMga ke samAna aura madhyaloka (tiryak loka) jhAlara ke sadRzya haiN| nIce arddha mRdaMga rakhakara usa para yadi pUrA mRdaMga rakhane para jaisA AkAra dRSTigata hotA hai vaisA hI loka kA AkAra hai| kintu vizeSatA yaha hai ki loka caukora hai arthAt kamara para hAtha rakha kara tathA paira phailAkara acala khar3e hue manuSya kA jo AkAra nirmita hotA hai, usI AkRti ko yaha loka grahaNa karatA hai| tInoM lokoM kI lambAI caudaha rajju pramApa kathita hai|' [i] adholoka : adholoka meM sapta bhUmiyA~ haiM, yahA~ nArakI nivAsa karate haiN| dharatItala meM prathama rajju ke anta meM jahA~ pRthvI samApta ho jAtI hai vahA~ se adholoka prArambha hotA hai / yahA~ se sAta bhUmiyA~ haiM / 2 padma purANa ke varNanAnusAra sapta bhUmiyA~ nimnavat haiM-ratnaprabhA, zarkarAprabhA, bAlukAprabhA, paGkaprabhA, dhUmaprabhA, tamaHprabhA aura mahAtamaHprabhA / ye bhUmiyA~ ghora kaSTadAyaka tathA nirantara adhikAra se vyApta rahatI haiM / pApa karma karane se naraka upalabdha hotA hai| naraka meM kaThoratama vedanAe~ evaM duHkha prApta hotA hai / yahA~ agaNita prakAra ke duHkha hote haiM jinakA varNana karanA sambhava nahIM hai| mahA purANa meM varNita raurava naraka kA antima (sAtavA~) sthAna hai / ' mahA raurava naraka kA ullekha harivaMza purANa meM upalabdha hai| isI purANa meM karmAnusAra narakoM kA adholikhita ullekha hai-sImAntaka, indraka, raurava, bhrAnta, udbhrAnta, sambhrAnta, asambhrAnta, vibhrAnta, vasta, trAsita, vakrAnta, avakrAnta tathA vikrAnta / padma purANa meM tiryaJca naraka kA ullekha AyA hai| [i] madhyaloka : isakA AkAra valaya kI bhA~ti hotA hai| isameM bahuta se dvIpa aura samudra vidyamAna haiM / inake madhya meM lavaNa samudra se AvRtta jambUdIpa hai| jambUdvIpa ke madhya meM meru parvata hai| isake antargata sAta kSetra Ate haiM-bharata, haimavata, 1. harivaMza 415-11 2. vahI 4112-17 3. padma 105 / 110-111 4. vahI 14 / 24-33, 105 / 112-136, 123 / 5-11; mahA 10 / 18-120 5. mahA 67 / 376 6. harivaMza 17 / 152 7. vahI 3 / 110-118, 4 / 246-256 8. padma 201136

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dhArmika vyavasthA 337 harivarSa, videha, ramyaka, hairaNyaka, airAvata / yahA~ para bahuta se parvata aura nadiyA~ haiN|' mahA purANa ke varNanAnusAra saMsAra kSaNa-kSaNa meM parivartita hote haiM / isalie yaha saMsAra vinazvara kathita hai / 2 (iii) Urdhvaloka : isa loka meM devatA kA nivAsa hotA hai| jaina purANoM ke ullekhAnusAra meru parvata kI cUlikA ke sAtha hI Urdhvaloka prArambha ho jAtA hai / cUlikA ke Upara-Upara svarga tathA graiveyaka Adi haiM, jinakA vivaraNa kramazaH nimnavat haisaudharma, aizAna, sanatkumAra, mAhendra, brahma, brahmottara, lAntava, kApiSTha, zukra, mahAzukra, zatAra, sahasrAra, Anata, prANata, AraNa aura acyuta / ' caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke lie caubIsa svargoM kA ullekha padma purANa meM milatA hai / harivaMza purANa meM Urdhvaloka kA vistRta varNana upalabdha hotA hai / / __ mahA purANa ke anusAra jainI Astika hote haiM / paraloka ke bigar3ane ke bhaya se ve dhArmika kriyAe~ sampAdita karate haiM / aisI mAnyatA hai ki uttama karma karane se svarga (Urdhvaloka) kI upalabdhi hotI hai / 2. SaDdravya : jaina darzana meM SaDdravyoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| inake viSaya meM agralikhita paMktiyoM meM vivecanA kI gayI hai : (i) dravya kA svarUpa : dravya kA lakSaNa sat hai| guNa aura paryAya ke samUhoM ko bhI dravya kathita hai| udAharaNArtha, jIva eka dravya hai, usameM sukha, jJAna Adi guNa haiM aura nara, nArakI Adi paryAya haiM / isameM dravya kI guNa evaM paryAya se pRthak sattA nahIM hai| anAdi kAla se guNaparyAyAtmaka hI dravya hai| sAmAnyataH guNa nitya hote haiM aura paryAya anitya / jaina dRSTi se sat meM utpatti, vinAza aura sthiratA upalabdha haiM / ataeva pratyeka vastu parivartanazIla hai aura usameM sthiratA bhI rahatI hai / harivaMza purANa meM dravya ke svarUpa kA ullekha karate hue isakA nirUpaNa-sata, saMkhyA, kSetra, sparzana, kAla, antara, bhAva evaM alpa-bahutva-ina ATha anuyoga dvAroM 1. mahA 4 / 48-56, 62 / 16-17, 62 / 161-162; harivaMza 10 / 26-33, 556-176 2. vahI 56 / 37 3. harivaMza 6 / 35-38; padma 105 / 167-166 4. padma 20131-35 5. harivaMza 6 / 43-54, 6 / 116-121 6, mahA 54 / 262 22

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338 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana aura-nAma, sthApanA, dravya evaM bhAva-ina cAra nikSepoM se hotA hai / pudgala Adika dravya apane-apane lakSaNoM se bhinna haiM aura sAmAnyataH sabhI utpAda, vyaya tathA dhrauvya rUpa trilakSaNa se saMyukta haiN|' guNa ke viSaya meM padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki ekendriya, do indriya, tIna indriya, cAra indriya aura pA~ca indriya jIvoM meM binA kisI virodha ke 'sattva' sattA nAmaka guNa rahatA hai aura vaha apane pratipakSa virodhI tattvoM sahita hotA hai|' uttarAdhyayana meM ekatva, pRthaktva, saMkhyA; saMsthAna, saMyoga aura vibhAga-ye paryAya ke lakSaNa vaNita haiN| [i] dravya ke prakAra : jaina dharma meM kula chaH dravya upalabdha hote haiM, jinakA ullekha jaina purANoM ne kiyA hai| ye chaH dravya agralikhita haiM--jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza tathA kAla / inameM se jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma tathA AkAza ye pAMca dravya astikAya aura bahupradezI haiN| kAla dravya eka pradezI hai, jisase isakI parigaNanA paMcAstikAyoM ke antargata nahIM kI jAtI hai| cetana aura acetana kI dRSTi se dravya ke mukhya do prakAra haiM : jIva aura ajIva / (a) jIvadravya : jaina granthoM meM jIva dravya kI vizad vivecanA milatI hai / isake viSaya meM vistArazaH vivaraNa nimnavat hai / / (1) jIva ke nAma : mahA purANa meM jIva ke lie paryAyavAcI zabda vyavahRta hue haiM-jIva, prANI, jantu, kSetrajJa, puruSa, pumAn, AtmA, antarAtmA, jJa aura jnyaanii| kyoMki jIva vartamAnakAla meM jIvita hai, bhUtakAla meM jIvita thA aura bhaviSyakAla meM jIvita rahegA, isalie ise 'jIva' abhidhA se abhihita karate haiN| jIva meM pA~ca indriya, tIna bala, Ayu aura zvAsocchvAsa-ye dasa prANa vidyamAna rahate hai, ataH yaha prANa kA bodhaka hai| yaha bAra-bAra aneka janma grahaNa karatA hai, ataeva 1. satsaGghayAdyanuyogazca santramAdikamAdibhiH / dravyaM svalakSaNaibhinnaM pudgalAdi vilakSaNam // harivaMza 2 / 108; tulanIyapaMcAstikAya 811; pravacanasAra 217-13; niyamasAra 6 ekadvitricatuH paJcahRSIkeSvavirodhataH / sattvaM jIveSu vijJeyaM pratipakSasamanvitam // padma 105 / 144 3. uttarAdhyayana 28 / 13 4. padma 2 / 155-157, 105 / 142; mahA 24 / 85-61 5. mahA 3 / 5-7

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dhArmika vyavasthA isakA nAmakaraNa 'jantu' kiyA gayA hai| isake svarUpa ko kSetra kahate haiM aura yaha use jAnatA hai, isalie ise 'kSetrajJa' saMjJA se bhI abhihita karate haiM / puru (accheacche bhogoM) meM zayana (pravRtti) karane se yaha 'puruSa' nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai| apanI AtmA ko pavitra karane se 'pumAn' kahA jAtA hai| yaha jIva nara-nArakAdi paryAyoM meM nirantara gamana karatA hai, isalie yaha 'AtmA' kA bodhaka hai aura jJAnAvaraNAdi ATha karmoM ke antarvartI hone se 'antarAtmA' nAma se bhI ise sambodhita karate haiM ! yaha jJAnaguNa sahita hai, isalie 'jJa' kahalAtA hai aura isI kAraNa 'jJAnI' bhI kathita hai / ' jaina AgamoM meM jIva kA paryAyavAcI nAma isa prakAra batAyA gayA hai-kartA, vaktA, prANI, bhoktA, pudgala-rUpa, vettA, viSNu, svayaMbhU, zarIrI, mAnava, saktA, jantu, mAnI, mAyAvI, bhogasahita, saMkuTa, asaMkuTa, kSetraNa aura antarAtmA / / (2) jIva kA svatantra astitva : mahA purANa meM AtmA ke astitva ke viSaya meM ullikhita hai ki AtmA hai, kyoMki pRthvI Adi bhUta-catuSTaya ke atirikta jJAnadarzana rUpa caitanya kI bhI pratIti hotI hai / vaha caitanya, zarIra rUpa nahIM hai aura na zarIra caitanya rUpa hai, kyoMki donoM kA paraspara viruddha svabhAva hai| caitanya cittasvarUpa (jJAnadarzana rUpa) hai aura zarIra acitta svarUpa (jar3a) hai / jaise talavAra myAna meM rahatI hai, vaise zarIra meM caitanya hai / yaha caitanya na to pRthvI Adi bhUta-catuSTaya kA kArya hai aura na hI usakA koI guNa hI hai / kyoMki donoM kI jAtiyA~ pRthak-pRthak haiM / yathArtha meM kAryakAraNabhAva aura guNaguNIbhAva sajAtIya padArthoM meM hI hotA hai, vijAtIya padArthoM meM nahIM / yaha caitanya zarIra Adi kA vikAra nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki bhasma Adi jo zarIra ke vikAra haiM unase vaha visadRza hotA hai / zarIra kA vikAra mUrtika hogaa| parantu yaha caitanya amUrtika (rUpa, rasa, gandha evaM sparza se rahita) hai, indriyoM dvArA usakA grahaNa nahIM hotA / jAtismaraNa, jIvanamaraNa rUpa AvAgamana aura AptapraNIta Agama se bhI jIva kA pRthak astitva siddha hotA hai| (3) jIva kA svatantra mahattva : harivaMza purANa ke varNanAnusAra jIva svayaM karma karatA hai, svayaM usakA phala bhogatA hai, svayaM saMsAra meM ghUmatA hai aura svayaM usase mukta hotA hai| padma purANa ke ullekhAnusAra yaha jIva Ayu, strI, mitrAdi iSTajana, 1. mahA 24 / 103-108 dhavalA 1 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 81-82; phUlacanda-zramaNa, AtmavAda, ludhiyAnA, 1665, pR0 116 3. mahA 5150-70 4. svayaM karma karotyAtmA svayaM tatphalamaznute / svayaM bhrAmyati saMsAre svayaM tasmAdvimucyate // harivaMza 58/12

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340 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mAtA, pitA, dhana aura bhAI Adi ko tyAga kara akelA hI jAtA hai| kyoMki yaha jIva akelA hI utpanna hokara mRtyu bhI ekAkI prApta karatA hai / yaha prANI jisa yoni meM janma grahaNa karatA hai, usI se vaha sneha bhI karane lagatA hai| isa loka tathA paraloka sambandhI apAyoM se AtmA kI surakSA hI AtmA kA pAlana karanA hai|' jIvoM ke pariNAma manda, madhyama aura tIvra hote haiM, isalie hetu meM bheda hone se Asrava bhI manda, madhyama aura tIvra hotA hai / mahA purANa meM AtmA se kahA gayA hai ki he Atman / tU AtmA ke hitakara mokSa mArga meM durAtmatA ko tyAga kara apane AtmA ke dvArA apane hI AtmA meM paramAtmA rUpa apane AtmA ko hI svIkAra kara / / (4) jIva aura AtmA : mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki jisameM cetanA pAyI jAe vaha jIva kA bodhaka hai / vaha anAdi, nidhana, jJAtA, draSTA, kartA, bhoktA aura zarIra ke pramANa ke barAbara hai| AtmA hai, kyoMki usameM jJAna kA sadbhAva hai, AtmA anya janma grahaNa karatA hai kyoMki usakA smaraNa banA rahatA hai aura AtmA sarvajJa hai, kyoMki jJAna meM vRddhi dekhI jAtI hai / padma purANa ke varNanAnusAra-ananta darzana, ananta jJAna, anantavIrya aura anantasukha-yaha catuSTaya AtmA kA nija svarUpa hai| harivaMza purANa meM ullikhita hai ki icchA, dveSa, prayatna, sukha aura duHkha--ye saba cidAtmaka haiM, ye hI jIva ke lakSaNa haiM kyoMki inase hI jIva kI pahacAna hotI hai| 1. jIvitaM...... jIvo'yamekakaH / padma 31 / 145 2. eka eva bhavabhRtprajAyate mRtyumeti punareka eva tu / harivaMza 63 / 82 3. padma 77 / 68 4. AtrikAmutrikApAyAt parirakSaNamAtmanaH / AtmAnupAlanaM nAma tadi dAnI vivapmahe / / mahA 42 / 113 harivaMza 58 / 83 6. AtmaMstvaM paramAtmAnam AtmanyAtmAnamAtmanA / hitvA durAtmatAmAtyanIne'dhvani caran kuru // mahA 46 / 215 7. caitanAlakSaNo jIvaH so'nAdinidhanasthitiH / jJAtA draSTA ca kartA ca bhoktA dehapramANakaH // mahA 24 / 62 8. astyAtmA bodhasadbhAvAtparajanmAsti tatsmRteH / sarvaviccasti dhIvRddhestvadupajJabhida trayam / / mahA 541265 anantaM darzanaM jJAnaM vIryaM ca sukhameva ca / AtmanaH svabhidaM rUpaM tacca siddheSu vidyate / / padma 105 / 161 10. icchA dvaiSaH prayatnazca sukhaM duHkhaM cidAtmakam / Atmano liGgametena liGgayate cetano yataH // harivaMza 58 / 23

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dhArmika vyavasthA 341 gati, indriya, kAya, yoga, veda, kaSAya, jJAna, saMyama, darzana, lezyA, bhavyatva, samyaktva, saMjJitva aura AhAra-ina caudaha mArgaNAoM se jIva kA anveSaNa yA svarUpa jAnane kA vidhAna jaina purANoM meM upalabdha hai| mithyAdRSTi Adi caudaha guNasthAnoM se usakA ullekha huA hai| sat, saMkhyA, kSetra, sparzana, kAla, bhAva, antara evaM alpabahutva-ina ATha anuyogoM aura pramANa, naya, nikSepa evaM nirdeza Adi dvArA jIva tattva ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa karanA caahie|' jJeya aura dRzya svabhAvoM meM jIva kA jo apanI zakti se pariNamana hotA hai vaha upayoga kahalAtA hai, yahI jIva kA svarUpa hai / jJAna darzana ke bhedAnusAra upayoga do prakAra kA hotA hai : (1) jJAnopayoga-yaha sAkAra (vikalpasahita) padArtha kA jJAna rakhatA hai| mati, zruti, avadhi, manaHparyAya, kevala jJAna, kumati, kuzruta evaM kuavadhi Adi bheda se yaha ATha prakAra kA hotA hai| (2) darzanopayoga-yaha anAkAra (vikalparahita) padArtha kA jAnakAra hai / yaha cakSu, acakSu, avadhi evaM kevala ke bheda se cAra prakAra kA hotA hai / __ utpAda, vyaya evaM dhrauvya se yukta, guNavAn, svakarmaphala kA bhoktA, jJAtA, sukha-duHkha Adi se yukta cAroM yoniyoM meM bhramaNa karane vAlA, samyaktva Adi ATha guNoM se yukta jIva kA ullekha mahA purANa meM huA hai| isI se isakA svarUpa jAnanA caahie|' padma purANa ke varNanAnusAra yaha jIva bAlU ke kaNa, sUrya evaM candra ko kiraNa evaM AkAza ke samAna ananta hai, yaha akSaya hai / upazAmika kSAyika, kSAyopazamika, audayaka aura pariNAmika-ye pA~ca bhAva jIva ke nija tattva mahA purANa meM varNita haiM, ina guNoM se jIva ko jAnA jAtA hai| ukta purANa meMpRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati-ye pA~ca sthAvara aura eka trasa-kula chaH jIvoM ke nikAya ullikhita haiM / 1. mahA 24165-68; harivaMza 58 / 36-38; padma 2 / 156-160 2. vahI 24 / 101; padma 105 / 147-148 3. vahI 71 / 164-166 4. jIvarAzirananto'yaM vidyate nAsya saMjJayaH / dRSTAntaH sikatAkAzacandrAdityakarAdikaH // padma 31 / 16 5. tasyopazAmiko bhASaH kSAyiko mizra eva ca // sva tattvamudayotthazca pAriNAmika ityapi / nizcito yo guNairebhiH sa jIva iti lakSyatAm // mahA 24 / 66-100 6. pRthivyApazca tejazca mAtarizvA vanaspatiH / zeSAsrasAzca jIvAnAM nikAyAH SaTprakIttitAH // padma 105 / 141

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (5) jIva : prakAra evaM svarUpa : jIva Adi padArthoM kA yathArtha svarUpa hI tattva kA bodhaka hai / yaha tattva hI samyagjJAna kA aMga (kAraNa) hai aura yahI jIvoM kI mukti kA aMga hai / sAmAnyataH tattva eka prakAra kA hotA hai, kintu jIva evaM ajIva ke bheda se do prakAra kA hotA hai / jIvoM ke saMsArI jIva evaM mukta jIva ke bhedAnusAra tattva ke bhI saMsArI jIva, mukta jIva evaM ajIva bheda nirmita hue / saMsArI jIva ke do prabheda haiM : bhavya jIva aura abhavya jIva / isa prakAra tattva ke - mukta jIva, bhavya jIva, abhavyajIva, ajIva Adi- cAra bheda mAne gaye haiM / anya dRSTi se jIva ke do bheda hue mukta jIva aura saMsArI jIva / isI prakAra ajIva ke do bheda : mUrtika ajIva aura amUrtika ajIva haiM / ataeva jIva aura ajIva ke bhedoM ko milA dene se tattva ke cAra bheda hue / paMca astikAyoM (jIva, pudgala, AkAza, dharma evaM adharma ) ke bheda tattva ke pA~ca bheda hote haiM / isameM kAla ko sammilita karane para tattva ke chaH bheda ho jAte / isa prakAra tattva ke aneka bheda ho sakate haiM / 342 (i) saMsArI jIva aura unake bheda : saMsArI jIva ke sAmAnyatayA do bheda haiM - ( 1 ) sthAvara, (2) tasa / padma purANa meM vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai / 2 vanaspatikAyika, pRthvIkAyika Adi sthAvara evaM zeSa tasa nAma se sambodhita hote haiM jo sparzana, rasana, ghrANa, cakSu aura karNa Adi pA~ca indriyoM se yukta haiM inheM paJcendriya abhidhA se abhihita karate haiM / potaja, aNDaja evaM jarAyuja jIvoM ko garbhajanmA, devoM tathA nArakiyoM ko upapAda - janmA aura zeSa ko sammUrcchana - janmA saMjJA se abhihita karate haiM / janma ke AdhAra para inake tIna bheda haiM, parantu tIvra kleza se janma hone ke kAraNa yoniyA~ aneka kathita haiM / audArika, vaikriyika, AhAraka, taijasa tathA kArmaNa - ye pA~ca zarIra hote haiM / ye zarIra Age calakara sUkSmatara hote jAte haiM / audArika, vaikriyika, zarIra pradezoM kI apekSA uttarottara asaMkhyAta guNita haiM / taijasa evaM zarIra uttarottara adhika guNita haiM aura jIvoM ke sAtha anAdikAla se pA~coM zarIroM meM eka sAtha kevala cAra zarIra taka ho sakate haiM / 1. mahA 24 / 86 - 61; padma 2 / 155 - 160, 105 / 145 - 148; tulanIya - tattvArthasUtra 2110-14; dhavalA 6 / 4 / 1 / 45, 6 / 4 / 1176-77; paMcAstikAya 37 / 66 | 106-122; uttarAdhyayana 36 / 48 padma 2 / 156 - 166, 105 / 146-153 2. AhAraka Adi kArmaNa - ye do saMlagna haiM / ina

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dhArmika vyavasthA . 343 harivaMza purANa ke anusAra caudaha mArgiNA sthAna, caudaha guNa sthAna aura caudaha jIva samAsa dvArA jIva dravya kA jJAna hotA hai|' jaina purANoM ke anusAra sAMsArika jIva ke bhavyAbhavya, sUkSma, sthUla, paryAptaka, aparyAptaka, saMjJI-asaMjJI Adi bheda upalabdha hote haiM, parantu siddha jIva ina bhedoM se rahita haiN|2 pramANa, naya, nikSepa, sat, saMkhyA, nirdeza aura caudaha mArgaNAoM Adi se saMsArI jIva kA nirdhAraNa karanA caahie|' saMsArI jIva kevala duHkha kA hI anubhava karate haiM / paJcendriyoM ke viSayoM se jo sukha hotA hai unheM saMsArI jIva bhramavaza sukha samajhatA hai| mahA purANa meM vivRta hai ki jo ATha karmoM se baddha haiM unheM saMsArI jIva kA nAma pradatta kiyA gayA hai| isI purANa meM ullikhita hai ki basakAya, vanaspatikAya, pRthvIkAya, jalakAya, vAyukAya aura agnikAya-ina chaH se jIva kA nirmANa hotA hai| saMsArI jIva sukha upalabdhi kI icchA se indriyajanita jJAna, darzana, vIrya, sukha aura sundaratA ko zarIra rUpI ghara meM hI anubhava karane kA prayatna karatA hai / jaina purANoM meM vivecita hai ki abhavya jIva muktipradAyaka zakti se rahita hai aura bhavya jIva ko mukti prApta hotI hai| padma purANa meM prANiyoM kI dazAe~uttama, madhyama evaM jaghanya-tIna prakAra kI varNita haiN| unameM se abhavya jIva kI dazA jaghanya hai, bhavya kI madhyama hai aura siddhoM kI uttama hai| 1. harivaMza 2 / 107 2. padma 105 / 144-148; harivaMza 3 / 101-106; mahA 24187-60 3. pramANanayanikSepasatsaMkhyAdikimAdibhiH / saMsArI pratipattavyo mukto'pinijasadguNaiH // harivaMza 58 / 38; mahA 24 / 68 tatra saMsArijIvAnAM kevalaM duHkhavedinAm / sukhaM saMjJAvamUDhAnAM tatraiva viSayodbhave // padma 2 / 161 5. baddhaM saMsAriNaM prAhustairmukto mukta issyte| mahA 67 / 5 nasAn haritakAthAMzca pRthivyAppavanAnalAn / jIvakAyAnapApebhyeste sma rakSanti yatnataH // mahA 34 / 164 saMsArIndriyavijJAnadRgvIryasukhacArutAH / tanvAvAsau ca nirveSTu yatate sukhalipsayAH // mahA 42 // 54 8. siddhizaktivinirmuktA abhavyAH parikIrtitAH // bhaviSyatsiddhayo jIvA bhavyaza damupAzritAH // padma 105 / 203 sadRSTijJAnacAritra..... abhavyAstadvilakSaNAH / harivaMza 3 / 101 6. sthitayastisra ...... jinedizA / padma 31 / 10-11

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana harivaMza purANa ke anusAra abhavya jIva rAzi kA saMsAra sAgara vyakti tathA samUha donoM kI apekSA ananta hai|' ukta purANa meM saMsArI jIva ke saMyata, saMyatAsaMyata aura asaMyata bhedAnusAra tIna prakAra upalabdha hote haiM / mahA purANa meM jJAnAvaraNAdi nAmaka saMsArI jIva ke ATha mUla karma kA ullekha huA hai aura isake eka sau ar3atAlIsa (148) upabheda haiM, inhIM se Abaddha hone ke kAraNa jIva kA nAmakaraNa saMsArI jIva huA hai| (ii) mukta yA siddha jIva : jaina purANoM meM siddha jIva ke viSaya meM varNita hai ki samyakdarzana, samyagjJAna evaM samyak-cAritya rUpI upAya dvArA jinhoMne svayaM ko isa prakAra suyogya nirmita kara mukti ko prApta kara liyA hai tathA jo svarUpa ko prApta kara siddhikSetra loka ke agrabhAga para tanuvAtavalaya meM sthita ho gaye haiM, ve siddha nAmaka saMjJA se abhihita hote haiM / pA~ca prakAra kA jJAnAvaraNa, nau prakAra kA darzanAvaraNa, sAtA-asAtA vedanIya, aTThAisa mohanIya, cAra Ayu, bayAlIsa nAma, do gotra, pA~ca antarAya karma, ATha guNa (samyaktva, ananta-kevalajJAna, ananta-darzana, ananta-vIrya, atyanta-sUkSmatva, svAbhAvika avagAhanatva, avyAbAdha anantasukha aura agurulaghu), asaMkhyAta pradezI, amUrtika, nyUna zarIrI, AkAza ke samAna, duHkhoM se rahita, aparivartanIya Adi sukha svarUpa hote haiN| __ padma purANa ke anusAra ye tIna loka ke zikhara para virAjamAna, AtmA ke svarUpabhUta sthiti se yukta, mokSa sukha ke AdhAra; kevalajJAna, kevaladarzana, avagAhana, amUrtika, sUkSmatva, asaMkhyAtapradezI, aparimita, dhArmika, siddha-dhAraka Adi guNoM se saMyukta hote haiN| 1. anAdirapi cAnanta : santanAd vyaktito'pi ca / abhavyajIvarAzInAM bhavavyasanasAgaraH // harivaMza 3 / 106 2. harivaMza 378 3. mahA 67 / 5-6 4. sadgbodhakriyopAyasAdhitopeyasiddhayaH / viyuktA paJcabhirmuktAH parivartaH sukhAtmakAH // harivaMza 3167-77; padma 105 / 203, mahA 24167, 71 / 166-167 5. sthitAMsra lokyazikhare svayaM prmbhaasvre| sarvAn vandAmahe siddhAna sarvasiddhisamAvahAn // padma 48 / 200-207

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dhArmika vyavasthA mahA purANa meM mukta jIva kA jo sukha hai, vaha atulya antarAya se rahita evaM Atyantika (antAtIta) hotA hai / jo ATha prakAra ke karmoM se mukta haiM, unheM mukta jIva saMjJA se sambodhita karate haiM / 2 padma purANa meM vivecita hai ki sAdhAraNa manuSyoM kI apekSA rAjA, rAjAoM kI apekSA cakravartI, cakravartiyoM kI apekSA vyantaradeva, vyantaradevoM kI apekSA jyotiSadeva, jyotiSadevoM kI apekSA kalyANavAsI deva, kalyANavAsI devoM kI apekSA graiveyakavAsI, graiveyakavAsiyoM kI apekSA anuttaravAsI, anuttaravAsiyoM kI apekSA anantAnanta guNita sukhI siddha jIva haiN| siddha jIvoM ke sukha se utkRSTa dUsarA sukha nahIM hai|' (iii) saMsArI jIva kI gatiyA~ : jaina purANoM ke anusAra prANI karmodaya ke vazIbhUta hokara sthAvara tathA basakAyoM athavA narakAdi caturgatiyoM meM kleza bhogate hue bhramaNa karate rahate haiN| ina prANiyoM kA caurAsI lAkha kuyoniyoM tathA aneka kulakoTiyoM meM nirantara bhramaNa karane kA ullekha harivaMza purANa meM upalabdha hai / " isI lie apane karmoM ke anusAra dhanI, nirdhana, kor3hI Adi hote haiM / yaha jIva apane-apane yogya sthAnoM meM eka sau bIsa kArya prakRtiyoM se sadA ba~dhA rahatA hai| inhIM prakRtiyoM ke kAraNa yaha jIva gati Adi paryAyoM meM bAra-bAra ghUmatA rahatA hai| kintu mukta hone ke uparAnta use punaH ina yoniyoM meM na paribhramaNa karanA par3atA hai aura na hI punaH karmoM se kisI bhI sthiti meM baddha honA par3atA hai|| [ba] ajIva dravya : jina dravyoM meM caitanya kA abhAva hai unheM ajIva dravya kI abhidhA pradAna kiyA gayA hai / isake pA~ca prakAra haiM-pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza tathA kAla / 1. muktasyAtulamatyantarAyamAtyantikaM sukham / mahA 67 / 10 / 2. saMsArI mukta ityAtmA prAhustairmuktI mukta iSyate / mahA 67 / 5 3. padma 105 / 18-160; tulanIya-uttarAdhyayana 36 / 56, 36 / 65 4. harivaMza 18153; padma 5 // 330-332 5. kuyonyazItilakSAsu cturbhydhikaasvmii| anekakulakoTISu babhramyante tanUbhRtaH // harivaMza 1856 6. padma 14136-41 7. sa vizatizatenAryakarmaNAM svocite pade / jantustairdhamyate bhUyo bhUyo gatyAdiparyayaH / / mahA 62 / 311-312 8, ajIvalakSaNaM tattvaM paJcava prapaJcyate / dharmAdharmAvathAkAzaM kAlaH pudgala ityapi // mahA 24 / 132; padma 2 / 157; harivaMza 58153

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (1) pudagala : mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki paMcendriyoM meM se kisI bhI indriya ke dvArA jisakA yathArtha jJAna ho use mUrtika saMjJA pradatta hai| pudgala ke atirikta anya kisI padArtha kA indriyoM ke dvArA spaSTa jJAna nahIM hotA, isalie pudgala dravya mUrtika hai aura zeSa dravya amUrtika haiN| isameM varNa, gandha, rasa tathA sparza kA anubhava hone ke kAraNa isakA nAmakaraNa pudgala huA hai / pUraNa (anya paramANuoM kA Akara milanA) aura galana (pUrva ke paramANuoM kA bichur3a jAnA) svabhAva hone se pudgala nAma sArthaka hai| isake do bheda haiM-paramANu aura skandha (sthUla): (i) paramANu : kisI vastu ke sarvAdhika laghu evaM avibhAjya kaNa ko paramANu kahate haiN| atyanta sUkSma hone ke kAraNa indriyoM dvArA inakA jJAna nahIM hotA hai / isa prakAra ke paramANu nitya aura gola hote haiM tathA paryAyoM kI apekSA anitya bhI hote haiN| harivaMza purANa meM vivecita hai ki jo Adi, madhya evaM anta se rahita, akhaNDanIya, atIndriya, mUrta hone para bhI apradeza-advitIyaka pradezoM se rahita haiM, use paramANu saMjJA se abhihita karate haiN| isI purANa meM ullekha AyA hai ki paramANu eka kAla meM eka rasa, eka varNa, eka gandha, paraspara bAdhita na hone ke kAraNa do sparzoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai, abhedya hai, zabda kA kAraNa hai aura svayaM zabda se rahita hai| paramANu / ke chaH bheda haiM-sUkSmasUkSma (skandha se pRthak rahane vAlA), sUkSma (karmoM ke skandha), sUkSmasthUla (zabda, sparza, rasa tathA gandha); sthUlasUkSma (chAyA cA~danI Atapa Adi), sthUla (pAnI Adi tarala padArtha) aura sthUlasthUla (pRthvI aadi)| (ii) skandha : snigdha aura rukSa aNuoM ke samudAya ko skandha kathita hai| pudgala dravya kA prasAra do paramANu vAle dvayaNuka skandha se anantAnanta paramANuka mahAskandha taka hotA hai| chAyA, Atapa, andhakAra, cA~danI Adi isake vibhinna paryAya haiN| 1. mahA 24 / 144 2. vahI 24 / 145; harivaMza 58155-56 3. vahI 24 / 146; vahI 58 / 55-56 4. vahI 24 / 148 5. harivaMza 7 / 32 6. vahI 7 / 33; tulanIya-uttarAdhyayana 28 / 12, 36 / 11-15; tattvArthasUtra 5 / 11 7. mahA 24 / 146-153 8. vahI 24 / 146-147; harivaMza 58 / 55-56, 7 / 36

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dhArmika vyavasthA (2) dharma : jaina purANoM meM varNita hai ki jo jIva aura pudgaloM ke gamana meM sahAyaka ho use dharma kahate haiN| udAharaNArtha, machalI ke calane meM jala sahAyaka hotA hai; use prerita nahIM karatA usI prakAra dharma bhI gamana meM sahAyaka hotA hai, utprerita nahIM krtaa| 3) adharma : jo pUrvavat jIva aura pudgala ko sthita hone meM sahayogI kAraNa ho use adharma dravya kahate haiN| udAharaNArtha, vRkSa kI chAyA puruSa ko ThaharAtI hai, usa vyakti ko prerita nahIM krtii| usI prakAra adharma bhI adharma sthira (rukane) kA kAraNa hotA hai, use preraNA nahIM dete / 2 dharma aura adharma donoM hI dravya apanI icchA se gamana karate haiM aura Thaharate hue jIva tathA pudgala ke gamana karane aura Thaharane meM sahAyaka hokara pravRtta hote haiM, svayaM kisI ke preraka nahIM hote haiN|' (4) AkAza : jaina purANoM meM ullekha AyA hai ki jo jIvAdi padArthoM ko Thaharane ke lie sthAna pradAna karatA hai, use AkAza kI saMjJA pradatta hai / vaha AkAza sparzarahita, amUrtika, sarvatra vyApta aura kriyArahita hai| (5) kAla : Alocita jaina purANoM ke varNanAnusAra rUpa, rasa, gandha tathA sparza se rahita va laghutA tathA gurutA aura vartanA lakSaNa ko kAla kahate haiN| yaha vartanA kAla tathA kAla se bhinna jIva Adi padArthoM ke Azraya rahatI hai aura saba padArthoM kA jo apane-apane guNa tathA paryAya rUpa pariNamana hotA hai usameM sahakArI kAraNa hotI hai jisa prakAra kumhAra ke cakra bhramaNa meM usake nIce lagI huI kIla kAraNa hotI hai, usI prakAra kAladravya bhI saba padArthoM ke parivartana meM kAraNa hotA hai| harivaMza purANa ke anusAra paraspara ke praveza se rahita kAlANu pRthak-pRthak samasta loka ko vyApta kara rAzi rUpa meM sthita hai / vahiraMga nimitta kAla dravya hai / bhUta, bhaviSya evaM vartamAna rUpa-tIna prakAra kA samaya hone se ve kAlANu tIna prakAra ke mAnya haiM aura ananta samaya ke utpAdaka hone se ananta bhI kahe jAte haiM / kAraNabhUta 1. mahA 24 / 133-135; harivaMza 58154 2. vahI 24 / 133-137; vahI 58154 3. gatisthitimatAmetau gatisthityorupagrahe / dharmAdhamau pravartete na svayaM prerako matau // mahA 24 / 134 4. mahA 24 / 138; harivaMza 58 / 54 5. vahI 24 / 136-140; vahI 7 / 1, 58 / 56; padma 20173-82

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348 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kAlANuoM se samaya kI utpatti hotI hai|' kAla ke bheda : isake do prakAra haiM-vyavahAra kAla aura nizcayakAla / vyavahAra kAla se hI nizcaya kAla kA nirNaya hotA hai, kyoMki mukhya padArtha ke rahate hue hI vAhnIka Adi gauNa padArthoM kI pratIti hotI hai / 2 lokAkAza ke pratyeka pradeza para sthita lokapramANa (asaMkhyAta) apane aNuoM se isakA jJAna hotA hai aura kAla ke ve aNu ratnoM kI rAzi ke samAna paraspara meM eka dUsare se nahIM milate, saba pRthak-pRthak hI rahate haiN|' paraspara meM pradezoM ke na milane se yaha kAla dravya kA nAmakaraNa akAya (pradezI) huA hai| ___ kAla ke anya bheda ke anusAra yaha do prakAra kA hotA hai : saMkhyAta (saMkhyeya) kAla aura asaMkhyAta (asaMkhyeya) kAla / saMkhyAta kAla kI saMkhyA yA samaya nizcita rahatA hai, udAharaNArtha, mAsa, varSa, aTTa aadi| parantu jo varSoM kI saMkhyA se rahita hai use asaMkhyeya kAla kahate haiM, udAharaNArtha, palya, sAgarakalpa tathA ananta Adi / ' 3. saptatattva evaM nau padArtha : jaina purANoM meM sapta tattva evaM nau padArthoM kI vivecanA adholikhita prakAra se kI gayI hai : [i] tattva kA artha : tad zabda se tva pratyaya hone para tattva zabda nirmita huA hai| tattva kA artha kisI vastu kA bhAva yA dharma kathita hai| jisa vastu kA jo bhAva hai vaha usakA tattva hai| prayojanabhUta vastu ke svabhAva se tattva kA bodha hotA hai / paramArtha meM eka zuddhAtmA hI prayojanabhUta tattva hai / vaha saMsArAvasthA meM karmoM se ba~dhA huA hai / usako usa bandhana se mukta karanA iSTa hai| . [ii] tattva : prakAra evaM svarUpa : jaina darzana meM sAta tattva mAnya haiM : (1) jIva; (2) ajIva, (3) Asrava, (4) bandha, (5) saMvara, (6) nirjarA aura (7) mokss| inameM pApa aura puNya ko sammilita karane para unheM nau padArtha 1. harivaMza 77-11 2. mahA 24 / 141 3. vahI 24 / 142 4. vahI 24 / 143 5. harivaMza 7 / 16-31; mahA 3 / 222-227 6. tad bhAvastattvam / sarvArdha siddhi 2 / 1 / 150 / 11 7. jIvAjIvAsravabandhasaMvaranirjarAmokSAstattvam / tattvArthasUtra 14

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dhArmika vyavasthA sambodhita karate haiN| ye tattva kevala jIva aura pudgala rUpa haiM, kyoMki yathArthataH apane dravya kSetrAdi ke dvArA kartA tathA karma ke anyatva haiM ananyatva nahIM hai| AsravAdi (pA~ca yA sAta tattva) jIva va ajIva ke paryAya haiN| jIva aura ajIva tattvoM kI vivecanA pUrva hI kara cuke haiN| yahA~ para anya tattvoM kI vivecanA prastuta hai| (sa) Asrava : karmoM ke Ane ko Asrava kahate haiN| isake dvArA karma pudgaloM kA AsravaNa hotA hai| zarIradhArI jIva kI mAnasika, vAcanika aura kAyika kriyAe~ karma pudgaloM ko AkRSTa karatI haiN| mana, vacana, kAya kI kriyA ko yoga kahate haiN| yoga hI Asrava kA kAraNa hone se Asrava kathita hai| harivaMza purANa meM kAya, vacana aura mana kI kriyA ko yoga abhidhA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / vaha yoga hI Asrava kahalAtA hai| isake zubha yoga zubhAsrava aura azubhayoga azubhAsrava ke kAraNa hote haiN| isI purANa ke anusAra Asrava ke svAmI do haiM : sakaSAya (kaSAyasahita) aura akaSAya (kaSAyarahita) / isI prakAra Asrava ke bhI do bheda haiM-sAmparAyika Asrava aura IryApatha Asrava / mithyAdRSTi se sUkSmakaSAya guNasthAna taka ke jIva sakaSAya haiM aura ve prathama sAmparAyika Asrava ke svAmI haiM tathA upazAntakazAya se sayoga kevalI taka ke jIva akaSAya haiM aura ve IryApatha Asrava ke svAmI haiN| pAMca indriyA~, cAra kaSAya, hiMsA Adi pA~ca avrata aura paccIsa kriyAe~--ye sAmparAyika Asrava ke dvAra haiN|' paccIsa kriyAe~ isa prakAra haiM-samyaktva, mithyAtva, prayoga, samAdAna, IryApatha, prAdoSikI, kAyikI, kriyAdhikAriNI, pAritApikI, prANAtipAtikI, darzana, sparzana, pratyAyikI, samantAnupAtinI, anAbhoga, svahasta, nisarga, vidAraNa, AjJA vyApAdikI, anAkA~kSA, prArambha, pArigrAhikI, mAyA, mithyA aura apratyAkhyAna / jIvoM ke pariNAma manda, madhyama evaM tIvra hone se Asrava bhI manda, madhyama evaM 1. niyamasAra 5 / 12 / 1; uttarAdhyayana 28 / 14 2. paJcAdhyAyI 3 / 152 3. paMcAstikAya 128-130 4. harivaMza 58 / 57 5. vahI 58158-60 6. vahI 58 / 61-82

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350 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana tIvra hote haiM / Asrava ke do bheda haiM-jIvAdhikaraNa Asrava aura ajIvAdhikaraNa Asrava / (i) jIvAdhikaraNa Asrava : isake prArambha meM tIna bheda-saMrambha, samArambha tathA Arambha haiN| inameM pratyeka ke kRta, kArita, anumoditA (manoyoga, vacanayoga, kAyayoga) aura kaSAya (krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobha)--kula nava paraspara guNita hone para chattIsa-chattIsa bheda hote haiN| tInoM ko saMyukta karane se kula eka sau ATha bheda hote haiN| ii) ajIvAdhikaraNa Asrava : do prakAra kI nirvartanA (mUla tathA uttara), cAra prakAra kA nikSepa (sahasA, duSpramRSTa, anAbhoga tathA apratyavekSita), do prakAra kA saMyoga (bhaktapAna tathA upakaraNa), tIna prakAra kA nisarga (vAk, mana, tathA kAya) ye ajIvAdhikaraNa Asrava ke bheda mAne gaye haiN|' (da) bandha : jIva aura karma ke paraspara sambandha hone ko bandha kahate haiN| mahA purANa meM mithyAdarzana, avira ti, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga ko bandhana kA kAraNa kathita hai| padma purANa meM varNita hai ki krodha, mAna, mAyA tathA lobha-ye cAra kaSAya mahAzatru haiM / jIva saMsAra meM inake dvArA bhramaNa karatA hai / Asrava aura bandha saMsAra ke kAraNa haiN| karmasiddhAnta viSayaka prakaraNa meM isakA vistArazaH vivecana prastuta kiyA jAyegA / Asrava aura bandha saMsAra ke kAraNa haiN| (ya) saMvara : Asrava kA ruka jAnA saMvara hai / isake do bheda haiM : bhAva saMvara evaM dravya sNvr| (i) bhAvasaMvara : saMsAra kI kAraNabhUta kriyAoM kA avaruddha honA bhAva saMvara hai| (ii) dravyasaMvara : karma rUpa pudgala dravya ke grahaNa kA viccheda honA dravyasaMvara hai / tIna gupti, pA~ca samiti, dasa dharma, bAraha anuprekSA, pA~ca cAritra aura bAIsa 1. harivaMza 58 / 83 2. vahI 5884-85 3. vahI 5886-60 4. mahA 17 / 22; mahA puroNa, bhAga 2, pR0 464 5. padma 14 / 110 tulanIya--dazavakAlika 8 / 36-38

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dhArmika vyavasthA 351 pariSahajanya-ye saMvara ke kAraNa haiM / ' karma siddhAnta meM isakA vizeSa vivaraNa upalabdha hogaa| (ra) nirjarA : harivaMza purANa meM ullikhita hai ki vipAka aura tapa se karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai| isI AdhAra para isake do bheda kiye gaye haiM : vipAkajA nirjarA evaM avipAkajA nirjraa| (i) vipAkajA nirjarA-jIva kA karma jaba phala dekara svayaM samApta-asambaddha ho jAye, taba use vipAkajA nirjarA saMjJA pradAna karate haiN| (ii) avipAkajA nirjarA : nizcita samaya se pUrva japa-tapa Adi udIraNA dvArA kI gayI nirjarA ko avipAkajA nirjarA nAma se sambodhita karate haiN| ukta purANa meM ullekha AyA hai ki nirjarA ke sAtha-sAtha saMvara ke ho jAne para svakRta karmoM kA kSaya kara jIva siddha ho jAtA hai| prakArAntara se nirjarA ke do bheda isa prakAra haiM--(1) anubandhitI nirjarA-jina karmoM ke uparAnta punaH karmoM kA bandha hotA rahatA hai, use anubandhinI nirjarA saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai / (2) niranubandhinI nirjarA-jisa nirjarA ke bAda pUrvakRta karma bikharate to haiM, parantu navIna karmoM kA bandha nahIM hotA hai, use niranubandhinI nirjarA nAma pradatta hai / anubandhinI nirjarA ke do upabheda haiM-akuzalAnubandhinI nirjarA-narakAdi gatiyo meM jo pratisamaya karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai, usakA bodha akuzalAnubandhinI nirjarA se hotA hai aura kuzalAnubandhinI nirjarA-saMyama ke prabhAva se deva Adi gatiyoM meM jo nirjarA hotI hai, vaha kuzalAnubandhinI nirjarA kI bodhaka hai|' karmasiddhAnta meM isakA bhI vistRta varNana samupalabdha hogaa| (la) mokSa : sAMsArika mAyA-moha ke kAraNa manuSya apanI AtmA kI saMtuSTi ke lie dharmAdharma kA vicAra na karate hue aneka prakAra ke kAryoM ko karatA hai| vaha apane karmaphaloM ko bhogatA hai aura use saMsAra ke AvAgamana se mukti nahIM milatI hai| aisI sthiti meM hamAre cintakoM evaM manISiyoM ne saMsAra kI nazvaratA evaM manuSya ke bhautika klezoM ko dekhakara inase chuTakArA pAne ke sAdhanoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| isI prakAra jaina purANoM meM isa sandarbha meM vistArazaH vivaraNa nimnavat upalabdha hotA hai : . 1. harivaMza 58 / 266-302, 63286; tulanIya-mUlAcAra 241 tathA 743 2. vahI 58 / 263-265 3. vahI 63 / 86-87

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (i) mahattva : jaina purANoM meM jIvana kI antima pariNati mokSa ko mAnA hai / isakI mahattA pratipAdita karate hue harivaMza purANa meM isa saMdarbha meM ullekha AyA hai ki sampatti hAthI ke kAna ke samAna caMcala hai, saMyoga priyajanoM ke viyoga se duHkhadAyI hai aura jIvana-maraNa ke duHkha se nIrasa hai / eka mokSa hI avinAzI hai / isalie mokSa prApti kA upAya karanA cAhie / anyatra ullikhita hai ki nirgrantha mudrA ke dhAraka muni ke bandha ke kAraNoM kA abhAva tathA nirjarA ke dvArA jo samasta karmoM kA atyanta kSaya hotA hai, vaha mokSa kA bodhaka hai / 2 352 (ii) mokSa prApti ke sAdhana : Alocya jaina purANoM meM mokSa prApti ke vibhinna upAyoM kA ullekha huA hai / caturtha zukladhyAna ke dvArA mokSa hotA hai aura mokSa hone se jIva ko siddha sambodhita karane kA varNana mahA purANa meM upalabdha hotA hai / sampUrNa karmoM ke kSaya ho jAne se mokSa kA bodha hotA hai aura eka deza kA kSaya honA nirjarA kA bodhaka hai / harivaMza purANa meM dharma ko mokSa kA kAraNa svIkAra kiyA hai / jaina purANoM ke kathanAnusAra mokSa kA kAraNa to tapazcaraNa hai / " mahA purANa kI mAnyatAnusAra chaH bAhya aura chaH Antarika tapoM ke anantara Ayu ke anta meM mithyAtva avirati, pramAda sakaSAyatA evaM saMyoga kevalI avasthA ko tyAgane ke uparAnta mokSa kI upalabdhi hotI hai / jaina purANoM meM varNita hai ki samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyak cAritya kI ekatA hI mokSa prApti kA sAdhana hai / inameM se kisI eka kI bhI anupalabdhi se mokSa prApti sambhava nahIM hai / " unakA varNana nimnavat hai : (1) samyagdarzana : padma purANa meM varNita hai ki tattvoM kA zraddhAna karanA hI samyagdarzana hai / zaMkA, kAMkSA, vicikitsA, anyadRSTiprazaMsA tathA pratyakSa hI udAra manuSyoM meM doSAdi lagAnA - ye pA~ca samyagdarzana ke aticAra kathita haiM / pariNAmoM kI sampadatra 1. 2. 3. mahA 67 / 8-6 4. dharma eSa jinabhASitaH zivaprAptihetuvadhAdilakSaNaH / harivaMza 63360 padma 866, harivaMza 64 / 51 "mokSamakSayamato'rja medabudhaH / harivaMza 63 / 70 * "nirgrantharUpiNaH / harivaMza 58 / 303 bandhahetorabhAvAddhi' 5. 6. mahA 62 / 168 7. padma 105 / 210, 123143-46; mahA 24 120, 74 / 543; tulanIya - tattvArtha sUtra 1 / 1; darzanapAhuDa 30; mokSapAhuDa 34

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dhArmika vyavasthA 353 sthiratA, jinAyatana Adi dharma kSetroM meM ramaNa, uttama bhAvanAe~ tathA zaMkAdi doSoM se rahita - ye saba samyagdarzana ko zuddha karane ke sAdhana haiM / mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki vItarAga, sarvajJadeva, AptoyajJa, Agama aura jIvAdi padArthoM kA atyadhika niSThA se kRta zraddhAna samyagdarzana kA bodhaka hai / jIvAdi sapta tattva, tIna mUr3hatA tathA ATha aMga sahita yathArtha zraddhAna karanA samyagdarzana hai / prazama, saMvega, astikAya aura anukampA - ye cAra isake guNa haiM aura zraddhA, ruci, sparza aura pratyaya -- ye cAra usake paryAya haiM / isake - niHzaMkita, niHkAMkSitA, nirvicikitsA, amUDhadRSTi, upagUhana, vAtsalya, sthitikaraNa aura prabhAvanA - ATha aMga haiM / isakI sampannatA se jIvoM ko isa saMsAra meM sarvasva kI upalabdhi hotI hai / " ( 2 ) samyagjJAna : sarvajJa ke zAsana meM kathita vidhi kA jJAna hI samyagjJAna kA bodhaka hai / ( 3 ) samyak cAritra : pUrvokta vidhiyoM ke anukUla AcaraNa ko samyakcAritra nAma pradatta hai / indriya-nigraha, vacana evaM mana para niyaMtraNa, ahiMsA, kAna evaM mana ke AhlAdika, snehapUrNa, madhura, sArthaka tathA kalyANakArI vacana; adatta vastu ke grahaNa meM vacana mana evaM kAya se nivRtti evaM nyAyapUrNa vastu ko grahaNa karanA, brahmacarya, dAna, vinaya, niyama, zIla, jJAna, dayA, dama tathA mokSArtha dhyAna Adi samyakcAritra saMjJA se abhihita kiye jAte haiM / zrAvaka tathA muni ke AcAra para AdhArita samyakcAritra ke do bheda kiye jA sakate haiM / T (iii) phala : mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki upayoga kI zuddhatA se hI jIvabandhana ke kAraNoM ko vinaSTa karatA hai / isake vinAza se use saMvara evaM nirjarA kA anubhava hone lagatA hai / inakI pUrNatA para jIva ko mukti yA mokSa kI upalabdhi hotI hai / padma purANa meM vivRta hai ki samyagdarzanajJAnacAritra kI ArAdhanA ke anantara anta meM samAdhi ke mAdhyama se devatva kI prApti hotI hai / " (iv) tIrthaMkaratva prApti ke sAdhana : tIrthaMkara kI prApti adholikhita solaha 1. mahA 6 / 121-124 2. padma 105 / 215 3. vahI 105 / 215-224 4. mahA 21 / 16 5. padma 6 / 334 23

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354 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana upAyoM ke cintana se hotI hai' : (1) darzanavizuddhi, (2) vinayasampannatA, (3) zIlavrateSvanItacAra, (4) saMvega, (5) tyAga, (6) tapa (7) sAdhusamAdhi, (8) vaiyAvRtya - (6) AvazyakA parihANi, (10) arhadbhakti, (11) AcAryabhakti, (12) bahuzrutabhakti, (13) pravacanabhakti, (14) abhIkSNajJopayoga (15) mArga prabhAvanA evaM (16) pravacanavatsalatva / * tIrthaMkaratva kI prApti se jIva saMsArI avasthA meM bhI bahuta prabhAvazAlI hotA hai / pRthvI svarNamayI ho jAtI hai| tIrthaMkara ke ATha pratihArya aura cauMtisa mahAtizaya prakaTa hote haiM, jo hajAroM sUryoM se bhI atyadhika dedIpyamAna hotA hai / saMsAra meM zAntipUrNa vAtAvaraNa rahatA hai, vyAdhi-vinAzaka, dIpti pradAyaka hai aura indra abhiSeka karate haiM / " jaina dRSTi se pratyeka bhavya jIva meM tIrthaMkaratva prApti kI sAmarthya vidyamAna hotI hai / apanI sAdhanA dvArA vaha tIrthaMkaratva ko prApta kara sakatA hai / (va evaM za) puNya aura pApa : jaina karmavAda ke anusAra saMsAra kA pratyeka kArya karmajanya nahIM hotA balki unameM se kucha ghaTanAe~ paudgalika haiM, kucha kAlajanya, kucha svAbhAvika, kucha Akasmika yA saMyogavaza evaM kucha vaiyaktika athavA sAmAjika prayatnajanya hotI haiM / jaina karmavAda vizuddha vyaktivAdI hai / karma do prakAra ke hote haiM-- zubha aura ashubh| zubha karma se puNya bandha upalabdha hotA hai to azubha karma se pApa / isa prakAra puNya evaM pApa zubha evaM azubha karmoM ke atirikta anya kucha nahIM hai / " mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki samyaktva jJAna, cAritya tathA tapa dvArA puNya kA udaya hotA hai / " isI purANa meM pApa ke viSaya meM ullikhita hai ki mithyAtva, avirati pramAda tathA kaSAya se pApa kA bandha utpanna hotA hai / harivaMza purANa meM pA~ca prakAra ke pApa kA ullekha AyA hai - hiMsA, asatya, corI, kuzIla tathA parigraha / " isa prakAra saptatattvoM meM puNya aura pApa ko saMyukta karane para nau padArtha ho jAte haiM / 1. padma 2 / 162 2. vahI 14 / 261-262 3. vahI 80114-16 4 mohana lAla mehatA -- jaina dharma darzana, vArANasI, 1673, pR0 477-480 5. mahA 74|487 6. mahA 74|486 7. harivaMza 3186

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dhArmika vyavasthA 355 . 4. Izvara : jainI dRSTikoNa : mahA purANa meM Izvara bodhaka paryAyavAcI zabda upalabdha hote haiM-vidhi, sraSTA vidhAtA, deva, purAkRta karma, paramAtmA tathA Izvara / Izvara ke astitva ko jainI svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| jaina purANoM meM Izvara ke jagatakatrtRtva ko mAnyatA . upalabdha nahIM huI hai / jIvAdi padArthoM ko avagAhaprada yaha loka akRtrima, svataH nirmita, nitya, pralaya rahita aura ananta AkAza ke madhya sthita hai| logoM kI isa AzaMkA-'isa loka kA nirmAtA koI na koI avazya hai' kA samAdhAna jaina purANoM meM yuktiyoM sahita pradatta hai| prathama, lokakartA ko svIkAra karane para yaha vicAraNIya hogA ki sRSTi ke pUrva vaha kartA (Izvara) sRSTi ke bAhara kahA~ nivAsa karatA thA ? kisa jagaha baiThakara vaha loka kA sRjana karatA thA ? yadi yaha kahA jAye ki vaha AdhAra rahita aura nitya hai, taba usane isa sRSTi kA nirmANa kaise kiyA aura nirmita kara kahA~ sthAna pradAna kiyA ? dvitIya, Izvara ko nizzarIra mAnane para vaha sraSTA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki eka Izvara bhinna-bhinna saMsAroM kI racanA kisa prakAra kara sakatA hai| zarIra rahita (amUrta) Izvara se mUrta vastuoM kA nirmANa kaise ho sakatA hai ? kyoMki loka meM pratyakSa draSTavya hai ki mUrtika kumhAra se hI mUrtika ghaTaka kI racanA hotI hai| tRtIya, jaba saMsAra meM samasta padArtha kAraNa-sAmagrI ke binA nirmita nahIM kiye jA sakate, taba Izvara usake binA hI loka kI racanA kisa prakAra kara sakegA ? yadi yaha anumAna kara liyA jAya ki prathamataH vaha kAraNa-sAmagrI kA sRjana kara letA hai, tadanantara loka sRSTi karatA hai, to yaha bhI samucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki isameM anavasthA-doSa utpanna ho jAtA hai| yadi kAraNa-sAmagrI svataH nirmita ho jAtI hai, taba yaha bhI svayaM siddha hai, usakA sRjana kisI ne nahIM kiyA hai| yadi Izvara svataH siddha hai, taba loka bhI svayaM siddha hai| yadi yaha svIkAra kara liyA jAya ki Izvara sAmagrI ke binA mAtra icchA zakti se loka sRSTi karatA hai taba yaha yukti zUnya hai / yadi Izvara kRtakRtya hai (saba kAma pUrNa kara cukA hai), to use sRSTi racanA kI icchA hI kyoM hogI? yadi vaha akRtakRtya hai to vaha loka nirmANa meM samartha nahIM ho sakatA, jaise akRtakRtya kumhAra loka sRjana nahIM kara sakatA / Izvara ko amUrtika, niSkriya, vyApI aura vikArarahita svIkAra karane para 1. vidhiH sraSTA vidhAtA ca devaM krmpuraakRtm| __Izvarazceti paryAyA vijeyAH karmavedhasaH // mahA 4 / 37 / / 2. bhagavAn ke cAra ananta catuSTya, 34 atizaya tathA ATha prAtihArya ye 46 guNa haiM / draSTavya-jitendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 1, pR0 141 .

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356 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vaha loka sraSTA nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki loka ko mUrtika nirmita kara sakatA hai jo ki zeSa (bAkI) adhiSThAna meM rAga-dveSAdi vikAra se yukta hokara sakriya ho / yadi Izvara svabhAvataH niSprayojana loka sRSTi karatA hai taba usakI yaha kRti nirarthaka siddha hogI / karmAnusAra yadi Izvara jIvoM kA sRjana karatA hai, taba vaha Izvara nahIM hogA, kyoMki isa prakAra ke kRtyoM se julAhe kI bhAMti vaha parataMtra ho jAyegA / yadi jIva ke karmoM ke anusAra sukha-duHkhAdi svataH utpanna hote rahate haiM to Izvara nimitta mAtra hai, isa sthiti meM Izvara kI puSTi karane kA koI tAtparya nahIM hai / yadi sRSTi ke pUrva jagata thA to svataH siddha vastu ke sRjana meM Izvara ne kyoM vyartha parizrama kiyA ? aura yadi nahIM thA to AkAza kamala ke samAna sarvathA asat usakI racanA kaise ho sakatI hai ? yadi sraSTA Izvara mukta hai to vaha rAga-dveSa se rahita hone ke kAraNa jagata kI sRSTi nahIM karatA aura yadi vaha saMsArI hai to hama logoM ke samAna hI usakA nAmakaraNa Izvara na hogA, taba vaha sRSTi racanA kisa prakAra karegA ? isa saMsAra meM zarIra, indriyAM, sukha-duHkhAdi jitane bhI padArtha dRSTigata hote haiM una saba kI utpatti cetana Atma se sambandhita karmarUpI vidhAtA ke dvArA hI hotI hai / ataeva saMsArI jIva ke AMgopAMga meM jo vicitratA dRSTigocara hotI hai vaha saba nirmANa nAmaka karmarUpI vidhAtA kI kuzalatA se hI utpanna hotI hai / ye saMsArI jIva hI svakarmodaya se prerita hokara zarIra Adi saMsAra kI sRSTi karate haiM / karmarUpI Izvara ke bodhaka - vidhi, sraSTA, vidhAtA, deva, purAkRta karma aura Izvara Adi-: da- zabda paryAyavAcI haiM, inake atirikta anya koI loka sraSTA nahIM hai IzvaravAdI vyakti AkAza Adi kI sRSTi Izvara ke kathana asaMgata pratIta hotA hai haiM / isalie yaha loka kAla Adi-anta se rahita hai / " W 1 saMsAra kI saba kI bhA~ti hI binA mAnate haiM, taba unakA yaha vastue~ Izvara ke dvArA hI sRjita akRtrima, anAdi, nidhana tathA 5. karma siddhAnta : jaina granthoM meM karma para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / isI mUlAdhAra para jaina darzana kA vizAla prAsAda nirmita hai / Alocita jaina purANoM meM jo sAmagrI upalabdha huI hai, usakA vivecana nimnavat hai : ki dravya [i] karma kA mahattva : bhAratIya darzana meM karma kA sthAna atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / cArvAka ke atirikta prAyaH sabhI vargoM ke dArzanika karma se prabhAvita rahe haiM / 1. mahA 4 / 15 - 36; padma 11 / 217-256

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dhArmika vyavasthA 357 karma ke prabhAva ke mahattA ko dekhate hue katipaya pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne truTipUrNa mata pratipAdita kiye haiM / maikaDAnala ke matAnusAra punarjanma aura karma ke saMyukta siddhAnta vyakti ko niSkriya aura apane Apa meM sImita kara detA hai / DaoN0 kItha ke kathanAnusAra karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta vyakti ko bhAgyavAdI banAtA hai / parantu ukta donoM mata amAnya haiM / bhAratIya vicArakoM ne karma ke sAtha-sAtha karttavya ke paripAlana ko Avazyaka mAnA hai / isI lie Alocitapadma purANa meM varNita hai ki jo prANI jaisA karma karegA, usako vaisA hI phala bhoganA par3egA / usake karma kA phala use hI milegA / 2 pANDava purANa meM karma ke mahattva para bala dete hue uparyukta mata kA samarthana kiyA hai / " jainetara granthoM meM bhI karmAnusAra phala kA ullekha huA hai / bauddha dharma meM bhI karmAnusAra phala prApti ko samarthita kiyA hai / " [ii] karmabandha ke kAraNa : mithyAtva, avratAcaraNa ( avirati ), pramAda, . kaSAya evaM zubhAzubha yoga Adi hI jIvoM ke karmabandha ke kAraNa haiM / mithyAtva ke pA~ca, avirati ke eka sau ATha, pramAda ke pandraha, kaSAya ke cAra aura yoga ke pandraha bheda kathita haiM / " [iii] karmoM ke bheda evaM svarUpa : karmoM ko mUla aura uttarabheda meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai - karmoM ke mUla ke ATha bheda haiM aura uttara bheda eka sau aatth|" jaina AgamoM aura jaina purANoM meM ATha prakAra ke karmoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai -- ( 1 ) jJAnAvaraNa, (2) darzanAvaraNa, (3) vedanIya, (4) mohanIya, (5) Ayu, (6) nAma, (7) gota aura ( 5 ) antarAya / inameM se jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya evaM antarAya karma ghAtikarma haiM aura zeSa aghAtikarma / ghAtikarma ke vinaSTa hone para kevalajJAna aura aghAtikarma ke vinAza para mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / ' lakSmI datta ThAkura - pramukha smRtiyoM kA adhyayana, lakhanaU, 1665, pR0 56 padma 66 / 5; tulanIya - sUtrakRtAMga 12 (1) / 4; uttarAdhyayana 4 / 3, 33 / 25 pANDava 7 / 218-224; dazAzrutaskandha 5114-15 manu 4 / 173; gItA 2 / 47, 3 / 20, 4-20, 1816; gItA rahasya, pR0 285-286 kamalAkAnta mizra - jAtaka mAlA : eka adhyayana, ilAhAbAda, 1677, pR0 146 6. mahA 47 / 306-311 7. vahI 47 / 311, 17 / 22; harivaMza 58 / 162 - 201 8. padma 122 / 71, 105 / 177; harivaMza 18 / 31 58 / 215 - 218; tulanIya - tattvArtha sUtra 84 uttarAdhyayana 33 / 2-3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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358 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana udaya, upazama, kSaya aura kSamopazama ke bheda se karmoM kI avasthA cAra prakAra kI hotI hai|' harivaMza purANa meM karma kI uttara-prakRtiyoM kI vistArazaH vivecanA upalabdha hai / 2 DaoN0 mohanalAla mehatA ne karma ke gyAraha avasthAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-bandhana, sattA, udaya, udIraNA, udvartanA, apavartanA, saMkramaNa, upazamana, nidhatti, nikAcana tathA abAdha / ' jaina purANoM meM ullikhita hai ki jinazAsana ke atirikta anyatra saba prakAra kA yatna karane para bhI karmoM kA kSaya nahIM hotA hai| tIna guptiyoM kA dhAraka eka muhUrta meM karma ko kSINa kara detA hai / vastutaH paramAtmA kA darzana unheM hI upalabdha hotA hai jinake karma kSINa ho gaye haiN| vipAka aura tapa se karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai| isake do bheda haiM-(1) vipAkajA nirjarA-isake antargata saMsAra meM bhramita jIva kA karma jaba phaladAyI hotA hai taba krama se usakI nivRtti hotI hai| (2) avipAkajA nirjarA-isameM Ama Adi kI taraha asamaya meM tapa Adi udIraNA dvArA zIghra nirjarA hotI hai| Asrava kA avaruddha honA saMvara kahalAtA hai| isake bhI do bheda haiM : (1) bhAvasaMvara : saMsAra kI kAraNabhUta kriyAoM kI akriyAzIlatA kA nAmakaraNa bhAvasaMvara kiyA gayA / (2) dravya saMvara : karmarUpapudgala dravya ke grahaNa kA viccheda ho jAnA dravya saMvara kA bodhaka hai / tIna guptiyA~, pA~ca samitiyA~, dasa dharma, bAraha anuprekSAe~, pA~ca cAritna aura bAIsa parISahajanya-ye apane avAntara vistAra sahita saMvara ke kAraNa kathita haiN| anya ke kAraNoM kA abhAva tathA nirjarA dvArA samasta karmoM kA atyanta kSaya ho jAnA mokSa kA bodhaka hai| [iv] karmoM kA phala : karmAnusAra phala prApti ke kAraNa manuSya jisa prakAra ke karma karatA hai usI prakAra kA phala bhI use upalabdha hotA hai / apane pUrvopArjita 1. udayAdivikalpena karmAvasthA caturvidhA / mahA 67 / 8 2. harivaMza 58 / 221-262 3. mohanalAla mehatA-jaina dharma-darzana, vArANasI, 1673, pR0 486-461; narendra nAtha bhaTTAcArya-jaina philAsphI : hisTorikala AuTalAina, naI dillI, 1676, pR0 154 4. padma 105 / 204-206 5. harivaMza 58 / 263-302; mahA 52155 6. bandhahetorabhAvAddhi nirjarAtazca karmaNAm / . kAtsyena vipramokSastu mokSo nirgrantharUpiNaH // harivaMza 58 / 303

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dhArmika vyavasthA 356 karmoM ke anusAra koI Arya hotA hai to koI mleccha / koI dhanADhya hotA hai aura koI atyanta daridra / karmoM se ghire aneka prANI saikar3oM kAmanA karate hue dUsare ke gharoM meM atyanta klezapUrNa jIvana vyatIta karate haiN| koI dhanADhya hokara bhI kurUpa hotA hai to koI rUpavAna hokara bhI daridra hotA hai| koI dIrghAyu hotA hai to koI alpAyu / koI sarvapriya tathA yazasvI hotA hai aura koI apriya evaM apayazI hotA hai / koI AjJA detA hai aura koI usa AjJA kA pAlana karatA hai| koI raNa meM praveza karatA hai to koI pAnI meM gotA lagAtA hai| koI videza jAtA hai to koI khetI karatA hai| pUrva kRta karma ke udaya hone para pati, putra, pitA, nArAyaNa yA anya parivAra ke loga kucha nahIM kara pAte / saMsAra meM kauna kisake lie sukhakArI hotA hai ? yA kauna kisake lie duHkhadAyI hai ? aura kauna kisakA mitra hai ? athavA kauna kisakA zatru hai ? yathArtha meM svakRta karma hI sukha yA duHkha kA pradAyaka hotA hai|' isI lie padma purANa meM nirdezita hai ki sva-upArjita karmoM kA bhoga kro| isI purANa meM ullikhita hai ki isa loka ke kRta karmoM kA upabhoga paraloka meM jIva karatA hai aura pUrvabhava meM kiye hue puNyakarmoM kA phala isa bhava meM prApta hotA hai| 1 [v] karma aura punarjanma : karma aura punarjanma kA anyonyAzraya sambandha hai| karma kI sattA aMgIkAra karane para punarjanma athavA paraloka kI sattA bhI svIkRta karanI par3atI hai| jina karmoM kI phala-prApti isa janma meM nahIM hotI, una karmoM ke bhoga ke lie punarjanma mAnanA anivArya hai / punarjanma evaM pUrvabhava asvIkAra karane para kRta karma kA nirhetuka vinAza-kRtapraNAza evaM akRta karma kA bhoga-akRtakarmabhoga mAnanA pdd'egaa| aisI avasthA meM karma-vyavasthA dUSita ho jaayegii| inhIM doSoM se vimukti ke lie karmavAdiyoM ko punarjanma kI sattA svIkRta karanI par3atI hai| harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai ki samasta saMsArI jIvoM kA samAveza cAra 1. harivaMza 46 / 17; padma 14141-45 2. mahA 61 / 337; padma 67157 3. sukhaM vA yadi vA duHkhaM datte kaH kasya saMsRtau / minnaM vA yadi vAmitraH svakRtaM karma tattvataH // harivaMza 62151 4. padma 17587 5. iha yat kriyate karma tatparatropabhujyate / purAkRtAnAM puNyAnAM iha sampadyate phalam // padma 40 / 37 6. mohana lAla mehatA---jaina dharma-darzana, pR0 461

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jainapurANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana gatiyoM-manuSya, tairyagyona , naraka aura deva--meM kiyA gayA hai| mRtyu ke bAda jIva svakarmAnusAra uparyukta kathita cAra gatiyoM meM se eka meM janma grahaNa karatA hai| 6. anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda : 'na' tathA 'ekAnta'-ina do zabdoM se tatpuruSa samAsa se anekAnta zabda nirmita huA hai| anekAnta kA artha-kisI vastu kA nizcaya na honA / anekAnta jaina darzana kA mUlAdhAra hai / aneka granthoM meM anekAnta ke lakSaNa pradatta haiN| dhavalApustaka meM anekAnta kA lakSaNa varNita hai ki-'aneka dharmoM yA svAdoM ke ekarasAtmaka mizraNa se jo jAtyantarapanA yA svAda utpanna hotA hai, vahI anekAnta zabda kA vAcya hai / 2 saptabhaMgItaraMginI ke anusAra-'jisake sAmAnya vizeSa paryAya va guNarUpa aneka anta yA dharma haiM vaha anekAntarUpa siddha hotA hai|' ___Alocita padma purANa meM anekAnta kI samIkSA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki anekAnta meM aneka dharma milakara eka ho jAte haiN| udAharaNArtha, bhagavAn kAryoM ke vidhAtA evaM pApoM ke vinAzaka, svataH guru parantu svayaM kA koI guru nahIM, sabhI ke namaskRta parantu kisI ko praNAma na karane vAlA, Adi evaM anta se rahita, Adi tathA antima yogI, svayaM kA paramArtha na jAnane vAle tathA dUsare kA paramArya karane vAle aura paryAyAthikanaya se saMsAra ke samasta padArtha kSaNika haiM tathA dravyAthikanaya se samasta padArthoM ko nitya mAnA gayA hai| harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai ki vastu aneka dharmAtmaka hotI hai| mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki AtmA eka nahIM hai, apitu pratyeka manuSya kI AtmA pRthak-pRthak hai / ' jaina darzana eka vastu meM ananta dharma mAnatA hai| ina dharmoM meM se vyakti apane icchita dharmoM kA samaya-samaya para cayana karatA hai / vastu ke jitane dharmoM kA cayana ho sakatA hai, ve sabhI dharma vastu ke andara rahate haiN| aisA nahIM ki vyakti apanI icchA se una dharmoM ko padArtha para Aropa karatA hai| anekAntAtmaka vastu ke kathana ke lie 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, jisakA artha kathaMcit hai| kisI eka dRSTi se vastu isa prakAra ho sakatI hai, to 1. harivaMza 58 / 242 2. dhavalA 1522521 3. saptabhaGgItaraGginI 302 4. padma 6180-184. 5. harivaMza 58 / 165 6. mahA 586

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dhArmika vyavasthA 361 dUsarI dRSTi se vastu kA cayana dUsarI prakAra hotA hai / isa kathana ko abhivyakta karane ke lie 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / 'syAt' zabda ke prayoga karane ke kAraNa hI hamArA kathana 'syAdvAda' kahalAtA hai / ataH anekAntAtmaka artha kA kathana 'syAdvAda' hai / 'syAdvAda' ko 'anekAntavAda' bhI kahA gayA hai / kyoMki 'syAdvAda' se jisakA kathana hotA hai vaha anekAntAtmaka hai / 'syAt' 'anekAnta' kA dyotaka hai / isalie 'syAdvAda' aura 'anekAntavAda' donoM eka hI haiM / mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki syAdvAda ke kAraNa bAdhA nahIM hotI / bhUta, bhaviSya tathA vartamAna tInoM kAloM meM vidyamAna skandhoM meM paraspara kAraNa-kArya bhAva rahatA hai / inameM kAryakAraNa bhAva rahane se yaha eka akhaNDa santAna mAnI jAtI hai / " 7. syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI : Alocita mahA purANa ke kathanAnusAra koI vastu na nitya hai, na kSaNika hai, na jJAna mAtra hai aura na adRzya hone se zUnya hai / vastutaH pratyeka vastu tattva aura atattva arthAt asti aura nAsti rUpa hai / ra jaba koI vastu kA pakSa sat hotA hai to usakA virodhI rUpa asat bhI sAmane AtA hai / tRtIya rUpa sadasat kA hotA hai anubhaya arthAt na sat na asat / caturtha pakSa avyaktavya hai / pA~cavA sat avyaktavya, chaThA asat avyaktavya aura sAtavA~ satasat avyaktavya / jaina purANoM meM isI saptabhaMgI - asti, nAsti, astinAsti, avyaktavya ( anubhavya ), asti avyaktavya, nAsti - avyaktavya aura asti nAsti - avyaktavya - kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai / isa prakAra hameM jJAta hotA hai ki syAdvAda kA kathana sAta prakAra se hotA hai / donoM meM anyonyAzraya sambandha hai / 8. nayavAda : zruta ke do upayoga haiM-sakalAdeza aura vikalAdeza | sakalAdeza ko pramANa yA syAdvAda kahate haiM aura vikalAdeza ko naya / [i] naya kA lakSaNa : padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki kisI eka dharma ko siddha karanA naya hai / * harivaMza purANa meM ullekha AyA hai ki vastu ke aneka svarUpa 1. mahA 63 / 56 - 64 2 . vahI 33 / 136, 58 / 56 padma 105 / 143; harivaMza 46 / 48 3. syAdvAda : sakalAdezo nayo vikalasaMkathA | laghIyastraya 3 | 6|62; uddhRta - mohanalAla mehatA - jaina dharma-darzana, pR0 365 4. padma 105 / 143

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362 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana haiM, unameM se kisI eka nizcita svarUpa ko grahaNa karane vAlA jJAna naya kA bodhaka hai| [ii] naya : prakAra evaM svarUpa : naya ke do bheda haiM : dravyAthikanaya aura paryAyAthikanaya / inameM se dravyAthikanaya yathArtha hai aura paryAyAthikanaya ayathArtha / donoM mUla naya haiM aura paraspara sApekSa haiM / 2 vastu ke nirUpaNa kI jitanI bhI dRSTiyA~ haiM, unako ukta do dRSTiyoM meM hI vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai| dravyAthikanaya meM sAmAnya yA abhedamUlaka sabhI dRSTiyoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| vizeSa yA bhedamUlaka jitane bhI naya haiM, una sabhI kA samAveza paryAyAthikanaya meM hotA hai| harivaMza purANa meM naya ke sapta bheda ullikhita haiM--naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta / inameM se naigama, saMgraha tathA vyavahAra naya dravyArthika naya ke bheda haiM aura RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUtanaya paryAyAthika naya ke prabheda haiN| inake svarUpa adholikhita haiM : (1) naigama naya : padArtha ke saMkalpamAna kA grahaNa karane vAlA naya hI naigama naya hai| udAharaNArtha prastha tathA odana Adi / (2) saMgraha naya : aneka bheda aura paryAyoM se yukta padArtha ko ekarUpatA prApta karAkara samasta padArtha kA grahaNa karanA saMgraha naya hai, jaise sat yA dravya / (3) vyavahAra naya : saMgraha naya ke viSayabhUta sattA Adi padArthoM ke vizeSa rUpa se bheda karanA vyavahAra naya hai| (4) RjusUtra naya : padArtha kI bhUta-bhaviSya paryAya ko vakra aura vartamAna paryAya ko Rju saMjJA pradatta hai| jo naya padArtha kI bhUta-bhaviSya rUpa vakra paryAya kA parityAga sarala sUtrapAta ke samAna mAtra vartamAna paryAya ko grahaNa karatA hai vaha RjusUna naya saMjJA se abhihita hai / - (5) zabda naya : yaugika artha kA dhAraka hone se liMga, sAdhana (kAraka), saMkhyA (vacana), kAla aura vyabhicAra ko nahIM cAhatA arthAt liMga, saMkhyA Adi doSoM se vaha sadA dUra rahatA hai| zabda naya vyAkaraNazAstra ke adhIna rahatA hai| 1. nayo'nekAtmani dravye niyatakAtmasaMgrahaH / harivaMza 58136 2. dravyAthiko yathArtho'nyaH paryAyArthika eva ca / jJeyau mUlanayAvetAvanyonyApekSiNau mto|| harivaMza 5836-40 3. harivaMza 58141-42 4. vahI 58143-46

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dhArmika vyavasthA (6) samabhirUr3ha naya : jo zabdabheda hone para arthabheda svIkAra karatA hai vaha samabhirUr3ha naya hai| (7) evaMbhUta naya : jo padArtha jisa kSaNa meM jaisI kriyA karatA hai usI kSaNa meM usako usa rUpa meM kahanA anya kSaNa meM nahIM-yaha evaMbhUta naya hai / yaha naya padArtha ke yathArtha svarUpa ko kahatA hai| harivaMza purANa meM Age ullekha AyA hai ki dravya kI ananta zaktiyA~ haiN| ukta sAtoM naya pratyeka zakti ke bhedoM ko svIkAra karate hue uttarottara sUkSma padArtha. ko grahaNa karate haiN| naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra tathA Rju-ye cAra arthanaya haiM aura zabda, samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUta-ye tIna zabda naya haiN| inake saikar3oM upabheda haiN| kyoMki jitane vAkya ke mArga bheda haiM utane naya haiM / isalie nayoM kI saMkhyA nizcita hai|' 1. harivaMza 58 / 50-52

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [kha] dhArmika pakSa 1. muni kA AcAra yA zramaNAcAra : jaina dharma mUlata: nivRttimUlaka hai / jaina dharma meM muniyoM evaM zramaNoM kA vizeSa sthAna hai / Alocita jaina purANoM meM inase sambandhita agralikhita vivaraNa upalabdha hote haiM : 364 [i] muniyoM kA mahattva : mahA purANa meM vivRta hai ki sAdhuoM kA samAgama hRdaya ke saMtApa ko vinaSTa kara paramAnanda kI saMvRddhi kara mana kI vRtti ko saMtuSTa karatA hai, pApa kA vinAza karatA hai, yogyatA kI puSTi karatA hai, kalyANa kI vRddhi karatA hai, mokSa mArga ko batAtA hai, jo saba prakAra ke parigraha se rahita hai, mahAtapazcaraNa meM lIna hai aura tattvoM ke dhyAna meM sadA lIna rahate haiM, aise zramaNa (muni) uttama pAtra kahalAte haiN| rAjA ke yahA~ muniyoM ke upasthita hone para vaha svayaM unakA SaDagAha evaM prAsuka AhAra pradAna kara Adara-satkAra karatA thA aura rAniyA~ bhI svayaM muni kI sevA meM tatpara rahatI thiiN| muni dharma to sAkSAt mokSa kA kAraNa hai / * pAMca mahAvrata, pA~ca samitiyA~ evaM tIna guptiyA~ muniyoM ke dharma haiM / jo manuSya munidharma se saMyukta hokara zubha dhyAna meM tatpara rahate haiM, ve isa durgandhapUrNa bIbhatsa zarIra ko tyAga kara svarga yA mokSa ko prApta karate haiM / " muni paropakAra kI bhAvanA se logoM ke pAsa jA jA kara unheM mokSa mArga kA upadeza dete the, yaha unakA svabhAva thaa| muni yamI, vItarAga, nirmuktazarIra, nirambara, yogI, dhyAnI, jJAnI, niHspRha aura budha haiM / ataH ye vandanIya hote haiM / " muniyoM ke lie mitra, zatru, bhAI, bAndhava Adi saba samAna aura sabake Upara samAna dayA vAle hote haiM / " 1. mahA 6 / 160-163 2. sarva granthavinirmuktA mahAtapasi ye ratA: / zramaNaste paraM pAtaM tattvadhyAnaparAyaNaH // padma 14 / 58 3. mahA 62 / 348- 350; padma 106 86-87; harivaMza 50 / 56 4. maunastu sAkSAnmokSAya kalpaye / harivaMza 18 / 51; padma 6 / 265 5. padma 4 / 48-46 6. 7. 5 mahA 6 / 163 yamino vItarAgazca nirmuktAGgA nirambarAH / yogino dhyAnino vandyA jJAnino niHspRhA budhAH // padma 106 / 88 vayaM sarvasya sadayAH samamitAribAndhavAH / padma 106 / 110

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dhArmika vyavasthA 365 [ii] muniyoM ke prakAra : jaina AgamoM meM uttama caritna vAle muniyoM ke zramaNa, saMyata, RSi, muni, sAdhu, vItarAga, anagAra, bhadaMta, dAnta, yati Adi nAmArtha vyavahRta hue haiN| 'man' dhAtu se 'i' pratyaya hokara akAra ke ukAra Adeza hone se muni zabda nirmita huA hai / muni kA artha mananazIla vyakti hotA hai / harivaMza purANa meM muniyoM ke dasa prakAra2 varNita haiM-(1) AcaraNa karane karAne evaM dIkSA pradAyaka AcArya (2) paThana-pAThana kI vyavasthA rakhane vAle upAdhyAya (3) jaTAoM meM lIkha, jaMA, choTI-choTI marI machaliyA~, kIr3e aura mahAn paJcAgni tapa tapane vAle tapasvI' (4) zikSA grahaNa karane vAle zaikSya (5) rogAdi se grasta glAna (6) vRddha muniyoM ke samudAya rUpa gaNa (7) dIkSA pradatta karane vAle AcArya ke ziSya samUha rUpa kula (8) gRhastha, kSullaka [ kSullaka kopIna tathA khaNDa vastra (uttarIya) dhAraNa karate the aura pIchI evaM kamaNDala rakhate the ], ailaka [ kevala kopIna pahanate the aura sAdhu kI bhA~ti pIchI evaM kamaNDala rakhate the ] tathA muniyoM ke samudAya rUpa saMgha (6) cirakAla se dIkSita guNI muni rUpa aura nirvANa ko siddha karane se sAdhu aura (10) lokapriya manojJa / padma purANa meM arhanta, siddha; AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu ina pA~ca prakAra ke parameSThiyoM kA ullekha huA hai| muniyoM ke anya prakAra nimnavat haiM : (1) yati : 'yam' dhAtu se 'ti' pratyaya hone para yati zabda kI utpatti huI hai| yati kA artha niyamita mana vaalaa| ye sAdhujana sadA yahI prayAsa karate the ki saMsAra ke samasta jIva sadA sukhI raheM, isI lie inheM yati (yatate iti yatiH) saMjJA se sambodhita karate the| (2) pArivAjaka : 'pari' upasargapUrvaka vajra dhAtu se 'a' pratyaya hone se parivrajya zabda kI vyutpatti huI hai, usI meM punaH 'aN' pratyaya hokara pArivrajya zabda 1. mUlAcAra 886 2. harivaMza 64 / 42-44 3. padma 106186 mahA 70 / 323-327; harivaMza 6124; padma 4 / 127-128 5. padma 78 / 65 6. vahI 106 / 86 7. vahI 86104 8. mahA 6166

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366 * jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana nirmita huA hai| acchI taraha se tyAga karanA pArivrajya huA / jo saba kucha acchI taraha se tyAga de use pArivrajaka kahate haiM / ye geruA vastra dhAraNa karate the / eka daNDa sadaiva apane sAtha rakhate the, snAnAdi se pavitra hote the tathA zira mur3Aye rahate the / ' (3) RSi : 'RSi' dhAtu se 'i' pratyaya hone para RSi zabda kI utpatti huI hai| RSi kA artha jJAnazIla vyakti hotA hai / yathArtha meM jo jIvoM kI surakSA meM tatpara the, ve hI RSi kahalAte the / 2 Rddhi puruSa ko RSi kahA gayA hai / (4) bhikSuka : 'bhikSu' dhAtu se 'uka' pratyaya hokara bhikSuka zabda nirmita huA hai / bhikSuka kA zAbdika artha bhikSA mA~gane vAlA vyakti hotA hai / padma purANa meM kathika hai ki gRhatyAgI evaM bhikSA se bhojana karane ke kAraNa bhikSuka kahalAte the / (5) zramaNa : karmoM ke naSTa karane ke kAraNa inakA nAmakaraNa zramaNa kiyA gayA thA / " (6) kSapaNa : kSINa rAga aura kSamA sahita ho tapa dvArA apane ko kRza karane se kSapaNa nAma pradatta kiyA gayA thA / ( 7 ) saMnyAsI : prAyopagamana nAmaka saMnyAsa dhAraNa karane se saMnyAsI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA thA / " (8) amoghavAdI muni : ye muni amogha paramparA kA nirvAha karate the / ' (e) siddha: siddhoM meM ananta darzana, ananta jJAna, ananta vIrya aura ananta sukha vidyamAna rahatA thA / " 1. harivaMza 6 / 127 2. RSayaste hi bhASyante ye sthitAjantupAlane / padma 11 / 58 cAritrasAra 47 1; dhavalA pustaka 7 20; pravacanasAra 246 3. 4. padma 106 60 5. vahI 10660 6. vahI 106 87 7. harivaMza 6163 8. vahI 42 / 53 EUR. padma 105 / 161

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dhArmika vyavasthA jaina AgamoM meM zramaNoM (muniyoM) ke pAMca prakAra kathita haiM-NiggaMtha (nirgrantha), sakka (zAkya), tAvasa (tApasa), gerua (pArivAjaka) aura AjIviya (aajiivik)| nirgrantha muniyoM ke pAMca bheda haiM-pulAka, vakuza, kuzIla, nimrantha aura snAtaka / 2 (1) pulAka muni : jo uttara guNoM kI bhAvanA se rahita hoM tathA mUla vrata meM bhI jo kahIM kabhI pUrNatA ko prApta hoM, ve dhAnya ke chilake ke samAna pulAka muni kahalAte the| (2) vakuza muni : jo mUla vratoM kA to akhaNDa rUpa se pAlana karate the, parantu zarIra aura upakaraNoM ko sApha-sutharA rakhane meM lIna rahate the, jinakA zarIra niyata thA-jo aneka muniyoM ke parivAra se yukta hoM aura malinasAticAra cAritra ke dhAraka the, unheM vakuza muni saMjJA pradatta kiyA gayA thaa| inake do upabheda haiM-(1) zarIra vakuza-zarIra kA saMskAra karane vAle aura (2) upakaraNa vakuza-upakaraNa ko cAhane vAle / (3) kuzIla muni : pratisevanA kuzIla aura kaSAya kuzIla nAmaka kuzIla ke do bheda hote haiN| jo mUlaguNa aura uttaraguNa donoM kI pUrNatA se saMyukta the / parantu kadAcit uttaraguNoM kI virAdhanA kara baiThate the evaM saMgha Adi parigraha se yukta hote the ve pratisevanA kuzIla the / jinake anya kaSAya zAnta ho gaye the, kevala saMjvalana kA udaya raha gayA hai, ve kaSAyakuzIla kahalAte the / (4) nirgrantha muni : 'nir' tathA 'grantha' do zabdoM se yaha tatpuruSa samAsa hokara nirmita huA hai| jinakI granthiyA~ nikala gayI haiM unheM nirgrantha nAma pradatta hai, athavA jisane grantha ko par3hakara bhulA diyA hai (nirarthaka kara diyA hai)| saba vastuoM 1. nizIthabhASya 13 / 4420; bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti / 1 / 1460; AcArAMgacUrNI 201, pR0 330 2. pulAko vakuzazcaiva kuzIlo guNazIlavAn / nirgranthaH snAtakazceti nirgranthAH paJcadhA matAH // harivaMza 64158 3. harivaMza 64 / 56 4. vahI 64 / 60 5. sarvArthasiddhi 64746 / 12 . 6. harivaMza 64161-62

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__ jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana se virakti ke lie nirgrantha zabda prayukta hotA hai.| jinake jala meM khIMcI gayI daNDa kI rekhA ke samAna karmoM kA udaya avyakta-aprakaTa rahatA hai tathA jinheM eka muhUrta ke bAda kevala jJAna prApta (utpanna) hone vAlA hai, unheM nirgrantha saMjJA se sambodhita karate the| jo apane zarIra meM bhI niHspRha haiM tathA kabhI bAhya viSayoM meM bhI nahIM lubhAte aura mukti ke lakSaNa (cihna) svarUpa digambara mudrA se vibhUSita rahate the unheM nirgrantha nAma se sambodhita karate the / 2 nirgrantha muniyoM se utpanna vacana kabhI anyathA nahIM hote| yAcanA na karanA, binA diye kucha grahaNa na karanA, saralatA rakhanA; tyAga karanA, kisI cIja kI icchA na karanA, krodhAdi kA tyAga karanA, jJAnAbhyAsa karanA, dhyAna karanA-ye digambara ke niyama nirdhArita haiN| (5) snAtaka muni : jinake ghAtiyA karma naSTa ho gaye haiM, aise kevalI bhagavAn ko snAtaka nAma pradatta kiyA gayA thaa| fiii] muniyoM ke kartavya : muni loga sUryAsta hone para vahIM eka sthAna para ruka jAte the, ekAnta evaM pavitra sthAna para gA~va meM eka dina aura nagara meM pA~ca dina taka rahate the, zmazAna yA zUnya-gRha, vanya jantuoM se yukta jaMgala, parvata kI guphA meM nivAsa karate the, paryaGkAsana, vIrAsana yA eka karavaTa se rAtri vyatIta karate the, parigraha rahita, nirmamatva, nirvastra, vizuddha mokSa kA hI mArga khojate the, trasakAya,vanaspatikAya, pRthvIkAya, jalakAya, vAyukAya evaM agnikAya ina cha: kAryoM kI rakSA karate the, dInatA rahita, zAnta, parama upekSA sahita, guptiyoM ke dhAraka evaM kAma bhogoM meM kabhI Azcarya nahIM karate the, dUsaroM dvArA diye gaye vizuddha anna kA bhojana kara-rUpI pAtra meM hI karate the, niSiddha AhAra prANa jAne para bhI nahIM lete, ghara kA ullaMghana na karake sarasa yA nIrasa thor3A-sA AhAra zarIra rakSArtha lete the, muniyoM kI utkRSTa bhAvanA kI pratIkSA kara usakA acchI taraha nirvAha karate the| jinake samasta karma naSTa ho 1. avyaktodayakarmANo ye payodaNDa rAjivat / nirgranthAste muhUrtevodbhidyamAnAtmakevalAH // harivaMza 64 / 63 2. padma 35 / 115; tulanIya-aupapAtikasUtra 14, pR0 46 3. na hi nirgranthasambhUtaM vacanaM jAyate'nyathA / padma 76 / 61 4. ayAMcitamanadAnamArjavaM tyAgamaspahAm / krodhAdihAyanaM jJAnAbhyAsaM dhyAnaM ca so'nvayAt / / mahA 62 / 156 5. prakSINaghAtikarmANaH snAtakAH kevalIzvarAH // harivaMza 64 / 64 6. . mahA 34 / 174-218; padma 106 / 111-116

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dhArmika vyavasthA 366 gaye haiM, jo sarvabAdhA se pare haiM, jo ananta sukha se sampanna haiM, ananta jJAna evaM darzana jinakI AtmA meM prakAzamAna haiM, tInoM prakAra se zarIra ko naSTa karane vAle, nizcaya se svabhAva meM sthira evaM vyavahAra se loka-zikhara meM virAjamAna haiM, jo punarAgamana se rahita haiM aura jinakA svarUpa zabdoM dvArA akathanIya hai, ve siddha the / ' ghara se nikalakara dIkSA grahaNa karane ke uparAnta nirantara zAstra kA abhyAsa karate hue tapazcaraNa ke samaya kisI prakAra kA AvaraNa na rakhanA, niyamita AvAsa meM na rahanA, kabhI pramAda na karanA, zAstravihita karma kA ullaMghana na karanA, parigraha na rakhanA, dIrghAvadhi upavAsa rakhanA, AbhUSaNa rahita, kabhI kaSAya na karanA, koI prakAra kA Arambha na rakhanA, pApa na karanA, gRhIta pratijJAoM ko khaNDita na karanA, nirmamatva, ahaMkAra rahita, zaThatA rahita, jitendriya, krodha rahita, acaMcala, nirmala hokara krama-krama se kevala jJAnArjana karate the| Age kathita hai ki muniyoM meM-saMtoSa, yAcanA kA abhAva, parigraha kA tyAga, apane ApakI pradhAnatA, pANipAtra (apane hAtha) se AhAra lenA, khar3e hokara bhojana karanA, kAyakleza ko prApta karanA, akiJcanatA kI pradhAnatA, mokSa kA sAkSAt kAraNa, doSa rahita, balavAn, nirvikAra, upadrava rahita, digambara, snAna na karanA, eka varSa taka bhojana na grahaNa karanA, keza luJcana karanA, jitendriya, guptiyoM ke rakSaka, saba kI rakSA karane vAle, mahAvratI, mahAn, moharahita, icchA rahita, abhayadAna dene vAle, sarvahita karane vAle, sarvahitakArI jJAna-dAna dene meM samartha, AhAra dAna dene vAle, saMsAra sAgara se pAra hone vAle, mokSamArga kA upadeza dene vAle, donoM hAtha uttAna karanA-ye guNa pAye jAte haiN|' rAga-dveSa se rahita hRdaya vAle munitva ko prApta hote haiM / yahI vicAra uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai ki pUrvaparicita saMyogoM kA parityAga kara jo kahIM kisI vastu meM sneha nahIM karatA, sneha karane vAloM ke prati bhI jo sneha nahIM dikhAtA hai, vaha bhikSu doSoM aura pradoSoM se mukta hotA hai| muniyoM ke anya prakAra ke dharmoM meM dhairya dhAraNa karanA, kSamA rakhanA, dhyAna dhAraNa karane meM nirantara tatpara rahanA aura parISahoM ke Ane para mArga se cyuta na 1. padma 14168-66 2. mahA 63 / 73-76 3. vahI 20186-66 4. padma 78123 5. uttarAdhyayanasUna 8 / 1-2 24

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hone kA varNana mahA purANa meM upalabdha hai / ' navIna karmoM kA arjana banda kara diyA aura pahale ke saMcita karmoM kA tapa ke dvArA naSTa kara denA prArambha kara diyA / isa prakAra saMvara aura nirjarA ke dvArA ve kevalajJAna ko prApta hote the / 2 siddhi-prApta karane vAloM kI ananta samyaktva, anantadarzana, anantajJAna, ananta adbhuta vIrya, sUkSmatva, avagAhanatva, avyAvAdhatva evaM aguruladhutva-ina ATha siddha-parameSThI guNoM ko grahaNa karanA cAhie / isI prakAra dravya kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kA bhI cintana karanA cAhie / muni loga apane zarIra meM rAga nahIM rakhate the, parigrahaNa rahita, dhIravIra evaM siMha ke samAna parAkramI hote the| mokSAbhilASI muniyoM ko cAhie ki isa zarIra ko na to kevala kRSa hI kareM aura na hI rasIle evaM madhura manovAMchita bhojana se puSTa kreN| nirgrantha muniyoM se utpanna vacana kabhI anyathA nahIM hote|' muniyoM ke lie jaina dharma meM 28 mUlaguNa tathA 84 lAkha uttara guNoM kI vyavasthA pradatta hai / 28 mUlaguNa (1) ahiMsA, (2) satya, (3) acaurya, (4) brahmacarya, (5) parigraha tyAga, (6) IryA samiti, (7) bhASA samiti, (ka) eSaNA, samiti, (6) AdAna nikSepa samiti, (10) vyutsarga samiti, (11) sAmAyika, (12) caturviMzatistava, (13) vandana, (14) pratikramaNa, (15) svAdhyAya, (16) kAyotsarga, (17) sparzendriya vijaya, (18) rasanendriya vijaya, (16) ghrANendriya vijaya, (20) kSurindriya vijaya, (21) zronendriya vijaya, (22) AjAnatva, (23) adanta dhAvana, (24) bhUmi zayana, (25) nagnatva, (26) keza luMcana, (27) eka bhojana tathA (28) khar3e hokara bhojana karanA hai| isake atirikta 84 lAkha uttaraguNa haiM jinameM muni AtmajJAna tathA tapa dvArA apanI AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM kA vikAsa karatA hai aura karma kSaya karake arhantya pada prApta karatA hai| fiv] muni-dharma (niyama) : muni grISma Rtu meM parvata ke zikharoM para ArUr3ha hokara pracaNDa sUrya kiraNa ko sahate hue AtApana yoga karate the| parvatoM ke agrabhAga 1. mahA 201166 2. padma 6220 3. mahA 201223-224 4. padma 14 / 171-172 5. mahA 2015 6. na hi nirgranthasambhUtaM vacanaM jAyate'nyathA / padma 76161 7. hemacandra kauMdeya-jainAcArya, candAbAI abhinandana grantha, dillI, 1654, pR0 330

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dhArmika vyavasthA 371 ke caTTAnoM kI tapta zilAoM para donoM paira rakhakara donoM bhujAe~ laTakA kara khar3e hote the / atyadhika grISma Rtu meM jaba pRthvI tapI huI dhUli se vyApta ho, vana dAvAgni se jala rahe hoM, tAlAba sUkha gaye hoM, dizAe~ dhue~ ke andhakAra se vyApta hoM aise samaya meM muni AtApana yoga karate the / ve ghanaghora varSA Rtu meM vRkSa ke nIce rAtri vyatIta karate the / kaThora zIta Rtu meM khule AkAza meM zayana karate the| zIta Rtu meM barpha ke Upara nirvastra zayana karate the| padmapurANa meM ullekha AyA hai ki ve cAritra, dharma, gupti, anuprekSA, samiti aura pariSaha dvArA mahAsaMvara ko prApta hote haiM / navIna karmoM kA arjana banda kara aura saMcita karmoM kA tapa dvArA nAza karake sabara evaM nirjarA dvArA kevala jJAna ko prApta hote haiM / anta meM ATha karmoM kA nAza karake ananta sukha ko prApta hote haiM / jaina purANoM meM muniyoM ke sAmAnya dharma kA nimna vivecana huA hai : (1) pA~ca mahAvata : ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya evaM parigraha tyAga-ye pA~ca mahAvrata kahalAte haiM : ahiMsA mahAvrata : manogupti, vacanagupti, IryAsamiti, kAyaniyantraNa evaM viSvANasamiti (AlokitapAna bhojana)-ye pA~ca ahiMsAvata haiN|' satya mahAvrata : krodha, lobha, bhaya evaM hAsya kA parityAga karanA tathA zAstrAnusAra vacana kahanA-satya mahAvrata kA bodhaka hai| acaurya mahAvrata : parimita AhAra lenA, tapazcaraNa ke yogya AhAra lenA, zrAvaka ke prArthanA para AhAra lenA, yogyavidhi ke viruddha AhAra na lenA aura prApta hue bhojana meM saMtoSa karanA arthAt binA diye hue dravya ko grahaNa karanA acaurya mahAvrata saMjJA se sambodhita karate haiN| brahmacarya mahAvata : striyoM kI kathA kA tyAga, unake sundara aMgopAMgoM ke dekhane kA tyAga, unake sAtha rahane kA tyAga, pahale bhoge (upabhukta) bhogoM ke smaraNa kA tyAga aura gariSTha rasa kA tyAga-brahmacarya mahAvrata nAma pradatta hai|' 1. mahA 34 / 151-160 2. padma 6216-221 3. harivaMza 201161; mahA 21116-117; padma 4 / 48 4. vahI 201162; vahI 2 / 115; vahI 4 / 48 5. vahI 20 / 163; vahI 2 / 116; vahI 4 / 48 6. vahI 201164; vahI 220; vahI 4 / 48

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372 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana parigrahatyAga mahAvata : pAMcoM indriyoM ke bAhya evaM AbhyAntara sacitta-acitta padArthoM meM Asakti kA parityAga karanA parigraha-tyAga (aparigraha) mahAvrata kA bodhaka hai| __ mahA purANa meM uparyukta-ahiMsA, satya, corI na karanA, brahmacarya evaM aparigrahamahAvratoM ke sAtha chaThA rAtribhojanatyAga ko mahAvrata kI saMjJA pradatta hai| (2) pA~ca samiti : pA~ca samitiyoM ke antargata IryA, bhASA, eSaNA, AdAna nikSepaNa evaM utsarga ko sammilita karate haiM : IryA samiti : netragocara jIvoM ke samUha ko bacAkara gamana karanA IryA samiti kahalAtI hai / isase vratoM meM zuddhatA AtI hai|' __ bhASA samiti : sadA karkaza aura kaThora vacana kA parityAga karanA bhASA samiti hai| eSaNA samiti : zarIra kI sthiratA ke lie piNDazuddhipUrvaka muni ke AhAra grahaNa ko eSaNA samiti kathita hai|" AdAna nikSepaNa samiti : dekhakara yogyavastu kA rakhanA aura uThAnA AdAna nikSepaNa samiti kahalAtI hai| utsarga samiti : prAsuka bhUmi para zarIra ke bhItara kA mala chor3anA utsarga (pratiSThApana) samiti kA bodhaka hai|' (3) gapti : mana, vacana evaM kAya kI pravRtti kA sarvathA abhAva ho jAnA athavA usameM komalatA A jAnA--ye tIna gupti haiN| inakA pAlana (AcaraNa) bar3e Adara se karanA caahie| . 1. harivaMza 201165; mahA 2 / 121; padma 4 / 48 2. ahiMsA satyamastyeyaM brahmacarya vimuktatAm / rAjyabhojanaSaSThAni vratAnyetAnyabhAvayan // mahA 34 / 166 3. harivaMza 2 / 122; padma 14 / 108; mahA 11 / 65 4. vahI 2 / 123; vahI 14 / 108; vahI 11165 5. vahI 2 / 124; vahI 14 / 108; vahI 11 / 65 6. vahI 2 / 125; vahI 14 / 108; vahI 11 / 65 7. vahI 2 / 126; vahI 14 / 108; vahI 11165 8. padma 14 / 106; harivaMza 2 / 127; mahA 11165

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dhArmika vyavasthA 373 (4) mUlaguNa : pA~ca mahAvrata, pAMca samitiyAM, pA~ca indriya damana, cha: Avazyaka kArya (sAmAyika, vandana, caturvizatistava, pratikramaNa, svAdhyAya aura kAyotsarga) aura sAta vrata (keza luJcana, snAna na karanA, eka bAra bhojana karanA, khar3e-khar3e bhojana karanA, vastra dhAraNa na karanA, pRthvI para zayana karanA evaM dantamala dUra karane kA tyAga karanA)-ina aTThAisa mUla guNoM kA pAlana karanA caahie|' (5) uttara guNa : mUla guNa ke atirikta caurAsI lAkha uttaraguNoM kA bhI pAlana karanA cAhie / (6) parISaha : saMvara ke mArga se cyut na hone aura karmoM ke kSaya hetu jo sahana yogya hoM, ve parISaha haiN|' kSudhA, tRSA, zIta, uSNa, daMza, mazaka, nAgnya, rIta, strI, caryA, niSadhA, zayyA, kSamA, vadha, yAcanA, alAbha, roga, tRNa, puraskAra, prajJA, ajJAna aura darzana-ye bAIsa parISaha hote haiN| (7) tapa : upavAsa, avamodarya, vRtti-parisaMkhyAna, rasaparityAga, kAyaklezaevaM viviktazayyAsana-ye cha: bAhya-tapa aura prAyazcita, vinaya, vaiyAvRtya, svAdhyAya, vyutsarga tathA dhyAna-ye chaH antaraMga tapa hote haiN| ye saba dharma kahalAte haiN| bAhya tapoM meM kAyakleza sarvAdhika pradhAna hai| harivaMza purANa meM kSamAdi dasa dharma kA ullekha upalabdha haiN| (8) anuprekSA : zarIrAdi anitya hai, koI kisI kA zaraNa nahIM hai, zarIra azuci hai, zarIra rUpI piMjar3e se AtmA pRthak hai, yaha akelA hI duHkha-sukha bhogatA hai, saMsAra ke svarUpa kA cintavana karanA, loka kI vicitratA kA vicAra karanA, Asrava ke durgaNoM kA dhyAna karanA, saMvara kI mahimA kA cintana karanA, pUrvabaddha karmoM kI nirjarA kA upAya socanA, bodhi (ratnatraya) kI durlabhatA kA vicAra karanA 1. mahA 1870-72; harivaMza 2 / 127-126 pama 37 / 165 2. vahI 36 / 135; 21guNax 4 atikrama, vyatikrama, aticAra, anAcAra-100 jIva samAsax10zIla vIrAdhanAx10 AlocanA ke doSa 10 dharma-84,00,000 jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 4, pR0 405 3. mArgAcyavananirjarAthaM parisoDhavyAH prisshaaH| tattvArthasUtra 68 harivaMza 63161-114; mahA 201166; padma 6216 5. padma 14 / 114-117; harivaMza 64 / 21-57; mahA 18167-66 6. mahA 201183 7. anuprekSAzca dharmazca kSamAdidazalakSaNaH / harivaMza 2 / 130

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374 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana aura dharma kA mAhAtmya socanA-ye bAraha anuprekSA (bhAvanAe~) kahI gayI haiM, inheM sadA hRdaya meM dhAraNa karanA cAhiye / ' (8) cAritna : jaina Agama meM cAritna ke antargata pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca samiti tathA tIna gupti milakara kula teraha hote haiM / parantu jaina purANoM meM kevala pA~ca kA hI ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| cAritna ke sAmAyika, chedopasthApanA, parihAra vizuddhi, sUkSmasAmparAya tathA yathAkhyAta--ye pA~ca prakAra ke bheda haiN| (1) saba padArthoM meM samatAbhAva rakhanA tathA saba prakAra ke sAvadyayoga kA pUrNa tyAga karanA sAmAyika cAritra hai| (2) apane pramAda ke dvArA kiye hue anartha kA sambandha dUra karane ke lie jo samIcIna pratikriyA hotI hai, chedopasthApanA cAritra hai / (3) jisameM jIva hiMsA ke parihAra se viziSTa-zuddhi hotI hai vaha parihAravizuddhi cAritna kA bodhaka hai| (4) samparAya kaSAya ko kahate haiM, ye kaSAya jisameM atyanta sUkSma raha jAtI hai vaha pApa ko dUra karane vAlA sUkSma sAmparAya cAritra kahalAtA hai| (5) jahA~ samasta moha karma kA upazama (kSaya) ho cukatA hai use yathAkhyAta (athAkhyAta) ko cAritra saMjJA se sambodhita karate haiN|' (10) kaSAya : padma purANa meM varNita hai ki krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobhaye cAra kaSAya mahA zannu haiM, inhIM ke dvArA jIva saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karatA hai| [v] muni-saMgha : sama upasarga pUrvaka 'han' dhAtu se 'a' pratyaya hokara han ko 'gha' Adeza hokara saMgha zabda kI utpatti huI hai| saMgha kA artha samUha hai| prAcIna bhArata meM jaina zramaNoM kA saMgha eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa aura advitIya saMgaThana thA / vastutaH samasta bhArata ke itihAsa meM bauddha dharma ke udaya se bhI pUrva jaina saMgha kA saMgaThita saMgha thaa| jaina saMgha cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta thA-zramaNa, zramaNI, zrAvaka aura shraavikaa|' jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya 'muni-saMgha' huA karate the, jisameM munigaNa nivAsa karate the| inakI saMkhyA evaM vyavasthA ke 1. padma 14 / 237-236 2. dravyasaMgraha mUla 45 3. harivaMza 64 / 15-16 padma 6216; mahA 21168 4. padma 14 / 110 5. jagadIza candra jaina-jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, vArANasI 1665, pR0 386 6. harivaMza 1216, 2016

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dhArmika vyavasthA viSaya meM paryApta prakAza nahIM pdd'taa| harivaMza purANa meM muniyoM ke sAta prakAra ke saMgha kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai, jo ki nAnA prakAra ke guNoM se paripUrNa the|' padma purANa meM cAra prakAra ke saMgha kA saMdarbha draSTavya hai / 2 muni saMgha kI nindA karane para mRtyu tathA stuti karane para dIrghAyu hone kA varNana padma purANa meM huA hai / ' [vi] muni-dIkSA : muni saMgha meM praveza ke pUrva katipaya saMskAra pratipAdita karane par3ate the| padma purANa meM kathita hai ki dIkSA lene ke pUrva mAtA-pitA tathA bandhujanoM se AjJA lenI par3atI thI aura isake uparAnta 'namaH siddhebhyaH'-siddhoM ko namaskAra-aisA kahakara dIkSA grahaNa karate the| jaina purANoM kA kathana hai ki tadanantara ve paJcamuSThiyoM se zira ke vAloM kA luMcana karate the| padma purANa ke anusAra dIkSA ke lie koI Ayu nizcita nahIM thii|" vii] patita (bhraSTa) muni : usa samaya sAmAnyataH munigaNa muni-dharma kA pAlana karate the, parantu bhraSTa muniyoM kA bhI ullekha upalabdha hotA hai jo ki vezyAoM dvArA bhraSTa hote the / bhraSTa muniyoM ko munipada kA parityAga karanA par3atA thaa| pakSa, mahInA Adi nizcita samaya taka aparAdhI muni ko saMgha se dUra kara dete the, ise parihAra-prAyazcita kahate haiN| isake bAda doSa zAnta hone para punaH navIna dIkSA denA upasthApanA nAmaka prAyazcita hai / jise upAsanA daNDa diyA gayA thA, use saMgha ke saba muniyoM ko namaskAra karanA par3atA thA, kyoMki ve navIna dIkSita hote the| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki usa samaya bhI muni bhraSTa hote the| unheM suzAsita karane ke lie kaThora niyama kI vyavasthA thii| jisameM ve saMyamita hote the| muni hI samAja ke Adarza the| 1. saGkaH pariSadi zrImAna babhau saptavidhastadA / vicitraguNapUrNAnAmRSINAM vRSabhezinaH // harivaMza 12 / 71 2. padma 67 / 67, 3665-67 3. padma 3282, 5286, 5 / 263 4. itmadIrya jagahe munisthiti paJcamuSTibhirapAsya mUrdhajAn / harivaMza 63 / 74 cakArAsI parityAgaM kezAnAM paJcamuSTibhiH / / padma 3 / 283 5. padma 41 / 118 6. harivaMza 27 / 101; tulanIya-sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA 4 / 1-2; nizIthabhASya 11556 7. pakSamAsAdibhedena dUrataH parivarjanam / parihAraH punardIkSA syAdupasthApanA punaH / / harivaMza 64 / 37

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 2. yoga : prAcIna kAla se yoga kA vizeSa sthAna rahA hai / Alocita jaina purANoM meM yoga ke viSaya meM agralikhita sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai : [i] yoga kI vyatpatti : 'yuja' dhAtu aura 'gha' pratyaya se yoga zabda kI vyutpatti huI hai| 'yuja dhAtu ke do artha haiM-saMyojita karanA athavA jor3anA aura samAdhi athavA mana: sthiratA / [ii] yoga ke lakSaNa : karmoM ke saMyoga ke kAraNa mUla jIvoM ke pradezoM kA pratispandana yoga kahalAtA hai athavA mana, vacana, kAya kI pravRtti ke prati jIva kA upayoga yA prayatna vizeSa yoga kA bodhaka hai, jo eka hotA huA bhI mana, vacana Adi ke nimitta kI apekSA tIna yA pandraha prakAra kA hotA hai| jaina purANoM meM kAya, vacana tathA mana kI kriyA ko yoga kahate haiM / pataJjali ne cittavRtti ke nirodha ko yoga kahA hai / bauddha-vicAraka AcArya haribhadra ne yoga kA artha samAdhi kiyA hai|' jainAgama meM mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga ko 'Asrava' kahA gayA hai| Asrava ke nirodha karane kA nAma 'saMvara' hai| isalie pataJjali ke yogasUtra meM jise 'cittavRtti' kathita hai, jaina paramparA meM use 'Asrava' nAma pradatta hai| [iii] yoga : prakAra evaM svarUpa : mahA purANa meM cha: prakAra ke yogoM kA nirUpaNa karate hue yoga, samAdhAna, prANAyAma, dhAraNA, AdhyAna (cintavana), dhyeya, smRti, dhyAna kA phala, dhyAna kA bIja tathA pratyAhAra kI samIkSA kI gayI hai| (1) yoga : mana, vacana tathA kAya kI kriyA ko yoga saMjJA pradatta hai| isake zubha tathA azubha do bheda haiN|' m 1. kAmavADmanasAM karma yogo yogavidAM mataH / mahA 21 / 225; harivaMza 58 / 57 2. yogazcittavRttinirodhaH / pAtaJjala yogasUtra 12 mokkheNa joyaNAo jogo| yogaviMzikA, gAthA 1 paMca AsavadArA paNNatA, taM jahA-micchattaM aviraI, pamAyo, kasAyA, jogaa| samavAyAMga, samavAya 5 Asrava-nirodhaH saMvaraH / tattvArthasUtra 61 SaDbheda yogavAdI yaH so'nuyojyaH samAhitaH / yogaH kaH kiM samAdhAnaM prANAyAmazca kIdRzaH / / kA dhAraNA kimAdhyAnaM kiM dhyeyaM kIdRzI smRtiH / kiM phalaM kAni bIjAni pratyAhAro'sya kIdRzaH / / mahA 21 / 223-224 7. kAyavADmanasAM karma yogo yogavidAM mtH| sa zubhAzubhabhedena bhinno dvaividhyamaznute / / mahA 21 / 225

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dhArmika vyavasthA 377 (2) samAdhAna yA samAdhi : uttama pariNAmoM meM citta kA sthira rahanA hai, use yathArtha meM samAdhAna yA samAdhi saMjJA pradatta hai athavA paMca parameSThiyoM ke smaraNa ko bhI samAdhi abhidhA pradatta hai / " (3) prANAyAma : mana, vacana tathA kAya ina tInoM yogoM kA nigraha karanA athavA zubha bhAvanA rakhanA prANAyAma kA bodhaka hai / 2 ( 4 ) dhAraNA : zAstroM meM varNita bIjAkSaroM kI avadhAraNA ko dhAraNA kathita hai| (5) AdhyAna : anityatva Adi bhAvanAoM kA bAra-bAra cintavana karanA AdhyAna kA bodhaka hotA hai / * ( 6 ) dhyeya : mana tathA vacana ke agocara jo atizaya utkRSTa zuddha Atmatattva hai use dhyeya nAma pradatta hai / " (7) smRti : jIva Adi tattvoM ke yathArtha svarUpa kA smaraNa karanA athavA siddha tathA parameSThI ke guNoM kA smaraNa karanA smRti kahalAtI hai / " (8) dhyAna kA phala : dhyAna karane vAle yogI ke citta ke saMtuSTa hone se jo paramAnanda kI prApti hotI hai, vahI sarvAdhika aizvarya hai, phira yoga se hone vAlI aneka RddhiyoM kA to kahanA hI kyA hai ? arthAt dhyAna ke prabhAva se hRdaya meM jo alaukika Ananda prApta hotA hai vahI dhyAna kA sarvotkRSTa phala hai / " (6) dhyAna kA bIja : 'ahaM, arhadbhayo namaH namaH siddhebhyaH, namo'rhatparatmeSThine aura arhatsiddhAcAryopAdhyAya sarva sAdhubhyo namaH - ye dhyAna ke bIjAkSara haiM / inakA dhyAna karane se mokSa kI upalabdhi hotI hai / " 1. yatsamyakparimANeSu cittasyA dhAnamaJjasA / sa samAdhiriti jJeyaH smRtirvA parameSThinAm // prANAyAmo bhaved yoganigrahaH zubhabhAvanaH / mahA 21 / 226 vahI 21 / 227 dhAraNA zrutinirdiSTabIjAnAmavadhAraNam / vahI 21 / 227 AdhyAnaM syAdanudhyAnamanityatvAdicintanaiH / vahI 21 / 228 5. dhyeyaM syAt paramaM tattvamavAGmanasagocaram / vahI 21 / 228 6. smRtirjIvAditattvAnAM yAthAtmyAnusmRtiH smRtA / guNAnusmaraNaM vA syAt siddhArhatparameSThinAm || vahI 21 / 226 yoginaH paramAnando yo'syasyAccitta nirva te / sa evaizvarya paryanto yogajAH kimutarddhayaH / / vahI 21 / 237 mahA 21 / 231-236 2. 3. 4. 7. 8.

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (10) pratyAhAra : mana kI pravRtti kA saMkoca kara lene para jo mAnasika saMtoSa prApta hotA hai use pratyAhAra kI abhidhA pradatta hai|' 3. dhyAna : bhAratIya samAja evaM sampradAyoM meM mokSa upalabdhi ke sAdhanoM meM dhyAna kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| isI prakAra jaina granthoM meM isakA vizada vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai / hama agralikhita paMktiyoM meM isakA vivecana prastuta kara rahe haiM : fi] dhyAna kI vyutpatti: dhyA dhAtu meM an pratyaya lagAne se dhyAna zabda kI vyutpatti huI hai| isakA artha hai kisI viSaya meM mana lagAnA / ekAgratA kA nAma dhyAna hai| vyakti jisa samaya jisa bhAva kA cintana karatA hai, usa samaya vaha usa bhAva ke sAtha tanmaya hotA hai| isalie jisa kisI bhI devatA yA maMtra yA arhanta Adi ko dhyAtA hai, usa samaya vaha apane ko vaha hI pratIta hotA hai| yoga, dhyAna, samAdhi, dhIrodha (buddhi kI caMcalatA ko rokanA), svAntaH nigraha (mana ko vaza meM karanA) antaH saMlInatA (atmA ke svarUpa meM lIna honA) Adi dhyAna ke paryAyavAcI zabda haiN| [i] dhyAna ke aMga : dhyAna ke mukhyatayA tIna aMga haiM-dhyAtA, dhyAna tathA dhyeya / inakA vivaraNa adholikhita hai : (1) dhyAtA : dharma va zukladhyAnoM ko dhyAne vAle yogI ko dhyAtA saMjJA pradatta hai / yadi dhyAnakartA muni caudaha yA dasa yA nau pUrva kA jJAtA ho to dhyAna sampUrNa lakSaNoM se yukta kahalAtA hai| isake atirikta alpa zrutajJAnI, atizaya buddhimAn aura zreNI ke pUrva kA dharma-dhyAna dhAraka utkRSTa muni bhI uttama dhyAtA saMjJA se sambodhita hotA hai / ' Arta aura raudra dhyAnoM se dUra, azubha lezyAoM se rahita, lezyAoM kI vizuddhatA se avalambita, apramatta avasthA kI bhAvanA bharane vAlA, buddhi ke pAra ko prApta, yogI, buddhibalayukta, sUtrArtha avalambI, dhIravIra, samasta parISahoM kA sahanazIla, saMsAra se bhayabhIta, vairAgya bhAvanAe~ bharane vAlA, vairAgya ke kAraNa bhogopabhoga kI sAmagrI ko atRptikara dekhatA huA samyagjJAna kI bhAvanA se mithyAjJAna rUpI pragAr3ha andhakAra ko naSTa karane vAlA tathA vizuddha samyagdarzana dvArA mithyA zalya ko dUra bhagAne vAlA muni dhyAtA hai| 1. pratyAhArastu tasyopasaMhRto cittanivatiH / mahA 21 / 230 2. yogo dhyAnaM samAdhizca dhIrodhaHsvAntanigrahaH / antaH saMlInatA ceti tatparyAyAH smRtA budhAH // mahA 21112 3. mahA 211101-102 4. vahI 21186-86

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dhArmika vyavasthA 376 (2) dhyAna : harivaMza purANa meM uttamasaMhanana ke dhAraka puruSa kI cintA arthAt caMcala mana kA kisI eka padArtha meM antarmuhUrta ke lie ruka jAne ko dhyAna kathita hai / " mahA purANa meM vivRta hai ki tanmaya hokara kisI eka hI vastu meM jo citta kA nirodha kara liyA jAtA hai, use dhyAna saMjJA pradatta hai / 2 Age kahA gayA hai ki jo citta kA pariNAma sthira hotA hai use dhyAna kahate haiM aura jo caMcala rahatA hai use anuprekSA, cintA, bhAvanA athavA citta saMjJAoM se sambodhita kiyA hai / " (3) dhyeya : jo azubha tathA zubha pariNAmoM kA kAraNa ho use dhyeya kahate haiM / " mahA purANa meM dhyeya tIna prakAra kA kathita hai -- zabda, artha tathA jJAna / " mahA purANa meM anyatra vivRta hai ki maiM (jIva ) tathA mere ajIva, Asrava, vanya, saMvara, nirjarA tathA karmoM kA kSaya hone para mokSa - isa prakAra ukta sAta tattva yA puNya-pApa sammilita karane se nau padArtha dhyAna yogya haiM / jagata ke samasta tattva jo jisa rUpa meM avasthita haiM aura jinameM maiM aura merepana kA saMkalpa na hone se jo udAsIna rUpa se vidyamAna haiM ve saba dhyAna ke Alambana (dhyeya ) haiM / " mahA purANa meM arhantadeva kI vizeSatAoM kA varNana karate hue unheM dhyAna ke yogya kathita hai / " [ii] dhyAna kA svarUpa : jisakI vRtti apane bala ke antargata rahatI hai, usI ko mahA purANa meM dhyAna kA svarUpa kahA gayA hai / " 1. 2. 3. dhyAnamekAgracintAyA ghanasaMhananasya hi / nirodho'ntarmuhurtaM syAccintA syAdasthiraM manaH / / aikAgrayeNa nirodho yazcittasyaikatra vastuni / sthiramadhyavasAnaM yattadvayAnaM yaccalAcalam / sAnuprekSAthavA cintA bhAvanA cittameva yA // mahA 216; tulanIya - tattvArthasUtra 6 / 27 7. 4. 5. zrutamarthAbhidhAnaM ca pratyayazcetyadastridhA 6. ahaM mamAsravo bandhaH saMvaro nirjarAkSayaH / karmaNAmiti tattvArthA dhyeyAH sapta navAthavA // dhyAnasyAlambanaM kRtsnaM jagattatvaM yathAsthitam / vinAtmAtmIyasaMkalpAdodasInye nivezitam // dhyeyamaprazastaprazastapariNAmakAraNaM / cAritrasAra 167 2 8. mahA 21 / 112-130 6. dhIbalAyattavRttitvAd dhyAnaM tajJairnirucyate / mahA 218 harivaMza 56 / 3 mahA 21 / 111 mahA 201108 mahA 21 / 17 mahA 21 / 11

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380 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana [iv] dhyAna kI kriyA : harivaMza purANa meM ullikhita hai ki dhyAnakartA puruSa gambhIra, nizcala zarIra aura sukhada paryaGkAsana se yukta hotA hai| usake netra na to khule hote haiM aura na banda hI rahate haiM / nIce ke dAMtoM ke agrabhAga para usake Upara ke dAMta sthita rahate haiN| vaha indriyoM ke samasta vyApAra se nivRtta hotA hai tathA zruta kA pAragAmI hotA hai / vaha dhIre-dhIre zvAsocchvAsa kA saMcAra karatA hai| vaha manovRtti ko mastaka para, hRdaya meM yA lalATa meM sthira kara AtmA ko ekAgra karatA huA dhyAna karatA hai| isI prakAra dhyAna kI kriyAoM kA sundara varNana mahA purANa meM upalabdha hai| [v] dhyAna :prakAra evaM svarUpa : vaha (dhyAtA, dhyAna, dhyeya tathA dhyAna phala rUpa) cAra aMga vAlA aprazasta tathA prazasta ke bheda se do prakAra kA hotA hai|' dhyAna cAra prakAra kA kathita hai-Arta, raudra, dharmya tathA zukla / ' ArttadhyAna tathA raudradhyAna aprazasta haiM aura dharmya dhyAna tathA zukla dhyAna prazasta haiN| mahA purANa ke kathanAnusAra ina cAroM dhyAnoM meM se prathama do (Arta tathA raudra) dhyAna tyAjya haiM kyoMki ve khoTe dhyAna haiM tathA saMsAra ko bar3hAne vAle haiM aura Age ke do (dharma tathA zukla) dhyAna muniyoM ko dhAraNa karane yogya haiM / ' (1) ArtadhyAna : pIr3A ko Ati kahate haiN| Ati ke samaya jo dhyAna hotA hai, use ArtadhyAna saMjJA pradatta hai / yaha ArtadhyAna atyanta kRSNa, nIla tathA kapota lezyA ke bala se utpanna hotA hai| bAhya aura Abhyantara ke bheda se isake do prakAra haiN| bAhya. ArtadhyAna anumAna se aura Abhyantara svasaMvedana se jAnA jAtA hai| (i) bAhya ArtadhyAna : amanojJa duHkha ke bAhya sAdhana manuSya Adi cetana 1. harivaMza 56 / 32-35 2. mahA 21157-84 3. vahI 21 / 27; harivaMza 56 / 2; tulanIya-cAritra sAra 167 / 2; jJAnArNava 25 / 17 4. mahA 21 / 18; harivaMza 56 / 2; tulanIya-tattvArthasUtra 628 5. vahI 21 / 27; tulanIya-mUlAcAra 364 6. vahI 2126 7. harivaMza 56 / 4; mahA 21 / 31-32, 21 / 38 8. vahI 56 / 5; vahI 21 / 32-36

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dhArmika vyavasthA 381 aura viSa zastra Adi acetana bheda se do prakAra ke hote haiM / ' sabhI prakAra ke amanojJa-aniSTa viSayoM kI utpatti na ho-isa prakAra bAra-bAra cintA karanA prathama bAhya AtadhyAna hai / yadi kisI prakAra ke amanojJa-aniSTa viSaya kI utpatti ho gayI ho to usakA abhAva kisa prakAra hogaa| isI bAta kA nirantara saMkalpa karanA dvitIya bAhya AttadhyAna kathita hai|' isI prakAra manojJa sukha ke bAhya sAdhana cetana (pazu, strI, putra Adi) tathA acetana (dhana-dhAnyAdi) ke bheda se do prakAra kA hotA hai| (ii) Abhyantara ArtadhyAna : isake cAra bheda hote haiM-prathama, abhISTa vastu kI utpatti na ho, aisA cintavana (dhyAna) krnaa| dvitIya; yadi abhISTa vastu utpanna ho cukI hai to usake viyoga kA bAra-bAra cintavana krnaa| tRtIya, iSTa viSaya kA kabhI viyoga na ho, aisA cintavana krnaa| caturtha, iSTa viSaya kA yadi viyoga ho gayA hai to usake anta kA vicAra karanA / mAnasika aura zArIrika sAdhana kI dRSTi se Abhyantara AtadhyAna do prakAra kA hotA hai| harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai ki ArtadhyAna kA AcAra pramAda hai, phala tiryaJca gati hai| yaha parokSa kSAyopazamika bhAva hai aura prathama se aSTama guNa sthAna taka pAyA jAtA hai|" (2) raudradhyAna : krUra abhiprAya vAle jIva ko rudra kahate haiM, usakA jo dhyAna hotA hai vaha rodradhyAna kA bodhaka hai| isake cAra bheda haiN| prathama, hiMsA meM tIvra Ananda manAnA hI hiMsAnanda raudradhyAna hai| dvitIya, zraddhAna karane yogya padArthoM ke viSaya meM apanI kalpita yuktiyoM se dUsaroM ko Thagane kA saMkalpa karanA mRSAnanda raudradhyAna kathita hai| tRtIya, pramAdapUrvaka dUsare ke dhana ko balAt harane kA abhiprAya rakhanA steyAnanda (cauryAnanda) raudradhyAna hai / caturtha, cetana, acetana donoM 1. harivaMza 566 2. vahI 56 / 12 3. vahI 56 / 13 4. vahI 56 / 14 5. vahI 5617-8 6. vahI 56010-11, 56 / 15 7. vahI 56 / 18; mahA 21136-41 8. vahI 56 / 16; vahI 21142

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382 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana prakAra ke parigraha kI rakSA kA nirantara abhiprAya rakhanA tathA maiM isakA sAthI hU~, aura yaha merA sva hai isa prakAra bAra-bAra cintavana karanA parigraha saMrakSaNAnanda raudra dhyAna hai / ___ bAhya (krUra vyavahAra, aziSTa vacana kahanA) aura Abhyantara (hiMsA Adi kAryoM meM saMrambha, samArambha aura ArambharUpI pravRtti) ke bheda se raudradhyAna do prakAra kA hotA hai| anya meM pAyA jAne vAlA raudradhyAna anumAna se aura apane meM pAyA jAne vAlA raudradhyAna svayaM anubhava se jJAta hotA hai / / yaha raudradhyAna tIna kRSNa, nIla tathA kApota lezyA ke bala se hotA hai, pramANa se sambandhita tathA nIce ke pA~ca guNa sthAnoM meM hotA hai / isakA kAla antarmuhurta hai / yaha parokSa jJAna se hotA hai ataH kSayopazamabhAva rUpa hai| bhAvalezyA tathA kaSAya ke adhIna hone se audAryakabhAva rUpa hai| isa dhyAna kA uttara phala narakagati hai|' (3) dharmyadhyAna : bAhya aura AdhyAtmika bhAvoM ke yathArtha bhAva ko dharma kathita hai| isa dharma ke sahita ko dharmyadhyAna nAma pradatta hai| mahA purANa meM utpAda, vyaya tathA dhrauvya sahita vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko dharma saMjJA pradatta hai / ' dharmyadhyAna ke do prakAra hote haiM : (i) bAhya dharmyadhyAna : zAstra ke artha kI khoja, zIlavrata kA pAlana, guNoM ke samUha meM anurAga, aMgar3AI, chIMka, DakAra evaM zvAsocchvAsa meM mandatA, zarIra kI nizcalatA aura AtmA ko vratoM se yukta karanA hai|" (ii) Abhyantara dharmyadhyAna : mana, vacana tathA yogoM kI pravRtti hI prAyaH saMsAra kA kAraNa hai| ina pravRttiyoM ke apAya arthAt tyAga ko Abhyantara dharmyadhyAna kI abhidhA pradatta hai| isake dasa bheda haiM-apAya vicaya, upAya vicaya, jIva vicaya, ajIva vicaya, vipAka vicaya, vairAgya vicaya, bhava vicaya, saMsthAna vicaya, AjJA vicaya aura hetu vicaya / 1. harivaMza 56 / 22-25; mahA 21143, 4651 2. vahI 56 / 21-22; vahI 21152-53 3. vahI 56 / 26-28; vahI 21 / 43-46 4. vahI 56 / 35 5. mahA 21 / 133 6. harivaMza 56136 7. vahI 56 / 36-37; mahA 21 / 161 8. vahI 56 / 38-50, vahI 211156-160

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dhArmika vyavasthA mahA purANa meM dharmyadhyAna ke cAra bheda vaNita haiM-AjJA vicaya, apAya vicaya, vipAka vicaya aura saMsthAna vicaya / ' yaha dharmyadhAna apramatta guNasthAna meM hotA hai, pramAda ke abhAva se utpanna hotA hai, pIta tathA padma nAmaka zubha lezyAoM ke bala se hotA hai, kAla tathA bhAva ke vikalpa meM sthita hai aura svarga evaM mokSa rUpa phala kA pradAyaka hai / 2 (4) zukladhyAna : zucitva arthAt zauca ke sambandha ko zukladhyAna saMjJA pradatta hai| zukla tathA parama zukladhyAna ke bheda se isake do prakAra haiN| zukla ke bhI pRthaktva vitarka tathA ekatva vitarka ke bheda se do prakAra haiN| isI prakAra parama zukladhyAna ke do bheda haiM-sUkSma kriyA pratipAti tathA vyuparata kriyA nivati / bAhya aura AdhyAtmika ke bheda se zukladhyAna bhI do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA hai| jainAcAryoM ne dhyAna ko apane DhaMga se siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / apane mata ke pratipAdana meM unhoMne anya matAvalambiyoM ke matoM kA vidvavatApUrNa DhaMga se khaNDana kiyA hai| unhoMne vijJAnAdvaitavAdI, zUnyavAdI bauddha, sAMkhya, dvaitavAdI aura advaitavAdiyoM Adi ke matoM kA khaNDana karate hue anta meM apane mata arthAt syAdvAda ke AdhAra para jIva tattva ko nitya aura anitya donoM hI rUpa mAnakara dhyAna kI siddhi kA mArga batAyA hai| 4. gahastha kA AcAra yA zrAvakAcAra : jaina dharma kI mAnyatAnusAra muniyoM aura gRhasthoM ke lie sAmAnyatayA eka hI dharma vihita haiN| dharma ke niyama, vidhi Adi kA kaThoratA se pAlana karane ko mahAvrata kI saMjJA pradatta hai, jise muni pAlana karate the| inhIM niyamoM aura vidhiyoM kA zithilatA se pAlana karane ko aNuvrata kathita hai, jise gRhastha yA zrAvaka grahaNa karate haiN| muniyoM ke lie kucha vizeSa vrata the, jinakA ullekha uparyukta anucchedoM meM ho cukA hai / Azrama ke prakaraNa ke antargata gRhastha Azrama meM gRhasthoM yA zrAvakoM kI vivecanA kara cuke haiM, unakI 1. mahA 21 / 141-154 2. harivaMza 56151-52; mahA 211155-168, 21 / 162-163 / / 3. vahI 56 // 53; mahA 21 / 166; padma 11 / 243 4. vahI 56 / 53-54, 56 / 57-113; mahA 21 / 167-174, 21 / 178-215 5. vahI 56155; mahA 211174-177 6. mahA 21 / 240-254

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384 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana punarAvRtti yahA~ nahIM karanI hai / gRhasthoM ke anya dharma, dAna, pUjA, devI-devatAoM kI mAnyatA, vratopavAsa Adi the / inakA ve pAlana karate the / inakA parizIlana yathAsthAna prastuta kiyA gayA hai / 5. devatA : deva zabda kA prayoga vItarAgI bhagavAn arthAt ahaM siddha ke lie aura deva - gati saMsArI jIvoM ke lie huA hai / isake atirikta paMca parameSThI, caitya, caityAlaya, zAstra tathA tIrthakSetra - ye saba devatA mAnya haiM / sanmArga para calate hue jinhoMne tapa kiyA thA, ve devagati usake phalasvarUpa sukha bhogate haiM / inakA vivaraNa, sthAna, Ayu Adi bhinna-bhinna hotI hai / " [i] devatAoM ke prakAra : padma purANa meM vivRta hai ki devatAoM ke cAra bheda haiM- jyotiSI, bhavanavAsI, vyantara aura kalpavAsI / apane-apane karmoM ke anusAra saMsAra ke prANI inameM janma grahaNa karate haiM / vidyAdharoM ke nivAsa sthala se 10 yojana Upara gAndharva aura kinnara deza ke hajAroM nagara sthita haiM / (1) jyotiSI devatA : harivaMza purANa meM ullikhita hai ki mAnuSottara parvata se 50,000 yojana Age calakara sUrya, candra Adi jyotiSa valaya ke rUpa meM sthita haiM / usake Age eka-eka lAkha yojana calakara jyotiSiyoM ke valaya haiM / pratyeka valaya meM cAra-cAra sUrya-candra haiM aura eka dUsare kI kiraNeM paraspara saMyukta haiM / isa varga ke antargata pA~ca prakAra ke devatA Ate haiM-sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra tathA prakIrNaka tAre / ye saba deva jyotirmaya haiM / isalie inakI jyotiSI yaha sAmAnya saMjJA sArthaka hai / " inameM sUryapUjA kA ullekha upalabdha hai !" (2) bhavanavAsI devatA : inake antargata dasa devatA Ate haiM- asurakumAra, nAgakumAra, vidyutkumAra, suparNakumAra, agnikumAra, vAtakumAra, stanitakumAra, udadhi - kumAra, dvIpakumAra aura dikkumaar| cUMki ye devagaNa apane vastrAbhUSaNoM, zastrAstroM, 1. harivaMza 3 / 141-180 2. jyotiSA bhAvanAH kalpA vyantarAzca caturvidhAH / devA bhavanti yogyena karmaNA jantavo bhave // padma 382, 3 / 162-163, 14/47-48 3. padma 3 / 310 4. harivaMza 6 / 31-34, 3 / 151; mahA 54 / 267 5. tattvArthasUtra 4 / 12; tiloyapaNNatti 77,7138 6. mahA 73 / 60

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dhArmika vyavasthA 385 vAhanoM Adi se yuvA dIkhate haiM, ataeva inheM kumAra kahA gayA hai| jaina purANoM meM ina devatAoM kA kramabaddha varNana anupalabdha hai| inakA yatra-tatra ullekha huA hai / 2 (3) vyantara devatA : vyantara devatAoM meM kinnara, kimpuruSa, mahoraga, gandharva, yakSa, rAkSasa, bhUta aura pizAca Ate haiN| rAkSasa paMkabahula kSetra meM rahate haiM aura anya devoM ke nivAsasthAna asaMkhya dvIpoM tathA sAgaroM se pare UparI Thosa bhAga meM hotA hai / ' jaina purANoM meM inakA ullekha kramabaddha DhaMga se nahIM huA hai / inakA yatra-tatra ullekha prApta hotA hai / bhUta-pizAca Adi ke viSaya meM varNita hai ki ye rAta meM zmazAna bhUmi meM apanI icchAnusAra nRtya karate the| bhUta-pizAca kI upAsanA se putra-prApti kA ullekha huA hai / " jaina purANoM meM bhI pizAca kA varNana upalabdha hai| mahA purANa aura harivaMza purANa meM vivecita hai ki bhUta-pizAca se prerita hone para maMtra se nigraha karate the| (4) kalpavAsI devatA : harivaMza purANa ke anusAra kalpavAsI deva indriyAdi ke bheda se aneka haiM aura kalpAtIta devatA kevala ahamidra haiN|' mahA purANa ke varNanAnusAra isa varga meM dasa prakAra ke devatAoM kA ullekha huA hai-indra, sAmAnika, trAyAstriMza, pAriSad, AtmarakSa, lokapAla, anIka, prakIrNaka, Abhiyogya evaM kilviSika / ' indra ke sAtha indrANI kA bhI ullekha huA hai / indra devatAoM kA rAjA hotA thA aura usake pAsa apAra aizvarya hotA thaa|" (5) anya devI-devatA : Alocita jaina purANoM ke parizIlana evaM anya sAkSyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jainetara vaidika devI-devatAoM ko samAja meM sarvAdhika sammAnita sthAna upalabdha thaa| jainI AcAryoM ne bhI ina devI-devatAoM ko apane granthoM 1. tattvArthasUtra 4 / 11 2. mahA 33 / 107-106 3. sarvArthasiddhi 4 / 11 4. mahA 201215, 34 / 181, 33 / 110 5. vahI 62 / 214 6. padma 48 / 168; harivaza 30 / 47; mahA 43 / 262 7. vahI 46 / 27; mahA 1186-88 8. harivaMza 3 / 151 6. mahA 22 / 22-31, 33 / 107-106 10. vahI 10 / 183-185, 23 / 106-115 25

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386 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana meM sthAna dekara inheM AtmasAta kara liyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina purANoM meM jina anya devI-devatAoM ke nAma upalabdha haiM, ve jainI-pAramparika devatAoM kI zreNiyoM meM nahIM aate| padma purANa meM yama, vaizravaNa, soma, varuNa Adi ke abhiSeka kA ullekha hai| jaina purANoM meM laukAntika devatA kA ullekha milatA hai, jo zvetavarNa, tuSita, vahni, arUya, Aditya Adi guNa se yukta the / 2 inheM laukika devatA kahA jA sakatA hai| harivaMza purANa meM soma ko pUrva dizA, yama ko dakSiNa dizA, varuNa ko pazcima dizA aura kubera ko uttara dizA kA svAmI batAyA gayA hai|' mahA purANa meM kuvera ko dhana kA svAmI kathita hai| anya devatAoM meM mAhezvara, brahmA, viSNu, IzAna, siddha evaM buddha the| inheM jainetara devatAoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai ki varadAna dene vAlI devI ko krUra-bhIla Adi jaMgalI jAtiyoM ne bhaisoM kA mAMsa-rudhira denA prArambha kiyA, tabhI se devI ko bali dene kI prathA cala pdd'ii|' anya devI-devatAoM meM mukhya nimnavat haiM-vana, jala, rAhu,' nArada," yamarAja," veNu-veNudArI,2 Adi / 1. padma 3185 2. vahI 3 / 268; harivaMza 55 / 101; mahA 52150 3. harivaMza 5 / 323-327 4. mahA 5216 5. harivaMza 17 / 131-132; padma 2 / 61 6. vahI 46 / 32 7. mahA 18152 8. vahI 43165 6. vahI 54 / 267 10. vahI 6072, 62 / 430-442 11. vahI 621443 12. harivaMza 5160

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dhArmika vyavasthA 387 6. pUjA : bhAratIya samAja meM prAcIna kAla se manuSya ke dainika jIvana meM pUjA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai / manuSya kI yaha sudRr3ha AsthA hai ki isa kRtya ko sampanna karane se vaha sukhI-samRddhazAlI hogA aura vighna-bAdhAoM se mukta rhegaa| isake sAtha hI usakA paraloka bhI uttama hogaa| isa prakAra Alocya purANoM meM yaha dharma- rAga pracura hone ke kAraNa jina pUjA ko hI mahattva pradAna kiyA hai / isa sandarbha meM nimnavat vivaraNa prastuta haiM : [i] pUjA : lakSaNa evaM nAma : rAga pracura hone ke kAraNa gRhasthoM ke lie pradhAna dharma jina pUjA hai / yadyapi isameM paMca parameSThi kI pratimAoM kA Azraya hotA hai, parantu apane bhAva hI pradhAna haiM, jinake kAraNa pUjaka ko asaMkhyAta guNI karma kI nirjarA hotI rahatI hai / hamAre Alocya jaina purANoM meM pUjA ke vibhinna nAma upalabdha hote haiM / mahA purANa meM kathita hai ki yAga, yajJa, kratu, pUjA, saparyA, ijyA, adhvara, makha tathA mahaye saba pUjA ke paryAyavAcI zabda haiM / ' [ii] pUjA : prakAra evaM vidhi-vidhAna : mahA purANa meM pUjA ke cAra prakAra varNita haiM- (1) sadArcana ( nityamaha), (2) caturmukha ( sarvatobhadra ), (3) kalpadruma tathA ( 4 ) aSTAki / 2 (1) sadArcana ( nityamaha ) : apane ghara se gandha, puSpa, akSata ityAdi le jAkara jinAlaya (mandira) meM jinendra deva kI pUjA karane ko sadArcana nAma pradatta hai athavA bhaktipUrvaka arhantadeva kI pratimA tathA mandira kA nirmANa karanA aura dAnapatra likhakara grAma kheta Adi kA dAna denA bhI sadArthana kA bodhaka hai / isI ke antargata yathAzakti muniyoM kI pUjA evaM dAna kI vyavasthA bhI kI gayI hai / ' (2) caturmukha ( sarvatobhadra ) : rAjAoM dvArA jo mahAyajJa kiyA jAtA thA, usako caturmukha ( sarvatobhadra ) kI abhidhA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / 1. 2. yAgo yajJaH kratuH pUjA saparyejyAdhvaro makhaH / maha ityApi paryAyavacanAnyarcanAvidheH / mahA 67 / 163 proktA pUjArhatA mijyA sA caturdhA sadArcanam / caturmukhamahaH kalpadrumAzcASTAhniko'pi ca // mahA 38 / 26 3. mahA 38 / 27 - 26 4. vahI 38/30

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (3) kalpadruma : cakravartiyoM dvArA jisa yajJa meM vAJchita dAna kI pUrti kI jAtI hai, use kalpadruma saMjJA pradatta hai / " 388 ( 4 ) aSTAhnika : yaha jagata meM prasiddha hai aura ise sabhI manuSya pratidina dainika vidhi ke sAtha karate haiM / 2 uparyukta cAroM prakAroM ke atirikta mahA purANa meM pUjA kA pA~cavA~ prakAra kathita hai, jise kevala indra hI kara sakate haiM / isI ko aindradhvaja mahAyajJa kI abhidhA pradAna kI gayI hai / " mahA purANa meM una sabhI pUjA kI vidhiyoM ko isI meM samAhita kiyA hai, jo anya loga mAnate haiM / udAharaNArtha, bali arthAt naivedya car3hAnA, abhiSeka karanA tathA tInoM saMdhyAoM meM upAsanA karanA Adi ko cAroM bhedoM ke antargata hI mAnA hai / vyavahAra meM pUjA ke pA~ca aMga batAye gaye haiM--AhvAnana, sthApanA, saMnidhikaraNa, pUjana tathA visarjana / " harivaMza purANa meM tIna pradakSiNA karake dUdha, candana, ikSurasa, ghI, dahI, jala, cAvala, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa tathA naivedya se pUjA karane kA vidhAna milatA hai / isI prakAra pUjA karane kA ullekha mahA purANa meM upalabdha hai / " yahA~ yaha gaveSaNA kA viSaya banAyA jA sakatA hai ki pUjA prakAra ke antargata jina yajJoM kA ullekha huA hai, kyA ve vaidika yajJoM ke samAna the ? kyA ina yajJoM meM pazu bali dI jAtI thI ? kyA jainiyoM ko yajJa karane kA vidhAna thA ? yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai ki jisa artha meM yajJa kA prayoga vaidika yajJoM ke lie kiyA gayA hai vaha artha jainiyoM ko mAnya nahIM thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne yajJa zabda kA artha atyadhika dAna tathA pUjA ke lie kiyA hai / ' harivaMza purANa meM yajJa kA artha devapUjA batAyA gayA hai / isakA varNana Age kiyA gayA hai / padma purANa meM jinendra kI pUjA-vidhi kA kaI sthAnoM para ullekha huA hai / bhagavAn ke mandira ko vividha prakAra se susajjita kara, nRtya-gIta vAdinoM dvArA paM. 2. 3. mahAnaindradhvajo'nyastu surarAjaiH kRtomahaH / mahA 38 / 32 4. mahA 38 / 33 mahA 38 / 31 vahI 38 32 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra 116 / 173 / 15 harivaMza 22 / 21-23 5. 6. 7. 8. 6. harivaMza 17 / 126 mahA 31 / 53, 33 / 125 yajJazabdAbhidheyorudAnapUjAsvarUpakAt / mahA 67 / 164

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dhArmika vyavasthA 386 mahotsava kara; jala, dUdha, dahI se abhiSeka kara; gandha vilepanoM, puSpoM, ratnoM evaM naivedyoM se pUjA kara; dhUpa-dIpadAna kara, upahAra car3hAne evaM pUjA karane kI uttama vidhi hai / ' harivaMza purANa meM ullekha AyA hai ki jo pUjA naivedya se kI jAtI hai, vaha svargapradAyinI hotI hai / 2 padma purANa meM vivecita hai ki jo vyakti jina pratimA kI pUjA karatA hai use adhika phala kI prApti hotI hai| isI purANa meM anyatra varNita hai ki bhAvapUrvaka eka pratimA banavAne meM puNyAtmA ko atulanIya phala kI upalabdhi hotI hai| (iii) yajJa aura yajJoM kA virodha : jaina dharma ahiMsA pradhAna hone ke kAraNa una sabhI yajJoM kA virodha karatA hai, jisameM hiMsA hotI hai / jaina purANoM meM yajJa pUjA ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| mahA purANa ke anusAra dAna denA tathA deva evaM RSiyoM kI pUjA ke artha meM yajJa zabda kA prayoga huA hai / mahA purANa meM vivRta hai ki yajJa do prakAra ke hote the-Arya yajJa aura anArya yajJa / ' (1) Arya yajJa-tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva dvArA kathita veda-jisameM jIvAdi cha: dravya, tIna agni, RSi, yati, muni evaM anagAra rUpI dvija vana meM nivAsa karate haiMdvArA AtmayajJa kara mokSa prApta karate haiN| dUsare Arya yajJa meM tIrthakara gaNadhara evaM anya kevaliyoM kA pUjana, dAna, RSi praNIta vedamaMtra kA uccAraNa, akSata-gandha-mAlA Adi se Ahuti hotI hai / RSiyoM ne muni aura gRhastha AzramoM ke bheda se ise do prakAra kA batAyA hai : muni yajJa-mokSa kA sAkSAt kAraNa muni Azrama hai aura gRhastha yajJaparamparA se mokSa kA kAraNa / padma purANa meM Arya yajJa ko hI dharma yajJa kI abhidhA dI gayI hai|' (2) anArya yajJa : jisa yajJa meM hiMsA hotI hai, vaha anArya yajJa kA bodhaka hai| jaina purANoM meM hiMsA yajJa kA ullekha milatA hai| yajJa meM bahuta se prANiyoM kI 1. padma 1086-60, 321153-171, 452101,66 / 5, 65 // 32-33 2. naivedyAdividhAnena yAgaH svargaphalapradaH / harivaMza 171126 3. padma 321178-182 4. vahI 14 / 206-210, 32 / 174 5. vartate yajJazabdazca dAnadevarSipUjayoH / mahA 67 / 162 6. mahA 67200-210 7. padma 11 / 241-244

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360 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bali dI jAtI thii| yajJazAlA meM bakare bA~dhe rahate the jinakI bali dI jAtI thii| padma purANa meM varNita hai ki yajJa meM hiMsA hotI thI, gosava yajJa meM agamyA (parastrI) kA sevana kiyA jAtA thA, pitRmedha yajJa meM pitA kA vadha medhI para karate the / sautrAmaNiyajJa meM madirA pInA doSapUrNa nahIM thaa| jainiyoM ne hiMsA ke kAraNa hI yajJoM kA virodha kiyA hai / jaina purANoM meM pazubali kA virodha kiyA gayA hai / padma purANa meM yajJa-dIkSA ko mahApApa kathita hai|' mahA purANa meM yajJa-kartA ko daNDa dene kI vyavasthA thii| yajJoM kA virodha anya tatkAlIna jaina granthoM meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai| yazastilaka meM yajJoM meM pazubali kA virodha milatA hai| DaoN0 haNDIkI kA kathana hai ki lagabhaga sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI meM jaba brAhmaNa vicArakoM kA prAdurbhAva bahusaMkhyA meM huA thA, taba jaina virodha kI AvAja bhanda par3a gayI thii| parantu yaha kathana zraddheya nahIM hai / kyoMki Alocita purANoM meM-jisakA racanA-kAla ukta hI hai-jainAcAryoM dvArA virodha kiyA jA rahA thaa| yahI nahIM bAda ke jaina granthoM meM bhI virodhI dhvani upalabdha hotI hai| jainetara vaidika granthoM meM bhI hiMsAparaka yajJoM kA virodha milatA hai| Rgveda (10 / 46 / 6) aura muNDakopaniSad (1 / 2 / 7) meM aise yajJoM kA virodha huA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki yajJoM meM hiMsA kA pracalana bAda meM huaa| (iv) veda aura vedoM kA virodha : jainI apane granthoM ko hI veda kahate haiN| mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki jisake bAraha aMga haiM, jo nirdoSa haiM aura jisameM zreSTha AcaraNoM kA vidhAna haiM, vahI veda haiN| unhIM purANoM aura dharmazAstroM ko vAsta 1. padma 67 / 388 2. vahI 68 / 227 3. vahI 1184-86 4. mahA 67 / 327-473; harivaMza 17 / 135; padma 11 / 41-43 5. padma 1116 6. mahA 36 / 136 kRSNa kAnta haNDIkI-yazastilaka eNDa iNDiyana kalcara, solApura, 1646, pR0 380-388 8. kRSNa kAnta haNDIkI--vahI, pR0 360 6. AcArya tulasI-yajJa aura ahiMsaka paramparAe~, gurudeva zrI ratnamuni smRti grantha, pR0 151 .

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dhArmika vyavasthA 361 vika purANa aura dharmazAstra mAnA gayA hai, jisameM hiMsA kA abhAva hai / ' jaina purANoM meM hiMsAparaka veda ko pauruSeya varNita hai aura sthAna-sthAna para isakI nindA kI gayI hai / veda ke AdhAra para pUjA-pATha kara AjIvikA calAne vAle brAhmaNoM ko akSaramleccha kahakara unakI nindA kI gayI hai / atharvaveda ko pApa pravartaka zAstra kahA gayA hai / 2 ahiMsA pradhAna jaina dharma ne pAramparika vaidika dharma kA virodha kiyA hai| 7. dAna :bhAratIya samAja meM dAna pradAna karane kI prathA prAcIna kAla se pracalita hai| isake antargata manuSya kI paropakArI pravRtti parilakSita hotI hai / dharmArtha dAna kA bhI pracalana yahA~ thA, jisake antargata dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie dAna diyA jAtA thaa| yaha dhArmika sampradAyoM ko adhikAMzataH diyA jAtA thA, jisakA upayoga ve AvazyakatAnusAra karate the| isa prakAra kA varNana hamAre Alocita jaina purANoM meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai| isakA vivecana nimnavat prastuta hai : [i] dAna kI vyutpatti : 'dA' (dene artha meM) dhAtu se 'ana' pratyaya hokara dAna' zabda nirmita huaa| dAna kA artha hai denA / dAna se tAtparya kisI vastu se apanA adhikAra chor3a dUsare kA adhikAra sthApita karanA hai| [ii] dAna kA lakSaNa : svayaM apanA aura dUsaroM ke upakAra ke lie apanI vastu kA tyAga karanA dAna hai|' dAna ke sambandha meM sarvArthasiddhi meM varNita hai ki dUsare ke upakAra ke lie apanI vastu ke arpaNa ko dAna kahA gayA hai| [iii] dAna : prakAra evaM svarUpa : dAna ke prakAra ke sambandha meM jaina AgamoM meM do prakAra ke vicAra milate haiN| eka ke anusAra dAna cAra prakAra kA hotA hai aura dUsare ke anusAra dAna ke tIna prakAra haiM / pahalA-AhAra, auSadhi, zAstrAdika tathA sthAna-ye cAra prakAra ke dAna haiN| dUsarA-AhAra, abhaya evaM jJAna ye tIna 1. mahA 36 / 22-23 2. padma 11 / 167-251, harivaMza 23 / 34-35; mahA 42 / 52-184, 67 / 187-473 3. tattvArthasAra 7 / 38 4. padma 3 / 65-72; sarvArthasiddhi 6 / 12 / 330 / 14 5. padma 32 / 154-156; 14176; tulanIya-ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra 117

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362 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dAna haiM / isI zreNI meM sAttvika, rAjasa evaM tAmasa dAna ko mAnA gayA hai / hamAre Alocita mahA purANa meM dAna ko cAra bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai : (1) dayAdatti, (2) pAtadatti, (3) samadatti tathA (4) anvayadatti / ' (1) dayAdati : anugraha karane yogya prANiyoM ke samUha para dayApUrvaka mana, vacana, kAya kI zuddhi ke sAtha unake bhaya dUra karane ko dayAdatti nAma pradatta hai / (2) pAtradatti : mahA tapasvI muniyoM ke lie satkArapUrvaka par3agAha kara jo AhAra Adi diyA jAtA hai use pAtradatti saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / " (3) samadatti : kriyA, mantra evaM vrata Adi meM jo apane samAna hai tathA jo saMsAra-samudra se pAra kara dene vAlA koI anya uttama gRhastha ko kanyA, hasti, ghor3A, ratha, ratna, pRthvI, suvarNa Adi denA athavA madhyama pAtra ke lie samAna buddhi se zraddhA ke sAtha jo dAna diyA jAtA hai vaha samAna (sama) datti nAma se sambodhita hotA hai / " ( 4 ) anvayadatti : apane vaMza kI pratiSThA ke lie putra ko samasta kula samarpaNa karane ko sakaladatti (anvayadatti ) paddhati tathA dhana ke sAtha apanA kuTumba abhidhA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / " mahA purANa meM dAna ke dUsare varga kA bhI samyak varNana kiyA gayA hai, jisameM dAna ke tIna prakAra batAye gaye haiM / zreSTha muniyoM ne - ( 1 ) zAstra dAna (2) abhaya dAna tathA (3) anna dAna- ye tIna prakAra ke dAna batAye haiM / inameM se anna dAna kI apekSA abhaya dAna zreSTha hai aura abhaya dAna se zAstra dAna zreSTha hai / ' (1) zAstra dAna : sarvajJa deva kA kahA huA, pUrvAparavirodha Adi se rahita, hiMsAdi pApoM ko dUra karane vAlA tathA pratyakSApratyakSa pramANoM se sampanna 1. sarvArthasiddhi 6 / 24 338 / 1 2. sAgara dharmAmRta 5 / 47 3. mahA 38 / 35 4. vahI 38 / 36 5. vahI 38 / 37 6. vahI 38 / 38-36 7. vahI 3840 8. zAstrAbhyAnnadAnAni proktAni munisattamaiH / pUrvapUrvabahUrAttaphalAnImAni dhImatAm || mahA 56 / 67

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dhArmika vyavasthA ko zAstra kathita hai| aise zAstra kA vyAkhyAna, saMsAra ke duHkha se bhayabhIta satpuruSoM kA upakAra karane kI icchA ko zAstra dAna saMjJA pradatta hai|' (2) abhaya dAna : mokSa prApta karane kA icchuka tathA tattvoM ke svarUpa ko jAnane vAlA muni karmabandha ke kAraNoM ko chor3ane kI icchA se jo prANipIr3A kA tyAga karatA hai, use abhaya dAna' kahate haiM / 13) anna dAna : hiMsAdi doSoM se dUra rahane vAle jJAnI sAdhuoM ke lie zarIrAdi bAhya sAdhanoM kI rakSA ke artha jo zuddha AhAra diyA jAtA hai, use AhAra dAna (annadAna) kI saMjJA pradatta hai| ___ padma purANa meM prazaMsanIya aura nidinta dAnoM kI vivecanA milatI hai : (1) prazaMsanIya dAna : padma purANa meM vivecita hai ki jisa prakAra uttama kheta meM boye hue bIja se atyadhika sampadA upalabdha hotI hai, usI prakAra uttama pAtra ke lie zuddha hRdaya se diyA huA dAna atyadhika sampadA pradAna karatA hai| uttama pAtra ko diyA dAna uttama phalapradAyaka hai aura nIca ko diyA gayA dAna nimna phala detA hai| bhAva se dAna denA zubha hotA hai| dIna aMdhe kA dAna karuNAdAna hai| sAmarthyAnusAra bhaktipUrvaka samyakdRSTi logoM ke lie jo dAna detA hai, usI kA uttama dAna hai, zeSa coroM ko luTAnA jaisA hai| (2) nindita dAna : pApI pAtra ko dAna dene se kucha prApta nahIM hotA hai| rAgI, dveSI, lobhI ko dAna dene se phala kI prApti nahIM hotii| isI purANa meM bhUmi-dAna kI nindA kI gayI hai| ukta purANa meM varNita hai ki yadyapi pazu tathA bhUmi-dAna nindita hai phira bhI yadi jina pratimA Adi ko uddezya karake dene se yaha utkRSTa mAnA gayA hai|" (iv) dAna kI pAtratA aura usakA pariNAma : hamAre Alocita jaina purANoM meM dAna usI pAtra ko dene kA ullekha hai, jo isake lie sarvathA yogya ho / mahA purANa meM kathita hai ki dAna usI pAtra ko denA cAhie jo isake lie 1. mahA 56 / 68-66 7. padma 14 // 66 2. vahIM 56 / 70 8. vahI 14165 3. vahI 5671 6. vahI 14 // 61-74 4. padma 14 / 60 10. vahI 14175 5. vahI 14 / 64 11. vahI 14178 6. vahI 14165

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364 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana denA cAhie, jisase dAna dene purANa meM ullekha AyA hai ki dAna hai aura usI kA phala dAna coroM ko luTAne vAle ucita evaM yogya ho aura usa pAtra ko uttama dAna aura lene vAle donoM ko yatheSTa lAbha ho sake / ' padma samyagdRSTi puruSoM ko diyA gayA dAna hI sArthaka usako milatA hai / isake viparIta anya ko diyA gayA dhana ke samAna hai arthAt usakA use koI lAbha nahIM mila sakatA | 1 mahApurANa meM to yahA~ taka kathita hai ki kupAtra ko dAna evaM pAtra ina tInoM kA vinAza ho jAtA hai / padma purANa meM uttama pAtra ko dAna dene kA vidhAna hai / uttama pAtra kI yogyatA ke viSaya meM varNita hai ki use samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna evaM samyak cAritra se zuddha, samAnadRSTivAlA, parigraha se rahita tathA mahAtapazcaraNa aura tattva meM lIna honA cAhie / dene se dAtA, dAna (v) dAna kI vastue~ : dAna meM kauna sI vastue~ dI jAnI cAhie ? isakA vivecana hamAre Alocya purANa meM huA hai / mahA purANa meM dasa prakAra kI vastuoM ko dAna meM dene kI vyavasthA pradatta hai / kanyA, hAthI, suvarNa, azva, go, dAsI, tila, ratha, bhUmi tathA gRha-ina dasa vastuoM ko dAna meM denI cAhie / " yahA~ yaha vicAraNIya viSaya hai ki ukta dasa dAna kI vastue~ laukika jIvana se sambaddha rakhane vAlI haiM aura inase pAralaukika lAbha nahIM ho sakatA / cUMki jaina dharma nirvRttimUlaka hai / aisI paristhiti meM pravRttimUlaka vicAradhArA ko prazraya na denA samIcIna hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki mahA purANa ne ukta dAna kI vastuoM ko upekSA kA viSaya batAyA hai / isase dAna ke vAstavika phala kI prApti nahIM ho sakatI / ye dAna kI vastue~ svArthaparaka haiM / isI lie mahA purANa meM ullikhita hai ki zAstra hI pramukha sAdhana hai, jisase siddhi milatI hai / zAstra jJAna se prApta hotA hai, ataeva zAstra dAna kI mukhya vastu hai / " 1. 2. padma 14 / 66 3. kupAte'yaM visRST vavaM trayANAM vihatiH kRtA / mahA 56 60 4. padma 14153-58 mahA 63 / 275 5. kanyAhastisuvarNavAjikapiladAsItilasyandana kSma pratibaddhamata dazadhA dAnaM daridrepsitam // mahA 56 66 6. 7. mahA 56 / 81-66 vahI 56 / 73

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dhArmika vyavasthA 365 (vi) dAna kA mahattva tathA phala : dAna kI mahattA ko mahA purANa meM pradarzita karate hue varNita hai ki jJAna se bar3hakara anya dAna nahIM hai / jJAna zAstra se prApta hotA hai| ataH zAstra hI pradhAna hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki zAstra-dAna ko sarvazreSTha dAna mAnA gayA hai / isI se mokSa kI upalabdhi hotI hai / AhAra-dAna meM thor3A Arambhajanya pApa rahatA hai| isalie abhaya-dAna AhAra-dAna se zreSTha hai| ina dAnoM kA krama kramazaH zAstra-dAna, abhaya-dAna tathA AhAra-dAna hai| mahA purANa ke anusAra ukta tInoM mahAdAnoM ke karane vAle paramapada (mokSa) ko prApta karate haiM / 2 padma purANa meM dAna ke phala ko nirUpita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jinendra bhagavAn ko uddezya kara diye gaye dAna se manuSya ko svarga tathA manuSya loka sambandhI uttamottama bhoga kI prApti hotI hai| isase utkRSTa bhoga kI prApti hotI hai / yahI dAna guNoM kA pAtra hai| padma purANa meM dAna se nimnAMkita phala kI prApti varNita hai-upadrava se mukti, apAra sukhoM kI prApti, uttama gati', bhogaprApti Adi / . vratopavAsa : prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA evaM AsthA ke anusAra vratopavAsa dvArA Atma-zuddhi hone ke sAtha hI pApa-kSaya bhI hotA hai| isa prakAra mAnava jIvana meM isakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| dhArmika granthoM meM isakI mahattA ko pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| jaina purANoM ne isa para adhika bala diyA hai| ina purANoM meM adholikhita vivaraNa upalabdha hai| padma purANa meM hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, kuzIla aura parigraha se virakta hone ko vrata saMjJA pradatta hai| harivaMza purANa meM caturthaka, SaSTha evaM aSTam zabda upavAsa ke lie prayukta huA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki eka dina ke upavAsa ke lie caturthaka, dvidivasIya 1. mahA 5673-77 2. vahI 5676 3. padma 14164-65 4. vahI 32 / 155 5. vahI 32 / 156 6. vahI 14142 7. vahI 32 / 154 hiMsAto'lIkataH steyAnmaithunAd dravya saMgamAt / virativratamudiSTaM vidheyaM tasya dhAraNam // padma 14 / 107

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366 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana upavAsArtha SaSTha tathA tridivasIya upavAsa ke liye aSTama zabda hai| isa prakAra dazama ko Adi mAnakara SaDmAsa ke upavAsa kI vyavasthA hai|' isakA spaSTIkaraNa isa prakAra hai ki sAdhAraNataH dina meM koI manuSya do bAra bhojana grahaNa karatA hai kintu upavAsa rahane para manuSya ko upavAsa se pUrva dina meM eka bAra bhojana karane ke pazcAt upavAsa kA dina milAkara AgAmI dina kramAnusAra caturtha velA hone para vaha bhojana karatA hai arthAt vaha cAra bAra kA bhojana grahaNa nahIM karatA hai| ataH ise caturthaka kahA hai| isI prakAra anya zabdoM kA bhI Azaya samajhanA caahie| jaina paramparA ke anusAra upavAsa kA tAtparya nirjalA se hI hai arthAt bhojana ke atirikta jala pInA bhI tyAjya mAnA jAtA thaa| yadi manuSya upavAsa kAla meM jala grahaNa kara letA hai to upavAsa khaNDita ho jAtA hai| jaina purANoM meM adholikhita vratopavAsa kA varNana milatA hai : __ AcAmlavardhamAnavidhi,2 cAndrAyaNavidhi,' saptasaptamatapovidhi, aSTASTama se dvAtriMzadvAtriMzadvidhi, jinendra guNasampattividhi, zrutavidhi; darzanazuddhavidhi, tapaH zuddhavidhi, cAritrazuddha vidhi, ekakalyANakavidhi," paJcakalyANakavidhi,2 zIlakalyANakavidhi, bhAvanAvidhi,"paJcaviMzati kalyANa bhAvanAvidhi,5 duHkhaharaNavidhi,16 karmakSayavidhi, nandIzvara vratavidhi,8 merupaMktivratavidhi, vimAnapaMktividhi,2deg zAtakumbhavidhi,21 siMhaniSkrIDitavidhi,22 sarvatobhadra, 2" navAntabhadra, mahAsarvatobhadra,25 m 1. ekazcaturthakAbhiravyo dvau SaSThaM tu trayo'STamaH / / dazamAdyAstathA vedyAH SaNmAsyantopavAsakAH // harivaMza 34 / 125 2. harivaMza 34164-66 mahA 7 / 42-43, 777, 14. harivaMza 34 / 112 harivaMza 34160 15. vahI 34 / 113-116 harivaMza 34161, mahA 676 16. vahI 34 / 118-120 vahI 34 / 62-64 17. vahI 34 / 121; mahA 7 / 18 vahI 34 / 122; mahA 6 / 141 18. vahI 34184 vahI 34167; vahI 6 / 146-151 16. vahI 34185 __ vahI 34168 20. vahI 3486 6. vahI 34166; mahA 777 21. vahI 34187-86 10. vahI 34 / 100-106 22. vahI 34178-83; mahA 7 / 23 vahI 34|110 23. vahI 34152-55; vahI 7 / 23 12. vahI 34 / 111 24. vahI 34156 13. vahI 34 / 112 25. vahI 34 / 57-58 **; is

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dhArmika vyavasthA ekA valIvidhi, trilokasAravidhi' vajramadhyavidhi, 2 mRdaGgamadhyavidhi, murajamadhya vidhi, dvikAvalIvidhi, muktAvalI vidhi, ratnAvalIvidhi' ratnamuktAvalI - vidhi, kanakAvalIvidhi, " dvitIya kanakAvalI vidhi, " dharmacakravidhi, 19 dvilakSaNapaMktividhi, 2 paraspara kalyANavidhi, " proSadhopavAsa, " cAturmAsopavAsa, " SaSThASTa ( belA - telA) upavAsa, ' SaSThopavAsa" | 16 17 Alocita jaina purANoM meM viziSTa tithiyoM evaM mAsoM meM vratopavAsa ke vidhAna evaM phala kA ullekha milatA hai / pratipadA se paJcamI taka kI tithiyoM meM upavAsa rahane se saba sukhoM kI prApti hotI hai / prativarSa bhAdoM sudI saptamI ko upavAsa rahane ko parinirvANa vidhi varNita hai / isase bhI ananta sukha kI prApti batAyI gayI hai / bhAdoM sudI ekAdazI ke dina upavAsa rahane se palyo pramANa kAla taka sukha milatA hai / hara mAsa kI kRSNa pakSa kI ekAdazI vrata karane se chiyAsI upavAsa ke bAda ananta sukha kI prApti kA ullekha hai / mArgazIrSa sudI tRtIyA ke dina kA upavAsa ananta mokSaphaladAyaka hotA hai / mArgazIrSa sudI caturthI ke dina velA karane ko vimAna paMkti vairAjya vidhi saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai aura isase vimAna paMkti kA rAjya prApta hotA hai / " jaina kathAoM meM rohiNI, nyAyapaJcamI, aSTAhnikA, puSpAJjali, sugandha dazamI Adi vratoM kA varNana hai / jaina matAvalambI varSa meM tIna bAra - ASAr3ha, kArtika tathA phAlguna meM pUjA karate haiM / pUjA ke sAtha ve vrata bhI rakhate haiM / ve rohiNI hariSeNa tathA paJcamI vrata ko vizeSa mahattva dete haiM / 2" manuSyoM ko samarthyAnusAra hI uparyukta vidhiyoM ko karane kA mokSa ke sukha kI upalabdhi hotI hai / nirdeza hai / inake karane se svarga tathA 1 harivaMza 34 / 56 - 61 2. vahI 34 / 62-63 3. vahI 34 / 64-65 4. vahI 34 / 66 5. vahI 34 / 67 6. vahI 34 / 68 20. 21. 6 11 16. 7. 17. vahI 34 / 66 - 70; mahA 71|408 8. vahI 34 / 71, vahI 7 44, 71 / 36718. 6. vahI 34 / 72-73 16. 10. 12 . 13. 14. 15. 2 harivaMza 34 / 76-77 vahI 34 / 123 vahI pR0443 kI TippaNI vahI 34 / 124 mahA 73|16 padma 22184 vahI 64 / 76 vahI 5 / 70 harivaMza 34 / 126-130 8 vahI 34 / 74-75; mahA 7 / 36 zrIcandra jaina -- jaina kathAoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, jayapura, 1661, pR0 57 vRjendra nAtha zarmA - sozala eNDa kalcarala hilTrI oNpha nArdarna iNDiyA, naI dillI, 1672, pR0 108 106 367

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bhaugolika dazA [ka] deza [rASTra] 1. samIkRta deza [rASTra] : jaina purANoM meM aise dezoM kA saMdarbha milatA hai, jinakA tAdAtmya sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika sAkSyoM se hotA hai| aise deza agralikhita haiM : aMga' : mahA purANa ke anusAra aMga deza bharata kSetra ke antargata par3atA thA / 2 jaina purANoM meM aMga deza kI rAjadhAnI campA ko batAyA gayA hai|' harivaMza purANa meM kahA gayA hai ki aMga deza meM tAmralipti nAmaka nagara thA / Adhunika bhAgalapura se 1. mahA 26 // 38, 44 / 332; padma 101 / 66 2. vahI 672 3. harivaMza 16117; padma 61 / 34; pANDava 7 / 275 4. vahI 17 / 2

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bhaugolika dazA muMgera taka ke bhU-bhAga ko aMga kahA gayA hai|' bauddha-grantha tripiTaka meM aMga aura magadha ko eka sAtha 'aMgamagadhA' rakhA gayA hai| avantI : jainetara matsya purANa ke anusAra kArtavIryArjuna ke kula meM avanti nAmaka rAjakumAra utpanna huA thaa| usI ke nAma para isa deza kA nAma avantI par3A / avantI sthUla rUpa se Adhunika mAlavA, nigAr3a evaM madhya pradeza meM inake nikaTavartI bhAgoM ko dyotita karatI hai| yaha do bhAgoM meM vibhakta thA-uttarI bhAga kI rAjadhAnI ujjayinI thI aura dakSiNI bhAga kI rAjadhAnI mAhiSmatI thii| ambaSTa' : ise padma purANa meM avaSTa kahA gayA hai / isakA ullekha bahuta se janetara granthoM meM milatA hai| ambaSThoM kA deza avara cenAva nadI kI ghATI meM sthita thaa| aparAntaka' : ise aparanta yA aparAnta nAma se bhI pukArA jAtA thaa| azoka ke pAMcaveM zilAlekha meM aparAntaka ke antargata yona, kamboja tathA gAndhAra ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA hai / yuvAncdAGga ke anusAra aparAntaka meM sindhu, pazcimI rAjapUtAnA, kaccha, gujarAta aura narmadA ke dakSiNa kA taTIya bhAga (tIna rAjya sindhu, gurjara evaM valabhI) sammilita the| bharata siMha upAdhyAya aparAntaka meM pazcimI samudra taTa para bambaI yA mahArASTra ke Asa-pAsa se lekara surASTra evaM kaccha taka ke kSetra ko 1. nanda lAla De-jyogrAphikala DikzanarI oNpha aiMzeNTa eNDa meDivala iNDiyA, pR0 7; smitha-arlI hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA, pR0 32 2. dIghanikAya 3 / 5; maMjhima nikAya 2 / 317 3. mahA 16 / 152, 716208 4. vimala candra lAhA-prAcIna bhArata kA aitihAsika bhUgola, lakhanaU 1672, pR0 507-515 5. padma 37 / 23, 101 / 82 6, vahI 101 / 02 7. aitareya brAhmaNa 7 / 21-23; mahAbhArata 2048 / 14; viSNu pu0 2 / 3 / 48; vAyu pu0 6622; matsya pu0 48 / 21; brahmANDa pu0 3174 / 22; bhAgavata pu0 10 // 83123 lAhA-vahI, pR0 110 6. mahA 163155

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sammilita mAnate haiM / sara Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara ke anusAra uttarI koMkaNa hI aparAntaka thA / zUrpAraka yA Adhunika sopArA isakI rAjadhAnI thI / bhagavAn indrajI ke anusAra bhArata kA pazcimI samudrAMcala aparAntaka yA aparAntika nAma se vikhyAta thA / " 400 azmaka ra : rAjazekhara ne isakI sthiti dakSiNa bhArata meM batalAyI hai / ' DaoN0 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne godAvarI nadI se dakSiNa sahyAdri parvata zrRMkhalA taka azmaka janapada kA vistAra mAnA hai aura isakI rAjadhAnI pratiSThAna batalAyI hai / " riz2a DeviDsa ne azmaka ko avantI ke ThIka uttara-pazcima meM sthita batalAyA hai / " abhisAra' : isakI pahacAna darvAbhisAra ke sAtha kI jA sakatI hai / isa janapada ke antargata rAjapurI (rajorI) kA pradeza AtA thA / ardhabarbara : vijayArdha parvata ke dakSiNa aura kailAza parvata ke uttara bIca meM ardhabarbara deza AtA thA / " Anartta : yaha kAThiyAvAr3a meM sthita eka deza thA / kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra yaha dvArikA ke samIpa sthita thA aura dUsare loga bar3anagara ke samIpa mAnate haiM / " Anartta kI rAjadhAnI kuzasthalI thI / 12 rAjazekhara ke kAvyamImAMsA meM Anarta kI rAjadhAnI Anartapura yA Anandapura batalAyI gayI hai jo vartamAna baDanagara ke nAma se prasiddha hai / " 1. bharata siMha upAdhyAya - buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, prayAga, saM0 2018, pR0 153; lAhA - vahI, pR0 22 mahA 16 / 152 2. 3. kAvyamImAMsA, paTanA saMskaraNa, adhyAya 17, pR0 227 4. bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya -- pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa, adhyAya 2, pR0 76 riz2a DeviDsa - buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 27-28 mahA 16 / 155 7. sthanika seTalameNTa in aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, pR0 130 5. 6. padma 27/6 I. mahA 16 / 153 10. lyuDarsa kI tAlikA, saM0 665 11- bAmbe gajeTiyara 1|1|6 12. sthanika seTilmeNTa in aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, pR0 15 13. kAvyamImAMsA, pR0 280 8.

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bhaugolika dazA 401 Andhra' : kRSNA aura godAvarI nadiyoM ke madhyavartI pradeza ko Andhra kahA jAtA hai / yaha vartamAna telagU bhASI pradeza hai|' Atreya' : vartamAna baMgalAdeza meM AtreyI nadI aura choTI jamunA nadI rAjazAhI ke pAsa jahAM paraspara milatI haiM, isI kSetra ko Atreya deza kI sImA samajhanA caahie| Avarta' : mahA purANa meM isakI sImA himAlaya parvata se vijayArdha parvata taka aura gaMgA nadI se sindhu nadI taka batalAyI gayI hai / ' harivaMza purANa meM kahA gayA hai ki pazcima videha kSetra meM sItA nadI aura kulAcala ke madhya AvartA hai|' AraTTha : AraTTha ko saMskRta meM ArASTra kahate haiM / sambhavataH yaha janapada paMjAba kA vaha bhU-bhAga hai, jo paMcanada se plAvita hotA thaa|" AbhIra' : mahAbhArata ke anusAraM AbhIra janapada kI sthiti sarasvatI nadI ke taTa para jJAta hotI hai / " caturtha zatI I0 meM AbhIra janapada jhA~sI aura bhopAla ke madhya sthita thA / 2 olika : mahA purANa ke anusAra kUTa, olika, mahiSa, kamekura, pANDaya aura antarapANDya deza ke rAjAoM ko daNDaratna ke dvArA bharata ne apane vazIbhUta kiyA thaa|" isase jJAta hotA hai ki olika deza dakSiNa bhArata meM pANDya ke AsapAsa mahiSa ke uttara meM rahA hogaa| 1. padma 101 / 84; mahA 16 / 154, 2662 2. lAhA-vahI, pR0 241 3. harivaMza 3 / 5 / 4. lAhA-vahI, pR0 354 5. mahA 32146 6. vahI 32155 7. harivaMza 52245 8. mahA 163156, 30 / 107 6. mahAbhArata, 7 / 40 / 45 10. mahA 16 / 154; harivaMza 5073 11. mahAbhArata 2 / 32 / 10 jarnala oNpha rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI, 1867, pR0 861 13. kuDumbAnolikAMzcaiva sa mAhiSakamekurAn / pANDyAnantarapANDyAMzca daNDena vazamAnayat // mahA 2680

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402 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ___audra' yA auNDa : apadAna meM oDDa (saMskRta oDa) aura okkala (saMskRta utkala) janapadoM ko saMyukta rUpa se prayukta kiyA gayA hai, jina donoM se tAtparya ur3IsA ke do bhAgoM se hI ho sakatA hai / yuvAna-cvAGga kA vu-tu, apadAna kA auDDa, mahAbhArata kA uDra, manusmRti kA oDra, plinI kA oritisa, tArAnAtha kA oDiviza (saMskRta odraviSaya) eka hI deza ko sUcita karatA hai / yaha janapada ur3IsA meM hI thA / ' ure : ur3a janapada kA ullekha uparyukta auNDU yA audra janapada ke sAtha huA hai| ur3a ko ur3IsA ke eka khaNDa se samIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| uttarakuru' : dIpavaMsa meM varNita kurudIpa ko uttarakuru se samIkRta kiyA jA. sakatA hai / lalitavistara meM uttarakuru ko eka pratyantadvIpa kathita hai / ' .. uzInara' : pANini ne uzInara ko vAhlIka janapada batAyA hai| mahAbhArata meM zivi ko uzInara kA rAjA batAyA gayA hai| ___ uzIrAvarta : uzIrAvarta deza meM tAmralipti kI sthiti harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai / " yaha sambhavataH pazcimI baMgAla meM rahA hogaa| kakuza' : adhikAMza vidvAnoM ne kakaza janapada ke pUrvAJcala ko bihAra kI dakSiNI sImA zAhAbAda se samIkRta kiyA hai|" * m w 1. mahA 2676 2. vahI 2671 3. bharata siMha upAdhyAya-vahI, pR0 467-468 4. mahA 16 / 152 ___ epIgrAphikA iNDikA, jilda 8, pR0 141, jilda 3, pR0 353 mahA 5/68 7. lAhA-jyogrAphikala aiseja rileTiMga TU aizeNTa jyogrAphI oNpha iNDiyA; dillI, 1676, pR0 225 8. mahA 16:153, 2642; padma 101 / 82 6. aSTAdhyAyI 4 / 2 / 117-118 / 10. mahAbhArata 3 / 164 / 2, 7 / 28 / 1 11. harivaMza 2175-76 12. mahA 26157 13. nemi candra jaina-Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 50

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bhaugolika dazA 403 kaccha' : kaccha ko hI kacchakAvatI bhI kahA gayA hai| mahA purANa meM kaccha, mahAkaccha rAjAoM kA varNana milatA hai| isI purANa ke anusAra pUrvavideha kSetra meM sItA nadI ke uttara kaccha nAmaka deza hai|' isake bAda kahA gayA hai ki jambUdvIpa meM meru parvata se pUrva kacchakAvatI deza hai, usameM vItazoka nAmaka nagara hai| harivaMza purANa meM pazcima videha kSetra meM sItA nadI tathA nIla kulAcala ke madhya kaccha yA kacchakAvatI deza kI sthiti batAyI gayI hai| kamboja' : DaoN0 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne Adhunika pAmIra aura badakhzAM ke sammilita bhU-bhAga ko kamboja deza mAnA hai / harivaMza purANa meM kamboja ko kAmboja bhI kahA gayA hai / kamboja loga pazcimI himAlaya ke rahane vAle batAye gaye haiM / bhaugolika rUpa meM ve uttara meM rahate the| kucha logoM ne inheM rAjapura meM sthita batAyA hai| ve sindhu nadI ke pazcimottara meM sthita the aura prAcIna phArasI abhilekhoM ke kambujiyoM ke samAna the| kanyAkubja": ise gAdhipura, kuzasthala tathA mahodayA bhI kahA jAtA thA, yaha Adhunika kannauja hai| kanyAkubja yA kAnyakubja paJcAla kSetra ke antargata AtA thaa| kazmIra : yaha U~ce evaM durAroha parvatoM se parivRtta eka paThAra para sthita hai| isa deza kA dakSigI evaM pUrvI bhAga hinduoM aura pazcimI bhAga vividha rAjAoM ke adhIna thaa|" 1. mahA 16 / 153, 2676; padma 101 / 81; harivaMza 6075 2. vahI 17 3. vahI 462 4. vahI 6602 5. harivaMza 51245 6. mahA 16 / 156; harivaMza 315 7. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa, vArANasI, saM0 2012, pR0 61 harivaMza 5073 6. vimala candra lAhA-prAcIna bhArata kA aitihAsika bhUgola, pR0 151 10. mahA 65 / 58 11. lAhA-vahI, pR0 158 12. mahA 16 / 153; padma 101 / 82 13. lAhA-vahI, pR0 582

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kaliMga' : rAjazekhara ne kAvyamImAMsA meM dakSiNa tathA pUrva ke sammilita bhU-bhAga ko kaliMga mAnA hai / Adhunika ur3IsA meM purI ke pAsa kA bhU-bhAga kaliMga kSetra meM sammilita kiyA jAtA hai| ___ kAmarUpa' : yaha uttara meM bhUTAna se pUrva meM daraMga aura navagAMva jiloM se dakSiNa meM khAsI pahAr3iyoM tathA pazcima meM golapArA se ghirA huA hai| isakI rAjadhAnI prAgjyotiSapura thI, jise Adhunika gauhATI se samIkRta kiyA jAtA hai|' ___kAlakUTa' : mahAbhArata meM isakA ullekha himAlaya kSetra ke antargata AtA hai|' sambhavataH yaha himAlaya kI tarAI meM sthita rahA hogaa| kAzI : kAzI Adhunika vArANasI se samIkRta kiyA jAtA hai| kAzI buddhakAlIna SoDaza mahAjanapadoM meM se eka thaa|' kirAta' : kAlidAsa ne ise pUrvI ghATI tathA TAlamI ne uttarApatha meM svIkAra kiyA hai| zrImadbhAgavata meM inheM AryAvarta ke bAhara batAyA gayA hai| DaoN. dineza candra sarakAra ne bihAra ke rAjagiri ke taptakuNDoM se rAmagiri paryanta vindhyAcala pradeza ko kirAta janapada kahA hai|" kumudA : harivaMza purANa meM ise pUrva videha meM sItA nadI tathA niSadha parvata ke madhya varNita hai / 12 kuru" : prAcIna kurudeza meM kurukSetra yA thAnezvara sammilita the| isa kSetra meM 1. mahA 16 / 152, 2682; harivaMza 3 / 4, 18 / 161; padma 37 / 86, 10124 2. kAvyamImAMsA, adhyAya 17, pR0 226, 282 3. mahA 26142 4. lAhA-vahI, pR0 380 5. mahA 26148 6. mahAbhArata 2 / 20 / 24-30 7. mahA 16 / 151, 43 / 121, 6070; harivaMza 3 // 3; pama 6 / 317 8. aMguttara nikAya 1213 6. mahA 26148 10. lAhA-vahI, pR 606 11. sarvAnanda pAThaka-viSNu purANa kA bhArata, banArasa, 1667, pR0 31 12. harivaMza 51247 13. mahA 16 / 152-153; harivaMza 644

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bhaugolika dazA 405 sonapata, Amina, karanAla tathA pAnIpata sammilita the| yaha uttara meM sarasvatI evaM dakSiNa meM dRSadvatI nadiyoM ke madhya thaa| kuru jAMgala2 : mahA purANa meM kahA gayA hai ki jambU deza ke dakSiNa bharata kSetra meM varNa evaM AzramoM se bharA huA kuru jAMgala nAmaka eka vizAla deza thaa| isameM hastinApura nAmaka eka bar3e nagara kA ullekha milatA hai / sambhavataH kuru aura kurujAMgala donoM eka hI deza the| kUTa : mahA purANa meM isakI sthiti dakSiNa-pazcima meM varNita hai, jo ki bambaI ke Asa-pAsa jJAta hotI hai| kekaya : kekaya ko jhelama ke pAsa paMjAba ke zAhapura se samIkRta kiyA gayA hai|" kerala : DaoN0 sarakAra ke matAnusAra malayAlamabhASI samasta bhU-bhAga kerala janapada ke antargata sammilita thaa|' koMkaNa' : zaktisaMgamataMtra meM koMkaNa ke pazcima saurASTra tathA pazcimottara bhAbhIra janapada kI sthiti mAno gayI hai|" kozala'2 : kozala SoDaza mahA janapadoM meM se eka thA / yaha kuru evaM pAJcAla dezoM ke pUrva tathA videha ke pazcima meM sthita thaa| ise bar3I gaNDaka videha se alaga 1. lAhA-vahI, pR0 172 2. mahA 63 / 342 3. vahI 4374 4. vahI 4376; harivaMza 3 / 4, 4516 5. vahI 2680 6. vahI 16 / 156 7. agravAla-vahI, pR0 67; lAhA-vahI, pR0 165 mahA 16 / 154; harivaMza 50 / 128; padma 101181 dineza candra sarakAra-sTaDIz2a ina da jyogrAphI oNpha aiMzeNTa eNDa meDivala iNDiyA, naI dillI, 1660, pR0 26, 104 10. mahA 16 / 156 11. zaktisaMgamataMtra 2 / 7 / 20, 3713 12. mahA 16 / 154, 26147, 56 / 207; pama 101 / 83; harivaMza 3 / 3, 27 / 61 is

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406 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana karatI thI / zrAvastI aura sAketa kozala kI rAjadhAniyA~ thIM / kozala ke do bhAga theuttara kozala tathA dakSiNa kozala / " gandhamAlinI : harivaMza purANa ke anusAra pUrva videha ke sItA nadI tathA niSedha parvata ke madhya yaha sthita thA / mahA purANa meM kahA gayA hai ki jambUdvIpa ke pazcima videha kSetra meM sItodA nadI ke uttara taTa para eka gandhamAlinI deza hai / ' gandhA : harivaMza purANa ke anusAra pUrva videha ke sItA nadI tathA niSedha parvata ke madhya meM isakI sthiti thI / " gandhila : ise gandhila yA sugandhilA kahate haiM / jaina purANoM ke anusAra isakI sthiti videha kSetra ke sItA nadI tathA niSadha parvata ke madhya meM batalAyI gayI hai / " gandhila deza ke pUrva meru parvata, pazcima meM UrmimAlinI nAmaka vibhaMga nadI, dakSiNa meM sItodA nadI aura uttara meM nIlagiri parvata thA / gAndhAra : mahA purANa meM isakI sthiti vijayArdha parvata kI dakSiNa zreNI meM batAyI gayI hai / " isameM Adhunika pAkistAna ke rAvalapiNDI tathA pezAvara jile sammilita the / isakI eka rAjadhAnI puSkarAvatI yA puSkalAvatI aura dUsarI takSazilA thI / " gaur3a : IzAnvarmA ke harahA abhilekha se gaur3a janapada kI sthiti uttarI evaM pazcimI baMgAla ke lie jJAta hotI hai / " gaurI : mahA purANa meM vijayArdha parvata ke uttara zreNI meM gaurI nAmaka deza kI sthiti batAyI gayI hai / ' 12 lAhA- vahI, pR0 76 - 80, 167- 168 1. 2. harivaMza 5 / 251 3. mahA 56 / 106 4. harivaMza 5 / 251 5. vahI 5 / 251; mahA 4 / 51, 7 / 40-41, 56 / 276, 7014 6. mahA 4 / 52 7. padma 101 / 84; harivaMza 44/45; mahA 16 / 155 5. mahA 44 / 155 6. lAhA - vahI, pR0 130 - 131 10. mahA 26 / 41 11. epIgrAphikA iNDikA, jilda 14, pR0 117, jilda 22, pR0 135 mahA 46 / 147 12.

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bhaugolika dazA 407 cedi : yaha yamunA ke samIpa tathA kuru janapada se milA huA thA / sthUla rUpa se yaha Adhunika bundelakhaNDa, bAMdA evaM nikaTavartI kSetra ko dyotita karatA hai / cedi kI rAjadhAnI sotthivatI purI thI, jise mahAbhArata ke zuktimatI nagara se samIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai / ceri' : ceri kI rAjadhAnI skandapurI rahI hogI, jo Adhunika koyambaTUra jile ke pazcima meM par3atA hai / cola' : cola rAjya drAvir3a ke nAma se pukArA jAtA thA / cola pradeza meM taMjora evaM tricanApallI jiloM ke bhU-bhAga sammilita kiye jAte the / " TaMkaNa : harivaMza purANa ke anusAra airAvatI nadI ke Age girikUTa aura davana ke bAda TaMkaNa deza hai / " trigarta : yaha deza rAvI evaM satalaja ke madhya meM sthita thA aura isakI rAjadhAnI kahIM jAlaMdhara ke samIpa thI / prAcIna kAla meM yaha kAMkar3A kSetra kA 26 vAcaka thA / " trikaliMga " : isameM kaliMga, tosala tathA utkala sammilita the / kucha loga isameM uDra (mukhya ur3IsA), kaMgoda tathA kaliMga ko sammilita mAnate haiM / 12 taitila " : nemi candra jaina ne isa janapada kI sthiti paMjAba, siMdha evaM kamboja ke Asa-pAsa mAnI hai / " 1. mahA 26 / 55 2. lAhA - vahI, pR0 521 3. mahA 26 / 76 4. dineza candra sarakAra - vahI, pR068 5. mahA 16 / 154, 26 64; padma 101 / 77 6. dineza candra sarakAra - vahI, pR0 51 7. lAhA - vahI, pR0 246 harivaMza 21 / 102 8. I. vahI 3 / 3 lAhA- vahI, pR0 222 10. 11. mahA 26 | 76 12. lAhA - vahI, pR0 326 13. mahA 301107 14. nemi canda jaina - vahI, pR0 50

Page #442
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dAru' : DaoN0 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ke anumAra yaha jambU kA rAjya pratIta hotA hai| dramila' : harivaMza purANa meM ise dravir3a deza kahA gayA hai| yaha dakSiNa bhArata kA drAvir3a kSetra thA / / dhavala : mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM dhavala deza hai| nepAla' : isakA prAcIna nAma ztoSamAtakavana batAyA gayA hai| nepAla kI sImA pUrva meM kauzikI nadI, pazcima meM trizUlagaMgA, uttara meM zivapurI (kailAza) tathA dakSiNa meM zItala jala vAlI nadI batAyI gayI hai| nalinI : harivaMza purANa ke anusAra pUrva videha ke sItodA aura niSadha ke madhya nalinI deza sthita hai| pallava': kAvyamImAMsA meM pallava ke svatantra astitva kA jJAna hotA hai|" pallava narezoM kI rAjadhAnI kAJcI thI, jisake utkarSa meM unhoMne mahAn yogadAna diyA thaa|" pallava dakSiNa bhArata ke pUrvI taTIya bhU-bhAga para rAjya karate the| padma yA padmAvatI : mahA purANa meM kahA gayA hai ki jambUdvIpa ke pazcima videha kSetra meM padma nAmaka deza hai / 12 harivaMza purANa meM padma yA padmAvatI kI sthiti pUrva videha ke sItA evaM niSadha ke madhya batAyI gayI hai / " 1. mahA 166154 2. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-vahI, pR0 61 3. harivaMza 501128 4. vahI 5073 5. mahA 67256 6. padma 101 / 81 7. lAhA-vahI, pR0 161 8. harivaMza. 51246 6. mahA 16 / 155, 72 / 166; harivaMza 63 / 74 10. kAvyamImAMsA adhyAya 17, dezavibhAga, evaM pariziSTa 2, pR0 26 11. udaya nArAyaNa rAya-prAcIna bhArata meM nagara tathA nAgarika jIvana, ilAhAbAda 1665, pR0 53 12. mahA 73331 13. harivaMza 51246

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bhaugolika dazA 406 puNDarIkiNI : ise puNDarIka bhI kahA jAtA thaa| jaina purANoM meM isakI sthiti videha kSetra meM batAyI gayI hai / ' puNDra : padma purANa meM pauNDra deza kA ullekha milatA hai', jo puNDra deza thaa| mahAbhArata meM kaI bAra pauNDra yA pauNDrakoM ko kabhI baMgoM aura kirAtoM se sambandhita batAyA gayA hai aura anya sthAnoM para uDroM, utkaloM, mekaloM; kaliMgoM evaM AndhroM ke sAtha / ' punnAga : mahA purANa ke anusAra yaha deza dakSiNa bhArata meM kerala meM sthita thaa|' purI : sambhavataH yaha ur3IsA meM sthita Adhunika jagannAtha purI hai| puSkalA yA puSkalAvatI : videha kSetra meM sItA nadI aura nIla kulAcala ke madhya meM puSkalA yA puSkalAvatI deza kI sthiti batAyI gayI hai| sindhu nadI ke pazcima meM yaha gAndhAra kI eka prAcIna rAjadhAnI thii| ise svAta evaM kAbula nadI ke saMgama se thor3A pahale sthita Adhunika cArasaddA (cAraSadA) se samIkRta karate haiN| prAtara" : yaha punnAga deza ke sAtha hai, jo dakSiNa bhArata meM kerala meM sthita thaa| magadha" : magadha ko vihAra ke paTanA evaM gayA jiloM se samIkRta kiyA jAtA hai| 1. padma 64 / 50; mahA 6 / 58 2. mahA 16 / 152 3. padma 37117 4. mahAbhArata, 21131584 5. vahI, 6 / 6 / 365; 7 / 4 / 122 6. mahA 2676 7. padma 101 / 84 8. mahA 6 / 26, 51 / 2; harivaMza 5 / 245 6. lAhA-vahI, pR0 201 10. mahA 2676 11. vahI 16 / 153, 26 / 47, 76 / 216; padma 211, 18 / 1; harivaMza 3 / 36

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana matsya : yaha madhya deza meM sthita thA / ise Adhunika jabalapura se samIkRta karate haiM / isakI rAjadhAnI virATa yA virATa nagara thii| 410 madra' : Adhunika syAlakoTa aura rAvI tathA cenAva nadiyoM ke madhya sthita usake samIpavartI kSetroM ko madra deza se samIkRta karate haiM / malla' : dIghanikAya ke anusAra pAvA aura kuzInagara ke Asa-pAsa malla sthita thA yaha Adhunika devariyA ke antargata AtA hai / malaya : mahA purANa meM jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM malaya nAmaka deza kA ullekha milatA hai / " maMgalAvatI : jaina purANoM ke anusAra nadI aura niSedha parvata ke madhya sItA nadI ke deza hai / ' " baMgAla isakI sImA madhyadeza" : baudhAyana dharmasUtra ke anusAra sarasvatI nadI ke vinazana pradeza ke pUrva prayAga ke nikaTa kAlaka vana ke pazcima, pAripAtra ke uttara aura himAlaya ke dakSiNa meM madhyadeza thA / bihAra evaM ke bAhara the| manu ke dharmazAstra meM sUtroM ke AryAvarta ko madhya deza kahA gayA hai / sUtroM ke AdhAra para AryAvarta aura manu kA madhyadeza kAvyamImAMsA ( pR0 83 ) ke anusAra antarvedI ke nAma se vizruta hai, jo pUrva meM vArANasI taka phailA thA / " mahAkaccha : mahA purANa meM ise pUrva videha kA janapada batAyA gayA hai / 3 1. harivaMza 3 / 4 2. 3. mahA 26 / 41 4. lAhA - vahI, pR0 177 5. 6. 7. 8. lAhA- vahI, pR0 86 12. mahA 26 / 48 bharata siMha upAdhyAya - vahI, pR0 315 mahA 56/63; harivaMza 56 / 112 vahI 56 / 23 6. 10. vahI 26 / 42 11. vahI 7 60, 50 / 2; harivaMza 5 / 247 lAhA - vahI, pR0 20 mahA 5 / 163 jambUdvIpa ke pUrva videha kSetra meM sItA dakSiNa taTa para maMgalAvatI nAmaka

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bhaugolika dazA 411 harivaMza purANa meM isakI sthiti pazcima videha kSetra sItA nadI aura nIla kulAcala ke madhya batAyI gayI hai|' maMgalA : mahA purANa meM isakI sthiti jambUdvIpa meM batAyI gayI hai|' mahApadmA : harivaMza purANa meM pUrva videha ke sItA nadI aura niSadha parvata ke madhya meM isakI sthiti varNita hai|' mahArASTra : mahArASTra yA mo-ho-lA-ca apane saMkIrNa artha meM dakana hai| mahArASTra godAvarI aura kRSNA nadiyoM ke madhya sthita thaa|' yaha Adhunika mahArASTra pradeza hai| mahAvaprA : harivaMza purANa meM isakI sthiti pazcima videha ke sItodA nadI aura nIla parvata ke madhya meM batAyI gayI hai|' mahiSa : yaha mAhiSaka se pRthak thaa| mAlava' : zaktisaMgamataMtra meM avantI ke pUrva aura godAvarI nadI ke uttara meM isakI sthiti mAnI gayI hai / yavana' : pazcimottara sImAnta para sthita yUnAniyoM ko yona yA yavana kahA jAtA thaa| inakI sthiti nizcita karanA duSkara hai| ye pazcimottara bhArata meM the| ramyaka yA ramyA yA ramaNIyA : pUrva videha meM sItA nadI aura niSadha parvata ke madhya meM isakI sthiti batAyI gayI hai|" 1. harivaMza 5 // 245 2. mahA 701182 3. harivaMza 5246 4. mahA 16 / 154 5. lAhA-vahI, pR0 286 6. harivaMza 5 / 251 7. mahA 2680 8. vahI 16 / 153, 2047; padma 101 / 81; harivaMza 5058 6. zaktisaMgamataMtra 37 / 21 10. mahA 16 / 155; padma 101 / 81; harivaMza 5073 11. vahI 16 / 152, 56 / 2; harivaMza 5 / 247

Page #446
412 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana lAGgalAvatI : harivaMza purANa meM pazcima videha meM sItA nadI aura nIla / parvata ke madhya meM isakI sthiti batAyI gayI hai| lATa : bandhuvarmA ke mandasora abhilekha meM lATa kA varNana milatA hai| kucha logoM ke anusAra lATa mAhI evaM nicalI tAptI nadiyoM ke madhya sthita khAnadeza sahita dakSiNa gujarAta thaa| kucha loga ise mahI aura kima nadiyoM ke madhya mAnate haiN| isameM sUrata, bhar3auca, khedA jile evaM bar3audA ke kucha bhAga sammilita the|' vatsa: vatsa ko suvatsA, vatsakAvatI aura mahAvatsa bhI kahA jAtA thaa| isakI sthiti jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM pUrva videha meM sItA nadI aura niSadha parvata ke madhya meM thaa| Adhunika ilAhAbAda jile meM dakSiNa pazcima kone para 35 mIla dUra kosama grAma (kauzAmbI) ko vatsa kI rAjadhAnI se samIkRta kiyA gayA hai| vaMga' : DaoN0 bI0 sI0 lAhA ke anusAra yaha baMgAla kA prAcIna nAma thaa| DaoN0 DI0 sI0 sarakAra ne ise dakSiNI pUrvI baMgAla batAyA hai|" vanavAsa' : DaoN0 nandalAla re ne vanavAsa kI sthiti varadA nadI ke taTa para batAyI hai| vaprA : harivaMza purANa ke anusAra pazcima videha ke nIla parvata aura sItodA nadI ke madhya meM isakI sthiti thii|" vaprakAvatI : isakI bhI sthiti pazcima videha ke sItodA nadI evaM nIla parvata ke madhya meM batAyI gayI hai|" 1. harivaMza 51245 2. mahA 30 / 67; harivaMza 56110 3. lAhA-vahI, pR0 476 4. mahA 16 / 153, 26660, 5812; harivaMza 5 / 247; pama 37 / 22 5. vahI 7 / 33, 612; harivaMza 52247 vahI 16 / 152, 26 / 47, 7581; padma 37 / 21; harivaMza 56111 7. avadha vihArI lAla avasthI-sTaDIz2a ina skandapurANaz2a (bhAga 1) lakhanaU 1665, pR0 35 8. mahA 16 / 154 6. sarakAra-vahI, pR0 200 10. harivaMza 5 / 251 11. vahI za251

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bhaugolika dazA 413 vAr3avAna' : ise vallavAr3a yA valayavAr3a yA valavAr3a kahate the, jo kolhApura se lagabhaga 27 mIla dakSiNa-pazcima meM vartamAna rAdhA nagarI meM sthita thA / 2 vAhlIka' : isakA ullekha meharaulI stambha lekha meM huA hai, jo paMjAba meM sthita thA / videha : isakI sthiti bihAra meM mithilA ke Asa-pAsa thI / vidarbha' : isameM varadA nadI bahatI thI / ise Adhunika barAra se samIkRta karate haiM / " vindhya : yaha uttara aura dakSiNa bhArata kI sImA rekhA hai / RkSa, vindhya evaM pAripAta usa sampUrNa bhU-bhAga ke aMga haiM, jise samprati vindhya kahA jAtA hai / " isIke Asa-pAsa kSetra ko vindhya deza kahA gayA hai / zaka' : zakoM ko gujarAta, kAThiyAvAr3a ke Asa-pAsa ke kSetra se samIkRta kiyA gayA hai / zakaTa : harivaMza purANa meM isakI sthiti bharata kSetra meM batAyI gayI hai / " zaGkhA : harivaMza purANa meM isakI sthiti pazcima videha ke sItodA nadI evaM nIla parvata ke madhya meM batAyI hai / " zAlva (sAlva) 12 : pANini ke sUtra meM zAlva janapada meM audumbara, madrakAra, yugandhara, bhUliMga evaM zaradaNDa sammilita the / zAlva Adhunika alavara ke pAsa thA / mahAbhArata ke anusAra yaha kurukSetra ke pAsa thA / " 1. harivaMza 3 / 6 2. lAhA - vahI, pR0 501 mahA 16 / 156, 30 / 107 padma 101 / 83; harivaMza 3 / 5 4. vahI 16 / 155, 66 / 20; harivaMza 219 5 vahI 71 / 341; harivaMza 17 / 23 6. lAhA vahI, pR0 568 7. padma 10183 lAhA - vahI, pR0 502-503 6. mahA 16 / 156; padma 101 / 81 10. harivaMza 27 / 20 11. vahI 5 / 251 12 . vahI 3 / 3 13. lAhA -- vahI, pR0 208 8.

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414 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana zUrasena' : mathurA ko zUrasena kI rAjadhAnI batAyI gayI hai / ' zrAvastI' : prAcIna zrAvastI Adhunika saheta-maheta hai, jo goMDA aura baharAica jiloM kI sImA para sthita hai| sarida : mahA purANa ke anusAra puSkaravara dvIpa ke pazcima meru parvata se pazcima kI ora sarida deza vidyamAna hai / ' saritA : pazcima videha kSetra meM sItodA nadI aura nIla parvata ke madhya isakI sthiti batAyI gayI hai| sArasamuccaya : dhAtakIkhaNDa dvIpa ke pUrva uttara kSetra meM sArasamuccaya deza thA, isameM Adhunika nAgapura nagara hai / " sindhu' : sindhu nadI ke taTa para hI prAcIna sindhu deza rahA hogaa| sukaccha : dhAtakIkhaNDa ke pUrva videha kSetra meM sItA nadI ke uttara taTa para sukaccha nAmaka deza hai| ise kaccha se samIkRta karate haiN| sukozala" : isakI pahacAna kozala yA mahAkozala se kI jAtI hai / sugandhi : pUrva meru ke pazcima videha kSetra meM sItodA nadI ke uttara taTa para sugandhi nAmaka deza hai|" ise gandhi yA gandhila deza se bhI samIkRta kiyA jAtA hai| sugandhA : pazcima videha kSetra ke sItodA nadI evaM nIla parvata ke madhya meM isakI sthiti hai / 2 ise gandha deza se bhI samIkRta karate haiN| 1. mahA 16 / 155; padma 101 / 83; harivaMza 56 / 110 2. lAhA-vahI, pR0 180 3. mahA 4614; padma 61 / 23 4. lAhA-vahI, pR0 210 5. mahA 62 / 364 6. harivaMza 5251 7. mahA 68 / 3 8. vahI 16 / 155, 62 / 116; harivaMza 44 / 33 6. vahI 53 / 2; harivaMza 5 / 245 10. vahI 16 / 152 11. mahA 54 / 6-10 12. harivaMza za251

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bhaugolika dazA 415 supamA : pUrva videha kSetra meM sItodA nadI aura niSadha parvata ke madhya meM isakI sthiti kathita hai| ise padma deza se samIkRta karate haiN| suramya : jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM suramya. deza thA, jisameM podanapura nAmaka nagara thA / surASTra' : ise Adhunika saurASTra, kAThiyAvAr3a, gujarAta se samIkRta karate haiN| suhya : kAlidAsa ne isakI carcA kapizA nadI ke pAsa kiyA hai| yaha Adhunika pazcima baMgAla ke tAmralipti kA kSetra hai| sauvIra' : DaoN. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne isakI pahacAna sindhu prAnta yA sindhu nadI ke nicale bhAga se kiyA hai| isakI rAjadhAnI rodrava (vartamAna ror3I) mAnA hai / padma purANa meM ise suvIra kathita hai| harivarSa : mahA purANa ke anusAra bharata kSetra meM harivarSa deza meM bhogapura aura vatvAlaya nagara sthita the| 2. asamIkRta deza : Alocita jaina purANoM meM adholikhita rASTroM kA ullekha huA hai, parantu inako samIkRta nahIM kiyA jA sakA : anala", alaka", aMjana'2, Arula", Arya" ikSvAku", ulUka", kvAthatoSa", karNa", karNATa'', 1. harivaMza 51246 2. mahA 57 / 84, 62 / 86 3. mahA 16 / 154, 71210, harivaMza 44126 4. vahI 16 / 152; padma 101 / 43 5. raghuvaMza 4 / 35 6. mahA 16 / 155; harivaMza 3 / 5; padma 10184 7. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-vahI, pR0 64 padma 37123 6. mahA 70 / 74 10. padma 10177 11. mahA 54186 12. harivaMza 56111 13. padma 101 / 81 14 vahI 101 / 80 15. mahA 166 16. padma 101183 17. harivaMza 3 / 6 18. vahI 316 16. mahA 16 / 154

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416 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana karahATa,' kamekura,2 kAla,' kAlAmbu, kuzAgra, kuzArtha,' kuzAdya, kuNAla, kusandhya, kubera, kohara;" kaubera,'2 kokAkSa,"khaza," gauzIla,5 candrayaza, cAru, cilAta, tANa," turuSka,20 trijaTa,23 nizira,22 daNDaka,2' darI,2" daroruka,25 naTa, nandi,2" nandana,2 paTaccara,21 proSThila," pracchAla," pArazala, 2 bANa," bhagali, bhadrakAra;" bharadvAja,6 bhASakuntala," bhIma,8 bhIru, bhUtarava," manorama (zivaMkarapura), mahAdeza, 2 mekhala," mleccha," mauka, ratnAMka," lampAka, varvara,8 kArthaka, vRSANa,50 vizAla,59 vaidya,52 vAnAyuja, vApi, zarvara,5 zalabha,56 zikhApaTa, sanarta,58 samudraka, siMhala, sujana," sUra, 2 sUryAraka," sosna," hiDimba, hemaanggd| 1. mahA 16 / 154 25. harivaMza 3 / 5 46. padma 102 / 157 2. vahI 26000 / 26. padma 101 / 81 47. vahI 101 / 83 3. padma 101184 27. vahI 101 / 77 48. vahI 101 / 82; 4. vahI 10177 28. vahI 10177 harivaMza 50 / 128 5. harivaMza 56 / 110 26. harivaMza 3 / 3 46. harivaMza 314 6. mahA 70162 30. padma 37 / 23 50. padma 101 / 82 harivaMza 186 31. harivaMza 316 51. harivaMza 56 / 101 8. mahA 56107 32. paNa 101182 52. padma 101 / 02 harivaMza 3 / 3 33. mahA 301107 53. mahA 30 / 107 10. padma 333332 34. vahI 48 / 127, 54. vahI 30 / 107 11. vahI 101 / 84 73 / 120; hari- 55 padma 101 / 81 12. vahI 10184 vaMza 60 / 20 56. vahI 101 / 77 13. vahI 101 / 66 35. harivaMza 3 / 3 / / 57. vahI 101 / 83 14. vahI 101 / 83 36. vahI 316 58. vahI 101 / 83 15. vahI 101 / 82 37. padma 101 / 77 56. mahA 16 / 152 16. harivaMza 50 / 128 38. vahI 101 / 77 harivaMza 50 / 128 17. padma 101 / 81 36. vahI 101181 padma 102 / 156 18. mahA 32 / 46 harivaMza 315 61. mahA 751420 16. harivaMza 316 40. vahI 10177 . 62. harivaMza 35 20. mahA 16 / 156 41. mahA 47 / 46 63. padma 101 / 83 21. padma 101 / 81 42. vahI 16 / 151 64. vahI 102 / 156 22. vahI 101 / 82 43. padma 101 / 83 65. vahI 101 / 83 23. vahI 41162 44. vahI 101 / 00 66. mahA 75 / 188 24. vahI 101184 45. harivaMza 3 `r`r `r `r

Page #451
bhaugolika dazA 417 [kha] nagara 1. samIkRta nagara : hamAre adhIta jaina purANoM meM adholikhita nagaroM kA varNana milatA hai, jinakA tAdAtmya tatkAlIna sAhityika evaM abhilekhIya sAkSyoM se hotA hai : alakA' : videha kSetra ke antargata gandhila deza hai aura gandhila ke madhya meM vijayA parvata hai| vijayA parvata kI uttarI zreNI para alakApurI ke hone kA ullekha upalabdha hai| zrI sUrya nArAyaNa vyAsa ne ise jodhapura (jAvAlipura) se 70 mIla dakSiNa meM sthita mAnA hai| yaha himAlaya ke Asa-pAsa hai|' ajAkhurI : surASTra deza meM ajAkhurI nagara batAyA gayA hai|" amarakaGkapurI : aMga deza meM amarakaGkapurI nagarI thii|' amarAvatI : isakA prAcIna nAma dhAnyaghaTa yA dhAnyaghaTaka thA, jise dhAnyakaTa yA dhAnyakaTaka se samIkRta karate haiN| amarAvatI bejavAr3A se lagabhaga 18 mIla pazcima Andhra pradeza meM kRSNA nadI ke dAhine taTa para dharaNI ke dakSiNa, isake muhAne se 60 mIla dUra sthita hai| azvapura : jambUdvIpa ke pazcima videha kSetra meM padma deza meM isa nagara kA ullekha milatA hai| ariSTapura : pUrva videha kSetra meM puSkalAvatI deza meM ariSTapura nagara hai|" kacchakAvatI deza meM ariSTapura batAyA gayA hai / " yaha zivi rAjA kI rAjadhAnI thii| 1. padma 2 / 38; mahA 4 / 104, 560226 2. mahA 41104, 62158 3. sUrya nArAyaNa vyAsa-vizvakavi kAlidAsa : eka adhyayana, indaura, pR0 77 4. harivaMza 44026 5. vahI pR0 54 / 8 6. mahA 6205 7. lAhA-vahI, pR0 235 8. padma 55 / 87; mahA 73 / 31-32 6. vahI 2014; harivaMza 31 / 8; mahA 5 / 163 10. mahA 71 / 400 11. harivaMza 6075 27 .

Page #452
418 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana zivi rAjya ko paMjAba ke zorakoTa pradeza se samIkRta karate haiN| yahI prAcIna zivipura yA zivapura thaa| ayodhyA : ayodhyA nau yojana caur3I, bAraha yojana lambI aura ar3atIsa yojana paridhi meM thii|' yaha pUrva dhAtakIkhaNDa ke pazcima, videha kSetra meM gandhila deza meM thaa| sukozala deza meM ayodhyA nagara thA / Adhunika phaijAbAda jile meM ayodhyA nagara hai| _ AdityAbha : dhAtakIkhaNDa ke pUrva bhAga meM meru parvata se pUrva puSkalAvatI deza meM AdityAbha nagara thaa| padma purANa meM ise Aditya nagara evaM Adityapura ' varNita hai| indrapura : yaha bulandazahara jile ke DibhaI paraganA se pAMca kimI0 pazcimottara meM sthita thaa| ujjayinI" : ujjayinI jo avantI yA pazcimI mAlavA kI rAjadhAnI thI evaM carmaNvatI (cambala nadI) kI sahAyaka ziprA ke taTa para sthita thI, vahI madhya pradeza meM Adhunika ujjaina nagara hai / 2 utpalakheTaka : pUrva videha kSetra meM puSkalAvatI deza meM utpalakheTaka nagara thaa|" uzIravatI : puSkalAvatI deza ke vijayAdha parvata kI dakSiNI zreNI meM eka gAndhAra deza thA, usI meM uzIravatI nagara thA / " 1. lAhA-vahI, pR0 112 2. padma 3166-172; harivaMza 10 / 163; mahA 7141 3. vahI 81 / 120 4. mahA 56 / 276-277 5. vahI 71 / 416 . 6. vahI 62 / 361 7. padma 16161 8. vahI 15 // 6, 1047 6. harivaMza 17 / 27, 38 / 36; mahA 65 / 176 10. lAhA-vahI, pR0 146 11. padma 33 / 74; harivaMza 2013; mahA 70 / 280 12. lAhA-vahI, pR0 506 13. mahA 6 / 27 / / 14. vahI 46 / 145

Page #453
bhaugolika dazA 416 kAJcanapura : jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM kanakapura nagara thA / 2 vijayArdhaM parvata kI dakSiNI kSetra meM kanakapura nagara thA / padma purANa meM kAzcana nagara varNita hai / " kAJcanatilaka : jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra ke sukaccha deza ke vijayArdha parvata ke uttarI zreNI para kAJcanatilaka nagara thA / " kAJcIpura : kaliMga deza meM kAJcIpura nagara thA / madrAsa ke dakSiNapazcima meM 43 mIla dUra palAra nadI ke taTa para dravir3a yA cola kI rAjadhAnI thI / " kAmpilya : bharata kSetra meM kAmpilya nagara batAyA gayA hai / " yaha badAyU~ aura pharrukhAbAda ke madhya gaMgA taTa para Adhunika kAmpilya nagara hai / DaoN0 nandalAla De ke anusAra uttara pradeza ke pharrukhAbAda jile meM phatehagar3ha se 28 kimI0 uttara-pUrva meM yaha nagara sthita hai / yaha kAyamagaMja sTezana se pA~ca mIla dUra hai / " kinnaragIta : jambUdvIpa ke sukaccha deza meM vijayArdha ke pAsa kinnaragIta nagara thA / " fafoner " : dhuneva se lagabhaga mIla cAra dakSiNa-pUrva meM kalyANapura nAmaka Adhunika gA~va ke pAsa prAcIna nagara ke bhagnAvazeSa haiM / 12 kuNDalapura : videha kSetra meM kuNDalapura ( kuNDinapura ) yA kuNDa nagara thA / " kuNDina " : ise kuNDalapura se samIkRta karate haiM / 1. padma 5 / 351, 64|4; harivaMza 24|11; mahA 4778 mahA 58/61, 58 / 122 3. padma 15/37 4. vahI 64|4 5. mahA 63 / 105 6. vahI 70 / 125 7. 8. 6. lAhA - vahI, pR0 272-273 padma 8 / 281; mahA 56 / 14, 72/167 lAhA - vahI, pR0 156 10. mahA 16 / 33, 63 / 61-63, padma 5 / 176 11. padma, 1668467; mahA 68|444 12. lAhA - vahI, pR0 567-568 13. harivaMza 215, 758 mahA 62/178, 71 / 341 14. padma 20/60; harivaMza 17 / 23

Page #454
420 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana . .. ketumAlA : ise vijayArdha parvata kA uttarI nagara batAyA gayA hai|' kozalapura : yaha Adhunika kozala yA ayodhyA hai, jo phaijAbAda jile meM sthita hai| kauzAmbI : jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM vatsa deza kI rAjadhAnI kauzAmbI thii| yaha vatsoM kI rAjadhAnI thI, jo ilAhAbAda se dakSiNa-pazcima tIsa mIla dUra yamunA ke taTa para sthita Adhunika kosama hai|" gaganavallabha : jambUdvIpa ke pUrva videha kSetra meM puSkalAvatI deza meM vijayArdha parvata kI uttarI zreNI meM gaganavallabha nagara thaa.|' gandhasamRddha : vijayAdha parvata kI dakSiNI zreNI meM gAndhAra deza meM gandhasamRddha nagara thaa|' gaNyapura : pazcima videha kSetra meM rUpyAcala parvata kI uttarI zreNI meM gaNyapura nagara thaa|'. gAndhAra' : gAndhAra meM pAkistAna ke pezAvara evaM rAvalapiNDI jile sammilita haiN|" gAndhAra ke rahane vAle ko gAndhArI kahA gayA hai|" girinagara'2 : girinagara (giranAra) ko abhilekhoM meM Urjayata bhI kahA gayA hai / saurASTha meM junAgar3ha ke samIpa hI (gujarAta meM) giranAra yA raivataka pahAr3I para yaha nagara sthita hai|" 1. mahA 16180 2. padma 21 / 164 3. vahI 2016, 61 / 30; harivaMza 14 / 2; mahA 52 / 18, 62 / 351 4. harivaMza 1 / 116; mahA 662 5. lAhA-vahI, pR0 168 6. padma 3 / 314; harivaMza 27 / 2; mahA 1682, 70136, 71 / 416 5. harivaMza 306, 32 / 23 8. vahI 34 / 15 6. padma 647 10. lAhA-vahI, pR0 578 11. padma 31141 12. harivaMza 33 / 150; mahA 71 / 270 13. lAhA-vahI, pR0 473

Page #455
bhaugolika dazA 421 gokula' : uttara pradeza meM mathurA se pAMca mIla dakSiNa, dakSiNa-pUrva meM gokula hai / cakradhara : puNDarIka deza meM cakradhara nagara hai|' candanavana : bharata kSetra ke dakSiNI taTa para candanapura nagara hai / candanapurI Adhunika candanapurI hai, jo elorA ke lagabhaga 45 mIla dUra pazcimottara meM bhAlegAMva se tIna mIla dUra dakSiNa-pazcima meM giraNA nadI ke taTa para sthita eka kasbA hai|' candrapura : jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM vijayArdha parvata kI dakSiNI zreNI para candrapura nagara hai| isakA tAdAtmya Adhunika cAMdapura se kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo sivanI ke dakSiNa aura vena gaMgA nadI ke pazcima meM sthita hai|' campA : bharata kSetra meM aMga deza kI rAjadhAnI campA thii| yaha bihAra meM bhAgalapura se pazcima cAra mIla dUra sthita thii|" citrakUTa" : yaha ilAhAbAda se dakSiNa-pazcima paiMsaTha mIla dUra bAMdA jile meM sthita hai / yaha kAliMjara se bIsa mIla uttara-pUrva meM hai / 2 chatrapura : bharatapura meM chatrapura nagara thA |"chtraakaarpur meM mahAvIra pUrva janma meM utpanna hue the / sambhavataH yaha madhya pradeza kA chatarapura jilA hai / jayapura' : yaha Adhunika rAjasthAna kI rAjadhAnI hai| . 1. mahA 70 / 134 2. lAhA-vahI, pR0 182 3. padma 64 / 50 4. harivaMza 2024 5. vahI 6081 lAhA-vahI, pR0 247 padma 6 / 402, 20 / 221, 64 / 6; mahA 16 // 52, 54 / 163, 71 / 405 8. lAhA-vahI, pR0 520-521 pama 8 / 301, 2015; harivaMza 16 / 117; mahA 67 / 2, 75 / 82 10. lAhA-vahI, pR0 361 11. mahA 16151 12. lAhA-vahI, pR0 125 13. mahA 56254 14. padma 20116; harivaMza 60 / 146 15. lAhA-vahI, pR0 530 16. harivaMza 24 / 30

Page #456
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana tAmralipi : aMga deza meM tAmralipti nagara varNita hai / " yaha pazcima baMgAla ke midanApura jile meM rUpanArAyaNa tathA hugalI ke saMgama para bAraha mIla dUra Adhunika tAluka hai / 422 tripura : tripura yA tripurI Adhunika jabalapura se cha: mIla dUra Adhunika tevara hai / " dantapura " : yaha kaliMga deza kI rAjadhAnI thii| ise ur3IsA meM purI se samIkRta kiyA gayA hai / dazArNapura : dazArNapura ko dazAraNyapura yA dazAGga' hai / yaha mRgAvatI deza meM par3atA hai / " sthUlarUpa se ise jisakI rAjadhAnI vidizA thI / " durga" : yaha madhya pradeza kA durga jilA hai / 12 dvArAvatI : ise bharata kSetra meM samudra ke andara bAraha yojana para sthita batAyA gayA hai / ' kucha logoM ke anusAra dvArakA ke Asa-pAsa kA kSetra Anartta kahA gayA hai / anya vidvAn ise bar3anagara kA paravartI jilA mAnate haiM / " nAgapura : dhAtakIkhaNDa ke bharata kSetra meM sArasamuccaya deza meM nAgapura nagara batAyA gayA hai / " yaha Adhunika mahArASTra kA nAgapura nagara hai / 1. 2. 3. 4. lAhA- vahI, pR0 552 5. mahA 70 65 lAhA- vahI, pR2052 padma 33 / 80 vahI 80 106, 33 / 75 7. 8. harivaMza 17 20 lAhA - vahI, pR0 436-441 padma 2 / 16; mahA 63 / 14 I. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. (dazapura ) kahA gayA mAlavA se samIkRta karate haiM, mahA 71 / 261; padma 33 / 135 lAhA - vahI, pR0 614 mahA 16 / 85 padma 106 / 27; harivaMza 166; mahA 58 / 83, 71 / 27 lAhA- vahI, pR0 611 padma 20 / 16; harivaMza 34 | 43; mahA 68 / 3-4

Page #457
. bhaugolika dazA 423 palAza : palAzadvIpa meM palAza nagara batAyA gayA hai| naMgala deza meM palAzakUTa nagara varNita hai / 2 dhAtakIkhaNDa ke videha kSetrAntargata gandhila deza meM isakI sthiti varNita hai / ' palAzI kalakattA se tirAnabe mIla dUra nadiyA jile meM hai| padmakhaNDapura : bharata kSetra meM gandhala deza meM yaha sthita thA / jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM padmaka nagara kI sthiti thii| prayAga : padma purANa meM varNita hai ki RSabhadeva ghara se nikale aura tilaka nAmaka udyAna meM prajA yA janasamUha se dUra hokara pahu~ce, isalie isakA nAma 'prajA' huaa| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne isa sthAna para bahuta bhArI yAga (tyAga) kiyA, isalie 'prayAga' prasiddha huA / Adhunika ilAhAbAda hI prayAga hai| pAvA' : pAvA yA pAvApurI gorakhapura meM pUrva choTI gaNDaka ke taTa para devariyA jile ke kasiyA se samIkRta kiyA jAtA hai|' pATalIgrAma : pATalIgrAma kA vikasita rUpa pATaliputra hai, jo ki magadha kI rAjadhAnI thii| ise kusumapura yA puSpapura kahate haiM / gaMgA, sona evaM gaNDaka ke taTa para pATaliputra kA nirmANa huA thaa| yaha Adhunika pATaliputra hai| . puNDarIka : dhAtakIkhaNDa ke pazcima bhAga meM videha kSetra meM puSkalAvatI deza meM puNDarIka yA puNDarIkiNI nagara hai / 2 puSkalAvatI : gAndhAra deza meM puSkalAvatI nagara thaa| yaha gAndhAra kI prAcIna rAjadhAnI thI, jo sindhu ke pazcima sthita hai| * * 1. mahA 75 / 106 2. vahI 71 / 278 3. vahI 6 / 135 lAhA-vahI, pR0 411 harivaMza 27 / 24; mahA 56 / 148 padma 5 / 114 7. vahI 3 / 275-281 vahI 20161; harivaMza 66 / 16; mahA 76 / 506 6. lAhA-vahI, pR0 421 10. harivaMza 60 / 240; mahA 6 / 127, 76 / 368 11. lAhA-vahI, pR0 418 12. padma 16 // 37, 64 / 50; harivaMza 60 / 143; mahA 7 / 81, 46 / 16, 62 / 86 13. vahI 51106; harivaMza 44 / 45

Page #458
424 . jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pratiSThapura : yaha Adhunika pratiSThAnapura yA paiThana hai / prabhAkarapurI : puSkarAdha dvIpa ke pazcimI bhAga ke pUrva videha kSetrAntargata vatsakAvatI deza meM prabhAkarI nagarI kA ullekha hai / 2 padma purANa ke anusAra mathurA ke pAsa prabhApura hai| podanapura : yaha Andhra pradeza meM godAvarI tathA maMjirA nadiyoM ke saMgama para dakSiNa meM sthita hai| banArasa' : Adhunika vArANasI kA pUrva nAma banArasa thaa| yaha gaMgA evaM varuNA nadiyoM ke saMgama para basA hai| padma purANa meM banArasa ke lie vArANasI zabda prayukta huA hai| bhadrapUra : jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra ke malaya deza meM bhadrapura nagara hai| padma purANa meM bhadrikApurI kA ullekha hai / ' bhadrilapura : ise bhadrikapura bhI kahA gayA hai / jambUdvIpa ke maMgalA deza meM bhadrilapura nagara hai|" bhogapura : vijayArdha parvata ke uttarI zreNI para gaurI nAmaka deza meM bhogapura nagara thaa|2 mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki harivarSa deza meM bhogapura nagara thaa|" sambhavataH gaurI aura harivarSa deza eka hI rahe hoNge| 1. padma 64 / 52 2. mahA 7 / 34, 6275, 62 / 412 3. padma 64 / 4 4. vahI 4 / 67, 80 / 176; mahA 37 / 68, 62 / 60; harivaMza 1178, 27 / 55 5. vasudevahiNDI, 24vA padmAvatI lamba, pR0 354 6. padma 71 / 107; harivaMza 181118; mahA 43 / 124, 6070 7. vahI 2051 8. harivaMza 17 / 30, mahA 56 / 23 / 24 6. padma 20146 10. vahI 20146 11.. harivaMza 18 / 112; mahA 70 / 183, 71 / 263 12. mahA 44 / 147, 67 / 64 . 13. vahI 7074 /

Page #459
bhaugolika dazA 425 mandArapura : yaha vijayArdha parvata kI dakSiNI zreNI meM sthita thA / mandAra nagara ko mandarapura bhI kahA gayA hai / 2 yaha jAhnavI nadI ke dakSiNa kI ora vindhya parvata para sthita thA / mathurA : mathurA zUrasena deza kI rAjadhAnI thI / yaha uttara pradeza kA jilA hai jo yamunA ke taTa para sthita hai / " mahIpura : gAndhAra deza meM mahIpura nagara thaa| mahAnagara : vijayArdha parvata ke pUrva aura nIlagiri ke pazcima kI ora susImA deza meM mahAnagara nAmaka nagara thA / anyatra ullikhita hai ki pazcimI dhAtakIkhaNDa dvIpa meM meru parvata se pazcima kI ora sItA nadI ke dakSiNa taTa para ramyakAvatI deza meM isakI sthiti batAyI gayI hai / " mAhiSmatI : avanti deza kI do rAjadhAniyA~ thIM-- uttarI bhAga kI ujjayinI yA ujjaina aura dakSiNI bhAga kI mAhiSmatI / " mithilA " : mithilA videha kI rAjadhAnI thI, jise tirabhukti (Adhunikatirahuta) bhI kahate the / ise nepAla kI sImA para sthita Adhunika janakapura nAmaka choTe kasbe se samIkRta karate haiM / isake uttara meM mujjapharanagara aura darabhaMgA jile haiM laMkA : trikuTAcala ke nIce tIsa yojana vistAra kI laMkA nagarI kA ullekha hai / " ise Adhunika zrIlaMkA se samIkRta karate haiM / 1. mahA 63 / 170 padma 17 / 141; harivaMza 60 / 242 3. lAhA - vahI, pR0 534 4. padma 165; harivaMza 33 / 25; mahA 57 / 78, 70 / 331 5. lAhA - vahI, pR0 176 181 6. mahA 75 / 13 7. vahI 47/65 vahI 56 / 2-3 8. 6. harivaMza 17 / 21; padma 10/65 10. lAhA -- vahI, pR0 506 padma 20 / 55, 28 / 116 harivaMza 20 25 11. 12. lAhA -- vahI, pR0 366- 367 13. padma 5 / 152-158, 20 / 243

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vatsA : magadha deza meM vatsA nAmaka nagarI kA ullekha milatA hai / " ise vatsa - nagarI varNita hai, jise kauzAmbI se samIkRta karate haiM / 2 426 'vardhamAnapura ' : DaoN0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne vardhamAnapura kA tAdAtmya saurASTra meMvar3havANa se kiyA hai, parantu DaoN0 vI0 vI0 mirAzI ne apane lekha 'lokezana oNpha vardhamAnapura menzaNDa ina jinasenasa harivaMza' meM isakA khaNDana kiyA hai aura vardhamAnapura kA tAdAtmya Adhunika dhAra se pandraha mIla uttara kI ora sthita vadhanAvAra se kiyA hai / DaoN0 hIrA lAla jaina bhI uparyukta mata kA samarthana karate haiM / vijayapura : puSkalAvatI deza meM vijayapura nagara kA ullekha milatA hai / " padma purANa meM jambUdvIpa ke pUrva videha kSa etra meM vijayAvatI nagarI kA varNana huA hai / " karNA deza ke madhya meM sthita vijayanagara bIjAnagara hai / prAcIna pampA, jise aba hApI kahate haiM, vijayanagara kA prAcIna nAma thA / vindhyapurI : jinasena ne vindhyAcala parvata ke samIpa vindhyapurI nagara batAyA hai / ' jinasena ke ziSya guNabhadra ne eka sthAna para bharata kSetra meM malaya deza meM vindhyapurI nagara kA ullekha kiyA hai, to dUsare sthAna para airAvata kSetra meM gAndhAra deza meM vindhyapura kA varNana kiyA hai|" ise mirjApura meM vindhyAcala se samIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai / vilAzapura " : ise madhya pradeza ke Adhunika vilAsapura se samIkRta kara sakate haiM / 1. 2. 3. 4 mahA 75 / 71 padma 20142 harivaMza 66 52, 60 / 242 vAsudeva viSNu mirAzI - liTarerI aiNDa hisTorikala sTaDIz2a ina iNDolojI, dillI, 1675, pR0 136 - 144 5. padma 20 / 185, 376; harivaMza 60 236 mahA 71 / 363 6. vahI 106 160, 123 / 12 7. lAhA- vahI, pR0 338 mahA 45 / 153 8. 6. vahI 58 / 63 10. vahI 63 66 11. padma 55 / 87

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bhaugolika dazA 427 virATa' : virATa nagara ko matsya-nagara se bhI sambondhita karate haiN| yaha virATa kI rAjadhAnI thii| yaha dillI se eka sau pA~ca mIla dakSiNa-pazcima meM aura jayapura se ikatAlisa mIla uttara meM sthita hai / 2 vItazoka : guNabhadra ne jambUdvIpa ke pazcima videha kSetra meM sItodA nadI ke uttara taTa para gandhamAlinI deza meM vItazoka nagara batAyA hai, dUsare sthAna para unhoMne puSkavara dvIpa meM pazcima meru parvata se pazcima kI ora sarid deza ke madhya isakI . sthiti kA ullekha kiyA hai aura tIsare sthAna para jambUdvIpa meM meru parvata ke pUrva . kacchakAvatI deza meM vItazoka nagara kA varNana kiyA hai| rAjadhAnI ke rUpa meM vItazoka kA varNana milatA hai| vItabhaya : sindhu deza meM isa nagara ke vidyamAna hone kA ullekha milatA hai| rathanapura : ise rathanUpura cakravAla saMjJA se bhI sambodhita kiyA gayA hai, jo vijayA parvata ke dakSiNI kSetra meM sthita thaa| ratnapura : puSkarArdha dvIpa ke pUrva meru kI ora sItA nadI ke dakSiNI taTa para vatsakAvatI nAmaka deza meM ratnapura nAmaka nagara avasthita thaa| anyatra isakI sthiti bharata kSetra ke malaya rASTra meM kathita hai|" isakI sthiti kA tAdAtmya madhya pradeza meM vilAsapura se solaha mIla uttara meM batAyA gayA hai / 12 ratnasaMcaya : pUrva videha kSetra meM maMgalAvatI deza meM ratnasaMcaya nagara kA ullekha hai / 13 isakA anya nAma ratnasaMcayA bhI upalabdha hotA hai / 4. 1. harivaMza 46 / 23 2. lAhA-vahI, pR0 535 3. mahA 56 / 106 4. vahI 62 / 364 5. vahI 6602 6. padma 2015; harivaMza za262 7. harivaMza 44 / 33 padma 13166,646 6. harivaMza 6133; mahA 16180, 62 / 25, 62 / 66, padma 31313-314 10. mahA 58 / 2, 1687, 61 / 13; padma 67, 63 / 1 11. vahI 67 / 60 12. lAhA-vahI, pR0 546 13. mahA 760, 54 / 130; padma 13162, 2012 14. harivaMza 5 / 260 71 / 313;

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428 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rAjagRha : ise kuSAgrapura' evaM girivraja' nAma se bhI sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM magadha deza ke antargata rAjagRha nagara vidyamAna thaa|' rAjagaha meM pA~ca zaila the-RSigiri, vaibhAra, vipulAcala, balAhaka tathA pANDuka / ' yaha vartamAna rAjagiri hai, jise bihAra meM paTanA se samIkRta karate haiN| parantu yaha mata amAnya hai / rAjagRha paTanA se pRthak hai / rAjapura : jambUdvIpa meM vatsakAvatI deza ke vijayArdha parvata para rAjapura nAmaka nagara kA ullekha hai| anyatra isakI sthiti hemAGgada deza meM kathita hai| ise kazmIra ke dakSiNa meM sthita rajaurI se samIkRta karate haiM / rajaurI jilA uttara meM pIrapaMjaka pazcima meM punAca, dakSiNa meM bhImavara tathA pUrva meM rihAsI evaM akhanUra se ghirA hai|' rorU : kaccha deza meM rorU nagara kA ullekha hai / ' zatapatra : puSkaradvIpa sambandhI videha kSetra meM zatapana nAmaka nagara kA varNana zAmalI : baMgAla ke bardavAna jile meM galasI thAne ke dAmodara taTa ke uttarI taTa se Der3ha mIla dUra mallasArula gA~va se isakA tAdAtmya karate haiM / 2 zAligrAma : magadha deza meM zAligrAma kA ullekha hai / " zivamandira : vijayAdha parvata kI dakSiNI zreNI meM zivamandira kA ullekha hai| zukramprabha : jambUdvIpa ke sukaccha deza meM vijayAdha parvata kI uttarI zreNI meM zukramprabha nAmaka nagara varNita hai / 5 1. padma 2 / 32, 85 / 66 8. lAhA-vahI, pR0 202 2. lAhA-vahI, pR0 426 6. mahA 75 / 11 3. mahA 57 / 70, 61 / 20, 6185; 10. padma 1233132 harivaMza 2 / 61 11. vahI 108 / 40 4. harivaMza 3 / 52 12. lAhA-vahI, pR0 433 5. lAhA-vahI, pR0 426, 40 . 13. harivaMza 18 / 127 6. mahA 47172-73; padma 118; 14. vahI 21 / 22; padma 55864 harivaMza 2180 mahA 621433 7. vahI 75 / 188 15. mahA 63161

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bhaugolika dazA 426 zobhAnagara : isakA dUsarA nAma zobhapura bhI hai|' puSkalAvatI deza meM vijayAdhaM ke nikaTa dhAnyakamAla vana ke pAsa zobhAnagara varNita hai / 2 __ zauryapura : ise zauripura bhI kahA gayA hai / ' kuzArtha (kuzadya) deza meM zauryapura kI sthiti ullikhita hai| zaMkha : jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetrAntargata zaMkhanagara varNita hai / ' anyatra dhAtakIkhaNDa dvIpa ke pUrvArdha bhAga meM airAvata kSetra meM zaGkhapura nagara ullikhita hai|' zrAvastI : jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM yaha sthita thaa| ise kuNAla evaM kAzI deza ke antargata batAyA gayA hai / prAcIna sthAna zrAvastI (sAvatthI) Adhunika saheta-maheta hai| yaha kSetra uttara pradeza meM goMDA-baharAica jile kI sImA para baharAica se chabbIsa mIla dUra sthita hai| zrInagara" : yaha Adhunika jambU-kazmIra kI rAjadhAnI hai| zrIpura : jambUdvIpa ke airAvata kSetra meM vijayA parvata ke nIce zrIpura nagara hai / 2. yaha madhya pradeza ke rAyapura jile meM Adhunika sirapura (zirapura) hai|" svastikAvatI : bharata kSetra ke dhavala deza meM svastikAvatI nagara thaa|" sAketa5 : ise phaijAbAda jile meM ayodhyA ko prAcIna sAketa se samIkRta karate haiN| siMhapura : jambUdvIpa ke videha kSetra meM sItodA nadI ke dakSiNa taTa para supA deza meM isakI sthiti vaNita hai / 16 harivaMza purANa meM hI ise zakaTa deza ke 1. padma 80 / 186 10. lAhA-vahI, pR0 210 2. mahA 46 / 64-65; padma 55 / 85 11. padma 16118 3. padma 2057 12. mahA 46 / 217, 6674, 4. vahI 70 / 63; harivaMza 186 padma 461, 88 / 36 5. mahA 62 / 464 13. lAhA-vahI, pR0 551 6. vahI 63 / 246 14. mahA 67 / 256 7. mahA 46 / 14; harivaMza 2815, 15. vahI 48140, 60 / 33, 61162; padma 20136, 6123 harivaMza 8 / 150, padma 2016 1. mahA 5672 16. harivaMza 34 / 3 6. padma 6 / 317

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430 __ * jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana antargata batAyA gayA hai| ise jambUdvIpa ke meru parvata se pazcima bharata kSetra meM gandhila deza meM batAyA gayA hai / 2 kucha vidvAna ise pUrvI baMgAla meM belAva ke pAsa mAnate haiN|' susImA : sItA nadI ke dakSiNI taTa para. vatsa deza meM isakI sthiti varNita hai / kSema : kSetra deza meM kSema (kSemA) nagara kA ullekha hai|" kSemapUra : videha kSetra meM sItA ke uttarI taTa para kaccha deza meM kSamapura (kSamapurI) kA varNana milatA hai| hastinApura : kurujAMgala deza meM hastinApura kI sthiti varNita hai| uttara pradeza meM meraTha jile meM gaMgA taTa para kuruoM kI prAcIna rAjadhAnI hastinApura thii| hemakaccha : dazArNa deza meM hemakaccha nagara varNita hai / " 2. asamIkRta nagara : Alocita jaina purANoM meM nimnAMkita nagaroM kA ullekha milatA hai, jinako samIkRta nahIM kiyA jA sakA : amala," aparAjita,'2 ambaratilaka, amRtapura," alavdhana, alaMkArapurI (pAtAla laMkA), alakapura", andrakapura, aruNa," arajaskA,2 asura 29, asurasaMgIta," ardhasvargotkRSTa,23 ambhoda, akSobhya,25 agnijvAla,26 ariJjayapura,27 1. harivaMza 27 / 20; padma 18 / 30 11. padma 6 / 67 2. mahA 54203, 57 / 17, 70 / 4, 12. mahA 1648 62 / 202; padma 20147, 55385 13. vahI 1682 3. lAhA-vahI pR0 446 14. padma 55 / 85,6415 4. mahA 760-61, 10 / 121, 15. vahI 6 / 68 5632; harivaMza 60 / 143; padma 16. vahI 6 / 460 2011; 20115 17. vahI 201242 5. mahA 752403; padma 668, vahI 3126 20 / 11; harivaMza 52257 16. vahI 17 / 154 6. mahA 462, 16148, 53 / 2, 20.. vahI 16 / 45 57 / 2; padma 10675; harivaMza 21. vahI 7117 5257 22. vahI 81 padma 416, 20152; harivaMza 6 / 157; 23. vahI 5 // 372, 6 / 67 mahA 8 / 223, 43376 24. vahI 5 / 373 8. mahA 43176,6174, 63 / 363 25. mahA 1685 6. lAhA-vahI, pR0 138 26. vahI 1683 10. mahA 75 / 10 27. padma 13 / 73; harivaMza 25 / 2

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bhaugolika dazA 'arindamapura Aloka, ' 13 * 18 25 asitaparvata nagara,' akSapura, azokapura, ariJjaya,' arjunI,' azokA, ' AnandapurI, Avartta, 10 AvalI, 19 Adityapura, 12 ibhyapura, " ilAvardhana, " IzAvatI, 15 utkaTa, ekakSata kampanapura, " kamalasaMkula, 19 kalpapura,9deg kanakAbhanagara, 21 karNakuNDala, 22 kAkandI, 21 kAJcanasthAna, 24 kArakaTa (kumbhakArakaTapura), 21 kAntapura, 17 kAlandI, 28 kinnAmita, 29 kinnarogIta, kinnaragItapura, " kiSkupramoda, kiSkupura, " kilakila, kuJjarAvarta," kunda, kumuda, kuNDapura, "kulapura,, kuzasthala, kuzAgra, " kAmyakRta, ra 34 37 40 1 * kumudAvatI" kaumudI, " kumbhapura, " 1. harivaMza 22 / 148 2. 3. 4. vahI padma 77 / 57 mahA 71 / 432 16 / 41; 5. vahI 16 / 78 6. vahI 16 | 81 7. 15. padma 20 / 171 16. vahI 5 / 373 17. vahI 106 / 10 2 mahA 70/30 8. vahI 20 / 230 I. vahI 85 / 141 10. vahI 5 / 373, 6 / 67 11. vahI 5 / 373 12. vahI 15 / 6 13. harivaMza 6065 14. vahI 17 18 padma 64 / 7 18. vahI 58 / 84 16. vahI 22 / 173 20. harivaMza 17 / 26 21. padma 6 / 567 22 . vahI 64526, 112 / 20 16 23. padma 108 / 7 vahI 110 1 harivaMza 60 / 243 24. 17 25. 26. mahA 62 / 211 27. 28. vahI 47 / 180, 75 81 padma 6 / 67 vahI 20/45, 55|23; harivaMza 60 160 431 26. vahI 16 / 32 30. padma 5 / 176; harivaMza 16 | 80 31. vahI 16 / 105, 55 / 85 32. vahI 6 / 13 33. vahI 6 / 152 34. mahA 1678, 68 / 271 35. harivaMza 16 / 68 36. mahA 16 / 82; padma 33 / 143 37. vahI 1682 38. padma 5 / 27 36. vahI 36 / 180 40. vahI 8 / 142 41. vahI 20160 42. harivaMza 32 / 34 43. padma 56 / 6 44. vahI 21 10, 2056

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jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 13. gaMgA 14 kuzAgrapurI, kusumapura 2 kUrmmapura, kUvara, kokAkSa, ' kautuka maMgala, kauzika, * kauJcapura, kausalavAruNI, khaMgapura, " gaganacarI, " gagananandana, 12 gajapura, 3, gandharvapura, 15 gandharvagIta, " gandhavatI, " garur3adhvaja, " ," gAndharvanagara, " cakravAla, candrAbha, .. girizikhara, 20 23 gUMjA, 2* gokSIra, 24 25 26 candrAditya, 27 s 30 3 giritaTa, 21 gItanagara, 22 candrapurI, 28 candrAvarta, camara, camara caJcapura", cAraNayugala, 2 cAruNI, citrakArapura, 5 cUlikA, " cUr3amaNi, chattrAkArapura, " jambUpura, jayantI, jaladhidhvAna, 42 jyotipura, " jyotiSprabha 34 35 18 39 43 sa 432 41 1. padma 6851; harivaMza 16 56 2. vahI 48 / 158 3. vahI 48 / 166 4, vahI 80 110, 34 / 57 5. vahI 101 / 66 6. vahI 7 / 126, 24/2 7. harivaMza 45 / 61 padma 48 / 36 2. mahA 16 / 78 10. vahI 61 / 70 11. vahI 1646 12 . vahI 16 / 8 13. vahI 47 / 128; padma 64 / 101 14. padma 11 / 382 15. mahA 16 / 83 16. 17. vahI 41 / 115 18. mahA 16 / 36 16. padma 7 / 118 8. padma 5 / 367, 64 / 5 20. mahA 16 / 85 21. vahI 67 | 270; harivaMza 23 / 26 22. padma 55 / 84 23. vahI 104 / 103 24. mahA 16185 37 25. 26. 27. 28. 26. 30. 38. 36. janakapura,' 45 jyotirdaNDapura, 5 jAmbava, 31. mahA 62 / 226 32. vahI 67 / 213 33. vahI 16 / 44 34. vahI 16 / 78 35. harivaMza 2767 vahI 46 / 260 36. 37. mahA 16178 padma 20146 harivaMza 44|4 padma 5076 mahA 16 / 50, 75 / 360 padma 85/66 vahI 20 / 44 vahI 13175 mahA 16 / 76 caturmukhI, " 40 40. mahA 68 / 35 41. vahI 71 452, 16 / 50, harivaMza 60 / 117 42. 43. 44. 45. vahI 55/87 46. padma 6 / 66 vahI 1012, 64 / 7 vahI 8 / 150; mahA 62 / 241 mahA 71 368, harivaMza 60 / 43 *d

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bhaugolika dazA 433 jImUtazikhara', taTa2, tAlapura', tAmratAr3apura, tilavastu', tilakotsava', tilakapura', tilakA, trizrRGga, trikUTA", toya", toyAvalI2, dadhimukha", durlaGghayapura", dazAGgabhoga, diti,", divyatilaka", durgraha", durdhara", devopagIta, devagItapura, dostaTikA,22 dvApurI;2' dyutitilaka, dhanaJjaya25, dharaNItilaka,26 dhAnyapura dhAnyavaTapura29, dhAraNayugma, nagarazobha", nagottara", nandazoka'2, nandimitra;2 nandyAvartapura", nandanapura 5 nandapurI", nalina", naragIta", nabhaHtilaka", nabhobhAnu", nAkArdhapura", nimiSa 2, 1. padma 64 / 5 2. vahI 5 / 373 3. mahA 67 / 34 4. padma 123163 5. harivaMza 2412 6. mahA 73 / 25-26 7. padma 648 8. mahA 1682, 63 / 168 6. harivaMza 4565 10. mahA 16151 11. padma 5 / 373 12. vahI 6 / 67 13. vahI 51 / 2 14. vahI 1276 15. vahI 82 / 15 16. vahI 106 / 187 17. mahA 56 / 286 18. padma 5 / 373 16. mahA 1685 20. padma 48 / 67, 88 / 82 21. vahI 64 / 24 22. harivaMza 66 / 53 23. padma 20221 24. mahA 1683; 62 / 36, 74 / 134 25. vahI 1664 26. harivaMza 27178 27. mahA 8 / 230, 47 / 146, 761242; padma 201170 28. harivaMza 60.241 26. vahI 23646 30. mahA 741438 31. padma 30 / 132 32. harivaMza 6067 33. padma 201232 34. vahI 37 / 6 35. mahA 56842; padma 201242 36. padma 201230 37. mahA 54 / 217 38. vahI 16 / 34 36. harivaMza 6 / 133; padma 6 / 384 40. padma 668 41. vahI 6 / 416 42. mahA 1683 28

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434 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana nityodyotinI 2, nityAloka', nRtyagItapura, parvatAlapura', parimatAla', padminIpura, pAtAlanagara, prItikaTapura 13, pulomapura", puSpAntaka, puSkarapura ", punnagapura, puraJjaya", pRthusthAna, pRthvI tilaka 24, balAhaka 28, puruSarSabha pratyantanagara 25 bahumukhI N, bahurava 29, baijayantapura, bhadrAzva bhASkarAbha bhujaMgazaila bhUmitilaka", matUpa, malaya martyAnugIta 2 mayUrabhAla", mahAjvAla", nityavAhinI', parAjayapura, parikSodapura, puSpacUla", pauNDrasundara 21, brahmaratha 26, bahunApura", bharakSama", malayAnandapura", priyaGgu", puSpa prakIrNa, pRthvIpura 22, 2 bahuketuka 1. mahA 16 / 52 2 . vahI 16 / 52 3. 7. 4. vahI 55 / 85 5. harivaMza 6 / 205 6. padma 55 / 87 vahI 16 164 bAlikhilya 12 , 9 padma 6 / 102; mahA 71 / 420; harivaMza 33 / 131 8. mahA 24 / 171 e. vahI 62 / 161; padma 3684 10. padma 55 / 87 11. harivaMza 21 / 77 12. padma 6 / 566 13. 14. 15. mahA 16 / 76 16. padma 80 / 162 17. mahA 56 / 230 18. vahI 71 / 426 16. vahI 16 / 43 padma 20 / 232 mahA 16 / 35 padma 1 / 61, 7 164 20. 21. vahI 86 / 2 22 . vahI 5 / 138, 20127 2 23. 24. padma 48 / 165 harivaMza 2761 mahA 7586 padma 8 / 286 25. 26. 27. 28. 26. 30. mahA 16 / 45 31. padma 55 / 86 32. vahI 82 / 14 33. vahI 36 / 11 34. mahA 16 / 84 padma 6 / 66 mahA 16 / 35 vahI 16 / 36 padma 64 / 6 35. 36. vahI 55/84, 64 / 7 mahA 72 / 215 37. 38. vahI 16 / 83, 76 / 252 padma 64 / 6; mahA 60 52 38. 40. vahI 64 / 6 41. vahI 55 / 86 42. vahI 64 / 6 43. vahI 27 / 7 44. mahA 16 / 84 "

Page #469
bhaugolika dazA 435 lh l llh llh llh llh llh llh llh maNivajra,' manohara,2 manohlAda, maMgalapura,' mandarakuMja, mandirapura, manohara, mahAratnapura,' mahAzailapura, mAgadhezapura, mAkandI, marutvega,9 mArtaNDAbhapura, muktAhAra," mRgAGga mRNAlakuNDa," mRttikAvatI, mRNAlavatI,8 mahendra,9 mahApura,20 mahAbala,21 mekhalAgranagara,22 meghakUTa,23 meghapura,2 megha,25 yakSagIta,26 yakSapura,27 yakSasthAna,28 yodha,29 yodhana, ratnadvIpa, ratnasthalapura,22 ratnapura,33 randhrapura, ratikUTa,5 rathunUpura-cakravAla,36 rasAtalapura, rAmapurI,8 raviprabha,29 ripuJjayapura,40 riSTA (riSTapurI),5 rodhana, 2 lakSmIgItapura, 3 lakSmIdharA, lohArgala, 5 vyAghrapura, vajrapura,7 vajrADhya,8 vaTapura, vajra,0 vajrapaMjara,51 vajrArgala,52 vasundharapura,53 vasumati,54 vanagiri,55 1. mahA 1684 28. padma 36 / 137 2. vahI 47 / 262; padma 5 / 371 26. vahI 5 // 371 3. padma 5 / 371 30. vahI 6 / 66 4. harivaMza 60 / 240 31. vahI 5 / 373, 6 / 67 5. padma 61406 32. vahI 123 / 121 6. mahA 63 / 478 33. mahA 47 / 262 7. padma 5 / 371 34. padma 28 / 216 8. mahA 62 / 68 35. mahA 1651 6. padma 55 / 86 36. vahI 16046 10. vahI 18 / 17 37. padma 166 11. harivaMza 45 / 120 38. vahI 183 12. padma 201232 36. vahI 64 / 4 13. vahI 55.87 40. vahI 5587 14. mahA 1686 41. harivaMza 5 / 257 15. padma 17 / 150 42. padma 6 / 67 16. vahI 106 / 133 43. vahI 5585 17. vahI 48 / 43 44. vahI 64 / 5 18. mahA 46 / 103 45. mahA 1641 16. vahI 16186, padma 15 / 14 46. padma 801173 20. vahI 58 / 80; vahI 22 / 146 47. mahA 1686 21. padma 20 / 232 48. vahI 1642 22. mahA 1648 46. harivaMza 43 / 220 23. vahI 16151, 71 / 252; harivaMza 50. vahI 17 / 33 43 / 46 51. padma 6 / 366 24. vahI 62 / 66; harivaMza 15 / 25; 52. mahA 16 / 42 padma 6414 53. harivaMza 45670; padma 201233 25. padma 64 / 4; vahI 46 / 14 54. mahA 1680 26. vahI 7/118 55. vahI 75 / 476 27. vahI 8 / 241, 64 / 8 ly ll h h

Page #470
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vahniprabha,' vastvokasAra,2 vastvAlaya, vasumatka, vijayakheTa, vidagdha, vizokA, vinItA, virajaskA, vinayaceli," vimoca," vidya tkAnta,2 vidya tprabha," vighaTa," vizAlapura,5 vihAyastilaka, vIrapura," vedasAmapura, veNAtaTa,5 vaijayantI,20 vaidizapura, vaijayantapura,22 vaizravaNakaTa21 vaMzAla,2 vaMzasthaya ti,25 vaMzasthavilapura,26 zvetaketu,20 zvetapura,28 zvetavikA,21 zakrapura," zatadvAra," zakaTamukhI,2 zakaTAmukha, zAkhAnagara, zazipura,5 zazicchAya, zazisthAnapura,. zAlaguha,"zAlaguhA," zikhApada, zivaMkarapura", zilpapura 2, zivazaMkara", zaziprabhA", 1. padya 64 / 4 2. mahA 63 / 118 3. vahI 63 / 251 4. vahI 1680 5. harivaMza 1653 6. papa 26 / 13 7. mahA 1681 8. harivaMza 60 / 236 padma 20150 20137, 8545 6. mahA 16145 10. vahI 1646 11. vahI 16543 12. vahI 68 / 275 13. vahI 1678 14. padma 6 / 67 15. vahI 55 / 87 16. vahI 578 17. mahA 65 / 56; harivaMza 40 / 21 18. harivaMza 24 / 25 16. padma 481138 20. mahA 1650; harivaMza 30133 21. harivaMza 4570 22. padma 36 / 11 23. mahA 16151 24. vahI 1676 25. pana 366 26. vahI 4043 27. mahA 1630 28. harivaMza 60 / 240 26. mahA 71 / 283 30. vahI 1646 31. papa 12122 32. mahA 16144 33. harivaMza 23 / 3 34. padma 211162 35. vahI 31 / 35 36. harivaMza 17136; padma 647 37. pana 55287 38. harivaMza 32 // 30 36. vahI 24126 40. padma 13155 41. mahA 47 / 46, 75162 42. vahI 47 / 144 43. vahI 1676 44. vahI 1678

Page #471
bhaugolika dazA 437 zubhrapura', zailanagara 2, zailapura, zrIcandra", zobhapura e, zauripura", zrIgRha, zrIguhApura, zrImantapura', zrImanoharapura, zrIprabha", zrIdhara, zrIvatsa", zrIvijayapura ", zrIharmya", zrutazoNita", zreyaSkarapura ", zreyaSkara ", sphuTa", sadRtu tu 25, sara 56, sArasaukhya 2, svarNagrAma 22, svarNAbha, svayaMprabha 24, sandhyAbhra", sphuTataTa 20, sthAlaka 21, sarvAripura, sakhisaMjJa 28 siMhanAdapura " sugandhinI", sumukhI, supratiSTha" samudra 29, sandhyAkara", siMdhunada", siddhArthapura" siMhapurI" siMhadhvaja", , surasaMgIta * 2, 1. harivaMza 17 / 32 2. padma 20/207 3. mahA 55 / 48 4. padma 80 / 166 5. vahI 20 / 58 6. vahI 55/66, 64 / 7 7. vahI 20/233 8. vahI 55 / 86 6. vahI 5586 10. vahI 55 86 11. mahA 16 / 40 12 . vahI 16 |40 13. vahI 16 / 84 14. padma 64 / 8 15. mahA 16 / 76 16. harivaMza 55 / 16 17. padma 64 / 105 mahA 47 / 142 18. 16. padma 5 / 373 20. vahI 6 / 67 21. mahA 68 / 13 22. harivaMza 3018 23. harivaMza, 24 / 66 24. padma 7 / 337 25. vahI 6 / 66 26. vahI 6 / 67 siddhArtha", suranUpura, surakAntAra", 27. vahI 30 / 122 28. vahI 20 / 233 26. vahI 5 / 371 30. vahI 5/371; harivaMza 45 / 114 31. vahI 3 / 313 32. mahA 74 401 33. 34. 35. 36. padma 81320; harivaMza 6 / 162 vahI 8 / 320 harivaMza 60 / 241 padma 20147 37. mahA 16 / 37 38. vahI 57 / 46 36. vahI 1685 40. vahI 16 / 52 49. vahI 76 / 216 padma 8 / 464 42. 43. vahI 55 / 85 44. mahA 66 / 114

Page #472
438 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sudarzana', surendrakAnta, surendraramaNa', sumahAnagara, sumAdrikA', surendrakAntAra', suprakAra, suvela', suvarNAbha, sUryAbhapura", sUryodaya", sUryapura 2, somakheTa', somaprasapura", saumanasa", hayapura, hastavapra", haripura", hari, haMsapura,20 haMsagarbha', haMsadvIpa22, hanUruha22, hemapura, hemAbha25, hemakUTa26 / 1. mahA 16185; padma 201232 2. vahI 1681 3. padma 8121 4. vahI 2014 5. vahI 2014 6. mahA 6271 7. vahI 711406 8. padma 5 // 371 6. mahA 75 / 36 10. padma 58184 11. vahI 8 / 362, 5505 12. harivaMza 33 / 1; mahA 16152 padma 201242 13. mahA 53 / 43 14. harivaMza 60 / 242 15. mahA 51 / 72 16. vahI 47 / 132; harivaMza 44 / 47 17. harivaMza 62 / 4 18. vahI 15 / 22; padma 21 / 4 16. padma 5 / 371, 6 / 66 20. vahI 5 / 371, 54 / 77 21. mahA 1676 22. padma 5 / 371, 6166 23. vahI 17 / 376; 17 / 403 24. vahI 6 / 564; 1585 25. mahA 75 / 420 26. vahI 1651

Page #473
bhaugolika dazA [ga] parvata 1. samIkRta parvata: Alocita jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se agralikhita parvatoM kA tAdAtmya tatkAlIna sAhityika evaM purAtAtvika sAkSyoM se hotA hai : aMjanagiri' : yaha paMjAba kI sulemAna parvata gomala nadI aura dakSiNa meM sindhu nadI hai / yaha paMjAba karatA hai| ilA : yaha bharata kSetra kA ilA nAmaka parvata hai / iSvAkAra : dhAtakIkhaNDa ke pUrva dizA meM iSvAkAra parvata hai / " RSyamUka' : tuMgabhadrA kSetra meM yaha parvata hai / isI se pampA nadI nikalakara tuMgabhadrA meM milatI hai / ' RkSavAn : tAptI ke dakSiNI taTa para vartamAna satapur3A se mahAdeva pahAr3iyoM ke pUrvI bhAga ke sampUrNa parvata zRMkhalA ko RkSa parvata se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| kiSkindhA : ghuleva se lagabhaga cAra mIla dakSiNa-pUrva meM kalyANapura nAmaka Adhunika gA~va ke pAsa eka prAcIna nagara ke prasarita bhagnAvazeSa prAcIna kiSkindhA nAmaka sthala ko parilakSita karate haiM / " 1. harivaMza 60 / 212; mahA 7 67, 58 / 86, 71 / 18 lAhA - vahI, pR0 111 kuNDala" : harivaMza purANa meM kuNDalavara dvIpa ke madhya meM isakI sthiti batAyI gayI hai / 12 2. 3. mahA 56 / 118 4. vahI 54 / 86; harivaMza 5 / 578 5. vahI 20156 6. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla - mArkaNDeya purANa : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 146 zreNI hai / isake uttara meM ko balUcistAna se pRthak 7. mahA 26 / 66 8. vAsudeva zaraNa &. 436 10. 11. 12. mahA 5 / 261 harivaMza 5 / 686 padma 6 / 534, 83 / 24; mahA 26 60, 68 444 epigrAphikA iNDikA, bhAga 1, 30 janavarI, 1653, pR0 4 agravAla - vahI, pR0 144

Page #474
440 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kailAza' : padma purANa meM kailAza parvata ko aSTapada kahA gayA hai / 2 DaoN0 esa0 ema0 alI ne dakSiNa himAlaya meM isakI sthiti batAyI hai|' kRSNAgiri* : ise kaNhagiri (kanherI) tathA karAkorama yA kAlA parvata bhI kahA gayA hai| pazcima kI ora yaha hindukuza parvata ke sAtha saMyukta ho gayA hai / yaha himAlaya se prAcIna hai, jo harsIniyama yuga meM udbhUta huA thaa| girinAra : ise raivataka' aura Urjayanta bhI kahate haiN| Adhunika gujarAta meM jUnAgar3ha ke pAsa giranAra yA raivataka pahAr3I sthita hai| govardhana : yaha pahAr3I mathurA jile meM vRndAvana se 18 mIla dUra sthita hai !" goratha'2 : ise goragiri bhI kahate haiM / yaha Adhunika barAra pahAr3I hai|" gandhamAdana'5 : harivaMza purANa ke anusAra meru parvata kI pazcimottara dizA meM gandhamAdana parvata sthita hai / 16 ise rudra himAlaya aura kailAza parvata kA eka . hissA batAyA gayA hai / isake mandAkinI se siJcita hone kA ullekha milatA hai / citrakUTa" : Adhunika bA~dA jile meM payasvanI aura mandAkinI nadiyoM ke taTa para, citrakUTa relave sTezana se cAra mIla dUra para citrakUTa pahAr3I hai| trikUTa : mahA purANa meM varNita hai ki laMkA nAmaka dvIpa trikurAcala se suzobhita thA / 2deg padma purANa meM isakA ullekha trikurAcala nAma se huA hai| isase isakI sthiti zrIlaMkA meM mAnI jAtI hai| cedi22 : sambhavataH yaha dakSiNa bhArata ke cedi rAjya meM rahA hogaa| 1. harivaMza 2 / 64; mahA 1 / 146, 7 / 386 12. mahA 26 / 46 33 / 15-27, 63 / 266 13 nizIthacUrNI, pR0 18 2. padma 172, 5 / 166 14. lAhA-vahI, pR0 370 3. esa. ema. alI-vahI, pR0 56 15. padma 13 / 38; mahA 70 / 116 4. mahA 30 / 50 harivaMza 5 / 210 5. lAhA-vahI, pR0 151 17. lAhA-vahI, pR0 126 6. harivaMza 11115 18. padma 3220 7. vahI 42166 16. vahI 51155mahA 30 / 26 8. padma 20158 20. mahA 68 / 256 6. lAhA-vahI, pR0 473, 500 21. padma 6182 10. harivaMza 3048 22. mahA 26055 11. lAhA---vahI, pR0 136 16.

Page #475
bhaugolika dazA 441 'dantI : isakA dUsarA nAma mahendra giri thA / yaha bharata kSetra ke anta meM mahAsAgara ke nikaTa Agneya dizA meM thaa|' dardurAdri' : DaoN0 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne dardura pahAr3I ko uTakamaNDa meM sthita batAyA hai|' nAga' : nAga yA nAgA pahAr3iyA~ nAgAlaiNDa kI pUrvI sImAe~ haiM / " niSadha : DaoN0 esa0 ema0 alI ne niSadha ke pazcimI bhAga ko hindukuza mAnA hai| nIlagiri : ise aMjanagiri yA aMjanakSAMkSIdhara bhI kahA gayA hai| yaha vidarbha dezAntargata gandhila ke uttara meM thA / 12 pAriyAna : DaoN0 bhaNDArakara ne ise vindhya parvatamAlA kA vaha aMza mAnA hai, jahA~ se cambala aura betavA nadiyAM nikalatI haiM / isakA vistAra cambala nadI ke udgama sthala se kambAta kI khAr3I paryanta batAyA hai|" DaoN0 rAyacaudharI ne ise bhopAla ke pazcima meM sthita batAyA hai|5 puSpagiri6 : yaha Andhra pradeza meM kuDDApA jile meM koTalUrU ke pAsa sthita thA / " malaya" : pAjiTara ne ise nIlagiri se kanyAkumArI taka phaile hue pazcimI ghATa ke eka khaNDa se samIkRta kiyA hai| malayakUTa yA zrIkhaNDAdri athavA candanAdri para agasta muni kA Azrama thA / " 1. padma 15 / 10 2. vahI 1514 3. vahI 15 / 11 mahA 2686 5. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-vahI, pR0 145 6. mahA 2688 lAhA-vahI, pR0 403 / padma 105 / 157; harivaMza 5/8060; mahA 5 / 261, 12 / 138, 631163 6. esa0 ema0 alI-vahI, pR0 54 10. padma 105 / 157; harivaMza 5 / 161 11. padma 8 / 167 12. mahA 4152 13. vahI 26 / 67 14. nanda lAla De-vahI, pR0 148 15. avadha bihArI lAla avasthI-prAcIna bhArata kA bhaugolika svarUpa, pR0 21 16. padma 53 / 201 - lAhA-vahI, pR0 311, 601 18. padma 33 / 316; harivaMza 54174; mahA 30 / 26, 43 / 370 16. lAhA-vahI,pR0261 17. jaa

Page #476
442 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mahendra' : padma purANa meM mahendragiri kA pahalA nAma dattI batAyA gayA hai| isako malaya parvata se sambandhita karane se isakI sthiti kerala meM baiThatI hai| mahAmeru (meru) : isakI pahacAna sarvottama parvata zikhara sineru se kI gayI hai| yaha sAta divya parvatamAlAoM se parivRtta thA / yaha 68,000 lIga UMcA thaa| DaoN0 esa0 ema0 alI ne meru parvata kI sthiti TrAMsa-himAlaya ko mAnA hai, jo pAmIra kA zIrSa hai| rAmagiri : rAmagiri (vaMzAdri yA rAmaTeka) mahArASTra ke nAgapura jile rUpyAcala : harivaMza purANa meM ise pazcima puSkarArdha ke pazcima videha kSetra meM mAnA hai| rukmI : padma purANa meM varNita hai ki rukmI jambUdvIpa meM phailA hai aura donoM samudroM ko chUtA hai| harivaMza purANa meM isake ATha kUTa (zreNiyoM) kA ullekha hai|" _vakSAra : harivaMza purANa meM videha kSetrAntargata solaha vakSAra parvatoM kA ullekha milatA hai / vijayAI : jaina purANoM meM vijayArdha parvata ko bharata kSetra ke madhya meM pUrva se pazcima vistRta tathA donoM samudroM ko sparza karane vAlA varNita kiyA hai / isakA samIkaraNa vindhyAcala se karanA samIcIna hogaa| vidyutprabha : harivaMza purANa meM isakI sthiti meru parvata ke dakSiNa-pazcima dizA meM batAyI gayI hai| vindhyAcala5 : harivaMza purANa meM isakI sthiti narmadA ko pAra karane para batAyI gayI hai| vindhyAcala ko vijayArdha kahanA ucita hogaa| 1. padma 42; mahA 2688 6. padma 105 / 158 2. vahI 15 / 11, 15 // 14, 10. harivaMza 5102-104 3. vahI 2133-35, 4 / 5; harivaMza 11. padma 342; mahA 63 / 201 6 / 35; mahA 1 / 10, 4 / 52, 12. harivaMza 5 / 228-235 631163 13. padma 1556, 341, harivaMza 1 / 101 4. lAhA-vahI, pR0 586 5 / 20-36; mahA 481,5 / 261, 5. alI-vahI, pR0 47, 50-52 18 / 146, 687, 62 / 20 6. padma 40 / 45; harivaMza 46 / 18 14. harivaMza 5212 7. lAhA-vahI, pR0 546 15. padma 14 / 230; mahA 2688 8. harivaMza 34 / 15 16. harivaMza 45 / 113

Page #477
443 bhaugolika dazA vipulAdri : ise vipulAcala bhI kahA gayA hai / " jaina purANoM meM vipulAdri ( kuzAgragiri) kI sthiti magadha ( rAjagRha ) deza meM batAyI gayI hai / 2 vaibhAra : jaina purANoM meM vaibhAra yA vebhAra ko magadha deza meM batAyA gayA hai / " zikharI : jaina purANoM meM isakI sthiti jambUdvIpa meM pUrva se pazcima do samudroM ko chUne vAlA batAyA gayA hai / isake gyAraha kUToM (zreNiyoM) kA ullekha hai / " zeSa : padma purANa meM isakI sthiti laMkA meM batAyI gayI hai / " zrIparvata : zrIparvata yA zrIzaila kurnUla jile meM kRSNA nadI ke Upara hai / sAdhAraNatayA ise nAsika prazasti meM varNita siritana se samIkRta karate haiM / " sahya' : isakA samIkaraNa pazcimI ghATa se kiyA gayA hai / siMhagiri : mahA purANa meM ise bharata kSetra ke gaMgA nadI ke pAsa batAyA gayA hai / " siddhakUTa : ise siddhigiri parvata bhI kahA gayA hai / " ise bihAra ke zAhAbAda jile meM baksara ke samIpa batAyA gayA hai / 12 sundarapITha : mahA purANa meM ise laMkA meM batAyA gayA hai / " sumeru" : mahAmeru yA meru ke sambandha meM pUrva hI par3ha cuke haiM / saumya : harivaMza purANa meM meru parvata ke dakSiNa - pUrva kI ora saumanasya parvata kA varNana hai / " mahA purANa meM hastinApura meM saumya parvata kA ullekha hai / 16 1. 2 padma 21102, harivaMza 2462 vahI ||46 ; mahA 1 / 166; 74 / 385, 76 / 2 3. harivaMza 18 / 132; mahA 26/46, 4. padma 105 / 158, harivaMza 5 / 105 - 5. vahI 80 / 64 6. vahI 88 / 36 7. lAhA- vahI, pR0 318 / 316 8. padma 27 / 87; mahA 30 / 27 mahA 74 / 166 vahI 4746 vahI 63 132 11. 63 / 140 12. 13. 108 14. 6. 10. 15. 16. lAhA - vahI, pR0 214 mahA 68 / 643 padma 1|48; harivaMza 2 / 32; mahA 62 22 harivaMza 5 / 212 mahA 701276

Page #478
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana himavAna yA himAlaya : ise jaina purANoM meM mahAhimavAna, ' himavatakUTa,' himavAna, ' himavata kahA gayA hai| isakI sthiti jambUdvIpa ke pUrva batAyI gayI hai / " DaoN0 esa 0 ema0 alI ne isakI pahacAna himAlaya parvata se kiyA hai / 444 2. asamIkRta parvata : jaina purANoM ke adhyayanoparAnta aise parvatoM kA varNana milatA hai, jinakA tAdAtmya sAhityika evaM purAtAtvika sAkSyoM se nahIM ho pAyA / unakA varNana agralikhita hai : .14 16 19 ambaratilaka, ambudAvartta,' astAcala, anaMga, " ahIndra, " aNDAragiri, 12 AdityapAda, udaka, udavAsa, 1" Urjayanta, " kambu, " kambalAdri, " kanakAdri, ' kalindagiri, 20 karNa, 21 karNATaka, 22 kiSku, 2" kulAcala, kuTAdri, 25 kolAhala, kaustubha, 28 kRSNagiri, 19 khacarAcala, gajadanta, 1 guMja, 12 gadAgiri, ' girikUTa, * gozIrSa, " candrodaya " candanagiri, 7 jagatpAda, 37 24 kuzAgra, 26 30 33 34 38 jAmbAva, " tuMgavAraka, " 1. padma 105 / 157; mahA 63 / 163 2. mahA 32184, 74 / 171; harivaMza 5 / 475 67 4. 3. harivaMza 11 41; mahA 63 / 163 padma 76 10; harivaMza 5 / 45-56 mahA 26 / 64 5. vahI 105 / 157; harivaMza 5 / 475; 74 / 171 6. alI - vahI, pR0 50, 57 7. mahA 7 52 8. harivaMza 60/20 E. 10. 11. 12. 12 . 14. padma 2 / 201 mahA 26 / 70 vahI 35 / 50 vahI 26146 vahI 68 / 516 harivaMza 5/461 15. vahI 5 / 461 16. padma 20/61 vahI 45 / 70 17. 18. mahA 26 / 66 16. vahI 3 / 65 9 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. padma 27 / 16 vahI 6 / 526 harivaMza 21 / 123 padma 6 / 82 harivaMza 5 / 14 mahA 26 / 67 padma 146 mahA 26 / 56 harivaMza 51460 mahA 30 / 50 26. 30. vahI 5 / 261 31. padma 23 / 7 32. vahI 8 / 201 33. mahA 26/68 34. harivaMza 21 / 102 35. mahA 2686 36. vahI 75 / 362 37. padma 33 / 317 38. mahA 68 / 468 38. harivaMza 44 // 7 40. mahA 381486

Page #479
445 bhaugolika dazA tuMgIgiri,' tUrNAgati,2 tarazcika, daNDaka,' dizAgiri, durgAgiri; dharaNibhUSaNa, dharaNImoli, nandana, nagottara, nandI," nabhastilaka,2 nAgapriya," nikuJja," nIlAdri,5 palAla,6 paMcAgiri,7 prAgbhAra," pANDya," paJcasaGgama,2. bhImakUTa, 21 mandaragiri,22 manohara,2" madhu, manujodaya; 25 malayakAJcana,2" mahAzaMkha,2 maNikAnta, mAnaSottara,2' mAlyavAn, mAlAvataM," mukunda, 2 munisAgara," megharAva," yamakAdri,5 ratikara, ratigiri, rathAvarta, ratnAvataM," rAjata," rAgagiri;" raupyAdri,'2 raupya, valAhaka, 28. 1. harivaMza 63172 2. pA 80 / 137 3. mahA 26067 4. paNa 42152 5. mahA 751476 6. papa 85 / 136 7. mahA 76 / 220 pA 61511 6. mahA 63 / 33 10. padma 301132 11. vahI 27 / 16 12. mahA 54 / 125 13. vahI 26357, 63 / 164 14. padma 27 / 12 15. mahA 5 / 176, 36148 16. vahI 6 / 135 17. pana 5 / 27 18. vahI 62 / 18 16. mahA 2686 20. padma 7 / 354 21. mahA 75 / 47 22. vahI 58 / 52; papa 82 / 8 23. vahI 587 24. pA 1158 25. mahA 75 / 303 26. vahI 46 / 135 27. harivaMza 5 / 462 pth6|42 26. mahA 5 / 261, 54 / 35, harivaMza 577; padma 2 / 46, 15 // 61 hariza 5 / 216 31. vahI 36 / 71 32. mahA 38150 vahI 63164 34. padma 860 35. mahA 37168 harivaMza 5 / 673 37. pana 53 / 158 38. mahA 62 / 126; padma 1382; harivaMza 51731 36. vahI 47 / 22 40. vahI 31 / 14 41. harivaMza 46 / 18 42. mahA 7188, 36 / 173 43. vahI 37 / 86 44. paga bA24

Page #480
446 jana purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vanagiri, varuNa,2 vasantagiri, vAtapRSTha, vAsavata, vimalakAntAra, velandhara, vaitADya, vaiDarya, vaMzasthakhila, vaMzasthala,19 vaMzadhara, vRSabhAcala, zatruJjaya,4 zivibhUdhara,5 zaMkha,6 zrIkaTa, zrInAga,8 svayaMprabha,15 sambheda,20 sandhyAbhra,21 sandhyAvarta,22 saMsthali,23 sindhukUTa,24 sitagiri,25 sumandara, 26 suragiri, " suvela, suradundubhi,2' susImA, himagiri," himanAga,12 hrImanta / 1. mahA 67 / 115 18. vahI 66 / 13 2. harivaMza 27 / 12 16. harivaMza 5 / 73 3. padma 21182 20. mahA 56 / 54; padma 5 / 246, 4. mahA 26166 8.23 5. vahI 2670 21. padma 18 / 112 6. vahI 66 / 188 22. vahIM 824 padma 54 / 64 23. vahI 8 / 405 harivaMza 42 / 17 24. mahA 74 / 171 vahI 26067 25. vahI 2668 10. padma 61 / 16, 26. vahI 30150 11. vahI 1 / 84, 852 27. vahI 47 / 6 12. vahI 36 / 11 28. padma 54170 13. mahA 32 / 130, harivaMza 11 / 47 26. vahI 112173 14. harivaMza 65 / 18 30. mahA 47 / 134 15. mahA 76 / 322 / 31. vahI 73 / 26; padma 3162 * 16. harivaMza // 462 32. padma 50 / 32 17. mahA 2686 33. harivaMza 21 / 24

Page #481
bhaugolika dazA 447 [gha] nadI 1 samIkRta nadI : Alocita jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se aisI nadiyoM kA ullekha upalabdha huA hai, jinakA tAdAtmya tatkAlIna sAhityika evaM purAtAtvika sAkSyoM se bhI kiyA gayA hai| ye nadiyA~ nimnAMkita haiM : aruNA' : DaoN. dineza candra sarakAra aruNA kI pahacAna sarasvatI nadI kI sahAyaka mArkaNDa nadI se karate haiN| ikSamato" : jainetara bhAgavata purANa meM ise kurukSetra kI eka nadI batAyA gayA hai| kurukSetra Adhunika uttara pradeza meM meraTha jile ke antargata AtA hai / airAvatI : yaha baharAica, goMDA tathA bastI jile se bahatI huI gorakhapura meM barahaja ke pazcima sarayU (ghAgharA) nadI meM milatI hai| kapIvatI : isakI pahacAna kapilI nadI se kiyA gayA hai, jo AsAma ke navagA~va jile se hokara bahatI hai|' kAverI' : isako Adhunika kAverI nadI se samIkRta karate haiM, jo tamilanADu meM bahatI hai| ___ kAlamahI : isakI pahacAna sahAranapura, mujaphpharapura jiloM meM bahane vAlI pazcimI kAlI nadI se kara sakate haiM, jo hiNDana nadI kI eka upazAkhA hai| kusumavatI : yaha bharata kSetra ke ilA parvata ke dakSiNa meM bahatI thii| 2 / / koziko : yaha Adhunika kuzI nadI hai jo bihAra ke pUrNiyA jile se bahatI huI gaMgA meM milatI hai / 14 1. mahA 26 / 50 6. mahA 43 / 271 2. dineza candra sarakAra-vahI, pR0 112 10. vahI 2650 3. mahA 26 / 83 11. dineza candra sarakAra -vahI, pR0 120 4. bhAgavata purANa 5 / 10 / 1 12. harivaMza 27 / 13; mahA 563118 5. harivaMza 21 / 102; mahA 75 / 44 13. mahA 26165 6. lAhA-vahI, pR0 104-105 14. lAhA-vahI, pR0 154 7. mahA 26 / 46, 26162 8. dineza candra sarakAra-vahI, pR0 42-43

Page #482
448 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kRtamAlA' : isakI pahacAna madrAsa ke dakSiNa madurA ke kolkaI nagara meM bahane vAlI beGgI yA baigAI nadI se kiyA jAtA hai / 2 kRSNavarNA : yaha Adhunika kRSNA nadI hai| yaha jAtakoM kA kanhapeNNA, khAravela ke hAthIgumphA kA kaNhapeNNA, rAmAyaNa kA kRSNAveNI yA kRSNaveNA hai / isakA udgama pazcimI ghATa meM hai| yaha Takana ke paThAra se hotI huI pUrvI ghATa ko eka kRza-pravAha (nada kaMdara) ke rUpa cIratI huI pUrva kI ora bahatI huI baGgAla kI khAr3I meM giratI hai| gajavatI : yaha bharata kSetra ke ilA parvata ke dakSiNa bahatI thii| gaMgA : yaha Adhunika gaMgA nadI hai jo himAlaya se nikala kara baGgAla kI khAr3I meM giratI hai| gaMgA sAgara ke Asa-pAsa ke kSetra ko gaMgAdvAra' kahA gayA hai| mahA purANa meM gaMgApAta kA varNana AyA hai, jo ki gaMgA kA udgamasthala hai / gaMdhAvatI : jaina purANoM meM gaMgA aura gandhavatI nadiyoM ke saMgama kA ullekha huA hai| gaMdhAvatI nadI gandhamAdana parvata se nikalatI hai| gambhIrA : cambala yA carmaNvatI nadI ke yamunA nadI meM girane ke pahale usakI sahAyaka gambhIrA ko mAnA gayA hai / grAhavatI : harivaMza purANa ke anusAra yaha nIla parvata se nikalakara sItAnadI kI ora jAtI hai tathA vakSAra aura nIla parvata ke madhya sthita hai| godAvarI : yaha dakSiNa bhArata kI sabase bar3I nadI hai| isakA srota brahmagiri hai, jo trayambaka gA~va kI ora nAsika se bIsa mIla dUra hai| yaha pazcimI ghATa se nikalakara vindhya parvatamAlA se hote hue baGgAla kI khAr3I meM giratI hai / 15 1. mahA 26 / 63 8. mahA 321163 2 lAhA-vahI, pR0 305, dineza 6. harivaMza 60 / 16; mahA 70 / 322 candra sarakAra-vahI, pR0 104 10. mahA 71 / 306 3. mahA 26 / 68 11. vahI 2650 4. lAhA-vahI, pR0 283 12. lAhA-vahI, pR0 577 5. mahA 56 / 116; harivaMza 27 / 13 13. harivaMza 2236 6. papa 105 / 160, 67 / 66; harivaMza 14. vahI 31 / 2; mahA 26160, 2685 5 / 123; mahA 26 / 126-150 15. lAhA-vahI, pR0 258 7, harivaMza 1113; mahA 28 / 13

Page #483
bhaugolika dazA gomatI' : yaha zAhajahA~pura jile se nikalatI hai aura vArANasI tathA gAjIpura ke bIcobIca gaMgA se milatI hai / 2 carmavatI : yaha Adhunika cambala nadI hai| yaha mAlavA paThAra se nikala kara - dakSiNa-pUrva rAjasthAna se hote hue yamunA nadI meM mila jAtI hai / caNDavegA : jaina purANoM meM bharata kSetra ke ilA parvata ke dakSiNa meM caNDavegA nadI kA ullekha milatA hai| citrAvatI' : isakA udgama vindhya parvata hai| cullitApI : vindhya parvata se nikalane vAlI tAptI nadI kI yaha eka sahAyaka nadI hai| jambumatI : isakI pahacAna jAmbu nadI se kara sakate haiM / mahAbhArata meM gaMgA kI sapta dhArAoM meM se eka dhArA ke liye jambumatI zabda prayukta huA hai| tamasA : tamasA yA ToMsa nadI Ajamagar3ha se bahatI huI baliyA ke pazcima meM gaMgA nadI meM giratI hai / tailA" : zrI nandalAla De ne isakI sthiti madrAsa meM aura DaoN0 bhaNDArakara ne Andhra tathA madhya pradeza kA sImAvartI bhAga mAnA hai / 2 dArUveNA : yaha sambhavata: venagaMgA (veNvA) hai| pAjiTara veNvA kA sambandha parNAhitA se mAnate haiM / narmadA5 : madhya tathA pazcima bhArata kI yaha mahattvapUrNa nadI hai / yaha . maikala parvatamAlA se nikalatI hai aura madhya bhArata meM dakSiNa-pazcima dizA meM bahatI huI indaura hote hue bhar3auMca meM samudra se milatI hai / 1. mahA 2646 2. lAhA-vahI, pR0 136 3. mahA 26164 harivaMza 27 / 13; mahA 56116 mahA 26158 6. vahI 26 / 65 7. vahI 2662 8. mahAbhArata bhISmaparva 48 6. mahA 26150, 26-54 10. lAhA-vahI, pR0 53 11. mahA 2683 / 12. bharata siMha upAdhyAya-buddhakAlIna bhUgola, pR0 162-163 13. mahA 30155 14. dineza candra sarakAra-vahI, pR0 50 15. padma 1060, harivaMza 17 / 21; mahA 26 / 52, 30182 16. lAhA-vahI, pR0 60 26

Page #484
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana nandA' : himAlaya meM nandA kI pahAr3I nadI ko kahate haiM / nirvindhyA : isakA udgama vindhya parvata mAnA gayA hai / yaha betavA kI eka sahAyaka nadI hai, jo kAlI aura sindhu ke madhya pravAhita hotI hai / 450 panasA : panasA yA parNAsA athavA varNasA samAnArthaka haiM / yaha cambala kI eka zAkhA thI / panAsa yA panasA cambala kI pazcimI sahAyaka nadI hai / paGkavatI : harivaMza purANa meM ise nIla parvata se nikalakara sItA nadI kI ora jAte hue tathA vakSAra parvata ke madhya sthita batAyA gayA hai / parNakAntA: mahA purANa meM ise kailAza parvata ke pAsa batAyA gayA hai / " bhAgIrathI : bhAgIrathI yA bhImaratha ko kRSNA nadI kI mukhya sahAyaka Adhunika bhImA nadI se samIkRta kiyA gayA hai / " mahAnadI : puSkArdha dvIpa ke pazcima sthita sumeru parvata ke pazcima isakI sthiti batAyI gayI hai / " yaha ur3IsA kI sabase bar3I nadI hai, jo barAra ke dakSiNa-pUrvI kone para sthita pahAr3iyoM se nikalatI hai / yaha rAyagar3ha, vilAsapura, sambalapura, kaTaka hote hue baGgAla kI khAr3I meM giratI hai / murarA" : ise kerala kI nadI kahA gayA hai / " mAlyavatI : isakI pahacAna mAlinI nadI se kI jA sakatI hai / yaha * ayodhyA se pacAsa mIla dUra ghAgharA nadI meM milatI hai / yamunA " : gaMgA nadI kI yaha sabase bar3I sahAyaka nadI hai / yaha himAlaya parvata se nikalakara gaMgA nadI ke samAnAntara bahatI huI ilAhAbAda meM gaMgA se milatI hai / 1. mahA 26 / 65 2. vahI 2662 3. vahI 26 / 54 4. harivaMza 5 / 236 5. mahA 63 / 266 6. vahI 30 / 55; harivaMza 31 / 5 7. lAhA - vahI, pR0 24.3 8. E. 10. 11. 12. 13. mahA 70126 lAhA - vahI, pR0 61 mahA 30158 lAhA - vahI, pR0 266 mahA 26 / 56 harivaMza 33 / 47; mahA 27156, 58/87

Page #485
bhaugolika dazA 451 revA' : revA yA revAkaNTha kA srota vidhya parvata kI amarakaNTaka pahAr3iyAM haiM / maMDalA ke pUrva revA aura narmadA kA saMgama hotA hai, jahA~ se ve donoM nAmoM se Age bar3hatI haiM / lAMgalalatikA' : isakI pahacAna Adhunika lAMgulinI se kI jA sakatI hai, jo Andhra pradeza ke sikkIkola jile se hokara bahatI hai|' varadA' : godAvarI nadI kI do UparI sahAyaka nadiyoM meM se prANahitA eka hai, jo vainagaMgA, varadA tathA penagaMgA (pennara) kI saMgamita dhArAoM ke saMyukta pravAha kA pratinidhitva karatI haiM / varadA nadI vidarbha rAjya kA vibhAjana karatI hai / vitatA : sambhavatayA yaha vitastA (pAli vitaMsA) hai| vitastA (jhelama) nadI kazmIra ke pIrapaMjala parvatamAlA se nikalatI hai aura puMcha, mIrapura, khosava hotI huI cenAva meM milatI hai| vibhaMga : mahA purANa ke anusAra vidarbha deza ke antargata gandhila deza ke pazcima UrmimAlinI nAmaka vibhaMga nadI hai| vibhaMgA meM bAraha nadiyA~ haiM, jo sItA aura sItodA meM giratI haiM / 11 vegavatI'2 : jaina anuzruti meM isa nadI ko saurASTra meM Urjayanta parvata se sambaddha batAyA gayA hai / 13 vaitaraNI" : isa nadI meM mRtaka ko snAna karAne kA ullekha milatA hai|" yaha siMhabhUmi jile ke dakSiNa bhAga meM sthita pahAr3iyoM se nikalatI hai| yaha uttara-pazcima se dakSiNa-pUrva kI ora balasora jile se hokara bahatI hai aura dhAmarA kI khAr3I meM giratI hai / isake Age isameM do sahAyaka nadiyA~ milatI haiM / 16 1. padma 37 / 18; harivaMza 17 / 27; 6. lAhA-vahI, pR0 228 mahA 26 / 65 10. mahA 4 / 52 2. lAhA-vahI, pR0 60 11. harivaMza 5 / 243 3. mahA 30 / 62 12. vahI 46 / 46; mahA 73322 4. dineza candra sarakAra-vahI, pR0 54 13. lAhA-vahI, pR0 502 5. harivaMza 17123 14. mahA 2684; padma 8 / 454 6. lAhA-vahI, pR0 63 15. vahI 74 / 183 7. vahI, pR0 570 / 16. lAhA-vahI, pR0 62 8. harivaMza 1176

Page #486
452 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ziprA' : isakA udgama-sthala himAlaya ke pazcima sthita ziprA nAmaka jhIla hai| yaha dakSiNI samudra meM giratI hai / zItodA : harivaMza purANa meM isakI sthiti jambUdvIpa ke videha kSetra ke supamA deza meM batAyI gayI hai / 2 mahA purANa meM ise zoNanada bhI kahA gayA hai|' sarayU : sarayU (ghAgharA) nadI baharAica jile se hote hue bihAra meM chaparA jile meM gaMgA meM milatI hai|' sindhu : yaha kailAza parvata ke uttara-pazcima se nikalakara pazcimottara dizA meM pravAhita hotI huI karAkorama parvatamAlA se dakSiNa meM mur3akara lambI dUrI ke bAda araba sAgara meM giratI hai| mahA purANa meM sindhu nadI ke udgama-sthala ko sindhudvAra varNita hai| jahA~ para sindhu nadI araba sAgara meM giratI hai use sindhu prapAta kahA gayA hai| * sItA : jaina purANoM meM videha kSetra meM vatsa yA vatsakAvatI deza meM sItA nadI kI sthiti batAyI gayI hai / harivaMza purANa meM isakI sahAyaka nadiyoM meM grAhavatI, hRdavatI, paGkavatI, taptajalA, mattajalA, unmattajalA kA varNana AyA hai|" sItodA : jaina purANoM meM sItodA nadI kI sthiti videha kSetra meM vidarbha, uttarakuru, gandhamAlinI (gandhila) dezoM ke madhya meM batAyI gayI hai / 12 isakI sahAyaka nadiyoM meM kSIrodA, sItodA, sroto'ntarvAhinI, gandhamAdinI, phenamAlinI, UmimAlinI haiM / 13 1. mahA 26 / 63 8. mahA 30 / 108 2. harivaMza 34 / 3 6. vahI 32176 3. mahA 26 / 52 10. padma 105 / 160; harivaMza 5 / 123; 4. padma 26 / 86, mahA 1077, mahA 766, 48 / 3, 5602 45 / 144 11. harivaMza 5 / 236-240 5. lAhA-vahI, pR0 53 12. padma 105 / 160; harivaMza 5 / 123; 6. padma 105 / 160; harivaMza 5 / 123, mahA 4 / 52, 568, 56 / 106 mahA 26161, 68 / 655 13. harivaMza 5 / 241-242 7. lAhA-vahI, pR0 48, 214

Page #487
bhaugolika dazA 453 suvarNavatI : harivaMza purANa meM ise suvarNakUlA kahA gayA hai / jaina purANoM meM isakI sthiti bharata kSetra meM ilA parvata ke dakSiNa batAyI gayI hai / 2 / haravatI : harivaMza purANa meM ise haridvatI kahA gayA hai| mahA purANa meM isakI sthiti bharata kSetra meM ilA parvata ke dakSiNa batAyI gayI hai| hRdavatI : harivaMza purANa ke anusAra hRdavatI nadI nIla parvata se nikala kara sItA nadI kI ora jAtI hai / yaha nIla aura vakSAra parvata ke madhya sthita hai| . 2. asamIkRta nadI : hamAre adhIta jaina purANoM meM aisI nadiyoM kA ullekha huA hai, jinakA tAdAtmya sAhityika evaM purAtAtvika sAkSyoM se sthApita nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai / aisI nadiyA~ nimnavat haiM : avantikAmA, ambaNI', audumbarI', unmagnajalA, RjukUlA", karNaravA", karNakuNDala'2, karIrI, kAmaveginI", kAJcana5, kAlatoyA'6, kubjA, ketavA, krauJcaravA", cUrNI, taraGgiNI", narakAntA22, nArI22, nipakundarI, pArA25, pramRzA, praharA, praveNI, puNyabhAgA", bAyA", bIjA", mahendrakA'2, 1. harivaMza 5 / 124 2. vahI 27 / 13; mahA 56 / 116 / 3. vahI 27 / 13 4. mahA 56 / 118 5. harivaMza 5 / 236 6. mahA 26 / 64 7. vahI 2687 8. vahI 26150 6. vahI 32 / 21; harivaMza 11 / 26 vahI 741348; vahI 2057 11. padma 40 / 40 12. vahI 53 / 161 13. mahA 30 // 57 14. vahI 26165 15. vahI 62 / 156 16. vahI 26 / 50 17. mahA 2687 18. vahI 30157 16. padma 42 / 61, 43148 20. mahA 2687 21. harivaMza 46 / 46 22. vahI 51124; padma 105 / 160 23. vahI 5 / 124; vahI 105 / 160 24. mahA 26161 25. vahI 2661 26. vahI 2654 27. vahI 30 / 58 28. vahI 2626 26. padma 6 / 38 mahA 30157 31. vahI 26152 32. vahI 2684 30. mahA 2015

Page #488
454 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mASavatI', mukhA (mUlA) 2, mekhalA', yUSakesariNI', raktodA", raktA, raktamAlinI', rajatamAlikA, rUpyakUlA, rohyA (rohita)", vyAghrI", veNumatI, vizAlA, vasumatI", veNA", veNI, zvasanA", zatabhogA", zarvarI, zarkarAvatI20, zuktimatI2', zuSkanadI22, saptagodAvara", sannIrA", samatoyA25, sikatinI26, suprayogA29, sumAgadhI29, suvarNakUlA, sUkarikA", haMsAvatI," harita,2 harikAntA", hastipAnI" / * 1. mahA 2684 18. mahA 26 / 65 2. vahI 30 // 56 16. padma 32 / 28 3. vahI 26 / 52 20. - mahA 26 / 63 4. vahI 56 / 216 21. vahI 26 / 54 harivaMza 5 / 125; padma 105 / 160 22. harivaMza 2684 6. vahI 5 / 125; vahI 65 / 160 23. mahA 2685 7. vahI 21 / 14 24. vahI 2686 8. mahA 58 / 51 25. vahI 26 / 62 6. harivaMza 51124; padma 105 / 160 26. vahI 26 / 31 10. * vahI 5 / 123; vahI 105 / 160 27. vahI 2686 11. mahA 26 / 64 28. vahI 2646 12. vahI 26156 26. padma 105 / 160 13. vahI 26163 30. mahA 2687 14. vahI 26173 31. padma 13 / 82 15. vahI 2680 32. vahI 105 / 160; harivaMza 5123 16. vahI 3083 33. vahI 105 / 160; vahI 5 / 123 . 17. vahI 2683 34. mahA 26164 .

Page #489
sandarbha-grantha jaina mUla grantha aMgavijjA : sampA0 muni pUrNavijaya, prAkRta jaina TeksTa sosAiTI, vArANasI, 1957 aparAjita pRcchA : bhuvanadeva, sampA0 popaTa bhAI ambAzaMkara manakaDa, bar3audA, 1950 AcArAMga : sampA0 nathamala, lADanUM (jodhapura), vi0 saM0 2031 AcArAMga aura kalpasUtra : sampA0 eca0 yAkobI, AksaphorDa, 1882 AcArAMga-niyukti : Agamodaya samiti, bambaI 1616 uttarAdhyayana : eka parizIlana : sudarzana lAla jaina, amRtasara, 1670 uttarAdhyayana : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana : AcArya tulasI, kalakattA, 1668 uttarAdhyayana sUtra aura kRtAMga : sampA0 eca0 yAkobI, AksaphorDa, 1865 upAsakAdhyayana : sampA0 kailAza candra zAstrI, kAzI, 1664 ogha niyukti : Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1616 aupapAtika sUtra : sampA0 i0 lyumena, lAipajiga, 1883 kathAkozaH : prabhAcandra sampA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, dillI, 1674 kaSAya pAhur3a : mathurA, vi0 saM0 2000 karmaprakRti : hIrAlAla zAstrI, bhAvanagara, 1617 karmavAda : eka adhyayana sureza muni, AgarA 1665 kalpasUtra : bhadrabAhu, sampA0 eca0 yAkobI, lAipajiga, 1876 kaSAya pAhuDa sutta : guNadharAcArya, sampA0 hIrAlAla jaina, kalakattA, 1655 gadya cintAmaNi : vAdIbha siMha sUri, sampA0, pannAlAla jaina, dillI, 1668 gommaTasAra (jIvakANDa evaM karmakANDa) : nemicandra, sampA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, bhAga 1-2, dillI, 1678-1681 gAthAsaptazatI : hAla, sampA0 mathurAnAtha zAstrI, bambaI, 1633 / / candraprabhacaritam : vIranandi, sampA0 amRtalAla zAstrI, zolApura, 1671 candraprabhacaritam : vIranandi, sampA0 kAzInAtha zarmA, bambaI, vi0 saM0 1862 cAritra pAhur3a : bambaI, vi0 saM0 1677 jambUsAmicariu : vIra kavi, sampA0 vimala prakAza jaina, dillI, 1668 . .

Page #490
456 . jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jasaharacariu : puSpadanta, sampA0 hIrAlAla jaina, dillI, 1672 jIvandharacampU : harizcandra, sampA0 pannAlAla jaina, dillI, 1658 jainadharmAmRta : hIrAlAla, kAzI, 1660 jJAnArNava : zubhacandra, sampA0 pannAlAla bAkalIvAla, bambaI, 1627 NAyakumAracariu : puSpadanta, sampA0 hIrAlAla jaina, dillI, 1672 tattvArthavArtika : akalaMkadeva, sampA0 mahendrakumAra, dvi0 bhAga, kAzI 1657 tattvArthavRtti : dillI, 1646 tattvArthasAra : kalakattA, 1626 tattvArtha-sUtra : umAsvAmi, TIkA sukha lAla saMghavI, vArANasI, 1676 tiloyapaNNatti : yativRSabha, sampA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye tathA hIrAlAla jaina; zolApura, 1643 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra (bhAga 1, 2, 3) : hemacandra, anu0 eca0 esa0 jaoNnasana, gAyakavAr3a oriyaNTala saMskRta sIrIja, bar3audA, 1631-1654; jainadharma pracAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, bambaI, vi0 saM0 1665 dazavaikAlika : sampA0 nathamala, kalakattA, saM0 2020 dasavaikAlikAsUna : ahamadAbAda, 1662 darzana pAhur3a : bambaI, vi0 saM0 1677 darzanasAra : devasena sUri, sampA0 nAthUrAma premI, bambaI, vi0 sa0, 1674 digambara jaina vratodyApana-saMgraha : sampA0 phUlacandra sUrata canda dozI, IDara, 1654 dravya-saMgraha : sampA0 mohana lAla zAstrI, jabalapura, vI0 ni0 saM0 2462 dvisandhAna mahAkAvya : dhanaJjaya, sampA0 khuzAlacanda gorAvAlA, dillI, 1670 dharmAmRta (sAgAra evaM anagAra) : AzAdhara, sampA0 kailAzacandra, bhAga 1 va 2, dillI, 1677-78 dharmaratnAkara : jayasena, sampA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, zolApura, 1674 nAyAdhammakahAo : sampA0 ena0 vI0 vaidya, pUnA, 1640 niyamasAra : kundakundAcArya, anu0 magana lAla jaina, bambaI, 1660 nyAyadarzana : mujaphpharanagara; 1634 paMcAstikAya : bambaI, vi0 saM0 1672 paMcAdhyAyI : devakI nandana, 1632 pauma cariu : svayambhUdeva, sampA0 esa0 sI0 bhAyANI, anu0 devendra kumAra jaina, bhAga 1 se 5, dillI 1658-1670

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sandarbha-grantha 457 padma purANa: raviSeNa (bhAga 1, 2, 3) sampA0, pannAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI (pra0 saM0) 1658 - 1656 pANDava purANam : zubhacandra, sampA0 20 ena0 upAdhye tathA hIrAlAla jaina, jIvarAja gautamacandra jozIM, zolApura, 1654 pArzvanAtha caritra : vAdirAja sUri sampA0 manohara lAla, bambaI, 1616. pariziSTa parvana : hemacandra, sampA0 eca0 yAkobI, kalakattA, 1883 puNyAzrava kathAkoza : rAmacandra mumukSa, sampA0 nAthUrAma premI, bambaI 1616 purANa sAra-saMgraha : dAmanandI, sampA0 gulAbacandra jaina, bhAga 1, 2 kAzI, 1654-55 purudeva campU prabandha : arhaddAsa, sampA0 pannAlAla jaina, dillI, 1672 pravacana sAra : kundakundAcArya, sampA0 ajita kumAra, paTanA, vIra ni0 saM0 2465 pravacanasAra : kundakunda sampA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, bambaI, 1635 prAkRta vyAkaraNa: hemacandra, bambaI, 1605 bhagavatI ArAdhanA : sampA0 zivakoTi sakhArAma dozI, zolApura, 1635 madana parAjaya : nAgadeva, sampA0 rAjakumAra jaina, dillI, 1648 1 mahA purANa : jinasena, ( bhAga 1, 2) sampA0, pannAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI ( dvi0 saM0) 1663, 1665 mahA purANa ( uttara purANa ) : guNabhadra, (dvitIya bhAga) sampA0, pannAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI (pra0 saM0), 1654 mahApurANa ( apabhraMza) : puSpadanta ( bhAga 1- 4 ), sampA0 devendra kumAra jaina, maNikyacandra granthamAlA, dillI, 1676- 1683 mahAbandha : bhagavaMta bhUtabali, bhAga 1 se 7, dillI, 1647-1658 mUlAcAra : vaTTakera, sampA0 manohara lAla zAstrI, bambaI, 1676 mokSa pAhur3a : bambaI, vi0 saM0 1977 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra : samantabhadra, dillI, 1651 rAjavArtika: dillI, vi0 saM0 2008 liMga pAhur3a : bambaI, vi0 saM0 1677 vaDDhamANacariu : vibudha zrIdhara, sampA0 rAjArAma jaina, dillI, 1675 varAMga carita : jaTAsiMhanandi, sampA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, bambaI, 1638 vasunandi zrAvakAcAra : vasunandi, kAzI, 1652 vIra jiNida cariu : puSpadanta, sampA0 hIrA lAla jaina, dillI, 1674 vIravardhamAnacaritam : sakalakIrti, sampA0 hIrAlAla jaina, dillI, 1674

Page #492
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana zilparatnam : zrIkumAra, sampA0 ke0 sAmbaziva zAstrI, trivendram , 1626 zIla pAhur3a : bambaI, vi0 saM0 1677 zloka vArtika : zolApura 1646-1656 zrAvakadharma pradIpa : kunthusAgara, sampA0 jaganmohana lAla, banArasa, vIra ni0 saM0 2481 samarAMgaNa sUtradhAra : bhoja, sampA0 TI0 gaNapati zAstrI, khaNDa 1, bar3audA, 1624 samayasAra : kundakunda, sampA0 kailAzacandra, zolApura, 1660 sarvArthasiddhi : phUlacandra, kAzI, 1655 siddhAntasAra-saMgraha : jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA, 1657 sUtrakRtAMga : tulasI, nathamala, lADanUM, vIra saM0 2031 sUtra pAhur3a : bambaI, vi0 saM0 1677 stutividyA : samantabhadra, sampA0 pannA lAla, sarasAvA, 1650 syAdvAdamaJjarI : parama zruta prabhAvaka maNDala, vi0 saM0 1661 svayambhU-stotra : samantabhadra, anu0 jugalakizora mukhtAra, sahAranapura, 1651 harivaMza purANa : z2inasena, sampA0, pannAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI, 1662 . harivaMza purANa : puSpadanta, dillI, saM0 1667 . jainetara mUla grantha agni purANa : anu0 esa0 ena0 datta, kalakattA, 1603 atharvaveda : sampA0 Ara0 raoNtha evaM DablyU0 DI0 viTanI, balina, 1624 arthazAstra : kauTilya, anu0 zAmazAstrI, maisUra, 1626 abhijJAnazAkuntalam : kAlidAsa, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1626 amarakoza : amarasiMha, sampA0 TI0 gaNapati zAstrI, trivendram , 1614-1617 aSTAdhyAyI : pANini, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1626 Apastamba dharmasUtra : banArasa, 1632 Apastamba gRhyasUtra : vArANasI, 1634 AzvalAyana gRhyasUtra : nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1864 AzvalAyana zrautasUtra : kalakattA, 1876 uttararAmacarita : sampA0 pI0 vI0 kANe, bambaI, 1626

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sandarbha-grantha upaniSad : nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, gItA presa, gorakhapura Rgveda : vaidika saMzodhana maNDala, pUnA, 1633-51 RtusaMhAra : kAlidAsa, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1622 aitareya AraNyaka : AksaphorDa, 1606 aitareya brAhmaNa : AnandAzrama saMskRta granthAvalI, pUnA, 1631 kathAsaritsAgara : somezvara, paTanA, 1660 karparamaMjarI : rAjazekhara, kalakattA, 1848 kAtyAyana zrautasUtra : sampA0 vidyAdhara zarmA, banArasa, 1637 kAdambarI : bANabhaTTa sampA0 ema0 Ara0 kAle, bambaI, 1600 kAmandaka nItisAra sampA0 jvAlA prasAda mizra, bambaI, saM0 2006 kAmasUtra : vAtsyAyana; anu0 devadatta zAstrI, vArANasI, 1664 kAlikA purANa : veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, zaka saM0 1826 kAlidAsa-granthAvalI : sampA0 revA prasAda dvivedI, vArANasI, 1676 kumAra sambhava : kAlidAsa, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1627 kUrma purANa : ena0 mukhopAdhyAya, kalakattA, 1860 gaNeza purANa : gopAla nArAyaNa eNDa kaM0, bambaI, 1862 garur3a purANa : khemarAja zrIkRSNa dAsa, bambaI; 1606 gopatha brAhmaNa : kalakattA, 1872 gautama dharmasUtra : maisUra, 1617 gautama - smRti : AksaphorDa, 1867 taittirIya AraNyaka : AnandAzrama, saMskRta sirIja, 1626 taittirIya brAhmaNa: sampA0 zAmazAstrI, maisUra, 1621 taittirIya saMhitA : sampA0 zrIpAda zarmA, dhanagara, 1645 daza kumAra carita : sampA0 ema0 Ara0 kAle, bambaI, 1617 devI purANa : vaMgavAsI presa, kalakattA devI bhAgavata purANa : vaMgavAsI presa, kalakattA nArada smRti : anu0 je0 jaoNlI, AksaphorDa, 1886 nAradIya purANa : veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI padma purANa : veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, 1865 parAzara gRhyasUtra : kalakattA, 1860-61 parAzara smRti: gujarAtI presa, saMskaraNa 1817 456

Page #494
460 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bRhannAradIya purANa : vaMgavAsI presa, kalakattA bRhatsaMhitA : varAhamihira, sampA0 sudhAraka dvivedI, banArasa, 1865-1867 bRhaspati-smRti : gAyakavADa oriyaNTala sirIja, 1641 baudhAyana dharmasUtra : vArANasI, 1634 brahmavaivarta purANa : sampA0 jIvAnanda vidyAsAgara, kalakattA, 1888 brahma purANa : bambaI, 1607 brahma sUtra : zAMkara bhASyam, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI brahmANDa purANa : veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, 1613 bhaviSya purANa : veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, 1950 bhAgavata purANa : gItA presa, gorakhapura; 1653 matsya purANa : guru maNDala granthamAlA, kalakattA, 1654 manusmRti : sampA0 gaMgAnAtha jhA, kalakattA, 1620-1626 mahAbhArata : sampA0 bI0 esa0 sukathaMkara tathA anya, pUnA 1627-1633; mahAbhASya : pataJjali, sampA0 epha0 kIlahaoNrna, bambaI mAnasAra : sampA0 pI0 ke0 AcArya, AksaphorDa yUnIvasiTI, 1633 mAnasollAsa : somezvaradatta, bhAga 1-3, bar3audA, 1636 mArkaNDeya purANa : epha0 I0 pAjiTara, kalakattA, 1888-1605 mAlavikAgnimitram : kAlidAsa, bambaI saMskRta sirIja, 1886 mudrArAkSasa : sampA0 Ara0 ke0 dhruva, pUnA, 1630 meghadUta : caukhambhA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, 1640 yAjJavalkya smRti : bambaI, 1636-44 raghuvaMza : kAlidAsa; sampA0 eca0 DI0 velAMkara, bambaI, 1648 rAjataraMgiNI : kalhaNa, sampA0 ema0 e0 sTAina, bhAga 1-2 vesTaminisTara, 1600, vArANasI, 1661 rAmAyaNa : anu0 pI0 sI0 rAya, gItA presa gorakhapura, 1667 liMga purANa : sampA0 jIvAnanda vidyAsAgara, kalakattA, 1885 varAha purANa : kalakattA, 1863 vaziSTa dharmasUtra : pUnA, 1630 vAmana purANa : sampA0 paMcAnana tarkaratna, kalakattA, vi0 saM0, 1314

Page #495
sandarbha-grantha vAyu purANa : veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, 1633 viSNudharmottara purANa : veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, 1612 viSNu purANa : veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, 1886 viSNusmRti : anu0 je0 jaoNlI, kalakattA, 1881 bRhaspati smRti : bar3audA, 1641 / zatapatha brAhmaNa : sampA0 e0 vebara, 1624 zAMkhyAyana zrautasUtra : kalakattA, 1866 ziva purANa : kalakattA, vi0 saM0 1314 zukranItisAra : zukadeva, sampA0 mihiracandra khemarAja, bambaI, saM0 2012 saMskAra prakAza : caukhambhA saMskRta sIrIz2a, vArANasI sAmba purANa : veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, zaka saM0 1821 saura purANa : pUnA, 1624 skanda purANa : kalakattA, vi0 saM0 1318 harivaMza purANa : sampA0 Ara0 Ara0 zarmA, bhAga 1-2, murAdAbAda, 1626 harSa carita : bANabhaTTa-anu0 kaoNvela tathA TaoNmasa, kalakattA 1867; pI0 vI0 kANe 1618 sahAyaka grantha agnihotrI, prabhudayAla : pataJjali kAlIna bhArata, paTanA, saM0 2016 agravAla, urmilA : khajurAho skalpacarsa aiNDa deyara signIphikaeNnsa, dillI, 1664 agravAla, vAsudeva zaraNa : harSacaritra : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, paTanA, 1664 kAdambarI : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, vArANasI, 1658 pANini kAlIna bhAratavarSa, vArANasI, vi0 saM0, 2012 bhAratIya kalA, vArANasI, 1677 kalA aura saMskRti, ilAhAbAda, 1658 mArkaNDeya purANa : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, ilAhAbAda, 1663 kItilatA, jhAMsI, 1663 aiMzeNTa iNDiyana phaoNka kalTsa-vArANasI, 1670 iNDiyA aija DiskrAibDa bAI manu, vArANasI, 1670

Page #496
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana matsya purANa : e sTaDI, vArANasI, 1663 prAcIna bhAratIya lokadharma, ahamadAbAda, 1664 vAmana purANa : e sTaDI, vArANasI, 1664 ayyara, pI0 esa0 esa0 : ivolyuzana oNva hindU mArala AiDiyalsa, kalakattA, 1635 aravinda ghoSa : phAuNDezana oNva iNDiyana kalcara, kalakattA, 1668 aror3A, rAjakumAra : hisTaoNrikala aiNDa kalcarala DATA phraoNma da bhaviSya purANa, naI dillI, 1672 alI, esa0 ema0 : da jyograoNphI oNva da purANAja, naI dillI, 1666 altekara, ananta sadAziva : da pojIzana oNva vImena ina hindU sivilAijezana, banArasa, 1638 rASTrakUTAz2a aiNDa deyara TAimsa, pUnA, 1667 prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, vArANasI, 1668 ejUkezana ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, banArasa, 1648 avasthI, avadha bihArI lAla : sTaDIja ina skanda purANAja (bhAga 1), lakhanaU, 1665 . sTaDIz2a ina varAha purANa, lakhanaU, 1666 / / prAcIna bhArata kA bhaugolika svarUpa, lakhanaU, 1664 asarapha, kuMara muhammada : lAipha aiNDa kaNDIzana oNva da pIpula oNva hindustAna, (1200-1550), bhAga 1, janarala oNva da aiziyATika sosAiTI oNva, baMgAla, 1635 AcArya, pI0 ke0 : ena inasAiklopIDiyA oNva, hindU ArkiTekcara, landana, 1646 mAnasAra oNna ArkiTekcara aiNDa skalpacara, ilAhAbAda, 1633 ApTe, vI0 ema0 : sozala aiNDa rilijasa lAipha ina da gRhasUtrAja, bambaI, 1654 AyaMgara, ke0 vI0 Ara0 : sama AspekTasa oNva aiMzeNTa iNDiyana paoNlaTI, madrAsa, 1635 hindU vyU oNva lAipha ekADiMga Tu dharmazAstra, bar3audA iMgelsa : da orijina oNva da phemilI, prAiveTa prAparTI aiNDa da sTeTa, mAsko, 1652 upAdhyAya, amara muni : yogazAstra : eka parizIlana, AgarA, 1663 upAdhyAya, vI0 khoso : rilijasa kaNDIzana oNva nArdarna iNDiyA (700-1200 I0), vArANasI, 1664 upAdhyAya, aruNa kumAra : rAjazekhara : eka adhyayana, vArANasI, 1676 upAdhyAya, kRSNa deva : hindU vivAha kI utpatti bhaura vikAsa, vArANasI, 1674

Page #497
sandarbha-grantha . upAdhyAya, vAsudeva : prAcIna bhAratIya stUpa, guhA evaM mandira, paTanA; 1672 prAcIna bhAratIya mUrti vijJAna, vArANasI, 1670 pUrva madhyakAlIna bhArata (7vIM se 12vIM zatI I0), prayAga, uttara bhArata kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, prayAga, saM0 2006 gupta sAmrAjya kA itihAsa, bhAga-2, ilAhAbAda, 1652 upAdhyAya, baladeva : purANa-vimarza, vArANasI, 1665 bhAratIya darzana, vArANasI, 1645 upAdhyAya puSkaramuni : jaina dharma meM dAna : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, AgarA, 1677 upAdhyAya, bhagavata zaraNa : kAlidAsa kA bhArata, bhAga 1-2, vArANasI, 1663-64 guptakAla kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, lakhanaU, 1666 upAdhyAya, bharata siMha : buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, prayAga, saM0 2018 ojhA, gaurIzaMkara hIrAcandra : bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA, naI dillI, 1671 oma prakAza : phUDa aiNDa Driksa ina aizeNDa iNDiyA, dillI, 1661 oma prakAza : poliTakala AiDiyAz2a ina da purANAz2a, ilAhAbAda, 1677 olgA laMga : cAinija phemilI aiNDa sosAiTI, laMdana, 1646 kaniMghama : aiMzeNTa jyogrAphI oNva iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1624 kANe, pI0 vI0 : hisTrI oNva dharmazAstra (bhAga 1-5), pUnA, 1662-1675 kAntAvAlA, jI0 ke0 : kalcarala hisTrI phraoNma da matsya purANa, bar3audA, 1664 kAnti sAgara : khoja kI pagaDaMDiyA~, dillI, 1653 kApaDiyA, ke0 ema0 : mairez2a aiNDa phemilo ina iNDiyA, tR0 saM0, oNksaphorDa, 1666 kApar3iyA, eca0 Ara0 : e hisTrI oNva kanaoNnikola liTarecara oNva da jainsa, bambaI, 1641 kAsalIvAla, kastUracandra : rAjasthAna ke zAstra bhaNDAroM kI sUcI (bhAga 1 se 4), . jayapura kiraphela, villIvAlDa : dasa purANa paJca lakSaNa, baoNna, 1627 kotha, e0 bI0 : e hisTrI oNva saMskRta liTarecara, oNksaphorDa, 1653; da saMskRta DrAmA, oNksaphorDa, 1654 kI epha0 I0 : iNDiyana aijU kezana ina aiMzeNTa eNDa laiTarI TAimsa, AksaphorDa, 1642 kumArasvAmI, e0 ke0 : hisTrI oNva iNDiyana aiNDa iNDoneziyana ArTa, nyUyArka, 1665 iNTroDakzana Tu iNDiyana ArTa, dillI, 1666

Page #498
464 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kumArasvAmIz2a selekTeDa peparsa (bhAga 1-3), sampA0 rojarsa lipse, nyUjarsI (yU0 esa0 e0) kaiTalAga oNva jaina peNTigasa aiNDa manuskripTasa, bosTana, 1624 ke0 bhujabala zAstrI : jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 7, vArANasI, 1681 kannar3a prAntIya tADapatrIya grantha-sUcI, vArANasI, 1648 kraimariza, esa0 : da ArTa oNva iNDiyA, landana,1654 / da hindU Tempulsa (bhAga 1-2), kalakattA, 1646 iNDiyana skalpacara, kalakattA, 1633 kainI, ema0 e0 : aina insAklopIDiyA oNva rilijana, dillI, 1676 kailAsa candra : jaina dharma, mathurA, 1675 jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa (bhAga 1-2), vArANasI, vI0 ni0 saM0 25.02 jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa (pUrva pIThikA), vArANasI, vI0 ni0 saM0 2486 dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma, dillI, 1667 jaina nyAya, naI dillI, 1666 kosAmbI, DI0 DI0 : da kalcara aiNDa sivilAijezana oNva aizeNTa iNDiyA ina hisTaoNrikala AuTalAina, landana, 1665 aina iNTroDakzana Tu da sTaDI oNva iNDiyana hisTrI, bambaI, 1656 gaMgAdharana, ena0 : garur3a purANa : e sTaDI, vArANasI, 1672 gupta, dharmendra kumAra : sosAiTI aiNDa kalcara ina da TAima oNva daNDina, dillI, 1672 gupta, paramAnanda : jyogrAphI ina aizeNTa iNDiyana inskipzansa (650 I0 taka), dillI, 1973 gupte, Ara0 esa0 : AiknogrAphI oNva hindU, buddhisTa aiNDa jainsa, bambaI, 1672 guseva, ena0 Ara0 : jainiz2ma, bambaI, 1671 gairolA, vAcaspati : bhAratIya saMskRti aura kalA, lakhanaU, 1673 . bhAratIya citrakalA, ilAhAbAda, 1663 gopAla, esa0 : AuTalAinsa oNva jainiz2ama, naI dillI, 1673 gopAla, lallanajI : ikonamika lAipha oNva nArdarna iNDiyA (700-1200 I0), dillI, 1665

Page #499
sandarbha-grantha 465 goyala, prItiprabhA : hindU vivAha mImAMsA, rUpAyana saMsthAna, baurUndA, 1676 glAssenappa, eca0 : DAkTrina oNva karma ina jaina philAsaphI, bambaI, 1642 ghurye, jI0 esa0 : kAsTa aiNDa klAsa ina iNDiyA, bambaI, 1650 ghoSa, amalAnanda : ArTa aiNDa ArkiTekcara (anu0-lakSmI candra jaina-jaina kalA aura / sthApatya), naI dillI, 1675 ghoSAla, yU0 ena0 : sTaDIz2a ina iNDiyana hisTrI aiNDa kalcara, oriNTa lAgamaMsa, bambaI, 1657 hisTrI oNva hindU pablika lAipha, bhAga 1, kalakattA, 1645 e hisTrI oNva iNDiyana poliTikala AiDiyAz2a, bambaI, 1656 cakaladAra, eca0 sI0 : sozala lAipha ina aizeNTa iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1626 sTaDIz2a ina vAtsyAyansa kAmasUtra, kalakattA, 1676 cakravartI, pI0 sI0 : ArTa oNva vAra ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, DhAkA, 1641 caTarjI, azoka : padma purANa : e sTaDI, kalakattA, 1667 caturvedI, giridhara zarmA : purANa : parizIlana, paTanA, 1670 candra, ke0 Ara0 : e kriTikala sTaDI oNva paumacariuma, vaizAlI, 1670 candhArI, Ara0 ke0 : pojIzana oNva brAhmaNAz2a ina aizeNTa iNDiyA, pUnA, 1660 caudharI, gulAba candra : poliTikala hisTrI oNva nArdarna iNDiyA phraoNma jaina sorsez2a (650-1300 I0), amRtasara, 1663 jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6, vArANasI, 1673 jAyasavAla, kAzI prasAda : hindU rAjatantra (bhAga 1-2), vArANasI, saM0 2034 ___ hindU paoNlaTI, kalakattA, 1624 jaoNlI, je0 : AuTa lAinsa oNva hisTrI oNva hindU laoN oNva pArTizana inaheriTeMsa aiNDa __eDApsana, kalakattA, 1885 jaina, kAmatA prasAda : da rilijana oNva tIrthakarAja, alIgar3ha, 1664 jaina tIrtha aura unakI yAtrA, dillI, 1662 jaina, kailAza candra : prAcIna bhAratIya sAmAjika evaM Arthika saMsthAyeM, bhopAla, 1671 jaina, komala candra : jaina aura bauddha AgAmoM meM nArI jIvana, amRtasara, 1667 jaina gokula candra : yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana amRtasara, 1667 jaina, jagadIza candra : lAipha ina aizeNTa iNDiyA aija DipikTeDa ina kanaeNnsa, bambaI, 1647 jaina Agama meM bhAratIya samAja, vArANasI, 1665

Page #500
466 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jaina, jyoti prasAda : jaina sorsez2a oNva da hisTrI oNva aiMzeNTa iNDiyA ( 100 I0 pU0 se 600 I0), dillI, 1664 rilijana aiNDa kalcara oNva jainsa, dillI, 1677 bhAratIya itihAsa : eka dRSTi, kAzI, 1666 prakAzita jaina sAhitya, dillI, 1658 pramukha aitihAsika jaina puruSa evaM mahilAyeM, dillI, 1675 rAjanIti vijJAna ke siddhAnta, AgarA, 1670 jaina bhakti-kAvya kI pRSThabhUmi, kAzI, 1663 jaina, pukharAja : jaina, prema sAgara jaina, prema candra : apabhraMza kathA - kAvya evaM hindI premAkhyAnaka, vArANasI, 1673 jaina, prema sumana : kuvalayamAlA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, vaizAlI ( bihAra ), 1675 jaina, balabhadra : jaina dharma kA prAcIna itihAsa, bhAga 1 -2, dillI, vI0 ni0 saM0 2500 jaina, bAla candra : jaina pratimA vijJAna, jabalapura, 1674 jaina, bhAga candra : devagar3ha kI jainakalA eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, naI dillI, 1674 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina tIrthoM kA yogadAna, eTA, 1661 jainiz2ma ina buddhisTa liTarecara, nAgapura, 1662 jaina muni uttama kamala : jaina sekTasa aiNDa skUlsa, dillI, 1675 jaina, ratana lAla : jaina dharma, dillI, 1674 jaina, rAjA rAma raidhU sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana, paTanA, 1674 jaina, zrIcandra jaina kathAoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, jayapura, 1671 jaina, hIrAlAla : bhAratIya saMskRti me jaina dharma kA yogadAna, bhopAla, 1675 jaina zilAlekha - saMgraha, bhAga 1, bambaI saMyukta prAnta ke prAcIna jaina smAraka, ilAhAbAda, 1623 joharApurakara, vidyAdhara : jaina zilAlekha -saMgraha, bhAga 4-5, dillI, vI0 ni0 saM0 2461, 2467 jhA, gaMgAnAtha : noTsa Ana mAnava dharmazAstra, bambaI, 1886 TvAyanabI, e0 je0 : e sTaDI oNva hisTrI ( itihAsa : eka adhyayana ), bhAga 1- 2H lakhanaU, 1666-67 TATiyA, nathamala : sTaDIz2a ina jaina philAsaphI, banArasa, 1651 TAmasa, eDavarDa : aiMzeNTa iNDiyana veTsa, vArANasI, 1670 TAmasa, pI0 : phesTivala aiNDa haoNlIDez2a oNva iNDiyA, bambaI, 1671 iNDiyana vImena thrU da ejeja, landana, 1664

Page #501
sandarbha-grantha 467 TAmasa, vAlTarsa : oNna yuvAna cvAMgsa Travelsa ina iNDiyA (626-645 I0), bhAga 2, landana, 1604-5, prathama bhAratIya saMskaraNa, naI dillI, 1661 ThAkura, upendra : da hUNAz2a ina iNDiyA, vArANasI, 1667 sTaDIz2a ina jainijma aiNDa buddhijma ina mithilA, vArANasI, 1664 sama AspekTsa oNva aizeNTa iNDiyana hisTrI aiNDa kalcara, naI dillI, 1674 ThAkura, lakSmI datta : pramukha smRtiyoM kA adhyayana, lakhanaU, 1665 De, ena0 ela0 : jioNgrAphikala DikzanarI oNva aiMzeNTa eNDa meDivala iNDiyA, landana, 1627 DaireTa, je0 DI0 ema0 : rilijana, laoN aiNDa sTeTa ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, landana, 1666 tripAThI, ramAzaMkara : hisTrI oNva aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, dillI, 1660 hisTrI oNva kanauja, banArasa, 1637 tripAThI, zrIkRSNa maNi : purANa tattvamImAMsA, lakhanaU, 1661 dattA, ena0 ke0 : orijina aiNDa grotha oNva kAsTa ina iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1631 dattA, bI0 bI0 : TAuna plAniMga ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1665 dattA, rameza candra : laiTara hindU sivilAijezana (500-1200 I0), kalakattA, 1665 dAsa, esa0 ke0 : ejukezana sisTama oNva da aiMzeNTa hindUja, kalakattA, 1630 ikonaoNmika hisTrI oNva aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1622 dAsa, rAyakRSNa : prAcIna bhArata kI citrakalA, ilAhAbAda, 1663 ____ bhAratIya mUrtikalA, vArANasI, saM0 2030 dAsaguptA, bI0 sI0 : jaina sisTama oNva ejUkezana, kalakattA, 1642 dAsaguptA, esa0 ena0 evaM De, esa0 ke0 : hisTrI oNva saMskRta liTarecara, kalakattA, 1668 divAkara, sumera candra : jaina zAsana, kAzI, 1650 / dvivedI, hajArI prasAda : prAcIna bhArata meM kalAtmaka vinoda, bambaI, 1652 dvivedI, vAcaspati : kathAsaritsAgara : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, paTanA 1677 dvivedI, Ara0 sI0 : kaNTrIbyUsana oNva jainijma Tu iNDiyana kalcara, dillI, 1675 dIkSita, prema kumArI : mahAbhArata meM rAja-vyavasthA, lakhanaU, 1670

Page #502
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dIkSitAra, vI0 Ara0 : vAra ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, landana, 1648 paurANika iNDeksa (bhAga1-3), madrAsa, 1636 dIpaMkara : kauTilya kAlIna bhArata, lakhanaU, 1668 dube, hari nArAyaNa : purANa samIkSA, ilAhAbAda, 1684 dube, esa0 sI0 : iNDiyana vileja, 1650 dube, satyamitra : manu kI sAmAjika vyavasthA, ilAhAbAda, 1664 deva, kailAza candra : bhArata kA saMgIta siddhAnta, lakhanaU, 1656 deva, esa0 bI0 : hisTrI oNva jaina monijma, pUnA, 1656 devarAja, ena0 ke0 : bhAratIya saMskRti (mahAkAvyoM ke Aloka meM), lakhanaU, devendra muni : jaina darzana : svarUpa aura vizleSaNa, udayapura, 1675 desAI, nIlezvarI bAI : aiMzeNTa iNDiyana sosAiTI aiNDa maithAlojI aija DipikTeDa ina da mArkaNDeya purANa, bar3audA, 1668 desAI, pI0 bI0 : jainijma ina sAutha iNDiyA aiNDa sama jaina epIgraoNphsa, zolApura, 1656 dozI, becanadAsa : jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 1, vArANasI, 1666 nagarAja : Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana, khaNDa I, kalakattA, 1666 nathamala : jaina darzana : manana aura mImAMsA, curU (rAjasthAna), 1673 nAhara, pI0 sI0 : jaina lekha-saMgraha, bhAga 1-3, kalakattA, 1618-26 nAhara aura ghoSa : aina epIToma oNva jainiz2ma, kalakattA, 1617 nAhaTA, agara canda bhaMvara lAla : bIkAnera jaina lekha-saMgraha, kalakattA, vI0 ni0 saM0, 2482 nAthUrAma 'premI' : jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, bambaI, 1656 niyogI, puSpA : kaNTrIbyUzana Tu da ikonaoNmika hisTrI oNva nArdarna iNDiyA (10vIM 11vIM zatI I0), kalakattA, 1662 negI, je0 esa0 : sama iNDolaoNjikala sTaDIz2a, bhAga 1, ilAhAbAda, 1666 nemicandra 'zAstrI' : Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, vArANasI, 1668 AcArya hemacandra aura unakA zabdAnuzAsana : eka adhyayana, vArANasI, 1663 saMskRta-kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna, dillI, 1671 vrata tithi nirNaya, dillI, 1656

Page #503
sandarbha-grantha pannikara, ke 0 ema0 : orijina aiNDa evolyuzana oNva kiMgazipa ina iNDiyA, 1650 padma rAjiyA, vAI0 je0 : e kampareTiva sTaDI oNva da jaina thyUrIja oNva riyalTI aiNDa nAleja, bambaI, 1663 parsI brAuna : iNDiyana ArkiTekcara (buddhisTa aiNDa hindU), bambaI, 1646 pAI, jI0 ke0 : kalcarara hisTrI phraoNma da kUrma purANa, kocIna, 1675 pAThaka, vI0 esa0 : zaiva kalTasa ina nArdarna iNDiyA, vArANasI, 1660 pAThaka, vizuddhAnanda : uttara bhArata kA rAjanaitika itihAsa (600-1200 I0), . lakhanaU, 1677 pAThaka, sarvAnanda : viSNu purANa kA bhArata, vArANasI, 1667 pAjiTara, epha0 AI0 : purANa TekTasa oNva da DAyanesTIz2a oNva da kali aija, AksaphorDa, 1613 aiMzeNTa iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala TreDIzansa, dillI, 1662 pANDeya, govinda candra : sTaDIz2a ina da orijinsa oNva buddhijma, ilAhAbAda, 1657 bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, lakhanaU, 1663 phAuNDesana oNva iNDiyana kalcara, bhAga 1-2, naI dillI, 1984 pANDeya, vINA pANi : harivaMza purANa kA sAMskRtika vivecana, lakhanaU, 1660 pANDeya, rAjabalI : hindU saMskArAja, banArasa, 1646 hindU saMskAra, vArANasI hindU dharma-koza, lakhanaU, 1678 sabjekTa iNDeksa oNva da purANaz2a, banArasa, 1657 peTarasana, pI0 : e kalekzana oNva prAkRta aiNDa saMskRta inskripsansa, bhAvanagara 1605 purI, baijanAtha : bhArata ke prAcIna nagara, lakhanaU, 1647 iNDiyA ina da TAima oNva pataJjali, bambaI, 1657 da hisTrI oNva da gurjara pratihAra , bambaI, 1657 / / puzAlkara, e0 DI0 : sTaDIz2a ina da epiksa aiNDa purANAz2a, bambaI, 1655 puSkara, muni : jaina dharma meM dAna : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, AgarA, 1677 prakAza : bhAratIya sRSTi vidyA, naI dillI, 1674 prabhU, pI0 eca0 : hindU sozala ArganAijezana, bambaI, 1658 prasAda, esa0 ena0 : sTaDIz2a ina guNADhya, dillI, 1677 phlITa, je0 epha0 : kaoNrpasa inskripsanama iNDIkerama, bhAga 3 :

Page #504
470 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana phUlacandra : varNa, jAti aura dharma, kAzI, 1663 jaina tattva mImAMsA, vArANasI, vI0 ni0 saM0, 2486 badera, klIrase : vImena ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA (mArela aiNDa liTarerI sTaDIz2a), landana, 1625 banarjI, ema0 sI0 : iNDiyana sosAiTI ina da mahAbhArata, vArANasI, 1656 banarjI, sureza candra : phaNDAmeNTalsa oNva aiMzeNTa iNDiyana myujika aiNDa DAnsa, ahamadAbAda, 1676 banarjI, je0 ena0 : da DevelpameNTa oNva hindU AikanogrAphI, kalakattA, 1656 basu, je0 : iNDiyA ina da aija oNva da brAhmaNAja, kalakattA, 1664 basAka, Ara0 jI0 : hisTrI oNva nArtha IsTarna iNDiyA, 1634 bAsama, e0 ela0 : da vaoNNDara daiTa vaoNja iNDiyA, landana, 1954 sTaDIz2a ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyana hisTrI aiNDa kalcara, kalakattA, 1664 bulke, phAdara kAmila : rAma kathA, ilAhAbAda, 1671 bRhaspati, kailAza candra deva : bharata kA saMgIta siddhAnta benI prasAda : sTeTa ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, ilAhAbAda, 1628 bothA, puSpA : da jaina thyurI oNva parasepsana, dillI, 1676 brIsTeDa : da kankvesTa oNva sivilAijezana, landana, 1654 byUlara, jI0 : iNDiyana peliyogrAphI, kalakattA, 1656 bhagavAna dAsa : da sAyansa oNva sozala ArganAijezana, landana, 1635 bhagavAnadIna : solaha kAraNa bhAvanA, dillI, 1666 bhaTTAcArya, TI0 : e sTaDI oNva vAstuvidyA, paTanA, 1647 e kenaeNna oNva iNDiyana ArTa, kalakattA, 1663 bhaTTAcArya, nagendra nAtha : jaina philAsaphI, hisTraoNrikala AuTa lAinsa, naI dillI, 1676 bhaTTAcArya, bI0 sI0 : jaina AiknogrAphI, lAhaura, 1636 bhaTTAcArya, saccidAnanda : bhAratIya itihAsa koza, lakhanaU, 1667 bhaNDArakAra, Ara0 jI0 : vaiSNaviz2ma, zaiviz2ma aiNDa mAinara rilijasa sisTamsa, pUnA, 1626 bhAgendu, bhAgacandra : bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina tIrthoM kA yogadAna, eTA, 1661 bhArgava, dayAnanda : jaina ithiksa, dillI, 1968 bhAskara, bhAga candra : jaina darzana tathA saMskRti kA itihAsa, nAgapura, 1677

Page #505
sandarbha-grantha 471 majUmadAra, e0 ke0 : cAlukyAja oNva gujarAta, bambaI, 1656 majUmadAra, bI0 ke0 : da miliTarI sisTama ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1660 majUmadAra, bI0 pI0 : sosiyo-ikonaoNmika hisTrI oNva nArdarna iNDiyA (1030 1164 I0), kalakattA, 1660 majUmadAra, DI0 ena0 : reseja aiNDa kalcarsa oNva iNDiyA, landana, 1635 majUmadAra, Ara0 sI0 : hisTrI oNva baMgAla, bhAga 1, DhAkA, 1643 kAraporeTa lAipha ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1622 (saM) da aija oNva impIriyala yuniTI, bambaI, 1653 (saM) da klAsikala aija, bambaI, 1654 majUmadAra, Ara0 sI0 evaM mAdhvAnanda : greTa vImena oNva iNDiyA, almoDA, 1653 madhukara muni : jaina dharma kI hajAra zikSAyeM, vyAvara (jodhapura), 1673 manakaDa, DI0. Ara0 : paurANika kronolojI, Ananda, 1651 mahendra kumAra : jaina darzana, vArANasI, 1666 mahato, mohana lAla : jAtaka kAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, paTanA, 1658 maharAja, misrI lAla : jaina dharma meM tapa : svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa, vyAvara mAyera, je0 je0 : saiksuala lAipha ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, landana, 1633 mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha bhAI : jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana, banArasa, 1646 Agama yuga kA jaina darzana, AgarA, 1666 nizIthaH eka adhyayana, AgarA, 1656 mirAzI, vAsudeva viSNu : liTarerI aiNDa hisTaoNrikala sTaDIz2a ina iNDolaoNjI, dillI, 1675 hisTaoNrikala DeTA ina daNDinAz2a dazakumAra carita mizra, kamalA kAnta : jAtakamAlA : eka adhyayana, ilAhAbAda, 1677 mizra, jaya zaMkara : prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, paTanA, 1683 * gyArahavIM sadI kA bhArata, vArANasI, 1668 mizra, bI0 bI0 : paoNlaTI ina da agni purANa, kalakattA, 1665

Page #506
472 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mizra, lAla maNi : bhAratIya saMgIta vAdya, naI dillI, 1673 mizra, vidyA : vAlmIki rAmAyaNa aura rAmacarita mAnasa kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, lakhanaU, 1663 mizra, ziva nandana : guptakAlIna abhilekhoM se jJAta tatkAlIna sAmAjika evaM Arthika dazA, lakhanaU, 1673 mizra, ziva zekhara : somezvara kRta mAnasollAsa : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, vArANasI, 1666 mukarjI, rAdhA kamala : sozala phanksana oNva ArTa, bambaI, 1648 da iNDiyana skIma oNva lAipha, bambaI, 1651 laiNDa prAblama oNva iNDiyA, landana, 1633 e hisTrI oNva iNDiyana sivilAijezana, bhAga 1, bambaI mukarjI, rAdhA kumuda : aiMzeNTa iNDiyana ejUkezana, landana, 1647 da phaNDAmeNTala yuniTI oNva iNDiyA, bambaI, 1660 mukarjI, esa0 : jaina philAsaphI oNva naoNna oNbsolyuTijma, kalakattA, 1644 mukhtAra, jugula kizora evaM zAstrI, paramAnanda : jaina grantha prazasti-saMgraha, bhAga 1, sarasavA, bhAga 2, dillI, 1663 mukhtAra, jugala kizora : jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada prakAza, kalakattA, 1656 yugavIra nibandhAvalI, bhAga 1, dillI, 1663 samIcIna dharmazAstra , dillI, 1655 svAmI samantabhadra, bambaI, 1625 muMzI, ke0 ema0 : gujarAta aiNDa iTsa liTarecara, bambaI, 1654 meklavara, Ara0 ema0 evaM peja, sI0 eca0 : sosAiTI, landana, 1662 menana, padminI : purANa saMdarbha koza, kAnapura, 1666 mehatA, mohana lAla : jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 3 va 4, vArANasI, 1667, 1668 jaina darzana, AgarA, 1656 jaina kalcara, vArANasI, 1666 jaina dharma darzana, vArANasI, 1673 jaina AcAra, vArANasI, 1666 prAkRta prApara nemsa, bhAga 1 va 2, ahamadAbAda, 1670, 1672

Page #507
sandarbha-grantha 473 mehatA, nAnA lAla cimana lAla : bhAratIya citrakalA motI candra : jaina miniyecara priMTiMgsa phraoNma vesTarna iNDiyA, ahamadAbAda, 1646 bhAratIya vezabhUSA, prayAga, saM0 2007 sArthavAha, paTanA, 1653 | motI candra evaM zAha, umAkAnta premAnanda : nyU DAkUmeNTsa oNva jaina peMTiMga, bambaI, 1675 yAdava, brajanAtha siMha : sosAiTI aiNDa kalcara ina nArdarna iNDiyA (12vIM zatI) ilAhAbAda, 1673 / yAdava, jhinakU : samarAiccakahA : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, vArANasI, 1677 rAjendra muni : caubIsa tIrthaMkara : eka paryavekSaNa, udayapura, 1676 rAdhAkRSNan, esa0 : dharma tulanAtmaka dRSTi meM, dillI, 1673 dharma aura samAja, dillI, 1672 bhAratIya darzana, bhAga 1 va 2, dillI, 1673 da hindU vyU oNva lAipha, nyUyArka, 1648 rAnADe, Ara0 DI0 : kansTrakTiva sarve oNva upaniSadika philAsaphI, pUnA, 1633 rAva, vijaya bahAdura : uttara vaidika samAja evaM saMskRti eka adhyayana), vArANasI, 1666 rAmagopAla : iNDiyA oNva vaidika kalpasUtrAja, dillI, 1656 rAmapuriyA, zrIcanda : kalTa oNva ahiMsA, kalakattA, 1657 rAya, kRSNadAsa : bhArata kI citrakalA, vArANasI, vi0 saM0 2030 rAya, udaya nArAyaNa : prAcIna bhArata meM nagara tathA nAgarika jIvana, ilAhAbAda, 1665 hamAre purAne nagara, ilAhAbAda, 1666 gupta samrAT aura unakA kAla, ilAhAbAda, 1671 sTaDIja ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyana kalcara, bhAga 1, ilAhAbAda 1661 rAya, govinda candra : sTaDIz2a ina da DevelapmeNTa oNva ArnAmeNTasa aiNDa jvelarI ina proTohisTaoNrikala iNDiyA, vArANasI, 1664 rAya, manmatha : prAcIna bhAratIya manoraJjana, ilAhAbAda, saM0 2013 rAya, siddhezvarI nArAyaNa : paurANika dharma evaM samAja, ilAhAbAda, 1668 hisTaoNrikala aiNDa kalcarala sTaDIz2a ina da purANAz2a, ilAhAbAda, 1678

Page #508
474 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rAyacaudharI, bI0 ke0 : bhAratIya saMgIta koSa, kalakattA, 1632 rolaiNDa, beMjAmina : da ArTa aiNDa ArkiTekcara oNva iNDiyA : hindU, buddhisTa aiNDa . jaina, vikToriyA, 1656 RSabha candra, ke0 : e kriTikala sTaDI oNva paumacariuma oNva vimalasUri, __ ahamadAbAda laoN, ena0 ena0 : sTaDIz2a ina da iNDiyana hisTrI aiNDa kalcara, kalakattA, 1625 lAle, pI0 jI0 : sTaDIja ina da devI bhAgavata, bambaI, 1673 lAhA, vimala candra : hisTrorikala jyogrAphI oNva aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, perisa, 1654 (anu0 rAmakRSNa dvivedI-prAcIna bhArata kA aitihAsika bhUgola, lakhanaU, 1672) iNDiyA aija DeskrAibDa ina arlI TekTsa oNva buddhijma aiNDa jainijma, landana, 1641 jyogrAphikala aisez2a rileTiMga Ta aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, dillI, 1676 iNDolojikala sTaDIja, bhAga 1, kalakattA, 1650 lipse, rogara : kumAra svAmIz2a selekTeDa peparsa, bhAga 1.-3, nyUjarsI, 1677 varmA, gAyatrI : kAlidAsa ke granthoM para AdhArita tatkAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, vArANasI, 1663 varmA, bI0 esa0 : soso-relijasa, ekonAmika aiNDa liTarerI kaNDIzana oNva bihAra, (300-1000) dillI, 1962 varmA, sA~valiyA bihArI lAla : bhArata meM pratIka pUjA kA Arambha aura vikAsa, paTanA, 1674 vasu, je0 : iNDiyA oNva da aiz2a oNva brAhmaNAja, kalakattA, 1664 vAjapeyI, kRSNa datta : uttara pradeza kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, AgarA, 1656 uttara pradeza kI aitihAsika vibhUti, lakhanaU. 1657 bhAratIya saMskRti meM madhya pradeza kA yoga, ilAhAbAda, 1667 jyogrAphikala insAiklopIDiyA oNva aiMzeNTa aiNDa meDikala iNDiyA, bhAga 1, vArANasI, 1667 vATarsa, TI0 : oNna yuAna cvAMgsa Trevlasa ina iNDiyA, landana, 1604-5 vAlI, kozalyA : da kansepsana oNva ahiMsA ina iNDiyana thATa, vArANasI, 1674 viNTaranitz2a, ema0 : e hisTrI oNva iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 1-2, naI dillI, 1972

Page #509
sandarbha-grantha 475 vilsana, eca0 eca0 : da viSNu purANa eka sisTama oNva hindU maithAlojI aiNDa TreDIzana, kalakattA, 1661 vijayamUrti : jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2 va 3, bambaI, vi0 saM0 2006, 2013 vIrendra kumAra : tilaka maJjarI kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana, ujjaina, 1678 vettama, manI : paurANika insAiklopIDiyA, dillI, 1675 vesTarna mArka, I0 : hisTrI oNva hyamana maireja, bhAga 1 - 3, landana, 1671 vyAsa, zAntikumAra nAthUrAma rAmAyaNakAlIna saMskRti, naI dillI, 165= vyAsa, sUrya nArAyaNa : vizvakavi kAlidAsa : eka adhyayana, indaura zarmA, Ara0 esa0 : zUdrAz2a ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, vArANasI, 1658 iNDiyana phyUDalijma, kalakattA, 1665 bhAratIya sAmantavAda, dillI, 1673 AspekTsa oNva polITikala AiDiyAz2a aiNDa insTIcyUsansa ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, dillI, 1656 zarmA, brajendra nAtha : sosala aiNDa kalcarala hisTrI oNva nArdana iNDiyA ( 600-1000 I0), dillI, 1672 zarmA, dazaratha : arlI cauhAna DAyanesTIz2a, lakhanaU, 1656 zarmA, Ara0 ena0 : brAhmin zrU da aiz2ez2a, dillI, 1677 zarmA, jagadIza sarana : da nezanala jyogrAphikala DikzanarI oNva iNDiyA, naI dillI, 1672 zarmA, ema0 ela0; nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti, dillI, 1671 zarmA, rAdhA prasAda : paurANika koza, vArANasI, vi0 saM0 2028 zarmA, baijanAtha : harSa aiNDa hija TAimsa, vArANasI, 1670 zAha, ambAlAla pre0 : jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 5, vArANasI, 1666 zAha, sI0 je0 : jainiz2ma ina nArdarna iNDiyA, bambaI, 1620 zAstrI, jagadIza lAla poliTikala thATa ina da purANAz2a, lAhaura, 1644 zAstrI, ke vAsudeva : saMgIta zAstra, lakhanaU, 1658 zAstrI, devendra kumAra : apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kI zodha pravRttiyA~, dillI 1671 zAstrI, paramAnanda : jaina grantha prazastri-saMgraha, bhAga 2, dillI zAstrI, zakuntala rAva : vImena ina da sekreTa lAja zAstrI, ke0 bhujabalI : prazasti-saMgraha, jaina siddhAnta bhavana, ArA 1642

Page #510
476 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana zukla, vijendra nAtha : bhAratIya sthApatya, lakhanaU, 1668 bhavana - niveza (samarAGgaNasUtradhAra vAstuzAstrIya), dillI, 1664 zukla, badarInAtha : mArkaNDeya purANa : eka adhyayana, vArANasI, 1660 zukla, ramAkAnta : jainAcArya raviNeNakRta padmapurANa aura tulasIkRta rAmacarita mAnasa dillI, 1674 zrIvAstava, dharmAvatI : prAcIna bhArata meM saMgIta, vArANasI, 1667 zrIvAstava, vI0 sI0 : sana vazipa ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, ilAhAbAda, 1672 zrIvAstava, e0 ela0 : zrIvatsa, ilAhAbAda, 1683 saMkAliyA, eca0 DI0 : jaina aikanogrAphI, bambaI saMdesara, bI0 je0 : jaina Agama sAhitya meM gujarAta, ahamadAbAda sara Arala sTAina : eziyA mejadA hartha enivarsarI, vAlyUma, 1623 sarakAra, dineza candra: salekTa inskripsansa biyariMga oNna iNDiyana hisTrI aiNDa sivilIjezana, bhAga 2, 1642, 1665 sozala lAipha ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1671 arlI iNDiyana poliTikla aiNDa eDaminisTreTiva sisTama, kalakattA, 1672 TreDa eNDa iNDasTrI ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1662 arlI hisTrI aiNDa kalcara oNva da jainsa, kalakattA, 1673 sTaDIz2a ina yuga purANa aiNDa adara TekTasa, dillI, 1674 sTaDIz2a ina da jyogrAphI oNva aiMzeNTa eNDa meDivala iNDiyA, dillI 1660 1 savyasAcI : jainadharma aura vidhavA vivAha, dillI, 1631 sahAya, saccidAnanda : mandira sthApatya kA itihAsa, paTanA, 1681 sikadAra, je0 sI0 : sTaDIz2a ina da bhagavatIsUtra, mujaphpharapura, 1664 sinkleyara, esa0 : da hArTa oNva jainijma, oNksaphorDa, 1615 siMha, madana mohana : buddhakAlIna samAja aura dharma, paTanA, 1672 siMha, rAma bhUSaNa prasAda : jainiz2ma, ina arlI meDivala karnATaka ( 500 - 1200 I0 ), dillI, 1675 siMha, eca0 Ara0 : e kriTikla sTaDI oNva da jyogrAphikala DATA ina da arlI purANAz2a, kalakattA, 1672 siMha, Ara0 sI0 pI0 : kiMgazipa ina nArdarna iNDiyA, dillI, 1668 siMha raNajIta : dharma kI hindU avadhAraNa, ilAhAbAda, 1677 sinhA, vaziSTha nArAyaNa : jaina dharma meM ahiMsA, amRtasara, 1672

Page #511
sandarbha-grantha sukhalAla : darzana aura cintana, ahamadAbAda, 1657 subbArAva, ena0 esa0 : aikonamika aiNDa poliTikala kanDIzansa ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA, maisUra, 1611 sureza muni: karmavAda eka adhyayana, AgarA, 1665 sUrideva, zrIraMjana: prAkRta saMskRta kA samAnantara adhyayana, ilAhAbAda, 1684 sena, bI0 sI0 : sTaDIz2a ina da buddhisTa jAtakAz2a ( TreDIzana aiNDa paoNlaTI ), kalakattA, 1674 sena, madhu : e kalcarala sTaDI oNva da nizIthacUrNI, amRtasara, 1675 sena guptA ena0 sI0 : ivolyuzana oNva aiMzeNTa iNDiyana laoN, kalakattA, senArTa I0 : kAsTa ina iNDiyA, landana, 1636 sodhiyA, darayAva siMha : zrAvaka dharma saMhitA, dillI, 1675 somasurA, prabhAkara o0 : bhAratIya saMhitA, naI dillI, bambaI, 1675 cUMbiMga, DablyU 0 : da DAkTrina oNva da jainsa, dillI, 1678 svarNalatA : prAcIna bhArata meM rAjya aura zAsana vyavasthA (yAjJavalkya smRti para AdhArita) vArANasI, 1674 hAvela, I0 vI0 477 1653 sTivensaeNna siMkleyara : hArTa oNva jainiz2ma, landana, 1615 smitha : hisTrI oNva phAina ArTasa ina iNDiyA eNDa sIlona smitha, vI0 : jaina stUpa aiNDa adara aiNTIkyUTIz2a phrAma mathurA, ilAhAbAda, 1670 svarUpa, zAnti : da ArTasa aiNDa krAphTasa oNva iNDiyA aiNDa pAkistAna, bambaI, 1668 hakArTa, e0 ema0 : kAsTa e kampreTiva sTaDI, landana, 1657 hastImala jI : jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa ( bhAga 1 ) jayapura 1671 hAjarA, rAjendra candra : sTaDIz2a ina da paurANika rikarDa oNn hindU rAiTsa aiNDa kasTamsa, vArANasI, 1665 sTaDIz2a ina da upapurANAz2a, bhAga 1 - 2 kalakattA, 1677 : iNDiyana ArkiTekcara, landana, 1613 aiMzeNTa meDivala ArkiTekcara oNva iNDiyA, landana, 1615 iNDiyana skalpacara aiNDa peTiMga, landana, 1608 hiMgarAnI, Ara0 pI0 : jaina AikanogrAphI ina rUpamaMDana, vArANasI, 1668 haiNDIkI, kRSNakAnta : yazastilaka aiNDa iNDiyana kalcara, zolApura, 1646 jJAnI, esa0 DI0 : agni purANa : e sTaDI, vArANasI, 1664

Page #512
478 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana abhinandana tathA smRti grantha / AcArya zrI tulasI SaSTipUrti abhinandana patrikA : sampA0 harivaMzarAya baccana, naI dillI, 1674 bra0 paM0 candAbAI abhinandana grantha : sampA0 zrImatI suzIlA sulatAnasiMha evaM zrImatI jayamAlA jainendra kizora, jaina mahilA pariSad, ArA, 1654 AcArya zrI vijaya ballabhasUri smAraka grantha : zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya prakAzana, bambaI, 1656 gurugopAladAsa varaiyA smRti grantha : sampA0 kailAzacandra Adi, akhila bhAratIya, - digambara jaina vidvatpariSad, sAgara, 1667 DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya smRti grantha : DaoN0 rAjabalI pADeNya smRti grantha prakAzana samiti, kalA nidhi prakAzana, devariyA, 1676 baraiyAsmRti grantha : digambara jaina vidvatpariSad, 1667 bhagavAn mahAbIra aura unakA tattva-darzana : sampA0 dezabhUSaNa, jaina sAhitya samiti, dillI, 1673 zrI mahAvIra smRti grantha : bambaI 1648-46 marudhara kesarI muni zrI mizrI lAlajI mahArAja abhinandana grantha : sampA0 zobhAcandra bhArilla, vyAvara, jodhapura, 1668 mahAvIra jayantI smArikA : rAjasthAna jaina sabhA, jayapura, 1664 muni zrI hajArImala smRti grantha : sampA0 zobhAcandra bhArilla, muni zrI hajArImala __ smRti grantha prakAzana samiti, vyAvara (rAjasthAna), 1665 zrI gaNeza prasAda varNI smRti grantha : sampA0 pannA lAla, akhila bhAratavarSIya digambara __ jaina vidvatpariSad, 1674 varNI abhinandana grantha : pro0 khuzAla candra gorAvAla Adi, zrI varNI hIraka jayantI mahotsava samiti, sAgara. vI0ni0 saM0 2476 zrI IzvaradAsa jAlAna abhinandana grantha : sampA0 nanda kizora jAlAna, abhinandana samiti, kalakattA, 1677 zrI puSkara muni abhinandana grantha : sampA0 devendramuni zAstrI, rAjasthAna kesarI adhyAtma yogI zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha prakAzana samiti bambaI; udayapura, 1676 sumeru candra divAkara abhinandana grantha : sampA0 nanda lAla jaina, sumeru candra abhinandana samAroha samiti, jabalapura, 1676

Page #513
sandarbha-grantha koza tathA lakSaNa grantha da insAiklopIDiyA briTAnikA (14 vAM saMskaraNa) bhAga 1-24 : da insAiklo pIDiyA briTAnikA pablikezana,landana, 1626 insAiklopIDiyA oNva rilijana aiNDa aithiksa : (sampA0) je0 hasTigasa (bhAga 1-3), nyUyArka, 1608 iNTara nezanala insAiklopIDiyA oNva sozala sAinsez2a (17 bhAgoM meM) : (sampA0) silsa, DaiviDa ela0, da maikmilana kaM0 eNDa da phrI presa, 1668 ena insAiklopIDiyA oNpha rilijana : mairisa e kanne, nAga pablIkezana, dillI, 1676 jaina lakSaNAvalI : bAlacandra zAstrI, (bhAga 1-3 ), vIrasevA mandira prakAzana, dillI, 1672 jaina siddhAnta koza : ( bhAga 1-4 ), kSu 0 jinedravarNI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillI, 1670-73 zodha patrikAyeM amarabhAratI (mAsika) : sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA aNuvrata : akhila bhAratIya aNuvrata samiti, 210 dInadayAla mArga, dillI , anekAnta : vIrasevA mandira, sarasAvA aparigraha : epha 64, javAhara pArka vesTa, lakSmInagara, dillI ahiMsA vANI (mAsika) : akhila bhAratIya jaina mizana, alIgaMz2a AtmAnanda-prakAzana Atmarazmi : AcArya zrI AtmA rAma jaina prakAzana samiti, jaina sthAnaka, ludhiyAnA Atma-dharma iNDiyana aiNTIkvarI : bambaI iNDiyana kalcara iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kvArTI : kalakattA ainuala riporTa oNva da AryolaoNjikala sarve oNva iNDiyA : naI dillI kalyANa : gItA presa, gorakhapura gurukula patrikA

Page #514
480 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jarnala oNva da oriyaNTala iMsTIcyUTa : ema0 esa0 vizvavidyAlaya, bar3audA jarnala oNva da gujarAta risarca sosAiTI : gujarAta risarca sosAiTI saMzodhana, bambaI jarnala oNva da gaMgA nAtha jhA risarca insTIcyUTa : ilAhAbAda jaya guJjAra : cAMdamala jAMgar3A, mu. po. rAmapura ( mAravAr3a ), jilA-pAlI (rAjasthAna) jinavANI : jayapura jinasandeza : zrI bhAratIya digambara jaina saMgha, mathurA jaina eNTIkverI : ArA jaina jarnala' : jaina bhavana pablikezana, kalakattA jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka : pUnA jaina bhAratI (sAptAhika) : jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI mahAsabhA, kalakattA jaina zikSaNa sAhitya patrikA jaina darzana aura saMskRti pariSad patrikA : kalakattA jaina siddhAnta bhAskara : ArA . jaina jagata jaina yuga jaina prakAza jaina satya prakAza jaina dharma prakAza jaina vidyA : savAI mAdhavapura (rAjasthAna) jaina mahilAdarza tIrthakara : hIrA bhaiyA prakAzana, kanADiyA roDa, indaura tulasI prajJA : jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM (rAjasthAna) dharmadUta nayA jIvana purANam : rAmanagara, vArANasI prajJA prema-sudhA bhAratIya vidyA : bambaI mADarna ribyU

Page #515
sandarbha grantha 481 rAjasthAna bhAratI : sAdUla rAjasthAnI insTIcyUTa, bIkAnera vizva jyoti : vizvarAnanda vaidika risarca insTIcyUTa sosAiTI, sAdhu Azrama vizvabhAratI vijayAnanda : AtmAnanda jaina mahAsabhA, ludhiyAnA samyagdarzana : akhila bhAratIya sAdhumArgIya jaina saMskRti rakSaka saMgha, sailAnA (ma0pra0) hindustAnI : hindustAnI ekeDamI, ilAhAbAda samyagjJAna : digambara jaina triloka zodha saMsthAna, hastinApura, meraTha sanmativANI : digambara jaina, mAlavA hukuma candra mArga, indaura sambodhi : ela0 DI0 insTIcyUTa oNva iNDolojI, ahamadAbAda sammelana-patrikA : hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga sanmati ( marAThI ) sanmati sandeza : prakAza hitaiSI zAstrI, dillI zramaNa : pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI - zramaNopAsaka : akhila bhAratIya sAdhumArgIya jaina saMgha; bIkAnera zrI amaravANI vIrAyatana : rAjagRha ( bihAra ) jJAnakIti : nanda kizora jaina, jJAnakIrti, cauka, lakhanaU jJAnapITha jJAnodaya

Page #516

Page #517
aMgada 161 aMzuka 144 akArU 47 agranivRtti kriyA 84 ajIva 338, 342, 345 ajIvAdhikaraNa 350 aTTAlaka 260 aNarAjya 183 aNuvrata 56, 60, 354 atithisaMvibhAga 56 adevamAtRkA 322, 323 adharma 25, 338, 342, 345, 347 adharmAstikAya 335 adhiSThAna 132 adhikaraNika 213, 214 adhikRta 213 adholoka 335, 336 anagAra 54 anarthadaNDa virati 56 anArAjya 183 anuvRtta lipi 236 anekAntavAda 360, 361 antarvantI 117 antyaja 47 zabdAnukramaNikA annaprAzana kriyA 72 abhavya 342, 343 abhivyakti 206 amlAtaka 301 amUrtika 342, 344, 346 ayonija 43, 44 arddhamAsa 332 arddhanArIzvara 25 alaMkAra 263 alaMkaraNagRha 151 alAbu 265 aloka 335 alokAkAza 335 alaukika krIr3A 172 avataMsa 155 avatAra kriyA 85 avasarpiNI 2 avAya (pararASTra) 204 asaMkhyAta 348 asi 26, 32, 320 arhat 6, 55 ahiMsA 130, 346, 370, 371, 361 Akara 326

Page #518
484 AkAza 338, 342, 344, 345, 347 AgAra 266 AtmA 338, 340, 344 ArttadhyAna 350 AdhirAjya 183 AdhAna kriyA 67, 68 Anaka 266* AbhyAntara ArttadhyAna 381 AmAyadAsI 122 Alaya 266 AzyAna 165 Asana 188, 165 Asrava 348, 346 bhArhantya kriyA 84, itivRtta 2, 3, 4 itihAsa veda 2, 3 88 indrajAla krIr3A 172 indratyAga kriyA 82 indrAbhiSeka kriyA 82 indropapAda kriyA 82 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana Izvara 355, 356 utsarpiNI 2 uttaraguNa 370, 373 uttarIya 144, 150 uttaMsa 154 upacayajanya 311 upanayana 55, 74, 75 upasaMvyAna 148 upanIti kriyA 55, 86, 232, 233 upayogitA kriyA 86 upasarga 16 upAnatka 150 upAdhyAya 36 uSNISa 146, 147 Urdhvaloka 335, 336, 337 eNAjinA 150 aitihya 4 orNa 143 kaMcuka 145 kaMsavAdaka ( jhAMjha ) 300, 301 kaTaka 161, 162 kaTisUtra 163 kaNThamAlikA 160 kaNThAbharaNa 160 kandukakrIr3A 170 kambala 147 karma 16, 356 se 356 karmaNA 32 karmabhUmi 23, 26, 182 karmanvaya kriyA 33, 67, 87, 88 kalpanA 132 kalpavRkSa 24 kalyANAbhiSeka 176 karSaka 322, 325

Page #519
zabdAnukramaNikA 485 karSaNa 42 keyUra 161 kaSAya 354, 357, 374 kevala kalyANaka mahotsava 176 kahalA 266 kezavApa kriyA 73 kAla 16, 338, 345, 347, 348 / keza saMskAra 165 kAlamAna 333 koza 186 kAkiNI 332 kaur3I 332 kAku 285 kaumudImahotsava 176 kAJcI 162 krItadAsa 122 kAJcanasUtra 160 kSayajanya 311 kApasika 143 kSetrajJa 336 kAravA~ 331 kSIma 145 . kArtika pUrNimA mahotsava 176 kArU 47 kharvaTa (karvaTa) 250, 251 kirITa 153 kheTa 251 kirITI 153 kITaja 143 gar3ha 185, 186 . kInAza 322, 325 gaNagrahaNa kriyA 85 kuAM 322 gaNarAjya 183 kugati 25 gaNopagraha kriyA 81 kuTila lipi 240, 241 garbhakalyANaka mahotsava 175 kuNDala 155 garbhAlambhana 67 kuntalI 154 garbhAdhAna 67 kulakara 18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 181 garbhAnvaya kriyA 33, 67 kulacaryA kriyA 76, 87 guMjA 301 kulaparamparA 161 guNavrata 56 kulabhUSaNa 30 guNasthAnAbhyupagama kriyA 80 kusumbha 146 gurupUjana kriyA 83 kRSaka 322, 323 gRhatyAga kriyA 76, 87 kRSi 26, 32, 320, 321 gRhIzitA kriyA 76, 87 kRSikarma 26, 42, 43 gopura 261 kRSi vRtti 43 gomukhamaNi 163 .

Page #520
486 gotra zuddhi 27 goSThI 173, 174 grAma 182 grAmapati 58 graiveyeka 160 ghaNTA 300 ghaNTItaMtra 323 ghaTadAsI 48, 122 ghoSa 182, 252 caJcApuruSa 323 cakralAbha kriyA 53 cakrAbhiSeka kriyA 83 cUSya 131 caityAlaya 101 carma 143 cAturvarNa (cAturvarNya) 32, 36, 37 cInapaTTa 146 cIvAra 147 cUr3AmaNi 153 cUr3Akarma kriyA 73 chinna 311 * janasthAna 185 janmadinotsava 178 janmotsava 177 jalakrIr3A 170 jAtakRta 38 jinarUpatA 80, 87 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jinavezma 270 jIva 335 se 354 jIvAdhikaraNa 350 juvarAjya 183 jainIkaraNa 33 jJa 338 jJAtA 341 jJAnI 336 jharjhara 301 jhallarI 266 jhAMjhamaMjIrA 301 DhakkA 266 taMtra (svarASTra ) 204 taMtrI 265 tar3Aga 322 tattva 348 tapa 18, 373 talapatrikA 155 tAna 288 tAla 286, 300 tiryak loka 336 trivarga 102, 104, 105, 317 trivedI 36 triloka 335 tIrtha 16 tIrthaMkara 18, 353, 354 tIrthaMkaratva 353, 354 tIrthaMkRdbhAvanA kriyA 80

Page #521
zabdAnukramaNikA 487 tuNava 264 tulAkoTi 163 tulAmAna 333 tUrya 266 devamAtRkA 322, 323 devadAsI 123 dezamAna 333 dezavrata 56 dezavirati 56 dolAkrIr3A 170 droNamukha 182, 246, 250 dvaidhIbhAva 188, 165 dvairAjya 183 dorajja 183 dRr3hacaryA kriyA 86 dhU takrIr3A 171 daNDakrIr3A 170 daNDavara 213 dayA 353 daviya 324 dravya 335, 337, 338 da1ra 266 dAna 42, 78, 353, 361 se 365 dAma 162, 163 dAyabhAga 113 dAsa 47, 58 digvirati 56 dvija sattvama 58 dizAJjaya kriyA 83 dIkSAkalyANaka mahotsava 176 dIkSAdya kriyA 80, 87 dIkSAnvaya kriyA 32, 67, 84, 85 dIpikA 265 dInAra 332 dukUla 148 durga 255, 256 . duMdukANaka 301 dundubhi 267 duSyakuTI 148 dUtI 48 devatA 384, 385, 386 deva-bhogI 36 dhyAtA 378 dhyAna 16, 378, 376, 380 dhAya 48, 121 dhyeya 378, 376 dharma 25, 57, 61, 102, 103, 104, 105 338, 342, 345, 347 dharmadhyAna 382 dharmAstikAya 335 dharmAdhikArI 213, 214 dhAtu 263 dhAtrI 121 dhArAgRhaM 265 dhUpavAsa 165 dhRti kriyA 66, 70 naya 362, 363 nayavAda 361 nAgarIlipi 241

Page #522
488 nAmakarma kriyA 71 nirgrantha 367, 368 nirjarA 348, 351, 352, 353, 358 niryantra 312 nirvANa kalyANaka mahotsava 176 nizchinda 312 niSadyA kriyA 72 niSka 332 niSkramaNa mahotsava 176 niSkrAnti kriyA 83 nistAraka 58 niHsaMgatvAtmabhAvanA kriyA 81 nUpura 163 netra 146 naMgama 328 naimittika lipi 236 paMcAstikAya 335, 338 paJcakalyANaka mahotsava 175 paJcendriya 342, 343, 346 paTTa 154 paNava 182, 267 pattana 246 padArtha 342 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana paridhAna 147 parinivRtti kriyA pa parimANavrata 56 parISaha (pariSaha) 16, 63, 373 parvatArohaNa krIr3A 172 paSNaga 332 pApa 348, 35.4 pANidha 267 pAyaMka 332 panihArina 122 paryAya 337 paramANu 346 paraloka 340 parikarma 132 parikhA 255, 256 paricArikA 48 pArivArika zuddhatA 28 pArivrajya 62, 63 pArivrajya kriyA 62, 88 priyodbhava kriyA 70 prIti kriyA 66 puTabhedana 250, 182 puNya 348, 354 puNyayajJA kriyA 86 pudgala 335, 338, 342, 345, 346 346 punarbhU 120 punarjanma 357, 356 pumAn 336 purANI 1 purANavit 1 purANaveda 2 purohita 36, 206 puruSa 338 puruSArtha 102, 103, 104, 105 puSkara 268 pUjA 16,78, 387 pUjArAdhya kriyA 85

Page #523
zabdAnukramaNikA 486 bhauhUrtika 36 bhRtya vRtti 51 peya 131 pota 330, 331 pauravyAvahArika 213 preSya 47 proSadhopavAsa 56 pratolI 261 prapA 266 pravrajyA 16 prazAntatA kriyA 87 prazAnti kriyA 76 prAkAra 256, 260 prAvAra 146 prAyopagamana 63, 64 bandha 335, 350, 354 bahiryAna kriyA 71, 72 bAlika 155 bAhyAlI krIr3A 172 burja 261 buSkima 311 begAra 50 maTamba 182, 251 maNDuka 301 madanotsava 178 madhyaloka 335, 336 manvantara 25 mayUrapicchadhArI6 maSi (masi) 26, 32, 320 mahArAjya 183 mahAvrata 374 mahIdeva 58 mAtsyanyAya 182, 215 mAna 332 mAnArha 58 mArgaNA 341 mAsa 332 mitra 186 mukta 342, 344 mukuTa 153 muNDitakeza 6 mudrikA 161 muni 364 se 375 munidIkSA 63 bhUrcchanA 287,263 mUrtika 342, 346 mUraja 266 mUlaguNa 370, 373 mRgayA vinoda krIr3A 171 mRtaka saMskAra 86, 60 bhaMbhA 301 bhakSya 131 bhayadAsI 122 bhavya 342, 343 bhikSukasaMjJaka 63 bhUdeva 36 bherI 268 bhogabhUmi 23, 182 bhojya 131

Page #524
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mRdaMga 268 rAsakrIr3A 171 mekhalA 162 rUpaka 332 meyamAna 333 rezama 143 mokSa 16, 61, 102, 104, 335, raudradhyAna 381 . 348, 351, 352 moda kriyA 70 lampa 301 maunAdhyayana vRttatva kriyA 80 lampAka 301 mauli 153 laya 286 lipisaMkhyAna kriyA 74 yantra 311 lipi saskAra 233 yavanikA 126 lekha 286 yajJa 384 lehya 131 yajJopavIta 40, 41,42, 55, 56, 57 loka 335, 340, 347 76,77 lokAkAza 335 yaSTi 156, 157 yAna 188, 165 vaMza (bAMsurI) 266, 300 yAnapatra 330, 331 vaMzazuddhi 26 yugAdipuruSa 26 varNalAbha kriyA 30, 78, 86 yuddha krIr3A 172 varNAdhikArI 37 yoga 16, 376, 377 vaNika 45, 328 yogatyAga kriyA 84 vaNij 328 yoganirvANasAdhana kriyA 81 vaNika nyAya 326 yoganirvANasaMprApti kriyA 81 varNottama 58 yoga sammaha kiyA 84 varNasaMkara 51 yonidravya 132 valkala 143, 148 yauvarAjya kriyA 83 varSavRddhidinotsava 178 vapra (koTa) 250 raTika 301 vanakrIr3A 170 ratnatraya 56 vratacaryA kriyA 77, 86, 232, 233 rasanA 162 vratAvataraNa kriyA 56, 78, 86, 233, rAga 286

Page #525
zabdAnukramaNikA 461 vratopavAsa 365, 366, 367 vRtti 285, 263 vyApAra 34, 320, 328, 326, 330 vyavahAra 213 vyuSTi kriyA 72, 73 vADava 36 vANijya 26, 32, 34, 320, 328, 326 vApI 322 vAsas 146 vikRtta lipi 236 vigraha 188, 165 vijayotsava 178 vidyA 26, 32, 320 vidhidAna kriyA 82 vinyAsa 285 . vipaJcI 301 vipra 36 vivAhotsava 177 vivAha kriyA 57, 78,86,61 virAma 286 virudharAjya 183 viSTi 50 vihAra kriyA 84 vINA 264, 265 veNu 300 vItadoSa 322 vIrya 132 vetrAsana 301 vezma 266 vaikhAnakha 62 vRttalAbha kriyA 85 zaMkha 300 zarIra janma 66 zarIra maraNa 66, 86 zAradA lipi 241 . zAntadAntacitta 41 zAsanadeva 281 zikSAvata 56 zilpa 26, 32, 320, 325 zilpasaMgha 328 zukladhyAna 383 zrAvakAcAra 56 zrIgRha 151 zruti 260, 263 zreSThI 45, 46, 328, 326 zrotie 36 saMkramaNajanya 311 saMgraha 252 saMkhyAta 348 saMvara 348, 350, 351, 353, 358, 376 saMvAha 182, 252 saMskAra janma 66 saMskAramaraNa 66, 86 saMsArI 342, 343, 344, 345 saMzraya 188, 165 sajjAti kriyA 88 saptabhaMgI 361

Page #526
462 jana purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana saptabhaMgInaya 56 sugati 25 sadgRhitva kriyA 88 sughoSA 265 sandhi 188, 165 sunda 301 samyak cAritya 57, 103, 104 344, suprIti kriyA 66 352, 353, 354 surendratA kriyA 86 samyak darzana 57, 103, 104, 344 / / suzruta 58 352, 353, 354 sUtrapada 63 samavasaraNa 16, 274, 275, 276 skandha 346 samatAbhAva 60 syAdvAda 361 samAnArthatva 286 svagurusthAnAvApti kriyA 81 samiti 372 svarNamASaka 332 samudAya 286 sthAna 263 sallekhanA 56 sthAnalAbha kriyA 85 sazchidra 312 svara 284, 285, 263 sadma 265, 266 svarAjya kriyA 83 sraka 160 sAgAra 54, 64 hakkA 301 sAmayika 56 harmya 267 sAmAjika utsava 177 haridrAva (khijAba) 165 sAmAyika lipi 236 halavAhaka 322, 325 sAmAnyAbhihita 286 hAra 157, 158, 156, 167 sAmrAjya kriyA 83, 86 hiMsA 43, 60, 346, 354 sArthavAha 45, 46, 328, 32.6 hiMsAvRtti 43 sArvabhauma 183 hiraNya 332 siddha 344, 345 hiraNyotkRSTajanmatA kriyA 82 siddhamAtrikA lipi 240, 241 huMkAra 301 sivailarI 44, 45 hetuguJjA 301 sImAntakamaNi 154 haikA 301 sukhodaya kriyA 82

Page #527
citra-phalaka

Page #528
464 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 1-vastra evaM vezabhUSA citra saMkhyA 1. aMzuka kI uSNISa paTTikA : (pR0 144-146). mastaka para aMzuka kI uSNISa paTTI (ajantA phalaka 28, paMkti 4, citra 4) / 2. uSNISa : (pR0 146) sAphA yA pagar3I (amarAvatI phalaka 7) / 3. upasaMvyAna : (parikara) (pR0 148, 150) palle sahita dhotI pahanane kA DhaMga tathA kamarabanda (vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-harSacarita : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, citra 14) / 4. kaMcuka : (pR0 145) colI pahane strI (ahicchatra ke khilaune, saM0 307) / 5. cIvara : (pR0 147) cIvara pahane bauddha bhikSu (amarAvatI phalaka 6, citra 14) /

Page #529
1 - aMzuka kI uSNISa paTTikA 2- uSNISa citra- phalaka 4 - kaMcuka SK2 3 - upasaMvyAna (parikara ) 48.5 5 - cIvara

Page #530
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 6. 2-vastra evaM vezabhUSA aura keza prasAdhana uttarIya : (pR0 150) taraMgita uttarIya / devagar3ha mandira kI mUrti se (gokula candra jaina-yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, citra 10) / sira kA mAlA : (pR0 167) sira para mAlA pahanane kA DhaMga (ajantA phalaka 28, paMkti 3, citra 2) / lalATa-jUTaka : (pR0 166-167) vizeSa prakAra kA sira para jUr3A tathA mAlA (amarAvatI phalaka 6, citra 2) / 6. lalATa-jUTaka : (pR0 166-167) sira para jUr3A tathA mAlA (ajantA, phalaka 77) /

Page #531
8- lalATa- jUTaka 6 - uttarIya citra- phalaka 7 - sira kA mAlA I- lalATa-jUTaka 467

Page #532
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 3-keza prasAdhana 10. kavarI-vinyAsa : (pR0 166) coTI tathA coTI meM mAlA (vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla-vahI, citra 41) / 11. kavarI-vinyAsa : (pR0 166) anya prakAra kI coTI tathA coTI meM mAlA (amarAvatI phalaka 8, citra 23) / 12. dhammila-vinyAsa : (pR0 166) vizeSa prakAra kA dhammila-vinyAsa (amarAvatI phalaka 6, citra 3) / 13. dhammila-vinyAsa : (pR0 166) kezoM ko ikaTThA karake jUr3e kI taraha bA~dhanA (ajantA phalaka 36) /

Page #533
cina-phalaka 466 10-kavarI-vinyAsa 12-dhammila vinyAsa XXE X3 WAVRAN . RAND AIMURTV. GA OMMIUM 11-kavarI-vinyAsa 13-dhammila-vinyAsa

Page #534
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 4-keza prasAdhana 14. alaka-jAla : (pR0 166) keza bA~dhane kA vizeSa DhaMga / rAjaghATa se prApta eka mRNamUrti (gokula candra jaina-vahI, citra 33) / 15. mauli : (pR0 153, 166) puruSoM ke keza bAMdhane kA vizeSa prakAra (gokula candra jaina-vahI, citra 34) / 16. kezapAza : (pR0 167) pandra aura puSpa maMjarI se sajAkara mukuTa se bA~dhe gaye keza (gokula candra jaina-vahI, citra 35) / 17. kuntala-kalApa : (pR0 167) mora kI pUMcha ke agrabhAga kI taraha saMvAre gaye kuntala (gokula candra jaina-vahI, citra 36) /

Page #535
30 14- alaka- jAla 16 - kezapAza citra- phalaka 15 - mauli 17- kuntala - kalApa -501

Page #536
502 18. 16. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 5- AbhUSaNa kirITa : ( pR0 153) cakravartI tathA samrAToM dvArA dhAraNa kiyA jAne vAlA sira kA bahumUlya AbhUSaNa (amarAvatI phalaka 7, citra 8 ) / kirITI : ( pR0 153) yaha kirITa se choTA hotA thA / uttaMsa : pR0 154) AkAra meM kirITa aura mukuTa se choTA, sundara aura bahumUlya / paTTa: ( pR0 154 ) yaha svarNa kA hotA thA tathA pagar3I bA~dhate the / parantu donoM se kuntalI : ( pR0 154) AkAra meM kirITa se bar3A tathA kalagI ke sAtha dhAraNa karane yogya | Upara paTTa ke rUpa meM sImAntaka maNi: ( pR0 154) striyoM ke mA~ga kA AbhUSaNa (ahicchatra meM miTTI ke khilaune, draSTavya - agravAla - vahI, citra 16 ) / mukuTa : ( pR0 153 ) isameM cUr3AmaNi tathA kalagI bhI hotA thA / yaha kirITa se kama mUlyavAn ( ajantA phalaka 78 ) /

Page #537
18 - kirITa 16- kirITI 23 - sImAntaka maNi citra- phalaka 20- uttaMsa 21-paTTa 22 - kuntalI 24-mukuTa 503

Page #538
504 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 6-AbhUSaNa 25. kuNDala : (pR0 155) kAna kA AbhUSaNa (ajantA phalaka 33) / 26. avataMsa : (pR0 155) kAna kA AbhUSaNa (ajantA phalaka 33) / 27. talapatrikA : (pR0 155) puruSa dvArA dhAraNa kiyA jAne vAlA kAna kA AbhUSaNa (amarAvatI phalaka 7, citra 8) / 28. bAlika : (pR0 155) kAna meM pahanane kA golA AbhUSaNa / 26. zIrSaka yaSTi : (pR0 156) gale kA AbhUSaNa / isake madhya meM eka motI hotI thii| upazIrSaka yaSTi : (pR0 156) isake madhya meM kramazaH bar3hate hue tIna motI hote the| 31. prakANDa yaSTi : (pR0 156) isake madhya meM kramazaH bar3hate hue pA~ca motI hote the|

Page #539
25- kuNDala 26-avataMsa 27- talapatrikA 28-bAlika citra- phalaka 30 - upazIrSaka yaSTi Poooooo 26- zIrSaka yaSTi boom.co 31 - prakANDa yaSTi 505

Page #540
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 7-AbhUSaNa 32. zuddhA yaSTi : (pR0 157) isameM maNi kA prayoga nahIM hotA thA / 33. tarala prabandha yaSTi : (pR0 156) isameM sarvatra eka samAna motI lage hote the / 34. avaghATaka yaSTi : (pR0 156 ) isake madhya meM bar3A motI aura kramazaH ghaTate hue choTe-choTe motI hote the| 35. indracchandahAra : (pR0 157) isameM 1008 lar3iyA~ hotI thiiN| ise jinendra, indra tathA cakravartI dhAraNa karate the|

Page #541
cina-phalaka 507 walNAM . ywood 920000 32-zuddhA yaSTi 33-tarala prabandha yaSTi H SO :: aroo Qampoor COM COPORN CHODAI 34-avaghATaka yaSTi 35-indracchandahAra

Page #542
508 36. 37. 38. 38. 40. 41. 42. jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 8- AbhUSaNa maNimadhyA yaSTi : ( pR0 157 ) isake madhya meM maNi kA prayoga hotA thA / vijayachandahAra : ( pR0 158) isameM 504 lar3iyA~ hotI thIM / ise arddha-cakravartI, balabhadra Adi dhAraNa karate the / hAra : ( pR0 158) isameM 108 lar3iyA~ hotI thIM / devacchndahAra : ( pR0 158) isameM 81 lar3iyA~ hotI thIM / arddhahAra : ( pR0 158) isameM 64 lar3iyA~ hotI thIM / razmikalApahAra : ( pR0 158) isameM 54 lar3iyA~ hotI thIM / nakSatramAlAhAra : ( pR0 158) isameM 27 lar3iyA~ hotI thIM /

Page #543
cinna-phalaka SE 36-maNimadhyA yaSTi 37-vijayachandahAra 38-hAra 36-devacchandahAra 0000cccord 10-arddhahAra, 41-razmi kalApahAra 42-nakSatramAlAhAra

Page #544
510 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 6-AbhUSaNa 43. phalakahAra : (pR0 158) arddhamANavahAra meM maNi lagA dene se phalaka hAra hotA thaa| arddhamANavahAra : (pR0 158) isameM 10 lar3iyA~ hotI thiiN| 45. mANavahAra : (pR0 158) isameM 20 lar3iyA~ hotI thiiN| 46. arddha gucchahAra : (pR0 158) isameM 24 lar3iyA~ hotI thiiN| 47. gucchahAra : (pR0 158) isameM 32 lar3iyA~ hotI thiiN|

Page #545
Hua 43-phalakahAra Hua 45 - mANavahAra Er Ren su citra - phalaka t 47-gucchahAra Ren 44- ardhamANavahAra Hua t 46 - arddha gucchahAra 511

Page #546
512 512 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 10-AbhUSaNa 48. kAJcana sUtra : (pR0 160) gale meM pahanane kI sone kI jaMjIra / aMgada : (pR0 161) bhujA kA AbhUSaNa (amarAvatI phalaka 8, citra 7-8) / 50. kaTaka : (pR0 161) kalAI kA AbhUSaNa (vahI, citra 6, 11) / 51. mudrikA : (pR0 161) uMgalI kA AbhUSaNa / __ keyUra : (pR0 161) bhujA kA AbhUSaNa (vahI, citra 7-8) / 53. kaNThamAlikA : (pR0 160) kaNTha kA AbhUSaNa / strI-puruSa donoM dhAraNa karate the (amarAvatI phalaka 4, citra 26) / rasanA : (pR0 162) kamara meM pahanane kA AbhUSaNa (vahI, citra 34) / mekhalA : (pR0 162) caur3I tathA dhuMgharUdAra / strI-puruSa donoM ke pahanane kA AbhUSaNa (vahI, citra 26) / kAMcI : (pR0 162) kamara meM pahanane kI karadhanI (vahI, citra 28) / 57. dAma : (pR0 162) kamara meM dhAraNa karane kA AbhUSaNa (vahI, citra 27) / 58. ___ kaTisUtra : (pR0 163) strI-puruSa donoM ke kamara meM dhAraNa karane kA aabhuussnn| 56. nUpura : (pR0 163) paira kI u~galiyoM meM pahanane kA aabhuussnn| thAlI me nUpura liye hue paricArikA / (vahI, citra 18) /

Page #547
cinna-phalaka 46-aMgada 50-kaTaka 48-kAzcana sUtra 51-mudrikA 52-keyUra 53-kaNThamAlikA 54-rasanA 55-mekhalA 56-kAMcI 57-dAma 58-kaTisUtra 56-nUpura

Page #548
514 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 11-AbhUSaNa aura zastrAstra 60. tulAkoTi : (pR0 163) paira kA AbhUSaNa thA, jo tarAjU kI DaMDI ke samAna hotA thaa| 61. gomukhamaNi : (pR0 163) paira kA AbhUSaNa, jisakA agrabhAga gAya ke mukha ke samAna thA aura jisake agrabhAga para maNi lagI hotI thii| gadA : (pR0 227) bar3e AkAra kI gadA (amarAvatI phalaka 10, citra 15) / 63. gadA : (pR0 227) choTe AkAra kI gadA (amarAvatI phalaka 18) / 64. asidhenukA : (pR0 227) kamara kI peTI meM rakhI kaTArI sahita padAti-yuvaka / ahicchatra se prApta guptakAlIna miTTI kI mUrti / 65. kheTaka : (pR0 227) DhAla / ahicchatra se prApta miTTI kI mUrti / 66. nArAca : (pR0 228) bhastrA yA dhaukanInumA tarakaza /

Page #549
citra-phalaka 515 60-tulAkoTi 61-gomukhamaNi 62-gadA 63-gadA 64-asidhenukA SEX.XOK HXXXXX - - - -- %D. - ccccccccccce andmmmmmmmit - 4IEANING .. / 65-kheTaka 6-nArAca

Page #550
516 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 12-zastrAstra 67. kuThAra : (pR0 227) pharazA (amarAvatI phalaka 10, citra 3) / 68. nirghAta (azani) : (pR0 228) vajra / (vahI, citra 43) / 66. vAruNA : (pR0 228) vAMgurA yA kamanda / 70. yaSTi : (pR0 228) kamara meM laTakAye yaSTi yA asiyaSTi (amarAvatI phalaka 10, citra 8) / 71. pAza : (pR0 228) baMdhana / kRpANa (kaTAra) : (pR0 227) do mukhI talavAra / (amarAvatI phalaka 10, citra 6) / 73. dhanuSa (kodaNDa) : (pR0 228) lapeTA dhanuSa (vahI, citra 4) / 74. dhanuSa : (pR0 228) car3hAyA dhanuSa (vahI, citra 11) /

Page #551
citra-phalaka 517 68-nirdhAta (azani) 67-kuThAra - 66-vAruNA 70-yaSTi 71-pAza 72-kRpANa (kaTAra) 73-dhanuSa (kodaNDa) 74-dhanuSa

Page #552
518 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 13-zastrAstra aura samavasaraNa 75. daNDa : (pR0 228) hAtha meM daNDa yA pyAdA / 76. prAsa : (pR0 228) bhaalaa| 77. zUla (trizUla) : (pR0 226) prahAra kiyA jAtA huA trizUla (vahI, citra 14) / 78. zUla (trizUla) : (pR. 226) hAtha meM sthita trizUla (vahI, citra 16) / 76. cakra : (pR0 227) mathurA se prApta viSNu kI caturbhujI mUrti se cakra / 80. samavasaraNa kI sAmAnya bhUmi : (pR0 274-276) / 81. samavasaraNa kA mAnastambha bhUmi : (pR0 274-276) /

Page #553
vijaya dvAra 75 - daNDa 10 vIthI madha 6.0 radhvaja bhUrti OM upavana bhUmi 3 latAbhUmi vATikA bhUmi vanya prAsAda bhUmi vIthI 0 76- prAsa aparAjita padiSa dvAra dhatu ha-koTa hi. koTa di. baMdI prathama baDhI W vaijayanta dvAra citra - phalaka Sven vIthI 0 jayaMta dvAra 20,000 sIr3hI 80- samavasaraNa kI sAmAnya bhUmi 77 - zUla ( trizUla ) 76-cakra 78 - zUla (trizUla ) AAAAAAA 516 ti: koTa TikoTa ' prathama koTa vIdhI 4 vApiyoM vIthI 8 vApiyA~ 81 - samavasaraNa kA mAnastambha bhUmi

Page #554
520 jana purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 14-samavasaraNa 82. samavasaraNa ke caitya vRkSa kI bhUmi : (pR0 274-276) / 83. samavasaraNa kA eka dizAtmaka sAmAnya bhUmi : (pR0 274-276) / 84. samavasaraNa kA dhUlizAla koTa tathA usakA toraNa dvAra : (pR0 274-276) / 85. samavasaraNa kI gandha kuTI : (pR0 274-276) /

Page #555
`ntbb PPPtro REEEE PPPP 2.51 bIthI /FEE bhana 84 - samavasaraNa kA dhUlizAla koTa tathA usakA toraNa dvAra citra- phalaka koThA naM. 1011 7 bhavana bhUmi bAlA 6 bhUmi Tow liked 5 vana bhUmi upavana bhUmi pratyakSA 3] latA bhUmi maM012 20,000 sIr3hI 82 - samavasaraNa ke caityavRkSa kI bhUmi 83 - samavasaraNa kA eka dizAtmaka sAmAnya bhUmi 10 prathama pITha phona naM. za WASHA koThA naM korTa koThA naM 1 koThA naM koTa BET prathama dI 521 ... 1. prathama koTa (pulisa) 85 - samavasaraNa kI gandha kuTI

Page #556
522 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 15-vAdya yantra 86. tuNava : (pR0 264) sitAra ke rUpa meM tambUre ke AkAra kA tuNava / 87. sughoSA vINA : (pR0 265) 17 tAra kI vINA / 88. alAbu vINA : (pR0 265) laukI yA tumbA se nirmita vINA / 86. ekataMtrI vINA : (pR0 265) eka tAra kI vINA / 60. tritaMtrI vINA : (pR0 265) tIna tAra vAlI vINA / vipaJcI vINA : (pR0 301) samudragupta ke sikkoM para aMkita vipaJcI vINA vAdana karate hue|

Page #557
citra-phalaka 523 86-tuNava 86-ekataMtrI vINA ma 55 :: :--- 60-tritaMtrI vINA On: 88-alAbu vINA 87-sughoSA vINA 61-vipaJcI vINA

Page #558
524 2. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 5. jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 16 - vAdya yantra Anaka : ( pR0 266) Adhunika nagAr3e yA naubata ke samAna / jhallarI : (pR0 266) Adhunika khaMjarI / koNArka, 1250 I0 / dardura : ( pR0 266) ghaTa ke AkAra kA vAdya | dundubhi: ( pR0 267 ) nagAr3A - nagar3iyA / ise lakar3I se bajAte haiM / DhakkA : ( pR0 266) bagala meM dabAkara hAtha se bajAne kA vAdya yA dhauMsA / paNava : ( pR0 267) Adhunika huDuka ke samAna / paNava : ( pR0 267) Adhunika huDuka ke samAna /

Page #559
citra-phalaka 525 62-Anaka 63-jhallarI MAITH 64-dardura 65-dundubhi 66-DhakkA 67-paNava 68-paNava

Page #560
526 PSPS. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 17- vAdya yantra paTaha : ( pR0 267 ) Dholaka ke samAna / rAnakapura, AdinAtha mandira, gyArahavIMbArahavIM zatI / puSkara : ( pR0 268) mRdaMga yA pakhAvaja kA prAcIna rUpa / pANigha : ( pR0 267) Adhunika tabalA kA prAcIna mRdaMga : ( pR0 268 ) karnATaka ke mRdaMgam ke samAna / bherI : ( pR0 268 ) Dhola ke samAna / jharjhara : ( pR0 301) jharjhara kA vAdana / Alamapura, pApanAzinI, sAtavIMAThavIM zatI I0 / rUpa /

Page #561
- paTaha 101 - pANigha 103 - bherI citra- phalaka 100 - puSkara 102 - mRdaMga 104 - jharjhara 527

Page #562
528 jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 18-vAdya yantra 105. kahalA : (pR0 266) bhUpAr3oM tathA vAMgAla ke samAna / 106. vaMza (vaMzI) : (pR0 266) bAMsurI / 107. tUrya : (pR0 266) tUryavAdaka / viSNupura, solahavIM zatI meN| 108. zaMkha : (pR0 300) zaMkhavAdaka / khajurAho, viSNu mandira, dazavIM shtii| 106. ghaMTA : (pR0 300) viramAnI meM ghaMTA /

Page #563
105-kahalA 108 zaMkha citra - phalaka CPM 106 - vaMza (vaMzI) 106 ghaNTA 526 107 - sUrya

Page #564
530 110. 111. jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 16 - vAdya yantra tAla : ( pR0 300 ) . maMjIrA se bar3A / vRndavAdana : eka sAtha bAdana karate hue / bAyeM se kramaza - maMjIrA ( pR0 301), ekataMtrI-vINA ( pR0 265), vaMzI ( pR0 266 ), jhAMjha ( pR0 300) tathA huDuka ( pR0 267 ) kA vAdana karate hue / khajurAho, dazavIM zatI I0 /

Page #565
citra-phalaka 110-tAla NA 111-vRndavAdana (maMjIrA, ekataMtrI-vINA, vaMzI, jhAMjha tathA huhuka)

Page #566
jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 20-jaina purANa kAlIna bhArata 112. jaina purANa kAlIna bhArata : (pR0 364-454) pramukha parvata, nadI, deza (rASTra), ngr|

Page #567
sumerU (mahAmerU) pa handUkuza sauvIra aparAntaka kaccha saurASTra giri nAra ratnAkara pa0 vitastA nadI zubhagAna0 pa0 kalAvatI durAvatI nadI nadI zatadru "sarasvatI nadI jayapura avantI vipAzA AmIra tAptI pratiSThAnapura dakSiNa "amarAvatI godAvarI na mano citra - phalaka lI gomatI na jaina purANa kAlIna bhArata himavanta indrAvatI laMkA maga mahAnadI : payodhi For Privee & Personal Use Only brahmaputra nadI mahodadhi 0 "kA meM rUpa prAgjyotiSa 533 100 200 300 400 mIla

Page #568
Dr. Devi Prasad Misra's remarkable book in Hindi entitled Jaina Puranon ka Sanskritik Adhyayana is an admirable contribution to the studies in Jainology in general and to the studies in Jain Culture in particular as it presents at one place, for the first time, the rich and varied cultural heritage of the Jainas depicted in a large number of voluminous Jain Puranas composed in different parts of India during the ancient and medieval period of more than one thousand years..... It is a comprehensive study on the cultural aspects of the Jain Puranas.... The author has utilised relevent original works available on the subject and consulted a good number of primary and secondary sources. The author has also analysed the appropriate and relevant data in Non-Jain texts and Archaeological evidences....... The book provides valuable and authentic information on different aspects of cultural life, social organisation, political administration, economic activities, educational system, literary works, artistic constructions, ecclesiastical order, religious rituals and geographical conditions.....I am sure that the book will be of great utility to the research scholars not only of Sanskrit and Prakrit languages and literature but also of Sociology, Cultural Anthropology, Social History and other Social Sciences,.... The book is a piece of valuable and arduous research work..... A translation of the book in English would be of great value to foreign scholars interested in the study of Jain Culture & Jainology. Dr. Vilas A. Sangave Honorary Director Shahu Research Institute Shivaji University, Kolhapur www.jainelibrary.one

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