Jain Darshan me Tanav aur Tanavmukti

Author(s): Trupti Jain
Publisher: Prachya Vidyapith Shajapur
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004099/1

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sampAdaka evaM mArgadarzaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ISBN No.978-81-910801-3-1 Xie jaina dharmadarzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti paramodharma For Personal & Private Use Only lekhikA DaoN. tRpti jaina prakAzaka : prAcya anubhava smAraka, pAlI

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samarpaNa pa. pU. mAlava siMhanI zrI vallabhaku~varajI ma.sA. pa. pU. sevAmUrti zrI pAnakuMvarajI ma.sA. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti lekhikA DaoN. tRpti jaina ISBN No.978-81-910801-3-1 mArgadarzaka prophesara (DaoN.) sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura anubhava smAraka, pAlI For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti lekhikA DaoN. tRpti jaina mArgadarzaka prophesara DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura anubhava smAraka, pAlI prakAzana varSa 2014 mUlya rU. 300/ mudraka AkRti AphaseTa, 5, naIpeTha, ujjaina phona : 0734-2561720, 2561314' For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti anukrama...... viSaya sUcI prastAvanA evaM kRtajJatA jJApana adhyAya - 1 viSaya paricaya 1. vartamAna vaizvika paridRzya aura tanAva 2. tanAva kA svarUpa aura unake prabhAva uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM "vitteNa tANaM Na labhe pamatte" 3. tanAva prabaMdhana kA manovaijJAnika artha 4. tanAva prabaMdhana kA AdhyAtmika artha (ka) jainadarzana meM tanAva kA AdhAra rAga-dveSa aura kaSAya (kha) AcArAMga sUtra aura uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM rAga-dveSa aura kaSAya (ga) tattvArthasUtra aura usakI TIkAoM meM kaSAyoM kA svarUpa evaM unakA tanAvoM se saha-sambandha (gha) parabartI jaina dArzanika granthoM meM rAga-dveSa aura kaSAya kA saha-sambandha adhyAya - 2 tanAvoM kA kAraNa jaina dRSTikoNa 1. Arthika vipannatA ( abhAva honA) aura tanAva 2. zoSaNa kI pravRtti aura tanAva haribhadra ke paMcAzaka prakaraNa meM zoSaNa nahIM karane ke nirdeza pRSTha 7-18 For Personal & Private Use Only 3 19-56 57-83

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 3. pArivArika asaMtulana aura tanAva 4. sAmAjika viSamatAe~ aura tanAva * uttarAdhyayana va AcArAMga niyukti Adi meM varNa vyavasthA 5. tanAvoM ke manAvaijJAnika kAraNa . . jainadarzana meM mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRttiyA~ Asrava kA hetu haiN| 6. . tanAvoM ke dhArmika kAraNa 7. atIta aura bhaviSya kI kalpanAe~ aura tanAva . adhyAya - 3 caitasika manobhUmi aura tanAva . 84-104 1. AtmA, citta aura mana * jaina AgamoM evaM dArzanika granthoM ke AdhAra para inakA svarUpa 2. AtmA kI avadhAraNA aura tanAva 3. cittavRttiyA~ aura tanAva kA saha-sambandha 4. mana aura tanAva kA saha-sambandha 5. Adhunika manovijJAna meM mana ke tIna stara - A. acetana B. avacetana C. cetana - 6. jaina, bauddha evaM yogadarzana meM mana kI avasthAe~ aura unakA tanAvoM se saha-sambandha adhyAya-4 jainadharma darzana kI vividha avadhAraNAe~ aura tanAva 105-162 1. jainadarzana meM AtmA kI avasthAe~ aura tanAva se unakA saha-sambandha / 2.. trividha AtmA kI avadhAraNA aura tanAvoM se unakA saha-sambandha / 3. trividha cetanA aura tanAva (jJAnacetanA, karmacetanA aura karmaphala cetanA) 4. jainadarzana meM mana kI vividha avasthAe~ aura tanAvoM se unakA saha-sambandha For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 5. rAga va dveSa tanAva ke mUlabhUta hetu 6. icchAeM evaM AkAMkSAoM kA tanAva se saha-sambandha 7. kaSAyacatuSka aura tanAva / 8. SaT lezyAe~ aura tanAva 9. uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra lezyAoM kA svarUpa aura tadjanya tanAvoM kA svarUpa 10. bhagavatI evaM karmagranthoM ke AdhAra para kaSAyoM kI carcA adhyAya - 5 tanAva prabaMdhana kI vidhiyA~ 163-252 (a) tanAva prabaMdhana kI sAmAnya vidhiyA~ 1. zArIrika vidhiyA~ 2. bhojana sambandhI vidhiyA~ - 3. mAnasika vidhiyA~ A. ekAgratA B. bhUlane kI kSamatA C. yojanAbaddha cintana D. sakArAtmaka soca 4. manovaijJAnika vidhiyA~ . (ba) jainadharma darzana meM tanAva prabaMdhana kI vidhiyA~ 1. Atma-parizodhana - vibhAva dazA kA parityAga 2. dhyAna aura yogasAdhanA tathA usase tanAvamukti 3. Arta aura raudradhyAna tanAva ke hetu tathA dharma aura zukladhyAna se tanAvamukti 4. AcArAMga sUtra se mamatva kA svarUpa aura mamatva tyAga evaM tRSNA para prahAra 5. sthAnAMgasUtra aura dhyAnazataka meM dhyAna ke lakSaNa, sAdhana Adi kA vicAra 6. icchA nirmUlana aura tanAvamukti For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 253-313 adhyAya - 6 jainadarzana meM tanAvoM ke nirAkaraNa ke upAya 1. samyaka-darzana, jJAna aura cAritra evaM tanAva nirAkaraNa 2. aparigraha kA siddhAMta aura tanAvamukti 3. ahiMsA kA siddhAMta aura tanAvamukti 4. anekAMta kA siddhAMta aura tanAvamukti 5. indriya-vijaya aura tanAvamukti 6. kaSAya-vijaya aura tanAvamukti 7. lezyA-parivartana aura tanAvamukti . 8. vipazyanA/prekSAdhyAna se tanAvamukti 9. dharma aura tanAvamukti adhyAya -7 upasaMhAra 314-328 sandarbha-graMtha-sUcI - 329-339 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti prastAvanA vizva kI pramukha samasyAoM meM se eka samasyA mAnava-samAja kI tanAvagrastatA hai| Aja vizva meM na kevala abhAvagrasta deza tanAvagrasta haiM, apitu jo vikasita deza haiM, ve bhI unase adhika tanAvagrasta haiN| Aja vizva meM saMyukta rAjya amerikA ko sabase vikasita dezoM meM mAnA jAtA hai, kintu vahA~ kI janasaMkhyA meM bhI tanAvagrasta logoM kA pratizata sabase adhika hai| vizva meM Aja nIMda kI goliyoM kI sabase adhika khapata saMyukta rAjya amerikA meM hai| tanAvagrasta vyakti aura samAja Aja vaizvika-zAMti ke lie sabase bar3A khatarA haiN| yadi vizva meM zAMti kI sthApanA karanA hai, to mAnava ko tanAvamukta karanA hogA, kyoMki tanAvagrasta mAnava vizvazAMti ke lie sabase bar3I samasyA hai| Aja vizva ko tanAvamukta mAnava-samAja kI apekSA hai| sarvaprathama, isa bAta para gaMbhIratA se vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA hai ki tanAva kyoM utpanna hote haiM ? kyA bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM ke saMsAdhanoM kA abhAva hI tanAvagrastatA kA ekamAtra kAraNa hai? vastutaH, vyakti ke tanAvagrasta hone kA mUlabhUta kAraNa bAhya sukha-suvidhA yA bhautika-saMsAdhanoM kI kamI nahIM hai, apitu icchAoM evaM apekSAoM kA bar3hatA huA stara tathA dUsare ke vikAsa ko dekhakara mana meM IrSyA kI bhAvanA tathA use nIce girAne kI vRtti hI Aja tanAvoM kI utpatti ke mUlabhUta kAraNa pratIta hote haiN| yadi bhautika sukha-suvidhAe~ aura unake saMsAdhanoM kI upalabdhi hI tanAvamukti kA mUlabhUta AdhAra hotA, to Aja vizva ke vikasita dezoM kA mAnava-samAja tanAvamukta honA cAhie thaa| yadi hama dekheM, to bhArata amerikA kI apekSA bhautika sukha-suvidhA aura bhautika saMsAdhanoM kI dRSTi se eka garIba deza kahA jAegA, kintu tanAvagrastatA kA pratizata bhArata kI apekSA amerikA meM adhika honA isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki tanAva kA janma kevala abhAvoM ke kAraNa nahIM hotA hai, usameM dUsaroM ke prati IrSyA kI bhAvanA aura icchAoM evaM AkAMkSAoM ke ucca stara hI isameM pramukha rUpa se kArya karate haiN| vastutaH, For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti merI dRSTi meM tanAva ke ye kAraNa bhautika kI apekSA mAnasika hI adhika haiN| yadi mAnava ko tanAvamukta banAnA hai, to hameM una mAnasika kAraNoM kI khoja kara unakA nirAkaraNa karanA hogA, jo sambhavataH AdhyAtmikadRSTi ke vikAsa se hI sambhava hai| vastutaH, Aja tanAvoM ke nirAkaraNa kA prayatna to kiyA jAtA hai, kintu tanAvoM ke janma lene ke mUlabhUta kAraNoM ke nirAkaraNa kA prayatna prAyaH nahIM hotA hai| yaha vaisA hI hai, jaise vRkSa ke tane ko kATakara usakI jar3oM ko sIMcate rheN| hama tanAvoM ke nirAkaraNa kA prayatna to karate haiM, kintu tanAva ke mUlabhUta kAraNoM kA nirAkaraNa nahIM kara pAte, kyoMki hamAre tanAvoM ke nirAkaraNa ke prayatna bAhya evaM bhautika-stara para hI hote haiM, jabaki unakI jar3eM hamAre mAnasa meM haiM / 8 tanAva na kevala hamAre vyaktitva ke vikAsa ko avaruddha karate haiM, apitu hamAre svAsthya para bhI unakA pratikUla prabhAva par3atA hai| Aja cikitsaka isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca cuke haiM ki mAnava - samAja meM bImAriyoM ke kAraNoM meM pacAsa pratizata se adhika kAraNa to mAnasika hI hote haiN| mana yadi tanAvamukta ho, to zarIra svastha rahatA hai / punaH, tanAva ke janma kA eka kAraNa bhaya aura avizvAsa bhI hai| Aja vizva meM pArasparikavizvAsa kI bahuta kamI hai| hama saba bhItara se eka-dUsare se bhayabhIta haiM / hama abhaya kI apekSA to rakhate haiM, kintu bhItara se bhayabhIta bane hue haiN| isa bhaya kA mUlabhUta kAraNa hamAre bhItara kahIM-na-kahIM dUsaroM ke prati avizvAsa kI bhAvanA hai| avizvAsa se bhaya kA janma hotA hai / bhaya ke Ate hI vyakti tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai aura apanI surakSA ke sAdhanoM ke rUpa meM astra-zastroM para adhika vizvAsa karane lagatA hai| Aja ke manuSya kA vizvAsa dUsare manuSyoM kI apekSA surakSA ke bhautika sAdhanoM para adhika hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja kA manuSya tanAvagrasta banatA jA rahA hai, ataH tanAvagrastatA ke kAraNoM kI khoja kara hameM kahI-na-kahIM una kAraNoM ke nirAkaraNa kA prayatna karanA hogaa| cUMki, tanAvagrastatA ke mUlabhUta kAraNa mUlataH Antarika haiM, unakA janma mAnava ke mana meM hotA hai, ataH unake nirAkaraNa ke lie kahIM-na-kahIM mAnava-mana ke parizodhana kA prayatna karanA hogaa| mana ke parizodhana kA yaha kArya AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi ke vikAsa se sambhava hai aura isa hetu hameM dharma-darzana kI zaraNa meM jAnA hogaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti mAnava-mana ke parizodhana ke lie prAcInakAla se hI AdhyAtmika- jIvana-dRSTi kA vikAsa Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| yaha eka mahattvapUrNa tathya hai ki bhAratIya-cintana meM tanAvoM se mukta hone ke lie AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi ke vikAsa ke prayatna prAcInakAla se hI hote rahe haiN| inhIM prayatnoM ke phalasvarUpa vibhinna dharmoM va darzanoM kA prAdurbhAva huA hai| ina dharmoM evaM darzanoM meM bhAratIya zramaNadhArA evaM yoga-sAdhanA kI paramparA kA eka pramukha sthAna hai| jainadharma usI zramaNadhArA aura yoga-sAdhanA kI paramparA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| jainadharma meM tanAvoM kI utpatti ke kAraNoM aura unake nirAkaraNa ke upAyoM para gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yaha batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki mamatva kI mithyAvRtti rAga-dveSa ko janma detI hai aura anta meM inake kAraNa tanAvoM kA janma hotA hai, ataH tanAvoM se mukta rahane ke lie kSamA, nirabhimAnatA, saralatA aura nirlobhatA ke sadaguNoM kA vikAsa karanA hogaa| jisa vyakti meM ina guNoM kA vikAsa ho jAtA hai, vaha vyakti tanAvamukta ho jAtA hai| jaina dharma kI dRSTi meM mamatA tanAvoM kI urvara janmabhUmi hai aura samatA yA vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA hI tanAvoM ke nirAkaraNa kA mUlabhUta upAya hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne samatA ko dharma kahA hai| jainadharma meM AcArya kundakunda ne to yahA~ taka kahA hai ki moha aura kSobha se rahita cetanA hI mukti hai| jainadharma kI sAdhanA vastutaH, moha aura kSobha ke nirAkaraNa kI sAdhanA hai| isake lie rAga-dveSa aura kaSAyoM se Upara uThanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jahA~ rAga-dveSa kA abhAva hogA, vahA~ kaSAyoM kA bhI abhAva hogA aura aisI sthiti meM tanAvoM kA janma kabhI nahIM hogaa| vastutaH, tanAvamukti hI mukti hai| tanAvoM kA janma kaSAyoM se hotA hai, ataH tanAvoM se mukta rahane ke lie kaSAyoM se mukta rahanA Avazyaka hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainadharma meM AcArya haribhadra ne kahA thA- "kaSAyoM se mukti hI vAstavika mukti hai|" yahA~ jJAtavya hai ki pazcima meM tanAva-prabaMdhana ko lekara manovaijJAnikoM ne kAphI kucha prayatna kiyA hai, phira bhI unakI soca kA mukhya AdhAra bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi hI rahI hai| isake viparIta, bhAratIya AdhyAtmika-cintako ne tanAva ke kAraNa aura tanAva se mukti ke upAyoM para AdhyAtmika-jIvana-dRSTi ke AdhAra para cintana kiyA hai| yaha satya hai ki bhautika jIvanadRSTi ke AdhAra para tanAva ke kAraNoM aura For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti unase mukti ke upAyoM para paryApta rUpa se zodha-kArya yA gaveSaNA huI hai aura ho rahI hai, kintu AdhyAtmika-dRSTi ke AdhAra para isa sambandha meM kucha prayatnoM ko chor3akara prAyaH viSeza kArya nahIM huA hai / yadyapi bauddhamanovijJAna ko lekara isa sambandha meM kucha chuTa-puTa prayatna dekhe jAte haiM, kintu jaina-dharmadarzana ke AdhAra para manovaijJAnika dRSTi se isa samasyA. para vicAra vartamAna yuga cintana kI zailI meM apekSita hai| AcArya mahAprajJajI aura muni caMdraprabhasAgara ke pravacana-sAhitya meM isa samasyA ko chUne kA prayatna huA hai, ataH maiMne 'jaina-dharmadarzana meM tanAva-prabaMdhana nAmaka viSaya ko apanI zodha-pariyojanA kA viSaya banAyA auraM jaina-dharmadarzana ke unhIM granthoM ke AdhAra para isa zodha- prabandha kA praNayana kiyA hai| yadyapi isa zodha-kArya meM pAzcAtya- manovaijJAnikoM ke mantavyoM ko bhI AdhAra banAyA hai aura jahA~ tulanAtmaka-vivecana kI AvazyakatA pratIta huI hai, vahA~ tulanAtmaka aura samIkSAtmaka-dRSTi se bhI . vicAra kiyA hai| yahA~ isa kArya meM mujhe jinakA sahayoga milA hai, unake .. prati AbhAra vyakta karanA bhI merA kartavya hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 11 prAka-kathana vartamAna yuga meM jIvana kI jo trAsadiyA~ haiM, unameM tanAva kI samasyA pramukha hai| Aja vizva kA pratyeka mAnava tanAvoM se grasta hai| mAnava duHkha rUpa hai, aura pratyeka vyakti duHkhoM se mukta rahanA cAhatA hai| phira bhI sthiti yaha hai ki sabhI vyakti kisI na kisI rUpa se Aja tanAvoM se grasta haiM / tanAva mUlataH eka manodehika sthiti hai jo duHkha rUpa hai| jaina paramparA meM prAcIna kAla meM yaha dohA vizeSa rUpa se prasiddha rahA hai dhana binA nirdhana duHkhI aura tRSNAvaza dhanavAna | koI na sukhI yA saMsAra meM sAro jaga liyo chAna / / tAtparya yaha hai, ki dhanI yA nirdhana, sabhI vyakti Aja tanAvoM se grasta hai| Azcaryajanaka tathya yaha hai, ki Aja koI bhI vyakti tanAvoM meM jInA nahIM cAhatA hai, phira bhI sabhI apanI mAnasikatA ke kAraNa tanAvoM se grasta bane hue haiN| - pratyeka manuSya kA dhyeya sukha aura zAMti kI prApti hai, kintu duHkha ko upAzAnta karane ke usake sAre prayatna kahI na kahI use tanAvagrasta hI banA rahe haiN| tathya yaha hai ki duHkha mukti aura sukha ke lie prayatnazIlatA bhI. kisI na kisI rUpa meM manuSya ko tanAvagrasta hI banA rahI hai, kyoMki jaba taka manuSya meM icchA, AkAMkSA, apekSA aura cAha banI huI hai, taba taka tanAvoM kA janma to honA hI hai| kAmanAe~ tanAvoM : ko janma detI hai, aura Aja vizva meM pratyeka vyakti kAmanAoM se grasta banA huA hai / vastutaH kAmanAoM kI pUrti kI cAha ke kAraNa vaha kisI na kisI rUpa meM tanAvagrasta banA hI rahatA hai| yadyapi tanAoM ke kAraNa manodaihika arthAt bhautika aura mAnasika donoM hI hote hai, kintu unameM mAnasika kAraNa hI pramukha hote haiN| yaha satya hai ki abhAva aura icchAe~ donoM hI manuSya ko tanAva grasta banAtI hai, phira bhI mAnasikatA ke binA abhAva vyakti ko utanA tanAva grasta nahIM banAtA hai, jitanA usakI For Personal & Private Use Only

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4 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti AkAkSAe~, apekSAe~ aura icchAe~ banAtI haiN| yadyapi isa bAta ko baDe jora-zora se prasArita kiyA jAtA hai ki abhAva yA garIbI tanAva kA eka pramukha kAraNa hai| kintu saMsAra meM aneka aise manuSya bhI hai, jinakI icchAe~ aura AkAkSAe~ itanI tIvra nahIM hotI hai, ve svabhAvaH zAMta aura saMtoSI hote hai, aura isa kAraNa se ve tanAva grasta nahIM banate haiN| vastutaH tanAva kA mUlabhUta kAraNa vastu kA abhAva nahIM kintu vastu. arthAt jAgatika viSayoM abhAva yA vipannatA ke kAraNa adhika kI prApti ki gaharI AkAMkSA hai| kahA bhI jAtA hai- saMtoSI sadA sukhii| isa sambandha meM eka anya dohA bhI prasiddha hai godhana, gajadhana, bAjIdhana arU ratanadhana khAna / jaba Ave saMtoSa dhana, saba dhana dhUrI samAna / / vastutaH tanAoM se mukti ke lie vyakti meM icchA, AMkAkSA yA . tRSNA se mukti hai| tanAva kA mUlakAraNa vastuoM kA abhAva yA svAsthya sambandhI vikRtiyA~ hI nahIM hotI hai| vizva meM aise aneka vipanna vyakti dekhe jAte haiM, jo garIbI aura bimArI ke bAvajUda bhI prasanna-citta rahate haiN| vyakti kI duSpUra icchAe~ aura AMkAkSAe~ hI usameM tanAvoM ko janma detI hai| kahA bhI gayA hai ki cAha gaI ciMtA miTI, aura manuvA bhayA beprvaah| jisako kachu na cAhie vaha bhAhaMzAhoM kA bhI bhAhaMzAha / / tanAva ke kAraNa vastutaH vyakti jaba apane tanAvo ke kAraNoM kA vizaleSaNa karatA hai, to use satyatA kA bodha ho jAtA hai| kyoMki tanAvoM ke pIche vyakti kI gaharI Asakti yA tRSNA rahI huI hotI hai| Aja vizva meM jo azAMti aura duHkha haiM, ve saba kisI na kisI rUpa meM tRSNA yA Asakti janya hai| saMgraha kI AMkAkSA, svAmitva kI apekSA aura acchAoM kI asImitatA hI Aja mAnava jAti ke tanAva grasta hone meM mUla kAraNa hai| vartamAna yuga meM hameM AvazyakatA aura AMkAkSAoM kA antara samajhanA hogaa| AvazyakatA kI pUrti sambhava hai, kintu AMkAkSA yA icchAoM kI pUrti sambhava nahIM hai| mithyA, svAmitva kI avadhAraNA aura duSpUra AMkAkSA yA tRSNA hI tanAvoM kA molika kAraNa hai| isalie bhAratIya saMskRti ne Asakti, mamatvavRtti, tRSNA yA rAgAtmakatA se upara uThane kA saMdeza For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti diyA hai| vizva meM Aja jo yuddha kI vibhitsikA maMDarA rahI hai, vaha vastutaH jIvana jIne ke sAdhanoM ke kamI kAraNa nahIM hai apitu manuSya kI saMgrahavRtti, adhikAravRtti aura pArasparika avizvAsa janya bhaya ke kAraNa hai / tanAva mukti bhAratIya dharmo aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina dharma kA saMdeza yaha rahA hai ki vyakti tanAvoM se mukta hokara samatva yA samabhAva meM jIne kA prayatna kare / gItA meM ise hI samatvayoga kI sAdhanA kahA gayA hai| samatvayoga anAsakta, vItarAga yA vIta- tRSNa hone kI kalA sikhAtA hai| Aja vizva meM dharma ke nAma para bahuta kucha ADambara aura mithya dhAraNAe~ banI huI hai| karmakANDoM aura bhautika upalabdhi ko hI dharma mAna liyA hai| dharma bhautika upalabdhiyoM kA sAdhana nahIM hai / dharma Atma-zodhana yA citta vRtti zodhana kI prakriyA hai / vaha Atmopalabdhi hai AdhyAtmika hai| vastutaH samatva kI sAdhanA hI arthAt anAsakta, vIrAga aura vItatRSNa honA hI dharma hai| merI dRSTi meM ve sabhI bAteM jo mujhako mere parivAra ko athavA samAja aura rASTra ko tanAva grasta banAtI hai, ve sabhI adharma haiM, pApa haiM / vastutaH jo vyakti ko parivAra ko samAja ko rASTra ko tanAva mukti ke prayAsoM kA prazna hai, vahA~ taka sabhI dharma aura saMskRtiyA~ ekamata hai / vizva meM abhaya aura zAMti kI sthApanA ke lie hameM mAnava ko tanAvamukta rahane kI kalA sikhAnA hogI, kyoMki tanAva - mukti ke prayatna hI dharma hai, sAdhanA hai| Aja mAnava jAti ko tanAva mukti kI dizA meM le jAne ke lie nimna sArthaka prayatnoM kI AvazyakatA hai / 13 suzrI tRpti jaina ne mere nirdezana meM jaina dharma meM tanAva prabandhana viSaya ko lekara zodha kArya kiyA hai aura vahI kucha saMzodhanoM ke sAtha pustaka ke rUpa meM prakAzita hone jA rahA hai| isa kRti ke nAma meM se . hamane prabandhana zabda ko haTAkara "jaina dharma darzana meM tanAva aura unase mukti ke upAya" aisA bodhagamy nAma diyA hai| isa grantha meM sarvaprathama tanAvoM ke svarUpa ko Adhunika manovijJAna aura jaina dharma darzana ke AdhAra para samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| isake dUsare adhyAya meM tanAvoM ke kAraNa kA vizaleSaNa kiyA hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki yadyapi kisI sImA taka Arthika - vipannatA zArIrika asvathatA, pariveza kI vidrUpatA tanAvoM kA kAraNa hotI hai / kintu mukhya rUpa se jo tanAva kA mUlabhUta kAraNa hai, vaha vyakti meM rahI huI saMcaya yA parigraha kI vRtti hI hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #16
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti isalie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA, ki "vitteNa tANaM Na labhe pamatteM" arthAt Asakta-citta dhana ke dvArA trANa arthAt zAMti ko prApta nahIM hotA hai| saMgraha kI vRtti azAMti aura tanAva ke hetu hI hai| isase utpanna lobhajanya zoSaNa kI vRtti vyaktiyoM aura samAja ke madhya tanAva ko utpanna karatI hai, avizvAsa aura bhaya ko janma detI hai| usase samAja do vargoM meM baTa jAtA hai- zoSaka aura shossit| dhyAna rahe garIba vyakti meM bhI irSA kA bhAva yA dhana kI cAha hI tanAva utpanna hone kA mUla kAraNa hai, tanAva usakI vipannatA ke kAraNa utpanna nahIM hote haiM, apitu usakI saMgraha-vRtti yA parigraha kI vRtti ke kAraNa utpanna hote haiN| pArivArika jIvana meM asaMtulana aura tanAva-grastatA kA mukhya kAraNa bhI kahIM na kahIM vyakti kI dUsaroM para adhikAra bhAvanA ke kAraNa hotA hai| dhArmika jIvana meM tanAva utpanna hone kA kAraNa bhI kahIM na kahIM dharma kI samyag samajha kA abhAva hotA hai| apane dharma kI satyatA ke prati atyAdhika moha aura anya dharmoM ke prati hInabhAvanA hI dhArmika jIvana meM tanAvoM ko utpanna karatI hai| vastutaH yahA~ bhI hamArI cittavRttiyA~ hI tanAvoM ko janma detI hai| cittavRtti kA saMyamana aura mana ko vikalpoM se mukta rakhane ke prayatna hI vyakti ko tanAvoM se mukta banA sakate haiN| manovaijJAnikoM ne tanAvoM kA eka kAraNa zarIra yA indriyoM kI mA~goM ko nakAranA bhI mAnA hai| vastutaH tanAva kA kAraNa indriyoM kA brAhya jagata meM sthita apane viSayoM se samparka nahIM hai| tanAvoM kA kAraNa hai- vyakti kI bhogAkAMkSA yA vastu ke prati mamatva kA AropaNa yA usa para svAmitva kI bhAvanA hai| vastutaH yadi saMsAra meM rahakara bhI yadi vyakti kI jIvana-dRSTi anAsakta bane to vaha tanAva mukta raha sakatA hai| kahA bhI hai bAjAra se nikalA hU~, magara kharIdadAra nahIM huuN| duniyA~ meM hU~, magara duniyA~ kA talabagAra nahIM huuN|| anta meM hameM yaha bhI dekhanA hogA ki vyakti tanAvoM se mukta kaise ho sakatA hai? isake lie anAsakti aura abhaya kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| jaina darzana meM tanAva mukti kI prakriyA ko samajhAte hue indriyavijaya, kaSAyavijaya, lezyA parivartana arthAt citta-vRtti kA samyag dizA meM niyojana Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jaba taka vyakti inake mAdhyama se tanAva mukta nahIM hogA, taba taka vaha samAja ko aura mAnava jAti ko bhI tanAva mukta nahIM banA skegaa| AMcArAga sUtra meM kahA gayA For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #17
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 15 hai ki jo vyakti svayaM tanAvagrasta hotA hai vahI dUsaroM ko bhI tanAvagrasta banAtA hai| ataH deza aura samAja ko tanAva mukta banAne ke lie pahale vyakti ko tanAva mukta jIvana jIne kI kalA sIkhanA hogI, jo anAsakta jIvana zailI ke dvArA hI prApta hogii| DaoN. tRpti jaina kA yaha grantha yuvA pIr3hI ke lie eka mArgadarzaka banegA, yaha apekSA rakhI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki Aja kI yuvA pIr3hI hI tanAvoM se sarvAdhika grasta hai| yaha grantha jana-jana ke lie nizcita hI samyak jIvana zailI kA mArgadarzaka hai, mAtra buddhi-vilAsa nahIM hai| isakA mUla udezya hI samyak jIvana zailI kA mArgadarzana na hokara eka yugIna samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kA sArthaka prayatna hai| grantha kI bhASA sarala hai| AvazyakatA ke anurUpa kvacita punarAvRtti dekhI jAtI hai, phira bhI vaha jana sAmAnya ke lie viSaya ko bodhagamya banAne kI dRSTi se Avazyaka hI pratIta hotI hai| maiM yaha apekSA rakhatA hU~ ki vidvat jagat aura jana sAmAnyadonoM meM hI isa kRti kA svAgata hogA aura yaha kRtti mAnavajAti ko nirbhaya aura tanAva mukta banAne meM saphala siddha hogI / DaoN. tRpti jaina se bhI yaha apekSA rakhI jA sakatI hai ki ve bhaviSya meM bhI aisI subodha kRtiyoM kI racanA kara mAnavajAti kI jvalaMta samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa kA prayatna karatI rahegI / pro. sAgaramala jaina prAcya vidyApITha, bhAjApura (ma.pra.) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #18
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kRtajJatA jJApana - sarvaprathama, maiM hRdaya kI asIma AsthA ke sAtha natamastaka hU~ dharmatIrtha kI sthApanA karane vAle parama tAraka, siddha, buddha, niraMjana, nirAkAra paramAtmA evaM unake zAsana ke prati, jinhoMne apanI sAdhanA ke mAdhyama se tanAvamukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| isa zodha kArya kI sampannatA mahAna Atma-sAdhikA. zrI. vinItaprajJAjI ma.sA. kI divya kapA ke binA saMbhava nahIM thii| sarvaprathama, unhoMne hI mere aMdara rahe dharmabIja ko sIMcane kA prayatna kiyA thA aura mujhe jainadharma meM zodha kArya karane ke lie prerita kiyA thaa| kAlacakra ke krUra prahAra ne Aja unheM hamase alaga kara diyA, kintu unakI adRzya preraNA kI gUMja hI mere AtmavizvAsa kA aTala AdhAra banI huI hai| unakA maMgalamaya AzIrvAda mere jIvana-paMtha ko sadA Alokita karatA rahe- inhIM AkAMkSAoM ke sAtha una pAvana caraNoM meM anantazaH vaMdanA ke samarpita .... / zata-zata vandana sAdhvIzrI puSpakuMvarajI evaM jyotsnAkuMvarajI ma. sA. ko, jinhoMne samaya-samaya para zAstra-vacanoM ke dvArA mere pramAda ko dUra karane meM merA sahayoga kiyA / jinake AzIrvAda evaM sneha kI mujhe sadA apekSA hai; merI dAdIjI- zrImatI kamalAbAI jain| mere isa zodhakArya ko pUrNa karane kA zreya unhIM kI dI gaI preraNA va protsAhana ko jAtA hai| mere pitA zrImAn narendrakumArajI jaina evaM mAtA zrImatI saralA jaina kA AzIrvAda evaM prema bhI mujhe saMbala detA rhaa| inakI putrI honA mere lie gaurava kA viSaya hai| jaina vizvabhAratI vizvavidyAlaya ke kulasaciva evaM jIvana vijJAna ke vidvAn pro. je.pI.ena. mizrAjI, jinhoMne kI zodhakArya zodha kI sahI For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #19
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 17. paddhati se avagata karAyA, vaha pratipala smaraNIya haiN| unake sahayoga va zikSA ne mere zodhakArya ko Age bar3hAyA / isake atirikta maiM jaina vizvabhAratI vizvavidyAlaya kI pUrva kulapati samaNI maMgalaprajJAjI, vartamAna kulapati samaNI. cAritraprajJAjI, AdarAspadA samaNI kusumaprajJAjI, samaNI caitanyaprajJAjI, samaNI RtuprajJAjI ........ Adi sabhI ke prati bhI AbhAra vyakta karatI hU~, jinhoMne samaya-samaya para ucita mArgadarzana aura sahayoga dekara mujhe protsAhita kiyA hai| jinake sAnnidhya meM rahakara jIvana ke aneka kSetroM meM mArgadarzana milatA rahA hai, hindI va aMgrejI bhASA ke jJAna meM vRddhi ho rahI hai, aisI merI dharmabahineM AdaraNIyA mumukSu DaoN. zAMtA jaina evaM suzrI vINA jaina kA snehila sahayoga va preraNA sadaiva milatI rahI hai| Apa donoM kA sahayoga, sneha evaM mArgadarzana sadaiva mujhe milatA rahe aisI merI AzA hai| zodhakArya ko pUrI lagana ke sAtha karane ke lie prerita va pramAda ko dUra karane meM mere cAcA zrImAna piyuSa jI jaina evaM cAcI zrImatI citrA jaina, merI bahaneM evaM mere bhAI nikhila jaina, akhila jaina, harSa caupar3A, rAhula kAMkariyA, zItala jaina evaM anya parijana, jo bhI sahayogI rahe, unake prati kRtajJatA jJApita karatI huuN| isa kArya kA zreya jaina dharmadarzana ke mUrdhanya vidvAn, Agama marmajJa, bhAratIya-saMskRti ke purodhA DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina ko hai, jinhoMne isa zodhaprabandha ke. mere sapane ko sAkAra karane meM pUrNarUpeNa sahayoga diyA aura viSayavastu ko adhikAdhika prAsaMgika, upAdeya banAne hetu sUkSmatA se dekhA-parakhA aura Avazyaka saMzodhanoM ke sAtha mArgadarzana pradAna kiyaa| yadyapi ve nAma-spRhA se pUrNataH virata haiM, tathApi isa kRti ke praNayana ke mUla AdhAra hone se isake sAtha unakA nAma sadA- sadA ke lie svataH jur3a gayA hai| ve mere zodha-prabandha ke dizA-nirdezaka hI nahIM haiM, varan mere AtmavizvAsa ke pratiSThAtA bhI haiN| unakA vAtsalyabhAva evaM asIma AtmIyatA mere jIvana kA gaurava hai, jo AjIvana banA rahe, yahI prabhu se prArthanA hai| . "madhyapradeza kI kAzI' ke nAma se prasiddha, prAkRtika sauMdarya ke * madhya sthita suramya "prAcya vidyApITha' kA vizAla pustakAlaya evaM suvidhAoM se yukta zAnta vAtAvaraNa isa lakSya kI prApti meM sarvAdhika For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti sahAyaka siddha huA hai| isI prakAra, jaina vizvabhAratI vizvavidyAlaya ke sTApha aura vizeSa rUpa se usake granthAlaya kA bhI isa zodhakArya meM sahayoga rahA hai, ataH unake prati bhI AbhAra vyakta karatI hU~ / 18 isa zodha - sAmagrI ko kampyUTarAijDa karane meM rAjAjI grAphiksa, zAjApura ke zrI zirISa sonI kA viziSTa sahayoga rahA hai, unake prati bhI dhanyavAda jJApita karatI hU~ / isake atirikta, pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se isa zodhaprabaMdha ke . praNayana meM jo bhI sahayogI baneM, una sabake prati maiM apanI kRtajJatA jJApita karatI huuN| isa sampUrNa zodhaprabaMdha meM ajJAna evaM pramAdavaza truTiyA~ rahanA svAbhAvika hai, ataH prabuddhajana apane sujhAva evaM maMtavya prastuta karane hetu sAdara AmaMtrita haiN| tRpti jaina . -000 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #21
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti adhyAya-1 viSaya paricaya vartamAna vaizvika paridRzya aura tanAva vartamAna yuga kI vaizvika samasyAoM meM sabase mukhya samasyA mAnava mana ke tanAvagrasta hone kI hai| jaina-graMtha AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo vyakti svayaM tanAvagrasta hotA hai, vaha dUsaroM ko bhI tanAvagrasta banA detA hai| isa prakAra vaizvika paridRzya Aja tanAvagrasta banA huA hai| sarala zabdoM meM kahA jAe, to Aja saMsAra kA pratyeka vyakti svayaM tanAvagrasta hai evaM jo svayaM tanAvagrasta hotA hai, vaha dUsaroM ko bhI tanAvagrasta banAtA hai- 'AturA paritAti' / ataH, Aja vaizvika samasyAoM meM tanAvagrastatA eka mukhya samasyA hai| vartamAna yuga ko hama vaijJAnika-yuga kahate haiM, kintu satya yaha hai ki yaha yuga vaijJAnika yuga kama, tanAva yuga jyAdA hai| vizva kA pratyeka vyakti, cAhe vaha bAlaMka ho yA vRddha, bar3A ho yA choTA, sabhI eka hI roga se ghire hue haiM aura vaha roga hai- tnaav| Aja hara iMsAna tanAvagrasta hai| phalataH vyakti jItA to hai, parantu jIvana meM AnaMda, sukha evaM zAMti prApta nahIM 'kara pAtA hai| Aja ke isa daura meM mAnava vividha prakAra ke tanAvoM se grasta hai| jainadharma ke anusAra tanAva ke mukhya kAraNa haiM-vyakti kI atRpta icchAe~, AkAMkSAe~, kAmanAe~ aadi| ye icchAe~ AkAza ke samAna ananta haiM aura unakI pUrti nahIM hone para vyakti duHkhI hotA hai| vyakti hamezA apanI icchAoM kI pUrti karane kA yena-kena-prakAreNa prayAsa karatA rahatA hai, kAmanAoM kI pUrti hone para vyakti sukha kA anubhava karatA hai tathA pUrti na hone para duHkhI hotA hai aura yahI duHkha usake mana AcArAMga, 1/1/6 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 9/48 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #22
... jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti ko tanAvagrasta banA detA hai| isa tanAvagrastatA ko samApta karane ke lie kahIM-na-kahIM vyakti ko apane dRSTikoNa meM parivartana lAnA hogaa| vastutaH, yadi mAnava ko tanAvamukta banAnA hai, to hameM tanAva ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kara unheM samApta karanA hogA, arthAt una kAraNoM kI khoja kara unakA nirAkaraNa karanA hogA, jo saMsAra ke vyaktiyoM meM tanAva utpanna karate haiN| vizva kI sabase gambhIra aura prathama samasyA tanAva kI hI hai aura ina tanAvoM ko dUra karane ke lie vizva kI anya sabhI samasyAoM ke mUla kAraNoM ko samajhanA hogaa| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ke anusAra "vizva kI dUsarI pramukha samasyA mAnava jAti ke astitva kI hai| ve likhate haiM- "Due to the tremendous advancement in war technology and nuclear weapons, the whole human race is standing on the verge of annihilation".* sUtrakRtAMga meM yaha spaSTa likhA hai ki vyakti kI surakSA hI sarvopari hai aura yaha surakSA use abhaya pradAna karake hI dI jA sakatI hai| Aja vizva isI samasyA kA sAmanA kara rahA hai ki vaha khuda ke astitva ko kaise surakSita rakhe? isakA kAraNa hai- vaijJAnika yuga kI ubharatI yuddha kI naI takanIka aura aannvik-shstr| vizva kA pratyeka . vyakti Aja apanI surakSA ke lie zastroM para adhika vizvAsa karatA hai| Aja vyakti kA vyakti para bharosA khatma hotA jA rahA hai| pratyeka rASTra yA pratyeka vyakti meM jaba eka dUsare ke prati vizvAsa aura sahayoga kI bhAvanA khatma ho jAtI hai, to vahA~ dvandva apanA sthAna banA letA hai| yaha dvandva hI vaha kAraNa hai, jo vyakti meM Dara yA bhaya utpanna karatA hai aura jahA~ Dara yA bhaya hotA hai, vahA~ tanAva hotA hI hai| DaoN. surendra varmA ne apane lekha meM likhA hai ki bhaya bhI tanAva kI anubhUti kA eka kAraNa hai| vyakti apane bhaya ko samApta karane ke lie zastroM para vizvAsa karatA hai aura vartamAna yuga kI zastrIkaraNa kI yaha bhAvanA pUre vizva ko tanAvagrasta banA rahI hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra, tanAva-mukti ke lie uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM likhA hai - "yadi abhaya cAhate ho, to abhaya pradAna kro|" from Jain Peace, religious Harmony and solution of world problem Perspective. Sagarmalji Jain, Page 25 sutrakRtAMga - madhukara muni, 1/6/23 samatA-saurabha - julAI - sitambara 1996, pR. 43 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 6/6 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti vizva kI agalI samasyA hai- yuddha aura hiNsaa|' Aja pratyeka vyakti ke mana meM asaMtoSa kI bhAvanA hai| hara koI dUsaroM para apanA adhikAra jamAnA cAhatA hai| itanA saMgraha karanA cAhatA hai ki svayaM ko rAjyAdhikAra mila ske| isI AkAMkSA ke kAraNa yuddha kA janma hotA hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa pUre vizva meM tanAva va hiMsA phaila jAtI hai| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM likhA hai -hiMsA yA yuddha kA mukhya kAraNa saMgraha kI vRtti hai| jainadharma ke anusAra, vartamAna pariveza meM yuddha va hiMsA bhI tanAva kA hetu hai| isa yuddha va hiMsA kA hetu vyakti kI saMgraha karane va adhikAra pAne kI icchA-vRtti hai|' vartamAna meM samAja meM alagAva kI vRtti bhI vizva meM tanAva utpanna kara rahI hai| mAnava jAti eka hai, kintu use deza, raMga, jAti, sampradAya Adi ke AdhAra para aneka bhAgoM meM bA~Ta diyA gayA hai| hameM isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki hama eka haiM, kintu hamane hI mAnava jAti ko. bhinna-bhinna jAtiyoM, sampradAyoM Adi meM vibhakta kara diyA hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa logoM meM ApasI samajha, prema, sadbhAvanA Adi ke sthAna para napharata aura vairabhAva ne jagaha banA lI hai| mAnava, mAnava kA hI rakta bahA rahA hai| jainadharma kI bhI yahI mAnyatA hai ki sabhI mAnava eka haiM aura jAti, sampradAya Adi ke AdhAra para unheM vibhAjita karanA ucita nahIM hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI ne yaha ghoSita kiyA thA ki sampUrNa mAnavajAti eka hai| koI bhI vyakti choTA yA bar3A nahIM hotA hai| sabakI apanI-apanI yogyatAe~ haiM aura unhIM yogyatAoM ke AdhAra para, Atmazuddhi ke dvArA mahAna banA jA sakatA hai|" jo vyakti Atmazuddhi se mahAna banatA hai, vahI pUrNataH tanAvamukta hotA hai| Arthika asamAnatA bhI vartamAna vizva kI eka mukhya samasyA hai, jo pUre vizva meM tanAva utpanna kara rahI hai| Arthika asamAnatA ke Peace, religious harmony and solution of world problem from Jain persepective, Sagarmaligi Jain, page 26 sUtrakRtAMga - 1/1/1/1 Peace Religious harmony and solution of world problem from Jain Prepective. Sagarmal Jain, page-26 "ekA. manusA jAI"- AcArAMga niyukti, zrI vijayajinezvara, gAthA 19 AcArAMga - 1/2/3/75 For Personal & Private Use Only

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1 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kAraNa logoM meM saMgraha karane kI vRtti bar3hatI jA rahI hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti bhautika saMsAdhanoM meM hI zAMti ko khojatA hai aura usI se hI AnaMda prApta karatA hai| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina likhate haiM- "The vast differences in material possession as well as in the modes of consumption have divided the human race into two categories of Haves and have not's. "12 isI kAraNa, vyaktiyoM meM IrSyA aura dveSa kI `bhAvanAe~ utpanna ho gaI haiM aura ye bhAvanAe~ hI unheM sadaiva tanAvagrasta rakhatI haiN| Arthika viSamatA kaise vyakti meM tanAva utpanna karatI hai, isakA vistAra se vivecana Age kiyA jA rahA hai| 1 22 Dr. Sagarmal Jain says that the basic problems of present society are mental tensions, violence and conflicts of ideologies and faiths. 13. Aja sirpha vizva ke mukhya rASTroM meM hI nahIM, apitu una rASTroM ke choTe-se-choTe zahara aura grAmoM ke samAja aura parivAroM meM bhI tanAvajanya sthiti bar3hatI jA rahI hai, kyoMki pratyeka vyakti apanI soca ke anusAra apane mata satya mAnatA hai aura dUsare ke mata kA virodha karatA hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki paraspara virodhI mata bhI satya hoM, udAharaNArtha kisI parivAra kA eka vyakti kisI kA pitA hai, to kisI kA pati, kisI kA beTA hai, to kisI kA bhAI / vyakti eka hI hai kintu usase apane rizte ke sambandha meM mata aneka haiN| sabhI kA apanA-apanA sambandha hai, koI bhI galata nahIM hai| kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki vartamAna meM vyakti svayaM kI bAta ko sahI mAnatA hai aura dUsare kI bAta kA virodha karatA hai| yaha virodha kA bhAva pratyeka vyakti, samAja aura rAjya meM tanAva utpanna karatA hai| sabhI svayaM ko sahI va dUsaroM ko galata sAbita karane kA prayatna karate rahate haiN| tanAva kI isa sthiti ko samApta karane ke lie jainadarzana ne anekAntavAda kA siddhAMta diyA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM varNita hai ki jo vyakti sirpha apane bAre meM socatA hai, svayaM ko hI satya aura dUsaroM ko asatya batAkara unakI nindA karatA hai, vaha janma maraNa ke cakra se kabhI mukta nahIM ho pAtA / 4 12 Peace, Religious Harmony and solution of world problems from Jain persepctive. - Prof. Sagarmal Jain, Page 29 page 31 I bid sUtrakRtAMga - 1/1/2/23 13 14 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti pro. TI. jI. kalara kahate haiM- Aja ke yuga meM jahA~ loga apane-apane mata se svayaM ko mahAn mAnate hue dUsaroM kI nindA kara azAMti yA tanAvayukta mAhaula utpanna karate haiM, vahA~ anekAMta dRSTikoNa tanAvamukti ke lie rAmabANa - sA kAma karatA hai| 15 vartamAna meM vizva kaI samasyAoM kA sAmanA kara rahA hai| unhIM samasyAoM meM agalI samasyA hai, paryAvaraNa - asaMtulana kI / paryAvaraNaasaMtulana sirpha mAnava-jIvana aura usake AsapAsa ke vAtAvaraNa ko hI nahIM, apitu anya prANiyoM evaM per3a-paudhoM kI jindagI para bhI asara DAlatA hai| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM naI takanIkoM ke AviSkAra se jitanA bhautika sukha milatA hai, usase kahIM jyAdA zArIrika va mAnasika tanAva milatA hai| vaijJAnika -yantroM se jo dUSita gaisa nikalatI hai, vaha prAkRtika vAtAvaraNa ko dUSita kara detI hai, jisakA prabhAva pAnI, per3a-paudhoM, havA Adi para par3atA hai| jainadharma meM inheM ekendriya jIva mAnA gayA hai / " AcArAMga ke pahale adhyayana meM ina vyavahAroM kA vistAra se vivecana milatA hai| havA aura pAnI mAnava ke jIvana jIne kA AdhAra haiM aura inake dUSita hone para mAnava-mana va zarIra bhI tanAvayukta ho jAtA 16 haiM / 23 Aja vizva ko eka nahIM, aneka samasyAoM ne ghera rakhA hai| jahA~ eka ora pUre vizva meM ina samasyAoM ke kAraNa tanAva banA huA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vyaktigata samasyAeM bhI vyakti ko tanAvagrasta kara rahI haiN| berojagArI kI samasyA, azikSA kI samasyA, samaya prabaMdhana na hone kI samasyA, maMhagAI kI samasyA, pAnI kI kamI kI samasyA, bijalI kI samasyA aadi| ye samasyAeM pratyeka ke jIvana meM ghaTita hotI haiN| kahA bhI gayA hai- 'saMgharSa hI jIvana hai|' kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA to rAma aura kRSNa jaise avatAroM ko bhI karanA pdd'aa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhI apane sAr3he bAraha varSa ke sAdhanAkAla meM aneka samasyAoM kA sAmanA kiyA, kintu jaina - siddhAMtoM kA pratipAdana karate hue aura unakA pAlana karate hue pUrNataH tanAvamukta hue, arthAt mokSa prApta kiyA / 1. tanAva kA svarUpa evaM usake prabhAva 15 Vaishali Institute research bulletin, No. 4, P. 31 16 AcArAMga (sampUrNa pahalA adhyayana), 1/1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti tanAva zabda ko aMgrejI meM sTresa (Stress) kahate haiM, jo (Latin) leTIna zabda (String) sTrIMga se banA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai- jora se kasanA yA bAMdhanA (to be drown tight). 24 vastutaH, jo vyakti kI cetanA ko cAha yA cintA se grasta banA detA hai, use tanAva kahate haiM / manovaijJAnika - dRSTi se citta yA mana kA * azAnta honA hI tanAva hai| daihika - dRSTi se jo hamArI daihika - kriyAoM kA saMtulana (Hormony) bhaMga kara detA hai, vaha tanAva hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se AtmA yA cittavRtti ke samatva yA zAnti kA bhaMga ho jAnA hI tanAva hai| jIvana jInA bahuta hI AsAna ho sakatA hai, agara hamArI sArI jaivika AvazyakatAe~ sahaja rUpa se ThIka usI taraha pUrI ho jAeM, jisa taraha jainadarzana ke anusAra akarma bhUmi meM kalpavRkSa vyakti kI sabhI AvazyakatAoM ko pUrI kara detA haiN| jaba vyakti kI pratyeka AvazyakatA pUrI ho jAtI hai, taba use na to kisI taraha kA viSAda hotA hai, na hI koI duHkha hotA hai, usakI aisI koI samasyA bhI nahIM hotI hai, jo use tanAvagrasta banAe, isIlie usa yuga ko sukhada ( suSamA) kahate haiM, kintu vartamAna meM manuSya ke sAmane anaginata samasyAe~ haiM, kyoMki usakI icchAe~ yA AkAMkSAe~ ananta haiN| vyakti svapna meM to caitasika stara para apanI hara icchA, cAhe vaha jAyaja ho yA nAjAyaja, pUrI kara letA hai, kintu jaba A~kheM kholatA hai| to hakIkata meM use apane sapane ko vAstavika rUpa meM pUrA karane kI icchA paidA ho jAtI hai| jaba icchAeM pUrI nahIM hotI yA unakI pUrti meM koI bAdhA utpanna hotI hai, taba vyakti kI mAnasika evaM zArIrika sthiti meM kucha asAmAnya parivartana ghaTita hotA hai| yaha asAmAnya parivartana hI tanAva kahalAtA hai / vibhinna vidvAnoM ne tanAva kI vibhinna paribhASAeM dI haiN| inameM tanAva ko eka daihika sthiti mAnane vAlI paribhASAeM nimna haiM krisaTI ke anusAra "zArIrika, mAnasika aura bhAvanAtmaka AvazyakatAoM ke kAraNa pratikriyAsvarUpa AdamI meM jo badalAva AtA hai, use tanAva kahate haiM / For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #27
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti yaha tanAva kisI bhI sthiti meM utpanna ho sakatA hai| vaha vyakti ko kuNThita, nirAza, krodhI aura cintAgrasta banA detA hai / " 17 ricarDa esa. ke anusAra "vyakti kI vyaktigata evaM sAmAjika-AvazyakatAe~ jitanI adhika hotI haiM, usakI cAha usase kahIM adhika hotI hai| isa cAha kI apUrNatA ke kAraNa vyakti ke zarIra evaM mana meM jo ghaTita hotA hai, use hI tanAva kahate haiM / "18 ribikkA. je. pherI ke anusAra " tanAva bAhya mAMgoM (cAha) evaM dabAva se zArIrika saMracanA meM hone vAlA parivartana hai| 19 " anya paribhASAeM 1. vyakti kI vaiyaktika - cetanA aura usake bAhya vAtAvaraNa ke bIca jo asaMtulana utpanna hotA hai, use tanAva kahate haiN| 20 18 -- 2. vijJAna kI dRSTi meM tanAva kI eka paribhASA yaha bhI milatI hai ki kisI vyakti ke mAnasa para jo bAhya - dabAva banatA hai, use tanAva kahate haiN| vyakti kI jitanI apanI kSamatA hai, jaba usase adhika dabAva 19 - 17 Stress in the body's reaction to a change that requires a physical, mental or emotional adjustment or responses stress can come from any situation or throught that Makes you feel frustrated angry, nervous or even anxious - By kirsti A Dyes MD. mstt from about.com. According to Richard s Lazarus stress is a feeling experienced when a pesson thinks that "The demands exceed the Personal and Social resources the individual is able to mobilize. KTTP. || m fatfreekitchen.com. Stress is defined as an organisms total response to environmental demands or pressures, Rebecca.J. Frey, stress answers.com The Most common view or stress is that it is seen as a Stransaction between the individual and the environment. www. effective-timemanagement-strategiess.com. 20 25 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti usa para DAlA jAtA hai, to vaha apane lakSya, jise vaha pAnA cAhatA hai, usase cyuta ho jAtA hai|' yahI asaphalatA-bodha tanAva bana jAtA hai| 3. aisI koI bhI ghaTanA, jo vyakti ko cunautI-rUpa hotI hai, yA bhaya kA sAmanA karane kI sthiti utpanna karatI hai, use tanAva kahate 4. cikitsakIya-vijJAna ke anusAra -tanAva vaha daihika uttejanA hai, jisase vyakti para mAnasika-dabAva par3atA hai yA zArIrika-parivartana hote haiM, jo usa vyakti ko daihika-vikRti kI ora le jAte haiN| 5. hamArI vyaktigata aura bAhya-parivezIya AvazyakatAoM ko pUrA karane meM aisI bahata- sI kaThinAiyA~ AtI haiM, jo unakI pUrti ko asaMbhava banA detI hai| ina kaThinAiyoM kA hamArI cAha (demand) ke sAtha sAmaMjasya banAne ke prayAsa hameM tanAva kI ora le jAte haiN| jIva kI AMtarika mAMgoM aura bhautika pariveza ke sAtha meM samAyojana biThAne kA prayatna hI tanAva hai| 6. helpagAiDa (www. helpguide.org) meM tanAva ko viSAda kahA hai, jo vyakti kI eka sAmAnya avasthA hai aura usake dainika jIvana meM nihita rahatI hai| vyakti kI apekSAe~ bhaMga hone para, yA use koI nukasAna hone para, athavA kisI bhI cikitsA saMbaMdhI sthiti se jo One definition, which is found in other Science, is that stress is an exeternal Pressure applied on to an object, If too much force is applied then that object will distort and eventually break. www. effective - time - management - strategiess.com The response to events that tireaten or challenge a Personunderstanding psychology. 6th edition, Robert S. Feldmen, Page 445 In Medical Terms stress is described as a Physical or Psychological stimuless that can produce Mental Tension or Physiological reaction that May lead to illness. www.Fatfreekitchen.com Stress is a Perception of the demands and the resources to cope with the situation, coping with stress involve dealing with the demends boosting the resources or Changing the situation. Acknowledging that stress has a biological and Psycho-biological response. www.effective-time management - strategiess.com 24 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #29
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti .. 27 mAyUsI yA duHkha hotA hai, use paristhitijanya viSAda kahA jAtA hai (jo tanAva kI hI eka avasthA hai|) 7. DaoN. surendra varmA ne duHkha, kleza, bhaya ityAdi aneka bhAvoM ko hI tanAva kahA hai| unake anusAra, duHkha kleza, bhaya ityAdi ke bhAva bahuta kucha tanAva ke samAnArthaka haiN| tanAva anubhUti ke stara para eka vyagratA, udvega, AturatA yA AkulatA hai| jaba hama isa udvega ko pahacAna jAte haiM, to yaha 'paritApa' duHkha, kleza aura bhaya ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai|" 8. karTa levina kahate haiM - "tanAva vyakti yA vyaktitva kI eka aisI avasthA hotI hai jisameM eka yA eka se adhika Antarika -vaiyaktika taMtro (inner- Personnal - system) ke baloM ke bIca meM asaMtulana . sthApita ho jAtA hai|" 9. viSAda ko tanAva kA paryAyavAcI kahA jAtA hai| seligamena ne apane AraMbhika zodhoM meM yaha dikhalAyA thA ki Aropita niHsahAya dazA tathA pratikriyAtmaka-viSAda- ina donoM meM kAphI samAnatA hai, kyoMki unakI utpatti evaM lakSya lagabhaga samAna hote haiN| ise pratikriyAtmaka viSAda isalie kahA jAtA hai ki yaha viSAda sAMvegika kSubdhatA utpanna karane vAlI ghaTanAoM ke prati eka taraha kI pratikriyA-rUpa hotA hai| aisI ghaTanAoM meM kisI priyajana kI mRtyu, naukarI chUTa jAnA, vyavasAya meM ghATA honA, parIkSA meM asaphala honA Adi pramukha haiN|" tanAva kI. uparyukta sabhI paribhASAoM meM vyakti kA daihika pakSa pramukha rahA huA hai aura ina sabhI manovaijJAnikoM ne tanAva ko eka daihika yA AMgika parivartana ke rUpa meM hI dekhA hai| 25 Feeling unhappy or sad in response to disappointment loss, frustration or a medical condition is normal. This is situational depression, which is a normal reaction to event around us. By Http: //www.helpguide.org/mental/despression/signs typer. 20 samatA saurabha - julAI - sitambara 1996, pR.39 - vyaktitva kA manovijJAna, arUNa va ASISa kumAra siMha, pR. 339 vyaktitva kA manovijJAna, arUNa va AzISa siMha, pR. 402 For Personal & Private Use Only

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28 tanAva kI manodaihika paribhASAeM : tanAva eka mAnasika pIr3A hai, jisake kAraNa zarIra ke rasAyanoM meM nakArAtmaka parivartana hotA hai| kucha vaijJAnikoM kA mAnanA hai ki zarIra meM hone vAle rasAyana - parivartana se tanAva utpanna hotA hai| tanAva zarIra kI uttejanA hai, jisase vyakti kamajora yA bImAra hotA hai, kintu agara tanAva kA mAtra zarIra se hI sambandha hotA, to vyakti kA tanAvamukta honA bhI to zarIra - vizeSajJoM ke hAtha meM hotA, lekina satya yaha hai ki tanAva eka manodaihika - avasthA hai| jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti yaha saca hai ki tanAva se vyakti ke zArIrika - rasAyanoM meM parivartana hotA hai, kintu tanAva eka aisI mAnasika - saMvadenA hai, jo hamAre daihika - taMtra ko prabhAvita karatI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM daihika - duHkhoM ke atirikta mAnasika-duHkhoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| 2 bhAvanAtmaka kriyAoM kA asara vyakti ke mastiSka para par3atA hai aura usI se hI kaI bImAriyAM zarIra meM janma letI haiN| kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki mAnasika tanAva se hI zArIrika tanAva utpanna hotA hai| hamArA jIvana AsAna evaM tanAvamukta hotA, agara hamArI hara icchA yA AkAMkSA apane Apa pUrI ho jAtI, kintu unheM pUrA karane meM hameM aneka kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| jaba hamArI icchAoM kI pUrti meM kaThinAI AtI hai yA hama unheM pUrA karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAte haiM, to tanAva utpanna hotA hai| kucha pAzcAtya - manovaijJAnikoM ne to kahA hai ki aisI koI bhI ghaTanA, jo vyakti meM bhaya yA cintA utpanna kare, vaha tanAva hai| DaoN. surendra varmA ne bhI bhaya ko tanAva kA samAnArthI kahA hai| a yahA~ una manovaijJAnikoM kI bAta adhika ucita lagatI hai, jo tanAva ko eka manodaihika - avasthA mAnate haiM / bhaya se tanAva utpanna hotA. hai, arthAt bhaya tanAva kA kAraNa hai| vartamAna meM pratyeka vyakti kA jIvana kaI ghaTanAoM (paristhitiyoM) se bharA huA hai, jaise- parIkSA meM phela ho 29 uttarAdhyayana sUtra - 19/45 30 Stress can come from any situation or throught that make you feel frustrated, angry, nervous or even anxious. By kirsti A Dyer MD. MS. FT to About.com - samatA saurabha, julAI - sitambara 1996, pR. 43 31 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jAnA, kisI apane kI mRtyu ho jAnA, priya vastu kA kho jAnA, kisI se dhokhA milanA, pArivArika samasyAe~, sAmAjika-samasyAe~ aadi| hameM pratidina kisI-na-kisI tanAva kA sAmanA to karanA hI par3atA hai, jisakA asara vyakti ke svAsthya para par3atA hai| isa prakAra ve paristhitiyAM, jinase hameM samajhautA karanA par3atA hai, tanAvapUrNa sthiti ko janma detI haiN| icchAoM kI pUrti na hone para unake sAtha samanvaya sthApita karane se mastiSka meM eka dabAva kA anubhava hotA hai, yaha dabAva bhI tanAva hai| vastutaH dekhA jAe, to tanAva kI eka sAmAnya paribhASA yaha ho sakatI hai ki aisI koI bhI sthiti yA ghaTanA jisase vyakti ko duHkha, bhaya, ciMtA yA parezAnI ho, vaha tanAva hai| zArIrika, mAnasika yA bhAvanAtmaka mAMgoM ke sAtha agara anicchApUrvaka koI samajhautA karanA par3atA hai, to usase bhI kahIM-na-kahIM mana meM duHkha hotA hai| manovaijJAnika aruNakumAra evaM AzISakumAra siMha kI pustaka 'vyaktitva kA manovijJAna' evaM eka pAzcAtya-manovaijJAnika, jinakA eka Alekha www.helpguide.org para upalabdha hai, donoM ne tanAva ko viSAda zabda se paribhASita kiyA hai| donoM ne dainika jIvana meM hone vAlI ghaTanAoM se utpanna hone vAle viSAda (duHkha) ko hI tanAva kahA hai| bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne isI viSAda ko duHkha kahA hai| tanAva ke prakAra evaM unake pariNAma - hensaselI ne tanAva ke do prakAra batalAe~ haiM 2- sakArAtmaka tanAva evaM nakArAtmaka tnaav| pratyeka sthiti meM cAhe vaha sakArAtmaka tanAva kI ho yA nakArAtmaka tanAva kI, sAmaMjasya biThAne kI jarUrata to par3atI hI hai| kucha pAzcAtya manovaijJAnikoM ne to kahA hI hai kijahA~ hamArI icchAoM yA mAMgoM ke sAtha samajhautA karanA par3e, vaha tanAvapUrNa sthiti hai| jainadharma ke anusAra, sakArAtmaka tanAva ko zubha Asrava evaM nakArAtmaka tanAva ko azubha Asrava kaha sakate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie, kisI vyakti ne maMdira nirmANa kI jimmedArI lI hai, to usa hetu sAmagrI Adi maMgavAnA, kArya pUrNa karavAnA Adi kI cintA bhI use tanAvagrasta banAegI, kintu yaha sakArAtmaka tanAva hogA, isake viparIta, agara koI vyakti apanA ghara banavAtA hai aura usake lie lAyI gaI 32 Abnormal Psychology and modern life 11th edition Page - 14 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti sAmagrI meM koI nukasAna ho jAtA hai to vaha duHkha karatA hai, ciMtA karatA hai, yaha tanAva nakArAtmaka tanAva kahA jaaegaa| . sakArAtmaka tanAva meM tanAva hote hue bhI AtmazAMti pUrNataH bhaMga nahIM hotI, kintu nakArAtmaka tanAva meM vilApa, kSobha Adi ke sAtha AtmazAMti bhI bhaMga ho jAtI hai| ciMtA donoM meM hI hai, kintu eka ciMtA meM nIMda kharAba nahIM hotI hai aura dUsarI meM nIMda kharAba hotI hai| punaH, dUsare tanAva meM nIMda nahIM Ane se bhI tanAva tIvra hotA hai| sakArAtmaka tanAva meM cintA kama hotI hai, jabaki nakArAtmaka tanAva meM cintA adhika hotI hai| eka anya dRSTi se, sakArAtmaka tanAva utkarSa kA hetu hotA hai, jabaki nakArAtmaka tanAva vinAza kA hetu hotA hai| anya apekSA se tanAva ko tIna vargoM meM bATA gayA hai- .. .. (i) viphalatA yA parAjaya (ii) virodha (ii) dbaav| vastutaH, ye tInoM hI tanAva ke kAraNa haiN| ina tInoM se tanAva utpanna hotA hai aura ina tInoM sthitiyoM meM tanAvayukta vyakti kI mAnasika-sthiti sAmAnya nahIM hotI hai, zAyada isIlie manovaijJAnikoM ne inheM bhI tanAva kahA hai| (i) viphalatAjanya tanAva - pratyeka vyakti ke jIvana kA eka lakSya hotA hai aura usI ko prApta karane ke lie usake prayAsa hote haiM, kintu yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki usake sabhI prayAsa apane lakSya ko prApta karane meM saphala ho| jisa vyakti ko viphalatA milatI hai, vaha nirAza ho jAtA hai, duHkhI hotA hai, arthAt tanAvayukta hotA hai| (ii) virodhajanya tanAva - Aja vyakti yA samAja meM hI nahIM, apitu pUre vizva meM tanAva kA eka mahatvapUrNa kAraNa pArasparika virodha hai| virodha ke kAraNa utpanna tanAva virodhajanya tanAva hai| (iii) dabAvajanya tanAva - jaba vyakti ko kisI kArya ke karane ke lie, yA kSamatA se adhika kArya karane ke lie bAdhya kiyA jAtA hai to yaha bAdhyatA yA dabAva bhI tanAva hai| yahI dabAva bar3hane para tanAva kA rUpa le letA hai| 33 Abnormal Psychology and Modern life Page - 145 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti __ yahI kAraNa hai ki DaoN. surendra varmA ne kleza, duHkha, bhaya ityAdi bhAvoM ko tanAva kA samAnArthaka kahA hai| yahA~ hama yaha kaha sakate hai ki jahA~ duHkha hai, vahA tanAva hai, ataH tanAva duHkharUpa hai, isalie duHkha ko tanAva kA kAraNa nahIM, apitu usakA samAnArthaka kahA gayA hai| duHkha, kleza yA bhaya hai, to vaha tanAva hI hai| jaba kisI bhI aisI ghaTanA ke ghaTita hone para jisase vyakti ko duHkha, kleza yA bhaya hotA hai, tanAva kI avasthA ho jAtI hai| duHkhAdi tanAvoM se yukta vyakti kI pratikriyAe~ alaga-alaga hotI haiM, isalie inheM tanAvoM ke alaga-alaga rUpa kaha sakate haiN| vaise to viphalatA, virodha va dabAva kI sthiti meM bhI pratikriyAe~ to alaga-alaga hI hotI haiM, inheM bhI tanAva ke hI vibhinna rUpa kaha sakate haiM, kyoMki inake kAraNa duHkha, kleza Adi jo bhAva utpanna hote hai, ve tanAva hI haiM, jaise saphalatA nahIM milane para duHkha hogA, virodhI se kleza hogA evaM kisI kArya ko karane ke lie bAdhya hone ke pIche koI-na-koI bhaya hogaa| isa prakAra hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya dArzanika DaoN. surendra varmA ne jo duHkha, kleza va bhaya ko tanAva kA samAnArthakra kahA hai, vaha isa kAraNa se ki ye tanAva ke hI vividha rUpa haiM, ataH duHkha, kleza, bhaya Adi ke bhAvoM ko sAmAnya rUpa se tanAva kaha sakate haiN| eka vebasAiTa para tanAva ke nimna tIna prakAra bhI mile haiM - 1. alpakAlIna saMvedanAjanya tanAva, 2. sAmAnya saMvedanAjanya tanAva 3. tIvra saMvedanAjanya tanAva / alpakAlIna saMvedanAjanya tanAva - daihika-gatividhiyoM kA asAmAnya ho jAnA, kisI kArya ko maryAdita samaya meM pUrNa karane kA uttaradAyitva A jAnA, Avazyaka vastu, jaise-cAbI Adi kA kahIM rakhakara bhUla jAne para, use khojane meM adhika. 34 samatA saurabha, DaoN surendra varmA, julAI-sitambara 1996, pR.39 Stress defination, Type and Causes - Lttp : || www. FatFree Kitchen. com/stress For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti zrama kA honA Adi kAraNoM se jo tanAva utpanna hotA haiM, use alpakAlIna saMvedanAjanya tanAva kahA gayA hai| tanAva kI isa sthiti meM vyakti bahuta hI kama samaya ke lie ciMtita yA parezAna rahatA hai| samaya nikala jAne para yA kArya ho jAne para vaha apanI sAmAnya avasthA meM A jAtA hai| isa taraha ke tanAva kA prabhAva vyakti ke svAsthya para bhI par3atA hai, siradarda, pIThadarda, peTadarda, badanadarda Adi hone lagatA hai| hRdaya kI dhar3akana bar3ha jAtI hai| aise tanAva se zarIra meM thakAvaTa mahasUsa hotI hai, kyoMki uparyukta choTe-choTe kAryoM meM zArIrika zrama yA daihika-zakti . adhika vyaya ho jAtI hai| sAmAnya saMvedanAjanya tanAva - jisa vyakti para kaI taraha kI jimmedAriyAM hotI haiM, bahata adhika kAryabhAra hone se usakI kAryapraNAlI avyavasthita ho jAtI hai| aisA vyakti hameza zIghratA se kArya sampanna karane kA prayatna karatA hai, kintu usakA koI bhI kArya samaya para pUrNa nahIM ho paataa| aise tanAva ko sAmAnya saMvedanAjanya tanAva kahA jAtA hai| pratyeka saMsthA ke mukhya vyakti para jimmedAriyAM yA kAryabhAra adhika hotA hai| aise vyakti ko mukhyataH apane ghara yA kAryAlaya kA mahatvapUrNa sadasya hone ke kAraNa mukhiyA kahA jAtA hai| usakA pUrA jIvana isI prakAra ke tanAva meM vyatIta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra kA tanAva lambe samaya taka banA rahatA hai| isakA prabhAva vyakti ke zarIra ke sAtha-sAtha mastiSka para bhI par3atA hai| alpakAlIna saMvedanAjanya tanAva meM bhI mastiSka para prabhAva to par3atA hai, kintu tanAva ke samApta hone para alpa samaya meM hI mastiSka va zarIra- donoM svastha ho jAte haiN| sAmAnya saMvedanAjanya tanAva meM zarIra evaM mastiSka- donoM hI asaMtulita ho jAte haiN| aise vyaktiyoM ko ati-raktacApa, siradarda, sIne meM darda, hRdaya saMbaMdhI bImAriyA~ Adi roga ho jAte haiM, jinameM se kucha to jIvana-paryanta rahate haiN| tIvra saMvedanAjanya tanAva - tInoM prakAra ke tanAvoM meM yaha sabase gaMbhIra hai| yaha tanAva bhI lambe samaya taka rahatA hai aura vyakti ko duHkhI karatA rahatA hai| kisI ghaTanA ke ghaTita hone para jo tIvra vedanA yA saMvedana hote haiM, unakA vyakti ke mana yA mastiSka para asahanIya prabhAva par3atA hai, jaise- garIba ho jAnA, jIvana meM nirantara asaphalatA milanA, ghara-parivAra meM sadaiva For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kalaha honA, AtmavizvAsa kA samApta ho jAnA Adi / jo vyakti isa tanAva se grasta hote haiM, ve khuda yaha anubhava nahIM kara pAte ki ve tIvra tanAva kI sthiti meM haiN| aisA tanAva svAsthya ke lie bahuta hI hAnikAraka hotA hai / tanAva ke vyakti kI mAnasikatA para nimna prabhAva hote haiM * vyakti bAta karate-karate acAnaka cupa ho jAtA hai| * tanAvayukta vyakti ko aMdhere meM rahanA acchA lagatA hai| * kisI se bAta karane kI icchA hI nahIM hotI hai, arthAt vyakti ekAntapriya ho jAtA hai / * cir3acir3AhaTa yA krodha usakA svabhAva bana jAtA hai| * kabhI-kabhI vyakti kA svabhAva krodhAdi kI sthiti meM pahale se viparIta bhI ho jAtA hai aura kabhI-kabhI koI use kitanA bhI satAe, vaha cupacApa sahana karatA rahatA hai| 333 kAma karate-karate vyakti apanA hoza kho detA hai| udAharaNArthavyakti gAr3I calAtA rahatA hai, lekina mastiSka yahI socatA rahatA hai ki aba kyA karUMgA, aba yaha kaise hogA Adi / cintA meM vaha itanA kho jAtA hai ki A~kheM khulI hote hue bhI use kucha dikhAI nahIM detA aura isake pariNAmasvarUpa durghaTanA ghaTita ho jAtI hai| * mastiSka itanA tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai ki vyakti kI socane-samajhane kI zakti bhI kSINa ho jAtI hai, jisake kAraNa vaha kisI bhI kArya ko sahI DhaMga se nahIM kara pAtA hai, pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki use sadA asaphalatA hI hAtha lagatI hai / . duHkha se utpanna tanAva meM vyakti ko rone yA vilApa karane se mana meM halkApana mahasUsa hotA haiM / * vyakti ko sahI-galata kA bhAna nahIM rahatA hai| * vyakti meM nirNaya lene kI kSamatA hI nahIM raha pAtI hai / * zAMti kA anubhava nahIM hone para vaha baicena rahatA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only

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34 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti tanAva ke daihika-prabhAva - * vyakti ko bhUkha nahIM lgtii| bhUkha laga bhI rahI ho, to bhI khAne kA mana nahIM krtaa| vaha khAtA bhI hai, to anamane mana se, jo svAsthya ke lie ghAtaka hotA hai| * . vyakti apane hI zarIra ko nukasAna pahucAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie koI prema meM asaphala ho jAtA hai, to cAkU se apane zarIra para usa vyakti kA nAma likhane lagatA hai, jisase use prema thaa| * tanAvayukta vyakti ko nIMda nahIM AtI hai| * aneka vyakti ke zarIra meM aneka bImAriyA~ ghara kara letI haiM jaise raktacApa, madhumeha aadi| hRdayAghAta hone kA bhI eka mukhya kAraNa tanAva . hI hai| * tanAvagrasta hone para vyakti apanA krodha dUsaroM se mAra-pITa kara nikAlatA hai| * tanAva jaba adhika bar3ha jAtA hai, to vyakti apanA mAnasika saMtulana kho detA hai, pariNAmasvarUpa vaha pAgala taka ho jAtA hai| * jise apanA hI hoza nahIM hai, vaha acchA-burA kyA socegaa| aisA vyakti dUsaroM kI jAna bhI le letA hai yA phira AtmahatyA taka kara letA hai| tanAva ke bhAvanAtmaka prabhAva - * mere sAtha burA huA hai, to maiM bhI sabakA burA hI kruuNgaa| vyakti ke mana meM aisI bhAvanA utpanna ho jAtI hai| * kabhI-kabhI nakArAtmaka soca bhI bana jAtI hai| udAharaNArtha - apanA koI priya vyakti kisI durghaTanA meM mara jAtA hai, to usake duHkha meM duHkhita vyakti yaha socane lagatA hai ki aisA kisI dUsare ke sAtha nahIM honA caahie| * vyakti meM AtmavizvAsa kI kamI A jAtI hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kabhI-kabhI vyakti hara bAta yA ghaTanA meM nakArAtmaka vicAra hI karatA hai| koI acchA bhI kara rahA ho, kintu use galata hI lagatA hai / 3. tanAva - prabaMdhana kA manovaijJAnika artha cAhe samakAlIna manovaijJAnikoM kI dRSTi meM tanAva hamArI manodaihika - avasthA kA pratIka ho, parantu jaba hama tanAva ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa karate haiM, to yaha pAte haiM ki tanAva kA janma hamArI manodazA yA manovRtti se hI hotA hai| vaijJAnika prayogoM kI dRSTi se cAhe tanAva ko daihika - saMvedanA ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA ho, kintu AdhyAtmika dRSTi se tanAva eka mAnasika - utpIr3ana kI avasthA hI hai| tanAva kI dazA meM hamArI cittavRtti azAMta hotI hai aura citta kI yaha saMvegAtmaka visaMgati hI tanAva kahI jA sakatI hai| 35 manovijJAna vaha vijJAna hai, jo prANI ke vyavahAra tathA mAnasikaprakriyAoM kA adhyayana karatA hai tathA prANI ke bhItara ke mAnasika - dvandva evaM daihika - prakriyAoM tathA pariveza ke sAtha unake sambandhoM kA adhyayana karatA hai| 36 ina daihika va mAnasika prakriyAoM ke vicalana ko hI tanAva kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH, kucha manovaijJAnikoM ne daihika-stara para hone vAle asAmAnya parivartana ko hI tanAva kahA hai / 37 manovaijJAnika zArIrika rasAyanoM meM hone vAle asAmAnya parivartanoM ko hI tanAva kahate haiM / manovaijJAnikoM ne citta yA mana ko eka kAlpanika sattA hI mAnA hai, kintu mAnasika - anubhUtiyoM ke stara para hama tanAva ko citta yA mana kI avasthA - vizeSa se pRthak nahIM kara sakate haiN| AdhyAtmika - dRSTi se citta- vicalana hI tanAva hai| ataH, tanAva kI vyAkhyA aura usake nirAkaraNa ke upAyoM kI carcA mAtra daihika - AdhAra para na karake mAnasa - manovijJAna ke AdhAra para karanI hogii| cAhe Aja manovijJAna prANI-vyavahAra kA vijJAna ho, kintu vastutaH vaha mAnava mana kA hI vijJAna hai| prAyogika stara para hama manovaijJAnika -sthitiyoM ko bhI daihika - AdhAra para hI pakar3a pAte haiM, kintu yaha satya hai ki caitasika - anubhUti ke stara para hama citta yA mana kI sattA ko nakAra 36 manovijJAna kI paddhati evaM siddhAMta, DaoN. je. DI. zarmA, pR. 16 37 manovijJAna kI paddhati evaM siddhAMta, DaoN. je. DI. zarmA, pR. 16 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti nahIM sakate, cAhe prAyogika AdhAra para use pakar3A nahIM jA sakatA ho / pleTo ne bhI mana kA astitva batAte hue kahA hai - " mana meM prema, tRSNA, vAsanA Adi saMvega hote haiN| "3 38 36 mana ko prayogazAlA meM cAhe na pakar3A jA sakatA ho, kintu pratyeka svasaMvedanazIla vyakti apane mana kI avasthA evaM vRttiyoM ko jAnatA hai, ataH Aja tanAva aura usake kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa daihika-AdhAra para na karake caitasika - manovijJAna ke AdhAra para karanA hogA / mana yA citta cAhe hamArI prayogazAlA meM na pakar3e jA sake hoM, kintu anubhava ke stara para hara vyakti unheM jAnatA hai / vastutaH, Aja hama vijJAna ke AdhAra para jise tanAva ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kara rahe haiM, vaha na to tanAva kA hetu hai aura na tanAvapUrNa avasthA hai, kyoMki tanAva eka caitasika-sthiti hai, jise prayogazAlA meM dekhA nahIM jA sakatA hai / Adhunika manovaijJAnikoM kI bhUla yaha haiM ki ve tanAva kI daihika - avasthA ko hI tanAva mAna rahe haiN| jo loga zarIra meM hone vAle daihika asAmAnya rAsAyanika parivartana ko hI' tanAva kahate haiM, ve bhI satya se aparicita hI haiN| satya yaha hai ki mAnasika asAmAnya parivartana hI zArIrika - rasAyanoM meM parivartana kA kAraNa hai aura yahI mAnasika asAmAnyatA hI tanAva hai| Aja hama tanAva kI vyAkhyA na karake tanAva ke daihika - pariNAmoM kI yA adhika-se-adhika hamAre vyavahAra ke asaMtulana kI avasthA kI vyAkhyA kara rahe haiN| tanAvamukti ke lie yA tanAva - prabaMdhana ke lie AvazyakatA hai- mAnasika-saMvedanAoM ko dekhane kii| yadi hama daihika - pariNAmoM ko mAnasika - saMvedanAoM ke rUpa meM dekheMge, to hama mAnasika tanAva ke sAtha-sAtha daihika - tanAva se bhI mukta hone meM saphala ho skeNge| jainadarzana ke anusAra bhI tanAva meM mana kI pradhAnatA rahI hai| mana hI saMsAra bhramaNa kA kAraNa, arthAt tanAvapUrNa sthiti kA hetu hai / vastutaH, manovaijJAnika AtmA va mana ko ekarUpa mAnate haiM, kintu jainadarzana meM mana ko eka manodaihika - saMracanA mAnA gayA hai, jisake do pakSa haiM- dravya - mana aura bhAva-mana / tanAva kA kAraNa bhAva-mana hai, jisake malina hone para yA asaMtulita hone para tanAva utpanna hotA haiN| 38 manovijJAna kI paddhati evaM siddhAMta, DaoN. je. DI. zarmA, pU. 20 3 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti tanAva kA AdhyAtmika artha 'tanAva' zabda kA artha hama pUrva meM samajha cuke haiN| tanAva zabda kA AdhyAtmika - artha jAnane se pUrva yaha jarUrI hai ki hama AdhyAtmika - zabda kA artha bhI samajha leN| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ke abhinaMdana graMtha meM unakA eka lekha hai- adhyAtma aura vijJAna / usameM kahA gayA hai ki adhyAtma zabda adhi + Atma se banA hai / 'adhi' upasarga viziSTatA kA sUcaka hai, arthAt jo AtmA kI viziSTatA de, vahI adhyAtma hai| 'AtmAnam adhikRtya yadvartate tad adhyAtmam'' AtmA ko lakSya karake jo bhI kriyA kI jAtI hai, vaha adhyAtma hai| AnaMdaghanajI ne bhI AtmasvarUpa ko sAdhane kI kriyA ko adhyAtma kahA hai| 41 sAdhvI prItidarzanAzrIjI ne bhI apane zodha Alekha meM likhA hai zarIra, vANI aura mana kI bhinnatA hone para bhI unameM cetanA - guNa kI jo sadRzatA hai, vahI adhyAtma hai| 12 saMkSepa meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki jaba vyakti zarIra evaM mana se AtmA ke jJAtA - draSTA svarUpa kI bhinnatA ko svIkAra karatA hai, taba vaha adhyAtma kI ora agrasara hotA hai| 40 adhyAtma kA sambandha AtmA se hai aura tanAva kA sambandha zarIra va mana se| jaba taka dehAsakti hai, tanAva banA rahegA aura jaba vyakti deha se Upara uThakara dehAtIta bana jAtA hai, to vaha adhyAtma kI ora agrasara ho jAtA hai tathA tanAvamukta ho jAtA hai| 39 DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina abhinaMdana graMtha adhyAtma aura vijJAna, pR. 2 40 abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, bhAga-1, pR. 257 41 nijasvarUpa je kiriyA sAdhe teha adhyAtma kahIye re, 42 adhyAtmasAra, (zodhagraMtha), pR. 28 37 jaba taka deha ke prati mamatva-bhAva hai, vyakti AtmA kA anubhava nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki pratyeka prANI zArIrika- surakSA, sukha evaM suvidhA ko pAne ke prayAsa meM lagA rahatA hai| Aja ke yuga meM mAnava ke pAsa hara prakAra kI sukha-suvidhA hai- dhana, vaibhava, bhoga-vilAsa ke sAdhana, surakSA ke lie aneka tejasvI zastra Adi, lekina phira bhI vAstavikatA yaha hai ki pratyeka mAnava tanAva evaM azAMti se grasta hai| mAnava kA prayAsa kitanA hI zAMti prApta karane ke lie kyoM na ho, vaha tanAvagrasta hI adhika hotA hai| vijJAna ne Aja kaI mazInoM aura yaMtroM kA vikAsa . zreyAMsanAtha kA stavana For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kiyA hai, zikSA aura sukhasuvidhA prApta karane ke kaI sAdhanoM kA vikAsa kiyA hai, phira bhI hara eka vyakti azAMta hai| jahA~ eka ora aneka bhautika sukha-suvidhAe~ haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora duHkha aura samasyAoM kA bhI ambAra lagA huA hai| 38 hameM yaha jAna lenA cAhie ki Akhira tanAva nAmaka isa vizva - vyApI bImArI ke kAraNa kyA haiM? hameM una kAraNoM ko khojakara unakA nirAkaraNa karanA hogA, tabhI hamAre tanAva se mukti pAne ke prayAsa saphalatA ko prApta kara skeNge| jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA gayA hai- tanAva kA sambandha deha evaM vyakti kI mAnasikatA se hai| jaba vyakti AtmaciMtana karanA prArambha kara detA hai aura dehAtIta avasthA ko prApta hotA hai, taba deha evaM mana se Upara uTha jAtA hai| usa avasthA meM vaha adhyAtma-patha kA pathika banane kA prayatna karatA hai aura isa prakAra zAMti prApta karane kA sahI yA samyak mArga pA letA hai| dUsare zabdo meM kaheM, to jahA~ tanAvoM kA aMta hotA hai vahIM, adhyAtma kA prArambha hotA hai| adhyAtma meM vyakti deha evaM mana se pare hokara jJAtA - draSTA yA sAkSI - bhAva meM jItA hai| jaba vaha AtmA ko mahattva detA hai, taba usake sAre prayatna bhautika sukha-sAdhanoM ko prApta karane ke lie nahIM hote apitu Atma-zAMti ko prApta karane ke lie hote haiN| vyakti zarIra meM hone vAle hara sukha - duHkha ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahana karatA hai| vaha daihika - sukha meM na to prasanna hotA hai aura na hI daihika - duHkha meM duHkhI hotA hai / AcArAMgasUtra meM adhyAtma - pada kA artha "priya aura apriya anubhUtiyoM kA samabhAvapUrvaka saMvedana" kiyA gayA hai| 13 deha va mana meM hone vAlI vRtti tanAva hai| isI ke viparIta, AtmA meM hone vAlI samatva kI anubhUti tanAva - mukti hai / AcAMrAgabhASya meM adhyAtma ko paribhASita karate hue AcArya mahAprajJa likhate haiM- antarAtmA meM hone vAlI pravRtti adhyAtma hai / 14 uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki adhyAtma meM vyakti meM dUsare prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat - vRtti jAgrata ho jAtI hai / use svayaM ke priya aura apriya ke anubhava meM sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti nahIM hotI hai, mAtra sAkSIbhAva kI anubhUti hotI hai| vyakti kI tanAvamukti tabhI sambhava hai, 44 43 AcArAMgasUtra - 7/47 44 AcArAMgabhASya AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 75 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jaba vaha adhyAtma-dRSTi se sampanna ho| prazna yaha utpanna hotA hai ki adhyAtma- pada para calane kA sAdhana deha hI to hai, phira kyA deha ko surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa chor3a deM? isakA uttara hameM vinobA bhAve kI pustaka AtmajJAna aura vijJAna meM milatA hai| unake vicAra the ki Aja vijJAna ke kAraNa hama logoM ke hAthoM meM atyadhika zakti A gayI hai, lekina usakA upayoga kaise kiyA jAye, yaha to AtmajJAna (adhyAtma) hI btlaaegaa| ghor3e ko vaza meM rakheM aura usa para lagAma car3hAeM, tabhI Apa usa para savAra hokara icchita sthAna para pahuMca sakate haiN| vijJAna ghor3A hai aura AtmajJAna usakI lgaam| 45 kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki AdhyAtmikatA ke bhavana ko yadi U~cA uThAnA hai, jIvana ko sukha aura zAMti se jInA hai to adhyAtma ko hI AdhAra banAnA hogaa| AdhyAtmika-dRSTi se jIne vAle vyakti kA jIvana tanAva se mukta rhegaa| vyakti meM maitrI, karuNA Adi kI bhAvanAoM kA vikAsa hogaa| priya-apriya meM usakA samabhAva hogaa| vaha deha va AtmA kI bhinnatA ko smjhegaa| agara deha meM koI pIr3A utpanna hogI, to tanAva utpanna hogA, kintu AdhyAtmika vyakti usa pIr3A ko nazvara deha kI vikRti samajhakara tanAvamukta rhegaa| apane samAna hI dUsare prANI ko smjhegaa| isa bAta kI siddhi upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ke jJAnasAra se hotI hai| ve adhyAtma kA artha batAte hue likhate haiM ki saddharma ke AcaraNa se balavAna banA huA tathA maitrI, karuNA, pramoda aura mAdhyastha-bhAvanA se mukta nirmala 'citta hI adhyAtma. hai| citta kI nirmalatA tanAva ko haTA detI hai| tanAva kI sthiti bhautika-duHkha evaM tanAvamukti AdhyAtmika-sukha vyakti agara bhautika sakha-savidhA ke pIche bhAgegA to tanAvapUrNa jIvana jIegA, kyoMki una bhautika sukhoM kI lAlasA meM vaha tanAvagrasta hI rahegA, kintu deha va mana ko AtmA se bhinna mAnakara AdhyAtmika-sukha . prApta karane kA prayatna karegA, to tanAvamukti kA anubhava kregaa| bhautika-sukha tRpti nahIM dete haiM, eka icchA pUrI hone para kucha kSaNa ke lie tRpti milatI hai, kintu phira mana atRpta aura azAnta ho jAtA hai| atRpta mana duHkhI banAtA hai, tanAva utpanna karatA hai| yaha mana lAlacI hai, kitanA bhI mile, use vaha kama hI lagatA hai usase tRpti nahIM hotI hai| yaha mana eka aisA gahana gahavara hai jise kitanA hI bharane AtmajJAna aura vijJAna, vinobA bhAve, pR. 95-96 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kA prayatna karo, pUrNa rUpa se kabhI nahIM bharatA hai, arthAt lobhI mana kabhI bhI saMtuSTa evaM tRpta nahIM hotaa| upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne jJAnasAra meM kahA hai - 'saritsahastra duSpUrasamudrodarasodaraH tRptimAneMdrigrAmo bhava tRpto'ntarAtmanA hajAroM nadiyAM sAgara ke udara meM niyamita rUpa se giratI hai, phira bhI kyA sAgara ko tRpti huI ? sAgara kI taraha pA~ca indriyoM evaM maMna kA svabhAva bhI hai- atRpta rhnaa| sthAnAMgasUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki cAra sthAna sadaiva apUrNa hI rahate haiM___ 1. sAgara 2. zmazAna 3. peTa aura 4. tRSNA (mana) bhautika sukha prApta karane kI lAlasA vyakti ko tanAvagrasta kara detI hai aura bhautika-sukhoM ko hI saccA sukha mAnane vAle jIva sadaiva duHkha kA anubhava karate haiN| bhautikasukha prApta karane kI icchA ko, tanAva ko yA duHkha ko samApta karane ke lie AdhyAtmika Ananda kI ora agrasara honA hogaa| jaba taka samyaka Atmabodha nahIM hotA hai, tabhI taka sAMsArika viSaya-vAsanAoM meM manuSya kI ruci banI rahatI hai| saccA sukha yA Ananda to vaha hotA hai, jo eka bAra prApta hone para kabhI nahIM jAtA hai| vaha sadaiva zAMti detA hai aura vahI sukha Atmika-sukha yA Ananda hai| Atmika-Ananda tanAva kA aMta hai| tanAvoM ko utpanna karane vAle indriya, mana Adi ke viSayoM kI AkAMkSA yA icchA se rahita Atmika-sukha hI vAstavika sukha hai| "apUrNa vidyA, dhUrta manuSya kI maitrI tathA anyAyayukta rAjya-praNAlikA jisa prakAra aMta meM duHkha-pradAtA hotI hai, usI prakAra sAMsArika-sakhabhoga bhI vAstavika sukha nahIM haiM, ve bhI aMta meM duHkha-pradAtA hI banate haiN| 49 - mere vicAra se bhautika-sukhoM kI AkAMkSA sirpha aMta meM hI duHkhI karatI hai, aisA bhI nahIM hai| jaba sukha pAne kI lAlasA utpanna hotI hai, jJAnasAra, indriyajayASTaka-7/3, yazovijayajI sthAnAMgasUtra, caturtha sthAnaka adhyAtmasAra -adhyAtma mahAtmya adhikAra, upA. yazovijayajI . apUrNA vidheva prakaTakhalamaitrIva kunaya, praNAlIpAsthAne vidhvvnitaayauvnbhiv| - adhyAtmasAra - adhyAtma mahAtmya adhikAra For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti tabhI se duHkha utpanna ho jAtA hai, jo aMta taka banA rahatA hai| jaise koI vastu priya lagI, to use pAne meM duHkha uThAnA hotA hai, jaba mila gaI, to vaha naSTa na ho, usakA kabhI viyoga na ho- aisI ciMtA hotI hai / usakA viyoga yA use naSTa hone para bhI duHkha hotA hai / yaha duHkha evaM ciMtAe~ tanAva ke hI rUpa haiN| 'adhyAtmasAra' nAmaka grantha meM bhI spaSTatayA likhA hai ki jisa prakAra koI premI pahale premikA kI prApti ke lie duHkhI hotA hai, usake bAda usakA viyoga na ho, isakI ciMtA meM duHkhI hotA hai / ataH, bhautika - upalabdhiyA~ prArambha se anta taka duHkha yA tanAva hI utpanna karatA hai / AdhyAtmikatA se hI bhautika - duHkhoM kA aMta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaba vyakti ko Atmatattva kA bodha hogA, usameM Atmika - guNoM kA vikAsa hogA, tabhI vyakti ko sacce sukha evaM zAMti kI anubhUti ho sakatI hai| AdhyAtmika jIvana-zailI hI vyakti ko azAMti, hiMsA, krUratA bhraSTAcAra, ciMtA Adi se bacA sakatI hai| Aja vijJAna ke isa yuga meM vyakti ko pratyeka sukha - suvidhA mila rahI hai, phira bhI vyakti sukha kI khoja kara rahA hai, kyoMki use saccA sukha mila nahIM pAyA hai| vartamAna vizva tanAvagrasta hai| isa yuga meM adhyAtma kI atyaMta AvazyakatA hai| sAdhvI prItidarzanAjI apane zodhagrantha meM likhatI haiM ki hameM vijJAna kA virodha nahIM hai, para bhautika jIvanadRSTi ke sthAna para AdhyAtmikajIvanadRSTi to rakhanI hI hogii| 51 tanAvarUpI zatru se lar3ane kA ekamAtra zastra AdhyAtmika- jIvanadRSTi hai| hamArI AtmA meM sadguNoM kI asIma zaktiyA~ hai / hameM una zaktiyoM ko jAgrata karane kI AvazyakatA hai| ve zaktiyA~ hI hameM tanAvarUpI zatru se vijaya prApta karAne vAlI haiN| rAjindarasiMha ne apanI kRti Atmazakti meM likhA hai- "hamAre antara meM eka zakti hai, UrjA hai jo hameM bhaya. para vijaya pAne ke yogya banAtI hai|"52 hameM Atma-UrjA se tanAvoM ko dUra karanA haiN| adhyAtma se hI tanAvamukti sambhava hai| adhyAtma hI ekamAtra upAya hai-: vaiyaktika evaM vaizvika - zAMti kA / 51 50 adhyAtmasAra - adhyAtmopaniSad evaM jJAnasAra ke saMdarbha meM (zodha), sA. prItidarzanAzrI, pR.45 adhyAtmasAra, adhyAtmopaniSada evaM jJAnasAra ke saMdarbha meM (zodha), sA. prItidarzanAzrI, pR. 45 52 Atmazakti, rAjiMdarasiMha, pR. 1 41 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti Atmazakti ko jAgrata karane kA artha hai- AtmA para car3he ajJAna yA mithyAtva ke AvaraNa ko haTAkara AtmaguNoM ko jAgRta krnaa| ananta-jJAna, niHsvArtha karuNA, abhaya, AnaMda, icchAoM para vijaya Adi AtmA ke hI guNa haiN| ye guNa pratyeka prANI meM nirdvandva AdhyAtmika- sukha kA anubhava karAne meM evaM tanAva ko samApta karane meM samartha haiN| AcArAMga meM bhI kahA gayA hai- he puruSa! apanA (AtmA kA) nigraha kr| isI vidhi se tU duHkha se mukti prApta kara skegaa| (ka) jaina-darzana meM tanAva kA AdhAra rAga-dveSa aura kaSAya jaina dharma kA pratyeka siddhAMta vaizvika evaM vaiyaktika-zAMti kA pratipAdana karatA hai| jaina dharma kA mukhya lakSya hai- pratyeka prANI mukta ho| mukti prApta karane kA artha hai -kaSAyoM se yA tanAva se mukta ho jAnA, arthAt vyakti usa avasthA ko prApta kare, jahA~ usakI icchAe~, AkAMkSAe~, cAha, cintA Adi samApta ho jaaeN| jainadarzana kA yaha mAnanA hai ki vyakti ke tanAva kA mUla kAraNa rAga-dveSa va kaSAya hI haiN| AcArAMgasUtra kA eka pada hai -jaM dukkhaM pveditN'| isa pada meM 'duHkha' zabda se duHkha ke hetuoM kA bhI grahaNa kiyA gayA hai aura duHkha ke hetu rAga-dveSa yA kaSAya mAne gae haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM aneka sthAnoM para yaha kahA gayA hai ki saMsAra ke paribhramaNa kA kAraNa rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya haiN| jaba vyakti rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya kA tyAga kara detA hai, tabhI vaha mukti ko prApta karatA hai| pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA ko hI mokSa kahA jAtA hai| AcArya haribhadra ne spaSTataH kahA hai - kaSAmuktiH muktiHkilrev| AcArAMga meM likhA hai ki zabda aura rUpa Adi ke prati jo rAga-dveSa nahIM karatA hai, vaha mRtyu se mukta ho jAtA hai| kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki vaha mokSa prApta kara letA hai| mokSa vaha avasthA hai, jahA~ tanAva ke kAraNoM kA aMta ho jAtA hai| ataH, hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya Adi jo tanAva ke kAraNa haiM, inakA pUrNataH tyAga hI tanAva mukti hai| AcArAMgasUtra - 1/3/3/126 jaM dukkhaM paveditaM iha mANavANaM tasya dukkhassa kusalA pariNNamudAharAMti, iti kammaM pariNNAya svvso| je aNaNNadaMsI se aNaNNArAye, je aNaNNArAme se annnnnnNdsii| AcArAMgasUtra - 2/6/101 AcArAMgasUtra - 3/1/108 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jaina darzana meM saMsAra meM paribhramaNa kA mukhya kAraNa rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya ko hI mAnA hai| usameM bhI rAga ko mukhyatA dI gaI hai| kaSAya ke mukhyataH do bheda kiye jAte haiM- rAga evaM dveSa / isI rAga evaM dveSa ke AdhAra se kaSAya ke cAra bheda kiye gaye haiN| jahA~ rAga hai, vahA~ mAyA evaM lobha hai aura jahA~ dveSa hai, vahA~ krodha evaM mAna - kaSAya haiN| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kaSAya ko duHkha (tanAva) kA kAraNa batAte hue kahA hai- cattAri ee kasiNA kasAyA siMcaMti mUlAI puNamavassa , arthAt ye cAroM kaSAya punarbhava arthAt janma-maraNa kI jar3oM ko sIMcate haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya ko hI saMsAra meM bAra-bAra janma maraNa kA kAraNa batAyA hai| saMsAra ke paribhamraNa ke kAraNa rAga-dveSa haiM aura rAga-dveSa ke kAraNa tanAva hai, kyoMki rAga-dveSa evaM tadjanya kaSAya vyakti ke duHkha ke kAraNa haiM / duHkha ke kAraNa vyakti vilApa arthAt ArttadhyAna karatA hai| sadaiva Artta evaM raudra dhyAna karatA huA vyakti karmoM ko bAMghatA hai, jo saMsAra meM punarjanma kA hetu banate haiN| jainadarzana ke granthoM meM rAga-dveSa va kaSAya ko hI vyakti ke duHkha kA mUlabhUta kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura yaha duHkha hI tanAva hai| jaina granthoM meM isa bAta ko kisa prakAra siddha kiyA gayA hai, isakI carcA Age ke adhyAyoM meM kreNge| (kha) AcArAMga meM rAga dveSa va kaSAya . AcArAMga ke dUsare adhyayana ke pahale uddezaka kA nAma 'loka-vijaya' hai| loka kA sAmAnya artha saMsAra hotA hai, arthAt jahA~ loga rahate haiM, vaha loka hai, kintu yahA~ loka kA artha saMsAra se bhinna hai| yahA~ loka kA artha hai - ve manobhAva yA vRttiyA~, jisase prANI kA saMsAra meM paribhramaNa hotA hai, arthAt rAga-dveSa va kaSAya-bhAva / 43 vijaya kA artha hai- 'jItanA' / loka-vijaya kA artha huA : rAga aura dveSa va kaSAya ko jItanA, unase Upara uThanA yA mukta honA / vyakti ke karmabaMdha kA, usake saMsAra meM paribhramaNa kA mukhya kAraNa rAga aura dveSa haiM aura jainadarzana ke anusAra yahI kAraNa vyakti ke tanAvayukta 56 dazavaikAlikasUtra - 8/40 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti hone kA bhI hai| tanAva kI janmasthalI to mana hai, kintu usakI utpatti ke mukhya kAraNa icchA, AkAMkSA, mamatvavRtti, rAga-dveSa, kaSAya Adi haiN| - AcArya AtmArAmajI ma.sA. ne AcArAMgasUtra ke vivecana meM rAga-dveSa aura kaSAya rUpI loka ko 'bhAvaloka' kI bhI saMjJA dI hai|"57 . vaise dekhA jAe, to jainadarzana meM loka ke kaI artha mAne gae haiM, jaise - dravya-loka, kSetra-loka aadi| loka kA sAmAnya artha hai- jo dikhAI detA hai, pratIta hotA hai, anubhUta hotA hai| ina vibhinna prakAra ke lokoM meM bhAva-loka ko pramukhatA dI gaI hai| dravya-loka kA astitva. bhI isI bhAva-loka para hI AdhArita hai| vyaktiyoM yA vastuoM ke prati Asakti kA mUla kAraNa to bhAva hI hai| ___ vyaktiyoM yA vastuoM ke prati Asakti yA rAga-bhAva unakI prApti kI icchA yA AkAMkSA utpanna karate haiM, ye icchAe~ yA AkAMkSAe~ hI tanAva kA kAraNa hotI haiN| dainika-jIvana ke upayoga meM Ane vAlI vastae~ dravya kahalAtI haiN| ina bhautika vastuoM para Asakti hone para unakI prApti kI icchA aura AkAMkSA hotI hai yA phira unake naSTa hone para yA unakA viyoga hone para athavA unheM prApta karane meM bAdhA utpanna hone para krodha yA dveSa hotA hai, phalataH tanAva utpanna hotA hai| isase vyakti kSobhita evaM ciMtita ho uThatA hai| icchA, AkAMkSA, apekSA, kSobha, ciMtA, vyAkulatA Adi sabhI tanAva ke hI upanAma haiN| manobhAvoM ke kAraNa hI para-dravyoM para rAga-dveSa hotA hai aura inhIM ke kAraNa hI krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, moha, dveSa Adi sabhI duSpravRttiyA~ utpanna hotI haiM, jo vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banA detI jaina satroM meM prathama satra AcArAMga meM isI rAga-dveSa tathA tadjanya kaSAya ke kAraNoM, svarUpa Adi ko samajhAyA gayA hai, jo tanAva kA mukhya kAraNa haiN| ina rAga-dveSa evaM tadjanya kaSAyoM ke svarUpa kI carcA hama Age kreNge| jaisA ki hama jAnate haiM ki rAga aura dveSa tanAva kI utpatti kA mUla kAraNa haiN| vastutaH, rAga-dveSa ke kAraNa kaSAyoM kA janma hotA hai aura kaSAyoM ke kAraNa tanAva utpanna hotA hai| rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya kA saha sambandha batAte hue umAsvAti ne prazamarati 57 AcAMrAgasUtra, pR. 110 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 45 nAmaka grantha meM likhA hai- "rAga evaM dveSa kaSAya ke do bheda haiN|"58 inhIM rAga-dveSa se kASAyika-vRttiyoM kA janma hotA hai aura vyakti sva-svabhAva ko bhUla kara 'para' meM Asakta hotA hai| 'para' ke prati Asakti ke nimitta se rAga aura rAga ke nimitta se dveSa vRtti jAgrata hotI hai| vyakti jaba parijana evaM svajana Adi ke prati 'merepana' kA bhAva banA letA hai, taba unake prati rAga utpanna hotA hai aura jinake prati rAga utpanna hotA hai, unake virodhiyoM ke prati 'parAyepana kA bhAva banAtA hai, jisase dveSa utpanna hotA hai| vyaktiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha vaha vastuoM ke prati bhI 'mere' evaM 'parAye kA bhAva rakhane lagatA hai| zarIra aura indriyoM ko apanA mAnakara unake prati rAga-bhAva rakhatA hai| isI rAgavaza vyakti kaI prakAra ke pApakarma karatA huA duHkha evaM paritApa ko bhI prApta hotA hai| apanoM ke viyoga kI cintA ke duHkha ko bhI hama tanAva kA hI eka rUpa kaha sakate haiN| isa rAga bhAva ko hI kisI vyakti yA vastu ke prati Asakti kahA jAtA hai aura yahI rAga bhAvanA vyakti meM kaSAya kI vRtti ko janma detI hai| apanI indriyoM kI viSaya-vAsanA kI pUrti hetu evaM svajanoM evaM parijanoM kI Asakti hetu vyakti kyA-kyA nahIM krtaa| sArA jIvana bhogoM kI AkAMkSA yA tRSNA meM bitA detA hai aura aMta meM tanAvayukta yA udvigna avasthA meM hI maraNa ko prApta karatA hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM bhI tanAva kA mUla kAraNa indriyoM ke viSaya-bhogoM kI vAsanA tathA tadjanya kaSAyoM ko hI batAyA gayA hai| usameM varNita hai -"indriyoM ke viSayoM kA abhilASI mahAna paritApa evaM duHkha kA anubhava karatA hai| vyakti rAga-dveSa ke vazIbhUta huA, tanAva kI sthiti ko utpanna karatA hai| yaha merI mAtA hai, yaha merI bahana hai, yaha merA bhAI hai, yaha merA putra hai, yaha merI patnI hai, ye mere svajana haiM; inhoMne mere lie bhojana, vastra, makAna Adi kI vyavasthA kI hai, ataH maiM bhI inake lie yaha kruuNgaa| isa . prakAra apanoM ke lie evaM indriya viSayoM meM Asakta vyakti pramAdI banakara dina-rAta binA vicAra kie duSkarma karatA hai|"59 58 prazamarati, umAsvAti, zloka - 31 "je guNe se mUlaThANe, je mUla ThANe se guNe iti se guNaTThI mahayA pariyAveNaM puNo-puNo vase pamatte taM jahA~ - mAyA me, piyA me, bhajjA me, puttA me, dhuA me, rAhusA me, sahisayaNasaMgaMyasaMdhuA me vivittuvagaraNaparivaTTaNa bhoyaNacchAyaNa me| iccatyaM gaDie loya vase pamatte aho ya rAoya paritappamANe kAlAkAlasamaTThAI saMjogaTThI, aTThAloya Alampe sahasAkAre vinnivirtthcitte| AcArAMga - 2/1/63 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti vastutaH, "para' para 'sva' kA mithyA AropaNa yA mamatvabuddhi hI usake kASAyika-cittavRttiyoM ke utpanna hone kA kAraNa hotI hai aura yahI rAga-dveSa yA krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi kaSAyavRttiyoM ko janma detI hai aura tadjanya duHkha kA kAraNa hotI hai| yadyapi rAga evaM dveSa meM bhI tanAva-yukta avasthA kA mUla kAraNa to rAga ko hI batAyA gayA hai| jaba kisI vyakti yA vastu ke prati rAga hotA hai, to usake virodhI yA bAdhaka ke prati dveSa hotA hai| isa prakAra, rAga-dveSa se vyakti meM kaSAya-bhAvanA utpanna hotI hai| vyakti hamezA indriyoM ke viSayoM ke prati Asakta rahatA hai| Asaktivaza unakI pUrti karane meM agara koI bAdhA AtI hai, to usake aMdara eka roSa utpanna ho jAtA hai| roSa hI krodha kA samAnArthaka zabda hai| krodha meM vyakti vivekazUnya hotA hai| use sahI-galata kI pahacAna nahIM hotI aura apanI icchita vastu ko prApta karane hetu vaha alaga-alaga DhaMga se 'mAyAcAra karatA hai, arthAt chala-kapaTa kI bhAvanA se mAyAjAla bunatA hai, krodha karatA hai aura vaha krodha hiMsA ko janma detA hai| hiMsaka vyakti tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| punaH, mAna yA ahaMkAra ke poSaNa hetu chala-kapaTa karatA hai| AcArAMga meM likhA hai ki rAga-dveSa se yukta pramAdI jIva chala-kapaTa karatA huA puna:-punaH garbha meM AtA hai| dUsarI ora, para padArthoM para 'merepana kA AropaNa kara abhimAna bhI karatA hai| AcArAMga meM mAna ko patana aura duHkha arthAt tanAva kA kAraNa batAyA hai - duhao jIviyasya parivaMdana-mANaNa-pUyaNAe, jaMsi ege pamAyaMti ||12011 arthAt rAgadveSa se saMtapta kaI-eka jIva apane jIvana ke mAnasammAna ke lie, pUjA-pratiSThA ke lie pramAda-hiMsA Adi pApoM kA Asevana karate haiN| pramAdI vyakti sadA tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| abhimAna meM vyakti meM aura adhika pAne kI lAlasA bar3ha jAtI hai| AcArAMga meM kaSAyavRttiyoM kI utpatti kA mUla kAraNa rAga hI kahA hai| "kheta, makAna Adi meM Asakta manuSya ko asaMyati jIvana hI priya lagatA hai| vibhinna raMgoM ke vastroM se yukta tathA candrakAntA Adi maNiyoM vAle kuNDala evaM svarNa Adi ke AbhUSaNoM se yukta rUpavatI striyoM ko prApta karake unameM 61 AcArAMga - 3/1/110 AcArAMga - 3/3/120 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti Asakta bane hue ajJAnI jIva, asaMyamI jIvana ke icchuka hote haiM / vyakti viSaya-bhogoM ke lie atyanta rAgabhAva rakhatA huA zArIrika evaM mAnasika duHkhoM ko prApta hotA hai tathA tanAvayukta jIvana jItA hai| 2 jaba vyakti kI dRSTi bhautikatA kI ora hotI hai, taba icchAjanya tanAvoM se mukta hone ke lie bhI vaha bAhya-padArthoM ko hI khojatA hai / isa prakAra vyakti anukUla para rAga aura pratikUla para dveSa karatA huA tanAvayukta cittavRttiyoM kA poSaNa karatA rahatA hai| mAna kA poSaNa evaM lobha kI pUrti meM bAdhaka tatvoM ko jAnakara unake prati krodha evaM mAyAcAra karatA hai| isa prakAra, rAga-dveSa tanAva kI utpatti ke bIja haiM, kyoMki krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi kASAyika - cittavRttiyA~ vyakti ko tanAvayukta banA detI haiN| tanAvamukti kA upAya batAte hue AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki buddhimAna puruSa rAga-dveSa ko AtmA se pRthak kara, viSayoM ko kaSAya-utpatti kA hetu jAnakara unheM chor3a de aura saMyama meM puruSArtha kare, jisase vaha tanAvamukta ho sakatA hai| Age varNita hai ki jo jJAna se yukta saMyamaniSTha vyakti haiM, ve kaSAya arthAt krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha kI vRttiyoM kA vamana yA tyAga kara dete haiM aura svataH hI tanAvamukta ho jAte haiN| (ka) uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM rAga-dveSa aura kaSAya 63 64 Aja vizva kI eka pramukha samasyA tanAva hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra, tanAva kA mUla kAraNa rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM aneka prakAra se duHkhoM ke kAraNoM ko varNita kiyA gayA hai| tanAva eka prakAra kA duHkha hI hai / uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra duHkha arthAt tanAva kA kAraNa avidyA, moha, kAmanA, Asakti aura rAga dveSa Adi haiN| 83 isameM kahA gayA ki rAga kAmanA kI jananI hai| 4 kAmanAe~ isIlie utpanna hotI haiM ki hama vastuoM para rAga-bhAva rakhate haiN| rAga anya kucha nahIM, mAtra 'para' meM mamatva kA AropaNa hai / jahA~ mamatva yA Asakti hotI hai vahA~ rAga-dveSa kI dhArA satata calatI rahatI hai| sAdhvI DaoN. vinItaprajJAjI ne likhA hai ki tanAva ( duHkha) kI prakriyA kA krama nimna hai 62 63 64 se abujjhamANe ovahae samuveI / vahI - 2 / 3/80 rAgo-ya dosoM vi ya kammabIyaM, kammaM ca mohappabhavaM vayaMti kammaM ca jAImaraNasya mUlaM, dukkhaM ca jAImaraNaM vayaMti / kAmANugidvippabhavaM khudukkhaM / - uttarAdhyayanasUtra- 32/7 - 47 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 32/19 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jahA~ Asakti hai, vahA~ roga hai, jahA~ rAga hai, vahA~ dveSa hai, jahA~ rAga-dveSa hai, vahA~ karma hai, jahA~ karma hai vahA~ bandhana hai aura bandhana svayaM duHkha hai 185 48 69 yadyapi uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM tanAva zabda nahIM milatA hai, kintu usake sthAna para duHkha zabda kA prayoga huA hai evaM usa duHkha ke svarUpa, kAraNa va nirAkaraNa ke upAyoM para vyApaka rUpa se prakAza DAlA gayA hai|" duHkha tanAva kA paryAyavAcI hai| 7 duHkha kA mUla kAraNa rAga-dveSa yA mamatva kA AropaNa hai| mukti ke lie rAga kA tyAga anivArya hai| rAga zubha va azubha- donoM ho sakate haiM, isa bAta kI puSTi uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke dasaveM adhyayana se hotI hai| usameM bhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI ne prazasta (zubha) rAga ko bhI mukti meM bAdhaka mAnA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM tanAvamukti ke lie rAga-dveSa kA tyAga kahA gayA hai| usameM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki jisakA moha (rAga) samApta ho jAtA hai, usakA duHkhaM samApta ho jAtA hai| " moha ke visarjana tathA rAga-dveSa ke unmUlana se ekAnta sukharUpa mokSa kI upalabdhi hotI hai|" rAga-dveSa kI samApti hone para hI tanAvamukti hotI hai| jainadarzana meM rAga-dveSa se janita krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha-rUpa malina cittavRttiyoM ko kaSAya kahA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra evaM usakI TIkAoM meM kaSAyoM ke svarUpa kI spaSTa vyAkhyA upalabdha hotI hai| isameM krodhAdi kaSAyoM se vimukti kI carcA aneka sthaloM para kI gaI hai|" kaSAya kyA hai ? vaha kaise tanAva utpanna karatA hai, isakA vistAra se vivecana to Age ke adhyAya meM kiyA jaaegaa| yahA~ itanA batAnA anivArya hai ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kaSAya ke nimna cAra bheda pratipAdita kiye gaye haiM - krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha / 2 ye cAra kaSAya pratyeka vyakti meM svAbhAvika rUpa se hote haiM, ina para vijaya prApta karane vAlA hI tanAvarUpI piMjare ko tor3a pAtA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kaSAya ko agni kI upamA dI hai, jo AtmA ke sadguNoM ko jalAkara naSTa 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 uttarAdhyayanasUtra dArzanika anuzIlana evaM vartamAna pariprekSya me usakA mahattva pR. 242 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 19/16 surendra varmA, samatA saurabha, julAI - sitambara 1996, pR. 36 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 10/28 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 32/8 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 32/2 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 1/9, 2/26, 4/12 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 4 / 12, 29/88 se 71 - - r For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kara detI hai| vyakti ke sadaguNa hI usake jIvana meM zAMti sthApita karate haiM aura inake naSTa hone para vyakti tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| (ga) tattvArthasUtra aura usakI TIkAoM meM kaSAyoM kA svarUpa aura unakA tanAvoM se saha-sambandha - . jaina-darzana ke anusAra, jo baMdha ke hetu haiM, ve tanAva ke kAraNa bhI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to mokSa prApti meM bAdhaka tattva hI tanAvauttpatti ke hetu haiM aura mokSa-prApti ke sAdhana hI tanAvamukti ke upAya mukhya rUpa se zAstroM meM kaSAya aura yoga- ina do baMdhahetuoM kA kathana hai| tattvArthasUtra va samavAyAMga'5 meM baMdha ke pA~ca hetu batAe gae haiM 1. mithyAtva, 2. avirati, 3. pramAda, 4. kaSAya aura 5. yog| ina pA~ca meM se bhI kaSAya va yoga -ina do ko hI bandha kA pramukha kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| tanAva-utpatti kA mUla kAraNa rAga-dveSa haiM aura AtmA kaluSita bhI inhIM se hotI hai| rAga-dveSa hone para hI jIva meM kaSAya utpanna hote haiN| tattvArthasatra kI hindI vyAkhyA meM kevalamani likhate haiM -"AtmA ke kaluSita pariNAma kaSAya haiN|.76 kaSAya ke cAra prakAra kahe gaye haiM - 1. krodha, 2 mAna, 3 mAyA aura 4 lobha / ye cAroM hI tanAva utpanna karate haiN| kaSAya kI tIvratA tanAva ke stara ko bar3hAtI hai aura kaSAya kI mandatA tanAva ke stara ko kama karatI hai| kaSAyoM ke nimitta se karmoM kA baMdha nirantara hotA rahatA hai| yaha baMdha cAra prakAra kA hai- prakRti-baMdha, pradeza-baMdha, anubhAga-baMdha aura sthiti bNdh|" karmoM ke svabhAva ko prakRti baMdha kahate haiN| karma-pudgaloM ke AtmA ke sAtha sambaddha rahane kI kAla-maryAdA ko sthiti-baMdha kahate haiN| karmaphala kI maMdatA yA tIvratA ko anubhAga-baMdha va karma-pudgala AtmA ke sAtha kitanI mAtrA meM cipakate haiM, use pradeza bandha kahate haiN| koI bhI karma uparyukta cAra prakAra se baMdhatA hai, kintu karmoM kA sthiti, baMdha evaM phala meM hAni-vRddhi to kaSAya kI pravRtti se hotI hai| kaSAya kI 73 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 32/7 mithyAdarzanAviratipramAda kaSAyayogA bandhahetavaH / , -tatvArthasUtra, adhyAya 8, sUtra-1 samavAyAMga, samavAya - 5 . tattvArthasUtra, kevalamunijI, adhyAya 8, pR. 352 prakRtisthityanubhAvapradezAstadvidhayaH / - tattvArthasUtra, adhyAya - 8/4 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti tIvratA hI karmoM kI sthiti meM vRddhi karatI hai tathA kaSAya kI maMdatA se karmoM kI sthiti meM kamI AtI hai| isa taraha, tanAva evaM kaSAyaM kA bhI sahasambandha mAnanA caahie| jaba vyakti meM kaSAya pravRtti adhika hotI hai, taba usakI viveka buddhi naSTa hokara vyakti ko jIvana - paryanta tanAvagrasta banA detI hai, jise hama anantAnubaMdhI - kaSAya kahate haiN| cAroM kaSAyoM meM se eka bhI kaSAya kI tIvratA agara vyakti meM hai, to zeSa kaSAyoM kI pravRttiyoM meM bhI vRddhi ho jAtI hai, jo usake socane-samajhane kI kSamatA ko samApta kara detI hai, usake mAnasika saMtulana ko bigAr3a detI hai / kaSAya vyakti kI sukha-zAMti kI jindagI meM tUphAna kI taraha Ate haiM aura use tanAvagrastatArUpI gaDDhe meM girA dete haiN| kaSAya ke sambandha se hI jIva karmapudgaloM ko grahaNa karatA hai" aura usI ke sambandha se vyakti apane dainika jIvana meM tanAva utpanna karatA hai| karma baMdha kI sthiti va anubhAga (tIvratA) kaSAya ke Azrita haiM, kyoMki kaSAya kI tIvratA - mandatA para hI sthiti-baMdha aura anubhAga baMdha kI alpAdhikatA avalambita hai / kaSAya kI hI tIvratA va mandatA ke AdhAra para tanAva bhI ghaTatA-bar3hatA rahatA hai, kyoMki jitanA tIvra, krodha hotA hai, utanA hI mAnasika saMtulana - bigar3atA jAtA hai| lobhI pratikSaNa kucha prApti kI icchA rakhatA hai / icchA se tanAva utpanna hotA hai, kyoMki icchA AkAza ke samAna anaMta hai, usakI pUrti asambhava hai| usakI jitanI pUrti hotI hai, lAlasA utanI hI bar3hatI jAtI hai| vaha apanI lAlasAoM kI pUrti evaM mAna-sammAna ke lie sadaiva Sar3ayaMtra racatA rahatA hai aura isa prakAra vyakti eka kSaNa ke lie bhI mAnasika-zAMti kA anubhava nahIM kara sakatA / 50 tattvArthasUtra meM karmabaMdha ke hetuoM meM kaSAya kA bhI samAveza kiyA gayA hai, kintu prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kaSAya kA sambandha ATha karmo meM se kisase hai? isakA uttara bhI hameM tattvArthasUtra ke hI baMdha-tattva nAmaka AThaveM adhyAya ke dasaveM sUtra meM milatA hai - darzanacAritra mohanIya kaSAyano kaSAyavedanIyAkhyAstriddhi SoDazanava bhedAH samyaktva mithyAtvatadubhe yAni kaSAyano kaSAyAvanantAnubandhaya - pratyAkhyAna pratyAkhyAnAvaraNaM 78 79 80 akaSAyatvAjjIvaH karmaNo yogyAn pudgalanAdatte, tattvArtha sUtra tatvArtha sUtra TIkA paM. sukhalAla saMghavI pR. 115 tatvArtha sUtra adhyAya-8 / 10 - - - adhyAya 8/2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 51 saMjvalanakilpAzcaikazaH krodhamAnamAyA lobhA zasyakhyaratizoka bhaya jugupsAstrIpunapusakavedAH / / 10 / / yahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki kaSAya kA sambandha mukhyataH mohanIya karma se hai| isake donoM bheda arthAt darzanamoha aura cAritramoha kaSAya se sambandhita haiN| darzanamoha kA sambandha anantAnubaMdhI kaSAya-catuSka se hai aura cAritra mohanIya sambandha anantAnubandhI, apratyAkhyAnIya, pratyAkhyAnIya aura saMjvalana kaSAya-catuSka se hai| "cAritramohanIya ke pramukha do bheda haiM- kaSAyamohanIya aura nokaSAya- mohniiy|"1 kaSAya mohanIya- antargata krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha Ate haiM aura hAsya, zoka, rati-arati, bhaya, jugupsA tathA strI-puruSa aura napuMsaka kI kAmavAsanA nokaSAya mohanIya hai| ye kaSAyoM ke kAraNa yA kArya hote haiN| kaSAyoM kI tIvratA va mandatA ke AdhAra para hI unheM cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai - (1) anantAnubandhI (2) pratyAkhyAnIya (3) pratyAkhyAnIya (4) sNjvln| .. cAra kaSAyoM ko punaH cAra-cAra avasthAoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra kaSAya ke solaha bheda batAe gae haiN| tattvArthasUtra TIkA meM ise isa prakAra kahA gayA hai -"krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobhaye kaSAya ke mukhya cAra bheda haiN| tIvratA ke taratamabhAva kI dRSTi se pratyeka ke cAra-cAra prakAra haiN| anantAnubandhI - krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha haiN| apratyAkhyAnIya - krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobh| isI prakAra, pratyAkhyAnIya evaM saMjvalana ke bhI cAra-cAra bheda karane para kaSAyamohanIya ke solaha bheda hote haiN| hAsya, rati, arati, zoka, bhaya, jugupsA, strIveda, puruSaveda va napuMsakaveda- ye nokaSAya-mohanIya ke nau bheda haiN| pa. phUlacaMdajI zAstrI kI TIkA meM inheM akaSAyavedanIya aura kaSAyavedanIya kahA gayA hai| 83 hAsya Adi nau bheda akaSAyavedanIya ke haiM evaM kaSAyavedanIya ke solaha bheda haiN| tattvArthasUtra TIkA, upAdhyAya zrI kevalamuni, pR. 369 tatvArthasUtra TIkA - paM. sukhalAla saMghavI pR. 198 sarvArthasiddhi, adhyAya - 8. pR. 301 For Personal & Private Use Only

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... jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti uparyukta sabhI nokaSAyoM evaM kaSAyoM ke bhedoM ko milAkara kula paccIsa bheda hote haiN| ye paccIsa kaSAya jaba udaya meM Ate haiM, taba inakI tIvratA yA mandatA ke kAraNa vyakti kI viveka-kSamatA meM parivartana hotA hai aura ye mAnasika tathA daihika-stara para tanAva ko janma dete haiN| isakI vistRta cacoM caturtha adhyAya meM kI gaI hai| . pratyeka vyakti tanAva se mukta rahanA cAhatA hai| tanAva se mukti ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vyakti kI cetanA daihika evaM mAnasika bAdhyatA kI sthiti meM bhI viveka evaM samabhAva se paripUrNa ho, sAtha hI kSamA, sahanazIlatA, dayA Adi guNoM se yukta ho.| ina guNoM ke abhAva meM vyakti tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| kaSAyeM inhIM guNoM kI nAzaka haiM, arthAt unheM naSTa karane vAlI haiN| sAtha hI, ina guNoM ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka tattva bhI haiN| yadi vyakti svayaM yaha samajha le ki tanAvamukti ke lie use. apane vivekAdi guNoM ko prApta karanA hai, to krodhAdi kaSAya ke udaya hone para bhI tatsambandhI pratikriyAeM rokakara vaha antaHzuddhi ko prApta kara sakatA hai| antaHzuddhi hI Atmazuddhi hai aura yaha Atmazuddhi tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai, kyoMki isameM AtmA kaSAya yA nokaSAyajanya tanAvoM se aprabhAvita yA mukta rahatI hai| svAvalambita jIvana tanAvamukta jIvana paM. phUlacanda zAstrI kA mAnanA hai ki vyakti ke jIvana meM svAtantrya evaM svAvalambana anivArya rUpa se honA caahie| "svAtantrya aura svAvalambana kA avinAbhAva sambandha hai| jIvana meM svAtantrya-prApti ke puruSArtha meM svAvalambana kA mahatva apane Apa samajha meM A jAtA hai|" vyakti ke duHkha kA kAraNa hI yaha hai ki vaha sadaiva dUsaroM para Azrita rahatA hai| dUsare ke sahAre hI jIvana jItA hai aura jaba 'para' kA Azraya chUTa jAtA hai, to vyakti tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| agara vyakti svatantra aura svAvalambI hogA, to AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa ko smjhegaa| svAvalambI hone se pUrva bhI use AtmasvAtantrya kA bodha honA caahie| jaba parAvalambana aura svAvalambana kA bheda samajha meM AtA hai, to vyakti svAvalambI banane ke lie udyata hotA hai| svAvalambI banane kI bhAvanA use parAdhIna yA paratantra nahIM hone detii| parAdhIna vyakti jaba parAdhInatA ko apane duHkha kA kAraNa jAnakara jaise-jaise usa parAdhInatA yA 84 sarvArthasiddhI - adhyAya - 8 pRSTa 302 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti parAvalambana se mukta hotA hai, usakI antaHzuddhi hotI jAtI hai| jaise cir3iyAM sone ke piMjare meM baMda ho, phira bhI khuza nahIM rahatI, vaha bhI AjAda hokara svAvalambI bananA cAhatI hai, vaise hI AtmA bhI mukta honA cAhatI hai| kabhI-kabhI vyakti tanAvamukti ke lie, svatantra hone ke lie aura svAvalambI banane ke lie prayAsa to karatA hai, kintu phira bhI vaha use jIvana meM utArane meM svayaM ko asamartha pAtA hai| isakA kAraNa usakI mAnasika kamajorI hI hai, kyoMki eka bAra jIvana kisI ke Azrita ho jAe, arthAt parAvalambI bana jAe, to usase chUTanA atyadhika kaThina hotA hai| paM. phUlacandajI zAstrI ne isakA kAraNa jIvana kI bhItarI kamajorI mAnA hai aura kaSAya-catuSka ko isa dazA ke banAe rakhane meM nimitta batAyA hai| tanAvamukti ke lie vyakti kA svataMtra evaM svAvalambI honA Avazyaka hai aura isake lie use manobala bar3hAne ke sAtha-sAtha antaHzuddhi bhI karanI hogI, antaHzuddhi meM bAdhaka tattva kaSAya-catuSka kA udaya hone para unakA samabhAva se sAmanA kara karmoM kI nirjarA karanI hogI, tabhI mokSa-prApti sambhava hai| kaSAyamukti hI vAstavika mukti hai, tanAva se bhI aura saMsAra se bhii| tattvArthasUtra aura tattvArthasUtra kI TIkAoM meM bhI kaSAya ko hI saMsAra-bhramaNa kA mukhya kAraNa batAyA hai aura vyakti ke duHkhoM evaM tanAvoM kI utpatti kA hetu bhI kahA hai| sAtha hI mukti ke lie kaSAya-mukti ko hI ekamAtra mArga batAyA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, svAbhAvika AcaraNa ko hI sadAcAra kahA gayA hai| isI sadAcAra kA dUsarA nAma saccAritra bhI hai| jo karma isa saccAritra meM bAdhaka hote haiM, unheM hI Agama meM cAritra-mohanIya karma kahA gayA hai|" svAvalambana, svatantratA, vivekAdi guNa tanAvamukti meM sAdhaka haiM aura cAritramohanIya tanAvamukti meM bhI bAdhaka haiM tathA mAnasika-zAMtiH ko bhaMga karane vAlA hai| "cAritramohanIya ke kaSAyavedanIya aura nokaSAyavedanIya bheda karmabaMdha ke hetu haiM aura ye hI tanAva-utpatti ke kAraNa bhI hai| "hAsyAdi nokaSAya-mohanIya evaM kaSAyamohanIya- catuSka donoM hI jaba udaya meM Ate haiM, to vyakti kI sarvArthasiddhi, pR. 302 sarvArthasiddhi, adhyAya 8, pR. 302 tatvArthasUtra, adhyAya 8/9-10 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti svatantratA ko bhaMga kara use tanAvagrasta banAte haiM, ataH kaSAyamukti hI vAstavika mukti hai, kyoMki vahI tanAvamukti hai| paravartI jaina- dArzanika granthoM meM rAga-dveSa aura kaSAya kA saha-sambandha 54 jaina-darzana ke anusAra, vAsanA yA bhogAsakti se rAga kA janma hotA hai, phira bhogAsakti yA bhogAkAMkSA kI pUrti meM jo bAdhaka tattva hote haiM, unake prati dveSa kA janma hotA hai| vastutaH, rAga-dveSa sahajIvI haiN| jahA~ rAga hotA hai, vahA~ dveSa bhI avyakta rUpa se to upasthita rahatA hI hai, isIlie uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki rAga aura dveSa karma yA saMsAra - paribhamraNa ke bIja haiN| rAga-dveSa se hI kaSAyoM kI utpatti hotI hai / paravartIkAlIna jainagraMtha 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya' (chaThavIM zatAbdI) meM rAga-dveSa kA kaSAyoM se kyA aura kaise sambandha haiM isakA vistRta vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| usameM vibhinna nayoM ke AdhAra para yaha batAyA gayA hai ki saMgrahanaya kI dRSTi se krodha aura mAna dveSarUpa haiM tathA mAyA aura. lobha rAgarUpa haiN| isI bAta ko prakArAntara se sthAnAMga - sUtra meM bhI batAyA gayA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki rAga se mAyA aura lobha va dveSa sekrodha aura mAna kA janma hotA hai, kyoMki krodha aura mAna meM dUsare ke ahita yA nIcA dikhAne kI bhAvanA hotI hai, ataH ye donoM dveSajanya haiM, jabaki mAyA aura lobha - donoM rAgarUpa haiM, kyoMki inameM apane svArtha kI sAdhanA hI mukhya lakSya rahatA hai, kintu vyavahAra - naya kI apekSA se krodha, mAna va mAyA - tInoM ko dveSarUpa mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki mAyA bhI dUsaroM ke ahita kA vicAra hI hai| kevala akelA lobha rAgAtmaka hai, kyoMki usameM mamatva bhAva hai / adhyAtmasAra ke mamatva - tyAga adhikAra meM bhI mamatA kA kAraNa lobha batAyA hai| isake viparIta, RjusUtranaya kA kathana yaha hai ki kevala krodha hI dveSarUpa hotA hai, zeSa mAna, mAyA aura lobha ekAntaH na to rAgarUpa kahe jA sakate haiM, na dveSarUpa kahe jA sakate haiN| rAgAtmakatA se prerita hone para ve rAgarUpa hote haiM aura dveSAtmakatA se prerita hone para ve dveSayukta ho jAte haiN| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ke zabdoM meM, cAroM kaSAyeM rAga evaM dveSa - donoM pakSoM ko apane meM samAhita karake 88 89 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 32/17 adhyAtmasAra 18 adhikAra, mamatva tyAgaH gAthA - 217 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti calatI haiN|" vAsanA kA tattva apanI tIvratA kI sakArAtmaka - avasthA meM rAgarUpa hotA hai, vahI niSedhAtmaka avasthA meM dveSarUpa ho jAtA hai| rAga-dveSa sahajIvI haiN| yadi rAga vyApaka hokara sarvahita kI bhAvanA meM badala jAe, to vaha AvegAtmaka nahIM raha jAtA hai, vaha cittavRtti ke samatva kA AdhAra bana jAtA hai| isI prakAra, dveSa bhI apanI pUrNatA meM jaba sabhI ke prati nirmamatva kI sthiti meM hotA hai, to vaha bhI hamArI cetanA ko vikSobhita nahIM karatA hai| vastutaH sarvahitAya kI vRtti aura pUrNataH nirmamatva kI buddhi aisI hai, jo tanAva ko janma nahIM detI hai| rAga aura dveSa jaba bhI kisI vizeSa vyakti yA vastu para AdhArita hote haiM, to ve tanAva ko janma dete haiM, kyoMki unase hamAre citta kA samatva bhaMga hotA hai / hamAre duHkha kA mUla kAraNa bhI rAga-dveSa hI haiM, jo kaSAyarUpa haiN| prazamaratiprakaraNa meM sabhI duHkhoM kA kAraNa rAga-dveSa batAyA hai aura rAga-dveSa ko hI kaSAya kahA gayA hai| jo jIva rAga-dveSa ke adhIna hote haiM, ve krodhI, mAnI, mAyAvI aura lobhI kahe jAte haiN|" isake viparIta, yaha bhI satya hai ki jaba rAga adhika vyApta hokara sarva ke hita kI bhAvanA bana jAtA hai aura dveSa apanI pUrNatA meM nirmamatva kI sAdhanA bana jAtA hai, to donoM hI tanAva ko samApta karane meM sahAyaka hote haiM / sarva | vyApI rAga va sarvavyApI dveSa tanAva kA kAraNa nahIM haiN| niyamasAra meM bhI ullekhita hai ki jise rAga-dveSa utpanna nahIM hotA haiM, use vikAra bhI utpanna nahIM hotA hai| 2 rAgadveSa ke abhAva meM samatA hotI hai aura jahA~ samatA hai, vahA~ tanAva nahIM hotA hai| tanAva kA mUla kAraNa rAga va dveSa kI sahajIvitA hai / rAga va dveSa kI sahajIvitA se hI vyakti meM kaSAya kI vRttiyA~ utpanna hotI haiN| kaSAya va rAga-dveSa kA sambandha batAte hue samayasAra meM AcArya kundakunda likhate haiM- mithyAtva, avirati kaSAya aura yoga Asrava ke nimitta haiM aura karma - Asrava se baMdha hotA hai| baMdha ke udaya ke nimitta punaH rAga-dveSa haiM aura isa prakAra saMsAra cakra calatA rahatA hai| vastutaH, jahA~ Azrava hai, vahA~ baMdha hai aura jahA~ baMdhavipAka hai, vahA~ tanAva hai, kyoMki Azrava saMsAra - paribhramaNa kA kAraNa hai aura saMsAracakraM meM tanAvamukti saMbhava nahIM hai| tanAva ke nimitta kaSAya haiM, 90 jaina bauddha, gItA ke AcAra-darzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 91 prazamaratiprakaraNa - 23 92 niyamasAra, paramasamAdhyAdhikAra - 128 93 samayasAra / Azrava adhikAra 164, 165 For Personal & Private Use Only 55

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kaSAya ke nimitta rAga-dveSa haiM, arthAt rAga-dveSa se mukti kaSAyamukti hai aura kaSAyamukti hI tanAvamukti hai, yahI mokSa hai| 56 upAdhyAya yazovijayajI kahate haiM- "yadi mamatA jAgrata ho, andara viSayoM ke prati rAga vidyamAna ho, to viSayoM kA tyAga karane se bhI kyA hogA ? mAtra keMculI kA tyAga karane se sarpa viSarahita nahIM hotA ' hai / " 94 kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki vyakti meM rAga yA mamatA kA jahara phailA huA hai| rAga nirmala ho jAe, to viSaya bhoga kA tyAga sahaja ho jAtA hai aura vyakti tanAvamukti kA anubhava karatA hai| tanAvamukti ke lie rAga-dveSa ko chor3anA hI hogaa| jisa prakAra eka myAna meM do talavAra nahIM raha sakatI, usI prakAra jahA~ mamatva hai, vahA~ samatva nahIM raha sakatA, arthAt jahA~ rAga hai, vahA~ mukti sambhava nahIM hai| jJAnArNava meM kahA gayA hai- jisa pakSI ke paMkha kaTa gae haiM, vaha jisa prakAra upadrava karane meM asamartha ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra rAga-dveSarUpI paMkhoM ke kaTa jAne para, unake naSTa ho jAne para manarUpI pakSI bhI upadrava karane athavA bAhya- padArthoM meM iSTa-aniSTa - buddhi karake unakI prApti va parihAra ke lie pApAcaraNa karane meM asamartha ho jAtA hai / 25 94 95 -000 mamatvatyAgAdhikAra, adhyAtmasAra, u yazovijayajI jJAnArNava, rAgAdinivAraNam, A. zubhacandra For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 57 adhyAya-2 tanAva ke kAraNa : jaina daSTikoNa jaina-dRSTikoNa ke anusAra tanAva kA mukhya kAraNa rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya haiN| jainadharma meM mUla granthoM meM bhI duHkha yA saMsAra-paribhramaNa ke hetu rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya batAe gae haiN| duHkhI hone kA artha tanAvagrasta honA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM jahA~ cAroM kaSAyoM ko janma-maraNa kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai, vahIM AcArAMgasUtra meM rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya ko duHkha kA hetu kahA gayA hai|" vastutaH, kaSAya yA rAga-dveSa alaga-alaga nahIM haiN| kaSAya ke do mukhya bheda haiM - rAga evaM dveSa aura inhIM donoM se krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha-rUpa cAra kaSAyoM kA janma hotA hai| isa viSaya meM vistAra se carcA to hama caturtha adhyAya meM kreNge| yahA~ kevala itanA jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki jainadarzana meM tanAva kA mukhya kAraNa rAga-dveSa aura tadjanya kaSAya haiM, kyoMki inake kAraNa se cittavRtti kA samatva bhaMga hotA hai aura jahA~ cittavRtti kA samatva bhaMga hotA hai, vahA~ tanAva avazya janma letA hai| yadyapi jainadarzana meM. tanAva ke mukhya kAraNa to rAga-dveSa haiM, kintu manovijJAna kI dRSTi meM dainika jIvana meM aura bhI aise kaI kAraNa haiM, jo vyakti meM tanAva utpanna karate haiN| 1. Arthika vipannatA aura tanAva - bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mukhya pA~ca vratoM meM se eka vrata hai - aparigraha / aparigraha se tAtparya hai - saMcaya nahIM krnaa| saMcaya-vRtti meM. bhI dhana-saMcaya aura bhoga-sAmagrI kA saMcaya nahIM karane kI vRtti ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| vartamAna yuga meM dhana ke prati logoM kA AkarSaNa dazavaikAlika - 8/40 . / AcArAMga - 2/1. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamuktiM bahuta bar3ha gayA hai| yaha AkarSaNa itanA bar3ha cukA hai ki manuSya artha kA arjana karane ke lie apane va dUsaroM ke jIvana kA mUlya bhI nahIM samajhatA / Aja ke yuga meM eka kahAvata pracalita ho gaI hai- "paisA bhagavAna nahIM, para bhagavAna se kama bhI nahIM / " artha ke prati itanI Asakti. bar3ha gaI hai ki bhagavAna kI ArAdhanA bhI dhana saMcaya kI kAmanA se hone lagI hai| mukhya rUpa se hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, kalaha, yuddha Adi kaI anaitika karma bhI artha -saMcaya ke lie hI kie jAne lage haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai, jo manuSya kubuddhi kA sahArA lekara pApakarmoM se dhana kA upArjana karate haiM, ve pApopArjita usa dhana ko yahIM chor3akara rAga- dveSa ke pAza (jAla) meM par3e hue tathA vaira (karma) se baMdhe hue marakara naraka meM jAte haiN| Aja vyakti, samAja aura vizva meM azAMti yA tanAva kA pramukha kAraNa artha-saMcaya kI vRtti bana gaI hai| 58 ,99 AcAryajI gaNAdhipati tulasI ne likhA hai - 'artha kA arjana, saMgraha, saMrakSaNa aura bhoga - yaha catuSTayI saMtApa kA kAraNa bana rahI hai| vyakti sarvaprathama dhana arjana kaise kare ? isake lie ciMtita rahatA hai, phira lobhavaza adhikAdhika saMcaya karanA cAhatA hai| lobha kI pravRtti vyakti ko kabhI zAMti kA anubhava nahIM hone detI / usake mana-mastiSka meM lobha kI agni jalatI rahatI hai, jo usake andara kI zAMti ko bhasma kara detI hai, use tanAvagrasta banA detI hai| manuSya dhana kA saMcaya svayaM ke trANa ke lie karatA hai, kintu dhana ke saMcaya evaM saMrakSaNa meM hI svayaM ke prANa tyAga detA hai| 100 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai 'vitteNa tANaM Na labhe pramatte','' arthAt Asakta (pramatta) vyakti dhana se bhI trANa ko prApta nahIM hotA hai| jainagraMthoM meM aparigraha ke bAre meM bahuta sI aisI aneka bAteM milatI haiN| dhana kI Asakti meM mUrcchita manuSya na isa loka meM aura na paraloka meM dhana ke mAdhyama se trANa (saMrakSaNa) pAtA hai| aisA vyakti pahale dhanArjana kI cintA meM tanAvagrasta rahatA hai, phira usa upalabdha dhana ke saMrakSaNa hetu tanAva meM jItA hai / puruSArtha pratyeka vyakti ke lie Avazyaka hai, kintu vaha puruSArtha bhI sahI kArya ke lie honA cAhie / kucha matavAdI arthapuruSArtha para jora dete haiN| unakA mAnanA hai ki dhana hI jIvana ko 98 99 100 je pAvakamhehiM dhaNaM.. / - uttarAdhyayanasUtra . 4/2 mahAvIra kA arthazAstra, AzIrvacana ( pustaka kA prathama pRSTha ) uttarAdhyayana sUtra - 6/5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti surakSita rakha sakatA hai| Adhunika arthazAstra ke pramukha puruSa kahate haiM -'hameM apane lakSya ko prApta karanA hai, sabako dhanI bananA hai| isa rAste meM naitika aura anaitika kA hamAre lie koI mUlya nahIM hai| ve naitikatA ke vicAra ko bhI dhana kamAne ke mArga meM bAdhaka tattva mAnate haiN| Aja vizva meM bhraSTAcAra karane vAle vyaktiyoM kA rAja hai| yahI bhraSTAcAra pUre vizva meM azAMti phailA rahA hai| yadi arthazAstriyoM kI vicAradhArA yahI hai ki dhana ke upArjana meM naitikatA kA koI mUlya nahIM hai, to phira vizva kA pratyeka prANI evaM svayaM prakRti bhI tanAvagrasta hI rhegii| sabhI ko sadaiva bhaya banA rahegA ki kaba, kauna, kahA~ kisakI hiMsA kara de aura yaha bhaya kI vRtti tanAvagrastatA kI sUcaka hai| Aja bar3hate hue Arthika aparAdhoM, aprAmANikatA aura beImAnI ne pUre vizva ko azAMta va tanAvagrasta banA diyA hai| pratyeka vyakti ina sabase bacane ke lie dhana ko hI apanA saMrakSaka mAnane lagA hai, parantu bhagavAn mahAvIra ke anusAra, dhana kisI kA trANadAtA nahIM bana sakatA hai| unakA mAnanA hai ki vAsanA kI aMdherI guphA meM jisakA vivekarUpI dIpaka bujha gayA ho, usako zAnti kahA~ milegii| vaha manuSya tanAvamukta hone ke mArga ko dekhakara bhI nahIM dekha pAtA hai|01 AcArya tulasI ne uttarAdhyayana kI pUrvokta gAthA kA vivecana karate hue likhA hai- 'vyakti dhana kamAtA hai, para vaha (dhana) usake lie trANadAyaka nahIM bntaa| dhana sukha-suvidhA de sakatA hai, para zaraNa nhiiN| 102. vastutaH, ve vyakti, jo dhana ko trANadAtA samajhakara usake arjana meM pApakarmoM ko karate haiM, unakI mAnasikatA para vahI dhana eka dabAva banAe rakhatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie- yaha dhana kahIM corI na calA jAeisakI ciMtA, itane dhana ko kisa prakAra bhoga karUM, kahIM mere marane para yaha dhana koI dUsarA to na le jAe, dhana ke lAlaca meM koI vyakti mujhe koI nukasAna na pahu~cAe yA mRtyu na de de, Adi kA bhaya use tanAvagrasta banAe rakhatA hai aura dhana ke moha meM Asakta vyakti cAhakara bhI tanAvamukta nahIM ho pAtA hai| vaha bhayamukta yA tanAvamukta hone ke lie bhI usI dhana kA hI sahArA letA hai, jo use tanAvagrasta banAtA hai| 101 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 4/5 uttarajjhayaNANi, AcArya tulasI, adhyAya-4 kI gAthA-5 kA artha vivecana, pR. 114 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jaina- graMthoM meM eka kathA hai103- 'indramaha utsava kA Ayojana thaa| rAjA ne apane nagara meM ghoSaNA karavAI ki Aja nagara ke sabhI puruSa gAMva ke bAhara udyAna meM ekatrita ho jaaeN| koI bhI puruSa nagara ke bhItara na rhe| yadi koI rahegA, to use mauta kA daMDa bhoganA pdd'egaa| sabhI puruSa nagara ke bAhara ekatrita ho ge| rAjapurohita kA putra eka vezyA ke ghara meM jA chupaa| rAjA ke karmacAriyoM ko jaba isa bAta kA patA lagA, taba ve vezyA ke ghara se use pakar3akara le ge| vaha rAjapuruSoM ke sAtha vivAda karane lgaa| ve use rAjA ke samakSa le ge| rAjAjJA kI avahelanA ke jurma meM rAjA ne use mRtyudaMDa diyaa| purohita rAjA ke samakSa upasthita hokara bolA- "rAjan! maiM apanI samasta sampatti Apako de detA huuN| Apa mere ikalaute putra ko mukta kara deN|" rAjA ne usakI bAta svIkAra nahIM kI aura purohitaputra ko sUlI para car3hA diyaa| Azaya yaha hai ki dhana trANadAtA na bana skaa| __ Aja sampatti yA dhana hI azAMti evaM tanAva kA pramukha kAraNa hai| dhana apane sAtha vyakti ke lie kaI pApakarmoM ko lekara AtA hai aura use itanA tanAvagrasta banA detA hai ki jahA~ se mukti-patha arthAt tanAva-mukti ke mArga para AnA saMbhava nahIM ho paataa| jaina AcArya nemicandra ne vitta (dhana) ke pariNAmoM kI carcA karate hue eka gAthA uddhRta kI hai - mohAyayaNaM mayakAmavaddhaNo jaNiyacittasaMtAvo AraMbhakalaha heU, dukkhANa pariggaho mUlaM / artha - parigraha moha kA Ayatana hai| yaha ahaMkAra aura vAsanA ko bar3hAne vAlA evaM citta meM saMtApa paidA karane vAlA hai, sAtha hI hiMsA aura kalaha kA hetu tathA duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa hai| yaha ThIka hai ki dhana se bhautika sukha milate haiM, kintu jaina AgamoM meM kahA gayA hai - khaNamitta sokkhA bahukAla dukkhA - bhautika sukha kSaNika hotA hai tathA pariNAma meM bahuta kAla taka duHkha dene vAlA hotA hai|105 103 bRhadavRtti, patra-211 uddhRta - sukhabodhA, patra-83 mahAvIra kA arthazAstra, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 17 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 61 duHkha, azAMti, bhaya, kalaha Adi tanAvoM se bacane ke lie jIvana kA AdhAra bhautikatA ko nahIM mAnate hue AdhyAtmikatA ko mAnane kI AvazyakatA hai| dhana se kSaNabhara ke lie bhautika-sukha to mila jAegA, kintu jIvana meM zAMti kA anubhava kabhI nahIM ho skegaa| uparyakta vivecana se yaha to siddha ho jAtA hai ki artha (dhana) tanAva kA hetu hai, kintu eka prazna sAmane AtA hai ki dhana ke abhAva meM jIvana-nirvAha kaise kareM? jIvana jIne ke lie vyakti ko roTI, kapar3A, makAna, cikitsA Adi mUlabhUta vastuoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, jinake abhAva meM bhI vyakti duHkhI yA tanAvagrasta hotA hai aura ye vastueM binA dhana ke nahIM mila sakatI haiN| ataH, vyakti ko apane jIvana- nirvAha ke lie dhana kA arjana karanA par3atA hai| paristhitiyAM badalatI rahatI haiM, isalie vyakti bhaviSya meM jIvana-nirvAha evaM rogAdi kI sthiti meM cikitsA ke lie dhana kA saMcaya karatA hai aura isI kAraNavaza usakA saMrakSaNa bhI karanA par3atA hai| vastutaH dhana kA arjana, saMcaya, saMrakSaNa Adi tanAva utpatti ke hetu hI haiM, phira bhI jIvana kI sukha-suvidhA ke lie dhanArjana karanA hI par3atA hai| pratyeka vyakti muni-jIvana dhAraNa nahIM kara sakatA hai, to aisI sthitiyoM meM tanAva ke kAraNoM kA nivAraNa kaise ho sakatA hai? tanAva prabaMdhana kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai? isake uttara meM jainadarzana kahatA hai ki jIvana ko adhyAtma ke sAtha jiio| yadi artha ko jIvana nirvAha kA sAdhana mAtra mAneM, usa para mamatva buddhi kA AropaNa na kareM, to vaha dhana tanAva-utpatti kA kAraNa nahIM hogaa| isI bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue AcArya mahAprajJajI ne 'mahAvIra kA arthazAstra' nAmaka pustaka meM Adhunika arthazAstra ke mukhya tattvoM icchA, AvazyakatA va mAMga meM nimna cAra bAtoM ko aura jor3a diyA hai - suvidhA, vAsanA, vilAsitA aura prtisstthaa| ___ vyakti ko artha tIna bAtoM ke lie cAhie-prathama, apanI mA~ga (anivArya AvazyakatA) ko pUrA karane ke lie, dUsare, apanI pratiSThAgata AvazyakatAoM ko pUrI karane ke lie aura tIsare, icchAoM ko pUrA karane ke lie| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekheM, to mAMga (jaivika AvazyakatA) vyakti para kama dabAva DAlatI hai, kyoMki usakI mAMgeM utanI hI hotI haiM, 106 mahAvIra kA arthazAstra, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 17 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jitanI use ati AvazyakatA lagatI hai| ati AvazyakatAe~ bhI unakI pUrti ke lie vyakti ko artha- upArjana ke lie prerita karatI haiM, kintu jaba ve AvazyakatAe~ icchAe~ bana jAtI haiM, to sabhI icchAoM kI pUrti asambhava hone se ve tanAva ke stara ko bar3hA detI haiN| yadyapi jaivika evaM sAmAjika AvazyakatAeM to pUrI ho sakatI . haiM, kintu jaba una AvazyakatAoM kI jagaha icchAeM le letI haiM, to unakI pUrti asambhava ho jAtI hai, kyoMki jainadarzana ke anusAra icchAeM to AkAza ke samAna ananta haiN|107 ananta icchAoM kI pUrti asambhava . hone se ye atRpta icchAeM tanAva ke stara ko bar3hA detI haiN| - vyakti kevala AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie artha kA saMcaya nahIM karatA hai| vaha apanI icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM, vAsanAoM, sukha-suvidhA tathA vilAsitA ke sAdhanoM evaM sAmAjika-pratiSThA ke lie bhI artha-saMcaya karatA hai| vartamAna yuga meM upabhogavAdI jIvana-daSTi kA vikAsa ho rahA hai| Aja vyakti apanI Avazyaka suvidhAoM se atirikta bhI kucha cAhatA hai| usakI artha ke prati Asakti itanI bar3ha gaI hai ki manuSya apane-se jyAdA artha ko pradhAnatA detA hai| vaha dhana kA upArjana apanI aniyaMtrita icchAoM kI pUrti ke lie karatA hI rahatA hai aura jIvana meM kabhI zAMti ko prApta nahIM kara pAtA hai| Aja vyakti meM svArtha itanA bar3ha cukA hai ki vaha na to svayaM zAMti se jItA hai, na dUsaroM ko zAMti se jIne detA hai| artha tanAva kA hetu hai, kyoMki artha- arjana kA eka hetu vyakti kI tRSNA yA icchA bhI hai| AcArAMga meM likhA hai- vyakti tRSNArUpI chalanI ko jala se bharanA cAhatA hai| tRSNA kI pUrti ke lie vyAkula (tanAvagrasta) manuSya dUsaroM ke vadha ke lie, dUsaroM ke paritApa ke lie dUsaroM ko parigrahita karatA hai tathA janapada ke vadha va parigrahaNa ke lie pravRtti karatA hai| madhukara, muni isI sUtra kA vivecana karate hue likhate haiM- Agama meM sukhAbhilASI puruSa ko aneka citta batAyA hai, kyoMki vaha lobha se prerita hokara kRSi, vyApAra, kArakhAne Adi aneka dhaMdhe karatA hai, 107 uttarAdhyayana sUtra - 9/36 yA 9/48 mahAvIra kA arthazAstra, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 18 TAcArAMga, adhyayana- 3/2/118 109 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti usakA citta rAta-dina, unhIM aneka dhaMdhoM kI udher3abuna meM lagA rahatA hai| 10 artha ko tanAva kA hetu batAte hue ve Age likhate haiM ki aneka citta (aneka icchAoM se yukta) puruSa atilobhI banakara kitanI hI asambhava icchAoM kI pUrti cAhatA hai, isake lie zAstrakAra chalanI kA dRSTAnta dekara samajhAte haiM ki chalanI ko jala se bharanA azakya hai, arthAt chalanIrUpI mahAtRSNA ko dhanarUpI jala se bharanA asambhava hai| vyakti apane tRSNA ke khappara ko bharane hetu dUsare prANiyoM kA vadha karatA hai, dUsaroM ko zArIrika va mAnasika-saMtApa detA hai| tRSNAgrasta vyakti na svayaM zArIrika va mAnasika-sukha pAtA hai, na dUsaroM ko zAMti se rahane detA hai| vaha svayaM tanAvagrasta hokara dUsaroM ko bhI tanAvagrasta banAtA hai| tRSNAyukta vyakti dvipada (dAsa-dAsI, naukara Adi), catuSpada (cAra pairoM ke pazu) Adi kA saMgraha karatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaha asIma lobha se unmatta hokara logoM ko mAratA hai, unheM aneka prakAra ke duHkha detA hai| tRSNAkula manuSya svayaM vyAkula va tanAvayukta hotA hai aura dUsaroM ko tanAvagrasta banAtA hai| usakI dhana-arjana kI tRSNA tanAva kA kAraNa banI rahatI hai| / Arthika vikAsa vaizvika vikAsa ke lie Avazyaka hai, kintu vaha vikAsa tanAva utpanna karane ke lie nahIM honA caahie| yaha satya hai ki artha kA abhAva tanAva de sakatA hai, kintu aise tanAva kI tIvratA ati alpa hotI hai| Arthika vikAsa kA lakSya uttama hai, kintu vaha pratyeka vyakti kI prAthamika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti evaM vyakti kI mAnasika-zAMti yA tanAvamukti ke lie honA caahie| zoSaNa kI pravRtti aura tanAva - . . Adhunika sAmyavAdI arthataMtra meM samAja ko do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai- eka, zoSaka aura dUsarA, shossit| pU~jIpati varga ko zoSaka aura zramika-varga ko zoSita mAnA jAtA hai| zoSaka kA sAmAnya artha zramika ko usake zrama se arjita lAbha kA pUrA hissA nahIM denA hai| isake pariNAmasvarUpa zramika-varga dhIre-dhIre garIba aura zoSaka-varga dhIre-dhIre amIra banatA jAtA hai aura isa prakAra samAja do vargoM meM vibhAjita ho jAtA hai, eka, amIra aura dUsarA, griib| garIba va 110 TAcArAMga, adhyayana-3/2, sUtra 118 kA vivecana, pR. 93, madhukara muni TAcArAMga, adhyayana-3/2, sUtra 118 kA vivecana, pR. 94, madhukara muni For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti nirdhana-varga apanI daihika - AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti bhI nahIM kara pAtA hai| vaha roTI, kapar3A aura makAna kI samasyAoM se jUjhatA rahatA hai| dUsarI ora, pU~jIpati ke bhogopabhoga ke pracura sAdhanoM ko dekhakara zramika varga ke mana meM IrSyA kI bhAvanA utpanna hotI hai| eka ora abhAvagrasta jIvana aura dUsarI ora IrSyA kI vRtti, ina donoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa usakA jIvana tanAvagrasta bana jAtA hai| isa AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki tanAvagrasta hone kA eka kAraNa pU~jIpati varga dvArA garIboM ke zoSaNa kI pravRtti bhI hai| 64 eka ora bhautika sukha-suvidhA ke AkarSaNa vyakti ko lubhAte haiM, to dUsarI ora una sAdhanoM ko kraya karane meM dhana kA abhAva usakI cetanA meM tanAva ko janma detA hai| isa AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki amIroM ke dvArA zramikoM ke zoSaNa kI pravRtti bhI tanAva ko eka pramukha kAraNa hai| zoSita varga abhAvagrasta hone ke kAraNa sadaiva tanAvoM se grasta banA rahatA hai| una tanAvoM se chuTakArA pAne ke lie vaha mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana karatA hai aura isake pariNAmasvarUpa eka ora usakI pArivArika - arthavyavasthA bhI avyavasthita ho jAtI hai, to dUsarI ora parivAra ke sadasyoM meM kalaha prArambha ho jAtA hai aura yaha kalaha punaH use tanAvagrasta banA detA hai| isa prakAra usake jIvana meM tanAvoM kA eka duScakra prArambha ho jAtA hai| kabhI yaha bhI hotA hai ki pU~jIpati ke pAsa jo sukha-suvidhA va upabhoga ke atirikta sAdhana hote haiM, unheM dekhakara vyakti apanI Arthika kSamatA kA vikAsa na karake apavyaya karane lagatA hai| isa apavyaya ke pariNAmasvarUpa vaha dhIre-dhIre karja ke bojha meM DUbakara garIba hotA jAtA hai aura usa karja ko cukAne kI cintA meM aura adhika tanAvagrasta hotA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, yaha eka sunizcita tathya hai ki bhautika AkarSaNa, zoSaNa, bhogavAdI - jIvanadRSTi va garIbI - ye sabhI vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banAte haiN| hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki zoSaNa, garIbI aura bhautikaAkarSaNoM se utpanna IrSyA - ye tInoM hI vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banAte haiN| ataH, jainadarzana meM sarvaprathama yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki zramikoM ko unake zrama kA pUrA pArizramika diyA jAnA cAhie, tAki ve apanA jIvanayApana samyak prakAra se kara sakeM / AcArya haribhadra ne apane graMtha 'paMcAzakaprakaraNa' meM jinabhavana-nirmANa-vidhi meM yaha batAyA hai ki zramikoM ko unake zrama ke pratidAna ke rUpa meM pUrA pArizramika diyA jAnA For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 65 cAhie, tAki ve abhAva meM jIvana na jiieN|12 yadi zramikoM ko apane zrama kA yathocita pratidAna upalabdha hotA hai, to ve saMtoSapUrvaka apanA sAmAnya jIvana bitAte haiM aura unake mana meM dhanI-varga ke prati vidveSa kI bhAvanA bhI janma nahIM letI hai| jainadarzana kA yaha pramukha siddhAMta hai ki vyakti ko pArasparika-hitoM kA dhyAna rakhate hue jIvana jInA caahie| tattvArthasUtra ke pA~caveM adhyAya meM yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki -parasparopagrahajIvAnAma:, arthAt, jIvoM ko eka-dUsare kA sahayoga karate hue jIvana jInA caahie| jainadarzana yaha mAnatA hai ki samyaka jIvana jIne ke lie paraspara sadbhAva kI vRtti honA caahie| jahA~ pArasparika sahayoga kI vRtti hotI hai, vahAM zoSaNa kI vRtti nahIM hotI hai aura isake pariNAmasvarUpa sAmAjika-jIvana meM pArasparika-vidveSa va ghRNA bhI janma nahIM letI hai| ataH, yadi samAja meM tanAvamukta jIvana jInA hai, to pArasparika sahayoga kI vRtti se hI jIvana jInA hogaa| samAja-vyavasthA kA AdhAra zoSaNa nahIM, sahayoga kI bhAvanA hai, sAtha hI, jaina-AcAryoM ne parigraha parimANa vrata va bhogopabhoga parimANa vrata kI vyavasthA dekara yaha batAyA hai ki jaba vyakti meM saMgraha-buddhi nahIM hotI hai aura bhoga-upabhogoM kI AkAMkSAeM bhI maryAdita hotI haiM, to usakA jIvana zAMta aura sAmaMjasyapUrNa hotA hai| isI hetu bhAratIya-darzana meM 'sAdA jIvana aura ucca vicAra kA sUtra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa sUtra ke AdhAra para agara jIvana jIyA jAe, to pArasparika-IrSyA va vidveSa kI bhAvanA bhI janma nahIM legii| yadi vyakti apanI Arthika-sAmarthya ke anurUpa. apane vyaya. ko sImita rakhegA, to bhI pArasparika-IrSyA kI bhAvanA janma nahIM legI aura isa prakAra vyakti tanAva se mukta raha skegaa| parigraha-parimANa-vrata se zoSaNa kI pravRtti kama hogI aura bhogopabhoga-parimANa-vrata se bhogavAdI-jIvanadRSTi para aMkuza lagegA aura isa prakAra vyakti tanAvoM se mukta ho skegaa| isa vivecana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina AcAradarzana eka ora tanAvoM kI utpatti ke mUla kAraNa kI gaveSaNA karatA hai, to dUsarI ora unake nirAkaraNa kA upAya bhI sujhAtA hai| 112 paMcASaka prakaraNa, jinabhavana nirmANa 113 tattvArthasUtra, adhyAya-5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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66 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti pArivArika asaMtulana aura tanAva - jaba do yA do se adhika vyakti pArasparika hitoM ke sAdhana ke lie eka sUtra meM baMdhe hoM, yA eka-dUsare ke sahayoga ke lie sAtha rahate hoM, taba vaha parivAra kahalAtA hai, jisakA pratyeka sadasya pArasparika-sneha, sahayoga aura vizvAsa se jur3A hotA hai, kintu jaba ina pArasparika-sneha, sahayoga aura vizvAsa ke dhAgoM meM khiMcAva AtA hai aura parivAra TUTane yA bikharane lagatA hai, taba parivAra ke pratyeka sadasya meM tanAva utpanna hotA hai tathA parivAra kI zAMti bhaMga ho jAtI hai| parivAra eka aisA samUha hai, jisakI eka bhI ikAI yadi parivAra kI ekajuTatA ke ina siddhAMtoM ke viruddha jAe, yA pArivArika vyavasthA ke niyamoM ko tor3e, to pUrA parivAra tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| . parivAra kI paribhASA - samAjazAstrI iyAna rAbarTasana ke anusAra 14 -"parivAra logoM kA apekSAkRta sthAyI samUha hai, jo vaMza-paramparA, vivAha athavA eka-dUsare ke aMgIkaraNa ke dvArA saMbaMdhita hotA hai aura jisake sadasya eka sAtha rahakara eka Arthika- ikAI kA nirmANa karate haiM aura apane baccoM kI dekharekha karate haiN| lAmannA aura rIDamAna ne parivAra ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai-"jaba laiMgika abhivyakti athavA pArivArika sambandhoM ke AdhAra para, jisameM vyakti prAyaH vaMza-paramparA, vivAha athavA abhisvIkaraNa dvArA eka-dUsare se sambandhita hote haiM, pUrI niSThA se eka sAtha rahate haiM tathA eka Arthika ikAI kA nirmANa karate haiM aura baccoM ko janma dete haiM tathA unakA pAlana-poSaNa karate haiM evaM ghaniSTha rUpa se jur3akara eka samUha ke rUpa meM apanI pahacAna pAte haiM, taba vaha parivAra kahalAtA hai| 15 uparyukta donoM paribhASAoM ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki parivAra eka aisA samUha hai, jisameM sAtha raha rahe logoM ke bIca apanatva kI bhAvanA, eka-dUsare para adhikAra aura vizvAsa hotA hai| 115 Magill, N.Frank (1995) International Encyclopedia of Sociology Fitzroy Dearbon publishers, USA, Vol. - 1, Page - 506. Lamanna, Mary Ann. & Agnes Riedma (1991) Marriage and families: Making choices and facing the change, 4th ed. Belmont, California Wadsworth For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti eka-dUsare ke prati prema hotA hai, Apasa meM nikaTastha sambandha hotA hai| yadi kisI parivAra meM pArasparika-sneha, sahayoga, vizvAsa Adi ke tattva kAyama raheMge, to vaha parivAra eka tanAvamukta yA zAMtipUrNa parivAra khlaaegaa| pArasparika sahayoga kI bhAvanA, vizvAsa, zAMti, namratA, sahanazIlatA Adi guNa parivAra kA saMtulana banAe rakhate haiN| parivAra ke pratyeka vyakti meM ina guNoM kA honA hI pArivArika-zAMti yA parivAra ke tanAvamukta hone kA AdhAra hai, jabaki inake abhAva meM parivAra tanAvagrasta bana jAtA hai| pArasparika sahayoga, vizvAsa evaM tyAga-bhAvanA kisI bhI tanAvamukta parivAra kI prAthamika AvazyakatA hai| eka pracalita kahAvata hai- "eka gaMdI machalI pUre tAlAba ko gaMdA kara detI hai|" . isI prakAra, yadi parivAra kA eka sadasya bhI dRSTa pravRtti karatA hai, svArtha-sAdhana ke sAtha usa samUha meM rahatA hai, to vaha svayaM to tanAvagrasta rahatA hI hai, sAtha-hI-sAtha sampUrNa parivAra ko bhI tanAvagrasta kara detA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra parivAra kA saMtulana banA rahe, vaha tanAvamukta rahe, isake lie AvazyakatA hai ki parivAra ke pratyeka sadasya meM pArasparika sahayoga kI vRtti banI rahe aura parivAra kA pratyeka sadasya una duSpravRttiyoM yA vaiyaktika svArtha-sAdhana kI pravRttiyoM se dUra rahe, jo samUha meM tanAva utpanna karatI haiM aura parivAra kI zAMti ko bhaMga karatI haiM, kyoMki jainadarzana ke anusAra ve sabhI bAteM, jo pArivArika-hita ke viruddha kArya karatI haiM, anaitika bhI hotI haiN| parivAra meM tanAva ke kAraNa - DaoN. baccharAjajI dUgar3a ne pArivArika-azAMti ke kAraNoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai - vaiyaktika evaM avaiyktik| 116 vaiyaktika kAraNa unheM kahate haiM, jisameM parivAra ke sadasyoM ke svabhAva, vicAra Adi meM bhinnatA hone se parivAra meM virodha utpanna hotA hai yA matabheda hotA hai aura jisase parivAra tanAvagrasta hotA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, pArivArika sadasyoM kI pravRttiyoM meM virodha ke pariNAmasvarUpa unameM tanAva itanA bar3ha jAtA hai ki unakA ekasAtha rahanA asahanIya ho jAtA hai| 116 pArivArika zAMti aura anekAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti hArnela tathA hArTa ne parivAra meM pati-patnI ke sambandha ko lekara yaha samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki "donoM ke bIca yauna sambandha tathA bacce kA janma aura pAlana-poSaNa ke atirikta bhI vivAha koI anya vyavasthA bhI hai, jahAM pArasparika - samarpaNa evaM tyAga kA bhAva hai| parivAra ke saMdarbha meM vivAha do vyaktiyoM kA aisA sambandha hai, jisameM donoM kI AdateM, mitratA, sampatti, lakSya, pravRttiyA~ aura unameM nihita zaktiyA~ Adi ke vividha tattva nihita hote haiN| jaba donoM sadasya eka-dUsare ke madhya tAdAtmya kA anubhava karate haiM, taba hI donoM ke vyaktitva kA samagra vikAsa hotA hai, kintu ve hI jaba eka-dUsare kA nirAdara karate haiM, athavA eka-dUsare para adhikAra jatAne kA prayatna karate haiM, to vivAha sambandha bhI abhizApa bana jAtA hai / "117 68 parivAra ke sadasyoM ke vyaktitva meM jaba matabheda utpanna ho jAtA.. hai evaM jaba ve eka-dUsare kI bhAvanAoM ko samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM karate, to pArivArika sambandhoM meM tanAva utpanna ho jAtA hai / parivAra meM tanAva utpanna hone ke vaiyaktika kAraNa nimna haiM 1. vyaktitva kI vibhinna sNrcnaaeN| 18 2. parivAra ke sadasyoM ke vyaktitva meM utpanna huI manovikRtiyA~ | 19 3. parivAra ke sadasyoM ke svabhAva meM viparItatA / 4. sadasyoM ke madhya samanvaya kA abhAva / 117 118 119 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. - eka-dUsare ke prati vyavahAra ke bhinna tarIke | parivAra ke mukhiyA yA mAtA - pitA meM anya sadasyoM para atyadhika anuzAsana kI pravRtti / sadasyoM meM pArasparika sambandhoM ko samajhane kA abhAva / sadasyoM meM sahayoga va sAmaMjasya kA abhAva / sahanazIlatA kA abhAva / sadasyoM ke vaicArika matabheda / Hornell and Ella Hart, Unsuccessful Marrige" in the wolrd tomorrow (1927) pArivArika zAMti aura anekAnta, DaoN. baccharAja duggar3a, pR. 18 pArivArika zAMti aura anekAnta, DaoN. baccharAja duggar3a, pR. 18 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 11. eka-dUsare meM IrSyA kI pravRtti honaa| sadasyoM meM ahaMkAra kI vRtti ugra honaa| eka-dUsare ke prati vizvAsa kI kmii| . . 14. ruci-bheda / 120 15. sadasyoM meM svArthI hone kI pravRtti kA vikaas| parivAra meM tanAva utpanna hone ke avaiyaktika kAraNa21 - avaiyaktika-kAraNa bhI pArivArika azAMti ke nimitta banate haiN| parivAra meM tanAva ke kucha aise bhI kAraNa hote haiM, jo kisI eka sadasya ke dvArA utpanna nahIM hote haiM, apitu ve kAraNa sampUrNa parivAra meM tanAva utpanna kara dete haiN| jinameM se kucha nimna haiM - 1. pIr3hIgata bhed| 2. Arthika asNtuln| 3. sAMskRtika antr| 4. pati-patnI ke sAmAjika-stara meM aMtara / 5. baccoM se mAtA yA pitA ke sambandha / 6: vyAvasAyika tanAva/prazAsanika prtaadd'naa| 7. arthahIna ruuddh'ivaaditaa| jainAcArya mahAprajJajI ne bhI kucha pArivArika- samasyAe~ batAI haiM, jo parivAra meM kalaha kA hetu banatI haiN| ve samasyAe~ nimna haiM12 - 1. daheja kI smsyaa| . 2. talAka kI smsyaa| 3. puruSArtha meM kmii| 4. parivAra ke kisI sadasya yA sadasyoM meM naze kI aadt| parivAra ke sAtha kaise raheM ? - AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 22 pArivArika zAMti aura anekAnta - DaoN. baccharAja duggar3a, pR. 18 parivAra ke sAtha kaise raheM ?, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 16, 131-137 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 5. vRddhoM kI upekssaa| 6. sAMskRtika- saMkramaNa kI smsyaa| parivAra meM tanAva ke anya kAraNa - 1. pArivArika-hiMsA arthAt dUsaroM ko pratAr3ita karane kI. vRtti bhI parivAra kI azAMti evaM tanAva kA kAraNa banatI hai| 123 gelIja aura sTrAusa24 evaM kucha anya samAjazAstriyoM kA yaha mAnanA hai ki parivAra hiMsA kA eka bar3A kendra hai, jahA~ pratyeka sadasya dUsaroM para zAsana karanA cAhatA hai| 2. dvipakSIya sambandhoM kI asthiratA kI pravRtti bhI pArivArika sambandhoM meM tanAva ko janma detI hai|125 3. pArivArika jIvana meM janma, mRtyu evaM sAmAjika paramparAoM ke nirvAha ke kAraNa pArivArika-saMracanA nirantara parivartana ke daura se gujaratI rahatI hai| ina parivartanoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa parivAra meM tanAva kI aneka sthitiyA~ paidA ho jAtI haiN| 4. samAja meM pratyeka parivAra kI cAha hotI hai ki usake sadasyoM ko paryApta mAtrA meM bhojana, kapar3A, AvAsa Adi kI suvidhAeM mile, kintu paristhitivaza parivAra ke lie arjana karane vAle sadasyoM dvArA apekSita suvidhAoM ke saMsAdhanoM ko nahIM juTA pAne ke kAraNa usa parivAra ke sadasya tanAvagrasta ho jAte haiN|121 5. jaba parivAra meM do bhAiyoM yA anya sadasyoM ke bIca jhagar3A hotA hai yA koI parivAra se pRthak (alaga) hotA hai, taba bhI pUre parivAra meM tanAva kA mAhaula utpanna ho jAtA hai| 123 pArivArika zAMti aura anekAnta, DaoN. baccharAja duggar3a, pR. 19 (A) Gelles Richard and Murray A. Stuaus. - Determinats of violence in the family : Toward a theoretical Integration. (b) In W.Burs R. Hill, I-I Nye and | Reias (Eds.); Contemporary theories About the family. (c) new York: Free Press, 1978, pArivArika zAMti aura anekAMta, pR. 36 123 Simmel. Georg. Conflict and the web of group affiliations. Free Press, 1955 (1908) 0 pArivArika zAMti aura anekAnta , DaoN. baccharAja duggar3a, pR. 19 pArivArika zAMti aura anekAnta , DaoN. baccharAja duggar3a, pR. 26 127 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 11 6. jaba parivAra kI sampatti naSTa ho jAtI hai, taba bhI parivAra tanAvagrasta hotA hai| 7. jaba parivAra ke mukhya sadasya yA kisI anya sadasya ko koI kSati pahuMcAne kI dhamakI dI jAtI hai, to bhI pUrA parivAra tanAvagrasta ho jAtA 8. puruSa- pradhAna samAja meM strI ke sAtha durvyavahAra bhI parivAra meM tanAva paidA kara detA hai| 9. strI ke mana meM bhaya kI bhAvanA paidA kara denA, usake Atma-sammAna ko coTa pahuMcAnA bhI tanAva ko janma detA hai| isa bAta kI puSTi sTrAusa ke 1979 ke eka adhyayana se hotI hai| 29 unhoMne kucha striyoM ke sAkSAtkAra dvArA isa tathya kA adhyayana kiyA thaa| jainadharma ke anusAra pArivArika azAMti ke kAraNa - - jainadharma-darzana ke anekAMta ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para parivAra meM aneka sadasya hote haiM, sabakI bhAvanAe~, icchAeM alaga-alaga hotI haiN| agara parivAra meM samarpaNa, sahayoga va sAmaMjasya hI na ho, to parivAra tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| sAmAjika-viSamatAeM aura tanAva - _. jainadarzana ke anusAra, vyakti aura samAja donoM eka-dUsare para AdhArita haiN| vyakti ke binA samAja kI saMracanA nahIM hotI aura sAmAjika va sAMskRtika-mUlyoM ke abhAva meM vyakti ke vyaktitva kA vikAsa nahIM hotaa| vyakti apane vyaktitva ke AdhAra para hI jAnA jAtA hai| vastutaH, jaina AgamoM . kI bhASA meM samAja kalpanA hai -"samAja kalpanA-prasUta. satya hai, vAstavika satya hai vykti| 130 jainadarzana kI anekAMta-dRSTi yaha mAnakara calatI hai ki samAja eka sAmAnya va amUrta tattva hai| samAja vyakti-sApekSa hai, kyoMki vaha vyaktiyoM se hI banatA hai, kintu jainadarzana yaha bhI mAnakara calatA hai ki vyakti aura samAja donoM eka-dUsare meM antarnihita haiN| jainadarzana-tattvamImAMsA ke anusAra pratyeka pArivArika zAMti aura anekAnta - DaoN. baccharAja duggar3a, pR. 28 Straus: The Conflict tactics scales. Journal of marriage and the family, 4, 75-88. . samasyA ko dekhanA sIkheM, AcArya mahAprajJa, (Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU) saMskaraNa-1999, pR.10 130 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti vastu apane- Apa meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa-donoM hI hotI hai| vyakti sAmAjika hone para bhI vyakti to rahatA hI hai, samAja vyakti-nirapekSa nahIM hotA aura vyakti samAja-nirapekSa nahIM hotaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki sAmAjika paristhitiyAM evaM sAmAjika-viSamatAe~ vyakti ke vyaktitva ko prabhAvita karatI haiN| pratyeka vyakti kA apanA eka alaga vyaktitva hotA hai, sAtha hI pratyeka vyakti samAja meM apane ahaM kI saMtuSTi cAhatA hai| vaha parivAra aura samAja meM rahatA hai, ataH parivAra evaM samAja ke dUsare sadasyoM se usakI kucha apekSAe~ hotI haiN| AcArya mahAprajJajI likhate haiMsamAja kA AdhAra hai| parasparAvalambana aura prspr-shyog|11 vyakti sAmAnyataH eka pratiSThApUrNa jIvana jIne kA AkAMkSI hotA hai| yadi samAja meM usakI AkAMkSAe~ aura apekSAe~ pUrI nahIM hotI hai aura usake ahaM aura pratiSThA ko koI coTa pahaMcatI hai to vaha tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| samAja meM utpanna viSamatAe~ aura varga-asaMtulana vyakti ke vyaktitva ko prabhAvita karate haiM aura use tanAvagrasta banAte haiN| jaba vyakti kI sAmAjika-pratiSThA para coTa pahuMcatI hai, to,vaha kabhI-kabhI AtmahatyA taka kA nirNaya le letA hai| pratyeka vyakti samAja meM sammAna ke sAtha jInA cAhatA hai| jainadarzana yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki pratyeka vyakti meM mAna-kaSAya hotI hai aura jaba taka vyakti meM cetana va acetana rUpa se mAna-kaSAya (Ego Problem) rahI huI haiM, taba taka vaha tanAvagrasta hI banA rahatA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo vyakti pUjA-pratiSThA kI kAmanA meM par3A hai, yaza kA bhUkhA hai, mAna-sammAna ke pIche daur3atA hai, vaha unake lie aneka prakAra ke daMbha racatA huA, atyadhika pApakarma karatA hai aura aMta meM kapaTavRtti apanA letA hai| vyakti ke jIvana meM kathanI aura karanI meM jitanA doharApana AtA hai, utanA hI vyakti tanAvagrasta banA rahatA hai, kyoMki vaha yaha apekSA rakhatA hai ki kahIM bhI usakA yaha doharApana ujAgara na ho| jainadarzana meM 'kahanA kucha aura karanA kucha'- yahI mRSAvAda (asatya bhASaNa) hai|133 jaba vyakti asatya kathana karatA hai, to use bhaya hotA hai ki satya sAmane AyA to usakI mAna-pratiSThA para ghAta phuNcegaa| isa prakAra, sAmAjika-jIvana meM vyakti kI pratiSThA aura sammAna kI bhAvanA hI use tanAvagrasta banAtI hai| dUsare, samasyA ko dekhanA sIkheM, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 11 132 dazavakAlikasUtra - 5/2/37 133 niyukti cUrNi sAhitya kI sUktiyAM, 3988, sUkti triveNI, pR 225 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti pratyeka vyakti mUlataH svahita kI kAmanA kA AkAMkSI hotA hai| jaba kabhI usakI svahita kI bhAvanA ko Thesa pahuMcatI hai, to bhI vaha tanAvagrasta bana jAtA hai, jaise- acAnaka Ae hue Arthika-saMkaTa yA divAliyApana Adi kI sthiti meM vyakti tanAvagrasta bana jAtA hai, kyoMki aisI sthiti meM use apanI sAmAjika pratiSThA ke dhUmila hone kA bhaya hotA hai| isake atirikta, samAja meM vyApta varga-saMgharSa evaM bhedabhAva vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banAte haiN| jainadharma meM dhanI athavA nirdhana kA bheda, ucca athavA nIca kA bheda, jAti evaM varNa kA bheda mAnya nahIM haiN| AcArAMgasatra meM kahA gayA hai ki sAdhanA-mArga (tanAvamukti kA mArga) kA upadeza sabhI ke lie samAna hai, jo upadeza eka dhanavAna yA uccakula ke vyakti ke lie hai, vahI upadeza garIba yA nimnakulotpanna vyakti ke lie bhI hai, 134 kintu phira bhI vartamAna meM mAna-kaSAya ke kAraNa yaha bhedabhAva kI bhAvanA pratyeka vyakti meM tanAva utpanna kara rahI hai| varNabheda, raMgabheda, U~ca-nIca ke bhAva Adi bhI vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banAte haiN| sabhI manuSyoM kI eka hI jAti hai| 135 janma ke AdhAra para jAti kA nizcaya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jAti, dharma ke nAma para ucca jAti ke vyakti nimnakulotpanna vyakti se dveSa evaM ghRNA kI bhAvanA rakhate haiN| jahAM eka ora zreSTha varga apane ahaMkAra ke kAraNa aura ahaMkAra ke poSaNa ke lie doharA jIvana jIte haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora nimna varga vAle IrSyA va abhAvagrasta jIvana jIte haiN| isa taraha, donoM prakAra ke vyaktiyoM meM tanAva utpanna hote haiN| jaba samAja ke sadasyoM meM pArasparika sauhArda aura sadabhAva samApta ho jAtA hai to usake kAraNa bhI vyakti tanAvagrasta hotA hai| jainadharma meM eka svastha samAja va vyakti ke nirmANa ke lie nimna sUtra die gae haiM - sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai- vyakti ko kisI ke bhI sAtha vaira-virodha nahIM karanA caahie| 136 abhimAna karanA ajJAnI kA lakSaNa hai|17 vyakti ko apane ahaM kA poSaNa nahIM karanA cAhie, jo anAzrita evaM asahAya haiM, unako sahayoga tathA Azraya dene hetu sadA tatpara rahanA 134 AcArAMga - 1/2/6/102 135 abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa-4, pR 1441 na virujjhejja keNa vi| - sUtrakRtAMga - 1/11/12 137 bAlajaNo pgbhii| - sUtrakRtAMga - 1/11/12 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Ta jainadharma darzana meM tanAva caahie|138 saMgha (samAja) vyavasthA meM sadavyavahAra bar3I cIja hai| 139 jisa saMgha (samAja) meM sahayoga na ho, galata pravRtti kA niSedha na ho aura satkArya ke lie preraNA na dI jAe, vaha saMgha saMgha nahIM hai| 40 samAja meM dhanI-garIba, U~ca-nIca, jJAnI aura mUrkha ke jo vargabheda banate haiM, ve vyaktiyoM ke mana meM hInatA evaM zreSThatA ke bhAva utpanna karate haiM aura inhIM hInatA yA zreSThatA ke bhAvoM ke kAraNa samAja meM tanAva utpanna ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki sAmAjika-viSamatA vyakti ke jIvana meM tanAva ko utpanna karatI hai| samAja meM aneka prakAra kI kurItiyA~ bhI pracalita hotI haiN| una kurItiyoM ke kAraNa bhI vyakti kA jIvana tanAvagrasta banatA hai| jaise jisa samAja meM yaha prathA pracalita hotI hai ki jaba taka kisI mRta vyakti kA mRtyubhoja nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka usakI AtmA ko zAMti nahIM milatI hai, phalataH usake parijana arthAbhAva hone para bhI isa prathA ko nibhAte haiN| isa prakAra, mRtyubhoja kI galata paramparA ko janma to milatA hI hai, kintu isake pariNAmasvarUpa jo viSanna paristhiti ke loga haiM, ve bhoja sAmagrI aura usake lie artha vyavasthA na kara pAne ke kAraNa tanAvagrasta bane rahate haiN| mRtyubhoja meM kabhI-kabhI itanA vyaya hotA hai ki sampanna vyakti bhI vipanna paristhiti meM calA jAtA hai aura vipanna vyakti bhI samAja meM apanI pratiSThA banAe rakhane ke lie usa hetu vyavasthA karane meM aura bhI vipanna ho jAtA hai| jisa samAja meM bAla-vivAha hote haiM, vahA~ parijana apanI dRSTi se vivAha nizcita kara dete haiM, kintu jaba bAlavaya meM pariNayasUtra meM baMdhe ve pati-patnI yuvAvasthA meM Ate haiM, to svabhAva kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa tathA anya bhinnatAoM ke kAraNa donoM meM tanAva utpanna ho jAtA hai| aneka samAja meM daheja prathA bhI pracalita hai| yaha daheja-prathA bhI sasurAla pakSa ke lobhI hone para aneka parivAroM va aneka lar3akiyoM ko tanAvagrasta karatI hai| asaMgihIyapariz2aNassa saMgiNhaNayAe abbhUTheyatvaM bhvti| - sthAnAMga - 8 Avazyakaniyukti bhASya - 123 140 baha. bhA. - 4464 (su. tri.) For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki samAja meM vyApta kurItiyA~ tanAva kA kAraNa banatI haiN| jisa samAja meM strI - puruSa ko samAna adhikAra nahIM milate haiM, vahA~ striyA~ hInabhAvanA ke kAraNa va puruSa apane ahaMkAravaza tanAvagrasta bane rahate haiM / mAtra yahI nahIM, kabhI-kabhI sAmAjika-pratiSThA ke anukUla vastra - AbhUSaNa ke abhAva ke kAraNa bhI vizeSa rUpa se striyA~ tanAvagrasta banI rahatI haiM aura unakI tanAvagrastatA va vyavahAra puruSoM ko bhI prabhAvita karatA hai / ina choTe-moTe tanAvoM ke kAraNa unake dAmpatya-jIvana meM bhI bikharAva A jAtA hai aura jisake kAraNa donoM tanAvagrasta rahate haiM / na kevala pati - patnI, apitu parivAra ke sadasyoM meM bhI sAmaMjasya nahIM hotA hai aura isa kAraNa bhI sampUrNa parivAra tanAvagrasta rahatA hai / 141 1 kabhI parivAra meM vRddhajana putra-putravadhU Adi ko apane anusAra jIvana jIne ko vivaza karate haiM, isase bhI tanAvagrastatA kA janma hotA hai| samAja meM samAja ke pratyeka sadasya ko apanI yogyatA ke anusAra kArya aura sthAna milanA cAhie, kintu vyakti kI ahaMkAra kI vRtti aura sAmAjika-pratiSThA kI cAha AtmasaMtuSTi na pAkara tanAvoM ko janma detI hai| isa prakAra, sAmAjika-jIvana meM aneka aise kAraNa pAe jAte haiM, jo vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banAte haiN| isa saMdarbha meM bhAratIya - cintana ke antargata gItA meM yaha kahA gayA hai- "vyakti ko karma karane kA adhikAra hai, phala-prApti usakI icchA ke anusAra ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| 141 jainadarzana meM bhI isa bAta ko yaha kahakara samajhAyA gayA hai ki samyakadRSTi jIva ko apane dAyitva va yogyatA ke anurUpa kArya karate rahanA cAhie aura phalAsakti se dUra rahanA cAhie / karttavyabhAvapUrvaka apane dAyitva kA nirvAha karanA eka aisA tattva hai, jisase vyakti samAja ke tanAva ko dUra kara sakatA hai| jainagraMtha sthAnAMgasUtra meM dasa prakAra ke sAmAjika-dharmoM kA ullekha huA hai, jaise - grAmadharma, nagaradharma, rASTradharma aadi| ye dharma vyakti kA samAja ke prati jo dAyitva haiM, use batAte haiM aura isa prakAra sAmAjika jIvana meM samarasatA utpanna kI jA sakatI hai aura tanAva se bacA jA sakatA hai| gItA 75 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti tanAva ke dhArmika kAraNa - sAmAnyataH, dharma samatA evaM vItarAgabhAva kA sampoSaka hai, ataH use tanAvamukti kA sAdhana mAnA jAtA hai, kintu dharma ke do pakSa hote haiM- eka sAmAnya pakSa aura dUsarA usakA vikRta pakSa hotA hai| jaba dharma sampradAya meM Abdha ho jAtA hai, taba kAlakrama meM aneka visaMgatiyA~ usameM praviSTa ho jAtI haiM aura dharma ko rUr3higata AcAra-maryAdAoM se jor3a diyA jAtA hai| eka ora vRddha pIr3hI ina rUr3higata AcAra-vyavasthAoM ko banAe rakhanA cAhatI haiM, to dUsarI aura pragatizIla yuvAvarga unake prati vidroha kI bhAvanA rakhatA hai| yaha satya hai ki dhArmika-rUr3hiyA~ aura karmakANDa jisa paristhiti-vizeSa meM utpanna hote haiM, usa samaya sambhavataH unakI koI sArthakatA hotI hai, kintu kAlAntara meM una rUDhiyoM kI sArthakatA bhI samApta ho jAtI hai, phira bhI vRddha pIr3hI unheM pakar3akara . rakhanA cAhatI hai aura yuvA pIr3hI unheM dhvaMsa karane meM juTI hotI hai| isa prakAra vRddha aura yuvA-varga meM eka saMgharSa kI sthiti utpanna hotI hai| yaha saMgharSa donoM ke lie tanAva kA kAraNa banatA hai, isalie jainadharma yaha mAnatA hai ki deza, kAla aura paristhitiyoM meM una rUr3hiyoM ke aucitya kA punaH nirdhAraNa honA cAhie aura jo rUr3hiyA~ apanA mUlya kho cukI haiM, arthAt jinakI aba koI sArthakatA nahIM rahI hai, unheM chor3a denA caahie| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki dharma kA mUla vinamratA hai aura vinamratA sadagati kA mUla hai|142 dharma kA sambandha viveka se hai, ataH samaya-samaya para una rUr3hiyoM va paramparAoM kA mUlyAMkana hote rahanA caahie| jainadarzana kA sApekSika-nirdhAraNavAda kA siddhAMta yaha batAtA hai ki dharma ke sambandha meM Agraha aura ekAMta-tyAga karake hI usake samyak svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jAnA caahie| samaya ke pravAha meM apanA aucitya kho cukI rUr3hiyoM se jakar3e rahanA ucita nahIM hai| isa prakAra, jainadarzana yaha batAtA hai ki eka samatva va saMtulita dRSTikoNa lekara hI dharma ke kSetra meM kArya karanA cAhie, tAki dharma ke nAma para tanAva kI utpatti na ho aura samAja vighaTita na ho| dharma kA mUlabhUta AdhAra Asakti yA mamatva kA parityAga hai| dharma-zraddhA hameM rAga (Asakti) se mukta karatI hai,43 kintu durbhAgya se vartamAna yuga meM dharma bhI eka vyavasAya bana gayA hai aura usake mAdhyama se Aja apane svArthoM kA poSaNa kiyA jAtA hai| jaba dharma ke nAma para 142 dhammassa mUlaM viNayaM vaMdati, dhammo ya mUlaM khalu soggiie| - bRha. bhA. 4441 143 saddhA khamaM Ne viNaitta raagN| - uttarAdhyayana - 14/28 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti baddhamUla rUr3hiyoM aura svArtha kA poSaNa hotA hai, to nizcita hI dhArmika - kriyAe~ tanAva kI utpatti kA kAraNa banatI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM- loga apane upAsya kI choTI-sI bhAgIdArI rakhakara dhanArjana karanA cAhate haiM / yaha dhanArjana kI vRtti yA cAha svayaM tanAva utpanna karatI hai| yaha satya hai ki dharma svataH tanAva kI utpatti kA kAraNa nahIM hai, kintu sAmpradAyika durAgraha dharma ke nAma para hI panapatA haiM, isase samAja vighaTita hotA hai, aura yaha vighaTana na kevala una donoM pakSoM ke mana meM tanAva utpanna karatA hai, apitu sAmAnya jana meM bhI pArasparika- alagAva kI paristhiti utpanna karake unheM bhI tanAvagrasta banA detA hai| vartamAna meM dharma kA matalaba kisI divya sattA, sAdhanA-paddhati yA siddhAnta se liyA jAtA hai, jisa para hamArI zraddhA, AsthA yA vizvAsa hotA hai| dharma ke isa artha meM loga dharma ke nAma para jhagar3A, kalaha karate haiM, jo mAtra vyakti yA samrAja meM hI nahIM, apitu dharmayuddha ke nAma para pUre vizva meM hI tanAva utpanna karatA hai / dharma na hindU hotA hai, na bauddha, na jaina, na IsAI, na islAma, para inhIM dhArmika-sampradAyoM ko dharma mAnakara, unake astitva ko banAye rakhane ke lie hone vAlA TakarAva yA saMgharSa vizva meM tanAva utpanna karatA hai / aise unmAdI vyakti svayaM ko dhArmika batAte haiM, kintu AcArya mahAprajJajI likhate haiM- "kSetravAda, prAntavAda, rASTravAda, bhASAvAda aura svayaM kI jAti ke garva ke AdhAra para jo manuSya - manuSya meM virodha ke bIja bote haiM, manuSya kI vAstavika ekatA ko kAlpanika - siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para chinna-bhinna karate haiM, manuSya ko manuSya kA zatru banAte haiM, vastutaH, ve dhArmika nahIM hote|" 144 dharma ke nAma para apanI icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti ke lie upAsya ko bhI eka sAdhana mAna liyA jAtA hai aura usase yaha prArthanA kI jAtI hai ki vaha vyakti ke manorathoM kI sampUrti kare / prathamataH to icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM kI upasthiti hI tanAva kI sthiti kA kAraNa banatI haiM, parantu isake sAtha jaba unakI pUrti nahIM hotI hai, to vyakti kA Akroza upAsya ke prati bhI jAga jAtA hai aura vaha upAsya ko bhI bhalA-burA kahane se nahIM cUkatA hai| yaha bhI tanAva kI sthiti kA hI 144 samasyA ko dekhanA sIkheM 77 AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 106 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti sUcaka hai| dharma ke nAma para do pIr3hiyoM va do vargoM meM bhI tanAva ke kAraNa banate haiN| 78 Aja yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki vyakti dharma ke kSetra meM bhI apane ahaM kA poSaNa evaM varcasva kI prApti cAhatA hai aura apanI mithyA pratiSThA kI kAmanA meM apanI sAmarthya se adhika dhana kA vyaya karake bhI tanAvagrasta bana jAtA hai| dharma ke nAma para hone vAle sAmpradAyika saMgharSa virodhI dharmo meM eka-dUsare ke prati ghRNA aura vidveSa kI bhAvanA utpanna karate haiM aura ghRNA aura vidveSa kI sthiti hI vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banAtI hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki dharma, jo mUlataH tanAvamukti kA sAdhana thA, vahI tanAva kI utpatti kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| tanAva ke manovaijJAnika kAraNa -- vastutaH, tanAva eka mAnasika avasthA hai, jisakA prabhAva hamAre zarIra aura vyavahAra para par3atA hai, phira bhI tanAva kA mUla AdhAra to mana hI hai, kyoMki tanAva kA janma vikalpoM se hotA hai| vikalpa icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM aura vAsanAoM ke kAraNa mana meM utpanna hote haiN| anukUla vikalpa apanI pUrti kI apekSA rakhate haiM aura pUrti na hone ke kAraNa tanAva ko janma dete haiM / avAMchanIya vikalpa bhI hamArI cetanA meM yaha bhAvanA jAgrata karate haiM ki unakI pUrti kA prayAsa kiyA jaae| yahA~ avAMchanIya se hamArA tAtparya anucita va anaitika se hai| sabhI vikalpa apanI pUrti kI apekSA rakhate haiM aura pUrti na hone para ve vikalpa vidveSa, ghRNA aura Akroza ko janma dete haiM, jo niyamataH tanAva ke kAraNa banate haiN| jaba hamArI indriyoM aura cetanA kA samparka bAhya jagata se hotA hai, to usake pariNAmasvarUpa kucha anubhUtiyA~ sukhada va kucha duHkhada lagatI haiN| sukhada kI punaH prApti kI icchA jAgatI hai / to duHkhada kA kaise viyoga ho, yaha ciMtA hotI hai| isa prakAra vyakti ke caitasika stara para utpanna hone vAlI icchAe~ aura AkAMkSAe~ anukUla hone para punaH punaH prApti kI apekSA rakhakara cetanA ko tanAvagrasta banAtI hai, to pratikUla paristhiti se viyoga kaise ho - isa ciMtA ke dvArA ve cetanA ko vikSobhita karatI rahatI haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI likhA hai ki zabda meM mUrcchita jIva anukUla zabda, gaMdha, rasa, sparza vAle padArthoM kI prApti, rakSaNa evaM pratikUla ke viyoga kI ciMtA meM lagA rahatA hai| vaha unake 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 79 saMyogakAla meM bhI atRpta hI rahatA hai,145 arthAt tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| vastutaH, Asakta jIva ko kucha bhI sukha nahIM hotaa| jainAcAryoM ne mana aura indriyoM ke anukUla viSayoM kI punaH prApti kI pravRtti ko hI icchA kahA hai147 aura anukUla kI cAha va pratikUla ke nirAkaraNa kI icchAdonoM hI tanAva ko janma detI haiN| anakala kI pUnaH-pUnaH prApti kaise ho aura pratikala kA viyoga kaise ho, mUlataH caitasika tanAva kA hI eka rUpa haiN| gItA meM bhI kahA gayA hai- mana se indriyoM kI pUrti meM bAdhaka bane tattvoM ke prati krodha utpanna hotA hai aura krodha kI sthiti meM viveka samApta ho jAtA hai| vivake-zakti ke samApta ho jAne para vyakti vinAza ko prApta hotA hai|148 ataH, tanAva kI utpatti rAga. ke vazIbhUta hotI hai, jo apanI pUrti kI prakriyA meM bAdhaka tattvoM ke prati Akroza yA dveSa kI vRtti ko janma detA hai| jainadarzana meM rAga va dveSa ko karmabIja kahA gayA hai aura karma ko baMdhana kA rUpa mAnA gayA hai| citta meM rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM kA janma hone para citta vizrRMkhalita ho jAtA hai aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti tanAvagrasta banA rahatA hai, ataH tanAvoM se mukti ke lie mana ko vikalpoM se Upara uThAnA hogaa| cUMki mana meM aise utpanna vikalpa vANI aura zarIra ke mAdhyama se hI apanI abhivyakti pAte haiM, isalie jainadarzana meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki mAnasika, vAcika va kAyika pravRttiyA~ hI Azrava kA hetu haiM aura isa Azrava se hI karmabaMdha hotA hai| jaise-jaise mana, vacana, kAya ke yoga (saMghaSa) alpatara hote jAte haiM, vaise-vaise baMdha bhI alpatara hotA jAtA hai| yogacakra kA pUrNataH nirodha hone para AtmA meM baMdha (tanAva) kA sarvathA abhAva ho jAtA hai| __ jainadarzana yaha mAnatA hai ki mana aura zarIra-ye do alaga-alaga avasthAe~ haiM, phira bhI jaina karma-siddhAMta meM prAcInakAla se hI yaha mAnA gayA hai ki jar3akarma kA prabhAva hamArI cetanA para aura cetanA kA prabhAva jar3akoM para hotA hai| 148 145 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 32/41 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 32/71 abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa-2, pR. 575 gItA - 2/62-63 49. rAgo yadoso vi ya kamma bIja - uttarAdhyayanasUtra -32/7 150 jahA.jahA appataro se jogo, tahA tahA appataro se bNdho| nirUddhajogissa va se Na hoti, achiddapotassa va aNbunnaadhe| - bRha. bhA. 3926 For Personal & Private Use Only

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80 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti . mana aura zarIra vastutaH do svataMtra tattva hone para bhI ve eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karate hI haiN| gesTrAla nAmaka manovaijJAnika ne yaha mAnA thA ki zArIrika-parivartana vyakti kI cetanA ko prabhAvita karate haiM aura cetanA ke dvArA zArIrika-parivartana hote haiM, jaise mAdaka-dravyoM ke sevana se cetanA prabhAvita hotI hai, to dUsarI ora mAnasika-vicAroM kA prabhAva hamAre zarIra para par3atA hai| ciMtAgrasta vyakti durbala hotA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, jainadarzana mana, vANI aura . zarIra- tInoM kI pArasparika-prabhAvazIlatA ko svIkAra karake calatA hai aura isalie vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki Atmazuddhi ke lie mana zuddhi aura vacana zuddhi / Avazyaka hai| __isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki tanAva eka mAnasika sthiti hokara bhI apanI abhivyakti to vANI aura zarIra se hI prApta karatA hai, ataH mana ko saMyamita karane ke lie zArIrika gatividhiyoM va vANI ko bhI saMyamita karanA Avazyaka hai| mana saMyamita hogA, to vyakti tanAvamukta hogaa| atIta aura bhaviSya kI kalpanAe~ aura tanAva - manuSya jyAdA tanAva meM hotA hai, jo bhAra use uThAnA nahIM cAhie, vaha usase jyAdA bhAra DhotA hai, atIta kI smRti aura bhaviSya kI kalpanA kA bhAra / atIta meM kucha aisI ghaTanAe~ ghaTI hotI haiM ki hama vartamAna meM use bAra-bAra yAda karake hamAre kAma karane kI zakti ko kama kara dete haiM, jisase hamArA kArya nahIM ho pAtA va eka aura nayA bhAra yA tanAva paidA ho jAtA hai| pUrva smRti kA bhAra to kama huA nahIM thA, ki eka aura smRti bana gii| atIta meM kyA huA, kaise ho gayA, koI hamase dUra ho gayA- ina sabakA hama itanA bojha uThAte haiM ki pUrI taraha tanAva se grasta ho jAte haiN| isI prakAra, jaTila hotA hai- kalpanA kA bhArA hamArI bahuta-sI AkAMkSAe~ hotI haiM aura unakI kalpanA meM hama itane DUba jAte haiM ki usI meM ulajha kara raha jAte haiM aura bhArI tanAvagrasta ho jAte haiN| hameM bhaviSya kI itanI ciMtA rahatI hai ki hama vartamAna ko tanAvayukta banA dete haiN| bhUta aura bhaviSya ke bojha ko uThAte-uThAte hama vartamAna ko bhI 151 cetanA kA UrdhvArohaNa, AcArya mahAprajJajI, pR. 9 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 81 tanAva meM Dubo dete haiN| vartamAna meM kara rahe kArya ko hama ThIka se nahIM kara pAte, kyoMki hamArI AMtarika zakti kama ho jAtI hai| kalpanA kie gae kArya ko karane meM utanA bhAra nahIM hotA, jitanA ki hamAre mastiSka meM usa kalpanA kA bhAra hotA hai| AcArya mahAprajJajI ne apanI kRti 'cetanA kA UrdhvArohaNa' meM likhA hai- jitanA bhAra kalpanA aura smRti kA hotA hai, utanA vAstavikatA kA nahIM hotaa|152 loga kahate haiM- yaha jaMgala bar3A bhayAnaka hai| yahA~ zera, cIte dina meM bhI dahAr3ate haiM, kaI jaMgalI jAnavara haiM, iMsAna kI gandha milate hI use DhUMDhakara khA hI jAte haiN| yaha kalpanA meM kAphI bhayAvaha hai, kintu jaba vana meM se gujarate haiM, vAstava meM usa samaya itanA bhaya nahIM hotA, jitanA ki hamArI kalpanA meM hotA hai, hamArI smRti meM hotA hai| smRti aura kalpanA- ye hamAre antarjagata kI ghaTanAe~ haiM aura paristhiti kA sAmanA bAharI jagata kI ghaTanAe~ haiN| bAharI jagata kI ghaTanAe~ hamAre mAnasa para utanA prabhAva nahIM DAlatIM, jitanA prabhAva hamArI kalpanA, hamArI smRti kA hamAre mana para aura hamArI kArya kSamatA para par3atA hai| na bhUtakAla hamArA hai, na bhvissykaal| agara kucha hai, to vaha hai- vrtmaan| vartamAna meM jIne vAlA vyakti kabhI bhI tanAva kA yA bhAra kA anubhava nahIM kregaa| agara hama atIta aura bhaviSya se kaTakara, alaga hokara, usake bAre meM smRti yA kalpanA se dUra rahakara vartamAna meM jInA sIkha leM, to tanAvamukti kI sthiti prApta kara sakate haiN| AcArya zaMkara ne jIvana-mukti kI paribhASA likhI hai, usameM yahI batAyA hai - atItAnanusandhAnaM bhvissydvicaarnnm| - audAsinyamapi prApte, jIvana muktasya lkssnnm|| arthAta, yaha jIvana- mukti kyA hai ? jahA~ atIta kA anusandhAna nahIM hai aura bhaviSya kI vicAraNA nahIM hai| bhaviSya kI kalpanAe~ aura yojanAe~ nahIM hai, vaha hai jiivn-mukti| isI prakAra, hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki tanAva-mukti hI jIvana-mukti hai| agara hama bhaviSya kI kalpanA nahIM kareM, atIta kI smRti ke anusandhAna ko chor3a deM, to hameM mukti kA anubhava hogA aura 152 vhI, pR.9 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti yahI tanAva-mukti hai| tanAva-mukti meM halkepana kA anubhava hogA aura halkepana kA anubhava matalaba zAMti kA anubhava AnaMda kA anubhv| ___ vyakti yA to apane atIta meM jItA hai, yA bhaviSya meN| atIta hamArI smRti bana jAtA hai| agara smRti acchI hai, atIta acchA hai, to hama yahI soca-socakara parezAna hote haiM ki kAza! ve pala, vaha samaya phira A jAe, lekina bItA huA kala vApasa nahIM AtA, phira cAhe vaha acchA ho, yA burA / vyakti yahI socatA hai ki vaMha vakta phira se Ae, jisameM usane sukha kA anubhava kiyA thA aura jaba vaha sukha nahIM milatA, to vyakti vicalita ho jAtA hai| usa sukha ko pAne kI AzA meM aura na milane kI nirAzA meM vaha duHkhI ho jAtA hai| phira vaha acchI smRti bhI cubhatI hai aura use bAra-bAra rUlAtI hai| usa smRti se tanAva ho jAtA hai| kala kA soca-socakara hama Aja meM rote haiM aura Aja meM rote-rote Ane vAle kala ko bhI rulAte haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM atIta ke gahare se bAhara nikAlane ke lie kahA hai -'aNabhikkaMtaM ca vayaM saMpehAe; khaNaM jANAhi pNddie| 153 arthAt, he Atmavid sAdhaka! jo bIta gayA, so bIta gyaa| zeSa rahe jIvana ko hI lakSya meM skhate hue prApta avasara ko prkh| samaya kA mUlya smjh| hamArA atIta acchA rahA, to Aja bhI usakI smRti ko bAra-bAra smaraNa kara hama tanAva meM badala dete haiM aura agara burA huA yA koI duHkhadAyI ghaTanA ghaTI, to bhI hama usako soca-socakara; usa ghaTanA ko bAra-bAra yAda kara tanAva ke gahare meM utara jAte haiN| kahA bhI gayA hai- 'jahA kaDaM kamma, tahAsi bhaare| 154 arthAt, jaisA kiyA huA karma, vaisA hI usakA bhog| Aja ArtadhyAna kareMge, to kala bhI tanAvagrasta hI rheNge| hama yaha vicAra nahIM karate ki jo ho gayA use bhUla jAeM, balki yahI vicAra karate rahate haiM, dUsaroM ko sunAte rahate haiM ki dekho, hamAre sAtha kitanI dardanAka ghaTanAe~ ghaTI haiN| kabhI-kabhI to hameM bahuta acchA lagatA hai ki hamAre jIvana meM kucha alaga huA hai| hameM majA AtA hai, usa takalIpha ko bAra-bAra cher3ane meN| hameM lagatA hai ki hama aise hI duHkhI raheMge, to logoM kI sahAnubhUti milegii| bar3A Ananda milatA hai, usI duHkha kI ghaTanA ko yAda karane meM, para taba hameM yaha anubhava nahIM hotA ki hama kyA kara raheM haiM, usI tanAva ke gaDhDhe meM par3e-par3e apanA anamola jIvana barbAda kara rahe haiN| Aja jo 153 AcArAMgasUtra - 1/2/1 sUtrakRtAMga - 1/5/1/26 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kArya karanA hai, use chor3akara purAne dukhar3e ro rahe haiN| hama isI mUrchA meM par3e rahate haiM aura jaba hoza AtA hai, taba taka bahuta dera ho jAtI hai| jisa samaya jo kArya karanA thA, vaha nahIM kiyA, to usakA bhI bhAra eka sAtha hama para par3atA hai| hamArA atIta itanA bhayAnaka nahIM huA hogA, jitanA bhayAnaka use soca-socakara hama hamArA vartamAna banA dete haiM aura kahate haiM- vartamAna sudhAra lo, to bhaviSya apane-Apa sudhara jaaegaa| vartamAna meM atIta kI parachAI ko lekara cale, to vartamAna bigar3a jAtA hai aura vartamAna bigar3A, to bhaviSya bhI bigar3a jAtA hai| hamArA jIvana AyA bhI aura calA bhI gayA, na jIne kA sukha milA aura na hI sukha zAMti se mara ske| atIta kI taraha hI bhaviSya kI ciMtA bhI hamArI citA banA detI hai| Aja meM nahIM jIkara hama Ane vAle kala meM jIte haiM, jo hameM patA hI nahIM hai, kaisA hogA ? jo patA hI nahIM hai, kaisA hogA, usake lie kyA ciMtA krnaa| apanA Aja acchA hogA, apanA Aja sudhAra leMge, to AnevAlA kala apane Apa acchA hogaa| para nahIM, hama bhaviSya kA socate haiM, kalpanA karate haiN| tanAvamukta jIvana jIne kI pahalI zarta yahI hai ki atIta kI ghaTanAoM se sirpha zikSA lI jAe aura bhaviSya kI kalpanAoM ko chor3akara vartamAna ko jiyA jaae| jisa kAla (samaya) meM jo kArya karane kA ho, usa kAla meM vahI kArya karanA caahie|15 bhaviSya kI kalpanA nahIM hogI aura atIta kA bojha nahIM hogA, to vartamAna tanAvamukta hogaa| ------000---- 155 kAle kAlaM smaayre| - dazavaikAlikasUtra -5/2/4 For Personal & Private Use Only

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84 1. AtmA, citta aura mana evaM unakA saha sambandha mAnava astitva deha aura cetanA kI eka nirmiti hai| mAnavIya cetanA kI abhivyakti tIna mAdhyamoM meM dekhI jAtI hai AtmA, citta aura mana / yadyapi ina tInoM meM itanA tAdAtmya hai ki inameM kisI prakAra kI bheda-rekhA nahIM khIMcI jA sakatI, phira bhI cetanA kI abhivyakti evaM gatividhiyoM ke rUpa meM hama tInoM ko eka-dUsare se alaga samajha sakate haiN| sAmAnyataH, apane sattAtmaka-stara para ye tInoM eka hI haiM, kintu bAhya lakSaNoM aura kAryoM ke AdhAra para ina tInoM meM bheda kiyA jA sakatA hai| jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti adhyAya-3 caittasika manobhUmi aura tanAva jainadarzana ke anusAra, AtmA vaha AdhArabhUmi hai, jisameM cetanA abhivyakta hotI hai| AtmA eka sattA hai, jisakA lakSaNa upayoga arthAt cetana gatividhiyA~ kahA gayA hai| 156 jainadarzana meM cetanA ke sthAna para 'upayoga' zabda kA prayoga adhika huA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM upayoga (cetanA) ke do prakAra batAe gae haiM - darzanAtmaka evaM jJAnAtmaka / ' inheM hama kramazaH anubhUtyAtmaka evaM vicArAtmaka bhI kaha sakate haiN| 157 158 jJAna nirNayAtmaka rUpa hai aura darzana anubhUti - rUpa hai, isalie jaina-AcAryoM ne darzana ko sAmAnya aura jJAna ko vizeSa kahA hai| yaha satya hai ki anubhUti ke binA jJAna nahIM hotA hai, ataH jJAna anubhUti kI AdhArabhUmi para khar3A huA hai, phira bhI nirNayAtmaka yA vikalpAtmaka hone se vizeSa hai| darzana sattA ke astitva kA bodha karAtA hai, jabaki jJAna 156 a) tattvArthasUtra, - 2/8 157 158 ba) uttarAdhyayanasUtra, -28/11 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga-1, pR. 215 tattvArthasUtra -2 / 9 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti usakI vizeSatAoM ke sambandha meM koI nizcaya karatA hai| jaina- dArzanikoM ke anusAra 'idaM rajju' meM idamatA kA jo bodha hotA hai, vaha darzana hai aura 'rajjutva' kA jo bodha hotA hai, vaha jJAna hai| isameM 'idamtA' aMgrejI bhASA meM 'Thisness' kI sUcaka hai, aura rajju zabda usake viziSTa guNoM yA AkAra-prakAra kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra ke jJAna aura darzana kI kSamatA se jo yukta hai, vaha AtmA hai| AtmA eka amUrtta dravya hai aura citta usakI vRtti hai / citta AtmA ke caitasika guNoM kI AdhArabhUmi hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to citta AtmA kI paryAya ( avasthA - vizeSa) hai| AtmA dravya hai aura citta paryAya hai, jo jJAnarUpa yA anubhUti - rUpa hotI hai| AtmA kI bAhya - jagat meM jo abhivyakti hai, yA jisake mAdhyama se AtmA apane ko abhivyakta karatI hai, vaha citta hai / citta cetanA kI eka avasthA hai| AcArya mahAprajJajI ne citta-nirmANa kI avasthA ko citta - paryAya kI avasthA kahA hai| 1159 unake tathA kucha anya manovaijJAnikoM ke anusAra, citta ke tIna kArya hote haiM - 1. anubhava karanA, 2. jAnanA aura 3. saMkalpa krnaa| inameM jo tIsarA saMkalpAtmaka pakSa hai, vahI vastutaH mana hai / mana ko vikalpAtmaka kahA hai, ataH citta ke vikalpa hI mana kA AkAra grahaNa karate haiN| vastutaH, smRti, kalpanA, manana, IhA, cintA aura vimarza ye saba mana ke kArya haiN| ye sAre mAnasika kArya citta ke sahayoga se hI sampanna hote haiN| 1160 jo manana karatA hai, arthAt vikalpa karatA hai, vaha mana hai aura yaha manana jisakI sahAyatA se karatA hai, vaha citta hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra, citta kA artha hai ke sAtha kAma karane vAlI cetanA aura mana kA artha hai dvArA kAma karAne ke lie prayukta taMtra / mana paudgalika Atmika hai| 101 sthUla zarIra usa citta ke hai aura citta isa prakAra-jainadarzana ke anusAra, AtmA, citta aura mana apane kAryoM yA bAhya-abhivyakti kI apekSA se bhinna-bhinna haiM, kintu apanI sattA kI apekSA se abhinna haiM / 159 160 citta aura mana, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 237 161 vahI, pR. 239 jahA~ taka ina tInoM kA tanAva se sambandha kA prazna hai, mana tanAva kI janmabhUmi hai, kyoMki vaha saMkalpa-vikalparUpa hai| cetanA kA urdhvArohaNa, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 51 85 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti saMkalpa-vikalpa mana meM utpanna hote haiM, ataH mana ko tanAva kI janmabhUmi kahA jA sakatA hai| citta usakI saMvedanA aura abhivyakti-rUpa hai| dravya-mana mana hai aura bhAvamana citta hai| Adhunika manovijJAna ke anusAra tanAva eka manodaihika-avasthA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, yaha dravyamana kA bhAvamana para hone vAlA eka prabhAva hai| mana tanAva ko janma detA hai, citta usakA anubhava karatA hai aura anubhava ke AdhAra para vaha udvelita bhI hotA hai, jabaki AtmasvarUpataH unakA jJAtA yA draSTA hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to AtmA tanAvoM ko dekhatA hai, citta unheM dekhakara udvelita hotA hai aura mana nae-nae vikalpoM ko janma dekara hamArI cetanA ko tanAvoM se yukta banAtA hai| yaha tanAva se yukta cetanA hI citta hai| isa prakAra, AtmA, citta aura mana bhinna-bhinna hokara bhI abhinna haiM, kyoMki jainadarzana kI anekAMta kI dRSTi kathaMcit bheda aura kathaMcit abheda mAnatI hai| jainadarzana meM AtmA kI avasthAe~ aura unakA tanAva se sahasambandha - bhagavatIsUtra meM AtmA ke ATha prakAroM kA varNana hai| 162 isameM jJAna-AtmA, darzana-AtmA, cAritra-AtmA, vIrya-AtmA, upayoga-AtmA aura dravyaAtmA kA jo svarUpa diyA hai, use hama tanAvamukti kI avasthA kaha sakate haiM, kyoMki ina avasthAoM meM AtmA vibhAva se yukta nahIM hotI hai, ataH yaha avasthA nirvikalpatA kI hone ke kAraNa tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| isake viparIta, kaSAya-AtmA tanAva kI avasthA hai| jaba mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRtti bAhya-tattvoM se jur3atI hai, to yogAtmA kI avasthA bhI tanAva kI hI avasthA hai, kintu jaba yoga (mana, vacana va kAya) kI pravRtti antarAtmA se jur3atI hai, to vaha tanAvamukti kI avasthA hotI hai| yadyapi yadi AtmA vibhAvadazA ko prApta hotI hai, to mithyA-jJAna, mithyA-darzana, mithyA-cAritra se yukta hone para use tanAvagrasta mAna sakate haiN| Atma-puruSArtha yA kriyAtmaka-zakti kA mithyAtva kI dizA meM kriyAzIla hone para use hama tanAvayukta mAna sakate haiN| tanAva AtmA kI paryAya-dazA hai, isalie dravya-AtmA apane tAttvika svarUpa meM paryAya se aprabhAvita hone kI dazA meM tanAvamukta mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu jahA~ taka upayoga-AtmA kA prazna hai, yadi 162 bhagavatIsUtra- 6/33-34, bhagavaI, khaNDa-2, pR.-246-247 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 164 vaha apane upayoga kA prayoga jJAtA - draSTAbhAva ko chor3akara . karttA - bhoktAbhAva meM karatA hai, to vaha vibhAva - dazA ko prApta ho jAtA hai aura aisI sthiti meM usakI dazA tanAvayukta dazA hogI, kyoMki "ajJAnI AtmA hI karmoM kA karttA hotA hai| * 163 "AtmA jaMba vibhAva - dazA meM hotI hai, to karmoM kA saMcaya karatI hai, ve karma hI vipAka -dazA meM bahuta duHkhadAyI (tanAva utpanna karane vAle) hote haiM / " AtmA kA jJAtA-draSTAbhAva meM nahIM honA - yahI tanAva kA hetu hai, kintu yadi vaha jJAtA - draSTAbhAva meM rahatA hai, to vaha tanAvamukta hai| isI prakAra, yoga - AtmA mana, vacana aura kAya kI pravRtti kA kAraNa hai / yaha pravRtti sad aura asad- donoM rUpa meM ho sakatI hai| yadi asad - pravRtti hai, to vaha nizcaya hI tanAvagrasta hogA / sad-pravRtti meM icchA aura AkAMkSA raha sakatI hai, vahA~ cAhe tIvra tanAva na ho, kintu vaha tanAvamukta avasthA bhI nahIM mAnI jA sktii| jaba taka mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRtti hai, taba taka zubhAzubha bhAva hote haiM aura jaba taka zubhAzubha bhAva haiM, taba taka icchAe~ aura AkAMkSAe~ bhI ho sakatI haiM aura usa sthiti meM vyakti tanAva se yukta bhI ho sakatA hai| isase bhinna, jaba yoga meM bhI mAtra jJAtA - draSTAbhAva kI sthiti hotI hai, taba icchA ke abhAva ke kAraNa vaha tanAvamukta raha sakatA hai| tanAvayukta avasthA hI kaSAya AtmA kI avasthA hai, kyoMki tanAva kA pramukha hetu hI kaSAya hai| isa prakAra, AtmA ke ATha prakAroM meM dravya - AtmA vizuddha rUpa hone se tanAvarahita hotI hai / yadyapi yaha bAta kevala nirvANa prApta AtmA ke sambandha meM hI samajhanA cAhie / jo dravya AtmAe~ yoga aura kaSAya se yukta haiM, ve to tanAva kI sthiti meM hotI hI haiM, kyoMki upayoga ko hI AtmA kA lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai, kintu yaha upayoga apane zuddha svabhAva meM hai, to nirvikalpatA hone ke kAraNa tanAvamukti kI avasthA hotI hai| isa prakAra, mAtra zuddha dravya - AtmA nizcita hI vikAramukta hone se tanAvamukta mAnI gaI hai| zeSa chaH prakAra kI AtmAe~ tanAvayukta bhI ho sakatI haiM aura tanAvamukta bhI ho sakatI haiM, kintu jahA~ taka kaSAya AtmA kA prazna hai, vaha niyamataH tanAvayukta hI hotI hai / 163 164 samayasAra - 12, aNNANamao jIvo kammANaM kArago hodi / uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 32/46 87 For Personal & Private Use Only

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88. jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kahA bhI gayA hai -"krodha se AtmA vikArI hotA hai| mAna se adhama gati prApta karatA hai| mAyA se sadgati kA mArga avarUddha ho jAtA hai| lobha se isa loka aura paraloka- donoM meM hI bhaya (kaSTa, duHkha) hotA hai| 165 "krodhAdi kaSAyoM ko kSaya kie binA. kevalajJAna (tanAvamukti) kI prApti nahIM hotii| 188 isa prakAra, ATha prakAra kI AtmAoM meM zuddha dravya AtmA tanAvamukta va kaSAya-AtmA ko tanAvayukta kahA jAtA hai| zeSa chaH AtmAe~ tanAvayukta bhI ho sakatI haiM aura tanAvamukta bhI ho sakatI haiN| AtmA kA eka vargIkaraNa guNasthAnoM ke AdhAra para bhI kiyA gayA hai| guNasthAna nimna caudaha mAne gae haiM - 1. | mithyAtva-guNasthAna 8. | nivRttibAdara (kaSAya), guNasthAna 2. | sAsvAdana-guNasthAna 9. | anivRttibAdara (nokaSAya)guNasthAna 3. | mizraguNasthAna | 10. | sUkSmasaMparAya guNasthAna 4. aviratasamyagdRSTi | 11. upazAMtamoha-guNasthAna - -guNasthAna 5. | dezaviratizrAvaka-guNasthAna 12. kSINamohaguNasthAna 6. | pramatasaMyata-guNasthAna |13. | sayogIkevalI-gaNasthAna 7. TapramatasaMyata-guNasthAna 14. ayogIkevalI-guNasthAna 1. mithyAtva-guNasthAna - isa avasthA meM manuSya pUrNataH tanAvayukta rahatA hai, kyoMki yaha AtmA kI bahirmukhI avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM mAnasika-dRSTi se vyakti tIvratama anantAnubandhI-kaSAya se vazIbhUta rahatA hai 167, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa vaha tanAva kI tIvratama sthiti meM rahatA hai| isa avasthA meM 165 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 1/54 166 Avazyakaniyukti - 92 167 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana , DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 455 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti vyakti para vAsanAtmaka-pravRttiyA~ pUrNa rUpa se hAvI hotI haiM 188 aura vAsanAtmaka-vyakti tanAvayukta hotA hai| 2. sAsvAdana-guNasthAna - jainadharma ke anusAra -"yaha guNasthAna' AtmA kI patanonmukha avasthA kA dyotaka hai| 189 isa avasthA meM vyakti meM anantAnubandhIkaSAyavRtti kA udaya to hotA hai, kintu vaha kucha kSaNa ke bAda svayaM ko tanAvoM se yukta kara letA hai| 3. mizra-guNasthAna - isa guNasthAna meM vyakti saMzayAvasthA meM rahatA hai| "isa avasthA meM vaha satya aura asatya ke madhya jhUlatA rahatA hai, arthAt vAsanAtmaka jIvana aura karttavyazIlatA ke madhya kyA zreSTha hai, isakA nirNaya nahIM kara pAtA hai|70 do paraspara virodhI tattvoM ke madhya nirNaya nahIM. kara pAne yA saMzayAvasthA kI yaha sthiti niyamataH tanAva kI hI sthiti hai, kyoMki vyakti isI ciMtA meM rahatA hai ki -"maiM kyA karUM, kyA nahIM aura pariNAmasvarUpa, vaha kucha nirNaya nahIM kara paataa| 4. aviratasamyaka-dRSTi-muNasthAna - yaha guNasthAna AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM sAdhaka ko yathArthatA kA bodha yA satya kA darzana to ho jAtA hai, kintu phira bhI vaha vAsanAoM, rAgAdi kaSAyoM se yukta hotA hai aura jahA~ kaSAyAdi haiM, vahA~ tanAva to niyamataH hotA hI hai| isa avasthA meM saMzaya kI sthiti to samApta ho jAtI hai, arthAt kyA acchA yA ucita hai, yaha vaha jAnatA to hai, para phira bhI tanAva ke hetuoM se baca nahIM paataa| 5. dezavirata-samyaka-dRSTi-guNasthAna - - isa gaNasthAna meM vyakti kI vAsanAoM aura kaSAyoM meM sthAyitva nahIM hotaa|" vAsanAoM aura kaSAyoM ke AvegoM kA prakaTana to hotA hai, kintu vaha una para niyaMtraNa karane kI kSamatA rakhatA hai, arthAt tanAva ke hetuoM se bacane kA prayAsa karatA hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana , DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 455 10% jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana , DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 457 17 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana , DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 457 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 461 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 6. pramatta-saMyata-guNasthAna - isa guNasthAna meM vyakti tanAva ke hetuoM se pUrI taraha nivRtta hokara tanAvamukti ke lie dRr3hatApUrvaka prayAsa karatA hai| isa avasthA meM vyakti meM tanAva kA stara prathama tIna guNasthAnoM kI apekSA bahuta kama hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, krodha ke avasara para aisA. sAdhakaM bAhyarUpa se to zAnta banA rahatA hai tathA antara meM usa para niyaMtraNa karatA hai, phira bhI krodhAdi kaSAya-vRttiyA~ usake antara-mAnasa meM tanAva to utpanna / karatI hI haiN| 7. apramatta-saMyata-guNasthAna - yaha pUrNa sajagatA kI sthiti hai| ise hama tanAvamukti kI avasthA kaha sakate haiN| isa guNasthAna meM kaSAya kI avyakta sattA to hotI hai, kaSAya-vRttiyA~ vyakti ko vicalita karane kA prayAsa bhI karatI. rahatI haiM, kintu usake antarmana (AtmA) kI sajagatA use tanAvamukta banAe rakhatI hai| 8. nivRttibAdara (kaSAya) guNasthAna - isa avasthA meM sAdhaka adhikAMza rUpa meM vAsanAoM se mukta rahatA hai aura mAtra bIjarUpa saMjvalana-mAyA aura lobha hI zeSa rahate haiN| isa AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki isa guNasthAna meM vyakti tanAvamukta rahatA hai| 9. anivRttibAdara (nokaSAya) guNasthAna - yaha bhI tanAvamukta avasthA hI hai, kintu isa guNasthAna meM rahI huI AtmA punaH tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM bhI A sakatI hai, kyoMki isa avasthA meM tanAva-utpatti ke nokaSAyarUpI kucha kAraNa abhI zeSa hote haiM, yadyapi vyakti ke tanAvamukta ho jAne se yaha sambhAvanA atyanta kama hI hotI hai| 10. sUkSmasaMparAya guNasthAna - anivRttibAdara-guNasthAna meM nokaSAya hone se punaH tanAva-utpatti kI saMbhAvanA to hotI hai, kintu sUkSmasaMparAya-guNasthAna meM kaSAyoM ke kAraNabhUta hAsya, rati, arati, bhaya, zoka aura ghRNA- ina pUrvokta cha: 172 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 465 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti bhAvoM evaM strI-puruSa aura napuMsaka sambandhI kAmavAsanA ko bhI sAdhaka naSTa kara detA hai| 11. upazAMta - mohanIya - guNasthAna sAdhaka vAsanAoM ko dabAkara yA upazamita kara isa guNasthAna meM Ate haiM, ataH kucha samaya ke lie tanAvamukta rahate haiM, kintu damita vAsanAoM ke punaH prakaTa hone kI saMbhAvanA ke kAraNa ve punaH patita ho jAte haiN| 12. kSINamoha - guNasthAna isa avasthA meM tanAva kA koI bhI kAraNa, arthAt vAsanA zeSa nahIM rahatI / usakI samasta vAsanAe~, samasta AkAMkSAe~ kSINa ho cukI hotI haiN| aisA sAdhaka rAga-dveSa se bhI pUrNataH mukta ho jAtA hai, ataH aisA vyakti tanAvamukta ho jAtA hai aura punaH tanAva kI sthiti meM nahIM jAtA hai| 13. sayogIkevalI - guNasthAna yaha avasthA bhI pUrNataH tanAvamukta avasthA hI kahI jAtI hai| isa avasthA meM sAdhaka ke cAra aghAtIkarma zeSa rahate haiM, pariNAmasvarUpa usakA deha ke sAtha sambandha jur3e hone ke kAraNa usakI vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAe~ calatI rahatI haiM aura unake kAraNa karma kA iryApathika-baMdha to hotA hai kintu vaha use prabhAvita nahIM karatA hai / - 14. ayogakevalI guNasthAna 173 sayogakevalI guNasthAna meM AtmA dehAtIta hokara AdhyAtmika . pUrNatA ko prApta kara letI hai, arthAt yaha avasthA pUrNataH tanAvamukta avasthA hai| 173 91 - saMkSepa meM, hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki ina caudaha guNasthAnoM meM pahale tIna guNasthAnoM meM vyakti niyamataH kaSAya ke udaya ke kAraNa tanAvagrasta hI rahatA hai, jabaki cauthe guNasthAna se lekara dasaveM guNasthAna taka kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM kaSAya kI sattA banI rahatI hai aura isalie ina avasthAoM meM tanAva to rahatA hai, kintu AtmA Age bar3hate hue tanAva se mukta hone ke lie satata prayatnazIla hotI hai| aMtima cAra jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 470 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti avasthAe~, arthAt upazAMta moha, kSINamoha, sayogIkevalI aura ayogIkevalI niyamataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai, kyoMki ina avasthAoM meM rAga-dveSa tathA krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha kI pravRtti samApta ho jAtI hai / yaha satya hai ki gyArahaveM guNasthAna meM vyakti moha ke zAMta hone para kucha samaya ke lie tanAvamukta ho jAtA hai, kintu usakI yaha sthiti sthAI nahIM hotii| moha kA udaya hone para vaha punaH tanAvagrasta bana jAtA hai, kintu zeSa tIna avasthAoM meM tanAvamukta hone para punaH tanAvagrasta nahIM hotA hai| 92 cittavRttiyA~ aura tanAva jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa dvArA praNIta 'jhANAjjhayayana' nAmaka grantha meM citta ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai - "jaM calaM taM cittaM", arthAt jo caMcala hai, vaha citta hai| dUsare zabdoM meM . AtmA kI paryAya - dazA ko hI citta kahA gayA hai| cittavRttiyoM kI yaha caMcalatA vastutaH tanAva kA mukhya kAraNa hai / citta vRttiyoM kI isa caMcalatA kA janma caitasika-paryAyoM ke rUpa meM hotA hai / mana meM utpanna hone vAle rAga-dveSa aura kaSAya ke bhAva caitasika - vRttiyoM ko caMcala banA dete haiM / isa caMcalatA meM bhogAkAMkSAe~ janma letI haiN| vastutaH, ye bhogAkAMkSAe~ hI tanAvarUpa hotI haiN| isa prakAra, citta kI caMcalatA meM vibhinna icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM kA janma hotA hai, jo apanI pUrti kI apekSA rakhatI haiM / apUrNa icchAe~ aura AkAMkSAe~ tanAva ko janma detI haiM, mAtra yahI nahIM, pUrNa icchAoM kI sthiti meM bhI unake punaH punaH bhoga kI apekSA to banI rahatI hai| ve sabhI AkAMkSAe~ navIna AkAMkSAoM ko janma detI rahatI haiM aura isase tanAva kA janma hotA hai| jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA gayA hai - jahA~ icchA, AkAMkSA rahI huI hai, vahA~ tanAva aparihArya hai| manovaijJAnikoM ke anusAra, tanAva mAtra icchA yA AkAMkSA kI pUrti kI apekSA hI nahIM rakhatA hai, apitu inake mAdhyama se punaH utpanna navIna icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM kA eka vartula (cakra) khar3A kara letA hai| yaha aMtahIna cakra calatA " rahatA hai / jainadarzana meM ise anantAnubandhI- kaSAya-cakra kahA gayA hai| ataH, jahA~ tanAvoM ko samApta karane kI bAta hai, vahA~ sabase pahale yaha Avazyaka hai ki vyakti apanI caMcala cittavRtti ko yA to ekAgra kare, yA unakA uccheda kre| isakA pariNAma yaha hogA ki jaba cittavRttiyA~ sAkSIbhAva meM sthita hoMgI, to unase navIna icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM yA apekSAoM kA janma nahIM hogA aura - For Personal & Private Use Only -

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti phalataH tanAva utpanna nahIM hogA, isalie yadi tanAva ko samApta karanA hai, to citta kI caMcalatA samApta karanI hogI, taba hI tanAva kA janma bhI nahIM hogA aura isa prakAra cittavRtti aura tanAva ke saha-sambandha kA duScakra TUTa jaaegaa| citta aura tanAva : AcArya mahAprajJa kI dRSTi meM - AcArya mahAprajJajI ne bhI citta ko caMcala kahA hai, kintu mana aura citta ko pRthak karate hue unakA yaha mAnanA hai ki citta kA vikSepa, mana kA vikSepa hai| citta kI caMcalatA mana kI caMcalatA hai| mana kA svabhAva hI caMcalatA hai| jahA~ caMcalatA samApta ho jAtI hai, vahA~ mana mara jAtA hai, arthAt mana 'amana ho jAtA hai, kintu citta kI sthiti bhinna hai, usako sthira kiyA jA sakatA hai aura jaba citta sthira ho jAtA hai, taba hI mana amana bana jAtA hai|14 AcArya mahAprajJajI ke anusAra, citta ke cAra prakAra haiN|75 - 1. mithyAtva-adhyavasAya, 2. avirata-adhyavasAya, 3. pramAda-adhyavasAya, 4. kaSAya-adhyavasAya / ye cAra prakAra ke citta (adhyavasAya) satata sakriya rahate haiN| 1. mithyAtva-adhyavasAya-rUpI citta se jo prakampana hote haiM, ve dRSTikoNa ko bhrAMta banAte haiM aura jaba dRSTikoNa samyaka nahIM hotA, to galata dhAraNAe~ banatI haiN| ye galata dhAraNAe~ vyakti ko tanAvamukti kI apekSA tanAvagrastatA kI ora le jAtI haiN| 2. avirata-adhyavasAya citta kA dUsarA prakAra hai| isako tRSNA bhI kahA jAtA hai| avirati kI bhAvanA se tRSNA utpanna hotI hai| yaha tRSNA nirantara banI rahatI hai| yaha tRSNA sthUla citta meM prakaTa hokara lobha yA lobha-janita pravRttiyA~ utpanna karatI hai| isa prakAra, aviratabhAva-rUpa yaha tRSNA niyamataH tanAva-utpatti kA hI eka hetu hai| 3. tIsarA citta hai - pramAda-adhyavasAya, yaha mUrchA utpanna karatA hai|" isake kAraNa Atma-sajagatA samApta ho jAtI hai| yaha asajagatA 174 citta aura mana, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 240 175 vahI, pR.. 242 vahI, pR. 242 vahI, pR. 243 For Personal & Private Use Only

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94 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti acetana mana meM tanAva ke kAraNoM ko janma detI hai| damita icchAe~ aura vAsanAe~ isI pramatta-citta meM nivAsa karatI haiN| pramatta citta ko hI karma kahA gayA hai, kyoMki yaha karmabandhana kA hetu hai| 4. cauthA citta hai- kaSAya-adhyavasAya, yaha citta krodha, ahaMkAra, kapaTa, lobha, rAga-dveSa, priyatA-apriyatA - ina sabako utpanna karatA hai| ye kaSAya vRttiyA~ bhI tanAva kA mUlabhUta hetu haiN| kaSAya-citta meM rahA huA rAga cetanA ko azuddha banAtA hai| jitanA rAMga hotA haiM, utanA hI citta azuddha yA tanAvayukta hotA hai| tanAvamukti ke lie vairAgya kA rAstA batAyA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai -"khaNamitta sukkhA bahukAla dukkhA, arthAt jitanI kAmanAe~, AkAMkSAe~ aura lAlasAe~ citta meM jAgatI haiM, ve kSaNa bhara ke lie sukha detI haiN| ve pravRttikAla (bhogakAla) meM sukha detI haiM, kintu, pariNAmakAla meM adhika samaya taka duHkha detI haiN| 187 tRSNAjanya duHkha tanAva kA hI paryAyavAcI hai| manovaijJAnika jise tanAva kahate haiM, jaina AgamoM meM use duHkha kahA gayA hai| bauddha-paramparA use tRSNAjanya duHkha nAmaka Arya-satya kahatI hai| citta kI do avasthAe~ kahI jA sakatI haiN| jaba citta asthira yA caMcala athavA tRSNA, kaSAya Adi se yukta hotA hai, to vaha vikSipta citta kahA jAtA hai aura jaba vaha inase rahita hotA hai to vaha sthira, zAMta ho jAtA hai tathA samAhita citta kahA jAtA hai| vikSipta citta duHkha (tanAva) yukta hotA hai aura samAhita citta ko koI duHkha nahIM hotA hai|182 vikSipta citta jaba samAhita citta ho jAtA hai, to tanAva samApta ho jAte haiN| samAhita citta hone para bhI samasyAe~ A sakatI haiM, kintu vaha usameM anukUla-pratikUla kA saMvedana na karake tanAvamukta raha sakatA hai| tanAvamukta avasthA cittazuddhi yA citta sthiratA se sambhava hai aura isake lie upAya batAte hue AcArya mahAprajJa likhate haiM- "bhAva-zuddhi hI citta ko nirmala va rAga-dveSa se mukta banA sakatI hai| 183 nirAlaMbana dhyAna se mana ko dIrghakAla taka ekAgra kara citta ko 178 vahI, pR. 243 179 vahI, pR. 245 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 14/3 181 citta aura mana - AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 245 182 vahI, pR. 248 183 citta aura mana, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 244 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti sthira kiyA jA sakatA hai| 184 isa paddhati se citta vicAra - zUnya ho jAtA hai|' vicAra-zUnya avasthA pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai / 185 mana aura tanAva kA saha-sambandha kyoMki rahA hai| - mana koI sthAI tattva nahIM hai| vaha cetanA yA citta ke AdhAra para sakriya rahatA hai- "jo cetanA bAhara jAtI hai, usakA pravAhAtmaka astitva hI mana hai / 186 jainadarzana meM mana kI do avasthAe~ mAnI gaI haiM- dravya mana va bhaav-mn| isa sambandha meM pUrva meM carcA karate hue hamane batAyA hai ki bhAva-mana caitasika manovRtti hai, to dravya - mana daihika - saMracanA hai| ina donoM ke bIca jainadarzana kriyA-pratikriyArUpa sambandha mAnatA hai / cittavRttiyoM kA prabhAva zarIra para hotA hai aura zArIrika - saMvedanAoM kA prabhAva citta-vRttiyoM para hotA hai| yahI eka aisI sthiti hai jisake AdhAra para tanAva aura mana meM sambandha jor3A jA sakatA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna meM tanAva ko eka daihika - saMvedanA ke rUpa meM bhI mAnA gayA hai, kintu isI samaya vaha eka caitasika - vRtti bhI hai| jainadarzana mana aura zarIra ke bIca kriyA-pratikriyA kA sambandha mAnatA hai| vicAra (bhAva) ke stara para jo kucha hotA hai, usakA prabhAva zarIra para aura zarIra ke stara para jo kucha hotA hai, usakA prabhAva vicAra (manobhAvoM) para par3atA hai| bAhya- saMvedanAe~ zarIra ko prabhAvita karatI haiM aura zarIra mana ko prabhAvita karatA hai / punaH yaha prabhAvita mana zArIrika- pratikriyAoM ko utpanna karatA hai aura ye zArIrika pratikriyAe~ hI manovaijJAnika bhASA meM tanAva ko janma detI haiM, ataH mana aura tanAva- donoM meM eka saha-sambandha rahA huA hai| mana kisa prakAra vyakti ko tanAvagrasta karatA hai,.. batAte hue jaina AgamoM meM kahA gayA hai - yaha "AsaM ca chaMdaM ca vigiMca dhIre ! tumaM ceva sallAmAhaTaTu / -187 he dhIra puruSa ! AzA - tRSNA aura svacchandatA kA tyAga kara de, tU svayaM hI ina kAMToM ko mana meM rakhakara duHkhI ( tanAvagrasta ) ho "aNegacitte khalu ayaM purise / 184 vahI, pR. 248 185 nirAlaMbana dhyAna kI paddhati ke lie dekheM citta aura mana, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 249 186 citta aura mana, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 1 187 AcArAMgasUtra - 1/2/4 95 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti se keyaNaM arihae puuritte| 18 arthAta, yaha manuSya anekacitta hai, arthAta anekAneka kAmanAoM ke kAraNa manuSya kA citta (mana) bikharA huA hai| ina kAmanAoM kI pUrti kA prayAsa to chalanI ko bharane ke prayAsa ke samAna hai| icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM aura kAmanAoM kA janmasthala mana hI hai aura jaba ye kAmanAe~ khatma nahIM hotI, yA pUrNa nahIM hotI, to mana meM tanAva utpanna hotA hai| tanAva aura mana kA sambandha batAte hue tathA tanAva. Ane para mana / ko kisa prakAra saMyamita rakhanA cAhie, yaha batAte hue likhA hai -"dukkhena puDhe dhuyamAyaejjA, 189 arthAt duHkha A jAne para bhI mana para saMyama rakhanA caahie| kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki tanAvagrasta hone para bhI mana meM saMyama rakhane para tanAvamukta sthiti prApta hotI hai| tanAva. se hI bacane ke lie kahA gayA hai -'na savva savvatthabhiroyaejjA, hara kahIM, hara kisI vastu meM mana ko mata lagA baiThie / 190 tanAva se mana yA cittavRtti prabhAvita hotI hai aura prabhAvita cittavRtti zarIra meM tanAva utpanna karatI hai| AcArya zrI mahAprajJa kA bhI yahI mAnanA hai ki zArIrika rogoM kA kAraNa manobhAva hI hai aura ye manobhAva hI zarIra meM tanAva utpanna karate haiN|" . ataH, jainadarzana ko yaha mAnane meM koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai ki tanAva eka manodaihika- avasthA hai, jisameM mana aura zarIra eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karate rahate haiM aura jaba yaha prabhAva ati tIvra hotA hai, to usako tanAva kahA jAtA hai| jainadarzana na to spinoz2A ke samAna mana aura zarIra meM samAntaravAda mAnatA hai aura na lAiniz2a ke samAna unameM pUrva sthApita sAmaMjasyavAda mAnatA hai, apitu vaha DekArTa ke samAna unameM kriyA-pratikriyAvAda ko svIkAra karatA hai| isa prakAra, tanAva kA janma mana yA manovRtti meM hotA hai aura usakI abhivyakti zarIra ke mAdhyama se hotI hai| jo loga daihika avasthA ko hI tanAva mAna lete haiM, ve loga usake mUla kAraNa taka nahIM pahuMca pAte haiN| vastutaH tanAva 188 AcArAMgasUtra - 1/3/2 sUtrakRtAMgasUtra - 1/7/29 190 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 21/15 " dekheM pustaka - citta aura mana, mana kA zarIra para prabhAva For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 97 manodaihika sthiti hai, jo donoM ke bIca kriyA-pratikriyA rUpa saha sambandha se utpanna hotA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna meM mana ke tIna stara Adhunika manovijJAna meM cetanA kI apekSA se mana ke tIna stara mAne haiM12- 1. acetana, 2. avacetana aura 3. cetn| AcArya mahAprajJajI ne prekSAdhyAna kI bhASA meM acetana ko karma zarIra ke sAtha, avacetana (Avarita cetanA) ko tejasa- zarIra ke sAtha aura cetana ko audArika yA sthUla zarIra ke sAtha jor3A hai| hamArA cetana mana hI tanAva kA kAraNa hai aura cetana mana ko jAgrata karanA hI tanAvamukti kA upAya hai| usakI pRSThabhUmi meM hI cetanA ke ye aneka stara haiN| acetana mana jainadarzana kI bhASA meM dravya-mana hai| isameM damita vAsanAe~ aura saMskAra baiThe rahate haiM aura avacetana ke mAdhyama se cetanA ke stara para Ane kA prayAsa karate haiN| . hama jyAdA kAma cetana mana se lete haiN| hamArI icchAe~ aura AkAMkSAe~ isI meM utpanna hote haiN| icchAe~ mana ke stara para hotI haiM, jaba ina icchAoM yA AkAMkSAoM kA damana karate haiM, to ve acetana mana meM calI jAtI hai aura avacetana mana meM bAra-bAra usa icchA ko ubhAratI rahatI haiM, arthAt cetanA ke stara para lAne kA prayAsa karatI haiN| phrAyaDa ke anusAra, arddhacetana (avacetana) cetana aura acetana-kSetra ke bIca eka pulaM (Bridge) kA kAma karatA / aneka icchAe~ aura vAsanAe~ sAmAjika AdarzoM ke viparIta hotI haiM, ve hamArI cetanA ke dvArA tiraskRta kara acetana mana meM DAla dI jAtI haiM, lekina acetana mana meM rahate hue bhI pUrI taraha niSkriya nahIM hotii| unakI sakriyatA hI tanAva ko janma detI hai| ve avacetana evaM cetana mana kI sakriyatA ko bar3hAtI haiN| phalataH vAsanAtmaka mana (d) aura Adarza mana (Super Ego)- donoM ke bIca eka saMgharSa hotA hai| damita vAsanAe~ aura icchAe~ punaH sakriya hokara cetana mana ko prabhAvita karatI haiM, vahIM AdarzAtmaka-mana unheM nakArane kI koziza karatA hai| phalataH, donoM ke bIca eka saMgharSa kA janma hotA hai| AdhyAtmika-Adarza aura daihika-vAsanAe~ jaba saMgharSarata hotI haiM, to cetanA meM eka tanAva utpanna hotA hai, jo hamAre mana aura 192 Adhunika sAmAnya manovijJAna, arUNakumAra siMha, AzISakumAra siMha, pR. 570 193 avacetana mana se samparka, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR.1 (prastuti se) For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti zarIra-donoM ko prabhAvita karatA hai| zarIra unakI pUrti kI apekSA rakhatA hai, to Adarza mana (Super Ego) use nakArane kA prayAsa karatA hai| isase caitasika-saMtulana bhaMga hotA hai aura tanAva utpanna hotA haiN| isa prakAra, cetanA ke uparyukta tInoM stara saMgharSazIla hokara vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banA dete haiN| isa prakAra phrAyaDa Adi manovaijJAnikoM ne mana ke jo tIna stara batAe haiM, unameM vAsanAtmaka- mana (d) aura AdarzAtmaka-mana (super Ego)- donoM saMgharSazIla hokara tanAva kA kAraNa banate haiN| isa prakAra, mana ke uparyukta ina tIna staroM kA bhI . tanAva se saha-sambandha dekhA jA sakatA hai| .. jaina, bauddha aura yogadarzana meM mana kI avasthAe~ - ___ mana kyA hai? usakA svarUpa kyA hai? vaha kisa prakAra tanAva utpanna karatA hai evaM kisa prakAra tanAvoM se mukta karatA hai ? vastutaH, mana ke aneka stara haiM, jinakA sambandha tanAva aura tanAvamukti se hai, jisakI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| yahA~ hama jaina, bauddha aura yogadarzana meM mana kI jo avasthAe~ varNita haiM aura unakA tanAva se kyA saha-sambandha hai ? isakI vistAra se carcA kreNge| __ jaina, bauddha aura yogadarzana ke anusAra, mana hI tanAva kI janmabhUmi hai aura mana hI tanAvamukti kA sAdhana bhI hai| mana kI ina vibhinna avasthAoM ke AdhAra para hI mana bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai| jainadarzana meM mana kI avasthAe~ - AcArya hemacandra ne mana kI cAra avasthAe~ mAnI haiM - 1. vikSipta mana, 2. yAtAyAta mana, 3. zliSTa mana aura 4. sulIna mana 1. vikSipta-mana - yaha caMcala hotA hai, idhara-udhara bhaTakatA rahatA hai, asthira hotA hai| asthira mana tanAvayukta hotA hai| 2. yAtAyAta-mana - isa avasthA meM mana kI bhAga-daur3a banI rahatI hai| mana kabhI bAhya-viSayoM kI ora jAtA hai, to kabhI antarAtmA meM sthita hotA hai| isa avasthA meM kSaNa bhara ke lie zAMti kA anubhava hotA hai aura phira mana tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| 194 yogazAstra - 12/2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 3. zliSTa mana - yaha mana kI sthiratA kI avasthA hai| jaise-jaise sthiratA bar3hatI hai, vaise-vaise mana tanAvamukti ke lie agrasara hotA jAtA 4. sulIna mana - yaha pUrNa tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai, kyoMki isameM saMkalpa-vikalpa, mAnasika vRttiyA~, vAsanAe~ Adi zAMta ho jAtI bauddhadarzana meM citta kI cAra avasthAe~ - 'abhidhammatthasaMgaho ke anusAra, bauddhadarzana meM bhI citta kI cAra avasthAe~ haiM - 1. kAmAvacara, 2. rUpAvacara, 3. arUpAvacara aura 4. lokottara95 1. kAmAvacara citta - yaha mana kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM vyakti kAmanAoM aura vAsanAoM ke pIche bhAgatA rahatA hai| isa avasthA meM vyakti ke mana meM saMkalpa- vikalpa calatA hI rahatA hai| apanI kAmanAe~ pUrI hone para vaha svayaM ko tanAvamukta samajhatA hai, kintu kucha hI kSaNa meM koI naI kAmanA jaga jAtI hai, jo use tanAvagrasta banA detI hai| kAmanA pUrI hone para bhI jo use kSaNika tanAvamukti kA anubhava hotA hai, vastutaH vaha tanAvagrastatA kI hI avasthA hai, kyoMki tRSNA jIvita rahatI hai| yaha avasthA jainadarzana ke vikSiptacitta ke samAna hai| 2. rUpAvacara citta, - yaha avasthA yAtAyAta mana ke samAna hI hai| isameM mana asthira to rahatA hai, lekina ekAgratA kA prayatna bhI hotA hai| binA kisI saMkalpa-vikalpa ke jaba zAMti kA anubhava hotA hai, to usa kSaNa ko banAe rakhane kA prayAsa bhI hotA hai, kintu pUrvAbhyAsa ke kAraNa vyakti bAharI aindriya viSayoM meM ulajha jAtA hai aura tanAvagrasta ho jAtA 3. arUpAvacara citta - yaha citta kI sthira avasthA hai| isameM citta pUrNataH tanAvamukta. to nahIM hotA hai, lekina tanAvagrasta bhI nahIM rahatA hai, kyoMki usakI ekAgratA nirviSaya nahIM hotii| usake viSaya atyanta sUkSma, jaise- ananta AkAza, ananta vijJAna yA akiMcanatA hote haiN|198 195 abhidhammatthasaMgaho, pR. 1 196 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga-1, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 495 For Personal & Private Use Only

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100 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 4. lokottara-citta - yaha tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| nirvANa arthAt tRSNA kA zAMta ho jAnA, yaha pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM tanAva ke mUla kAraNoM rAga-dveSa, vAsanA, moha Adi pUrNa rUpa se kSINa ho jAte haiN| rAga-dveSa tanAva kI utpatti ke bIja haiM aura jaba vaha bIja hI samApta ho jAegA, to tanAvarUpI per3a kabhI nahIM pnpegaa| isa avasthA meM vyakti kA citta pUrNataH tanAvamukta ho jAtA hai| yogadarzana meM citta kI pA~ca avasthAe~ - yogadarzana meM citta kI pA~ca avasthAe~ kahI gaI haiM -1. kSipta, 2. mUr3ha, 3. vikSipta, 4. ekAgra aura 5. nirUddha 197 1. kSipta citta - yaha avasthA bhI vikSipta mana va kAmAvacara citta ke samAna hI hai| citta eka viSaya se dUsare viSaya kI ora dauDatA hI rahatA hai, viSayoM meM bhaTakatA rahatA hai| aise meM tanAvamukti kahA~ ? vyakti pUrNataH tanAvagrasta banA rahatA hai| yaha viSayAsakti kI avasthA hai| . 2. mUr3ha-citta - isa avasthA meM pramAda adhika hotA hai| Alasya ke kAraNa vyakti koI kArya nahIM kara pAtA aura jo karatA hai, usameM bhI viphala ho jAtA hai| yaha avasthA bhI tanAvamukta avasthA nahIM hai, kyoMki isameM vAsanAe~ zAMta nahIM hotii| nidrAvasthA meM citta kI vRttiyoM kA kucha kAla ke lie tirobhAva ho jAtA hai, kintu ve tanAvamukta nahIM hotI haiN| 3. vikSipta-citta - bauddhadarzana kA vikSipta-citta jainadarzana ke vikSipta-citta se thor3A bhinna hai| isa citta meM vyakti eka viSaya kI ora daur3atA hai, phira dUsarA milate hI usake pIche bhAgane lagatA hai, to pahalA vAlA chUTa jAtA hai| vastutaH, yaha bhAga-daur3a tanAva ko utpanna karatI hai| vyakti meM saMtuSTi nahIM hotI hai, eka ke bAda eka viSaya kI cAha hotI hI rahatI hai| 4. ekAgra-citta - yaha citta kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM citta eka viSaya para ekAgra ho jAtA hai| vastutaH, citta kI ekAgratA se hI tanAvamukti hotI hai, kintu isa avasthA meM citta ekAgra hote hue bhI tanAvagrasta to rahatA hI hai, kyoMki usakI ekAgratA kisI eka viSaya para kendrita ho jAtI hai aura eka viSaya kI Asakti bhI tanAva kA hI kAraNa hai| 197 bhAratIya darzana (dattA), pR. 190 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 5. niruddha - citta yaha pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM citta indriyoM ke viSayoM kA bhoga nahIM karatA / yaha mana kI sthira aura zAMta avasthA hai| citta kI sabhI vRttiyoM kA lopa hone se yaha tanAvamukta avasthA hai, jise jainadharma ke zabdoM meM mokSa kaha sakate haiM / isa vivecana se hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bhale hI nAmoM meM antara hai, lekina unake mUlabhUta dRSTikoNa meM koI antara nahIM hai / yogadarzana meM citta kI jo pA~ca avasthAe~ batAI gaI haiM, unameM se prathama do kSipta evaM mUr3ha jainadarzana ke vikSipta mana aura bauddhadarzana ke kAmAvacara citta ke samAna hI hai| tInoM ke lakSaNa bhI eka samAna hI haiM / isa prakAra hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki citta-vRttiyoM yA vAsanAoM athavA viSayoM ke prati Asakti kA vilayana hI tanAvamukti kA sAdhana hai| 101 bauddhadarzana meM caittasika dharma aura tanAva 198 bauddhadarzana meM bAvana caittasika dharma mAne gae haiN|' sabhI caitasika dharma ve tathya haiM, jo citta kI pravRtti ke hetu haiM / hetu ke AdhAra para citta do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai - 1. ahetuka evaM 2. sahetuka / 1. ahetuka - citta- jisa citta kI vRtti meM lobha, dveSa Adi koI kArya nahIM hote vaha ahetuka citta hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki jisa citta meM tanAva - utpatti kA koI hetu nahIM rahatA hai, vaha ahetuka - citta hai, tanAvamukta citta hai| 2. sahetuka - citta jisa citta kI vRtti meM lobha-dveSa aura moha tathA alobha, adveSa aura amoha- ina chaha hetuoM meM se koI bhI hetu hotA hai, vaha sahetuka - citta hai| isa citta meM tanAva utpatti ke hetu nihita rahate haiM, kyoMki yahA~ saMkalpa-vikalpa to hote hI haiN| alobha, adveSa aura amoha citta meM bhI dUsare ke prati paropakAra kI vRtti hone ke kAraNa yA dUsaroM ke bhI hita kI cintA rahane ke kAraNa yaha alobha, adveSa aura amoha rUpa citta bhI sahetuka hotA hai| yaha puNyarUpa citta hai| -- 198 abhidhammatthasaMgaho, caittisika saMgraha vibhAga, pR. 10-31 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti DaoN. sAgaramala jaina kA kahanA hai - "manuSya jisa kisI kArya meM pravRtta hotA hai, vaha ina chaha hetuoM meM se kisI eka ko lekara pravRtta hotA hai| sahetuka - citta tIna prakAra kA hotA hai 199 102 1. akuzala, 2. kuzala aura 3. avyakta / inameM lobha, dveSa aura moha - ye tIna akuzala - citta ke preraka hone se ye tanAvayukta citta haiM / jaba citta alobha, adveSa aura amoha se paropakAra meM pravRtta hotA haiM, to vaha kuzala-citta kahA jAtA hai| kuzala- citta meM dUsaroM ke prati paropakAra kI bhAvanA yA dUsaroM ke hita kI ciMtA to hotI hI hai, ataH yaha bhI sahetuka hotA hai, isameM utpanna tanAva yadyapi kama tIvra hote haiN| avyakta - citta do prakAra kA hotA hai - 1. vipAka - sahetuka - citta aura 2 kriyA-sahetuka - citta / jaba sahetuka citta kI pravRtti pUrvakRta karma ke phala - bhoga ke rUpa meM mAtra vedanAtmaka (vipAka - cetanA yA karmaphala- cetanA ke rUpa meM) hotI hai, to vaha vipAka - sahetuka citta hotA hai| isa citta meM mAtra vedanAtmaka - pravRtti hone se yaha tanAvayukta citta hai| isI ke viparIta, tanAvamukti prApta karane ke lie yA vItarAga, vItRSNa evaM arhat - pada kI prApti ke lie jisameM kriyA - vyApAra kI jo cetanA hai, vaha 'kriyA - sahetuka - citta' kahA jAtA hai / yadyapi kriyA-sahetuka citta meM kriyA ke preraka alobha, adveSa aura amoha ke tattva to upasthita rahate haiM, tathApi tRSNA ke abhAva ke kAraNa vyakti tanAvagrasta nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra, sahetuka kuzala - citta meM alobha, adveSa aura amoha bhI tanAva (karma) ke preraka hote haiM, kyoMki usameM kahIM-na-kahIM 'para' ke prati hitabuddhi ke kAraNa sUkSma rAgabhAva to hotA hI hai| sahetuka avyakta-citta meM alobha, adveSa aura amoha ke karma-preraka to hote haiM, lekina usameM tRSNA (rAgabhAva) kA abhAva hotA hai, ataH sahetuka avyakta-citta tanAvamukta hotA hai| ina tIna sahetuka - cittoM ke bAvana caitasika-dharma (citta - avasthAe~) mAne gae haiM, jinameM se teraha anya samAna, caudaha akuzala aura paccIsa kuzala hote haiN| unakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai (a) anya samAna caitasika --- jo caitasika kuzala, akuzala aura avyakta sabhI meM samAna rUpa se rahate haiM, ve anya samAna kahe jAte haiN| anya samAna caitasika bhI do prakAra ke haiM 199 - - jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 464 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti . 103 (1) sAdhAraNa anya samAna caitasika - ye pratyeka citta meM sadaiva upasthita rahate haiN| ye sAta haiM - 1. sparza, 2.. vedanA, 3. saMjJA, 4. cetanA, 5. ekAgratA (AMzika), 6 jIvitendriya aura 7. manovikAra | (2) prakIrNa anya samAna caitasika - ye pratyeka citta meM yathAvasara utpanna hote rahate haiN| ye chaha haiM - 1. vitarka, 2. vicAra, 3. adhimojJa (Alambana meM sthiti), 4. vIrya (sAhasa), 5. prIti (prasannatA) aura 6. chanda (icchA ) / uparyukta chaha meM se ekAgratA ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI citta ko vicalita karane vAle hetu haiN| yahA~ ekAgratA bhI AMzika hI hotI hai| (ba) akuzala-caitasika - ye caudaha haiM - 1. moha, 2. nirlajjatA, 3. abhIrUtA (pApa karane meM bhaya nahIM khAnA) 4. caMcalatA, 5. lobha, 6. mithyAdRSTi, 7. mAna, 8. dveSa, 9. IrSyA, 10. mAtsarya (kaSTa), 11. kaukRtya (pazcAtApa yA zoka), 12. styAna (citta kA tanAva) 13. mRdhda (caitasikoM kA tanAva) aura 14. vicikitsA (sNshyaalupn)| (sa) kuzala-caitasika - : ye paccIsa haiM - 1. zrRddhA, 2. smRti (apramattatA), 3. pApakarma ke prati lajjA, 4, pApakarma ke prati bhaya, 5. alobha (tyAgabhAva), 6. adveSa (maitrI), . 7. tatra . madhyasthatA (anAsakti, upekSA yA samabhAva), 8. kAya-prazrabdhi (prasannatA), 9. citta-prazrabdhi, 10. kAya-laghutA (ahaMkAra kA abhAva), 11. citta-laghutA, 12. kAya-vinamratA, 13. citta-vinamratA, 14. kAya-saralatA, 15. citta-saralatA, 16. kAya-karmaNyatA, 17. citta-karmaNyatA, . 18. kAya-prAguNya, 19. citta-prAguNya, 20. samyaka-vANI, 21. samyaka-karmaNyatA, 22. samyak jIvikA, 23. karuNA, 24. muditA aura 25. prjnyaa| . bauddha-dharmadarzana meM ina bAvana caitasikoM kA jo ullekha milatA hai, vaha yahA~ mukhyataH akuzala caitasika, kuzala-caitasika aura avyakta / caitasika- aise tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| akuzalacaitasika citta kI malina avasthA hai, ataH vaha tanAvayukta avasthA hai| vyakti ke kuzala caitasika mukhyataH tanAva ke hetu na hokara tanAvamukti kI prakriyA ke sAdhanarUpa haiN| jahA~ taka avyakta caitasikoM kA prazna hai, For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #106
104 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti vastutaH ve jJAtA-draSTAbhAva kI sthiti kahe, jA sakate haiM aura jo jJAtA-draSTAbhAva kI sthiti hai, vaha tanAva ke hetuoM ke abhAva kI sthiti hai| jJAtA-draSTAbhAva meM vikalpa nahIM hote aura jahA~ vikalpoM kA abhAva hotA hai, vahA~ tanAva nahIM hotaa| tanAvoM kA janma vikalpoM meM hI saMbhava hai, kyoMki tanAva cAha yA icchA kA pariNAma haiM, aura cAha aura icchA vikalparUpa hI haiN| bauddhadarzana meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki zabda vikalpajanya hai aura vikalpa zabdoM ke mAdhyama se abhivyakta hote haiM, ataH bauddhadarzana ke anusAra, tanAvamukti ke lie vikalpoM se mukti Avazyaka hai| vikalpa vaha AdhArabhUmi hai, jisameM icchA yA AkAMkSA janma letI hai aura vyakti kI cetanA ko tanAvagrasta banAtI hai, ataH bauddhadarzana ke anusAra bhI tanAva se mukta rahane ke lie vikalpoM se Upara AnA Avazyaka hai| saMkSepa meM bAvana caitasikoM meM, jo vikalpayukta haiM, ve tanAvayukta haiM aura . jo vikalpamukta haiM, ve tanAvamukta haiN| ---- --000-- 600 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #107
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 105. adhyAya-4 jainadarzana kI vividha avadhAraNAe~ aura tanAva se unakA sambandha (a) trividha AtmA kI avadhAraNA aura tanAva - jainadarzana adhyAtmavAdI darzana hai| usameM AtmA kI vizuddhi ko prAthamikatA dI gaI hai| adhyAtma kA artha AtmA kI sarvoparitA hai| AtmA kA nirmalatama yA vizuddhatama avasthA meM honA hI adhyAtma kA lakSaNa hai aura yaha avasthA hI pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, Atmika vikAsa tanAvamukti kI eka sahaja prakriyA hai| jaise-jaise AtmA ke AdhyAtmika-guNoM kA vikAsa hogA, vaise-vaise vyakti tanAva se mukta hotA jaaegaa| ... hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki jaise-jaise vyakti tanAvamukta hogA, vaha AtmA kI vizuddhatama avasthA kI ora agrasara hotA jAegA, kyoMki jainadarzana meM Atmavizuddhi kA artha hai -AtmA kA rAga-dveSa aura tajanya kaSAyoM se mukta honA krodhAdi kaSAyoM se mukta honA hI tanAvamukti hai| jainadarzana meM AtmA ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se tIna avasthAe~ kahI gaI haiM 200 - 1. bahirAtmA, 2. antarAtmA aura 3. prmaatmaa| ina tInoM avasthAoM ke lakSaNoM ke dvArA yaha jAnA jA sakatA hai ki vyakti tanAva kI kisa avasthA meM hai| ina tInoM avasthAoM ko 200 a) mokkhapAhuDa, 4 . ba).yogAvatAra, dvAtriMzikA, -17-18 sa) adhyAtmamata parIkSA, gAthA, 125 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #108
106 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti manovijJAna kI dRSTi se kramazaH 1. tanAvayukta, 2. tanAvamukti kI ora abhimukhatA aura 3. pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA kaha sakate haiN| bahirAtmA evaM tanAva - __saMsAra meM rAga-dveSa aura tadajanya kaSAyoM se yukta vyakti tanAvayukta avasthA ko prApta karatA hai| yahI bahirAtmA rUpa prathama avasthA hai| bahirAtmA dehAtmA, buddhi aura mithyAtva se yukta hotA hai|2017 yaha avasthA AtmA kI saMsAra meM anuraktatA kI yA usakI vibhAva-dazA kI sUcaka hai aura vibhAva-dazA hI tanAvayukta dazA hai, ataH tanAvamukti ke lie sarvaprathama bahirAtmA ke lakSaNa va svarUpa ko samajhakara unheM tyAganA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki jo bahirAtmA ke lakSaNa haiM, ve hI tanAva ke mukhya kAraka haiN| una kAraka tattvoM ko samajhakara tyAgane se hI vyakti sAdhaka bana sakatA hai aura sAdhanA se paramAtmA kI avasthA ko prApta kara sakatA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, tanAva kA mukhya kAraNa para-padArthoM meM rAga-dveSa-bhAva rakhanA hai| aisA tanAvayukta avasthA meM hotA hai, kyoMki yadi vAMchita vastu upalabdha nahIM hai, to usakI prApti kI cAha se tanAva utpanna hogaa| yadi vaha prApta hai, to usakA viyoga na ho- isakI cintA rhegii| aisI AtmA kI tanAvayukta avasthA ko hI bahirAtmA kahate haiM, kyoMki jaina AcAryoM ke anusAra, jo sAMsArika-viSaya bhogoM meM rata rahate haiM aura para-padArthoM meM apanepana kA AropaNa kara rAga-dveSa kA bhAva rakhate haiM, unheM hI bahirAtmA kahA jAtA hai| sAdhvI priyalatAzrI ne bhI apane zodha-prabandha meM zodha kara yahI varNita kiyA hai ki "jo sAMsArikaviSaya bhogoM meM rata rahate haiM aura unheM hI apane jIvana kA antima lakSya samajhate haiM aura una para-padArthoM meM apanepana kA AropaNa kara unake bhoga meM jo Asakta bane rahate haiM, unheM hI bahirAtmA kahA jAtA hai| 02 cAhe bahirAtmA ho yA AtmA kI tanAvayukta avasthA- donoM kA hI svarUpa evaM lakSaNa vyakti kI jIvanadRSTi para hI AdhArita hote haiN| jo apanI AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa ko bhUlakara indriya, mana aura bAhyapadArthoM ko apanA mAnatI hai, vahI bahirAtmA hai aura jo ina indriyoM ke viSayoM Adi meM Asakta hokara unase utpanna kAmanAoM ko pUrNa karane meM hI apanA jIvana vyatIta karatA hai evaM usI meM bhrAntivaza sukha kA 201 mokkhapAhuDa - 5, 8, 10, 11 202 trividha AtmA kI avadhAraNA, sAdhvI priyalatAzrI, pR. 179 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #109
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 107 anubhava karatA hai, vastutaH yaha vyakti kI tanAvayukta avasthA hI hotI hai| tanAvayukta vyakti svayaM bhI duHkhI rahatA hai va dUsaroM ko bhI duHkha (tanAva) detA hai| jainadharma meM indriyAdi kI bhogAkAMkSA hI saMsAra-cakra kA kAraNa hai aura yaha saMsAra hI duHkha (tanAva) kI khAna hai| tanAvamukti ke lie saMsAra-sAgara ko pAra karanA hogA, kintu bahirAtmA saMsAra meM hI Asakta hotI hai aura jo saMsAra meM hI Asakta hai, vaha kabhI tanAvamukta nahIM ho sktaa| viSayAtura manuSya apane bhogoM ke lie saMsAra meM vaira (tanAva) bar3hAtA rahatA hai| 205 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM likhA hai ki sabhI kAma-bhoga antataH duHkhAvaha (duHkhada) hI hote haiN| jo vyakti bAhya-padArthoM meM apanepana kA AropaNaM karatA hai, jo apanA nahIM hai, use apanA mAnatA hai, vaha tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai, kyoMki jainadarzana ke anusAra, AtmA ke sivAya sabhI bAhya-vastue~ nazvara haiM, naSTa hone vAlI haiM aura jaba kisI priya vastu yA vyakti ke naSTa hone kA bodha hotA hai, to vyakti ke mana ko AghAta pahuMcatA hai aura vaha duHkhI ho jAtA hai, yA tanAvagrasta bana jAtA hai| vyakti kI daihika-vAsanA kabhI zAMta nahIM hotii| vaha vAsanAoM . kI pUrti hetu 'sva' ko bhUlakara para-padArthoM meM mamatvabuddhi kA AropaNa karatA hai aura unako hI jIvana kA ekamAtra lakSya mAnatA hai| vastutaH, ye vAsanAe~ hI vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banAtI haiN| vAsanAoM kI pUrti eka aisA lakSya hai, jo kabhI pUrNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki eka icchA pUrti hote hI dUsarI icchA yA kAmanA janma le letI hai| vyakti ina vAsanAoM ke jAla meM itanA magna ho jAtA hai ki use AtmA ke svarUpa kA bhAna hI nahIM rahatA hai| vaha zarIra aura zArIrika-mAMgoM kI pUrti ko hI sarvasva mAna letA hai| hama yahA~ taka bhI kaha sakate haiM ki vaha deha aura AtmA ko eka hI mAnatA hai, daihikasukha-suvidhA ko hI Atmasukha mAna letA hai| aisI mithyAdRSTi rakhane vAlA vyakti tanAvayukta avasthA ko prApta hotA hai aura jo bhI tanAvayukta avasthA ko prApta hotA hai, vaha bahirAtmA hai, kyoMki jainAcAryoM 203 AturA paritAveti, AcArAMgasUtra - 1/1/6 204 je guNe se AvaTTe, je AvaTe se guNe - AcArAMgasUtra - 1/1/5 . veraM vaDaDhei appaNo , AcArAMgasUtra, -1/2/5 200 savye kAmA dahAvahA , uttarAdhyayanasUtra, -13/16 205 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #110
108 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti ke anusAra, jo samyakadRSTi nahIM hai, vaha bahirAtmA hai| 'kundakunda kI dRSTi meM jisa AtmA kI samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana evaM samyakacAritra - ina ratnatraya kI sAdhanA meM zraddhA nahIM hotI, vaha bahirAtmA hai| 207 yogendadeva bahirAtmA ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM - 'jo rAgAdibhAva haiM, ve kaSAyarUpa haiM aura jaba taka anantAnubandhI- kaSAya kA udaya rahatA hai, taba taka vyakti mithyAdRSTi hotA hai| mithyAdRSTi hI. bahirAtmA hai| 208 yaha mithyA dRSTi hI vyakti ko tanAvagrasta kara detI hai| vastutaH, jaina AcAryoM ne bahirAtmA ke jo lakSaNa kahe haiM, manovaijJAnikoM kI dRSTi meM ve hI tanAva ke mukhya kAraNa haiN| antarAtmA evaM tanAvamukti kA prayAsa antarAtmA AtmA kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM vyakti sAdhaka bana jAtA hai aura pUrNataH tanAvamukti ke lie prayatna karane lagatA hai| antarmukhI AtmA dehAtma-buddhi se rahita hotA hai, kyoMki vaha AtmA aura zarIra arthAt 'sva' aura 'para' kI bhinnatA ko bhedavijJAna ke dvArA jAna letA hai| jo bahirmukha AtmA hai, vaha bahirAtyA hai aura isake viparIta, jo bahirmukhatA se vimukha AtmA hai, vahI antarAtmA hai| bahirAtmA ke lakSaNa hI tanAva ke mukhya kAraNa haiM, to antarAtmA bananA hI tanAvamukti kA hetu hai| samayasAra nATaka (sAdhyasAdhaka dvAra) meM likhA hai ki jisake hRdaya meM mithyAtvarUpI andhakAra kA nAza ho gayA hai, jinakI moha-nidrA samApta ho gaI hai, jo saMsAra-dazA se virakta ho gae haiM, ve hI AtmAe~ antarAtmA haiN| yaha antarAtmA hI tanAvamukti ke lie prayatnazIla rahatI hai| jo AtmA zarIrAdi bAhya-padArthoM meM Asakta nahIM hotI hai, athavA saMsAra meM rahate hue bhI alipta bhAva se rahatI hai, vahI antarAtmA hotI hai| aisI hI AtmA tanAva ke kAraNoM ko samajhakara tanAvamukti kA anubhava karane lagatI hai| use isa bAta kA anubhava hone lagatA hai ki bahirAtmA yA bahirAtma-bhAva hone ke kAraNa hI vaha tanAva meM hai, taba vaha tanAva se mukti pAne kA prayatna karane lagatI hai| jainadarzana kI bhASA meM kaheM, to AtmA kI isa dUsarI avasthA meM vyakti sAdhaka bana jAtA hai aura 207 niyamasAra, gAthA- 149, 150 paramAtmaprakAza - 2/41 mokkhapAhuDa - 5,9 samayasAra nATaka, banArasIdAsajI, 4 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 109 sAdhanA ke dvArA paramAtmA arthAt pUrNataH tanAvamukta avasthA ko prApta karane kA prayatna karane lagatA hai| isa avasthA meM sAdhaka samyagdRSTi hotA hai| vaha 'sva' tathA 'para' ke bheda ko jAnatA hai| vaha satyatA ko samajhatA hai va usake anurUpa hI apanA AcaraNa karatA hai, arthAt parapadArthoM para rAgAdi bhAva nahIM rakhatA hai| tanAva kA mukhya kAraNa duHkha hai aura duHkha kA kAraNa icchAoM yA AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti nahIM honA hai| zarIra, indriyoM evaM mana kI mAMgeM pUrI nahIM hone para jo duHkha hotA hai, yA unakI pUrti karate samaya jo bAdhAe~ utpanna hotI haiM, ve hI tanAva kI sthiti hotI haiN| antarAtmA aisI sthiti meM duHkha nahIM karatI, apitu duHkha ke nirAkaraNa hetu sAdhanA karatI hai| vaha samajhatI hai ki icchAe~ AkAza ke samAna ananta haiM, isalie indriyAdi kI icchAoM kI pUrti nahIM karake unakA zamana kara detI hai| dhyAnadIpikA-catuSpadI meM bhI yahI varNita hai- "antarAtmA vahI hotI hai, jo indriya-viSayoM ke rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karatI hai| 211 antarAtmA ke svarUpa va lakSaNoM ko spaSTa karate hue AcArya kundakundadeva mokSaprAbhRta meM likhate haiM- "jisane bhedavijJAna ke dvArA sva-para aura Atma-anAtma kA viveka upalabdha kara liyA hai, vahI antarAtmA hai| 212 sva aura para kA bheda samajhane para vyakti samyagdRSTi ho jAtA hai aura 'para-padArthoM se moha haTAkara sva meM ramaNa karatA hai| jainadarzana meM karma-baMdha kA kAraNa mohanIya karma ko mAnA gayA hai aura yahI mohanIya-karma tanAvagrastatA kA kAraNa bhI hai| vastutaH, antarAtmA ko cAritramohanIya-karma kA udaya vidyamAna rahane se vaha viSayopabhoga meM pravRtti to karatI hai, kintu usameM lipta yA Asakta nahIM hotii| antarAtmA saMsAra meM rahakara sAMsArika kAryoM se virakta hokara tapa-saMyama ko grahaNa karatI hai aura pUrva karmoM kI nirjarA va naye karmoM kA saMvara karatI huI cAra ghAtIkoM kA kSaya karake paramAtmA ho jAtI hai| - vyakti ke aMdara vAsanA aura viveka- donoM hI vidyamAna rahate haiN| vAsanAe~ tanAva utpanna karatI haiM, to viveka vAsanAoM ko zAMta karane kA prayatna karatA hai| ye vAsanAe~ hI vyakti meM kaSAyAdi pravRttiyA~ lAtI haiN| kaSAyarUpI AtmA kA citta kabhI bhI zAMta nahIM rhtaa| antarAtmA vaha 211 dhyAna-dIpikA catuSpadI - 4/8/3-6 212"NiyadehasarissaM picchiUNa paratiggahaM payatteNa acyaNaM pi gahiyaM jhAijjai prmbhaaenn||9|| mokSaprAbhRtam For Personal & Private Use Only

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110 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti hotI hai, jisameM vAsanAoM aura kaSAyoM kA pUrNataH abhAva hotA hai, usameM viveka jAgrata ho jAtA hai, jo vyakti ko tanAvamukti ke lie agrasara karatA hai| tanAvamukta vyakti sadaiva yahI prayatna karatA hai ki use kabhI tanAvagrastatA kA anubhava nahIM ho, isalie vaha tanAvamukta avasthA ke hetu prayatna karatA rahatA hai| vaha yahI cAhatA hai ki vaha pUrNataH tanAvamukta ho jAe aura kabhI tanAvagrasta na rhe| ____ antarAtmA bhI vahI hotI hai, jo paramAtmasvarUpa kI upalabdhi meM satata rUpa se sAdhanArata rahatI hai| vivekayukta AtmA rAga-dveSa se grasta . nahIM hotii| jahA~ rAga-dveSa nahIM, vahA~ sukha-duHkha yA saMyoga-viyoga meM harSa-viSAda bhI nahIM hotI hai aura aisA vyakti tanAvamukta hotA hai| ___ paramAtmA kA svarUpa va tanAvamukti - trividha AtmA meM aMtima AtmA ko paramAtmA kahA gayA hai| AtmA kI yahI tIsarI avasthA pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| prArambha meM hI kahA gayA hai ki pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hI mokSa kI avasthA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, paramAtmA icchA-AkAMkSA, rAga-dveSa se rahita hote haiN| antarAtmA meM vyakti sAdhaka hotA hai aura paramAtma-svarUpa / kI upalabdhi ke lie sAdhanA karatA hai| yahI paramAtma-svarUpa kI upalabdhi pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai, kyoMki yaha vItarAga-dazA __ jainadarzana meM trividha AtmA kI jo avadhAraNA dI gaI hai, vaha manovaijJAnika dRSTi se tanAva, tanAvamukti ke prayAsa evaM tanAvamukti kI avasthAe~ haiN| jo vyakti tanAvayukta hai, vaha bahirAtmA hai, jo tanAva ke kAraNoM ko samajhakara usake nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa karatA hai, vaha antarAtmA kI avasthA meM A jAtA hai| isI krama meM, jaba antarAtmA tanAva ke kAraNoM kA nirAkaraNa kara unheM panaH utpanna nahIM hone detA hai, to vahI paramAtmA banane kA prayAsa hotA hai aura yahI prayAsa saphala hone para pUrNataH tanAvamukta paramAtma-avasthA prApta hotI hai| trividha cetanA aura tanAva .." jainadarzana meM AtmA kI sakriya sthiti ko cetanA kahA gayA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne ise bhI tIna bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai-213 213 a) pravacanasAra, gAthA- 123-125 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 111 __ 1. jJAna-cetanA, 2. karma-cetanA aura 3. krmphl-cetnaa| jJAna-cetanA evaM tanAvamukti - . jJAnacetanA kA tAtparya hone vAlI vividha saMvedanAoM kI anubhUti se hai| yaha cetanA zvAsa-prekSA se lekara zarIra kI saMvedanAoM kI cetanA taka mAnI jA sakatI hai| isameM vividha prakAra ke saMvedana hote haiM, inako dekhA jAtA hai yA unakI prekSA kI jAtI hai| cetana zarIra kA jaba bAhya jagata se indriyoM ke mAdhyama se samparka hotA hai, to usake pariNAmasvarUpa usameM vividha prakAra kI saMvedanAe~ utpanna hotI haiN| una saMvedanAoM ke prati sajagatA hI jJAna-cetanA hai| jaba vyakti meM saMvedanAoM ke prati sajagatA AtI hai, to vaha tanAva ko utpanna karane vAlI sthiti ko vahIM roka detA hai aura zuddha svabhAva meM pariNamana karane lagatA hai| yaha zuddha svabhAva hI tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| karma-cetanA evaM tanAva - jaba vibhinna prakAra ke padArtha indriyoM ke samparka meM Ate haiM, to unake nimitta se aneka prakAra kI anubhUti yA saMvedanAeM janma letI haiN| ina saMvedanAoM aura anubhUtiyoM ko sajagatApUrvaka anubhava karanA yA dekhanA jJAna-cetanA hai, kintu jaba ina anubhUtiyoM ke prati anukUlatA yA pratikUlatA kA bhAva jAgrata hotA hai, to unheM pAne yA dUra karane kI icchA kA janma hotA hai| yaha icchA yA saMkalpa hI karmacetanA kahI jAtI hai| isake antargata aisA ho, aisA na ho, yaha mile, yaha na mile, isakA punaH-punaH saMvedana ho, isakA saMvedana kabhI na ho Adi cittavRttiyA~ hotI haiN| ye vRttiyA~ hI karmacetanA kahalAtI haiN| vastutaH, jJAna-cetanA prANI ke baMdhana kA kAraNa nahIM hotI, kintu jaba vaha jJAna-cetanA, icchA yA AkAMkSA kA rUpa le letI hai, to vaha karma-cetanA bana jAtI hai| yaha karma-cetanA vikalparUpa hone ke kAraNa baMdhana kA hetu hotI hai| jo baMdhana kA hetu hai, vahI tanAva kA bhI hetu hai| isa prakAra, jJAna-cetanA vizuddha Atma-cetanA hai, to karmacetanA vikalpita hone ke kAraNa nae karma kA baMdha karatI haiN| jJAna-cetanA meM mAtra IryApathika-Azrava hotA hai, jabaki karma cetanA se sAmparAyika Azrava hotA hai aura yaha sAmparAyika-Azrava hI karmabaMdha aura tanAva kA hetu banatA hai| karmacetanA tanAva ko janma detI -- ba) "jJAnA'syA cetanA bodha : krmaakhyaadvissttrktaa| : jantoH karmaphalA'khyA, sA vedanA vypdishyte|| - adhyAtmasAra, AtmanizcayAdhikAra -45 For Personal & Private Use Only

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112 . jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti hai, ataH yadi tanAva se mukta honA hai, to hameM apanI cetanA ko jJAna-cetanA taka hI sImita rakhanA hogaa| vaha vizuddha anubhUti-mAtra rahe, usake sAtha icchAe~, AkAMkSAeM Adi ke saMkalpa-vikalpa na jur3eM, kyoMki saMkalpa-vikalpa hI tanAva ke mUlabhUta kAraNa haiN| tanAvamukti ke sAdhaka ko anubhUti ko zuddha rUpa meM dekhanA caahie| unake sAtha anukUla-pratikUla, sukhada- duHkhada, acchA-burA-aise vikalpa nahIM jor3anA caahie| saMkalpa-vikalpoM se mukta zuddha anubhUtiyoM kI cetanA tanAvamukta cetanA hai, to una anubhUtiyoM se utpanna vikalpa kI cetanA karma-cetanA ho jAtI hai| ise tanAvagrasta cetanA bhI kaha sakate haiN| yaha karmacetanA hI navIna AzravoM ko janma detI hai aura rAgabhAva yA kaSAyabhAva, jo tanAva ke mUla hetu haiM, ke kAraNa baMdha kA bhI hetu banatI hai| karmaphala-cetanA evaM tanAvamukti - vyakti ke jo bhI pUrva karma-saMskAra hote haiM, unase utpanna hone vAlI anubhUtiyA~ karmaphala-cetanA kahI jAtI haiN| karma anubhUtiyoM se janma lete haiM, kintu jaba pUrva saMskAra se utpanna anubhUtiyoM meM rAga-dveSa va kaSAya kA tattva nahIM hotA, to unase utpanna hone vAlI cetanA karmaphala-cetanA hai| vividha karmoM se utpanna sukhada va duHkhada anubhUti-rUpa yaha karmaphala-cetanA hI kabhI jJAna-cetanA taka sImita rahatI hai, to kabhI karma cetanA ke rUpa meM badala jAtI hai, kintu jo sAdhaka pUrva karma-saMskAroM ke kAraNa utpanna hone vAlI ina anubhUtiyoM meM koI navIna saMkalpa nahIM karatA hai, una anubhUtiyoM kI anubhUti mAtra karatA hai, to usakI yaha cetanA karmaphalacetanA kahI jAtI hai| jisa prakAra jJAnacetanA mAtra anubhUti hai, usI prakAra karmaphala-cetanA bhI mAtra anubhUti hai| anubhUti jaba apanI yathArtha sthiti meM hotI hai aura saMkalpoM-vikalpoM se mukta hotI hai, to aisI anubhUtiyA~ karmaphala-cetanA hotI haiN| isI sambandha meM zrImad rAyacandra ne sadguru ke lakSaNa batAte hue kahA hai ki jo karma ke udaya meM bhI unake prati saMkalpa-vikalpa na kara mAtra sAkSIbhAva se jItA hai, vahI zuddha karmaphala-cetanA kI anubhUti se yukta hotA hai| yaha zuddha anubhUti karmabaMdhana kA hetu nahIM hai aura isase bhI tanAva kA sarjana nahIM hotA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jJAnacetanA abaMdhaka hai, kinta karma cetanA baMdhaka hai| jahA~ taka karmaphalacetanA kA sambandha hai, yadi sAdhaka usake prati saMkalpa-vikalpa nahIM karatA hai, to yaha karmaphalacetanA For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 113 abaMdhaka rahatI hai, kintu jaba sAdhaka karmaphala-cetanA kI avasthA meM una duHkhada anubhUtiyoM ke nirAkaraNa yA sukhada anubhUtiyoM kI prApti kI icchA karatA hai, to usake sAtha saMkalpa jur3a jAtA hai aura vaha karmacetanA bana jAtI hai| isa prakAra, jJAnacetanA yA vizuddha anubhUti tanAva kA kAraNa nahIM hotI, kintu usa anubhUti kI dazA meM yadi cetanA rAga-dveSa se yukta banatI hai, to vaha jJAnacetanA karmacetanA meM badala jAtI hai aura isase niyamataH tanAva utpanna hotA hai| jahA~ taka karmaphalacetanA kA prazna hai, jaba sAdhaka nirapekSa hokara usake prati draSTAbhAva rakhatA hai, taba taka vaha baMdhaka nahIM hotA hai aura usase tanAva bhI utpanna nahIM hotA hai| rAga-dveSa se yukta karmaphala-cetanA kI sthiti naI karmacetanA ko janma bhI detI hai aura tanAva bhI utpanna karatI hai| isI dRSTi se samayasAra nATaka meM banArasIdAsajI ne kahA hai- jJAnacetanA mukti-bIja hai aura karmacetanA saMsAra kA bIja hai| ina tInoM cetanAoM meM jJAnacetanA ko paramAtmA kA, karmaphala-cetanA ko antarAtmA kA aura karmacetanA ko bahirAtmA kA vizeSa lakSaNa kahA jA sakatA hai|214 isI AdhAra para hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki vyakti tanAvamukta tabhI hotA hai, jaba jJAna-cetanA hotI hai, kyoMki usameM saMkalpa-vikalpa nahIM hote, vaha mAtra jJAtAbhAva hai, paramAtmadazA hai| karmacetanA meM karttAbhAva hone ke kAraNa vaha tanAvayukta avasthA hai, kyoMki isameM icchAe~ jAgrata hotI rahatI haiN| karmaphalacetanA meM saMkalpa-vikalpa na hone para vaha antarAtmA kI avasthA hai, arthAt tanAvamukti ke lie prayAsa hai| yadyapi pratyeka sAdhaka ina tInoM prakAra kI cetanAoM meM mAtra sAkSIbhAva yA draSTAbhAva rakhe aura saMkalpa-vikalpa se yukta na bane, to jJAnacetanA aura karmaphalacetanAdonoM abaMdhaka rahatI haiM, tanAva ko janma nahIM detI haiM, ataH sAdhaka ko cAhie ki vaha jJAnacetanA aura karmaphalacetanA meM mAtra sAkSIbhAva se jIne kA prayAsa kare aura karmacetanA se bace, tabhI vaha tanAvoM se mukta raha sakatA hai aura tanAvoM se mukta rahakara nae karmoM kA baMdha na karake eka dina vizuddha jJAtA-draSTA bana jAtA hai| yahI tanAvamukti kI zuddha avasthA hai| . .. 214 'samayasAra nATaka', adhikAra 10, gAthA. 85, 86 For Personal & Private Use Only

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114 jainadarzana meM mana kI avasthAe~ aura tanAva bhAratIya-cintane kA eka sAmAnya siddhAnta rahA hai ki prANI karmoM se baMdhana ko prApta hotA hai aura jJAna se mukti ko prApta hotA hai, kintu jJAna aura karma-donoM kI janmabhUmi mAnava mana hai aura isalie yaha kahA gayA hai ki 'mana hI manuSya ke bandhana aura mukti kA hetu hai / 215 jaina- karmasiddhAnta yaha mAnatA hai ki mana se yukta vyakti hI ghanIbhUta karmoM kA baMdha kara sakatA hai aura mana se yukta vyakti hI mukti ko prApta ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra, mana hI manuSya ke baMdhana aura mukti. kA mUlabhUta hetu hai| mana ke viSaya hI duHkha (tanAva) ke hetu hote haiN| 218 dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to tanAva utpanna bhI mana se hI hotA hai aura tanAva se mukti bhI mana se hI sambhava hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke teIsaveM adhyayana meM kezIsvAmI gautama - svAmI se pUchate haiM ki Apa eka duSTa azva para savAra haiM, vaha Apako kumArga para kyoM nahIM le jAtA ? uttara meM gautama svAmI kahate haiM 17. jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti maNo sAhassio bhImo, duTvasso paridhAvaI / taM sammaM tu nigiNhAmi, dhammasikkhAI kanthagaM / / arthAt, maiMne usa duSTa azva ko sUtrarUpI rassI se niyamana karanA sIkha liyA hai, ataH vaha mujhe kumArga para nahIM le jAtA / maiM dharmazikSArUpI lagAma se usa ghor3e ko acchI taraha se vaza meM kie rahatA huuN| gItA meM arjuna zrIkRSNa se kahatA hai- yaha mana atyaMta caMcala, vikSobha utpanna karanevAlA aura bar3A balavAna hai, isakA nirodha karanA to vAyu ko rokane ke samAna atyanta duSkara hai| 218 kRSNa kahate haiM - nissaMdeha mana kA nigraha kaThinatA se hotA hai, phira bhI abhyAsa aura vairAgya ke dvArA isakA nigraha sambhava hai| 218 AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM- A~dhI kI taraha caMcala mana mukti ke icchuka evaM tapa karane vAle manuSya ko bhI kahIM kA kahIM le jAkara paTaka detA hai| jo puruSa mana kA nirodha nahIM kara pAtA, 215 a) maitrANyupaniSada, 4/11 ba) brahmabindUpaniSad, 2 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32 / 100 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 23 /55 gItA, 6/34 216 217 218 219 vahI, 6/35 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 115 usake karmoM kI abhivRddhi hotI rahatI hai, ataeva jo manuSya tanAva se apanI mukti cAhate haiM, unheM samagra vizva meM bhaTakane vAle lampaTa mana ko rokane kA prayatna karanA caahie| yaha nizcaya hai ki sabhI prakAroM ke tanAvoM kA janmasthAna mana hai, kintu agara isa mana ko samyak prakAra se niyaMtrita kiyA jAe, to yaha vimukti kA mArga bhI khola detA hai| jainadarzana meM hemacandrAcArya ne mana kI cAra avasthAe~ mAnI haiM211. vikSipta-mana, 2. yAtAyAta-mana, 3. zliSTa-mana aura 4. suliin-mn| 1. vikSipta-mana - yaha mana kI caMcala avasthA hai, jisameM vaha viSayoM meM bhaTakatA rahatA hai| yaha mana kI asthira avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM mAnasika-zAnti nahIM rahatI, kyoMki mana sadaiva hI viSayoM ke prati Asakta banA rahatA hai| yaha citta sadaiva bAhya padArthoM se jur3A hotA hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| 2. yAtAyAta-mana - yaha citta AvAgamana se yukta hai| kabhI vaha bAhara jAtA hai, to kabhI andr| jaba vaha bAhara se jur3atA hai, to tanAvoM ko janma detA hai aura jaba vaha aMtarmana se jur3atA hai, to tanAva se mukti kI ora jAtA hai, kintu pUrvAbhyAsa ke kAraNa vaha punaH saMkalpa-vikalpa meM ulajha jAtA hai| jaba-jaba vaha sthira hotA hai, tanAvamukti kA anubhava karatA hai aura jaba-jaba bAhara kI ora daur3atA hai, tanAvayukta hotA hai| 3. zliSTaM-mana - yaha mana kI tanAvamukta avasthA hai, kyoMki yaha mana sthira hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to yaha citta kI antarmukhI avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM tanAva kI utpatti nahIM hotii| isameM tanAva kA abhAva hotA hai| mana kA svabhAva caMcalatA hai, vaha bAhara jAtA to hai, kintu sAdhaka use sthira banAe rakhatA hai| isa sthiratA meM zAMti kA anubhava hotA hai aura sAdhaka pUrNataH tanAvamukti ke lie prayatnazIla hotA hai| 4. sulIna-mana - yaha pUrNataH zAMti va tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai, jisameM saMkalpa-vikalpa evaM mAnasika-vRttiyoM kA laya ho jAtA hai| isa avasthA meM tanAva utpanna karane vAlI sabhI vAsanAoM kA vilaya ho jAtA hai| yaha paramAnanda kI avasthA hai| 220 yogazAstra, 4/36-39 221 yogazAstra - 12/2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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116 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti isa prakAra, mana kI jo cAra avasthAe~ haiM, unameM prathama do avasthAe~ tanAvayukta avasthAe~ haiM, tIsarI tanAva ko samApta karane kI hotI hai aura cauthI meM tanAva samApta ho jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mahAvIra kahate haiM ki mana ke saMyamana se ekAgratA AtI hai, jisase sAdhaka tanAvamukti kI dizA meM agrasara hotA jAtA hai| rAga va dveSa tanAva ke mUlabhUta hetu - saMsAra meM do taraha ke padArtha haiN| eka cetana (jIva) aura dUsarA acetana (ajiiv)| cetana padArtha ke hote haiM, jinheM sukha-duHkha kI saMvedanAeM hotI haiM aura ajIva tattva meM anubhava karane kI yA jAnane kI zakti nahIM hotI aura na use sukha-duHkha kI vedanA hotI hai| vastutaH, sabhI jIvoM ke sukha-duHkha ko anubhava karane kI kSamatA alaga-alaga hotI hai| jIva jAti kI apekSA se eka hote hue bhI vyaktitva kI apekSA se saba alaga-alaga haiN| sabhI jIvoM meM tanAvamukta hone kI utkRSTa saMbhAvanA vidyamAna hai| jaina-zabdAvalI meM kaheM, to pratyeka bhavya jIva meM paramAtmA banane kI kSamatA hai| jIva kA paramAtma-avasthA arthAt tanAvamukta avasthA kI ora agrasara hone kA sahaja svabhAva hai| tanAvamukta honA athavA tanAvagrasta honA- donoM hI vyakti ke svayaM ke puruSArtha para nirbhara karatA hai| yaha jAna lenA jarUrI hai ki manuSya-jIvana hI vaha vizeSa sthiti hai, jahA~ se jIva Atmonnati kara mokSa arthAt tanAvamukta dazA prApta kara sakatA hai, athavA Atma-avanati kI ora agrasara ho nArakIya jIvana jIne ke lie vivaza ho sakatA hai| manuSya meM Atmonnati kI utkRSTa saMbhAvanA nihita hai, phira bhI hama dekhate haiM ki vyakti du:khI hai, tanAvayukta hai| vizva kA pratyeka prANI sukhI honA cAhatA hai, usake sabhI prayatna sukha prApti ke lie hI hote haiM, kintu sukha- prApti ke samyak mArga se anajAna hone ke kAraNa usake prayatna samyak dizA meM nahIM hote haiM, jisake phalasvarUpa vaha tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| jainadharma ke anusAra, vyakti meM tanAva kA kAraNa yahI hai ki vaha samyaka soca ko choDa, rAga-dveSa ko hI tanAvamakti kA mArga samajha letA hai| vastutaH, tanAva kA mukhya kAraNa rAga-dveSa hI haiN| bandhana ke do prakAra haiM - prema (rAga) kA bandhana aura dveSa kA baMdhana, jo For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti niSedharUpa hotA hai| 222 rAga aura dveSa- ye do karma ke bIja haiN| karma moha se utpanna hotA hai| karma hI janma-maraNa kA mUla hai aura janma-maraNa hI vastutaH duHkha hai |23 devatAoM sahita samagra saMsAra meM jo bhI duHkha (tanAva) haiM, ve saba kAmAsakti ke kAraNa hI haiN| 224 kAmAsakti ko hama rAga kaha sakate haiN| mana evaM indriyoM ke viSaya, rAgI AtmA ke lie hI duHkha ke hetu hote haiN| 225 226 kAmabhoga - zabdAdi viSaya na to svayaM meM samatA ke kAraNa hote haiM aura na vikRti ke, kintu jo unameM dveSa yA rAga karatA hai, vaha unameM moha se rAga-dveSarUpa vikAra ko utpanna karatA hai| samayasAra meM bhI AcArya kundakunda likhate haiM- "ratto baMdhadi kammaM, arthAt jIva rAgayukta hokara karma bAMdhatA hai| 227 Age likhate haiM- "Na ya vatthudo du baMdho, ajjhavasANeNa baMdhotthi, karmabaMdha vastu meM nahIM, rAga aura dveSa ke adhyavasAya - saMkalpa se hotA hai| 228 rAga kI jaisI maMda, madhyama aura tIvra mAtrA hotI hai, usI ke anusAra maMda, madhyama aura tIvra karmabaMdha hote haiM / 229 dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to tanAva-stara isI para AdhArita hotA hai| ina AdhAroM para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki tanAva kA mukhya kAraNa rAga-dveSa hI haiN| vastutaH jainadharma ke anusAra jo karmabaMdha ke yA duHkha ke kAraNa haiM, manovaijJAnikoM kI dRSTi se ve hI tanAva ke hetu haiM / rAga va dveSa- donoM hI jIvanarUpI sikke ke do pahalU haiN| jahA~ rAga hai, vahA~ dveSa hai aura ye donoM hI jIvana kI sukha-zAMti ko bhaMga karate rahate haiN| pratyeka jIva meM rAga-dveSa pAye jAte haiN| jo vastu hameM priya lagatI hai, usa para rAga aura apriya para dveSa ke kAraNa vyakti svayaM ko tanAvagrasta banA letA hai| Aja vyakti hI kyA, apitu pUrA vizva hI tanAvoM se grasta hai| isakA mukhya kAraNa rAga-dveSa hI haiN| rAga - dRSTi vyakti ko isIlie tanAvayukta banAtI hai, kyoMki usameM kisI bhI vastu 222 223 224 vahI - 32/19 225 vahI - 32 / 100 226 227 228 vahI - 229 jatibhAgagayA mattA, rAgAdINaM tahA cayo kamme (a) ni.bhA. 5164 (ba) bRha. bhA. 2515 duvihe baMdhe - pejjabaMdhe ce dosabaMdhe ceva / - sthAnAMgasUtra - 2 /4 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 32/7 vahI - - 32/101 samayasAra - 150 117 265 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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118 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti yA vyakti kI prApti kI cAha yA mamatva-bhAva utpanna hote haiN| vaha priya ko pakar3akara rakhanA cAhatA hai aura jaba taka vyakti 'sva' ko vismRta kara 'para' ko pakar3anA cAhatA hai taba taka vaha tanAvarahita nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki use sadaiva priya ke viyoga kI ciMtA yA bhaya rahatA. hai aura taba taka use khone para duHkha hotA hai aura isIlie jahA~ cAha hai, vahA~ tanAva hai| agara nAvika kahe ki kinArA nahIM choDUMgA, to vaha kabhI bhI nadI pAra nahIM kara sakatA, usI taraha tanAvarahita hone ke lie to mamatvavRtti chor3anI hI par3egI, kyoMki mamatA meM cAha hai| jahA~ cAha hai, vahA~ cintA hai aura jahA~ cintA hai, vahA~ tanAva hai| ataH rAga-dveSa ke sarvathA kSaya hone se hI jIva ekAntarUpa yA tanAvamukta avasthA ko prApta karatA hai| 'muMcadi jIvo virAgasaMpatto', jIva rAga se virakta hokara karmoM (tanAva) se mukta hotA hai|30 jisakA rAga jitanA jyAdA hogA, vaha utanA hI duHkhI aura tanAvagrasta rhegaa| aise vyakti ke jo bhI kArya hote haiM, ve pApa-rUpa hI hote haiN| 'para' ke prati mamatvavRtti yA apanepana krA bhAva hI mithyAdRSTi hai, nAsamajhI hai aura yaha mithyAdRSTi yA galata samajha hI tanAva paidA karatI. hai| rAgayukta vyakti apane duHkha (tanAva) se mukta hone ke lie kyA-kyA nahIM karatA, phira bhI tanAvamukta nahIM ho pAtA, kyoMki usakI rAga-dveSa kI vRtti samApta nahIM hotI hai| yadyapi yaha kahA jAtA hai ki kAmanA pUrI hone para vyakti kucha samaya ke lie svayaM ko tanAvamukta anubhava kara letA hai, kintu sadaiva ke lie tanAvamukta nahIM hotA, kyoMki usakI kAmanAe~ (icchAe~) sadaiva hI apUrNa rahatI haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai -"icchA hu AgAsasamA aNaMtiyA', icchAe~ AkAza ke samAna ananta haiM, isalie vyakti icchAoM ko kama kare va jo priya milA hai, usa para na rAga kare, na hI apriya para dveSa kare, kyoMki atyanta tiraskRta samartha zatru bhI utanI hAni nahIM pahuMcAtA, jitanI hAni anigRhIta rAga-dveSa pahuMcAte haiN| kaSAya catuSTaya aura tanAva jainadarzana meM manovRttiyoM ke viSaya meM do pramukha siddhAMta haiM - 1. kaSAya- siddhAMta, aura 2. leshyaa-siddhaant| 230 231 samayasAra - 150 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 9/36 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 119 kaSAya-siddhAnta meM tanAva utpanna karane vAlI azubha manovRttiyoM kA pratipAdana hai, jabaki lezyA-siddhAnta kA sambandha tanAva utpanna karane vAle aura tanAvamukti kI dizA meM le jAne vAle bhAvoM-donoM se haiN| yahA~ hama kaSAyoM ke svarUpa evaM tanAva se unake saha-sambandha ke bAre meM vistAra se carcA kreNge| kaSAya mAtra kisI vastu yA vyakti ke prati Asakti nahIM hai| kaSAya ve pravRttiyA~ haiM, jo 'para' ke prati mamatvabuddhi se vyakti ke citta meM utpanna azubha bhAvoM ke rUpa meM hotI haiM, isalie inheM azubha cittavRtti kahA jAtA hai| kaSAyavRtti tanAva kA hetu hai, adhogati meM le jAne vAlI hai, ataeva zAnti-mArga ke pathika sAdhaka vyakti ke lie kaSAya kA tyAga Avazyaka hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai- anigRhIta krodha, mAna, mAyA tathA lobha -ye cAra saMsAra bar3hAne vAlI kaSAyeM punarjanma-rUpI vRkSa kA siMcana karatI haiN| duHkha (tanAva) kA kAraNa hai, ataH zAnti yA tanAvamukti ke lie vyakti unheM tyAga de| 232 'kaSAya' jainadarzana kA pAribhASika zabda hai| bauddha aura hindU-paramparA meM bhI kaSAya zabda kA prayoga azubha cittavRttiyoM ke artha meM huA hai|33 kaSAya zabda kI vyutpatti 'kaSa + Aya', arthAt 'kaNa' dhAtu meM 'Aya' pratyaya se huI hai| "kaSa' kA artha 'kasanA' arthAt bAMdhanA aura 'Aya' kA artha hai 'lAbha' (Income) yA praapti| jainadarzana ke anusAra, kaSAya zabda kA artha hai -ve cittavRttiyAM, jinase karma kA baMdha hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jo vRttiyAM karmabaMdha meM yA saMsAra paribhramaNa meM vRddhi kareM, ve kaSAya haiN| ... manovaijJAnikoM kI bhASA meM kaheM, to kaSAya ve manobhAva haiM, jo vyakti kI tanAvagrasta avasthA ke sUcaka haiN| hara vyakti tanAvamukti cAhatA hai, kintu usake mana meM rahe hue azubha manobhAva (kaSAya) use tanAvamukta karane ke viparIta, use tanAvagrasta banA dete haiN| jainadarzana meM jahAM kaSAya ko karma-baMdha kA hetu evaM duHkha kA kAraNa batAyA hai, vahIM manovaijJAnikoM ne use tanAvagrastatA kA kAraNa batAyA hai| tanAva kA sambandha hamAre mana se hai, kintu mana meM aisA kyA hai, jo vyakti ke jIvana ko tanAvayukta banA detA hai? mana kA svabhAva hai 232 dazavaikAlikasUtra - 8/40 . 233 bauddha paramparA me -dhammapada - 223, hindU paramparA meM - chAndogyopaniSad - 7/26/2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti caMcalatA aura caMcalatA kA kAraNa hai- kaSAya- -vRttiyAM / kaSAya-vRttiyoM ke cAra stara kahe gae haiM- anantAnubaMdhI, apratyAkhyAnI, pratyAkhyAnI aura saMjvalana | ye cAra stara hI tanAva ke bhI stara haiM / ..120 kaSAya kI cAra vRttiyA~ haiM - krodha (Aveza), mAna (ahaMkAra), mAyA ( kapaTavRtti) aura lobha / ye kaSAya kI vRttiyA~ rAga-dveSa se utpanna hotI haiM aura mana ko vicalita kara detI haiN| kaSAyarUpI vRttiyA~ citta ko kaise vicalita karatI haiM- yaha jAnane se pUrva hameM kaSAya ke prakAroM ko jAnanA hogaa| sthAnAMgasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki pApakarma (tanAva) kI utpatti ke do sthAna haiM- rAga aura dveSa / rAga se lobha kA aura lobha se mAyA kA janma hotA hai, dUsarI ora, dveSa se krodha kA aura krodha se mAna kA janma hotA hai| 234 kaSAya rAga lobha mAyA mAna vaise krodha kA nimitta lobha aura mAna bhI hote haiN| ahaMkAra para coTa par3ane para yA lobha kI pUrti meM bAdhA hone para bhI krodha AtA hai| isI prakAra, mithyA ahaMkAra ke poSaNa hetu bhI mAyAcAra kiyA jAtA hai / sApekSa rUpa se ina cAroM meM antaH sambandha hai / ataH rAga-dveSa tanAva ke mUla kAraNa haiM aura kaSAyeM vyakti kI tanAvayukta sthiti meM vRddhi karatI haiN| kaSAya se yukta vyakti tanAvagrasta hotA hai aura tanAvagrasta vyakti kI samyak buddhi arthAt vivekazakti naSTa ho jAtI hai| vaha tanAvamukta hone ke lie bhI kaSAya kI vRttiyoM kA poSaNa karane lagatA hai, taba vyakti meM kaSAya kI vRttiyA~ adhika bar3ha jAtI haiM, to ye kaSAya kI vRttiyA~ mana ko caMcala yA asthira banA detI haiN| mana kI asthiratA tanAva kA lakSaNa hai / 234 a) sthAnAMgasUtra - 2/4 ba) ni. cU-132 mAyA -lobhehiMto rAgo bhavati / koha dveSa krodha - mANehiMto doso bhavati / / For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 121 bhagavatIsUtra va karmagranthoM ke AdhAra para kaSAyoM kI carcA - tanAva kI utpatti ke pramukha rUpa meM tIna kAraNa hote haiM - 1. bAhya-paristhiti, 2. vyakti kI manovRtti aura 3. bAhya-paristhiti aura manobhAva ke saMyoga se utpanna / caitsik-avsthaaeN| inameM bAhya-paristhitiyA~ pUrNataH vyakti ke adhikAra meM nahIM hotI haiM, ataH unase utpanna tanAva kA nirAkaraNa to una paristhitiyoM ke nivAraNa se hI sambhava hai, kintu jahA~ taka mAnasika kAraNoM kA prazna hai, ve mUlataH icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM aura apekSAoM athavA unakI pUrti na hone ke kAraNa hote haiN| inake mUla meM kahIM-na-kahIM krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha kI vRtti bhI kArya karatI hai| ise bhI yadi saMkSipta karake kaheM, to unameM bhI rAga va dveSa- ye do hI mUla kAraNa haiN| rAga kI upasthiti meM dveSa kA janma hotA hai aura rAga va dveSa kI vRttiyoM se krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha- ye cAra kaSAyeM janma letI haiN| ye kaSAyeM hI mUlataH tanAva-vRddhi aura azubha lezyA kA kAraNa hotI haiN| jaina dharma darzana meM ina kaSAyoM ko hI duHkha kA mUlabhUta kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| ye vyakti kI AdhyAtmika kSamatAoM ko kSINa kara detI haiM aura vyakti tanAvagrasta bana jAtA hai, ataH tanAvoM kI isa vivecanA meM kaSAyoM ke svarUpa ko samajhanA bhI Avazyaka hai| jaina Agama-sAhitya meM kaSAyoM kI vistAra se carcA bhagavatIsUtra aura karma-sAhitya ke graMthoM meM milatI hai| Age, ina donoM granthoM ke AdhAra para unheM spaSTa kreNge| bhagavatIsUtra meM kaSAyoM kI carcA evaM tanAva - bhagavatIsUtra meM kaSAyoM kI carcA karate hue unake vibhinna paryAyavAcI nAma die gae haiN| usameM cAroM kaSAyoM ke payAryavAcI nAma nimna rUpa se upalabdha hote haiM - 1. krodha - Avega kI uttejanAtmaka avasthA krodha hai| 2. kopa - krodha se utpanna svabhAva kI caMcalatA kopa hai| yaha cittavRtti praNaya aura IrSyA se utpanna hotI hai| bhagavatIsUtra ke anusAra, krodha ke udaya ko adhika saghana abhivyakti na dekara use dIrghakAla taka 235 bhagavatIsUtra, za. 12. u. 5. sU.2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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122 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti banAe rakhanA kopa hai|236 isa avasthA meM vyakti mana hI mana tanAvagrasta hotA jAtA hai| 3. roSa - zIghra zAMta nahIM hone vAlA krodha roSa hai|27 roSaM Ane para vyakti lambe samaya taka tanAvagrasta rahatA hai, kyoMki isa avasthA meM krodhAbhivyakti lambe samaya taka banI rahatI hai| 4. doSa - svayaM para yA dUsare para doSa thopanA / 38 kucha vyakti krodha avasthA meM apanA doSa dUsare para thopakara use bhI tanAvagrasta kara dete haiN| 5. akSamA - dUsaroM ke aparAdha ko sahana na karanA akSamA hai|29 jaise koI dhule hue kapar3oM para paira rakhakara nikala jAe, to turanta use thappar3a yA cA~TA mArane vAle kaI abhibhAvaka hote haiM, jabaki yaha bAta prema se bhI samajhAI jA sakatI hai| 6. saMjvalana - krodha se bAra-bAra Aga-babUlA honA saMjvalana hai| yahA~ saMjvalana kA artha saMjvalana-kaSAya se bhinna hai| 7. kalaha - krodha meM atyadhika anucita zabda yA anucita bhASaNa karanA kalaha hai| kalaha se tanAva utpanna hotA hai|| 8. cANDikya - krodha meM ugra rUpa dhAraNa karanA, sira pITanA, bAla noMcanA, AtmahatyA karanA Adi krodha kI paristhitiyA~ cANDikya haiN| isa avasthA meM tanAva itanA adhika bar3ha jAtA hai ki vyakti apanA mAnasika saMtulana kho detA hai| 9. maNDana - daNDa, zastra Adi se yuddha karanA maMDana hai| krodha meM Akara vyakti dUsare ke prANoM kA hanana karane meM tanika bhI saMkoca nahIM karatA hai| 10. vivAda - paraspara viruddha vacanoM kA prayoga karate hue uttejita ho jAnA vivAda hai| uparyakta sabhI prakAra krodha ke rUpa hI haiM, kyoMki krodha Ane para vyaktiyoM kI alaga-alaga abhivyaktiyA~ hotI haiN| 236 bhagavatIsUtra, abhayadevasUrivRtti, za.12, u.5. sU.2 vahI, abhayadevasUrivRtti, za.12, u.5, sU.2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 123 ___ mAna ke vibhinna rUpoM kA vivecana isI adhyAya meM pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| mAyA ke vibhinna rUpa - bhagavatIsUtra meM mAyA ke pandraha samAnArthaka nAma die gae haiN|242 mAyA svayaM ko to tanAvagrasta karatI hI hai, isase jyAdA adhika usa vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banAtI hai, jisako ThagA gayA hai, yA jisake sAtha mAyA kI gaI hai, dhokhA diyA gayA hai| mAyA ke ye nimna pandraha nAma haiM, jo mAyA ke hI rUpa haiM aura vyakti ko tanAvagrasta karate haiM1. mAyA- kpttaacaar| 2. upadhi - Thagane ke uddezya se vyakti ke nikaTa jaanaa| 3. nikRti - vizvAsaghAta krnaa| 4. valaya - vacana aura vyavahAra meM valaya ke samAna vakratA rkhnaa| 5. gahana - Thagane ke lie atyanta gUr3ha bhASaNa krnaa| 6. nyavam - nIcatA kA Azraya lekara tthgnaa| 7. kalka - hiMsAdi pApa-bhAvoM se tthgnaa| 8.. kurUka - nindita vyavahAra krnaa| 9. dambha - zakti ke abhAva meM svayaM ko zaktimAna maannaa| 10. kUTa - asatya ko satya btaanaa| 11. jimha - ThagI ke abhiprAya se kuTilatA kA Alambana lenaa| 12. kilviSi - mAyA se prerita hokara kilviSI jaisI nimna pravRtti - krnaa| 13. anAcaraNatA - Thagane ke lie acchA AcaraNa krnaa| 14. gUhanatA - mukhauTA lagAkara tthgnaa.| 15. vaMcanatA - chala-prapaMca krnaa| lobha - lobha kA tanAva se kyA sambandha hai, yaha hama isa adhyAya ke pUrva meM batA cuke haiN| yahA~ hama bhagavatIsUtra ke AdhAra para lobha ke vibhinna rUpoM kI carcA kareMge, jo bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM hokara vyakti meM tanAva utpanna karate haiN| 242 bhagavatIsUtra, za.12, u.5. sU.4 For Personal & Private Use Only

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124 -- jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti bhagavatIsUtra kI abhayadevasUri kI vRtti ke anusAra lobha ke pUrvokta payAryavAcI nAmoM kI vyAkhyA nimnAnusAra kI gaI hai - 1. lobha - mohanIyakarma ke udaya se citta meM utpanna hone vAlI saMgraha karane kI vRtti lobha hai| 2. icchA - iSTa kI prApti kI kAmanA, abhilASA yA paradravyoM ko pAne kI cAha yA bhAvanA, icchA hai| 44 3. mUrchA - tIvra saMgraha-vRtti mUrchA kahalAtI hai, athavA padArtha ke saMrakSaNa meM hone vAlA anubaMdha yA prakRSTa mohavRtti mUrchA hai|45. 4. kAMkSA - aprApta padArtha kI AzaMsA, yA jo nahIM hai, bhaviSya meM use pAne kI icchA kAMkSA hai|246 5. gRddhi - jo vastu prApta ho gaI hai, usa para Asakti yA usake abhirakSaNa kI vRtti gRddhi kahalAtI hai| 6. tRSNA - prApta padArthoM kA vyaya yA viyoga na hone kI icchA tRSNA 7. bhidhyA - iSTa vastu ke kho jAne kA bhaya, yA amuka vastu kabhI na khoe- aisI icchA bhidhyA hai| 8. abhidhyA - viSayoM ke prati hone vAlI virala ekAgratA yA nizcaya se Diga jAnA abhidhyA hai| 9. AzaMsanA - icchita vastu kI prApti ke lie diyA jAne vAlA AzIrvAda AzaMsanA hai| 10. prArthanA - prArthanA karake mAMganA, yAcanA karanA arthAt icchita vastu ke lie yAcanA karanA prArthanA hai| 11. lAlapanatA - iSTa vastu ke na milane para bAra-bAra prArthanA karanA lAlapanatA hai| 12. kAmAzA - kAma kI icchA kAmAzA hai| 13. bhogAzA - kAmAzA meM zabda evaM rUpa kI kAmanA hotI hai| gaMdha, rasa aura sparza se yukta padArthoM ko bhogane kI icchA bhogAzA hai| ahaM bhNte| lobhe, icchA, mucchA, kAMkhA, gehI, taNhA, vijjhA, abhijjhA, AsAsaNayA, patthaNayA, lAlappaNayA, kAmAsA, bhogAsA, jIviyAsa, maraNAsA, naMdirAge....-bhagavatIsUtra, za.12, u.5, sU.106 244 icchAbhilASastrailokyaviSayaH / - tattvArthasUtra bhASyavRtti - 8/10 245 mUrchA prakarSaprAptA mohavRddhiH / - tattvArthasUtra bhASyavRtti - 8/10 246 bhaviSyatkAlopAdAnaviSayAkAMkSA / ....... vahI For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 14. jIvitAzA jIvita rahane kI jo icchA banI rahe, vaha jIvitAzA hai / jIvita rahane kI yaha icchA antakAla taka banI rahatI hai / jIvita rahane kI yaha icchA hI jIvitAzA hai| - lobha kA AdhAra icchA hai aura icchA yA AkAMkSA hI tanAva kI utpatti kA kAraNa hai / uparyukta cAra kaSAya kA vivecana bhagavatIsUtra meM isI dRSTi se kiyA hai ki ye kaSAyoM ke vibhinna rUpa haiM, inameM se kisI bhI rUpa ko apanAne se duHkha milatA hai aura ye sabhI tanAva - utpatti ke kAraka tattva haiN| karmagrantha meM kaSAya kA svarUpa karmagraMtha meM kaSAya ko cAritramohanIya kA bheda kahA hai / cAritramohanIya ke do bheda kaSAyamohanIya va nokaSAyamohanIya haiN| unameM se kaSAyamohanIya ke anantAnubandhI Adi solaha aura nokaSAyamohanIya ke nau bheda kahe gae haiN| 247 anantAnubandhI, apratyAkhyAnI, pratyAkhyAnI aura saMjvalana | inake krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha- ye cAra-cAra bhedoM kA vistAra se vivecana isI adhyAya meM pahale kara cuke haiM, ataH inake vistAra meM na jAkara yahA~ hameM nau kaSAyoM kI carcA kreNge| 125 ! samavAyAMgasUtra 248 vizeSAvazyakabhASya 249 Adi meM bhI kaSAya ke cAra prakAra batAe haiM krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha / ye cAra pradhAna kaMSAya haiM aura ina pradhAna kaSAyoM ke sahacArI bhAva athavA unakI sahayogI manovRttiyA~ nokaSAya kahI jAtI haiN| yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki ye kaSAya ke kAraNa evaM pariNAma- donoM haiN| nokaSAya se kaSAya utpanna hote haiN| kaSAya kI utpatti ke kAraNa jina nokaSAya ko kahA gayA hai, ve. nimna haiM 250_ - 1. hAsya- sukha kI abhivyakti hAsya hai| yaha mAna kA kAraNa hai| jaba ahaMkAra bar3ha jAtA hai, to dUsaroM para ha~sI AtI hai aura isa ahaMkAra se krodha bhI utpanna ho jAtA hai / 247 karmagraMtha bhAga - 1, muni zrI mizrImalajI gAthA 17, 248 samavAoM, samavAya 4, sUtra - 1 vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA - 2985 249 250 karmagraMtha, bhAga-1, gAthA 21-22 For Personal & Private Use Only

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126 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 2. zoka - iSTa viyoga aura aniSTayoga se sAmAnya vyakti meM jo manobhAva jAgrata hote haiM, ve zoka kahe jAte haiN| jisa vastu yA vyakti kI hameM cAha ho aura vaha nahIM mile, to hama duHkhI ho jAte haiM aura jisa vyakti, vastu kI cAha nahIM hai aura majabUrI meM hameM use grahaNa karanA par3e to bhI hameM duHkha kA anubhava hotA hai aura yahI zoka hameM tanAva meM le jAtA hai| yaha bhI krodha kA kAraNa hai| 3. rati - indriya-viSayoM meM citta kI abhiratatA hI rati hai| cartamAna yuga meM adhikatara loga indriyoM ke vaza meM hote haiM, jo indriyoM kI ruci hai, vahI milane kI cAha karate haiN| indriyoM ke viSayoM kI jaba pUrti nahIM hotI, to hama tanAva meM ghira jAte haiM aura indriyoM kI jarUrata ko pUrA karane ke lie kucha bhI karane ko tatpara ho jAte haiM, phira cAhe usase hAni hI kyoM na uThAna pdd'e| rati ke kAraNa hI Asakti va lobha kI bhAvanAe~ prabala hotI haiN| 4. arati - yaha nokaSAya rati kA viparIta hai| indriya-viSayoM meM aruci hI arati hai| aruci kA bhAva hI vikasita hokara ghRNA aura dveSa banatA hai| 5. ghRNA yA jugupsA - aruci kA hI vikasita rUpa ghRNA hai| jaba / koI vastu yA vyakti arucikara lagate haiM, to vahAM arati (apriyatA) hotI hai, kintu jaba kisI vastu se napharata- . ho jAtI hai, to usake prati ghRNA yA jugupsA hotI hai| jugupsA kA janma hamAre mana-mastiSka meM hotA hai aura vaha hamAre mAnasika saMtulana ko bigAr3a detI hai| mAnasikasaMtulana kA bigar3anA hI tanAva kA paidA honA hai| yaha bhI krodha-kaSAya kA kAraNa hai| 6. bhaya - kisI vAstavika yA kAlpanika tathya se AtmarakSA ke nimitta baca nikalane kI pravRtti hI bhaya hai| krodha ke Avega meM AkramaNa kA prayatna hotA hai, kintu bhaya ke Avega meM AtmarakSA kA prayatna hotA hai| bhaya bhI eka prakAra kA tanAva hai| jaba taka mana meM kAlpanika bhaya yA Dara banA huA rahatA hai, taba taka vyakti kisI bhI kArya meM saphalatA prApta nahIM kara pAtA aura sAtha hI apanA AtmavizvAsa kho detA hai| eka hArA huA vyakti tanAva meM rahakara apane jIvana ko vyartha hI gaMvA detA jainAgamoM meM bhaya sAta prakAra ke kahe gae haiN| jaise - 251 vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA-2985 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 127 1. ihaloka-bhaya - isakA artha isa loka yA saMsAra se nahIM hai| isakA artha jAti se hai, arthAt manuSyoM ke lie manuSyoM se utpanna hone vAlA bhy| 2. paraloka-bhaya - yahAM paraloka se artha svarga yA naraka na hokara anya jAti yA vijAtiyoM se hai, jaise- manuSya ko, pazuoM se bhy| 3. AdAna-bhaya - jaba koI dUsarA hameM bhAvanAtmaka duHkha detA hai, taba hama sabase jyAdA tanAva meM rahane lagate haiN| dUsaroM se milane vAle duHkha kA bhaya hI AdAna-bhaya hai| 4. akasmAt-bhaya - akasmAt kA artha hotA hai- acAnaka, jisakI hamane kalpanA bhI nahIM kI ho, aura acAnaka aisA kucha ho jAe, use akasmAta-bhaya kahate haiN| 5. AjIvikA bhaya - jIvana jIne meM jo jarUrateM haiM, unake kho dene yA samApta hone kA bhaya AjIvikA bhaya hai| 6. maraNabhaya - mRtyu kA bhaya maraNa-bhaya kahalAtA hai| 7. apayaza-bhaya - hamArI mAna-pratiSThA athavA kIrti ko Thesa pahuMcane kA bhaya yA apamAnita hone kA bhaya apayaza-bhaya hai| bhaya bhI vyakti meM tanAva-utpatti ke mukhya kAraNoM meM se eka hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM bhI kahA hai- 'bhIto annaM pi hu bhesejjA', arthAt svayaM DarA huA vyakti dUsaroM ko bhI DarA detA hai| 252 "bhIto abitijjao mrgusso| bhIto bhUtehiM ghippaI, bhIto tavasaMjamaM pi hu muejjaa| bhIto ya bharaM na nitthrejjaa| 253 arthAt, bhayabhIta manuSya kisI kA sahAyaka nahIM ho sktaa| bhayAkula vyakti hI bhUtoM kA zikAra hotA hai| bhayabhIta vyakti tapa aura saMyama kI sAdhanA chor3a baiThatA hai| bhayabhIta vyakti kisI bhI gurutara dAyitva ko nahIM nibhA sakatA hai| 7: strIveda - strI kI puruSa ke sAtha ramaNa karane kI jo icchA hotI hai, use strIveda kahate haiN| 8. puruSaveda - puruSa ko strI ke sAtha ramaNa karane kI jo icchA hotI hai, use puruSaveda kahate haiN| 9. napuMsakaveda - strI aura puruSa-donoM ke sAtha ramaNa karane kI icchA ko napuMsakaveda kahate haiN| 252 praznavyAkaraNasUtra - 2/2 .. 253 vahI ... . For Personal & Private Use Only

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128 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti uparyukta tInoM vedoM ke abhilASArUpI bhAvoM ko. kramazaH karISAgni, taNAgni aura nagaradAha ke samAna batAyA gayA hai| ina tInoM vedoM kA sambandha kAmavAsanA se hai| ina vAsanAoM ke udaya meM inakI pUrti na hone para tanAva kI utpatti hotI hai| yadyapi ye vAsanAe~ zarIrajanya haiM, kintu inakA sambandha manovRttiyoM se bhI hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM cAroM kaSAyoM ke paryAyavAcI nAmoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki inameM se pratyeka kaSAya kA kSetra ativyApaka hai aura ye vibhinna rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI haiN| inake paryAyavAcI nAmoM se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ye vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banAne meM pramukha rUpa se kArya karatI haiN| . jahA~ taka karma-sAhitya ke granthoM kA prazna hai, unameM solaha kaSAyoM aura nau nokaSAyoM ko mohakarma kA hI eka vibhAga mAnA gayA hai| anaMtAnabaMdhI, apratyAkhyAnI, pratyAkhyAnI aura saMjvalana -ye kaSAyoM ke cAra bheda tanAva ke stara ko bhI sUcita karate haiN| kaSAya ke prakAra aura stara ke AdhAra para karma-sAhitya ke graMthoM meM karmabaMdha kI tIvratA aura maMdatA kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki kaSAyoM kI avasthA jitanI tIvra yA manda hogI, usI ke AdhAra para karmabaMdha bhI tIvra yA maMda hogA athavA dIrghakAlika yA alpakAlika hogaa| isa prakAra, kaSAyoM ke stara ko tanAvoM ke stara ke samAna mAna sakate haiN| cAhe karmoM ke baMdha yA udaya kA prazna ho, unameM mukhya rUpa se kaSAyoM kA stara hI kAma karatA hai| ataH, jaina-karmasiddhAMta kA saMkSepa meM niSkarSa yahI hai ki yadi tanAva se mukti pAnA hai, to vyakti ko kaSAyoM se mukta honA hogaa| kaSAya ke vibhinna prakAroM yA staroM kA tanAva se saha-sambandha - anantAnubandhI-kaSAya - anantAnubandhI kaSAya tanAva kI vaha pratikriyAyukta tIvratama sthiti hai, jisameM vyakti tanAvamukti ke bAre meM soca bhI nahIM sakatA hai| vaha mithyAdRSTi se yukta, ghora pApakarma yA duSTa pravRtti karane vAlA anantakAla taka saMsAra meM bhramaNa karatA hai aura sadaiva tanAvayukta banA rahatA hai| anantAnubaMdhI-kaSAya kA udaya hone para vyakti kA tanAva-stara karmagraMtha, bhAga-1, gAthA -22 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 129 atyadhika hotA hai| yaha tanAva kI vaha sthiti hai, jisase vyakti AjIvana ciMtita evaM azAMta banA rahatA hai| nimitta milane para krodhAdi kI pravRtti bar3hatI jAtI hai aura jaise-jaise kaSAya kI vRddhi hotI hai, pratikriyAe~ bhI bar3hatI jAtI haiM aura tanAva kA stara bhI bar3ha jAtA hai| zvetAmbara granthoM meM anantAnubandhI-kaSAya kA kAla jIvana-paryanta batAyA gayA hai, arthAt vyakti jIvana-paryanta tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| 25 anantAnubandhI kA artha hai- jo anantakAla se anubandhita hai, arthAt jo anantakAla taka saMsAra meM bhramaNa kA kAraNa hai, vaha anantAnubandhI-kaSAya hai| anantAnubandhI-kaSAya eka bAra utpanna hone para itanI pragAr3ha hotI hai ki vyakti ko tIvratama tanAva se grasta banA detI hai, jisase ubhara pAnA bahuta muzkila hotA hai| tanAva kI yaha sthiti vyakti ke pAgala hone kI sthiti hai| jisa prakAra eka cumbaka ke do Tukar3e hone para vaha alaga dizArthI bana jAte haiM, arthAt kabhI jur3a nahIM sakate, usI prakAra anantAnubaMdhI-kaSAyayukta vyakti bhI mithyAtva-dazA meM hI sukha kI yA tanAvamukti kI khoja karatA hai| vaha dizA hI badala detA hai aura usI ora agrasara hotA hai, jahAM mAnasika-saMtulana kA abhAva hotA hai| vaha nirantara pratikriyA karatA rahatA hai| __anantAnubaMdhI kaSAya vAlA vyakti atRpta kAmanA vAlA hotA hai aura jahA~ atRpta kAmanA hotI hai, vahAM vyakti meM krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha' kI pravRtti itanI gaharI hotI hai ki usakI dRSTi samyak hone meM ananta bhava laga jAte haiN| anantAnubaMdhI kaSAyeM samyakadarzana kI vighAtaka hotI haiN| tanAva ke mukhya kAraNoM meM se eka kAraNa sukhoM kI atRpta kAmanA hI hai aura yaha atRpta kAmanA hI anantAnubandhI-kaSAya hai| vyakti apanI kAmanA ko prApta karane meM bAdhaka tattvoM para krodha karatA hai| manojJa padArthoM para adhikAra prApta hone para garva arthAt mAna karatA hai, adhikAra na milane para ahaM ke lie mAyA (kapaTavRtti) kA Azraya letA hai| aneka padArthoM yA vyaktiyoM para iSTAniSTa bhAva rakhate hue sukha kI prApti ke lie vaha sadaiva ciMtita rahatA hai aura priya vastu yA vyakti kA saMyoga nahIM milane para apanA mAnasika-saMtulana kho detA hai| 255 jAvajjIvANugamiNo - vizeSa. gAthA-2992 256 kaSAya - hemaprabhAzrI - pR. 40 . For Personal & Private Use Only

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130 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti apratyAkhyAnI-kaSAya - apratyAkhyAnI kA artha hotA hai- jise vyakti pUrI taraha se chor3a nahIM pAtA hai, arthAt kahIM-na-kahIM se nimitta milane para vaha bhale hI pratikriyA nahIM kare, kintu apane manobhAvoM ko roka nahIM pAtA hai| ise hama tanAva kI vaha sthiti kaha sakate haiM, jahAM vyakti bAhya stara para pratikriyAeM vyakta na kara saMtulana banAne kA prayatna to karatA hai, kintu mAnasika-stara para saMtulana yA samabhAva nahIM banA pAtA hai, arthAta vyakti pAgala to nahIM hotA, para tanAvayukta to rahatA hai| . ise hama tanAvoM kI alpatA kA dvitIya stara bhI kaha sakate haiN| kaSAyoM ke stara kI dRSTi se apratyAkhyAnI-kaSAya anantAnubandhI-kaSAya se kucha Upara uThI huI sthiti hai| isameM vyakti bAhya-pratikriyAeM rokatA bhI hai| apratyAkhyAnI-kaSAya meM vyakti bAhya-pratikriyAeM to nahIM karatA hai, kintu antarmana meM rAga-dveSa ke bhAvoM kI agni jalatI rahatI hai| kucha tanAva aise bhI hote haiM, jo vyakti kI Adata bana jAte haiM aura jo Adata bana jAte haiM, unako sahaja nirAkRta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| apratyAkhyAnI-kaSAya meM vyakti pratikriyA so roka letA hai, para mana meM zAMti kA anubhava nahIM kara sktaa| vaha manobhAvoM ke stara para ciMtita, azAMta va tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| usakI bAhya pratikriyAeM to rukatI haiM, kintu caitasika pratikriyAeM calatI rahatI haiN| isa stara para vyakti kA mAnasika tanAva bar3hatA to nahIM hai, parantu samApta bhI nahIM ho pAtA hai| vyakti samajhatA to hai ki vaha tanAvagrasta hai aura usakA kAraNa kyA hai, kintu usase mukta bhI nahIM ho paataa| vaha prayatna karatA hai ki usakA mAnasika-saMtulana banA rahe, kintu nimitta milane para vaha phira tanAva meM A jAtA hai| usake mana meM saMkalpa-vikalpa calate rahate haiN| bAhyapratikriyAe~ to ruka jAtI haiM, kintu caitasika-stara para vAsanA aura viveka kA Antarika-yuddha to calatA rahatA hai aura citta azAMta banA rahatA hai| ___apratyAkhyAnI-kaSAya meM bhI krodha, mAna, mAyA va lobha kI pravRtti to hotI hai, kintu inakI tIvratA kI sthiti anantAnubaMdhI-kaSAya kI apekSA se kama hI hotI hai| ___apratyAkhyAnI-kaSAya meM dUsare ke ahita kI bhAvanA to kama hotI hai, kintu apanoM ke prati rAga-bhAva tIvra hotA hai| vyakti kA apane For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti priya - parijanoM ke prati moha itanA pragAr3ha hotA hai ki vaha atirAgabhAva ke kAraNa unake lie sadaiva ciMtita rahatA hai| unake sukha ke lie yA unakA viyoga na ho - isa bhaya se vaha kaI pApakarma bhI karatA hai, jo use tanAvagrasta banA dete haiM / pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya tanAva kA vaha stara, jahAM bAhya nimittoM se utpanna krodha, mAna, mAyA Adi kI pratikriyAoM ko Antarika evaM bAhya- donoM staroM para rokA jA sakatA hai, pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa hai| isameM vyakti pUrNa rUpa se tanAva se mukta nahIM hotA, kintu tanAva ko kama jarUra kara letA hai, kyoMki pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa-kaSAya meM anantAnubandhI evaM apratyAkhyAnI kI apekSA se bhI tIvratA kama hotI hai| jisa kaSAya ke udaya se sarvaviratirUpa pratyAkhyAna prApta nahIM hotA, use pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa - kaSAya kahate haiN| 'pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa-kaSAya kA udaya pUrNa rUpa se aindrika viSayabhogoM se virata nahIM hone detA / " 257 ,258 tanAva kA kAraNa bhoga-upabhoga kI icchAeM haiN| jaba bhogAsakti kama hogI, to tanAva bhI kama hogaa| isameM vyakti paristhiti Ane para bAhya va AMtarika rUpa se kaSAya kI pratikriyAoM ko roka letA hai, arthAt tanAva ke kAraNoM va usase utpanna pratikriyAoM ko to roka sakatA hai, kintu unake utpanna hone kI sthiti para usakA pUrNa niyantraNa nahIM hotA hai / 'kapila ke satya kathana ko sunakara jaba rAjA ne manacAhA inAma mAMgane ko kahA, to kapila ne lobha - kaSAya kA udaya hone se paMcAsa sone kI mohara lekara pUrA rAjya taka mAMga lene kA vicAra kara liyaa| taba ciMtana karate-karate bicAroM meM parivartana AyA aura lobha kA pratyAkhyAna kara diyaa| bhoga kI icchA ko tanAva kA kAraNa jAnakara dIkSita bhI ho gayA, kintu aMtaHkaraNa meM kaSAya udvelita karatI rahI / bAhubalI ne apane bhrAtA bharata ko harAne, mArane ke lie hAtha uThAyA, kintu ciMtana karate hue krodha kI pratikriyA ko roka liyA aura paMcamuSThi loca kara liyaa| jisa mAna kI pUrti ke lie yuddha kara rahe the, krodha kI agni meM jalate hue bhAI ko harAkara hI zAMta honA cAhate the, vahIM krodha kI pratikriyA ko rokakara pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa krodha ko kSaya 257 258 131 karma-vijJAna, bhAga - 4, pR. 132 vizeSAvazyaka, gAthA - 2992 For Personal & Private Use Only

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132 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti karake dIkSita ho gae, kintu antara meM choTe bhAiyoM ko namana nahIM karane para saMjvalana mAna banA rahA, ataH kaivalya ko upalabdha nahIM kara ske| saMjvalana kaSAya - __ yaha vaha sthiti hai, jahAM vyakti ko avacetana stara para tanAva kI mandatama pariNati hotI hai| isa sthiti meM bhI avyakta tanAva to hotA hai, kintu usase vyakti kI cetanA para dabAva nahIM banatA, kyoMki vaha avacetanA stara para hotA hai| vyakti bAhya va Antarika-donoM hI prakAra kI pratikriyAoM ko roka letA hai| saMjvalana-kaSAya kA udaya rahane para bhI vyakti meM kASAyika-bhAvoM kI pariNati mandatama hotI hai| vyakti hiMsAdi pApoM se virakta hokara, iSTAniSTa bhAvoM se pare hokara tathA samabhAvapUrvaka sAdhanA-mArga para calatA hai| isa stara para usakA mAnasika-saMtulana banA rahatA hai| saMjvalana-kaSAya vAlA vyakti viveka, kSamA, sahajatA, zAMti, sahanazIlatA Adi guNoM se yukta hotA hai| saMjvalana-kaSAya meM bAhya rUpa se to kaSAya se mukti pratIta hotI hai, kintu Antarika rUpa se usakI chadma sattA banI rahatI hai, jaiseprasannacaMdra rAjA dIkSA ke bAda mana-hI-mana bhAvoM se yuddha karate rhe| usa samaya unake caitasika-stara para kaSAya-bhAvoM kA udaya haA, kintu jaise hI yuddha karane meM mukuTa ko zastra banAne ke lie unhoMne sira para hAtha rakhA, to apane muni hone kA ehasAsa huA aura apanI soca para pazcAtApa karate hue saMjvalana-kaSAya ko bhI samApta kara ve siddha-buddha-mukta ho ge| 'jisa kaSAya kA udaya hone para jIva ati alpa samaya ke lie avacetana stara para usase abhibhUta hotA hai, use saMjvalana-kaSAya kahate haiN|' 259 jitane alpa samaya ke lie saMjvalana-kaSAya kA udaya hotA hai, utane hI alpa samaya ke lie vyakti tanAvagrasta hotA hai aura kSaNa bhara meM usa tanAva se mukta bhI ho jAtA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apanA nirvANa-samaya nikaTa jAnakara gautama gaNadhara ko unake prati rahe hue rAga-bhAva ko dUra karane ke lie anyatra bheja diyaa| jaba prabhu nirvANa ko prApta ho gae, to gautama gaNadhara ko kucha samaya ke lie rAga ke kAraNa zoka huA, kintu usI zoka kI avasthA meM vicAra karate-karate jaba unhoMne prabhu kI vItarAgatA ko samajhA, to svayaM unhoMne bhI prabhu ke prati usa prazasta rAgabhAva kA tyAga kara diyA HHETHI 259 karma vijJAna, bhAga-4, pR. 132 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 133 aura prazasta rAgabhAva saMjvalana kaSAya ke kSaya hote hI kevalajJAna ko prApta ho ge| alpa samaya kA yaha zokarUpa tanAva saMjvalana-kaSAya ke udaya ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI thaa| kaSAyoM ke ye cAra bheda kaSAyoM ke stara ko hI batAte haiN| tIvratama, tIvra, maMda aura mandatama kI apekSA se hI kaSAyoM ke ye cAra bheda kie gae haiM aura ye hI cAra stara tanAva ke bhI hote haiN| kaSAya jitanA tIvratama hogA, vyakti ke tanAva kA stara bhI utanA hI jyAdA hogaa| kra. | kaSAya tanAva kA stara kaSAya kA stara 1. | anantAnubaMdhI tIvratama | tIvratama (vyakti kA mAnasika saMtulana kho jAnA) | apratyAkhyAnI tivra tIvra (mAnasika-saMtulana kA vikRta honA) 3. | pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa | manda manasika-saMtulana ko banAe rakhane kA prayAsa 4. saMjvalana mandatama tanAva bilkula mandatama (mAnasika-saMtulana kA banA rahanA) kaSAyoM ke vibhinna prakAra aura tanAva - (a) krodha - krodha eka mAnasika-Avega hai, jo zArIrika gatividhiyoM dvArA prakaTa hotA hai.| krodha vyakti kI tanAvagrastatA kA sUcaka kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki tanAvagrasta vyakti ke manobhAvoM kI abhivyakti krodha ke mAdhyama se hotI hai| krodha meM vyakti vivekazUnya ho jAtA hai| tanAvagrasta vyakti For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jitanA krodha karatA hai, utanA hI usakA tanAva bar3hatA jAtA hai| krodha eka aisA manovikAra hai, jisake utpanna hone para zArIrika evaM mAnasikadonoM hI saMtulana vikRta ho jAte haiN| vyakti ko itanA bhI viveka nahIM rahatA hai ki vaha kyA kara rahA hai, yA kyA bola rahA hai? krodha bhI tabhI utpanna hotA hai, jaba vyakti kI icchAoM - AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti nahIM hotI, athavA unakI pUrti meM bAdhA upasthita kI jAtI hai, yA phira jaba usake ahaMkAra ko koI Thesa pahuMcatI hai| aisI sthiti meM bhI usakA mAnasika saMtulana bhaMga ho jAtA hai, jisakI abhivyakti krodha se hotI hai / hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki krodha tanAva kI eka sthiti hai| krodha kI upasthiti hI svayaM apane-Apa meM eka tanAva hai| 'jaina- vicAraNA meM sAmAnyatayA krodha ke do rUpa mAne haiM 1. dravya krodha evaM 2 bhAva - krodha | 200 zArIrika stara para jo krodha hotA hai, vaha dravya-krodha hai evaM vicAroM yA manobhAvoM ke stara para jo krodha hotA hai, vaha bhAva- krodha hai / dravya krodha zArIrika tanAva utpanna karatA hai, to bhAva-krodha mAnasika tanAva ko paidA karatA hai| inameM prathama, dravya-krodha zArIrika tanAvoM kA hetu hai, to dUsarA, bhAva- krodha mAnasika tanAva kA paricAyaka hai| vastutaH, zArIrika- tanAva kA prabhAva bhI mana para par3atA hai, kintu isakI saMbhAvanA bhAva - krodha kI apekSA se kama hI hotI hai| mAnasika - krodha yA tanAva zarIra aura mana donoM ko tanAvagrasta kara detA hai| yogazAstra meM AcArya hemacandra ne krodha kA svarUpa varNita karate hue kahA hai - "krodha zarIra aura mana ko saMtApa detA hai, krodha vaira kA kAraNa hai, krodha durgati kI pagaDaNDI hai aura mokSamArga meM argalA ke samAna hai|" 261 tanAvamukti meM krodharUpI tanAva bAdhaka hai| krodha meM andhA huA vyakti satya, zIla aura vinaya kA nAza kara DAlatA hai| 202 krodha aura tanAva kI ekarUpatA hama isa prakAra bhI samajha sakate haiM- krodha aura tanAva- donoM hI 'para' ke nimitta se hote haiN| isameM 'para' ko naSTa karane ke bhAva utpanna hote haiM, kintu hama dUsare ko tanAvagrasta banA pAe yA nahIM, isa soca se svayaM kI zAMti to bhaMga ho hI jAtI hai| isI Azaya vAlA kathana jJAnArNava meM bhI milatA hai| jJAnArNava meM krodha se hAni batAte hue zubhacandra likhate haiM - "krodha meM sarvaprathama svayaM kA citta azAnta hotA hai, bhAvoM meM kaluSatA chA jAtI hai, 134 260 bhagavatIsUtra - 12/5/2 261 yogazAstra, prakAza - 4, gAthA-9 praznavyAkaraNasUtra - 2/2 262 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 135 viveka kA dIpaka bujha jAtA hai| krodhI vyakti dUsare ko azAnta kara pAe yA nahIM, para vaha svayaM tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| 205 hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki tanAvayukta (krodhI) vyakti dIpaka kI bAtI ke samAna hotA hai, jo dUsare ko jalA pAe yA nahIM, para svayaM to jalatI hI rahatI hai| __'manovijJAna meM krodha ko saMvega kahA gayA hai| 264 jaba saMvega adhika uttejita hote haiM, to zarIra meM parivartana ghaTita hote haiN| 'krodha Ane para zakti kA hRAsa hotA hai, UrjA naSTa hotI hai, bala kSINa hotA hai| 265 krodha jitanA tIvra hogA, vyakti ke tanAva kI sthiti bhI utanI adhika tIvra hogii| Avega jitane manda hoMge, vyakti ke tanAva kA stara bhI utanA hI manda hogA aura vaha tanAvamukta sthiti ko pAne meM saphala hogaa| krodha ke Avega kI tIvratA evaM mandatA ke AdhAra para cAra bheda kie gae haiM aura inhIM se vyakti ke tanAvayukta stara ko bhI samajhanA caahie| 1. anantAnubandhI-krodha - . yaha krodha kI tIvratama sthiti hai| patthara meM par3I darAra ke samAna yaha krodha kisI ke prati eka bAra utpanna hone para jIvana bhara zAMta nahIM hotA hai| krodha kI isa sthiti meM vyakti kabhI bhI zAMti kA anubhava nahIM kara pAtA hai| mana meM krodharUpI agni jalatI rahatI hai, jisase tanAvamukti ke sAre rAste baMda ho jAte haiN| vyakti kA yaha krodha use itanA tanAvagrasta kara detA hai ki vaha jIvana paryanta-tanAvamukta nahIM ho sakatA hai| jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA gayA hai ki krodha kA honA svayaM apaneApa meM tanAva hai| krodhajanya tanAva jaba utpanna hotA hai to krodha kI bAhya-pratikriyAeM prArambha ho jAtI haiN| zarIra, svajana, sampatti Adi meM vyakti kI Asakti pragAr3ha hotI hai| use priya ke saMyoga kI prApti meM bAdhaka tattva apriya lagate haiM aura unake prati anantAnubaMdhI-krodha paidA hotA hai|266 aisA vyakti sirpha apane choTe-se svArtha yA sukha ke lie dUsaroM ko adhikatama duHkha detA hai, dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko dekhakara khuza . jJAnArNava, sarga-19, gAthA-6. zikSA manovijJAna, pro. giradhArIlAla zrIvAstava, pR. 181 kaSAya : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana, sAdhvI hemaprabhA, pR. 17 266 kaSAya : sAdhvI hemaprajJAzrI, pR. 45 For Personal & Private Use Only

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136 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti hotA hai| vaha svayaM bhI tanAvayukta rahatA hai va dUsaroM ko bhI tanAvagrasta banAtA hai| usakI apanI vivekazakti naSTa ho jAtI hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa vaha kabhI bhI tanAvamukta nahIM ho pAtA hai| tanAva ke isa stara para usake socane-samajhane kI kSamatA prAyaH samApta ho jAtI hai| vaha krodha meM pratikriyAeM bhI karatA rahatA hai aura usakI cittavRtti krodha se AkrAnta banI rahatI hai| 2. apratyAkhyAnI krodha - jaba krodha caitasika-stara para tIvratara hotA hai, to vaha apratyAkhyAnI-krodha hai| isameM vyakti krodha kI bAhya-pratikriyAeM to kama karatA hai, kintu citta krodha se pUrI taraha AkrAnta rahatA hai| dUsaroM ke prati IrSyA, jalana, aura vidveSa kI bhAvanA isake pramukha lakSaNa haiN| krodha kI isa avasthA meM vyakti kevala loka-lAja se bAhya pratikriyAoM ko rokatA hai, kintu antastha meM to tanAvagrasta rahatA hI hai| yaha sthiti caitasika-svAsthya ke lie adhika khataranAka hotI hai, kyoMki isameM 'damana' kI hI mukhyatA hotI hai| apratyAkhyAnI-krodha kA mUla kAraNa moha yA rAga hai| tanAva-utpatti meM bhI mukhya hetu rAga hI hotA hai| jaba kisI apane yA priya kA koI apamAna karatA hai, to usake citta meM jo vikSobha utpanna hotA hai, vaha apratyAkhyAnI-krodha hotA hai| apratyAkhyAnI krodha meM para ke prati rAgAtmakatA adhika hotI hai| yaha rAga-bhAva vyakti ke mana meM tanAva utpanna karane kA mukhya tattva hotA hai| jahAM rAga hogA, vahAM krodha honA svAbhAvika hai| apratyAkhyAnI-krodha Adi meM tanAva kI sattA mAnasika stara para hI hotI hai, bAhya-pratikriyAeM kama hotI haiN| vyakti ko krodha to AtA hai, kintu vaha usakI bAhya-pratikriyA nahIM karatA hai, mAtra mAnasika-stara para hI dUsare ke prati krodha se AkrAnta banA rahatA hai| vaha mana-hI-mana krodhita hotA hai, arthAt tanAva meM rahatA hai aura yaha tanAva dIrghakAla taka banA rahatA hai| jisa prakAra gIlI miTTI meM sUkhane ke bAda darAreM par3a jAtI haiM, agale varSa kI varSA Ane taka ve darAreM nahIM bharatI, usI prakAra eka bAra kisI para krodha A jAe, to dIrghakAla taka mana meM krodharUpI tanAva kI agni jalatI rahatI hai, jo use kSaNa bhara ke lie bhI tanAvamukti yA zAMti kA anubhava nahIM karane detI hai|267 267 prathama karmagrantha/ yA / kaSAya, pR. 44 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 137 3. pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa-krodha - yaha krodha alpakAlika aura niyantraNa yogya hotA hai| 'bAlU reta meM banI rekhA ke samAna pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa-krodha hai| 268 jaise bAlU meM khiMcI huI lakIra havA ke jhoMkoM se dhIre-dhIre miTa jAtI hai, usI prakAra pratyAkhyAnI-krodha bhI dhIre-dhIre zAMta ho jAtA hai| apratyAkhyAnI-kaSAyoM meM bhI mAnasika tanAva hotA hai aura vaha dIrghakAla taka banA rahatA hai jabaki pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa meM usakI avadhi alpa hotI hai| vyakti kA tadjanya mAnasika tanAva alpa samaya meM hI zAMta ho jAtA hai| 4. saMjvalana-krodha - yaha krodha mana ke avacetana. stara para kSaNa bhara ke lie AtA hai aura zAMta ho jAtA hai| jisa prakAra pAnI meM khiMcI lakIra usI kSaNa miTa jAtI hai, usI prakAra jaba vyakti ke mana meM kisI ke prati krodha kA bhAva A jAe, kintu usI kSaNa usakI nirarthakatA jAnakara vaha usase virata ho jAe, yaha saMjvalana-krodha hai| yaha caitasika-stara para avacetana meM Akara samApta ho jAtA hai| isameM tanAva bhI kSaNika kAla ke lie hI hotA hai| __vyakti ko krodha AMnA svAbhAvika hai, kintu usa para pratikriyA karanA yA nahIM karanA yaha vyakti ke manobala para AdhArita hai| mAnasika cetanA jitanI sajaga va zaktizAlI hogI, vyakti meM krodha kI pravRtti ke niyaMtraNa kI zakti bhI utanI hI adhika hogI aura vaha tanAvagrasta bhI kama hogaa| . .. anantAnabaMdhI-krodha . meM vyakti kA manobala hIna hotA hai| apratyAkhyAnI krodhI ke manobala meM kevala itanI hI zakti hotI hai ki vaha krodha kI bAhya-pratikriyAeM nahIM karatA hai, parantu usakA mana tanAva se grasta rahatA hai| pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa-krodha evaM saMjvalana-krodha meM vyakti kA manobala apekSAkRta adhika zaktizAlI hotA hai, isalie vaha krodha kI bAhyaabhivyakti para pUrNa niyantraNa kara pAtA hai| pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa-krodha kucha samaya ke lie cetanA kA sparzamAtra karatA hai, usakI bAhya-abhivyakti nahIM hotI hai, jabaki saMjvalana-kaSAya meM krodha acetana yA avacetana stara 268 prathama karmagrantha /yA / kaSAya, pR. 44 For Personal & Private Use Only

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138 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti para mAtra sattArUpa hotA hai| anantAnubandhI-krodha tIvratama pratikriyAyukta evaM jIvanaparyanta banA rahatA hai aura apratyAkhyAnI-krodha kevala caitasika-stara para hotA hai| usameM bAhyAbhivyakti yA pratikriyAe~ rukatI haiM, kintu caitasika-pratikriyAe~ yA saMkalpa-vikalpa calate rahate haiM. pratyAkhyAnI-kaSAya meM bAhya evaM caitasika-pratikriyA to rukatI hai, kintu citta usase kucha samaya ke lie prabhAvita avazya hotA hai| jitanI adhika krodha kI pratikriyAeM hotI haiM, utanA hI adhika tanAva hotA hai aura jitanI kama krodha kI pratikriyAeM hotI haiM utanA hI kama tanAva hotA hai| 2. mAna-kaSAya - ___'mAna eka aisA manovikAra hai, jo svayaM ko ucca evaM dUsaroM ko nimna samajhane se utpanna hotA hai| 269 sAmAnyataH mAna dUsaroM se hameM milane vAle Adara, ijjata yA sammAna-satkAra kI AkAMkSA ko kahate haiN| vastutaH, yahAM mAna se tAtparya usa manovikAra se hai, jisameM svayaM ko sarvazreSTha evaM dUsaroM ko nimna koTi kA samajhA jAtA hai| apanI Ana-bAna-zAna para yA apanI upalabdhiyoM para garva yA ghamaNDa karanA hI mAna hai| mAna ke kaI samAnArthI zabda hote haiN| jaina AgamoM meM mAna ko nimna bAraha rUpoM meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai 210 mAna - ___apane kisI guNa para ahaMvRtti kA honA mAna hai| jaba vyakti ke samakSa usase adhika kuzala vyakti A jAtA hai, taba usake mana meM IrSyA kA jo bhAva utpanna hotA hai, use mAna-kaSAya yA tanAva kI sthiti kahate haiN| vyakti apane ko sarvazreSTha sthAna para rakhane ke lie dUsaroM kI niMdA karatA hai, usake doSoM ko ujAgara karatA hai, yaha bhI mAna-kaSAya hI hai| mada - zakti kA aMhakAra mada kahalAtA hai| apanI zakti kA pradarzana karane ke lie vyakti binA koI vicAra kie dUsaroM ko cunautiyA~ detA hai| samavAyAMgasUtra meM mada ke ATha bheda batAe haiN| 269 kaSAya : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana, sAdhvI hemaprabhAzrI, pR. 23 270 bhagavatIsUtra - 12/43 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 139 1. jAti mada - jAtiyA~ cAra haiM, jo manuSya ke karma ke AdhAra para nirmita huI haiM, jaise- adhyayana-adhyApana karanevAlA brAhmaNa, sabakI rakSA karane vAlA kSatriya, vyApAra karane vAlA vaizya evaM sabakI sevA karane vAlA zUdra hai| yaha mAtra kAryoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA vibhAjana hai, kintu manuSya ne ina vargoM meM ucca evaM nIca kI avadhAraNA banA lI hai| ucca kahalAne vAlI jAti meM janma lene para usakA ahaMkAra karanA jAti-mada hai| koI nimna jAti kA vyakti, jaise-zUdra agara ucca jAti ke adhIna na rahe, to ucca jAti vAle use apanA apamAna samajhate haiN| 2. kula-mada - jisa kula meM susaMskAra, sampannatA, viziSTatA hotI hai, vaha kula zreSTha kahalAtA hai| aise kula meM janma lene para ahaMkAra karanA kula-mada kahalAtA hai| . 3. rUpa-mada - zArIrika-saundarya kA ahaMkAra karanA rUpa-mada hai| 4. bala-mada - apane zaurya yA tAkata (zakti) kA ahaMkAra karanA bala-mada hai| 5. zruta-mada - apane jJAna kA ahaMkAra karanA jJAna yA zruta-mada hai| 6. tapa-mada - apanI tapasyA para garva karanA tapa-mada hai| 7. lAbha-mada - yoga prabala hone para vyakti ko paga-paga para upalabdhiyA~, RddhiyA~ yA dhana-vaibhava milatA rahatA hai, ina para ghamaNDa karanA lAbha mada hai| ' 8... aizvarya-mada - maiM atula vaibhavasampanna hU~- aisA abhimAna aizvarya-mada kahalAtA hai|272 ... uparyukta AThoM mada vyakti meM tanAva utpanna karate haiN| inase vyakti ke mana meM yaha bhaya utpanna hotA hai ki kahIM koI usase zreSTha na ho jaae| apanI zreSThatA ko banAe rakhane ke lie vyakti sadaiva ciMtita rahatA hai| dUsaroM kI nindA karanA, unheM nIcA dikhAnA, svayaM kA guNagAna karanA Adi anucita vyavahAra haiN| aise ghamaNDa meM cUra vyakti ke samakSa jaba koI usase bhI adhika zreSTha vyakti A jAtA hai, to use gaharA AghAta pahuMcatA hai, jo use tanAvagrasta banA detA hai| 271 smavAo, samavAya - 8.sU.-1 1. kaSAya : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 28 For Personal & Private Use Only

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140 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti mAna-kaSAya ke nimna paryAyavAcI zabda haiM - 1.darpa - uttejanApUrNa ahaMbhAva, arthAt garva meM cUra hokara krodhapUrvaka duSTa kArya karanA darpa hai| 2.stambha - khambe kI taraha akar3a kara rahanA, arthAt svayaM kI galatI hone para bhI jhukanA nahIM, stambha kahalAtA hai| 3.garva - svayaM ke jJAna, kalA yA zakti kA ghamaNDa honA garva kahalAtA 4.ati Akroza - dUsare vyaktiyoM se tulanA kara svayaM ko sarvazreSTha mAnanA ati-Akroza hai| 5.paraparivAda - aThAraha pApasthAnoM meM se solahavAM pApasthAna paraparivAda hai| isa pApa meM vyakti svayaM ko zreSTha batAne ke lie dUsaroM kI nindA karatA hai, arthAt dUsare ke doSoM ko batalAtA hai| 6.utkarSa - apanI kIrti, aizvarya, Rddhi kA svayaM hI guNagAna karanA yA usakA pradarzana karanA utkarSa kahalAtA hai| 7.apakarSa - dUsaroM ko nIcA dikhAne ke lie unakI AlocanA yA nindA karanA apakarSa-mAna hai| 8.unnatamAna - svayaM se adhika gaNavAna vyakti ke A jAne para bhI usake samakSa nahIM jhukanA, vandanIya ko vaMdana nahIM karanA, unnatamAna hai| 9.unnata - svayaM ko U~cA evaM dUsaroM ko tuccha smjhnaa| . 10. purnAma - guNI vyakti jisa Adara ke hakadAra haiM, unheM vaha Adara nahIM denA, purnAma kahalAtA hai| abhimAnI vyakti sirpha apane bAre meM hI socatA hai| vaha itanA svArthI hotA hai ki svayaM ke mAna ke poSaNa meM dUsaroM kA apamAna karane se bhI nahIM cUkatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki abhimAnI ahaM meM cUra hokara dUsaroM ko parachAI ke samAna tuccha samajhatA hai|73 mAna-kaSAya aura tanAva kA saha-sambandha - mAna naze ke samAna hai| jisa prakAra naze meM dhuta vyakti svayaM ke zArIrika aMgoM ko naSTa karatA huA lar3akhar3Akara calate hue dharatI para 273 aNNaM jaNaM passati, biMbabhUyaM, sUtrakRtAMga, adhyAya-13, gAthA-8 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti gira par3atA hai, usI prakAra mada ke vazIbhUta vyakti bhI svayaM kI mAnasika-zAMti evaM jJAna ko naSTa karatA huA tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai / 'abhimAna karanA ajJAnI kA lakSaNa hai| 274 mAna ke vazIbhUta vyakti svArthI ho jAtA hai| vaha apane phAyade ke lie duSkarma karane se bhI pIche nahIM haTatA / usake manopaTala para svayaM kI prazaMsA kaise ho aura dUsaroM ko nIcA kaise dikhAyA jAe- yahI vicAra calate rahate haiN| jaba vyakti dUsaroM se milane vAle Adara sammAna aura prazaMsA se phUlA nahIM samAtA hai, to use svayaM ke kArya para garva hone lagatA hai aura use dUsaroM ke sabhI kArya vyartha lagane lagate haiM / sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI yahI kahA gayA hai ki "annaM jaNaM passati biMbabhUyaM" arthAt abhimAnI apane ahaMkAra meM cUra hokara dUsaroM ko sadA biMbabhUta, arthAt parachAI ke samAna tuccha mAnatA hai| 275 vaha svayaM ko sarvazreSTha va anya sabhI ko hIna samajhane lagatA hai aura isa stara para usakA mana vicalita ho jAtA hai, arthAt tanAvayukta ho jAtA hai| nimna bhaya usakI mAnasika-zAMti ko bhaMga kara dete haiM 1. kahIM koI mujhase sarvazreSTha na ho jAe / 2. kahIM koI mere avaguNoM ko ujAgara na kara de| 3. merI khyAti samApta na ho jAe / 4. kahIM koI mere mAna ko Thesa na pahuMcA de| uparyukta bhayoM ke kAraNa vaha vicAra karane lagatA hai ki aisA kyA kiyA jAe, jisase apanI mithyA prazaMsA banI rhe| vaha apane mAna kI rakSA karane va bhayamukti hetu doharA vyavahAra karatA hai, kintu vaha isa bAta se anajAna rahatA hai ki aisA vyavahAra usake mithyA ahaMkAra kA poSaNa hI kregaa| mAna- kaSAya kA poSaNa jitanA adhika hogA, usakA tanAva kA stara bhI utanA hI bddh'egaa| vyakti apanI mAna-pratiSThA banAe rakhane ke lie dUsaroM kI niMdA karatA hai, apanI galatI kabhI bhI svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, usake mastiSka meM halacala macI rahatI hai, mana sadaiva vicalita rahatA hai / ye sabhI sthitiyA~ tanAva utpanna karane vAlI haiM aura tanAvayukta avasthA meM, mAna se grasta vaha vyakti vinaya, svAbhimAna, sadAcAra, ImAnadArI, saralatA Adi guNoM ko bhUla jAtA hai| mAna - kaSAyayukta vyakti kI manovRttiyA~ 274 sUtrakRtAMga bAlajaNo pagabbhaI, - 1/10/20 275 sUtrakRtAMga - 1/13/14 141 For Personal & Private Use Only

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142 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti dUSita ho jAtI haiM, arthAt usakA mana malina ho jAtA hai| vaha phareba, beImAnI, dUsaroM kA apamAna karanA, unheM duHkha denA Adi durAcaraNa apanA letA hai| aisA vyakti na to svayaM tanAvamukta ho sakatA hai, na hI dUsaroM ko tanAvamukta rahane detA hai| mAna-kaSAya se yukta vyakti dUsaroM ko apane adhIna rakhanA cAhatA hai| aisA vyakti svayaM ko svAdhIna mAnakara dUsaroM para atyAcAra karatA hai| mAna-kaSAya vyakti ke vinaya, sadbuddhi, saralatA Adi guNoM ko ghAta karane vAlA hai| jJAnArNava meM zubhacandrAcArya kA kathana hai- "abhimAnI vinaya kA ullaMghana karatA hai aura svecchAcAra meM pravartana karatA hai| yogazAstra meM hemacandrAcArya ne mAnajanya hAniyA~ batAI haiM- mAna vinaya, zruta aura sadAcAra kA hanana karane vAlA hai| mAna-kaSAya dharma, artha aura kAma kA ghAtaka hai; vivekarUpI cakSu ko naSTa karane vAlA hai|" jahA~ vyakti meM vivekazUnyatA A jAtI hai, vahAM tanAva meM vRddhi ho jAtI hai| vyakti jitanA adhika ahaMkAragrasta hogA, vaha utanA hI adhika tanAvagrasta hotA calA jaaegaa| usakI mAnagrastatA kI tIvratA va maMdatA kI avasthA ke AdhAra para prathama karmagrantha meM mAna-kaSAya ke nimna cAra stara batAe haiM - anantAnubandhI-mAna - vinayavAna vyakti hI tanAvamukta hotA hai| anantAnubandhI mAna vAle vyakti meM vinayaguNa nAma mAtra ko bhI nahIM rahatA hai| aisA vyakti patthara ke khambhe ke samAna hotA hai, jo jhukatA nahIM, cAhe TUTanA hI kyoM na pdd'e| aisA vyakti, jisameM viveka, karuNA, sneha Adi gaNa nahIM hote haiM, vaha anantAnubandhI mAna-kaSAya se yukta hotA hai| vivekazUnya hone ke kAraNa vaha AjIvana tanAvoM se grasta banA rahatA hai aura sAtha-hI-sAtha mAna ke vazIbhUta hokara aise karma karatA hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa bhaviSya meM bhI tanAvagrasta hI rahatA hai| apratyAkhyAnI-mAna - jo mAna AjIvan to nahIM, kintu lambe samaya taka vyakti ko tanAvayukta rakhatA hai, use apratyAkhyAnI-mAna kahate haiN| apratyAkhyAnI-mAna jIvita vyakti kI haDDI ke samAna hotA hai, jo vizeSa prayatna karane para hI dIrgha samaya ke bAda jhukatI hai, TUTatI nahIM hai| bAhubalI ko dIrgha tapasyA karane ke pazcAt bhI kevalajJAna prApta 276 jJAnArNava, sarga-9, gAthA-53 277 yogazAstra, pra. 4, gAthA-12 278 selathaMbhasamANaM mANaM aNupaviDhe jIve kAla karei Soraiesu uvvjjti| - sthAnAMgasUtra, 4/2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 143 nahIM huA, kintu jaba bAhmI va sundarI ne Akara udbodhana diyA ki bhAI mAnarUpI hAthI se nIce utaro, to bAhubalI ne mAna-kaSAya kA tyAga kara kevalajJAna prApta kiyaa| pratyAkhyAnI-mAna - bAMsa ke chilake ke samAna jo sAmAnya prayatna se bhI jhuka jAe, use pratyAkhyAnI- mAna kahate haiN| pratyAkhyAnI mAna cetanA kI vaha sthiti hai, jisameM ahaMbhAva kA udaya to hotA hai, kintu vyakti kI cetanA usase prabhAvita nahIM hotii| vyakti usase jur3atA nahIM hai aura isa kAraNa se pratyAkhyAnI-kaSAya ke udaya hone para tanAva meM kisI prakAra kI tIvratA nahIM hotii| saMkSepa meM kaheM, to isa avasthA meM svAbhimAna to rahatA hai, para abhimAna nahIM rahatA, vyakti meM mUlyAtmakacetanA prasupta nahIM hotii| saMjvalana-mAna- saMjvalana-kaSAya cetanA kI vaha sthiti hai, jisameM avacetana stara para kaSAya kI sattA to hotI haiM, kinta usakI abhivyakti nahIM hotii| jisa prakAra gobara ke kaNDe kI agni rAkha se DhaMkI rahatI hai, usI prakAra saMjvalana-mAna meM vyakti ahaMkAra se mukta, vinayazIlatA se yukta to hotA hai, kintu usake antasa meM ahaMkAra kA bhAva pUrI taraha se samApta nahIM hotA hai, mAtra tanAva kA Avega avyakta rUpa se cetanA meM apanA astitva rakhatA hai| isa saMjvalana-mAna meM vyakti apanI vinayazIlatA ko prakaTa to karatA hai, kintu usa vinaya ke pIche usameM apane ko vinIta dikhAne aura kahalAne kI bhAvanA chipI hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, vyakti ko mAna kI apekSA to rahatI hai, kintu usake lie vaha abhivyakti nahIM krtaa| isa avasthA meM mAna chadmarUpa meM vinaya kA labAdA or3he rahatA hai| isa prakAra, isa avasthA meM cetanA meM tanAva kI upasthiti to nahIM rahatI, kintu prasaMga Ane para yA nimitta pAkara tanAvagrasta hone kI AMzika sambhAvanA banI rahatI hai| __ mAyA - kaSAyarUpa manovRttiyA~ mAnasika vikAroM ke kAraNa utpanna hotI haiM aura tanAva kA kAraNa banatI haiN| ina kaSAyoM ko vyakti apanI icchA-pUrti ke lie vyavahAra meM lAtA hai| apanI icchA-pUrti ke lie vyakti sabase adhika upayoga mAyA-kaSAya kA karatA hai| 'mAyA' zabda mA + yA se banA hai| 'yA' kA artha 'jo' tathA 'mA' kA artha 'mata yA nahIM hai| isa prakAra, jo nahIM hai, usako prastuta karanA mAyA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to kapaTAcAra, dhokhA, vizvAsaghAta Adi mAyA hai aura mAyA karanevAle ko mAyAvI kahate haiN| aNagAra-dharmAmRta meM mAyAvI For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #146
144 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kA nimna svarUpa batAyA gayA hai - 'jo mana meM hotA hai, vaha kahatA nahIM, jo kahatA hai, vaha karatA nahIM, vaha mAyAvI hotA hai| 279 AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai- mAyAvI aura pramAdI bAra-bAra janma letA hai, usakA saMsAra-paribhramaNa kabhI samApta nahIM hotaa| kitanI bhI sAdhanA ho, para yadi mAyA-rUpI manobhAva kRza nahIM hue, to sampUrNa. sAdhanA nirarthaka hai| mAyA gati ko hI nahIM mAyA saubhAgya ko bhI naSTa kara durbhAgya ko . janma detI hai|281 jainadarzana ke anusAra mAyA kapaTavRtti hai| cAra kaSAyoM meM yaha bhI eka pramukha kaSAya hai| ise dUsaroM ko dhokhA dene kI vRtti kahA jAtA hai| eka dRSTi se, mAyA dveSa kA hI eka rUpa hai| dUsaroM ko mithyA jAnakArI denA, apane durguNoM ko chipAnA aura dUsaroM ke durguNoM ko vyakta karanA bhI kapaTavRtti kA hI eka rUpa hai| isase jIvana meM doharApana AtA hai| vyakti karatA kucha hai aura dikhAtA kucha hai, basa isI meM tanAva kA janma hotA hai| vyakti ko sadaiva yaha bhaya banA rahatA hai ki usakI yathArthatA kahIM ujAgara na ho jAe, ataH vaha sadaiva hI usa doharepana ko yA kapaTavRtti ko or3he rahatA hai aura isa kAraNa tanAvagrasta banA rahatA hai| jaba vyakti kapaTavRtti yA mAyArUpI kaSAya se yukta hogA, taba vaha anivArya rUpa se tanAvagrasta hogA, kyoMki jahA~ bhI yathArthatA ko chupAne kI vRtti hotI hai, vahA~ usake ujAgara hone kA bhaya banA rahatA hai aura jahAM bhaya hai, vahAM anivArya rUpa se tanAva rahatA hI hai| isa prakAra, mAyA yA kapaTavRtti tanAva kI hI hetu hai aura tanAva se mukta hone ke lie kapaTavRtti kA tyAga Avazyaka hai| mAyA kevala svayaM ko hI tanAvagrasta nahIM karatI, varan use bhI tanAvagrasta kara detI hai, jisake sAtha kapaTa kiyA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM isI bAta ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai- mAyA kI mitratA se acche sambandhoM kA nAza hotA hai| jaba mitra ko, parijanoM ko yA sambandhiyoM ko yaha patA calatA hai ki usI ke kisI apane ne use dhokhA diyA hai, to unako bahuta coTa yA AghAta pahuMcatA hai| 279 tho vAcA svamapi svAntaM ............. / -dharmAmRta, a.6, gA.19 280 mAI pamAI puNa ei gambhaM .......... -AcArAMgasUtra :-1/3/1 durbhAgyajananI mAyA, mAyA durgtikaarnnm| - vivekavilAsa dazavaikAlikasUtra - 8/38 282 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti _145 . dUsare, mAyA yA kapaTavRtti ko eka anya apekSA se cauryakarma bhI kahA gayA hai aura cauryakarma karane vAlA vyakti sadA bhayabhIta rahatA hai aura sadA tanAvagrasta rahatA hai, isameM koI vaimatya nahIM hai| ataH, mAyArUpI kaSAya bhI tanAva kA hetu hai| mAyA ke cAra prakAra - anaMtAnabandhI-mAyA - yaha tIvratama kapaTAcAra kI sthiti hai| jitanI gaharI kapaTavRtti hogI, utanA hI adhika vizvAsaghAta hogA aura utanA hI adhika tanAva hogaa| yaha mAyA bAMsa kI jar3a ke samAna hotI hai, jo kabhI bhI sIdhI nahIM hotI hai| isa mAyA kI sthiti tIvratama hone ke kAraNa tadjanya tanAva bhI tIvratama sthiti kA hotA hai| apratyAkhyAnI-mAyA - aisI mAyA bhaiMsa ke sIMga ke samAna kuTila hotI hai| aisI mAyA meM tanAva kA stara anantAnubandhI kI apekSA kucha kama hotA hai| aisI mAyA tIvratara hotI hai, ataH tadajanya tanAva bhI tIvratara hI hogaa| . pratyAkhyAnI-mAyA - gomUtra kI dhArA ke samAna kuTila mAyA pratyAkhyAnI-mAyA hai| isa stara kI mAyA meM tanAva bhI apekSAkRta kama tIvra hI hotA hai| . saMjvalana-mAyA - alpa kapaTAcAra hone ke kAraNa isase tanAva to hotA hai, kintu usakA stara bhI maMda hI hotA hai| jisa prakAra bAMsa kA chilakA AsAnI se mur3a jAtA hai, usI prakAra aisI mAyA meM vivAda AsAnI se sulajha jAte haiN| - tanAvamukti ke lie vyakti ko mAyA-kaSAya se Upara uThanA haha hogaa| vastutaH, jahA~ mAna aura lobha kaSAya pramukha banate haiM, vahAM svataH kapaTa yA mAyA-vRtti A jAtI hai, isalie jainadharma meM kahA gayA hai ki mAyA para vijaya saralatA yA Arjava-guNa se hI sambhava hai| yadi mAnava ko tanAvamukta honA hai, to use mAyA yA kapaTa-vRtti kA tyAga karanA hogA aura apane jIvana-vyavahAra meM saralatA aura sahajatA lAnI hogii| . lobha - 'loma zabda lubh + dhaJ ke saMyoga se banA hai, jisakA artha lolupatA, lAlasA, lAlaca, atitRSNA Adi haiN| 28 dhana Adi kI tIvra 283 saMskRta-hindI koza, bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana, vArANasI, pR. 886 For Personal & Private Use Only

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146 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti AkAMkSA yA gaddhi lobha hai| bAhya-padArthoM meM, 'yaha merA hai -isa prakAra kI anurAga-buddhi kA honA hI lobha kahalAtA hai| - lobha eka manovRtti hai| yaha aisI manovRtti hai, jo mana meM rahe hue sAre guNa (vivekAdi) yA buddhi kI kArya karane kI kSamatA yA nirNaya -kSamatA ko naSTa kara detI hai| lobha-kaSAya ko krodha, mAna va * mAyA-kaSAyoM kA janmadAtA bhI kaha sakate haiM, kyoMki jaba lobha yA lAlaca hotA hai, to usakI pUrti karane ke lie kabhI krodha kA, to kabhI mAna kA aura kabhI mAyA kA sahArA lenA hI par3atA hai| jaba mana ina kaSAyoM se yukta hotA hai to niyamataH vaha tanAva utpanna karatA hai| aise meM tanAva kA stara bhI tIvratama hotA hai| lobha ke udaya se citta meM padArthoM kI prApti ke lie vAsanA utpanna hotI hai| yaha vAsanA jaba taka pUrI nahIM hotI, vyakti kA mana vicalita rahatA hai| lobha kA svarUpa batAte hue AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai -sukha kI kAmanA karane vAlA lobhI bAra-bAra duHkha ko prApta karatA hai| prazamarati meM lobha ko saba vinAzoM kA AdhAra, saba vyasanoM kA rAjamArga batAyA hai,189 vastataH, lobha-kaSAya eka prakAra se kisI kI prApti kI icchA hai aura jahAM prApti kI icchA hai, yA cAha hai, vahAM ciMtA hai aura jahAM ciMtA hai, vahAM niyamataH tanAva rahatA hI hai| isa prakAra, lobhavRtti bhI vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banAtI hai| lobhavRtti ke kAraNa vyakti apane meM apUrNatA kA bodha karatA hai aura jahAM apUrNatA kA bodha hai, vahAM tanAva avazya hotA hai| jaba taka vyakti lobha athavA icchAoM kA nirodha nahIM karatA hai, taba taka vaha tanAva meM rahatA hai, kyoMki vaha apane meM eka kamI kA anubhava karatA hai aura bAhya-jagata se usakI pUrti kI apekSA rakhatA hai| ye donoM hI sthitiyA~ tanAva ko janma detI haiN| kamI kI anubhUti meM pUrti kI cAha utpanna hotI hai, jo tanAva kA kAraNa banatI hai, kyoMki sAmAnya rUpa se bhI yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki jahAM icchA yA lAlasA hotI hai, vahAM jaba taka usakI pUrti na ho jAe, ciMtA rahatI hai aura ciMtA kA artha hI hai mana kA asthire honA athavA vicalita yA parezAna honA aura 284 anugraha pravaNadravyAdhabhikADa.kSAvezo lobhaH / -rAjavArtika, 8/9/6/574/32 285 brAhmArtheSu mamedaM buddhirlobhH| - dhavalA, 12/4 286 abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, bhAga-6, pR. 755 287 sahaTThI lAlappabhANe saeNa dukkheNa mUr3he vippriyaasmveti...| - AcArAMgasUtra, a.2, u.6, su. 151 288 sarva vinAzAzrAyiNa ...... / -prazamarati, gAthA-29 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #149
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 147. mana kI yaha sthiti tanAva hI hai| ataH, lobha-kaSAya bhI tanAva kA hI kAraNa hai| lobha bhI cAra prakAra kA kahA gayA hai - 1. anaMtAnubaMdhI-lobha, 2. apratyAkhyAnI-lobha, 3. pratyAkhyAnI-lobha, 4. saMjvalana lobha anantAnubandhI lobha - isa lobha ko kiramicI ke raMga kI upamA dI gaI hai| vastra phaTa jAtA hai, para kisI bhI upAya yA prayatna se usakA kiramicI yA pakkA raMga nahIM chUTatA, usI prakAra atyadhika lobhI yA tIvratama lobha kI icchA rakhane vAlA vyakti kisI bhI upAya se apanI lobha kI manovRtti ko nahIM chodd'taa| aisI tIvratama lobha kI manovRtti lobhI vyakti ko itanA adhika tanAvagrasta kara detI hai ki vaha cAhakara bhI tanAva se mukta nahIM ho pAtA, kyoMki lobha use sadaiva tanAvagrasta banAe rakhatA hai| apratyAkhyAnI lobha - gAr3I ke pahie ke augana ke samAna muzkila se chUTane vAlA lobha apratyAkhyAnI-lobha hai| aisA lobhI vyakti koI coTa par3ane ke bAda hI isa manovRtti ko chor3atA haiN| aise vyakti ko kitanA bhI samajhAyA jAe, para lobha kI cAha usakI buddhi ko bhraSTa kara detI hai aura jaba lobha kA pariNAma sAmane AtA hai taba use lobha ke durguNoM kI anubhUti hotI hai| isa prakAra, jaba lobha se vyakti ko tanAva utpanna hotA hai aura jaba use usa tanAva ke mUla kAraNa (lobha) kA bodha hotA hai, taba vaha vyakti tanAvamukti kI ora agrasara hotA hai| pratyAkhyAnI-lobha - isa lobha ko kIcar3a ke dhabbe kI upamA dI gaI hai| jisa prakAra prayatna karane se kIcar3a sApha ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra dina-rAta mana ko samajhAne kA prayatna karate hue jaba vyakti apanI lobhavRtti chor3a detA hai taba vaha pratyAkhyAnI-lobha ke stara para A jAtA hai, arthAt usako tanAva to hotA hai, kintu prayAsa karane para vaha tanAvamukta sthiti ko bhI prApta kara sakatA hai| .. saMjvalana-lobha - jo lobha nimitta milane para pala bhara meM zAMta ho jAe, yA naSTa ho jAe, vaha saMjvalana-lobha hai| saMjvalana-lobha ko haldI ke lepa kI upamA dI gaI hai| jisa prakAra haldI kA lepa zIghratA 289 sthAnAMgasUtra -4/87 For Personal & Private Use Only

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148 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti se sApha ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra zIghratA se dUra ho jAne vAlA lobha tadajanya tanAva ko bhI zIghratA se dUra kara detA hai| isa prakAra, lobha-kaSAya bhI tanAva kA hI kAraNa hai| lobha kI vRtti Ane para vaha bar3hatI hI jAtI hai| lobha kI yaha manovRtti mana ko malina kara detI hai, buddhi ko naSTa kara detI hai aura tanAva utpanna karatI hai, ataH tanAvamukti ke lie lobha-kaSAya kA tyAga karanA Avazyaka hai| icchAeM aura AkAMkSAeM - tanAva kA mukhya kAraNa rAga-dveSa haiN| ina rAga-dveSa ke bhAvoM se hI vyakti meM icchAoM yA AkAMkSAoM kA janma hotA hai| vastutaH, abhilASA, tRSNA, cAha, kAmanA Adi icchA ke hI paryAyavAcI zabda haiM, kintu manovaijJAnika dRSTi se inameM mAmUlI sA aMtara ho sakatA hai; phira bhI bhAratIya-darzana meM inameM eka krama mAnA jA sakatA hai| , tanAva ke kAraNoM meM icchAoM va AkAMkSAoM kA pramukha sthAna hai| jainadharma ke anusAra, sampUrNa jagat meM jo kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika-kriyAeM hotI haiM, ve kAma-bhogoM kI abhilASA se utpanna hotI haiN| 250 aMguttaranikAya meM likhA hai- bhUtakAla, bhaviSyakAla aura vartamAnakAla ke viSayoM ke sambandha meM jo icchA hai, vahI karmoM (tanAva) kI utpatti kA kAraNa hai| AcArAMga meM likhA hai ki jisakI kAmanAe~ (icchAe~) tIvra hotI haiM, vaha mRtyu se grasta hotA hai aura jo mRtyu se grasta hotA hai, vaha zAzvata sukha se dUra rahatA hai| yahA~ mRtyu se tAtparya duHkha, janma-maraNa yA saMsAra-bhramaNa se hai aura zAzvata sukha kA artha hai- mokSa, arthAt pUrNataH tnaavmukti| ___ kArtikeyAnuprekSA meM likhA hai- "saMkappamao jIo, sukhadukkhamayaM havei saMkappo", arthAt jIva saMkalpamaya hai aura saMkalpa (icchA) sukha-duHkhAtmaka hai| jaba hama icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM ko tanAvagrastatA kA hetu batAte haiM, to hamAre sAmane eka prazna khar3A hotA hai ki icchAe~ aura AkAMkSAe~ vyakti ko kaise tanAvagrasta banAtI haiN| indriyoM ke bahirmukha hone se jIva kI ruci bAhya viSayoM meM hotI hai aura 290 291 292 uttarAdhyayanasUtra- 32/19 aMguttaranikAya- 3/109 gurU se kAmA, tao se mArassa aMto, jao se mArassa aMto, tao se duure| - AcArAMgasUtra-1/5/1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 149 isI se jIva meM unako pAne kI kAmanA aura saMkalpa kA janma hotA hai|293 vastutaH, indriyoM kA viSayoM se samparka hone para vyakti ko kucha viSaya anukUla aura kucha viSaya pratikUla pratIta hote haiN| isase vyakti meM isase vyakti meM anukUla viSayoM kI puna:-punaH prApti aura pratikUla viSayoM ko dUra rakhane kI icchA jAgrata hotI jAtI hai| jaba taka vyakti kI yaha icchA pUrNa nahIM hotI hai, taba taka vaha tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| jainAcAryoM ne bhI mana aura indriyoM ke anukUla viSayoM kI punaH prApti kI pravRtti ko hI icchA kahA hai| bhaviSya meM indriyoM ke viSayoM kI prApti kI abhilASA kA atireka hI icchA hai| jaba sukhada anubhUti ko punaH-punaH prApta karane kI yaha lAlasA yA icchA tIvra ho jAtI hai, to vaha gAr3ha rAga kA rUpa le letI hai| yaha rAga niyamataH tanAva kA hetu hai| pratyeka vyakti sukha prApta karanA cAhatA hai aura duHkhada anubhUtiyoM se bacanA cAhatA hai| jaba usakI yaha cAha pUrI hotI hai, taba vaha svayaM meM tanAvamukti evaM zAMti kA anubhava karatA hai, kintu usakI yaha tanAvamukti avasthA cirakAla taka nahIM rahatI hai, kyoMki vyakti kI eka icchA pUrI hote hI, kucha hI samaya meM dUsarI icchA utpanna ho jAtI hai| dUsarI icchA pUrNa huI nahIM,ki tIsarI icchA apanI jagaha banA letI hai| yaha silasilA aise hI calatA rahatA hai, kyoMki icchAoM kA koI pAra nahIM hai| ve AkAza ke samAna ananta haiN| 25 jaba koI eka icchA pUrI nahIM hotI, to mana duHkhI hotA hai aura usa icchA ko pUrNa karane ke lie kaI prakAra ke saMkalpa-vikalpa karane lagatA hai| isI ko tanAvayukta avasthA kahate haiN| eka icchA pUrNa ho jAe, to bhI dUsarI icchA janma le letI hai, yA phira jisa kAmanA ke pUrI hone se jo anubhUti huI hai, use puna:-punaH prApta karane kI icchA hotI hai| kaI bAra aisA bhI hotA hai ki kisI vastu yA vyakti ko prApta karane kI icchA pUrNa hone para vyakti sukhada anubhava karatA hai, kiMtu kucha hI kSaNa bAda usake naSTa hone kA yA viyoga hone kA bhaya use satAne lagatA hai aura yaha bhaya bhI tanAva utpatti kA hI eka rUpa hai| 293 kArtikeyAnuprekSA - 184. 294 abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa-2, pR. 575 299 icchA hu AgAsasamA annNtiyaa| - uttarAdhyayanasUtra -9/48 For Personal & Private Use Only

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150 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti ataH, tanAvamukti ke lie icchA-nirodha Avazyaka hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI kahA hai- "chaMda niroheNa uvei mokkhaM / " 296 arthAt, icchAoM ko rokane se hI mokSa (mukti) prApta hotA hai aura mokSa tabhI prApta hotA hai, jaba vyakti kI sArI icchAeM yA AkAMkSAeM samApta ho jAtI haiN| vyakti jitendriya hokara zAMti kA anubhava karatA hai| vastutaH, mokSa kI avasthA hI pUrNataH tanAvamukta avasthA hai| . . lezyAoM kA svarUpa - uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke cauMtIsaveM adhyAya meM lezyAoM ke svarUpa kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra lezyA kI paribhASA isa prakAra se hai- jisake dvArA AtmA karmoM se lipta hotI hai yA bandhana meM AtI hai, vaha lezyA hai|27 vastutaH, lezyA manobhAvoM kI eka avasthA hai| jainAgamoM meM lezyA do prakAra kI mAnI gaI haiM - 1. dravya-lezyA aura 2. bhaav-leshyaa| dravya pakSoM meM lezyAoM ke varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza Adi kI carcA kI gaI hai, jabaki bhAva-pakSa meM kisI vizeSa lezyA ke manobhAvoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai aura usake AdhAra para vyakti kI lezyA batAI gaI hai| ina donoM pakSoM kI vistRta carcA hama isI adhyAya meM Age kareMge, ataH isake vistAra meM na jAkara yahA~ sarvaprathama hama kevala uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM lezyAoM ke jo lakSaNa batAe gae haiM, usake AdhAra para tanAvoM kI carcA kreNge| vyakti ke manobhAva mukhyataH do prakAra ke hote haiM -zubha va ashubh| punaH, azubha ke tIna stara hote haiM- azubhatama, azubhatara, ashubh| usI taraha zubha ke tIna stara hote haiM - zubha, zubhatara aura zubhatama / vastutaH lezyAoM meM jo zubha aura azubha manobhAva hote haiM, vahI tanAva ke kAraNa banate haiN| azubha manobhAvoM meM dUsare ke ahita kA ciMtana hone ke kAraNa ve tanAva ke hetu banate haiM aura zubha manobhAvoM meM dUsare ke hita kA ciMtana hone ke kAraNa kisI sthiti meM ve bhI tanAva ke kAraNa banate haiN| zubha aura azubha ke jo tIna-tIna stara haiM, unhIM ke AdhAra para jaina-AcAryoM ne lezyAoM ke nimna chaha nAma die haiM - 1. kRSNa, 2. nIla, 3. kApota, 4. tejasa, 5. padma aura 6. zukla inameM se prathama tIna azubha va antima tIna zubha mAnI gaI haiN| 296 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 4/8 297 abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa-6, pRSTha 675 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 151 1. kRSNa-lezyA - isa azubhatama manobhAva se yukta vyaktitva ke nimna lakSaNa pAe jAte haiM, jo use tanAvayukta banAte haiM.98 - 1. vyakti apanI zArIrika, mAnasika evaM vAcika kriyAoM para niyantraNa nahIM kara pAtA hai| 2. bhoga-vilAsa meM Asakta ho, vaha unakI pUrti ke lie hiMsA, asatya, corI Adi duSkarma karatA hai| .. 3. apane svArtha ke lie dUsaroM kA bar3e-se-bar3A ahita karane meM vaha saMkoca nahIM krtaa| aisA vyakti kSaNa bhara ke lie bhI zAMti kA anubhava nahIM karatA hai| 2. nIla-lezyA - 3. yaha manobhAva pahale kI apekSA kucha ThIka hotA hai, lekina hotA azubha hI hai| uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra aisA vyakti IrSyAlu, ___ asahiSNu, asaMyamI, ajJAnI, kapaTI, nirlajja, lampaTa, dveSa-buddhi se yukta, rasalolupa evaM pramAdI hotA hai| 99 3. kapota-lezyA - , yaha bhI azubha manovRtti hI hai| isa manobhAva vAle ke nimna lakSaNa pAe jAte haiM - 1. vyakti kA vyavahAra mana, vacana aura karma se ekarUpa nahIM hotaa| 2. usakI karanI aura kathanI bhinna hotI hai| 3. usake mana meM kapaTa aura ahaMkAra hotA hai| 4. apane hita ke lie vaha dUsaroM kA ahita karane vAlA hotA hai| 4. tejo-lezyA yahA~ manodazA pavitra hotI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM isa lezyA ke lakSaNa batAte hue likhA hai - isa manobhUmi meM sthita prANI pavitra AcaraNavAlA, namra, dhairyavAn, niSkapaTa, AkAMkSArahita, vinIta, saMyamI evaM 298 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 34/21-22 299 uttarAdhyayanasaMtra - 4/23-24 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 34/25-26 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #154
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti yogI hotA hai| 301 isa manobhUmi meM dUsare kA ahita to sambhava hotA hai, lekina kevala usI sthiti meM, jaba dUsarA usake hitoM kA hanana karane para utArU ho jaae| 152 5. padma - lezyA - isa manobhUmi meM pavitratA kI mAtrA pichalI bhUmikA kI apekSA adhika hotI hai| isa zubhatara manovRtti se yukta vyakti meM nimna lakSaNa pAe jAte haiM302 1. jAtI haiN| 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. - krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobharUpa azubha manovRttiyA~ atIva alpa ho 6. zubha - lezyA - 3. 4. yaha zubhatam manovRtti hai| pichalI manovRtti ke sabhI zubha guNa isa avasthA meM bhI vidyamAna rahate haiM, lekina unakI vizuddhi kI mAtrA adhika hotI hai| isa lezyA meM nimna lakSaNa pAe jAte haiM - vyakti saMyamI tathA yogI hotA hai| vaha alpabhASI, upazAMta evaM jitendriya hotA hai / vaha AtmajayI evaM praphullita citta vAlA hotA hai / 301 302 vyakti jitendriya evaM prasannacitta hotA hai| usake jIvana kA vyavahAra itanA mRdu hotA hai ki apane hita ke lie dUsaroM ko tanika bhI kaSTa nahIM denA cAhatA hai| mana-vacana-karma se ekarUpa hotA hai| binA kisI apekSA ke vaha mAtra svakarttavya ke paripAlana meM sadaiva jAgarUka rahatA hai| sadaiva svadharma evaM svasvarUpa meM nimagna rahatA hai / 5. lezyA aura tanAva - uparyukta vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki azubha manovRttiyA~ tIvra tanAva kA hetu haiM aura zubha manovRttiyA~ alpa tanAva kI avasthA haiN| vastutaH, ina chaha lezyAoM meM aMtima tIna lezyA aisI haiM, jinameM tanAva alpa mAtrA meM hI utpanna hote haiN| vizeSa rUpa se, uttarAdhyayanasUtra 34/27-28 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 34/29-30 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #155
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 153 zukla-lezyA meM vyakti kevala sAkSIbhAva meM sthira rahatA hai, vaha jJAtA-draSTAbhAva meM rahatA hai, usake rAga-dveSa ke bhAva kSINa ho jAte haiN| usakA 'para' se sambandha nahIM rahatA hai, ataH usakI vRtti kevala itanI hI hotI hai ki vaha kisI kA ahita na kareM, ataH vaha prAyaH tanAvamukta rahatA hai| ... uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM lezyA kI jo carcA hai, usake AdhAra para hama itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki zukla lezyA vAlA vyakti tanAvamukta rahatA hai, bAkI meM tanAva kI taratamatA hotI hai| kRSNa lezyA vAlA vyakti sabase adhika tanAvagrasta rahatA hai, usake Upara kI lezyAoM meM kramazaH tanAvoM meM kamI hotI jAtI hai aura zukla lezyA tanAvarahita avasthA hotI hai| lezyA manuSya kI vaicArika tathA mAnasika-pariNAmoM kI abhivyakti hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra -'lezyA hamArI cetanA kI razmi haiN| jisa prakAra sUrya kI razmiyA~ sUrya kI abhivyakti-rUpa hotI haiM, usI prakAra lezyAeM hamArI cetanA kI razmi haiM, jo cetanA ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke stara ko abhivyakta karatI haiN| cetanA adRzya hai, parantu usakI abhivyakti zarIra ke AbhA-maNDala ke mAdhyama se bAhara bhI hotI hai, ThIka usI prakAra, jisa taraha svica oNna karane para adRzya karaMTa kI abhivyakti TyUbalAITa ke prakAza ke dvArA hotI hai| . mana ke pariNAma hI hameM tanAvayukta banAte haiN| zubha manobhAva tanAvamukta aura azubha manobhAva tanAvayukta karate haiN| tanAva se mukta aura tanAva se yukta manobhAvoM ke nimitta se lezyA bhI zubha aura azubha-donoM prakAra kI hotI haiN| hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki zubha lezyA vAlA vyakti tanAvamukti kI ora agrasara hotA hai aura azubha lezyA vAlA vyakti tanAvayukta hotA hai| * lezyAoM kA nAmakaraNa raMgoM ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai| varNoM ke mAdhyama se manuSya-mana kI zubha yA azubha sthiti ko jAnA jA sakatA hai, isalie lezyA ke siddhAMta ko varNoM para AdhArita kiyA gayA hai| lezyA kI paribhASA - jainadarzana ne lezyA kA sambandha kevala manuSya se nahIM, apitu sabhI prakAra ke jIvoM ke sAtha mAnA hai| lezyAoM ke samAnAMtara kucha mAnyatAoM kA varNana hameM prAcIna zramaNa paramparAoM meM . For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #156
154 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti milatA hai, jisakI carcA pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| yahA~ lezyA kI paribhASA para vicAra kreNge| . SaTkhaNDAgama meM likhA hai- jo AtmA aura karma kA sambandha karAne vAlI hai, vahI lezyA hai| 303 karmoM kA baMdha tabhI hotA hai, jaba vyakti rAgadveSa ke kAraNa tanAvayukta hotA hai| vastutaH, tanAvagrastatA ke vazIbhUta vyakti aise aneka kArya karatA hai, jo usake gAr3ha karmabaMdha kA kAraNa hote haiM aura jinake pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti svayaM ke vyaktitva kA samyak vikAsa nahIM kara pAtA hai| tanAva vyakti kI lezyA ko prabhAvita karatA haiM aura lezyA vyaktitva ke vyaktitva ko prabhAvita karatI hai| jisa taraha pUrva meM baMdhe hue karma udaya meM Ate haiM aura unake vipAka kI sthiti meM naye karmoM kA baMdha bhI hotA rahatA hai, usI prakAra lezyA kA udaya hone para tanAva utpanna bhI hotA hai aura tanAva ke kAraNa lezyA kI saMracanA hotI hai| udAharaNa ke lie, yadi kisI vyakti meM azubha lezyA kA udaya hogA, to vaha kisI dUsare ko kaSTa dene kA vicAra kregaa| jaba bhI kisI ke ahita kI bAta hamArI cetanA meM AtI hai, to hama tanAvagrasta ho jAte haiN| azubha vRttiyoM meM tanAvagrastatA kI mAtrA adhika hotI hai| binA rAga-dveSa kI bhAvanA ke jahAM hita kI bAta AtI hai, vahAM zubha lezyA hotI hai, taba tanAva kA stara bhI kama hotA hai| azubha lezyA adhika tanAvagrasta banAtI hai aura zubha lezyA tanAvoM ko alpa kara zArIrika, mAnasika aura AdhyAtmika-zAnti pradAna karatI hai| azubha lezyA ke kAraNa tanAva utpanna hotA hai, kyoMki isa lezyA vAle vyakti kA vyavahAra, usakA svabhAva, usakI bhAvanA Adi samyaka nahIM hotii| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM likhA hai- kRSNa, nIla aura kapota- ye tInoM adharma yA azubha lezyAeM haiM, inake kAraNa jIva durgatiyoM meM utpanna hotA hai| 304 isake viparIta, tejo, padma aura zukla- ye tIna zubha lezyAe~ haiM, inake kAraNa tanAva apekSAkRta kama hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM likhA hai- teja, padma aura zakla- ye tIna dharma yA zubha lezyAeM haiN| inake kAraNa vyakti tanAvamukti kA prayAsa karatA hai| jaba zubha lezyA kA udaya hotA hai, to tanAvamukti kI prakriyA zurU ho jAtI hai aura yaha 303 a) lezyA aura manovijJAna, mu. zAMtA jaina, pR. 7. 304 uttarAdhyayanasUtra -34/56 ba) abhidhAnarAjendra,khaNDa-6, pR.675 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 1. 155 tanAvamukti kI prakriyA dhIre-dhIre tejo lezyA se zukla lezyA kI ora agrasara hotI hai| zukla lezyA meM vyakti pUrNataH tanAvamukta sthiti kA anubhava karatA hai| isa sthiti meM deha kA tyAga karane para jIva vividha sugatiyoM meM utpanna hotA hai|05 - sugati meM vahI vyakti jA sakatA hai, jisakA vyavahAra aura svabhAva nirmala ho, jisakA mAnasika-saMtulana sthira ho, jo vivekazIla aura sabhI se Atmavat vAtsalyabhAva rakhatA ho| yahA~ hamane azubha tathA zubha-lezyAoM ke svarUpa ko aura unakA tanAva se saha-sambandha ko batAyA hai| lezyAoM ke vibhinna prakAroM kA varNana aura ke tanAva ke sAtha saha-sambandha Age batalAyA jaaegaa| yaha vyakti kI pravRtti para hI nirbhara hotA hai ki vaha tanAvayukta rahe yA tnaavmukt| vyakti kI pravRtti hI usakI lezyA banatI hai| vyakti jaba kabhI acchI pravRtti karatA hai, acchA cintana karatA hai, acche bhAva rakhatA hai aura acche kArya karatA hai, taba usakI zubha lezyA hotI hai, yA yaha kahA jAe ki tanAvoM kI atilpatA kI. sthiti hotI hai| vyakti jaba kabhI burI pravRtti karatA hai, burA cintana karatA hai, bure bhAva rakhatA hai, aura bure kArya karatA hai, to usako azubha lezyA udaya meM AtI hai yA naI azubha lezyA nirmita ho jAtI hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti tanAvayukta ho jAtA hai| ... mana kI caMcalatA tanAva paidA karatI hai aura mana kI caMcalatA se hI lezyA bhI nirmita hotI hai| mana meM jaise bhAva hote haiM, vaisI hI. hamArI lezyA hotI hai| manobhAva bAra-bAra badalate rahate haiM, vicAra bAra-bAra badalate rahate haiM aura zubhAzubha bhAvoM ke utAra-car3hAva meM vyakti kabhI svayaM ko tanAvamukta aura kabhI tanAvagrasta anubhava karatA hai| inhIM bhAvoM ke AdhAra para vyakti ke tanAva kA stara lezyAoM ke dvArA jAnA jA sakatA haiN| ... lezyA ke prakAra evaM tanAva kA stara - jainAgamoM meM lezyA do prakAra kI mAnI gaI hai06 - 1. dravya- lezyA aura 2: bhaav-leshyaa| 305 vahI, 34/57 . 306 bhagavatIsUtra - 15 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 1. dravya - lezyA dravya - lezyA ko usake varNa, gaMdha, rasa Adi ke paudgalika - AdhAra para chaH bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai / dravya - lezyA paudgalika hai / " dravya - lezyA sUkSma bhautika tattvoM se nirmita vaha AMgika racanA hai, jo hamAre manobhAvoM kA sApekSa rUpa meM kAraNa athavA kArya banatI hai| "307 jisa prakAra pitta - dravya kI vizeSatA se svabhAva meM krodhIpana AtA hai aura krodha ke kAraNa pitta kA nirmANa bahula rUpa meM hotA hai, usI prakAra ina sUkSma bhautika tattvoM se manobhAva banate haiM aura manobhAva ke hone para ina bhautika sUkSma saMracanAoM kA nirmANa hotA hai, jise hama dravya lezyA kahate haiN| dravya - lezyA kA sambandha zarIra se hai| agara zArIrika saMracanA meM asaMtulana hotA hai, to usakA asara mana para bhI par3atA hai / dravya mana bhI eka prakAra kI zArIrika saMracanA hai, ataH vaha bhI asaMtulita athavA vicalita ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra, dravya - lezyA se . manobhAva banate haiM aura manobhAvoM se dravya - lezyA / isakA udAharaNa hama pUrva meM de cuke haiN| 156 2. bhAva - lezyA vaise to dravya - lezyA ke binA bhAva lezyA aura bhAva - lezyA ke binA dravya lezyA nahIM hotI, donoM hI eka-dUsare se prabhAvita hotI haiM, phira bhI bhAvalezyA kA svarUpa dravya - lezyA se bilkula bhinna hai| "jahA~ dravya - lezyA paudgalika - vargaNAe~ haiM, vahA~ bhAvalezyA caittasika - pariNamana hai| 308 jisa prakAra varNoM ke AdhAra para chaH lezyAoM kA vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai, usI prakAra manobhAvoM ke stara ke anusAra bhI una chaH lezyAoM ke paudgalika-svarUpa ko samajhAyA gayA hai| bhAvalezyA kA AvegoM kI apekSA se jaisA tIvratama, tIvratara, tIvra, manda, mandatara aura mandatama stara hogA, vaisA hI vyakti ke mAnasika tanAvoM kA stara hogaa| manobhAvoM kI azubha se zubha kI ora yA tanAvoM kI tIvratA se mandatA kI ora bar3hane kI sthitiyoM ke AdhAra para hI una lezyAoM ke vibhAga kie gae haiN| "uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM nimna chaha lezyAoM ke nAma varNita haiM - 1. kRSNa, 2. nIla, 3. kApota, 4. teja, 5. padma, 6. zukla / 307 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 1, pR. 512 308 lezyA aura manovijJAna - bhU. DaoN. zAntA jaina, pR. 39 309 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 34/3 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 157 aba hama, pRthaka-pRthak rUpa se ina chaha lezyAoM kA tanAva ke sAtha kyA saha-sambandha hai, isakI carcA kreNge| vividha lezyAe~ aura tanAva : - 1. kRSNa-lezyA - kRSNa-lezyA vAlA vyakti tanAva se kabhI bhI mukta nahIM hotaa| isa avasthA meM vyakti ke vicAra, usakI bhAvanAe~ atyanta nimna koTi kI aura krUra hotI haiN| 'kRSNa lezyA meM vyakti kA vAsanAtmaka pakSa usake jIvana ke sampUrNa karmakSetra para hAvI rahatA hai| vyakti apanI zArIrika, mAnasika evaM vAcika kriyAoM para niyaMtraNa rakhane meM sakSama nahIM hotaa| vaha apanI indriyoM para niyaMtraNa nahIM rakha pAtA hai| indriyoM ke viSayoM kI pUrti hetu, vaha binA vicAra kie krUra kArya karane ke lie bhI tatpara rahatA hai| aisA vyakti apane svArtha ke lie dUsaroM ko takalIpha dene, unakA ahita karane aura hiMsA, asatya, corI, vyabhicAra aura saMgrahavRtti meM lagA rahatA hai| usakA svabhAva nirdayI, krodhI aura kaThora hotA hai| jisa vyakti meM ghRNA aura vidveSa ho, jisakA svabhAva atyadhika krUra ho, vaha vyakti kabhI zAMta nahIM raha sktaa| usake bAharI jIvana meM bhI azAMti hotI haiM aura AMtarika mana meM bhI azAMti hotI hai| vaha tanAva se itanA adhika grasta rahatA hai ki apane hI svabhAva ke kAraNa apane sahanazIlatA, sAmaMjasya, karuNA, dayA, AtmavizvAsa Adi guNoM ko naSTa kara detA hai| aisA vyakti svayaM bhI tanAvagrasta rahatA hai aura dUsaroM ko bhI tanAvagrasta banA detA hai| kRSNa-lezyA vAle vyakti kI mAnasika sthiti asaMtalita hotI hai| aisI sthiti meM vaha kabhI bhI svayaM ko eka kSaNa ke lie bhI zAMti nahIM de pAtA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI kRSNa lezyA vAle vyakti ke lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai- "isa lezyA se yukta vyakti tIna guptiyoM se agupta, SaTkAyika jIvoM ke prati asaMyamI, hiMsA Adi meM pariNata aura krUra hotA hai| 311 vaha sadaiva tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| gommaTasAra jIvakANDa meM likhA hai -"svabhAva kI pracaNDatA, vaira kI majabUta gA~Tha ke kAraNa vaha jhagar3AlU vRtti kA tathA 310 jaina,bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana-bhAga.1, DaoN.sAgaramala jaina, pR.514 31 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, -4/21 For Personal & Private Use Only

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158 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti karuNA va dayA se zUnya hotA hai, vaha duSTa, samajhAne se bhI nahIM mAnane vAlA hotA hai- ye kRSNa-lezyA ke lakSaNa haiN| 312 2. nIla-lezyA. isa lezyA vAle vyakti kA vyaktitva pahale prakAra kI apekSA kucha ThIka to hotA hai, kintu usakI vRtti azubha va azuddha hI hotI hai| aisA vyakti bhI antara se to durbhAvanAgrasta hI hotA hai, parantu vaha use bAhara prakaTa karane meM saMkoca karatA hai| isa vyakti meM ve saba durguNa hote haiM, jo kRSNa-lezyA vAle vyakti meM hote haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM likhA hai ki jo IrSyAlu hai, asahiSNu hai, atapasvI hai, ajJAnI hai, mAyAvI hai, nirlajja hai, viSayAsakta hai; dhUrta hai, pramAdI hai, rasalolupa hai, jo Arambha meM avirata hai, kSudra hai, duHsAhasI hai| ina durguNoM se yukta manuSya nIlalezyA vAlA hotA hai| kRSNa lezyA aura nIla-lezyA meM antara mAtra itanA hai ki kRSNa-lezyA vAle kI abhivyakti ati tIvra hotI hai aura nIla-lezyA vAle kI tIvratama hotI hai| nIla lezyA vAlA vyakti apanI svArthavRtti kI pUrti ke lie dUsaroM kA ahita apratyakSa rUpa se karatA hai| vaha chala, kapaTa, mAyAcAra se apanI vAsanAoM kI pUrti karatA hai| aise vyakti meM bhaya kI yaha pravRtti hotI hai ki kahIM koI use burA vyakti na samajha le| vaha sadaiva apanI sukha-suvidhAoM kA dhyAna rakhatA hai, dUsare kA hita bhI apane svArtha kI pUrti ke lie karatA hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM isakA nimna udAharaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai -"jaise bakarA pAlane vAlA bakare ko isalie nahIM khilAtA ki usase bakare kA hita hogA, varan isalie khilAtA hai ki use mArane para adhika mAMsa milegaa| . aisA vyakti apanI duSpravRttiyoM ke kAraNa tanAvagrasta hI rahatA hai| usakI soca sadaiva yaha rahatI hai ki vaha svArthapUrti hetu kisa prakAra se mAyAcAra kreN| apane svArthoM kI pUrti hone para bhI aise vyakti ko kabhI saMtuSTi nahIM hotI hai, kyoMki vaha sadaiva viSayabhogoM meM Asakta banA rahatA hai| vaha svayaM to apanI icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM ke kAraNa tanAvagrasta rahatA hI hai aura mAyAcAra se dUsaroM ko bhI gaharA AghAta 312 gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa - 509 313 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 4/23-24 514 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti _159 pahuMcAne se bhI nahIM cUkatA hai| usake aise vyaktitva ke kAraNa dUsare vyakti kA usa para se vizvAsa uTha jAtA hai| aisA vyakti avizvAsa aura bhaya se sadaiva tanAvagrasta rahatA hai, jo Aja ke yuga kI sabase bar3I samasyA hai| avizvAsa se hI bhaya utpanna hotA hai aura bhaya se tnaav| 'mandatA, buddhihInatA, ajJAna, viSaya-lolupatA, avizvAsa tathA bhaya- ye nIla-lezyA vAle vyakti ke lakSaNa haiN| 15 ina lakSaNoM se yukta vyakti tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM hotA hai| 3. kApota-lezyA - yaha manovRtti bhI dUSita hai| isa manovRtti meM prANI kA vyavahAra mana, vacana aura karma se ekarUpa nahI hotA hai| usakI karanI aura kathanI bhinna-bhinna hotI hai|16 yadyapi pUrva kI do lezyAoM kI apekSA isakI manovRtti kama dUSita hotI hai, lekina apane hita ke lie dUsare kA ahita karane meM aise vyakti ko tanika bhI saMkoca nahIM hotA hai| aisA vyakti IrSyAlu pravRtti kA hotA hai aura IrSyA ke kAraNa tanAvagrasta rahatA hai, kyoMki tanAva meM IrSyA kA sabase bar3A yogadAna hotA hai| jo vyakti vANI se vakra hai, kapaTI hai, saralatA se rahita hai, svadoSa chipAne vAlA hai, matsarI hai, vaha apane ina durguNoM ke kAraNa kApota-lezyA vAlA hotA hai| vacana se kisI ko apazabda kahanA, dUsaroM kI gupta bAta prakaTa karanA, kAyA se kisI ko nukasAna pahuMcAnA, vastuoM kI tor3a-phor3a meM Ananda lenA, mana meM matsarI-bhAva rakhanA, mana para niyaMtraNa nahIM honA - ye kApota-lezyA vAle vyakti ke pramukha lakSaNa haiN| ye saba bhI tanAva ke pramukha kAraNoM meM hI Ate haiM, ataH aisA vyakti bhI tanAvagrasta rahatA hI hai, cAhe una kAraNoM kI tIvratA kucha kama ho| aisA vyakti apane samparka meM rahe hue dUsare vyakti ko bhI pralobhana batAkara aura usakI icchAoM ko uttejita kara tanAvagrasta banA detA hai| "jaldI se ruSTa ho jAnA, dUsaroM kI nindA karanA, doSa lagAnA, ati zokAkula honA, atyanta bhayabhIta honA- ye gommaTasAra ke anusAra kApota-lezyA ke lakSaNa haiN|318 315 gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa -510 10 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 1, DaoN.sAgaramala jaina, pR.515 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 34/25-26 gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa, 512 For Personal & Private Use Only

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160 4. tejo - lezyA yaha manodazA zubha hotI hai| isa lezyA se yukta vyakti pUrNataH tanAva se mukta to nahIM hotA, lekina usake tanAvoM kA stara apekSAkRta manda hotA hai| aise vyakti meM icchAeM aura AkAMkSAe~ to hotI hai, kintu unakI pUrti ke lie vaha kisI dUsare vyakti ko AghAta pahuMcAne meM saMkoca karatA hai| vaha dUsaroM kA ahita usI sthiti meM karatA hai, jaba usake hita ko coTa pahuMcatI hai / icchA pUrNa na hone para vaha svayaM ko tanAvagrasta mahasUsa karane lagatA hai, lekina usake lie dUsaroM ko adhika kaSTa nahIM detA cAhatA hai| aise vyakti namra vRtti vAlA, acapala, mAyA se rahita, vinayavAn, guNavAn, dharmapremI, dRDhadharmI, pApabhIrU aura hitaiSI hote hai / ' 319 kArya-akArya kA jJAna, zreya - azreya kA viveka, sabake prati samabhAva, dayA-dAna meM pravRtti - ye pIta yA tejolezyA vAle vyakti ke lakSaNa haiM | 320 - aisA vyakti guNavAna, dayAlu, karuNAyukta aura sAmaMjasya rakhane vAlA hotA hai, kintu jaba koI dUsarA vyakti usakA ahita yA nukasAna pahuMcAne para utArU ho jAe, to vaha bhI usa vyakti kA ahita karane meM pIche nahIM haTatA hai| aisI pravRtti karate samaya vyakti svayaM ko tanAvagrasta anubhava karatA hai aura usase pIche haTane kA prayatna bhI karane lagatA hai, kyoMki vaha tanAva kA icchuka nahIM hotaa| jaise koI ahiMsaka vyakti DAkuoM dvArA apaharaNa kara liyA gayA ho aura use mRtyu ke ghATa utArA jAe, to aisI sthiti meM vaha svayaM kI surakSA ke lie unake ahita kA icchuka na hote hue bhI una DAkuoM ko mArane meM pravRtta hotA hai / uparyukta lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki tejolezyA vAlA vyakti hiMsaka kArya yA duSTa pravRtti bhale hI na kare, para icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM ke kAraNa tanAvagrasta to rahatA hI hai| 5. padma - lezyA 319 320 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti -- isa lezyA vAle vyakti kI manovRtti meM pavitratA kI mAtrA tejo - lezyA se kucha adhika hotI hai| aisA vyakti zuddha bhAvanA vAlA hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA, vaha vyakti prAyaH tanAvoM se mukta rahatA hai aura pUrNataH tanAvamukti ke lie agrasara hotA hai| usakA mAnasika saMtulana uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 34/27-28 gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa -515 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti banA rahatA hai| isa manodazA meM tanAva utpanna karane vAle krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, krUratA, duSTa pravRtti Adi kAraka bahuta kama hote haiN| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina likhate haiM- "isa manodazA meM krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha-rUpa azubha manovRttiyA~ atIva alpa, arthAt samAptaprAya ho jAtI haiM | 321 tanAva utpanna karane vAle ye cAra ghaTaka jaba ati alpa ho jAte haiM, taba vyakti kA jIvana Atmika - saMtoSa evaM zAMti se vyatIta hotA hai| isa sthiti meM use na to kisI se bhaya hotA hai aura na hI kisI se ghRNA / usameM tyAgazIlatA, pariNAmoM meM bhadratA, vyavahAra meM prAmANikatA, kArya meM RjutA, aparAdhiyoM ke prati kSamAzIlatA, sAdhu-gurujanoM kI pUjA - sevA meM tatparatA ke guNa hote haiM, jo padmalezyA ke lakSaNa haiM / 322 padmalezyA vAle vyakti ke mana meM prANI mAtra ke prati bhI vAtsalyabhAva va karuNA hotI hai| vaha alpabhASI, upazAMta evaM jitendriya hotA hai, jisake phalasvarUpa vyakti tanAvamukta evaM mokSa - avasthA prApta karane kI ora agrasara hotA hai| pUrNataH tanAvamukta avasthA hI mokSa kI prApti hai, ataH usake prayatna usa dizA meM hote haiM / 323 6. zukla - lezyA zukla-la - lezyA hone para vyakti pUrNataH tanAvamukta avasthA meM hotA hai| hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki tanAvamukta avasthA tabhI prApta hotI hai, jaba vyakti zuklalezyA meM praveza kara letA hai| * ha yaha manobhUmi paramazubha manovRtti hai| isa lezyA se yukta vyakti ke jIvana kA vyavahAra itanA mRdu hotA hai ki vaha apane hita ke lie dUsaroM ko tanika bhI kaSTa nahIM denA caahtaa| usakI mAnasika sthiti bahuta hI zAMta evaM saMtulita rahatI hai| kaisI bhI paristhiti Ae, usakA sAmanA vaha apane AtmavizvAsa, sahanazIlatA aura binA mana ko vicalita kie samajhadArI se karatA hai| vaha na to svayaM hI tanAvagrasta hotA hai aura na hI dUsaroM ko tanAvagrasta banAtA hai / 'vaha mana-vacana- karma se ekarUpa hotA hai tathA usakA una tInoM para niyaMtraNa hotA hai / ' 324 161 321 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga. 1, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 516 322 gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa -516 323 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 34/29-30 324 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga. 1, DaoN.sAgaramala jaina, pR.516 For Personal & Private Use Only

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162 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jisakA ina tInoM yogoM para niyaMtraNa ho, vaha yogI hotA hai| yogI hI tanAvamukta avasthA ko prApta karatA hai| zuklalezyA vAlA vyakti sadaiva svadharma evaM svasvarUpa meM nimagna rahatA hai| pakSapAta na karanA, bhogoM kI AkAMkSA na karanA, sabameM samadarzI rahanA, rAga-dveSa tathA mamatva se dUra rahanA zuklalezyA ke lakSaNa haiN|26 jainadarzana ke anusAra, tanAva kA mUla kAraNa rAga-dveSa haiN| isa lezyA vAlA vyakti rAga-dveSa se pUrNataH mukta rahatA hai| jisane tanAva-utpatti ke mUla hetuoM kA kSaya kara diyA, vaha pUrNataH tanAvamukta hotA hai aura usakI lezyA zuklalezyA hotI hai| - --000--- -- 325 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 34/31-32 326 gommaTasAra jIvakANDa - 517 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 163 adhyAya-5 tanAva-prabaMdhana kI vidhiyA~ "mana saMsAra kI sabase zaktizAlI vasta hai| jisane apane mana ko vaza meM kara liyA hai, vaha saMsAra kI kisI bhI cIja ko niyaMtrita kara sakatA hai|" - svAmI zivAnaMda mana hamArI vaha zakti hai- jisake dvArA hama apane prati jAgarUka ho sakate haiM, apane vaibhAvika svarUpa evaM svAbhAvika-svarUpa kA bodha kara sakate haiN| jaba mana prazAMta hotA hai, antarmukhI hotA hai, taba hama zAMti yA AnaMda kA anubhava karate haiN| kintu yadi mana bahirmukha, aniyaMtrita evaM asaMtulita hotA hai, to hama tanAvagrasta ho jAte haiM, dvandva meM, arthAt do pakSoM ke bIca anizcaya meM ulajhe rahate haiN| yaha dvandva kI avasthA manuSya ko tanAvagrasta banAtI hai, jaise- rAga-dveSa, pasanda- nApasanda, prema-ghRNA, krodha-zAMti, sukha-duHkha, IrSyA-saumanasya aadi| kisI ne kahA hai- "mana ke hAre hAra hai, mana ke jIte jiit|" bhAratIya-ciMtakoM ne kahA hai- hamAre baMdhana kA kAraNa bhI hamArA mana hai aura hamArI mukti kA hetu bhI mana hai| jIvana kA sArA khela mana kI icchA zakti para nirbhara hai| mana hI preraka hai, mana hI preraNA hai| mana sarjaka bhI hai aura vidhvaMsaka bhii| jaisA ki pahale batAyA gayA hai, tanAva kA janma mana meM hI hotA hai, taba agara mana ko hI sAdha liyA jAe, to tanAva kA janma hI nahIM hogA aura yadi tanAva kA janma nahIM hogA, to usase mukti kA prazna hI nahIM utthegaa| ataH, bhAratIya-dhoM kI dRSTi se mana kI sAdhanA hI tanAva-prabaMdhana kA mukhya AdhAra hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mahAvIra kahate haiM ki mana ke saMyamana se ekAgratA AtI hai, jisase jJAna prakaTa hotA hai| isase ajJAna kI samApti aura satya dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi hotI hai| tanAvamukti ke lie anivArya zarta hai-manaHzuddhi / bauddhadarzana meM bhI kahA gayA hai- "jo sadoSa 327. uttarAdhyayana, 29/57 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti mana se AcaraNa karatA hai, bhASaNa karatA hai, usakA duHkha vaise hI anugamana karatA hai, jaise ratha kA pahiyA ghor3e ke paira kA anugamana karatA hai 328,, aura jo svaccha mana se bhASaNa evaM AcaraNa karatA hai, usakA sukha vaise hI anugamana karatA hai, jaise sAtha nahI chor3ane vAlI chAyA / 329 tIsare adhyAya meM hama isakA vistRta vivecana kara cuke haiN| uparyukta vivecanA se yahI siddha hotA hai ki sabhI AcAra - darzanoM ne evaM manovaijJAnika`vicArakoM ne mana ko hI tanAvoM kI utpatti kA aura tanAvoM se mukti kA prabalatama kAraNa mAnA hai| kahate haiM ki nadI kA pravAha rokanA sambhava hai, kintu mana para niyaMtraNa rakhanA kaThina hai, lekina satata abhyAsa aura ucita sAdhanA dvArA isameM saphalatA prApta kI jA sakatI hai| kucha loga naye sAdhakoM ko mana ko vaza meM karane ke lie dhyAna kI vividha prakriyAoM ko apanAne kI salAha dete haiM, lekina jina logoM kA mana bahuta adhika caMcala aura vyAkula hotA hai, unheM dhyAna kI ye prakriyAe~ - kaThina lagatI haiN| unheM to tanAva prabaMdhana kI sarala vidhiyA~ apanAne kI salAha dI jAnA cAhie, jisase sAdhaka sahaja tanAvamukta ho ske| maiM yahA~ tanAva prabaMdhana kI bhI kucha sarala vidhiyA~ dI jA rahI hai, jinheM apanAne se samyak rUpa se tanAva - prabaMdhana sambhava ho sakatA haiN| ye. vidhiyA~ nimna hai: tanAva - prabaMdhana kI sarala vidhiyA~ 164 328 329 330 1. zArIrika vidhiyA~ a. zarIra zuddhi kI kriyAe~, ba. yogAsana aura vyAyAma, sa. prANAyAma (zvAsa-prazvAsa kA saMtulana), da. prekSA- dhyAna aura anuprekSA I. kAyotsarga / - 2. bhojana saMbaMdhI vidhiyA~ 3. mAnasika - vidhiyA~ -- a. ekAgratA, ba. yojanAbaddha cintana, sa. sakArAtmaka soca / 4. manovaijJAnika - vidhiyA~ 330 - dhammapada- 1 dhammapada - 2 Gates and others - Educational Psychology, Page-692. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 165 a. pratyakSa vidhiyA~, ba. apratyakSa vidhiyA~ / 1. zArIrika-vidhiyA~ - tanAva-prabaMdhana ke lie zArIrika vidhiyA~, kyoM aura kaise prabhAvI hotI haiM? ise jAnane ke pUrva yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki tanAva aura zarIra kA saMbaMdha kyA hai ? prastuta adhyAya meM hamArA vivecya viSaya hai- tnaav-prbNdhn| tanAva-prabaMdhana ke lie zarIra, AhAra, zvAsocchavAsa aura mana ko sAdhanA bahuta jarUrI hai| unheM sAdhe binA tanAva-prabaMdhana sambhava nahIM hai| tanAva-prabaMdhana kA mukhya lakSya hotA hai- AtmA, zarIra evaM mana ko apanI svAbhAvika-dazA meM laanaa| unheM vaibhAvika sthiti se svAbhAvika-sthiti meM laanaa| manuSya ke lie zarIra eka upahAra hai| hama zarIra ko apanI svAbhAvika-dazA meM rakhakara tanAvoM se mukti prApta kara sakate haiN| svasthatA hI zarIra kA svabhAva hai, vaha eka AMtarika vyavasthA hai, jo svazAsita hai| roga zarIra meM bAhara se Ate haiN| ve zarIra kI vibhAvadazA yA vikRti ke sUcaka haiM aura yaha vibhAvadazA daihika tanAvoM ko utpanna karatI hai| tana aura mana svastha raheM, arthAt apane meM rahe to vyakti tanAvamukta rhegaa| svastha zarIra, svastha mana, tanAva-mukti kI prAthamika zarta haiN| . mana kI vikRti zarIra para aura zArIrika-vikRti mana ko prabhAvita karatI hai, phira bhI zArIrika svAsthya kI apekSA hameM mAnasika svAsthya ko prAthamikatA denA hogI, kyoMki zArIrika rUpa se svastha rahane ke lie mAnasika rUpa se svastha rahanA bhI bahuta jarUrI hai| mAnasika-svasthatA tabhI hogI, jaba mana tanAvamukta hogaa| tanAva sabase bhayAnaka roga hai| tanAva lU kI taraha hai, jaise teja garma havAeM hamAre zarIra ke jala ko sokha letI haiM, vaise hI tanAva bhI hamArI mAnasika-zAnti kA haraNa kara letA hai| Aja saMsAra meM jitanI bhI bImAriyA~ haiM, unameM adhikAMza kA kAraNa manuSya ke mana meM palane vAlI cintA, Avega evaM tanAva hI haiN| zarIra ko svastha rakhane ke lie mana kA svastha honA jarUrI hai aura mana ko svastha rakhane ke lie usakA prasanna aura tanAvamukta honA Avazyaka hai| "mana ko svastha kiye bagaira jaba bhI tana For Personal & Private Use Only

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166 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kA ilAja hogA vaha niSprabhAvI hI hogaa|"331 zarIra aura mana- donoM eka hI sikke ke do pahalU haiN| yaM to aMgrejI meM kahA gayA hai- Sound mind in a sound body, arthAt svastha mana svastha zarIra meM hI hotA hai| isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki yadi ApakA zarIra rogI hogA, to mana bhI baicena rahegA aura mana baicena (tanAvagrasta) hogA, to zarIra rogI hogaa| Aja aneka bImAriyA~ jaise- raktazarkarA, uccaraktacApa, hRdayaghAta Adi tanAva se hI utpanna / hotI haiN| zarIra kI asvasthatA kA prabhAva mana para par3atA hai, kintu sAtha hI yaha bhI satya hai ki mana ke tanAvapUrNa hone para usakA prabhAvaH zarIra para bhI par3atA hai| mana svastha, to tana svsth| mana aura tana kI cikitsA eka-dUsare se nirapekSa hokara sambhava nahIM hai| hamAre mana kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki vaha roga paidA bhI kara sakatA hai aura unheM dUra bhI kara sakatA hai| aneka sthitiyoM meM zArIrika-svasthatA mana kI sthiti para hI nirbhara karatI hai| tanAvarahita mana hI vyakti ko nirogI banAtA hai| tanAvoM kA sIdhA asara pahale hamAre zarIra para par3atA hai| tanAva ke kAraNa mana kI zAnti samApta ho jAtI hai, phalataH A~khoM kI dekhane kI kSamatA kSINa hone lagatI hai, smaraNazakti bhI kamajora ho jAtI hai| tanAva ke calate hI vyakti hakalAkara bolane lagatA hai, ghabarAhaTa usakI Adata bana jAtI hai| usake hAtha-pAMva para sUjana hone lagatI hai, hRdaya kI dhar3akana kabhI bahuta kama aura kabhI bahuta jyAdA hone lagatI hai| hamAre pAcana- taMtra para bhI hamAre mAnasika tanAvoM kA duSprabhAva par3atA hai| tanAvagrasta vyakti kI bhojana meM bhI ruci nahIM hotI hai| isa prakAra, vaha zArIrika- dRSTi se kamajora ho jAtA haiN| tanAva jisa mArga se gujaratA hai, usake bIca bImAriyoM ke kaI pAyadAna biche rahate haiM, jaise- avasAda, raktacApa, madhumeha, hRdayAghAta aadi| 2 Aja kala Ama taura para do bImAriyAM bahutAyata se dekhane ko milatI haiM- 1. hRdayAghAta aura 2. raktacApa / ina donoM bImAriyoM kA mUla kAraNa tanAva hI hai| jaba koI bAta yA ghaTanA asahanIya hotI hai, taba vyakti apane mana ko tanAvagrasta banA letA hai, phalataH, vaha hRdayAghAta yA raktacApa se grasta ho jAtA hai| raktacApa jaba bhI kama yA jyAdA hotA hai, taba usakA prabhAva yA to hamAre hRdaya para 331. ciMtA, krodha aura tanAvamukti ke sarala upAya, zrI lalitaprabha sAgara, pR.11 332. "kaise pAe mana kI zAnti", zrI candraprabha, pR. 29 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 167 hotA hai, yA hamAre mastiSka para par3atA hai| isake kAraNa mastiSkAghAta bhI ho sakatA hai aura hRdayAghAta bhii| mana agara tanAvagrasta hai, to zarIra bhI tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai aura phira zarIra ko kaI bImAriyA~ ghera letI haiN| jaba zArIrika-santulana bhaMga hotA hai, taba vyakti svabhAvataH tanAva se grasta ho jAtA hai| zArIrika tanAvoM ke kAraNa choTI AMta aura bar3I AMta meM sikur3ana paidA ho jAtI hai| tanAva kA zarIra kI pratirodhaka kSamatA para bhI duSprabhAva par3atA hai| prakRti ne svayaM zarIra ko rogoM se lar3ane kI tAkata dI hai, tanAva usa tAkata ko kamajora karatA hai| ___ "pAzcAtya-ciMtakoM cArlsavartha aura nAthana ke anusAra tanAva ke pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti kI nimnalikhita zArIrika sthitiyA~ dekhI jAtI haiM : 1. manda pAcana kriyA - tanAva ke kAraNa pAcana kriyA manda hone se rakta kA pravAha mAMsapeziyoM tathA mastiSka kI ora bar3hane lagatA hai, jo apaca kI sthiti se bhI jyAdA khataranAka hotA hai| 2. zvasana-kriyA kI tIvratA - tanAva kI sthiti meM zvAsa kI gati teja ho jAtI hai, kyoMki mAMsapeziyoM ko adhika oNksIjana kI jarUrata hotI hai| 3. . hRdaya kI dhar3akana kA bar3hanA - tanAva ke kAraNa hRdaya kI dhar3akana bhI bar3ha jAtI hai, sAtha hI raktacApa bhI bar3hatA hai| 4. pasInA AnA - tanAva kI sthiti meM vyakti ke zarIra se adhika mAtrA meM pasInA Ane lagatA hai| 5... mAMsapeziyoM meM kar3Apana - tanAva ke kAraNa mAMsapeziyA~ kar3I ho jAtI haiN| 6. rAsAyanika prabhAva - tanAva kI sthiti meM rAsAyanika padArtha rakta meM milakara usakA thakkA jamA dete haiN| AcArya mahAprajJa ne bhI isa saMbaMdha meM kahA hai ki tanAva kI nirantara sthiti bane rahane para zArIrika-gar3abar3I utpanna ho jAtI hai| isase zarIra meM sthita dabAva-taMtra nirantara sakriya rahatA hai|"334 333. "Edward A..Charlesworth and Ronald G. Nathan, strees management, London. Page 4 mahApata -pekSAdhyAna: kAyotsarga AcArya 12 334 mahAla For Personal & Private Use Only

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168 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jisa prakAra moha ko karmabaMdha kA mUla kAraNa kahA gayA hai, usI prakAra tanAva ko bhI rogoM kA mUla kAraNa. kahA gayA hai| mAnasika tanAva hI zArIrika tanAva utpanna karatA hai| zrI lalitaprabhasAgarajI ne bhI apanI pustaka 'ciMtA, krodha aura tanAva-mukti ke sarala upAya' meM likhA hai ki vizva ke kaI cikitsakoM ne mana aura zarIra ke rogoM para kAphI gaharA anusaMdhAna kiyA hai| eka bAta sApha taura para siddha ho gaI hai ki bhaya, nirAzA, ciMtA, IrSyA, bure vicAra aura inase paidA huI burI taraMgeM peTa aura A~toM ke rogoM ko janma detI haiM, vahIM acche vicAra hamAre zarIra ko . zakti pradAna karate haiN| 35 jaisA ki pahale kahA gayA hai ki mana aura tana kA ilAja alaga-alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA haiN| tana kI svasthatA se mana kI svasthatA taka aura mana kI svasthatA se tana kI svasthatA taka jAyA jA sakatA hai| kucha loga naye sAdhakoM ko mana ko vaza meM karane ke lie vibhinna prakAroM kI dhyAna-prakriyAoM ko apanAne kI salAha dete haiM, lekina jina logoM kA mana bahuta adhika caMcala aura vyAkula hotA hai, unheM dhyAna kI ye prakriyAe~ bahuta kaThina lagatI haiM, kyoMki ve loga apane. mana ko eka kSaNa ke lie bhI zAMta rakhane kI sAmarthya nahIM rakhate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki aise vyaktiyoM ko cAhie ki ve una zArIrika vidhiyoM ko apanAte hue mana ko niyaMtrita karane kA prayatna kareM, jinameM vicAroM kI prakriyAoM ko pUrI taraha baMda karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM par3atI aura kevala sAdhAraNa ekAgratA lAnI hotI hai| tanAva-prabaMdhana kI zArIrika-vidhiyA~ isa siddhAMta para AdhArita hai ki tana aura mana-donoM paraspara ghaniSTha rUpa se jur3e hue haiM aura eka bAra Apa apane zarIra ko niyaMtrita kara leM, to mana bhI niyaMtraNa meM A jAtA hai aura jaba mana niyaMtraNa meM hogA, to vyakti tanAvarahita aura AnaMda se paripUrNa hogaa| yadi hama zarIra ko niyaMtrita kara leM, yA zarIra ke prati sajaga ho jAeM, to mana bhI niyaMtraNa meM A jAtA hai aura jaba mana niyaMtraNa meM A jAegA, to vyakti AnaMdayukta arthAt tanAvarahita hogaa| . tana aura mana ko tanAvarahita karane kI nimna zArIrika-vidhiyA~ prastuta kI gaI haiM - 335. ciMtA, krodha aura tanAva mukti ke sarala upAya, pR.12 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 1. zarIra zuddhi kI kriyAe~, 2. yogAsana aura vyAyAma, 3. prANAyAma, 4. prekSAdhyAna aura 5. kAyotsarga / 1. zarIra zuddhi kI kriyAe~ - zarIra zuddhi kI kriyAe~ yoga kA eka aMga haiN| isake antargata neti, kuMjala, trATaka, kapAla bhAti, vasti aura dhauti AtI haiN| ye samasta kriyAeM vizeSa rUpa se zarIra ke aMgoM kI azuddhiyoM ko dUra karane ke lie kI jAtI haiN| zarIra kI azuddhiyA~ dUra hone ke bAda prANa sampUrNa zarIra meM svataMtratApUrvaka gati karane lagatA hai aura mana zAMta tathA saMtulita ho jAtA hai, kyoMki usakA prANa ke sAtha gahana saMbaMdha hai / prANa ke asaMtulana meM vyakti tanAvagrasta hotA hai| yadi prANa para niyaMtraNa sthApita kiyA jA sake, to manonigraha jaisA kaThina kArya sarala bana joyagA / 'haThayoga pradIpikA meM kahA gayA hai : pavano badhyate yena manastenaiva badhyate / manazca badhyate yena pavanastena badhyate / / hetu dvayaM tu cittasya vAsanA ca samIraNaH / tayarvinaSTa ekasmiMstau dvAvapi vinazyataH / / 336 arthAt, jisane prANavAyu ko jItA, usane mana ko jIta liyaa| jisane mana ko jItA, usane prANavAyu ko jIta liyaa| citta kI caMcalatA ke do hI kAraNa haiM- eka, vAsanA aura dUsarA, prANavAyu kA caMcala honaa| inameM se eka ke samApta hone para dUsarA svayaM hI samApta ho jAtA hai / : yogAsana evaM vyAyAma 336 - -- mana tanAvoM kI janmasthalI hai, ataH cittavRtti - nirodha kA artha hai - hokara mana kI caMcalatA arthAt tanAvagrasta dazA ko samApta karanA, arthAt mana meM nirantara uThane vAle vicAroM, AvegoM, viSaya-vAsanAoM saMbaMdhI saMkalpa - vikalpoM se mukta hokara tanAvamukta jIvana jInA / haThayoga pradIpikA - 4/21 169 mukhya rUpa se yoga kA lakSya hai- zArIrika, mAnasika evaM AdhyAtmika - tanAvoM ko dUra krnaa| kahate haiM ki pahalA sukha nirogI kAyA, kyoMki yadi zarIra svastha nahI rahe, to citta bhI zAnta nahIM ho sakatA hai aura azAnta citta se vyakti dhyAna bhI nahIM kara sakatA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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170 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti AtmA yA cetanA ko tanAvamukta karane ke pahale mana aura zarIra ko tanAvamukta karanA hogaa| zarIra ko svastha yA tanAvamukta rakhane ke lie. vyAyAma kI AvazyakatA hai| vyAyAma meM zarIra ko harakata dekara hI taMdurUsta arthAta tanAvamukta kiyA jA sakatA hai, sAtha hI, subaha kI ThaMDI evaM zuddha havA meM kiye gaye vyAyAma ke dvArA mana ko zAMti kA anubhava hotA hai| .. yoga zarIra ko svastha arthAt tanAvamukta banAtA hai| isase zarIra ke sAtha-sAtha mana aura AtmA (cetanA) ko bhI zAnti milatI hai, yaha AdhyAtmika anubhava detA hai aura aMtataH mokSa kA sAdhana banatA hai| mokSa pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hI hai| niHsaMdeha mana caMcala hai aura tanAvoM kA mukhya janmasthala hai| ise vaza meM karanA atyaMta kaThina hai, phira bhI dhyAna ke nirantara abhyAsa se, arthAt satata jAgarUkatA se mana kI yA cittavRtti kI caMcalatA kA nirodha sambhava hai, kintu dhyAna meM zarIra kI sthiratA honA bhI Avazyaka hai| zArIrika-sthiratA ke lie zarIra kA tanAvamukta honA jarUrI hai, taba hI lambe samaya taka eka hI sthAna para sthira hokara baiThanA sambhava hai| yaha Asana ke abhyAsa ke dvArA hI sambhava ho sakatA hai| Asana kevala zArIrika-prakriyA mAtra nahI hai, usameM adhyAtma ke bIja chipe haiN| dhyAna lagAne ke lie tathA mana ko zAMta karane yA tanAvamukta karane ke vizeSa uddezya se hI yogavidyA meM vibhinna AsanoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| inako eka bAra siddha karane ke bAda Apa unameM binA kisI prayatna ke laMbe samaya taka sthira hokara baiTha sakate haiN| ina AsanoM meM ApakI rIr3ha kI haDDI sIdhI aura sahI rUpa meM rahatI hai aura vaha zarIra ko tanAva mukta banAtI hai| aise kucha AsanoM ke nAma haiM- padmAsana, siddhAsana, vajrAsana, sukhAsana aadi| ina AsanoM meM eka bAra kucha samaya taka sthira baiThane ke bAda mana ekAgra, zAMta va niyaMtrita hone lagatA hai| jainAgamoM meM bhI aneka prakAra ke AsanoM kA nAma nirdeza kiyA hai, jaisevIrAsana, kamalAsana, vajAsana, bhadrAsana, daNDAsana, utkATikAsana, godAhAsana, sukhaasn| . yoga eka varadAna, DAkTara dvArakAprasAda, pR. 48 338 aupA.sa. brAhata sU. 19 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 171 dazAzrutaskaMdhasUtra meM bhI aneka prakAra ke AsanoM kA varNana hai, jinakI Age vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| 39 zarIra ke sthira hone para mana bhI zAMta hotA hai, kyoMki mana kA zarIra ke sAtha AMtarika saMbaMdha hone ke kAraNa zarIra ke sthira hone para mana sthira ho jAtA hai| merUdaNDa ke sIdhe daNDavat hone se prANa-zakti ko Upara uThane kI preraNA milatI hai| jaba prANa merUdaNDa meM Upara kI ora gati karatA hai, taba mana kevala sthira, zAMta yA tanAvamukta hI nahIM hotA, varan cetanA kA eka ucca stara prApta kara letA hai| isase vyakti kI saMyamana kI zakti atyadhika bar3ha jAtI hai| Asana zArIrikasvAsthya, mAnasika-zAMti, tanAvamukta jIvana evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie upayukta bhUmikA kA nirmANa karate haiN| Asana asvastha vyakti ke lie to upayogI haiM hI, ve svastha vyakti ke lie Avazyaka bhI haiN| svastha vyakti Asana se mAnasika prasannatA ko pAne ke sAtha-sAtha tanAvamukta ho jAtA hai| yogAsana evaM vyAyAma zarIra meM idhara-udhara jame hue mala ko, jo zArIrika tanAva kA kAraNa hai, use dUra karate haiN| isase hamArA mana behatara rIti se kArya karane lagatA hai| zarIra kI sakriyatA evaM svasthatA ko banAe rakhakara hI sAdhanA ke pariNAmoM ko prApta kara sakate haiM, arthAt tanAva se mukta ho sakatA haiN| deza, kAla aura samAja kI tanAvapUrNa paristhitiyoM se gujarate hue vyakti yogAsana aura vyAyAma se tanAvamukta jIvana jI sakatA hai| zArIrika, mAnasikapIr3AoM se grasta kucha loga yogAsana aura vyAyAma kI ora pravRtta hote haiN| yaugika zArIrika kriyAe~ zarIra aura mana donoM ko svastha banAtI haiM, mana prasanna aura citta zAnta hone lagatA hai| 10 AcArya bhagavAna deva ne apanI pustaka 'yoga dvArA roga nivAraNa meM likhA hai- "AtmA se sAkSAtkAra ke lie yoga vaijJAnika-kalA hai|" AtmA se sAkSAtkAra taba hotA hai, jaba vyakti dhyAna ke aMtima caraNa ko pAra kara le, arthAt mana kI caMcalatA ko samApta kara de aura yaha tabhI sambhava hai, jaba yoga dvArA zarIra aura mana tanAvoM se mukta ho|. 339 340 dazAzrutaskaMdha - sAtavIM dazA 2. tanAvamukta kaise raheM - ema.ke.guptA 341. "yoga dvArA roga nivAraNa- AcArya bhagavAna deva pR.12 | For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti tanAvamukti ke lie kucha mukhya Asana - vidhiyA~ AcArya mahAprajJa ke nirdezana meM taiyAra kI gaI haiM, inameM se kucha nimna haiM-342. khar3e rahakara kie jAne vAle Asana : 172 1. samapAdAsana vidhi - sIdhe khar3e raheM / gardana, rIr3ha aura paira taka sArA zarIra sIdhA aura sama rekhA meM rhe| donoM pairoM ko saTAkara rakheM / donoM hAthoM ko sIdhA rkheN| hatheliyoM ko jAMghoM se saTAkara rkheN| samaya kama se kama tIna minaTa aura suvidhAnusAra yaha kucha ghaNToM taka kiyA jA sakatA hai| -- -- lAbha 1. zArIrika dhAtuoM ko sama rakhatA hai| 2. zuddha raktasaMcAra meM suvidhA hotI hai| 3. mAnasika - ekAgratA AtI hai| 4. isa Asana se uccakoTi kA kAyotsarga kiyA jA sakatA hai| 2. tAr3Asana tAr3a, samudra ke kinAre para pAyA jAne vAlA pralamba per3a hotA hai / paMjoM para khar3e hokara hAthoM ko Upara kI ora phailAne se zarIra kI AkRti tAr3a ke per3a jaisI ho jAtI hai, isalie ise tAr3Asana kahate haiM / - 342 prekSAdhyAna Asana-prANayAma, muni kizanalAla pR. 7 se 59 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 173 vidhi - bhUmi para sIdhe khar3e ho jaaeN| donoM pairoM ko milaaeN| hAthoM ko sira ke donoM ora Upara uThAeM aura paMjoM para khar3e hokara hAthoM ko tanAva deN| tanAva dete samaya zvAsa bhreN| hAtha nIce lAte samaya zvAsa chodd'eN| samaya - AdhA minaTa se tIna mintt| zIrSAsana kA viparIta Asana bhI hai| zIrSAsana kA do tihAI samaya isameM lgaaeN| lAbha - isa Asana se U~cAI bar3hatI hai| kabja dUra hotI hai| peTa aura kUlhoM kI sthUlatA ghaTatI hai| Alasya dUra hotA hai| garbhavatI mahilAoM ke lie yaha vizeSa upayogI hai| isa Asana ko ve pUre garbhakAla taka bhI kara sakatI haiN| isase sthiratA bar3hatI hai| snAyu-durbalatA miTatI hai| baiThakara kie jAne vAle Asana / 1. sukhAsana - jisa Asana meM sukhapUrvaka baiThA jAe, use sukhAsana kahA jAtA hai| sukhAsana kisI vizeSa Asana kA prakAra nahIM hai| jo Asana lambe samaya taka sukhapUrvaka kiyA jA sake, vahI sukhAsana hai| vidhi - Asana para sukhapUrvaka baitthe| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti bA~e paira ko dAhinI piMDalI ke nIce aura dAhine paira kA paMjA bAI piMDalI ke nIce lagAkara baiThanA sukhAsana kahalAtA hai| merudaNDa sIdhA rkheN| zvAsa-prazvAsa sahaja aura dIrgha rhegaa| samaya - eka minaTa se dhIre-dhIre suvidhAnusAra bddh'aaeN| .. lAbha - kAmazakti-vijaya, cittavRtti-nirodha, vIrya-zaddhi, zakti-jAgaraNa, suSumnA meM prANa kA saMcAra hone se vyakti UrdhvaretA banatA 2. svastikAsana - bhAratIya saMskRti meM svastikAsana ko zubha cihna mAnA gayA hai| jaina-paramparA meM aSTa maMgaloM meM yaha bhI eka hai| yaha Asana karate samaya zarIra kI AkRti svastika jaisI ho jAtI hai, isalie ise svastikAsana kahA gayA hai| . vidhi - Asana para sthiratA se donoM pairoM ko mor3akara baittheN| dAhine paira ke paMje ko bAeM ghuTane aura jaMghA ke bIca isa prakAra sthApita kareM ki For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 175 paMje kA talavA jaMghA ko sparza kre| dAhine paira ko uThAkara bAIM piMDalI aura sAthala ke bIca jmaaeN| merudaNDa sIdhA rkheN| bAeM hAtha kI hathelI ko nAbhi ke pAsa rakheM, phira dAhine hAtha ko usake Upara sthApita kreN| yaha brahmamudrA kahalAtI hai| samaya aura zvAsa-prazvAsa - isa Asana meM lambe samaya taka ThaharA jA sakatA hai| tIna ghaNTe taka eka hI Asana meM baiThanA se Asana-siddhi kahalAtA hai| lAbha - lambe samaya taka sukhapUrvaka baiThA jA sakatA hai| mana zAMta aura sthira, merudaNDa puSTa aura vAyuroga kI nivRtti hotI hai| 3. padmAsana - . padmAsana dhyAna-AsanoM meM AtA hai| sAdhanA kI dRSTi se isakA vizeSa mahatva hai| siddhAsana aura padmAsana aise Asana haiM, jinameM merudaNDa svayaM sIdhA rahatA hai| isa Asana meM paira kamala ke pattoM kI taraha lagate haiM, isalie ise padmAsana kahA gayA hai| padmAsana kI mudrA meM aneka Asana kiye jAte haiM, jinheM svataMtra AsanoM ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jaise- baddhapadmAsana, yogamudrA, utthita padmAsana, tulAsana, kukkuTAsana, garbhAsana ityaadi| vidhi - Asana para paira phailAkara baitthe| dAhine paira ko ghaTane se mor3akara isa prakAra bAI sAthala para rakheM ki hAthoM kI mudrA citra kI taraha brahma / mudrA meM rakhI jA sake hai| er3I nAbhi ke pAsa ke hisse kI sAthala para isa prakAra sthApita kareM, tAki er3I nAbhi ko sparza kre| hatheliyAM AkAza kI ora isa prakAra khulI rakheM ki aMgUThe aura tarjanI ke agale paura mile rheN| zeSa aMguliyAM paraspara milI huI sthira rkheN| gardana sIdhI For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti rhe| ThuDDI haMsalI se cAra aMgula Upara sthira rkheN| dRSTi nAsAgra para rhe| zvAsa dIrgha aura zAnta rhe| samaya - eka minaTa se AdhA ghnnttaa| prati saptAha tIna-tIna minaTa bddh'aaeN| jinase padmAsana nahIM lagatA ho, ve arddhapadamAsana arthAt kevala eka paira ke paMje ko dUsarI jaMghA para rakhakara arddhapadamAsana kA abhyAsa kreN| padamAsana kI siddhi ke lie tIna ghaMTe taka isakA abhyAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| lAbha - mana kI ekAgratA bar3hatI hai| merudaNDa evaM gardana sIdhI rahatI hai| . jisase prANa ke pravAha ko UrdhvagAmI banane meM sahAyatA milatI hai| yaha Asana brahmacarya sAdhanA kI dRSTi se upayogI hai| hAtha ke aMgUThe aura tarjanI aMgulI para dabAva par3ane se jJAna tantu sakriya hote haiM, ataH isakA nAma jJAnamudrA hai| 4. tulAsana - isa Asana ko karate samaya zarIra tulA kI taraha saMtulita hotA hai| pUre zarIra ko tulA meM tola rahe hoM- aisA pratIta hotA hai, ataH ise tulA-Asana ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai| ukaDUM baittheN| er3iyoM ko Upara uThAkara paMjoM para tthhreN| ghuTane ko nIce jhukaaeN| zarIra kA saMtulana paMjoM para bnaaeN| eka paira ko dUsare paira kI. jaMghA ke Age ghuTane para rkheN| hAtha ghuTane ke pAsa rakheM aura jaba eka pAMva para saMtulana bana jAe, taba hAtha jor3a leN| mana ko zvAsa para kendrita kareM yA kisI eka bindu para ttikaaeN| zIghratA na kreN| saMtulana se hI yaha Asana siddha hotA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 177 samaya - eka minaTa se tIna minaTa / lAbha - dhAtu-doSoM meM lAbhaprada, paira kI aMguliyoM kI sakriyatA, mana kI ekAgratA aura pairoM kI gati meM vikaas| 5. goduhAsana - gAya ko duhane kI mudrA banane se ise goduhAsana kahA gayA hai| isa Asana meM bhUmi se zarIra kA atyalpa sparza rahatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna goduhAsana meM hI huA thaa| goduhAsana nidrA-vijaya aura sajagatA ke lie upayogI hai| vidhi - Asana para paMjoM ke bala baittheN| ghuTanoM ko modd'eN| aisI sthiti meM dUdha duhane ke bartana ko ghuTanoM ke bIca rakhane se jo sthiti banatI hai, vaisI mudrA bana jaaegii| donoM hAthoM kI muTThI banda kara donoM ghuTanoM para hAtha sthApita kreN| muTThI banda karate samaya aMgUThA andara rhegaa| muTThI kI kaniSThA aMgulI vAlA hissA ghuTane para rhegaa| samaya aura zvAsa-prazvAsa - AdhA minaTa se pAMca minaTa taka pratidina ise abhyAsa se bar3hA sakate haiN| AdhyAtmika-vikAsa evaM caitanya-jAgaraNa kI dRSTi se AdhA ghaNTe se tIna ghaNTe taka bhI abhyAsa kiyA jA sakatA lAbha - citta kI sthirtaa| jJAna kI nirmltaa| apAna vAyu kI zuddhi / pairoM va snAyuoM kI durbalatA dUra honA hai| kabjI dUra honA hai| bhAvanA kI vizuddhi evaM pAcana taMtra kA sakriya honA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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. 178 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 6. zazAMkAsana - .. zazAMka kA tAtparya kharagoza se hai, jo atyanta komala evaM zAMta prANI hai| zarIra kI AkRti zazAMka jaisI hone se ise zazAMkAsana kahA gayA hai| isakA dUsarA nAma candramA bhI hai| yaha Asana candramA kI taraha zItalatA pradAna karatA hai, Aveza kA upazamana karatA hai| vidhi - vajrAsana meM paMjoM para tthhreN| hAthoM ko ghuTanoM para rkheN| pUraka karate hue hAthoM ko AkAza kI ora uThAeM, recana karate hue hAtha evaM lalATa ko bhUmi para sparza kreN| pUraka karate hue utthe| punaH, recana kara bhUmi ko sparza kreN| lambe samaya taka zazAMkAsana meM rukanA ho, to zvAsa kI gati sahaja aura gaharI rhegii| samaya - eka minaTa se tIna mintt| lAbha - tIvra raktacApa sAmAnya banatA hai| krodha ke upazamana ke lie bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| mAnasika-zAMti ke lie upayogI hai| 7. brahmacaryAsana - pahalA prakAra - donoM pairoM ko phailAkara baiTheM, ghaTanoM ko modd'eN| pAdatala ko eka dUsare se milAeM, ghuTanoM para hAtha rakheM, bhUmi para ghuTane lagAne meM kaThinAI mahasUsa ho rahI ho, to dhIre-dhIre nIce le jAeM, Upara utthaaeN| yaha kriyA padmAsana kI siddhi evaM lambe samaya taka dhyAna ke abhyAsa ke lie upayogI hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 179 dUsarA prakAra - pairoM ko sIdhA sammukha phailaaeN| hatheliyoM ko zarIra ke pArzva meM sthApita kreN| merudaNDa, grIvA samakoNa meM sIdhA rhe| ise daNDAsana bhI kaha sakate haiN| isameM zarIra kI AkRti daNDa jaisI bana jAtI hai| tIsarA prakAra - siddhAsana meM tthhreN| bAeM paira kI er3I maladvAra ke nikaTa zukra vAhinI nAr3I para sthApita kreN| dAyeM paira ko bAeM paira para rkheN| bAeM paira ke Takhane para dAhine paira kA TakhanA A jaae| paira ke paMje nitamba aura piMDaliyoM ke bIca A jAte haiN| mUla bandha kara pUraka kreN| zakti kendra aura svAsthya kendra mala evaM mUtra ke sthAna ko AkuMcita kara mana meM dRr3ha saMkalpa kareM ki vIrya UrjA ke rUpa meM rUpAMtarita hokara mastaka kI ora gati kara rahA hai, apAna kI zuddhi ho rahI hai| samaya - pAMca minaTa se AdhA ghnnttaa| lAbha - brahmacarya meM sahAyaka, vAsanA kA kSaya, saumya-bhAva / cauthA prakAra - brahmacarya kI sAdhanA ke lie vajAsana kA yaha prakAra upayogI hai| isa Asana se vaja nAr3I para dabAva par3ane se vIrya-zuddhi hotI hai| vidhi - donoM ghuTane mor3akara pIche pairoM ko nitamba se pArzva meM sthApita kreN| nitamba aura maladvAra ke pAsa kA bhAga bhUmi se saTA rhegaa| hAthoM ko ghuTanoM ke Upara rkheN| mUlabandha lgaaeN| vIrya-nAr3I para saMkalpapUrvaka mana ko kendrita kara UrdhvaretA kI bhAvanA kreN| 'vIrya oja meM pariNata ho'- yaha cintana kreN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti samaya aura zvAsa-prazvAsa AdhA minaTa se pAMca minaTa / zvAsa prazvAsa karate samaya saMkalpa kareM ki UrjA (prANa) zakti oja rUpa meM pariNata hokara mastaka meM phaila rahI hai| smaraNa zakti vikasita hotI jA rahI hai| 180 lAbha brahmacarya kI sAdhanA meM shaayk| isase zarIra zaktisampanna va tejasvI banatA hai| - 8. siddhAsana yaha Asana sAdhanA kI siddhi ko sahajatA pradAna karatA hai| isalie siddhAsana kahalAtA hai| yoga ke caurAsI lAkha AsanoM meM siddhAsana ko pramukha sthAna diyA gayA hai| siddhAsana ko dhyAna sAdhanA evaM samAdhi ke lie sarvottama mAnA gayA hai| - vidhi Asana para sukhapUrvaka baittheN| bAe~ paira kI er3I ko gudA evaM mUtrendriya ke madhya rikta sthAna para lagAe~ / dAeM paira ko uThAkara bAe~ paira ke Upara vAle Takhane para TikAe~ / merudaNDa sIdhA rhe| hAtha brahmamudrA meM nAbhi ke pAsa ttikaaeN| samaya eka minaTa se dhIre-dhIre suvidhAnusAra bddh'aaeN| - lAbha kAma-zakti para vijaya, citta-vRtti kA nirodha, vIrya-zuddhi, zakti - jAgaraNa / suSumnA meM prANa kA saMcAra hone se vyakti UrdhvaretA banatA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti leTakara kiye jAne vAle Asana kAyotsarga zarIra ko zithila aura tanAvamukta kreN| isa sthiti ko zava kI taraha hone se zavAsana bhI kahate haiM, kintu kAyotsarga aura zavAsana meM maulika antara hai| bAhara se donoM kriyAeM samAna dikhAI detI haiM, kintu zava - Asana murde kI taraha jar3avata hone kI avadhAraNA pradAna karatA hai| jabaki kAyotsarga meM zarIra kA visarjana arthAt zarIra ke prati jo mamatva aura pakar3a hai, use chor3anA hotA hai, caitanya ko nirantara jAgrata rakhanA hotA haiM / 1. -- zvAsa-prazvAsa para citta ko ekAgra kara pratyeka avayava ko zithilatA kA sujhAva dete haiN| zithilatA kA anubhava karate haiM / kAyotsarga leTakara, baiThakara aura khar3e-khar3e bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| Arambha meM leTakara kAyotsarga karane meM suvidhA rahatI hai| leTakara zithilatA sadhane para baiThakara aura khar3e-khar3e kAyotsarga kA abhyAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| -- vidhi leTakara kAyotsarga karane ke lie zarIra ko pITha ke bala leTA deN| donoM hAthoM ko zarIra ke samAnAMtara phailaaeN| hatheliyAM AkAza kI ora khulI rkheN| donoM pairoM ke bIca eka phuTa kA phAsalA rkheN| zarIra ko DhIlA chor3a deN| 181 dAhine paira ke aMgUThe se lekara sira taka pratyeka avayava para citta ko kramazaH kendrita kreN| zithilatA kA sujhAva deN| zarIra zithila ho jAe / zarIra zithila ho rahA hai / anubhava kareM, zarIra zithila ho gayA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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182 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti zarIra meM zithilatA ke sAtha caitanya kA nirantara anubhava kreN| samaya - eka minaTa se pAMca minaTa tk| sAdhanA meM vikAsa kI dRSTi se paiMtAlIsa minaTa kA abhyAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| zvAsa-prazvAsa maMda aura zAMta rkheN| lAbha - zArIrika, mAnasika aura bhAvanAtmaka-tanAvoM se mukti pradAna karatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kAyotsarga ko samasta duHkhoM se mukti pradAna karane vAlA batAyA hai- savva dukkha vimokkhaNaM kaaussggN| pratyeka avayava meM sphUrti utpanna hotI hai| kAyotsarga se deha evaM buddhi kI jar3atA naSTa hotI hai, ekAgratA bar3hatI hai, kalaha upazAnta hotA hai| kAyotsarga se vighna aura bAdhAeM dUra hotI haiN| 2. matsyAsana - sarvAMgAsana, halAsana ke turanta pazcAta matsyAsana kiyA jAtA hai| yaha Asana matsya (machalI) kI AkRti se milatA hai, ataH ise matsyAsana kahA gayA hai| isa Asana meM pAnI para matsya ke sadRza sthira rahA jA sakatA hai| nAka pAnI se Upara rahatI hai, ataH DUbane kI sthiti nahIM bntii| tairAka yogI isa Asana meM ghaNToM pAnI meM par3e rahate haiN| vidhi - padmAsana kI sthiti meM baitthe| leTane kI mudrA meM Ane ke lie hAthoM kI kuhanI ko dhIre-dhIre pIche le jaaeN| pITha pIche jhukegii| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 183 kuhaniyoM ke sahAre zarIra ko TikAte hue leTane kI mudrA meM A jaaeN| hAthoM kI hatheliyAM kaMdhoM ke pAsa sthApita kara pITha aura gardana ko Upara utthaaeN| mastaka kA madhya bhAga bhUmi se saTA rhegaa| hAtha vahAM se utthaaeN| bAe~ hAtha se dAe~ paira kA aMgUThA pakar3eM aura dAe~ hAtha se bAe~ paira kA aMgUThA pkdd'eN| kamara kA hissA bhUmi ke Upara rhegaa| AMkha khulI rhegii| samaya aura zvAsa - yaha Asana sarvAMgAsana aura halAsana kA viparIta Asana hai| sarvAMgAsana kA pUrva lAbha matsyAsana karane se hI milatA hai| zvAsa-prazvAsa dIrgha evaM gaharA rkheN| jitanA samaya sarvAMgAsana meM lagAe~, usakA AdhA samaya isameM lgaaeN| . lAbha - matsyAsana se gardana, sInA, hAtha, paira, kamara kI nAr3iyoM ke doSa dUra hote haiN| AMkha, kAna, sira darda Adi se mukti milatI hai| ina avayavoM meM rakta adhika mAtrA meM pahuMcane se zakti milatI hai| isase sInA caur3A hotA hai| zvAsa-prazvAsa gaharA va lambA hone se prANazakti vikasita hotI hai| zarIra meM sphUrti aura sthiratA Ane lagatI hai| mana kI zuddhi hone se mana kI ekAgratA bar3hatI hai| yaha Asana brahmacarya meM sahAyaka banatA hai| yaha Asana kamara-darda, svapna-doSa, snAyu-daurbalya, gardana va zira-zUla se mukti milatI hai| jaina-paramparA meM AsanoM kA varNana - jaina-graMthoM meM AsanoM kA varNana dhyAna ke lie kiyA gayA hai| dhyAna karane ke lie zarIra kA sthira honA anivArya hai aura zarIra ko sthira hone ke lie kisI eka Asana kA cunAva kiyA jAtA hai| .. AsanoM ke saMbaMdha meM jaina-AcAryoM kI mUla dRSTi yaha hai ki jina AsanoM se zarIra aura mana para tanAva nahIM par3atA ho, aise sukhAsana hI dhyAna ke yogya haiN| jina AsanoM meM vyakti sukhapUrvaka laMbe samaya taka raha sakatA hai tathA jinake kAraNa usakA zarIra sveda ko prApta nahIM hotA hai, ve hI Asana dhyAna ke lie evaM tanAvamukti ke lie zreSTha haiN|43 sAmAnyatayA, jaina-paramparA meM padmAsana aura khaDgAsana hI dhyAna ke 343 jJAnArNava- 28/11 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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184 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti adhika pracalita Asana rahe haiM, kintu mahAvIra ke dvArA goduhAsana meM dhyAna karake kevalajJAna prApta karane kA bhI ullekha haiN| 45 .. khar3e rahane vAle AsanoM meM muni kizanalAlajI ne samapAdAsana ko uttama batAyA hai|46 - jaina-graMthoM meM ise hI daMDAsana yA khaDgAsana kahA gayA hai| 'daMDAsana kA varNana aupapAtikasUtra meM milatA hai| isameM daNDa kI taraha sthira khar3e rahanA hotA hai|7 khaDgAsana meM bhI sIdhe khar3e rahanA hotA hai| . ___ dazAzrutaskaMdha meM baiThe hue AsanoM meM 'niSadhAsana, goduhAsana aura utkuTakAsana kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| niSadhAsana meM pAlathI lagA kara paryakAsana se sukhapUrvaka baiThA jAtA hai| goduhAsana meM pUre zarIra ko donoM pairoM ke paMjoM para rakhA jAtA hai| jaMghA evaM urU Apasa meM mile hue rahate haiM aura donoM nitamba er3I para Tike hue rahate haiN| utkaTakAsana meM donoM pairoM ko samatala rakhakara una para pUre zarIra ko rakhate hue baiThanA hotA hai| AcArya mahAprajJajI ke anusAra, isI ko vajrAsana bhI kahate haiN| dazAzrutaskaMdha meM hI sokara kie jAne vAle AsanoM meM uttAnAsana, daMDAsana, pArvAsana aura lakuTAsana kA varNana hai| 49 uttAnAsana AkAza kI tarapha mukha karake sAne ko kahate haiN| daMDAsana khar3e va sokara- donoM taraha se kiyA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra daMDa ko sIdhA jamIna para rakheM, usI prakAra sIdhe leTa jAnA daMDAsana hai| pAvasina evaM lakuTAsana meM karavaTa lekara sonA hotA hai| dazAzrataskaMdha meM aise bhI AsanoM kA ullekha hai, jo na to baiThakara kiye jAte haiM, na sokara kiye jAte haiM aura na sIdhe khar3e hokara kiye jAte haiM, kinta ve baiThane tathA khaDe rahane ke madhya kI avasthA ke haiN| inameM pahalA hai- vIrAsana, jisameM pUrA zarIra donoM paMjoM ke AdhAra para to rakhanA par3atA haiM, kintu isameM nitamba er3I se kucha Upara uThe hue rakhanA par3ate haiM tathA jaMghA aura urU meM bhI kucha dUrI rakhanI par3atI hai| 344 jJAnArNava-28/11 "godohiyAe ukkuDayanilijjAe"- kalpasUtra 120 prekSAdhyAna Asana prANAyAma, muni kizanalAla, pR. 42 aupapAtikasUtra sUtra., 19. madhukaramuni, pR. 55 dazAzrutaskaMdha, sAtavI dazA, madhukaramuni, pR. 65 349. dazAzrutaskaMdha, sAtavI dazA, madhukaramuni, pR. 65 . For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti dUsarA hai AmrakubjAsana isa Asana meM bhI pUrA zarIra to pairoM ke paMjoM para rakhanA par3atA hai, kintu ghuTane kucha Ter3he rakhane hote haiM, zeSa zarIra kA sampUrNa bhAga sIdhA rakhanA par3atA hai| AcArya haribhadrasUri ke jaina yogazataka ke yogaviMzikA Adi granthoM meM yoga ke bhedoM meM ThANa (sthAna) kA artha Asana zabda se liyA hai| isameM padmAsana, paryaMkAsana, kAyotsarga Adi kA samAveza hai / 351 prANAyAma yoga ke chaH aMga kahe gaye haiN| unameM se eka prANAyAma bhI hai / yogacUr3AmaNi upaniSad meM ina chaH aMgoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM- Asana, prANAyAma, pratyAhAra, dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi | 352 prANAyAma yoga kI hI eka vidhi hai / prANAyAma se prANa-zakti samprerita hokara zarIra ke aMga-pratyaMgoM meM phailatI hai aura unheM svastha evaM balavAn banAtI hai| 'Asana-prANAyAma' nAmaka pustaka meM likhA hai ki yadi vidhipUrvaka prANAyAma kiyA jAe, to tanAva se utpanna avasAda Aveza, Atma-hInatA aura unmAda jaise manovikAroM se mukti milatI hai| prANAyAma kI vidhi ina manovikAroM ke upacAra meM bhI prayukta hotI hai / 33 ,353 vartamAna yuga meM tanAva se mukti ke liye vyakti do vastuoM kA prayoga karate haiN| pahalI nIMda kI goliyAM aura dUsare, mAdaka - dravya / kAlAntara meM, ina vastuoM kA sevana vyakti kI Adata bana jAtI hai aura inase na kevala vyakti ke vyavahAra meM vikRti A jAtI hai, varan usake zarIra aura mana donoM kI zaktiyoM kA apavyaya bhI hotA hai / prANAyAma prANa pravAha ko kriyAzIla banAne kI prakriyA hai, jo zarIra aura mana kI - zaktiyoM ko prabala banAtI hai| prANAyAma manobala ko bar3hAkara manovikAroM kA nivAraNa karatA hai| 185 indriyoM para mana kA niyaMtraNa Avazyaka hai / mana vikAragrasta hogA to indriyoM kI caMcalatA bar3hegI / indriyA~ vikAragrasta hokara aniyaMtrita ho jAeM, to vyakti tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai / prANAyAma se agara manovikAroM kA hI nivAraNa kara liyA jAe, to vyakti na to mAdaka - 350 351 352 353 dazAzrutaMskaMdha, bahI sAtavI dazA, madhukaramuni, pR. 65 jaina yoga graMtha catuSTaya, yoga-vizikA, sUtra, 2 pR. 267 yogacUr3AmaNi upaniSad, gAthA -2 Asana-prANAyAma se Adhi vyAdhi nivAraNa, pR. 161 For Personal & Private Use Only

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186 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti dravyoM ke sevana kA zikAra hogA aura na hI indriyA~ vAsanAgrasta hoNgii| indriyoM meM yogazakti kA abhAva hone se vyakti tanAvagrasta hogaa| kahA bhI gayA hai - "yathA svarNadhAtunAM dahante dhamanAnmalAH, tathendriyakRtA doSA dahante praanndhaarnnaat| jisa prakAra sone ko tapAne se usake doSa nikala jAte haiM, usI prakAra prANAyAma se jalakara indriyoM ke doSa naSTa ho jAte haiN| cintA, bhaya, icchA, asaMtoSa, IrSyA, rAga, dveSa, avasAda Adi kI vRttiyoM se yadi vyakti kA mana grasita ho jAegA, to mana kA saMtulana to bigar3egA hI, sAtha hI vyakti tanAvagrasta bhI hogaa| tanAva ke nivAraNa ke lie mana ke AvegoM kA nivAraNa karanA Avazyaka hai, jo ki prANAyAma ke dvArA sambhava hai| prANAyAma meM zvAsa-prazvAsa-kriyA ko kramabaddha, tAlabaddha aura layabaddha banAyA jAtA hai| mana aura zvAsataMtra kA paraspara AMtarika rUpa se saMbaMdha hai| hemacaMdrAcArya ke yogazAstra meM bhI prANAyAma kA ullekha milatA hai| yogazAstra meM mana aura zvAsa kA saMbaMdha batAte hue kahA haijahA~ mana hai, vahA~ pavana arthAta (zvAsa-pravAsa) hai aura jahA~ pavana hai, vahA~ mana hai| 355 jaba mana azAMta yA tanAvagrasta hotA hai, to sAMsa bhI aniyamita, jhaTakedAra AvAja karane vAlI, uthalI aura vakSa ke UparI bhAga taka hI sImita raha jAtI hai| jaba mana zAMta aura tanAvamukta hotA hai, to zvAsa dhImI, gaharI aura layabaddha ho jAtI hai aura zarIra ke madhyabhAga taka prabhAva DAlatI hai| mana aura zvAsa meM eka prakAra kA sahasaMbaMdha hai| zvAsa-prazvAsa ko layabaddha aura dhImA tathA gaharA karane para mana kA tanAva zithila hotA hai aura zvAsa-prazvAsa ke asaMtulita hone para mana tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra, mana ko zAMta banAkara zvAsa-prazvAsa ko niyaMtrita kiyA jA sakatA hai, sAtha hI, zvAsa-prazvAsa ko zithila karake apane mana ko zAMta evaM tanAvamukta . kiyA jA sakatA hai| 354 54. amRtanAdoSa, zloka -7 359. yogazAstra (hemacandAcArya), paMcama prakAza, gAthA-2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti _187 prANAyAma se prANa-zakti sakriya hokara zarIra ke aMga-pratyaMga meM phailatI hai aura use svastha evaM balavAn banAtI hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM gautama ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchA-bhaMte ! kyA jIva zvAsa-prazvAsa lete haiM ? yadi lete haiM, to kaise ? bhagavAn ne isakA uttara cAra dRSTiyoM se diyA -1. dravya-dRSTi se, 2. kSetra-dRSTi se, 3. kAla-dRSTi se tathA 4. bhAva-dRSTi se| - bhagavAn ne bhAvadRSTi se samAdhAna dete hue kahA - pratyeka jIva zvAsa- prazvAsa letA hai| usake zvasana-pudagala varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparzayukta hote haiN| pAMca varNa, do gaMdha, pAMca rasa aura ATha sparza zvAsa meM vidyamAna haiN| jaba manuSya kI bhAvadhArA zuddha hotI hai, taba iSTa varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza-yukta zvAsa gRhIta hotI hai, to zarIra svastha va mana tanAvamukta hotA hai aura jaba bhAvadhArA azuddha hotI hai, taba zvAsa meM aniSTa varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza hote haiM, isase svAstha bigar3a jAtA hai va mana tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai|56 . sUkSma dRSTi se prANa. kA artha brahmANDa bhara meM saMvyApta aisI UrjA hai, jo jar3a aura cetana-donoM kA samanvita rUpa hai| prANa-zakti se hI saMkalpa-bala milatA hai, yaha saMkalpa-bala hI - jIvanIzakti hai| saMkalpa-bala ke sahAre hI manuSya kuvicAroM se jUjhatA hai, kusaMskAroM kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai| agara AdhyAtmika-dRSTikoNa se kaheM, to prANAyAma vaha zakti hai, jisase zArIrika svAsthya to banatA hI hai, sAtha hI, citta kI nirmalatA bhI bar3hatI hai| maharSi paMtajali ne prANAyAma ke pariNAma kI carcA karate hue likhA hai - "tataH kSIyate prakAzAvaraNam" prANAyAma ke dvArA prakAza para AyA AvaraNa kSINa ho jAtA hai| prANAyAma kevala zvAsa-prazvAsa kA vyAyAma nahIM hai, apitu karmanirjarA kI bhI mahatvapUrNa prakriyA hai, jisase citta kI nirmalatA bar3hatI hai| citta kI nirmalatA hI citta kI caMcalatA ko rokatI hai aura vyakti ko tanAva se mukta karatI hai| 356 bhagavaI-2,3,4.... 57. Asana prANAyAma ke vidhi-vidhAna, pR 134 For Personal & Private Use Only

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188 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti prANAyAma upacAra prakriyA 58 . sabase pahale vyakti ko sAMsa lene kA sahI tarIkA sIkhanA caahie| jisa Asana meM zarIra tanAvarahita ho, usa para anAvazyaka dabAva nahIM par3atA ho, vahI Asana prANAyAma ke lie upayukta hai| - Aveza hetu bAeM se pUraka, dAMe se recaka, avasAda hetu dAMye se pUraka, bAeM se recaka karanA caahie| jaba dhyAna zvAsa-prazvAsa para hogA, to mana zAMta hogA, tanAvamukta hogA aura nirantara isake abhyAsa se / pUrNataH tanAvamukta sthiti prApta hogii| . . . yogakaNDalyUpaniSada meM likhA hai -"bhastrikA prANAyAma se kaNTha kI jalana miTatI hai, jaTharAgni pradIpta hotI hai, kuNDalinI jAgatI hai| yaha prakriyA pApanAzaka tathA sukhadAyaka hai / 259 prekSA dhyAna- AdhAra aura svarUpa - .. terApaMtha dharmasaMgha ke AcArya zrI mahAprajJa ne jaina-AgamoM kA maMthana karake dhyAna kI eka naI prakriyA 'prekSA-dhyAna' ko prastuta kiyA "prekSA' zabda 'Idha dhAtu se banA hai, isakA artha hai - gaharAI se dekhanA, athavA gaharAI meM utarakara dekhnaa| dekhanA sAmAnya A~khoM se kiyA jAtA hai, kintu prekSA meM dekhanA apane antaracakSu evaM mana ke dvArA hotA hai| jaina-sAdhanA- paddhati meM dhyAna kI paramparA to thI, kintu AgamoM meM usakI koI vidhi milatI hI nahIM hai| jaina AgamoM meM 'prekSA' zabda prayukta hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai -"saMpakkhie appagamappaeMNa"- AtmA ke dvArA AtmA kI saMprekSA kro| tanAvamukti ke lie sabase pahale mana meM uTha rahe rAga-dveSa-kaSAya Adi ko dekhanA Avazyaka hai| jaba taka vyakti inheM dekhegA nahIM, jAnegA nahIM ki use krodha A rahA hai, lobha ho rahA hai usakA moha bar3ha rahA hai yA dveSa bar3ha rahA hai, taba taka tanAva ke kAraNoM ko vaha nahIM jAna pAegA aura vaha tanAvagrasta hotA calA jaaegaa| AtmA ko dvArA AtmA ko dekho, mana ke 358 58. Asana prANAyAma, pR. 183 359. yogAkuNDalyUpaniSada-38 360 dazavaikAlika sUtra -12/571 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 189 dvArA mana ko dekho, sthUla cetanA ke dvArA sUkSma cetanA ko dekho- yahI 'dekhanA' dhyAna kA mUla tattva hai| jAnanA aura dekhanA cetanA ke lakSaNa hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne sAdhanA ke jo sUtra die haiM, unameM jAnoM aura dekhoM, ye hI mukhya haiN| tanAvamukti ke lie ye mahatvapUrNa sUtra hai| dekhane kI yaha prakriyA zarIra se prArambha hokara sUkSma mana yA AtmacetanA taka jAtI hai aura isase hone vAlI anubhUti vyakti ko tanAva ke mUla kAraNoM taka le jAtI hai, taba hI vaha tanAvoM ke kArya-kAraNarUpa cakravyUha ko tor3ane meM saphala hotA hai| AcArAMga meM kahA bhI hai31- jo krodha ko dekhatA hai, vaha mAna ko dekhatA hai| jo mAna ko dekhatA hai| vaha mAyA ko dekhatA hai| jo mAyA ko dekhatA hai, vaha lobha ko dekhatA hai| jo lobha ko dekhatA hai, vaha priya dekhatA hai| jo priya (rAga) ko dekhatA hai, vaha apriya ko dekhatA hai| jo apriya (dveSa) ko dekhatA hai, vaha moha ko dekhatA hai| jo moha ko dekhatA hai, vaha garbha ko dekhatA hai| jo garbha ko dekhatA hai, vaha janma ko dekhatA hai| jo janma ko dekhatA hai, vaha mRtyu ko dekhatA hai| jo mRtyu ko dekhatA hai, vaha duHkha ko dekhatA hai aura jo duHkha ko dekhatA hai, vaha krodha se lekara duHkha-paryanta hone vAle isa cakravyUha ko tor3a detA hai| isa cakravyUha ko tor3ane vAlA vyakti pUrNataH tanAvamukta sthiti ko prApta karatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne AcArAMgasUtra meM kaI bAra yaha kahA hai ki mana meM lajjA ke bhAva se apanI vRttiyoM ko pRthak karake dekh| jaba hama dekhate haiM, taba socate nahIM aura jaba socate haiM, taba dekhate nahIM haiN| 'icchAe~ kAmanAe~ uThatI haiM, to unheM mAtra dekhane kA prayAsa karo, unase jur3oM mt| krodha AegA, to usI kSaNa dekho ki krodha A rahA hai| sthira hokara apane bhItara dekho, apane vicAroM ko, zarIra meM hone vAle prakampanoM ko dekho| jo bhItara kI gaharAiyoM ko dekhate-dekhate bhItara ke satya ko dekha letA hai, usakA dRSTikoNa hI badala jAtA hai| vaha samyagdRSTi vAlA ho jAtA hai aura jo samyagdRSTi vAle hote haiM, ve tanAvamukta jIvana jIte hai| tanAvamukta jIvana kA artha hai - mana aura zarIra kI eka dizA honaa| ise hama ekAgratA kaha sakate haiN| ekAgratA taba hotI hai, jaba mana 361. AcArAMga sUtra-3/4/167 362. AcArAMga, prathama adhyAya For Personal & Private Use Only

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190 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti nirmala evaM zAMta ho| mana kA svabhAva caMcalatA bhI hai aura zAMtatA bhii| caMcalatA meM tanAva kI sthiti paidA hotI hai, to zAMtatA meM tanAvamukta sthiti hotI hai| - isibhAsiyAI meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki citta kI ekAgratA hI dhyAna hai aura jo citta kI caMcalatA hai, vaha cintA hai, use hI tanAva yA kSobha kahate haiN|383 binA ekAgratA ke mana zAMta nahIM hotA aura binA mAnasika zAMti ke ekAgratA nahIM hotI, taba prazna upasthita hotA hai -kyA karanA cAhie? uttara hai- apane-Apa ko dekhanA caahie| apane prati sajaga honA caahie| jaba apanA Atmadarzana kareMge aura apane-Apako samajheMge, tabhI tanAvamukta hoNge| __ prekSA-dhyAna kI yaha paddhati zarIra se Arambha hokara AtmA para samApta hotI hai| isase tanAvamukta avasthA prApta hotI hai| isake mukhya aMga nimna haiM ___ 1. zvAsa-prekSA, 2.. zarIra- prekSA, 3. caitanya kendra prekSA, 4. anuprekSA (bhAvadhArA kI prekssaa)| 1. zvAsa-prekSA- "jisameM varNa hai, gandha hai, rasa hai aura sparza hai, vaha pudagala hai, vaha paudagalika-vastu hai| zvAsa meM ye cAroM lakSaNa pAe jAte haiM, isalie zvAsa paudgalika hai|"365 . jaisI hamArI bhAvadhArA hogI, vaisI gati se zvAsa hamAre zarIra meM praveza kregii| isa saMdarbha meM bhagavatIsUtra kA udAharaNa prANAyAma kI carcA ke saMdarbha meM de cuke haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhI yahI kahA hai ki jaba hamArI bhAvadhArA zuddha hotI hai, to hameM iSTa gaMdha, rasa, varNa aura sparza hotA hai aura jaba bhAvadhArA azuddha hotI hai, nakArAtmaka soca hotI hai, to aniSTa gaMdha, rasa, varNa aura sparza kI anubhUti zvAsa ke sAtha hamAre zarIra meM praveza karatI hai, jo hamAre svAsthya ko bigAr3a detI hai| mana kI zAMti 363 isibhAsiyAI-22/14 364. prekSA-dhyAna - AdhAra aura svarUpa, pR. 18 100. mahAvIra kA svAsthya zAstra, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR.70 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #193
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti hI tanAvamukti hai / kevala mana ko sAdhane se saba siddha ho jAtA hai / mana cir3iyA kI taraha hai, use jaba bhI pakar3ane kA prayAsa kareMge, hAtha se ur3a jAegA, kintu mana ko pakar3a pAnA nAmumakina bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki AtmA ke sajaga hote hI yaha pakar3a meM A jAtA hai| zvAsa kA prANa se aura prANa kA mana se gaharA saMbaMdha hai / mana ko sIdhA nahIM pakar3a sakate haiM, prANa-dhArA ko bhI sIdhA nahIM pakar3a sakate haiM, isalie mana ko pakar3ane ke lie, zAnta karane ke lie, zvAsa kA saMyama Avazyaka hai| zvAsa- prekSA meM zvAsa ke prati sajaga citta kI ekAgratA zvAsa - saMyama ko prakaTa karatI hai, jisase mana kI zAMti ke sAtha-sAtha kaSAya bhI upazAMta aura caitanya kA jAgaraNa hotA hai 366 zvAsa ke prati sajaga bhAva kI kriyA hI zvAsa-prekSA hai| zvAsasa- prekSA ke do prayoga hai 1. dIrghazvAsaprekSA aura 2. samavRttizvAsaprekSA / dIrghazvAsaprekSA isameM zvAsa kI gati ko manda kreN| dhIre-dhIre lambA zvAsa leM aura dhIre-dhIre chodd'eN| zvAsa ko layabaddha aura samatala kreN| yaha dIrghazvAsaprekSA hai| - samavRtti - zvAsa- prekSA isa prakriyA meM bAeM nathune se zvAsa leM, dAeM se nikAleM, phira dAeM nathune se zvAsa lekara bAeM se nikAleM / '' yaha samavRttizvAsaprekSA 367 hai / 191 368 'mahAvIra kA svAsthyazAstra' nAmaka pustaka meM AcArya mahAprajJa ne likhA hai - "bhagavAn mahAvIra nAsAgra para dhyAna karate the / " isakA artha yahI hai ki ve bhI zvAsa-prazvAsa dekhate the| hamAre citta ko nAsAgra ke bhAga para sthira kara zvAsa- prekSA karane se mana kisI anya pravRttiyoM meM nahIM jaaegaa| zvAsa kA anubhava kareM, vahIM smRti rahe, to mana zAMta rahegA / zvAsa- prekSA se tanAva utpanna karane vAle kaSAya zAMta hote haiM, uttejanAe~ aura vAsanAe~ zAMta hotI haiN| vyakti kI yaha mAnasika-zAMti 367 366 prekSA eka paricaya, muni kizanalAla, pR. 13 prekSAdhyAna prayoga paddhati, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 13 mahAvIra kA svAsthya zAstra, AcArya mahApana e71 368 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #194
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti hI usakI tanAvamukti hai| vyakti kI tanAvamukti se sAmAjika- zAMti aura sAmAjika- zAMti se vizva-zAMti hogii|" zarIraprekSA 192 AtmA ke dvArA AtmA ko dekheM- isakA artha yahI hai ki citta yA mana ke dvArA AtmA (apanI vRttiyoM) ko dekhnaa| jaba hama dekhanA prArambha karate haiM, to sabase pahale AtA hai - zarIra / AtmA sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hai| eka aMgulI bhI hilatI hai, to usameM AtmA hai| jaba AtmA nahIM hotI hai, to zarIra nirjIva ho jAtA hai| syAdvAdamaMjarI meM likhA hai'AtmA sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hai| 369 isalie, pUrNataH tanAvamukta avasthA ko pAne ke lie hameM AtmA (apanI cittavRttiyoM) kA sAkSAtkAra karanA hogA aura AtmA kA sAkSAtkAra karane ke lie mana kI caMcalatA ko zAMta kara, indriyoM para vijaya prApta karanA hogA, jo ki zarIraprekSA se hI sambhava hai|' - zarIraprekSA AdhyAtmika - prakriyA hai, sAtha-hI-sAtha mAnasika aura zArIrika - prakriyA bhI hai| zarIraprekSA karane vAlA sAdhaka zarIra ke prati jAgarUka ho jAtA hai| jaba zarIra ke prati sajagatA AtI hai, to vyakti zarIra se jur3I indriyoM para niyaMtraNa prApta kara letA hai aura indriyoM para niyaMtraNa hI tanAvamukti kA mArga hai| "jaina AgamoM ke anusAra, jitane paramANu yA jitane pudgala bAhara se AtmA dvArA grahaNa kiye jAte haiM, unako lene kA ekamAtra mAdhyama hai- hamArA zarIra / " 370 "mana aura vANI kA bhI zarIra se pRthak koI astitva nahIM hai, bAhya astitva ekamAtra zarIra hai| 371 zarIra jaba pratikriyA karatA hai, to mana ko caMcala yA azAMta banAtA hai, isalie tanAvamukti ke lie sarvaprathama prekSA kI prakriyA apanAkara Atmadarzana karanA cAhie, tanAvamukti kA anubhava karanA 369 syAdvamatrajarI, zrI mallipreNasUriSeNItA, 9 pR.69 noTa:- zvAsaprekSA kI pUrNa prakriyA ke lie dekheM, prekSAdhyAna prayoga paddhati, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 13,14 370 prekSAdhyAna zarIra prekSA, A. mahAprajJa, pR.31 cetanA kA UrdhvarohaNa, pR. 39 371 . For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #195
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 193 caahie| AcArya mahAprajJajI ne bhI kahA hai- "dhyAna se snAyavika-tanAva, mAnasika tanAva aura bhAvanAtmaka tanAva samApta ho jAte haiN|"12 zarIra-darzana ke aneka dRSTikoNa haiN| eka kAmuka vyakti zarIra ko dekhatA hai, usake raMga, rUpa va AkAra ko dekhatA hai| eka DaoNkTara bhI zarIra ko dekhatA hai, usakA bhI apanA dRSTikoNa hai, kintu tanAvamukti ke lie zarIra ko sAdhanA kI dRSTi se dekhanA hotA hai| . AcArAMgasatra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai -"jo AtmajJAnI hai vaha loka arthAt zarIra ke nicale bhAga ko jAnatA hai, madhya bhAga ko jAnatA hai aura UparI bhAga ko jAnatA hai| hamAre zarIra ke bhI tIna bhAga haiM - 1. UrdhvabhAg2a 2. madhyabhAga aura 3. adhobhaag| nAbhi zarIra kA madhyabhAga hai| nAbhi ke Upara kA hissA hai-- urdhvaloka aura nAbhi ke nIce kA hissA hai- adholok| tanAvamukta hone ke lie zarIra kI racanA ko caitanya-kendroM kI dRSTi se dekhanA cAhie, jahA~ hamAre cetanA yA jJAna ke kendra haiN| apanI cetanA ko zarIra meM nIce se Upara kI ora le jAnA zarIra-prekSA hai| isa prakAra, zarIra-darzana se zarIra ke prati Asakti samApta hotI hai| jaba zarIra se mamatva haTegA, to tanAva paidA hI nahIM hoNge| .. . zarIraprekSA kI yaha prakriyA antarmukha hone kI prakriyA hai aura antarmukhI vyakti hI Atmonmukha hotA hai tathA AtmonmukhI tanAvamukta hotA hai| caitanya kendra-prekSA - - zarIra ke pramukha taMtroM meM se eka taMtra hai - antaHsrAvI-graMthitaMtra / ina granthiyoM se nikalane vAle srAva ko jIvanarasa yA hArmona kahate haiN| ye hArmona hamArI zArIrika, mAnasika aura bhAvanAtmaka pravRttiyoM kA niyaMtraNa karate haiN| vyavahAra aura hamArI abhivyakti nAr3I-taMtra ke dvArA hotI hai, kintu AdatoM kA janma, AdatoM kI utpatti granthi-taMtra dvArA hotI hai| "manuSya kI jitanI AdateM banatI haiM, unakA mUla janma-sthala 372 prekSAdhyAna:- zarIra prekSA, pR. 29 373. AcArAMgasUtra, amolaka RSi, 2/5/9 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #196
194 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti granthitaMtra hI hai|"374 granthiyoM se nikalane vAle hArmona granthitaMtra hI haiN| granthiyoM ke hArmona tanAva utpanna karane vAlI AdatoM, AvezoM, vRttiyoM aura vAsanAoM ko atyanta zaktizAlI yA kamajora banAne vAle pramukha srota haiN| jaina AcArya AtmArAmajI ma.sA. ke anusAra -"Avega, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha evaM rAga-dveSa Adi granthirUpa hote haiN| hamArI dRSTi meM ye hArmona banAvamukti meM bAdhaka yA sAdhaka banate haiN|15 dArzanika, vaijJAnika aura cikitsaka, sabhI ekamata se yaha kahate haiM ki ina antaHsrAvI granthiyoM kA vyakti kI bhAvadhArA aura manodazA ke sAtha gaharA saMbaMdha hai| DA. ema. DablyU. kApa (ema.DI.) ne apanI pustaka gleNDasa avara inavijibala gAiDsa meM likhA hai- hamAre bhItara jo granthiyA~ haiM, ve krodha, kalaha, IrSyA, bhaya, dveSa Adi ke kAraNa vikRta banatI hai| jaba ye aniSTa bhAvanAe~ jAgatI haiM, taba eDrinala glaiNDa ko. atirikta kAma karanA par3atA hai| 76 AtmA aura zarIra ke bIca saMcAra karane kA mAdhyama ye granthiyA~ haiN| ina granthiyoM se hI AdatoM kA aura tanAvoM kA janma hotA hai| ____jaba koI aniSTa icchA jAgatI hai, to granthiyA~ sakriya hone. lagatI haiN| icchA pUrI nahIM hone para ina granthiyoM se jo hArmonsa nikalate haiM ve nAr3I-taMtra se hokara mastiSka meM jAte haiM aura hamAre mAnasikasaMtulana ko vicalita kara dete haiN| granthiyoM kA prabhAva hamArI bhAvadhArA para par3atA hai| hamArI bhAvadhArA jaisI hogI, usakA prabhAva granthiyoM para vaisA hI pdd'egaa| AdhyAtmika-stara para ina granthiyoM ko hI cetanA-kendra kahA jAtA hai| ___"manuSya kevala haDDI-mA~sa kA DhAMcA nahIM hai, apitu bhAva-pradhAna cetanAyukta jJAnamayI zakti hai|" zakti, jJAna, bhAva Adi ke sthAnoM ko yA jisa sthAna se zakti evaM vivake-cetanA jAgrata kI jAtI hai, usa sthAna ko caitanya kendra kahA jAtA hai| prekSA dhyAna AdhAra aura svarUpa pra. 28 mahAprajJa jI 375. jaina yoga siddhAMta aura sAdhanA pR. 177 376. prekSA dhyAna : caitanya- kendra prekSA, pR. 13 prekSA:- eka paricaya, pR. 14 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 195 pratyeka vyakti ke aMdara tanAva ko pUrNataH khatma karane kI aura use utpanna karane kI tAkata ko kSINa karane kI bhI zakti hotI hai| isa zakti ko vivake-cetanA kahate haiN| jaba taka isa cetanA kA / jAgaraNa nahIM hotA, taba taka vyakti kA mana tanAvagrasta hotA hai| caitanya kendroM kI prekSA ke dvArA isa cetana-zakti ko jAgrata kiyA jAtA hai, jo vyakti ke mAnasika saMtulana ko banAe rakhatI hai| caitanya kendra kI zrRMkhalA meM nimnalikhita kendra haiM, sAtha hI, unakA sthAna aura ve kisa antaHsrAvI-granthi ke sAtha saMbaMdhita haiM, yaha bhI nIce batAyA gayA hai18 kramAMka | nAma granthi se saMbaMdha sthAna | zakti- kendra | gonADsa pRSTha-rajju ke nIce (kAmagranthi) ke chora para | svAsthya kendra | gonADsa(kAmagranthi) peDU (nAbhi se cAra aMgula nIce kA bhAga) | taijasa-kendra | eDrInala, penkriyAja | nAbhi | AnaMda-kendra thAyamasa hadaya ke pAsa bilkula bIca meM . vizuddhi-kendra | thAirAiDa, kaNTha ke madhya bhAga perAthAirAiDa .. brahma-kendra rasanendriya jihvAgra . prANa-kendra ghrANendriya nasAgra cAkSuSa-kendra cakSurindriya A~khoM ke bhItara | apramAda-kendra | zrotrendriya kAnoM ke bhItara 5 378. prekSA dhyAna, caitanya kendra prekSA pR. 20 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #198
196 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti darzana-kendra | picyUTarI jyoti-kendra pAyaniyala | zAMti-kendra hAyapothelemasa bhRkuTiyoM ke madhya lalATa ke madhya meM mastiSka kA agra bhAga 13 jJAna kendra | korTeksa sira ke Upara kA bhAga ... vidhi 379 - caitanya kendra-prekSA kA prArambha zakti kendra kI prekSA se kiyA jAtA hai, phira kramazaH svAsthya kendra, cAkSuSa-kendraM se jJAna kendra kI prekSA kI jAtI hai| pratyeka kendra para citta ko kendrita kara vahA~ hone vAle prANa ke prakampanoM kA anubhava kiyA jAtA hai| prArambha meM pratyeka kendroM para do se tIna minaTa kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| ina kendroM para dhyAna karane se ye kendra jAgrata ho jAte haiN| hara kendra kA apanA eka alaga lAbha hai, jaise- zAMti-kendra kI prekSA bhAvadhArA ko parivartita karatI hai, use zuddha banAtI hai| jyoti kendra aura darzana-kendra kI prekSA se krodha, vAsanA, lobha Adi upazAMta ho jAte haiN| saMkSepa meM kaheM, to kisI bhI kendra ko jAgrata kiyA jAe, usakI maMjila tanAvamukti hI hai| anuprekSA eka zabda hai- prekSA, usakA Azaya hai- dekhnaa| dUsarA zabda haianuprekSA, 'anu' upasarga lagate hI 'prekSA' zabda kA Azaya badala jAtA hai| anuprekSA zabda kA Azaya hai, cintana-mananapUrvaka dekhnaa| adhikAMza vyakti jIvana kI satyatA ko svIkAra nahIM kara pAte, kyoMki usameM unheM kahIM-na-kahIM koI duHkha hotA hai| duHkha ke kAraNa hI vyakti tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai aura svayaM kA vikAsa nahIM kara pAtA hai| anuprekSA saccAI ko dekhanA hai, hakIkata kA sAmanA karane kI zakti hai| pUrva dhAraNAoM ko nikAlakara, jo satya hai, yathArtha hai, usakA cintana 372. prekSA- dhyAna, caitanya kendra prekSA pR. 23 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti karanA anuprekSA hai| jainayoga - siddhAMta aura sAdhanA meM likhA hai- "satya prati prekSA anuprekSA, arthAt satya ke prati ekaniSTha buddhi se dekhanA anuprekSA hai| 380 prekSA meM hama zarIra ke zakti- kendroM ko dekhate haiM, zarIra meM ho rahe prakampanoM kA anubhava karate haiM aura anuprekSA meM yA dhyAna meM, jo kucha dekhA gayA hai, usa para vicAra karate haiN| mithyA dhAraNAe~, mithyA kalpanAe~ hI hameM tanAva ke ghere meM le jAtI haiM, hamArI soca ko nakArAtmaka banA detI haiM aura satya isI dabAva meM Akara daba jAtA hai, taba hama jIvana ko itanA tanAvagrasta banA dete haiM ki tanAvamukti ke lie koI rAstA nahIM bctaa| anuprekSA hamArI mithyA vRttiyoM ko samyak dizA meM le jAtI hai| samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyakcAritra kA bodha anuprekSA se hI hotA hai / 381 dazavaikAlikacUrNi meM likhA hai- " aNupehA NAma jo maNasA pariyaTei No vAyAe, " arthAt paThita va zruta artha kA mana se (vANI se nahIM) cintana karanA anuprekSA hai / sarvArthasiddhi meM likhA hai Adi ke svabhAva kA punaH - punaH cintana karanA anuprekSA hai / 382 zarIra jaba hama kisI bhI dhAraNA kA bAra-bAra cintana kara usake vAstavika rUpa ko samajhate haiM, yA zarIra Adi ke svabhAva ko samajhakara usase AtmA kA bheda jAnate haiM, to vaha cintana samyak cintana hotA hai, vahI tanAvamukti pradAna karatA hai| anuprekSA ke prayoga se vyakti rAga-dveSa yukta mAnyatAoM se haTakara satyatA ko svIkAra kara letA hai / 197 tanAvamukti ke liye satya ko jAnane ke lie prAcIna jainagranthoM tathA jainayoga-siddhAMta aura sAdhanA meM bAraha anuprekSAeM batAI gaI haiM / 383 1. anitya - anuprekSA 2. azaraNa - anuprekSA 3. saMsAra- anuprekSA 4. anyatva - anuprekSA 5. ekatva - anuprekSA 6. azuci - anuprekSA 381 380 jaina yoga siddhAMta aura sAdhanA, pR. 212 dazavaikAlika cUrNi, pR. 26 sarvArthasiddhi - 912/409 382 383 jaina yoga siddhAMta aura sAdhanA, pR. 213 For Personal & Private Use Only

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198 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 7. Asrava-anuprekSA 8. saMvara-anuprekSA 9. nirjarA-anuprekSA 10. loka-anaprekSA 11. bodhidurlabha-anuprekSA 12. dharma-anuprekSA ina bAraha meM se prathama cAra anuprekSAoM kA varNana ThANAMgasUtra meM bhI milatA hai| ThANAMga meM dharmadhyAna kI cAra anuprekSAeM kahI gaI hai, yathA - ekatvAnuprekSA, anityAnuprekSA, azaraNAnuprekSA aura saMsArAnuprekSA / 2014 1. anityAnuprekSA - zarIra kI anityatA aura mRtyu kI anivAryatA batAte hue bhagavAn mahAvIra ne AcArAMga meM likhA hai -"yaha zarIra anitya aura azAzvata hai| isakA caya-apacaya hotA rahatA hai, isakA svabhAva hI vinAza aura vidhvaMsa hai| 285 vyakti jaba zArIrika icchAoM kI parti nahIM kara pAtA hai, to usakA mana vicalita ho jAtA hai| sabhI kAmanAe~ zArIrika hI hotI haiN| zArIrika-kAmanAe~ hI tanAva-utpatti kA kAraNa haiN| anuprekSA dvArA zarIra kI anityatA ko jAnA jAtA hai, isase usake prati mamatva kama ho jAtA hai| anuprekSA se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki yaha zarIra maraNazIla hai| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai -"yaha zarIra kSaNa-pratikSaNa mRtyu kI ora jA rahA hai|" zarIra ke yarthAtha svarUpa ko jAnane vAlA zarIra ke prati Asakti kA tyAga kara detA hai aura jahAM Asakti kA tyAga hotA hai, vahAM tanAva kA bhI tyAga ho jAtA hai| 2. azaraNa-anaprekSA - vyakti kI yaha kamajorI hai ki vaha dUsaroM para nirbhara hotA hai, dUsare kI zaraNa meM svayaM ko surakSita samajhatA hai, kintu yaha usakI mithyA dhAraNA hai, jo use tanAvagrasta banA detI hai| azaraNaanuprekSA kA mUla marma hai- svayaM kI zaraNa meM aanaa| merA koI rakSaka nahIM hai, merA koI zaraNa-pradAtA nahIM hai, koI merA nAtha (svAmI) nahIM hai- isa 385 384. ThANAgasUtra-4/1/247 AcArAMgasUtra - 5/2/509 386. AcArAMgasUtra - 2/2/239 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti anuprekSA ke sAtha mana-mastiSka ko jor3anA yA yoga karanA hI azaraNa kI anuprekSA kI yoga-sAdhanA hai| tanAva utpanna karane ke sahAyaka tatva dhana, padArtha aura parivAra haiN| ye saba hamAre astitva se bhinna haiM, isakA jJAna anuprekSA se hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, 'para' ko 'para' samajhane kA jJAna isI anuprekSA se hotA hai| apanI surakSA apane astitva meM hai / azaraNa kI anuprekSA rAga-tyAga kI sAdhanA hai| rAga-dveSa se pare vyakti tanAvamukta jIvana vyatIta karatA hai / 3. saMsAra - anuprekSA yaha saMsAra janma-maraNa kA cakra hai| jaba taka janma-maraNa calatA rahegA, vyakti tanAvagrasta hotA rahegA / vyakti kI saMsAra ke prati Asakti hI tanAva kA kAraNa hai| vaha saMsAra ke duHkhoM ko sahana to karatA hai, para una duHkhoM kI jar3a ko samApta karane kA vicAra nahIM krtaa| saMsAra - anuprekSA meM sAdhaka saMsAra ke duHkhoM, janma - jarA - maraNa kI pIr3AoM aura cAroM gatiyoM ke kaSTa para vicAra karatA hai| vaha tanAva banAne vAle isa saMsAra se mukta hokara mokSa kI abhilASA karatA hai| yaha sampUrNa saMsAra aura saMsAra ke prANI ekAMta duHkha se duHkhI haiM, kahIM bhI sukha kA leza nahIM hai 387 isa para bhI vicAra karatA haiN| yaha saMsAra hI tanAvagrasta hone kA kAraNa hai aura tanAvamukta avasthA hI mokSa hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zabdoM meM- "pAsa loe mahabmayaM, arthAt tU saMsAra ko mahAbhayAnaka rUpa meM dekha | 388 -- - isa prakAra anucintana karane se vyakti meM tanAvoM se mukti aura saMsAra se mukti pAne kI prabala icchA jAga uThatI hai aura vaha mokSaprApti ke lie samyak prayatna karatA hai / 387 sUtrakRtAMga - 17/11 388 AcArAMgasUtra 6/1 199 4. ekatva - anuprekSA ekatva se tAtparya hai- bhIr3a meM bhI akelA honA, arthAt yaha dhAraNA ki maiM akelA AyA thA aura akelA hI jAU~gA, zeSa saba saMyogajanya haiN| jaina-dharma kA yaha mAnanA hai ki tanAva kA mUla kAraNa rAga-dveSa haiM aura ye donoM hI 'para' ke kAraNa hote haiN| ekatva - anuprekSA meM 'para' ko 'para' samajhA jAtA hai aura sAdhaka kI dRSTi Atmakendrita ho jAtI hai isa anuprekSA meM jo vastueM bAharI hai, unase sAdhaka ke citta meM virakti ho hI jAtI hai, vaha apane manobhAvoM ko bhI apanA nahIM mAnatA, sirpha apane Atmika - guNoM ko hI apanA mAnatA hai / - For Personal & Private Use Only

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200 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti __ zeSa anuprekSAe~ bhI isI taraha hamAre mamatva yA rAgabhAva ko samApta kara hameM tanAvamukti yA mokSa kI dizA meM le jAtI haiN| . . kAyotsarga "kAyotsarga' zabda kA zAbdika artha hai- zarIra kA utsarga . karanA, lekina jIvita vyakti zarIra kA tyAga kara de, to vaha jIvita hI nahIM rhegaa| yahAM para zarIra tyAga se tAtparya zarIra aura AtmA ke bhedavijJAna ke dvArA zarIra ke prati mamatva kA tyAga hai| zarIra aura AtmA ke bheda-vijJAna ke dvArA zarIra ke prati mamatvabuddhi kA tyAga karanA kAyotsarga hai, kyoMki yahI mamatvabuddhi tanAvaM kA mukhya kAraNa hai| kAyotsarga kA prayoga tanAvamukti kA prayoga hai| kAyotsarga zarIra meM rahe hue tanAva aura mamatva se hone vAlI mAnasika azAMti ko dUra karato hai| kAyotsarga kA mUla artha to zarIra ke prati mamatva kA parityAga hai| mamatva ke visarjana se tadjanya tanAva kA visarjana hotA hai| AdhyAtmika-dRSTi se zarIra ke prati mamatva ke tyAga kA artha hai- zarIra se AtmA kA bhed-krnaa| ___ DaoN. sAgaramalajI ke zabdoM meM- "kisI sImita samaya ke lie zarIra ke Upara rahe hue mamatva kA parityAga kara zArIrika kriyAoM kI caMcalatA ko samApta karane kA jo prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai, vahI kAyotsarga hai|"389 AcArya bhadrabAha Avazyakaniyukti meM zuddha kAyotsarga ke saMbaMdha meM prakAza DAlate hue likhate haiM- "cAhe koI bhaktibhAva se zarIra para candana lagAe, cAhe koI dveSavaza use vasUle se chIle, cAhe jIvana rahe, cAhe usI kSaNa mRtyu A jAe, parantu jo sAdhaka deha se Asakti nahIM rakhatA hai, ukta saba sthitiyoM meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, vastutaH, usI kA kAyotsarga zuddha hotA hai|"39 kAyotsarga meM sAdhaka apane zarIra ke prati rahe hue mamatva kA tyAga karatA hai| ___ vyakti ne apanI zArIrika evaM mAnasika sukha-suvidhA ke jitane sAdhana juTAe haiM, ve sAdhana hI usake lie azAMti ke kAraNa bana rahe haiN| usakI zArIrika-kAmanAeM jaba taka pUrNa nahIM hotI, mAnasika azAMti banI rahatI hai| jaba taka zarIra se Asakti rahegI, icchAe~ aura AkAMkSAe~ 389. jaina, boddha aura gItA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR.-404 190. Avazyakaniyukti, 1548, udadhRta zramaNasUtra, pR.-99 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti janma letI rheNgii| kisI kI bhI sArI icchAe~ aura AkAMkSAe~ Aja taka na to pUrNa huI hai aura na hI kabhI pUrNa hogii| yaha eka duScakra hai, jisameM vyakti niraMtara gatizIla banA rahatA hai| yaha gatizIlatA vyakti meM tanAva utpanna karatI hai, usakI mAnasika evaM zArIrika svasthatA ko vikRta kara detI hai| kAyotsarga zarIra ke prati hamArI Asakti ko kama karate hue zarIra se AtmA ke bheda ko spaSTa karatA hai| bheda - vijJAna kI sAdhanA dRr3ha ho jAne para vyakti kI daihika - kaSTa yA duHkha sahana karane kI kSamatA bar3ha jAtI hai| usakI yaha dhAraNA bana jAtI hai ki yaha duHkha aura kaSTa zarIra ko ho rahA hai, mujhe arthAt AtmA ko nahIM aura yaha zarIra to eka dina vinAza ko prApta hone vAlA hai, zarIra ke prati merI mamatvabuddhi hI mere tanAvagrasta hone kA kAraNa hai| aisA socanA bhI vyakti ko tanAvamukta banA detA hai| jaina - sAdhanA meM kAyotsarga kA mahattva bahuta adhika hai| "pratyeka anuSThAna ke pUrva kAyotsarga kI paramparA hai| 397 kAyotsarga kA mahatva batAte hue Avazyaka niyukti meM likhA hai- kAyotsarga saba duHkhoM se mukta karane vAlA hai, saba duHkhoM se chuTakArA dene vAlA hai, 392 kyoMki kAyotsarga sabhI prakAra ke tanAva se mukti dene vAlA hai| kAyotsarga kI pahalI niSpatti hai - tanAvamukti / * kAyotsarga kI vidhi kAyotsarga khar3e rahakara, baiThakara aura leTakara - tInoM mudrAoM meM kiyA jAtA hai| khar3e rahakara kAyotsarga karanA uttama kAyotsarga, baiThakara karanA madhyama kAyotsarga aura leTakara karanA . sAmAnya kAyotsarga hai / 391 392 393 393 pahalA caraNa - khar3e hokara kAyotsarga kA saMkalpa kareM- "tatsa uttarIkaraNeNaM pAyAcchita karaNeNaM, visohikaraNeNaM, visallIkaraNeNaM pAvANaM kammANaM nigdhAyaNaTThAe ThAmi kaausggN|" 201 -- arthAt, maiM zArIrika, mAnasika aura bhAvanAtmaka - tanAvoM se mukta hone ke lie kAyotsarga kA saMkalpa karatA hU~ / jaina, bauddha, aura gItA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 404 Avazyaka 1476 jIvana vijJAna aura jaina vidyA prAyogika, pR. - 33 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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202 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti dUsarA caraNa - tAr3Asana kreN| tIsarA caraNa - pITha ke bala leTeM, zarIra ko zithila chor3a deM, AMkheM baMda, zvAsa manda, zarIra ko sthira rkheN| pratyeka avayava meM zIze kI bhAMti bhArIpana kA anubhava kareM (eka minaTa), pratyeka avayava meM rUI kI bhAMti halkepana kA anubhava kareM (do mintt)| cauthA caraNa - dAeM paira ke aMgUThe para citta ko kendrita kareM, zithilatA kA sujhAva deN| aMgUThe kA pUrA bhAga zithila ho jAe, aMgUThA zithila ho rahA hai, anubhava kareM- aMgUThA zithila ho gayA hai| isI prakAra, aMgulI evaM paMje se lekara kaTibhAga taka, phira bAeM paira ke aMgUThe se kaTibhAga taka, phira peDU se sira taka pratyeka avayava para citta ko kendrita kareM, zithilatA kA sujhAva deM aura usakA anubhava kreN| (pandraha minaTa) zarIra ke pratyeka avayava ke prati jAgarUka rheN| zarIra ke cAroM ora zveta raMga ke pravAha kA anubhava kreN| zarIra ke kaNa-kaNa meM zAMti kA anubhava kreN| pAMcavAM caraNa - paira ke aMgUThe se sira taka citta aura prANa kI yAtrA kreN| tIna dIrghazvAsa ke sAtha kAyotsarga sampanna kreN| dIrghazvAsa ke sAtha pratyeka avayava meM sakriyatA kA anubhava kreN| baiThane kI mudrA meM aaeN| zaraNaM sUtra kA uccAraNa kreN| "vaMde sacca" se kAyotsarga sampanna kreN| kAyotsarga se lAbha- AcArya bhadrabAhu ne kAyotsarga ke pAMca lAbha batAeM 1. dehajAr3ayazaddhi - zleSma Adi ke dvArA deha meM jar3atA AtI hai| kAyotsarga se zarIra meM zleSma Adi doSa dUra hote haiN| cUMki zarIra evaM mana kI zuddhi se tanAvamukti kA saMbaMdha hai, ataH kAyotsarga kI sAdhanA se deha kI jar3atA dUra hokara zarIra meM sphUrti AtI hai, jo zarIra ko tanAvamukta banAtI hai| 2. matijADyazuddhi - kAyotsarga se zarIra ke sAtha-sAtha mana kI pravRtti kendrita ho jAtI hai, citta ekAgra hotA hai, usase buddhi kI jar3atA * 394. Avazyakaniyukti- 146 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti samApta hotI hai| jaba buddhi kI jar3atA samApta hogI, to usase sahI samajha evaM sahI soca-vicAra karane kI kSamatA bar3ha jAegI, jo tanAvamukti meM sahAyaka hogii| 3. sukha - duHkha titikSA kAyotsarga se deha aura AtmA kI pRthakatA kA pUrNa vizvAsa ho jAtA hai, ataH vyakti kA deha ke prati mamatvabhAva kama hone lagatA hai| isase usameM sukha - duHkha sahana karane kI kSamatA bar3ha jAtI hai aura vaha duHkha ko samabhAva se sahana kara apane mAnasika saMtulana ko vikRta nahIM hone detA hai / 4. anuprekSA prekSAdhyAna ke pratyeka anuSThAna ke pUrva kAyotsarga kiyA jAtA hai| kAyotsarga se vyakti anuprekSA evaM prekSA - prakriyA ko sthiratApUrvaka kara sakatA hai| -- 5. dhyAna kAyotsarga se zubhadhyAna kA abhyAsa sahaja ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra tanAvamukti dhyAna-sAdhanA kI pahalI zarta hai| kAyotsarga ke anya kaI lAbha haiM, jinakA mukhya uddezya kAyotsarga se tanAvamukti hI hai / 6. kAyotsarga se alphA taraMga vikasita hotI hai| 395 kAyotsarga se pUrNataH tanAva mukti mila sakatI hai| -- 203 395 yadi vijJAna ke saMdarbha meM ise samajhane kA pratyana kareM, to yaha . bAta siddha ho jAtI hai, kyoMki mastiSka meM kaI taraMgeM haiM- alphA, bITA, thITA, gAmA Adi / jaba-jaba alphA taraMgeM hotI hai, mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti milatI hai, zAMti kA anubhava hotA hai| kAyotsarga meM alphA taraMgoM ko vikasita hone kA maukA milatA hai| kAyotsarga kiyA aura alphA taraMgeM uThane lagatI haiM, phalataH mAnasika - tanAva ghaTane lagatA hai / 7. cittazuddhi - tanAvamukti se citta - vizuddhi hotI hai / citta kI zuddhi honA aura citta kI zuddhi ke lie zarIra kI sthiratA kA honA Avazyaka hai / zarIra kI sthiratA hue binA citta kI sthiratA sambhava nahIM ho sakatI hai, kyoMki usa sthiti meM mana zAMta nahIM hotA, smRtiyAM zAMta nahIM hotI, kalpanAeM samApta nahIM hotI aura tanAvagrastA adhika bar3ha jAtI hai / kAyotsarga meM zarIra ko sthira karane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA haiN| zarIra ke sthira hone se vANI ko bhI virAma milatA hai| vANI zArIrika - avayavoM kI caMcalatA ke binA sambhava nahIM hai| vANI kA virAma milane para mana ke mahAvIra kA svAsthya zAstra, mahAprajJa, pR. 108 For Personal & Private Use Only

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204 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti . saMkalpa-vikalpa bhI thama jAte haiM, vaicArika sthiratA AtI hai, jo tanAva-mukti kA AdhAra hai| bhojana-saMbaMdhI vidhiyA~ - - bahuta purAnI kahAvata hai- 'jaisA khAe anna, vaisA hove mn'| AhAra manuSya kI prAthamika AvazyakatA hai| AhAra bhI manuSya ke tanAva ko dUra karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai, sAtha hI, vaha usake vyaktitva kA nirmANa bhI karatA hai| saMtulita AhAra ke abhAva meM jahA~ eka ora lAkhoM loga bhUkha se marate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora, AvazyakatA se adhika khAkara lAkhoM loga marate haiN| eka ora, AhAra ke abhAva bhUkha kI vedanA se tanAva utpanna hote haiM, to vahIM dUsarI ora, AhAra kI lAlasA yAM svAda-lolupatA bhI tanAva utpanna karatI hai| tAmasika-AhAra se zArIrika evaM mAnasika svAsthya kI samasyAeM bar3hatI jA rahI haiM mAnasika-asaMtulana kA eka kAraNa asaMtulita AhAra bhI hai| AcArya mahAprajJajI apanI pustaka 'citta aura mana meM yahA~ taka likhate haiM'asaMtulita bhojana ke kAraNa bhI AdamI pAgala bana jAtA hai| jaba bhojana saMtulita hotA hai, to mastiSka bhI ThIka se kAma karatA haiM, usakA bhI saMtulana banA rahatA hai, kintu asaMtulita bhojana vyakti ke svabhAva ko cir3acir3A va krodhI banA detA hai| jainadharma ke zAstroM meM saMtulita bhojana ko ucita AhAra va asaMtulita bhojana ko anucita AhAra kahA gayA hai| ucita AhAra ko grahaNa karake aura anucita AhAra kA tyAga karake vyakti apanI bhogAsakti para vijaya prApta kara letA hai| kahate haiM -sabhI kAryoM meM vAyukAya kI hiMsA se virata honA kaThina hai, sabhI karmoM meM mohanIya-karma para vijaya pAnA kaThina hai aura pA~coM indriyoM meM rasanendriya ko vaza meM karanA kaThina hai| vastutaH, jisane isa rasanendriya para vijaya prApta kara lI, vaha vyakti mAnasika-zAMti kI usa avasthA ko prApta kara letA hai, jise jainadharma meM mokSa kahate haiN| jaina-vicAraNA me gRhI-jIvana meM AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA ke vikAsa kI uccatama avasthA ko arthAt mokSa ko pAne ke lie jina pratimAoM kA varNana kiyA hai, unheM zrAvaka pratimA kahate haiN| ina gyAraha pratimAoM meM sAtavIM pratimA anucita AhAra-vihAra se saMbaMdhita hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka * adhyayana meM ina pratimAoM ko zrAvaka-jIvana kI vibhinna kakSAeM kahA For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 205 gayA hai aura yaha varNita kiyA gayA hai ki- "sAdhanA kI isa sAtavIM kakSA taka Akara gRhastha upAsaka apane vaiyaktika-jIvana kI dRSTi se apanI vAsanAoM evaM AvazyakatAoM kA paryApta rUpa se parisImana kara letA hai|"396 bhojana karane meM manuSya kA uddezya mAtra peTa bharanA, svAsthya-prApti yA svAda kI pUrti hI nahIM hai, apitu mAnasika va cAritrika-vikAsa karanA bhI hai| AhAra kA hamAre AcAra, vicAra evaM vyavahAra se gaharA saMbaMdha hai| AhAra kA hamAre mana para bahuta gaharA prabhAva par3atA hai, ataH manonigraha ke lie AhAra kA saMtulita honA Avazyaka hai| __udAharaNa ke lie, jo loga mAMsAhArI bhojana karate haiM, unameM karuNA, dayA kI bhAvanA bahuta kama hotI hai| manuSya kI bhAvanA hI usake koM ko prabhAvita karatI hai| "mAMsAhAra se mastiSka kI sahanazIlatA kI zakti va sthiratA kA hAsa hotA hai, vAsanA va uttejanA bar3hAne vAlI pravRtti panapatI hai, krUratA evaM nirdayatA bar3hatI hai|" 397 mAMsAhAra dvArA komala bhAvanAoM kA naSTa honA va svArthaparatA, nirdayatA Adi bhAvanAoM kA panapanA hI Aja vizva meM bar3hate hue tanAva kA mukhya kAraNa hai| . kisI bAlaka ko zurU se hI mAMsAhAra karAyA jAtA hai, to vaha use sahaja bhAva se grahaNa nahIM kara pAtA hai, usa vakta usake andara jo dayA-bhAva hai, use vaha mAratA hai, kintu isakA use patA bhI nahIM calatA hai| bar3e hote-hote usake aMdara se dayA, karuNA evaM prema kI bhAvanA samApta ho jAtI hai aura usake hadaya meM apane svArtha ke lie hiMsA, ghRNA, krUratA A jAtI hai| mAMsAhAra vAsanAoM ko vaise hI bhar3akAtA hai, jaise Aga meM ghI DAlane para Aga aura bhar3aka jAtI hai| vAsanAe~ jaba pUrI nahIM hotI haiM, yA unakI tRpti meM bAdhA AtI hai, to krodha utpanna hotA hai| krodha meM sahI-galata kA viveka samApta ho jAtA hai aura jahAM viveka nahIM hotA, vahAM mAnavIya-guNoM kA vinAza apanI jagaha banA letA hai| mAMsabhakSaNa hara dharma meM niSiddha hai| hara dharma ke zAstra, cAhe hinduoM ke hoM, yA musalamAnoM ke, jainoM ke hoM, yA bauddhoM ke, mAMsAhAra ko kevala svAsthya ke asaMtulana kA hI nahIM, varan mAnasika asaMtulana kA bhI 396 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR.321 97 zAkAhAra yA mAMsAhAra - phaisalA ApakA, gopInAtha agravAla, pR. 31 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #208
206 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai| mAMsAhArI hiMsaka hote haiM aura hiMsaka vyakti pUre vizva meM azAMti aura tanAva utpanna kara detA hai| mahAbhArata meM likhA hai- "jo saba prANiyoM para dayA karatA haiM aura mAMsabhakSaNa kabhI nahIM karatA, vaha svayaM bhI kisI prANI se nahIM DaratA hai| vaha niroga aura sukhI hotA hai|"398 jo manuSya kisI bhI prANI ko pIr3A yA kleza nahIM detA hai, vaha sabakA hitacintaka puruSa anaMta sukha bhogate hue tanAvamukta rahatA hai| . jainadarzana meM to yahAM taka kahA gayA hai ki mAMsabhakSaNa karane se vyakti hara janma meM duHkhI hotA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra ke cauthe sthAna meM yaha varNita hai - cauhi ThANehiM jIvA airatiyattAe kammaM pakareMti, taM jahAmahArammtAha mahA parimyahayAte pacidiyavaheNaM kuNimAhAreNaM / / 399 - arthAt, mahArambha karane se, atyanta mamatva karane se, paMcendriya jIvoM ke vadha se, mAMsa-bhakSaNa karane se prANI naraka meM jAte haiN| vahAM nimeSa-mAtra ke lie bhI unheM sukha prApta nahIM hotA hai|" jainadharma-darzana meM to rAtri bhojana kA bhI niSedha hai, kyoMki rAtri meM jIva-hiMsA adhika hotI hai aura hameM patA bhI nahIM calatA hai ki bhojana ke sAtha kaI sUkSma jIva jIvita yA mRta dazA meM hamAre zarIra cale jAte haiM, jo hamAre svAsthya ko bigAr3a sakate haiN| zArIrika svAsthya ke lie bhI AhAra-viveka Avazyaka hai| asaMtulita bhojana zArIrika tanAva paidA kara detA hai aura zArIrika tanAva mAnava kI mAnasikatA ko prabhAvita karatA hai| jo bhI tattva hamAre zarIra para prabhAva DAlate haiM, ve zarIra ke sAtha-sAtha vyakti ke vyaktitva evaM bhAvoM para bhI asara karate haiN|" yoga meM tIna prakAra ke bhojana kA varNana milatA haisAtvika bhojana, rAjasika bhojana tathA tAmasika-bhojana / "400 - sAtvika bhojana karane se zarIra meM prANa kA pravAha ucita rUpa se hotA hai aura mana bhI zAMta, sakArAtmaka aura niyaMtraNa meM rahatA hai| jaba zarIra meM prANa-pravAha kA saMtulana hotA hai, to uttejanAe~ zAMta hotI 398 mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva, zrI pyAracaMdajI, pR. 13 399 sthAnAMgasUtra, cauthA sthAna mana ko niyaMtrita kara tanAvamukta kaise raheM - ema.ke. guptA, pR. 20 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #209
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jAtI haiN| sAtvika bhojana karane se zarIra puSTa aura niroga rahatA hai / aise bhojana ke udAharaNa haiM- pake hue phala, dUdha, sUkhe meve Adi / surezajI 'sarala' kI kRti 'zAkAhAra hI kyoM ?' meM bhI sAtvika evaM saMtulita bhojana ko hI tanAvamukti kA hetu ullekhita kiyA hai / unhoMne kahA hai - "jaba mana meM hIna bhAva Ane lageM, yA mAnasika - asaMtulana aura cir3acir3AhaTa Ane lageM, taba puruSa ho yA nArI - use socanA cAhiye ki usake AhAra se use apekSita viTAmina nahIM mila pA rahe haiN| aisI sthiti meM zuddha zAkAhArI, saMtulita evaM sAtvika bhojana kreN| 401 jaina-dharma ke anusAra, saMtulita bhojana karanA hI hamAre svAsthya evaM mAnasa ke lie, yahAM taka kI hamArI cetanA ke vikAsa ke lie ucita hai| asaMtulita bhojana zarIra aura mana donoM meM vikRti paidA karatA hai aura vyakti ko tanAvayukta banAtA hai, isalie bhojana ke sAtha-sAtha bhojana ke prakAra, parimANa evaM samaya kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAnA cAhie, tAki vyakti tanAvayukta raha sake / mAnasika-vidhiyAM - mana hamAre bhItara kI vaha zakti hai, jisakI sahAyatA se rAgI bhI vItarAgI bana sakatA hai| samagra saMkalpa, icchAe~, kAmanAe~ evaM rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ mana meM hI utpanna hotI haiM aura mana meM hI zAMta hotI haiN| mana sad-asad kA viveka karatA hai| mana meM hI tanAva paidA hotA hai aura mana hI hameM tanAva se mukta kara sakatA hai, ThIka vaise hI, jaise lohA hI lohe ko kATatA hai| maitrANyupaniSad meM likhA hai ki mana hI baMdhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai| 402 jainadarzana meM bhI baMdhana aura mukti kI dRSTi se mana kI apAra zakti mAnI gaI hai| 403 mana kI eka avasthA hai- caMcalatA, to mana kI dUsarI avasthA hai- zAMti / caMcalatA evaM ekAgratA cetanA kI avasthAeM haiN| mana hI nirAza hotA hai aura mana hI AzAnvita hotA hai| mana hI azAMta hotA hai| azAMta mana meM hI tanAva hote haiM aura zAMta mana tanAvamukta hotA hai| mana hI hameM kamajora banAtA hai aura mana hI zaktisampanna banAtA hai| agara hama mana kI sakArAtmaka zakti ko bar3hA leM, to mana hI 'amana ho jaaegaa| mana hI tanAvagrasta karatA hai aura mana hI tanAvamukta karatA hai| tanAvamukta mana ke lie nimna mAnasika-vidhiyAM 401 zAkAhArI hI kyoM ? 402 maitrANyupaniSad - 4/11 403 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 482 207 1 sureza 'sarala', pR. 21 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #210
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti haiN| ina vidhiyoM ke mAdhyama se vyakti kI manodazA meM kucha parivartana karane ke lie usakI icchAzakti kA vikAsa kiyA jAtA hai| ve vidhiyAM nimna haiM 208 ekAgratA yojanAbaddha-cintana sakArAtmaka soca 3. 1. ekAgratA jisa prakAra zArIrika vyAyAma se zarIra kI zakti meM vRddhi hotI hai, usI prakAra ekAgratA kA abhyAsa karane se mAnasikatanAva samApta karane meM mana ko zakti milatI hai| zaktizAlI mana jIvana kI kaThinAiyoM se utpanna tanAvoM kA sAmanA karane evaM unakA nivAraNa karane meM saphala hotA hai| mana vikalpoM meM ulajhA rahatA hai aura una vikalpoM kA nirasana mana kI ekAgratA se hI saMbhava hai| ekAgratA kA artha hai- eka samaya meM eka hI cintana meM lIna rahanA, arthAt vikalpoM se mukta hone kA abhyAsa karanA / vastutaH, dhyAna kI jitanI bhI vidhiyAM haiM, unakA ekamAtra lakSya yahI hai ki mana kI ekAgratA ho| ekAgratA hI vyakti ko vartamAna kSaNa meM jInA sikhAtI hai| vyakti yA to bhaviSya kI kalpanAoM meM khoyA rahatA hai yA phira atIta kA smaraNa karatA rahatA hai| bhaviSya kI kalpanAoM ke pUrNa na hone para, yA unakI pUrti meM bAdhAeM utpanna hone para mana tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai, yadi vyakti bhUtakAla ke duHkhada kSaNoM meM khoyA rahatA hai, to ve kSaNa usake mana ko azAMta evaM tanAvagrasta banA dete haiN| kabhI-kabhI to vyakti apane atIta meM itanA DUba jAtA hai ki vaha apanA mAnasika saMtulana bhI kho detA hai / jainadarzana ke anusAra, ekAgratA varttamAna kSaNa meM rahane kI vidhi hai, jo ki saphala aura sukhI jIvana kA eka Avazyaka guNa hai| eka jaina kavi kahA hai| 1. 404 2. "gata vastu soce nahIM, Agata vAMcchA nAya vartamAna meM vartte so hI, jJAnI jaga mAya / " AcArAMgasUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI kahA hai- khaNaM ! jAhi se paNDie / 404 AcArAMga meM anyatra yaha bhI likhA hai- "jJAnI atIta aura bhaviSya ke artha ko nahIM dekhte| kalpanA - mukta maharSi hI - AcArAMgasUtra - 1/3/3/60 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #211
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 209 anupazyI hotA hai aura karma-zarIra kA zoSaNa kara use kSINa kara DAlatA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki vartamAna kA anupazyI hI mana kI caMcalatA ko kSINa kara DAlatA hai| ekAgratA se kiyA gayA kArya sadaiva saphala hotA hai| dhyAna kI jitanI bhI prakriyAeM haiM, ve saba mana kI ekAgratA para hI nirbhara haiN| jaba taka mana kI ekAgratA nahIM hogI, dhyAna-sAdhanA saphala nahIM hogii| vastutaH, mana kI ekAgratA ke vikAsa ke lie hI dhyAna sAdhanA ke prayoga kie jAe~, to tanAva ko utpanna karane vAle kAraka samApta ho jAte hai| ThIka vaise hI jaise- "jo yogI AtmA kA dhyAna karatA hai, arthAt jJAtA-dRSTA bana jAtA haiM, vaha karmabandha ko naSTa kara detA hai| 405 ekAgratA ke bhI do rUpa hote haiM- eka vaha, jo tanAvamukta karatI hai aura dUsarI vaha, jo tanAva nirmita karatI hai| jaba vyakti eka biMdu para ekAgra ho jAtA hai, taba zeSa saMsAra se saMbaMdha tor3a letA hai| isake lie use sirpha usa biMdu para ekAgra hone kA prayatna karanA hotA hai| yadi aise prayatna icchA, AkAMkSA yA kAmanA se jur3e hote haiM, to ve tanAva utpanna karate haiM, kintu yadi ye hI prayatna yA puruSArtha jJAtAdRSTA-bhAva meM rahane ke lie hote haiM, to ve tanAvamukta karate haiN| citta ko ekAgra karane kA prayatna jaba taka sahaja rUpa meM nahIM hotA, taba taka vaha tanAva nirmita karatA hai aura yaha tanAva bhI mAnasika sthiti ko asta-vyasta karatA hai| ise jainadarzana meM ArtadhyAna aura raudradhyAna kahA gayA hai| sahaja ekAgratA ke abhAva meM vyakti na to mana kI caMcalatA ko zAMta kara pAtA hai aura na hI tanAvamukta ho pAtA hai, kyoMki usake mana meM sadaiva . kucha-na-kucha pAne kI cAha utpanna hotI rahatI hai| mana kI caMcalatA ko zAMta karane ke lie niSkAmabhAva se evaM sAkSIbhAva se jIvana jIne kA abhyAsa karanA caahie| dhyAna aura dhyAna kI sAdhanA siddha karane ke lie mana kI ekAgratA kA honA Avazyaka hai| tanAvamukti kA bhAna bhI sthira-citta hI karA sakatA hai| 'jaina sAdhanA-paddhati meM dhyAna yoga'406 meM likhA hai- rAgadveSAtmaka-jIvoM meM anukUlatA aura pratikUlatA kA kAraNa paristhiti nahIM, apitu mana hai aura rAgadveSAtmaka-vRttiyoM ke nirodha hote hI mana bhI sthira ho jAtA hai| aisA sthira mana hI AtmA ke mokSa kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai aura asthira mana AtmabhrAnti utpanna karatA hai| 405 samaNasuttaM - 494 406 jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAnayoga, DaoN. sAdhvI priyadarzanA, pR. 274 For Personal & Private Use Only

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210 . jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti tanAvamukta mana AtmA kA vAstavika pratinidhi hai aura tanAvayukta mana rAgAdi pariNati kA kAraNa hai| ekAgra hone kI alaga se koI vidhi nahIM hai| vastutaH, dhyAna karane kI jitanI bhI vidhiyAM haiM, ve sabhI mana ke ekAgra hone kI vidhiyAM haiN| mana kI ekAgratA kA mAtra itanA hI lakSya hai ki hamArA pUrA citta usI kAma meM honA cAhie, jo kAma hama vartamAna kSaNa meM kara rahe haiN| agara hama ha~sate haiM, to hamArA pUrA dhyAna ha~sane meM honA caahie| khulakara ha~sanA caahie| ha~sate raho aura mana ko usI ha~sI kA draSTA banAe rkho| usa vakta sirpha haMsane se vyakti tanAva se mukta ho jAtA hai, usa pala meM sivAya ha~sane ke kucha yAda nahIM rahatA, kisI tanAva kA ehasAsa nahIM hotaa| aisA karane se kAma bhI ThIka hogA, ekAgratA bhI bar3hegI tathA tanAva ghaTate-ghaTate vyakti eka dina nirvikalpa-dazA ko prApta kara tanAvamukta ho jaaegaa| 2. yojanAbaddha cintana - tanAva ke janma kA mukhya kAraNa asaphalatA se pIr3ita kuThAe hotI haiN| asaphalatA kA mUla kAraNa kisI bhI samasyA ke saMdarbha meM yojanAbaddha tarIke se cintana nahIM karanA hai| tanAvoM se mukta hone ke lie yojanAbaddha cintana Avazyaka hai| yojanAbaddha cintana kA artha hai ki jo kArya hamane apane hAtha meM liyA thA, usameM asaphalatA ke mukhya kAraNa kyA rahe haiM? asaphalatA ke una kAraNoM ko samyak prakAra se samajhakara Age ke lie suvyasthita aura suniyojita kArya-vidhi apanAnA yojanAbaddha cintana hai| isameM kisI bhI kArya meM saphalatA ko prApta karane ke lie usameM bAdhaka-sAdhaka pakSoM kA vicAra karanA hotA hai tathA yaha samajhanA hotA hai ki bAdhaka-pakSoM kA nirAkaraNa kaise hogA aura sAdhaka-pakSoM kA upayoga kaise hogA? ise hI hama yojanAbaddha cintana kaha sakate haiN| saMkSepa meM, kisI yojanA kI asaphalatA ke kAraNoM kA nirAkaraNa aura usakI saphalatA ke sAdhanoM kA samyaka upayoga hI usa yojanA ko saphala banAtA hai| avyavasthita cintana meM vyakti vastutaH apane acetana mana ko niyaMtrita karane ke bajAya usase hI niyaMtrita hotA hai aura saphalatA ke lie yathArtha ko bhUlakara kAlpanika ur3AneM bharane lagatA hai| phalataH, apane lakSya ko prApta karane meM vaha viphala ho jAtA hai| ye viphalatAe~ kuMThA ko janma detI haiM aura kuMThA kI avasthA meM vyakti avyavasthita rUpa se vyavahAra karane lagatA hai| ataH, yojanAbaddha cintana kA artha hai- cetana mana ko pUrI taraha sajaga banAkara For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 211 yathArtha kI bhUmikA para lakSya kI prApti ke lie vyavasthita ciMtana krnaa| jainadarzana meM lakSya kI prApti meM bAdhaka tattva ko pramAda kahA gayA hai| pramAda kI avasthA meM hamArA cetana mana supta ho jAtA hai aura acetana mana sakriya ho jAtA hai| acetana mana yathArtha ko samajhane ke bajAe kapola-kalpanA ke dvArA lakSya ko pAne kA asamyak prayatna karatA hai| yadi tanAvoM se mukta honA hai, to jainadarzana ke anusAra usakI sabase pramukha zarta yaha hai ki apramatta aura sajaga hokara jiieN| jainadarzana meM pramAda ko hI baMdhana kA aura duHkha kA hetu batAyA gayA hai, ataH jainadarzana ke anusAra, tanAvamukti ke lie hameM cetanA ke stara para sajaga honA hogaa| jaba cetanA sajaga hotI hai, to vaha yathArtha aura Adarza ke madhya eka aise setu kA nirmANa karatI hai, jo lakSya kI prApti meM sahAyaka hotA hai| yathArtha kI bhUmikA para khar3e hokara Adarza kI prApti kA lakSya banAnA aura usa ora gati karanA- yahI jainadarzana ke anusAra yojanAbaddha cintana hai| isake mAdhyama se vyakti saphalatA ko prApta kara asaphalatAjanya kuMThA se utpanna tanAvoM se mukta ho sakatA hai| 3. sakArAtmaka socie - svastha, prasanna aura tanAvamukta jIvana jIne kI pahalI zarta hai- sakArAtmaka soc| vastuta; vyaktigata, pArivArika, sAmAjika, rASTrIya tathA samasta vizva kI samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa sakArAtmaka soca se hI saMbhava hai| mAnasika-zAMti aura pragati ke lie apanI vicAradhArA ko sakArAtmaka banAnA hogaa| jaina muni. candraprabhajI likhate haiM- 'sakArAtmaka soca kA svAmI sadA dhArmika hI hotA hai|"407 sakArAtmaka kA artha hai- sahI DhaMga se vicAra karanA evaM sahI samajha honaa| jainadarzana ke anusAra, samyagdRSTi honA hI sakArAtmaka-soca hai| samyagdarzana se hI sakArAtmaka soca kA prArambha hotA hai| samyagdarzana kA mUla artha hai- yathArtha dRSTikoNa, samyagdRSTikoNa honaa| isakA bhAvArtha yahI hai ki sahI samajha honA yA sakArAtmaka soca honaa| jahA~ sahI samajha hotI hai, vahA~ vyakti ke vyavahAra meM vinamratA, sthiratA aura sahanazIlatA AtI hai| jo vyakti apane jIvana ko samyaka rUpa se jItA hai, usameM sakArAtmaka soca svataH hI utpanna ho jAtI hai| agara dRSTikoNa sahI nahIM hai, to vyakti apane vyavahAra aura jJAna ko samyak nahIM banA sktaa| jaba vyakti kA jJAna samyaka nahIM hotA hai, to vyakti tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| sakArAtmaka soca ke abhAva meM vyakti 407 sakArAtmaka socie, saphalatA pAie - zrI candraprabha sAgara, pR.1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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212 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti asaphalatA ko pAtA hai, phalataH, udAsI evaM avasAda meM calA jAtA hai| sakArAtmaka soca jIvana meM saphalatA kA mUla maMtra hai| vyakti kI soca usake dainika jIvana ke kriyAkalApoM tathA AcAra-vyavahAra ko sIdhA prabhAvita karatI hai| mokSapAhuDa meM likhA hai- jo samyagdarzana se zuddha hai vahI nirvANa prApta karatA hai| samyagdarzana-vihIna puruSa icchita lAbha prApta nahIM kara paataa|408 daMsaNapAhuDa meM bhI yaha aMkita kiyA gayA hai kisamyagdarzana se bhraSTa vyakti ko kabhI bhI nirvANa kI prApti nahIM hotI kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki jo samyagdRSTi jIva hai, jo sakArAtmaka vicAra vAlA vyakti hai, vahI mokSa prApta karatA hai aura tanAvamukta avasthA hI mokSa hai| samyagdRSTikoNa ke abhAva meM vyakti saphalatA prApta nahIM kara sktaa| vaha apanI samyaka icchAoM ko bhI pUrNa karane meM asaphala ho jAtA hai| kisI vyakti dvArA jo bhI kArya kiye jAte haiM, ve pahale soca ke rUpa meM usake mAnasika-paTala para ubharate haiN| jisakI soca sakArAtmaka hogI, usakA mAnasika saMtulana banA rahegA aura agara soca nakArAtmaka rahI, to vyakti tanAvagrasta ho jaaegaa| jainadarzana ke anusAra samyagdRSTikoNa ko sakArAtmaka soca kahA gayA hai| vyakti kA mithyA dRSTikoNa usakI nakArAtmaka soca kA sUcaka hai| nakArAtmaka soca kA pariNAma ciMtA aura tanAva hai| muni candraprabhajI likhate hai- 'mastiSka meM jaisA DAloge, vaha vApasa vahI degaa|', arthAt agara nakArAtmaka-soca hai, to usakA pariNAma bhI nakArAtmaka hI hogA aura jo sakArAtmaka-soca hogI, to mAnasika saMtulana banA rahegA, pariNAma meM vaha samyaka-AcAra aura vyAvahArika-dizA hI degaa| Aja kI zailI meM kaheM, to kampyUTara meM jo 'DATA phIDa' kareMge, kampyUTara vaisA hI pariNAma degaa| nakArAtmaka vicAra apane mana ko azAMta, baicena aura azuddha banAte haiN| "nakArAtmaka soca vyakti ko zaktihIna banA detI hai, jabaki vidhAyaka-vicAra Apako zakti pradAna karate haiM aura cetanA ko zuddha banAte haiN| jaba hamArA mana nakArAtmaka rUpa se Avezita hotA hai, taba prANa ke pravAha meM bAdhA utpanna hone lagatI hai aura prANa-pravAha meM 408 mokSa pAhaDI - 39, samaNasuttaM, 224 409 darzana pAhuDI - 3, samaNasuttaM, 223 sakArAtmaka socie. zrI candraprabha sAgara, pR. 3 all mana ko niyaMtrita kara tanAvamukta kaise raheM ?. ema.ke. guptA, pR. 35 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti asaMtulana kaI vikRtiyoM ko utpanna karatA hai| yaha vyakti ko kamajora aura AlasI banA detA haiN| aisI sthiti meM vyakti kisI bhI kArya meM saphalatA prApta nahIM kara pAtA aura pariNAmasvarUpa vaha tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai, kintu jaba mana sakArAtmaka rUpa se Avezita hotA hai, taba isake viparIta pariNAma hote haiM, prANa-pravAha saMtulita hotA hai, vyakti meM eka UrjA utpanna hotI hai, jo usake kArya ko saphala banAtI hai aura safalatA vyakti ko tanAvamukta rakhatI hai| kaI tattva aise hote haiM, jo hamArI soca ko prabhAvita karate haiN| soca ko prabhAvita karane vAlI sthitiyoM meM jo vyakti sakArAtmaka - vicAra karatA haiM, vaha tanAvagrasta nahIM hotA hai, kintu nakArAtmaka - vicAra karane vAle vyakti tanAvagrasta ho jAte haiM / soca ko prabhAvita karane vAle tattva - (a) vyakti kI zikSA- vyakti jisa stara kI zikSA prApta karatA hai, usakI soca bhI utanI hI vikasita hotI hai| zikSA sirpha AjIvikA calAne yA vyavasAya karane taka hI sImita nahIM hai, zikSA se vyakti ke vicAra va saMskAra bhI banate haiN| ucca stara kI zikSA prApta karane vAle vyakti kI soca bhI ucca rahatI hai| usameM yaha kSamatA hotI hai ki vaha tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM bhI saMgharSa kara tanAvamukti ko prApta karatA hai / (ba) vAtAvaraNa 'jisa vAtAvaraNa meM vyakti rahatA hai, usakI soca bhI usI vAtAvaraNa ke anurUpa hotI hai| jaisA vAtAvaraNa milegA, vaisA hI vikAsa hogaa| baccA agara dUSita aura kalaha ke vAtAvaraNa meM rahegA, toM usake vicAroM meM galata dhAraNAeM utpanna hoNgii| usakI mAnasikatA IrSyA, kalaha, chala, kapaTa Adi kI hogI / galata vicAra aura galata mAnasikatA mAnasika saMtulana ko astavyasta kara detI hai| isake viparIta, agara soca samyak hogI, to jIvana meM sukha-zAMti rahegI / - (sa) jIvana meM arjita hone vAle anubhava vyakti kI soca aura mAnasikatA ko prabhAvita karane vAlA yaha tIsarA tattva hai| jIvana meM lagane vAlI ThokareM hI sambhalanA sikhAtI haiM / atIta meM huI galatiyoM ko galatiyAM mAnakara varttamAna meM jInA tanAvamukti ke lie sabase sarala upAya hai, kintu vyakti atIta meM hue hAdasoM aura galatiyoM ko bhI sahI samajhakara unheM gale se lagAe rakhatA hai, jo use tanAvagrasta kara dete haiM tathA usameM nakArAtmaka soca utpanna karate haiN| jIvana meM arjita vAleM 213 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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214 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti anubhava ko anubhava ke AdhAra para hI rakhakara sakArAtmaka soca rakhanA tanAvamukti kA sarala upAya hai| sakArAtmaka soca banAe rakhane ke lie sahAyaka tattva - 1. . krodha ke sthAna para zAMti ko mahatva deN| krodha nakArAtmaka soca ko janma detA hai, nakArAtmaka soca azAnti ko aura azAnti duHkha yA tanAva ko janma detI hai, isalie krodha ko jIvanazailI kA aMga nahIM bnaaeN| 2. susaMskAroM ko grahaNa kreN| vyakti ko aise mAhaula yA vAtAvaraNa meM rahanA cAhie jahAM acche saMskAra die jAte hoN| 3. ucca stara kI zikSA grahaNa kre| baccoM ko vaijJAnika ke sAtha-sAtha AdhyAtmika zikSA bhI de| 4. hara paristhiti meM prasanna raheM va sakArAtmaka soca rkheN| 'jo hotA hai, acche ke lie hotA hai" aisI vicAradhArA rkheN| 5. atIta kI galatiyoM se sIkha leM aura sArthaka soca ke sAtha vartamAna kSaNa meM jieN| muni candraprabhajI likhate haiM- 'nakArAtmaka-vicAra anAyAsa hI cale Ate haiM, kintu sakArAtmaka vicAra ko svayaM ke prayAsa se lAnA hotA hai|*12 ataH, sakArAtmaka soca ko lAne kA prayAsa karate rahanA cAhie, tAki vyakti tanAvamukta rhe| sakArAtmaka soca kI upalabdhiyAM - sakArAtmaka soca se nirAzA, tanAva, ghuTana samApta ho jAtI hai, kisI bhI kArya ko karane meM eka utsAha utpanna hotA hai| sakArAtmakasoca se vyakti meM Atma-vizvAsa jAga jAtA hai, jo use saphalatA ke zikhara para pahuMcAtA hai| sArthaka soca vyakti ke krodha ko niyaMtraNa meM rakhatI hai| vaha vyakti meM se IrSyA, baira, lobha kI bhAvanA ko samApta kara detI hai| vidhAyaka vicAra, karane se vyakti pratikUla paristhitiyoM ko bhI apane anukUla banA letA hai| vidhAyaka mana ke bane rahane se vyakti apane cAroM aura vidhAyaka spaMdanoM kI AbhA kA sRjana kara letA hai, jisase svayaM ko hI nahIM, balki jo bhI usake saMparka meM AtA hai, use bhI lAbha pahuMcatA hai| 412 sakArAtmaka socie, zrI candraprabha sAgara, pR.9 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 215 manovaijJAnika-vidhi dvArA tanAvamukti ___ tanAvamukti ke lie sabase adhika pracalita upAya manovaijJAnikoM dvArA sujhAye gaye haiN| manovaijJAnikoM ne tanAva kama karane ke lie pratyakSa evaM apratyakSa- doM prakAra kI vidhiyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| tanAva kama karane kI ye vidhiyA~ vyakti ko kucha samaya ke lie yA adhika samaya ke lie paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samajhautA karane ke lie yA samajhautA nahIM karane ke lie prastuta kI gaI haiM, lekina inakA uddezya tanAva ko kama karanA hI hai| 14 pratyakSa vidhiyA~ - pratyakSa vidhiyoM kA prayoga tanAva kama karane ke lie nahIM, apitu tanAva ko pUrNataH samApta karane ke lie hotA hai| ye vidhiyAM nimna haiM(a) bAdhA kA nivAraNa - tanAva taba utpanna hotA hai, jaba hamAre uddezya kI pUrti meM koI bAdhA A jAtI hai| isa vidhi ke antargata vyakti usa bAdhA kA nivAraNa karane kA prayatna karatA hai aura tanAva- mukta hokara apane lakSya ko prApta karane kA prayAsa karatA hai, jaise- eka hakalAne vAlA vyakti apane doSa se mukta hone ke lie muMha meM pAna rakhakara bolane kA prayAsa karake usameM saphalatA prApta karatA hai| 15 (ba) anya upAya kI khoja - isa vidhi ke anusAra, vyakti jaba uddezya-prApti meM Ane vAlI bAdhA kA nivAraNa nahIM kara pAtA hai, to vaha koI aisA dUsarA upAya khojane lagatA hai, jisameM use saphalatA mila ske| isa prakAra, vyakti kA uddezya to vahI rahatA hai, sirpha vaha use prApta karane kA tarIkA badala detA hai, jaise- droNAcArya ne jaba ekalavya ko ziSya banAne se inakAra kara diyA, taba ekalavya ne unakI pratimA banAkara use guru mAnA aura apane lakSya kI prApti kii| arUNakumAra siMha ke zabdoM meM-"jaba vyakti kisI tanAvapUrNa ghaTanA para apanA niyaMtraNa kAyama karane meM saphala hotA hai, to isameM tanAva kI gaMbhIratA apane-Apa kama ho jAtI hai| vyakti tanAva utpanna karane vAlI paristhiti para niyaMtraNa pAne ke lie samasyA kA vikalpa DhU~DhatA hai|"416 - 413 Gates and other - Education Psychology, P. 692 zramaNa, DaoN. sudhA jaina, janavarI-mArca, 1997, pR. 9 41 zramaNa, DaoN. sudhA jaina, janavarI-mArca 1997. pR. 10 416 Adhunika asAmAnya manovijJAna, pR. 262 For Personal & Private Use Only

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216 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti (sa) anya lakSyoM kA pratisthApana - jaba mUla lakSya meM saphalatA prApta nahIM ho pAtI hai, to vyakti apanA lakSya hI badala detA hai tathA dUsare lakSya ko nirmita kara letA hai| vyakti ko jaba aisI sthiti kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai, jo usake niyaMtraNa ke bAhara hai, to aisI sthiti meM vaha apanA lakSya badala detA hai, jaise- koI nRtyakalA meM apanA vyaktitva banAne kA lakSya rakhe, kintu kisI hAdase meM yadi vaha apanA paira hI kho de, to use apanA lakSya badalanA hotA hai| (da) vyAkhyA evaM nirNaya - jaba vyakti ke sAmane do vAMchanIya, kintu paraspara virodhI icchAe~ hotI haiM, to usameM vaha dvaMdva kI sthiti meM hotA hai| aisI sthiti meM vyakti svayaM ko. tanAvagrasta pAtA hai| phalataH, tanAva se mukta hone ke lie vyakti ko pUrva anubhava ke AdhAra para soca-vicAra kara anta meM kisI eka kA cunAva karane kA nirNaya lenA par3atA hai|" jisa prakAra eDavarDa aSTama ke samakSa yaha samasyA thI ki vaha rAjAM rahe yA simpasana se vivAha kare ? taba unhoMne rAjapada kA tyAga kara simpasana se vivAha karane kA nirNaya liyA thaa| ' apratyakSa vidhiyA~ - apratyakSa vidhiyoM kA prayoga kevala duHkhapUrNa tanAva ko kama karane ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| ye vidhiyA~ nimna haiM - (a) zodhana - jaba vyakti kI kAma-pravRtti tapta nahIM hotI hai, to usakA sabase gaharA asara usakI mAnasikatA para par3atA hai| vyakti kI ye pravRttiyA~ pUrNa na hone ke kAraNa usameM tanAva utpanna ho jAtA hai, taba vaha kalA, dharma, sAhitya, samAjasevA Adi meM ruci lekara apane tanAva ko kama karatA hai| vyakti svayaM hI tanAva ke kAraNa ko samajhakara apane mana kA zodhana kara letA hai| vaha aisA kArya karane lagatA hai, jo use rucikara lagatA hai| (ba) pRthakkaraNa - isake aMtargata vyakti apane Apako usa sthiti se alaga kara letA hai, jisake kAraNa tanAva utpanna hotA hai, jaise -jaba koI kisI ko apamAnita kara detA hai, to vaha una logoM se milanAjulanA chor3a detA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to vyakti usa sthAna para yA una logoM ke samIpa AnA-jAnA chor3a detA hai, jo use tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM le jAte haiN| aisA karane se use tanAvamukti kA anubhava nahIM hotA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti (sa) pratyAvartana isa vidhi ko vyakti taba apanAtA hai, jaba vaha svayaM ko surakSita nahIM pAtA hai, yA usameM IrSyA kI bhAvanA utpanna ho jAtI hai, jo use tanAvagrasta banAtI hai| aise meM vyakti apane tanAva ko kama karane ke lie vaisA hI vyavahAra karane lagatA hai, jaisA vaha pahale karatA thA, jaise - jaba ghara meM do bAlaka ho jAte haiM, taba bar3A bAlaka mAtA-pitA kA utanA hI prema pAne ke lie choTe bAlaka kI taraha ghuTanoM se calanA, haTha karanA Adi kriyAe~ karane lagatA hai / - (da) divAsvapna sapane, kalpanAe~ vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banAtI haiM, kintu jo icchAe~ pUrI nahIM hotI, vyakti una icchAoM kI pUrti svapnoM yA kalpanAoM ke mAdhyama se karatA hai| aisA karane se kucha samaya ke lie usakI pIMr3A kama ho jAtI hai| aisI paristhiti meM vyakti tanAva ko kama karane ke lie kalpanA- jagat meM vicaraNa karane lagatA hai, jaisechoTe bAlaka ko haTha karane para yaha samajhAyA jAtA hai ki vaha vastu use bar3e hone para milegii| isI kalpanA meM vaha bAlaka phira se ha~sane lagatA hai / (I) AtmIyakaraNa kabhI-kabhI vyakti hInatA kI bhAvanA se itanA tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai ki vaha apanA AtmavizvAsa kho detA hai aura kramazaH adhikAdhika tanAvagrasta hotA jAtA hai| aise meM vyakti ko AtmIyakaraNa vidhi ko apanAnA cAhie / isa vidhi ke antargata tanAvagrasta vyakti kisI mahAn puruSa, abhinetA rAjanItijJa, Adi ke sAtha ekAtmatA ho jAne kA anubhava karatA hai, jaise -bAlaka apane pitA se va bAlikA apanI mAtA se tAdAtmya sthApita karake unake kAryoM kA anukaraNa karake prasanna hote haiM, jisase unakA tanAva kama hotA jAtA hai| 217 - - . (pha) nirbharatA jaba vyakti apanA jIvana-yApana nahIM kara pAtA hai, to usameM eka hInatA kI bhAvanA utpanna hotI hai, usameM nirNaya lene kI kSamatA bhI kSINa hotI jAtI hai, aise meM vyakti tanAva kama karane ke lie apane-Apako kisI dUsare para nirbhara kara apane sampUrNa jIvana kA dAyitva use sauMpa detA hai, jaise- isa prakAra ke vyakti mahAtmAoM ke ziSya banakara unake AdezoM va upadezoM kA pAlana kara jIvana-yApana karate haiN| jaba vyakti koI galata kArya yA galata (ga) aucitya - sthApanA vyavahAra karatA hai aura dUsare vyakti usa para Aropa lagAte haiM, taba vaha For Personal & Private Use Only

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218 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti vyakti apane kArya va vyavahAra kA yukti se yA tarka se aucitya sthApita kara apane tanAva ko kama karatA hai| manovaijJAnika arUNakumAra siMha kahate haiM ki isa vidhi se do uddezyoM kI pUrti hotI hai- "pahalA to yaha ki jaba vyakti lakSya para pahu~cane meM asamartha rahatA hai, taba isase utpanna kuMThA kI gaMbhIratA ko yoktikaraNa ke dvArA kama kara detA hai tathA dUsarA yaha ki aucitya-thApanA ke dvArA vyakti apane dvArA kie gae vyavahAra ke lie eka svIkArya abhipreraka pradAna karatA hai|" isa vidhi ke antargata vyakti aise tarka detA hai, jinako upekSita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| aisA karake vaha vyakti apane-Apako saMtuSTa kara apanA mAnasika tanAva kama karatA hai, jaise- koI karmacArI kAryAlaya meM derI se pahuMcane para yaha kahatA hai ki Traiphika jAma thaa| (ha) damana - damana kA artha hai- dbaanaa| isameM jaba tanAva ke kAraNa vyakti cintAoM, purAnI smRtiyoM Adi se parezAna ho jAtA hai; yA mAnasika rUpa se jaba ve adhika kaSTakara pratIta hotI haiM, taba vaha una cintAoM ko cetana se nikAlakara acetana meM DAla detA hai| vaha tanAva utpanna karane vAlI icchAoM, AMkAkSAoM ko, jo pUrI nahIM ho sakatI, unheM dabAne kA yA acetana meM DAlane kA prayAsa karatA hai, tAki vaha kisI dUsare kArya meM dhyAna de ske| arUNakumAra siMha likhate haiM- "damana meM vyakti apanI icchAoM evaM yAdoM se hI avagata nahIM ho pAtA hai, ve gaharI vismRti meM calI jAtI haiM, kintu damana meM vyakti ko yaha patA nahIM hotA hai ki vaha kauna-kaunasI icchAoM evaM yAdoM ko cetana se alaga kara cukA hai| damana cetanA ke stara se acetana meM bhejane kA prayAsa hai, dUsare zabdoM meM vaha unheM cetanA ke stara se nikAla dene kA prayatna hai| yadyapi vismaraNa donoM meM hI hotA hai, kintu eka meM ye icchAe~ acetana meM banI rahatI haiM, jabaki dUsare meM nirmUla ho jAtI haiN| (ya) prakSepaNa - tanAva ko kama karane ke lie vyakti apanI galatiyoM kA, apanI asaphalatAoM kA jimmedAra kisI dUsare vyakti ko yA paristhitiyoM ko batAtA hai| kisI dUsare para Aropa lagAne se use santuSTi evaM zAMti milatI hai| vyakti svayaM kI galatiyoM ko svIkAra na karake apane-Apako doSamukta samajhatA hai, jisase use Atma-saMtoSa hotA hai aura usakA tanAva kama hotA hai, jaise- chAtra parIkSA meM 417 Adhunika asAmAnya manovijJAna, arUNakumAra siMha, pR. 263 418 Adhunika asAmAnya manovijJAna, arUNakumAra siMha, pR. 263 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti asaphalatA prApta karane para apane tanAva ko yaha kahakara kama karatA hai ki zikSaka ne ThIka DhaMga se par3hAyA nahIM yA gharelU pratikUlatAoM ke hone ke kAraNa parIkSA kI avadhi meM vaha adhika cintita thA / (ja) kSatipUrti bAhya - hAni se vyakti ko mAnasika - kSati bhI hotI hai| jaba taka usa hAni yA nukasAna kI kSatipUrti nahIM hotI hai, taba taka vaha mAnasika rUpa se svastha nahIM hotA hai| tanAva ko kama yA samApta karane ke lie vyakti ko anya sAdhanoM se usakI kSatipUrti karane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| tanAva kA kAraNa cAhe jo bhI ho, vaha vyakti ke zArIrika va mAnasika svAsthya ko kharAba kara detA hai, isalie ise samApta karane ke yA kama karane ke upAya para manovaijJAnikoM ne gaMbhIratA se vicAra kiyA hai| lejArasa evaM phaulkamaina (Lazarus folkman, 1984) ke anusAra ve kucha upAya nimna haiM 419 (i) pUrvakathana isa upAya ke tahata vyakti pahale se hI apanA mAnasa aisA banA letA hai ki lakSya-pUrti karate samaya bAdhAe~ A sakatI haiM, yA tanAva utpanna ho sakatA hai| vyakti yaha pUrvakathana karatA hai ki paristhitiyA~ vikaTa haiM, vaha sAmanA kaise karegA? aisA karane se tanAvapUrNa sthiti Ane para bhI vyakti sahI DhaMga se usakA sAmanA kara sakatA hai, kyoMki use yaha maukA mila jAtA hai ki vaha gaMbhIratA se usa sthiti para vicAra kara sake, jaise- phaujI yuddha meM jAne se pahale hamale kisa-kisa taraha se ho sakate haiM aura kaunasI sthiti meM kaise AkramaNa karanA hai, isa para vicAra kara svayaM ko usa paristhiti ke anurUpa banA letA hai aura samaya Ane para vaha tanAva ko baDhane nahIM detA hai / (ii) vyavahArAtmaka-upAya isa upAya meM vyakti apane vyavahAra ko badala letA hai / vaha aise kArya karane lagatA hai, jisase use tanAva kI anubhUti kama ho, jaise- anya bAtoM meM dhyAna lagAnA tathA zarAba, sigareTa Adi adhika mAtrA meM pInA, yA phira kinhIM sAmAjika yA bhAvanAtmakavyaktiyoM ke samparka meM rahanA, jo usakA samarthana kara sakeM / (iii) pratikriyA - nirmANa isameM vyakti tanAva utpanna karane vAlI icchA yA vicAra ke ThIka viparIta icchA yA vicAra vikasita karake tanAva ko kama karatA hai| bhraSTAcAra se cintita evaM tanAvagrasta netA prAyaH - 219 - 419 Internal and external determination of behaviour, Lazarus and Lanuier, Page 311 For Personal & Private Use Only

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220 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti bhraSTAcAra ke khilApha bhASaNa dekara apanA mAnasika-bojha evaM ulajhaneM kama kara lete haiN|420 (iv) visthApana - tanAva ko kama karane ke lie vyakti apane kArya ko rUpAntarita kara detA hai| visthApana meM vyakti apanA tanAva usa vyakti yA vastu para pratikriyA karake nikAlatA hai, jisase koI khatarA yA Dara na ho, jaise- vyApAra meM huI hAni se utpanna tanAba ko vyakti apane parivAra para krodha Adi karake kama karatA hai| (v) asvIkAra - jaba bAharI vAstavikatA adhika duHkha dene vAlI ho, yA . tanAva niyaMtraNa ke bAhara ho, to aisI sthiti meM vyakti usa vAstavikatA ko mAnane se iMkAra karake apane tanAva ko kama karatA hai, jaise- vaha vyakti jisase vaha prema karatA hai, isa duniyA meM hI nahIM hai| (vi) bauddhikIkaraNa - jaise eka DaoNkTara jise lagAtAra rogiyoM kI .. jindagI aura mauta se jUjhanA par3atA hai, aisI paristhiti meM use tanAva . utpanna hotA hai, parantu vaha sAMvegika na hokara nirliptatA se unakA (rogiyoM) kA ilAja karatA hai| yahAM kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki bauddhikIkaraNa meM vyakti usa tanAvapUrNa paristhiti ke bAre meM . sAMvegika-DhaMga se na socakara usake prati nirliptatA vikasita kara letA hai, jisase usakA tanAva kama ho jAtA hai| tanAva ko kama karane ke lie uparyukta manovaijJAnika upAya mAtra sujhAvAtmaka haiN| tanAva ko niyaMtraNa meM kaise karanA, vaha tanAva ke svarUpa para nirbhara hotA hai| robarTa esa. phelDamena ne tanAva ko niyaMtrita karane ke vibhinna upAyoM para bhI prakAza DAlA hai, ve likhate haiM 421 - 1. When a stressful situation might be controllable, the best coping strategy is to treat the situation as a challenge. Focusing on way to control it. arthAt, jaba tanAva kI sthiti ko niyaMtrita karanA ho to sabase ucita tarIkA hai ki usa sthiti ko cunautI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara sthiti ko niyaMtraNa kreN| 2. Make a threating situation less threatening-: When a stressful situation seems to be uncontrollable a different approach must be taken. It is possible to change your appraisal 420 Adhunika asAmAnya manovijJAna, arUNakumAra siMha, pR. 263 * 421 Understanding Psychology, Robers, Feldmen, P. 453 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 221 of the situation, to view it in a different light, and to modify your attitudes towards it. arthAta, jaba tanAva kI sthiti aniyaMtrita ho, to koI dUsarA tarIkA apanA lenA cAhie, jisameM khatarA kama ho| jaina-dRSTikoNa - tanAva ko kama yA samApta karane ke liye manovaijJAnikoM ne jo vidhiyA~ prastuta kI haiM, unameM se kucha vidhiyA~ jainacintakoM ne bhI svIkRta kI haiN| ina vidhiyoM meM sarvaprathama bAdhA nivAraNa ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| jainadarzana kA mAnanA hai ki bAdhAe~ usI lakSya kI prApti meM AtI hai, jo 'para' Azrita aura bAhya hotA hai, ataH usakA mAnanA hai ki vyakti ko bAdhA-nivAraNa ke sthAna para lakSya ko hI 'para Azrita se 'sva' Azrita banAnA caahie| yadi lakSya AdhyAtmika yA sva-Azrita hogA, to usameM bAhya-bAdhAeM nahIM hoMgI, kevala Atmika-zakti yA manobala ke vikAsa se usakI bAdhAeM dUra kI jA sakatI hai| isa prakAra, jainadarzana bAdhA nivAraNa ke sthAna para lakSya-pratisthApana ko adhika mahatva detA hai| jahA~ taka vyAkhyA evaM nirNaya-vidhi kA prazna hai, jainadarzana kA mAnanA hai ki samyakadarzana, aura samyajJAna ke AdhAra para hameM apane lakSya ke aucitya yA anaucitya kA nirdhAraNa tathA usakI samyaktA para pUrNa vicAra karake hI apane lakSya kA nirdhAraNa karanA caahie| jainadarzana kA mAnanA hai ki samyak-dRSTi vyakti hI apane samyak-jJAna ke AdhAra para sasyak AdhyAtmika-lakSya kA nirdhAraNa kara tanAvoM se mukta raha sakatA hai, kyoMki vyakti kI sabase bar3I bhrAnti isI meM hotI hai ki vaha samyak lakSya kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kara pAtA hai| ataH, jainadarzana kI prAthamika mAnyatA yaha hai ki jIvana ke lakSya nirdhAraNa ke pUrva samyaka-dRSTikoNa aura samyaka-jJAna kA vikAsa Avazyaka hai| tanAva ke utpanna hone kA mukhya kAraNa jIvana ke lakSya kA galata nirdhAraNa hotA hai| hama icchAoM yA vAsanAoM se prabhAvita hokara galata lakSya kA nirdhAraNa kara lete haiN| jahA~ taka tanAva-nirAkaraNa kI apratyakSa manovaijJAnika-vidhiyoM kA prazna hai, ve bhI mUlataH samyak-dRSTikoNa aura samyaka-jJAna para hI AdhArita haiN| inameM jainadarzana lakSya-zodhana ko hI mukhyatA detA hai, usake sAtha hI vaha jIvana meM yadi vyakti ne bhautika-lakSya kA nirdhAraNa For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kiyA ho aura usameM asaphalatA ke kAraNa tanAva utpanna ho rahA ho to vaha usa lakSya ke pRthakkaraNa, yA usa lakSya ke parityAga ko ucita mAnatA hai| sAtha hI, vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki vyakti jIvana kI asaphalatAoM ko pUrva niyata yA pUrva karmoM kA udaya mAnakara AtmasaMtoSa ko prApta kara letA hai, kyoMki jaina- siddhAMta yaha mAnatA hai ki bAhyasaphalatAe~ aura asaphalatAe~ pUrNataH vyakti ke vartamAna prayatnoM para nirbhara nahIM hai, usameM usake pUrvabaddha karma ke vipAka bhI mahattvapUrNa kArya karate haiN| jainadarzana visthApana, pratyAvartana, damana Adi aparokSa manovaijJAnikavidhiyoM ko samucita nahIM mAnatA hai| vaha damana ke sthAna para nirAkaraNa ko hI adhika ucita mAnatA hai, kyoMki usake anusAra, tanAvoM se mukti kA samyak upAya vAsanAoM kA nirAkaraNa hI hai / Atma-parizodhanaH vibhAvadazA kA parityAga 222 jainadarzana bhAratIya - zramaNa paramparA kA eka aMga hai aura bhAratIya zramaNa-dhArA - mUlataH AdhyAtmika - jIvanadRSTi kI pratipAdaka hai| jaba hama adhyAtma yA AdhyAtmika - jIvanadRSTi kI bAta karate haiM, to usakA artha hotA hai- bhautika tathyoM kI apekSA AtmA' ko mahatva dene vAlI jIvanadRSTi / dUsare zabdoM meM, isakA artha yaha huA ki Adhyatmika - jIvanadRSTi bhautika jIvanadRSTi se bhinna hokara AdhyAtmikamUlyoM yA Atmatattva ko pradhAnatA detI hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM jIvAtmA ke do bheda kie haiM- 1. saMsArI aura 2. siddha / yahA~ AtmA kI karmoM se rahita vizuddha dazA ko hI siddhAvasthA yA muktAvasthA kahA gayA hai| ise svabhAvadazA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki isameM AtmA apane nija zuddha svarUpa meM sthita rahatI hai| isake viparIta, saMsArI - AtmA ko karmoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa vibhAva - dazA meM mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi saMsArastha jIvanmukta yA kSINakaSAya sayogIkevalI evaM ayogI - kevalI bhI vibhAvamukta mAne jAte haiN| AtmA kA karmoM ke udaya se prabhAvita hokara mohadazA meM rahanA hI vibhAvadazA hai / sAdhanA ke sAre prayatna vibhAvadazA se svabhAvadazA meM Ane ke lie hote haiN| vibhAva vikRti hai aura svabhAva prakRti hai| vikRti ko samApta karake hI svabhAva meM AyA jA sakatA hai| jainadarzana yaha mAnatA hai ki jaba taka AtmA vibhAvadazA meM hai, arthAt dasaveM guNasthAna meM bhI sUkSma lobha se grasita hai, vaha tanAvayukta hai| jainadarzana meM tanAvoM se mukta hone kI prakriyA ko hI mukti kA sAdhana kahA gayA hai| AtmA jaba taka karma For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 223 saMskArajanya vibhAvadazA meM hai, taba taka vaha azuddha hai| vastutaH, jainasAdhanA AtmA ke parizodhana kI hI eka prakriyA hai| saMsAra dazA meM AtmA karmoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa azuddha rUpa meM hotI hai| AtmA ke isa azuddha rUpa ko dUra karanA hI jaina-adhyAtmamArga kA mukhya lakSaNa hai| cetanA meM karmoM ke saMskAroM kI sattA na raheM, vaha unase prabhAvita na ho, usameM rAga-dveSa, moha evaM kaSAya rUpI taraMgeM na uThe, citta meM vikalpatA evaM tanAva na ho- yahI Atmavizuddhi yA svabhAvadazA kI sthiti hai| svabhAva eka aisA tattva hai, jo vibhAva ke haTate hI svataH prakaTa ho jAtA hai, jaise Aga kA saMyoga haTate hI pAnI svataH zItala hone laga jAtA hai| pAnI kA zItala honA svAbhAvika hai, kintu usake garama hone meM Aga kA saMyoga apekSita hotA hai| vaha 'para' arthAt agni ke saMyoga se hI vibhAvadazA ko prApta karatA hai| isako hama isa taraha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki bAhya-padArthoM ke saMyoga se hI vibhAvadazA kI prApti yA svabhAva se cyuta hone kI sthiti banatI hai| cetanA kI vibhAvadazA meM avasthiti honA hI tanAvayukta dazA kahI jAtI hai| DaoN. sAgaramalajI likhate haiM- "mAnasika-vikSobha yA tanAva ko hamArA svabhAva isalie nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki hama use miTAnA cAhate haiM, usakA nirAkaraNa karanA cAhate haiM aura jise Apa chor3anA yA miTAnA cAhate haiM, vaha ApakA svabhAva nahIM ho sktaa|"422 rAga-dveSa, kaSAya, ahaMkAra Adi tanAva utpanna karate hai| ye sabhI 'para' ke nimitta se hote haiN| inakA viSaya "para hai aura isalie ye tanAva kA kAraNa haiM arthAt vibhAvadazA kA kAraNa hai aura isa vibhAvadazA se svabhAvadazA meM lauTanA hI tanAvamukti kI prakriyA hai| AtmA svabhAvataH to zuddha, buddha aura tanAvamukta hai, kintu 'para' ke saMyoga se vaha azuddha yA tanAvayukta avasthA ko prApta ho jAtI hai| AtmA ke isa zuddha svabhAva para karmarUpI AvaraNa itane ghaniSTha hote haiM ki AtmA kA lakSyazodhana karanA aura tanAvamukta avasthA meM AnA kaThina ho jAtA hai| rAga-dveSa, kaSAya aura moha-rUpI karmasaMskAroM ke kAraNa jaba karmavargaNAoM ke pudgala AtmA se cipakate haiM, to AtmA vibhAvadazA ko prApta karatI hai| isa prakAra, vibhAvadazA kA mUla kAraNa mana kI caMcalatA hai| mana caMcala hotA hai, kintu usakI yaha caMcalatA sadaiva bAhya-tattvoM ke 422 dharma kA marma, pR. 16 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti nimitta se hotI hai| vyakti bAhya tatvoM kA saMyoga milane para unake prati rAga-dveSa karatA hai, jo citta meM tanAva utpanna karane kA mukhya kAraNa haiM gItA meM kahA gayA hai 23 - mana ke dvArA viSayoM kA saMyoga hone para inakA cintana hotA hai aura viSayoM kA ciMtana karane vAle usa puruSa kI una viSayoM meM Asakti ho jAtI hai aura Asakti se una viSayoM ko bhogane kI kAmanA utpanna hotI hai aura kAmanA kI pUrti meM vighna par3ane se krodha utpanna hotA hai| krodha se aviveka arthAt mUDhabhAva utpanna hotA hai aura aviveka se smaraNa zakti bhramita ho jAtI hai aura smRti ke bhramita ho jAne se viveka-buddhi naSTa ho jAtI hai aura viveka - buddhi ke naSTa ho jAne se yaha puruSa apane lakSya yA sAdhanA se cyuta ho jAtA hai, arthAt tanAvayukta avasthA ko prApta ho jAtA hai| tanAvayukta sthiti meM vyakti apanA mAnasika saMtulana kho detA hai| viveka - zakti kA nAza hone se vaha apane svarUpa arthAt AtmA ke nija svabhAva ko prApta nahIM kara pAtA hai| AtmA ke svabhAva meM Ane ke lie arthAt tanAvamukta dazA ko pAne ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vyakti mana ko vaza meM kare, use 'amana' banA de, arthAt icchA aura AkAMkSA - rUpI vikalpoM se mukta ho jAye / AtmA jaba svabhAvadazA meM hotI hai, arthAt jJAtA - draSTAbhAva meM sthita hotI hai, taba mana vikalpamukta hotA hai, arthAt mana amana ho jAtA hai| mana kA yaha amana honA hI tanAvamukta honA hai| 224 jainadarzana ke anusAra siddha AtmA amana hotI hai| vastutaH kevalI bhI samanaska hote haiM, kintu unakA mana amana ho jAtA hai| unake mana meM koI vikalpa uThate nahIM, ve rAga-dveSa aura moha se rahita hote haiN| unameM icchA aura AkAMkSA bhI nahIM hotI hai, ataH unakA mana nirvikalpa yA amana ho jAtA hai| * unakI AtmA bhI zuddha hotI hai, ve apane jJAtA - draSTAbhAvarUpa svabhAva meM hI nimagna rahate haiN| kaisI bhI bAhya paristhiti ho ve vikalpa ko prApta nahIM hote haiM, arthAt vibhAvadazA meM nahIM jAte hai| vastutaH, unakA vikalpoM meM nahIM jAnA hI tanAvamukta rahanA hai| Atma-parizodhana kI isa prakriyA meM saphala hone ke lie vibhAvadazA ke parityAga ke prayatna karane hoNge| vibhAvadazA ke parityAga ke lie vikalpoM se bAhara nikalanA hogA, tabhI vyakti tanAvamukta dazA 423 gItA - 2 /62, 63 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 225 ko prApta kara sakatA hai| AcArya zrImadvijayakezarasUrijI mahArAja ne apanI kRti 'Atmazuddhi' meM kahA hai - "vikalpa jAla jambAlAnnirgato'DayaM sadA sukhI AtmA tatra sthito duHkhItyanubhUya pratIyatAm / / 111024 arthAta, vikalpoM ke samUharUpI daladala meM se bAhara nikalI huI, yaha AtmA sadA sukhI hai, aura una vikalpoM ke jAla meM rahI huI AtmA sadA duHkhI hai- isa bAta kA anubhava yA pratIti kro| vikalpa karanA mana kA kArya hai, kyoMki mana vikalpoM ke AdhAra para hI khar3A huA hai| AtmA apane jJAtA-draSTAbhAva se use mAtra dekhe aura jAne, kisI bhI prakAra kI icchA yA vikalpa na kare aura sva-svabhAva yA jJAtAdRSTAbhAva meM hI rahe, to vaha tanAvamukta avasthA meM hI rhegii| mana kI caMcalatA, mana kI vikalpatA, icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM ko bar3hAtI hai| ye vastuoM para rAga-dveSa ke bhAva jAgrata karate haiN| ye rAga-dveSa ke bhAva bhogAkAMkSA yA vAsanA ko pradIpta karate haiM aura jaba koI vAsanA pUrNa nahIM hotI, taba krodha Adi kaSAya vyakti ke mana meM apanA ghara banA lete haiM tathA vyakti avasAda aura kSobha meM DUbakara tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| kaSAyarUpI roga zarIra aura mana ko aura adhika apane jAla meM phaMsA letA hai aura AtmA apanA jJAtA-draSTAbhAva bhUlakara kartA-bhoktA rUpa meM ramaNa karane laga jAtI hai, arthAt apanA sva-svabhAva bhUlakara vibhAvadazA meM calI jAtI hai| agara AtmA apane sva-svarUpa meM lauTa Ae, arthAt use yaha bhAna ho jAe ki vaha zuddha AtmA hai evaM usakA jJAtAdraSTAbhAva jAgrata ho jAe, use apanI anaMta zakti kA bhAna ho jAe aura apanI rAga-dveSa, kaSAya Adi rUpa vibhAvadazA se vaha svayaM ko mor3a le, to AtmA ko sva-svarUpa ko pAnA sulabha ho jaaegaa| AtmA ke svarUpa ko pAne kI yaha prakriyA hI tanAvamukti kI prakriyA hai| rAga-dveSa yA moha-mamatA aura indriyajanya AkAMkSAvaza vyakti apanA sukha icchAoM- AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti meM evaM 'para' padArthoM meM, bhoga meM, khojatA hai aura svaya ko tanAvamukta banAne ke lie kaSAyoM ko apanAtA hai, jo use aura adhika tanAvayukta banA dete haiN| AcArAMga meM 424 zrI Atmazuddhi, kezarasUrijI ma.sA., 4/1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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226 bhI kahA gayA hai ki janma-maraNa se mukti ke lie yA duHkhoM se pAne ke lie jIva pApa-kriyAoM meM pravRtta hote haiN| 125 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti vyakti tanAvamukti ke lie tanAva ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa karatA haiM, vastutaH, tanAvamukta vyakti na sukhI hotA hai, na duHkhI / vaha to samabhAva meM rahakara AnaMda va zAMti kA anubhava karatA hai, kyoMki vaha vibhAvadazA kA parityAga kara detA hai / sva-svabhAva meM rahI huI AtmA rAga-dveSa se rahita, apane vaza meM kI huI indriyoM aura mana ke dvArA kArya karatI hai, yA bhoga karatI hai, taba bhI vaha svayaM ko tanAvamukta hI anubhava karatI hai| aisI sthiti meM taba AtmA nirmala hotI hai aura usameM sampUrNa duHkhoM kA abhAva hotA hai, use AnaMda kA anubhava hotA hai, arthAt vaha pUrNataH tanAvamukta aura zAMta hotI haiN| aMta meM hama yahI kaheMge ki AtmA - parizodhana ke lie vibhAvadazA yA tanAvayukta - dazA kA parityAga karane ke lie sukha - duHkha kI khoja padArthoM meM na kara apanI AtmA meM karanA hI, arthAt sva-svabhAva meM AnA hI, jainadarzana meM tanAvamukti kA upAya hai| duHkha, roga, kSudhA Adi ke upadravoM meM bhI mana ko vikalpoM se Upara uThAnA, apanI AtmA kA ciMtana karanA' tanAvamukti kA upAya hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM jaba kezI ne gautama se pUchA ki zatruoM ko Apane kaise jItA ? taba gautama ne kahA - - "ege jiyA jiyA paMca, paca jie jiyA dasa, dasahA u jivittANaM, savvasatta jiNAmahaM / 426 arthAt, maiMne sarvaprathama eka mana ko jItA aura isase cAra kaSAyoM para vijaya pA lii| ina pAMca ko jItane se pAMca indriyAM bhI vijita ho giiN| isa prakriyA se sAre zatruoM para vijaya pA lI, arthAt apane-Apa para vijaya pA lii| 425 AcArAMgasUtra - AtmArAmajI ma.sA. - 1/1/11 426 uttarAdhyayasUtra - 23/26 chuTakArA kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki jisane mana ko jIta liyA, mana vaMza meM kara liyA, arthAt mana ko amana banA liyA, vaha apane sva-svabhAva ko svataH hI prApta kara letA hai, kyoMki mana ke amana hote hI, Atma-svabhAva meM sthita hone ke kAraNa kaSAya, rAga-dveSa aura For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 227 kAmanAoM-rUpI bAhya-zatruoM ko jItane ke kAraNa tanAva samApta ho jAte haiN| inake samApta hote hI zAMti kI taraMga uThatI hai, jo AtmA ko tanAvamukta avasthA meM le jAtI hai, arthAt svabhAvadazA meM lAtI hai, taba vyakti ko sukha-duHkha meM kisI prakAra kA AtmabhAna nahIM rahatA hai| vastutaH, pUrNataH tanAvamukti ke lie sukha aura duHkha donoM se Upara uThakara AtmazAnti ko prApta karanA Avazyaka hai| dhyAna aura yogasAdhanA se tanAvamukti - - jainadharma meM mukti kA eka sAdhana dhyAna aura yoga-sAdhanA hai| jaina-paramparA meM dhyAna-paddhati prAcInakAla se hI pracalita hai| isakA sabase bar3A pramANa yaha hai ki jitane bhI jaina-Agama haiM, una sabhI meM dhyAna ke svarUpa kA vivecana milatA hai| dUsare, khudAI ke daurAna jainatIrthaMkaroM kI jo prAcIna pratimAeM milI haiM, ve sabhI dhyAnamudrA meM hI prApta hotI haiN|427 RSibhASita meM to spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai- zarIra meM jo sthAna mastiSka kA hai, sAdhanA meM vahI sthAna dhyAna kA hai| 428 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zramaNa-jIvana kI dinacaryA kA vivaraNa prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki pratyeka zramaNa-sAdhaka ko dina aura rAtri ke dUsare prahara meM niyamita rUpa se dhyAna karanA caahie|429 dhyAna ko mokSa-prApti arthAt samagra duHkhoM se mukti kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| jaba dhyAna samasta duHkhoM se mukti dilA sakatA hai, to vaha vyakti ke tanAvamukta jIvana jIne kA sAdhana kyoM nahIM ho sakatA hai? kintu yahA~ yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki tanAvamukta hone ke sAdhanabhUta dhyAna kA Alambana kyA hogA? kyoMki dhyAna ke Alambana to aneka haiM, kintu unameM se kaI sAdhana tanAvagrasta karane vAle yA tanAvajanya sthiti ko aura adhika bar3hAne vAle hote haiN| dhyAna-sAdhanA kI paddhatiyoM ko jAnane se pUrva yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki dhyAna-sAdhanA kA vyakti ke jIvana meM kyA mahattva hai aura use dhyAna kyoM karanA cAhie ? eka zabda meM uttara deM, to tanAvamukti yA duHkhamukti ke lie vyakti ko dhyAna karanA caahie| vyakti kA mana svabhAvataH caMcala mAnA gayA hai aura mana kI yaha caMcalatA yA vikalpAtmakatA hI vyakti ko tanAvagrasta kara detI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mana ko duSTa azva kI saMjJA dI gaI hai, jo kumArga meM 427 428 Mohanjodaro and Indus civilization, John Marshall, Vol. I, Page-52 isibhAsiyAI - 11/14 - uttarAdhyayanasUtra -26/18 . 429 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti bhAgatA hai| 430 gItA meM mana kI caMcalatA batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki mana ko nigrahita karanA, vAyu ko rokane ke samAna ati kaThina hai / 131 mana meM vikalpa uThate rahate haiN| caMcala mana hara kSaNa kucha-na-kucha pAne kI cAha meM Akula yA azAMta banA rahatA hai aura yaha azAMti hI tanAva kI upasthiti kI sUcaka hai / citta kI AkulatA yA asamAdhi hI duHkha ko janma detI hai aura yaha duHkha kI anubhUti tanAva kA hI eka rUpa hai| isI duHkha - vimukti ke lakSya ko prApta karane ke lie dhyAna -paddhati ko apanAnA caahie| vyakti apane tanAva ko dUra karane ke lie sadaiva prayatna karatA rahatA hai, isa hetu vaha bhautika saMsAdhanoM para nirbhara rahatA hai, kintu ina saMsAdhanoM kI upalabdhi na honA, yA upalabdhi hone para bhI atRpta banA rahanA vyakti ko aura adhika tanAvagrasta banA detA hai, isalie AvazyakatA hai- dhyAna- prakriyA kI / dhyAna- prakriyA ke binA cittavRtti kI caMcalatA ko zAnta karanA saMbhava nahIM hai| jainAcAryoM ne dhyAna ko 'cittanirodha' kahA hai| 432 citta kA nirodha ho jAnA hI tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai, kyoMki cittavRtti ke nirodha se mana kI caMcalatA, icchAe~, AkAMkSAe~ Adi samApta ho jAtI haiN| yogadarzana meM yoga ko paribhASita karate hue likhA hai ki- cittavRtti kA nirodha hI 'yoga' hai| jaina - paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA mana, vANI aura zarIra kI gatizIlatA ko yoga kahA jAtA hai| 134 isakA artha to yaha huA ki yoga-nirodha dhyAna kA lakSya hai / :. 433 228 jaina - paramparA meM mAnasika, vAcika aura zArIrika kriyAoM ko yoga kahA gayA hai aura inameM bhI mana kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| jaba manayoga kA nirodha ho jAtA hai, arthAt mana kI caMcalatA samApta ho jAtI hai, to vacanayoga va kAyayoga svataH hI niyaMtrita ho jAte hai| niSkarSa rUpa meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki 'yoga' zabda kA artha jaina- paramparA aura yogadarzana meM bhale hI alaga-alaga ho, kintu donoM kA lakSya cittavRtti kA nirodha hI hai| tanAvamukti ke lie mana kI caMcalatA ko samApta karanA Avazyaka hI hai| yogadarzana yaha mAnatA hai ki cittavRttiyoM kA nirodha hI yoga 430 431 bhagavadgItA - 6 / 34 432 tattvArthasUtra - 9 / 27 433 gItA - 6/34 434 kAyavAGmanaH karma yogaH / - tattvArthasUtra - 6 / 1 uttarAdhyayanasUtra- 23/55-56 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 229 hai|435 yoga zabda kA eka artha jor3anA bhI hai|436 isa dRSTi se DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina ne AtmA ko paramAtmA se jor3ane kI kalA ko yoga kahA hai|437 isI artha meM yoga ko tanAvamukti yA mokSa-avasthA ko prApta karane kA sAdhana mAna sakate haiN| vastutaH, dhyAna-sAdhanA aura yoga-sAdhanA- donoM hI sAdhanAeM mana kI vRttiyoM ko samApta kara tanAvamukta hone ke lie eka sAdhana bana jAtI haiN| jainadarzana sAdhanA kI donoM hI prakriyAoM ko mana kI caMcalatA samApta karane kA sAdhana mAnatA hai| jisa prakAra havA ko rokanA kaThina hai, sAgara kI laharoM ko rokanA kaThina hai, usI prakAra mana meM uThatI vikalparUpI laharoM ko rokanA bhI kaThina hai, phira bhI Atma-jAgrati kI avasthA meM yaha sambhava hai| dhyAna evaM yoga-sAdhanA dvArA citta-nirodha ke lie yA tanAvamukti ke lie jaina-sAdhanA-paddhati meM eka sarala prakriyA dI gaI hai, jo nimna hai - ___ dhyAna meM sarvaprathama mana ko vAsanArUpI vikalpoM se mor3akara dharma-cintana meM lagAyA jAtA hai, phira kramazaH Atma sajagatA ke dvArA isa cintana kI prakriyA ko zithila kiyA jAtA hai| anta meM, eka aisI sthiti A jAtI hai, jaba mana pUrNataH niSkriya ho jAtA hai, usakI bhAgadaur3a samApta ho jAtI hai| isa sthiti meM usakI tanAvoM ko janma dene kI kSamatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura vyakti zAMti evaM AnaMda kI anubhUti karatA hai| yaha anubhUti hI pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| Arta aura raudra-dhyAna tanAva ke hetu tathA dharma aura zukla-dhyAna se tanAvamukti - isake pUrva dhyAna aura yoga-sAdhanA meM hamaneM dhyAna ke mahatva evaM dhyAna kI prakriyA kA vivecana kiyA hai| dhyAna ke Alambana to aneka ho sakate haiM, kintu dhyAna kisakA kiyA jAe ? dhyAna kA kaunasA Alambana tanAva ko adhika bar3hA degA aura kaunasA tanAvamukti kA samyak sAdhana banegA ? isa prazna kA uttara hameM dhyAna ke prakAroM ko samajhane se mila . . yogazriyatta vRtti nirodhaH / -yogasUtra-1/2, patajaMli 'yujapI yoge', hemacandra dhAtumAlA, gaNa-7 437 jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR.13 436 For Personal & Private Use Only

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230 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti sakatA hai| jainadharma ke anusAra dhyAna ke cAra prakAra, batAe gae haiM38 - 'cattAri jhANA paNNattA, taM jahA - aTTejhANe, roddejhANe, dhammejhANe, sukkejhANe' -arthAt ArtadhyAna, raudradhyAna, dharmadhyAna aura shukldhyaan| sAmAnyatayA, ArtadhyAna va raudradhyAna ko tanAva kA hetu aura dharmadhyAna va zukladhyAna ko tanAvamukti kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| vastutaH, jo dhyAna mana meM vikalpoM ko janma dete haiM, yA jina dhyAnoM se caittasika-stara para vyakti aura adhika vicalita ho jAtA hai, ve Arta va raudradhyAna haiN| isake viparIta, jina dhyAnoM se mana kI caMcalatA, vAsanAe~, duHkha Adi zAMta hote haiM, ve dharma evaM zukla- dhyAna haiN| dhyAnazataka meM kahA gayA hai - aTTa rUdaM dhamma sukkaM jhANAi tattha aMtAI' . nivvANasAhaNAiM bhvkaarnnmtttt-ruuddaaii||5||139 arthAta, Artta aura raudra dhyAna saMsAra ke kAraNa haiM aura dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna nirvANa ke hetu haiN| ArtadhyAna aura raudradhyAna rAga-dveSajanita hone se tanAvagrastatA ke kAraNa haiM, isalie inheM aprazasta yA azubha dhyAna kahA gayA hai, jabaki dharmadhyAna va zukladhyAna kaSAya-bhAva se rahita hone se tanAvamukti ke hetu haiM, isalie inheM prazasta yA zubha-dhyAna kahate haiN| yahA~ hameM sarvaprathama Artta aura raudra kA aMtara samajha lenA hogaa| cAha, ciMtA, icchA-AkAMkSA, apekSA Adi se yukta cittavRtti ArtadhyAna hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to iSTa kA viyoga hone para, aniSTa kA saMyoga hone para, icchita kI prApti na hone para tathA anicchita kI prApti hone para citta meM jo AkulatA-vyAkulatA utpanna hotI hai, vahI ArttadhyAna hai| yahI AkulatA- vyAkulatA tanAva utpanna karatI hai| iSTa ke saMyoga meM rAga aura aniSTa ke saMyoga meM dveSa kI vRtti hotI hai, jaba taka yaha vRtti pratikriyA kA rUpa nahIM letI, taba taka citta-vikSobha nahIM hotA hai, kintu jaba dveSa kI vRtti pratikriyA kA rUpa le letI hai, taba vaha ArttadhyAna ko 438 (1) tattvArthasUtra-9/29e (2) sthAnAMgasUtra, caturtha sthAna, 1/60 (3) aupapAtikasUtra-30 (4) paDikkamAmi cauhiM jhANehiM -aTTeNaMjhANeNa, rUdeNajhANeNaM, dhammeNaMjhANeNaM, sukkeNaM jhANeNa - / Avazyaka zramaNasUtra 439 dhyAnazataka, zloka-5, jinabhadragaNikRta For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti raudradhyAna meM parivartita kara detI hai| ArttadhyAna kI utpatti rAga se hotI hai aura raudradhyAna kI utpatti dveSa se hotI hai / dveSajanya pratikriyAe~ jaba dUsare ke ahita ke vicAra se jur3a jAtI haiM, to ve raudradhyAna kA rUpa le letI haiN| ArttadhyAna hatAzA kI sthiti hai, raudradhyAna AvegAtmaka sthiti hai| ArttadhyAna meM mana nirAzA meM DUba jAtA hai, cintita va duHkhI hotA hai / nirAzA, ciMtA, duHkhI honA- ye saba tanAva ke hI prakAra kahe jA sakate haiM, kyoMki inhIM se mana azAMta hotA hai / sthAnAMga meM bhI duHkha ke nimitta ko yA duHkharUpa manodazA yA pariNati ko ArttadhyAna kahA gayA hai / 1440 jJAnArNava meM zubhacandra likhate haiM- 'Rte bhavam Arttam - isa nirukti ke anusAra, duHkha meM hone vAlI saMkliSTa pariNati kA nAma ArttadhyAna hai| 441 isI prakAra, rAga-bhAva se z2oM unmattatA hotI hai, vaha kevala ajJAna ke kAraNa hI hotI hai, jisake phalasvarUpa jIva usa avAMchanIya vastu kI prApti se aura vAMchanIya kI aprApti se duHkhI hotA hai- yahI ArttadhyAna hai / 442 raudradhyAna ko tanAva kI aMtima sImA bhI kaha sakate haiN| krUra, kaThora evaM hiMsaka vyakti ko rudra kahA jAtA hai aura usa rudra prANI ke dvArA jisa bhAva se kArya kiyA jAtA hai, usake bhAva ko raudra kahate haiN| isa prakAra, atizaya krUra bhAvanAoM tathA pravRttiyoM se saMzliSTa dhyAna raudradhyAna hai| 443 jo puruSa prANiyoM ko rulAtA hai, vaha rudra va krUra kahalAtA hai aura usa puruSa ke dvArA jo dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai, vaha raudradhyAna kahalAtA hai / 144 raudradhyAna meM vyakti svayaM ke svabhAva ko chor3akara 'para' meM dveSa - pravRtti karatA hai / 'para' para rAga va dveSa- donoM hI tanAva ke hetu haiN| ArttadhyAna ke cAra bheda kie gae haiM 445 445 1. aniSTa saMyogarUpa ArttadhyAna 2. Atura ciMtArUpa ArttadhyAna 440 sthAnAMgasUtra -247 441 25/23 jJAnArNava dazavaikAlika' 442 443 . (1) jJAnArNava - 26 / 2 (2) sarvArthasiddhi - 9/28/445/10 444 mahApurANa - 21 /42 (2) bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUla - 1703 / 1528 (1) dhyAnazataka, zloka 6, 7, 8, 9, (2) sthAnAMgasUtra 4/60-72 -- - 231 For Personal & Private Use Only mUlAcAra - 396

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232 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 3. iSTa viyogarUpa ArtadhyAna 4. nidAna ciMtanarUpa ArttadhyAna prathama prakAra ke ArtadhyAna meM, amanojJa zabda, rUpa, rasa Adi kA saMyoga hone para unase viyoga kaise ho- isakI ciMtA hI aniSTa-saMyoga-rUpa ArtadhyAna hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, aniSTa kA saMyoga hone para citta meM eka prakAra kI vyAkulatA utpanna hotI hai, jaise- kAna se apriya zabda sunane yA apane prati nindAsUcaka zabda sunane para, yA nAsikA se durgaMdha Ane para, athavA jIbha ko kar3avA Adi svAda Ane para, athavA tvacA ko kaThora, uSNa Adi sparza hone para jaba citta meM yaha vRtti banatI hai ki yaha saMyoga kaise zIghratA se dUra ho, athavA inake kAraNa mana meM eka prakAra kA viSAda utpanna hotA hai, vaha viSAda hI tanAva kA rUpa le letA hai| tanAva kA eka artha yaha bhI hai ki vyakti meM jo aniSTa saMyogoM ko dUra karane athavA yaha socane kI vRtti ki inakA mujhase viyoga kaba hogA, yahI aniSTa-saMyogarUpa ArttadhyAna hai| spaSTa hai ki aniSTa-saMyoga ke sparza se citta kI zAMti samApta ho jAtI hai aura eka prakAra kA tanAva utpanna ho jAtA hai| tanAva ke utpanna hone meM aniSTa kA saMyoga bhI eka kAraNa hai, isalie aniSTa ke saMyogarUpa ArtadhyAna ko hama tanAva ke hetu ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara sakate haiN| ArtadhyAna kA dUsarA rUpa Atura-ciMtArUpa ArtadhyAna hai| anukUla ke saMyoga aura pratikUla se viyoga kI ciMtA hI Atura- ciMtArUpa ArtadhyAna kahI jAtI hai| AturatA citta kI vikalpatA kI sUcaka hai| citta kI anukUlatA ko pAne ke lie aura pratikUla se viyoga ke lie adhika sakriya honA hI AturatA hai| jahA~ AturatA hai, vahA~ ciMtA hai hI aura AturatA aura ciMtA-donoM hI tanAva ke mukhya hetu haiM, jaise- eka vidyArthI ko jaba taka parIkSA kA pariNAma nahIM AtA hai, taba taka yaha ciMtA satAtI rahatI hai ki kaba mujhe pAsa hone kI sUcanA mile, kahIM maiM phela to nahIM ho jAUM? jaba taka use yaha ciMtA rahatI hai, taba taka vaha tanAvagrasta hI rahatA hai| isa prakAra, Atura ciMtAyukta dUsarA prakAra bhI citta ke tanAvayukta hone kA hI sUcaka hai| tanAva kA mukhya kAraNa rAga hai aura rAga meM Asakta vyakti ko iSTa-viSaya kI prApti hone para, usakA viyoga na ho jAe- aisA ciMtana ArttadhyAna kA tIsarA prakAra iSTa-viyogarUpa ArtadhyAna hai| pratyeka vyakti apanI icchita vastu ko prApta karane para, athavA use jIvana meM For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 233 anukUla anubhava hone para, usakA viyoga na ho jAe- isakI cintA meM tanAvagrasta bana rahA hai| isI prakAra, anukUla ke saMyoga ko cirakAla taka banAe rakhane kI abhilASA ke kAraNa usakA citta vicalita yA tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| priya vastu ke viyoga kI sambhAvanA kA mAtra ciMtana karane se hI usake mana meM vikSobha utpanna ho jAtA hai| yaha vikSobha tanAva kA hI eka lakSaNa hai| isa prakAra iSTa viyoga kI cintA evaM iSTa saMyoga kI cAha - donoM hI ArtadhyAna yA tanAva ko hI janma detI haiN| ____ ArttadhyAna kA cauthA rUpa nidAna-cintana hai| "pA~coM indriyoM se sambandhita kAmabhogoM kI icchA karanA, bhogecchA-cintanarUpa ArttadhyAna . hai| 446 icchAe~ AkAza ke samAna ananta aura jIvana meM nirantara banI rahatI haiN| unheM pUrA karane kI ciMtA meM pUrA jIvana vyatIta ho jAtA hai, phira bhI icchAe~ samApta nahIM hotI haiN| ye icchAe~ yA AkAMkSAe~ hI vyakti ke mana meM eka dvandva utpanna karatI haiN| vyakti dina-rAta icchAoM ke pIche bhAgatA rahatA hai aura kSaNabhara bhI saMtoSa kA anubhava nahIM kara pAtA hai| bhaviSya meM icchAoM ko pUrNa karane kI lAlasA meM vyakti mana ke mAdhyama se prayAsarata rahatA hai| isa hetu apanI kSamatA se adhika kArya karanA bhI tanAva utpanna karatA hai, phira cAhe vaha kArya zArIrika ho yA maansik| - isa prakAra, uparokta cAroM ArtadhyAna tanAva ko utpanna karate haiN| kabhI vyakti aniSTa ke saMyoga se duHkhI hotA hai, to kabhI iSTa ke viyoga kI ciMtA meM tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| eka ora, rogAdi se prApta vedanA ko dUra karane kI ciMtA rahatI hai, to dUsarI ora, pA~coM indriyoM kI lAlasA ko pUrNa karane kI icchA rahatI hai, jo mastiSka ko azAMta banAe rakhatI haiN| ciMtA, duHkha, parezAnI, vedanA, azAntatA ye tanAva ke hI upanAma haiN| ArtadhyAna vaha dhyAna hai, jisameM AdhyAtmika-zaktiyA~ kSINa hotI haiM aura tanAva utpanna karane vAlI sthitiyoM kA vikAsa hotA hai| kahate haiM ki citta kI ekAgratA ke lie jitanA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai, vaha saphala hotA hai aura eka dina mana apanI caMcalatA ke svabhAva ko chor3akara zAMta yA ekAgracitta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra, ArtadhyAna jitanA adhika hogA tanAva bhI utanA hI bar3hatA jaaegaa| ArtadhyAna aura tanAva kA saha-sambandha batAte hue yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki jo lakSaNa 446 (1) dhyAnazataka - For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti ArttadhyAna ke haiM, ve hI lakSaNa eka tanAvagrasta vyakti meM bhI pAe jAte haiN| ArttadhyAna ke lakSaNa rUdana, zoka, vilApa, cir3acir3AhaTa, ciMtA Adi haiN| tanAvagrasta vyakti meM bhI ye hI sAre lakSaNa pAe jAte haiN| vaha bhI duHkhI evaM cintita rahatA hai| vyakti jaba icchAoM kI pUrti nahIM kara pAtA, to usakA svabhAva cir3acir3A evaM krodhI ho jAtA hai| iSTa ke viyoga para rUdana, vilApa Adi karatA hai| dhyAnazataka meM ArttadhyAna ke ye hI cAra lakSaNa nirUpita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki ArttadhyAnI ke Akrandana, zocana, parivedana aura tAr3ana Adi lakSaNa hote haiN| 447 uvavAIsUtra meM bhI ArttadhyAna ke cAra lakSaNa batAe gae haiM- 1. kaMdaNayA, 2. soyaNayA, 3. tippaNayA aura 4. vilavaNayA / 234 kaMdaNayA arthAt rUdana karanA, soyaNayA kA artha hai- zoka karanA arthAt ciMtA karanA / tippaNayA kA Azaya AMsU girAnA yA duHkhI honA hai aura vilayaNa se tAtparya vilApa karanA hai| * jisa vyakti meM uparyukta cAroM lakSaNa pAe jAte haiM, vaha ArttadhyAnI hotA hai aura jo vyakti ArttadhyAnI hotA hai, vaha niyamataH tanAvagrasta hotA hai| ArttadhyAnI hIna bhAvanA se grasta rahatA hai| vaha svayaM apane jIvana ko tanAvagrasta banAtA hai, sAtha hI, dUsaroM ke jIvana meM bhI azAMti phailAtA hai| dUsaroM ke pAsa rahI huI vastu ko yA unake sukhoM ko dekhakara IrSyA karatA hai| usameM aprApta vastu ko prApta karane kI atyanta tRSNA rahatI hai, usakI AkAMkSA adhikAdhika bar3hatI jAtI hai aura isI meM usakA jIvana pUrA ho jAtA hai, phira bhI usakI tRSNA samApta nahIM hotii| vaha dUsaroM kI vastu ko prApta karane ke lie zoka, vilApa, mAyA Adi karatA hai aura dUsaroM ko bhI hAni pahu~cAtA hai aura apanI icchAoM kI pUrti ko hI tanAvamukti kI davA samajhatA hai| raudradhyAna ke bheda, lakSaNa va tanAva se unakA sambandha raudradhyAna ke cAra bheda kahe gae haiM448 1. hiMsAnubandhI- raudradhyAna, 447 448 - dhyAnazataka 15 (a) raudhe jhANe cauvvihe paNNatte, taM jahA - hiMsANubandhi, mosANubandhi, teNANubandhi, sArakkhaNANubandhi / - sthAnAMgasUtra - 4/1/63, pR. 223. (ba) dhyAnazataka - zloka 19-22 (sa) jJAnArNava - 24/3 (da) hiMsA'nRtasteyaviSaya saMrakSaNebhyo raudramaviratadezaviratayoH tattvArthasUtra 9/36 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 2. mRSAnubandhI- raudradhyAna, 3. steyAnubandhI- raudradhyAna, 4. viSayasaMrakSaNAnubandhI- raudradhyAna / 1. ,449 450 hiMsAnubandhI- raudradhyAna nirantara hiMsaka pravRtti meM tanmayatA karAne vAlI citta kI ekAgratA / 149 hiMsAnubandhI- raudradhyAna meM citta dUsaroM ko pIr3ita karane kA, duHkha dene kA, unake tAr3ana yA mArane kA hI ciMtana karatA rahatA hai| jisa prakAra agni jalAtI hai, usI prakAra raudradhyAnI krodharUpI agni meM jalatA rahatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM krodhAdi kaSAya ko agni kI upamA dI hai| 1 aise vyakti ke mana meM - zAMti nahIM rhtii| azAMta vyakti svayaM bhI azAMta rahatA hai, arthAt tanAvayukta rahatA hai aura dUsaroM ko bhI tanAvagrasta kara detA hai| AcArAMgasUtra se isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai| kahA gayA hai- AturA paritAveMti, arthAt, jo svayaM Atura hotA hai, vaha dUsaroM ko bhI paritApa detA hai| 151 raudradhyAnI itanA krUra hotA hai ki krodha meM aMdhA huA manuSya pAsa meM khar3I mA~, bahina aura bacce ko bhI mArane laga jAtA hai| 452 krodha se manuSya kA hRdaya raudra bana jAtA hai| 453 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 mRSAnubandhI- raudradhyAna isa dUsare raudradhyAna kA sambandha mAyA se hai| dUsaroM ko ThaganA, jhUTha bolanA, lobhavaza jhUTha bolakara dUsaroM ke jIvana meM aMdherA kara denA arthAt unake icchita viSayoM ko samApta kara denA mRSAnubandhI- raudradhyAna hai / isa sthiti meM vyakti kA mana sadaiva dUsaroM ko Thagane kA hI vicAra karatA rahatA hai, mAyA racatA rahatA hai aura eka mAyA hajAroM satya kA nAza kara DAlatI hai / ' ,454 - 3. steyAnubandhI- raudradhyAna - isa dhyAna meM vyakti tIvra krodha aura lobha se Akula hokara prANiyoM kA upahanana, anArya AcaraNa aura dUsare kI vastu kA apaharaNa karane kA cintana karatA rahatA hai| 455 apaharaNa karane se apaharaNakarttA bhI tanAvayukta rahatA hai aura jisakA sAmAna corI huA hai, vaha bhI ciMtita va azAMta rahatA hai| - jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 28 kasAyA aggiNo vRttA uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 23 /53 AcArAMgasUtra - 1/1/6 vasunandi zrAvakAcAra - 66 bhagavatI ArAdhanA - 1366 ( roseNa rUddahidao, NAragasIlo ro hodi) bhagavatI ArAdhanA 1384 (saccANa sahasANa vi, mAyA ekkAni NAsedi / ) dhyAnazataka - 20 - 235 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 4. viSayasaMrakSaNAnubandhI- raudradhyAna tIvra krodha aura lobha se AkrAnta vyakti kA citta rucikara viSayoM kI prApti ke sAdhanarUpa dhana kI rakSA meM saMlagna rahatA hai / aniSTa cintana meM rata rahanA, sabhI ke prati zaMkAlu honA, dUsaroM kA ghAta karane ke bhAvoM se AkrAnta rahanA, viSayasaMrakSaNAnubandhI- raudradhyAna hai| AkulatA tanAva kA lakSaNa hai| dhyAnazataka meM cAroM raudradhyAnoM ko saMsAra kI vRddhi karanevAle aura narakagati kA mUla kahA gayA hai| 457 jainadharma ke anusAra, saMsAra - vRddhi aura narakagarti donoM hI duHkha ke hetu haiM yA tanAvayukta avasthA haiN| 456 236 ArttadhyAnI hatAza aura parezAna hotA hai, raudradhyAnI apanI nirAzA ko, ciMtA ko dUra karane ke hetu raudradhyAna karatA hai, lekina pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki vaha aura adhika tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai / raudradhyAna ke jo lakSaNa haiM, ve hI eka tanAvagrasta vyakti meM bhI pAe jAte haiN| dhyAnazataka meM raudradhyAna ke nimna lakSaNa haiM458 . liMgAI tassa ussaNNa- bahula- nANAvihA''maraNadosA tesiM ciya hiMsAisu bAhikaraNovauttassa | |26|| arthAt, jo isa hiMsA, mRSAvAda Adi meM vANI aura zarIra se saMlagna hai, usa raudradhyAnI ke utsanna, bahula, nAnAvidha aura AmaraNa-doSa- ye cAra lakSaNa haiN| 1. utsanna-doSa raudradhyAnI viSaya-bhoga, vAsanA, kAmanA, rAga-dveSa Adi doSoM se tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| use dUsaroM ko dekhakara bhI prasannatA nahIM hotI, apitu vaha IrSyA se duHkhI hotA rahatA hai aura dUsaroM ke sukha ko bhaMga karane kA prayatna karatA hai| - 2. bahula - doSa - dUsaroM kI prasannatA ko nirAzA meM badalane ke lie yA apane sukha ke lie usameM hiMsA, jhUTha, corI Adi doSoM kI bahulatA A jAtI hai / 456 - 3. nAnAvidha-doSa - raudradhyAnI hiMsA, jhUTha Adi aneka krUra evaM duSTa pravRttiyoM ko apane tanAvamukti kA arthAt svayaM ke sukha kA hetu mAnatA hai, isalie vaha nAnAvidha doSa karatA hai| 457 458 saddAvisayasAhaNadhaNasArakkhaNaparAyaNamaNi / savvAbhisaMkaNaparovaghAtkalusAulaM cittaM / / 22 / / dhyAnazataka-22 dhyAnazataka - 24 dhyAnazataka - 26 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 4. AmaraNa- - doSa raudradhyAnI meM AmaraNa-doSa hotA hai, arthAt vaha hiMsA, jhUTha Adi pApoM kA sevana mRtyuparyanta karatA rahatA hai| vaha tanAvamukti kI cAha meM hiMsA Adi pravRtti meM lagA rahatA hai, kyoMki usake lie hiMsAdi pravRttiyA~ hI tanAvamukti yA zAMti ke sAdhana hote haiN| ye cAra prakAra ke raudradhyAna rAga-dveSa aura moha se yukta vyAkula evaM tanAvagrasta vyakti ke hote haiN| jo lakSaNa eka raudradhyAnI meM hote haiM, ve hI lakSaNa tanAvagrasta vyakti meM bhI pAe jAte haiN| tanAvagrasta vyakti raudradhyAna karatA huA dUsaroM ko pIr3ita to karatA hai, sAtha hI dUsaroM ko duHkhI dekhakara prasannatA va zAMti kI anubhUti bhI karatA hai, kintu usakI anubhUtiyA~ alpakAlika hI hotI haiM aura usakI dRSTi ko dUSita banAe rakhatI haiN| - tulanAtmaka - dRSTi se kaheM, to ina do dhyAnoM, arthAt ArttadhyAna evaM raudradhyAna ke AdhAra para hama vyakti ke tanAva ke stara ko batA sakate haiN| vastutaH, ina donoM dhyAnoM meM hI tanAva kA stara tIvra hotA hai, kintu pratikriyA kI apekSA se raudradhyAnI svayaM ko va dUsaroM ko adhika tanAvagrasta karatA hai / 1 dhavalA pustaka - 13, pR. 70 237 dharmadhyAna va zukladhyAna tanAvamukti ke hetu - : jaina- AcAryoM ne sAdhanA kI dRSTi se kevala dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna ko hI dhyAna kI koTi meM rakhA hai| vastutaH, tanAvamukti kI vidhiyoM meM bhI ye hI do dhyAna upayogI haiN| dharmadhyAna karate hue zukladhyAna meM praveza kiyA jAtA hai| dharmadhyAna meM tanAvamukta hone ke lie prayAsa prArambha hotA hai, dharmadhyAna karate-karate zukladhyAna meM praveza hotA hai| zukladhyAnI ko pUrNataH tanAvamukta vyakti kaha sakate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki AdhyAtmika - dRSTi se AtmA ke utthAna ke lie ina donoM ko hI dhyAna kI koTi meM rakhA gayA hai| digambara - paramparA kI dhavalA TIkA 159 meM tathA zvetAmbara - paramparA ke hemacandra ke yogazAstra 480 meM dhyAna ke do hI prakAra batAe gae haiM- dharma aura zukla / 459 460 yogazAstra - 4/115 For Personal & Private Use Only

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238 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti dharmadhyAna ke bhI cAra upaprakAra kahe gae haiM, ve nimna haiM - 1. AjJAvicaya - manovaijJAnika dRSTi se kaheM, to jo pUrNataH tanAvamukta haiM, unake dvArA batAe gae tanAvamukti ke mArga kA cintana karanA AjJAvicaya hai| jaina zabdAvalI meM kaheM, to jo vItarAgI hai, tanAva ke mUla hetu rAga-dveSa se jo pUrNataH mukta hai, usake upadezoM para cintana karanA AjJAvicaya-dharmadhyAna hai| 2. apAyavicaya - rAga-dveSa se janita duHkha kA evaM unake kAraNoM kA cintana kara unase chuTakArA kaise ho- isa sambandha meM vicAra karanA apAyavicaya hai| 3. vipAkavicaya - vipAka kA artha hai- phala yA pariNAma / jainadharma ke anusAra, pUrvakarmoM ke vipAka ke pariNAmasvarUpa udaya meM Ane vAlI sukha-duHkhAtmaka vibhinna anubhUtiyoM kA samabhAvapUrvaka vedana karate hue unake kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa karanA vipAkavicaya dhyAna hai| dUsare zabdoM meM hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki tanAva va tanAvamukti- donoM meM hone vAlI mAnasika azAMti va zAMti kI anubhUti karate hue unake pariNAmoM kA cintana kreN| 4. saMsthAnavicaya - loka evaM saMsthAna zabda kA artha AgamoM meM zarIra bhI hai va saMsAra bhI hai|482 mana kA zarIra va saMsAra se Asakta hokara cintita honA hI tanAva hai| saMsthAnavicaya dharma-dhyAna meM vyakti zarIra va saMsAra kI gatividhiyoM se mukti ke lie apanI cittavRttiyoM ko kendrita kara niyaMtrita rakhatA hai| dharmadhyAnI meM mukhya rUpa se nimna lakSaNa pAe jAte haiM - 1. AjJAruci - dharmadhyAnI vyakti vItarAga prabhu ke batAe mArga kA anusaraNa karatA hai, arthAt tanAva utpanna karane vAle tattvoM ke prati udAsIna bhAva rakhatA hai| 2. nisargaruci - sva-svabhAva meM ruci honA nisargaruci hai| tanAvagrasta vyakti vibhAvadazA meM hotA hai| dharmadhyAnI vibhAvadazA kA tyAga kara sva-svabhAva meM ramaNa karane kA prayatna karatA hai| 461 (1) sthAnAMgasUtra -4/64 (2) dhyAnazataka - 45 . jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pa.29 sthAnAMga - 4/66 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 239 3. sUtraruci - tanAvamukti ke lie una upadezoM ko grahaNa karanA, jo sahI dizA-nirdeza karate haiM, satraruci hai| 4. Agamaruci- Agama ke upadezoM ko sunakara una para cintana-manana karanA Agamaruci hai| zukladhyAna - yaha dharmadhyAna ke bAda kI sthiti hai| dharmadhyAna ke dvArA tanAvagrasta vyakti ke mana ko vAsanArUpI vikalpoM se mor3akara dharmadhyAna meM lagAyA jAtA hai| zukladhyAna ke dvArA mana ko zAnta aura tanAvamukta kiyA jAtA hai| isakI antima pariNati mana kI samasta pravRttiyoM kA pUrNa nirodha hai| zukladhyAna ke cAra bheda kahe gae haiM - 1. pRthakatva-vitarka-savicAra - isa dhyAna meM dhyAtA dravya kI paryAyoM kA cintana karatA hai| vyakti ke rAga-dveSa ke bhAva dravya para hI hote haiN| dravya kI paryAyoM kA cintana karate-karate vaha usa dravya ke prati rAga-dveSa se rahita hokara tanAvamukta ho jAtA hai| 2. ekatva-vitarka-avicAra - yaha pRthaktva-vitarka-savicAra kA virodhI hai| isameM vicAra kA abhAva hotA hai| 3. . sUkSmakriyA apratipAtI - isa avasthA meM mana, vacana aura zarIra ke vyApAra kA nirodha ho jAtA hai| vyakti zAMti kA, Ananda kA anubhava karatA hai| 4. samucchinna-kriyA-nivRtti - yaha pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai|| - pUrNataH tanAvamukta vyakti meM nimna lakSaNa pAe jAte haiM, jo zukladhyAnI ke hote haiM - 1. aisA vyakti kisI bhI pIr3A kI sthiti meM alpamAtrA meM bhI duHkhI yA tanAvagrasta nahIM hotA, ise hI sthAnAMgasUtra meM avyatha-parISaha kahA gayA hai| ... 2. tanAva utpanna karane vAlI icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM kA aMta ho jAtA hai, arthAt vaha kisI bhI prakAra se mohita nahIM hotaa| 3. . viveka - sva aura para ke bheda ko samajhakara zuddhAtma sva svabhAva meM ramaNa karatA hai| 40" jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pUtra 30 (1) sthAnAMgasUtra - 4/69 (2) dhyAnazataka - 78-84 (1) sthAnAMgasUtra - 4/70 (2) jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. For Personal & Private Use Only

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240 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 4. . vyutsarga- tanAva-utpatti kA mukhya kAraNa mamatva hai| isa avasthA meM zukladhyAnI apane zarIra, upadhi Adi ke prati mamatva-bhAva kA pUrNa tyAga kara detA hai| - sthAnAMgasUtra meM zukladhyAna ke cAra Alambana batAe gae haiM - 1. zAMti, 2. mukti (nirlobhatA), 3. Arjava (saralatA) aura 4. maardv| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina likhate haiM- zukladhyAna ke ye cAra Alambana cAra kaSAyoM ke tyAgarUpa hI haiN| vastutaH, tanAva kA mUla kAraNaM kaMSAya haiM aura kaSAya kA pUrNataH tyAga hI tanAvamukti hai| pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hI. zukladhyAna hai| AcArAMga meM mamatva kA svarUpa, mamatva ke tyAga evaM tRSNA para prahAra - yaha merA dhana hai, merA rAjya hai, merI vastu hai- aisA mAnanA mamatva. hai, mamatA hai| parivAra yA sampatti ke moha meM baMdhI hue vyakti kI mamatvabuddhi hI vyakti ke tanAva kA heta hotI hai| AcArAMga meM likhA haiM- "yaha merI mAtA hai, merI bahana hai, merA bhAI hai, merA putra hai, merI patnI hai, mere saMgI-sAthI haiM, inhoMne mere lie bhojana, vastra, makAna Adi kI vyavasthA kI hai- isa prakAra Asakta vyakti dina-rAta binA vicAra kie duSkarma karatA hai| vastutaH, 'para' para 'sva' kA AropaNa hI mamatvabuddhi kA lakSaNa hai| prANI isa mamatva-bhAva ke kAraNa hI saMsAra meM janma-maraNa karatA hai| jainadharma kA yaha mAnanA hai ki janma-maraNa duHkha hai| yaha duHkha hI tanAva hai| vyakti jisa vastu ko "maiM rUpa mAnatA hai, yA merI mAnatA hai, usakA vinAza yA viyoga avazya hI hotA hai aura jaba usa vastu kA nAza ho jAtA hai, to yaha merApana hI duHkha kA yA tanAva kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| gautamasvAmI ko bhI taba taka kevalajJAna prApta nahIM haA, jaba taka unhoMne prabhu mahAvIra para apanI yaha mamatvabuddhi rakhI thI ki ve unake guru haiN| jaba unakI mamatA TUTI, taba hI unhoMne kevalajJAna prApta kiyaa| mamatvabuddhi vyakti ko bAMdhakara rakhatI hai| mamatvabuddhi ke aneka udAharaNa jaina-kathAoM meM milate haiN| nandana maNiyAra ko apanI banAI pAnI kI bAvar3I se itanI adhika mamatA jur3I thI ki unhoMne marakara sthAnAMgasUtra - 4/71 jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pra. 31 469 AcArAMga -2/1/63 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 241 usI bAvar3I meM meMDhaka ke rUpa meM janma liyaa| vastutaH dekhA jAe, to yaha mamatvabuddhi hameM parAdhIna banA detI hai| jo merA hai, usa para svAmitva-bhAva ho jAtA hai aura vyakti usa merepana ke bhAva se hI tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| vyakti prasanna taba hotA hai, jaba usako vastuoM para merepana kA adhikAra milatA hai| kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA likhate haiM- "duHkha kA kAraNa vastuoM va vyaktiyoM ke prati rahA huA hamArA mamatva va svAmitva-bhAva hI hai aura usa parAdhInatA ke duHkha se chUTane kA upAya hai- vastuoM se svAmitvabhAva yA merepana kA tyAga | 47 hamane zarIra ko bhI 'merA mAna liyA hai aura isa zarIra ke adhIna hokara isakI una jarUratoM kI pUrti karane meM lage hue haiM, jo kabhI samApta nahIM hotii| yaha mamatvabuddhi eka sAtha kaI duHkhita bhAvoM ko janma detI hai, jo tanAva kA kAraNa banate haiM, jaise- jaba dhana kA saMcaya hotA hai, to mere pAsa aura adhika dhana ho- yaha bhAva parigraha bar3hAtA hai| maiM sabase bar3A karor3apati AdamI hU~- yaha bhAva ahaMkAra paidA karatA hai| isa prakAra, yaha merepana kA bhAva baMdhana hai, mamatva hai, ahaM hai aura tanAva-utpatti kA kAraNa hai, yaha mamatva hI tRSNA ko janma detA hai| yaha tRSNA, icchA, kAmanA vyakti ko duHkhI va tanAvagrasta karatI hai, kyoMki tRSNA kabhI samApta nahIM hotii| pyAsa lagane para pAnI pI lete haiM, kintu kucha samaya bAda pyAsa punaH laga hI jAtI hai| isI prakAra, vyakti kA yaha svabhAva hai ki usakI tRSNA kabhI samApta nahIM hotii| tanAvamukti ke lie hameM isa merepana kA yA mamatva kA tyAga karanA hogaa| yaha samajhanA hogA ki sirpha AtmA hI 'sva' hai, bAkI saba parAyA hai| sUtrakR tAMga meM likhA hai - AtmA aura hai, zarIra aura hai|471 zabda, rUpa Adi kAmabhoga ke padArtha anya haiM, maiM (AtmA) anya huuN| koI kisI dUsare ke duHkha ko beTA nahIM sakatA," arthAt jo ye sage-sambandhI haiM, ve hI tanAva-utpatti ke nimitta haiN| hara prANI akelA janma letA hai, akelA maratA hai| kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki vyakti akelA hai, usakA zarIra bhI usakA nahIM hotaa| vaha bhI rAkha ho jAtA hai, kintu hama zarIra se mamatA rakhate hue dina-rAta usakI kAmanAoM kI pUrti karane meM lage . 470 duHkharahita sukha, kanhaiyAlAla lor3hA, pR. 61 // sUtrakRtAMga - 2/1/9 472 sUtrakRtAMga - 2/1/13 sUtrakRtAMga - 2/1/13. sUtrakRtAMga - 2/1/13 For Personal & Private Use Only

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242 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti rahate haiN| yaha merA hai, vaha merA hai -isa mamatvabuddhi ke kAraNa hI vyakti duHkha pAtA hai| isa bAta kI puSTi sUtrakRtAMga se hotI hai| usameM varNita hai -"mamAiM luppaI bAle',15 jaba taka mamatva kA tyAga nahIM hogA, tanAva-mukti milanA sambhava nahIM hai| marudevI mAtA ne bhI jaba putra se merepana ke bhAva kA tyAga kiyA, usI vakta kevalajJAna prApta kara mukti ko prApta ho gii| jitanA-jitanA tyAga bar3hatA jAegA, vyakti kI mamatvabuddhi yA Asakti ghaTatI calI jAeMgI aura jaise-jaise mamatvabuddhi yA Asakti ghaTegI, tanAvamukti kI anubhUti hogii| isa mamatvavRtti yA merepana ke vikalpa kI samApti dhyAna se hogI, ataH dhyAna tanAva-prabandhana kI eka vidhi bhI hai| yahA~ usakI carcA tanAva-prabaMdhana kI eka vidhi ke rUpa meM kI jA rahI hai| sthAnAMgasUtra aura dhyAnazataka meM tanAva-prabaMdhana kI vidhidhyAnasAdhanA sthAnAMgasUtra aura dhyAnazataka- donoM hI saMbhavataH jaina-paramparA ke dhyAna sambandhI mahattvapUrNa graMtha haiN| jahA~ sthAnAMgasUtra meM dhyAna ke prakAra, lakSaNa Adi kI carcA hai, vahA~ dhyAnazataka pUrNatayA dhyAna kA hI grantha hai| isameM bhI dhyAna ke lakSaNa, prakAra Adi kI vistRta carcA hai| jaina-paramparA ke graMthoM meM jahA~ eka ora rAga-dveSa ko tanAva kA mUlabhUta kAraNa batAyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora, tanAvamukti ke lie dhyAna-sAdhanA ko eka ucita sAdhana batAyA gayA hai| .. vastutaH, dhyAna sAdhana bhI hai aura sAdhanA bhI hai| mana aura indriyoM ko niyaMtraNa karane kI zakti dhyAna meM hI hai| tanAvamuktirUpI lakSya kI prApti dhyAna-sAdhanA se hI sambhava hai| isa sAdhanA se sAdhya ko prApta karane kA sAdhana bhI dhyAna hI hai| dhyAna agara sahI dizA meM ho, to vaha tanAvamukti kI ora le jAtA hai, anyathA vaha tanAvagrastatA kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, Arta, raudra, dharma aura zukla -ina cAra dhyAnoM meM se Arta aura raudra-dhyAna to tanAvoM kA kAraNa haiM yA tanAva-rUpa hI haiM, jabaki dharma aura zukla-dhyAna tanAvoM se mukti ke hetu haiN| vastutaH, zukladhyAna to tanAvarahita avasthA.kA hI sUcaka hai| sUtrakRtAMga -2/1/1/4 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 243 sthAnAMgasUtra meM na kevala dhyAna ke prakAroM kA varNana hai, apita pratyeka prakAra ke dhyAna ke lakSaNa Adi kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM dhyAna ke prakAra va lakSaNa - dhyAna kI sabhI prakriyAe~ apanAne yogya nahIM hotii| sthAnAMga meM cAra prakAra ke dhyAna kahe gae haiN| unameM se prathama do dhyAna mana ko ekAgra to karate haiM, kintu use galata dizA meM le jAkara tanAvagrasta banA dete haiN| zeSa do dhyAna, arthAt dharma aura zukla-dhyAna hI vyakti ko tanAvamukta karate haiN| kaunasA dhyAna karane yogya hai aura kaunasA dhyAna nahIM karane yogya hai, isakA nirNaya sthAnAMgasUtra meM die gae dhyAna ke prakAroM evaM lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para svataH hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM dhyAna ke prakAroM evaM lakSaNoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai - ArtadhyAna - kisI bhI prakAra ke duHkha ke Ane para zoka-magnatA tathA cintAyukta mana kI ekAgratA ArttadhyAna hai|478 ArttadhyAna nirAzA kI sthiti hai| ArtadhyAna meM vyakti duHkha Ane para zokAkula aura ciMtita ho jAtA hai| vaha usI duHkha kA smaraNa karatA rahatA hai| ArtadhyAna meM vyakti ke cintAyukta mana kI ekAgratA use tanAvagrasta hI karatI hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM isa dhyAna ke cAra upaprakAra batAe gae haiM", jo nimnAnasAra haiM 1. amanojJa vastu kA saMyoga hone para usako dUra karane hetu ... bAra-bAra cintana krnaa| 2. manojJa vastu kA saMyoga hone para usakA kabhI viyoga na ho aisA bAra-bAra cintana krnaa| 3. AtaMka yA bhaya hone para usako dUra karane kA bAra-bAra cintana krmaa| 4. prItikAraka kAma-bhoga kA saMyoga hone para unakA viyoga na . ho- aisA bAra-bAra ciMtana krnaa| ArtadhyAna ke ina cAroM upaprakAroM meM 'ciMtana' zabda kA prayoga avazya hai, kintu yahA~ cintana kA artha ciMtA se hai aura jahA~ ciMtA hotI 476 sthAnAMgasUtra, dhyAnasUtra- 4/1/60, madhukara muni sthAnAMgasUtra, dhyAnasUtra-4/1/61, madhukara muni 477 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti hai, vahA~ tanAva avazya hotA hai| ciMtAyukta vyakti tanAvagrasta hotA hI hai| manovijJAna meM tanAvagrasta vyakti ke jo lakSaNa batAe jAte haiM, sthAnAMgasUtra meM prAyaH vahI lakSaNa ArtadhyAna se yukta vyakti ke kahe gae haiM, jaise - 1. krandanatA - ucca svara se Akrandana karanA, arthAt ronaa| 2. zocanatA - dInatA prakaTa karate hue zoka krnaa| 3. tepanatA - A~sU bhaanaa| 4. parivedanatA - karuNAjanaka vilApa krnaa|78 aniSTa vastu kA saMyoga yA iSTa kA viyoga hone para manuSya jo duHkha zoka, saMtApa, Akrandana yA vilApa karatA hai| ve samasta kriyAeM usakI tanAvagrastatA ko hI prakaTa karatI haiN| roga ko dUra karane ke lie yA priya vastu naSTa na ho jAe, isake lie cintAtura rahanA, vastutaH tanAvagrastatA kA hI lakSaNa hai| jaba duHkha Adi ke cintana meM citta kI ekAgratA banatI hai, to vaha dhyAna kI koTi meM A jAtI hai, kintuM aisA dhyAna ArtadhyAna kahalAtA hai aura ArtadhyAna tanAvagrastatA kA hI sUcaka hai| raudradhyAna - "hiMsA yA parapIr3ana kI krUra mAnasikatA meM cittavRtti kI ekAgratA raudradhyAna hai|479 tanAva kA sabase pahalA prabhAva mAnava ke mAnasa para par3atA hai| tanAva kI janmasthalI mana hai aura mana kI azAMti mastiSka ko bhI azAMta banA detI hai| jaba mastiSka azAMta hotA hai, to vyakti raudradhyAna karane lagatA hai| raudradhyAna tanAva kI sthiti ko aura adhika bar3hA detA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM raudradhyAna ke cAra prakAra kahe gae haiM:00 - 1. hiMsAnubandhI - nirantara hiMsaka pravRtti meM tanmayatA karAne vAlI citta-vRtti kI ekaagrtaa| 2. mRSAnubandhI - asatya bhASaNa sambandhI citta kI ekaagrtaa| 479 478 sthAnAMgasUtra - 4/1/62 sthAnAMgasUtra - 4/1/60, madhukara muni 480 sthAnAMgasUtra - 4/1/63, madhukara muni For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 3. steyAnubandhI citta kI ekAgratA / 4. saMrakSaNAnubandhI tanmayatA / nirantara corI karane-karAne kI pravRtti sambandhI parigraha ke arjana aura saMrakSaNa sambandhI uparyukta cAroM raudradhyAna ke upaprakAra vyakti kI tanAvagrasta avasthA kA hI saMketa karate haiM aura ye ArttadhyAna kI apekSA bhI adhika tanAvagrasta banA dete haiN| ArttadhyAna meM to sirpha cintana hotA hai, kintu usa cintana se mukta hone ke lie vyakti jina duSpravRttiyoM ko apanAtA hai, use raudradhyAna kahate haiM / aniSTa vastu ko dUra karane va iSTa vastu ko prApta karane meM cintita tanAvagrasta vyakti apanI cintA ko dUra karane yA tanAvamukta hone ke lie jaba hiMsaka pravRtti karatA hai, corI karatA hai, jhUTha bolatA hai taba yahI hiMsA Adi kI pravRttiyA~ use tanAva ke usa ucca stara para le jAtI hai, jahA~ vyakti kA viveka hI naSTa ho jAtA hai aura viveka ke naSTa ho jAne para tanAvamukti bhI azakya ho jAtI hai / raudradhyAna ke lakSaNa batAte hue sthAnAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai 81 raudradhyAna ke cAra lakSaNa haiM * 245 1. utsanadoSa hiMsAdi kisI eka pApa meM nirantara pravRtti karanA / 2. bahudoSa hiMsAdi vividha pApoM ke karane meM saMlagna rahanA / 3. ajJAnadoSa kusaMskAroM se hiMsAdi Adi adhArmika kRtyoM, jaise bali Adi ko hI dharma mAnanA / 4. AmaraNAntadoSa maraNakAla taka bhI hiMsAdi karane kA anutApa na honA, arthAt mRtyu ko samIpa dekhakara bhI hiMsA pApa pravRttiyoM kA pazcAttapa nahIM honA / yaha spaSTa hai ki ye sabhI lakSaNa bhI vyakti kI tanAvagrastatA ke hI sUcaka haiN| jaina-zAstroM meM ArttadhyAna aura raudradhyAna ko azubhadhyAna kahA gayA hai| ye donoM dhyAna azubhakarma kA baMdha karAte haiN| agrima do, arthAt dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna tanAvamukti ke upAya haiM, inheM hI 481 sthAnAMgasUtra - 4/1/64, madhukara muni For Personal & Private Use Only

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246 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamuktiH jaina-darzana meM mokSaprApti ke upAya bhI batAyA hai aura mokSa hI pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| dharmadhyAna - _ 'zrutadharma aura cAritradharma ke cintana meM citta kI ekAgratA kA honA dharmadhyAna hai|482 zrutadharma kA artha hai- AgamoM meM varNita upadezoM kA . yA tIrthakaroM kI AjJA kA cintana karanA aura cAritradharma kA artha haiAgamoM meM die gae AcAra kA arthAt jinAjJA kA pAlana krnaa| ___ isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki sAdhaka yaha cintana kare ki usake lie kyA karaNIya yA AcaraNIya hai aura kyA akaraNIya yA anAcaraNIya hai| isa prakAra, dharmadhyAna kA Alambana lekara vyakti tanAvoM se mukta ho sakatA hai, kyoMki jinAjJA icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM se Upara uThane meM hI hai| dharmadhyAna ke bheda - dharmadhyAna ke cAra bheda batAe gae haiM - AjJAvicaya - jinAjJA ke cintana meM saMlagna rahanA aura usake pAlana meM tatpara rhnaa| apAyavicaya - saMsAra ke patana ke kAraNoM kA vicAra karate hue unase bacane ke upAya krnaa| vipAkavicaya - acche-bure karmoM ke phala kA vicAra krnaa| saMsthAnavicaya - * janma-maraNa ke AdhArabhUta puruSAkAra isa loka ke svarUpa kA cintana krnaa| uparyukta cAroM prakAroM kA vivecana isI adhyAya meM pUrva meM bhI kiyA jA cukA hai, yahA~ mAtra itanA kahanA hI kAphI hogA ki ye cAroM prakAra vyakti ko tanAvamukta karane meM sahAyaka banate haiM, kintu ye sahAyaka tabhI bana sakate haiM, jaba vyakti dharmadhyAna kI sAdhanA meM pravRtta ho, arthAt tanAva kA prabandhana kre| 482 sthAnAMgasUtra - 4/1/65 . 483 sthAnAMgasUtra-4/1/65 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 247 sthAnAMgasUtra meM dharmadhyAna ke cAra lakSaNa kahe gae haiM - 1. AjJArUci - jinAjJA ke manana-cintana meM ruci, zraddhA evaM bhakti honaa| 2. nisargaruci - dharmakAryoM ke karane meM svAbhAvika ruci honaa| 3. sUtraruci - Agama-zAstroM ke paThana-pAThana meM ruci honaa| 4. avagAr3ha ruci - dvAdazAMgI ke avagAhana meM pragAr3ha ruci .. honaa|404 tanAvamukti ke lie dharmadhyAna kA Alambana le sakate haiM, kintu dharmadhyAna ke lie bhI kucha Alambana Avazyaka mAne gae haiN| binA Alambana ke dharmadhyAna kA honA bhI . sambhava nahIM hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM dharmadhyAna ke cAra Alambana batAe gae haiM 1. vAcanA - AgamasUtra Adi kA paThana krnaa| 2. pratipRcchanA - zaMkA-nivAraNArtha gurujanoM se puuchnaa| 3. parAvartana - paThita sUtroM kA punarAvartana karanA yA unheM dohraanaa| 4. anuprekSA - AgamoM ke artha kA cintana krnaa| uparyukta vAcanAdi AlambanoM se dharmadhyAna kI siddhi hotI hai, kintu jaba taka vyakti ke jIvana meM tanAva kA stara hotA hai, taba taka dharmadhyAna meM sthiratA nahIM AtI hai| sthiratA ke abhAva meM siddhi bhI nahIM hotii| sthiratA ke lie sthAnAMga meM cAra prakAra kI anuprekSAe~ batAI gaI air - ekatvAnuprekSA - jIva saMsAra meM sadA akele hI paribhramaNa karatA hai aura akelA hI sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA haiaisA cintana karanA hai| anityAnuprekSA - sAMsArika-vastuoM kI anityatA kA cintana krnaa| .. azaraNAnuprekSA - jIva ke lie koI dUsarA vyakti, dhana, . parivAra Adi zaraNabhUta nahIM hote haiM- aisA cintana krnaa| la / 484 sthAnAMgasUtra - 4/1/66 .: 485 sthAnAMgasUtra - 4/1/67 486 sthAnAMgasUtra - 4/1/68 For Personal & Private Use Only

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248 4. jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti saMsArAnuprekSA - caturgatirUpa saMsAra kI dazA kA cintana karanA / tanAvayukta vyakti dharmadhyAna ke AlambanoM kA sahArA lekara tanAva se mukta hone kA prayatna karatA hai, kintu asaphalatA ke kAraNa kabhI-kabhI aisI paristhiti kA bhI sAmanA karanA par3atA hai, jahA~ dharmadhyAna se usakI zraddhA DagamagAne lagatI hai aura vaha adhika tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| aisI sthiti meM bhI tanAvamukti ke sAdhanoM, jaise- zAstra, guruvacana Adi para zraddhA rakhane ke lie anuprekSA ko bhI nitya niyama se karanA Avazyaka hai zukladhyAna - dharmadhyAna ke bAda zukladhyAna kA krama hai| DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina likhate haiM- " zukladhyAna ke dvArA mana ko zAnta aura niSkampa kiyA jAtA hai| 487 tanAva kI janmasthalI mana hai aura mana kA 'amana honA hI tanAvamukti hai| zukladhyAna meM mana amana ho jAtA hai, arthAt mana meM icchAe~ - AkAMkSAe~ yA anya koI vikalpa nahIM raha jAte haiM, jo vyakti. ko tanAvagrasta banAte haiN| isameM citta zAMta ho jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainadarzana meM mukti kA antima sAdhana zukladhyAna mAnA gayA hai| zukladhyAna ke aMtima caturtha caraNa ko prApta vyakti mokSa ko prApta kara letA hai, jo ki AtmA kA aMtima lakSya hai| tanAvamukti kA lakSya rakhate hue vyakti zukladhyAna kI prathama avasthA se kramazaH Age bar3hate hue anta meM siddhAvasthA arthAt pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA ko prApta kara letA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM zukladhyAna kI cAra avasthAe~ batAI gaI haiN| ye cAra avasthAe~ hI zukladhyAna ke cAra prakAra bhI kahega 1. pRthaktvavitarka-savicAra isa dhyAna meM dhyAtA ke citta meM vicAra to rahate haiM, parantu citta meM caMcalatA nahIM rahatI hai| vyakti kisI vastu para citta ko kendrita karatA hai, usakA vizleSaNa karatA hai, jaise kisI eka hI vastu ke kisI eka guNa - vizeSa kA cintana karatA hai, to kabhI usakI vividha avasthAoM yA paryAyoM kA cintana karatA hai / - - 487 jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 30 488 sthAnAMgasUtra - 4/1/69 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 249 2. ekatvavitarka-avicAra - isa dhyAna meM manovRtti meM itanI sthiratA ho jAtI hai ki jIva eka hI vizleSita guNa yA paryAya para apane cintana ko kendrita kara letA hai| 3. sUkSmakriyA-anivRtti - isameM mana, vacana aura kAyA kI sthUla kriyAe~ to ruka jAtI haiM, kintu unakI sUkSma kriyAe~ calatI rahatI haiN| udAharaNa - hAtha, pA~va kA hilanA-DulanA to baMda ho jAtA hai, parantu svapna Adi kI kriyAe~ calatI rahatI haiN| 4. samuchinnakriyA apratipAtI - isa dhyAna meM mana, vacana aura kAyA kI sUkSma pravRttiyA~ bhI samApta ho jAtI haiN| isa dhyAna kA dhyAtA caudahaveM guNasthAna ko prApta kara pA~ca hRsva svaroM yA vyaMjanoM ke uccAraNa meM jitanA samaya lagatA hai, utane samaya meM mukta ho jAtA hai| dhyAna ke uparyukta prakAroM kA tanAva-prabandhana ke sAtha kyA sambandha hai, yaha isI adhyAya ke pUrva meM diyA gayA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM zukladhyAna ke cAra lakSaNa batAe gae haiM, jo nimna haiM - ___ 1.. avyatha-vyathA se rahita arthAt parISaha yA upasargAdi se pIr3ita . nahIM hone vaalaa| 2. asammoha -devAdikRta mAyA se mohita nahIM hone vaalaa| 3. viveka - sabhI saMyogoM ko AtmA se bhinna mAnane vaalaa| 4. vyutsarga - zarIra aura upadhi se mamatva kA tyAga kara pUrNa niHsaMga ho jAne vaalaa| tanAvamukta vyakti meM bhI ye hI lakSaNa pAe jAte haiN| vaha kisI bhI vyAdhi, roga, parISaha yA upasargAdi se duHkhI nahIM hotA hai aura na hI kisI saMyoga se prasanna hotA hai| vaha mAtra zAMti va AnaMda kA anubhava karatA hai, kyoMki usake antarmana meM kSamA, nirlobhatA, naitikatA, saralatA, mRdutA, sahiSNutA Adi kA vAsa hotA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM zukladhyAna ke cAra Alambana bhI batAe haiM, jo tanAvamukta vyakti meM guNarUpa meM vidyamAna rahate haiM1. kSAnti (kSamA), .. 2. mukti (nirlobhatA), 3. Arjava (saralatA), 4. mArdava (mRdutaa)| 489 sthAnAMgasUtra - 4/1/71 For Personal & Private Use Only

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250 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti dhyAnazataka meM dhyAna ke lakSaNa - dhyAnazataka bhI pUrNataH dhyAna para hI AdhArita grantha hai| dhyAna ke binA samatva aura samatva ke binA mukti sambhava nahIM hai, ataH tanAvaprabandhana ke lie dhyAna Avazyaka hai| dhyAnazataka meM bhI dhyAna ke svarUpa, lakSaNa, Alambana Adi kI vistRta carcA huI hai| dhyAnazataka dhyAna ke cAra bhedoM kA nirUpaNa karane se pUrva dhyAna ke lakSaNa kA isa prakAra vivecana karatA hai- "sthira adhyavasAya dhyAna hai| sthira adhyavasAyoM ko dhyAna kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki bhAvanA, anuprekSA aura cintana ko sthira karane meM dhyAna sahAyaka hai| vastutaH, dhyAnazataka meM bhI dhyAna ke prakAra yA bheda, dhyAna ke lakSaNa vahI batAe gae haiM, jo sthAnAMgasUtra meM kahe gae haiM, antara sirpha itanA hai ki isameM sabhI dhyAnoM kI vistRta carcA kI gaI hai ArttadhyAna aura raudradhyAna ko tanAvayukta hone kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai aura dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna ko tanAvamukti kA hetu batAyA hai| dhyAnazataka meM jinabhadragaNi likhate haiM- "Arta aura raudra-dhyAna saMsAra ke kAraNa haiM aura antima do dhyAna dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna nirvANa meM sahAyaka haiN| vastutaH, jo saMsAra kA kAraNa hai, vahI tanAvagrastatA kA kAraNa hai aura jo nirvANa meM sahAyaka tattva haiM, ve hI tanAvamukti ke kAraNa haiN| dhyAnazataka meM dharmadhyAna ke ve hI bheda, lakSaNa, Alambana evaM anaprekSA Adi die gae haiM, jo sthAnAMga meM haiM, sAtha hI, dhyAnazataka meM zubhadhyAna arthAt dharmadhyAna ke pahale abhyAsa ke lie cAra bhAvanAoM ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai| ve bhAvanAeM isa prakAra haiM1. jJAna-bhAvanA, 2. darzana-bhAvanA, 3. cAritra-bhAvanA aura ' 4. vairaagy-bhaavnaa| vastutaH dekhA jAe, to ye bhAvanAe~ bhI tanAvamukti ke sAdhana hI haiN| 'dhyAna mana kI vizuddhi karatA hai| 192 'darzana se zaMkA-kAMkSAdi doSoM se rahita hotA hai|493 cAritra aura bhAvanA se navIna karmoM kA Asrava nahIM 490 dhyAnazataka -2 dhyAnazataka -5 492 dhyAnazataka -31 dhyAnazataka -32 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 251 hotA hai|494 vairAgya-bhAva se pUrita aise vyakti kA citta sahaja sthira ho jAtA hai, arthAt vaha tanAvamukta ho jAtA hai|95 icchA-nirmUlana aura tanAvamukti - jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM ullekha kiyA hai ki tanAva ke aneka kAraNoM meM se eka kAraNa vyakti kI icchAe~ va AkAMkSAe~ bhI haiN| vyakti dUsaroM se, athavA apane parijanoM se, athavA apane pariveza se yaha apekSA rakhatA hai ki usakI icchA kI pUrti ho| jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA gayA haiicchAe~ ananta haiN| AcArAMga meM bhI likhA hai- "kAmA duratikkammA", arthAta kAmanAoM kA pAra pAnA bahuta kaThina hai|496 "icchAe~ AkAza ke samAna ananta hotI haiN|"497 unakA koI anta nahIM hai aura unakI pUrti ke sAdhana sImita haiN| sImita sAdhanoM se asImita icchAoM kI pUrti sambhava nahIM hotI, ataH icchAe~ apUrNa rahatI haiN| apUrNa icchAe~ cetanA meM tanAva utpanna karatI haiM, ataH tanAvamukti ke lie icchAoM kA nirmUlana karanA Avazyaka hai| dazavaikAlika meM bhI kahA gayA hai- "vaha sAdhanA kaise kara pAegA, jo ki apanI kAmanAoM-icchAoM ko roka nahIM pAtA?"498 tanAvamukti ke lie icchAoM ko dUra karanA hogaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA bhI hai- "kAme,kamAhI kamiyaM khu dukkhaM, arthAt kAmanAeM hI duHkha kA mUla kAraNa haiM, ataH kAmanAoM yA icchAoM kA nirodha karanA hI tanAvoM yA duHkhoM ko dUra karanA hai| . durbhAgya se vartamAna meM jo arthanIti cala rahI hai, usake anusAra yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki icchAoM meM vRddhi kI jaae| vijJApana ke dvArA vyakti kI icchAoM ko uttejita karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai aura usake pakSa meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jaba icchAe~ bar3heMgI, to vastuoM kI mAMga bddh'egii| mAMga bar3hane se utpAdakoM ko utpAdana bar3hAne kI preraNA milegI, utpAda bar3hAne kI vRtti se logoM ko rojagAra milegA aura usase logoM kI garIbI dUra hogii| dUsare, utpAdana ke bar3hane se aura upabhoktA meM kraya kI icchA hone se vyApAra bddh'egaa| vyApAra ke bar3hane se munAphA 496 494 dhyAnazataka -33. 495 dhyAnazataka -34 AcArAMgasUtra - 1/2/5 icchA hu AgAsasamA annNtiyaa| - uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 9/48 498 kahaM nu kujjA sAmaNNaM, jo kAme na nivaare| - dazavaikAlikasUtra -211 dazavaikAlikasUtra - 2/5 497 For Personal & Private Use Only

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252 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti bddh'egaa| munAphA bar3hane se krayazakti bddh'egii| krayazakti bar3hane se puna: mAla kI khapata bddh'egii| isa prakAra, deza aura vyakti- donoM ke Arthika vikAsa meM sahAyatA milegii| saMkSepa meM kaheM, to Aja kI arthazakti ina tIna siddhAMtoM para khar3I huI hai - icchAe~ bar3hAo, mAla khapAo aura munAphA kmaao| ina sabake AdhAra para upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti kA vikAsa ho rahA hai| upabhoga kI pravRtti icchAoM ko janma detI hai, jisase tanAva bar3hatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke caturtha' asaMskRta adhyayana meM spaSTataH kahA gayA hai- 'vitteNa tANaM na labhe pamatte', arthAt dhana vyakti kI surakSA karane meM samartha nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja Arthika-dRSTi se sampanna deza bhI tanAva se mukta nahIM haiN| icchAoM kI vRddhi se upabhoga kI AkAMkSA utpanna hotI hai| upabhoga ke lie artha kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, ataH vyakti yena-kena- prakAreNa artha-arjana karanA cAhatA hai| isase zoSaNa aura dohana kI pravRttiyAM bar3hatI haiN| dohana kI pravRtti se paryAvaraNa asaMtulita hotA hai aura zoSaNa kI vRtti se samAja meM vargabheda va varga-saMgharSa janma lete haiM, phalataH tanAva bar3hate hI jAte haiN| isa prakAra, yadi tanAvoM se mukta honA hai, to isa artha-cakra ko hI parivartita karanA hogA, kyoMki cala-acala sampatti, dhana, dhAnya aura gRhopakaraNa bhI duHkha se, tanAva se mukta karane meM samartha nahIM hote haiN|501 __ icchAoM kA nirmUlana ekamAtra aisA upAya hai, jo vyakti ko tanAvoM se mukta kara sakatA hai| upabhoktAvAda kA AdhAra aniyantrita icchAe~ haiM aura jainadharma icchAoM ko sImita karane yA unake nirmUlana karane kI bAta karatA hai| ataH jaisA ki pUrva meM dazavaikAlika sUtra ke AdhAra para kahA gayA hai 502 - 'kAme kamAhI kamiyaM kha dukkhaM', kAmanAoM, icchAoM ko dUra karanA hI duHkhoM ko dUra karanA hai, arthAt icchAoM kA nirmUlana honA hI tanAvoM se mukti yA tanAva-prabaMdhana hai| 500 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 4/5 501 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 6/5 502 dazavaikAlikasUtra - 2/5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 253 adhyAya-6 trividha sAdhanA-mArga aura tanAva-prabaMdhana __ jainadarzana mokSa kI prApti ke lie trividha sAdhanA-mArga prastuta karatA hai| yaha trividha sAdhanA-mArga tanAvamukti kA bhI mahatvapUrNa upAya hai| tattvArthasUtra ke prArambha meM hI kahA gayA hai -"samyagdarzana, samyakcAritra, samyagjJAna mokSamArga haiN| 50 vastutaH, mokSa tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai, kyoMki AcArya kundakunda ne kahA hai ki moha aura kSobha se rahita AtmA kI samatvapUrNa avasthA hI mokSa hai (moha khoha vihINo appaNo smomokkhniddittttho)| trividha sAdhanA mArga se mokSa kI prApti ho sakatI hai aura mokSa hI tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai, isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki mokSa-mArga tanAvamukti kA mArga hai| .. bauddhadarzana, gItAdarzana aura pAzcAtyadarzana meM bhI isa trividha sAdhanA-mArga ke ullekha milate haiN| trividha sAdhanA-mArga ke vidhAna se jaina, bauddha, vaidika-paramparAeM tathA pAzcAtya-cintaka bhI sahamata haiN| 504 yadi mokSa kI prApti samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakacAritra se sambhava hai, to phira tanAvamukti bhI isa trividha sAdhanA-mArga se hI mAnanA sambhava hogaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki darzana (samyazraddhAna) ke binA jJAna nahIM hotA aura jisameM jJAna nahIM hai, usakA AcaraNa bhI samyaka nahIM hotA aura samyak AcaraNa ke abhAva meM Asakti se mukti bhI sambhava nahIM hai aura jo Asakti se mukta nahIM, usakA nirvANa bhI nahIM hotA hai|505 jainadarzana ke anusAra, tanAvayukta hone kA mUla kAraNa rAgAtmakatA yA Asakti hai, ataH jaba taka Asakti nahIM TUTegI, taba taka tanAva se mukti bhI saMbhava nahIM hogI aura Asakti se mukta hone ke 503 tattvArthasatra -9/9. 504 jaina,bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 13 505 uttarAdhyayanasUtra -28/30 For Personal & Private Use Only

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254 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti lie samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyak-cAritra kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| samyagdarzana aura tanAvamukti - samyagdarzana aura tanAvamukti kA saha-sambandha jAnane se pUrva hameM samyaka, darzana aura samyagdarzana- ina tIna zabdoM kA artha samajhanA hogaa| sAmAnya rUpa se 'samyak' zabda yathArthatA yA satyatA kA sUcaka hai| samyak-darzana kA artha sahI samajha hai aura sahI samajha sAdhaka-jIvana ke . lie Avazyaka hai, arthAt vastu jaisI hai, vaisI mAnanA hI samyagdarzana hai| sAdhaka-jIvana kA mukhya lakSya AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnanA yA mokSa kI prApti hai aura mokSa tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| jaina-vicAraNA yaha mAnatI hai ki anucita sAdhana se prApta kiyA gayA lakSya bhI anucita hI hotA hai| tanAvamukta avasthA pAne ke lie agara hama bhautika-padArthoM kA, arthAt 'para' kA sahArA leMge, to hama tanAvamukta nahIM ho paaege| tanAva kA mukhya kAraNa rAga-dveSa haiM aura rAga yA dveSa 'para' padArthoM ke prati hotA hai| samyak ko samyak se hI prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| asamyak se jo bhI milatA hai, vaha bhI asamyak hI hotA hai| vyakti kI . yaha mithyAdRSTi (asamyaktA) hI hai ki vaha tanAvamukti yA mokSa kI avasthA pAne ke lie 'para' padArthoM ko apanI sAdhanA kA sAdhana mAna letA hai, ataH jainadarzana meM tanAvamukta avasthA kI prApti ke lie jina sAdhanoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA, unakA samyak honA Avazyaka mAnA gyaa| vastutaH, jJAna, darzana tathA cAritra kA naitika mUlya unake samyaka hone meM hI hai, tabhI ve mukti yA nirvANa ke sAdhana banate haiN| samyak sAdhanoM se hI mokSa kI prApti ho sakatI hai, ataH tanAvamukti ke lie bhI samyaka sAdhanoM kI apekSA hai| samyaka sAdhana hI hameM tanAva se mukti dilA sakate haiN| yadi hamAre jJAna, darzana aura cAritra mithyA hote haiM, to ve bandhana ke kAraNa banate haiN| vastutaH, tanAvapUrNa jIvana arthAt icchA aura AkAMkSA se yukta jIvana hI baMndhana hai| darzana kA artha - ___ sAmAnyatayA, 'darzana' zabda kA artha 'dekhanA' hai, lekina yahA~ darzana zabda kA artha mAtra A~khoM se dekhanA nahIM hai, usameM indriya-bodha, mana-bodha aura Atma-bodha bhI sammilita haiN| jIvAdi padArthoM ke svarUpa For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 255 ko jAnakara unake prati zraddhA karanA 'darzana' hai| 506 uparyukta bodha hone para hI vyakti icchA, AkAMkSA Adi tanAva ke kAraNoM ko samajhegA, tatpazcAt AdhyAtmikatA kI ora agrasara hogA aura phira eka dina svayaM ko tanAvamukta paaegaa| samyakadarzana se tanAvamukti - samyakadarzana kA mUla artha hai -yathArtha dRSTikoNa, jo mAtra vItarAga puruSa kA hI ho sakatA hai|57 vItarAgatA kI avasthA hI mokSa kI avasthA hai aura mokSa kI avasthA hI tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| jo vyakti rAga aura dveSa se yukta hai, vaha tanAvagrasta hai aura tanAvagrasta vyakti kA dRSTikoNa bhI tanAvapUrNa hI hogA, arthAt usakA dRSTikoNa yathArtha nahIM ho sakatA hai| yathArtha dRSTikoNa ke abhAva meM vyakti kA vyavahAra tathA sAdhanA samyaka nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki galata dRSTikoNa jIvana ke vyavahAra aura jJAna ko samyaka nahIM banA sakatA hai aura jahAM vyavahAra aura jJAna-donoM hI samyaka nahIM hai, vahA~ tanAvapUrNa sthiti bana jAtI hai| mithyA dRSTi se vyakti kI AtmA meM rAga-dveSa kI upasthiti hotI hai, ataH vyakti ko tanAvamukta hone ke lie sarvaprathama apane dRSTikoNa ko samyak banAnA hogaa| "para' ko 'para' aura 'sva' ko 'sva' mAnanA hogA aura 'para' ke prati mamatva ko samApta karanA hogaa| vastutaH jo vyakti samyaka dRSTikoNa se yukta hotA hai vahI tanAvamukti kI avasthA ko yA 'mokSa kI avasthA ko pA sakatA hai, kyoMki aisA vyakti 'sva' aura 'para' kA. bheda jAnatA hai aura 'para' para mamatva kA AropaNa nahIM karatA hai| jo ayathArthatA ko samajhatA hai, jAnatA hai aura usake kAraNoM ko tathA usase hone vAle pariNAmoM ko jAnatA hai, vahI tanAva se mukti ko prApta kara sakatA hai| ayathArthatA ko ayathArtha jAnane vAlA sAdhaka yathArthatA ko na jAnate hue bhI samyagdRSTi hI hai, kyoMki vaha asatya ko asatya mAnatA hai| vaha vyakti kabhI bhI asatya kA nirAkaraNa kara satya ko prApta nahIM kara sakegA, jo mithyAdRSTi hai| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne apanI pustaka 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai- "sAdhaka ke dRSTikoNa kI yathArthatA ke lie dRSTi kA rAga-dveSa se pUrNa vimukta honA Avazyaka nahIM hai; mAtra itanA Avazyaka hai ki vyakti ayathArthatA ko aura usake 506 abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa-5, pR. 2425 . 507 jaina.bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 49 For Personal & Private Use Only

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256 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kAraNoM ko jaane|" 508 kisI bhI sAdhAraNa vyakti ke lie pUrNatayA rAga-dveSa se mukta honA sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI usakI rAga-dveSAtmaka vRttiyoM meM svAbhAvika rUpa se jaba kamI hotI hai, to vaha svataH hI. zAMti kA anubhava karatA hai| isa svAbhAvika parivartana ke kAraNa vaha ayathArtha ko ayathArtha mAna letA hai evaM asatya ko asatya samajhakara satya kI ora abhimukha hotA hai| isake pazcAt use yaha bhI jJAta ho jAtA hai ki usakA dRSTikoNa dUSita hai, ataH isakA parityAMga kara denA caahie| yadyapi yahAM satya to prApta nahIM hotA, lekina asatyatA aura usake duSpariNAmoM kA bodha ho jAtA hai| vaha yaha jAna jAtA hai ki usakI cetanA kI tanAvapUrNa sthiti kA kAraNa kyA hai? pariNAmasvarUpa, usameM tanAvamukti kI abhIpsA jAgrata ho jAtI hai| yahI tanAvamukti, kI abhIpsA hI tanAvamukti kI avasthA taka pahaMcAtI hai| jaise-jaise vaha tanAvamukti ke patha para agrasara hotA jAtA hai, jJAna aura cAritra kI zuddhatA se punaH tanAva ke kAraNoM arthAt rAga-dveSAdi meM kramazaH kamI hotI jAtI hai| isake pariNAmasvarUpa, usake dRSTikoNa meM yathArthatA yA samyaktA A jAtI hai aura yahI samyaktA tanAvamukti kI avasthA ko prApta karatI hai| 'Avazyakaniyukti 509 meM kahA gayA hai- "jala. jaise-jaise svaccha hotA jAtA hai, tyoM-tyoM draSTA usameM pratibimbita rUpoM ko spaSTatayA dekhane lagatA hai, usI prakAra antara kI malinatA jyoM-jyoM samApta hotI jAtI hai; tattva-ruci jAgrata hotI jAtI hai, tyoM-tyoM tattvajJAna prApta hotA jAtA hai aura usa tattvajJAna ko AtmasAta kara vyakti mukti ko prApta karatA haiN| ise jaina-paribhASA meM pratyekabuddhoM kA (svataH hI satya ko jAnane kA mArga) sAdhanA-mArga kahate haiM, jo mokSa rUpI lakSya para pahuMcAtA hai aura yaha mokSa maMjila hI tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| sAmAnya vyakti ke lie svataH hI yathArthatA ko jAnanA yA samyakadRSTi honA sambhava nahIM hai| jaba taka vyakti satya ko jAnatA nahIM hai, vaha sandehazIla rahatA hai aura sandeha yA saMzaya meM honA bhI tanAva hI hai| saMdehazIla yA saMzayAtmA vyakti tanAva se mukta nahIM ho sktaa| satya kI svAnubhUti kA mArga kaThina hai| sAmAnya sAdhaka ke lie dUsarA sarala mArga yaha hai ki jinhoMne svAnubhUti se satya ko jAnA hai aura svayaM ko tanAvamukta banAyA hai, unakI anubhUti ne jo bhI satya kA svarUpa 508 jaina,bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga-1, pR. 50 509 Avazyakaniyukti, 1163 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #259
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 257 batAyA hai, use svIkAra kara lenA caahie| yaha AsthA yA zraddhAM kI avasthA hai| AsthA aura vizvAsa hI abhaya pradAna kara hameM tanAvamukta banA dete haiN| samyaktva ke pA~ca aMga aura tanAva - ___samyakdarzana se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai aura mokSa kI prApti arthAt tanAvamukti kI avsthaa| tanAva se mukti prApta karane ke lie vyakti ko samyak dRSTikoNa prApta karanA hogA aura usake lie vyakti ko samyaktva ke una pA~coM aMgoM ko apanAnA hogA, jinase samyagdRSTi kI upalabdhi hotI hai| jaba taka sAdhaka inheM apanA nahIM letA hai, tanAvoM se mukta nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki yahI samyaktva mokSa kI upalabdhi karAtA hai| samyaktva ke ve pAMca aMga isa prakAra haiM - sama - samyaktva kA pahalA lakSaNa hai- 'sm'| sAmAnyatayA, 'sama' zabda ke do artha haiM - pahale artha meM yaha samAnubhUti hai, arthAt sabhI prANiyoM ko apane samAna smjhnaa| jahA~ rAga hotA hai, vahA~ dveSa bhI hotA hai aura jahA~ rAga, dveSa hote haiM, vahIM tanAva utpanna hotA hai| rAga, dveSa hI vyakti ke samabhAva ko kSINa karate haiN| aisA vyakti hI prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai| hiMsA se.tanAva utpanna hotA hai| dUsare, yahI samabhAva 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA karatA hai, jo ahiMsA kA AdhAra haiN| ahiMsA hI sampUrNa vizva meM sukha-zAMti phailAtI hai| hiMsA vyakti ke mana meM bhaya paidA kara detI hai| vyakti yahI cintana karatA rahatA hai ki mujhe yA mere parivAra ko koI nukasAna na pahuMcA ske| bhaya usakA mAnasika-saMtulana bigAr3akara use tanAvagrasta banA detA hai, usake jIvana kI zAMti bhaMga kara detA hai, phira dhIre-dhIre apane bacAva ke lie vaha hiMsAtmaka-pravRttiyA~ bhI karane lagatA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki eka gaMdI machalI pUre tAlAba ko gaMdA kara detI hai, usI prakAra hiMsAtmaka vyakti pUre samAja ko, deza ko aura pUre vizva ko hiMsAtmaka banA detA hai| isa prakAra, vyakti hI kyA, pUrA vizva hI ina hiMsAtmaka-pravRttiyoM se tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| isa tanAvapUrNa sthiti se tanAvamukta avasthA meM jAne ke lie vyakti ko 'samabhAva' meM rahanA hogA, sabhI ko eka samAna . samajhanA hogaa| bRhadkalpabhASya meM kahA gayA hai- "jo tuma apane lie cAhate ho, vahI dUsaroM ke lie bhI cAho tathA jo tuma apane lie nahIM For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #260
258 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti cAhate ho, vaha dUsaroM ke lie bhI na caaho|"510 isa upadeza se yaha siddha hotA hai ki jo koI bhI vyakti tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM nahIM rahanA cAhatA hai, to vaha dUsaroM ke lie bhI bhaya kA yA avizvAsa kA nimitta na bne| jaba vyaktiyoM meM isa prakAra se samabhAva kA vikAsa hogA, to eka-dUsare ke prati vizvAsa bar3hegA aura bhaya samApta ho jaaegaa| bhaya kI zUnyatA bhI tanAvamukti kI sthiti hotI hai| dUsare artha meM, 'sama' ko cittavRtti kA samatva bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, jisakA tAtparya hai- sukha-duHkha, hAni-lAbha evaM anukUla-pratikUladonoM sthitiyoM meM samabhAva rakhanA, citta vicalita nahIM hone denaa| citta kI caMcalatA mAnasika-saMtulana ko asta-vyasta kara use tanAvagrasta banA detI hai| mAnasika-saMtulana bhaMga hone se vyakti tanAva kI sthiti meM A jAtA hai| dUsare ke nimitta se jaba koI sukha milatA hai, to vyakti prasanna-citta ho jAtA hai, kintu kAla hamezA eka-sA nahIM rahatA hai, kAlAntara meM vahI jaba anya kisI nimitta se duHkha pAtA hai, to usakA citta zokagrasta ho jAtA hai aura vyakti vilApa karane lagatA hai| vilApa tanAva kI sthiti ko prastuta karatA hai| isI prakAra, lAbha-hAni meM bhI vyakti sama nahIM raha pAtA hai| anukUla sthiti meM vaha zAMta rahatA hai, to pratikUla sthiti meM vyAkula ho jAtA hai| ataH, tanAva-mukti ke lie . samatva kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| vyakti kA mana itanA caMcala hotA hai ki eka sukha AyA nahIM ki usameM dUsare sukha kI kAmanA jAgrata ho jAtI hai aura usa kAmanA kI pUrti hetu vaha phira tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra, manuSya kisI bhI sthiti meM samatva meM nahIM raha pAtA hai, vaha mana kI caMcalatA ke kAraNa tanAvagrasta hI rahatA hai, ataH tanAva-mukta jIvana jIne ke lie samabhAva meM rahane kI sAdhanA karanI hogI, cittavRttiyoM ko saMtulita karanA hogA, sukha meM na prasanna honA hogA aura na duHkha meM vicalita honA hogaa| hara paristhiti kA sAmanA samabhAva se karanA hI 'samatva hai| 'samatva' kI sAdhanA hI tanAvamukti kA sAdhana prAkRta bhASA ke 'sama' zabda ke saMskRta bhASA meM tIna rUpa hote haiM- 1.sam, 2. zama, 3. shrm| saMskRta 'zama' ke rUpa meM isakA artha hotA hai- zAMta karanA, arthAt kaSAyAgni yA vAsanAoM ko zAMta krnaa| kucha 510 bRhadkalpabhASya - 4584 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #261
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti vyaktiyoM meM kaSAyAdi yA vAsanAoM kI tIvratA itanI adhika rahatI hai ki unheM zAMta karane ke lie ve, duSkarma karane se bhI pIche nahIM httte| vAsanAe~ svAdiSTa bhojana ke samAna haiN| jisa prakAra eka bAra bhojya-padArthoM ke sevana karane se alpa samaya ke lie bhojana karane kI vAsanA samApta ho jAtI hai, kintu phira usI svAdiSTa padArtha ke sevana ke lie mana Atura ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra kAmabhoga kI vAsanA bhI eka bAra bhoga karane se zAMta nahIM hotI, apitu punaH - punaH bhogane kI icchA jAgrata karate hue mana ko azAnta banAtI hai, aura jahA~ zAMti nahIM hotI, vahA~ tanAva hotA hI hai, isalie vAsanAoM ko zAMta karane ke lie unakA zamana karanA hI hogaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai"kAma-bhoga kSaNabhara ko sukha aura cirakAla taka duHkha dene vAle haiN| "11 duHkha tanAvapUrNa sthiti ko janma detA hai, ataH vAsanAoM kA zamana karake hI tanAvoM se mukti pAI jA sakatI hai| isa prakAra, zamana bhI tanAvamukti kA eka zreSTha sAdhana hai, phira bhI yaha samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki zamana, damana se bhinna hai / saMskRta ke tIsare rUpa 'zrama' ke AdhAra para isakA artha hogAsamyak prayAsa yA puruSArtha / anukUla-pratikUla paristhitiyoM meM samatva banAe rakhanA samyak prayAsa hai| isI prakAra, tapAdi ke mAdhyama se indriyoM ko niyaMtrita karane kA abhyAsa bhI samyak puruSArtha hai| jaba samatva hogA, to citta vRttiyA~ vicalita nahIM hoMgI aura citta vRttiyoM kA yaha saMtulana tanAva kI anubhUti ko kama karegA hai / bhoga indriyoM ke dvArA hI hotA hai, indriyAM mAMga karatI rahatI hai aura hama unheM pUrNa karane ke lie Atura rahate haiM, ataH indriyoM ko niyaMtraNa meM rakhane kA prayatna hI samyak puruSArtha hai / puruSArtha se indriyoM kI caMcalatA pUrI taraha samApta ho jAtI hai tathA vyakti svayaM ko tanAvamukta anubhava karatA hai / = saMvega 'saMvega' zabda kA zAbdika - vizleSaNa karane para usakA artha prApta hotA hai sam + vega / sama = samyak, ucit| vega gati arthAt isa prakAra saMvega samyak gati / samyak gati mokSa - gati taka pahuMcAtI hai, mokSa tanAvamukti kI hI avasthA hai| dUsare artha meM, krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha kI pravRttiyoM ko sama karanA saMvega hai| jahA~ rAga hotA hai, vahA~ ye cAra kaSAya bhI A jAte haiN| saMvega se ina kaSAyoM para 511 khaNamittaM sukkhA bahukAla dukkhA - 259 uttarAdhyayana - 14/13 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #262
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti vijaya pA sakate haiN| krodhAdi AvegoM ko samabhAva se sahana kara koI pratikriyA nahIM karanA, saMvega hai aura samabhAva kI kriyA tanAvamukti kI avasthA pAne kI kriyA hai / 260 yA nirveda 'nirveda' zabda kA artha hai udAsInatA, vairAgya anAsakti / tanAvamukti ke lie sAMsArika pravRttiyoM ke prati udAsInatA kA bhAva rakhanA Avazyaka hai, isake abhAva meM tanAvoM se mukta honA sambhava nahIM hai| hama jAnate haiM ki tanAvamukti kA mArga hI sAdhanA kA mArga hai| jo bAdhAe~ sAdhanA - mArga meM AtI haiM, ve hI tanAvamukti ke mArga meM bhI haiN| jaba saMsAra ke prati ruci hogI, to usameM Asakti bhI hogI / Asakti rAga kA hI rUpa hai aura rAga tanAva ko utpanna karane kA mUla kAraNa hai| sAMsArika pravRttiyoM ke prati udAsInatA kA bhAva rakhanA tanAvamukti kA mArga hai / vairAgya evaM udAsInatA ke isa bhAva ko hama isa udAharaNa se samajha sakate haiM mAna lIjie ki Apako kisI ne gAlI dI yA apazabda kahe, to una zabdoM kA Apake mana para asara honA svAbhAvika hai, parantu bAhara koI abhivyakti nahIM karanA, yaha to saMvega hai, jabaki apazabda kA Apake citta para koI prabhAva nahIM par3anA 'nirveda' hai| jaba kisI bhI bAta kA citta para koI prabhAva nahIM par3egA, to vaha ghaTanA cAhe sukha dene vAlI ho yA duHkha dene vAlI, citta meM vicalana nahIM hogA / citta kA vicalita yA kSubhita na honA hI tanAvamukta honA hai| 512 -- anukampA isa zabda kA zAbdika artha isa prakAra hai - anu +kampa, 'anu' kA artha hai - tadanusAra, 'kampa' kA artha hai- kampita honA, anukampA arthAt kisI ke anusAra kampita honaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, dUsare vyakti ko duHkha se pIr3ita dekhakara usake prati karuNA kA bhAva honA / yahA~ isakA artha samajhanA Avazyaka hai| isakA artha hai- dUsare vyakti ke duHkha ko apanA duHkha smjhnaa| dUsare ke sukha - duHkha ko apanA sukha-duHkha samajhanA hI anukampA hai| 12 jisa vyakti ne 'sama' kI sAdhanA kara lI hai, yA nirveda - bhAva jisake citta meM ho, vaha vyakti tanAvamukta hotA hai, use hama jJAnI kaha sakate haiM aura jJAnI dUsaroM ke duHkha ko apanA duHkha samajhakara bhI tanAvamukta raha sakatA hai| duHkha hI tanAva kA kAraNa hai aura ajJAnatA se duHkha prApta hotA hai, sAtha hI, ajJAnatAvaza hI vyakti 'para' para 'sva' kA AropaNa kara jIvana jItA hai| jo vyakti jJAnI - - 1 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM ko tulanAtmaka adhyayana - For Personal & Private Use Only pR. 57

Page #263
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 261 hotA hai, vaha dUsare ko Atmavat samajhakara anukampA kA bhAva to/rakhatA hai, kintu mamatA se mukta hone ke kAraNa vaha dUsare ke duHkha se tanAvagrasta nahIM hotA hai| aisA vyakti apane samucita mArgadarzana se usa duHkhI vyakti ko usake duHkha yA tanAva ke kAraNoM ko samajhAkara unase mukti kA mArga batA detA hai| Astikya - Astikya yA AstikatA kA zAbdika artha hai- aasthaa| jahA~ AsthA hotI hai, vahIM pArasparika-vizvAsa hotA hai aura jahA~ vizvAsa hotA hai, vahA~ nirbhayatA hotI hai aura jahA~ nirbhayatA hotI hai, vahA~ tanAva nahIM hotA, kyoMki Aja tanAvagrastatA kA mUla kAraNa eka-dUsare ke prati anAsthA yA avizvAsa hI hai| samyakadarzana ke ATha darzanAcAra aura tanAva - uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samyagdarzana kI sAdhanA ke ATha aMgoM kA varNana hai| ye ATha aMga isa prakAra haiM -niHzaMkita, niHkAMkSita, nirvicikitsA, amUDhavRtti, upabRMhaNa, sthirIkaraNa, vAtsalya aura prabhAvanA ina ATha aMgoM meM se kucha aMga tanAvamukti ke sAdhana haiN| __ niHzaMkatA - saMzayazIlatA kA abhAva hI niHzaMkatA hai| jina-praNIta tattvadarzana meM zaMkA nahIM karanA, use yathArtha evaM satya mAnanA hI niHzaMkatA hai|54 zaMkA dImaka kI taraha hotI hai, jise samApta na kiyA jAe, to vaha aMdara-hI-aMdara hamArI socane-samajhane kI kSamatA ko khatma kara detI hai| zaMkA se mAnasika-saMtulana pUrI taraha asta-vyasta ho jAtA hai| zaMkA vyakti ko kisI para bhI vizvAsa nahIM karane detI aura yadi vyakti vizvAsa kara bhI le, to vaha bhI saMzayAtmaka-vizvAsa hotA hai, jo vyakti ke hara rizte ko cAhe vaha pArivArika ho, sAmAjika ho yA dhArmika ho, use tor3a detA hai, sAtha hI galata dhAraNAe~ bhI utpanna karatA haiN| ina galata dhAraNAoM se tanAva utpanna hotA hai | avizvAsa bhaya ko utpanna karatA hai| tanAvamukti ke lie bhaya se mukta honA Avazyaka hai| isa lakSya kI prApti ke lie sAdhya, sAdhana aura sAdhanA-patha- ina tInoM para avicala zraddhA honI caahie| jisa . sAdhaka kI manaHsthiti saMzayAtmaka hogI, vaha saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karatA rahegA tathA apane lakSya ko nahIM pA skegaa| "jisa sAdhaka kI 513 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 28/31 : 514 AcArAMgasUtra - 1/5/5/163 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #264
262 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti . manaHsthiti saMzaya ke hiMDole meM jhUla rahI ho, vaha isa saMsAra meM jhUlatA rahatA hai|" 515 jo sAdhaka thor3A-sA bhI saMzaya karegA, vaha isa sAdhanA mArga meM apane lakSya se cyuta ho jaaegaa| mUlAcAra meM niHzaMkatA ko nirbhayatA kahA gayA hai| tanAvamukti ke lie nirbhayatA Avazyaka hai| bhayapUrNa jIvana tanAvapUrNa jIvana hai| ataH, niHzaMkatA ke gaNa ke dvArA hI tanAva-prabandhana sambhava hai| niSkAMkSatA - 'para' kI AkAMkSA nahIM karanA niSkAMkSatA hai| AkAMkSA kA artha hai- icchA evaM niSkAMkSA kA artha hai- icchA kA abhaav| icchA tanAva utpanna karatI hai| "svakIya Anandamaya paramAtmasvarUpa meM niSThAvAna rahanA aura kisI bhI 'para' vastu kI AkAMkSA yA icchA nahIM karanA niSkAMkSatA hai|517 vyakti kI yaha mAnasikatA hotI hai ki vaha bhautika-vaibhava kI upalabdhi meM sukha khojatA rahatA hai, kintu bhautikavaibhava kI yaha icchA AkAMkSA ko janma detI hai| icchA yA AkAMkSA tanAva paidA karane kA sAdhana hai| sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana meM bhautika-vaibhava, aihika tathA pAralaukika-sukha ko lakSya banAnA hI jainadarzana ke anusAra 'kAMkSA hai|18 bhautika-sakhoM ke pIche bhAgane vAlA sAdhaka apane lakSya tanAvamukti . ko prApta nahIM kara pAtA hai, sAtha hI pralobhana aura camatkAra meM svayaM ko ulajhA letA hai aura jaba pariNAma nahI milatA, to tanAva kI sthiti meM A jAtA hai| .. amUr3hadRSTi - mUr3hatA yA ajJAna bhI tanAva ko janma detA hai| mUr3hatA kA artha hai- ajnyaantaa| "heya aura upAdeya, yogya aura ayogya ke madhya nirNAyaka-kSamatA kA abhAva hI mUr3hatA hai| 19 jaba vyakti ko yaha jJAna nahIM hogA ki kyA tyAgane yogya hai aura kyA grahaNa karane yogya hai, kyA sahI hai aura kyA galata hai, to aisI mUr3hatA kI sthiti meM vyakti tanAvayukta rahatA hai| amUr3ha vyakti hI tanAvamukti ke sahI mArga ko samajha sakatA hai, sAtha hI svayaM ko aura dUsaroM ko bhI tanAvamukta jIvana kA mArga dikhA sakatA hai| 515 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - pR. 61 mUlAcAra - 2/52-53 jaina. bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - pR. 61 7 ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra - 12 519 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 61 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 263 upasaMhAra - samyagdarzana jIvana jIne ke prati eka dRSTikoNa hai|520 hamAre jIvana kI sArthakatA aura jIvana ke lakSya 'mokSa kI prApti bhI isI dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para hI hotI hai, jaisI hamArI dRSTi hogI, vaisA hI hamArA jIvana hogA, kyoMki jaisI dRSTi hotI hai, vaisI hI jIvana jIne kI zailI hotI hai| hamArI jIvana jIne kI zailI hI hamAre jIvana kA nirmANa karatI hai| samyak dRSTikoNa tanAvamukta karegA aura mithyA dRSTikoNa tanAvagrasta bnaaegaa| mithyAdRSTi kA jIvana duHkha, pIr3A aura tanAvoM se yukta hotA hai| yadi vyakti kA dRSTikoNa samyaka nahIM hogA, to vaha kabhI bhI tanAvamukta sthiti ko nahIM pA skegaa| usakA jIvana sukha aura zAntimaya nahIM hogaa| jisa prakAra parivAra meM bAlaka apane yogakSema kI sampUrNa jimmedArI mAtA-pitA para chor3akara cintAoM se mukta evaM tanAva se rahita sukha aura zAntipUrNa jIvana jItA hai, usI prakAra sAdhaka vyakti bhI apane yogakSema kI cintA se mukta hokara nizcinta, tanAvarahita, zAnta aura sukhada jIvana jI sakatA hai| isa prakAra, tanAvarahita, zAnta aura samatvapUrNa jIvana jIne ke lie samyagdarzana evaM zraddhAvAna honA Avazyaka hai| isase vaha dRSTi milatI hai, jisake AdhAra para hama apane jJAna ko bhI sahI dizA meM niyojita kara use yathArtha banA sakate haiN|21 samyakajJAna aura tanAva-prabaMdhana - ... samyajJAna hI tanAva-prabandhana kA AdhAra hai| samyajJAna se hI tanAvamukti saMbhava hai| tanAvamukti hI Ananda kI avasthA hai| ajJAnadazA meM vivekazakti kA abhAva hotA hai aura vivekahIna vyakti ko ucita aura anucita kA antara jJAta nahIM hotaa| prabandhana kI pahalI zarta yahI hai ki vyakti apane ajJAna athavA ayathArtha jJAna kA nirAkaraNa kara samyaka-jJAna prApta kare, kyoMki samyagjJAna tathA Atma-anAtma yA sva-para ke viveka dvArA. 'para' ke prati mamatva ke AropaNa se bacA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki 'para' padArthoM para mamatva kA AropaNa hI vyakti ke tanAva kA mukhya kAraNa hotA hai| jo apanA nahIM hai, use apanA mAnakara usake nimitta se vyakti tanAvoM se grasta hotA hai| jo vyakti ko tattvoM . ke jJAna ke mAdhyama se sva-para svarUpa kA bhAna karAtA hai, heya aura upAdeya kA jJAna karAtA hai, vahI samyagjJAna hai| samyak-jJAna kI sAdhanA aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 61 521 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 62 For Personal & Private Use Only

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264 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti hI vyakti ke citta kA nirodha karatI hai aura citta kA nirodha kara tanAvamukti kI dazA meM le jAne kA prayatna karatI hai| mUlAcAra meM bhI kahA gayA hai -"jisase tattva kA jJAna hotA hai, citta kA nirodha hotA hai tathA AtmA vizuddha hotI hai, usI ko jinazAsana meM samyagjJAna kahA gayA hai| 22 jisase jIva rAga-vimukha hotA hai, zreya meM anurakta hotA hai aura jisase maitrI-bhAva prabhAvita hotA hai, usako hI jinazAsana meM samyagjJAna kahA gayA hai| 523 aisA jJAna hI tanAvamukti kA sAdhana hai| AcArya yazovijayajI jJAnasAra meM likhate haiM- "mokSa arthAta tanAvamukti ke hetubhUta eka pada kA jJAna bhI zreSTha hai, jabaki tanAvamukti meM anupayogI vistRta jJAna bhI vyartha hai| 324 mokSa athavA tanAvamukti ke lie AdhyAtmika-jJAna hI zreSTha hai| AdhyAtmika-jJAna ke abhAva meM vyakti tanAvapUrNa jIvana jItA hai| use isa bAta kA bhAna bhI nahIM hotA ki . usake tanAva ke kAraNa AkhirakAra haiM kyA? AdhyAtmika-jJAna hI samyaka jJAna hai aura isa jJAna ke hone para vyakti svayaM hI tanAvoM ke kAraNoM ko jAna letA hai, samajhatA hai aura unakA nirAkaraNa bhI karatA hai| samyakajJAna se hI Atma-bodha hotA hai, 'sva' kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai, jo vikalpa yA vicArazUnyatA kI avasthA hai, vikalpazUnyatA kI avasthA hI tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| jJAna kI yaha nirvikalpa avasthA hI mokSa hai aura mokSa pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai, hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki pUrNajJAna yA kevalajJAna tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai, sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki tanAvamukti hone para hI mokSa hotA hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM- "jo sarvanayoM (vicAra-vikalpoM) se zUnya hai, vahI AtmA hai aura vahI kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana se yukta kahA jAtA hai| 525 kevalajJAna vAlA mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| AtmasvarUpa kA cintana karanA evaM AtmA, anAtmA kA viveka kara rAga Adi tanAvoM ke kAraNoM se bacane ke lie vyakti kA jJAna samyak honA Avazyaka hai| 'bhaktaparijJA' meM kahA gayA hai- "jaise dhAgA piroyI haI saI kacare meM gira jAne para bhI khotI nahIM hai, vaise hI sasUtra arthAt zAstrajJAna se yukta jIva saMsAra meM par3akara bhI naSTa nahIM hotaa| 526 ThIka isI prakAra, 24- mUlAcAra - 5/85 mUlAcAra - 5/86 jJAnasAra - 5/2 samayasAra - 144 bhakta parijJA - 86 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti samyagjJAna prApta kiyA huA vyakti kabhI bhI apane tanAvamukti ke lakSya se cyuta nahIM hotA aura tanAvamukti pAkara hI rahatA hai| jJAna hI vyakti ko Atma-anAtma kA viveka sikhAtA hai| jo 'sva' evaM 'para' ke svarUpa ko jAna letA hai, 'sva' ko jAnakara 'para' padArthoM ke prati mamatva-bhAva nahIM rakhatA hai, vahI mukta hotA hai| yahA~ hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM, ki usako yaha bhI jJAta ho jAtA hai ki usakA yaha jo zarIra hai, vaha bhI pudgalarUpI 'para' padArtha hai / jahA~ 'para' se mamatva haTA, sva tathA para kA bheda - jJAna huA, vahA~ sabhI tanAva zAMta ho jAte haiM, mAtra zAMti kA anubhava hotA hai| aisA anubhava hI tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| samyak cAritra aura tanAva samyak tanAva - prabaMdhana ke lie samyagdarzana evaM vivekajJAna ke sAtha-sAtha samyak AcaraNa honA ati Avazyaka hai| 'darzana' mAtra eka anubhUti hai, usa anubhUti kI samIkSA karanA jJAna hai, samyagjJAna hone para usakA anusaraNa yA pAlana karanA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra samyagjJAna ke dvArA prApta yogya vidhi kA prayoga karanA hI samyakcAritra hai / DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne apanI zodha-kRti meM likhA hai- "darzana eka parikalpanA (hAipothesisa) hai, jJAna prayoga - vidhi hai aura cAritra prayoga hai |527 vastutaH, samyakcAritra tanAvamukti kI dizA meM uThAyA gayA caraNa hai| sirpha samyagdarzana yA samyagjJAna akelA kucha nahIM kara sakatA, usake lie samyakacAritra honA ati Avazyaka hai| tInoM ke saMyoga se hI vyakti tanAvoM se mukti prApta kara sakatA hai| jJAna kA sAra AcaraNa hai aura AcaraNa kA sAra nirvANa yA mokSa arthAt pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA kI upalabdhi hai | 528 jJAna ke dvArA hama tanAva ke kAraNoM, jaiseicchAe~, apekSAe~, vAsanAe~, kaSAya aura rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM, jo AtmA ko tanAvayukta banAtI haiM, ke svarUpa ko jAnate haiM, sAtha hI tanAva ke ina kAraNoM ke nirAkaraNa ke upAyoM ko bhI jAnate haiN| hama yaha jAnate haiM ki tyAgane yogya kyA hai aura grahaNa karane yogya kyA hai| tanAva ke kAraNoM evaM unake nirAkaraNa ke upAyoM ko jAnakara evaM una para vizvAsa rakhakara tanAvamukti ke lie prayatna karanA samyakcAritra hai / 527 528 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, AcArAMga niyukti 244 - - 265 For Personal & Private Use Only pR. 84

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266 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva dUsare zabdoM meM, tanAvoM ke nirAkaraNa kA prayatna karanA hI samyakcAritra hai . vastutaH, tanAvamukta zuddha AtmA, jisakA hameM sAkSAtkAra karanA hai, vaha hamAre bhItara hI hai| jisa prakAra bIja meM yaha sAmarthya hotI hai ki vaha usake Upara ke AvaraNa ko tor3akara svayaM ko vRkSa ke rUpa meM vikasita kara sakatA hai, usI prakAra AtmA meM yaha zakti hai, ki vaha vAsanAoM, kaSAyoM aura rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se utpanna tanAva ke nirAkaraNa kara tanAvamukta AtmadazA kA sAkSAtkAra kara sakatA hai| samyakacAritra tanAvoM ke kAraNoM arthAt vAsanAoM, kaSAyoM aura rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM nirAkaraNa karane meM eka kriyAtmaka tattva hai| vaha sva-sRjita AvaraNoM ko tor3ane kA prayAsa hai| samyakacAritra kA svarUpa - samyakacAritra kA artha hai- citta yA AtmA kI vAsanAoM kI malinatA aura asthiratA ko samApta krnaa|29 jisa prakAra pAnI meM havA se ur3akara dhUla-miTTI mila karake pAnI ko gaMdA kara detI hai, usI prakAra hamArI AtmA meM kaSAyarUpI kacarA milakara use azuddha kara detA hai| AtmA kI zuddhi kI jo prakriyA hai, vahI samyakacAritra hai| citta athavA AtmA kI vAsanAjanya malinatA aura asthiratA hI tanAva ko utpanna karatI hai| tanAva AtmA kI vaibhAvika-dazA hai| nizcayanaya. kI dRSTi se to AtmA svAbhAvika rUpa se zuddha hai| samayasAra meM kahA gayA hai- "tattva-dRSTi se AtmA zuddha hai| 530 bhagavAn buddha bhI kahate haiM"bhikSuoM! yaha citta svAbhAvika rUpa se zuddha hai|"531 gItA meM bhI AtmA ko avikArI kahA gayA hai,532 phira bhI viSayavAsanAjanya kaSAya-rUpI kacarA bhI isI meM hai| uparyukta pramANoM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki AtmA kA svabhAva to zuddha hI hai, kintu bAhya-tattvoM ke kAraNa AtmA vibhAvadazA ko prApta karatI hai| AtmA kA zuddha svabhAva hI AtmA kI tanAvamukta avasthA hai| kaSAyeM, vAsanAe~ citta meM vikalatA evaM caMcalatA utpanna kara detI haiM, 529 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, - pR. 84 samayasAra - 151 aMgattara nikAya - 1/5/9 532 gItA -2/25 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 267 jisake pariNAmasvarUpa AtmA azuddha yA vibhAvadazA meM calI jAtI hai| yahI vibhAvadazA AtmA kI tanAvayukta dazA hai| isa tanAvayukta dazA se tanAvamukta avasthA meM Ane kI prakriyA hI samyakacAritra hai| samyakacAritra tanAva-prabaMdhana kA sAdhana hai| svabhAvataH, nIce kI ora bahane vAlA pAnI dabAva se Upara car3hane lagatA hai, isI prakAra AtmA svabhAva se zuddha hote hue bhI bAhya maloM, kaSAya Adi ke dabAva se azuddha bana jAtI hai| vastutaH, tanAva bAhya nimittoM se AtmA ke jur3Ava ke kAraNa hotA hai| bAhya-viSayoM ke prati Asakti samApta hone para AtmA tanAvamukta ho jAtI hai aura vaha apane svAbhAvika rUpa ko prApta kara letI hai| samyakacAritra kA kArya bAhya-padArthoM ke prati AtmA kI Asakti ko samApta kara use svAbhAvika-dazA arthAt vItarAgadazA meM le jAnA hai| cAritra ke prakAra - tanAva utpanna karane vAlI pravRttiyoM se vimukha hokara tanAvamukti kI dizA meM kiyA jAne vAlA prayatna cAritra hai| usa prayatna se AtmA ke pariNAmoM meM vAsanAjanya vikalpa zAMta hote haiM evaM usameM vizuddhi AtI hai| vizuddhi yA tanAvamukti kI isa prakriyA (cAritra) ke pAMca prakAra mAne gae haiM- 1. sAmAyika-cAritra, 2. chedopasthApanIya-cAritra, 3.,parihAravizuddhi-cAritra, 4. sUkSmasamparAyacAritra aura 5. yathAkhyAta caaritr| sAmAyika-cAritra - . . sAmAyika kA artha hai- samabhAva kI prApti evaM viSama bhAvoM kA nivaarnn| azAnti kA mUla kAraNa cittavRtti kI viSamatA hai aura isI kA pariNAma hai- kalaha arthAt tnaav| jaba taka mana meM rAga-dveSa, krodha, IrSyA, ahaMkAra Adi viSamabhAvoM kI bhayaMkara jvAlAe~ jalatI raheMgI, - tanAvamukti sambhava nahIM hogii| tanAvamukti hetu sAmAyika samabhAva kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| cAritra kI anupAsanA samabhAva kI sAdhanA kA eka prayatna hai| sAmAyika-cAritra kA sAdhaka yaha prayatna karatA hai ki vaha . anukUla aura pratikUla paristhitiyoM meM mana ko vicalita nahIM kare, zatru va mitra ke prati samabhAva rkhe| sAmAyika-cAritra ko dUsare zabdoM meM sAvadha-yoga-kriyA-virati kahA gayA hai, arthAt pApakriyAoM athavA tanAva utpanna karane vAlI kriyAoM kA tyAga krnaa| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM DaoN. sAgaramala jaina likhate haiM- "vAsanAoM, kaSAyoM evaM rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se nivRtti tathA For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti samabhAva kI prApti sAmAyika - cAritra hai / sAmAyika - cAritra kA grahaNa tanAva - prabadhana meM eka sahAyaka tattva hai / chedopasthApanIya - cAritra sAmAyika cAritra meM sAmAnya rUpa se sAvadya yoga kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai / chedopasthApanIya - cAritra meM pAMca mahAvratoM kA grahaNa hotA hai / vyakti tanAva se grasita taba hotA hai, jaba usake hRdaya meM azAnti ho / yaha azAnti taba AtI hai, jaba vaha hiMsaka, asatyavAdI, cauryakarma karanevAlA, kAmabhogAbhilASI aura vastu kA saMgraha karane vAlA ho / yahI pAMca mukhya rUpa se vyakti ke mana ko caMcala banAte haiM, rAga-dveSabhAva ko utpanna karate haiM aura rAga-dveSa tanAvayukta jIvana kA mUla kAraNa haiN| zramaNa - jIvana meM rAga-dveSa ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hotA, isalie tanAva utpanna karane vAle prANAtipAtAdi vratoM kA jIvana bhara ke lie tyAga kiyA jAtA hai| isI ko chedopasthApanIya - cAritra kahate haiM / sAmAnyataH, ise bar3I dIkSA bhI kahA jAtA hai| parihAravizuddhi cAritra - 268 parihAravizuddhi kA artha hai- gaNa yA ziSya parivAra kA tyAga karake Atmavizuddhi kI viziSTa sAdhanA krnaa| jisa AcaraNa ke dvArA karmoM kA athavA doSoM kA parihAra hokara nirjarA ke dvArA vizuddhi ho, vaha parihAravizuddhi cAritra hai / karmoM ke baMdha kA hetu hai- kaSAya aura kaSAya hI tanAvapUrNa jIvana kA kAraNa hai / parihAravizuddhi cAritra meM kaSAyoM kA parihAra kara Atmavizuddhi kI jAtI hai| Atmavizuddhi kI avasthA hI tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| sUkSmasamparAya - cAritra - jisa avasthA meM kaSAyavRttiyA~ kSINa hokara kiMcit rUpa meM hI avaziSTa rahI hoM, vaha sUkSmasamparAya - cAritra hai / kaSAya- pravRttiyA~ jitanI tIvra hotI haiM, vyakti utanA hI adhika azAMta hotA hai| kaSAya kI tIvratA jitanI hogI, utanA hI tanAva bar3hegA aura jahA~ kaSAya kA sUkSma aMza hI zeSa ho, vahA~ tanAva kA bhI sUkSma aMza hI rahegA, jise samApta hone meM samaya nahIM lagatA / yaha cAritra dasaveM guNasthAna meM mAtra sUkSmalobha arthAt mAtra dehabhAva kI avasthA meM hotA hai| tanAva kI isa aMzamAtra sthiti meM krodha, mAna aura mAyA pUrNataH samApta ho jAte haiN| jisa avasthA meM ina tInoM kaSAyoM kA upazama va kSaya ho jAtA hai, kevala sUkSma lobha For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 269 kA aMza vidyamAna rahatA hai, usa avasthA ko sUkSmasamparAya-cAritra yA sUkSma tanAvayukta avasthA kaha sakate haiN| yathAkhyAta-cAritra - yathAkhyAta-cAritra kI avasthA ko pUrNataH tanAvamukta avasthA kahA jA sakatA hai| isa avasthA meM moha evaM tadajanya kaSAya aura nokaSAya samagrataH upazAMta va kSINa ho jAte haiN| yathAkhyAta-cAritra meM AtmA zuddha va nirmala hotI hai aura Atmavizuddhi kI yahI dazA tanAvamukti kI dazA hai| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne vAsanAoM ke kSaya, upazama aura kSayopazama ke AdhAra para cAritra ke bhI tIna bheda kie haiM -1. kSAyika, 2. aupazamika aura 3. kssaayopshmik| 1. kSAyika - kSAyika cAritra hamAre AtmasvabhAva se pratiphalita hotA hai| tanAva kI zUnyatA se AtmA meM jo vizuddhatA aura nirmalatA hotI hai, vaha kSAyika-cAritra hai| tanAva utpanna hone kA mUla kAraNa hairAga-dveSa evaM moh| mohanIya-karma ke sampUrNataH kSaya hone para hI kSAyika cAritra kI upalabdhi hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki samagrataH tanAvamukta avasthA hone para jisakI upalabdhi hotI hai, vaha kSAyika-cAritra hai| eka bAra pUrNataH tanAvamukta hone para vApasa vyakti tanAvayukta nahIM hotA, kyoMki isa avasthA meM tanAva ke kAraNoM kA abhAva hotA hai| 2... aupazamika-cAritra - aupazamika bhAva ko upazama bhI kahate haiN| kamoM ke vidyamAna rahate hue bhI unake phala dene kI zakti ko kucha samaya ke lie dabA denA upazama hai| tanAva ke kAraNoM ke hone para bhI usase tanAvagrasta nahIM honA upazama hai| vAsanAoM aura kaSAyoM kA damana kara dene para jo sthiti hotI hai, vaha aupazamika-bhAva hai| inake kAraNa jo tanAva utpanna hotA hai, use kucha kAla ke lie dabA diyA jAtA hai, parantu ve damita vAsanAe~ kAlAntara meM sajaga hokara punaH tanAva utpanna kara detI haiN| isa prakAra, sampUrNataH tanAvamukti va Atmazuddhi kI avasthA kI prApti nahIM hotii| jaise pAnI meM phiTakarI DAlakara gaMdagI ko kucha samaya ke lie dabA diyA jAtA hai, kintu halacala hone para gaMdagI punaH Upara, A jAtI hai, usI prakAra upazama kA kAla samApta hote hI citta punaH azAMta ho jAtA hai aura punaH vyakti tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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270 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 3. kSAyopazamika - kSAyopazamika zabda do zabdoM se milakara banA hai -'kSaya' aura 'upshm'| isa cAritra meM tanAva ke kucha kAraNoM kA nirAkaraNa arthAt kSaya ho jAtA hai aura kucha kAraNoM kI sattA yA upasthiti banI rahatI hai, kevala unake vipAka yA udaya ko kucha samaya ke lie roka diyA jAtA hai| yahI kSAyopazamika-cAritra hai| . .eka dRSTi se, jainadarzana ke tIna mUlabhUta siddhAnta haiM - aparigraha, ahiMsA aura anekaaNt| hiMsA kA kAraNa parigraha hai, ataH yahA~. maiMne prathama sthAna aparigraha ko diyA hai| aparigraha aura tanAvamukti - . padArtha asIma haiM aura unheM prApta karane kI icchAe~ yA AkAMkSAe~ bhI AkAza ke samAna asIma haiN| asIma ko prApta karane kI cAha hI . tanAva hai aura saMcayavRtti ko sImita karane kA prayatna vyakti ko tanAvamukta karatA hai, ataH aparigraha tanAvamukta karatA hai evaM parigraha tanAvayukta avasthA kA sUcaka hotA hai| parigraha kA artha - parigraha zabda pari + grahaNa se milakara banA hai| 'pari' zabda kA artha vipula mAtrA meM aura grahaNa kA artha haiprApta karanA, saMgraha karanA Adi, ataH parigraha kA artha hai- vipula mAtrA meM vastuoM kA : saMgraha krnaa| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to padArthoM kA asImita saMgraha parigraha hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, lobha mohanIya-karma ke udaya se saMsAra ke kAraNabhUta sacitAcita padArthoM ko AsaktipUrvaka grahaNa karane kI abhilASArUpa kriyA ko parigraha kahA hai| 533 upAsakadazAMgasUtra 534 meM vratI gRhastha ke parigrahaparimANa-vrata ko icchAparimANa-vrata bhI kahA gayA hai| uparyukta paribhASA ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki padArthoM ke saMcaya karane kI vRtti, AsaktipUrvaka saMgraha yA saMgraha karane kI icchA yA abhilASA, lobha kI pravRtti Adi parigraha hai aura yahI saMcaya karane kI vRtti, Asakti, icchAe~, AkAMkSAe~ yA abhilASA Adi niyamataH tanAva utpatti ke pramukha kAraNa haiN| 533 lobhodayAtpradhAna bhavakAraNAbhievaMDagapUrvikA sacittetara dravyopAdAnakriyaiva saMjJAyate'nayeti parigraha saMjJA-prajJApanAsUtra - 8/725 54 upAsakadazAMga - 1/45 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 535 parigraha saMcaya kI vRtti hai / jahA~ saMcaya kI vRtti hai, vahA~ icchAe~, AkAMkSAe~ aura apekSAe~ haiM / anya zabdoM meM kaheM, to jo anukUla pratIta hotA hai, jisake prati punaH punaH bhoga kI vRtti hotI hai, usI ke lie saMcaya kiyA jAtA hai aura jahA~ saMcaya hotA hai, vahA~ rAga hai aura rAga tanAva kA hetu hai| 'pAtaMjala yogasUtra' meM aparigraha ko pA~caveM yama ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kahA hai ki parigraha kA mUla kAraNa mamatva, Asakti yA tRSNA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, yahI mamatvabuddhi, Asakti yA tRSNA duHkha kA yA karmabaMdha (tanAva) kA kAraNa hai| AcArya kundakunda ne icchA yA AsaktipUrvaka grahaNa kie AhAra ko bhI parigraha kahA hai / 536 icchAe~ tabhI hotI haiM, jaba usa icchita vastu ke prati rAga yA Asakti ho| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to yadi hameM tanAvamukta honA hai, to rAgamukta honA hogaa| isa prakAra, jahA~ bhI rAga yA Asakti hogI, vahA~ usake parigrahaNa aura saMgrahaNa kI vRtti hogI / ataH yaha suspaSTa hai ki jahA~ parigraha hai, vahA~ tanAva hai hI / manovaijJAnikoM ne bhI yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki saMgrahabuddhi tanAva ko janma detI hai, ataH parigraha se mukti yA tanAvoM se mukti tabhI sambhava hogI, jaba vyakti kI icchAe~, AkAMkSAe~ kama-se-kama hoMgI / sUtrakRtAMmaMcUrNi meM kahA gayA hai ki parigraha bhI hiMsA hI hai, kyoMki hiMsA ke binA parigraha karanA asaMbhava hai| 57 saMgraha ke dvArA dUsaroM ke hitoM kA hanana hotA hai| parigraha vRtti meM arjana hai, samarpaNa nahIM aura jahA~ para bhI arjana kI vRtti hai, vahA~ na kevala vyakti svayaM, apitu usake parijana bhI tanAvagrasta banate haiN| jisa prakAra hiMsA kA sambandha tanAva se hai, usI taraha se parigraha kA sambandha bhI tanAva se hai| ataH ahiMsA aura aparigraha kI sthApanA tabhI sambhava ho sakatI hai, jaba vyakti tanAvamukta bane / . jainadarzana meM kahA gayA hai ki parigraha do prakAra kA hotA hai bAhya parigraha aura AbhyaMtara - parigraha / vastuoM kA saMcaya bAhya parigraha meM AtA hai aura rAga, dveSa, kaSAya Adi AbhyaMtara - parigraha meM Ate haiM / 535 ahiMsAsatyAsteyabrahmacaryAparigrahA yamAH / 536 apariggaho aviccho bhaNido NANI ya Nicchadi asaNaM aparimmaho duM asaNassa jANago teNa so hodi / / - AraMbhapUrvakA parigrahaH / - * sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi - 1 / 2/2 537 pAtaMjalayogasUtra - 2 / 30 271 samayasAra, gAthA - 212 For Personal & Private Use Only

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272 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kAna aadi| AcArya haribhadra ne bAhya parigraha ke nimna nau bheda kahe haiM - 1. kSetra - kheta yA khulI bhUmi Adi / vAstu - makAna, dukAna aadi| hiraNya - cAMdI ke sikke, AbhUSaNa aadi| svarNa - svarNamudrA yA svarNa nirmita vastue~ aadi| dhana - hIrA, pannA, mANaka, motI aadi| 6. dhAnya - gehU~, cAvala, mUMga aadi| . 7. dvipada - naukara-naukarAnI, dAsa-dAsI aadi| catuSpada - gAya, bhaiMsa Adi cAra paira vAle pshu| kupya - ghara-gRhasthI kA sAmAna AbhyaMtara-parigraha ke caudaha bheda batAe gae haiM - mithyAtva, rAga, dveSa, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, hAsya, rati, arati, zoka, bhaya, jugupsA aura veda (kaam-vaasnaa)| parigraha kI sattA mamatvavRtti Adi para nirbhara hai| mamatvavRtti, Asakti yA mUrchAbhAva hI parigraha hai| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai - ___ "je mamAi maI jahAI, se cayai mamAiyaM / , se hu diTThapahe muNi jassa natthi mamAiyaM / / jo vyakti mamatvabhAva kA parityAga karatA hai, vaha svIkRta parigraha kA tyAga kara sakatA hai| mamatvabuddhi bAhya-vastuoM ke prati vyakti kI grahaNabuddhi-rUpa hai| grahaNaddhi kahIM-na-kahIM icchA yA mamatvarUpa hI hotI hai aura jahA~ icchA hai, vahA~ tanAva hai, ataH parigraha ke sAtha tanAva jur3A huA hai| yadi tanAvoM se mukta honA hai, to parigraha se mukta honA hogaa| yahA~ hameM vastu ke upayoga aura parigraha kA antara samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| upayoga - kisI vastu kA bhoga va upabhoga karanA upayoga hai| 538 Avazyaka haribhadrIyavRtti, a. 6 539 AcArAMgasUtra prathama zrutaskaMdha - 2/6/99 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 273 parigraha - saMcaya-buddhi kA AdhAra 'para' hotA hai| jahA~ saMcaya-buddhi hotI hai, vahA~ kabhI-kabhI vyakti usake upayoga se bhI vaMcita rahatA hai| jaise kRpaNa vyakti dhana-saMcaya to karatA hai, para usakA upayoga nahIM kara pAtA hai| "kaNa saMcaya kir3I kare, te titara cuga jaae| jo kRpaNa dhana saMciye, yU~ hI jAe vilAya / / AcArya bhikSu ke isa kathana kA mUla AdhAra AcArAMgasUtra hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki vyakti dhana kA saMcaya karatA hai, lekina vaha saMcita dhana yA to parijanoM ke dvArA bA~Ta liyA jAtA hai, athavA rAjA ke dvArA usakA apaharaNa kara liyA jAtA hai, athavA cora corI karake le jAtA hai, athavA agni Adi se naSTa ho jAtA hai, isalie kahA gayA hai ki jo vyakti dhana kA saMcaya karatA hai, vaha usakA upabhoga bhI nahIM kara pAtA hai| dhana ke saMcaya ke sAtha rakSaNa kI vRtti kAma karatI hai, jahA~ rakSaNa kI vRtti hotI hai, vahA~ aMtasa meM bhaya hotA hai, jahA~ bhaya hai, vahA~ tanAva hai hI aura isI prakAra saMcita dhana ke naSTa ho jAne kA bhaya, chIna lie jAne kA bhaya tanAva hI hai| jo vyakti dhana Adi ke prati mamatvavRtti rakhatA hai, vaha nizcaya hI unake saMrakSaNa evaM unakA vinAza se bacAne Adi ke lie sadaiva cintita rahatA hai aura jahA~ cintA hai, vahA~ tanAva hai, isalie. tanAva se mukti aparigraha se hI sambhava hai| parigraha-vRtti se bacane ke lie kucha sUtra nimna haiM - 1. bhagavatI-ArAdhanA meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba taka rAga (icchA) moha aura lobha (mUrchA/Asakti) mana meM utpanna hotI rahatI hai, taba taka hI AtmA meM bAhya-parigrahaNa karane kI buddhi hotI hai,541 isalie sarvaprathama hameM apanI saMgrahecchA aura AsaktivRtti kA tyAga karanA hogaa| 2. parigraha ke mUla meM kAmanA hotI hai aura dazavaikAlika meM kahA gayA hai- "kAme kAmahi kamiyaM khu dukkhaM,542 kAmanA hI duHkha kA (tanAva kA) kAraNa hai, ataH hameM apanI kAmanAoM, icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM ko alpatama karanA hogA, yA unakA nirasana karanA hogaa| 540 dekheH AcArAMgasUtra 541 bhagavatI-ArAdhanA -19/12 542 dazavaikAlikasUtra For Personal & Private Use Only

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274 - jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 3. . "tyAga eva sarveSAM mokSa sAdhanamuttamama", 543 jitane bhI mokSa ke sAdhana haiM, unameM tyAga ko sarvottama sAdhana mAnA hai, isalie apane saMcaya kie hue dhana yA vastuoM meM se dAna dene kI arthAt tyAga kI bhAvanA honI caahie| 4. jitanA upayoga meM Ae, utanA hI apane samIpa rakheM, isase saMcaya kie gae dhana ke rakSaNa se mukta ho jaaeNge| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to dhana ke naSTa hone yA vinAza hone ke bhaya se mukta ho jaaeNge| .. aparigraha tanAvamukti kA sAdhana hai, ataH tanAvamukti ke lie parigraha-vRtti kA tyAga Avazyaka hai| ahiMsA aura tanAvamukti - dazavaikAlikasUtra ke pahale adhyAya kI pahalI gAthA meM varNita hai- 'dhammo maMgalamukkiTTha ahiMsA saMjamo tavo', arthAta ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa-rUpa dharma hI sarvazreSTha maMgala hai| jainadarzana meM ahiMsA ko sarvopari siddhAnta mAnA gayA hai| vrata cAhe zramaNa kA ho, yA zrAvaka kI, pahalA sthAna ahiMsA ko hI diyA gayA hai| ahiMsA hI jainadharma kA sAra hai| ahiMsA kA siddhAMta sirpha vyakti yA samAja ke lie hI nahIM, apitu pUre vizva ko tanAvamukta rakhane ke lie hai| jahA~ eka ora hiMsA ne vizva ko azAMta banA rakhA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora, ahiMsA ko apanAne se vizva-zAMti hotI hai| prAcInakAla se hI ahiMsA kA siddhAMta vizva ko zAMti pradAna karatA rahA hai| jaba aMgrejoM ne bhArata deza para kabjA kiyA, to mahAtmA gA~dhI ne ahiMsA va satya se deza ko AjAda krvaayaa| __ Aja ke yuga meM hara samasyA kA samAdhAna hiMsA meM hI DhUMDhA jAtA hai, kintu vizva meM jaise-jaise hiMsA bar3hatI jA rahI hai, tanAvapUrNa sthiti aura bhI vikaTa hotI jA rahI hai| Aja tanAvamukti ke lie ahiMsA hI eka aisA upAya hai, jo binA kisI tanAva yA gaharI coTa ke vizva ko zAMti pradAna kara sakatA hai| 543 aNu se pUrNa kI yAtrA, pR. 151 544 dazavaikAlikasUtra - 1/1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti ahiMsA kA artha sarala zabdoM meM kaheM, to hiMsA nahIM karanA ahiMsA hai| prAyaH yaha samajhA jAtA hai ki kisI kI hatyA nahIM karanA ahiMsA hai, kisI jIva ke prANoM kA ghAta nahIM karanA ahiMsA hai, kisI vyakti ko coTa pahu~cAnA hiMsA hai, kintu ahiMsA kA artha isase kahIM adhika vyApaka hai| gAMdhIjI ne kahA hai "ahiMsA vaha sthUla vastu nahIM hai, jo Aja hamArI dRSTi ke sAmane hai| kisI ko na mAranA - itanA to ahiMsA kA artha hai hI kintu isake sAtha hI kisI ke prati durbhAvanA Adi bhI hiMsA hai| AturatA hiMsA hai, mithyA bhASaNa hiMsA hai, dveSa hiMsA hai, jagat ke lie jo Avazyaka vastu hai, usa para kabjA karanA bhI hiMsA hai| 545 uparyukta kArya nahIM karanA ahiMsA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vyakti meM prema, sadbhAvanA, sevA, dayA, karuNA, naitikatA aura AtmIyatA kA guNa honA aura usI ke anurUpa vyavahAra karanA ahiMsA hai| prema, sadbhAvanA, sevA, dayA, karuNA, naitikatA Adi guNa vyakti meM hote haiM, arthAt ye vyakti ke mAnavIya guNa haiN| vyakti ke mAnavIya guNa hI usakA mAnasika saMtulana banAe rakhate haiN| vizvazAMti banAe rakhane ke lie vyakti ko mAnasika-zAMti kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| AcArya mahAprajJajI ne bhI yahI sUtra diyA hai| sudhare vyakti se samAja, rASTra svayaM sudharegA / unhoMne vizvazAMti kA mUla maMtra batAte hue likhA hai - "vyakti-vyakti meM sAmUhika (samatA) cetanA ko jagAnA hI vizvazAMti kA mUlamaMtra hai / -546 - -- vyakti kI cetanA ko jagAne se tAtparya hai- sva-hiMsA se bcnaa| hiMsA do prakAra kI hotI hai, pahalI- 'sva' kI hiMsA aura dUsarI - 'para kI hiMsA / sAmAnyataH, loga ahiMsA kA tAtparya dUsaroM kI hiMsA nahIM karanA, dUsaroM ko duHkha nahIM denA - yahI mAnate haiM, kintu jaina- dArzanikoM kA mAnanA hai ki 'sva' kI hiMsA ke binA 'para' kI hiMsA nahIM hotI hai| vyakti dUsaroM kI hiMsA tabhI kara pAtA hai, jaba vaha apane zuddha svarUpa kI hiMsA karatA hai| svabhAva se vibhAva meM jAnA, arthAt rAga-dveSa kaSAyAdi se yukta honA 'sva' kI hiMsA hai| 'sva' kI hiMsA ke binA 'para' kI hiMsA sambhava nahIM hotI hai| isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki dUsaroM ko duHkha dene kI pravRtti rAga-dveSa ke binA nahIM hotI aura rAga-dveSa ke kaSAyoM se yukta honA 'sva' ke zuddha svarUpa kI hiMsA hai| 545 maMgala prabhAta, jIvana dharma ahiMsA, bhagavAnadAsa kelA, pR. 11. 546 vizvazAMti aura ahiMsA - AcArya mahAprajJa 275 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM isase sambandhita kucha nimna sUtra milate haiM - " kuddhA haNaMti, luddhA haNaMti, muddhA haNaMti," 276 arthAt, kucha loga krodha se hiMsA karate haiM, kucha lobha se hiMsA karate haiM aura kucha loga Asakti se hiMsA karate haiN| 547 pANavaho caMDo, rUdo, suddo (kSudra), aNAriyo, nigghiNo, nisaMso, mahabmayo ... / arthAt prANavadha (hiMsA) caNDa hai, raudra hai, kSudra hai, anArya hai, karuNArahita hai, krUra hai aura mahAbhaMyakara hai|548 jahA~ taka tanAvoM ko prazna hai, unakA janma rAga-dveSa kaSAyoM se hotA hai, ataH tanAva bhI eka prakAra se svasvarUpa kI hiMsA hai, kyoMki tanAva bhI vibhAvadazA hai| vibhAvadazA meM vyakti jo kucha karegA, vaha saba hiMsA ke aMtargata hI AtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to bAhya-hiMsA yA dUsaroM kI hiMsA tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM hI hotI hai aura yaha tanAvapUrNa sthiti svayaM apane-Apa meM hiMsA hI hai / isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki tanAvoM kA mUla kAraNa to sva-svarUpa kI hiMsA hai| ataH hiMsA kA siddhAMta tanAva - utpatti kA mUlabhUta kAraNa hai, jabaki ahiMsA kA siddhAMta tanAvamukti kA kAraNa hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, tanAvoM se nivRtti hI ahiMsA hai aura tanAvoM kI pravRtti hI hiMsA hai, ataH tanAvamukti kI dizA meM Age bar3hane ke lie vyakti ko hiMsA kA parityAga karanA hogA, kyoMki binA ahiMsA ke tanAvamukti sambhava nahIM hai / AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki 'AturA paritAveMti 549Atura vyakti arthAt tanAvagrasta vyakti hI dUsaroM ko kaSTa detA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to hiMsA kA janma tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM hotA hai| jahA~ hiMsA hai, vahA~ tanAva hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM duHkha (tanAva) kA kAraNa hiMsA ko hI batAyA hai| isameM likhA hai- "AraMbhajaM dukkhamiNaM," 50 arthAt yaha saba duHkha Arambhaja hai, hiMsA meM se utpanna hotA hai| 'kammamUlaM ca jaM chaNaM," arthAt karmabandha kA mUla hiMsA hai| jo karmabandha kA mUla hai, vahI tanAva #550 #551 547 548 549 550 551 praznavyAkaraNasUtra -1/1 vahI - 1/1 AcArAMgasUtra - 1/1/6 ast-1/3/1 vahI - 1/3/1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 277 kA bhI hetu hai| karmabandha AtmA kI jo sthiti hai, vahI sthiti tanAvayukta AtmA kI bhI hai| yaha hiMsA hI vastutaH bandhana hai, yahI granthi hai yahI moha hai, yahI mAra-mRtyu hai aura yahI naraka hai| ataH, tanAvamukti ahiMsA kI sthiti meM hI saMbhava hai| ahiMsaka cetanA hI tanAvamukta hotI hai, hiMsaka cetanA ke mUla meM kahIM-na-kahIM bhaya rahA hotA hai aura vaha bhaya eka tanAva hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai- yadi tuma abhaya cAhate ho, to dUsaroM ko bhI abhaya pradAna kro| bhaya hiMsA hai aura abhaya ahiMsA hai| bhayayukta citta hI hiMsA ko janma detA hai| vyakti ne bhaya ke kAraNa hI hiMsaka-zastra banAe haiM, bhaya ke kAraNa hI vaha asatya bolatA hai, bhaya ke kAraNa hI mAyA bhI karatA hai, to bhaya ke kAraNa hI krodhI va duHkhI bhI hotA hai, ataH bhaya se mukta hone para bhI hiMsA se mukta huA jA sakatA hai| kahA gayA hai- dUsaroM ko bhaya se mukta karo, kyoMki bhaya se hiMsA janma letI hai aura abhaya se ahiNsaa| anekAMta kA siddhAMta - "jeNa viNA logasya vavahAro savvahA Na nivvddi| tasa bhuvaNekkAgurUNo, Namo annegNtvaayss||553 arthAt, jisake binA loka vyavahAra kA nirvahana bhI sarvathA sambhava nahIM hai, yA jisake binA jagat kA vyavahAra nahIM calatA, usa anekAMtavAda ko maiM namaskAra karatA huuN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki anekAMtavAda eka vyAvahArika-darzana hai| yaha saMsAra vyavahAra se calatA hai aura vyakti kA vyavahAra hI vyakti kI mAnasikatA kA yA to vikAsa karatA hai yA use saMkucita kara detA hai| vyakti ke vyavahAra se usameM tanAva kI utpatti hotI hai aura tanAva se hI vyakti ke vyavahAra meM parivartana hotA hai| Aja rASTra ho yA prAMta, samAja ho yA parivAra, vyaSTi ho yA samaSTi, sabhI meM pArasparika-matabheda dikhAI detA hai| pratyeka vyakti ke vicAroM aura hitoM meM antaraM hone ke kAraNa sabhI vyakti tathyoM ko apanI-apanI dRSTi se vyAkhyAyita karate haiN| Aja vyakti kI dRSTi ekapakSIya aura saMkucita ho gaI hai| yahI ekAMta dRSTi vizvazAMti ko bhaMga kara rahI hai| hara vyakti apane jIvana meM sukha-zAMti lAne ke lie, apane hitoM ko sAdhane ke 552 esa khalu gaMthe esa khalu mohe, esa khalu mAre esa khalu ssaareN| - AcArAMgasUtra-1/1/2 553 sanmati-tarka-prakaraNa - 3/70 For Personal & Private Use Only

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278 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti lie, dUsaroM ke hitoM kA apalApa kara unake jIvana meM azAMti phailAtA hai| aisA karake na to vaha svayaM zAMta rahatA hai aura na hI dUsaroM ko zAMta rahane detA hai| Aja zAMti-sthApanA ke nAma para yuddha lar3e jA rahe haiN| vivAdoM ko miTAne ke lie vinAza ke prayatna kie jA rahe haiM, kintu jahA~ paraspara saMgharSa yA yuddha ho, naSTa karane kI pravRtti ho, vahAM zAMti yA tanAvamuktatA kaise ho sakatI hai? isI kAraNa Aja hara , vyakti para dabAva hai, vaha tanAvagrasta hai| yadi Aja pratyeka vyakti saMkucita ekAMtadRSTi ko tyAgakara usake sthAna para anekAMtadRSTi ko apanA le, to paraspara kucha samAdhAna yA samajhautA kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi pArasparika-hitoM meM samAdhAna khojA jAtA hai, to kisI bhI vyakti ko tanAva meM rahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhegii| anekatA meM ekatA aura ekatva meM anekatva ko dekhanA anekAMta-dRSTi hai| kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki eka vastu meM aneka guNa-dharma hote haiM, usake sabhI guNadharmoM ko svIkAra karanA anekAMtavAda hai| anekAMtavAda kA svarUpa va artha - ' prAcIna samaya se hI anekAMta ko jainadarzana kA mukhya siddhAMta mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi mUla AgamoM meM to anekAntavAda kI vizeSa carcA nahIM hai, kintu bhagavatIsUtra meM gautama ke dvArA pUche gae kucha praznoM ke bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jo uttara die haiM, ve anekAMtavAda kI dRSTi se hI die gae hai| kevala jainoM ke bhagavatIsUtra meM hI nahIM, apitu prAcInatama vedoM, upaniSadoM meM bhI isa anekAMtadRSTi ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, jinake pramANa Age die jaaeNge| _ anekAMtavAda kA mUla prayojana satya ko usake vibhinna AyAmoM meM dekhane evaM samajhane kA prayatna hai| jainadarzana meM vastu yA sat ko anantadharmAtmaka evaM anekAntika mAnA gayA hai| vastu kI isa anaMtadharmAtmakatA evaM anaikAntikatA ko svIkAra karanA hI anekAMtavAda hai| anekAMtavAda ko hama tIna AdhAroM para samajha sakate haiM prathamapratyeka vastu yA sat meM aneka guNadharma hai, dUsare - pratyeka vastu meM virodhI guNadharma bhI hote hai, tIsare -vastu kI anekaaNtiktaa| 554 bhagavatIsUtra - 7/3/273 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #281
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA ko hama kaI udAharaNoM se samajha sakate hai, jaise - sone ko eka aMgUThI kA AkAra diyA jAe, to vaha aMgUThI kahalAtI hai, kintu usameM aMgUThI ke sAtha-sAtha sone kI hone kA bhI guNa vidyamAna rahatA hai| eka hI vyakti kisI kA pitA, to kisI kA pati hotA hai| eka hI vyakti meM cAcA, mAmA, bhAI, bhatIje Adi aneka rizte sambhava haiN| vyakti ke ye sabhI rizte apanI-apanI apekSA se sahI haiM, unameM se kisI eka kA bhI niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isI tathya kA samAdhAna karate hue AcArya mahAprajJajI likhate haiM"manuSya jaba rAga - bhAvanA se prerita hokara kisI vastu ko dekhatA hai, taba vaha vastu use dUsare rUpa meM dIkhatI hai aura jaba vaha usI vastu ko dveSa-bhAvanA se prerita hokara dekhatA hai, taba vaha dUsare rUpa meM dIkhatI hai| 55 vastu eka hai, para rAga-dveSa ke kAraNa use dekhane kA rUpa badala jAtA hai, donoM hI rUpa sahI pratIta hote haiM / yahI anekAMtavAda kI anantaguNAtmaka dRSTi hai| uparyukta udAharaNoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka yA bahuAyAmI hai, ataH usake pratyeka pakSa kI sambhAvanAoM ko svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai aura yaha bAta eka sarvAMgINa dRSTi se hI sambhava hai / yaha sarvAMgINa yA vyApaka dRSTi hI tanAva - prabandhana kI saphalatA kA mUla sUtra hai| tanAva - prabandhana yA tanAvamukti ke lie bhI isa dRSTi kA vikAsa Avazyaka hai| dUsare svarUpa meM anekAMtavAda paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAoM ke samanvaya kA prayAsa karatA hai| DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina kA kahanA hai"vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA meM usakI bahuAyAmitA aura usakI bahuAyAmitA meM usakI anantadharmAtmakatA sannihita hai| yaha eka satya hai ki vastu meM na kevala vibhinna guNadharmoM kI pratIti hotI hai, apitu usameM aneka virodhI dharmayugala bhI pAye jAte haiM / " AcArya mahAprajJajI ne anekAnta kA eka sUtra saha-pratipakSa diyA hai| 7 bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM bhI paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM kI upasthiti ke saMketa milate haiN| usameM RSi kahatA hai- 'vaha sthUla bhI nahIM hai aura sUkSma bhI nahIM hai|' 556 + 558 SSS anekAMta hai tIsarA netra - AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 20 556 anekAMtavAda, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI siddhAnta aura vyavahAra, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. viii 557 anekAMta hai tIsarA netra, AcArya mahAprajJajI, pR. 12 558 bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 3/8/8 279 For Personal & Private Use Only

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280 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti taittirIyopaniSada meM kahA gayA hai- 'vaha parama sattA mUrta-amUrta, vAcya-avAcya, vijJAna (cetana)-avijJAna (jar3a), sat-asat rUpa hai| . pratyeka vastu meM virodhI guNa hote haiN| Aja ke yuga meM dekhA jAe, to vizva ke tanAvayukta hone kA eka kAraNa virodhAbhAsa hI hai| eka hI padArtha meM nAnA prakAra kI virodhI dhAraNAe~ hotI haiM aura ve virodhI dhAraNAe~ hI dvandva kI sthiti ko utpanna karatI haiN| satya ke eka pakSa ko dekhane se vyakti usake pratipakSa ko virodha kara tanAva utpanna karatA hai| vivAda virodha se hI utpanna hotA hai aura jahA~ vivAda hai, vahA~ azAMti va tanAvayukta mAhaula hotA hai| koI bhI vyakti eka pakSa ko svIkAra karatA hai, to usake pratipakSa kA kevala asvIkAra hI nahIM karatA, apitu usakA virodha kara vivAda karane ko taiyAra ho jAtA hai| aisI sthiti meM anekAMtavAda paraspara virodhI avadhAraNAoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita karatA hai| anekAnta virodhI ke astitva ko svIkRta karane ke sAtha-sAtha pratipakSa ko bhI svIkAra karatA hai| agara jIvana meM sukha-zAMti cAhie, to yaha jarUrI hai ki hameM pakSa aura pratipakSa-donoM ko hamezA svIkAra karanA hogA, kyoMki pratyeka padArtha meM virodhI guNa vidyamAna rahate haiM, jaise- hamAre zarIra meM piniyala aura picyUTarI - ye donoM granthiyA~ jJAna ke vikAsa kI granthiyA~ haiM, to gonADsa kAma-vikAsa kI granthi hai, donoM virodhI tattva, arthAt vAsanA aura vivake hamArI saMracanA meM samAe hue haiN| vyakti ko ina donoM tattvoM ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| virodhI yugala nahIM hogA, to jIvana bhI samApta ho jAegA, kyoMki jIvana hai, to mRtyu bhI hai, U~cA hai, to nIcA bhI hai, bandhana hai, to mukti ke astitva ko bhI svIkAra karanA pdd'egaa| anekAMta ke tIsare svarUpa meM vastutattva kI anekAMtikatA ko svIkAra karane kA kathana milatA hai| eka hI vastu meM rahe hue ananta guNoM meM se samaya-samaya para kucha guNadharma prakaTa hote haiM aura kucha gauNa rahate haiM, jaise- kacce Ama meM khaTTApana vyakta rahatA hai aura mIThApana gauNa hotA hai, kAlAntara meM mIThApana pramukha ho jAtA hai aura khaTTApana gauNa ho jAtA hai, isI prakAra, eka bAlaka meM uttama buddhilabdhi hone para bhI samajha avikasita rahatI hai, kAlAntara meM vaha vikasita ho jAtI hai| isakA artha yaha huA ki vyakti meM vikAsa kI ananta sambhAvanAe~ haiM, unhIM avikasita sambhAvanAoM ko vikasita karanA- yahI prabaMdhana kI 559 taittirIyopaniSada, 2/6 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 281 upayogitA hai, sAtha hI, anekAMtavAda yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki vastu meM paraspara virodhI dharma-yugala eka sAtha pAe jAte haiN| isakA artha yaha bhI hai ki vyakti meM tanAvagrasta hone aura tanAvamukta hone kI sambhAvanAe~ haiM, ataH tanAvaprabandhana kI dRSTi se jainadarzana kA mAnanA hai ki vyakti ko tanAvagrasta hone kI apekSA tanAvamukti kI dizA meM prayatna karanA caahie| tattvArthasUtra meM utpAdavyayadhrauvyAtmakaM sat' kahakara vastu ke anekAntika svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai|560 eka vastu utpanna hotI hai, vahI naSTa bhI hotI hai aura vahI dhrauvya bhI hotI hai| vastu kI paryAya badalatI hai, para dravya vahI hotA hai, udAharaNArtha - sone kI aMgUThI ko galAkara usakI cUr3I banAI jA sakatI hai, usakA AkAra badalA jA sakatA hai, para sone ke paramANu to vahI hote haiN| kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki hameM vastutattva ko yA sattA ke pratyeka pakSa ko, arthAt usakI anekAntikatA yA anantadharmAtmakatA ko svIkAra karanA hogA / . pratyeka vyakti, samAja, deza tathA vizva meM zAMti sthApita karane meM anekAnta zAMtidUta ke samAna hai| hameM tanAvamukti ke lie anekAnta ke mahattva ko samajhanA hogA ki yaha kisa prakAra hara kSetra meM vivAdoM ke madhya eka samanvaya sthApita karatA hai| anekAntavAda aura tanAvamukti - zAMtipUrNa jIvana jIne ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vyakti sAmaMjasya ko apane jIvana meM utAre, jIvana ke vividha AyAmoM meM samAyojana sthApita kre| vividha pakSoM meM samyak samAyojana hI anekAMtavAda hai aura yahI tanAvaprabaMdhana kI prakriyA bhI hai| anekAMta eka samagra evaM samAyojana- pUrNa jIvanadRSTi hai| isa anekAMta-dRSTi kA upayoga ati prAcInakAla se hotA A rahA hai| jaina-sAhitya meM AcArAMga atyanta prAcIna graMtha hai| isameM kahA gayA hai- "je AsavA te parissavA, je parissavA to AsavA 567, arthAt jo Asrava (baMdhana) ke kAraNa haiM, ve hI nirjarA (mukti) ke kAraNa bhI bana sakate haiM aura jo nirjarA (mukti) ke kAraNa haiM, ve hI Asrava (baMdhana) ke kAraNa bhI bana sakate haiN| mahAvIra kA kathana usI anekAnta-dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| tanAva-prabandhana kI dRSTi 560 tattvArthasUtra - 5/29, umAsvAti 561 dekheM: AcArAMga / For Personal & Private Use Only

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282 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti se hama ise isa prakAra bhI kaha sakate haiM ki jo tanAva ke hetu haiM, ve hI tanAvamukti ke hetu bana jAte haiM aura jo tanAvamukti ke hetu haiM, ve hI tanAva ke kAraNa bana jAte haiM, jaise- sampatti kI prApti hameM tanAvamukta bhI karatI hai aura tanAvagrasta bhI banAtI hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM jaba bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUchA gayA ki sonA acchA hai yA jAganA? to unhoMne kahA"pApiyoM kA sonA acchA hai aura dhArmikoM kA jAganA acchA hai| isa prakAra, anekAMtavAda sApekSika-dRSTi se virodhoM ko samApta karane kA eka mAdhyama hai| ___ dainika jIvana meM tanAva-prabaMdhana ke lie anekAMtavAda ke vyAvahArika-pakSa ko apanAnA hogaa| anekAMta ke isa vyAvahArika-pakSa ko sarvaprathama siddhasenadivAkara ne spaSTa kiyA hai| unhoMne kahA thA"saMsAra ke ekamAtra guru usa anekAMtavAda ko namaskAra hai, jisake binA saMsAra kA vyavahAra bhI asambhava hai|"553 vAstava meM agara dekhA jAe, to vyavahAra-jagat meM anekAMta hI virodhoM ke samAhAra kA siddhAMta hai| usake binA jagat kA vyavahAra nahIM cala sktaa| agara vyavahAra-jagat meM anekAMtika soca ko na apanAyA jAe, to virodhoM kA samAhAra hI sambhava nahIM hogaa| parivAra ho yA samAja, deza ho yA videza, sampUrNa vizva meM yadi anekAMtavAda ko vyavahAra-kSetra meM nahIM apanAyA gayA, to parivAra hI kyA, sampUrNa vizva tanAvagrasta bana jAegA aura mAnava-jAti Apasa meM hI yuddha kara-karake samApta ho jaaegii| eka aurata, jo kisI kI bhAbhI hai, to kisI kI mAmI, kisI kI mausI yA cAcI hai, to kisI kI mA~ bhI hai| ise pratyeka ko apanI-apanI apekSA se samajhanA hogaa| yahA~ ekAnta rUpa se koI nirNaya nahIM ho sktaa| eka vyakti ke lie eka hI hetu tanAvamukti kA kAraNa hai, kintu vahI hetu dUsare vyakti meM tanAva utpanna kara detA hai| eka sundara strI, jisakI vaha patnI hai, use tanAvamukta karatI hai, vahIM dUsare vyakti meM IrSyA kA viSaya hokara tanAva kA kAraNa bana sakatI hai| punaH, vahI strI eka samaya apane pati ko sukha-santoSa dekara tanAvamukta karatI hai, to dUsare vyaktiyoM ke lie AkarSaNa kA kendra kAraNa hone ke kAraNa vaha IrSyA se grasita apane pati ko aura apane AkarSaNa ke kAraNa dUsaroM ko bhI tanAvagrasta bhI banAtI hai| 562 bhagavatIsUtra - sanmati-tarka-prakaraNa - 3/70 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 283 tanAva hamAre jIvana ke hara kSetra meM utpanna hotA hai aura unhIM kSetroM meM agara hama anekAMta kA bIja DAla deM, to sukha va zAMti kI phasala lhraaegii| anekAMta vibhinna kSetroM meM tanAvaprabaMdhana kA kArya karatA hai| vibhinna kSetroM meM anekAMtavAda kI upayogitA - 1. anekAMtavAda dhArmika kSetra meM - sabhI dharmoM kA mUla lakSya eka hI hai - mokSa prApta karanA, bhakta se bhagavAn bnnaa| antara kevala itanA hai ki rAste alaga-alaga haiM, kintu una rAstoM para calane kI prakriyA bhI eka hI hai aura vaha hai - rAga, Asakti, ahaM evaM tRSNA ko samApta krnaa| phira bhI, ekAntavAdIsoca Aja hiMsA, kalaha, azAMti evaM vaizvika-tanAva kA kAraNa bana gayA hai| prAcIna samaya se hI dharma ke nAma para mAnava mAnavatA kA ghAta karatA rahA hai| DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina ne bar3e hI sundara zabdoM meM likhA hai -"dharma manuSya ko manuSya se jor3ane ke lie thA, lekina Aja vahI dharma manuSya-manuSya meM vibheda kI dIvAreM khIMca rahA hai| 564 vastutaH, dharma vizvazAMti aura mAnava-jAti meM sahayoga va prema bhAvanA jAgrata karane ke lie hai, kintu dhArmika-matAndhatA ke kAraNa dharma ke nAma para hiMsA, kalaha evaM atyAcAra ho rahA hai| isake kaI udAharaNa hamAre samakSa Ae haiM, jaise- ayodhyA maMdira kA vivAda, mathurA meM kRSNa janmabhUmi kA vivAda aadi| . prAcIna samaya meM aise kaI vivAda rahe the, jinheM anekAMta-dRSTi se hI samApta kiyA gayA thaa| hara vyakti apane dharmadarzana ko sahI va anya dharmadarzanoM ko mithyA mAnatA hai| aise meM jaba bhI kisI bAta ko lekara koI vivAda khar3A hotA hai, to mAhaula tanAvagrasta bana jAtA hai| aisI sthiti meM anekAMta dRSTi hI una donoM vargoM ke bIca sAmaMjasya banA . sakatI hai| anekAMtadRSTi do dharmoM yA tathyoM ko eka nahIM karatI hai, vastutaH, vaha unake sambandha meM hamArI soca ko samyak banAtI hai| 2. manovaijJAnika-kSetra meM anekAMtavAda - "jisa prakAra vastatattva vibhinna gaNadharmoM se yakta hotA hai, usI prakAra se mAnava-vyaktitva bhI vividha vizeSatAoM aura vilakSaNatAoM kA 564 anekAntavAda, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI (siddhAMta aura vyavahAra) - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR.39 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti puMja hai / "565 manovaijJAnikoM kA to kAma hI yahI hai ki vyakti meM nihita vividha vizeSatAoM aura vilakSaNatAoM ko dekhanA, samajhanA aura samajhakara vyakti kI mAnasika-sthiti kA vikAsa karanA / vyakti kI asaMtulita mAnasika sthiti ko saMtulita karane ke lie, usameM vidyamAna donoM guNoM ko dekhanA hotA hai, arthAt tanAva ke kAraNa ko aura tanAvamukti ke lie unake samyak mArga ko / vyakti ko tanAvamukta karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vyakti sabhI pakSoM, AyAmoM yA sthitiyoM ko jAna jAe aura unameM jo guNa use tanAvamukta rakheM, unakA vikAsa kiyA jA sake aura jo sthitiyAM use tanAvagrasta banAtI haiM, unakA nirAkaraNa kiyA jA ske| pratyeka vyakti ke vyaktitva meM vividha pakSa hote haiM aura usI meM virodhI vyaktitva ke lakSaNa bhI pAe jAte haiM, jaise- vAsanA aura viveka / vyakti meM eka ora aneka vAsanAe~, icchAe~, AkAMkSAe~ bharI huI haiM, to dUsarI ora, ina sabhI para niyaMtraNa karane ke lie viveka kA guNadharma hai| ye donoM eka sAtha hI upasthita rahate haiM, kintu inameM eka dRSTi tanAva utpanna karane kA mukhya kAraNa hai, to dUsarI tanAva ko samApta karane meM sahAyaka hotI hai / vAsanAe~ vyakti ke aMdara krodha, lobha, moha, IrSyA, dveSAdi bhAvanAoM ko utpanna karatI haiM, to viveka vyakti meM zAMti, tRpti, vItarAgatA, sahiSNutA, niyaMtraNAdi kA vikAsa karatA hai| isa kar3I meM vyakti meM bhaya va sAhasa, ajJAna va jJAna, Akroza va karuNA, hInatva aura uccatva, ghRNA va prema Adi kI graMthiyA~ hotI haiM, inameM se kramazaH prathama tanAva ko utpanna karatI hai va dUsarI tanAvamukta karatI hai| vyakti ko agara tanAvamukti ko pAnA hai, to use ina donoM pakSoM ko samajhanA hogA aura vAsanA, bhaya, Akroza, hInatvAdi para samyak niyaMtraNa kara viveka, sAhasa, karuNA, uccatvAdi ke vikAsa kA prayAsa karanA hogA / 284 jisa prakAra vyakti bahuAyAmI hotA hai, usI prakAra usakA vyaktitva bhI bahuAyAmI hotA hai aura use sahI prakAra se samajhane ke lie anekAnta kI dRSTi Avazyaka hotI hai| anekAnta kI dRSTi se hI vyakti kI tanAvagrasta mAnasika sthiti ko tanAvamukta va saMtulita banAyA jA sakatA hai| 565 anekAntavAda, syAdvAda aura satpabhaMgI (siddhAMta aura vyavahAra) - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR.43 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 285 3. rAjanItika-kSetra meM anekAMtavAda ke siddhAMta kA upayoga - vartamAna meM vizva meM azAMti kA eka mukhya kAraNa rAjanIti bhI hai| hareka samUha apanI sattA cAhatA hai| apanI-apanI rAjanItikavicAradhArA ko ucita mAnakara rAjanItijJoM meM saMgharSa bar3ha rahA hai| pUMjIvAda, samAjavAda, sAmyavAda, phAsIvAda Adi aneka rAjanItika vicAradhArAe~ tathA rAjatantra, kulatantra Adi anekAneka zAsana praNAliyA~ vartamAna meM pracalita haiM aura eka-dUsare ko samApta karane meM prayatnazIla haiN| AvazyakatA hai, anekAMta ke siddhAMta ko prayoga meM lAne kii| yaha siddhAMta eka pakSa ko yaha vicAra degA ki virodhI pakSa bhI sahI ho sakatA hai, isalie usane jo doSa batAe haiM, unakA hameM nirAkaraNa karanA caahie| jaba taka sabala virodhI na ho, hameM apane doSoM kA jJAna hI nahIM hotA hai| rAjanItika kSetra meM agara anekAMta ke siddhAMta kA prayoga kiyA jAe, to sarakAra cAhe bahumata dala kI ho, phira bhI alpamata vAloM kI bAtoM ko sunakara donoM meM sAmaMjasya baiThAyA jA sakatA hai| 4. prabandhazAstra aura anekAMtavAda - .. pratyeka kSetra meM, cAhe vaha kisI saMsthA kA ho yA vyavasAya kA, samAja kA ho yA rAjya kA, prabandhazAstra kA mahattva sabase adhika hai| prabandhana ko kaI rUpoM meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| prabandhana logoM se kArya karavAne kI eka prakriyA hai, to dUsarI ora, prabandhana ko eka kalA bhI kahA gayA hai| kisa vyakti se kisa prakAra kArya liyA jAe, tAki usakI sampUrNa yogyatA kA lAbha uThAyA jA sake- yaha prabandhana hai| prabandhaka ko pratyeka karmacArI ke bhinna-bhinna guNoM kI parakha kara unheM unakI yogyatA ke anurUpa kArya sauMpanA caahie| prabandhaka ko anekAntika-dRSTi se hI vyakti ke vyaktitva aura usake preraka-tattvoM ko samajhanA hogaa| eka vyakti ke lie mRdu AtmIya vyavahAra eka acchA preraka ho sakatA hai, to dUsare ke lie kaThora anuzAsana kI AvazyakatA ho sakatI hai| eka vyakti ke lie Arthika-upalabdhiyA~ hI preraka kA kArya karatI hai, to dUsare ke lie pada aura pratiSThA hI preraka-tattva ho sakate haiN| prabandhaka vyakti kI isa bahuAyAmitA ko samajha leM, to koI bhI saMgaThana yA saMsthA apane lakSya ko prApta kara sakegI sAtha hI, saMsthA meM zAMtipUrNa vAtAvaraNa banA raha sakegA aura kisI bhI udyoga meM har3atAla jaisI tanAvapUrNa sthiti nirmita nahIM hogii| 5. samAjazAstra aura anekAMtavAda - For Personal & Private Use Only

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286 . jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti vartamAna meM, prAcIna samAja meM pracalita rahI kucha rUr3hiyAM yuvA vyaktiyoM meM tanAva utpanna karatI haiM, to dUsarI ora, nae samAja kI naI rItiyA~ vRddhoM meM tanAva kA kAraNa banatI haiN| . .... vastutaH, samAja vyaktiyoM kA samUha hai| vyaktiyoM ke isa samUha meM pratyeka vyakti kI yogyatA, abhiruci Adi bhinna-bhinna hotI haiM, ataH sabhI vyaktiyoM ko samAna taMtra ke dvArA zAsita karanA sambhava nahIM hotaa| sAmAjika dAyitvoM ko pradAna karane aura unakA nirvAha karane meM anekAMta-dRSTi kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI hai| sabhI vyaktiyoM ko samAna rUpa se samAna kAryoM meM niyojita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| anekAMta vaha vicAradhArA hai, jo vyakti kI yogyatA aura kSamatA ko samajhakara usake dAyitvoM kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai| jisa prakAra iMjina kA eka bhI kalapurjA apane ucita sthAna se alaga jagaha lagA diyA jAe, to iMjina kI samagra kAryapraNAlI dhvasta ho jAtI hai, usI taraha samAja meM bhI yadi kisI vyakti ko usakI yogyatA se bhinna dAyitva pradAna kara diyA jAe, to vaha sampUrNa sAmAjika-vyavasthA ko dhvasta kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra, sAmAjika vyavasthA ke kSetra meM anekAMtadRSTi ko apanAnA Avazyaka hotA hai| yadi hama usakI upekSA karate haiM, to sAmAjika-vyavasthA gar3abar3A jAtI hai aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa samAja kA pratyeka sadasya tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| 6. pArivArika jIvana meM anekAMtavAda - jisa prakAra samAja eka samUha hai, usI prakAra parivAra bhI vyaktiyoM kA samUha hai, jahA~ prema, vizvAsa, sahayoga evaM janma ke AdhAra para eka vyakti kA dUsare vyakti ke sAtha riztA jur3A hotA hai| ye prema, sadbhAvanA Adi ke guNa parivAra ko tanAvamukta rakhakara zAMtipUrNa vAtAvaraNa banAe rakhane meM sahAyaka hote haiM, kintu parivAra ke sadasyoM kA dRSTibheda kuTumba meM saMgharSa va kalaha utpanna kara detA hai| eka pIr3hI se dUsarI pIr3hI ke saMskAroM kA bheda parivAra meM tanAva kA mAhaula utpanna kara detA hai| sAsa yaha apekSA karatI hai ki bahU aisA jIvana jIe, jaisA usane svayaM bahU ke rUpa meM jIyA thA, jabaki bahU apane yuga ke anurUpa aura apane mAtRpakSa ke saMskAroM se prabhAvita jIvana jInA cAhatI hai| pitA putra ko apane anurUpa DhAlanA cAhatA hai, kintu putra apanI hI soca ke anurUpa jIvana jInA cAhatA hai| bar3A bhAI choTe ko apane anuzAsana meM rakhakara apanI soca se vyavasAya ko calAnA cAhatA hai, to choTA bhAI For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti apanI hI buddhi ko sahI mAnakara vyavasAya ko apane tarIke se calAnA cAhatA hai| ina sabameM jaba taka sahiSNu dRSTi aura dUsare kI sthiti ko samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka parivAra meM tanAva kI sthiti banI rahetI hai| vastutaH ina sabake mUla meM jo dRSTibheda hai, use anekAnta-paddhati se samyak prakAra se jAnA jA sakatA hai| anekAntadRSTi parivAra ke pratyeka vyakti ko eka-dUsare ko samajhane meM sahAyaka banatI hai| hama jaba dUsare ke sambandha meM vicAra kareM, koI nirNaya leM, to pahale svayaM ko usa sthiti meM khar3A mAnakara socanA cAhie / apanI bAta para aDiga rahane se pahale dUsare ke pahalU para bhI vicAra karanA cAhie / yahI eka aisI dRSTi hai, jisase parivAra meM zAMti va premapUrNa vAtAvaraNa banatA hai / indriya-vijaya aura tanAvamukti manuSya kA bAhya - jagat se sambandha indriyoM ke mAdhyama se hotA hai / indriyoM ke bahirmukha hone se jIva kI ruci bAhya - viSayoM meM hotI hai aura isI se unako pAne kI kAmanA aura saMkalpa kA janma hotA hai / indriyoM kA viSayoM se samparka hone para kucha anukUla aura kucha pratikUla pratIta hote haiN| anukUla ke prati rAga va pratikUla ke prati dveSa hotA hai, athavA yUM kaheM ki anukUla ko bAra-bAra prApta karane kI cAha hotI hai aura pratikUla kA saMyoga na ho- yaha manaHsthiti banatI hai| ye manaHsthitiyA~ hI vyakti kI cetanA meM tanAva ko janma detI haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI indriyoM aura mana ko hI tanAva kA kAraNa batAyA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki indriyoM tathA mana se viSayoM ke sevana kI lAlasA paidA hotI hai| sukhada anubhUti ko punaH punaH prApta karane kI icchA aura duHkha se bacane kI icchA se hI rAga yA Asakti utpanna hotI hai| isa Asakti se prANI krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga, dveSa, ghRNA, hAsya, bhaya, zoka tathA strI-puruSa aura napuMsaka sambandhI kAmavAsanAe~ Adi aneka prakAra ke zubhAzubha bhAvoM ko utpanna karatA hai| isa prakAra, indriyoM aura mana ke viSayoM meM Asakta prANI janma-maraNa ke cakra meM phaMsakara viSayAsakti se avaza, dIna, lajjita aura karuNAjanaka sthiti ko prApta ho jAtA hai| rUpa ko grahaNa karane vAlI cakSu - indriya hai, aura rUpa cakSu - indriya kA viSaya hai| priya rUpa rAga kA aura apriya rUpa 566 566 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 32/102-105 - For Personal & Private Use Only 287

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti #569 dveSa kA kAraNa hai| 567 jisa prakAra dRSTi ke rAga meM Atura pataMgA mRtyu pAtA hai, usI prakAra rUpa meM atyaMta Asakta hokara jIva akAla meM hI mRtyu pAte haiN|568 rUpa kI AzA ke vaza par3A huA ajJAnI jIva trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, paritApa (duHkha) utpanna karatA hai tathA pIr3ita karatA hai| 69 rUpa meM mUrcchita jIva una padArthoM ke utpAdana, rakSaNa evaM vyaya meM aura viyoga kI cintA meM lagA rahatA hai| use sukha kahA~ hai? vaha saMbhogakAla meM bhI atRpta rahatA hai|" rUpa meM Asakta manuSya ko thor3A bhI sukha nahIM hotA, jisa vastu kI prApti meM usane duHkha uThAyA, usake upayoga ke samaya bhI vaha duHkha pAtA hai| 71 570 288 zrotrendriya zabda ko grahaNa karane vAlI aura zabda zrotrendriya kA grAhya viSaya hai| priya zabda rAga kA aura apriya zabda dveSa kA kAraNa hai| 72 jisa prakAra rAga meM gRddha mRga mArA jAtA hai, usI prakAra zabdoM ke viSaya meM mUrcchita jIva akAla meM hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| 73 manojJa zabda kI lolupatA ke vazavartI bhArI karmI jIva ajJAnI hokara trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, unheM paritApa utpanna karatA hai aura pIr3A detA hai| 574 zabda meM mUrcchita jIva manohara zabda vAle padArthoM kI prApti, rakSaNa evaM viyoga kI ciMtA meM lagA rahatA hai| vaha saMbhogakAla ke samaya meM bhI atRpta hI rahatA hai, phira use sukha kahA~ hai? tRSNA ke vaza meM par3A huA vaha jIva corI karatA hai tathA jhUTha aura kapaTa kI vRddhi karatA huA atRpta hI rahatA hai aura duHkha se nahIM chUTa pAtA / 75 isI prakAra, ghrANendriya, rasanendriya aura sparzanendriya ke saMdarbha meM bhI samajhanA caahie| ina indriyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara vyakti kI ciMtA, duHkha, paritApa denA, corI, jhUTha, kapaTa Adi vRttiyA~ tanAva utpanna karatI haiM, yA yaha kaheM ki ye saba tanAva ke hI hetu haiM / 567 vahI - 32/23 568 vahI - 32/24 569 vahI - 32 / 27 570 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 571 vahI - 32/32 572 vahI 32/36 573 574 575 - uttarAdhyayanasUtra vahI - 32/40 vahI - 32/40 32/28 32/37 r For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti gItA meM bhagavAn kRSNa ne indriya-damana ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki jisa prakAra jala meM nAva ko vAyu hara letI hai, vaise hI mana - sahita viSayoM meM vicaratI huI indriyoM meM se eka bhI indriya isa puruSa kI buddhi ko haraNa kara lene meM samartha hai| 576 indriyA~ apane-apane viSayoM kI ora AkarSita hotI haiM aura ye indriyoM ke viSaya jIvAtmA meM vikAra utpanna karate haiN| isa prakAra, vyakti kA viveka aura mAnasika-zAMti- donoM bhaMga ho jAte haiM aura vyakti tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai, isalie kahA gayA hai- sAdhaka zabda, rUpa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza- ina pA~coM endrika - viSayoM ke sevana ko sadA ke lie chor3a de | 577 tanAvamukti ke lie indriya - vijaya Avazyaka hai, kintu kyA indriya-vijaya ke lie pUrNa indriya-nirodha sambhava hai ? isa prazna- kA uttara dete hue DaoN. sAgaramala jaina likhate haiM- jaba taka jIva deha dhAraNa kie hue hai, usake dvArA indriya-vyApAra kA pUrNa nirodha sambhava nahIM / kAraNa yaha hai ki vaha jisa pariveza meM rahatA hai, usameM indriyoM ko apane viSayoM se samparka rakhanA hI par3atA hai 578 saMsAra meM yaha bhI sambhava nahIM hai ki vyakti apanI indriyoM kA upayoga nahIM kare aura jaba taka indriyA~ haiM, vyakti kA bAhya - jagat se samparka bhI hogA hI, aisI sthiti meM vyakti kabhI tanAva se mukta nahIM ho skegaa| isa sambandha meM tanAvamukti ke lie yA indriya-vijaya ke lie AcArAMgasUtra ke dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM pandrahaveM bhAvanA nAmaka adhyayana meM tathA uttarAdhyayana meM gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai- yaha zakya nahIM hai ki kAnoM meM par3ane vAle acche yA bure zabda sune na jAeM, ataH zabdoM kA nahIM, zabda ke prati jAgrata hone vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM hai ki A~khoM ke sAmane Ane vAlA acchA yA burA rUpa dekhA na jAe, ataH rUpa kA nahIM, rUpa ke prati jAgrata hone vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM hai ki nAka ke samakSa AI huI sugandhi yA durgandhi sUMghane meM na Ae, ataH gandha kA nahIM, gaMdha ke prati jagane vAlI rAga-dveSa kI vRtti kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM 576 gItA - 2/67 577 289 uttarAdhyayana sUtra - 16/10 578 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, DaoN.sAgaramala jaina, bhAga-1, pR.474 For Personal & Private Use Only

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290 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti hai ki rasanA para AyA huA acchA yA burA rasa cakhane meM nA Ae, ataH rasa kA nahIM, rasa ke prati jagane vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM hai ki zarIra se sparza hone vAle acche yA bure sparza kI anubhUti na ho, ataH sparza kA nahIM, sparza ke prati jagane vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| isI prazna ke uttara meM Age uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM likhA hai -indriyoM ke zabdAdi manojJa athavA amanojJa viSaya Asakta vyakti ke lie hI rAga-dveSa kA kAraNa banate haiM, vItarAga ke lie nhiiN| indriyoM. aura mana ke viSaya, rAgI sAmAnya puruSoM ke lie hI tanAva (bandhana, duHkha) ke kAraNa hote haiN| ye hI viSaya vItarAgiyoM ke bandhana yA duHkha kA kAraNa nahIM hote haiN| kAmabhoga na kisI ko bandhana meM DAlate haiM aura na kisI meM vikAra hI paidA kara sakate haiM, kintu jo viSayoM meM rAga-dveSa karatA hai, vahI rAga-dveSa se tanAvagrasta hotA hai|82 . vastutaH, indriyA~ tanAva kA kAraNa nahIM hotI, indriyoM ke viSayoM para rAga-dveSa kI vRtti tanAvagrastatA kA hetu banatI hai| vyakti indriyoM kA tyAga to nahIM kara sakatA, kintu indriyoM kA vyApAra karate hue bhI tanAvamukta raha sakatA hai, ataH indriyoM kA nirodha nahIM, apitu unake pIche rahI huI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha karanA hogaa| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to indriya-saMyama karanA hogA, tabhI tanAvamukta avasthA ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne spaSTa kahA hai ki yadi sAdhaka ko mAnasika vicAroM se bacanA hai aura apane vairAgya-bhAva ko surakSita rakhanA hai, to anukUla kI cAha se va usake punaH prApti kI cAha arthAt tRSNA se mukta honA hogaa| isI prakAra, apanI cetanA ko pratikUla ke viyoga kI ciMtA arthAt ArtadhyAna se mukta rakhanA hogA, kyoMki tanAva kA kAraNa vastu kI anubhUti hI nahIM, usa anubhUti ke pariNAmasvarUpa anukUla kI puna:-punaH prApti kI aura pratikUla ke viyoga kI ciMtA hI tanAva kA mUlabhUta kAraNa hai, ataH tanAvamukti ke lie ina donoM se Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai| AcArAMgasUtra - 2/3/15/131-135 uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 32/109 581 vahI - 32/100 582 vahI- 32/101 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 291 kaSAya-vijaya aura tanAvamukti kaSAya aura tanAva ke saha-sambandha kA hama isake pUrva caturtha adhyAya meM vivecana kara cuke haiN| yahA~ hama kaSAya-vijaya arthAt kaSAyamukti kI carcA kreNge| vastutaH, kaSAya-mukti se hI tanAvamukti sambhava hai| jainadarzana meM kaSAya ko karmabandhana kA evaM karmabandhana ko saMsAra-bhramaNa kA hetu mAnA gayA hai| saMsAra meM janma-maraNa kA cakra hI samasta duHkhoM kA kAraNa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to kaSAyamukti hI duHkhamukti kA mUla AdhAra hai aura sAMsArika-duHkha yA tanAva se mukti ke lie kaSAya mukti Avazyaka hai| anya zabdoM meM, duHkhamukti yA tanAvamukti ke lie kaSAyamukta honA Avazyaka hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, kaSAyamukta jIva hI mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| mokSa tanAvamukti kI hI eka avasthA hai| kaSAya ko hama vyakti ke tanAvayukta hone kI avasthA kI abhivyakti bhI kaha sakate haiN| kaSAya kI ina vRttiyoM se hI tanAva kI utpatti bhI hotI hai| eka ora, jahA~ krodha aura ahaMkAra ko tanAva kI eka avasthA kahate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ko tanAva kI sthiti ke sAtha-sAtha tanAva ke kAraNa bhI batAe gae haiM, ataH tanAvamukti ke lie tanAva kI sthiti aura tanAva kA nirAkaraNa karanA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra, jaina AgamoM meM kaSAya-vijaya ko sabhI duHkhoM se mukti kA upAya bhI batAyA gayA hai| kaSAyoM kA sIdhA sambandha hamAre bAhya-vyavahAra (AcaraNa) se hai| vyakti ke vyaktitva kA nirdhAraNa bhI usake kaSAyajanya AvegoM se kiyA jAtA hai| kaSAyoM ke Avega jitane tIvra hoMge, usake mana kI asthiratA bhI utanI hI adhika hogI aura vyakti meM kaSAyoM kI pravRtti jitanI kama hogI, usakA mana utanA hI sthira hogaa| mana kI asthiratA vyakti ke azAMta hone kI avasthA hai| mana kI asthiratA yA caMcalatA kabhI bhI vyakti ko saMtuSTi kA anubhava nahIM hone detI hai| tanAvagrastatA se mukta hone kA upAya hai- mana ko sthira krnaa| mana kI sthiratA kaSAyoM se Upara uThane para hI sambhava hai| jaise-jaise kaSAyoM ke Avega kama hote jAeMge, mana kI sthiratA bar3hatI jaaegii| jaise-jaise mana kI sthiratA bar3hegI, vyakti tanAvamukti kI dizA meM agrasara hogaa| kaSAyoM kA prabhAva mAtra vyakti ke vyaktitva para hI nahIM, varan usake sampUrNa jIvana para par3atA hai| agara kASAyika-vRttiyA~ adhika hoMgI, to vyakti kA sArA For Personal & Private Use Only

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292 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jIvana tanAvagrasta banA rhegaa| vyakti meM kaSAyarUpI vRttiyA~ jaba kama hotI haiM, to vaha jIvana kI tInoM avasthAoM- bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA va vRddhAvasthA meM Ananda evaM zAMti kA anubhava karatA hai| tanAvamukti ke lie yA kaSAya-vijaya ke lie kucha sUtra nimna haiM - krodha-vijaya ke upAya - 1. dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki krodha ko upazama se naSTa karo, arthAt samabhAva se krodha ko jiito|| 2. krodha Ane para jisa vyakti ke prati yA jisa sthAna para krodha A rahA hai, vahA~ se dUra cale jaaeN| 3. krodha Ane para svayaM ke krodha ko dekhane kA prayAsa kreN| agara itanA hI khyAla A gayA ki krodha A rahA hai, to usake duSpariNAmoM kA khyAla bhI A jAegA, aura krodha svataH hI calA jaaegaa| . 4. krodha ko zAMta karane kA eka upAya yaha bhI pracalita hai ki jaba krodha Ae to eka se sau taka ginatI ginanA prArambha kareM, yA kisI maMtra kA jApa karane lge| 5. cintana karane se bhI krodha se bacA jA sakatA hai| cintana kareM'yaha krodha merA svabhAva nahIM hai| yaha merI AtmA ko vibhAvadazA meM le jA rahA hai| 6. hamAre vicAroM kA hamArI zvAsocchavAsa se sIdhA aura gaharA sambandha hai| jaba krodha AtA hai, to hamArI zvAsa sAmAnya sthiti se teja ho jAtI hai, isalie jaba krodha Ae, to pahale apane zvAsa-prazvAsa ko saMyamita karane kA prayAsa kreN| isase krodha zAMta hotA hai| 7. krodha kyoM A rahA hai ? kaise A rahA hai ? kahA~ se prArambha huA hai ? ina praznoM ke uttara DhUMDhane se mana para bAhya-paristhiti kA prabhAva samApta ho jAtA hai aura vicAroM meM parivartana svAdhyAya, cintana, anuprekSA Adi ke mAdhyama se hotA hai|584 8. krodha Ane para thor3A vilamba kreN| pratikriyA kI zIghratA mata kro| uvasameNa haNe koh| -dazavaikAlikasUtra -8/39 kaSAya : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana, sAdhvI DaoN. hemaprajJAzrI, pR. 137 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti krodha sahanazIlatA ke abhAva meM hotA hai, ataH apanI sahanazIlatA ko bar3hAne kA prayAsa kreN| 9. 10. Asrava, saMvara evaM nirjarA - bhAvanA kI anuprekSA karanA 11. uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai kohaM vijaeNaM bhaMte! jIve kiM jANayaI ? uttara kohaM vijaeNaM khaMti javayai, arthAt, krodha para vijaya karane se kyA prApta hotA hai ? uttara krodha para vijaya karane se kSamAbhAva prakaTa hotA hai586 aura yogazAstra meM kahA hai- uttama AtmA ko krodharUpI agni ko tatkAla zAnta karane ke lie ekamAtra kSamA kA hI Azraya lenA cAhie / kSamA hI krodhAgni ko zAnta kara sakatI hai| kSamA saMyamarUpI udyAna ko harA-bharA banAne ke lie kyArI hai| 587 12. . krodha Ane para mauna dhAraNa kreN| 13. krodha meM eka gilAsa ThaMDA pAnI pI leN| 14. pAnI se agni zAMta ho jAtI hai, ataH koI agara hama para krodha kare, to usa para krodha na karake usase naramI se bAta kareM, sAmane vAle vyakti kA krodha zAMta ho jaaegaa| 585 586 587 588 -- uparyukta sUtroM ko apanAne se krodha to zAMta hogA hI, krodha ke sAtha-sAtha tanAva bhI utpanna nahIM hogaa| krodha vyakti ko vivekahIna va hiMsaka banAtA hai| krodha zArIrika- svAsthya, mAnasika-zAMti, samyaktvaguNa, smaraNa-zakti, prIti aura sahanazIlatA kA nAza karatA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM to yahA~ taka likhA hai ki apane-Apa para bhI krodha mata kro| 588 ataH, tanAvamukti ke lie krodha kI manovRtti kA tyAga Avazyaka hai| bAraha bhAvanA uttarAdhyayanasUtra 'adhyAya 29, gAthA - 68 krodhavahyestadahyAya zamanAya zubhAtsabhiH / zrayaNIyA kSamaikaiva saMyAmArAmasAraNiH / - uttarAdhyayanasUtra 29/40 -- 585 yogazAstra - 4/11 293 For Personal & Private Use Only

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294 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti mAna-vijaya ke upAya - 1. dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki mAna vinaya kA nAza karane vAlA hai, ataH mAna para vijaya mRdutA arthAt vinamratA se prApta kI jA sakatI hai|990 2. zarIra kI svasthatA, sundaratA kA garva hone para azuci-bhAvanA kA cintana kreN| yaha zarIra asthi, majjA, rakta, mala-mUtra Adi se banA hai| kisI bhI samaya surUpatA kurUpatA meM parivartita ho hI jAtI hai| 3. sattA, sampatti, suvidhA, satkAra, sammAna, svajana Adi ke AdhAra para ahaMkAra puSTa hone para vicAra karanA cAhie ki ye saba mere puNya-karma ke udaya se haiM, agara maiMne ahaMkAra kiyA, to yaha puNya pApa meM parivartita ho jaaegaa| 4. mAna-vijaya ke lie mArdava-dharma kA pAlana zreSTha hai| mArdava kA artha hai- mRdubhaav| 5. dhana-sampatti ke adhika milane para usakA upayoga dUsaroM kI sevA-sahAyatA meM kreN| 6. U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA chor3akara sabhI ko eka samAna smjheN| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA hai -"yaha jIvAtmA aneka bAra uccagotra meM janma le cukA hai, to aneka bAra nIca gotra meM bhI, isa prakAra vibhinna gotroM meM janma lene se na koI hIna hotA hai aura na koI mhaan|91 7. cintana kareM- paramANu, pudgaloM kA svabhAva hI sar3ana-galana hai| sabhI padArtha naSTa ho jAte haiM, ataH kisI bhI vastu yA vyakti para garva na kreN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai - "mAna kA pratipakSI vinaya hai| mAna-vijaya se vinaya-guNoM kI prApti hotI hai| 202 mAna para vijaya prApta karane se vyakti tanAvamukti kI prakriyA meM Age bar3ha jAtA hai| mAna se vinaya guNa kI prApti hotI hai aura vinaya 589 mANaM maddavayA jiNe - dazavaikAlikasUtra -8/38 590 mANo viNayaNAsavo - dazavaikAlikasUtra - 8/38 se asaI uccAgoha, asahaM niibaagoe| nI hoNe, no aistei ............... || - AcArAMgasUtra -1/2/3 592 mANaM vijaeNaM maddavaM ..............! - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 29/69 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti namratA sikhAtA hai / tana ko jhukAnA hI vinaya nahIM hai, balki mana ko jhukAne para hI adhika sammAna milatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM likhA hai ki mAna para vijaya prApta hone para vaha asAtAvedanIyakarma nahIM bAMdhatA hai tathA pUrva meM baMdhe hue karmoM kI nirjarA ho jAtI hai| 593 asAtAvedanIyakarma tanAva utpanna karatA hai, ataH tanAvamukti ke lie mAna para vijaya prApta karanA caahie| mAyA - vijaya ke upAya - 1. "sohI ujjUya bhUyassa, dhammo suddhassa ciTThaI, * 584 arthAt RjubhUta sarala vyakti kI hI zuddhi hotI hai aura sarala hRdaya meM hI dharma-rUpI pavitra vastu ThaharatI hai| zuddhi kA artha hI sahajatA yA saralatA hai, ataH aisA cintana karane se mAyA para vijaya prApta kI jA sakatI hai| 2. jhUTha, chala, kapaTa kabhI nahIM TikatA, eka dina sabhI ke samakSa A hI jAtA hai aura yathArtha svarUpa kA patA calane para dUsare to duHkhI hote hI haiM, hama bhI tanAvagrasta ho jAte hai- aisA vicAra nirantara karate rahanA caahie| 3. yaha vicAra karanA cAhie ki mAyA - kaSAya ananta duHkhoM (tanAvoM) kA kAraNa hai aura tiryaMca - gati kA hetu hai | 595 4. mAyA yA kapaTavRtti jaba ujAgara hotI hai, to vyakti para se sabhI apanA vizvAsa kho dete haiM, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa jaba usa vyakti ko kisI kI madada kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, to koI madada nahIM karatA / isa vicAra se svayaM cintana karane se mAyA yA kapaTa karane se Dara lagane lagegA | 295 5. kabhI-kabhI vyakti svayaM apane hI jAla meM pha~sa jAtA hai, isalie kapaTa- pravRtti ko chor3akara sIdhe - sarala tarIkoM se kArya karane kA prayatna karanA caahie| 6. mAyA kA pratipakSI guNa saralatA hai / mAyA tanAva utpanna karatI hai to saralatA usake viparIta hone ke kAraNa tanAvamukta karatI hai| isalie 593 mANaM vijaNa veyaNijjaM kammaM na baMdhaI / puvvabaddhaM ca nijjarei / - uttarAdhyayanasUtra - 3 / 12 mAyA tiryagyonasya - tattvArthasUtra, adhyAya - 6, sUtra - 17 594 595 uttarAdhyayanasUtra. - 29/69 For Personal & Private Use Only

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296 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti apane jIvana meM yA svabhAva meM saralatA kA vikAsa karane kA prayatna karate rahanA caahie| loma-vijaya ke upAya - 1. zAstroM ke vacanoM para zraddhA rakhanA caahie| jaina Agama uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM pUchA gayA hai -"lobha ke vijaya se. jIva ko kauna-sA lAbha hotA hai ? prabhu ne uttara diyA - lobha-vijaya se saMtoSa-guNa utpanna hotA hai| lobha-vijaya se asAtAvedanIyakarma kA baMdha nahIM hotA . tathA pUrvabaddha karma kI nirjarA hotI hai| 2. lobha para vijaya prApta karane ke lie icchAoM va AMkAkSAoM ko alpa karane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| 3. lobha kI pUrti eka bAra hone para vaha bar3hatA hI jAtA hai| kisI bhI cIja kI cAha ati duSkara va duHkhadAyI hotI hai, ataH lobha kI vRtti ko bar3hane na deN| 4. jitanA hamAre pAsa hai, utane meM saMtuSTa hone kI bhAvanA honA caahie| 5. lobha-vijaya ke lie bAraha bhAvanAoM kA cintana kreN|97 6. yogazAstra meM lobha vijaya kA sUtra batAte hue kahA gayA hai -"lobharUpI samudra ko pAra karanA atyanta kaThina hai| usake bar3hate hue jvAra ko rokanA duSkara hai, ataH buddhimAn puruSa ko cAhie ki saMtoSarUpI bA~dha bAMdhakara use Age bar3hane se roka de|998 7. lobhI vyakti jaba lobha kaSAya se yukta hotA hai, to kevala lobha hI nahIM, balki mAna, mAyA aura krodha-kaSAya bhI usa para hAvI ho jAte haiN| cAroM kaSAyoM se yukta vyakti ke duSpariNAmoM kA cintana kara lobha para vijaya prApta karane kA prayatna kreN| 596 lobhavijayeNaM bhNte| jIve kiM jnnyi| lobhavijaeNaM saMtosibhAvaM jaNayai, lobheveyaNijja kamma ne bandhai puvvabaddhaM ca kammaM nijjarei .......... / -uttarAdhyayanasUtra -29/70 bAraha bhAvanA lobhasAgara muvelamativela mhaamtiH|| saMtoSa setubandhena prasarantaM nivaaryet|| - yogazAstra-4/22 597 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 297 lobha kA pratipakSI saMtoSa hai, ataH saMtoSa-guNa kI sAdhanA karane se hI lobha para vijaya prApta kI jA sakatI hai| saMtoSa vyakti ke tanAvamukta hone meM eka sahAyaka tattva hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM cAroM kASAyika-pravRttiyoM para vijaya pAne ke upAya batalAe gae haiM - krodha ko kSamA se, mAna ko mRdutA (vinayabhAva) se, mAyA ko saralatA se aura lobha ko saMtoSa se jiiteN| . ina para vijaya pAnA hI vAstava meM tanAva para vijaya pAnA hai, arthAt tanAvoM se mukti pAnA hai| AcArya haribhadrasUri ne isI Azaya se kahA hai- "jaba taka ina kASAyika-pravRttiyoM kA kSaya nahIM hogA, una para jaya prApta nahIM hogI, taba taka mukti saMbhava nahIM hai|800 nAsAmbaratve, na sitAmbaratve, na tarkavAde, na ca tattvavAde, na pakSasevAzraeNa mukti, kaSAyamukti kilaH muktirev|901 'na digambara hone se, na zvetAmbara hone se, na tarkavAda aura na tattvacarcA se, na pakSa-vizeSa kara Azraya lene se mukti prApta hai, vastutaH, kaSAyamukti hI mukti hai, yaha kaSAyamukti hI tanAvamukti hai| vipazyanA/ prekSAdhyAna aura tanAvamukti - : bhAratIya zramaNa-paramparA meM tanAvamukti ke lie do prakAra kI dhyAna-sAdhanA-paddhatiyA~ pracalita haiN| eka- vipazyanA aura duusriiprekssaadhyaan-saadhnaa| vastutaH, vipazyanA aura prekSAdhyAna-donoM sAkSIbhAva kI dhyAna-sAdhanA kA hI eka rUpa haiN| donoM meM sAdhaka ko jJAtA-draSTAbhAva meM rahane ko kahA jAtA hai| donoM hI apramatta dazA kI sAdhanA haiN| donoM meM hI mana aura zarIra meM jo kucha ho rahA hai, use sajagatApUrvaka dekhate rahane kI bAta kahI jAtI hai| vastutaH, donoM hI mana ko vikalpoM se mukta karane kI sAdhanAe~ haiN| jainadarzana aura bauddhadarzana- donoM hI yaha mAnate haiM ki tanAva kA mUla kAraNa mana kA vikalpoM, icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM se 599 600 uvasameNa haNe kohaM, mANaM maddavayA jinne| mAyaM majjabhAveNa, lobhaM saMtosao jinne|| -dazavakAlika a) kohaM khamayA mANaM samaddaveNajjaveNa mAyaM c| saMtoseMNa ya lohaM jayadi khu e chuvihksaae|| ba) kSAntayA krodho, mRdutvena mAno, mAyA''rjavena c| lobhazcAnIhayA, jayoH kaSAyAH iti saMgrahaH / / sambodha saptatikA, gAthA 2. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti yukta honA hai| icchAe~, AkAMkSAe~ aura apekSAe~ vastutaH tRSNA aura rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se janma letI haiM, ataH yadi cetanA aura jIvana ko tanAvamukta banAnA hai, to nirvikalpatA kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki tRSNA aura rAga-dveSa kI pravRtti vikalpoM ko janma detI hai aura vikalpoM 1 citta tanAvayukta banatA hai, jisakA prabhAva hamArI zArIrika sthiti para bhI par3atA hai, ataH tanAvamukti ke lie vipazyanA / prekSAdhyAna kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| prekSA- dhyAna aura vipazyanA se tanAvamukti kisa prakAra hotI hai, yahA~ ise samajha lenA bhI Avazyaka hai / vipazyanA yA prekSAdhyAna meM citta ko zvAsasocchvAsa daihika - saMvedanAoM athavA caittasika avasthAoM ke prati sajaga banAyA jAtA hai aura jaba cetanA jJAtA-draSTA, sajaga yA apramatta ho jAtI hai, to vikalpa vilIna (zUnya) hone lagate haiM, kyoMki sajagatA yA apramatta ( jJAtA - draSTAbhAva) dazA meM rahanA aura vikalpa karanA - ye donoM eka sAtha sambhava nahIM ho skte| cetanA jaba vikalpoM se jur3atI hai, to niyamataH pramattadazA ko prApta hotI hai / isa sambandha meM eka choTA-sA prayoga kara sakate haiN| -- 298 mAna lIjie ki hameM sau zvAsocchvAsa kI vipazyanA yA prekSA karanI hai, to isa sthiti meM hama una zvAsocchvAsa ko dekhate hue sau taka kI ginatI pUrI kreN| isa kAla meM yadi hama kisI vikalpa se jur3ate haiM, to zvAsocchvAsa ke prati sajagatA nahIM rahatI hai aura gaNanA khaNDita ho jAtI hai, isalie jaina - paramparA meM dhyAna ko zvAsocchazvAsa kI gaNanA se jor3A gayA hai| Avazyaka niryukti meM spaSTataH yaha kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka ko citta - vizuddhi ke lie zvAsa-prazvAsa kA dhyAna karanA caahie| 2 sUyagar3o meM bhI muni ko tanAvamukti aura sajagatA ke lie yA vihAra meM bhI mana kI caMcalatA ko rokane ke lie kahA hai ki vaha zvAsa ko zAnta aura niyaMtrita kara vihAra kre| 803 zvAsa-prazvAsa ke prayoga se jo pariNAma prApta hotA hai, use batAte hue AyAro meM likhA hai - "sahie dukkhamattAe puTTho No jhaMjhAe zvAsa ko niyaMtrita aura zAMta karane vAlA duHkha - mAtra se spRSTa hone para bhI vyAkula nahIM hotaa| 004 yaha eka anubhUtijanya tathya hai ki AtmasajagatA, apramattatA yA sAkSIbhAva meM 602 Avazyaka niyukti - 15/4 603 604 sUgar3o - 1 / 2 / 52, dekheM TippaNa aNi sahie susaMvuDe, dhammaMTThI uvahANavIrie / viharejja samAhitiMdie AtahitaM dukkheNa labbhate / / AyAro - 3/69, yA dekheM - prekSAdhyAna: Agama aura Agamotara srota / ' For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 299 rahanA aura vikalpa karanA- ye donoM eka sAtha nahIM cala sakate haiN| yadi dhyAna ke mAdhyama se vikalpa samApta hote haiM, to yahI samajhA jAegA ki usase tanAva bhI samApta hote haiM, kyoMki tanAvoM kA janmasthala vikalpa hI hai| isa prakAra, hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki tanAvamukti ke lie vipazyanA yA prekSAdhyAna kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| dharma aura tanAvamukti - Aja manuSya azAMta evaM tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM hai| vaijJAnikatakanIka se prApta bhautika sukha-suvidhA evaM Arthika samRddhi bhI manuSya ko tanAvamukta nahIM kara pAI hai, manuSya kI mA~goM ko saMtuSTa nahIM kara pAI hai| Aja ke isa AtaMkita aura azAMta yuga meM manuSya kahA~ jAe, jahA~ use sukha zAMti mila ske| isa tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM tanAvamukti kI khoja karatA mAnava anekAneka rAste apanAtA hai| unhIM rAstoM meM sabase pracalita rAstA dharma kA hai, kintu Aja to dharma ke nAma para bhI manuSya eka-dUsare se kaTatA jA rahA hai| Aja dharma-sampradAya mAnava-mAnava ke bIca dveSa evaM ghRNA ke bIja bo rahe haiN| dharmatattva ko pratyeka prANI apanI-apanI bhUmikA ke anusAra pRthaka-pRthak rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai aura vaha apane pakSa ko sahI mAnakara dUsare kI avahelanA karatA hai| vaha dharma, jAti aura varNa ke nAma para apane ko dUsare se bhinna samajhatA hai aura dUsare se bhayabhIta rahatA hai, isa prakAra svayaM ko AtaMkita anubhava karatA hai evaM dUsaroM ko AzaMkita banA detA hai| AtaMkita honA aura AzaMkita banA denA - donoM hI tanAva ke kAraNa haiN| AtaMkita aura AzaMkita-donoM hI avasthAoM meM bhaya hai aura jahA~ bhaya hai, vahA~ tanAva hai hii| jo dharma ahiMsA kA mArga prazasta karatA hai, usI dharma kI Ar3a meM Aja pUre vizva meM hiMsA, kalaha aura azAMti kA pariveza banA huA hai| - aba prazna uThatA hai ki phira vyakti tanAvamukti ke lie kahA~ jAe? vastutaH, tanAvamukti ke lie dharma ko apane yathArtha svarUpa meM apanAnA hogaa| Aja AvazyakatA hai, dharma ke sahI svarUpa ko samajhane kii| 605 anasAsaNaM paDho paannii| - satrakRtAMga -1/5/11 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti dharma kA svarUpa - dharma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnane kI jijJAsA pratyeka mAnava meM pAI jAtI hai| dharma kyA hai ? isa prazna ke aneka uttara die gae haiN| guru kI AjJA kA pAlana karanA ziSya kA dharma hai, isI prakAra duHkhI evaM pIr3itajanoM kI sevA karanA manuSya kA dharma hai|. yahA~ dharma kA artha dAyitva-bodha yA karttavya-bodha hai| isI prakAra, jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki merA dharma jaina hai, yA usakA dharma IsAI hai, to yahA~ dharma kA artha kisI siddhAMta para hamArI AsthA yA vizvAsa se hotA hai| vaise to dharma ke aneka rUpa haiM, para tanAvamukti ke lie dharma ke jisa rUpa ko apanAnA cAhie, vahI dharma kA sahI va vAstavika rUpa hai| dharma ko paribhASita karate hue jaina-AcAryoM ne kahA hai -"dhammo vatthusahAvo", arthAt vastu kA apanA nija svabhAva hI usakA dharma hai| vastu ke svAbhAvika-guNa ko dharma kahA jAtA hai, jaise- Aga kA dharma jalAnA hai, pAnI kA dharma zItalatA hai| svabhAva vaha hai, jo apane-Apa hotA hai, jisake lie dUsare va bAhya-tattvoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai| jaba vyakti sva-svabhAva meM hotA hai, to vaha zAMta va tanAvamukta avasthA meM ramaNa karatA hai| jo sva-svabhAva hai, vahI dharma hai| sva-svabhAva ke viparIta jo bhI hotA hai, vaha adharma hai, pApa hai, arthAt vibhAva hai| jo svataH hotA hai, vaha svabhAva hai aura jo dUsareM bAhya kAraNoM se hotA hai, vaha vibhAva hai| isI prakAra tanAva bhI bAhya-kAraNoM se yA bAharI tattvoM se hI hotA hai| vyakti kI yaha vibhAva-dazA hI tanAva kI dazA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, hama krodha va zAMti ko isa kasauTI para kasate haiN| krodha tanAva kA hetu hai evaM zAMta avasthA tanAvamukti kI avasthA hotI hai| krodha kabhI svataH nahIM hotA, gusse yA krodha kA koI-na-koI bAharI nimitta avazya hotA hai| isa AdhAra para krodha vyakti kI vibhAva-dazA hai| dhIre-dhIre vyakti kA krodha zAMta hone lagatA hai, kyoMki koI bhI caubIsoM ghaNTe krodha kI sthiti meM nahIM raha sakatA hai| zAMti ke lie use kisI bAhya vastu kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai, vaha svataH hI ho jAtI hai| vyakti zAMta hI rahatA hai, kyoMki zAMtatA usakA svabhAva hai aura vaha krodhita kisI bAharI kAraNa se hI hotA hai, jaise- pAnI kA svabhAva zItalatA hai, kintu Aga kA saMyoga hone se vaha uSNa ho jAtA hai aura Aga kA viyoga hote hI dhIre-dhIre vaha svataH zItala ho jAtA hai| kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki 606 kArtikeyAnuprekSA -478 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 808 vyakti kA sva-svabhAva meM honA hI usakA dharma hai aura isI dharma se tanAvamukti saMbhava hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai - "svadharme nidhanaM zreyaH, paradharmo bhayAvahaH / paradharma arthAt dUsarI vastu yA dUsare vyakti ke svabhAva ko isalie bhayAvaha kahA gayA, kyoMki vaha hamAre lie svabhAva na hokara vibhAva hogaa| jo vibhAva hai, vaha dharma na hokara adharma hI hogA / 807 pratyeka ke lie jo usakA nija-guNa hai, sva-svabhAva hai, vahI dharma hai| sva-svabhAva se bhinna jo bhI hogA, vaha usake lie dharma nahIM, adharma hI hogaa| adharma hI eka aisI vikRti hai, jisase AtmA kleza pAtA hai", arthAt tanAvayukta avasthA meM rahatA hai| dharma hI eka aisA pavitra anuSThAna hai, jisase AtmA kI vizuddhi hotI hai, 0 vibhAva rUpI kacarA naSTa ho jAtA hai, AtmA kI vizuddhi tanAvamukta avasthA meM hI hotI hai, kyoMki AtmA sva-svabhAva meM hone se vizuddha hotI hai| saMsAra meM koI bhI mohagrasta avasthA niSphala nahIM hotI hai, arthAt tanAvarahita nahIM hotI hai, ekamAtra dharma hI svasvabhAva rUpa hone se bandhana yA tanAva kA hetu nahIM hai| 610 611 uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vyakti kA yA vastu kA svasvabhAva meM honA dharma hai aura vibhAva meM honA adharma hai| aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki manuSya kA dharma kyA hai? isakA spaSTa uttara hai ki jo manuSya kA svabhAva hogA, vahI manuSya kA dharma hogaa| manuSya kA svabhAva manuSyatA hI hai, ataH manuSya kA mAnavIya guNa se yukta hokara jInA hI dharma hai, jo vizvazAMti yA tanAvamukti kA hetu hai / pahale hameM yaha vicAra karanA hai ki eka manuSya ke rUpa meM hama kyA haiM ? isakA samAdhAna karate hue DaoN. sAgaramala jaina likhate haiMmAnava-astitva dviAyAmI (Two dimensional) hai| zarIra aura cetanA - ye hamAre astitva ke do pakSa haiM, kintu isameM bhI hamAre astitva kA mUla AdhAra cetanA hI hai| 12 jisa prakAra vidyuta ke tAra kA svayaM meM koI mUlya yA mahattva nahIM hotA hai, usakA mUlya yA upAdeyatA usameM 607 gItA - 3/35 608 609 610 611 dharma kA marma, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 14 ege maraNe aMtimasArIriyANaM sthAnAMga- 1/1/36 egA ahammapaDimA jaM se AyA parikilesati - sthAnAMga - 1/1/38 kiriyA hi Natthi aphalA, dhammo jadiM Nipphalo parayo / pravacanasAra - 2 / 24 612 dharma kA marma DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 15 301 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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302 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti vidyuta saMcAra se hotI hai, usI prakAra zarIra kA mUlya usakI cetanA se hai| cetanA ke abhAva meM zarIra mAtra eka zava hotA hai| aba prazna uThatA hai ki cetanA kA svarUpa kyA hai ? isa prazna kA uttara hameM bhagavAn mahAvIra aura gautama ke bIca hue saMvAda meM milatA hai| gautama pUchate haiM -"bhagavan! AtmA kyA hai aura AtmA kA artha yA sAdhya kyA hai ? mahAvIra uttara dete haiM -"gautama! AtmA kA svarUpa 'samatva' hai aura 'samatva' ko prApta kara lenA hI AtmA kA sAdhyaM hai aura yaha samatva kI sAdhanA hI tanAvamukti kI sAdhanA hai| yaha bAta na kevala dArzanikadRSTi se satya hai, apitu manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI satya siddha hotI hai| phrAyaDa nAmaka suprasiddha manovaijJAnika kA kathana hai -caitta-jIvana kA svabhAva yaha hai ki vaha vikSobha aura tanAva ko miTAkara samatva kI sthApanA karatA hai| vikSobha, tanAva aura mAnasika dvandvoM se Upara uThakara zAnta, nirdvandva manaHsthiti ko prApta karanA- yaha hamArI svAbhAvika apekSA hai aura yahI dharma hai| dharma mUlataH samabhAva kI sAdhanA hai| yaha samabhAva kI sAdhanA jJAtA-draSTAbhAva yA sAkSIbhAva ke binA sambhava nahIM hotI aura jaba taka citta athavA mana sAkSIbhAva meM rahatA hai, taba taka usameM navIna vikalpa nahIM Ate haiN| vikalpamukta zAMta citta meM tanAva utpanna nahIM hote haiM, kyoMki icchA, AkAMkSA aura apekSA-rUpI lahareM citta ko azAMta banAtI haiM aura azAMta citta meM svasvarUpa kA ciMtana nahIM hotA hai| jisa prakAra pAnI meM yadi miTTI Adi gandagI milI ho aura havA ke jhoMkoM se lahareM uTha rahI hoM to tala kI vastu nahIM dikhAI detI hai, usI prakAra jaba taka citta yA mana meM caMcalatA rahatI hai, taba taka sAkSIbhAva kI sAdhanA, jo dharma kA mUla AdhAra hai, sambhava nahIM hai| punaH, dharma ke svasvabhAva kI carcA karate hue yahI kahA jAegA ki samatA se hI sAkSIbhAva utpanna hotA hai, kintu mAnavIya vyavahAra mamatA para AdhArita hotA hai, jo tanAva kA hetu hai| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ne samatA ko dharma va mamatA ko adharma kahA hai| jaba sukha-duHkha, mAna-apamAna, lAbha-hAni Adi kI anukUla paristhitiyoM meM mana meM saMtoSa na ho, cAha aura ciMtA banI rahe aura pratikUla sthitiyoM meM mana duHkha aura pIr3A se bhara jAe, to hameM samajha lenA cAhie ki yaha tanAva hai, vibhAva hai aura jo vibhAva hai, vaha . 611 AyAe sAmAie Aya sAmAissa uTTha - bhagavatIsUtra dharma kA marma - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR.20 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti svasvabhAva nahIM ho sakatA, jo svasvabhAva nahIM ho sakatA hai, vaha dharma bhI nahIM hai, apitu adharma hI hai / dharma vaha hai, jisameM vyakti anukUla-pratikUla sthitiyoM meM apane mana ko, apanI cetanA ko nirAkula banAe rakheM tathA mAnasika samatA va zAMti ko bhaMga nahIM hone de / yahI tanAvamukti kA prayAsa hai / AdaraNIya goyanakAjI ne bahuta hI sundara bAta kahakara kucha hI paMktiyoM meM tanAvamukti kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai - sukha duHkha donoM eka se, mAna aura apamAna / citta vicalita hove nahIM, to saccA kalyANa / / jIvana meM Ate raheM, patajhar3a aura basaMta / mana kI samatA na chUTe, to sukha zAMti anaMta / / viSama jagata meM citta kI samatA rahe aTUTa / to uttama maMgala jage, hoye duHkhoM se chUTa / / lezyA - parivartana se tanAvamukti lezyAoM ke parivartana karane kI prakriyA hI sahI rUpa meM tanAvamukti kI prakriyA hai| jainadharma bhAvanA - pradhAna dharma hai| lezyA kA siddhAMta bhI bhAvoM para hI nirbhara hai| jaise bhAva hote haiM, vaisI hI usakI lezyA hotI hai| bhAva - parivartana ke sAtha hI lezyA parivartana hotA hai, sAtha hI lezyA - parivartana se bhI bhAva - parivartana ho sakatA hai| donoM hI eka-dUsare se prabhAvita hote haiN| bhAva zubha yA zuddha ho, to lezyA svataH hI zubha yA zuddha ho jAtI hai| jainadarzana meM aise kaI udAharaNa milate haiN| rAjA prasannacaMdra ne sArA rAjapATa chor3akara dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| eka samaya jaba ve dhyAna meM khar3e the, taba udhara se rAjA zreNika apanI senA ke sAtha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke darzanArtha jA rahe the, tabhI eka sainika ne kahA"dekho, yaha vahI rAjA hai, jisane apane putra ko alpa Ayu meM chor3akara dIkSA le lI aura aba maMtrIgaNa usa bAlaka ko mArakara rAjya har3apane kI sAjiza kara rahe haiN|" idhara rAjA zreNika ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ko vandanA karake pUchA ki muni prasannacandra kAla karake kahA~ jAeMge, taba prabhu ne kahA "agara abhI kAla kareM, to sAtavIM naraka meM jaaeNge|" rAjA ne punaH prazna kiyA "prabhu ! unhoMne to dharma ArAdhanA kI hai, to ve naraka meM kyoM -- 303 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jAeMge?" taba bhagavAna ne kahA agara aba kAla kare, to sarvArthasiddha deva bneNge| "yaha sunakara rAjA ko Azcarya huA, itane meM devaduMdubhI bajI, taba prabhu ne kahA - muni prasannacaMdra kevalajJAna prApta kara siddha ho ge|" rAjA ne Azcarya se isakA kAraNa pUchA, taba prabhu ne kahA- "jaba tumane pahalA prazna kiyA, taba muni bhAvoM se yuddha kara rahA thA, usake mana meM yaha vicAra cala rahA thA ki mere maMtriyoM ne mere sAtha vizvAsaghAta kiyA hai| maiM una sabakA saMhAra kara duuNgaa| agara usa samaya kAla karate to sAtavIM naraka meM jaate| jaise hI unhoMne apanA mukuTa ThIka karane ke lie hAtha uThAyA to vicAra AyA- oho ! maiM to muni hUM aura pazcAtApa ke kAraNa unake mana meM vizuddha bhAva Ae, taba maiMne kahA ki ve sarvArthasiddha deva baneMge / pazcAtApa karate-karate unheM kevalajJAna ho gayA aura ve siddha ho gae aura paMcama gati ko prApta ho ge| jaise bhAva hote haiM, vaisI hI lezyA banatI hai| jainadarzana meM cittavRtti ke badalane ke phalasvarUpa usa vyakti kI cetanA kA stara aura usakA vyavahAra bhI badala jAtA hai, ataH vyakti ke baMdhana aura mukti kA sArA khela usakI mAnasika sthiti para nirbhara hotA hai| deza, kAla, paristhiti ke sAtha badalatA huA manuSya kA citta bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM sAmane AtA hai aura usI se usakI lezyA kA bhI nirdhAraNa hotA hai| lezyA kI vizuddhi ke lie bhAvoM kA zuddha honA Avazyaka hai| lezyA-vizuddhi ke lie bhAvoM ke prati jAgarUkatA Avazyaka hai | 815 :. 304 jainadarzana meM vyakti ke svabhAva aura vyavahAra ko asantulita banAne kA sabase mahattvapUrNa kAraNa lezyA ko mAnA jAtA hai| lezyA dravya - karma ke sAtha jur3akara zubha-azubha manobhAvoM kI saMracanA karatI hai| azubha lezyAoM meM vyakti kA vyaktitva avikasita, asantulita aura tanAvapUrNa ho jAtA hai| usakA AcaraNa bhI tadanusAra hI hotA hai| isI kAraNa, vyakti kA dRSTikoNa samyak nahIM bana pAtA hai, usakI buddhi bhramita ho jAtI hai, kaSAya kI tIvratA bar3ha jAtI hai| vivekarahita aura kaSAyasahita vyakti apanA mAnasika saMtulana kho detA hai / vaha tanAva kI tIvratA se grasta bana jAtA hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa usakI bhAvanA bhI malina ho jAtI hai| azubha lezyA mana ko caMcala banA detI hai| mana kI caMcalatA vyakti ko svArthI banA detI hai| phalataH usameM samAyojana evaM paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samajhautA karane kI kSamatA kSINa ho jAtI hai| mumukSu 615 lezyA kA manovaijJAnika adhyayana, mumukSu zAntA jaina, pR. 23 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #307
jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 305 zAMtA jaina apanI pustaka lezyA aura manovijJAna meM likhatI haiM- binA samAyojana ke zArIrika, mAnasika aura bhAvAtmaka vyaktitva ke vighaTana kI saMbhAvanAeM banI rahatI haiN| aisI sthiti meM tanAva miTAne ke lie kiyA gayA prayAsa bhI saphala nahIM ho paataa| uparyukta sthiti ko samApta karane ke lie vyakti ko azubha se zubha lezyAoM kI ora prasthAna karanA hogaa| jaba zubha lezyAe~ sakriya hotI haiM, taba vyakti kA svabhAva, usakA vyavahAra vinamra ho jAtA hai aura jainadarzana ke anusAra, vyakti ke Atma-pariNAmoM meM vizuddhatA AtI hai| sAMsArika-tRSNAoM se mukta hokara vyakti Atmadarzana kI yAtrA para cala par3atA hai aura aMta meM pUrNataH tanAvamukta mokSa-avasthA ko prApta karatA manovijJAna kI bhASA meM zubha lezyA vAlA vyakti tanAvamukti kI dizA meM agrasara hotA hai| usameM nimna parivartana ghaTita hote haiM - 1. AMtarika dvandvoM se mukta - azubha lezyA meM vyakti bAra-bAra AMtarika dvandva kA anubhava karatA hai| dvandva kI sthiti meM vyakti samaya para sahI nirNaya nahIM le pAtA, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa bhI tanAva utpanna ho jAte haiN| dvandva kI tIvratA vyakti kI zakti, samaya aura mAnasikasaMtulana ko naSTa kara detI hai| dvandva-nirAkaraNa hetu zubha lezyAoM kA honA jarUrI hai| jaba tejasa-lezyA jAgatI hai, taba nirdvandvatA, AtmaniyaMtraNa kI zakti aura tejasvitA prakaTa hotI hai|17 dvandva samApta ho jAte haiM, ucita samaya para sahI nirNaya lene kI kSamatA bar3ha jAtI hai| 2. samasyAoM kA samAdhAna - jIvana meM samasyAe~ AtI rahatI haiN| ye samasyAe~ hI samyaka jIvana zailI kI kasauTI hai aura ina kasauTiyoM meM saphala hone ke lie zubha lezyA kA honA Avazyaka hai| zubha lezyA vAlA vyakti kisI bhI samasyA kA samAdhAna soca-samajhakara karatA hai| usakI buddhimattA se hI samasyAoM kA sahI samAdhAna hotA hai| 3. viSama paristhitiyoM meM samAyojana - tanAva kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki vyakti viSama paristhitiyoM meM samAyojana nahIM rakha paataa| usameM jIvana kI paristhitiyoM ko yathArtha rUpa meM grahaNa karane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI hai| zubha lezyA se vyakti jIvana-yAtrA kI paristhitiyoM ko 616 lezyA aura manovijJAna, mumukSu zAMtA jaina, pR. 148 617 lezyA aura manovijJAna - mumukSu zAMtA jaina, pR. 149 For Personal & Private Use Only

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306 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti yathArtha rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai| vaha satya ko svIkAra karatA hai, cAhe vaha satya usake duHkha kA kAraNa bne| satya ko svIkAra karane se, usa satya ko samajhane se vyakti meM samAyojana kI kSamatA kA vikAsa hotA hai, jo vyakti ko tanAvamukta rakhatI hai| phalataH, vyakti parivartita paristhitiyoM ke anukUla svayaM ko DhAlatA hai|" 4. kartavyaniSTha - tanAvamukta vyakti apane kartavyoM kA pAlana karatA hai aura kartavyaniSTha vyakti hI tanAvamukta ho sakatA hai| vaha apane mitroM, sahayogiyoM, samAja aura rASTra ke prati niSThA rakhatA hai| usa para jo bhI uttaradAyitva sauMpA jAtA hai, usakA samyaka rUpa se pAlana karatA hai aura sampUrNa niSThA ke sAtha apane karttavya ko sampanna karatA hai| 5. AtmasaMyamI - jainadarzana ke anusAra, zubha lezyA vAlA vyakti AtmasaMyamI ho jAtA hai| AtmasaMyamI kA artha hai -svayaM para niyaMtraNa kA bhAva / vaha apanI indriyoM para, mana para aura una donoM se utpanna icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM para niyaMtraNa karane meM saphala hotA hai| zubha lezyA se AtmapariNAmoM meM vizuddhi AtI hai, kaSAyoM kI mandatA hotI hai aura vyakti dhIre-dhIre zuklalezyA kI ora agrasara hotA hai, jo pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA hai| 6. zArIrika evaM mAnasika rUpa se svasthatA - vyakti jaba azubha lezyAoM se grasita hotA hai, taba usake vyavahAra meM duSTa pravRttiyoM kI abhivyakti hone lagatI hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa vaha zArIrika aura mAnasika-donoM rUpoM se asvastha ho jAtA hai| zubha lezyA isa asvasthatA ko svasthatA meM badala detI hai| vyakti mAnasika taura para saMtuSTa evaM saMtulita ho jAtA hai| mAnasika-asvasthatA hI zArIrika asvasthatA kA mUla kAraNa hai| jaba mAnasika-svasthatA hotI hai, to zArIrika-svasthatA svataH hI A jAtI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to zubha lezyA zArIrika aura mAnasika tanAvoM se mukta karatI hai| . ___'badalanA' prakRti kA zAzvata niyama hai| samaya, zakti, kArya karane kI kSamatA, puruSArtha meM kamI Adi sabhI pratikSaNa badalate rahate haiN| isI prakAra, vyakti kA svabhAva bhI badalatA rahatA hai, usake bhAva bhI parivartita hote rahate haiN| ye bhAva kabhI azubha lezyA se zubha lezyA meM aura 618 lezyA aura manovijJAna, mumukSu zAMtA jaina, pR. 150 619 lezyA aura manovijJAna, mumukSu zAMtA jaina, pR. 150 . For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kabhI zubha lezyA se azubha lezyA meM parivartita hote rahate haiM / lezyA ( manovRtti) kA yaha parivartana vyakti ke vyavahAra evaM svabhAva meM bhI parivartana kara detA hai / lezyAoM ke badalAva kI prakriyA meM lezyA - dhyAna sazakta bhUmikA nibhAtA hai / lezyA aura dhyAna meM gaharA sambandha hai| jaba vyakti ArttadhyAna aura raudradhyAna meM hotA hai, to azubha lezyA hotI hai aura jaba dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna meM hotA hai, to zubha lezyA hotI hai| azubha vicAra evaM kutsita vyavahAra azubha lezyA ko jagAte haiM aura zubha vicAra evaM samyak vyavahAra zubha lezyA ko jagAte haiM, ataH 'vyaktitva - pariSkAra kA mahattvapUrNa sUtra lezyA kA vizuddhikaraNa hai| 620 lezyA - dhyAna kA siddhAMta raMgoM para AdhArita hai| manovaijJAnikoM kA yaha mAnanA hai ki raMga eka mAdhyama hai- hamAre vicAroM, AdarzoM, saMvegoM, kriyAoM aura anubhUtiyoM ko abhivyakta karane kA / phebara birena (Faber Birren ) raMga - ruci ko saMvedana, jJAna aura cintana kA pariNAma mAnate haiN| sAuthaAla (Southall) kA mAnanA hai- 'raMga na to camakadAra vastu kA guNa hai aura na hI camakadAra vikiraNa kA yaha sirpha cetA kA viSaya hai| 621 * z2ainadarzana meM AdhyAtmika - azuddhi kA hetu bhAvoM ke sAtha karmavargaNAe~ bhI mAnI gaI haiN| jainadarzana ke anusAra, karmavargaNAe~ paudgalika haiM aura pudgala meM varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza pAe jAte haiN| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki paudagalika karmoM kA prabhAva hamArI AdhyAtmika - vizuddhi para bhI par3atA hai| karmoM kI jitanI - jitanI nirjarA hotI hai, utanI - utanI AtmA vizuddha hotI jAtI hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki Atma-vizuddhi kA sambandha dravya vargaNAoM kI nirjarA ke sAtha rahA huA hai| AtmA kI vizuddhi kA sIdhA sambandha raMgoM ke sAtha nahIM hai, kintu AtmA ke malina pariNAmoM kA sambandha karmavargaNAoM ke sAtha hone ke kAraNa aura karmavargaNAoM kA sambandha raMgoM ke sAtha hone ke kAraNa Atmavizuddhi kA saMbaMdha bhI raMgoM se jor3A jA sakatA hai, kyoMki. karmavargaNAe~ jitanI kama aura jitanI vizuddha hoMgI, utanI hI bhAvoM kI vizuddhi hogI / isI kAraNa se yaha mAnA gayA hai ki zubha lezyAoM meM bhI 620 621 lezyA aura manovijJAna mumukSu zAMtA jaina, pR. 197 Faber Birren, Colour Psychology and colour Therapy. P. 184 307 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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308 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti ujjvala evaM prazasta raMga pAe jAte haiN| lezyAe~ jitanI-jitanI mAtrA meM azuddha hotI hai, usI ke anurUpa unake raMga bhI kRSNa, malina, aprakAzaka aura azuddha hote haiN| isa prakAra, raMgoM kA sambandha hamArI AdhyAtmika-zuddhi aura azuddhi se bhI hai| jaba raMgoM kA sambandha hamArI AdhyAtmika-zuddhi aura azuddhi se ho, taba mAnasika saMtulana aura AtmA kI zuddhi ke lie raMgoM kA dhyAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| jainadarzana meM ise lezyA-dhyAna kI sAdhanA kahA jAtA hai| jaisI karmavargaNAe~ hotI haiM, vaisI hI hamArI bhAvadhArA hotI hai| AtmA kA apanA koI raMga nahIM hotaa| jisa raMga kI karmavargaNAe~ AtI haiM, AtmA ke dravyakarmajanya pariNAma bhI vaise hI raMga ke ho jAte haiM aura jaise raMga karmajanya pariNAmoM ke hote haiM, vaisI hI hamArI lezyA hotI hai| isalie lezyA kI zuddhi ke lie lezyA/raMga-dhyAna kI prakriyA apanAnA hogii| lezyAdhyAna-prakriyA - lezyAdhyAna kA prayoga prekSAdhyAna-sAdhanA--paddhati kA eka sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa prayoga hai| prekSA-dhyAna ke praNetA AcArya mahAprajJajI ne lezyA-dhyAna kI nimna sarala vidhi batAI hai - dhyAna kI vidhion - prathama caraNa - kAyotsarga (relaxation) -paira se sira taka zarIra ko choTe-choTe hissoM meM bAMTakara pratyeka bhAga para citta ko kendrita kara, svataH sUcana (auto-suggestion) ke dvArA zithilatA kA sujhAva dekara pUre zarIra ko zithila karanA hai| pUre dhyAna-kAla taka isa kAyotsarga kI mudrA ko banAe rakhanA hogA tathA zarIra ko adhika-se-adhika sthira aura nizcala rakhane kA abhyAsa karanA hogaa| 5 se 7 minaTa taka) dvitIya caraNa - antaryAtrA - rIr3ha kI haDDI ke nIce ke chora (zaktikendra) se mastiSka ke UparI chora (jJAna kendra) taka suSumnA (Spinal Cord) ke bhItara citta ko nIce se Upara aura Upara se nIce ghumAyA jAtA hai| pUrA dhyAna suSumnA meM kendrita kara vahAM hone vAle prANa ke prakampanoM (Vibrations) kA anubhava kiyA jAtA hai| (5 se 7 minaTa taka) 622 prekSA dhyAna : lezyA-dhyAna, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 37-38 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 309 tIsarA caraNa - lezyA-dhyAna - citta ko Ananda-kendra para kendrita kara camakate hue hare raMga kA dhyAna karanA hai| hare raMga kA zvAsa lenA hai -pratyeka zvAsa ke sAtha hare raMga ke paramANu bhItara jA rahe haiM - aisA anubhava karanA hai| 2-3 minaTa bAda kalpanA karanA hai ki Ananda-kendra se nikalakara hare raMga ke paramANu zarIra meM cAroM ora phaila rahe haiM tathA pUrA AbhAmaNDala hare raMga ke paramANuoM se bhara rahA hai| 2-3 minaTa pazcAt bhAvanA ke dvArA yaha anubhava karanA hai ki bhAvadhArA nirmala ho rahI hai| isI prakAra, vizuddhi-kendra para nIle raMga, darzana-kendra para aruNa raMga, jJAna kendra yA cAkSuSa-kendra para pIle raMga aura jyoti-kendra para zveta raMga kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| ina kendroM para dhyAna karane ke sAtha jo bhAvanA kI jAtI hai, vaha isa prakAra hai - Ananda vizuddhi nIlA kendra raMga bhAvanA/anubhava harA | bhAvadhArA kI nirmalatA | vAsanAoM kA anuzAsana darzana aruNa antardRSTi kA jAgaraNa-Ananda kA jAgaraNa jJAna (cAkSuSa) | pIlA | jJAnataMtu kI sakriyatA (jAgrati) jyoti zveta | | parama zAnti (krodha, Avega, uttejanAoM kI . . shaanti|) - lezyAoM kA nAmakaraNa raMgoM ke AdhAra para hI kiyA gayA hai aura lezyA kA jaisA nAma hai, vaisA hI dhyAna karate hue aMtima lezyA taka arthAt lezyA ke aMtima. raMga taka pahuMcanA hai| lezyA ke nAma evaM unake raMga nimna haiM23 - 1. * kRSNa-lezyA - kAlA raMga 2. nIla-lezyA - nIlA raMga 3... kApota-lezyA - kApota (baiMganI) raMga 623 '. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, madhukara muni - 34/4-9 ra For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 4. tejo-lezyA - lAla (aruNa) raMga 5... padma-lezyA - pIlA raMga 6. zukla-lezyA - zveta raMga kAlA raMga - kRSNa-lezyA kA varNa kAlA hai, ataH kRSNa-lezyA vAle vyakti kA dhyAna kRSNavarNI hI hotA hai| isa lezyA meM rahA huA vyakti kabhI bhI, eka kSaNa ke lie bhI tanAvamukti kA anubhava nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki usameM hiMsA, krUratA Adi malina vRttiyoM kA udbhava hotA rahatA hai aura isI kAraNa usakA AbhAmaNDala bhI kAlA hotA hai| sAdhanA kI apekSA se yaha kahA jAtA hai ki aise vyakti ko kAle raMga kA arthAta apanI kaluSavRtti kA parimArjana karanA caahie| vRttiyoM ke parimArjana se yaha kAlA raMga baiMganI raMga meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| baiMganI raMga svAsthya- . kendra ko saMyamita karatA hai| manovaijJAnikoM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para baiMganI raMga kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usameM kiMcit lAlI bhI hotI hai, arthAt azubhavRttiyoM kI gahana kAlimA meM prakAza kA eka kaNa udbhUta hotA hai| ataH, eka apekSA se, AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kI dizA meM uThA yaha prathama caraNa hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra baiMganI raMga UparI mastiSka ko poSaNa dene vAlA raMga haiN| 24 ___ kRSNa lezyA vAle vyakti ko apanA dhyAna isa prakAra kendrita karanA cAhie ki gahana aMdhakAra meM prakAza kI kiraNa kA udbhava ho rahA hai, jisase vaha kAlA raMga baiMganI raMga meM parivartita ho rahA hai| kRSNa lezyA vAle vyakti kI sAdhanA kRSNavarNI duSpravRttiyoM ke zodhana ke lie hotI hai| jaba kRSNa-lezyA vAlA vyakti aisA dhyAna karatA hai, to usakI durbhAvanAe~ aMzataH kama hotI haiM, isalie kAlA raMga baiMganI raMga meM parivartita ho rahA hai- aisA dhyAna karanA caahie| nIlA raMga - nIla-lezyA vAlA vyakti kRSNa-lezyA vAle se kucha kama krUra hotA hai, para isakA raMga bhI dhyAna karane yogya nahIM hai, kintu- yoga kI apekSA se lezyAdhyAna kA sAdhaka kAle raMga kA 624 prekSAdhyAna : lezyA dhyAna, pR. 23 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 311 parimArjana karatA huA baiMganI aura baiMganI se kApota-varNa para apanA dhyAna kendrita karatA huA AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM kiMcit pragati karatA hai| 25 nIla-lezyA vAlA vyakti kRSNa se kucha ThIka hotA hai| use mana kI pUrNa zAMti to nahIM milatI, para zArIrika-svasthatA jarUra prApta hotI hai, jo kahIM-nA-kahIM mAnasikatA para bhI prabhAva DAlatI hai| nIle raMga kA dhyAna isa prakAra karanA cAhie ki vaha hare raMga meM badala jaae| kApota raMga - Adhunika vijJAna ne kApota raMga ke sthAna para harA raMga mAnA hai|26 vastutaH, yaha raMga bhI dhyAna karane yogya to nahIM hai, para kAle va nIle raMga kI apekSA se dhyAna karane yogya hai| kApota lezyAvAlA vyakti uparyukta donoM lezyAoM kI apekSA se to zubha hai, parantu yaha bhI azubha lezyA hI mAnI jAtI hai, kyoMki kApota lezyA vAlA vyakti bAhara se kucha aura tathA aMdara se kucha aura hI pratIta hotA hai| vaha apane durguNoM ko chipAkara sadguNoM ko prakaTa karatA hai| kApota lezyA vAlA vyakti jaba hare raMga kA dhyAna karatA hai to vaha harA raMga raktavAhinI, nAr3iyoM kA tanAva upazAMta karatA hai| 27 jaba vyakti meM bhAvanAtmaka gar3abar3I hotI hai, taba hare raMga kI kiraNeM mastiSka para DAlakara cikitsA kI jAtI hai, kintu sAtha hI yaha harA raMga IrSyA, dveSa aura aMdha- vizvAsa kA sUcaka bhI hai| 28 hare raMga kA dhyAna isa prakAra karanA cAhie ki usake guNoM kA hI asara ho| lAla raMga - lAla raMga zubha aura uttama mAnA jAtA hai| tejolezyA ko bhI zubha lezyA kahA jAtA hai| tejolezyA vAlA vyakti lAla raMga kA dhyAna karatA hai| lAla raMga nirmANa kA raMga hai| yaha lAla raMga hamAre zarIra meM eka UrjA utpanna karatA hai| yaha UrjA pahale hamAre zarIra ke rasAyanoM meM parivartana karatI hai, jisase dhIre-dhIre hamArI AdatoM meM bhI parivartana AnA prArambha ho jAtA hai| "dhyAna ke mAdhyama se jaba yaha lAla raMga prakaTa hotA hai, dikhane laga jAtA hai, taba isa lAla raMga ke 625 jaina yoga-sAdhanA, AtmArAmajI, pR.340 626 vahI, pR. 341 627 prekSA dhyAnaM : lezyA dhyAna, -AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 22 628 prekSA dhyAna : lezyA dhyAna, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 45 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti anubhava se, taijasa lezyA ke spandanoM kI anubhUti se, antarjagat kI yAtrA prArambha hotI hai| 629 312 vyakti meM tanAva utpanna hone kA sthala mana hai aura usakI anubhUti mAnasikatA ko durbala banA detI hai| lAla raMga ke dhyAna se tejo- lezyA ke paramANu banate haiM, taba vyakti meM zakti kA saMcAra hotA hai, jisase usakI sahanazIlatA bar3hatI hai, mana kI durbalatA samApta ho jAtI hai, tanAvayukta sthiti se bAhara Ane kI aura unako samApta karane kI kSamatA utpanna ho jAtI hai| manuSya kA mana itanA komala aura nAjuka hai, ki vaha thor3I bhI pratikUla sthiti ko saha nahIM sakatA, vaha TUTa jAtA hai, tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| isa durbala mana ko lAla raMga ke dhyAna se zaktizAlI mana ke rUpa meM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| zaktizAlI mana hara paristhiti meM ghabarAtA nahIM hai, apitu svayaM ke manobala ko aura majabUta karatA hai| tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM bhI svayaM ko tanAvamukta banAne kA prayAsa karatA hai aura jisameM vaha saphala bhI hotA hai| DaoN. zAMtA jaina ke vicAra haiM ki yadi jar3atA, avasAda, bhaya, udAsI kI bhAvanAoM para niyaMtraNa karanA ho; vAsanAoM aura icchAoM para vijaya pAnA ho, ghRNA, krodha, svArthatA, lAlaca, nirdayatA, mArakATa kI pravRtti Adi niSedhAtmaka vRttiyoM, jo tanAva ke hetu haiM, se mukta honA ho, to lAla raMga kA dhyAna karanA upayogI rahatA hai| uparyukta sabhI pravRttiyA~ tanAva utpanna karane vAlI haiM, ina pravRttiyoM se mukti hI tanAvamukti hai| pIlA raMga padam lezyA kA raMga pIlA hai| pIlA raMga ucca buddhimattA kA pratIka hai| AbhAmaNDala meM pItavarNa kI pradhAnatA ho, to mAnA jA sakatA hai ki vaha vyakti alpa kaSAya vAlA, prazAnta - citta va tanAvamukta aura AtmasaMyama karanevAlA hai| vyakti ko lAla raMga kA dhyAna karate-karate pIle varNa para AnA hogA aura pIle raMga kA dhyAna karate-karate zveta raMga taka kA saphara taya karanA hogaa| pIlA raMga zAMta citta ke lie hai aura jaba citta zAMta hogA, to pUrNataH zAMti ke lie pIle raMga ko halkA karate hue zveta raMga ke dhyAna kI avasthA meM pahu~ca 629 630 prekSA dhyAna : lezyA dhyAna, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 45 lezyA aura manovijJAna, mumukSu zAMtA jaina, pR. 202 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti jAegA / "pIlA raMga buddhi aura darzana kA raMga hai, tarka kA nhiiN| isase mAnasika-kamajorI, udAsInatA Adi dUra hote haiN| "631 yaha prasannatA aura Ananda kA sUcaka raMga hai / zveta raMga zveta raMga zAMti kA pratIka hai| zuklalezyA kA raMga sapheda kahA gayA hai| padamlezyA vAlA vyakti pIle raMga kA dhyAna karate-karate use halkA karane kA prayatna kre| pIlA raMga halkA hote-hote zveta varNa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| zveta raMga kA dhyAna pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI prakriyA hai / lezyA - dhyAna kI niSpatti 1. citta kI prasannatA dhyAna siddha hone kA sabase pahalA pramANa hai / 2. isase saMkalpa zakti kA jAgaraNa hotA hai / 3. dhArmikatA ke lakSaNoM kA prakaTIkaraNa hotA hai| 4. dhyAna se caitanya kA jAgaraNa hotA hai, jo pUrNataH tanAvamukti meM sahAyaka tattva hai| 5. isase vyakti kA svastha evaM sundara vyavahAra banatA hai| 6. padArtha - pratibandhatA se mukti milatI hai Adi / 631 313 - prekSA dhyAna lezyA dhyAna, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 21 : For Personal & Private Use Only

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314 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti adhyAya-7 upasaMhAra Aja vizva kI jo pramukha samasyAeM mAnavaM-samAja ke sAmane upasthita haiM, unameM sabase pramukha samasyA mAnava-mana ke tanAvagrasta hone kI hai| Aja vizva ke na kevala abhAvagrasta deza tanAvagrasta haiM, apitu ve deza, jo vikasita kahe jAte haiM aura jinake pAsa sukha-suvidhA ke vipula sAdhana haiM, ve bhI tanAvagrasta haiN| isa prakAra, Aja sampUrNa mAnava-samAja tanAvoM se grasta hai| jaina-cintakoM kA kahanA hai ki jaba taka mAnava-mana meM icchAe~, AkAMkSAe~, tRSNA aura anya vyaktiyoM evaM vastuoM se apekSAe~ banI huI haiM, jaba taka vaha Atma-saMtuSTa nahIM hai, taba taka usakA tanAvagrasta honA svAbhAvika hI hai| bhAratIya-cintana meM isI tanAvagrastatA ko duHkha kahA gayA hai| kahA bhI gayA hai .dhana binA nirdhana duHkhI, tRSNAvaza dhnvaan| kohu na sukhI saMsAra meM, sAro jaga dekhyo chAna / / bauddhadarzana meM jisa duHkha Arya-satya kI kalpanA hai, vaha bhI vastutaH bhautika yA zArIrika-duHkha nahIM, apitu tRSNAjanya duHkha hai, yaha tRSNAjanya duHkha mAnava-samAja meM sarvatra vyApta hai aura yahI tanAva hai| tRSNA ke sambandha meM kahA gayA haitRSNA na jIrNAH vayameva jiirnnaaH| bhogA na bhuktA vayameva bhuktaa|| arthAt -"tRSNA kabhI vRddha nahIM hotI hai, vaha to sadaiva navayauvanA hI banI rahatI hai, vastutaH, Ayu hI kSINa ho jAtI hai| bhogoM ko bhogane para bhI bhogAkAMkSA saMtuSTa nahIM hotI hai, Ayu hI bhoga lI jAtI hai| yaha tRSNA hI tanAvoM kA mUla kAraNa hai aura jaba taka yaha banI rahatI hai, mAnava tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| mAnava-samAja meM anya sabhI vikRtiyA~ tRSNA yA tanAva ke kAraNa hI utpanna hotI haiM, ataH Aja vaizvika-samasyAoM meM tanAva hI pramukha samasyA hai aura isa tanAva ke kAraNa hI jIvana duHkhamaya hai| mAnavIya-cetanA meM vAsanA aura viveka kA saMgharSa calatA haiM, jise For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti manovaijJAnika iDa (Id) yA vAsanAtmaka - cetanA aura supara igo arthAt AdarzoM kI cetanA kA saMgharSa kahate haiM / yahI hitoM kA saMgharSa banakara vibhinna samAjoM aura rASTroM ke bIca bhI vyApta ho jAtA hai / Aja vizva kA pratyeka deza aura usake nAgarika tanAvagrasta haiM, kyoMki eka ora unakI AkAMkSAe~ aura apekSAe~ apUrNa banI huI haiM, to dUsarI ora, ve dUsaroM kI sampannatA dekhakara IrSyA ke kAraNa aura unakI sainya zakti ko dekhakara bhaya ke kAraNa tanAvagrasta hote haiM / IrSyA evaM bhaya bhI tanAvagrastatA ke hI rUpa haiN| Aja vizva ke sabhI rASTra eka-dUsare se bhayabhIta haiM aura isake pariNAmasvarUpa Aja vaizvika - rAjasva kA pacAsa pratizata se adhika vyaya senA aura sainya-saMsAdhanoM para ho rahA hai| cAhe tRSNA ho, IrSyA kA bhAva ho yA bhaya ho, sabhI vyakti aura samAja- donoM meM tanAva utpanna karate haiN| Aja jaba taka mAnava-samAja tanAvamukta nahIM hotA, hama vizvazAMti kA svapna sAkAra nahIM kara sakate haiN| Aja isI bhaya aura IrSyA kI pravRtti ko lekara saMhAraka astra-zastroM kI aMdhI daur3a cala rahI hai| saMsAra meM jo bhI saMgharSa haiM, ve saba isI tanAvagrastatA ke kAraNa haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bahuta pahale kahA thA ki jo Atura haiM, arthAt jinakI icchAe~, AkAMkSAe~ apUrNa haiM, ve tanAvagrasta haiM aura ve hI dUsaroM ko duHkha yA pIr3A dekara tanAvagrasta banAte haiN| dUsarI ora, saMhAraka astroM kI isI aMdhI daur3a ke kAraNa Aja sabhI rASTroM meM pArasparika- bhaya aura avizvAsa banA huA hai, isalie hI bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki zastra to eka se bar3hakara eka ho sakate haiM, kintu azastra (ahiMsA) se bar3hakara kucha nahIM hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to zastroM kI isa aMdhI daur3a kA koI aMta nahIM hai| Aja eka se bar3hakara eka ghAtaka astra-zastra nirmita ho rahe haiM aura vizva bArUda ke Dhera para baiThA huA hai / vyakti ko aMtatogatvA ahiMsA va zAMti ko hI apanAnA hogaa| sAtha hI, unhoMne yaha bhI kahA thA ki yadi hama bhayamukta honA cAhate haiM, to hameM bhI dUsaroM ko bhayabhIta nahIM karanA cAhie / yadi koI rASTra dUsare rASTra ko bhayabhIta karake jInA cAhegA, to vaha bhI bhaya se mukta nahIM raha sakegA / isIlie uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai- "yadi tuma abhaya cAhate ho, arthAt nirbhaya honA cAhate ho, to dUsaroM ko bhI abhaya pradAna karo, unheM bhI nirbhaya bnaao| vyakti, samAja yA rASTra- koI bhI ho, dUsaroM ko bhayabhIta karake vaha svayaM ko bhayarahitaM nahIM banA sakatA hai| bhaya miTegA, to 315 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti pArasparika - vizvAsa evaM paropakAra kI vRtti se, na ki saMhAraka astroM se dUsaroM ko bhayabhIta karake / 316 isa prakAra, jainadarzana meM jahA~ eka ora tanAvoM ke kAraNoM kA prastutikaraNa evaM unakI samIkSA kI gaI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora, usane tanAvamukta hone ke sUtra bhI prastuta kie haiN| isa prakAra, jaina-dharmadarzana tanAvoM ke samyak prabaMdhana kI bAta karate hue vyakti ke sAmane tanAvamukta hone kA Adarza bhI prastuta karatA hai| vaha eka ora tanAvoM ke kAraNoM ko batAtA hai, to dUsarI ora, tanAvoM ke nirAkaraNa ke sUtra bhI pradAna karatA hai, isalie prastuta zodha-grantha meM hamane eka ora tanAvoM ke svarUpa ko samajhAyA hai, to sAtha hI usake kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa bhI kiyA hai aura aMta meM yaha batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki tanAvoM ke kAraNoM ko samApta karake hI tanAva ko samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa lakSya kI prApti arthAt tanAvamukti ke lie hamane prastuta zodha-grantha ko chaha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta kara jaina- dRSTikoNa se tanAva - prabaMdhana kA eka samagra citra prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| zodha-prabaMdha ke prathama adhyAya meM vartamAna vaizvika samasyAoM meM eka pramukha samasyA 'tanAva' ke svarUpa para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| tanAva mAnava samAja kI samasyA hone ke kAraNa hI vizva kI eka mukhya samasyA bana gaI hai| vartamAna yuga ko vaijJAnika -yuga kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki vijJAnaM ne vyakti kI ina samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karane ke hetu evaM use apane duHkhoM se mukti dene ke lie sukha-suvidhA ke sAre sAdhana pradAna kie haiN| itanA hI nahIM, mAnava samAja ko bhayamukta karane ke lie surakSA ke sAdhana bhI upalabdha karAe haiM, phira bhI Aja vyakti na to saMtuSTa hai aura na bhaya - mukta aura ina kAraNoM se usake jIvana meM sukha evaM zAMti bhI nahIM hai| cetanA ke stara para mana meM AnaMda evaM prasannatA bhI nahIM hai| sukha-suvidhA ke itane sAre sAdhanoM ke hote hue bhI vaha na to saMtuSTa hai aura na hI surakSA ke sAre sAdhana hote hue bhI vaha bhayamukta hai| asaMtuSTa aura bhayagrasta hone ke kAraNa vaha tanAvamukta bhI nahIM hai| vartamAna meM vizva ko eka hI nahIM, aneka samasyAoM kA sAmanA karanA par3a rahA hai aura una samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke prayAsa meM bhI naI-naI samasyAoM kA janma ho rahA hai, jo manuSya ke Atma-saMtoSa aura AtmazAnti ko chInakara use tanAvagrasta hI banA rahI hai| zodha-prabandha ke prathama adhyAya meM hamane isa para vistAra se carcA kI hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 317 vastutaH, tanAva ke aneka rUpa haiN| bhinna-bhinna paristhitiyoM meM bhinna-bhinna taraha ke tanAva utpanna hote haiM aura ina tanAvoM kA prabhAva hamAre zarIra evaM svAsthya para bhI par3atA hai, ataH isa prathama adhyAya meM hamane tanAva ke svarUpa ko samajhAte hue usake vibhinna prakAroM ko bhI paribhASita kiyA hai| isa carcA se yaha bhI spaSTa huA hai ki tanAva na kevala. eka daihika yA mAnasika sthiti hai, apitu vaha eka manodaihikaavasthA hai| isI sandarbha meM hamane yaha bhI batAyA hai ki mana aura zarIra eka-dUsare se nirapekSa nahIM haiN| ve eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM, ataH jainadarzana unameM na to spInojA ke samAnAntaratAvAda ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatA hai aura na vaha lAinIja ke pUrva-sthApita sAMmajasya ke siddhAnta ko mAnatA hai, apitu vaha dekArta ke kriyA-pratikriyAvAda ke siddhAnta ko mAnyatA detA hai| isI AdhAra para vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki tanAvoM se vyakti ke zArIrika evaM mAnasika svAsthya para prabhAva par3atA hai| isa bAta kA ullekha bhI isa adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se jainadarzana yaha mAnatA hai ki citta yA mana kA azAMta honA hI tanAva hai, jisakA zarIra para prabhAva par3atA hai| tanAva-prabaMdhana ke manovaijJAnika artha ke AdhAra ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki daihika evaM mAnasika-prakriyAoM kA vicalana hI tanAva hai| daihika stara para hone vAle asAmAnya parivartana ko tanAva kahA gayA hai, kintu tanAvoM kA eka mAnasika-pakSa bhI hai, vaha mana ke utpIr3ana kI avasthA hai| tanAva ko eka daihika-saMvedanA ke rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai, kintu jainadarzana ke anusAra, tanAva kA janma mana yA citta kI caMcalatA yA asthiratA yA vikalpayuktatA se hI hotA hai| Adhunika manovaijJAnikoM kI bhUla yaha hai ki ve tanAva ke daihika-pakSa kI asAmAnya avasthA ko hI tanAva mAnate haiM, kintu usake pIche rahe hue mAnasika. hetu ko vismRta kara dete haiM, isalie isa adhyAya meM tanAva-prabaMdhana ke lie usake mAnasika evaM AdhyAtmika-pakSa para bhI vistAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jaina dharma darzana kA yaha mAnanA hai ki mana kI vRttiyA~ aura unake daihika-prabhAva kA nAma hI tanAva hai aura isake viparIta, AtmA yA cetanA kI nirvikalpadazA hI tanAvamukti hai| vastutaH, jainagranthoM meM tanAva zabda kA ullekha kahIM nahIM milatA hai, kintu unameM isake paryAyavAcI For Personal & Private Use Only

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318 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti aneka zabdoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jaise- duHkha, cintA,. AturatA, ArtatA, cintA, bhaya aadi|| sAmAnya vyakti kA yaha mAnanA hai ki bhautika sukha-savidhAe~ vyakti ko tanAvamukta banAtI haiN| jitane sukha-suvidhA ke sAdhana adhika hoMge, vyakti ko utanI hI adhika sukha-zAMti prApta hogI, kintu aisA hotA, to amerikA yA anya vikasita deza pUrNataH sukhI va tanAvamukta hote, kintu sthiti yaha hai ki Aja ve sarvAdhika tanAvagrasta haiN| mastiSka ke zithilIkaraNa kI davAIyoM yA nIMda kI goliyoM kI khapata inhIM dezoM meM sabase adhika hotI hai| jainadharma meM to bhautika-sukha kI lAlasA ko bhI duHkha kA hetu hI kahA hai| bhautika-sukha kI cAha atRptatA kI nizAnI hai| eka icchA kI pUrti hone para kSaNika tRpti milatI ho, kintu navIna icchA ke janma se mana to zIghra hI atRpta aura azAnta ho jAtA hai| atRpta mana hI tanAvagrasta hotA hai, ataH tanAvamukti kA ekamAtra sAdhana AdhyAtmika vikAsa dvArA citta kI nirvikalpa sthiti hI hai| isa prathama adhyAya meM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki Aja tanAvaprabaMdhana ke lie AdhyAtmika prabaMdhana kI AvazyakatA hai, kyoMki jainadarzana meM tanAva kA mukhya kAraNa rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya mAne gaye haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM kaI sthAnoM para yaha kahA gayA hai ki saMsAra ke paribhramaNa evaM duHkha (tanAva) kA kAraNa rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kaSAya ko agni kI upamA dI gaI hai, jo AtmA ke sadaguNoM ko jalAkara naSTa kara detI hai| vyakti ke saMtoSa, saralatA Adi sadaguNa hI usake jIvana meM zAMti sthApita karate haiM aura inake abhAva meM vyakti tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| tattvArthasUtra aura usakI TIkAoM meM kaSAyoM kA jo svarUpa diyA gayA hai, usake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki tanAva (duHkha) kA kAraNa kaSAya yA 'para' ke prati Asakti yA mamatvavRtti (rAga) hI hai| paravartIkAlIna jainagraMthoM, jaise- prazamarati evaM vizeSAvazyakabhASya Adi meM bhI vibhinna nayoM ke AdhAra para rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAyoM kA jo saha-sambandha batAyA gayA hai, usakI carcA bhI maiMne isa prathama adhyAya meM kI hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM vibhinna dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para tanAva ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| inameM sarvaprathama Arthika sthiti ko bhI tanAva kA eka kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| jainadarzana meM Arthika vipannatA ke sAtha-sAtha dhana-saMcaya yA parigraha kI vRtti ko bhI duHkha evaM ciMtA For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 319 kA hetu batAyA gayA hai| parigraha-vRtti parigraha karane vAle vyakti ko to tanAvagrasta banAtI hI hai, sAtha hI Arthika viSamatA yA garIbI ko bhI janma detI hai, ataH vaha garIba aura amIra-donoM ko tanAvagrasta karatI hai, sAtha hI yaha bhI batAyA hai ki jo dUsaroM ke dhana ko dekhakara svayaM ko abhAvagrasta samajhate haiM, yA IrSyA karate haiM, ve bhI tanAvagrasta hote haiN| vyakti kI Asakti dhana se jur3I huI hai, dhana upArjana karanA anivArya bhI hai, kintu vyakti apanI vartamAna AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke sAtha-sAtha jaba bhaviSya kI icchAoM kI pUrti ke lie adhika dhana kA saMcaya karanA cAhatA hai, to yaha saMcayavRtti vyakti meM tanAva utpanna karatI hai| sAmAnya vyakti kA mAnanA hai ki dhana hI usakI hara samasyA kA samAdhAna kara sakatA hai, dhana hI use sukha, zAMti aura surakSA de sakatA hai, kintu yaha eka bhrama hai| isa dvitIya adhyAya meM uttarAdhyayana ke eka sUtra 'vitteNa tANaM Na labhe pamatte' ke dvArA yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki parigraha hI duHkha, azAMti aura tanAva ko hetu hai| dhana kisI kI surakSA nahIM kara sakatA, apitu vaha to surakSA kI cintA evaM lobha ko janma detA hai| jainAcAryoM ne kahA hai ki lAbha se to lobha bar3hatA jAtA hai| lobhajanya, dUsaroM ke zoSaNa kI pravRtti bhI vyaktiyoM meM tanAva utpanna karatI hai| vartamAna meM jo arthataMtra kI pU~jIvAdI praNAlI pracalita hai, usase samAja do vargoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA hai| eka pU~jIpati yA zoSaka-varga aura dUsarA zramika yA shossit-vrg| pU~jIpati apanI pU~jI kI surakSA meM ciMtAgrasta rahatA hai, to garIba dhana ke abhAva arthAt vipannatA kI sthiti, IrSyA-bhAva evaM dhana kI cAha ke kAraNa tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| isa viSaya meM jaina-AcArya haribhadra dvArA yaha batAyA gayA ki zramikoM ko unake zrama ke pratiphala ke rUpa meM pUrA pArizramika diyA jAnA caahie| isase zoSaNa samApta hogA aura samAja meM samarasatA bddh'egii| . isI dUsare adhyAya meM Age hamane pArivArika-asaMtulana aura tanAva ke saha-sambandha ko batAyA hai| isa prasaMga meM manovaijJAnikoM ke dvArA dI gaI eka saMtalita evaM sukhI parivAra kI avadhAraNA ko bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| Age, isI adhyAya meM pArivArika azAMti ke kAraNoM ko do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai, pahalA -vaiyaktika kAraNa - ye ve kAraNa haiM, jo parivAra ke sadasyoM ke svabhAva, vicAra For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti Adi meM bhinnatA hone se parivAra meM tanAva utpanna karate hai tathA dUsarA avaiyaktika kAraNa ye ve kAraNa hote haiM, jo parivAra ke kisI eka sadasya ke dvArA nahIM, apitu parivAra ke sadasyoM meM pIr3hIgata bheda, arthahIna rUr3hivAditA Adi ke rUpa meM tanAva ke hetu banate haiM / 320 - vizva - azAMti kA eka mukhya kAraNa sAmAjika - azAMti bhI hai| vastutaH, samAja eka amUrta kalpanA hai| vyaktiyoM dvArA hI samAja banatA hai| jainadarzana kI anekAMtadRSTi ke AdhAra para kaheM, to vyakti aura samAja- donoM paraspara sApekSa haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki sAmAjika - viSamatAe~ bhI vyakti meM tanAva utpanna karatI haiN| pratyeka vyakti samAja meM apanI mAna-pratiSThA ko banAe rakhanA cAhatA hai aura jaba usake ahaM evaM svArtha ko koI coTa pahuMcatI hai, to vaha tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| isake atirikta bhI samAja meM jAti, dharma, amIra, garIba Adi ke nAma para utpanna bheda-bhAva bhI vyakti ke sAtha-sAtha samAja meM tanAva ke kAraNa banate haiN| sAmAjika kurItiyA~ evaM arthahIna rUr3hiyA~ bhI tanAva kA kAraNa banatI haiN| sirpha vyakti aura samAja kA sambandha hI nahIM, apitu tanAva ke kucha dhArmika - kAraNoM kA bhI zodha-grantha ke isa dvitIya adhyAya meM vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai, jisake antargata, dharma kI kucha rUr3higata AcAra - maryAdAoM ke kAraNa yuvAvarga va vRddhavarga ke madhya tanAva kI sthiti utpanna ho jAtI hai, ise samajhAyA gayA hai| tanAva kA udgama sthala mana hone se isa dvitIya adhyAya meM tanAva kI utpatti ke manovaijJAnika - kAraNoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai / mana meM uThane vAle vikalpa aura una vikalpoM se utpanna hone vAlI icchAeM, AkAMkSAeM, apekSAeM Adi bhI vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banA detI haiM, isa dvitIya adhyAya meM isakI bhI carcA kI gaI hai| isa prakAra, isa adhyAya meM tanAva ke vibhinna kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai aura isa sambandha meM jaina- dRSTikoNa ko bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| prastuta zodha-prabandhe ke tIsare adhyAya meM caitasika - manobhUmi aura tanAva ke saha-sambandha kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| isameM sarvaprathama AtmA, citta aura mana ke sahasambandha ko samajhAyA gayA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, AtmA vaha AdhArabhUmi hai, jisase cetanA yA citta kI abhivyakti hotI hai / citta AtmA ke hI caitaMsika-guNoM kI abhivyakti rUpa hai aura For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti citta meM hone vAle saMkalpa - vikalpa hI mana kA AkAra grahaNa karate haiM isa prakAra, AtmA kI sakriyatA citta aura citta kI sakriyatA mana hai / ye tInoM abhivyakti ke stara para bhinna-bhinna pratIta hote hue bhI sattA ke stara para abhinna hI haiM / Age, isa adhyAya meM AtmA kI vibhinna avasthAeM aura unakA tanAva se kyA saha - sambandha hai, ise batAyA gayA hai| AtmA kI ATha avasthAoM meM se kaunasI avasthAeM tanAvayukta avasthAeM va kaunasI avasthAe~ tanAvamukta avasthAe~ haiM, isakI carcA kI gaI hai| Age, tanAvagrastatA aura tanAvamukti ke AdhAra para AtmA ke AdhyAtmikavikAsa ke staroM kI carcA kI gaI hai| vastutaH tanAva zuddhAtmA meM nahIM malina cittavRttiyoM meM hI utpanna hote haiN| citta AtmA kI eka paryAya- dazA hai / citta kI malinatA hI AtmA ko svabhAva - dazA se vibhAva - dazA meM le jAtI hai, aura malina citta kI caMcalatA hI mana meM icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM Adi ko janma detI hai / 321 AcArya mahAprajJa ne citta va mana ke antara ko batAte hue yaha pramANita kiyA hai ki cittavRttiyA~ hI tanAva - utpatti kA hetu (kAraNa) haiM evaM mana tanAva kI janmasthalI hai yA tanAva hI mana ko AkAra pradAna karatA hai| cittavRtti arthAt cetanA ko sthira kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu mana ko sthira nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, mana kA to nirodha karanA hotA hai| 'mana' ko 'amana' karanA hotA hai, isalie mana sthAyI tattva nahIM haiM / AtmA kI paryAya citta aura citta kI paryAya mana hai / mana to citta ke AdhAra para jIvita rahatA hai, phira bhI mana kA tanAva se gaharA sambandha hai / cittavRttiyA~ tanAva kA hetu hotI haiM, kintu unakI janmasthalI to mana hI hai, kyoMki mana aura tanAva - donoM hI vikalpajanya haiN| bhAvamana meM hI icchAe~, AkAMkSAe~ Adi utpanna hotI hai aura una icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM Adi ke apUrNa rahane para yA navIna icchAoM Adi ke utpanna hone para mana duHkhI yA tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| manovaijJAnikoM ne mana ke bhI tIna stara mAne haiN| ina staroM ke AdhAra para yaha samajhAyA gayA hai ki acetana mana meM rahI huI damita icchAe~ aura vAsanAe~ athavA jainadarzana kI dRSTi meM upazamita evaM sattA meM rahe hue karma, avacetana mana ke dvArA mana ke cetana stara para arthAt For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti udaya meM Ate haiM aura isa cetana stara para tanAva utpanna karate rahate haiM isa prakAra, mana ke tInoM stara tanAva se jur3e hue haiN| 322 vastutaH, jainadarzana meM hI nahIM, apitu bauddha evaM yogadarzana meM bhI tanAvoM kI sthiti ke AdhAra para kramazaH mana kI cAra, cAra aura pA~ca avasthAoM kA varNana milatA hai, jo lagabhaga samAnAntara hai| hamane prastuta zodhaprabandha ke isa tIsare adhyAya meM unakI bhI tulanAtmaka dRSTi se carcA kI hai| bauddhadarzana meM to citta ke caittasika-dharmoM yA citta ke kAryoM ke bAvana prakAra batAe gae haiM, jinako maiMne tanAvoM ke saha-sambandha ke AdhAra para samajhAyA hai aura yaha batAyA hai ki kaunase caitasika-dharma tanAvoM ko janma dete haiM aura kaunase caitasika-dharma tanAvoM se mukta karate haiN| isa zodha-prabandha ke cauthe adhyAya meM jaina-dharmadarzana kI vividha avadhAraNAoM kA tanAva se saha- sambandha batAyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama, jainadarzana kI trividha AtmA kI avadhAraNA ke anusAra yaha batAyA gayA hai ki bahirAtmA tanAvagrasta AtmA hai, antarAtmA tanAvamukti ke lie prayAsa karatI hai, jabaki paramAtmA tanavimukta hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, antarAtmA kI avasthA ko tanAvamukti kI sAdhanA kI prakriyA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai aura usakA yaha prayAsa saphala hone para sAdhaka yA vyakti pUrNataH tanAvamukti kI avasthA ko prApta karatA hai, jise jainadarzana meM paramAtmA kahA gayA hai| AtmA kI upayoga - rUpa yA sakriya sthiti ko jainadarzana meM cetanA kahA gayA hai| isa cetanA kI bhI tIna avasthAe~ haiM - 1. jJAnacetanA, 2. karmacetanA 3. karmaphala cetanA / zarIra kI indriyoM ke mAdhyama se jaba AtmA kA bAhyajagat se samparka hotA hai| to usake pariNAmasvarUpa usameM vividha prakAra kI saMvedanAe~ utpanna hotI haiN| una saMvedanAoM ke prati AtmA kI sajagatA hI jJAna - cetanA hai| jJAna - cetanA ke mAdhyama se vyakti una saMvedanAoM ko jAnatA mAtra hai, unase prabhAvita nahIM hotA hai| dUsare, jaba indriyA~ bAhyajagata ke samparka meM AtI haiM, taba jo anubhUti yA saMvedanAe~ hotI haiM, yadi una saMvedanAoM se unheM prApta karane yA dUra karane kI icchA kA janma hotA hai, taba yaha icchA yA saMkalpa hI karmacetanA bana jAtI hai| karmacetanA hI AtmA meM tanAva utpanna karatI hai| jahA~ taka karmaphalacetanA kA sambandha hai, yadi usa sthiti meM sAdhaka karatA hai, mAtra unameM jJAtA - draSTA rahatA hai, to yaha cetanA karmaphala saMkalpa - vikalpa nahIM For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 323 cetanA banakara tanAva utpanna nahIM karatI hai, kyoMki isameM vyakti mAtra jJAtA-draSTA hotA hai| vastutaH, uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mana kI viSayoM ke prati bhogAkAMkSA ko hI duHkha (tanAva) kA hetu kahA gayA hai| hemacandrAcArya ne mana kI cAra avasthAe~ batAI haiN| ina cAra avasthAoM meM se prathama avasthA-vikSipta mana sadaiva viSayoM ke prati Asakta hone se vyakti ko tanAvagrasta banAe rakhatA hai| dUsarA, yAtAyAta-mana kabhI jJAna-cetanA yA karmaphala-cetanA se yukta ho tanAvamukti kA anubhava karatA hai, to kabhI indriya-viSayoM meM Asakta hokara saMkalpa-vikalpa karate hue punaH tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| tIsarA, zliSTa-mana tanAvamukti ke lie prayatna karatA rahatA hai aura anta meM pUrNataH zAMti yA tanAvamukti kI avasthA ko prApta kara vahI cauthA, sulIna-mana bana jAtA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, vyakti ke manobhAva hI usake vyaktitva ko prakaTa karate haiN| ina manobhAvoM ke AdhAra para jainadarzana meM SaTlezyAoM kA siddhAnta hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke cauMtIsaveM adhyAya meM ina SaT lezyAoM ke svarUpa kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai, isakI carcA bhI. hamane isa caturtha adhyAya meM prastuta kI hai, sAtha hI, ina SaT lezyAoM ke AdhAra para vyakti ke vyaktitva kA tanAva se saha-sambandha bhI batAyA gayA hai| . - tanAva kA mUla hetu rAgAdi bhAva aura tadjanya kaSAya haiN| rAga-dveSa meM se bhI rAga kI pradhAnatA rahI huI hai| ise Asakti, tRSNA, kAmanA aura icchA-rUpa mAnA gayA hai| rAga se dveSa aura rAga-dveSa se hI krodhAdi cAra kaSAyoM kA janma hotA hai| rAga se lobha kA aura lobha se mAyA kA janma hotA hai, dUsarI ora, dveSa se krodha kI aura krodha se mAna kI abhivyakti hotI hai| yahI krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha vyakti meM tanAva ke stara ko bar3hA dete haiN| jainadarzana meM kaSAyoM kI tIvratA evaM mandatA ke AdhAra para hI tanAva (duHkha) kI tIvratA va mandatA ko samajhAyA gayA hai| anantAnubandhI, apratyAkhyAnI, pratyAkhyAnI evaM saMjvalana- yaha kaSAyacatuSka tanAva kI hI tIvratA va mandatA ke stara ko batAtA hai| prastuta caturtha adhyAya meM isa kaSAyacatuSka se tanAvoM ke saha-sambandha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, sAtha hI, bhagavatIsUtra evaM karmagraMthoM * ke AdhAra para ina kaSAyoM ke svarUpa kI carcA bhI kI gaI hai aura tanAvoM se inakA kaisA saha-sambandha hai- yaha batAyA gayA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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324 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti tanAva kA janma mana meM hotA hai, kintu tanAva ko utpanna karane vAle tattvoM meM icchAoM evaM AkAMkSAoM kI ahama bhUmikA rahI hotI hai| vyakti meM anukUlatAoM ko punaH punaH prApta karane kI icchA hotI hai tathA pratikUlatA se dUra bhAgane kI icchA hotI hai| ina donoM hI sthitiyoM meM vyakti tanAvagrasta hI rahatA hai| prastuta caturtha adhyAya meM uparyukta sabhI viSayoM kI vistAra se carcA kI gaI hai aura isa prakAra jainadharma-darzana kI tanAvoM se sambandhita vibhinna avadhAraNAoM, jaise- trividha AtmA, caturvidha kaSAya, caturvidha mana, SaTvidha lezyA Adi kI carcA kI gaI hai| caturtha adhyAya taka hamane tanAva ke vividha rUpoM kI paribhASA, unake svarUpa, unake kAraNoM evaM jainadarzana ke trividha AtmA, caturvidha kaSAya, caturvidha mana, SaTavidha-lezyA Adi kI avadhAraNAoM kA tanAvoM ke sAtha kyA saha-sambandha hai, isa viSaya para prakAza DAlA hai, sAtha hI, jainadharma ke anusAra mana ke svarUpa kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| prastuta paMcama adhyAya meM tanAva-prabaMdhana kI vidhiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| tanAva-prabaMdhana kI sAmAnya vidhiyoM ke antargata isa adhyAya meM zArIrika-vidhiyoM, bhojana-sambandhI vidhiyoM, mAnasika-vidhiyoM Adi kA vistAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| zArIrika-vidhiyoM ke antargata yogAsana, prANAyAma, kAyotsarga Adi vidhiyoM ke dvArA tanAva ko kaise dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai, yaha batAyA hai| tanAva mAnasika-utpIr3ana kI avasthA hai, ataH tanAva se mukti ke lie mAnasika-stara para bhI kucha prayoga Avazyaka pratIta hote haiM, jaise- ekAgratA, yojanAbaddha cintana, sakArAtmaka soca, AtmavizvAsa Adi, sAtha hI, inake dvArA tanAvamukti kaise ho sakatI hai, yaha bhI batAyA hai| manovaijJAnika-vidhi ke antargata yaha batAyA gayA hai ki pratyakSa evaM parokSa- ina do vidhiyoM dvArA tanAvamukti kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai, sAtha hI, pratyakSa vidhi ke prayoga se tanAva pUrNataH samApta ho jAtA hai, yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| aisA jJAtA-draSTAbhAva aura sAkSIbhAva se jIne para hI saMbhava hotA hai| parokSa vidhi ke antargata tanAva ko pUrNataH samApta to nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, apitu kama avazya kiyA jA sakatA hai| jainadharma meM bhI tanAva-prabaMdhana kI vidhiyA~ prAcInakAla se prayoga meM rahIM haiN| vastutaH, jainadarzana meM tanAva ke mUla kAraNoM arthAt rAga-dveSa ko hI samApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai| sarvaprathama, isI sthiti meM Atma-parizodhana yA vibhAvadazA ko samApta karane kA prayAsa hotA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 325 jainadarzana ke anusAra, dhyAna ko mokSa-prApti arthAt samagra duHkhoM se mukti kA antima sAdhana mAnA gayA hai, ataH prastuta adhyAya meM, dhyAna aura yogasAdhanA ke dvArA tanAvamukti kaise ho sakatI hai- isa para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| yogadarzana meM yoga ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki cittavRtti kA nirodha hI yoga hai| jainadarzana meM mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRttiyoM ko yoga kahA gayA hai aura tanAvamukti ke lie yoga-nirodha Avazyaka hai aura yahI dhyAna kA lakSya hai| jainadarzana meM dhyAna ke cAra prakAra kahe gae haiM, unameM se ArtadhyAna aura raudradhyAna tanAva ke hetu haiM tathA dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna se tanAvamukti sambhava haiM, ataH samyak dhyAna to dharmadhyAna yA zukladhyAna hI haiN| isa adhyAya meM ina cAroM dhyAnoM ke svarUpa kA vistAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ maiMne sthAnAMgasUtra aura dhyAnazataka ke AdhAra para ina dhyAnoM ke lakSaNa, sAdhana Adi para vicAra bhI kiyA hai| tanAva kA eka kAraNa mamatvabuddhi hai| 'para' para 'sva' (apanepana) kA AropaNa hI vyakti ke duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa hai, isIlie AcArAMgasUtra meM mamatva ke svarUpa kI jo carcA kI gaI hai, usI ke AdhAra para mamatva ke tyAga dvArA evaM tRSNA para prahAra karake hI vyakti tanAvamukta ho sakatA hai| tanAva ke mUla kAraNoM meM se eka kAraNa icchAe~ evaM AkAMkSAe~ haiM, ataH jainadharma meM tanAvamukti ke lie icchAnirmUlana para jora diyA gayA hai| icchAe~ AkAza ke samAna ananta haiM, jinakA koI. anta nahIM hai| vaha vyakti, jo icchAoM se grasta hai, tanAva kA bhI anta nahIM kara sakatA hai, kyoMki icchAe~, AkAMkSAe~ vyakti ke mana ko sadaiva asaMtuSTa banAe rakhatI haiM aura asaMtuSTa mana sadaiva tanAvagrasta rahatA hai| paMcama adhyAya kA yahI vivecya-viSaya rahA hai| prastata zodhaprabandha ke chaThaveM adhyAya meM jainadarzana ke AdhAra para tanAvoM ke nirAkaraNa ke upAe sujhAe gae haiN| - isa SaSTha adhyAya meM samyaka-darzana, samyaka-jJAna aura samyak-cAritra kA vistAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM bhI samyak-darzana, samyaka-jJAna aura samyak-cAritra- ina tInoM ko sammilita rUpa se mokSamArga kahA gayA hai| isI AdhAra para yaha mAnA gayA hai ki uparyukta tInoM- samyakadarzana, samyagjJAna evaM samyak-cAritra kI sAdhanA hI tanAvoM ke nirAkaraNa kA samyak upAya hai| parigraha yA saMcayavRtti tanAva kA mukhya hetu hai, ataH tanAva se mukti ke lie jainadarzana meM aparigraha ke siddhAnta para bala diyA gayA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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326 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti parigraha-vRtti se bacane ke lie zAstroM ke AdhAra para hamane kucha sUtra bhI prastuta kie haiN| sAtha hI, isameM ahiMsA ke siddhAMta dvArA bhI tanAvamukti kisa prakAra sambhava hai, yaha batAyA gayA hai| vartamAna yuga meM hara samasyA kA mukhya kAraNa hiMsA aura bhaya meM khojA jA sakatA haiN| hiMsA eka krUra vRtti hai, jahA~ viveka, vinamratA, karuNA, saralatA, prema Adi ke bhAva samApta ho jAte haiM aura inake sthAna para vyakti meM krUratA, kapaTa kalaha, krodha, ghRNA Adi vRttiyA~ apanI jagaha banA letI haiN| ye vRttiyA~ vyakti ko tanAvagrasta kara detI haiM, ataH hiMsA se bacane ke lie vyakti ko ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko apanAnA hogaa| prastuta viSaya meM hiMsA ke svarUpa evaM usake duHkhada pariNAmoM ko samajhAte hue tanAva se bacane hetu hiMsA se bacane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| dUsare, hiMsA bhaya ko janma detI hai . aura bhaya eka prakAra kA tanAva hai, ataH tanAvamukti yA bhayamukti ke lie abhaya kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| yadi hama bhayamukta rahanA cAhate haiM, to dUsaroM ko bhI bhayamukta karanA hogA aura ahiMsA isI bhayamukti kA saMdeza detI hai| isI prakAra, jainadarzana kA anekAMta kA siddhAnta hara prakAra ke jhagar3e yA dvandva ko miTAkara zAMti sthApita kara sakatA hai| Aja vizva ke hara kSetra meM, cAhe parivAra ho, samAja ho, rAjanIti ho, arthavyavasthA yA dharma kA kSetra ho, yA prabaMdhana-zAstra kA kSetra ho, anekAMtavAda ke binA kisI bhI kSetra meM zAMti saMbhava nahIM hai| anekAMta saMgharSa ko samApta karatA hai, ataH tanAvamukti ke lie anekAMtadRSTi ko apanAnA Avazyaka hai| ina vividha kSetroM meM anekAMtadRSTi kisa prakAra vyakti ko tanAvamukta karatI hai, isakA vistAra se vivecana isa SaSTha adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| indriyavijaya aura tanAvamukti - vyakti ke tanAvagrasta hone kA mukhya kAraNa vyakti kI indriyoM ke viSayoM ke prati Asakti hai| indriyoM kA viSayoM se samparka hone para unameM se kucha anukUla aura kucha pratikUla pratIta hote haiN| amukUla ke prati rAga aura pratikUla ke prati dveSa kA janma hotA hai aura ye rAga-dveSa tanAva-utpatti ke mUlabhUta hetu haiM, yaha bhI hama pUrva meM spaSTa kara cuke haiM, ataH tanAvamukti ke lie indriyoM para vijaya prApta karanA Avazyaka hai| indriyoM para vijaya kaise prApta kI jA sakatI hai, isakI vyAkhyA bhI kucha sUtroM ke mAdhyama se isI adhyAya meM kI gaI hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti kaSAya-vijaya aura tanAvamukti kaSAya kA kSetra itanA vyApaka hai ki vyakti cAhakara bhI kaSAyoM se baca nahIM pAtA hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha- ina cAroM meM se koI eka bhI kaSAya vyakti ke jIvana meM A jAtA hai, to vyakti tanAvagrasta ho jAtA hai| kaSAya-bhAva se yukta vyavahAra karane vAlA vyakti na to svayaM prasanna rahatA hai aura na hI dUsaroM ko prasanna rakha sakatA hai| kaSAyarUpI agni svayaM ko bhI jalAtI hai aura dUsaroM ko bhI jalAtI hai, ataH isa zodha-grantha ke mUla lakSya tanAvamukti ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue kaSAyoM para vijaya prApta karane ke lie aneka Agamika - sUtroM kA nirdeza bhI prastuta zodhaprabandha ke isa chaThe adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| jainadharma bhAvanA - pradhAna dharma hai| vyakti ke bhAva hI use Upara uThAte haiM aura bhAva hI tanAvagrastatA kA kAraNa banate haiN| jaise hamAre bhAva banate haiM, vaisI hI hamArI lezyA banatI hai aura jaisI hamArI lezyA hotI hai, vaisA hI hamArA vyavahAra banatA hai, jaisA hamArA vyavahAra hotA vaisA hI hamArA vyaktitva banatA hai| ina lezyAoM ke svarUpa kA vivecana to caturtha adhyAya meM kiyA gayA thA, prastuta adhyAya meM lezyA - parivartana se vyakti ke bhAvoM meM kaise parivartana kiyA jA sakatA hai va use tanAvamukta banAyA jA sakatA hai, isakA vistAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| lezyA - parivartana aura tanAvamukti 327 tanAvamukti ke lie dhyAna - vidhi ko sabase adhika mahattva diyA jAtA hai| dhyAna-vidhiyoM ke antargata vipazyanA yA prekSAdhyAna kI vidhi sabase adhika pracalita hai / prekSAdhyAna vidhi ke dvArA mana kI caMcalatA ko samApta karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai| dhyAna kI yaha vidhi pA~caveM adhyAya meM dI gaI hai| yahA~ dhyAna ke mahattva ko samajhAte hue tanAvamukti ke lie dhyAna karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| vyakti kI zraddhA sabase adhika dharma para hotI hai| agara dhyAna ke sahI svarUpa ko samajha liyA jAe, to vyakti ko yaha jJAta ho jAtA hai ki svasvabhAva meM rahanA hI dharma hai| dharma hI tanAvamukti meM mArgadarzaka hai 1 isa prakAra, maiMne uparyukta sAtoM adhyAyoM meM jaina- dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para tanAva kA svarUpa, usakI AdhArabhUmi, usake kAraNa, jainadarzana kI vividha avadhAraNAoM se unakA sahasambandha, unake prabandhana kI takanIka aura unake nirAkaraNa ke upAyoM kI carcA kI hai aura yathAsthAna Adhunika manovijJAna, bauddha-dharmadarzana aura prabandhanazAstra kI For Personal & Private Use Only

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328 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti takanIka se jaina-dRSTikoNa kI tulanA bhI kI hai aura yaha batAyA hai ki jaina-dharmadarzana tanAvamukti ke jo upAya sujhAtA hai, ve kisa sImA taka prAsaMgika haiN| -------000------ For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 329 sandarbha graMtha sUcI (a) jaina Agama kI sUcI - grantha kA nAma | saMpAdaka / anuvAdaka prakAzaka TAcArAMgasUtra | muni saubhAgyamalajI dharmadAsa prakAzana, ratalAma AcArAMgasUtra | saM. AcArya mahAprajJa 2000 jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAja.) 3. | AcArAMgasUtra,bhAga 1-2 | saM. AtmArAmajI | 1963 jainAgama prakAzana samiti, jaina sthAnaka, ludhiyAnA | 4 | AcArAMgasUtra, bhAga-1 | saM. madhukaramunijI zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara 1984 5. | AcArAMga zIlAkakRta TIkA sahita | Agamodaya samiti, sUrata vi.sa 1973 .. | 6. | Avazyaka zramaNasUtra | saM. jinendragaNi | 1975 harSapuSpAmRta jaina granthamAlA, lAkhAbAkhala, zAMtipurI (saurASTra) | 7. | AvazyakasUtra | saM. yuvAcArya zrI mizrImalajI Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara (rAja.) | Agamodaya samiti, bambaI | 8. Avazyaka-niyukti .. | saM. bhadrabAhukRta niyukti kI malayAgiri TIkA sahita 9. isibhAsiyAiM suttAi / saM. mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara 1988 prAkRtabhAratI akAdamI, jayapura 10. | uttarAdhyayanasUtra | saM. ratanalAla DozI vI.saM. zramaNopAsaka jaina pustakAlaya, sailAnA 2478 | 11. | uttarAdhyayanasUtra. saM. madhukaramunijI zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, 1984 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti vyAvara 12. | upAsakadazAMga anu, AtmArAmajI ma.sA. 1964 jainAgama prakAzana samiti, ludhiyAnA 13. | aupapAtikasUtra | saM. yuvAcArya zrI mizrImalajI 1986 | Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara . hai | kalpasUtra saM. AnandasAgarajI 1976 | AnandasAgarajI, sailAnA | jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM | ThANAMgasUtra muni nathamala (mahAprajJa) vi.saM. 2033 16. | dazavaikAlikasUtra | muni hastImalajI ma.sA. jaina kAnpharensa, mubaMI 17. | dasaveAliyaM saM. AcArya mahAprajJa jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM , | 1964 jaina Agama prakAzana samiti, 1984 vyAvara | dazAzrutaskaMdha | saM. AcArya madhukaramuni 19. | praznavyAkaraNasUtra | saM. muni hastImalajI hastImala surANA, pAlI "1995 | praznavyAkaraNa . . | saM. AcArya mahAprajJa jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 21. | prajJApanAsUtra | saM. A amolakhaRSijI lAlA jvAlAprasAda, haidarAbAda . | bRhatkalpabhASya | saM. puNyavijayajI AtmAnaMda jainasabhA, bhAvanagara | 1933 | 23. | bhagavatIsUtra | saM. yuvAcArya zrI madhukaramuni 1993 | zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara (rAja.) jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 24. | bhagavaI saM. AcArya mahAprajJa | 1994 25. | sthAnAMgasUtra TIkA | abhayadevasUri kI TIkA sahita Agamodaya samiti, sUrata For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 26. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra 27. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra 28. samavAyAMgasUtra kra digambara - paramparA ke granthoM kI sUcI 1. gommaTasAra (jIvakANDa) tvartha 3. tattvArtha sUtra (TIkA) 2. 4. tattvArtha sUtra TIkA 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. grantha kA saMpAdaka / anuvAdaka nAma tattvArtha rAjavArttika (bhAga 1-2). darzanA * dharmAmRta niyamasAra saM. AcArya madhukara muni prazamarati saM. AcArya madhukara muni A. nemicandra umAsvAti .saM. paM. sukhalAla saMghavI saM. upAdhyAya zrI kevalamuni akalaMkadeva, saM. pro. mahendra kumAra jaina, kundakundAcArya .saM. kailAzacandra zAstrI kundakundAcArya, anu. agarase vAcaka umAsvAti - sthAnakavAsI jaina kAnpharensa, bambaI zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAja.) zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAja.) prakAzaka zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, AgAsa sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI zrI jaina divAkara sAhityapITha, indaura bhAratIya jJAnapITha, lodI roDa, naI dillI dehalI se prakAzita bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, naIdillI ajitAzrama lakhanaU paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, mumbaI For Personal & Private Use Only 331 1938 1991 1991 san 1978 2007 1987 1998 1963 1950

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332 10. prazamarati prakaraNa anu. bhadraguptavijayajI (bhAga 1-2) 11. pravacanasAra 12. bhagavatI ArAdhanA 13. mokkhapAhuDa 14. mlAcAra 15. samayasAra 16. sarvArthasiddhi 17. jJAnArNava 1. 2. 3. 4. aruNakumAra siMha amara muni kundakundAcArya zivakoTyAcArya lekhaka / sampAdaka aruNakumAra siMha AzISakumAra siMha aruNakumAra siMha kundakundAcArya A. vaTTakerasvAmI kundakundAcArya pUjyapAda devanandI, saM. phUlacandra zAstrI AcArya zubhacandra zrI vizvakalyANa prakAzana TrasTa, mahesANAM, (gu.) jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, bambaI sakhArAma nemicanda digambara jaina granthamAlA, dehalI se prakAzita bhAratavarSIya anekAMta vidvat pariSada ahiMsA prakAzana maMdira, dariyAgaMja, dehalI sUktitriveNI bhAratIya jJAnapITha, lodI roDa, naIdillI zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, zrImad rAjacandra jaina zAstramAlA, agAsa grantha kA nAma prakAzaka Adhunika sAmAnya manovijJAna motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI uccatara sAmAnya manovijJAna vyaktitva kA manovijJAna motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA For Personal & Private Use Only vi.saM. 2042 1935 I. 1935 1996 1951 1999 1995 san 2008 1997 2000 1988

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 333 5. AtmArAmajI ma.sA. jaina yoga sAdhanA jaina sthAnaka, ludhiyAnA | ema.ke. guptA mana ko niyaMtrita kara tanAvamukta kaise raheM ? Atmazuddhi 7. | kezarasUrijI 8. | kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA 2005 duHkharahita sukha prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura prekSAdhyAna : (Asana-prANAyAma) | jaina vizvamAratI, lADanUM (rAja.) | muni kizanalAla 2003 10. | muni kizanalAla prekSA : eka paricaya 1995 jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAja.) 11. pro. giradhArIlAla zrIvAstava | zikSA manovijJAna nyU bilDiMgsa, amInAbAda, lakhanaU ___1972 12. | gopInAtha agravAla 1990 zAkAhAra yA mAMsAhAra : phaisalA ApakA sanyama bAbA cairiTIbala TrasTa, naIdillI 13. | zrI candraprabhajI ma.sA. ApakI saphalatA Apake hAtha | zrI jitayazA phAuMDezana, jayapura kaise pAeM mana kI zAMti zrI jitayazA phAuMDezana, jayapura 14. | zrI candraprathajI ma.sA. .| 15. 1 zrI candrapramajI ma.sA. | sakArAtmaka socie, saphalatA | zrI jitayazA phAuMDezana, | 2006 pAie jayapura | jinamadragaNi kSamAzramaNa - vizeSAvazyaka bhASya banArasa vI.saM. 2441 dhyAnazataka 2006 | jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa || oMdevendrasUri prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura . zrI AtmAnaMda jaina pustaka pracAraka maNDala karmagraMtha (bhAga 1-7) vI.sa. 2444 19. | devendra muni karma-vijJAna zrI tArakaguruM jaina 1993 For Personal & Private Use Only

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334 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 29. 30. DaoN. dvArakAprasAda 31. sAdhvI priyalatAjI paM. banArasIdAsajI A. bhagavAn deva bhagavAnadAsa kelA A. mahAprajJa 28. A. mahAprajJa A. mahAprajJa A. mahAprajJa A. mahAprajJa A. mahAprajJa A. mahAprajJa yoga: eka varadAna trividha AtmA kI avadhAraNA samayasAra nATaka yoga dvArA roga nivAraNa jIvanadharma : ahiMsA avacetana mana se samparka anekAMta hai tIsarA netra cetanA kA UrdhvArohaNa citta aura mana jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti graMthAlaya, zAstrI sarkila, udayapura prekSAdhyAna : AdhAra va svarUpa subodha pablikezansa, 2/3, bI, aMsArI roDa, naI dillI satsAhitya prakAzana evaM pracAra vibhAga, zrI kundakunda kahAna digambara jaina tIrtha surakSA TrasTa, jayapura DAyamaNDa paoNkeTa buksa, 27/5, dariyAgaMja, dillI jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAja.) yuvAcArya mahAprajJa sAhitya prakAzana koza, mitra pariSad, kalakattA Adarza sAhitya saMgha, curU (rAja.) jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAja.) jIvana vijJAna aura jaina vidyA jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM prAyogika (rAja.) jaina yoga Adarza sAhitya saMgha, curU (rAja.) jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM For Personal & Private Use Only 1987 1988 1984 1985 1999 1999 1999 1985

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 335 (rAja.) 32. | A. mahAprajJa prekSAdhyAna yoga-paddhati 2004 jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAja.) | 33. | A. mahAprajJa prekSAdhyAna : zarIraprekSA jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAja.) | 1997 | a.. A. mahAprajJa prekSAdhyAna : caitanyakendraprekSA 1985 | jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAja.) 35. | A. mahAprajJa 1986 prekSAdhyAna : Agama aura Agamottara strota | 36. | A. mahAprajJa prekSAdhyAna : lezyAdhyAna jaina vizvamAratI, lADanUM | (rAja.) jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM - - 1997 (rAja.) | jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAja.) 37. | A. mahAprajJa mahAvIra kA svAsthyazAstra | A. mahAprajJa mahAvIra kA arthazAstra | jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAja.) 39. | o. mahAprajJa | vizvazAMti aura ahiMsA ___ 1995 jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAja.) | 40. | zrI malliSeNasUripraNItA syAdvamaMjarI zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa -41. . jJAnasAra yazovijayajI, vivecana bhadragupta vijayajI vizvakalyANa prakAzana TrasTa bhavana, mahesANA vi.saM. 2042 yazovijayajI jJAnasAra -1995 prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura . 4 adhyAtmasAra 43. | yazovijayajI, anu. DaoN. prItidarzanAzrIjI prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura | ___2006 | prAjiMdarasiMha Atmazakti ajJAta For Personal & Private Use Only

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336 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti | 45. | zrImad rAjendrasUrijI 1986 abhidhAna rAjendra koSa (bhAga-1) zrI abhidhAna rAjendra koza prakAzana saMsthA, ahamadAbAda 46. . | zrI lalitaprabhasAgara 2006 | ciMtA, krodha aura tanAvamukti | pustaka mahala, dillI ke sarala upAya AtmajJAna aura vijJAna sarvasevA samiti, vArANasI / prathama saMska. 47. | vinobA bhAve 48. | sAdhvI vinItaprajJAjI uttarAdhyayanasUtra - dArzanika anuzIlana evaM vartamAna pariprekSya meM usakA mahattva | zrI candraprabha mahArAja junA | 2002 jaina maMdira TrasTa 1992 49. | vIrasena AcArya, saM. phUlacaMdra | dhavalA siddhAMtazAstrI jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka | saMgha, solApura 50. | vAmana zivarAma ApTe | saMskRta hindI koza | motIlAla banArasIdAsa, vArANasI | 51. | hemacandrAcArya yogazAstra prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura (rAja.) 52. | haribhadrasUrijI, saM. chaganalAla | jaina yoga graMtha zAstrI muni zrI hajArIlAla smRti | 1982 prakAzana, pIpaliyA bAjAra, vyAvara 53. | hemaprajJAzrIjI 1999 kaSAya : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana | zrI vicakSaNa prakAzana, indaura 54. | DaoN. sAgaramala jaina jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, / 1982 AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka | jayapura (rAja.) adhyayana 55. | DaoN. sAgaramala jaina adhyAtma aura vijJAna | prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura | 2010 | 56. / DaoN. sAgaramala jaina 1999 anekAMtavAda, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI : siddhAMta aura pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 337 vyavahAra 57. / DaoN. sAgaramala jaina | jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna | pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 58. | DaoN. sAgaramala jaina | dharma kA marma prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura | 2010 (ma.pra.) 59. | DaoN. sAgaramala jaina | ahiMsA kI prAsaMgikatA | prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.) 60. | svAmI kArtikeya, saM. e.ena. | kArtikeyAnuprekSA upAdhye rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, agAsa 1960 61. | A. siddhasena divAkara | sanmati tarka-prakaraNa gujarAta purAtatva mandira, / vi.saM. ahamadAbAda 1980 datta pustaka bhaNDAra, paTanA | 1961 | satIzacandra caTTopAdhyAya evaM | bhAratIyadarzana (dattA) dhIrendra mohana . mu. DaoN. zAMtA jaina lezyA aura manovijJAna | jaina vizvamAratI, lADanUM | 1996 | Carson, Butcher,. . Mineka . . Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life 2005 PearsonEducation | pvt. ltd. India Branch, Delhi Stress Management London Edward A. . . Charlesworth and Roland g. Nathan Gates and other Educational Psychology Pearson Education pvt. ltd. Indian Branch, Delhi 67. | Lazarus, Folkman Internal and External determination of behaviour 68. | Robert SFeldmen Understanding Psychology Tata Mc. Graw Hill | 2005 Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi For Personal & Private Use Only

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. 338 jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 69. | Dr. Sagarmal Jain Peace, Religious, Parshwanath Harmony and solution | Vidyapitha, of world problem form | Varanasi (U.P.) Jain Perspective bauddha-paramparA ke tripiTaka granthoM kI sUcI - kra grantha kA nAma | saMpAdaka/anuvAdaka prakAzana . sana abhidhammatthasaMgaho | AcArya anurUddha / anu bhadanta AnaMda kausalyAyana | buddha vihAra, lakhanaU 1960 2 | aMguttaranikAya | anu, bhadanta AnaMda kausalyAyana mahAbodhi sabhA, kalakattA .... .1963 dhammapada anu. rAhula jI buddha vihAra, lakhanaU vaidika-paramparA ke granthoM kI sUcI - kra | grantha kA nAma ... prakAzana 1. | gItA (zAMkarabhASya) gItA presa, gorakhapura 1953 2 | gItA DablyU.DI.pI. hisa oNksaphorDa | chAndogyopaniSad gItA presa, gorakhapura saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI | brahmabindUpaniSad | 5. | maitrANyupaniSad | yogacUDAmani upaniSad | 7. | yogakuNDalyupaniSad saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI mahAbhArata, anuzAsana parva gItA presa, gorakhapura For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma darzana meM tanAva aura tanAvamukti 339 paravartI AcAryoM evaM lekhakoM kRta sUcI - patra-patrikAe~ - 1. DaoN. sudhA jaina tanAvoM kA kAraNa evaM nivAraNa 2. DaoN. surendra varmA dvandva aura dvandva nivAraNa 3. DaoN. surendra varmA bhAratIya darzana meM tanAva avadhAraNA ke vividha rUpa 4. DaoN. surendra varmA jainadarzana meM zAMti kI avadhAraNA zramaNa, . janavarI-mArca 1997 zramaNa akTUmbara-disambara 96 samatA saurabha, julAI-sitambara 96 tulasIprajJA khaMDa-21, aMka-3 Websites - www.effective time management strategies.com . www.helpguide.org 3. www.msttfromabut.com (Kristi A Dyes MD) www.fatfreekitien.com (Richard S Lazarus) www.stressanswer.com (Rebecca. J. Frey)_ For Personal & Private Use Only

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samarpaNa pa. pU. suprasidva vyAkhyAtrI zrI hemaprabhAzrIjI ma.sA. pa.pU.adhyAtmarasikA zrI maNiprabhAzrIjI ma.sA.. For Personal & Private Use Only

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lekhikA paricaya ke parimala meM..... nAma pitA kA nAma janma-tithi janma sthAna zikSA : : : DaoN. tRpti jaina zrI narendra kumAra jaina 08.03.1979 zAjApura (ma.pra.) bI. kaoNma., ema. kaoNma., ema. e. (jIvana vijJAna), DI.sI.e. neTa (jaina, bauddha aura gAMdhI darzana) pIeca.DI (jaina, dharma-darzana meM tanAva prabandhana) sahAyaka prAdhyApaka (jaina vizvabhAratI. vizvavidyAlaya, lADanUM) jaina, dharma-darzana meM tanAva prabandhana 35, ausavAla serI, zAjApura (ma.pra.) jaina vizva bhAratI vizvavidyAlaya, lADanUM jilA nAgora (rAja.) 341306 kArya kSetra lekhana kArya sthAyI patA vartamAna patA For Personal & Private Use Only Printed at Akrati Offset, UJJAIN Ph. 0734-2561720