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________________ harivaMza kochar3a nuuN maarii guudh sNveed jii
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________________ hindI anusandhAna pariSad dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI, ke anya grantha hindI kAvyAlaMkAra - sUtra zrAcArya vizvezvara saM0 DA0 nagendra 12) AcArya vizvezvara vakroktijIvitam saM0 DA0 nagendra 16) madhyakAlIna hindI kavayitriyA~ DA0 sAvitrI sinhA 8 ) saM0 DA0 sAvitrI sinhA 3) anusandhAna ke svarUpa hindI nATaka udbhava aura vikAsa DA0 dazaratha probhA sUphImata aura hindI-sAhitya DA0 vimalakumAra jaina jainendra bhaura unake upanyAsa 6) 8) raghunAthazaraNa jhAlAnI, ema0 e0 5) bhAratI sAhitya maMdira phavvArA; dillI
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________________ apabhraMza - sAhitya
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________________ anusandhAna pariSad kA AThavAM pranya apabhraMza-sAhitya . (dillI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA pI-eca0 DI0 upAdhi ke lie svIkRta nibandha) pro0 harivaMza kochar3a, ema0 e0 (hindI tathA saMskRta), pI-eca0 DI0 adhyakSa, hindI vibhAga, gavarnamaiNTa kaoNleja, nainItAla hindI anusandhAna pariSad dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI kI ora se bhAratI sAhitya mandira phavvArA - dillI dvArA prakAzita
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________________ esa0 caMda eMDa kaMpanI Asapha alI roDa - naI dillI phavvArA dillI mAI hIrAM geTa - jalaMdhara lAlabAga lakhanaU mUlya 10) gaurIzaMkara zarmA, bhAratI sAhitya maMdira, phavvArA, dillI-6 dvArA prakAzita evaM surendra priMTarsa prAiveTa li0, dillI dvArA mudrit|
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________________ hamArI yojanA 'apabhraza sAhitya' hindI anusandhAna pariSad granthamAlA kA AThavA~ graMtha hai / hindI anusandhAna pariSad hindI vibhAga dillI vizvavidyAlaya kI saMsthA hai. jisakI sthApanA aktUbara san 1952 meM huI thI / pariSad ke mukhyataH do uddezya haiM-hindI vAGmaya viSayaka gaveSaNAtmaka anuzIlana tathA usake phalasvarUpa prApta sAhitya kA prkaashn| ____ aba taka pariSad kI ora se aneka mahattvapUrNa graMthoM kA prakAzana ho cukA hai / prakAzita graMtha do prakAra ke ha--eka to ve jinameM prAcIna kAvyazAstrIya graMthoM kA hindI rUpAntara vistRta AlocanAtmaka bhUmikAoM ke sAtha prastuta kiyA gayA ha; dUsare ve jina para dillI vizvavidyAlaya kI ora se pI-eca. DI. kI upAdhi pradAna kI gaI hai| prathama varga ke antargata prakAzita graMtha haiM-'hindI kAvyAlaMkArasUtra' tathA 'hindI vakroktijIvita' / isa varga kA AgAmI prakAzana vistRta saiddhAntika bhUmikA-yukta 'arastU kA kAvyazAstra' presa meM hai / 'anusandhAna kA svarUpa' pustaka meM anusandhAna ke svarUpa para mAnya AcAryoM ke nibandha saMkalita haiM jo pariSad ke anurodha para likhe gaye the| dvitIya varga ke antargata prakAzita graMtha haiM:-(1) madhyakAlIna hindI kavayitriyA~ (2) hindI nATakaudbhava aura vikAsa (3) sUphImata aura hindI-sAhitya / isI varga kA yaha cauthA prakAzana 'apabhraMza sAhitya' Apake sAmane prastuta hai| pariSad kI prakAzana-yojanA ko kAryAnvita karane meM hameM dillI kI kaI prasiddha prakAzana saMsthAoM se sakriya sahayoga prApta hotA rahA h| una sabhI ke prati hama pariSad kI ora se kRtajJatA-jJApana karate haiN| nagendra adhyakSa, hindI anusandhAna pariSad, dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI-7
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________________ Amukha DA0 harivaMza kochar3a kI zikSA prathama gurukula kAMgar3I ( haridvAra ) meM huI / usake uparAnta inhoMne kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya kI bI0 e0 kI upAdhi sammAnapUrvaka prApta kI / ema0 e0 kI par3hAI ke lie Apa prayAga Ae aura 1935 meM saMskRta viSaya lekara yaha upAdhi bhI Apane prathama zreNI meM lI / usake bAda prayAga, gorakhapura, dillI aura nainItAla meM Apa adhyApana kArya karate rahe haiM Apane hindI meM bhI kaI varSa pahale ema0 e0 kara liyA thA / / DA. kochar3a svabhAva se mRdu, mitabhASI aura vinayazIla haiM / bhAratIya saMskRti ke 'sabheya yuvA' kA Adarza Apa meM ghaTita hotA hai / adhyApaka ko sadA adhyayanazIla honA cAhie isako Apana apana sAmane rakkhA hai / prastuta grantha ko Apane dillI vizvavidyAlaya kI pI-eca0 DI0 upAdhi ke lie nibandha svarUpa likhA thA / Apake parIkSakoM ne isakI prazaMsA kI thI / prasannatA kI bAta hai ki yaha prakAzita ho rahA hai / isa grantha meM apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kA vizada varNana kiyA gayA hai / bhASAsambandhI sAmagrI anyatra bhI sulabha hai para sAhitya-sambandhI sAmagrI aba bhI adhikAMza meM bikharI huI aura duSprApya ha / isa grantha ke par3hane se pAThaka ko mAlUma hogA ki yaha sAhitya bhAratIya paramparA kI eka aisI kar3I hai jisako pakar3e binA vartamAna Arya bhASAoM kA sAhitya ThIka svarUpa meM nahIM samajhA jA sakatA / isake atirikta isa sAhitya meM ucca varga kA utanA citraNa nahIM hai jitanA madhyama zreNI ke logoM kA / eka prakAra se yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki yaha apane samaya ke samAja kA saccA citra ha / isa kAraNa isakA vivecana upAdeya thA / lekhaka ne Avazyaka pariziSTa dekara isako aura bhI upayogI banA diyA hai / vizvAsa hai ki vidvatsamAja isa grantha-ratna kA Adara karegA / zubhaM bhUyAt / bAbUrAma saksenA adhyakSa saMskRta-vibhAga prayAga vizvavidyAlava
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________________ prAkkathana saMskRta sAhitya ke adhyayana ke sAtha-sAtha videzI vidvAnoM meM prAkRta sAhitya ke adhyayana kA bhI pracalana huA / isI ke pariNAmasvarUpa vidvAnoM kA dhyAna apabhraMza sAhitya kI ora AkRSTa huaa| vastutaH isa sAhitya kA zrIgaNaza pizela aura yAkobI jaise vidvAnoM se hI huaa| bhASA-vijJAna tathA sAhitya ke adhyayana ke kSetra meM apabhraMza kA praveza 19vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se pUrva na ho skaa| ricarDas pizela ne hemacandra ke zabdAnazAsana aura anya vaiyAkaraNoM ke prAkRta granthoM ke adhyayana ke anantara 'ameTika Deyara prAkRta sprAkhana' nAmaka grantha san 1900 meM prakAzita kraayaa| isake thor3e samaya bAda hI pizala ne usa samaya taka upalabdha sampUrNa apabhraMza sAmagrI ko ekatra kara 'meTirielina tsura keMTanisa Desa apabhraMza' nAmaka grantha san 1902 meM valina se prakAzita kraayaa| pizala ke samAna heramana yAkobI ne bhI aneka prAkRta kathAoM kA saMgraha aura aneka prAkRta granthoM kA sampAdana kara unakA prakAzana kraayaa| uparilikhita vidvAnoM ke prayatnoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa aneka bhAratIya aura anya videzI vidvAnoM kA dhyAna bhI apabhraMza kI ora AkRSTa huaa| pro. pizela ke vyAkaraNa grantha ke vidvAnoM ke samakSa Ane para anya vyAkaraNa granthoM kA sampAdana bhI Arambha huA / zrI candra mohana ghoSa ne san 1902 meM 'prAkRta paiMgalam' aura devakaraNa mUlacanda ne san 1912 meM hemacandra ke 'chando'nuzAsana' kA sampAdana kiyA / ina granthoM ke prakAza meM Ane para anya apabhraMza granthoM kI khoja aura sampAdana bhI Arambha huaa| mahAmahopAdhyAya hara prasAda zAstrI ne 1916 I0 meM baMgIya sAhitya pariSad kalakattA se 'bauddhagAna o dohA' nAma se bauddha siddhoM ke apabhraMza dohoM aura gAnoM kA baMgalA akSaroM meM prakAzana karAyA / san 1918 meM DA0 yAkobI ne dhanapAla kI bhavisayatta kahA' kA myUnikha 'jarmanI' se prakAzana kraayaa| bhUmikA aura anuvAda jarmana bhASA meM haiM / san 1921 meM isI vidvAn ne haribhadra sUri ke neminAtha caritra ke eka aMza sanatkumAra carita ko, jo apabhraMza bhASA meM hai, muMzena 'jarmanI' se prakAzita kiyaa| isakI bhI bhUmikA, anuvAda aura TippaNI jarmana bhASA meM hai| donoM granthoM kI bhUmikA bar3I hI vidvattApUrNa aura upAdeya ha / san 1914 ma bar3audA ke mahArAja sara sayAjI gAyakavAr3a ke Adeza se zrI cimanalAla DAhyAbhAI dalAla ne pATaNa (pattana) ke jaina graMtha bhaMDAra kI pustakoM kI chAnabIna karake kucha apabhraMza graMthoM kA patA lgaayaa| zrI dalAla ne jaina bhaMDAroM meM hastalikhita apabhraMza graMthoM kI khoja se prApta hastalikhita pratiyoM ke AdhAra para 'bhavisayata kahA' kA eka dUsarA saMskaraNa prakAzita karanA prArambha bhI kiyA kintu bIca meM hI unake svargavAsa ho jAne para DA0 pAMDuraMga dAmodara guNe ne use san 1923 meM pUrA kara prakAzita kiyaa| isa graMtha kI bhUmikA atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| bhUmikA meM
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________________ 10 apabhraMza-sAhitya lekhaka ne apabhraMza - sAhitya, apabhraMza sAhitya kA itihAsa, apabhraMza kAla, vyAkaraNa, chanda evaM usakA AbhIra - jAti se sambandhAdi viSayoM para bhI prakAza DAlA / isa vidvattApUrNa bhUmikA dvArA DA0 guNe ne apabhraMza ke bhAvI vidvAnoM ke lie apabhraMza ke adhyayana kA mArga suprazasta kara diyA / isake bAda ilAhAbAda yUnivarsiTI ke tatkAlIna risarca skAlara zrI hIrAlAla jana ne ilAhAbAda yUnivarsiTI sTaDIz2a bhAga 1, san 1925 meM 'apabhraMza liTarecara' nAmaka lekha dvArA aneka apabhraMza granthoM kI sUcanA dI / san 1926 meM rA0 ba0 hIrAlAla ne 'kaTaloga Apha saMskRta eMDa prAkRta mainaskripTsa di sI. pI. eMDa barAra, nAgapura se prakAzita karavAyA jisase kucha aura apabhraMza grantha aura unake kavi prakAza meM Aye / san 1927 meM zrI ela0 bI0 gAMdhI ne 'apabhraMza kAvyatrayI' tathA 'prAcIna garjara kAvya-saMgraha' kA sampAdana kara prakAzana karavAyA / isa se katipaya anya apabhraMza kavi aura unakI racanAoM kA paricaya milA / san 1928 meM DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya ne 'hemacandra prAkRta vyAkaraNa' kA sampAdana kiyA, jisase apabhraMza ke adhyayana meM aura sahAyatA milI / isa samaya taka bhAratIya vidvAnoM kA dhyAna apabhraMza kI tarapha AkRSTa ho cakA thaa| DA0 bAbUrAma saksenA na vidyApati kI 'kIrtilatA' kA sampAdana kara nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA kAzI se san 1929 meM use prakAzita karAyA / DA0 hIrAlAla jana ne 'sAvayadhamma dohA' (san 1932), 'pAhuDa dohA' (san 1933), 'NAya kumAra cariu' (1933), 'karakaMDa cariu (1934) Adi graMthoM kA sampAdana kara prakAzana karAyA / DA0 parazarAma vaidya ne puSpadanta ke 'jasahara cariu' kA (san 1931) meM aura 'mahApurANa' ke tIna bhAgoM kA ( san 1937, 1940 aura 1941 meM) sampAdana kiyA / DA0 A0 ne0 upAdhye ne san 1937 meM 'paramAtma prakAza' aura 'yogasAra' kA prakAzana karAyA / mahAmahopAdhyAya hara prasAda zAstrI ke bAda DA0 zahIdullA ne perisa se san 1928 meM aura DA0 prabodhacandra bAgacI na san 1938 meM kalakattA se kucha siddhoM ke dohe aura gAna prakAzita karAye / zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne siddhoM kI racanAoM ke viSaya meM tibbatI granthoM ke AdhAra para, pahale gaMgA purAtatvAMka dvArA aura pIche se purAtatva nibandhAvalI (san 1937) meM 'hindI ke prAcInatama kavi' nAmaka lekha dvArA vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA / uparinirdiSTa vidvAnoM ke atirikta luDaviga AlsaDarpha, zrI muni jina vijaya, zrI bhAyANI' DA0 hari dAmodara velaNakara prabhRti vidvAn aba bhI apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ke adhyayana meM saMlagna hai aura aneka vidvAnoM ke lekha samaya-samaya para aneka patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita hote rahate haiM / san 1950 meM zrI kastUracanda kAsalIvAla ne jayapura se Amera zAstra bhaMDAra ke aneka hastalikhita saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza graMthoM kI prazastiyoM kA saMgraha prakAzita kiyA / isase aneka apabhraMza kaviyoM aura unake graMthoM para prakAza par3A / apabhraMza kI ora vidvAnoM kA dhyAna sarvaprathama bhASA vijJAna ke kAraNa gayA / tadanaMtara
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________________ prAkkathana vidvAn isake sAhitya kI ora bhI AkRSTa hue| zrI candradhara zarmA gulerI ne nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA navIna saMskaraNa bhAga 2 meM kaI varSa pUrva 'purAnI hindI' nAma kA eka prabandha likhA thaa| isame unhoMne prAcIna bhAratIya Arya-bhASAoM ke pravAha-krama meM apabhraMza kA mahattva dikhAyA / AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne apane hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM apabhraMza yA prAkRtAbhAsa hindI ke nAma se kucha kaviyoM aura graMthoM kA nirdeza kiyaa| zrI hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne san 1940 meM apanI 'hindI sAhitya kI bhUmikA' nAmaka pustaka meM bhAratIya bhASA, sAhitya aura vicAradhArA ke pUrvApara vikAsa meM apabhraMza ke mahattva kI ora nirdeza kiyaa| apabhraMza kA itanA mahattva hote hue bhI abhI taka koI isa sAhitya kA vikAsAtmaka graMtha yA itihAsa prakAzita na ho sakA / paM0 nAthUrAma premI ne 'jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa' san 1942 meM prakAzita karAyA thaa| usameM aneka saMskRta, prAkRta-apabhraMza ke jaina lekhakoM kA paricaya milatA hai| zrI rAhula jI ne san 1945 meM prayAga se 'hindI kAvya-dhArA' kA prakAzana karavAkara aneka apabhraMza kaviyoM kI racanAoM kA saMgraha prastuta kiyA / san 1947 meM zrI kAmatAprasAda jaina ne 'hindI jana sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa' likhA / isameM lekhaka ne apabhraMza kAla se lekara 19 vIM sadI taka jaina dharmAnuyAyI vidvAnoM kI hindI sAhitya sambandhI racanAoM kA saMkSipta paricaya diyA hai| san 1951 meM DA0 rAmasiMha tomara ne 'prAkRta-apabhraMza-sAhitya aura usakA hindI para prabhAva' nAmaka nibandha likhA / yaha nibandha atIva parizrama aura yogyatA se likhA gayA hai kintu abhI taka aprakAzita haiM / san 1952 me bihAra-rASTrabhASA pariSad ke tattvAvadhAna meM DA0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne apane mahattvapUrNa bhASaNoM meM apabhraMzakAla ke kaviyoM para yatheSTa prakAza ddaalaa| yadyapi aneka vidvAnoM ne apabhraMza-sAhitya ke adhyayana ko atyanta Avazyaka batAyA hai tathApi abhI taka etadviSayaka koI graMtha prApya nahIM / hindI hI nahIM apitu anya prAMtIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa ke lie bhI apabhraMza sAhitya kA jJAna atIva Avazyaka hai| apabhraMza ke isa mahattva ko samajhate hue aura etadviSayaka graMtha ke abhAva kA anubhava karate hue maiMne isa viSaya para kucha likhane kA prayAsa kiyA h| ___ isa nibandha meM apabhraMza-sAhitya kA adhyayana vizeSataH sAhityika dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai / adyAvadhi prakAza meM Ae hue apabhraMza-sAhitya ke aneka graMthoM kA cAhe sAhityika dRSTi se koI mahattva na ho kintu bhASA-vikAsa kI dRSTi se inakI upAdeyatA koI asvIkAra nahIM kara sktaa| apabhraMza-sAhitya kA mahAkAvya, khaMDakAvya aura muktaka kAvyoM kI dRSTi se vargIkaraNa karate hue saMkSepa meM usakI saMskRta aura prAkRta se tulanA karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra apabhraMza ne kauna sI pravRttiyA~ prAcIna paramparA se prApta kI aura kauna sI svataMtra rUpa se svayaM vikasita kI, isako samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM apabhraMza kI kina pravRttiyoM ne hindI-sAhitya ko prabhAvita kiyA isakI ora bhI saMkSepa meM nirdeza kiyA gayA hai|
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya apabhraMza ke aneka graMtha prakAzita ho cuke haiM; anaka abhI taka hastalikhita pratiyoM ke rUpa meM aprakAzita par3a haiN| kitane hI graMtha jaina bhaNDAroM meM abhI taka lupta par3e haiN| isa sAre sAhitya kA gaMbhIra aura vivecanAtmaka adhyayana adyAvadhi saMbhava nahIM / isa nibandha meM apabhraMza ke prakAzita tathA aprakAzita mUla graMthoM kA vivecanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai / sAtha hI prakAzita aura aprakAzita prApya apabhraMza-graMthoM kA sAhityika dRSTi se vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA ha / isa sAmagrI ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para nimnalikhita pariNAmoM kI ora saMketa milatA hai - 1. saMskRta aura prAkRta kAvyoM kA varNanIya viSaya sAmAnyataH rAma kathA, kRSNa kathA, prAcIna upAkhyAna, dhArmika mahApuruSa, prasiddha rAjA Adi se saMbaddha koI viSaya hotA thA, parantu apabhraMza meM ina sabake sAtha-sAtha sAmAnyavarga ke puruSoM ko bhI kAvya meM nAyaka banAyA gyaa| isake atirikta apabhraMza-sAhitya meM jana-dharma sambandhI kathAnakoM kA varNana vipula mAtrA meM pAyA jAtA h| . 2. prabandha kAvyoM meM carita nAyaka ke varNana ke sAtha-sAtha jina anya dRzyoM ke varNana kI paramparA abhI taka calI A rahI thI unako mAnava-jIvana ke dRSTikoNa se dekhane kA prayatna apabhraMza kAvyoM se huA / yadyapi prAkRta meM hI isa pravRtti ke bIja vidyamAna tha kintu usakA vikAsa apabhraMza sAhitya meM hI huaa| 3. apabhraMza ke adhikAMza kAvyoM meM zRMgAra aura vIrarasa se paripoSita nirvedabhAva yA zAnta rasa kI hI pradhAnatA hai| 4. apabhraMza sAhitya meM tIna dhArAe~ bahatI huI pratIta hotI haiM--prathama rUr3hivAdI kavi jinakI saMkhyA alpa ha, dvitIya krAMtivAdI-jo bahusaMkhyaka ha aura tRtIya mizrita--jinakI saMkhyA rUr3hivAdiyoM se kucha adhika hai| 5. laukika jIvana aura grAmya jIvana se saMbaddha varNanoM kA prabhAva apabhraMza kI muktaka kAvya zailI meM adhika spaSTa pratIta hotA hai| 6. prAkRtika dRzyoM ke varNana meM yA alaMkAra-vidhAna meM laukika jIvana se saMbaddha upamAnoM kA prayoga apabhraMza kaviyoM kI vizeSatA thii| 7. apabhraMza meM aneka naye chandoM kA prAdurbhAva huA jinakA saMskRta meM abhAva hai 8. chandoM ke samAna navIna alaMkAroM ko bhI apabhraMza na janma diyaa| apabhraMza viSayaka alaMkAra graMthoM ke abhAva se yadyapi una alaMkAroM kA nAmakaraNa bhI na ho sakA tathApi isa prakAra ke kucha alaMkAroM kA prayoga hindI meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| 9. hindI chandoM meM mAtrika chandoM kI adhikatA aura unameM antyAnuprAsa kA prayoga apabhraza se hI aayaa| hindI ke anaka mAtrika chanda apabhraMza se hI vikasita hue| 10. hindI ke bhinna-bhinna kAvya-rUpoM, kAvya-paddhatiyoM aura kAvya-zailiyoM ko apabhraMza ne prabhAvita kiyaa| 11. hindI kaviyoM kI vicAradhArA para bhI apabhraMza kaviyoM kA prabhAva pdd'aa| 12. bharata khaMDa meM cirakAla se bhAratIya sAhitya kI dhArA avicchinna gati se
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________________ prAkkathana 13 pravAhita hotI calI A rahI hai| vaha dhArA saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke anantara Aja hindI-sAhitya ke rUpa meM hameM dikhAI detI hai| apabhraMza graMthoM ke adhyayana ke lie mujhe bhAratIya vidyA bhavana bambaI, bambaI myUz2iyama, Amera zAstra bhaMDAra, zrI vIra sevA maMdira sarasAvA tathA anya jaina bhaMDAroM meM jAne kA avasara milaa| ina sthAnoM ke saMcAlakoM ne jisa saujanya kA paricaya diyA usake lie maiM unakA sadA kRtajJa rahU~gA / maiM zrI kastUracanda kAsalIvAla, zrI paramAnanda jaina aura zrI pannAlAla jaina agravAla kA vizeSa rUpa se anugrahIta hU~ jinhoMne samaya-samaya para hastalikhita graMthoM ko juTAne kA prayatna kiyaa| saubhAgya se dillI vizvavidyAlaya ke hindI-saMskRta-vibhAga ke adhyakSa, mahAmahopAdhyAya DA. lakSmIdhara zAstrI ke nirIkSaNa meM dIrghakAla taka isa viSaya para nirantara kArya karane kA mujhe avasara prApta huaa| unakI sahAyatA, satata preraNA aura satparAmarzoM ke phalasvarUpa hI yaha nibandha prastuta ho sakA / unakA AzIrvAda aura varada hasta mujha para sadA hI banA rahA kintu jisa parizrama aura lagana se isa kArya meM unakA sahayoga milA hai usake lie maiM unakA sadA kRtajJa aura RNI rhuuNgaa| __ jo nibandha dillI vizvavidyAlaya kI pI-eca0 DI0 kI upAdhi ke lie prastuta kiyA gayA thA usI ko yatra-tatra saMzodhita kara aba prakAzita karAyA jA rahA hai| isa avadhi meM jo bhI hastalikhita graMtha evaM navIna sAmagrI upalabdha ho sakI hai, usakA bhI yathAsthAna upayoga kiyA gayA hai| etadartha jina vidvAnoM kA sahayoga prApta huA hai jina lekhakoM aura graMthakAroM ke lekhoM evaM graMthoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai una saba kA maiM hRdaya se AbhArI huuN| __ maiM zraddheya guruvara DA0 bAbUrAma saksenA kA parama anugrahIta hU~ jinhoMne atyanta kAryavyasta rahate hue bhI isa graMtha kA Amukha likhane kI kRpA kii| DAkTara sAhaba na graMtha ko AdyopAnta par3hakara jo sujhAva diye unake anusAra mUla nibandha meM parivartana aura parivardhana kiyA gayA hai| AcArya candrabalI pAMDe na bhI apanA bahumUlya samaya nikAlakara jo satparAmarza dene kI kRpA kI usake lie maiM unakA hArdika AbhAra svIkAra karatA huuN| - yaha graMtha dillI vizvavidyAlaya kI hindI-anusaMdhAna pariSad ke tattvAvadhAna meM prakAzita ho rahA hai, ataH maiM pariSad ke adhyakSa DA0 nagendra kA atyanta AbhArI huuN| isa ke prakAzaka na bar3e prayAsa ke sAtha isa graMtha kI rUparekhA ko AkarSaka banAyA hai ataH maiM unheM bhI dhanyavAda denA apanA karttavya samajhatA huuN| apabhraMza-bhASA se aparicita hone ke kAraNa prUpharIDaroM ke yathAsaMbhava prayatna karane para bhI graMtha meM yatra-tatra azuddhiyA~ raha gaI haiN| isake lie maiM pAThakoM se kSamA cAhatA huuN| janmASTamI, saMvat 2013 vikramI harivaMza kochar3a
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________________ viSaya-sUcI Amukha pRSTha saMkhyA prAkkathana prathama bhAga (apabhraMza-bhASA) pahalA adhyAya apabhraMza-viSayaka nirdeza dUsarA adhyAya apabhraMza-bhASA kA vikAsa tIsarA adhyAya apabhraMza aura hindI-bhASA 18- 24 cauthA adhyAya apabhraMza-sAhitya kI pRSThabhUmi 5-33 dvitIya bhAga (apabhraMza-sAhitya) pAMcavAM adhyAya apabhraMza-sAhitya kA saMkSipta paricaya 34- 48 chaThA adhyAya apabhraMza mahAkAvya 49-128 sAtavAM adhyAya apabhraMza khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 129-246 AThavAM adhyAya apabhraMza khaMDakAvya (laukika) 247-265 navA adhyAya apabhraMza muktaka kAvya (1) (jainadharma) 266-299 dasavAM adhyAya apabhraMza muktaka kAvya (2) (bauddhadharma) 300-318. myArahavAM adhyAya apabhraMza muktaka kAvya (3) 319-333 (viviSa-sAhityika ) bArahavAM adhyAya apabhraMza rUpaka-kAvya 334 - 339 terahavAM adhyAya apabhraMza kathA-sAhitya 340 - 360 caudahavAM adhyAya apabhraMza sphuTa-sAhitya 361-375 paMdrahavAM adhyAya apabhraMza gadya 376 - 381 solahavAM adhyAya eka tulanAtmaka vivecana 382-386 satrahavAM adhyAya apabhraMza-sAhitya kA hindI para prabhAva 387-408 pariziSTa (1) granthakAra, grantha, racanAkAla tathA viSaya 409-413 pariziSTa (2) katipaya prasiddha sUktiyA~, lokoktiyA~ tathA vAgdhArAyeM 414 - 418 pariziSTa (3) saMbhava jiNaNAha cariu 419 - 420 anukramANikA 421-429 sahAyaka granthoM kI sUcI 430-435
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________________ * zro3m * pahalA adhyAya apabhraMza viSayaka nirdeza apabhraMza zabda kA sarvaprathama ullekha hameM pataMjali ( I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI ) se kucha zatAbdI pUrva milatA hai / 'vAkyapadIyam' ke racayitA bhartRhari ne mahAbhASyakAra ke pUrvavartI ' saMgrahakAra' vyADi nAmaka AcArya ke mata kA ullekha karate hue apabhraMza zabda kA nirdeza kiyA hai' / apabhraMza zabda kA ullekha pataMjali ke mahAbhASya meM bhI milatA hai ekasyaiva zabdasya bahavo'pabhraMzAH / tad yathA gaurityasya gAvI, goraNI, gotA, gopotAliketyevamAdayo'pabhraMzAH / ma. bhA. 1.1.1. ina zabdoM meM se aneka zabda bhinna-bhinna prAkRtoM meM milate haiM / prAkRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNakAra caMDa aura hemacandra ne apane-apane vyAkaraNoM meM ukta rUpoM meM se kucha prAkRta ke sAmAnya rUpa svIkAra kiye haiM / jaise - "gorgAviH", caMDa- prAkRta lakSaraNa 2.16 "goraNAdayaH goH, goraNI, gAvI, gAvaH, gAvIno", hemacandra - prAkRta vyAkaraNa, 8. 2. 174 isase pratIta hotA hai ki pataMjali aura unake pUrva ke AcArya una saba zabdoM ko apabhraMza samajhate the, jo ziSTa-saMmata saMskRta bhASA se vikRta yA bhraSTa hote the / bharata apane nATya-zAstra meM saMskRta ke anantara prAkRta pAThya kA nirdeza karate hue kahate haiM- 1. " zabda saMskAra hIno yo gauriti prayuyukSite / tamapabhraMzamicchanti viziSTArthaM nivezinam // vArtika -- zabdaprakRtirapabhraMzaH iti saMgrahakAro nAprakRtirapabhraMzaH svataMtraH kazcidvidyate / sarvasyaiva hi sAdhurevApabhraMzasya prakRtiH / prasiddhestu rUDhitAmApAdyamAnA svAtantryameva kecidapabhraMzA labhante / tatra gauriti prayoktavye azaktyA pramAdibhirvA gAmyAdayastatprakRtayopabhraMzAH prayujyante / " bhartRhari - vAkyapadIyam, prathamakANDa, kArikA 148, lAhaura saMskaraNa saM0/ paM0 cArudeva zAstrI nAmavarasiMha - hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, sAhitya bhavana limiTeDa, ilAhAbAda, 1952 I0 pU0 2-3 se uddhRta |
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya etadeva viparyastaM sNskaargurnnjitm| vijJeyaM prAkRtaM pAThyaM nAnAvasthAntarAtmakam // trividhaM tacca vijJeyaM nATyayoge smaastH| samAna zabdaM vibhraSTaM dezIgatamathApi ca // nATya0 17. 2-3 arthAt prAkRta tIna prakAra kI hotI hai-(1) jisameM saMskRta ke samAna zabdoM kA prayoga ho, (2) saMskRta se vikRta zabdoM kA prayoga ho, aura (3) jisameM dezI bhASA ke zabdoM kA prayoga ho / dUsare zabdoM meM prAkRta meM tIna prakAra ke zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai-tatsama, vibhraSTa yA tadbhava aura dezI / evaM jise pataMjali ne apabhraMza kahA, bharata ke anusAra vahI vibhraSTa hai| bharata ne nATya-zAstra meM sAta bhASAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai mAgadhyavantijA prAcyA shaursenyrdhmaagdhii| bAlIkA dAkSiNAtyA ca sapta bhASAH prkiirtitaaH|| nATya0 17. 46 ina sAta bhASAoM ke atirikta unhoMne kucha vibhASAoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai zakArAbhIra cAMDAla zabara drmilaandhrjaaH| (zavarAbhIra cAMDAla sacara draviDodrajAH) hInA vanecarANAM ca vibhASA nATake smRtAH // __nATya0 17. 50 Age calakara ina vibhASAoM kA sthAna-nirdeza karate hue bharata ne batAyA hai himavatsindhusauvIrAna ye janAH smupaashritaaH| ukArabahulAM tajjJasteSu bhASAM prayojayet // nATya0 17. 62 uttarakAlIna lekhakoM ne apabhraMza ko ukAra-bahulA mAnA hai, ataH bharata ke uparilikhita nirdeza se spaSTa hotA hai ki unake samaya yadyapi apabhraMza nAma kI koI bhASA vikasita na thI, tathApi bIja rUpa meM vaha himavat (hima-pradeza ), sindhu aura sauvIra meM vartamAna thii| bharata ke bhASA-sambandhI nirdezoM se yahI pratIta hotA hai ki unake samaya saMskRta ke atirikta prAkRta kA pracAra thA / prAkRta ko bhASA kahA jAtA thA aura bhinna-bhinna dezoM ke anusAra use sAta prakAra kI mAnA jAtA thaa| inake atirikta zakArAbhIra Adi kucha vibhASAe~ bhI thiiN| abhinavagupta apanI vivRti meM bhASA aura vibhASA kA bheda spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM "bhASA saMskRtApabhraMzaH, bhASApabhraMzastu vibhASA sA tattaddeza eva gaha varavAsinAM prAkRtavAsinAM ca, etA eva nATye tu|" bharata nATya-zAstra, pR0 376
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________________ apabhraMza-viSayaka nirdeza arthAt saMskRta se vikRta yA apabhraSTa prAkRta kA nAma bhASA aura prAkRta se vikRta bolI vibhASA kahAtI hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki ye vibhASAe~ kabhI sAhityika rUpa se pracalita na thiiN| saMbhavataH deza ke sAtha bhI inakA sambandha prArambha meM na thaa| azikSita vanavAsI Adi hI inakA vyavahAra karate the| bhAmaha (6ThI zatAbdI) apabhraMza ko kAvyopayogI bhASA aura kAvya kA eka vizeSa rUpa mAnate haiM zabdArthoM sahitau kAvyaM gadya padhaM ca tad dvidhA / saMskRtaM . prAkRtaM cAnyadapabhraMza iti tridhA // kAvyAlaMkAra, 1. 16, 28 daMDI (7 vIM zatAbdI) kA vicAra hai AbhIrAdigiraH kAvyeSvapabhraMza iti smRtAH / zAstreSu saMskRtAdanyadapabhraMzatayoditam // kAvyAdarza 1. 36 arthAt bhASAzAstra yA vyAkaraNa meM apabhraMza kA artha hai saMskRta se vikRta rUpa / kAvya meM AbhIrAdi kI boliyA~ apabhraMza kahalAtI haiM / daMDI ne samasta vAGmaya ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai tadetad vAGmayaM bhUyaH saMskRtaM prAkRtaM tathA / apabhraMzazca mizraM cetyAhurAryAzcaturvidham // kAvyA0 1. 32 apabhraMza bhI vAGmaya kA eka bheda hai / inake samaya sAhityika nATakoM meM nimna zreNI ke pAtroM dvArA hI isakA prayoga na hotA thA anyathA vAGmaya ke bhedoM meM apabhraMza kI gaNanA na hotI / daMDI ne apabhraMza meM prayukta hone vAle prosarAdi kucha chandoM yA vibhAgoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai saMskRtaM sargabandhAdi prAkRtaM skandhakAdi yat / prosarAdirapabhraMzo nATakAdi tu mizrakam // kAvyA0 1. 37 uparilikhita uddharaNoM se pratIta hotA hai ki apabhraMza kA AbhIroM ke sAtha saMbaMdha banA huA thA aura isIse apabhraMza 'aAbhIrokti' yA 'AbhIrAdigIH' kahI gaI hai| kintu AbhIrokti hote hue bhI isa samaya apabhraza meM kAvya racanA hone laga gaI thii| valabhI (saurASTra) kA rAjA dharasena dvitIya apane pitA guhasena ke viSaya meM kahatA hai ki vaha saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraza tInoM bhASAoM meM prabandha-racanA meM nipuNa thaa| saMskRtaprAkRtApabhraMzabhASAtrayapratibaddha prabandharacanA nipuNatarAntaHkaraNaH ityAdi / ' valabhI ke dharasena dvitIya kA dAnapatra 1. iMDiyana eMTikverI, bhAga 10, aktU0 1881, pR0 284 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya yadyapi isa zilAlekha kA samaya dAnapatra meM 400 zaka saM0 milatA hai kintu pro0 vyUlara isako jAlI samajhate haiM / ' jAlI hote hue bhI unake vicAra meM yaha dAnapatra zaka saMvat 400 ke sau do sau varSa bAda likhA gayA / 2 unake kathanAnusAra bhI itanA to nizcita hai ki zaka saMvat 600 yA 678 I0 taka apabhraMza meM racanA karanA heya nahIM samajhA jAtA thA / kuvalayamAlA kathA ke lekhaka udyotana sUri ( vi0 saM0 835) apabhraMza ko pradara kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM aura usake kAvya kI prazaMsA bhI karate haiM / 3 navIM zatAbdI meM rudraTa apane kAvyAlaMkAra meM kAvya ko gadya aura padya meM vibhakta karane ke anantara bhASA ke AdhAra para usakA chaH bhAga meM vibhAjana karate haiMbhASAbhedanimitta: SoDhA bhedo'sya saMbhavati / 2. 11 prAkRta saMskRta mAgadha pizAca bhASAzca zaurasenI ca / SaSTho'tra bhUribhedo deza vizeSAdapabhraMzaH // - 2. 12 isa prakAra rudraTa apabhraMza ko anya sAhityika prAkRtoM ke samAna gaurava kA pada dete haiM aura deza-bheda ke kAraNa vividha apabhraMza bhASAoM kA ullekha karate haiM / puSpadanta ( lagabhaga 10 vIM zatAbdI) ne apane mahApurANa meM saMskRta aura prAkRta ke sAtha apabhraMza kA bhI spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai / usa samaya saMskRta aura prAkRta ke sAtha apabhraMza kA jJAna bhI rAjakumAriyoM ko karAyA jAtA thA / 4 prAyaH isI samaya rAjazekhara ne apanI kAvya-mImAMsA meM aneka sthaloM para apabhraMza kA nirdeza kiyA hai / " apane pUrvavartI AlaMkArikoM kI taraha inhoMne bhI saMskRta, prAkRta aura paizAcI ke samAna apabhraMza bhASA ko bhI pRthak sAhityika bhASA svIkAra 1. iMDiyana eMTikverI, bhAga 10, aktUbara 1881, pR0 277 // 2. vahI pR0 282 // 3. tA kiM zravahaMsa hohii ? hU~ / taM pi go jeraga taM sakkayapAya- ubhaya suddhAsuddha pAyasama taraMga raMgata vaggiraM gava pAusa jalaya pavAha pUrapavvAliya giriNai sarisaM sama visamaM paraNaya kuviya piyaparaNairaNI samullAva sarisaM maraNoharaM / lAlacanda bhagavAnadAsa gAndhI - zrapabhraMza kAvyatrayI, gAyakavAr3a sIrIja, saM0 37, bhUmikA pR0 67-68 se uddhRta | 4. savakkau pAyau puraNa avahaMsau vittau uppA u sapasaMsau mahApurANa, 5. 18. 6 / 5. kAvyamImAMsA, gAyakavAr3a oriyaMTala sirIja, saMkhyA 1, baDaudA, 1924 I0 adhyAya 3, pR0 6 para kAvyapuruSa kA varNana, adhyAya 10, pR0 54-55, adhyAya 6, pR0 48 /
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________________ apabhraMza-viSayaka nirdeza 1 kiyA hai / kAvya-puruSa ke zarIra kA varNana karate hue rAjazekhara kahate haiM zabdArthoM te zarIraM, saMskRtaM mukhaM, prAkRtaM bAhuH, jaghanamapabhraMzaH, paizAcaM pAdI, uro mizram // a. 3, pR.6 . rAjazekhara ne saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASAoM ke kSetra kA nirdeza karate hue sakala maru bhUH, Takka aura bhAdAnaka ko apabhraza se milatI-julatI bhASA kA prayoga karane vAlA kSetra ghoSita kiyA hai| ' eka dUsare sthala para surASTra aura pravaNa ko apabhraMza bhASAbhASI kahA hai / nami sAdhu ( 1066 I0 ) kAvyAlaMkAra 2. 12 para TIkA karate hue kAvyAlaMkAra vRtti meM likhate haiM ___ tathA prAkRtamevApabhraMzaH sa cAnyarupanAgarAbhIranAmyAvabhedena tridhoktastannirAsArthamuktaM bhUribheda iti / kuto dezavizeSAt / tasya ca lakSaNaM lokodeva samyagavaseyam / nami sAdhU apabhraza ko eka prakAra se prAkRta hI mAnate haiN| apane pUrvakAlika graMthakAroM ke dvArA nirdiSTa tIna prakAra kI apabhraMza-upanAgara, AbhIra aura grAmyAkA nirdeza karate hue svIkAra karate haiM ki apabhraMza ke isase bhI adhika bheda haiM / inakI dRSTi meM apabhraza ko jAnane kA sarvottama sAdhana loka hI hai, kyoMki usa samaya taka apabhraza loka bhASA ke rUpa meM pracalita ho gaI thii| nami sAdhu ne eka aura sthala para aisA ullekha kiyA haiAbhIrI bhASApabhraMzasthA kathitA kvacinmAgadhyAmapi dRzyate / pR0 15 isase pratIta hotA hai ki apabhraza kA koI rUpa isa kAla meM magadha taka phaila gayA thA aura usI kI koI bolI magadha meM bhI bolI jAne lagI thii| ___ isake anantara mammaTa (11 vIM zatAbdI), vAgbhaTa (1140 I0), viSNudharmottara kA kartA, hemacandra, nATyadarpaNa meM rAmacandra tathA guNacandra (12 vIM zatAbdI) aura kAvyalatA parimala meM amaracandra (1250 I0) saba apabhraMza ko saMskRta aura prAkRta kI koTi kI sAhityika bhASA svIkAra karate haiM / vAgbhaTa apabhraza ko deza bhASA kahate haiMapabhraMzastu yacchuddha tattaddezeSu bhASitam / vAgbhaTAlaMkAra, 2. 3 viSNudharmottara ke kartA kI dRSTi meM dezabhedoM kI anantatA ke kAraNa apabhraMza bhI ananta haiM 1. vahI, adhyAya 10, pR0 51, "sApabhraMza prayogAH sakala marubhuvaSTakkabhAdAna kAzca / " 2. vahI adhyAya 7, pR0 34 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya apabhraSTaM tRtIyaM ca tadanantaM narAdhipa / dezabhASA vizeSeNa tasyAnto neha vidyate // ' viSNu 3. 3. nATya-darpaNa meM apabhraza ko dezabhASA kahA gayA hai / amaracandra SaD bhASAoM meM apabhraMza kI bhI gaNanA karate haiM saMskRtaM prAkRtaM caiva zorasenI ca mAgadhI / paizAcikI cApabhrazaM SaD bhASAH prikiititaaH|| kAvyakalpalatAvRtti pR0 8. apabhraMza zabda kA prayoga yadyapi mahAbhASya se bhI kucha zatAbdI pUrva milatA hai tathApi apabhraMza zabda kA vyavahAra bhASA ke rUpa meM kaba se prayukta hone lagA, nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| bhASA-zAstra ke vidvAnoM ne apabhraza-sAhitya kA prArambha 5.00 yA 600 I0 se mAnA hai / kintu apabhraMza bhASA ke jo lakSaNa vaiyAkaraNoM ne nirdiSTa kiye haiM unake kucha udAharaNa hameM azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM milate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie saMyukta ra aura ukArAnta padoM kA prayoga / isI prakAra dhammapada meM bhI aneka zabdoM meM apabhraMza-rUpa dikhAI dete haiM / lalita vistara aura mahAyAna saMpradAya ke anya bauddha graMthoM kI gAthA saMskRta meM bhI apabhraMza rUpa dRSTigocara hote haiM / prasiddha aitihAsika tArAnAtha ne spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai ki bauddhoM ke sammitIya samudAya ke tripiTaka ke saMskaraNa pAlI, saMskRta aura prAkRta ke atirikta apabhraza meM bhI likhe gye| apabhraMza viSayaka ina bhinna-bhinna nirdezoM se nimnalikhita pariNAma nikalate (ka) prArambha meM apabhraza kA artha thA, ziSTetara yA zabda kA bigar3A huA rUpa aura yaha zabda apANinIya rUpa ke lie prayukta hotA thaa| (kha) bharata ke samaya meM vibhraSTa zabda isI artha meM prayukta hone lagA thaa| usa kAla meM apabhraMza bIja rUpa se vartamAna thI aura isakA prayoga zabara, AbhIra Adi vanavAsiyoM ke dvArA kiyA jAtA thaa| sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM apabhraMza kA prayoga abhI taka Arambha nahIM huA thaa| (ga) chaThI zatAbdI meM apabhraMza zabda vaiyAkaraNoM aura AlaMkArikoM ke graMthoM meM bhI prayukta hone laga gayA thA aura yaha zabda sAhitya kI bhASA kA sUcaka bhI bana gayA thaa| usa samaya taka apabhraMza kA svatantra sAhitya vikasita ho gayA thA aura bhAmaha tathA daMDI jaise AlaMkArikoM kI svIkRti prApta kara cukA thA / itanA hone para bhI apabhraza kA AbhIroM ke sAtha sambandha abhI taka banA huA thaa| (gha) navIM zatAbdI meM apabhraMza kA AbhIra, zabara Adi kI hI bhASA mAnA 1. apabhraMza kAvyatrayI, bhUmikA pR0 66 / 2. nATya darpaNa, bhAga 1, gAyakavAr3a sirIz2a, saMkhyA 48, 1926 I0, bhAga 1, pR. 206 /
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________________ apabhraMza-viSayaka nirdeza jAnA banda ho gayA thaa| yaha sarvasAdhAraNa kI bhASA mAnI jAne lagI thii| isa samaya taka yaha surASTra se lekara magadha taka phaila gaI thii| sthAna-bheda se isameM bhinnatA prA gaI thI kintu kAvya meM AbhIrAdi kI apabhraMza kA hI prayoga hotA thaa| (Ga) gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM prAlaMkArikoM, vaiyAkaraNoM aura sAhityikoM ne svIkAra kiyA ki apabhraMza eka hI bhASA nahIM apitu sthAna-bheda se aneka prakAra kI hai| isa samaya taka apabhraza vyApaka rUpa meM prayukta hone laga gaI thii| isI kA eka rUpa magadha meM bhI pracalita thaa| siddhoM kI racanAoM se isakI puSTi hotI hai|
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________________ dUsarA adhyAya apabhraMza bhASA kA vikAsa 1 AryabhASA kI bhinna-bhinna paramparAoM meM bhASA kA prAcInatama rUpa hameM vaidika bhASA meM milatA hai / vaidika vAGmaya meM Rgveda hI saba se prAcIna graMtha mAnA gayA hai / isameM bhI kucha RcAyeM aisI haiM jinakI bhASA bahuta praur3ha evaM prAMjala hai aura kucha aisI haiM jinakI bhASA apekSAkRta adhika sarala, adhika subodha aura calatI huI hai| jisa vaidika bhASA meM veda upalabdha hote haiM vaha usa samaya ke zikSita aura ziSTa logoM kI bhASA thI / usa kAla meM bhI isa sAhityika bhASA ke atirikta eka yA aneka vibhASAoM aura boliyoM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai|' vaidika bhASA meM eka hI zabda ke aneka rUpoM (jaise gatvA, gatvI, gatvAya ) kA prayoga bhI isI ora saMketa karatA hai / sara jArja griyarsana ne vaidika kAla evaM usase pUrva kI sabhI bolacAla kI bhASAoM-- boliyoM ko prathama prAkRta ( Primary Prakrits ) 2 kA nAma diyA hai / ina prathama prAkRta zreNI kI vibhASAoM kA kAla 2000 I0 pU0 se 600 I0 pU0 taka mAnA gayA hai / isa kAla ko prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla kahA jA sakatA hai / svara evaM vyaMjanAdi ke uccAraNa meM tathA vibhaktiyoM ke prayoga meM ina prathama prAkRta kI vibhASAoM meM samAnatA thI / ye vibhASAe~ saMyogAtmaka aura vibhaktibahula kahI jAtI haiM / vaidikakAlIna vibhASAoM -- boliyoM- - kA dhIre-dhIre vikAsa hone lgaa| AryoM kI bhASA bhArata ke uttara-pazcima pradeza se dhIre-dhIre pUrva kI ora phailI / gautama buddha kI utpatti ke samaya taka yaha bhASA videha ( uttarI bihAra ) aura magadha ( dakSiNI bihAra ) taka phaila gaI thI / isa AryabhASA kA rUpa uttarI bhArata evaM vajIrIstAna tathA pezAvara pradeza, madhyadeza aura pUrvIya bhArata meM buddha ke samaya taka paryApta parivartita ho gayA thA / isa parivartana ke kAraNa bhArata ke ina pradezoM kI bhASA ko kramazaH udIcyA, madhyadezIyA aura prAcyA kahA gayA / 1. maikaDaunala-- hisTrI Apha saMskRta liTrecara, 1928 I0, pR0 24; DA0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI -- iMDo prAryana eMDa hindI, 1642 I0, pR0 47 // 2. griyarsana -- liMgvisTika sarve zrApha iMDiyA, jilda 1, bhAga 1, san 1927, pR0 121 /
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________________ apabhraMza bhASA kA vikAsa udIcyA (arthAt Adhunika pezAvara pradeza aura uttarIya paMjAba kI bhASA) meM adhika parivartana nahIM huA / prAcIna rUr3hi aura AryabhASA kI paraMparA isa deza meM cirakAla taka pracalita rhii| brAhmaNa graMthoM meM isa pradeza kI bhASA kI utkRSTatA aura zuddhatA kI ora nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| tasmAdudIcyAM prajJAtatarA vaagudyte| udaJca u eva yanti vAcaM zikSitum, yo vA tata mAgacchati tasya vA zuzrUSanta iti| zAMkhAyana-kauSItakI 7. 6. prAcyA ke bolane vAle vaidika maryAdA kA, brAhmaNoM kI sAmAjika aura dhArmika vyavasthA kA pAlana na karate the| unheM vrAtya ( sAvitrIbhraSTa ) kahA jAtA thaa| ina logoM kI aura inakI bhASA kI nindA kI gaI hai| brAhmaNoM meM nirdeza hai ki ye loga kaThina zabda ke na hote hue bhI use kaThina samajhate the| adIkSita hote hue bhI dIkSitoM kI vANI kA prayoga karate the| 2 / adurukta vAkyaM duruktamAhu H / adIkSitA dIkSita vAcaM vadanti / tANDya-paMcaviMza brAhmaNa 17. 4. isa deza meM saMbhavataH prAkRta bhASA ke ve lakSaNa prakaTa ho gaye the jinake anusAra saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA samIkaraNa ho jAtA hai| samasta zabdoM yA saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke uccAraNa meM bhI zithilatA prasphuTita ho rahI thii| prAcya dezavAsI udIcyoM ke saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke uccAraNa yA anya dhvani-sambandhI vizeSatAoM se apane Apa ko paricita na kara ske| madhyadezIyA, udIcyA aura prAcyA ke madhya kA mArga thaa| udIcyoM ke carama rUr3hipAlana aura prAcyoM ke zithila uccAraNa ke bIca kA mArga madhyadezIyA ne anusaraNa kiyaa| udIcyA aura prAcyA meM vyaMjana samIkaraNa ke atirikta ra aura la ke prayoga meM bhI bhinnatA thI / udIcyA meM ra ke prayoga kI pracuratA thI ( jaise rAjA), prAcyA meM ra ke sthAna para la (rAjA=lAjA) aura madhyadezIyA meM ra evaM la donoM kA prayoga thaa| isa bheda ke atirikta udIcyA aura prAcyA meM eka bhinnatA aura vikasita ho gaI thii| ra aura R ke bAda dantya vyaMjana ke sthAna para mUrdhanya vyaMjana ke prayoga kI pravRtti prAcyA meM parilakSita hone laga gaI thii| vaidika bhASA ke kRta, artha, ardha prAdi zabda prAcyA meM kaTa, aTTha, aDDha rUpa meM prayukta hone laga gaye the, madhyadezIyA meM kata yA kita, attha, addha rUpa meM aura udIcyA meM usI zuddha rUpa meN| uttara bhArata meM yAtrA ke mArga aise na the jinase pazcima se pUrva aura pUrva se pazcima Ane-jAne meM bAdhA 1. iMge mAryana eMDa hindI, pR0 56 tathA vahIM se uddhRta / 2. vahI pR0 56 / 3. vahI pR0 57 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya pdd'tii| ataeva bhASA-sambandhI vizeSatA kA AdAna-pradAna nirbAdha rUpa se ho sakatA thaa| saMbhavataH isI kAraNa vikaTa (vikRta ), nikaTa (niHkRta ) kIkaTa ( kiMkRta) Adi zabda vaidika bhASA meM bhI praveza pA gye| ina bhinna-bhinna parivartanoM ke aneka kAraNoM meM se eka vizeSa kAraNa bhArata ke una Adima nivAsiyoM kA prabhAva thA jo ki AryoM kI zreNI meM praviSTa ho gaye the aura jinhoMne dhIre-dhIre vijetA kI bhASA ko apnaayaa| una logoM ne apane aneka zabda vijetA kI bhASA meM milaaye| unhIM logo ke saMparka se tatkAlIna AryabhASA meM dhvani-sambandhI tathA uccAraNa-sambandhI parivartana ho gye| AryabhASA ke aneka saMyuktAkSaroM kA uccAraNa bhArata ke Adima nivAsiyoM ke lie kaThina thA isalie bhASA meM uccAraNa-sambandhI parivartanoM kA honA svAbhAvika thaa| ___ isa prakAra 1500 I0 pU0 se lekara 600 I0 pU0 taka prathama prAkRtoM yA vibhASAoM meM aneka parivartanoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa gautama buddha ke samaya bhArata meM bhASA ke nimnalikhita rUpoM kI ora DA0 sunIti kumAra caiTarjI ne nirdeza kiyA hai 1. udIcyA, madhyadezIyA aura prAcyA rUpa meM tIna vibhASAyeM vikasita ho gaI thiiN| 2. vaidika sUktoM kI prAcIna bhASA chAndasa / isakA svAdhyAya brAhmaNoM meM abhI taka cala rahA thaa| chAndasa bhASA ke navIna rUpa aura udIcyA vibhASA ke prAcIna rUpa se vikasita bhaassaa| isameM madhyadezIyA aura prAcyA vibhASAoM ke tattvoM kA bhI mizraNa thA / yahI brAhmaNoM kI ziSTa aura paraspara vyavahAra yogya bhASA thii| isI meM vaidika graMthoM ke bhASya likhe gye| isake atirikta kahIM-kahIM para dravir3a aura 'pausTrika' vibhASAoM kA bhI prayoga hotA thaa| gautama buddha aura mahAvIra svAmI ne apanI-apanI bolacAla kI bhASAoM ko apane upadezoM kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| unake protsAhana se tatkAlIna prAntIya bhASAmoM ( dezabhASAoM) kA vikAsa drutagati se prArambha huaa| unake vikAsa meM eka krAnti sI paidA ho gii| bhinna-bhinna prAntIya bhASAoM ke sAhityika vikAsa kA sUtrapAta ho gyaa| gautama buddha ke samaya prAcyA vibhASA, prAcIna chAndasa bhASA aura usake navIna vikasita rUpa se itanI pRthak ho gaI thI ki udIcya se Aye eka vyakti ke lie prAcyA samajhanA sarala na thaa| tatkAlIna sAmAjika avasthA meM brAhmaNoM ke karma-kANDa se sAmAnya janatA AkRSTa na ho skii| bauddhoM ke pracAra ke kAraNa sAmAjika aura sAhityika vikAsa meM bhI parivartana huaa| brAhmaNoM ne apane vicAroM ke pracAra ke lie aura prAcIna rUr3hi se prema karane vAle samAja kA dhyAna rakhate hue apanI prAcIna chAndasa yA vaidika bhASA ko apanAnA hI ThIka smjhaa| kintu tatkAlIna bhASA-sambandhI parivartanoM se brAhmaNa
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________________ apabhraMza bhASA kA vikAsa 11 bhI mukta na rahe aura unhoMne tatkAlIna bhASA-sambandhI parivartanoM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue prAcIna chAndasa yA vaidika bhASA ko AdhAra mAnakara udIcya deza meM pracalita janasAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASA kA Azraya liyA / yaha bolacAla kI bhASA abhI taka prAcIna vaidika bhASA yA chAndasa ke samAna hI thI / isa laukika yA janasAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASA ko pANini jaise vaiyAkaraNa ne saMskRta rUpa diyA / yaha tatkAlIna zikSita brAhmaNa samAja kI saMskRta bhASA bana gaI / yaha bhASA bhI tatkAlIna boliyoM, prAntIya bhASAoM ke zabdoM aura vAgdhArAoM ( muhAvaroM) Adi ke prabhAva se vaMcita na raha sakI / isa bhASA ko uttara bhArata ke saba brAhmaNoM ne apanAyA / pazcima ke brAhmaNoM ne bhI isakA svAgata kiyA / yaha bhASA chAndasa aura brAhmaNa graMthoM kI brAhmI bhASA ke anantara vikAsa meM AI / yaha udIcya pradezIya sAdhAraNa bolacAla kI bhASA ke Upara prazrita thI / saMskRta, zikSita aura ziSTa samudAya kI bhASA thI aura vaidika saMskRti kI pRSThabhUmi para khar3I thI ataeva isakA prabhAva cirakAla taka banA rahA / janasAdhAraNa meM yaha Adara kI dRSTi se dekhI jAtI thI / dhArmika evaM dArzanika graMthoM ke atirikta artha - zAstra, nIti-zAstra, dharma-zAstra, vyAkaraNa, Ayurveda, kAma - zAstra saMbandhI graMthoM kA bhI saMskRta meM praNayana isa bhASA ke vistRta pracAra evaM gaurava kA pramANa hai | saMskRta ko bauddhoM aura jainoM ne pahale to udAsInatA kI dRSTi se dekhA kintu pIche se ve bhI isake prabhAva se na baca sake / bauddhoM kI 'gAthA' bhASA saMskRta se atyadhika prabhAvita huI / saMskRta sAhitya meM aneka bauddhoM aura jainoM kA sahayoga bhI isI dazA kI ora saMketa karatA hai / yahAM taka ki saMskRta dhIre-dhIre bhArata se bAhara madhya eziyA, laMkA, bRhattara bhArata taka bhI phaila gaI / cIna meM praviSTa hokara usane jApAna ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA / I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI 10 vIM zatAbdI taka pracalita bhASAoM . ko griyarsana ne dvitIya zreNI kI prAkRta ( Secondary Prakrits ) kahA hai / DA0 sunItikumAra caiTarjI ne isa kAla kI bhASA ko Middle Indo Aryan Speech kahA hai / isa kAla ko madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kAla kahA jA sakatA hai / isa kAla kI bhASA ko unhoMne tIna avasthAoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai / 1. madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya-bhASA kI prAraMbhika avasthA (Old or Early M. I. A. ) yaha kAla 400 I0 pU0 se lekara 100 I0 taka prAkRtoM kI prArambhika avasthA kA thA / 2. madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI madhyakAlIna avasthA ( Transi - tional or Second M. I. A. ) yaha kAla 100 I0 se lekara 500 I0 taka sAhityika prAkRtoM kA kAla thA / 1. priyarsana - liMgvisTika sarve Apha iMDiyA, 1627 I0, pR0 121 /
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________________ 12 . apabhraMza-sAhitya 3. madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya-bhASA kI uttarakAlIna avasthA ( Third or Late M. I. A.) yaha kAla 500 I0 se lekara 1000 I0 taka apabhraMza kA kAla thaa| madhyakAlIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kI prAraMbhika avasthA meM dvivacana aura Atmanepada kA hrAsa ho gayA thaa| vibhaktiyoM meM SaSThI aura caturthI kA eka dUsare ke sthAna para prayoga hone laga gayA thaa| sarvanAma ke parapratyaya saMjJA ke parapratyayoM ke lie prayukta hone laga gaye the| kriyA ke lakAroM meM luT, laG, liT, aura luG ke rUpoM kA lopa ho gayA thaa| vidhiliG aura AzIliG kA prAyaH ekIkaraNa ho gayA thaa| guNoM ke bheda se utpanna kriyArUpoM kI jaTilatA aura vyaMjanAnta saMjJArUpoM kI bahulatA prAyaH kama ho gaI thii| svaroM meM ai, au, R aura lu vilupta ho gaye the / hrasva e aura o kA AvirbhAva ho gayA thaa| visarga kA abhAva, vyaMjanoM kA samIkaraNa, saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA bahiSkAra aura aneka svaroM kA sAtha-sAtha prayoga hone laga gayA thaa|' madhyakAlIna bhAratIya pAryabhASA kAla kI bhASAe~ bhI prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla kI bhASAoM ke samAna saMyogAtmaka hI banI rhiiN| __ madhyakAlIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla kI prAraMbhika avasthA meM pAlI aura azoka ke zilAlekhoM kI prAkRta milatI hai / pAlI meM tRtIyA bahuvacana meM akArAnta zabdoM kA ebhiH rUpa, prathamA bahuvacana meM prAsaH kA vikalpa se prayoga, laG aura luG lakAroM meM aDAgama kA prAyaH abhAva Adi udAharaNoM se yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki pAlI ke vikAsa meM saMskRta kI apekSA vaidika bhASA aura prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla kI boliyoM kA adhika prabhAva hai / / madhyakAlIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla kI madhyakAlIna avasthA meM jaina prAkRtoM aura zaurasenI Adi sAhityika prAkRtoM kA pracAra huA / isa kAla kI bhASAoM meM parivartana kI mAtrA aura bhI adhika ho gii| saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke sthAna para vyaMjana samIkaraNa kI pravRtti isa kAla se pUrva hI prAraMbha ho gaI thii| isa kAla meM saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM kevala anunAsika aura usa varga kA sparza varNa, mha, Nha aura lha dikhAI dete haiN| do svaroM ke bIca ke sparza varNa kA prAyaH lopa isa kAla kI vizeSatA hai| (kAkaH= kAgro, kati=kahai, pUpaH pUtro, nadI =naI ityaadi)| vibhaktiyoM meM caturthI vibhakti kA pUrNa rUpa se lopa ho gyaa| paMcamI kA prayoga bahuta kama milatA hai| isI prakAra kriyArUpoM kI jaTilatA bhI bahuta kama ho gaI / kriyA aura saMjJAoM ke bAda parasargoM kA prayoga bhI isa kAla se AraMbha hone laga gyaa| pANini ne saMskRta ko vyAkaraNa se pariSkRta kara usake rUpa ko sthira kara diyaa| vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana ke vikAsa ke sAtha saMskRta bhASA ke prayoga aura niyama 1. DA0 bAbUrAma saksenA-sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna, hindI sAhitya sammelana prayAga, 2006 vi0 saM0, pR0 261 / 2. vahI pR0 263 /
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________________ apabhraMza bhASA kA vikAsa 13 sthira evaM nizcita hote rahe / ataH jinakA vyAkaraNa ke jJAna se nirantara sambandha na thA unake lie kramazaH adhika kaThinatA upasthita hotI gii| vyAkaraNa-zikSita janatA kI bhASA jyoM-jyoM eka ora zuddha aura parimArjita hotI gaI tyoM-tyoM dUsarI mora.vyAkaraNa kI zikSA se rahita janatA ke adhikAMza bhAga ke prayoga ke lie anAvazyaka hotI gaI / isa prakAra zuddha aura parimArjita bhASA ne apane Apako kramazaH sAmAnya janatA kI bolacAla kI bhASAoM se alaga kara liyaa| yaha vyAkaraNa sammata aura zuddha bhASA ekamAtra evaM suzikSita logoM kI saMpatti ho gii| jyoM-jyoM sarvasAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASAe~ uttarottara adhikAdhika prayoga meM AtI gaIM, ina meM bheda bhI kramazaH adhikAdhika bar3hatA gyaa| isI se madhyakAlIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla kI madhyakAlIna avasthA meM saMskRta bhASA ke atirikta aneka jaina prAkRta aura sAhityika prAkRtoM kA ullekha tatkAlIna vaiyAkaraNoM aura AlaMkArikoM ke graMthoM meM milatA hai| inameM se mukhya prAkRta nimnalikhita haiM zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI aura paishaacii|| zaurasenI-saMskRta ke nATakoM meM strI-pAtroM tathA madhya koTi ke puruSa pAtroM dvArA zaurasenI kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| yahI bhASA sAhityika rUpa meM cirakAla taka bhArata ke vistRta kSetra meM prayukta hotI rahI / do svaroM ke bIca meM saMskRta ke t aura th kA kramazaH d aura dh ho jAnA isa bhASA kI vizeSatA hai| do svaroM ke bIca meM sthita d aura dh vaise hI rahate haiM / udAharaNArtha gacchatigacchadi, yathA=jaghA, jalanaH jalado, krodhaH=kodho ityAdi / mahArASTrI--yaha kAvya kI padyAtmaka bhASA hai| kAvya ke padyoM meM isI kA prayoga hotA thaa| hAla racita gAthA saptazatI aura pravarasena racita setubandha yA rAvaNa vadha jaise utkRSTa koTi ke kAvya isI bhASA meM race gaye / do svaroM ke bIca ke alpaprANa sparza varNa kA lopa aura mahAprANa kA ha ho jAnA mahArASTrI kI vizeSatA hai| udAharaNArtha gacchati gacchai, yathA=jahA, jaladaH=jalo, krodhaH=koho / - DA0 manamohana ghoSa kA vicAra hai ki mahArASTrI, mahArASTra kI bhASA nahIM apitu zaurasenI ke vikAsa kA uttarakAlIna rUpa hai| DA0 sunItikumAra bhI isa AdhAra para ise zaurasenI prAkRta aura zaurasenI apabhraMza ke madhya kI avasthA mAnate haiN|' mAgadhI--yaha magadha deza kI bhASA thii| nATakoM ke nimna varga ke pAtra isI bhASA kA prayoga karate the / isake mukhya ye lakSaNa haiM ka-saMskRta USma vargoM ke sthAna para 2 kA prayoga / yathA sapta-zatta kha-r ke sthAna para la kA prayoga / yathA-rAjA=lAmA ga--anya prAkRtoM meM ya ke sthAna para j kA prayoga hotA hai isameM ya hI rahatA __ hai / prAkRta ke zabda jinameM j aura jj kA prayoga hotA hai isameM ya aura 1. iMDo Aryana eMDa hindI, pR0 86 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya yy rUpa meM hI prayukta hote haiM / jaise--yathA=yadhA, jAnAti=yANadi, adaya-ayya, gha-gaNa ke sthAna para J J kA prayoga / yathA-puNya =pun / - Ga:-akArAnta saMjJA ke prathamA vibhakti ke ekavacana meM o ke sthAna para e kA rUpa / yathA devo= deve / mAgadhI prAkRta meM sAhitya upalabdha nahIM hotaa| vyAkaraNa ke graMthoM aura nATakoM meM hI isakA prayoga milatA hai| ardha-mAgadhI-zaurasenI aura mAgadhI pradezoM ke bIca ke kucha bhAga meM donoM bhASAoM kA mizrita rUpa milatA hai| isako ardha-mAgadhI kahA gayA hai| jainAdi dhArmika sAhitya meM mukhya rUpa se isI kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / isa meM bhI mAgadhI ke samAna akArAnta saMjJA ke prathamA kA ekavacana meM ekArAnta rUpa milatA hai| kahIMkahIM r ke sthAna para la bhI prayukta huA hai / kintu mAgadhI ke samAna z kA prayoga na hokara s kA hI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| paizAcI-guNADhya ne vRhatkathA isI bhASA meM likhI thii| yaha graMtha aba prApta nhiiN| paizAcI kI mukhya vizeSatA hai ki do svaroM ke madhya, vargoM kA tIsarA, cauthA ( saghoSa sparza) varNa, pahalA aura dUsarA ( aghoSa sparza ) varNa ho jAtA hai| jaise gaganaM=gakana, megho= mekho, rAjA=rAcA, vAridaH=vArito ityAdi madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kI uttarakAlIna avasthA ko apabhraMza kA nAma diyA gayA hai / isa kAla kI bhASA meM parivartana kI mAtrA aura bhI adhika bar3ha gii| vyaMjana samIkaraNa jo isa kAla se pUrva hI prArambha ho cukA thA aba carama sImA para pahu~ca gayA thA / vyaMjana samIkaraNa se utpanna dvitva vyaMjana ke sthAna para eka vyaMjana kI pravRtti isa kAla meM prArambha ho gaI, yadyapi isakA pUrNa vikAsa Age cala kara Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla meM huA / isa pravRtti ke pariNAmasvarUpa vyaMjanoM kA pUrva svara dIrgha hone lagA (yathA--sapta=satta=sAta, karma=kamma=kAma aadi)| hrasva svara ke sthAna para dIrgha aura dIrgha ke sthAna para hrasva ke prayoga kI pravRtti pracuratA se dikhAI dene lgii| prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla ke andara vaidika bhASA meM aura taduparAnta saMskRta meM kucha sImita avasthAoM meM hI dantya vyaMjanoM ke sthAna para mUrdhanya vyaMjanoM kA prayoga hotA thaa| yaha pravRtti aba una niyamoM ke atirikta anya sthAnoM meM bhI pracuratA se dikhAI dene lgii| (pat=par3a, dula==Dola, truT TuTTa ityaadi)| isa kAla meM SaSThI vibhakti ke sya=ssa ke sthAna para aura saptamI ke smin = ssiM ke sthAna para ha kA prayoga hone lgaa| (yathA putrasya puttasya puttaha, tasmin = tassiM tahiM Adi) / subanta aura tiGanta padoM meM pratyayAMzoM ke na, Na, ma ke sthAna para anusvAra kA prayoga hone laga gayA (devena=deveNa=deveM, dharAmi dhruN)| 1. iMDo Aryana eNDa hindI, pR0 266 /
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________________ apabhraMza bhASA kA vikAsa 15 prathamA vibhakti ekavacana meM pro ke sthAna para u kA aura saptamI ke ekavacana meM e ke sthAna para i kA vyavahAra cala par3A ( devo = devu, deve = devi zrAdi ) | saMjJA rUpoM aura dhAturUpoM kI jaTilatA aura anekarUpatA isa kAla meM aura bhI kama ho gaI / prathamA aura dvitIyA vibhakti kA rUpa eka samAna ho gayA / paMcamI, SaSThI aura saptamI ke bahuvacana ke rUpa bhI samAna se ho gaye / ( paMcamI bahu0 girihUM, SaSThI bahu0 girihaM -- girihuM, saptamI bahu0 girihuM zrAdi) / vibhaktirUpoM kI samAnatA ke kAraNa zabdoM ke artha-jJAna meM kaThinatA hone lagI aura pariNAma svarUpa aneka parasargoM kA prayoga prArambha ho gayA / ( maraNamahi = mana meM, maitariNa = merA ityAdi ) / dhAtu rUpoM meM bhI bhinna-bhinna kAloM ko sUcita karane vAle ho gayA / varttamAna kAla ( laT ), sAmAnya bhaviSya ( lRT ) aura prajJA ( loT ) ke aneka lakAroM kA abhAva rUpa adhikatA se prayukta hone lage / bhUtakAla sUcaka bhinna-bhinna lakAroM ke sthAna para kta pratyaya yA niSThA kA hI prayoga cala par3A / isa pravRtti kA pUrNa vikAsa prAdhunika bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla kI bhASAoM meM dikhAI detA hai, jaisA hama Age cala kara spaSTa rUpa se dekha sakeMge / madhyakAlIna bhAratIya zrAryabhASA kAla meM saMskRta ke atirikta drAvir3a aura 'AsTrika' bhASAoM se bhI zabda lene meM saMkoca na rahA / ina bhASAoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa aneka anuraNanAtmaka zabda ( yathA taDi, tar3a, yaDai, phariNa phupphuyaMtu Adi) isa kAla kI bhASAoM meM A gaye / saMskRta bhASA bhI madhyakAlIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla kI bhASAoM se prabhAvita huI, jisase manoratha, = manortha bhaTTAraka = bharttA, vaTa, nApita, putalikA Adi zabda saMskRta meM praveza pA gaye / samaya pAkara sAhityika prAkRtoM ke vyAkaraNa bane / vaiyAkaraNoM ke zrAgraha meM baMdha jAne ke kAraNa ina prAkRtoM kA svAbhAvika vikAsa ruka gayA / inakI bhI vahI 'zravasthA huI jo saMskRta kI huI thI / idhara to sAhityika prAkRtoM meM sAhitya racA jA rahA thA aura udhara sarva sAdhAraNa kI bola-cAla kI bhASAe~ vyavahAra meM Age bar3ha rahI 1 bhASAe~ aura bhI thIM / sAhityika prAkRtoM ke vikAsa ke ruka jAne para ye bolacAla kI Age bar3hIM aura apabhraMza ke nAma se khyAta huI / dhIre-dhIre apabhraMza ne kSetra meM sthAna pAyA aura apabhraMza meM bhI sAhitya racA jAne lagA / bhI sAhitya ke Arambha meM apabhraMza ko AbhIroM kI bhASA mAnA jAtA thA / 'AbhIrokti' yA 'prAbhIrAdigiraH' kA yahI abhiprAya hai ki apabhraMza vaha bhASA hai jisakA kAvya meM prAbhIrAdi nimnavarga ke loga prayoga karate the / isakA yaha abhiprAya nahIM ki apabhraMza zrAbhIra logoM kI nijI bhASA thI / yA zrAbhIrAdi loga isa bhASA ko apane sAtha kahIM se lAye / vAstava meM AbhIra yA unake sAthI jahA~-jahA~ gaye, unhoMne tattatsthAnIya ... prAkRta ko apanAyA aura usameM nija svabhAvAnukUla svara yA uccAraNa-saMbandhI parivartana kara diye / zrAbhIra svabhAva ke kAraNa isI parivartita evaM vikRta yA vikasita
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________________ 16 apabhraMza-sAhitya bhASA ko hI apabhraMza kA nAma diyA gyaa|' Ajakala pratyeka prAkRta ke eka apabhraMza rUpa kI kalpanA kI gaI hai kintu vyAkaraNa ke prAcIna graMthoM meM isa prakAra kA vibhAga nahIM dikhAI detaa| hA~, rudraTa ne apane kAvyAlaMkAra meM deza bheda se apabhraMza ke aneka bhedoM kI ora nirdeza kiyA hai / zAradA tanaya (13 vIM zatAbdI) ne apabhraMza ke nAgaraka, grAmya aura upanAgaraka bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| puruSottama deva (12 vIM zatAbdI) ne apane prAkRtAnuzAsana meM apabhraMza ke nAgaraka, vrAcaTa aura upanAgaraka ina tInoM bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura ina tInoM meM se nAgaraka ko mukhya mAnA hai / mArkaMDeya (17 vIM zatAbdI I0 ke lagabhaga) ne apane prAkRta sarvasva meM bhI nAgara, vAcaDa aura upanAgara tIna bheda batAye haiN| ataeva ina vaiyAkaraNoM ke AdhAra para nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki inhoMne apabhraMza bhASA kA koI dezagata vibhAjana kiyA hai| pratIta to aisA hotA hai ki inhoMne apabhraMza kA vibhAjana usake saMskAra yA prasAra ko dRSTi meM rakha kara kiyA hai| bhASA-zAstriyoM ne madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya-bhASA kAla kI madhyakAlIna avasthA kI sAhityika prAkRtoM kA samaya 500 I0 taka aura uttarakAlIna avasthA kI apabhraMzoM kA samaya 500 I0 se 1000 I0 taka mAnA hai| kintu prAkRta kA sAhitya 500 I0 ke bAda bhI likhA gayA milatA hai| gauDavaho kA samaya 7vIM-8vIM sadI mAnA jAtA hai| kautUhala kRta lIlAvatI-kathA bhI nissaMdeha uttarakAla kI racanA hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana ke phalasvarUpa dakSiNa bhArata meM 18vIM zatAbdI taka prAkRta kAvyoM kI racanA hotI rhii| __ apabhraMza kA udayakAla IsA kI prathama sahasrI kA lagabhaga madhya mAnA gayA hai| bhAmaha ne apabhraza ko bhI kAvyopayogI bhASA mAnA hai| kintu isa samaya kA likhA koI apabhraMza graMtha upalabdha nahIM / kAlidAsa ke vikramorvazIya ke apabhraMza padya bhI 1. DA0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI-hindI sAhitya kI bhUmikA, 1648 I0, pR0 24-25 // 2. SaSTho'tra bhUribhedo dezavizeSAdapabhraMzaH / 2. 12 3. etA nAgaraka graamyopnaagrkbhedtH| tridhA bhaveyuretAsAM vyavahAro vishesstH|| bhAvaprakAzana, gAyakavAr3a, oriyaMTala sirIja, saMkhyA 45, proriyaMTala iMsTi TyUla, bar3audA san 1930, pR0 310 / 4. DA0 rAmasiMha tomara ne DA0 A. ne. upAdhye dvArA saMpAdita rAma pAriNavAda kI usAriNaruddha aura kaMsavaho nAmaka do racanAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| rAmapAriNavAda 18 vIM zatAbdI kA kavi thaa| 5. zabdArthoM sahitau kAvyaM gadya padya ca tad dvidhA / saMskRtaM prAkRtaM cAnyad apabhraMza iti tridhA // kAvyA0 1. 16
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________________ - apabhraMza bhASA kA vikAsa vivAdagrasta haiM / DA0 upAdhye ne yogIndu ke paramappayAsu aura yogasAra kA samaya IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga mAnA hai kintu anya vidvAn isa kAla se sahamata nhiiN| lagabhaga IsvI san 800 se lekara 1300 yA 1400 taka apabhraMza sAhitya kA vizeSa pracAra rahA thaa| yadyapi bhagavatIdAsa kA mRgAMkalekhA caritra yA candralekhA vi0 saM0 1700 meM likhA gyaa| isa prakAra prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM racanA kucha kAla taka samAnAntara calatI rahI, usI prakAra jisa prakAra kucha dinoM taka hindI athavA prAdhunika deza-bhASAoM ke sAtha apabhraMza calatI rhii| saMbhavataH yahI kAraNa hai ki rudraTa ne saMskRta aura prAkRta ke sAtha apabhraMza ko bhI sAhityika bhASA svIkAra kiyaa| nami sAdhu apabhraMza ko prAkRta hI mAnate haiM / lakSmIdhara ne apanI SaDbhASA candrikA meM apabhraMza ko prAkRta hI svIkAra kiyA hai|' dvitIya zreNI kI prAkRta bhASAoM se bhinna-bhinna prAdezika apabhraMzoM kA janma mAnA jAtA hai| ye apabhraMza san 800 IsvI se lekara 15vIM zatAbdI taka svataMtra rUpa se yA pUrvakAla meM saMskRta aura uttarakAla meM prArambhika hindI ke sAtha yA rAjasthAnI piMgala ke sAtha milakara prayoga meM AtI rhiiN| saMskRta aura prAkRta vyAkaraNoM ke samAna hemacandra, trivikrama ( 1400 I0 ke lagabhaga ), lakSmIdhara ( 15vIM zatAbdI I0 kA uttarArdha), mArkaNDeya (17vIM zatAbdI I0 ke lagabhaga ) Adi vaiyAkaraNoM ne apabhraMza ko bhI vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se bA~dhane kA prayatna kiyaa| phalataH apabhraMza kI vRddhi bhI avaruddha ho gaI / kAlAntara meM apabhraMza se hI bhinna-bhinna vartamAna-bhAratIya-prAntIya-sAhityoM kA vikAsa huaa| - 1. SaDvidhA sA prAkRtI ca zaurasenI ca mAgadhI / paizAcI cUlikA paizAcyapabhraMza iti kramAt // 1. 26.
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________________ tIsarA adhyAya apabhraza aura hindI bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM madhyakAlIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla ke anantara vartamAna kAla kI deza-bhASAoM kA kAla AtA hai| DA0 sunIti kumAra ne isako New Indo Aryan Period kahA hai|' isa kAla ko Adhunika AryabhAratIya AryabhASA kAla kaha sakate haiN| isa kAla meM bhArata kI vartamAna prAntIya bhASAoM kI gaNanA kI gaI hai| vartamAna prAntIya AryabhASAoM kA vikAsa apabhraza se huA / zaurasenI apabhraMza se brajabhASA, khar3I bolI, rAjasthAnI, paMjAbI, gujarAtI aura pahAr3I bhASAoM kA sambandha hai| inameM se gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI kA sambandha vizeSatayA zaurasenI ke nAgara apabhraza rUpa se mAnA jAtA hai| mAgadha apabhraMza se bhojapurI, ur3iyA, baMgAlI, AsAmI, maithilI, magahI kA vikAsa huA aura ardha-mAgadhI se pUrvI hindI -avadhI Adi kaa| mahArASTrI se marAThI kA sambandha jor3A jAtA thA kintu Ajakala vidvAn isameM sandeha karane lage haiM aura ina donoM meM paraspara sambandha nahIM mAnate / sindhI kA vAcaDa apabhraza se sambandha kahA gayA hai / paMjAbI, zaurasenI apabhraza se prabhAvita samajhI jAtI hai| ina bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM kA vikAsa, tatkAlIna apabhraMza ke sAhityika rUpa dhAraNa kara lene para, tatkAlIna pracalita sarvasAdhAraNa kI boliyoM se huA / ina kA prArambha kAla 1000 IsvI mAnA gayA hai / isa kAla ke bAda 13 vI 14 vIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza ke graMthoM kI racanA hotI rhii| ina prAntIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa 1. DA0 sunIti kumAra caiTarjI - iMDo Aryana eMDa hindI, pRSTha 97 2. DA0 dhIrendra varmA-hindI bhASA kA itihAsa, hindustAnI ekeDemI, prayAga, 1940, bhUmikA, pRSTha 48 3. sTena kono-mahArASTrI eNDa marAThI, iMDiyana eMTikverI jilda 32, 1903, pR0 180-162 4. vahI, jilda 30, 1601, pR0 553 aura jarnala Apha di DipArTameMTa prApha laiTarsa, kalakattA, jilda 23, 1633 /
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________________ apabhraMza aura hindI ke pUrvakAla meM ye saba bhinna-bhinna apabhraMzoM se prabhAvita huI dikhAI detI haiN| uttarakAla kA apabhraMza sAhitya bhI ina prAntIya bhASAoM se prabhAvita hotA rahA / isa prakAra prAntIya bhASAoM ke prArambhika rUpa meM aura apabhraMza kAla ke uttara rUpa meM donoM ke sAhitya cirakAla taka samAnAntara rUpa se calate rhe| Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla meM Akara bhASAe~ saMyogAtmaka se viyogAtmaka yA vizleSAtmaka ho gaI thii| isa kAla kI sabhI bhASAe~ apabhraMza se prabhAvita haiM / isa adhyAya meM hindI ko dRSTi meM rakha kara usakA apabhraMza se bheda nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai| hindI meM dhvaniyA~ prAyaH vahI haiM jo madhyakAlIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla meM milatI thiiN| svaroM meM R kA prayoga saMskRta ke tatsama zabdoM meM milatA hai kintu isakA uccAraNa ri hotA hai| ai aura au kA uccAraNa saMskRta ke samAna ai, au na ho kara ae, (aisA) aso, (aurata) rUpa meM parivartita ho gayA hai / aMgrejI ke prabhAva se phuTabaoNla kaoNlija Adi zabdoM meM vyavahRta oN dhvani hindI ke par3he likhe logoM meM pracalita ho gaI hai / vyaMjanoM meM z aura Sa meM bheda nahIM rahA / S kA uccAraNa bhI prAyaH z ke samAna hI hotA hai / saMyuktAkSara jJa kA uccAraNa gya, daya, gya, jya~ Adi rUpoM meM sthAna bheda se bhinna-bhinna prakAra se kiyA jAtA / vyaMjanoM meM r3a aura r3ha naI dhvaniyA~ haiM / isI prakAra arabI aura phArasI ke prabhAva se k kh g j jh Adi dhvaniyoM kA bhI vikAsa huaa| ina kA prayoga araba aura phArasI ke tatsama zabdoM meM hotA hai kintu rUr3hivAdI inakA uccAraNa dezI dhvaniyoM ke samAna k kh ga: k pa hI karate haiN| (yathA kAg2az2a ke sthAna para kaagj)| apabhraza meM zabdoM ke bIca meM vyaMjanoM ke lopa ho jAne se svaroM kI bahulatA spaSTa dRSTigocara hone laga gaI thii| ina svaroM kI bahulatA se svaroM ke saMyoga se utpanna saMyukta dhvaniyA~ bhI usa bhASA meM utpanna ho gaI thiiN| isI ke pariNAmasvarUpa svaroM kA lopa bhI hone laga gayA thA, jisake aneka udAharaNa milate haiN| Adi svara lopa ke udAharaNa api= pi yA vi, araNya --araNNa=raNNa Adi zabdoM meM dikhAI dete haiN| hindI meM isake udAharaNa bhItara abhyaMtara, bhI-api, ru aru Adi zabdoM meM dikhAI dete haiN| Adi svara lopa ke atirikta madhyasvara lopa aura antya svara lopa bhI hindI ke zabdoM meM dikhAI detA hai| calanA, kamarA Adi zabdoM kA uccAraNa calanA, kamA rUpa se aura cala, ghara, kevala Adi zabdoM kA uccAraNa cala ghara, kevala rUpa se kiyA jAtA hai| yadyapi likhane meM yaha parivartana nahIM dikhAyA jaataa|' madhyakAlIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla meM vyaMjana-samIkaraNa apanI caramasImA para pahu~ca gayA thaa| anusvArasthAna-vartI varga kA paMcama akSara hI adhikatara saMyuktAkSara rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai (paGka, caJcala ityaadi)| hindI meM bahudhA varga 1. DA0 dhIrendra varmA-hindI bhASA kA itihAsa pR0 146.
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________________ hAtha apabhraMza-sAhitya kA paMcama akSara prayukta na hokara kevala anusvAra kA hI prayoga hotA hai (yathA paMka, caMcala, daMta aadi)| vyaMjana samIkaraNa ke carama sImA para pahu~ca jAne ke pariNAma-svarUpa dvitva vyaMjana ke sthAna para eka vyaMjana kI pravRtti apabhraMza kAla ke uttara bhAga meM hI prArambha ho gaI thii| do vyaMjanoM ke sthAna para eka vyaMjana hone se pUrva svara adhikatara dIrgha kiyA gyaa| NIsaranti=nissaranti pa0 ca0 56. 2 tAsu tassa-tasya; nIsAsa nissAsa pa0 si0 ca0 1. 13 dIha=diggha =dIrgha ityAdi / isa pravRtti kA pUrNarUpeNa vikAsa Adhunika kAla kI bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM dikhAI detA hai| paMjAbI bhASA meM isa pravRtti kA abhAva hai| saMskRta paMjAbI hindI adya = ajja = Aja karma = kamma = kAma hattha ityAdi .. saMyukta vargoM meM se eka ko hI rakha kara bhI pUrvavartI svara ko laghu banAye rakhane kI pravRtti bhI apabhraza meM dikhAI detI hai| thakkai, viSamattharaNa ke sAtha-sAtha thakai, viSamathaNa bhI prayukta kiye gye| isI prakAra unmukta ummukka=umukka, ucchvAsaH= usAsa Adi zabdarUpa bhI apabhraMza graMthoM meM milate haiN| hindI meM isI pravRtti ke pariNAma svarUpa uchAha =ucchAha=utsAha, bhagatabachala = bhagatavacchala=bhaktavatsala, samuda=samudda=samudra Adi zabda pracalita ho gye| DA0 sunItikumAra caiTarjI isa prakAra ke zabda-rUpoM ke pracalana meM paMjAbI bhASA kI pravRtti kA prabhAva mAnate haiN| paMjAbI meM vyaMjana samIkaraNa to milatA hai kintu saMyukta vargoM meM se eka ko hI rakha kara pUrvavartI svara ko dIrgha karane kI pravRtti kA abhAva hai| paMjAbI kI isa pravRtti ne hindI ke aneka zabdoM ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| hindI meM satya= sacca=saca, kalya=kalla=kala Adi zabda isI pravRtti ke kAraNa sAca aura kAla na bana paaye| apabhraMza bhASA meM svArtha meM a, Da, ala, illa, ulla' Adi pratyayoM kA prayoga aneka zabdoM meM milatA hai| isa prakAra ke pratyayoM kA prayoga kadAcit chanda ke anurodha se kiyA jAtA hogaa| 'alaMkRta' zabda kA apabhraMza rUpa 'pralaMkiyu' hogA kintu svArtha sUcaka apratyaya lagane para 'alNkiyu'| isI prakAra 'supta' ke sthAna para apabhraMza meM suttu aura suttau donoM rUpa milate haiN| tuhu Na suttu suttau mahi maMDala / pa0 ca0 76.3 . isI prakAra ke gayau, caliyau Adi prayoga paravartI brajabhASA kI kavitA meM 1. caiTarjI - iMDo Aryana eNDa hindI pR0 114
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________________ apabhraMza aura hindI pracuratA se pAye jAte haiN| jAyasI ke saMdesar3A aura kabIra ke jiyarA Adi zabdoM meM bhI svArtha-sUcaka r3a pratyaya kA rUpa hI dRSTigata hotA hai| __ apabhraMza meM hasva aura dIrgha svara ke vyatyaya ke niyama kA hemacandra ne nirdeza kiyA hai| isake aneka udAharaNa apabhraMza zabdoM meM milate haiM / jaise sarasvatI sarasai, mAlAmAla, jvAlA=jAla, huna=huA, mArina= mAriyA Adi / chanda-pUrti ke liye isa prakAra svara vyatyAsa prAyaH karanA par3atA thaa| _ "tuhu paDiUsi Na paDiu puraMdaru" pa0 ca0 76.3 eka hI caraNa meM paDiu aura paDiU ( patitaH ) do rUpoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra kA svara vyatyAsa zabda ke anta meM aura caraNa ke anta meM kiyA jAtA thaa| hindI kavitA meM bhI isa prakAra ke udAharaNa milate haiM / kavitta aura savaiyA jaise chandoM meM prAyaH aneka zabdoM meM e aura pro ko hrasva rUpa meM par3hanA par3atA hai| isI prakAra tulasI, jAyasI Adi kaviyoM ke kAvya meM caraNa ke anta meM hAthA, phUlA, nahAhU, virodhU, hArU Adi aise zabda milate haiM jina meM chanda ke anurodha se hrasva svara ke sthAna para dIrgha svara kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| apabhraza meM yaha svaravyatyAsa caraNa ke bIca zabda ke madhya meM bhI kahIM-kahIM mila jAtA hai| jaise gabhIra gahira, prasAdhana=pAsAhaNa, pUrisa Adi / DA0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI kA vicAra hai ki 'saMbhavataH isa prathA kA purAnA avazeSa saMskRta ke 'padmAvatI' jaise zabdoM meM khojA jA sakatA hai jisa ke taula para 'kanakAvatI' 'mugdhAvatI' jaise zabda hindI meM cala pdd'e|' apabhraMza meM prAkRta paramparA ke prabhAva se zabda rUpoM meM tInoM liMga cale A rahe the| hemacandra ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM napuMsaka liMga meM zabdoM ke rUpa kA vidhAna kiyA hai / hindI meM napuMsaka liMga kA vidhAna nahIM hai / hindI, paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI tathA siMghI meM do liMga hI hote haiM / baMgAlI, mAsAmI, bihArI tathA ur3iyA meM, saMbhavataH samIpavartI tibbata aura barmA pradezoM kI anArya bhASAoM ke yA kola bhASAoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa, liMgabheda bahuta zithila ho gayA hai| gujarAtI, marAThI, siMhalI tathA pazcimottara himAlaya kI kucha boliyoM meM napuMsaka liMga ke kucha cihna aba bhI milate haiN| apabhraMza meM vizeSaNa aura saMjJA kA liMga sAmya calA A rahA thaa| jaise'rAvaNu dahamuhu vIsa hatthu' pa0 ca0 1.10 / 'rovai avarA iva rAmajaNaNi' pa0 ca0 66.13 / 1. hindI sAhitya kA prAdikAla, vihAra-rASTrabhASA-pariSad, paTanA, san 1952 I0, pRSTha 44 // 2. DA0 dhIrendra varmA-hindI bhASA kA itihAsa, pR0 251 / 3. DA0 bAbUrAma saksenA-sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna, pR0 266 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya 'gaM gharagiri vAsiNi jakkhapatti' ma0 pu0 20.6 / hindI meM prAcIna paramparAvAdI hI vizeSaNa aura saMjJA meM liMga sAmya kA prayoga karane haiM (jaise sundarI bAlikA ), kintu anya loga isa prakAra kA prayoga nahIM karate / 12 prAcIna bhAratIya prArya bhASA kAla meM saMjJA kI ATha vibhaktiyA~ huA karatI thIM aura isa saMjJA ke 24 rUpa huA karate the, jinameM se kucha samAna hote the / madhyakAlIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla meM vibhaktiyoM kI saMkhyA ghaTa gaI aura unake rUpoM meM samAnatA aura bhI bar3ha gaI / Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla meM hindI meM saMjJA ke kevala tIna rUpa hI rahe ( yathA ghor3A, ghor3e, ghor3oM ) aura kahIM-kahIM do hI ( jaise vidvAn, vidvAnoM Adi ) / zeSa rUpoM ke artha jJAna ke lie para-sargoM kA prayoga pracuratA se cala par3A / kriyA rUpoM kI jaTilatA aura lakAroM kI vividha rUpatA apabhraMza meM hI kama ho gaI thI / hindI meM prAte- prAte mukhyatayA cAra lakAra raha gaye - sAmAnya laT ( varttamAna kAla), sAmAnya bhUta, sAmAnya lRT ( bhaviSya kAla ) aura loT / inameM se sAmAnya bhUta ke lie kta pratyaya - - bhUtakAlika kRdaMta - kA prayoga hI adhikatA se hindI meM dikhAI detA hai aura sAmAnya laT ke lie zatRpratyayarUpa ke sAtha 'honA' kriyA kA prayoga hotA hai / kriyA ke sUkSma bhedoM kA artha bodha karAne ke lie saMyukta kriyAoM kA prayoga hindI meM pAyA jAtA hai / saMskRta meM kriyArUpoM meM dhAtu ke sAtha kR, bhU aura as dhAtu kA anuprayoga, parokSabhUta -- liT lakAra - meM kucha bar3I-bar3I dhAtuoM ke sAtha hotA thA / inameM se anuprayoga apekSAkRta adhika huA / chAMdasa bhASA meM kR dhAtu kA anuprayoga anya sthaloM para bhI hotA thA / yaha anuprayoga kA siddhAnta apabhraMza meM bhI calA / jaise- kavalu kiu - khA liyA / jasa0 ca0 2.37.5 hallohali hUyau - vikSubdha huA / kara0 ca0 7.10.6 sukhu karaMtu -- sukha detA huA / kara0 ca0 4.7.3 ityAdi aneka prayoga apabhraMza meM milate haiM / apabhraMza ke bAda hindI meM bhI yahI paramparA adhikatA se dikhAI detI hai ( corI karanA, snAna karanA Adi ) / zatRrUpa - vartamAna kAlika kRdaMta - ke sAtha isa kR ke anuprayoga ke kAraNa hindI meM kriyA rUpoM meM bhI liMga bheda calA / zuddha dhAtu rUpoM meM yaha liMga-bheda nahIM dikhAI detA / vartamAnakAlika kRdaMta rUpoM meM liMga bheda saMskRta aura prAkRta meM hI vartamAna thA ataeva vaha hindI meM bhI usI rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai ( jaise saMskRta meM gacchan - gacchantI, hindI meM jAtA hai, jAtI hai ityAdi ) / apabhraMza aura hindI kI pada-yojanA meM mukhya bheda yaha hai ki apabhraMza ma saMskRta aura prAkRta ke tadbhava rUpoM kA prayoga pradhAnatayA milatA hai / hindI meM prAkRta ke tadbhava zabdoM ke sthAna para saMskRta ke tatsama zabdoM kA hI pracuratA se prayoga pAyA jAtA hai / hindI meM yaha pravRtti cAhe musalamAnoM ke dhArmika zrAkramaraNa kI pratikriyA ke
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________________ apabhraMza aura hindI 23 uddharaNoM ko rUpa meM AI cAhe kisI aura kAraNa se kintu yaha pravRtti spaSTa hai aura apabhraMza ke tadbhava zabdoM ke sthAna para tatsama zabdoM ke prayoga se apabhraMza bhASA ke spaSTatayA hindI meM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai / udAharaNa ke lieso sava saMkara virahu so, so ruddavi so buddha / so jigu Isa baMbhu so, so zraNaMtu so siddha // yogasAra 105 * isa dohe kA hindI rUpa hogA so ziva zaMkara viSNu so, so rudrau so buddha / so jina Izvara brahma so, so anaMta so siddha // aneka apabhraMza padya, jo apabhraMza graMthoM meM milate haiM, paravartI hindI graMthoM meM bhI kucha parivartita rUpa meM pAye jAte haiM / ina se donoM bhASAoM kI madhyavartI zrRMkhalA kA rUpa dekhA jA sakatA hai / udAharaNa ke lie kucha padya nIce diye jAte haiMvAyasu uDDAvantie piu diTThau sahasati / zraddhA valayA mahihi gaya zraddhA phuTTa tar3atti // hemacandra prAkRta vyAkaraNa, 8.4.352 isI padya kA uttarakAla meM rAjapUtAne meM nimnalikhita rUpa ho gayAkAga ur3AvaraNa jAMvatI piya dITho sahasatti / zrAghI cUr3I kAga gala prAdhI TUTa taDiti // isI prakAra hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa (8.4.315) meM eka dohA isa prakAra F pute~ jAe~ kavara guNa avaguraNa kavaraNa mueraNa / jA vappI kI bhuMhaDI campijjai pravareNa // isakA parivartita rUpa nimnalikhita prakAra se dikhAI detA hai-- beTA jAyA~ kavaraNa guraNa avaguNa kavaraNa ghiyeNa / jo UbhA~ ghara paraNI gaMjIja avareNa // ma isI prakAra hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ( 8.4.436 ) meM eka dohA nimnalikhita rUpa meM uddhRta milatA hai bAha - bichoDavi jAhi tuha, hauM tevai~ ko dosu / hizraya-TTiu jai nIsarahi, jAragauM muMja sarosu // arthAta he mu~ja ! tuma bA~ha chur3Akara jA rahe ho, maiM tumheM kyA doSa ta ? he muMja ! meM tumheM taba kuddha samajheMgI jaba hRdaya sthita tuma nikala sako / 1. isa prakAra ke anya uddharaNoM ke lie dekhie rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, hiMdI kAvyadhArA, prayAga / 2. candradhara zarmA gulerI - prAcIna hindI, nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA kAzI, saMvat 2005, pRSTha 15-16 se uddhRta /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya isI kA Age cala kara sUradAsa ke yahA~ nimnalikhita rUpa ho gayA bAMha, chur3Aye jAta ho nibala jAni ke mohi / hiradai te jaba jAhuge sabala jAnugo tohi // isa pada se pratIta hotA hai ki hindI ke prasiddha kavi sUradAsa taka apabhraza kI cetanA banI thii| isI prakAra ke anya pada bhI khojane se hindI sAhitya meM upalabdha ho sakeMge isameM koI sandeha nhiiN| paM0 kezava prasAda mizra ne apabhraMza bhASA sAtha pUrvI hindI kA sambandha dikhAte hue hemacandra dvArA uddhRta aneka dohoM ko pUrvI hindI meM pariNata karake dikhAyA santA bhoga ju pariharai tasu kantaho bali kIsu / tasu daiveraNavi muNDiauM jasu khallihaDauM sIsu // hema0 8.4.386 isakA hindI rUpa hogA pAchata bhoga je chor3aya teha kantAka bali jaaveN| tekara devaya (se) mUMDala jekara khallar3a sIsa // apabhraMza bhASA ke zabdoM aura hindI ke zabdoM meM samAnatA kI sUcanA apabhraMza prathoM meM prApta aneka zabdoM se milatI hai| aise zabdoM kA nirdeza Age apabhraza graMthoM ke prakaraNa meM kara diyA gayA hai / 1. kezava prasAda mizra-DA0 kotha praoNna apabhraMza, iMDiyana eMTikverI, bhAna 56, san 1930 I0, pR0 1 /
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________________ cauthA adhyAya apabhraMza sAhitya kI pRSThabhUmi apabhraMza-sAhitya ke nirmANa meM jainiyoM aura bauddhoM kA vizeSa yoga hai ataH usa meM dhArmika sAhitya kI hI pracuratA hai / sAhitya ke racayitAoM kA dhArmika dRSTikoNa hone ke kAraNa isa sAhitya kI pRSThabhUmi meM dhArmika vicAradhArA adhika spaSTa dikhAI detI hai / yadyapi isa sAhitya meM rAjanItika cetanA kA prabhAva hI hai tathApi apabhraMzakAlIna isa paristhiti kA vivaraNa apabhraMza- sAhitya ke adhyayana meM sahAyaka hI hogA ata eva pahile isI kA saMkSepa meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai / rAjanItika avasthA gupta sAmrAjya ke chinna-bhinna ho jAne para IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI meM magadha para guptoM kA hI rAjya thA aura madhyadeza meM maukhariyoM kA zrAdhipatya sthApita ho gayA thA / isI zatAbdI meM paMjAba gujarAta - kAThiyAvAr3a - taka gurjara jAti kA bhI bola bAlA ho gayA thA / paMjAba meM gujarAta aura gujarAMvAlA prAnta, dakSiNa mAravAr3a meM bhinnamAla aura bharuca meM gurjaratrA (gujarAta) ina ke gar3ha the / ye hI tIna bar3I zaktiyA~ uttara bhArata meM prabala thIM / maukhariyoM ke pratApa se aba kannauja kI prAyaH vahI sthiti thI jo isase pUrva kAla meM paTanA kI thI / sAtavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM thAnesara ( kurukSetra ) meM prabhAkara vardhana ne uttarApatha kI ora apanI zakti bar3hAI / isa zatAbdI meM usakA putra harSa hI eka aisA balavAn rAjA thA jisane uttara bhArata kI bikharI rAjakIya sattA ko saMbhAle rakhA / isane cIna meM bhI apane dUta bheje aura cIna ke dUta bhI kannauja Aye / harSavardhana ke samAna pulakezI dvitIya bhI dakSiNa meM zaktizAlI rAjA thA / isa ke darabAra meM IrAna ke rAjA khusaro ne apane dUta bheje / AThavIM zatAbdI meM bhArata ko eka naI zakti kA sAmanA karanA par3A / bAta yaha hai ki chaThI zatAbdI meM hUNoM ko parAsta kara bhArata kucha kAla taka nizciMta ho gayA thA kintu 710 I0 meM araboM kI sindha vijaya se bhArata phira caukannA huaa| araboM ne sindha se Age bar3hane kA bhI yatna kiyA kintu unheM saphalatA na milI / AThavIM zatAbdI ke madhya taka unake bhinnamAla rAjya aura surASTra para hamale hote rahe / 25
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya araboM ke bhArata meM praveza karane se hindu aura araba saMskRtiyoM kA mela huaa| bhArata se aneka hindu vidvAn bagadAda gaye aura aneka araba vidyArthI par3hane ke lie bhArata aaye| saMskRta ke darzana, vaidyaka, jyotiSa, itihAsa, kAvya Adi ke aneka graMthoM kA arabI meM anuvAda huA / bhArata se gaNita Adi kA jJAna araba loga hI yorupa meM le gye| paMcatantra Adi kI kahAniyA~ bhI unhIM ke dvArA videzoM meM phuNcii| navIM zatAbdI meM kannauja para pratihAroM kA Adhipatya huaa| kAraNa yaha thA ki harSa ke sAmrAjya ke chinna-bhinna hone para uttara bhArata aneka rAjyakhaMDoM meM vibhakta ho gayA thaa| inameM se pUrva meM bihAra-baMgAla ke pAla, pazcima meM gujarAta-mAlavA ke pratihAra aura dakSiNa meM mAnyakheTa ke rASTrakUTa mukhya the| ye tInoM kannauja ko hastagata karanA cAhate the kintu navIM zatAbdI meM bhoja aura usake vaMzajoM ne kannauja para Adhipatya prApta kiyaa| inake zAsana meM kannauja bhArata ke sabase pratApI rAjAoM kI rAjadhAnI bana gyaa| ina saba zaktiyoM aura rASTroM meM se pratihAra aura rASTrakUTa hI bhaugolika sthiti ke kAraNa bhArata meM bAhya AkramaNa ko rokane meM samartha the| inake AdhIna aneka choTe-choTe rAjA the| unameM prAyaH paraspara yuddha bhI hote ra te the| dasavIM zatAbdI meM choTe-choTe rAjya Apasa meM lar3ate rahe, isase unameM kSatriyocita vIratA aura parAkrama kI bhAvanA sadaiva pradIpta rhii| rAjya ko unnata rakhane kI pravRtti bhI isase banI rhii| kabhI-kabhI eka rAjya dUsare ko parAjita karane ke lie videziyoM kI sahAyatA bhI le lete the| apane deza yA prAnta kI bhAvanA adhika ubuddha thI kintu ina rAjyoM meM saccI rASTriyatA kI lagana na thI / aba bhI rAjA Izvara kA pratinidhi mAnA jAtA thA ataH rAjA ke prati Adara-bhAva thaa| rASTra kI bhAvanA jAgRta na ho pAI thii| gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM mahamUda gajanavI kA AkramaNa huaA / mAlavA kA rAjA bhoja bhArata meM paryApta prasiddha hai| cedi kA rAjA karNa bhI 11 vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM bahuta pratApI rAjA thaa| isa kAla meM pratihAra zakti bahuta kucha kSINa ho gaI thI aura usake kSINa hone para usake AdhIna rahane vAle candela ( kAliMjara), kalacurI (tripurI) tathA cauhAna (sAMbhara, ajamera) svatantra hone lge| ye saba svatantra to ho gaye kintu kisI meM bAhya AkramaNa ko rokane kI zakti na thii| isI zatAbdI meM uttara bhArata meM pAloM, gahar3avAroM, cAlukyoM, caMdeloM aura cauhAnoM ke atirikta gurjara-saulaMkI aura mAlavA ke paramAra bhI apane svatantra rAjya sthApita kara gye| 11vI-12vIM zatAbdI meM uttarI bhArata kI zakti aura bhI adhika chinna-bhinna ho gaI thii| uparilikhita sAta rAjyoM ke zAsaka cakravartI-rUpa prApta karane kI ceSTA meM lage rahate the| cakravartI rAjA dUsare rAjAoM ke Upara zAsana nahIM karanA cAhatA thA, na 1. jayacandra vidyAlaMkAra-itihAsa-praveza, sarasvatI prakAzana maMdira, ilAhAbAda, san 1941, pRSTha 178
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________________ apabhraMza sAhitya kI pRSThabhUmi 27 unake rAjya ko hastagata karanA cAhatA thaa| vaha kevala yahI cAhatA thA ki anya rAjA usake cakravartitva ko svIkAra kara leN| isI kAraNa ina bhinna-bhinna rAjyoM meM paraspara pratispardhA aura saMgharSa calatA rahatA thaa| kintu inameM se koI bhI kisI eka bar3I zakti ke AdhIna raha kara kAma karane ke lie taiyAra na thA / ina meM se aneka rAjya itane vistRta the ki yadi ve sahaja hI saMgaThita ho pAte to bhAratIya svatantratA ko banAye rakha sakate the kintu to bhI anta meM turkoM aura paThAnoM ke Age jhuka gye| bArahavIM zatAbdI meM ajamera ke cauhAnoM meM se bIsaladeva aura pRthvIrAja ne turkoM ko dabAne kA prayatna kara bhArata kI pratiSThA ko sthira rakhane kA sAhasa kiyaa| terahavIM zatAbdI se hinduoM kI rAjazakti pUrNa rUpa se asta-vyasta evaM chinnabhinna ho gaI thii| yadi isa kAla meM bhAratIya rAjAoM meM rAjanItika jAgarUkatA rahatI-ve saba apane Apa ko eka rASTra aura eka hI Arya dharma ke sadasya samajhate to ve mila kara videzI prabhAva aura AkramaNa kA mukAbalA kara skte| isa kAla kI . bhAratIya sabhyatA bhI pahale sI sajIva aura saprANa na rahI jo zakoM aura hUNoM kI taraha turkoM ko bhI apane hI raMga meM raMga letii| kyoMki isa samaya meM jAti-pAMti ke saMkIrNa kSetra meM hindU jAti bhalI bhA~ti vibhakta ho gaI thii| khAna-pAna meM bhI saMkIrNatA AgaI thii| citta kI udAratA aura bhrAtRtva kA vyApaka dRSTikoNa jAtA rahA / dhArmika avasthA uparyukta vivecana se itanA avagata ho gayA ki isa apabhraMza kAla meM bauddha, jaina aura brAhmaNa dharma ke sAtha hI islAma dharma kA bhI pracAra ho gayA / phalataH ukta dharmAvalambiyoM kI bhAMti isa dharma ke bhI kaviyoM ne apabhraza meM racanA kI / ataeva ina sabhI dharmoM kI sthiti kA sAmAnya paricaya yahAM anAvazyaka na hogaa| hote-hote bauddhadharma harSavardhana ke samaya meM hI yahAM taka avanata ho gayA thA ki usa kAla ke cInI yAtrI yuvAnacvAG ne sindhu prAnta ke bauddhoM ke viSaya meM spaSTatayA kahA ki vahAM ke bhikkhu-bhikkhunI niThalle, karttavya-vimukha aura patita ho gaye the| pahile bauddhadharma hInayAna aura mahAyAna, ina do vibhAgoM meM vibhakta huA thaa| kAlAntara meM mahAyAna bhI aneka upayAnoM meM vibhakta huaa| mahAyAna ke zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda janatA ko adhika prabhAvita na kara ske| isameM mahAsukhavAda ke saMmizraNa se vajrayAna kA AvirbhAva huaa| jisameM bhinna-bhinna pravRtti vAle logoM ke liye bhinnabhinna sAdhana the--yoga, devapUjA, mantra, siddhi, viSaya-bhoga itya di| vajrayAna meM se hI sahajayAna kA bhI AvirbhAva huA / isa ne vajrayAna ke vibhinna pratIkoM kI dUsare rUpa meM vyAkhyA kI / mahAmudrA, maMtra sAdhanAdi bAhya sAdhanAoM kI apekSA yaugika aura mAnasika zaktiyoM ke vikAsa para bala diyaa| yadyapi bajrayAna aura sahajayAna donoM kA lakSya eka hI thA-'mahAsukha' yA pUrNa Ananda kI prApti tathApi donoM ke dRSTikoNa meM bheda thaa| ___sahajayAna kA lakSya thA ki sahaja mAnava kI jo AvazyakatAe~ haiM, unheM
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________________ 28 apabhraMza-sAhitya sahajarUpa se pUrA hone diyA jaay| maThoM ke aprAkRtika jIvana se utpanna aneka burAiyoM ko dUra kara mAnava ko sahaja-svAbhAvika jIvana para lAne kI kAmanA se saMbhavataH sahajayAna kA janma huA kintu zIghra hI yaha saba kAma sahaja-svAbhAvika rUpa meM na ho kara asvAbhAvika rUpa meM hone lgaa| isa sahajamArga ne zIghra hI pAkhaMDa mArga kA Azraya liyaa| yahI sahajayAna tantra-mantra, bhUta-preta, devI-devatA, jAdU-TonA, dhyAna-dhAraNA, sambandhI haz2AroM mithyA vizvAsoM aura DhoMgoM ke prAbalya kA kAraNa bnaa| avanati kI ora bar3hate hue bauddhadharma ke lie logoM ko AkRSTa karane ke lie isake atirikta aura sAdhana bhI kyA thA ? ___AThavIM zatAbdI meM baMgAla meM pAla rAjya hI bauddhadharma kA antima zaraNadAtA rahA / yahA~ Akara aura yahA~ se nepAla aura tibbata meM jAkara bauddhadharma kA sambandha taMtravAda se aura bhI adhika bar3ha gyaa| cirakAla taka baMgAla, magadha aura ur3IsA meM aneka bauddhavihAra mAraNa, mohana, vazIkaraNa, uccATana Adi vidyAnoM se aura nAnA prakAra ke rahasyapUrNa tAMtrika aSThAnoM se jana samudAya para apanA prabhAva DAlane kA prayatna karate rahe / kintu bauddhadharma kA prabhAva cirakAla taka na raha skaa| nAlandA evaM vikramazilA ke dhvaMsa ke sAtha hI prAyaH vaha bhI dhvasta ho gayA aura usake pA~ca chaH pIr3hiyoM ke bAda bhArata meM nAmamAtra ko hI zeSa raha gyaa| _. jainadharma kA udaya yadyapi unhIM paristhitiyoM meM huA thA jinameM bauddhadharma kA tathApi usameM saMyama kI mAtrA adhika thI aura phalataH kabhI usakA patana bhI utanA nahIM huA jitanA bauddhadharma kaa| isa kAla ke rASTrakUTa aura gurjara-solaMkI rAjAoM meM se kucha kA jainadharma para bahuta anurAga thA, kintu ina rAjAoM para jainadharma kI ahiMsA kA adhika prabhAva na par3A thaa| jaina gRhasthI hI nahIM jaina muni bhI talavAra kI mahimA gAte hue pAye jAte haiM / bauddhoM kI taraha inameM bhI prArambha meM jAti-pA~ti kA jhagar3A na thA kintu pIche se ve bhI isake zikAra ho gye| jainadharma meM vyApArI varga bhI adhikatA se milatA hai / kintu aneka vyApAra karane vAlI jAtiyoM ne, jinhoMne jainadharma ko svIkAra kiyA, isa dharma ke ahiMsA siddhAnta ko khUba nibhAyA / inameM se aneka jAtiyoM ne, jo pahale kSatriya jAtiyA~ thIM, kisI samaya zakoM aura yavanoM ke dA~ta khaTTe kiye the| aba lakSmI kI zaraNa meM jAkara unhoMne apane kSatriyocita parAkrama ko kho diyaa| __ jainoM ne apabhraMza sAhitya kI racanA meM aura usakI surakSA meM sabase adhika sahayoga diyaa| jainoM ne kevala saMskRta meM hI nahIM likhA, prAkRta meM bhI unake aneka graMtha upalabdha hote haiM / jainiyoM meM vyApArI-varga bhI thA, jinake lie paMDitoM kI bhASA kA jJAna na sarala thA na saMbhava / unake lie aneka graMtha dezabhASA meM-apabhraMza meM-- likhe gaye / jainAcAryoM ne apane dArzanika siddhAntoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie aneka graMtha likhe| kintu dArzanika graMthoM ke atirikta jaina sampradAya ke bAhara kAvya, nATaka, jyotiSa, Ayurveda, vyAkaraNa, kopa, alaMkAra, gaNita aura rAjanIti Adi viSayoM para bhI ina AcAryoM ne likhaa| bauddhoM kI apekSA ve isa kSetra meM adhika udAra haiM / saMskRta,
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________________ apabhraMza sAhitya kI pRSThabhUmi 26 prAkRta ke atirikta apabhraMza, gujarAtI, hindI, rAjasthAnI, telagu, tAmila aura vizeSa rUpa se kannar3I sAhitya meM bhI unakA yoga atyadhika hai / 1 sAhitya kI dRSTi se jainoM ne sAhitya ke sabhI aMgoM para lekhanI uThAI / mahAkAvya, * khaNDakAvya, muktaka, nATaka, campU, gadyakAvya, kathAkoza Adi sabhI aMgoM para jainAcAryoM ne racanAyeM kIM / kAvya - nATakoM ke atirikta unhoMne hindU aura bauddha AcAryoM kI bhA~ti vizAla stotra - sAhitya kI bhI racanA kI / nIti-graMthoM kI bhI jaina sAhitya meM kamI nahIM / jainAcAryoM ne apanI bhinna-bhinna racanAoM ke lie hinduoM kI rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura purANoM kI kathAoM ko bhI liyA, kintu jaina sAhitya meM inakA rUpa parivartita ho gayA hai / jaina-dharma bhI dhIre-dhIre do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA thA / dakSiNa meM digambara aura gujarAta-rAjapUtAnA meM zvetAmbara sampradAya vAloM kA prAdhAnya thA / isa kAla se pUrvaM dakSiNa meM jainiyoM ne aneka hindU rAjAoM ko prabhAvita kara unakA Azraya prApta kara liyA thA / tamila - cera, pAMDya aura cola rAjAoM ne jaina gurutroM ko dAna diyA, unake lie maMdira aura maTha banavAye / jainAcArya apane pANDitya se aneka rAjAoM ke kRpApAtra bane aura unase aneka grAma dAna rUpa meM pAye / dakSiNa meM zaiva-dharma ke prabala hone se jaina-dharma ko dhakkA lagA / zaiva dharma hI jaina dharma ke dakSiNa se ukhAr3ane kA pradhAna kAraNa hai / gujarAta aura rAjapUtAnA meM, jahA~ rAjapUta kSatriya apanI talavAra aura zastravidyA ke lie prasiddha the, jaina-dharma kA pracAra honA Azcarya hI hai / hiMsA aura ahiMsA kI lahara bhArata meM krama-krama se AtI-jAtI rahI / isa kAla meM phira ahiMsA kI lahara jora se AI, jisase sArA bhArata prabhAvita ho gyaa| gujarAta, mAlavA aura rAjapUtAnA meM isI lahara ke prabhAva se jaina dharma phira camaka par3A aura isameM jainAcArya hemacandra jaise aneka prAcAryoM kA bhI bahuta kucha hAtha rahA / yadyapi jaina dharma uttara bhArata ke anya dezoM meM aura baMgAla meM na phaila sakA, tathApi aneka jaina vyApArI ina pradezoM meM bhI phaine aura ahiMsA kA pracAra vaiSNava-dharma ke sAtha sindhu nadI se lekara brahmaputra taka ho gayA / ahiMsA ke sAtha pazu-hiMsA aura mAMsa bhakSaNa bhI ruka gaye / vaiSNava-dharma meM jainiyoM ke samAna tapa aura tyAga kI vaha kaThoratA na thI, ataeva jana sAmAnya ne ise zIghratA aura saralatA se apanA liyA / isa prakAra 11 vIM - 12 vIM zatAbdI meM pazcima bhArata meM jaina-dharma, dakSiNa meM zaiva dharma, pUrva meM aura uttara meM vaiSNava dharma vizeSa rUpa se phailA huA thA / vaiSNava aura zaiva bhI aneka matoM meM baTa gaye the / una sabake apane-apane dhArmika siddhAnta, vicAra aura dhAraNAe~ bana gaI thIM / inhIM se utpanna bhinna-bhinna dArzanika vicAradhArAoM meM vidvAn ulajha gaye / paraspara bheda-bhAvanA bar3ha gaI / bhinna-bhinna devI-devatAoM kI pUjA ke lie bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke Agama evaM taMtra graMthoM kI utpatti ho gaI / vicAra-bheda ke 1. DA0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI - hindI-sAhitya kI bhUmikA, pRSTha 224 /
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________________ 30 apabhraMza-sAhitya anusAra samAja meM bhI aneka parivartana ho gye| samAja kI ekatA bhI isI kAraNa naSTa ho gaI / ina saba bhinna-bhinna matoM aura vicAradhArAoM meM eka hI samAnatA thI-saba meM ekAntasAdhanA kI pradhAnatA thii| isa vicAradhArA ne bhAratIya samAja ko, jo ki vicAra-bheda se pahale hI zithila aura nirbala ho gayA thA aura bhI nirbala kara diyaa| prAcIna vaidika-dharma meM dhIre-dhIre parivartana hotA rhaa| paramAtmA ke bhinna-bhinna nAmoM ko devatA mAnakara unakI pRthak-pRthak upAsanA prArambha ho gaI thii| Izvara kI bhinna-bhinna zaktiyoM aura devatAoM kI patniyoM kI bhI pUjA hone lagI / brAhmI, mAhezvarI, kaumArI, vaiSNavI, bArAhI, nArasiMhI aura aiMdrI-ina sAta zaktiyoM ko mAtRkA kA nAma diyA gayA hai| kAlI, karAlI, cAmuMDA aura caMDI nAmaka bhayaMkara aura rudra zaktiyoM kI bhI kalpanA kI gii| AnaMda-bhairavI, tripura-sundarI aura lalitA Adi viSayavilAsa-paraka zaktiyoM kI bhI kalpanA kI gaI / inake upAsaka zAkta, ziva aura tripura-sundarI ke yoga se hI saMsAra kI utpatti mAnate the| kramazaH vaidika jJAna ke maMda par3a jAne para purANoM kA pracAra huaa| paurANika saMskAroM kA pracalana cala pdd'aa| paurANika devatAoM kI pUjA bar3ha gaI / yajJa kama ho gaye-zrAddha-tarpaNa bar3ha gyaa| maMdiroM aura maThoM kA nirmANa bar3hatA gyaa| vratoM, prAyazcitoM kA vidhAna smRtiyoM meM hone lgaa| bauddha aura jaina, vaidikadharma ke pradhAna aMga Izvara aura veda ko na mAnate the| janatA kI AsthA ina donoM para se uThane lgii| kumArila bhaTTa ne 7 vIM zatAbdI ke anta meM puna: vaidikadharma kI pratiSThA bar3hAne kA prayatna kiyaa| yajJoM kA samarthana aura bauddhoM ke vairAgya-saMnyAsa kA virodha kiyaa| zaMkarAcArya ne AThavIM zatAbdI meM bauddhoM aura jainoM ke nAstikavAda ko dUra karane kA prayatna kiyA kintu apanA AdhAra jJAna kAMDa aura ahiMsA ko rakhA / saMnyAsa mArga ko bhI pradhAnatA dI / unakA siddhAnta janatA ko adhika AkRSTa kara skaa| brAhmaNa, bauddha aura jaina inakI avAntara zAkhAyeM bhI ho gaI thiiN| ina meM yadyapi kabhI-kabhI saMgharSa bhI ho jAte the tathApi dhArmika asahiSNutA kA bhAva nahIM thaa| brAhmaNa-dharma kI vibhinna zAkhAoM meM paraspara bhinnatA hote hue bhI unameM ekatA thii| paMcAyatana pUjA isI ekatA kA pariNAma thaa| pratyeka vyakti apanI icchAnusAra kisI devatA kI pUjA kara sakatA thaa| sabhI devatA Izvara kI bhinna-bhinna zaktiyoM ke pratinidhi the| kannauja ke pratihAra rAjAoM meM yadi eka vaiSNava thA, to dUsarA parama zava, tIsarA bhagavatI kA upAsaka, cauthA parama Aditya bhakta / jainAcAryoM ne mAtA-pitA ke vibhinna dharmAvalambI hone para bhI unake Adara-satkAra prA spaSTa upadeza diyA hai| terahavIM zatAbdI se pUrva devI-devatAoM kI mUrtiyAM prAyaH bhinna-bhinna bhAvoM ke 1. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA-madhyakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, hindustAnI ekeDamI prayAga, san 1928, pR0 27 / 2. vahI pR0 37 /
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________________ apabhraMza sAhitya kI pRSThabhUmi mUrta pratIka ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thiiN| isa ke pazcAt sAdhAraNa janatA meM yaha mUtti-pUjA nirI jar3a-pUjA ke rUpa meM raha gaI / musalamAnoM kI dharmAndhatA jyoM-jyoM mUttiyoM ko tor3ane meM agrasara huI tyoM-tyoM mUttiyoM kI rakSA kI bhAvanA bhI jar3a pakar3atI gaI aura Ate-Ate prAyaH isa zatI ke anta meM loga mUrti ko hI saba kucha samajhane lge| pUjA meM ADambara A gyaa| aneka prakAra ke kutsita mArga dharma-mArga ke nAma se cala pdd'e| karmakANDa kA jaMjAla khar3A ho gayA jisase dharma kA prAntarika rUpa lupta ho gayA aura kevala vAhya-rUpa hI pradhAna mAnA jAne lgaa| paurANika dharma ke isa arthahIna kriyAkalApa kA anuSThAna sabake lie saMbhava na thaa| isa pravRtti ke viruddha deza meM eka lahara calI jisake pravartaka mukhyataH santa loga the| inhoMne dharma ke isa kriyA-kalApaparaka vAhya-rUpa kI apekSA bhakti-bhAva-paraka aAntarika-rUpa para jora diyaa| islAma ke sUfI sampradAya ne bhI yahI kiyaa| ina santoM ne bhakti ke lie jAta-pA~ta kI saMkIrNatA ko dUra kara dharma kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| AThavIM zatI ke Arambha meM hI araboM ke bhArata praveza se bhArata aura bagadAda meM saMparka sthApita ho gayA thaa| bagadAda ke khalIphAoM ke samaya aneka bhAratIya vidvAn bagadAda bulAye gaye aura vahAM jAkara unhoMne bhAratIya darzana, vaidyaka, gaNita aura jyotiSa ke aneka graMthoM ke arabI anuvAda meM sahayoga diyaa| yadyapi 8 vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM hI araba bhArata meM praviSTa ho gaye the tathApi 10 vIM zatAbdI taka ve sindha aura multAna se Age na bar3ha pAye the| kintu 11 vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM hI lAhaura meM bhI muslima rAjya sthApita ho gyaa| sUphiyoM kA hindI sAhitya para prabhAva muslima saMskRti ke bhArata meM praveza hone se hI pdd'aa| 12 vIM zatAbdI ke aMta meM dillI aura kannauja bhI islAma jhaMDe ke nIce cale gaye / muslima zAsakoM ke AkramaNoM aura maMdiroM ko lUTane kA jo pariNAma huA usakA prabhAva hindU saMtoM para bhI pdd'aa| islAma kI pratiSThA ho jAne para bhI aneka hindU aura muslima saMta aise the jinhoMne donoM ke bheda-bhAva ko miTAne kA prayatna kiyaa| inhoMne paralokavAda aura mAnava kI sahaja-sahRdayatA ke AdhAra para donoM ko, bhedabhAva dUra karane kA upadeza diyaa| sAmAjika avasthA isa kAla meM pratyeka varga aneka jAtiyoM aura upajAtiyoM meM vibhakta ho gayA thaa| yaha bhedabhAva dhIre-dhIre nirantara bar3hatA hI gyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa samasta jAti itanI zithila ho gaI ki vaha musalamAna AkrAntAoM kA sAmanA saphalatA ke sAtha na kara skii| mukhyatayA pratyeka varNa smRti-pratipAdita dharma kA hI anuSThAna karatA thA kintu brAhmaNa apane purohita-karma ke atirikta anya vargoM ke peze ko bhI svIkAra karatA thA aura kSatriya bhI apane kartavya ke sAtha-sAtha zAstra-cintana meM lIna thaa| aneka rAjapUta zAsaka apane balaparAkrama ke atirikta apanI vidyA aura pANDitya meM bhI prasiddha hue|
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya isa kAla meM aneka rAjAoM ne zastra-vidyA aura zAstra-vidyA donoM meM samAna rUpa se pratibhA pradarzita kara apanA nAma amara kara diyaa| bhoja paMDitoM ke AzrayadAtA hI na the svayaM bhI vidvAn aura paMDita the| alaMkArazAstra para unakA sarasvatI-kaMThAbharaNa, yoga para rAjamArtaNDa aura jyotiSa para rAjamRgAMka karaNa graMtha prasiddha hI haiN| bhoja ke samAna movindacandra, ballAlasena, lakSmaNasena, vigraharAja caturtha, rAjendra cola Adi aneka rAjA apane pANDitya ke lie prasiddha hue| - kRSi-karma prArambha meM vaizyoM kA hI kArya thA, kintu aneka vaizya bauddha aura jainadharma ke prabhAva ke kAraNa isa karma ko hiMsAyukta aura pApamaya samajha kara chor3a baiThe the| yaha karma bhI zUdroM ko karanA pdd'aa| kintu havIM-10vIM zatAbdI meM kRSi-karma kA vidhAna brAhmaNoM aura kSatriyoM ke lie bhI hone laga gayA thaa|' kintu khAna-pAna, chuA-chUta, antara-jAtIya vivAha Adi kI prathAoM meM dhIre-dhIre kaTTaratA Ane lagI aura bhedabhAva bar3hatA gyaa| bAla-vivAha, vizeSakara kanyAoM kA bAlyAvasthA meM vivAha bhI prArambha ho gyaa| isa kAla meM rAjAoM aura dhanADhyoM meM bahupatnIvivAha kI prathA pracalita thI jaisA ki aneka apabhraMza graMthoM se siddha hotA hai| __isa prakAra 14vIM-15vIM zatAbdI taka rAjanItika-jIvana ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIyoM kA sAmAjika jIvana bhI jIrNa-zIrNa ho gayA thaa| yadyapi samAja kA DhA~cA isa prakAra zithila ho gayA thA tathApi usameM bAhya prabhAva se prAkAnta na hokara apanI sattA banAye rakhane kI kSamatA aba bhI AMzika rUpa meM banI rhii| hindU-samAja AkrAntAoM ke hastAvalepa se barAbara Takkara letA rahA / samAja ne dRr3hatA se videziyoM kI sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA sAmanA kiyaa| sAhityika avasthA gupta-yuga meM jJAna, kalA aura sAhitya atIva unnata the| darzana, gaNita, jyotiSa, kAvya-sAhitya sabhI aMgoM meM bhAratIyoM ne gupta-yuga meM jo unnati kI usakA krama eka-do zatAbdI bAda taka calatA rahA / nAlandA aura vikramazilA ke vihAra prasiddha jJAna ke kendra the| kannauja bhI vaidika aura paurANika zikSA kA kendra thaa| dhIre-dhIre jJAnasaritA kA pravAha kucha manda ho gyaa| alaMkAroM ke Adhikya se kAvyoM meM vaha svAbhAvikatA aura vaha oja na rahA / bhASyoM aura TIkA-TippaNiyoM ke Adhikya se maulikatA kA abhAva sA ho gyaa| . 11vIM-12vIM zatAbdI meM kAzmIra aura kAzI hI nahIM baMgAla meM nadiyA, dakSiNa bhArata meM taMjora aura mahArASTra meM kalyANa bhI vidyA ke kendroM ke lie prasiddha ho gaye the| kannauja aura ujjaina bhI pUrvavat vidyA-kendra bane rahe / alaMkAra-zAstra, darzana, dharmazAstra, nyAya, vyAkaraNa, jyotiSa, vaidyaka aura saMgIta Adi viSaya jJAna ke kSetra the| . 1. sI. vI. vaidya-hisTI zrApha miDIvala hindU iNDiyA, bhAga 2, oriyaMTala buka saplAiMga ejensI pUnA, san 1924, pR0 183. 2. vahI pRSTha 1860
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________________ apabhraMza bhASA kA vikAsa isa prakAra gupta yuga kI taraha isa kAla meM bhI bhAratIyoM ke mastiSka ne kAvyaprakAza, siddhAntaziromaNi, naiSadhacarita, gIta govinda, rAjataraMgiNI jaise aneka graMtha pradAna kiye / inheM dekhakara hama saralatA se kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya pratibhA isa kAla meM bhI akuMThita rahI / bhASA kI dRSTi se yadyapi saMskRta aba utanI pracalita na rahI kintu to bhI janasAdhAraNa meM usakA gaurava aura mAna vaisA hI banA rahA / cirakAla taka saMskRta bhASA meM graMthoM kA praNayana isa bAta kA sAkSI hai / brAhmaNoM ne hI saMskRta kA Azraya liyA ho aisI bAta nahIM, jainAcAryoM ne bhI apane siddhAntoM ke pracAra aura apane tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti ke lie saMskRta kA hI Azraya liyA / saMskRta ke atirikta prAkRtoM kA vyavahAra bhI isa kAla meM hotA thA aura sAtha hI apabhraMza meM bhI graMtha racanAyeM ho rahIM thIM / baMgAla meM 84 siddhoM ne apabhraMza meM racanAyeM kIM / pAla vaMzI bauddha the, unhoMne lokabhASA ko protsAhita kiyA / svayaMbhU aura puSpadanta jaise apabhraMza bhASA ke krAntadarzI kaviyoM ne bhI rASTrakUTa rAjAoM ke Azraya meM apabhraMza sAhitya ko samRddha kiyA / muMja aura bhoja prAkRta ke sAtha-sAtha apabhraMza ke bhI premI the / apabhraMza ke ina kaviyoM ne saMskRta kaviyoM kA adhyayana kiyA thA / bANa kI zleSa -zailI puSpadanta meM spaSTa dikhAI detI hai | svayaMbhU ne saMskRta ke purAne kaviyoM ke prati kRtajJatA prakaTa kI hai / kintu ina apabhraMza kaviyoM ko tatkAlIna rAjavarga kA vaisA protsAhana na mila sakA / rAjA loga abhI taka saMskRta aura prAkRta kI ora hI adhika AkRSTa the / 33 14vIM zatAbdI meM bhI bhAnudatta jaise prasiddha AlaMkArika hue / inhIM kA likhA gIta gaurIpati prasiddha hai / isake bAda bhI nalAbhyudaya, kArttavIryavijaya Adi saMskRta kAvya 16 vIM - 17vIM zatAbdI taka likhe jAte rahe / apabhraMza kAvyoM kI paramparA bhI 17vIM zatAbdI taka calatI rhii| ina kAvyoM meM bhASA kI dRSTi se vaha praur3hatA nahIM / 14vIM - 15vI zatAbdI kA sAhitya prAdezika bhASAoM ke kAvyoM se prabhAvita hone laga gayA thaa| isa samaya prAdezika bhASAyeM bhI sAhitya ke kSetra meM padArpaNa kara cukI thI /
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________________ pA~cavA~ adhyAya apabhraMza - sAhitya kA saMkSipta paricaya / apabhraMza bhASA kA samaya bhASA vijJAna ke AcAryoM ne 500 I0 se 1000 I0 taka batAyA hai kintu isakA sAhitya hameM lagabhaga 8 vIM sadI se milanA prArambha hotA hai / prApta apabhraMza sAhitya meM svayaMbhU sabase pUrva hamAre sAmane Ate haiM apabhraMza - sAhitya kA samRddha yuga 9 vIM se 13 vIM zatAbdI taka hai / isI kAla meM puSpadanta, dhavala, dhanapAla, nayanandI, kanakAmara, dhAhila ityAdi aneka pratibhAzAlI kavi hue ha / inameM se yadi puSpadanta ko apabhraMza - sAhitya kA sarvazreSTha kavi kahA jAya to koI atyukti na hogI / puSpadanta kI pratibhA kA mUlya isI bAta se AMkA jA sakatA hai ki inako apane mahApurANa meM eka hI viSaya - svapna darzana -- ko caubIsa bAra aMkita karanA par3A / pratyeka tIrthaMkara kI mAtA janma saMbaMdhI svapna meM aneka padArtha dekhatI hai, isakA varNana pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke carita varNana ke sAtha Avazyaka thaa| isI se puSpadanta ko svapna kA caubIsa bAra varNana karanA pdd'aa| kintu phira bhI eka- Agha sthala ko chor3akara sarvatra navIna chandoM aura navIna padAvaliyoM kI yojanA milatI hai aura kahIM piSTapeSaNa nahIM pratIta hotA / puSpadanta ke bAda ke kaviyoM ne inakA AdarapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA hai / jainoM dvArA likhe gaye mahApurANa, purANa, cariu Adi graMthoM meM, bauddha siddhoM dvArA dvArA likhe gaye svatantra padoM, gItoM aura dohoM meM, kumAra pAlapratibodha, vikramovaMzIya, prabandha cintAmaNi Adi saMskRta evaM prAkRta graMthoM meM jahA~ tahAM kucha sphuTa padyoM meM aura vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA apane vyAkaraNa graMthoM meM udAharaNoM ke rUpa meM diye gaye aneka phuTakara padyoM ke rUpa meM hameM apabhraMza sAhitya upalabdha hotA hai / isake atirikta vidyApati kI 'kIrtilatA' aura abdularahamAna ke 'saMdezarAsaka' Adi 1. mahApurANa ke nimnalikhita sthaloM kI tulanA kIjiye - 38.12, 41.4, 42.4, 43.5, 46.3, 47.7, 48.6, 49.6, 55.5, 58.5, 63.2, 65.3, 67.4, 68.4, 87.12, 94.14, 3.5, 44.4, 53.5, 64.4 80.6, 59.3, 67.5, 968,
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________________ apabhraMza sAhitya kA saMkSipta paricaya kAvya graMthoM meM apabhraMza sAhitya upalabdha hai| saMskRta aura prAkRta meM likhe gaye aneka zilAlekha upalabdha hote hai kintu apabhraMza meM likhA huA koI zilAlekha abhI taka prakAza meM nahIM A skaa| bambaI ke saMgrahAlaya (ajAyabaghara) meM dhArA se prApta eka apabhraMza zilAlekha vidyamAna hai| isI prakAra apabhraMza ke eka zilAlekha kI mora AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne apanI hindI sAhitya kI bhUmikA meM nirdeza kiyA hai| ___apabhraMza-sAhitya kI surakSA kA zreya vastutaH jana bhaMDAroM ko hai| inhIM bhaNDAroM meM se prApta apabhraMza-sAhitya kA adhikAMza bhAga prakAza meM A sakA hai aura bhaviSya meM bhI aneka bahumUlya graMthoM ke prakAza meM Ane kI saMbhAvanA hai / apabhraMzasAhitya kI paryApta sAmagrI ina bhaMDAroM meM chipI par3I hai / kisI graMtha kI hastalikhita prati karavAkara kisI bhaMDAra meM zrAvakoM ke lAbha ke lie rakhavA denA, jainiyoM meM paropakAra aura dharma kA kArya samajhA jAtA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki aneka bhaMDAroM meM isa prakAra ke hastalikhita graMtha milate haiN| jisa prakAra jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta vAGmaya meM aneka kAvya likhe-aneka purANa graMthoM kA praNayana kiyA-pAzrvAbhyudaya, dvisaMdhAna kAvya, zAnti nAtha caritrAdi kalAtmaka kAvya sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA-candradUta, siddha dUtAdi aneka dUtakAvya aura upamiti bhava prapaMca kathA Adi rUpaka kAvyoM kA nirmANa kiyA-isI prakAra inhoMne apabhraMza meM bhI isa prakAra ke graMthoM kA praNayana kara apabhraMza-sAhitya ko samRddha kiyA / jainiyoM ke apabhraMza ko apanAne kA kAraNa yaha thA ki jainAcAryoM ne adhikAMza graMtha prAyaH zrAvakoM ke anurodha se hI likhe / ye zrAvaka tatkAlIna bolacAla kI bhASA se adhika paricita hote the ataH jainAcAryoM dvArA aura bhaTTArakoM dvArA bhAvakagaNa ke anurodha para jo sAhitya likhA gayA vaha tatkAlIna pracalita apabhraMza meM hI likhA gyaa| ina kaviyoM ne graMtha ke Arambha meM apane AzrayadAtA zrAvakoM kA bhI spaSTa paricaya diyA hai / kavi ke kula evaM jAti ke paricaya ke sAtha sAtha ina zrAvakoM kA bhI vizada varNana granyArambha kI prazastiyoM meM milatA hai| ___ jaina, bauddha aura itara hinduoM ke atirikta musalamAnoM ne bhI apabhraMza meM racanA kI / saMdezarAsaka kA kartA abdurrahamAna isakA pramANa hai / musalamAna hote hue bhI isake graMtha meM maMgalAcaraNa kI kucha paMktiyoM ko chor3akara anyatra kahIM dharma kA koI cihna bhI dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| saMskRta meM yadyapi jainAcAryoM ne aneka stotra, subhASita, gadyakAvya, AkhyAyikA, campU, nATakAdi kA bhI nirmANa kiyA kintu apabhraMza meM hameM koI bhI gadya graMtha aura 1. yaha zilAlekha 13vIM zatAbdI ke devanAgarI akSaroM meM likhA huA hai| isameM - rAdhe rAvala ke vaMzaja rAjakumAra ke saundarya kA varNana hai| / 2. hindI sAhitya kI bhUmikA, 1948 I., pR0 22 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya nATaka nahIM upalabdha hotA / jaina kaviyoM ne kisI rAjA, rAjamantrI yA gRhastha kI preraNA se kAvya racanA kI hai ataH ina kRtiyoM meM unhIM kI kalyANa kAmanA se kisI vrata kA mAhAtmyapratipAdana yA kisI mahApuruSa ke carita kA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai / rAjAzraya meM rahate hue bhI inheM dhana kI icchA na thI kyoMki ye loga adhikatara niSkAma puruSa the| aura na ina kaviyoM ne apane AzrayadAtA ke mithyA yaza kA varNana karane ke lie yA kisI prakAra kI cATukArI ke lie kucha likhA / saMskRta sAhitya meM yadyapi aneka kAvyoM kA praNayana rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, purANa Adi ke kisI kathAnaka yA upAkhyAna ke AdhAra para hI huA hai tathApi aise bhI aneka kAvya haiM jinameM kavi ne apane AzrayadAtA kI vijaya aura vIratA kA varNana kiyA hai / jainoM ne saMskRta meM uparilikhita kathAnakoM yA upAkhyAnoM ke atirikta aneka aise bhI kAvya likhe jinameM kisI tIrthaMkara yA jainoM ke mahApuruSa kA jIvana caritra aMkita kiyA gayA hai| hemacandra kA kumArapAla carita, vAgbhaTa kA neminirvANa, mANikya sUri kA yazodhara-caritra Adi isake udAharaNa haiN| jainoM ne tIrthaMkaroM aura mahApuruSoM ke varNana ke atirikta jaina dharma ke upadeza kI dRSTi se bhI siddharSiracita upamiti bhava prapaMca kathA, vIranandI kRta candraprabha carita Adi kucha graMtha likhe / apabhraza meM saMskRta-prAkRta kI paramparA na banI raha sakI / pUrva bhArata meM siddhoM kI racanAyeM sahajayAna ke pracAra athavA apane mata kA pratipAdana karane ke lie likhI gii| jainiyoM ke bhI adhikAMza graMtha kisI tIrthakara yA jaina mahApuruSa kA carita varNana karane, kisI vrata kA mAhAtmya batalAne yA apane mata kA pratipAdana karane kI dRSTi se likhe gaye / kintu aisA hote hue bhI jana kavi dharmAndha yA kaTTara sAmpradAyika na the| inameM sAmAjika sahiSNutA aura udAra bhAvanA dRSTigata hotI hai| inakI sadA yaha abhilASA rahI ki naitika aura sadAcAra sambandhI jaina dharma ke upadeza adhika se adhika janasAdhAraNa taka phuNceN| hinduoM ke zAstroM aura purANoM kA adhyayana unhoMne kiyA huA thA, isakA nirdeza inakI racanAoM meM hI milatA hai| ___ sabhI dezoM aura sabhI yugoM meM kAvya ke pradhAna viSaya mAnava aura prakRti hI rahe haiN| inake atirikta mAnava se Upara aura prakRti ko vaza meM karane vAle devI-devatA bhI aneka kAvyoM ke viSaya huA karate the / adhikAMza saMskRta kAvyoM meM kisI mahApuruSa ke mahAna aura vIra kAryoM kA citraNa hI dRSTigocara hotA hai / vAlmIki kRta rAmAyaNa kA viSaya mahApuruSa rAmacandra hI hai / isa prakAra prAcIna kAla meM kisI mahApuruSa kA mahAn aura vIra kArya hI kAvya kA viSaya hotA thA / kAlAntara meM koI devI devatA yA tajjanya mAnava bhI kAvya kA viSaya hone lagA / kAlidAsa ke kumArasaMbhava meM bhagavAna zaMkara aura pArvatI kI avatAraNA hai / bhAravi ke kirAtArjunIya meM bhagavAn zaMkara aura devasaMbhava arjuna kA varNana hai / kAlAntara meM jaba sAhitya ko rAjAzraya prApta huA taba uccakoTi ke kaviyoM ne mahAn aura yazasvI rAjAoM ko bhI kAvya kA viSaya banA diyaa| kAvya kA nAyaka dhIrodAtta kSatriya hone laga gayA / aneka saMskRta
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________________ apabhraMza sAhitya kA saMkSipta paricaya 37 kAvya isake pramANa haiN| ina kAvyoM meM prakRti bhI svatantra rUpa se yA gauNa rUpa se varNana kA viSaya rahI hai| prakRti kA varNana mahAkAvya kA eka aMga bana gayA / mahAkAvyoM meM vana, nadI, parvata, saMdhyA, sUryodaya, candrodaya Adi ke varNana Avazyaka ho gye| ina viSayoM ke atirikta prema bhI kaviyoM kA varNya viSaya rahA / mahAkAvyoM meM yaha tatva itanA adhika spaSTa nahIM dikhAI detA jitanA ki nATakoM meN| 'svapnavAsavadattA', 'vikramorvazIya', 'zakuntalA', 'mAlatI mAdhava', 'ratnAvalI' Adi nATakoM meM isI prema tatva kI pradhAnatA hai / mahAkAvyoM ke atirikta aneka isa prakAra ke muktaka kAvya bhI likhe gaye jinameM nIti, vairAgya yA zRMgArAdi kA varNana hai| isa prakAra saMskRta aura prAkRta ke kAvyoM kA mukhya viSaya-mahApuruSa varNana, devI-devatA varNana, prakRti-varNana aura prema hI rahA / gauNa rUpa se nIti, vairAgya, zRMgArAdi kA bhI varNana huaa| inakA sambandha bhI mAnava ke sA hI hai| ina viSayoM ke kAraNa kAvya meM vIra, zRgAra yA zAnta rasa hI pradhAna rUpa se prasphuTita huaa| apabhraMza sAhitya meM bhI saMskRta aura prAkRta kI paramparA ke anukUla hI jainiyoM ne yA to kisI mahApuruSa ke athavA kisI tIrthakara ke caritra kA varNana yA kisI mahApuruSa ke caritra dvArA vratoM ke mAhAtmya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| siddhoM kI kavitA kA viSaya adhyAtmaparaka hone ke kAraNa uparilikhita viSayoM se bhinna hai| apanI mahattA pratipAdana ke lie prAcIna rUr3hiyoM kA khaMDana, guru kI mahimA kA mAna aura rahasyavAda Adi inakI kavitA ke mukhya viSaya haiN| jaina prabandha kAvyoM ke kathAnaka kI racanA kA AdhAra jainiyoM ke karma vipAka kA siddhAnta pratIta hotA hai| isI ko siddha karane ke lie jaina kavi itihAsa ke itivRtta kI upekSA kara use svecchA se tor3a maror3a detA hai| isI karma siddhAnta kI puSTi ke lie jaina kavi sthala-sthala para punarjanmavAda kA sahArA letA hai / apabhraMza sAhitya kI racanA kI pRSThabhUmi prAyaH dharmapracAra hai| jainadharmalekhaka prathama pracAraka hai phira kvi| ____ apabhraMza sAhitya meM hameM mahApurANa, purANa aura carita-kAvya ke atirikta rUpakakAvya, kathAtmaka graMtha, sandhi-kAvya rAsa graMtha, stotra Adi bhI upalabdha hote haiN| inameM se mahApurANoM kA viSaya-caubIsa tIrthaMkara, bAraha cakravartI, nau vAsudeva, nau baladeva aura nau prativAsudevoM kA varNana hai| isa prakAra 63 mahApuruSoM ke varNana ke kAraNa aise graMthoM ko triSaSThi zalAkA puruSa carita yA tisaTThi mahApurisa guNAlaMkAra bhI kahA gayA hai| purANoM meM padmapurANa aura harivaMza purANa ke rUpa meM hI likhe purANa milate haiN| padma pRrAga meM prAcIna rAmAyaNa kathA kA aura harivaMza purANa meM prAcIna mahAbhArata kI kathA kA jaina dharmAnukUla vRttAnta milatA hai / ye donoM kathAyeM jainiyoM ne kucha parivartana ke sAtha apane purANoM meM lI / ___ jainiyoM ne rAmakathA ke pAtroM ko apane dharma meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA hai| rAma, lakSmaNa aura rAvaNa kevala jaina dharmAvalambI hI nahIM mAne gaye apitu inakI gaNanA viSaSTi mahApuruSoM meM kI gaI hai| pratyeka kalpa ke triSaSTi mahApuruSoM meM se nau baladeva
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________________ 38 apabhraMza-sAhitya nau vAsudeva aura nau prati vAsudeva mAne jAte haiM / ye tInoM sadA samakAlIna hote haiN| rAma, lakSmaNa aura rAvaNa kramazaH AThaveM baladeva, vAsudeva aura prati vAsudeva mAne gaye haiN| jainadharmAnusAra baladeva aura vAsudeva kisI rAjA kI bhinna-bhinna rAniyoM ke putra hote haiN| vAsudeva apane bar3a bhAI baladeva ke sAtha prativAsudeva se yuddha karate haiM aura anta meM use mAra dete haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa jIvana ke bAda vAsudeva naraka meM jAte haiN| baladava apane bhAI kI mRtyu ke kAraNa duHkhAkula hokara jainadharma meM dIkSita ho jAte haiM aura anta meM mokSa prApta karate haiN| ___sthUla dRSTi se rAmAyaNa meM do saMpradAya dRSTigata hote haiM-eka to vimala sUri kI paramparA aura dUsarI guNabhadrAcArya kii| sAhityadRSTi se AcArya guNabhadra kI kathA kI apekSA vimala sUri kI kathA aneka sundara varNanoM se yukta hai aura adhika cittAkarSaka hai| ataeva guNabhadra kI kathA kI apekSA vimala sUri kI kathA kaviyoM meM vizeSarUpa se aura loka meM sAmAnyarUpa se adhika AdRta huii| vimala sUri ke padmacariya kA saMskRta rUpAntara raviSeNAcArya ne padma carita nAma se 660 I0 meM kiyaa| vimala sUri kI kathA meM rAvaNa kA caritra udAtta aura ujjvala aMkita kiyA gayA hai| isameM rAvaNa saumyAkAra, saujanya, dayA, kSamA, dharmabhIrutva, gAMbhIyaM Adi sadguNoM se yukta eka zreSTha puruSa aura mahAtmA citrita kiyA gayA hai| vimala sUri kI paramparA ke anusAra rAma kathA kA svarUpa isa prakAra kA hai rAjA ratnazravA aura kekasI kI cAra saMtAna huIM-rAvaNa, kumbhakarNa, candranakhA aura vibhISaNa / jaba ratnazravA ne prathama bAra nanheM putra rAvaNa ko dekhA to usake gale meM eka mAlA par3I huI thii| isa mAlA meM bacce ke dasa sira dikhAI diye, isalie pitA ne usakA nAma dazAnana yA dazagrIva rkhaa| vimalasUri ne indra, yama, varuNa Adi ko devatA na mAna kara rAjA mAnA hai| hanumAna ne rAvaNa kI ora se varuNa ke viruddha yuddha karake candranakhA kI putrI anaMgakusumA se vivAha kiyaa| kharadUSaNa kisI vidyAdharavaMza kA rAjakumAra thA (rAvaNa kA bhAI nhiiN)| usakA rAvaNa kI bahina candranakhA se vivAha huaa| inake putra kA nAma zambUka thaa| paumacariya meM batalAyA gayA hai ki rAjA dazaratha kI--kauzalyA, sumitrA, kaikeyI aura suprabhA nAmaka cAra rAniyoM se kramazaH rAma, lakSmaNa, bharata aura zatrughna nAmaka putra utpanna hue| ___rAja janaka kI videhA nAmaka rAnI se eka putrI sItA aura eka putra bhAmaMDala utpanna huaa| sItA-svayaMvara, kaikeyI kA vara mAMganA Adi prasaMga vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke anusAra hI haiM kintu vanavAsa kA aMza nitAnta bhinna haiN| vimalasUri ke anusAra sItAharaNa kA kAraNa, sUryahAsa khaDga kI prApti ke lie tapasyA karate hue zambUka kA lakSmaNa dvArA bhUla se mArA jAnA thaa| zambUka zUdra na hokara candranakhA tathA kharadUSaNa kA putra thaa| rAvaNa yaha samAcAra suna vahA~ pahu~cA aura sItA ko dakhakara usa para Asakta ho gyaa| sItAharaNa ke samaya lakSmaNa
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________________ apabhraMza sAhitya kA saMkSipta paricaya jaMgala meM the aura rAma sItA ke pAsa parNakuTI meN| lakSmaNa ne rAma ko bulAne ke liye siMhanAda kA saMketa batAyA thaa| rAvaNa ne lakSmaNa ke samAna siMhanAda kiyA, jise lakSmaNa kA siMhanAda samajhakara rAma vyAkula ho sItA ko jaTAyu kI rakSA meM chor3a vahA~ se cala par3A / pIche se rAvaNa ne sItAharaNa kara liyaa| rAmAyaNa ke yuddhakAMDa kI ghaTanAeM bhI paumacariya meM kucha parivartita haiM / samudra eka rAjA kA nAma thA, jisake sAtha nIla ne ghora yuddha kiyA aura use hraayaa| jaba lakSmaNa ko zakti lagI to droNamegha kI kanyA vizalyA kI cikitsA se vaha acchA huA aura lakSmaNa ne vizalyA ke sAtha vivAha kara liyaa| anta meM lakSmaNa ne rAvaNa kA saMhAra kiyaa| ___ ayodhyA meM lauTakara rAma apanI ATha hajAra aura lakSmaNa apanI teraha hajAra patniyoM ke sAtha rAjya karane lge| lokApavAda ke kAraNa sItA-nirvAsana aura sItA kI agni-parIkSA kA prasaMga vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke anusAra hI hai| agni-parIkSA meM saphala hokara sItA ne eka AryikA ke pAsa jainadharma meM dIkSA le lI aura bAda meM svarga ko sidhaarii| eka dina do svargavAsI devoM ne baladeva aura vAsudeva ke prema kI parIkSA ke liye lakSmaNa ko vizvAsa dilAyA ki rAma kA dehAnta ho gyaa| isa se zokAkula hokara lakSmaNa mara gaye aura anta meM naraka ko sidhAre / lakSmaNa kI antyeSTi ke pazcAt rAma ne jainadharma meM dIkSA le lI aura sAdhanA karake mokSa ko prApta kiyaa| ___guNabhadra kI paramparA ke anusAra rAma kathA kA rUpa nimnalikhita hai| vArANasI ke rAjA dazaratha kI subAlA nAmaka rAnI se rAma, kaikayI se lakSmaNa aura bAda meM sAketapurI meM kisI anya rAnI se bharata aura zatrughna nAmaka putra utpanna hue| guNabhadra ke anusAra sItA, rAvaNa kI rAnI maMdodarI kI putrI thii| sItA ko amaMgalakAriNI samajhakara inhoMne use eka maMjUSA meM DalavAkara mArIca dvArA mithilA deza meM gar3avA diyA / hala kI noka meM ulajhI vaha maMjUSA rAjA janaka ke pAsa le jAI gii| janaka ne usameM eka kanyA ko dekhA aura usakA nAma sItA rakha kara putrI kI taraha pAlana-poSaNa kiyaa| cirakAla ke pazcAt rAjA janaka ne apane yajJa kI rakSA ke liye rAma aura lakSmaNa ko bulaayaa| yajJa samApti para rAma aura sItA kA vivAha huaa| rAma-lakSmaNadonoM dazaratha kI AjJA se vArANasI meM rahane lge| kaikayI ke haTha karane, rAma ko vanavAsa dene Adi kA isa paramparA meM koI nirdeza nahIM / paMcavaTI, daNDaka vana, jaTAyu, zUrpaNakhA, kharadUSaNa Adi ke prasaMgoM kA bhI abhAva hai| rAjA janaka ne rAvaNa ko apane yajJa meM nimantrita nahIM kiyA thaa| isa parAbhava se jala kara aura nArada ke mukha se sItA ke saundarya kI prazaMsA sunakara rAvaNa ne, svarNa bhRga kA rUpa dhAraNa kiye hue mArIca dvArA, sItA kA apaharaNa kara liyaa| sItAharaNa ke samaya rAma aura sItA vArANasI ke nikaTa citrakUTa vATikA meM vihAra kara rahe the| guNabhadra kI kathA meM hanumAna ne rAma kI sahAyatA kii| laMkA meM jAkara sItA .
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________________ apabhraMza - sAhitya ko sAMtvanA dii| laMkA dahana ke prasaMga kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA gyaa| yuddha meM lakSmaNa rAvaNa kA sira kATA / 40 rAma aura lakSmaNa donoM ayodhyA lauTe / rAma kI ATha hajAra aura lakSmaNa kI solaha haz2Ara rAniyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / lokApavAda ke kAraNa sItA-nirvAsana kI isameM carcA nahIM / lakSmaNa eka asAdhya roga se mara kara rAvaNavadha ke kAraNa, naraka ko gaye / isase vikSubdha hokara rAma ne lakSmaNa ke putra pRthvIsundara ko rAjya pada para aura sItA 'putra ajitaMjaya ko yuvarAja pada para abhiSikta karake svayaM jaina dharma meM dIkSA le lI aura anta meM mukti prApta kii| sItA ne bhI aneka rAniyoM ke sAtha jaina dharma meM dIkSA le lI aura anta meM acyuta svargaM prApta kiyA / jaina - rAma kathA meM kaI asaMbhava ghaTanAoM kI saMbhava rUpa meM vyAkhyA karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / isa meM vAnara aura rAkSasa donoM vidyAdhara vaMza kI bhinna-bhinna zAkhAyeM mAnI gaI haiM / jainiyoM ke anusAra vidyAdhara manuSya hI mAne gaye haiM / unheM kAmarUpatva, AkAzagAminI Adi aneka vidyAyeM siddha thIM ataeva unakA nAma vidyAdhara par3A / bAnara vaMzI vidyAgharoM kI dhvajAoM, mahaloM aura chatoM ke zikhara para vAnaroM ke cihna huA karate the, prataeva unheM vAnara kahA jAtA thA / apabhraMza ke kaviyoM neM inhIM meM se kisI paramparA ko lekara rAma kathA rcii| svayaMbhU ne vimalasUri ke pauma cariya kI aura puSpadanta ne guNabhadra ke uttara purANa kI paraMparA kA apane purANoM meM anugamana kiyA hai / carita graMthoM meM kisI tIrtha kara yA mahApuruSa ke caritra kA varNana milatA hai / jaise jasahara cariu, pAsaNAha cariu, vaDDhamANa cariu, NemiNAha cariu ityAdi / uparinirdiSTa 63 mahApuruSoM ke atirikta bhI anya dhArmika puruSoM ke jIvana carita se saMbaddha caritagraMtha likhe gaye / jaise-- pauma sirI cariu, bhavisayatta cariu, sudaMsaNa cariu ityAdi / inake atirikta apabhraMza sAhitya meM aneka kathAtmaka graMtha bhI milate haiM / apabhraMza - sAhitya ke RviyoM kA lakSya janasAdhAraNa ke hRdaya taka pahu~ca kara unako sadAcAra kI dRSTi se U~cA uThAnA thaa| jainAcAryoM ne zikSita aura paMDita varga ke lie hI na likha kara azikSita aura sAdhAraNa varga ke lie bhI likhA / ko prabhAvita karane ke lie kathAtmaka sAhitya se bar3ha kara acchA aura koI sAdhana 2 janasAdhAraNa 1 ke. bhujabalI zAstrI - jaina rAmAyaNa kA rAvaNa; jaina siddhAnta bhAskara bhAga 6, kiraNa 1, pRSTha 1; nAthUrAma premI - jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 279; revareMDa phaoNdara kAmila bulke - rAma kathA, prakAzaka hindI pariSad, vizvavidyAlaya prayAga, san 1950 I0, pRSTha 60-71. Maurice Winternitz, A History of Indian Culture, aMgrejI anuvAda, kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya, san 1933, bhAga 2, pR0 475
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________________ apabhraMza sAhitya kA saMkSipta paricaya nahIM / yahI kAraNa hai ki purANa, caritAdi sabhI graMtha aneka kathAoM aura avAntara kathAoM se otaprota haiM / dhArmika viSaya kA pratipAdana bhI kathAoM se samanvita graMthoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| zrIcandra kA likhA huA 'kathAkoSa' aneka dhArmika aura upadezaprada kathAoM kA bhaMDAra hai| amarakIti racita 'chakkammovaesa' (SaT karmopadeza) meM kavi ne gRhasthoM ko deva-pUjA, gurusevA, zAstrAbhyAsa, saMyama, tapa aura dAna ina SaTkarmoM ke pAlana kA upadeza aneka sundara kathAoM dvArA diyA hai| isa prakAra ke kathA graMthoM ke atirikta bhavisayatta kahA,pajjuNha kahA, sthUlibhadra kathA Adi svatantra kathA graMtha bhI likhe gye| kathAyeM kisI prasiddha puruSa ke carita varNana ke atirikta aneka vratAdi ke mAhAtmya ko pradarzita karane ke lie bhI likhI gii| __ jainiyoM ke likhe cariu graMthoM meM kisI mahApuruSa kA carita aMkita hotA hai| ina granthoM ko kaviyoM ne rAsa nahIM kahA yadyapi rAsa granthoM meM bhI carita varNana milatA hai jaise pRthvIrAja raaso| ye cariu kAvya tathA kathAtmaka grantha prAyaH dharma ke AvaraNa se AvRta haiM / adhikAMza cariu kAvya premAkhyAnaka yA premakathAparaka kAvya haiN| inameM varNita premakathAe~ yA to usa kAla meM pracalita thIM yA inheM pracalita kathAoM ke mAdhAra para kaviyoM ne svayaM apanI kalpanA se eka nayA rUpa de DAlA / jo bhI ho ina sundara aura sarasa prema kathAmoM ko upadeza, nIti aura dharmatattvoM se mizrita kara kaviyoM ne dharmakathA banA ddaalaa| jainAcAryoM dvArA prAkRta meM likhita 'samarAicca kahA' aura 'vasudeva hiNDi' jaisI Adarza dharma kathAoM kI paramparA ina apabhraMza ke carita kAvyoM meM calatI haI pratIta hotI hai| ina vividha carita kAvyoM meM varNita prema kathA meM prema kA Arambha prAyaH samAnarUpa se hI hotA hai-guNa zravaNa se, citra darzana se yA sAkSAdarzana se / isa prema kI pariNati vivAha meM hotI hai| nAyaka aura nAyikA ke saMmilana meM kucha prayatna nAyaka kI ora se bhI hotA hai| aneka nAyakoM ko siMhala kI yAtrA karanI par3atI hai aura aneka kaSTa bhogane par3ate haiN| mema kathA meM pratinAyaka kI upasthiti bhI aneka carita graMthoM meM milatI hai / pratinAyaka kI kalpanA nAyaka ke caritra ko ujjvala karane ke lie hI kI jAtI hai kintu apabhraMza kAvyoM meM pratinAyaka kA caritra pUrNa rUpa se vikasita huA nahIM dikhAI detaa| nAyaka ko nAyikA kI prApti ke anantara bhI aneka bAra saMkaTa bhogane par3ate haiM / isakA kAraNa pUrva janma ke karmoM kA vipAka hotA hai| ina saba carita kAvyoM meM Azcaryatattva ayavA camatkAra bahulatA se dikhAI dete haiN| vidyAdhara, yakSa, gandharva, deva Adi samaya-samaya para prakaTa hokara pAtroM kI sahAyatA 8. Alfos ata f47-Magic and Miracle in Jain Literature, Jain Antiquary, bhAga 7, saMkhyA 2, pRSTha 88; bhAga 8, saMkhyA 1, pRSTha 9; bhAga 8, saMkhyA 2, pRSTha 57-68 /
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________________ be bhraMza- sAhitya 1 karate rahate haiM / dhamaM kI vijaya ke lie kavi ne inhIM tattvoM kA Azraya liyA hai| vidyAdhara, deva Adi kA samaya par3ane para upasthita ho jAnA saMbhavataH kucha asvAbhAvika pratIta hotA ho kintu ina carita kAvyoM meM unakI upasthiti kA sambandha pUrva janma ke karmoM se batalAkara usa asvAbhAvikatA ko dUra karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| taMtra-maMtra meM vizvAsa, muniyoM kI vANI meM zraddhA, svapnaphala aura zakunoM meM vizvAsa karane vAle vyakti bhI ina prabaMdha kAvyoM meM dikhAI dete haiM / apabhraMza sAhitya meM dharma-nirapekSa laukika- kathAnaka ko lekara likhe gaye prabandhakAvyoM kI saMkhyA ati svalpa upalabdha huI hai / vidyApati kI 'kIrtilatA' meM rAjA ke carita kA varNana hai vaha aitihAsika prabandha-kAvya kahA jA sakatA hai / abdula rahamAna ke sandeza rAsaka meM eka virahiNI kA apane priyatama ke prati sandeza hai / yaha sandezakAvya hI pUrNa rUpa se laukika prabandha-kAvya hai / isa prakAra ke anya prabandha kAvya bhI likhe gaye hoMge jinakA jaina bhaNDAroM ke dhArmika grantha samudAya ke sAtha praveza na ho kA hogA aura ataeva ve surakSita na raha sake / kathAtmaka granthoM ke atirikta apabhraMza meM 'jIvanaHkaraNa saMlApa kathA' nAmaka eka rUpaka-kAvya bhI likhA gayA / yaha saumaprabhAcArya kRta 'kumArapAla pratibodha' nAmaka prAkRta graMtha kA aMza hai| isameM jIva, mana, indriyoM Adi ko pAtra kA rUpa dekara upasthita kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra harideva kRta 'madana parAjaya' bhI isI prakAra kA eka rUpakakAvya hai / isameM kavi ne kAma, moha, ahaMkAra, ajJAna, rAgadveSa Adi bhAvoM ko pAtroM kA rUpa dekara pratIka rUpaka kAvya kI racanA kI hai / apabhraMza sAhitya meM kucha rAsA graMtha bhI upalabdha hue haiM / 'pRthvIrAja rAso', mUlarUpa meM jisake apabhraMza meM hone kI kalpanA dRr3ha hotI jA rahI hai, aura 'sandeza rAsaka', jo eka sandeza kAvya hai, ko chor3akara prAyaH sabhI upalabdha rAsA graMthoM kA viSaya dhArmika hI hai / jinadattasUri kRta 'upadezarasAyana' rAsa meM dhArmikoM ke kRtyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura gRhasthoM ko sadupadeza diye haiM / isake atirikta jinaprabharacita 'nemi rAsa' aura 'anta-raMgarAsa' nAmaka do anya apabhraMza rAsagraMthoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / isake atirikta 'jaMbU svAmi rAsa', 'samarA rAsa', 'revaMta giri rAsa' Adi kucha prAcIna gujarAtI se prabhAvita apabhraMza rAsa bhI likhe gye| ina saba meM rAjayaza ke sthAna para dhArmikatA kA aMza hai| rAsA graMthoM meM dhArmika puruSa ke carita varNana ke atirikta guru stuti, dhArmika upadeza, vrata dAna sambandhI kathAoM kA ullekha bhI milatA hai / rAsA graMthoM ke atirikta apabhraMza sAhitya meM kucha stotra graMtha bhI milate haiM / inameM kisI tIrthaMkara, paurANika puruSa yA guru kI stuti milatI hai / abhayadeva sUri-kRta jaya tihuyaNa stotra, RSabhajina stotra, dharmasUri stuti Adi isI koTi ke graMtha haiM / sUri stuti meM kavi ne bAraha mAsoM meM guru ke nAmoM se stuti kI hai / apabhraMza ke sandhi graMtha bhI aneka mile haiN| inameM eka yA do sandhiyoM meM kisI paurANika puruSa yA prasiddha puruSa kA carita saMkSepa meM varNita hai /
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________________ napabhraMza-sAhitya kA saMkSipta paricaya uparinirdiSTa apabhraMza graMthoM ke atirikta cUnarI, carcarI, kulaka ityAdi nAmAMkita kucha apabhraMza graMtha bhI mile haiN| vinayacandra muni kI likhI cunarI meM lekhaka ne dhArmika bhAvanAoM aura sadAcAroM kI raMgI cUnarI or3hane kA upadeza diyA hai / jinadatta sUri racita carcarI meM kRtikAra na apane guru kA guNagAna kiyA hai| solaNa kRta carcarikAcarcarI meM bhI stuti hI milatI hai / isake atirikta cAcari stuti aura guru stuti cAcari kA ullekha bhI pattana bhaMDAra kI graMtha sUcI meM milatA hai / jinadatta sUri kRta kAla-svarUpa kulaka meM bhI zrAvakoM-gRhasthiyoM ke lie dharmopadeza diye gaye haiM / isake atirikta bhAvanAkulaka, navakAra phala kulaka, pazcAttApa kulaka Adi kulaka graMthoM kA nirdeza pattana bhaMDAra kI graMtha sUcI meM milatA hai| Upara apabhraMza sAhitya ke jina graMthoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai ve saba apabhraMza ke mahAkAvya, khaMDa kAvya aura muktaka kAvya ke sundara udAharaNa prastuta karate haiN| ina graMthoM meM aneka kAvyAtmaka sundara sthala milate haiN| mahAkAvya pratipAdita lakSaNa inameM bhI nyUnAdhika rUpa meM pAye jAte haiN| kisI nAyaka ke carita kA varNana, zRGgAra, vIra, zAntAdi rasoM kA pratipAdana, sandhyA, rajanI, sUryodaya, candrodaya Adi prAkRtika dRzyoM kA varNana ityAdi saba lakSaNa ina kAvyoM meM milate haiM / inameM dhArmika tatva ke pratipAdana dvArA yadyapi kAvya pUrNa rUpa se parisphuTita nahIM ho sakA tathApi ye sundara kAvya hai, isameM koI sandeha nhiiN| ina prabandhakAvyoM meM se katipaya prabandhakAvyoM meM kavi ne nAyaka ke carita varNana ke sAtha-sAtha usake pUrva janma kI aneka kathAoM aura avAntara kathAoM kA bhI mizraNa kara diyA hai, jisase unake kathAtmaka sambandha kA bhalI prakAra nirvAha nahIM ho skaa| isI kAraNa prabandha-kAvya ke vAhyarUpa saMghaThana meM saMskRta-prAkRta prabandha-kAvyoM kI apekSA kucha zithilatA A gaI hai| uparilikhita viSayoM ke atirikta apabhraMza meM aneka upadezAtmaka graMtha bhI milate haiN| ina graMthoM meM kAvya kI apekSA dhArmika upadeza bhAvanA pradhAna hai / kAvya-rasa gauNa hai dharma-bhAva pradhAna / isa prakAra kI upadezAtmaka kRtiyAM adhikatara jaina dharma ke upadezakoM kI hI likhI huI haiN| inameM se kucha meM AdhyAtmika tatva pradhAna hai kucha meM Adhibhautika upadeza tatva / prathama prakAra kI kRtiyoM meM Atma-svarUpa, Atma-jJAna, saMsAranazvaratA, viSayatyAga, vairAgyabhAvanA Adi kA pratipAdana hai| jaise yogIndu kA paramAtma prakAza aura yoga sAra, muni rAmasiMha kA pAhur3a dohA, suprabhAcArya kA vairAgya sAra ityAdi / dUsare prakAra kI kRtiyoM meM zrAvakocita kartavyoM aura dharmoM ke pAlana kA vidhAna hai| naitika aura sadAcAramaya jIvana ko unnata karane vAle upadezoM kA pratipAdana hai| isa prakAra kI racanAoM meM devasena kA sAvayadhammadohA, jinadatta sUri ke upadeza rasAyana rAsa aura kAlasvarUpa kulaka, jayadeva muni kI bhAvanA saMdhi prakaraNa aura mahezvara sUri kI saMyamamaMjarI Adi racanAoM kA antarbhAva kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina dharma sambandhI upadezAtmaka racanAmoM ke samAna bauddha siddhoM kI bhI kucha phuTakara
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya racanAyeM milatI haiM jinameM unhoMne vajrayAna yA sahajayAna ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| inakI racanAoM kA saMgraha 'dohA koSa' aura 'boddha gAna au dohA', 'caryApada' Adi nAmoM se huA hai| inhoMne adhikatara dohoM aura bhinna-bhinna rAga rAganiyoM meM hI likhA / siddhoM kI racanAyeM do prakAra kI milatI haiM kucha meM siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana hai aura kucha meM brAhmaNoM ke karmakANDa kA aura prAcInarUr3hi kA kaTutA se khaMDana / rahasyavAda, sahaja mArga, guru mahattA, maMtra taMtrAdi khaMDana, kAyA tIrtha, karma ke vAhyarUpa kA khaMDana Adi inakI kavitA kA mukhya viSaya thaa| . bauddha siddhoM kI dohAtmaka aura gAnabaddha racanAoM ke atirikta zaivamatAnuyAyiyoM ke zaiva siddhAnta pratipAdaka kucha apabhraMza padya kAzmIra meM likhe saMskRta aura kAzmIrI bhASA ke tantra sAra, lallAvAkyAni Adi kucha granthoM meM itastataH vikIrNa mile haiM / jinase apabhraMza ke kSetra ke vistAra para prakAza par3atA hai| dhArmika kRtiyoM kA bhASA kI dRSTi se utanA mahatva nahIM jitanA bhAvadhArA kI dRSTi se| inakI racanAoM meM bhASA kA vicAra gauNa hai aura bhAvadhArA vikAsa kA vicAra mukhya hai| ina upadezAtmaka dhArmika kRtiyoM ke atirikta isa prakAra ke phuTakara padya bhI anya prAkRta ke granthoM meM itastataH vikIrNa milate haiM, jinameM prema, zRMgAra, vIra Adi kisI bhAva kI tIvratA se aura sundaratA se vyaMjanA milatI hai / inameM se aneka padya sundara subhASita rUpa meM dikhAI dete haiN| isa prakAra ke muktaka padya vyAkaraNa ke aura chandoM ke anthoM meM udAharaNasvarUpa bhI pAye jAte haiN| rasa kI dRSTi se apabhraMza kAvyoM meM hameM mukhya rUpa se zRMgAra, bIra aura zAnta kA hI varNana milatA hai| saundarya varNana meM zRMgAra, parAkrama aura yuddha ke varNanoM meM vIra aura saMsAra kI asAratA nazvaratA Adi ke pratipAdana meM zAMta rasa dRSTigocara hotA hai / zRMgAra aura vIra rasoM ke varNana hone para bhI pradhAnatA zAnta rasa kI hI rakhI gaI hai| jIvana meM yauvana ke sukhabhoga tathA sundariyoM ke sAtha bhogavilAsa ke prasaMgoM dvArA zRMgAra rasa kI vyaMjanA kI gaI hai| jIvana ke karma kSetra meM avatarita hokara karmabhUmi meM parAkrama ke pradarzana dvArA vIra rasa kI vyaMjanA milatI hai| jahAM vIratA ke pradarzana se camatkRta nAyikA Atma samarpaNa kara baiThatI hai, vahAM vIra rasa, zRMgAra rasa kA sahAyaka hokara AtA hai| jahAM jharokhe meM baiThI sundarI kI kalpanA se nAyaka vIratA pradarzana ke lie saMgrAmabhUmi meM utaratA hai, vahAM zRgAra-rasa vIra-rasa kA sahAyaka hokara AtA hai| donoM rasoM kI koI bhI sthiti ho-donoM kA paryavasAna zAnta rasa meM dikhAI detA hai / jIvanakAla meM rAjya prApti ke uparAnta, vIratA se zatruoM kA uccheda kara, viSaya sukha kA upabhoga karate hue anta meM kisI muni ke upadeza-zravaNa dvArA jIvana aura saMsAra se virakta ho jAnA, yahI saMkSepa meM prAyaH saba kAvyoM kA kathAnaka hai| isI se ina kAvyoM meM zAnta rasa aMgI aura zeSa rasa usake aMga haiN| saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI sambaddha zailI kI taraha apabhraMza ke prabandha kAvya aneka
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________________ apabhraMza sAhitya kA saMkSipta paricaya sandhiyoM meM vibhakta hote haiN| pratyeka sandhi kucha kar3avakoM se milakara banatI hai / kar3akka kI samApti ghattA se hotI hai| kahIM kahIM para sandhi ke prArambha meM duvaI yA ghattA bhI milatA hai jisameM saMkSepa se sandhi kA sAra diyA hotA hai| pratyeka sandhi meM kitane kar3avaka hoM aisA koI nizcita niyama nahIM miltaa| kar3avaka kA mUlabhAga pajjhaTikA, pAdAkulaka, vadanaka, pArANaka, alillaha Adi chaMdoM se banatA hai / kucha mahApurANa aura purANa graMtha kA DoM meM bhI vibhakta milate haiN| pratyeka kAMDa kaI sandhiyoM se mila kara banatA hai| kRti ke Arambha meM maMgalAcaraNa milatA hai| sajjana durjana smaraNa, Atma vinaya Adi bhI kAvya ke Arambha meM pradarzita kiye gaye haiN| apabhraMza kAvyoM meM hameM bhASA kI do dhArAeM bahatI huI dikhAI detI haiN| eka toM prAcIna saMskRta-prAkRta paripATI ko liye sAhityika bhASA hai; jisameM padayojanA, alaMkAra, zailI Adi prAcIna alaMkRta zailI ke anusAra haiN| dUsarI dhArA apekSAkRta adhika unmukta aura svachaMda hai| isameM bhASA kA calatA huA aura sardhasAdhAraNa kA bolacAla vAlA rUpa milatA hai| kucha kaviyoM ne eka dhArA ko apanAyA kucha ne dUsarI ko pasaMda kiyaa| puSpadaMta jaise pratibhAzAlI kaviyoM kI racanAoM meM donoM dhArAyeM bahatI huI dikhAI detI haiN| ___ apabhraMza kaviyoM kI eka vizeSatA yaha rahI hai ki inhoMne rUr3hi kA pAlana na karate hue pratyakSa anubhUta aura laukika jIvana se saMbaddha ghaTanAoM kA varNana kiyA hai / kisI dRzya kA varNana ho kavi kI A~khoM se yaha laukika jIvana ojhala nahIM ho paataa| laukika jIvana kI anubhUti usakI bhASA meM usake bhAvoM meM aura usakI zailI meM samAna rUpa se abhivyakta huI hai| kavi cAhe svarga kA varNana kara rahA ho, cAhe parvata ke uttuMga zikhara kA, cAhe kAntAra pradeza kA, vaha mAnava jIvana kI grAmya jIvana kI ghaTanAoM ko nahIM bhUla paataa| yaha pravRtti usakI bhASA meM milatI hai, usake viSayavarNana meM milatI hai aura usakI alaMkAra yojanA meM milatI hai| alaMkAroM meM aprastuta vidhAna ke lie kavi prAcIna, paraMparAgata upamAnoM kA prayoga na kara jIvana meM sAkSAt anubhUta aura dazyamAna upamAnoM kA prayoga karatA hai| . apabhraMza bhASoM meM eka aura pravRtti dikhAI detI hai vaha hai dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM ke prayoga kI / bhAvAnukUla zabda yojanA ke lie isa se acchA aura koI sAdhana nahIM ho sktaa| artha kI vyaMjanA ke lie tadanukUla dhvanisUcaka zabdoM kA prayoga uttara kAla meM jAkara manda ho gyaa| bhASA ko prabhAvamayI banAne ke lie zabdoM kI aura zabda-samUhoM kI AvRtti ke baneka udAharaNa apabhraMza kAvyoM meM milate haiN| isI prakAra bhASA meM aneka lokoktiyoM bora vAgdhArAoM kA prayoga ina apabhraMza kaviyoM ne kiyA hai| inake prayoga se bhASA jalatI huI aura AkarSaka ho gaI hai / kheda hai ki khar3I bolI hindI ne apabhraMza bhASA kI pravRtti ko na apnaayaa| ina vAgdhArAoM ke prayoga se bhASA sajIva aura
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________________ 46 apabhraMza-sAhitya saprANa ho jAtI hai| ____ apabhraMza kAvyoM meM aneka chaMdoM kA prayoga milatA hai / saMskRta ke varNavRttoM kI apekSA mAtrika chandoM kA adhikatA se prayoga pAyA jAtA hai, kintu varNavRttoM kA pUrNarUpa se abhAva nahIM / saMskRta ke unhIM varNavRttoM ko apabhraMza kaviyoM ne grahaNa kiyA hai jinameM eka vizeSa prakAra kI gati inheM milii| 'bhujaMga prayAta' ina kaviyoM kA priya chanda thA / saMskRta ke varNavRttoM meM bhI inhoM ne apanI pravRtti ke anukUla parivartana kara diye / chandoM meM antyAnuprAsa apabhraMza kaviyoM kI vizeSatA hai| isa prakAra chandoM ko gAna aura laya ke anukUla banA liyA gyaa| padya kI geyatA isa guNa se aura bhI adhika bar3ha gii| saMskRta ke varNavRttoM meM bhI isa prakAra ke antyAnuprAsa kA prayoga ina kaviyoM ne kiyA / itanA hI nahIM ki yaha antyAnuprAsa pratyeka caraNa ke anta meM milatA ho kintu caraNa ke madhya meM bhI isakA prayoga milata hai / saMskRta ke varNavRttoM ke niyamAnusAra caraNa meM jahA~ yati kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai vahAM bhI antyAnuprAsa kA prayoga kara usa chanda ko eka nayA hI rUpa de ddaalaa| chanda kA eka caraNa, do caraNoM meM parivartita kara diyaa| itanA hI nahIM ki apabhraMza kaviyoM ne eka hI chanda meM navInatA utpanna kI, aneka navIna chandoM kI sRSTi bhI unhoMne kii| do chaMdoM ko milA kara aneka naye chandoM kA nirmANa apabhraMza kAvyoM meM milatA hai| chappaya, kuMDalika, candrAyana, vastu yA raDDA, rAsAkula ityAdi isI prakAra ke chanda haiN| apabhraMza kAvyoM meM prAkRta ke gAthA chanda kA bhI prayoga kaviyoM ne kiyA hai| aneka gAthAoM kI bhASA prAkRta saMskAra ke kAraNa prAkRta se prabhAvita hai| apabhraMza carita kAvyoM meM nimnalikhita chandoM kA prayoga adhikatA se milatA haipajjhaTikA, pAdAkulaka, alillaha, ghatA, aDilA, siMhAvaloka, raDDA, plavaMgama, bhujaMga prayAta, kAminI mohana, toTaka, doSaka, caupAI ityAdi / pajjhaTikA, alillaha Adi chandoM kI kucha paMktiyoM ke anta meM ghattA rakhane kI paddhati Age cala kara jAyasI, tulasI Adi hindI kaviyoM ke kAvyoM meM parisphuTa huii| apabhraMza ke muktaka kAvya meM dohA chanda kA pracuratA se prayoga milatA hai| yogIndu, rAmasiMha, devasena. Adi sabhI upadezakoM ne dohe hI likheM haiN| siddhoM ne bhI dohoM meM racanA kI jisake AdhAra para unake saMgraha kA nAma dohA koSa pdd'aa| ___ apabhraMza sAhitya adhikAMza dhArmika AcaraNa se AvRta hai| mAlA ke tantu ke samAna saba prakAra kI racanAyeM dharmasUtra se grathita haiN| apabhraMza kaviyoM kA lakSya thA eka dharmapravaNa samAja kI rcnaa| purANa, cariu, kathAtmaka kRtiyAM, rAsAdi sabhI prakAra kI racanAoM meM vahI bhAva dRSTigata hotA hai| koI prema kathA ho cAhe sAhasika kathA, kisI kA carita ho cAhe koI aura viSaya, sarvatra dharmatatva anusyUta hai / isa pravRtti ke kAraNa kabhI kabhI ina graMthoM meM eka prakAra kI ekarUpatA aura nIrasatA dRSTigata hone lagatI hai| apabhraMza lekhakoM ne laukika jIvana evaM gRhastha jIvana se sambaddha kathAnaka
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________________ apabhraMza sAhitya kA saMkSipta paricaya bhI likhe kintu ve bhI isI dhArmika AvaraNa se AvRta haiN| bhavisayatta kahA, paumasiri-cariu, sudaMsaNa cariu, jiNadatta cariu Adi isI prakAra ke graMtha haiM / mAnoM ghamaM inakA prANa thA aura dharma hI inakI AtmA / isa pravRtti ke hote hue bhI apabhraMza prabaMdha-kAvyoM meM nAyakoM ke bahupatnItva kA citraNa Aja kucha khaTakatA sA hai / rAjazekhara (10vIM sadI) ne rAja sabhA meM saMskRta aura prAkRta kaviyoM ke sAtha apabhraMza kaviyoM ke baiThane kI yojanA batAI hai / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya apabhraMza kavitA bhI rAjasabhA meM AdUta hotI thii| isI prakaraNa meM bhinna bhinna kaviyoM ke baiThane kI vyavasthA batAte hue rAjazekhara ne saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza kaviyoM ke sAtha baiThane vAloM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| apabhraMza kaviyoM ke sAtha baiThane vAle citrakAra, jauharI, sunAra, bar3haI Adi samAja ke madhya koTi ke manuSya hote the / isase pratIta hotA hai ki rAjazekhara ke samaya saMskRta kula thor3e se paNDitoM kI bhASA thI / prAkRta jAnane vAloM kA kSetra apekSAkRta bar3A thA / apabhraMza jAnane vAloM kA kSetra aura bhI afro vistRta thA aura isa bhASA kA saMbaMdha jana sAdharaNa ke sAtha thaa| rAjA ke paricAraka varga kA 'apabhraMza bhASaNa pravaNa' honA bhI isI bAta kI ora saMketa karatA hai / " 47 zrI muni jina vijaya jI dvArA saMpAdita 'purAtana prabandha saMgraha' nAmaka graMtha meM sthAna sthAna para aneka apabhraMza padya milate haiM / isa graMtha se pratIta hotA hai ki aneka rAjasabhAoM meM apabhraMza kA Adara cirakAla taka banA rhaa| rAjA bhoja yA unake pUrvavarttI rAjA apabhraMza kavitAoM kA sammAna hI nahIM karate the, svayaM bhI apabhraMza meM kavitA likhate the / rAjA bhoja se pUrva muMja kI sundara apabhraMza kavitAe~ milatI haiM / apabhraMza kavitAoM kI paraMparA Adhunika prAntIya bhASAoM ke vikasita ho jAne para bhI calatI rahI, jaisA ki vidyApati kI kIrtilatA se spaSTa hotA hai / adhyayana ke subhIte ke liye apabhraMza sAhitya kA vibhAjana kara lenA ucita pratIta hotA hai / ataeva yahAM kucha usakA bhI vicAra kara lenA ThIka hogA / adhikAMza apabhraMza sAhitya kI racanA vidarbha, gujarAta, rAjasthAna, madhyapradeza, mithilA aura magadha meM huI / vibhinna prAntoM meM prApta apabhraMza sAhitya ke AdhAra para isa sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa bhinna-bhinna prAMtoM kI dRSTi se kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. pazcimI pradeza kA apabhraMza sAhitya 1. tasya ( rAjAsanasya) cottarataH saMskRtAH kavayo nivizeran / ... pUrveNa prAkRtAH kavayaHH, | pazcimenApabhraM zinaH kavayaH tataH paraM citra lepyakRto mANikya bandhakA vaikaTikAH svarNakAra varddhaki lohakArA anyepi tathAvidhAH / dakSiNato bhUtabhASA kavayaH, ityAdi / kAvya mImAMsA, adhyAya 10, pR0 54-55 2. vahI adhyAya 10, pR0 50
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya lh isameM svayaMbhU, yogIndu, dhanapAla, hemacandra, abdularahamAna Adi lekhakoM kI kRtiyoM kA antarbhAva hogaa| mahArASTra pradeza kA apabhraMza sAhitya isameM puSpadanta aura muni kanakAmara kI kRtiyoM kA antarbhAva hogaa| 3. pUrvI prAMtoM kA apabhraza sAhitya isameM siddhoM aura vidyApati kI racanAoM kI parigaNanA kI jA sakatI hai| 4. uttarI pradezoM kA apabhraMza sAhitya isameM nAtha saMpradAya vAloM ke apabhraMza padoM kA samAveza kiyA jA sakatA hai| dharma yA sampradAya kI dRSTi se bhI apabhraza sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| adhikAMza apabhraMza sAhitya jainiyoM dvArA hI racA gayA isalie isa sAre sAhitya kA vibhAjana do bhAgoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai-jaina apabhraMza-sAhitya aura jainetara apabhraMza sAhitya / janetara apabhraMza sAhitya meM jaina dharma se bhinna dharmavAloM dvArA racita apabhraMza sAhitya A jAtA hai| ___isa prakAra janetara apabhraMza sAhitya kA bhI nimnalikhita tIna koTiyoM meM vibhAjana kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. brAhmaNyoM dvArA racita apabhraMza sAhitya, 2. bauddhoM dvArA racita apabhraMza sAhitya, 3. musalamAnoM dvArA racita apabhaMza sAhitya tIsarA vargIkaraNa kAvya rUpa kI dRSTi se kiyA jA sakatA hai| samasta apabhraMza sAhitya ko hama prabandhAtmaka kAvya aura muktaka kAvya ina do bhAgoM meM bAMTa sakate haiN| prabandhAtmaka apabhraMza sAhitya bhI mahAkAthya aura khaMDa kAvya ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| __ina tInoM prakAra ke vargIkaraNa meM pradeza kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA vargIkaraNa vaijJAnika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yadi eka prAnta kA vAsI lekhaka dUsare prAnta meM jAkara racanA karatA hai to usakI racanA meM pahale prAnta kI vizeSatAeM hI parilakSita hoMgI, yadyapi vagIkaraNa kI dRSTi se usakI racanA kA antarbhAva dUsare prAnta meM hI kiyA jAyagA / dharma kI dRSTi se kiye gaye vagIkaraNa meM bhinna-bhinna dharma yA saMpradAya vAloM kI vicAradhArA kA saralatA se adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu sAhitya kI tulanAtmaka samIkSA kA adhyayana karane vAle ke lie yaha tIsare prakAra kA vargIkaraNa hI adhika saMgata aura upayogI siddha hogA isalie isI tIsare prakAra ke vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para AgAmI adhyAyoM meM apabhraza sAhitya ke adhyayana kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai|
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________________ chaThA adhyAya apabhraMza mahAkAvya saMskRta meM kAvyoM ke varNanIya viSaya prAyaH rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata yA purANoM se lie gae / adhikAMza kAvya rAma kathA, kRSNa kathA yA kisI paurANika kathA ko lekara likhe gae / ina viSayoM ke atirikta isa prakAra ke kAvya gantha bhI likhe gaye jinameM kisI rAjA ke zaurya yA vijaya kA varNana ho yA kisI rAjA kI prema kathA kA vistAra ho| vikramAMka deva carita, kumArapAla carita aura nava sAhasAMka carita isI prakAra ke kAvya hai| bauddha aura jaina kaviyoM ne apane-apane dharma pravartakoM aura mahApuruSoM ke carita varNana ko bhI kAvya kA viSaya bnaayaa| azvaghoSa racita buddha carita, kanakadeva vAdirAja kRta yazodhara carita, hemacandra racita triSaSThi zalAkA puruSa carita Adi isI prakAra ke kAvya haiN| prAkRta meM bhI prabandha kAvyoM kA vikAsa kucha to saMskRta ke DhaMga para huA aura kucha svatantra rUpa se / aneka kaviyoM ne saMskRta ke samAna prAkRta meM bhI apanI prabandha-cAturI dikhAne kA prayatna kiyaa| prAkRta ke bhI adhikAMza kAvya rAma aura kRSNa kI kathA ko lekara hI race gaye haiN| pravarasena kA setubandha yA rAvaNa vadha, zrI kRSNalIlAzuka kA zrI cihna kAvya (siri ciMdha kavva) kramazaH rAma kathA aura kRSNa kathA para likhe gaye prAkRta kAvya haiN| rAma aura kRSNa kI kathA ke atirikta vAkpatirAja kA gauDa vaho ina kathAoM se bhinna eka rAjA ke jIvana ko lekara racA gyaa| kautUhala kRta lIlAvatI kathA 2 eka premAkhyAna hai| zailI aura kAvya rUpa kI dRSTi se prAkRta prabaMdha kAvyoM meM se kucha to aise milate haiM jinameM saMskRta kI paraMparA avicchinna rUpa se pravAhita hotI huI dRSTigocara hotI hai kintu inake atirikta kucha aise bhI prabandha kAvya prAkRta meM likhe gaye jinakA saMskRta kI paraMparA se alaga hokara vikAsa huaa| inameM hameM saMskRta-chaMdoM se bhinna chaMda, evaM 1. DA0 A. ne. upAdhye bhAratIya vidyA, bhAga 3, aMka 1, 1941 I. pRSTha 6, saMskRta ke dvayAzraya kAvyoM ke samAna kavi ne 12 sargoM meM gAthA chaMda meM zrI kRSNa kI lolA aura trivikrama ke prAkRta sUtroM kI vyAkhyA kI hai| ra 2. DA0 A0 ne0 upAdhye dvArA saMpAdita, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI se 1949 3. meM prkaashit|
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________________ apabhraMza - sAhitya uparyukta varNya viSayoM se bhinna aihalaukika dRzyoM aura ghaTanAoM ke varNana upalabdha hote * haiM / yaha pravRtti prAkRta ke gAthA saptazatI ityAdi muktaka kAvyoM meM adhika spaSTa rUpa se dikhAI detI hai | apabhraMza ke prabaMdha kAvyoM meM bhI isa aihalaukika pravRtti ke darzana hote haiM / apabhraMza kAvyoM meM bhI kaviyoM ne saMskRta kAvyoM kI zailI, tadanukUla kAvyarUpa Adi kA Azraya liyA kintu yaha sArA DhAMcA zithila sA ho gayA thA / varNanIya viSayoM kI vividharUpatA ke sthAna para dhArmika vicAra dhArA aura dhArmika puruSoM ke caritoM ke varNana se utpanna ekarUpatA dvArA kucha nIrasatA ina kAvyoM meM dRSTigata hone laga gaI thI / apabhraMza ke aneka "carita" isa bAta ke pramANa haiM / varNya viSaya meM cAhe ekarUpatA banI rahI kintu laukika bhAvanA aura dRzyoM kA citraNa apabhraMza kAvyoM meM nAnA rUpoM meM huA / abdularahamAna kA saMdeza rAsaka isI prakAra kA eka prabaMdhakAvya hai / saMskRta kAvyoM meM bhinna-bhinna sargoM meM bhinna-bhinna chandoM ke vidhAna kI jo pravRtti pAI jAtI hai vaha prAkRta kAvyoM meM hI bahuta kucha dUra ho gaI thI / apabhraMza kAvyoM meM bhI yahI prAkRta kI pravRtti dikhAI detI hai / apabhraMza sAhitya meM aneka graMtha isa prakAra ke upalabdha hote haiM jinameM ghaTanAoM aura varNanoM kA vahI rUpa dRSTigocara hotA hai jo saMskRta aura prAkRta mahAkAvyoM meM thA-- kisI ke jIvana kI kathA kA kramazaH vistAra, jIvana ke aneka pakSoM kA digdarzana, prAkRtika dRzyoM ke sarasa varNana, prAtaHkAla, saMdhyA, sUryodaya Adi prAkRtika ghaTanAoM kA sajIva rUpa pradarzana / inake AdhAra para ina saba graMthoM ko prabandha kAvya samajhA jA sakatA hai / apabhraMza sAhitya ke aneka purANa, caritagraMtha, aura kathAtmaka kRtiyAM nissaMdeha uccakoTi ke mahAkAvya kahe jA sakate haiM / vizvanAtha ne sAhitya darpaNa meM spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai ki ina apabhraMza mahAkAvyoM meM saga~ ko kuDavaka kahate haiM / isa ullekha se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya apabhraMza mahAkAvya saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke DhaMga para hI likhe jAte the | apabhraMza kAvyoM ke adhyayana se siddha hotA hai ki donoM ke AdhArabhUta tatva eka hI haiM yadyapi una tatvoM kI atyadhika zithilatA apabhraMza mahAkAvyoM meM dRSTigocara hotI hai / mahAkAvya kI AtmA meM ucchvAsa pUrvavat thA kintu usameM nirbalatA A gaI thI / mahAkAvya ke zarIra kA DhA~cA vaisA hI thA kintu usakA oja aura saundarya vaisA na raha 1 gayA thA / / pahile nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai ki ina prabandha kAvyoM meM saga~ ke lie sandhi kA prayoga hotA thA jisake liye sAhityadarpaNakAra ne kuDavaka kA nirdeza kiyA hai / 1. sAhitya darpaNa, nirNaya sAgara presa, san 1915, pabhraMza nibaddhe sminsargAH kuDavakAbhidhAH / tathApabhraMza yogyAni chaMdAMsi vividhAnyapi // 6. 327
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya pratyeka sandhi aneka kaDavoM se milakara banatI thI / pratyeka kaDavaka pajjhaTikA Adi aneka chandoM se milakara banatA thA jisakI samApti ghattA se hotI thii| sandhi meM kitane kaDavaka hoM aisA koI nizcita niyama na thaa| sandhi kA Arambha dhruvaka ke rUpa meM pattA se hotA thA jisameM saMdhi kA sAra saMkSepa se abhivyakta hotA thaa| kucha mahAkAvya kAMDoM meM vibhakta kiye gaye haiN| pratyeka kAMDa aneka saMdhiyoM se mila kara banatA hai| kAMDoM meM vibhAjana kI yaha zailI vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM pAI jAtI hai aura hiMdI meM bhI banI dikhAI detI hai yahAM taka ki rAmacarita mAnasa ko bhI sopAnoM ke sAtha hI kAMDoM meM vibhAjita karake dekhA jAtA hai| sAhitya darpaNakAra ke kathana se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya apabhraMza mahAkAvyoM meM saMskRta aura prAkRta se svatantra chaMdoM kA prayoga bhI pracuratA se Arambha ho gayA thaa| ____ kAvya kI racanA yadi kisI hRdgata bhAva kI abhivyakti ke lie ho to usakI bhAvAnubhUti meM svAbhAvikatA aura sundaratA kA samAveza ho hI jAtA hai| kAvyaracanA yadi pracAra dRSTi se ho to usameM vaha tIvratA aura sundaratA spaSTatayA aMkita nahIM ho sakatI / kalAkAra-kalApradarzana, kalA pracAra, yaza kI prApti Adi bhAva nirapekSa hokara, yadi hRdaya kI tIvrAnubhUti ko tIvratA se abhivyakta karanA hI apanA lakSya samajhatA hai to usakI kalA meM eka vizeSa sauMdarya dikhAI detA hai| jainAcAryoM ke graMthoM meM pracAra bhAvanA ke kAraNa kAvyatva kucha daba sA gayA hai aura kAvyatva kI mAtrA kI apekSA kathAkI mAtrA kucha adhika ho gaI hai| jainAcAryoM ne pracAra dRSTi se jina graMthoM kI racanA kI ve adhikatara sarvasAdhAraNa azikSita varga ke liethe| kucha graMtha zikSita varga ko apanA mata svIkAra karAne kI dRSTi se bhI race gaye kintu adhikatA prathama prakAra ke graMthoM kI hI hai| prabandha kavyoM kA bheda karate hue AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne viSaya kI dRSTi se tIna prakAra ke prabandha kAvya batAye-vIra gAthAtmaka, prema gAthAtmaka aura jIvana gAthAtmaka / unhoMne prathama meM pRthvIrAja rAso Adi, dvitIya meM jAyasI kI padmAvata Adi premAkhyAnaka kAvya, aura tRtIya meM rAmacarita mAnasa Adi kAvyoM kA antarbhAva kiyA hai / apabhraMza meM hameM cariu rUpa meM aneka jIvanagAthAtmaka kAvya milate haiN| inameM kisI tIrthakara yA mahApuruSa kA caritravarNita hai| ina kAvyoM meM hameM jIvana ke una vividha pakSoM kA vaha vistAra dRSTigocara nahIM hotA jo tulasIdAsa ne rAma ke jIvana meM aMkita kiyA hai| apabhraMza ke caritakAvyoM meM kathA kI mAtrA adhika spaSTa hai| aneka carita kAvya to padyabaddha upanyAsa kahe jA sakate haiN| Age calakara hindI meM jisa upanyAsa sAhitya kA vikAsa huA usakA AbhAsa ina carita kAvyoM meM dikhAI par3atA hai| bhinna-bhinna caritakAvyoM ke kathAnaka ko par3ha kara yaha kathana saMbhavataH adhika spaSTa ho sake / prAcIna kAla meM hastalikhita pustakoM kI asuvidhA aura kamI ke kAraNa usa samaya kI prAyaH sabhI racanAeM isa dRSTi se kI jAtI thIM ki ve logoM kI smRti
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________________ 52 apabhraMza-sAhitya meM jIvita raha sakeM / padya AsAnI se kaMThastha kiye jA sakate haiM ataeva prAyaH darza dharmaM, nIti, jyotiSa, vaidyaka, gaNita Adi sabhI viSayoM ke graMtha padya meM likhe gaye / apabhraM kI anake racanAe~ bhI isI liye padma meM milatI haiM / yadi apabhraMza racanAoM ke sama kI vahI suvidhA hotI jo Ajakala hai to saMbhavataH hameM aneka upanyAsa apabhraMza ga meM bhI upalabdha ho sakate aura Aja kA upanyAsa sAhitya apekSAkRta adhika samRddha hotA apabhraMza mahAkAvya jitane bhI upalabdha ho sake haiM sabake saba dhArmika dRSTi se li gaye pratIta hote haiM / yadyapi mahAkAvyoM kA viSaya dharmabhAvanAnirapekSa aihikatA para bhI ho sakatA hai jaisA ki saMskRta aura prAkRta ke kAvyoM meM dikhAI detA hai kintu apabhraM meM isa prakAra ke mahAkAvya nahIM dikhAI dete / saMbhavataH jainetara kaviyoM ne isa prakAra ke mahAkAvya race hoMge kintu unakI surakSA na ho sakI / jaina bhaMDAroM meM dhArmika sAhitya hI praveza pA sakA aura vahI Ajataka surakSita raha sakA / jo ho isa prakAra ke dhArmika sAhitya ko lekara race gaye mahAkAvyoM kI paraMparA meM kavi svayaMbhU sabase pUrva hamAre sAmane Ate haiM / svayaMbhU kI racanAoM meM unase pUrvavatIM kucha kaviyoM ke nirdeza milate hai| inakI praur3ha aura paripuSTa racanA ko dekhakara yaha sahaja hI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki apabhraMza kI yaha prAMjala paraMparA sahasA svayaMbhU se prakaTa na hokara unase pUrvakAla meM utpanna huI hogI, jisakA vikAsa svayaMbhU kI racanA meM Akara huA / svayaMbhU kI tIna kRtiyAM upalabdha haiM pauma cariu (padma carita yA rAmAyaNa), riTThaNemi cariu ( harivaMza purANa ) maura svayaMbhU chanda / inhoMne paMcamI cariu bhI likhA jo aprApta hai / 3 kisI vyAkaraNa graMtha kI racanA bhI inhoMne kI, aisA nirdeza milatA hai| * jIhA / 1. caumuhavassa saddo sayambhuvassa maNaharA bhaddAsaya- goggahaNaM ajjavi kaiNo Na pAvanti // chaMdaDiya dubai dhuvaehi jaDiya, caumuheNa sammappiya paddhaDiya / pauma cariu riTThaNemi cariu 2. pro0 eca0 DI0 velaNakara ne grantha kA saMpAdana kiyA hai| pahale tIna adhyAya rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI baoNmbe ke jarnala san 1935 pRSTha 15-58 meM aura zeSa baoNmbe yunivarsaTI jarnala, jilda 5, saMkhyA 3, navambara 1936 meM prakAzita hue haiM / pauma cariu kI antima prazasti meM nimnalikhita padya milatA haiasmuha-sayaMbhuvANa vaNNiyatthaM tihuyaNa-sayaMbhu- raiyaM paMcami cariyaM 3. acakkhamANeNa / mahacchariyaM // tAvacciya sacchaMdo bhamai avabbhaMsa - macca-mAyaMgo | .4 jAva Na sayaMbhu- vAyaraNa - aMkuso paDai // sacchadda - viyaDa-dADho chaMdAlaMkAra - Nahara-duppikcho / vAmaraNa- kesaraDDho sayaMbhu- paMcANaNo jayau // pauma cariu ko prArambhika prazAsti
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya 53 svayaMbhU kI kRtiyoM meM kucha ullekha aise haiM jinase kavi ke jIvana para acchA prakAza par3atA hai / svayaMbhU mAruta aura padminI ke putra the / sthUlakAya, caur3I nAka vAle aura virala dAMtoM vAle the / ' inakI amRtAmbA aura AdityAmbA nAmaka do patniyAM thIM / tribhuvana inake putra the aura unhoMne svayaMbhU kI adhUrI kRtiyoM ko pUrA kiyA aura unameM kucha sandhiyA~ jor3IM / svayaMbhU ne pauma cariu kI racanA dhanaMjaya aura harivaMza purANa kI racanA dhavala ke Azraya meM kI thI / tribhuvana ne svayaMbhU ko chaMdazcUr3AmaNi, kavirAja cakravartI Adi kaha kara saMbodhita kiyA hai kintu kavi apane Apako sabase bar3A kukavi mAnatA hai / svayaMbhU ke ganthoM se aura inakI prakhyAti se siddha hotA hai ki yaha eka vidvAn kavi the / apanI pratibhA aura kavitva zakti ke kAraNa hI inhoMne kavirAja cakravarttI, chandaz cUr3AmaNi Adi upAdhiyAM prApta kiiN| apane dUsare grantha 'rivRNemi cariu (1.2) meM nirdiSTa kaviyoM aura AlaMkArikoM ke prasaMga se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha chaMdaH zAstra, alaMkAra zAstra, nATyazAstra saMgIta, vyAkaraNa, kAvya, nATakAdi pUrNa abhijJa the / apane 'svayaMbhU chandas' meM diye prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke lagabhaga 60 kaviyoM ke uddharaNoM se siddha hotA hai ki yaha ina donoM bhASAoM ke pUrNaM paMDita the / yahI kAraNa hai ki inake paravartI prAyaH sabhI kaviyoM ne inakA bar3e Adara ke sAtha smaraNa kiyA hai / puSpadanta ne svayaMbhU kA ullekha kiyA hai aura svayaMbhU ne svayaM bANa, nAgAnandakAra zrIharSa, bhAmaha, daMDI, raviSeNAcArya kI rAmakathA ( vi0 saM0 734) kA | ataH svayaMbhU kA samaya 700 vi0 saM0 ke pazcAt aura puSpadanta se pUrva hI kabhI mAnA sakatA hai| 1 pauma cariu saMpUrNagraMtha abhI taka prakAzita nahIM ho sakA / isake prathama tIna kAMDoM kA DA0 hariballabha cUnIlAla bhAyANI ne saMpAdana kiyA hai aura yaha do bhAgoM meM prakAzita bhI ho gayA hai / isa kI eka hastalikhita prati Amera zAstra bhaMDAra jayapura meM vartamAna hai / jainAcAryo dvArA saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM bhASAoM meM padmacarita yA rAma carita likhA gayA / saMskRta meM raviSeNAcArya likhita padmapurANa aura prAkRta meM vimalasUri kRta pauma cariya / inameM rAmAyaNa kathA kA rUpa jainadharma ke anusAra hai / kathA pUrNarUpa se brAhmaNoM kI kathA se mela nahIM khaatii| rAma kathA kA jaina rUpa pauma 1. pauma. 1. 3. aitaNueNa paIharagateM, chivvaraNAsa pavirala daMteM / 2. pauma. 42 anta 3. buha yaNa sayaMbhu para vinnavai / maha sarisau aNNu Natthi kukai / pauma. 1. 3 4. siMdhI jaina zAstra zikSA pITha, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, baeNbaI, vi. saM. 2009. 5. prazasti saMgraha, vi. saM. 2006, 10282 6. DA0 yAkovI dvArA saMpAdita, jaina dharma prajAraka sabhA bhAva nagara se 1914 I0 meM prakAzita /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya pariu meM upalabdha hotA hai| pauna cariu pAMca kAMDoM meM vibhakta hai-vidyAdhara kAMDa, ayodhyA kAMDa, sundarakAMDa, yuddha kAMDa aura uttara kaaNdd| pahale kAMDa meM 20, dUsare meM 22, tIsare meM 14, cIye meM 21 aura pAMcaveM meM 13 / isa prakAra kula 90 sandhiyA~ hai| kavi rAmakathA varNana meM prAcIna raviSeNa kI kathA se prabhAvita huA hai| - vidyAdhara kAMDa meM sandhi kI samApti kahIM kevala saMkhyA se sUcita kI gaI hai aura kahIM parva zabda se| pUre kAMDa kI samApti para kavi ne bIsa saMdhiyoM ke sthAna para "bIsahiM AsAsaehi" likha kara saMndhiyoM ke liye AzvAsa zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| vidyAdhara kAMDa ke pazcAt ayodhyA kAMDa meM kahIM kahIM sandhi zabda kA ullekha milatA hai / anyathA saMdhi kI samApti kevala saMkhyA se hI kara dI gaI hai| isa ke pazcAt kahIM kahIM saMdhi ke liye sagga (sarga) zabda kA bhI prayoga milatA hai| aMtha kI samApti "Navatimo saggo" se kI gaI hai| isa se pratIta hotA hai ki svayaMbhU ke samaya sargasamApti sUcaka 'sandhi' zabda apabhraMza kAvyoM ke liye rUr3ha na ho pAyA thaa| saMskRta kAvyoM ke 'parva' aura 'sarga' zabdoM ke sAtha sAtha prAkRta kAvyoM ke AzvAsa' zabda kA prayoga bhI 'saMghi' ke liye cala rahA thaa| pratyeka saMdhi kI samApti para svayaMbhU ne 'sayaMbhubhavaleNa', 'sayaMbhuMjatau' ityAdi zabdoM dvArA apane nAma kA ullekha kiyA hai| siri-vijjAhara-ko saMpImo huMti bIsa parimANaM / umA kaMDami tahA bAvIsa muNeha gaNaNAe / caubaha sundara kaMDe ekkAhiya bIsa jujma kNddey| uttara kaMDe teraha saMghIo gavai savvAu ||ch| pauma cariu antima prazasti 2. puNu ravi seNAyariya-pasAeM, buddhie avagAhiya khraaeN| pa0pa0 1.3 13voM sandhi kI samApti3. iya esya pauma carie, dhaNaMjayAsisa sayaMbhueva kae, kailAsubaraNa miNaM terasamaM sAhiyaM pavvaM // 18vIM sandhi kI samAptiiya rAma carie dhaNaMjayAsiya sayaMbhueva kae, pavarNajaNA-vivAho aTTArahameM harma pagvaM // 4. iya vijjAhara kaMDa, ghosahi asAsaehi me sitttth| ehi ujmA kaMDa, sAhijjaM taM nisAmeha //
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya grantha kA Arambha nimnalikhita vandanA se hotA haipattA--je kAya bAyamaNe nichiriyA, ne kAma kohalaya tiriyaa| te ekkamaNeNa sayaMbhueNa, baMdiya guru prmaayriy|| isake anantara nimnalikhita saMskRta kA mAlinI padya miLatA hai bhavati kila vinAzo durgataH saMgatAnAmiti vadati jano yaM sarvametaddhi mithyaa| uragaphaNimaNInAM ki nimitteta rAja nna bhavati viSadoSo nimviSo vA bhujaMgaH // 1.1. ___ kavi ne rAma kathA kI sundara nadI se tulanA kI hai aura isake liye eka sundara rUpaka bAMdhA hai| isake pazcAt (1.3) kavi ne Atma vinaya aura ajJatA kA pradarzana karate hue sajjana durjana smaraNa kI paripATI kA bhI pAlana kiyA hai| rAmakathA kA Arambha loka pracalita kucha zaMkAoM ke samAdhAna ke sAtha hotA hai| magadha nareza zreNika jinapara se prazna karate haiN| jaha rAma ho tihuyaNu uyari mAi, to rAmaNu kahi tiya levi jaah| aNNu visaravUsaNa samari deva, pahu jujjhai mujvAi bhiccu kev|| kiha vANara girivara udhvahaMti, vaMSivi mayaraharU samuttarati / kiha rAvaNa dahamuhu bIsahatyu, bhamarAhiya bhuva baMdhaNa samatya // 1.1. arthAt yadi rAma ke udara meM tInoM bhuvana haiM-vaha itane zaktizAlI haiM to kaise rAvaNa unakI strI ko hara le gayA ? * * kase vAnaroM ne parvatoM ko uThAyA, samudra ko bAMdha kara use pAra kiyA ? kaise dazamukha aura bIsa hAthoM vAlA rAvaNa amarAdhipa indra ko bAMdhane meM samartha huA? ___ kathA ke pradhAna pAtra saba jina bhakta haiM / varNana kI dRSTi se kAvyAnurUpa aneka sundara se sundara varNana isameM upalabdha hote haiN| 6.1 meM kavi ne causaTha siMhAsanoM evaM rAjAoM kA saMskRta-zabda-bahula bhASA meM varNana kiyA hai| isI prakAra 16:2 meM tIna zaktiyoM, cAra vidyAoM, saMdhi vigraha yAnAdi aura aThAraha tIrthAdi kA saMskRta meM vivecana kiyA hai / sthAna-sthAna para saMskRta padyoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai| tAvadgajati tuMgAH karaTa paTa?bhAjAna pIrA gaMDA ?? mAtaMga daMta kSata guru girayo bhagna nAnA maudhA (:) / lolo ddhRta latAne nija yuvati karaiH sevyamAnA yatheSTaM yAvanno kuMbhi kuMbha sthala dalana paTuH kesarI saMprayAti // 17.1 mahAkAvya ke anukUla aneka RtuoM kA varNana kavi ne kiyA hai / pAvasa meM meghoM ke 1. rAma kahA sari eha sohaMtI pa.ca.1.2
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________________ 56 prasAra kA varNana dekhiye ghattA sIyasa lakkhaNu dAsa rahi, taruvara mUle pariTThiya jAvahi / pasarai sukaihe kavvu jiha, meha jAla gayaNaMgaNe tAvehi // apabhraMza sAhitya pasarai jema timiru aNNANa ho, pasarai jema buddhi bahu jANa ho / pasarai jema pAu pAviTThaho, pasarai jema dhambhu dhammiTThaho / pasarai jema jonha mayavAhaho, pasarai jema kitti jagaNAhaho / pasarai jema ghaNahINaho, pasarai jema kitti ciMta sukuloNaho / X X pasarai jema sadda pasaras jema davaggi X sUtraho, pasaraha jema rAsi nahaM varNaMtare, pasarai meha jAlu taha arthAt jaise sukavi kA kAvya, ajJAnI kA aMdhakAra, jJAnI kI buddhi, pApiSTha kA pApa, dhArmika kA dharma, candra kI candrikA, rAjA kI kIrti, dhanahIna kI ciMtA, sukulIna kI kIrti, nirdhana kA kleza aura vana meM dAvAgni sahasA phaila jAtI hai isI prakAra meghajAla AkAza meM sahasA phaila gayA / upamAnoM ke dvArA kavi ne kriyA kI tIvratA abhivyakta kI hai / upamAna aise haiM jinakA janasAdhAraNa ke sAtha atyadhika paricaya hai ataeva kavitA sarala aura prasAda guNa yukta hai / mahAn indra dhanuSa ko hAtha meM lekara megharUpI gaja para savAra hokara pAvasa rAja ne grISmarAja para car3hAI kara dii| donoM rAjAoM ke yuddha kA varNana dekhiye jala jala jala jalaMtu dhUmAvali dhaya daMDa jhaDa jhaDa jhaDa jhaDaMtu mehamahAgayaghaDa sUraho / aMbare // pa0 ca0 28.1 saMpAiu / mellaMtara / dhaga dhaga dhaga dhagaMtu udghAiu, hasa hasa hasa hasaMtu pajalaMtau, jAlAvali phuliMga jheppiNu, varavAulikhaggu paharaMtau, taruvara riu bhaDa vihaDatau, jaM unhAlau biTTu bhiDaMtau / kaDDheppaNu / bhajjatau / dhaNu apphAliu pAuseeA, taDi TaMkAra phAra darisaMte / cosvi jalahara hatthi haDa, NIra sarAsaNi mukka turaMte / pa0 ca0 28. 2. pAvasarAja ne dhanuSa kA AsphAlana kiyA, tar3irUpa meM TaMkAra dhvani prakaTa huI, megha - gajaghaTA ko prerita kiyA aura jaladhArA rUpa meM sahasA bANa varSA kara dI / yuddha ke dRzya kI bhayaMkaratA kavi ne anuraNanAtmaka zabdoM ke prayoga se prakaTa kI hai /
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya pAvasarAja aura grISmarAja ke yuddha meM grISmarAja yuddha bhUmi meM mArA gyaa| pAvasarAja ke vijayollAsa kA varNana, utprekSAlaMkAra meM kavi ne sundaratA se kiyA hai daddura raDevi lagga NaM sajjaNa, NaM Naccanti mora khala dujjaNa / NaM pUrata sariu prakkaMda, NaM kai kila kilanti paannNdeN| NaM parahuya vimukku ugghoseM, NaM virahiNa lavaMti priuuseN| NaM saravara baha aMsu jalolliya, NaM girivara harise gNjjolliy| NaM uNahaviya davagni viUeM, NaM Nacciya mahi viviha vinnoeN| NaM atyaviu divAyara dukkheM, NaM paisariu rayaNi sai sokkheN| ratta patta-tara-pabaNAkaMpiya, keNa vi vahiu gibhuNaM jaMpiya / pa0 ca0 28.3 pAvasa meM dAduroM kA raTanA, moroM kA nAcanA, saritAoM kA umar3anA, baMdaroM kA kilakilAnA, parvatoM kA harSa se romAMcita honA Adi to saba svAbhAvika aura saMgata hai kintu kokila kA bolanA kavi saMpradAya ke viruddha hai| svayaMbhU jalakrIr3A varNana meM prasiddha haiN| sahasrArjuna kI jalakrIr3A kA dRzya nimnalikhina uddharaNa meM dekhiye avaroppara jalakola krth| ghaNa pANiya pahayara mellNthuN|| kahi mi caMda kuMdujjala tArehiM / avaliu jalu tuTuMtihi hArehi // kahi mi rasiu urahiM rasaMtihi / kahi mi phuriu kuMDalahi phuratahi // kahi mi sarasa taMbolArattau / kahi mi baula kAyaMbari mattau // kahi mi phaliha kappurehi vAsiu / kahi mi surahi miga maya vAmIsiu // kahi mi viviha maNi rayaNu jaliyau / kahi mi dhoya kajjala sNvliyu|| kahi mi bahala kuMkuma paMjariau / kahi mi malaya caMdaNa rasa bhariau / kahi mi jaksa kaddameNa karaMbiu / kahi mi bhamara richolihiM cuMbiu // 1. jala-kolAe sayaMbhU caumuha pavaMga goMggaha khaae| bhadaM ca maccha veMheM ajja vi kaiNo Na pAvaMti //
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________________ 58 apabhraMza-sAyiya bidduma maragaya, iMdaNIla saya, cAmiyara hAra sNghaahiN| bahubaSNujjala, gAvaraNahayalu suraSaNa ghaNa vijja balAyahi // arthAt paraspara jala krIr3A karate hue aura saghana jala binduoM ko eka dUsare para pheMkate hue rAjA aura rAniyoM ke caMdra aura kuMda ke samAna zubhra aura ujjvala TUTate hAroM se kahIM jala dhavala ho gayA, kahIM zabdAyamAna nUpuroM se zabdayukta ho gayA, kahIM camakate kuNDaloM se camakIlA, kahIM sarasa tAmbUla se Arakta, kahIM vakula madirA se matta, kahIM sphaTika zubhra karpUra se suvAsita, kahIM kastUrI se vyAmizrita, kahIM vividha maNi ratnoM se ujjvala, kahIM dhauta (dhule) kajjala se saMvalita, kahIM atyadhika kesara se piMjarita, kahIM malaya candana rasa se bharita, kahIM yakSa-kardama se karita aura kahIM bhramarAvali se cuMbita ho utthaa| saikar3oM vidruma, marakata indranIla maNiyoM aura suvarNahAra samUhoM se jala isa prakAra bahu varNa raMjita ho gayA jaise indra dhanuSa, vidayut aura saghana bAdaloM se AkAza vividha rAga raMjita ho jAtA hai| - eka hI prakAra ke zabdoM kI punarAvRtti cAraNoM meM atyadhika pracalita thii| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke kiSkindhA kAMDa meM paMpA sarovara ke varNana meM aura raghuvaMza meM prayAga ke gaMgA yamunA saMgama meM (13.54-57) isa zailI kA aMza parilakSita hotA hai| ___ isI prakAra vasaMta varNana (71. 1-2), sandhyA varNana (72. 3) samudra varNana (27. 5, 69. 2-3), golA nadI varNana (31.3), vana varNana (36. 1), yuddha varNana (56. 4, 53. 6-8, 63. 3-4, 74.8-11) Adi kAvyopayukta prasaMga bar3I sundaratA se kavi ne aMkita kiye haiN| pauma cariu meM ghaTanA bAhulya ke sAtha-sAtha kAvya prAcurya bhI dRSTigata hotA hai / ghaTanA aura kAvyatva donoM kI pracuratA isameM vidyamAna hai| ghaTanA kI pracuratA to viSaya ke kAraNa spasTa hI hai kAvyatva kI pracuratA bhI upari nirdiSTa sthaloM meM spaSTa rUpa se dekhI jA sakatI hai| __jaisA ki Upara nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai paumacariu meM kavi ne jaina saMpradAyAnukUla rAma kathA kA rUpa aMkita kiyA hai kintu graMtha ke Arambha meM sRSTi varNana, jambUdvIpa kI sthiti, kulakaroM kI utpatti, ayodhyA meM RSabhadeva kI utpatti tathA unake saMskArAdi kI aura jIvana kI kathA dI gaI hai| tadanantara ikSvAku vaMza, laMkA meM devatAoM vidyAdhara Adi ke vaMza kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / kAvyagata viSayavistAra isa graMtha meM upalabdha hotA hai / vayaM viSaya meM dhArmika bhAvanA kA raMga milatA hai| meghavAhana aura hanumAna ke yuddha kA varNana karatA huA kavi jahAM unake zUratvAdi guNoM kA nirdeza karatA hai vahA~ yaha bhI batAnA nahIM bhUlatA ki donoM jinabhakta the| veNNi' vi vIra ghora bhayacattA, veNi vi parama jiNivaho bhattA / pa0 ca0 53.8
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya 59 __rasa kI dRSTi se pauma cariu meM hameM vIra, zRMgAra, karaNa aura zAnta rasa hI mukhya rUpa se dikhAI dete haiM / vIra rasa ke sAtha sAtha zrRMgAra rasa kI abhivyakti vIra rasAtmaka kAvyoM meM dRSTigata ho hI jAtI hai / apabhraMza ke kAvyoM meM to yaha pravRtti pracuratA se parilakSita hotI hai / kisI sundarI ko dekhakara, usa para rIjha kara usake lie prANoM kI bAjI lagA denA yA isa kalpanA se hI ki hamArI vIratA ko dekhakara amuka sundarI mugdha ho jAyagI, yuddha kSetra meM apane prANoM kI paravAha na karanA-svAbhAvika hI hai / jaina apabhraMza paraMparA meM dhArmika bhAvanA virahita kAvya kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sktii| ataeva saMsAra kI anityatA, jIvana kI kSaNabhaMguratA aura duHkha bahulatA dikhAkara virAga utpanna karAnA-zAnta rasa meM kAvya evaM jIvana kA paryavasAna hI kavi ko abhISTa thA / vIratA ke sAtha yuddha kSetra meM praNayIjana ke vinAza se karuNa rasa kI utpatti svAbhAvika sI ho jAtI hai| inake atirikta anya rasa bhI sthala-sthala para parilakSita hote haiN| udAharaNa ke lie vIra rasa dekhieyuddha ke lie prastuta sainikoM ke utsAha kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai-- keSi jasa luTa / saNNA koha / kevi sumitta-pusa / sukltt-ctt-moh| ke viNIsaraMti vIra / bhUdharavva tuMga dhIra / sAyarava appamAga / kuMjarava diNNadANa / kesari'va ukhkes| catta savya-jIviyAsa / ke vi sAmi-bhatti-ghata / makikaragi-majjalaMta / ke vi Ahave abhaMga / kuMkuma psaahi-aNg| 10 ca0 59, 2. chaMda kA prayoga bhI kavi ne isa kuzalatA se kiyA hai ki par3hate hI sainikoM ke prayANa kI paga-dhvani kAnoM meM gUMjane lagatI hai| zabda yojanA se hI sainikoM kA utsAha abhivyakta hotA hai| karaNa rasa kI abhivyakti yuddha sthala meM aneka uddharaNoM dvArA kavi ne kI hai| lakSmaNa ke lie ayodhyA meM antaHpura kI striyA~ vilApa karatI haiM huklAuru rovai sayala lou / NaM cappivi thappivi bhariu sou / rovai bhicca-yaNa samudda-hatthu / NaM kamala-saMDu hima-pavaNa-ghatyu / rovai avarA iva rAmajaNaNi / kevakekkaya dAiya tara-mUla-khaNaNi / roSai suppaha bicchAya jAya / rovai sumitta somitti-mAya / patA- rovaMtie lakkhaNa-mAyarie, sayala lou rovaaviyu|| kAruNNai kavva kahAe jiha, kova Na aMsu muaaviyu|| pa0 ca0 69. 13.
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya arthAt duHkhAkula saba loga rone lge| dabA-dabA kara mAno sarvatra zoka bhara diyA ho| bhRtyagaNa hAtha uThA-uThA kara rone lage mAno kamalavana hima-pavana se vikSipta ho uThA ho / rAma mAtA eka sAmAnya nArI ke samAna rone lagI / sundarI UrmilA hataprabha ho rone lgii| sumitrA vyAkula ho utthii| rotI huI sumitrA ne saba janoM ko rulA 'diyA--kAruNya-pUrNa kAvya-kathA se kisake AMsU nahIM A jAte ? __rAvaNa ke lie mandodarI kA vilApa bhI isI prakAra karuNa-rasa-paripUrita hai / mandodarI vilApa karatI huI vigata zRgArika ghaTanAoM kA smaraNa kara aura bhI adhika vyAkula ho jAtI hai (pa0 ca0 76. 10) / yaha bhAvanA kumArasaMbhava meM kAma ke lie 'vilApa karatI huI rati kA smaraNa karA detI hai / isI prakAra aMjanA sundarI ke liye vilApa karate hue pavanaMjaya ke kAruNya-vyaMjana meM bhI kavi kAlidAsa se prabhAvita huA pratIta hotA hai| nimnalikhita varNana kAlidAsa ke vikramorvazIya nATaka meM urvazI ke liye vilApa karate hue purUravas kA smaraNa karA detA hai pavaNaMjaya vi paDivaksa khau, kANaNu paisaraha visAparau / puchai aho sarovara viTTha SaNa, rastuppala dala komala clnn| aho rAyahaMsa haMsAhivai, kahi kAhami viTTha jai hNsgh| aho dohara Nahara mayAhivai, kahi kahimi NiyaMviNi viTTha ji| maho kuMbhi kuMbha sArichayaNa, kittahe vi diDa sai muddha mnn| maho aho asoya pallava va pANi, kahiM gaya paraya parahuyavANi / maho ruMda caMda caMdANaNiya, miga kahimi viTTha miga loyaNiya / aho sihi kalAva saNNiha cihara, jaNihAliya kahiMmi virhvihr| pa0 ca0 19. 13. lakSmaNa ke lie vilApa karate hue rAma kA dRzya bhI karuNApUrNa hai| rAma saba prakAra ke kaSToM ko sahane ke lie tatpara haiM kintu bhrAtR viyoga unake lie asahya haighattA-pari vaMti vaMte musalaggehi, viNimindAviu appaNau / vari Naraya dukkhu mAyAmiu, Nau biUu bhAihiM tnnu|| pa0 ca0 67. 4. lakSmaNa ke Ahata ho jAne para bharata bhI atyadhika vyAkula haiN| unakI dRSTi meM bhata virahitA nArI ke samAna Aja pRthvI anAtha ho gaIyattA-hA paha somitti ! maraMtaeNa, marai ziruttau dAsarahi / bhattAra-vihUNiya NAri jiha, ajju praNAhIhUya mahi // jaina kaviyoM kA dhArmika upadeza to prAyaH sabhI graMthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / saMsAra ko tuccha, nazvara aura duHkha-bahula batalA kara, zarIra kI kSaNa-bhaMguratA kA pratipAdana kara, saMsAra ke mithyAtva kA upadeza dete hue inhoMne usake prati virakti paidA karane kA prayatna
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya kiyA hai / aise nirveda bhAva ke sthaloM meM hI pauma cariu ke kavi ne zAnta rasa abhivyakta kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha "virahANala - jAla - palita-taNu, citevae laggu visnnnnmnnuN| saccara saMsAri Na atyi saha, saccau giri-meru-samANa duhu| saccau jara-jammaNa-bhau, saccau jIviu jalavidu su| kaho ghara kaho pariyaNu baMdhu aNu, kaho mAya vappu kaho suhi-sayaNu / kaho putta-mitta kaho kira ghariNi, kaho bhAya sahoyara kaho bhinni| phala jAva tAva baMdhava sayaNa, mAvAsiya pAyavi jiha sunn|" pa010 39. 11 arthAt virahAnala-jvAlA se jvalita aura viSAda yukta mana vAle rAma isa prakAra socane lage-satya hI saMsAra meM kahIM sukha nahIM, saca hai ki meru parvata ke samAna aparimita duHkha haiM / saca hI jarA janma maraNa kA bhaya lagA rahatA hai aura jIvana jala-vindu ke samAna hai / kahA~ ghara, kahAM parijana, baMdhu bAMdhava, kahA~ mAtA pitA, kahAM hitaiSI svajana ? kahAM putra mitra, kahA~ gahiNI, kahAM sahodara, kahA~ bahina ? jaba taka saMpatti hai tabhI taka baMdhu svajana haiN| ye saba vRkSa para pakSiyoM ke vAsa ke samAna asthira haiN| isI prakAra 22.5 meM bhI zAnta rasa kI adhivyakti kavi ne kI hai| zrRMgAra rasa meM kavi ne sItA ke saundarya kA varNana karate hue paraMparAgata upamAnoM kA prayoga kiyA hai thira kalahaMsa-gamaNa gi-mNthr| kisa majjhAre NiyaMbe suvitthara / romAvali mayaraharuttiNjI / gaMpipili-richoli vilinnnnii| ....... " rehai vayaNa-kamala akalaMkau / NaM mANasa-sara viasiu paMkau / gholaha puTiThahi veNi mahAiNi / caMdaNa layahi lalai NaM NAyaNi / pattA- ki bahu jaMpieNa tihiM bhuyaNihiM jaM jaM caMgau / taM taM melavevi NaM, daiveM Nimmiu aMgau // pa0 ca0 38. 3 upayukta varNana meM kalahaMsagamanA, kRzamadhyA, vizAlanitaMbA Adi vizeSaNa paraMparAmukta haiN| mukha ko kamala se, pITha para laharAtI veNI ko caMdanalatA para lipaTI nAginI se upamA dekara jahA~ paraMparA kA pAlana kiyA hai vahA~ romAvali kI pipIlikA paMkti se upamA dekara kavi ne laukika nirIkSaNa-paTutA kA bhI paricaya diyA hai| ina saba vizeSaNoM se sItA ke sthUla aMgoM kA citra hI hamArI AMkhoM ke sAmane khiMcane lagatA hai, usake Antarika saundarya kA kucha AbhAsa nahIM milatA / antima ghattA meM kAlidAsa ke zakuntalA varNana kA AbhAsa spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai|
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________________ apabhraMza sAhitya citta nivezya parikalpita sarva yogAn rUpoccayena vidhinA vihitA kRshaaNgii| __abhijJAna zAkuntala 2. 10 kintu kAlidAsa kI zakuntalA vidhAtA kA mAnasika citra hai aura svayaMbhU kI sItA kA nirmANa deva ne tInoM lokoM kI utkRSTa vastuoM ko lekara kiyaa| yaha sItA kA citra laukika hI hai ataeva mAnasika citra kI samatA nahIM kara sktaa| prakRti varNana-kavi ne aneka prAkRtika dRzyoM kA varNana kiyA hai jisakA nirdeza Upara kiyA jA cukA hai / prakRti varNana kI eka paripATI sI cala par3I thI aura prakRtivarNana mahAkAvya kA eka aMga bana gayA thaa| ... svayaMbhU kA prakRti varNana prAcIna paraMparA ko liye hue ha / isakA nirdeza Upara pAvasa varNana ke prasaMga meM kiyA jA cukA hai| kavi ne alaMkAroM ke prayoga ke lie bhI prakRti kA varNana kiyA hai _Nava-phala-paripakkANaNe' kANaNe / kusumiya sAhArae saahaare| isI prakAra magadha deza kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai jahiM suya-patiu supariTTiAu / NaM vaNasiri-maragaya-kaMThiyAu / jahiM ucchu-vaNaiM pavaNAhayAiM / kaMpati va pIlaNabhaya gyaa| jahiM gaMdaNa-vaNaiM maNoharAI / NacvaMti va cl-pllv-kraaii| nahiM phADiya-vayaNaiM dADimAiM / najjati tAI naM ki-muhaaii| jahiM mahuyara-paMtiu sudarAu / keyi-kesr-ry-dhuusraau| jahiM dakkhA-maMDava pariyalaMti / puNu paMthiya rasa-salilaI piyanti / / pa0 ca0 1.4 arthAt jahA~ vRkSoM para baiThI zuka-paMkti vanadhI ke kaMTha meM marakatamAlA ke samAna pratIta hotI hai / jahAM pavana se prerita ikSu vana kATe jAne ke bhaya se bhIta ho mAnoM kApa rahe haiM / jahA~ caMcala pallava rUpI karoM vAle manohara nandana dhana mAnoM nAca rahe haiN| prasphuTavadana vAle dADima phala bandara ke mukhoM ke samAna dikhAI dete haiN| jahAM sundara bhramarapaMkti ketakI kesara raja se dhUsarita hai| jahA~ drAkSAmaMDapa ke hilane se pathika madhura rasa rUpI salila kA pAna kara rahe haiN| ___ isa prakAra ke varNana meM alaMkAra priyatA ke sAtha-sAtha kavi kI sUkSma nirIkSaNa zakti aura paraMparA se Upara uTha kara loka darzana kI bhAvanA bhI abhivyakta ho rahI hai| prakRti kA uddIpana rUpa meM varNana na kara AlaMbanAtmaka rUpa meM kavi ne varNana kiyA hai| samudra kA varNana karate hue kavi kahatA haipattA-maNa-gamaNehi gayaNi payarkehi, lakkhiDa-lavaNa samudda kiha / 1. Amera zAstra bhaMgara jayapura kI hasta likhita prati meM saMyukta zabdoM ke bIca meMza' nahIM / artha suvidhA ke liye yatra tatra lagA diye gaye haiN|
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya nahi-maMDayaho gahayala-rakkhaseNa, phADiu jaThara-payesu jiha // arthAt samudra kyA hai mAno nabhatala rAkSasa ne mahimaMDala ke jaThara pradeza ko phAr3a diyA ho| phaTe hue jaThara pradeza meM rakta ke bahane se eka to samudra kA raMga raktavarNa honA cAhie dUsare isa upamA se samudra kI bhayaMkaratA kA bhAva utanA vyakta nahIM hotA jitanA jugupsA kA bhAva / isI prakaraNa meM kavi ne zleSa se samudra kI tulanA kucha aise padAthoM se kI hai jinameM zabda-sAmya ke atirikta aura koI sAmya nhiiN| isa prakAra ke prayoga bANa kI kAdambarI meM pracuratA se upalabdha hote haiN| udAharaNa ke liesUhaba-purisogya salo-NasIlu / ...... dujjaNa purisoMvya shaav-khaae| NivaNa AlAuba appamANa / joisava moNa-kakkaDaya-pANu / mahakavva-NibandhuSa sadda-gahira / ityAdi pa0 ca049.3 arthAt samudra satkulotpanna puruSa ke samAna hai kyoMki donoM saloNazIla haiM arthAt samudra salavaNazIla aura satkulotpanna puruSa salAvaNyazIla / isI prakAra samudra durjana puruSa ke samAna svabhAva se kSAra hai / nirdhana ke AlApa ke sAmAna apramANa hai / jyotimaMDala ke samAna mIna karkaTa nidhAna hai| mahAkAvya nirbandha ke samAna zabda gaMbhIra hai| kavi prakRti ke zAnta rUpa kI apekSA usake ugrarUpa kA varNana karane meM adhika ruci dikhAtA hai| bhavabhUti ke samAna dhIme-dhIme kala-kala dhvani se bahatI huI nadI kI apekSA pracaMDa vega se uttaMga taraMgAvAlI yukta garajatI huI nadI kavi ko adhika AkarSita karatI hai|' kavi kA godAvarI nadI varNana dekhie thovaMtare macchutthalladiti / golA nai diTTha samuvvahati / suMsuyara ghoraghula-ghuru-huraMti / kari-maya-ruDDohiya Duhu-Duhati / DiDora-saMDa-maMDaliya diti / DeDayara-raDiya Duru-Duru-DuraMti / kallolullolahi uvvahati / ugghosa-ghosa-ghava-ghava-ghavaMti / paDi khalaNa-valaNa khala-khala-khalaMti / khala-khaliya khaDakka saDaka diti / sasi-saMkha-kuMda-dhavalo jhareNa / kAraMDuDDAviya DavareNa / 1. ete te kuhareSu gadgada nadadgodAvarI vArayo meghA lambita mauli nIla zikharAH kSoNIbhUto dkssinnaaH| anyonya pratighAta saMkula calat kallola kolAhalesattAlAsta ime gabhIra payasaH puNyAH saritsaMgamAH // // uttara rAma carita, 2.30
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________________ 64 apabhraMza sAhitya dhattA - pheNAvali vaMkiya, valayAlaMkiya, NaM mahi kula bahuma hetaNiya / jalanihi bhattArahI, mottiya-hAraho, vAha pasAriya vAhiNiya // pa0 ca0 31. 3. bhASA anuprAsamayI hai / bhAvAnukula zabda yojanA hai / zabdoM kI dhvani nadIpravAha ko abhivyakta karatI hai / ghattA meM bar3I sundara kalpanA hai / prAkRtika dRzyoM kA varNana karate hue unakI bhinna-bhinna dRzyoM yA ghaTanAoM se tulanA karanA yA prakRti ko upameya mAna kara usake anya upamAnoM ke prayoga kI praNAlI bhI kavi ne apanAI hai / vana kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai : kattha vi uDDAviya sauNa-sayA, NaM aDavihe uDDe bigaMNagayA / NAvai NaTTAvA juyai-jaNe / saMsAraho jiha pAvai yAI / Na mahi kula bahuahi roma rAI / pa0 ca0 36. 1 sAgarA mimukha pravAhita hotI huI narmadA kA alaMkRta varNana nimnalikhita uddharaNa katthavi kalAva NacvaMti vaNe, katthai hariNAM bhaya-bhI yAI, katthavi NANAviha rukakha rAI, meM dekhiye NammayAda mayara-haraho jaMtie, ghava ghavaMti je jala pabbhArA, pulii be vi jAsu sacchAya, jalu khalai balai ullolai, je Avatta samuTThiya caMgA, je jala hatthi sayala kuMbhillA, je DiMDIra yiru aMdolai, jaM jalayara raNa raMgiu pANiuM, matta hasthi maya mailiu jaM jala, jAu taraMgiNIu zravara uhau, jAu bhamara paMtiu allINau, gAi pasAhaNa laiu turaMtie / te ji NAi Neura-bhaMkArA / tAiM ji UDhaNAi NaM jAyaI / rasaNA dAma bhaMti NaM gholai / te ji gAi taNu tivali taraMgA / te ji NAI thaNa adhdhummillA / NAvaha so ji hAra rakholai / taM ji NAi taMmolu savANiu / taM jiNAi kiu zrakkhihu kajjalu / tAi ji bhaMgurAu NaM bhauhauM / kesAvaliu tAu NaM viNaNau // 14. 3 isa kar3avaka meM kavi ne nadI kA priyatama se milana ke liye jAtI huI sAja sajjA yukta eka strI ke rUpa meM varNana kiyA hai / arthAt narmadA ke zabda karate hue jala pravAha nUpura jhaMkAra ke sadRza haiM, donoM sundara pulina uparitana vastra ke sadRza haiM, skhalita aura ucchalita jala razanAdAma kI bhrAnti ko utpanna karatA hai, usake Avarta zarIra kI trivali ke samAna haiM, usameM jala hastiyoM ke sajala gaNDasthala ardhonmIlita stanoM ke samAna haiM, AMdolita phenapuMja laharAte hAra ke samAna pratIta hotA hai,...ityAdi /
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya 65 bhASA-bhASA kI dRSTi se kavi ne sAhityika apabhraMza kA prayoga kiyA hai| anuraNanAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga apabhraMza kaviyoM kI vizeSatA rahI hai| svayaMbhU ne bhI isa prakAra ke zabdoM kA prayoga aneka sthaloM para kiyA hai / udAharaNArtha tar3i tar3a-tar3a par3ai ghaNu gajjai / jANai rAmaho saraNu pavajjai / arthAt tar3it tar3a-tar3a zabda karatI hai, ghana garjana karatA hai| jAnakI rAma kI zaraNa meM AtI hai / pAvasa meM bijalI kI camaka aura meghoM ke garjana kI dhvani kAnoM meM gUMjane lagatI hai| isI prakAra godAvarI nadI ke uttAla taraMgamaya pravAha kA nirdeza Upara kiyA jA cukA hai| yuddha meM dhanuSa TaMkAra aura khaDgoM kI khanakhanAhaTa nimnalikhita zabdoM meM sunI jA sakatI hai- haNa-ha-hakAra mahArauddu / chaNa-chaNa-chaNaMtu guNapi-pachi-sadda / kara-kara-karaMtu koyaMDa pavaru / thara thara paraMtu NArAya- niyata / kSaNa-khaNakhaNaMtu tikvagga khaggu / hila-hili-hilaMtu hama caMcalaggu / gulu-gula-gulaMta gayavara visAlu / "haNu haNa" bhaNata gara vara visAlu / pa0 ca0 63. 3 varNana meM yadi kaThora bhAvAnukUla zabda yojanA kA kavi ne dhyAna rakhA hai| yuddha varNoM kA prayoga kiyA hai to sItA ke varNana meM sukumAra varNoM kA / rAma - viUeM dummaNiyA / aMsu - jalolliya-lIyaNiyA / mokkala kesa kavola bhuA / viDa viThala jaNaya- suyA // lakliya sIyA evi kiha / viyasiya sariyA hoI jiha | NaM maya-laMchaNa sasi jonhA iva / tittivirahiya gimha- tarahA iva / ' ...... sa pauhara pAusa - sohA iva / avicala savvaMsaha vasuhA iva / kaMti- samujjala-taDimAlA iva / suThu saloNa uyasahi-velA iva / nimmala-kittiva rAmaho kerI / tihuyaNa mithi pariTThiya serI / pa0 ca0 49.12 zabdoM meM samAhAra zakti ke darzana hote haiM / meghavAhana aura hanUmAn ke yuddha kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai veNavi rAhava-rAvaNa pakkhiya / veNNivi sura-bahu-NayaNa kaDakviya / arthAt hanUmAn aura meghavAhana donoM kramazaH rAghava aura rAvaNa ke pakSa meM the / donoM para surAMganAoM ke nayana kaTAkSa gira rahe the / 'kaMDakkhiya' zabda kaI zabdoM ke sthAna para prayukta huA hai / 9. tRpti virahita grISma tRSNA ke samAna /
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________________ apabhraMza - sAhitya kavi kI bhASA alaMkAramayI hai / upamA, utprekSA, yamaka, ananvaya, tadguNa Adi aneka alaMkAroM kA bhASA meM svAbhAvikatA se prayoga kiyA gayA hai / udAharaNArthaMNava-phala- paripakkANaNe kANaNe kumumiya sAhArae sAhArae / yamaka- 66 utprekSA dhattA ananvaya .................. madhukara mahumataeM jaMtaeM, koila vAsaMtae vAsaMtae / tuMgabhadrA nadI ke viSaya meM kavi kahatA hai asate vaNa- dava-pavaNa jhau, dusaha-kiraNa-divAyaraho / NaM sa suTTha tisAeNa, jIhe pasAriya sAyaraho // maMdodarI kI prazaMsA karatA huA kavi kahatA haighattA- kiM bahu jaMpieNa uvamijjai kAhe kisoyari / Niya-paDichaMda NA thiya, saI jeNAI maMdoyari // tadguNa kiSkindhA parvata kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA haijahi iMdaNIla-kara- bhijjamANu, jahi pauma rAya-kara-teya - piMDu, jahi maragaya khAjivi viSNu raMti, ityAdi / sasi thAi juNNa- dappaNu-samANu / ratuppala-saNNihu hoi caMdu / sasi biMbu bhisiNi pattuva karaMti / pa0 ca0 69.5 arthAt jisa faokandhA parvata para iMdranIla maNiyoM kI kiraNoM se bhidyamAna candramA jIrNa darpaNa ke samAna banA rahatA hai, padmarAga maNiyoM kI kiraNoM ke teja puMja se candramA rakta kamala ke samAna ho jAtA hai aura marakatamaNi kI camakatI khAneM candrabiMba ko kamala ke samAna banA detI haiM / apanhuti ayodhyA ke antaHpura kA varNana karatA huA kavi antaHpura kI striyoM ke aMgoM kA -- prakRta upameya kA -- pratiSedha karatA huA - aprakRta upamAna kI sthApanA karatA hai yathA ki calaNa talaggai komalAi / NaM NaM zrahiNava- ratuppalAi / 1 7 ......... ki tivaliu jaThara pada dhAviAu / NaM NaM kAma urihi khAMigrAu | ki romAvali ghaNa-kasaga ehu / NaM NaM mayaNANala- dhUma -leha | kiM ANamu NaM NaM caMda biMba / ki aharau NaM NaM pakka-biMbu / pa0 ca0 69.21
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya isI prakAra rAvaNa kI mRtyu para vibhISaNa vilApa karatA haituhu paDiUsi Na paDiu purNdr| mauDuNa bhaggubhaggu giri kadara / hAru NaM tuTu nuTTa taaraaynnu| hiyayaNa bhiNNu bhiNNu gayaNaMgaNu / jIuNa gau gau AsA pottttl| tuhuNa suttu suttau mahi maMDala // pa0 ca0 76.3 inake atirikta upamA, zleSa Adi alaMkAroM kA bhI kavi ne prayoga kiyA hai jinakI ora pahale hI nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai| alaMkAroM meM kahIM kahIM halakI sI upadeza bhAvanA bhI dRSTigata ho jAtI hai / jaiselakavaNa kahiM vi gavesahi taM jalu, sajjaNa hiyau jema jaM nimmalu / dUrAgamaNe sIya tisAiya, hima haya nava naliNiva vicchAiya / arthAt lakSmaNa kahIM jala khojate haiM jo sajjana ke hRdaya ke samAna nirmala ho / dUragamana se sItA tRSArta ho himahata nalinI ke samAna hataprabha ho gii| chanda-kavi ne graMtha meM gandhodakadhArA, dvipadI, helA dvipadI, maMjarI, zAlabhAMjikA, AraNAla, jaMbheTiyA, paddhar3ikA, vadanaka pArANaka, madanAvatAra, vilAsinI, pramANikA, samAnikA, bhujaMga-prayAta ityAdi aneka chandoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / / riTThaNemi cariu (riSTanemicarita) yA harivaMza purANa yaha graMtha abhI taka prakAzita nahIM huaa| isakI eka hastalikhita prati baMbaI ke ai. pannAlAla sarasvatI bhavana meM, eka bhaMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca iMsTITyUTa pUnA meM aura eka prati pro0 hIrAlAla jaina ke pAsa hai| eka khaMDita prati zAstra bhaMDAra zrI digambara jaina mandira, choTA dIvANa jI, meM bhI vartamAna hai / yaha mahAkAvya pauma cariu se bhI bar3A hai| isameM 112 saMdhiyA~ haiM aura 1937 kaDavaka haiN| inameM se 92 saMdhiyA~ nissaMdeha svayaMbhU racita haiM aura 93 se 99 taka kI saMdhiyA~ bhI saMbhavataH svayaMbhU ne hI likhiiN| avaziSTa adhikAMza saMdhiyA~ tribhuvana svayaMbhU ne racI aura anta kI kucha sandhiyoM meM muni jasakiti kA bhI hAtha hai / - isameM cAra kAMDa haiM--yAdava, kuru, yuddha aura uttara kaaNdd| yAdava kAMDa meM 13, kuru kAMDa meM 19, yuddha kAMDa meM 60 aura uttara kAMDa meM 20 saMdhiyA~ haiN| inameM se pahalI 92 saMdhiyoM ko racane meM kavi ko chaH varSa tIna mAsa aura gyAraha dina lge|' 1. pauma cariu-DA. harivallabha bhAyANI dvArA saMpAdita, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI, 10 78 // 2. teraha jAiva kaMDe kura kaMDe kUNavIsa saMdhIo, taha saThi jujmaya kaMDe evaM vANaudi saMdhIo // chanvarisAiM timAsA eyArasa vAsarA sayaMbhasma / vANavai-saMdhi karaNe bolINo ittio kaalo| 92vIM saMdhi kI samApti
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya graMtha kA prArambha kavi ne viSaya kI mahattA aura apanI alpajJetA kA pradarzana karate hue kiyA hai| apanI alpajJatA aura asamarthatA ke kAraNa cintAtura kavi ko sarasvatI se protsAhana milatA hai-- citavai sayaMbhu kAI karami harivaMsamhaNa, ke srmi| guruvayaNa taraMDau laddhaNavi jammaho viNa joiu ko vi kavi / gau pAiu bAhattari kalAu ekku viNa gaMthu parimokkalau / tahi avasari sarasai dhIravaI kari kambu diNNa mei vimalamai / ri0 ca0 1. 2. arthAt jaba harivaMza-mahAnada ko pAra karane meM kavi cintAtura thAna maiMne guruvacananaukA prApta kI, ma janma se kisI kavi ke darzana kiye, na 72 kalAoM kA jJAna prApta kiyA aura na kisI bhI graMtha kA cintana kiyA-taba sarasvatI ne use dhairya baMdhAyA aura kahA-he kavi ! kAvya karo, maiMne tumheM vimala mati dii| ____ isI prasaMga meM svayaMbhU ne apane pUrvavartI kaviyoM aura AlaMkArikoM kA AbhAra pradarzana kiyA... iMveNa samappira vAyaraNu, rasu bharaheM vAseM vitthrnn| pigaleNa chaMda paya patthAra, mammaha vaMDiNihi alNkaar| bAga samapiu ghaNaghaNalaM, teM aksara uMbaru appnnu| paunuheNa samappiya prvddiy| pAraMbhiva puNu harivaMsa kahA sasamaya para samaya viyAra-sahA // ri0 0 1.2 yAdava kAMDa kI 13 saMdhiyoM meM kavi ne kaNa janma, kRSNa bAla lIlA, kRSNa vivAha saMbandhI kathAeM, pradyumna Adi kI kathAe~ aura nemi janma kathA dI hai| ina saMdhiyoM meM nArada kalaha priya sAdhu ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtA hai| kuru kAMDa kI 19 saMdhiyoM meM kaurava pAMDavoM ke janma, bAlya kAla, zikSA Adi kA varNana, unake paraspara vaimanasya, yudhiSThira kA jUA khelanA aura usameM saba kucha hAra jAnA, evaM pAMDavoM ke bAraha sAla taka vanavAsa kI kathA dI gaI hai| yuddha kAMDa meM kaurava pAMDavoM ke yuddha kA sajIva varNana hai, pAMDavoM kI vijaya aura kauravoM kI parAjaya kA citra kavi ne aMkita kiyA hai| __ kavi ne kathA kA AdhAra mahAbhArata aura harivaMza purANa ko hI rakhA hai kintu kahIM kahIM para samayAnukUla parivartana bhI kara diye haiN| udAharaNa ke lie draupadI svayambara meM matsya vedha kI pratijJA ke sthAna para kevala dhanuSa car3hAne kI pratijJA kA kavi ne ullekha kiyA hai| isa parivartana meM jainadharma kI ahiMsA kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| 1. DA0 rAmasiMha tomara--prAkRta-apabhraMza-sAhitya aura isakA hindI-sAhitya para prabhAva
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya 1 varNa viSaya ke vistAra kI dRSTi se graMtha meM varNana bAhulya kA honA svAbhAvika hI thA / kintu varNana isa prakAra ke nahIM jo aitihAsika dRSTi se itivRttAtmaka mAtra hoM / varNanoM meM aneka sthala aitihAsika nIrasatA se rahita haiM aura kAvyagata sarasatA AplAvita haiM / yuddhakAMDa meM aneka prasaMga yoddhAoM kA sajIva citra upasthita karate haiM / zastroM kI jhaMkAra ko karNa- gocara karane vAle dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga kavi ne aneka sthaloM para kiyA hai / kavi kI kalpanA ke camatkAra ko pradarzita karane vAle bhI aneka sthala haiM / ma janmAbhiSeka ke samaya bajane vAle aneka vAdya yantroM kI dhvani, nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM sunAI detI hai apphAliu 69 paDisa NavaNAraMbha tUra, tibhuSaNa bhavaNa pUru / Dumu dumu vumaMta duMduhi va mAlu, ghuma ghumu ghumaMta ghummukka tAlu / ki ki karaMti sikkiri NiNAu, simi simi simaMta jhallari NihAu / salaMta kaMsAla huyala, guM guMjamANa jaMtu mahalu | kaNaMtu kamai kosu, Dama Dama DamaMta umada vaNi ghosu / doM doM samaja baNadu, zrI trAM parichitau bhaM bhaMta sala sala kaNa kaNa doM TaTi viluuMData ukka, bhaMbhukhaMData TaM TaM harikaMsubhAveNa hari vikkama sAravaleNa raNayaM / vIsai deva bAra taka tAlI tarala tamAla chaSNayaM / lavali lavaMga lauya jaMbu vara aMva kavitya riTThayaM / sammali sarala sAla siNi sallai sIsa vasa misa miTThayaM / caMpaya cUya cAra ravi caMdaNa vaMdaNa vaMda suMdaraM / pattala vahala sIyala kAya layA hara maya manoharaM / maMthara malaya mAruyaMdoliyaM pAyava paDiva pupkayaM / puppha pphotha sakala bhasalAvali NAviya pahiya gupphayaM / kesari jahara pahara khara dAriya kari sira motiya paMti kaMti dhavalIkaya sayala disA vahaMtiyaM / kholla jalolla talla lolaMta lola kola ula bhIsaNaM / vAyasa kaMka seNa siva jaMvavadhUya vimukka NIsaNaM / mAya gaya maya jaloha kaddama saMkhubhrAMta vaNayaraM / phuriya phaNida phAra phaNi maNi gaNa kiraNa karAliyaMvaraM / giri gaNa tuMga siMga AliMgiya caMdAicca maMDalaM / taha bhayAvaNe vaNe dosai Nimmala sIyalaM jalaM / litta mottiyaM / Dukasaddu / Thakka / 8. 9. eka vana aura salilAva kamala sara kA sarasa aura madhura padAvali yukta varNana dekhiye
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________________ ghasA apabhraMza-sAhitya NA salilAvattu lakkhi jjai maNaharu kamalasara / NAI sumittaM mittu avagAhiu NayaNAnaMdayaru / jatya sacha vichalAI, macha kavilAI | rAdha haMsa sohiyAI, matta hatthi DohiyAI / bhItaraMga bhaMgu rAI, tAra hAra paMDurAI / paumiNI karaMviyAI, mAruyappaveviyAI seviyAI, gakka gAha mANiyAiM / pANiyAI, seyaNIla lohiyAiM / chappayAulAI / 11 cakkavAya erisAI sUra rAsi vohiyAI, matta jattha erisuppalAI . 2. 2 yuddha kA sajIva varNana nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai / chanda kI gati dvArA kavi ne sthAna-sthAna para yuddha kI gati kA bhI sAkSAt citra upasthita kara diyA hai / cAuraMga vAhaNAI / tosiyAmaraccharAI 1 kuMbhakoDivokkirAI / AiyAI / uttharaM tisAhaNAI subu baddha maccharAI, ekamekka kokkirAI, vANa jAla chAiyAI, dhUli dhAu dhUsarAI, vaMte daMta pelliyAI, ghora ghAi bhibhalAI, tikkha khagga khaMDiyAI, ghora giddha saMkulAI, cUraNAya Au hoi jajjarAI liyAI / soNiyaM vare Nitta aMta coMbhalAI / " bhallu yAra vAulAI / sIha vikkame vivakle / hIyamANa, esa dhakkha / bhajjaMta samAuI / jujjhata suhaDAI / NiggaMta aMtAI / bhita gattAI / loTaMta cidhAI / tuTTaMta chattAI / 2.1 kavi ke yuddha varNana kA eka udAharaNa aura dekhiye to bhiDiya paroSpada raNa-kusala viSNa biNiNa vi giri-tuMga-siMga- sihara biNNi viSNi vi daTThoTTha ruTTha-vayaNa viSNa biNi viha-yala-hi-vaccha-yala viNi vi 7. 6 ratha TUTa rahe haiM, yoddhA yuddha karate jA rahe haiM, prahAra se AMteM bAhara nikala par3atI haiM, gAtra rudhira se bhIga rahe haiM, dhvajAyeM bhagna ho pRthvI para loTa rahI haiM aura chatra TUTate jA rahe haiM / kitanA spaSTa varNana hai / vi vi vi 3. 7 Nava- NAyasahAsa- bala / jalahara-rava-gahira - gira / guMjA - hala - sama-NayaNa / parihovama-bhaya-juyala /
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya 71 biNi vi taNu-teyAhaya-timira biNi vi jinn-crnn-kml-nnmir| biNi vi maMdara-paribhamaNa-cala biNi vi viNNANa-karaNa-kusala / viSNi vi paharaMti paharakkhamihi bhuya-vaMDihiM vajja-daMDa-samihi / paya-bhArihi bhAriya vihi mi mahi mahi-paDaNa-pelalaNAhitya mahi / ri0 ca0 28. 16 arthAt isake bAda navanAga sahasra bala vAle, raNa kuzala donoM bhIma aura kIcaka paraspara yuddhArtha bhir3a gye| donoM parvata ke uttuMga zikhara ke sadRza the, donoM megha ke gambhIra garjana ke samAna vANI vAle the, donoM ke netra gujAphala sadRza the, donoM AkAza sadRza vizAla vakSasthala vAle the, donoM parighA-sadRza bhujAoM vAle the, donoM ne zarIra ke teja se andhakAra ko naSTa kara diyA, donoM jina caraNoM meM namanazIla the, donoM maMdarAcalaparibhramaNa ke samAna gati vAle aura kriyAtmaka vijJAna meM kuzala the, donoM vajradaMDa ke samAna prahArakSama bhujadaMDoM se prahAra karane lge| donoM ne pRthvI ko apane caraNa bhAra se pUrita kara diyaa| kavi ke varNanoM meM saMskRta kI varNana zailI kA prabhAva spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai| ___ aneka sthaloM para kavi kI adbhuta kalpanA ke bhI darzana hote haiN| virATa nagara kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai paTTaNu paisariya jaM dhavala-gharAlaMkariyau / keNa vi kAraNeNa NaM saggakhaMDu oyriyu|| ri0 ca0 28.4 ___ arthAt pAMcoM pAMDava usa nagara meM praviSTa hue, jo dhavala gRhoM se alaMkRta thA aura aisA sundara pratIta hotA thA mAno kisI kAraNa svarga khaMDa pRthvI para utara AyA ho| - kavi ke isa varNana meM kAlidAsa ke nimnalikhita kathana kI jhalaka hai| ujjayinI ke viSaya meM kAlidAsa kahate haiM svalpI bhUte sucarita phale svagiNAM gAM gatAnAM / zeSaH puNyaha tamiva divaH kAntimat khaMDamekam // ___ meghadUta 1.30 vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM bhI kavi ne laMkA ko pRthvI para girA huA svarga kahA hai "mahItale svargamiva prakIrNam" ghattA kAvya kI bhASA sAhityika hai aura vyAkaraNAnumata hai / sthAna-sthAna para alaMkAroM ke prayoga se bhASA alaMkRta hai / alaMkAroM ke prayoga meM upamAna bhI dhArmika-bhAvanA yukta hai| udAharaNa ke liepattA- sahuM dumaya-suyAe kokkAviya te vi pitttthaa| jIvadayAe sahiya parameTThi paMca NaM diTThA // ri0 ca0 28. 5
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya arthAt parasutA ke sAtha AhUta ne pAMcoM pAMDava bhI praviSTa hue| jaise jIva dayA ke sAtha paMca parameSThI - arhat, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu- praviSTa hue hoM / kAvya meM sUktiyoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai "sIhaho hariNi jihaM ziya puSNehiM kesa bi cukkI" 72 28. 7 arthAt jaise siMha ( ke mukha) se hariNI kisI prakAra nija puNyoM se chUTI ho / "jaha pahu duccariu samAyarai sahi jaNu sAmaNNu kAI karaha" arthAt jahA~ prabhu duzcarita karegA to sAmAnya jana kyA karegA ? bari sukha samRddu vari maMdaro NamehaH / paNa bi savvaSTha bhAliyaM praNahA havei // 10. 15 arthAt cAhe samudra sUkha jAya, cAhe maMdara jhuka jAya kintu sarvajJa kA kathana anyA nahIM ho sakatA / kavi ne yadyapi svayaM isa bAta ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki bANa se usane bar3e-bar3e samAsoM aura zabdADaMbara bAlI bhASA lii| kintu usakI bhASA isa prakAra ke samAsoM se rahita, sarala aura sIdhI hai / kaci ko pajjhaTikA chanda bahuta priya thA / usane isI chanda kA apanI kRtiyoM meM upayoga kiyA ho aisI bAta nahIM / isa chanda ke atirikta bhujaMgaprayAta, matta mAtaMga, kAminI mohana, nArAcaka, ketakIkusuma, dvipadI, helA, pAraNaka Adi chandoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai / mahApurANa mahApurANa yA viSaTThi mahApurisa guNAlaMkAra puSpadanta dvArA racA huA mahAkAvya hai / puSpadanta kAzyapa gotrotpanna brAhmaNa the / inake pitA kA nAma kezava bhaTTa tathA mAtA kA nAma mugdhAdevI thA / jIvana ke pUrvakAla meM zaiva the pIche se jAkara digaMbara jaina ho gaye / dRSToM se satAye jAne para yaha mAnyakheTa pahu~ce / vahA~ "vAveNa samappiu ghaNaghaNauM taM akkhara naMbara appaNau" "camaheNa samappiya paddhaDiya" ri0 ca01.2 zrI pI. ela. vaidya dvArA saMpAdita, mANikyacandra jaina graMthamAlA se tIna khaMDoM meM vi. sa. 1993, 1996 aura 1998 meM kramazaH prakAzita / kasaNasarIreM suTThakurUveM kAsava goteM kesava puttaM pupphayaMta. kaiNA paDiuttau ri0 ca0 1.2 muddhAevi ganbha saMbhavaM / kai kula tilaeM sarasai lieM / ....... | mahApurANa 38. 4. 2-4
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya 7.3 bharata ke Azraya meM raha kara inhoMne tisaTThapurisaguNAlaMkAra yA mahApurANa kI racanA kI aura usake bAda bharata ke putra nanna ke Azraya meM NAyakumAracariu aura jasaharacariu kI racanA kI / bharata aura nanna donoM mAnyakheTa meM rASTra kUTa vaMzaH kRSNarAja tRtIya yA vallabharAja ke maMtrI the / mAnyakheTa, Ajakala haidarAbAda rAjya meM malkher3a ke nAma se prasiddha hai / puSpadanta ke samaya yaha nagara eka acchA sAhityika kendra thA / puSpadanta dhanahIna aura durbala zarIra the / unheM apane kavitva kA abhimAna thA / inhoMne apane ko kavva-pisalla, abhimAna- meru, kavikulatilaka, kAvya- ratnAkara, sarasvatIvilaya Adi upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita kiyA hai / puSpadanta kA samaya antaH sAkSya aura bahiH sAkSya ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne IsA kI 10 vIM sadI mAnA hai / / mahApurANa yA tisaTThi mahApurisa guNAlaMkAra tIna khaMDoM meM vibhakta hai / prathama khaMDa jise Adi purANa kahate haiM, dvitIya khaMDa - uttara purANa kA prathamArtha aura tRtIya khaMDa uttarapurANa kA dvitIyayAvaM / tInoM khaMDoM meM 102 saMdhiyA~ haiM / prathama khaMDa meM 37, dvitIya meM 38 se 80 aura tRtIya meM 81 se 102 taka tIrtha kara aura prathama cakravartI bharata ke jIvana kA varNana racanA kavi ne rASTrakUTa rAja kRSNa tRtIya ke mantrI bharata ke Azraya meM raha kara kii| grantha kA Arambha bharata ke protsAhana se 959 I0 meM huA / Adi parva ke anantara kavi kucha hatotsAha ho gayA thA kintu sarasvatI ke protsAhana aura bhArata kI preraNA se kavi ne avaziSTa grantha ko Arambha kara 965 I0 meM samApta kiyA / 4 prathama khaMDa meM kavi ne prathamaH kiyA hai / isa mahAkAvya kI mahApurANa kA artha digaMbara matAnusAra zrI mahAvIra svAmI kI vANI jina gyAraha 'aMgoM' aura caudaha 'pUvoM' meM prathita thI ve saba vicchinna ho gaye / jo zvetAmbara aMga aba pAye jAte haiM unheM digambara samAja svIkAra nahIM karatA / vaha apanA dhArmika sAhitya prathamAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga aura dravyAnuyoga ina cAra anuyogoM 1. 2. taM NisuNevi bharaheM vuttu tAva, bho kaikula tilaya vimukkagAva ma0 pu0 1.5.1. bho bho kesava taraha Navasaraha muha kavva rayaNa rayaNAyara ma. pu. 1. 4. 10. 4. aggai kai rAu puSyaMtu sarasaha jilaja / deviyahi sarUu vaNNas kaiyaNa kula tilau // jasahara cariu 1. 8. 15 paM0 nAthUrAma premI, jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, bambaI, 1942, pRSTha 329 3. NibviNNau thiu jAya mahAkada tA siviNaMtari patta sarAsa vahI ma0 pu0 38. 2. 2. 38. 4-5
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________________ 74 apabhraMza-sAhitya meM vibhakta karatA hai / prathama anuyoga meM tIrthaMkaroM yA prasiddha mahApuruSoM kA jIvana evaM kathA sAhitya, dvitIya meM vizva kA bhUgola, tRtIya meM gRhasthoM aura bhikSuoM ke lie AcAra evaM niyama aura caturtha anuyoga meM darzanAdi kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai / isa prathama mahApurANa prathamAnuyoga kI eka zAkhA hai|| jaina sAhitya meM 'purANa' prAcIna kathA kA sUcaka hai / mahApurANa kA abhiprAya prAcIna kAla kI eka mahatI kathA se hai / purANa meM eka hI dharmAtmA puruSa yA mahApuruSa kA jIvana aMkita hotA hai mahApurANa meM aneka mahApuruSoM kaa| mahApurANa meM 24 tIrtha kara, 12 cakravartI, 9 vAsudeva, 9 prativAsudeva aura 9 baladeva, ina 63 mahApuruSoMzalAkA puruSoM ke caritra kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai / ataeva puSpadanta ne isa grantha ko 'tisaTThi mahApurisa guNAlaMkAra' nAma bhI diyA hai / jinasena ne apane mahApurANa ko triSaSTi lakSaNa aura hemacandra ne triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa carita kahA hai| pracalita purANa sAhitya para vizeSatA dikhAne ke lie mahApurANa zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA pratIta hotA hai| kathAnaka-kavi durjanoM ke bhaya se mahApurANa kA Arambha karane meM saMkoca kA anubhava karatA hai kintu bharata protsAhita karatA hai ki durjanoM kA to svabhAva hI doSAnveSaNa hotA hai usa para dhyAna na do| kuttA pUrNa candra para bhauMkatA rahe usakA kyA bigar3egA ?2 mahApurANa Arambha karo / paraMparAgata sajjana prazaMsA aura durjana nindA ke bAda kavi Atma vinaya ke sAtha grantha Arambha karatA hai| kAlidAsa raghuvaMza kA Arambha karate hue anubhava karatA hai ki sUrya vaMzI rAjAoM kA varNana uDupa-choTI naukA-se vizAla samudra ko pAra karane ke samAna upahAsAspada hogaa| puSpadanta ke liye bhI mahApurANa uDupa dvArA samudra ko mApane ke samAna hai| magadharAja zreNika ke anurodha karane para zrI mahAvIra ke ziSya gautama, mahApurANa kI kathA sunAte haiN| nAbhi aura marudevI se ayodhyA meM RSabha kA janma hotA hai (3) RSabha kramazaH yuvAvasthA prApta karate haiM / jasavaI aura suNaMdA nAmaka rAjakumAriyoM se unakA 1. 9. 1. mahApurANa, bhUmikA, pRSTha 32 2. bhakkau chaNayaMduhu sArameu ma0 pu. 1. 8.7 3. vahI. kva sUrya prabhavo vaMzaH kva cAlpa vissyaamtiH| titISuH dustaraM mohAduDupenAsmi sAgaram // raghuvaMza, prathama sarga 5. ai duggamu hoi mahApurANu kuDaeNa mavai ko jala NihANu, ma. pu. 1. 9. 13 6. kathAvastu ke prasaMga meM jahA~ para bhI koSThaka ke andara saMkhyA sUcaka aMka hogA vahA~ usase sandhi saMkhyA kA abhiprAya samajhanA cAhie /
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya 75 vivAha hotA hai / jasavaI se bharaha - bharata -Adi sau putra aura bambhI nAmaka kanyA tathA sunaMdA se bAhubali nAmaka putra aura sundarI nAmaka kanyA utpanna huI / rAjakumAra aura rAjakumAriyoM ko unake yogya aneka prakAra kI zikSA dI jAtI hai / ' kramazaH RSabha saMsAra se virakta ho jAte haiM aura bharata rAjagaddI para baiThate haiM ( 6-7) / RSabha tapasyA dvArA kevala jJAna prApta karate haiM (8-19 ) / isake bAda kavi ne cakravartI bharata ke digvijaya kA varNana kiyA hai ( 12 - 19 ) / phira 27 vIM saMdhi taka RSabha ne apane sAthiyoM ke aura apane putroM ke pUrvajanmoM kA aneka paurANika kathAoM se aura alaukika ghaTanAoM se grathita, varNana kiyA hai / sulocanA, svayaMvara meM jaya ko cunatI hai / jaya aura sulocanA ke pUrvajanma kI kathAoM kA, aneka alaukika ghaTanAoM aura camatkAroM se yukta, varNana hai / ina ghaTanAoM aura camatkAroM ke mUla meM jina bhakti hI pradhAna kAraNa hai ( 28 - 36) / risaha nirvANa pada ko prApta karate haiM ( 37 ) | bharata bhI ayodhyA meM cirakAla taka rAjya karate hue anta meM nirvANa pada pAte haiM (37) / uttara purANa ke prathamArtha yA dvitIya khaMDa meM 38 se lekara 80 taka saMdhiyA~ haiM / inameM 20 tIrthaM karoM, 8 baladevoM, 8 vAsudevoM, 8 prativAsudevoM, aura 10 cakravattiyoM kA varNana hai / isI khaMDa meM 38 se 68 saMdhi taka ajitAdi tIrtha karoM kI kathA hai / 69 se 79 saMdhi taka rAmAyaNa kI kathA hai| isI ko jainI pauma cariu - padma purANa - kahate haiM / zreNi mana meM rAmAyaNa-kathA ke saMbaMdha meM aneka zaMkAyeM hotI hai evaM gautama se unake samAdhAna kI prArthanA karate haiM / kavi kI dRSTi meM vAlmIki aura vyAsa ke vacanoM para vizvAsa karate hue loga kumArga kUpa meM gire| ataeva kavi ne jaina dharma kI dRSTi se rAmakathA kA ullekha kiyA hai / 1 jaina dharma meM rAma kathA kA rUpa vAlmIki rAmAyaNa me kucha bhinna hai / isa rAma kathA ke viSaya meM kavi kA kathana hai ki rAma aura lakSmaNa pUrva janma meM kramazaH rAjA prajApati aura usake maMtrI the / yuvAvasthA meM ve zrIdatta nAmaka vyApArI kI strI kuveradattA kA apaharaNa karate haiM / rAjA kruddha ho maMtrI ko AjJA detA hai ki inheM jaMgala meM le jAkara mAra do| maMtrI jaMgala meM le jAkara unheM eka jaina bhikSu ke darzana karAtA hai / ve bhI bhikSu ho tapasyA se jIvana bitAne lagate haiM / donoM bhikSu maraNoparAnta maNicUla aura suvarNacUla nAmaka devatA banate haiM / agale janma meM ve vArANasI ke rAjA dazaratha ke ghara utpanna hote haiM / rAjA kI subalA nAma kI rAnI se rAma ( pUrva janma kA suvarNacUla aura vijaya) aura kaikeyI se lakSmaNa ( pUrva janma kA maNicUla aura candracUla ) utpanna hote haiM ( 69.12) / isa prakAra jaina dharmAnusAra rAma kI mAtA kA nAma subalA aura kaikeyI ke putra kA nAma lakSmaNa mAnA jAtA hai| rAma kA varNa zveta aura lakSmaNa kA zyAma thA / 1. ma0 pu0 5. 18 meM kavi ne saMskRta, prAkRta bhASAoM kI zikSA ke sAtha apabhraMza bhASA kI zikSA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / 2. dhammIya vAsa varyANiha Diu aNNANu kumagga kUvi paDiu ma0 pu0 69.3.11
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya sItA bhI rAvaNa nAmaka vidyAdhara aura usakI strI maMdodarI kI lar3akI thii| isa bhaviSyavANI se ki yaha apane pitA para Apatti lAyegI rAvaNa eka maMjUSA meM DAlakara use kisI kheta meM gAr3a detA hai / vaha janaka ko vahIM se prApta hotI hai aura vahIM usakA pAlana-poSaNa kara rAma ke sAtha usakA vivAha karatA hai / sItA ke atirikta rAma kI 7 aura patniyoM ('avarAu satta kaNaNAu tAsu' 70. 13. 9) tathA lakSmaNa kI 16 patniyoM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai (70. 13. 10.) / nArada ke mukha se sItA kI prazaMsA suna kara rAvaNa usakA haraNa karatA hai| dazaratha svapna dekhate haiM ki candra kI patnI rohiNI ko rAhu le gayA aura isase vaha rAma para vipatti kI kalpanA karate haiN| dazaratha sItAharaNa para jIvita the / sItA laMkA meM lAI jAtI hai / rAvaNa usakA citta AkRSTa na kara sakA / sugrIva aura hanUmAn rAma ko sahAyatA kA vacana dete haiM aura bAli ke rAjya ko prApta karane ke lie unakI sahAyatA mAMgate haiN| hanUmAn laMkA se sItA kA samAcAra lAte haiN| isI bIca lakSmaNa bAli ko mAra kara usakA rAjya sugrIva ko de dete haiN| rAvaNa ke Upara AkramaNa karane se pUrva rAma aura lakSmaNa mAyA yukta astra vidyAoM ko prApta karane ke lie upavAsa karate haiN| rAma aura rAvaNa kA bhayaMkara yuddha hotA hai| lakSmaNa rAvaNa ko mArate haiN| laMkA kA rAjya vibhISaNa ko de diyA jAtA hai / lakSmaNa ardhacakravartI bana jAte haiM aura cirakAla taka rAjya sukha bhoga kara naraka meM jAte haiM / samA bhAI ke viyoga se, virakta ho bhikSu jIvana bitAte haiM aura anta meM nirvANa prApta karate haiN| rAma, lakSmaNa aura rAvaNa jaina dharma ke anusAra kramazaH 83 baladeva, vAsudeva aura prati vAsudeva haiN| 80vIM saMdhi meM nami kI kathA hai / 81vIM saMdhi se uttara purANa kA dvitIyA yA mahApurANa kA tRtIya khaNDa prArambha hotA hai / isa khaMDa meM 81 se lekara 102 taka saMdhiyAM haiN| 81 se 92 taka mukhya rUpa se mahAbhArata kI kathA hai jise kavi ne harivaMza purANa bhI kahA hai| mahAbhArata kI kathA se saMbaddha pAtroM ke pUrva janma kI aneka kathAoM kA kavi ne varNana kiyA hai / isa kathA meM aneka sthala kAvyadRSTi se sundara aura sarasa haiN| 85vIM sandhi to kAvya kA sundara nidarzana hai| tutIya khaMDa ke antima bhAga meM pArzvanAthaH (93-94), mahAvIra (95-97), jaMbU svAmI (100),prItikara (101) kI kathAyeM haiM / antima sandhi mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke varNana se samApta hotI hai| mahApurANa kA kathAnaka paryApta vistRta hai / 63 mahApuruSoM kA varNana hI vizAla hai phira unakI aneka pUrva janma kI kathAoM aura avAntara kathAoM se kathAnaka itanA vistRta ho gayA hai ki usameM se kathA sUtra ko pakar3anA kaThina ho jAtA hai| mahApurANa meM jaina dharmAnukUla 63 mahApuruSoM meM kavi ne rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata kI kathA kA bhI anta6 kiyA hai / saMskRta sAhitya meM ina donoM meM pratyeka kathA ke kisI eka khaMDa ko yA upAkhyAna ko lekara svatantra mahAkAvyoM kI racanA huI hai| inake bhI antarbhAva se kathAnaka kI vyApakatA aura vizAlatA kI kalpanA sahaja meM hI kI jA sakatI hai| kavi kI dRSTi meM ye donoM kathAe~ bhinna-bhinna evaM mahattvapUrNa thiiN| donoM kathAoM ko prArambha karate
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya hue kavi graMtha kA mahattva grantha samApti meM asamarthatA Adi bhAva abhivyakta karatA hai / apane se pUrva kAla ke kaviyoM kA ullekha karatA hai| Atma vinaya pradarzita karatA hai| kathAnaka meM aneka kathAyeM alaukika ghaTanAoM aura camatkAroM se paripUrNa haiN| aisI ghaTanAoM ke mUla meM bhI jina-bhakti hai| paurANika kapola kalpanA kA prAcurya hai| prabandha nirvAha bhalI bhAMti nahIM ho sakA hai| kathAnaka ke vizAla aura vizRkhala hone para bhI bIca-bIca meM aneka kAvyamaya sarasa aura sundara varNana milate haiN| janapadoM, nagaroM aura grAmoM ke varNana bar3e hI bhavya haiN| kavi ne navIna aura mAnava jIvana ke sAtha saMbaddha upamAnoM kA prayoga kara varNanoM ko sajIva banAyA hai| udAharaNa ke lie magadha deza kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai mahiM koila hiMDaha kasaNa piMDa vaNa lacchihe gaM kajjala krNii| mahiM salima mAlaya pelliyAI ravi sosaNa bhaeNa va hlliyaaii| nahiM kamalahUM lacchii sahuM sameha haMsasahareNa vaDiu virohu / kira do vi tAI mahaNu bhavAI jANaMti mataM jara sNbhviN| jujsaMta mahisa sahanchavAiM maMthA maMthiya maMthaNi rvaaii| ma0 pu0 1.12 arthAt jahA~ kRSNa varNa koyala vanalakSmI ke kajjala pAtra ke samAna, vicaratI hai| yahA~ vAyu se Andolita jala mAnoM sUrya ke zoSaNa-bhaya se hila rahe haiN| jahA~ kamaloM maiM sakSmI ke sAtha sneha aura zazadhara ke sAtha virodha kiyA hai yadyapi lakSmI aura zazadhara donoM kSIra sAgara ke manthana se utpanna hue haiM aura donoM jalajanmA haiM kintu ajJAnatA se isa bAta ko nahIM jAnate / jahAM mahiSa aura vRSabha kA yuddhotsava ho rahA hai / jahA~ maMthanatatpara bAlAoM ke manthanI-rava ke sAtha madhura gIta sunAI par3ate haiN| 1. ma0 e0 69. 1. 7-8 2. vahI 69. 1. 9-11 3. ghattA- pittau jalaNi jalaMti tahi vi pariTThiu aviyalu / jiNa paya poma rayAsu aggi vi jAyau sIyalu // ma0 pu0 33. 10 pattA--satu vi mitta havaMti viTThi vi bhallau vAsaru / jiNu sumiraMtahaM hoi khaggu vi kamala sakesaru / / ma0 pu0 33. 11
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________________ 78 apabhraMza - sAhitya magadha deza meM rAjagRha kI zobhA kA varNana karate hue kavi kahatA hai --- dhattA- jahiM dIsaha tahiM bhallau jayaru Navallau sasi ravi anta vihUsiu / uvari vilaMbiyataraNihe sagrge dharaNihe NAvara pAhuDa pesiu || ma0 pu. 1. 15 rAjagRha mAnoM svarga dvArA pRthvI ke lie bhejA huA upahAra ho / isI prakAra 93. 2-4 meM poyaNa nagara kA sundara varNana hai / dhattA- tarhi poyaNa NAmu Nayaha asthi vitthiNNauM / sura loeM NAi dhariNihi pAhuDu diNNauM // 92. 2.11-12 arthAt vaha itanA vistIrNaM, samRddha aura sundara thA mAno sura loka ne pRthvI ko (bheMTa ) dI ho| yaha utprekSA apabhraMza kaviyoM ko bahuta hI AkarSaka thI / svayaMbhU ne bhI isI kalpanA kA prayoga virAT nagara kA varNana karate hue kiyA yaha Upara dikhAyA jA cukA hai / ' kAlidAsa ke meghadUta meM aura vAlmIki kI rAmAyaNa meM bhI isakA prayoga milatA hai aisA Upara nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai / nagaroM ke ina vizada varNanoM meM kavi kA hRdaya mAnava jIvana ke prati jAgarUka hai mAno usane mAnava ke dRSTikoNa se vizva ko dekhane kA prayAsa kiyA ho / afa mAnava hRdaya kA bhI pArakhI thA / bAhya jagat kI taraha Antarika jagat kA bhI sundara varNana kAvya meM milatA hai| aise sthala jahA~ kavi kI bhAvanA udbuddha honI cAhie, vaha ubuddha dikhAI detI hai / kavi bhAvuka hai / bhAvAnubhUti ke sthaloM para kavi hRdaya ne isakA paricaya diyA hai / sulocanA ke svayaMvara meM Aye hue rAjAoM ke hRdgata bhAvoM kA vizada varNana isa kAvya meM milatA hai / isI prakAra vArANasI meM lauTa e hue rAma-lakSmaNa ke darzanoM ke lie lAlAyita puravadhuoM kI utsukatA kA citraNa bhI sundara huA hai| isI prakAra vasudeva ke darzana para puravadhuoM ke hRdaya kI kSubdhatA kA varNana bhI mArmika hai / " 1. paTaTaNu paisariya jaM dhavala-gharA keNa vi kAreNena NaM sagga-khaMDa laMkariyau / oyariyau // 2. meghadUta, 1. 30, vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 5. 7. 6 / 3. pauma cariu 28. 19 / 4. vahI, 70. 16 / 5. vahI, 83. 2-3 | riTaTha0 ca0 28.4
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya inake atirikta maMdodarI vilApa' tathA anya viyoga varNanoM meM bhI kavi kI bhAva vyaMjanA sundaratA se huI hai| rasa-rasa kI dRSTi se kAvya meM vIra, zRGgAra aura zAnta tInoM rasoM kI abhivyaM. janA dikhAI detI hai / prAyaH sabhI tIrthakara aura cakravartI jIvanakAla meM sukhabhoga meM lIna rahate haiM aura jIvana ke anta meM saMsAra se virakta ho nirvANa pada ko prApta karate haiN| jIvanakAla meM bhoga vilAsa kI sAmagrI strI kI prApti ke lie inheM aneka bAra yuddha bhI karane par3ate haiN| aise sthaloM meM vIra rasa kA bhI sundaratA se citraNa huA hai| inake atirikta vAsudevoM aura prativAsudevoM ke saMgharSa meM bhI vIra rasa ke sarasa udAharaNa mila jAte haiM / kintu zRGgAra aura vIra donoM rasoM kA paryavasAna zAnta meM hI hotA haiN| zrRMgAra rasa kI vyaMjanA, striyoM ke saundarya aura nakhazikha varNana meM vizeSatayA dikhAI detI hai / yuddhottara varNanoM meM yuddha ke pariNAmasvarUpa karuNa rasa aura vIbhatsa rasa ke dRzya bhI sAmane A jAte haiN| karuNa rasa kA eka citra maMdodarI-vilApa meM dikhAI detA hai| pattA tAtahi maMdoyari devi kisoyari thaNa aMsuya dhArahi dhuvai / NivaDiya guNa jala sari khaga paramesari hA hA piya bhaNaMti ruyai // 78. 21 paiM viNu jagi dasAsa jaM jijjai taM paradukkha samUhu sahijjai / hA piyayama bhaNaMtu soyAuru kaMdai Niravasesu aMteura // ___78. 22. 12-13 zRgAra ke saMyoga aura vipralambha donoM rUpoM ko kavi ne aMkita kiyA hai| zRGgAra meM kevala paramparA kA pAlana hI nahIM milatA jahA~ tahA~ ramya udbhAvanAoM kI sRSTi bhI kavi ne kI hai| / alakA ke rAjA atibala kI rAnI manoharA ke prasaMga meM kavi kahatA hai NaM pemma salila kallola mAla, NaM mayaNahu kerI paramalIla / NaM ciMtAmaNi saMdiNNa kAma, NaM tijaga taruNi sohagasIma / NaM rUva rayaNa saMghAya khANi, NaM hiyaya hAri lAyaNNa joNi / gaM thara sarahaMsiNi rai suhelli, NaM ghara mahiruha maMDaNiya velli / NaM dharavaNadevaya duriya saMti, NaM ghara chaNa sasahara biba kaMti / 1. vahI, 78. 21-22 // 2. vahI, 22. 9 tathA 24.7 / 3. ma. pu. 5.17, 28. 13; 70.9.11 /
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________________ apabhraMza sAhitya gharamiri vAsiNi jalapatti, NaM lIya basaMkari maMta satti / mahaevi tAsu ghara kamala lacchi, gAmeNa maNohara paMkacchi' / 20. 9. 1-7 muNamaMjarI vezyA ke zArIrika saundarya ke atirikta usake Antarika saundarya ko bhI prakaTa kiyA hai matta karida maMda lolA gaigara maNa galiNa gomilii| ki baNamirica sata kAmiNi kAmiNiyaNa siromaNI / disa vibAhara raNarAvA karabaha pati paIhi sevaa| kuMciya ketahaM katiha kAlai mANiNi mAnava mAvara maalh| sulaliya vANi va sukaihi kerI hi dosai tahi sA bhllaarii| 54.2.2-5 sItA kA sauMdarya bhI paraMparAbhukta nahIM / caDDa paramesari digya deha NaM vIyAyaMbaha taNiya reh| NaM laliya mahA-kai paya pautti NaM mayaNa bhAva viNNANa jutti / gaM gaNa samagga sohaggayatti NaM NArirUva virayaNa samatti / lAyaNNa vatta NaM jalahi vela surahiya gaM ghaMpaya kusuma maal| thira sUhava paM sappurisa kitti bahulakkhaNa NaM vAyaraNa vitti|' 70. 9.9. nakhazikha ke paraMparAgata varNana meM bhI kavi ne apanI adbhutakalA se anupama camatkAra utpanna kara diyA hai| sulocanA kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai ki usake pairoM ko kamala ke samAna kase kahU~ ? vaha kSaNabhaMgura hai aisA kaviyoM ne nahIM socA / dina meM nakSatra kahIM nahIM dikhAI dete, mAno sulocanA ke nakhoM kI prabhA se naSTa ho jAte haiN| 1. rai suhelli-rati sukha yukta / duriya saMti-durita ko zAnta karane baalii| chaNa sasahara-kSaNa zazadhara, pUrNimA kA cA~da / jApatti kubera kI bhaaryaa| 2. rAvaha raMjita karatI hai / kAlai-kAlA karatI hai| llArI- uttama strii| 3. bIyA yaMbahu taMNiyareha = dvitIyA ke cAMda kI klaa| paya pautti = pada prayukti / virayaNa samatti = racanA, nirmANa kI samApti arthAt crmotkrss| pAyahu kAI kamalu samu bhaNiyAMkhaNa taM bhaMguru kAhiM Na munniyuN| rikkhaiM vAsari kahimi Na diThThaI kaNNA Naha pahAhi NaM / ma. pu0 28. 12.8-9 4.
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya sItA kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai diya ditti jittaI ghattiyAI iyarahaha kahaM viddhaiM motiyAI / muha sasi johara disa dhavala thAi iyaraha kaha sasi jhijjaMtu jAi / 70.11.5-6 arthAt sItA ke dA~toM kI dIpti se motI jIte gaye aura tiraskRta ho gaye anyathA kyoM ve bIM jAte ? mukha candra - candrikA se dizAe~ dhavalita ho gaI anyathA kyoM zazi kSINa hotA ? viyoga varNanoM meM mastiSka ko camatkRta karane vAlI hAhAkAra nahIM apitu hRdaya ko sparza karane vAlI karuNa vedanA kI pukAra hai / aise sthaloM meM viyogI kA duHkha usake hRdaya taka hI sImita nahIM rahatA / prakRti bhI usake zokAvega se prabhAvita dikhAI detI hai / sItA ke viyoga se rAma ko jala viSa ke samAna, aura candana agni ke samAna dikhAI detA hai / (ma0 pu0 73. 3-8 ) isa prakAra eka anya viyoginI kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai ki malayANilu palayANalu bhAvai bhUsaNu saNa kari baddhau NAvai / vhANu soya nhANu va Nau ruccai vasaNu vasaNasaMNihu sA succai / caMdaNu iMdhaNu viraha huyA sahu ma0 pu0 22. 9. arthAt viyoginI ko malayAnila pralayAnala ke samAna, bhUSaNa sana ke bandhana ke samAna pratIta hotA thA / snAna zoka snAna ke samAna acchA nahIM lagatA / vasana ko vaha vyasana ke samAna samajhatI thI / candana virahAgni ke lie IMdhana ke samAna thA ityAdi / 81 vIra rasa ke varNanoM meM vIra rasa kA paripAka karane ke lie bhAvAnukUla zabda yojanA kI hai / vIra rasa ke kaThora aura saMyuktAkSaroM ke prayoga kI paraMparA sarvatra nahIM dikhAI detI / kavi ne chanda yojanA, nAda saundarya aura bhAva vyaMjanA ke dvArA vIra rasa ko utpanna karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / yathA- bhaDu ko vi bhaNai jai jAi jIu bhaDu ko vi bhaNai riu eMtu caMhu bhaDu ko vi bhaNai jai muMr3a paDai to jAu thAu chuDu pahu payAu / maI ajju karevau khaMDa khaMDu | to mahuM ruMDu ji riu haNavi gaDai | ma0 pu0 52. 12. 2-3 arthAt koI bhaTa yaha kahatA hai ki prANa jAya to bhale hI jAya kintu svAmI kA prabhAva sthira rahe / koI bhaTa kahatA hai ki pracaMDa zatru ko Ate dekha Aja meM use khaMDa khaMDa kara dUMgA / anya bhaTa kahatA hai ki yadi zira kaTa kara gira gayA to bhI ghar3a zatru ko mArane ke lie nAcatA phiregA /
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________________ 82 apabhraMza-sAhitya TavargAkSaroM ke prayoga ke sAtha-sAtha bhaToM ke hRdaya meM utsAha kI vyaMjanA bhI hai| isI prasaMga meM kavi kahatA hai vaha kAsu vi deha Na dahiya tilau ahilasaha varipahireNa tilau / bahu kAsu thivai Na akkhayAu khalavai kari motiya akkhyaau| 52. 13. 4-5 arthAt kisI yuddhonmukha yoddhA kI vadhU use dadhi tilaka nahIM lagAtI, vaha use barI ke rudhira se tilaka karanA cAhatI hai| kisI kI vadhU apane pati ko akSata kA TIkA nahIM lagAtI, vaha zatru ke hAthiyoM ke motiyoM se TIkA karanA cAhatI hai| bhAratIya vIrAMganA kA yaha svarUpa uttarakAlIna bhArata kI rAjapUta nArI meM vizeSa rUpa se parisphuTita hotA hai| ___isI prakAra eka dUsare kI ora bar3hatI huI do senAoM kA varNana karatA huvA kavi kahatA hai cala caraNa cAra cAliya dharAI DollAviya giri vivrNtraaii| ilahaliya ghuliya vira visaharAI bhayatasira rasiya ghaNa ghnnyraaiN| jhalamaliya valiya sAyara jalAI jala jaliya kAla kovaannlaaii| paya haya raya chaiya NahaMtarAiM aNalakkhiya himayara digyraaiN| kari vAhaNAI sapasAhaNAI hari hari gIvAhiva saahgaaii| mAyaI aNNaNNahu samuhAiM asidAdAlaI NaM jaMva muhaaii|| 52. 14.8-13 paraMparAnukUla kaThora zabdoM kA prayoga yadyapi nahIM tathApi bhAvavyaMjanA tIvatA se huI hai| isI prakAra yuddha ke lie calatI huI senA ke varNana meM kavi ne chanda-yojanA dvArA hI senA kI gati kA aMkana kiyA hai| zIghratA se bANa calAte hue lakSmaNa ke bANa saMdhAna aura bANa prahAra kI zIghratA kA anumAna nimna chanda kI gati se ho jAtA hai kahiM diTThi muTThi kahi cAvalaTThi / kahiM baddha ThANu kahiM Nihiu baannu| 78. 9.3-4 niveda bhAva ko jAgRta karane vAlA saMsAra kI asAratA kA pratipAdaka eka udAharaNa lIjiye-- khaMDayaM-iha saMsAra vAraNe , bahu sarIra saMghAraNe / vasiUNaM do vAsarA ke ke Na gayA garavarA // 1. paya haya raya * * pAsaghAta se utpanna dhUli se jisane AkAza bhara riyA thA / sapasAhagAI-prasAdhana, alaMkaraNa sahita / hari-kRSNa / jaba muhAiM-yama mukha /
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya puNu paramesara susam payAsai ghaNu suraSaNu va khaNa pAsai / haya gaya raha bhaDa dhavalaiM chataiM sAsayAiM Nau puttu kltii| naMpANaiM jANaiM Saya camaraI ravi uggamaNe jaMti NaM timirii| lacchi vimala kamalAlaya vAsiNi Navajalahara cala buha uvahAsiNi / taNu lAyaNNu vaSNu khaNi khijjai kAlAli mayaraMdu va pijjai / viyalai jovaNu karayalajalu NivaDai mANusu NaM pikkau phala / ' 7.1. arthAt isa dAruNa saMsAra meM do dina raha kara kauna se rAjA yahAM se na gaye ? isameM dhana indradhanuSa ke samAna kSaNa meM naSTa ho jAtA hai| hAthI, ghor3e, ratha, bhaTa, dhavala chatra, putra, kalatra kucha bhI sthAyI nahIM / pAlakI, yAna, dhvajA, cAmara saba sUryodaya para andhakAra ke samAna vilIna ho jAte haiN| vidvAnoM kA upahAsa karane vAlI kamalAlayA jalaghara ke samAna asthira hai| zarIra, lAvaNya aura varNa saba kSaNa meM kSINa ho jAtA hai, kAla bhramara se makaraMda ke samAna pI liyA jAtA hai / karatalasthita jala ke samAna yauvana vigalita ho jAtA hai / manuSya pakvaphala ke samAna gira par3atA hai| .. ____ isI prakAra saMsAra ko asAra batAne vAle aura nirveda bhAva ko jagAne vAle aneka sthala hai| prakRti varNana-yahA purANa meM carita nAyakoM ke varNana ke atirikta aneka dRzyoM kA manomugdhakArI aura hRdayahArI varNana kavi ne kiyA hai / aise sthaloM se mahApurANa bharA huA hai / sUryodaya (ma0 mu0 4.18.19, 16.26), caMdrodaya (4. 16, 16.24) sUryAsta (4. 15, 13.8)saMdhyA (73.2), nadI (12.5-8), Rtu (2. 13, 28.13, 70.14-15), sarovara (83.10), gaMgAvataraNa (39.12-13)Adi varNanoM, meM kavi kA prakRti ke prati anurAga pradarzita hotA hai / prAkRtika dRzyoM meM kavi ne prakRti kA Alambana rUpa se saMzliSTa varNana kiyA hai| aura inameM aneka navIna aura mAnava jIvana se saMbaddha upamAnoM kA prayoga huA hai| aneka sthaloM para navIna kalpanA kA paricaya bhI milatA hai / udAharaNa ke liye sUryAsta kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai 1. susamu-sundara zamayukta / sAsayAI--zAzvata / jNpaannii-paalkii| kAlAli-kAla rUpI bhramara se makaraMda ke samAna pAna kara liyA jAtA hai| ramaNihiM sahuM ramaNu NiviThTha jAma, ravi attha sihari saMpatsu taam| rattau dosai NaM raihi Nilau, NaM varuNAsA vahu ghusiNa tilau / NaM sagga lacchi mANikku haliu, rattuppalu NaM Nahasarahu ghuliu / gaM mukkau jiNa guNa mukhaeNa, Niya rAyapuMja myrddhenn| bhavadau jalaNihi jali paiTTa, NaM disi kuMjara kuMbhayalu vitthtth| dhuu Niya chavi raMjiya sAyaraMbhu, NaM diNa siriNArihi taNau gambhu /
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________________ 84 apabhraMza-sAhitya rakta varNa sUrya aisA pratIta hotA hai, mAno rati kA nilaya ho, yA pazcimAzAvadhU kA kuMkuma tilaka ho, mAno svarga lakSmI kA mANikA Dhalaka gayA ho, yA nabha-sarovara kA rakta-kamala gira par3A ho, athavA jina ke guNoM para mugdha hue makaradhvaja ne apanA rAga-puMja chor3a diyA ho, yA samudra meM ardha praviSTa sUrya-maMDala diggaja ke kumbha ke samAna pratIta ho, nija chavi se sAgara jala ko raMjita karatA huA sUrya mAno dinazrI-nArI ke patita garbha ke samAna gocara ho / raktamaNi bhuvanatala meM bhaTakate-bhaTakate vAsa ko na pAkara mAno punaH ratnAkara kI zaraNa meM gayA ho, astaMgata sUrya aisA jAna par3atA hai mAno jala bharatI huI lakSmI kA kanakavarNa kalaza chUTa kara jala meM DUba gayA ho| saMdhyA ke rAga se raMjita pRthvI ne pRthvIpati ke vivAha para dhAraNa kiyA huA kusuMbhI raMga kA vastra mAno aba utArA ho| nimnalikhita sUryAsta varNana meM kavi ne prakRti ke sAtha mAnava jIvana kA kaisA saMzleSa kiyA hai jiha phuriyau dIvaya dittiu tiha kaMtAharaNaha dittiyau / jiha saMjhA rAeM raMjiyau tiha vesA rAeM raMjiyau / jiha disi disi timiraiM miliyaI tiha disi disi jAraiM miliyii| jiha rayaNihi kamalaI mauliyaI tiha virahiNi vayaNaI muliyii| 13.8 arthAt jaise dIpakoM kI dIpti sphurita huI vaise hI striyoM ke AbharaNoM kI dIpti / jaise saMdhyA rAga se raMjita ho gaI vaise hI vezyA bhii| jaise saba dizAoM meM aMdhakAra-milana hone lagA vaise hI jAra-milana / jaise rAtri ke kamala mukulita hue vaise hI virahiNI ke mukha kamala / nimnalikhita sandhyA varNana meM prakRti aura mAnava kA biMba pratibiMba bhAva se varNana haiduvaI- mANava bhavaNa bharaha khettovari viyaraNa gamiya vaasro| sIyA rAma lakkhaNANaMdu va jAmatthamio dinnesro| 73.2 kavi kahatA hai ki sItA haraNa ke anantara sItA rAma aura lakSmaNa ke Ananda ke. asta ho jAne ke samAna sUrya bhI asta ho gayA / AhiDivi bhuvaNu aladdha vAsu, NaM gayau rayaNa rynnaayraasu| lacchIhi bharaMtihi kaNayavaNNu, NicchuTTavi kalasu va jali nnimnnnnu| pattA-puNa saMjhA devayasa disa mahi, raMjivi rAeM viSphuriya / kosaMbhu cIra NaM paMgurivi, gAha vivAhai avayariya // ma0 pu0 4-15
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya 85 mAnava jagat aura prAkRtika jagat kA bimba pratibimba rUpa se citraNa nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM bahuta hI ramya huA hai / isa uddharaNa meM asta hote hue sUrya aura asta hote hue zUravIroM kA varNana karate hue sAyaMkAla aura yuddhabhUmi meM sAmya pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| etahi raNu kaya sUratthavaNauM ettahi jAyauM suurtthvnn| etahi vIrahaM viyaliu lohiu etahi jagu saMjhArui sohiu / ettahi kAlau gayamaya vibbhamu ettahi pasarai maMdu tamItam / ettahi karimottiyaiM vihattaI etahi uggamiyaiM nnkkhttii| ettahi jayaNaravai jasu dhavalau etahi dhAvai sasiyara melau / ettahi joha vimukkaI cakkaI ettahi viraheM raDiyaI ckkiN| kavaNu NisAgamu ki kiratahi raNu euNa bujmai jujmai bhddynnu| 28. 34. 1-7 arthAt idhara raNabhUmi meM sUra-zUravIroM-kA asta huA aura udharasAyaM kAla suur-suurykaa| idhara vIroM kA rakta vigalita huA aura udhara jagat sandhyA-rAga se zobhita huA / idhara kAlA gajoM kA mada aura udhara dhIre-dhIre andhakAra phailaa| idhara hAthiyoM ke gaMDasthaloM se motI vikIrNa hue aura udhara nakSatra udita hue / idhara vijayI rAjA kA dhavala yaza bar3hA aura udhara zubhra candra / idhara yodhAoM se vimukta cakra aura udhara viraha se Akrandana karate hue cakravAka / ubhayatra sAdRzya ke kAraNa yoddhAgaNa nizAgama aura yuddhabhUmi meM bheda na kara pAye aura yuddha karate rhe| ___ isa sAyaMkAla aura yuddha bhUmi ke sAmya pratipAdana dvArA kavi ne yuddhabhUmi meM sainikoM, hAthiyoM, ghor3oM aura astroM Adi kI nivir3atA aura tajjanya andhakAra sadaza dhUliprasAra kA aMkana bhI saphalatA ke sAtha kiyA hai| gaMgA nadI ke viSaya meM kavi kahatA haighattA-paMDura gaMgANai mahiyali gholai kiMNara sara suha bhNthoN| avaloiya rAeM chuDu chuDu AeM sADI gaM himvNtho| 12. 5. 29-30 NaM sihari gharArohaNa NiseNi NaM risahaNAha jasarayaNa khANi / NaM visama viDappa bhauttasaMti dharaNiyali loNI caMdakaMti / NaM Niddha dhoya kala hoya kuhiNi NaM kittihi kerI lahuya bahiNi / giri rAya sihara pIvara thaNAhi NaM hArAvali basuhaMgaNAhi / siya kuDila taha jiNaM bhUireha NaM cakkavaTi jaya vijaya loha / ............... ............... Niggaya NayavammIyahu saveya visa paura NAI NAiNi suseya / haMsAvali valaya viiNNasoha uttara disi NArihi NAIbAhu /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya battA-bahu rapaNa NihANahu saTachu suloNahu dhavala vimala maMtharagai / sAyara bhattAraha saI gaMbhIratu miliya gaMpi gNgaanni| 12.6 jahiM maccha puccha pariyattiyAiM tippi uDucchaliyaI mottiyAI / gheppaMti tisAhaya gIyaehiM jala bindu bhaNivi bppiihehiN| jala rihiM pijjai jalu suseu tama paMjahiM NAvaI caMda teu| jahiM kIraulaIkIlArayAI dahi kuTTimi gAvai mrgyaa| 12. 7. asaNayaNI vibhamaNAhi gahira va kusuma vimIsaya bhamara cihur| manjata kuMbhi kuMbhatthaNAla sevAla NAla taMcalAla / taDa Divi galiya maha siNa piMga cala jala bhaMgAvali valitaraMga / siya gholamANa DiMDIra pIra pavaNudaya tAra tusAra hAra / ' 12. 8. arthAt zubhra gaMgA nadI ko mahItala meM bahate hue rAjA ne dekhA / vaha himAcala kI sAr3I ke samAna pratIta hotI thii| vaha gaMgA mAno parvatazikhara-gRha para car3hane ke lie sIr3hI ho, mAno RSabhanAtha ke jaya kI ratnakhAna ho, mAno kaThora rAhu ke bhaya se DaratI huI caMdra kAnti bhUmitala meM A gaI ho| ......mAno kIti kI choTI bahina ho, girirAja zikhara rUpI pIvarastanI vasudhA-nArI kA hAra ho, mAno zveta aura kuTila bhasma rekhA ho, cakravartI rAjA kI jaya vijaya rekhA ho, mAno valmIka parvata se savega viSa pracura zveta nAginI nikalI ho, mAno uttara digvadhU kI bAhu ho jisa para haMsa paMkti rUpI valaya zobhA de rahA ho| dhavala vimala maMthara gati vAlI gaMgA mAno bahuratna nidhAna, sundara gambhIra sAgara bhartI se milane ke lie jA rahI ho| jisa gaMgA meM matsyoM ke puccha se abhihata aura ucchalita sippiyA~ motiyoM ke samAna pratIta hotI hai, jahA~ tRSNA se zuSka kaMTha vAle papIhe gaMgA jala ko sAdhAraNa jala bindu kaha kara pheMka dete hai, jahA~ tamapuMja ke candrateja ke pAna ke samAna, jala kAka zubhra jala pIte haiM, jahA~ krIDArata zukakula dahI ke pharza para marakata maNiyoM ke samAna pratIta hote haiN| matsya rUpI nayanoM vAlI, mAvarta rUpI gaMbhIra nAbhi vAlI, navakusuma-mizrita bhramara rUpI kezapAza vAlI, snAna karate hue hAthiyoM ke gaMDasthala ke samAna stana 1. viDappa . . .--rAhu ke bhaya se DaratI huI / Naya vambhIyahu-valmIka parvata se / saveya-savega / pariyattiyAiM-pratAr3ita / tisAhayagIyaehiM-pyAsa se sUkhe kaMTha vAle / nalariTThahiM-jala kAkoM se / asaNayaNI-matsya rUpI AMkhoM vaalii|
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya bAlI, zaivAla rUpI nIla caMcala netra vAlI, taTasthita vRkSoM se patita madhu rUpI kuMkuma se piMma varNa vAlI, caMcala jalataraMga rUpI kalivAlI, zveta bahate hue jhAga rUpI vastra bAlI, pavanoddhata zubhra tuSAra rUpI hAra vAlI gaMgA zobhita hotI hai| ___kavi ne 2. 13 meM pAvasa kA varNana kiyA hai| kavi pAvasa ke nAda aura varNajanya prabhAva se adhika prabhAvita huA hai| pAvasa kA varNana A~khoM meM kAlimA aura kAnoM meM garjana upasthita karatA hai| viSa aura kAliMdI ke samAna kRSNa meghoM se antarikSa vyApta ho gayA hai / gaja gaMDasthala se ur3Ae matta bhramarasamUha ke samAna kAle-kAle gadala cAroM ora chA rahe haiN| nirantara varSA dhArA se bhUtala bhara gayA hai| vidyut ke girane ke bhayaMkara zabda se dhuloka aura pRthvIloka kA antarAla bhara gayA hai| nAcate hue matta mayUroM ke kalarava se kAnana vyApta hai| giri nadI ke guhA-praveza se utpanna sara-sara mAda se bhayabhIta vAnara cillA rahe haiN| AkAza indra dhanuSa se alaMkRta megha rUpI hastiyoM se ghira gayA hai| biloM meM jaladhArA praveza se sarpa kruddha ho uThe haiN| pI pI pukAratA huA papIhA jalabindu yAcanA karatA hai / sarovaroM ke taToM para haMsa paMkti kolAhala karane lagI / caMpaka, cUta, caMdana, ciciNI Adi vRkSoM meM prANa sphurita ho utthaa| zabda yojanA se eka prakAra kI aisI dhvani nikalatI sI pratIta hotI hai ki bAdaloM ke anavarata zabda se AkAza dina aura rAta bharA huA hai aura raha raha kara bijalI kI camaka dikhAI de jAtI hai / varSA kI bhayaMkaratA aura pracaMDatA kA zabdoM meM 1. visa kAliMdi kAlaNava jalahara pihiya nnhNtraalo| ghuya gaya gaMDa maMDalaDDAviya cala mttaalimelo| avirala musala sarisa thira dhArA varisa bharaMta bhuuylo| paDu taDi vauNa paDiya viyaDAyala raMjiya sIha daarunno| Nacciya matta mora gala kalarava pUriya sayala kaannnno| giri sari dari saraMta sarasara bhaya vANara mukknniisgo| ghaNa cikkhalla kholla khaNi kheiya hariNa siliMba kyvho| suravai cApa toraNAlaMkiya ghaNakari bhariya Naha hro| vivara muhoyaraMta jala pavahArosiya savisa vishro| piya piya piyalavaMta bappohaya maggiya toya biNduo| saratIvallalaMta haMsAvali jhuNi hala bola sNjuo| caMpaya cUya cAra cava caMdaNa ciciNi pINiyAu so| ma0 pu02-13.
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________________ 88 apabhraMza-sAhitya abhAva hai / vasanta Rtu kA varNana karate hue kavi ne jahA~ anya padArthoM kA aMkana kiyA hai vahA~ eka hI ghattA meM vasanta ke prabhAvAtizaya kA aisA manohArI citraNa kiyA hai jo lambe-lambe varNanoM se bhI nahIM ho pAtA / kavi kahatA hai- ghattA -- aMkuriyaDa kusamiu palsaviu maha samayAgama vilasai / visaM ti aceyaNa taru, vi jahi tahi garu ki Nau viyasai // 28. 13. 10-11. * arthAt aMkurita kusumita pallavita basantAgama zobhita hotA hai / jisa samaya acetana vRkSa bhI vikasita ho jAte haiM usa samaya kyA cetana nara vikasita na hoM ? prakRti ko cetana rUpa meM bhI kavi ne ( 5.3.12 - 14) liyA hai / prakRti kA paraMparAgata varNana karatA huA bhI kavi prakRti ko jIvana se susaMbaddha dekhatA hai ataeva aise dRzya jo mAnava jIvana se sambaddha haiM kavi kI dRSTi se ojhala nahIM ho pAte / vaittADhya parvata kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hainisi caMdayaMta salilehi galai vAsari ravi maNi mANikka pahA diSNAvalou jahiM cakkavAya Na jalaNeNa jalai muNaMti sou / 8. 11.6 - 10 arthAt yaha parvata rAtri ke candrakAnta maNiyoM se jharate jaloM se AplAvita rahatA hai, dina meM sUryakAnta maNiyoM se utthita agniyoM se prajvalita rahatA hai, mANikya prabhA se Alokita isa pradeza meM rAtri ke abhAva se cakravAka pakSiyoM ko viyoga duHkha kA anubhava hI nahIM hotA / isI prasaMga meM sahasA kavi kaha uThatA hai jahiM dakkhAmaMDava yali suyaMti pahi paMthiya dakkhA rasu piyaMti / dhavalUDha jaMta pI lijjamANu puMDucchu khaMDa ras pavahamANu / kaha kavva rasa va jaNa piyai tAma tittIi hoi sira kaMpu jAma / jahiM pikka kalama kaNisaiM caraMti suya yattaNu haliNihi karaMti / dhattA - siri sayaNa hiM NaM vahuvayaNahiM vilasaMtI diNi rAyai / jahiM pomiNi kalamahuyara jhuNi NaM bhANuhi guNa gAyai / 8. 12. 12-17 arthAt jahA~ pathika drAkSA maMDapa ke nIce sote haiM aura mArga meM drAkSArasa pIte haiM, jahA~ vRSabha-vAhita-yaMtra se pere jAte hue pauMDe ganne ke bahate hue rasa ko loga kavikAvyarasa ke samAna taba taka pIte haiM jaba taka ki tRpti se sira jhUma nahIM par3atA / jahA~ pake dhAna ke kaNoM ko zuka khAte 'aura kRSaka kanyAoM ke lie dUtatva kA kAma karate haiM / jahA~ kamalinI aneka padma rUpI mukhoM se dina meM zobhita hotI hai aura madhuramadhukara guMjAra dhvani se mAno sUrya ke guNa gAtI hai / bhinna-bhinna prAkRtika dRzyoM kA varNana karate hue kavi ne bIca meM kahIM kahIM aise
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya dRzya bhI rakha diye haiM jo glAni yA udvega utpanna karate haiM aura jinakA prayoga khaTakatA hai| ____sandhyA varNana ke prasaMga meM sAgara tala para phailI lAlimA ke viSaya meM kavi kahatA hai-- "NaM diNa siri NArihi taNau gambhu" 4. 15.9 arthAt mAno divasazrInArI kA garbha girA ho| isI prakAra sUrya ke lie bhinnabhinna upamAnoM kA prayoga karatA huA kavi eka sthAna para kahatA hai ___"NaM disi Nisiyari muha mAsa gAsu" / mAno dizA rUpI nizAcarI ke mukha meM mAMsa kA grAsa ho| isI prakAra gaMgA kA varNana karate hue kavi ne jahA~ aneka upamAnoM kA prayoga kara gaMgA ke saundarya kI vyaMjanA kI hai vahA~ gaMgA ko valmIka se savega nikalatI huI jaharIlI zveta nAginI kaha kara hRdaya ko bhayabhIta kara yiyA haiNiggaya Naya bammIyahu saveya visapaura NAi NAiNi suseya / 12. 6. 10 alaMkAra yojanA-kavi ne apanI bhASA ko bhinna-bhinna alaMkAroM se alaMkRta kiyA hai / zabdAlaMkAroM meM yamaka, zleSa, anuprAsa aura arthAlaMkAroM meM upamA, vyatireka, virodhAbhAsa, bhrAntimAn, apaha nuti, ananvaya Adi alaMkAroM ke pracura udAharaNa milate haiN| upamA alaMkAra meM bANa ke samAna, zabda sAmya ke AdhAra para do vastuoM meM sAmya pradarzana bhI milatA hai / yathA"sura bhavaNu va raMbhAi pasAhiu ujjhAu va suyama sahi sohiu" 9.14. 6 vana kA varNana karatA huA kavi karatA hai ki vana surabhavana ke samAna raMbhA-kadalI vRkSa-se alaMkRta thaa| upAdhyAya ke samAna suya satya arthAt zrutazAstra ziSyoM-zuka sArtha se alaMkRta thaa| kucha anya alaMkAroM ke udAharaNa nIce diye jAte haiMananvaya haveM vikkameNa gottai baleNa Naya juyteN| tujha samANa tuhaM ki aNNe mANusa metteM // 15. 7. 17-18 yamaka uvavaNaI vivihavacchaM kiyAiM goulaiM dhavalavacchaM kiyaaii| jahiM maMDava dakkhAhala vahati ghari ghari karisaNayahaM hala vahati / 39. 1. 8-9
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________________ vyatireka apabhraMza-sAhitya u mayakalaMka paDaleM maliNu Na dharai vaya vakataNu / mahaM muhi caMdeM samu bhaNami jai to kavaNu kaitaNu // 541.14-15. yadi usa sundarI kA mukha meM candra ke samAna kahU~ to merA kyA kavitva ? usake mukha meM na mRgAMka ke samAna kalaMka hai va malinatA, vaha mukha kSaya ( khaya) rahita hai aura na usameM vakratA hai / virodha dhattA - kuvalaya baMSu vigAhu Nau dosAyara jAyau / jo iksAuhi vaMsi jaravai rUDhii Ayau | 69. 11 rAjA dazaratha, kuvalaya bandhu hote hue bhI doSAkara--candramA - na thA arthAt dazaratha kucalaya - pRthvI maMDala -- kA bandhu hote hue bhI doSoM kA Akara nahIM thA / bhrAntimAn raMdhAyAra thiyau aMdhAra buddhasaMka payagai ra pAseya biMdu teNujjalu diTTha bhuyaMgahi NaM moreM paMDae sapyu vidhAppivi mujheM kaha va Na mahiu bhaDappivi / 16. 24. 9-12 arthAt jahA~ billI chidroM se praveza karatI huI candra kiraNoM se zubhra hue aMdhakAra ko dUdha samajha kara pI rahI hai / ratiprasveda - binduoM ko bhujaMga muktAphala samajhatA hai / raMdhoM se praveza karatI huI candra kiraNoM ko zveta sarpa samajha kara mUr3ha mayUra ne kitanI bAra jhar3apa kara nahIM pakar3A ? majjArai / muttAhalu / parisaMkhyA - jahiM hayavara hari Nau NArIyaNa vaMsu ji chiddasahiu Nau purayaNa / aMjaNu NayaNi jetthu Na tabohaNi NAyabhaMgu gAruDa Na dhaNajjaNi / mahiM kuMjada bhaNNai mAyaMgau Nau mANavu kai vi mAyaM gau // ' 22. 3. laMkAroM ke prayoga meM kavi ne eka vizeSa prakAra ke alaMkaraNa se kAma liyA hai / isameM do vastuoM yA dRzyoM kA sAmya pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / upamA meM eka upameya ke lie bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke upamAnoM kA prayoga hotA hI rahA hai / rUpaka meM upameya aura upamAna ke atyadhika sAmya ke kAraNa eka kA dUsare para Aropa kara diyA jAtA hai / mAMga rUpaka meM yaha Aropa aMgoM sahita hotA hai / kavi ne eka upameya aura eka upamAna 1. hayavara - hata hai vara jisakA / aMjaNu -- aMjana, pApa / NAyabhaMgu -- nAga bhaMga, nyAya bhaMga / mAyaM gaDa-mAyA ko prApta /
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya ko lekara upameya ke bhinna-bhinna aMgoM aura upamAna ke bhinna-bhinna rUpoM kA sAmya pradarzita karate hue do vastuoM kA alaga-alaga pUrNa citra upasthita kiyA hai / isa prakAra kA sAmya kabhI zliSTa zabdo dvArA, kabhI upameya aura upamAnagata sAdhAraNa dharma bArA aura kabhI upameya aura upamAnagata kriyAoM dvArA abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM kavi ne gaMgA nadI aura nArI sulocanA kA sAmya pradarzita kiyA hai ghama cAliya puNu diNNa payANa pasara sura sari jala majma ThANu / moyavi gaMgahi sArasahaM juyalu joyai kaMtahi thaNakalasa juyalu / joyavi gaMgahi sulaliya taraMga joyai kaMtahi tivalI trNg| joyavi gaMgahi AvattabhavaMNu joyai kaMtahi varaNAhi rmnnu| joyavi gaMgahi papphulla kamalu joyai kaMtahi piu vayaNakamalu / joivi gaMgahi viyaraMta maccha joyai kaMtahi cldiihrcch| noi vi gaMgahi mottiyahu paMti joyA kaMtahi siyadasaNa paMti / joivi gaMgahi matAlimAla joyai [kaMtahi dhammella piil| bhattA-NiyagehiNi cammaha vAhiNi devi suloyaNa jehI / maMdAiNi jaga suha dAiNi dIsai rAeM tehii|| 29. 7. mantima pattA meM kavi ne gRhiNI ko kAma-nadI kaha kara usameM atyadhika prema rasa kI vyaMjanA bhI kara dI hai| nadI aura senA kI tulanA karatA huA kavi kahatA hai| sari chajjai uggaya paMkayahiM balu chajjai citta chatta sayahiM / sari chajjai haMsahiM jalayarahiM bala chajjai dhavalahiM cAmarahiM / sari chajjai saMcarata sasahiM bala chajjai karavAlahiM sasahi / sari chajjai dhakkahiM saMgayahiM balu chajjai raha cakkahiM gayahiM / sari chajjai sara taraMga bharahiM balu chajjai cala turaMgavarahiM / sari chajjai koliya jala karihiM bala chajjai calliya mayakarihiM / sari chajjai bahumANusahiM bala chajjai kiMkara mANusahiM / sari chajjai sayaDahiM sohiyahiM balu chajjai sayaDahiM vaahiyhiN| pattA-jiha jalavAhiNiya tiha mahivaivAhiNi sohi| 15. 12. 5-13 isI prakAra ke varNana sUryAsta varNana (13.8), parvata aura risaha kA sAmya (37.19), vana aura sItA kA yauvana (72.2) ityAdi aneka sthaloM para milate haiN| ___ isa prakAra ke varNanoM se spaSTa hai ki jisa prakAra apabhraMza kaviyoM ne aneka chandoM kA nirmANa kiyA' isI prakAra unhoMne aneka alaMkaraNoM kI bhI sRSTi kii| apabhraMza 1. dekhiye antima bhadhyAya--apabhraMza sAhitya kA hindI para prabhAva /
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________________ 92 apabhraMza - sAhitya maiM chanda zAstra ke grantha hone ke kAraNa aise chandoM ke viSaya meM prakAza par3A kintu alaMkAra viSayaka kadAcit koI grantha na hone ke kAraNa isa prakAra ke alaMkAroM kA nAmakaraNa bhI na ho sakA / yadyapi hindI ke vIra kAvyoM meM bhI isa prakAra ke varNana milate haiM / ' lekhaka kA vizvAsa hai ki isa prakAra ke anya alaMkAra bhI apabhraMza granthoM meM mila sakate haiM / yadi sAhityikoM ko rucikara ho to isa vizeSa alaMkAra ko safe rUpaka kaha sakate haiM / bhASA -- grantha kI bhASA meM vAgdhArAoM, lokoktiyoM aura sundara subhASitoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai "bhuvaka chaNayaMdahu sArameu" 1. 8. 7 pUrNimA candra para kuttA bhauMke usakA kyA bigAr3egA ? "uTThAviu suttau sI hu keNa" 12.17. 6 so siMha ko kisa ne jagAyA ? "mANa bhaMgu vara maraNa Na joviu " apamAnita hone para jIvita rahane se mRtyu bhalI / " ko taM pusai NiDAlai lihiyau" mastaka meM likhe ko kauna poMcha sakatA hai ? "bhariyaDa puNu rittau hoi rAya" bharA khAlI hogA / lUyAMsuteM vajra masau Na haTiya Nirujjhai / 16. 21.8 24. 8. 8 1. dekhiye vahI / 39. 8.5 31. 10.9 makar3I ke jAla sUtra se macchara to bA~dhA jA sakatA hai hAthI nahIM rokA jA sakatA / jo govA gAi u pAlai so jIvaMtu dukhu Na NihAlai / jo mAlAru velli Nau posai so suphullu phalu keMva lahesai // 51.2. 1 jo gvAlA gau nahIM pAlegA vaha jIvana meM dUdha kahA~ se dekhegA ? jo mAlAkAra tAdi kA poSaNa nahIM karegA vaha sundara phala phUla kaise prApta kara sakegA ? aNuraNanAtmaka athavA dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga apabhraMza kaviyoM kI vizeSatA hai / mahApurANa bhI isa prakAra ke zabdoM se khAlI nahIM / as as ass uss raMjai hari taru kaDayaDai phuDai vihaDai giri / 14. 9.7
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya phaNi phupphuyaMtu __kavi ne jahAM para bhI varNanoM meM prAcIna paraMparA kA Azraya liyA hai vahAM usakI zailI samasta, alaMkRta aura kucha kliSTa ho gaI hai / jahA~ para paraMparA ko chor3a svatantra zailI kA prayoga kiyA hai vahA~ bhASA adhika spaSTa, sarala aura pravAhamayI dikhAI detI hai| aise sthaloM para choTe-choTe prabhAvotpAdaka vAkyoM dvArA kavi kI bhASA adhika balavatI ho gaI hai| prAcIna paramparA para Azrita bhASA ke udAharaNa Upara diye hue aneka varNanoM meM dekhe jA sakate haiN| prAcIna paraMparA se unmukta svatantra bhASA zailI kA udAharaNa nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM dekhiye patthareNa ki meru dalijjai, kiM khareNa mAyaMgu khalijjai / khajjoeM ravi Nitteijjai, kiM ghaTTeNa jalahi sosijjada / goppaeNa ki gaha mANijjai, aNNANe ki jiNu jANijjai / vAyaseNa kiM garuDu Nirujmai, NavakamaleNa kulisu ki vijmai / kariNA ki mayAri mArijjai, kiM vasaheNa vagghu dArijjai / ki haMseM sasaMku dhavalijjai, kiM maNueNa kAlu kvlijji| 16.20.3-8 arthAt kyA patthara se meru dalita kiyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA gadhe se hAthI pIDita kiyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA juganU se sUrya nisteja kiyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA cUMTa cUMTa se samudra sukhAyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA gopada AkAza kI samatA kara sakatA hai ? ajJAna se kyA jina bhagavAn kA jJAna ho sakatA hai ? kyA kauA garur3a ko bAdhA pahuMcA sakatA hai ? eka nava kamala se kyA kuliza viddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ? hAthI se kyA siMha mArA jA sakatA hai ? vRSabha se kyA vyAghra vidIrNa kiyA jA sakatA hai ? ityaadi| __isa prakAra kI zailI meM zliSTa zabdoM ke prayoga se bhI bhASA kI saralatA aura gati maSTa nahIM huI khagge meheM ki NijjaleNa, taruNA sareNa ki nnipphlenn| meheM kAmeM ki NihaveNa, muNiNA kuleNa ki NittaveNa / kavveM gaDeNa ki NIraseNa, rajjeM bhojje kiM para vaseNa / 57. 7. 1-3 arthAt pAnI rahita megha se aura khar3aga se kyA lAbha ? phala rahita vRkSa aura vANa se kyA prayojana ? dravita na hone vAlA megha aura kAma vyartha hai| tapa rahita muni gaura kula kisa kAma kA? nIrasa kAvya aura naTa se kyA lAbha ? parAdhIna rAjya aura bhojana se kyA ? grantha kI bhASA meM aneka zabda rUpa aise haiM jo hindI ke bahuta nikaTa haiN|' - - 1. udAharaNa ke lie kucha zabda nIce diye jAte haiM bhavarsa avazya 15. 22. 17 / kappaDa-kapar3A . 36.8.9
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya cha---kavi ne mahAkAvyAnukUla pratyeka sandhi meM bhinna prakAra ke chanda kA prayoga kriyA hai / yadyapi sandhi ke pratyeka kar3avaka meM chanda yojanA parivartita nahIM tathApi kar3avaka ke Adi kA chaMda prAyaH pratyeka sandhi meM bhinna hai| 8vIM sandhi ke veM kar3abaka meM kavi ne duvaI yugma kA prayoga kiyA hai jisameM dAma yamaka zrRMkhalA yamaka bhI prayukta hai / dubaI yugma jisa zabda se samApta hotA hai usI zabda se dUsarA duvaI yugma prArambha hotA hai (jaise ma. pu0 pRSTha 128) / kavi ne mAtrika chandoM kA adhikatA se prayoga kiyA hai| chanda cAhe mAtrika hoM cAhe vaNika saba meM antyAnuprAsa (tuka) kA prayoga milatA hai| bhalla-bhadra rahaTTa-arahaTa 27.1.4 raMgaha-rIMgatA hai 4.1.11 raMDiya-vidhavA huI 17. 9.10 rola-kolAhala 14. 5. 9 loha-rekhA, paMjAbI lokha kasera-tRNa 1. 3. 12 / gilla-gIlA 29. 5.3 cakkhai-khAtA hai, cakhatA hai 2. 19. 4 ghaDai-car3hatA hai 2.16.1 caMga-acchA 9.4.14 cukkai-cUkatA hai 4. 8. 5 chaMDai-chor3atA hai 7. 19. 15 chivai-chUtA hai 4. 5. 13 chika-chikkA 26. 4. 2 'jevai-khAtA hai 18.7.11 jokkhai-tolatA hai 4. 5. 5 jhapau-A~kheM banda karanA . 12.12. 5 25. 8.9 DaMkiya-daSTa 30. 12.8 DAla--zAkhA 1. 18.2 Dollai-kA~panA 4. 18. 2. 15. 18.3 pattala-patalA 17. 10. 1 palaThThia-parivartita 33. 6. 13 pAsuliyA-pasaliyA~ 7. 12.4 pAhuNa-pAhunA 24. 10.7 bukkarai-bhauMkatA hai 7. 25. 5 buDDai-DUbatA hai 33.11. 11 bollai-bolatA hai 8. 5. 17 bhaMuhA-bhoM 52. 8.2 // lukka-chipanA, paMjAbI lukanA 9. 14. 12 Dhalai-giratA hai 8. 9. 12 DhaMkai-DhAMkatA hai. 1. 13.10 dillIhUya-zithila, DhIlA hokara 32. 3.5 tiyA-strI 1. 15.4 toMda-udara 20. 23.3 dADhA-daMSTrA 18. 1. 15 dora-sUtra, DorA 2. 16. 2 paJcachAuhuM-pazcAnmukha 33. 11.3 bhiDia-sAmane bhir3A 17. 1. 1 bhukkai-bhauMkatA hai 1.8.7 bhola-bholA 2. 20.7 sADI sAr3I 12.5.3 sippi--sIpa soNNAra-sunAra 31.7. 2 haTTa--hATa paMjAbI 1.16. 1 hallai-kAMpatA hai, hilatA hai 14. 5. 12
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________________ 95 apabhraMza mahAkAvya sandhiyoM meM na to kar3avakoM kI saMkhyA nizcita hai aura na kar3avakoM meM caraNoM kI saMkhyA / bhavisayatta kahA ' isa grantha kA lekhaka dhanapAla dhakkar3a vaizya vaMza meM utpanna huA thA / usake pitA kA nAma mAesara ( mAyezvara) aura mAtA kA nAma dhaNasiri ( dhanazrI ) thA / vaizya kula meM utpanna hote hue bhI ise apanI vidvattA kA abhimAna thA aura isane bar3e gaurava ke sAtha apane Apa ko sarasvatI putra kahA hai ( sarasai bahuladdha mahAvareNa bha0 ka0 1*4) DA0 yAkoba ke anusAra dhanapAla 10vIM sadI se pUrva nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / zrI dalAla aura guNe ne bhavisayatta kahA kI bhUmikA meM yaha siddha kiyA hai ki dhanapAla bhASA hemacandra kI apabhraMza se prAcIna hai / isameM zabda rUpoM kI vividha rUpatA aura byAkaraNa kI zithilatA hai jo hemacandra kI bhASA meM nahIM / hemacandra ne apane chandonuzAsana maiM aneka prasiddha piMgala zAstrajJoM ke sAtha svayaMbhU kA nAma bhI liyA hai aura hemacandra ne aneka sthala svatantra yA parivartita rUpa se svayaMbhU se liye haiM / " bhavisayatta kahA aura pauma cariu ke zabdoM meM samAnatA dikhAte hue pro0 bhAyANI ne nirdeza kiyA hai ki bhavisayatta kahA ke Adima kar3avakoM ke nirmANa ke samaya dhanapAla ke dhyAna meM pauma cariu thA / isalie dhanapAla kA samaya svayaMbhU ke bAda aura hemacandra se pUrva hI kisI kAla meM anumita kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa mahAkAvya kI kathA laukika hai / isa kAvya ko likhakara kavi ne paramparAgata khyAtavRtta nAyaka paddhati ko tor3A / apabhraMza meM laukika nAyaka kI paramparA kA eka prakAra se sUtrapAta sA kiyA / isakI racanA zruta paMcamI vrata kA mAhAtmya pratipAdana karane ke lie kI gaI / kathA -- isa mahAkAvya kI kathA tIna aMgoM yA khaNDoM meM vibhakta kI jA sakatI hai, mapi gantha meM isa prakAra kA koI vibhAga nahIM / 1. eka vyApArI ke putra bhavisayatta kI sampatti kA varNana / 1. zrI dalAla aura guNe dvArA saMpAdita, gAyakavAr3a oriyaMTala sIrIz2a, graMthAMka 20,1923 I0 meM prakAzita / dhakkaDa vaNi vaMse mAesaraho samumbhaviNa dhaNa siri ho vi suveNa viraiu sarasai saMbhaviNa / bha0 ka0 1.9 3. svayaMbhu eMDa hemacandra - eca. sI. bhAyANI, bhAratIya vidyA, (aMgrejI) bhAga 2. 8, aMka 8 - 10, 1947, pR0 202-206 / 4. di pauma cariu eMDa di bhavisayatta kahA -- pro0 bhAyANI bhAratIya vidyA (aMgrejI) bhAga 8, aMka 1-2, 1947, pR0 48-50 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya bhavisayatta apane sautele bhAI bandhudatta se do vAra dhokhA khAkara kaSTa sahatA hai kintu anta meM use jIvana meM saphalatA milatI hai / 2. kururAja aura takSazilArAja meM yuddha hotA hai / bhavisayatta bhI usameM mukhya bhAga letA hai aura anta meM vijayI hotA hai / 96 3. bhavisayatta ke tathA usake sAthiyoM ke pUrvajanma aura bhaviSya janma kA varNana / vidvAnoM aura durjanoM ke smaraNa evaM Atma vinaya ke sAtha kathA kA Arambha hotA hai / saMkSepa meM kathA isa prakAra hai kamalazrI thA / sundarI se dUsarA gajapura meM dhanapAla nAmaka eka vyApArI thA jisakI strI kA nAma unake bhaviSyadatta nAmaka eka putra thA / dhanapAla sarUpA nAmaka eka vivAha kara letA hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa apanI pahalI patnI aura putra kI upekSA karane lagatA hai / dhanapAla aura sarUpA ke putra kA nAma baMdhudatta rakhA jAtA hai / yuvAvasthA meM padArpaNa karane para baMdhudatta vyApAra ke lie kaMcanadvIpa nikala par3atA hai / usake sAtha 500 vyApAriyoM ko jAte dekha bhaviSyadatta bhI apanI mAtA kI anumati se, unake sAtha ho letA hai / samudra meM yAtrA karate hue durbhAgya se usakI naukA A~dhI se pathabhraSTa ho mainAka dvIpa para jA lagatI hai / baMdhudatta dhokhe se bhaviSyadatta ko vahIM eka jaMgala meM chor3a kara svayaM apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha Age nikala jAtA hai / bhaviSyadatta akelA idhara udhara bhaTakatA huA eka ujar3e hue kintu samRddha nagara meM pahu~catA hai / vahIM eka jina maMdira meM jAkara vaha candraprabha jina kI pUjA karatA hai / usI ujar3e nagara meM vaha eka divya sundarI ko dekhatA hai / usI se bhaviSyadatta ko patA calatA hai ki vaha nagara jo kabhI atyanta samRddha thA eka asura dvArA naSTa kara bahI asura vahA~ prakaTa hotA hai aura bhaviSyadatta kA karA detA hai / diyA gayA / kAlAntara meM usI sundarI se vivAha cirakAla taka putra ke na lauTane se kamalazrI usake kalyANArthaM zruta-paMcamI vrata FIT anuSThAna karatI hai / udhara bhaviSyadatta bhI sapatnIka prabhUta sampatti ke sAtha ghara lauTatA hai / lauTate hue unakI baMdhudatta se bheMTa hotI hai jo apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha yAtrA meM asaphala ho vipanna dazA meM thA / bhaviSyadatta usakA saharSa svAgata karatA hai / vahA~ se prasthAna ke samaya pUjA ke lie gaye hue bhaviSyadatta ko phira dhokhe se vahIM chor3a kara svayaM usakI patnI aura prabhUta dhanarAzi ko lekara sAthiyoM ke sAtha naukA meM savAra ho vahA~ se cala par3atA hai| mArga meM phira A~dhI se unakI naukA pathabhraSTa ho jAtI hai aura ve saba jaise taise gajapura pahu~cate haiM / ghara pahu~ca kara baMdhudatta bhaviSyadatta kI patnI ko apanI bhAvI patnI ghoSita kara detA hai / unakA vivAha nizcita ho jAtA hai / kAlAntara meM duHkhI bhaviSyadatta bhI eka yakSa kI sahAyatA se gajapura pahu~catA hai / vahA~ pahu~ca vaha saba vRttAnta apanI mAtA se kahatA hai / udhara bandhudatta ke vivAha kI taiyAriyA~ hone lagatI haiM aura jaba vivAha hone hI vAlA hotA hai vaha rAjadarabAra meM jAkara bandhudatta ke viruddha zikAyata karatA hai aura rAjA ko vizvAsa dilA detA hai ki
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya baha saccA hai / phalataH bandhudatta daNDita hotA hai aura bhaviSyadatta apane mAtA-pitA aura patnI ke sAtha rAjasammAna pUrvaka sukha se jIvana vyatIta karatA hai / rAjA bhaviSyadatta ko rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI banA apanI putrI sumitrA se usake vivAha kA vacana detA hai / 97 isI bIca podanapura kA rAjA gajapura ke rAjA ke pAsa dUta bhejatA hai aura kahalabAtA hai ki apanI putrI aura bhaviSyadatta kI patnI ko de do yA yuddha karo / rAjA use asvIkAra karatA hai aura pariNAmataH yuddha hotA hai / bhaviSyadatta kI sahAyatA aura vIratA se rAjA vijayI hotA hai / bhaviSyadatta kI vIratA se prabhAvita ho rAjA bhaviSyadatta ko yuvarAja ghoSita kara detA hai, apanI putrI sumitrA ke sAtha usakA vivAha bhI kara detA hai, bhaviSyadatta sukhapUrvaka jIvana vyatIta karane lagatA hai / kathA ke tRtIya khaNDa meM bhaviSyadatta kI prathama patnI ke hRdaya meM apanI janmabhUmi mainAka dvIpa ko dekhane kI icchA jAgRta hotI hai / bhaviSyadatta, usake mAtA-pitA * bara sumitrA saba dvIpa meM jAte haiM / vahA~ unheM eka jaina bhikSu milatA hai jo unheM sadAcAra ke niyamoM kA upadeza detA hai / kAlAntara meM ve saba ghara lauTate hai / vahA~ vimala* buddhi nAmaka eka muni Ate haiN| bhaviSyadatta ko aneka upadeza dekara usake pUrvajanma kI kathA sunAte haiM / bhaviSyadatta apane putra para rAjyabhAra sauMpa kara virakta ho jAtA hai / vaha jaMgala meM jAtA hai aura usakI patniyA~ tathA mAtA bhI usake sAtha tapasyA meM lIna ho jAtI haiM / anazana dvArA prANa tyAgakara vaha phira ucca janma dhAraNa karatA hai aura anta meM nirvANa ko prApta karatA hai| zruta paMcamI ke mAhAtmya ke smaraNa ke sAtha kathA samApta hotI haiM / bhI ghaTanA- vaicitrya ucca koTi ka sakatI thI / ghaTanA - bAhulya hote hue isa grantha meM ghaTanA - bAhulya ke hote hue nahIM / ghaTanAoM se eka upanyAsa kI racanA ho bhI grantha meM aneka kAvyAnurUpa sundara sthala haiM / isa kAvya meM kavi ne laukika AkhyAna ke dvArA zrutapaMcamI vrata kA mAhAtmya pradarzita kiyA hai / kathA ke Arambha meM isI vrata kI mahattA kI ora nirdeza hai ( bha0 ka0 1. 1. 1-2 ) aura samApti bhI isI vrata ke smaraNa se hotI hai / kathA meM bhaviSyadatta ko yakSa kI alaukika sahAyatA kA nirdeza hai| dhArmika vizvAsa ke sAtha alaukika ghaTanAoM kA sambandha bhAratIya vicAra-dhArA meM purAtana kAla se hI calA A rahA hai| kathA meM gRhastha jIvana kA svAbhAvika citra hai / bahu vivAha se utpanna maniSTa kI ora kavi ne saMketa kiyA hai / bhaviSyadatta apanI sautelI mAtA aura sautele bhAI se satAyA jAkara bhI apanI dharmaniSTha bhAvanA ke kAraNa anta meM sukhI hotA hai| kathA meM yathArtha aura Adarza donoM kA samucita mizraNa hai / kathAnaka meM kavi ne sAdhu aura asAdhu pravRtti vAle do vargoM ke vyaktiyoM kA caritra citrita kiyA hai / bhaviSyadatta aura bandhudatta, kamalA aura sarUpA do virodhI pravRttiyoM ke puruSa aura striyoM ke jor3e haiN| unakA kavi ne svAbhAvika citraNa kiyA
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________________ 98 apabhraMza-sAhitya hai| sarUpA meM sapatnI-sulabha IrSyA ke sAtha strI-sulabha dayA kA bhI kavi ne citra aMkita kiyA hai / ina virodhI pravRtti vAle pAtroM ke samAveza se kavi ne nAyaka aura pratinAyakAdi pAtra ke prayoga kA prayatna kiyA hai| pAtroM ke svabhAvAnukUla unake jIvana kA vikAsa dikhAI detA hai / vastu varNana--kavi ne jina vastuoM kA varNana kiyA hai unameM usakA hRdaya sAtha detA hai / ataeva ye varNana sarasa aura sundara haiN| dezoM aura nagaroM kA varNata karatA huA kavi unake kRtrima AvaraNoM se hI AkRSTa na hokara unake svAbhAvika, prAkRta alaMkaraNoM se bhI mugdha hotA hai / kuru jAMgala deza kI samRddhi ke sAtha-sAtha kavi vahA~ ke kamala prabhA se tAmravarNa evaM kAraMDa-haMsa-vakAdi cumbita sarovaroM ko aura ikSu rasa pAna karane vAloM ko bhI nahIM bhuultaa|' gajapura kA varNana karatA huA kavi usake saundarya se AkRSTa ho kahatA hai tahiM gayauru NA paTTaNu jaNa jnniycchriu| NaM gayaNu muevi sagga khaMDu mahi avayariu // bha0 ka0 1.5. arthAt vahA~ gajapura nAma kA nagara hai jisane manuSyoM ko Azcarya meM DAla diyA hai| mAno gagana ko chor3a kara svarga kA eka khaMDa pRthvI para utara AyA ho| kavi ne thor3e se zabdoM meM gaMjapura kI samRddhi aura sundaratA ko abhivyakta kara diyA hai| kavi ke ina vicAroM meM vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke laMkA varNana evaM kAlidAsa ke meghadUta maiM ujjayinI varNana kA AbhAsa spaSTarUpa se dikhAI detA hai| svayaMbhU ke harivaMza purANa meM virATa nagara ke aura puSpadaMta ke mahApurANa meM poyaNa nagara ke varNana meM bhI yahI kalpanA kI gaI hai| - - . . . . . . . . 1. jahiM saraI kamala paha taMbirAI kAraMDa haMsa vaya cuNbiraaii| .. ."puMDuccharasaI lolai piyaMti // bhavi0 ka0 pRSTha 2 2. mahItale svargamiva prakIrNam / vA0 rAmA0 5. 7. 6. svalpIbhUte sucaritaphale svagiNAM gAM gatAnAm / zeSaiH puNyahUM tamiva divaH kAntimat khaMDamekam // meghadUta 1. 30. - 3. ghatA-paTTaNu paisariya jaM dhavala-gharAlaMkariyau / keNa vi kAraNega NaM sagga khaMDa oyriyu|| riTTha0 ca0 28. 4. tahi poyaNa NAmu Nayaha atthi vitthinnnn| sura loeM gAi dhariNihi pAhuDu dinnnnuN|| ma0 pu0 92. 2. 11-12
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya rasa--kathA meM tIna khaMDa haiM jinakA Upara nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai| tInoM khaMDa prAyaH apane Apa meM pUrNa haiN| prathama khaMDa meM zRGgAra rasa hai, dvitIya meM vIra rasa aura tRtIya meM zAnta rasa |prtiit hotA hai ki tInoM rasoM ke vicAra se hI kavi ne tInoM saMtoM kI yojanA kI hai| ___kamalazrI kI zobhA ke varNana meM kavi ne (bha0 ka0 pRSTha 5 para) nArI ke aMga saundarya ke sAtha usakI dhArmika bhAvanA kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA hai| usake anupama saundarya aura saubhAgya ko dekha kara kAmadeva bhI kho jAtA hai| "sohagge mayaraddhau khohai" isa eka vAkya meM hI kavi ne usake atizaya saundarya aura saubhAgya ko aMkita kara diyaa| ___eka aura sthala (bha0 ka0 pRSTha 23-33) para bhI kavi ne nArI ke saundarya ko aMkita kiyA hai| nakhazikhavarNana prAcIna paraMparA ke anukUla hI hai| kavi kI dRSTi bAhya sauMdarya para hI TikI rhii| usake Antarika sauMdarya kI ora kavi kA dhyAna nahIM gayA / sumitrA kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai mAno vaha lAvaNya jala meM tira rahI thI (bha0 ka0 15. 1. 7, pRSTha 106) / isa eka vAkya se kavi ne usake caMcala sauMdarya kA citra khar3A kara diyA hai| kathA ke dvitIya khaMDa meM vIra rasa ko kavi ne aMkita kiyA hai| gajapura aura poyaNapura ke rAjAoM kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai to hari khara khuragga saMghaTi chAiu raNu atornne| NaM bhaDamaccharaggi saMdhukkaNa dhUma tmNvyaarnne|| bha0 ka0 pRSTha 102-103 arthAt ghor3oM ke tIkSNa khurANoM ke saMgharSaNa se udbhUta raja se toraNa rahita yuddhabhUmi bAchanna ho gaI / vaha raja mAno yoddhAoM kI krodhAgni se utpanna dhuAM ho / ara-varNana meM sajIvatA hai| kayA kA tRtIya khaMDa zAnta rasa se pUrNa hai| saMsAra kI asAratA dikhAtA huA kavi kahatA hai| aho nariMda saMsAri asArai takSaNi diTThapaNaTTha viyArai / pAivi maNuajammu jaNa vallahu bahubhava koDi sahAsi dullahu / jo aNubaMdhu karai rai laMpaDu taho paraloe puNuvi gau saMkaDu / jai vallaha viou nau dosai jai jovvaNu jarAe na viNAsai / jai Usarai kayAvi na saMpaya pimmavilAsa hoti jai sAsaya / to millivi suvaNNamaNirayaNaI muNivara ki caraMti tvcrnniN| ema eu pariyANivi bujjhahi jANato vi to vi maM mujmahi / 18. 13. 1
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________________ 1.. apabhraMza-sAhitya prakRti varNana-kAvya meM aneka sundara prAkRtika varNana haiN|' kavi ne prakRti ka varNana Alambana rUpa meM kiyA hai / gahana vana kA varNana karasA huA kavi kahatA hai __ "disA maMDalaM jattha NAI alakkhaM pahAyaM pi jANijjai jammi dukkhaM" vana kI gahanatA se jahA~ dizA maMDala alakSya thaa| jahA~ yaha bhI kaThinatA se pratIta hotA thA ki yaha prabhAta hai| bhASA-grantha kI bhASA sAhityika apabhraMza hai| zabdoM meM ya zruti aura va zruti kA prayoga pracuratA se kiyA gayA hai (jaise kalakala = kalayala, dUta = duuv)| vizeSaNaM vizeSya ke samAna bacana ke niyama kA vyatyAsa bhI amhahaM vasaMtaho ( 3. 11. 7 ) meM dikhAI detA hai| alaMkAra-upamA, utprekSA, svabhAvokti, virodhAbhAsa Adi alaMkAroM kA prayoga sthAna-sthAna para dikhAI detA hai| upamA meM mRta jhaura amUrta donoM rUpoM meM upamAna kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| dikkhai NiggayAu gayasAlau NaM kulatiyau vinnaasiysiilu| pikkhai turaya valattha paesaI patthaNa bhaMgAi va vigyaasii|| 4.10. 4. arthAt usane gajarahita gajazAlAoM ko dekhA-ve zIlarahita kulIna striyoM ke samAna pratIta huii| azvarahita azvazAlAyeM aisI dikhAI dIM jaise AzArahita bhagna praarthnaayeN| nArI saundarya kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai''NaM vammaha bhalli viSaNasIla juvANa jaNi" 5. 7. 9 arthAt vaha sundarI yuvakoM ke hRdayoM ko bIMdhane ke lie kAmadeva ke bhAle ke samAna thii| upamA kA prayoga kavi ne kevalamAtra alaMkAra pradarzana ke lie na kara guNa aura kriyA kI tIvratA ke lie kiyA hai / isa upamA se pratIta hotA hai ki vaha sundarI atyadhika AkarSaNazIla thii| upamA kA prayoga kavi ne saMskRta meM bANa ke DhaMga para bhI kiyA hai| aise sthaloM meM zabdagatasAmya ke atirikta anya koI sAmya do vastuoM meM nahIM dikhAI detaa| udAharaNArtha diDha baMdhaI jiha mallaragaNAi NillohaI jiha maNivara mnnaai| NibibhiNNaiM jiha sajjaNahiyAI akiyatthaI jiha dujjnnkiyaaii|| ___3.23.1. vahAM vAhana arthAt naukAe~ munivaroM ke mana ke samAna Nilloha-loharahita 4. bhavi0 ka0 3. 24. 5 meM araNya kA varNana, 4. 3. 1 meM gahana vana kA varNana, 4. 4.3 meM sandhyA kA varNana, 8. 9. 10 meM vasanta kA varNana /
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya 101 lobharahita thIM, sajjana hRdayoM ke samAna nirvibhinna- TUTI-phUTI - komala thIM aura durjanoM ke kRtyoM ke samAna akiyattha - - dhanarahita - vyartha evaM niSprayojana thIM / virodhAbhAsa kA udAharaNa nimnalikhita sthala meM milatA hai asiriva sirivatta sajala varaMga varaMgaNavi / muddhavi saviyAra raMjaNasoha niraMjaNavi // 11. 6. 123 arthAt nirdhana (asiri) hote hue bhI vaha sirivatta arthAt zrImatI thI / varAMga na hote hue bhI sajala varAMga thI arthAt strI zreSTha ( varAMganA ) thI aura prasvedayukta zreSTha aMgoM vAlI thI / mugdhA (mUrkhA) hote hue bhI vicArazIla thI arthAta sIdhI sAdI thI aura vicArazIla bhI / niraMjana hote hue bhI raMjana -zobhA arthAt aMjana rahita AMkhoM vAlI thI aura mohaka zobhA vAlI thI / bhASA -- alaMkAroM ke atirikta bhASA meM lokoktiyoM aura vAgdhArAoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai "ka ghiu hoi virolie pANie" kyA pAnI mathane se ghI ho sakatA hai ? 2. 7. 8. "jaMtahI mUla vi jAi lAhu citaMtaho" lAbha kA vicAra karate hue prANI kA mUla bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai / "kaluNai sumIsa karayala malaMti vihuNaMti sIsa" karuNA se otaprota ho, hAtha malate haiM aura sira dhunate haiM / zabda yojanA dvArA kavi kI bhASA meM zabda - citra khar3A karane kI kSamatA hai"sohai dappaNi kIla karaMtI cihara taraMga bhaMga vivaraMti" kI gAra sajjA kA aura "salAvayya lAvanna nIre taraMtI" meM nArI caMcalatA kA citra aMkita kiyA hai / subhASita - kAvya meM aneka sUktiyoM aura subhASitoM ke prayoga se bhASA balavatI gaI hai| jaise yadRcchayA duHkha Ate haiM vaise hI sahasA sukha bhI A jAte haiM / jovvaNa viyAra rasa basa pasari so sUrau so paMDiyau / cala mammaNa vayaNullAva ehiM jo paratigrahaNa khaMDiyau // 3. 11.5. 3. 25. 3 ' daivAyattu jai vi vilasivbau to purisi vavasAu karivvaja" yadyapi saba karma daivAdhIna haiM tathApi manuSya ko apanA kArya karanA hI cAhie / aicchaya hoMti jima dukkhaiM sahasA pariNavaMti tiha sokkhaI 3. 17: 8 3. 18. 9 vahI gUra hai aura vahI paMDita hai jo yauvana ke viSaya vikAroM ke bar3hane para parastriyoM ke caMcala kAmoddIpaka vacanoM se prabhAvita nahIM hotA /
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________________ 102 apabhraMza-sAhitya "aho sarIra bAu jo bhAvai taM tAsai balevi saMtAvai" 6. 10.3 jo kisI dUsare prANI ke prati pApAcaraNa kA vicAra karatA hai vaha pApa palaTakara use hI pIr3ita kara detA hai| "aho caMdahI jonha ki mailajjaidUri hua" 21. 3.57 kyA dUra hone para candra kI candrikA malina kI jA sakatI hai ? jahA jeNa vattaM tahA teNa pattaM imaM succae siTThaloeNa butaM / su pAyannavA koTvA jatta mAlI kahaM so naro pAvae tattha sAlI // pRSTha 84 jo jaisA detA hai vaisA hI pAtA hai yaha ziSTa logoM ne saca kahA hai / jo mAlI kodava boegA vaha zAlI kahA~ se prApta kara sakatA hai ? isa graMtha kI bhASA meM bahuta se zabda isa prakAra ke prayukta hue haiM jo prAcIna hindI kavitA meM yatra tatra dikhAI de jAte haiM aura kucha to vartamAna hindI meM saralatA se khapa sakate haiN| ' chanda --- graMtha meM kavi ne varNavRtta aura mAtrika vRtta donoM ke chandoM kA prayoga kiyA hai kintu adhikatA mAtrika vRttoM kI hai / varNavRttoM meM bhujaMgaprayAta, lakSmIdhara, maMdAra, cAmara, zaMkhanArI Adi mukhya haiM / mAtrika vRttoM meM pajjhaTikA aDillA, duvaI, kAvya, plavaMgama, sihA~valokana, kalahaMsa, gAthA mukhya haiM / " vicAradhArA -janmAntara aura karma siddhAnta para kavi ko pUrA vizvAsa hai ( 3. 12. 12 ) / zagunoM meM loga vizvAsa karate haiN| premI ke dUradezastha hone para kaue ko ur3A kara usake samAcAra jAnane kA bhAva pR0 39 meM milatA hai / loga alaukika ghaTanAoM meM vizvAsa karate haiM / kathA meM bahu-vivAha ke prati anAsthA prakaTa kI gaI hai| poyaNapura ke rAjA kA caritra tatkAlIna sAmantoM kI vicAradhArA kA pratIka hai / harivaMza purANa pro0 hIrAlAla jaina ne "ilAhAbAda yUnivarsiTI sTaDIja " bhAga 1, san 1925 meM sAli 1. cAha, cuti-- cunanA, iMkyi saMca, chau rasa rasoi ( pR0 47), bAli sAlaNaya piyArau ( cAvala dAla aura sabjI) pR0 47, pacchila pahari ( pR0 59 ), tahu Agamo cAhaho ( pR0 59) use AnA cAhie, rANI, tajjai-tajanA, caDiDa bimANu ( pR063), turaMtau ( pR0 64), jaM bittau - jo bItA ( pR0 65), pappar3ApApaDa ( pR0 84), bihANi - vihAna -- prAtaHkAla ( pR0 92 ) / 2. chandoM ke lakSaNa ke lie dekhiye bhavisayatta kahA kI bhUmikA /
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya 103 avala kavi dvArA 122 sandhiyoM evaM 18 hajAra padyoM meM viracita harivaMza purANa kA nirdeza kiyA thaa| kaiTelaoNga Apha saMskRta eMDa prAkRta menuskripTsa ina di sI0 pI0 eMDa barAra, nAmapura san 1926 meM (pR0 765 para) bhI isa graMtha kA kucha ullekha milatA hai| zrI kastUracanda kAsalIvAla jI kI kRpA se zrI digambara jaina mandira baDA teraha paMthiyoM kA jayapura meM vartamAna isa mahAkAvya kI eka hastalikhita prati hameM dekhane ko milI / usI ke AdhAra para yahAM isa mahAkAvya kA kucha paricaya diyA jAtA hai| dhavala kavi ke pitA kA nAma sUra aura mAtA kA nAma kesulla thaa| inake guru kA nAma aMbasena thaa| dhavala brAhmaNakula meM utpanna hue kintu anta meM jaina dharmAvalambI ho gaye the|' kavi dvArA nirdiSTa ullekhoM ke AdhAra para kavi kA samaya 10 vIM-11vIM zatAbdI ke andara mAnA gayA hai| kavi ne grantha ke Arambha meM aneka kaviyoM aura unake kAvyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / 2 1. maI vippahu sUrahu gaMdaNeNa, kesullau vari sNbhvhuenn| kutittha kuSamma virattaeNa, NAmujjalu payaDu vhNtenn| harivaMsu suyalu sulaliya paehi, maI virayau suTu suhAvarahi / siri aMvaseNa guraveNa je (ma)Na, vakkhAraNi kiDa aNukameNateNa // 1. 5 kavi cakkavai pukhi guNavaMtau dhIraseNu huMtau pyvNtu| puNu sammattahaM dhamma suraMgau jeNa pamANa gaMyu kiu cNg| devagaMdi bahu guNa asabhUsiu jeM vAyaraNu jiNitu pryaasiu| vajjasUu supasiddhau muNivara meM NayamANugaMyu kiu subr| muNi mahaseNu suloyaNu jeNavi paumacariu muNi raviseNeNa vi| jiNaseNe harivaMsu pavittuvi jaDila muNoNa varaMgacarittu vi| viNayaraseNe cariu aNaMgahu paumaseNa Ayariyai pasaMgahu / aMghaseNu meM amiyArAhaNu viraiya dosa vivajjiya sohaNu / jiNa caMdappaha cariu maNoharu pAvarahiu dhaNamattu sasuMdaru / aNNami kiya iMmAiM tuha puttai viNhaseNa risaheNa caritaI / sohaNaMdi guraveM aNupehA garadeveNavakAMtu suhaa| siddhaseNa je gae Agau bhaviya viNou payAsiu ceMgau / rAmaNadi je viviha pahANA jiNa sAsaNi bahu raiya kahANA / asamu mahAkai jesumaNoharu vIra jiNidu cariu kiu sudr| kittiya kahami sukai guNa prAyara geya kavva jahi viraiya suMdara / saNakumAra meM virayau maNaharu kaya goviMda pavara seyaMvaru / taha bakkhai jiNarakkhiya sAvau meM jaya dhavalu bhuvaNi vikkhAiDa / sAlihadda. ki kai jIya udeMdau loyai cahumuhu~ doNu pasiddhau /
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________________ 104 apabhraMza-sAhitya nirdiSTa kaviyoM meM se asaga ko chor3akara saba 9vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga yA usase pUrva hue| asaga ne apanA vIra carita 910 zaka samvat arthAt 988 I0 meM likhA thaa|' ataH kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki dhavala bhI 10vIM zatAbdI ke bAda hI huA hogaa| Upara nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai ki graMtha meM 122 sandhiyAM haiN| sandhiyoM meM kar3avakoM kI koI saMkhyA nizcita nhiiN| 7vIM sandhi meM 21 kar3avaka haiM aura 111vIM sandhi meM kevala 4 / sandhiyoM ke antima pattA meM dhavala zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| prati meM prAyaH pratyeka sandhi kI samApti para 'bhASA varNaH', 'paMcama varNaH', 'mAlavesikA varNaH', 'koha varNaH, ityAdi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / isa prakAra ke zabdoM meM maMgalapaMca, TakAra, paMcama, hiMdolikA, vakAra, kolAha ityAdi zabdoM kA prayoga bhI milatA hai| graMtha kA Arambha nimnalikhita padyoM se hotA haisvarita / Adi jinaM praNamya / loyANa dIha NAlaM gemi halI * kaNha kesara susohN| maha purisa tisaTThidalaM harivaMsa saroruhaM jayau // 1 // haripaMDu suANa kahA caumuha vAsehi bhAsiyA jaha yaa|| taha virayami loya piyA jeNa Na NAsei daMsaNaM paureM // 2 // jaha gottamaNe bhaNiyaM seNiya rAeNa puchiyaM jaha yA / jaha jiNaseNeNa kayaM taha virayami ki pi uddesaM // 4 // . suvbau bhaviyANaMdaM pisuNa caukkA abhavva jaNa sUlaM / ghaNNaya dhavaleNa kayaM harivaMma susohaNe kavvaM // 8 // jiNa NAhahu kusumaMjali deviNu NibhUsaNa muNivara paNaveppiNu / pavara cariya harivaMsa kavitto appau payaDiu sUraho putto // 10 // uparilikhita padyoM meM kavi ne harivaMza purANa ko saroruha (kamala) kahA hai aura yaha bhI nirdeza kiyA hai ki isakI kathA caturmukha aura vyAsa ne bhI pUrva kAla meM khii| ikkahi jiNasAsaNi ucaliyau seDha maha kai jasu Nimmaliyau / paumacariu je bhuvaNi payAsiu sAhuNarahi paravarahi pasaMsiu / hau jaDu to vi kiMpi abbhAsami mahiyali je Niyabuddhi payAsami / pattA-sahasakiraNu raivevi gayaNi caDai vi timira asesu paNAsai / NiyasatteM maNidIvau jaivi suthoveu tuviujjou payAsai / 1. kaiTeloga Apha saMskRta eMDa prAkRta manuskripTsa ina di sI. pI. eMDa barAra, nAgapura san 1926, bhUmikA pRSTha 49.
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya 105 isake pazcAt kavi maMgalAcAra ke rUpa meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM kA stavana karatA hai / vaha kSaNabhaMgura zarIra kI nazvaratA kA varNana karatA huA sthAyI avinAzI kAvyamaya zarIra racanA kA vicAra karatA hai dhattA-- jo gavi marai Na chijjai gavi pIDijjai, akkha bhuvaNi a~ bhIruvi / karami suyaNa saMbhAvau, kkhala satAvau, hau kavvamau saroruvi // 1.2 1. 4 meM kavi ne harivaMza purANa ko nAnA puSpa - phaloM se alaMkRta aura baddhamUla mahAru kahA hai / isI prasaMga meM kavi ne Atmavinaya pradarzita kiyA hai / sajjana durjana smaraNa aura Atmavinaya ke pazcAt kathA Arambha hotI hai / harivaMza purANa kI kathA kA rUpa vahI hI hai jo ki svayaMbhU ityAdi prAcIna kaviyoM ke kAvyoM meM milatA hai / sthAna-sthAna para alaMkRta aura sundara bhASA meM aneka kAvyamaya varNana upalabdha hote haiM / rAjA siddhArtha kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai ghatA -- bahu dhaNu bahu guNu bahu siya juttau, tahi Nivasai jiNa kamalavva ruttau / free pasAhiya taha para NAriu, NaM sura loDa mahihi avayariu 2. 1. nimnalikhita rAnI kA varNana paraMparAgata upamAnoM se alaMkRta hai ghRNa kasaNa kesa doharaNayaNA, sulaliya taNu suakara sarivayaNA / NaM siya Nava juvvaNa ghaNa thaNA, kalahaMsa gamana komala calaNA // 2.3. bhaugolika varNana prAyaH sAmAnya koTi ke haiM / kavi kauzAmbI nagarI kA varNana karatA hai- maMdira / dIvaho / jaNa ghaNa kaMtraNa rayaNa samiddhI, kausaMvI puri bhuSaNa pasiddhI / tahi ujjANa sughaNa sumaNohara, kamaliNi saMDihi NAI mahAsara / bAviu devala tuMga mahAghara, maNi maMDiya NaM devaha khAiya veDhiya pAsu payAraho, lavaNovahi NaM jaMbU taha jaNu vahuguNa siya saMpuSNau, bhUsiu vara bhUrNAhaM kusuma vattha taMbolahi suMdara, ujjala vaMsa asesa vi Na NAriu suheNa NiccaMtaI, Niya bhavaNihi vasaMti vilasaMtaI // 17. 1 varNanoM meM ekarUpatA hote hue bhI navInatA dikhAI detI hai / kavi, sumukha ( sumuhu) nAmaka rAjA kA varNana karatA hai-- ravaNNauM / taha gara / ki sasahau NaM NaM sakalaMkau, kica kamalu NaM NaM kaMTAlau, ki agaMgu taM aMga vihUNauM, ki rayaNAda NaM NaM khArau, jhINa sarIra hoi puNu baMkara / kiM khagavai NaM NaM paravAlau / ki suravai NaM NaM bahu NayaNauM / ki jalaharu NaM NaM adhArau / 17. 2 kavi ne rAjA kI prazaMsA meM paraMparAgata upamAnoM ko usake ayogya batAyA hai /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya sthAna-sthAna para prakRti-varNana bhI upalabdha hote haiN| nimnalikhita madhumAsa kA varNana dekhine pharANu gau mahumAsu parAyau, mayaNuchaliu lou annuraayu| vaNa saya kusumiya cAru manohara, bahu mayaraMda mata bahu mhuyr| gumugumaMta khaNamaNaI suhAvahi, ahapaNaTTha pemmuukkovahiM / kesu va vahiMpaNAtaNa phulliya, paM virahagge jAla pmilliyaa| ghari ghari NAriu Niya taNu maMDahiM, hiMdolahiM hiMDahi uggAyahi / vaNi parapuTTha mahuru ullAvahi, sihiulu sihi siharehiM phaabi| 17. 3 arthAt phAlguna mAsa samApta huA aura madhumAsa (catra) AyA madana / uddIpta hone lagA / loka anurakta ho gayA / vana nAnA puSpoM se yukta, sundara aura manohara ho gyaa| makaranda pAna se matta madhukara gunagunAte hue sundara pratIta ho rahe haiM . . . . . * gharoM meM nAriyAM apane zarIra ko alaMkRta karatI hai, jhUlA jhUla rahIM haiM, vihAra karatI haiM, gAtI vana meM koyala madhura AlApa karatI haiM / sundara mayUra nRtya kara rahe haiN| grantha meM zRGgAra, vIra, karuNa aura zAnta rasoM ke abhivyaMjaka aneka sthala upalabdha hote haiM / 56. 1 meM kaMsavadha para striyoM ke zoka kA varNana milatA hai / yuddha ke varNana sajIva haiN| aise sthaloM para chanda parivartana dvArA kavi ne zastroM aura sainikoM ke gati-parivartana kI vyaMjanA kI hai| sthala-sthala para anuraNanAtmaka zabdoM ke prayoga dvArA aneka ceSTAoM ko rUpa dene kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNArtha rahavau rahahu gayahugau dhAvir3a, dhANukkahudhANukku praayu| turau turaMga kukhagga vihatthau, asivakkharahu laggu bhaya cttu| vajahiM gahira tUra haya hiMsahi, gala gulaMta gayavara bahu dIsahi / haNu haNu mAru mAra pabhaNatihiM / baliya paratti reNu gahi dhAyau, lahu pisaluddhau luddhau maayu| phikkArau karaMti sivadAruNu , summaI suhaDa bhamaMti khiraavnnu| bhalahala sela kuMtasara bhiNNA, gaya vara haya karavAlahiM chinnnnaa| para vara NAha paDiya do khaMDiya, ghara takkhaNi NakaraM kahi mNddiy|| bihiM taDAtaDA, muchihiM bhaDA bhddaa| kuMta ghAya dAriyA, khaggAha viyAriyA / jIva Asa melliyA, kAyarA viclliyaa| khagga hatya DhukkahI, sohaNAI bukkahiM / 89.10
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya 107 bhaDA ke vi duppaccha ArattaNetta / bhaDA ke vi dokhaMDa gattA paDatA / bhar3A ke vitikaha khaggehi chiNNA bhaDA ke vi muTThikka cappeDa detA / bhaDA ke vi jujjhati kesAgaNa / bhaDA ke vi jIveNa mukkA vigattA / bhaDA ke bi vIsaMti sammeNa cattA / bhaDA ke vi jujjhe lalaMtA viyaMta / bhaDA ke vi dugvaTa daMtehi bhiSNA / bhaDA ke vi romaMcagataM bhamaMta / bhaDA ke vi vaggaMti vAhatyaleNa / / abhiTTa koha pUriyA viruddha puba bairiyA / hakati prativaha harisIyAla bukkahiM / mahAbhaTA dhaNuddharA sutikkha millAha sarA / vibhiNNa sella dAruNA, paDali kAyarA jaNA / bajaMti tUra bhIsaNA, DaraMti kAyarA jaNA / mahA caMDa cittA, bhaDA chiNNAgattA / dhanU bANa hatthA, sakuMtA samatthA / pahAraMti sUrA, Na bhajjaMti dhIrA / sarosA satosA, sahAsA sa AsA // 89. 12. 90. 2 90.4 arthAt rathika ratha kI ora, gaja gaja kI ora daur3A / dhAnuSka dhAnuSka kI ora bhAgA / ghor3A ghor3e se nizzastra nizzastra se, aura asi nirbhaya ho kavaca se jA bhir3I / vAdya jora jora se baja rahe haiM, ghor3e hinahinA rahe haiM aura hAthI ciMghAr3ate hue dikhAI de rahe haiM / .....'mAro mAro' sainika cillA rahe haiM ? paddalita dhUli AkAza meM phaila rahI hai / zIghra hI pizAca ghira jAte haiM / zRgAla bhayaMkara zabda kara rahe haiM / raktaraMjita yoddhA itastataH ghUma rahe haiM, zastra bhinna ho rahe haiM, hAthI aura ghor3e talavAroM se chinna ho rahe haiM, rAjA dvidhA vibhakta ho gira rahe haiM..... yoddhA viddha ho rahe haiM, bhaTa mUrchita ho rahe haiM, koI bhAloM ke prahAra se vidIrNa ho rahe haiM, koI khaDga se chinna bhinna ho rahe haiM, jIvana kI AzA ko chor3a kAyara bhAga rahe haiM ...... koI yoddhA prANa-vimukta ho rahe haiM, koI dharma se parityakta dikhAI de rahe haiM, koI Arakta netra aura duSprekSya ho rahe haiM, koI yoddhA tIkSNa talavAra se chinna ho rahe haiM, koI romAMcita gAtra se ghUma rahe haiM, koI ghUMsA aura caper3a lagA rahe haiM, koI bAhu sukha kara rahe haiM, koI bAla pakar3a kara ghasITa rahe haiM / pracaNDa krodha se bhare hue, pUrva vaira se paraspara virodhI yoddhA eka dUsare ko lala-
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________________ 108 apabhraMza-sAhitya kAra rahe haiM....."dhanurdhArI mahA bhaTa tIkSNa bANa chor3a rahe haiM, dAruNa bhAloM se vibhinna hue rakta raMjita yoddhA gira rahe haiM, kAyara bhayabhIta ho rahe haiN| pracaNDa citta vAle yoddhAoM ke gAtra TUka TUka ho rahe haiN| dhanuSa bANa hAtha meM liye bhAlA calAne meM samartha zUra prahAra kara rahe haiM, krodha, saMtoSa, hAsya aura AzA se yukta dhIra vicalita nahIM hote| __grantha meM kaI sthaloM para karuNa rasa kI abhivyaMjanA bhI dikhAI detI hai| kaMsa vadha para parijanoM ke karuNa-vilApa kA eka prasaMga dekhiye hA daiya daiya pAviTTha khalA, pada amha maNohara kiya vihalA / hA vihi NihINa paI kAikiu, Nihi darisivi takkhaNi cakkhu hiu / hA deva Na bullAha kAiM tuhuM, hA sundari darasahi kiNNu muhu / hA dharaNihiM saguNa NilayaTThAhi, vara sejahiM bharabhavaNehi jaahiN| pai viNu suNNauM rAulu asesu, aNNAhiu hUvau digva desu / hA guNa sAyara hA svadharA, hA vahari mahaNa sohagdha ghraa| ghattA--hA mahurAlAvaNa, sohiyasaMdaNa, amhahaM sAmiya karahiM / duhiM saMtattau, karuNa ruvaMtau, uchivi pariyaNu saMthavahi / / moha vaza loga yuddha ityAdi kutsita karmoM meM pravRtta hote haiN| isI prasaMga meM kavi ne sundara zabdoM meM saMsAra ko nazvaratA kA varNana kiyA hai vala rajju vi NAsai takakhaNaNa, kiM kijjai vahaeNa vi dhaNeNa / rajju vi dhaNeNa parihINu hoi, NiviseNa vi dIsai payaDu lou / suhi vaMdhava putta kalatta mitta, Na vi kAsuvidIsahiM Niccahata / jima hu~ti marati asesa tema, vuvvu va jali ghaNi virisaMti jem| jimasauNi milivitaruvaravasaMti, cAudidasi Niya vasANi janti / jima vahupaMthiya NAvaI caDaMti, puNu NiyaNiya vAsahu te vlNti| tima iTTha samAgama NivvaDaNu, dhaNu hoi hoi dAlidda. punn| pattA-suviNAsau bhou laho vi puNu, gavvu karaMti ayANa gara / saMtosu kavaNu jovvaNa siyaiM, hiM atthai aNulaggajarA // 91.7. arthAt sabala rAjya bhI tatkSaNa naSTa ho jAtA hai, atyadhika dhana se kyA kiyA jAya ?......"sukhI bAMdhava, putra, kalatra, mitra nitya kisake bane rahate haiM ? jaise utpanna hote haiM vaise hI megha varSA se jala meM bulabuloM ke samAna, saba naSTa ho jAte haiN| jisa prakAra eka vRkSa para bahuta se pakSI Akara ekatra ho jAte haiM aura phira caturdika apane apane vAsa sthAnoM ko cale jAte haiM athavA jisa prakAra bahuta se pathika ( nadI pAra karate samaya ) naukA para Akara ekatra ho jAte haiM aura phira apane apane gharoM ko cale jAte haiM, isI prakAra kSaNika priyajana samAgama hotA hai / kabhI dhana AtA hai kabhI dAridrya / bhoga Ate haiM aura naSTa ho jAte haiM phira bhI ajJa mAnava garva karate haiN|
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya 109 ? jisa yauvana ke pIche jarAvasthA lagI rahatI hai usase kauna sA santoSa ho sakatA hai| grantha meM sAmAnya chandoM ke atirikta nAginI (89.12), somarAjI (90.4), jAti (90.5), vilAsinI ( 90.8) ityAdi aneka chaMdoM kA prayoga milatA hai / kucha kar3avakoM meM cauthAI kA prayoga bhI milatA hai / ina kar3avakoM ke anta meM prayukta ghattA dohA chanda meM nahIM / udAharaNa ke liye rushaM ghariNi NAuM gaMdhArI, chaTThi NAma mahavi viyasiya kamala varyANi sumanohara, pINuNNayara ghaNa ghaDhiNa paNavivi pabhaNaDaM Nemi jiNeMdahu, bhaviyaNa tArAyaNa jima sAmiya kkhahi majjhabhu bhavaMtara, pheDahi saMsau majbhu ...... isa kar3avaka ke anta meM ghattA kA prayoga nahIM hai / jiNa pabhaNaDaM thiru kaNNadharijjaha, kahami bhavaMtara tuhuM NisuNijjartAha / bharaha khitti kosala vara deseM, AujjhAhiM suNiu taha AseM / viNaya sIya NAmeM tahupattI, kaMcaNa rayarNAhaM sA dippaMtI / dhattA - sIla dharahaM muNibalaNa NavedhpiNa, bhAvabisuddha dANu taha surabhoya dharattijAeppiNa, bhoyavi tiSNi palla piyArI | pahara / caMdahu / niraMtara | 110. 1 tahu deviNu / bhujeviNu // 110. 2 vijjaveya NAmeM tahu pattI, vahu lakkhaNa dharaNiru vijaya soya NAmeM tahu dhIya, uppaNiya tahu uvariviNIyA / guNavaMtI / 110.4 kahIM-kahIM para kar3avaka meM yadyapi caupAI chanda kA prayoga nahIM milatA tathApi antima ghattA kA rUpa kahIM dohA ke samAna aura kahIM sAkSAt dohA hai / udAharaNArthaghattA - jai Na ramiya vahuteNa saha pari sesiya gavvu / ajagala sihu Nabi jima vihalu juvvaNa rUu vi savvu / dhattA -- cakkhu mahaMtA NaravarahaM, tAhami loyahaM Naravara / Ayai NIyaI puhavipahu, te bhuMjaMti sayaladhara // dhattA -- ghAi kammu khau NeviNu, kevala NANu lahebi / vaMti jhANi Niya pacchima, tijja cauttha ivevi // 99.13 84. 1 pRthvIrAja rAso isa grantha kA racayitA kavi canda varadAyI hai jo pRthvIrAja kA kavirAja, sAmanta aura usI kA samakAlIna eka cAraNa mAnA jAtA / isI ne isa mahAkAvya meM cauhAna vaMza ke pRthvIrAja tRtIya kA caritra varNita kiyA hai / isa kAvya kA Arambhika rUpa saMkSipta thA aura rAjA ke yaza-gAna ke lie racA gayA thA / dhIre-dhIre isameM parivartana 81.8
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________________ 110 apabhraMza- sAhitya hotA gayA / Ajakala jo rUpa pRthvIrAja rAso kA upalabdha hai use pUrNatayA mUlarUpa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / kintu isakA vizuddha mUlarUpa kadAcit apabhraMza meM thA aisI kalpanA aneka vidvAnoM ne kI hai jo saMgata bhI pratIta hotI hai / I aba taka rAsoM ke cAra rUpa upalabdha ho cuke haiM - (1) vRhat rUpa, isameM lagabhaga eka lAkha padya haiM / kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI se prakAzita saMskaraNa meM yahI rUpa hai / isameM adhyAyoM ko samaya yA prastAva kahA gayA hai| isameM 68 samaya haiM / ( 2 ) dUsarA madhyama rUpa jo lagabhaga dasa hajAra padya kA hai / isameM adhyAyoM kA nAma prastAva diyA gayA hai / pratibheda se isameM chayAlIsa aura bayAlIsa prastAva haiM / isakA saMpAdana lAhaura meM ho rahA hai / (3) tIsarA laghu rUpa bIkAnera kA ( saMskaraNa) hai / isameM sAr3he tIna hajAra ke lagabhaga padya milate haiM / isameM 19 samaya yA khaMDa milate haiM / itihAsa aura bhASA zastrAdi prastAvanAoM sahita isake saMpAdana kA bhAra DA0 dazaratha zarmA aura pro0 mInArAma raMgA ne svIkAra kiyA thA / ( 4 ) cauthA laghutama saMskaraNa, zrIyuta agaracanda nAhaTA kI kRpA se prApta huA hai / isameM padya saMkhyA teraha sau ke lagabhaga hai / isameM adhyAyoM kA vibhAjana nahIM / Adi se anta taka eka hI adhyAya hai / bhASA sabhI prApta rUpoM se apekSAkRta prAcIna pratIta hotI hai / isakA saMpAdana pro0 narottamadAsa aura zrI agaracanda nAhaTA kara rahe haiM / kucha dina pahile muni kAntisAgara jI ko pRthvIrAja rAso kI eka purAnI prati milI thI / isakI puSpikA isa prakAra hai - 'vikrama saMvat 1403 kArtika zukla paMcamyAM tugalaka phiroja zAhi vijaya rAjye DhilyAM madhye lipi kRtaM..." ityAdi / sampUrNa graMtha chappaya chanda meM grathita hai / bhASA sabhI rUpoM se prAcIna pratIta hotI hai| ise rAso kA pAMcavA rUpa kaha sakate haiN| isase itanA to siddha hI hai ki rAso kA mUla rUpa isa ke adhika nikaTa rahA hogA aura itanI vividhatAoM se mukta bhI rahA hogA / pRthvIrAja rAso ke ina prApta rUpoM meM se kisI ko nizcaya se pUrNatayA mUlarUpa nahIM kahA jA sakatA / kintu purAtana jaina prabandhoM meM pRthvIrAja rAso se kucha padya udAharaNa rUpa meM diye gaye milate haiM jinase isa graMtha kI prAmANikatA aura mUlarUpa ke apabhraMza meM hone ke saMketa milate haiM / uparilikhita sabhI rUpoM kI pratiyoM meM unake uddhArakartA kA nirdeza bhI kiyA gayA hai| kAlavaza mUlarUpa ke asta vyasta ho jAne ke kAraNa, mUlarUpa ko apanI buddhi ke anusAra ucita rUpa dene kA prayatna ina uddhArakoM ne kiyA / BT 1. DA0 dazaratha zarmA aura pro0 mInArAma raMgA kA lekha, rAjasthAna bhAratI, bhAga 1, aMka 4, pR0 51 / 2. narottamadAsa svAmI, rAjasthAna bhAratI bhAga 1, aMka 1, apraila 1946, pR0 3 3. vizAla bhArata, navaM, 1946, pR0 331-332
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya rAso kI aprAmANikatA kA vAda-vivAda isI kAraNa uThA ki usakA prArambhika rUpa parivartita, parivaddhita aura vikRta ho gayA hai / isameM aneka asaMbaddha aura anaitihAsika ghaTanAoM kA samAveza ho gayA hai| yadi mUlarUpa prApta hotA to yaha vAdavivAda kabhI kA zAnta ho gayA hotA / rAso ke AlocanAtmaka adhyayana se isameM se aneka prakSipta aMzoM ko dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura isake prArambhika rUpa ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| kavi rAva mohanasiMha ne isa prakAra ke adhyayana se rAso ke aneka prakSipta aura mUla aMzoM ko pRthaka karane kA prayatna kiyA hai|' rAso kI bhASA DiMgala hai yA piMgala, prAcIna rAjasthAnI hai yA prAcIna pazcimI hindI ( brajabhASA ) isa jhamele meM par3e binA itanA to nizcita hai ki vartamAna rUpa meM prApta rAso ke vRhat rUpa kI bhASA mizrita hai| kahIM prAcIna rAjasthAnI, kahIM prAcIna pazcimI hindI, kahIM sAnusvAra akSaroM kI bharamAra aura kahIM dvitva vyaMjanoM kI adhikatA hai / kahIM kriyAoM ke paravartI rUpa milate haiM to kahIM uttarakAlIna apabhraMza ke rUpa / rAso kA yaha bhASA-vaicitrya una parivartanoM kA pariNAma hai jo samaya samaya para mUla graMtha meM hote rahe haiN| madhya rUpa kI bhASA ke viSaya meM bhI sAmAnyataH yahI kahA jA sakatA hai| kintu laghu aura laghutama rUpoM kI bhASA apekSAkRta adhika prAcIna hai aura yaha adhikAdhika apabhraMza ke nikaTa pahu~catI pratIta hotI hai| kaI sthala to aise haiM jahA~ ki sAmAnya parivartana se hI bhASA apabhraMza bana jAtI hai / kAntisAgara jI ne jo prati DhUMr3ha nikAlI hai usakI bhASA muni jI ke matAnusAra apabhraMza hai| ataH rAso ke mUlarUpa kI bhASA kA apabhraMza honA saMbhava hai| lekhaka kI bhI yahI dhAraNA hai ki mUlarUpa saMbhavataH apabhraMza meM hI thaa| isake lie nimnalikhita kAraNa vicAraNIya hai| 1. 13vIM zatAbdI ke purAtana prabandha saMgraha nAmaka grantha meM kucha padya pRthvIrAja rAso ke milate haiM / inameM se do padya pRthvIrAja prabandha ( prabandha saMkhyA 40 ) aura do jayacanda prabandha ( prabandha saMkhyA 41 ) meM ullikhita haiN| ina cAra padyoM meM se prathama tIna padya rAso ke bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM pAye jAte haiN| ye paJca isa prakAra hai 1. rAjasthAna bhAratI, bhAga 1, aMka 2-3 1946, pR0 29 2. DA0 dazaratha zarmA aura pro0 mInArAma raMgA, di orijanala pRthvIrAna rAso, ena apabhraMza varka, rAjasthAna bhAratI, bhAga 1, aMka 1, 1946, pR0 94-100 3. prabandha cintAmaNi graMyasaMbaddha purAtana prabandhasaMgraha, saMpAdaka jina vijaba muni, prakAzana kartA, adhiSThAtA siMghI jaina vidyApITha, kalakattA. vi. saM0 1992
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________________ 112 apabhraMza-sAhitya ik bANu pahuvI ju padmaM kaiMbAsaha mukkao / bhari khasess ghIra kakvaMtari cukkau / bIaM kari saMdhIuM bhaMmai sumesara naMdaNa ! eha sugaDi dAhimao khaNai khuddai saiMbhari vaNu / phuDa chaMDi na jAi ihu lubbhiu vArai palakau khala gulaha, naM jANauM caMda baladdiu ki na vi chuTTai iha phalaha // agahu ma gahi dAhimao ripurAya khayaMkara, kUDa maMtra mama Thavao ehu jaM bUya mili jaggaru / sahanAmA sikkhavauM jai sikkhiviDaM bujjhaiM / jaMpai caMda balidu majjha paramakkhara pahu pahuvirAya sahabhari dhaNI sayaMbhari sauNai kaiMbAsa visa viTThaviNu macchi baMdhi baddhao pR0 86, padya 275 sujjhai / saMbhariti, marisi // triNiha lakSa tusAra sabala pASarIaI jasu haya, caUdasa mayamatta daMti gajjaMti mahAmaya / bIsa lakkha pAyakka saphara phArakka dhaNuddhara, lhUsaDu aru baluyAna saMkha ku jANai tAMha para / chattIsa lakSa narAhivai bihi binaDio ho kima bhayau, jaicanda na jANau jalhukai gayau ki mUu ki ghari gayau // cAhamAna garjanaka zAkasainya pR0 86, padya 276 sura trANaH mazIti ye padya ' parivartita rUpa meM Adhunika rAso ke apane prAcIna aura zuddha rUpa meM rAso ke mUlarUpa meM hoMge kI bhASoM apabhraMza hI hogI aisA ina padyoM ko dekhane se pratIta hotA hai / ina padyoM kA rUpa jo pRthvIrAja rAso ke vRhat rUpa meM milatA hai nIce diyA pRSTha 88, padya 287 saMskaraNoM meM milate haiM / ye aura usa rAso ke mUlarUpa 1. jina prabandhoM meM se ye padya liye gaye haiM unameM se kucha saMskRta zabda nIce die jAte haiM cauhAna gajanI zakasenA sultAna masjida
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya 113 jAtA hai'-- eka bAna pahumI narela kaimAsaha mukyau // ura uppara tharahoM vIra kaSvaMtara cukyau // biyo bAna saMdhAna hanyau somesara nandana // gADhI kari nigrahyau Saniva gaDyau saMbhari dhana // thala chori na jAi abhAgarau gADyau gunagahi aggrau|| ima jaMpai caMda barahiyA kahA nighaTTa iya prlo|| pRthvI0 rAso pRSTha 1496, padya 236 agaha magaha dAhimo deva ripurAi SayaMkara / kUramaMta jina karau mile jambU bai jaMgara / mo sahanAmA sunau eha paramAratha * sujjh|| aSrSa caMda biradda biyo koi eha na bujh|| prathirAja sunavi saMbhari dhanI iha saMbhali saMbhAri risa / kamAsa baliSTha basoTha bina mleccha baMdha baMdhyau marisa // pRthvI0 rAso, pRSTha 2182, padya 475 asiya laSSa toSAra sajaDa paSvara saayddl| sahasa hasti cavasaTTi garua gajjaMta mahAbala // paMcakoTi pAikka suphara pArakka dhanuddhara / judha judhAna bara bIra tona baMdhana saddhanabhara // chattIsa sahasa rana nAibau vihI nimmAna aiso kiyo| caMda rAi kavicaMda kahi udadhi buDDi ke prara.liyo / pRthvI0 rAso, pR0 2502, padya 216 pRthvIrAja rAso ke laghurUpa bIkAnera kI prati se kucha padya nIce die jAte haiM kali acha patha kanaujja rAu / sata sIla rata dhara dharma cAu / para acha bhUmi haya gaya anagga / paraThavyA paMga rAjasUjagga // 1. pRSTha saMkhyA aura padya saMkhyA nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA kAzI ke saMskaraNa ke anusAra hai|
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________________ 114 apabhraMza-sAhitya ke ke na gae mahi mahu DillI DhillAya doha hohAya / vihuraMta jAsu kittI taM gayA nahi gayA huMti // ' kucha hastalikhita pratiyoM meM zabda-rUpa bhinna haiM / to bhI ina padyoM se bhI yahI prakaTa hotA hai ki ye padya uttarakAlIna apabhraMza ke kAraNa tatkAlIna prAntIya bhASAoM ke prabhAva se prabhAvita apabhraMza rUpa hI haiN| 2. rAso kI zabda-yojanA aura anya apabhraMza kAvyoM kI zabda-yojanA meM itanA . sAmya hai ki unheM eka hI bhASA kA mAnanA asaMgata nhiiN| apabhraMza kAvyoM meM anuraNanAtmaka yA dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga apabhraMza kaviyoM kI vizeSatA rahI hai| isa prakAra kI zabda-yojanA se arthAvabova kA prayatna apabhraMza kaviyoM ne apane kAvyoM meM kiyA hai / pRthvIrAja rAso meM bhI yaha pravRtti udapra rUpa se dikhAI detI hai / udAharaNa ke lie nimnalikhita yuddhasthala kA varNana dekha sakate haiM hahakaMta kUdanta naMcaM kmNdh| kanakaMta bajaMta kuTuMta saMgha // lahakkaMta lUTaMta tUTata bhUmaM / bhukaMte dhukaMte doU vazya jhUmaM // daDakkata dIsaMta pIsaMta daMtaM / / padya saM0 2110 karakaMDa cariu ke nimnalikhita yuddhavarNana meM dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kI yojanA dekhie vajjati vajjAiM sajjati sennnnaaii| kuMtAI bhajjati kuMjaraI gajjaMti / gattAI tuTuMti muMDAI phuTuMti / haDDAI moDaMti gIvAiM toDaMti / ka. ca. 3. 15 isI prakAra puSpadanta ke jasahara cariu kA eka uddharaNa dekhiye toDai taDatti taNu baMdhaNaI moDai kaDatti haDDuiM ghnnii| phADai caDati cammaI calaI ghuTTai ghaDatti soNiya jalaI / ja. ca. 2. 37. 3-4 1. rAjasthAna bhAratI bhAga 1, aMka 1, meM DA0 dazaratha zarmA aura pro0 mInArAma raMgA ke lekha se uddhRta / rAso viSayaka aitihAsika sAmagrI ke lie lekhaka DA0 dazaratha zarmA kA AbhArI hai| 2. rAso ke uddharaNoM ke nirdeza ke lie lekhaka DA0 omaprakAza kA kRtajJa hai|
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya 115 isa prakAra ke dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kI bahulatA kA hindI kaviyoM meM prAyaH abhAva hai / 3. zabdoM, vAkyoM yA vAkyAMzoM kI AvRtti se bhASA ko balavatI banAne ke anaka udAharaNa hameM apabhraMza kAvyoM meM milate haiM / pRthvIrAja rAso meM bhI yahI pravRtti dRSTigata hotI hai / yathA hammIra, ina verAM ina verAM hammIra, ina verAM ke siMgha, ina verAM hammIra, nahIM aununa baMkhoje / chatri dhammaha saMcIjaM / ' bara vivara jaima uMbhAraM / sUra kyoM syAra saMbhAra / so dhamma sAra jahi jIba-rakkha so so dhambhu sAha jahi sacca-vAya so pRthvIrAja rAso, padya 2222 dhassu sAra jahi niyama- saMta / dhambhu sAra jahi natthi sAya / pauma sirIcariu 1. 8. 96-97 isI prakAra rAso meM aura apabhraMza kAvyoM meM aneka sthala milate haiM jinameM bhAva ko prabalatA se abhivyakta karane ke lie zabdoM yA vAkyAMzoM kI AvRtti kI gaI hai| 4. puSpadanta ke mahApurANa kA vivecana karate hue Upara eka navIna alaMkAra kI ora nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai| isameM do dRzyoM, ghaTanAoM yA do vastuoM kI tulanA kI jAtI hai / upameyagata aura upamAnagata vAkyoM kI aMga-pratyaMga sahita samatA pradarzita kI jAtI hai| isa alaMkAra kA nAma, 'dhvanita rUpaka' rakhA jA sakatA hai / puSpadanta ke mahApurANa meM isa prakAra ke aneka dRzya upasthita kiye gaye haiN| udAharaNa ke lie sAyaM-kAla aura yuddhabhUmi ke dRzya kI samatA kA pradarzaka nimnalikhita uddharaNa dekhiye - etahi raNu kayasUratthavaNauM etahi jAyauM sUratthavaNauM / etahi vIrahaM viyaliu lohiu etahi jagu saMjJAi sohiu / etahi kAlau gayamaya vigbhamu etahi pasaraha maMdu tamotamu / etahi kari mottiyaiM vihattaI etahi uggamiyahaM NakkhattaGkaM / etahi jaya Naravara jasu dhavalau etahi dhAvai sasiyara melau | etahi joha vimukes cakkaI etahi viraheM ear NisAgama fka kara taha raNu eDuNa raDiyaI cakkaI / bujjhai jujjhai bhaDayaNu / mahApurANa 28. 34. 1-7 arthAt idhara raNa meM zUroM kA asta ho rahA hai udhara sUryAsta ho rahA hai, idhara vIroM kA rakta vigalita huA udhara saMsAra saMdhyArAga raMjita huA, idhara kRSNa gaja, mada- vilAsa hai udhara kRSNa aMdhakAra, idhara hastiyoM ke gaMDasthala se motI vikIrNaM hue udhara nakSatroM kA udaya huA, idhara vijita narapati ke yaza se dhavalimA udhara candra jyotsnA, idhara "yoddhAoM se vimukta cakra udhara bhI viyoga se Akrandana karate hue cakravAka / ubhayatra _sAdRzya ke kAraNa usa yuddhabhUmi meM nizAgama kA jJAna nahIM huA / saMdhyA aura raNabhUmi meM bheda na karate hue yoddhA yuddha karate rahe /
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________________ 116 apabhraMza-sAhitya ___isI zailI ke udAharaNa pRthvIrAja rAso meM bhI milate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie nimnalikhita rati yuddha kA dRzya dekhA jA sakatA hai / lAja gaThTha lopaMta,, bahima rada sana Dhaka rajjaM / adhara madhura daMpatiya, luTi aba Iva parajjaM / prarasa prarasa bharaaMka, kheta parajaMka paTakkiya / bhaSana TUTi kavacca, rahe pradha bIca laTakkiya / nIsAna thAna nUpura bajiya, hAka hAsa pharaSata cihura / rati vAha samara suni iMchiniya, kora kahata battiya ghr|| padya saMkhyA 1979 rati aura yuddha meM kucha kriyAoM kA sAmya pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / lAja kA lopa ho gayA hai, eka ora aMdhara rasa kI lUTa hai dUsarI ora bhI zatru dravya kI lUTa hai| eka ora aMka meM bhara paryaMka para paTakanA hai dUsarI ora raNakSetra meM paTakanA hai / eka aura bhUSaNaM TUTate haiM dUsarI ora kavaca / eka ora nUpuroM kA zabda hai dUsarI ora bAjoM kaa| isa prakAra rati aura yuddha meM sAmya pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| 5. AcArya hajArI prasAda jI dvivedI ne apane "hindI sAhitya kA Adi kAla" nAmaka graMya meM pRthvI rAja rAso aura saMdeza rAsaka kI samAnatA kI ora nirdeza kiyA hai / saMdeza rAsaka kA jisa DhaMga se Arambha huA hai usI DhaMga se rAso kA bhI Arambha huA hai| Arambha kI kaI AryAoM meM to atyadhika samAnatA hai / isI prakAra saMdeza rAsaka meM kavi ne jisa bAhya prakRti ke vyApAroM kA varNana kiyA hai vaha rAso ke samAna hI kavi prayA ke anusAra hai / vayaM viSaya ke lie vastu-sUci prastuta karane kA DhaMga donoM meM milatA hai / isake atirikta vividha chaMdoM kA prayoga bhI donoM graMthoM meM dikhAI detA hai| ___ isa prakAra bhASA tathA racanA-zailI ke bhinna-bhinna sAmyoM se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki rAso kA mUla graMtha apabhraMza bhASA meM hI racA gayA, jo kAlAntara meM bar3hate-bar3hate aneka bhASAoM ke puTa ke sAtha Adhunika rUpa meM parivartita ho gayA / isa Adhunika pRthvIrAja rAso kA samaya yadyapi 15vIM, 16vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga kA hai kintu prAcIna mUlarUpa 12vIM 13vIM zatAbdI kA mAnA jA sakatA hai| padma purANa-balabhadra purANa yaha graMtha aprakAzita hai| isakI do hasta-likhita pratiyA~ Amera zAstra bhaMDAra meM vidyamAna haiN| 1. zrI hajArI prasAda dvivedI-hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, bihAra rASTra bhASa pariSada, paTanA, san 1952 I0,1060 / 2. vahI, pR0 84 //
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya 117 dhU' kavi ne isa grantha dvArA gyAraha sandhiyoM evaM 265 kar3avakoM meM jaina matAnukUla rAma kathA kA varNana kiyA hai / sandhiyoM meM kar3avakoM kI koI nizcita saMkhyA nhiiN| navIM sandhi meM nau aura pA~cavIM sandhi meM unatAlIsa kar3avaka pAye jAte haiM / kRti kI puSpikAoM meM graMtha kA nAma balabhadra purANa bhI milatA hai / kRti kavi ne harisiMha sAhu kI preraNA se likhI thI aura usI ko samarpita kI gaI hai / pratyeka sandhi kI puSpikA meM usake nAma kA ullekha hai / sandhiyoM ke prArambha meM saMskRta padyoM dvArA harisiMha kI prazaMsA aura usake maMgala kI kAmanA kI gaI hai| 3 4 kRti meM govvagiri gar3ha ( gopAcala giri) aura rAjA DUMgarendra ke rAjyakAla kA nirdeza hai / kavi dvArA likhita sukauzala carita nAmaka graMtha meM balabhadra purANa kA ullekha milatA hai / ataH isa kAvya kI racanA ukta kRti ke racanA kAla (vi.saM. 1496 ) se pUrva hI huI hogI, aisI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai / graMtha kA Arambha nimnalikhita padya se hotA hai- OM namaH siddhebhyaH / paraNaya vidvaMsaNu, muNisuvvaya jiNu, parNAvivi vahu guNagaNa bhariu | siri rAmaho kerau, sukkha jaNerau, saha lakkhaNa payaDami cariu // isake bAda jina stavana kiyA gayA hai / tadanantara kavi se grantha racanA kI prArthanA kI jAtI hai / 1. raidhU ke paricaya ke lie sAtavAM adhyAya dekhie / 2. isa valahadda purANe, buhiyaga videhi laddha sammANe, siri paMDiya rahadhU viraie, pAiya vaMdheNa atha vihi sahie siri harasIha sAhukaMThi kaMThAbharaNe, uhayaloyasuha siddhikaraNe ityAdi 3. yaH sarvvadA jinapadAMva jayo satpAtradAna nipuNo madamAna dAtA kSato hi satataM harasIha nAma zrI karmasIha sahito jayatAtsa dAtrA (tA ) // dvirephaH hInaH / sandhi 3. 4. govvaggiri NAmeM gar3ha pahANu, NaM vihiNANimmiu rayaNa ThANu / ai ucca dhavalu naM himagiridu, jaha jammU samichai maNi suriM / tahi DuMgaredu NAmeNa rAu, arigaNa siraggi saMndinnaghAu / 1. 2 5. balahaddahu purANa puNu tIyau / niyamaNa aNurAe~ paI kIyau / sukauzala carita 1 22 sukauzala carita ke lie sAtavAM adhyAya dekhie /
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________________ 118 apabhraMza-sAhitya bho raMdhU paMDiya guNaNihANa pomAvai vara vaMsahaM pahANa / siri pAlha vAha ayariyasIsa, mahuvayaNu suNahi bho buhagirIsa // soDhala nimitta nemihu purANu, virayau jahaM pai jaNa vihiya maannu| taha rAma caritu vimA bhaNehi, lakkhaNa sameu iu maNi muhi // pa. ca. 1.4 rayadhU kAvya racanA meM apane ko asamartha pAte haiM kintu harasIhu sAhu unheM protsAhita karatA hai| tuhuM karava puraMdhara bosa hAri, sasthatva kusala bahu viNaya dhAri / kari kanvu cita pariharahi mitta, tuha muhi Nivasai sarasai pavitta / isake bAda jaba dvIpa, bharata kSetra, magama deza, rAjagRha, soNika rAjA, rAnI cellaNA, saba kA eka hI kar3avaka (1.6) meM nirdezamAtra kara diyA gayA hai| ____ kathA kA Arambha gautama zreNika kI AzaMkAoM se hotA hai| iMdrabhUti usake uttara meM kathA kahate haiM jai rAmahu tihuvaNi Isarattu, rAvaNeNa hariu ki taha kalattu / vaNayara panvau kiM uddharaMti, rayaNayaru vaMdhivi kiM taraMti / chammAsa midda kiM gau marei, kuMbhayaNa puNuvi kiM jAyarei / pa. ca. 18 kAvya meM ghaTanAoM ko calatA karane kA prayatna dikhAI detA hai / dekhiye eka hI vAkya meM kItti dhavala kI rAnI lakSmI kA varNana kara diyA gayA hai kitti dhabalu laMkA puri raannu| tAsu lacchiNAmeM priya sundari, caMda vayaNi gai Nijjaya siMdhura / 1.10 isI prakAra nimnalikhita grISmakAla kA varNana bhI atyanta saMkSipta hai puNu uNaha kAli panvaya sirehi, khara kiraNa karAvali tppirehi| siri rAgama caupahiM jhANa loNa, ahaNisu tava tA. gata khISu / 2.18 isI prakAra 7. 8-10 meM bhI rAma-rAvaNa yuddha sAmAnya koTi kA varNana hai| pAMDava purANa yaha graMtha bhI abhI taka prakAzita nahIM ho sakA / isakI tIna haratalikhita pratiyAM Amera zAstra bhaMDAra meM aura eka prati dehalI ke paMcAyatI maMdira meM vidyamAna hai| ____ isa graMtha ke racayitA yazaH kIti haiN| inhoMne pAMDava purANa ke atirikta harivaMza purANa kI bhI racanA kI / yazaH kIti kA likhA huA candraprabha carita nAmaka khaMDakAvya
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya 119 bhI upalabdha hai| kiMtu usa graMtha meM kavi ne na to racanAkAla kA nirdeza kiyA hai aura na apane guru ke nAma kA / ataH nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki pUrva nirdiSTa donoM graMthoM ke racayitA aura candraprabha carita ke racayitA eka hI yazaH kItti haiM yA bhinna bhinna / pAMDava purANa kI racanA kavi ne navagAva nayara (nagara) meM agravAla kulotpanna vIlhA sAhu ke putra hemarAja ke anurodha se kI thii| sandhioM kI puSpikAoM meM bhI hemarAja kA nAma milatA hai aura inhIM puppikAoM se pratIta hotA hai ki yazaH kItti guNa kIti ke ziSya the| pratyeka sandhi ke Arambha meM kavi ne saMskRta meM hemarAja kI prazaMsA aura maMgala kAmanA kI hai| pratyeka sandhi kI samApti para sandhi ke sthAna para kavi ne 'sagga' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| jaise 'kuruvaMsa gaMgeya uppati vaNNaNo nAma paThamo sggo|' 1. candra prabha carita ke liye dekhiye Age 7vAM adhyAya-apabhraMza khaMDa kAvya (dhArmika) 2. iya citaMtau maNi jAma thakku, tAma parAyau sAhu ekku / iha joyaNi puru vahu purahaM sAru, dhaNa, dhaNNa suvaNNa parehi phaar| siri ayara vAla vaMsahaM pahANu, jo saMghahaM bachalu vigayamANu / tahI gaMdaNu volhA gaya pamAu, nava gAva nayare so saI ji aau| taho gaMdaNu NaMdaNu hemarAu, jiNa dhammovari jmunnivvbhaau| 3. iya paMDava purANe sayala jaNa maNa savaNa suhayare, siri guNa kitti sosa muNi jasa kitti viraiye, sAdhu vIlhA putta rAyamaMti hemarAja NAmaMkie ..... ityaadi| 4. zrImAna saMtApa karoru dhAmA, nityodayo dyotita vizvalokaH / kuryAjjinA pUrba ravirmanojje, zrI hemarAjasya vikAza lakSmaM // 1 dAna zRkhalayA baddhA calA jJAtvA hari priyA / hemarAjena tatkIti re dUre palAyitA // 2 dvitIya sandhi yasya dravyaM supAtreSu yauvanaM svastripAM bhavet / bhUti ya (4) sya parArtheSu sa hemAkhyo tu naMdatu // caturtha sandhi kalpavRkSA na dRzyante kAmadhenvAdayastayA / dRzyate hemarAjo hi eteSAM kArya kArakaH // 16vIM saMdhi
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________________ 120 apabhraMza-sAhitya . __ kavi ne kArtika zuklA aSTamI budhavAra vi. saM. 1497 ko yaha kRti samApta kI thii| kRti meM 34 sandhiyoM dvArA kavi ne pAMDavoM kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai| grantha kA Arambha nimnalikhita alaMkRta padya se hotA haiOMnamo viitraagaay| voha susara dhayaraTThaho gaya dhayaraTThaho, siri lalAmu so rho| paNavevi kahami jiNiThThaho Nuya vala viThThaho, kaha paMDava SayaraTThaho / jina stavana ke anantara kavi siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya, sAdhu Adi ko namaskAra karatA hai / punaH sarasvatI vandana ke pazcAt indrabhUti ramukha gurujanoM ko namaskAra karatA hai| tadanantara sajjanadurjana smaraNa aura Atma vinaya pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| varNana prAyaH sAmAnya koTi ke dRSTigata hote haiN| yuddha varNana meM chanda kI ekarUpatA dikhAI detI hai| nArI varNana paramparAgata upamAnoM se yukta hai| kavi ne zarIragata sauMdarya kA hI adhikatara varNana kiyA hai| "jAhe NiyaMtihe rai vi ukkhijjai" (arthAt jisako dekha kara rati bhI khIja uThatI thI) aura "lAyaNNoM vAsava piya jUrai" (arthAt usake sauMdarya se vAsava priyA-indrANI bhI khinna hotI thI), Adi vizeSaNoM se kavi ne zArIrika sauMdarya kI apekSA usake prabhAva kI hI sUcanA dI hai| sauMdarya ke hRdaya para par3ane vAle prabhAva kI adhikatA bhalli va mAraiM' vizeSaNa se parilakSita hotI hai| dekhiye pAMcAlI kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA haiaarnnaalN| ..? maNimaya kaNi kuMDala rayaNamehalA / sIsa mauli saaraa| kare jmaNa zaNiya kaMkaNA / tosiyA jaNA, kaMTha mutthaaraa|| cala NihiM maMjIraya maNi kaMThiya, uri kaMculiya rayaNamaya diThThiya / siri khaMDahiM kapUrahiM leviya, kusuma gaMdha bhamarAvali seviya / muhaM taMbolu NayaNa kiya kajjalu, muha sAseM maMDau kiu parimalu / raMbha tilotti maNaM suraacchara, Nava jovaNa mii khoDasa vachara / 1. vikkama rAyaho va va gaya kAlae, mahi sAyara gaha risi aNkaale| kattiya siya aThThami vaha vAsare, huu paripuNNu paDhama naMdIsare // iti paMDu purANa smaapt| graMtha saMkhyA 9600 2. voha"raTuho-jJAna sarovare haMsasya / gaya' raTThaho-gatajadhvajarASTrasya / sirilalAmu"ho-tilako bhUtasya saurASTra dezasya Nuya valaviTThaho-nUta bala govindsy| .
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya 121 raMbhAruhiya sahiya gaNamaMDiya, Niya jovaNa sirIe avaruMDiya / gahiya pasAhaNi bhalli va mAraiM, avaloyaMtihi jaNu sNghaariN| caudasa AharaNehiM alaMkiyA, solaha siMgArehiM Nau saMkiya / sahi lakkhaNehi saMpuNiyA, kara caraNahi sohi kaI vnniyaa| tAhe uroya kaNayaNaM kalasaiM, kAma kariMda kuMbhagaM uccii| kai vaNaMtihi pAra Na pattaI, NayaNa vayaNa maya chaNa sasisarisaI / jAhe NiyaMva vivu uru garuyau, pattalu poTu NAhi aDugahirau / savvasuhaMkari ki vaNijjaiM, jAhe NiyaMtihe raipi ukkhijjii| jAhe puThThi kavarI lolaMtiya, gaMdhAgaya NAI Niva calaMtiya / rattAsoya pata Naha calaNaI, kala kaMThi vINA rava vynniN| kattharI ghusiNahaM pattAvali, gaMdhAyaTThiya NaM bhamarAuli / gAyaMtI kiNNara maNu mohai, paccaMtihiM bharahaMguNa sohi| paDahahu vAeM amari Na pUrai, lAyaNeM vAsavapiya jUrai / pattA-siri paMDura chattaI, camara paDataiM, vaMdhava sayahiM pariyariya / bahu para mohatiya, gayamalhatiya, mohaga valli va avayariya // 12.16 kavi kI bhASA meM anuraganAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga bhI milatA hai| dekhiye-- jhaM jhaNaNa jhaNaNa jhallari vi sadda, TaM TaM karata kari vIra ghaMTa / kaMsAla tAla sadai karaMti, mihuNaiM iva vihaDivi puNu milaMti / Dama Dama Dama Damaru saddiyAI, bahu Dhola nisANaI bjjiyaaii|| 21.9 kavi ne bhinna-bhinna sandhiyoM meM kar3avaka ke Arambha meM duvaI, AraNAla, khaMDayaM, helA, jaMbheTTiyA, racitA, malaya vilAsiyA, AvalI, catuSpadI, sundarI, vaMsatya, gAhA, dohA, vastu bandha Adi chandoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| 28 vIM saMdhi ke kar3avakoM ke Arambha meM kavi ne dohA chaMda kA prayoga kiyA hai / dohe kA kavi ne dohau aura doSaka nAma bhI diyA hai / isI sandhi meM kahIM kahIM kar3avaka ke Arambha meM dohA hai aura kar3avaka caupAI chanda meM hai / udAharaNArtha'doSakaM tA siMghiya sIyala jaleNa, vijjiya camara nileNu / uThThiya soyAnala taviya mailiya aMsu jaleNa // hA hA NAha NAha ki jAyau, mahu AsA taru keNavi pAyau / hA siMgArubhIu mahu bhaggau, hA hA vihi kiM kiyau ajoggu|
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________________ 122 apabhraMza-sAhitya hA hA parabhavi ko vi chAiu, taM bhava ajijau amhahaM prAvau / kiM gau gambhi muiya kiM jAiya, hA vihi kiM jovani sNbhaaviy| 28.13 harivaMza purANa yazaH kIti-racita yaha graMtha bhI aprakAzita hai| isakI vi0 saM0 1644 kI eka hastalikhita prati dehalI ke paMcAyatI mandira meM vidyamAna hai| isa graMtha kI racanA kavi ne joginIpura meM ayaravAla (agravAla) vaMza meM pramukha gagga (garga) gotrotpanna diuDhA sAhu kI preraNA se kI thii| sandhiyoM kI puSpikAoM meM bhI diuDhA kA nAma milatA hai| pratyeka sandhi ke Arambha meM kavi ne diuDhA ke liye saMskRta bhASA meM AzIrvAda paraka chanda bhI likhe haiN| diuDhA ke liye kahIM kahIM ekAdha (Dyaur3A) zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / grantha kI samApti para bhI kavi ne diuDhA sAhu ke vaMza kA paricaya dete hue usakI cira maMgala kAmanA kI hai| saMdhi ke liye adhikatara sagga (sarga) zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| eka do sandhiyoM meM 'saMdho paricheU' yA 'saggo paricheU' kA bhI prayoga milatA hai| kavi ne kRti kI racanA bhAdrapada zuklapakSa ekAdazI guruvAra vi0 saM0 1500 meM kI thii| kRti iMdrapura meM jalAla khAna ke rAjya meM samApta huI / graMtha meM teraha sandhiyoM 1. harivaMza purANu 1. 2 2. iya hari vaMsa purANe, kuruvaMsA hiDhiya supahANe vivuha cittANuraMjaNe, zrI guNa kitti sIsa muNi jasa kitti viraIe, sAdhu diuDhA sAhuaNumaNNie, ... ityAdi / 3. dAna zRMkhalayA baddhA, calA jJAtvA hari priyaa| divaDhAkhyena tatkIttiH, dUre dUre palAyitA // 4. 1 vadAnyo bahumAnazca, sadA prIto jinArcane / parastrI vimukho nityaM, diuDhAlyo tra nandatAt // - zIlaM ca bhUSaNaM asya, satyaM hi mukhamaNDaNaM / kArya paropakAreNa, sa diuDhA nndtaacirN|| 5.1 yasya dravyaM supAtreSu, yauvanaM svastriyAM bhavet / bhUti yasya (ya) sya parArtheSu, sa ekAryo tra naMdatAt // 4. vikkama rAyaho vavagaya kAlaI, mahi iMdiya dusuNNaaMkAlaI / bhAdava eyArasi siya gurudiNe, huu paripuNNau uggaMtahi iNe // 13-19 5. Nau kavitta kittiheM dhaNaloheM, gau kAsu vari pavaThThiya moheN|| iMva urihi eu huu saMpuNNau, rajji jalAlakhAna kauuNNau // 13. 19
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________________ apabhraMza mahAkAvya 123 aura 267 kar3avakoM meM yazaHkIrti ne mahAbhArata kI jaina dharmAnukUla kathA kA sIdhA varNana kiyA hai / graMtha kA Arambha nimnalikhita alaMkRta padya se hotA hai-- OM namo vItarAgAya // payaDiya jaya haMsaho, kuNaya vihaMsaho, bhabiya kamala sara haMsaho / paNavivi jiNa haMsaho, muNiyaNa haMsa ho, kaha payaDami harivaMsaho / isake anantara caudasa tIrthaMkaroM kA stavana kara graMthakAra kAvya likhane kA prayojana batAtA / isI prasaMga meM kavi ne sajjana - durjana smaraNa kiyA hai|' isake anantara gaNadhara se pUche jAne para zreNika mahArAja kathA prArambha karate haiM / tIsarI sandhi ke pazcAt cauthI sandhi se kaurava purANa Arambha hotA hai| navIna kRti ke samAna isa sandhi ke Arambha meM maMgalAcaraNa, Atma vinaya, sajjana- durjaNa smaraNa milatA hai / " 1. puvya purANa atyu ai vitthara, kAla pahAveM bhaviyahaM duttaru | ayara vAla kula gayaNa diNesara, diu caMDu sAhu bhaviya jaNa maNaharu / tAsu bhajja bAluhii bhaNijjaha, dANa gurNAha loe hi thuNijjai / tAhi puttu viNNANa viyANau, biuDhA NAmadheu bahu jANau / tAhI uvaroha maI yahu pAraddhau, NisuNa huM bhaviyaNa atya visuddhau / sAharivaMsu maI mirjAha kiu / sadda atya saMbaMdhu puraMtau, jiNaseNaho suttaho yahu payaDiu / sajjaNa dujjaNa bhau avagaNNivi, te jiya jiya sahAva raya doNiNavi / ases fre mahurai gAlI, aMvilu vIya pUru cicAlI / tihaM sajjaNa susahAveM vachalu, dujjaNa duTTha gahai leu dosu so maI mo kalliu, jai pikkhar3a to kaviyaNa cha / achau salliu // 1. 2. bhuvahi tarai / bhANu / gayaNe 2. ekkaheM air diuDhAkheNa pattu, paNayaM viSayaM jasa muNi viNattu / maNisuNiuM harivaMsaho caritu, evahi akkhami kurukula pavittu / muNi jaMpara ko iu cariu karaha, bhAraha samudda ko maha duggama iu kaurava purANu ko hatthe saMpa ro far TTha aNiTThapAva, parakazva bhabya jiMdaNa sahAva 4 dujjama avahelivisu suhamaNAhaM, ai viNau payAsivi sajjaNAhaM / cira kavva kaviMda sau levi, dhammatyeM Nimmalu maNu karevi / kaDuvau maharau nibikkhujema, sajjaNa dujjaNahaM sahAu tema / chaNa iMdaho bhukkai sArameu, ki karai tAsu vavagaya viveu / 4. 1..
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________________ 124 apabhraMza-sAhitya __ kAvya meM aneka sundara alaMkRta zailI meM varNita sthala upalabdha hote haiN| udAharaNa ke liye kavi kA nimnalikhita hastinApura varNana dekhiye| kavi ne parisaMkhyAlaMkAra kA , prayoga karate hue nagara kA varNana kiyA hai-- chatte sudaMDu jiNaharu vihAra, pIlagu tilae sIikkhi phAra / satye suvaMdhu mokkhu vi pasicha, kaMdalu kaMdesu viNauM viruddha / sira cheu sAli chetaho pahANu, iMdiya jiggahu muNigaNa ho jaannu| jaDayA jalesu maMsu vi diNesu, saMghIsu surAgamu tahaM ? suresu / NisiyA asidhArai sUiesu, kharadaMDu paumaNAleM asesu / kosa khau pahiya ha gau jaNesu, vaMkattu bhauhave kuMciesu / jaDa uddhAra vi paru vAlaesu, aviyaDDhattaNu govaya garesu / khalu khalihANe ahavA khalesu, para dAragamaNu jahiM muNivaresu / kambalasu Nirasattu vi pattharesu, jaddhavikasAla thI purisaesu / dhammasu vasaNu pUyAsurAu, maNuUhaTTai vitaMha Na cAu / mANesu mANu sohesu koDa, doNesu mAya duddhasu dohu / satthesu lohu NauM sajjaNesu, para hANi cite dujjaNa jaNesu / turagAmiu mau Natiya samUha, ai caMcalu aDaihiM mayaha johu / vivuha hi dAyArahiM bahujaNehi, ja sUhai jaNa dhaNa kaNa bharehi / 4.5 kavi hastinApura ke rAjA kA varNana karatA huA kahatA hai teeNa sUru saumeNa iMdu, sveNa kAmu Nayavalli kaMdu / dudruhaM jamu sihaM uvari rAu, vaMdiyahaM NiraMtara diNNa cAu / paraNAri vimuhu duvvasaNa cattu, aivalu khattiya dhammeNa rattu / sattaMga rajja pAlaNa pavINu, jasu ragji koi gau buhiu diinnu| mahi maMDali jo upamA vihINu, jasu rajja ko vi Nau khalu NihINu / suhi vaMdhava sasayaNa karaMtu mou, sA haMtu tivaggai vasai lou / kavi ke nArI varNana meM kevala usake bAhya rUpa kA hI citraNa nahIM milatA apitu usake hRdayasparzI prabhAva kA citraNa bhI kiyA gayA hai / jaise NaM NAya kaNNa NaM sura kumAri, NaM vijjAhari virahiyaNa maari| NaM kAma bhalli gaM kAma satti, NaM tAsu ji korI vANa paMti / NaM jaNa mohaNi mohaNiya valli, NaM mayaNA vali Nava jovvaNilli / NaM raNagauri rohiNi subhAmA, sUraho Isaho caMdaho llaamaa| kavi ke yuddha varNana meM chandoM kI vividhatA nhiiN| na hI gatizIla chandoM kI yojanA hai| ataeva yuddha varNana sajIva nahIM ho sake haiN| isa prakAra ke varNanoM meM kevala aiti
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya 125 hAsika ghaTanAoM kA ullekha mAtra ho pAyA hai / varNanoM meM itivRttAtmakatA kI pradhAnatA dRSTigata hotI hai| pattha sahAi huyau NArAyaNu, leppiNu saMkha cakka gaya paharaNa / asi asi ghAya phuliMgayauhi, bhajahi kAyara viirukkNtthhiN| keNa vi kAsu vi siru dohAviu, samauDu kuMDala bhUmi luDhAviu / keNavi kAsu vi dhaNu dokhaMDiu, keNa vi asi pharehi raNu mNddiu| 10.17 paMcAyaNa govi pUriu, teNavi kuruvai hiyai visuuriu| jayaho camakkAriu raNu jAyau, dohiMmi valahaM paropparu ghAiu / ko gaNei kettiya tiya raMDiyA, sira kamala karahiM dharattiya mNddiy| chatta ghamara ghaNa ghaNa kiM sIhi, ratta NaIe taraMtA diishi| muchiya ke vi kevi tahi gaThThiyA, Usarevi gaya kAyara ttttthiyaa| ravi atyamiuM mahAhava kheiyA, uhaya valai Niya Niya thANaho gyaa| paDhamauM diNu gau vahu Nara jujjhiyA, ketiya paDiya saMkhaDau vujhiyaa| ravi uggamiuM tAmaU vaggiya, digNa tUra viNNivi vala laggiya / kheyara kheyarehi sahuM dhAiya, gaya vara gaya varehi saM paaiy| sAiya sAihi pAikahi, pAikkaI raNa sammuhu~ ddhukkiy| saMdaNa saMdaNehi saMdANiya, suhaDeM suhaDaviNauM Ulakkhiu / sadde vahari paropparu ghAiyaH, huu kaddamu ratta Nai vahAviya / pADiya haya gaya raha vAittai, dIsahi suhaDahaM sIsa luddhNti| chiNNai sIsa kavaMdhai Nahi, kiMcivi asi kara dhAivi vcchi| 10.19 kavi ke viraha varNana bhI sAmAnya koTi ke haiN| viraha kI tIvra vyaMjanA kA abhAva sA hI parilakSita hotA hai / udAharaNArtha nimnalikhita jIvaMjasA kA vilApa dekhiye paridevai kaMdai NAha NAha, kA kahi gau sAmiya kari annaah| mahu hiya ichuhoppiNu gADhadAhu, hA vayarihi maNi pari kiu uchAhu / hA jAya vAhaM para sohalau jAu, hA NAha majjhu hiva vattu aau| uru tADiu NayaNaMsuhiM kiNhu, kiu thaNayaDu Akosiyau knnhu| rovataM ruvAiya vaNaha paMkkhi, luTTati hiriNa Nihe guMThiyakkhi / sasavatihiM kaMsaho uvari paDiyA, rAvai jIvaMjasa viraha gddiy| hA hA pai viNu mahu kavaNu chAyA, jaya pahu saya tApaI viNu varAya / paDi vayaNu dehi ekka sihAe, piya jAmaNa hiyau phuDevi jaai| khaNi khaNi muchijjai mahi vihAe, vahalaMjaNa sAmala ratti nnaai| kiu saMsayAru kaMsaho vi tehi, milleppiNu savvehi jAyavehi //
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya afa mArmika sthaloM para bhI bhAva tIvratA abhivyakta nahIM kara sakA hai / kavi kA uttarA - vilApa prasaMga sAdhAraNa koTi kA hai / nimnalikhita draupadI ke kezAkarSaNa prasaMga meM bhI bhAvatIvratA nahIM taM NisuNeSpiNu sAsaNeNa, viddaddayaM pAva kyAyareNa / AyaDiya kesa gharevi jAma, ciTThi kAriu savveMhi tAma / NaM hariNA sAraMgi ya barAya, jaM jAyAreM NAiji sahAya / NaM dhIvareNa mINai Ahalli, NaM makkaDeNa komaliya valli / paumaNi luMciya mayamalega, siMhaM ve (do) vai teNa dhaNuddhareNa // 7.16 kAvya meM pada-yojanA prAyaH saMskRta bhASA kI zailI meM dRSTigocara hotI hai / jaise 126 ...... ikvesirpha jiyaya pajjaMka besammi, uvaviva taho purau mahi bITi emami / puccher3a diyasaMtu mAyaMga vara gAmi / kallA taM kAsi kaho taNiya varadhUya, ki eDa e kAsi bahu vijaya saMbhUya / jiva pucchiyA sAvi karakamala sajAe, sahi bhaNiya tA tAe pachanna vAyAe / 4.7 jahAM isa prakAra kI zailI nahIM vahAM pada yojanA adhika sarala aura prabhAvotpAdaka pratIta hotI hai / jaise-- kiM rajjeM ariyaNa saMkiena, kiM sagrge jattha pumAgameNa / kiM vihaveM uppAima maeNa, kiM chataM chAiya siva paheNa / kiM camareM udghAviya guNa, ki eharaNehi daddAsieNa / asahAyahi ki sajjana jaNeNa, ki tAruNaM jara saMgaNa | 12.15 bhASA meM sthAna-sthAna para subhASitoM aura vAgvArAoM kA prayoga bhI milatA hai-"chaNa iMdaho bhukkai sArameu, kiM karai tAsu vavagaya viveu // "sa kiu kammu ko aNuhavai, Niya kiu suhu kuhu aggai sarai / " "ravi purau kavaNu sasi tArayAI" "asahAyaho hoi Na kanja siddhi" 4. 1 8.1 10.8 10.16 kavi ne svaya svIkAra kiyA hai ki kAvya meM usane paddhaDiyA baMdha kA prayoga kiyA hai / ' kintu paddhaDiyA ke atirikta kaDavakoM ke Arambha meM duvaI, AraNAla, jaMbheTTiya 1. ihu harivaMsu satthu mai aliu, kuru vaMsaho sameuNau paDhamahi paryAu vIra jiNeMdeM, seNiya rAyaho kuvalai goyameNa puNu kiya sohammeM, jaMbU sAmeM viha sAmeM / gaMdi mitta avarajjiya NAma, govaddhaNeNa subhaddavAheM / paraMparAe aNulaggau, AiriyahaM muhAu Avaggau / saMkhevasutaavahAriu, muNi jasa kitti mahihi vitthAriu / chaMdeM sumanoharu, bhaviyaNa jaNa maNa savaNa sahakaru / 13.19 ema suNi paddhaDiyA rakhiu / caMdeM /
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________________ apabhraMza-mahAkAvya 127 khaMDa, vastubaMdha, helA Adi chandoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai / sandhiyoM ke prArambha meM diuThA kI maMgalakAmanA ke liye zArdUlavikrIDita, vasanta tilakA, anuSTup gAthA Adi chandoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai / harivaMza purANa isakI hastalikhita prati Amera zAstra bhaMDAra meM vidyamAna hai| zrutakIrti ne prAcIna kathA kA hI isameM varNana kiyA hai / kavi kI eka dUsarI kRti parameSThi prakAza sAra bhI hastalikhita rUpa meM upalabdha hai / isakA samaya kRtikAra ne vi. saM. 1553 diyA hai / 15 53 daha paNa saya tevaNa gaya vAsaI puNa vikkama Niva sarvaccharahe / taha sAvaNa mAsahu gura paMcami sahUM, gaM puNNa taya sahasataheM // 7.74 ataH kavi kA samaya vi. saM. kI 16 vIM zatAbdI kA madhya bhAga mAnA jA sakatA hai / kavi ne 44 saMdhiyoM meM mahAbhArata kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai| pikAoM meM kavi ne isa graMtha ko mahAkAvya kahA hai / ' saMdhi kI graMtha kA Arambha nimnalikhita padya se hotA hai / OM jaya nama siddhebhyaH / sisiiNavomaM sa taM hari vaMsaI / pAva timirahara vimala yari / guNa gaNa jasa bhUtiya, turaya adUsiya, suvvaya gemiya haliya hari // gAthA- suravai tiroDarayaNaM, kiraNaMva pavAhasitta jaha calaNaM / paNa vivi taha parama jiNaM, harivaMsa kayattaNaM vRdhe // harivaMza purANa kA kavi ne kamala rUpa meM varNana kiyA hai harivaMsu payoruha ataravaNNu, iha bharaha khitta saravarau vaNNu / - 10.1 Atma vinaya aura sarasvatI vandana se kathA Arambha hotI hai| maMgalAcaraNa ke dvArA graMtha kI samApti hotI hai / jina apabhraMza mahAkAvyoM kA vivecana yahA~ prastuta kiyA gayA hai / nissaMdeha unake atirikta aneka mahAkAvya jaina bhaMDAroM meM gupta par3e hoMge / aneka prakAza meM A cuke haiN| kintu abhI taka prakAzita nahIM ho sake / mukhya rUpa se mahAkAvyoM ke AdhAra para 1. iya harivaMzapurANe magaharasarAyapurisaguNAlaMkAra kallANe tihuvaNakittisissa asudda katti mahAkavtru virayaMto NAma paDhamo saMddhI paricheka sammAto /
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________________ 128 .. apabhraMza-sAhitya jo bhI vivecana yahA~ prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha apabhraMza sAhitya ke mahAkAvya kA rUpa dikhAne ke lie paryApta hai| apabhraMza mahAkAvya kA rUpa, usakI pravRttiyA~, usakI vizeSatAe~ itane adhyayana se hI spaSTa ho sakeMgI, aisA lekhaka kA vizvAsa hai / ina mahAkAvyoM meM aneka aise mahAkAvyoM kA antarbhAva na ho sakA jinheM kaviyoM ne to mahAkAvya kahA hai kintu viSaya pratipAdana kI dRSTi se ve mahAkAvya nahIM mAne jA skte|' 1. udAharaNa ke liye zrutakoti ne apane parameSThi prakAza sAra ko mahAkAvya kahA hai kiMtu sAre graMtha meM dhArmika vivecana hI mukhya rUpa se milatA hai| prantha mahAkAvya pratipAdita lakSaNoM se zanya hai| isI prakAra amarakItti ne apane chakkamovaesa (SaTkarmopadeza) nAmaka grantha ko mahAkAvya kahA hai| kathAnaka aura kavitva kI dRSTi se yaha bhI mahAkAvya nahIM kahA jA sktaa|
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________________ sAtavA~ adhyAya apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) mahAkAvya kA nAyaka koI divya kulotpanna yA dhIrodAtta kSatriya hotA thA / eka hI vaMza meM utpanna aneka rAjAoM kA varNana bhI mahAkAvya kA viSaya ho sakatA thA / mahAkAvya meM kisI nAyaka ke samasta jIvana ko sarasa kAvyamaya prasaMgoM dvArA aMkita kiyA jAnA cAhie | khaMDa kAvya meM nAyaka ke samagra jIvana kA citra upasthita na kara usake eka bhAga kA citra aMkita kiyA jAtA hai / kAvyopayukta sarasa aura sundara varNana mahAkAvya aura khaMDa kAvya donoM meM hI upalabdha hote haiM / apabhraMza meM aneka cariu grantha isa prakAra ke haiM jinameM kisI mahApuruSa kA caritra kisI eka dRSTi se hI aMkita kiyA gayA hai / kavi kI dhArmika bhAvanA ke pUraka rUpa meM prastuta, nAyaka ke jIvana ke isa rUpa meM upalabdha hone ke kAraNa aise cariu granthoM kI gaNanA khaMDa kAvyoM meM hI kI gaI hai / apabhraMza meM dhArmika dRSTikoNa se rahita khaMDa kAvya bhI upalabdha hote haiM / dhArmika bhAvanA ke pracAra kI dRSTi se likhe gaye kAvyoM meM kAvyatva kucha daba sA jAtA hai / ataeva isa bhAvanA se rahita kAvyoM meM sAhityika rUpa aura kAvyatva adhika prasphuTita sakA hai| isa prakAra ke kAvya hameM do rUyoM meM upalabdha hote haiM - eka isa prakAra ke kAvya jinameM zuddha aihalaukika bhAvanA se prerita ho kavi ne kisI laukika jIvana se saMbaddha ghaTanA ko aMkita kiyA hai aura dUsare isa prakAra ke kAvya jo aitihAsika tatva se mizrita hai, jisameM dhArmika yA paurANika nAyaka ke sthAna para kisI rAjA ke guNoM aura parAkramoM kA varNana hai aura usI kI prazaMsA meM kavi ne kAvya racA hai / isa dRSTi bheda se hamAre sAmane tIna prakAra ke khaMDa kAvya haiM / 1. zuddha dhArmika dRSTi se likhe gaye kAvya, jinameM kisI dhArmika yA paurANika mahApuruSa ke carita kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai / 2. dhArmika dRSTikoNa se rahita aihalaukika bhAvanA se yukta kAvya, jinameM kisI laukika ghaTanA kA varNana hai / 3. dhArmika yA sAmpradAyika bhAvanA se rahita kAvya, jinameM kisI rAjA ke carita kA varNana hai / inameM prathama prakAra ke khaMDa kAvya pracuratA se milate haiM / unhIM kA varNana isa adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| zeSa do prakAra ke khaMDa kAvyoM kA varNana agale adhyAyoM meM kiyA jAyagA /
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________________ 130 apabhraMza-sAhitya NAya kumAra cariu'(nAgakumAracarita) yaha kavi puSpadaMta dvArA racA huA hai saMdhiyoM kA khaMDa kAvya hai| kavi sarasvatI kI vaMdanA se graMtha kA Arambha karatA hai| graMtha mAnya kheTa ke rAjA ke maMtrI nanna kI preraNA se likhA gyaa| kavi magadha deza, rAjagRha aura vahA~ ke rAjA zreNika kA kAvyamaya zailI meM varNana kara batalAtA hai ki eka bAra tIrthaMkara mahAvIra rAjagRha meM gaye aura vahA~ rAjA zreNika ne unakI sevA meM upasthita ho zrI paMcamI vrata kA mAhAtmya puuchaa| mahAvIra ke ziSya gautama unake AdezAnusAra vrata se saMbaddha kathA kahate haiN| kathAnaka-prAcIna kAla meM magadha deza meM kanakapura nAma kA eka nagara thaa| vahA~ jayandhara nAma kA rAjA apanI strI vizAlanetrA aura putra zrIdhara ke sAtha rAjya karatA thaa| eka dina vAsava nAmaka eka vyApArI apanI vyApAra sambandhI yAtrA se lauTatA huA kanakapura meM aneka upahAroM ke sAtha rAjA kI sevA meM upasthita hotA hai| una bahumUlya upahAroM meM saurASTra ke, giri nagara ke rAjA kI lar3akI kA bhI eka citra thaa| rAjA usa citra ko dekha usa lakar3I para mugdha ho jAtA hai aura pUchane para use patA calatA hai ki giranagararAja usa lar3akI kA vivAha rAjA jayandhara se karanA cAhatA hai| yaha samAcAra suna rAjA apane maMtrI ko aura usa vyApArI ko aneka upahAroM ke sAtha giri nagara bhejatA hai| ve rAjakumArI ko kanakapura lAte haiM aura dhUmadhAma se vivAha saMpanna hotA hai (1) rAjA donoM rAniyoM ke sAtha krIDodyAna meM jAtA hai / navAgatA vadhU pRthvI devI apanI sapatnI ke vaibhava ko dekha AzcaryAnvita ho jAtI hai aura kahatI hai sukkhaI dujjaNahaM Niya sajjaNahaM dukkhaiM upari plottttii| jehiM NihAliyaI NayaNaI piyaI tAI ki Na hali phuttttiN|| he sakhi ! jina nayanoM ne durjanoM ke Upara patita sukhoM aura nija sajjanoM ke Upara patita daHkhoM ko nihArA ve priya netra kyoM na phaTa gaye? IrSyA se pRthvI devI udyAna meM na jAkara jina maMdira meM jAtI hai / vahA~ muni pihitAzrava use dharmopadeza dete haiM aura bhaviSya vANI karate haiM ki usake eka putra hogaa| samayAnusAra putra utpanna hotA hai / janmotsava manAyA jAtA hai / mAtA-pitA jina maMdira meM jAte haiM aura dvAra ko baMda pAte haiN| putra ke caraNa sparza se daravAjA khula jAtA hai| jaba ve donoM jina kI pUjA meM lIna the aura striyAM krIDodyAna meM bacce ke sAtha thIM, akasmAt bAlaka eka kue~ meM gira jAtA hai / cAroM ora zora maca jAtA hai| putra ke lie mA~ bhI kueM meM kUda par3atI hai| vahA~ nAga bAlaka kI rakSA karatA hai ataeva usakA nAma nAga kumAra rakhA jAtA hai (2) / 1. pro0 hIrAlAla jaina dvArA saMpAdita, balAtkAragaNa jaina pablikezana sosAiTI kAraMjA, barAra se san 1933 meM prakAzita /
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________________ apabhraMza - khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 131 nAga kumAra ko aneka vidyAe~ aura kalAyeM sikhAI jAtI haiN| dhIre-dhIre nAga kumAra yuvAvasthA meM praveza karatA hai / usake sauMdarya se aisA pratIta hotA hai mAno sAkSAt kAma deva ho pekas jahi jahi je jaNu taha taha ji sulakkhaNa bhariyau / ares kAI kai jage vammahu saI avayariyau // 3.4.16 kAlAntara meM nAgakumAra kinnarI aura manoharI nAmaka paMcasugandhinI kI kanyAoM se vivAha kara letA hai / eka dina nAga kumAra apanI striyoM ke sAtha eka sarovara para jalakrIr3A ke lie jAtA hai / usakI mAtA snAnAnantara pahirane ke kapar3e dene ke lie jAtI hai / usakI sapatnI vizAlanetrA avasara pAkara rAjA kA mana bhara detI hai - dekho tumhArI pyArI strI apane priyatama ke pAsa jA rahI hai| rAjA usakA pIchA karatA hai aura use patA calatA hai ki yaha saba vizAlanetrA kA prapaMca hai aura use vyartha doSAropaNa ke lie sir ser hai / kintu sAtha hI pRthvI devI ko Adeza detA hai ki apane putra ke sAtha bAhara ghUmane phirane na nikale / rAnI ise apamAna samajhatI haiM aura pratIkAra bhAvanA se prerita ho apane putra ko rAjadhAnI ke cAroM ora hAthI para savAra kara ghumAtI hai / rAjA rAnI ke isa anAdara-sUcaka vyavahAra se usake sAre gahane chIna kara use daMDita karatA hai / nAga kumAra ko yaha bahuta burA lagatA hai aura vaha dyUtakrIr3A meM jIte aneka suvarNAlaMkAroM aura ratnoM se use bhUSita karatA hai / usakI dyUta cAturI kA patA lagane para rAjA bhI usase jUA khelanA cAhatA hai / nAgakumAra rAjA ko bhI harA detA hai aura usakA saba dhana ityAdi jIta letA hai / kintu pIche se vaha saba kucha apane pitA htauTA detA hai aura apanI mAtA ko pUrvavat svataMtra karA letA hai / eka dina nAgakumAra eka uddhata ghor3e ko apane vaza meM kara letA hai / zrIdhara usake balaparAkrama ko dekhakara apane yauvarAjya kI icchA chor3akara usase IrSyA karane lagatA hai / eka dina atIva uddhata aura balI hAthI ko vaza meM karake nAgakumAra sabako Azcarya - cakita kara detA hai (3) / zrIdhara nAgakumAra ko mArane kA phira bhI prayatna karatA hai kintu saphala nahIM ho pAtA / cauthI saMdhi se lekara AThavIM saMdhi taka nAgakumAra ke aneka vIra karmoM aura camatkAroM kA varNana hai / vaha aneka rAjakumAriyoM ko dUsare rAjAoM ke bandhana se mukta karAtA hai / aneka rAjakumAriyoM kA uddhAra karatA hai aura aneka ke sAtha vivAha karatA hai / aneka rAjAoM ko yuddha meM parAjita karatA hai / antima saMdhi meM nAgakumAra rAja kumArI madanamaMjUSA se vivAha karatA hai / vijayaMghara lar3akI rAjakumArI lakSmImatI se bhI vivAha hotA hai / isake sAtha nAgakumAra kA pragAr3ha sneha thA / muni pihitAzrava aneka dArzanika siddhAntoM aura dhArmika upadezoM kA pAna karate haiM / anta meM nAgakumAra muni se lakSmImatI ke sAtha nija pragADha prema kA kAraNa pUchate haiN| muni isa prasaMga meM nAgakumAra ke pUrva janma kI kathA batAte haiM aura isI
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________________ 132 apabhraMza-sAhitya sambandha meM zrI paMcamI vrata kA mAhAtmya varNana karate haiN| pUrva janma meM nAgakumAra isI vrata kA pAlana karate hue mara gaye / pariNAmasvarUpa devatva ko prApta ho gaye / kintu zokAtura mAtA pitA ko sAntvanA dene ke lie phira pRthvI para aaye| taba se vaha bhI dharma meM rata ho gaye aura pariNAmataH unhoMne mokSa prApta kiyA / lakSmImatI unakI pUrva janma kI strI thii| muni isake bAda vrata pAlana ke prakAra kA varNana karate haiN| isI prasaMga meM jayaMdhara mantrI ghara se AtA hai aura nAgakumAra apane ghara lauTate haiN| vahAM pitA unakA Adara sanmAna karatA hai| aneka varSoM taka apanI agaNita striyoM ke sAtha Ananda se jIvana bitAte hue aura rAjya bhogate hue anta meM tapasvI ho jAte haiM aura punaH mokSa prApta karate haiN| kayAnaka meM citradarzana se premotpatti kA nirdeza kavi ne kiyA hai| nAyaka ke aneka rAjakumAriyoM se sAtha vivAha kA varNana, usa dhArmika vAtAvaraNa ke anukUla nahIM jisakA citra kavi upasthita karanA cAhatA hai| nAgakumAra ke kue~ meM gira jAne para usake mAtA pitA ke hRdA meM jisa zoka kI gurutA apekSita thI usakA abhAva hai / nAgakumAra ke kazmIra meM jAne para nAgakumAra ko dekhakara puravadhuoM kI mAnasika ghabarAhaTa kI avasthA kA kavi ne sundara varNana kiyA hai kintu kazmIra kI zobhA ke varNana kA abhAva hI hai| kavi kI bahujJatA--kavi ke pAMDitya aura bahujJatva kA paryApta AbhAsa isake mahA purANa se hI mila cukA hai / ima kAvya meM bhI aneka nirdezoM se kavi ke bahujJatva kA jJAna hotA hai / ' 9vIM saMdhi meM kavi ne aneka dArzanika aura dhArmika vicAroM se apanA paricaya prakaTa kiyA hai / aneka hindU aura bauddha dharmoM ke siddhAntoM evaM tathyoM kA nirdeza aura Alocana kavi ne kiyA hai| kavi ne (9. 5-11 meM) sAMkhya, mImAMsA, kSaNikavAda, zUnyavAda Adi bhAratIya dharma ke bhinna-bhinna darzanoM aura unameM se kucha ke pravartakoMkapila, akSapAda, kaNacara aura sugata--kA nirdeza kiyA hai / 9. 11 meM bRhaspati ke nAstikavAda kA nirdeza kiyA hai / kAvyagata saundarya evaM alaMkAroM ke lie purANoM meM se aneka paurANika prasaMgoM kA sahArA liyA hai / ziva dvArA kAmadAha (8. 6. 2), brahmA ke sira kA kATanA (9. 7. 5), varAhAvatAra meM viSNu dvArA pRthvI kA uddhAra (1.4.8), devatAoM dvArA samudra manthana (1. 4. 10), zeSanAga ke sira para pRthvI kI sthiti (7. 1. 6) Adi paurANika upAkhyAnoM kA kavi ko jJAna thaa| rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke pAtroM aura kathA prasaMgoM kA bhI itastata: nirdeza milatA hai / hanUmAn, gAMgeya, yudhiSThira, aura karNa kA (1. 4), kurubala (4. 10. 17) aura paMca pAMDavoM (8. 15. 1) kA bhI nirdeza milatA hai / lakSmaNa dvArA rAvaNa kI mRtyu kA nirdeza (3. 14. 5) jaina dharmAnukUla rAma kathA ke anusAra hai| kavi ne tIna buddhiyoM, tIna zaktiyoM, paMcAMga mantra, ari SaDvarga, sAta rAjyAMgoM 1. dekhiye nAgakumAra cariu kI bhuumikaa|
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 133 kA (1. 8. 1-7) bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| isase kavi ke (kAmandakIya) nIti sAra, (kauTilyIya) arthazAstra Adi nIti graMthoM ke adhyayana kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / kahIM kahIM zleSa aura upamA meM kavi ne rAzi, nakSatra, graha Adi kA (3. 17. 12) prayoga kiyA hai / isase pratIta hotA hai ki kavi ne jyotiSa zAstra kA bhI adhyayana kiyA thaa| pAtra--nAgakumAra, nAgakumAra kA pitA jayandhara, usakI mAtA pRthvIdevI vimAtA vizAla netrA, sautelA bhAI zrIdhara, muni pihitAzrava aura lakSmImatI hI isa kAvya meM mukhya pAtra haiN| kathA kA nAyaka nAgakumAra hai| nAyaka bahupatnIka hai| aneka patniyAM meM se lakSmImatI ke sAtha adhika anurakta hai| nAgakumAra kA sautelA bhAI zrIdhara pratinAyaka hai| ___ ina saba pAtroM meM nAgakumAra kA caritra hI kavi ne bhalIbhA~ti citrita kiyA hai| anya pAtroM ke caritra citraNa kI ora kavi ne dhyAna nahIM diyaa| kavi ne nAgakumAra meM dhIratA, mAtRbhakti, zaurya, sAhasa Adi gaNoM kI vyaMjanA sandaratA se kI hai| pratinAyaka zrIvara ke caritra kA vikAsa nahIM dikhAI detaa| yadi zrIdhara ko sautele bhAI meM pAI jAne vAlI IrSyA se abhibhUta, yauvarAjya pada kI prApti kA adhikArI, eka balavAn pratipakSI dikhAyA jAtA to zrIdhara ke caritra-vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha nAgakumAra kA caritra bhI adhika ujjvala aura svAbhAvika ho jaataa| muni pihitAzrava ke caritra meM bhI kisI prakAra kA vikAsa nahIM / yadi muni ke upadeza ke prabhAva se nAga kumAra ke caritra kI dizA parivartita hotI to sambhavataH muni prihitAzrava ke caritra kA mahattva hotA kintu kavi ne nAgakumAra ke pUrva janma kI dhArmika bhAvanA ko hI usake ucca jIvana kA kAraNa batAkara muni ke caritra-vikAsa kA avakAza hI nahIM rkhaa| ___ rasa--kavi ne graMtha meM nAgakumAra ke saundarya aura parAkrama kA sundara digdarzana karAyA hai| kavi ne nAgakumAra kA caritra aMkita karate hue usameM jina guNoM kA mahatva dikhAyA hai, una saba kA kAraNa nAgakumAra kI dhArmika bhAvanA hI hai| pUrva janma meM zrI paMcamIvrata ke anuSThAna ke kAraNa nAgakumAra ko devatva prApti hotI hai| nAgakumAra ko kavi ne vIra rasa kA Azraya dikhAyA hai| yaha vIra rasa zRMgAra se paripuSTa hai| nAgakumAra ke saundarya aura zaurya ko dekha kara mohita huI huI striyoM ke hRdaya kI udvignatA kA kavi ne sundara varNana kiyA hai| aneka sundariyA~ bhI usake sAmane Atma-samarpaNa kara zetI haiN| nAgakumAra ke zaurya se udbhUta nArI hRdaya ke prema kI vyaMjanA kavi ne sthAnasthAna para kI hai / aise sthaloM para zRMgAra rasa vIra rasa ko samRddha karatA hai| kAvya meM aneka sthaloM para nArI kA manohara varNana kiyA gayA hai| - yuddha kA varNana 4.9 meM milatA hai| yuddha yAtrA ke varNana (7. 5) meM chaMda kI gati aura zabda-yojanA dvArA nAda sauMdarya ko utpanna kara vIratA kI vyaMjanA kI gaI hai| varNana meM dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM ke prayoga se sauMdarya aura bhI bar3ha gayA hai| senA ke
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya saMcalana se gharaNI vi saMbalai maMdara vi TalaTalai jalaNihi vi jhalajhalai visaharu vi calacalai jigi jigiya khaggAiM Niddaliya maggAI graMtha meM kavitva ke prAcurya kI apekSA ghaTanA kA prAcurya hai / kavi kA varNya viSaya dhArmika bhAvanA kA prasAra hai ataeva aneka alaukika ghaTanAoM aura camatkAroM kA bhI samAveza ho gayA hai / vaise to saMpUrNa jaina sAhitya iMdrajAla, jAdU, alaukika ghaTanAoM, camatkAroM Adi se paripUrNa hai|' yadyapi kathApravAha meM zithilatA hai tathApi aneka sthaloM para kAvyamaya saundarya ke darzana ho jAte haiM / __ jalakrIr3A varNana kI paripATI prAkRta kaviyoM meM bhI dikhAI detI hai| rAjA loga digvijaya karate hue zatru ko parAbhUta kara usakI vApiyoM meM zatru ke rAjA kI rAniyoM ke sAtha snAna karate the| puSpadanta kA jalakrIr3A varNana bhI svAbhAvika aura sajIva hai| zabdoM meM citrolAdana kI zakti hai| gayaNivasaNa taNu jale lhikkAvai adbhumillu kAvi thaNu dAvai / paumaNi dala jala biMdu vi joyai kAvi tahi ji hArAvali ddhoyi| kAvi taraMgahi tivaliu lakkhai sAricchau taho suhayaho akkhi| kAhe vi mahuyaru parimala bahalaho kamalu muevi jAi muha kmlho| suhama jAlollu diTTha uhamaggau kAhe vi aMbara aMgi vilggu| kAhe vi upariyaNu jale cholai pANiya challi va lou nnihaali| arthAt koI strI lajjA ke kAraNa apane vastra rahita zarIra ko jala meM nilIna kara rahI hai / koI ardhonmIlita stana kA pradarzana kara rahI hai| koI hArAvalI ko dhAraNa karatI huI jala bindu yukta patra ke samAna pratIta ho rahI hai| koI taraMgoM se trivaliyukta pratIta ho rahI hai / bhramara kamala ko chor3akara kisI ke sugandhabahala mukha para baiTha rahA hai| kisI kA zarIra lagna jalArdra vastra AkAza ke megha ke samAna pratIta ho rahA hai| kisI ke jalagata dupaTTe ko loka jala para nIhAra ke samAna dekha rahA hai / bhAva vyaMjanA-mAnava hRdaya ke bhAvoM kA vizleSaNa bhI kavi bhalI bhA~ti kara sakA hai / nAgakumAra ke kazmIra jAne para use dekha kara pura vadhuoM ke mana kI ghabarAhaTa kA 1. dekhiye iMDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI, bhAga 15, pR0 175 para pro0 kAliyAda __ mitra kA lekh| 2. lihakkAvai---nilIna karanA, chipAnA / dAvai--dikhAtI hai| sAricchau--- sAdRzya / akkhai--kahA jAtA hai| suhama--sUkSma / jlollu-jlaaii| uppariyaNu--upari aadhrnn| NihIlai--nihAranA, dekhnaa|
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________________ apabhraMza - khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 135. sundara varNana kavi ne kiyA hai / koI strI ghabarAI huI ghara meM Aye jA mAtA ke pairoM meM par3atI hai, jala ke sthAna para ghI se usake para dhotI hai / koI apane bacce kI cintA meM billI ke bacce ko hI lekara cala par3atI hai / koI pAnI ko matha rahI hai, koI binA sUtra ke hI mAlA guMthatI hai / ityAdi kAvi kaMta jhUravaha ducittI kAvi aNaMga palopaNe rattI / poeM paDai mUDha jAmAyaho dhoyai pAya gharaM gharu Ayaho / dhivas tellu pANiu maggeSpiNa kuThu pei chuDDu dAru bhaNeSpiNu / a aNNa maNa DiMbhu citeppiNu gaya majjAyara pillau leppiNa | dhUvai khIru kAvi jala maMthada kAvi asuttau mAlau guMthai / Dhoyai suhayaho suhaI jaNerI bhAsai hauM piya dAsi tuhArI / (5.9) prakRti varNana - prakRti varNana meM koI navInatA nahIM dikhAI detI / nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM bANa kI zailI ke anurUpa kavi ne vaTa vRkSa kI satpuruSa se samAnatA dikhAI hai / yahA~ zabdagata sAmya ke atirikta anya koI sAmya nhiiN| navInacitrotpAdinI kalpanA kA abhAva hai | sampurisu va yira mUlAhiThANa sappurisu va akusumaphala NihANu / sappurisu va kai sevijjamANu sappurisu va diya vara diNNa dANu // sappurisu va parasaMtAvahAri sappurisu va pattaddharaNa kAri / sappurisu va tahiM vaDa viDavi atthi jahaM karai gaMDa kaMDuyaNa hatthi / ( 8.9.1 - 4 ) bhASA -- bhASA meM sauMdarya lAne ke lie kavi ne sthala sthala para upamA, zleSAdi alaMkAroM kA prayoga kiyA hai / alaMkAroM meM kavi ne paramparAgata upamAnoM kA hI prayoga na kara navIna upamAnoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA jisase kavi kI nirIkSaNazakti aura anubhava kA AbhAsa milatA hai / rAjagRha kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA haitahi puravaru NAmeM rAyagihu kaNaya rayaNa koDihi bali vaMDa dharaMtahI suravaihiM NaM suraNayaru gayaNa hai ghaDiu | paDiu // 1.6 arthAt usa deza meM rAja gRha nAma kA koTi kanaka- ratnoM se ghaTita sundara nagara thA / mAno suranagara surapati ke prayatnapUrvaka roke jAne ho / sundara kalpanA hai / apabhraMza kaviyoM ko yaha para isakA prayoga dikhAI detA hai / para bhI haThAt AkAza se gira par3A kalpanA atIva priya thI / aneka sthaloM kavi kI aneka upamAyeM nitAnta navIna aura iSa ati priya the / kucha alaMkAroM ke udAharaNa nIce upamA taDiyaiM dUsaiM bahu muMDaviyau muMDiyAu dAsI jiha thakyiu maulika haiM / kavi ko yamaka aura diye jAte haiM 7.1.15
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya nAga kumAra kI chAvanI meM gar3e tambU aise pratIta hote the jaise muNDita dAsiyAM sthita hoN| nAgakumAra lakSmImatI ko isa prakAra cAhatA jaise bhikhArI brAhmaNa saMkrAnti ko (9. 2. 6) / nAgakumAra isI prakAra lakSmImatI-priya thA jisa prakAra vaiyAkaraNa niruktipriya hotA hai (9. 2. 9) / ___ isI prakAra yamaka (1. 10), vyatireka (1. 4) Adi kA bhI kavi ne sundaratA se prayoga kiyA hai| zabdoM kI AvRtti dvArA kriyA ke paunaHpunya ko dikhAte hue bhASA ko balavatI banAne kA prayatna nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM dikhAI detA hai tA dakkhAliu maddhahe jaravara gaM kAmeM ghaNu guNa saMviya sr| piya viraheM maNu dukkhai dukkhai suThTha muhullau sukkai sukki| aMga aNaMgeM tappai tappai daMsaNe raijalu chippai chippi| kavi kI prasAda guNa yukta racanA kA udAharaNa nimnilikhita uddharaNa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai sohai jalaharu suradhaNu chAyae sohai Naravaru saccae baaye| sohai kaiyaNu kahae subaddhae sohai sAhau vijjae siddhe| sohai muNi variMdu maNasuddhie sohai mahivai Nimmala buddhie| sohai maMti maMta vihi viTThie sohai kiMkaru asinvara ltttthie| sohai pAusu sAsa samiddhie sohai vihau sapariyaNa riddhie| sohai mANusu guNa saMpattie sohai kajjAraMbhu smttie| sohai mahilahu kusumiya sAhae sohai suhaDu suporisa raahe| sohai mAhau urayala lacchie sohai varu bahuyae dhvlcchie| sAmAjika avasthA-nAga kumAra ke adhyayana se tatkAlIna rAjAoM ke jIvana aura rahana-sahana para acchA prakAza par3atA hai / rAjA bahu-patnIka hote the| jayandhara ne vizAla netrA ke hote hue bhI pRthvI devI se vivAha kara liyA thA, yadyapi usakA zrIdhara nAmaka putra bhI vartamAna thaa| rAniyoM meM IrSyA svAbhAvika hotI hI thii| vivAha ke samaya lar3akI U~ce gharAne kI hI ho aisA vicAra rAjakumAra na karate the| akulIna kula se bhI lar3akI ko lene meM doSa na samajhA jAtA thA / NAya kumAra kA prathama vivAha do nataMkiyoM se huA aura NAya kumAra ke pitA ne svayaM isakI anumati dI thI aura kahA thA"akulINu vi thIrayaNa laijjai" 3.7.8 kSatriyoM-rAjAoM meM saMbhavataH mAmA kI lar3akI se vivAha doSayukta na mAnA jAtA thA / NAya kumAra ke mAmA ne apanI lar3akI kA apane bhaginI putra ke sAya vivAha karane kA saMkalpa kiyA thA (7. 4. 5.) / isI prakAra pratIta hotA hai ki rAjAoM meM vivAha ke
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) lie vadhU ko vara ke ghara le jAne kI prathA pracalita thii| pRthvI devI vivAha ke lie giri nagara se kanakapura lAI gaI thI (1. 17. 1.) / isI taraha kAnya kubja ke rAjA vinayapAla kI putrI rAjakumArI zIlavatI ko jaba ki vaha rAjA harivarma ke sAtha vivAha ke lie siMhapura le jAI jA rahI thI to bIca meM hI mathurA ke rAjA ne hara liyA thA (5. 2. 13) / saMgIta-nRtya, gIta aura vAdya-kalA rAjakumAra aura rAjakumAriyoM kI zikSA kA Avazyaka aMga thii| rAjakumArI inhIM ke AdhAra para vara ko cunA karatI thii| kAzmIra kI rAjakumArI ne NAyakamAra se tabhI vivAha kiyA thA jaba usane AlApinI bajAne meM apanI caturatA kA paricaya diyA thA (5.7. 11) / isI prakAra meghapura kI rAjakumArI ne bhI NAyakumAra kI mRdaMga cAturI ke kAraNa hI usase vivAha kiyA thA (8. 7. 7.) / nAgakumAra ne svayaM vINA bajAI aura usa para usakI tIna rAniyoM ne jina maMdira meM nRtya kiyA (5. 11. 12) / jaba jayandhara kA pRthvIdevI ke sAtha vivAha huA to pura nAriyoM ne nRtya kiyA (1. 18. 2) / ___ manoraMjana ke sAdhana krIr3odyAna yA jala krIr3A the| rAjakumAra antaHpuravAsiyoM ke sAtha ina sthAnoM para jAkara apanA dila bahalAte the| kavi ke samaya samAja meM juA khelane kI prathA thI / isa khela ke lie dyUtagRha (TiMTA) bane hue the (3. 12) / dhana upArjana ke lie bhI isakA Azraya liyA jAtA thA jaise nAgakumAra ne kiyA thaa| NAyakumAra ke pitA kA vicAra thA ki"devAsurahaM maNoraha gArau akkhajUu jaNamaNahaM piyArau" / 3.13.9 graMtha meM svapna jJAna aura zakuna jJAna kA vicAra hai| pRthvI devI ne svapna meM hAthI, siMha, samudra, candra, sUrya aura kamala sara dekhaa| muni pihitAzrava ne isakA phala putrotpatti btaayaa| isase pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya loga svapnajJAna meM vizvAsa karate the / loga maMtra, taMtrAdi meM bhI vizvAsa karate the / nAgakumAra ko indra jAla, ripustaMbhana, mohana Adi vidyAeM sikhAI gaI thIM (3. 1 12) / ___ loga sAdhu saMtoM kI bhaviSyavANI para pUrA vizvAsa kiyA karate the| camatkAra ke ghaTita hone para bhI logoM ko vizvAsa thaa| alaukika ghaTanAoM se sArA kAvya bharA par3A hai| jasahara cariu' ___ kavi puSpadanta dvArA cAri saMdhiyoM meM racA huA kAvya hai / jasahara yA yazodhara kI kathA jaina sAhitya meM bahuta prasiddha hai| isakA caritra isake pUrva bhI aneka jaina kaviyoM ne 1. DA0 parazurAma lakSmaNa vaidya dvArA saMpAdita, kAraMjA jaina pablikezana sosAyaTI, kAraMjA, barAra se 1931 I0 meM prakAzita /
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________________ 138 apabhraMza-sAhitya saMskRta meM varNita kiyA hai| vAdirAja kRta yazodharA caritra, somadeva kRta yazastilaka campU, mANikya-sUri kRta yazodhara carita saba meM yazodhara kI kathA kA hI varNana milatA hai| kayAnaka jasahara cariu kI kathA isa prakAra hai mAridatta nAmaka rAjA ne bhairavAnanda nAmaka kApATikAcArya se divyazakti dene kI prArthanA kI / bhairavAcArya ne etadartha rAjA ko saba prANiyoM ke jor3oM kI bali dekara devI caMDamArI kI pUjA karane ko khaa| saba prANiyoM ke jor3e mila gaye kintu manuSya kA jor3A na milane para rAjakarmacArI, sudatta nAmaka jaina-bhikSu ke abhaya ruci aura abhayamati nAmaka kSullaka zreNI ke do ziSyoM ko pakar3a kara devI ke maMdira meM le gaye / rAjA unheM dekha bahuta prabhAvita huA aura pUchane lagA ki isa choTI sI avasthA meM hI kaise tapasvI ho gaye / kSullaka bAlaka bolA.. janmAntara meM ujjayinI meM yazoha nAmaka rAjA aura candramati rAnI ke yazodhara nAmaka putra thaa| yuvAvasthA meM amRtamati nAmaka rAjakumArI se vivAha kara, pitA ke virakta ho jAne para, vaha rAjya karane lagA (1) / yazodhara bhoga vilAsamaya jIvana vyatIta karatA thaa| eka rAta apanI rAnI ke durAcaraNa ke dRzya se vikSubdha ho usane rAjagaddI chor3a virakta honA cAhA / usane apanI mAtA se kahA-maiMne rAta ko eka duHsvapna dekhA hai yA to mujhe ekadama bhikSu ho jAnA cAhie yA maiM mara jAU~gA / mAtA ne duHsvapna ke prabhAva ko dUra karane ke lie devI ko pazu bali dene kA prastAva kiyaa| rAjA ke virodha karane para pazu bali ke badale ATe ke bane murge kI bali dI gii| kintu rAjA kA citta zAnta na huA, usane vanavAsa kA nizcaya kiyaa| vana meM jAne se pUrva usakI rAnI amRtamati ne dhokhe se usako aura usakI mAtA ko viSa dekara mAra diyA / yazodhara ke putra jasavaI ne zokAtura ho apane pitA aura dAdI kA rAjamaryAdocita vibhUti ke sAtha saMskAra kiyA tAki bhaviSya meM unakA maMgala ho / kintu eka kRtrima murge kI bali ke kAraNa Ane vAle janma meM rAjA yazodhara eka mora ke rUpa meM aura usakI mAtA eka kutte ke rUpa meM utpanna huii| usake bAda dUsare janma meM ve kramazaH nakula aura sarpa ke rUpa meM utpanna hue (2) / janmAntara meM ve kramazaH magaramaccha aura machalI, bakarA aura bakarI, murgA aura murgI rUpoM meM utpanna hue / anta meM rAjA dvArA mAre jAne para usake putra putrI ke jor3e ke rUpa meM utpanna hue| jor3e meM se putra kA nAma abhayaruci aura putrI kA nAma abhayamati huaa| kAlAntara meM jasavaI sudatta nAmaka jana bhikSu se prabhAvita ho virakta ho gyaa| usane bhikSu se apane pitA, mAtA tathA dAdI ke viSaya meM prazna kiyA / bhikSu ne unake aneka janmoM kA vivaraNa dete hue batAyA ki abhayaruci aura abhayamati usake pUrva janma ke pitA aura dAdI haiM usakI mAtA pAMcaveM naraka meM hai (3) / yaha saba sunakara rAjA jasavaI ne bhikSu bananA caahaa| abhayaruci aura abhayamati ne bhI yahI vicAra prakaTa kiyA kintu avasthA meM kama hone ke kAraNa sudatta ne unheM
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 139 kSullaka hI rahane kA Adeza diyaa| ina zabdoM ke sAtha abhayaraci ne kathA samApta karate hue kahA ki hama isa prakAra bhikSA ke lie nagara meM bhramaNa kara rahe the jaba ki rAja karmacAriyoM ne hameM pakar3a kara maMdira meM lA khar3A kiyaa| ___ anta meM rAjA mAridatta aura bhairavAnanda kI pUrva janma kI kathA batAte hue unheM bhI jaina dharma meM dIkSita kiyA gayA / kAlAntara meM abhayaruci aura abhayamati bhI bhikSu aura bhikSuNI ho pAvana jIvana vyatIta karate hue devatva ko prApta hue| isa graMtha meM na to kAvyatva kI pracuratA hai aura na ghaTanA kI vibhinnatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| kavi ne jasahara aura usakI mAtA candramati ke aneka janmoM kI kathA ke varNana dvArA jaina dharma kA mahatva pratipAdita kiyA hai / kavi ne apanI dhArmika bhAvanA ko kAvyatva se mar3hakara janatA ke sAmane rakhane kA prayatna kiyA hai / dhArmika bhAvanA kI pracuratA ke kAraNa kahIM kahIM kathA meM alaukika tattvoM kA samAveza ho gayA hai / isI kAraNa kathA meM sarasatA nahIM A skii| jasahara aura usakI mAtA candramati ne bhinna-bhinna janmoM meM bhinna-bhinna pazu pakSiyoM kI yoni meM janma liyaa| isa prakAra prakRti jagat ke pazu pakSiyoM ke prati bhI mAnava hRdaya meM sahAnubhUti utpanna karane kA prayatna graMtha meM kiyA gayA hai / jasahara aura usakI mAtA kA ina bhinna-bhinna yoniyoM meM janma lene kA kAraNa yaha thA ki jasahara kI mAtA ne paza kI bali dene kA prastAva kiyA thA aura jasahara ne vAstavika prANI ke sthAna para ATe ke bane murge kI bali dene kA vicAra prakaTa kiyaa| isake phalasvarUpa donoM ko aneka janmoM taka pazu aura pakSI kI yoni meM bhaTakanA par3A / evaM isa kathA dvArA mAnava hRdaya meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA pracAra kavi ko abhISTa pratIta hotA hai| prabandha kalpanA kyoMki eka sImita dRSTikoNa se kI gaI hai ataeva pAtroM ke caritra kA citraNa bhI bhalI-bhA~ti nahIM ho skaa| vastu varNana---yadyapi graMtha meM na to kathA kA pUrNa rUpa se vikAsa ho sakA hai| aura na rasa kA pUrNa rUpa se paripAka tathApi aneka sthala kAvya kI dRSTi se rocaka haiN| yaudheya deza kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hainoheyau NAmi atthi desu NaM dharaNie dhariyau divvvesu| jahiM calaiM jalAI savinbhamAiM NaM kAmiNikulaiM svinbhmaaiN| kusumiya phaliyaiMjahi uvavaNAiM gaM mahi kAmiNiNava jovnnaaii| meyara romayaNa caliya gaMDa jahiM suhi NisaNNa gomahisi sNdd| jahiM ucchavaNaiM rasa vaMsirAiM NaM pavaNa vaseNa pcciraaiN| nahi kagabhara paNaviya pikka sAli jahi dIsai sayadalu sadalu saali| jahiM kaNisu kIra richoli cuNai gaha vai suyAhi paDivayaNu bhnni| jahiM diNNu kaNNu vaNi mayauleNa govAla geya raMjiya maNeNa / ' 1.3.1-14 1. suhi-sukha se| rasa daMsirAiM--rasa se sundr| paNaviya--praNamita, jhuke
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________________ 140 apabhraMza-sAhitya __ arthAt yaudheya nAma kA deza aisA hai mAno pRthvI ne divya veza dhAraNa kiyA ho| jahA~ jala aise gatizIla haiM mAno kAminiyA~ lIlA se gati kara rahI hoN| jahA~ upakna kusumita aura phalayukta haiM mAno pRthvI vadhU ne navayauvana dhAraNa kiyA ho / jahA~ gaue~ aura seM sukha bhaiMse baiThI haiM jinake dhIre-dhIre romantha karane se gaMDasthala hila rahe haiM / jahA~ Ikha ke kheta rasa se sundara haiM aura mAnoM havA se nAca rahe haiM / jahA~ dAnoM ke bhAra se jhuke hue pakvazAlI khar3e haiN| jahA~ zatadala kamala pattoM evaM bhauroM se sahita haiN| jahA~ totoM kI paMkti dAnoM ko cuga rahI hai / . . . . . * jahA~ jaMgala meM mRgoM ke jhuNDa gvAloM se gAye jAte gAnoM ko prasanna mana ho suna rahe haiN| isI prakAra pRSTha 4-5 para kavi ne rAjapura kA varNana kiyA hai| ina saba varNanoM meM kavi ne mAnava jIvana ko achUtA nahIM chodd'aa| kavi kI dRSTi nagaroM ke bhoga-vilAsamaya jIvana ko hI ora nahIM rahI apitu grAmavAsiyoM ke svAbhAvika, sarala aura madhura jIvana kI ora bhI gaI hai| gvAlabAloM ke gIta, gau-maisoM kA romanya, Ikha ke kheta, Adi dRzya isI bAta kI ora saMketa karate haiN| avantI kA varNana bar3A sarasa aura svAbhAvika hai| etyatthi avaMtINAma visau mahibahu bhuMjAviya jeNa visu| pattA-NavaMtahi gAhiM biDalArAmahi saravara kamalahiM lacchisahi / galakala kekArahiM haMsahi morahiM maMDiya jetyu suhAi mhi|| jahi cunacumaMti keyAra kIra vara kalama sAli surahiya samora / hue| pikka---pakva / sAli-ali sahita, mamara yukt| richoli paMkti / maya ula--maga kul| 1. ghatA-rAyauru maNoharu rayaNaMciya ghara tahiM puravara pavaNukhayahiM / calaciyahi miliyahi Nahayali dhuliyahiM chivai va saggu syNbhuahiN|| jaM chaNNauM sarasahi uvavarNehiM gaM viddhauM vammaha maggaNehi / kayasahi kaNNasuhAvarahiM kaNai va surahara pArAvarahi / gaya vara dANolliya vAhiyAli jahiM sohai cira pavasiya piyaali| sarahaMsaI jahiM Neura raveNa mau cikkamati juvaI phenn| jaM Niva bhuyA si vara NimmaleNa aNNu vi duggau parihA jlenn| paDikhaliya vairi tomara jhaseNa paMDura pAyAri NaM jaseNa / NaM veDhiu vahusobhagga bhAru NaM puMjIkaya saMsAra saar| jahiM viluliya maragaya toraNAiM caudAraiM NaM puraannnnaaii| jahiM dhavala maMgalacchavasarAiM duti paMcasatta bhomaiM ghraaii| Nava kuMkuma rasa chaDayAraNAiM vikikhatta ditta mottiya knnaaii| guru deva pAya paMkaya vasAI jahiM savvaiM divvaI maannusaaiN| sirimaMtaiM saMtaI sutthiyAI jahiM kahiM pi Na dIsahi dutthiyaaii|
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________________ apabhraMza - khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) rava vikkiraMti puMDucchu daMDa khaMDaI caraMti / ThekkAradhIra johA vilihidha gaMdiNi sarIra / mAhisAI daharamaNuDDAviya sArasAI / ratiyAu vahuau gharakAmaM guttiyAu / pattiyAu jahaM jhINau virahi tattiyAu / cakRkhu sImAvar3a Na muai ko vijakRkhu / pavAsiehi dahi kUru khIru ghiu desiehi / bAliyAi pANiu bhiMgAra paNAliyAi / pahiryAvadu caMgau dakkhAlivi vayaNa caMdu | dhaNNaiM caraMti Na hu puNu tiNAI / jahi pANi pasArai matta hatthi / ' ja0 ca0 pRSTha 16 -- 17 zukoM kA kSetroM meM cuganA, gauoM kA ikSu khaMDa khAte hue vicaraNa karanA, vRSabha kA garjana aura jIbha se gau ko cATanA, bhaiMsoM kA maMthara gati se calanA, prapApAlikA bAlikAoM kA pAnI pilAte-pilAte apanA sundara mukhacandra dikhA kara pathikoM ko lubhA lenA saba svAbhAvika varNana hai / jahiM goulAI pau jahi vasaha mukka jAha maMthara gamaNaI kAhaliyavaMsa saMkeya kuDuMgaNa jahi hAlirUva Nivaddha jimmas jahi evahi pava pAliyAi jahi ditie mohiu frya jahi cau payAiM tosiya maNAI ujjeNi NAma tarhi Nayari atthi 141 kavi ne rAjAoM kA aura unake vaibhava purNa prAsAdoM kA varNana bhI usI ThATha-bATha se kiyA hai jaisA isake anya graMthoM meM milatA hai / isI prakAra (1.5 meM) rAjA mAridatta kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai- rUtreNa kAma kaMtIe caMdu | para dumadalaNa baleNa vAu | paccaMta Nivai maNi diNNa dAhU / susamatya bhaDaha gohANa gohu / sattittaya dIharacchu / supasaNNa mutti ghaNagahira sadu / arthAt vaha tyAga se karNa, vaibhava se indra, rUpa se kAma, saundarya se candramA, daMDa dene cAega kaggu vihaveNa iMdu, daMDe jamu diNNa pacaMDa ghAu, surakari kara thora pathaMDa bAhu, bhasala ula NIla dhammilla sohu, goura kavADa ai viula vacchu, lakkhaNa lakkhaM kiu guNasamuTTu, pAlaNu ra 1.5 1. lacchi sahi-- lakSmI sakhI / keyAra -- kedAra / goulAI -- gokulAni, gaue~ / pau -- paya / vasaha -- vRSabha / daha -- hRda / kAhaliya vaMsa -- gvAle se bajAI jAtI bAMsarI / guttiyAu - - Asakta / kuDuMgaNa -- kuDyAMgaNa, latAgRha / jimmai -- jImanA / kUru -- odana / pava pAliyAi - - prapA pAlikA / pahiya vidu-- pathika vRnda / 2. cAeNa -- tyAga se / payaMDa -- pracaMDa / Nivai - - nRpati / bhasala ula -- bhramara kula / gohAna -- proddhA / gohu -- puruSa / doharacchu -- dIrghAkSa |
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya se yama, zatru rUpI vRkSoM ko ukhAr3ane se vAyu rUpa thA / airAvata kI sUMDa ke samAna pracaMDa bhujAe~ thIM ityaadi| varNana prAcIna saMskRta paripATI ke anukUla hai koI vizeSatA nhiiN| isI prakAra ujjayinI ke rAjA yazodhara kA varNana (1.23 meM) kavi ne ullekhAlaMkAra kA Azraya lekara kiyA hai| rAjA ke krIDodyAna kA varNana kavi ne nimna zabdoM meM kiyA haijattha cUya kusuma maMjariyA, suya caMcU cuMbaNa jjriyaa| hA sA muharatteNa va ravaddhA, kahiM mi viDeNa va vesA lukhaa| chappaya chittA komala laliyA, viyasai mAlai mauliya kliyaa| dasaNa phaMsaha rasayArI, mauu ko a Na vahUmaNa haarii| vAyaMdoyaNa lolAsAro, tara sAhAe hallai moro| sohai gholari picha sahAso, NaM vaNa. lacchI camara vilaaso| jattha sare posiya kAraMDaM, sarasaM gava bhisa kisalaya khNddN| diNNaM haMseNaM haMsIe, caMcU caMcU cuNbtaae| phullAmoya vaseNaM bhaggo, keyai kAmiNiyAe lggo| khara kaMTaya gaha NinbhiNNaMgo, Na calai jattha khaNaM pi bhuyNgo| jatthA saNNa vayammi NisaNNo, NArI vINA rava hiya knnnno| Na carai hariNo dUAM khaMDaM, 'Na gaNai pAraddhiya krkNddN| jatya gaMdha visaeNaM khavio, jakkhI taNu parimala vehvio| hatyI pariaMcai jaggoha, phaMsai hatyeNaM . paarohN| saMkeyatyo jattha suhaI, soUNaM maMjIraya sdN| ahamaM tIe tIe sAmI, evaM bhaNiuM gaccai kaamii|' 1.12.1-16 yadyapi 'phullAmoda vaseNaM' 'hattheNaM' Adi meM Na ke sthAna para chanda pUrti ke lie NaM kA prayoga bhASA kI dRSTi se kucha khaTakatA hai tathApi krIDodyAna ke vaibhavapUrNa aura svAbhAvika varNana meM koI kamI nhiiN| usa yuga meM rAjAoM kA jIvana vilAsamaya hotA thA / itanA hI nahIM ki unake siMhAsana kanakamaya ratna nirmita (kaNayamaya rayana viTThari NisaNNu 2.13.1) hote the apitu pratihAra bhI (kaNayamaya daMDa maMDiya kara 2.13.7) kanakamaya daMDa-maMDitakara hote the| rasa-rasa kI dRSTi se na to isa graMtha meM vIra rasa kI pradhAnatA hai aura na zRMgAra 1. muharatteNa--zuka yA viTa / rsyaarii--rskaarii| bhaggo-vazIkRta / pAra ddhiya-vyAva / khavio--kSapita, pIr3ita / vehavio--vihvala / pariaMcai--ghUmatA hai| pArohaM--praroha / saMkeyatyo--saMketastha / suhaI--subhatra /
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 143 kI / kSaNa bhaMguratA aura saMsAra kI asAratA ke dvArA kavi ne nirveda bhAva kI tIvra vyaMjanA avazya kI hai| isake atirikta kApAlika kulAcArya kA varNana (1.6 - 7 ), caMDamArI - kAlI kA (1.9), zmazAna kA (1.13) vivAha kA (1.26 - 27), kAnana kA ( 2.27) aura munikA ( 3.17), varNana bhI kavi ne sundaratA se kiyA hai / prakRti varNana - sUryodaya kA varNana kavi ne nimna zabdoM meM kiyA hai iya mahu citataho aruNayaru, uggamiu duryANi jaNu raMjiyau, aruNAyavattu NaM Naha sirihi, lohiya luddhe jagu phADiyau, kuMkuma piMDu va disikAmiNiha, Nava pallava NaM kaMkellitaru / siMdUra puMja NaM puMjiyau / NaM cUDArayaNu udayagirihi / NaM kAla cakku bhamADiyau / pomiNihi / ' ratuppala saMjJA 2. 12.3-7 "lohiya luddhe jagu phADiyau" meM yadyapi kucha jugupsA kA bhAva hai kintu varNana meM navInatA hai / sandhyA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA haiatyAsi rattau mittu jahA~, raNa vIsa visaru vi ki tavai, ravi uggu ahogaiNaM gayau, tahi saMjJA velli va NIsariya tArAvali kusumaha pariyariya NaM rattagovi chAiya hariNA NaM cakku tamoha vihaMDaNau NaM kittie dAviu niyayama hu NaM jasu puMjiu paramesaraho NaM rayaNIbahuhi NilADa tilau ghasA-- Nahayala khale ukava sasi laggau acchai mauteNa sasi ghaDa galieM joNhAkhIri dosai dhavalaM rupaya raiyaM disigAri vi rajjai bappa tahi / bahu paharihi NihaNu ji saMbhavai / NaM rattau kaMdau Nikkhiyau / jaga maMDavi sA Niru vitthariya | saMpuNNa caMda phala bharaNaviya / sA khaddhI bahala timira kariNA / NaM surakari siya muha maMDaNauM / NaM amaya bhavaNu jaNa diNNa suhu / NaM paMDura chattu suresaraho / uggau sasi NaM sairaNi vilau / bAraha rAsiu pecchai / Na atyeM gacchai // bhuvaNaM hAyaM piva gaMbhIra / NaM tusArahArAvali chaiyaM / 2 ja0 ca0 pRSTha 25. 1. kaMkellitaru -- azoka vRkSa / aruNAyavattu --- aruNAtapatra / 2. sUra -- zUra yA sUrya / paharihi--pahara yA prahAra / ahogaiNaM-- adhogagana / hariNA - kRSNa, siMha / khaddhI - khAI / dAviu--dikhAyA / sairiNi vilau - - svairiNI vilaya /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya sUrya ke nisteja hone kA zleSa dvArA kAraNa pratipAdana sandhyA ke vilupta hone kI kalpanA aura candra kA varNana paraMparAbhukta nahIM kavi kI navonmeSiNI pratibhA ke dyotaka haiM / sandhyA kA latA rUpa meM jaga maMDapa para chA jAnA, tAroM ke rUpa meM puSpa aura candra rUpa meM phala kA pratipAdana, sundara kalpanA hai / 144 isI prakAra kavi ne (3.1 meM) ziprA nadI kA sundara varNana kiyA hai / " zabda yojanA aura chanda prayoga se manda manda gati se kala-kala dhvani karatI huI nadI kI kalpanA ho jAtI hai / prakRti kA varNana zuddha Alambana rUpa meM kavi ne kiyA hai / 1.12 meM kiyA huA udyAna varNana aura 3.1 meM kiyA nadI varNana saMzliSTa varNana ke sundara udAharaNa haiM / mAnava kI pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM prakRti kA aMkana nahIM milatA / bhASA - bhAvodreka kI dRSTi se bhAvatIvratA graMtha meM manda hai kintu bhASA vegavatI hai / kavi jo kucha kahanA cAhatA hai tadanukUla zabda yojanA kara sakA hai / nakula sA~pa ko DasatA hai pIche se tarakSu Akara usakA saphAyA karatA hai| isI kA varNana kavi ne nimna zabdoM meM kiyA hai- so hauM bhakvami so maI Dasai, toDai taDatti taNu baMdhaNaI, phADai caDatti cammaI calaI, hauM ema tarIMccha khayaho Niu, mahu palu taracchu pacchai gasai / moss kaDatti haDDaI ghaNaI / buTTa ghaDatti soNiya jalaiM / maI mAyAvisaharu kavalu kiu / 1. dubai - taDataru paDiya kusuma puMjajjala pavaNavasA calaMtiyA / dosas paMcavaNNa NaM sADI mahimahilahi ghulaMtiyA // jala kIlataM taruNighaNa thaNa jaya viyaliya ghusiNa piMjarA / vAyAhaya visAla kallola galacchiya mattakuMjarA / kacchava maccha puccha saMghaTTa vihaTTiya sippi saMpuDA | kUla paDaMta dhavala muttAhala jala lava sitta phaNiphaDA / / haMta riMda NAri taNu bhUSaNa kiraNAruNiya pANiyA / sArasa cAsa bhAsa kAraMDa vihaMDira haMsamANiyA // parigholira taraMga raMgaMtara maMta taraMta pavimala kamala parimalA sAyaNa haMjiya bhamira maMDuvaTha esavasaMThiya tAvasa vAsa sIyala jala samIraNAsAsiya giyara kuraMga vaNayarA // jujjhira mayara kari karupkAlaNa tasiya taDattha vANarA / paDiya phuliMga vAri puNNANaga cAyaya Niyara dihiyarA // ar cikkhilla kholla khaNi kholira lolira kola saMkulA / asaisatya Nicca saMseviya bahala tamAla mahayalA // (3.1.2-18 ) maNaharA / NarabarA / mahuyarA //
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________________ 145 apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) ko laMghai mahiyali kammavasu, aNNoNNAhAra maraMti psu| bahu thAvara jaMgama jIvaulu, gara tiriya gilaMti Niccu sylu| (2.37.2-7) upayukta zabda yojanA dvArA kavi ne nakula ke maraNa kA sajIva citra upasthita kara diyA hai / anuprAsamayI bhASA se usakA vega naSTa nahIM ho sktaa| bhinna-bhinna kriyAoM ke anukUla zabdoM kA prayoga kavi ne saphalatA se kiyA hai| zarIra kI graMthiyoM kA tar3a se TUTanA, haDDiyoM kA kar3a-kar3a kara mur3anA, camar3e kA carra se alaga ho jAnA, khUna kA ghaTa-ghaTa pI jAnA, kitane upayukta zabda haiN| bhASA ko balavatI banAne ke lie kavi kabhI-kabhI dvirukta zabdoM kA prayoga karatA hai| mAnava zarIra kA sundara citra nimna zabdoM meM aMkita kiyA gayA hai-- mANusasarIru duhapoTTalau, dhoyau dhoyau ai viThThalau / vAsiu vAsiuNa u surahi malu, posiu posiu u dharai blu| tosiu tosiu Nau appaNau, mosiu mosiu ghara bhaaynnu| bhUsiu bhUsiu Na suhAvaNau, maMDiu maMDiu bhiisaavnnuN| volliu volliu dukkhAvaNalaM, cacciu cacciu cilisaavnnuN| maMtiu maMtiu maraNaho tasai, dikkhiu dikkhiDa sAhuhuM bhsi| sikkhiu sikkhiu viNaguNi ramai, dukkhiu dukkhiu vi Na uvsmi| vAriu vAriu vi pAu karai, periu periu vi Na pammi carai / cammeM baddha vi kAliM saDai, rakkhiu rakkhiu jamamuhi pddi|' (2. 11. 1-12) bhASA muhAvaredAra hai| choTe-choTe prabhAvotpAdaka vAkyoM kA bhI sthala-sthala para prayoga milatA hai visabhoyaNeNa ki gara jiyaMti gosiMgaI ki dudghaI sarvati / SaNAI silAyali kiM hvNti| Norasa bhojjiM kahiM kaaykNti| uvasama vihINi kahiM hoi khaMti paru mAraMtahaM kahi hoi saMti / (1. 11. 1-3) macchaM gai dijjai salilu pavaNu uvasaMtaho kijjai dhamma svnnu| ki sukkai rukkheM siMcieNa aviNIyaM kiM sNbohienn| (1. 200 1-2) sarala aura prabhAvamayI bhASA kA rUpa nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai-- 1. vitthtthlu-apvitr| suhAvaNau--sukha prApaka, sukhadAyaka / volliu golA kiyA huA, aarciikRt| cilisAvaNauM-ghRNita / tasai-DaratA hai| saDai-sar3a jAtA hai, naSTa ho jAtA hai|
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________________ 146 apabhraMza-sAhitya tA paravaiNo harisaM jaNiyaM uttama sAvayavaiNA bhaNiyaM / aMdhe gaLaM bahire gIyaM Usara chete baviyaM bIyaM / saMDhe laggaM taruNi kaDakkhaM lavaNa vihINaM vivihaM bhakkhaM / aNNANe tivvaM tavacaraNaM bala sAmattha vihINe srnnN| asamAhille sallehaNayaM giddhaNamaNue vajovvaNayaM / mibbhoille saMciyadaviNaM piNNehe vara mANiNi ramaNaM / avi ya apatte diNNaM dANaM moharayaMdhe dhmmkkhaannN| pisuNe bhasaNe guNa paDivaNNaM raNe raNaM viyalai suNNaM / ghatA-jo jiNa paDikUlaho matthai sUlaho guru paramAgamu bhaasi| so vayaNaI suddhaI gaM ghaya duddhaI sappaho Dhoivi gAsai / ' (1. 19. 1.10) thor3e se vAkyoM meM bhAva ko gaMbhIratA se abhivyakta karane kA DhaMga graMtha meM sthAna sthAna para dikhAI detA hai / kumAgaMgAminI strI kA mana kumArga se mor3anA kitanA duSkara hai, kavi kahatA haighatA-kari bajjhai hari rujjhai saMgari para bala jippar3a / kukalattahi aNNAsattahi cittu Na keNa vi ghippi|| (2. 12. 21-22) arthAt hAthI bA~dhA jA sakatA hai, siMha rokA jA sakatA hai, yuddha meM zatru senA jItI jA sakatI hai kintu anyAsakta duzcaritrA strI kA mana nahIM kAbU kiyA jA sktaa| kavi zabdoM dvArA ghaTanA citra upasthita karane meM bhI nahIM cuuktaa| zokAtireka kA eka citra dekhiye-- NisuNivi duha bhariyaI mahu bhavacariyaiM jasavai bhivahiyauM caliu / soyarasu padhAiu aMgi Na mAiu gayaNaMsuya dhArahiM galiu // (4. 1. 1-2) bhASA meM anuprAsa, yamaka, zleSa, rUpaka utprekSAdi alaMkAroM kA bhI kavi ne prayoga kiyA hai / rUpakAnuprANita utprekSA kA eka udAharaNa dekhiyeghatA-vijuliyae kaMculiyae bhUsiyadehae suraghaNu / ghaNamAlae gaM bAlae kiu vicittu uppariyaNu // .. (2. 32. 10.) vidyut rUpI kaMcukI se bhUSita dehavAlI ghanamAlA rUpI bAlA ne mAno suradhanu rUpI uparitana vastra dhAraNa kiyA ho| bhASA kI dRSTi se aneka zabda rUpa aise haiM jo hindI ke zabdoM se milate julate 1. NaTuM--nATya / sallehaNayaM-tapa vizeSa / minmoille--bhoga rahita / bhasaNe --manasA duSTa iti TippaNam /
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________________ apabhraMza- khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) se haiM / 1 kavi ne zarIra kI kSaNabhaMguratA, asAratA kA digdarzana karate hue pApAcaraNa se rahita ahiMsAmaya vicAra se pUrNa ho dharmAcaraNa kA Adeza diyA hai| kavi hiMsakoM ke prati vyaMgya se kahatA hai dhattA - pasu NAsai jahiM hiMsai paramadhammu uppajjai / tA bahuguNi mollivi muNi pAraddhiu parNAvajjai // 147 ( 2. 17. 10-11 ) yadi pazu nAza aura hiMsA se hI parama dharma prApta ho sakatA ho to bahuguNI muni ko chor3a kara eka zikArI kI hI pUjA karo / mAMsAhAriyoM ke viSaya meM kavi kahatA hai duvaI - mINu gilaMtu haMtu jai sujjhai tA kaMko mahA muNI / dijjai caraMtu itari ki kijjai paro muNI // ( 3. 20. 1-2 ) kI jA sakatI hai arthAt yadi machalI nigalane aura snAna karane se hI zuddhi prApta . to kaMka se bar3hakara aura kauna muni hogA ? nadI tIra para vicaraNa karane vAle kaMka kI hI vandanA karo kisI dUsare muni se kyA kAma ? zarIra kI nazvaratA kA pratipAdana kitanI sundaratA se kavi ne kiyA hai-duvaI - taNu lAyaNNu vaNNu Nava jovaNNu rUva vilAsa saMpayA / suradhaNu meha jAla jala bubbuya sArisA kassa sAsayA // sisutaNu NAsai NavajovvaNeNa jovvaNu NAsai vuDDhattaNeNa / battaNu pANi caliyaeNa pANu vi khaMdhohiM galiyaena / ( 4. 10. 1-4 ) jaMbusAmi cariu yaha graMtha aprakAzita hai / isakI hastalikhita prati Amera zAstra bhaMDAra meM vartamAna hai / 1. chivai - - spRz, chUnA (1. 3. 17), ToppI -- TopI (1.6. 4), baisAvivi -- biThA kara (1. 6. 24), turaMtu turaMta (1. 6. 24), avasa hosai - avazya hogA (1.7.15), jimmai - - jImanA, khAnA (1.21.8), caMgau -- paMjAbI caMgA, sundara (1.21. 10), seharu - seharA ( 1, 26. 14), dhaNu laTThi -- dhanuSThi ( 2. 9.4), saDai - - naSTa honA- paMjAbI ( 2. 11.12 ), rasoi ( 2. 23. 11) laDDuya -- laDDU ( 2. 24.6 ), pacchai -- pIche (2. 26. 2), sADI -- sAr3I ( 3. 1. 4 ), sippi -- sIpa (3.1.7), phaTTAI NivasaNAI -- phaTe vastra, phuTTAI bhAyagaI--phUTe bartana ( 3.27.10 )
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________________ 148 apabhraMza - sAhitya ( pra0 saM0 pR0 100 ) / vIra kavi ne isa graMtha meM antima kevalI jambU svAmI ke jIvana caritra kA 11 saMdhiyoM meM varNana kiyA hai| graMtha racanA meM kavi ko eka varSa lagA / isa bIca kavi kA samaya aneka rAjakArya, dharmArtha kAma goSThiyoM meM vibhakta hotA thA / kavi ke pitA kA nAma devadatta aura mAtA kA nAma saMtuA thA / kavi ne apane tIna choTe bhAiyoM, aneka striyoM aura eka putra kA nirdeza kiyA hai / kavi ne isa graMtha kI racanA mAgha zuklapakSa dazamI vi0 saM0 1076 meM kI thii| kavi ne apane se pUrva ke aneka kaviyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| afa kA pitA devadatta bhI kavi thA aura racita varAMga caritra kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| devadatta kI prazaMsA bhI kI hai / jaise saMte sayaMbhue eve ekko kaitti vini puNu bhaNiyA / jAyammi pupphayaMte tiNi tahA devayataMni // 5.1 arthAt svayaMbhU ke utpanna hone para saMsAra meM eka hI kavi kahA jAtA thA / 1. varisANa saya caukke sattari jutte jiNeMda vIrassa / NivvANA uvavaNNo vikkama kAlassa vikkama Niva kAlAu chAhattara dasa saesu mAhammi suddha pakale basammI divasammi bahurAya kajja dhammattha kAmagoThI vihata vIrassa cariya karaNe ikko saMvatsaro jassa kaya devayatto jaNaNo saccaritha laddha mAhappo / suha sIla suddha vaMso jaNaNI sirI saMtuA AbhaNiyA // 6 jassa ya pasaNNa vayaNA lahUNo sumai sa sahoyarA tiNNi / sohalla Maint jasai NAmetti vikhAyA // 7 jAyA jassa maNiTThA jiNavai pomAvai puNo vIyA / lIlAvai ti taIyA pachima bhajjA jayAdevI // 8 ja0 sA0 ca0 antima prazasti 2. graMtha meM usake dvArA paddhar3iyA baMdha meM kucha sandhiyoM ke Arambha meM kavi ne 3. dekhiye premI abhinandana grantha meM pR0 iha atthi paramajiNa paya saraNu, siri laggu vaggu taha vimala jasu, vahu bhAvahaM jeM varaMga carita, kavi guNa rasa raMjiya viusasaha, caccari baMdhi viraiu sarasu, nacicajjara jiNa paya sevaryAha, uppatI // 1 varisANaM / saMtamA / 2 samakssa / laggo // 5 439 para paM0 paramAnanda jaina kA lekha / guDakheDa viNiggau suha caraNu / devayattu nivuTTakasu / kai padghaDiyA baMdha uddharitaM / suddaya bIra vitthAriya gAijjai saMtiu kiu rAsau kaha / jasu / tAru aMbAdevaryAha / 1.4
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 149 puSpadanta kI utpatti para do kahe jAne jage aura devadatta ke utpanna hone para tIna kavi ho gye| prathama saMdhi kI samApti para kavi ne saMskRta zlokoM meM apanI stuti kI hai| isI prakAra anya sandhiyoM ke prArambha meM kavi ne bar3e abhimAna ke sAtha AtmazlAghA pradarzita kathAnaka-graMtha kA kathAnaka saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai maMgalAcaraNa ke anantara kavi sajjana-durjana-smaraNa karatA hai / apane se pUrva kAla ke kaviyoM kA smaraNa karatA huA apanI alpajJatA kA pradarzana karatA hai / punaH magadha deza aura rAjagRha kA sundara kAvya zailI meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| magadha ke rAjA zreNika aura usakI rAniyoM kA varNana hai / nagara ke samIpa upavana meM indra dvArA race bhagavAn varddhamAna ke samavasaraNa meM pahu~ca kara magadharAja jina bhagavAna kI stuti karate haiM (1) / zreNika rAja ke praznoM kA jinavara uttara dete haiM tabhI AkAza mArga se eka tejapuMja vidyunmAlI AtA hai| rAjA usase prabhAvita ho usake pUrvajanma ke viSaya meM pUchate haiN| jinadeva usake pUrvajanma kI kathA sunAte haiN| magadha maMDala meM varddhamAna nAmaka grAma meM eka guNavAn brAhmaNa aura brAhmaNI yugala 1. jayati muni vRda vaMdita pada yugala virAjamAna stpdmH| vivadha saMghAnusAsana vidyAnA mAzrayo vIraH // 1 na vaha vapi tathA nIraM saro nadyAdi sNsthitN| karakasthaM yathA stoka miSTaM svAduzca ? pIyate // 3 prathama saMdhi kI samApti vAla kolAsu vi bora vayaNa pasaraMta kavva piiusN| kaNNa puDaehi pijjai, jahiM rasa muuliya chehiM // 1 bharahAlaMkAra rasa lakkhaNAI lakkhe payAI viryNtii| vIrassa vayaNaraMge sarassaI jayau naccaMtI // 2 . 2.1 aguNA na muNaMti guNaM guNINo na saMhati paraguNe drch| vallaha guNA vi guNINo viralA kaI vIra sArichA // 4.1 kai vIra sarisa purisaM dharaNI dharatI kayathAsi // 6.1 vira kavva tulA tuliyaM, buddhI kasavaTTae kseunnN| rasa dittaM payachittaM ginhaha kavvaM suvvaNNaM me // 9.1 muhiyaena kavvu sakkami karemi, ichami bhaehi sAyaru tarevi / pattA-aha mahakai raiu pavaMdhu maI, kavaNu cojja jaM kijjai / viddhai horeNa mahArayaNe, suttaNa vi pisijji| 2.
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________________ 150 apabhraMza-sAhitya rahatA thA / unake bhavadatta aura bhavadeva nAmaka do putra the| 12 varSa ke the unake pitA kA dehAnta ho gayA aura unakI bhavadatta saMsAra se virakta ho digaMbara sAdhu ho gayA / 12 varSa tapasyA karane ke bAda eka dina saMgha ke sAtha vaha apane gA~va ke pAsa gayA / bhavadeva ko bhI saMgha meM hI dIkSita karane ke lie vaha vardhamAna grAma meM gayA / bhavadeva apane vivAha kI taiyAriyoM meM lagA huA thaa| bhAI ke Agamana kA samAcAra suna vaha prema se milA aura usake Agraha ko na TAla skaa| vaha bhI saMgha meM dIkSita ho 12 varSa taka idhara udhara ghUmatA rahA / eka dina grAma ke pAsa se gujaaraa| vaha ghara jAkara viSaya bhoga meM nirata honA cAhatA thA / bhavadatta ne phira rokaa| donoM bhAI tapa karate hue maraNAnantara svarga meM jAte haiM (2) / svarga se cyuta hone para bhavadatta kA janma puMDarIkinI nagarI meM vajradanta rAjA kI rAnI yazodhanA ke putra ke rUpa meM aura bhavadeva kA vItazokA nagarI ke rAjA mahApadma kI rAnI vanamAlA ke putra ke rUpa meM huA / bhavadatta kA nAma sAgaracanda aura bhavadeva kA zivakumAra rakhA gayA / sAgaracanda pUrvajanma smaraNa se virakta ho tapazcaryA meM lIna ho gyaa| zivakumAra 105 rAjakanyAoM se pariNaya kara bhoga vilAsa kA jIvana bitAne lgaa| eka bAra sAgaracanda vItazokA nagarI meM gayA / vahA~ use muni rUpa meM dekha zivakumAra ko pUrvajanma kA smaraNa ho AyA aura vairAgya bhAva jAgRta ho gaye aura usane gharabAra chor3anA cAhA / pitA ke samajhAne para usane ghara to nahIM chor3A kintu ghara meM rahate hue hI brahmacarya vrata dhAraNa kiyaa| taruNI janoM ke pAsa rahate hue bhI vaha virakta sA rahatA thA / maraNAnantara vaha vidyunmAlI deva huA / sAgaracanda bhI suraloka meM indra ke samAna deva huA / vardhamAna jina ne zreNika rAjA ko batAyA ki yahI vidyunmAlI vahA~ AyA thA aura 7 veM dina vaha manuSya rUpa meM pazcima kevalI avatIrNa hogA / isake bAda zreNika rAja ne vidyuccara ke viSaya meM pUchA ki itanA tejasvI hone para bhI vaha cora kyoM banA ? jina vara ne banAyA ki kisa prakAra se vaha vidyAbala se corI karatA thA (3) / kavi kI prazaMsA se cauthI saMdhi prArambha hotI hai / saittau nagarI meM saMtAppiu vaNika ke putra aradAsa kI strI ne rAtri ke antima prahara meM svapna meM jambUphala Adi vastue~ dekhIM / samayAnukUla putra utpanna huA jisakA nAma svapnAnusAra jaMbU svAmI rakhA gyaa| jaMbU svAmI atyadhika sundara the / nagara vadhue~ unheM dekhakara una para Asakta ho jAtI thIM / isI prasaMga meM kavi vasantotsava, jalakrIr3A ( 4.19) Adi kA varNana karatA hai / isake anantara jaMbU ke mattagaja ko parAsta karane kA varNana kiyA gayA ' hai (4) / pAMcavIM se sAtavIM saMdhiyoM taka jaMbU ke aneka vIra kAryoM kA varNana hai / maharSi sudharmA svAmI apane pAMca ziSyoM ke sAtha upavana meM Ate haiM / jaMbU svAmI unake darzana kara namaskAra karate haiM (5-7 ) 1 jaMbU svAmI muni se apane pUrva janmoM kA vRttAnta sunakara virakta ho ghara chor3anA jaba ve kramazaH 18 aura mAtA bhI satI ho gaI /
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 151 cAhate haiN| mAtA samajhAtI hai / isI samaya sAgara datta zreSThI kA bhejA manuSya Akara jambU kA vivAha nizcita karatA hai| zreSThI kI kamala-zrI, kanaka-zrI, vinaya-zrI aura rUpa-zrI nAmaka cAra kanyAoM se jambU kA vivAha hotA hai| vaha unake sAtha saMbhoga meM lIna ho jAtA hai (8) / __ jaMbU ke hRdaya meM phira vairAgya jaga par3atA hai| usakI patniyA~ vairAgya virodhI kathAe~ kahatI haiM / jaMbU mahilAoM kI nindA karatA huA vairAgya pratipAdaka kathAnaka kahatA hai| isa prakAra AdhI rAta ho gaI jaMbU kA mana sAMsArika viSayoM se virata rahA / itane meM hI vidyuccara cora corI karatA huA vahA~ aayaa| ____jaMbU kI mAtA bhI jAgatI thI usane kahA cora jo cAhatA hai le le / cora ko jaMbU kI mAtA se jaMbU ke vairAgya bhAva kI sUcanA milI / vidyuccara ne pratijJA kI ki yA to jaMba ko rAgI banA dUMgA anyathA svayaM bhI vairAgI ho jaauuNgaa| ghatA-bahu vayaNa kamala rasa laMpaDu, bhamara kumAra na jai krmi| AeNa samANu vihANae, to tava caraNu hauM vi srmi|| jaMbU kI mAtA usa cora ko usI samaya apanA choTA bhAI kaha kara jaMbU ke pAsa le jAtI hai tAki vidyuccara apane kArya meM saphala ho (9) / 10voM saMdhi meM jaMbU aura vidyuccara eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karane ke lie aneka vyAkhyAna sunAte haiM / jaMbU vairAgya pradhAna evaM viSaya bhoga kI nissAratA, pratipAdaka Ara yAna kahate haiM aura vidyuccara isake viparIta vairAgya kI nissAratA dikhalAne vAle viSaya bhoga pratipAdaka AkhyAna / jaMbU svAmI kI aMta meM vijaya hotI hai| jaMbU sudharmA svAmI se dIkSA lete haiM aura unakI sabhI pattiyA~ bhI AryikA ho jAtI haiN| jaMbU svAmI kevala jJAna prApta kara anta meM nirvANa pada prApta karate haiN| vidyuccara dazavidha dharma kA pAlana karate hue tapasyA dvArA sarvArtha siddhi prApta karate haiN| jaMbU cariu ke par3hane se maMgala lAbha kA saMketa karate hue kRti samApta hotI hai (11) / graMtha meM jaMbU svAmI ke pUrvajanmoM kA varNana hai / vaha pUrva janmoM meM zivakumAra aura bhavadeva the| unakA bar3A bhAI sAgaracandra aura bhavadatta thA / bhavadeva ke jIvana meM svAbhAvikatA hai| bhavadatta kI kathA svayaM anAvazyaka thI / bhavadatta ko kavi ne pratinAyaka ke rUpa meM bhI * aMkita nahIM kiyaa| phira bhI usake kAraNa bhavadeva ke jIvana meM utAra car3hAva aura antadvandva kA citra aMkita kiyA jA sakA hai / isI prakAra jaba svAmI kI aneka patniyoM ke pUrva janma prasaMga bhI kathA pravAha meM koI yoga nahIM dete aura ve bhI anAvazyaka hI haiN| jabU svAmI ke caritra ko kavi jisa dizA kI ora mor3anA cAhatA hai usI ora vaha mur3atA gayA hai, jisa lakSya para use pahu~cAnA cAhatA hai usI para vaha anta meM pahu~ca jAtA hai| kintu phira bhI usake jIvana meM asvAbhAvikatA nhiiN| usake jIvana meM kabhI viSaya gAsanAoM kI ora pravRtti aura kabhI unakA tyAga kara virakti dikhAI detI hai| ataeva usakA caritra svAbhAvika ho gayA hai| jaMbU svAmI ke caritra ke atirikta kisI anya
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________________ 152 apabhraMza-sAhitya pAtra ke caritra kA vikAsa kavi ko iSTa nahIM / varNya viSaya anya apabhraMza kAvyoM ke samAna isameM bhI grAma, nagara, araNya, sUryodaya, sUryAsta, yuddha, strI sauMdarya Adi ke sundara varNana milate haiN| aneka sthala kavitva ke sundara udAharaNa haiN| kavi ne varNanoM meM prAcIna saMskRta kaviyoM kI paramparA kA bhI anukaraNa kiyA hai / bANa ke DhaMga para zleSa dvArA prAkRtika varNanoM kA udAharaNa nimnalikhita vindhyATavI varNana meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| bhAraha raNabhUmi va saraha bhIsa, hari ajjuNa naula sihaMDi diis| guru AsatthAma kaliMga cAra, gaya gajjira sasara mahIsa saar| laMkAnayarI va sarAvaNIya, caMdAhaM cAra kalahA vnniiy| sapalAsa sakaMcaNa akkha ghaTTa, savihIsaNa kai kula phala rstttt| kaMcAiNI vva Thiya kasaNa kAya, saddala vihAriNI mukka naay| 5.8 arthAt vindhyATavI mahAbhArata raNabhUmi ke samAna thii| raNabhUmi-rathasahita (saraha) aura bhISaNa thI aura usa meM hari, arjuna, nakula aura zikhaMDI dikhAI dete the; vindhyAvaTI-aSTApadoM (saraha) se bhISaNa thI aura usameM siMha (hari), arjuna vRkSa, nevale aura mayUra dikhAI dete the / raNabhUmi-gurudroNAcArya, azvatthAmA, zreSTha kaliMgAdhipati aura utkRSTa rAjAoM se yukta thI, bANoM se Acchanna aura gajoM se gajita thI; vindhyATavI-bar3e bar3e azvattha, Amra, kaliMgatulya cAra vRkSoM se yukta thI, gaja garSita sarobaroM aura mahiSoM se pUrNa thii| vaha bindhyAvaTI laMkA nagarI ke samAna thii| laMkA nagarI-rAvaNa sahita evaM candranakhA kI ceSTA vizeSa se kalaha kAriNI thI, rAkSasoM se, kAMcana se aura rAvaNaputra akSaya kumAra se yukta thI, vibhISaNa yukta aura rasika kaviyoM se paripUrNa thI; vindhyATavI-rayaNa vRkSoM, candana vRkSoM, aura manojJa laghuhastiyoM se yukta thI, palAza, madana evaM baher3e ke vRkSoM se pUrNa thI aura bhISaNa kapi kuloM se mukta tathA phaloM se rasADhya thii| vindhyATavI-kRSNakAyA, siMhavAhinI, mukta nAdA kAtyAyanIcAmuMDA ke samAna, kRSNa kAkoM se yukta, siMhoM se vyApta aura jIvoM ke nAda se paripUrita thii| isa prakAra kI zliSTa zailI se bhASA kucha kliSTa aura asvAbhAvika ho gaI hai| aise varNanoM meM kavi alaMkAroM ke bandhana meM baMdhakara camatkAra to paidA kara pAtA hai kintu rasotpatti karane meM asamartha hotA hai| jisa hRdayagata bhAva ko abhivyakta karanA cAhatA hai usako bhalI-bhAMti abhivyakta na kara zabda jAla meM ulajha jAtA hai / isI prakAra se kavi ne nimnalikhita vezyA-varNana bhI prastuta kiyA hai vesau jattha vihUsiya rUvau, nara maNNaMti virUu virUvau / khaNa diTTho vi purisu piu, siddhau paNayArUDha na janma vi diu / Naulambhavau tAu kira gaNiyau, to vi bhuyaMga daMta nahi vaNiyau / vammahaM dIviyAu avibhayattau, to vi siNeha saMga paricasau /
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 153 laggira sAyaNi satya saricchau, kAmua rattA karisaNa vacchau / meru mahIhara mahi paDivivau, seviya bahu ki purisa niyaMvau / naravai NIi samANa vihoyau, dUrujjhiya aNastha saMjoyau / ahare rAu pamANu vi jahuM vaTTai, purisa visesa saMgi na pytttti| 9. 12 arthAt jahAM vibhuSita rUpavatI vezyA rUpyaka rahita (viruvau) manuSya ko virUpa mAnatI hai| kSaNa bhara dekhA huA puruSa (yadi dhanI hai to) priya siddha hotA hai aura nirdhana pragayI aisA mAnA jAtA hai jaisA janma se bhI kabhI nahIM dekhA / nakulodbhava bhI vaha maNikA bhujaMga ke daMta aura nakhoM se vraNita hotI hai--arthAt vaha vezyA kulahIna hotI hai aura bhujaMgoM-viToM ke daMta aura nakhoM se viddha hotI hai| kAma kI dIpikA bhI sneha-tela-saMga rahita hotI hai arthAt kAma ko uddIpta karane vAlI hotI hai aura sneha se zUnya hotI hai / DAkinI ke samAna raktAkarSaNa meM arthAt anurakta kAmukoM ke AkarSaNa meM dakSa hotI hai / meru parvata kI bhUmi ke samAna hotI hai jisakA nitaMba-madhya bhAgakiMpuruSAdi deva yoniyoM se yA kutsita puruSoM se sevita hotA hai / vaha narapati kI nIti ke samAna anartha saMyoga ko dUra se chor3a detI hai / jisake adhara meM rAga (anurAga) hone para puruSa vizeSa ke saMga meM pravRtta nahIM hotii| ___ jahA~ kavi isa prakAra kI bhASA kA prayoga nahIM karatA vahAM usakI bhAvAbhivyakti sundaratA se huI hai / nimnalikhita gAthA aura dohe meM nArI kA sauMdarya adhika nirakha sakA hai-- gAthA-eyANa bayaNa tullo homi na homisi punnnnimaadiyho| piya maMDalAhilAsI carai va caMdAyaNaM caMdo // 2 4.14 calaNa chavi sAma phalAhilAsI kamalehi sUrakara sahaNaM / vijjai tavaM va salile niyayaM cittaNa gala pamANammi // 3 arthAt ina sundariyoM ke mukha ke samAna hoU~gA yA nahIM yahIM vicAratA huA viSamaMDala kA abhilASI pUrNimA kA candra mAno cAndrAyaNa vrata karatA hai| unake caraNoM kI zobhA kI samatA ke abhilASI ina kamaloM se, apane ko gale taka pAnI meM DAla kara aura Upara sUrya kI kiraNoM ko sahate hue mAno nitya tapa kiyA jAtA hai| dohA-jANami ekku je vihi ghaDai sayatu vi jagU saamnnnnu| ji puNu Ayau Nimmaviu ko vi payAvai aNNu // athAt aisA pratIta hotA hai ki brahmA ne sAmAnya saMsAra kI racanA kii| ina sundariyoM kI racanA koI anya hI prajApati karatA hai| rasa-graMtha samApti kI puSpikA meM kavi kahatA hai___ "iya jaMbU sAmicArie siMgAra vIre mahA kavve mahAkai devayattasuya vIra viraiya
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya vAraha aNupehAu bhAvaNAe vijjuccarassa savvaha siddhi gamaNaM nAma eyArasamo saMdhI paricheu smmto|" kavi ne apane graMtha ko zRGgAra vIra mahAkAvya kahA hai| kAvya meM zRGgAra rasa kA AbhAsa to aneka sthaloM para milatA hai kintu yuddha varNana meM vIra rasa kA paripAka nahIM ho paayaa| sabhI kAvyoM meM vivAha se pUrva vIratA pradarzana ke avasara milate haiM isameM bhI vaisA hI huaa| jaMbU ke mAtA pitA use sAMsArika bhoga meM lipta karAnA cAhate the / etadartha aneka sundariyoM kA citra kavi ne upasthita kiyA hai| 4. 14 meM kerali, kotali, sajjhAiri (sahayAcala vAsinI), marahaTTha, mAlaviNi Adi aneka prakAra kI striyoM ke svabhAva kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| kavi ke isa varNana meM rIti kAlIna nAyikA bheda kI pravRtti kA asphuTa sA AbhAsa parilakSita hotA hai (jaM. ca. 4.11-14) / isI prasaMga meM zRGgAra ke uddIpana ke lie kavi ne aneka prAkRtika dRzya bhI upasthita kiye haiM (jaM. ca. 4. 16.; 4. 20) kintu kAvya meM pradhAnatA anya kAvyoM ke samAna nirveda bhAva kI hI hai / kAvya kA Arambha aura samApti dhArmika vAtAvaraNa meM hI hotI hai| kAvya meM zRGgAra ke varNanoM kI bahulatA hai| kavi inake dvArA sAMsArika viSayoM kI ora pravRtta karatA hai / zRGgAra mUlaka vIra rasa ke varNanoM meM vIra rasa ke prasaMga bhI milate haiN| aise prasaMga prAyaH sabhI apabhraMza kAvyoM meM milate haiN| kintu ina donoM rasoM kA paryavasAna zAnta rasa meM hone se ina rasoM kI pradhAnatA nahIM phira kAvya ko zRGgAra vIra kAvya kahanA kahA~ taka saMgata hai ? kAvya meM sAMsArika viSayoM ko tyAga kara vairAgya bhAva jAgRta karane meM hI utsAha bhAva dikhAI detA hai| zRGgArika bhAvanAoM ko dabA kara una para vijaya pAne meM hI vIratA dikhAI detI hai aura isI dRSTi se ise zRGgAra vIra kAvya kahA jA sakatA hai / ataH DA0 rAmasiMha tomara ke vicAra meM kRti ko zRGgAra vairAgya kRti kahanA adhika saMgata hogaa|' pAMcavIM saMdhi ke antargata yuddha ke prasaMga meM bIbhatsa aura adbhuta rasa bhI pAye jAte haiM jo vIra rasa ke sahAyaka haiN| prakRti varNana-kRti kI tIsarI aura cauthI saMdhi meM udyAna aura vasantAdi ke varNanoM dvArA kavi ne prAkRtika citra upasthita kiye haiN| ye varNana zRGgAra kI pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM prastuta kiye gaye haiM, ataeva uddIpana rUpa meM hI aMkita samajhane caahiye| ye varNana rati bhAva ke anukUla komala aura madhura padAvalI se yukta haiN| udAharaNArtha nimnalikhita vasanta varNana meM zabda yojanA bhI vasanta ke samAna sarasa aura madhura hai diNi diNi rayaNImANu jahaM khijjai, dUra piyANa NIdda tiha khijjai / divi divi divasa paharu jiha vaDDhai, kAmuyANa tiha rai rasu vaDDhai / divi divi jiha cUyau mau rijjai, mANiNi mANaho tiha mau khijjai / 1. anekAnta varSa 9, kiraNa 10 meM zrI rAmasiMha tomara kA lekha, apabhraMza kA eka zRMgAra viirkaavy|
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________________ 155 apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) kala koila kalayalu jihaM suNNai, tiha paMthiya karaMti ghare summi| pADaliyahi jiha bhamaru pahAvai, piya saMgari tiha hoi pahAvai / mAlai kusamu bhamara jiha vajjai, ghare ghare gahera tUra tahiM vjji| viyasiya kusamu jAu ai mattau, ghummai kAmiNi yaNu aimttu| darisiu kusama Niyara veyalleM, pahie ghara gammaiM ve illeN| nIla palAsa ratta huya kiMsuya, bhana cittu jaNu jANai ki suy| maMda maMda malayAnala vAyai, mahura saddu jaNu vallai vaayi| 3.12 arthAt dina prati dina jaise rAtrI kA parimANa ghaTatA jAtA hai isI prakAra proSitapatikA kI nidrA bhI kSINa hotI jAtI hai| jisa prakAra dina dina divasa kA prahara bar3hatA jAtA hai isI prakAra kAmijanoM kA ratirasa bhI / prati dina jisa prakAra Amra maMjariyoM kA madhu prasravita hotA hai isI prakAra mAninI ke mAna kA mada bhI vigalita hotA jAtA hai| jyoM jyoM kokilA ko madhura kAkalI sunAI deto jAtI hai tyoM tyoM pathika ghara loTane kA vicAra karate jAte haiN| * * * jisa prakAra bhramara pATala puSpa para daur3atA hai usI prakAra prabhAvatI-sundarI-nAyikA priya saMgama ke lie utsuka hotI hai / bhramara mAlatI kusuma ke pAsa nahIM jaataa| ghara ghara meM bAje baja rahe haiN| atimuktaka latA ke phUla vikasita ho rahe haiN| kAminiyA~ atimatta ho ghUma rahI haiM / jaba latAoM para puSpa samUha dikhalAI dene lage, pathika bhI taba ghara lauTane lage / palAza vRkSoM para lAla lAla phUla khila gaye, zuka ko citta meM bhrAnti hone lgii| ...maMda maMda malaya pavana bahane lagA, mAno madhura zabda se vINA baja rahI ho / / __isI prakAra jaba rAjA udyAna krIr3Artha gamana karatA hai usa samaya kA nimnalikhita varNana bhI atyanta sundara hai| isa meM padayojanA bhAvAnukala hI huI hai| udyAna meM bhramaroM kA gujana, rAjA kA maMda maMda bhramaNa puSpa-makaraMda se sarasa evaM parAga raja se raMjita, zAnta aura madhara vAtAvaraNa zabdoM ke dvArA abhivyakta ho uThatA hai / dekhiye-- maMda maMdAra mayaraMda nandanaM vaNaM, kuMda karavaMda vayakuMda caMdana ghaNaM / tarala dala tAla cala cavali kayalIsuhaM, dakkha paumakkha ruddakkha khoNI rahaM / villa veilla virihilla sallaivaraM, aMba jaMvIra jaMbU kayaMbU vrN| karaNa kaNavIra karamaraM karIrAyaNaM, nAga nAraMga nAgoha nIlaMvaraM / kusuma raya payara piMjariya dharaNIyalaM, tikkha nahu caMbu kaNayalla khaMDiyaphalaM / bhamiya bhamara ula saMchaiya paMkayasaraM, matta kalayaMThi kalayaTTha melliya srN| rukkha rukkhaMmi kappayara siya bhAsiri, rai varANatta avayaNNa maahvsiri| 4. 16
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya bhASA-Upara nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai kavi me bhAvAnukUla bhASA kA prayoga kiyA hai| bhASA meM vega aura pravAha dRSTi-gocara hotA hai / dekhiyevastu ko divAyara gamaNu paDikhalai / jama mahisa siMgu kvnnh| kavaNu garuDa muha kuhare payasai / ko karaggahu nigyahai / ko jalaMte savvAse pisi| ko vA sesa mahAphahiM, phaNa maNi maMDa harei / ko kappaMtu ThaMtu jalu, jalaNihi bhaehiM tarei / / bhASA meM kavi ne anuraNanAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga bhI kiyA hai / nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM yuddha ke samaya bajate hue nAnA vAdyoM ko dhvani spaSTa sunAI detI hai pahaya paDupaDaha paDiraDiya daDi DaMvaraM, karaDa taDa taDaNa taDi vaDaNa phuriyNvrN| dhumma dhummuka dhumu dhumiya maddala vrN| sAla kaMsAla sala saliya salaliya srN| Dakka Dama DaMka Dama Damiya ddmrubhrN| ghaMTa jaya ghaMDa TaMkAra rahasiya bhaDaM. Takka cAM cAM hu DukkAvalo nAiyaM / raMja guMjata saMdigNa samaghAipaM . ghaga ga bruga ga ga ga ghaga hune sajjiyaM kiriri kiri taTTakirikiriri kiri vajjiyaM / ta khe khe khi ta khetakhita khettA surN| taM khude taM khude khaMdi khudi bhaasurN| ghiriri kaTa taTTa kaTTa dhari nADiyaM / kariri kara khudaM kiriri taDa tADiyaM / alaMkAra-kRti meM kavi ne alaMkAroM kA prayoga bhI kiyA hai| ye alaMkAra upamA aura utprekSA ke prasaMgoM meM bANa kI zailI para camatkAra utpanna karate hue bhI dikhAI dete haiM (udAharaNa ke lie Upara vindhyATavI varNana 5.8, aura vezyA varNana 9.11) / isake atirikta inakA varNana bhAvAbhivyakti ke lie svAbhAvika rUpa se bhI kavi ne kiyA hai / sAdRzya mUlaka alaMkAroM meM kavi kA dhyAna vastusvarUpa bodha kI ora adhika rhaa| udAharaNArthaparipakkau Naharukkhaho NivaDiu phaluva divAyara maMDalu vihaDiu / 8.13 arthAt sUrya maMDala akAza vRkSa ke paripakva phala ke samAna gira pdd'aa|
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________________ 157 apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 157 bhamie tamaMdhayAra vara yacchie diNNau dIvau NaM Naha lcchie| 8.14 candrodaya para kavi kalpanA karatA hai ki candra mAnoM ghanAndhakAra meM nabhazrI ke lie dIpaka ke samAna thaa| isI prakAra Upara diye hue vasanta varNana meM yamaka ke sundara udAharaNa milate haiM viyasiya kusamu jAu aimattau , ghummai kAmiNIyaNu aimattau / maMdamaMda malayAnalu vAiya, mahura sadda, jaNu vallai vaayi| 3. 12 bhrAnti kA udAharaNa nimnalikhita paMktiyoM meM milatA hai jAla gavakkhaya pasariya lAlau gorasa bhaMtie lihae viddaalu|| 8. 12 mavAkSa jAla se AtI huI jyotsnA ko viDAla dugdha samajha kara cATa rahA thaa| geNhaha samari paDiu verI halu maNNeviNa kari sira mutthlu|| 8.14 zabarI Age par3e bera ko sira kA motI samajha kara uThA rahI hai| subhASita-kRti meM subhASita aura lokoktiyoM kA prayoga bhI kavi ne kiyA hai| kacce pallavai ko rayaNa, pittalai hema vikkai kvnnu| 2. 18 kA~ca se ratna ko kauna badalegA ? pItala se sone ko kauna becegA? . chandakRti meM pajjhaTTikA, ghattA, duvaI, dohA, gAthA, vastu, khaMDayaM Adi mAtrika chandoM kA aura sragviNI, zikhariNI, bhujaMga prayAta Adi varNa vRttoM kA prayoga huA hai| gAthAoM kI bhASA niHsandeha prAkRta se prabhAvita hai| sudaMsaNa cariu--sudarzana caritra yaha graMtha aprakAzita hai| isakI tIna hastalikhita pratiyA~ Amera zAstra bhaMDAra jayapura meM vartamAna haiM (praM0 saM0 pRSTha 187-190) / eka hastalikhita prati pro0 hIrAlAla jaina ke pAsa upalabdha hai| bAraha saMdhiyoM meM racita isa kAvya kA kartA nayanaMdI hai| sandhiyoM meM kar3avakoM kI koI nizcita saMkhyA nhiiN| 5vIM, 10vIM aura 12vIM sandhiyoM meM dasa-dasa kar3avaka haiM aura 8vIM sandhi meM cavAlIsa / pratyeka sandhi ke antima ghattA meM kavi kA nAma nirdiSTa hai / nayanaMdI apabhraMza ke eka utkRSTa kavi aura prakANDa paNDita the| isa graMtha ke atirikta kavi ne 'sakala vidhi nidhAna kAvya' kI bhI racanA kii| kavi mANikya naMdI kA ziSya thA / kavi ne 'sudaMsaNacariu' kI racanA vi0 saM0 1100
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________________ 158 apabhraMga - sAhitya meM kii| usa samaya avantI deza kI dhArA nagarI meM bhojadeva zAsana karate the / pratyeka saMdhi kI puSpikA meM kavi ne apane guru kA nAma liyA hai / 2 graMtha kA Arambha nimnalikhita zabdoM se hotA hai namo vIta rAgAya / OM namaH siddhebhyaH / OM namo arahaMtANaM / Namo siddhANaM / Namo AiriyANaM / Namo uvajjhAyANaM / Namo loe savva sAhUNaM / iha paMca NamokAraI lahevi goviu huvau sudaMsaNu / gau mokkhaho akkhami taho cariu vara cauvagga payAsaNu / 1. 1. arthAt arhata, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu janoM ke namaskAra --paMca namaskAra - ke phalasvarUpa eka gopa sudarzana nAma se janma lekara kisa prakAra mokSa ko prApta huA usI ke caturvarga - prakAzaka caritra ko kahatA hU~ / isake pazcAt maMgalAcaraNa kiyA gayA hai / tadanantara eka dina kavi mana meM socatA hai ki sukavitva, tyAga aura pauruSa se saMsAra meM yaza phailatA hai / sukavitva meM maiM akuzala hU~, tyAga meM kyA karU~ ? dhana hIna hU~ aura subhaTatva bhI tapasvI ko niSiddha hai / aisA hote hue bhI maiM yaza kA lobhI hU~ / astu, meM nija zakti ke anusAra aisA kAvya racatA hU~ jo paddhaDiyA-baMdha meM apUrva ho / merA kAvya jina-stavana kAraNa se sukavitva yukta ho prakAzita hogA / kyA nalinI patra saMyukta jalabindu motI ke samAna sundara aura pavitra ho nahIM zobhita hote ? 3 1. ArAma gAma puravara Nivese, supasiddha avaMtI NAma dese / taha asthi dhAra NayarI gariTTha / tihuyaNa nArAyaNa siri Nikeu, tahiM Naravara puMgamu bhoyadeu / Niva vikkama kAlaho vavagaesu eyAraha taha kevala cariu amacchareNa NayaNaMdeM saMvacchara viraiu chuDu karis jiNasaMbharaNa citte, tA jala biMduDa NaliNI patta juttu, ki saesu / vitthareNa / 12. 10 2. ittha sudaMsaNa carie paMcaNamokkAra phala payAsayare mANikkaNaMdi taivijja sIsa yadiNA raie. * ityAdi / 3. ghattA- vippas | aha ekkahi diNe viyasiya vayaNa, maNe NayaNAnaMdi sukavittaM cAeM poriseNa jasu, bhuvaNammi viDhappai // 1.1 sukavittaM tA hau appavINa, cAu vi karemi kiM daviNa hINu / suhattu tavahu dUreM Nisiddha, evaMvihoM vi haUM jasa viluddha | Niya sattie taM viraemi kavvu, paddhaDiyA baMdhe jaM aDavu / sayaM ji payaTTai mai kavitte / hai Na muttAhalu pavittu / 1.2
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________________ apabhraMza - khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 159 kathAnaka -- saMkSepa meM kathA isa prakAra hai bharata kSetrAntargata magadha deza ke rAjagRha nAmaka nagara meM zreNika rAjA rAjya karate the / unakI rAnI kA nAma cellanA mahAdevI thA / eka bAra vardhamAna ke rAjagRha meM padhArane para rAjA aura saba nagaravAsI unake darzanArtha gae / dUsarI sandhi se rAjA kI prArthanA para gautama gaNadhara kathA Arambha karate haiM / bharata kSetrAntargata aMga deza kA kavi ne zliSTa aura alaMkRta bhASA meM varNana kiyA hai| usI deza kI caMpApurI meM dhAr3IvAhana nAmaka rAjA rAjya karatA thA / unakI rAnI kA nAma abhayA thaa| caMpApurI meM RSabhadAsa nAmaka dhanI mAnI zreSThI bhI rahatA thA / isakI patnI kA nAma aruha dAsI thA / eka gopAla isa zreSThI kA paricita mitra thA / vaha daurbhAgya se gaMgA meM DUba gayA / isI ghaTanA ke sAtha dUsarI sandhi samApta hotI hai / aruha dAsI ne svapna dekhA ki usake ghara usI subhaga gopAla ne janma liyA / marate samaya paMcanamaskAra karane ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI usa gopAla ne janmAntara meM RSabha dAsa zreSThI ke ghara putra rUpa meM janma liyA / putra kA nAma sudarzana rakhA gyaa| sudarzana kI bAla haar kavi ne vistRta varNana kiyA hai| vaha dhIre-dhIre bar3A huA aura usane samagra kalAyeM sIkhIM / kramazaH usane yuvAvasthA meM padArpaNa kiyA / vaha atyanta rUpavAn aura AkarSaka yuvaka thA / usake sauMdarya ko dekha kara pura sundariyoM kA citta vikSubdha ho uThatA thaa| unake citta - vikSobha kA kavi ne sundara varNana kiyA hai "AharaNa kAfva vivarIya lei, dappaNa Niya vivae tila dei " arthAt koI strI ulaTA abhUSaNa pahirane lagI, koI darpaNasthita apane pratibimba para tilaka lagAne lagI / ityAdi / saMdhi meM kavi ne sAgara datta zreSThI kI putrI manoramA ke sauMdarya kA varNana kiyA hai / manoramA ke sauMdarya ko dekhakara sudarzana usa para mugdha ho gayA / isI avasara para kavi ne aneka prakAra kI striyoM ke lakSaNa, guNa, svabhAvAdi kA paricaya diyA hai| sudarzana manoramA ko dekha viraha vyAkula ho uThA / manoramA ke viraha varNana ke sAtha pAMcavIM saMdhiprArambha hotI hai / antatogatvA sudarzana kA manoramA ke sAtha vivAha ho gyaa| vivAha meM bhojana dAvata kA varNana karanA bhI kavi nbhuulaa| isI prasaMga meM sUryAsta, suratakrIDA aura prabhAta ke sundara varNana kavi ne prastuta kiye haiM / adholikhita gAthA se chaThI saMdhi kA Arambha hotA hai sarasaM vijaNa sahiyaM moyayasAraM pamANa siddhaM khu / bhojjaM kavva visesaM viralaM sahi erisaM loe // 6. 1 samAdhigupta muni dvArA upadeza diye jAne para RSabhadAsa ke svarga-gamana ke sAtha saMdhi samApta hotI hai / sudarzana ke anupama sauMdarya se AkRSTa ho dhADI vAhana rAjA kI rAnI abhayA aura kapilA nAma) eka anya strI usa para Asakta ho gaI / vasanta aura jalakrIr3A ke mano
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________________ 160 apabhraMza-sAhitya hArI varNana isa saMdhi meM upalabdha hote haiN| nimnalikhita gAthA se AThavIM saMdhi prArambha hotI hai komala payaM udAra chaMdANuvaraM gahIra matthaI / hiya ichiya sohaggaM kassa kalattaM va iha kavvaM // abhayA ne paMDitA nAmaka apanI sevikA dhAya se apanI manovyathA prakaTa kI aura sudarzana ko prApta karane kA prayatna kiyA / caturA dAsI paMDitA sudarzana ko rAnI ke pAsa le to AI kintu rAnI usako apane AdhIna na kara sakI / abhayA kahane lagI bho suhaya iya jamme / Nayavatte jiNadhamme / kariUNa AyAsu / pAvihasi suravAsu / kiM teNa sokkheNa / je hoi dukkheNa / lai tAma paccakkhu / tuhaM mANi rai soktu / mA hoi aviyaar| saMsAre taM saar| bhuMjiyaiM taM miThu / mANiyaI sa maNicha / para jammu kiM dicha / ghattA-he suMdara amhaI duhuvi, jai jeheM kAlu gamijjai / to saggeNa maNAhareNA lakheNa vi bhaNu kiM kijjai // 8. 15 abhayA ne aneka dRSTAnta diye-vyAkhyAna diye kintu sudarzana ko vicalita na kara skii| aMta meM nirAza hokara abhayA apane hI nAkhUnoM se apane zarIra ko rudhira raMjita kara cillAne lagI-logo daur3o, merI rakSA kro| ghattA mahu laDahaM gaI vaNivareNa, eyaiM gaMjiyaiM ployho| jAmaNa mArai tA milevi, aho pAvaho dhAvaho loyaho / rAjakarmacAriyoM ne Akara sudarzana ko pakar3a liyaa| eka ati mAnava-deva-(vitara) ne Akara usakI rakSA kI / navIM saMdhi meM dhAr3IvAhana aura usa atimAnava ke yuddha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| dhADIvAhana ne parAsta ho kara AtmasamarpaNa kara diyA aura sudarzana kI zaraNa meM calA gyaa| yathArtha ghaTanA ke jJAta hone para rAjA dhADIvAhana ne sudarzana ko AdhA rAjya dekara virakta honA cAhA kintu sudarzana svayaM virakta ho tapasvI kA jIvana bitAne lgaa| rAnI abhayA aura usakI paricArikA paMDitA donoM ne AtmaghAta kara liyaa| sudarzana maraNoparAnta svarga meM gayA / dasavIM aura gyArahavIM saMdhiyoM meM aneka pUrva janma ke vRttAntoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / paMca namaskAra phala kA mAhAtmya pratipAdana karate hue kavi ne graMtha kI samApti kI hai| kathAnaka meM kucha ghaTanAoM kA anAvazyaka vistAra kiyA gayA hai / dhAr3IvAhana
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDa kAvya (dhArmika) aura atimAnava (vitara) kA yaha yuddhaprasaMga kathA pravAha meM kisI prakAra kA yoga nahIM detaa| rAnI abhayA aura kapilA kA sudarzana ke prati prema-prasaMga to sudarzana ke caritra kI dRr3hatA pradarzana karane ke lie Avazyaka samajhA jA sakatA hai kintu cauthI sandhi meM aneka vargoM aura aneka prAntoM kI striyoM kA varNana, unakA svabhAva pradarzana aura unakA vargIkaraNa kathApravAha meM kisI prakAra kA yoga nahIM detA / dhArmika pravRtti ke kAraNa kavi ne bIca bIca meM upadeza bhI de DAle / prabaMdhAtmakatA kI dRSTi se inakI AvazyakatA na thii| nAyaka-isa kAvya kA nAyaka saMskRta kAvyoM kI paraMparA ke viparIta eka vaNik putra hai / saMskRta kAvyoM ke anya tatva jahA~ apabhraMza kAvyoM meM zithila hue vahA~ nAyaka saMbandhI tatva bhI zithila ho gaye / kSatriyakulotpanna dhIrodAtta guNa viziSTa rAjA nAyaka nahIM apitu eka sAmAnya madhyamazreNI kA puruSa nAyaka hai| isa dRSTi se sAdhAraNa zreNI kA hote hue bhI nAyaka aneka guNoM se yukta hai / vaha atyanta sundara, dRDhavratI aura AcAraniSTha mAnava hai / mAnava svabhAva sulabha prema ke vazIbhUta ho vaha sAgaradatta kI putrI manoramA kI ora AkRSTa ho jAtA hai| ___ varNaya-viSaya--kavi ne mahAkAvyoM kI paraMparA ke anukUla mAnava kA, nArI kA, bhaugolika pradezoM kA, prAkRtika dRzyoM Adi kA alaMkRta bhASA meM varNana kiyA hai| kavi ne svayaM isa bAta kI ghoSaNA kI hai ki sukavi ke sAlaMkAra kAvya meM apUrva rasa hotA hai|' nayanaMdI apabhraMza ke prakAMDa paMDita the| ina ke pANDitya kA udAharaNa kAvya kI pratyeka sandhi ke pratyeka kaDavaka ke pada-pada meM dikhAI detA hai| bANa aura subandhu ne jisa kliSTa aura alaMkRta-padAvalI kA gadya meM prayoga kiyA nayanaMdI ne usI kA padya meM saphalatApUrvaka nirvAha kiyA / udAharaNa ke liye nimnalikhita dhAr3IvAhana rAjA kA alaMkRta varNana dekhiye jo ahiNava mehu viNau jaDamau, jo somu vi adosu ujjhiyamau / sUru vi Nau kuvalaya saMtAvaNu, vajjiya rayaNiyaru vi Nau vihiisnnu| vivuhavai vi jo sura Na NihAlau, ajuNaguNu vi Na guru paDikUlau / para jeTu vi ichiya dhayaraTThau, bAhuvali vi jo bharaha gariTThau / jo rAmu vi halaharu viNa bhaNiyau, paravaMsaggi vi Nau avinniiyu| jo sAmi vi u Isara saMgau, sAraMgu vi puMDariya samaggau / .. 1. No saMjAdaM taruNi ahare vidumAratta sohe| No sAhAre bhamiya bhamare Neva puMDucchu daMDe / No pIUse hale sahiNa taM caMdaNe. va cNde| sAlaMkAre sukai bhaNide jaM rasaM hodi kavve // 3.1 .
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________________ 162 apabhraMza-sAhitya NAya viyAraNo vi Na mayAhiu, sAyaro vi Nau sazasa khohiu / caurAsu vi jo akkha rahiya kara, jo vivakkha vahaNa vi Nau sirihru| NIsu vi kamalachi AliMgaNu, suguNu dhaNu vi Na parammuha mggnnu| 2.4 arthAt jo abhinava megha hote hue bhI jalamaya na thA arthAt jo abhinava-mevA yukta thA aura jar3a na thA / jo candra hotA huA bhI doSA-rAtri-rahita thA evaM mRga ayavA amRta rahita thA arthAt yaha soma vaMzI thA, doSarahita evaM mada rahita thaa| jo sUrya hote hue bhI kuvalayoM-kumudoM ko saMtApita karane vAlA na thA arthAt jo zUra aura kuvalaya-pRthvI maMDala ko pIr3ita karane vAlA na thaa| jisane rajanIcaroM (ramaNiyaru) ko chor3A thA kintu vibhISaNa na thA arthAt jisane raja samUha kA parityAga kiyA thA aura jo bhayaMkara na thaa| jo vivudhoM-devatAoM-kA pati (vibuhavai) hote hue bhI suroM ko na dekhatA thA arthAt jo vidvAnoM kA svAmI--rakSaka-thA aura surAsevI na thaa| jo arjuna hote hue guru droNAcArya ke pratikUla na thA arthAt jo Rju guNoM se yukta thA aura gurujanoM ke pratikUla na thaa| jo nara jyeSTha-arjuna kA jyeSTha bhAI (yudhiSThira) hote hue bhI dhRtarASTra ko cAhatA thA arthAt jo puruSoM meM zreSTha thA aura dhvajA evaM rASTra kA icchuka thaa| jo bAhubalI hote hue bhI bharata se jyeSTha thA arthAt jo bhujazAlI thA aura bharata kSetra meM utkRSTa thA / jo rAma hote hue bhI haladhara ke binA thA arthAt jo abhirAma-sundara thA aura halika na thaa| jo zatrupakSa ke lie agnirUpa thA kintu avinIta na thA arthAt jo utkRSTa vaMza meM agraNI thA aura namra thaa| jo svAmI kAttikeya thA kintu Izvara, mahAdeva se saMgata na thA arthAt jo manuSyoM kA svAmI thA aura nIti, lakSmI (I) evaM kAma (sara) kA sakhA thaa| jo sAraMga hote hue bhI puNDarIka-vyAghra-ke sama gAmI thA arthAt jo suDaula aMgoM vAlA thA yA lakSmI (sA) kI raMgabhUmi ke samAna thA aura puNDarIka-chatra jisake samyak rUpa se Age rahatA thaa| jo nAgoM-hAthiyoM kA vidAraNa karane vAlA thA kintu mRgAdhipa (mayAhiu) na thA arthAt jo nyAya se vicAra karatA thA aura madAdhika na thaa| jo sAgara thA kintu matsyoM se kSobhita na thA arthAt jo Akara yukta thA athavA lakSmI (sA)kA Akara thA aura kAma se kSobhita na thaa| jo caturAsya-brahmA-hote hue bhI akSa jayamAlA se zUnya kara vAlA thaa| arthAt jo catura mukha vAlA thA aura akSa,pAse Adi se zUnya hAthavAlA thA / jo garuDa (vi pakSa) vAhana hote hue bhI zrIdhara-viSNu-na thA arthAt jo vipakSiyoM-zatruoM kA hantA thA aura naya-nIti-se lakSmI kA dhAraNa karane vAlA thaa| jo niHsva-daridra hote hue bhI kamalAkSi-sundariyoM se AliMgita thA arthAt jo nareza (na-Iza) thA aura vikrama evaM lakSmI se AliMgita thaa| jo guNa-pratyaMcA-sahita dhanuSa vAlA thA kintu parAGmukha bANa vAlA na thA arthAt jo guNa aura dhana se yukta thA evaM yAcakoM ko parAGmukha na karatA thaa| isI prakAra nimnalikhita vaMzastha chanda meM kavi ne vana kI tulanA zliSTa padoM dvArA eka sAtha hI nRpa aura rAma se kI hai / kavi vana kA varNana karate hue kahatA hai--
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) vasattha mahAsaraM patra visesa bhUsiyaM suhAlayaM sakkai vida seviyaM / sulakkhaNA laMkariyaM suNAyayaM Niuvva rAmuvva vaNaM virAiyaM // 7.8 arthAt vana nRpa ke samAna aura rAma ke samAna zobhita thaa| kyoMki tInoM mahAsara the| vana-mahAna sarovaroM se yukta, nRpa--mahAn svara vAlA aura rAma--mahAn zara vAlA / tInoM patra visesa bhUsiya the| vana-aneka prakAra ke patroM se bhUSita athavA patroM, pakSiyoM aura sarpo se vyApta pRthvI se yukta, nRpa--rAjyocita vizeSa patroM se bhUSita aura rAma-patra vizeSa se upalakSita bhU rUpI shrii-shobhaa-vaalaa| tInoM suhAlaya the / vanasukhadAyaka, nRpa--zubha-sundara alakoM vAlA aura rAma-zobhana bhAla vaalaa| tInoM sakkai viMda seviya the / vana--aneka kapi vRnda se yukta, nRpa-satkavi vRnda se sevita aura rAma bhI aneka kapivRnda sevita thaa| tInoM sulakkhavaNAlaMkariya the / vana-sundara lakSmaNa nAmaka vRkSoM se alaMkRta, napa--sundara lakSaNoM se alaMkRta aura rAma-sundara lakSmaNa se alaMkRta the| isI prakAra tInoM saNAyaya the / vana--suMdara nAgoM se yukta, nRpa-sundara nyAya kartA aura rAma-eka sundara nAyaka thaa| nimnalikhita magadha deza kA varNana bhI zliSTa aura alaMkRta zailI meM evaM sarasa bhASA meM kavi ne aMkita kiyaahai| varNana meM kavi kI dRSTi isa bhaugolika pradeza kI nadiyoM, ikSuvaNoM, upavanoM, rAjahaMsoM aura utkRSTa rAjAoM Adi vistRta viSayoM taka pahuMca gaI / dekhiyeghattA jahi gaiu paUhariu, dIsahi maMthara gamaNiuM / NAhaho sAyaraho saloNAho, jaMtiu gaM bararamaNiuM // 1.2 jahi paMDu chuvaNaI kayaharisaiM, kAmiNi vayaNAiva aisrsii| uvavaNAiM suramaNa kaya harisaI, bhadda sAla gaMdaNavaNa srisiN| kamala kose bhamarahiM mahu pijjai, mahuyarAhaM aha ehau chajjai / jahiM sasarAsaNa sohiya viggaha, kaya samarAlI keli priggh| rAyahaMsa vara kamalu kkaMThiya, vilasahiM bahuviha pataM pariTThiya / ' su. ca. 1.3 prakRti varNana-prAkRtika dRzyoM ke varNana meM kavi ne prAyaH prasiddha upamAnoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / yaha varNana adhikatara uddIpana ke rUpa meM hI dikhAI detA hai / nadI, vasanta Rtu, 1. paUhariu--payoghara, paya bharita / kAmiNi vayaNA-kAminI vacana yA vadana / bhaddasAla-sundara zAla vRkSa yA sundara shaalaayeN| rAyahaMsa--rAjahaMsa, zreSTha
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________________ 164 apabhraMza-sAhitya sUryAsta, prabhAta Adi ke sundara citra kavi ne aMkita kiye haiN| nimnalikhita gaMgA nadI ke varNana meM kavi ne nadI kI tulanA eka nArI se kI hai| nadI ke praphulla kamala nArI ke vikasita mukha ke samAna haiM; bhramara samUha alakapAza ke samAna, matsya dIrSa nayanoM ke samAna, motI daMtAvalI ke samAna aura pratibimbita zazi darpaNa ke samAna pratIta hotA hai| kUlavRkSoM kI zAkhA rUpa bAhuoM se nAcatI huI, itastataH prakSalana se tribhaMgiyoM ko prakaTa karatI huI, sundara cakravAka rUpa stanavAlI, gaMbhIra Avarta rUpa nAbhi vAlI, phena samUha rUpa zubhra hAra vAlI, taraMga rUpa trivalI se zobhita, nIla kamala rUpa nIlAMcala dhAraNa karatI huI, jalavikSobha rUpa razanAdAma se yukta nadI vezyA ke samAna lIlA se aura maMtharagati se sAgara kI ora jA rahI hai| ghattA suMdara paya lakkhaNa saMgaya, vimala pasaNNa sukaihe suhAvaha / NAvai tiya sahai saiMttiya, Nai ahavA sukahe kahA // 2.11. paphphulla kamalavatteM hasaMti, ali valaya ghuliya alayaI sahati / dIhara jhasaNayahiM maNuharaMti, sippiu DuTTha vahi dihi jaNaMti / mottiya daMtAvali darisayaMti, paDiviviu sasi dappaNu NiyaMti / taDa viDavisAha vAhahiM NaDaMti, pakkhavalaNa tibhaMgiu pAyaDaMti / vara cakkavAya thaNahara NavaMti, gaMbhIraNIra bhama NAhi vaMti / pheNoha tAra hAra vvahaMti, ummi visesa tivaliu sahati / saya dala NolaMcala soha diti, jala khalaha rasaNNA dAmuliti / maMthara gai lIlae saMcaraMti, vesAi va sAyaru annusrNti|' su. ca. 2. 12 nimnalikhita vasanta varNana meM kavi ne Rtu ke anukUla madhura aura sarasa padoM kI yojanA kI hai| prArambhika vaMzastha meM to pramaroM kA guMjana sunAI detA hai / vasanta meM geya 'caccari' kA bhI kavi ne nirdeza kiyA hai| pattA dUra yara piyAhaM, pahiyahaM maNa sNtaavnnu| tahi avasare pattu, mAsu vasaMtu suhAvaNu // 7.4 vaMsatya . suyaMdhu maMdo malayaddimAruU, vasaMta rAyassa purANu saaruu| jaNaMtu khohaM hiyae viyaMbhae, samANiNI NaM aNumANu subhe| 1. payalakkhaNa-nadI pakSa meM jalayukta, strIpakSa meM padanyAsa se zobhita, kathA pakSa meM sundara padoM se yukt| taDa viDavi sAha--taTa viTapi zAkhA / rasaNNA dAmu--razanA daam|
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 165 jahiM jahiM malayAliNilu paridhAvai, tahi tahiM mayaNANalu uddIvai / ai muttau jahiM viyasai suddhau, chappau kiNNa hoi rasa luddhau / jo maMdAraeNa Niru kuppai, so kiM appau kurae samappai / sAmala komala sarasa suNimmala, kayalI vajjevi keyai Nipphala / sevai phara su vichappau bhullau, jaM jasu ruccai taM tasu bhallau / maha mahaMtu virahiNi maNadamaNauM, kAsu Na iThTha papphulliya davaNauM / jiNa haresu ADhaviya sucaccari, karahiM taruNi saviyArI caccari / katthai gijjai vara hiMdolau, jo kAmIyaNa maNa hiMdolau / ahisArihiM saMkeyaho gammaiM, gayavaIhi gNddylunnihmmiN| piyaviraheM "pahiyahaMDollijjaI, ahavA mahumAseM bhullijjai // su. ca. 7. 5. nimnalikhita prabhAta varNana meM kavi ne pratyUSa-mAtaMga dvArA saMsAra sarovara se nakSatra rUpa kumuda aura kumudiniyoM ke nAza aura zazi rUpa haMsa ke palAyana kA dRzya prastuta kiyA hai| sUrya ko kesarI aura gAr3hAndhakAra ko gaja batAte hue evaM sUrya ko digvadhU kA lIlA kamala, gaganAzoka kA kusuma gucchaka, dinazrI kA vidruma latA kA kaMda aura nabhazrI kA sundara kastUrI bindu--nirdeza karate hue kavi ne prAcIna paramparA kA hI nirvAha kiyA hai| to jaga saravarammi Nisi kumaiNi, uDDu paphulla kumuya ubhAsiNi / ummUliya paccUsa mayaMge, gamu sahiu sasi haMsa vihNgeN| vahala tamaMdhayAra vAraNa-ari, dosai uyaya sihare ravi kesari / puvva disAvaya aruNa chavi, lIlA kamalu va ubbhAsai ravi / sohammAi kappaphala joyaho, kosuma guMchu va gayaNA soyho| diNa siri vidduma villihe kaMDuva, Nahasiri ghusiNa lalAma ya viduva / nimnalikhita sUryAsta varNana meM kavi ne sUrya ke asta ho jAne ke kAraNa kI sundara kalpanA kI hai--vAruNI, surA meM anurakta kauna uThakara bhI naSTa nahIM hotA ? ataeva sUrya bhI vAruNI-pazcima dizA ke anurAga se udita hokara asta ho gyaa| duvaI bahu paharehiM sUru atyamiyau, ahavA kAiM siise| jo vAruNihe rattu so ugguvi, kavaNu Na kavaNu NAsae // Naha maragaya bhAyaNe vara vaMdaNa, saMjhA rAu ghusiNu sasi caMdaNu / sasi migu katyUrI Niru sAmala, viyasiya gaha kuvalayauDu tNddul| levi Nu maMgala karaNa gurAiya, Nisi taTTi tahi samae parAiya / su. ca. 5.8 kavi kezavadAsa ne bhI apanI rAmacandrikA meM eka sthAna para yahI bhAva abhivyakta
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________________ 366 kiyA hai / " rasa -- kAvya meM zRMgAra, vIra aura zAnta tInoM rasa milate haiM / manoramA ke saundayaM citraNa meM aura aneka prakAra kI striyoM ke varNana meM zrRMgAra rasa kI abhivyakti kI gaI hai / dhAr3IvAhana ke yuddha prasaMga meM vIra rasa milatA hai| zrRMgAra rasa kA antatogatvA zAnta rasa meM paryavasAna dikha ; detA hai / zrRMgAra rasa kI abhivyaMjanA meM kavi kA nimnalikhita manoramA-rUpa-varNana dekhiye dhattA jA lachi samA tahe kAuvamA jAhe gaie sakalattaI / Ni NijjiyAM, NaM lajjiyahaM haMsaiM mANase pattaI // 4.1 jAhe caraNa sAruNa ai komala, pechevi jale paddaTTa ratuppala / jAhe pAyaNaha maNihi vicittaI, NirasiyAiM he Thiya NakkhattaI / ... jAhi laDaha jaMghahi jAhe NiyaMbu bivuba ... jAhi nAhi gaMbhIrima jAhe majbhu kimu jAhe suromAvalie ghattA- apabhraMza-sAhitya 800 ... hoevi thiu / aMgurai kaMteM / uhAmiuM, raMbhau NIsArau alahaMteM, parisesiyau aha madaM kaliya romAvaliya, jai gavi vihi virayaMta / to maNahareNa guru thalahareNa, majjhu avasu bhajjaMtau // 4.2 jAhe NieviNu komalu vAhau, visa vika rahita guNaummA hau / jAhe pANi pallavaI sulalilayAM, kaMkellI darlAhiMvi ahilasi yahi / jAhi saha sivi ahiha viyae, NaM kiNhattu dhariu mAhaviyae / jAhe kaMTha rehattaya Nijjiya, saMkha samudde vuDDu NaM lajjiya / jAhe ahararAeM viduma guNu, jittau jeNa dharai kaThiNattaNu / jAhe daMsaNa kaMtie jiya Nimmala, sippiheM teM paTTha muttAhala / jAhe sAsa surahi maNau pAvai, pavaNu teNauvviM viru dhAvai / jAhe vimala muha iMda sayAsae, Ni vaDaNa khapparaM va sasi bhAsai / jisau, gaMgA vattu Na thAi bhamaMtau / avaloevi, hari NaM tava caraNa cittu gau giri dari / parajjiya, NAiNi vile paisadda NaM lajjiya / 1. jahIM vAruNI kI karI raMcaka ruci dvijarAja / tahIM kiyo bhagavaMta bina saMpati sobhA sAja // kezava kaumudI prathama bhAga, TIkAkAra lA0 bhagavAnadIna, saM0 1986 vi0, pR0 72
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________________ apabhraMza - khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 167 jAhe yaNa avalosvi hariNihi, vibhiehiM radda vaddhI gahaNehiM / he bha vakatte suradhaNu, jittau habai teNa so NigguNu / jAhe bhAlahiu kiNhaTThami sasi, havaI khINu ajjuvi kheyaho vasi / kesaha jAe jitta ali satyavi, ruNuruNaMta rai karavi Na katthavi / su. ca. 4.3 arthAt jo manoramA lakSmI ke samAna hai usakI tulanA kisa se kI jA sakatI hai ? jisakI gati se nitAnta parAjita hokara mAno lajjita hue haMsa sakalatra mAnasa meM cale gye| jisake atikomala aura aruNa caraNoM ko dekhakara raktakamala jala meM praviSTa ho gye| jisake caraNoM kI sundara nakha kAnti se parAbhUta nakSatra AkAza meM cale gaye / .... jisakI sundara jaMghAoM se tulanA karane para kadalI nissAra ho khar3A rhaa| jisake nitaMba biba ko na prApta kara kAma ne apane zarIra ko bhasmAvazeSa kara diyA / * jisakI nAbhi ke gAmbhIrya se jItI huI gaMgA kI jala bhaMvara sadA ghUmatI huI sthira nahIM ho pAtI / jisakI kaTi ko dekhakara kyA siMha tapazcaraNa ke vicAra se giri kandarA meM calA gayA ? jisakI sundara romAvalI se parAjita hokara lajjita nAginI mAno bila meM praviSTa ho gaI / yadi vidhAtA usakI romAvalI rUpI loha khalA kA nirmANa na karatA to usake manohArI aura guru stanabhAra se kaTi avazya bhagna ho jAtI / jisakI komala bAhuoM ko dekhakara * . jisake sulalita pANipallavoM kI azoka dala bhI icchA karate haiM / jisake madhura svara ko suna kara kokilA ne kRSNatA dhAraNa kara lI / jisakI kaMTha rekhAoM se parAjita hokara lajjita zaMkha samudra meM DUba gayA / jisake ara-rAga se vijita vidruma ne kaThinatA dhAraNa kara lii| jisakI danta kAnti se vijita nirmala motI sIpiyoM ke andara jA chipe / jisake zvAsa saurabha ko na pAkara pavana vikSipta sA cAroM ora daur3atA phiratA hai / jisake mukha candra ke sAmane candramA eka khappara ke samAna pratIta hotA hai| jisakI A~khoM ko dekhakara hariNiyoM ne vismita hokara pAzabandhana kI kAmanA bar3hA lii| jisakI bhauhoM kI vakratA se parAjita hokara indradhanuSa nirguNa ho gyaa| jisake bhAla se vijita kRSNapakSa kI aSTamI kA candra Aja bhI kSINa hotA hai aura AkAza meM basatA hai / jisake kezoM se vijita bhramara samUha cAroM ora gunagunAtA huA phiratA hai aura kahIM bhI usakA dila nahIM lagatA / uparilikhita varNana meM kavi ne manoramA ke aMgoM kA varNana kiyA hai / isameM nakhazikha varNana kI paripATI spaSTa parilakSita hotI hai / nakha zikha varNana vAstavika nakha zikha varNana hai kyoMki kavi ne manoramA ke caraNoM se prArambha kara kezoM para samApti kI hai / aMgoM ke upamAna yadyapi prasiddha haiM tathApi varNana meM anUThApana hai / isa prakAra ke varNana kA AbhAsa saMskRta kaviyoM ke kucha padyoM meM bhI milatA hai / jaise-- " yat tvannetra samAna kAnti salile magnaM tadindIvaram" / ityAdi arthAt he sundari ! tumhAre netroM ke samAna kAntivAlA nIla kamala jala meM DUba gayA /
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________________ 168 apabhraMza-sAhitya rUpa varNana kI isa zailI kA AbhAsa vidyApati ke padoM meM bhI dikhAI detA hai|' isa rUpa varNana meM kucha upamAnoM kI chAyA jAyasI ke padmAvatI rUpa-varNana meM dikhAI detI hai| sudarzana ke saundarya ko dekhakara manoramA bhI usake prati AkRSTa ho gii| manoramA kI vyAkulatA meM vipralaMbha zRgAra kI abhivyaMjanA huI hai / manoramA vyAkula ho kAma ko upAlambha detI hai are khala svabhAva kAma ! tuma bhI mere deha ko tapAte ho kyA sajjana ko yaha ucita hai ? rudra ne tumhArI deha jalAI phira mujha mahilA ke Upara yaha krodha kyoM ? are mUrkha ! tuma ne pAMcoM bANa mere hRdaya para chor3a diye phira dUsarI yuvatiyoM ko kisase viddha karegA? duvaI kamalu jaladda geu bhUsaNa dihiNavi kappUra caMdaNaM / asaNu Na sayaNu bhavaNu paDihAsai paviyaM bhei raNaraNaM / / 1. kabarI-bhaya cAmari giri kandara mukha-bhaya cA~da akaase| harina nayana-bhaya, sara-bhaya kokila gati-bhaya gaja banavAse // 2 kuca-bhaya kamala-koraka jala mudi rahu ghaTa paravesa hutaase|| dADima siriphala gagana vAsa kara ___ sambhu garala kara grAse // 6 bhuja bhaya paMka mRnAla nukAela kara bhaya kisalaya kaaNpe| vidyApati padAvalI--rAmavRkSa benIpurI saMkalita padasaMkhyA 20, pRSTha 30. vihi niramali rAmA dosara lachi samA bhala tulA ela niramAna // 3 kuca-maMDala siri heri kanaka-giri lAje digantara gela / mAjha-khoni tanu bhare bhAMgi jAya janu vidhi anusaye bhala sAji / nIla paTora Ani ati se sudRr3ha jAni jatana siriju romarAji // 7 vidyApati padAvalI, padasaMkhyA 22, pR0 32.
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________________ apabhraMza khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) puNu puNu sA pabhaNai jaNiya tAva, re re mayaraddhaya khala sahAva / chavi tuhuM vi mahu tavahi dehu, sapurisaho hoi ki juttu eha / ruddeNa asi yava i da dehu, bhaNu mahilahe uppari koNa kohu / paMcavi mahaM lAyavatiNi vANa, aNNAu keNa haNihasi ayANa / saya vatta vatta loyaha ddhavasAla, jahiM jahi Aloyai kahiM vi vAla / taha taha AvaMta suhau bhAi, suha daMsaNa bhariyaDa jagu ji NAi / 5.1 169 isa vyAkulatA kA paryavasAna vivAha meM hotA hai / isI prasaMga meM saMdhyA aura prAtaH sundara varNanoM ke sAtha saMbhoga zrRMgAra kA bhI kavi ne varNana kiyA hai / ke saMyoga zrRMgAra ke varNana ke prasaMga meM hI kavi ne vasantotsava, upavana-vihAra aura jIr3A ke bhI sundara varNana prastuta kiye haiM / zrRMgAra rasa kA antatogatvA paryavasAna zAnta rasa meM dikhAI detA hai / anta meM saba pAtra tapasvI aura virakta ho jAte haiM / vahIM vairAgya, zAnti ke citroM meM zAnta rasa parilakSita hotA hai / gAra ke prasaMga meM kavi ne aneka prakAra kI striyoM kA varNana kiyA hai / striyoM kA bheda aneka AdhAroM para kavi ne pradarzita kiyA hai| pahale vizeSa iMgitoM ke AdhAra para striyoM ke cAra bheda batAye gaye haiM--bhadda, maMdA, laya aura haMsI / tadanantara bhinna-bhinna vargoM ke AdhAra para bheda kiye gaye haiM-RSi strI, vidyAdharI, yakSiNI, sArasI, mRgI Adi ( 4.5) / tadanantara prAnta bheda yA deza bheda se unakA vibhAga kiyA gayA hai-- mAlavinI, saiMdhavI, kozalI, siMhalI, gaur3I, lATI, kAliMgI, mahArASTrI, saurASTrI Adi / bhinna-bhinna dezoM ke anusAra unake svabhAva kA bhI digdarzana karAyA gayA hai ( 4.6 ) / isake bAda bAta, pitta aura kapha kI pradhAnatA ke AdhAra para unakA vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai (4-7) / isI prasaMga meM maMdA, tIkSNA, tIkSNatarA aura zuddha, azuddha mizra Adi bhedoM kI ora nirdeza kiyA gayA hai (4.8) / ' DA0 rAmasiMha tomara ne isa vargIkaraNa meM rItikAla kI nAyikA bheda kI pravRtti ke bIja kI ora nirdeza kiyA hai| rAnI abhayA kI paricArikA paMDitA meMdUtakA rUpa dekhA jA sakatA hai / pahile nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai ki isa pravRtti kA asphuTa sA AbhAsa jaMbu sami cariu ( 4.14 ) meM bhI dikhAI detA hai / navIM sandhi meM dhAr3IvAhana ke yuddha prasaMga meM vIrarasa dikhAI detA hai / samucita chanda fat gati dvArA yoddhAoM kI gati pradarzita kI gaI hai / anuraNanAtmaka zabdoM ke prayoga dvArA zabda citra upasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM rAjA dhAr3I 1. rAmasiMha tomara - sudaMsaNa cariu, vizvabhAratI patrikA, khaMDa 4, aMka 4, aktU 0, disaM0, 1945, pR0. 263 / paramAnanda zAstrI--apabhraMza bhASA ke do mahAkAvya aura kavivara nayanandI, anekAnta varSa 10, kiraNa 10.
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya vAhana aura rAkSasa ke yuddha kI tulanA strI aura puruSa ke mithuna se kI gaI hai to gajjaiM raNa raha sunbhiNNaiM, abhiTTaI Niva Nisiyara sennii| mihuNaiM jiha romaMciya gattaI, mihuNaI jiha taralAviya ghettii| mihuNaiM jiha uddIviya rosaI, mihuNaiM jiha dhAviya muha sosiN| mihuNaiM jiha viraiya saMbaMdhaI, mihuNaiM jiha vara karaNa myNghiN| mihuNaiM jiha vikkhittAharaNaiM, mihuNaI jiha uccAiya crnniN| mihuNaiM jiha Amelliya susaraI, mihuNaI jiha puNu puNu dara hsirii| mihuNaiM jiha seullaNi lAiiM, mihuNaiM jiha kaDDhiya kara vaalii| mihuNaiM jiha Aya vachayalaI, mihuNaiM jiha muchae taNu viylii| pattA -- toullalai calai khalai, tasai lhasai NIsasai paNAsai / Nisiyara valu Niva sAhaNaho, Nava bahu jema sasajmae dosai // 9.4 nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM chanda kI gati dekhiye jujjha kocharA tosiyacharA NaM bhayAvaNA rAma rAvaNA Dhukka sammuhA mukka AuhA ghAya ghammirA ratta timmirA do vi suMdarA NAI maMdarA kaMpa vajjiyA deva pujjiyA 9.9 rAjA aura rAkSasa donoM ratha para car3ha yuddha karate haiN| Tana Tana bajate ghaMTe aura khanakhana karatI zRkhalA se citra sajIva ho uThA hai kaMcaNa Nibaddhae, ubbhiya sucitae dhagadhagagiya maNiyare, maMda kiMkiNi sre| maNajava payaTTae, TaNa TaNiya ghNtte|| dhUva dhUmAule, gumagumiya aliule khaNa khaNiya saMkhale, vahu valaNa caMcale, hili hiliya hayavare, erise rhvre| 9.11 isa prakAra kavi ke vasantotsava, upavana vihAra, sUryAsta Adi vaNanoM meM usakA bAhya-prakRti kA nirIkSaNa dikhAI detA hai / ataH prakRti kA nirIkSaNa strI-prakRti aMkana meM dRSTigata hotA hai / nimnalikhita vastu-chaMdoM meM kavi ne strI-prakRti kA sundara vizleSaNa kiyA hai| kavi ke vicAra meM aneka tarka, lakSaNa, chaMdAlaMkAra, siddhAnta-zAstra Adi gaMbhIra granthoM ke rahasya ko samajhA jA sakatA hai / jIvana-maraNa, zubhAzubha karma, maMtra, taMtra, zakuna Adi kA bhI nirdhAnta jJAna saMbhava hai / eka strI-carita ko chor3a kara saba kucha jAnA jA sakatA hai / kruddha siMha, vyAghra, sarpa Adi ke citta ko samajhA jA sakatA hai
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) kintu isa vasudhA - pITha para strI - citta kI thAha lene meM kauna samartha hai ? kisI-na-kisI upAya se graha-cakra, aMbudhi - salila, vAla- nikara ityAdi jAne jA sakate haiM kintu tiyAcaritra kA samajhanA saMbhava nahIM / vastu chaMda savva lakkhaNa takka suNighaMTa / sa chaMdAlaMkAra vara caraNa karaNa siddhAMta bheyaI / jIvaNa maraNa suhAsuhaiM kamma paryADa baMdhaI arNayaI / maMtaI taMtaI sauNAI, etyu Na kIrai bhaMti / ekku mueviNu tiya cariu, savvaI jANijjaMti // 7 ai sarosahaM sIha vagghAhaM / AsI visaharahaM, kahava cittu dhippai alIDhaI / aNumettu vittiyahe puNu, ko samatthu iha vasuha vIDhae / gaha cakku vi aMbuhi salilu, vAluya giyara vi citta / kaha va pavAeM jANiya, Nau puNu tiyahe caritu // 8 171 8.36 bhASA - kavi ne kAvya meM kliSTa aura aneka prakAra ke alaMkAroM aura muhAvaroM se yukta bhASA kA prayoga kiyA hai / sthAna-sthAna para sundara subhASita bhI prayukta hue haiN| kliSTa zailI ke prayoga se yadyapi bhASA kacha kliSTa pratIta hotI hai tathApi sarala aura prasAdaguNa yukta bhASA kA abhAva nahIM / dekhiye- kaDu upalAvireNa / ki mittaM kavaDu payAsireNa, ki suyaNaM parauvahAsireNa / ki rAeM jaNa saMtAvireNa, kiM vAeM kiM NeheM vippiya dAvireNa, ki laddhe ki lachi vihINeM paMkaraNa, kiM maNueM ki kusumeM gandha vivajjieNa, kiM sUreM samara dhamme pAvireNa / lagga kalaMkaraNa / parajjieNa / kiM bhicceM pesaNa saMkieNa, kiM ki davveM kiviNa karAsieNa, kiM kiM NIraseNa Nacciya NaDeNa, ki turaeM UrUDhaM kieNa / kavveM lakkhaNa dUsieNa / sAhuhu iMdiya laMpaDeNa / su0 ca0 11.9. grantha meM zleSa, upamA, rUpaka, virodhAbhAsa Adi alaMkAroM kA pracuratA se prayoga milatA hai / sAmya pradarzana ke lie kavi ne zabdagata sAmya kI hI ora adhika dhyAna diyA
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________________ 172 apabhraMza - sAhitya hai / aprastuta yojanA meM kavi ne prAyaH mUrta upamAnoM kA hI prayoga kiyA hai / upamAnoM ke cayana meM kavi kI dRSTi kahIM-kahIM grAmya upabhA meM kahIM-kahIM halakI-sI upadeza bhAvanA kI udAharaNArtha kAhe vi ramaNie piya diTThi patta Na cala NaM kaddame Dhori khutta / 7.17 para par3I kisI ramaNI kI dRSTi isa prakAra Age na bar3hI, jisa prakAra rthAt kIcar3a meM phasA pazu | dRzyoM kI ora bhI gaI hai / ora bhI dhyAna calA jAtA hai| kumuya saMDa dujjaNa sama darisiya, mitta viNAsaNe vi jeM viyasiya / 8.17 arthAt kumuda samUha durjana ke samAna dikhAI diyA jo mitra sUrya ke vinAza ho jAne para bhI vikasita thA / aggae Niu pacchae divvu jAi, jIvahu puvva kkiu kammu gAi / 9.17 grantha kI bhASA meM anuraNanAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga bhI milatA hai / ghumu dhumiya maddalaI kaNakaNiya kaMsAI, dumu dumiya gaMbhIra duMduhi visesAI / raNa jhaNiya tAlAI jhaM jhaM saDhukkAI, Dama Damiya Damaru yai daMDaMta DakkAI / thara thariri thara thari ri kara Doha saddAI, jhijhijhita zikkiri suhaddAI / thaDagege thage Dugege takhi takkhi paDahAI, kiri kiriri kiri kiriri taTara kuMdalaDahAI kara milaNa jhimi jhimiya jhallari viyaMbhAI, rujaMta ruMjAI bhaMbhaMta bhaMbhAI / 7.6 bhinna-bhinna anuraNanAtmaka zabdoM ke prayoga dvArA kavi ne vasantotsava meM bajate hue vibhinna vAdya yantroM kI dhvaniyoM kA aMkana kiyA hai / subhASita - - kavi ne aneka subhASitoM aura muhAvaroM ke prayoga se bhASA ko rocaka banAyA hai 'kare kaMkaNu ki Arise dIsai' / 7.2 arthAt hAtha kaMgana ko ArasI kyA ? 'jaM jasu ruccai taM tasu bhallau / 7.5 arthAt jo jise acchA lage vahI usake lie bhalA / 'aha Na kavaNu NeheM saMtAviu' / 7.2 arthAt prema se kauna duHkhita nahIM hotA ? 'ekke hatthe tAla ki vajjada, 'ki marevi paMcamu gAijjai / 8.3 arthAt eka hAtha se tAlI kaise bajAI jA sakatI hai ? kyA maraNa para bhI paMcama gAyA jA sakatA hai !
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________________ apabhraMza khaNDakAvya (dhArmika) 'saggu muevi Narau ki vaMchahi / 8.5 arthAt svarga ko chor3a naraka kyoM cAhatA hai ? 'taM khajjai jaM pariNai pAvai' / 8.5 arthAt vaha khAo jo haz2ama ho jAya / 'aNNu majjhu taM hAsau dijjai, ghare raMddhie jaM bhikkha bhamijjai / ' anya vyaktiyoM meM vaha upahasita hotA hai jo ghara meM bhojana pakA kara bhikSA ke lie ghUmatA phire / 'vara suvaNNa kalasaho uvari, DhaMkaNu kiM khapparu dijjai / 8.6 kyA suvarNa kalaza ke Upara khappara kA DhakanA diyA jAtA hai ? 'para uvaesu diMtu bahu jANau' / 8.8 dUsare ko upadeza denA bahuta loga jAnate haiM / 'buddha suddha kiM kaMjiu pUraI / 8.8 kyA zuddha dUdha kA~jI kI samatA kara sakatA hai ? ' daivAyattu hoMtu ko vAraI' avasu vivasi kijjai jaM ruccai, visa bhaeNa ki phaNi muNi muccaI / 8.21 'devahaM vi dulakkhau tiya caritu' / 9.18 arthAt strI caritra devatAoM se bhI durlakSya hai / 'jovvaNu puNu giriNai veya tullu, viddhateM hoi savvaMgu Dhillu' / 9.21 yauvana pahAr3I nadI ke vega ke tulya hotA hai / vRddhatva se aMga aMga zithila ho jAtA hai / 'sappurisaho ki bahugurNAha, pajjata dosaha NarAhiva / taDi viSphuraNu va rosu maNe mittI pAhaNa rehA iva // 9.18 'amilaMtANa va dosai ho dUre vi saMThiyANaM pi / 173 jaivi ravi gayaNayale iha tahavi hulai suhu NaliNI // ' 8.4 arthAt paraspara na milate hue dUra sthita prANiyoM meM bhI sneha dekhA jAtA hai / jisa prakAra sUrya dUra gaganatala meM rahatA hai kintu phira bhI nIce bhUtala para nalinI vikasita hotI hai / isa prakAra nayanaMdI kI bhASA aura varNana zailI ko dekhane se 'sudaMsaNa cariu', nissandeha apabhraMza kA eka utkRSTa kAvya siddha hotA hai / kavi ne to ise pUrNarUpa se doSa . rahita ghoSita kiyA hai / 1. rAmo sIya viUya soya viharaM saMpattu rAmAyaNe jAdA paMDava dhAyaraTTha sada daM gottaM kkalI bhArahe / heDDA koliya cora rajju niradA No ekkaM pi sudaMsaNassa caride AhAsidA suddaye / samuDabhAsidaM // zArdUla0 dosaM su0 ca0 3.1
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________________ 174 apabhraMza-sAhitya chandakavi ne grantha meM aneka prakAra ke chandoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / kezavadAsa kI rAmacandrikA aura isa kAvya meM prayukta aneka chanda samAna haiN| chandoM kI vividhatA bhI donoM kAvyoM meM samAna rUpa se dRSTigata hotI hai| isa kAvya meM varNika aura mAtrika donoM prakAra ke chandoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai kintu pradhAnatA mAtrika chandoM kI hI hai| AThavIM sandhi ke chaThe kaDavaka ke Arambha meM kavi ne ATha dohoM (dohASTakaM) ke bAda kaDavaka prArambha kiyA hai / udAharaNa svarUpa do dohe dekhiye-- jANAmi hauM uvahANaiM, kiM tuhUM cavai bahutu / aMvie ko vi Na paMDiyau, para uvaesa kahaMtu // 2 iya NisuNevi Nu paMDiyae, to vuttau vihasevi / khIlaya kAraNe devaulu, gau juttau NAsevi // 8 vaNika vRttoM meM bhI navInatA utpanna karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / nimnalikhita mAlinI vRta dekhiye khalayaNa sira sUlaM, sajjaNANaMda mUlaM / pasaraha avirolaM, mAgahANaM surolN| siri Naviya jiNido, dei vAyaM vnniNdo| vasu haya jui jutto, mAliNI chaMdu vutto // 3.4 pratyeka caraNa meM yati ke sthAna para aura caraNAnta meM anuprAsa (tuka) ke prayoga dvArA cAra caraNoM kI mAlinI ATha caraNoM vAlI pratIta hotI hai|' sakala vidhi nidhAna kAvya yaha bhI nayanaMdI kA likhA huA aprakAzita graMtha hai / isakI hastalikhita . prati Amera zAstra bhaMDAra meM upalabdha hai (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 181 tathA 285) / 1. kavi ne nimnalikhita vaNika aura mAtrika chandoM kA prayoga kiyA hai pAdAkulaka, ramaNI, mattamAyaMga, kAmavANa, duvaI-mayaNa vilAsA, bhujaMga prayAta, pramANikA, toDaNaU, maMdAkrAntA, zArdUla vikrIDita, mAlinI, doSaya, samAnikA, mayaNa, tribhaMgikA (maMjarI, khaMDiyaM aura gAthA kA mizraNa), AnaMda, dvibhaMgikA (duvaI aura gAhI kA mizraNa), AraNAla, tomara, maMdayAti, amarapurasundarI madanAvatAra, mAgahaNakkuDiyA, zAla bhaMjikA, vilAsinI, uviMda vajjA, iMDavajjA, athavA akhINai, uvajAi (upajAti), vasaMta caccara, vaMsattha, uvvasI, sArIya, caMDavAla, bhramarapada, AvalI, caMdralekhA, vastu, NiseNI, latA kusuma, racitA, kuvalayamAlinI maNizekhara, dohA, gAthA, paddhaDiyA, uhiyA, mottiya dAma, toNau, paMca-cAmara, saggiNI, maMdAradAma, mANiNI, paddhaDiyA ke nimnalikhita bheda rayaNamAla, cittaleha, caMdaleha, pAraMdiyA, rayaDA ityAdi /
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________________ apabhraMza - khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 175 kRtikAra ne 58 sandhiyoM meM grantha kI racanA kI / sandhiyoM meM kar3avakoM kI koI nizcita saMkhyA nhiiN| dUsarI sandhi meM 5 kar3avaka haiM aura bayAlIsavIM meM 29 / hasta likhita prati meM 15 vIM sandhi ke bAda 32 vIM sandhi samApta hotI hai / 16 vIM sandhi meM 7 veM kar3avaka ke bAda 32 vIM sandhi ke 8 veM kar3avaka kA kucha aMza dekara Age kar3avaka calane lagate haiM / kRtti meM kavi ne racanA kAla nahIM diyA kintu 'sudaMsaNa cariu' ke racanA kAla se kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki isa grantha kI racanA bhI kavi ne vi0 saM0 1100 ke lagabhaga kI hogI / yadyapi isa grantha meM aneka vidhi vidhAnoM aura ArAdhanAoM kA ullekha evaM vivecana hai tathApi grantha kI puSpikAoM meM kRtikAra ne ise kAvya kahA hai / " kRtikAra ne apane se pUrvavartI aura samakAlIna aneka granthakAroM evaM kaviyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / inake nAma nimnalikhita haiM 2 manu yAjJavalkya, vAlmIki, vyAsa, vararuci, vAmana, kAlidAsa, kautUhala, bANa, mayUra, jinasena, vArAyaNa, zrIharSa, rAjazekhara, jasacandra, jayarAma, jayadeva, pAlita ( pAdalipta), pANini, pravarasena, pAtaMjali, piMgala, vIra sena, siMhanaMdI, guNasaMha, guNabhadra, sAmaMtabhadra, akalaMka, rudra, goviMda, daMDI, bhAmaha, bhAravi, bharaha, caumuha, svayaMbhU, puSpadanta, zrIcandra, prabhAcandra, zrI kumAra aura sarasvatI kumAra / 1. muNivara NayanaMdI saNNibaddhe pasiddhe sayala vihi NihANe ettha kavve subhavve / ariha pamuha~ suttu vRttu mArAhaNAe pabhaNiuM phuDU saMdhI aTThAvaNa samoti // 58vIM sandhi 2. maNu jaNNa vakku vammIu vAsu, vararUi vAmaNu kavi kAliyAsu / kohala bANu maUru suru, jiNaseNa jiNAgama kamala sUru / vArAyaNavaraNAu viviyadadu, siri harisu rAya seharu guNadadu jasaiMSu jae jayarAya NAmu, jaya deu jaNamaNANaMda kAmu / pAlitau pANiNi pavaraseNu, pAyaMjali piMgalu vIraseNu / siri siMhanaMdi guNasaMha bhada, du, guNabhavadu guNillu samaMtabhada hu / akalaMku visama vAIya vihaMDi, kAmadadu bhammui bhArahi bharahuvi mahaMtu, caumuhu ruddu goviMdu daMDi / sayaMbhu kai puphphayaMtu / ghatA NaMdi maNoharu / vilAsiNi seharu | sa0 vi0 ti0 kA0 1.5 siri caMdu pahAcaMdu vi vibuha, guNa gaNa kai siri kumAra sarasai kumara, kitti
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________________ 176 apabhraMza - sAhitya grantha kA Arambha karate hue kRtikAra ne maMgalAcaraNa ke anantara cAra gAthAoM dvArA sarasvatI vandanA kI hai chaddaMsaNa chaccaraNa chaMdAlaMkAra phuriya pakkhauDA / Navarasa kusumAsattA, bhiMgivva girA jae jayau // 1 // thapathyA vilasiya savilAsa payA vAesI paramahaMsa tallINA / muNigaNa hara pamuha muhAraviMda Thiya jayauhaM sivva // 2 // pUrvapathyA kevala NANa sarovara samujjha vAaruha diNayarullasiyA / jayau bhisiNivva vANI chaddaMsaNa chappayAvariyA // 3 // parapathyA dIhara samAsa kara pasara chittakka vAyaraNa vAraNa visesA / kariNitva kAla kANaNa kayattha kolA girA jayau // 4 // vipulANAma gAthA 1.1 kRtikAra Atma-vinaya prakaTa karatA hai aura kahatA hai 'alaMkAra sallakkhaNaM desi chaMda, - Na lakkhami satyAMtaraM atthamaMdaM / ' isa prasaMga meM kRtikAra apane granthako zRGgAra, vIra rasAdi se bhinna dhArA meM racane kA kAraNa batalAtA huA kahatA hai. ---- ki karimi kiM pi siMgAra gaMtha, NaM NaM taM jIvaho Naraya paMthu / ki vIru vIra jaNa jaNiya rAu, NaM NaM so bahu hiMsA sahAu / ff karamaka pi kAyamuya maNojju, NaM NaM NiSNAsiya dhammakajju / 1. 12 grantha me sthAna-sthAna para lekhaka ne "uktaM ca" likhakara saMskRta granthoM ke aneka uddharaNa diye haiM / 15 vIM sandhi meM to saMskRta zailI ke sAtha-sAtha granthakAra ne saMskRta 1 divasasyASTame bhAge maMdIbhUte divAkare / naktaM tad vijAnIyA nna naktaM nizibhojanam // yathAhi siddhi mAkAzaM timiropapluto naraH / saMkIrNa miva mAtrAbhi zcitrAbhi rabhi manyate // tatheda mamalaM brahma nirvikalpamavidyayA / kaluSatvamivApannaM bhedarUpaM prazasyate // 33.6 buddhiryasya balaM tasya, nirbuddhe hi kuto balam vane siMha madonmattaH, zazakena nipAtitaH // 48.10 ?
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________________ 177 apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) padAvalI kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai|' granthakAra ne apanI dhArmika bhAvanAoM ko abhivyakta karane ke lie prAcIna kathAoM aura upAkhyAnoM kA Azraya liyA hai| ina AkhyAnoM kA kavi ne alaMkRta aura kAvyamaya bhASA meM varNana kiyA hai| jaise, 35 bI aura 36 vIM sandhiyoM meM kRtikAra ne kramazaH rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata yuddha kA varNana kiyA hai| inakA prasaMga yaha dikhAne ke lie lAyA gayA hai ki strI meM Asakti se aniSTa utpanna hotA hai| kavi mahI-mahilA kA varNana karatA huA usake mukha-maMDala ko alaMkRta karane vAle vidhi-nirmita magadha-maMDala rUpI kuMDala kA nirdeza karatA hai jalahi valaya cala rasaNA dAmahe / mahi mahilahe mahivai ahirAmahe / kiM vitthiNNa ghora thira mhihr| NaM NaM tahi sohahi supaUhara / ki sarIra kllolullliyu| NaM NaM tahecala hArAvaliyau / kiM jala lahariyA upddihaasiu| NaM NaM tahe tivaliTTau huusiu| kiM paripakkaM sAli dihikaarinnii| NaM NaM tahe pIyala maNa hAriNi / ki bhaMgura bhAvai bhamarAvali / NaM NaM tahi NiDAli alayAvali / ki sari sarala macha maNa moynn| NaM NaM taha taraliya muha loyaNa // ki pavaNaMdoliya Duma saahu| NaM NaM tahe komala cala vAhau / kiM pura vara paesu sNpunnnnuN| NaM NaM tahi NiyaMvu vitthiNNauM / kiM paMDuchu jaMtarasu aviralu / NaM NaM tahe viyarai Nava rai jalu / kiM kayaliu pesala usa lagghau / NaM NaM tammi seNatahe jaMghau / kiM morahaM kalAu aNdoli| NaM NaM kesa pAsu tahe gholai / ghattA mahi mahilahe muha maMDaNu shi| NAmeM magahAmaMDalu // Nimmalu suvaNNa surayaNa sahiu / vihi vihiyau NaM kuMDalu // rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke yuddha prasaMgoM meM vIrarasa vyaMjaka aneka varNana upalabdha hote haiM / ina varNanoM meM kavi ne paraMparAnukUla saMyuktAkSaroM kA prayoga kiyA hai / udaahrnnaarthkaamlliyaa| jANai jAya rAya maNu rAvaNu rAma sehiM sNgre| jA jama paTTaNaM miNa pavaTTai tApai seha aMtare // 1 svabhAva niyati kAla Izvara Atma kartRtvAni / jIvAjIva zrava saMvara nirjarAvaMdha mokSa puNya pApAni / svataH parataH nityAnityAH eteSAM sadRSTi 49400000 anayanaM paraspara ghAtena // 180 uktaMca //
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________________ 178 apabhraMza-sAhitya dhIrA / Na pekAmi laMkesa laMkAviNAsaM / imaMjaMpiu paMsuNA paMDateNa teNA vi saMruddha cAraM / kayaM cAuraMgaM vale rayaMdhArae jUriyA ke vi vIrA / raNaMto vikuvvaMti aNNoNu dhaNummukkaTaMkAra saddAu johe / bisajjei vANAvalI baddha kohe / calate rahe cakka cikkArasadde / rahIu rahIyassa mellevi kaMde / yA hiMsaNe Asuro AsavAre / padhAvei Nikkho jja tikkhA sidhAre / e gajjie gajjamANo gaiMdo / samuddhAvae NaM mahaMde mado / jahA pakkale pavakaloNo valukko / sahakkaMta pAikke pAikka cakko / talappataM phArakke phArakka phAro / paiTTho paijhaMti diNNa ppahAro / pisakkoha su~kAra sadde abhaggo / sudhANukkie ko vi dhANukku laggo / ghattA mukkasaH / aMdhayAraM / paDu kovi payAsaha / vANa sahAsaha / sIri urahurehai pavaru / yi kahi sudAruNu / para hiMsAruNu / NAvaha phagguNa divasayaru || 35. 18 kavi ne nirveda bhAva jAgRta karane vAle varNana bhI prastuta kiye haiM / ninnalikhita uddharaNa meM kavi ne sAMsArika asAratA aura mAnava kI unnati - avanati kA hRdayagrAhI varNana kiyA hai taDiva cavala ghariNI suhAsiNI / kAsu sAsayA siri vilAsiNI // uktaM ca || gAthA / uyayaM caDaNaM paDaNaM tiNNi vi ThANAiM ikka diyahaMmi / sUrassa ya esa gaI, aNNassa ya kettiyaM thAmaM // 6.8 arthAt jaba eka hI dina meM sUrya jaise parAkramI ko bhI udaya, uparigamana aura patana ina tInoM avasthAoM kA anubhava karanA par3atA hai to phira auroM kA kyA kahanA ? isI prakAra nimnalikhita duvaI chanda meM nalinI dalagata jala bindu ke samAna jIvana, ko capala batAyA gayA hai TRUCKS dubaI -- aNilullaliya laliya NaliNI dala jala lava capala jIviyaM / jaNu jovaNu ghaNaM Na ki jovaha vahavasa laNa dIviyaM // 6.9 bhASA -- kavi ne grantha meM sarasa aura anuprAsamayI bhASA kA prayoga kiyA hai / "sasi kAsa kusuma saMkAsa jasa, pasara pUra pUriya disa / " "tayaloya loya loyaNahaM piya" jaisI madhura padAvalI se grantha paripUrNa hai / kahIM kahIM para yuddha prasaMga meM bhI kavi ne isI prakAra kI sarasa bhASA kA prayoga kiyA hai / jaise nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM raNabhUmi kI saritA se tulanA kI gaI hai| donoM vastuoM ke aMgoM meM upalabdha dharmoM dvArA dRzya ko pUrNa rUpa se abhivyakta karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai-
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) rehati raNagaNe rehati raNaMgaNi camara rehaMti raNaMgaNe vara rehahi raNe gholira cavala hAra / NaM rehahi raNe mahajhaM savibbhamAI / NaM cautturaMga / NaM sari taraliya caMcala taraMga / vimala / NaM sari valaya calavaliya dhavala / rahaMga / NaM sarasaraMta suMdara rahaMga / sariumajjireNekkahAra / sarimaNa moharaM vibbhamAI / sajjhatAI / hahi raNe kari yara ddhayAI / NaM sari kari mayaraI uddhayAI / rehahi raNe kayasajjha sajjha sAiM / NaM sari viyasaMta rehahi raNe paMDura puMDarIya / NaM sari papphuliya rehahiM raNammi ratuppalAI / NaM sari viyasiya rehahi raNe vilasiya rAyahaMsa / NaM sarihe salakkhaNa DuNa kaTa kriyaTa khukhuMda khaMda takkhe kuMDi Du bhrAM DuraTa maTa kiTi kriya kriya kriyAtra dhogdi DudhAgdi 36.2 bhASA meM aguraNanAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM yuddha meM prayukta aneka vAdyadhvaniyoM kA saMketa milatA hai- kriyaTara RTa khutra / khui hatha happu khu khukhu khu kriya kriya / thari thari thari ri thari tUya tUya takhu takha takhu / takhu deta khaMde baMda khaMdakkhu / kiririkiriri kiri yari kiri rArvAhi / jhaM jhaM jhiNi kiTi jhiNi kiTi bhAvahaM / ThahuM ThahuM ThahuM ThahuM Thaga Duge Duge DaMgahi / jhiM zizi trAM trAM saMjogahiM / paMDarIya | rattuppalAI / rAyahaMsa / 35.12 grantha kI bhASA meM anuprAsa, yamaka, upamA, rUpaka, utprekSAdi alaMkAroM kA prayoga pracuratA se milatA hai / nimnalikhita chaMda meM sundara kalpanA kI gaI hai-- kAmalaliyA- rAmaNa rAma rAya kuru paMDava kAmiNi kAraNe raNe / ghulI rava chaleNa avakitti va dhAiva dimmuhANaNe // ca 1 35.1 granthakAra ne 46 vIM sandhi ke 15 veM kaDavaka meM nimnalikhita uddharaNa diyA hai- uktaM 179 saMtA bhoya ji pariharai, taho kaMtaho vali so daddaveNa ji maMDiyau, jAsu khaDillau kIsu / sIsu //
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________________ 180 apabhraMza-sAhitya yaha dohA yogIndu ke paramAtma prakAza meM bhI nimnalikhita rUpa meM milatA hai-- saMtA visaya ju pariharai, vali kijjalaM hau~ taasu| so daiveNa ji muMDiyau, sIsa khaDillau jAsu // 2. 139 hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM bhI yaha dohA milatA hai saMtA bhoga ju pariharai, tasu kaMtaho bali kIsu / tasu daiveNa vi muMDiuuM, jasu khallihaDauM sIsu // 8.4.289 kavi ke sudaMsaNa cariu ke samAna isa grantha meM bhI chandoM kI bahulatA dRSTigata hotI hai| pratyeka sandhi ke pratyeka kaDavaka kI samApti para kavi ne prayukta chanda kA nAma de diyA hai / Atma vinaya ke prasaMga meM kavi ne apane Apako 'desI chaMdoM' se anabhijJa kahA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki kavi ke samaya taka saMskRta aura prAkRta ke chandoM se atirikta aneka prakAra ke apabhraMza chandoM kA pracalana ho gayA thaa| kavi ne sthAna-sthAna para chandoM kA dUsarA nAma bhI de diyA hai / jaise "vasaMta tilaka siMhoddhatA va NAmedaM chaMdaH" "turaMga gati madano vA chaMdaH" "priyaMvadA anaMtakokilA vA nAmedaM chaMdaH" ityAdi / kavi ne vaNika aura mAtrika donoM prakAra ke chaMdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| grantha meM 62 ke lagabhaga mAtrika aura 20 ke lagabhaga varNika chandoM kA prayoga milatA hai|' 1. isa grantha meM sudaMsaNacariu meM prayukta chaMdoM ke atirikta nimnalikhita chaMda prayukta zreNikA, upazreNikA, viSama zIrSaka, hema maNimAla, rAsAkulaka, maMdaratAra, khaMDikA, maMjarI, turaMgagati (madana), maMdatArAvalI (kumuya kusumAvalI), siMdhuragati, cArupadapaMkti, manoratha, kusuma maMjarI, vizloka, mayaNa. maMjarI, kusumachara, bhujaMga vilAsa, helA, uvavichiyA, rAsAvalaya, kAmalaliyA, suMdaramaNibhUSaNa, haMsa lIla, raktA, haMsiNI, jAmiNI, maMdarAvalI, jayaMtiyA, maMdoddhatA, kAmakIr3A, NAgakaNNA, aNaMgabhUSaNa, gaiMda lIla, guNabhUSaNa, ruciraMga, strI, jagansAra, saMgItakagAMdharva, vAlabhujaMgalalita, caMDa, zRMgAra, pavana, hariNakula, aMkaNikA, dhaNarAjikA (helA), aMjanikA, vasaMta tilaka, pRthivI, priyaMvadA, (anaMtakokilA), pupphamAla, paMtiyA, zAlinI, vidyunmAlA, rathoddhatA, kaustubha (toNaka), azoka mAlinI ityAdi /
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________________ 181 apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) karakaMDa cariu' karakaMDa cariu 10 saMdhiyoM meM racA huA eka kAvya hai / isake racayitA kA nAma muni kanakAmara hai / pratyeka saMdhi ke anta meM inakA nAma likhA milatA hai| kavi Arambha meM (1. 2. 1.) apane guru paMDita maMgaladeva ke caraNoM kA smaraNa karatA hai / antima saMdhi (10. 28. 3) meM bhI kavi ne apane ko budha maMgaladeva kA ziSya kahA hai| isI sthala para kavi ne apane viSaya meM thor3A sA aura paricaya diyA hai| kavi brAhmaNa vaMza ke candra RSi gotra meM utpanna huA thA aura vairAgya le digambara sAdhu ho gayA thA / dezATana . karate karate AsAiya nagarI meM pahu~ca kara inhoMne graMtha racanA kI (ka0ca0 10.28. 1-4) , aMtima saMdhi ke antima kaDavaka meM kavi ne apane AzrayadAtA kA bhI kucha paricaya diyA hai (vahI 10. 29. 2-13) kintu usake nAma kA kahIM nirdeza nahIM kiyaa| kavi ne graMtha ke nirmANa kA samaya bhI kahIM sUcita nahIM kiyA / graMthakAra ne isameM siddhaseNa, susamaMta bhadda, akalaMka deva, jayadeva, sayaMbhu aura pupphayaMta (puSpadanta) kA ullekha kiyA (vahI 1. 2. 8-9) / puSpadanta ne apanA mahApurANa san 965 I0 meM samApta kiyA ataH kanakAmara isa kAla ke pazcAt hI mAnane pdd'eNge| pro0 hIrAlAla cana ne isa graMtha kA samaya san 1065 I0 ke lagabhaga svIkAra kiyA hai aura AsAiya magarI ko kahIM bundelakhaMDa prAnta meM mAnA hai (vahI pR0 4) / ___kavi ne yaha graMtha jaina dharma kI dRSTi se likhA hai kintu jaina dharma ke gaMbhIra tatvoM kA vizleSaNa kavi kA lakSya na thaa| jaina dharma ke sadAcAramaya jIvana kA digdarzana hI kavi ko abhipreta thaa| upavAsa, vrata, dezATana, rAtribhojana niSedha Adi aneka sarvasAdhAraNa aMgoM kA ullekha kavi ne graMtha meM kiyA hai / hinduoM ke devatAoM kA bhI graMtha meM ullekha milatA hai / mahAbhArata ke pAtra ajjuNa--arjuna kA ullekha bhI kavi ne kiyA hai (ka. ca. 10.22.7) / * graMtha meM anya dharmoM ke tatvoM kA khaMDana nahIM milatA isase kavi ke hRdaya meM dhArmika saMkIrNatA ke abhAva kI sUcanA milatI hai| graMtha sarva-sAdhAraNa janatA ke lie likhA gayA pratIta hotA hai aura saMbhavataH jaina dharma ke sAdhAraNa aMgoM kA sarva-sAdhAraNa meM pracAra hI kavi kA lakSya thaa| kathAnaka--isa graMtha meM karakaMDu mahArAja kA caritra-varNana kiyA gayA hai| saMkSepa meM kathA isa prakAra hai / aMga deza kI campA purI meM dhAr3I vAhana rAjA rAjya karate the| eka bAra rAjA kusumapura gaye aura eka yuvatI para mugdha ho gaye / yuvatI ke saMrakSaka mAlI se yaha jAnakara ki vaha rAjaputrI padmAvatI hai parantu janma samaya ke apazakuna ke vicAra se 1. pro0 hIrAlAla jaina dvArA saMpAdita, kAraMjA jaina -graMthamAlA, barAra, 1934 I. 2. balabhadra, hari 9.5.5, balabhadra, yama, varuNa 9.7.8-9; valarAva, garAyaNa 10.25.3; hari, hara, bamha, puraMdara 10.8.9-10.
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________________ 182 apabhraMza - sAhitya usakA parityAga kara diyA thA - rAjA ne usase vivAha kara liyA / garbhavatI hone para usakI icchA huI ki puruSaveza meM apane pati ke sAtha eka hI hAthI para nagara kI saira karU~ / tadanusAra prabandha huA para hAthI rAjA aura rAnI ko lekara jaMgala bhAga niklaa| rAnI ne rAjA ko jaise taise apanI prANa-rakSA ke lie vivaza kiyA kintu svayaM usI para savAra rhii| hAthI eka jalAzaya meM ghusaa| rAnI ne kUda kara vana meM praveza kiyA / vana harA bharA ho gayA / yaha dekha vanamAlI rAnI ko bahina banA kara ghara le gyaa| mAlina ne padmAvatI ke ananta saundarya para IrSyA kara eka dina ghara se nikAla diyaa| rAnI nirAza ho zmazAna meM calI gaI aura vahIM usane putra ratna ko janma diyA - jise eka cAMDAla uThA le calA | rAnI ke virodha karane para usane apanA paricaya dete hue kahA ki maiM yathArtha meM vidyAdhara huuN| muni ke zApa se mAtaMga cAMDAla ho gayA hU~ / zApa ke pratIkAra ke lie muni ne yahI batalAyA thA ki dantipura ke zmazAna meM karakaMDa kA janma hone para use le jAkara usakA pAlana-poSaNa taba taka karanA jaba taka ki bar3A hone para use rAjya na mila jAye - tabhI usakA zApa bhI miTa jaaygaa| yaha sunakara rAnI ne anicchApUrvaka putra ko mAtaMga ke hAtha sauMpa diyA / mAtaMga ne use svayaM atyanta yogya banAyA / usake hAtha para kaMDu - khujalI hone se usakA nAma karakaMDa par3a gayA / yuvAvasthA meM dantipura nareza ke svargavAsI hone para eka vicitra vidhi se karakaMDu rAja siMhAsana para AsIna hue / kucha samaya pazcAt hI unakA vivAha girinagara kI rAjakumArI madanAvatI se ho gayA / eka bAra campA ke rAjA kA dUta AyA aura usane karakaMDu se campA nareza kA Adhipatya svIkAra karane kI preraNA kI / karakaMDu ne krodha meM Akara campA para dhAvA bola diyA / ghora yuddha huA / rAnI padmAvatI ne samaya para upasthita hokara pitA putra kA mela karA diyA / dhAr3IvAhana putra pAkara Ananda meM bhara gaye aura apanA rAjya use sauMpa vairAgya dhAraNa kara liyA / karakaMDu ne apane sAmrAjya kA khUba vistAra kara eka dina mantrI se prazna kiyA ki -- he maMtrI abhI bhI kyA koI rAjA hai jo mujhe mastaka na namAtA ho ? maMtrI ne kahA mahArAja ! cola, cera aura pAMDya nareza Apa ke prabhutva ko nahIM mAnate / rAjA ne turanta una car3hAI kara dI / usake pazcAt eka viSAdapUrNa ghaTanA huI / eka vidyAvara hAthI kA rUpa dhAraNa kara madanAvalI ko hara le gayA / karakaMDu patnI viyoga se bahuta hI vihvala ho gaye / eka pUrva janma ke saMyogI vidyAdhara ne unake saMyoga kA AzvAsana diyA / vaha Age bddh'e| siMhala dvIpa pahu~ca kara vahA~ kI rAjakumArI rativegA kA pANigrahaNa kiyaa| usake sAtha jaba naukA meM lauTa rahe the, taba eka maccha ne unakI naukA para AkramaNa kiyA / vaha use mAne samudra meM kUda pdd'e| maccha mArA gayA para vaha nAva para na A ske| unheM eka vidyAdhara- putrI hara le gaI / rativegA ne kinAre para Akara zoka se adhIra ho pUjA pATha prArambha kara diyA jisase padmAvatI ne prakaTa ho use AzvAsana diyaa| udhara vidyAdharI ne apane pitA kI AjJA lekara unheM apanA pati banA liyA / vahA~ ke aizvarya kA upabhoga
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 183 kara apanI navavadhU sahita vaha phira rativegA se A mile| __aba unhoMne cola, cera aura pAMDu narezoM kI sammilita senA kA sAmanA kiyA aura unheM harA kara praNa pUrA kiyaa| unake mastakoM para paira rakhate hI unheM unake mukuToM para jina pratimA ke darzana hue| yaha dekha rAjA ko bahuta pazcAttApa huaa| unhoMne rAjya punaH unheM lauTAnA cAhA para ve svAbhimAnI dravir3a nareza yaha kaha kara tapasyA karane cale gaye ki aba hamAre putra pautrAdi hI ApakI sevA kreNge| vahA~ se vaha phira terApura Aye / yahAM kuTila vidyAdhara ne madanAvalI ko lAkara sauMpa diyaa| vaha phira campA purI Akara rAja sukha kA Ananda lUTane lge| eka dina vanamAlI ne Akara samAcAra diyA ki nagara ke upavana meM zIla-gupta nAmaka munirAja padhAre haiN| rAjA pura-parijana sahita atyanta bhaktibhAva se unake caraNoM meM upasthita hue aura apane jIvana sambandhI aneka prazna pUche-munirAja ne pUrva janma ke ullekha ke sAtha unakA yathocita samAdhAna kiyaa| saba vRttAnta suna kara karakaMDu ko vairAgya ho gayA aura vaha apane putra vasupAla ko rAjya dekara muni ho gye| unakI mAtA padmAvatI bhI ajiMkA ho gaI aura unakI rAniyoM ne bhI unhIM kA anusaraNa kiyA / karakaMDu ne ghora tapazcaryA karake kevala jJAna aura mokSa prApta kiyaa| carita nAyaka kI kathA ke atirikta kathA ke andara nau avAntara kathAoM kA varNana hai / prathama cAra dvitIya saMdhi meM varNita haiN| inameM kramaza: maMtra zakti kA prabhAva, ajJAna se Apatti, nIca saMgati kA burA pariNAma aura satsaMgati kA zubha pariNAma dikhAyA gayA hai| pAMcavIM kayA, eka vidyAdhara ne madanAvalI ke viraha se vyAkula karakaMDu ko yaha samajhAne ke lie sunAI, ki viyoga ke bAda bhI pati patnI kA saMmilana ho jAtA hai / chaThI kayA pAMcavIM kathA ke antargata eka anya kathA hai| sAtavIM kathA (7. 1-4) zubha zakuna kA phala batAne ke lie kahI gaI hai| AThavIM (8. 9-16) kathA padmAvatI ne samudra meM vidyAdharI dvArA karakaMDu ke haraNa kiye jAne para zokAkulA rativegA ko sunAI / nauMvoM kathA AThavIM kathA kA prArambhika bhAga hai jo eka tote kI kayA ke rUpa meM svatantra astitva rakhatI hai| vaha nauMvoM kathA munirAja ne karakaMDu kI mAtA padmAvatI ko yaha batAne ke lie sunAI ki bhavAntara meM nArI apane nArItva kA tyAga bhI kara sakatI haiN| inameM se kucha kathAe~ tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita hoMgI yA kavi kI apanI kalpanA hogI kintu aneka kathAe~ saMskRta sAhitya meM upalabdha hotI haiN| AThavIM kathA ko paDha kara bANa kRta kAdambarI ke vaizampAyana zuka kA smaraNa ho AtA hai| ye kathAe~ mUla kathA ke vikAsa meM adhika sahAyaka nahIM ho paatiiN| kisI bhI ghaTanA ko samajhAne ke lie eka svatantra kathA kA varNana, paMcataMtra ke DhaMga para, yA anya AkhyAyikAkAroM kI zailI para, isa graMtha meM upalabdha hotA hai / ina kathAoM ke AdhAra para kavi ne kathA vastu ko rocaka banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai / vastu meM rasotkarSa, pAtroM kI caritragata vizeSatA aura kAvyoM meM prApya prAkRtika dRzyoM ke varNana ke abhAva ko, kavi ne bhinna
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________________ 184 apabhraMza-sAhitya bhinna kathAoM ke prayoga dvArA pUrA karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / karakaMDa cariu eka dhArmika kAvya hai aura anya graMthoM ke samAna aneka alaukika aura camatkAra pUrNa ghaTanAoM se yukta hai / kAvya prAcurya kI apekSA ghaTanA prAcurya graMtha meM dRSTigata hotA hai / kAvya kA carita nAyaka paurANika pAtra hai / paurANika, kAlpanika aura alaukika ghaTanAoM ke kAraNa kathAnaka meM saMbaMdha nirvAha bhalI bhA~ti nahIM ho paayaa| prabaMdha meM kavi kA dhyAna yathArtha kI apekSA Adarza kI ora adhika hai / pAtra - kathA meM mukhya pAtra karakaMDu hai vahI kathA kA nAyaka hai / isake atirikta - karakaMDu kI mAtA padmAvatI, muni zIlagupta, madanAvalI, rati vegA Adi anya pAtra bhI haiM / ina saba meM karakaMDu ke caritra kA vikAsa hI pUrNa rUpa se dikhAI detA hai / muni zIlagupta aura padmAvatI kA caritra bhI kucha aMzoM meM kavi vikasita kara sakA hai| karakaMDu dhIrodAtta guNa viziSTa bahupatnIka nAyaka hai / kAvya meM karakaMDu kI dhIratA ke darzana to bhalIbhA~ti hote haiM kintu usakI udAttatA saMdigdha hai / nAyaka ke andara vIratA, svAbhimAna, utsAha, mAtR bhakti Adi guNoM kA vikAsa bhalIbhA~ti dikhAI detA hai / muni zIlagupta ke caritra meM bhI eka jaina mahAtmA ke andara pAye jAne vAle saba guNoM ke darzana ho jAte haiM / padmAvatI ke andara putra prema, vAtsalya aura nArItva se chuTakArA pAne kI pravRtti dikhAI detI hai / varNa viSaya-kAvya meM mAnava jagat aura prAkRtika jagat donoM kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai / mAnava hRdaya ke bhAvoM kA citraNa kavi hRdaya hI kara sakatA hai / anubhUti aura abhivyakti meM yadyapi samAna rUpa se tIvratA nahIM pAI jAtI tathApi bhAvAnubhUti kI tIvratA meM saMdeha nahIM / karakaMDa ke dantipura meM praveza karane para pura nAriyoM ke hRdaya kI vyagratA kA citraNa kavi ne sundaratA se kiyA hai / tahi puravari khuhiyau ramaNiyAu / jhANaTThiya muNimaNa damaNiyAu / kavi rahasaiM turaliya caliya NAri / vihaDapphau saMThiya kA vi vAri / ka vi dhAvai Nava Niva Neha luddha / parihANu na galiyau gaNai muddha / kavi kajjalu bahalau ahare dei / NayaNallaeM lakkhArasu karei | NiggaMtha vitti kavi aNu sarei / vivarIu Dibhu ka vi kaDihi lei / ka vi uru karayali karai bAla / siru chaMDivi kaDiyale dharai mAla / Niya NaMdaNu maNNivi ka vi varAya / majjAru Na mellai sANurAya /
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 185 pattA-ka vi mANa mahallI mayaNabhara / karakaMDaho samuhiya cliy| thira thora paohari mayaNayaNa / uttatta kaNaya chavi ujjaliya // ' 3.2.1-10 arthAt karakaMDa ke Agamana para dhyAnAvasthita muniyoM ke mana ko vicalita karane vAlI sundariyA~ bhI vikSubdha ho utthiiN| koI strI Avega se caMcala ho cala par3I, koI vihvala ho dvAra para khar3I ho gaI, koI mugdhA prema lubdha ho daur3a par3I, kisI ne girate hue vastra kI bhI paravAha na kI, koI adharoM para kAjala bharane lagI, A~khoM meM lAkSArasa lagAne lagI, koI digambaroM ke samAna AcaraNa karane lagI, kisI ne bacce ko ulaTA hI godI meM le liyA, kisI ne nUpura ko hAtha meM pahanA, kisI ne sira ke sthAna para kaTi pradeza para mAlA DAla dI, aura koI becAre billI ke bacce ko apanA putra samajha saprema chor3anA nahIM cAhatI / ...... koI sthira aura sthUla payodhara vAlI, tapta kanaka chavi ke samAna ujjvala varNa vAlI, mRganayanI, mAninI kAmAkula ho karakaMDa ke sAmane cala pdd'ii| ___ isI prakAra munirAja zIlagupta ke Agamana para pura-nAriyoM ke hRdaya meM utsAha aura unake darzana kI utsukatA kA varNana kavi ne nimna zabdoM meM kiyA haikavi mANiNi calliya laliya deh| maNi caraNa saroyahaM baddhaNeha / kavi Neura saTTe raNa jhaNaMti / saMcalliya muNiguNa NaM thugaMti / kavi ramaNu Na jaMtau parigaNei / muNi daMsaNu hiyavaeM saI muNei / ka vi akkhaya dhUva bharevi thAlu / airahasaiM calliya levi bAlu / ka vi paramalu bahalu vahaMti jaai| viz2ajAhari NaM mahiyali vihAi / 9. 2.3-7 ___ arthAt koI sundarI mAninI muni ke caraNa kamaloM meM anurakta ho cala dii| koI nUpura zabdoM se jhanajhana karatI huI mAno muni guNa gAna karatI huI cala pdd'ii| koI munidarzanoM kA hRdaya meM dhyAna dharatI huI jAte hue pati kA bhI vicAra nahIM krtii| koI thAla meM akSata aura dhUpa bhara kara bacce ko le vega se cala pdd'ii| koI sugaMdha yukta jAtI huI aisI pratIta hotI thI mAno vidyAdharI pRthvI para zobhita ho rahI ho| graMtha meM bhaugolika pradezoM ke varNana bhI kavi ne aneka sthaloM para kie haiN| ina voM meM mAnava jIvana kA saMbaMdha sarvatra dRSTigata hotA hai / aMga deza kA varNana karatA huaI kavi kahatA hai 1. rahasaiM--rabhasena, shsaa| vihaDapphau--vihvala / vAri dvAra pr| nniv-nRp| NayalullaeM-nayana ulla (svArtha meM) / NiggaMtha vitti-nirgrantha vRtti| vivarIu --vipriit| varAya--varAkA / mellai--chor3atI hai| thora-sthUla / 2. thuNaMti--stuti karatI huI / jaMtau--yAnta, jAte hue ko| muNeha--bicAratI hai| airahasaiM--atirabhasena, ati vega se|
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________________ 186 apabhraMza-sAhitya chakhaMDa bhami rayaNahaM NihANu rayaNAyaro vva sohAyamANu / etyatthi ravaNNa aMgadesu mahi mahilaI gaM kiu divya vesu / jahi saravari uggaya paMkayAiM NaM dharaNi vayaNi jayaNullayAI / jahi hAliNi rUvaNivaddheNeha saMllAha jakkha NaM divva beha / jahi bAlahiM rakkhiya sAlikhetta moheviNu goyaeM hariNa khaMta / jahi dakkha bhuMjivi vuha muyaMti thala kamarlAha paMthiya suha suyaMti / jahi sAraNi salila saroya paMti airehai meiNi naM hasaMti / 1. 3.4-10 arthAt aMgadeza aisA sundara hai mAno pRthvI rUpI nArI ne divya veza dhAraNa kara liyA ho / jahA~ sarovaroM meM uge hue kamala pRthvI mukha para nayanoM ke samAna pratIta ho rahe haiN| jahA~ kRSaka bAlAoM ke sondarya se AkRSTa ho divya dehadhArI yakSa bhI staMbhita aura gatizUnya ho khar3e raha jAte haiM / jahA~ carate hue hariNoM ko gAna se mugdha karatI huI bAlAe~ zAlI kSetroM kI rakSA kara rahI haiM / jahA~ drAkSAphaloM kA upabhoga karate hue pathika mArga ke zramajanya duHkha ko kho dete haiM / jahA~ mArga meM sarovaroM meM khile kamaloM kI paMkti zobhAyamAna ho rahI hai mAno ha~satI huI pRthvI zobhAyamAna ho rahI ho / ina bhaugolika varNanoM ke atirikta rAjA dhAr3ivAhana kA varNana (1.5), zmazAna - kA varNana (1.17), rAja prasAda kA varNana ( 3-3), siMhala dvIpa varNana (7.5) Adi prasaMga bhI kAvyamaya haiM / rasa-kAvya meM vIra rasa ke aneka prasaMga milate haiN| kisI strI ke sauMndarya para mugdha ho use pAne kI icchA se yuddha nahIM hotA apitu yuddha ke pariNAmasvarUpa parAjita rAjAoM kI rAja putriyA~ karakaMDu ke Age AtmasamarpaNa kara detI haiM / evaM yuddha kI samApti aneka vivAhoM meM pariNata hotI hai / vivAha yuddha ke pariNAma svarUpa haiN| isa prakAra kavi ne vIra rasa ko zRGgAra kI apekSA adhika mahatva diyA hai / vIra rasa kA bhI antatogatvA zAnta rasa meM paryavasAna hotA hai / kAvya meM utsAha bhAva ko ubuddha karane vAle aneka sundara varNana milate haiM / campAdhipati yuddha ke lie prasthAna karatA hai - tAva so uThio dhAiyA kiMkarA / saMgare je vi devANa bhIyaMkarA / vAyu veyA hayA sajjiyA kuMjarA / cakka cikkAra saMcalliyA rahavarA / vi kuMtAI geNahaMtayA / rAyassa je bhattayA / NarA cAracittA varA / hakka DakkAra huMkAra mellaMtayA / ghAviyA ke ke va sammA sAmissa maNNatayA / pAyapomANa cAvahatthA pasatthA raNe duddharA / dhAviyA te ke vi koveNa dhAvaMti kappaMtayA / ke vi uggiNNa khaggehaM dippaMtayA / ke vi romaMca kaMceNa saMjuttayA / ke vi saNNAha saMbaddha saMgattayA / ke vi saMgAma bhUmI rase rattayA / saggiNI chaMda maggeNa saMpattayA /
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) dhattA -- caMpAhiu Niggau puravaraho hari kari rahavara pariyariu / uddaMDa caMDa parivarakahiM bhaNu kehi na kehi Na aNu sariu // ' 3. 14. 1-10 kavi ne sainikoM, ghor3oM, hAthiyoM aura rathoM kI gati ke anukUla hI chaMda kA prayoga kiyA hai | chaMda kI gati se hI senA ke prayANa kA AbhAsa mila jAtA hai / vAstavika yuddha Arambha hone para zastra saMpAta kI tIvra gati aura sahasA prabhAva ke sAtha hI chaMda bhI badala jAtA hai- tA hayaI tarAI yajjati vanjAI AgAe ghaDiyAI kutAI bhajjati rahaNa vagaMta pUrAI / sennAI / bhiDiyAI / kuMjaraI gati / kari dasaNe laggaMti / bhuvaNayala sajjati parabalAI gattAI tuTTati muMDAI DAI bhAvaMti ari thANu aMtAI guppaMti haDDAI moti ruhireNa gIvAI dhattA - ke vi bhaggA kAyara je vi gara ke khaggu ggAmiya ke vibhaDa maMDeviNu saMvahaMteNa taho cappe guNu diNNu tA gayaNe guNa seva TaMkAra saddeNa dharaNi yalu takhayaDija phuTThati / pAvaMta / thippaMti | toDaMti / vi bhiDiyA ke bi puSpu / thakkA ke vi raju // 2 187 3. 15.1 - 11 yuddha gata bhinna-bhinna kriyAoM aura ceSTAoM kA sajIva citra ucita zabda yojanA dvArA kavi ne pAThakoM ke sAmane prastuta kara diyA hai / karakaMDa kuddha ho apane dhanuSa ko hAtha meM le letA hai / usakA prabhAva kyA hotA hai, kavi varNana karatA hai kare dhaNu hu kiu teNa / taM pekhi jaNa khiSNu / khohaM gayA deva / ghore rauddeNa / tasa kummakaDaDiu / 1. cakka cikkAra ---- cakra kA zabda / kutAI--bhAle / bAvahatyA -- dhanuSa hAtha meM liye hue| romaMca kaMceNa - romAMcita zarIra se / saNNaha--kavaca | saggiNI - svagiNI, sugviNI chaMda / rahaseNa vargati -- zIghratA se calate haiN| aMtAI gupyaMti - AMteM sthAna bhraSTa ho jAtI haiM / bhaggA kAyara je vi gara----kucha manuSya jo kAyara the bhAga gaye / yakkA-sthita hue /
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________________ 188 apabhraMza-sAhitya bhavaNayalu khalabhaliu giri pavara ttlttliu| mayaraharu malamaliu dharaNiMdu slvliu| khagaNAhu parisariu surarAu thara hariu / ghattA-sosaha, suNeviNa dhaNu guNaho raha bhaggA NThA gaya pvr| mau galiyau caMpaNarAhivaho bhayabhIya Na callahiM kahiM khayara // ', 3. 18. 2-11 zRGgAra meM saMyoga viyoga donoM pakSoM kA varNana hai| nArI rUpa varNana meM kavi ne paraMparA kA Azraya liyA hai / bhinna-bhinna aMgoM kI sundaratA ke lie paraMparAgata upamAna hI adhikatA se pAye jAte haiN| padamAvatI ke rUpa-varNana meM adharoM kI raktimA kA kAraNa Age uThI huI nAsikA kI unnati para adharoM kA kopa-kalpita kiyA gayA hai| isa eka utprekSA ke atirikta zeSa varNana prAyaH prAcIna rUr3hi para hI Azrita haiM / kavi kA dhyAna zArIrika sauMdarya taka hI jA pAyA hai / padmAvatI ke hRdaya ke sauMdarya kI ora nirdeza nahIM miltaa| viyoga pakSa meM nAyaka-viyoga aura nAyikA-viyoga donoM kA varNana milatA hai / nAyikA ke viyoga varNana meM jo tIvratA hai vaha nAyaka-viyoga meM nahIM dikhAI detI / karakaMDa ke viyoga para rativegA ke vilApa se samudra jala vikSubdha ho uThA, naukAe~ paraspara TakarAne lgiiN| hA hA kA karuNa zabda uTha par3A, usake zoka se manuSya vyAkula ho gayeghattA-hallohali hUyau sayalu jalu aparaMpari jANaiM saMcahi / hA hA rau uTThiu karuNasaru taho soeM garavara salavalAha // .. 7. 10. 9-10 rativegA vilApa karane lagI jA NarapANaNu viyasiya ANaNu jali paDiu / tA sayalahiM lohi pasariya sohi aiuriu // raiveya subhAmiNi NaM phaNi kAmiNi vimaNabhayA / savvaMge kaMpiya citti camakkiya mucchgyaa| kiya camara suvAeM salila sahAeM gunnbhriyaa| uhAviya ramaNihiM muNimaNa damaNihi maNahariyA // sA karayala kamalahiM sulaliya saralahiM uru haNai / uvavAhulaNayaNI gaggira vayaNa puNu bhaNai // hA vairiya vaivasa pAvamalImasa kiM kiyau / 1. guNa seva-guNasevI / khohaM--kSobha ko| kummu-kUrma jisa kI pITha para pRthvI sthita hai| mayara haru jhalajhaliu-makaroM kA ghara, samudra vikSubdha ho gyaa| salavaliu-kAMpa utthaa| parisariu-cakarA gyaa| mau--mada /
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________________ 189 apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) maI Asi varAyau ramaNu parAyau ki hiyu|| hA daiva parammuha duNNaya dummuhu tuhuM huyau / hA sAmi salakkhaNa suTaThTha viyakkhaNa kahiM gayau / maho uvari bhaDArA Naravara sArA karuNa kari / duhu jalahiM paDatI palayaho jaMtI NAha dhari // hara NAri varAiya AvaI Aiya ko sruN| pari chaMDiya tumhahiM jIvami evahiM ki mruN|| iya soya vimuddhaI laviyau suddhaiM jaM hiyii| hauM bollisu taiyahuM. milihai jaiyahuM majhu phi|' 7.11.-18 chaMda kI yojanA dvArA kavi ne nArI-vilApa kI dhvani ko karNa gocara karAyA hai| viyoga-varNana meM zarIra-tApa kI mAtrA ko sUcita karane vAle UhAtmaka prasaMgoM kA abhAva hai / anubhAva ke prayoga se viyoga dRzya ke prabhAva ko bar3hAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| rati vegA ke zabdoM se pATaka usake hadaya ke sAtha sahAnubhUti kA anubhava karatA hai / sArA varNana saMvedanAtmaka hai| kavi ne viyogajanya duHkha ke hadaya par3ane vAle prabhAva ko aMkita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| rati vegA kI AbhyAntara sthiti kA vAhya jagat meM pratibimba bhI, Upara ke ghattA meM, spaSTa dikhAI detA hai| madanAvalI ke vilupta ho jAne para karakaMDa vilApa karatA hai (ka0 ca0 5.15) / vyAkula ho kabhI bhAgya ko kosatA hai kabhI pazuoM se pUchatA hai / kintu yaha varNana utanA hadayasparzI nahIM jitanA pUrva kaa| nirveda bhAva-ko uddIpta karane vAle aneka prasaMga milate haiN| putra-viyuktA vilApa karatI huI strI ko dekha karakaMDa ke hadaya meM vairAgya utpanna ho jAtA hai aura vaha kahatA hai taM suNivi vayaNu rAyAhirAu saMsAraho uvari virattabhAu / dhI dho asuhAvau maccalou duhu kAraNu maNuvahaM aMgabhou / rayaNAyara tullau jetthu dukkhu mahu biMdu samANau bhoyasukkhu / dhattA-hA mANau dukkhaI daDDhataNu virasu rasaMtau jahiM marai / bhaNu NigghiNu visayAsattamaNu so chaMDivi ko tahiM rai karai / 9.4.6-10 martyaloka meM samudra ke samAna vizAla duHkha hai aura madhu viMdu ke samAna svalpa bhoga 1. jANaiM-yAna, naukaayeN| saMcahi-TakarAte haiN| soeM-zoka se| muccha muurchaa| uTThAviya-uThAI gii| uvvaahul-utsuk| vaivasa--vaivasvata, yama bhAgya / hiyau-hara liyaa| kri-k| duhu--duHkh| varAiya--varAkA / AvaI-Apatti meN| sarauM-smaraNa kruuN| pi--pti|
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________________ 190 apabhraMza - sAhitya T sukha hai / kavi ne ina zabdoM dvArA duHkha kI vizAlatA, gaMbhIratA, kSAratA, aura sukha kI madhuratA, svalpatA, durlabhatA Adi aneka bhAvoM kI vyaMjanA kara dI hai / saMsAra kI nazvaratA kaura asthiratA kA varNana karatA huA kavi Age kahatA hai-kammaiNa pariTThiu jo ubare jamarAyaeM so Niu Niyayapure / jo bAlau bArlAhi lAliyahu so vihiNA Niyapuri cAliyau / ra jovvaNi caDiyau jo pavaru jamu jAi laeviNu so jigaru / jo bUDhau vAhisaehi kaliu jamadUryAha so puNu parimaliu | balabhaddaeM sahuM hari atulabalu so vihiNA NIyau karivi cha / chakkhaMDa vasuMdhara jehi jiyA cakkesara te kAleNa NiyA / vijjAhara kiMNara je khayarA balavaMtA jamamuhe paDiya surA / phaNi nAhaiM sarisau amaravai jamu liu kavaNu vi Nau muai / dhattA-- Nau sottiu baMbhaNu pariharai Nau chaMDai tavasiu tavi Thiyau / dhanavaMtu Na chuTTai Na vi jihaNu jaha kANaNe jalaNu samuTThiyau // 9.5. 1-10. kAla ke prabhAva se koI nahIM bacatA / yuvA, vRddha, bAlaka, cakravartI, vidyAdhara, kinnara, khecara, sura, amarapati saba kAla ke vazavartI haiN| ghattA-gata dRSTAnta ke dvArA bhAva sundaratA se abhivyakta kiyA hai| jaMgala meM Aga laga jAne para zrotriya brAhmaNa, tapasvI, dhanavAna, nirdhana koI nahIM bacatA / karaMti / sAMsArika viSayoM kI kSaNabhaMguratA kI ora nirdeza karatA huA kavi Age kahatA haiasaNa viNimmiu dehu jaM pi lAyaNNau maNuvahaM thiru Na taM pi / java jovvaNu maNaharu jaM caDe devahaM vi Na jANiu kahi paDei / je avara sarIhi guNa vasaMti Na vi jANahuM keNa paheNa jaMti / te kAho jai guNa acala hoMti saMsArahaM virahaM Na muNi karikaNNa jema bhira kahiM Na thAi pekkhaMtahaM siri NiNaNAsu jaha sUyau karayali thiu galei taha NAri viratI khaNi bhU jayaNa vayaNa gai kuDila jAhaM ko sarala karevaI sakku mellaMtI Na gaNai sayaNa iTTha sA dujjaNa metti va cala dhattA - NijjJAya jo aNuvekkha cala vairAya bhAva saMpattau / so surahara maMDaNU hoi garu sulaliya maNahara gattau // ' jAi / calei / tAhaM / NikiTTha | 9.6 isa saMsAra meM pratyeka prANI apane karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hai / vaha akelA hI saMsAra lAyaNNau -- lAvaNya / thAi -- ThaharatI / siri--zrI / sUyau - - pArA | mellaMtI -- chor3atI huI / metti-maMtrI / surahara - sura gRha / maNahara gattau --manohara gAtra vAlA /
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 191 se vidA hotA hai aura akelA hI karmAnukUla sukha duHkha bhogatA hai| antima samaya meM na bandhu bAndhava aura na dhana usake sAtha jAtA hai / jIvaho susahAu Na atthi ko vi garayammi paDatau dharai jo vi| suhi sajjaNa gaMdaNa iTTha bhAya Na vi jIvahI jaMtaho e sahAya / Niya jaNaNi jaNaNu rovaMtatyAI jIveM sahuM tAI Na pau gyaaiN| dhaNu Na calai gehaho ekku pAu ekkalau bhujaMi dhammu pAu / taNu jalaNi jalaMtaiM parivaDei ekkalau vaivasaghari ja caDei / jahiM NayaNa Nimesu Na suhu havei ekkalau tahiM duhu aNu havei / ahi paula sIha vaNayarahaM majjhe uppajjai ekku vi jiu asjhe| sura kheyara kiNara suhayagAma tahi bhuMjai ekku vi jiyai jAma / ghatA-iha aNu vekkhA jo aNusarai sIle maMDivi NiyayataNu / sAsayapae so suhaNilae ekkalau sohai mukkataNu // 9.9 prakRti varNana-kavi ne yadyapi prAkRtika dRzyoM kA varNana kiyA hai kintu varNanoM meM koI vizeSa camatkAra aura nabInatA nahIM miltii| kavi kA hRdaya prakRti meM bhalI bhAMti rama nahIM pAyA / prakRti usake hRdaya meM vaha spandana aura sphUrti nahIM paidA kara sakI jo isa ke pUrva puSpadanta Adi kaviyoM meM dikhAI detI hai| udAharaNa ke lie eka do prasaMga nIce diye jAte haiN| ___ karakaMDa ke prayANa karate hue mArga meM use gaMgA nadI milatI hai| gaMgA kA varNana kavi ne nimna zabdoM meM kiyA hai gaMgA paesu saMpattaeNa gaMgANai diTThI jNtenn| sA sohai siyajala kuDilavaMti NaM seyabhuvaMgaho mahila jaMti / dUrAu vahaMtI ai vihAi himavaMta giridaMho kitti gAi / vihiM kUlahiM lohi NhataehiM Aiccaho jalu pariditaehi / dambha kiya uDDhahiM karayalehi gai bhaNai NAI eyahiM chalehiM / haDaM suddhiya Niya maggeNa jAmi mA rUsahi amhaho uvari sAmi / 3. 12. 5-10. arthAt zubhra jala yukta kuTila pravAha vAlI gaMgA aisI zobhita ho rahI thI mAno zeSa nAga kI strI jA rahI ho / dUra se bahatI huI gaMgA atyadhika zobhita ho rahI thI mAno girirAja himAcala kI kIrti pravAhita ho rahI ho / donoM kUloM para loga snAna kara rahe the, Aditya ko jala de rahe the, mAnoM darbhayukta donoM hAtha Upara uThAye hue gaMgA kaha rahI ho-he svAmin (karakaMDa) meM chala rahita zuddha hU~, apane mArga para jA rahI hU~ mujha 2. pau--pada, pair| paau--paap| vaivasa--vaivasvata, ym| aNuhavei-anu bhava karatA hai| suhaya gAma-subhaga grAma / jAma--yAvat / sAsaya pae--- zAzvata pada meN|
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________________ 192 apabhraMza-sAhitya se kruddha na ho| ___kavi ke varNana meM svAbhAvikatA hai / gaMgA jala kI zubhratA aura usameM himAcala kI kIti kalpanA paraMparAbhukta hai| kavi prakRti ko jar3a nahIM smjhtaa| sarovara kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai jala kuMbhi kuMbha kuMbhaI dharaMtu taNhAura jIvahaM suhu karaMtu / udaMDa NaliNi uNNai vahaMtu ucchaliya mohiM maNu kahaMtu / DiMDIra piMDa rayahiM hasaMtu ai Nimmala paura guNehiM jaMtu / pacchaNNau viyasiya paMkaehi paccaMtau viviha vihNgehiN| gAyaMtau bhamarAvali raveNa dhAvaMtau pavaNAhaya jlenn| NaM suyaNu suhAvau NayaNaiThTha jalabhariu sarovaru tehiM diThTha / 4. 7. 3-8. yahAM para bhI kavi sarovara ko jar3a aura spandana rahita nahIM dekhatA / zubhra phena-piMDa se vaha ha~satA huA, vividha pakSiyoM se nAcatA huA, bhramarAvaligujana se gAtA huA aura pavana se vikSubdha jala ke kAraNa daur3atA huA sA pratIta hotA hai| varNana se spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki kavi prakRti meM jIvana, jAgrati aura spandana mAnatA hai| bhASA--kavi ne bhASA ko prabhAvotpAdaka banAne ke lie bhAvAnurUpa zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / pada-yojanA meM chanda-pravAha bhI sahAyatA pradAna karatA hai| rati vegA ke vilApa (7. 11) meM prayukta pada yojanA aura chanda usake hadaya kI karuNa avasthA kI abhivyaMjanA karate haiM / zabdoM se rati vegA kI rodana-dhvani raha raha kara kAnoM meM sunAI dene lagatI hai| isI prakAra sarovara varNana (4.7) meM pada yojanA se sarovara ke jala ko Alor3ita karate hue pazuoM aura paMkha phar3aphar3Ate hue pakSiyoM kA zabda sA sunAI dene lagatA hai| Upara vIra rasa ke varNana meM bhI isI prakAra bhAvAbhivyaMjaka padayojanA kI aura nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai| bhASA ko bhAvAnurUpa banAne ke lie kavi kabhI-kabhI dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kA bhI prayoga karatA hai| dharaNiyalu taDayaDiu tasa kummu kaDayaDiu / bhuvaNayalu khalabhaliu giri pavara Tala Taliu / mayaraharu jhalajhaliu ityAdi 3.8 dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM ke prayoga se pRthvI, samudra aura AkAza ke vikSobha kI sUcanA mila jAtI hai| zabdADambara rahita, sarala aura saMyamita bhASA meM jahAM kavi ne gambhIra bhAva abhivyakta kie haiM vahA~ usakI zailI adhika prabhAvotpAdaka ho gii| saMsAra kI kSaNabhaMguratA aura asAratA kA pratipAdana karane vAle sthaloM meM aisI bhASA ke darzana
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________________ hote haiM / zailI ke utkarSa ke lie pratipAdya viSaya ko AkarSaka banAnA Avazyaka hotA hai / etadartha lekhaka bahudhA choTe-choTe hRdayasparzI vAkyoM aura subhASitoM kA prayoga karatA hai / isa kAvya meM bhI aneka sthaloM para isa prakAra ke vAkya milate haiM / udAharaNArtha---- arthAt lobha se parAbhUta sakala jaga kyA Azcarya janaka kArya nahIM kavi meM, thor3e se zabdoM dvArA sajIva sundara citra khIMcane kI jAtI hai apabhraMza - khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) guruANa saMgu jo jaNa vahei hiya icchiya saMpai so lahei / 2. 18. 7 arthAt jo gurujanoM ke sAtha calatA hai vaha abhISTa saMpatti prApta karatA hai / viNu kera labbhai NAhi mitta eha maddaNi bhujahuM hattha metta / 3. 11. 1 loheNa viDaMbiu sayalu jaNu bhaNu ki kira cojjahaM Nau karai / 2. 9.10 karatA ? kSamatA bhI pAI dharaNi / ghasA - muha kamalu karaMtI kara kamale aMgulieM lihaMtI komala vayaNa pauttiryAha sA paripucchiya maI sayalu // 1. 6. 9. 8-10 kAvya meM aneka zabda-rUpa isa prakAra ke prayukta hue haiM jo hindI ke zabdoM se paryApta samatA rakhate haiM / " udAharaNa ke lie kucha zabda-rUpa nIce diye jAte haiM: huyau ( 1.4.10 ) ( 1.6.5) DAla caDevi ( 1.10.9.) khota aggai pukkAra levi jAhi vatta sayANu guDa sakkara laDDu cukkai kahANI ( 1.14.3) ( 1.14.4) (2.1.9) (2.1.10 ) (2.1.13) (2.5.8) (2.7.1) (2.8.5 ) (2.16.1) 193 huA -zAkhA, DAla. -car3ha kara - per3a ke nIce - Age -pukAra -- lekara jAnA - vArttA, bAta -- sayAnA, sajJAna -gur3a zakkara laDDU --cUkanA -- kahAnI
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________________ 194 apabhraMza-sAhitya alaMkAra-kavi ne bhASA ko yadyapi alaMkAroM dvArA hI alaMkRta karane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA phira bhI yatra tatra alaMkAroM kA prayoga huA hI hai / zabdAlaMkAra aura 'arthAlaMkAra donoM prakAra ke alaMkAra prayukta hue haiN| arthAlaMkAroM meM sAdRzyamUlaka alaMkAroM kA prayoga adhika dikhAI detA hai / ina alaMkAroM meM bhI sAdRzya yojanA, vastu ke svarUpa kA bodha karAne ke lie hI kI gaI hai bhAva tIvratA ke lie nhiiN| aprastuta yojanA ke lie paraMparAgata upamAnoM ke atirikta aise bhI upamAnoM kA prayoga kavi ne kiyA hai jinase usakI nirIkSaNa zakti pratIta hotI hai| udAharaNArtha karikaNNa jema thira kahiM Na thaai| pekkhaMtahaM siri NiNNAsu jaai| jaha sUyau karayali thiu galei / taha NAri virattI khaNi calei // 9.6 zrI kI caMcalatA kI upamA hAthI ke kAnoM kI caMcalatA se aura nArI ke anurAga kI kSaNikatA kI upamA karatalagata pAre kI bUMdoM se dekara kavi ne apanI nirIkSaNa zakti aura anubhUti kA sakcA paricaya diyA hai| zabdAlaMkAroM meM zleSa aura anuprAsa ke atirikta yamaka kA bhI kavi ne prayoga kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha-- zleSa ke vi saMgAma bhUmIrase rtyaa| saggiNI chaMda maggeNa sNpttyaa| 3. 14.8 . koI vIra saMgrAma bhUmi meM anurakta svargiNI-svargavAsinI-apsarAoM ke abhISTa mArga ko prApta hue / zleSa se kavi ne sragviNI chaMda kA bhI nAma nirdeza kiyA hai jisameM usane racanA kI hai| tA etahiM ravi atthairi gau / bahu paharahiM NaM sUru vi suyau / itane meM sUrya asta ho gyaa| bahuta paharoM ke bAda thakA sUrya mAno so gayA ho yA DhAlesahi bhaggA bhiDiyA (2.19.10) (3.15.10) (3.15.10) (5.16.8) (8.6.5) (8.7.7) (8.16.3) (10.3.10) (9.2.6 ) (10.16.6) (10.20.6) -DhAlegA -bhAge -bhir3e --adhomukha (paMjAbI) --AbhIra, ahIra --sivala (vRkSa) --ghor3A heTThAmuhuM ahIra seMbala ghoDe phulle thAlu eyArasi eyArahami kappaDu --thAla -gyAraha -kapar3A
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________________ 195 195 apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhAmika) bahuta prahAroM se mAno zUra so gayA ho| yamaka ghaNu Na calai gehaho ekku pAu / ekkalau bhaMjai dhammu paau| prathama 'pAu' pAda ke artha meM aura dUsarA 'pAu' pApa ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| arthAlaMkAroM meM upamA, utprekSAdi alaMkAroM kA adhika prayoga huA hai| upamA ke aneka udAharaNa pUrva varNanoM meM A cuke haiN| anya alaMkAroM ke udAharaNa nIce diye mAte haiMutprekSA jahiM sAraNi salila saroya paMti / airehai meiNi gaM hasati / . 1.3.10 jahA~ (aMga deza meM) mArga mArga meM sarovaroM meM kamala khile hue haiM mAno ha~satI huI medinI atizobhita ho rahI ho| sA sohai siyajala kuddilvNti| NaMseya bhuvaMgaho mahila jaMti / ___3. 12.6 ___ gaMgA nadI zveta jala se bharI cakkara khAtI huI aisI zobhita tho mAno zeSanAga kI strI jA rahI ho| etyatthi avaMtI gAma besu gaM tuTTivi paDiyau sa sgglesu| parisaMkhyA ghaNu devaeM pasarai jAsu kara Nau pANi hevvaI dharai sru| 1. 5. 5 jisakA hAtha dhaNu-dhana-dene ke lie phailatA hai| jisakA dhaNu-dhanuSa-prANivadha ke lie bANa nahIM dhAraNa krtaa| ___ alaMkAroM kA prayoga adhika nahIM miltaa| kavi ne apane alaMkAra-jJAna-pradarzana ke lie vyartha alaMkAroM kA prayoga kara varNanIya viSaya ko alaMkAroM ke bhAra se lAdane kA prayatna nahIM kiyaa| chanda-grantha meM kavi ne pajjhaTikA chanda kA hI adhikatA se prayoga kiyA hai / bIca bIca meM kucha paMktiyA~ yA koI kar3avaka, alillaha yA pAdAkulaka chaMda meM bhI prayukta huA hai / bhinna-bhinna saMdhiyoM meM chanda parivartana ke lie kavi ne nimnalikhita chandoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai samAnikA, tUNa ka, sragviNI, dIpaka, somarAjI, citrapadA, prmaannikaa| kavi ne adhikatara mAtrika chandoM kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| ekarUpatA ko dUra karane ke lie bIca bIca meM uparilikhita varNavRttoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| ___sAmAjika avasthA--kAvya ke adhyayana se tatkAlIna samAja kA jo rUpa dikhAI detA hai vaha saMkSepa meM isa prakAra kA hai|
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________________ 196 apabhraMza-sAhitya rAjAoM kA jIvana vilAsamaya thA / aizvaryAbhibhUta rAjAoM kA adhikAMza samaya apanI aneka rAniyoM-upapatniyoM ke sAtha antaHpura meM yA krIDodyAna meM bItatA thaa| rAjA bahupatnIka hote the / karakaMDu kI madanAvali, rati vegA, kusumAvali, ratnAvali, anaMgalekhA, candra lekhA nAmaka rAniyoM kA ullekha kavi ne kiyA hai / - rAjakumAroM ko rAjanIti, vyAkaraNa, tarka zAstra, nATaka, kaviracita kAvya, vAtsyAyana kRta kAma zAstra, gaNita Adi zAstroM ke atirikta nava rasoM, mantra, taMtra, vazIkaraNa Adi kI bhI zikSA dI jAtI thI (2. 9) / strI ke viSaya meM samAja kI dhAraNA acchI na thI, use bhoga vilAsa kA sAdhana samajhA jAtA thaa| madanAvali ke viyoga meM vyAkula karakaMDu ko eka vidyAdhara kahatA hai-- ki mahilahe kAraNe khavahi deha jaNe mahila hoi duhaNivaha gehu / mA kIrai jArI garayavAsu kaha kijjai pArIsahUM nnivaasu| pariphurie citte jA jaru karei duha kAraNu sA ko aNu sarei / bhava vallI vaDDhai jAhe saMgi rAmA lAyaiduha maNuya aNgi| balavaMtA kIrai balavihINa sA abalA sevahiM je NihINa / 5. 16. 2-6 9. 6. 6 meM kavi ne nArI ko caMcala aura nikRSTa kahA hai| Ajakala kI taraha striyA~ muni darzana ke lie adhika utsuka hotI thiiN| munirAja zIla gupta ke Ane para striyoM ke svAbhAvika utsAha kA varNana kavi ne 9. 2 meM kiyA hai / bhoga vilAsa maya jIvana se nArI bhI Uba gaI thI / vaha bhI apane nArItva se chuTakArA pAne ke lie vyagra ho uThI thI isakA AbhAsa padmAvatI ke zabdoM meM milatA hai| vaha muni zIlagupta se dhArmika upadeza sunatI hai jisase 'thIveu Nihammai jeNa ehu (10. 15. 5) / muni use sumitrA kI kathA sunAkara AzvAsana dete haiM ki vaha bhI bhavAntara meM nArItva se chuTakArA pA gaI (10. 18) / 10. 22. 9-10 meM isI bhAva kA saMketa hai ki padmAvatI nArItva tyAga kara saMnyAsI ho svarga sidhaarii| ____ graMtha meM zubha zakuna ke lie eka kathA kA ullekha hai / loga svapna jJAna aura zakuna jJAna meM vizvAsa karate the| padmAvatI ne svapna meM hAthI ke darzana kiye jisakA phala usake pati ne putrotpatti batAyA (1.8) / mantroM aura tantroM meM bhI logoM kI AsthA thI / maMtra zakti ke prabhAva ko sUcita karane ke lie avAntara kathA kavi ne 2. 10. 12 meM dI hai / mantra ke prabhava se rAkSasa ko vaza meM karane kA ullekha 2. 12. 3-4 meM milatA hai| ___ zApa meM bhI loga vizvAsa kiyA karate the| eka tapasvinI ke zApa se manuSya totA ho gayA--aisA ullekha 6. 12 meM milatA hai / alaukika aura divya ghaTanAoM para bhI loga vizvAsa kiyA karate the / isa prakAra kI aneka ghaTanAoM kA ullekha graMtha
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________________ apabhraMza 'DakAvya (dhArmika) meM milatA hai| samAja meM sadAcAra -- sadAcAra kI dRSTi se samAja unnata na thA / satsaMgati sambandhI eka kathA kA varNana karate hue kavi batalAtA hai ki eka sajjana vyApArI jise rAjA ne usakI sAbutA evaM udAratA se mantrI banA diyA thA eka dina rAjakumAra ke saba AbhUSaNa hara kara eka vezyA ke ghara meM gayA (2. 17. 2 ) / karakaMDa ke pUrva janma kA paricaya detA huA kavi batAtA hai pUrva janma meM usakI mAtA nAgadattA kA caritra acchA na thA / vaha apane dattaka putra sAtha prema meM phaMsa gaI thI ( 10. 6.8 - 10 ) / saMbhava hai ki ina ghaTanAoM ke ullekha se kavi samAja meM patita aura nIca vyakti ke hRdaya meM bhI uddhAra kI bhAvanA kA saMcAra karanA cAhatA ho / pauma sirI cariu ' padma zrIM carita pauma sirI cariu, divya dRSTi vAhila kA likhA huA cAra saMdhiyoM kA kAvya hai| divya dRSTi, dhAhila kA upanAma thA / kAvya kA Arambha 'dhAhila digva diThi kavi jaMpai' se hotA hai / pratyeka sandhi ke anta meM bhI kavi ne isa nAma kA prayoga kiyA hai / kavi ne apanI kRti ke anta ( 4. 16) meM apane viSaya meM jo sUcanA dI hai usase vidita hotA hai ki kavi zizupAlavadha mAgha ke baMza meM utpanna huA thA / kAvyakarttA dhattA- sasi dAla-kavva ka Asu mAhu ? jasu vimala kirttA jagu bhamaI sAhu / tasu nimmala vaMsi samubbhaveNa paumasiri cariu kiu dhAhileNa / mahAhi / --kavi-pAsaha~ naMdaNu dosa vimaddaNu sUrAIha jiNa calaNaha bhattau tAyaha pottau divva diTThi nimmala maihi // pa. si. ca. 4.16 197 pauma siri cariu kI hasta likhita prati vi. saM. 1991 meM likhI huI prApta huI hai / ( prAstAvika vaktavya pR0 2 ) / kavi mAgha kA samaya vikrama kI AThavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArddha mAnA gayA hai / ataH dhAhila vikrama kI AThavIM zatAbdI ke bAda aura bArahavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva hI kisI samaya hue hoMge / pauma siri cariu (padma zrI carita) meM kavi ne cAra saMdhiyoM meM padma zrI ke pUrva janma kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai / yaha kAvya dhArmika AvaraNa se AvRta eka sundara prema kathA hai| kAvya aihalaukika pAtroM ko lekara unake jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA 1. zrI madhu sudana modI tathA zrI harivallabha bhAyANI dvArA saMpAdita, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, baMbaI, vi0 saM0 2005 /
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________________ apabhraMza - sAhitya 198 varNana karatA hai / kathAnaka -- saMkSepa meM kathA isa prakAra hai-- kavi AThaveM tIrthaMkara caMdraprabha aura sarasvatI kI vandanA se kAvya kA Arambha karatA hai / bharata kSetra meM madhyadeza nAmaka suprasiddha deza thA / usameM vasantapura nAmaka devanagara ke samAna eka sundara nagara thA / kavi ne madhyadeza aura vasantapura kA kAvyamaya bhASA meM sundara varNana kiyA hai / vahA~ jitazatru nAmaka rAjA rAjya karatA thA / usakI rAnI kA nAma lIlAvatI thA / usI nagara meM kubera ke samAna ghanI dhanasena nAmaka eka zreSThI rahatA thA / usake dhanadatta aura dhanAvaha nAmaka do putra aura dhanazrI nAmaka advitIya sundarI putrI thI / yuvAvasthA meM hI dhanI vidhavA ho gaI / bhAiyoM ke AzvAsana se vaha unhIM ke ghara meM rahakara ghara kI dekhabhAla karatI huI pUjA, dAnAdi se samaya bitAne lagI / eka dina dharmaghoSa nAmaka eka muni usa nagara meM aayaa| usake dharmopadeza se dhanazrI deva pUjA, dAnAdi puNya karma meM nirata ho gaI / usakI dAnazIlatA para usakI bhAbhiyA~ usase jalane lagIM aura usa para vyaMgya karane lagIM / dhanazrI ne bar3e bhAI aura usakI strI yazomatI meM bheda-bhAva kara diyA / yazomatI vyAkula aura khinna ho gaI / kAlAntara meM unakI bhedabhAvanA dhanazrI ne miTA dI / isI prakAra choTe bhAI aura usakI strI yazodA meM dhanazrI ne pahale bhedabhAva paidA kara diyA, phira use dUra kiyA / dhanazrI dhArmika jIvana bitAtI huI tapazcaryA aura vratoM kA pAlana karatI huI devaloka ko prApta huI ( saMdhi 1 ) / janmAntara meM dhanadatta auka dhanAvaha, ayodhyA ke rAjA azokadatta aura usakI rAnI caMdralekhA ke yahA~ kramazaH samudradatta aura vRSabhadatta nAma se utpanna hue / dhanazrI hastinApura ke rAjA ibhyapati zaMkha aura usakI rAnI zIlavatI ke ghara meM padmazrI nAma se utpanna huI / padmazrI ne dhIre-dhIre yuvAvasthA meM padArpaNa kiyA aura vaha apanI saundarya chaTA kA cAroM ora prasAra karane lagI / eka dina vasantamAsa meM jaba cAroM ora kAmadeva kA sAmrAjya thA padmazrI, apUrva zrI nAmaka udyAna meM gaI / daivayoga se vahA~ yuvaka samudradatta bhI pahu~ca gyaa| eka dUsare ke darzana kara donoM paraspara anurakta ho gaye / kavi ne padmazrI ke pUrvAnurAga aura unakI prema vihvalatA kA sundara varNana kiyA hai| kAlAntara meM donoM kA vivAha ho gayA / vara vadhU sahita apane ghara lauTA (2) / donoM Ananda se jIvana bitAne lage / ATha varSoM ke bAda sAketa se varAha nAmaka eka lekha vAhaka ne Akara samudradatta ko usakI mAtA kI vyAkulatA kA samAcAra diyA / varAhadatta ghara lauTa pdd'aa| kavi ne isa prasaMga meM donoM ke hRdaya kI viyoga- vedanA kA sundara varNana kiyA hai / gurujanoM ke Adeza se samudradatta apanI strI ko le jAne ke lie hastinApura gyaa| vahIM padmazrI ke pUrva janma ke karma vipAka ke kAraNa kelipriya nAmaka pizAca ne donoM ke prema meM bhedabhAva paidA kara diyA / samudradatta ke mana meM yaha bAta baiTha gaI ki padmazrI kisI anya puruSa se prema karatI hai / samudradatta padmazrI se virakta ho use kosane, DAMTane phaTakArane aura dhikkArane lagA / pati ke isa durvyavahAra se Azcarya cakita huI padmazrI pati ke Age anunaya vinaya karane
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) lgii| pati-pravAsa meM apanI mlAna aura khinna avasthA kA varNana karatI huI karuNa-krandana karane lagI / (3) / rotI-rotI aura karuNa-krandana karatI padmazrI ko chor3a udvignamana samudradatta apane nagara meM lauTa par3A / kozala purI meM naMda nAmaka eka vaNika ke ghara meM usakI strI puSpavatI se kAntimatI aura kItimatI nAmaka do lar3akiyAM huI thI jo pUrva janma meM yazomatI aura yazodA thIM / sundarI yuvatI kAMtimatI ne samudradatta aura kItimattI ne usake bhAI udadhidatta ke sAtha vivAha kiyaa| ye unakI pUrva janma kI patniyAM thiiN| yaha samAcAra pAkara padmazrI kA pitA zaMkha kanyA janma se khinna huaa| padmazrI bhI vyAkula huii| isI bIca vimalazIlA nAmaka eka gaNinI aaii| usake AzvAsana, udbodhana aura dharmopadeza se padmazrI vrata, svAdhyAya, tapazcaryA meM rata ho gii| isI bIca ve donoM sAketa nagarI meM kAMtimatI aura kItimatI ke ghara meM phuNce| pUrvajanma-vipAka ke kAraNa padmazrI para corI kA kalaMka lagA / vrata, tapazcaryA Adi meM dRr3hatA se nirata padamazrI ne kevala jJAna prApta kiyaa| jJAnAgni se karmoM kA dAha kara dharmopadeza karatI haI padmazrI ne anta meM mokSaprApta kiyaa| dhArmika AvaraNa ke kAraNa isa prema-kathA meM kahIM-kahIM alaukika ghaTanAoM kA samAveza ho gayA hai| isa AvaraNa ko haTA dene se prema kathA svAbhAvika rUpa meM hamAre sAmane A jAtI hai / dhanazrI aura samudradatta kA eka dUsare ko dekhakara paraspara anurakta honA, eka dUsare ko na pAkara vyAkula honA, isa pUrvAnurAga kA vivAha meM pariNata honA, vivAhAnantara viyoga ke kAraNa vihvalatA Adi saba svAbhAvika varNana kavi ne upasthita kiye haiN| prabandha kalpanA-padmazrI na to aitihAsika pAtra hai aura na paurANika / kavi ne usake pUrva janma kI kathA se, mAnava dvArA bhinna-bhinna janmoM meM kiye karmoM ke phalabhoga ko lakSya kara, usake ucca carita kA varNana kiyA hai / evaM jIvana meM naitika aura puNyakArya karate hue mAnava dvArA mokSa prApti kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| saMbandha nirvAha-kathA pravAha meM eka prasaMga dUsare se saMbaddha hai / padmazrI pUrva janma meM kiye gaye karmoM kA phala bhogatI huI anta meM nirvANa pada prApta karatI hai, sAre prasaMga isI kArya kI ora agrasara hote hue dikhAI dete haiM / kathA kI gati meM kahIM anAvazyaka virAma nahIM / kavi ne rasAtmakatA ke lie ghaTanAcakra meM mAnava kI rAgAtmikA prakRti ko udbuddha karane vAle evaM hRdaya ko bhAvamagna karane vAle sthaloM ko pahicAna kara unakA sundara varNana kiyA hai / kavi kI isa sahRdayatA ke kAraNa usakA vastuvarNana aura pAtroM dvArA bhAvAbhivyaMjana donoM sarala aura sundara ho sake haiN| __vastu varNana--kavi ne alaMkRta bhASA meM aneka bhaugolika pradezoM kA varNana kiyA 1. udAharaNa ke lie citra mayUra kAMtimatI ke hAra ko nigala jAtA hai aura phira mAyA dvArA Akara use vApasa kara detA hai /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya hai| madhya deza kA alaMkRta bhASA meM varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai iha bharahi atthi ujjala suvesu supasiddhau nAmi majjhadesu / tahi tinni vi hari-kamalAulAi~ kaMtAra-sarovara raaulaaii|| dhammAsatta naresara muNivara sahu suyasAli loga guNi diyavara / gAmAgara pura niyara maNohara viula nIra gaMbhIra sarovara // udaliya kamala saMDa unbhAsiya keyai kusuma gaMdha parivAsiya // bahuviha jaNa dhaNa dhanna ravAulu go mahisa ula ravAula goulu // bhUsiu dhavala tuMga varabhavaNehi saMkula gAma sIma uccharaNehi // komala kelibhavaNa kaya sohihi phalabhara nAmiya tuMga dumohihi // phopphala nAgavelli dala thAmehi maMDiu gAmujjANArAmehi // kayavara cakkamAli kusumAlihi vajjiu dUrAula dukkAlihi // paMthiyajaNa viinna varabhoyaNu vivihUsava ANaMdiya jaNa maNu // pattA-kaivara naDa naTTihi cAraNa baMdihi nacciu supurisaha cariu / vara geya ravAulu rahasa surAulu mahihiM saggu naM avayariu // 1.2 varNana meM kavi kI dRSTi madhyadeza ke kAMtAra, sarovara aura rAjakuloM ke sAtha sAtha vahA~ ke grAmoM para bhI gaI / go mahiSa kula ke ramya zabda, grAma sImAvartI ikSu vana, grAmodyAna Adi bhI usakI dRSTi se ojhala nahIM hue| varNana karate hue madhyadeza meM supArI aura nAgavela (pAna) kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / varNana kI samApti meM kavi kahatA hai ki madhyadeza aisA pratIta hotA thA 'mahihiM saggu naM avayariu' mAno pRthvI para svarga avatIrNa huA ho / yaha kalpanA apabhraMza kaviyoM ko atyanta priya thii| svayaMbhU (ri0 ca0 28. 4), puSpadanta (ma0 pu. 1. 15 aura 92. 2), dhanapAla (bha0 ka0 1.5), ne bhI apane kAvyoM meM isakA prayoga kiyA hai / isI prakAra kavi kA vasantapura varNana (pa0 si0 ca0 1.3) bhI ramaNIya hai / kavi ke vastu-varNana meM saMzliSTa-varNana zailI milatI hai| inake atirikta vivAha kI dhUmadhAma, (2. 18-21) kA, vara ke hAthI kA (2. 19) varNana bhI sarasa aura sundara hai / kAvya meM ratibhAva hI pradhAnatA se varNita hai| samApti meM nirvedabhAva bhI aMkita kiyA gayA hai / kathA pravAha meM aise sthala aneka haiM jahA~ kavi kI dRSTi gUDha mAnasika vikAroM taka pahu~catI huI dikhAI detI hai / hRdaya ko bhAvamagna karane vAle prasaMgoM ke prati kavi udAsIna nahIM dikhAI detA apitu aise prasaMgoM para pAtroM dvArA sundaratA se bhAva vyaMjamA karAtA huA dikhAI detA hai| dhanadatta aura yazomatI ke premabhAva utpanna ho jAne para dhanadatta meM amarSa bhAva kI vyaMjanA (pa0si0 ca0 1. 12) aura yazomatI meM vedanA kI vyaMjanA kavi ne sundaratA se kI hai| kavi kahatA hai
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________________ apabhraMza - khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) jasavai piya-varyANa niThureNa vijjhAiya vaNa-laya jiha deveNa / tuTThaTTha garuya - dukkhaha bhareNa siri tADiya nAvai moggareNa / sohagga-maDapha bhaggu kema dhIreNa raNaMgaNi bhIru jema / ummUliu kaha surayAhilAsu nai-pUri jiha dottaDi- palAsu / saMtAu viyaMbhai hiyae kema nava jovaNi vammaha - jalaNu jema / rovaMtie nivaDaha ujjalAi aMsuyai nAi mohalAI / ajju "kAI viNu kAraNeNa, mahu ruTTha nAhu" citai maNeNa / ........... bhannu hariNi jiha diTTha-soha / jariya vva muyai nIsAsa dIha / 1. 13 arthAt yazomatI niSThura, priya ke vacanoM se vanAgni se dagdha vanalatA ke samAna ho gaI / guru duHkhabhAra se aisI zithila ho gaI mAno mudgara se usake sira para prahAra kiyA ho / dhIra puruSa dvArA raNakSetra se bhagAye kAyara ke samAna usakA saubhAgya- garva lupta ho gayA / nadI-vega se kUlavartI palAza vRkSa ke samAna usakA suratAbhilASa unmUlita ho gayA / nava yauvana meM kAmAgni prasAra ke samAna usake hRdaya meM saMtApa prasRta ho gayA / aisA pratIta hotA thA ki rotI huI yazomatI ke motI na the apitu ujjvala A~sU the / ...... siMha ko dekha bhayAkula hariNI ke samAna saMtapta yazomatI dIrgha niHzvAsa chor3ane lagI / 201 kavi ke varNana meM vedanA kI mAtrA kA atiraMjita varNana nahIM apitu usake vedanAbhibhUta vikSubdha hRdaya kA aMkana hai / jahA~ kavi ne usakI zArIrika avasthA kA citra khIMcA hai vahA~ bhI vaha hRdaya ko hI prabhAvita karanA cAhatA hai- Arata-nayaNa, vicchAya- vayaNa daramaliya-kaMti, kaluNaM ruyaMti AharaNa- vivajjiya vigaya-hAra ummukka hAsa, uvvigga dINa, ucciNiya- kusuma pasaraMta - sAsa / sayala khINa / kuda -sAha / 1. 14.74 - 46 rakta nayana vAlI, nisteja mukha vAlI, hAsya rahita, niHzvAsa chor3atI huI, vilupta kAMti vAlI, karuNa krandana karatI huI udvigna evaM dIna yazomatI kI jaise taise sArI rAtrI vyatIta huI / AbharaNa rahita yazomatI aisI kuMda zAkhA ke samAna dikhAI de rahI thI jisa para se saba phUla bIna liye gaye hoM / nisi naM isI prakAra samudradatta se tiraskRta padmazrI ke hRdaya kI vyAkulatA ( 3.9-10), 'padmazrI ke parityAga para usake pitA zaGkha kA kula meM kanyA - janma se khinna honA ( 4.2. 18-24) Adi prasaMga kavi ke bhAvaka hRdaya kI sUcanA dete haiM / svabhAva citraNa - kavi dhArmika bhAvanA se prerita ho apane pAtroM ko nizcita dizA aura nizcita lakSya taka pahu~cAne meM prayatnazIla thA / ataeva sImita kSetra ke andara pAtroM ke caritra ko vikasita hone kA pUrNa avasara nahIM mila sakA / phira bhI usa sImita kSetra meM pAtroM ke caritra meM svAbhAvikatA dikhAI detI hai / yazomatI aura yazodA
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________________ 202 apabhraMza-sAhitya kA dhanazrI ke dAna se khIjhanA aura usase IrSyA karanA, pati dvArA apamAnita hone para vikSubdha honA, samudradatta aura padmazrIkA pUrvAnu rAga aura usakA vikAsa, samudradatta se parityakta padmazrI kA duHkhI honA, use chor3a samudradatta kA kAMtimatI nAmaka yuvatI se vivAha karanA saba svAbhAvika prasaMga haiN| rasa-kAvya meM rati, zoka aura nirveda bhAvoM ke hI adhika prasaMga haiM / zRGgAra rasa ke saMyoga aura viyoga donoM pakSa aMkita kiye gaye haiM / prema, strI-puruSa ke pArasparika darzana ke kAraNa svAbhAvika rUpa meM uttarottara vikasita hotA huA dikhAI detA hai| ___saundarya varNana meM kavi dhanazrI ke rUpa kA varNana karatA huA usake aMgoM kI zobhA kA varNana karatA hai-- miukasiNa-vAla sNgy-nilaadd| vayaNAraviMda uvhsiy-cNd| paMkaya-dalacchi naM bhuyaNa-lacchi / kuMDala-vilola ujjl-kvol| vipphuriya-kaMti siya-dasaNa-paMti / vivAha (roTTha) vr-kNv-kNtth| thaNa-hAra-tuMga tnn-tivlibhNg| vitthinna-ramaNi mNthriy-gmnni| AyaMva-hatya . lkkhg-psty| jiya-vAla-raMbha piinnol-thNbh| nava-kaNaya-gori munni-citt-cori| sohagga-khANi nira mahura-vANi // rUpa-varNana paraMparA bhakta hai| kavi kI dRSTi dhanazrI ke aMgoM taka hI pahu~catI hai / antima pattA dvArA kavi usake saundarya kA prabhAva bhI pradarzita karatA hai / rai-rUohAmiNi suMdara kAmiNi navajovaNa-sajjiya rahahu / khaMDiya-sura-dappahu guru-mAhappahu hatthi bhalli naM vammahu // 1. 4. 57 arthAt rati ke rUpa kA upahAsa karane vAlI vaha sundarI, nava yauvana rUpI sajjita ratha vAle, devatAoM ke darda ko khaMDita karane vAle atizaya mAhAtmya vAle kAma deva ke hAtha meM mAno bhAle ke samAna thii| dhanapAla ne bhavisayata kahA meM eka strI ke saundarya kA varNana karate hue isI bhAva ko aise hI zabdoM meM abhivyakta kiyA hai-- "NaM vammaha bhalli viMdhaNa sIla juvANa jaNi" ma0 ka0 5.7. 9 " isI prakAra padmazrI ke rUpa varNana meM (2. 3) usake aMgoM ke sauMndarya kA varNana
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 203 karate hue kavi ne paramparAgata upamAnoM kA hI prayoga kiyA hai / antima pattA meM use unnaya-vaMsumbhava AsAsiya-tihuyaNa-jayahu / ahiNava-guNa-suMdari cAva-laTThi mayaraddhayahu // 2. 3. 36 tribhuvana ko jItane kA AzvAsana dene vAle makaradhvaja kI abhinava abhinava-guNasundarI cApa-yaSTI kaha kara usake saundarya ke anupama aura atyadhika prabhAva kI ora saMketa kiyA hai / zliSTa guNa zabda se varNana meM camatkAra bhI A gayA hai| vipralambha zrRMgAra ke bhI aneka udAharaNa kAvya meM milate haiN| pati parityaktA yazomatI ke karuNa krandana kI ora Upara nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai| vivAha se pUrva kAmAgni se pIr3ita padmazrI kA varNana kaviM ne 2. 11-12 meM kiyA hai / isa prema vihvalatA kA AvirbhAva kavi ne padmazrI aura samudradatta donoM meM dikhAkara prema ko ubhayApekSI banAyA hai| viyoga varNana kA eka anya avasara samudradatta ke mAtA ke pAsa cale jAne para upasthita hotA hai / padmazrI kabhI jyotiSiyoM se pUchatI hai ki merA pati kaba lauttegaa| kabhI kaue ko saMbodhana karatI hai ki yadi tumhAre zabda se pati A gayA to maiM tumheM dahI bhAta khilaauuNgii| AMkhoM se gAloM para bahate bar3e bar3e A~suoM se padmazrI dina pratidina kSINa hone lagI aura kRSNa pakSa kI nisteja candralekhA ke samAna ho gaI (3. 4) / ____ isI prakAra viraha varNana kA eka anya avasara samudradatta ke padmazrI ko parityAga kara cale jAne para AtA hai| padmazrI kI avasthA kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA acchei vAla jiha bunna hariNi nai kaluNaiM? zatti vihAi rayaNi / paumasiri-sarIraha jemva kaMti gakkhatta-nivaha nayahali galati / iMdiya-suhaM va nAsai tamohu kukkuDa-rau pasarai nAi mohu / gayaNe vi caMdu vicchAu jAu soyaM vi va viiMyabha cakkavA / nayaNA iva kumuyaI saMkuyaMti AsA iva dohau disau hoti / uggamai aruNu saMtAu nAi ravi buddhi ? jemva nisi khayaha jAi / pattA--hariso iva niggau kumaru sadesahu paTThiyau / dohaggu jemva vara-vAlahi uyali ? mahIyali sNtthiyu|| 3. 9.17-23 arthAt vaha bAlA duHkhinI hariNI ke samAna thii| jaise padmazrI ke zarIra meM se vaise hI AkAza meM se candra-nakSatra kI kAnti lupta ho gii| moha, murgoM ke zabda ke samAna phailane lgaa| AkAza meM candra samAna vaha nisteja ho gii| jisa prakAra usakA zoka bar3hatA jAtA usI prakAra cakravAka kA Ananda / usakI A~khoM ke samAna kumuda saMkucita hone lge| 1. jisa prakAra se usakI AzA dIrca huI usI prakAra dizAe~ dIrgha ho gii| usake saMtApa ke samAna sUrya udita huA / jyoM-jyoM dina bar3hatA yA bItatA jAtA hai, virahiNI rAtrI kI
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________________ 204 apabhraMza-sAhitya bhA~ti chIjatI jAtI hai / padmazrI ke harSa ke samAna samudradatta apane deza nikala gayA / bAlA ke durbhAgya ke samAna prakAza mahItala para sthita ho gyaa| kavi ke viraha-varNana meM kevala saMtApa mAtrA kA hI varNana nahIM apitu usa saMtApa ke prabhAva kI vyaMjanA bhI kavi ne kI hai| zRMgAra ke atirikta vIra rasAdi anya rasoM kA kAvya meM prAyaH abhAva hI hai| prakRti varNana--kAvya meM prakRti ke kucha khaMDa citra kavi ne aMkita kiye haiN| varNana nAyaka nAyikA ke kArya kI pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM upalabdha hote haiN| padmazrI yuvAvasthA meM padArpaNa karatI hai| usake aura samudradatta ke hRdaya meM pUrvAnurAga ko utpanna karane ke lie kavi ne vasaMta mAsa kA (2. 4) aura apUrvazrI udyAna kI zobhA (2. 5) kA varNana kiyA hai| varNana meM koI vizeSatA nhiiN| paramparAnusAra aneka vRkSoM ke nAma diye gaye haiN| koyala kA kUkanA, bhauroM kA gUMjanA Adi kavi ne varNana kiyA hai / isI pakAra padmazrI aura samudradatta ke vivAhAnantara kavi sandhyA aura caMdrodaya kA varNana karatA hai| pattA--ujjoiu bhuyaNu asesu i| garuya - rAya * raMjiya - hiyau / atthavaNa sihari ravi sNtthiyu| saMjhA - vahu ukkNtthiyu|| atthamiu divAyaru saMjha jAya / thiya kaNaya ghaDiya naM bhuynn-bhaa| kamaliNi kamaluniya-mahuyarehi / aMsuehi ruei sakajjalehiM / soAuru maNi cakkAu hoi| kau mitta viou na dukkha dei / aMdhAriya sayala vi disi vihaai| kilikiliya-bhUya-rakkhasa - pisAya / tama pasariu kipi na jaNu vihAi / jagu gambha vAsi nikkhittu naai| vohaMta kumuya vaNu uiu caMdu / kaMdappa mahosahi ruMda kaMdu / vaNi jema maiMdahu hatthi juuhu| nAsei miyaMkaha timva tamohu / hariNaMka kiraNa vipphuriu bhaai| gayaNaMgaNu dhavaliu naM chuhAi / nisi paDhama pahari uddAma kAmi vAsahari kumAra mnnaabhiraami| mahamahiya bahala vara dhUya gaMdhi paMcamna kusumamAlA sugaMdhi / ruNuruNiya mahura ravi bhamara lIvi pajjAliya maNi maMgala paIvi / paumasiri sahiu pallaMki ThAi sahiyaNu ANaMdiu kha gharahu jAi / ghattA--nANAviha karaNa visesehi sura sokkhaI mANeu~ kumaru / AliMgiu kaMta pasuttau nAi saviggahu paMcasaru // ina varNanoM meM prakRti bimba pratibimba bhAva se bhI aMkita kI gaI hai / idhara padmazrI kA hadaya anurAga pUrNa aura pati milana ke lie utsuka hai udhara guru rAga raMjita sandhyAvadhU utkaMThita hai / ina varNanoM meM kavi kI kalpanA kahIM kahIM anUThI aura adbhuta hai| sandhyA samaya kamala baMda hone ko haiM unameM se bhauMre nikala nikala kara ur3a rahe haiN| kavi kahatA hai mAno kamalinI kAjala pUrNa azruoM se ro rahI hai (3. 1. 6) /
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________________ apabhraMza - khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 205 prakRti varNana meM eka halakI sI upadeza bhAvanA bhI milatI hai / sUryodaya kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai- parigalaya rayaNi uggamiu bhANu ujjoiu majjhima bhuyaNa bhANu / vicchAya kaMti sasi atthameva sakalaMkaha ki thiru udau hoi / malati kumuya mahayara muyaMti thira neha maliNa ki kaha vi huMti / 3. 2 arthAt rAta bIta gaI sUrya udita huA / *maMda kAMti vAlA candramA asta ho rahA hai / kalaMkita kA udaya kyA sthira raha sakatA hai ? kumuda mukulita ho rahe haiM madhukara unheM chor3a ur3a rahe haiM- kyA malina kAle kahIM sthira premI hote haiM ! bhASA -- kavi kI bhASA sarala aura calatI huI hai / isa bhASA meM prAcIna saMskRta - prAkRta kI dhArA kI ora pravRtti nahIM dikhAI detI / puSpadanta meM bhASA kI do dhArAyeM spaSTa rUpa se dikhAI detI thIM kintu dhAhila kI racanA meM tatkAlIna lokapracalita apabhraMza bhASA kI hI dhArA bahatI huI dikhAI detI hai / dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM dikhAI detA / kintu prabhAvavRddhi ke lie zabdoM kI AvRtti kavi ne kI hai (jaise 1. 8; 4.2; 4. 3 meM ) / subhASita -- bhASA meM sthAna sthAna para vAgdhArAoM, lokoktiyoM aura subhASitoM kA prayoga bhI dikhAI detA hai / "osaha niru miTTha vijjuvaiTTha ahu jaNa kAsu na hoi piu / " 2. 7.88 he logo ! atizaya madhura aura vaidya nirdiSTa auSadha kisa ko acchI nahIM lagatI hai ? "uii caMvi ki tAriyaha" candra ke udaya ho jAne para tAroM se kyA ? "ali vaMcevi yai vaDale laggu ja jasu maNiTaThu taM tAsu laggu / " bhramara ketakI ko chor3akara vakula ke pAsa calA jAtA hai, jo jisako abhISTa hotA hai vaha usI meM rata hotA hai / "kau mitta-viou na Tukkhu deI" 3. 1.7 1. 10. 33 mitra-viyoga kise duHkha nahIM detA ? kAvya meM aneka zabda-rUpa hindI zabdoM se milate julate se haiM / ' 1. udAharaNa ke lie- nakku -- nAka (1.12.54 ) ; nikkAlai - nikAlatA hai (1.13.69 ) ; ghara ( 1.14.78 ) ; phuTTai bhaMDa -- phUTA bartana (1.14.184 ) ; pUriu cakku -
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya __ alaMkAra--kAvya meM alaMkAroM kA prayoga bhI milatA hai / zabdAlaMkAroM meM anuprAsa aura zleSa, arthAlaMkAroM meM utprekSA, vyati reka, rUpaka Adi sAdRzyamUlaka alaMkAra hI adhikatA se kavi ne prayukta kiye haiN| ina sAdRzyamUlaka alaMkAroM meM sAdRzya-yojanA vastusvarUpa-bodha ke lie nahIM apitu bhAvoM ko udbuddha karane ke lie kI gaI hai| nimnalikhita alaMkAroM ke udAharaNa se yaha bAta spaSTa ho skegii| "bhaya-vunna hariNi jiha viTTha-sIha" / 1.13.71 dhanazrI aisI hariNI ke samAna thI jisane siMha ko dekhA ho aura bhayAkula ho / "AharaNa-vivajjiya vigaya-hAra ucciNiya-kusuma naM kuNd-saah|" 1. 14. 76 AbharaNa-rahita aura hAra-zUnya dhanazrI aisI kunda-zAkhA ke samAna thI jisa para se saba phUla bIna liye gaye hoN| "sari naliNi jema jala-vajjiya ratti-viyaha prisukki|" ___3. 3. 43 samudradatta kI mAtA jala-rahita sarovara meM dina-rAta sUkhatI huI nalinI ke samAna thii| "dounha muyai nIsAsa keva ghaNa-salila-sittu giri gimha jesa" 2.14. 66 samudradatta ke abhAva meM padmazrI aise dIrgha niHzvAsa chor3a rahI thI jaise grISma meM ghana jala se sikta parvata / nimna likhita utprekSA meM kavi kI kalpanA navIna aura adbhuta hai| "kamaliNi kamaluniya-mahuyarehi aMsuehi ruehi sakajjalehi" 1 3.6 sandhyA samaya baMda hote kamaloM se nikalate hue bhramaroM ke kAraNa kamalinI aisI pratIta hotI thI mAno kAjalayukta A~suoM se ro rahI ho| isI prakAra rUpaka (1. 3. 34-38) aura vyaktireka (1. 6. 79-80) ke udAhAraNa bhI kAvya meM milate haiM / jisa prakAra bhASA meM kavi ne prAcIna saMskRta-prAkRta-kaviyoM kI paripATI ko nahIM apanAyA usI prakAra alaMkAroM meM bhI usa zailI kA abhAva hI hai| upamA alaMkAra cauka pUrA (2.18.200); jAlevi-jalAkara (2.21.46); laDDuyahaM-- laDDU (3.4.54); mAi bappu sAsuya sasurau (3.7.91); nakku kannanAka kAna (3.7.96); sukka-zuSka; (4.10.28); khIra khaMDa ghiya vaMjaNehi-khIra, khAMDa, ghI, vyaMjana (4.7.86); poei taTu kaMtimai hAra-kAMtimatI TUTe hAra ko potI hai (4.8.92); bhariu laDDyahaM thAlu -laDDuoM se bharA thAla (4.9.3) ityaadi|
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) meM eka Adha sthAna para hI bANa kI zailI ke darzana hote haiN| anyathA usa prakAra ke varNanoM kA abhAva hI hai| vijhAui vva gaya-maya-viyAra pAusu-siri vva saMtAvahAra / vADava-sihi vva kaya-jalahi-sosa diNayara-paha vva niddaliya dos| 4. 4. 41-42 (gaya-maya-viyAra) mada jharate gajoM vAlI vindhyATavI ke samAna vaha vimalazIlA gaNinI (gaya-maya-vikAra) mada vikAra rahita thii| jaladhi-samudra kA zoSaNa karane vAlI vADavAgni ke samAna vaha bhI jaladhi--jaDadhI-ko zoSaNa karane vAlI thii| sAmAjika avasthA-kAvya ke adhyayana se kucha tatkAlIna avasthAoM para prakAza par3atA hai / samAja meM bahu vivAha kI prathA thii| samudradatta ne padmazrI kA parityAga kara kAMtimatI se vivAha kiyaa| vivAha khUba dhUmadhAma se hotA thA / samudra datta vivAha ke lie hAthI para savAra ho kara AyA (2. 20.) / vivAha ke samaya vadhU bhI zveta vastra dhAraNa karatI thI (2. 18. 208) / vara ke mAtA pitA donoM usake sAtha vivAhArtha gaye / vara kI mAtA aura vadhU kI mAtA donoM vivAha kI khuzI meM paraspara nAcI (2. 22. 252.) / striyA~ mukha ko patralekhA se sajAtI thIM (2. 4. 44) / kanyA kA janma mAtA pitA ke lie cintA kA kAraNa hotA thaa| padmazrI kA pitA zaMkha samajhatA thA ki jisa ghara meM lar3akI nahIM vaha atyadhika kRtArtha hai (4. 2.18) / ____ jyotiSiyoM kI bAtoM meM loga vizvAsa karate the (2. 16. 184) / zakunoM meM bhI vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thA (3. 4. 53) / alaukika ghaTanAoM ko bhI asaMbhava nahIM samajhA jAtA thA (4. 8) / santoM, mahAtmAoM para logoM kI zraddhA thI aura ghara Ane para unakA bhalI bhA~ti satkAra kiyA jAtA thA (4. 7) / ., chaMda-graMtha meM mukhya rUpa se paddhaDikA chanda kA hI prayoga huA hai / eka hI kaDavaka meM do chandoM kA prayoga bhI kucha sthaloM para milatA hai / (jaise 1.2, 1.9, 2.20, 3.7, 3.10) pAsa cariu--pArzva purANa yaha graMtha aprakAzita hai| Amera zAstra bhaMDAra meM isa graMtha kI do hastalikhita pratiyA~ vartamAna haiN| isameM padmakItti ne teIsaveM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha kA caritra varNita kiyA hai / isameM 18 sandhiyA~ haiM / sandhiyoM meM kaDavakoM kI saMkhyA nizcita nhiiN| cauthI aura pAMcavIM sandhiyoM meM bAraha-bAraha kaDavaka haiM kintu caudahavIM sandhi meM tIsa kaDavaka milate haiN| vi0 saMvat 1611 meM likhita prati meM lekhaka ne grantha saMkhyA arthAt padya saMkhyA 3323 batAI hai|
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________________ 208 apabhraMza-sAhitya grantha kI antima prazasti meM kavi ne apane Apako jinasena kA ziSya kahA hai|" kRti ke racanAkAla ke saMbandha meM nimnalikhita padya milatA hai-- Nava saya Nau vANuiye kattiya amAvasa divase / lihiyaM pAsa purANaM kaiNA iha pauma NAmeNa / (18vIM sandhi ke anta ko prazasti) isa padya ke anusAra kRti kA racanA kAla 992 vi0 saM0 pratIta hotA hai| pro0 hIrAlAla jaina ne isakA samaya zaka saMvat 999 mAnA hai / / grantha kA Arambha kavi ne "svasti zrI gaNezAya namaH / namaH zrI paarshvnaathaay|" ina zabdoM se kiyA hai / isake anantara 24 tIrtha karoM kA stavana kiyA gayA hai tadanaMtara Atma vinaya aura sajjana durjana smaraNa milatA hai / jaina saMpradAyAnukUla pArzvanAtha kA carita hI grantha meM aMkita kiyA gayA hai| kavitva kI dRSTi se chaThI, dasavIM aura gyArahavIM sandhiyA~ ullekhanIya haiN| chaThI sandhi meM grISmakAla aura usa kAla meM jalakrIr3A (6. 11), varSAkAla (6. 12), hemaMta kAla (6. 13) Adi ke varNana sundara haiM / dasavoM sandhi meM sUryAsta (10.9), rajanI (10. 10) candrodaya (10.11) Adi ke varNana aura gyArahavIM sandhi meM yuddha varNana AkarSaka haiN| kavi kI kavitA zakti ke nidarzana ke lie nIce kucha uddharaNa diye jAte haiN| nArI varNana sukai kaiva jema jaNa maNahara, haMsa gavaNi uttuMga pauhara / gava NIlappalaNayaNa suhAvaNa, vammaha hiyaya vANa ulhAvaNa / kuDila cihura vara tivali vipasiya, sAlaMkAra sahU suhAsiya / khaMti jama jiNa varahu piyArI, gavari haraho bhuvaNattaya mArI / rAma ho jema sIya maNa khohaNi, kaNhaho rUppiNi jiha thiya mohaNi / jaha raha maNi pallahiya aNaMgaho, rohiNivva jaha gaiNa miyaMka ho / paraMparAgata upamAnoM aura udAharaNoM ke dvArA hI kavi ne nArI-rUpa kA aMkana kiyA hai| prISmakAla meM jalakrIr3A-- duvaI-pekhivi gibha kAlu ai dUsaho, juvaihiM sahUM svaarnno| Niggau purajaNeNa jala kIDahiM, saharasu vairi vaarnno|| 1. siri mAhava seNu mahANuhAu, jiNa seNa sisu puNuM tAsu jAu / tasu puTava siNehi paumakitti, uppaNNu sIsu jaNu jAsu citti / teM jiNa vara sAsaNa bhAvieNa, kaha viraiya jiNaseNaho menn| 18.22 2. nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, varSa 50, aMka 3-4, pR. 117.
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________________ apabhraMza - khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) aMteura parimiuM sareNaM ra vareMdu / gau vihaveM suravara kari supamANa vAhu / avayariu salile avagAha vAhahiM jala gareM / jaM kariNi sahiu uppADivi rAeM pauma NAlu / komalu sugaMdhu (gaMdhu) tADiya siri saharasu kAvi NAri / toaNNa bhaNaI sAlevi muNAleM haNai jAma / vachacchali nirvADiya taha ppellivi NAle ghAu devi / tAaNNa kaDachihi vuDevi kAvi calaNeha dharehi / kara juvaleM niThuru ca disaha pINa uNNaya thaNIu / jalukhirvAha gariMdaho kacchUrI caMdaNu ghusiNa raMgu / pakkhAliu salileM kajjala jala bhariyaha loyaNehiM / juvaiha mukku NaM jalu ghattA -- NayagaMjaNa ghusiNa samUheM amalu vi salilau kiu sohai vahu vaNNa vicittau iMda cAva varSA kAla -- sarisu jalu // 6.11 dhattA vi diyahu rayaNi jANijjai, piya rahiyahoM pAusi paMthiyaho, suravaraM / javaihi sAhu | saravai gayaMbu | kesara visAla / maiMdeva mAri / aNNa tAma / khalei / baMdhu dei / rai maNIu / aMgalaggu / gharNoha / samalu / vamAlu / du / khaggu / gaya gibha yAla huu varisayAlu / avayariu mora dadda ura pekhevi mahaMtu he ghaNagayaMdu | aru thu pAvasu vajjeNa haNaMtu Nahagga maggu / duppecha cha kaya vijju hi maMDala jalu varisagahi laggu / gulugulu gulantu mAruya samaggu / gajjaMtu palaya ghaNa rava pacaMDu / taDi taralu bhayaMkara bhImacaMDu | kajjala tamAla ghaNa sAmadehu / dasa disi jharaMtu kaya doNa mehu / mellaMtu musaladhArahi jalohu / jala thala pAyAla subhariya sohu / avayariu ema pAusu rauddu, saMcAriu mehahiM NaM samudda / dIhiya taDAya saravara aNeya, sama sari sA bhAvahaM bhariya toya | diDhu 209 Nahi ravi mehahiM chAiyau / toyahiM virahu Na mAiyau // 6. 12 donoM jalakrIr3A aura varSA kAla ke varNanoM meM svAbhAvikatA hai / donoM varNanoM ke ghattA meM dRzya kA sAra dRSTigata hotA hai| jalakrIr3A meM A~khoM ke aMjana, zarIra ke candanAdi se nirmala jala bhI malina ho gayA / nAnA varNoM se citrita jala iMdracApa ke samAna zobhita hone lagA / varSAkAla meM AkAza meM sUrya meghoM se Acchanna ho gayA / dina aura rAta bheda naSTa ho gayA / isa kAla meM priyA rahita pathikoM kI striyoM ke hRdaya meM viraha aparimita ho uThA / bhASA meM aNuraNanAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga bhI milatA hai ( 8.7) / mAtrika chandoM ke atirikta bhujaMgaprayAta ( 5 12, 7.9), tragviNI (7. 1) Adi varNika chandoM kA
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________________ 210 apabhraMza-sAhitya prayoga bhI kavi ne yatra tatra kiyA hai / gyArahavIM sandhi ke pratyeka kaDavaka ke Arambha meM pahile eka 'duvaI', phira eka 'mAtrA' aura tadanantara eka 'dohaya' (dohA) kA prayoga milatA hai / udAharaNArtha caDivi mahArahi bhaDa sahiu, vairiya mANa myNdu| ahimahu calliu para valaho, saNNajjhevi gareMdu // dohayaM dUsarI prati meM dohayaM ke syAna para 'dohaDA' zabda kA prayoga bhI milatA hai| pAsaNAha cariu (pArzvanAtha carita) __ zrIdhara kavi ke likhe hue pAsaNAha cariu, sukamAla cariu aura bhavisayatta cariu nAmaka tIna grantha upalabdha haiN| tInoM grantha aprakAzita haiM kintu inakI hastalikhita pratiyA~ Amera zAstra bhaNDAra meM vidyamAna haiM (pra. saM. pRSTha 129, 193 aura 150) zrIdhara ayaravAla (agravAla) kula meM utpanna hue the| inakI mAtA kA nAma bIlhA aura pitA kA nAma golha thaa| inhoMne saMbhavataH caMdappaha cariu kI bhI racanA kI thii| kavi dillI ke pAsa hariyAnA meM rahate the| inhoMne graMtha meM svayaM apanI kAvya racanA ke viSaya meM batAyA hai ki kisa prakAra meM hariyAnA se cala jamunA pAra kara dillI pahuMcA aura vahA~ ayaravAla (agravAla) kulotpanna naTTala sAhu kI preraNA se kAvya racanA kI / pAsaNAha cariu meM 'DhillI' pradeza kA varNana bhI kiyA gayA hai / inakI kRtiyoM kI racanA ke AdhAra para inakA kAla lagabhaga vi0 saM0 1189 aura 1230 ke bIca arthAt vikrama kI 12 vIM zatAbdI kA aMta aura 13 vIM kA madhya mAnA jA sakatA hai| ___ kavi ne prathama sandhi kI samApti para aura anya sandhiyoM ke prArambha meM saMskRta bhASA aura saMskRta chandoM meM naTTala sAhu kI prazaMsA bhI kI hai / kRti kI samApti bhI 1 viraevi caMdappaha cariu cAru, cira cariya kamma dukkhA vahAra / viharateM koUhala vaseNa, parihacchiya vASa sari sareNa / siri ayaravAla kula saMbhaveNa, jaNaNI vIlhA gambhuveNa / aNavaraya viNaya paNayAraheNa, kaiNA vuha golha taNUruheNa / payaDiya tihuaNavai guNa bhareNa, maNNiya suhi suaNe siri hareNa // 1.2 2. yasyAbhAti zazAMka sannina lasatkIti rddharitrI tale yasmAd vaMdi jano babhUva sakalaH kalyANa tulyo'thinAM / yenA vAci vacaH prapaMca racanA hInAM (naM) janAnAM priyaM sa zrImAn jayatAt sudhIranupamaH zrI naTTalaH sarvadA // jIyAdasau jagati naTTala nAmadheyaH 6.1 2.1
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________________ apabhraMza - khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 211 naTTala kI maMgalakAmanA ke sAtha kI gaI hai / aMta meM saMskRta chaMdoM meM naTTala ke guNoM kA varNana, usakI maMgala kAmanA aura usakA paricaya diyA gayA hai / kavi ne pAsaNAha cariu kI racanA dillI meM AgrahAyaNa mAsa ke kRSNa pakSa kI aSTamI, ravivAra, vi0 saM0 1989 meM kI / ' isa grantha meM bAraha sandhiyoM meM pArzvanAtha ke caritra kA varNana hai / pArzvanAtha kI kathA vahI hai jo anya granthoM meM milatI hai / kavi ke varNanoM meM paraMparAgata prAcIna zailI ke darzana hote haiM / kavi yamunA nadI kA varNana karatA huA, priyatama ke pAsa jAtI huI eka vAra vilAsinI se usakI tulanA karatA hai- jauNA sari suraNaya hiyayahAra, NaM vAra vilAsiNie urahAra / DiMDIra piMDa uppariya Nilla, kIlira rahaMga thovvaDa thaNiNNa / sevAla jAla romAvalilla, vuhayaNa maNa pari raMjaNacchailla / bhamarAvali veNI valayalaccha, papphulla pomadala dIharacchi / pavaNA haya salilAvatta NAhi, viNihaya jaNavaya taNu tAva vAhi / vaNamayagala mayajala ghasiNalitta, dara phuDiya sippiuDa dasaNaditta / viyasaMta saroruha pavara vatta, rayaNAyara pavara piyAratta / viulA mala puliNa NiyaMva jAma, uttiNNI NayarNAhaM diTThatAma | hariyANae de asaMkha gAme, gamiyiNa jaNiya agavaraya kAme / ghattA para cakka vihaTTaNu, siri saMghaTTaNu, jo sura vaiMNA parigaNiuM / riu ruhirAvaTTaNu, paviulu paTTaNu, DhillI NAmeNa jirbhAgaDaM / 1.2 arthAt yamunA nadI sura nara kA hRdaya hAra thI mAno vAravilAsinI kA urahAra ho / nadI kA phena puMja mAno usa nArI kA uparitana vastra ho / krIr3A karate hue cakravAka mAno usake stana hoM / zaivAla jAla, budhajanoM ke mana kA anuraMjana karane vAlI romAvalI, bhramarAvalI valayAkAra zobhita veNI, praphulla padma dala vizAla netra, pavana prakampita jalaM kI bhaMvara tanu tApa nAzaka nAbhi, vanya hAthiyoM ko mada se yukta jala candana lepa, ISat vyakta hote hue zukti puTa dA~ta aura vikasita kamala sundara mukha ke samAna thA / nadI ratnAkara samudra rUpI priya ke prati anurakta thI aura nArI ratnAlaMkRta apane priya ke prati / usake vipula aura nirmala pulina mAno nitaMba the / isa prakAra 1. " vikkamarNAraMda supasiddha kAli, DhillI paTTaNi dhaNakaNa visAli / saNavAsI eyAraha sahi, parivADie varisahaM kasamIhi AgahaNa mAsi, ravivAri samANiuM parigaehiM / sisira bhAsi / " 12. 18
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________________ 212 apabhraMza-sAhitya kI nadI kavi ne dekhI aura pAra kI / nadI ko pAra kara kavi hariyAnA pradeza ke dillI nAmaka nagara meM gyaa| ___ kavi ne dillI nagara kA varNana bhI alaMkRta zailI meM kiyA hai| vahAM kI U~cI UMcI zAlAoM, vizAla raNamaMDapoM, sundara mandiroM, samada gaja ghaTAoM, gatizIla turaMgoM, striyoM kI pada nUpura-dhvani ko sunakara nAcate hue mayUroM aura vizAla haTTa mArgoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| kavi varNana karatA hai-- jahiM gayaNAmaMDalA laggu sAlu, raNa maMDava parimaMDiu visAlu / goura siri kalasA haya payaMgu, jala pUriya parihA liMgi yaMgu / jahi jaNa maNa NayaNANaMdirAI, maNiyara gaNa maMDiya maMdirAI / jahiM caudisu sohahiM ghaNavaNAI, NAyaraNara khayara suhaavnnaaii| jahiM samaya karaDi ghaDa ghaDa haDaMti, paDisaveM disi vidisi viphuDaMti / jahiM pavaNa gamaNa dhAvira turaMga, NaM vAri rAsi bhaMgura taraMga / paviulu aNaMga saru jahi vihAi, rayaNAyara saiM avayariu nnaaii| jahiM tiya payaNeura rau suNevi, hariseM sihi Naccai taNu dhuNevi / jahi maNuharu rehai haTTa maggu, NIsesa vatthu saMviyasa maggu / kAtaMtaM piva paMjI samiddha, Nava kAmi jovvaNa miva samiddha / sura ramaNi yaNu va varaNettavattu, pekkhaNayara miva bahu vesa vaMtu / vAyaraNu va sAhiya vara suvaNNu, NADaya pekkhaNayaM piva sapaNNu / cakkavai va varahA aphalillu, saMccuNNa gAiM sahasaNillu / dappubbhaDa bhaDa toNu va kaNillu, saviNaya sIsu va bahu gora sillu / pArAvAra va vitthariya saMkhu, tihuaNa vai guNa Niyara va asaMkhu / ghattA -- NayaNa miva satArau, saruva sahArau, paura mANu kAmiNi yaNu va / saMgaru va saNAyau, gahu va sarAyau, Nihaya kaMsu NArAyaNu v||' antima ghatA meM kavi ne bANa kI zliSTa zailI kA prayoga karate hue dillI nagara kI aneka vastuoM se tulanA kI hai-- vaha nagara nayana ke samAna tAraka yukta thA, sarovara ke samAna hAra yukta aura hAra nAmaka jIvoM se yukta thA, kAminI jana ke samAna pracura mAna vAlA thA, yuddhabhUmi ke samAna nAga sahita aura nyAya yukta thA, nabha ke samAna caMdra sahita evaM rAjasahita thA 1. payaMgu--pataMga, sUrya / samaya-samada / payaNeura rau--pada nUpura rava / kAtaMtaM .."samiddha-kAtaMtra vyAkaraNa ke samAna paMjikA se yukta evaM pracura artha yukta / sAhiya 'suvaNNu-jahAM sone kA varNa yA akSara parakhA jA rahA thaa| saMkha-- mryaadaa|
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________________ 213 apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) aura kaMsaghAtI nArAyaNa ke samAna vahAM kAMsA pITA jA rahA thaa| isI prasaMga meM kavi ne anaMgapAla aura hammIra kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai jahi asivara toDiya riu kavAla, NaraNAhu pasiddha aNaMga vAlu / Niru dala vaTTiya hammIra vIra, vaMdiyaNa vida paivvaNa cIra // yuddha varNanoM meM kavi ne bhAvAna kUla zabdoM aura chandoM kI yojanA kI hai| nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM yuddha meM sainikoM aura kriyAoM kI tIvra gati abhivyakta hotI hai tikkhu kuMteNa keNAvi viddhA hayA, ratta littA vi mattA gayA nniggyaa| ko vi keNA vi muTThI hie ddhAriu, ko vi keNAvi paNhIela tyAriu / kovi keNAvi AvaMtu AlAviu, kuMjarArivva sigdhaM samuddhAviu / kovi keNAvi ruddho viruddho bhaDo, kaMdharaM toDi NaccAviU NaM nnddo| kovi keNAvi dhAvaMtu pomAiu, tomareNoru vacchacchale ghAiu / kovi keNAvi-rusA bhIsaNo, vANa jAlaM muaMto mhaanniisnno| 4..9 sukumAla cariu zrIdhara kavi ne isa graMtha kI racanA valaDa (ahamadAbAda-gujarAta) nagara meM rAjA govinda candra ke samaya meM kI thii|' graMtha racanA kA samaya vi0 saM0 1208, AgrahAyaNa mAsa ke kRSNa pakSa kI tRtIyA, candravAra hai| ___ kavi ne yaha graMtha sAhu pIthA ke putra puravADa vaMzotpanna kumAra kI preraNA se likhaa| saMdhi kI puSpikAoM meM usa ke nAma kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka saMdhi ke Arambha 1. ekkahi diNi bhavvayaNa piyArai, balaDai nAme gAme maNa hArai / siri goviMda caMda niva pAlie, jaNavai suhayAraya kara laalie| 1.2 2. bAraha sayai gayai kaya harisai, aTThottarai mahIyali barisai / kasaNa pakkhi AgahaNo jAyae, tijja divasi sasi vAsari mAyai / bAraha saiya gatthaM kahai paddhaDiehi rvnnnnu| jaNa maNa haraNu suha vittharaNu eu atthu saMpuNNauM // 6.17 3. iya siri sukumAla sAmi maNohara cariu, suMdara yara guNa rayaNa niyara bharie, vivuha siri sukai sirihara viraie, sAhu pIthe putta kumara nAmaMkie,... ityaadi|
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________________ 214 apabhraMza-sAhitya meM saMskRta padyoM meM kumAra kI maMgala kAmanA kI gaI hai| aura graMtha ke anta meM usa ke vaMza kA paricaya bhI diyA gayA hai| ___ kavi ne isa graMtha meM cha: saMdhiyoM aura 224 kar3avakoM meM sukumAla svAmI ke pUrva janma kA varNana kiyA hai| pUrva janma meM vaha kauzAmbI meM rAjamaMtrI ke putra the| jina-dharma meM anurakti hone ke kAraNa inhoMne jinadharma meM dIkSA le lii| saMsAra ko chor3a kara virakta ho gye| pUrvajanma kI ghaTanAoM kA smaraNa ho Ane para tapasyA meM lIna ho gaye / phalataH agale janma meM ujjaina meM janma liyA aura inakA nAma sukumAla rakhA gyaa| kavi kI kavitA kA udAharaNa nimnalikhita rAnI ke varNana meM dekhA jA sakatA hai taho paravaihe ghariNi mayaNAvali, pahaya kAmiyaNa maNa ghiyaavli| daMta paMti Nijiya muttAvali, naM mayaho karI vANAvali / sayalaMteura majjhe pahANI, ucha sarAsaNa maNi sammANI / jahi vayaNa kamalaho nau pujjai, caMdu vi ajju vivaTTai khijjai / kaMkellI pallava sama pANihi, kalakala haMThi vINaNiha vANihiM / Niya sohagga parajjiya gorihi, vijjAhara suramaNa dhaNa corihe| ahara lachi paribhaviya pavAlaheM, parimiya caMcala aliNiha vaalheN| sura nara visahara payaNiya kAmahe, amara rAya kara paharaNa khaamheN| NayaNo hAmiya sisu sAraMgahe, saMdari saya lAvakhaya vahi cNgihe| jAhi niyaMvu NihANu akAmahe, sohai jiya tihu aNa jaNa gAmahe / thovvaDa vayaNa sihiNajua lullau, aha kamaNIya kaNaya ghaDatullau / rahai jAhe kasaNa romAvali, naM kAmAnala ghaNa dhUmAvali / 1.8. kavi ne nArI ke aMga varNana meM prAya: paraMparAgata upamAnoM kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| ___ bhavisayatta cariu (bhaviSyadatta caritra) zrIdhara ne isa graMtha kI racanA vi0 saM0 1230 meM phAlguna mAsa ke kRSNa pakSa kI 1. yaH sarva vitpada payoja raja dvirephaH sa dRSTi ruttama mati mada mAna muktH| zlAghyaH sadaiva hi satAM viduSAM ca so tra zrImatkumAra iti naMdatu bhUtale'smin // 2.1 bhaktiryasya jineMdra pAda yugale dharme matiH sarvadA vairAgyaM bhava bhoga--viSaye vAMchA jine sAgame / saddAne vyasanaM gurau vinayahA prIti buMdhe vidyate sa zrImAn jayatA jiteMdriya ripuH shriimtkumaaraabhidhH|| 3.1
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 215 dazamI tithi ravivAra ko samApta kI thI / ' ___ yaha kRti kavi ne mAthura vaMzI nArAyaNa sAhu kI patnI ruppiNI ke lie likhI thii| sandhi kI puSpikAoM meM isake nAma kA ullekha bhI kiyA gayA hai / pratyeka sandhi ke Arambha meM kavi ne indravajrA, zArdUla vikrIDita Adi saMskRta chandoM meM rukmiNI kI maMgala kAmanA bhI kI hai| ___ graMtha meM zruta paMcamI vrata ke phala aura mAhAtmya ko pradarzita karane ke lie bhaviSyadatta ke caritra kA varNana chaha sandhiyoM aura 143 kar3avakoM meM kiyA gayA hai| kavi graMtha ke Arambha meM hI maMgalAcaraNa karatA huA kahatA hai sasi paha jiNa caraNaiM, sivasuha karaNaiM, paNavivi Nimmala guNabhariu / AhAsami pavimala, sua paMcami phalu, bhavisayatta kumaraho cariu // 1.1 kavi kI kavitA kA udAharaNa nimnalikhita hastinApura varNana meM dekhA jA sakatA hai hiM hathiNAyaura vasai jayaru, pavarAvaNa darisiya rayaNa pvru| jahi sahalai sAlu gayaNaggalaggu, himagiri va tuMga vichiNNa maggu / parihA salilaMtare Thiya marAla, NANA maNi Nimmiya toraNAlu / sura hara dhaya caya caMviya Nahaggu, para cakka mukka paharaNa abhaggu / kavasIsaya paMtiya soha mANu, maNigaNa jui amuNiya seybhaannu| maMgala rava bahiriya dasa disAsu, buhayaNa ghaNaTTa mANa vaNi vaasu| jahiM muNivarehiM payaDiya dhamma, parihariyaiM bhavvayahiM chammu / jahiM dijjai sAvaya jahiM dANu, viraevi Nu muNi vara pahiM maannu| jahiM ko vi Na kAsu vi lei dosu, Na piyai dhaNa dhaNNa kaeNa kosu / 1. "NaraNAha vikkamAicca kAle, pavahaMtae suhayArae visaale| bArahasaya varisahiM parigaehi, duguNiya paNaraha vacchara juehi / phagguNa mAsammi valakkha pakkhe, dasamihi diNe timirukkara vivikkhe / ravivAri samANiuM eu satthu, ......................... / 2. iya siri bhavisayatta carie vivaha siri sukai sirisihara viraie, sAhu NArAyaNa bhajjA ruppiNi gAmaMkie.......ityAdi / 3. yA deva dharma guru pAda payoja bhaktA, sarvajJa deva sukha dAyimatAnuraktA / saMsAra kAri kukathA kayane viraktA sA rukminI budha janai na kathaM prazasyA // 2.1
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________________ apabhraMza - sAhitya maNi ko vi khaNuvi dharei rosu, maNi dittieNa viyaNiyAM gosu / to a far karai kovi, mihuNaI rai kAli bhir3aMti tovi // 1.5 isa varNana meM kavi kI dhArmika bhAvanA hI pradhAna rUpa se parilakSita huI hai / 216 sulocanA cariu ( sulocanA caritra ) 'sulocanA cariu' abhI taka prakAzita nahIM ho sakA / isakI hastalikhita prati Amera zAstra bhaNDAra meM upalabdha hai / (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 190 ) yaha devasena gaNi kA likhA huA 28 sandhiyoM kA eka kAvya hai / kavi ne yaha kRti rAkSasa saMvatsara meM zrAvaNa zuklA caturdazI budhavAra ke dina samApta kI / jyotiSa kI gaNanAnusAra isa tithi aura isa dina do rAkSasa saMvatsara par3ate haiM / eka 29 julAI san 1075 meM aura dUsarA 16 julAI san 1315 meM / 3 kavi ne vAlmIki, vyAsa, zrI harSa, kAlidAsa, bANa, mayUra, haliya, govinda, caturmukha, svayaMbhU, puSpadanta, bhUpAla nAmaka kaviyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| inameM se jitane 1. pavarAvaNa -- pravara ApaNa, -- haTTa / rayaNa pavaru -- ratna samUha / sahalai - zobhita hotA hai / vicchiNNamaggu - vistIrNa mArga / toraNAlu -- toraNa se saMyukta zAlA / abhaggu - abhagna zAlA / kavasIsaya -- kAMgura paMkti, TippaNI / seyabhANu - candramA / chammu -- chadma pAkhaMDa / karaNa - - kAraNa se / maNi...gosumaNiyoM kI dIpti se prabhAta samaya jJAta nahIM hotA / si kAli-rati kAla meM / 2. rakkhasa saMvatsare buha divasae, sukka cauddasi sAvaNa mAsae / cariu suloyaNAha Nippa, sadda attha vaNNaya saMpuMNNauM / -Na vi mahaM kavitta gavveNa kiyau, avaru Na kevi lAheM / ki jiNa dhammaho aNuttara ?? maNe kaya dhamuccha heM // su0 ca0 antima prazasti 3. paM0 paramAnanda jaina zAstrI kA lekha sulocanA caritra aura devasena, anekAnta varSa 7, kiraNa 11-12 pRSTha 162 dhattA 4. jahi vammiya vAsa siri harisahi / kAlayAsa pamahai kaya harisahi / goviMdadihi | vANa mayUra haliya caumuha avara sayaMbhu pupphayaMta bhUvAla avarehi mi vahu sattha viraiyAI kavvaI amhArisaha na raMjai u tahAvi dhiTTha sattha rahiu appara dahi | pahANaheM / viyAhi / NisuNepiNu / vuha yaNu / payAsami / AyAsami / 1.3
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 217 bhI jJAta kavi haiM unameM saba se uttarakAlIna kavi puSpadanta haiN| ata: devasena bhI puSpavanta ke bAda aura 1315 I0 se pUrva hI kisI samaya meM utpanna hue mAne jA sakate haiN| kAvya meM pratyeka sandhi ke antima ghattA meM kavi ke nAma kA nirdeza hai| kavi nibar3i deva ke praziSya aura vimalasena gaNadhara ke ziSya the| sulocanA kathA jaina kaviyoM kA priya viSaya rahI hai / AcArya jinasena ne apane harivaMza purANa meM mahAsena kI sulocanA kathA kI prazaMsA kI hai|' ___ kuvalayamAlA ke kartA udyotana sUrI ne bhI sulocanA kathA kA nirdeza kiyA hai| puSpadanta ne apane mahApurANa kI 28 vI saMdhi meM isI kathA kA vistAra se sundara varNana kiyA hai| dhavala kavi ne apane harivaMza purANa meM raviSeNa ke padma caritra ke sAtha mahAsena kI sulocanA kathA kA ullekha kiyA hai| kavi ne apane isa kAvya meM kundakunda ke sulocanA caritra kA ullekha kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki kuMda kuMda ke gAthAbaddha sulocanA caritra kA maiMne paddhaDiyA Adi chaMdoM meM anuvAda kiyA hai| na mahAsena kI sulocanA kathA aura na kuMdakuMda kA sulocanA carita Ajakala upalabdha hai| kintu kavi apane pUrvavartI kaviyoM kI vizeSataH puSpadanta kI racanA se prabhAvita huA hogA, isakA anumAna kavi kI nimnalikhita gAthA se lagAyA jA sakatA hai : "caumuha sayaMbhu pamuhehiM rakkhiya duhiya jA puphphayaMteNa / surasai surahIe payaM piyaM siri devaseNeNa // 10.1 arthAt caturmukha, svayaMbhU Adi kaviyoM dvArA rakSita aura puSpadanta dvArA dohI gaI sarasvatI rUpI gau ke dugdha kA devasena ne pAna kiyaa| isa kAvya meM kavi ne sulocanA ke caritra kA varNana kiyA hai| cakravartI bharata ke pradhAna senApati, jayakumAra kI dharmapatnI kA nAma sulocanA thaa| vaha rAjA akaMpana aura suprabhA kI putrI thii| sulocanA anupama sundarI thii| isake svayaMvara meM aneka dezoM ke bar3e-bar3e rAjA aaye| sulocanA ko dekha kara ve mugdha ho gaye, 1. nAthU rAma premI, janasAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 538. mahAsenasya madhurA zIlAlaMkAra dhaarinnii| kathA na varNitA kena vaniteva sulocanA // 2. vahI pR0 538 saNNihiya jiNa variMdA dhamma kahA baMdha dikkhiya pariMdA / kahiyA jeNa sukahiyA suloyaNA samavasaraNaM va // 3. muNi mahaseNu suloyaNa jeNavi, pauma cariu muNi raviseNaNavi / hari0 pu. 1.3 4. jaM gAhAbaMdhe Asiuttu, siri kuMda kuMda gaNiNA Niruttu / taM emahi paddhaDiyahiM karemi, vari kiMpi Na gUDhau atthu demi // 1.6
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________________ 218 apabhraMza-sAhitya unakA hadaya vikSubdha ho uThA aura usakI prApti kI prabala icchA karane lge| svayaMvara meM sulocanA ne jaya ko cunaa| pariNAmasvarUpa cakravartI bharata kA putra arkakIrti kruddha ho uThA aura usane isameM apanA apamAna smjhaa| apane apamAna kA badalA lene ke lie arkakIrti aura jaya meM yuddha hotA hai aura anta meM jaya vijayI hotA hai| graMtha kA Arambha kavi ne paMca namaskAra se kiyA hai / tadanantara jina stavana karatA huA apane guru vimalasena kA smaraNa karatA hai (1.3) / apane se pUrvakAla ke aneka utkRSTa kaviyoM ke kAvyoM ke hote hue bhI apane kAvya ke likhane kA prayojana batAtA hai| jai kappadumu phalai maNoharu, to kiM phalau jAhi avara vi tru| jai pavahai surasari maMthara gai, to ki avara jAhi pavahau paai|| isake anantara kavi ne Atma vinaya pradarzita karate hae (1. 4) sajjana-durjana smaraNa kiyA hai-- caMdaNa vayaNu kuThArahaM kerau, karai suyaMdhu succhaya jnneru|| ucha daDU polivi tAviu, to vi teNa mahurattaNu kSaviu / / 1.5 kAvya meM magadha, rAjagRhAdi ke kAvyamaya varNana upalabdha hote haiN| zRGgAra, vIra ityAdi rasoM kI bhI upayukta vyaMjanA kI gaI hai| saMdhi kI puSpikAo meM kavi ne apane graMtha ko mahAkAvya kahA hai|' __kavi ne nArI varNana meM paraMparAgata upamAnoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| jaise cellanA mahAdevI kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai calaNaiM airattaiM komalAiM, sohaMti NAI rttupplaaii| urU juvalau tahi kema bhAI, maNaharaNa va raMbhA khNbhnnaaii| kaDiyalu visAlu rai suhaNihANu, NaM mayaNa Nivaho AvAsaThANu / tahi thaNa tuMga teM majhu khINa, NaM suyaNaho riddhie pisuNu jhINu / jiruvamauM jAhiM bhuya DAliyAu, laliyauM gaM mAlai maaliyaau| gala kaMdalu samu komala vihAi, vaThThalu varayopphali kvunnaai| (saddalu sara kokila kaMchu nnaai)| tahi aharu pavaThThalu sarasu rattu, NaM pikkau vivIhalu pavittu / NayaNa iMdIharu kasuNujjalAI, NaM vammahaM kaMDaI pttlaaii| alayAvali taho bhAla yalidiTTha, NaM Nava saya dali chappaya vaiTTha / ghattA jittau muha sohAe, jeNa teNa sklNku| lajjae jAi vidUri, Nahayali thakku sasaMkau // 1. 12 1. iya suloyaNA carie mahAkavve, mahApurA hiTThie, gaNi devaseNa viraie ......... ityaadi|
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 219 kavi ke yuddha varNana sajIva haiM / yuddha kI aneka kriyAoM ko abhivyakta karane ke lie tadanukUla zabdoM kI yojanA kI gaI hai| jhara-jhara rudhira kA bahanA, cara-cara carma kA phaTanA, kar3a-kar3a haDDiyoM kA mur3anA Adi vAkya yuddha ke dRzya kA sajIva citra upasthita karate haiN| dekhiye-- asi NihasaNa uDiya sihi jAlaI, joha mukka jAliya sara jaaliN| pahari pahari Amilliya saddaI, ari vara ghaDa thakkaya sammaddaI / jharajharaMta pavahiya bahurattaI, NaM kusaMbha raya rAeM rttii| carayaraMta phADiya cala cammaI, kasamasaMta cariya taNu vmmiN| kaDayAMta moDiya ghaNa haDDaI, maMsa khaMDa posiya bhe ruNddii| vaDadaData dhAviya vahuruMDaI, huMkaraMta gharaNi vaDiya muNddii| phADiya camara chatta dhayadaMDaI, khaMDa khaMDa kaya gaya vara soNddii| su0 ca0 6. 11 nimnalikhita jaya aura arkakIti ke yuddha ke varNana meM kavi ne bhujaMga prayAta chanda dvArA yoddhAoM kI gati kA bhI citraNa kiyA hai / dekhiye-- "bhaDo ko vi khaggeNa khaggaM khalaMto, raNe sammuhe sammuho AhaNaMto / bhaDo ko vi vANeNa vANo dalaMto, samaddhAiu buddharo NaM kayaMto / bhaDo ko vi koteNa koMtaM srNto| kare gIDha cakko arI sNphuNtto| maDo ko vi khaMDehi khaMDI kayaMgo, bhaDantaM Na mukko sagAvo abhNgo| bhaDo ko vi saMgAma bhUmI ghulaMto, vivaNNohu giddhAvalI NIa aNto| bhaDo ko vi ghAeNa NinvaTTa soso, aso vAvareI arI sANa bhiiso| bhaDo ko vi rattappavAhe taraMto, phuraMtappaeNaM taDi siNgyptto| bhaDo ko vi hatthI visANehi bhiNNo, bhaDo ko vi kaMThaddha chiNNo NisaNNo / ghattA--tahi avasari NiyaseNNu pecchivi sara-jajjariyau / dhAyiu bhuya tolaMtu jau vahu macchara bhariyau // kavi ne bhASA meM anuraNAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga bhI kiyA hai
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________________ 220 apabhraMza-sAhitya Dama Damiya umara vasayAgahira saddAI, do do tikaya divilu utthtthiynninndaaii| bhaM bhaMta ucca sara bherI gahIrAiM, ghaNa ghA yaruNa ruNiya jaya ghaMTa saaraaii| kaDaraDiya karahiM bhuvaNekka pUrAiM, dhuma dhumiya maddalahiM vajjiyaI tuuraaiN|| 6.10 kAvya meM kavi ne khaMDaya, jaMbheTTiyA, duvaI, uvakhaMDaya, AraNAla, galilaya, dohaya, vastu, maMjarI Adi chandoM kA sandhiyoM ke Arambha meM prayoga kiyA hai| inake atirikta paddhaDiyA, pAdAkulaka, samAnikA, madanAvatAra, bhujaMga prayAta,saggiNI, kAminI, vijjumAlA, somarAjI, sarAsaNI, NiseNI, vasaMta caccara, drutamadhyA, maMdarAvalI, madanazekhara Adi chandoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| kavi ne aThArahavIM sandhi meM kaDavakoM ke Arambha meM dohayaM kA prayoga kiyA hai / tuka prema ke kAraNa dohe ke prathama aura tRtIya caraNa meM bhI tuka milAI gaI hai-- koi Nu kAsu vi duha suhaI, karai Nako vi harei / appANeNa viDhattu vaDha, sayalu vi jIu lahei // 18.9 sIla rayaNu vaya kiti ghara, savva guNehi sauNNu / so ghaNavaMtau hoi Nara, so tihuyaNa kaya puNNu // 18.11 pajjuNNa cariu (pradyumna carita) .. siMha viracita 15 sandhiyoM kA aprakAzita kAvya hai| tIna hastalikhita pratiyAM Amera zAstra bhaNDAra meM vidyamAna haiM (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 132-138) / kavi ke pitA kA nAma ralhaNa aura mAtA kA jinamatI thaa| grantha ko kavi ne apanI mAtA ke anurodha se banAyA / grantha kI sandhiyoM ke Arambha meM saMskRta ASA meM padya bhI diye hue haiM jinase pratIta hotA hai ki kavi saMskRta kA bhI jJAtA thaa|' kavi ne apane 1. yatkAvyaM caturAnanA hu nitaraM satpadma mAtanvataH svaraM bhrAmyati bhUmi bhAgamakhilaM kurvanvalakSa kSaNAt / . tenedaM prakRtaM caritra masamaM siddhena nAmnA paraM . pradyumnasya sutasya karNa sukhadaM zrI pUrva deva dvissH|| 2.1 chaMdAlaMkRta lakSaNaM na paThitaM nAdhAvi tAMgamaH jyoti haMta na karNa gocara caraM sAhitya nAmApi ca / siMhaH satkaviragraNI samabhava tprApya prasAda varaM vAgdevyA sukavitvayA jayatu sAmAnyo manasaM priyA // 14.1
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 221 Apako cAra bhASAoM meM nipuNa kahA hai| ye cAra bhASAyeM saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza aura dezI hI ho sakatI haiN| kavi ne yadyapi kAvyArambha meM vinaya pradarzita karate hue apane Apako taka, chanda, lakSaNa, samAsa, sandhi Adi ke jJAna se rahita batalAyA hai tathApi kavi svabhAva se abhimAnI thaa| apanI kAvya-pratibhA kA use garva thaa| paMdrahavIM sandhi ke Arambha meM diye eka padya se yaha bAta puSTa hotI hai| kavi gurjara vaMza meM utpanna huA thA aura usa vaMza meM sUrya ke samAna thA (gujjara kula Naha ujjoya bhANu) / siMha amRta candra ke ziSya the| ___ kAvya meM sandhiyoM kI puSpikAoM meM siMha aura siddha donoM nAma milate haiN| prathama ATha sandhiyoM kI puSpikAoM meM siddha aura anya sandhiyoM kI puSpikAoM meM siMha milatA hai| ataH kalpanA kI gaI ki siMha aura siddha eka hI vyakti ke nAma the| vaha kahIM 'apane Apako siMha aura kahIM siddha kahatA hai / yaha bhI kalpanA kI gaI ki siMha aura siddha nAmaka do kaviyoM ne racanA kI / yahI anumAna adhika saMgata pratIta hotA hai kyoMki kAvya ke prArambha meM siddha ke mAtA pitA ke nAma aura Age siMha ke pitA kA nAma bhI bhinna milatA hai| paM0 paramAnanda jaina kA anumAna hai kisiddha kavi ne pradyumna caritra kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| kAlavaza yaha grantha naSTa ho gayA aura siMha ne khaMDita rUpa se prApta isa grantha kA punaH uddhAra kiyaa| pro0) hIrAlAla jaina kA bhI yahI vicAra hai / isakI puSTi eka hastalikhita prati meM graMtha kI antima puSpikA se hotI hai jisameM siddha aura siMha donoM kA nAma diyA huA hai| pajjuNNa 1. yatra zrI jina dharma karma nirataH zAstrArtha sarva priyaH bhASAbhiH pravaNazcatubhirabhavat zrI siMha nAmA kaviH / putro ralhaka paMDitasya matimAn zrI gurjarAgomiha ___ iSTa jJAna caritra bhUSita tanuH vispe vizAle vanau // pa0 ca0 13.1 2. sAhAyyaM samavApya nAtra sukava pradyumna kAvyasya yaH kartAbhUd bhava bhedanaika caturaH zrI siMha nAmaH samAM sAmyaM tasya kavitva garva sahitaH ko nAma jAto vanau zrImajjaina mata-praNIta supathe sArtha pravRttiM kssmH|| 15.1 3. iya pajjuNa kahAe, payaDiya dhammattha kAma mokkhAe, kai siddha vi raiyAe paThamo saMdhI prismtto| iya pajjuNNa kahAe payaDiya dhammattha kAma mokhAe vuharalhaNa suva kai sIha viraiyAe Navamo saMdhI paricheU smtto| 4. paM0 paramAnanda jaina-mahAkavi siMha aura pradyumna carita, anekAnta varSa 8, kiraNa 10-11, pR0 391, 5. nAgapura yunivarsiTI jarnala, san 1942, pR0 82-83 6. iti pradyumna caritraM siddha tathA siMha kaveH kRtaM samAptaM /
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________________ 222 apabhraMza-sAhitya cariu kI antima prazasti meM dI huI gAthAoM se bhI yahI mata samIcIna pratIta hotA hai|' pro0 hIrAlAla jaina ne graMtha kA kAla IsA kI 12vIM sadI kA pUrvArddha mAnA hai| paM0 paramAnanda jaina ne graMtha kA racanA kAla vikrama kI 13vIM zatAbdI kA prArambhika bhAga mAnA hai| kavi ne jaina sampradAyAnusAra 24 kAmadevoM meM se 21veM kAmadeva kRSNa-putra pradyumna ke caritra kA 15 sandhiyoM meM varNana kiyA hai / rukmiNI se utpanna hote hI pradyumna ko, pUrva janma ke karmoM ke anusAra, eka rAkSasa uThA kara le jAtA hai / pradyumna vahIM bar3e hote haiM aura phira bAraha varSa ke bAda kRSNa se Akara milate haiN| graMtha kA Arambha nimnalikhita padya se huA hai-- svsti| OM namo vIta rAgAya / khama dama jama nilayaho, tihuyaNatilayaho, viyaliya kamma klNkho| thui karami sa sattie, aiNiru bhattie, hari kula gayaNa sasaMkaho // isake anantara kavi ne jina nAtha vandana, sarasvatI vandana aura Atma vinaya pradarzita kiyA hai taM suNevi kavi siddha jaMpae, majhu mAe Niru hiyau kNpe| kavva buddhi citaMtu lajjira, takka chaMda lakkhaNa vivajjiu / Navi samAsu NavihattikArauM, saMdhi sutta gaMthahaM asArauM / kavvu kovi Na kayAvi diTThaU, mahu NighaMTu keNa vi Na siddhaU / teNa vahiNi citaMtu achami, khujjaho vi tAlaphalu vaMchami / aMdhu ho vi NavaNaTTa piciro, geya suNaNi vahiro vi ichiro| 1.3 kavi ne paraMparAgata durjana smaraNa bhI kiyA hai tA siddha bhaNaI mahu garuya sakaM, dujjaNahu Na chuTTai ravi mayaMka / tahi puNu amhArisa kavaNa matta, Na muhiM ji kayAvi kavitta vatta / 1.4 kavi kI kAvya zailI kA udAharaNa dekhiye / kavi parisaMkhyAlaMkAra dvArA saurASTra deza kA varNana karatA hai maya saMgu kariNi jahiM vee kaMDu, kharadaMDu saroruhu sasi skhNddu| ___ jahiM kavve vaMzu viggahu sarIru, dhammANu rattu jaNu pAva bhiir| 1. saMbhavai bahu vigdhaM, maNuvANaM seyamaga laggANa / mA hohi siDhilo virayahi kapavaM taraMto vi // suhaa suhaNa viyANavi, cittaM dhIra vi te ae dhaNNA / para kajjaM para kavvaM, vihaDaM te jeMhi uddhariyaM // 2. nAgapura yunivarsiTI jarnala, san 1942, pR0 82-83 / 3. anekAnta varSa 8, kiraNa 10-11, pR0 393.
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 223 223 thaTTattaNu malaNu vimaNa harAha, vara taruNI pINa ghaNa thaNa harAhaM / haya hiMsaNi rAyaNi helaNesu, khali vigayaNehu tila pIlaNesu / manmaNNayAle guNa gaNa harAha, parayAra gamaNu jahiM muNi varAhaM / piya viraha vi jahiM kaDu vaukasAu, kuDila vijjava ihi kuMtala kalAu / nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM kavi ne kRSNa aura satyabhAmA kA varNana kiyA hai / varNana meM kavi kI dRSTi vastu ke savistAra varNana para na jAkara saMkSepa se hI santuSTa ho jAtI haighattA -- cANaura vimaddaNu, devaiMNaMdaNu, saMkha cakka sAraMgadharu / raNi kaMsa khayaMkaru, asura bhayaMkara, vasuha tikhaMDahaM gahiya kara // 1.12 rajo dANava mANava dalai dappu, jiNi gahiuasura para khayara kappu / Nava Nava jovvaNa sumaNoharAI, cakkala ghaNa pINa pauM hraaii| chaNa idaM vivasama vayaNi yAhaM, kuvalaya dala dohara NayaNiyAhaM / keUra hAra kuMDala dharAha, kaNa kaNa kaNaMta kaMkaNa karAhaM / kaparaM kholira payaNeurAha, solaha sahasaiM aMteurAhaM / taha majjhi sarasa tAma rasa muhiya, jA vijjAharahaMsu keu duhiy| saI savva sulakSaNa sussahAva, NAmeNa pasiddhiya saccahAva / dADima kusumAhara suddhasAma, ai viyaDara maNaNiru majjha khAma / tA agga mahisi taho suMdarAsu, iMdANi va saggi purNdraasu| 1.13 sanatkumAra carita? (neminAtha carita) haribhadra racita neminAtha carita kA eka aMza sanatkumAra carita ke nAma se prakAzita huA hai / neminAtha carita ke 443 padya se 785 padya taka arthAt 343 raDDA padyoM meM sanatkumAra kA carita milatA hai| haribhadra zvetAmbara jaina the| yaha jinacandra sUri ke ziSya zrIcandra ke ziSya the| kavi ne graMtha racanA aNahila pATana-pattana meM vi0 saM0 1216 meM kI thii| haribhadra ne cAlukya vaMzI rAjA siddharAja aura kumArapAla ke amAtya pathvIpAla ke Azraya meM raha kara apane graMtha kI racanA kI thii| kavi ne mallinAtha carita nAmaka graMtha prAkRta meM likhaa| 1. sanatkumAra caritam-DA0 haramana jaikobI dvArA saMpAdita, jarmanI, 1921 I0 2. vahI pR0 154, padya 21
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________________ 224 apabhraMza-sAhitya isake atirikta kavi kI candraprabha carita nAmaka eka anya kRti kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / ' 1 kathAnaka -- sanatkumAra carita yadyapi neminAtha carita kA eka bhAga hai kintu Satara kI dRSTi se apane Apa meM pUrNa svataMtra pratIta hotA hai / kavi isake Arambha meM jambu- dvIpa, bharata khaMDa, aura gajapura kA kAvyamaya bhASA meM varNana karatA hai / sanatkumAra gajapura ke rAjA azvasena aura unakI rAnI sahadevI ke putra the / dhIre-dhIre sanatkumAra bar3e hote haiM, aneka zikSAyeM prApta kara yuvAvasthA meM padArpaNa karate haiM / eka dina madanotsava ke avasara para sanatkumAra udyAna meM eka strI ko dekha usa para mugdha ho jAte haiM / yuvatI bhI unake saundarya se AkRSTa ho jAtI hai / donoM madanAyatana meM milate haiM aura apanI prema bhAvanA ko abhivyakta karate haiM / isI bIca bhojarAja putra, jaladhi kallola nAmaka eka prasiddha ghor3A sanatkumAra ko bheMTa karatA hai / pavana se aura mana se bhI vegavAna azva eka dina kumAra ko lekara dUra deza jA nikalatA hai / rAjadhAnI meM kolAhala aura hAhAkAra maca jAtA hai / sanatkumAra kA mitra azvasena usakI khoja meM nikala par3atA hai / DhUMr3hatADhUMr3hatA aura bhaTakatA-bhaTakatA azvasena mAnasa sarovara jA pahu~catA hai / bIca ke mArga meM aneka jaMgala Ate haiM, aneka Rtue~ apanI mohakatA liye usake Age AtI haiM / inakA kavi ne sundara varNana prastuta kiyA hai| mAnasa meM azvasena eka kinnarI ko madhura kaMTha se kumAra kA guNagAna karate hue sunatA hai / usI se ise sanatkumAra kA vRttAnta jJAta hotA hai / isa bIca sanatkumAra aneka ramaNiyoM se vivAha kara lete haiM / kadAcit madanotsava para vaha jisa yuvatI para mugdha hue the use eka yakSa hara le gayA thA / una donoM kA yahA~ mela ho jAtA hai aura yaha milana vivAha meM sampanna hotA hai / kumAra ke isa bhoga-maya jIvana ke bAda unake aneka vIra evaM parAkrama kAryoM kA kavi ne varNana kiyA hai / isI bIca muni acimAlI kumAra ke pUrvajanmoM kA vRttAnta sunAte haiM / isake anantara phira kumAra ke aneka vivAhoM kA varNana hai / itane meM hI kumAra kA bAlyasakhA mahendra vahA~ pahu~catA hai aura usake mukha se apane mAtA-pitA kI durdazA kA samAcAra suna kara vaha gajapura lauTa par3ate haiM / kumAra kA pitA azvasena use rAjya dekara svayaM virakta ho jAtA hai / samasta pRthvI ko vazavartI karate hue sanatkumAra pUrNa cakravartI pada ko prApta karate haiM / indrAdi devatA unakA abhiSeka karate haiM / unake amitateja aura sauMdarya kA varNana karate haiM / sanatkumAra apane rUpa ko asthAyI samajha virakta ho jAte haiM aura virakta ho ghora tapasyA karate haiM / devatA A Akara unase AzIrvAda lete haiM / RSi sanatkumAra lAkhoM varSa tapasyA karate hue svarga ko prApta karate haiM / kathAnaka anya carita kAvyoM ke samAna vIra aura zRMgAra ke varNanoM se yukta hai / donoM kA paryavasAna zAnta rasa meM hotA hai / anya carita kAvyoM kI apekSA prema tatva kucha 1. jina ratna koSa, pU0 119
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 225 adhika prasphurita ho sakA hai| prema ke zrRMgAra pakSa ke atirikta viyoga kA bhI varNana milatA hai ataeva kathA meM kucha svAbhAvikatA A gaI hai / graMthAntargata kAvyamaya varNanoM meM RtuoM kA varNana' vizeSa AkarSaka hai| kavi prAtaH kAla kA varNana karatA huA kahatA hai"tapaNu viyalira timira dhammilu parilhasira tAraya vasaNa kalayalaMta taru sihara pakkhiya / parisaMdira kusuma-mahu-biMdu misiNaeM pai vaDDakkhiya / hariya tAraya-reNu-niyaraM miai nippahe dosayare, nimmalaM mi ____ gayaNayale caDDiu / ravi rehai kaNayamau-maMgalajjunaM kalasu maMDiu / bhamarA dhAvahiM kumaiNiu ubbhivi kamalavaNesu, kassava kahiM paDibaMdhu jage cirpriciy-gnnesu| viraha vihuriya cakkamiDaNAI miliUNa sANaMda, huya tuTTha bhahiM pahiyaNa mhiyle| kosiya-kulu ekku pariduhiu ravihiM ArUDhe nahayale // (7 vI sandhi) nimnalikhita vasaMta-varNana meM bhI alaMkRta, aura sAhityika paraMparAgata bANa kI varNana zailI ke darzana hote haiM"jahi pavAlaM kurehi kayasoha DibhAI va tilayakaya gAya mahima kAmiNi muhAI 'v| bahu lakkhaNa citta-saya maNaharAI nara-vai-gihAI 'v| uttima jAi ppasavakaya-mahimaMDaNAI vaNAI vilasaiM bhuvaNANaMdayara, naM naranAha kulaaii|| jahiya vijja siya kusuma kaNiyAra-vaNarAi kaMcaNa maya va kuNai pahiya hiyayANa vibhmu| ahikakhahiM bhavaNayale sayala mihuNa niya-daiya-saMgam / girhi rAsahiM caccariu, pejjahiM vara maharAu / mANijjahiM tuMgatthaNiu, kijjahiM jala-kolAu~ // (vahI sandhi 4) kavi kA nArI-saundarya varNana dekhiye jIe rayaNihi taNu kiraNamAlacciya dIva siva soha metu maMgala paIvaya / savaNANa vihusaNai~ nayaNakamala vii metta mevaya / 1. sanatkumAra carita--padya 538-550.
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya . gaMdhyalacciya timira-hara, jage pahu ssi-rvi-sNkh| savaNa je aMdolaya laliya, vihala mahuhu AkaMkha // jaNu suhAvahiM muhaha nisAsa kiM malayAnila bhareNa, vaMta kiraNa dhavala kirhi cNdenn| aharo vihu raMjavai jagu vikaiNa ki aMgarAgeNa / rasaNa paucciya miuphari, sUnapA-mayaNa sayaNejja / mahamaNi-kiraNacciya kuhi, kusuma vayAraha kajju // tarala-nayahi kuDila-kesehi thaNa-juyaleNa, puNu kaThiNa tujma rUva manma paeseNa / accaMta vAuliya devapUya guru viNaya hariseNa / iya sA sayaluvi jagu jiNai, niya-guNa-dosa-saeNa // . (vahI sandhi 7) vaha nArI apane kiraNa mAlAcita zarIra se rAtri meM maMgalamaya pradIpa zikhA ke samAna pratIta hotI thii| karNa-kuNDala Andolita hone para hRdaya ko Andolita kara dete the| usake sukhada mukha niHzvAsa se malayAnila, daMta-kiraNoM kI dhavalimA se candra, adharoM ke rAga se aMgarAga vyartha pratIta hote the| nimnalikhita nArI-vilApa varNana meM svAbhAvikatA hai| zokAvega nArI hRdaya taka hI sImita nahIM rahatA, usase dharaNI aura gagana kA antarAla bhI bhara gayA hai| pada-yojanA bhI bhAvAnukUla hI huI hai| dekhiyehariNa-NayaNiya caMpayacchAya sasi soma vayaNaMburuha, kuNd-kliy-sm-dNt-pNtiyaa| parideviyarava-bhariya dharaNi gayaNa antaramaya viya // kuhi~ siru kara-muggarihi, pIDahi~ uru vAdAhi~ / tADahi~ vacchoruha viyau, niya-karasAhAhi~ // ruyahi gAyahi~ lalahiM mucchahiM sikkArahiM pukkArahiM, sahihi gahiyau ure hAra toddhi| ullUrahiM cihura-bhara kaNaya-rayaNa-valayAli moDahi // saravi saravi niya-piyaya mahu, guNa guNa tahiM vilavaMti / jaha sa vihaTThiya tara vihaya, niyaru vi royAvaMti // (vahI saMdhi 6) jiNadatta carita jiNadatta cariu abhI taka prakAzita nahIM huaa| isakI hastalikhita prati Amera rada bhaNDAra meM hai (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 101-104) /
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) isameM paNDita lAkhU yA lakkhaNa ne gyAraha saMdhiyoM meM jinadatta ke pArita kA varNana kiyA hai / kavi ke pitA kA nAma sAhula aura mAtA kA nAma jytaayaa| kavi ne vilkarAmipura meM isa graMtha kI racanA kI / kavi pahile tribhuvana giri meM rahatA thaa| malechAdhina dvArA balapUrvaka tribhuvana giri ke AdhIna kiye jAne para kakvihA~ se jApAra villarAmipura rahane lgaa|' paM0 paramAnanda ke vicAra meM vilarAmipura eTA jile ke antarmata vartamAna vilarAmapura hI hai / kavi ne zrIdhara ke Azraya meM rahate hae usI ke anurISa se: graMtha kI racanA kii| pratyeka saMdhi kI puSpikA meM zrIvara kA nAma milatA hai aura kucha saMciyoM ke Arambha meM kavi ne zrIdhara ke maMgala kI kAmanA kI hai| prathA evanA kA sanama vi0 saM0 1275 hai| "bAraha saya sattarayaM paMcottarayaM, vikkama kaalikaas| paDhama pakkhi ravi vArai cchaTTi sahADA samose sammatiDa / / " (jantiprazasti) kathAnaka-kavi jina vandanA, sarasvatI vandanA ke amantara jaMbudvIpa; bharata kSetra aura magadha deza kA alaMkRta bhASA meM varNana karatA hai| magadha rAjakAntargata vasantapura-magara ke rAjA zazi-zekhara aura usakI rAnI mayanA sundarI ke varNana ke amalara kavi usanagara ke zreSThI jIvadeva aura usakI strI jIvaMjasA ke sauMdarya kA varNana karatA hai| jIvaMjasA jina kRpA se eka sundara putra ko janma detI hai, jisa kA nAma jinadatta rakhA jAtA hai| kramaza: cAlaka yuvAvasthA meM padArpaNa karatA hai apane sauMdarya se nagara kI yuvatiyoM ke mana ko mugdhA karatA hai| aMgadezasthita caMSA nagarI ke seTha kI sundarI kanyAvimalamatI se usakA vivAha hotA hai / isI prasaMga meM kavi ne rAtri, caMdrodaya Adi ke sundara varNana prastuta kiye haiN| 1. sAhulahu supiya piyayama maNujja, NA jayatA kaya Nilaya kajja / tAha ji gaMdaNu lakkhaNu salakkhu, lakkhaNa lakkhiu sayavala dalakkhu / vilasiya vilAsa rasa galiya gavva, teM tihumaNa giri pivasati sadhya / so tihuvaNa giri bhaggau javeNa, pittau valaNa micchAhiveNa / lakkhaNu savvA usa mANusAu, vicchoyau vihiNA jnniyraau| so itthu tattha hiMDaMtu patta, pure vilkami lakmaNu supt| 1.2 2. paM0 paramAnanda jaina, kavi vara lakSmaNa aura jina batta carita, __ anekAnta varSa 8, kiraNa 10-11, pR0401 / 3. iya jiNayatta caritte dhammastha: kAma mukta baNNAbhAva supavite, saguNa siri sAhula suya lakSaNa-viraie bhavyasiri siriharassa NAmaMkie jiNayatta kumArappatti / viraha vaNNaNo NAma paDhamo : pariccheu smmto| (sandhi 1)
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________________ 228 apabhraMza-sAhitya vivAha ke pazcAt ve donoM kucha kAla sukhapUrvaka rahate haiM, tadanantara jinadatta dhanopArjana kI icchA se vyApAra karane ke lie aneka vaNikoM ke sAtha samudra yAtrA karatA huA siMhala dvIpa pahu~catA hai / vahA~ ke rAjA kI sundarI rAjakumArI zrImatI usase prabhAvita hotI hai / donoM kA vivAha hotA hai / jinadatta zrImatI ko jinadharma kA upadeza detA hai / kAlAtara meM jinadattaprabhUta dhana-saMpatti upArjita kara apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha svadeza lauTatA hai / IrSyA ke kAraNa usakA eka saMbaMdhI dhokhe se use samudra meM pheMka detA hai aura svayaM zrImatI se prema kA prastAva karatA hai / zrImatI pati-prema meM dRr3ha rahatI hai / ve caMpA nagarI pahu~cate haiM / zrImatI caMpA meM eka caitya meM pahu~catI hai| jinadatta bhI bhAgya se baca jAtA hai aura maNidvIpa pahu~ca kara zrRMgAramatI se vivAha karatA hai / vahA~ se kapaTa veza meM vaha campA nagarI pahu~catA hai / vahA~ zrImatI vimalavatI kI saba se bheMTa hotI hai aura jinadatta unake sAtha apane ghara vasantapura pahu~catA hai| mAtA pitA kI prasannatA kA ThikAnA nahIM rahatA / jinadatta sukhapUrvaka samaya bitAtA huA anta meM samAdhigupta nAmaka muni se dharmaM meM dIkSita hotA hai / tapasyA karatA huA zarIra tyAga ke anantara nirvANa prApta karatA hai / dharma ke AvaraNa se AvRta eka sundara prema kathA kA kavi ne varNana kiyA hai| citra meM vimalamatI ke sundara rUpa ko dekha kara jinadatta aura vimalamatI kA vivAha hotA hai / kathAnaka anya kathAnakoM ke samAna aneka alaukika ghaTanAoM se yukta hai / udAharaNa ke lie zrImatI ke peTa meM eka viSadhara sarpa kA honaa| usake so jAne para vaha sarpa nikala kara zrImatI ke anaka premI rAjakumAroM kI jIvana lIlA samApta kara detA thA / jinadatta ne usa sarpa ko maaraa| siMhaladvIpa meM jAkara kisI sundarI rAjakumArI se vivAha karane aura prabhUta dhana saMpatti prApta kara lauTane kI kathA uttara kAla meM jAyasI kI padmAvatI maiM bhI milatI hai / sambhavataH yaha kathA cirakAla se calI A rahI thI / sthala-sthala para sundara varNana milate haiN| aMtima saMdhiyA~ kAvyagata saratA se rahita haiM / kavi ne nimnalikhita jina vandanA se graMtha kA Arambha kiyA hai OM namo vItarAgAya / sappaya sara kala haMsaho, hiya kala haMsa ho, kalahaMsaho seyaMsavahA / bhaNami bhuvaNa kala haMsaho, Navivi jiNaho jiNayatta kahA // ' arthAt mokSa sarovara ke manojJa haMsa, kalaha ke aMza ko haraNa karane vAle, kari --hRta kalaha 1. padya kI nimnalikhita saMskRta TippaNI dI gaI hai-sappaya. ...... - mokSa sara manojJa haMsasya / hiya kala... syAMzo yena / kalahaMsaho... -- kalabhasya ca kari potakasya cAMzau yasya tasya kalabhAMzasya karizAvakavadunnataskaMdha syetyarthaH / bhuvaNa kala... - kalo manojJo haMsa Aditya iva saM tasya / rajo ajJAna lakSaNaM tasya yAH kalAH tAsAM bhraMza yasmAt tasya /
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 229 zAvaka ke samAna unnata skaMdha vAle aura bhuvana meM manojJa haMsa - Aditya ke samAna jina deva kI vandanA kara maMgalakAriNI jinadatta kathA kahatA hU~ / kavi ke yamakAlaMkara yuta maMgalAcaraNa se hI usake pAMDitya kI dhvani milatI hai / Arambha meM hI kavi ne apanA aura apane Azraya-dAtA kA paricaya diyA hai / zrIdhara se preraNA pAkara bhI kavi durjanoM se bhayabhIta ho apane pUrvavartI akalaMka, caturmukha, kAlidAsa, zrIharSa vyAsa, droNa, bANa, IzAna, puSpadanta, svayaMbhU, vAlmIki Adi kaviyoM kA smaraNa karatA hai aura Atma-vinaya bhI pradarzita karatA hai - NikkalaMku akalaMku caummuho, kAliyAsu siri harisu kayasuho / vaya vilAsu kai vAsu asariso, doNu vANu IsANu pupphayaMtu, susayaMbhu bhallaU, bAlammIu samaI iya kaIu bho mai Na diTThiyA, phurai kema muhu mai variTThiyA // sahariso / surasillaU / 1. 6 kaviyoM ke kAvya ke hote hue bhI kavi apane kAvya- nirmANa kI nimnalikhita zabdoM dvArA sArthakatA pratipAdita karatA hai iMda hatthi jai tittha iyaru daMti kiM Nau caMdu dei jai amiya bhAsae, lakkhu joyaNo mahi payAsaye / sateyaU, payaDu karai Niya vala sameyaU - phAraU, Usa hINa kiM Niya payAraU / 1.6 kavi ne apane kAvya meM sthala- sthala para alaMkRta aura kAvyamaya varNana prastuta kiye haiN| varNanoM meM anuprAsa ke sAtha-sAtha zleSa aura yamaka alaMkAra kA bhI sthAna-sthAna para prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isase chanda, laya yukta hokara zrutisukhada aura hRdayahArI ho gaye haiM / zabda - yojanA meM kavi ke cAturya se bhASA bhI atyanta sarala bana gaI hai / kavi kI kAvya zailI ke kucha udAharaNa dekhiye / kavi ke bhaugolika varNanoM meM bhI vizeSatA parilakSita hotI hai-- jahi pavara pAyavA rAma rAma, Nivasahi amuNiya saMgAma gAma / aft fpakka kamala kala sAli sAli, ghara dAri dAri kalasAli sAli / icchu varahi jiha hariNAri NAri, vaNe vaNe kolira sua sAri sAri / maya sohAra hAra, bhUmiujja vaIu satAra tAra / jahi sImaMtiNiu sakaMta kaMta, NAyaNa para vara NivasaMta jahi sAhi sayala savisAla sAla, kolaMti goTThi govAla rayaNa jaha kalama sAli parimalu susaMtu, vAvarai vAu vAsiya u khijjai dakkhArasu galaMtu, thala puDaiNi pattuppari pijjai govAlahaM vANarehi, jaMha taha govArlAhi vA saMta / vAla / 1.9 disaMtu / paDaMtu / hi / 1. 10
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________________ 230 apabhraMza-sAhitya riti sare sArasAkaM NaM purahoM para sara sA rasamaM / paramamaya maya vAraNAi, bebula siri gaya maya vAragAI 4. avi. gayamaya vAraNAiM, jaha arivara gayamaya vA ramAI // 1. 13. amavA samadA api raNarahimAni nArI-varNana meM kavi kI dRSTi nArI ke bAhyarUpa taka hI sImita na rhii| sauMdabaM kA prabhAva bhI kavi ne aMkita kiyA hai / zarIra kI sukumAratA, komalatA aura madhuratA kI vyaMjanA kavi ne komala aura madhura padAbalI dvArA kI hai / kavi kA vimalAvatI varNana khiye duharahiya vimalAimai kaNNa, kamaNIya kuMDala alakkaMta varakaSNa / vitta saMtaviya sovaNNa supahAla, pichaMta jaNamohaNo sahi va NehAla / lavaMta veNI layA laMkariya piTThi, celaMcalA cAru cala hAra laya siTThi / selidha parimala milaMtAli saMdoha, viyalaMta gaMDAu seyaMvu vidoha / kaMbahUM ghaDiyavva paDimeva sohaMti, vahu geya kala kusala muNimaNu va mohaMti / bahugumA ahi pari parapuTThi sama vAya, ki ekka jIhAe vaSNiyai vaNirAya // 2. 7. nArI ke zArIrika sauMdarya kA aMkana karate hue bhI kavi ne vAsanAjanaka zrRGgAra kama upasthita nahIM kiyA hai / 'muNi maNu va mohaMti' pada dvArA zArIrika sauMdarya hAya para par3ane vAle prabhAva kI bhI vyaMjanA kI gaI hai / mani ke prAkRtika varNana bhI paraMparAgata zailI se yukta haiM / kavi ne candrodaya para pAroM ora chiTakatI huI candrikA kA bhrAntimAn alaMkAra se samanvita varNana prastuta 1. kamala kala sAli sA li--kamala aura madhura zAli dhAnya bhramara sahita the / kalasA li sAli -- zAlA meM dvAra-dvAra para kalazoM kI paMkti thI / sua sAri sAri-- zuka sArikA aura haMsa / sohAra -- sahAdhAra / satAra tAra-zubhra caMcala aura rukma / sakaMta kaMta--priya ke sAtha aura manojJa / saMta - zAnta / sAhi zAkhI, vRkSa / sayala -- sajala aura zobhAyamAna / vAla -- bAlaka, ajJAnI / govAlaha-gvAle, rAjA / sarasi - jala meM / sare-- sarovara meM / sara-- svara, zabda / vAraNAiM-- gavAkSa / gaya maya vAraNAI - siMha / gayamaya vAraNAiM-- rAjadvAra para madonmatta hAthI / gayamaya vAraNAiM--mada rahita yA madonmatta bhI zatru raNarahita the / 2. kaNNa - kanyA / vara kaNNa-sundara kAna / udditta saMtaviya--uddIpta aura tapAyA huA / seyaMvu vidoha - prasveda jala kaNoM kA samUha / parapuTThi sama vAya- koyala ke samAna vANI /
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________________ 231 apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) kiyA hai| zavara striyA~ prasannacitta se bera ke phaloM ko motI samajha kara bIna rahI haiN| ulUka kaue ko haMsa ke bacce kI bhrAnti se vidIrNa nahIM karatA / jyotsnA jala se samagra vizva prakSAlita ho gyaa| gRha meM gavAkSajAla se AtI huI kAma-bAMdhava candra kiraNoM ko mayUra zveta sarpa samajha tatkSaNa daur3a kara gavAkSa meM muha DAlatA hai / billI dUdha kI bhrAnti se candra kara cATatI phiratI hai ityAdi / dekhiye paM sariNa sapaurisa siri muNevi, kau eya chattu iha jagu jiNe vi| mattAhala bhaMtie samariyaNu, vINaiM vorI hala hviymnnu| sisu paTThala bhatie laMpaDaU, kAkaho Na viyArai ghUyaDaU / jovhA jaleNa jagu khAliyau, sIyayarahiM suhiyaNu laaliyu| ki aMbarAu Ninbhara ghaNaiM, vihaDaMti suhAhila kNknnii| ki siri caMdaNa rasa sIyaraI, gayaNAu lulira sasahara kriN| mayaraddhaya baMdhava caMda karA, gehANa gavakkhae visi vivraa| maNNevi paMDuru phaNi vaNa phaNiNA, ghalliu muhuM dhAivi tkkhnninnaa| pechivi gorasa bhaMtie vahai, visadasau Niya johae lihe| parigiNhaI vAvaDa muddhaDiyA, muttAhala hAraho lNpddiyaa| ghattA iya kairava gaMdiNi caMdiNie, Niya vahUi suvisiTThau, kai vaya pariyaNa suhiyaNa sahiu~, baru vAsa hare paiTThau // ' 2.16 kAvya meM varNa vRtta aura mAtrika donoM prakAra ke aneka chaMdoM kA prayoga kavi ne kiyA hai| kavi ne graMtha kI cAra saMdhiyoM meM hI nimnalikhita chaMdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai vilAsiNI, madanAvatAra, cittaMgayA, mottiyAdAma, piMgala, vicittamaNoharA, AraNAla, vastu, khaMDaya, jaMbheTTiyA, bhujaMgappayAu, somarAjI, saggiNI, pamANiyA pomaNI, caccara, paMcacAmara, garAca, tibhaMgiNiyA, ramaNIlatA, samANiyA cittiyA, bhamarapaya, moNaya, amarapura sundarI, lahumattiya sigiNI, lalitA ityAdi / 1. samariyaNu-zabara striyaaN| vorI halu-badrIphala, ber| haviyamaNu-prasanna citta se| sisu paTula-haMsa bAlaka / viyArai-vidIrNa karatA hai| ghUyaDaU -ulUka / sIya yahi-zIta kiraNoM se / suhAhilakaM kaNaiM--amRta jala kaNa / siri caMdana-uttama candana / vaNa phnninnaa--myuur| visa dNsuviddaal| vAvaDa--vyAkula huii| Niya vahUi-apanI vadhU ke sAtha /
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________________ 232 __ apabhraMza-sAhitya miNAha cariu (neminAtha carita) yaha kRti aprakAzita hai / isakI eka hastalikhita prati pATodI zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura meM hai / aura dUsarI paMcAyatI mandira dehalI meM / kRti ke racayitA kA nAma lakhama deva (lakSmaNa deva) hai| sandhi kI puSpikAoM meM kavi ne apane Apako rayaNa (ratnadeva) kA putra kahA hai| Arambha kI prazasti se vidita hotA hai ki kavi mAlavA deza ke samRddha nagara goNaMda meM rahatA thA / yaha nagara usa samaya jaina dharma aura vidyA kA kendra thaa| kavi pura vAr3a vaMza meM utpanna huA thA / kavi ati dhArmika, dhana-dhAnya-sampanna aura rUpavAn thaa| kAvya-racanA meM kavi ko sAr3he ATha mAsa lage / racanA-kAla kA kavi ne nirdeza nahIM kiyaa| paMcAyatI mandira dehalI meM prApta isa grantha kI hastalikhita prati kA lekhana kAla vi0 saM0 1597 hai| kintu isI graMtha kI eka hastalikhita prati vi0 saM0 1510 kI likhI upalabdha huI hai / ataeva itanA hI nizcayapUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki graMtha kI racanA isa kAla se pUrva huii| __ isa graMtha meM kavi ne 22 veM tIrthakara neminAtha kA carita aMkita kiyA hai| graMtha meM 4 sandhiyA~ aura 83 kaDavaka haiN| kathAnaka-graMtha kA Arambha jina stuti aura sarasvatI vaMdanA se hotA hai| manuSya janma kI durlabhatA kA nirdeza kara kavi sajjana-durjana smaraNa aura apanI alpajJatA kA prakAzana karatA hai / magadha deza aura rAjagRha ke varNana ke anantara zreNika 1. paM0 paramAnanda jaina-jayapura meM eka mahInA, anekAnta varSa 6, kiraNa 10-11, pR0 374 / 2. iyaNemiNAha carie abuha kaya rayaNa sua lakhama eveNa viraie, bhavvayaNa jaNamaNANaMdo Nemi kumAra saMbhavo NAma paThamo saMdhI paricheU smtto||sNdhi // 1 // 3. pro0 hIrAlAla jaina--nAgapura yunivarsiTI jarnala, disaM0 1942, pR 92. 4. ahavA jiNa guNa kittaNu karemi, Niya sattiyatA dujjaNa ddremi| dujjaNa jalaNaho ekkuvi sahAu, para dihiviu pAvai pavara chAu / dujjIhuvi para chiddANu vekhi, jiha kosiu Na sahai ravi payAu / tiha khalu Na Dahei guNAgurAu, jA Nivvau iya dujjaNa sahAu / guNu melivi dosu gahei pAu, melli ghau parihari duTTha sou / jalaNu va jalei sai bhUi hoi, jai ko kuvisasi viruyau bhnnei| tAM iyara loi kiNa amiu deiM, jai dosaI dujjaNu karai hAsu / tA suyaNu karesaI guNa payAsu, ki vuha raMjami jANami Na atthu / ga samAsa Na chaMdu Na baMdhu bheu, Nau hoNAhiu mattA viveu / gau sakkau pAyau desa bhAsi, gau sadu vaNu jANami smaasu| 1.4
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________________ apabhraMza - khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 233 rAja kA varNana kara kavi batalAtA hai ki kisa prakAra zreNika kI jijJAsA ko zAMta karane ke lie gaNadhara neminAtha kI kathA kA varNana karatA hai / varADaka deza sthita dvAravatI nagarI meM janArdana nAmaka rAjA rAjya karatA thA / vahIM guNa saMpUrNa samudravijaya rahatA thA / usakI patnI kA nAma zivadevI thA / usake putra utpanna hone para devatA Akara usake bAlaka kA saMskAra karate haiM (saMdhi 1) / dUsarI saMdhi meM neminAtha kI yuvAvasthA, vasaMta varNana, jala krIr3Adi ke prasaMgoM kA varNana hai / kRSNa ko neminAtha se IrSyA hone lagatI hai aura vaha unheM virakta karanA cAhate haiM / nemi kA vivAha nizcita hotA hai aura usa avasara para aneka bali pazuoM ke darzana se nemi virakta ho jAtA hai / usakI bhAvI patnI rAjImatI ati duHkhita hotI hai / tIsarI saMdhi meM isI ke viyoga kA varNana hai / nemi ko sAMsArika viSayoM ke prati Asakta karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai kintu saba vyartha hotA hai / usakI mAtA bhI duHkhI hotI hai / nemi apane pUrva janma kI kathA kahatA huA saMsAra nissAratA kA pratipAdana karatA hai aura vairAgya dhAraNa karatA hai / antima sandhi meM ma ke samavasaraNa kA, aneka dhArmika pravacanoM aura nemi kI nirvANa prApti kA varNana hai / dhArmika aura upadezAtmaka bhAvanA pradhAna hote hue bhI kAvya meM aneka sundara aura alaMkRta sthala haiM / kavi kI kavitA ke udAharaNa ke lie nimnalikhita uddharaNa dekhiye / kavi samudravijaya kI patnI kA varNana karatA huA kahatA hai- tahi guNa saMpuNNa saMmudda vijau, bhuadaMDa caMDa saMgAma ajau / tahi geohiNi Niva sivaeviNA ma, sohai ra NaM saMjutta kAma / vaya rAma ruNAvaraM vajjaditti, NaM sura giri rehaiM kaNaya kitti / paM sasi kalAI amiyaho payAsu, NaM diNamaNi paMrapaNNahi timira NAsu / muvi reha (kaNa kitti ) NaM khattieNa, NaM tiNayaNu Naravai giri sueNa / 1. 14 isI prakAra nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM kavi ne saMsAra kI vivazatA kA aMkana kiyA haijasu gehi aNNu tasu arui hoi, jasu bhojasatti tasu sasu Na hoi / jasu dANa chAhu tasu daviNu Natthi, jasu daviNu tAsu Ui lohu atthi / jasu mayaNa rAu tasi Natthi bhAma, jasu bhAma tAsu uchavaNa kAma // 3.2 arthAt jisa manuSya ke ghara meM anna bharA huA hai use bhojana ke prati aruci hai / jisameM bhojana khAne kI zakti hai usake pAsa zasya nahIM / jisameM dAna kA utsAha hai usake pAsa draviNa nahIM / jisake pAsa draviNa hai unameM ati lobha hai / jisameM kAma kA prabhutva hai usake bhAryA nahIM / jisake pAsa bhAryA hai usakA kAma zAMta hai / kavi ne sthAna-sthAna para sundara subhASitoM aura sUktiyoM kA prayoga kiyA haiki jIyaI dhamma vivajjieNa, ki suhaDaI saMgari kAyareNa, kiM vayaNa asaccA bhAsaNeNa kiM puttaI gotta viNAsaNeNa /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya ... ... ... ki phullaI gandha vivkjiek| . kiM. bhojaI jastha ga hoi lavaNu, jahi gayaNa Na vara so kADU bynu| 1.4 isI prakAra'viNu tara pattaI gau hoi chAhi' "viNu chettaI gau vAviyahi ghaNA' "viNu devai devalu katya hoiM' kavi ne kar3avakoM ke Arambha meM helA, duvaI, vastubaMdha Adi chaMdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / aMtha meM chaMdoM kI bahurUpatA dRSTigocara nahIM hotii| chaMdoM meM kahIM kahIM antyAnuprAsa (ka) ucita rUpa se prayukta nahIM huI / yathA saMsAriu sukkha aNatya mRlu, sevai mohaMghau jIva vaalu| visayaho suhavAsaho vevi hoi, puNu jIu aNaMtau duhu shei| 2.20 bAhu bali carita isa aprakAzita graMtha kI do hastalikhita pratiyA~ Amera zAstra bhaNDAra jayapura meM vartamAna haiN| (pra0 saM0 10 138-147) / ___ graMtha ke lekhaka dhanapAla gurjara deza ke rahane vAle the| palhaNa pura ina kA vAsasthAna thaa| inake pitA kA nAma suhaDa eva (subhaTa deva) tathA mAtA kA nAma suhaDA evI (subhaTA devI) thaa| yaha pokhara jAti meM utpanna hue the / kavi ke samaya rAjA vIsala deva rAjya karate the| yoginI pura (dillI) ke zAsaka kA nAma inhoMne mahamaMda sAha likhA hai|' 1. gujjara desa majmi NayavaTTaNu, vasai viulu palhaNapura pttttnnu| vIsalaeu rAu payapAlau, kuvalaya maMDaNu sayalu va maalu| tahiM pura vADa vaMsa jAyAmala, agaNiya puvva purisa Nimmala kul| puNu huu rAya seTThi jiNa bhattau, bhovaI NAmeM dayaguNa juttau / suhaDapau taho. gaMdaNu jAyau, gurusajjaNahaM bhuaNi vikkhaayu| taho suu huu dhaNavAla dharAyale, paramappaya paya paMkayarau ali| etahi tahi tahi jiNatitthaNa maMtau, mahi bhamaMtu palhaNapure pattau / pattA- paTTaNe khaMbhAyacce, dhAraNayari devagiri / michAmaya vihuNaMtu, gaNi pattau joiNi puri // 1.3 tahiM bhavahiM sumahochau vihiyau, siri rayaNa kitti paTTe nnihiyu| mahamaMda sAhi maNu raMjiyau, vijahiM vAiya mau bhNjiyu| puNu diTTha u caMdavADu Nayara, 1.4
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 235 kavi ne graMtha-racanA caMdavADa nagara ke sajA sAraMga ke mantrI yAdava vaMzotpanna bAsadara (dhAsAdhara) kI preraNA se kI thii| kRti samarpita bhI usI ko kI gaI hai| kRtti kI puSpikAoM meM vAsaddhara kA nAma milatA hai| saMdhiyoM ke Arambha meM aura graMtha samAsti para kavi ne AzrayadAtA vAsAdhara kI stuti meM saMskRta padya bhI diye haiN| kavi ne graMtha-racanA, vaizAkha zukla trayodazI-somavAra svAti nakSatra meM vi0 saM0 1454 meM kii| kRti meM kavi ne apane se pUrvakAla ke aneka darzana, vyAkaraNAdi ke vidvAnoM kA aura kaviyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / vidvAnoM aura kaviyoM ke nAmollekha ke sAtha-sAtha unameM 1. iya siri vAhuvalideva carie, suhaDadeva taNaya vuha ghaNavAla viraie, mahAbhavya vAsaddhara gAmaMkie. . . . ityAdi 2. sammatta jutto jiNa pAya bhatto, dayANuratto vahu loya mitto| michatta catto suvisuddha citto, vAsAdharo gaMdau puNNa citto|| 3.1 zrI laMva kaMca kula padma vikAsa bhAnuH somAtmajo duritdaarucykRshaanuH| dhammakasAdhanaparo bhuvi bhavya baMdhu / sAdharo vijayate guNaratnasiMdhuH // 4.1 AdyAkSaraM zrI vasu pUjya sUnoH sAdho dvitIyaM dhanadAttRtIyaM / ravezcaturtha vidhinA gRhItvA vAsAcArAcyA vihitA vibhuutiH|| yAvatsAgaramekhalA vasumatI yAvatsuvarNAcalaH / svArI kuca saMkulaH khamamitaM yAvacca tatvAMcitaM / sUryAcandramasau ca yAvadabhito lokaprakAzoyato / tAvanaMdatu putrapautrasahito vAsAdharaH shuddhdhiiH|| antima prazasti 3. "vikkamaNaridaM aMkiya samae, caudahasaya saMvaccharahaM ge| paMcAsa varisa cauahiya gaNi, vaisAhaho siytersisudinni| sAI gakkhatte pariThyiiM, vara siddhi joga NAmeM viyii| sasivAsare rAsi mayaMkatule, golaggemutti sukke svle| cau vagga sahiu gavarasa bhariu, bAhu balideva siddhau criu|" antima prazasti
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________________ 236 se aneka ke graMthoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / " isa graMtha kI 18 saMdhiyoM meM kavi ne jaina saMpradAya ke prathama kAmadeva bAhubali ke caritra kA varNana kiyA hai / graMtha apabhraMza kAla ke uttarakAla kI racanA hai ataeva kavi pUrvavarttI aneka kaviyoM kI lambI sUcI de sakA / graMtha kA Arambha nimnalikhita padya se huA hai: svasti / OM namo vItarAgAya / siri risahaNAha jiNa paya juyalu, paNavivi NAsiya puNu paDhama kAmaevaho caritu, AhAsami 8 apabhraMza - sAhitya 1 isake anantara kavi ne caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kA stavana kiyA hai / tadanantara sarasvatI vandana kara kavi ne apanA paricaya diyA hai / kavi kI vAsaddhara se bheMTa hotI hai / kavi kalimalu / maMgalu // 1. vAesari kIlA saraya vAsa, hua zrasi mahAkai jhuNi payAsa / sua pavaNu DDAviya kumayareNu, kai cakkavaTTi siri dhIraseNa / mahimaMDala vaNiuM vivaha biMdi, vAyaraNa kAri siri devaNaMdi / jaigeMda NAmu jaDa yaNa dulakkhu, kiu jeNa pasiddhu savAya lakkhu / sammattAru vasu rAya bhavvu, daMsaNa pamANu varu rayau kavvu / siri vajja sUri gaNi guNa NihANu, viraiu maha chaddaMsaNa pamANu / mahaseNa mahAmai viu samahiu, ghaNa NAya suloyaNa cariu kahiu / raviseNeM pauma caritu vuttu, jiNaseNeM harivaMsu vi pavittu / muNi jaDili jaDattaNi vAraNatthu NavaraMga cariu khaMDaNu payatthu / diNayaraseNeM kaMdappa cariu, vitthariu mahihiM NavarasahaM bhariu / jiNa pAsa cariu aisaya vaseNa, viraiu muni puMgava paumaseNa / amiyArAhaNa viraiya vicitta, gaNi aMvaraseNa bhavadosa catta / caMdappaha cariu maNohi rAma, mRNi vilhuseNa kiu dhamma dhAmu / ghaNayatta cariu cauvaggasAru, avareha vihiu NANA payAru / saddatya vAsu, aNupehA kaya saMkappa NAsu / Naradeva vuttu, kai asaga vihiu vIraho caritu / muNi sIhaNaMdi Na va yAraNehu siri siddhi seNa pavayaNa diNou, jiNaseNeM goviMdu kaiMdeM saNakumAra, kaha rayaNa samuddaho viraiu Ariseu / laddhayAru / jaya dhavala siddha guNa muNiuMbheu, suya sAlihatthu kai jIvadeu / vara pauma cariu kiu sukai seDhi, iya avara jAya dharavalaya pIDhe / ghattA-- -- caumuhuM vIru bhaNu / do teNANa dumaNi guNu // sayaMbhu kai, puphphayaMtu puNu ujjoya kara, hau dIvo vamu hINu 1.8
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________________ 237 apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) usakA paricaya detA hai / vAsaddhara bAhubali carita kI racanA ke lie kahatA hai ki vijjae jAe Na hoi siddhi, kiM purise Na Na lkhlkhi| ki kiviNaeNa saMciya dhaNeNa, ki NiNNeheM piya saMgameNa / ki NijjaleNa ghaNa gajjieNa, ki suhaDeM saMgara bhjjienn| ki appaNeNa guNa kittaNeNa, kiM aviceeM viu sattaNeNa / ki vippieNa puNu rUsieNa, kiM kavveM lakkhaNa duusienn| ki maNuyattaNi jaM jaNi abhabvu, kiM buddhie jAe Na raiu kaTavu / 1.7. isI prasaMga meM kavi apane se pUrva ke AcAryoM aura kaviyoM kA ullekha karatA hai| prAcIna kaviyoM ke pAMDitya ko smaraNa kara nirAza hue kavi ko protsAhita karatA huA vAsAdhara kahatA hai "taM NisuNivi vAsAharU jaMpai, kiM tuhuM vuha citAulu saMpai / jai bhayaMku kirahiM dhavalai bhuvi, to khajjou Na chaMDai nniychvi| jai khayarAu gayaNe ga, sajjai, to sihiDi ki Niyakamu vajjai / jai kappayara amiya phala kappai, to kiM tara lajjai Niya saMpai / jasu jettiu mai pasaru pavaTTai, so tettiu gharaNiyale pytttti| arthAt yadi candramA kiraNoM se pRthvI ko dhavalita karatA hai to kyA khadyota apanI kAnti chor3a detA hai ? yadi khagarAja garur3a AkAza meM ur3atA hai to kyA zikhaNDI apanI cAla chor3a detA hai ? yadi kalpa vRkSa amRtaphala-saMpanna hotA hai to kyA sAdhAraNa vRkSa apanI saMpadA se lajjita hote haiM ? jisakA jitanA mati-prasAra hotA hai vaha utanA hI dharaNItala para prakaTa karatA hai| isake anantara kavi sajjana durjana smaraNa karatA hai-Ni kovi jai khIrahiM siMcai, tovi Na so kaDuvattaNu muMcai / uchu ko vi jai satthe khaMDai, tovi Na so mahurattaNu chaMDai / dujjaNa suaNa sahAveM tappara, sUru tavai sasaharu soyarakara / / . isake pazcAt kavi ne kAvya-kathA prArambha kI hai| bIca-bIca meM saMskRta padya bhI uddhRta kiye haiN| anta meM nimnalikhita padya se graMtha samApta kiyA hai zrImatprabhA caMdra padaprasAdAdavApta buddhayA dhana pAla dakSaH / zrI sAghu vAsAdharanAmadheyaM svakAvya saudheyaM kalasI pharoti // 1. loka trayAbhyudaya kAraNa tIrthanAthaH ityAdi 2.18 yad gauravaM vahati vizati taNDulAnAm ityaadi| 2. 20
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________________ 8 apabhraMza-sAhitya graMtha meM aneka kAvyamaya aura alaMkRta sthala milate haiM / udAharaNArthaM nimnalikhita rAjagRha kA varNana dekhiye dhatA - tahi nAmeM virici paTTaNu rAyagihu, caurANa paya kama sAhAhi alaMkariu, NaM bahu paUha puriu vi sAyara, kuvalaya maMDaNo viNa misAyaru + maMgala vaha guru kaI pariyasthiu, NaM gayaNaMgaNu dhaNu vitthariya bahu vANiuM maMdAiNi paTTu va, raMgAlau NaM vahu khaNa Nilau jaIsaho cittu va, viuDu pavesu Navarasa maTTu va mahAsai cittu va // samarAlau 1 vaNNAlaU 1.10 kavi vivAhAnantara varavadhU milana kA varNana karatA hai sohara koila jhuNi mahurasamae, sohai meiNi pahu laddha gae + soha maNi kaNayAlaMkariyA, sohai sAsaya siri siddha juyA / sohai saMpai sammANa jaNe, sohai jayalachI suDu raNeM / sohai sAhA jalaharasa varNe, sohara vAyA supurisa vaya / jaha sohai eyaha vahu kaliyA, taha sohai kaNNA vara miliyA / ki vahuNA vAyA unbhasae, kIrai vivAha somaMjasae / 7.5 kavi ne bhASA meM anuraNanAtmaka zabdoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai / jaiseghuma ghuma dhummiya maddala sadda, dum dumiyaI vara taMduhi garde / doM doM do vara tivilI tAlaha, zaM zaM zaM zaM kira kaMsArlAha / raNa zaNa raNa jhaNa ghaghara sadeM, meM meM meM zavvarihi suhadde / aMdoliu gaha cakka hi, tArAyaNa dhaNu hara guNa TaMkAra rava, giri dari Niruvamu cAu karageM kaliyau, diTThi muTThi saMghiu vANu vasaMdhara NA, pesiu vari ityAdi 1. 11 7. 28 kAvya meM chandoM kI bahulatA upalabdha nahIM hotI / gyArahavIM saMdhi ke kar3avakoM ke Arambha meM 'dohar3A' kA prayoga milatA hai-- bohar3A- sajalaTTu / huu paDisad du / saMghANeM miliyau / bhavaNu sochAheM / 11. 11 caMda paha cariu (candra prabha carita) caMdappaha cariu yazaHkIrti kI aprakAzita kRti hai / isakI do hastalikhita pratiyA~Amera zAstra bhaMDAra meM vartamAna haiM ( pra0saM0 pRSTha 98 ) / kRti kI racanA kavi ne (huvau kulake) kumara siMha ke putra siddhapAla ke Agraha se kI thI / siddhapAla gurjara dezAMtargata umattagAma
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________________ apabhraMza khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 239 (unmatta grAma) ke rahane vAle the| saMdhiyoM kI puSpikAoM meM siddhapAla kA nAma bhI liyA gayA hai / kRti meM kavi ne na to racanA-kAla diyA hai aura na apanI guru paraMparA kA nirdeza kiyA hai / ataH nizcaya rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki candraprabha caritra kA racayitA yazaHkIrti aura harivaMza purANa evaM pANDava purANa kA racayitA yazaHkIrti eka hI haiM yA bhinna-bhinna vyakti / caMdraprabha caritra gyAraha saMdhiyoM kI kRti hai| isameM kavi ne AThaveM jina caMdraprabha kI kathA kA ullekha kiyA hai| graMtha kA Arambha maMgalAcaraNa, sajjana durjana smaraNa se hotA hai| tadanantara kavi maMgalavatI purI ke rAjA kanakaprabha kA varNana karatA hai / saMsAra ko asAra jAna rAjA apane putra padmanAbha ko rAjya dekara virakta ho jAtA hai| dUsarI se pAMcavIM saMdhiyoM taka padmanAbha kA caritra varNana aura zrIvara muni se rAjA kA apane pUrva janma ke vRttAnta sunane kA ullekha hai / chaThI saMdhi meM rAjA padmanAbha aura eka dUsare rAjA pRthvIpAla ke bIca hue yuddha kA varNana hai| rAjA vijita hotA hai kintu yuddha se padmanAbha virakta ho jAtA hai aura rAjyabhAra apane putra ko dekara zrIvara muni se dIkSA le tapasvI jIvana bitAne lagatA hai| agalI saMdhiyoM meM padnanAbha ke candrapurI ke rAjA mahAsena ke yahA~ caMdraprabha rUpa meM janma lene, saMsAra se virakta ho kevala jJAna prApta kara aMta meM nirvANa pada prApta karane Adi kA varNana hai| kRti meM itivRttAtmakatA kI pradhAnatA hai / kahIM kahIM kucha kAvyAtmaka sthala bhI mila jAte haiN| kavi kI kavitA kA AbhAsa nimnalikhita uddharaNoM se mila sakatA hai tahi kaNayappaha nAmeNa rAu, jaM pichivi suravai huu virAu / jasu bhamaI kitti bhuvaNaMtarazmi, theriva aisaMkaDi niya gharammi / jasu teya jalaNi naM dIviyaMgu, jalanihi salilaTThiu siricu vaMgu / Aiccu vi diNi diNi dei jhaMpa, tattaa tattu jaya jaNiya kNp| sakkuvi nippAiu paDham tAsu, abbhAsa karaNi paDimahaM payAsu / 1. gujjara desaha umattagAmu tahiM chaddAM suu huu doNa gAm / siddhau taho gaMdaNu bhavva baMdhu, jiNa dhammu bhAri jaMdiNNu khaMdhu / tahu lahu jAyau siri kumara siMha, kali kAla kariMdaho haNaNasIMhu / taho suu saMjAyau siddha pAlu, jiNa pujjadANu guNa gaNa ramAlu / taho uvarohe iya kiyau gaMthu, hau~ Na muNaNi kiM pi visattha gaMthu / ___ prazasti saMgraha pu0 98-99 2. iya siri caMdappaha carie mahAkavve, mahAkai jasukitti viraie, mahAbhavva siddha pAla savaNa bhUsaNe caMdappahaM sAmi NinvANa gamaNo NAma eyArahamo saMdhI paricheu smmto|
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________________ 240 apabhraMza-sAhitya khvAhaMkAriu kAma vIra, kiu tAsu aMgu malinahu sriiru| tahu nayaNuppali nivasei lachi, jA puSva vasiya hari pihula vchi| teM kAraNe jahiM jahi dei diTThi, tahi tahiM UhaTTai duccha siTThi / jasu saMgari saMmRhuM dhaNuhu hoi, gahu puNu vicitta paDivakkhu koi / muhiM nivasai sarasai jAsu nicca, payamittu lahai kahiM tahiM asacca / pattA tihuyaNi bahu guNajaNi tasu paDichaMdu na dosai / hosai guNa lesai jasu vAI sari sI sai // ' 1.9 aha nArI varNana-- sirikatANAmeM tAsa kaMtA, bahurUva lachi sohagA vNtaa| jIye muha iMdahulaMNa vANau, jaM puNNima caMbahu uvamANau / tAru taralu Nimmilu juu NittahaM, NaM ali uri Thiu keiya pattahaM / jai savaNU juvalu sohAvilAsu, NaM mayaNa vihaMgama dharaNa paasu| . vacchacchalu naM pIUsa kuMbha, aha mayaNa gaMdha gaya pINa kuNbh| ai kkhINu majjhu NaM pisuNajaNU, thaNa ramaNa guruttaNi kuviymnnuu| jaha pihula NiyaMvau appamANu, Thiu mayaNarAya pIDhahu samANu / ghattA hA iya mayaNahu, jaya jaya jayaNahu, Uru jualu ghara tornnu| ai komalu rattuppalu jiya paya katihiM coraNu // 2 . 2. 10. nimnalikhita ghattA se graMtha samApta kiyA gayA hai jA caMda divAyara, savva vi sAyara, jA kulapavvaya bhUvalau / tA ehu pavaTTau, hiyai cahuTTau, sarasai devihiM muhatilau // 11.29 anya graMthoM ke samAna chaMdoM kI vividhatA isa graMtha meM dRSTigata nahIM hotii| sukauzala carita yaha rayadhU kA likhA huA aprakAzita graMtha hai| isakI hastalikhita prati paMcAyatI maMdira dehalI meM vartamAna hai| apabhraMza bhASA meM sabase adhika racanAe~ likhane vAle yahI kavi haiN| yaha gvAliyara ke nivAsI the aura vahIM tomara vaMzI rAjA DUMgara siMha aura unake putra kIti siMha ke rAjya 1. theriva-vRddhA ke samAna, dIrgha nArI ke samAna / siri cuvaMgu--dharaNeMdra athavA kRssnn| sakakuvi ..... payAsu-rAjA ke pratibiMba ko le kara vidhAtA ne pahile zakra kA nirmANa kiyaa| asccu--asty| 2. ali uri--bhramara ke uupr| Uru jualu-jaMghA yugl| jiy-jiitaa|
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 241 kAla meM inhoMne apane graMthoM kA pragayana kiyaa| inake likhe 25 ke lagabhaga graMthoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jina meM se aneka kI hastalikhita pratiyA~ bhI abhI upalabdha nahIM ho skoN|' Amera zAstra bhaNDAra meM rayadhU ke likhe nimnalikhita graMthoM kI hastalikhita pratiyA~ vartamAna haiM : 1. Atma saMbodha kAvya (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 85) 2. dhanakumAra caritra (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 104) 3. padma purANa (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 116) . 4. mevezvara caritra (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 156) 5. zrIpAla caritra (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 178) 6. sanmati jina caritra (30 saM0 pRSTha 181) rayadhU ke pitA kA nAma harisiMha thaa| yazaHkIrti evaM kumAra sena ina ke guru the / ' rayadhU ne AlI kRtiyoM meM apane AzrayadAtA aura graMtha-racanA kI preraNA dene vAle zrAvakoM kI maMgala kAmanA evaM AzIrvAdaparaka aneka saMskRta padya race / ina padyoM se inake saMskRtajJa hone kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| inakI kRtiyoM kI zailI ke AdhAra para 15 vIM zatAbdI kA aMtima caturthAza aura 16voM zatAbdI kA prArambhika caturthA va inakA racanA phAla anubhita kiyA jA sakatA hai| sukausala carita kI racanA rayava ne Ane guru kumAra sena ke AdezAnusAra raNamalla vaNik ke Azraya meM rahate hue kI / usa samaya tomara vaMzIya rAjA DUMgarasiMha zAsana karate the| kavi ne mAgha mAsa kRSNapakSa kI dazamI tithi ko vi0 saM0 1496 meM graMtha kI racanA kii| 1. inake graMthoM kI sUcI paM0 paramAnanda jaina ne anekAnta, varSa 5, kiraNa 12, janavarI san 1943, pR0 404 meM dI hai| zrI agaracanda nAhaTA inameM se kucha ko bhrAntipUrNa mAnate haiN| jisakA nirdeza unhoMne anekAnta varSa 6, pR0 374 para kiyA hai| 2. zrIpAla caritra ko antima prazasti (prazasti saMgraha pR0 180), 'hara siMgha saMghavihu puttu raibU kai guNa gaNa nilu|' sanmati jina caritra ko prazasti (pra0 saM0pR0 182) aura mevezvara caritra ko prazasti (vahI pR0 157) meM bhI aisA hI nirdeza hai| 3. sukauzala caritra meM rayadhU ne kumAra sena ko apanA guru kahA hai aura sanmati jina caritra meM yazaH kItti ko| kavi ne meghezvara carita aura sammata guNa NihANa meM yazaH kotti kA guNagAna kiyA hai| anekAnta varSa 10, kiraNa 12, pR0 381 4. anekAnta varSa 5, kiraNa 12, pR0 404 5. zrI rAmajI upAdhyAya-sukauzala carita, jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, bhAga 10, kiraNa 2.
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________________ 242 apabhraMza-sAhitya "siri vikkama samayaMtarAli ......... caudaha saMvacchara anna chaNNauva ahiya puNu jAya puNNa / mAhahu ji kiNha vahamA viNammi, aNurAharikkhi pyddiyskmbhi| govAgiri DuMgaraNivahu rajji, paha pAlaMtai ariraaytjj|' (4. 23) kathAnaka-kavi ne cAra saMdhiyoM meM sukauzala muni ke caritra kA varNana kiyA hai / graMtha racanA ke Arambha meM kavi ne vandanA, AzrayadAtA kA paricaya aura Atma namratA kA pradarzana kiyA hai / kavi apane Apa ko jar3amati aura agarva kahatA hai (1.5), zabdArtha piMgala-jJAnarahita batalAtA hai (1.3.4) / kavi magadha deza, rAjagRha aura rAjA zreNika kA varNana karatA hai| zreNika ke jinezvara se kevalI sukauzala kA caritra pUchane para gaNadhara kathA kahate haiN| ____ ikSvAku vaMza meM kIrtidhara nAma ke eka prasiddha rAjA the| ulkA dekhane ke pazcAt inheM pratIta huA ki saMsAra asAra hai / unakI saMnyAsI hokara jIvana bitAne kI icchA huI kintu mantriyoM ke kahane para inhoMne nizcaya kiyA ki jaba taka putrotpanna na hogA maiM saMnyAsI na houuNgaa| kaI varSoM taka inheM koI putra utpanna na huaa| eka dina inakI rAnI sahadevI eka jaina mandira meM gaI / vahA~ eka muni ne batAyA ki tumheM putra to hogA kintu vaha kisI bhI muni ko dekha saMnyAsI ho jaaygaa| __kucha samaya ke bAda rAnI ke eka putra utpanna huaa| yaha samAcAra rAjA se chipAne kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| kintu rAjA ne yaha samAcAra jAna hI liyA aura gajyabhAra kumAra ko sauMpa vaha jaMgala meM cale gye| isa putra kA nAma sukauzala rakhA gyaa| - rAnI ko. pativiyoga sahanA pdd'aa| sAtha hI use yaha bhI bhaya thA ki kahI putra bhI saMnyAsI na ho jaay| yuvAvasthA meM rAjakumAra kA vivAha battIsa rAjakumAriyoM ne kara diyA gayA aura vaha bhoga vilAsa se mahala meM jIvana bitAne lgaa| use bAhara jAne kI AjJA na thI / kisI muni ko nagara meM Ane kI AjJA na thii| yadi koI muni dikhAI de jAtA to usako pITA jaataa| __eka dina rAjakumAra ke pitA jo mani ho gaye the nagara meM aaye| unakI bhI vahI durgati huii| rAjakumAra ne aTTAlikA ke Upara se muni ko dekha liyA aura sUpakAra se usa ko jJAta huA ki muni usake pitA kIrti dhavala the aura muniyoM kA nagara meM praveza niSiddha hone ke kAraNa unheM bA~dhA gyaa| java rAjakumAra ko yaha patA calA to usane bhI rAjapATa chor3a saMnyAsa le liyA aura apane pitA kIrti dhavala kA ziSya bana jaina dharma ke vratoM evaM AcAroM kA pAlana karate hue jIvana vyatIta kiyaa| sahadevI marane ke bAda vyAghrI huI kyoMki vaha sAMsArika moha mAyA meM par3I huI thI / eka dina usane atyadhika kSudhAta hone para parvata para ghUmate hue sukauzala bhuni ko khA liyaa| sukauzala ne mRtyu ke bAda mokSa pada pAyA / sahadevI ko kIti dhavala ne apane
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) 243 pUrva janma kA smaraNa karAyA / muni ke upadezoM ko suna kara use jAti smaraNa huA tathA mana meM virakti utpanna huI aura anta meM use svarga kI prApti huii| kIrti ghatala ne bhI apane kukarmoM kA nAza kara ke mokSa pada prApta kiyaa| graMtha kI cAra sandhiyoM meM 74 kar3avaka hai| pahalI do sandhiyoM meM kavi ne purANoM kI taraha kAla, kuladhara, jinanAtha aura dezAdi kA varNana kiyA hai / caturtha sandhi meM antaHpura kI ramaNiyoM ke hAva-bhAva aura alaMkAroM kA kAvyamaya varNana milatA hai / graMtha kI samApti kavi ne nimnalikhita vAkyoM se kI hai : "rANau NaMdau suhi vasau desu / jiNa sAsaNa gaMdau vigayalesu // " chandoM kI navInatA aura vividhatA kI dRSTi se kAvya meM koI vizeSatA nhiiN| sanmati nAtha carita sammati nAtha carita kI hastalikhita prati Amera zAstra bhaNDAra meM vidyamAna hai (pra0 saM0 pR0 181-187) / rayaghU ne 10 sandhiyoM meM antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke carita kA varNana kiyA hai| isa graMtha meM kavi ne yazaH kIrti ko apanA guru kahA hai / kavi ne racanAkAla kA nirdeza nahIM kiyaa| rayadhU ke samaya meM Adhunika kAla kI bhAratIya AryabhASAyeM apanI prArambhika avasthA meM sAhitya ke kSetra meM padArpaNa kara cukI thiiN| rayadhU ke pazcAt apabhraMza kI jo katipaya aprakAzita kRtiyA~ milatI haiM unakA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hai bhopAla carita--narasena racita isa kRti kI hastalikhita prati Amera zAstra bhaNDAra meM upalabdha hai (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 176-177) / hastalikhita prati kA samaya vi0 saM0 1512 hai| varddhamAna kathA--yaha bhI narasena dvArA racita kRti hai| pra0 saM0 pR0 170-171 / varddhamAna carita-jayamitra halla ne mAraha sandhiyoM meM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI kathA likhI hai (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 167-170) / hastalikhita prati kA samaya vi0 saM0 1545 hai| ___ amarasena carita-mANikya rAja ne sAta sandhiyoM meM amarasena kA carita varNana kiyA hai| racanA kAla vi0 saM0 1576 hai| (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 79-85) / sukumAla cariu-pUrNabhadra ne chaha sandhiyoM meM sukumAla svAmI kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai| (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 192) nAgakumAra carita-yaha graMtha bhI mANikya rAja ne vi0 saM0 1579 meM rcaa| (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 113-116) / isameM nau saMdhiyoM meM pUrva kaviyoM dvArA varNita kathA ke anusAra
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya hI nAga kumAra kI kathA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai|" zAnti nAtha carita -- yaha kavi mahindu dvArA racita graMtha hai| isakI racanA kavi ne yoginI pura (dillI) meM bAdazAha bAbara ke rAjya kAla meM vi0 saM0 1587 meM kii| isameM caupAI, soraThA Adi chandoM kA prayoga kavi ne kiyA hai / " 244 mRgAMka lekhA caritra yaha graMtha aprakAzita hai| zAstra bhaMDAra meM vidyamAna hai meM isa graMtha kI racanA kI / ( isakI vi0 saM. 1700 kI hastalikhita prati Amera pra0 saM0 154 - 155 ) / bhagavatIdAsa ne vi0 saM0 1700 yaha agravAla digambara jaina the aura dillI ke bhaTTAraka mahendrasena ke ziSya the / yaha hindI ke bhI acche vidvAn the / hindI meM likhI hu inakI graMtha meM kevala cAra sandhiyA~ hai / isakI racanA ghatA kintu bIca bIca meM dohA, soraThA aura gAvA chanda bhI aneka racanAyeM milatI haiM / kar3avaka zailI meM kI gaI hai mila jAte haiM / bhagavatIdAsa apabhraMza ke jJAta kaviyoM meM sabase antima kavi haiM ataH graMtha kA saMkSipta paricaya aprAsaMgika na hogA / graMtha kA Arambha nimnalikhita vAkyoM se kiyA gayA hai-OM namaH siddhebhyaH / zrImad bhaTTAraka zrI mAheMdaseNa gurave namaH / paNavivi jigavIraM, jAgagahIraM, tihuvaNa vai risi rAi jaI | froar visa acchaM, sIla pasacchaM, bhaNami kahA sasi leha saI // graMtha meM kavi ne zIla ko atyadhika mahatva diyA hai- dohA - muhAu / jo cukkA guNa saMpadA, cukkA kitti jo jaju cukkA sIla leM, cukkA sathala suhAu // graMtha kI puSpikAoM meM kavi ne graMtha kA nAma candralekhA bhI diyA hai : 5 1. amarasena carita aura nAgakumAra carita kA paricaya paM0 paramAnanda jaina ne 16vIM nAmaka lekha dvArA anekAnta varSa 10, kiraNa 4, zatAbdI ke do apabhraMza kAvya pR0 160 162 meM diyA hai / 2. anekAnta varSa 5, kiraNa 6-7, pR0 153-156 3. saga daha saya saMvadatIdatadAM, vikkamarAi mahatvae / agahaNa siya paMcami somadiNe, puNNa viyau aviyappae / 4. 14 4. anekAnta varSa 5, kiraNa 1-2 meM paM0 paramAnanda kA lekha, kavivara bhagavatIdAsa aura unakI racanAe~ / 5. iya siri caMddaleha kahAe, raMjiya vuha bhaTTAra siri madiseNa sIsa paMDiya bhagavad dA viraie 1.2 citta sahAe, * ityAdi /
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________________ apabhraMza - khaMDakAvya (dhArmika) kavi candralekhA kA varNana karatA huA kahatA hai - suhalagga joi vara suhaNa khatti, suuvaNNa kaNNa NNaM kAMma yatti / kama paNi kavala susuvaNNa deha, tihaM gAMu dhariu sumaiMka leha / kami kami supavaDDhai sAMguNAla, diga miga savittu marAla vAla / rUva rai dAsi va NiyaDi tAsu, kiM vaNNami amarI khayari jAsu / lachI suvilacho toha diti, tihaM tulli Na chajjai buddhi kitti / 1. 3 candralekhA kI A~kheM mRga kI AMkhoM ke samAna, vaktra caMdra ke samAna aura cAla haMsa ke samAna thI / usake nikaTa rati dAsI ke samAna pratIta hotI thI phira amarAMganA yA vidyAdharI usake sAmane kaisI ? isakI tulanA kisa se kI jAya ? anta meM dI huI prazasti se jJAta hotA hai ki kavi ne isa graMtha kI racanA hisAra meM kI thI / graMtha kI bhASA khicar3I hai / paddhar3I baMdha meM apabhraMza, dohA soraThA Adi meM hindI aura gAthAoM meM prAkRta dRSTigata hotI hai / dekhiye - paddhaDI pathaDI rovai va saMtapari yaNaM NArI AII NAMha hA roivi sUI mua saM kAru karivi sajjaNa dohA -- soraThA gAyA- sapatti, khaNIdhAha pamillAha addharati / NAMha, hA kaha gau sAmiya kari aNAMha / kaMtu, hA koNa vi yAMgai samma aMtu / jaNehi, mili sayala jalaMjali tAsu dehi / 245 eka aMga ko jalu mUriSu mAMnar3a nahI, nehar3A, bhUli karau mati koi / manuM marai tanu khoi // 1.42 saMpati vipati vijogu, hariSu viSAdu ru sogu, rogu bhogu bhAvI udai / samAM na calaI tihaM tagaDaM // 1.13 1.2 2. iya jaMpiya paumAe, parivAra NivAraNAya puNarutaM / avagaNiya sahi sahiyA, gihAu NivvAsiyA esA // 2.1 isa kAla taka apabhraMza bhASA kA kyA rUpa ho gayA thA isakA jJAna Upara ke uddharaNoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai / bhASA kI dRSTi se nimnalikhita do dohoM kA svarUpa dekhiye -- jo cukkA guNa saMpadA, cukkA kitti muhAu / jo jaNa cukkA sIla teM, cukkA sayala suhAu //
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________________ 246 apabhraMza-sAhitya saba kAja / 'sIlu bar3A saMsAra mahi sali sahi iha bhavi para bhavi suhu lahaiM Asi bharNAhaM muNirAja // ' cauthI saMdhi ye dohe apabhraMza ke usa svarUpa ko prakaTa karate haiM jaba ki vaha khar3I bolI rUpa meM parivartita ho rahI thI / hemacandra ke nimnalikhita dohe se ina dohoM kI tulanA kIjiye : "bhallA huA jo mAriA bahiNi mahArA kaMtu / lajjejjaM tu vayaMsiyahu jai bhaggA ghara eMtu // " donoM kI bhASA meM zabdoM kA AkArAnta rUpa milatA hai (jaise, bhallA, bar3A, bhaggA, cukkA) jo khar3I bolI kA lakSaNa hai / khar3I bolI ne hemacandra ke dohe se cala kara bhagavatI dAsa ke dohoM ko pAra karake Adhunika svarUpa ko dhAraNa kiyA / bhagavatI dAsa ke guru bhaTTAraka mahendra sena dillI nivAsI the| dillI nagara kI bhASA hone ke kAraNa saMbhavataH AkArAnta svarUpavAlI apabhraMza hI nAgara bhASA hai jo khar3I bolI athavA nAgarI kI jananI hai / ina kRtiyoM ke atirikta aneka kRtiyA~ hastalikhita rUpa meM aprakAzita haiM aura jaina bhaNDAroM meM par3I haiM / aneka kRtiyoM kA ullekha pATaNa ( pattana ) bhaMDAra kI graMtha sUcI meM milatA hai|' isa sAmagrI ke prakAza meM na Ane se isa para vicAra abhI saMbhava nahIM / isa adhyAya meM jina bhI khaMDa kAvyoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai, ve saba isa prakAra ke haiM jinameM dhArmika tatva kI pradhAnatA hai / yadi koI premakathA hai to vaha bhI dhArmika AvaraNa se AvRta hai, yadi koI sAhasa ko pradarzita karane vAlI kathA hai to vaha bhI usI AvaraNa se AvRta / isa prakAra ye saba khaMDakAvya kaviyoM ne dhArmika dRSTikoNa se likhe / isa dRSTikoNa ko chor3a kara zuddha premakathA, rAjA kI vijaya Adi dhArmika dRSTi- nirapekSa mAnava jIvana se sambandha rakhane vAle laukika aura aitihAsika prabaMdha kAvyoM kA vivecana agale adhyAya meM kiyA jAyagA / 1. e DiskripTiva kaiTelAga Apha mainuskripTsa ina dI jaina bhaMDAra aiTa paTanA, gAyakavAr3a oriyaMTala sirIja jilda saM0 76, oriyaMTala iMsTiTyUTa bar3audA 1937 / isameM ullikhita kucha graMtha - - - - sulasA caritra / ( vahI pR0 182 ), bhavyacaritam ( vahI pR0 265), mallinAtha carita ( vahI pR0 270), subhadrA carita ( vahI pR0 128), vayasAmi cariu ( vahI pU0 190 ) ityAdi / "
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________________ AThavA~ adhyAya apabhraMza-kharADa kAvya (laukika) sandeza rAsaka' yaha kavi addahamANa-abdula rahamAna-kA likhA huA eka khaMDa kAvya hai / isameM tIna prakrama evaM 223 pada haiN| dharma-nirapekSa, laukika prema bhAvanA kI abhivyakti isa kAvya meM milatI hai / apabhraMza ke prApta kAvyoM meM se yahI eka kAvya hai jo ki eka musalamAna kavi dvArA likhA huA hai| addahamANa hI sarvaprathama musalamAna kavi haiM jinhoMne ki bhArata kI saMskRti ko abhivyakta karane vAlI sAhityika bhASA meM racanA kI; hindu sabhyatA yA bhAratIya sabhyatA ko apanA kara pracalita bhAratIya sAhityika zailI para pUrNa rUpa se adhikAra prApta kiyaa| inhIM vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa yaha kAvya vizeSa mahatva kA hai| kavi paricaya--kRti meM kavi kA nAma addahamANa milatA hai jisakA parivartita rUpa abdula rahamAna samajhA jAtA hai / kavi pazcima bhArata meM mleccha dezavAsI tantuvAya mIrasena kA putra thaa| yaha prAkRta kAvya tathA gItoM kI racanA meM prasiddha thaa| saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza kA vidvAn thaa| kavi ke apabhraMza aura prAkRta jJAna kA AbhAsa vartamAna graMtha se milatA hai| ___kAvya meM pUrvakAlIna prAkRta aura saMskRta kaviyoM ke kucha padya rUpAntara se milate haiN| aise padyoM kA Age yayAsthAna nirdeza kara diyA gayA hai / kavi ne apane pUrvavartI aneka vidvAnoM aura apabhraMza, saMskRta, prAkRta evaM paizAcI bhASA ke kaviyoM kA vandana aura AdarapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA hai| kavi ne eka sthAna para prAkRta kAvya aura veda kA ullekha kiyA hai| isI prakAra nalacaritra, bhArata, rAmAyaNAdi ke ullekha se vidita hotA hai 1. zrI jina vijaya muni aura zrI hari vallabha bhAyANI dvArA saMpAdita, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana baMbaI se prakAzita, vi0 saM0 2001. 2. saM0 rA0 1-3-4 sandeza rAsaka ke sthala nirdeza meM sarvatra prathama aMka prakrama kA aura dvitIya aMka padya saMkhyA kA sUcaka hogaa| 3. saM0 rA0 1.5-6 puvvaccheyANa Namo sukaINa ya saddasatya kusaleNa / tiya loye succhaMde jehiM kayaM jaMhi nniddisaiN|| 5 avahaTTaya-sakkaya-pAiyaMmi pesAiyaMmi bhAsAe / lakhaNa chaMdAhareNa sukaitaM bhUsiyaM jehi // 6 4. saM0 rA0 padya 43 5. vahI padya 44
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________________ 248 apabhraMza-sAhitya ki kavi ko bhAratIya sAhitya kA jJAna thA / kathA kA pathika sAmoru nagara kA vAsI thA / TIkAkAroM ne sAmoru kA mUlasthAna-mulatAna-kahA hai / sAmoru ke varNana se kalpanA kI gaI hai ki kavi mulatAna kA rahane vAlA thA aura usane gujarAta taka ke pradezoM kA bhramaNa kiyA thaa| DA0 kAtre ne kavi kA samaya 11vIM aura 14vIM zatAbdI ke bIca mAnA hai|' grantha kI eka hastalikhita prati kI TIkA vi0 saM0 1465 kI likhI huI upalabdha hai / ' ataeva isa samaya se pUrva kavi kA honA nirvivAda hai / graMya se itanA spaSTa hai ki kavi ke samaya mulatAna eka samRddha deza thaa| khaMbhAta bhI eka prasiddha vyApAra kA kendra thA / muni jina vijaya jI ke anusAra graMtha kI racanA vikrama saMvatsara kI 12vIM zatAbdo ke uttarArddha aura 13vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke bIca meM huii| zrI agaracaMda nAhaTA graMtha kI racanA vi0saM0 1400 ke AsapAsa mAnate haiM / DA0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI jI ko yaha kAvya gyArahavIM zatI kA pratIta hotA hai| ___ saMdeza rAsaka eka saMdeza kAvya hai / isameM anya khaMDa kAvyoM ke samAna kathAnaka saMdhiyoM meM vibhakta nahIM hai / apitu kathA tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai jinheM prakrama kA nAma diyA gayA hai| saMskRta meM meghadUta ke pUrva saMgha aura uttara megha ke samAna pratyeka prakrama kathA pravAha kI gati kA sUcaka hai| prathama prakapa prastAvanA rUpa meM hai, dvitIya prakrama se vAstavika kathA prArambha hotI hai aura tRtIya prakrama meM SaDRtu varNana hai| kathAnaka-kavi graMtha kA Arambha maMgalAcaraNa se karatA hai| maMgalAcaraNa meM sRSTikartA se kalyANa kI prArthanA kI gaI hai| Atma-paricaya tathA pUrvakAla ke kaviyoM ke smaraNa ke anantara kavi Atma-vinaya pradarzita karatA huA graMtha ke likhane kA aucitya pradarzita karatA hai / isa prasaMga meM diye vicAroM se kavi kA jana-sAdhAraNa ke sAtha paricaya pratIta hotA hai| jaise-rAtri meM candramA ke udaya hone para kyA nakSatra prakAza nahIM karate ? yadi kokilA taruzikhara para baiTha madhura gAna karatI hai to kyA kaue kAM-kAM karanA chor3a dete haiM ? yadi trailokya-yAvanA gaMgA sAgarAbhimukha pravAhita hotI hai to kyA anya nadiyA~ bahanA chor3a deM ? yadi aneka bhAva-bhaMgiyoM se yukta nava rAga raMjita nAgarika yuvatI nRtya karatI hai to kyA eka grAmINA tAlI zabda se hI nahIM nAcatI? vastutaH 1. di karanATika hisTorikala rivyU bhAga 4, jana-julAI 1937, saMkhyA 1-2 ___ meM DA0 kAtre kA lekha 2. saMdeza rAsaka bhUmikA pR0 7 3. vahI pR0 12-13 4. rAjasthAna bhAratI bhAga 3, aMka 1, pR0 48. 5. hindI sAhitya DA0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI, prakAzaka, ataracanda kapUra eMDa saMsa, san 1952, pR0 71.
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (laukika) 249 jisameM jo kAnya zakti hai usakA use prakAzana avazya karanA cAhiye / yadi caturmukha brahmA ne cAroM vedoM kA prakAza kiyA to kyA anya kavi kavitva chor3a deN|' kavi kI utthAnikA se hI spaSTa hotA hai ki yaha kAvya usane sAmAnya janoM ke lie likhA hai / Age kavi spaSTa kahatA hai kiH-- buddhimAn isa kukAvya meM mana nahIM lagAyeMge / mUoM kA apanI mUrkhatA ke kAraNa isameM praveza nhiiN| jo na mUrkha haiM na paNDita kintu madhyazreNI ke haiM, unake sAmane yaha kAvya par3hA jAnA caahiye| dvitIya prakrama se kayA Arambha hotI hai| vijayanagara kI eka sundarI pati ke pravAsa se duHkhI, dIna aura viraha vyAkula hai / itane meM hI vaha eka pathika ko dekhatI hai| use dekha virahiNI utsukatA se usake pAsa jAtI hai / donoM kA paricaya hone para use patA lagatA hai ki pathika sAmoru mUlasthAna (mulatAna) se AyA hai| kavi virahiNI ke sauMdarya kA varNana kara sAmoru nagara kA aura vahAM kI vAravanitAoM kA varNana ( 2.46-54) karatA hai| vahAM ke udyAnoM ke prasaMga meM kavi ne vahA~ kI vanaspatiyoM kI pUrI sUcI dI hai (2.55-64) / pathika se yaha jAna kara ki vaha khaMbhAta jA rahA hai virahiNI vyAkula ho uThatI hai| usakA pati bhI vahIM gayA hai / vaha pathika ke dvArA apane priyatama ko saMdeza bhejane ke lie tar3apane lagatI hai-saMdeza bhejatI hai| saMdeza bar3e saMvedanA-pUrNa zabdoM meM diyA gayA hai| isa kAvya kI eka vizeSatA hai ki saMdeza-prasaMga meM kavi ne bhinna-bhinna chaMdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / kabhI virahiNI eka chaMda me saMdeza detI hai kabhI dUsare meM / jAte hue pathika ko kSaNa bhara roka kara tIsare chaMda meM thor3A sA saMdeza aura de detI hai| virahiNI ke zabda mArmika haiM aura usake hRdaya kI pIr3A ke dyotaka hai| bhinna-bhinna chaMdoM meM usane mAno apanA hRdaya pathika ke sAmane ur3ela diyA hai / isI prasaMga meM bhinna-bhinna RtuoM kA kavi ne varNana kiyA hai| virahiNI kA pati grISma Rtu meM use chor3a kara gayA thA unI Rtu se Arambha kara varSA, zarat, hemanta, zizira aura vasaMta kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai / ye saba RtueM virahiNI ke lie duHkhadAyinI ho giiN| __ anta meM jaba pathika apanI yAtrA para cala par3atA hai virahiNI nimnalikhita zabdoM se apanA saMdeza samApta karatI hai "jaha aNakkhara kahiu mai pahiya ! ghaNa dukkhAunniyaha mayaNa aggi virahiNi palittihi, 1. saMdeza rAsaka, 1.8-17 2. gahu rahai vuhA kukavittaresi, abuhattaNi abuhaha gahu pavesi / ji Na mukkha Na paMDiya majjhayAra, tiha purau paDhinvau savvAra // saM. rA0 10 21.
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________________ 250 apabhraMza-sAhitya taM pharasau milhi tu hu viniyamaggi pabhaNijja zatihi / tima jaMpiya jima kuvai gahu taM pabhaNiya jaM juttu, Asosivi vara kAmiNihi vaTTAu paDiuttu // " arthAt pathika ! yadi duHkhAkulA, kAmAgnipIr3itA aura viraha-vyAkulAtA maiMne koI anI bAta kahI ho to use na kaha kara namra zabdoM meM priya se kahanA / aisI koI bAta na kahanA jisase merA pati kruddha ho jaay| jo ucita ho vahI kahanA / yaha kaha kara vaha pathika ko AzIrvAda detI hai aura vidA karatI hai / pathika ko vidA kara jaba vaha virahiNI zIghratA se vApasa lauTa rahI thI, usane jyoMhI dakSiNa kI ora dekhA use apanA pati lauTa kara AtA dikhAI diyA / usakA hRdaya Ananda se udvelita ho uThA / kavi AzIrvAda ke zabdoM se grantha samApta karatA hai ki jisa prakAra acAnaka hI usa sundarI kA kArya siddha huA usI prakAra isa kAvya ke par3hane aura likhane vAloM kA kArya siddha ho / anAdi aura ananta parama puruSa kI jaya ho / ' kAvya ke isa choTe se kathAnaka meM alaukika ghaTanAoM kA abhAva hai / grAmya jIvana kA citra kAvya meM dikhAI detA hai| kAvyagata varNanoM se pratIta hotA hai ki kavi kA hRdaya laukika bhAvanAoM se prabhAvita thA / vastu varNana - - yaha kAvya eka sandeza kAvya hai ataH isameM nagarAdi ke vistRta varNanoM apekSA viyoginI ke hRdaya kA citraNa hai / aisA hote hue bhI kAvya ke Arambha meM kavi ne sAmoru nagara kA, vahA~ ko vAravanitAoM kA ( 2.55 -64 ) aura vahA~ ke udyAnoM kA varNana kiyA hai / sAmoru kA varNana (2.42 - 46 ) karatA huA kavi kahatA hai ki vaha nagara dhavala aura ucca prAsAdoM se maNDita thA / usameM koI mUrkha na thA, saba loga paNDita the / nagara ke andara madhura chaMda aura madhura prAkRta gIta sunAI dete the / kahIM caturvedI paMDita veda ko, kahIM bahurUpiye rAsa ko prakAzita karate the / kahIM sudaya vaccha kathA, kahIM nala carita, kahIM bhArata aura kahIM rAmAyaNa kA uccAraNa hotA thA / kahIM bAMsurI, vINA, murajAdi vAdya yantra sunAI dete the / kahIM sundariyA~ nAca rahI thIM / kahIM loga vividha naTa, 1. taM pahuMjivi caliya dIhacchi aituriya, itthaMtariya disi dakkhiNa tiNi jAma darasiya, jhatti harasiya / Asanna pahAvariu diTTha NAhu tiNi jema acitiu kajju tasu siddha kharNAddhi mahaMtu, tema paDhaMta suNaMtayaha jayau aNAi aNaMtu // saMdeza rAsaka, 3. 223
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (laukika) . 251 nATakAdi dekhakara vismita ho rahe the / ' ___vAravanitAoM ke nRtya vargana meM bhI svAbhAvikatA hai / udyAna varNana meM aneka vRkSoM aura vanaspatiyoM ke nAmoM kI sUcI kavi ne prastuta kI hai| ina varNanoM meM koI vizeSatA nhiiN| sthUla prAkRta varNanoM kI apekSA kavi mAnava hRsya kA varNana adhika sundaratA se kara sakA hai| sArA kAvya virahiNI ke viyogapUrNa hRdaya ke bhAvamaya citroM se paripUrNa hai| ___ rasa-kAvya meM vipralambha zRMgAra hI mukhya rUpa se vyakta kiyA gayA hai| virahiNI ke zarIra kI avasthA ke varNana, usakI zArIrika ceSTAoM ke prakAzana aura usake hRdaya ke bhAvoM ke abhivyaMjana dvArA kavi ne usake viraha kA sAkSAt rUpa aMkita kiyA hai| ___ kavi virahiNI kI avasyA kA varNana karatA huA zabda-citra dvArA usakA sAkSAt rUpa hamAre sAmane khar3A kara detA hai : "vijaya nayarahu kAvi vara ramaNi, uttaMga thira thora thaNi, biruDa lakka dhyrtttthpuhr| dINANaNa pahu. Nihai, jalapavAha pavahaMti dohara / virahaggihi kaNayaMgi taNu, taha sAmalima pavannu / Najjai rAhi viDaMbiau, tArAhivai saunnu / phusada loyaNa ruvai dukkhatta, dhammilla umukka muha, vijjaMbhai aru aMgu moDai / virahAnali saMtavia, sasai doha karasAha toddi|2 (2. 24-25) arthAt-vikramapura kI koI sundarI unnata, dRr3ha aura sthUla kucavAlI, bare ke samAna kRzakaTi vAlI, rAjahaMsa ke samAna gati vAlI, donAnanA paradeza meM gaye apane pati ko dekha rahI thI / usakI A~khoM se dIrgha jalAvAha baha rahA thA / kanakAMgI kA zarIra virahAgni se zyAmala ho gayA thA, aisA pratIta hotA thA mAno saMpUrNa candrabimba ko rAhu ne grasa liyA ho / vaha A~kheM poMcha rahI thI, duHSAta ho rahI thI / keza usake mukha para bikhare hue the aura jaMbhAI le rahI thii| kabhI zarIra mor3atI thI / virahAgni meM saMtapta lambI-lambI Ahe bhara rahI thI aura kabhI aMguliyoM ko caTakA rahI thii| 1. nara auvya vibhaviya viviha naDanADaihi saMdeza rAsaka, 2.46 2. viruDalakka--lakka paMjAbI kA zabda hai jisakA artha kaTi hotA hai| virur3abhiraDa, barrA yA ttaiyaa| kRzakaTi ke lie isakA prayoga kaI kaviyoM ne kiyA hai / dhayaraTTha pauhara-dhArtarASTra yA rAjahaMsa ke samAna paira rakhatI huii| saunnasaMpUrNa / kara sAha--kara zAkhA, aMguliyA~ /
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________________ 252 apabhraMza-sAhitya __ saundarya varNana--saundarya kA varNana karate hue kavi ne usa virahiNI sundarI ko 'kusuma sarAuharUvaNihi' (2.31) kahA hai / arthAt vaha kAma kA Ayudha aura saundarya kI nidhi thii| kavi ina vizeSatAoM se nArI saundarya ke hRdaya para par3ane vAle prabhAva kI vyaMjanA karanA cAhatA hai / isase pUrva kAlIna kaviyoM ne bhI sundarI ko 'vammaha bhalli' Adi kaha kara isI bhAva kI vyaMjanA kI hai|' kavi ne nArI ke aMga-varNana prasaMga (2.32-39) meM usake kezapAza, niSkalaMka mukha, locana, kapola, vAhu, kuca, nAbhi, kaTi, UrU aura caraNoM kI aMguliyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| isa varNana meM adhikatara paramparAgata upamAnoM kA hI prayoga milatA hai| eka sthala para nakhazikha varNana meM kavi ne nArI ke kapoloM ko anAra ke phUloM ke gucche se upamA de kara laukika jIvana se upamAna cunane kA prema bhI abhivyakta kara diyA hai / yadyapi aMga-varNana meM koI vizeSatA nahIM tathApi nArI ke aMgoM ke saundarya kA atizaya prabhAva nimnalikhita chanda meM dikhAI detA hai : "sayalajja sireviNu payaDiyAi~ aMgAI tIya savisesaM / ko kaviyaNANa dUsai, siTuM vihiNA vi puNarutaM // " 2.40 arthAt vidhAtA ne zalajA-pArvatI ko raca kara usake samAna yA usase bhI savizeSa aMgoM ko punaH isa strI ke zarIra meM rcaa| phira kauna kaviyoM ko punarukti ke lie doSa de jaba vidhAtA ne svayaM pUrvasRSTa kI punaH sRSTi kI? __isa padya se kavi ne nArI ke aMga-saundarya ke sAtha-sAtha usake divya rUpa kA bhI AbhAsa diyA hai| - viraha varNana--kavi kA viraha varNana saMvedanAtmaka hai, daya meM virahiNI ke prati sahAnubhUti jAgRta karane vAlA hai / virahiNI apane priyatama ko saMdeza detI huI lajjA kA anubhava karatI hai : "jasu pavasaMta Na padasiA, muia vioi Na jAsu / lajjijjau saMdesaDau, ditI pahiya piyAsu // 2.70 // arthAt jisake pravAsArtha cale jAne para meM bhI proSita nahIM huI aura jisake viyoga meM maiM mara na gaI he pathika ! usa priyatama ko saMdesA detI huI meM lajjita hotI huuN| hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ( 8. 4. 419 ) meM bhI isI bhAva kA eka padya milatA hai : "jau pavasaMte sahuM na gaya na mua vioeM tassu / lajjijjai saMdesaDAditehiM suhaya-jaNassu // 1. "NaM vammaha bhalli viMdhaNa sIla javANa jaNi" bhavisayata kahA 5.7. 9.
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________________ - apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (laukika) 253 virahiNI ke aMga-pratyaMga viraha prahAra se saMcUrNita bhI vighaTita nahIM hote / kAraNa svayaM virahiNI batAtI hai ki Aja yA kala priyasaMmilana rUpI auSadha ke prabhAva se| "tuha viraha pahara saMcariAI vihaDaMti jaMna aNgaaii| taM ajja kalla saMghaDaNa osahe gAha tagaMti // (2. 72) viraha kI Aga se jalatI huI bhI virahigI priyatama kI maMgala kAmanA cAhatI hai aura kahatI hai ki: ___"jima hau mukkI vallahai, tima so mukka jameNa" arthAt jaise maiM apane priyatama se chor3a dI gaI vaise hI merA priyatama yama se chor3a diyA jaay| virahAgni se saMta'ta viyoginI maranA nahIM caahtii| kAraNa ? hRdaya sthita apane f yatama kI sahacarI usakA sAtha chor3a kaise akelI svargaloka meM calI jAya (2.75)? vaha viyoginI priyatama ke hRdaya sthita hote hue bhI viraha se satAye jAne para priyatama kI hI viDambanA samajhatI hai| virahiNI kahatI hai ki virahAgni bar3avAnala se saMbhavataH utpanna huI hai kyoMki jyoM-jyoM sthUlAzruoM se sikta hotI hai tyoM-tyoM zAnta hone kI apekSA aura bhI adhika bhar3aka uThatI hai-- "pAiya piya vaDavAnalahu, virahaggihi uppatti / ___ jaM sittau thoraMsuyahi, jalai paDillI jhatti // (2.89) jaise taise sAhasa kara viyoginI pathika ko saMdeza detI hai| he pathika ! priyatama se kahanA : "taiyA nivaData NivesiyAI saMgamai jattha gahu haaro| inhiM sAyara-sariyA-giri-taru-duggAiM aMtariyA // (2.93) arthAta he priya ! pahile tuma se gAr3hAliMgana kiye jAne para iSTa saMgama ke lie maiMne kabhI hAra nahIM dhAraNa kiyA / bIca meM hAra kA bhI vyavadhAna asahya thaa| aba mere aura tumhAre bIca sAgara, nadI, giri, taru, durgAdi kA vyavadhAna ho gayA hai| isI bhAva kA eka pada subhASita ratna bhANDAgAra aura hanumannATaka meM milatA hai : __ "hAro nAropitaH kaNThe mayA vizleSa bhiirunnaa| idAnImantare jAtAH saritsAgara bhUdharAH // " virahiNI apane Apako priyatama ke lie ucita saMdeza dene meM asamartha pAkara pathika se kahatI hai ki : "kahi ga savitthara sakkau mayaNAuha vahiya, iya avattha amhAriya kaMtaha siva kahiya / aMgabhaMgi Niru aNarai ujjagau Nisihi, vihalaMghala gaya magga calaMtihi Alasihi // (2.105)
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________________ 254 apabhraMza-sAhitya AsAjala saMsitta viraha unhatta jalaMtiya, Nahu jIvau gahu marau pahiya ! acchau dhukkhaMtiya / (2.107) he pathika ! tuma priyatama se merI avasthA kA varNana mAtra kara denA--aMga-bhaMga, arati, rAta bhara jagate rahanA, Alasya yukta aura lar3akhar3AtI gati, ityAdi / AzAjala se sikta aura virahAgni se prajvalita maiM he pathika ! na to jI hI pAtI hU~ aura na hI mara hI pAtI hU~ / sulagatI Aga ke samAna merI avasthA hai| virahiNI ke lie rAteM bhI aura dina bhI bItane kaThina ho ge| isI bhAva ko kavi ne kitanI sundaratA se nimnalikhita padya meM abhivyakta kiyA hai : "uttarAyaNi vaDhihi divasa, Nisi dakSiNa ihu puvva Niuiu / ducciya vaDDhahi jattha piya, ihu tIyau virahAyaNu hoiyau // (2.112) arthAt uttarAyaNa meM dina bar3e ho jAte hai, dakSiNAyana meM rAteM bar3I ho jAtI haiM aura dina choTe ho jAte haiN| aba mere lie donoM dina bhI aura rAteM bhI bar3I ho gaIM-yaha tIsarA virahAyaNa ho gyaa| ___ isa prakAra kavi ne viraha kA saMvedanAtmaka varNana prastuta kiyA hai| varNana meM kahIM tApa mAtrA batAne kA prayatna nhiiN| viraha-tApa hRdaya ko prabhAvita karatA hai| eka Adha sthala para kucha UhAtmaka nirdeza bhI kavi ne kiye haiN| udAharaNa ke lie : "saMdesaDau savittharau, hau kahaNaha asamattha / bhaNa piya ikatti baliNDai, be vi samANA hattha // saMdesaDau savittharau, para mai kahaNu na jaai| jo kAlaMguli mUDau, so bAhaDI samAi // (2.80-81) arthAt he pathika ! maiM vistAra se sandeza dene meM asamartha huuN| priya se kahanA ki eka hAtha kI cUr3I meM donoM hAtha A jAte haiN| sandeza to vistRta hai para mujha se kahA nahIM jaataa| priya se kahanA ki kaniSTikA aMgulI kI mudrikA bAhu meM pUrI Ane lgii| prakRti varNana--kavi ne viraha varNana ke prasaMga meM hI SaD-Rtu-varNana prastuta kiyA hai| virahiNI ko virahatApa ke kAraNa ye saba Rtue~ duHkha dAyinI aura arucikara pratIta hotI haiN| grISma Rtu meM tApa ko kama karane ke lie prayukta candana, karpUra, kamala Adi sAdhana usake tApa ko aura bar3hAte haiM / varSA Rtu meM jala pravAha se sarvatra grISma kA tApa kama ho gayA kintu Azcarya hai ki virahiNI ke hRdaya kA tApa aura bhI adhika bar3ha gayA "ulhaviyaM gimhahavI dhArA nivaheNa pAuse ptte|| accariyaM maha hiyae virahaggI tavabai ahiyyro|| (3.149) zarad Rtu meM nadiyoM kI dhArA ke sAtha sAtha virahiNI bhI kSINa ho gaI "jhijjhau pahiya jalihi jhijhatihi"
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________________ apabhraMza-khaNDakAvya (laukika) 255 kArtika meM divAlI AI / logoM ne ghara sajAe , dIve jalAe kintu virahiNI kA hRdaya usI prakAra duHkhI hai| zarat kA sArA saundarya usake prItama ko ghara na lA skaa| vaha Azcarya cakita ho kahatI hai "kiM tahi desi Nahu phurai junha Nisi Nimmala caMdaha, aha kalarau na kuNaMti haMsa phalasevi raviMdaha / aha pAyau Nahu paDhai koi sulaliya puNa rAiNa, aha paMcau Nahu kuNai koI kAvAliya bhAiNa / mahamahai ahava paccUsi pahu osasiu ghaNu kusuma bharu / aha muNiu pahiya ! aNarasiu piu sarai samai ju na sarai ghara // ' arthAt kyA usa deza meM rAta ko zubhra candra kI candrikA nahIM chiTakatI ? kyA kamala sevI haMsa kalarava nahIM karate ? kyA vahA~ koI sulalita prAkRta rAga nahIM gAtA? kyA vahA~ kokila paMcama svara meM AlApa nahIM karatI? kyA prAtaH kAla sUya se vikasita aura ucchvAsita kusuma samRha nahIM mahakate ? athavA he pathika ! aisA pratIta hotA hai ki merA priyatama arasika hai jo zaratsamaya meM bhI ghara nahIM lauttaa| zarat ke anantara hemanta Rtu AtI hai| cAroM ora zIta ke prabhAva se koharA aura pAlA dikhAI detA hai kintu jaliu pahiya savvaMgu viraha aggiNa taDayaDavi" virahiNI kA sArA zarIra virahAgni se tapta hai| . ___isI prakAra hemanta AI aura calI gaI kintu priyatama ghara na AyA / hemanta ke anantara vasanta apanI pUrNa saMpatti ke sAtha vikasita ho utthaa| vasanta ke ullAsa, usakI puSpa-samRddhi, varNa-saundarya Adi kA kavi ne sundara varNana prastuta kiyA hai (3.200-221) Rtu-varNana svAbhAvika hai aura kavi kI nirIkSaNa zakti kA paricAyaka hai| pratyeka Rtu meM prApya aura dRzyamAna vastuoM kA varNana milatA ha / isa prasaMga meM grAmyajIvana kA citra bhI sthAna-sthAna para kavi ne aMkita kiyA hai| varSA Rtu meM pathika hAtha meM jUte uThA kara jala pAra karate haiM ( 3.141 ) dIpAvalI ke avasara para A~khoM meM kAjala DAle aura gAr3he raMga ke vastra pahane grAmyanAriyA~ bhI kavi kI dRSTi se ojhala na ho sakI ( 3.176177 ) / zizira meM thor3A-sA auTA kara sugandhita Ikha kA rasa pIte hue loga bhI dikhAI dete haiN| isa prakAra yaha Rtu-varNana uddIpana rUma meM prayukta huA huA bhI svAbhAvika aura AkarSaka hai / varNana meM hRdaya kI Abhyantara sthiti kA bAhya prakRti meM bhI kahIM kahIM darzana ho jAtA hai| zarat meM kSINa jaladhArA ke sAtha sAtha virahiNI bhI kSINa ho jAtI hai| 'jAyasI kI bhAMti addahamANa ke sAdRzyamUlaka alaMkAra aura bAhyavastu-nirUpaka 1. junha--jyotsnA, candrikA / ravidaha-aravinda ke / rAiNa--rAga se|
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________________ 256 apabhraMza-sAhitya varNana bAhyavastu kI ora pAThaka kA dhyAna na le jAkara viraha-kAtara vyakti ke marmasthala : kI pIr3A ko adhika vyakta karate haiN| kavi prAkRtika dRzyoM kA citra isa kuzalatA se aMkita karatA hai ki isa se virahiNI ke virahAkula hRdaya kI marmavedanA hI mukharita hotI hai| varNana cAhe jisa dRzya kA ho, vyaMjanA hRdaya kI komalatA aura marmavedanA kI hI hotI hai| ___ alaMkAra--bhASA meM upamA utprekSAdi sAdRzyamUlaka alaMkAroM kA hI adhikatA se prayoga huA hai / alaMkAroM kI bahulatA nhiiN| ina sAdRzyamUlaka alaMkAroM meM sAdRzya yojanA do vastuoM ke svarUpa bodha ke sAtha-sAtha bhAva vyaMjanA evaM bhAva tIvratA ke lie bhI huI hai| udAharaNa ke lie___"virahaggihi kaNayaMgitaNu taha sAmalima pavannu / Najjai rAhi viDaMbiau tArAhivai saunna // " arthAt usa suvaNIMgI kA zarIra virahAgni se aisA kAlA ho gayA thA mAno pUrNa candrabimba, rAhu ne grasa liyA ho| isa vAkya se kavi ne virahiNI ke zarIra kI zyAmatA kI ora nirdeza karate hue usake zarIra kI zobhA kI atyadhika kSINatA kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA hai| kavi ne sAdRzya yojanA ke lie upamAnoM kA cayana jIvana ke laukika vyApAroM se bhI kiyA hai / yathA___ "piMDIra kusumapuMjataruNi kavolA kalijjati / " 2.34 __ arthAt taruNI ke kapola anAra ke phUla ke gucchoM ke samAna zobhita the| isa upamAna ke cunane meM kavi para phArasI sAhitya kA prabhAva pratIta hotA hai| "sunnAraha jima maha hiyara, piya ukkiMkha karei / viraha huyAsi dahevi kari, AsAjali siMcei // (2.108) arthAta he priya ! merA hRdaya sunAra ke samAna hai / jaise sunAra iSTa prApti ke lie sone ko Aga meM tapA kara pAnI meM DAla detA hai aise hI merA zarIra virahAgni se jalatA hai aura priya samAgama ke AzArUpI jala se sikta rahatA hai| isI prakAra zleSa (2.86) aura yamaka (1.104, 3.183) ke udAharaNa bhI milate haiN| bhASA :-isa kAvya meM prayukta bhASA kA rUpa adhikatara bolacAla meM prayukta hone vAlI apabhraMza bhASA kA rUpa hai / yaha bhASA kA rUpa sAhityika (Classical) apabhraMza se bhinna hai| apabhraMza bhASA kA uttara kAlIna rUpa, jisa para prAntIya bhASAoM kA prabhAva bhI par3ane laga gayA thA, isa kAvya meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| bhASA meM bhAvAnukUla zabda-yojanA huI hai| grISma aura pAvasa kI pracaNDatA evaM kaThoratA 1. AcArya DA0 hajArI prasAda dilo--hindI-sAhitya kA Adi kAla, bihAra rASTrabhASA-pariSad, paTA, vi0 saM0 2009.
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________________ 257 apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (laukika) bhI virahiNI ke mukha se nikalate zabdoM se dUra ho jAtI hai / zabdoM meM virahiNI ke komala aura sukumAra hRdaya kI jhAMkI milatI hai| bhAvAnukUla zabda-yojanA kA sundara udAharaNa nimnalikhita chanda meM milatA hai : "jhijjhau pahiya jalihi jhijjhaMtihi, khijjau khajjoyahi khajjaMtihi / sArasa sarasu rasahiM ki sArasi, maha cira jiNNa dukkha ki sArasi // " (3.165) he pathika ! zarat meM jaladhArA kSINa ho gaI hai, maiM bhI kSINa ho gaI huuN| camakate khadyotoM se maiM bhI khinna hU~ / sArasa sarasa zabda karate haiN| he sArasi ! mujha duHkhinI ke duHkha ko kyoM smaraNa karAtI ho? prathama do paMktiyoM meM virahiNI ke hRdaya kI jhuMjhalAhaTa ke kAraNa zabda-yojanA kucha kaThora hai / kintu use jyoM hI apanI asahAyAvasthA kA smaraNa ho AtA hai zabda-yojanA bhI kaThora se sukumAra ho jAtI hai| antima do paMktiyoM meM usI asahAyAvasthA aura vivazatA kA saMketa hai| ___ isI prakAra nimnalikhita chanda meM bhI bhAva ke sAtha hI zabdayojanA bhI badala jAtI hai: "vayaNa NisuNevi maNamatthasara vaTTiyA, mayausara mukka NaM hariNi uttttttiyaa| mukka dIunha nIsAsa usasaMtiyA, paDhiya iya gAha NiyaNayaNi barasaMtiyA // " (2.83) prathama do paMktiyoM meM zaraviddha hariNI kI chaTapaTAhaTa aura antima do paMktiyoM meM A~khoM se barasate A~suoM, sisakiyoM aura AhoM kI dhvani hai| bhASA meM dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga bhI milatA hai| "kAkA kara karAyaMtu" (1.9) "ravvaDiyA mA daDavvaDau" (1.16) "sagiggara giravayaNi" (2.29) "taDayaDivi taDakkaI" (3.148) ityaadi| kavi meM zabdoM dvArA vastucitra aMkita karane kI zakti vidyamAna thI / udAharaNArtha "eya vayaNa Ayannadhi siMdhubbhava vayaNi, sasivi sAsu dIhunhau salilabbhava nynni| . toDi karaMguli karuNa sagaggira girapasara, jAlaMdhari va samIriNa muMdha tharahariya cira // ruivi khaNaddha phusavi nayaNa puNa vajjariu, ityAdi (2.66) arthAt pathika ke mukha se yaha sunakara ki vaha usI stha na para jA rahA hai jahA~ usakA
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________________ 258 apabhraMza-sAhitya pati gayA hai, candramukhI kamalAkSI vaha virahiNI lambI-lambI AheM bharane lagI, hAtha kI aMguliyoM ko caTakAtI huI gadgad vANI se bharI pavanAhata kadalI ke samAna vaha mugdhA kampita ho uThI / kSaNa bhara ro kara, A~kheM poMcha kara phira bolii| bhASA meM lokoktiyoM aura vAgdhArAoM kA prayoga bhI milatA hai : "sappurisaha maraNA ahiu, para parihava saMtAu" (2.76) sajjana ke lie para paribhava maraNa se bhI adhika duHkhadAyI hotA hai| (saMbhAvitasya cAkotirmaraNAdatiricyate--gItA, 2.34) "siMgatya gaiya uvADayaNi, pikkha harAviya Nia savarNa" gardabhI sIMgoM ke lie gaI, dekho apane kAna bhI kho aaii| grantha kI bhASA meM aneka zabdoM kA rUpa hindI zabdoM ke bahuta nikaTa hai| kahIM-kahIM paMjAbI zabdoM kA AbhAsa bhI mila jAtA hai|' chaMda :--kAvya meM aneka prakAra ke chandoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| bhinna-bhinna chandoM kA prayoga rAsaka kI vizeSatA mAnI gaI hai| grantha meM nimnalikhita chandoM kA prayoga milatA hai : gAhA, raDDA, paddhaDiyA, Domilaya, rAsA, dohA, kAmiNI mohaNa, vatyu, mAliNI, aDillA, phullaya, maDillA, cUDillaya, khaDahaDaya, duvai, naMdiNI, bhamarAvali, ramaNijja / ina chandoM meM se adhikAMza mAtrika chanda haiN| rAsA chanda kA prayoga kAvya meM bahulatA se kiyA gayA hai| 1. udAharaNa ke lie kucha zabda rUpa nIce die jAte haiN| koSTaka meM aMka saMkhyA padya saMkhyA sUcita karatI hai| rahai--rahatA hai (18) / moDai--moDatI hai (25) / uttAvali--utAvalI (26) / chuDavi khisiya---chUTa kara khisaka gaI (26) / phuDavi--phor3a kara (28) / bolAviyau--bulAyA (41) / caDAiyai--car3hAyA jAtA hai (52) / Dhakka-DhAka, sIsama-zIzama, Amakhya--amarUda, lesUDalasUDA, nAyaraMga--nAraMgI, beri--bera, bhIDa--bhIr3a, lakka--kaTi (paMjAbI) (pRSTha 24-25) / mannAi--manAnA (71) / samANA--samA gaye (80) / paDhiya--par3hI (83) / bAuliya--bAvalI (94) / phiraMtaye--phirate hue (103) / huI huI (135) / caDiu--car3he (144) / macchara bhaya-- maccharoM kA bhaya (146) / badaliNa-bAdala (148) / ghuTTivi--cUMTa cUMTa pI kara (162) / ikaTTha--ikaTThA, sArA (180) / mahamahai--mahakatA hai (183) / ikkalliya--akelI (190) / 2. saMdeza rAsaka, bhUmikA, pRSTha 75 /
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (laukika) kotilatA' vidyApati-racita kItilatA eka aitihAsika carita kAvya hai jisa meM kavi ne apane prathama AzrayadAtA rAjA kIrtisiMha ke yaza kA gAna kiyA hai| apabhraMza meM isa prakAra kA kAvya abhI taka ekamAtra yahI upalabdha huA hai / isa prakAra ke anya kAvya bhI likhe gaye hoMge kintu ve jainadharma sambandhI kRti na hone ke kAraNa saMbhavataH surakSA na pA ske| ___ kaviparicaya-vidyApati Thakkura maithila brAhmaNa the / darabhaMgA jile ke antargata visapI grAma inakA vAsa sthAna thaa| inake vaMza ke pUrvaja sabhI asAdhAraNa paNDita the| inake pitA gaNapati Thakkura kIrtilatA ke nAyaka kIrtisiMha ke pitA gaNezvara ke sabhApaNDita tathA mantrI the| vidyApati svayaM saMskRta aura maithilI ke paNDita the| inhoMne aneka grantha ina bhASAoM likhe the| vidyApati ne 87-88 varSa kI lambI Ayu bhogii| apane jIvanakAla meM inhoMne jIvana kI sabhI avasthAoM kA anubhava prApta kiyA, jIvana ke sabhI rasoM kA AsvAdana kiyaa| inhoMne vIratA aura vadAnyatA kI bhUri bhUri prazaMsA kI hai| inake zRMgAra rasa pUrita pada inakI yuvAvasthA kI rasikatA kI ora saMketa karate haiM / vRddhAvasthA meM inameM vairAgya aura bhakti kI bhAvanA jAgrata ho uThI, isakA AbhAsa bhI inake padoM se milatA hai| vidyApati kA kAla 1360 I0 se lekara 1447 I0 taka arthAt lagabhaga 15 vIM sadI ke madhya taka kalpita kiyA gayA hai| kIrtilatA cAra pallavoM (bhAgoM) meM pallavita huI hai| yaha vidyApati kI sarvaprathama racanA hai isakI racanA kavi ne 20 varSa kI avasthA meM kI thii| ___ kayAnaka-graMtha kA Arambha saMskRta meM pArvatI aura ziva ke maMgalAcaraNa se kiyA gayA hai / phira sarasvatI kI vandanA hai tadanantara kavi kahatA hai-kaliyuga meM ghara-ghara meM kAvya milate haiM, nagara-nagara meM zrotA aura deza-deza meM rasajJAtA, kintu saMsAra meM dAtA durlabha hai| kortisiMha udAra hRdaya dAtA haiM unako kIrti isa kAvya meM prathita kI jAtI hai| Age kavi Atmavinaya ke anantara sajjana prazaMsA aura durjana nindA karatA huA kahatA hai ki sajjana mere kAvya kI prazaMsA kareMge aura durjana nindaa| nizcaya se candramA amRta kI varSA karatA hai aura viSadhara viSa hI ugalatA hai : 1. DA0 bAbUrAma saksenA dvArA saMpAdita, iMDiyana presa prayAga se prakAzita, vi0 saM0 1986 / 2. kItilatA bhUmikA pR0 11-13 3. vahI bhUmikA pa0 7-9 4. gehe gehe kalau kAvyaM zrotA tasya pure pure| deze deze rasajJAtA dAtA jagati durlbhH|| vahI pR0 4
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________________ 260 apabhraMza-sAhitya suaNa pasaMsai kavva majhu, dujjana bolai manda / avasao visahara visa babhai, amia vimukkai canda // kintu kavi ko pUrNa vizvAsa hai ki durjana usakA kucha vigAr3a na sakegA bAlacanda vijjAvai bhAsA, buhu nahi laggai dujjana hAsA / o paramesara hara zira sohai, I Niccai nAara mana mohaha / bhAge kavi kAvya bhASA prayoga ke viSaya meM kahatA hai"sakkaya vANI vahua na bhAvai, pAu~a rasa ko mamma na pAvai / desila vaanA sava jana miTThA, taM taisana jampao avahaTThA // " arthAt saMskRta bhASA bahutoM ko acchI nahIM lagatI, prAkRta rasa kA marma nahIM pA sktii| dezI (vacana) saba ko mIThI lagatI hai, ataeva avahaTTa (apabhraMza) meM racanA karatA huuN| isake anantara bhRgI aura bhaMga ke saMvAda yA praznottara rUpa se kathA prArambha hotI hai| bhRgI pUchatI hai-"saMsAra meM sAra kyA hai ?" bhRga uttara detA hai--"mAna pUrNa jIvana aura vIra puruss"| bhRgI pUchatI hai-ki yadi vIra puruSa kahIM huA ho to usakA nAma btaao| bhRga vIra puruSa ke lakSaNa batAkara rAjA bali, rAmacandrAdi vIra puruSoM kA ullekha karatA huA kIrtisiMha kA bhI nirdeza karatA hai / bhUgI ke mana meM kIrtisiMha kA caritra sunane kI icchA hotI hai aura bhRga unakA caritra varNana karatA hai / kIrtisiMha ke vaMza aura parAkrama ke varNana ke sAtha-sAtha prathama pallava samApta hotA hai| dUsare pallava meM kavi batalAtA hai ki kisa prakAra rAjA gaNezvara ne asalAna nAmaka eka turuka ko parAsta kiyaa| asalAna ne kapaTa se rAjA gaNezvara ko mAra diyaa| rAjya meM arAjakatA chA gii| asalAna ne apane kiye para pachatAte hue rAjya kIrtisiMha ko lauTAnA caahaa| kIrtisiMha ne apane pitA kA badalA lene kI bhAvanA se kuddha ho zatru dvArA bhikSA rUpa meM diye rAjya ko svIkAra na kiyA aura apane parAkrama se rAjya ko jIta kara bhogane kA nizcaya kiyaa| vaha apane bhAI ke sAtha paidala jaunapura gayA / kavi ne rAjaputroM kI paidala yAtrA kA, jaunapura yAtrA ke bIca ke mArga kA, jaunapura ke bAjAroM kA aura vahA~ kI vezyAoM kA, musalamAnoM ke uddhata jIvana kA aura hinduoM kI dIna dazA kA svAbhAvika citra upasthita kiyA hai| tIsare pallava meM kIrtisiMha jaunapura ke bAdazAha se mila kara sArI kathA sunAtA hai / bAdazAha kuddha ho asalAna ke viruddha senA prayANa kI AjJA detA hai / senA sajadhaja kara kUca kara detI hai kintu senA asalAna ke Upara AkramaNa ke lie na jA digvijaya ke lie pazcima kI ora cala par3atI hai / kIrtisiMha ko nirAzA huii| senA cAroM ora digvijaya karatI rahI / kIrtisiMha AzA meM sAtha lage rahe / kezava kAyastha aura somezvara ke sivAya unake saba sAthI bhI unheM chor3a gaye / kIrtisiMha ne phira eka bAra sultAna se prArthanA kii| prArthanA svIkRta ho gii| senA kA muMha pUrva kI ora asalAna ke prati mor3a diyA gyaa|
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (laukika) caturtha pallava meM bhRgI senA prayANa kA samAcAra pUchatI hai| muMga senA kA aura usake prayANa kA varNana karatA hai| senA ke tirahuta pahu~cane para sultAna kucha nirAza ho gye| kIrtisiMha ke protsAhana se senA Age bddh'ii| asalAna ke sAtha ghora yuddha huA / kIrtisiMha aura vIrasiMha ke adbhuta parAkrama se asalAna yuddha-bhUmi se bhAga gayA / kIrtisiMha ne bhAgate hue asalAna para hAtha uThAnA kAyaratA smjhii| kIrtisiMha vijita hue| sultAna ne unakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyaa| saMskRta padya meM AzIrvAda aura maMgala kAmanA ke sAtha kAvya samApta hotA hai| varNanIya viSaya-yadyapi kItilatA rAjA kIrtisiMha ke parAkrama aura yaza kA varNana karane kI icchA se likhI gaI kintu adhikatA sultAna kI senA ke varNana kI aura yAtrA ke mArga ke dRzyoM ke varNana kI hai| prathama pallava meM kIrtisiMha ke dAnazIla svabhAva aura AtmAbhimAna kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai aura antima pallava meM unake parAkrama kI kucha jhAMkI milatI hai / kAvya meM varNanAtmakatA adhika hai kintu varNanoM meM svAbhAvikatA hai| 'aitihAsika tathya kalpita ghaTanAoM yA saMbhAvanAoM ke dvArA dhUmila nahIM ho paaye| bIca bIca meM kaI sthala kAvyAtmaka varNana se yukta hai| vIra puruSa kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai-- purisattaNena purisao nahi purisao jammamattena / jaladAnena hu jalao nahu jalao pujio dhuumo|| so purisao jasu mAno so purisao jassa ajjane stti| iaro purisAAro puccha vihUnA pasU hoi|| (kIrtilatA, pR0 6) arthAt koI puruSatva se hI puruSa hotA hai janma-mAtra se hI puruSa nahIM hotA / megha tabhI jalada hai jaba vaha jaladAna kare / puMjIbhUta dhUmra ko jalada nahIM kahate / puruSa vahI hai jisakA mAna ho, jisameM dhanopArjana kI zakti ho / anya puruSa to puruSa ke AkAra meM pucchavihIna pazu rUpa haiN| rAja gaNezvara ke vadha ke anantara rAjya meM krAnti aura arAjakatA kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai mAranta rAe raNa rola para meini hAhAsadda hua / surarAe naera nAera ramani vAma nayana paphuria dhu|| ThAkura Thaka bhae gela coreM cappari ghara lijjhi / dAsa gosAani gahima dhamma gae dhandha nimajjia // khale sajjana paribhavia koi nahi hoi vicAraka / jAti ajAti vivAha adhama uttama kAM pAraka // akkhara rasa bujjhanihAra nahi, kai kula bhami bhikkhAri bhuN| tirahRtti tirohita sabba guNe rA gaNesa jave sagga guN|| (vahI pRSTha 17-18)
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________________ apabhraMza- sAhitya arthAt rAjA gaNezvara ke mAre jAne para raNa meM kolAhala maca gayA, pRthvI meM hAhA - kAra maca gayA / devarAja indra ke pura kI nAgarika ramaNiyoM ke nayana prasphurita aura kampita ho uThe / ThAkura Thaga ho gaye, coroM ne ghara ghera liye, naukaroM ne svAmiyoM ko pakar3a liyA, dharma naSTa ho gayA, logoM ke dhaMdhe DUba gaye, duSTa sajjana kA tiraskAra karane lage, koI vicAra karane vAlA nahIM rahA, jAti-ajAti-vivAha evaM aghama uttama kA vicAra jAtA rahA / koI akSara - rasa jJAtA nahIM rahA, kavi kula ghUma ghUma kara bhikhArI ke samAna ho gayA aura tirahuta ke saba guNa tirohita ho gaye / vIrasiMha aura kIrtisiMha rAjya chor3akara jaunapura ke sultAna se sahAyatA lene ke lie nikala pdd'e| do-tIna paMktiyoM meM hI kavi ne unakI karuNa dazA kA citra aMkita kara diyA hai- 262 NaM valabhaddaha kaNNa Na uNa banniau~ rAma lakkhana / rAjaha nandana pAtra calu aisa vidhAtA tAM pekkhante kamaNa kA~ naaNa na laggai ( kI0 la0 pR0 22) kyA ve donoM balarAma aura kRSNa the yA rAma aura lakSmaNa ? donoM rAjakumAra pAMva pAMva cale, vidhAtA kaisA mUr3ha ! unako dekhakara kisa kI A~khoM meM jala nahIM bhara AyA ? napura kA varNana ( vahI pRSTha 26 - 32 ) aura vahA~ kI vezyAoM kA varNana ( vahI pRSTha 34-38) svAbhAvika evaM AkarSaka hai / vahA~ ke bAjAroM aura una meM vyApAra karane vAle turkI musalamAnoM ke rahana-sahana aura vyavahAra kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai sarAphe sarAhe bhare bevi vAjU, taulanti herA lasUlA peAjU // kharIde SarIde vahUtA gulAmo, turukkeM turuvakeM aneko salAmo // basAhanti SIsA maijjala, mojA, bhora / nora // bhame mIra vallIa saillAra SojA // abe ve bhagantA sarAbA pibantA, kalImA kahantA kalAme jIantA / kasodA kaTantA masodA bharantA, kivA paDhantA turukkA anantA // ( kI0 la0 pRSTha 38-40 ) arthAt donoM ora sundara sarAphe kI dukAneM thiiN| dukAnadAra lahasana aura pyAja tola rahe the / bahuta se gulAma kharIda rahe the / musalamAna - musalamAna meM duA salAma ho rahI thI / baTue, pAjeva aura maujeM kharIde jA rahe the / mora, valI, sAlAra aura khoje ghUmate phira rahe the / ananta turka the / koI abe be kahate the, koI zarAba pIte the, koI karImA kahate the, koI kalamA par3ha rahe the, koI kasIdA kAr3ha rahe the arthAt prazastiyA~ likha rahe the, koI
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________________ apabhraMza-khaMDakAvya (laukika) 263 masIdA bhara rahe the arthAt masavidA (draft) taiyAra kara rahe the aura koI kitAbeM par3ha rahe the| sultAna ibrAhIma kI senA ke prayANa ke varNana meM chanda yojanA bhAvAnukUla huI hai| senA ke prayANa kA prabhAva bhI sundaratA se abhivyakta huA hai| "calia takatAna surutAna ibarAhimao, kuruma bhaNa dharaNi suNa raNi vala nAhi mo| giri Tarai mahi paDai nAga mana kaMpiA, taraNi ratha gagana patha dhUli bhare maMpiA / tavala zata bAja kata bheri bhare phukkiA, pralaya ghaNa sadda hua para rava lukkiA / khagga lai gavva kai tuluka java jujjhai, api sagara suranaara saMka pali mujjhi| sokhi jala kiau thala patti paa bhArahIM, jAni dhua saMka hua saala sNsaarhiiN|" (vahI pRSTha 64-65) arthAt sultAna kI senA ke prayANa ke samaya kUrma pRthvI se bolA ki he pRthvI ! suna mujha meM yuddha ko sahane kA bala nhiiN| usa samaya parvata Talane lage, pRthvI girane lagI, zeSa nAga kA phana kaMpita ho uThA, AkAza meM sUrya ke ratha kA mArga dhUli bhAra se Dhaka gyaa| saikar3oM tabale bajane lage, kitanI hI bheriyA~ bajane lgiiN| pralaya dhana-garjana-sA zabda huA, manuSyoM kA kolAhala vilIna ho gyaa|...... talavAra lekara garva se jaba turka yuddha karatA hai taba sArA sura nagara bhayabhIta ho mUcchita ho jAtA hai| padAtiyoM ne pairoM ke bhAra se hI jala ko sukhAkara sthala kara diyA, yaha jAna sArA saMsAra nizcaya hI sazaMkita ho gyaa| ___ isI prakAra ke yuddhotsAha se bhare hue svAbhAvika varNana (vahI pRSTha 96,102,104) kavi ne prastuta kiye haiN| isI prasaMga meM yuddha janita jugupsA bhAva kA dRzya (vahI pRSTha 106) bhI sAmane A jAtA hai| kIrtisiMha ke sAtha asalAna kA yuddha kIrtisiMha kI vIratA kA eka sundara udAharaNa hai tahi ekkahi ekka pahAra pale, jahiM khaggahi khaggahi dhAra dhre| . haa laggiya caMgima cAru kalA, taravAri camakkai vijju jhlaa| Tari Toppari TuTTi zarIra rahe, tanu zoNita dhArahiM dhAra vhe| tanuraMga turaMga taraMga base, tanu chaDDai laggai rosa rse| savvau~ jana pekkhai jujjhu kahA, mahabhAvai ajjuna kanna jhaa| (vahI pR0 110) eka dUsare para prahAra hone lage, talavAra talavAra kI dhAra ko rokane lgii| sundara
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________________ 264 apabhraMza-sAhitya cor3e suzobhita ho rahe the| talavAra bijalI kI camaka kI taraha camacamA rahI thii| zarIra TUTa TUTa kara girane lage, zarIra para rakta dhArAyeM bahane lgiiN| ghor3oM kA zarIra rudhira taraMgoM se raMjita ho gayA, mAno krodha zarIra chor3a vahAM laga gayA ho| saba loga yuddha dekha rahe the aura arjuna evaM karNa ke yuddha kI kathA kI kalpanA kara rahe the| * isI prasaMga meM asalAna ke raNabhUmi se muMha mor3a lene para kIrtisiMha kI udAratA kA paricaya milatA hai| "jai raNa bhaggasi tai to kAara, aru toi mArai se punu kaaar|" (vahI pRSTha 112) isa prakAra kAvyagata bhinna-bhinna varNanoM ko dekhane se pratIta hotA hai ki kavi ke andara varNanoM kA sahaja pratyakSa citra aMkita karane kI kSamatA thii| kintu varNanoM meM saMvedanA aura hRdayasparzitA nhiiN| kAvya meM kavi kI utkRSTa kalpanA aura pratibhA ke darzana nahIM hote / kavi kI Arambhika avasthA ke kAraNa saMbhavataH usakA kAvya-saundarya nikhara nahIM skaa| bhASA-kAvya meM gadya kA prayoga bhI sthAna-sthAna para milatA hai| isa dRSTi se ise caMpU bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / graMtha kI bhASA maithila apabhraMza hai jo uttarakAlIna apabhraMza kA rUpa hai / isameM saMskRta padAvalI, prAkRta zabda-yojanA, arabI phArasI ke zabdoM kA prayoga aura maithilI kA prabhAva spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai| gadya meM tatsama pradhAna saMskRta padAvalI aura gAthAoM meM prAkRta prabhAva adhika udagra hai / padya ke samAna gadya meM bhI tuka kA prayoga milatA hai| jaise "hRdaya giri kandarA nidrANa pita vairi kezarI jAgu" (pR018) "vismRta svAmi zokahu, kuTila rAjanIti caturahu" (pR0 20) Adi gadya vAkyAMzoM meM saMskRta padayojanA aura "purisattaNena purisao" ityAdi aura "so purisao jasu mAno" ityAdi padyoM (pR0 6) meM prAkRta kA prabhAva spaSTa hai| turkoM musalamAnoM ke varNana meM bAz2a, salAma, mojA, kalImA, kasIdA, kabAbA, paedA (pyAdA) bAMga, rojA, SANa umarA, mahala, majede, suratAna (sultAna), dArigaha, niyAjagaha, ujjIra (vajIra) khodAlamba, pAtisAha, phauda Adi aneka arabI phArasI ke zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai| ina zabdoM ko uccAraNa kI suvidhA ke lie tor3a maror3a kara prayoga meM lAyA gayA hai| chanda saMskRta ke padyoM meM mAlinI, zArdUla vikrIr3ita Adi saMskRta ke chandoM kA prayoga huA hai| anyatra dohA, chappaya, maNavahalA, gItikA, bhujaMgaprayAta, padmAvatI, nizipAla, madhukara, NArAca, arilla ityAdi chanda prayukta hue haiN| __isa prakAra jaina dharma sambandhI viSaya ke atirikta laukika viSaya ko lekara likhe gae kAvyoM kI saMkhyA atyanta alpa hai| saMdeza rAsaka aura kIrtilatA ke samAna anya
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________________ apabhraMza khaMDakAvya ( laukika ) 265 kI racanA hI na huI aisI kalpanA asaMgata sI pratIta hotI hai / isa prakAra kI anya racanAyeM saMbhavataH likhI gaI hoMgI kintu unakA jaina bhaNDAroM meM yA to praveza nahIM ho sakA yA unakA ucita saMrakSaNa na ho skaa| jo kucha bhI ho isa prakAra ke khaMDa kAvyoM kI saMkhyA vartamAna upalabdha apabhraMza khaMDakAvyoM meM atIva svalpa hai| saMdeza rAsaka aura kIrtilatA ye donoM kAvya apabhraMza sAhitya ke uttara kAla kI racanAyeM haiM aura uttara kAlIna sAhitya ke isa rUpa ko pradarzita karane ke lie paryApta haiM /
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________________ navA adhyAya apabhraMza muktaka kAvya-- (1) dhArmika--jainadharma sambandhI pichale adhyAyoM meM apabhraMza ke katipaya prabandha kAvyoM kA vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| inameM se adhikAMza prabandha kAvya kisI tIrthaMkara, mahApuruSa, dhArmika puruSa Adi ke carita se saMbaddha vizAlakAya yA laghu kAya grantha haiN| inameM kavi kA lakSya carita varNana ke sAtha sAtha kisI dhArmika bhAvanA kA pracAra bhI hai| isa adhyAya meM aisI muktaka racanAoM kA vivecana prastuta kiyA jAyagA jinakA pradhAnatayA kisI vyakti vizeSa ke jIvana ke sAtha saMbandha nahIM aura jinameM dharmopadeza kI bhAvanA mukhya hai| ye racanAyeM kucha to jainadharma saMbandhI haiM aura kucha bauddha siddhoM kI vajrayAna evaM sahajayAna sNbndhii| prathama prakAra kI racanAyeM aneka lekhakoM dvArA likhI huI kRtiyoM ke rUpa meM upalabdha hotI haiM, dUsare prakAra kI sphuTa dohoM aura gAnoM ke rUpa meM / ina dhArmika racanAoM ke atirikta aneka sphuTa muktaka padya, prAkRta granthoM meM itastataH vikIrNa yA vyAkaraNa, chanda Adi ke granthoM meM udAharaNa svarUpa meM prApta padyoM ke rUpa meM, upalabdha hote haiN| inameM prema, zRMgAra, vIra bhAya Adi kisI hRdaya ke tIvra bhAva kI vyaMjanA milatI hai / ina muktaka racanAoM meM se jainadharma yA bauddhadharma sambandhI racanAoM meM apekSAkRta kAvya rasa gauNa hai aura sphuTa padyoM ke rUpa meM prApta muktaka padyoM meM kAvya rasa mukhya hai| dhArmika racanAoM kA vivaraNa bhASA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| jaina dharma sambandhI racanAyeM hameM do rUpoM meM milatI haiM-AdhyAtmika aura aadhibhautik| AdhyAtmika racanAoM meM lekhaka kA lakSya jIva, AtmA, paramAtmA kA cintana Adi dhArmika tatva vizleSaNa yA dharma ke aMgoM kA pratipAdana rahA hai / Adhibhautika racanAoM meM nIti, sadAcAra Adi sarvasAdhAraNa ke yogya laukika jIvana ko unnata karane vAle upadezoM kA pratipAdana milatA hai| bauddha siddhoM kI racanAyeM bhI do prakAra kI haiM eka dhArmika siddhAnta pratipAdana karane vAlI aura dUsarI khaMDana maMDana paraka / isa prakAra apabhraMza ke muktaka kAvya kA nimnalikhita vibhAjana kiyA jA sakatA hai:--.
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya--1 267 apabhraMza muktaka racanAyeM dhArmika sAhityika (prema, zRGgAra, vIra bhAvAdi saMbandhI vividha padya) jainadharma sambandhI bauddha dharma sambandhI AdhyAtmika Adhibhautika siddhAnta pratipAdaka khaMDana maMDanAtmaka . pahile hama jainadharma sambandhI dhArmika kRtiyoM kA vivecana kreNge| unameM se bhI prathama AdhyAtmika kRtiyoM kA aura phira Adhibhautika evaM upadezAtmaka kRtiyoM kaa| (ka) AdhyAtmika racanAyeM AdhyAtmika racanA karane vAle kavi prAyaH jaina dharmAvalambI hI haiN| isa prakAra kI racanAoM meM jaina dharma kA jo rUpa prastuta kiyA gayA hai usameM saMkIrNatA, kaTTaratA aura anya dharmoM ke prati vidveSa-bhAvanA kI gandha nhiiN| ina kaviyoM kA lakSya manuSya ko sadAcArI banA kara usake jIvana-stara ko U~cA uThAnA thaa| inakA hRdaya udAra thaa| inake hRdaya kI tantrI cira prAcIna karuNA kI tAroM se jhaMkRta rahatI thii| ina lekhakoM ne bAhya AcAra, karma kalApa, tIrthayAtrA, vrata Adi ko gauNa batAyA aura sadAcAra evaM Antarika zaddhi ko pradhAnatA dii| inhoMne batAyA ki parama tatva isI zarIra mandira meM prApya hai aura usI kI upAsanA se mAnava zAzvata sukha ko prApta kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra ina kaviyoM kA jIvana svayaM dharma-pravaNa thaa| ye lekhaka pahile saMta the pIche kvi| hRdaya ke udgAroM kI abhivyakti inakA dhyeya thaa| bhAva pradhAna thA, bhASA gauNa thii| isaliye bhASA-saundarya yA kAvya-saundarya kI dRSTi se saMbhavataH inakA mUlya AMkanA anucita hogaa| isI prakAra kI AdhyAtmika kRtiyoM kA vivaraNa nIce diyA jAtA hai| paramappayAsu (paramAtma prakAza)' yaha grantha yogIndrAcArya yA yogIndu dvArA likhA gayA hai| lekhaka ne grantha meM apane 1. DA0 AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye dvArA saMpAdita, prakAzaka seTha manilAla revA zaMkara jhAverI, paramazruta prabhAvaka maMDala, bambaI, 1937 I0
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________________ 268 apabhraMza-sAhitya viSaya meM kucha sUcanA nahIM dii| DA0 upAdhye ne paramAtma prakAza kI bhUmikA meM hemacandra aura paramAtma prakAza kI bhASA kI tulanA karate hue batAyAhai ki hemacandra ke bhASA sambandhI kucha niyamoM kA pAlana yogIndra ke paramAtma prakAza meM nahIM miltaa| isase yaha pariNAma nikalatA hai ki paramAtma prakAza kI racanA hemacandra ke zabdAnuzAsana se pUrva huii| hemacandra ne apane vyAkaraNameM apabhraMza viSayaka adhyAya (8. 4) meM kucha dohe aise diye haiM jo paramAtma prakAza se liye gaye haiN| ataH itanA nizcita hai ki yogIndra deva hemacandra se pUrva hue| caMDa ke prAkRta lakSaNa meM paramAtma prakAza kA eka dohA uddhRta kiyA huA milatA hai jisake AdhAra para DA0 upAdhye yogIndra kA samaya caMDa se pUrva IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI mAnate haiN| kintu saMbhava hai ki vaha dohA donoM ne kisI tIsare srota se liyA ho| isaliye isa yukti se hama kisI nizcita mata para nahIM pahuMca skte| bhASA ke vicAra se yogIndra kA samaya 8vIM 9vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga pratIta hotA hai| zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne inakA samaya 1000 I0 mAnA hai| ___ grantha do adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai| bhaTTa prabhAkara, saMbhavataH yogIndra kA koI ziSya, unase AtmA paramAtmA saMbandhI kucha prazna pUchatA hai (pa0 pra0 1.8) aura unhIM kA uttara, dene ke lie yogIndra ne isa grantha kI racanA kii| prathama adhikAra meM bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA kA svarUpa, vikala paramAtmA aura sakala paramAtmA kA svarUpa, jIva ke svazarIra pramANa kI carcA aura dravya, guNa, paryAya, karma nizcaya, samyag dRSTi, mithyAtva Adi kI carcA kI gayI hai| dvitIya adhikAra meM mokSa svarUpa, mokSa phala, mokSa mArga, abheda ratnatraya, samabhAva, pApapuNya kI samAnatA aura parama samAdhi kA varNana hai| yogIndra batAte haiM ki paramAtmA jJAnasvarUpa, nitya aura niraMjana hai| deha AtmA se bhinna hai / parama samAdhi meM sthita jo isa prakAra AtmA aura zarIra meM bheda karatA hai vahI paMDita hai : "deha vibhiNNau NANamau jo paramappu nniei| parama samAhi pariThiThyau paMDiu so ji havei // 1.14 vaha paramAtmA deha bhinna hai kintu isI deha meM sthita hai| usI kI anubhUti se pUrva karmoM kA kSaya hotA hai| 1. udAharaNa ke liye saMtA visaya ju pariharai bali kijjauM hau~ tAsu / so daiveNa ji muMDiyau sIsa khaDillau jAsu" // __ pa0 pra0 2. 139 saMtA bhoga ju pariharai tasu kaMtaho bali kii| tasu daiveNa vi muNDiyauM jasu khallihaDauM sIsu // he0 ca0 8.4.289 2. A0 ne0 upAdhye kA lekha, joindu eMDa hija apabhraMza varksa, enalsa Apha bhaMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca iMsTiTyUTa, jilda 12, san 1931, pR0 161-162 /
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya - 1 "jeM diTThe tuTTeti lahu kammai~ puvva kiyAi~ / so para jANahi joiyA dehi vasaMtu Na kAi~ / " 1.27 // vimala svabhAva vAle usa paramAtmA ko chor3a kara tIrtha yAtrA, guru sevA, kisI anya deva kI cintA karanA vyartha hai "aNNu ji tityu ma jAhi jiya aNNu ji gurua ma sevi / aNNu ji deu ma citi tuhuM appA vimalu muvi // 1.95 // vaha Atma tatva na devAlaya meM, na zilA meM, na lepya meM aura na citra meM hai / vaha akSaya, niraMjana, jJAnamaya ziva samacitta meM hai / arthAt samadarzI yogiyoM dvArA jAnA jAtA hai "deu Na deule gavi silae gavi akhau NiraMjaNu NANaNau siu rAgAdi se malina citta meM zuddhAtma svarUpa ke AtmA ke dhyAna se ananta sukha kI prApti hotI hai lippai Navi citti / citti // " saMThiu sama darzana nahIM hote (1. 117) / (1.120 ) / usI 269 yadi kSaNa bhara bhI koI usa paramAtmatatva se anurAga kara le to usake samagra pApa isI prakAra naSTa ho jAte haiM jisa prakAra Aga kI cinagArI se lakar3iyoM kA vizAla Dhera "jai Nivisaddha vi kuvi karai paramappai aNurAu | aggi-kaNI jima kaTTha-girI Dahai asesu vi pAu // ' 1. 114 jJAnamaya AtmA ko chor3akara dUsarI vastu jJAniyoM ke mana meM nahIM lagatI / jisa ne marakata ko jAna liyA usa ko kA~ca se kyA prayojana ? yogIndra ne batAyA ki jJAnI pApa ko bhI acchA samajhate haiM kyoM meM duHkha utpanna kara unameM sad buddhi paidA karate haiM / ataeva puNyoM kA ko bhI prastuta rahanA cAhiye ki ye pApa jIvoM nirAkaraNa karane "vara jiya pAvaI~ suMdarai~ NANiya tAi~ bhaNati / jIvaha~ dukkha jaNivi lahU sivamai~ jAi~ kuNaMti // " 2.56 // "puNeNa hoi vihavo vihaveNa mao maeNa mai-moho / mai - moheNa ya pAvaM za puNNaM amha mA hou / " 2.60 // mokSa mArga kA ullekha karate hue kavi ne batAyA ki citta zuddhi hI mokSa kA eka mAtra upAya hai-- " jahi bhAvai tahi jAhi jiya jaM bhAvai kari taM ji / kemvas mokkhu Na atthi para cittahaM suddhi Na jaMji // 2.70 // sAMsArika viSayoM kI nazvaratA aura asAratA kA pratipAdana karate hue kavi ne viSaya tyAgI kI prazaMsA kI hai-
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya "mUr3hA sayalu vi kArimaya bhullau maM tusa kaMDi / fra hiNimmala karahi rar3a gharu pariyaNu lahu chaMDi // 1 ( 2.128 ) arthAt he mUr3ha jIva ! zuddha jIva ke atirikta anya saba viSayAdika kRtrima, vinAzazIla haiM / tU bhrama se bhUse ko mata kUTa / nirnala mokSa mArga se prema kara / zIghra gRha parijanAdi ko chor3a | 270 yogIndra devakula, deva, zAstra, tIrtha, veda, kAvya, saba ko nazvara mAnate haiM / jo kucha kusumita dikhAI detA hai saba kucha ( kAlAnala meM ) IMdhana hai... "deulu deu vi satyu guru titthu vi veu vacchu ju dIsai kusumiyau iMdhaNu hosa " je diTThA sUruggamaNi te atthavaNi na teM kAraNa vaDha dhammu kari dhaNi jovvaNi kau tiTTha // " kavva / savva // 2.130 // (2.132) mUrkha ! sUryodaya para jo dikhAI detA hai vaha sUryAsta para nahIM rahatA / isa kAraNa dharmAcaraNa kara / dhana meM aura yauvana meM kyA tRSNA ? nimnalikhita dohe meM viSayoM kI kSaNabhaMguratA kA sundaratA se pratipAdana kiyA hai-J"viSaya - suI be divA puNu dukkhaha~ parivADi / viSaya tyAgI kI prazaMsA karatA huA kavi kahatA hai- diTTha / bhulla jIva ma vAhi tuhu~ appaNa khaMdhi kuDADi 3 // 2.138 // "saMtA visaya ju pariharai vali kijjau~ hau~ tAsu / so daiveNa ji muMDiyau sosu khaDillau jAsu // 2.139 // saMto ! jo viSayoM kA parityAga karatA hai meM usa para balihArI jAU~ / jisakA sira gaMjA hai usakA sira bhAgya ne hI mUNDa diyA / isI adhyAtma-cintana meM kavi ne nIti aura sadAcAra ke upadeza bhI diye haiM / . kusaMgati se bacane kA ( 2. 110, 114), mana ko vaza meM karane kA ( 2. 140 ), krodha dUra rahane (2.186) Adi kA Adeza diyA hai| yogIndra ke viSaya pratipAdana meM kahIM dhArmika saMkIrNatA nahIM dikhAI detI / viSayoM kI nissAratA aura kSaNa-bhaMguratA kA upadeza dete hue bhI kavi ne kahIM para kAminI, kAMcana aura gRhastha jIvana ke prati kaTutA pradarzita nahIM kI / 1. tulanA kIjiye pAhur3a dohA saMkhyA 13. 2. dekhiye vahI saMkhyA 161. 3. tulanA kIjiye pAhur3a dohA saMkhyA 17. bhASA-lekhaka ne sarala bhASA meM aneka upamAoM aura dRSTAntoM dvArA bhAva ko sarala, subodha aura spaSTa banAyA hai / upamA aura dRSTAntoM meM upamAnoM ko sAmAnya jIvana kI
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya-1 271 ghaTanAoM aura dRzyoM se cuna kara liyA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie : "rAe~ raMgie hiyavaDae deu Na dIsai sNtu| dappaNi mailae bibu jima ehuu jANi NibhaMtu // "1.120 / arthAt rAga raMjita hRdaya meM zAMta deva isI prakAra nahIM dIkhatA jisa prakAra malina darpaNa meM pratibimba / yaha nizcaya jaano| "bhallAha vi NAsaMti guNa jaha~ saMsagga khalehi / . baisANaru lohaha~ miliu teM piTTiyai ghaNehi // "2.110 // arthAt bhadra janoM ke guNoM kA bhI khaloM ke saMsarga se nAza ho jAtA hai| vaizvAnara agni malina lohe ke saMsarga se hathaur3oM se pITA jAtA hai| ___ "jasu hariNacchI hiyavaDae tasu Navi baMbhu viyaari| ekkahiM kema samaMti vaDha be khaMDA paDiyAri" // 1.121 // ___ arthAt jisake hRdaya meM hariNAkSI sundarI vAsa karatI hai vaha brahma vicAra kaise kare ? eka hI myAna meM do talavAreM kaise raha sakatI haiM ? __ nimnalikhita dohe meM zleSAlaMkAra kA prayoga milatA hai| - "tali ahiraNi vari ghaNa-vaDaNu sNddssy-lNcoddu| lohaha~ laggivi huyavahA~ pikkhu paDatau toDu" // 2.114 // arthAt dekho lohe kA sambandha pAkara agni nIce rakhe hue aharana (nihAI) ke Upara ghana kI coTa, saMDAsI se khIMcanA, coTa lagane se TUTanA Adi duHkhoM ko sahatI hai| arthAt lohe kI saMgati se loka-prasiddha devatulya agni duHkha bhogatI hai isI taraha loha arthAt lobha ke kAraNa paramAtmatatva kI bhAvanA se rahita mithyA dRSTi vAlA jIva ghanagAta sadRza narakAdi duHkhoM ko bhogatA hai| kavi kI bhASA meM vAgdhArAoM aura lokoktiyoM kA prayoga milatA hai- "bahue~ salila viroliyai~ kara coppaDau Na hoi|" (2.74) bAra bAra pAnI mathane se bhI hAtha cikane cupar3e nahIM hote| "bhullau jIva ma vAhi tuhaM appaNa khaMdhi kuhADi" (2.138) he jIva ! bhUma se apane kandhe para kulhAr3I mata maar| "mUla viNaTThai taruvaraha~ avasai~ sukkahi~ pnnnn|" (2.140) arthAt sundara vRkSa ke bhI mUla naSTa ho jAne para usake patte avazya sUkha jAyaMge / "maragau meM pariyANiyau tahu~ kacce kau gnnnnu"| (2.78) ityAdi bhASA meM vibhakti sUcaka pratyaya ke sthAna para parasarga kA prayoga bhI kahIM kahIM dikhAI detA hai : ___ "siddhihi kerA paMthaDA (2.69)-siddhi kA mArga / grantha kI bhASA meM aneka aise zabda-rUpoM kA prayoga milatA hai jo hindI zabdoM ke rUpA
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya 272 tara se pratIta hote haiM / " paramAtma prakAza dohoM meM racA gayA hai| bIca-bIca meM kucha gAthAyeM bhI milatI haiM / 1. isa prakAra ke zabdoM kI sUcI unake saMskRta paryAyavAcI zabdoM ke sAtha nIce dI jAtI hai / hosaha -- bhaviSyanti (1.2 ) ; gau - gataH (1.9 ) ; appA -- AtmA ( 1. 1. 51 ) ; lei - - gRha jAti (1. 18) hindI lenA; leti (2. 91 ) ; levi ( 2.150 ) ; chivai - - spRzati (1.34 ) ; vaDDhai khirai - vardhate kSarati ( 1.54 ) ; bollAha -- buvanti (1.54 ), ( 2.10); dekhai - - pazyati ( 1.64 ) ; jAi -- yAti (1. 66 ) ; uppajjai -- utpadyate -- upajanA (1. 68 ) ; pAvahi - prApnoSi (1.72, 2. 205, 213 ) ; mellivi-chaMDe viNu -- tyaktvA (1.74); chaMDi - tyaja (2.128); bAhirau-vAhyaM ( 1. 75, 2.109 ) ; bUDhau --- vRddhaH (1.82 ) ; joi -- pazyati (1.86 ) ; joa -- dekhanA (1.109 ) ; mailae - - maline (1.120 ); akkhahi -- AkhyAhi paMjAbI Akha (2.1); ( 2. lahai - labhate ( 10117 ) ; 34 ) ; (2.177 ) ; khaMDA -- khaDga ( 1 . 121 ) ; (2.1); jANauM - - jAnUM tuTTai - truTyati (2.11 ) ; pecchai - - pazyati (2.13 ) ; chaha - SaT ( 2. 16) ; rayaNahaM -- ratnAnAM ( 2. 21); caDei -- Arohati ( 2. 46 ) ; bhallAI -- bhadrANi (2.57 ) ( 2. 110 ) ; paDatau - - patantam ( 2. 68 ) ; siddhihi kerA paMthaDA -- siddheH saMbandhI panthAH (2.69 ) ; jAhi--yAhi hindI jA (2.70 ) ; laggai -- lagati (2.78 ) ; bujjhai -- budhyate hindI bUjhanA (2.82 ) ( 2. 204 ) ; paDhijjai - paThyate ( 2. 84 ) ; cellA-cellIputhiryAha-- celA, celI, pustakAvika se ( 2.88 ) ; chAreNa -- kSAreNa, rAkha se ( 2. 90 ) ; DahaMti - - dahati ( 2. 92 ) ; vihANu - vibhAtaH (2. 98 ) ; NAva - nauH (2. 105 ) ; piTTiyau --- piTyate ( 2. 110 ) ; saMDassaya-saMdezaka, hindI saMDAsI ( 2. 114) ; dhaMdhai -- dhaMdhe meM ( 2.121 ) ; gharugRha ( 2. 124 ) ; bhullau -- bhrAntaH (2. 128 ) ; rukkheM ---- vRkSeNa ( 2. 133 ) ; vappeNa - pitrA ( 2. 134 ) ; carivi-- caritvA cara kara coppafs - ( 2.136 ) ; lahIsi - - labhase ( 2. 141 ) ; ( 2.170 ) ; kSaya-cupaDo ghaNAvaNau -- ghRNAspada - ghinaunA (2. 151); bali kijjau-- bali mastakasyopari tanabhAgenAvatAraNaM kriyehamiti, bali jAU~ ( 2. 160 ) ; jhaMpiyaehi - - AcchAditaiH, Dhake hue ( 2. 169); koi - - kazcit ( 2. 183 ) ; vilAi - vilIyate ( 2. 184 ) ; buDahimajjanti -- DUbate haiM (2. 189 ) ; kettiu yA kittiu - kiyat ( 2. 141 ) ; jittiu - - yAvanmAtraM ( 2. 38 ) / ityAdi / ( 2. 148 ) ;
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya-1 273 gAthAoM kI bhASA prAkRta se prabhAvita hai| chandoM meM sragdharA aura mAlinI nAmaka do varNavRttoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai / inakI bhASA bhI prAkRta se prabhAvita hai| yogasAra' ___ isakA lekhaka bhI yogIndra hI hai| granthakAra ne nirdeza kiyA hai ki saMsAra se bhayabhIta aura mokSa ke liye utsuka prANiyoM kI AtmA ko jagAne ke liye jogicandra sAdhu ne ina dohoM ko racA (padya saMkhyA 3.108) / antima padya meM granthakartA ke jogicandra nAma kA ullekha, Arambhika maMgalAcaraNa kA sAdRzya, pratipAdya viSaya kI ekarUpatA, varNana zailI * aura aneka vAkyoM tathA paMktiyoM kI samAnatA se kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki yaha jogi candra paramAtma prakAza ke racayitA yogIndra hI haiN| ___ yogasAra kA viSaya bhI paramAtma prakAza ke sadRza hI hai / lekhaka ne bahirAtmA, aMtarAtmA aura paramAtmA kA svarUpa batalAte hue paramAtmA ke dhyAna para bala diyA hai / isameM lekhaka ne pApa puNya donoM hI prakAra ke karmoM ke tyAga kA Adeza diyA hai| sAMsArika bandhanoM ko aura pApa puNyoM ko tyAga kara Atma-dhyAna-lIna jJAnI hI mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| __ lekhaka saba devatAoM ko sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhatA hai| nimnalikhita dohoM se ina kI dhArmika sahiSNutA prakaTa hotI hai : "so siu saMkara viNhu so, so raddavi so buddha / so jiNu Isara baMbhu so, so aNaMtu so siddha" // 105 // "evaMhi lakkhaNa-lakkhiyau, jo para Nikkalu deu / dehaheM mamahi so vasai, tAsu Na vijjai bheu" // 106 // bhASA hRdaya ko sparza karane vAlI hai / sIdhI aura sarala bhASA meM sundaratA se lekhaka ne bhAvoM ko abhivyakta kiyA hai / lekhaka kI racanA zailI aura bhASA kA jJAna nimnalikhita padyoM se ho sakatA hai : V"puNNi pAvai sagga jiu pAvaeM garayaNivAsu / be chaMDivi appA muNai to lanbhai siva-vAsu" // 32 // jIva puNya se svarga ko pAtA hai aura pApa se naraka nivAsa ko| jaba vaha donoM kA parityAga kara AtmA ko jAnatA hai to ziva vAsa prApta karatA hai| "Au galai Navi maNu galai Navi AsA hu galei / mohu phurai Navi appa-hiu ima saMsAra bhamei" // 49 // Ayu kSINa hotI jAtI hai na to mana kSINa hotA hai aura na AzA hI / moha sphurita hotA hai Atmahita nhiiN| isa prakAra jIva bhramaNa karatA rahatA hai| "jehau maNu visayahaM ramai timu jai appa muh| joiu bhaNai ho joiyahu lahu NivvANu lahei" // 50 // 1. DA0 A0 ne0 upAdhye dvArA saMpAdita aura paramAtma prakAza ke sAtha hI prkaashit|
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________________ 274 apabhraMza-sAhitya - yogI kahatA hai,he yogiyo ! jisa prakAra mana viSayoM meM ramatA hai usI prakAra yadi Atma cintana kare to zIghra hI nirvANa prApta ho| grantha kI bhASA meM aneka zabda rUpa hindI zabdoM ke pUrva rUpa se pratIta hote haiN|' pAhuDa dohA - isa grantha ke racayitA muni rAmasiMha samajhe jAte haiN| isameM granthakAra ke viSaya meM koI ullekha nahIM milatA / eka hastalikhita prati kI puSpikA meM ina dohoM ke racayitA muni rAmasiMha kahe gaye haiN| grantha ke eka dohe meM bhI aisA hI nirdeza hai| kucha pratiyoM meM isake racayitA yogIndra mAne gaye haiN| sambhava hai ki bhAva sAmya, bhASA sAmya aura yogIndra kI prasiddhi ke kAraNa isakA racayitA bhI unako hI mAna liyA gayA ho| DA0 upAdhye kA vicAra hai ki sambhavataH grantha yogIndra kRta hI hai aura rAmasiMha kevala eka paramparAgata nAma hai| grantha-kartA ke kAla ke viSaya meM bhI nizcaya se kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / isa grantha ke kucha padya hemacandra ne uddhRta kiye haiN| ataH itanA nizcita hai ki lekhaka hemacandra se pUrva huaa| 'pAhuDa dohA' ke kucha dohe 'sAvaya dhamma dohA' meM bhI milate haiN| ye dohe sAvayadhamma dohA se liye gaye / sambhavataH lekhaka ke samaya taka sAvayadhamma dohA kI racanA ho cukI thii| ataH rAmasiMha sAvayadhamma dohA ke racayitA devasena (vi0 saM0 990, 937 I0) aura hemacandra (san 1100) ke bIca san 1000 I0 ke lagabhaga hue hoNge| lekhaka ke jaina 1. kahiyA--kathitAH dohA saMkhyA 10; karahi-karoSi, pAvahi--prApnoSi saM0 15; chaMDahu-tyaja saM0 21; caurAsI lakhahi phiriu-caurAsI lAkha yoniyoM meM phirA saM0 25; cAhahu-icchata saM0 26; pAvai--pAtA hai, chaMDivi--chor3a kara saM0 32; chaha--SaT saM0 35; cAhahi--icchasi saM0 39; piyahi-piba 46; paDhiyaiM--paThitena saM0 47, 53, potthA--pustaka saM0 47; dhaMdhai-dhandhe meM saM0 52; gahahi-gRhANa saM0 55; maNNahi--manyante saM0 56; dahiu--dahI, ghIva--ghI saM0 57; ThAi--tiSThati saM0 91; vilAi--vilIyate saM0 91 / / 2. pro0 hIrAlAla jaina dvArA saMpAdita, kAraMjA jaina pablikezana sosAyaTI, kAraMjA, barAra, vi0 saM0, 1990 3. pAhur3a dohA bhUmikA pR0 26 tathA paramAtma prakAza bhUmikA pR0 62 4. pAhur3a dohA saMkhyA 211--"rAmasIhu muNi ima bhaNai" 5. pAhur3a dohA bhUmikA pR0 26, paramAtma prakAza bhUmikA pR0 62 6. enalsa Apha bhaMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca iMsTiTyUTa, jilda 12, san 1931, 10 152-154 7. pAhur3a dohA bhUmikA pR0 22 -
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya--1 275 hone kI kalpanA grantha meM vartamAna aneka ullekhoM se kI jA sakatI hai|' pAhuDa zabda kA artha jainAcAryoM ne vizeSa viSaya ke pratipAdaka grantha ke artha meM kiyA hai / kunda kundAcArya ke prAyaH sabhI grantha pAhuDa kahalAte haiN| pAhuDa zabda saMskRta zabda prAbhRta kA rUpAntara mAnA gayA hai, jisakA artha hai upahAra / ataH pAhuDa dohA kA artha "dohoM kA upahAra" samajhA jA sakatA hai| viSaya:-isa grantha kA pratipAdya viSaya bhI adhyAtma cintana hai / AtmAnubhUti aura sadAcaraNa ke binA karma kANDa vyartha hai / saccA sukha indriya nigraha aura Atma dhyAna meM hai| mokSa mArga ke liye viSaya parityAga Avazyaka hai| tIrthayAtrA, mUrtipUjA, mandira nirmANAdi kI apekSA dehasthita deva kA darzana karanA caahiye| kucha dohoM meM rahasya bhAvanA bhI milatI hai| __ lekhaka kahatA hai ki AtmA isI deha meM sthita hai kintu deha se bhinna hai aura usI kA jJAna paramAvazyaka hai : "hatya ahaLuhaM devalI vAlahaM NA hi pvesu| saMtu NiraMjaNu tahiM vasai Nimmalu hoi gavesu" // 94 // yaha sAr3he tIna hAtha kA choTA sA zarIra rUpI mandira hai / mUrkha loga isameM praveza nahIM kara sakate / isI meM niraMjana vAsa karatA hai| nirmala ho kara use khojo| * "bhiNNau jehiM Na jANiyau NiyadehahaM paramatthu / so aMghau avarahaM aMdhayahaM kima darisAvai paMthu" // 28 // jaba AtmajJAna ho gayA to dehAnurAga kaisA? "appA bujjhiu Niccu jai kevala NANa sahAu / tA para kijjai kAI vaDha taNu uppari aNarAu" // 22 // AtmAtirikta anya kA dhyAna vyartha hai : "appA millivi jaga tilau mUDha ma jhAyahi aNNu / jiM maragau pariyANiyau tahu ki kaccahu gaNNu" // 72 // __ jisane AtmajJAna rUpI mANikya ko pA liyA vaha saMsAra ke jaMjAla se pRthak ho AtmAnubhUti meM ramaNa karatA hai : "jai laddhau mANikkaDau joiya puhavi bhamaMta / ___baMdhijjai Niya kappaDaI joijjai ekkata" // 21 // viSayoM kA tyAga kiye binA AtmAnubhUti nahIM ho sakatI ataH viSaya tyAga Avazyaka hai| viSaya tyAgI hI parama sukha pAtA hai| "jaM suha visaya paraMmuhau Niya appA jhAyaMtu / taM suhu iMdu vi Nau lahai devihi koDi ramaMtu" // 3 // - E 1. vahI bhUmikA pR0 27
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya "visayA citi ma jIva tuhuM visaya Na bhallA hoti / sevaMtAhaM vi mahura vaDha pacchaI dukkhaI diti" // 20 // "mUDhA sayalu vi kArimau maM phuDa tuhaM tusa kNddi| siva pai Nimmali karahi rai gharu pariyaNu lahu chaMDi" // 13 // ' viSaya saba kSaNika haiM "visaya suhA dui divahaDA puNu dukkhahaM parivADi / 'bhullau jIva ma vAhi tuhuM appA khaMdhi kuhADi" // 17 // "devali pAhaNu tithi jalu putthaI savvaI kanvu / vatthu ju dIsai kusumiyau iMdhaNu hosai savvu" // 161 // ' viSayopabhoga--indriya sukha aura mokSa donoM bhinna-bhinna mArga haiM / donoM para calanA asambhava hai, eka hI ko cunanA pdd'egaa| V "ve paMthehi Na gammai ve muha sUI Na sijjae kNthaa| viNNi Na huMti AyANA iMdiya sokkhaM ca mokkhaM ca" // 213 // arthAt do mArgoM para nahIM jAyA jA sakatA, do mukha vAlI sUI se kaMthA nahIM sIyI jA sktii| are ajJAnI! iMdriya sukha aura mokSa donoM sAtha-sAtha nahIM prApta ho skte| bAhya karma-kalApa se yadi Antarika zuddhi na ho to use bhI vyartha hI smjho| yadi karma-kalApa se AtmAnubhUti na ho to vaha kisa kAma kA ? "sappi mukkI kaMculiya jaM visu taM Na muei| bhoyahaM bhAu Na pariharai liMgaggahaNu karei" // 15 // arthAt sAMpa keMculI ko chor3a detA hai viSa ko nahIM chodd'taa| isI prakAra viSaya bhogoM ke parityAga se yadi viSaya vAsanA aura bhoga bhAva nahIM chUTatA to aneka veSa aura cihnoM ko dhAraNa karane se kyA lAbha ? .. "muMDiya muMDiya muMDiyA sira muMDiu cittu Na muNddiyaa| cittahaM muMDaNu ji kiyau saMsArahaM khaMDaNu ti kiyau" // 135 // kabIra ke nimnalikhita dohe se tulanA kiijiye| "dAr3hI mUMcha muMDAya ke, huA ghoTama ghoTa / mana ko kyoM nahIM mUDiye, jAme bhariyA khoTa // " kavi saba karma sAdhanoM ko vyartha samajhatA hai yadi ve Atmadarzana na karA sakeM "hali sahi kAI karai so dappaNu / - jahiM paDibiMbu Na dIsai appaNu" // 1. tulanA kIjiye paramappayAsu 2. " " vahI 3. , , vahI 2.128 pR0 270 2.138 pR0 270 2.130 pR0 270
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya-1 277 dhaMdhavAlu mo jagu paDihAsai / ghari acchaMtu Na ghara bai dosai // 122 // vaha jJAna bhI vyartha hai jisase AtmajJAna nahIM hotA "akkhara caDiyA masi miliyA pADhaMtA gaya khINa / ekka Na jANI paramakalA kahiM uggau kahiM lINa" // 173 // "bahuyaiM paDhiyaiM mUDha para tAlU sukkai jenn| ekku ji akkharu taM paDhahu siva puri gammai jeNa" // 97 // kabIra ke nimnalikhita dohe se tulanA kIjiye par3ha par3ha ke saba jaga muA, paMDita bhayA na koya / ekau Akhara prema kA par3he so paMDita hoya // vahI jJAna sphuliMga prApta karanA cAhie jisake saMdhukSita hone se pApa puNya jala jAMya "NANa tiDikkI sikkhi vaDha kiM paDhiyaiM bhuenn| jA saMdhukkI NiDDahai puNNu vi pAu khaNeNa" // 87 // kavi tIrthayAtrA, mUrtipUjA, mantra tantra Adi saba kA niSedha karatA hai-- "titthaI tittha bhamehi vaDha dhoyau cammu jaleNa / / eha maNu kima dhoesi tuhuM mailai pAvamaleNa" // 163 // "jo paiM joiuM joiyA titthaI tittha bhamei / siu paI sihaM hahiMDiyau lahivi Na sakkiu toi" // 179 // arthAt he jogI ! jise dekhane ke lie tU tIrtha se tIrtha ghUmatA phiratA hai vaha ziva to tere sAtha-sAtha ghUmatA phirA to bhI tU use na pA sakA / "pattiya toDi ma joiyA phalahi ji hatyu ma vAhi / ___ jasu kAraNi toDehi tuhaM so siu etthu caDAhi" // 160 // kavi ne pattI-phala tor3a kara ziva para car3hAne vAloM para vyaMgya kiyA hai| yadi ziva ko pattI priya hai to usa ziva ko hI kyoM na vRkSa para car3hA diyA jAya ! kavi mana ke AtmalIna ho jAne meM sabase bar3I pUjA samajhatA hai "maNu miliyau paramesaraho paramesara ji maNassa / viNi vi samarasi hui rahiya, puMja caDAvasaM kassa" // 49 // "bhUDhA jovai devalaI lohi jAiM kiyaa| deha Na picchai appaNiya jahiM siu saMtu ThiyAI" // 18 // mUrkha ! manuSyoM se nirmita mandiroM ko dekhatA hai| apane zarIra ko nahIM dekhatA jahAM zAMta ziva sthita hai| apane ko strI aura AtmA ko priya mAnakara ekAkAra ho jAne kI halakI sI bhAvanA nimnalikhita dohe meM milatI hai "hauM saguNI piu NigguNau, jillakkhaNu NIsaMgu / ekahiM aMgi vasaMtayaha~ milihu Na aMgihi aMgu" // 10 //
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________________ apabhraMza - sAhitya afa indriya nigraha ko Avazyaka samajhatA hai- 278 "paMca baladda Na rakkhiyaiM gaMdaNa vaNu Na gao si / appu Na jANiu Na vi paru vi emai pavvaio si" // 44 // na to pAMca bailoM se pAMca indriyoM se rakSA kI, na nandana vana - AtmA meM gayA / na AtmA ko na para ko jAnA aise hI parivrAjaka ho gayA / kavi ahiMsA aura dayA ko hI saba se bar3A dharma samajhatA hai / dazavidha dharma kA sAra hI ahiMsA hai "dahaviha jiNavara bhAsiyau dhammu ahiMsA sAru // 209 // jIva vahaMti Narayagai abhaya padA saggu / ve paha jaba lA darisiyaI jahi bhAvai taha laggu " // 105 // jIvavadha se naraka aura abhaya pradAna se svarga prApta hotA hai / donoM mArga jAne ke liye batalA diye| jahAM bhAve vahIM laga ! bahueM salila viroliya "dayA vihINau dhammaDA NANiya kaha viNa joi / karu coppaDu Na hoi " // 147 // kavi satsaMga kA upadeza detA hai- " bhallANa vi NAsaMti guNa jahi saha saMgu khalehi / vaisAru lohahaM miliu piTTijjai sugharNoha" // 148 // ' grantha meM saMskRta kA bhI eka padya milatA hai-- V" ApadA mUcchito vAra cukenApi jIvati / aMbhaH kuMbha sahasrANAM gatajIvaH karoti kim // 222 // arthAt ApattiyoM se mUcchita nara cullU bhara pAnI se hoza meM A jAtA hai / prANanAza ho jAne para hajAroM ghar3e pAnI se bhI kyA ? Upara die udAharaNoM se nimnalikhita tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai 2 rAmasiMha ke "pAhuDa dohA " aura yogIndra ke 'paramAtma prakAza' evaM 'yogasAra' meM aneka dohe aMza rUpa se yA pUrNa rUpa se milate julate haiN| rAmasiMha ne guru bhAva ko mahatva diyA hai ( padya 1, 80, 81, 166 ) | karmakANDa kA kaTTaratA se khaMDana kiyA hai / tIrthayAtrA, mUrtipUjA, mantra tantra Adi sabako vyarthaM batAte hue Atma zuddhi para bala diyA hai / kavi ne aneka sAMketika zabdoM dvArA bhAva ko abhivyakta kiyA hai / jaise pAMca indriyoM ko pAMca baila, AtmA ko nandana kAnana, mana ko karahA - karabha ( uSTa), deha ko devAlaya yA kuTI, AtmA ko ziva, indriya vRttiyoM ko zakti ityAdi / apane ko strI 1. tulanA kIjiye paramappayAsu 2.110, pR0 271 2. de0 enalsa Apha bhaMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca iMsTiTyUTa jilda 12, san 1931 I0, pR0 152. DA0 upAdhye ne aise 24 dohoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai jo rAmasiMha ke aura yogIndu ke graMtha meM samAna haiN|
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya-1 279 aura AtmA ko priya mAna usako prApta karane aura usameM ekAkAra ho jAne kI halkI sI bhAvanA bhI eka dohe meM milatI hai| kavi ne aneka upamAoM, rUpakoM aura hadayasparzI dRSTAntoM dvArA bhAva ko abhivyakta kiyA hai| isakI bhASA sarala aura sarasa hai| vAgdhArAoM kA prayoga bhI aneka dohoM meM milatA hai / isa grantha meM kula 222 padya haiM jinameM se kucha padya prAkRta ke aura saMskRta ke bhI haiM kintu bAhulya apabhraMza padyoM kA hI hai| prAkRta aura saMskRta ke padyoM meM bhI kucha padyoM ko chor3a kara zeSa saba dohA chaMda meM hI haiN| vairAgya sAra' vairAgyasAra suprabhAcArya-kRta 77 padyoM kI eka choTI sI racanA hai| kevala kucha padyoM se hI aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kavi jaina dhamavilambI thA, anyathA kavi ne sAmAnya dharma tattvoM kA hI isa kRti meM vyAkhyAna kiyA hai|| suprabha digambara jaina the (padya 46) / kavi ke kAla aura sthAna ke viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kRti meM vahI bhAvadhArA milatI hai jo isase pUrvakAlIna lekhakoM kI thI / vicAradhArA, zailI aura bhASA kI dRSTi se lekhaka ke 11 vIM aura 13 vIM zatAbdI ke bIca meM hone kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai / viSaya--vairAgya sAra nAma se hI grantha ke viSaya kA AbhAsa mila jAtA hai| Arambha ke padya meM hI kavi vairAgya bhAva kA Adeza karatA hai-. "ikahiM ghare vadhAmaNA ahi ghari dhAhahi rovijjii| paramatthai suppau bhaNai, kima vairAyabhAu Na kijjai // (padya. saM. 1) eka ghara meM badhAI maMgalAcAra hai, dUsare ghara meM dhAr3a mAra-mAra kara royA jA rahA hai| suprabha paramArtha rUpa se kahate haiM ki kyoM vairAgya bhAva nahIM dhAraNa karate ? sAMsArika viSayoM kI asthiratA aura saMsAra kI duHkha-bahulatA kA pratipAdana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai __ "suppau bhaNai re dhammiyaha, khasahu ma dhamma NiyANi / je sUraggami dhavalahari, te aMthavaNa masANa" // 2 // arthAt suprabha kahate haiM he dhAmiko ! nidAna dharma se skhalita na hovo| jo sUryodaya para zubhra gRha the ve sUryAsta para zmazAna ho ge| "suppau bhaNaI mA pariharahu para uvacAra (yAra) caratthu / sasi sUra duhu aMthavaNi aNahaM kavaNa thiratthu" // 3 // suprabha kahate haiM ki paropakAra AcaraNa mata chodd'o| saMsAra kSaNika hai jaba candra 1. pro0 haripAda dAmodara velaNakara ne enalsa Apha bhaMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca iMsTiTyUTa, jilda 9, (pR0 272-280) meM ise saMpAdita kiyA hai|
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________________ 280 apabhraMza-sAhitya aura sUrya bhI asta ho jAte haiM to anya kauna sthira hai ? yaha saMsAra sacamuca viDaMbanA hai jisameM jarA yauvana, jIvana maraNa, dhana dAridraya jaise virodhI tattva haiM ( padya 25 ) / kavi kahatA hai baMdhu bAMdhava nazvara haiM phira unake lie pApa kara kara ke dhana saMcaya kaisA ? "jasu kAraNi dhaNu saMcaI, pAva karevi gahIru / taM pichahu suppau bhaNaI, diNi diNi galai sarIru" // 33 // kavi ghara gRhasthI kI zobhA nirmala dharma se hI samajhatA hai (padya 75 ) aura dhana yauvana se virakta ho, ghara chor3a, dharma meM dIkSA lene kA Adeza detA hai / vaha ghara parijanAdi ke lie bhI dharmatyAga sahana nahIM karatA aura dharmAcaraNa ko hI sabase pramukha vastu samajhatA hai-- "re jIya suNi suppau bhaNaI, ghaNu jovaNahaM ma majji / parihari ghara, lai dikhaDI, maNu NivvANahaM sajji " // 50 // "jIva ma dhammaha hANi kari, ghara-pariyaNa - kajjeNa / ki . na pikhahi suppau bhaNiM, jaNu khajjaMtu mareNa" // 51 // jisake pIche priya gRha-gRhiNI rUpI pizAca laga gayA hai arthAt jo saMsAra meM Asakta hai vaha niraMjana kA kaise dhyAna kara sakatA hai ? "jasu laggaha suppau bhaNaiM, piy-ghr-ghrnni-pisaau| so ki kahiu samAyarai, mitta NiraMjaNa bhAu" // 6 // suprabhAcArya dAna kI mahattA svIkAra karate haiM aura dAna kA upadeza dete haiM ( padya 19, 22 ) / jo dInoM ko dhana detA hai aura jisakA mana dharma meM lIna hai vidhi bhI usakI dAsatA svIkAra karatA hai "dhaNu dINahaM guNa sajjaNahaM, maNu dhammahaM jo dei / tahaM purisaiM suppau bhaNaI, viha dAsatu kareiM" // 38 // dAtA samRddha hotA aura saMcaya karane vAlA kSINa hotA hai "re muDhA suppau bhaNaI, dhaNu ditaha thiru hoya / jai kala sacai sasi gayaNi, puNu khijjaMto joi" // 53 // kavi ne adAtA kI nindA ke sAtha sAtha yAcaka kI bhI nindA kI hai ( padya 36 ) / puNya-saMcaya, paropakAra; indriya-nigraha aura mana ko vaza meM karane kA upadeza diyA hai| jisa manuSya kA mana viSayoM ke vaza meM hai vaha jItA huA bhI mRtaka ke samAna hai / jisane mana ko mAra liyA vahI manuSya jIvita smjho| "jasu maNu jIvaI visayasu, so Naru muvo bhaNijja / jasu puNa suppaya maNu maraI, so Naru jIu bhaNijja" // 60 // kavi mAnava deha kI durlabhatA kI ora saMketa karatA huA dharmAcaraNa kI ora nirdeza karatA hai (padya 39) / vaha dhArmika saMkIrNatA se rahita hai| deva-pUjA meM deva kI apekSA bhAva ko pradhAna samajhatA hai
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya - 1 baMbhANa / "aha haru pujjahu ahava hari, aha jiNa aha suppau bhaNeM re joiyahu, savvahaM bhAu vANu // 57 // kavi ne sarala bhASA meM sundara rUpakoM dvArA bhAva ko abhivyakta kiyA hai / iMdriyacoroM se dharma-dhana kI rakSA kA Adeza diyA hai ( padya 54 ) / mAyA - nizA meM mana cora se jisane Atma-rakSA kI vaha nirmala jJAna -prabhAta prApta karatA hai"maNa coraha mAyA-nisihi, jiya rakhahi appANu / jima hohI suppau bhaNaI, gimmalu NANu-vihANu" // 42 // kavi ne ghara, gRhiNI, sakhi, baMdhu bAMdhava ko raMgasthalI batAyA hai jisameM moha-naTa manuSyoM ko nAnA rUpa meM nAca nacAtA hai "ehu ghari ghariNi ehu sahi, ehu moha naDAvau mANusahaM, naccAva giharaMga | bahubhaMgi" // 76 // kavi kA hRdaya duHkhAtura mAnava ke lie vikSubdha thA / usane baMdhu bAMdhavoM ke moha ko chor3akara paramAtmA ke dhyAna meM lIna ho jAne kI ati mArmikatA se vyaMjanA kI hai / afa ke nimnalikhita dohe atyanta hRdayasparzI haiM "hivaDA saMvari apau ajarAmara dhADI, muva karivi, paccha baMghau vi Ave ahaM koI | roi // 14 // 281 hRdaya se duHkha zoka ko dUra kro| marane para kyA phira koI lauTa kara A sakatA hai ? apane Apa ko ajara amara karo jisase tumhAre pIche anya royeM / "jima jhAjha (i) jjai vallahau, tima jai jiya arihaMtu / suppau bhaNaI mANasahaM, sugu gharaMgaNi huMtu " // 9 // jaise nija vallabha kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai vaise hI yadi arhata kA dhyAna kiyA jAya to suprabha kahate haiM ki manuSyoM ke lie ghara ke AMgana meM hI svarga ho jAya / saMsAra asthira hai, parivartanazIla hai, isameM koI kisI kA sAthI nahIM, isa bhAva kI atIva mArmikatA se nimnalikhita dohoM meM vyaMjanA kI gaI hai-- "re hiyaDA suppau bhagaI, ki na phuTTahi rovaMtu / piu pachehi masANa Da, ekallau tu" // 71 // tu" // 62 // "jehiM ji jayaNihiM vallahau, dIsaI rajju puNa teNaji suppau bhaI, saha dIes arthAt jina A~khoM se vallabha ko rAjya karate dekhA phira unhIM A~khoM se svayaM use jalate dekhA / karaMtu / 2 "muvau masADi Thavevi lahu, baMdhava Niyaghara vara lakkaDa suppau bhaNaI, je jaMti / DajAMti" // 10 // sarisA mare hue ko zIghra hI baMdhu bAMdhava zmazAna meM rakha kara ghara lauTa jAte haiM / suprabha kahate haiM ki ve lakkar3a hI bhale jo sAtha hI jala jAte haiM /
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________________ 282 apabhraMza-sAhitya nimnalikhita dohe meM saMskRta ke eka padya kI chAyA dikhAI detI hai, jisa se kavi ke saMskRta-jJAtA hone kA AbhAsa milatA hai : "suppau vallaha maraNa diNi / jema viraccai (virajjai) cittu / savvAvatthahaM tema jai / jima (ya) NivvANa pahuttu" // 24 // nimnalikhita saMskRta padya se tulanA kIjiye "Apatpratipannasya buddhirbhavati yaadRshii| tAdRzI yadi pUrva syAt kasya na syaatphlodyH||" / graMtha kI bhASA meM kahIM kahIM sundara subhASitoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai "jajjhari bhaMDai nIru jimu, Au galaMti pi (pe) cchi / 20 TaTe bartana meM se pAnI ke bahane ke samAna Ayu kSINa hotI jAtI hai / yogavAsiSTha meM bhI isI prakAra kA eka padya milatA hai-- 'zanargalitatAruNye bhinna kumbhAdivAnbhasi / ' saMbhava hai kavi yogavAsiSTha kI vairAgya-bhAvanA se prabhAvita hokara isakI racanA meM pravRtta huA ho / __"jIva vahaMtaha naraya gaI, maNu mAraMtaha mokhkhu" // 74 // arthAt jIvavadha karane vAle ko naraka aura mana mArane vAle ko mokSa prApta hotA hai| kavi kI varNana zailI meM eka vizeSatA hai ki prAyaH pratyeka dohe meM kavi ne apanA nAma diyA hai| hindI meM pAI jAne vAlI, kahai kabIra, kaha giridhara kavirAya kI uttara kAlIna paripATI isa kavi meM dikhAI detI hai / isa kAla ke anya sAdhakoM meM yaha zailI upalabdha nahIM hotii| isa AdhAra para aura bhASA meM prApta kucha zabda-rUpoM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue kavi kA kAla 13 vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga pratIta hotA hai| ___ suprabha kI bhASA meM aneka zabda-rUpa aise haiM jo hindI zabdoM ke paryApta nikaTa se pratIta hote haiM / vibhaktiyoM meM kartA aura karma ke bahuvacana meM zabda ke bAda ha yA haM pratyaya kA prayoga milatA hai (jaise-mANasahaM = manuSyoM ko, bhamaMtaha = ghUmate hue)| saMbodhana ke bahuvacana meM hu pratyaya kA prayoga bhI suprabha ke dohoM kI bhASA meM pAyA jAtA hai| (jaise--joiyahu-he jogiyo ! ) / vairAgya sAra meM padya prAyaH dohA chanda meM haiM / 1. udAharaNa ke lie khasahu--skhalita ho padya saM (1), masANa-zmazAna (2, 10), kali-kala (4, 8, 23), mANasa--manuSya (9), lakkaDa--lakar3iyA~ (10), muvau ki Avai koI--kyA mara kara koI (vApasa) A jAtA hai (14), dUra-dUra (17), kiMtu-kiMtu (20), avasi-avazya (37), dAsatu--dAsatA (38), parAyau--parAyA (47), lakhkhu--lAkha (55), phuTTahiM rovaMtuphUTa phUTa kara ronA (muhAvarA) (71), jAyatu jAya--jAye to jAye (75) ityaadi|
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya-1 283 AnaMdA-AnaMda stotra DA0 rAmasiMha tomara ne mahANaMdi yA AnaMda dvArA racita 43 padyoM kI choTI sI kRti kA ullekha kiyA hai / kRti meM prApta nirdezoM se lekhaka jaina dharmAvalambI pratIta hotA hai / racanAkAla, dezAdi anizcita hai| ___kRtikAra ne sAMpradAyika bheda bhAvanA se rahita sAmAnya dhArmika sAdhanA kI ora nirdeza kiyA hai| yogIndra Adi adhyAtmavAdI upadezakoM se milatI julatI vicAradhArA hI graMtha meM abhivyakta kI gaI hai-bAhya karmakANDa kA niSedha, guru mahattA, AtmA kI deha sthiti Adi / eka udAharaNa dekhiye-- "jiNa vaisANara kaThThamahi, kusumai parimalu hoi / tihaM deha maha vasai jiva ANaMdA, viralA bUjhai koi" // 13 // dohA pAhuDa dohA pAhuDa muni mahacaMda dvArA racita 333 dohoM kA eka graMtha hai / Amera zAstra bhaDAra meM isakI hastalikhita prati vartamAna hai| hastalikhita prati vikrama saM0 1602 kI hai ataH kavi isa kAla se pUrva huA hogaa| kavi ke viSaya meM anya koI sUcanA nahIM miltii| ___isa graMtha meM dohoM ke Adi akSara varNamAlA ke akSaroM ke kramAnusAra haiN| isa graMtha kA viSaya pUrvavartI AdhyAtmika vicAradhArA ke kaviyoM ke samAna hI, guru mahattva, viSayoM kA tiraskAra, Atma jJAna ityAdi hai / (kha) Adhibhautika racanAyeM Adhibhautika racanAoM se hamArA abhiprAya una dhArmika racanAoM se hai jinameM sarvasAdhAraNa ke liye nIti, sadAcAra sambandhI dharmopadezoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra kI Adhibhautika upadezAtmaka racanAoM kA vivaraNa nIce diyA jAtA hai| sAvayadhamma dohA' yaha devasena kI racanA hai / lekhaka saMskRta aura prAkRta kA bhI paNDita thA / isa graMtha ke atirikta devasena ne saMskRta meM AlApa paddhati aura prAkRta meM darzanasAra, 1. pro0 hIrAlAla jaina dvArA saMpAdita, ambAdAsa cavare digaMbara jaina graMthamAlA 2, vi0 saM0 1989
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________________ 284 apabhraMza-sAhitya ArAdhanA sAra, tatvasAra aura bhAvasaMgraha nAmaka graMtha bhI likhe / ' bhAva saMgraha meM aura sAvayadhamma dohe meM viSaya kA sAmya hai| lekhaka ne isa graMtha kI racanA vi0 saM0 990 ke lagabhaga mAlavAntargata dhArA nagarI meM kI thii| lekhaka digambara jaina thaa| isa graMtha meM lekhaka ne adhyAtma vivecana kA prayatna na kara zrAvakoM-gRhasthoM ke yogya kartavyoM kA upadeza diyA hai| yadyapi yogIndra ke paramappayAsu aura yogasAra meM bhI isa prakAra kI upadeza bhAvanA dRSTigocara hotI hai tathApi unameM pradhAnatA adhyAtmacintana kI hI hai / kintu isa graMtha meM pradhAnatA upadeza bhAvanA kI hai| - graMtha ke Arambha meM maMgalAcaraNa aura durjana smaraNa hai| tadanantara zrAvaka dharma ke bheda, samyaktva prApti ke sAdhana, aneka doSoM kA parityAga, rAtri-bhojana niSedha, ahiMsA vrata pAlana Adi kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| gRhasthoM ko dAna kI mahattA samajhAte hue dharma pAlana, iMdriya nigraha, mana vacana aura zarIra kI zuddhi, tathA upavAsa vratAdi pAlana karate hue pApa puNya ke baMdhana se chuTakArA pA kara karma nAza dvArA sukha prApta karane kA Adeza diyA gayA hai / lekhaka jaina dharmAvalambI thA ataH usane gRhasthoM ko jina bhagavAna kI pUjA aura jina mandiroM ke nirmANa kA bhI Adeza diyA hai| graMtha ke Arambha meM lekhaka durjanoM kA smaraNa karatA huA kahatA hai dujjaNu suhiyau hou jagi suyaNu payAsiu jeNa / amiu virse vAsaru tamiNa jima maragau kacceNa // 2 // arthAt durjana sukhI ho jisase jagat meM sajjana prakAza meM AtA hai / jaise viSa se amRta, andhakAra se dina aura kAMca se marakata mnni| lekhaka dharmAcaraNa kA upadeza detA huA kahatA hai ki yaha mata soco ki dhana hogA to dharma karU~gA / na jAne yama kA dUta Aja A jAya yA kl| "dhammu karauM jai hoi dhaNu ihu duvvayaNu ma bolli / havakArau jamabhaDataNau Avai ajju ki kalli" // 88 // dharma se hI dhana prApta hotA hai-- "dhamma karatahaM hoi dhaNu itthu Na kAyau bhaMti / jalu kaDDhaMtahaM kUvayahaM avasaI sirau ghaDaMti" // 99 // arthAt dharmAcaraNa karane vAle ko nissaMdeha dhana prApta hotA hai / kue~ se jala nikAlane vAloM ke sira para avazya ghar3A hotA hai| lekhaka ne dharma kA lakSaNa aura usakA mUla kitanA sundara batAyA hai "kAiM bahuttaiM jaMpiyaiM jaM appahu pddikuulu| V kAI mi parahu Na taM karahi ehu ju dhammahu mUlu" // 104 // 1. darzanasAra ke atirikta sabhI graMtha mANikyacandra digaMbara jaina graMthamAlA se prakA zita ho cuke haiN| 2. sAvayadhamma dohA bhUmikA pR0 19.
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya-1 285 arthAt bahuta kahane se kyA ? jo apane ko pratikUla lage use dUsaroM ke liye bhI na kro| saMskRta ke pada "AtmanaH pratikUlAni pareSAM na samAcaret" kA hI bhAva lekhaka ne abhivyakta kiyA hai| lekhaka ne viSayoM ke tyAga kA Adeza diyA hai "rUvahu uppari rai ma kari NayaNa NivArahi jaMta / rUvAsatta payaMgaDA pekkhahi dIvi paData" // 126 // rUpa para rati mata kara / udhara jAte hue nayanoM ko rok| rUpa meM Asakta pataMga ko dIpaka para par3ate hue dekh| kintu sAtha hI bhogoM ko maryAdA meM rakhane kA bhI saMketa karatA hai 7 "bhogahaM karahi pamANu jiya iMdiya ma kari sadappa / - huMti Na bhallA posiyA duddhe kAlA sappa" // 65 // he jIva ! bhogoM kA bhI pramANa rkh| indriyoM ko abhimAnI na kara / dUdha se kAle sA~pa ko posanA acchA nahIM hotaa| mAyA kA parityAga karanA cAhiye-- "mAyA millahI thoDiya vi dUsai cariu visuddha / kaMjiya biMduI vittuDai suddha vi guliyau duddha" // 133 // thor3A sA bhI doSa mahAn puNya kA nAza kara detA hai "mahu AsAyau thoDau vi NAsai puNNu bahuttu / vaisANarahaM tiDikkaDau kANaNu Dahai mahaMtu" // 23 // pApa se sukha prApti asaMbhava hai "suhiyau huvau Na ko vi iha re jiya Naru pAbeNa / kaddami tADiu uThiThayau gidau dichau keNa" // 153 / / lekhaka pApa puNya meM samatA kA upadeza detA hai "puNNu pAu jasu maNi Na samu tasu duttara bhavasiMdhu / kaNaya loha NiyalaI jiyahu ki Na kuhi payabaMdhu" // 21 // jisake mana meM puNya aura pApa samAna nahIM hai usake liye bhavasiMdhu dustara hai| kyA kanaka yA lohe kI nigar3a (zrRMkhalA) prANI kA pAdabaMdhana nahIM karatI? saikar3oM zAstroM ke jJAna se yukta jJAnI avazyambhAvI rUpa se dhArmika nahIM ho sktaa| saikar3oM sUryoM ke udaya ho jAne para bhI ullU aMdhA hI rahatA hai "sattha saeNa viyANiyahaM dhammu na caDhai maNe vi| V diNayara sau jai uggamai ghUyaDu aMghau to vi" // 105 // lekhaka dAna kI mahattA kA pratipAdana karatA huA satpAtra meM dAna kA Adeza karatA hai "jaM jiya dijjai ityubhavi taM labhai prloi| mUleM siMcai taruvarahaM phala DAlahaM puNu hoi" // 15 // kupAtra ko diyA dAna vyartha hotA hai / khAre ghar3e meM DAlA jala khArA hI ho jAtA hai--
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________________ 286 apabhraMza-sAhitya "dasaNa rahiya kupatti jai diNNai tAha kubhou / khAraghaDaI aha NivaDiyau NIru vi khArau hoi" // 8 // lekhaka ne dayA ko dharma kA pradhAna rUpa mAnA hai| "daya ji mUlu dhammaMghivahu so uppADiu jeNa / dalaphala kusumahaM kavaNa kaha Amisu bhakkhiu teNa" // 40 // arthAt dayA hI dharma vRkSa kA mUla hai / use jisane ukhAr3a pheMkA, patra phala, kusuma kI kauna kathA mAno usane mAMsa bhakSaNa kara liyaa| gRhasthoM ke lie dyUtahAni kI ora nirdeza karatA huA lekhaka kahatA hai / "jUeM dhaNahu Na hANi para vayahaM mi hoi viNAsu / laggau kaThTha Na Dahai para iyarahaM Dahai huyAsu" // 38 // arthAt jUe se dhana hI kI hAni nahIM hotI vratoM kA vinAza bhI hotA hai| kATha meM lagI Aga usI kATha ko nahIM apitu anyoM ko bhI jalA detI hai| .. mAnava janma kI durlabhatA kA varNana karatA huA lekhaka usake sadupayoga kA Adeza detA hai "maNuyattaNu dullahu lahivi bhoyahaM periu jeNa / iMdhaNa kajje kappayara mUlaho khaMDiu teNa" // 219 // arthAt durlabha manujatva ko bhI prApta kara jisane use bhogoM meM lipta kiyA usane mAno iMdhana ke lie kalpavRkSa ko samUla ukhAr3a ddaalaa| kavi jina-bhakta hai ataeva jina-bhakti bhAvanA kA sundaratA se varNana kiyA hai "jo vayabhAyaNu so ji taNu ki kijjai iyareNa / taM siru jaM jiNa muNi gavai rehai bhattibhareNa // 116 // dANaccaNa vihi je karahiM te ji salakkhaNa hattha / je jiNa titthahaM aNusarahiM pAya vi te ji pasatya // 117 // je suNaMti dhammakkharaI te havaM maNNami kaNNa / je johiM jiNavaraha muhu te para loyayiNa dhaNNa // 118 // arthAt zarIra vahI samajho jo vratoM kA bhAjana ho anya zarIra se kyA lAbha ? vahI sira sira hai jo bhaktibhAra se suzobhita ho jinamuni ke Age name / hAtha vahI prazasta haiM jo dAnArcana vidhi vidhAna karate haiN| vahI paira prazasta haiM jo jina tIrthoM kA anusaraNa karate haiM / jo dharma ke akSaroM kA zravaNa karate haiM maiM unheM hI kAna samajhatA hU~ aura jo jinavara ke mukha kA darzana karatI haiM vahI A~kheM utkRSTa aura dhanya haiN| lekhaka ke ina vacanoM kI rasakhAna ke nimnalikhita savaiye se tulanA kIjiye-- "baina vahI una ko guna gAi, au kAna vahI una baina soM sAnI / hAya vahI una gAta sarai, aru pAi vahI ju vahI anujaanii| devasena ke dohoM meM jAti bheda kI bhAvanA nahIM dikhAI detii| brAhmaNa ho yA zUdra jo dharmAcaraNa karatA hai vahI zrAvaka hai|
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya - 1 "ehu dhammu jo Ayaras baMbhaNu sudda vi koI / so sAvau ki sAvayahaM aNNu ki siri maNi hoi" // 76 // kavi racita ina dohoM meM abhimAna aura akkhar3apana nahIM dikhAI detA / bhASA - Upara diye gaye udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki kavi ne sarala aura calatI huI bhASA meM hRdayasparzI dRSTAntoM ke dvArA bhAva ko abhivyakta kiyA hai / bhASA vAgdhArA aura subhASitoM se alaMkRta hai / " jahi sAhasa tahi siddhi" (71) fe sAvayahaM aNNu ki siri maNi hoi // 76 // Adhunika pracalita muhAvarA hai sira para sIMga honA / usI bhAva meM yahAM sira para maNi honA isakA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / pratipAdya viSaya ko spaSTa karane ke lie lekhaka ne dainika jIvana se nitya-saMbaddha aprastutoM kA, alaMkAroM aura dRSTAntoM meM aprastuta vidhAna ke lie prayoga kiyA hai / jaise hala, baila, khArI jala, kUA~, dhatUrA, naukA, vRkSa, sA~pa, dIpaka, pataMga, ullU, geMda, AratI, ityAdi / ' lekhaka kI bhASA ke zabdoM meM parasargoM kA prayoga bhI dikhAI detA hai / gharataNau = ghara kA (62), jamabhaDataNau = yama bhaTa kA (88) ityAdi / kavi kI isa racanA meM aneka zabdoM kA rUpa pratIta hotA hai / kahIM kahIM marAThI aura paMjAbI ke kaccAsaNa thoDa bahuttu loNi (marAThI) dodiNa vasiyau khettI kapaDa 1. dekhiye sAvaya dhamma dohA saMkhyA 3, 46, 65, 76, 81, 87, 99, 105, 126, 135, 153, 196 / 2. udAharaNa ke liye nimnalikhita zabda dekha sakate haiM / zabdoM ke Age kI saMkhyA dohoM kI saMkhyA hai- Dhakkai DAlaha gharataNau duddhe (paMjAbI) kaccA bhojana thor3A hindI bhASA ke zabdoM ke samAna sA zabda bhI prayukta hue haiM / " 287 bahuta makkhana, navanIta do dina kA vAsI khetI kapar3e para Dhokyate - Ave DAla kA ghara kA dUdha se 14 23 23 28 35 55 56 60,112,187 61 62 65
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________________ apabhraMza sAhitya upadeza rasAyana rAsa ' upadeza rasAyana rAsa jinadatta mUri kI racanA hai| yaha jina vallabha sUrI ke ziSya the / yaha saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke vidvAn the / apabhraMza ke atirikta saMskRta aura prAkRta meM bhI inhoMne graMtha likhe / inakA janma vi0 saM0 1932 meM huA thaa| ina kA janma kA nAma somacandra thA / bAlyAvasthA se hI inakI pratibhA dikhAI dene lagI thI / jina vallabha ke maraNoparAnta inhoMne sUri pada aura jinadatta nAma prApta kiyaa| maru deza, 288 sappa (paMjAbI) ghaDa vaDaha paDiu jagi (jaga meM) hakkArau - harakArA babUla lahaMti kUva dIvi poTTa borihi barlata) chita kaMjiya haluva dhattUriya talAu gehU jAi rukkhaDA Aratia sA~pa ghaTa-ghar3A vaTa kA, bar3a kA patita, par3A gharu (ghara) 87 ajju - Aja, kalli-kala 88 babUla labhate kUpa dIye peTa beroM se jvalaMta (paMjAbI) jalanA spRSTa (chUta) kAMjI halakA, laghuka dhattarika, dhatUrA pIne vAlA talAba, taDAga se geha, gRha yAti 65 81 90 vRkSa AratI, ArAtrika candropaka, caMdoA 94 96 99 126 106 110 121 131 133 134, 135 136 170 184 188 190 196 198 caMdova 1. lA0 bha0 gAndhI dvArA saMpAdita, apabhraMza kAvyatrayI oriyaMTala iMsTiTyUTa, bar3audA, san 1927, meM inakI tInoM racanAoM kA saMgraha hai /
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya - 1 289 nAgapura, ajamera Adi sthAnoM meM vihAra kiyA / yaha deza deza meM apanA dharmopadeza karate rahate the / saM0 1210 meM anazana samAdhi dvArA inhoMne dehatyAga kiyA / ' upadeza rasAyana rAsa ke atirikta, kAla svarUpa kulaka aura carcarI kI inhoMne racanA kI / 1 upadeza rasAyana rAsa 80 padyoM kI eka racanA hai / Arambha meM maMgalAcaraNa hai / Age lekhaka kahatA hai ki AtmoddhAra se manuSya janma saphala hotA hai / tadarthaM suguru kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / guru naukA ke binA saMsAra-saritA ko pAra karanA saMbhava nahIM / tadanantara dhArmikoM ke kRtyoM kA nirdeza hai / aneka prakAra ke caitya dharmoM aura karmoM kA pratipAdana hai / 36veM padya meM kRtikAra ne tAla rAsa aura laguDa rAsa kA nirdeza kiyA hai / Age yuga pradhAna guru kA aura saMgha kA lakSaNa diyA hai| gRhasthoM ko kucha sadupadeza diye haiM / kRti ke jala ko jo karNAJjali se pAna karate haiM ve ajarAmara hote haiM, ina vAkyoM se kRti samApta hotI hai / kavi ke nimnalikhita padya meM ahiMsA kA rUpa dekhie " dhammiu sAhaMtau / para mArai jasaM / tu vi tasu dhamma asthi na hu nAsai paramapada nivasai so sAsai" // 26 // dhammakajju kIas arthAt jo dhArmika dharma kArya ko siddha karatA huA kadAcit kisI dharma meM vighAta karane vAle ko yuddha karatA huA mAra detA hai to bhI usakA dharma banA rahatA hai vaha naSTa nahIM hotA / vaha vyakti zAzvata parama pada meM vAsa karatA hai / nimnalikhita padya meM kRtikAra ne devagRha meM tAla rAsa aura laguDa rAsa kA niSedha kiyA hai : " uciya thutti thuyapADha paDhirjAha / je siddhaM tihi saha saMdhijjaha / tAlArAsu viditi na rayaNihi divasi vi lauDArasu sahuM purisihi" // 36 // kRti ke prArambha meM saMskRta TIkAkAra ne ullekha kiyA hai ki yaha upadeza rasAyana rAsa prAkRta bhASA meM likhA gayA hai| yahAM prAkRta bhASA zabda vyApaka artha meM prayukta tamajhanA cAhiye / grantha kI bhASA apabhraMza hI hai / kRti meM paddhaTikA - pajjhaTikA- chanda kA prayoga huA hai / 9. vahI, pR0 60 2. zrImadbhijinadattasUribhiH... rAsaka zca" apabhraMza kAvyatrayI pu0 29 prAkRta bhASayA dharma rasAyanAkhyo
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________________ 290 apabhraMza-sAhitya kAla svarUpa kulaka yaha jinadatta sUri racita 32 padyoM kI kRti hai| isakA dUsarA nAma upadeza kulaka bhI hai| ___maMgalAcaraNa ke anantara lekhaka ne vikrama kI 12vIM zatAbdI meM kisI sukhanAzaApatti-kA nirdeza kiyA hai / isa Apatti meM logoM meM dharma ke prati anAdara, moha-nidrA kI prabalatA aura guru vacanoM meM aruci ho gaI thii| Age kRtikAra ne sugaru kA mahatva batAyA hai / suguru-vacana-lagna-mAnava sote hue bhI jAgarUka rahate haiM / suguru aura kuguru kA bheda batAte hue kRtikAra donoM ko kramazaH godugdha aura arka dugdha ke samAna batAtA hai| kuguru dhatUre ke phUla ke samAna hotA hai| suguru-vANI aura jina-vANI meM zraddhA kA upadeza diyA hai / baMdhuvarga meM ekatA kA pratipAdana karate hue, mAtA pitA ke prati Adara-bhAvanA kA upadeza dete hue aura suguru prApti se yamabhaya ke bhI naSTa ho jAne kA nirdeza karate hue kRti samApta hotI hai| isa kRti kA viSaya dharmopadeza hai aura isakA nAma kulaMka hai / kulaka aise padya samUha ko kahate haiM jisameM pAMca yA pAMca se adhika aise padya hoM jinakA paraspara anvaya aura sambandha ho|' isa kRti meM yadyapi 32 padyoM kA paraspara anvaya nahIM, viSaya bhI bhinna hai kintu sArI kRti eka hI dharmatantu se anusyUta hone ke kAraNa sambhavataH kulaka kahI gaI hai| zrI agaracanda nAhaTA kA vicAra hai ki jisa racanA meM kisI zAstrIya viSaya kI Avazyaka bAteM saMkSepa meM saMkalita kI gaI hoM yA kisI vyakti kA saMkSipta paricaya diyA gayA ho usakI saMjJA 'kulaka' yA 'kula' hotI hai| unhoMne isa prakAra ke aneka prAkRta meM likhita kulakoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| 'kAla svarUpa kulaka' ke atirikta nimnalikhita apabhraMza meM likhita kulaka kRtiyoM kA nirdeza pattana bhaNDAra kI graMtha sUcI meM milatA haijinezvara sUri racita bhAvanA kulaka (vahI, pR0 24) navakAra phala kulaka (vahI, pR0 44) mRgAputra kulaka (vahI, pR0 120) pazcAttApa kulaka (vahI, pR0 263) jina prabha racita subhASita kulaka (vahI, pR0 264) gautama caritra kulaka (vahI, pR0 266) kRtikAra ne apane dRSTAntoM ke liye aise savaM-sAdhAraNa-gocara viSayoM ko liyA hai jo sarva sAdhAraNa ke lie bodhagamya hoN| jaise sadguru kI tulanA gau ke dUdha se, kuguru kI Aka 1. dvAbhyAM yugmamiti prokta tribhiH zloka vishesskm| kalApakaM catubhiH syAttadUrdhvaM kulakaM smRtam // 2. nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA varSa 58, aMka 4, pR0 435
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya--1 291 ke dUdha se aura dhatUre ke phUla se kI hai| isI prakAra ghara kI ekatA kA dRSTAnta mArjanI, jhAr3a se diyA hai / vastutaH kRtikAra kA lakSya kinhIM AdhyAtmika aura dArzanika tatvoM kA vivecana na thaa| zrAvaka zrAvikAoM aura gahasthoM ko dharmopadeza dvArA sadAcAra mArga kI ora pravatta karanA aura devagRhoM-caitya gRhoM ke jIvana ko Adarza banAnA hI isakA uddezya thaa| kAlasvarUpa kulaka ke udAharaNa svarUpa kucha padya nIce diye jAte haiM "dukha hoi go-yakkihi dhavalau para pejjaMtai maMtara bahalau / ekku sarIri sukkha saMpADai avara piyau puNu maMsu vi sADai" // 10 // "kuguru suguru sama dIsahi bAhiri pari jo kuguru su aMtaru bAhiri ! jo tasu aMtara karai viyakkhaNu so paramappau lahai sulavakhaNu" // 11 // arthAt gau kA dUdha aura Aka kA dUdha donoM zveta varNa hote haiM kintu unake pAna karane meM pariNAma bhinna-bhinna hote haiM, eka zarIra meM sukha utpanna karatA hai aura dUsarA zarIra ko jalA detA hai / isI prakAra suguru aura kuguru bAhara se eka samAna dIkhate haiM kintu kuguru Abhyantara vyAdhi rUpa hai / jo buddhimAn una donoM meM bheda karatA hai vaha parama pada ko prApta karatA hai| ghara meM aikya kA sundara udAharaNa nimnalikhita padya meM milatA hai "kajjau karai buhArI baddhI sohai gehu karei smiddhii| jai puNa sA vi juyaM juya kijjai tA kiM kajja tIe sAhijjai ?" // 27 // bhAvanA saMdhi prakaraNa' yaha jayadeva muni kRtta chaha kaDavakoM kI eka choTI sI racanA hai / pratyeka kaDavaka meM 10 padya haiN| Arambhika aura antima kaDavaka meM maMgalAcaraNa aura stuti sambandhI eka-eka padya adhika hai| kRti ke antima padya meM racayitA kA aura usake guru zivadeva sUri kA nAma milatA hai / 2 racayitA ke viSaya meM kucha jJAta nhiiN| isakA kAla aura sthAna 1. enalsa Apha bhaMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca iMsTiTyUTa pUnA, bhAga 11, san 1930 10 1-31 para em0 sI0 modI dvArA saMpApita 2. Nimmala guNa bhUrihiM siva diva sUrihiM, paDhamasIsu jayadeva muNi / kiya bhAvaNa saMdhI sibhAva sugaMdhI, nisuNavi anna vi gharau maNi // 62
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________________ 292 apabhraMza-sAhitya anizcita hai| kRti meM mAlava narendra muMja (1054 vi0 saM0 mRtyukAla) ke nirdeza se kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki jayadeva vikrama kI 11vIM zatAbdI ke bAda hI hue hoNge| bhASA kI dRSTi se saMpAdaka kA vicAra hai ki kRti 13vIM-14vIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai|' kRti kA viSaya naitika aura dhArmika jIvana kA upadeza hai / saMsAra kI duHkha bahulatA vairAgya bhAvanA, viSaya tyAga, mAnava janma kI durlabhatA, pApa tyAga kara puNya saMcaya karanA ityAdi viSayoM kA hI kavi ne upadeza diyA hai| ____ racayitA ne saMsAra ko indrajAla (padya 2) batA kara priya mitra, gRha, gRhiNI ityAdi sabako mithyA batAyA hai-- "piya puNa mitta ghara gharaNi jAya iha loi ya savvi va suhu sahAya / navi atthi koi tuha saraNi mukkha ikkulau sahasi tatraM naraya dukkha" // 3 // arthAt priya mitra, gRha, gRhiNI saba isa loka meM sukha ke sAthI haiM / he mUrkha ! duHkha meM terA koI zaraNa-dAtA nahIM, akele hI tU naraka duHkha sahana kregaa| saMsAra se virakti kA upadeza detA huA kavi kahatA hai "mana (ta) racci ramaNi ramaNIya dehi vasa maMsa ruhira mala mutta geh| daDha devi rattu mAlavu nariMda gaya rajja pANa huya puhavi caMdu" // 5 // arthAt vasA mAMsa rudhira mala-mUtra-nidhAna ramaNI ke sundara deha meM anurakta na ho| devI meM atyanta Asakta mAlavarAja pRthvI candra apane rAjya aura prANoM se hAtha dho baitthaa| Age kavi nirdeza karatA hai ki kAma krodhAdi evaM AzravAdi kA tyAga kara zraddhA yukta ho jina vacanoM ke zravaNa se sukha prApti hotI hai (6, 9) / hiMsA se akAla maraNa yA paravaMcanA evaM dravyApaharaNa se dAridrya prApta hotA hai (27, 28) / sarala aura sundara bhASA meM jayadeva viSaya tyAga kara dharma saMcaya kA upadeza dete haiM "dahai gosIsu sirikhaMDa chArakkae, chagalagahaNaTThamerAvaNaM vikke| kappataru toDi eraMda so vavvae, jajji visaehi maNyattaNaM hArae" // 16 // "sumiNa pattaMmi rajjaMmi so mucchae, salila saMkaM sasi ginhi vaMchae abiyakhittesu dhannAi so kaMkhae, jujji dhammeNa viNa mukkha Avikkha e" // 17 // arthAt jo viSayoM ke lie manuSyatva kho baiThatA hai vaha mAno kSAra ke lie gozIrSa aura zrI khaMDa ko jalA DAlatA hai, chAga ko pAne ke lie airAvata ko beca DAlatA hai aura 1. vahI pR0 2
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya - 1 293 kalpataru ko kATa kara airaMDa ko botA hai / jo dharma ke binA mokSa prApti cAhatA hai vaha svapna prApta rAjya meM mUcchita rahatA hai, jala meM pratibimbita candra ko grahaNa karanA cAhatA hai aura binA boye kheta se hI dhAnya pAnA cAhatA hai / karmaphala bhoga kA sundara zabdoM meM pratipAdana nimnalikhita padya meM milatA hai"dhaM na karesi vaMchesi suha muttie caNaya vikkesi vaMchesi vara muttie / jaM ji vAvijjae taM ji (ti) khalu lujjae bhujjae jaM ji uggAra tassa kijjae" // 52 // are tuma dharma nahIM karate aura mukti sukha cAhate ho ? cane becate ho aura (badale meM) sundara motI cAhate ho ? jo jaisA botA hai vaisA hI kATatA hai / jo manuSya jo bhI kucha khAtA hai usI kA udgAra karatA hai / sukRtopArjana, duSkRta tyAga aura sakala jIvoM ke prati maitrI ke upadeza se kRti samApta hotI hai / kRti meM kaI vyaktiyoM, dRSTAntoM aura kathAoM ke nirdeza milate ha-mAlava narendra pRthvI candra (5), aMgAradAha dRSTAnta (20), zAlibhadra, bharata, sagara (22), sanatkumAra cakrI (53), subhaTa carita (54), gaya sukumAlaka (55), puMDarIka marudevI, bharatezvara, prasanna candra dRSTAnta (56) aura nanda dRSTAnta (57) / bhASA -- kRti kI bhASA sarala aura calatI huI hai| bIca-bIca meM pANDitya - maya bhASA ke bhI darzana ho jAte haiM ( jaise padya 33, 36, ityAdi) / anuraNanAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga bhI kahIM-kahIM milatA hai| "anuDhakkahi bhuttau taDaphaDaMta, jaMtehi nipIDiya kaDayaDaMta / rahi jutau tuTTau taDayaDaMtu, vajjAvali pakkau kaDhakaDhaMtu " // 46 // isa kRti kI bhASA vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se kahIM kahIM avyavasthita hai ( padya saMkhyA 46, 62 ) / pAdapUrti ke lie 'e' ke prayoga kA halakA sA AbhAsa, jaisA ki uttarakAlIna hindI kavitA meM milatA hai, kahIM kahIM isa kRti ke padoM meM bhI milatA hai / jaise"ghari palitaMmi khaNi sakai ko kUva e // 57 // buDDha bhAvaMmi puNa malisi niyahattha e // 58 // subhASita aura vAgdhArAyeM -- isa grantha kI bhASA meM subhASitoM aura vAgdhArAoM kA prayoga bhI dikhAI detA hai "ki lohadaM ghaDiDaM hiyaM tujjha" // 25 // kyA tumhArA hRdaya lohe kA banA hai ? "chagala gahaNaTTha merAvaNaM vikkae kappataru toDi eMraMDu so vavvae " // 16 // bakarI ko lene ke lie airAvata ko becatA hai / kalpavRkSa ko tor3a kara airaMDa ko
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________________ 294 apabhraMza-sAhitya botA hai| "ghari palitami khaNi sakai ko kUvae" // 57 // ghara ke pradIpta ho jAne para kauna kuA khoda sakatA hai ? "buDDha bhAvaMmi puNa malisi niyahatthae" // 58 // bur3hApe meM phira apane hAtha mloge| "caNaya vikkesi baMchesi vara muttie jaM ji vAvijjae taM ji (ti) khalu lujjae" // 52 // cane becate ho aura badale meM sundara motI cAhate ho? jo, jo kucha boyegA vaha vahI kaattegaa| dvAdaza bhAvanA somaprabhAcArya kRta kumAra pAla pratibodha (pR. 311) meM dvAdaza bhAvanAoM kA ullekha hai| kavi ne saMsAra kI anityatA aura kSaNa bhaMguratA kA citraNa kiyA hai / jayadeva muni-kRta 'bhAvanA saMdhi prakaraNa' aura isa 'dvAdaza bhAvanA' meM kaI vAkya samAna haiN| "calu jIviu juvvaNu dhaNu sarIru, jimva kamala dalagga vilaggu niir| ahavA ihatyi jaM ki pi vatthu, taM savvu aNiccu ha hA dhiratthu // piya mAya bhAya sukalattu puttu, pahu pariyaNu mittu siNeha-juttu / pahavaMtu na rakhai ko vi maraNu, viNu dhamaha annu na asthi saraNu // ekkalau pAvai jIvu jamma, ekkalau marai viDhatta-kammu / ekkalau parabhavi sahai dukkhu, ekkalau dhammiNa lahai mukkhu // (pR0 311) arthAt jIvana yauvana, dhana, zarIra saba kamalapatra sthita jala ke samAna asthira haiM / jo bhI vastu isa saMsAra meM hai saba anitya hai / priyatama mAtA, bhAI, patnI, putra, svAmI, parijana, snehImitra koI maraNa se rakSA nahIM kara sktaa| dharma ke atirikta anya koI zaraNa nhiiN|... jIva akelA hI dharma ko prApta karatA hai aura karmoM se lipta akelA hI mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai / janmAntara meM akelA hI duHkha sahatA hai aura dharma ke dvArA akelA hI mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| ___ isa prakAra kavi ne caudaha paddhaDiyA chandoM meM dvAdaza bhAvanAoM ke pAlana kA mahatva pratipAdita kiyA hai| 1. soma prabhAcArya ke paricaya ke liye dekhiye 12veM adhyAya meM 'jIvamanaH karaNa saMlApa kathA', pR0 335 /
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________________ 295 apabhraMza muktaka kAvya--1 saMyama maMjarI yaha mahezvara sUri dvArA racita 35 dohoM kI eka choTI-sI kRti hai| mahezvara sUri ke janma, kAla aura sthAna ke viSaya meM kucha nirdeza nahIM miltaa| isa grantha kI hastalikhita prati vi0 saM0 1561 kI hai ataH inakA usa kAla se pUrva honA nizcita hai| kAlakAcArya kathAnaka bhI mahezvara sUri kI kRti hai, jisakI hastalikhita prati kA kAla vi0 saM0 1365 hai / yadi donoM mahezvara sUri eka hI hoM to saMyama maMjarI kI racanA isa kAla (vi0 saM0 1365) se pUrva ho gaI hogI aisI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| dohoM ke viSaya aura sUri upAdhi se inake jaina hone kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| jaisA ki kRti ke nAma se hI prakaTa hotA hai isameM kavi ne saMyama se rahane kA upadeza diyA hai| saMyama ke dvArA hI mokSa prApta ho sakatA hai aisI kavi kI baddhamUla dhAraNA thii| kavi ne saMyama ke 17 prakAroM kA ullekha (dohA 4) kara kukarma tyAga aura indriya-nigraha kA vidhAna kiyA hai| jIvahiMsA, asatya, adatAdAna-corI, maithuna aura parigraha ye pAMca pApa batAye ha / manodaNDa, vAgdaNDa yA jihvAdaNDa aura kAyadaNDa ina tIna daNDoM se bacane kA Adeza diyA hai| graMtha ke Arambha meM pArzvanAtha jI kI vandanA kI gaI hai| Age kavi kahatA hai "saMjamu surasayihi thuau saMjamu mokkha duvAru / jehiM na saMjamu maNi dhariu taha duttara saMsAra" ||dohaa 2 // kavi jina bhakta thaa| usake vicAra meM jina A~khoM ne jinanAtha ke darzana nahIM kiye ve vyartha haiN| "ye jiNanAhaha muhakamala avaloaNa kayatosa / dhanna tiloahaM loaNaiM muha maMDaNa para sesa" // 14 // strI rUpa kI Asakti ke viSaya meM kavi kahatA hai para ramaNI je rUva bhari pikkhivi je vi hi (ha) saMti / rAga nibaMdhaNa te nayaNa jiNa jammavi nahu honti // 15 // indriya-nigraha kA Adeza dete hue mahezvara sUri kahate haiM "gaya maya mahuara jhasa salaha niyaniya visaya pstt| ikkikkeNa i indiyaNa dukkha niraMtara patta // 17 // ikkiNi iMdiya mukkaliNa labbhai dukkha shss| jasu puNa paMcai mukkalA kaha kusalattaNa tassa // 18 // 1. guNe dvArA enalsa Apha bhaMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca iMsTiTyaTa pUnA, bhAga 1, 1918-20 pR0 157-166 para tayA dalAla-guNe dvArA saMpAdita 'bhavisayatta kahA' kI bhUmikA pR0 37-41 para prakAzita huI hai| 2. vahI, pR0 157 /
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________________ 296 bhapabhraMza-sAhitya arthAt gaja, mRga, madhukara, matsya aura zalabha apane-apane viSaya meM prasakta ha / eka-eka indriya-viSaya meM Asakti ke kAraNa ye nirantara duHkha pAte rahate haiN| eka hI indriya kI viSaya prasakti se sahasroM duHkha prApta hote haiN| jisakI pA~coM indriyAM viSayoM kI ora unmukta hoM usakI kuzalatA kahAM ? ____ uparilikhita dohoM kI bhAgavata purANa ke nimnalikhita padya se tulanA kiijiye| kuraMga mAtaMga pataMga mInA bhuMgA hatAH paMcabhi reva paMca / ekaH pramAdI sa kathaM na hanyate yaH sevate paMcabhireva pNc|| manonigraha ke viSaya meM kavi kahatA hai "jeNi na ruddhau visaya suhi dhAvaMtau maNumINu / teNi bhamevau bhava gahaNi apaMtai jaNa dINu" // 28 // "saMjama baMdhaNi baMdhi dhari dhAvantau maNa hatthi / jai kA disi ahu mukkula tA pADihai aNatthi" // 29 // antima padya meM saMyama maMjarI kA mahatva batalAyA gayA hai aura mahezvara sUri ke guru kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| samaNaha bhUsaNa gaya vasaNa saMjama maMjari eha / (siri) mahesara sUri gura kanni kuNaMta suNeha // 35 // cunar3I' yaha kRti bhaTTAraka vinayacandra muni racita hai| vinayacandra mAthura saMghIya bhaTTAraka bAlacandra ke ziSya the| cUnar3I graMtha 31 padyoM kI eka choTI sI racanA hai / isakI racanA kavi ne giripura meM rahate hue ajaya nareza ke rAja-vihAra meM baiThakara kI thii| kavi ke kAlAdi ke viSaya meM kucha nizcita nhiiN| paM0 dIpacandra pANDyA ne jisa guTake meM se ise saMpAdita kiyA thA, usakA lipi kAla vi0 saM0 1576 hai / ataH isa kAla se pUrva to isa kRti kI racanA nizcita hI hai / cUnar3I ke atirikta, kalyANakarAsu aura Nirjhara paMcamI vihANa kathA bhI vinayacandra ne likhiiN| cUnar3I striyoM ke or3hane kA dupaTTA hotA hai jinheM raMgareja, raMga biraMgI bela bUTe chApa 1. nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, varSa 50, saMkhyA 1-2, pR0 111; jaina hi0 sA0 kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR0 70; anekAnta varSa, 5, kiraNa 6-7, pR0 257-261 para dIpacanda pANDyA kA lekha -cUnar3I grNth| 2. anekAnta varSa 5, kiraNa 6-7 pR0 261 /
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________________ apabhraMza maktaka kAvya--1 297 kara raMgatA hai / cUnar3I kA dUsarA nAma cuNNI-curNI-bhI hai, jisakA abhiprAya hai idhara udhara bikhare hue prakIrNaka viSayoM kA lekhana athavA citraNa / eka mugdhA pati se aisI cUnar3I kI prArthanA karatI hai jise or3ha kara jina zAsana meM vicakSaNatA prApta ho| isI ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kRtikAra ne isakI racanA kI hai| isa prakAra kavi ne isa kRti ke dvArA dhArmika bhAvanAoM aura sadAcAroM kI raMgI cUnar3I or3hane kA saMketa diyA hai| kRti kA Arambha kRtikAra ne paMcaguru vandanA aura sarasvatI vandanA se kiyA hai| Atma-vinaya kA pradarzana karane ke anantara kavi ne jaina dharma ke tatvoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| viNae~ vaMvivi paMcaguru, moha mahA tama toDaNa diNayara / NAha lihAvahi cUnaDiya, muddhau pabhaNai piu joDivi kara // dhruvkN| paNavau~ komala kuvalaya NayaNI, ......... pasarivi sArada joNha jima, jA aMdhArau sayalu vi NAsai / sA mahu Nivasau mANasahi, haMsa-vadhU jima devi sarAsai // 1 // xxx hIrAdata paMti payaDatI, gorau piu bolaI vihsNtii| sundara jAi su cei hari, mahu daya kijjau suhaya sulakkhaNa / . lai chipAvahi cUnaDiya, hau~ jiNa sAsaNi suTTha viyakkhaNa' // 1 // graMtha meM paddhaDiyA chanda kI hI pradhAnatA hai| cUnar3I ke viSaya kI kabIra ke nimnalikhita pada se tulanA kiijie| jhInI jhInI bInI cdriyaa| kAhe ke tAnA kAhe ke bharanI, kauna tAra se bInI cdriyaa| iMgalA piMgalA tAnA bharanI, suSamana tAra se bInI cadariyA // 1 // ATha kaMvala dala carakhA Dole, pAMca tatva gana tIni cdriyaa| sAiM ko siyata mAsa dasa lAge, ThoMka ThoMka ke bInI cadariyA // 2 // so cAdara sura nara muni or3hI, or3hI ke mailI kInI cdriyaa| dAsa kabIra jatana soM or3hI, jyoM kI tyoM dhara dInI cadariyA // 3 // kabIra ne upadeza diyA ki manuSya zarIra devatA kA mandira hai, ise apavitra na hone do| isa prakAra kabIra kI cadariyA adhyAtma bhAva-pratipAdaka hai, vinayacandra kI laukika bhAva pratipAdaka / isI cUnar3I kI bhAvanA se kabIra kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa pratIta hotA hai / ataH yaha kavi kabIra se pUrva hI kisI kAla meM huA hogA aisI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| ___ Upara jina jaina dharma sambandhI racanAoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai unake atirikta bhI aneka choTI choTI racanAe~ jaina bhaNDAroM meM vidyamAna haiN| jaisA ki pATana bhaNDAra 1. anekAnta varSa 5, kiraNa 6-7 se uddhRta /
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________________ 298 apabhraMza-sAhitya kI grantha sUcI se spaSTa hotA hai / jina kRtiyoM kA Upara vivaraNa diyA gayA hai hamAre vicAra ko tathA isa dhArmika bhAvanA kI vicAradhArA ko spaSTa karane ke lie ye kRtiyA~ paryApta haiN| ___AdhyAtmika aura Adhibhautika upadeza pradhAna racanAoM meM hameM nimnalikhita samAnatAyeM dRSTigata hotI haiM. 1. inameM sarala bhASA kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / bhASA ke saundarya kI ora dhyAna na dekara bhAva kI ora dRSTi rakhI gaI hai| 2. jina dRSTAntoM dvArA bhAva ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ve isa prakAra ke haiM ki jinakA sarva sAdhAraNa ke jIvana ke sAtha ghaniSTha sambandha hai / isa prakAra ke dRSTAntoM ke prayoga ke dvArA kRtikAroM ne apane bhAvoM ko subodha aura hRdayaMgama banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| 3. donoM prakAra ke kRtikAroM ke hRdaya udAra the| inakI kRtiyoM meM dharma sambandhI sahiSNutA aura udAra bhAvoM ke darzana hote haiN| AdhyAtmika racanAoM ke racayitAoM-sAdhakoM-kI kRtiyoM meM nimnalikhita vizeSatAyeM milatI haiM : 1. inakI kRtiyoM meM guru kA mahatva batalAyA gayA hai / suguru aura kuguru meM bheda batalAte hue suguru ko prApta karane kA Adeza diyA gayA hai / 2. inhoMne bAhya karmakANDa kA virodha kiyA hai / mantra, tantra, pUjA dhyAna, zAstrAbhyAsa Adi sabako vyartha batA kara Antarika zuddhi para bala diyA hai / yadyapi bAhya karma kANDa kA khaMDana inakI racanAoM meM milatA hai kintu kahIM para bhI para-nindA yA kaTutA kA AbhAsa nahIM miltaa| 3. saMsAra ko kSaNika batAte hue viSayoM ke parityAga kA upadeza inhoMne diyA hai| viSaya tyAga ke lie indriya-nigraha aura mana ko vaza meM karane kA upadeza bhI diyA gayA hai| 4. saMsAra ko kSaNika, viSayoM ko agrAhya bandhu bAMdhavoM ke sambandha ko mithyA batAte hue vairAgya bhAvanA ko udbaddha karane kA prayatna, inakI kRtiyoM meM milatA hai| isa prakAra pravRttimArga kI apekSA nivRttimArga kA upadeza yadyapi inakI racanAoM meM pramukha hai tathApi ye sAdhaka gRhasthAzrama aura strI kI avahelanA nahIM karate / inako vahIM taka tyAjya batAte haiM jahAM taka ye sAdhanA mArga meM bAdhaka hoN| 5. saba kucha kSaNika, nazvara aura heya batAte hue AtmAnubhUti aura Atma svarUpa jJAna kA upadeza inakI racanAoM meM milatA hai| AtmA deha sthita hai| tIrthayAtrA, devAlaya Adi meM bhaTakane kI apekSA svadehasthita AtmA ko jAnane kA prayatna karanA caahiye| "yatpiNDe tatbrahmANDe" kI bhAvanA ko sadA jAgarUka rakhane kA prayatna ina sAdhakoM ne kiyA / 6. ina sAdhakoM kA vicAra hai ki samarasa hone para jIva paramAnanda ko prApta hotA hai /
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________________ 299 apabhraMza muktaka kAvya--1 Adhibhautika upadeza pradhAna racanAoM kI nimnalikhita vizeSatAyeM haiM 1. isa prakAra kI racanA karane vAloM kA mukhya lakSya thA samAja ke stara ko U~cA karanA aura samAja meM sadAcAramaya jIvana kI pratiSThA krnaa| etadartha ina upadezakoM ne adhikatara dharma, nIti, upadeza, stuti Adi ko hI apanI racanA kA viSaya banAyA hai| 2. inake upadeza adhikatara gRhasthoM ke lie the ataH unake yogya kartavyoM kA upadeza inakI racanAoM meM milatA hai| inakA vicAra hai ki mAtA pitA kI sevA karanA anya dharmAvalambI hone para bhI unakA Adara karanA, unakI AjJA kA pAlana karanA, bandhu-bAndhavoM kA paraspara ekatA se rahanA ityAdi upadezoM kA pAlana karane se eka gRhastha sadgRhastha bana sakatA hai| ___3. gRhasthiyoM ke liye pUjA pATha Avazyaka hai etadartha mandiroM tathA pUjAsthAnoM ke vidhi-vidhAnoM kA nirdeza bhI inhoMne kiyA hai| 4. ina upadezakoM ne gRhasthiyoM ko dharma kA pAlana karate hue sukha prApta karane kA Adeza diyA hai / isI kAraNa gRhasthAzrama aura strI kI anucita nindA inake upadezoM meM nahIM miltii| 5. ina upadezakoM ne yadyapi gRhasthoM ko pravRttimArga kA upadeza diyA kintu gRhastha meM rahate hue bhI karmoM se alipta rahane kI ora bhI nirdeza kiyA hai / bhogamaya jIvana bitAte hue bhI dAnAdi kI prazaMsA karate hue unheM tyAgamaya jIvana vyatIta karane kA upadeza diyA hai| __ isa prakAra ina mAdhakoM aura upadezakoM kI bhAvanA nirantara Age bar3hatI gaI / jisakA prabhAva Age cala kara hindI sAhitya ke saMtoM, bhakta kaviyoM aura nItikAroM meM dikhAI detA hai|
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________________ dasavA~ adhyAya apabhraMza muktaka kAvya-(2) dhArmika bauddha dharma sambandhI ___ bauddha siddhoM dvArA racita aneka dohe aura gIta milate ha jinake saMgraha aura adhyayana kA prayatna aneka vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai| sarvaprathama mahAmahopAdhyAya paM0 hara prasAda zAstrI ne 'hAjAra bacharera purANa bAgaMlA bhASAya bauddha gAna o dohA' nAma se inakI racanAoM kA saMgraha baMgIya sAhitya pariSad kalakattA se san 1916 meM prakAzita karavAyA thaa| isI ke sAtha saraha aura kAnha ke dohA koSa bhI prakAzita hue the| inake anantara DA0 zahIdullA ne inakI racanAoM kA adhyayana phreMca bhASA meM prastuta kiyaa| tadanantara DA0 prabodha candra bAgacI ne 'dohA koSa' aura 'maiTIriyalsa phora e kriTikala eDizana Apha di olDa beMgAlI caryA padas' nAma se jarnala Apha di DipArTameMTsa Apha leTarsa bhAga 28 aura 30 meM pUrva prakAzita siddhoM ke dohoM aura gAnoM ko tibbatI anuvAda ke AdhAra para saMzodhita rUpa meM prastuta kiyaa| zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne bhI tibbatI granthoM ke AdhAra para ina siddhoM kI racanAoM para prakAza ddaalaa| pahale unakA eka lekha gaMgA purAtattvAMka meM prakAzita huA thA tadanantara unhoMne 'purAtattva nibandhAvalI' meM san 1937 meM hindI ke prAcInatama kavi nAmaka lekha dvArA inakI racanAoM ko hindI meM prakAzita krvaayaa| isI nibandhAvalI meM 'vajayAna aura caurAsI siddha' nAmaka lekha dvArA unakI vicAradhArA para bhI prakAza ddaalaa| siddhoM ke aneka dohoM aura gItoM kA saMgraha rAhula jI ne 'hindI kAvya dhArA' meM diyA hai| isI meM unhoMne siddhoM dvArA racita aneka kRtiyoM kA nirdeza bhI kiyA hai| ye kRtiyA~ abhI taka prakAzita nahIM ho sakI aura nA hI prApya haiN| isaliye inakI bhASA ke viSaya meM nizcaya se kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isa adhyAya se pUrva mahAkAvya aura khaMDa kAvya ke adhyAyoM meM prabandha kAvyoM kA adhyayana grantha krama se prastuta kiyA gayA thaa| siddhoM ke granthoM kA pRthak-pRthak prakAzana na hone ke kAraNa isa prakAra kA adhyayana saMbhava nahIM / Upara nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai ki aneka siddhoM ke dohoM aura gAnoM ke kucha saMgraha prakAzita hue haiM unhIM ke AdhAra para isa dhArmika sAhitya ko samajhane kA prayatna kiyA jaaygaa| __ siddhoM kI racanAe~ do rUpoM meM milatI haiM-kucha meM dharma ke siddhAMta, mata, tatva, Adi kA pratipAdana hai aura kucha meM tantra, maMtra Adi karmakANDa kA khaMDana milatA hai| inhoMne vajrayAna aura sahajayAna viSayaka vicAroM ko hI adhikatara apanI racanAoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai| __bauddha dharma kramazaH hInayAna aura bhahAyAna ina do dhArAoM meM vibhakta ho gyaa| nAgArjuna, mahAyAna kA prabala poSaka thaa| nAgArjuna ke bAda maitreyanAtha, Argadeva, asaMga
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya--2 301 ityAdi vidvAnoM ne isakI pratiSThA ko sudRr3ha karane kA prayatna kiyA / inhoMne apane apane mata aura siddhAMtoM kA pracAra kiyA / asaMga ne IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga mahAyAna meM tantra kA AvirbhAva kiyaa| dhIre dhIre mahAyAna meM tantra, mantra, bIjamantra, dhAraNI, maMDala Adi kA praveza hotA gayA / tantra ke sAtha sAtha zakti - pUjA kA bhI AvirbhAva ho gayA / hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM mukhya bheda hai- buddha aura nirvANa ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM / hInayAna, buddha, dharma aura saMgha ke tritva meM vizvAsa karate hue buddha ko dharma kA utpAdaka eka mahApuruSa mAnatA hai / mahAyAna use alaukika puruSa se Upara daiva-rUpa meM mAnatA hai tathA buddha, dharma aura saMgha ke sthAna para dharma, buddha aura saMgha isa krama ko upayukta mAnakara dharma ko yA prajJA ko pradhAnatA detA hai| usake anusAra dharma-prajJA - nitya hai, yahI sarvocca lakSya hai / usa dharma-prajJA ko prApta karane kA upAya buddha hai / dharma prApti kA yaha upAya isI buddha ke dvArA prasArita hotA hai / isI prakAra mahAyAna meM saMgha kA artha bodhisatva - bodhicitta kI prApti kA prayatna karane vAlA - jIva ho gayA / isake atirikta hInayAna saMsAra ke duHkhoM se, janma maraNa ke bandhana se chuTakArA pA jAne meM hI santuSTa hai / yahI usakA nirvANa hai / usakA yaha nirvANa usa ke lie hI hai / mahAyAna loka maMgala ke lie usa citta vRtti ko pAnA cAhatA hai jise bodhicitta kahA gayA hai aura jise prApta kara jIva uttarottara unnati karatA jAtA hai / kramazaH nirvANa ke svarUpa kA prazna uThA / nirdhANa kyA hai ? nAgArjuna ne use zUnya batAyA / zUnya se mahAyAnI santuSTa na ho sake / maitreya nAtha ne usameM vijJAna ko bhI milA diyA / unakA vicAra thA ki zUnya meM bhI vijJAna yA cetanA banI rahatI hai| isI ko vijJAnavAda kahA gayA aura Age calakara isI kA nAma yogAcAra par3A / vijJAnavAda bhI janatA ko saMtuSTa na kara sakA / mAdhyamikoM kA vicAra thA ki zUnya, na sat, na asat, na sadasat aura na sadasat kA abhAva hai / bauddha dharma kI sAdhAraNa janatA nirvANa ke isa sUkSma vicAra ko kaise samajha sakatI thI ? dharma guruoM ne zUnya ke lie eka nae zabda 'nirAtmA' kA AviSkAra kiyA / nirAtmA kA artha hai jisa meM AtmA lIna ho jAe / bodhisatva isI nirAtmA meM lIna ho jAtA hai aura vahIM ananta sukha ( mahAsukha) meM DUbA rahatA hai / isa prakAra 8 vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga zUnya meM mahAsukhavAda kA tatva bhI milA diyA gayA / nirAtmA zabda strIliMga meM hai ataH nirAtmA devI mAnI gii| usI ke AliMgana meM bodhicitta lIna rahatA hai / isa prakAra mahAsukhavAda ke pariNAma svarUpa vajrayAna kI utpatti huI / 1. bI. bhaTTAcArya -- glimpsasa Apha vrajayAna, prosIDiMga eMDa TrAMjekzansa Apha di tharDa oriyaMTala kAnphrensa, madrAsa, disambara 1924 I0, pR0 130 / 2. bI. bhaTTAcArya -- iMDiyana buddhisTa ikonogrAphI, san 1924, oNksaphorDa yUnivarsaTI presa, bhUmikA pR0 17 /
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________________ 302 apabhraMza-sAhitya vajrayAna kA abhiprAya hai vajra arthAt zUnya ke dvArA nirvANa prApta krnaa| zUnya kA vajra nAma isalie par3A kyoMki vaha nitya hai, acchedya hai, adAha ya hai / dharma guruoM ke nirvANa prApti ke isa nae sAdhana se janatA vajrayAna kI aura AkRSTa huI kintu use svarUpa jJAna ke lie kisI guru yA vajrAcArya kI AvazyakatA huii| pariNAmasvarUpa vajrayAna meM guru-mahattA pratiSThita huii| isa prakAra indrabhRti ke mahAsukha vAda saMbandhI siddhAnta kI sthApanA ho jAne para U~ce vicAra vAle zikSita bauddhoM ko nirvANa kA siddhAnta bhale hI nyAyya aura sarvocca pratIta huA ho kintu sAdhAraNa janatA ko vajrayAna kI yaha vicAradhArA adhika AkarSaka huii| vajrayAna meM eka ora bauddha-dharma ke ucca se ucca siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana thA aura dUsarI ora nIca se nIca anaitika kAryoM kA samarthana bhii| indrabhUti ke anuyAyiyoM ne vajrayAna ke pracAra ke lie aura janatA ko vajrayAna se prabhAvita karane ke lie pracalita loka bhASA meM kavitA kI / jana sAdhAraNa kI bhASA meM kavitA karake inhoMne apane vicAroM ko janatA ke samajhane yogya to banA diyA kintu inheM sadA isa bAta kA bhaya rahatA thA ki kahIM hamAre virodhI isa AcAra bAhya karma-kalApa kA virodha kara janatA meM hamAre prati ghRNA kA bhAva na paidA kara deN| ataeva ye apanI kavitA saba ko sunane kA avasara na dete the / adhikArI aura satpAtra ko hI ye loga kavitAyeM sunAte the aura isIlie inhoMne aisI vyarthaka bhASA kA prayoga prArambha kiyA jo yogAcAra aura vajrayAna ubhaya pakSa vAloM ke lie upayukta hotI thii| isI kAraNa isa bhASA ko sandhyA bhASA kahA gyaa| bhASA kI aspaSTatA ke kAraNa binA TIkA kI sahAyatA ke kahIM kahIM siddhoM ke padoM kA samajhanA kaThina ho jAtA hai| ataeva rahasya bhAvanA kA samAveza hone lagA / kramazaH guhya samAja kI paramparA cala niklii| vajrayAna kA itanA prabhAva bar3ha gayA ki vajrayAna ke pracArakoM aura unakI pustakoM ke nAma ke Adi yA anta meM vajra zabda kA prayoga bahulatA se hone lgaa| vajra guruoM ne azikSita janatA ke nirvANa yA paramasukha ke liye aneka mudrA, mantra, maMDala, pUjA, dhAraNI, stotra, stava Adi kA sAdhana Avazyaka btlaayaa| siddhoM aura vajrAcAryoM dvArA pratipAdita siddhAntoM ke pAlana se hI azikSita ziSya yA to divya zakti yA siddhi yA nirvANa prApta kara sakatA hai, aisA unakA dAvA thaa| vajrayAna ke janatA meM phailane kA pramukha kAraNa yaha thA ki isameM bhinna-bhinna stara aura vicAradhArA vAle logoM ke liye abhISTa saba sAdhana vartamAna the-yoga, deva pUjA, mantra, siddhi, viSaya bhoga ityAdi / bauddhoM ke anusAra saMsAra meM 26 loka haiM jo tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhakta ha-kAma, rUpa aura arUpa / bodhicita nirvANa kI prApti ke lie ina lokoM meM praveza karatA hai / kAma aura rUpa lokoM ko pAra kara vaha arUpa loka meM pahu~catA hai / rUpa loka meM sarvocca zikhara para akaniSTha hai vahAM amitAbha buddha vAsa karate haiN| usase bhI Upara sarvoccasthAna hai sumeru zikhara / usa sthAna para pahu~ca kara bodhi citta apane Apa ko zUnya meM DubA detA hai aura usI meM vilIna ho jAtA hai / bodhi citta meM vijJAna ke atirikta kucha ava
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya--2 303 zeSa nahIM rhtaa| vaha anantasukha yA mahAsukha vAda kI anubhuti se yukta ho jAtA hai / bodhicitta kI kalpanA eka zUnyarUpa puruSAkAra deva ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai aura zUnya kI kalpanA eka nairAtmA devI ke rUpa meN| jisa prakAra puruSa strI ke AliMgana meM sukha prApta karatA hai usI prakAra bodhicitta, zUnya yA nairAtmA devI ke AliMgana se ananta sukha prApta karatA hai isakA Upara nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai| nairAtmA ko hI zakti, prajJA, svAbhAprajJA, prajJA pAramitA, mudrA ghaMTA Adi nAmoM se pukArA jAtA hai| bodhicitta ko hI vajU aura upAya kahA gayA hai| vajrayAniyoM dvArA pratipAdita mArga kA brAhmaNoM ne virodha kiyA hI hogaa| isI kAraNa vajrayAniyoM ne bhI hindaoM ke karmakANDa kA ghora kaTTaratA se khaMDana kiyaa| vajrayAna mArga meM yogI ke liye kisI karma kA niSedha nahIM, kisI prakAra kA bhojana abhakSya nhiiN| mAMsa, madirA, maithuna Adi paMca makAroM kA bhI niSedha nahIM kiyA gayA hai "karmaNA yena vai satvAH kalpakoTi zatAnyapi / pacyante narake ghore tena yogI vimucyate // vajrayAnI anya sAkAra devoM kI pUjA na kara svayaM apanI pUjA ko sarvazreSTha samajhatA hai / vahI sabase bar3A deva hai| usake samakSa zuci-azuci, bhakSya-abhakSya, gamyaagamya saba bheda naSTa ho jAte haiM / ___ vajrayAna mArga meM guru ke mahattva kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / guru se hI sacce mArga aura sacce jJAna kI prApti batAI gayI hai| kramazaH yaha vaz2ayAna mArga isa sImA taka pahu~ca gayA ki "saMbhogArtha midaM sarva dhaatukmshesstH| nirmitaM vayanAthena sAdhakAnAM hitAya ca // " isa prakAra kI ghoSaNA meM bhI inheM koI saMkoca na rhaa| buddha, duHkha-bahula saMsAra ke duHkhoM ko dUra karane ke liye ghara chor3a bAhara nikala par3e the / avalokitezvara, duHkhI prANiyoM ke duHkha dUra kiye binA svayaM bhI nirvANa ko na pAnA cAhate the| vajayAniyoM ne mahAyAna kI zUnyatA evaM karuNA ko kramazaH prajJA evaM upAya ke nAMma de diye aura donoM ke milana ko yuganaddha kI dazA batalAkara pratyeka sAdhaka ke lie isI avasthA ko prApta karanA, antima lakSya btaayaa| prajJA aura upAya ke bhautika pratIka strI aura puruSa ke pArasparika milana kI antima dazA samarasa yA mahAsukha ke nAma se khlaaii|' isa dazA kI prApti ke liye mahAmudrA (vajayAnIya yoga kI sahacarI yoginI) kI sAdhanA kA vidhAna hone se usa meM anAcara bar3hane lgaa| 1. parazurAma caturvedI-uttarI bhArata kI saMta paraMparA, bhAratI bhaMDAra prayAga, vi0 saM0 2008 //
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________________ 304 apabhraMza-sAhitya vajrayAna kI hI eka zAkhA sahajayAna ke nAma se prasiddha huii| sabhI sAdhaka isa prakAra patita nahIM samajhe jA sakate / vajrayAniyoM meM saphalatA ko prApta karane vAle aneka sAdhaka hue jo siddha nAma se pukAre gye| isa sAdhanA ke sacce svarUpa ko ve sahaja ke nAma se pukArate the| ve sahaja ke dvArA sahaja siddhi yA sabhI prakAra kI siddhiyoM kI prApti saMbhava samajhate the| ina siddhoM kA vizvAsa thA ki sAdhanA meM citta vikSubdha nahIM honA caahie| citta vikSubdha hone para sAdhanA saMbhava nahIM / sahaja siddhi ke lie ina sAdhakoM ne vajayAna maMtrayAna sambandhI mantra, maNDala Adi bAhya sAdhanAoM kI upekSA kara yaugika evaM mAnasika zaktiyoM ke vikAsa para bala diyaa| vajrayAna mArga ke aneka pratIkoM kI vyAkhyA inhoMne apane DhaMga se kii| vajU zabda kA abhiprAya usa prajA se mAnA jAne lagA jo bodhi citta kA sAra hai aura jo zakti kA sUcaka hai| ina sAdhakoM kA sama rasa kA abhiprAya vajrayAniyoM se bhinna thaa| vajrayAniyoM ke bhinna-bhinna pratIkoM kI inhoMne apanI bhAvanA ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna vyAkhyA kI aura bhinna-bhinna rUpakoM ke dvArA apane bhAvoM ko spaSTa kiyaa| yadyapi vaz2ayAna aura sahajayAna donoM kA lakSya eka hI thAmahAsukha yA pUrNa Ananda kI prApti aura samarasa kI dazA kA hI dUsarA nAma sahaja thA, ' tathApi donoM yAnoM meM se sahajayAna meM jIvana ke pariSkAra evaM sudhAra kI kucha bhAvanA thii| vajayAna kI taraha sahajayAna ke AcAryoM ne bhI guru kI AvazyakatA batAI / bAhya karmakANDa kI apekSA Antarika citta zuddhi para bala diyaa| usa samaya pracalita brAhmaNa zaiva, jaina va bauddha sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kI kaTutA se AlocanA kI aura sahaja sAdhanA kA pracAra kiyaa| citta kI zuddhi aura citta kI mukti hI sahaja siddhi hai-nirvANa hai, sAdhaka kA antima lakSya hai / sahajayAna ke anusAra citta zuddhi se sahajAvasthA kI prApti hotI hai aura yahI 'sahaja' hamArA parama lakSya hai / isa sahaja ko hI bohi (bodhi), jiNaraaNa (jinaratna), mahAsuha (mahAsukha), aNuttara (anuttara), jinapura, dhAma Adi nAmoM se pukArA gayA hai| isa lakSya kI prApti ke lie siddhoM ne vajrayAna ke pratIkoM kI bhinna rUpa se vyAkhyA kI / ina ke anusAra "prajJA", candra nAr3I iDA hai aura "upAya", sUrya nAr3I piNglaa| donoM ke saMyoga ke nikaTa hI mahAsukha kA utpatti sthAna hai jise pavana ke niyamana se prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa sthAna kI kalpanA siddhoM ne meru daNDa yA suSumnA ke sire ke rUpa meM kii| isI ko parvata kA sarvocca zikhara, mahAmudrA yA mUla zakti nairAtmA kA nivAsasthAna maanaa| isa sAdhanA kI kAraNa bhUtA kAyA ko pavitra tIrthasthAna mAnA gyaa| jo brahmANDa meM hai vaha piNDa meM bhI vartamAna hai phira idhara udhara bhaTakanA kyoM ? siddhoM kI kavitA ke mukhya viSaya the--rahasyamayI bhASA meM siddhAnta-pratipAdana, sahaja 1. DA0 ramezacanda majumadAra, hisTrI Apha beMgAla, bhAga 1, pa0 420-421 / 2. uttarI bhArata ko saMta paraMparA, pR0 41 /
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya-2 305 mArga, guru kI mahattA kAya rUpI puNya tIrtha, tantra-mantra Adi kA khaMDana, dharma ke bAhya rUpa bodhaka karmakalApa kA kaTTaratA se virodha ityaadi| siddhoM kI kavitA kAvyadRSTi se cAhe utkRSTa koTi kI kavitA na kahI jA sake tathApi inakI kavitA kI apanI vizeSatA hai| hRdaya ke bhAvoM kI saritA cAhe rUDhibaddha praNAliyoM meM bahatI huI pratIta na hotI ho tathApi usa saritA meM vega hai, eka anupama sauMdarya hai aura adbhuta prabhAvotpAdakatA hai jisa ke kAraNa ina kavitAoM ko par3ha kara pAThaka kI AtmA tRpti kA anubhava karatI hai| siddhoM ke kAla ke viSaya meM paryApta matabheda hai / zrI vinayatoSa bhaTTAcArya ne sarahapA siddha kA samaya vi0 saM0 690 mAnA hai| zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana inakA kAla san 760 I0 mAnate haiN| isa prakAra zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana siddhoM kA kAla 800 I0 se 1200 I0 taka mAnate haiN| DA0 sunIti kumAra caiTarjI siddhoM kI bhASA ko isa kAla ke bAda kI samajhate haiM aura isI bhASA ke AdhAra para siddhoM kA kAla 1000 I0 se 1200 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnate haiN|' siddhoM kI saMkhyA caurAsI mAnI gaI hai| rAhula jI ne caurAsI siddhoM kI nAmAvalI bhI dI hai / siddha caurAsI hI the yA isa saMkhyA kA koI vizeSa mahattva thA kahanA kaThina hai / ina caurAsI siddhoM kI paramparA meM aneka siddha samasAmayika haiN| aneka sahajayAnI siddhoM ke nAma nAya siddhoM kI sUcI meM bhI samAna milate haiN| siddhoM ke nAma ke pIche pAda zabda sammAna kA dyotaka hai / isI kA vikRta rUpa pA hai| siddhoM kI racanAoM kI bhASA pUrvI apabhraMza hai / pUrva kI prAdezika bhASAoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa kucha vidvAnoM ne isa bhASA ko bhinna bhinna pUrvI dezoM kI bhASA samajha liyaa| zrI vinaya toSa bhaTTAcArya ina kI bhASA ko uDiyA, zrI haraprasAda zAstrI baMgalA, rAhula jI magahI kahate haiN| kintu DA0 prabodhacandra bAgacI ina kI bhASA ko apabhraMza mAnate haiN| DA0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI kA bhI yahI vicAra hai ki siddhoM kI bhASA apabhraMza hI hai| 1. DA0 sunIti kumAra caiTarjI, dI orijana eMDa DevalpameMTa Apha baMgAlI leMgveja, pR0 123 / 2. DA0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI, nAya saMpradAya, hindustAnI ekeDamI, ilAhAbAda, ___ san 1950, pR0 27-32 / 3. sAdhanamAlA--gAyakavAr3a oriyaMTala sirIja saMkhyA 41, pR0 53 / 4. bauddha gAna o dohA, pR0 24 / 5. gaMgA purAtatdAMka, pR0 254 / 6. DA0 praboSacandra bAgacI,kalakattA, oriyaMTala jarnala, bhAga 1, aktUbara 1933 sitambara 1934, pR0 252 / 7. DA0 sunIti kumAra caiTarjI, di orijana eMDa DevalpameMTa Apha bI baMgAlI legveja pR0 112 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya .. caurAsI siddhoM meM se saraha, zabara, lUI, dArikA, kaNhapA aura zAnti mukhya siddha hue / inakI vicAradhArA ko samajhane ke lie ina kA saMkSepa meM nIce vivaraNa diyA jAtA hai| saraha pA-saraha siddhoM meM saba se prathama haiN| inakA kAla DA0 vinayatoSa bhaTTAcArya ne vi0 saM0 690 nizcita kiyA hai| rAhala jI ne inakA kAla 760 I0 mAnA hai| .. inake dUsare nAma rAhula bhadra aura saroja vajra bhI haiM / yaha janma se brAhmaNa the| bhikSu hokara eka acche paMDita hue| nAlandA meM kaI varSoM taka rhe| yaha saMskRta ke bhI jJAtA the| pIche inakA dhyAna mantra tantra kI aura AkarSita huA aura yaha eka bANa (zara-sara) banAne vAle kI kanyA ko mahAmudrA banAkara kisI araNya meM rahane lge| vahAM yaha bhI zara (bANa) banAyA karate the, isIliye inakA nAma saraha pdd'aa| zabara pAda itake pradhAna ziSya the| koI tAntrika nAgArjuna bhI inake ziSya the / bhoTiyA tan jUra meM inake 32 granthoM kA anuvAda milatA hai / inakI mukhya kRtiyA~ haiM--kAyA koSa, amRta vajra gIti, cittakoSa-aja-vajra gIti, DAkinI-guhya-vajragIti, dohA koSa upadeza gIti, dohAkoSa, tatvopadeza-zikhara- dohAkoSa, bhAvanAphala-dRSTicaryA-dohAkoSa, vasanta-tilakadohAkoSa, caryAgIti-dohAkoSa , mahAmudropadeza-dohAkoSa, saraha pAda gItikA / ' ye saba grantha vajrayAna para likhe gaye haiN| ___saraha kI kavitA ke viSaya haiM--rahasyavAda, pAkhaMDoM kA khaMDana, mantra devatAdi kI vyarthatA, sahajamArga, yoga se nirvANa prApti, gurumahimAgAna Adi / inakI kavitA kI bhASA sIdhI aura sarala hai--bIca-bIca meM muhAvaroM ke prayoga se prabhAvotpAdakatA bar3ha gaI hai| inakI kavitA ke kucha udAharaNa nIce diye jAte haiN| karmakANDa kA virodha karate hue saraha kahate haiM : bahmaNahi ma jANanta hi bheu / evaMi paDhiau e cauveu // maTTi pANi kusa laI paDhanta / gharahIM baisI aggi huNanta // kajje virahai huavaha hoyeN| akkhi DahAvia kaDueM dhUyeM / kintaha dIveM kiM taha vjjeN| kintaha kijjai mantaha sevve // kintaha tittha tapovaNa jaaii| mokkha ki labbhai pANInhAI // saraha mantra tantra ko vyartha samajhate haiM.-- "manta Na tanta Na dhea Na dhAraNa / saba vi re bar3ha vibbhama kAraNa // yaha bhoga meM hI nirvANa prApti samajhate haiM : "khAanta piante suhahiM ramante / Nitta puSNu cakkA vi bharante / aisa dhamma sijjhai para loaha / NAha pAe dalIu bhaaloaha / / " ..1. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, purAtatva nibandhAvalI, 1937, pR0 169 2. udAharaNa dohAkoSa, caryApada aura hindI kAvyadhArA se liye gaye haiN|
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya-2 307 jahi maNa pavaNa Na saMcarai, ravi sasi NAha pves| tahi var3ha ! citta visAma karu, saraheM kahia uesa // Ai Na anta Na majjha Nau, pau bhava gau NivvANa / ehu so parama mahAsuha, Nau para Nau appANa // __ saraha ne kAyA ko hI sarvottama tIrtha mAnakara usI se parama sukha prApti kI ora nirdeza kiyA hai :-- "etthu se surasari jamuNA, etthu se gaMgA sAaru / etthu paAga baNArasi, etyu se canda divAaru // khettu pITha upapITha, etthu bhai~ bhamai pritthttho| dehA sarisau tittha, mai~ suha aNNa Na dittttho|| guru kI mahattA kI ora saraha nimna likhita padyoM meM nirdeza karate haiM :--- "guru uvaese amia rasu, dhAva Na pIau jehi| bahu - sasthatya - marutthalahi, tisie mariau tehi // cittAcitti vi pariharahu, tima acchahu jima baalu| guru-vaaNe diDha bhatti karu, hoi jai sahaja ulAlu // jIvantaha jo u jarai, to ajarAmara hoi| guru-uvaeseM vimala - mai, so para dhaNNA koi|| visaa visuddha Nau ramaha, kevala suNNa carei / uDDI vohia-kAu jimu, paluTia taha vi par3ei // "uDDI vohia-kAu jimu" isa upamA kA prayoga sUradAsa ne apane aneka padoM meM kiyA hai - "thakita sindhu naukA ke khaga jyoM phiri phiri pheri vaha guna gaavt|" (mramara gIta 60) 'bhaTaki phiryo bohita ke khaga jyoM puni phiri hari pai aayo|' - (vahI 119) 'thakita sindhu naukA ke khaga jyoM phiri phiri voi gaNa gaavti|" (vahI 213) saraha ne isa vAkya kA artha viSaya-bhoga-paraka kiyA hai arthAt mana bAra-bAra viSayoM kI ora AtA hai| kintu sUra ne isakA artha bhakti-paraka kiyA hai-"gopiyoM kA mana bAra-bAra kRSNa kI ora hI lauTatA hai jaise sindhu meM naukA sthita pakSI idhara-udhara bhaTaka bhaTaka kara phira usI kI zaraNa meM AtA hai|" isa prakAra ina siddhoM kI kavitA kA prabhAva hindI ke saMta kaviyoM para hI nahIM par3A apitu anya kavi bhI unakI kavitA se prabhAvita hue / aneka upamAoM, vAkyAMzoM, vicAroM aura vAgdhArAoM ko jinakA prayoga siddhoM ne sahajamArga ke liye kiyA sUra Adi bhakta kaviyoM ne bhakti-paraka artha meM kiyaa|
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________________ 308 apabhraMza-sAhitya citta zuddhi para saraha ne bahuta dhyAna diyA hai| "citeke saala vIaM bhavaNibANo vi jassa viphurNti| taM citAmaNi rUaM paNamaha icchA phalaM veti // citte bajjhe bajjhai mukke mukkai Nasthi saMdehA / bajjhati jeNa vi jar3A laju parimuccaMti teNa bi vuhaa|| arthAt citta hI sabakA bIjarUpa hai / bhava yA nirvANa bhI usI se prApta hotA hai| usI ciMtAmaNi-rUpa citta ko praNAma kro| vahI abhISTa phala detA hai| citta ke baddha hone para mAnava baddha kahA jAtA hai / usake mukta hone para nissandeha mukta hotA hai / jisa citta se jar3a mUrkha baddha hote haiM usI se vidvAn zIghra hI mukta ho jAtA hai| yaha citta hI saba kucha hai / isa sarvarUpa citta ko kha-sama, AkAza ke samAna zUnya athavA nirlepa, banA denA caahiye| mana ko bhI zUnya svabhAva kA banA denA cAhiye / isa prakAra vaha mana amana ho jAya arthAt apane caMcala svabhAva ke viparIta nizcala ho jAya, tabhI sahaja svabhAva kI prApti hotI hai| "savva rUa tahi khasama karijjai, khasama sahAve maNavi dharijjai / so vi maNu tahi amaNu karijjai, sahaja sahAvai so para rajjai // saraha ne rAga rAganiyoM meM baddha gAnoM meM bhI yahI vicAra prakaTa kiye haiM / nimnalikhita gAna meM saraha ne sahaja mArga kA nirdeza kiyA hai-- rAga--dezAkha "nAda na bindu na ravi zazi maNDala cia rAma sahAve muphala // uju re uju chADi mA lehure vaMka niaDi bohi mA jAhure lAMka // hAthare kAMkaNa mA leu dApaNa apaNe apA bujhatu nia maNa // pAra uAra soi majia dujjana saMge avasari jAi // vAma dAhiNa jo khAla vikhalA saraha bhagai bApA uju vATa bhailA // (caryApada 32) arthAt nAda aura vindu, sUrya aura zazi maMDala kucha nahIM, cittarAja svabhAva se yukta hai / are ! Rju mArga ko chor3akara kuTila mArga kA Azraya na lo| "bodhi nikaTa hai kahIM dUra (laMkA) mata jaao| hastasthita kaMkaNa ke hote hue darpaNa kyoM lete ho ? apane Apa Atma tatva ko nizcaya se (yA nijamana se) jaano| isI mArga kA anugAmI pAra pahu~ca Ananda meM magna ho jAtA hai| durjana saMga se mAnava bhaTaka jAtA hai, maraNa ko prApta
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya--2 hotA hai| saraha kahate haiM ki sahaja mArga ke anugamana se bAyeM dAyeM jo khAI aura gaDDhe ha sarala ho jAte haiN| nimna likhita pada meM saraha upadeza dete haiM : "kAyA rUpI sundara naukA meM mana rUpI naukAdaNDa lagAkara, sadguru vacana rUpI patavAra ko dhAraNa kara sthiracitta se naukA ko calAo / pAra jAne kA anya upAya nhiiN| nAvika naukA ko rassI se khIMcatA hai| mAnava sahajamArga se hI pAra jA sakatA hai anya upAya nhiiN| mArga meM atyadhika bhaya hai / pracaMDa laharoM se saba prakaMpita hai| kUla para pracaMDa srota meM bhalI bhA~ti naukA calAne se hI, saraha kahate haiM, gagana samAdhi prApta hogii| rAga bhairavI "kAa NAvaDi khAMTi maNa keDuAla / sadgaru vaaNe dhara patavAla // cIa thira kari dharahu re nAi ANa upAya pAra Na jaai|| nauvAhI naukA TANaa gunne| meli meli sahajeM jAu Na ANe // vATata bhaa khAMTa vi balaA bhava ulole sava vi boliaa|| kula lai khare sotteM ujAma saraha bhaNai gaaNe smaaa|| (caryApada, 38) zabara pA : yaha saraha pAda ke ziSya the| luI pA ina ke ziSya the| saMbhavataH zabaroM yA kola-bhIloM ke samAna rahana sahana ke kAraNa inheM zabara pAda kahA jAne lgaa| rAhula jI ne tan jUra meM ina ke anUdita granthoM kI saMkhyA 26 batAI hai aura una meM nimnalikhita granthoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai-citta guhya gambhIrArtha gIti, mahAmudrA vajra gIti, zUnyatA dRSTi ityaadi| Upara nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai ki siddha, merudaNDa yA suSumNA ke sire para pavana evaM mana ko eka sAtha nizcala karate haiN| isa merudaNDa ko parvata ke samAna mAnA gayA hai 1. khaaNtti-sundr| keDaAla--patavAra / nAi--nAvika / nauvAhI-nAvika / TANaa--khIMca / vATata-mArga meN| bhaa--bhaya / khAMTa-atyadhika / valaAbalavAn, pracaMDa / boliA-- kampita ho gyaa| kula-kUla, kinaaraa| khare sote--pracaMDa dhArA meN| ujAja--bahAo, claao|
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________________ 310 apabhraMza-sAhitya jisa ke sarvocca zikhara para mahAmudrA -- mUlazakti -- nairAtmA kA vAsa sthAna hai / zabara pA isI kA varNana nimna likhita pada meM karate haiM rAga valADi "U~cA U~cA pAvata tahiM vasai savarI bAlI / moraMga pIccha parahiNa savarI givata guJjarI mAlI // umata savaro pAgala savaro mA kara gulI guhADA tohori / Nia ghariNI nAme sahaja sundarI // nAnA taruvara moulila re gaaNata lAgaM lo DAlI / eka lI savarI e vaNa hiNDai karNa kuNDala vajra dhArI // tia dhAu khATa paDilA savaro mahAsukhe seje chAilI / savaro bhujaMga nairAmaNi dArI pemha rAti pohAilI // hia tA~bolA mahAsuhe kApura khAi / suna nairAmaNi kaMThe laiA mahAsuhe rAti pohAi // guruvAk puMchiA bindha niamaNa bANe / eke zarasandhAneM bindhaha bindhaha paramaNivANe // umata savaro garuA roSe / girivara sihara sandhi paisante savaro loDiba kaise ' // ( caryApada, 28) arthAt U~ce parvata para zabarI bAlikA (nairAtmA ) rahatI hai / usa kA aMga mora paMkhoM se zobhita hai, gale meM guMjA mAlA hai / zabara ise pAne ke liye pAgala hai / vahI tumhArI gRhiNI hai- sahaja sundarI hai / usa ucca zikhara para aneka vRkSa mukulita haiM unakI zAkhAyeM gagana sparzI haiN| akelI zabarI (nairAtmA ) vana meM vicaratI hai / vahIM tridhAtu-nirmita khaTvA rakhI hai, mahAsukha rUpI zayyA bichI huI hai / sAdhaka vahAM pahu~ca kara usI nairAtmA rUpI dArikA ke sAtha Ananda se vihAra karatA hai- prema se ramaNa karatA hai / vahI mahAsukha hai / usa kA sAdhana, guru vAkya rUpI paMkhoM se bane dhanuSa ko lekara usa para nija mana rUpI bANa kA sandhAna kara parama nirvANa kA bheda karanA hai / unmatta sAdhaka jaba usa parvata zikhara para pahu~ca jAtA hai taba vahAM se usakA lauTAyA jAnA kaise saMbhava hai ? uttara kAla meM bhagavAna ko strI rUpa meM ArAdhya mAnakara usase prema karanA aura usakI prApti kA prayatna siddhoM kI isI vicAradhArA kA pariNAma pratIta hotA hai / 1. pAvata - - parvata / guMjarI mAlI -- guMjA mAlA / umata - - unmatta | moulila- mukulita | gaNata -- gagana se / tia dhAu - - tridhAtu kii| nairAmaNinairAtmA / paMha -- prema se yA dekhate hue / pohAilI -- bitAI / loDiba-lauTAyA jAya /
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya--2 311 laI pA-yahAjA dharmapAla (769-809 I0) ke kaaysth-lekhk-the| pIche se zabarapAda se prabhAvita ho una ke ziSya bana ge| siddhoM meM inakA U~cA sthAna hai| rAhula jI ne ina ke tanjUra meM sAta anUdita granthoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai aura ina kI nimnalikhita racanAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-abhisamaya vibhaMga, tatva svabhAva dohA koSa, buddhodaya, bhagavadabhisamaya, luI pAda giitikaa| luIpA indriya aura citta ke nigraha kA upadeza rahasyamayI bhASA meM dete hue kahate haiM ki citta vRttiyoM ke zamana tathA indriyoM ke damana kA upAya guru se puucho| __rAga--paTa maMjarI kAA taruvara paMcavi DAla / caMcala cIe paiTThA kaal|| diDha karia mahAsuha parimANa / luI bhaNai guru pucchia jaann| saala samAhia kAhi kariai / sukha dukhe ta nicita mariai / e Dieu chAndaka bAndha karaNa kapaTera Asa / sunu pAkha bhiDi lehure pAsa // bhaNai luI Amhe jhANe ditttthaa| dhamaNa camaNa veNi pANDi baiTThA // (caryA01) nimnalikhita pada meM luipA vijJAna-zUnya-kA svarUpa batAte hue kahate haiM rAga--paTa maMjarI bhAva na hoi abhAva Na jAi aisa sa~bohe ko patiAi // lui bhaNai vaDha dulakkha diNANA tia dhAe vilasai uha lAge NA // jAhera bANa-cihna ruva Na jaannii| so kaise Agama vee~ vakhANI // kAhere kisa bhaNi mai dibi piricchA laI bhaNai mai bhAvai kisa jA lai acchama tAhera uha Na disa / ' (caryApada, 29) 1. rAhula jI ne isa paMkti ko nimnalikhita rUpa meM diyA hai "chaDiau chaMda bAMdha karaNa kapaora Asa / suNNa pakkha bhir3i lehu re Asa // ' 2. kAla-kAlA aMdhakAra / dhamana 'baiTThA--candra sUrya donoM ke Upara baiTha kr| 3. viNANA--vijJAna, camatkAra / uha lAge NA--UhA, cihna arthAt isakI AkRti kA grahaNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA; vaha kisI sthUla AkAra meM prApta nahIM ho sktaa| bANa--varNa / --vedoM se / dibi-do jAya / micchaasikssaa|
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________________ 312 apabhraMza-sAhitya jala pratibimbita candra ke samAna vaha tatva na satya hai na mithyA / usa kA jJAna kaThina hai, kyoMki usake vAstavika svarUpa kA koI cihna nhiiN| usakA vyAkhyAna bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| dArika pA--yaha luI pA ke ziSya the| prasiddhi hai ki pahile yaha or3IsA ke rAjA the bAda meM luIpA se prabhAvita hokara una ke ziSya bana ge| ina ke sAtha ina ke maMtrI DeMgI pA bhI una ke ziSya bana gye| guru ke Adeza se siddhi prApti ke lie yaha aneka varSoM taka kAMcIpurI meM eka gaNikA kI sevA meM lage rahe / siddhi prApti ke anantara ina kA nAma dArika pA pdd'aa| ina ke ziSya vajU ghaMTA pAda the| ina kI mahAsukhavAda paraka eka rahasyamayI kavitA kA udAharaNa dekhiye- .. rAga varAhI suna karuNa re abhinacAre kAa vAk cieN| vilasai' dArika gaNata paarimkuleN| kinto mante kinto tante kinto re jhANa vakhANe apaiThAna mahAsuhalIleM dulakkha parama nivANe // rAA rAA rAAre adara rAa mohe re bAdhA lui pAa pae dArika dvAdaza bhuaNe laadhaa| (caryApada, 34) zUnya karuNA kI abhinnatA se dArika pA gagana ke parama pAra taTa para vilAsa karatA hai| tantra mantra dhyAna vyAkhyAna saba ko vyartha samajhatA hai / isa avasthA meM pahu~ca kara hI vaha vAstava meM rAjA huA, anya rAjya to moha ke bandhana hai / luI pA ke caraNoM kA Azraya lene se dArika pA ne bAraha bhuvana prApta kara lie| ___ kaNha pA (kRSNa pAda)-karNATaka deza meM eka brAhmaNa kula meM janma lene ke kAraNa ina ko karNa pA aura zarIra kA raMga kAlA hone se kRSNa pA yA kaNha pA kahate the| rAhula jI ne yadyapi inheM brAhmaNa kulotpanna mAnA hai kintu zrI bhaTTAcArya ne inheM julAhA jAti meM utpanna ur3iyA bhASI kahA hai|' mahArAja devapAla (809-849 I0) ke samaya meM yaha eka paNDita bhikSu the aura kitane hI dinoM taka somapurI vihAra (pahAr3a pura, ji0 rAja zAhI) meM rhe| pIche se yaha siddha jAlandhara pAda ke ziSya ho ge| caurAsI siddhoM meM kavitva aura vidyA kI dRSTi se yaha saba se bar3e siddha mAne jAte the| caurAsI siddhoM meM se sAta se adhika ina ke ziSya gine gae haiN| usa samaya siddhoM kA gar3ha vihAra pradeza thaa| ina ke darzana para likhe chaha aura tantra para likhe cauhattara granthoM ke tanjUra meM milane kA rAhula jI 1. sAdhanamAlA, bhAga 2, prastAvanA, pR0 53 /
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya-2 313 ne nirdeza kiyA hai| unhoMna ina ke nimnalikhita kavitA granthoM ko, jina ke bhoTiyA anuvAda tanjUra meM milate haiM, magahI meM likhita batAyA hai 1. kAnha pAda gItikA, 2. mahADhuNDana mUla, 3. basanta tilaka, 4. asambandha dRSTi, 5. vajra gIti, 6. dohA koSa / 'bauddha gAna o dohA' meM inakA dohA koSa jisa meM battIsa dohe haiM, saMskRta TIkA sahita chapA hai| jAlandhara pAda aura kRSNa pAda donoM siddhoM kI gaNanA zaiva siddhoM meM bhI kI gaI hai| isase inake mahatva kI sUcanA milatI hai| kRSNapA, Agama, veda, purANa aura paMDitoM kI nindA karate hue kahate haiM loaha gabba samubbahai, hau~ paramattha pviinn| koDia yajjhe ekku jai, hoi NiraMjaNa lINa // Agama kea purANe (hI), paNDia mANa vahanti / pavaka sirIphale alia jima bAherIa bhananti // (dohA koSa) __ arthAt vyartha hI manuSya garva meM DUbA rahatA hai aura samajhatA hai ki maiM paramArtha meM pravINa huuN| karor3oM meM se koI eka niraMjana meM lIna hotA hai| Agama, veda, purANoM se paNDita abhimAnI banate haiM, kintu ve pakva zrIphala ke bAhara hI bAhara cakkara kATate hue bhaura ke samAna AgamAdi ke bAhyArtha meM hI ulajhe rahate haiN| kaNhapA nimnalikhita dohoM meM mana ko nizcala kara sahaja mArgaprApti kA upadeza dete haiM jai pavaNa gamaNa duAre, diDha tAlAbi dijjai / jai tasu ghorAndhAreM, maNa divaho kijjai // jiNa raaNa uareM jai, so varu amvara chuppi| bhaNaI kANha bhava bhajjante, gidhANo vi sijmai // dohoM ke atirikta aneka rAga rAganiyoM meM bhI kaNha pA ne apane siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| dekhiye nimnalikhita pada meM vaha apanI bhAvanA ko eka gAna ke rUpa meM abhivyakta karatA hai rAga--dezAkha nagara bAhire re Dombi tohori kuddiaa| choi choi jAiso bAhmaNa naaddiaa|| Alo Dombi toe sara kariba ma sAMga / nidhiNa kAhana kApAli joi lAMga // eka so paTumA coSaThI paakhudd'ii| tahi car3i nAca DombI bApur3I // ___ inAdi (caryApada, 10)
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya Upara batAyA jA cukA hai ki zarIra kA pradhAna AdhAra rIr3ha yA merudaNDa hai / isake bhItara tIna nAr3iyoM se hotA huA prANa vAyu saMcarita hotA hai / bAIM nAsikA se lalanA aura dAIM nAsikA se rasanA nAmaka prANavAyu ko vahana karane vAlI nAr3iyA~ calatI haiM / inameM pahalI prajJA-candra- hai aura dUsarI upAya - sUryaM / inhIM ko iDA aura piMgalA kahA gayA hai / madhyavartI nAr3I avadhUtI hai / yaha suSumNA bhI kahI jAtI hai / isI avadhUtI nAr3I se jaba prANavAyu Urdhva gati ko prApta hotA hai to grAhya aura grAhaka kA jJAna nahIM rahatA / ata eva avadhUtI nAr3I grAhya grAhaka varjitA kahI gaI hai / meru giri ke zikhara para mahAsukha kA AvAsa hai vahAM eka causaTha daloM kA kamala hai / yaha kamala cAra mRNAloM para sthita hai / isI causaTha daloM vAle kamala (padma) para sthita vajradhara (yogI) isa padma kA Ananda vaise hI letA hai jaise bhramara praphulla kusuma kA / ina cAra mRNAloM ke daloM ko zUnya, atizUnya, mahAzUnya, aura sarva zUnya nAma diyA gayA hai / sarva zUnya ke AvAsa 314 nAma hI uSNISa kamala hai / yahIM DAkinI jAlAtmaka jAlandhara giri nAmaka mahAmeru fift kA zikhara hai / yahI mahAsukha kA AvAsa hai / isI giri zikhara para pahu~cane para yoga vajradhara kahalAtA hai / yahIM vaha sahajAnanda rUpa mahAsukha kA anubhava karatA hai / " Upara kahA ke pada meM avadhUtI nAr3I hI DombinI yA DominI hai aura caMcala citta hI brAhmaNa hai / Domina se chU jAne ke bhaya se vaha abhAgA brAhmaNa bhAgA bhAgA phiratA hai / viSayoM kA jaMjAla eka nagara ke rUpa meM hai aura avadhUtI rUpI Domina isa nagara se bAhara rahatI hai / kaNha pA kahate haiM ki he Domina tuma cAhe nagara ke bAhara kahIM raho yaha nirghRNa aura nagna ( lAMga) kApAlika kaNhapA tumhArA hI saMga karegA / usI upari nirdiSTa causaTha paMkhur3iyoM ke dala para Domina nAca rahI hai / isI avadhUtI ke saMga se utpanna mahAsukha kA kaNhapA ne nimnalikhita vivAha ke rUpaka dvArA varNana kiyA hai- rAga -- bhairavI bhava nirvANa par3aha mAdalA / maNa paaNa deNi karaNDa kazAlA // jaa jaa dunduhi sAda uchalilA / kA DombI vivAhe calilA // DombI vivAha ahAriu jAma / jautuke kiDa ANutu dhAma // aha nisi suraa pasaMge jAU / joiNi jAte aNi pohAa || 1. DA0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI -- nAtha saMpradAya, hindustAnI ekeDamI, uttara pradeza, ilAhAbAda, san 1950, pR0 93 /
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya--2 315 DombI era saMge jo joi rtto| khaNaha na chAr3aa sahaja unmtto||' (caryApada, 19.) kaNhapA aura Domina ke vivAha meM paTaha, Dhola Adi kA zabda uTha rahA hai / mana pavana donoM vAdya yantra ho gye| jaya jaya zabda hone lgaa| kaNhapA ne Domina ko vadhU rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyaa| daheja meM use anuttara dhAma milaa| usane janma maraNa ke baMdhana ko naSTa kara diyaa| dina rAta usI ke saMga se mahAsukha meM lIna rahatA hai| isa prakAra usane pUrNa nirvANa avasthA ko prApta kara liyaa| mana rUpI vRkSa kI pAMca indriya rUpI zAkhAyeM haiN| ve ananta AzA rUpI patra phaloM se ladI huI haiN| yaha vRkSa zubhAzubha rUpI jala se bar3hatA hai| kaNhapA ne guru vacana rUpI kuThAra se ise kATane kA, nimna likhita pada meM upadeza diyA hai-- . rAga--mallArI maNa taru pAMca indi tasu saahaa| AsA bahala pAta phala bAhA // vara guru vaaNe kuThAreM cchijaa / kAhana bhaNai taru puNa na uijaa / bADhai so taru subhAsubha pANI / cchevai vidu jana guru parimANI // __ityAdi (caryApada, 45.) sahaja yAna meM guru kI mahattA kA nirdeza to hai kintu vaha mahAsukha kyoMki vANI dvArA vyakta nahIM ho sakatA, ataeva guru bhI usakA spaSTa rUpa se varNana nahIM kara sakatA, usakA AbhAsa mAtra de sakatA hai / kaNhapA kahate haiM-- rAga--mAlasI gavur3A jo maNagoara AlA jaalaa| Agama pothI issttaamaalaa|| bhaNa kaise sahaja bola vA jAa / kAa vAk cia jasu Na smaaa|| Ale guru esai sos| vAk pathAtIta kahiba kIsa // (caryApada, 40.) 1. jaa jaa-jaya jaya / sAda--zabda / jAma-janma / ANutu-anattara /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya ___ sahaja sukha prApta ho jAne para sAdhaka yoga nidrA meM lIna ho jAtA hai| cetanA vedanA saba naSTa ho jAtI hai / apane parAye kA bheda naSTa ho jAtA hai| isa svasaMvedyAvasthA meM sArA saMsAra svapnavat pratIta hone lagatA hai| isa jJAna nidrA meM tribhuvana zUnyamaya ho jAtA hai| AvAgamana ke bandhana chinna-bhinna ho jAte haiN| isI kA varNana kRSNapA ne nimnalikhita pada meM kiyA hai rAga--paTa maMjarI suNa bAha tayatA phaarii| moha bhaNDAra lai saalA ahArI // ghumai Na cedAi sa para vibhaagaa| sahaja nidAla kAhinalA. lAMgA // ceana na veana bhara nida gelA / saala makala kari suhe sutelA // svapaNe mai hekhila tihudaNa suNa / gholiA avaNAgamaNa-vihuNa // ityAdi (caryApada, 36.) zAnti pA--yaha brAhmaNa kula meM utpanna hue the| siddhoM meM yahI sabase adhika prakANDa vidvAn mAne gaye haiM / yaha uDantapurI, vikramazilA, somapurI, mAlavA aura siMhala meM jJAnArjana karate-karate dharma-pracAra bhI karate phirate the / apanI gambhIra vidvattA ke kAraNa hI yaha "kali kAla sarvajJa" kahe jAte the| yaha gaur3a rAja ke rAjaguru aura vikramazilA ke pradhAna the / inakA samaya 1000 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai|' nimnalikhita pada meM zAntipA sahajamArga kI prazaMsA karate hue kahate haiM ki yaha mArga svasaMvedana aura svAnubhUti kA mArga hai| isakA yathArtha varNana saMbhava nahIM / mAyAmoha-samudra meM yahI naukA hai jisase pAra pahu~ca sakate haiN| isa mArga meM vAma va dakSiNa nAmaka donoM pAzvoM kA parityAga kara A~khoM dekhI rAha se aura A~kheM muMda kara sIdhe calanA par3atA hai| isa prakAra Age bar3hane se tRNa kaMTaka ityAdi yA Ubar3a khAbar3a sthAnoM kI ar3acaneM kisI prakAra bhI bAdhA nahIM pahu~cA sktii| rAga--rAmakrI saa saMveaNa sarua vicAreM aladakha lakkha Na jaai| je je ujavATe gelA anAvATA bhailA soi / mAA moha samudAre panta na bujhasi thaahaa| Age nAva na bhelA dIi bhanti na pucchasi nAhA // 1. hindI kAvya dhArA, avataraNikA, pR0 53 /
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya-2 317 sunA-pAntara uha na dIsai bhAnti na bAsasi jaante| eSA aTamahAsiddhi sijhai ujUvATa jAante // . bAma dAhiNa do vATA chAr3I zAnti bulatheu saMkeliu / thATa Na gumA khar3atar3i Na hoi Akhi bujia vATa jAiu // ' (caryA pada, 15.) nimnalikhita pada meM zAntipA rUI ko dhunane ke rUpaka dvArA zUnyatA ko prApta karane kA Adeza dete haiM-- rAga--zabarI tulA dhuNi dhuNi AMsure A~su / A~su dhuNi ghRNi miravara sesu // tulA dhuNi ghuNi suNe ahAriu / puNa laiA apaNA caTAriu // bahala bar3ha dui mAra na dishaa| zAnti bhaNai bAlAga na pisa|| kAja na kAraNa ja ehu jugati / saa saMveaNa bolathi sAnti / (caryApada, 26.) arthAt rUI ko dhunate dhunate usake sUkSmAtisUkSma aMza-reze-nikAlate calo phira bhI usakA kAraNa dRSTigata nahIM hotA / usako aMza aMza rUpa se vibhAjana aura vizleSaNa kara dene para anta meM kucha bhI avaziSTa nahIM rahatA apitu anubhava hone lagatA hai ki rUI zUnyatA ko prApta ho gii| isI prakAra citta ko bhalI bhA~ti 'dhunane para bhI usake kAraNa kA parijJAna nahIM hotaa| use samagra vRttiyoM se rahita aura niHsvabhAva kara zUnya tatva ko prApta karane kA prayatna karanA caahiye| ___ isa prakAra siddhoM ke vivaraNa aura unakI kavitA ke udAharaNoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki inhoMne prAyaH apane hI siddhAntoM ko dohoM aura gAnoM meM abhivyakta kiyA hai| kahIM kahIM apane bhAvoM ko abhivyakta karane ke liye ina siddhoM ne rUpakoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai kintu ina rUpakoM meM aise hI padArtha cune gaye hai jinakA mAnava jIvana ke 1. anAvATA-TIphAphAra ne isa zabda kA artha 'saH saH mArge anyatra gataH aisA diyA hai| hama samajhate haiM ki isakA artha anAvRtta yA anAvarta hai| arthAt jo Rju mArga para calatA hai vaha phira isa saMsAra bandhana meM lauTa kara nahIM AtA-amAvRtta ho jAtA hai| athavA isa saMsAra sAgara ke Avata-bhaMvara-se chUTa jAtA hai| bhelaa-dedd'aa| sUnA pAntara-zUnya praantr| uha--cihana, lakSaNa / bhAntibAsase-bhrAnti vAsanA meN|
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________________ 318 apabhraMza-sAhitya sAtha saMbandha hai| Upara zAntipA ke rUI dhunane ke rUpaka kA aura kaNhapA ke vivAha ke rUpaka kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| isI prakAra naukA kA rUpaka', hariNa kA rUpaka, cUhe kA rUpaka', hAthI, sUrya, vINA Adi ke rUpaka bhI siddhoM ke gAnoM meM milate haiM / rUpakoM ke atirikta aprastuta vidhAna ke lie bhI kacchapa, kamala, bhramara, nakra, karaha Adi mAnava jIvana saMbaddha padArthoM ko hI adhikatara prayukta kiyaa| ___ina siddhoM kI racanAyeM kucha to dohoM meM milatI haiM aura kucha bhinna-bhinna geya padoM ke rUpa meM / caryApada meM saMgRhIta siddhoM ke pratyeka pada ke prArambha meM kisI na kisI rAga kA nirdeza milatA hai / ina geya padoM meM kahIM kahIM pAdAkulaka, aDillA, pajjhaTikA, rolA Adi chanda bhI mila jAte haiN| uparinirdiSTa siddhoM kI kavitA ke udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki siddhoM kI yahI vicAra dhArA nAtha paMthiyoM dvArA kucha parivartita evaM pariSkRta hokara hindI-sAhitya ke saMta kaviyoM taka phuNcii| rahasya kI bhAvanA, bAhya karma kalApa kA khaNDana, guru kI mahattA, akkhar3apana Adi kI pravRttiyA~ donoM meM samAna rUpa se milatI hai / kabIra ke dohe bhI isI prakAra prasiddha haiM jisa prakAra siddhoM ke / apane bhAvoM ko saMkSepa se abhivyakta karane kA sAdhana dohA chanda se acchA aura kyA ho sakatA hai ? isa prakAra bhAvadhArA aura zailI donoM dRSTiyoM se paravartI hindI sAhitya ina siddhoM kA RNI hai / 1. kA a NAvaDi khAMTi maNa kedduaal| sadguru vaaNe dhara patavAla // __ityAdi, saraha, caryApada, 38 gaMgA jau~nA mAMjhe bahai nAI, ityAdi DombI, caryA0 14 sona bharitI karuNA nAvI ityAdi / kamaripA, caryA0 8 2. appaNa mAMse hariNA birii| khaNaha Na chADaa, bhUsuka aherii|| ityAdi bhUsuka, caryA06 3. Nizi aMdhArI mUsA karaa acArA / amia-bhakhaa mUsA karaa ahaaraa|| __ ityAdi, bhUsuka, caryA0 21 4. tInie pATe lAgeli aNahaa sana ghaNa gAjai / tA suni mAra bhayaMkara visaa-maMDala saala bhAjai // mAtela cIa-gaendA dhAvai / ityAdi mahIpA, caryA0 16 /
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________________ gyArahavA~ adhyAya apabhraMza muktaka kAvya (3) vividha-sAhityika (prema, zRGgAra, vIra bhAvAdi saMbaMdhI phuTakara padya) isa se pUrva apabhraMza sAhitya kI muktaka paraMparA meM dhArmika sAhitya kA vivecana kiyA gayA / aba isI muktaka paraMparA meM aise muktaka padyoM kA ullekha kiyA jAyagA jo saMskRta prAkRta ke granthoM meM itastataH vikoNa milate haiN| ye muktaka padya, alaMkAra, vyAkaraNa aura chandoM ke granthoM meM niyamoM aura udAharaNoM ke rUpa meM prastuta kiye gaye haiN| ina padyoM kA prayoga prAyaH jana sAdhAraNa ke jIvana se saMbaddha ghaTanAoM aura dRzyoM meM huA hai| ye padya prabandha granthoM meM prabandhoM ke antargata cAraNa, gopa Adi pAtroM dvArA vyavahRta hue dikhAI dete haiM aura sundara sAhityika subhASitoM aura sUktiyoM ke udAharaNa prastuta karate h| ye sAhityika subhASita rUpa meM prApta muktaka padya hameM mukhya rUpa se nimnalikhita granthoM meM milate haiM: 1. kAlidAsa ke vikramorvazIya nAmaka nATaka kA caturtha aMka / 2. hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA 8 vAM adhyAya, chando'nuzAsana aura prAkRta dvayAzraya kaavy| 3. somaprabhAcArya kRta kumArapAla pratibodha / 4. merutuMgAcArya kRta prabaMdhacintAmaNi / 5. rAjazekhara sUri kRta prabandha kosh| 6. prAkRta peNgl| . 7. purAtana prabandha sNgrh| inake atirikta Ananda vardhana ke dhvanyAloka, rudraTa ke kAvyAlaMkAra, bhoja ke sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa, dhanaMjaya ke dazarUpaka Adi alaMkAra granthoM meM bhI katipaya apabhraMza padya milate haiN| ___ ina padyoM ke viSaya meM yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhiye ki vividha granthoM meM prApta ina apabhraMza padyoM ke kAla ke viSaya meM nizcaya se kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / jina granthoM meM ye padya uddhRta kiye gaye milate haiM ve padya granthakAra ke apane bhI ho sakate haiM
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________________ 320 apabhraMza-sAhitya aura yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki unako granthakAra ne apane se pUrvakAlIna kisI kavi ke grantha se udAharaNa rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA ho / kauna sA padya svayaM granthakAra kA banAyA huA hai aura kauna sA usane kisI dUsare kavi kA udAharaNa rUpa se uddhRta kiyA hai, isakA jJAna sarala nahIM / aisI paristhiti meM ina padyoM ke viSaya meM itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye padya jisa bhI granthakAra ne uddhRta kiye haiM una padyoM kI usa kAla meM yA usa kAla se pUrva racanA ho gaI thI / ina padyoM meM zrRMgAra, vIra, vairAgya, nIti, subhASita, prakRti citraNa, anyokti, rAjA yA kisI aitihAsika pAtra kA ullekha, Adi viSaya aMkita hue haiM / ina padyoM meM kavitva hai, rasa hai, camatkAra hai aura hRdaya ko sparza karane kI zakti hai / ye padya sAhityika subhASita aura sUkti rUpa muktaka kAvya ke sundara udAharaNa prastuta karate haiM / ye padya gAthA saptazatI AryA saptazatI, subhASita ratnAvalI Adi rUpoM kI taraha yadyapi saMgRhIta rUpa meM nahIM mile tathApi saMbhavataH inakA koI saMgraha grantha hogA jinameM se aneka kaviyoM ne udAharaNa ke liye apanI ruci ke anukUla aneka padya cune, aisI kalpanA ucita jAna par3atI hai / eka hI padya kA aneka granthakAroM ke granthoM meM ullekha isI dizA kI ora saMketa karatA hai / udAharaNa ke liye nimna likhita padya hameM somaprabha ke kumArapAla pratibodha meM aura prabandha cintAmaNi meM milatA hai --- daha muhu ekka- sarIru / piyAvahuM khIru // " (ku0 0 pA0 pra0 pRSTha 390 ) muhu ikku sarIru / piyAvauM khIru / / " (pra0 ci0 pRSTha 28) isI prakAra hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura prabandha cintAmaNi ke aneka padya samAna rUpa haiM / hemacandra ke aura somaprabha ke aneka padyoM meM ekarUpatA hai / isase hama kalpanA kara sakate haiM ki ina granthakAroM ne isa prakAra ke padyoM ko kisI saMgraha grantha se liyA hogA / nIce isI vividha sAhityika subhASita aura sUkti rUpa meM prApta muktaka paraMparA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa diyA jAtA hai : " rAvaNa jAyau jahiM diyahi citAviya tairyAhaM jaNaNi kavaNu " jaIyaha rAvaNu jAIyau vaha jaNaNI viyambhI cintavai kavaNu kAlidAsa-kAlidAsa ke vikramorvazIya nAmaka nATaka ke caturtha aMka meM sonmAda rAjA purUravA ke mukha se aneka apabhraMza padya sunAI dete haiM / isa nATaka ke atirikta anya kisI nATaka meM apabhraMza padya nahIM milate / saMskRta ke anya nATakoM meM kucha zabda, vAkyAMza yA vAkya, apabhraMza yA apabhraMzAbhAsa rUpa meM dikhAI dete haiM kintu apabhraMza ke isa sAhityika sauSThava kA anya nATakoM meM prAyaH abhAva hai / ina padyoM kI prAmANikatA ke viSaya meM vidvAn ekamata nahIM / padyoM ke prArambha meM dvipadikA, carcarI, khaNDaka, khuraka, kuTilikA Adi kucha gItoM kA nirdeza hai / kAlidAsa kA samaya nizcita na hone se ina padyoM ke
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya-3 321 samaya ke viSaya meM bhI nizcaya se kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / padyoM ke kucha udAharaNa dekhiye :-- "mai jANia mialoaNi Nisiaru koi hrei| jAva Nu Nava taDisAmali dhArAharu brisei||" vikSipta rAjA nava taDit se yukta zyAmala megha ko barasate dekha kahatA hai-maiMne samajhA ki koI rAkSasa mRganayanI urvazI ko haraNa kara liye jA rahA hai| unmatta rAjA bAdala se prArthanA karatA hai ki :-- "jalahara saMhara ehu kopa miAr3hattao avirala dhArAsAra dizA muha knto| e maI puhavi bhamante jai pikaM pekkhihimi, tacche jaM ju karIhasi taM tu sahIhimi // " he jalaghara ! apanA krodha roko / yadi mujhe pRthvI para ghUmate ghUmate priyatamA mila gaI to jo-jo karoge saba sahana kruuNgaa| vaha vana meM kabhI mora se, kabhI koyala se, kabhI cakravAka se, kabhI hAthI se, kabhI parvata se, kabhI mRga se aura kabhI vana latA se urvazI kA samAcAra pUchatA phiratA hai-- "parahua mahura palAviNi kantI, NandaNa vaNa sacchanda bhmntii| jaiM paI piaama sA mahu diTThI __tA Aakkhahi mahu parapuTThI // " "haMI 4 pucchimi Aakkhahi gaavaru lalia pahAre NAsia taruvaru / dUra viNijjia sasaharakantI, diTThI pia pai samuha jantI // " "phaliha silAala Nimmala Nimbhara bahuviha kusuma viraia seharu / kiNara mahuruggIa maNoharu dekhAvahi mahu piaama mahiharu' // hemacandra-yaha zvetAMbara jaina the| inakA saMbaMdha gujarAta ke jayasiMha siddharAja aura kumArapAla nAmaka do bar3e bar3e rAjAoM ke sAtha thaa| inakA janma gujarAta ke eka jaina vaizya parivAra meM vi0 saM0 1145 meM huaa| yaha jaina maTha ke AcArya bane aura anhilavAr3a 1. parahua-parabhRtA, kokila / kantI-kAnte, priye / piN--tuune| piaama-- __ priytmaa| parapuTThI-para puSTA, kokila / haiMpai-maiM tumse| gaavara gajavara / phaliha...Ninbharu-sphaTika zilA ke samAna atyanta nirmala / 2. hisTrI Apha miDIvala hindU iNDiyA, bhAga 3, pRSTha 411
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________________ 322 apabhraMza-sAhitya meM rhe| inakI mRtyu 84 varSoM meM vi0 saM0 1229 meM huI / inakA janma kA nAma caMgadeva thA, dIkSA para somacandra aura sUri pada prApta karane para hemacandra nAma huaa| yaha saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke prakANDa paNDita the / inhoMne vyAzraya kAvya, prAkRta vyAkaraNa, chando'nuzAsana, dezI nAma mAlA nAmaka grantha likhe| inake viSaya meM prasiddha hai ki eka bAra kisI brAhmaNa ne inheM vyaMgya se kahA ki vyAkaraNa ke liye anta meM tumheM brAhmaNa paNDita kA hI sahArA lenA par3A / yaha sunakara inhoMne apane saMskRta prAkRta vyAkaraNa grantha kA nirmANa kiyaa| isa vyAkaraNa grantha kA eka hAthI para rakha kara jalUsa nikAlA gyaa| svayaM hemacandra bhI usa hAthI para biThAye gaye aura anta meM ise rAjakIya koza meM rakha diyA gayA / yaha grantha jayasiMha siddharAja ko samarpita kiyA gayA thaa| ataeva isakA nAma siddhahemacandra zabdAnuzAsana yA siddha haima rakhA gyaa| inhoMne bhArata ke anya dezoM meM yadyapi bhramaNa na kiyA thA tathApi inakA prabhAva dUra dUra taka thA / kumArapAla bhI inase atyadhika prabhAvita thA aura inhoMne usa rAjA se jainoM ke liye aneka adhikAra prApta kiye the / jainoM ke aneka pavitra dinoM para pazu hiMsA bhI banda karavA dI thii| yaha kali kAla sarvajJa mAne gaye haiN| hemacandra ne zabdAnuzAsAna ke prathama sAta adhyAyoM meM saMskRta, AThaveM adhyAya ke prathama tIna pAdoM meM prAkRta aura caturthaM pAda meM 329 sUtra se apabhraMza ke niyamoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ina niyamoM ke ullekha ke sAtha sAtha udAharaNa svarUpa aneka apabhraMza padya bhI diye haiN| isI prakAra kucha apabhraMza padya chando'nuzAsana meM bhI milate haiN| ina padyoM ke viSaya saMyoga, viyoga, vIra, utsAha, hAsya, anyokti, nIti, prAcIna kathAnaka nirdeza, subhASita Adi haiN| ina meM sundara sAhityika sarasatA ke sAtha sAtha laukika jIvana aura grAmya jIvana ke bhI darzana hote haiN| ___ isI prakAra hemacandra ke kumArapAla carita yA yAzraya kAvya ke 28 sargoM meM se antima ATha sarga prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM haiM / antima sarga meM 14 se 82 taka ke padya apabhraMza meM milate haiN| ina padyoM meM dhArmika upadeza bhAvanA pradhAna hai| hemacandra ke anya muktaka padyoM ke samAna svacchanda vAtAvaraNa ina meM nahIM miltaa| hemacandra ke bhinna bhinna granthoM meM prApta muktaka padyoM ke udAharaNa nIce diye jAte haiM : saMyoga zRMgAra--"biTTIe mai bhaNiya tuhaM mA karu vaMkI dichi / putti sakaNNI bhalli jiva mArai hiai paichi // " (hema0 prAkRta vyAkaraNa, 8.4.330) "jiva jive vaMkima loaNahaM Niru sAmali sikkhei| . . tiveM tivaM vammahu niaya-saru khara-patthari tikkhai // " (he0 prA0 vyA0 8.4.344) 1. sUtroM kA nirdeza DA0 parazu rAma vaidya dvArA saMpAdita hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa, san 1928 ke anusAra hai|
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya--3 323 arthAt jyoM jyoM vaha zyAmA locanoM kI vakratA--kaTAkSa pAta sIkhatI hai tyoM tyoM kAmadeva apane bANoM ko kaThora patthara para teja karatA hai| "piya saMgami kau niddaDI piaho parokkhaho kemva / mai vini vi vinnAsiA nida na emba na temva // (he0 prA0 vyA0 8.4.418) arthAt nAyikA kahatI hai - na to priya saMgama meM nidrA hai aura na priya ke parokSa hone para / merI donoM prakAra kI nidrA vinaSTa ho gaI, na isa prakAra se nIMda hai na usa prakAra se| nimnalikhita padya meM nArI ke mukha saundarya kI sundara vyaMjanA milatI hai "gayaNappari ki na cahi, ki nari vikkharahiM disihi vasu, bhuvaNattaya-saMtAvu harahi, ki na kiravi suhArasu / aMdhayAra ki na dahi, paDi ujjou gahiullao, ki na dharihiM devi siraha~, sai~ hari sohillo| ki na taNau hohi ramaNAyarahu, hohi kiM na siri-bhaayru| tuvi caMda niavi muha goriahi, kuvi na karai tuha Ayaru // (chaMdo'nazAsana pR0 34) viyoga "je mahu diNNA diahaDA daie pavasanteNa / tANa gaNantie aMguliu jajjariAu naheNa // (he0 prA0 vyA0 8.4.333) arthAt priya ne pravAsArtha jAte hue jitane dina batAye the unheM ginate ginate nakha se merI aMguliyA~ jIrNa ho giiN| kaue ke zabda ko sunakara nirAza ho kaue ko ur3AtI huI virahiNI ke nairAzya bhAva aura priya darzana se utpanna AnandollAsa kA sundara citraNa nimnalikhita padya meM milatA hai vAyasu uDDAvantiae piu diTTha shstti| addhA valayA mahihi gaya addhA phuTTa taDatti // (he0 prA0 vyA0 8.4.352) pravAsI nAyaka garajate megha ko saMbodhana karake kahatA hai "jai sasaNehI to muai aha jIvai ninneha / vihi vi payArehi gaia dhaNa kiM gajjahi khala meha // (vahI 8.4.367) arthAt yadi vaha mujha se pyAra karatI hai to mara gaI hogI, yadi jIvita hai to niHsneha hogii| are khala megha ! donoM hI taraha se vaha sundarI maiMne kho dI, vyartha kyoM garajate ho? virahiNI kI A~khoM se barasate A~suoM aura garama AhoM kI sundaratA se vyaMjanA
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________________ 324 apabhraMza-sAhitya nimnalikhita padya meM milatI hai "cUDullau cuNNI hoisahi muddhi kavoli nihittau / sAsAnala-jAla-jhalakkiau vAha-salila-saMsittau // (vahI 8.4.395) virahiNI ke liye vaha priya sandeza vyartha hai jisase priya milana nahIM hotA : "saMdeseM kAI tuhAreNa jaM saMgaho na milijji| suaNantari pieM pANieNa pia piAsa kiM chijji|| (vahI 8.4.434) vIratA "bhallA huA ja mAriA bahiNi mahArA kantu / lajjejjaM tu vayaMsiahu jai bhaggA ghara entu // " (vahI 8.4.351) arthAt bahina acchA huA jo merA pati raNabhUmi meM mArA gyaa| yadi parAjita ho vaha ghara lauTatA to maiM apanI sakhiyoM ke sAmane lajjita hotii| "amhe thovA riu bahua kAyara emva bhaNanti / muddhi nihAlahi gayaNayalu kai jaNa joNha karanti // " (vahI 8.4.376) nimnalikhita padya meM priyatama kI yuddha-vIratA ke sAtha dAna-vIratA kI prazaMsA karatI huI koI nAyikA kahatI hai "mahu kantaho ve dosar3A helli ma jhaMkhahi aal| dentaho hau~ para uvvaria jujjhantaho karavAlu // " (vahI 8.4.379) arthAt he sakhi ! mere priyatama se kevala do doSa haiM, jhUTha mata kho| usa ke dAna dete hue kevala maiM baca rahatI hU~ bhaura yuddha karate hue kevala tlvaar| eka kSatriya bAlA kyA vara mAMgatI hai-- "Ayahi jahiM annahiM vi gori su dijjahi kantu / gaya matahaM cattaMkusahaM jo abhiDai hasantu // " (vahI 8.4.383) he gaurI ! mujhe isa janma meM aura anya janmoM meM aisA hI pati denA jo ha~satA ha~satA niraMkuza matta gajoM ke sAtha bhir3ane vAlA ho| .. "jasu bhuabalu heluddharia-dharaNi, NisuNivi vaNayara-gaNa-ubagIu suvikkm| ajjavi harisia nava-dagbhaMkura-dabhiNa, payahiM kula-mahihara pulauggam // " (chando'nuzAsana pR0 45)
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya--3 325 subhASita - sadbhRtya kI avahelanA karane vAle svAmI para kitanA sundara vyaMgya nimnalikhita padya meM milatA hai-- " sAyaru upari taNu dharai tali ghallai rayaNAI / sAmi subhiccu vi pariharai sammANei khalAI // " ( he0 prA0 vyA0 8.4. 334) payaDA karai parassa / " jo guNa govai appaNA tasu hauM kali jugi dullahaho bali kijjauM suaNassu // " ( vahI 8.4.338 ) khaloM ke duSTa vacanoM ke kAna meM par3ane kI apekSA vana meM vRkSoM ke phala khAkara saMtuSTa rahanA acchA hai / anyokti "daiva ghaDAvai vaNi taruhuM so vari sukkhu paiTTha gavi sauNihaM pakka phalAI / karNAhi khala-vayaNAI ||" ( vahI 8. 4. 340 ) "jIviu kAsu na vallahauM dhaNu puNu kAsu na iTTha / for a avasara - nivaDiAI tiNa-sama gaNai visiTTha // " ( vahI 8.4.358 ) prema ke lie dUrI kA vyavadhAna tuccha hotA hai / dUra sthita sajjanoM kA bhI prema asAdhAraNa hotA hai- "kahi sasaharu kahi mayaraharu kahi barihiNu kAha mehu / dUra - ThiAhaM vi sajjaNahaM hoi asaDDhalu nehu // " ( vahI 8.4.422 ) " je niha na para-dosa / guNiha ji paryADaa tosa / te jagi mahANubhAvA / viralA sarala-sahAvA // para-guNa- gahaNa sa-dosa - payAsaNu / mahu mahuravakharahi amia bhAsaNu / uAriNa paDikio veriaNahaM, ia paddhaDI maNohara suaha~ / " (chando'nuzAsana, pR0 43 ) "vacchahe gRhai phalaI jaNu kaDu-pallava vajjei / to vi mahadda u mu suaNu jiveM te ucchaMgi dhareiM // " ( he0 prA0 vyA0 8.4.336) manuSya vRkSa ke kar3ave pattoM ko chor3a kara phaloM ko grahaNa kara letA hai, tathApi mahAdruma sajjana ke samAna unheM apanI godI meM dhAraNa karatA hai / " etta meha pinti jalu etahe baDavAnala AvaTTai / pekkha harima sAyaraho ekkavi kaNia nAhi ohaTTai // " ( vahI 8.4.419 )
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________________ 326 apabhraMza-sAhitya isake atirikta kRpaNoM ke prati vyaMgya (8.4.419) dAna kI prazaMsA (8.4.422), indriya nigraha (8.4.427) sajjana prazaMsA (8.4.422) Adi viSayoM para bhI padya milate haiN| __ kumArapAla carita ke 8 veM sarga meM prApta apabhraMza padyoM kA Upara nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai, inameM dhArmika upadeza bhAvanA hI pradhAna hai| jaise "girihevi ANiu pANiu pijjai tarahaeNvi nivaDiu phalu bhkkhijji| giriDaMva taruhuMva paDiau acchai, visahi tahavi virAu na gacchai // " (8.19) "jamvai temvai karuNa kari, jimve timva Acari dhmm| jihavihu tihavihu pasamu dhari, jidha tidha toDahi kammu // dRSTAnta aura aprastuta vidhAna ke lie mAnava jIvana se saMbaddha upamAnoM kA prayoga aneka padyoM meM milatA hai| jaise-- "jai kevai pAvIsu piu akiA kuDDa kriisu| pANIu navai sarAvi jiveM savvaMgeM paisIsu // (he0 prA0 vyA0 8.4.396) arthAt yadi priyatama mila jAya to maiM akRtapUrva kautuka kruuN| jisa prakAra pAnI maTTI ke sakore meM samA jAtA hai usI prakAra maiM bhI sarvAMga rUpa se usa meM samA jaauuN| candra ke bAdala meM chipa jAne ke kAraNa kI sundara kalpanA nimnalikhita padya meM milatI hai "nava-vaha-dasaNa-lAlasau vahai maNoraha soi| o gorI-muha-nijjiau baddali luvaku miyaMku // (vahI 8.4.401) isI prakAra kavi ne eka sthAna para rAma aura rAvaNa meM utanA hI antara batAyA hai jitanA grAma aura nagara meM (8.4.408) / ___ hemacandra dvArA uddhRta padyoM meM se prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura chando'nuzAsana ke padyoM kI bhASA meM samAnatA nahIM hai| isa bhASA-viSamatA ke kAraNa kalpanA kI gaI hai ki kucha padya unake apane haiM aura kucha anya kaviyoM ke, jo yathAsthAna udAharaNa rUpa se prastuta kiye gaye haiN| somaprabhAcArya-somaprabhAcArya (1195 I0) kRta kumArapAla pratibodha meM kavi ne vasanta kA (pRSTha 38), zizira kA (pRSTa 159), madhu samaya (pRSTha 351) / aura grISma samaya kA (pRSTha 398) varNana kiyA hai| ___vasanta meM kokila kA AlApa, vana-zrI kA saundarya aura sahakAra maMjariyoM para bhramara kI guMjAra varNita hai / varNana meM prAcIna paripATI hote hue bhI navInatA hai| zItakAla meM zItanivAraNa ke liye striyoM ne zarIra para ghanA kastUrI kA aMgarAga lagAyA hai|
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya - 3 327 kavi kalpanA karatA hai mAno unake hRdaya meM sthita aparimita priyatama kA anurAga bAhara phUTa par3A ho / isI prakAra grISma meM sUrya kI tapta kiraNeM haiM, pathika tRSNA se vyAkula haiM, zarIra para caMdana aura snAnArthaM dhArA-yantroM kA prayoga kiyA jA rahA hai, loga madhura drAkSA-jala pAna kara rahe haiM ityAdi / "jaha taruNihiM ghaNa ghusigaMgarAo nimmavio sIyasaMgama vidhAo / maNa majjhi amaMtu piyANurAo naM niggao bAhiri nivvivAo // isake atirikta sthala sthala para sphuTa padya bhI milate haiM jinameM subhASita, prema prasaMga, kathA prasaMga, upadeza Adi milate haiM / kucha padyoM meM samasyA pUrti kA DhaMga bhI dikhAI detA hai / udAharaNa ke liye "kavaNu piyAvauM khIru" kI samasyApUrti nimnalikhita padya meM dekhiye " rAvaNu jAyau jahi diyahi dahamuha citAviya taiyaha jaNaNi kavaNu ekka-sarIru / piyAvauM khIra // ( pR0 390 ) kumArapAla pratibodhAntargata kucha muktaka padyoM ke udAharaNa nIce diye jAte haiN| " paDivajjivi daya deva guru devi supattihi dANu / viraivi dINa jaNuddharaNa kari saphalauM appANu // " --- (ku0 pA0 pra0 107 ) " puttu ju raMjai jaNaya-bhaNu thI ArAhai kaMtu / bhiccu pasanna karas pahu ihu bhallima pajjaMtu // " (vahI, pR0 108 ) "cUDau cunnI hoisai muddhi kavoli nihittu / sAsAnaliNa jhalakkiyau vAha salila saMsittu // " ( vahI pR0 108 ) hemacandra ne bhI yaha dohA apana prAkRta vyAkaraNa (8.4.395 ) meM uddhRta kiyA hai| i acambhu diTTha maI kaMThi va lullaI kAu / rtofa biraha - kaliyahe uDDAviya uvarAu / / " ( vahI pR0 391 ) "yaha royai maNi hasai jaNu jANai sau tattu / vesa visiha taM karai jaM kaTThaha karavattu // " "je paradAra- parammuhA te baccAha je pariraMbhahi para ramaNi tAhaM phusijjai ( vahI pR0 86 ) narasIha / lIha // ( vahI pR0 125 ) "amhe thor3A riu bahudha iu kAyara cinti / muddhi bihAlahi gayaNayantu kai ujjou karaMti // " ( vahI pR0 157 )
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________________ 328 apabhraMza - sAhitya " riddhi vihUNaha mANusaha na kuNai kuvi sammANu / sauNihi muccai phala rahiu taruvaru ittha pamANu // " ( vahI 0 pR0 331) " jai vi hu sUru surUvu triakSagu tahavi na sevai lacchi paikkhaNa / purisa - guNAguNa- muNaNa-parammuha mahilaha buddhi papaha jaM buha // " ( vahI 0 pR0 331) merutuMgAcArya kRta prabandha ciMtAmaNi' prabandha ciMtAmaNi ( vi0 saM0 1361) nAmaka grantha meM bhI aneka muktaka padya milate haiN| isameM kucha padya rAjAdi kisI aitihAsika pAtra se saMbaddha haiM, kucha vIra, zRGgAra, vairAgyAdi bhAvoM ke dyotaka haiM aura kucha sundara subhASita haiM / tailaMgAdhipati dvArA muMja ke baMdI kiye jAne para usake mukha se aneka sundara kAruNika padya sunAI dete haiM : "jholI tuTTavi ki na mUu kiM hUa na chAraha puJja / hiNss dorI doriyau jima maMkaDu tima muJju // " ( pR0 23 ) "citti visAu na citIyai rayaNAyara guNa paMja / jima jima vAyai vihi paDahu tima nacijjai muMja // " ( pR0 23 ) "bholI mundhi ma gavvu kari pikkhivi paDDarUyAiM / cauvaha saI chahattaraiM muMjaha gayaha gayAI / / " ( pR0 24 ) mukha ke mRNAlavatI ko kahe hue padma bhI sarasa haiM ----- " muJju bhaNai muNAlavai juvvaNu gayau na jhUri / jai sakkara sayakhaNDa thiya toi sa mIThI cUri // ( pR0 23) " jA mati pacchai saMpajjai sA mati pahilo hoi / muJja bhaNai muNAlavai vighana na veDhai koi // ' ( pR0 24 ) "kasu karu re putta kalatta dhI kasu karu re karasaNa vADI / ekalA Aivo ekalA jAivo hAtha paga behu jhAr3I || ( pR0 51 ) "ehu jammU naggahaM giyau bhaDasiri khaggu na bhaggu / tikkhA turiya na vAhiyA gorI gali na lagga // " ( pR0 32 ) digaMbara vrata pAlana karate karate janma bIta gyaa| kisI yoddhA ke sira para na khaDga prahAra kiyA na teja ghor3A calAyA aura na kisI sundarI kA kaNThAliMgana kiyA / nimnalikhita padya meM "kavaNu piyAvauM khIru" para samasyA pUrti milatI hai : " jaI yaha rAvaNu jAIyau dahamahu ikku sarIru / jaNaNi viyambhI cintavai kavaNu piyAvau khIru // " ( pR0 28 ) 1. muni jina vijaya jI dvArA saMpAdita siMghI jaina graMthamAlA meM zAnti niketana baMgAla se vi0 saM0 1989 meM prakAzita /
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya--3 329 nimnalikhita padya, bhojadeva ke gale meM par3e AbharaNa ko dekha kara, eka gopa kahatA hai : "bhoyaeva gali kaNThalau meM bhallau pddihaai| uri lacchihi muhi sarasatihi sIma vihaMcI kAMi // " (pR0 45) arthAt mAno vaha kaMThAbharaNa hadaya meM lakSmI aura mukha meM sarasvatI kI sImA kA sUcaka ho| ___ kahIM kahIM padyoM meM prAcIna gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI kA puTa bhI milatA hai jaisA ki Upara uddhRta padyoM se spaSTa hai / dohA chanda ke atirikta soraThA chanda kA bhI prayoga milatA hai| yathA : "ko jANai tuha nAha cItu tuhAlauM cakkavai / lahu laMkaha levAha magga nihAlai karaNa uttu // " (pR0 58) rAjazekhara sUrikRta prabaMdha koSa-- prabandha koza meM bhI pUrva vaNita viSayoM para kucha muvataka padya milate haiN| grantha kA samaya vi0 saM0 1405 mAnA gayA hai isameM prApta padya isa kAla ke aura isa kAla se pUrvakAla ke bhI ho sakate haiN| granthAntargata kucha muktaka padya dekhie.-- citita kumArapAla ko saMbodhana karake kahA gayA eka padya-- "kumArapAla! mana cita kari ciMtiiM kiMpi na hoi| jiNi tuhu rajju sammappiu cita karesai soi // " (pR0 51) nimnalikhita padya meM pUjA kA virodha milatA hai "aNaphulliya phulla ma toDahi mA rovA moddhiN| maNa kusumehiM acci NiraMjaNu hiMDahi kAi varNaNa vnnu||" (pa0 18) isI prakAra nimnalikhita padyoM meM bhI sundara subhASita aura anyokti zailI ke darzana hote haiM : "uvayAraha uvayAraDau savva lou krei| avaguNi kiyai ju guNu karai viralau jaNaNI jnnei||" arthAt ukArI ke prati upakAra to saba loga karate haiM / avaguNI aura apakArI ke prati bhI upakAra karane vAlA koI viralA hI utpanna hotA hai| "vari viyarA hi jaNu piyai ghuTTa gghuTu culaehi / __ sAyari atthi bahuttu jala chi khArA kiM teNa // " (pa0 111) eka choTo sI bAulI acchI jahAM cullU se cUMTa cUMTa pAnI piyA jA sakatA hai / 1. muni jina vijayajI dvArA saMpAdita, siMghI jaina graMthamAlA graMthAMka 6, zAnti niketana, baMgAla se prakAzita, vi0 saM0 1991,
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________________ 330 apabhraMza- sAhitya samudra meM agAdha jalarAzi haiM kintu usa khAre jala se kyA lAbha ? prAkRta paMgala' - prAkRta paiMgala meM bhI kucha sAhityika subhASita sphuTa padya milate / isameM saMgRhIta aura uddhRta padya bhinna bhinna kAla ke haiM / grantha ke racayitA aura racanA ke viSaya meM kucha nizcita nahIM / kisI hari baMbha (hari brahma) nAmaka kavi ne mithilA-nepAla ke rAjA harisiMha (1314-1325 saM0) ke mantrI caNDezvara kI prazaMsA meM kucha padya likhe the jo prAkRta paiMgala meM uddhRta haiM / ataH grantha kI racanA 13 vIM zatAbdI se pUrva nahIM ho sakatI / grantha meM kahIM kahIM hammIra kA ullekha bhI milatA hai / hammIra kA samaya san 1302 se 1366 I0 taka mAnA gayA hai / ataH grantha racanA kA kAla 14vIM 15 vIM zatAbdI hI anumita kiyA jA sakatA hai / 2 grantha meM zrRMgAra, vIra, nIti, rAjA devAdi stuti saMbandhI bhinna-bhinna viSayoM ke milate hai, jaisA ki nimnalikhita udAharaNoM se spaSTa hogA -- nArI rUpa varNana - - nArI ke rUpa kA varNana nimnalikhita padyoM meM milatA hai-"mahAmata mAaMga pAe ThabIA, mahAtikkha vANA kaDakkhe gharIA / bhuA pAsa bhauMhA ghaNUhA samANA, aho NAarI kAmarAassa seNA // ( pa0 443 ) " tarala kamala dala sari jaa NaaNA, saraa samaa sasi suarisa vaaNA / maagala karivara saalasa gamaNI, kavaNa sukia phala vihi gar3ha ramaNI / ( pa0 496 ) vIratA - "suraaru surahI parasamaNi, Nahi vIresa samANa / o vakkala aru kaThiNa taNu, o pasu o pAsANa // " ( pR0 139 ) arthAt kalpavRkSa, surabhi aura pArasamaNi tInoM padArtha vIra kI samAnatA nahIM kara sakate / eka valkala yukta aura kaThora zarIra vAlA hai, dUsarA pazu aura tIsarA pASANa hai / yuddhodyata vIra hammIra apanI patnI se vidAI letA huA kahatA hai - he sundari ! caraNa chor3a, ha~sa kara mujhe khaDga do / mlecchoM ke zarIra ko kATa kara nizcaya hI hammIra 1. prAkRta paiMgala, candra mohana ghoSa dvArA saMpAdita, bibliyothikA iMDikA, 19001902 IsvI / 2. hindI kAvya dhArA, pR0 464 3. paubharu daramaru dharaNi taraNi raha dhulliya jhaMpiya / kamaTha pITha Taraparia meru maMdara sira kaMpi // koha caliya hammIra vIra gaa jUha saMjate / kiau kaTTha hA kaMda mucchi mecchaha ke pute // prA0 pa0 pRSTha 157
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________________ 331 apabhraMza muktaka kAvya--3 tumhAre mukha ke darzana kregaa| "maMcahi saMdari pAva appahi hasiUNa summuhi khaggaM me| kappia meccha sarIra peccha3 vaagAi tumha dhua hmmiiro||" (pR. 127) yuddhodyata senA kA dRzya nimnalikhita padya meM anuraNanAtmaka-zabda-yoga dvArA kitanA prabhAvotpAdaka ho gayA hai| "khura khura khudi khudi mahi ghaghara rava kalai, Na Na Na Nagidi kari turaa cle| Ta Ta Ta gidi palai Tapu dhasai dharaNi vapu cakamaka kari bahu disi camale / calu damaki damaki vala calai paika vala ghulaki dhulaki kari kari caliA / vara maNu saala kamala vipakha hiaa sala, hamira vIra jaba raNa caliA // " (pR. 327) nimnalikhita yuddha varNana bhI atyanta sajIva hai "gaja gaahi Dhukkia taraNi luzkia, turaa turaahi jujhiaa| raha rahahi molia dharaNi pIlia, appa para gahi bujhiA // vala milia Aia patti jAiu, kaMpa girivara siihraa| ucchalai sAara dINa kAara, vaira vaDhia doharA // " (pR0 309) Rtu varNana-- "Naccai caMcala vijjaliA sahi ! jANae, mammaha khagga kiNIsai jlhr-saanne| phulla kaaMbaa aMbara DaMbara dIsae, pAusa pAu ghaNAghaNa sumahi ! varIsae / " (pR. 300) pAvasa meM bijalI camakatI hai viyoginI ke lie mAno kAmadeva megha rUpI sAna para salavAra ko teja kara rahA hai| kavi vasanta kA barNana karatA hai-- "vahai malaa-vAA hata! kaMpaMta kAA, haNai savaNa-raMdhA koilaa-laav-bNdhaa| suNia daha dihAsu bhiMga-jhaMkAra-bhArA, haNia haNai haMje ! caMDa-vaMDAla-mArA // " (pR0 493) 1. kalai--karatI hai| turaa--turaga, ghodd'e| palai Tapu--TApa par3atI hai| camale cmr| paika bala---padAti senaa| vipakha--vipakSa, shtr|
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________________ 332 apabhraMza-sAhitya ziva kI stutiH "jasu sIsahi gaMgA gori adhaMgA, giva pahiria phaNi haaraa| kaMTha-TThia vIsA piMdhaNa dIsA, saMtAria sNsaaraa| kiraNAvali kaMdA vaMdia caMdA, NaaNahi aNala phurNtaa| so saMpa dijjau vahu suha kijjau, tumha bhavANI kaMtA // (pR0 169) kucha sadgRhastha, saMtoSa, paropakArAdi viSayaka padya bhI milate haiM--- "sudhamma-cittA guNavanta - puttA, sukamma-rattA viNaA klttaa| visuddha-dehA dhaNavaMta gehA, kuNaMti ke bavvara sagga-jehA // " (pR0 430) "sera ekka jai pAvai cittaa| maMDA vIsa pakAvau nnittaa| TaMku ekka jai seMdhava paaaa| jo hau raMko so hau raaaa||" . (pR0 224) "so jaNa jaNamau so guNa-maMtau, jo kara para-uvaAra hasaMtau / je puNa para-upaAra virujjhau, tAka jaNaNi kiNa thakkau bajhau // (pR0 470) purAtana prabandha saMgraha: purAtana prabandha saMgraha meM prApta kucha apabhraMza padyoM kA pIche apabhraMza mahAkAvya ke prakaraNa meM nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai| isameM pRthvIrAja viSayaka padyoM ke atirikta anya apabhraMza padya bhI milate haiN| ___uparinirdiSTa granthoM ke atirikta jinezvara sUri racita kathA koSa prakaraNa', guNacandra muni kRta mahAvIra carita, upadeza taraMgiNI', lakSmaNa gaNi kRta supAsanAha cariya, Adi granthoM meM bhI itastataH vikIrNa kucha apabhraMza padya mila jAte haiN| _____ Upara jo bhI vividha-sAhityika subhASita rUpa meM muktaka padya diye gaye haiM ve usake rUpa ko spaSTa karane ke liye paryApta haiN| bhinna bhinna sthaloM para prApta apabhraMza padya 1. gori adhaMgA--pArvatI ardhAMginI hai| kaMThaai ......-dIsA--jisake kaNTha meM viSa sthita hai aura dizAyeM hI jisakA paridhAna haiN| 2. muni jina vijaya jI dvArA, siMghI jaina vidyApITha, kalakattA, vi0 saM0 1992 3. saMpAdaka muni jina vijaya jI, siMghI jana graMthamAlA, graMthAMka 11, ___ bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI, 1949 ii0|| 4. devacandra lAlAbhAI jaina pustakoddhAra, graMthAMka 75, bambaI, vi0 saM0 1985 / 5. ema. bI. zAha, kaashii| 6. paM0 govinda dAsa seTha dvArA, jaina vividha sAhitya zAstra mAlA, kAzI 1918 I0 meM prkaashit|
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________________ apabhraMza muktaka kAvya - 3 333. vivAha, goSThI, laukikAkhyAna - prasaMgAdi laukika jIvana se saMbaddha avasaroM para prayukta hue haiN| aneka avasaroM para ye padya gopoM aura cAraNoM ke mukha se sune jAte haiM / isa prakAra isa muktaka paraMparA kA jana-sAdhAraNa ke sAtha saMparka banA huA thA aisA anumAna kiyA sakatA hai / sAhityika subhASita rUpa meM prApta muktaka padya kA jo rUpa hameM apabhraMza sAhitya meM dikhAI detA hai isakA adhikAMza prabhAva Age cala kara hindI sAhitya ke rItikAla para pdd'aa| usa kAla ' bhI dohA zailI meM racanAe~ huIM aura isI bhAva dhArA ko abhivyakta karane vAle padya kaviyoM ke mukha se nikle| jisa prakAra apabhraMza muktaka kAvya kI dhArmika dhArA ne hindI - sAhitya ke bhakti kAla ko prabhAvita kiyA usI prakAra vividhasAhityika ( subhASita) dhArA ne hindI sAhitya ke rIti kAla ko /
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________________ bArahavAM adhyAya apabhraMza rUpaka-kAvya bhAratIya sAhitya meM rUpakAtmaka sAhitya eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| isameM amUrta bhAvoM ko mUrta rUpa meM upasthita kiyA jAtA hai| hRdaya ke sUkSma amUrta bhAva indriyoM kA viSaya nahIM bana sakate / jaba vahI bhAva upamA yA rUpaka dvArA sthUla-mUrta rUpa - grahaNa kara lete hai to ve indriyagocara ho jAne se adhika spaSTa aura bodhagamya bana jAte haiM / indriyoM ke dvArA sAkSAt rUpa meM pratyakSa hone para ye sUkSma bhAva sajIva rUpa dhAraNa kara lete haiM aura hRdaya ko atyadhika prabhAvita karane meM samartha hote haiM / isI kAraNa kAvya meM amUrta kA mUrta rUpa meM -- arUpa kA rUpAkAra meM -- vidhAna pracalita huA / isa rUpaka zailI ke bIja hameM upaniSadoM meM dikhAI dete haiM / bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad ke udgItha brAhmaNa (1.3) meM aura chAndogya upaniSad (1.2) meM eka rUpakAtmaka AkhyAyikA kA saMketa hai / bauddha sAhitya meM jAtaka nidAna kathA ke "avidUre nidAna " kI mAra vijaya sambandhI AkhyAyikA meM isI zailI ke darzana hote haiN| isI prakAra jaina kathA sAhitya meM bhI aneka rUpakAtmaka AkhyAna milate haiM / rUpaka - kAvya - zailI sarva prathama * siddharSikRta upamiti bhava prapaMca kathA ( vi0 saM0 962 ) meM milatI hai / isa grantha kI bhASA saMskRta hai / isa meM jIva ke saMsAra paribhramaNa kI kaSTa kathA aura usake kAraNoM kA upamA ke dvArA sundara DhaMga se pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / kRSNa mizra ne apanA prabodha candrodaya nAmaka nATaka isI zailI meM likhA / isameM moha, viveka, jJAna, vidyA, buddhi, dambha, zraddhA, bhakti Adi amUrta bhAvoM ko strI aura puruSa pAtroM kA rUpa diyA gayA hai / terahavIM zatAbdI meM yazaH pAla ne "moha parAjaya" 2 nAmaka nATaka likhA / isameM aitihAsika pAtroM ke sAtha lAkSaNika caritroM kA saMmizraNa aura moha parAjaya kA citraNa dikhAI detA hai / moharAja dvArA samAcAra jAnane ke lie bhejA huA guptacarajJAnadarpaNa Akara batalAtA hai ki moharAja ne manuSya ke mAnasa nAmaka nagara ko ghera liyA hai aura usakA rAjA vivekacandra apanI zAnti nAmaka patnI aura kRpA sundarI nAmaka kanyA ke sAtha vahAM se nikala bhAgA hai / kumArapAla kI strI -- ziSTAcAra aura sunIti kI kIrti maMjarI nAma kI kanyA - pati parityaktA ho moharAja se sahAyatA kI prArthanA karatI hai aura moharAja kumArapAla para zIghra hI car3hAI karanA cAhatA hai / 1. kavi nAgadeva kRta madana parAjaya, saMpAdaka pro0 rAjakumAra jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, vi0 saM0 2004, prastAvanA, pRSTha 43 / 2. gAyakavAr3a oriyaMTala sIrIja bar3audA se prakAzita /
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________________ apabhraMza rUpaka kAvya 335 . hemacandrAcArya ke tapovana meM kumArapAla kI vivekacandra ke sAtha bhaTa hotI hai aura kumArapAla usakI kanyA kRpAsundarI para Asakta ho jAte haiN| anta meM vivekacandra isa zarta para kanyAdAna karate haiM ki sAta vyasanoM ko Azraya nahIM diyA jAyagA / dyUta, madya, mAMsa AkheTa Adi sabhI vyasana deza se nirvAsita kara diye jAte haiM / moharAja kI parAjaya hotI hai aura anta meM vivekacandra punaH siMhAsanArUr3ha hote haiN|' moha parAjaya ke samAna hI eka rUpakAtmaka prabandha merutuMgAcArya kI prabandha cintAmaNi (vi0 saM0 1361) ke pariziSTa meM milatA hai / isameM bhI rAjA kumArapAla kA arhaddharma aura anukampA devI kI kanyA ahiMsA ko AcArya hemacandra ke Azrama meM dekha kara usa para mugdha honA aura anta meM unakA pariNaya vaNita kiyA gayA hai / rUpaka zailI meM likhA gayA nAgadeva kRta madana parAjaya lagabhaga 14vIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai| __isI prakAra veMkaTanAtha kRta saMkalpa sUryodaya' nAmaka nATaka, jaya zekhara sUri kRta prabodha cintAmaNi nAmaka prabandha, bhUdevazakla kRta dharmavijaya nAmaka nATaka, kavi karNapUraviracita caitanyacandrodaya nAmaka nATaka, vAdicandra sUri kRta jJAna sUryodaya nATaka, isI rUpakAtmaka zailI meM race gaye / inake atirikta vidyApariNayana (17vIM zatAbdI kA anta), jIvAnandana (18vIM zatAbdI kA Arambha) aura ananta nArAyaNa kRta mAyA vijaya Adi rUpaka-pradhAna kRtiyoM kI racanA aThArahavIM zatAbdI taka calatI rhii| apabhraMza meM rUpakAtmaka zailI kA sarvaprathama darzana hameM "jIvamanaH karaNasaMlApa kathA" nAmaka khaMDa-kAvya meM hotA hai| jIvamanaH karaNa saMlApa kathA somaprabhAcArya kRta 'kumArapAla pratibodha' prAkRta-pradhAna grantha hai / isameM kucha aMza. apabhraMza ke bhI haiM / usI kA eka aMza (pR0 422-437) jIvamanaH karaNa saMlApa kathA hai| 1. vahI, pR0 47 / 2. prabandha cintAmaNi, pR0 126 / 3. madana parAjaya, prastAvanA, pR0 94 / 4. Ara. kRSNamAcAri dvArA saMpAdita, meDikala hAla presa, banArasa se prakAzita / 5. nArAyaNa zAstrI khiste dvArA saMpAdita, priMsa Apha velsa sarasvatI bhavana sirIja, banArasa se prakAzita, san 1930 / 6. madana parAjaya, prastAvanA, pR0 53 / 7. luDaviga AlsaDarpha, dera kumArapAla prati boSa, hembarga, jarmanI, san 1928 / kumArapAla prati boSa, munirAja jina vijayajI dvArA saMpAdita, senTrala lAibrarI bar3audA, san 1920 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya somaprabha saMskRta aura prAkRta ke prakANDa paNDita the / kumArapAla pratibodha ke atirikta inhoMne sumatinAtha carita, sUktimuktAvali, zatArthaM kAvya ityAdi grantha bhI likhe / zatArtha kAvya meM nimnalikhita eka vasantatilakA vRtta kI sau prakAra se vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| : 336 kalyANa sara savitA na hareza moha kAntAra vAraNa samAna jayAdyadeva / dharmArthaM kAmada mahodaya vIra dhIra soma prabhAva paramAgama siddha sUre' // isa kAvya se kavi ke agAdha pANDitya kA AbhAsa milatA hai / isI grantha ke kAraNa somaprabha kA nAma zatArthika bhI par3a gayA / kavi ne kumArapAla pratibodha kI racanA zreSThi- mukhya zrAvaka abhayakumAra ke putroM kI prIti ke liye kI thI / abhayakumAra dInoM aura anAthoM ke pAlana-poSaNa ke liye kumArapAla dvArA khole gaye satrAgAra, dAna bhaNDAra Adi kA adhiSThAtA thA / somaprabha kA janma prAgvATa kula ke vaizya parivAra meM huA thaa| inake pitA kA nAma sarvadeva thA / somaprabha ne kumArAvasthA meM hI jina dIkSA le lI thI / yaha tarka zAstra, kAvya zAstrAdi ke paMDita aura dhArmika upadeza-pradAna meM catura the| kavi ne kumArapAla pratibodha kI racanA vi0 saM0 1241 meM kI thii| 3 jIvamanaH karaNa saMlApa kathA kumArapAla pratibodhAntargata ( pR0 422-437) eka dhArmika kathA baddha rUpaka kAvya hai / isameM indriyoM ko pAtra kA rUpa dekara upasthita kiyA gayA hai / deha nAmaka nagarI hai / vaha lAvaNya lakSmI kA vAsasthAna hai / nagarI ke cAroM ora Ayu karma kA prakAra hai| nagarI meM sukha, duHkha, kSudhA, tRSA, harSa, zokAdi aneka prakAra kI nAr3iyA~ aneka mArga haiM | usa nagarI meM AtmA nAmaka narendra, buddhi nAma kI mahAdevI ke sAtha rAjya karatA hai / unakA pradhAna mantrI mana hai / paMceMdriya pAMca pradhAna rAjapuruSa haiN| eka bAra rAjyasabhA meM vivAda uTha khar3A huA -- mana ne jIvoM ke duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa ajJAna batAyA / ne usI ( mana ) ko duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa batAte hue use dhikkArA / vivAda bar3hatA gayA / pAMcoM pradhAna rAja puruSoM kI niraMkuzatA aura ahammanyatA kI bhI carcA huI / mana ne indriyoM ko doSI tthhraayaa| eka indriya kI niraMkuzatA se hI vyakti kA vinAza ho jAtA hai, jisakI pAMcoM indriyA~ niraMkuza hoM usakA phira kalyANa kaise ho sakatA hU~ ? rAjA "iya visaya palakkao, ihu ekkekku, iMdiu jagaDai jaga sayalu / 1. kucha vyAkhyAyeM vahIM pariziSTa pR0 10-14 meM dI gaI haiN| 2. vahI, bhUmikA pR0 14-15 / 3. zazi jaladhi sUrya varSe zucimAse ravi dine sitASTamyAm / jinadharmaH pratibodha: klRpto'yaM gurjjarendrapure // vahI pR0 478
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________________ apabhraMza rUpaka kAvya jesu paMca vi eyaI, kayabahu kheyaI, khillAha pahu ! tasu kau kusalu // 26 // jina bhRtyoM ke janma kulAdi kA vicAra kiye binA unheM rakhA jAya ve du:kha dete haiM / unake kula kA vicAra hone para indriyA~ kahane lagIM :- he prabhu ! cittavRtti nAmaka mahATavI meM mahAmoha nAmaka narapati hai / usakI mahAmUr3hA mahAdevI hai / usake do putra haiM - eka rAga-kesarI jo rAjasacitta-pura kA svAmI hai / aura dUsarA dveSa-gayaMda jo tAmasacitta-pura kA svAmI hai / usakA mithyA darzana nAmaka mahAmantrI haiM / mada, krodha, lobha, matsara, kAma prabhRti usake bhaTa haiM / eka bAra mithyAdarzana nAmaka maMtrI ne Akara duhAI dI ki he rAjan ! Azcarya hai, cAritrya dharma nAmaka rAjA kA cara saMtoSa Apake prajAjanoM ko viveka giri, para sthita jainapura meM le jAtA hai / taba moharAja ne sahAyatA ke liye indriyoM ko niyukta kiyA isa prakAra rUpakAntargata dUsarA rUpaka milatA hai, mana dvArA doSa diye jAne para indriyoM ne mana ko doSI ThaharAyA aura kahA ki mana ke nirodha karane para hamArA vyApAra svayaM ruka jAtA hai / "jaM tesu phurai rAgo doso vA taM maNassa mAhappaM / viramai maNammi ruddhe jamhA amhANa vAvAro" // 49 // isa prakAra kramazaH kabhI indriyoM ko, kabhI karmoM ko aura kabhI kAma vAsanA ko duHkha kA kAraNa batAyA gayA / vAda-vivAda bar3ha jAne para AtmA, svAnubhUti se unheM prazama kA upadeza detA hai : " iya paroparu maNaha iMdiyaha, paMcanha vi kalaha bhari, vaTTamANi aha apparAiNa, saMlattu bho ! niThura ! hu, karahu pasamu naNu kiM vivAiNa ? - bhavi bhavi ettiu kAlu kiu mai tumhaha saMsaggu / jai puNu laggai pasama guNu so thevo vi na lagg // 65 // --- 337 anta meM manuSya - jIvana kI durlabhatA kA pratipAdana karate hue tathA jIva dayA aura vratoM ke pAlana kA upadeza dete hue kathA samApta hotI hai / isa prakAra kathA meM upadezavRtti hI pradhAna hai / kAvyatva kA abhAva hai / kathA meM bhI manoraMjakatA kA abhAva hai / bIca bIca meM subhASitoM kA prayoga avazya milatA hai : jaM puNu tuhu jaMpesi jaDa ! taM asarisu paDihAi / maNa nillakkhaNa kiM sahai neUru uDDhaha pAi // 7 // mUrkha ! tuma jo kahate ho vaha tumhAre yogya nahIM pratIta hotA / he nirlakSaNa mana ! kyA UMTa ke paira meM nUpura zobhA dete haiM ?
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________________ 338 apabhraMza-sAhitya pahu! appaha nariMdANaM dummaMtI dUsae gunn-klaavN| ekkaM pi tuMbiNIe bIyaM nAsei gulabhAraM // 53 // he prabho ! kumantrI, rAjA ke samagra guNoM ko dUSita kara detA hai jisa prakAra tumbinI kA eka hI bIja sAre latA gulma ko DhAMka letA hai / kRti ke apabhraMza padyoM meM raDDA, paddhaDiyA aura pattA chandoM kA hI pradhAnatA se prayoga huA hai| mayaNa parAjaya cariu yaha harideva kRta do sandhiyoM kI eka rUpaka kRti hai| isa aprakAzita kati kI hastalikhita prati Amera zAstra bhaMDAra meM upalabdha hai (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 153-154) / kRti meM racanAkAla kA koI nirdeza nahIM miltaa| hastalikhita prati kA samaya vi0 saM0 1576 hai / ataH itanA hI nizcaya se kahA jA sakatA hai ki kRti kI racanA isa samaya se pUrva ho cukI hogii| bhASA kI dRSTi se bhI kRti 15 vIM-16 vIM zatAbdI kI hI pratIta hotI hai / kRti meM ghattA zailI hai kintu bIca-bIca meM duvaI aura vastu chandoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai| kathA saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai-- rAjA kAmadeva, moha nAmaka maMtrI aura ahaMkAra, ajJAna Adi senApatiyoM ke sAtha bhava nagara meM rAjya karate haiN| caritrapura ke rAjA jinarAja unake zatru haiM kyoMki vaha mukti aMganA se vivAha karanA cAhate haiN| kAmarAja, rAga-dveSa nAmaka dUta ke dvArA unake pAsa yaha sandeza bhejate haiM ki yA to Apa apanA yaha vicAra chor3a deM aura apane tIna ratna-darzana, jJAna aura caritra-mujhe sauMpa deM yA yuddha ke liye taiyAra ho jAya / jinarAja ne kAmadeva se lohA lenA svIkAra kiyA / anta meM kAma parAsta hotA hai'| kRti kI zailI ke parijJAna ke liye nimnalikhita udAharaNa dekhiye / kAmadeva se lohA lene ke liye yuddhodyata jina bhaToM ke vacana adholikhita uddharaNa meM aMkita haiM vajja ghAu ko siri Na paDicchai, asi dhArA paheNa ko gacchai / ko jama karaNu jaMtu AsaMghai, ko bhuvadaMDaI sAyara lNghi| ko jama mahisa siMga uppADai, vipphuraMtu ko diNamaNi toddi| ko paMcAyaNu suttau khavalai, kAla kuThTha ko kavalahi kvli| AsIvisa muhi ko kara cchohai, dhagadhagaMta ko huvavahi sovai / loha piMDu ko tattu ghavakkai, ko jiNa saMmuhu saMgari dhkki| niya ghara majzi karahi vahu ghiTTida, mahilahaM aggai terI vtttthim| 2.7 yuddhArtha jAte hue kAmadeva ke apazakunoM kA citraNa nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM dikhAI detA hai-- 1. nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA varSa 50, aMka 3-4 meM pro0 hIrAlAla kA lekh|
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________________ apabhraMza rUpaka kAvya 339 kalasu vihaDai pavaNu pddikuuddu| pacchilaI cchika huva / lavai nayaNu vAmva suninbharu / ekaThThi sANu kharu / vevi milivi virasaI nirNtr| taM avasavaNu nievi tahiM / umbhau ghakkai tAma / ittahi jiNa sAmiya balaho ciMdhaI diTThahi taam| sura vida naviyassa, siri jiNa vridss| tahu sinnu saMcalai, tailou khlbhli| giri rAu TalaTalai, jalarAsi mala mli| phaNi rAu lavalavai, surarAu clvli| gharaNiyalu khalabhalai, jayajIva jaNu lavai / vara bhaDa sahAyassa, taha mayaNa raayss| niya vala saunnAI, caliyAI sinnaaii| dhAvaMta bhara bhaDaiM, pharahariya dhybddiN| cala valiya haya ghaDaI, gulaguliya gaya ghddii| bhavaNayala pUrAiM, paDu paDaha turaaii| vara . vIra dhIrAI, pulaiya sriiraaiN| 2.8 nAgadeva ne apanI madana parAjaya nAmaka kRti kI racanA isI graMtha ke AdhAra para kii| mayaNa juna * kavi vuccarAya kRta mayaNa jujjha nAmaka eka rUpakAtmaka kRti kA nirdeza pro0 rAjakumAra jaina ne madana parAjaya kI prastAvanA ( vahI pR0 50 ) meM kiyA hai| isakI racanA kavi ne vi0 saM0 1589 meM kii| kRti meM bhagavAn purudeva dvArA kiye gaye madana parAjaya kA sundaratA se varNana kiyA gayA hai| kavi Arambha meM hI upadeza detA hai risaha jiNavara paDhama tityayara, jiNa dhammau gharaNa, jugala dhamma samvai nivAraNa, nAbhirAya kuli kavala, savvANi saMsAra tAraNa / jo sura iMdaha vaMdIyau, sadAcalaNa sira dhaari| kahi kiu ratipati jittiyau, te guNa kahalaM vicAri // isa prakAra rUpaka-kAvya zailI kI paramparA saMskRta aura apabhraMza ke anantara hindI meM bhI pravAhita hotI rhii| sUphiyoM ke prabandha kAvya isI paramparA ke antargata haiN| bhAratendu harizcandra ne apane bhAratadurdazA aura bhAratajananI nAmaka nATakoM meM isI zailI kA anusaraNa kiyA / Adhunika yuga meM jayazaMkara prasAda ke kAmAyanI nAmaka kAvya meM isI paramparAgata zailI kI chApa spaSTa dikhAI detI hai /
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________________ terahavA~ adhyAya apabhraMza kathA - sAhitya Upara se adhyayana se apabhraMza sAhitya ke aneka viSayoM kA jJAna prApta hotA hai, aba kathA sAhitya ke viSaya meM vicAra kiyA jAtA hai / vAGmaya ke bikAsa meM jainAcAryoM kA prazaMsanIya yoga rahA hai / unhoMne saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, kannar3a, gujarAtI, hindI ityAdi aneka bhASAoM meM likhA / sAhitya ke aMgoM meM dArzanika aura dhArmika viSayoM ke atirikta vyAkaraNa, koSa, alaMkAra zAstra, aMka gaNita, phalita jyotiSa, gaNita jyotiSa, rAjanIti zAstra Adi vAGmaya kI zAkhAoM ko saMpanna kiyA / ' ke sAhitya kA mukhya uddezya jana-sAdhAraNa ke hRdaya taka pahu~canA thA / etadartha unhoMne apane sabhI granthoM ko aneka prakAra kI kathAoM se sarasa aura manoraMjaka ne kA prayatna kiyA / apabhraMza kaviyoM ke mahApurANoM meM varNita aneka mahApuruSoM ke jIvana vRttAntoM ke sAtha sAtha aneka kathAoM aura avAntara kathAoM kA sahayoga hama Upara dekha cuke haiM / digambara sampradAya ke purANa sAhitya ke samAna zvetAmbara saMpradAya meM aneka caritagrantha likhe gaye / inameM aneka mahApuruSoM yA dhArmikapuruSoM kA varNana na hokara kisI eka hI mahApuruSa yA tIrthaMkara kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| ye carita-grantha bhI aneka pUrva janma kI kathAoM aura anya sarasa evaM upadeza-prada kathAoM se otaprota haiM / uparinirdiSTa purANa aura carita granthoM kI zailI ke katipaya kathA-granthoM se bhinna isa prakAra ke bhI kathA-granthoM kA eka varga milatA hai jo saMskRta sAhitya ke vAsavadattA, dazakumAra caritAdi laukika kathA-granthoM ke DhaMga para racA gayA / isa prakAra ke kathA-granthoM meM kisI lokaprasiddha puruSa yA strI kI kisI jIvana ghaTanA ko kendra banAkara usakA kAvyamaya bhASA meM zrRMgArAdi rasoM se yukta, varNana kiyA gayA hai / kathA - pravAha meM vIra zRMgArAdi rasoM se pAThakoM kA AsvAdana hotA hai / anta meM pAtra vairAgyapradhAna ho jAte haiM / kathA - pravAha ke vistAra ke liye nAyaka nAyikA ke atirikta upanAyaka upanAyikA kI kathA bhI kisI kisI grantha meM jor3a dI gaI hai / kathA pravAha meM pAtroM ke pUrvajanma ke karmoM kA nirdeza kara unake karma phala ke anusAra anta meM sadgati yA durgati kA citraNa kara kathA samApta hotI hai / sAhitya ke kucha granthoM meM to eka hI kathA kA vistAra dikhAI detA hai, kucha 1. maurisa viTaranitsa, e hisTrI Apha iMDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pR0 595
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________________ apabhraMza kathA - sAhitya 341 meM mukhya kathA ke sAtha pAtroM ke pUrvajanma kI kunAyeM aura avAntara kathAyeM bhI milatI jAtI haiM / saba kathAyeM milakara pUrNatA ko prApta hotI haiM / kucha kathA - grantha aise bhI milate haiM jinameM bhinna-bhinna svatantra kathAoM dvArA dhArmika upadeza bhAvanA yA zrAvaka evaM gRhastha ke kisI saddharma kA vyAkhyAta kiyA gayA hai / kathA - sAhitya jaina sAhitya kA vizeSa aMga rahA hai / jaina kathAkAroM kA eka mAtra lakSya sadbhAva, saddharma aura sanmArga preraka satkarma kA janasamudAya meM pracAra kara usake naitika aura sadAcAramaya jIvana ke stara ko U~cA karanA thA / isa uccatA dvArA vyakti laukika aura pAramArthika sukha kA bhoktA vanatA hai / ina kathAkAroM ne vyakti ke jIvanavikAsa ke liye saddharma aura sanmArga ke jina prakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai ve sarva sAdhAraNa ke liye haiM / koI vyakti, kisI dharma kA mAnane vAlA, kisI vicAradhArA kA, kisI deza aura kisI jAti kA ho, Astika ho yA nAstika, dhanI ho yA daridra, sabake liye yaha mArga lAbhaprada aura kalyANa kArI siddha hotA hai| mAnava ke naitika-stara ko U~cA uThAne kI dRSTi se ina kathAgranthoM kA adhika mahatva hai / ina kathAgranthoM meM aneka prakAra ke pAtroM kA, unake AcAra vyavahAra kA, unakI vicAra paraMparA kA aura unake bahumukhI jIvana kA citra hone se tatkAlIna samAja evaM tatkAlIna saMskRti kA AbhAsa mila sakatA hai aura tatkAlIna samAja ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA para yatkiMcit prakAza bhI par3a sakatA hai / isa dRSTi se isa kathA - sAhitya kA sAMskRtika aura aitihAsika mahatva bhI hai / kathA-kahAnI kA mAnava jIvana meM atyadhika mahatva hai / kathA sAhitya cirakAla se calA A rahA hai / vAGmaya ke prArambha se hI kisI na kisI rUpa meM sAhitya kA yaha aMga bhI dikhAI detA hai / bhAratIya kathA-sAhitya meM jaina kathA-granthoM kA sthAna bar3A hI mahatvazAlI hai / saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, hindI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, kannar3a, tAmila Adi pradhAna bhAratIya bhASAoM meM jaina kathA sAhitya bikharA par3A hai| kaI kaI kathAyeM to itanI adhika lokapriya huIM ki unameM se pratyeka kathA para eka hI bhASA meM pacAsa-pacAsa jaina vidvAnoM ne racanA kara DAlI / parimANa kI dRSTi se kaI kathAyeM ati vistRta haiM kaI laghukAya / viSaya kI dRSTi se yadyapi jaina lekhakoM kA pradhAna lakSya dhArmika upadeza rahA tathApi buddhivardhaka, hAsya vinoda yukta, kautUhala mizrita, aitihAsika Adi vividha prakAra kI kathAe~ bhI upalabdha hotI haiM / kathA sAhitya ke kaI saMgraha granthoM meM 100 se 200 aura 360 taka kathAe~ saMgRhIta haiM / loka bhASA meM racita rAsa, caupAI saMjJaka kaI kathA grantha jaina bhaNDAroM meM sacitra milate haiM jinakA kalAtmaka mUlya bhI hai| kaI kathA grantha atIva sarasa aura mahAkAvya sadRza haiM / jainAgamoM meM vAGmaya ke cAra bhAga kiye gaye haiM: - prathamAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga aura dra vyAnuyoga / prathama meM sadAcArI strI puruSoM kA jIvana aMkita hai / fe dhArmika vidhAna ko kisa vyakti ne kisa prakAra Acarita kiyA; aneka vighna
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________________ 342 apabhraMza-sAhitya bAdhAyeM upasthita hone para bhI kisa prakAra usane sadAcAra kI pratijJA ko nibAhA aura pariNAmataH use kaunasA phala milA, isakA citraNa prathamAnuyoga meM kiyA gayA hai| janasAdhAraNa, jo adhikAMza ucca zikSA se rahita hotA hai, prathama anuyoga ko hI mahatvazAlI mAnatA hai| jaina sAhitya meM dharma carcA ko hI dharma kathA aura itara kathAoM ko vikathA kahA gayA hai| jaina vidvAnoM ne lokaruci kI ora adhika dhyAna diyA aura samaya-samaya para jana-sAdhAraNa meM pracalita prasiddha kathAnakoM para bhI paryApta grantha likhe| vratakathAoM evaM dhArmika anuSThAnoM--dAna, pUjA, zIla ityAdi ke mAhAtmya pradarzana meM bhI saikar3oM kathAyeM likhI gii| ___ apabhraMza meM kathA-granthoM kI paraMparA saMskRta aura prAkRta se calI A rahI hai| jaina sAhitya meM siddharSi kRta upamiti bhava prapaMca kathA (I0 906), dhana pAla kRta tilaka maMjarI Adi grantha saMskRta meM likhe gaye / pAdalipta sUri kI taraMga vatI-taraMga lolA-, saMghadAsa gaNI kI vasudeva hiNDI (chaThI zatAbdI se pUrva), haribhadra (8vIM zatAbdI sepUrva) kI samarAicca kahA, udyotana sUri kI kuvalayamAlA kathA (vi0 saM0 836), vijaya sUri kI bhuvana sundarI kathA, mahezvara sUri kI jJAna paMcamI kathA, jinezvara sUrI kA kathA koza prakaraNaAdi aneka grantha prAkRta meM likhe gye| isase pUrva ke adhyAyoM meM apabhraMza ke bhavisayatta kahA, pajjuNha kahA, pauma siri cariu Adi aneka kathAoM kA varNana apabhraMza mahAkAvyoM aura khaMDa kAvyoM ke antargata kiyA jA cukA hai| unameM kathAMza ke sAtha kAvyatva kI mAtrA bhI paryApta parimANa meM thii| isa adhyAya meM kucha aise pramukha kathAgranthoM kA nirdeza kiyA jAyagA jina meM lekhaka kA uddezya bhinna-bhinna kathAoM dvArA kisI dhArmika yA upadezAtmaka bhAvanA kA pracAra karanA rahA hai| inameM aneka choTI choTI kathAoM kA saMgraha hai aura unameM kAvyatva kI apekSA kathAtmaka upadeza vRtti adhika spaSTa hai / kathA dvArA rocakatA utpanna kara lekhaka apane mata kI sthApanA karanA cAhatA hai| __ jaina kaviyoM kI eka vizeSatA rahI hai ki unhoMne laukika pAtroM ko bhI jaina dharma kA bAnA pahinA diyA hai / unakA rUpa apanI bhAvanA ke sAMce meM DhAla liyA hai / aneka zrRMgArika AkhyAnoM ko bhI upadezaprada banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| isa prakaraNa meM apabhraMza ke pramukha kathA granthoM kA vivaraNa diyA jAtA hai / dhamma parikkhA (dharma parokSA) yaha granthaaprakAzita hai / Amera zAstra bhaNDAra meM isakI do hastalikhita pratiyA~ 1. agaracanda nAhaTA, jaina kathA sAhitya, jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, bhAga 12, kiraNa 1 / 2. jaina kathA sAhitya ke saMskRta prAkRta-graMthoM ke lie dekhie vinTara nitsa hisTrI Apha iMDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pR0 509 aura aage|
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________________ apabhraMza kathA - sAhitya 343 vartamAna haiM / (pra0 saM0 pRSTha 108 - 110 ) hariSeNa ne gyAraha sandhiyoM meM isa grantha kI racanA kI hai / sandhiyoM meM kavakoM kI koI nizcita saMkhyA nahIM / kama se kama 17 kaDavakoM kI 10 vIM aura adhika se adhika 27 kaDavakoM kI 11 vIM sandhi hai / pratyeka sandhi ke antima ghattA meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM granthakAra ne apane nAmakA prayoga kiyA hai / sandhi kI puSpikAoM meM bhI lekhaka kA nAma milatA hai / ' lekhaka ke pitA kA nAma govardhana thA / govardhana mevAr3a ke siri ujapura meM dhakkar3a vaMza meM utpanna huA thA / hariSeNa cittaur3a meM rahatA thA / kabhI nija kArya vaza vahAM se acalapura gayA aura vahIM usane isa grantha kI racanA kI / lekhaka ke guru kA nAma siddhasena thA / kRti kI racanA lekhaka ne vi0 saM0 2044 meM kI thI / grantha kA Arambha kavi ne jina stuti aura guru vandanA se kiyA hai / Atma namratA sAtha kavi aneka prAcIna kaviyoM kA smaraNa karatA hai / kavi alpajJa hote hue bhI kAvya racanA meM pravRtta hotA hai aura use vizvAsa hai ki zrI jinendra dharmAnurAga ke kAraNa evaM apane guru zrI siddhasena ke prasAda dvArA nalinI dala ke zobhana sahavAsa mauktikAntiko prApta karane vAle jala bindu ke sadRza, yaha kAvya bhI una ke saMparka se chavimAna hogaa| isI prasaMga meM kavi ne apane se pUrva jayarAma kI gAthA chandoM meM viracita prAkRta bhASA kI dharma-parIkSA kA nirdeza kiyA hai / jisa se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki kavi ne isa grantha kI racanA jayarAma kRta dhamma parikkhA ke AdhAra para kI thii| jayarAma kI yaha kRti abhI taka upalabdha nahIM ho sakI / * 4. OM namaH siddhebhyaH // 1. iya dhamma (pari) parikkhAe cauvaggAhi ThiyA cittAe, vaha hariseNa kayAe eyArasamo saMdhI pariccheu samatto / 2. iya mevAr3a dese jaNa saMkule, siri ujapura Niggaya dhakkaDa kule / govaddhaNu nAmeM uppattauM jo sammatta rayaNa saMputtauM / taho govadvaNAmu piya dhaNavai, jA jiNavara muNivara piya guNavai / tAiM jaNiuM hariseNu NAmeM suu, jo saMjAu vivaha kaI vissuGa / siri cittauDu caevi acalauraho, guu Niya kajjeM jiNahara pauraho tahi chaMdAlaMkAra pasAhiya, dhammaparikkha eha teM sAhiya / 11.26 3. do bhinna bhinna pratiyoM meM ye uddharaNa milate haiM "vikkama Niva pari vattiya kAlae, gayae varasi sahasehi bhavAlae / " "vikkama Niva pariya kAlai, ava gaya varisa saisa cutaale|" dha0 pa0 11.27
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________________ rUYa apabhraMza-sAhitya kRta aura saMskRta meM bhI aneka lekhakoM ne 'dharma parIkSA' likhI haiM / ' 1 hariSeNa ne apanI dhammaparikkhA amita gati kI dharma parIkSA (saMskRta) se 26 varSa pUrva likhI / donoM meM paryApta samAnatA hai / aneka kathAyeM, padya aura vAkya donoM meM samAna rUpa se milate ha / kintu phira bhI jaba taka hariSeNa dvArA nirdiSTa jayarAma kI dharma-parIkSA kI jA~ca na ho, isa pariNAma para nahIM pahu~ca sakate ki kisane kisako prabhAvita kiyaa| saMbhavataH donoM kA srota jayarAma kI dharma-parIkSA ho / 2 dhamma parikhA meM kavi ne brAhmaNa dharma para vyaMgya kiyA hai| usa dharma ke aneka paurAfor AkhyAnoM aura ghaTanAoM ko asaMgata batAte hue, jaina dharma ke prati AsthA aura zraddhA utpanna karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| 3 prAkRta meM haribhadra sUri ( 8 vIM zatAbdI) racita dhUrttAkhyAna, 3 viSaya kI dRSTi siddhi puraMdhihi kaMtu, suddhe taNumaya vayaNaM / bhattie jiNu paNavevi, citiu buha hariseNeM // marNaya jammiM buddhie ki kijjai, maNahara jAi kavvu Na raijjai / taM karaMta aviyANiya Arisa, hAsu lahahi bhaDa raNi gaya porisa / camuha kavvu virayaNi saMyaMbhuvi, pupphayaMtu aNNANu NisaMbhivi / tiNNi vi jogga jeNa taM sIsai, caumuMha muha thiya tAva sarAsai / jo sayaMbha so deu pahANa, aha kaha loyAloya viyANaDaM / pupphayaMtu Nau mANusu vuccai, jo sarasaie kyA viNa muccai / te evaMviha hau jaDa mANau, taha chaMdAlaMkAra vihINau / kavyu karaMtu ke maNa bi lajjami, taha bisesa piya jaNa ki haraMjami / to vi jiMNida dhamma aNurAyai, vaha siri siddhaseNa karami sayaM jiha NaliNi valathiu jalu, aNuharei Nittulu supasAI / muttAhalu / ghasA- jA jayarAmeM Asi viraiya gAha pabaMdhi / sA hammi dhamma parikkha sA paddhaDiya baMdhi || dha0 pa0 1-1 1. jina ratna koza, bhAga 1, saMpAdaka pro0 hari dAmodara velaNakara, bhaMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca iMsTiTyUTa, pUnA, 1944 I0, pR0 189 / 2. DA0 AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye, hariSeNa kI dhamma parikkhA, enalsa Apha bhaMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca iMsTiTyUTa, bhAga 23, pR0 592-608 / 3. dhUrttAkhyAna, saMpAdaka pro0 A0 ne0 upAdhyAya, baMbaI, 1945 I0 / dhUrtAkhyAna kI kathA saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai--cAra ghUrta puruSa aura eka dhUrta strI apane-apane jIvana ke asaMgata, asaMbhava tathA asaMbaddha anubhavoM kA atizayoktipUrNa varNana karate haiN| apane jIvana kI avizvasanIya ghaTanAoM kI rAmAyaNa, mahAbhAratAdi meM varNita aneka kapola-kalpita mithyA ghaTanAoM se puSTi karate haiM /
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________________ apabhraMza kathA-sAhitya 345 se hariSeNa kI tathA anya kaviyoM kI 'dharma parIkSA' kA Adi rUpa kahA jA sakatA hai| donoM meM bheda itanA hI hai ki dhammaparikkhA ke racayitA ne tIvratA se purANoM kI nindA kara ke jaina dharma ko thopane kA prayatna kiyA haiM kintu dhUrtasthAna meM purANoM para kevala halakA' sA vyaMgya kiyA hai, usameM pracaMDatA aura kaTutA nahIM / grantha kA kathAnaka isa prakAra hai kavi maMgalAcaraNa ke pazcAt aneka prAcIna kaviyoM kA ullekha karateM hue Atma vinaya pradarzita karatA hai / tadanantara jaMbU dvIpAntargata bharatakSetra kA kAvyamaya bhASA meM varNana kiyA gayA hai / usI kSetra ke antargata madhya pradeza meM vaitADhya parvata kA varNana karatA huA kavi vaijayantI nagarI kA saundarya prastuta karatA hai| vaijayantI nagarI ke rAjA kI rAnI kA nAma vAuveyaM ( vAyuvegA ) thA / unake manavega nAmaka eka atyanta dhArmika putra thA / usakA mitra pavanavega bhI dharmAtmA aura brAhmaNAnumodita paurANika dharma meM AsthA rakhane vAlA thA / isI sandhi meM kavi ne avantI deza aura brAhmaNoM ke deza pATaliputra kA varNana kiyA hai / manavega vidvAn brAhmaNoM kI sabhA meM kusumapura gayA / pavanavega bhI usake sAtha thA / tIsarI sandhi meM aMga deza ke rAjA zekhara kA kathAnaka dekara kavi aneka paurANika upAkhyAnoM kA varNana karatA hai| cauthI sandhi meM avatAravAda para vyaMgya kiyA gayA hai / viSNu dasa janma lete haiM aura phira bhI kahA jAtA hai ki vaha ajanmA haiM / isa prakAra paraspara virodhI bAteM kaise saMbhava ho sakatI haiM ? sthAna-sthAna para kavi ne 'tathA coktaM taireva' 'tadyathA ityAdi zabdoM dvArA saMskRta ke aneka padya bhI uddhRta kiye haiM / isI prasaMga meM ziva ke jAhnavI aura pArvatI prema evaM gopI kRSNa-lIlA para bhI vyaMgya kiyA hai / tadyathA tadyathA kA tvaM sundari jAhnavI kimiha te bhartA haro nanvayaM aMbhastvaM kila vetsi manmatha rasaM jAnAtyayaM te patiH / svAmin satya mirca na hi priyatame ityevaM hara jAhnavI giri sutA satyaM kutaH kAminAM saMjalpanaM pAtu vaH // 4.10 aMgulyA kaH kapATaM praharati kuTile mAdhavaH kiM vasaMto no cakrI kiM kulAlo na hi dharaNidharaH kiM dvijihvaH phaNIndraH / nAha ghorAhi madda kimasi khagapati no hariH ki kapIzaH ityevaM gopaveSvA prahasitavadanaH pAtu vaizcakrapANiH // 4. 12 pA~cavIM sandhi meM brAhmaNa dharma kI aneka avizvasanIya aura asatya bAtoM kI ora nirdeza kara manavega brAhmaNoM ko niruttara karatA hai / isI prasaMga meM vaha kahatA hai ki rAma isa prakAra vyaMgya rUpa se haribhadra ne brAhmaNoM ke purANAdi ko asatya pratipAdita kiyA hai|
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________________ 346 apabhraMza-sAhitya jo sRSTi, pralaya Adi ke bhI jJAtA haiM, apanI nArI ke haraNa ko kaise na jAna pAye ? aura usake viSaya meM vana vana pUchate phire| isake pazcAt sAtavIM sandhi meM gAndhArI ke sau putroM kI utpatti aura pArAzara kA dhIvara kanyA se vivAha varNita kiyA gayA hai| AThavIM sandhi meM kuMtI se karNa kI utpatti aura rAmAyaNa kI kathA para vyaMgya kiyA gayA hai| navIM sandhi meM manavega apane mitra pavana ke sAmane brAhmaNoM se kahatA hai ki eka bAra mere sira ne dhar3a se alaga hokara vRkSa para car3hakara phala khaaye| apanI bAta kI puSTi ke lie vaha rAvaNa aura jarAsaMdha kA udAharaNa detA hai| isI prasaMga meM manavega zrAddha kI asatyatA kA pratipAdana karatA haA kahatA hai ki yaha kaise saMbhava hai ki isa loka meM brAhmaNa bhojana kareM to paraloka meM nAnA yoniyoM meM jAkara zarIra dhAraNa karane vAle mRta aura dUraMgata pitara, use prApta kara leM ? isa prakAra nAnA kapola kalpanAoM ko mithyA batalA kara kevala dhArmika bhAvanAoM kI ninnalikhita saMskRta padya se puSTi kI gaI hai prANApAtAnivRttiH paradhana haraNe saMyamaH * satya vAkyaM loke zaktyA pradAnaM yuvati jana kathA mUka bhAvaH pareSAM / tRSNA sroto vibhaMgo guruSu ca vinatiH sarva satvAnakaMpA sAmAnyaM sarva mapeSvanupahata mati zreyasAmeSa pnthaaH|| 9.24 dasavIM sandhi meM bhI gomedha, azvamedhAdi yajJoM aura niyogAdi para vyaMgya kiyA hai| isa prakAra manavega aneka paurANika kathAoM kA nirdeza kara aura unheM mithyA pratipAdita kara brAhmaNoM ko parAsta karatA hai| pavanavega bhI manavega kI yuktiyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai| usakA vizvAsa brAhmaNa dharma se uTha jAtA hai aura vaha jainadharma meM dIkSita ho jAtA hai / jainadharmAnukUla upadezoM aura AcaraNoM ke nirdeza ke sAtha grantha samApta hotA hai| ___ yaha kAvya brAhmaNa dharma para vyaMgya karane ke hetu hI racA gayA jAna par3atA hai| sthAna sthAna para isa dharma ke AkhyAnoM para gahare vyaMgya kiye gaye haiM aura pariNAmasvarUpa jainadharma ke prati ruci jAgRta kI gaI hai| kRti meM dhArmika tatva kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa kavitva adhika prasphuTita nahIM ho skaa| kavitva kI dRSTi se pahalI aura gyArahavIM sandhiyA~ ullekhanIya haiN| kavi kI kavitA kA udAharaNa nimnalikhita uddharaNoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| kavi vaijayantI nagarI kA varNana nimnalikhita zabdoM meM karatA hai tahiM paMcAsaha majmi suriddhI, NayarI vaijayaMti supsiddhii| kAmiNi vva jA NayaNa piyArI, jahiM dIsai tahiM suhaya jnnerii| jA surataru va varNaNa visAleM, airehai NettaNa va nniileN| parihai sArasa haMsa ravAlae, mehalAi NaM kiMkiNi muhle| siya pAyAra bhitti kaMculiyae, paMca vaNNa dhayamAla ghuliye| uppariyaNa sohai sohaMtI, kaNaya kalasa uroja drisNtii| goureNa(hi) NaM rUMdeM vayaNe, hasai va toraNa mottiya rynne|
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________________ apabhraMza kathA-sAhitya 347 bhavaNa rayaNa jayahiM gihAlai, ahiNava tara pallava. kara caali| maMdira sihara thakka sihi jUheM, sohai deiNaM kesa smuuheN| saMcaraMta mANiNi panbhAre, callai NaM Neura jhNkaareN| ai sohA huya(va) kiha vaNijjai, jAhi surAhiva Nayari Na pujji| pattA--mahi hara pIya ucchaMge, paura bhoya gunnvNtii| vasai taraThThiva katti rayaNa ditti diivNtii|| isa uddharaNa meM kavi ne vaijayantI nagarI ko eka sundara nArI ke samAna manohAriNI batalAyA hai / yadyapi kavi ne isa nagarI ko surAdhipa kI nagarI se bhI bar3hakara batAyA hai kintu nagarI kI vaha sundaratA aura samRddhi zabdoM meM abhivyakta nahIM ho sakI hai| kavi vAuveya rAnI kA varNana karatA huA kahatA hai taho vAuveya NAmeNa ghariNi, paivaya NAvai paraloya kuhinni| NArI muha lakkhaNa lakkhiyaMgi, muhaNayahiM jiyacchaNa sasi kuraMgi / tahi ahiNava jovvaNu savaNu NAi, aruNacchavi Naha aMkuriu laai| (tahi jovvaNu jaNi NaM vahu vihAi, aruNa chavi NaM aMkuriu bhAi) ai ratta pANi pallava calaMtu, villahala vAhu vallI lalaMtu / komala jaMghA raMbhA sahaMtu, siya asiya jayaNa kusumai vahaMtu / pihu pINa pauhara phalaNavaMtu, alayAvali aliula soha detu| ratAhara vivohala phuraMtu, asacchAu (sajjAu)savijmamu silayavaMtu / caMdaNa kappUrahiM mahamahaMtu, khayara vara visaya vara (suhu) dihiM jaNaMtu / nArI ke saundarya varNana meM kavi ne paraMparAgata upamAnoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| kavi kI dRSTi kevala bAhya saundarya taka hI pahu~ca pAI hai / kavi kA mevAr3a deza-varNana dekhiye jo sihari sihiNa kekkAraillu, sari taDi rahaTTa java seyagillu / taru kusumagaMdha vAsiya diyaMtta, Nosesa sAsa saMpuMNNa cchitt| cUya vaNa koilArAva rammu, vara sara sArasa vaya jaNiya pemmu / bhisa kisalaya pAsAyaNa tu? haMsa, mayaraMda matta aliula Nighosa / karavaMda jAla kiDi vihiyatosu, vaNa tara hala sauNigaNa posu| kaya sAsa caraNu go mahisi mahisu, uccha vaNa pada risiyarasa visesu / tappANANaMdiya dINa du, thala liNi sayaNa gaya pahiya taMdu / vara sAli sugaMdhiya gaMdhavAhu, takakhaNi sakaNa viya suya samUhu / NiyaDattha gAma maMDiya paesu, jaNavaya paripUritha jAma kosu / riu jogga sokkha raMjiya jaNohu, gaya cora mAri bhaya laddha sohu / ghatA-jo ujjAhi sohai kheyara mohai vallI harahiM visaalaah| maNi kaMcaNa kaya puNahi vaNNa ravaNahi purahiM sa goura sAlahi // 11.1.
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________________ 348 ___ apabhraMza-sAhitya __ lekhaka ne sarala aura sarasa bhASo meM apane bhAvoM ko abhivyakta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / bhASA meM anuraNanAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga bhI kavi ne kiyA hai| jaise ghavaghava ghavaMta bahu ghgghraaii| gAiya * sarigamapadhaNI sarAI, maNimaya kaNaMtaH kiMkiNi sraaii| phulla hara bhamira mahuyara ulAI, TaNa TaNa TaNaMta ghaMTAulAI // 11.25. kavi ne bhASA ko alaMkRta karane ke liye yathAsthAna alaMkAroM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| Upara diye gaye uddharaNoM meM upamA, utprekSA aura rUpaka ke udAharaNa milate haiN| virodhAbhAsa kA udAharaNa nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai / kavi vaijayantI nagarI ke rAjA ke viSaya meM kahatA hai ___ asirIharo vi lacchI saNAhu / apuraMdaro vi vivuhayaNaha iThTha, ....... / akumAra vi jo sattI payAsu, vaMdhava pariyaNa pripuuriyaasu| adisAgau vi aNavaraya dANu, adiNesu vi uggapayAvathANu // isI prakAra nimnalikhita muni-varNana meM bhI virodhAbhAsa alaMkAra dikhAI detA haisamalu vi Nimmalayau, AsAvasaNu vi AtA rahiu, mukkAharaNu vi tirayaNa shiyu| NiggaMtha vi bahugaMtha pariggahu, bahu sIsu vi Na vuttu laMkAhiu // 3.12 isa grantha meM nAnA chandoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| "sAhammi dhamma parikkha sA paddhaDiya baMdhi" dvArA kavi ne spaSTa nirdeza kiyA hai ki grantha meM paddhaDiyA chaMda kI bahulatA hai / isa chanda ke atirikta madanAvatAra (1.14), vilAsinI (1.15), sragviNI (1.17), pAdAkulaka (1.19), bhujaMga prayAta (2.6, 3.8), pramANikA (3.2), raNaka yA rajaka (3.11), mattA (3.21), vidyunmAlA (9.9), dodhaka (10.3) Adi chandoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai / chandoM meM varNavRtta aura mAtrika vRtta donoM milate haiM, yadayapi adhikatA mAtrika vRttoM kI hI hai| kathA koSa zrIcandra kavi kRta 53 sandhiyoM kA aprakAzita grantha hai| pratyeka sandhi ke antima padya meM kavi kA nAma nirdiSTa hai|' kavi, kunda kundAcArya kI paraMparA meM vIracandra 1. maNi sira canda pautte kahakose etva jaNmaNANaMda ityaadi|
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________________ apabhraMza kathA-sAhitya 349 kA ziSya thA / ' jisa samaya kavi ne isa grantha kI racanA kI usa samaya aNahilla pura meM mUlarAja nAmaka rAjA rAjya karatA thaa| cAlukya vaMza meM isa nAma ke do rAjA hue haiN| eka ne 941 I0 se 99.6 I. taka aura dUsare ne 1176 I0 se 1178 I0taka rAjya kiyA / 2 svaracita ratna karaNDa zAstra kI hastalikhita prati (prazasti saMgraha pR0 164) meM prAcIna kaviyoM kA smaraNa karate hue kavi ne caturmukha, svayaMbhU, puSpadanta, zrutadeva, zrIharSa kA nAma bhI liyA hai maura batAyA hai ki yaha grantha kavi ne zrIpAlapura meM rAjA karNa ke rAjyakAla meM vi0 saM0 1123 (1066 I0 .) meM rcaa| ataH kathA koSa kI racanA bhI isI samaya ke AsapAsa huI hogii| kathA koSa meM 53 sandhiyoM meM kavi ne 53 kathAyeM dI haiN| ye saba kathAyeM dhArmika aura upadezaprada haiN| rAjA zreNika, magadha deza, pATaliputra aura rAjagRha se saMbaddha aneka kathAyeM haiM / kathAoM meM pazu pakSI bhI pAtra rUpa se prayukta hue haiN| udAharaNa ke liye eka kathAMza nIce diyA jAtA hai magahA maMDala payahArammi, vyapAla rAu pAyali purmmi| tatva ekku kosiu uyAri, nivasai mAyAvi goura-vuvAri // 1 sa kayAi rAyasaha samIvu, gau viharamANu sura sarihe dIvu / 'ekkeNa tattha kaya-sAgaeNa, pucchiu haMse vayasAgaeNa // 2 bho mitta, saMsi ko kahasu etyu, Ajami. paesaho kaho kimatyu / SayaraTThaho vayaNu suNevi ghuu, bhAsada hau~ uttama kula pasUu // 3 kaya khalANuggaha-vihi-payAsu, bAho phaha puhaha maMDalAsu / vasavatti savva sAmaMta rAya, huM vayaNu karaMti kayANu rAya // 4 kolAi bhimaMtau mahipasatya, tumhaiM .nievi AUmi etth| iya vayahi parisiu masalu, viSaeNa paryapi umaha visAla // 5 arthAt magadha deza ke sukhakara evaM sundara,pATaliputra nagara meM pratipAla nAmaka eka rAjA thaa| vahIM eka ujar3e gopura dvAra meM eka mAyAvI ullU rahatA thaa| vaha eka bAra vihAra karatA huA surasari dvIpa meM rAjahaMsoM ke pAsa gyaa| vahAM eka vayovRddha haMsa ne usakA svAgata kiyA aura pUchA-he mitra, tuma kauna ho? kahAM se Aye ho ? 1. ilAhAbAda yUnivarsiTI jarnala, bhAga 1, pRSTha 171 / 2. kaiTeloga Apha saMskRta eMDa prAkRta manuskripTsa ina di sI. pI. aiMDa . barAra, bhUmikA pu0.50| 3. "eyAraha tebIsA varasaNa (bAsamayA) vikkamassa grvinno| jaiya gayAhu taiyA -samaNiyaM saMdaraM eyaM // kaSNa garivaho rajjisuhi siri sirivAla purasmi / vuha siricaMde eu kiu gaMdau kavvu jayammi // 4. kAmatA prasAda jaina, hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0.53 /
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________________ 350 apabhraMza-sAhitya kisa liye Aye ho ? haMsa ke vacana suna ullU bolA-maiM uttama kula meM utpanna huA huuN| mujha para saba kA anugraha hai / maiM rAjA ke pAsa se AyA huuN| saba sAmaMta mere vazavartI haiM aura ve mere prati prema se merA hI kahA karate haiN| krIr3A se bhramaNa karatA huA, rAjAoM ke sAtha, maiM bhI yahAM tumhAre pAsa A gyaa| ina vacanoM ko suna haMsa prasanna huA aura vaha usake pairoM meM gira par3A / anantara ullU ne apanA mAyAvI rUpa prakaTa kiyaa| ina saba kathAoM kA uddezya manuSya hRdaya meM nirveda bhAva jAgRta karAnA hai| isa kA AbhAsa granthArambha meM hI mila jAtA hai "paNaveppiNu jiNu suvisuddha mii| citai maNi muNi siricaMdu kaI / saMsAra asAra savvu athie / piya putta mittu mAyA timiru / saMpaya puNu saMpahe aNuharai / khaNi dosai khaNi puNu Usarai / su viNaya samu pemmu vilaasvihii| rehuvi khaNi bhaMgaru dukkha tihii| jovvaNu giri vAhiNi veya gau / lAyaNNu vaNNu kara salila su| jIviu jala babbuya pheNa Nihu / hari jAlu varajju avajja gihu' / " grantha kI bhASA meM padayojanA saMskRta prAkRta ke DhaMga kI hai jaise-"ekkeNa kaya sAgaeNa haMse pucchiu" (ekena kRta svAgatena haMsena pRSTam) / grantha meM vaMzastha, samAnikA, duhaDau, mAlinI, paddhaDiyA, alillaha Adi chandoM kA prayoga kiyA gyaa| ina chandoM meM saMskRta ke varNavRttoM kA bhI kavi ne prayoga kiyA hai kintu inake prayoga meM bhI kavi ne navInatA utpanna kara dI hai| udAharaNa ke liye--- "viviha rasa visaale| jeya koU hlaale| laliya vayaNa maale| attha saMdoha saale| bhavaNa-vidida-NAme / savva-boso vasAme / iha khala kaha kose / sundare diNNa tose // " yaha saMskRta kA mAlinI chanda hai| isameM pratyeka paMkti meM 8 aura 7 akSaroM ke bAda yati ke krama se 15 akSara hote haiN| kavi ne pratyeka paMkti ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara yati ke sthAna para aura paMkti kI samApti para antyAnuprAsa (tuka) kA prayoga kara ke chanda ko eka navIna rUpa de ddaalaa| ratna karaNDa zAstra yaha grantha bhI aprakAzita hai| isakI do hastalikhita pratiyA~ Amera zAstra bhaNDAra meM vidyamAna haiM (pra0 saM0 pR0 164-167) / yaha bhI zrIcandra kavi kA 21 sandhiyoM meM likhA huA grantha hai aura kathA koSa ke samAna aneka upadeza prada dhArmika aura naitika 1. kaiTelAga Apha saMskRta eMDa prAkRta mainuskripTsa ina di sI. pI. eMDa barAra, pR0 725 / 2. vahI, bhUmikA pR0 50 /
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________________ apabhraMza kathA-sAhitya 351 kathAoM se yukta hai / yaha svAmI sAmantabhadra kI suprasiddha kRti 'ratta karaNDa' kA vistRta vyAkhyAna hai / yaha eka AcAra grantha hai / grantha meM udAharaNa svarUpa prasaMga prApta vratopAsaka vyaktiyoM ke kathAnaka diye gaye haiM / maMgalAcaraNa se grantha kA Arambha kara kRtikAra 24 tIrthaMkaroM kA stavana karatA hai / apane se pUrva ke aneka prasiddha kaviyoM kA smaraNa kara svayaM graMtha lekhana kA kAraNa nimnalikhita zabdoM meM prakaTa karatA hai- cahu caumuhu va pasiddhu bhAi, kairAu sayaMbhu sayaMbhu nAI / taha pupphayaMtu nimmukka dosu, vaNijjada kiM suae vi kosu / siri harasa kAliyAsa i sAra, avaravi ko gaNaI kaittakAra / 1.2 ina prasiddha kaviyoM ke hote hue bhI kavi svayaM kAvya meM pravRtta kyoM huA-tahavi jiNada paya bhattiyAe, lai karami kipi niya sattiyAe / jai karai samuggama tamavivakkhu, to kiNNa uyau gayaNammi rikkhu / jas fares sura piu pAriyAu, tA iyaru ma phullau bhUmijAu / 1.2 kavi paramparA ke anusAra kRtikAra ne sajjana durjana smaraNa (1.3) bhI kiyA hai / pratyeka sandhi kI puSpikA meM kRtikAra ne apane nAma kA nirdeza kiyA hai / ina puSpikAoM se yaha bhI spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki lekhaka ne isa grantha kA nirmANa dhArmika bhAvanA se pravRtta hokara hI kiyA thA / ' grantha meM eka sthala para lekhaka ne aneka apabhraMza chandoM kA ulleka kiyA hai-chaMda NiyAraNAla AvaliyAha, caccari rAsaya rAsaha laliyAha / vacchu avacchU jAi visesaha, aDila maDila paddhaDiyA aMsahi / dohaya ubadohaya avabhaMsaha, dubaI helA gahu vagAhaha / bhuvaya khaMDauvakhaMDaya gharttAha, sama visamada samehi vicitrttAha / 12.3 kRtikAra ne svayaM bhI AraNAla, duvaI, jaMbhiTTiyA. uvakhaMDayaM, gAthA, madanAvatAra Adi chandoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| pradhAnatA paddhaDiyA chanda kI hI hai / sthAna sthAna para viSaya spaSTa karane ke lie 'uktaM ca' 'tadyathA' ityAdi zabdoM dvArA 1 - iya paMDiya siri caMda kae, paryADaya koUhala sae, sohaNa bhAvapavattae, pariUsiya vuha cittae, daMsaNa kaharayaNa karaMDae, michatta paUhi taraMDae, kohAi kasAI vihaMDae, satyammi mahAgaMNa saMDae, deu guru dhammAyaraNo guNa dosa payAsaNo, jIvAi vara tavva NiNNaya karaNo NAma paThamo saMghI paricheU 'samatto // sNdhi1||
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________________ 3.52 apabhraMza- sAhitya kucha saMskRta ke prAcIna padya bhI lekhaka ne uddhRta kiye haiM / ' sthUlabhadra kathA yaha somaprabhAcArya kRta kumAra pAla pratibodhAntargata ( pR0443 - 461 ) eka choTI-sI kathA hai / isameM kavi ne brahmacarya vrata kA mAhAtmya pradarzita kiyA hai| pATaliputra nagara meM navama nanda rAjA rAjya karatA thA / usakA zakaTAra nAmaka mantrI thA / mantrI ke jyeSTha putra kA nAma sthUlibhadra thA / sthUlabhadra atIva sundara rUpavAn yuvaka thaa| eka bAra vasanta samaya meM, jaba sarvatra ullAsa chAyA huA thA, sthUlibhadra kozA nAmaka vAravanitA ke prAsAda meM gayA / gavAkSa sthita parama sundarI kozA ko dekha kara sthUlabhadra mugdha ho gayA aura use aisA pratIta huA- " rayaNAlaMkiya-sayala-taNu ujjala - vesa - visiTha / naM sura-ramaNi vimANa-gaya loyaNa visai paviTha // 7 // mAno vimAna-sthita koI sura- ramaNI usa kI A~khoM ke Age AI ho / usake aMga pratyaMga kI suSumA se sthUlabhadra kA hRdaya vicalita ho uThAnimmala-muttiya-hAra misi raiya caukki pahichu / paDham paviTThau hiya tasu pacchA bhavaNi paviThu // 13 // usake bhavana meM praveza karane se pUrva hI vaha usake hRdaya meM praveza kara gayA / isa prakAra bAraha varSa taka sthUlibhadra kozA ke sAtha bhoga-vilAsa meM lIna rahA / zakAra kI mRtyu ke bAda rAjA ko cintA huI ki mantrI kise banAyA jAya / sthUlabhadra kA AcaraNa ThIka na thA / ataH unhoMne isake choTe bhAI zrIpaka ko mantrI kA pada svIkAra karane ke lie Amantrita kiyA / kintu bar3e bhAI ke rahate, binA usakI anumati ke usane mantri-pada svIkAra karane meM Apatti kI / sthUlibhadra ke pAsa rAjA kA saMdeza pahu~cA to usane isa para vicAra karane kA samaya maaNgaa| vaha sahasA kozA ke raMgabhavana se bAhara nikala dUra eka udyAna meM jAkara dhyAna magna ho gyaa| sAMsArika bhoga-vilAsa saau--y------ --- ekAkSara pradAtAro (raM) so guruM naiva zvAna yoni zataM gatvA cAMDAleSvapi manyate / jAyate // ityAdi 15.15 ekamapyakSaraM yastu guruH zita (pa) tt| pRthivyAM nAsti tad dravyaM yaddattvA cAnUNI bhavet // ekAkSara pradAtAro (raM) mo guruM naiva zvAna yoni zataM gatvA cAMDAleSvapi manyate / jAyate // ityAdi 15.15
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________________ apabhraMza kathA-sAhitya 353 se sahasA virakta ho gyaa| mantri pada kA vicAra chor3akara saMnyAsa-grahaNa kA saMkalpa kiyaa| AcArya saMbhUti vijaya se jaina-dharma meM dIkSA lekara kaThora tapasyA meM lIna ho gyaa| kAlAntara meM sthUlibhadra phira cAturmAsya meM kozA ke ghara aayaa| kozA kA sundara mukha, usake tIkSNa kaTAkSa usa para koI prabhAva na DAla ske| isa prakAra sthUlibhadra ke akhaMDa brahmacarya ke mAhAtmya varNana ke sAtha kathA samApta hotI hai| kRti meM sarasa aura sundara varNana upalabdha hote haiN| prakRti aura mAnava donoM kA sundaratA se varNana kiyA gayA hai / vasanta kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai "aha pattu kayAi vasaMta samao, saMjaNiya -sayala- jaNa- citta- pamao, ullAsiya-rukSa pavAla-jAlu, pasaraMta-cAru-caccari vva mAlu // 1 // hiM vaNa-laya-payaDiya-kusuma-varisa, mahu-kaMta samAgaya jaNiya harisa / pavamANa-calira-nava-pallavehi , naccaMti nAi komala karehiM // 2 // nava- pallava- ratta -asoa -viDavi, mahu-lacchihi sauM pariNayaNu ghddvi| hiM rehahiM nAi kusubharatta, vahiM niyaMsiya sayala gata // 3 // hasai vva phulla-malliya-gaNehi, nacvai vva pavaga-vevira-varNohi / gAyai bhamarAvali raviNa nAi, jo sayamavi mayaNummattu bhAi // 4 // (pRSTha 443) varNana meM svAbhAvikatA hai / prakRti meM cetanA anuprANita karate hue kavi ne carAcara meM vasanta ke prabhAva kI vyaMjanA kI hai| kavi kozA kA saundarya varNana karatA huA kahatA hai "jasu vayaNa viNijjau NaM sasaMku, appANu nirsihiM daMsai ssNku| jasu NayaNa-kaMti-jiya-lajja-bhariNa, vaNa-vAsu pavanaya nAi hariNa // 8 // jasu sahahiM kesa-ghaNa kasaNa-vanna, naM chappaya muha paMkaya pavanna / bhavaNikka-vIra-kaMdappa-dhaNaha, suMdarima viDaMbahi jAsu bhamuha // 9 //
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________________ 354 apabhraMza-sAhitya jasu ahara hariya- sohagga- sAru, naM viduma sevai jalahi khAru / jasu daMtapaMti suMderu ruMdu, nahu sIosahaM tu vi lahai kuMDu // 10 // aguli pallava hapasUNa, jasu sarala bhuyAu layAu nUNa | ghaNa- pINa-tuMga -thaNa- bhAra- sattu, jasu majjJu tattaNu naM pavattu // 11 // ( pRSTha 445) arthAt jisa ( kozA ) ke mukha se parAjita candramA apane Apa ko rAtri meM sazaMkita huA dikhAtA hai / jisakI A~khoM kI kAnti se parAjita ataeva atyadhika lajjita hariNI ne mAno vanavAsa prApta kara liyA / jisa ke ghane ghane kAle keza aise pratIta hote haiN| mAno, mukha kamala para bhauMre maMDarA rahe hoN| jisakI bhRkuTI saMsAra meM ekamAtra vIra kAma ke dhanuSa ke saundarya kI bhI viDambanA karatI hai / jisake avaroM se apahRta saundarya vAle vidruma mAno kSAra samudra meM cale gaye / ..... jisa ke saghana, pIna, aura uttuMga stana bhAra ko vahana karate-karate madhyabhAga mAno kSINa ho gayA / isa prakAra nArI aMga pratyaMga varNana yA nakha zikha varNana kA rUpa hameM yahAM bhI dikhAI detA hai / varNana meM prAcIna paramparA kA anukaraNa dikhAI detA hai / bhASA samasta aura sAhityika rUpa dhAraNa kiye hue hai / chandoM meM raDDA, paddhaDiyA aura ghattA kI hI pradhAtA hai / chakkammovaesa (SaTkarmopadeza ratnamAlA) amarakIrti racita 14 sandhiyoM kI aprakAzita kRti hai / isakI cAra hastalikhita pratiyA~ Amera zAstra bhaNDAra meM upalabdha haiM ( pra0 saM0 pRSTha 171-174) / amarakIrti dvArA grantha ke Arambha meM aura anta meM diye Atma paricaya se pratIta hotA hai ki kavi mAthura saMghIya AcAryoM kI paraMparA meM huA thA / kavi kA AzrayadAtA nAgara kulotpanna ambAprasAda thA / kavi ne pratyeka sandhi kI puSpikA meM ambAprasAda ke nAma kA ullekha kiyA hai aura usI ko kRti samarpita kI hai / " kRti kI antima prazasti meM kavi ne maMgala kAmanA karate hue ambAprasAda ko 1. pro0 hIrAlAla jaina, sama riseMTa phAiMDsa Apha apabhraMza liTrecara nAgapura yUnivasiTI jarnala, disaM0 1942, pR0 87 / 2. ka. iya chakkammovaese mahAkai siri amarakitti viraie, mahAkavve guNa pAla cacciNi gaMdaNa aMva pasAyaNu maNNie chakamma NiNNaya vaNNaNo NAna paThamo saMdhI pariccheu samatto // 1 //
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________________ apabhraMza kathA-sAhitya apanA choTA bhAI kahA hai| kavi kI yaha ukti ambAprasAda ke prati apanI prema bhAvanA ke kAraNa ho sakatI hai yA aisI bhI saMbhAvanA ho sakatI hai kavi pahile ambAprasAda ke hI vaMza meM thA aura pIche se virakta ho gyaa| ___ gujjara viSaya ke mahiyaDa dezAntargata govhaya nagara meM cAlukya vaMzI rAjA kRSNa ke zAsana meM vi0 saM0 1247 meM kavi ne isa kAvya kI racanA kI thii| isa racanA meM kavi ko pUrA eka mAsa lagA thaa|2 kavi ne isa grantha ke atirikta miNAha cariu, mahAvIra cariu, jasahara cariu, dhamma cariu TippaNa, suhAsia rayaNa nihi, dhammovaesa cUr3AmaNi aura jhANA paIu Adi sAta aura granthoM kI racanA kI aura kavi ne apane Apa ko inake atirikta anya saMskata prAkRta ke kAvyoM kA racayitA bhI kahA hai| uparilikhita granthoM meM se migAha cariu ora jasahara cariu ke paddhaDiyA baMdha meM race jAne kA kavi ne svayaM nirdeza kiyA hai jisase pratIta hotA hai ki ye grantha apabhraMza meM race gaye the| __isa kRti meM 14 sandhiyA~ aura 215 kar3avaka hai / isameM kavi ne gRhastha dharma kA ullekha karate hue gRhasthoM ke lie chaha prakAra ke kartavyoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai--deva-pUjA, guru-sevA, zAstrAbhyAsa, saMyama, tapa aura dAna / ina dharmoM ke pAlana kA upadeza aneka sundara kathAoM ke dvArA rucikara rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| 1. NaMdau para sAsaNa piNAsaNu, sayala kAla jiNa NAhaho sAsaNu / NaMdau aMva pasAu viyakha Nu, amarasUri lahu vaMdhu viykkhnnu| gaMdau avara vi jiNapaya bhattau, vivuha vAga bhAviya rayaNatau // 14.18 // 2. aha gujjara visayaho majjhi desu, NAmeNa mahIyaDu vahupayesu / NayarAyara vara gAhiM Niruddha, NANA payAra saMpai samichu / tahiM Nayara asthi godayaNAmu, NaM saggu vicittu suresadhAmu // 1.4 // taM cAlukka vaMsi Naya jANau, pAlai kanhu NareMda pahANau // 1.5 // bAraha sahi saptatta cayAlihi, vikkama saMvaccharahe visAlihiM / gayahimi bhaddavayaho pakkhaMtari, guru vArammi cauddasi vAsari / ekke mAse eha samatthiu, saiM lihiyau Alasu avarutthiu // 14-18 // 3. paramesara paiM Navarasa bhariu, virayau NemiNAhaho cariu / aNNai carittu taccatya sahiu, payaDatyu mahAvIraho vihiu / tIyau carittu jasahara NivAsu, paddhaDiyA baMdhe kiu pyaasu| TippaNau . dhamma cariyaho payaDa, tiha viradau jiha bujjhahijaDu / sakkaya siloya vihi jaNiya dihI, naMphiyau suhAsiu rynnnihii| dhammovaesa cUDAmaNikkhu, taha jjhANa paIU sujmANa sikkhu / chakkavaeseM suha pabaMdha, kiya aTTha saMkha sai sacca saMdhu / sakkai pAiya kamvai ghaNAi, avarAI kiyaI raMjiya jaNAI // 1.7 //
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________________ 356 apabhraMza-sAhitya dhArmika tatva aura upadezoM kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa kAvya saundarya kA prAyaH abhAva hai| SaT karma kA mAhAtmya batalAtA huA kRtikAra kahatA hai-- "chakkammihiM sAvau jANijjai, chakkamihiM diNaduriu vilijjai / chakkamihiM sammattu vi sujjhai, chakkammihi gharakammi Na mujjhai / chakkammihi jiNadhamma muNijjai, chakkammihiM garajammu gnnijji| chakkammihiM vasi jAhiM garavara, chakkammihi devavi ANAyara / chakkammihi vaMchiu saMpajjadda, chakkammihiM suraduMduhi vajjai / chakkammihi uppajjai kevalu, chakkammihi labbhai suhu aviylu| (pra0 saM0 pRSTha0 171-172) kRti meM paddhaDiyA aura ghattA hI pradhAna rUpa se prayukta hue haiN| inake atirikta gAthA, racitA, helA, maMjarI, khaMDaya, dohaDA, AraNAlAdi chanda bhI bIca bIca meM milate haiN| AThavIM sandhi meM pratyeka kaDavaka ke Arambha meM dohA prayukta huA hai| kaDavaka meM caupAI kA prayoga milatA hai| jaisedohar3A- kammArau satthAhivaho, ehu tuha Nayari vasei / aNNu Na yANau kiMpi jai, so vaha deva kahei // satthabAhu vRttau vasu hese, havakAre vi vihiya sntoseN| kavaNu purisu iu saccu payAsahi, amhahaM maNa saMdehu viNAsahi / ityAdi, 8.11 kRtikAra ne isa grantha ko mahAkAvya kahA hai kintu yaha mahAkAvya ke lakSaNoM se rahita hai / kathAnaka aura kavitva kI dRSTi se bhI mahAkAvya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sandhiyoM kA nAmakaraNa bhI jalapUpA kahA, gaMdhapUyA kahA, akkhaya pUyA vihANa kahA ityAdi nAmoM se kiyA gayA hai| aNuvaya rayaNa paIu (aNuvrata ratna pradIpa) yaha grantha aprakAzita hai / hasta likhita prati pro0 hIrAlAla jaina ke pAsa hai| grantha kavi lakkhaNa (lakSmaNa) dvArA racA gayA / grantha meM ATha pariccheda (sandhiyA~) haiN| isakI racanA meM kavi ko 9 mAsa lage / grantha vi0 saM0 1313 (I0 san 1256) meM racA gyaa| 1. pro0 hIrAlAla jaina, jaina-siddhAnta-bhAskara, bhAga 6, kiraNa 1 meM pR0 155-177 aura sama riseMTa phAinDsa Apha apabhraMza liTrecara, nAgapura yunivarsiTI jarnala, disaM0 1942, pR0 89-91 / 2. teraha saya teraha uttarAle parigaliya dikkamAicca kaale|
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________________ apabhraMza kathA-sAhitya kavi ke pitA kA nAma sAhula aura mAtA kA nAma jaitA thaa| kavi jAyasa vaMza meM utpanna huA thA / ' kavi yamunA taTa para sthita "rAyavaDDiya" nAma kI nagarI meM rahatA thaa| pro0 hIrAlAla ke vicAra meM yaha nagara Ajakala AgarA phorTa se bAMdI kuI jAne vAlI relave para rAyabhA nAmaka sTezana ke nAma se prasiddha hai / saMbhavataH isa kA prAcIna nAma rAyabhadra yA rAyabhadrI hogA jo rAyavaDDiya meM parivartita ho gyaa| __kavi ne Ahavamalla ke mantrI kaNha (kRSNa) ke Azraya meM aura unhIM kI preraNA se isa grantha kI racanA kii| Ahavamalla cauhAna vaMzI the| inake pUrvajoM kI rAjadhAnI yamunA taTa para caMdavADa nagarI thii| yaha rAjA mlecchoM ke sAtha vIratA se lar3e the aura inhoMne hammIra deva kI sahAyatA bhI kI thI tathA usake mana ke zalya ko naSTa kiyA thA / 3 inake mantrI kRSNa vaNik vaMza ke the| kavi ne pratyeka sandhi kI puSpikA meM apane AzrayadAtA ke nAma kA ullekha bhI kiyA hai| jiNa datta cariu ke racayitA lavakhaNa aura yaha lakkhaNa saMbhavataH eka hI vyakti haiN| unake pitA mAtA kA nAma bhI sAhula aura jayatA thA, vaha bhI jAyasa kula meM utpanna hue the aura isa grantha ke kartA lakkhaNa ke mAtA, pitA tathA kula kA nAma bhI vahI hai / unhoMne jiNa datta cariu kI racanA vi0 saM0 1275 meM kI thI aura inhoMne isa grantha kI racanA 38 varSa bAda vi0 saM0 1313 meM kii| itane varSoM taka koI kAvya racanA na karane se unheM bhAna huA ki merI kavitva zakti kSINa ho rahI hai| rAjanaitika uthalaputhala ke kAraNa saMbhavataH una ke vAsasthAna aura AzrayadAtA kA parivartana ho gayA ho| grantha meM kavi ne zrAvakoM ke pAlana karane yogya vratoM (aNunatoM) aura gahasthiyoM ke dharmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| viSaya pratipAdana ke liye aneka kathAoM kA Azraya liyA hai| nava mAsa rayateM pAyaDatyu sammattau kame kame ehu satthu / jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, bhAga 6, kiraNa 1, pR0 175 / 1. sAhulaho ghariNi jaitA-sueNa sukaittaNa guNa vijjAjueNa / jAyasa kula gayaNa divAyareNa aNasaMjamIhiM vihiyAyareNa / iha aNa-vaya-rayaNa-paIu kavvu virayau sasatti pariharivi gavvu / vahI, pR0 174 / 2. vahI, pR0 159 / 3. duppiccha miccha raNa raMga malla, hammIra vIra maNa naTTha sll| vahI, pR0 163 / 4. iya aNuvaya rayaNa paIva satthe mahA sAvayANa supasaNNa parama tevaNNa kiriya payaDaNa samatthe saguNa siri sAhula suva lakkhaNa viraie bhavva siri kaNhAicca NAmaMkie--ityAdi / 5. emeva kaittagaguNa visesu parigalai Nicca mahu Niravasesu / vahI, pR0 165 /
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________________ 358 apabhraMza-sAhitya kRti meM dhArmika pravacanoM kI pradhAnatA hai / ucca kalpanA, alaMkAra, camatkAra Adi kA abhAva hai| kavi kI kavitA kA udAharaNa nimnalikhita uddharaNa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai-- kavi Ahavamalla kI rAnI kA varNana karatA hai-- taho paTTa mahAevI pasiddha Isarade paNayaNi paNaya viddha / NihilaMteura majjhae pahANa Niya pai maNa pesaNa saavhaann| sajjaNa maNa kappa mahIya sAha kaMkaNa keUraMkiya suvAha / chaNa sasi parisara saMpuNNa vayaNa mukka mala kamala dala sarala nnynn| AsA siMdhura gai gamaNa lIla baMdiyaNa maNAsA dANa sIla / parivAra bhAra dhara dharaNa satta moyaI aMtaradala laliya gatta / ahamalla rAya paya bhatti jutta avagamiya Nihila viNNANa sutta / gaMgA taraMga kallola mAla samakitti bhariya kakuhaMtarAla / kalayaMThi kaMTha kala mahura vANi guNa garuva rayaNa uppatti khANi / ari rAya visaha saMkaraho siTTha sohaga lagga gori vda ditttth|' varNana meM koI vizeSatA nhiiN| kavi ne rAnI kA zRgArika varNana na kara usake sadguNoM kI hI prazaMsA kI hai| apanI dhArmika bhAvanA ke anukUla usakI pArvatI se upamA dI hai| mantri-patnI kA nimnalikhita bhujaMgaprayAta chandoM meM varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai "piyA tassa sallakkhaNA lakkhaNaDDhA / gurUNaM pae bhakti kAuM viyaDDhA / sa bhattAra-pAyAra vidANugAmI / gharAraMbha-vAvAra-saMpuNNa-kAmI / suhAyAra caaritt-ciirNk-juttaa| suceyANa gaMdhodaeNaM pvittaa| sa pAsAya-kAsAra-sArA- marAlI / kivA-dANa saMtosiyA vNdinnaalii| dayA vallarI meh-mkkNbudhaaraa| saittattaNe suddh-siiyppyaaraa| jahA caMda cUDAnugAmI bhvaannii| jahA savva veihiM savvaMga vANI // ityAdi isa varNana meM bhI dhArmika bhAvanA ke anukUla zRgAra kA abhAva hai / strI ke patibhakti, cAritrya, dayA Adi guNoM kA hI kavi ne nirdeza kiyA hai| 1. vahI, pR0 164 / NihilaMteura majjha-sAre antaHpura meN| chaNa sasi-pUrNa candra vimba ke samAna mukha / moiyaM aMtara dala---kele ke bhItarI dala ke samAna komala zarIra vaalii|
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________________ apabhraMza kathA-sAhitya 359 pro0 hIrAlAla jaina ne nimnalikhita dasa kathA granthoM kA nirdeza kiyA haiM :'. 1. suandha dasamI kahA 2. rohiNi vidhAna kathA 3. muktAvali vidhAna kathA 4. ananta vrata kathAnaka 5. nirdoSa saptamI kathAnaka 6. pAza pai kahA 7. jina purandara kathA 8. uddharaNa kathA 9. jina rAtri vidhAna kathAnaka 10. solaha kAraNa jayamAla ye dasa apabhraMza grantha uttara pradeza ke jasavantanagara meM eka jaina mandira meM surakSita 37 saMskRta prAkRta hastalikhita granthoM ke sAtha mile / ina meM se prathama do, do do sandhiyoM ke haiM zeSa saba ina se bhI choTe haiN| rohiNi vidhAna kayA ke racayitA devanandi muni haiN| anyoM ke viSaya meM kucha jJAta nhiiN| saandha dasamI kahA kA eka uddharaNa dekhiye-- "jiNa cauvIsa NaveppiNu, hiyai dhareppiNu, devattahaM cauvIsahaM / puNu phalu AhAsami, dhammu payAsami, vara suandha dasamihiM jahaM / pucchiu seNieNa titthaMkaru, kahahi suaMdha dasami phalu mnnhru| bhaNaI jiNidu NisuNi aho seNiya, bhavvarayaNa guNarayaNi NiseNiya // rohiNi vidhAna kathA kA eka uddharaNa dekhiye-- "jiNavara vaMdeviNa, bhAu ghareviNu divva vANi guru bhttie| rohiNi uvavAsaho, duriya viNAsaho, phalu akkhami Niya sttie|| zrI agara canda nAhaTA ne nimnalikhita digaMbara jaina vrata kathAoM kA nirdeza kiyA guNabhadra likhita puSpAMjali, AkAza paMcamI, candana SaSThi aura dudhaarsii| ___ paM. paramAnaMda jaina ne nimnalikhita kathA granthoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai 3 - 1. puraMdara vihANa kahAH racayitA bhaTTAraka amarakIrti, vi0 saM0 1847. 2. Nijjhara paMcamI vihANa kahANaka : racayitA vinaya candra / vinaya candra ne cUnar3I aura kalyANaka rAsu nAmaka do anya grantha bhI likhe| 3. niduha sattabhI kahA : racayitA vinaya candra ke guru muni bAlacandra 4. jinaratti kahA: / donoM ke kartA yazaHkIrti haiN| yaha yazaHkIrti vahI haiM jinhoMne 5. ravivau kahA : ) harivaMza purANa aura pANDava purANa kI bhI racanA kI thii| 1. ilAhAbAda yUnivarsiTI jarnala, bhAga, 1, pR0 181 / 2. jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, bhAga 11, kiraNa 1 / 3. apabhraMza bhASA kA jaina kathA sAhitya, anekAnta varSa 8, kiraNa 6-7 / 4. cUnar3I ke lie dekhiye, navAM adhyAya, apabhraMza muktaka kAvya (1) 5. anekAnta varSa 8, kiraNa 6-7 pRSTha 276-277 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya 6. aNathamI kahA: isa meM rayadhU ne rAtri bhojana ke doSoM aura unase utpanna hone vAlI vyAdhiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 7. puNNAsava kahA : rayadhU ne puNya kA Azrava karane vAlI vrata kathAoM kA teraha sandhiyoM meM varNana kiyA hai| 8. aNathamI kahA : haricanda likhita 16 kaDavakoM kI kathA / 9. sokhavaI vihANa kahA : racayitA vimala kIrti 10. suaMdha dasamI kahA : racayitA devadatta / 11. ravi vau kahA : / 12. aNaMta vaya kahA : 6 donoM ke racayitA muni nemi candra haiM / 1 zrI kAmatA prasAda jaina ne vinaya candra kRta "uvaesa mAla kahANaya chappaya" kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / ' racanA chappaya chanda meM hai| eka udAharaNa dekhiye "iNi pari siri uvaesamAla su rasAla kahANaya, tava saMjama saMtosa viNaya vijjAi pahANaya / sAvaya sambharaNattha atthapaya chappaya chandihi, rayaNa siMha sUrIsa sIsa pabhaNai ANaMdihiM / arihaMta ANa aNudiNa udaya, dhammala matthai hau~ / bho bhaviya bhattisattihiM sahala sayala lacchi lIlA lahau // isa saMkSipta varNana se hameM apabhraMza kathA sAhitya kI rUpa rekhA tathA usa kI mukhya pravRttiyoM kA paricaya prApta hotA hai / yaha bhalI bhA~ti vidita hotA hai ki kathA sAhitya kI paraMparA apabhraMza kAla meM bhI vidyamAna thii| aneka loka kathAe~ jo usa samaya maukhika rUpa meM pracalita thIM athavA lekha baddha ho cukI thIM, hindI ke navayuga meM praviSTa huiiN| ina meM se hI kucha kathAoM ko lekara sUphI kaviyoM ne apane AdhyAtmika prema mArga kA apane prabandha kAvyoM meM pracAra kiyA / 1. hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI, san 1947, pR0 31 /
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________________ caudahavA~ adhyAya apabhraMza sphuTa-sAhitya isase pUrva ke adhyAyoM meM apabhraMza ke mahAkAvyoM, khaMDakAvyoM muktakakAvyoM, rUpakakAvyoM aura kathAgranthoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| isa adhyAya meM apabhraMza ke kucha aise granthoM kA vivecana kiyA jAyagA jinakA pUrvalikhita adhyAyoM meM--vibhAgoM meM samAveza nahIM ho sakA / kucha grantha aprakAzita haiM aura unake svarUpa kA pUrNa rUpa se paricaya na hone ke kAraNa unakA nirdeza isa adhyAya meM kara diyA gayA hai| kucha rAsA grantha prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha meM saMgRhIta haiN| inheM prAcIna gujarAtI hI kahanA aura apabhraMza na mAnanA kahA~ taka saMgata hogA, hama nahIM kaha sakate / yadyapi hameM gujarAtI kA jJAna nahIM aura isaliye hama nahIM kaha sakate ki ye grantha prAcIna gujarAtI ke nahIM kintu itanA nissandeha kaha sakate haiM ki ye aprabhaMza grantha haiM aura inakI gaNanA apabhraMza granyoM meM honI cAhiye / pro0 hIrAlAla jaina ke vicAra meM ye grantha apabhraMza meM hI hai| pro. AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye kA bhI, yahI vicAra mAlama hotA hai / 2 uparinirdiSTa rAsA granthoM ke atirikta carcarI, stotra, phAga, catuSpadikA Adi choTI-choTI kRtiyoM kA bhI isa adhyAya meM antarbhAva kara diyA gayA hai| carcarI caccarI, cAcari, carcarI Adi saba paryAyavAcI zabda haiN| prastuta carcarI meM kRtikAra jinadata sUrI ne 47 padyoM meM apane guru jinavallabha sUri kA guNagAna kiyA hai aura caitya vidhiyoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai| 1. nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, varSa 50 aMka 3-4, pR0 110 / 2. pro0 AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye ke lekhaka ko mile 7 pharavarI 1952 ke patra ___ kA kucha aMza nIce uddhRta kiyA jAtA hai "You will soon find that what we call Old-Hindi, OldRajasthani, Old-Gujrati, etc.--all these have often a common ground in Apabhramsa or what is often called post-Apabhramsa.'
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________________ 362 apabhraMza-sAhitya carcarI zabda tAla evaM nRtya ke sAtha, vizeSataH utsavAdi meM, gAI jAne vAlI racanA kA bodhaka hai| isakA ullekha vikramorvazIya ke caturtha aMka ke aneka apabhraMza padyoM meM milatA hai| vahAM aneka padya carcarI padya kahe gaye haiN| samarAditya kathA, kuvalayamAlA kathA Adi granthoM meM bhI isakA ullekha milatA hai| zrIharSa ne apanI ratnAvalI nATikA ke prArambha meM bhI isakA ullekha kiyA hai| saMskRta-prAkRta ke atirikta apabhraMza-kaviyoM ke kAvyoM meM bhI isakA ullekha milatA hai| vIra kavi (vi0 saM0 1076) ne apane jaMbusAmicariu meM eka sthAna para caccari kA nirdeza kiyA hai| nayanaMdI (vi0 saM0 1100) ke sudaMsaNacariu meM bhI vasantotsava-varNana ke praMsaga meM caccari kA ullekha hai / zrIcandra (vi0 saM0 1123) ke ratnakaraMDa zAstra meM bhI eka sthala para isakA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| jAyasI kI padmAvata meM bhI phAguna aura holI ke prasaMga meM cAcarI yA cAMcara kA ullekha hai| prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha meM solaNa kRta carcarI kA vyAkhyAna hai / eka velAulI rAga meM gIyamAna 36 padyoM kI "cAcari stuti" aura dUsarI gurjarI rAga meM gIyamAna 15 padyoM kI "guru stuti cAcari" 1. aye yathAyamabhi hanyamAna madu mRdaMgAnugata gIta madhuraH puraH paurANAM samuccarita carcarI dhvani stathA trkyaami.....ityaadi| ratnAvalI, kAle kA saMskaraNa, bambaI, 1925 I0, pR0 9 / 2. caccari vaMdhi viraiu sarasu, gAijjai saMtiu tAra jasu / naccijjai jiNa paya sevahi, kiu rAsau aMvAdevahiM / jaM0 sA0 ca0 1.4 3. jiNa haresu ADhaviya sucaccari, kahiM taruNi saviyArI cccri| sudaM0 ca0 7.5 4. chaMdaNiyAraNAla Avaliyahi, caccari rAsaya rAsahi lalihiM / vatthu avatthU jAi visesahi, aDila maDila paddhaDiyA aMsahi / ratna karaNDa zAstra, 12.3 5 navala vasaMta, navala saba bArI / seMdura bukkA hoi dhmaarii|| khinahi calahi, khina cA~cari hoI / nAca kUda bhUlA saba koI // jAyasI granthAvalI-padmAvata, kA0 nA0 pra0 sabhA kAzI, san 1924 saMskaraNa, vasaMta khaMDa pR0 88 / hoi phAga bhali cAMcari jorii| viraha jarAi dInha jasa horii|| vahI, SaDRtu varNana, pR0 161 phAgu karahiM saba cA~cari jorii| mohi tana lAi dInhi jasa horI // vahI, nAgamatI viyoga, khaMDa, pR0 170 6. prAcIna garjara kAvya saMgraha, bhAga 1, gAyakavAr3a oriyaMTala sirIja, saMkhyA 13, bar3audA, 1920 I0, pRSTha 71 /
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________________ apabhraMza sphuTa-sAhitya 363 kA pATaNa bhaNDAra kI grantha sUcI meM nirdeza milatA hai|' prastuta carcarI kI racanA jinadatta sUri ne vAgaDa (vAgjaDa) dezAntargata vyAghrapura nagara meM vikrama kI 12vIM zatAbdI ke utarAI meM kii| isa kRti ke atirikta kavi ke 'upadeza rasAyana rAsa' aura 'kAla svarUpa kulaka' kA pIche (adhyAya nau meM) ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| kRtikAra ne sUcita kiyA hai ki yaha kRti par3ha (Ta) maMjarI bhASA-rAga meM gAte hue aura nAcate hae par3hI jAnI cAhiye / paTa maMjarI-rAga kA nirdeza siddhoM ke aneka padoM meM bhI milatA hai| padya vyAkhyAtA ne prathama padya ke anta meM nirdeza kiyA hai ki isakA chanda vAstu chanda kA eka bheda, 21 mAtrA vAlA kunda nAmaka chanda hai| kRtikAra jinavallabha ko kAlidAsa aura vAkpatirAja se bhI bar3ha kara mAnatA hai : "kAliyAsu kai Asi ju loihi vanniyai, tAva jAva jiNavallahu kai nA aniyi| appu cittu pariyANahi taM pi visuddha na ya te vi citta kairAya bhaNijjahi muddhanaya // 5 // bharata bAhu bali rAsa yaha zAlibhadra sUri dvArA racita rAsa-grantha hai| kavi ne prAcIna paurANika kathA ko lekara hI isakI racanA kI hai| grantha kI racanA vi0 saM0 1241 meM huii| yaha kathA puSpadanta ke mahApurANa meM 16 se 18 sandhiyoM taka vistAra se varNita hai| RSabha ke putra bharata, cakravartI bana jAne para digvijaya ke liye nikalate haiN| saba rAjA unake Adhipatya ko svIkAra karate haiM kintu RSabha ke putra aura bharata ke choTe bhAI bAhubali unakA Adhipatya svIkAra nahIM krte| donoM meM yuddha hotA hai| yuddha meM bharata parAjita hote haiN| vijita bAhubali, bharata ko hI rAjya lauTA kara saMsAra se virakta ho jAte haiN| yaha vIra rasa pradhAna rAsa grantha hai| isakI bhASA prAcIna gujarAtI se prabhAvita hai| grantha meM vastu, caupaI, rAsa, dohA Adi chandoM kA prayoga huA hai| kavi kI kavitA kA udAharaNa dekhie :-- calIya gayavara calIya gayavara guhira gajjaMta, huMphaI hasamasa haNaNaiM taravaraMta haya-ghaTTa callIya, pAyala paya-bhari TalaTalIya meru sesa-sIsa maNimauDa DullIya / 1. pattana bhAMDAra graMtha sUcI, bar3audA, 1937 pR0 267-268 2. paM0 lAlacandra bhagavAn gAMdhI dvArA zrI jaina dharmAbhyudaya graMthamAlA meM ahamadAbAda se gujarAtI meM prakAzita, vi0 saM0 1997 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya siu marudevihiM saMcarIya kuMjari caDIya nariMda, samosaraNi sura vari sahiya vaMdiya paDhama jiNaMda // (pR0 8) senA kI yAtrA kA sajIva varNana nimnalikhita padyoM meM dikhAI detA hai :-- vajjIya samahari saMcarIya, senApati sAmaMta tu| milIya mahAdhara maMDalIya, gADhima guNa gAjaMta tu||' gaDayaDaMta gayavara guDIya, jaMgama jima giri-zaMga tu| suMDA-daMDa cira cAlavai e, velaiM aMgihiM aMga tu|| gaMjai phiri phiri giri-sihari, bhaMjai taruara-DAli tu| aMkusa-vasi Avai nahIM ya, karai apAra ji Ali tu|| hIsaiM hasamisi haNahaNaI e, tara vara tAra toSAra tu| khUdaI khuralaiM kheDavIya, mana mAnaiM asuvAra tu|| pAkhara paMkhi ki paMkharU ya, UDA UDihiM jAi tu|| huMphaI talapaiM sasaI, jaDaI jakArIya dhAI tu // (pR0 10) bherI baja rahI haiN| senApati sAmaMta saba cale jA rahe haiN| jaMgama parvatoM ke samAna hAthI bar3he jA rahe haiN| parvatoM ke zikhara guJjAyamAna ho gye| vRkSoM kI zAkhAyeM TUTane lagIM / hAthI aMkuza ke vaza meM nahIM rhe| U~ce-U~ce ghor3e hinahinAte haiM aura ve jIna rUpI paMkhoM se pakSI ke samAna vega se ur3e jA rahe haiM / jora jora se hA~phate haiM--sAMsa lete haiN| isI prakAra yuddha kA sundara varNana pR0 46 para bhI milatA hai / grantha kI bhASA meM zabdoM kA rUpa yadyapi okArAnta hai kintu aneka pAda TippaNiyoM meM pATha bheda se ukArAnta rUpa bhI milatA hai, jo apabhraMza kA cihna hai / bhASA meM muhAvaroM kA prayoga bhI milatA hai / jaise :-- 'jima viNa lavaNa rasoI aluNI' pR0 28 pArzvanAtha stuti kumArapAla pratibodhAntargata dazArNa bhadra kathA (pR0 471-472) meM ATha chappaya chandoM meM pArzvanAtha kI vandanA kI gaI hai| usI kI zaraNa meM jAne kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / kavi ne yahA~ vatAyA hai ki ina chandoM kA pATha karate hue mAgadha loga rAjA ko jagAte the| udAharaNArtha eka chappaya dekhiye - gayaNa-magga-saMlagga-lola-kallola-paraMparu, nikkaruNukkaDa-nakka-cakka-caMkamaNa-duhaMkara, ucchalaMta-guru-puccha-maccha-richoli-niraMtaru, vilasamANa-jAlA-jaDAla-vaDavAnala-duttara, ... 1. pratyeka paMkti ke anta meM tu kA prayoga AlApa ke liye kiyA gayA hai|
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________________ apabhraMza sphuTa-sAhitya 365 Avatta-sayAyalu jalahi lahu gopau jimva te nitthrhi| nIsesa-vasaNa-gaNa-niTThavaNu pAsanAhu je saMbharahi // arthAt jo loga pArzvanAtha kA smaraNa karate haiM ve isa bhayAnaka saMsAra sAgara ko gopada ke samAna pAra kara jAte haiN| ___ ina chappayoM kI bhASA, anuprAsamayI, samasta aura dvitva vyaMjana yukta hai / isI prakAra kI bhASA uttarakAla meM hindI chappaya padyoM meM milatI hai| siri thali bhadda phAga' yaha jina padma sUri kI 27 padyoM kI eka choTI sI racanA hai| jinapadma gujarAta vAsI jaina sAdhu the| unhoMne isakI racanA vi0 saM0 1257 ke lagabhaga kii| kRti aneka vibhAgoM meM vibhakta hai / pratyeka vibhAga "bhAsa" nAma se pukArA gayA hai / isI prakAra samarA rAsu meM pratyeka vibhAga kA nAma "bhASA" diyA gayA hai| "bhAsa" aura "bhASA" paryAyavAcI zabda haiN| "bhAsa" yA "bhASA" aneka padyoM ke samUha se banatA hai| yaha bhAsa vibhAga yA bhASA vibhAga vaidika kAla kI anuvAka zailI kA smaraNa karAtA hai| ____ isa graMtha meM prAcIna sthUlibhadra kathA kA ullekha hai| sthUlibhadra, cAturmAsya meM kozA ke ghara meM jAtA hai / kavi ne varSA kA aura kozA kI vezabhUSA kA atIva madhura zabdoM meM varNana kiyA hai / varSA kA varNana atyanta sajIva hai aura kozA kI aMga-suSamA kA varNana atIva AkarSaka hai| varSA kA varNana dekhiye :-- jhiri miri jhiri miri jhiri miri e mehA varisaMti / khalahala khalahala khalahala e vAhalA vahati / sabajhaba jhabajhana jhabazaba e vIjuliya sabakai / tharahara tharahara tharahara e virihiNi maNu kNpi|| (pR0 38) sIyala komala surahi vAda jima jima vaaynte| mANa maDapphara mANaNi ya tima tima naacte| jima jima jalabhara bhariya meha gayagaMgaNi miliyaa| tima tima kAmItaNA nayaNa nIrihi jhalahaliyA // (pR0 39) kozA kI vezabhUSA kI chaTA nimnalikhita padya meM jhalakatI hai :-- lahalaha lahalaha lahalaha e uri motiyhaaro| raNaraNa raNaraNa raNaraNa e pagi neura saaro| jhagamaga jhagamaga jhagamaga e kAnihi vara kuNddl| jhalahala jhalahala jhalahala e AbharaNaiM maMDala // (pR0 39) 1. prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha, bhAga 1, pR0 38 / 2. dekhiye pIche terahavA~ adhyAya, apabhraMza kathA-sAhitya, pR0 352
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________________ 366 apabhraMza-sAhitya kozA pUrI sajadhaja ke sAtha sthUlibhadra ke pAsa phuNcii| use vizvAsa thA ki usakI rUpa-rAzi syUlibhadra ke citta ko vicalita kara degI kintu use sthira aura zAnta dekhakara kozA ko nirAzA huI / vaha khinna hokara bolI-- __'bAraha barisahaM taNau nehu kihi kAraNa chaMDiu' arthAt bAraha varSa taka kiyA huA preja tumane kisa kAraNa chor3a diyA ? sthUlibhadra ne usI dhIratA ke sAtha uttara diyA-- vesa ai khedu na kiijh| lohahi ghaDiyau hiyau majjha tuha vayaNi na bhIjai // " he kozA ! kheda na kro| merA loha-ghaTita hRdaya tumhAre vacanoM se nahIM bhIga sktaa| kAmonmatta aura udvigna kozA ko samajhAtA huA sthUlibhadra bolA citAmaNi pariharavi kavaNa pattharu giNei ? tima saMjama siri parinaevi vahudhamma samujvala AliMgai tuha kosa kavana para saMta mahAvala ? __ arthAta ciMtAmaNi ko chor3akara patthara kauna grahaNa karegA ? usI prakAra he kozA ! dharma samujjvala saMyama-zrI se prema saMbaMdha karake kauna aisA hai jo tumhArA AliMgana karegA? __isa prakAra kozA kA samagra vibhrama-vilAsa, hAva-bhAva, rUpa-vaibhava, raMgabhavana kI aparimita sAja-sajjA aura bhojya padArthoM kA anupama AsvAda sthUlibhadra ko tanika bhI vicalita na kara skaa| cAra mahInoM meM usakA hRdaya eka bAra bhI prakaMpita na huA, eka pala ke liye bhI kAma use na chU skaa| sthUlibhadra ke isa himAcala sadRza aDiga caritra se kozA kA garva bhaMga huA aura usake jJAna-netra khula gye| neminAtha catuSpAdikA' yaha ratnasiMha sUri ke ziSya vinayacandra sUri dvArA racita cAlIsa padyoM kI eka choTI sI racanA hai| isameM bAIsaveM tIrthakara neminAtha kI prAcIna kathA kA hI ullekha hai / neminAtha prasaMga meM hI rAjamatI aura usakI sakhiyoM ke praznottara rUpa se kavi ne zRgAra aura vairAgya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / rAjamatI yA rAjula kA vivAha neminAtha se nizcita huA thA kintu vaha pazuoM para dayArdra ho vadhU-gRha ke toraNa dvAra se hI lauTa gaye aura girinAra parvata para jAkara tapasyA karane lge| rAjula ke viyoga kA hI varNana vAraha 1. prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha, pR0 8-10 /
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________________ apabhraMza sphuTa-sAhitya 367 mAsA rUpa se kavi ne prastuta kiyA hai|' kRti kA Arambha kavi ne nimnalikhita zabdoM se kiyA hai : sohaga suMdaru ghaNa lAyannu sunaravi sAmiu sAmalavannu / sakhi pati rAjala caDi uttariya kAramAsa suNi jima vajjariya // 1 // evaM kRti kI samApti bhI nimnalikhita zabdoM se kI gaI hai :-- rayaNa siMha sUri pagamavi pAya bAha mAsa bhaNiyA bhai bhAya // 40 // kavi ne zrAvaNa mAsa se prArambha kara ApAda mAsa taka bArahoM mAsoM kA bArahamAsA rUpa se varNana kiyA hai / dekhie-- nemi kumaru sumaravi giranAri siddhI rAjala kanna kumaari|| AMkiNI // zrAvaNi saravaNi kaDuyaM mehu gajjai virahiri jhijjhai dehu / vijju jhabakkai rakkhasi jeva nemihi viNu sahi sahiyai kema // 2 // sakhI bhaNai sAmiNi mana jhuri dujjaNa taNA ma vaMchita puuri| gayau nemi tau viNaThau kAi achai anerA varaha sayAi // 3 // bolai rAjala tau ihu vayaNa natthI nemi samaM vara rayaNa / gharai teju gaha gaNa savi tAva gayaNi na uggai diNayara tAva // 4 // bhAdravi bhariyA sara pikkhevi sakaruNa roai rAjala devi| . hA ekalaDI mai niradhAra kima Ubebisi karuNAsAra // 5 // bhaNai sakhI rAjala mana roi nIThuru nemi na appaNu hoi / siMciya taruvara pari palavaMti girivara puNa kau DerA hu~ti // 6 // sAcauM sakhi vari giri bhijjati kimai na bhijjai sAmala kati / ghaNa varisaMtai sara phuTuMti sAyara puNa ghaNu oha DulaMti // 7 // isI prakAra rAjula pratyeka mAsa meM apanI avasthA kA varNana karatI hai aura usakI sakhI use sAntvanA detI hai| hindI meM isa rUpa ke bArahamAse kI paramparA kI anukRti ke lie hindI sUphIkAvya meM zAha barakata ullA kRta 'pema prakAza' ke antargata bArahamAsA varNana bhI dhyAna dene ke yogya hai| __ pIche apabhraMza muktaka-kAvya (1)prakaraNa (adhyAya nau) meM upadeza rasAyana rAsa kA varNana kiyA jA cukA hai / bharata bAhu bali rAsa kA pIche isI adhyAya meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| ina rAsa granthoM ke atirikta pattana bhaNDAra kI anya sUcI (bhAga 1) meM jinaprabha racita nemi rAsa (vahI pR0 269) aura antaraMga rAsa (vahI pa0 270) nAmaka do aura rAsA granthoM kA ullekha milatA hai| neminAtha rAsa meM rekya giri maNDana tIrtha 1. kAmatA prasAda jaina--hindI sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR0 56 / 2. pema prakAza, DA0 lakSmIdhara zAstrI dvArA saMpAdita, phreMka bradarsa, dillI, 1943 I0 /
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________________ 368 . apabhraMza-sAhitya kara neminAtha kI stuti hai aura antaraMga rAsa meM prAtaHkAla pATha karane yogya stuti hai| inake atirikta kucha anya rAsa-granthoM kA vivaraNa prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha meM milatA hai| jaMbU svAmi rAsu' kRti ke prArambha meM kRti kA nAma "jaMvU sAmi cariya" diyA hai kintu samApti "iti zrI jaMba svAmi rAsaH" ina zabdoM se hotI hai| kRti kI racanA mahendra sari ke ziSya dharma sUri ne vi0 saM0 1266 meM kI thii| kRti meM padyoM kI saMkhyA 41 hai / kRti meM kathAnaka vahI hai jo jaMbU svAmI ke carita meM pahale varNana kiyA jA cukA hai| jaMbU svAmI ke caritra aura dharma kI dRr3hatA kA pratipAdana hI kavi kA lakSya thaa| grantha kI samApti saMgha kI maMgala kAmanA se hotI hai| revaMta giri rAsa yaha vijaya sena sUri kRta eka choTI sI racanA hai / kRti cAra kaDavakoM meM vibhakta hai| kavi ne isa grantha kI racanA vi0 saM0 1288 meM kI thii| kRti meM soraTha deza meM revaMta giri para neminAtha kI pratiSThA ke kAraNa revaMta giri kI prazaMsA aura neminAtha kI stuti kI gaI hai| kavi kI kavitA kA udAharaNa dekhiye| parvata kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai-- "jAi kuMdu vihasaMto jaM kusumihi saMkulu / dIsai dasa disi divaso kiri taaraamNddlu| miliya navala vali dala kusuma jhlhaaliyaa| laliya sura mahi dalaya calaNa tala taaliyaa| galiya thala kamala mayaraMda jala komlaa| viula silavaTTa sohaMti tahi sNmlaa| (pR0 3) uvaesa mAla kahANaya chappaya yaha zrI vinaya candra kRta 81 chappaya chandoM kI kRti hai / isameM prAcIna tIrthaMkaroM evaM dhArmika puruSoM kA udAharaNa dete hue dharmAcaraNa kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / kRti kI samApti nimnalikhita chappaya se hotI hai-- 1. prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha, pR0 41-46 / 2. dekhiye pIche sAtavA~ adhyAya, apabhraMza khaMDa-kAvya, pR0 147 3. prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha, pR0 1-7 / 4. vahI, pR0 11-27 / . ...
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________________ apabhraMza sphuTa-sAhitya 369 "iNi pari siri uvaesa mAla kahANaya / tava saMjama saMtosa viSaya vijjAi pahANaya / sAvaya saMbharaNattha atyapaya chappaya chaMdihiM / rayaNa sIMha sUrIsa sosa ebhaNai aanndihiN|| arihaMtaANa aNu diNa, udaya dhamma mUla matthai huN| bho bhaviya bhatti sattihi sahala sayala lacchi lIlA lahau // 81 / / zrI kAmatA prasAda jaina ne isa kRti kI racanA kA kAla 13 vIM zatAbdI mAnA hai|' gaya-sukamAla-rAsa yaha grantha aprakAzita hai| hasta likhita prati jaisalamera ke bar3e jJAna bhaMDAra meM prApta hai| prati 14 vIM zatAbdI kI likhI huI hai| __ grantha ke racayitA saMbhavataH zrI delhaNa haiN| zrI devendra sUri ke kathanAnusAra isakI racanA kI gii| zrI agaracaMda nAhaTA inakA samaya vi0 saM0 1300 ke lagabhaga mAnate haiN| ataeva grantha racanA kA kAla bhI isI samaya ke AsapAsa mAnanA par3atA hai| . siri deviMda sUridaha vynne| khami uvasami sahiyau / gaya sukumAla carittU, siri belhaNi raiyau // 33 // prastuta rAsa meM kRSNa bhagavAn ke choTe sahodara bhAI gaja sukumAla muni kA caritra varNita hai| bhASA parijJAna ke lie nimnalikhita uddharaNa dekhiye-- tara sAyara-uyakaMThe vAravai pasiddhiya / vara kaMcaNa dhaNa dhani vara rayaNa samiddhiya / vAraha joyaNa jasu vitthArU nivasai sundara guNihi visAlU / bAhattari kula koDi visiTTho annavi suhaDa raNaMgaNi diTTho // nayarihi rajju kareI nahi kanhu nariMdU / naravai maMti saNAho jiva suragaNi iMdU // saMkha cakka gaya paharaNa dhaaraa| 1. hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR0 31 / 2. gaya-sukumAla rAsa, zrI agara canda nAhaTA, ___ rAjasthAna bhAratI, varSa 3, aMka 2, pRSTha 87 / 3. vahI, pR0 91
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________________ 370 apabhraMza-sAhitya kaMsa narAhiva kaya saMhArA / jiNi cANauri mallu viyAriu jarAsiMghu balavantau dhADiu // tAsu jaNau vasudevo vara rUva nihaannuu| mahiyali payaDa payAvo riu bhaDa tama bhANU // ' samarA rAsu isa kRti kI racanA aMbadeva ne vi0 saM0 1371 meM kii| isa meM saMghapati desala ke putra samarasiMha kI dAnavIratA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / usI varSa isane zatrujaya tIrtha kA uddhAra kiyA thaa| tIrtha kA sundara bhASA meM varNana milatA hai| kRti gyAraha "bhASAoM meM vibhakta hai| yaha rAsa-grantha rAsa-sAhitya ke viSaya para bhI prakAza DAlatA hai / isa rAsa grantha se pratIta hotA hai ki rAsa grantha kA nAyaka koI tIrthakara yA paurANika mahApuruSa ho, yaha Avazyaka na thaa| eka dAnI aura zreSThI bhI isa kA nAyaka ho sakatA thA / arthAt dhArmika viSaya ke atirikta rAsa meM kisI dAna-vIra kI prazaMsA bhI ho sakatI thii| kavi kI kavitA kA eka udAharaNa dekhiye-- tIrtha yAtrA ke jAne vAle yAtriyoM kA varNana isa prakAra milatA hai vAjiya saMkha asaMkha nAdi kAhala duddududdiyaa| ghor3e caDai sallAra sAra rAuta siiNgddiyaa| tau devAlau jotri vegi ghAghari ra jhamakai / sama visama navi gaNai koi navi vAriu thakkai // (pR. 32) zrI neminAtha phAgu yaha rAjazekhara sUri kRta 27 padyoM kI eka choTI sI kRti hai / racanA kAla ke viSaya meM koI nizcita pramANa nahIM miltaa| isa kAla kI anya racanAoM ke samAna isakA kAla bhI saMbhavata: 13 vIM-14 vIM zatAbdI hai| kRti meM neminAtha kA caritra vaNita hai / kavi kI kavitA kA udAharaNa dekhiye / nArI kA rUpa varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai "aha sAmala komala kezapAsa kiri mora kalAu / addhacaMda sama bhAlu mayaNu posai bhddvaau| vaMkuDiyAlIya bhuMhaDiyahaM bhari bhavaNu bhmaaddi| lADI loyaNa laha kuDalai sura saggaha pADai // 1. vahI, pR0 88 / 2. prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha, pR0 27-38 / 3. vahI, pR0 83-86 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sphuTa - sAhitya kiri sasibiMba kapola kanna hiDola phuraMtA / nAsA vaMsA garuDa caMcu dADima phala daMtA / ahara pavAla tireha kaMThu rAjala sara rUDau / jANu vINa raNaraNa jANu koila TahakaDalau // (neminAtha phAgu pR0 83-84) 371 dharma sUri stuti yaha grantha aprakAzita hai / isakI hastalikhita prati kA pATaNa bhaNDAra kI grantha sUci meM ullekha hai ( vahI pR0 370 ) yaha 50 padyoM kI eka racanA hai / isameM kRtikAra ne dhArmika bAraha mAse kA rUpa upasthita kiyA hai / pratyeka mAsa ke sAtha guru nAma kA smaraNa kiyA gayA hai / kRti kI samApti bhI kRtikAra ne "bAraha nAvauM sammattaM" se kI hai / kRti kA Arambha nimnalikhita padyoM se hotA hai tihuyaNa maNi cUDAmaNihiM bAraha nAvaDaM dhamusUri nAhaha / nisuNeha suyaNahu ! nANa saNAhaha pahilauM sAbaNu siri phuriya // 1 // kuvalaya dala sAmala ghaNu gajjai naM maddalu maMDalajhuNi chajjai / vijjulaDI jhabayiiha lavai maNaharu vitthAre vi kalAsu / annu kareviNu kali kekAravu phiri phiri nAcahi moralA / mesNi hAra hariya chami Navara trIjaNa bhaya uhiya nolaMbara / viyaliya nava mAlai kaliya // 2 hali ! tuha kahiyaiM guNahaM nihANu dhamasuri anu jayasUri samANu / anu na atthi ko vi jagi ihu priya ! varisaMtau na gaNijjai jAyavi dhamasuri guru vaMdijjau / kijjau mANasa jamu saphalu // 3 guru stuti zrAvaNa mAsa se prArambha ho kara ASADha mAsa meM samApta hotI hai / anta meM adhika mAsa kA bhI ullekha hai / sAlibhaddakakka' yaha sambhavataH pauma racita 71 padyoM kI eka choTI sI kRti hai / isa meM pratyeka dohe kA Adi varNaka, kA, kha, khA ityAdi krama se hindI varNamAlA ke varNoM ke anusAra rakhA gayA hai aura isa prakAra 71 dohoM kI racanA kI gaI hai / kRti kA Arambha nimnalikhita padyoM se huA hai- 1. vahI, pR0 62-67 aura pattana bhaMDAra grantha-sUcI bhAga 1, pR0 190 /
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________________ 372 apabhraMza - sAhitya bhali bhaMjaNu kammAri bala vIra nAhu paNameva : pauma bhaNai kakkakkhariNa sAlibhadda guNa kei // 1 kattha vaccha kuvalaya nayaNa sAlibhadda sukamAla / bhaddA pabhaNas deva tu hu kaha thiu ittiyavAra // 2 arearer nIra nihi sabhavasaraNi Thiu sAmi / ajju mAi maI vaMdiyau vIra nAhu siva gAmi // 3 kRti kI samApti kSa, kSA, se prArambha hone vAle padyoM se kI gaI hai-kSamA samaNi bhaddAtaNadaM divikhau jiNihi kumAru / sAlibhadda, bahu vu karai Agamu paDhai apAra / / 68 / / kSAme viNu jiNa muni sahiu aNasuNa gahiu uvannu / savvaTThaha siddhihi gayau sAlibhadda tahi dhannu // 69 // hindI meM yaha kAvya zailI jAyasI ke "akharAvaTa' meM bhI dikhAI detI hai / hA mAtRkA sAlibhadda kavaka ke samAna hI dUhA mAtRkA nAma kI eka 57 dohoM kI kRti kA varNana prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha ( vahI pR0 67-71 ) meM milatA hai / isa meM bhI dohoM kA Adi varNa akArAdi krama se cala kara kSa para samApta hotA hai / kRti meM dharmAcaraNa kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / kRti ke kartA aura kAla ke viSaya meM nizcaya se kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / maMgalAcaraNa se kRti Arambha hotI hai| ------ bhale bharleviNu jagataguru paNamauM jagaha pahANa / jAsu pasAiM mUDha jiya pAvai nimmalu nANu // ( padya saM. 1) maNa gayavaru jhANu kusiNa tANiu ANau ThAuM / jaya bhaMjesai sIlavaNu kassii siva phala hANi // 4 // sijhai tasu savi kajjaDaM ( u ) jasu hiyaDai arihaMtu / citAmaNi sAriccha jima ehu mahAphalu maMtu // 5 // dhaMghai paDiyau jIva tuhuM khaNi khaNi tuTTaI Au / duggai koi na rakkhisai sayaNu na baMdhava tAu // 6 // isake anantara akArAdi krama se padya prArambha hote kSaNa bhaMguru dehataNauM ari jiya bhAva na muccai jiNu maNaha jAva haiM aura kSa meM samApta hote haiM--- koi visAsu / phurakkai sAsu // 56 // jaya tihuyaNa stotra' yaha 30 padyoM kA abhayadeva sUri kA likhA huA aprakAzita stotra hai / grantha aura granthakAra ke viSaya meM adhika kucha nizcaya se nahIM kahA jA sakatA / kavi kI kavitA 1. ilAhAbAda yUnivarsaTI sTaDIja, bhAga 1, pR0 179 /
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________________ apabhraMza sphuTa - sAhitya kA jJAna nimnalikhita uddharaNa se ho sakatA hai- jaya tihuyaNa vara kappa rukkha jaya jiNa dhannaMtari / jaya tihuyaNa kallANa kosa duriyakkhari kesari / tihuyaNa jaNa avilaMdhi ANa bhuvaNattaya sAmiya / kuNasu suhAi jiNesa pAsa thaMbhaNaya puri yi // parameSThi prakAza sAra zrutakIrti racita yaha grantha aprakAzita hai / isakI hastalikhita prati Amera zAstra bhaNDAra meM vartamAna hai ( pra0 saM0 pRSTa 120-122 ) / kavi ne isa kI racanA vi0 saM0 1553 meM kI thI / isameM dhArmikatA adhika hai / isa grantha ke atirikta kavi ne harivaMza purANa kI bhI racanA kI thI jaisA ki pahile mahAkAvya prakaraNa meM nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai / kRti kA viSaya dharmopadeza hai / lekhaka ne sAtoM sandhiyoM meM sRSTi utpatti, nAnA prakAra ke jIvAdi dhArmika viSayoM kA hI vivecana kiyA hai / kRti kaDavaka aura ghattA baddha zailI meM likhI gaI hai| kRtikAra ne ise mahAkAvya kahA hai kintu grantha mahAkAvya ke lakSaNoM se rahita hai / yoga zAstra zrI kastUracanda kAsalIvAla ne zrutakIrti dvArA likhita isa aprakAzita grantha kA ullekha kiyA hai / 3 isakA racanA kAla bhI vi0 saM0 1553 ke Asa pAsa hI anumita kiyA jA sakatA hai / 373 yoga zAstra do sandhiyoM kA grantha hai / prathama saMdhi meM 64 aura dUsarI saMdhi meM 72 kaDavaka haiM / granthakAra ne isameM yoga dharma kA varNana kiyA hai " savvaha dhana jou jagisArau jo bhavvayaNa bhavovahi tArau" prANAyAma Adi yoga kI kriyAoM kA meM loka kA cintana karane ke lie kahA hai| varNana karane ke pazcAt kavi ne yogAvasthA dUsarI saMdhi meM dharma kA varNana kiyA gayA 1. dahapaNa (15) sayate vaNa (53) gayavAsaiM puNa vikkana Niva saMvacchara he / taha sAvaNa mAsaha gura paMcabhi sahaM, gaMdhu puNNu taya sahasataheM // 7.74 // 2. iya paramiTTha payAsasAre aruhAdiguNeha vaNNaNANalaMkAre appasuda suda kitti jahAsatti mahAkavvu virayaMto paThasmo paricheU samotto // saMdhi 1 // NAma 3. vIra vANI varSa 6, aMka 3-4 disaM 0 - jana0 1953 /
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________________ 374 apabhraMza-sAhitya hai / isameM SoDaza kAraNa bhAvanA, dazadharma, 14 mArgaNAoM ke atirikta 14 guNa sthAnoM kA varNana hai / 60 ve kaDavaka se Age bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pazcAt hone vAle kevalI, zrutavalI Adi ke nAmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa ke pazcAt bhadrabAhu svAmI kA dakSiNa vihAra, digambara zvetAmbara saMpradAyoM kI utpatti Adi para saMkSipta prakAza DAlA gayA hai / kavi ne bhUtapUrva kundakunda, bhUtabali, puSpadaMta Adi AcAryoM aura unakI racanAoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai-- kuMdakuMda gaNi puNa dhammuddharu jahaM paNaviu jiNu siri sImaMdharu / puNu gharaseNAyariyau mahaMta caMdaguhANivasai dhImaMtau / ujjatiiha Thiu yimaNi jhaMkakkhai sissu Na kovi gaMthu jaha akkhar3a / bhUvali puSpadaMta muNibhavvaiM paDhiya tattha siddhaMta auvvaI / dhavala taha ya jayaghavalu pavittau mahabaMddhavi tadiyau garauttau // vahI pR0 73. kavi ne nimnalikhita AcAryoM aura unakI racanAoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai-nemicaMdu sArattaya kattaI umAsAdi taccattha pavittaraM / muNi sivakoTi bhagavatIrAhaNa kaya saMbohu maraNa avirANaha / mUlAcAru rayau vasunaMdihi mahApurANu jiNaseNa aNaMdahi / pomaNaMdi paccIsI gaMthadaM NANaNau subhacanda pasatthaI / ema mAi vadu gaMtha pavittai sUri paraMpara jo suda kattaI / anta meM zrutakIrti ne tatkAlIna sAdhu saMsthA evaM zrAvaka samAja meM phailI ajJAnatA evaM caritrahInatA kI ora saMketa kiyA hai aura batAyA hai ki samAja tIna prakAra kI mUr3hatAoM kA zikAra ho rahA hai / loka mUr3hatA kA lakSaNa karatA huA kavi likhatA hai - surasari sAyara hANu ji vaMchahi vAlU pAhaNa pUya samichaha jalagiri aggipAta kaya maraNaiM loya maDha iya dhamma caraNai // uparinirdiSTa kRtiyoM ke atirikta sapta kSetrirAsu, mAtRkA caupara aura samyaktva mAI caupai nAmaka laghu kRtiyoM kA varNana prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha meM kiyA gayA hai / " lakSmI canda viracita zrAvakAcAra aura pUrNabhadra viracita sukumAla cariu kA ullekha prazasti saMgraha meM milatA hai / pattana bhaNDAra kI grantha sUcI meM bhI kucha laghukAya stotra aura sandhi granthoM kA ullekha milatA hai / 1. prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha, pR0 47-58, 74-78 aura 78-82 / 2. prazasti saMgraha, pR0 175 / 3. DiskripTiva kaiTelAga Apha mainuskripTsa ina di janabhaMDAras eTa pattana, bhAga
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________________ apabhraMza sphuTa-sAhitya jina apabhraMza granthoM kA vivaraNa yahAM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha prApta yA jJAta apabhraMza sAmagrI ke AdhAra para Azrita hai / ina granthoM ke atirikta paryApta sAmagrI abhI taka jaina bhaNDAroM meM vartamAna hai kintu prakAza meM nahIM A skii| bhaviSya meM isa ke prakAza meM Ane para apabhraMza sAhitya kA yaha adhyayana aura bhI pUrNa kiyA jA sakegA aisA lekhaka kA vicAra hai / 1, bar3audA, 1937; jina janma stavana pR0 275, jina stuti pR0 412, dharmaghoSa sUri stavana pR0 307-308, narmadA sundarI sandhi pR0 188, madana rekhA sandhi pa0 268, muni suvrata svAmi stotra pR0 275, ityAdi /
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________________ pandrahavA~ adhyAya apabhraMza gadya isa adhyAya se pUrva ke adhyAyoM meM apabhraMza-sAhitya ke jina aMgoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai ve saba padya rUpa meM upalabdha haiN| saMskRta-sAhitya meM bhI adhikAMza sAhitya padyAtmaka hI hai, kintu gadyakAvya kA bhI abhAva nahIM / kAdambarI, vAsavadattA, dazakumAra carita Adi gadyakAvya ke sundara nidarzana haiM / prAkRta meM bhI adhikAMza sAhitya padya meM hI likhA gayA / apabhraMza meM bhI abhI taka prAyaH adhikAMza sAhitya padya meM hI prApta huA hai| apabhraMza gadya ke svarUpa kA prApta sAmagrI ke AdhAra para, yatkiMcit nidarzana isa adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| ____ 'udyotana sari kRta kuvalayamAlA kathA' (vi0 saM0 835) meM apabhraMza gadya ke kucha vAkya upalabdha hote haiM -- 'janAdana pucchaha kattha tujhe kalla jimi allayA ? tena bhaNiu-sAhiu~ je tetau tassa valakkhaiellayaha taNae jimiallyaa|" ____ aryAt he janArdana ! mai pUchatA hU~ tumane kala kahAM jImAM ? usane uttara diyAvahI jo bala kSayika, usake yhaaN| (bhaNiaMca NeNa)-yadi pAMDityena tato maiM pariNetavya kuvlymaal| (aNNeNa bhaNiyaM)-are! kavaNu tau pANDityu ? (teNa bhaNiaM)-SaDaMgu paDhami, triguNa mantra paDhami, kiM na pANDityu ?' arthAt usane kahA-yadi pANDitya kA vicAra hai to mujhe kuvalayamAlA se vivAha karanA caahiye| dUsare ne kahA-are ! tuma meM kauna sA pANDitya hai| usane kahA-SaDaMgoM ko par3hatA hU~, triguNa mantra par3hatA huuN| kyA mujha meM pADitya nahIM ? - ina vAkyoM meM pANDitya, pariNetavya, SaDaMga, triguNa mantra ityAdi tatsama zabdoM kA bAhulpa hai| zrI AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI jI ke vicAra meM isakA kAraNa saMskRtapAThazAlA kA vAtAvaraNa hai| inhoMne 'hindI-sAhitya kA Adi kAla' nAmaka apanI pustaka (pR0 20) meM kuvalaya mAlA kathA kA eka nimna likhitauddharaNa diyA hai / yaha mathurA sthita anAthAlaya ke kor3hiyoM, paMguoM, andhoM, apAhijoM Adi kI bhASA kA namUnA hai| . 1. apabhraza kAvyatrayo pR0 104 se uddhRta
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________________ apanAMza-gadya 377 "sayalaM puhaImaMDalaM paribhamiUNa saMpatto mahurAurIe / ettha ekkammi aNAhamaNDave pvittvo| avi ya tattha tAva miliyAlae koddddhiie| valakkha khiye| dINa duggaya / anvalaya / pNguly| .............ki jabahuNA jo mAu-piu-ruDellau so so sayo vi tattha miliellau ti| tAhaM ca tetthu milielaya saha samANaha eskekka mahA AlAvA pyttaa| bho bho! kayahiM titthe de (ve) vA gayAhaM kayarA vAhi pAvaM vA piTTai ti| ekkeNa bhaNiaM-amukkA vANArasI koddhiehi| teNa vAgAraso gayANaM kor3ha phittttitti| aNNeNa bhaNiaM--huM huM kahiu butaMtau jNpiellu| kahiM koddhN| kahiM vANArasI / malatthANu bhaDArau bho (ko) DhaiM je dei / uhAli loahN| aNNaNa bhaNiaM-phAiM imeNa jattha cira parUDha pAu phiTTai, tubbhe, uddisaha tittha / aNNaNa bhaNiaM-prayAgava upaDiahaM ghira parUDha pAya vihatya vi phittttti| aNNaNa bhaNiaM--are! pAva pucchiya pAya sAhahi ? aNNaNa bhaNiaM--khedu mellhN| jai rmaaiN| piivaha kayaI pi mahApAbaiM gaMgAsaMgame vhAyahaM bhaikhabhaDArayapaDiahaM NAsai ti|" isa uddharaNa meM pahile uddharaNa kI apekSA saMskRta ke tatsama zabdoM kI bahulatA nhiiN| aisA honA svAbhAvika hI thaa| phira bhI prayAga, gaMgA-saMgama, kheda Adi kucha tatsama zabda prayukta ho hI gaye haiN| isa prakAra navIM zatAbdI meM zikSAbhyAsI yA suzikSita logoM kI bhASA meM hI nahIM, azikSita yA ardha-zikSita logoM kI bhASA meM bhI tatsama zabda prayukta hone Arambha ho gaye the| 'jagatsundarI prayoga mAlA' nAmaka eka vaidyaka kA grantha hai / isakA racanA kAla 13vIM zatAbdI anumAna kiyA gayA hai| isameM kahIM kahIM para gadya kA bhI prayoga milatA hai / eka udAharaga dekhiye : "sula ghATI kAThe maMtra (zAkinyadhikAre) "kukAsu bADhahi urAme devasau sujjAhAsu khADa tu, (sUryahAsa khaDga) kukAsu bAr3ahi hAkAu kurahADA lohA, rANau AraNu vammI rANI kAThavattima sANa kIdhiNI je geurihi maMta, te eppiNihi toDau sulUke moDalaM sUlu ghATI ke moDalaM, ghATI toDauM kAThe ke noDauM kAMThe sUla ghaattii| kAMTha maMtra---'u muDa sphuTa svAhA'2 prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha meM bhI kucha gadya ke uddharaNa saMkalita kiye gaye haiN| apabhraMza gadya ke svarUpa-jJAna ke liye unakA bhI yahA~ ullekha aprAsaMgika na hogaa| 1. kAmatA prasAda jaina, hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR0 30 2. vahI, pR0 59 / 3. prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgrahAntargata ina gadya ke uddharaNoM ke ullekha kA kAraNa pIche caudahaveM adhyAya ke pRSTha 361 para spaSTa kiyA jA cukA hai|
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________________ 378 apabhraMza-sAhitya vi0 saMvat 1330 meM likhita "ArAdhanA" kI eka hastalikhita prati ke gadya kA . namUnA dekhiye :___"samyaktva pratipatti karahu, arihaMtu devatA susAdhu guru jina praNIta dharmusamyaktva daMDaku Ucarahu, sAgAra pratyAkhyAnu Ubarahu caUhu saraNi paisarahu / "1 vi0 saMvat 1340 meM likhita 'aticAra' kI hastalikhita prati kA eka namUnA dekhiye : "pratiSiddha jIvahiMsAdikataNai karaNi kRtya devapUjA dharmAnuSThAna taNai akaraNi ji jinavacana taNai azraddadhAni viparIta parupaNA evaM bahuprakAri ju koi atIcAru huyu| pakSa divsmaaNhi|" vi0 saMvat 1358 meM likhita eka hastalikhita prati kA udAharaNa : "pahilaGa trikAlu atIta anAgata vartamAna bahattari tIrthakara sarvapApa kSayaMkara haDaM nmskaar|"3 vi0 saMvat 1369 meM likhita eka hasta likhita prati ke gadya kA namUnA dekhiye : "tau tumhi jJAnAcAra darisaNAcAra cAritrAcAra tapAcAra vIryAcAra paMcavidha AcAra 'viSaiyA atIcAra Alou // 4 vidyApati racita "kottilatA meM bhI aneka gadya ke uddharaNa milate haiN| kIrtilatA kI racanA kavi ne 1380 I0 ke lagabhaga kI thii| usa samaya gadya kA kyA svarUpa thA yaha nimnalikhita uddharaNoM se spaSTa ho jAyagA :___"tAnhi karo putra yuvarAjanhi mAMjha pavitra, agaNeya guNagrAma, pratijJA pada pUraNaka parazurAma, maryAdA maMgalAvAsa, kavitA kAlidAsa, pravala ripu vala subhaTa saMkIrNa samara sAhasa dunivAra, dhanurvidyA vaidagdhya dhanaMjayAvatAra, samAcarita candra cUDa caraNa seva, samasta prakriyA virAjamAna mahArAjAdhirAja zrImad vIrasiMha deva / "6 _ arthAta unake putra mahArAjAdhirAja zrImAn vIrasiMha deva hue, jo yuvarAjoM meM pavitra, agaNita guNoM ke samUha, pratijJA-vacana pUrNa karane meM parazurAma, maryAdA ke maMgalakArI AvAsasthAna, kavitA meM kAlidAsa ke samAna, prabala zatru senA ke yoddhAoM se pUrNa yuddhabhUmi meM apratihata sAhasa vAle, dhanurvidyA kI caturatA meM arjuna ke avatAra svarUpa, pUjya mahAdeva caraNoM ke sevaka aura sava kAryoM meM zobhAyamAna the| ___ gadya meM samasta zabdoM kA prayoga hai / saMskRta ke tatsama zabdoM ke prayoga kI pracuratA hai / 1. prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha, pR0 86 / 2. vahI, pR0 88 // 3. vahI, pR0 88 / 4. vahI, pR0 91 / 5. DA0 bAbUrAma saksenA dvArA saMpAdita, prayAga, vi0 saM0 1986 / 6. vahI, pR0 12 /
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________________ bhapabhraMza-gadya 379 eka dUsarA udAharaNa dekhiye :-- "loa chattisa, avaru parivAra rajja bhoga pariharia, vara turaMga parijana vimukkia, janani pAna pannavia, janmabhUmi ko moha choDDia, dhani choDDia......" ___ logoM ko chor3akara, anya parivAra rAjya bhoga chor3akara, acche-acche ghor3e parijanAdi tyAga kara, jananI ke caraNoM meM praNAma kara, janmabhUmi kA moha saMvaraNa kara, strI ko chor3a kara ... (gaNeza rAya kA putra cala pdd'aa)| __ isa gadya khaMDa kI bhASA samAsa rahita aura apekSAkRta sarala hai / zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ne 14vIM zatAbdI kI 'tatva vicAra (tatta viyAra)nAmaka eka bhaprakAzita kRti kA rAjasthAna bhAratI meM nirdeza kiyA hai| isameM zrAvaka ke 12 vrata, jIvAdi nau padArtha, deva guru dharma, triSaSTizalAkA puruSa Adi kA varNana hai / eka udAharaNa dekhiye eu saMsAra asAra / khaNa bhaMgaru, aNAi cau gaIu / aNoru apAra saMsAru / aNAi jiivu| aNega aNAdi karma saMyogi subhAsubhi karma aceSTita pari ve NiDhiyA jIva puNu naraka gati / puNu tiyaMca gati / puNu manuSya gati / puNa deva gati / Ima pari pari bhamattA jIva jAti kulAdi guNa saMpUrNa durlabhu mANukhau janamu / sarvahI bhava maddhi mahA pradhAnu / mana cititArtha saMpAdaku / kathamapi deva taNai yogi pAviyai / tataH ati durlabha paramezvara sarvajJoktu dharma / ityAdi ___ zrI nAhaTAjI ne isI samaya ke AsapAsa kI "dhanapAla kathA" nAmaka eka aprakAzita kRti kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| isameM "tilaka-maMjarI" ke racayitA prasiddha vidvAn dhanapAla ke jIvana kI eka kathA kA ullekha hai / inake jIvana meM kisa prakAra eka choTI sI ghaTanA se parivartana huA aura kisa prakAra unakI tilaka maMjarI ke agnisAt ho jAne para punaH vaha likhI gaI, isakA saMkSepa meM tatkAlIna pracalita loka-bhASA meM varNana kiyA gayA hai / isake gadya kA namUnA dekhiye__ "ujjayanI nAma ngrii| tahiMThe bhojadeva raajaa| tIyahitaNai paMcaha sayaha paMDitaha mAMhi mukhyu dhanapAla nAmi pNdditu| tIhi taNai ghari anyadA kadAcita sAdhu viharaNa nimittu pitthaa| paMDitaha NI bhAryA trIjA divasaha NI dadhi leu utthii| ........tiyA bhnniyu| ketA divasaha NI ddhi| tiNi brAhmaNI bhaNiyauM, trIjA divasaha NI dadhi / mahAmunihi bhaNiyauM zrIjA divasaha NI dadhi na-upagarI / vatiyA ThAlA nIsaratA paMDiti dhanapAli gavAkSi upaviSTi hUMtai diitthaa| viNaviyau, kisai kAraNi ThAlA nIsariyA, paMDiyANI dadhi diyai chai ! tadanaMtara gavAkSa hUMtau UThiu, mahAmuni samIpi aaviyuN| mahAmuni batiyA! bhagavaMtahu ! kisai kAraNi dadhi na viharU ? mahAmunihi bhaNiyau / 1. vahI, pR0 22 / 2. agara canda nAhaTA--rAjasthAna bhAratI, varSa 3, aMka 3-4, pR0 118-120 / 3. agara canda nAhaTA--rAjasthAna bhAratI, varSa 3, aMka 2, pR. 93-96 /
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________________ 380 apabhraMza- sAhitya zrIjA divasaha No dadhi na-upagarI / " ityAdi / 15 vIM zatAbdI kI eka aprakAzita kRti "pRthvIcandra caritra" upalabdha huI hai / " mANikya candra sUri ne isakI racanA vi0 saM0 1478 meM kI thI / grantha kA dUsarA nAma vAgvilAsa hai / isameM vAgvilAsa rUpa camatkAra pradhAna varNanoM ke kAraNa saMbhavataH isa kA yaha nAma bhI racayitA ne rakhA ho / udAharaNa "vistara varSAkAla, jo paMthI taNau kAla, nAThau dukAla / jiNii varSAkAli madhura dhvani meha gAi, durbhikSa tathA bhaya bhAjai, jANe subhikSa bhUpati AvatAM jaya DhakkA bAjai / cihuM dizi vIja jhalahalai, paMthI ghara bhaNI pulai / viparIta AkAza, candrasUrya pariyAsa / rAti aMdharI, lavaiM timiri / uttara naU unayaNa, chAyau gayaNa / disi ghora, nAcaI mora / sadhara varasai dhArAdhara / pANI tathA pravAha khalahalai, vAr3I Upara velA valai / cIkhali cAlatAM sakaTa skhalaI, loka taNA mana dharma Upari valaI / nadI mahA pUri AvaI, pRthvI pITha plAvaI / nanA kisalaya gahagahaI, vallI vitAna lahalahaI / .... ityAdi / 91 patana bhaNDAra kI grantha sUcI meM bhI 'ukti vyakti vivRti" nAmaka grantha meM kucha gadya milatA hai / sambhavataH yaha grantha dAmodara kI "ukti vyakti" kI vyAkhyA hai / ukta vyakti kA lakSya batAyA gayA hai ki "ukti vyakti buddhvA bAlairapi saMskRtaM kriyate / " isase pratIta hotA hai ki ukti vyakti baccoM ko saMskRta sikhAne ke lie likhI gaI thI / ukti vyakti vivRti meM lekhaka ne saMskRta padoM kA artha apabhraMza bhASA meM bhI diyA hai / prArambhika maMgalAcaraNa meM lekhaka kahatA hai-- sarvavide | natvA herambamamamitadyutiM / gaNAnAM ukti vyaktau vidhAsyAmo vivRti bAla lAlikAM // 1 // ukterbhASitasya vyakti prakaTIkaraNaM vidhAsyAmaH / apabhraMza bhASAchannAM saMskRta bhASAM prakAzayiSyAma ityarthaH / apabhraMsa (za) bhASayA loko vadati yathA / dharmma Athi dharmmA kIja (i) / duha gAvi dudhu guAla / yajamAna kApaDiA / gaMgAe dharmmA ho pApu jA / pRthvI varati / mehaM varisa | AMkhi dekha / nehAla | AMkhi dekhata Acha / jIbheM cAkha / kAne suNa / bolaM bola | vAcA vadati // 10 // bolaM bolatI / pAyaM jA pAdena yAti / mUtata Acha mUtrayannAste // 11 // bhojana kara / devadala kaTa kariha devadattaH kaTaM kariSyati / hauM parvvatau TAlauM ahaM parvatamapi TAlayAmi sarvahi upakAriA hou savaSAmupakArI bhUyAt // 14 // kara Acha dharma kurvannAste // 15 // devatA darzana kara deu dekha // 16 // veda paDhava veda : namaH nAyakaM i 1. agaracanda nAhaTA -- katipaya varNanAtmaka rAjasthAnI gadya-grantha, rAjasthAna bhAratI. bhAga 3, aMka 3-4, pR0 39-41 / 2. pattana bhaMDAra kI graMtha sUcI bhAga 1, pR0 128 /
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________________ apabhraMza-gadya 381 paThitavyaH // 17 // duhAva gAi dubu guAlaM gosAMvi dohayati gAM dugdhaM gopAlena svAmI // 18 // siMhAsana Acha rAjA siMhAsane tiSThati rAjA // 19 // mehali soa mehalA svapiti // 20 // chAtra gAuM jAiA chAtreNa grAme gamyate // 21 // kArupa dug vastu ke ete dve vastunI // 25 // kau tAhA jevata Acha kastatra bhuMjAna AsIt // 27 // kAha ihA paDhiya kA kiha kenAtra paThyate kasmai // 33 // chAtra ihAM kAi paDha kAkA kihakA pAsa kAhAM kakareM ghara chAtrotra kiM paThati na kasmai kutaH kutra kasya gRhe // 36 // hallaa vathu pANi taraMta laghukaM vastu pAnIye plavate // 41 // ityAdi / kisa kAla kA gadya hai kucha sthira nahIM / eka sthAna para ataH grantha ke samaya kA koI ullekha nahIM milatA nizcaya se nahIM kahA jA sakatA / bhASA meM zabda rUpa 'vastu' dUsare sthAna para 'vathu' kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / apabhraMza-gadya ke uparilikhita udAharaNoM se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki apabhraMzagadya meM apabhraMza-padya kI prathA viparIta saMskRta ke tatsama zabdoM kA prayoga hotA thA / isa prakAra ke tatsama zabdoM kA prayoga navIM zatAbdI se hI prArambha ho gayA thA aura yaha uttarottara bar3hatA hI gayA / tatsama zabdoM ke prayoga ke atirikta 14vIM - 15vIM zatAbdI ke apabhraMza-gadya meM AntyAnuprAsamaya ( tukAnta ) zabdoM ke prayoga kI pravRtti bhI dRSTigata hone laga gaI thI / antyAnuprAsa kI yaha pravRtti apabhraMza-padya meM pracuratA se upalabdha hotI hai aura yaha apabhraMza-padya kI eka vizeSatA mAnI gaI hai / gadya meM isa pravRtti ke darzana ke kAraNa usa kAla ke gadya ko kucha vidvAnoM ne 'padyAnukArI gadya' kahA hai /
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________________ solahavA~ adhyAya eka tulanAtmaka vivecana saMskRta-prabandha-kAvya adhikatara rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, kisI paurANika upAkhyAna yA kisI rAjA ke caritra ko AdhAra mAna kara hI likhe gaye haiM / jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta meM kucha aise bhI prabandhakAvyoM kI racanA kI jinameM kisI jaina tIrthaMkara ke caritra kA varNana kiyA / prAkRta meM bhI yahI paramparA calatI huI dikhAI detI hai / 'setubandha' yA 'rAvaNa vadha' rAmakathA ke Upara Azrita hai / 'gauDavaho' pradhAna rUpa se kannauja ke rAjA yazovarmA ke caritra kA varNana hai / saMskRta aura prAkRta kAvyoM meM jo bhI viSaya cunA gayA usakA kAvyamaya bhASA meM kavi ne varNana kiyA / usa varNana meM dhArmika upadeza bhAvanA kA vicAra nahIM dikhAI detA / jaisA ki Upara nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai apabhraMza ke kAvyoM kA varNanIya viSaya jainadharmAnukUla rAmakathA yA kRSNakathA ke atirikta jainadharmAnugata aneka tIrthaMkaroM aura mahApuruSoM kA carita varNana hai / isake atirikta laukika jIvana se saMbaddha viSaya yA premakathA bhI apabhraMza kAvya kA viSaya huA / viSaya cAhe koI bhI huA saba dhArmika AvaraNa se Acchanna rhaa| ina prabandha kAvyoM meM isa dhArmika vAtAvaraNa ke kAraNa kucha nIrasa ekarUpatA A gaI / viSaya vistAra kI dRSTi se saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM hI hameM do prakAra ke mahAkAvya dikhAI dete haiM / kucha mahAkAvya aise haiM jinameM kathAvistAra hai, ghaTanA - bAhulya hai aura usake sAtha-sAtha prAkRtika dRzyoM aura varNanoM meM kAvya kA prAcurya bhI hai / kintu aise bhI mahAkAvya saMskRta meM likhe gaye jinameM kathA bahuta saMkSipta hai kintu prAkRtika varNanoM ke vistAra meM pracura- kAvyatva dRSTigocara hotA hai / prAkRta meM bhI hameM ina do kAvyazailiyoM ke darzana hote haiM / yadi setubandha meM rAmakathA kA vistAra hai aura tadantargata kAvyamaya varNanoM kA vidhAna hai to gauDavo meM gaur3a rAjA ke vadha kA kevala 3-4 padyoM meM nirdeza mAtra hai aura kAvyamaya varNanoM kA paryAptarUpa se sthala-sthala para samAveza hai / apabhraMza mahAkAvyoM meM bhI hameM varNya viSaya yA kathA kA paryApta vistAra milatA hai / kathA ke pAtroM ke alaukika camatkAroM, pUrvajanma kI kathAoM aura paurANika upAkhyAnoM ke mizraNa se kathAnaka kA itanA adhika vistAra ho gayA hai ki usameM kathA - sUtra kA pakar3anA bhI kaThina ho jAtA hai / aneka kathAoM aura avAntara kathAoM meM ulajhe hue aneka sthala yadyapi sundara kavitva ke bhI nidarzaka haiM tathApi unameM kavitva pracura parimANa meM prasphuTita nahIM ho sakA / viSaya-vistAra aura kavitva - vistAra kA saMtulana ina mahAkAvyoM meM nahIM
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________________ eka tulanAtmaka vivecana 383 dikhAI detaa| isake viparIta viSaya kA vistAra adhika hai kintu kavitva kA parimANa apekSAkRta svalpa hai| saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM sargabaddha racanA hotI thii| mahAkAvya ke lakSaNakAroM ne "sarga bandho mahAkAvyaM" kaha kara mahAkAvya meM kathA kA aneka sargoM meM vibhAjana Avazyaka mAnA hai| itanA hI nahIM ki kathA sargabaddha honI cAhiye unhoMne sargoM kI saMkhyA kI ora bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| prAkRta mahAkAvyoM meM kathA aneka AzvAsoM meM vibhakta hotI hai| sarga zabda ke sthAna para prAkRtakaviyoM ne AzvAsa zabda kA prayoga kiyA aura isa prakAra kathA ke aneka vibhAga kiye| kintu prAkRta meM aise bhI mahAkAvya haiM jinameM sArI kI sArI kathA padyoM meM nirantara Age bar3hatI jAtI hai aura vaha AzvAsoM meM vibhakta nahIM kI gii| 'gauDavahIM' ma bhinna-bhinna viSayoM aura ghaTanAoM ko kulakoM aura mahAkulakoM meM bAMdhA gayA hai / isa prakAra sargoM yA AzvAsoM kI paraMparA kI itizrI prAkRta mahAkAvya meM ho gii| prAkRta kI isa svacchanda pravRtti kA prabhAva saMskRta mahAkAvyoM para bhI pdd'aa| devaprabha sUri ne 'pANDava-carita' 18 sargoM meM racA / yadyapi racanA sarga baddha hai tathApi pratyeka sarga meM anuSTup chanda kA hI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| - apabhraMza mahAkAvyoM meM kathAvastu aneka sandhiyoM meM vibhakta hotI hai aura pratyeka sandhi aneka kar3avakoM se milakara banatI hai| sandhiyoM kI saMkhyA kA koI niyama nhiiN| puSpadanta ke 'mahApurANa' meM 102 sandhiyA~ hai aura dhavala ke 'harivaMza purANa' meM 122 sandhiyA~ haiN| saMskRta-mahAkAvya meM nAyaka koI devatA yA mAnava hotA thA aura aisA mAnava, . dhIrodAttayukta aura satkulIna kSatriya hotA thaa| isameM kisI eka nAyaka ke yA eka hI vaMza meM utpanna aneka nAyakoM ke caritra kA varNana hotA thaa| jaina kaviyoM ne saMskRta meM jo mahAkAvya likhe unameM koI eka tIrthakara yA aneka jaina dharmAvalambI mahApuruSa bhI nAyaka hue / vAgbhaTa kA 'nemi nirvANa' aura hemacandra kA 'triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa carita' isake kramazaH udAharaNa haiM / prAkRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhI nAyaka kI yaha paraMparA calatI rhii| apabhraMza meM jaina-kaviyoM ne apane saMskRta-mahAkAvyoM ke DhaMga para aise mahAkAvya likhe jinameM kisI tIrthakara ko yA aneka jaina dharmAvalambI mahApuruSoM ko nAyaka bnaayaa| saMskRta kI paraMparA se bhinna eka laukika puruSa bhI apabhraMza mahAkAvya meM nAyaka banane lagA, yadyapi usake caritra kA utkarSa kavi ne kisI vrata ke mAhAtmya yA jina bhakti ke kAraNa pradarzita kiyA hai / dhanapAla racita 'bhavisayatta kahA' kA nAyaka eka zreSThI putra thA / nAyaka aura nAyikA ke viSaya meM jo niyama-vidhAna aura DhA~cA saMskRta meM batAyA gayA, usakI apabhraMza kAvyoM meM prAyaH avahelanA pAI jAtI hai| kathA kA Arambha saMskRta meM jisa zailI se kiyA gayA vahI zailI hameM prAkRta kAvyoM 1. sAhitya darpaNa, nirNaya sAgara presa prakAzana, tRtIya saMskaraNa, san 1925 I0, 6.315 /
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________________ 384 apabhraMza-sAhitya meM aura tadanantara apabhraMza mahAkAvyoM meM bhI dikhAI detI hai| Adi meM maMgalAcaraNa, sarasvatI vandana, khalanindA, sajjanaprazaMsA, kavi kA Atmavinaya ityAdi apabhraMza mahAkAvyoM meM bhI hameM dikhAI dete haiN| maMgalAcaraNa jaina dharma ke anusAra jina pUjAdi ne kiyA gayA hai| saMskRta pravandha kAvya meM nAyaka ke caritra ke atirikta uSA kAla, sUryodaya, candrodaya, sandhyA, rajanI, nadI, parvata, samudra, Rtu, yuddha yAtrA Adi dRzyoM ke varNana kA vidhAna bhI alaMkAra granthoM meM kiyA gayA hai| ina varNanoM meM kaviyoM ne apanA kAvya-camatkAra bhalI prakAra dikhaayaa| ye varNana thor3e yA bahuta rUpa meM prAyaH sabhI prabandha kAvyoM meM milate haiM cAhe vaha saMskRta kA prabandha kAvya ho cAhe prAkRta kA aura cAhe apabhraMza kA / saMskRta prabandha kAvyoM meM sabhI kaviyoM ne ina viSayoM kA varNana kiyA kintu unakI varNana zailI meM bheda hai / kisI ne prAcIna paraMparA kA andhAnukaraNa karate hue ina ghaTanAoM kA varNana kiyA aura kisI ne A~kheM khola kara, svayaM ina viSayoM kA anubhava karate hue, hRdaya kI tallInatA ke sAtha ina kA varNana kiyaa| jahAM bhI prAcIna paripATI aura rUr3hi se prerita ho kavi kA varNana huA vahAM vaha sajIva aura sundara na ho skaa| jahAM kavi kA hRdaya ina viSayoM meM ramA aura usane apanI anubhUti se ina viSayoM kA varNana kiyA vahAM varNana svAbhAvika, navIna aura sajIva huaa| yahI bAta prAkRta aura apabhraMza prabandha kAvyoM ke viSaya meM bhI caritArtha hotI hai| - isake atirikta prAkRta-prabandha kAvyoM meM uparyukta dRzyoM ke varNana meM eka naI pravRtti bhI dRSTigocara hone laga gaI thI / una kAvyoM meM kavi ne ina dRzyoM kA varNana mAnavajIvana ke saMbandha se kiyaa| kala kala dhvani vAlI manda manda gati se bahatI huI nadI, kavi kI dRSTi meM kitanA bhI madhura saMgIta aura mAdaka saundarya ur3elatI jAtI ho kintu yadi usakA mAnava jIvana ke sAtha koI saMbandha nahIM dikhAI detA to vaha hamAre kisa kAma kI ? prAkRta prabandha kAvyoM meM isI mAnava jIvana kI dhArA hameM dikhAI detI hai| isake atirikta prAkRta-prabandha kAvyoM meM kavi ne aneka sthaloM para grAmya jIvana ke sundara citra aMkita kiye haiN| apabhraMza-prabandha kAvyoM meM bhI kavi isa mAnava jIvana kI bhAvanA ko nahIM bhuultaa| 1. sandhyA sUryendu rajanI pradoSa dhvAnta vaasraaH| prAta madhyAhna mRgayA zailaghu vana saagraaH|| saMbhoga vipralambhau ca muni svarga purAdhvarAH / raNa prayANopayama mantra putrodyaadyH|| varNanIyA yathAyogaM sAMgopAMgA abhI iha / sAhitya darpaNa, 60322-324 2. gaur3avahI, dvitIya saMskaraNa, bhaMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca iMsTiTyUTa pUnA, 1927 I0, padya saMkhyA 392, 409, 598, 601, 607, 608 //
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________________ 385 - eka tulanAtmaka vivecana ina prabandha kAvyoM meM aneka varNana aise milate haiM jinakA mAnava jIvana ke sAtha ghaniSTha sambandha hai| aise aneka sthaloM kI ora bhinna bhinna prasaMgoM para pichale adhyAyoM meM saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai| saMskRta-mahAkAvyoM meM zRGgAra, vIra aura zAnta rasa meM se koI eka rasa pradhAna rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai / anya rasa gauNa rUpa se milate haiN| saMskRta ke adhikatara mahAkAvyoM meM zRGgAra yA vIra rasa hI pradhAna rUpa se dikhAI detA hai| kisI prema kathA meM yA kisI rAjA ke zaurya-parAkrama ke vargana meM yadyapi donoM rasoM kA varNana hotA hai tathApi pradhAnatA viSaya ke anusAra eka hI rasa kI hotI hai| dUsarA rasa prathama rasa ke poSaka rUpa meM hI prayukta hotA hai| prAkRta-mahAkAvyoM meM bhI isI prakAra kI paraMparA dikhAI detI hai| apabhraMza-mahAkAyoM meM, isake viparIta, zAnta rasa kI pradhAnatA dikhAI detI hai| cAhe koI prema kathA ho, cAhe kitI toyaMkara ke jIvana kA citraNa, sarvatra zRGgAra aura vIra rasa kA pradarzana to huA hai kintu saba pAtra jIvana ke upabhogoM ko bhoga kara anta meM saMsAra se virakta ho jaina dharma meM dIkSita ho bhikSuka kA jIvana bitAte hue dikhAI dete haiN| isa prakAra zRGgAra aura vIra rasa kA antatogatvA zAnta rasa meM hI paryavasAna dikhAI detA hai| saMskRta-mahAkAvyoM meM sampUrNa nATaka-sandhiyoM kI yojanA kA vidhAna bhI AlaMkArikoM ne kiyA hai| ye sandhiyAM uttarottara kSINa hotI gaIM aura yahI kAraNa hai ki apabhraMza mahAkAvyoM meM ina sabakA ThIka Thoka milanA prAyaH asambhava hI hai| prAkRtika dRzyoM ke varNana kI paripATI saMskRta aura prAkRta kAvyoM ke samAna apabhraMza kAvyoM meM bhI AI / prakRti mAnava jIvana kA abhinna aMga hai / cirakAla se prakRti kA mAnava jIvana ke sAtha sambandha banA calA A rahA hai / yadi kavitA jIvana kI vyAkhyA hai no kavi prakRti kI upekSA kaise kara sakatA hai ? prakRti ke bhinna-bhinna rUpoM kA varNana--Rtu, prabhAta, sUryodaya, sandhyA, candrodaya, samudra, nadI, parvata, sarovara, vana Adi ke varNana ke rUpa meM--hameM prAcIna sAhitya meM milatA hai| inhIM rUpoM meM prakRti kA varNana apabhraMza-kAvyoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai, jaisA ki prasaMgAnusAra kAvyoM kA paricaya dete hue aneka udAharaNoM se spaSTa kiyA jA cukA hai| ___ saMskRta-prAkRta ke samAna apabhraMza meM bhI prakRti ke bhinna-bhinna rUpoM kA varNana kavi ne AlaMbana rUpa meM bhI kiyA hai| yadyapi uddIpana rUpa meM bhI prakRti kA aMkana huA hai tathApi zuddha AlaMbana rUpa meM prakRti ke varNanoM kI bhI pracuratA hai / __ bhASA ke viSaya meM saMskRta-prabandha kAvyoM meM kisI vizeSa niyama kA ullekha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / kavi kI zailI ke anusAra prabandha kAvya kI bhASA bhI parivartita hotI rhii| _ apabhraMza kaviyoM kI bhASA ke viSaya meM koI vizeSatA pradarzita karanA saMbhava nhiiN| bhASA kavi kI apanI zailI para Azrita hotI hai| vaiyaktika zailI ke bheda se kaviyoM kI bhASA bhI parivartita hotI rahatI hai| ataH sAmUhika rUpa se apabhraMza kAvyoM kI bhASA ke viSaya meM koI nirNaya denA saMbhava nhiiN| phira bhI itanA nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina kAvyoM kI bhASA meM do dhArAyeM spaSTa rUpa se bahatI huI dikhAI detI haiN| kucha
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________________ 386 apabhraMza-sAhitya kaviyoM ne tatkAlIna saMskRta-prAkRta kaviyoM kI bhASA ko apnaayaa| isameM samasta zabdoM tathA alaMkAroM kI adhikatA hai jisase bhASA apekSAkRta kliSTa ho gaI hai| yaha bhASA ziSTa aura zikSita varga kI bhASA kA rUpa hai| dUsarI dhArA meM kaviyoM ne tatkAlIna saMskRta-prAkRta kaviyoM kI bhASA-paramparA ko chor3a svatantra zailI kA prayoga kiyA hai| isameM choTe-choTe prabhAvotpAdaka vAkya, zabdoM kI AvRtti, vAgdhArAoM aura lokoktiyoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| yaha bhASA sarala, calatI huI aura adhika pravAhamayI hai aura yaha sarvasAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASA pratIta hotI hai / aneka kaviyoM ne viSaya ke anusAra kahIM-kahIM ina donoM dhArAoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| saMskRta kaviyoM ne prAyaH varNa vRttoM kA adhikatA se prayoga kiyA hai| prAkRta kaviyoM ne mAtrika chandoM ko apanAkara varNa vRttoM kI jaTilatA ko kama karane kA prayatna kiyaa| prAkRta kaviyoM kA prasiddha gAthA chaMda mAtrika chanda hI hai| prAkRta kaviyoM ne varNa vRttoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA kintu pradhAnatA unhoMne mAtrika chandoM ko hI dii| apabhraMza meM A kara mAtrika chandoM kI pracuratA aura bhI bar3ha gii| aneka naye mAtrika chandoM kI sRSTi bhI apabhraMza kaviyoM ne kii| nAda saundarya utpanna karane ke liye do mAtrika chandoM ko milA kara aneka mizrita mAtrika chandoM kA prayoga apabhraMza kaviyoM ke kAvyoM meM milatA hai| _ bhinna-bhinna sargoM meM bhinna-bhinna chandoM ke prayoga kI prathA yadyapi prAkRta kaviyoM meM hI lupta hone laga gaI thI tathApi usakA pUrNa rUpa se lopa apabhraMza kAvyoM meM nahIM ho skaa| eka sarga meM eka hI chanda kA prayoga ho aisA niyama bhI apabhraMza kAvyoM meM nahIM dikhAI detaa| eka hI sandhi meM bhinna-bhinna chandoM kA prayoga bhI dikhAI detA hai| __chandoM ke caraNoM meM antyAnuprAsa kI pravRtti apabhraMza meM dRSTigocara hotI hai| saMskRta meM pAdAnta yamaka ke atirikta anyatra isakA abhAva sA hI thaa| prAkRta meM bhI yaha pravRtti nahIM dikhAI detI / apabhraMza kaviyoM kI yaha apanI nirAlI sUjha hai| Age cala kara hindI kAvya bhI apabhraMza kaviyoM kI isa anokhI sUjha kA RNI hai| ____ saMskRta-sAhitya meM gadya ke udAharaNa nATakoM meM yA campU granthoM meM milate haiN| bANa, daNDI aura subandhu ke grantha to gadya-kAvya kA udAharaNa prastuta karate haiM / isa gadya meM alaMkRta zailI ke darzana hote haiM / yaha gadya, samasta zabdoM aura lambe-lambe vAkyoM se yukta hai| saMskRta kA vizAla kathA-sAhitya bhI gadya meM likhA huA milatA hai / ye kathAyeM sarasa aura sarala bhASA meM atyanta rocaka DhaMga se likhI gaI haiN| ___ apabhraMza meM gadya ke adhika grantha upalabdha nhiiN| jo bhI gadya milatA hai, usakI bhASA padya se kucha bhinna pratIta hotI hai / gadya meM saMbhavataH bhASA adhika vikasita nahIM ho skii| apabhraMza padya meM saMskRta ke tatsama zabdoM kA adhika prayoga nahIM huA--saMskRta aura prAkRta ke tadbhava zabda hI pracuratA se prayukta hue| kintu apabhraMza-gadya meM saMskRta ke tatsama zabda bahulatA se milate haiN| isI prakAra saMskRta ke samAna samasta zabdoM kA vyavahAra bhI apabhraMza gadya meM dikhAI detA hai / isake atirikta gadya ko alaMkRta karane ke liye antyAnuprAsa kA prayoga bhI kiyA gyaa|
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________________ satarahavAM adhyAya apabhraMza-sAhitya kA hindI-sAhitya para prabhAva pichale adhyAyoM meM apabhraMza-sAhitya kA jo bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai usase usa sAhitya ke rUpa kA parijJAna bhalI-bhA~ti ho gayA hogaa| isa adhyAya meM apabhraMza-sAhitya ne hindI-sAhitya ko kisa rUpa meM prabhAvita kiyA isa para saMkSepa se vicAra prastuta kiyA jAyagA / apabhraMza-sAhitya kA prabhAva hindI-sAhitya ke kAvya rUpoM para, kAvya paddhatiyoM para, kAvya ke bAhya rUpa para tathA hindI-sAhitya ke bhAvapakSa evaM kalApakSa para par3A dikhAI detA hai| jaisA ki pahile nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai apabhraMza-sAhitya aura Adhunika kAla kI vartamAna prAntIya AryabhASAyeM cirakAla taka samAnAntara rUpa se calatI rahIM / ataeva uttarakAlIna apabhraMza-sAhitya kI racanAyeM prAcInakAlIna prAntIya bhASAoM se aura prAcInakAlIna prAntIya bhASAoM kI racanAyeM uttarakAlIna apabhraMza kI racanAoM se prabhAvita huI hoM to isameM koI Azcarya nhiiN| inameM paraspara bhAva bhASA, zailI Adi kA AdAna pradAna yA pArasparika preraNA se prabhAvita honA saMbhava hI hai| isa prabhAva ke dikhAne kA abhiprAya itanA hI hai ki bhAratIya sAhitya kI avicchinna dhArA bhArata meM cirakAla se pravAhita hotI calI A rahI hai| isI dhArA kA paraMparAgata rUpa Aja hameM hindI-sAhitya meM dikhAI detA hai / deza aura kAla ke prabhAva se isa dhArA kA bAhya rUpa parivartita hotA rahA kintu usakA Antarika rUpa jyoM kA tyoM, abAdha gati se, nirantara Age Age pravAhita hotA rhaa| apabhraMza-sAhitya kA hindI ke kAvya-rUpoM para prabhAva __ apabhraMza-sAhitya ke prabandhAtmaka aura muktaka kAvyoM kA pichale adhyAyoM meM vivecana kiyA jA cukA hai| apabhraMza ke prabandhAtmaka mahApurANa, purANa, carita grantha, premAkhyAna, kathA-grantha ityAdi saba dharma ke AvaraNa se AvRta haiM isakA bhI nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai| jahAM taka kAvya ke lie carita zabda ke prayoga kA prazna hai hindI-sAhitya meM rAma carita mAnasa, vIrasiMha deva carita, sudAmA carita, sujAna carita, buddha carita Adi kAvya carita nAma se prasiddha haiM / apabhraMza ke cariu granthoM meM kisI jaina dharmAvalambI mahApuruSa ke carita kA varNana, aneka pUrva janma-sambandhI kathAoM aura alaukika ghaTanAoM se mizrita milatA hai| isI prakAra hindI sAhitya meM bhI katipaya carita granthoM meM kisI mahApuruSa ko lekara usakA carita aMkita kiyA gayA hai aura apabhraMza ke carita graMthoM
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________________ 388 apabhraMza-sAhitya kI bhA~ti inameM bhI dharma bhAvanA milatI hai / rAma carita mAnasa meM vaiSNavadharma ke prabhAva se prabhAvita hokara kavi tulasI dAsa, apane carita nAyaka ko Izvara koTi taka pahuMcA dete haiN| apabhraMza kAvyoM ke premAkhyAnapha kAvya hindI-sAhitya meM jAyasI kI padmAvata ke rUpa meM prakaTa hue / apabhraMza meM ye premAkhyAna dhArmika AvaraNa se AvRta the| hindI-sAhitya meM ina premAkhyAna ke kAvyoM meM adhyAtma tatva kA vyaMgya rUpa meM samAveza huaa| isI tatva ko spaSTa karane ke lie jAyasI ko kahanA par3A-- tana citaura mana rAjA kiinhaa| hiya siMghala, budhi padamini ciinhaa|| guru suA jei paMtha dekhaavaa| binu guru jagata ko niraguna paavaa|| nAgamatI yaha duniyA dhNdhaa| bAMcA soi na ehi cita baMdhA // rAghava dUta, soi saitAnU / mAyA alAdIna sulatAnU // ' hindI sAhitya ina premakathAoM ke lie apabhraMza sAhitya kA RNI hai| kintu ina kathAoM ke vyaMgya vidhAna athavA AdhyAtmika abhivyaMjanA ke lie vaha sUphI sAhitya kA AbhArI aura 'masanaviyoM se prabhAvita hai| hindI sAhitya meM prabandhAtmaka-bIra kAvya rAso ke rUpa meM bhI milate haiM / ina rAso graMthoM meM pratinidhi kAvya pRthvIrAja rAso ko mAnA jAtA hai| kintu rAso kA Adhunika rUpa cAhe kisI bhASA meM ho vaha apane prArambhika rUpa meM apabhraMza kAvya hI thaa| isI ke AdhAra para Age anya rAso grantha likhe gaye / kucha anya rAsA grantha bhI apabhraMza meM milate haiM, unameM pRthvIrAja rAso ke samAna kisI rAjA kA jIvana aMkita nahIM apitu unakA viSaya dhArmika hai| isa prakAra ke kucha granthoM kA nirdeza pIche kiyA jA cukA hai| isa prakAra prabandha-kAvyoM kI vaha paramparA jo saMskRta prAkRta se calatI A rahI thI apabhraMza meM yadyapi kucha zithila par3a gaI thI tathApi vaha isake Age hindI sAhitya meM bhI pravAhita hotI rhii| ina prabandha-kAvyoM ke do rUpa saMskRta sAhitya meM hI ho gaye the--eka meM kathAnaka ke vistAra ke sAtha-sAtha kAvyamaya varNana aura dUsare meM saMkSipta kathAnaka kintu kAvyamaya varNana kI pracuratA / isa prakAra kA ghaTanA-bAhulya aura kAvyaprAcurya hameM kAlidAsa ke kAvyoM meM dikhAI detA hai kintu pIche se kathAtatva saMkSipta ho gayA, varNana kA vistAra ho gayA aura ye varNana alaMkRta bhASA meM prastuta kiye jAne lge| zrIharSa-kRta naiSadha carita, bhAravikRta kirAtArjunIya Adi isI zreNI ke kAvya haiN| ___ apabhraMza kAvyoM meM ghaTanA-bAhulya to calatA rahA kintu kAvyatva kucha dava sA gayA / dhArmika vAtAvaraNa ke sImita kSetra meM calane se kavi kI svacchandatA bhI jAtI rhii| hindI kAvyoM meM ghaTanAvaicitrya kA rUpa to milatA hai kintu dharma kA vaha Agraha kavi ke Age nahIM rhaa| usakI gati abAdha rUpa se Age bar3hatI jAtI hai| rAma 1. paM0 rAmacandra zukla, jAyasI graMthAvalI, nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI se prakAzita, vi0 saM0 1981, pR0 332 /
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________________ apabhraMza - sAhitya kA hindI sAhitya para prabhAva 389 carita mAnasa meM kathA kA pUrNa vistAra hai aura kAvyamaya varNanoM kA bhI pUrNatayA saMcAra hai / padmAvata meM bhI donoM prakAra ke tatva milate hai / kAmAyanI meM kathAvastu kA vaha vistAra nahIM kintu kAvyamaya varNanoM kA prAcurya hai / kAmAyanI kI kathA bhI rUpaka tatva ke saMmizraNa se saMkSipta nahIM raha jAtI / apabhraMza kAvyoM meM kaviyoM ne carita nAyaka ke caritra ko utkRSTa koTi kA aMkita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / caritra citraNa ke dvArA kavi cAhatA hai ki zrotA yA pAThaka usakA AvaraNa kare / carita nAyaka ke atirikta anya pAtroM ke caritra citraNa kI ora kavi kA dhyAna utanA na thA / hindI kAvyoM meM caritra citraNakI paripATI para apabhraMza kAvyoM kA prabhAva par3A aisI kalpanA asaMgata nahIM / saMskRta kAvyoM meM rasAtmakatA hI pradhAna thI caritra citraNa prAyaH gauNa thA | hindI kAvyoM ne rasAtmakatA ke sAtha-sAtha caritra citraNa ke tatva kA mizraNa kara isa dizA meM pragati kI / hindI meM apabhraMzakAlIna gItoM kI paramparA meM gItikAvya bhI race gaye / gItikAvya meM geyatA honI cAhiye kintu isase bhI adhika Avazyaka hai hRdaya ke kisI bhAva kI tIvra vyaMjanA | saMskRta meM jayadeva kA gIta govinda upalabdha hai kintu use bhI ade vidvAnoM ne apabhraMza kI chAyA ke rUpa meM mAnA hai / apabhraMza meM aneka gIta milate bhI haiM jinakA pahale nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai| siddhoM ke gItoM meM geyatA aura bhAvatIvratA donoM haiM / hRdaya ke bhAva ko, bhASA kI paravAha na kara, tIvratA se ina kaviyoM ne abhivyakta kiyA hai / apabhraMza meM gItoM ke mahatva ko zrI govarddhanAcArya ne bhI apanI 'AryA saptazatI' meM muktakaNTha se svIkAra kiyA hai / granthilatayA kimikSoH kimapabhraMzena bhavati gItasya / kimanArjavena zazinaH ki dAridrayeNa dayitasya // 215 // 'kimapabhraMzena bhavati gItasya' meM jahA~ apabhraMza kI upekSA hai vahIM usakI 'gIta' ke kAraNa mahimA bhI / isa prakAra hindI ke gIti kAvyoM ko hama ina apabhraMza ke gItoM kA parimArjita rUpa kaha sakate haiM / isake vinaya ke pada saMskRta ke stotroM kI AtmA ko liye hue .. rAga-rAganiyoM meM baMdhe pracAra meM Aye kintu unakA rUpa apabhraMza ke sAMce meM hI DhalA / vidyApati ne apanI kIrtilatA meM apabhraMza (avahaTTha) kI lokapriyatA kA ullekha kiyA hai- sakkaya vANI bahua na bhAvar3a, pAua rasa ko mamma na pAvai / desila vaanA sava jana miTThA, ta~ taisana jampatro avahaTThA // apabhraMza ke isa moha ke kAraNa usakI padAvalI para siddhoM ke apabhraMza gItoM kA koI prabhAva na par3A ho kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ? yahI gIta paramparA Age tulasI kI gItAvalI aura sUra ke padoM meM dikhAI detI hai / yadyapi gItabaddha kathAtmaka kAvya apabhraMza meM nahIM milatA tathApi isakA bIja rUpa meM AbhAsa siddhoM ke gAnoM meM mila sakatA hai /
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________________ 390 apabhraMza-sAhitya apabhraMza sAhitya kA hindI sAhitya ke vibhinna kAloM ke pratinidhi-kaviyoM para prabhAva hindI sAhitya prAyaH cAra kAloM meM bAMTA jAtA hai--vIragAthAkAla, bhaktikAla, rItikAla aura Adhunika kaal| inameM prathama tIna kAloM para apabhraMza sAhitya kA jitanA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai utanA Adhunika kAla para nahIM / Adhunika kAla kI aneka pravRttiyA~ pAzcAtya sAhitya ke saMsarga se hindI sAhitya meM AI / hindI ke vIragAthA kAla kA pratinidhi kavi aura kAvya, canda aura pRthvIrAja rAso mAne jAte hai| hindI ke vIragAthA kAla meM aneka rAso granthoM kA parigaNana kiyA jAtA hai| apabhraMza sAhitya meM bhI kucha rAsA grantha milate haiM jinakA pichale adhyAyoM meM vivecana kiyA jA cukA hai| pRthvIrAja rAso meM prApya apabhraMza pravRttiyoM kA bhI pIche ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| pRthvIrAja rAso ke atirikta anya rAso granthoM para bhI apabhraMza ke rAsA granthoM kA paryApta prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai| narapati nAlha kRta bIsala deva rAso ke viSaya meM DA0 rAmakumAra varmA likhate haiN| "bIsala deva rAso kA vyAkaraNa apabhraMza ke niyamoM kA pAlana kara rahA hai / kAraka, kriyAoM aura saMjJAoM ke rUpa apabhraMza bhASA ke hI haiM, ataeva bhASA kI dRSTi se isa rAso ko apabhraMza bhASA se sadyaH vikasita hindI kA grantha kahane meM kisI prakAra kI Apatti nahIM honI cAhiye / bhASA kI dRSTi se hI nahIM kintu bhAvadhArA aura zailI kI dRSTi se bhI isa para apabhraMza kA paryApta prabhAva hai / apabhraMza kI una pravRttiyoM ke atirikta jo pRthvIrAja rAso meM pAI jAtI haiM, aura jinakA pIche ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai, bIsaladeva rAso meM apabhraMza ke rAsA granthoM kI anya pravRttiyA~ bhI dikhAI detI haiN| bIsaladeva rAso anya rAso granthoM se bhinna, AkAra meM laghukAya racanA hai| kathAvastu saMkSipta hai / yaha gItAtmaka kAvya hai aura sAre kAvya meM eka hI chanda kA prayoga huA hai| ina vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa isa para apabhraMza ke "upadezarasAyana rAsa" kA prabhAva anumita kiyA jA sakatA hai| rAso kAvyoM meM bhAgyavAda kA prabhAva hai| kavi Izvara aura bhAgya ko sabase bar3A mAnatA hai / ina para pUrNa vizvAsa karate hue vaha karma patha para bar3hatA jAtA hai / dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki bhAgya para bharosA rakhate hue bhI kavi niSkarmaNyatA kA citra aMkita nahIM krtaa| jaba bhAgya meM jo kucha likhA hai vaha hogA hI phira Dara kisa kA? mRtyu se bhayabhIta honA kAyaratA hai / kSatriya ha~sate ha~sate raNa-bhUmi meM mRtyu kA AliMgana karatA hai / "maraNaM prakRtiH zarIriNAM vikRtirjIvanamucyate budhaiH" kI yathArthatA ina kSatriya vIroM . 1. dekhiye pIche chaThA adhyAya, apabhraMza mahAkAvya, pR0 109 / ' 2. DA0 rAmakumAra varmA, hindI sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, prayAga, 1948 I0, pR0 208 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya kA hindI-sAhitya para prabhAva 391 meM milatI hai| ina rAso granthoM kI dUsarI vizeSatA hai ki inameM vIra aura zRGgAra kA mizraNa milatA hai / rAjAoM kA jIvana bhogapriya thA aura yuddhapriya / bhoga, kAmukatA kI koTi taka pahu~cA huA na thaa| rAjya sukhopabhoga karate hue AvazyakatA par3ane para vIratA se prANoM kA balidAna, inakA carama lakSya thaa| apabhraMza kAvyoM meM zRGgAra, vIra aura zAnta ina tIna rasoM kA vizeSa rUpa se varNana milatA hai| rAso granthoM meM, antatogatvA bhogoM kA tyAga yuddha bhUmi meM hotA thA, carita granthoM meM bhogoM kA tyAga virakti meM thaa| ataeva ina granthoM meM zRGgAra aura vIra rasoM kA hI rAjya hai / zAnta rasa kI cintA inake racayitAoM ko nahIM hai| rAso granthoM kI eka anya vizeSatA hai, chandoM kI vividhtaa| yaha chandoM kI vividhatA hameM saMdeza rAsaka meM dRSTigata hotI hai| bhinna-bhinna chandoM kA prayoga rAsA ke liye Avazyaka mAnA gayA thaa| inake atirikta pIche jina bhI pravRtiyoM kA pRthvIrAja rAso meM digdarzana karAyA gayA hai ve saba anya rAso granthoM meM milatI haiN| unake yahAM doharAne kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| una pravRttiyoM se apabhraza ke prabhAva kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| hA~ rAso kI eka pravRtti kA vahA~ nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA thaa| paramAla rAso ke racayitA ne dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM ke prayoga ke atirikta dhvani saundarya ko utpanna karane kA eka nayA DhaMga nikaalaa| varNamAlAnukrama se aneka vyaMjanoM kI dhvani ko rakhate hue eka vicitranAda saundarya utpanna kiyA : kaha kaha suvIra kahata / khaha khaha su saMbhu hasaMta // gaha gaha su gauriya gNg| yaha ghaha su ghamaDi taraMga // Taha Taha su bulliya mor| Thaha Thaha sukhana mukha sora // Daha Daha su Daurava bajji / Dhaha Dhaha su siva vRSa sajji // 81 // apabhraMza meM bhI yaha pravRtti 'siri sAlibhadda kakkA' Adi kRtiyoM meM milatI hai, jina meM varNamAlAnukrama se akSaroM kA chandoM meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai| Age calakara 'akharAvaTa' meM bhI yahI pravRtti jAyasI ne pradarzita kii| vIragAthA kAla ke anantara hindI sAhitya meM bhakti kAla AtA hai / bhakti kAla kI vibhinna dhArAoM aura zAkhAoM ke pratinidhi kavi haiM : kabIra, jAyasI, sUra aura tulsii| kabIra Adi saMtoM kI vicAradhArA para apabhraMza kaviyoM kI AdhyAtmika aura upadezAtmaka pravRtti kA spaSTa prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| kabIra aura usake anugAmI santoM ke kAvya kI nimnalikhita vizeSatAyeM haiM :1. nirguNa rAma kI bhakti, 2. rahasyavAda kI bhAvanA, 3. rUpakoM kA prayoga,
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________________ 392 apabhraMza-sAhitya 4. bAhya karma-kalApa kA khaMDana, 5. guru kI mahattA, 6. zAnta rasa kI abhivyakti, 7. bhAvoM kI abhivyakti ke liye dohoM aura padoM kA pryog| aMpabhraMza-sAhitya ke jainadharmAcAryoM aura siddhoM kI AdhyAtmika aura upadezAtmaka pravRtti do rUpoM meM dikhAI detI hai-racanAtmaka aura dhvaMsAtmaka rUpa meN| kucha guNoM ke grahaNa kA unhoMne Adeza diyA aura kucha bAhya karma-kalApa ityAdi ke parityAga kA / ye donoM pravRttiyAM hindI ke santa-kAvya meM bhI dikhAI detI haiN| siddhoM kI rahasyamayI uktiyoM ne kabIra Adi santoM kI ulaTa bAsiyoM ko janma diyaa| jisa prakAra vajrayAniyoM ne jAna bUjha kara apanI bhASA ko gUr3ha rakhA isI prakAra kabIra kI bhASA bhI gUr3ha hai| yadi DeNDaNapAda kahate haiM _ "valada viAala gabiyA bAMjhe", "niti siAlA siMhe sama jUjha" arthAt baila biyAyA aura gaiyA bAMjha rahI tathA nitya zRgAla siMha ke sAtha yuddha karatA hai| ityAdito kabIra kahate haiM-- "hai koi guru jJAnI jagata maI laTi veda buujhe| pAnI maheM pAvakaM bara, aMdhahi A~khinha sUjhe // gAya to nAhara ko dhari khAyo, harinA khAyo cItA // " isI prakAra"naiyA vica nadiyA DUbati jAya" ityAdi aneka vAgvaicitrya ke udAharaNa milate haiN| pahale batAyA jA cukA hai ki siddhoM ne apanI kavitA meM aneka rUpakoM kA prayoga kiyA hai '--ruI dhunane kA, vivAha kA, naukA kA, hariNa kA, cUhe kA rUpaka Adi / kaNhapA ne mahAsukha kA vivAha ke rUpaka dvArA varNana kiyA-- bhava nirvANe paTaha maadlaa| maNa pavaNa veNi karaNDa kazAlA // jaa jaa dunduhi sAda uchlilaa| kANha DombI vivAhe calilA // caryA0 19 / kabIra bhI kahate haiM dulahanI gAvahu maMgalAcAra / hama ghari Ae ho rAjA rAma bharatAra // bAhya karma-kalApa kA khaMDana jisa prakAra siddhoM ne kiyA isI prakAra ina saMta kaviyoM 1. dekhiye pIche dasavAM adhyAya, pR0 318 / 2. kabIra graMthAvalI, saMpAdaka zyAma sundara dAsa, iMDiyana presa, prayAga,1928 I0, pR0 87 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya kA hindI-sAhitya para prabhAva ne / yadyapi utanA akkhar3apana siddhoM kI kavitA meM nahIM jitanA ki kabIra kI kavitA meM kintu karmakANDa kA virodha siddhoM aura santoM donoM meM milatA hai| jaina dharmAcAryoM ne bAhya karma-kalApa kI apekSA Antarika zuddhi para adhika bala diyA hai| kabIra bhI isI bhAva dhArA ke poSaka haiN| munirAma siMha pAhur3a dohA meM kahate haiM "muMDiya muMDiya muMDiyA sira muMDiu citta Na muNddiyaa| cittahaM muMDaNu ji kiyau saMsArahaM khaMDaNu ti kiyau // "135 kabIra kahate haiM "dAr3hI mUMcha mur3Aya ke, huA ghoTama ghoTa / mana ko kyoM nahIM mUr3iye, jAme bhariyA khoTa // " isI prakAra muni rAmasiMha aura kabIra prabhRti santa aise jJAna ko vyartha samajhate haiM jisa se AtmajJAna nahIM hotaa| muni rAmasiMha kahate haiM-- "bahuyaiM paDhiyaI mUr3ha para tAlU sukkai jenn| ekku ji akkhara taM paDhahu siva puri gammai jeNa // "97 kabIra kahate haiM "par3ha par3ha ke saba jaga muA, paMDita bhayA na koya / eko Akhara prema kA par3he so paMDita hoya // " isI prakAra guru kI mahattA kA pratipAdana jainAcAryoM aura siddhoM ne kiyA hai / suguru aura kuguru ko kramazaH gau ke dUdha aura Aka ke dUdha ke samAna batAyA gayA hai|' vahI guru kI mahattA ina santa kaviyoM meM bhI milatI hai| jAti kA bheda bhAva siddhoM meM nahIM thaa| vajracAryoM ne to nIcajAti kI strI ko mahAmudrA banAne kA Adeza diyaa| yahI jAta pAMta virodhI bhAvanA ina saMta kaviyoM meM bhI milatI hai| jisa prakAra premI aura premikA kI bhAvanA kabIra ne abhivyakta kI hai vahI bhAvanA siddhoM ke padoM meM aura jainoM ke dohoM meM milatI hai| jisa prakAra jainoM aura siddhoM ne apanI dharma bhAvanA aura upadezAtmaka pravRtti ke prasAra ke liye mukhyatayA dohoM aura gItoM ko cunA isI prakAra ina santa kaviyoM ne bhI apane bhAva ko abhivyakta karane ke liye dohoM aura padoM ko cunaa| 1. dekhiye pIche navAM adhyAya, apabhraMza muktaka kAvya (1), pR0 290 / 2. kabIra kahate haiM:-- ___"guru govinda donoM khar3e kAke lAgU pAya / balihArI gurudeva ko jina govinda diyo btaay||" 3. "ha saguNI piu NigguNau, NillakakhaNu NIsaMgu / ekahiM aMgi vasaMtayahaM milihu pa aMgahi aNgu||" pAhur3a dohA, 100
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya isa se spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki hindI kA saMta kAvya siddhoM kI vicAra dhArA kA hI paravartI vikAsa hai / hameM to saMta zabda kI utpatti kA srota bhI apabhraMza sAhitya kau muktaka kAvya dhArA hI pratIta hotI hai jisa meM aneka padyoM meM "zAnta" zabda ke sthAna para saMta zabda kA prayoga milatA hai / 394 bhakti kAla kI dUsarI dhArA jAyasI Adi premAzrayI kaviyoM ke kAvya meM dikhAI detI hai / ina kaviyoM ne nirAkAra brahma meM prema tatva kA saMmizraNa kara bhakti ko sarasa aura hRdayagrAhya banAyA / ina ke premAkhyAna, laukika AkhyAna hote hue bhI Antarika prema yA AdhyAtmika tatva kI ora hI saMketa karate dikhAI dete haiM / jAyasI ke padmAvata ke DhaMga para kutubana kI mRgAvatI, maMjhana kI madhumAlatI Adi kathAyeM bhI likhI giiN| ina saba 1 vizeSatA hai, laukika prema kathA ke sAtha AdhyAtmika tatva kI ora saMketa / ye prema kathAyeM prAcIna prema kathAoM kI paraMparA meM se haiM kintu donoM kI pariNati meM bheda hai / apabhraMza meM jainiyoM kI prema kathAoM kA paryavasAna vairAgya meM hotA hai / hindI meM sUphiyoM kI zailI kI prema kathAoM kA AdhAra adhyAtmavAda hai / kathA rUpaka mAtra hai jo AdhyAtmika artha kI chAyA hai / isa dhAraNA se laukika prema AdhyAtmika prema kA pratIka mAtra hai jisa kA paryavasAna vairAgya meM na hokara AdhyAtmika prema meM paripakva hotA hai / ina kathAoM kI kucha anya bAteM bhI apabhraMza meM milatI haiN| nAyaka ko nAyikA kI prApti ke liye samudra yAtrA karanA, siMhala yAtrA karanA Adi kA pahale apabhraMza -kathAoM ke prakaraNa meM ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / samudra yAtrA kara siMhala dvIpa kI kisI sundarI kanyA aura dhana saMpatti ko prApta -karanA--- yaha kathAMza prAcIna sAhitya meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai| saMskRta bhASA meM likhita ratnAvalI nATikA meM ratnAvalI siMhala kI rAjakumArI thI / ' prAkRta bhASA meM likhita kautUhala kRta lIlAvatI kathA' kI nAyikA lIlAvatI bhI siMhala kI rAjakumArI thI / apabhraMza bhASA meM likhita dhanapAla kRta bhavisayatta kahA meM vyApAra ke liye samudrayAtrA kA varNana milatA hai / kanakAmara kRta karakaMDacariu * meM bhI karakaMDu kA siMhala jAnA aura vahA~ rativegA nAmaka sundarI se vivAha karanA varNita hai / isI prakAra jinadatta cariu meM nAyaka siMhala dvIpa kI yAtrA karatA hai aura vahAM kI rAjakumArI lakSmIvatI ko prApta karatA hai / ina vividha ullekhoM ke AdhAra para aisA anumAna kiyA gayA hai ki siMhala yAtrA kA sambandha saMbhavataH kisI paraMparAgata loka kathA se hogA jisake -- 1. ratnAvalI nATikA, aMka 4 / 2. DA0 AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye dvArA saMpAdita, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI se prakAzita, 1949 I0 / 3. dekhiye chaThA adhyAya pR0 95 4. dekhiye sAtavA~ adhyAya pR0 181 / dekhiye vahI, pR0 226 / 5.
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya kA hindI-sAhitya para prabhAva 395 anukaraNa para ina kaviyoM ne vahAM jAkara anupama sundarI aura prabhUta dhana sampatti kI prApti kA ullekha kiyA hai| jAyasI bhI usI kathA se prabhAvita huA hai| jAyasI ke padmAvata aura anya apabhraMza kAvyoM ke sAdRzya ke atirikta jAyasI kI racanA-zailI, varNana, zailI aura saMdeza rAsaka kI zailiyoM meM bahuta sAmya hai| donoM ke maMgalAcaraNa bhAva kI dRSTi se eka rUpa haiN| eka meM vistAra hai dUsare meM saMkSepa / isI prakAra donoM ke viyoga varNanoM meM bhI paryApta sAmya hai / ataeva jAyasI ke sAmane saMdeza rAsaka thA, aisI kalpanA asaMgata nahIM pratIta hotii| . jAyasI kI vastu-varNana-zailI aura abdula rahamAna kI vastu-varNana-zailI meM eka aura samAnatA milatI hai| donoM ne vastu varNana meM kahIM kahIM vastU gaNanA mAtra karadI hai| jAyasI ne bAdazAha-bhoja-khaMDa meM aneka vyaMjanoM, pakavAnoM, sabjiyoM, miThAiyoM ityAdi kI laMbI sUcI dI hai| isI prakAra abdula rahamAna ne udyAna varNana meM aneka prakAra kI vanaspatiyoM ke nAmoM kI sUcI de dI hai| isa prakAra kI vastugaNanA kI pravRtti puSpa danta ke jasahara cariu meM bhI pAI jAtI hai| uparinirdiSTa saMketoM ke AdhAra para jAyasI kA abdula rahamAna ke saMdeza rAsaka se prabhAvita honA spaSTa pratIta hotA hai| bAhya rUpa kI dRSTi se ye premAkhyAnaka kAvya caupAI-dohA zailI meM likhe gaye haiN| kucha caupAiyoM ke anantara eka dohe kA prayoga vaisA hI hai jaisA ki apabhraMza kAvyoM meM kar3avakoM ke anta meM ghatA kA prayoga / apabhraMza kAvyoM meM kar3avakoM meM paddharI--pajjhaTikApaddhar3iyA, pAdAkulaka, alillaha ityAdi chandoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| ye sava chanda 16 mAtrAoM ke haiM aura caupAI se bahuta milate haiN| dhavala ne apane harivaMza purANa meM kucha kar3avakoM meM caupAI kA prayoga kiyA hai kintu inake anta meM ghattA dohA nahIM / kahIM kahIM kar3avaka meM caupAI kA prayoga nahIM kintu antima ghattA kahIM dohe ke samAna aura kahIM sAkSAt dohA hai| amara kIti racita chakkammovaesa kI AThavIM sandhi ke pratyeka kar3avaka ke Arambha meM dohA prayukta huA hai aura kar3avaka meM caupAI kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / kavi deva sena gaNi ne apane sulocanA cariu nAmaka kAvya kI 18vIM sandhike kar3avakoM ke Arambha meM dohayaM-dohe kA prayoga kiyA hai| kavi dhanapAla ke bAhubali cariu kAvya kI 11 vI sandhi ke kar3avakoM ke Arambha meM dohar3A1. pro0 eca0 sI0 bhAyANI, abdula rahamAnsa saMdeza rAsaka eMDa jAyasIz2a padmAvatI, bhAratIya vidyA, bhAga 10, 1948 I0, pR0 81 / 2. jAyasI graMthAvalI, pR0 269 / 3. saMdeza rAsaka pa0 24 / 4. de0 chaThA adhyAya, pR0 109 / 5. de0 terahavAM adhyAya, pR0 356 / 6. de0 sAtavAM adhyAya, pR0 220 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya dohA prayukta huA hai|' kavi yaza:kIti ne apane pAMDava purANa kI 28vIM sandhi ke kar3avakoM ke Arambha meM dohau dodhaka-dohA-prayukta kiyA hai| kar3avaka meM kahIM kahIM caupAI mila jAtI hai| isa prakAra abhI taka prApta apabhraMza granthoM meM yadyapi koI aisA kAvya upalabdha nahIM ho sakA jisameM caupAI-dohA paddhati kA spaSTa prayoga huA ho tathApi aisI AzA kI jA sakatI hai ki saMbhavataH koI aisA kAvya bhaviSya meM upalabdha ho jAya jisameM isa paddhati ke darzana hoN| adyAvadhi prApta apabhraMza sAmagrI se Upara diye gayo udAharaNoM ke AdhAra para yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki jAyasI ke padmAvata kI caupAI dohA zailI kA bIja apabhraMza-sAhitya meM thA uttara kAlIna hindI kaviyoM ne navInatA kI dRSTi se kar3avakoM ke Arambha meM prayukta dohe ko anta meM rakhanA prArambha kara diyaa| bhaktikAla kI tIsarI dhArA, saguNa rUpa kI rAma bhakti zAkhA meM dikhAI detI hai| isake mukhya kavi tulasIdAsa haiM aura unakI mukhya kRti rAmacarita mAnasa hai / rAmacarita mAnasa meM dhArmikatA kA dhyAna itanA adhika hai ki tulasI ke rAma bhagavAn ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane Ate haiN| rAma kathA kA tulasIdAsa ne eka sarovara aura eka saritA ke rUpa meM varNana kiyA hai| rAmacaritamAnasa yaha nAma bhI isake sarovara kI ora saMketa karatA hai / sarovara kA rUpaka dekhiye :dohA-suThi sundara saMvAda vara birace buddhi vicaari| tehi ehi pAvana subhaga sara ghATa manohara cAri // . sapta prabaMdha subhaga sopAnA / gyAna nayana nirakhata mana mAnA / / raghapati mahimA aguna abAdhA / baranaba soi vara vAri agAdhA // rAma sIya jasa salila sudhA sm| upamA bIci vilAsa manorama // puraini saghana cAra caupaaii| jugati bhaMju mani sIpa suhAI // chaMda soraThA suMdara dohaa| soi bahuraMga kamala kula sohaa|| aratha anUpa subhAva subhAsA / soi parAga makaraMda subAsA // sukRta puMja maMjula ali mAlA ! gyAna virAga bicAra marAlA // dhuni avareba kabita guna jaatii| mauna manohara te bahu bhA~tI / / aratha dharama kAmAdika caarii| kahaba gyAna vigyAna vicArI // nava rasa japa tapa joga viraagaa| te saba jala cara cAru tar3AgA // ' 1. vahI, pR0 238 / 2. de0 chaThA adhyAya pR0 121 / 3. kalyANa, mAnasAMka, bAlakAMDa, 37 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya kA hindI-sAhitya para prabhAva isI prakAra rAmakathA kA saritA ke rUpa meM varNana bhI tulasIdAsa ne kiyA hai|' svayaMbhU ke pauma cariya meM bhI rAmakathA kA saritA ke rUpa meM ullekha milatA hai : vaDDhamAna muha kuhara viNiggaya rAma kahANai eha kamAgaya / akkhara pAsa jaloha maNohara sualaMkAra sadda machohara / dIhasamAsa pavAhA vaMkiya sakkaya pAyaya puliNAlaMkiya / desI bhAsA ubhaya taDujjala kavi dukkara ghaNa sadda silaayl| astha bahala kallolANiTThiya AsAsaya sama tUha pariTThiya / eha rAmakaha-sari sohaMtI gaNahara devihiM diTTha vahaMtI / pauma cariu, 1.2. arthAt yaha rAmakathA rUpI saritA krama se calI A rahI hai / isameM akSara samUha sundara jala samUha hai, sundara alaMkAra aura zabda matsya gRha haiM, dIrgha samAsa vakrapravAha hai, saMskRta aura prAkRta alaMkRta pulina haiM, dezI bhASA donoM ujjvala taTa haiM, kavi se prayukta kaThina aura saghana zabda zilAtala ke samAna haiM, artha bahulatA uThatI huI taraMgeM haiM. isa prakAra yaha rAmakathA zobhita hotI hai| rAmacaritamAnasa kI caupAI dohA kI zailI bhI svayaMbhU ke pauma cariu kI kar3avaka zailI ke samAna hai| caupAI aura itara chaMda ke vyavadhAna kI zailI jisako jAyasI aura tulasI ne apane prabandha kAvyoM meM svIkAra kiyA, vaha apabhraMza zailI kA anukaraNa hai / aMtara kevala yaha hai ki hindI kAvya meM vyavadhAna dohA athavA soraThA dvArA hotA hai aura apabhraMza kAvya meM solaha mAtrAoM ke chandoM meM vyavadhAna "dhattA" kA hai| ina kucha samAnatAoM ko dekhakara katipaya vidvAnoM ne kalpanA kI hai ki tulasIdAsa rAmacarita kI racanA meM sambhavataH svayaMbhU se prabhAvita the| rAmAyaNa ke Arambha meM hI __ "nAnA purANa nigamAgama saMmataM yad / rAmAyaNe nigaditaM kvacidanyato'pi " / bAlakAMDa 1. ityAdi padya meM "kvacidanyato'pi" se tulasI bAbA ne svayaMbhU kI rAmAyaNa kI ora hI saMketa kiyA hai, aisA rAhulajI kA vicAra hai / ___ saMdeza rAsaka aura rAmacarita mAnasa ke nimnalikhita padyoM kI tulanA se pratIta hotA hai ki tulasI dAsa saMdeza rAsaka se paricita the| maha hiyayaM rayaNa nihI, mahiyaM guru maMdareNa taM NiccaM / ummUliyaM asesaM, suharayaNaM kaDDhiyaM ca tuha pimme // saM0 rA0 2.119 arthAt merA hRdaya samudra hai, use tumhAre vizAla viraha-maMdara ne nitya matha-matha kara 1. vahI, bAlakAMDa 39-41 / 2. hindI kAvyadhArA, bhUmikA, pR0 52 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya usameM se sampUrNa sukharUpI ratna nikAla diyaa| pema amia maMdara virahu bharatu payodhi gaMbhIra / mathi pragaTeu sura-sAdhu-hita kRpAsiMdhu raghuvIra // rAmacarita mAnasa 2.238 brahma payonidhi maMdara gyAna saMta sura mAhiM / kathA sudhA mathi kADhahIM bhagati madhuratA Ahi // (vahI 7.120) bhaktikAla kI cauthI dhArA, kRSNabhakti zAkhA, ke pratinidhi kavi sUradAsa haiN| inhoMne apane sUra sAgara kI racanA padoM meM kI hai| isameM padabaddha kRSNakathA kA rUpa milatA hai / sUra se pUrva bhI siddhoM ke gAnoM meM padoM kA rUpa dRSTigocara hotA hai| unake pada aura gAna yadyapi muktaka rUpa meM upalabdha haiM kintu isa prakAra kI koI prabandhAtmaka padaracanA apabhraMza meM bhI rahI ho to koI Azcarya nahIM / sthiti kucha bhI ho kintu itanA to prakaTa hI hai ki sUra kI yaha gIti dhArA vidyApati aura jayadeva se Age bar3hakara siddhoM ke mUla srota taka pahuMcatI hai aura kisI na kisI rUpa meM unake srota ko svIkAra karatI hai| sUra ke, prAcIna apabhraMza kaviyoM se prabhAvita hone kI sambhAvanA sUra ke aneka padoM se kI jA sakatI hai| pIche saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai ki siddhoM kI upamAoM ko aura apabhraMza kaviyoM ke padyoM ko sUra ne dhArmika rUpa dekara apanI bhakti kA viSaya banA liyaa|' hemacandra ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM eka dohA uddhRta kiyA hai : "bAha vichoDavi jAhi tuhuM hauM tei ko dosu| hiaya-TThia jai nIsarahi jANauM muMja sa rosu // 2 arthAt he muMja! tuma bAMha chur3Akara jA rahe ho tumheM kyA doSa dUM? yadi mere hRdaya meM se nikala jAo to mUMja meM jAnUMgI ki tuma saroSa ho| isa dohe kI zRGgAra-bhAvanA ko sUra ne bhakti bhAvanA meM DhAla diyaa| sUra apane bhagavAn se kahate haiM :-- bAMha chor3Aye jAta ho nibala jAni ko mohi / hiradai te jaba jAhuge sabala jAnUMgo tohi // siddhoM ne bAra-bAra viSayoM kI ora jAte mana kI upamA jahAja para baiThe pakSI se dI hai kintu sUra ne usI upamA kA prayoga, gopiyoM ke bAra-bAra kRSNa kI ora jAte mana ko lakSya kara kiyaa| saraha kA eka dohA hai : visaa visuddhe Nau ramai, kevala suNNa carei / uDDI vohia kAu jimu, paluTia taha vi par3ei // 1. de0 tIsarA adhyAya, pR0 24 / 2. zrI parazurAma vaidya dvArA saMpAdita prAkRta vyAkaraNa, pUnA, 1928 I0 pR0 173 / 3. de0 dasavAM adhyAya pR0 307 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya kA hindI-sAhitya para prabhAva 399 sUra ne isI upamA kA nimnalikhita rUpa meM prayoga kiyA:aba mana bhayA sindha ke khaga jyoM phiri phiri sarata jahAjana // (bhamaragIta 46) thakita sindha naukA ke khaga jyoM phiri phiri pheri vahai guna gaavt| (vahI 60) bhaTaki phiryo vohita ke khaga jyoM puni phiri hari pai aayo| (vahI, 119) isI prakAra anya pada bhI sUra ke padoM meM khojane se mila sakate haiN| sUra ke sUrasAgara meM kucha dRSTa kUTa bhI milate haiN| sUra ke ina dRSTa kUToM kA bIja siddhoM kI sandhyAbhASA ke aneka padoM se mila sakatA hai| isa prakAra uparilikhita saMketoM se hindI-sAhitya meM bhaktikAla ke pratinidhi kaviyoM para apabhraMza-sAhitya ke prabhAva kA kucha AbhAsa mila sakatA hai| hindI-sAhitya meM rItikAla kI nimnalikhita vizeSatAyeM milatI haiM :1. apane AzrayadAtA kI prazaMsA, 2. zRGgAra-bhAvanA kI pramukhatA, 3. nAyikA bheda, 4. Rtu varNana, bAraha mAsA varNana, 5. nakhazikha varNana, 6. kavitta, savaiyA aura dohA chandoM kA prayoga / apabhraMza sAhitya ke caritagranthoM meM prAyaH kaviyoM ne apane AzrayadAtA kA pUrNa varNana kiyA hai| unameM zRGgAra-bhAvanA kI pramukhatA nahIM dikhAI detI kintu zRGgAra kA abhAva nhiiN| prAyaH sabhI carita nAyaka yauvana meM bhogavilAsamaya jIvana vyatIta karate hue dikhAI dete haiN| jainAcAryoM ne dhArmika dRSTi se hI ina carita granthoM kI racanA kI thI ataH rasa, nAyikAbheda, zRGgAra Adi para spaSTa rUpa se vivecana asambhava thaa| phira bhI ina carita granthoM meM bIca-bIca meM hameM rItikAla ke kAvya svarUpoM ke saMketa mila hI jAte haiN| nayanaMdI kRta 'sudaMsaNa cariu' meM dhArmikatA ke atirikta, bIca-bIca meM Rtu, vivAha, nakhazikha, rati, zRGgAra Adi kA varNana bhI upalabdha hotA hai| isameM nAyikA bheda ke bhI darzana ho jAte haiM / apabhraMza meM likhita isa grantha meM tathA saMdezarAsaka, sthUlibhadra kathA Adi granthoM meM bhI nakhazikha varNana milatA hai| saMdezarAsaka kA SaD Rtu varNana rItikAlIna SaD Rtu varNana ke samAna viraha kI bhAvanA se otaprota hai / saba vastue~ virahiNI ke hRdaya meM viyoga ko pIr3A ko dviguNita karatI huI pratIta hotI haiM / bArahamAse kA varNana bhI rItikAlIna paraMparA meM viyoga ke prabhAva ko prakaTa karane ke liye hI kiyA 1. dekhiya sAtavAM adhyAya, apabhraMza khaMDa kAvya, pR0 169 /
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________________ 400 apabhraMza-sAhitya jAtA hai| yaha bArahamAse kA varNana hameM apabhraMza sAhitya meM bhI milatA hai / "neminAtha catuSpadikA"' meM bhI hameM bArahamAse kA yahI rUpa milatA hai / "dharmasUri stuti"2 meM hameM bArahamAse kA dhArmika rUpa milatA hai| ___ isa prakAra spaSTa hotA hai ki hindI sAhitya kI rItikAlIna pravRttiyoM kI paraMparA apabhraMza-sAhitya se hotI huI hindI meM aaii| vartamAna upalabdha apabhraMza sAhitya se spaSTa hai ki rItikAlIna paraMparA kI eka dhArA apabhraMza kAvya meM bhI vartamAna rahI hogii| rItikAla kI nakhazikha Adi paraMparA kA rUpa jo hindI sAhitya meM hameM dikhAI detA hai usakI mUla preraNA saMskRta sAhitya se hI clii| saMskRta ke kAvyoM meM aMga pratyaMga kA varNana milatA hI hai| kAlidAsa ne apane kumAra saMbhava meM pArvatI ke nakhazikha kA manorama varNana kiyA hai| isI varNana meM yaha niyama vidhAna karanA par3A ki devatA varNana caraNoM se aura mAnava varNana sira se prArambha ho| isa prakAra aMga pratyaMga kA yaha varNana yA nakhazikha varNana saMskRta sAhitya se apabhraMza sAhitya meM hotA huA hindI sAhitya meM aayaa| isa prakAra hindI-sAhitya ke bhinna-bhinna kAloM para apabhraMza-sAhitya kA prabhAva spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai| prabhAva se hamArA yaha tAtparya nahIM ki hindI-sAhitya meM aneka pravRttiyA~ ekadama naI thIM yA ye pravattiyA~ sIdhI apabhraMza-sAhitya meM AvirbhUta huI aura ve usI rUpa meM hindI sAhitya meM praviSTa ho giiN| prabhAva se hamArA yahI abhiprAya hai ki bhAratIya-sAhitya kI eka avicchinna dhArA cirakAla se bharata khaMDa meM pravAhita hotI calI A rahI hai / vahI dhArA apabhraMza-sAhitya se hotI huI hindI-sAhitya meM prasphuTita huI / samaya-samaya para isa dhArA kA bAhyarUpa parivartita hotA rahA kintu mUlarUpa meM parivartana kI saMbhAvanA nhiiN| apabhraMza-sAhitya aura hindI-kAvya kA bAhya rUpa hindI meM prabandha-kAvyoM kI racanA zailI ke udAharaNa svarUpa rAmacaritamAnasa aura rAmacandrikA ina do prabandha kAvyoM kA svarUpa dekheM to unakI racanA zailI para kucha prakAza pdd'egaa| mAnasa ke Arambha meM maMgalAcaraNa, sajjana-prazaMsA, durjana-nindA, Atma-vinaya Adi dikhAI detA hai| isake anantara kathA prArambha hotI hai / apabhraMza-sAhitya meM bhI yahI praNAlI hameM prAyaH saba prabandha kAvyoM meM dikhAI detI hai, isakA nirdeza pIche mahAkAvya aura khaMDakAvya ke adhyAyoM meM kiyA jA cukA hai| yaha praNAlI ekadama naI nhiiN| bANa, kAdambarI meM maMgalAcaraNa ke anantara khala-nindA aura sajjanoM kA smaraNa karate haiN|' 1. dekhiye caudahavAM adhyAya, apabhraMza sphuTa sAhitya, pR0 366 / 2. dekhiye vahI, pR0 371 / 3. kAdambarI, nirNaya sAmara presa, baMbaI, 1921 I0 pra0 3 / akAraNAviSkRta vaira dAruNAdasajjanAtkasya bhayaM na jAyate /
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________________ apabhraMza - sAhitya kA hindI-sAhitya para prabhAva harSacarita meM bhI yahI pravRtti dikhAI detI hai / ' bhavabhUti bhI mAlatImAdhava meM durjanoM ko nahIM bhuulte| isa prakAra Atma-vinaya kI bhAvanA bhI naI nahIM / saMskRta ke kaviyoM meM yaha pravRtti Tagocara hotI hai / kAlidAsa raghuvaMza ke prArambha meM hI sUryavaMzI rAjAoM ke varNana prayAsa ko aisA kaThina samajhate haiM jaise koI choTI sI naukA se mahAsAgara ko pAra karane kA prayatna kare | 3 ataeva spaSTa hotA hai ki rAmacaritamAnasa tathA anya hindI prabandhakAvyoM kI maMgalAcaraNa, sajjana- prazaMsA, khala-nindA, Atma-vinaya Adi kI praNAlI saMskRta sAhitya se apabhraMza meM hotI huI hindI - sAhitya meM AI / isa prakAra apabhraMza - sAhitya ne hindI - sAhitya ko prabhAvita kiyA / rAmacaritamAnasa kI caupAI - dohA paddhati kA bIja apabhraMza ke cariu granthoM kI kar3avaka zailI meM nihita hai isakA Upara ullekha kiyA hI jA cukA hai / isI prakAra rAmacaritamAnasa kI rAmakathA kA sarovara yA nadI rUpa meM varNana bhI svayaMbhU ke pauma cariya meM milatA hai isakA bhI Upara nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai| satrAMta yaha ki apabhraMzakAvya IT hindI kAvya ke bAhya rUpa para paryApta prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai / mahAkAvya kA lakSaNa karate hue AlaMkArikoM ne batAyA hai ki pratyeka sarga meM bhinnabhinna chanda kA prayoga honA cAhiye aura sargAnta meM chanda parivartita ho jAnA cAhiye / isa chanda - vividhatA kI dRSTi se hindI sAhitya meM kezava kI rAmacandrikA eka sAhityika mahAkAvya kahA jA sakatA hai / apabhraMza prabandhakAvyoM meM yadyapi kar3avaka zailI meM kucha ekarUpatA hI hai tathApi isa chanda vividhatA kA bhI abhAva nahIM / nayanandI ke sudaMsaNa cariu, viSaM mahAheriva yasya durvacaH suduHsahaM saMnihitaM sadA sukhe // 5 kaTu kvaNanto mala dAyakAH khalAstudantyalaM bandhana zrRMkhalA iva / manastu sAdhu dhvanibhiH pade pade haranti santo maNi nUpurA iva // 6 1. harSa carita, nirNaya sAgara presa, baMbaI, 1918 I0 pR0 2 / prAyaH kukavayo loke rAjAdhiSThita dRSTayaH / kokilA iva jAyante vAcAlA kAmakAriNaH // ye nAma kecidiha naH prathayantyavajJAM jAnanti te kimapi tAnprati naiSa yatnaH / utpatsyate mama tu ko'pi samAnadharmA kAlo hyayaM niravadhivipulA ca pRthvI // mAlatI mAdhava, prathama aMka kva sUryaprabhavo vaMzaH kva cAlpaviSayAmatiH / titIrSa dustaraM mohAduDupenAsmi sagaram // 3 2. 3. * raghuvaMza, prathama sarga
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________________ 4.2 apabhraMga- sAhitya devasenagaNi ke sulocanA cariu aura paMDita lAkhU ke jiNadattacariu meM chandoM kI vividhatA ke darzana hote haiM / ' isa prakAra ye apabhraMza kAvya kezava kI rAmacandrikA ke isa aMza meM pUrva rUpa kahe jA sakate haiM / apabhraMza - sAhitya aura hindI kAvya kA kalApakSa alaMkAra yojanA kI dRSTi se apabhraMga - sAhitya meM eka vizeSatA dikhAI detI hai ki apabhraMza kaviyoM ne aprastuta vidhAna ke lie purAnI rUr3hi kA hI andhAnukaraNa nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne laukika jIvana se saMbaddha upamAnoM kA prayoga kara apanI upamAoM aura utprekSAoM ko sarala aura subodha banA diyaa| isa prakAra ke upamAnoM ke prayoga se kavitA kA kSetra prAcIna paramparA kI saMkIrNatA se nikala kara vistRta huA / kavitA sarva-sAdhAraNa kI vastu banI - vaha sarva sAdhAraNa ke hRdaya taka pahu~cI / apabhraMza kI yaha pravRtti hindI meM bhI dikhAI detI hai / jayazaMkara prasAda aura sumitrAnaMdana panta ke aneka lAkSaNika prayogoM meM yaha pravRtti dRSTigata hotI hai / apabhraMza kaviyoM kI eka aura vizeSatA kA pIche nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai, vaha hai .. anuraNanAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga / bhinna-bhinna kriyAoM aura bhAvoM ko sUcita karane ke lie tadanukUla zabda-yojanA ke aneka udAharaNa prabandha-kAvyagata adhyAyoM meM diye jA cuke haiN| kucha udAharaNoM se hamArA abhiprAya spaSTa ho jAyagA / "tar3i tar3ayass par3ai ghaNa gajjai jANai rAmaho saraNu pavajjai" ma0 pu0 toss astti taNu baMdhaNaI moDai karDAtti haDDaI ghaNaI / phAss castti cammaI calaI ghuTTai ghaDatti soNiya jalaI // ( jasa0 ca0 2. 37. 34) "jhirimiri zirimiri zirimiri e mehA varisaMti" ( siri thulibhadda phAga ) nimnalikhita yuddhodyata senA kA dRzya bhI isI pravRtti kA paricAyaka hai : khura khura khuda khuda mahi ghaghara rava kalai, NaNaNa Na gidi kari turaa cale / " ( prAkRta paiMgala ) isa pravRtti kI adhikatA yadyapi hindI sAhitya meM nahIM dikhAI detI kintu nyUnAdhika rUpa meM jahA~ kahIM bhI yaha pravRtti dikhAI detI hai vaha apabhraMza ke prabhAva kI hI sUcaka hai / zabdoM aura vAkyAMzoM kI AvRtti se kathana ko prabhAvotpAdaka banAne kI pravRtti bhI apabhraMza meM dikhAI detI hai / puSpadanta ke mahApurANa meM isake aneka udAharaNa milate haiM / hindI - sAhitya meM bhI jahA~ kahIM isa prakAra ke udAharaNa milate haiM, una para apabhraMza sAhitya ke prabhAva kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai / 1. dekhiye pIche sAtavAM adhyAya, pU0 174, 220 aura 226
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya kA handI-sAhitya prabhAva 403 apabhraMza kaviyoM ne navIna chandoM kI sRSTi ke samAna kucha navIna alaMkAroM kI bhI sRSTi kI, isakA pIche nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai| isameM kavi do dRzyoM yA ghaTanAoM kI samatA kA pradarzana karatA hai / isake udAharaNa puSpadanta ke mahApurANa meM aneka milate haiN| isa prakAra ke alaMkAra kA nAma dhvanita-rUpaka rakhA jA sakatA hai / isake udAharaNa rAso granthoM meM bhI milate haiN| paramAla rAso kA racayitA vIra aura zRGgAra kA sAtha-sAtha varNana karatA huA "sUra" tathA "parI" kI samAnatA kA citra upasthita karatA hai ite Topa TaMkAra sirakasa utNg| utai apcharI kaMcukI kassi aMgaM // ita sUra mojA banAvaMta bhaae| utai apasarA nupuraM pahira pAe // utai sUramA pAga para jhilama ddaar| utai jhuMDa raMbhaM su mA~gai samArai // kahI kavi canda niraSSI susouu| barannai samAnaM parI sUra doU // 2 hindI ke vIra kAvyoM meM isI prakAra ke anya udAharaNa bhI mila sakate haiN| apabhraMza meM lokoktiyoM aura vAgdhArAoM kI pracuratA hai| hindI tathA urdU ne vAgdhArAoM tathA lAkoktiyoM kA prayoga apabhraMza-sa hitya se prApta kiyA hai| apabhraMza-sAhitya kA hindI-sAhitya para jo prabhAva par3A usameM chandoM kA vizeSa mahattva hai| saMskRta meM varNavRttoM kA adhikatara prayoga hotA thA / prAkRta meM varNavRttoM ke bandhana ko haTA kara mAtrika chandoM kA prayoga kiyaa| prAkRta kA "gAthA" chanda mAtrika chanda hI hai / apabhraMza kaviyoM ne bhI usa pravRtti ko banAye rkhaa| inhoMne bhI mAtrika chandoM kA bahulatA se prayoga kiyaa| apabhraMza kI yaha pravRtti hindI-sAhitya meM bhI aaii| hindI-sAhitya meM bhI varNavRtta usa sundaratA ne na Dhala sake jisa sundaratA se mAtrika chanda / paM0 ayodhyAsiMha upAdhyAya ne apane priya pravAsa meM varNavRttoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| anyatra kAvyoM meM inakA prayoga bahuta kama hai| ___ apabhraMza chandoM kI dUsarI vizeSatA hai ki ina meM antyAnuprAsa kA prayoga milatA hai| isa pravRtti kA saMskRta meM bhI prAyaH abhAva thA aura prAkRta meM bhii| yaha apabhraMza kaviyoM kI apanI sUjha thii| hindI chandoM meM yaha pravRtti apabhraMza chandoM se hI aaii| ___ apabhraMza kaviyoM ne jahAM prAcIna varNavRtoM kA prayoga kiyA vahAM bhI unameM eka navInatA utpanna kara dii| udAharaNa ke lie nimnalikhita mAlinI chanda dekhiye-- khalayaNa sirasUlaM, sajjaNANaMda mUlaM / pasarai avirolaM, mAgahANaM surolaM / siri Naviya jiNido, dei vAyaM vnnido| vasu ya jui jutto, mAliNI chaMdu vutto // sudaM0ca03.4. saMskRta ke piMgala zAstra ke niyamoM ke anusAra jahAM yati honI cAhiye vahAM para bhI 1. dekhiye pIche chaThA adhyAya, pR0 91 aura 115 / 2. uddharaNa nirdeza ke liye lekhaka DA0 omaprakAza kA kRtajJa hai|
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya kavi ne antyAnuprAsa kA prayoga kara mAlinI ke eka caraNa ke do caraNa banA DAle / isa prakAra sama catuSpada mAlinI ardhasama aSTapada mAlinI bana gaI / prAcIna rUr3hi ko usI rUpa meM svIkAra na kara usameM parivartana lA kara navInatA utpanna karane kI prakRti apabhraMza kaviyoM meM svabhAva se hI thI / apabhraMza kaviyoM kI isI pravRtti ke nimnalikhita dohe meM bhI darzana hote haiM-sIla rayaNu vaya kiti dharU, savva guNeha uNNu / so dhaNavaMtara hoi garu, so tihuyaNa kaya puNNu // 404 sulocanA ca0 18.11 barNavRttoM meM bhI ina kaviyoM ne niyamoM kA kaThoratA se pAlana nahIM kiyA / eka dIrghaM nakSara ke sthAna para do laghu akSaroM kA prayoga kara ke bhI varNavRttoM kA nirvAha kara liyA gayA hai / jaise- uttaU / assayAsI muU tehitA mucchiU doNu dhaNu bANu hatthaha cuU / cepaNA lahivi kassA vi NauM pattiu / sacca va. I ya ta dhamma suu pucchiu / sacca kahi puta ki majjha putto muU / kaNha sikkhAi rAhu tA jaMpiu / do tu gau diTThaU / Na assathAmutti NAmeNa raNi NiTThiu // yazaH kosi kRta hari0 pu0 11.9. isa cAra ragaNa sragviNI yA kAminI mohana chanda meM rekhAMkita akSara eka dIrgha akSara ke sthAna para prayukta kiye gaye haiM / apabhraMza kaviyoM ne apanI uparinirdiSTa prakRti ke anusAra aneka navIna chandoM kI sRSTi kii| isake liye unhoMne naye naye chandoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| do chandoM ke mela se bana aneka saMkIrNa-vRttoM kA ullekha chandakoSoM meM milatA hai / apabhraMza meM saMkIrNa-vRtta ullAlA, dohA, gAthA, AbhANaka, mAtrA, kAvya ( rolA) aura kAminI mohana ke mizraNa se banAye gaye haiM / kuNDalika ( dohA + kAvya ), candrAyana ( dohA + kAminI mohana ), sAkula (AbhANaka yA plavaMgama + ullAlA ), raDDA yA vastu ( mAtrA + dohA), chappaya ( kAvya + ullAlA ) ityAdi isI prakAra ke chanda haiM / ' apabhraMza - sAhitya aura hindI kI vividha kAvya-paddhatiyA~ hindI sAhitya kI bhinna bhinna kAvya paddhatiyA~ jo chandoM para Azrita haiM aura jina 34. pro0 velaNakara, apabhraMza mITarsa, jarnala Apha di yUnivarsaTI Apha bambe, jilda 2, bhAga 3, navaM0 1933 pR0 32-62 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya kA hindI-sAhitya para prabhAva kA ullekha svargIya zukla jI ne apane hindI-sAhitya ke itihAsa meM kiyA hai', ve saba apabhraMza se prabhAvita huI huI pratIta hotI haiN| hindI-sAhitya kI kAvya paddhatiyoM meM eka dohA paddhati bhI dikhAI detI hai / apabhraMza muktaka sAhitya meM jainiyoM aura bauddha siddhoM, donoM ne apanI AdhyAtmika aura upadezAtmaka racanAoM ke liye dohA chanda kA prayoga kiyA thA, jo dUhA nAma se prasiddha hai| yaha dohA yA dUhA apabhraMza kA priya chanda rahA hai / 13 aura 11 mAtrAoM kI viSama aura sama caraNoM kI do paMktiyoM kA dohA chanda hotA hai / kucha chanda zAstriyoM ne yaha krama 14 aura 12 mAtrAoM kA batAyA hai| muktaka racanAoM ke atirikta saMdeza rAsaka, sulocanA cariu, bAhubali cariu aura kIrtilatA jaise khaNDakAvyoM meM bhI dohA chanda kA bIca bIca meM prayoga milatA hai / apabhraMza ke prabandhakAvyoM meM se yazaH kItti ke pAMDava purANa meM bhI isa chanda kA prayoga dikhAI detA hai| hindI sAhitya meM apabhraMza-muktaka sAhitya kI AdhyAtmika aura upadezAtmaka dhArAoM ke prabhAva svarUpa hindI-sAhitya ke kabIrAdi santa kaviyoM ne dohA chanda ko apanAyA / unakI naitika aura padezAtmaka pravRtti ke anukUla tulasI, rahIma Adi na bhI dohoM ko apnaayaa| apabhraMza ke zRGgAra paraka dohoM kA prabhAva vihArI para par3A aura usane apane zRGgArika bhAvoM ko abhivyakta karane ke liye dohA chanda kA hI Azraya liyaa| dUsarI kAvya paddhati dohA-caupAI kI hai| isakA prayoga jAyasI aura tulasI ne apane prabandha kAvyoM meM kiyaa| yaha apabhraMza ke carita granthoM kI kaDavaka zailI ke anukaraNa para hindI meM pracalita huI / isameM kaDavaka kI samApti para ghattA ke sthAna para dohA kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / ina prabandhakAroM ne apane kAvyoM meM kahIM kahIM dohA ke samAna soraThA kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| soraThA kA apabhraza meM bhI prayoga huA hai / 2 apabhraMza ke kaDavaka baddha zailI meM racita ina carita granthoM meM chandoM kI vividhatA prAyaH nahIM miltii| isI prakAra hindI-sAhitya meM likhe carita kAvyoM meM bhI isa vividhatA kA abhAva sA hI hai / sUdana kA sujAna carita isa kA apavAda hai| vidyApati aura sUra kI gIta-paddhati kA Adi srota siddhoM ke caryA gItoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| 1. paM0 rAmacandra zukla, hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa, iMDiyana presa prayAga, vi0 saM0 1997, pR0 162-165 2. prabandha cintAmaNi pR0 58 para ko jANai tuha nAha cItu tuhAlauM cakkavai / lahu laMkai levAha maggu nihAlai karaNauttu // ghAI dhauai pAya jesala jalanihi tAhilA / taiM jItA savi rAya eku vibhiSaNu milhi mahu // isI prakAra yogIndra ke paramAtma prakAza meM bhI soraThA milatA hai|
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya hindI-sAhitya meM vIragAthA kAla kI chappaya-paddhati kA chappaya bhI apabhraMza meM prayukta huA hai / chappaya apabhraMza kA saMkIrNavRtta hai / chappaya kA prayoga 10 vIM zatAbdI se pUrva nahIM huaa| svayaMbhU chanda meM isakA lakSaNa milatA hai|' kumArapAla pratibodhAntargata apabhraMza padyoM meM isakA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| gaMdeza rAsaka meM chandoM kI vividhatA milatI hai / chandoM ke Adhikya se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki chandoM ke udAharaNa svarUpa isa kI racanA kI gii| sudaMsaNa cariu, sulocanA cariu aura jiNadatta cariu kI chanda vividhatA kA pIche nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai / hindI ke vIra kAvyoM meM bhI isa chanda-bahulatA ke darzana hote haiN| ___apabhraMza kaviyoM ne jina mAtrika chandoM kA prayoga kiyA hai unameM unhoMne svataMtratA kA paricaya diyA hai / catuSpadI chandoM kA kahIM dvipadI ke samAna, kahIM aSTapadI ke samAna, svecchA ke prayoga kiyA hai / kisI baMdhana ko inhoMne svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| apabhraMza kaviyoM ke pAdAkulaka, pajjhaTikA, harigIta, bhujaMgaprayAta, tATaka, chappaya, rolA, dohA, soraThA Adi aneka mAtrika chandoM kA prayoga hindI ke saMta aura bhakta kaviyoM ne inhIM nAmoM se yA kucha parivartita nAmoM se kiyA hai| apabhraMza ke chandoM ke prabhAva ke atirikta chandoM meM AlApa ke lie kisI akSara ke prayoga kI zailI bhI apabhraMza ke aneka chandoM meM milatI hai / jayadeva muni ke bhAvanA saMdhiprakaraNa ke kucha padyoM meM isakA AbhAsa milatA hai / vahAM e kA prayoga isI uddezya se kiyA gayA hai / kucha rAsA granthoM meM tu kA prayoga bhI isI ora saMketa karatA hai| ___ isake atirikta hindI kavitA meM "kaha giridhara kavirAya" "kahai kabIra" Adi kavi ke nAma prayoga kI praNAlI bhI apabhraMza se hI AI / siddhoM ke gItoM meM unake nAma kA nirdeza milatA hai| suprabhAcArya ne apane vairAgya sAra meM aneka padyoM meM apane nAma kA prayoga kiyA hai / sthAna sthAna para "suppau bhaNai" prayoga milatA hai| ___ apabhraMza ke hindI para prabhAva ke pariNAma svarUpa aneka apabhraMza aura hindI ke kaviyoM meM zabda sAmya dikhAI detA hai / kucha udAharaNa dekhiye -- (i) muMDiya muMDiya muMDiyA sira maMDiu cittu Na mNddiyaa| cittahaM muMDaNu ji kiyau saMsArahaM khaMDaNu ti kiyu|| (pAhuDa dohA) kesana kahA bigAriyA jo muMDo sau bAra / mana ko kyoM nahIM muMDiye jAme viSa vikAra // (kabIra) 1. zrI vipina vihArI trivedI, vizAla bhArata, aktU0 1950 / 2. dekhiye pIcha caudahavAM adhyAya pR0 364 / 3. dekhiye pIche navA adhyAya, pR0 293 / 4. dekhiye pIche caudahavA~ adhyAya pR0 364 / 5. dekhiye pIche navAM adhyAya 50 276-282 /
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya kA hindI sAhitya para prabhAva (ii) je mai~ diNNA diahaDA daieN pavasaMteNa tANa gaNaMtie aMguMliu jajjariAu NaheNa // ( hemacandra prA0 dhyA0 ) sakhi mora piyA ajahu~ na Aola kuliza hiyA / nakhara khoAyalu divasa likhi likhi, nayana a~dhAyalu piya-patha (iii) jahi mana pavana na saMcarai, ravi tahi baTa citta visAma karu, sarahe pekhi // ( vidyApati ) pavesa / zazi nAha kahia uvesa // ( sarahapA ) / jihi bana sIha na saMcareM, paMkhi ur3e nahi jAya raiti divasa kA gama nahIM, taha kabIra rahA lo lAi // (iv) bahu paharehi sUru atthamiyau, ahavA kAi sIsae / jI vAruNi rattu so ugguvi, kavaNu Na kavaNu NAsa // (nayanandI) jahIM vAruNI kI karI, raMcaka ruci dvijarAja / tahIM kiyo bhagavaMta bina, saMpati sobhA sAja // 47 ( kabIra ) (kezava) isa prakAra niSkarSa rUpa se yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki hindI sAhitya ke vibhinna kAvyarUpoM, bhinna bhinna kAloM ke pratinidhi kaviyoM ke kAvyoM aura kAvya-paddhatiyoM kI rUpa rekhA ke darzana saMkSepa se hameM apabhraMza sAhitya meM mila jAte haiM / hindI sAhitya ke vividha kAvyarUpoM meM prApta bhAvadhArA bhI bIja rUpa se apabhraMza sAhitya meM milatI hai / hindI sAhitya ke kAvyoM meM kahIM kAvya kA bAhya rUpa, kahIM kAvya paddhati, kahIM bhAvaapabhraMza kAvyoM ke AdhAra dhArA, kahIM inameM se eka aura kahIM eka se adhika tatva, para vikasita hue, isa kathana meM koI atizayokti nahIM / apabhraMza ke chandoM kA bhI hindI sAhitya para prabhAva pdd'aa| hindI sAhitya kA kalA pakSa bhI apabhraMza sAhitya kA RNI hai / isa vivecana se apabhraMza sAhitya kI mahattA hamAre sAmane spaSTa ho jAtI hai / hindI sAhitya ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza sAhitya kA jo hAtha hai usako dhyAna meM rakhate hue apabhraMza sAhitya kI upekSA karanA hindI sAhitya ke lie ghAtaka hogA / anta meM isa mahatvapUrNa viSaya kI ora dhyAna dilAnA parama Avazyaka hai ki vartamAna rASTrabhASA kA vikAsa apabhraMza se hI huA / katipaya urdU bhaktoM kA yaha kathana hai ki hindI kI khar3I bolI urdU bhASA kA rUpAntara hai| urdU prAcIna hai aura hindI kI khar3I bolI navIna / kahate haiM ki urdU meM se phArasI arabI ke zabda nikAla kara unake sthAna para saMskRta ke zabdoM kA prayoga kara hindIvAloM ne khar3I bolI banA lii| isa mata kA khaMDana karane ke lie apabhraMza se bar3ha kara koI sabala pramANa nahIM / apabhraMza bhASA ke
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya adhyayana se yaha spaSTa rUpa se pratIta ho jAtA hai ki hindI kI khar3I bolI isa yuga meM apabhraMza bhASA hI kA rUpAntara hai / isakA akATya pramANa 12 vIM zatAbdI ke hemacandra dvArA uddhRta tathA muni rAma siMha ke nimnalikhita padya haiM-bhallA huA ju mAriA bahiNi mahArA kantu / lajjejaM tu vayaMsiahu bhaggA ghara entu // jai ( prAkRta vyAkaraNa, 8.4.351 ) 408 tathA caH visayA citi ma jIva tuhuM visaya Na bhallA hoMti / sevaMtAhaM vi mahara var3ha pacchaI dukkhaiM diti // akkhara caDhiyA masi miliyA pADhaMtA gaya khINa / ekka Na jANI paramakalA kahiM uggau kahi lINa // ( pAhUr3a dohA, padya saMkhyA, 163, 200.) ina saba dohoM meM AkArAnta padoM kA rUpa pAyA jAtA hai jaise bhallA, mAriA, bhaggA, caDiyA, miliyA ityAdi / yaha AkArAnta prayoga khar3I bolI kA vizeSa lakSaNa hai / yaha bolI dillI prAnta meM apabhraMza kAla se pracalita rahI hai / paristhiti isa prakAra hai ki mugala zAsakoM kI rAjadhAnI dillI kI khar3I bolI ko phArasI arabI ke zabdoM ke sammizraNa se urdU kA svarUpa diyA gyaa| yadi ina paradezI zabdoM ko khar3I bolI se alaga kara diyA jAya aura unake sthAna meM svadezI tadbhava athavA tatsama zabdoM kA prayoga jo pahile se calA A rahA hai, punaH pracalita kiyA jAya to khar3I bolI kA svAbhAvika rUpa nikhara AyagA / kisI bhASA ke kula kA sambandha usakI kevala zabdAvalI se nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / zabda to udhAra bhI liye jA sakate haiN| jaise hindI kI khar3I bolI ne phArasI arabI zabdoM ko apane meM sammilita karake urdU kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA / kisI bhASA ke kulasAmya kA nirNaya usa bhASA kI pada-yojanA athavA vAkya- vinyAsa se hotA hai / khar3I bolI kA yaha sAmya apabhraMza ke AkArAnta prayogoM se spaSTa hai / sArAMza yaha hai ki urdU tathA hindI donoM hI apabhraMza ke RNI haiM / isalie yaha kahanA sarvathA nirmUla hai ki hindI kI khar3I bolI urdU se nikalI / tathya to yaha hai ki urdU, hindI kI khar3I bolI se utpanna huI hai / khar3I bolI jisako hama nAgarI bhASA bhI kahate haiM prAcIna nAgara apabhraMza se utpanna huI dikhAI detI hai / dillI nagara kI bhASA hone ke kAraNa kadAcit yaha apabhraMza nAgara apabhraMza ke nAma se prasiddha huI ho / saMbhava hai ki nagara kI bhASA hone ke kAraNa yaha bhASA jise hama khar3I bolI kahate haiM kadAcit usa samaya kI kharI bolI ho / niSkarSa yaha hai ki yaha khar3I bolI athavA kharI bolI nAgara apabhraMza kI santati hai, jo akhaNDa rUpa se pravAhita hotI huI hamAre pAsa Adhunika hindI ke rUpa meM pahu~cakara aba rASTrabhASA ke rUpa meM siMhAsanArUr3ha hai / hindI bhASA kA yaha zreya bastutaH isakI jananI apabhraMza ko hI prApta hai /
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________________ pariziSTa (1) granthakAra, grantha, racanA-kAla tathA grantha viSaya pranthakAra pranya racanA-kAla viSaya sarahapA zabarapA luIpA dArikapA kaNhapA zAntipA yogIndu-yogIndra pariziSTa 1 svayaMbhU devasena dohAkoSa evaM caryApada 7vIM - 10vIM zatAbdI rahasyavAda, pAkhaMDa-khaMDana, sahaja-mAga, se saMgRhIta pada 7vIM - 10vIM zatAbdI tantra-mantra, devatAdi kI vyarthatA, guru mahimA, vi0 saM0826 - 866 haThayoga ityAdi ? ? vi0 saM0 866 - saM. 906 vi0 saM0 1057 paramappayAsu / 8vIM - 9 vIM zatAbdI adhyAtma-Atma paramAtma cintana, yogasAra / mokSa-svarUpa pauma cariu 8vIM - 9vIM zatAbdI jaina dharmAnukUla rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata riTThaNemi cariu) kI kathA sAvayadhamma dohA vi0 saM0 990 nIti evaM sadAcAra saMbaMdhI dharmopadeza tathA gahasthocita kartavyoM kA upadeza mahApurANa-tisaTThI mahApurisa) vi0 saM0 1016-1022 jana sAhitya ke 24 tIrthaMkara, 12 cakravartI, gaNAlaMkAra, nAyakumAra cariu, 9 vAsudeva, 9 prativAsudeva, aura 9 baladevajasahara cariu 63 mahApuruSoM kA caritra varNana / nAga kumAra aura yazodhara kA caritra varNana / dhamma parikkhA vi0 saM0 1040 nAnA paurANika AkhyAnoM kI asaMgati, brAhmaNa-dharma para vyaMgya, janadharma kI mhttaa| pAhur3a dohA vi0 saM0 1057 ke Asa-pAsa adhyAtma cintana-bAhya karmakAMDa kI apekSA AtmAnabhUti evaM sadAcaraNa kI mhttaa|| puSpadanta hariSeNa . munirAma siMha
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________________ dhanapAla vIra dhavala nayanaMdI mani kanakAmara zrI candra padmakIrti dhAhila candavaradAI zrIdhara bhavisayatta kahA 11 vIM-12vIM zatAbdI bhaviSyadatta ke kathAnaka dvArA zruta paMcamI vrata kA mAhAtmya-pradarzana jambusAmi cariu vi0 saM0 1076 antima kevalI jaMbU svAmI kA caritra-varNana harivaMza purANa vi0 saM0 11vIM zatAbdI mahAbhArata kathA sudaMsaNa cariu, sakala vidhi- vi0 saM0 1100 sudazana caritra dvArA paMca namaskAra kA maahaatmy| vidhAna kAvya nAnA vidhividhAnoM evaM ArAdhanAoM kA vivecana karakaMDa cariu vi0 saM0 1122 karakaMDu mahArAja ke caritra dvArA jainadharma ke sadAcAramaya jIvana kA digdarzana kathA koSa tathA ratna karaMDa zAstra vi0 saM0 1123 dhArmika evaM upadezaprada kathAe~ pAsacariu-pArzvapurANa vi0 saM0 1134 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kA caritra pauma sirI cariu vi0 saM0 1191 se pUrva padmazrI kA jIvana-caritra pRthvIrAja rAso 12vIM - 13vIM zatAbdI cauhAnavaMzI pRthvIrAja tRtIya kA jIvana pAsaNAha cariu vi0 saM0 12vIM-13vIM zatAbdI pArzvanAtha kA caritra sukumAla cariu sukumAla svAmI ke pUvajanma kA varNana bhavisayatta cariu zruta paMcamI vrata ke phala aura mAhAtya kA pradarzana karane ke liye bhaviSyadatta kA caritra-varNana suloyaNA cariu vi0 saM0 1029-1372 cakravartI bharata ke pradhAna senApati jaya kumAra kI dharmapatnI sulocanA kA caritra upadeza rAsAyana rAsa vi0 saM0 1132-1210 vi. nIti evaM sadAcAra saMbaMdhI dharmopadeza kAla svarUpa kulaka carcarI jinadatta sUri ke garu jinavallabha sUri kA guNagAna tathA nAnA caitya vidhiyoM kA vidhAna vairAgyasAra 11vIM-13vIM zatAbdI dharmatattva vivecana dvArA vairAgya bhAva pracAra bharatabAhubalirAsa vi0 saM0 1241 RSabha putra bharata aura bharata ke choTe bhAI bAhubali ke jIvana-saMghaSa kA varNana apabhraMza sAhitya devasena gaNi jinadatta sUri suprabhAcArya zAlibhadra sUri
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________________ jinapadma sUri vinayacanda sUri siMha abdula rahamAna dharma sUri vijayasena sUri haribhadra somaprabha amarakIti vinayacandra jayadeva mani delhaNa lAkha yA lakkhana siri thUlabhadda phAga neminAtha catuSpadikA pajjuNNa cari sandeza rAsaka jamba svAmi rAsa revaMta giri rAsa sanatkumAra carita jIvamanaH karaNa saMlApa kathA, sthUlabhadra kathA, dvAdaza bhAvanA chakkammova uvaesa mAla kahANaya chappaya, bhAvanA sandhiprakaraNa gaya-sukumAla rAsa jiNadatta cariu aNavaya rayaNa paIya sthUlIbhadra aura kozA kI kathA 22va tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI kathA 24 kAmadevoM ma se 21veM kAmadeva kRSNaputra pradyumna kA caritra vi0 saM0 12vIM, 13vIM zatAbdI eka virahiNI kA apane pravAsI priyatama ko eka pathika dvArA sandeza bhejanA jaMba svAmI kA caritra revaMta giri kI prazaMsA, neminAtha kI stuti, girinAra ke jana mandiroM kA jIrNodvAra RSi sanatkumAra kA caritra - varNana dhArmika kathAbaddha rUpaka-kAvya sthUlabhadra aura kozA kI kathA saMsAra kI anityatA aura kSaNabhaMgaratA batalAte hue dvAdaza bhAvanAoM ke pAlana kA mahattva vi0 saM0 1257 ke Asa-pAsa vi0 saM0 1257 ke Asa-pAsa vi0 saM0 13vIM zatAbdI vi0 saM0 1266 vi0 saM0 1288 vi0 saM0 1216 vi0 saM0 1241 vi0 saM0 1247 13vIM zatAbdI 13vIM - 14vIM zatAbdI vi0 saM0 1300 vi0 saM0 1313 gRhasthocita devapUjA, gurusevA, zAstrAbhyAsa, saMyama, tapa aura dAna nAmaka chaha karmoM ke pAlana kA upadeza prAcIna tIrthaMkaroM aura dhArmika puruSoM ke udAharaNoM dvArA dharmAcaraNa kA upadeza naitika aura dhArmika jIvana kA upadeza kRSNa bhagavAna ke choTe sahodara bhAI gajasukumAla kA caritra jinadatta kA caritra varNana zrAvakocita vratoM -aNavratoM evaM karttavyoM ke svarUpa aura svabhAva kA varNana pariziSTa 1 411
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________________ lakhanadeva yA lakSmaNadeva ambadeva NemiNAha cariu samarArAsa vi0 saM0 1510 se pUrva vi0 saM0 1371 dhanapAla vidyApati yazaHkIrti rayadhU bAhubali carita vi0 saM0 1454 kItilatA vi0 saM0 caudaha-pandraha zatAbdI pAMDava purANa vi0 saM0 1497 harivaMza purANa vi0 saM0 1500 balabhadra purANa, padma purANa (?) sukauzala carita, pandrahavIM-solahavIM zatAbdI Atma saMbodha kAvya, dhanakumAra carita, meghezvara carita, zrIpAla carita, sanmatinAtha carita harivaMza purANa vi0 saM0 1497 parameSThi prakAza sAra vi0 saM0 1553 zrIpAla carita, vi0 saM0 1512 se pUrva ? varddhamAna kathA varddhamAna caritra vi0 saM0 1545 se pUrva ? amarasena caritra vi0 saM0 1576 nAgakumAra caritra vi0 saM0 1579 zAntinAtha caritra vi0 saM0 1587 mayaNa jujjha vi0 saM0 1589 22 va tIrthaMkAra naminAtha kA caritra-varNana saMghapati desala ke putra samarasiMha ko dAnavIratA kA varNana prathama kAmadeva bAhubali kA caritra-varNana rAjA kIrtisiMha kA yazagAna pAMDavoM kI kathA kA varNana mahAbhArata kI jainadharmAnasAra kathA jainadharmAnukala pAMDavoM kI kathA , rAma kathA sukauzala mani kA caritra varNana adhyAtma mahApuruSoM ke caritra antiya tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke caritra kA vaNana jana dharmAnakUla mahAbhArata kI kathA . dharmopadeza zrIpAla kA caritra-varNana tIrthakara mahAvIra kI kathA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA caritra-varNana amarasena kA caritra-varNana nAgakumAra kI kathA zAntinAtha kA caritra-varNana bhagavAn purudeva dvArA kiye madana-parAjaya kA varNana candralekhA evaM sAgaracandra kA caritra-varNana tathA candralekhA ke zIlavrata kA mAhAtmya * apabhraMza sAhitya zratakIrti narasena jayamitra halla mANikya rAja mahindu baccarAya bhagavatIdAsa mRgAMkalekhA caritra vi0 saM0 1700
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________________ Ananda yA mahAnandI munimahacanda mahezvara sUri vinaya canda harideva rAjazekhara sUri pauma ? ? abhayadeva sUri AnandA yA Ananda stotra dohA pAhur3a saMyama maMjarI cUnar3I kalyANaka rAsu jhira paMcamI vihANa kahANaka mayaNa parAjaya cariu zrI neminAtha phAgu dharma sUri stuti sAlibhadda kakka hA mAtRkA jaya tihuyaNa stotra ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ~~ ? ? ~~ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? dhArmika sAdhanA kA ullekha, adhyAtma citrantana adhyAtma - gurumahattA, AtmajJAna, viSaya tyAga Adi saMyama kA mahattva dhArmika bhAvanAoM evaM sadAcAroM kI ra~gI cunar3I dhAraNa karane kA upadeza jaina tIrthaMkAroM kI paMca kalyANakArI tithiyoM kA varNana madana parAjaya kathAviSayaka rUpaka kRti neminAtha kI kathA dhArmika bArahamAse kA varNana varNamAlA ke akSaroM ke krama se dhArmika dohe varNamAlA ke akSaroM ke krama se dohoM meM dharmAcaraNa kA upadeza pariziSTa 413
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________________ 23 pariziSTa (2) katipaya prasiddha lokoktiyA~, sUktiyA~ tathA vAgdhArAyeM "vari ekkalao vi paMcANaNu sAraMga-Nivahu vuNNANaNu vari ekkalao vi mayalaJchaNu Na ya Nakkhatta-Nivahu pillaMchaNu / vari ekkalao vi rayaNAyaru Niu jalavAhiNi-NiyarU sa-vittharu / / vari ekkalao vi vaisANarU Nau vaNa-Nivahu sarukkhu sgirivru|" paramacariu 38.2 jahiM pahu duccariu samAyara, tahi jaNu sAmaNNa kAi karai / (riTThaNemi cariu) bhukkau chaNayaMdahu saarmeu| (mahApurANa 1.8.7.) uTThAviu suttau sIhu keNa / (vahI, 12.17.6.) mANabhaMgu vara maraNu na jIviu / (vahI, 16.21.8.) ko taM pusai NiDAlai lihiyau / (vahI, 24. 8.8.) bhariyau puNa rittau hoi rAya / (vahI, 39. 8.5.) lUyAsutte vajjhau masau Nahatthi Nirujjhai / (vahI, 31.10.9.) jo govAlu gAi Nau pAlai so jIvantu duddha Na NihAlai / jo mAlAru velli Nau posai so suphallu phala kava lahesai / / (vahI, 51.2.1.) iha saMsAra dAruNa bahu sarIra sNghaarnne| vasiUNaM do vAsarA ke ke Na gayA gara varA // (vahI, 7. 1.) mucchaM gai dijjai salilu pavaNu uvasaMtaho kijjai dhamma svnnu| kiM sukke rukkheM siMcieNa aviNIyaM kiM saMbohieNa // (jasa* ca0, 1.20.1-2) aNaicchayaI hoti jimi dukkhiN| sahasA pariNavaMti tiha sokkhiN| (bhavi0 kahA, 3.17.8.) jovvaNa viyAra rasa vasa pasari so sUrau so pNddiyu| cala mammaNa vayaNu llAvaehiM jo paratiyahiM na khNddiyu|| (vahI, 3. 18. 9.)
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________________ pariziSTa 2 paraho sarIri pAu jo bhAvai taM tAsai balevi saMtAvai / (vahI, 6.10.3.) aho caMdaho jonha kiM mailajjai dUri hua / / ( vahI, 11.3.17. ) jahA jeNa dattaM tahA teNa pattaM imaM succae siTTha loeNa vRttaM / supAyannavA kovA jatta mAlI kahaM so naro pAvae tattha sAlI // (vahI, pR. 84 . ) kacca pallaTTai ko rayaNu, pittalai hemu vikkai kavaNu / ( jambU sAmi cariu, 2.18.) ko divAyara gamaNu paDikhalai / jama mahisa siMga kkhaNai / ( vahI, 5.4 . ) kare kaMkaNu ki Arise dIsae / ( sudaM0 ca0, 7.2.) jaM jasu ruccai taM tassa bhallau / (vahI, 7. 5. ) eka hattha tAla ki vajjai, kiM mAravi paMcama gAijjai / ( vahI, 8.3.) para uvaesu diMtu bahu jANau / ( vahI, 8 . 8 . ) vara suvaNNa kalasaho uvari, DhaMkaNa kiM khapparu dijjai / ( vahI, 8 . 6 . ) aha Na kavaNa NeheM saMtAviu / ( vahI, 7.2 ) saggu evi rau kiM vaMchahi / ( vahI, 8.5 ) taM khajjai jaM pariNai pAvai / ( vahI, 8.5 ) duddha suddha kiM kaMjiu pUrai / (vahI, 8. 8. ) devahaM vidulakkhau tiya caritu / ( vahI, 1.18 ) jovvaNu puNu giriNai veyatulla, vidvatteM hoi savvaMgu Dhilla / ( vahI, 9 21 ) guruANu saMgu jo jaNa vahei, for icchiya saMpai so lahei / ( kara0 ca0 2.18.7 . ) viNu keraI labhai NAhi mitta, eha mesNi bhuM huM hatthametta / ( vahI, 3.11.1.) 415 loheNa viDaMviu sayalu jaNu bhaNu kiM kira cojjaI u karai / ( vahI, 2.9.10. ) osahu nirumiTTha vijjuvaiTTha, ahujaNa kAsu na hoi piu / (pa0 si0 ca, 2. 7. 88.) uii caMdi ki tAriyahaM / ( vahI, 1. 10. 33.) ali vaMcevi keyara vaule laggu, jaM jasu maNiTTha taM tAsu laggu / ( vahI, 2.5.57 . )
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________________ apabhraMza sAhitya kau mitta-viyou na dukkha dei / vahI, (3.1.7) uvveva karaMDai phuTTai bhaMDai kAi mi kijjai ghari thiyiN| (vahI, 1.14.184) kiM teNa pahavai bahu dhaNaI, jaM vihaDiyaha Na uddhri| kavveNa teNa kiM kaiyaNeNa, jaM Na chaillahaM maNuharai // (pajjaNNa cariu se uddhRta) 'kiM vijjae jAe Na hoi siddhi' / 'ki NijjaleNa ghaNa gajjieNa' / (bAhu0 cariu se uddhRta) eyANa vayaNa tullo homi Na homitti punnnnimaadiyho| piyamaMDalA hilAsI carai va caMdAyaNaM caMdo // . (jambU0 carita, 4. 14) sayalajja sirevaNu payaDiyAI aMgAI tIya savisesaM / ko kaviyaNANa dUsai, siTuM vihiNA vi puNaruttaM // (saMdeza rAsaka, 2. 40) uttarAyaNi vaDhihi divasa, Nisi dakkhiNa ihu puvva Niuiu / ducciya vaDDhahi jattha piya, ihu tIyau virahAyaNa hoiyau // (vahI, 2. 112) sappurisaha maraNAahiu para parihava saMtAu / (vahI, 2. 76). purisattaNena purisao nahi purisao jammamattena / jaladAnena hu jalao nahu jalao puJjio dhuumo|| so purisao jasu mAno so purisao jassa ajjane stti| iaro purisAAro puccha vihUnA pasU hoi // (kIrtilatA, pRSTha 6) aNNu ji tittha ma jAhi jiya aNNa ji garua ma sevi / aNNu ji deu ma ciMti tuhu~ appA vimalu muevi // (para0 prakAza, 1. 95) deu Na deule Navi silae Navi lippai Navi citti| akhau NiraMjaNa NANamau siu saMThiu sama citti // je diTThA sUruggamaNi te atthavaNi na diTTha / / teM kAraNiM vaDha dhamma kari dhaNi jovvaNi kau tiTTha // (vahI, 2. 132) bahueM salila-viroliyaI karu coppaDau Na hoi / (vahI, 2.74) mUla viNaTThai taruvarahaM avasaI sukkahiM paNNa / (vahI, 2. 140)
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________________ pariziSTa 2 maragau jeM pariyANiyau tahuM kacceM kau gaNNu / (vahI, 2. 78 ) muMDiya muMDiya muMDiyA siru muMDiu cittu Na maMDiyA / cittahaM maMDaNa jiM kiyau saMsArahaM khaMDaNa ti kiyau // ( pAhur3a dohA, padya 135 ) huI paDhiyaI mUr3ha para tAlU sukkai jeNa / ekku ji akkharu taM paDhahu sivapuri gammai jeNa // ( vahI, 97 ) sukAriNi dhaNu saMcaI, pAva karevi goru / taM pichahu suppara bhaNaI, diNi diNi galai sarIru // (vairAgya sAra, padya 33) vau masANi Thavevi lahu, baMdhava giya ghara jaMti / vara lakkaDa suppau bhaNaiM, je sarisA Dajjhati // ( vahI, padya 10 ) jajjhari bhaMDai nIru jimu, Au galaMti pecchi / ( vahI, padya 20 ) dujjaNa suhiyau hou jagi suyaNu payAsiu jreNa / amiu viseM vAsaru tamiNa jima maragau kacceNa // ( sAvaya dhamma dohA, padya 2 ) maNuyattaNu dullahu lahivi bhoyahaM periu jeNa / iMdhaNa kajjeM kappayaru mUlaho khaMDiu teNa / ( vahI. padya 219 ) jahiM sAhasa tahiM siddhi / ( vahI, padya 71 ) dhamma dhammu kajju sAhaMtau / paru mArai kIvai jajjhatau / tu vi tasu dhammu atthi na hu nAsai parama para nivasai so sAsai // dhaM na karesi vaMchesi suha muttie, caNaya vikkesi vaMchesi vara muttie / jaM ji vAvijjae taMji khala lajjae, bhujjae jaMji uggAra tassa kijjae / 417 ( upadeza rasAyana rAsa, padya 26 ) ( bhAvanA sandhi prakaraNa, padya 52 ) ( vahI, padya 57) (vahI, padya 25 ) ghari palittaMmi khaNi sakai ko kUvae / kiM lohaiM ghaDijaM hiyaM tujjha // gaya maya mahuara isa salaha niya niya visaya pasatta / starkkeNa i indiyaNa dukkhaM niraMtara patta // ikkiNi iMdiya makkaliNa lavbhai dukkha sahassa / jasu puNa paMcai mukkalA kaha kusalattaNu tassa // ( saMyama maMjarI, padma 17-18)
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________________ 418 ... apabhraMza sAhitya amhe thovA riu bahuma kAyara emba bhaNanti / muddhi NihAlahi gayaNayalu kai jaNa joNha karanti // (prAkRta vyAkaraNa, 8.4.376) je niahiM na para dosa / gaNihiM ji payaDia tosa / te jagi mahANubhAvA / viralA sarala sahAvA // paraguNa gahaNu sa dosa payAsaNa / mahu mahurakkharahi amiu bhAsaNa / uvayAriNa paDikio veriaNahaM, ia paddhaDI maNohara suaNahaM // (chando'nuzAsana) je paradAra-parammahA te vuccahiM narasIha / je pariraMbhahi para ramaNi tAhaM phasijjai lIha // (kumArapAla pratibodha, pRSTha 155,) jaivi hu sUru suruvu viakkhaNu tahavi na sevai lacchi paikkhaNu / purisa gaNAguNa muNaNa parammuha mahilaha baddhi payaMpahiM jaM buha // (vahI, pR0 331) jA mati pacchai saMpajjai sA mati pahilI hoi| maMja bhaNai muNAlavai vighana na veDhai koi|| . (prabandha cintAmaNi pR0 24) kasu karu re putta kalatta dhI kasu karu re karasaNa vaaddii| ekalA Aivo ekalA jAivo hAtha paga behu jhADI // (vahI, pR0 51) kumArapAla ! mana ciMta kari ciMtihi kiMpi na hoi| jiNi tuhu rajja sapmappira ciMta karesai soi // (prabandha koza, pR0 51) uvayAraha uvayAraDau savvu lou karei / avaguNi kiyai ju guNa karai viralau jaNai jnnei|| (vahI, pR0 8) suraaru surahI parasamaNi, Nahi vIresa samANa / o vakkala aru kaThiNa taNu, o pasu o paasaann|| (prAkRta paigala pR0 139)
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________________ pariziSTa (3) saMbhava jiNaNAha cariu tejapAla racita 'saMbhava jiNaNAha cariu' kA varNana apabhraMza kAvyoM ke prasaMga meM asAvadhANI se chUTa gyaa| usakA saMkSipta varNana yahA~ pariziSTa meM diyA jA rahA hai| yaha graMtha aprakAzita hai / isakI hastalikhita prati zrI candra prabhu, digambara jaina sarasvatI bhavana zrI digambara jaina mandira, dIvANa amara canda jI, jayapura se prApta huI thii| isakI racanA tejapAla ne thIlhA ke Azraya meM kI thii| kavi ke jIvana aura racanA-kAla ke viSaya meM kucha vivaraNa upalabdha nhiiN| graMtha meM chaha sandhiyA~ aura 170 kar3avaka haiN| pratyeka sandhi ke anta meM kavi ne apane nAma kA nirdeza kiyA hai| graMtha kA Arambha nimnalikhita maMgalAcaraNa se huA hai o3m namaH siddhebhyaH // sAsaya suhakAraNu kugai NivAraNu cariu parama guNa gaNaNiyaru / saMbhava jiNa kerau saMti jaNerau bhaNami bhavva ANaMdayaru // maMgalAcaraNa ke anantara caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kA stavana kiyA gayA hai| tadanantara kavi ne apane AzrayadAtA thIlhA kA paricaya diyA ha / graMtha meM paraMparAgata sajjana prazaMsA aura durjana nindA bhI milatI hai ghattA-ahavA kiM dujjaNa dhamma vihajaNu jai viDappu viyaraMtu Nahi / solaha kala bhAsau sasi amiyAsau Nau cukkai jaMtu pahi // 1.7 tadanantara jaMbudvIpa aura tatrastha bharata kSatra kA ullekha kara kavi magadha deza kA varNana karatA hai| vahA~ zreNika mahArAja ke gaNadhara se pUchane para vaha jiNasaMbhava purANa sunAnA Arambha karate haiN| kavi ne dhArmika bhAvanA se prerita hokara isa graMtha kA nirmANa kiyA hai| nizi bhojana niSedha, dAna, ahiMsA Adi SaTkarmopadeza prabhRti bhAvanA hI pramukha hai ghattAraya rayaNi divAyara guNarayaNAyara jo chakkamma samAyarai / 1. iya saMbhava jiNa carie sAvayAyAra vihANa phala sarie siri tejapAla viraie, sajjaNa saMdoha samaNi aNumaNNie, siri mahAbhavva tholhA savaNa bhUsaNe sirivimala vAha . Niva dhammAyaNNaNo NAma paDhamo paricheuM samatto // sandhi 1 //
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________________ apabhraMza-sAhitya so kamma viyArivi siva bahudhArivi bhavasAyaru lIlaI tarai // 1.39 graMtha meM kavitva kI pradhAnatA nahIM / kAvyamaya varNanoM kA prAyaH abhAva hai / varNana sAmAnya koTi ke haiM / eka namUnA dekhiye iha jaMva dIu dIvahaM pahANu, giri dari sari saravara siri nnihaannu| tahi majjhi sudaMsaNa NAma merU, NaM vihiNA kiu jaya majjhi meru / taho sellahu dAhiNI disi vicittu, siri saMkula NAmeM bharahakhettu / taho majjhi magahu NAmeNa desu, taho vaNNahu pAraM gau Na sesu / ityAdi 1.8 . varNanoM kA calatA karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| magadha deza kA varNana zeSa bhI na kara sakA ataH kavi ne bhI cupa rahanA ucita smjhaa|
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________________ anukramaNikA grantha aura granthakAra (kAle TAipa ke aMkoM para vizeSa vivaraNa hai / aMka pRSTha saMkhyA ke sUcaka haiM / ) Ananda vardhana-319 akalaMka-175, 181, 229 AnaMdA-Ananda stotra-283 akharAvaTa-391 AryA saptazatI-320, 389 agaracanda nAhaTA-110, 248, 290, 359, 379 ___ 'IzAna-229 aNathamI kahA-359 aNanta vaya kahA-360 ukti vyakti-380 aNuvaya rayaNa paIu-356-358 ukti vyakti vivRtti-380 addahamANa (abdula rahamAna)-42, 50, udyotana sUri-4, 217, 342, 376 247, 395 uddharaNa kathA-359 ananta vrata kathAnaka-359 upadeza taraMgiNI-332 ananta nArAyaNa-335 upadeza rasAyana rAsa-42,43, 288-289, antaraMga rAsa-42, 367 363, 367, 390 abhayadeva sUri-42, 372 upamiti bhava prapaMca kathA-36, 334, 342 abhinava mupta-1 upAdhye-de0 AdinAtha neminAtha / amara kIti-41, 354, 359, 395 uvaesa mAla kahANaya chappaya-360, 368 amaracandra-5,6 amarasena carita-243 Rgveda-8 amita gati-344 RSabha jina stotra-42 ambadeva-370 ayodhyAsiMha upAdhyAya-403 kaNhapA (kRSNapAda)-305, 312-315, arthazAstra-133 318, 392 asaga-104 kathA koSa-41, 348-350 A kathA koSa prakaraNa-332, 342 AkAza paMcamI-359 kanakAmara-34, 181, 394 AdinAtha neminAtha 'upAdhye'-17, 268, kabIra-21, 276, 277, 297, 318, 274, 361, 391, 392, 393, 405
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________________ 422 apabhraMza-sAhitya karakaMDa cariu-114, 181-196, 394 gAthA saptazatI-13, 320 karNapUra-335 gIta govinda-389 kalyANaka rAsu-296, 359 gItAvalI-389 kastUracanda kAsalIvAla-103 guNacandra-5 kAtre-248 guNacandra muni-332 kAdaMbarI-63, 376, 400 guNabhadra-38,40, 175 kAmatAprasAda jaina-360 guNasiMha-175 kAmAyanI-339, 389 guNADhya-14 kAlasvarUpa kulaka-43, 289, 290-292, guNe pAMDuraMga dAmodara-95 govardhanAcArya-389 kAlidAsa-16, 36, 60, 61, 62, 71, govinda-175,216 74, 75, 98, 175, 216, gauDavaho-16, 382, 383 229, 319, 320, 363, gautama caritra kulaka-290 388,400, 401 griyarsana sara jArja-8, 11 kAvya mImAMsA-4 kAvya latA parimala-5 caMDa-1,268 kAvyAlaMkAra-4, 5, 16, 319 caMdappaha cariu (candraprabha carita)-36,118 kirAtArjunIya-36, 388 238-240 kIrtilatA-42, 47, 259-265, 378, caumuha (caturmukha)-104, 175, 216, 389,405 219 kumArapAla carita-36, 322, 326 candavaradAI-109, 390 kumArapAla pratibodha-42, 294, 319, candana SaSThi-359 320, 326, 335, 352, 364 candralekhA de0 mRgAMka lekhA caritra kumAra saMbhava-36, 60, 400 carcarI-43, 289, 361-363 kuvalaya mAlA kathA-4, 217, 342, cUnarI-cUnar3I-43, 296-267, 359 362, 376 caitanya candrodaya-335 kRSNa mizra-334 kezavadAsa-174,401 kezavaprasAda mizra-24 chakkammovaesa-41, 354-356, 395 kautUhala-16, 175, 394 chando'nuzAsana-319, 322, 326 chAndogya upaniSat-334 gaya sukumAlaka-293 gaya sukumAla rAsa-369 jaMbu sAmi cariu-147-157, 169, 362
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________________ jaMbU svAmi rAsa - 42,368 jagatsundarI prayogamAlA - 377 jayadeva - 175, 181 jayadeva (gItagovindakAra) - 389, 398 jayadeva muni - 43, 291, 294, 406 jayarAma - 175,344 jayazaMkaraprasAda-339, 402 jaya mitra halla - 243 jaya zekharasUri - 335 jaya tihuNa stotra - 42, 372 jasa kitti - 67 manukramaNikA jasa candra - 175 jasahara cariu - 40,73, 114, 137-147 jAtaka nidAna kathA - 334 jAyasI malika mohammada - 21, 168, 228, 362, 388, 391, 394, 395, 396, 397, 405 jAlandhara pAda- 312, 313 jJAna paMcamI kathA - 342 jJAna sUryodaya- 335 jiNadatta cariu - 49, 226-231, 357, 394, 402, 406 jinadatta sUri- 42, 43, 288, 361 jina padma - 365 jina prabha - 42, 290, 367 jina purandara kathA - 359 jina ratti kahA - 359 jina rAtri vidhAna kathAnaka - 359 jina sena - 175, 217 jinezvara sUri - 290, 332, 342 jIva manaH karaNa saMlApa kathA -42, 335 337 jIvAnandana - 335 jogicandra - de0 yogIndu DeMgI pA - 312 raNa NAya kumAra cariu - 73, 130-137 Nijjhara paMcamI vihANa kathAnaka - 296, 359 miNAha cariu - 40 232-234 ta tattva vicAra - 379 taraMgavatI - 342 tArAnAtha-6 423 tilaka maMjarI - 342, 379 tribhuvana - 53 trivikrama - 17 triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa carita - 383 tulasIdAsa - 388, 389, 391, 396, 397, 405 da daMDI - 3, 53, 175 dalAla-cimanalAla DAhyAbhAI - 95 dazaratha zarmA - 110 daza rUpaka - 319 dazakumAracarita - 340, 376 dAmodara - 380 dArika pA - 312 dudhArasI-359 hA mAtRkA - 372 devaprabha--383 devasena-43, 46, 274, 283 devanandi muni - 359 devadatta - 360 devasena gaNi- 216, 395, 402 dezI nAma mAlA - 322
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________________ 424 apabhraMza-sAhitya dha dohA pAhur3a-283 nItisAra-133 droNa-229 nemicanda-360 dvAdaza bhAvanA-294 nemi nirvANa-36, 383 neminAtha carita-223 dhanapAla-34, 95, 200, 234, 342, neminAtha catuSpadikA-366-367, 400 379, 383, 394, 395 nemi rAsa-42, 367 dhanapAla kathA-379 naiSadha carita-388 dhanaMjaya-319 dhammapada-6. paMcamI cariu-52 dhambha parikkhA -342-348 pauma cariu-52, 53-67, 397, 401 dharma parIkSA-344 pauma sirI cariu-40,47,115, 197dharma vijaya-335 207, 342 dharma sUri-368 pajjuNha kahA-41, 342 dharma sUri stuti-42, 371, 400 pajjuNNa cariu (pradayumna carita)-220dhavala-34, 217, 383, 395 223 dhAhila-34, 197 pataMjali-1, 2, 175 dhUrtAkhyAna-344 padma purANa-53, 116-118, 217 dhvanyAloka-319 padma kIti-207 padmAvata-228,362, 388, 389,394, nami sAdhu-5, 17 395, 396 nayanandI-34, 157, 174, 362, 399, paramappayAsu-43, 180, 267-272, 401 278, 284 narasena-243 paramAnanda jaina-221, 222, 227, 359 narapati nAlha-390 paramAla rAso-391, 402 narottama dAsa-110 parameSThi prakAza sAra-127, 373 nala carita-250 pazcAttApa kulaka-290 navakAra phala kulaka-209 pAMDava carita-383 nAgakumAra carita-243 pAMDava purANa-118-121, 239, 359, nAgadeva-335 396, 405 nATaya-darpaNa-5, 6 pANini-11, 12, 175 nATya-zAstra-1,2 pAdalipta sUri-175, 342 nidda ha saptamI kahA-359 pArzvanAtha stuti-364 nirdoSa saptamI kathAnaka-359 pAsa cariu (pArzvapurANa) 207-209
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________________ anukramaNikA 425 bha pAsaNAha cariu-40, 210-212 pAzavai kathA-359 bANa-53, 63, 72, 89, 175, 216, pAhuDa dohA-43, 274-278 225, 229, 400 piMgala-175 bAhubali carita-234-238, 395,405 puraMdara vihANa kahA-359 bihArI-405 purAtana prabaMdha saMgraha-47, 319,332 bIsaladeva rAso-390 puruSottama deva-16 buddha carita-387 puSpadanta-4, 33, 34, 40, 45, 53, bRhatkathA-14 72-94,98, 114, 115,130, bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad-334 137, 175, 181, 200, 216, 217, 229, 363, 374, 383, 402,403 bhagavatIdAsa-17, 244 puSpAMjali-359 bharata-1, 2,6 bharata bAhubali rAsa-363, 367 pUrNabhadra-243, 374 pRthvIcandra caritra-380 bharaha-175 pRthvIrAja rAso-42, 109:116, 388, bhavabhUti-63, 401 390, 391 bhavisayatta kahA-41, 47, 95.102, pema prakAza-367 342, 383, 394 prabandha cintAmaNi-319, 320, 328, bhravisayatta cariu-40, 210, 214-215 bhartRhari-1 prabandha koza-319, 329 bhAgavata purANa-296 prabodha candrodaya-334 bhAnudatta-33 prabodhacintAmaNi-335 bhAmaha-3, 16, 53, 175 prabodhacandra bAgacI-300, 305 bhAyANI harivallabha-53, 95 prabhAcandra-175 bhAravi-36, 175, 388 pravarasena-13, 175 bhArata jananI-339 prAkRta paiMgala-319, 330 bhArata durdazA-339 prAkRta sarvasva-16 bhAratendu harizcandra-339 prAkRtAnuzAsana-16 bhAvanA kulaka-290 prAkRta lakSaNa-268 bhAvanA saMdhi prakaraNa-43, 291-294, prAkRta dvayAzraya kAvya-319, 322 prAkRta vyAkaraNa-319,320, 322, 326 bhuvana sundarI kathA-342 . 327, 398 bhUdeva zukla-335 priya pravAsa-403 bhUpAla-216
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________________ 426 apabhraMza-sAhitya bhoja-32, 33, 47, 319 meru tuMgAcArya-319, 327, 328, 335 mRgAMka lekhA caritra-244-246 mRgA putra kulaka-290 moha parAjaya-334 yazaHkIrti-118,122-126, 127,238, 359, 396, 405 yazaHpAla-334 yazodhara caritra-36 yAkobi-95 yAjJavalkya-175 yogavAsiSTha-282 yoga zAstra-373 yogasAra-43, 273, 278, 284 yogIndu-43, 46, 180, 267-268, 273, 274, 278, 283, 284 madana parAjaya-42, 335, 339 manu-175 manamohana ghoSa-13 mammaTa-5 mayaNa jujjha-339 mayaNa parAjaya cariu-338-339 mayUra-175, 216 mallinAtha carita-223 mahAbhASya-1, 6 mahApurANa (tisaTThi mahApurisa guNAlaMkAra)-72-94, 115, 363, 383, 402, 403 mahAsena-217 mahAbhArata-132 mahANaMdi-283 mahAvIra carita-332 mahindu-244 mahezvara sUri-295, 342 mAgha-197 mANikya sUri-36 mANikya candra sUri-380 mANikya rAjya-243 mAtRkA caupai-374 mAyA vijaya-335 mArkaNDaya-16, 17 mAlatI mAdhava-401 muMja-33, 47 muktAvali vidhAna kathA-359 muni jinavijaya-47, 248 mani maha caMda-283 muni rAmasiMha-274, 393, 408 megha dUta-75, 98 raghuvaMza-74, 401 ratna karaNDa zAstra-350-351, 362 . ratnAvalI-362, 394 rayadhU-117, 240-241, 243, 359 raviSeNa-38, 53, 217 ravivau kahA-359, 360 rasakhAna-286 rahIma-405 rAjakumAra jaina-339 rAjazekhara-4, 5, 47, 175 rAjazekhara sUri-319, 329, 370 rAmacandra-5 rAmacandrikA-174, 400, 401 rAmacandra zukla-51, 405 rAmakumAra varmA-390
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________________ rAmacarita mAnasa - 387, 388, 396, 397, 400, 401 rAmasiMha - 43, 46 rAmasiMha tomara - 169 rAmAyaNa - 71, 75, 78, 98, 132, 250 rAvaNa vadha - 13 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana - 286, 300, 305, 306, 309, 311, 312, 397 riTTha Nemi cariu - 52, 67-72 rudra - 175 rudraTa - 4, 16, 17, 319 revanta giri rAsa - 42, 368 rohiNi vidhAna kathA - 359 la anukramaNikA lakkhaNa (lAkha) - 227, 356-357, 402 lakhamadeva (lakSmaNadeva ) - 232 lakSmaNa gaNi- 332 lakSmIcanda-374 lakSmIdhara-17 lalita vistara- 6 lIlAvatI kathA - 16, 394 lUI pA - 305, 309, 311 va vaDDhamANa cariu-40 vararuci-175 vasudeva hiNDi - 41, 342 vardhamAna kathA - 243 vardhamAna carita - 243 vAkpatirAja - 363 vAgbhaTa - 5, 36, 383 vAdicandra sUri - 335 vAmana - 175 vArAyaNa - 175 vAlmIki - 71, 75, 78, 175, 216, 229 vAsavadattA - 340, 376 vikramorvazIya - 16, 60, 319, 320, 362 vijaya sUri- 342 - vijayasena sUri-368 vidyApati - 42, 47, 168, 259, 378, 389, 398, 405 427 vidyApariNayana - 335 vinayacandra - 43, 296, 359, 366, 368 vinayatoSa bhaTTAcArya - 305, 306, 312 vimala kIrti - 360 vimala sUri - 38, 40, 53 viSNudharmottara- 5 vIra - 148, 362 vIra carita - 104 vIra nandI - 36 vIra siMha deva carita - 387 bIrasena - 175 vuccarAya-339 veMkaTanAtha-335 vairAgya sAra-43, 279-282, 406 vyAsa - 104, 175, 216, 229 za zabara pA - 305, 309-310 zabdAnuzAsana- 268 zahIdullA - 300 zAnti pA - 305, 316-317, 318 zAntinAtha carita - 244 zAradAtanaya - 16 zAlibhadra - 363
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________________ 428 apabhraMza-sAhitya zAha barakata ullA-367 siddharSi-36, 334, 342 zizupAla vadha-197 siddha sena-181 zrAvakAcAra-374 siddha hemacandra zabdAnuzAsana-322 zrI kumAra-175 siri thUli bhadda phAga-365-366 zrI candra-41,175,348,350,362 / suaMdha dasamI kahA-359, 360 zrI neminAtha phAgu-370 sukumAla cariu-210, 213-214, zrIdhara-210, 213, 214 243, 374 zrI pAla carita-243 sukauzala carita-240-243 zrI harSa-53, 175, 216, 219, 388 sujAna carita-387, 405 zruta kItti-127, 373 sudaya vaccha kathA-250 sudAmA carita-387 saMkalpa sUryodaya-335 sudaMsaNa cariu-40,47, 157-174, saMghadAsa gaNi-342 180, 362, 399, 401, 406 saMyama maMjarI-43, 295-296 sunIti kumAra caiTarjI-11, 13, 18, sakala vidhi nidhAna kAvya-157, 21, 305 174-180 supAsa nAha cariu-332 sanatkumAra carita-223-226 suprabhAcArya-43, 279, 406 sandeza rAsaka-42, 50, 116, : 47- subhaTa carita-293 258, 264, 265, 391, 395, subhASita kulaka-290 397, 405, 406 subhASita ratnAvalI-320 sanmati nAtha carita-243 sumitrAnandana panta-402 sapta kSetri rAsu-374 sulocanA kathA-217 samarA rAsa-42, 365, 370 sulocanA cariu-216-220, 395, samarAicca kahA-41, 342, 362 - 402, 405, 406 samyakatva mAI caupai-374 susamanta bhadra-175, 181 saraha pA-305, 306-309, 398 sUdana-405 sarasvatI kaMThAbharaNa-319 sUradAsa-24, 307, 389, 391, 398, sAlibhadda kakka-371, 391 399, 405 sAvayadhamma dohA-43, 274, sUra sAgara-398, 399 283-287 setu bandha-13, 382 siMha-220 sokhavaI vihANa kathA-360 siMha nandI-175 somaprabha-42, 294, 319, 320, 326, siddha-221 335-336, 352
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________________ anukramaNikA solaNa-43 * solaha karaNa jayamAla - 359 sthUlabhadra kathA - 41, 352-354, 399 - svayaMbhU - 33, 34, 40, 52-72, 78, 95, 98, 105, 175, 181, 216, 229, 397, 401 248, 376 hara prasAda zAstrI - 300, 305 harideva - 42, 338 hari bhadra - 223, 342 hari bhadra sUri- 344 hari SeNa - 343 429 harivaMza purANa - 102-109, 118, 122, 127, 217, 239, 359, 373, 383, 395 harpa carita - 401 haliya- 216 hAla - 13 hindI kAvyadhArA - 300 hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla - 116, 376 svayaMbhU chanda-52, 53, 406 ha hajArI prasAda dvivedI - 21, 35, 116, hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa - 405 hIrAlAla jaina- 67, 102, 181, 221, 222, 357, 359, 361 hemacandra - 1, 5, 17, 21, 23, 24, 36, 95, 180, 268, 274, 319, 320, 321-322, 327, 383, 398, 408
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________________ sahAyaka granthoM kI sUcI granthoM ke prApti-sthAna, prakAzaka Adi kA vivaraNa pAda-TippaNiyoM meM yathAsthAna de diyA gayA hai| yahA~ kevala sUcI dI jA rahI hai / aprakAzita granthoM kA isa sUcI meM nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA / unakA vivaraNa bhI grantha meM yathAsthAna milegA / apabhraMza kAvya trayI (apabhraMza) gAyakavAr3a sirIja, saM0 37, bar3audA, 1927 / apabhraMza pAThAvalI (apabhraMza) saMpAdaka zrI madhusUdana cimanalAla modI, 1935 I0 / apabhraMza mITarsa (aMgrejI) pro0 velnnkr| iMDo-Aryana eMDa hindI (aMgrejI) DA0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI, 1942 I0 / iMDiyana budhisTa AkonographI (aMgrejI) zrI bI0 bhaTTAcArya, 1924 I0 / itihAsa praveza (hindI) zrI jayacandra vidyAlaMkAra, ilAhAbAda,1941 I01. uttara rAmacarita (saMskRta) bhavabhUti / uttarI bhArata kI saMta paramparA (hindI) zrI parazurAma caturvedI, vi0 saM0 2008 / upadeza taraMgiNI kaashii| RtambharA (hindI) DA0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI, 1951 I0 / orijina eMDa DevalepameMTa Apha baMgAlI ___ laiMgveja (aMgrejI) DA0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI / kathA koSa prakaraNa saM0 muni jinavijaya jI, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI, 1949 ii0|| kabIra granthAvalI (hindI) saMpAdaka bA0 zyAmasundaradAsa, 1928 I0 / karakaMDa cariu (apabhraMza) saMpAdaka DA0 hIrAlAla jaina, kAraMjA, barAra, 1934 ii0| kavidarpaNa saMpAdaka pro0 velaNakara / kAdambarI (saMskRta) nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1921 I0 / kAvya mImAMsA (saMskRta) rAjazekhara kRta, gAyakavAr3a sirIz2a,. saMkhyA 1, bar3audA, 1924 I0 / kAvyAvarza (saMskRta) daNDin, bhaNDArakara orayaMTala insTiITyUTa, 1938 ii0| kAvyAlaMkAra (saMskRta) rudraTa / kAvyAlaMkAra (saMskRta) bhAmaha, caukhambhA saMskRta sirIz2a oNphisa, 1928 ii0| kotilatA (apabhraMza) vidyApati, saMpAdaka DA0 bAbUrAma saksenA, prayAga, vi0 saM0 1986 /
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________________ sahAyaka granthoM kI sUcI 431 kumArapAla pratibodha (prAkRta) somaprabha, saMpAdaka muni jina vijaya jI, bar3audA, 1920 ii0| kumArapAla pratibodha (jarmana) luDaviga AlsaDarpha, jarmanI, 1928 I0 / kezava-kaumudI (hindI) saMpAdaka lA. bhagavAnadIna, vi0 saM0 1986 I0 / kaiTeloga Apha saMskRta eMDa prAkRta manu skripTas ina do sI. pI. eMDa barAra nAgapura 1926 I0 / kaiTeloga Apha mainuskripTas ina di jaina bhaNDArasa eTa pATaNa (pattana), bhAga 1 bar3audA 1937 ii0| gauDavaho (prAkRta) ___ vAkpatirAja kRta, bhaNDArakara risarca insTITyUTa, pUnA, 1927 I0 / gAthA saptazatI (prAkRta) bambaI 1933 ii0| jasahara cariu (apabhraMza) saMpAdaka DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya, kAraMjA, barAra, 1931 I0 / jAyasI granyAvalI (hindI) saMpAdaka paM0 rAmacandra zukla, kAzI, lan 1924 / jina ratna koSa, prathama bhAga (aMgrejI) saMpAdaka pro. hari dAmodara velaNakara, pUnA, 1944 ii0| jaina garjara kaviyo prathama bhAga saMpAdaka, mohanalAla dalIcanda desAI, zrI jaina (gujaratI) zvetAmbara kAnphreMsa, bambaI vi0 saM0 1982 / jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa (hindI), paM0 nAtha rAma premI, bambaI, 1942 I0 / NAyakumAra cariu (apabhraMza) puSpadanta kRta, saMpAdaka DA0 hIrAlAla jaina, kAraMjA, barAra, san 1933 ii0| dohA koSa (apabhraMza) saMpAdaka pro0 prabodhacandra baagcii| dohA pAhuDa (apabhraMza) saMpAdaka DA0 hIrAlAla jaina / , dhUrtAkhyAna (prAkRta) saMpAdaka pro0 A0 ne0 upAdhyAya, bambaI, 1945 ii0| nATya-darpaNa (saMskRta) bhAga 1 gAyakavAr3a sirIz2a saMkhyA 48, 1929 I0 / nATyazAstra (saMskRta) bharatakRta bar3audA, 1926 ii0| / nATyazAstra (saMskRta) bharatakRta kAzI, 1985 vi0 sN0| nAtha saMpradAya (hindI) zrI hajArIprasAda dvivedI, ilAhAbAda, 1950 I0 pauma cariu, svayaMbhUdeva viracita (apabhraMza) prathama bhAga-vidyAdhara- saMpAdaka DA0 harivallabha cUnIlAla bhAyANI, kAMDa dvitIya bhAga-ayodhyA kAMDa siMghI jainagAstra zikSApITha, bhAratIya evaM sundara kAMDa vidyA bhavana, bambaI, vi0 saM0 2009 /
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________________ 432 apabhraMza-sAhitya pauma cariya (prAkRta) vimala sUri kRta, bhAvanagara, 1914 I0 / pauma sirI cariu (apabhraMza) saMpAdaka zrI modI aura zrI bhAyANI bambaI, vi0 saM0 2005 / pattana bhaMDAra, grantha-sUcI paramappayAsu (apabhraMza) saMpAdaka pro0 AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhyAya, ___ bambaI, 1937 ii0| pAhuDa dohA (apabhraMza) saMpAdaka pro0 hIrAlAla jaina, kAraMjA, barAra, vi0 saM0 1990 / purAnI hindI (hindI) paM0 candradhara zarmA gulerI, kAzI, vi0 saM0 2005 / purAtatva nibandhAvalI (hindI) zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, 1937 I0 / / purAtana prabandha saMgraha saMpAdaka zrI muni jina vijaya, kalakattA, vi0 saM0 1992 / pRthvIrAja rAso nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA saMskaraNa, kAzI / pema prakAza DA. lakSmIdhara zAstrI, dillI, 1943 I0 / prabandha cintAmaNi merutuMgAcArya viracita, saMpAdaka zrI jina vijaya muni, zAnti niketana, vi0 saM0 1989 / prabandha koza rAjazakhara sUrI kRta, saMpAdaka zrI muni jina vijaya, zAnti niketana, vi0 saM0 1991 / prazasti saMgraha zrI kastUracanda kAsalIvAla dvArA saMpAdita, jayapura, 1950 ii0| prAkRta vyAkaraNa (saMskRta) hemacandra kRta, saMpAdaka DA0 parazurAma vaidya, pUnA 1928 ii0| prAkRta-apabhaMza-sAhitya aura usakA hindI-sAhitya para prabhAva (hindI) DA0 rAmasiMha tomara (aprkaashit)| prAkRta lakSaNa cNdd| prAkRta paiMgala saMpAdaka zrI candramohana ghoSa, 1900-1902 I0 prAkRta laiMgveja eMDa deara kanTrIbyUzana Tu iMDiyana kalcara, (aMgrejI) DA0 esa. ema. katre, bambaI, 1945 I0 prAcIna gurjara kAvya-saMgraha gAyakavAr3a sirIz2a saMkhyA 13, 1920 I0 / prAcIna hindI candradhara zarmA gulerI, nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA kAzI, vi0 saM0 2005 / premI abhinandana grantha bRhatkathA koSa (saMskRta) saMpAdaka pro0 A0 ne0 upAdhyAya / bauddhagAna o dohA (apabhraMza) saMpAdaka ma0 ma0paM0 haraprasAda shaastrii|
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________________ bharata bAhubali rAsa ( apabhraMza ) bhavisayatta kahA ( apabhraMza ) bhAva prakAzana (saMskRta) bhAvanA saMdhi prakaraNa ( apabhraMza ) madana parAjaya (saMskRta) mAlatI mAdhava (saMskRta) meghadUta - kAlidAsa (saMskRta) moha parAjaya yogasAra (apabhraMza) raghuvaMza (saMskRta) ratnAvalI nATikA (saMskRta) rAma kathA (hindI), sahAyaka granthoM kI sUcI mahApurANa - tisaTThi mahApurisa guNAlakAra, (apabhraMza) puSpadanta bhAga 1 - 3, saMpAdaka DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya, bambaI / madhyakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti (hindI) zrI gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA, prayAga, 1928I0 mAnasAMka (hindI) rAmAyaNa (saMskRta) rAvaNa vaho -setubandha ( prAkRta ) lAipha Apha hemacandra (aMgrejI anuvAda) fifafsTaka sarve Apha iMDiyA (aMgrejI) lIlAvatI kathA (prAkRta) vAgbhaTAlaMkAra (saMskRta), vikramorvazIya (saMskRta) vidyApati kI padAvalI vairAgyasAra (apabhraMza) bhASA candrikA (saMskRta) 433 saMpAdaka paM0 lAlacandra bhagavAna gAndhI, ahamadAbAda, vi0 saM0 1997 / dhanapAla kRta, saMpAdaka zrI dalAla aura zrI guNe, bar3audA, 1923 I0 / zAradAtanaya kRta, gAyakavAr3a sIrIz2a saMkhyA 45, bar3audA, 1930 I0 / saMpAdaka ema0 sI0 modI | nAgadeva kRta pro0 rAjakumAra jaina, kAzI, vi0 saM0 2004 / kalyANa, gorakhapura / bhavabhUti / yazaHpAla, gAyakavAr3a sirIz2a, bar3audA / saMpAdaka pro0 A0 ne0 upAdhye, bambaI, 1937 I0 / kAlidAsa kRta / zrI harSa kRta / revareMDa phAdara kAmila bulke, hindI pariSad vi0vi0 prayAga, 1950 I0 / vAlmIki / laMdana, 1880 I0 / DA0 maNilAla paTela, 1936 I0 / griyarsana. 1927 I0 / kautUhala kRta, saMpAdaka pro0 A0 ne0 upAdhyAya, bambaI 1949 I0 / zrI veMkaTezvara presa, baMbaI | kAlidAsa kRta / rAmavRkSa benIpurI dvArA saMkalita, dvitIya saMskaraNa, pustaka bhaMDAra, laheriyA sarAya aura paTanA / prabhAcArya kRta, saMpAdaka pro0 velaNakara | lakSmIvara racita, saMpAdaka rAva bahAdura kamalA prANa zaMkara, bambaI, 1916 I0 /
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________________ 434 sanatkumAra carita (apabhraMza) sAdhanamAlA sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna (hindI) sAvayadhamma dohA sAhityadarpaNa (saMskRta) supAsaNAha cariu ( prAkRta) saMdeza rAsaka (apabhraMza ) saMyama maMjarI ( apabhraMza ) svayaMbhU harSa carita (saMskRta) hindI kAvyadhArA (hindI) hindI sAhitya kI bhUmikA (hindI) sAhitya saMpAdaka DA0 haramana yAkobI, jarmanI, 1921 I0 / gAyakavAr3a sirIz2a, saMkhyA 41 / to bAbUrAma saksenA, prayAga, vi0 saM0 2006 / devasena kRta, saMpAdaka DA0 hIrAlAla jaina, vi0 saM0 1929 / nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1915 I0 / lakSmaNagaNi kRta, saMpAdaka zrI govindadAsa seTha, kAzI, 1918 I0 / saMpAdaka zrI muni jina vijaya tathA zrI harivallabha bhAyANI, baMbaI, vi0 saM0 2001 / mahezvarI sUri kRta, saMpAdaka zrI guNe tathA zrI dalAla pro. velaNakara dvArA saMpAdita / bANa kRta, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1918I0 / zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, prayAga, 1945 I0 / zrI hajArI prasAda dvivedI, hindI grantha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI 1940 / DA0 bhagIratha mizra, lakhanaU, vi0saM0 2005 / zrI nAmavarasiMha, sAhitya bhavana limiTeDa ilAhAbAda, 1952 I0 / hindI kAvya zAstra kA itihAsa (hindI) hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga (hindI) hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta zrI kAmatAprasAda jaina, kAzI, 1946 I0 / DA0 dhIrendra varmA, prayAga, 1940 I0 / DA0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI, san 1952 I0 / itihAsa (hindI) hindI bhASA kA itihAsa (hindI) hindI sAhitya (hindI) hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla (hindI) DA0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI, paTanA hindI sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka san 1952 I0 / itihAsa (hindI) DA0 rAmakumAra varmA, prayAga, 1948 I0 / hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa (hindI) paM0 rAmacandra zukla, prayAga, vi0 saM0 1997 / hisTrI Apha saMskRta liTarecara (aMgrejI) maikaDonela, 1928 I0 / hisTrI Apha baMgAla, (aMgrejI) bhAga 1, DA0 ramezacandra majumadAra / hisTrI Apha iMDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 1 - 2 maurisa vinTaraniz2a, (aMgrejI anuvAda) kalakattA, 1933 I0 / hisTrI Apha miDIvala hindU iMDiyA (aMgrejI) bhAga 2 zrI sI0 bI0 vaidya pUnA, 1924 I0 / vahI bhAga 3 1926 I0 / hisTorikala graimara Apha apabhraMza (aMgrejI) DA0 tagAre, pUnA, 1948 I0 / hemacandra, prAkRta vyAkaraNa DA0 parazurAma vaidya, pUnA, 1928 I0 /
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________________ 435 sahAyaka granthoM kI sUcI patra-patrikAe~ anekAnta ilAhAbAda yunivarsiTI sTaDIz2a bhAga 1 iMDiyana eMTikverI iMDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI enalsa Apha bhaNDArakara oriyanTala risarca iMsTITyUTa, bhAga 23 oriyanTala jarnala, kalakattA kAranATika hisTorikala rivyU gaMgA purAtattvAMka jarnala Apha di DipArTameMTa Apha laiTarsa, kalakatA jarnala Apha di royala eziyATika sosAyaTI jarnala Apha di rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI. bAmbe brAMca janala Apha di yunivarsiTI Apha bAmbe jaina eMTikverI jaina siddhAnta bhAskara nAgapura yunivarsiTI jarnala, 1942 I0 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA prosIDiMgsa oriyaMTala kAnpharensa "bhAratIya vidyA rAjasthAna bhAratI vizAla bhArata
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________________ . vizvAsa kA bala malla - mallikA caTTAneM rAste kA mor3a digambarI hamAre anya prakAzana upanyAsa bhagavatIprasAda bAjapeyI yAdavacandra jaina paradezI zrIrAma zarmA 'rAma' sUryakumAra jozI nATaka-ekAMkI siddhArtha buddha sarajA-zivAjI jAgIradAra candragupta maurya ekAMkI ekAMkI-saMgama pA~ca ekAMkI dasa ekAMkI ve purAne muralI bAdazAha banArasIdAsa karuNAkara gopAlacandra deva udayasiMha bhaTanAgara DA0 lakSmaNa svarUpa saM0 DA0 nagendra kSemacandra 'sumana' rAjezvara guru devadatta bhaTala rekhA-citra harSadeva mAlavIya wr " 5 / / ) 3 // ) " 3) 5|1) (presa meM) 2) 3030320 111) 1 // ) 2) 1 // ) jhuna khalIpha dulaMgate ikke, pake Ama 211) bhAratI sAhitya maMdira, phavvArA, dillI 33
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________________ hamAre sAhityika prakAzana zodha-prabandha hindI alaMkAra-sAhitya hindI kAvya aura usakA saundarya hindI aura baMgAlI ke vaiSNava-kavi apabhraMza-sAhitya DA0 promprakAza DA0 omaprakAza (presa meM) DA0 ratnakumArI DA0 haribaMza kocara 10) 10) AlocanA kI ora vicAra aura niSkarSa sAhitya-vArtA Adhunika hindI-nibandha sAhityika nibandha DA. omaprakAza pro0 vAsudeva, ema. e. girijAdatta zukla pro0 surezacandra gupta / sathA kRSNacandra vidyAlaMkAra 7 // ) 5 // ) AlocanAtmaka grantha kAvya-samIkSA kAvyAnuzIlana pratinidhi Alocaka AlocanA aura Alocaka sAhitya kA svarUpa kAvya-vivecana hindI kAvya-darzana mAlocanA ke patha para seTha govindadAsa : nATya, kasA ta sAhitya aura sAhityakAra sAhitya ke prAloka-stambha * pro0 surezacandra gupta 4) pro0 surezacandra gupta 4 // ) DA0 mohanalAla tathA pro0 surezacandra gupta TA0 mohanalAla tabhA pro0 surezacandra gupta 2 // ) pro0 surezacandra gupta 2 // ) pro0 surezacandra gupta rezacandra gupta 6) lAla sahala 5) raNa mahendra 5) ra 'mAnava' (presa meM) ra 'mAnava' (presa meM) bhAratI sAhitya maMdira, phavvArA, dillI