Gujaratno Rajkiya ane Sanskritik Itihas Part 08 British Kal

Author(s): Hariprasad G Shastri, Pravinchandra Chimanlal Parikh
Publisher: B J Adhyayan Sanshodhan Vidyabhavan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032611/1

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gujarAtanA rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa bilI ) no la. PATEL eka bhAlAbhAI nAgabAI abhayayana

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saMzodhana graMthamAlA prathAMka 83 roDa bheLAbhAI jazabhAI cana-sodhana vidyAbhavana gujarAtanA rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa gre 8 braTiza kAla (I. sa. 1914 sudhInA) saMpAda hariprasAda ga`gAzaMkara zAstrI, ema.e., pIeca.DI. anusnAtaka adhyApaka, saMzodhana-mAdaka ane nivRtta adhyakSa ro bhA.je. adhyayana saMzAdhana vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda ane pravINacan cimanalAla parIkha, ema.e., pI eca.DI. anusnAtaka adhyApaka, saMzAdhana--mAdaka ane adhyakSa zeTha bhA.je. adhyayana--saMzAdhana vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda zeTha bhALAbhAI ziMgabhAI adhyayana-sa`zAdhana vidyAbhavana amadAvAda-380009.

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prathama sarakaraNa vi.saM. 2011 I. sa. 1984 kiMmata rUA.% prAzaka pravINacaMdra ci. parIkha adhyakSa je. je. adhyayana-saMzodhana vidyAbhavana 2. che. mA, amadAvAda 380008 muka narendra DI. paTela umiyA prinTarI nAraNapurA gAma amadAvAda-380013

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prastAvanA "gujarAtane rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsanI graMthamAlAmAM prakAzita thayelA graMtha 1 thI 7 nA anusaMdhAnamAM A graMtha 8 prakAzita thAya che. I. sa1817 nA navembaranI Akhare, gujarAtanuM pATanagara gaNAtA amadAvAdamAM bhadranA kilA upara yuniyana jeka pharakyo ane I. sa. 1947 nA oNgasTanI 15mIe bhAratanAM sarva sthaLoe enA sthAne AjhAda bhAratane rASTradhvaja pharakyo e be samayAvadhi vaccenA gALAne gujarAtanA itihAsamAM briTiza kAla gaNAya. paraMtu pradezanI pherabadalInA karArane AkharI svarUpa bIjA varSe arthAta 1818mAM apAyuM heI, ahIM enI pUrvamaryAdA tyArathI gaNavAmAM AvI che. kSatrapa kAla, maitraka kAla, solaMkI kAla, saltanata kAla ane mughalakAlanI sarakhAmaNIe lagabhaga 130 varSane A samayagALA ochA lAMbo gaNAya. paraMtu A nikaTatama atIta kAlakhaMDane lagatI sAmagrI eTalA vipula pramANamAM upalabdha che ne e kAlanuM sAMskRtika jIvana eTaluM badhuM vaividhya bharyuM che ke A graMthamALAnA mALakhAmAM samasta briTizakAlane rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsane samAvo muzkela paDe. AthI pahelethI ja A kAlanA ItihAsa mATe doDheka graMthane vistAra phALavavAmAM Avela. A graMthamAM briTiza kAlane I. sa. 1914 sudhIne ja itihAsa AlekhAyele che, e pachIne ItihAsa graMtha mAM ApavAmAM Avaze. phiraMgIo ane valaMdAonA dhIkatA vepArathI prerAIne I. sa. 1600 mAM aMgrejoe bhArata vagere pUrvanA dezo sAthe vepAra karavA "IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInI sthApanA karI ne enuM paheluM vepArI vahANa I. sa. 1608 mAM surata baMdare lAMgaryuM, tyArathI aMgrejo gujarAtanA saMparkamAM AvyA hatA. 1913thI 1618 daramyAna teone gujarAtamAM vepAra karavAnI paravAnagI maLI. suratanI koThI hiMdanAM badhAM briTiza vepArI thANAMnuM vaDuM mathaka banI. A tabakkAnI rUparekhA "mughalakAlanA prakaraNa 5 mAM pariziSTa rUpe ApI che. - I. sa. 1758 thI aMgrejo ahIMnA rAjakAraNamAM praveza karI pradeza prApta karavA mAMDyA ne pezavAo ane gAyakavADo varacenA khaTarAgane lAbha laI teoe dhIme dhIme gujarAtamAM aneka pradezo para pitAnI sattA jamAvyA karI. A

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tabakakAnI rUparekhA marAThA kAla'nA prakaraNa 5 nA pariziSTa ra mAM AlekhI che. ? emAM aMte darzAvyuM che tema pezavA tathA gAyakavADa sAthenA karArothI aMgrejone 1817-18mAM ghaNuM pradeza prApta thayA eTaluM ja nahi, saurASTramAM paNa teonuM sarvoparI varcasa sthapAyuM.. A graMthamAM I. sa. 1818thI 1914 sudhI arthAt lagabhaga eka zatakane rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsa AlekhAya che. enI vividha sAdhanasAmagrIne paricaya prakaraNa 1 mAM apAyo che, jemAM janA prakAranuM mahattva ghaTatuM dekhAze ne aneka navA prakAra najare paDaze. rAjakIya ItihAsane khaMDanA AraMbhamAM aMgrejonA gujarAta sAthenI pUrvasaMparkonI saLakha samIkSA bhUmikArUpe ApavAmAM AvI che (prakaraNa 2che. I. sa. 1818 thI gujarAtanA keTalAka bhAge IMglenDanI IraTa InDiyA kaMpanInuM sIdhuM zAsana vistaryuM, ne gujarAtamAMnA "briTiza hiMdIne vahIvaTa mATe pAMca jillAomAM vaheMcavAmAM AvyuM tene ItihAsa A graMthanA prakaraNa 3 mAM AlekhAya che. 18pa7-18mAM dezamAM prajAnA amuka vargo taraphathI aMgreja kaMpanInA sattAdhIza sAme je udake pragaTa temAM gujarAtamAM banelI keTalIka ghaTanAone samAveza thAya che. Ane vRttAMta prakaraNa 4 mAM ApavAmAM AvyuM che. e udraka videzI sattAnuM umUlana karavAmAM bhale saphaLa na nIvaDyo, paraMtu enA pariNAme hiMdamAM IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInA sthAne briTiza sarakAranuM zAsana pravaryuM, je lokazAhInI javAbadArI dharAvatuM. A bIjA tabakkAnA AraMbhamAM ya hiMdanA anya pradezanI jema gujarAtanI praja aMgrejonA rAjakIya zAsana tathA sAMskRtika prabhAvathI aMjAI jatI hatI ne tema chatAM dhIme dhIme aMgrejonI zoSaNanItino anubhava thatAM enAmAM rASTriya amitA tathA jAgRtinI bhAvanA khIlatI gaI ne pitAnA vAjabI hako mATe sarakAranI nItine virodha karavAnI hiMmata AvatI gaI. navI zikSaNa prathAo temaja sthAnika svarAjyanI saMsthAoe A jAgRtine vega Apyo. chatAM gAMdhIjI AphrikAthI AvI ahIM sthira thayA ne emaNe rASTriya jAgRtine je vyApaka ane prabaLa vikAsa karAvyo tenI sarakhAmaNIe 1914 sudhInI jAgRti dhImI ane maLI gaNAya. I. sa. 1858 thI 1914 sudhInA A bIjA tabakakAnI rUparekhA prakaraNa 5 mAM AlekhI che. A baMne tabakkAo daramyAna sthAnika riyAsato para aMgreja zAsakenuM varcasa vadhatuM gayuM. teone caDatA-UtaratA sAta vargomAM vagIkRta karavAmAM AvI ne teonI sattAne ghaNu niyaMtrita karI devAmAM AvI. prakaraNa 6 mAM A rAjakIya

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7 prakriyA nirUpI gujarAtamAMnI resiDensI tathA peAliTikala ejansIone temaja taLa-gujarAta, saurASTra ane kacchanI mukhya riyAsatAne paricaya ApavAmAM Avyo che. prakaraNa 7 mAM gujarAtamAMnA briTiza mulakAnA rAjyataMtranI tathA sthAnika riyAsatAnA rAjyavahIvaTanI samIkSA karI che. I. sa. 1818-1914 daramyAna gujarAtamAM pahelAM IsTa inDiyA kaMpanInA te pachI briTiza sarakAranA temaja keTalAMka dezI rAjyAnA vividha sikkA calaNamAM hatA, tene paricaya A prakaraNanA pariziSTamAM ApelA che. briTiza zAsananA pariNAme gujarAtamAM eka bAju briTiza sattAnA prAbalyanI tathA pAzcAtya saMskRtinA prabhAvanI asara pravatI, tA bIjI bAju dhIme dhIme rAjakIya jAgRti ane rASTravAdanI bhAvanA vikasI, tenI rUparekhA prakaraNa 8 mAM AlekhI che. enA pariziSTamAM ahInI rAjakIya cetana! vyakta karatAM sasthAe ane maDaLAnA paricaya ApyA che. lekajIvana para prabaLa asara karatA paribaLa tarIke ja agatya dharAvatA A rAjakIya itihAsanA khaMDa sakSipta nirUpaNane laIne A graMthane mAMDa trIje bhAga rAke che. navI vibhAvanA anusAra itihAsamAM sAMskRtika jIvananAM vividha pAsAM mukhya sthAna dharAve che. e anusAra sAMskRtika itihAsane khaDa ahI' rAjakIya itihAsa karatAM deDhagaNu pramANa dharAve che. emAM pahelAM tatkAlIna samAjanAM aniSTo tathA sudhAraNAnI samIkSA karI che (prakaraNa 8). enA pariziSTarUpe Adima jAtionI saMskRtinA paricaya Apyo che. e kAlanI Arthika sthitinA nirUpaNa(prakaraNa 10)mAM eka bAju zAMtisalAmatI ane yatrAnA upayega dvArA keTalAka vikAsa dekhA de che teA bIjI bAju aMgrejonI svArthavRttine laIne svadezI hunnara kalAonI tathA vepAravaNajanI avanati najare paDe che. pariziSTa 1 mAM e kAlanAM badarI ane vahANavaTAnI je samIkSA karavAmAM AvI che te A avanatinA sacoTa khyAla Ape che; bIjI bAju A ka3 daramyAna hiMdIe!nAM videzAmAM gamana tathA vasavATa vadhatAM gayAM ne temAM gujarAtAe agrima sthAna dharAvatA e pirizaSTa 2 parathI spaSTa thAya che. briTiza zAsane keLavaNInI pirapATImAM keTalAka dharakhama pheraphAra karyA, jemAM adhyApana--tAlIma tathA kanyAkeLavaNI khAsa noMdhapAtra che (prakaraNa 11). prAdezika bhASAnA vikAsamAM ziSTa gujarAtI bhASA ghaDAI ne mudraNakalAe gujarAtI lipinuM

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8 niyatIkaraNa karyuM, chatAM Ama vargamAM vividha khAlI pracalita rahI (prakaraNa 12). sAhityamAM eka bAju madhyakAlIna paripATI cAlu rahI, teA khIjI bAju navI keLavaNIe sAhityanuM arvAcIna svarUpa vikasAvyuM te ahIM keTalAka navA sAhitya--prakAra pracalita thayA (prakaraNa 13), mudraNakalAe prakAzana-pravRttine vega ApyA (pariziSTa 1); keLavaNI khAtAe, vaDAdarA rAjye tathA keTalIya vidyAsaMsthAe lekhana tathA prakAzanane ghaNuM prAtsAhana ApyuM (pariziSTa 2). vRttapatrA tathA sAmayikA e briTiza zAsana dvArA hiMdune maLelI pazcimanI aNumAla bheTa che, gujarAtanuM patrakAratva A kAla daramyAna A baMne kSetrAmAM ugama tathA vikAsa pAmyuM (prakaraNa 14). samAjanI jema dharma saMpradAyAmAM paNa A kAla daramyAna eka bAju dUSaNAne ane khIjI bAju sudhAraNAnA pravAha vahetA dekhAya che. emAM svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanA tatha! dharma sudhAraNAnAM navAM AMdelananA phALA gaNanApAtra che. e pravAhamAM rUDhi ane sudhArA vacce pahelAM sagha thAya che ne aMte samanvaya paNa sadhAya che (prakaraNa 15). A kAla daramyAna khristI dharma prasArakAnI pravRttio paNa pAMgarI (puravaNI). A graMthamAlAnA agAunA graMthAnI jema A graMthamAM paNa sAMskRtika itihAsanA khaMDa pachI purAtattvanA khaMDa (prakaraNa 16 thI 18) ApavAmAM AvyA che. sthApatya, zilpa ane citrakalAmAM have paraparAgata klAne vikAsa ghaTayo che, paNa e darekamAM pazcimanI asara nIce keTalAka navA unmeSa pragaTayA che. A kAlanAM maMdirAmAM svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanAM maMdirAe kalAomAM kareluM pradAna khAsa noMdhapAtra che. chellA prakaraNamAM citrakalA uparAMta nRtyakalA, nATacakalA tathA saMgItakalAnA jUnAnavA pravAheAnI paNa samIkSA karavAmAM AvI che te enA pariziSTamAM e kAlanI vividha hunnara-klAnA paricaya ApyA che. A kAlane lagatI itara pravRttiomAM purAtattva--khAtAnAM tathA myujhiyamAnAM pagaraNa thayAM tenI samIkSA ahI graMthanA aMte pariziSTa 1 ane 2 mAM rajU karavAmAM AvI che. vaLI A kAla daramyAna samAja, dharma, sAhitya, kalA vagere kSetromAM pAzcAtya saMskRtinI je gherI asara prasarI tenuM vihaMgAvalokana paNu karAvavAmAM AvyuM che (pariziSTa 3). Ama A graMthamAM agAunA graMthAnA lagabhaga sarva viSaya cAlu rahyA che; eTaluM ja nahi, e uparAMta keTalAka navA viSayAnu paNa umeraNa thayu' che. chellA be prathAnI AyeAjanAmAM salAhakAra samitinA

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sabhyo uparAMta anya aneka vidvAnA sAthe thayela sayukta carcAvicAraNAne enA yaza ghaTe che. prAcIna tathA madhyakAlIna itihAsanI sarakhAmaNIe arvAcIna itihAsanu kheDANa ochuM thayuM hAI, A graMtha tathA AnA pachIneA graMtha ghaNA upayogI nIvaDaze. alabatta, graMthamALAnI AyeAjanA anusAra phALavAtI pRSThasakhyAnI maryAdAne laIne A itihAsanAM vividha pAsAMnuM nirUpaNu sakSepamAM karAyuM che te emAM vadhu UMDA abhyAsa tathA vistRta nirUpaNu mATe ghaNA avakAza rahelA che. agAu jaNAvyA mujaba gujarAtanA itihAsamAM briTiza kAla vadhu vistAra mAgI letA hAI ahI enuM I. sa. 1914 sudhInu ja nirUpaNa karAyuM che te enA I. sa, 19 14 thI 1947 sudhInA tabakko graMtha 9 mAM nirUpavA rakhAyA che, jenI sAthe AjhAdI-prAptithI gujarAta rAjyanI sthApanA sudhInA I. sa. 1947 thI 1960 sudhInA itihAsa paNa ApavAmAM Avaze. agAunA graMthAnI jema A graMthamAM ya a Mte saMdarbhasUci, zabdasUci, AlekhA tathA citrA ApavAmAM Avela che, je graMthanI upayogitAmAM umerA kare che. nakazAo tathA vaheMzAvaLIe chellA graMthamAM ApavA dhArIe chIe, A graMthamALAnA lekhana tathA prakAzananA kharca aMge amane gujarAta rAjya sarakAra tarakathI 75 TakA anudAnanI Arthika sahAya maLatI rahI che tenI ahIM paNa sAbhAra noMdha laIe chIe. A kArTImAM amane badhA vakhata sAthasahakAra ane mAdarzana ApavA mATe ame gujarAtarAjyanA bhASA--niyAmakazrI temaja gujarAta rAjya sAhitya akAdamInA mahAmAtrazrInA AbhArI chIe, itihAsanA aneka abhyAsIe taraphathI amane je sakriya sahakAra maLyA che te mATe ame te sahune paNa mAbhAra mAnIe chIe. AvA graMthanI guNavattAne mukhya AdhAra enA vidvAna lekhakonI niSThA ane kAryakSamatA upara rahelA che. keTalAka atipravrutta vidvAnAnAM lakhANa amane anekAneka ugharANIo dvArA cheka chellI ghaDIe prApta thayelAM hAI samayanA abhAve enA saMpAdanamAM je kaI kSati rahI gaI haiAya te mATe ame bligIra chIe, sthAnika riyAsatAnA itihAsanI bAbatamAM lagabhaga I. sa. 1900 sudhInI ThIka ThIka mAhitI prakAzita thayelI che. paraMtu enA anusaMdhAnamAM I. sa. 1900 thI 1947 sudhInI mahattvanI mAhitI ekatra karavA mATe ame lagabhaga badhI meATI riyAsatAnA chellA rAjane ane/ athavA tenA vArasadArAne jarUrI mAhitI mAlAvavA vinaMtI karelI, te paikI bahu ochA mahAnubhAvAe amane

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teonA kuLanI tathA rAjyanI jarUrI mAhitI pUrI pADI che. ame gujarAtanI e riyAsatanA vartamAna pratinidhione amane A aMge sakriya sahakAra ApavA AgrahapUrvaka anurodha karIe chIe, jethI te te rAjakule tathA riyAsatanI A graMthamALAmAM Avazyaka neMdha levAnuM zakaya bane. A graMthamALAnA graMtha 1 thI 7 nA saMpAdaka tarIke jemanuM amUlya mArgadarzaka maLeluM te che. rasikalAla che, parIkhanuM nidhana thatAM amane have emanI chatrachAyAnI gaMbhIra khoTa paDI che. A graMthana saMpAdananA keTalAka kAryamAM amane pahelethI amArAM sahakAryakAra De. bhAratIbahena zelate ane chellA tabakkAmAM, tAjetaramAM nimAyelA adhyA. rAmajIbhAI sAvaliyAe noMdhapAtra sahAya karI che. vaLI A graMthanA praphavAcana vageremAM amane amArA sahakAryakara adhyAche. kA. zAstrIne tathA De. bhAratIbahena zelatane sakriya sahakAra sAMpaDayo che. citro mATenA phoTogrApha athavA bloka ApavA mATe temaja enA prakAzananI maMjUrI ApavA mATe ame te te saMsthA tathA vyaktinA saujanyanI kRtajJatApUrvaka nedha laIe chIe. aneka tajajJa vidvAne vaDe taiyAra thayele briTiza kAla(I. sa. 1914 sudhI)ne lagate AgraMtha gujarAtanA itihAsanA abhyAsIone A graMthamALAnA agAunA graMthonI jema upayogI nIvaDaze ne rAjaya sarakAranA mAtabara anudAnane lIdhe ghaNI ochI kiMmate maLatAM A daLadAra sacitra pramANita graMthanI prato kharIdIne gujarAtanA itihAsamAM rasa dharAvatI sarva saMsthAo tathA vyaktio A graMthamAlAne sakriya protsAhana ApatI raheze evI AzA rAkhIe chIe. bho. je. vidyAbhavana, Azrama mArga, amadAvAda380008 hariprasAda gaM, zAstrI tA. 31-8-1984 pravINacaMdra ci. parIkha

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anukramaNI prastAvanA anukamaNuM citronI sUci aNusvIkAra saMkSeparuci zuddhipatraka khaMDa 1 prAstAvika prakaraNa 1 sAdhana-sAmagrI 1. sarakArI daphataro ane patravyavahAra le. makaraMda mahetA, ema. e., pIeca. DI , itihAsa vibhAganA vaDA, samAjavidyA bhavana, jarAta yunivariTI, amadAvAda 2. gejheTiyara le. umAkAMta mehanalAla cekasIemae.. nAyaba mukhya pAda, gujarAta jillA gejheTiyara kacerI, amadAvAda 3. samakAlIna itihAsa-graMtha le. makaraMda mahetA, ema.e.pIeca.DI. 4. samakAlIna sahAyaka graMtha le. makaraMda mahetA, ema.e., pIeca.DI. 5. khatapatrI le. hariprasAda gaMgAzaMkara zAstrI, ema.e., pIeca.DI. nivRtta adhyakSa, je. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda 6. abhilekhe ane sikkA . le. hariprasAda gaMgAzaMkara zAstrI ema.e.,pIeca.DI. 7. vartamAnapatro ane sAmayike le. praphulla mahetA, ema.e,pIeca.DI. vyAkhyAtA, gujarAtI vibhAga, ha. kA. Arsa kaoNleja, amadAvAda 8. ItihAsapogI sAhitya le. bhAratIbahena kIrtikumAra zelata, ema.e., pIeca.DI. rIDara, je. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda

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- 22 khaMDa 2 rAjakIya ItihAsa prakaraNa 2 aMgrejonA gujarAta sAthenA pUrva saMparka le. pravINacaMdra cimanalAla parIkha, ema.e., pIeca.DI. adhyakSa, bhe. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda prakaraNa 3 IsTa inDiyA kaMpanInuM zAsana (I. sa. 1818-1858) le. uSAbahena bhaTTa, ema.e., pIeca.DI. vyAkhyAtA, ItihAsa vibhAga, samAjavidyAbhavana, gujarAta yunivarsiTI, amadAvAda gujarAtamAM 1857nA saMgrAma 65 le. ramaNalAha ke. dhAriyA, ema.e.pIeca.DI. ItihAsa vibhAganA nivRtta vaDA, samAja vidyAbhavana, gujarAta yunivarsiTI, amadAvAda prakaraNa 5 gujarAtamAM briTiza mulakane rAjakIya itihAsa ' (1858-1914) 88 le. ezakAMta ge. parIkha, ema.epIeca.DI. itihAsa vibhAganA vaDA, saurASTra yunivarsiTI, rAjakeTa

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104 107, . samakAlIna riyAsata 1. vividha kulenA rAjavaMza (sAmAnya paricaya) le. haaisAda bhagAzaMkara zArI, ema.e pIecaDI. 2, riyAsatonuM vargIkaraNa ane sattAnuM niyatIkaraNa le. hariprasAda gaMgAzaMkara zAstrI, ema.e., pIeca.DI. 3, resiDensI ane poliTikala ejansIo 116 le. zivaprasAda rAjanera, ema.e.ema.eDa, pIeca.DI. DI.I.esa. (liTjha) nivRta mukhya saMpAdaka, jillA sarvasaMgraha, gujarAta rAjya, amadAvAda ke, taLagujarAtanI mukhya riyAsata 121 le. zivaprasAda rAjaLara. ema.eema.eDapIeca.DI. DI.I.esa. (lijha) 5. karacha- saurASTranI mukhya riyAsata le. mugaTalAla bAvIsI, ema.e.pI.eca.DI, vyAkhyAtA, ItihAsa vibhAga, ema.TI.bI. ArTsa koleja, surata, 6, anya neMdhapAtra riyAsata le. hariprasAda gaMgAzaMkara zAstro, ema.e pIeca.DI. - prakaraNa 7 . . ' rAjyataMtra 1. briTiza hiMdanuM rAjyataMtra - le. yatI IMdrazaMkara dIkSita, ema.e., pIeca.DI. . itihAsa vibhAganA vaDA, ha, ke. ArTsa keleja, amadAvAda 2. riyAsatane rAjya vahIvaTa le. mugaTalAla bAvIsI, ema e. pIeca.DI pariziSTa sikA che. bhArararAya ka. mAMkaDa, bI.e. elaela.bI DiplomA ina myujhilojI nivRtta niyAmaka, myujhiyamsa, gujarAta rAjya . . rAjakIya jAgRti ane rASTravAdane vikAsa . che. raseza caturabhAI jamInadAra ema.e.pIecaDI. . . rIDara, itihAsa ane saMskRti vibhAga, mahAdeva desAI samAjasevA . mahAvidyAlaya, gUjarAta vidyApITha, amadAvAda

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pariziSTa rAjakIya saMsthAo ane maMDaLo 213 le. esa. vI. jAnI, ema.e pIeca.DI. rIDara. ItihAsa vibhAga, saurASTra yunivarsiTI, rAjakeTa khaMDa 3 sAMskRtika ItihAsa prakaraNa 9 : sAmAjika sthiti - rara5 1. hiMdu samAja le. navInacaMdra A. AcArya, emaepIeca.DI. nivRtta adhyApaka, bhAratIya saMskRti vibhAga, ha. kA. ArTasa koleja, amadAvAda 2. muslima samAja le. ema. jI. karezI, ema.e. * * * * vyAkhyAtA, phArasI vibhAga, he. kA. ArTasa koleja, amadAvAda 3. pArasI samAja le. bhAratIbahena kIrtikumAra zelata, ema.e., pIeca.DI. 4. khristI samAja che. zremasa berAma paramAra, ema. . vyApacAtA, bhAratIya saMskRti vibhAga, - ha.kA. ArTsa koleja, amadAvAda : ", , , , 247 Adima jAtionI saMskRti 259 le. zAMtilAla AcArya, ema.e., pIecaDI. rIDara, bhASAvijJAna, gujarAtI vibhAga, gujarAta vidyApITha, amadAvAda prakaraNa 10 Arthika paristhiti le. makaraMda cahetA, ema e. pIeca. DI. ' pariziSTa 1 gujarAtanAM badaranI avanati ane vahANavaTuM le. zivaprasAda rAjagora, ema.e. ema.eDa, pIeca DI DI I esalipajha)

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15 pariziSTa 2 videzamAM tathA bhAratamAM gujarAtIo 305 le. zivaprasAda rAjagora, ema.e.,ema.eDa, pIeca.DI.I.esa.(ligna) 331 prakaraNa 11 keLavaNI 1 jUnI paripATI 316 a. gujarAtI zikSaNa A. saMskRta pAThazALAe le. bhAratIbahena kIrtikumAra zelata, ema.ema. pIeca.DI. - I. madaresAo - ke. ema. jI. kurezI, ema.e. - 2. navI keLavaNI prAthamika zikSaNa adhyApana-tAlIma zikSaNa mAdhyamika zikSaNa dhaMdhAdArI zikSaNa ucca zikSaNa lalita kalAnuM zikSaNa le. zivaprasAda rAjagara, ema.e.ema.eDa, pIeca.DI.DI., DI.I.esa.(liphTa) kanyA keLavaNuM le. pravINAbahena Thakkara, ema e pIeca vI. * zikSikA, myunisipala garlsa hAIskUla, amadAvAda pAThacapustaka le. zivaprasAda rAjagara, ema.e., ema.eDa., pIeca.DI.DI.I.esa.(lijhUjha) graMthAlaya pravRtti 35re le. kirITabhAI bhAvasAra, emae., graMthAlaya vibhAga, gUjarAta vidyApITha, amadAvAda 343

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prakaraNa 12 gujarAtI bhASA, bAlIo ane lipi a. ziSTa gujarAtInuM ghaDatara lelegIlAla jayacaMdabhAI sAMDesarA, ema.e., pIeca.DI. nivRtta niyAmaka, pra dyAmaMdira, vaMda 1. bhASA 354 A. gujarAtI bhASA svarUpane vikAsa 361 bAlIo a. belI svarUpa le. kezavarAma kAzIrAma zAstrI, vidyAvAcaspati mahAmahimopAdhyAya, mAnArha adhyApaka bhe. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda A. belIgata zabdataMtra , 374 le. zAMtilAla AcArya, ema.e., pIeca.DI. gujarAtI bolIonA namUnA 378 le. kezavarAma kAzIrAma zAstrI, vidyAvAcaspati mahAmahipAdhyAya lipi le. legIlAla jayazadabhAI sAMDesarA, ema.e., pIeca.DI. prakaraNa 13 - sAhitya a. prAcIna paraMparAnuM sAhitya che. kezavarAma kAzIrAma zAstrI, vidyAvAcaspata mahAmahimopAdhyAya A, arvAcIna paraMparAnuM gujarAtI sAhitya 386 le. legIlAla jayacaMdabhAI sAMDesarA, ema.e,pIeca.DI. pariziSTa 1 gujarAtamAM mudraNane ugama ane vikAsa le. jitendrabhAI ThAkorabhAI desAI, bI.e elaela.bI., DI bI.pI.(laMDana) vyavasthApaka. navajIvana mudraNAlaya, amadAvAda 382 405

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412 44 444 pariziSTa 2 gujarAtI nAM lekhana tathA prakAzanane vikAsa le. bhegIlAla jayacaMdabhAI sAMDesarA, ema.e., pIeca.DI. prakaraNa 14 patrakAratva 1. vRttapatro 9. ratana Ara. mArzala, ema.e. pIeca.DI. 2. sAmayikA le. viSNubhAI paMDayA, ema.e. sahAyaka taMtrI, janasattA, amadAvAda prakaraNa 15 dhArmika sthiti le. ravikAMta rAvaLa, ema.e. rIDara, itihAsavibhAga, gujarAta yunivarsiTI, amadAvAda puravaNI khristI dharma che. zremasa beragrAma paramAra, ema.e. khaMDa 4. 454 489 purAtattva prakaraNa 16 * sthApatya 1. sAmAnya samIkSA 44 le. vI. esa. amArA ra0 ina ArkiTekacara, ma. sa. yunivarsiTI, vaDodarA 2. hiMdu ane jaina maMdira 505 le. thomase beragAma paramAra, ema. e. 3. svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanAM maMdira 50 che. kirITakumAra jeThAlAla dave, ema.e. elaela.bI. rajisTariMga eksira (enTiviTIjha), purAtattva khAtu, gujarAta rAjya 4. khristI devaLa 512 le. thomasa beragrAma paramAra, ema.e.

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516 42 547 prakaraNa 17 zi95kRtio le. kITakumAra je. dave, ema.e.,elaela.bI. prakaraNa 18 citra, nRtya, nATaya ane saMgIta le. cinubhAI jaganAtha nAyaka ema.e., pIeca.DI. AcArya, ha.kA. ArTasa koleja, amadAvAda pariziSTa hunnara kalAo le. zivaprasAda rAjagara, ema.e.ema.eDa, pIeca.DI. DI.I.esa.(liphTa) pariziSTa pariziSTa 1 560 gujarAtamAM purAtattvanAM pagaraNa le. cheTubhAI ma. atri, ema.e. nivRtta purAtattva niyAmaka, gujarAta rAjaya, amadAvAda pariziSTa 2 gujarAtamAM myujhiyamanAM pagaraNa che. naMdana hariprasAda zAstrI, ema.esasI.pI.jI. DiplomA ina myujhilejI kayureTara, saradAra paTela yunivarsiTI myujhiyama, vallabhavidyAnagara pariziSTa 3 pAzcAtya saMskRtiH prasAra, prabhAva ane pratyAghAta le. yazavaMta prANazaMkara zukala, ema.e. saMjaka, gujarAta vidyAsabhA, amadAvAda saMdarbhasUci zabdasUci 578 588 635

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AkRti 1 AkRti 2 padma 1 AkRti 3 thI` 9 paTTa 2 AkRti 10 thI 16 paTTa 3 17 18 paTTa ddhi paddhati * 5 haM na paTTa ` 2 1: puTTa 9 10 padma 11 paTTa 12 paTTa 13 ,, wr "" ,,, 29 29 "" , "9 pura "" 19 *, 20 21 * 22 23 24 5 30 'D' amadAvAda hAthInI aMbADI para beThela videzI aphasara, svAminArAyaNa ma Mdira, dheAlerA 26 ziva--pAvatI, svAminArAyaNa ma`dira, dhALakA 28-29. vAdyadhAriNI, svAminArAyaNa madira, kALupura, 32 33 34 paTTa 14 35 36 37 19 citronI sUci -tatkAlIna gujarAtI lakhANanA namUnA (pR. 687) jAherAtanA haeNbilane namUnA (pR. 688) sikkAo sikkAe haThIsiMha maMdira, amadAvAda vaDavALA maMdira, dUdhareja; sammukha darzana vaDavALA maMdiranA maMDAvaranI dIvAlanuM dazya svAminArAyaNa maMdira, kALupura, amadAvAda svAminArAyaNa madira, vaDatAla krAisTa carca, mIrApura, amadAvAda haThIsiMha maMdiranA zilpita maheArA dvArapAlikA, haThIsiMha maMdira, amadAvAda kASThakAtaraNIvALA siMhAsana para pratiSThita deva-pratimAe, svAminArAyaNa ma dira, kALupura, amadAvAda dvArapAla, svAminArAyaNa maMdira, kALupura, amadAvAda viSNu, svAminArAyaNa maMdira, surata mahAprabhujInI bedakanI havelInA mahArA, gupta prayAga (ji. jUnAgaDha) hAthInuM zilpa, vaDavALA maMdira, dUdhareja dvArapAla sAzrunuM zilpa, vaDavALA maMdira, dUdhareja vAyudeva, pALiyAda brahmANI, ca`DIsara kubera, rAjulA

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paTTa 15 paTTa 16 pa pa 5 / 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 39 HH ' ' * , "" 99 ,, 3: " ,, 43 33 ,, ,, 99 65 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 kui ra 50 51 55 para 57 zraddhAMjali zraddhAMjali arpatuM bALaka, proTesTanTa kabarastAna, amadAvAda ` ' parI proTesTanTa kbarastAna, amadAvAda aMgreja kanyA, DhALanI pALa, amadAvAda bALako, DhALanI pALa, amadAvAda videzI vAdyadhAriNI, jaina upAzraya, dhanAsuthAranI pe!La, amAvAda pravezadvAra, kezavabhavana, mANekacoka, amadAvAda kAna--AApIonA zilpavALI kamAna, hasanI peALa, kALupura, amadAvAda kArinthiyana zilpamukta maheArA, sarAvADa, sAraMgapura, amadAvAda (canubhAI aMzaneTanA baMgale, zAhIbAga, amadAvAda sta zirAvaTI, navalakhA mahela, mudrA staMbhazirAvaTI, phAlanA ane chata, havelI svAminArAyaNa maMdira, dhALakA majUsa, pirAjI sAgarA saMgraha, amadreyAda - kalAtmaka bArI, pirALa sAgara! saMgraha,amAvAda hanumAnajI, rAmajI maMdira, vase mala, svAminArAyaNa maMdira, kALupura, amadAvAda bAbalA deva, devahATa (ATAudepura) zrIpAlarAsa-kathAnuM eka dRzya, lA. da. vidyAmadira, amAvAda pagathI tIra cheDatI na`kI, pacitra, lA, da, vidyAyadira, amadavAda nRtya dRzya, pacitra, lA. 6. vidyAya, amadavAda mANakI ghoDI para beThelA sahajAnaMda svAmI, svAminArAya maMdira saMgraha, kALupura, amadyavAda

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RNa svIkAra -3. hariprasAda zAstrI, amadAvAda, A, 1 -zrI jitendrabhAI desAI, navIna kAryAlaya, rAmadAvAda : A. 2 -myujhiyama enDa pikacara gelerI, vaDodarA: A, 3 thI 16 -zrI AnaMda prANalAla paTela, amadAvAda : rA. 17 -roTarI kalaba, vaDhavANa: A. 18-19 : - svAminArAyaNa citrakalA graMthaH A, 20, 21 57 -zrI kezavabhAI paTela amadAvAda : mA. 22 : -AminArAyaNa zisthApatyakalA" zaza . rasthI-31 48 para - harilAlagIdAnI amadAvAda A. kare thA 37, 51 53 zrI kirITakumAra je. dave, gAMdhInagaraH A. 38 thI 44 -kacchavaLa, purAtatvakhAtu, gujJAta sarakAra, bhujaH A. 47 -rajisTariMga oNphisara (eNnTikivaTIjha), gujarAta sarakAra, gAMdhInagara vartuLa A 48, pa0 -lA. da. vidyAmaMdira, amadAvAdaH A. pa4 thI pa * *

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A.I. BBMPG BBR BG CHI DG HEA HEI JAD J.N.S.I. PC P.D. RPI SMHFMI WCG agura zukrei vasAI 2534 bhArAma saMkSepa sUci Ancient India Bulletin of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery Baroda Residency Records Bombay Gazetteer The Cambridge History of India ''District Gazetteer 'History of East Africa'. ed. by Harlow & etc. "History of Education in India' by Nurullah & Naik 'Indians Abroad Directory' by Waiz Journal of the. Numismatic Society of India Political Correspondence Political Department 'Ruling Princes of India' by Mewtee Source Material for a History of the Freedom movement in India A 'Wood Carving of Gujarat' by Trivedi 'arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana' (le,hI,tri, pArekha) gujarAtanA kaLavaNIne kaItihAsa' (le. rAjagesara) gujarAta varnAkayulara sAsAyaTIne itihAsa (le,hI,tri, pA buddhiprakAza 'bhArata rAjya maMDaLa* (le. a, gA. zAha)

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pRSTha 4 OM 10 11 14 20 26 32 38 43 44 46 ae x 4 51 60 63 pa 1 paMkti 8 30 19 8 22 23 13 22 4 15 12 16 28 34 21 4 17 1 19, 20 to 3, 4 19 4 pa 10 24 7 9 16 zuddhipatraka amruddha 'DAMDIyA' viSayane briTaza sAhityaka Gurjarashatra jona gAva dhanadAse rAstA ka mahetA kRta kRSNarAva, bhALAnAtha dAdAbhAI raghunArAtharAva hatA. gava nara pachInA va ga nara baLavAM gava nara 1813 gayAM je parAnAM bacAvyAM khaDiyA prAtamAM AAlana ga nara yuddha DAMDiyA' viSayAne briTiza sAhityika Gurjarashtra jhAna gAva nadAse rAsta TUMka mahetA kRta kRSNarAva bhALAnAtha dAdAbhAI raghunAtharAva hatA. gavarnara pachInA varSe gavarnara baLavA gavarnara 1817 gayA jethI parAnAM bacAvyA khaDiyAM prAMtamAM AMdhralana gavarnara

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* 24 azuddha pRSTha 65 pati 23 bAra 67 73 74 21 22 . 8 laDatA garvanara ekatrita dujenasIga AvyuM. 39 12 laData gavarnara ekatrita durjanasiMga AvyA ane cArane tepane moDhe uDADI devAmAM AvyA. 29 75 pAla niHzastrI lazkarA pAlA niHzastra lazkarI 81 (saurASTra heva (1858 surata ane thANuM kiMTiMje (saurASTra) hovA (1858 ane surata kITige 21 18-1ra e. 87 1 00 paMcamahAlamAM paMcamahAlamAMnA elana elana pI, I (prAyamarI Iyara) prI. I. (prIviyasa Iyara) 1857 mAM 18pa7 mAM kAyadesaranI sidhiyA siMdhiyA Hisorical Historical stha sthA umeThA umeThA umeTA resiDenDa resiDenTa briTiza "himatanagara hiMmatanagara 5 106 113 115 umeTA 123 126 braTiza 120 rara

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21 165 7 (1836) bajAvI nimULa jannatanazIne Bhavnagar 1858 1858 samudra Avyo hato. jaje riyAsate jhaba bAju para kiraNotsargI ziyA bIjA mate..sikkA darzAvata jajonI pRSTha piMkta azuddha 131 17 (1836 135 19 jAvI 136 26 nimUiLa 149 11 jinnatanazIna 163 rana Bhavnager - 18pa7 1857 166 samagra samudra 168 AvyuM hatuM. 171 178 risAyata 188 28 180 bAju paNa 181 kiraNotsarga zIyA 103 vastutaH...sikA. darzAvate 9x chester...clifford 201 16 . mIThAvero 17 lekakrAMtiH kampanInA 202 pAlAcaMDapa 203 karyo. 8 pramukha prasthAne 21 koMgresa 208 12 navasArIthI guba , 17 Chester....Clifford mIThAve arthe lekjhAMti; kampanIne pAllA...cAMDapa karyA. pramukhasthAne koMgresa mahesANA, bIlImerA ke navasArIthI A svAgata samitinA kArabhArInI 207 208 218 219 26 23 . 10 Ama A samitinA kArobArInI

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pRSTha paMkti azuddha 21 220 224 225 228 232 bhaga 10 233 235 238 239 gorvadhanarAma govardhanarAma . svadezInI svadezI p. 41 Part I, p. 41 gayA gayo jesAIta bhesAIta ane gAMyajA ane leDI leDI jAheramAM paNa jAheramAM bhAga pAMca dAmAM sthAna pAmelA (rada karo.) garvadhanarAma govardhanarAma sthApavAne calAvavAne A pachI (rada kare.) bAjarIe ' bAjIgaurIe gaNAya. gaNAya kavya kAvya paziyana phArasA navasaravAnajI nasaravAnajI kurivAjamAMthI kurivAjomAMthI navasaravAnajI nasaravAnajI chapaniyA dukALa chappaniyA dukALa AvyAM.44 14 240 29-30 24 244 11 247 30 250 18 = = = = = = = ra ra ra da = = = = = 251 253 254 AvyAM.4 hatAM hatAM. 256 jemane Gazettcer dhaneDiyA jemake Gazetteer ghaDiyA 261 262 263 264 saro vAdaladeva khATA ke saro vAdAladeva 10

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27. pRSTha paMkti - azuddha 15. 32 26 bhesora prasaMga vidhiniSedha nasavADInI gadheDAne nyAyAdhIza emanI parivartananuM saikAnI zipiMga vIviMga Makrand To 28 bhesadhare prasaMga vidhiniSeSa, navasArInI gadheDAnA nyAyadhIza. enI parivatananuM sakAnI zipiMga viviMga Makarnd sAthe jAjI Economies baMga ujare 1768 abula mizanarIoe previzyala 11, ra 300 sAthenA 302 2. jahAjI Economics 304 312 13 314 330 332 338 23 340 341 28 25. 6 21 1758 abu. mizanarIo Bvizyala (rada karo) mATe grAnTa IsTaTayUTa vAcana kAvanaTananA kavana Tana * ji9lAomAM, 1912 thI 1918 mATe grAnDa . InsTiTyUTa vAcanakALa kAvanarTananA . . kAvaTana | jillAo 1912-1818 342 348 351. 256 12

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pRSTha 357 359 368 370 371 384/4 384/6 3847 384|2 385 387 380 384 395 399 200 pukta 2 103 7 16 2 20 2 3 27 sanAmAmAM sarvanAmAmAM 374 23-24-25 A traNa paktine rR. 375mAM pAkti 8 pachI mUko. 384/3 30 amiSNuvivAha Adhidaivika 12 28 15 17 24 24 18 11 19 28 18 21 25 1 o o % >> azu Foitics p. 47 peTara banAvatAM, mAlada 'gama' nahi. mevaDA kaI vya 12pUra 1952 zIkanA nagara 28 paktithI 1890...1899 maIkezvara (1906)nu AvyAM hatAM sAhityaka kAlI paraja vaLI lakhAyelA pustaya kRti zuddha Polit, nuM avataraNa jhena, pR. 47 upara utkRta 22 a. I. 4. desAI, 'surata sAnAnI mUrata", pR. 15 hera batAvata, melI 'ga' 'nahi' rumiNIvivAha Adhidaivika mevADA kartI tva 1852 1852 zIkanA vaDanagara Urmi paMktithI 1908...1897 mANukezvara (1906) nAme AvyA hatA. sAhityika kALIparaja navI lakhAvelA pustaka kRtie

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kRSTha rakta azuddha 405 15 18 pahoMcI lakhANane pahocI. lakhANane UlaTA mareDamAM 406 408 17 40 411. hiMdustAnamAM chApagara" 5. 13 e nAmathI joIe hiMdustAnamAM "chApagara pu. 13 nAmathI joIe. 412 414 21 33 kare? Y uddhava 183ra. dara 5 17 27 34 (52, udha(2) 1932 navarajI navarejI kAbrAjI Apa A patra pUrve jaNAvyuM che ke (2da karo) sAptAhika hiMsAptAhika 1884 1881 pAmyuM pAmyuM. priyavaMdA priyaMvadA ta" mAdha, , mAdha, gujarAtI "gujarAtI" I. sa. anuzruti anusAra I. sa mahattava mAMDava bIjamAM pahelA bIjamAgI. pahelAM musbima muslima ke. ke. gujarAtamAM manAya che. (rada karo) lusADiyA lusaDiyA dhArmika sthiti sthApatya 1848 mAM - 1847 mAM 14 1848mAM , , , " 1847 mAM pi pa7 1 ke. kA. 84 18 19. 21 13 95 - lo5 14

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azuddha azuddha zuddha pRSTha 508 500 pa14 pah ukta 6 25 . 1937 24-12-1822 Talumati - 02-20...tara- citrakalAnA che. 1837 - 24-2-1822 : Taramati pR. 688-89 : ...12-20, tA-16 , pikalAne che.1 516 14 517 518 510 $ $ $ sthApI.5 50 4 16 11 . 28: 17. sthApI. che. ' che. zrIlIlAdhare. che. zrIlIlAdhare para1 para : : ' , vaNika (A. 37) 524 che.10 (A. 47011 (A. 49 12 (A. pa0) 0 kamare UMcAImAM 'para 6 4 (A. 17) 17. ; che. (A. 47) para5 21 (A. 49). (A. pa0) para 6 4 kamara : - 9, uMcAImAM te 26 lAgyuM. 8 hatAM. :32, e vAkAnera . . . papa4 - 1che . taduparAMta papapa 21 saggItAcAryo papa6 . ra9 vAghadhAriNAo 570 6, phense. lAgyuM.14 para 7 547 hatAM.15 vAMkAnera taduparAMta saMgItAcAryo vAdhAriNIo

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re re zuddha 18 21 pa71 12,17 57) 1 pa73 pa74 azuddha mahAnirdezaka mahAnidezaka enTikavarI enTikavarI" mahAnidezaka mahAnidezaka beriyA beriyA mahAnidezakanA mahAnidezakanA buza brusa karA mahAnirdezakanuM mahAnidezakanuM purAtattvavid vAstuvid purAtatvavidravAstuvidra plAyalina plAyasTesIna robarTa UrvakAlanA raoNbarTaUrva kApanA navA navo maheM-daDonI maheMjo-daDonI -AI AdyarobarTa robarTa Vol. XXXIX Vol. XXXIV trAjA paziyana phArasI northa keTa northa koTa hatA. hatI. maMDayA mAMDyA rahelA rahevA khaMDa baMDa nyAyAdhIza sahAyaka nyAyAdhIza dhAtrA dhAtrI pa7pa. 578 585 trIjA 586 500 591 583

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khaMDa 1 prAstAvika prakaraNa 1 sAdhana-sAmagrI 1. sarakArI daphtarA ane patravyavahAra 1818 mAM gujarAtamAM aMgrejI hakUmata sthapAyA bAda A pradezane itihAsa lakhavA mATenAM sAdhana vadhu vipula pramANamAM ane bahulakSI svarUpe jovA maLe che, 1818 pachInA gujarAtaneA itihAsa lakhavA mATe je aneka prakAranI sAdhanasAmagrI upalabdha che, temAM sarakArI daphatarA ane patravyavahAra mahattvanuM sthAna dharAve che. hiMdanA anya prAMtAnI jema gujarAtamAM paNa aMgrejonA Azaya saMgIna amaladArazAhI dvArA zAsana karavAnA hAI gujarAtanI prajAnA sAmAjika sAMskRtika rAjakIya tathA Arthika pAsAM vize mAhitI ekatra karavI e aMgrejI zAsana-vyavasthAnuM mahattvanuM aMga hatuM. aMgreja amaladArA A mAhitI meLavavAmAM ghaNI cIvaTa rAkhatA ane cAkasAIpUrvaka ane saMgrahI rAkhatA ke jethI tatkAlIna temaja bhAvI zAsane emanI nIti ghaDavAmAM kAma lAge. itihAsa-lekhananI dRSTie sarakArI daphatarAnuM mahattva eTaluM badhu` che ke enA upayAga vagara gujarAtanA itihAsa samajavA ane enuM punaHmUlyAMkana karavuM. lagabhaga azakaya che. hAlanA sarakArI abhilekhAgArAmAM sacavAyelA saMkhyAkhadha prakAzita tathA aprakAzita graMthA, dastAvejo tathA patravyavahAra mAtra rAjyanItiviSayaka bAbata upara ja nahi, prajAjIvananAM aneka mahattvanAM pAsAM upara paNa prakAza nAkhe che. 19mA saikAnA sAtamA dAyakAmAM ane tyArabAda muMbaI sarakAre Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency tarIke oLakhAtA ati mahattvanA grathA prakAzita karyAM hatA, jenuM vivecana A prakaraNamAM pachInA khaMDamAM karavAmAM Avaze. 1861-62nA varSoMthI muMbaI sarakAra prativaSa enA vahIvaTa a`genA ahevAla prasiddha karatI. A ahevAla General Report on the Administration of the Bombay Presidency tarIke oLakhAya che. e samakAlIna rAjakIya paristhiti, vahIvaTItaMtra, zaherI tathA grAmajIvana, sthAnika svarAjanI saMsthA, jela-vahIvaTa, keLavaNIviSayaka saMsthAe tathA vepAra-udyoga vize mAhitI pUrI pADe che. 1

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briTiza kAla vaDodarA tathA bhAvanagara jevAM dezI rAjya paNa A prakAranA vArSika ahevAle dvArA upayuMkta mAhitI ApatAM. sarakArI khAtAMnA patravyavahAra tathA amaladAranA ahevAla paNa aitihAsika daSTie mahatvanA che. muMbaI sarakAranAM A graMthastha lakhANa Selections from the Records of the Government of Bombay at 293441 2421914i. 1852 bAda vyavasthita rIte e prakAzita karavAmAM AvatAM. A saMgrahamAM ApavAmAM AvelI vigate 185ra pahelAMnA samayane paNa AvarI le che. aMgrejI hakUmata nIcenA vistAro tathA dezI rajavADAM vize sarvagrAhI mAhitI pUrI pADatAM A Selections rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika jIvananI ghaNIkharI pravRttio ane saMsthAone AvarI le che. nIcenAM daSTAMte uparathI A pasaMdagInI vividhatA vize khyAla AvI zake tema che. kramAMka 15 mAM kaccha rAjya, enA itihAsanI rUparekhA, enAM nagara tathA gAme, nakazo, mAMDavI baMdara, bhUjanI tabIbI samIkSA, bhUja ane amadAvAda vaccenA mArgo ityAdine vize judA judA adhikArIoe ApelA ahevAle uparAMta kacachanA nAmadAra rAve ApelI prakIrNa mAhitIne. samAveza thAya che. evI rIte kramAMka 37 mAM kAThiyAvADa prAMtanuM atihAsika, bhaulika ane AMkaDAkIya vRttAMta, tyAMnAM dezI rAjya vize prakIrNa nedha, jhAlAvADa kAThiyAvADa macchukAMThe hAlAra soraTha baraDa gohilavADa vagere vizenI vigatavAra mAhitI; okhAmaMDaLanAM killebaMdha-sthaLa mukhya-rAjAo vagere vize judA judA adhikArIoe pUrI pADelI mAhitI ApI che. kramAMka 39 tathA 147 gujarAtamAM dUdhapItInI cAlanAM kAraNe (dahejaprathA va) tathA aMgrejoe ene aTakAvavA lIdhelAM pagalAM vize talasparzI carcA kare che. khAsa karIne e aMgenA patravyavahAra mahatvanA che. kramAMka 11 dhoLakA kheDA mahemadAvAda naDiyAda vagere vistAronI kRSi-viSayaka bAbatane Alekhe che temaja pAlaNapura jillAmAM satI ane dUdhapItInI cAla viruddha aMgrejoe karelA kAyadA-kAnane saMbaMdhI paNa khyAla Ape che. kramAMka 37 kAThiyAvADa vize atyaMta upayogI mAhitI pUrI pADe che. gujarAtanI sAmAjika tathA rAjakIya sthiti, rItarivAje, grAma tathA nagarajIvana, khetI ane jamIna mahesUla, vAhanavyavahAranAM sAdhane ane vepAraviSayaka pravRttio saMbaMdhI prAthamika sAmagrI pUrI pADanAra sarakArI daphataromAM A pasaMdagIo mahatvapUrNa sthAna dharAve che. jamIna mahesula sarakAranI AvakanuM mukhya sAdhana heI aMgrejone emanI jamIna-mahesala-nIti evI rIte ghaDatA ke jethI sarakArane vadhu ne vadhu mahesUla

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sAdhana-sAmagrI maLatuM rahe. A mATe kheDUto khetamajUrI gaNetiyAo khAtedAre, nAnAmoTA jamInadAro tathA gAmaDAmAM vyAjavaTAne dhaMdho karatA zarApho jevA khetI sAthe saMkaLAyelA vargonA mANasenA sAmAjika tathA Arthika jIvana vize temaja jamInanA prakAre, khetIne lagatAM ojAra, anAja tathA rokaDiyA pAkanI jAta tathA enI kiMmata tathA jIvanadhoraNanA kharca vize jhINAmAM jhINI vigato aMgreja amaladAre meLavatA. gAmaDAMonA sAmAjika ItihAsanuM tathA gAmaDAM ane zahera vacce pravartatA saMbaMdhonuM saMzodhana karavAmAM uparanI bAbatane jJAnanuM mahatva ghaNuM che. A viSayanI varNanAtmaka tathA AMkaDAzAstrIya mAhitI pUrI pADatAM sarakArI lakhANe saMkhyAbaMdha upalabdha che, je Survey and Settlement Report tarIke oLakhAya che. gujarAtanA jillA tAlukA tathA gAmaDAne AvarI letA A khetI-viSayaka ahevAla gujarAtanI jamIna mahesUla viSayaka kacerIomAM ane khAsa karIne abhilekhAgAramAM vyavasthita rIte sacavAyelA che. vaDodarA ane anya dezI rAjya emanA alAyadA ahevAlo prasiddha karatAM prajAjIvananAM vividha pAsAM vize varNanAtmaka temaja AMkaDAzAstrIya mAhitI ApanArAM sAdhanAmAM Census Reports(vastI-gaNatarInA ahevAle)ne samAveza thAya che. hiMdanA anya prAMtanI jema gujarAtanAM dharmo, saMpradA, kAma, jJAtio, vAhanavyavahAranAM sAdhane, janma mRtyunA dara, jAhera Arogya, khetI-vepAra-udyoga, keLavaNInI saMsthAo vagere bAbato upara vistRta mAhitI pUrI pADanAra A ahevAle hAla ghaNuM karIne jarjarita dazAmAM che. prathama vastI gaNatarI phebruArI 1872mAM hAtha dharavAmAM AvI hatI, paNa ene ahevAla bahu AdhArabhUta nathI, kAraNa ke e kAMIka aMze pravegAtmaka hatI ane rASTriya stara para vastI gaNatarInI koI nizcita paddhati paNa vikasAvavAmAM AvI nahotI. 187ranI vastI-gaNatarImAM keTalAka AMkaDA 1846mAM akhatarArUpe karavAmAM AvelI vastI gaNatarInA paNa che, paNa ene bahu AdhArabhUta gaNu na zakAya. paNa tyArabAda karavAmAM Avela 1881nI vastI gaNatarInI vigate vizvasanIya che. 1881 bAda dara dasa varSe vastI gaNatarI thatI heI e gujarAtanI sAMskRtika rAjakIya tathA Arthika pravRttio ane saMsthAo vize ane palaTAtA jatA samAja-jIvananI dRSTie khUba ja mahatvanI che. madhyastha sarakAra hiMdanA rAjakIya vahIvaTI Arthika tathA keLavaNI-viSayaka prazno saMbaMdhI tapAsa karavA avAranavAra samitio ane paMcanI nimaNUka karatI. muMbaI sarakAre paNa e ilAkA saMbaMdhI mAhitI prApta karavAnA athavA mahattvanI samasyAnuM nirAkAra karavAnA AzayathI saMkhyAbaMdha paMca nImyAM hatAM, jenA

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briTiza kANa 248912l Reports of the Committees and Commissions 4273 2R1072414. che. duSkALa, jela-vahIvaTa, vAhanavyavahAranAM sAdhane, sarakArI khAtAmAM thatI lAMcaruzavate tathA keLavaNuM-viSayaka saMsthAo jevA viSayane A ahevAlo. AvarI le che.* 1860nI AsapAsa muMbaI sarakAre TharAva karyo ke je lakhANa sarakArI hitanAM dhvaMsaka hoya athavA te nItiviSayaka dRSTie mahatvanAM hoya tene aMgrejImAM tarajU karI ene chapAvI graMthastha rAkhavAM. Report on the Native Newspaper tarIke oLakhAtA A aThavADika ahevAla te samayanAM "DAMDIyo" "gujarAtamitra' amadAvAda samAcAra" "satyaprakAza" "sUryaprakAza' gujarAtadarpaNa" tathA "samazerA bahAdura' jevAM agragaNya chApAMnA lekho ane samAcArone paricaya karAve che ane nAza pAmelAM ghaNAMkharAM akhabAronA avazeSarUpe madadarUpa bane che. A ja arasAmAM muMbaI sarakAre enI nItionI prajIvana upara thatI asara vize jANakArI meLavavA Moral and Material Progress Reports prasiddha karavA zarU karyA hatA, muMbaI sarakAranI judI judI adAlatamAM cAlelA mukaddamA ane nyAyAdhIzoe ApelA cukAdA gujarAtanA sAmAjika tathA sAMskRtika jIvana para atyaMta mahatvane prakAza nAkhe che. milakata aMgenA adhikAra, vArasAhaka, jJAtimAMthI baratarapha karavA aMgenA niyama ane rItarasame, nAtarAM tathA lagnaviccheda, zeTha-nekaronA saMbaMdha, makAnamAlike tathA bhADUto vaccenA saMbaMdho, strIone sAmAjika darajaje, maMdirone vahIvaTa, bALalagna vagere prazno saMbaMdhI e samayanA gujarAtI samAjanAM valaNo ane vartanane citAra ApatI adAlatI sAmagrI 1800 nI sAlathI upalabdha che. hiMduo musalamAne pArasIo vagere kAmonA paraMparAgata rivAjanA saMdarbhamAM aMgrejI kAyadA-kAnUnenuM je rIte amalIkaraNa thayuM tenAM vyAvahArika daSTAMta adAlatI cukAdA pUrA pADe che. - muMbaI ilAkAnI lejisleTiva kAunsilamAM jema jema hiMdIone sthAna maLatuM gayuM tema tema prajAnA mahatvanA prazno vadhu ne vadhu carcAvA lAgyA. Bombay _Legislative Council Debates mAM gujarAtane sparzatA aneka mahattvanA praznonI vigatavAra chaNAvaTa thatI. iMglenDanI pArlAmenTa hiMdanA prazno aMge sajAga hAI e hiMdanA rAjakAraNa temaja samAjajIvananAM vividha pAsAM vize mAhitI ekatra karatI. A likhita sAdhanane British Parliamentary Papers kahevAmAM Ave che. gujarAtanA

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sAdhana sAmagrI atihAsika saMzodhana mATe e mAhitInI khANa samAna che. pArlAmenTarI peparanI saMkhyA ghaNI moTI che ane viSayanuM vaividhya paNa emAM ghaNuM che. nIcenA daSTAMte uparathI A sarakArI dastAvejonA mahatvane khyAla AvI zakaze. eka pArlAmenTarI pepara 1880 thI 1890 sudhInA samayamAM khaMbhAtanA kheDUtanI kathaLatI jatI Arthika sthitino citAra Ape che, eTaluM ja nahi, paNa paristhiti asahya banatAM kheDUtoe rAjaya sAme kevI rIte baLa pikA enI mAhitI pUrI pADe che. eka pArlAmenTarI pepara gujarAtanAM rajavADAMmAM tathA IsTa inDiyA kaMpanInA gujarAtI temaja aMgrejI karmacArIomAM tathA gujarAtanA vepArIo ane zarAphAmAM pravartatI lAMcaruzavatanI badIone chatI kare che. ekinsana nAmanA aMgreja sanaMdI amaladAre taiyAra karelI graMthamALAnA graMtha 6 mAM aMgrejI zAsananI zarUAtamAM kaMpanI sarakAra ane gujarAtanAM dezI rAjyo vacce je kela-karAra thayA tenI savistara dastAvejI mAhitI ApelI che. gujarAtano ItihAsa-lekhana mATe aprakAzita sAdhanasAmagrI ghaNuM sArA pramANamAM upalabdha che, je sarakArI abhilekhAgAramAM temaja kauTuMbika tathA sArvajanika mAlikInA svarUpamAM maLI Ave che. dilhInA rASTriya abhilekhAgAra (National Archives of India), muMbaImAM Avela mahArASTra rAjya daphatarabhaMDAra, tathA gujarAta rAjya daphatara-bhaMDAra, gAMdhInagaranI vividha zAkhAomAM samAviSTa aprakAzita kAgaLo, dastAvejo ane patravyavahAra A samayanI prajAkIya pravRttionAM vividha pAsAM vize mAhitI pUrI paDe che. mahArASTra abhilekhAgAra (muMbaI) tathA rASTriya abhilekhAgAramAM Foreign Political Department nI seMkaDo phAIle sAcavavAmAM AvI che, je rAjakIya ane sAmAjika viSayane lagatI che. sarakAra sAme vadhatA jatA kheDUtonA asaMtoSa temaja rAjakIya pravRttione AlekhatI aneka hastaprata ane TAIpa thayelAM lakhANo hiMda sarakAranA Home Department (Political) Fortnightly Reportshi mai ho . YES sarakAranA e samaye "khUba khAnagI" gaNatA ahevAla hAla mahArASTra sarakAranA sacivAlayamAM gejheTiyarsa oNphisamAM tathA abhilekhAgAramAM chUTaka chUTaka sAcavavAmAM AvyA che. mahArASTra rAjya-daphatare gujarAtanI dhArmika ane sAmAjika bAbatane sparzatI aneka vigatene Revenue Department FilesmAM paNa jALavI che. A phAIlamAM khAsa karIne vaMzaparaMparAgata sAmAjika tathA Arthika adhikAre,

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briTiza kAja penzane, InAmI jamIne, maMdiranI sAcavaNI mATe sarakAra taraphathI apAtAM anudAne vagere jevI bAbatone samAveza thAya che. 1818 mAM IsTa iDiyA kaMpanInuM zAsana sthapAtAM gujarAtanA keTalAka sAmAjika-dhArmika vargone sahana karavuM paDayuM hatuM. gAyakavADa ane pezavAnA lazkaramAM tathA anya sarakArI nekarIomAM kAma karatA ghaNuM mANasenA penzana radabAtala gaNavAmAM AvyAM hatAM, ghaNane nekarImAMthI chUTA karavAmAM AvyA hatA. nirAdhAra banelA A mANasoe. sarakArane "dayA' mATe karelI aneka arajIo A phAIlamAM maLI Ave che. gujarAtanA inAmadAra jamInadAre ane maMdiranA mahaMtee paNa emane parApUrvane adhikAro cAlu rAkhavA mATe arajI karI hatI. aMgrejI zAsananI zarUAtamAM prajAjIvana kevA saMjogomAMthI pasAra thayuM ene sacoTa ahevAla uparyukta phAIlamAMthI maLe che. eka phAIla DAkoramAM Avela raNachoDajInA maMdiranI sthApanA ane enA nibhAvArthe pezavA taraphathI maLatA anudAna saMbaMdhI vigate Ape che. A maMdiranA agraNIe kaMpanI sarakArane madada mATe arajI karI hatI. Ama gujarAta jyAre enA rAjakIya ane sAmAjika parivartananA kAlamAMthI pasAra thatuM hatuM tyAre je paribaLoe bhAga bhajavyuM tene samajavAmAM A phAIle madadarUpa che. 2. gejheTiyara briTiza zAsana nIce muMbaI ilAkAmAM 18 jillA hatA te paikI pAMca gujarAtanA hatA. surata bharUca kheDA paMcamahAla ane amadAvAda. bIjA aneka dezI rAjya hatAM, jemAM vaDodarA karacha pAlanapura mahIkAMThA revAkAMThA khaMbhAta surata pradeza ane kAThiyAvADanAM aneka meTAMnAnAM rAjyone samAveza thato hato. muMbaI ilAkAnA judA judA jillAonAM AMkaDAkIya vRtAMta taiyAra karavAnI hilacAla 1843 mAM zarU thaI lAge che. sarakAre A kAma jillAonA kalekaTarane soMpyuM hatuM. 1867 mAM muMbaI sarakArane ilAkAnuM gejheTiyara taiyAra karAvavA sUcanA apAI. e aMge muMbaI sarakAre potAnA baMne revanyU kamizanarene ane DAyarekaTara opha pablika isTrakzanane yojanA ghaDavA jaNAvyuM, e samitine A. kArya bhagIratha lAgyuM ne emAM aneka tajUne sahakAra anivArya jaNAye. samitinI bhalAmaNathI A kAma mATe pUrNa samayanA saMpAdakanI niyukti karavAmAM AvI. Dekkana kolejanA kAryakArI prophesara mi. kone saMpAdaka nImavAmAM AvyA. emaNe dareka jillAnA gejheTiyara mATe judA judA viSaya nakkI karyA ne e viSayane 16 prakaraNamAM vagIkRta karyA. emAM keTalAka sudhArAvadhArA sUcavAyA. evAmAM

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sAdhanasAmagrI 1872 nI vastIgaNatarI najIka AvI ne gejheTiyaranI yojanA vastIgaNatarInA ahevAla taiyAra thAya tyAM sudhI mekupha rAkhavAmAM AvI. 1873 mAM muMbaI sarakAranA mukhya saciva mi. cepamaeNne gejheTiyaranI yojanA pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhI ne saMgrAhaka tarIke mi. esa kempabelanI nimaNUka karI. jillAonA kalekaTara ane AsisTanTa kalephaTa mAraphate AvelI mAhitI temaja keTalAka tajajJoe taiyAra karelA lekhenA AdhAre muMbaI ilAkA aMgenA kula 33 graMtha taiyAra karAyA ane prakAzita thayA.9 emAM graMtha 2 thI 8 gujarAtanA judA judA bhAgene lagatA che, je 1877 thI 1884 mAM prakAzita thayA 10 enI vigata A pramANe che: graMtha 2H surata ane bharUca jillA, 3. kheDA ane paMcamahAla jillA, 4, amadAvAda jile, 5. karacha pAlanapura ane mahIkAMThA, 6. revAkAMThA nArkeTa khaMbhAta ane surata (ejansInAM) rAjya che. vaDodarA rAjya 11 ane 8. kAThiyAvADa. A graMthamAM te te pradezane vRttAMta sAmAnyataH A rIte vargIkRta karavAmAM Avyo hatoH 1varNana, 2. utpAdana, 3. vastI, 4. khetI, 5. mUDI, 6. vepAra, 7. itihAsa, 8. vahIvaTa, 9, nyAya, 10. mahesUla, 11. zikSaNa, 12. Arogya, 13. vahIvaTI peTA vibhAgo ke rAjya ane 14. jovAlAyaka sthaLe. A prakaraNe paikI ItihAsanAM prakaraNa prAcIna tathA madhyakAlIna itihAsa mATe e samayanI ghaNI maryAdita upalabdha sAdhana-sAmagrI para AdhArita che, paraMtu 1818 thI 1875-82 nA samaya mATe sIdhI pramANita sAdhanasAmagrItarIke ghaNAM upagI che, varNananAM prakaraNa bhUgaLa ane bhUstaranI daSTie upagitA dharAve che, utpAdana vastI khetI vepAra ane mUDIne lagatAM prakaraNa e samayanA Arthika sAmAjika ItihAsa mATe anekavidha mAhitI pUrI pADe che, vahIvaTa nyAya, ane mahesUlanAM prakaraNa rAjyataMtranAM vividha pAsAM nirUpe che, zikSaNa ane Arogya janakalyANanI sarakArI pravRttionA itihAsa mATe madadarUpa nIvaDe che, te peTA vibhAge ke rAjya ane jovAlAyaka sthaLanAM prakaraNa te te vibhAga, rAjya ane sthaLanA sthAnika ItihAsa aMge vividha mAhitI dharAve che. briTiza amalanA AraMbhika insAta dasakAonA gujarAtanA rAjakIya tathA sAMskRtika itihAsa mATe Ama gejheTiyaranA A sAta graMtha vipula ane vividha mAhitI pUrI pADe che, je A samayanA sarakArI vahIvaTadAro mAraphate maLelI che. A paikI kAThiyAvADane lagatA graMtha 8 ne lAbha tyAMnI prajAne vizeSa maLe e hetuthI zrI. narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkare enuM gujarAtI bhASAMtara karyuM, je 1886 mAM

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briTiza kaNa prakAzita thayuM; evI rIte emaNe gujarAtamAMnA pAMca jillAone lagatA graMtha 2-4nuM saMkalita bhASAMtara karyuM te "gujarAta sarvasaMgraha tarIke bIje varSe bahAra paDayuM. muMbaI ilAkAnA gejheTiyaranI A yojanAmAM itihAsa ane vastIne lagatA be viziSTa graMthane paNa samAveza karAyuM hatuM. A paikI itihAsane lagato graMtha 1 1896mAM arthAta graMtha 2-8 nA prakAzana pachI 12 varSe prakAzita thaye. ene bhAga 1 gujarAtanA itihAsane lagate che12 ne ene anveSaNa tema nirUpaNa e samayanI upalabdha sarvavidha sAdhana-sAmagrInA AdhAre karela che. AthI gujarAtanA itihAsane lagatA arvAcIna graMthamAM e agrima sthAna dharAve che. gujarAtanI vastI arthAta vividha jJAtio vizene graMtha 8 be bhAgamAM lakhAyuM cheH khaMDa 1 hiMdu vastIne lagate che, jemAM brAhmaNe lahiyA vepArIo rAjapUte kheDUte kArIgare bhATacAraNe ane gAya-naTe, vasavAyA keLAo kAThIo mAladhArIo, AdivAsI jAtio, pachAta vargo vagere vargIkRta khaMDamAM dareka hiMdu jJAtinI vastIochI mAhitI ApavAmAM AvI che. A mAhitI bhImabhAI kirapArAme jahematapUrvaka ekatra karI hatI. graMtha 9 ne A bhAga 1901 mAM prakAzita thaye. musalamAna ane pArasIone lagate bhAga 2 e agAu 1899 mAM bahAra paDyo. emAM gujarAtanI musalamAna kemo tathA tenA rItarivAja vagere vizena vRttAMta khA. ba. phajhalullAha lullullAha pharIdIe taiyAra karelo, jyAre gujarAtanA pArasIonA vasavATa rItarivAja vagerene lagatI mAhitI kharasedajI nasaravAnajI sIravAIe ane khA. ba. bamanajI beharAmajI paTele saMyukta rIte taiyArI karI hatI. gejheTiyarane A A graMtha gujarAtanA e samayanA sAmAjika tathA dhArmika ItihAsa aMge ghaNo upayogI nIvaDyo che. muMbaI ilAkAnuM gejheTiyara jene TUMkamAM babbe gejheTiyara" kahe che tene lagatA A sADA ATha graMtha13 Ama gujarAtanA A kAlakhaMDanA pahelA cha-sAta ke vadhumAM vadhu ATha dasakAnA rAjakIya vahIvaTI Arthika sAmAjika ane dhArmika ItihAsa vize sattAvAra dharaNe ekatra karAyelI zraddheya mAhitInA vargIkRta ekatrIkaraNa dvArA vipula mAhitI pUrI pADe che. A kAlakhaMDanA pachInA dasakAo daramyAna A gejheTiyaranI keI punarIkSita ane pUraka AvRtti thaI na heI, e samayanA rAjakIya tathA sAMskRtika itihAsa mATe gejheTiyaranI samakAlIna sAmagrI sAMpaDatI nathI, paraMtu dezanA dvibhAjana pachI gujarAta rAjya sarakAre gejheTiyaranA graMtha navesara tayAra karI bahAra pADavA mAMDyA

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sAdhana sAmagrI che temAMthI e dasakAonA itihAsa, khAsa karIne rAjakIya tathA vahIvaTI atihAsa vize keTalIka pramANita mAhitI maLI rahe che. vaLI briTiza sarakAre samasta hiMdanAM pradeza riyAsatA prAMtA jillA tAlukA nagarA vagere sthaLAne lagatuM gaeNjheTiyara 1881 mAM nava graMthAmAM pragaTa kareluM, 1885-87 mAM enI 14 graMthAmAM saMvardhita AvRtti bahAra pADelI ne pachI 19081909 mAM enI taddana navI kahI zakAya tevI sudhArelI AvRtti kula 26 graMthAmAM prakAzita karelI. 14 emAM graMtha 1-4mAM bhAratIya sAmrAjyane varNanAtmaka atihAsika Arthika ane vahIvaTI vRttAMta nirUpAyA che, graMtha 5-24 mAM 1901 nI vastI-gaNatarInA AdhAre vahIvaTI amaladAroe taiyAra karelAM adhikaraNa sthaLa nAmAnA akArAdi krame ApyAM che, graMtha 25 mAM graMtha 1-24 mAM AvelAM vizeSa nAmeAnI vistRta zabdasUcI ApI che, ne graMtha 26 mAM bhAratane lagatA 28 vividha sAmAnya nakazA, prAMtAne lagatA 18 nakazA ane nagarene lagatA 16 plaeNna ApyA che. A graMthamALAnuM zIrSIka che The Imperial Gazetteer af India. The Gazetteer of the Bomby Presidency mAM ApelI mAhitImAM e graMthamALA keTalIka bAbatamAM ekAda dasakA jeTalA pachInA samaya mATe pUraka mAhitI pUrI pADe che. vaDAdarA rAjye zrI, gA. hA. desAI pAse peAtAnA cAre ya. prAMtAnA sa saMgraha gujarAtImAM taiyAra karAvI 1919-21 mAM prakAzita karyA. evI rIte eNe aMgrejImAM paNa gejheTiyara taiyAra karAvyuM. te khe graMthAmAM 1923 mAM prasiddha thayuM. emAM amarelI prAMta jene khambe gejheTiyara'mAM vaDAdarA rAjyanA graMthamAM na letAM kAThiyAvADanA graMthamAM samAvelA, tene ahIM. rAjyanA anya prAMtA sAthe samAvI lIdhA che. vaDAdarA rAjyanA 1883 thI 1914 nA itihAsa mATe A baMne graMthAvalI agatyanI nIvaDI che. 3. samakAlIna itihAsagrA gujarAtamAM agrejI rAjya sthapAtAM keTalAka videzI adhikArIee ahInA itihAsa-purAtattva vize anveSaNa karavA mAMDayu. khIjI bAju arvAcIna DhabanI gujarAtI tathA aMgrejI zALAo sthapAtI gaI tene mATe itihAsanAM khAsa karIne prAdezika ke sAMsthAnika itihAsanAM, pAThayapustakeA taiyAra karAvavAnI jarUra paDI. emAM zrI maganalAla vakhatacaMde taiyAra karelA gujarAta dezane itihAsa' (1860 mAM prakAzita) ullekhanIya che. emAM briTiza kAlane lagatA lakhANamAM gAyakavADI

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briTiza kAha rAjyane tathA 1857nA baLavAne vRttAMta noMdhapAtra che. alabatta A nAnakaDAM pAThayapustakomAM ApelI rUparekhAtmaka mAhitImAMthI A kAlanA ItihAsane lagatI mAhitI ghaNI AchI ane ochI maLe che. zrI edalajI DosAbhAIe lakhela gujarAtano ItihAsa' (1850) sAmAnya vAcake mATe pahela-vahele taiyAra thaye hoya e rUparekhAtmaka ja che. emAM 1818 thI 1850 sudhIne itihAsa heka pAnAmAM ja Ave che ne e paNa vaDodarAnA gAyakavADa rAjyane anulakSIne. sthAnika ItihAsa vize A kAla daramyAna lakhAyelA bIjA aneka graMtha A kAlanA ItihAsamAM samakAlIna sAdhana tarIke upakAraka nIvaDe che. jUnAgaDhanA dIvAna raNachoDajI amarajIe phArasImAM 'tArI seTa ve phAstrAva lakhe, e mukhyatve 1815-1830 daramyAna lakhAya che ne emAM aMte 1840. sudhInA agatyanA prasaMga puravaNIrUpe umeryA che. A graMthamAM 1818 thI 1840 sudhInI samakAlIna ghaTanAo lekhake soraTha ane hAlAra saMbaMdhI vigate nirUpI che te e rAjyonA ItihAsa mATe agatyanI gaNAya. aMgreja adhikArI mi. elekajhAnDara kinloka phense 1850-pa6 daramyAna gujarAtanA itihAsane vize vahIvaMcAonA copaDA ane jaina lekhakanA rAsa vagere sAdhanemAMthI mAhitI ekatra karI aMgrejImAM saLaMga vistRta tavArIkha taiyAra karI, je "rAsamAlA" nAme, be graMthAmAM 1856 mAM prakAzita thaI. emAM kula cAra vibhAga pADelA che. emAMnA vibhAga 1 mAM prAcInakAlane, vibhAga 2 mAM salatanata kAlane ane vibhAga 3 mAM marAThA tathA briTaza kAlane vRttAMta nirUA. che, emAMnA vibhAga 3 mAM I. sa. 1818 thI potAnA samaya sudhI je vRttAMta Ave che temAM amadAvAda kAThiyAvADa ane mahI kAMThAnA itihAsanI ghaNI mAhitIne samAveza thAya che. vibhAga 4 mAM vividha prakAranI sAmAnya mAhitI ApI che temAM briTiza sattA nIce rAjapUtanI jamInane vahIvaTa vizenuM prakaraNa A kAlanA vahIvaTI itihAsa mATe upakAraka che. muMbaInI phArbasa gujarAtI sabhAe zrI raNachoDabhAI udayarAma pAse e graMthane gujarAtI anuvAda karAvI 1868 mAM bahAra pADayo. enI bIjI AvRti(1889)mAM anuvAdake keTalAka vRttAMta umerelA, emAM ApelI keTalIka dezI rAjyanA rAjavaMzanI aMtima vigate A kAlanA itihAsa mATe upayogI gaNAya. zrI kALidAsa devazaMkara paMDyAe gujarAtamAM dezI rAjya vize vistRta mAhitI saMkalita karI "gujarAta-rAjasthAna" nAme daLadAra graMtharUpe 1884 mAM pragaTa karI. emAM lekhake vaDodarA rAjya, pAlanapura ejansI, surata ejansI,

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sAdhana-sAmagrI khaMbhAtanuM rAjya, nArukATanuM rAjya ane mAhitI ApIne emAM te te rAjyanA emAM kheMmbe gejheTiyara'nA graMtha 5-8 nA 11 kAThiyAvADa ejansInAM rAjA vize itihAsanI ya rUparekhA AlekhI che. dhaNe lAbha levAyA che. zrI edalajI DAsAbhAIe 'rAsamAlA,' 'khAmbe gaeNjheTiyara' vagerenA AdhAre aMgrejImAM gujarAtane vistRta itihAsa taiyAra karyo, je 1894 mAM prasiddha thayeA. emAM bhAga 4nAM pachInAM prakaraNAmAM 1818 thI 1893 sudhInI aneka agatyanI rAjakIya tathA sAMskRtika ghaTanAo nirUpAI che. navI navI prakAzamAM AvelI sAhityaka, Abhilekhika ane purAtattvIya sAmagrInA AdhAre mubaI ilAkAnA gejheTiyaranA graMtha 1 nA bhAga 1 tarIke aMgrejImAM taiyAra thayelA gujarAtanA itihAsa (1896) e viSayanA graMthAmAM Adya pramANita graMtha tarIke aneAkhI bhAta pADe che, paraMtu emAM briTiza kAlanA itihAsamAM mAtra 1857-58 nI atihAsika ghaTanA ja nirUpavAmAM AvI che. briTiza sarakAranI sivila sarvisamAM rahelA adhikArIe nirUpeleA e vRttAMta sarakArI dRSTithI lakhAyA che. paraMtu khambe gejheTiyaranA graMthA parathI zrI gAviMdabhAI hAthIbhAI desAIe gujarAtImAM je saMkSipta itihAsa taiyAra karyA tenA bhAga 2(1898)mAM briTiza rAjyakAlane lagatA khAsa vibhAga apAyA che, jemAM 1820 thI 1897 sudhInA itihAsanI rUparekhA AlekhI e kAlanAM rAjyakArabhAra lAkasthiti vagerenA paNa khyAla ApavAmAM AvyA che. daramyAna kaccha, vaDAdarA rAjya, jamava'za, amadAvAda, surata, navasArI, bharUca vagerenA sthAnika itihAsane lagatAM keTalAMka pustaka pragaTa thayAM. emAM zrI maganalAla vakhatacaMde amadAvAdanI gujarAta varnAkayulara seAsAyaTI (atyAre gujarAta vidyAsabhA)nA inAmI nibaMdha tarIke lakhelA 'amadAvAdanA itihAsa' (1850)mAM e nagaranA A kAlanA itihAsanA paNa samAveza thAya che, je sthAnika itihAsa mATe adyApi upayAgI nIvaDe che. suratanA vatanI zrI narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkare 1866 mAM 'suratanI mukhatesara hakIkata' pragaTa karI. emAMnI 1800-1865 nI bAbata A kAlanI aitihAsika ghaTanAe tathA sAmAjika paristhiti mATe upayogI che. e pachI 1890 mAM zrI edalajI barajorajI paTelanI 'suratanI tavArIkha' prakAzita thaI, jemAM 1800 thI 1890 sudhInI aneka agatyanI ghaTanAo nirUpAI che.

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briTiza kahe zrI caturbhuja zivajI mahetAe muMbaI sarakAranAM daphataramAMthI pragaTa thayelA Miscellaneous Information Connected with the Province of Kutch, vagerenA AdhAre kacchanA itihAsane saLaMga saMkSipta vRttAMta taiyAra karI 1869 mAM karacha vRttAMta' nAme prakAzita karyo. emAM mahArAva prAgamalajI(rAjyArohaNa saM. 1917)nA rAjyakAla sudhIne vRttAMta Ape che. e ane bIjI vadhu sAdhanasAmagrImAMthI dehana karIne zrI AtmArAma kezavajI dvivedIe "karacha dezane itihAsa' taiyAra karyo, te 1876 mAM prasiddha thayA. emAM e varSa sudhInI mAhitI umerI che. daramyAna mi. iliyaTe aMgrejImAM vaDodarAnA rAjAone itihAsa taiyAra karyo, te 1878 mAM "Rulers of Baroda' zIrSaka nIce prakAzita thayo. zrI IzvaradAsa irachArAma mazarUvAlAe enuM gujarAtI bhASAMtara karyuM, te vaDodarAnA rAjyakartA" nAme 1950 mAM bahAra paDyuM. emAM vaDodarAnA rAjyane rAjakIya itihAsa, briTiza resiDanTa tathA dIvAne, gAyakavADI mulaka vagerene lagatI 1905 sudhInI mAhitI vigate ApavAmAM AvI che. zrI jhAlAvaMzavAridhi" (I. sa. 1917), "makaradhavajavaMzI mahIpamAlA" (saM. 1978), geMDaLane itihAsa ane mahArAjA zrI bhagavatasiMhajI jIvanacaritra' (I. sa. 1927), yaduvaMzaprakAza ane jAmanagarano ItihAsa (I. sa. 1934) vagere itihAsa graM 1914 pachI najIkanA samayamAM lakhAyA heI emAM paNa A kAlakhaMDanA ItihAsa vize ThIka ThIka pramANamAM samakAlIna mAhitI maLe che. 1902 mAM "bhArata rAjya maMDaLa" nAme daLadAra graMtha prasiddha thaye, jemAM bhAratakhaMDanAM moTAMnAnAM dezI rAjyo vize vipula mAhitI ApelI che. emAM enA lekhaka zrI amRtalAla ga. zAha bApAvALAe kacachanuM rAjya, kAThiyAvADa ejansInAM meTAM rAjya, pAlanapura ejansInAM moTAM rAjya, IDaranuM rAjya, revAkAMThA ejansInAM meTAM rAjya, vaDodarAnuM rAjya, khaMbhAtanuM rAjya ane surata ejansInAM moTAM rAjenA vipula vRttAMtane temaja e ejansIomAM AvelAM nAnAM rAjyanA saMkSipta vRttAMtane samAveza karyo che. gujarAtamAM AvelAM meTAMnAnAM dezI rAjyanA ItihAsa mATe A graMtha hajI ghaNe upakAraka nIvaDe che. TAImsa opha InDiyA" taraphathI Ruling Princes of India graMthamALAmAM jUnAgaDha rAjayanA atihAsika purAtatvIya rAjakIya ane AMkaDAkIya vRttAMta tarIke mi. eDavajha ane phrejhare aMgrejImAM lakhele graMtha 1907 mAM prakAzita thaye. emAM jUnAgaDhanA navAba ane rAjyanA tAjetaranA ItihAsane lagatuM prakaraNa rAjakIya

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sAdhana-sAmagrI 1 . itihAsa mATe ne jUnAgaDha uparakeTa giranAra verAvaLa somanAtha mAMgaroLa vagerene lagatAM prakaraNa dhArmika tathA purAtatvIya itihAsa mATe khAsa upayogI che. zrI sorAbajI manarajI desAIe 'tavArIkhe navasArImAM navasArIne 1908 sudhIne itihAsa nirUpe, emAM 1939 sudhIne vRttAMta umerI De. dhanajIbhAI he. mahetAe enI sudhArelI-vadhArelI AvRtti 1939 mAM prakAzita karI; emAM e zaheranI sAmAnya mAhitI uparAMta tyAMnA pArasIo vize vipula mAhitI ApavAmAM AvI che. zrI gaNapatarAma hiMmatarAya desAIe "bharUca zaherane ItihAsa 1914 mAM pragaTa karyo; emAM e zahera vizenI vividha mAhitI ApIne ene prAcIna tathA arvAcIna ItihAsanI rUparekhA temaja vahIvaTI bAbatanI mAhitI ApI che. emAMthI bharUcanA A kAlanA rAjakIya vahIvaTI sAmAjika Arthika dhArmika ane zaikSaNika ItihAsa vize ThIka mAhitI prApta thAya che. Ama A kAla daramyAna je moTAnAnA itihAsa-graMtha lakhAyA te samakAlIna sAdhane tarIke hajI ghaNe aMze upayogI nIvaDe che. 4. samakAlIna sahAyaka graMtha A kAlanA ItihAsa mATe sarakArI daphtara ane pa, gejheTiyara ane ItihAsa-graMze uparAMta keTalAka samakAlIna sahAyaka graMtha paNa upayogI nIvaDe che. A graMthe keTalAka lekhake dvArA vyaktigata hesiyatathI lakhAyA che. e vahIvaTa dharma saMpradAya, sAmAjika rItarivAje jJAtiprathA dhaMdhArojagAra vepAra-udyoga vize ghaNI pUraka mAhitI pUrI pADe che. ahIM emAMnA keTalAka agatyanA graMthanI samIkSA karIe. oNlTara hemilTane 1820 mAM lakhelA bhAratane lagatA aMgrejI graMthamAM16 gujarAtanAM e samayanAM jillA tAlukA zahera tathA gAmanI prAkRtika bhaugelika sAmAjika tathA vepAra temaja khanija-saMpatti-viSayaka mAhitI ApI che. | bizapa rejinAlDa hebare 1825 mAM kalakattAthI muMbaI sudhInI je musApharI karI tene vigatavAra ahevAla aMgrejImAM lakhe che. 17 emAM gujarAtanA pradezanI musApharIne samAveza thato hoI emAM ahIMnI e samayanI dhArmika ane sAmAjika bAbate paNa AlekhAI che. gujarAtamAM khristI dharmane phelAvo karAvavAnA AzayathI A bizapa naDiyAdamAM svAmI sahajAnaMdane maLyA hatA ene paNa emAM ullekha che.

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briTiza kAla misisa pisTAse 1838 mAM surata ane kacchanI mulAkAta laI pitAnA e pravAsanuM varNana karate aMgrejI graMtha8 bahAra pADela. emAM kacchanAM dezI rAjyanI rItarasamenuM khAna noMdhapAtra che. rAjasthAnanI tavArIkhanA lekhaka lephaTananTa-karnala jemsa ToDe pazcima bhAratanA pravAsa vize je vistRta graMtha19 1839 mAM prasiddha karyo che temAM gujarAtanAM caMdrAvatI tathA naheravAla (aNahilavADa pATaNa) amadAvAda kheDA khaMbhAta ghaghA bhAvanagara valabhI pAlItANa, zatruMjaya gAriyAdhAra umarALA koDInAra sutrApADA seminAthapATaNa coravADa jUnAgaDha giranAra dhUmalI dvArakA zaMkhodvArabeTa mAMDavI bhUja vagere aneka sthaLanuM varNana ApyuM che; emAM tatkAlIna tIrthadhAmo tathA devAlaya vagere smArakAnI vipula mAhitI maLe che. eca. jI. brigsa 1847-48 mAM gujarAtane je pravAsa kheDele tenuM varNana karate emane aMgrejI graMtha 1849 mAM prakAzita thaye. enuM zIrSaka rAkhyuM che "The Cities of Gurjarashatra" emAM lekhake gurja rASTra arthAta gura-rASTranAM surata khaMbhAta amadAvAda vaDodarA ane bharUca jevAM moTAM zaheronuM je bhaugolika tathA atihAsika bayAna ApyuM che te samakAlIna vRttAMta tarIke ghaNI upayogI mAhitI pUrI pADe che. pravAsa daramyAna e vividha kSetranA ahIMnA aneka agragaNya mANasone maLyuM hatuM. e saMvedanA tathA saddabhAva tema bArIka avalokana zakti tathA sAhityaka pratibhA dharAvatA hatA. e niyamita rajanIzI rAkhato, jene lIdhe A graMtha nakkara hakIkatonI dRSTie AdhArabhUta bane che. aMgreja musAphare ane vepArIo potAnA graMthamAM ahIMnAM dUdhapItI ane satIprathA jevAM sAmAjika aniSTonI TIkA karatA. eDavarDa mUre 1811mAM hiMdu-bALahatyA para pustaka lakheluM tevI rIte jena kaeNramaeNka ane vilsane dUdhapItIne cAla baMdha karavAnA temaja jemsa pise satI prathAnuM aniSTa dUra karavAnA upAya vize pustaka lakhyAM.20 IgahAme khristI mizanarIonA kAryane lagatAM pustakomAM zALAo dvArA khristI dharmane phelA karAvavAnI jarUriyAta upara bhAra mUkyo.ra1 bAraDele gujarAtanI jJAtio vize mAhitI ekatra karI e vize abhyAsa pUrNa pustaka lakhyuM. thI pharAmajI bamanajIe "gujarAta tathA kAThiyAvADa dezanI vArtAo 1872 mAM traNa bhAgamAM prasiddha karI te aitihAsika anuzrutine lagatI lokakathAo tarIke

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sAdhana-sAmagrI lakSamAM levA jevI che. evI rIte kavIzvara dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAIe ratnamAla ane gujarAtanAM rAjyA tathA rAjavaMzIonI tavArIkhAnA saMgraha' (1903) karelA. temAM jUnA cepaDA tathA ItakathA uparathI A pelA keTalAka vRttAMta A samayanAM rAjAe-rajavADAMne lagatA che. 15 kAThiyAvADanA DepyuTI AsisTanTa peliTikala ejanTa zrI dhanajIzAha hAramajhajI kaDAkAe 1871 mAM kAThiyAvADa DIrekaTarI' bhAga 1-2 mAM sarakArI dastAvejonA prakAranI vipula mAhitI ApelI, ene bhAga 3 1896 mAM ane bhAga 4 1907mAM bahAra paDayo; saurASTranA rAjakIya tathA vahIvaTI itihAsa mATe emAM dastAvejI mAhitI vipula pramANamAM upalabdha che. 1885 mAM muMbaI sarakAre gujarAta tAlukadArI khila' bahAra pADI ane lagatA dhArA pasAra karyA tyAre pezavAe 1802mAM briTiza sarakAra sAthe karAra karyA tyArathI mAMDIne 1862 mAM tAlukadArIne lagatA dhArA maMjUra thayelA tene lagatA sa` dastAvejI mAhitInA saMgraha zrI lIlAdharadAsa harakhacaMde . taiyAra karyA.2 e prakAzana (1891) gujarAtanA tAlukadArAnA haka vize dastAvejI mAhitI pUrI pADatuM hAI e samayanA vahIvaTI itihAsa mATe ghaNuM upayAgI gaNAya. 1895 mAM zrI jeThAlAla bAvAbhAI mahetAe bahAra pADelI 'rAdhanapura DIrekTarI'nA bhAga 1 mAM tyAMnA khAkhI vaMzanI tavArIkha tathA vaMzAvaLI sahita e rAjyAnA itihAsa AlekhyA che te bhAga 2 mAM e rAjyane lagatA mahattvanA dastAvejonA saMgraha ApyA che. AthI A DirekaTarI rAdhanapura rAjyanA rAjakIya tathA vahIvaTI itihAsa mATe upakAraka banI che. zrI dAmeAdara revAdAsa zAhe taiyAra karI 1905 mAM bahAra pADelI te mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI' evI rIte mahIkAMThAnAM dezI rAjyAnA itihAsa tathA mahIkAMThA ejansIne vRttAMta nirUpI ene lagatA agatyanA dastAvejonA saMgraha rajU kare che. eka videzI prakAzaka saMsthA taraphthI jona hyusTane taiyAra karelA "Representative Men of the Bombay Presidency'nAme sacitra graMtha 1897 mAM prakAzita thayA, jemAM gujarAtanA aneka nAmAMkita rAjAe DhAkArA dAnavIrA mutsaddI ane anya agragaNya rahevAsIonI chaMkhIo sahita jIvanarekhA AlekhavAmAM AvI che. A jIvanarekhAe e kAlanA rAjakIya tathA sAMskRtika itihAsanA nirUpaNamAM ThIka ThIka upayAgI nIvaDe che. jJAtie ane kramAnA keTalAka abhyAsa A kAla daramyAna thayA, jemAM pArasI khAjA kALI-paraja legmA-kaNukhI nAgara vANiyA mADha vagere kAme| ane

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briTiza kALa jJAtine lagatA keTalAka graMtha A kAla daramyAna prakAzita thayA. 24 A kAlanI prajAnA abhyAsamAM A samakAlIna graMthe! ThIka ThIka upayeAgitA dharAve che. pArasIo gujarAtamAM AvI vasyA tyArathI mAMDIne tenI agatyanI pravRttionI je mAhitI upalabdha thaI tene varSIvAra sAMkalita karI 'pArasI prakAza'nI graMthamALArUpe prakAzita karavAmAM AvI. enuM daphatara 1 luM zrI bahumanajI kheharAmajI paTele 11 bhAgamAM taiyAra karI emAM 1860 sudhInA banAvAnI noMdha karI, je 18781888mAM prakAzita thayA. 1914 sudhInAM enA pachInAM daphatara bahAra paDatAM e pachI lagabhaga 50 varSa lAgyAM. jJAnaprasAraka maDaLI taraphathI gujarAtI bhASAmAM jJAnakeza taiyAra karAvAye. zrI ratanajI pharAmajI zeThanAe 15 varSanA puruSArthathI taiyAra karelA e kreza 'jJAnacakra' nAmathI 1899-1912 daramyAna 9 pustakAmAM prakAzita karAyA. emAMnAM keTalAMka adhikaraNAmAM A kAlanA itihAsane lagatI mAhitInA samAveza thAya che. zeTha valabhadAsa popaTabhAI mahuvAkare saurASTra cintAmaNi' nAme pustaka-(1914)mAM 1850 thI 1909 sudhInAM sATha varSa nA saurASTranA zaikSaNika itihAsanI rUparekhA AlekhI che, te gujarAtanA A kAlanA zaikSaNika itihAsa mATe upayAgI che. ogaNIsamI sadInA uttarArdha rAjakIya jAgRti, Arthika rASTravAda ane saMdhanA kAla hatA. aMgrejonA sAmrAjyavAdanuM arthakAraNu samajavAnA prayAsa A samayamAM thayA. khAsa karIne hiMdI rASTriya mahAsabhAnI sthApanA (1885) bAda rAjakIya jAgRtinA prabhAva vadhatA gayA. rAjakIya ane Arthika samasyAone samajavAnA ane prajAne e aMge jAgRta karavAnA ane mAdana ApavAnA gaMbhIra prayAse A samaya daramyAna thayA, je e samayanAM aneka prakAzanAmAM najare paDe che.25 5. khatapatro jema sarakArI pharamAnA patrA karArA vagere te te kAlakhaMDanA rAjakIya tathA rAjata trIya itihAsa aMge upayAgI nIvaDe che te pramANe sthAvara milakatanAM vecANu gIrA vagerene lagatAM khAnagI khatapatra te te kAlakhaMDanA sAMskRtika tathA kAnUnI itihAsa mATe uparakAraka nIvaDe che. paraMtu mughala ane marAThA kAlanAM khatapatronI sarakhAmaNIe briTiza kAlanAM khatapatra saMsthAkIya saMgrahAlayAmAM jUja saMkhyAmAM upalabdha che, sthAvara milakatanA

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sAyanasAmagrI 10 mAlike peAtAnI milakatane lagatA najIkanA bhUtakALanA dastAveja peAtAnI pAse rAkhI mUkavAnuM valaNa dharAve e svAbhAvika che, A graMthamAlAnA graMtha 6 ane 7 mAM gujarAta vidyAsabhA--amadAvAdanA saMgrahAlayamAM saMgRhIta thayelAM khatapatrAnI samIkSA karavAmAM AvI hatI. enA anusaMdhAnamAM A graMthamAM paNa e saMgrahAlayamAMnAM khatapatrAnI samIkSA karIe tA mAlUma paDe che ke emAM 96 varSanA A kAlakhaMDane lagatAM kula 24 khatapatrAnA samAveza thAya che. 6 AmAMnAM lagabhaga badhAM khatapatra vaDeAdarAnA gAyakavADa rAjyanA kaDI prAMtanA paragaNA (ke tAlukA) vijApuranA kasabA vijrapurane lagatAM che. amuka khatapatrAmAM jaNAvyuM che ke vaDAdarAthI zrImaMta kailAsavAsI mahArAja zrI gAviMdarAma gAyakavADanA hukama saMvata 1856 mAM kumAvIsadAra balavaMtarAya kAsI upara AvelA ke dIvAnakhAnAnA daravAjAthI dakSiNe jUnA kreTa sudhI je paDatara jamIna che temAM AkhAdI karavI. e hukama pramANe e kumAvIsadAre e jamIna kharIdI emAM pAtAnA kharce` Ta-daravAjAnI jogavAI karI tyAM navuM paDe vasAvyuM ne emAMnI keTalIka jamIna amuka gRhasthAne ghara bAMdhavA mATe vecAtI ApI. A vigata tyAMnA sthAnika itihAsamAM mahattvanI gaNAya. khatapatranA mathALe zarUAtamAM phArasI lakhANavALI gALa maheAranI chApa lagAvatA tenI jagyAe samaya jatAM jarUrI kiMmatanA zrImaMta sArI yavAda senAvAyaleja zamaro lAhAvu mATenI maheAranI chApa lagAvavA lAgyA.28 vaLI khata naiAMdhavAnI lAgatanI tathA nakala karavAnI lAgatanI rakama paNa TAce darzAvavA lAgyA.29 agAu miti (vikrama) saMvatanAM varSoM mAsa pakSa ane tithimAM apAtI; chevaTamAM enI pachI vAra temaja IsavI sananAM varSoM mahine ane tArIkha sApavAnI prathA pracalita thaI.30 ghaNAM khata vaizAkha suda 3nI miti dharAve che, 31 jyAre kheDUtanuM hiMsAkhI varSAM zarU thatuM. vijApuramAM keTalAMka kuTuMba kille kaDI jevAM najIkanAM sthaLAethI, tA khIjAM keTalAMka dukhaNu jevA dUranA pradezamAMthI AvI vasyAM hatAM.72 kAI khata vIsanagara33 ane gUMdarAsaNu34 (tA. vipura) jevAM najIkanAM anya sthaLAne lagatAMya che. 20 A khatapatrAmAM keTalIka jJAtie ane aTakAnA ullekha Ave che; jemake dasA-desAvALa vIsalanagarA-nAgara bhaTTa-mevADA AMjaNA kaDavA kaNabI mAdI jozI DumaDA bAroTa paramAra caudharI kaDiyA maNiyAra. jamInanI laMbAI-paheALAI sutArI gajamAM mapAtI ne enuM kSetraphaLa cArasa gajamAM gaNAtuM. jamIna tathA gharane lagatA khatamAM enA cAre dizAnA hRdukha Ta ra

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briTiza kAya jaNAvavAmAM AvatA. makAnanA varNanamAM eraDA kare pachIta khaDakI parasALa eka mAMDavI oTale vaDA meDI naLI khALa vagere temaja AvavA-javAne mArga, nevAMnuM pANI javAne mArga, bArIbAraNuM mUkavAne haka, vagere vigata ApavAmAM AvatI. chevaTamAM khetaranI jamInanuM mApa vIghAmAM ApI ene AkAra (viTI) tathA sarva-naMbara ApavAnI prathA paNa pracalita thaI. khatapatra parathI e samaye jamIna tathA gharanA vecANamAM ke gIramAM enI je kiMmata gaNAtI te parathI enA darane khyAla Ave che. eka khatapatramAM eka makAnanuM bhADuM vArSika rUpiyA cAra gaNuvyuM che. 15 rakama sa%AI calaNI rokaDA rUpaiAmAM cUkavAtI. rakamanI saMkhyA AMkaDAmAM temaja zabdamAM darzAvatA, eTaluM ja nahi, pachI enI adhI rakama e rIte darzAvI enA bamaNA-e rIteya darzAvatA, jethI enI saMkhyAmAM keI AgaLa jatAM ghAlamela karI zake nahi. khata parathI te te zahera ke gAmanAM mahello piLa cakalA daravAjA vagerenI keTalIka vigata maLe che. A khatapatra sAmAnyataH gujarAtI bhASAmAM che ne enI lITIo saLaMga rekhA nIce gujarAtI lipimAM lakhAI che, emAM "ghara vecAthI ApuM che" jevA prayoga tatkAlIna lokabhASAnuM svarUpa darzAve che. sthAvara milakatane lagatAM khatapatramAM e milakata para navA mAlikane maLatA vividha haka gaNAvavAmAM Ave che temaja 'abharAma-na-dAve" "rAjI-rajAmaMdIthI" "atramatuM" "atra sAkha jevA pAribhASika zabda paNa prayojAya che. khata lakhI ApanAra vyakti ke vyaktionI temaja sAkSIonI sahImAM e vyaktionAM akSarajJAna tathA lekhanazailI pratibiMbita thAya che, khata lakhI ApanAra vyakti nirakSara hoya che enA kahevAthI enA vatI keI bIju dakata karatuM . Ama khatapatra te te kAlakhaMDanA ItihAsanAM vividha pAsAM vize keTalIka upayogI mAhitI pUrI pADe che. 6. abhilekhe ane sikkA prAcIna ane madhyakAlanI sarakhAmaNae arvAcIna kAlanA itihAsa mATe abhilekhe ane sikkA ochuM mahatva dharAve che, chatAM rAjakIya tathA sAMskRtika ItihAsanA sAdhana tarIke e ThIka ThIka upayogI che. abhilekhe . bhUmidAnazAsana tAmapatra para tarAvI ApavAnI prathA lAMbA kAlathI luptaprAya hatI. pUrtanimaNane lagatA zilAlekha saMkhyAmAM agAu karatAM ochA lakhAtA ne

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sAdhana-sAmagrI je lakhAyA che temAMnA keTalAka ja prakAzita thayA che. enA ghaTelA mahatvane laIne A kAlanA aneka zilAlekha hajI aprakAzita rahyA che. A kAlanA abhilekhamAM moTI saMkhyA pratimAlekhenI tathA pALiyAlekhonI che. devAlaya-nirmANane lagatA takatI-lekhamAM keTalAka abhilekha zatruMjaya parvata para AvelA che.che emAMthI te te devAlaya baMdhAvanAranA nAma jJAti kuTuMba ane nivAsasthAnanI temaja enA nirmANane samayanirdeza tathA pratiSThA karanAra sUrinAM nAma ane garachanI mAhitI maLe che. emAMnA eka abhilekhamAM 8 devAlaya uparAMta dharmazALA ane upAzraya baMdhAvyAnuM tathA 32 pratimAo karAvyAnuM nevuM che ne e kayA gacchanA kayA sUrinA upadezathI karavAmAM AvyuM e paNa jaNAvyuM che. eka bIjA abhilekhamAM pUrta kArya uparAMta yAtrA tathA dAnaneya ulekha karavAmAM Avyo che. tyAMnA eka bIjA zilAlekhamAM amadAvAdanA zeTha vakhatacaMdanA pUrvajone paricaya ApI vakhatacaMda zeThe, emanI patnIoe, putroe tathA pautroe vi. saM. 1864 thI 1975 sudhImAM ApelAM dAnanI vigata ApavAmAM AvI che. eka bIjA zilAlekhamAMya vinayasAgara-kRta prazasti karI che. emAM bleka 1-11 mAM aMcalagacchanI AcArya-paTTAvalI ApI che, pachI zloka 12-18mAM kaThArA(karacha)nA dAnavIra kezavajIne tathA emanA kuTuMba parivArane paricaya ApavAmAM Ave che. mAmA sAthe muMbaI jaI tyAM vepAra karI e aDhaLaka dravya kamAyA hatA. e saMgha kADhI saM. 1921 mAM zatruMjaya gayA tyAM emaNe aneka pradezonA saMghone nimaMyA ne hajAre jinabiMbanI aMjana-zalAkA karI be citya baMdhAvyAM temaja pAdaliptapura(pAlitANA)mAM vipula dravya khacI jainadharmanI prabhAvanA karI. e samaye tyAM hilavaMzI ThAra surasiMhajInuM rAjya pravartatuM hatuM. zatruMjaya paranA aneka lekha pratimA-pratiSThAne lagatA che. emAM pratiSThAnI miti, pratimA karAvanAra vyakti ke vyaktionAM nAma, jJAti gAma vagerenI vigata tathA enI pratiSThA karAvanAra sUrinAM nAma ane ga7 jaNAvavAmAM Ave che. A vigata sAmAjika tathA dhArmika ItihAsa mATe upayogI nIvaDe che. emAM kyAreka cataviMzati tIrthaMkara-paTTa ke paMcaparameSThi-padane ulalekha Ave che. kyAreka e samayanA rAjAone tathA teonA putrone paNa nAma-nirdeza karatA.43 rAdhanapura jevAM bIjA aneka sthaLoe paNa AvA saMkhyAbaMdha pratimAlekha katarelA che.44 amadAvAdamAM dilhI daravAjA bahAra AvelI haThIsiMhanI vADImAM dharmanAthanuM citya zeTha haThIsiMhe baMdhAvavA mAMDeluM te emanI hayAtI bAda emanAM patnI harakuMvare pUruM karAvI saM. 1903(I. sa. 1847) mAM mahatsavapUrvaka zAMtisAgara

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briTiza kAha sarinA haste pratiSThA karAvI ene eka saMskRta zilAlekha tathA eka gujarAtI zilAlekha tyAM kotarAve che. emAMnA saMskRta lekhamAMnI prazasti 45 paM. sarUpe racelI, moDha brAhmaNa vijayarAme utArelI ane salATa isake katarelI. gujarAtI lekha garvadhanadAse utAryo che ne IsaphabhAIe karyo che. Ama AmAM vibhinna saMpradAyanA anunAyIone sahakArI puraSArtha dekhA de che, baMne lekhamAM aMgrejonI IsTa inDiyA kaMpanInA amalano ullekha paNa che. bhamatImAMnI devakulikAomAMya. aneka pratimAo para abhilekha katarelA che, paNa e hajI aprakAzita che. ziheramAM zrI puruSottama sarasvatIe saM. 1887 mAM baMdhAveluM brahmAnuM maMdira,* mAdhavapura (gheDa)mAM jeThavA mahArANuM vikramAtAjInAM mAtuzrI rUpALIbAe mAdhavarAyajInA maMdiranuM saM. 1896mAM karAveluM navanirmANa*Ta ane zekhapATa(tA. jAmanagara)mAM jAma vibhAe saM. 1914 mAM karAvele AzApurI mAtAnA maMdirane jIrNoddhAra, 49 AvI badhI mAhitI ApaNane te te maMdiranA zilAlekha dvArA prApta thAya che. zadvAra beTamAM zaMkhanArAyaNanA maMdiramAM saM. 1935ne zilAlekha che. te agAu saM. 1774mAM tathA saM. 18para mAM e maMdiranAM saMskaraNone lagatA. zilAlekhene ullekha karI mahArAva kheMgArajInAM mAtuzrI nAnIbA jhAlIe. tAjetaramAM je sudhArA vadhArA karAvyA tene vRttAMta nirUpe che.pa0 Ama A nAnakaDA zilAlekha e maMdiranAM pUrvasaMskaraNo ane ene lagatA zilAlekhe. vize je mAhitI Ape che te mahatvanI gaNAya. evI rIte keTalIka vAra jaLAzayonA nirmANa ke punanirmANane lagatA zilAlekha enI mAhitI pUrI pADe che. dA. ta. jhAlA mahArANA caMdrasiMhajIe rAjasItApura (tA. dhrAMgadhrA) pAse caMdrasara nAme taLAva karAveluM enA zilAlekhane ullekha karI, ene jIrNoddhAra mahArANuM raNamalasiMghajIe vi. saM. 1911(I. sa. 1855) mAM karAvyapa ne zimarelI(ji. jUnAgaDha)mAM navAba bahAdUrakhAna tathA. dIvAna amarajInA samaya daramyAna saM. 1831 mAM beDiyALa nAme jUnI vAva. dAyelI tene saM. 1912(I. sa. 1856) mAM mugaTarAme kaDI 3,216 kharacI pharI baMdhAvI. para Ama keTalAka zilAlekha vartamAna vRttAMta uparAMta pUrvavRttAMta. paNa Ape che. karachamAM paNa pUtanirmANane lagatA keTalAka zilAlekha ene lagatI mAhitI Ape che; jemake keTezvaranuM maMdira saM. 1857 mAM dharatIkaMpathI paDI gayuM tene mahArAva zrI devaLajInA samayamAM khatrI jeThA zivajIe saM. 1877mAM navuM karAvyuM

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sAdhana-sAmagrI ne saM. 1878 mAM khatrI jeThA zivajI tathA suMdarajIe tyAM kalyANezvaranuM maMdira baMdhAvyuM.53 ravamAM bAI rAmabAIe 24,000 kerInA kharce jADejA vibhAjInA samayamAM saM. 1878 mAM maMdira baMdhAvyuM,pa4 rAvazrI dezaLajInA samayamAM saM. 1880mAM mAtAnA maDhamAM AzApurAnuM maMdira baMdhAyuM.55 rANA saratAnajInA samayamAM saM. 1897 mAM geDImAM lakSmInArAyaNanA maMdiranuM punanirmANa thayuM. saM. 1911 mAM goMsAI hIrAgare selerA vAva navI baMdhAvI,57 dezaLajInA samayamAM saM. 1916 mAM riyANamAM zaMkaranAthajIe dharamanAthajInA maMdiramAM siMhAsana karAvyuM.58 prAgamalajInA samayamAM saM. 1918 mAM koThArAmAM zAMtinAthanuM maMdira baMdhAyuMpaTa ane saM. 1921 mAM geDImAM mahAvIra maMdiramAM zAMtinAthanI pratimAnI pratiSThA thaI. 1 0 gujarAtamAM sthApatya-zilpane lagatA A kAlanA nAnAmoTA abhilekha bIjAM aneka sthaLoe paNa AvelA che, jemake sojitrA(tA. peTalAda), taLAjA (ji. bhAvanagara), umareTha(ji. kheDA), lIMgaDA(tA. ANaMda), bhadrezvara(ji. kaccha), aMjAra(ji. kaccha) vagere,61 delavADA(ji. jUnAgaDha)nI jAme masijadamAMne phArasI zilAlekha e majida hi. sa. 1290(I. sa. 1873) mAM baMdhAvyAnuM noMdhe che ke gujarAtamAM pratimAlekhenI jema pALiyAlekha paNa moTI saMkhyAmAM kotarAyA che, paraMtu satanatakAla ane mughalakAlanI sarakhAmaNIe A kALa daramyAna pALiyAlekhonI saMkhyA pramANamAM ochI thaI gaI che. briTiza hakumata nIcenA jillAemAM zAMti ane salAmatI vadhI temaja riyAsatemAM paNa AMtara-vigraha baMdha thaI gayA tethI saMgrAmamAM vIragati pAmavAnA prasaMga ochA thayA hatA. A kAlanA prakAzita pALiyAlekhamAM sahuthI vadhu lekha kacchamAM AvelA che. kacchanA jADejA rAjakulamAM have mahArAva mRtyu pAme e pachI emanI yAdagIrImAM bhujamAM chataraDI karAvavAnI prathA pracalita thaI. saM. 1883 mAM bhAramalajI, saM. 1892 mAM bhojarAja ane saM 1932 mAM prAgamalajI devaloka pAmyA teonI chataraDIe bhujamAM AvelI che ne emAM te te mahArAvanAM nAma tathA mRtyavarNa noMdhatA lekha paNa kotarelA che. mahArAja bhejarAjane lagatA lekhamAM emanAM patnI rUpALIbAe sahagamana kIdhAnuM tathA chataraDI saM. 1893 mAM caNAvyAnuM paNa jaNAvyuM che. 24 karachamAM A kAlakhaMDa daramyAna paNa keTalAka puruSa saMgrAmamAM vIragati pAmyAne ke keTalIka strIo satI thayAnuM jaNAvatA pALiyAlekha maLe che, jemake koTaDI

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briTiza kAha mahAdevapurImAM saM. 1884mAM rAjagora sejapAla vagere zaradhana thayAne, koTaDImAM saM. 1898 mAM rAjagorajI ravajI rAmacaraNa pAmyA temanI pAchaLa nAthIbAIe sAvana lIdhAne, bhUjamAM saM. 1902 mAM rUpabAIne pALi sthapAyAne 17 nAnI arala(dhIdhara pAse)mAM saM. 1941 mAM tathA saM. 1943 mAM pratiSThA karI pUjA saMpUrNa karyA, 18 aMjAra mAM sa. 1910mAM AzApurAnA pUjArI deva thayAne 69 naLiyAmAM saM. 1897 mAM senabAIe sAgavana kIdhAne,90 ane chasarAmAM saM. 1944 mAM gAma jhAMpAmAM marelA yoddhAno pALiyo karAvyA.71 karachanA suprasiddha poliTikala resiDanTa kepTana mekamoMnuM mRtyu viyANIone hAthe thayela evI anukRti che, jyAre enI kabara paranA lekhamAM e mRtyu kelerAthI thayAnuM jaNAvyuM che.chara dUdhaI(tA. aMjAra)mAM kaptAna renA turka kutarAnuM paNa smAraka che, jenA para I.sa. 1883ne lekha che. 73 keTalAka bhAvika bhakta pitAnA ISTadevane pitAnuM mastaka caDAvI kamala-pUjA karatA. moDavadara(tA. aMjAra)nA cAraNa zaMkara chavAe saM. 1968mAM gaDha puMa rA'nA zaMkara upara e rIte kamalapUjA karelI, enA oTA upara saM. 1970ne lekha che.* chasarA(tA. abaDAsA)nA eka pALiyAlekhamAM saM. 1952 mAM tyAMnA eka gAlA gujarI jatAM khetara necara karyAnuM jaNAvyuM che.75 karachanI jema saurASTramAM paNa ThekaThekANe pALiyA jovAmAM Ave che, paraMtu A kAlakhaMDanA prakAzita pALiyAonI saMkhyA tyAM pramANamAM ochI che. bAreTanA copaDAomAM seMdhAyelA saurASTranA pALiyAlekhomAMnA be lekhomAM saM. 1887mAM be jADejA hAlA devAtaNu pAmyAnuM noMdhAyuM che. evI rIte uttara gujarAtamAM ziNela(tA. meDAsA)mAM jodhapuranA keI rAjaputra ane enI pAchaLa satI thayelI enI be patnIone lagatA lekhavALA pALiye che. A te mAtra ekAda udAharaNa che. samasta gujarAtamAM saMkhyAbaMdha pALiyA AvelA che, jenI uparanA ghaNuM abhilekha hajI aprakAzita rahyA che. sikkA : - sikkA vepAramAM temaja rojiMdA vyavahAramAM nANukIya calaNa tarIke mahattvanuM sthAna dharAvatA hoI emAM te te zAsaka varganuM, sarvopari sattAnAM rAjakIya parivartanonuM temaja enI sAMskRtika asaranuM ThIka ThIka pratibiMba paDe che. alabatta, sikakAomAM ghaNI vAra rUDhipAlananuM valaNa varSo lagI laMbAtuM hoI emAM parivarta ke navAM valaNanuM pratibiMba paDatAM vilaMba thatA hoya che.

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23 sAdhana sAmagrI gujarAtamAM sattAnA keMdrasthAne agAu pezavA-gAyakavADa hatA ne have enuM sthAna briTiza IsTa InDiyA ka*panIe lIdhu', chatAM varSo sudhI ahIMnA sikkAo upara dilhInA mughala bAdazAheAnuM nAma cAlu rahelu ! AthI e parathI tenI sattA ahIM cAlu rahI heAvAnuM anumAna tAravavuM asthAne che. mughala bAdazAhanuM nAma ApavAnI prathA 1858 mAM e bAdazAhatanA aMta AvavAnI sAthe baMdha thaI, paraMtu sikkA upara phArasI bhASAnA upayAga e pachI paNa cAlu rahyo ! have muMbaImAM mazInathI sikkA paDavA lAgyA ane enI upara aMgrejI lakhANu AvavA lAgyuM, chatAM emAM mughala bAdazAha zAhaAlama 2 jAnuM varSa 46 darzAvAtu ! I. sa. 1825 thI IsavI sananuM varSa apAvA lAgyuM. agrabhAga upara kaMpanInuM rAjacihna ane rAmana AMkaDAmAM sikkAnuM mUlya darzAvAtuM. 1834 thI briTiza hiMdamAM ekasarakhI sikkA-paddhati apanAvavAmAM AvI. have emAM mughala bAdazAhane badale briTiza rAjAnu' nAma apAyu ne rAjAnI AkRti paNa umerAI, kaMpanInuM nAma aMgrejImAM ne sikkAnuM mUlya aMgrejImAM tathA phArasImAM apAtuM. have 180 grenanu mukhya tAlamAna mukarara thayuM. 'panInA sikkA sAnAnA, cAMdInA ane tAMbAnA hatA.78 1858 mAM kaMpanInA zAsananA aMta AvyA ne briTiza tAjanuM sIdhuM zAsana zarU thayuM, sikkAo para ka MpanInuM nAma rada thayuM ne pRSThabhAga para aMgrejImAM INDIA zabda umerAyA. rANInI chaSmI sAthe VICTORIA QUEEN lakhAtuM tene badale 1877 thI VICTORIA EMPRESS lakhAvA lAgyuM, eDava` 7 mAnA sikkAo para zahenazAhanI AkRti tAja vinAnI hAI e sikkA beDiyA rAjAnA sikkA tarIke oLakhAtA, enA seAnAnA sikkA paDacA nathI. tAMbAne badale kAMsAnA ane nikalanA sikkA paNa paDAyA, kheADiyA rAjAnI TAlavALI AkRti sAme prajAmAM virAdha thayelA. jyA 5 mAnA sikkAo para zahenazAhanI AkRti tAjavALI ane zAhI pozAkavALI rakhAI, paraMtu emAM jhabhbhA upara cItarelI hAthInI sUMDha bhUDa jevI lAgatAM muslimAne raja thayA ne pachI e bhUla sudhArI levAmAM AvI.79 Ama videzI zAsakeAne zAsita prajAnI leAkalAgaNI lakSamAM levAnI pharaja paDatI. vaLI aMgrejonA A sikkA upara phArasI lakhANa uttarAttara ghaTatu jatAM Akhare enuM mUlya darzAvavAmAM e sImita rahyuM te e paNa vikalparUpe, khAkInu badhuM lakhANa chevaTe aMgrejImAM apAtuM thayuM. sikkAo para zAsAnI bhASAne prabhAva ghaNA paDatA rahyo che.

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TiTisa karata briTiza sikAomAM thayelAM A krimika parivartanenI ghaNuM asara vahelImaDI samakAlIna sthAnika rAjyanA sikkAo upara paNa paDI. 1818 mAM ahIM aMgrejonuM rAjya zarU thayuM tyAre gujarAtamAM vaDodarA karacha jUnAgaDha navAnagara bhAvanagara rAdhanapura ane khaMbhAta jevAM aneka sthAnika rAjya sikkA paDAvatAM. samaya jatAM briTiza sarakAre amuka rajavADAnA sikkA pADavAnA hakka mAnya rAkhyA te paikI amuka rAjyae ja cheka 1947 sudhI pitAnI TaMkazALa cAlu rAkhI sikkA pADavAne pitAne hakka jArI rAkhyuM hatuM. vaDodarAnA gAyakavADa rAjAe zarUAtamAM bAdazAha akabara 2 jAnA nAmanA phArasI lakhANa sAthe nAgarImAM pitAnuM nAma sUcavate ekAda saMketAkSara umerela. 1858 thI mughala bAdazAhanuM nAma lupta thayuM ne enA sthAne gAyakavADanAM be paraMparAgata biruda umerAyAM. have nAgarImAM tathA phArasImAM rAjAnuM AkhuM nAma apAtuM. sikkA upara vaSa hajI hijarI sananuM apAtuM. sayAjIrAva 3 jAe. (I. sa. 1875-1939) samaya jatAM sikkAo para pitAnuM uttarAMga, nAgarImAM sikkAnuM mUlya tathA vikrama saMvatanuM varSa ApavuM zarU karyuM. A rAjyanA keTalAka sikkA amarelInI TaMkazALamAMthI bahAra paDayA che. gAyakavADI rAjyanA sikkAo para mughala bAdazAhane badale iMglenDanA zahenazAhanuM nAma kyAreya prayojAyuM nahi.0 karachanA calaNamAM cAMdInI kerInuM ekama pracalita hatuM. bhAramalajI 2 jA (1414-19) nI kerI upara gujarAtanA chellA sulatAna mujhaphapharazAha 3 jAnA nAmanuM phArasI lakhANa ane hi. sa. 978(I. sa. 1570)nuM varSa apAtuM ne sAthe sAthe mahArAvanuM nAma nAgarImAM lakhAtuM. dezaLajI 2 jAe (1818-60) gujarAtanA sulatAnanA nAmane badale mughala bAdazAhanuM nAma mukAvyuM. prAgamalajI 2 jAe (1860-75) phArasI lakhANamAM mughala bAdazAhane badale rANI vikaTeriyAnAM nAma-khitAba tathA IsavI sananuM varSa ApavAnI prathA zarU karI. pRSThabhAga para nAgarImAM mahArAvanuM nAma tathA vikrama saMvatanuM varSa apAtuM. kheMgArajI 3 jAe (1875-1942) vikaTAriyA mATe "rANI ne badale sAmrAjJI'nI padavI prajI hatI. kacchanA rAjAoe potAnA sikkAomAM te te aMgreja zahenazAhanA nAmane agrima sthAna ApavAnI A prathA cheka 1947 sudhI cAlu rAkhI. upara jaNAvelA chellA be rAjAoe tAMbA uparAMta cAMdInI tathA senAnI kerI paNa paDAvI hatI.81 kacachanA sikkA tyAMnA rAjakIya itihAsa aMge keTalIka pramANita vigata pUrI pADe che.

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sAdhana sAmagrI jUnAgaDhanA navAbonA dIvAnazAhI (navAbe mughala sattAnA dIvAna hatA e daSTie) sikkA paNa mughala bAdazAhanA nAme paDAtA, emAM ghaNuM lakhANa phArasImAM ane thoDuM nAgarImAM hatuM ne hijarI sananI sAthe sAthe vikrama saMvatanuM varSa paNa apAtuM. AgaLa jatAM nAgarImAM so sarAra ane phArasImAM riyAsate gUnAiTa lakhAtuM. senAmAM tathA cAMdImAM kerInuM ane tAMbAmAM dekaDAnuM calaNa kapriya hatuM. emAM dekaDo cheka sudhI cAlu rahyo. navAnagara rAjayanA zarUAtanA sikkA gujarAtanA sulatAna mujhapharazAha 3 jAnuM nAma tathA hi. sa. 978nuM varSa dharAvatA. emAM nAgarImAM zrInAma umerAtuM. jama vibhAjIe (1852-95) nAgarImAM jAmanuM nAma, sikkAnuM mUlya, ane TekazALanuM nAma tathA vikrama saMvatanuM varSa ApavAnI navI paddhati pravartAvI. A sikkAomAM paNa senAnI kerI, cAMdInI karI ane tAMbAnA dokaDA mukhya hatA. 1900 pachI A rAjaye sikkA paDAvavA baMdha karyA.03 bhAvanagaranA sikkA karachanA sikkA jevA che. enA agrabhAga upara phArasImAM mughala bAdazAhanuM nAma ane pRSThabhAga upara nAgarImAM vAhIdura birUda hoya che.84 rAdhanapuranA navAba jorAvarakhAne (182-74) traNeya dhAtuomAM sikkA paDAvelA. emAM agrabhAga para phArasImAM vikaTeriyAnuM nAma tema birUda, TaMkazALanuM nAma ane IsavI sananuM varSa ne pRSThabhAga para phArasImAM navAbanuM nAma, sikkAnuM mUlya ane hi. sa.nuM varSa darzAveluM hoya che. navAba bisamillAkhAna(1874-95) nA cAMdInA sikkA maLyA che.85 khaMbhAtanA navAbanA sikkAo para phArasImAM navAbanuM nAma tathA hijarI varSa ane TaMkazALanuM nAma hoya che. kyAreka phArasImAM riyAsate kvAyata ke gujarAtImAM "zrIkhaMbhAta baMdara" ane gujarAtImAM sikakAnuM mUlya tathA vikrama saMvatanuM varSa hoya che. A sikkA cAMdInA ane tAMbAnA che. tAMbAnA paisA vi. saM. 1968 sudhInA maLyA che.86 Ama A kAlanA briTiza hiMdanA tathA sthAnika rAjyanA sikkA guja. rAtanA rAjakIya tathA sAMskRtika ItihAsamAM parivartananuM vaheluM moDuM pratibiMba pADe che, eTaluM ja nahi, enI vigate gujarAtanA sikkAzAstramAM vipula mAhitI pUrI pADe tema che. 7. vartamAnapatro ane sAmayike mudraNakalAnA pracalana sAthe vartamAnapatra ane sAmayika arvAcIna itihAsanA mahatvanAM sAdhana banyAM che. gujarAtamAM briTiza zAsana sthapAyuM tyAre enuM

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briTiza kAya vahIvaTI keMdra muMbaImAM hatuM. tyAre tyAM The Bombay Courier ane The Bombay Gazette jevAM aMgrejI vartamAnapatra nIkaLatAM hatA. jemAM mukhya samAcAra muMbaInA ane thaDA samAcAra gujarAta mahArASTra vagere pradezano paNa ApavAmAM AvatA hatA. AthI gujarAtanA itihAsanA A kAlakhaMDanI keTalIka mAhitI muMbaInA e aMgrejI vartamAnapatramAMthI maLe che. gujarAtI mudraNakalA tathA gujarAtI patrakAratvanA AraMbhika itihAsane keTalAka vRttAMta paNa emAMthI jANavA maLe che. 1822 mAM muMbaImAM zrI mumabaInAM samAcAra' (hAlanuM "muMbaI samAcAra") nAme paheluM gujarAtI vartamAnapatra nIkaLyuM tyArathI 1850 sudhImAM tyAM kula pAMca gujarAtI vartamAnapatra bahAra paDatAM hatAM, jemAM jAme jamazedI paNa jANItuM che. A badhAM pArasI mAlikInAM hatAM. emAM mukhya samAcAra muMbaInAM vepAra vahIvaTa AbohavA vagerenA temaja pArasI samAjanAM janma lagna maraNa vagerenA apAtA, uparAMta gujarAta kalakattA yurepa vagere dezadezAvaranA mahatvanA samAcAra paNa apAtA. enAM lakhANa pArasI zailImAM lakhAtAM ne enA taMtrIo junavANI vicArasaraNInI himAyata karatA. 1850 pachI "rAstA gophatAra' (satyavaktA), ane strIbedha' jevAM vartamAnapatra nIkaLyAM temAM sudhAraka vicArasaraNInI himAyata karavAmAM AvI. rAstA gAtAramAM rAjakIya viSayanI paNa carcA karavAmAM AvatI. zrI karazanadAsa mULajInuM "satyaprakAza" vaiSNava mahArAjenI junavANI dRSTi sAme nIDaratAthI jhajhUmyuM ne adAlatanA mukaddamAnI kaparI kaseTImAM pAra UtarI vadhu lokapriya thayuM. enI bhASA paNa pArasI vartamAnapatronI bhASA jevI hatI. muMbaInA A gujarAtI vartamAnapatra pahelethI TAIpamAM chapAtAM, paraMtu e gujarAtI TAIpamAM joDAkSara jUja hovAthI ghaNuM joDAkSara chUTA pADIne chApavA paDatA. A samayanI bhASAzailI ane vicArasaraNInA namUnA tarIke "satyaprakAzamAMthI eka vAkya laIeH hamo jadunAthajI mahArAjane pUchIe cha ke kahA vedamAM, kahA purANamAM, kahA zAstramAM ane kahI samRtImAM lakhIuM cha ke mAhArAjane athavA dharamagurune pitAnI paraNelI strI bhogave A pahelAM soMpavI ? 1851 thI 1875 nI pacIsI daramyAna muMbaImAM bIjAM aneka vartamAnapatra nIkaLyAM hatAM temAMnAM ghaNuM patra paNa thoDAM thoDAM varSa cAlI baMdha paDI gayAM hatAM, aMgrejImAM 1838 mAM The Bombay Times ane have The Bombay Gardian ane The Bombay Standard jevAM vartamAnapatra umerAyAM hatAM. keTalAMka cAlu aMgrejI vartamAnapatronA saMyojanathI 1861 mAM tyAM The Times

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sAdhana-sAmagrI of India zarU thayuM, je sarakAramAM tathA amaladAromAM mAnItuM banyuM. A kAlakhaMDanA aMte e uparAMta The Bomaby Gazette ane Advocate of India cAlu hatAM ne The Bombay Chronicle zarU thayuM hatuM. 1901 thI The Illustrated Weekly of India paNa prakAzita thatuM. vividha vRttanA prakAzanamAM tathA vivecanamAM A aMgrejI vartamAnapatro tathA sAmayikoe ghaNI pragati sAdhI hAI itihAsanA samakAlIna sAdhana tarIke have e vadhu upayogitA dharAve che. 1880 mAM zrI IrachArAma sUryarAma desAInA taMtrIpaNuM nIce muMbaImAM gujarAtI' nAme sAptAhika nIkaLyuM tyAre gujarAtI patrakAratvane navo tabakko zarU thayuM. emAM rAjakIya tathA sAmAjika e baMne prakAranA viSaya hiMdu vagere sarva kAmone lakSamAM rAkhI zuddha bhASAmAM carcAtA. bhASAzuddhi mATe potAnuM mudraNAlaya kADhI badhA joDAkSaronA TAIpa vasAvavAmAM AvyA hatA. 1885 mAM koMgresa sthapAtAM "gujarAtI ene sakriya sAtha ApavA lAgyuM hatuM. e samaye agragaNya gujarAtI vartamAnapatromAM aMgrejI vibhAga apAte ne emAMnAM keTalAMkamAM taMtrI-oMdha aMgrejImAM apAtI, jethI aMgreja tathA bina-gujarAtI bhAratIya amaladAro emAM darzAvelAM vRtto tathA vicArothI vAkepha thAya. "gujarAtI'nuM paheluM pAnuM aMgrejImAM apAtuM, pachI gujarAtImAM tAjA samAcAra, agralekha, cAlu vArtA, ramUjI vibhAga, viziSTa lekhe, carcApatra, vINelA vartamAna ane sAmAnya samA cAra-Ave ene vividharaMgI ghATa ghaDAye. vaLI enI bhASA zuddha chatAM sAdI saraLa ane saMbaMdha rakhAtI. gujarAtInA A ghATanI tathA enI bhASA ane zilInI asara anya sAptAhika vartamAnapatro para paDI.88 have pachInAM vartamAnapatra tathA sAmayikomAMthI rAjakIya sAmAjika sAhityika vagere aneka prakAranI samakAlIna mAhitI sAMpaDe che. daramyAna taLa-gujarAtamAM keTalAMka vartamAnapatra tathA sAmayika nIkaLyAM, jemAMthI e kAlanA gujarAta vize vizeSa mAhitI prApta thAya che. amadAvAdamAM gujarAta varnAkayulara sesAyaTI(hAlanI gujarAta vidyAsabhA)e 1849 mAM zarU kareluM "varatamAna" ("vartamAna) sAptAhika ane enA pratIkArarUpe zarU thayeluM "zamazera bahAdura' viruddha hitA vacceno saMgharSa pratibiMbita kare che. gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTIe 1855 mAM pitAne hastaka lIdheluM buddhiprakAza' mAsika A samasta kAlakhaMDanI sAmAjika dhArmika Arthika zaikSaNika ane sAhityika pravRttionI ThIka ThIka mAhitI pUrI pADe che.

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briTiza kAle 1851thI 1880gna gALA daramyAna amadAvAdamAM amadAvAda samAcAra' ane gujarAta zALApatra, kheDAmAM kheDA vartamAna', suratamAM surata samAcAra' "jJAnadIpaka "satyodaya vidyAvilAsa DAMDiyo' gujarAta mitra' dezImitra" ane svataMtratA", bharUcamAM "bharUca vartamAna', jUnAgaDhamAM saurASTra darpaNa' ane rAjakoTamAM kAThiyAvADa samAcAra' tathA vijJAna vilAsa' jevAM vartamAnapatra tathA sAmayika nIkaLyAM. muMbaImAM buddhivardhaka "Aryamitra' ane "jJAnavardhaka' jevAM temaja "akhabAre sedAgara' "satIe mItara" ("satyamitra') ane pArasI paMca' jevAM navAM vartamAnapatra-sAmayika nIkaLyAM. 1871-72 mAM muMbaImAMthI 13, gujarAtamAMthI 12 ane karAMcImAMthI 1 maLI kula 26 gujarAtI vartamAnapatra nIkaLatAM hatAM.89 e paikI "kheDA vartamAna' tyAre tyAMnI prajAne deza-videzanA samAcAra meLavavAmAM upayogI thatuM; e ApaNane hAlanA kheDA jillAnA e samayanA samAcAra jANavA mATe paNa upayogI nIvaDe che. "DAMDiye" e samayanA gujarAtanA sAmAjika-rAjakIya prazno aMge vipula mAhitI pUrI pADe che. gujarAta mitra' prajAnA haka mATe laDatuM ne dezI rAjAonI jAhera TIkA karatuM, dezamitra' gaMbhIra banAvAya ramUjI zailImAM rajU karatuM ne kaTAkSa dvArA prajAnI sudhAraka pravRtione Take ApatuM. "svataMtratA' mAsike vartamAnapatranA adhikAra mATe calAvelI jhuMbeza dhapAtra che. 1881 thI 1900 nI vIsI daramyAna taLa-gujarAtamAM "sudarzana' "gujarAta gejheTa' "jJAnasudhA"bharUcamitra" "gujarAta darpaNa" kAThiyAvADa TAImsa' "mahAkAla be ghaDI meja' "sayAchavijaya "jJAnasudhA' "navasArI prakAza" ane "prajAbaMdhu' jevAM vartamAnapatra-sAmayika nIkaLyAM hatAM. vaDodarAmAM "vavA vatsasTa' nAme marAThI ane vaDodarA vatsala" nAme gujarAtI sAptAhika nIkaLeluM. e baMdha paDayA bAda sayAjI vijaya' marAThImAM ane gujarAtamAM nIkaLatuM ne AgaLa jatAM e AkhuM gujarAtImAM nIkaLatuM thayeluM. suratamAM gujarAtI darpaNa" sudharAI ane lokala beDanA kAmakAjane vigatavAra ahevAla ApatuM. AgaLa jatAM e "gujarAta mitra'mAM bhaLI gayuM. amadAvAdamAM "hitecchuM" prajAnA praznonI chaNAvaTa karavAmAM me khare hatuM. 1898 mAM nIkaLelA "prajAbaMdhu'e muMbaInA "gujarAtInI jema vividha kSetromAM prajAnI saMgIna sevA sAdhI. 19mI sadInA aMtabhAgamAM gujarAtI vartamAnapatronI saMkhyA 40 nI hatI. emAMnAM ghaNAM sAptAhika ke ardhasAptAhika hatAM. thoDAM vartamAnapatra dainika hatAM te muMbaInAM hatAM. muMbaInAM pArasI vartamAnapatramAM "satyamitra' ane "kasare hindI kapriya hatAM. emAM pArasI samAjamAM pravartatAM junavaTa ane sudhArA

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sAdhana-sAmagrI vaccene saMgharSa AbehUba najare paDe che. taLa-gujarAtanAM keTalAMka vartamAnapatra paNa pArasIoe kADhelAM te sAmAnya kakSAnAM hatAM, paraMtu have ucca dheraNanAM vartamAnapatra tathA sAhityika prakAranAM sAmayika paNa vikasyAM hatAM. anya sAmayikamAM jene ne lagatAM tathA vijJAna ane vaidakane lagatAM sAmayika zarU thayAM hatAM.91 20mI sadInA AraMbhamAM gujarAtI vartamAnapatronI saMkhyA ghaTI, paNa nIvaDelAM vartamAnapatrane phelAvo vadhate gaye. emAM amadAvAdanuM gujarAtI paMca', muMbaInuM "sAMja vartamAna', amadAvAdanAM "suMdarI subodha" tathA "vasaMta', ane muMbaInuM hindustAna tathA "sAhitya" nedhapAtra che. A gALAmAM gurjara-brAhmaNa tapodhana TaLaka dazAlADa paTela moDha vaherA vagere jJAtio tathA kAmone lagatAM sAmayika paNa nIkaLyAM. amadAvAdamAMthI bhArata phivAvara nAme eka saMskRta-gujarAtI mAsika paNa nIkaLatuM. 1913-14 mAM gujarAtI vartamAnapatronI saMkhyA 19 nI hatI, temAM gujarAtI "sAMja vartamAna" "jAme jamazeda' muMbaI samAcAra" ane "pArasIne phelAve sAra hatA.3 gujarAtanA vartamAnapatromAM. badhAM jaagragaNya vartamAnapatra gujarAtI bhASAnAM che. itara bhASAomAM bahAra paDyAM hoya te saMkhyAmAM jUja ane asaramAM navAM hatAM. keTalAMka vartamAnapatra aMgrejI nAma dharAvatAM, chatAM e gujarAtI bhASAmAM ja hatAM. 94 sAmayikomAM ghaNuM mAsika hatAM, DAMka trimAsika, keI sAmayika vedaka dharma sAhitya zikSaNa hAsya strI jJAti ItyAdi amuka viSayone lagatAM hatAM; ghaNAM samasta samAjane rasa paDe tevAM sAmAnya viSayanAM hatAM. koI hiMdI saMskRta aMgrejI-gujarAtI saMskRta-aMgrejI ke saMskRta-gujarAtImAMya nIkaLatAM. 1914mAM muMbaI gujarAta ane karAMcImAM ekadare lagabhaga 43 jeTalAM gujarAtI sAmayika nIkaLatAM hatAM.95 A badhAM gujarAtI vartamAnapatro tathA sAmayikane te te samayanA rAjakIya sAmAjika Arthika dhArmika ane sAhityika itihAsanA sAdhana tarIke abhyAsa karavAmAM Ave te e parathI ene lagatI ThIka ThIka mAhitI prApta thAya ema che. 8. itihAsapogI sAhitya I.sa. 1818 thI I.sa. 1914 daramyAna gujarAtanA itihAsa-Alekhana mATenI je sAdhana-sAmagrI upalabdha che temAM atihAsika ghaTanAone prastuta karatAM upalabdha sAhityika sAdhanomAM saMskRta sAhityanI kRtionuM pramANa thoDuMka ane gujarAtI sAhityanI kRtionuM pramANa vizeSa che.

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30 briTiza kaha saskRta kRti A samayanI sa MskRtamAM racAyelI itihAseApayeAgI mAhitIvALI upalabdha nahivat che. emAM gujarAtanA kavizrI zaMkaralAla mahezvara(I. sa. 1844-1916)nI rAvanIvilTAsam kRti nedhapAtra che.96 A maha!kAvyamAM jADejA rAjAonA ritanuM Alekhana karelu che. kavine zIghra kavinuM biruda ApanAra mahArAjA rAvajIrAva prAyaH meArakhInA jADejA vazanA raveAjI 2 jA (I.sa. 1846-I.sa 1870) che. A parathI kRtimAM jemanu carita AlekhAyu che te jADena rAjAe mArakhInA DhAvA joIe.97 gujarAtI A kAlanA gujarAtI bhASAmAM racAyela atihAsika sAhityamAM kavIzvara dalapatarAma(I.sa. 1820 thI 1898)nI kRtie noMdhapAtra che. e kRtinA viSaya mukhyatve lokahita, sAmAjika mAnyatAe, samAjasudhArA ane yaMtravijJAnanI deza para paDelI asarAne lagatA che. amadAvAdanI gujarAta varnAkayulara sAsAyaTInA sthApaka ane kavinA parama snehI eNlekajhAMDara kinlAka phorbsane mukhya pAtra tarIke keMdramAM rAkhIte racAyelA phAsa-vilAsa(12 aMka)'mAM tatkAlIna sAmAjika mAnyatA ane sAhityika pravAha vizenuM citra upasAvavAmAM AvyuM che.98 kavi dalapatarAmanu' 'krUA'saviraha'99 kAvya e zAkaprazastikAvya che. emAM amadAvAda surata mahIkAMThA ane kAThiyAvADamAM amaladAra tarIke sevA ApanAra mitra phorbsanA mRtyuthI atyaMta duHkhI thayelA kavie ahIM mitranA guNNAnI prazasti karI che. phraoNbsa jevA paropakArI ane dezanA leAkeAnuM hita cAhanAra a Mgreja amaladArAnI kIrti A dezamAM amara raheze evA vinA saddeza che. ', manaHsukharAma tripAThIe svA" ane kAmanA vinA kalyANa karanAra phorbsanA jIvananuM caritra I.sa. 1869mAM lakhyuM, 'vijayavineda100 kAvyamAM dalapatarAme bhAvanagaranA rAjA vijayasi'ha(guhila rAjA vajesiMhajI-I.sa. 1816 thI 1852)nI sabhAne saMvAda kampyA che. emAMthI tatkAlIna jamAnAmAM rAjadarabAramAM sAhityika pravRttio kevI rIte vikasI hatI ane paricaya maLe che. e uparAMta pIla sAheba, je A samaya daramyAna kAThiyAvADamAM pAliTikala ejanTa hatA, temanA paNa ullekha karelA che; kAvyanA aMte cAraNI kavitAmAM dhroLanA jADejA haradheALajI 1 lA(I.sa. 1539thI 1550)thI mAMDI deAlatasiMhajI (I.sa. 1914 thI 1939) sudhInA rAjAonI nAmAvali gaNAvI che.

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sAdhana-sAmagrI I. sa. 1868nA jAnyuArInI 16mI tArIkhe IDaranA rAThoDa rAjA juvAnasiMhajI(I. sa. 1855-1868)ne sarakAre "sTAra oNpha InDiyA"IlakAba Ape te samaye rAjAnI prazastirUpe "IDaranA mahArAjA juvAnasiMha viSe'101 e kAvyanI racanA kavi dalapatarAme karI. lIMbaDIne jhAlAvaMzI rANuM jazavaMtasiMhajI(I. sa. 1862-1908)e saM. 1930 (I. sa. 1873-74)mAM kacchanA jADejA kuLanI be kanyAo sAthe lagna karyuM te samaye dalapatarAme "mahArANuM jazavaMtasiMhajI viSe102 kavita racyuM. sana 1884ne DisembaramAM gavarnara janarala ripana sAheba amadAvAdamAM AvyA e vize paNa emaNe kavitA racI che.103 hindustAna para hunnarakhAnanI caDhAI104 kAvyamAM kavie briTiza saMparkanA pariNAme avatarI rahelA yaMtravijJAnanA pariNAme AvanArI AbAdInI sAthe kArIgarIne pahecelI hAninuM paNa varNana kareluM che. A uparAMta dalapatarAmanI gujarAtanA keTalAeka aitihAsika prasaMge ane vArtAo' e kRti cheka 1933 mAM prasiddha thaI hevA chatAM emAMthI IDara rAjyanA rAThoDa rAjAone temaja bhAvanagaranA hila rAjAone samakAlIna vRttAMta jANavA maLe che. I. sa. 1859 mAM beTa dvArakAmAM aMgrejoe vAgherone harAvyA ane tyAM maMdire lUTyAM e samAcAra jANI kavi narmade "svataMtratA kAvya racyuM. emAM briTiza amalanI bhArata paratvenI pharajo vize narmadanI mukhya mukhya apekSAo ahIM zabdabaddha thayelI che. A apekSAo beTa dvArakA paranA aMgrejonA humalAnA prasaMgamAM phalitArtha thaI nathI evuM sUcita kareluM che. 105 A uparAMta kavi narmade I. sa. 1864 mAM racelA "hinduonI paDatI' nAmanA kAvyamAMthI rUDhi ane vahemanuM jaDamULamAMthI khaMDana jevA samAjasudhAraNane lagatA viSayenI sAthe keTalIka etihAsika ghaTanAo vize paNa mAhitI prApta thAya che.10 A samaya daramyAna dezI rAjAonI prazastine lagatAM bIjAM ghaNAM kAvya racAyAM che. jAmanagaranA rAjA vibhAjInI AjJAthI emane cAraNa kavi vajamAla parabatajI maheDue jAmavaMzano kamabaddha itihAsa cAraNuM kavitAmAM vi. saM. 1931 sudhIne taiyAra karyo te "vIbhA-vilAsa' nAmathI I. sa. 1893 mAM prakAzita thaze. emAM jAmanagaranA rAjavaMza vize vipula mAhitI maLe che. kavi zivalAla dhanezvare (I. sa. 1850-1899) "kacacha bhUpativivAhavarNana" I. sa. 1888 mAM racyuM, jemAM kacchanA jADejA mahArANa kheMgArajI 3 (I. sa. 1876-1942)nA vivAhaprasaMgane vigatavAra itihAsa Alekhe che. kAvya prAsaMgika ane vyakti

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satiya sa praza'sAnuM che.107 A kavinuM 'pravAsavarNana' kAvya I. sa. 1886 mAM racAyuM. emAM kavie kacchanA mahArAjA khe`gArajI 3 jA sAthe kacchathI mahAbaLezvaranA pravAsa karelA enuM varNana Ave che. rAjA kheMgArajInI stuti kavizrI jIvarAma gAre kacchabhUpatikavitA'mAM karI che. A uparAMta kheMgArajI 3 jAnA rAjyAbhiSeka saMbaMdhI kAvye kavizrI ladhA khAreTa, dayAzaMkara zAmajI, lIlAdhara mArArajI, jayazaMkara klapatarAma, hAthIrAma puruSAttama vageree racyAM che. 32 zrI nathurAma suMdarajI zukale (I. sa. 1861-1923) bhAvanagaranA gRhila rAjA takhtasiMhajI (I. sa. 1869-1896) vize 'takhtayazatriveNikA' nAme graMtha lakhyA. emAM 'saMgItatakhtavineAdu' takhtayazakhAvanI' ane 'takhtayazasaMgItasumana' e traNa kRtineA saMgraha mahArAjAnI hayAtImAM yeAjAyelA, paraMtu e pachI TUMka samayamAM mahArAjAnuM avasAna thatAM e triveNikAnA prakAzanamAM aMte e kavinI 'takhtavirahabAvanI' nAme kRti umerAI, je takhtasiMhajInA avasAna bAda racAyeluM aMjalikAvya che, vaLI mAdhavajI prAgajI davee lakhelu A rAjAnu` vistRta jIvanacaritra paNa e prakAzananA ArabhamAM joDavAmAM AvyuM che, girAzakara dalasukharAma mahetA/kRta kavitArUpe gujarAtane itihAsa' I. sa. 187ra mAM racAyA, jemAM arvAcIna itihAsamAM A samayanAM vaDAdarA bhAvanagara jUnAgaDha dhrAMgadhrA pArakhaMdara nAMdAda vADAzinera luNAvADA gAMDaLa ane lIMbaDInAM dezI rajavADAMonA ullekha samAvyA che. kRtinA aMte ApelA krASTakamAM A kAlanA gAyakavADI rAjyamAM gaNapatarAva khaMDerAva malhArarAva vageree "keTalAM varSa rAjya karyu aneA ullekha karela che. aMgreja sarakAra dvArA I. sa. 1875mAM vaDAdarAnA padabhraSTa karAyelA malhArarAva gAyakavADa vize che. svataMtra padyakRtio racAyelI che temAMthI eka cimanalAla narasIdAsa--kRta vaDAdarAnA mahArAjA malhArarAvanA rAsaDA' (I. sa. 1875) tathA khIjI kRti gAvanadAsa lakSmIdAsa--kRta 'malhAravirahazataka' (I. sa. 1875) che. A baMne kRtiemAM zarUAtamAM gAyakavADanA julameAnI TIkA thayelI che.108 khIjI kRtimAM rAjyabhraSTa thayelA malhArarAvanA padacyuta thavAthI raiyatanA je duHkhegAra nIkaLatA hatA te parathI kavie enA virahathI peAtAne thayeluM du:kha vyakta karyuM che. bhAvanagaranA gRhila vaMzanA rAjAnI kArakirdInuM jhINuvaTabharyuM varSo na prajJAcakSu kavizrI zivadAsa nAraNe gAhila biradAvaLA'(I. sa. 1899)mAM karyu che. emAM bhAvanagara saMsthAnanA prathama rAja sejakajI(I. sa. 1240-1290)thI

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sAdhana-sAmagrI mAMDIne bhAvisa hajI 2 jA (i. sa. 1869-1919) sudhInA rAjAenAM yazasvI kRtyonu varNana karyuM che. 33 iDaranA rAoADa vaMzanA rAjA kesarIsi MhajI(I. sa. 1868-1901)e karelAM leAkApayAgI kAryo vizenI mAhitI lIlAcaMda hemacaMde IDara stutI' (prAya: I. sa. 1888) kAvyamAM ApI che. lIMbaDInA jhAlA rAjA dAlasiMhajI (I. sa. 1908-1940) rAjyAsane birAjyA e saMbadhI ane e pachI emaNe prajAmAM je hitakArI kAryo karyAM te saMbaMdhI varSoMna kavizrI za`karadAna jeThIbhAI dethAe zrI dolata raupya maheAtsava kAvyakusama'mAM karyuM che. A uparAMta IzaradAsajI-praNIta 'zrI harirasa' kRtinI prastAvanAmAM zaMkaradAna kavie lIMbaDI rAjyakartAonI vaMzAvaLI ApI che. tyArabAda mahArANA DhAlatasi'hajInAM satkAryanI prazasti karI che, tathA emaNe emanA pachI digvijayasi MhujIe keTalAM varSa rAjya karyuM" enI padyamAM noMdha karI che. rAjAonI jema prajAnA keTalAka nAmAMkita agraNIonAM jIvanacaritra A kAla daramyAna prakAzita thayAM, jemake aradezara keATavALa, karasanadAsa, mULajI, durgArAma, bhALAnAtha sArAbhAI, meAhanalAla jhaverI, raNachoDabhAI TAlAla, baherAmajI malabArI, gAva narAma, gAMdhIjI ane dAdAbhAI navarojI109 zrI maganabhAI paTele lakhelA 'mahAjana maMDaLa'(1896)mAM paNa keTalAka mahAjaneAnI rUparekhA AlekhAI che. A jIvanacaritro prajAkIya jIvananI ArasIrUpa heAI emAMthI A kAlanA sAmAjika sAhityika ane rAjakIya itihAsa para ThIka prakAza pADe che. emAM keTalIka vAra rUDhi ane navA vicAre! vaccenA saMdhanI paNa jhAMkhI thAya che. A kAla daramyAna gujarAtImAM je nibaMdhasAhitya sarjAyuM temAM pazcimanI keLavaNI tathA saMskRtithI prabhAvita thayelA keTalAka pragatizIla lekhake e sAmAjika aniSTA sAme jhu Mbeza calAvI sAmAjika sudhArAonI himAyata karI hatI; jemake 'bhUtanibaMdha' 'jJAtinibaMdha' 'punarvivAha prabaMdha' 'gujarAtanA hiMduonI sthiti' 'nAtasudhArA' 'bhAjanavyavahAra tyAM kanyAvyavahAra' 'jamaNavAra vize nibaMdha' nArIzikSaNa' bALalagna' 'nAtajAtanAM taDA' 'pATIdAra--subAdhasa graha' vagere. arabI-phArasI A kAla daramyAna arakhI-phArasI bhASAmAM racAyela itihAsapayeAgI mAhitIvALI sAhityika kRtionI saMkhyA jUja che. jUnAgaDha rAjyanA phArasInA khyAtanAma kavi rahyucheDajI dIvAne (I. sa. 1768-1841) jaMganAmae heAlI' nAmanuM 3

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briTiza kAla pustaka racyuM che, jemAM haLI je rIte ramAya tenuM varNana karyuM che. heLInA utsavanuM khUba mahattva tatkAlIna samAjamAM hatuM. navAbe A utsavamAM hAjarI ApatA. Thera Thera zAmiyAnA UbhA hatA. vividha raMganA bhabhakAdAra takhta para navAba birAjate 110 - A ja kavinuM "kAte gUnAgU (vividhapatronAmanuM pustaka paNa e samaye gujarAta-kAThiyAvADamAM paga kevI rIte lakhAtA enI jhAMkhI karAve che. A kRtimAM dIvAna raNachoDajIe phalaalI upara lakhelA patro ane phalaalIe dIvAna raNachoDa para lakhelA patro aitihAsika daSTie noMdhapAtra che. jUnAgaDhanA itihAsane lagatI keTalIka hakIkata paNa emAMthI maLI Ave che.111 pAdaTIpa 1. El. a. Baroda State, Baroda Administration Report, 1905-06 2. udAharaNa tarIke T. R. Farnandes, Papers Relating to the Revision Survey Settlement of the Bardoli Taluka of the Surat Collectorate. 3. $1. 1., Baroda State, Jamabandhi Revision Settlement of the Siddhapur Taluka of the Kadi Division. 4. udAharaNa tarIke Prabhashankar Pattani, Report on Famine Operations in the Bhavnagar State in 1899-1900 vagere. 5. udAharaNa tarIke Bombay Government, Report of the Civil Cases Adjudged by the Court of Suddur Udalut for the Province of Bombay Between the years A.D. 1800 and A.D. 1824 with an Append ix and Index to the Reports, 2 Vols; Bombay Government, Bombay Sudder Dewanni Adawlutt Decisions 1840-1848,"Reports of Civil Cases Determined in the Court of Civil Dewanny Adawlutt of Bombay 1840-1848. Compiled by A.F. Bellasis. 5. Parliamentary Paper H.C. No. 156 of 1891; Return dated 23-2-1891 9. Parliamentary Paper H.C. No. 615 of 1852-53; Return dated 15-6-1853 6 Maharashtra State Archives, Revenue Department, Vol. 313 of 1821 4. Preface, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. I, Part I (Bombay, 1896) 10. AgaLa jatAM 1904mAM amadAvAda jillAne lagatA graMtha 4(1870)nI puravaNa graMtha 4-bI rUpe bahAra pADavAmAM AvI, 11. AmAM vaDodarA rAjyanA vaDedarA kaDI ane navasArI e traNa prAMta levAmAM AvelA, jyAre amarelI prAMtanA mulakane samAveza "graMtha 8 : kAThiyAvADamAM karela.

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sAdhana-sAmagrI 35 12. graMtha 1ne bhAga-2 koMkaNa dakhkhaNa ane dakSiNa marAThA dezanA itihAsane lagato che. 13. graMtha 1 nA bhAga-2 sivAyanA graMtha 1 thI 9 98. General Preface, The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol, I (Oxford 1909). 15. lekhake enuM nAma vairAyAI soraTha va hRAAra rAkhelu. mULa graMtha amudrita che. enA aMgrejI tathA enA para gujarAtI anuvAda prasiddha thayela che. ene svataMtra sIdho prAmANika anuvAda be varSa upara zrI zaMbhuprasAda ha. desAIe prasiddha karyo che. 94. Geographical Statistical and Historical Description of Hindostan and Adjacent Countries, 2 Vols. 29. Narrative of a Journey through the Upper Provinces of India from Calcutta to Bombay, 1825 with notes upon Ceylon 26. Western India in 1838, 2 Vols. qe, James Tod, Travels in Western India Embracing a Visit to the Secred Mounts of the Jains and the Most Celebrated Shrines of Hindu Faith Between Rojputana and the Indus with an Account of the Ancient City of Nehrwalla. 20. John Cormack, Abolition of Female Infanticide in Gujarat; Edward Moore, Hindu Infanticide, John Wilson, History of the Suppression of Infanticide in Western India; James Pigs, India Cries to British Humanity. 29. K. Ingham, An Account of the Work of Christian Missionaries on behalf of School Reform 1793-1833. 22. Mangaldas Nathubhai (Ed.), Borrodaile's Gujarat Caste Rules 23. lIlAdhara harakhacaMda (saMgrahako), gujarAta tAlukadArI prAcIna arvAcIna saMgraha, bhA. 1 24. baherAmajI kharazedajI, "AjanA pArasIo (1892); premAnaMda paTela, navasArI prAMtanI kALIparaja' (1901); govardhana bhaTTa, leuMA purANa, jApharabhAI rahematullA, khojA kemane itihAsa, saurASTra jJAnapracAraka maMDaLI, 'nAgarakhaMDa (1885); kAzInAtha goviMdajI, "bAvarI vagere gunhA karanArI TeLIonI mAhitI (1905); DAhyAbhAI paTela, vaDanagarA kaNabIonI utpatti' (1906); puruSottama parIkha, kaNabI kSatriya utpatti ane itihAsa' (1912); anAmI, vANiyA jJAtinA rivAjanuM ekIkaraNa (1912); keLavaNu khAtuM, vaDedarA rAjya, gujarAtI brAhmaNa jJAtinA rItarivAjonuM ekIkaraNa' (1914); mANekalAla zAstrI, meDhapurANa (1914) 25. anAmI, "dezI kArIgarIne uttejana', be bhAga (1875-76); jesaMga paTela, dukALa vize nibaMdha' (1880); bhavAnIzaMkara joSI, 'paradezI mAla ApaNA dezamAM taiyAra karavA zA upAya javA joIe?" (1889); mayArAma zaMbhunAthajI, "sthAnika rAjakIya svasattA' (1886); kezavalAla vakIla, sthAnika svarAjya' (1886); viThThaladAsa dhanajI.

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briTiza kAya bhAI paTela, 'gujarAtanI khetIvADInI hAlanI sthiti' (1886); mahAzaMkara bhaTTa, "inDiyana verAnala koMgresanuM kAmakAja' (1906). 26. enI vigata A pramANe che : khatapatra naM. 60 (sa. 1876), 76 (sa'. (1877), 61 (sa. 1878-hi. 1239), 62 (saM. 1881), 77 (sa'. 1883), 78 (saM. 1884), 63 (sa'. 1887), 92 (sa. 1895), 64 (sa'. 1895), 65 (sa'. 1903), 69 (sa. 1907), 48 (sa', 1907). 79 (sa'. 1908), 82 (sa'. 1909), 83 (sa'. 1909), 67 (saM. 1909), 80 (sa. 1912), 68 (sa'. 1913), 81 (sa'. 1918), 69 (saM. 1920), 70 (saM. 1932),. 71 (sa. 1953), 72 (sa'. 1955), ane 73 (sa'. 1970) 36 27. khatapatra na. 60, 78, 92, 64, 48 28. dA. ta. khatapatra na', 71 ane 73 mAM 29. jue khatapatra naM 73, 61. dA. ta. khatapatra naM. 63, 64, 92, 83, 67, 68 32. jue khatapatra na'. 78, 92, 64, 67, 68. 33. khatapatra na 71 30, khatapatra naM. 71-73 mAM 34. khatapatra naM. 72. 35. khatapatra naM 76 36. dA. ta. khatapatra na'. 72 mAM, 37. muni jinavijayajI, prAcIna jainalekhasaMgraha, bhA. 2, avalAkana, pR. 25-65 mAM 5, 60, 62, 72, 73, 87, 90 39. lekha na. 102 ApelA lekha naM. 53, 54, 38. lekha na. 20 40 lekha na, 91 41. lekha na. 32 e 43. lekha na. 60, 68, 69, 96, 103 ane 110 44. muni vizALavijayajI, zrI rAdhanapura pratimAlekhasaMdeha, lekha na. 455 (sa' 1890) thI 473 (sa. 1921) ane sa. 1921 tathA 1937nA `lekha (pR. 220) 42, lekha naM. 54 thI 112 45, prArjalesa, bhA, 2, 3, 556 46. A lekha hajI aprasiddha che. A mAhitI enI jAte karelI nakala parathI ApI che. 47. Diskalkar, Inscriptions of Kathiawdd, No. 188. 48. Ibid., 189 49. Ibid., 192 57. Ibid., No. 22 60. Ibid., No. 41 50. Ibid., 193. 51. Ibid, No. 190 52. Ibid, No. 191 53. D. P. Khakhar, Report on the Architectural and Archaeological Remains in the Province of Kachchh, App. I. Nos. 9-12 54. Ibid, No. 42 55. Ibid, No. 14 58. Ibid., No. 20 56. Ibid., No. 38 59. Ibid., No. 1 61. juo Vallabh Vidyanagar Research Bulletin, Vol. I, Issue 2, International Language Section, No. 24; carotara saCsaMgraha, bhA. 1, pR.1000 (ahI" sa. 681...... 276 4 chapAyu' che, temAM vi. saM.nuM varSa 1898

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sAdhana-sAmagrI joIe. emAM khADANAnI saM. 1212 mAM thayelI padharAmaNIno ullekha che) ane 1023; va. gau. ejhA, bhAvanagara prAcIna zodhasa`graha. sUcIpatra, le. 63; Collection of Prakrit and Sanskrit Inscriptions (Bhavnagar); Gohil Dynasty, No 12; 'pathika', varSa' 6, aMka 11-11, pR. 39 62. S. H. Desai, Arabic and Persian Inscriptions of Saurashtra, No. 70. saMpAdaka hi. sa. 1290-I. sa. 1847 jaNAve che (pR. 238), paraMtu e varSe I. sa. 1873-74 Ave. 37 63. zaM. sA. bAreTa, 'bAreATanA copaDAmAM pALiyAnI neAMdha', Urmi -navaracanA, dIpAsI vizeSAMka, sa. 2031, pR. 507 64. nAgajIbhAI ke. bhaTTI, 'kacchanAM chellAM satI : rUpALIbA' UrminavaracanA, saLaMga aMka 544, pR. 165; za sA. khAreTa, ejana, pR. 507 65. rA. sA. khAreTa, ejana, pR. 503 67. nAgajIbhAI ke. bhaTTI, 'smRticihno ane kacchanA khAMbhI abhyAsa'; Umi -navaracanA, saLaMga aMka 545, pR. 234 68. ejana, pR. 274 ane 240 66. ejana pR. 502-03 pALiyAnuM sarvekSaNa : eka 69. ejana, pR. 274-75 70. nAgajIbhAI ke. bhaTTI 'amArA kaccha pravAsa', "pathika", varSa 7, aMka 8, pR. 65 71. ejana varSa, 9, a'ka 12, pR. 54 72. nAgajIbhAI ke. bhaTTI, 'smRticihno ane kacchanA khAMbhI pALiyAnuM sarvekSaNa : eka abhyAsa', UrminavaracanA, saLaMga aMka 545, pR. 228 73. hariprasAda zAstrI, 'kacchanA abhilekheA', "pathika", varSa 6, aMka 10-11, pR. 39 74. prA. DA~, nAgajI ke. bhaTTI, uparyuM`kta, pR. 223 75. prA. Dau nAgacha ke. bhaTTI, 'amAro kacchapravAsa", "pathika", varSa 9, aMka 11, pR. 57 76. zaMbhudAna sAmajIbhAI bAroTa, uparyukta, pR. 506 77. DaoN. haribhAI gaudAnI, gujarAtanI pALiyAsRSTi', "Urmi -navaracanA', dIpotsavI vizeSAMka, sa'. 2031, pR. 437 78-83. vigata mATe jue A graMthanu prakaraNa 7, pariziSTa : 'sikkA' tathA ha, gaM. zAstrI ane pra. ci. parIkhanA 'bhAratIya sikkAzAsra'nuM prakaraNa 20 84. C.L. Krause & C. Mishler, Standard Catalog of World Coins, p. 655 huM. gaM. zAstrI ane pra. ci. parIkha, ejana, pR. 256 85. uparanI pA. TI. 43-48 pramANe 86. C.L. Krause & C. Mishler, op.cit., pp. 660 f; A graMthanuM prakaraNa 7, pariziSTa : 'sikkA' 87. 'satyaprakAzanA tA. 21-10-1860 nA aMkamAMthI (ratana rustamajI mArzala, gujarAtI patrakAritvane itihAsa', pR. 117) 88. ejana, pR. 142-144 89. kapilarAya mahetA, vRttapatra', "gujarAta, eka paricaya", pR. 722

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briTiza kA 90. dA. ta. surata samAcAra', 'akhakhAre sodAgara', "bharUca vartamAna', kAThicavADa samAcAra', 'bharUca mitra', 'kAThiyAvADa TAimsa', 'navasArI prakAza'. - 91. dA. ta. jaina divAkara, jaina dharmaprakAza, jaina hitecchu vaidyakataru, vijJAnavilAsa 92. kapilarAya mahetA, upayukta, pR. 323 93. ratana ru. mAla, uparyukta, pR. 344-345 94. ratana ru. mAla, 'vRttavivecana', "gujarAta eka paricaya", pR. 327 5. Catalogue of Books (and Periodicals) Printed in the Bombay Presidency during the Quarters ending 31st March, 30th June, 30th September and 31st December, 1914 96. DaoN. hIrAjAjI jIvaja, Adhuni saMta sAhitya, rR. 240 97. DA. hIrAlAla zukle mahArAjA rAvajIrAva jAmanagaranA nareza hovAnuM darzAvyuM che (ejana, pR. 240), paraMtu jAmanagaranA itihAsamAM IsavIsananI 18 mI-19 mI. sadImAM rAvajIrAva nAmanA keAI rAjA thayA hAvAnu jaNAtuM nathI. 98. kavi dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAI, 'dalapatakAvya', bhA. 1, pR. 74-117 9. ejana, pR. 117-119 100. kavi patazama, uparyukta, pR. 157, 174 101. ejana, pR. 259 102, ejana, pR. 262 103. ejana, pR. 267 104. ejana, pR. 26 105, DaoN. dilAvarasiMha jADejA, 'gujarAtI kavitAmAM pratikhikhita rASTrIya asmitA", pR. 44-45 106. kavi narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara 'narmakavitA', pR. 321-390 107. praphulla mahetA, 'narmada yuganA anya kavio' "gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa" (saMpA. umArA kara jozI, ana"tarAya AvaLa ane carAvaMta zukala), graMtha 3, pR. 131 108,oN. dilAvarasiMha jADejA, uparyuM`kta, pR. 105 109. anAmI, 'aradezara koTavAla', (1872); mahIpatarAma rUparAma, 'uttama kapALa : karasana-dAsa mULajI caritra' (1887); 'durgArAma caritra', (1879). kRSNarAva, bheALAnAtha, bheLAnAtha, sArAbhAInu jIvanacasti' (1888); cunIlAla meAdI, 'mAhanalAla jhaverInu sakSepa jIvanacaritra', (1888); bhagavAnalAla bAdazAha, 'guADalAla cheoTAlAla sI. AI. I. nuM jIvanacaritra' (1899); mANekkhAI dAdInA, 'baherAmajI malabArI' (1900); kAntilAla chaganalAla 5'DacA, 'govardhanarAma' (1910); prANajIvana mahetA, 'gAMdhIjIne 'janmavRttAMta'' (1912); pAMDurAva desAI, 'gAMdhIjInA jIvanavRttAMta' (1913); hariprasAda desAI, dAdAbhAI navarAjajI' (1913) 110. DaoN. dgabhAi nAyaka, 'gujarAtanA nAgaronuM phArasI bhASA ane sAhityanuM kheDANa ka pR. 47 49 111. ejana, pR. 47

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khaMDa 2 rAjakIya itihAsa prakaraNa 2 aMgrejonA gujarAta sAthenA pUrva-saMparka 1 gujarAtamAM praveza ane vepArane vistAra phiraMgIo ane valaMdAonA bhArata vagere pUrvanA dezo sAthenA dhIktA vepArathI prerAIne I. sa. 1600 mAM aMgrejoe paNa e prajanathI "IsTa inDiyA kaMpanInI sthApanA karI. enuM paheluM vepArI vahANa I. sa. 1608 mAM surata baMdare lAMgaryuM tyArathI aMgrejonA gujarAta sAthenA saMparkane AraMbha thaye. surata baMdare AvelA aMgrejone phiraMgIonI caDavane laIne mughala bAdazAha taraphathI koThI sthApavAnI paravAnagI na maLI tethI teoe suratanI najIkanA suMvALI baMdare vahANa lAMgarI tyAMthI vepAra karavA mAMDayo. 1608 thI 1612 daramyAna teone phiraMgIo sAthe vAraMvAra athaDAmaNa thaI, paNa 1612 mAM aMgreja kepTana besTa suMvALI khAte phiraMgIone harAvI pitAnI zaktine para Ape, AthI suratanA mughala phojadAra taraphathI aMgrejone suratamAM AvakAra maLe. thaDA vakhatamAM bAdazAha jahAMgIra taraphathI tyAM keThI sthApavAne zAhI paravAne paNa AvI gaye (13-10-1613). e kaThIne pahele vaDo Tomasa elDavartha hate. pitAnAM vepArI beya siddha karavA mATe aMgrejoe suMvALI baMdaranA bArAmAM phiraMgIone bhAre zikasta ApelI tethI phiraMgIone dIva bhAgI javuM paDayuM hatuM. A vijyathI mughale temaja hiMdI vepArIo para aMgrejo sAre prabhAva pADI zakyA. 1613 thI 1618 nA gALA daramyAna emaNe gujarAtamAM vepArane vistAra karavA mATe khaMbhAta bharUca vaDodarA ane amadAvAdamAM suratanI kaThInI zAkhAo sthApI dIdhI. daramyAnamAM IglenDanA rAjAnA elacI tarIke I. sa. 1615 mAM jahAMgIranA darabAramAM AvelA sara Tomasa e bAdazAha pAsethI dezanAM judAM

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briTiza kAla judAM sthAnee vepArI keDIo sthApavAne paravAno meLavatI vakhate 1618 mAM gujarAtamAM vepAra karavAne paravAne paNa meLavI lIdho.1 gujarAtamAM aMgrejo hiMdIo sAthe sumeLathI vepAravyavahAra calAvatA rahyA. hiMdIo sAthe jhaghaDe karanAra aMgrejone zikSA karavAmAM AvatI. mughala sarakAra taraphathI aMgrejonAM hitenI jALavaNI thatI ane emanI phariyAda para pUratuM dhyAna apAtuM; jemake gujarAtanA gaLIne utpAdake gaLImAM tela ane retInuM mizraNa kare che evI aMgrejoe phariyAda karatAM mughala sUbedAra AjhamakhAne utpAdake temaja ene vepAra karanArA vepArIone bheLaseLa baMdha karavA mATe, bhAre cImakI ApI hatI; jeke mughalane dhIme dhIme aMgrejonI vepArI pravRttiothI hiMdI vepArIone thanArA nukasAnane khyAla AvatAM emaNe aMgrejo para niyaMtraNa lAdavA mAMDyAM. bIjI bAju surata baMdara aMgrejone aneka rIte agavaDabharyuM lAgatuM hatuM. I. sa. 1664mAM zivAjIe surata lUMTayuM e pachI suratanI jAhejalAlI paNa jhAMkhI paDI gaI hatI, AthI aMgrejoe surakSita ane muktapaNe vepAra karI zakAya tevA mathaka tarIke I. sa. 1668mAM muMbaIne TApu bhADe rAkhe ane ene jhaDapathI vikAsa karI 1687 mAM vaDuM mathaka suratathI muMbaI khaseDavAmAM AvyuM, alabatta, muMbaInA tAbAmAM rahIne suratanI kaThI kAma karatI rahI. 2. rAjakAraNamAM praveza ane pradeza prAptine prAraMbha 17mI sadInA aMta ane 18 mI sadInA prAraMbhamAM mughalenI sattA anya prAMtanI jema gujarAtamAM paNa nabaLI paDavA mAMDI ane ahIM marAThA pitAnuM prabhutva jamAvavA lAgyA. 1758 mAM marAThAoe mughale pAsethI gujarAta chatI lIdhuM. AvI sthitimAM aMgrejone pitAnAM vepArI hitenA jatana mATe gujarAtamAM . paNa rAjakIya sattA hAMsala karavAnI AvazyakatA varatAI. emaNe surata kabaje karIne ene prAraMbha karyo.* suratamAM navAba saphadarakhAnanuM avasAna thatAM alInavAjhakhAna navAba bane, paNa miyAM saiyada ane sIdIo ane pezavAonI madada laI navAbI hAMsala karI lIdhI. A dhamAlamAM aMgrejonI keDI lUMTAI ane zaheranA kiledAra habasI ahamadakhAne be aMgreja kArakunane mArI nAkhyA, AthI suratanI keThInA vaDA spensare muMbaIthI manavAranI madada magAvI (15-2-1759). pezavAe paNa aMgrejenI sahAyamAM ja mokalI. aMgrejonA AkramaNa sAme habasI kiledAra TakI zakayo nahi. aMgrejoe suratane kile jItI lIdhe (4-3-1759). spensarane tyAMne hAkema ane enA hAtha nIce mi. glAsane kiledAra banAvavAmAM AvyuM.

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aMgrejonA gujarAta sAthenA pUrva-saMpaka pAchaLathI mughala bAdazAhe pharamAna bahAra pADI a grejone suratanA killA parano adhikAra mAnya rAkhe (4-9-1758). have suratamAM mughalenA navAba (gavarnara) tarIke miyAM accanane ane aMgrejone ema bevaDo vahIvaTa sthapAye. A vahIvaTa 40 varSo sudhI (arthAt I. sa. 1800 sudhI) cAlyo. suratane killo sara thayA pachI surata zaheranI mahesUlI Upaja aMgrejo navAba ane marAThAo vacce vahecAvA lAgI; jeke kilAnA tathA mughala kAphalAnA vahIvaTa mATe aMgrejoe marAThAone tAbe rahelAM aMkalezvara TaeNbA tathA bAlesara paragaNAM ane variyAva kasabAnI mahesUla ugharAvavAnA hakaka laI lIdhA. A pradeza mAMthI vArSika rU. 54,000nI mahesUlI Avaka thatI hatI." suratamAM valaMdAoe sIdIonI madadathI aMgrejo ane navAbane hAMkI kADhIne sattA pitAnA hAthamAM levA prayatna karyo, paNa emAM teo phAvyA nahi. navAba miyAM ane valaMdAonI keDI jamInadosta karI nAkhI ane emane zahera choDIne valaMdAbaMdara nAme oLakhAtI emanI jUnI kaThImAM javAnI pharaja pADI. dhIme dhIme valaMdAone suratane vepAra tUTato gaye ane I. sa. 1780 sudhImAM emanuM suratamAMnuM astitva nagaNya banI rahyuM pANIpatanA medAnamAM parAjita thayA pachI marAThAonI pratiSThA ghaTI hatI. aMgrejo Ane lAbha uThAvavA prayatnazIla banyA ne teoe marAThAonA AMtara vikhavAdamAM bhAga laI bane teTale lAbha levAnI nIti akhatyAra karI. pezavA bAlAjI bAjIrAvanuM avasAna thatAM (12-6-1761) mAdhavarAva 1 le pezavA banyA tyAre nijhAma taraphathI marAThA pradeza para thayelA AkramaNa vakhate aMgrejo pAsethI tapakhAnAnI lazkarI madada meLavavAnA badalAmAM kaMpanIne jaMbusaranuM phaLadrupa paragaNuM ApavAnI darakhAsta pezavAnA vAlI raghunAtharAve ( rAbAe) karI; joke kaMpanInA muMbaInA adhikArIone A pradeza karatAM muMbaInA bArAmAM Avela sAlaseTa vasaInagara ane bIjA TApu meLavavAmAM vizeSa rasa hato. pariNAme e sade pAra paDyo nahi (1762). daramyAna vaDodarAnI sattA mATe goviMdarAva ane phattesiMharAva vacce jhaghaDe tha. phattesiMharAve pitAne pakSa majabUta karavA suratanI aMgreja keThInA pramukha prAIsa sAthe vATAghATe karI ane enI pAse 1000 sipAI, 300 yuropIya sainike, ane 20 tepanI madadanA badalAmAM surata paragaNAne pezavAne hisso temaja pitAnI suratanI cutha ApavAnI taiyArI batAvI, paNa muMbaInI kaMpanInA

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briTiza kAha adhikArIone A darakhAsta paNa moLI lAgI. teo have vadhu ne vadhu lAbha maLe tevI taka UbhI karavA lAgyA. AvI eka taka emane suratanA navAba taraphathI I. sa. 1771 mAM maLI hatI. : 3. bharUca lIdhuM suratanA navAbe muMbaInA gavarnara ane pramukha viliyama harna bAyane 1771 nA mArcamAM lakhyuM ke mughalenA deDhaso varSanA amala daramyAna mughala bAdazAhae bharUcamAM phurajA(jakAtanAkA)nI jakAtanI Avaka suratanA navAba (sUbedAra)ne ApI hatI ane A hakka AjathI 40 varSa pahelAM sudhI abAdhitapaNe suratanA navAbe bhogavatA hatA, paNa bharUcane navAba svataMtra thatAM eNe A jakAta ApavI baMdha karI che tethI A jakAtanI vArSika Upaja rU. 70,000 lekhe gaNatAM A bAkI leNuM nIkaLatI rakamane AMkaDe rU. 28 lAkha sudhI pahoMcI gayo che, AthI bharUcane navAba A rakama cUkavI Ape e mATe kaMpanI sarakAre ene pharaja pADavI joIe. navAbanI A mAgaNInI sAthe kaMpanIe paNa pitAnI eka bAbata jeDI dIdhI. kaMpanInA rakSaNa nIce bharUcathI vepAra karatA vepArIonA mAla para kaMpanI zarUAtamAM 1 TakA ane pachI 2 TakA jakAta letI hatI, ane kaMpanI vatI bharUcanA navAbe A rakama ugharAvI kaMpanIne ApavAnI hatI. AnI cha varSathI bAkI nIkaLatI rakamane AMkaDe doDha lAkha rUpiyA sudhI paheme hatA, AthI bharUcanA navAba pAsethI ekaMdare rU. 30 lAkha kaDhAvavAnI aMgrejone taka sAMpaDI. suratanA navAbe aMgrejo sAthe saMdhi karI ke bharUca pAsethI je kaMI caData rakama prApta thAya tene huM bhAga huM aMgrejone ApIza ane vasUlAta mATe thanArA kharcamAM trIjA bhAgane kharca paNa ApIza.10 bharUcane navAba muAjhijhakhAna A vakhate vaDodarAnA phatesiMharAva, khaMbhAtanA navAba memInakhAna ane suratane aMgreja hAkemanI bhIMsa anubhavI rahyo hate. AvI sthitimAM aMgrejoe suratanA navAbanI mAgaNInA vAjabIpaNAnI khAtarI karyA vinA zakya teTalI rakama bharUcanA navAba pAsethI paDAvavA bharUca para AkramaNa karyuM. (mArca 1771), paraMtu A AkramaNa niSphaLa gayuM.11 A vakhate navAbanuM palluM namatuM hovA chatAM eNe muMbaI jaI aMgrejo sAthe samAdhAna karI levAnuM nakkI karyuM. e muMbaI pahele (4-11-1771) tyAre enuM aMgrejoe bhAre dabadabApUrvaka svAgata karyuM. emanI vacce saMdhi thaI (30-11-1771) temAM navAbe aMgrejone cAra lAkha rUpiyA ane bharUcamAM kAThI sthApavA mATenI jagyA ApavAnuM karyuM. jyAre navAba para kaI bAhya AkramaNa thAya te aMgrejoe ene

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aMgrejonA gujarAta sAthenA pUrva saMparka 43 sahAya ApavAnuM svIkAryuM. karAra mujaba bharUcamAM kAThI sthApavA mATe resiDenTa tarIke jemsa molene mokalavAmAM Ave (eprila, 1772). A pahelAM banelI eka ghaTanAthI navAbane aMgrejomAMne vizvAsa ghaTI gayo hato. banyuM hatuM ema ke saMdhi karyA pachI navAba muMbaIthI dariyAmAge khaMbhAta pAcho pharyo tyAre eNe pitAnI sAthenA rasAlAne bhUmimArge muMbaIthI ravAnA karele. e rasAlA para marAThAoe AkramaNa karIne emAMnA 100 mANasone mArI nAkhyA ane emanA ghoDA chInavI lIdhA. navAbe marAThAonA A kRtya aMge kaMpanIne phariyAda karI, paraMtu muMbaI sarakAre enA para kaMI dhyAna ApyuM nahi. navAbe ene saMdhibhaMga gaye tethI mole sAthe kaMpanIe mokalAvela bheTane eNe asvIkAra karyo. malee ene kaMpanInuM apamAna gaNa enI jANa muMbaInA gavarnarane karI. enI sAthe bharUcanI mahesUlI AvakanuM bhAre atyuktibharyuM varNana karI, aMgrejoe A pradeza sara karI levo joIe evI paNa eNe joradAra himAyata karI.12 aMgrejoe melenA hevAlane AdhAre bharUca para AkramaNa karavA brigeDiyara janarala DarabananI saradArI nIce khuzkI daLa ane suparinTenDenTa vasananI saradArI nIce naukAdaLa muMbaIthI ravAnA karyuM. senAe bharUca paheAMcI (tA. 9-11-1772) keTane ghero ghAlyo. 14 mI navebare veDarabarna marAye ane enuM sthAna robarTa gorDane lIdhuM. bhAre hallo karI chevaTe tA. 1811-1772 nA roja bharUcane kille sara karavAmAM Ave. navAba zahera choDIne nAsI chUTayo. aMgrejoe tyArabAda zaheramAM bhAre lUMTa calAvI.13 4. marAThAonA AMtarasaMgharSanA lAbha uThAvatA aMgrejo A arasAmAM raghunArAtharAva ane puNenA pezavA vacce AMtarasaMgharSa ugra banyuM. gujarAtamAM aDAsa najIka ANaMda-mogarI pAse ene pezavAnA senApati haripaMta phaDake sAthe laDAI thaI, jemAM rAghabAne hArIne nAsavuM paDayuM. e khaMbhAta tarapha nAsI gayo, paNa tyAMnA navAba taraphathI Azraya na maLatAM khaMbhAtanI aMgreja keThInA vaDA meleTa ene Azraya Ape ane ene chUpI rIte bhAvanagara thaI surata ravAnA karI dIdhuM. A upakArathI prerAIne temaja pitAne pezavAIno hakka punaH apAvavAmAM aMgrejo sahAyabhUta thAya ema che ema lAgatAM rAbAe aMgrejo sAthe surata mukAme maitrI karAra karyA (6-3-1775). A karAra aMgrejone pitAnI sattAne prasAra karavAmAM pahelarUpa banyA. karAra anusAra aMgrejoe 2,500 sainikonI TukaDI ane yogya pramANamAM topakhAnAnI sahAya karavAnA badalAmAM uparyukta vasaI ane sAlaseTa uparAMta thANu sahitanA muMbaInA

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briTiza kAla badhA TApu ane jaMbusara temaja olapADanAM phaLadrupa paragaNAM tathA aMkalezvaramAMne pezavAne hisso pitAne maLe evI tajavIja karI.14 have gujarAtanA khaMbhAta tema vaDodarA vagerenA zAsake aMgrejonA prabhAvathI emanI zehamAM AvavA lAgyA hattA. rAbAnI aMgrejo sAthenI maitrInI jANa thatAM pahelAM ene jAkAro ApanAra khaMbhAtane navAba paNa rAbAne maLavA surata gaye ane ene bheTasogAda ApI AvyuM. goviMdarAva gAyakavADa rAbAne pakSe joDAye. rAghabA sAthe karnala kITiMganI saradArI nIce 1,500 nI aMgreja pheja joDAI. aMgrejonI caDiyAtI yuddhazaktine laIne rAbAnA sainyane pezavAnA lazkara sAme vAraMvAra thayelI athaDAmaNamAM chata maLatI rahI; joke aDAsa pAsenA nirNAyaka yuddhamAM zarUAtamAM rAghabAne hAra maLI, paNa pachI vijaya maLyuM. e pachI haripaMta phaDake gujarAtamAMthI vidAya thaye. A vakhate phasiMharAvane bhIMsamAM laI goviMdarAva vaDodarAne kabaje levA pravRtta thayo tyAre kIrTige mutsaddIgIrI vAparI phattesiMharAvane virodhI pakSanI chAvaNamAMthI potAnA pakSe karI lIdhe. pharasiMharAvane vaDodarAnI potAnI sattA cAlu rAkhavA mATe ene pakSa levA sababa have aMgrejoe suratanA karAra anusAra bharUca paragaNunuM mahesUla ane cIkhalI variyAva tathA kerala paragaNuM potAne maLe tevI tajavIja karavA mAMDI, paNa suratanA karArane garvanara-janarala vorana hesTiMgsa amAnya karatAM rAbAne pitAnA nasIba para choDI karnala kITiMgane pAchA pharavAno hukama thaye. aMgrejoe puNenA pezavA sAthe puradharamAM saMdhi karI, jenAthI suratanA karAra rada thayA. puraMdharanA karArathI aMgrejone pezavA pAsethI bharUcanI mahesUla ane enI AsapAsanI jamIna prApta thaI, paNa pAchaLathI IMgleMDanI keTe oNpha DAIrekTarse suratanA karAra mAnya rAkhatAM bhAre gUMcavADo Ubho thaye. alabatta, aMgrejo badhA karArone pitAnA lAbhamAM artha tAravatA rahyA. A arasAmAM pezavAne phrenca sAthe vadhate saMparka jANI sAvadha banela aMgrejoe kerTa opha DAIrekaTarsanI AjJAthI pezavA. viruddha rAbAne Teke ApavAnuM nakkI karyuM. muMbaIne Azraya laI vadhArAmAM pitAne pezavA pade sthApavAmAM apAnArI lazkarI sahAyanA badalAmAM valasADa ane aMkalezvaranI pezavAnA hissAnI mahesUla ApavAnuM paNa svIkAryuM (navebara, 1778). have paristhitine zakaya lAbha uThAvavA ane gujarAtamAMthI marAThI sattAne pAMgaLI banAvI enA sthAne pitAnI sattA sthApavA kalakattAnI vaDI kacerIe bAjI goThavavA mAMDI. rAbAnI sAthe lazkarI TukaDI mokalavAmAM AvI (25-11-1778). vaLI muMbaInI aMgreja

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aMgrejonA gujarAta sAthenA pUrva-saMparka sattAne madada karavA mATe geDAne gujarAta tarapha ravAnA karavAmAM Avyo. rAbAnI senAne pezavA taraphathI nAnA phaDanavIsa ane mahAdajI siMdhiya e makkama mukAbale karatAM chevaTe vaDagAMvanI saMdhi thaI (16-1-1779), jemAM aMgrejoe rAghabAne pezavAne havAle karavA uparAMta gujarAtamAM marAThAo taraphathI maLelA pradeza pAchA ApavAnuM paNa nakkI thayuM. alabatta, aMgrejoe A kabUlAtanuM pAlana karyuM hovAnuM jaNAtuM nathI. thaDA vakhata pachI siMdhiyAnI pakaDamAMthI rAbA nAsI chUTI bharUca pahoMcI gaye. janarala goDArDa ene jaI maLyo ane enI sAthe vATAghATa karavA rokAye (12-6-1779). evAmAM pitAnI viruddha pezavA nijhAma ane mAyasoranA sulatAna saMgha racI rahyA hovAnI bAtamI maLatAM aMgrejoe have punaH rAdhebAne pakSa karavA mAMDyo. bIjI bAju kaMpanI sattAe pezavAnI sattAne gujarAtamAMthI nAbUda karavA pezavA ane gAyakavADa vaccenA matabhedone lAbha levAnuM nakkI karyuM ane e mATe gAyakavADa sAthe maLI eka saMdha sthApavAnI yojanA vicArI (14-1-1779). kalakattAe A pejanAne maMjUra rAkhI janarala goDAIne emAM sahAya karavA Adeza pATha.17 A samaye pezavAnA lazkare DabheIne ghere ghA hovAthI gADADe DabhAI taraphathI jhaDapI karyA karI, jayAre aMgrejonI bharUcamAMnI TukaDIe bharUcamAMnA marAThA saradArone hAMkI kADhayA ane aMkalezvara hAMsoTa tathA Amoda sara karI lIdhAM. geDADe pezavAnI pharaja pAsethI DabhoI jItI lIdhuM (20-1-1780). A samaye kuMDhalA gAme gaDArDa ane phattesiMharAva gAyakavADa vacce karAra thayA (26-1-1780). A karAramAM pezavAnI dhUMsarI gAyakavADa parathI jatI rahe, pezavAne gujarAtane mahI nadInI uttara bhAga gAyakavADane maLe enA badalAmAM phosi harAva aMgrejone 3000 savAradaLanI madada Ape ne e yuddhasamaye vadhArI Ape temaja gAyakavADane surata aThThAvIsI jillAmAM gAyakavADI hisso temaja bharUca tathA narmadA para Avela zinerane pradeza paNa aMgrejone Ape ema TharyuM.8 A karAra pachI goDArDa DabhoIne havAle mejara phensane soMpI, phattesiMharAvane sAthe laI amadAvAda jItavA nIkaLI paDyo. pAMca divasanA gherA bAda pezavAnA sUbA bAbAjI paMDita pAsethI e lIdhuM (15-2-1780) ane ene havAle phattesiMharAvane soMpyo. 19 helAnA karAra pramANenA pradeza phattesiMharAve aMgrejone ApyA; joke emAMthI sonagaDhane hetupUrvaka bAkAta rAkhyuM. e pachI phattesiMharAvanI vinaMtIthI, vaDodarA khAte briTiza resiDenTa tarIkenI javAbadArI paNa khaMbhAtanA resiDenTa meleTane

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briTiza kAu sAMpAI; joke 1781 mAM kaeNpTana a` kharekhara vaDAdarA rahyo, paNa ene pachInA va pAchA kheAlAvI levAyA hatA. gheADA samaya bAda vaDAdarAmAM niyamitapaNe resiDenTanI nimaNUka thavA lAgI. 1780 nA aMtamAM janarala goDA gujarAtanA lazkaranI javAbadArI mejara phaoNrbsa'ne sAMpI pote vasaIne dherA ghAlavA upaDayo. phrAnse surata bharUca zAra ane DabhAI khAte lazkarI TukaDIe rAkhI tyAMnI aMgrejI hakUmatane jALavI rAkho.21 a Mgrejo ane marAThAo vacce cAlelA saMghanA aMta gvAliyara pAse Avela sAlabAI nAmanA sthaLe thayelA karArathI AvyA (17-5-1782). A karAramAM gujarAtane lagatI keTalIka agatyanI bAbatAnA samAveza thatA hatA. A saMdhithA gAyakavADa ane aMgrejo vaccenA kuMDhelAnA karAra rada thayA ane laDAI pahelAM gAyakavADane tAkhe je mulake hatA te ja enA kahevAyA. amadAvAda uparA paNa enA hakka jatA rahyo ane eNe ene kabajo pezavAne sAMpavAnI sthiti UbhI thaI. alabatta, pura MdharanI saMdhi anusAra aMgrejoe pezavAne ApI dIdhele bhAga have emane parata maLyA.22 A karArathI gAyakavADane ghaNuM gumAvavuM paDayuM ane bhAre kharca paNa bhAgavavA paDatho; aMgrejone joke AthI khAsa kaMI gumAvavuM paDayuM nahi, A sthiti 1789 sudhI TakI rahI. 1789mAM phattesiMharAvanuM avasAna thatAM rAjA sayAjIrAva gAyakavADanA mutAlika tarIke peAtapeAtAnA hakka svIkArAvavA mATe mAnAjIrAva ane gAviMdarAva vacce pezavA darabAramAM lAMkhe sattAsaMdha cAlye temAM mAnAjIrAve kuMDhelAnA karAranA AdhAre peAtAne sahAya karavA aMgreja gavanarane vinaMtI karI, paNa e karAra sAlabAInA karArathI rada thayelA DhAvAthI ganarajanarala (lADa`kAna vailisanI salAhathI mu`baInI aMgreja sattA taTastha rahI.23 A sattAsaMgharSa nA aMta 1792 mAM rAjA sayAjIrAvanuM avasAna thatAM gAviMdarAva hakkanI rUe vaDAdarAnI gAdIe Ave evI sthiti sarjAtAM AvyA. sAlabAInA karArathI amadAvAda punaH pezavAne prApta thayuM hatuM, pazu amadAvAdamAMnA sarakhA AkhA zelUkara khuda pezavAne paNa gAMThatA naheAtA. zelUkare gAyakavADanI havelI para humalA karatAM gAviMdarAva gAyakavADe amadAvAda jItI lIdhu" ane zelUkarane keda karI lIdheA (julAI, 1800).24 pezavAe paNa vArSika pAMca lAkha rUpiyA lekhe cAra varSa mATe amadAvAda temaja mahI nadInI uttare AvelA pradezAnA peAtAnA mahesUlI ha gAyakavADane ApyA.25

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47 aMgrejonA gujarAta sAthenA pUrva saMparka pa. gujarAtamAM vistaratI sattA ane sarvoparitA goviMdarAva gAyakavADanuM (sapTembara 1800 mAM) avasAna thayuM e vakhate vaDodarA rAjya Arthika dRSTie ghasAIne ghaNuM nabaLuM paDI gayuM hatuM. A vakhate geviMdarAvanA be putra AnaMdarAva ane kAnAjIrAva vacce gAdI mATe lAMbe saMgharSa tha. chevaTe baMne pakSoe aMgrejone lavAdI karavA vinaMtI karI. muMbaInA aMgreja gavarnara jenAthana kane elekjhAnDara karane jarUrI lazkarI TukaDI sAthe A bAbatamAM lavAdI karavA temaja vaDodarA rAjyanA badhA praznonI patAvaTa karavA mokalya. AnaMdarAvane gAdI mATene hakka svIkArAye ane enA vatI divAna rAvajI ane enA bhAI bAbAe dIvAna rAvajI ne AnaMdarAva viruddhanAM baMDa-baLavAM samAvyAM. kaDIne malhArarAva mejara vekarane zaraNe Avyo. ene pradeza khAlasA karI gAyakavADImAM joDI devA (me, 1802). kAnhajIrAvane keda karavAmAM AvyuM ane saMkheDA tathA bahAdarapuranA baMDakhora jAgIradAra gaNapatarAvane paNa zaraNe levAyo. gAyakavADane A badhI sahAya karavAnA badalAmAM khaMbhAta khAte gavarnara DaMkana ane divAna rAvajI vacce karAra thayA (6-6-182) temAM aMgrejone corAsI paragaNuM ane suratanI cUthane gAyakavADane hissA parata prApta thayo. kaDInA vijayamAM sahAya karavA mATe cIkhalI paragaNuM apAyuM ane 3000 nI aMgreja pheja tathA tepakhAnAnI sahAya karI senA rAkhavAnA nibhAva kharcanA mAsika rU. 65,000 cUkavavA peTe LakA ane naDiyAdanI Upaja ApavAnuM TharyuM. kheDAno paNa samAveza tha, prathama varSamAM thayelA lazkarI kharca peTe aMgrejone joLakA naDiyAda ane ane vIjApuramAM paragaNAM temaja kaDI Tape prApta thayAM (18-1-1803).1che. 6-6-1812 nA karAra anusAra mejara vakarane resiDenTa nImavAmAM AvyA ane e 8mI jUne vaDodarA pahoMcI gaye... 2 daramyAna aMgrejoe pezavA bAjIrAva bIjA sAthe vasaInI saMdhi karI (31-12-1802) tadanusAra pezavA pAse sahAyakArI sainyanI janAne svIkAra karAvI enA badalAmAM vArSika 26 lAkha rUpiyAnI UpajavALa pradeza meLavyo. emAM surata aThThAvIsImAMnA pezavAnA mahAlenA vArSika 12 lAkha 28 hajAranI UpajavALA pradezane samAveza thaye hato. gAyakavADane surata pradezane hisse A agAu aMgrejone maLyuM hatuM tethI have samagra surata jillA para aMgrejonI ANa pravatI. A karArathI gAyakavADa sAthe koI paNa prazna Ubho thAya te emAM aMgrejonI lavAdI pezavAe svIkArI. 29

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briTiza kAya siMdhiyAe vaDodarA rAjyanI vikaTa paristhitine lAbha uThAvavA mATe pezavAne vArSika 10 lAkha ApIne amadAvAdane ijA gAyakavADa pAsethI levAnI tajavIja karavA mAMDI. bIjI bAju siMdhiyAne kalakattAnA garvanara janarala mAsa aiphi veleslI sAthe saMgharSamAM UtaravuM paDayuM. garvanara-janaralanI sUcanAthI siMdhivAnA tAbAne bharUcane kileka (29-8-1803) ane pAvAgaDhane kille (17-81803) sara karI levAmAM AvyA. pAchaLathI siMdhiyA ane aMgreja sarakAra vacce surajI aMjanagAMvanI saMdhi (Disembara, 183) thatAM aMgrejoe pezavA tathA gAyakavADa paranA siMdhiyAnA keTalAka hakka mukAvI dIdhA. aMgrejoe paNa siMdhiyAne bharUcane pradeza potAnI pAse rAkhI dAhoda temaja pAvAgaDha pAchAM ApI dIdhAM. I. sa. 1804mAM amadAvAdanA IjArAnI mudata pUrI thatI hatI. puNenA resiDenTa karnala berI kalejhe bhAre prayatna pachI gAyakvADa mATe vArSika 4 lAkha rUpiyAnA bhADAthI 10 varSane IjAro pharIthI tAjo karAvI Apo (10-101804).33 e pachI vaDodarAnA resiDenTa gAyakavADa sAthe navA karAra karyA, jemAM agAunA badhA karAranI jogavAIone samAveza karavAmAM Avyo hate. (21-4-1805). A karArathI aMgrejone sahAyakArI senA rAkhavAnA badalAmAM 11 lAkha 70 hajAranI UpajavALAM dhoLakA naDiyAda vIjApura mAtara tathA mahudhA paragaNuM maLyAM temaja kaDI-Tapa ane kamI-kaThodarA paNa aMgrejone apAyAM. gAyakavADanA badhAM ja dezI-videzI rAjya sAthenA rAjakIya ane Arthika praznomAM aMgrejone lavAda rAkhavAnuM ane emane nirNaya mAnya gaNavAnuM TharyuM.34 Ama A nirNAyaka saMdhithI aMgrejonI vaDodarA paranI sarvoparitA spaSTa thaI. pezavA sAthenI sAlabAInI ane tyAra pachI vasaInI saMdhithI temaja gAyakavADa sAthenI A saMdhithI gujarAtamAM aMgrejonI sattAne vyApaka vistAra thaye. surata covIsI ane surata aThThAvIsI, cIkhalI paragaNuM, kheDAne kille tathA jille, gheLakA naDiyAda mAtara mahudhA tathA vijApura paragaNuM, kaDI-Tape, tApI ane mahI vagerenAM jaMbusara sinera DabhAI Amoda dahejabArA olapADa hAMseTa ane aMkalezvara paragaNuM uparAMta dhaMdhukA rANapura ane ghoghAnAM paragaNuM tathA nApADa ane khaMbhAtanI cotha vagere emane prApta thayAM.35 dIvAna rAvajI ApAjInA avasAne (18-7-1803) dIvAna banele ene dattaka putra sItArAma mahArAja AnaMdarAvane beTI salAha ApatA ane emanI jANa bahAra bephAma kharca karate, AthI dhIme dhIme e ene apriya thaI paDyo. rAjyamAM AnaMdarAvanA nAnA bhAI phattesiMha ra jAnI rAjya-rakSaka tarIke pasaMdagI

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aMgrejonA gujarAta sAthenA pUrva saMparka thaI. e aMgrejone mitra banI rahyo (1806). A vakhate gaMgAdhara zAstrI paTavardhana vaDodarAnI resiDensImAM dezI sahAyaka tarIke nekarI karatA hatA te phatesiMharAvane paNa prItipAtra banyo hato. - saurASTramAM A samaye nAnA-meTA aneka ThAkoronI sattA pravartatI hatI. vaLI pezavA ane gAyakavADa pitAnI khaMDaNI ugharAvavA mATe mulakagIrI caDAIe karatA; jUnAgaDha ane bhAvanagara jevAM meTAM rAjyo paDozI pradeza para halA karI joratalabI vasUla letA, AthI nAnA ThAkaroe vaDodarAnA resiDenTa pAse AvA trAsamAMthA pitAne rakSaNa ApavA vinaMtI karI. zarUAtamAM AvI daramyAnagIrI karavAmAM muMbaInA gavarnare rasa dAkhavyo nahi, paNa chevaTe saurASTranA dezI rAjyo para pitAnI vaga vadhAravAnI A taka jhaDapI levA mejara vekarane lIlI jhaMDI apAI. saurASTranI pezavAnI Upajane hisso udharAvavAne IjAre paNa gAyakavADane maLyuM hovAthI gAyakavADanuM Adhipatya samagra saurASTra para pravartatuM hatuM. AvI sthitimAM gAyakavADanI Avakane nizcita karavAnI jarUra paNa hatI tethI mejara vaikara saurASTramAM gaye (I. sa. 1807) ane gAyakavADanA pratinidhi viThThalarAva devAjIne sAthe rAkhI eNe verAo(jamA ane kharAjAta)nI rakama nizcita karI. ghaNA saradAroe vekaranuM A samAdhAna svIkAryuM. A samAdhAna "vakara seTalamenTa' tarIke oLakhAya che. gAyakavADanI Upaja AnAthI nizcita thaI, samAdhAnanA dastAveja para sahI karanArA darabAro svAbhAvika rIte aMgrejonA prabhAva nIce AvI gayA ane khaMDaNInI bAbatamAM nizcita banyA. 27 A daramyAna vaDodarAnA gAyakavADa sAthe aMgrejoe pUraka karAra karI pitAne levAnI vArSika rakama rU. 1,76,168 pUrepUrI prApta thAya e mATe 1805ne karAranA pradeza uparAMta bhAvanagarathI AvatI ghAsadANunI rakama ane naDiyAda mahudhA dhoLakA mAtara vagere vistAranA keTalAMka gAmonI mahesUlI Upaja paNa pitAne maLe evI goThavaNa karI (7-7-1808).8 1812 mAM saddagata geviMdarAva gAyakavADanA putra kAnhAjIe vaDodarA rAjyamAM baMDanI pravRtti AdarI, AthI bharUcanA kepTana belenTAine kAnhajInA kaeN pAdarA upara halle karI ene keda pakaDyo ane e pharI kyAreya khataro Ubho na kare e mATe ene madrAsa mekalI devAye, jyAM ene mRtyuparyata najarakeda rakhAyela 1812 mAM kepTana karnAke viThThalarAva devAjIne sAthe rAkhIne jAmanagara 5ra caDAI karI ane jAmanagarane saMdhi karavAnI pharaja pADI. 1813 mAM ka ne jamAdAra

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50 *. briTiza kAya phatehamAmada hAlAra para caDI AvatAM vaDodarAnA resiDenTa kanake baMne vacce suleha karAvI. e ja sAlamAM kheDAnA kalekaTare bhAvanagara pAsethI rANapura dhaMdhukA ane ghoghA paragaNuM laI lIdhAM.40 1813 mAM aMgrejoe phatehasiMharAvanI vinaMtIthI gaMgAdhara zAstrIne gAyakavADane mutAlika nI. 1814 mAM amadAvAdanA IjArAnI mudata pUrI thatI hatI. ijArAnI mudata vadhArI ApavAnI pezavAnI anicchAnI jANa thatAM aMgrejo ane gAyakavADe ijAro tAjo karAvavA temaja pezavA ane gAyakavADa vacce khaMDaNI temaja anya nANAkIya levaDadevaDa aMgenA praznonuM nirAkaraNa lAvavA mATe gaMgAdhara zAstrIne puNe mokalavAnuM nakkI karyuM. zAstrI bhAre anicchA chatAM aMgrejonuM rakSaNa maLavAthI puNe javA nIkaLyA (29-10-1813). gaMgAdhara zAstrI puNe pahoMcyo (phebruArI, 1814), paNa pezavA bAjIrAva 2 jAe ene tarapha zuSka vyavahAra dAkhavyo ane ene madhyastha tarIke koI mahatva ApyuM nahi. Ama chatAM zAstrIe pezavA samakSa nANAkIya bAbatonA ukela mATenI darakhAsto rajU karI (sapTebara, 1814), jene pezavAe phagAvI dIdhI ane - amadAvAdane IjA gAyakavADane tAjo karI na ApatAM e pitAnA mAnItA saradAra cuMbakajI DuMgaLane ApI dIdhuM ane ene amadAvAdane sarasUbe nI (23-10-1814).* 1815 mAM aMgrejo nepALa-yuddhamAM vyasta hatA evAmAM pezavAne mAhitI maLI ke vaDodarAmAM rAjA AnaMdarAva gAyakavADa ane phattesiMharAva baMne briTiza resiDenTanA jAptAmAM lagabhaga najarakeda jevI sthitimAM che. pezavAe taka joI vaDodarA paranA pitAnA Adhipatyane dAvo karI pitAnA khaMDiyA rAjA tarIke gAyakavADanI sArasaMbhALa levAne pitAne hakka AgaLa karyo, paNa pezavAne A hakka resiDenTa esTine nakArI kADhI pezavAnI svAdhIna sattAne spaSTa inkAra karyo. baMnene lAgavA mAMDayuM ke briTizaronI madhyasthI sivAya pitAnA praznone ukela Ave ema nathI ane saravALe pitAne ja gumAvavAnuM Avaze, AthI pezavAe gaMgAdhara zAstrI pratye ekadama sadUbhAva batAvI ene maMtrInuM pada ApavAnI temaja enA putra vere pitAnI sALInAM lagna karavAnI darakhAsta karI. zAstrI pezavAthI aMjAI gayo ane nAsikamAM e lagnanI ujavaNuM karavA ravAnA thaze, paNa aMgrejo ane gAyakavADa AthI rokI UThayA. emaNe zAstrIne pitAnI kAmagIrI tAtkAlika ATopI levA hukama karyo (8-5-1815). zAstrIne have pezavAne pakSe javAmAM

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agrejonA gujarAta sAthenA pUrva-sapa 51 DahApaNa nahi lAgatAM eNe pheravI tAlyuM ane lagnanI darakhAsta nakArI kADhI. pezavAnuM apamAna karavA sababa paMDharapura mukAme trayaMbaka De gaLee (julAI, 1815 mAM) enuM khUna karAvI nAkhyuM, khUnanA A gunA sababa aMgrejo pezavA para bhAre rASe bharAyA. emaNe khUnIneA havAlA meLavavA uparAMta khUnanA badalAmAM gAyakavADanuM pezavA pratyenu' tamAma devuM mApha karAvI dIdhuM.43 zAstrInA khUna bAda dIvAnapade AvavA mATe sItArAme bhAre udhAmA karyo, paNa phattesiMharAve ene phAvavA dIdhA nahi. bIjI bAju resiDenTe zAstrInA anugAmI tarIke gAyakavADa ane agrene vacce madhyasthI banI zake tevA dhAkajI dAdAjInI nimaNUka karAvI (20-2-1816), paNa phattesiMharAve ene agrejo-taraphI bIjo zAstrI ja gaNI lIdhA. phattesiMharAvanuM valaNa AthA aMgrejo pratye ahiSNu banatuM cAlyuM ane enI tathA resiDenTanI vacce matabheda vadhatA gayA.44 AkhAma`DaLanA vAgherAnI lUMTaphATanI pravRtti khUba vadhI hatI tene DAmavA karnala vokara ane enA anugAmI tarIke vaDAdarAnA resiDenTa tarIke AvelA kaeNpTana koMka pagalAM lIdhAM hatAM, paNa e pravRtti jaDamULathI nAbUda thaI naheAtI. chevaTe 1816 mAM kula IsTanane mekalIne aMgrejoe vAgherAne zaraNe ANyA.45 1817 mAM dezabharamAM aMgrejo viruddha vAtAvaraNa racAyuM ane marAThA saMdhanA adhyakSa tarIke a Mgrejo viruddha pagalAM levAmAM AgevAnI levAnuM pezavA para dabANu thavA lAgyuM. aMgrejone A kAvatarAnI jANu thatAM emaNe pezavAne potAnA aMkuza nIce laI enI sAthe puNenA karAra karI lIdhA (tA. 13-6-1813). A karAramAM gujarAtane lagatI bAbatonA samAveza thatA hatA. pezavAe gAyakavADa pAsethI cAra lAkha rUpiyA laI bhUtakALanA potAnA badhA hakkadAvA jatA karyA. eNe amadAvAdane ijArA vArSika sADA cAra lAkha rUpiyA46 laI gAyakavADane kAyama mATe ApI dIdhA. pAchaLathI A rakama levAnA hakka pezavAe aMgrejone ApI dIdhe. pezavAe sahAyakArI senA rAkhavAnA kharca peTe aMgrejone saurASTramAMthI khaDaNI ugharAvavAnA peAtAnA hakka paNa ApI dIdhA, taduparAMta jaMbusara AmeAda dahejakhArA DabhAI bahAdharapura ane sAvalI paNa emane ApyAM. hakIkate amadAvAda ane elapADa sivAyanA gujarAtamAMnA badhA pezavAI pradeza a'grejone maLyA. A karArathI gAyakavADane pezavAnA AdhipatyamAMthI soMpUrNapaNe mukti maLI ane e svataMtra rAjA banyA, vaLo pezavAIne gujarAtamAM aMta AvI gayA. puNenA karAranA anvaye gAyakavADa sAthenA karArAmAM paNa pheraphAra karavAmAM AvyA. e varSoMnA navembaramAM e mATe pUraka karAra thayA ane pachInA varSe eTale ke navembara 1818 mAM

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briTiza kALa sara emAM khaMne pakSane anukULa pheraphAra karavAmAM AvyA. A karArane anvaye gAyakavADanA sahAyaka daLamAM vadhArA karI enI pAsethI amadAvAda ane enI AsapAsane dazakroI vistAra agrejoe meLavyA. agrejoe paNa UpajanA saMdarbhImAM hisAba sarabhara karavA DabhAI bahAdharapura sAvalo ane peTalAda gAyakavADane ApyAM. peTalAdanA ballAmAM aMgrejoe umareTha lIdhuM. siddhapura ane ekhAmaMDaLa prAMta tathA zaMkhAddAra beTa gAyakavADane maLyAM. gAyakavADe kapaDavaMja bhAleja kaDAi ane bIjA keTalAMka gAma ApI khIjApura ane kaDI meLavyAM. gAyakavADe saurASTramAM mahesUla vasUla karavAnu kA potAnA vatI aMgreja sattAne sAMpI dIdhuM. mahIkAMThAmAM paNa A vyavasthA gAThavAI. pezavA taraphthI saurASTra ane khIjA potAnA tAbAnA pradezanuM mahesUla udharAvavAnA hakka aMgrejone prApta thayA hatA. Ama have gujarAtamAM briTiza kaMpanonI sattA sarvAdhika ane sarvopari banI 47 pATIpa 1. sumanAbahena za, zAha, 'gujarAtamAM videzI vasAhatA' 'mudhala kAla" ('gujarAtanA rAjakIyaH ane sAMskRtika itihAsa', graMtha-6), pR. 171-73 2. ramezakAMta parIkha, 'akakharathI aura'gajheba', "mudhala kAla", pR. 63 3. sumanAbaMhena zAha, upayukta, pR. 174 4. M.S. Commissariat, History of Gujarat, Vol. I!I, pp. 649-51 banyuM hatuM evuM ke suratanI prajA tyAMnA hukhazI killedAra sIdI ahamada ane navAba sadarakhAnanA mADhe caDAvelA putra alInavAjhakhAnanA trAsathI kaMTALI gaI hatI, tethI saphadarakhAnathI asaMtuSTa prajAe kaMpanI sarakArane suratanA killA kabaje karI levA ane peAtAne killedAra tathA navAbanA trAsamAMthI ugAravA vinaMtI karI hatI. (Ibid., p. 649) 5. Ibid., pp. 674 f. 6. Ibid., p. 681 7. Ibid., p. 682 8. Ibid., p. 688 9. ramezakAMta parIkha, 'pezavAI amala', "marAThA kAla" ('gujarAtane rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa', graMtha 7), pR. 88 10. M.S. Commissariat, op. cit., Vol. III, pp. 699 f. 11. niSphaLatAnAM kAraNeA mATe jue Ibid., p. 701. 12. Ibid., pp. 704-707 13. Ibid., pp. 709-712 14. ramezakAMta parIkha, pezavAI amala", "marAThAkAla", pR. 92

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aMgrejonA gujarAta sAthenA pUrva-saMpaka 15. ejana, pR. 92-96 16. ejana, pR. 96-97 17. ejana, pR. 97; yatadra dIkSita, "gujarAtamAM aMgrejonuM jAmatuM prabhutva', "marAThAkAla', * pR. 160-161 96. G. W. Forrest, Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and Other State Papers Preseved in the Bombay Secretariat, Maratha Series, Vol. 1, pp. 394 ff. 19-20. ramezakAMta parIkha, pezavAI amala", "marAThAkAla", pR. 98-99 21. ejana, pR. 103 22. G.S. Sardesai, New History of the Marathas, Vol. III, p. 109 23. ramezakAMta parIkha, pezavAI sattAnI paDatI', "marAThAkAla', pR. 133-134 28. Commissariat, op. cit. pp., 819 f. 25. Ibid, p. 822. AthI gAyakavADane pezavAnA vArSika rU. 16,75,000 nI UpajavALA pradeza prApta thayA, Ibid., p. 837 26. vigato mATe juo graMtha 7, "marAThA kala", pR. 108-09, 138-39, 16-63. A karAra (6-6-1902) heThaLa vaDadarAmAM niyamita resiDenTa tarIke mejara vakaranI nimaNUka thaI ane eNe potAne hoddo tA. 11-7-18 02 nA roja saMbhALe. 27. ejana, pR. 140, pR. 163 28. Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. 1, Part I, p. 493 29. ejana, pra. 109-10. 30. aMgrejoe bharUca pradeza enA navAba pAsethI jItI lIdhuM hatuM, paraMtu 1783mAM aMgre joe mahAdajI siMdhiyAne bharUca zahera ane paragaNuM ApI dIdhAM ane 1783 thI 1803 daramyAna ene kabaje mahAdajI sidhiyA pAse rahyo hate. 31. Ibid, pp. 809f. 32. "marAThA kAla'; pR. 110-111 33. Commissariat, op. cit., p. 846 34. 'marAThA kAla", pR. 111-12, 141-42 34. Commissariat, op.cit., p. 840-41 36. "marAThA kAla", pR. 116-17, 142-43 37. ejana, pR. 114-15, 144-45 38. ejana, pR. 142 39 ejana, pR. 148 40. zaMbhuprasAda ha. dezAI "saurASTrane itihAsa', pR. 188-90 41. ejana, pR. 116-117, 148-149 42. ejana, pR. 117-118, 151 43. ejana, pR. 118-20, 151-para 44. ejana, pR. 153-54 45. ejana, pR. 154 8EUR. Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I, p. 428 47. "marAThA kAla", pR. 122-23, pR. 155-57, 165

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karaMNu 3 IsTa inDiyA kaMpanInuM zAsana (I. sa. 1818-1858) sana 1818 mAM pezavAI sattA baMdha paDI ane gujarAtamAM aMgrejo sarpAri sattAdhikArI thaI paDathA, joke e pUrve keTalAka mulaka emanA kabajAmAM AvI gayA hatA. briTiza zAsananAM pagaraNa e navI sattAnI stha:panA sAthe je yuga maMDAyA tene ApaNe 'arvAcIna yuga'nuM nAma ApIzuM teA e yeAgya ane baMdhakhesatuM thaI paDaze.1 I. sa. 1818 sudhImAM briTiza inDiyA kaMpanIne gujarAtamAM je keTalAka mulaka maLyA te pAMca jillAmAM vahe cAyelA hatA. prArabhamAM gujarAtanA pAMca jillAnu rAjakIya gAna kevI rIte taiyAra thayu' ene itihAsa jove jarUrI khanI rahe che. samagra gujarAta ekI sAthe briTiza zAsana heThaLa AvyuM naheAtu surata sAthenA vepArane anuSaMgIne saMbaMdha lagabhaga sattaramI sadIthI hatA. tyArapachI bharUca amadAvAda kheDA ane chelle pAMcamahAla sAthenA saMbaMdha vikasyA hatA. A jillAomAM je saMjogAmAM briTiza zAsana AvyuM tene TUMka khyAla karI laIe. (1) surata : I. sa. 1759 thI I. sa. 1800 daramyAna teo zahera kille ane AsapAsanA keTalAka pradezanA mAlika banyA hatA. muMbaI sarakAre I. sa. 1800 nA dhArA naMbara 1 bahAra pADayo hatA, jenA dvArA kalekTaranI nimaNUka karavAnI hatI. 1802 mAM eDavarDa galle suratane prathama kalekTara banyA hatA ane eNlekjhAMDara rAmse surata zaheranA nyAyAdhIza ane maeNjisTreTa tarIke nimAyA hatA. I. sa. 1802 mAM gAyakavADe keTalAka pradeze parane hakka jatA karyA hatA ane e pradezAne surata kalekTareTamAM samAvI levAmAM AvyA hatA. Ane kAraNe surata pAse Avela cArAsI temaja cIkhalInA peTAvibhAga pADavAmAM AvyA hatA. keTalAka bAkI rahelA pradezA I. sa. 1816 ane 1817 mAM briTizarAnA hAthamAM AvyA hatA. 1839 mAM pAraDI `dara ane pAsenAM pAMca gAmaDAMnuM joDANa thayuM hatu.

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IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInuM zAsana pakSa suratamAM I. sa. 1800 mAM eka vAvAjhoDu nukasAna karI gayeluM. I. sa. 1804(vi. sa. 1860)mAM sADhA dukALa' paDayo e pachI AvI 1810 nI bhayaMkara rela, I. sa. 1813(vi. sa'. 1869)mAM gujarAtamAM agANutarA kALe kera varatAvyA. suratamAM paNa le| duHkhI thaI gayAM. 1819 mAM dharatIkaMpa AvyA. 1822 mAM rustamaparAmAM meATI Aga lAgI, je parAnAM Azare 1000 ghara baLIne khAkha thaI gayAM. emAM sarvasva khAI kheThelA vepArIe ane khAsa karIne vaNakara ghaNI mATI sakhyAmAM mu*baI jaIne vasyA. e ja varSe 21mI sapTembare mATI rela AvI ane jAnamAlanI bhAre khuvArI thaI. A Aphata veLAe aradezara kATavAle cha divasa bhAre mahenata ane kharca karI leAkeAne bacAvyAM ane emane khArAka-pANI paheAMcADayAM. vaLI eka khIjI rela 1835mAM AvI, 1837 mAM meATI Aga lAgI. mAlIpIThamAM zarU thayelI Aga jotajotAmAM AkhA zaheramAM pharI vaLI. mAmblIpIThane pArasIvADa ane zaheranA madhya bhAga baLIne bhasma thaI gayAM. khIje divase pavanathI Aga vadhu phelAI, AthI vaheAravADa bhasmIbhUta thaI gaI. traNa divasa lagI cAlu rahelI AgathI mAlimalakatanI tathA AnanI ghaNI meATI khuvArI thaI. eka Mdara 9373 ghara khAkha thayAM, jenI kiMmata rU. 46,86,500 nI thatI hatI. AkhuM zahera kha`Diyera thayuM.. kATapITiyAnA navA veza nIkaLyuM. e ja varSamAM tApImAM pUra Avyu, 372 dhara taNAI gayAM, 1012 paDI gayAM ne 2539 kAkApurI thaI gayAM. A mahAsaMkaTAthI zaherane lAkhA rUpiyAnuM nukasAna thayuM. leAnA rahyAsaghA dhaMdhA cUMthAI gayA. Thera Thera cArI vagerenA bhaya pravarto. pachI 1842 thI 1849 mAM Aga phATI nIkaLI ane 1847 tathA 1849 mAM relanu` sa`kaTa UbhuM thayuM ? 19 mI sadInA pahelA be dAyakA daramyAna zrIkRSNe arjuna travADIe traNa lAkha rUpiyA kharcI bAlAjInu' maMdira baMdhAvyuM, 1825 mAM svAmI sahajAna jI surata gayA ne nava divasa rahyA. suratavAsIe meATI sakhyAmAM satsaMgI banyAM. 1836 mAM svAminArAyaNanuM maMdira baMdhAyuM.paM A varSe nirmALadAsa paNa surata AvyA. emanAM bhajana khUba leAkapriya thayAM che. porAjazAha dhanajIzAha surata adAlatamAM nyAyAdhIza banyA. vaLI te vAMsadA dharamapura ane mAMDavImAM gavanaranA dezI ejanTa hatA. muMbaI sarakAre emane cha gAma bakSisa ApyAM (I. sa. 1822). emanA bhAI aradezara koTavAla suratanA lokapriya sevaka hatA. 1838 mAM emaNe suratamAM paheluM pustakAlaya zarU

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karAvyuM. sarakAre samAraMbha bharI emanuM aneka vAra bahumAna kareluM (I. sa. 1822, 1826, 1829, 1830). khristI dharmane pracAra ahIM 1812 thI ghaNe cAlatuM hatuM. eglikana carca baMdhAyuM. 1820mAM mizana presa zarU thayuM, je gujarAtanuM prathama chApakhAnuM che. 1840mAM khAnagI aMgrejI zALA ane 184ra mAM sarakArI aMgrejI zALA zarU thaI. 1840 mAM AIriza presibaTiriyana cace ahIMnA mizana hAusane vahIvaTa saMbhALyuM. 1844 mAM durgArAme mAnavadharma sabhA sthApI. 1844 mAM suratanA dhakkA para pahelI AgaboTa AvI. 1844 mAM sarakAre mIThA paranI jakAta 8 AnAthI vadhArIne 12 AnA karI. lekee ene ugra virodha karyo. 1848mAM sarakAre baMgALI mApanAM kATalAM rAkhavAne hukama kADhyo tenA virodhamAM paNa keTalAka dahADA sudhI haDatAla paDI. e kAyadAno amala mokUpha rahyo. 1818 pachI suratanA vepAranI paDatI thatI jatI hatI, paNa 1840 sudhImAM vepAradhaMdhA sudharavAnAM cihna jaNAyAM, 1847 sudhImAM leke e kATamALa khaseDIne navAM makAna khaDAM karI dIdhAM. 1851 thI 1858 lagIne samaya sArI tejIne gaye. 1858 mAM relavenI saDaka nAkhavAnuM kAma AraMbhAyuM. 1858 mAM paheluM ajamAyazI enjina doDAvavAmAM AvyuM ne gujarAtanA relave-vyavahAranA keMdra tarIke suratane navuM mahatva prApta thayuM.7 1850mAM eNlekajhAnDara kinloka phorbsanI preraNAthI enkasa lAIbrerInI sthApanA thaI. e ja varSe "surata samAcAra' zarU thayuM. 185ra mAM suratamAM sudharAInI sthApanA thaI. 1853 mAM zaheranA mArgo para rozanI karavAnuM zarU thayu. (2) bharUca : I. sa. 1772 mAM lazkarI ane naukAdaLanA saMyukta sAtha ane sahakArathI zaherane kabaje levAmAM Avyo hato. 1772 nA yuddhanA pariNAma svarUpe bharUcanA peTAvibhAga ane vaDagAmane joDavAmAM AvyAM. judI judI rIte bharUcanA vividha peTAvibhAge, jevA ke aMkalezvara hAMseTa ja busara ane Amoda, briTiza saMcAlana heThaLa AvyA hatA. I. sa. 1783 mAM A vibhAga mahAdajI siMdhiyAne ApI devAmAM AvyA hatA. I. sa. 1802 mAM vasaInI saMdhi thaI tyAMsudhI bharUca marAThA zAsana heThaLa rahyuM hatuM. I. sa. 1803 mAM bharUca ane vaDagAma pharI briTiza zAsana heThaLa AvyAM hatAM. 1830-1843 daramyAna bharUca surata-kalekTareTa heThaLa peTA kalekaTareTa tarIke hatuM. (3) amadAvAda : I. sa. 182 mAM (dhaMdhukA tAbe) dholerA baMdara ane enA tAbAnA nava gAme kapanI sarakArane maLyAM hatAM. vasaInI saMdhi dvArA zivAe briTizarone samagra dhaMdhukA ane ghoghA ApI dIdhAM hatAM. pachI theDA

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IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInuM zAsana samaye gavarnara-janarala oNrDa veleslIe dAkhala karelI sahAyakArI yojanAnA amalIkaraNane Teke ApavA mATe gAyakavADe joLakAne peTAvibhAga paNa seMpI dIdhe hatA. I. sa. 1805 sudhI vaDodarAnA gAyakavADanA darabAranA resiDenTa heThaLa A pradeza (dhoLakA dhaMdhukA ghoghA) rahyA hatA. tyArathI mAMDIne I. sa. 1818 sudhI amadAvAdanA alaga kalekTareTanI racanA karavAmAM AvI hatI, je kheDAnA kalekaTreTa mahI nadI paranA pUvaya jillAnA bhAgarUpe hatA. I. sa. 1817nI pUnAnI saMdhi dvArA pezavAe amadAvAda zahera, dasakroInA peTAvibhAga, viramagAma, prAMtIjanA peTA vibhAga temaja moDAsA ane haraselane ene bhAga briTizarone ApI dIdhuM hatuM. Ama I. sa. 1818 mAM mahInI uttare AvelA pazcima jillAne, je have amadAvAda' tarIke oLakhAya che tene AkharI svarUpa maLyuM hatuM. I. sa. 1817nI 30mI navembare briTizaroe amadAvAdane havAle saMbhALI lIdho hato. prathama kalekTara enDru Danalopa hato ane prathama nyAyAdhIza iDamaMDa InasAIDa hate.11 (4) kheDA : hAlane A jile AMzika rIte I. sa. 1802-3 mAM ane I. sa. 1817mAM briTiza zAsana heThaLa AvyuM hatuM. I. sa. 1830 sudhI emAM pheraphAra thaye nahote. e varSamAM traNa varSa mATe kapaDavaMja amadAvAdane saMpAyuM hatuM ane kheDAne peTA kalekaTareTa banAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, paraMtu I. sa. 1838 mAM jyAre kheDAne kalekTareTanuM saMpUrNa sthAna maLyuM tyAre kapaDavaMja pAchuM kheDA sAthe samAvI levAmAM AvyuM hatuM. I. sa. 1802 mAM gAyakavADa pAsethI dhoLakA dhaMdhukA ghoghA kheDA zahera, atyAranA naDiyAdane peTAvibhAga, mAtara ane mahudhA maLyAM hatAM ane pezavA pAsethI nApADa pAsenAM zeDAM gAma maLyAM hatAM. I. sa. 1817 mAM vadhArAnA sahAyakArI baLa mATe ardhI peTalAda tema enI AjubAjune pradeza gAyakavADe Apyo hate. uttara gujarAtanA vijApuranA badalAmAM kapaDavaMja ane bhAleja ApavAmAM AvyAM hatAM peTalAda tyArapachI pAchuM gAyakavADane soMpavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. (5) paMcamahAlaH briTiza zAsana heThaLa gujarAtane A jille chelle AvyuM hatuM. I. sa. 1851 thI I. sa. 1860 daramyAna A jile siMdhiyA mATe briTiza havAlA heThaLa hatA. enuM saMcAlana revAkAMThAnA rAjakIya ejanTa dvArA thatuM. jhAMsImAMne pradezanA badalAmAM enI saipaNI thaI hatI ane I. sa. 1861 thI e prAMtanA bhAgarUpe hato.

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briTiza kaLa gujarAtamAM IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInA vahIvaTa I. sa. 1858 sudhI rahyo. A vahIvaTane Tru kreA itihAsa amadAvAdanA nivRtta nAyaba kalekTara edalajI DAsAbhAIe 'History of Gujarat'mAM nIce pramANe ApyA che : 3 vahIvaTa caMdra I. sa. 1800 mAM navA meLavAyelA surata jillAnA vahIvaTane niyamanamAM rAkhavA mATenA kAyA pasAra thayA hatA. I. sa. 1802 mAM A jillA mATe jamIna-mahesUlane kalekTara nImavAmAM AvyA hatA. A varSa daramyAna pasAra thayela 13 mA niyamana anusAra enI pharajonI vyAkhyA karavAmAM AvI hatI. e daramyAna astitva dharAvatI keTalIka bhrakRti-paddedArI (TenkAra) bAbatamAM tapAsa karavA mATe eka mahesUlI kaMmazana paNa nimAyuM hatuM. A kamizananI bhalAmanune AdhAre I. sa. 1911 mAM bharUca jillAnA eka khUba ja talaspazI ane vaijJAnika sarvekSaNanA AraMbha karAyA hatA. be varSamAM A kArya pUruM karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. svAbhAvika rIte ja gujarAtanA khInna jillA mATe paNa A sarvekSaNa vistAravAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A rIte lagabhaga I. sa. 1853 sudhI niyamita mahesUla-sarvekSaNu ane mahesUlI AMkaNInA vargIkaraNanI eka pati UbhI thaI hatI, jene mAjI jarIka' (jUnuM sarvekSaNa) tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Ave che. kheDA kalekaTa heThaLa pratyeka varSe moTI saMkhyAmAM nadI nALAM UbharAtAM ane ene kAraNe khetIne ghaNuM nukasAna thatuM temaja dhaNI jAnahAni paNa thatI, AthI sarakAre moTA pAyA upara DreinejanuM kAma hAtha upara lIdhuM hatuM. thADA samayamAM A muzkelI nivArI zakAI hatI. I. sa. 1814-15 mAM vRttikA (sTAi penDa) ApIne talATI tarIke oLakhAtA hisAbanIzeAnI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvI hatI. te raiyata pAsethI sIdhuM mahesUla ugharAvatA. A pUrve` kheDUtA dvArA mahesUla ugharAvavAmAM AvatuM. e paddhatimAM atyAcArane sthAna hatuM. have A talATIe sAcAM AMkaDAzAstrIya ane nANAkIya rajisTara rAkhatA hatA. I. sa. 1827mAM jillA ane grAmakakSAnA pelIsa nAgarika vahIvaTanA baMdhAraNa mATe nyAyata Mtra dvArA vistArapUrvaka niyamana taiyAra karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. nAgarika mahesUlI ane gunAhita nyAyataMtra mATe temaja khInna ghaNA vividha viSayA mATe polIsa vyavasthA karavAmAM AvI hatI. I. sa. 1820 mAM satIprathA para kAyadesara rIte pratibaMdha mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA.

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IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInuM zAsana amadAvAda zaherane lAgevaLage che tyAMsudhI zaheranI jakAta ghaTADavAmAM AvI hatI ane tyAra pachI enA vepArane jhaDapI vikAsa thayo hato. amadAvAda jillAnA pahelA kalekaTara je. e. Danalopane jaNAyuM hatuM ke zaheranI dIvAle taddana bimAra hAlatamAM hatI,14 AthI corIlaMTanA banAva vadhI gayA hatA. eNe keTane durasta karavAnI koI yojanAne sAkAra karavA ghaNuM prayatna karavA mAMDyA hatA. cheka I. sa. 1830 mAM Danalopa, je have mahesUla-kamizanara banyuM hatuM, teNe pharI zaheranI dIvAlane durasta karavAno prazna hAtha para lIdhe hato. I. sa. 1831 nA eprilanI 22mI tArIkhe A saMdarbhamAM sarakArI adhikArIo ane zaheranA samAjanA agraNIonI eka mizra samitinI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvI hatI. A prakhyAta zahera-keTa-phaMDa kamiTImAMthI ja AjanI amadAvAda myunisipAliTIne janma thaye che ema kahI zakAya.15 I. sa. 1831nI 6ThThI julAIe sadara dIvAnI adAlata ke kaMpanInI muMbaInI sarvocca adAlate niyamana-dhAro pasAra karyo. A niyamana-dhAre amadAvAda zaheranI dIvAlanI durastI mATe phaMDa Apato hato.12 A pachI A saMdarbhamAM agAu nimAyelI samitie nirarthaka samaya veDakyo nahi ane I. sa. 1831 nA oNkaTobaramAM jeThA khuzAlajI ane mULajI giradhara sAthe dIvAlanA eka eka bhAgane durastI mATe karAra karavAmAM AvyuM.1che A karAra rU. 31,672 ne hato ane kAma eka varSamAM pUruM karavAnuM hatuM, A kAma khAnapura daravAjAthI dilhI daravAjA sudhInuM hatuM ane emAM zAhapura daravAjAne samAveza thatA hatA. I. sa. 183ra mAM eka khAsa marajiyAta keTa-phI (zaheranI dIvAlanI phI)nI Avaka dvArA A keTane saMpUrNa rIte durasta karavAmAM AvyA hatA. AmAMthI je bacata thaI hatI te myunisipala phaMDamAM jamA thaI hatI. A phaMDa zahera mATe hitAvaha puravAra thayuM hatuM. lokahitanI ghaNI yojanAo A phaMDa dvArA pUrI pADavAmAM AvI hatI. AgaLa jatAM ke TrekTara rAkhavAnI paddhati jarUrI jaNAtAM I. sa. 1833 nA me mAsamAM A kAmagIrIne sIdhI samiti ispekaTiMga enjiniyara heThaLa mUkI devAmAM AvI hatI. I. sa. 184ra nA ekabaranI 31 mI tArIkhe samitie ene soMpavAmAM AvelI pharaja pUrI karI hatI evo ahevAla sarakArane karyo hate. 18 zahera koTa phaMDa bacAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM paraMtu pachI eNe navuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. e eka marajiyAta phaMDa banyuM hatuM. e noMdhavuM ghaTe ke A phaMDa A pachI paNa udharAvavAmAM AvatuM ane emAMthA I. sa. 184ra thI I. sa. 1852 daramyAna bIjAM cauda varSa sudhI zaheranI myunisipala jarUriyAta paratve samitie dhyAna ApyuM hatuM. A dvArA zaherane pANI puravaThe, rastA

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briTiza kahe paranI dIvAbattInI sagavaDa, saphAI ane ArogyanI vyavasthA sacavAtAM hatAM. I. sa. 1857-18 nA suzkelInA samaya daramyAna paNa e samitie zaheranA rakSaNanI vyavasthA mATenA prayatna karyA hatA. 19 1822 mAM nadImAM rela AvI hatI.20 1846 mAM keTa-phIne eka TakAne badale aDadho Take karI nAkhe. 1847thI sariyAma rastA upara divasamAM be vakhata pANI chAMTavAnuM zarU thayuM. rAtre prakAzane mATe phAnasa mUkavAnI vyavasthA thaI. I. sa. 1849 mAM rU. 8,000 nA kharce bhadranA killA upara ghaDiyALa mUkavAmAM AvyuM. bAdazAhI vakhatanA naLa purAI gayA hatA te sApha karAyA. 1 1818 mAM amadAvAdamAM moTo dharatIkaMpa thaye, tethI jumA masjidanA prasiddha minArA paDI gayA, ghaNAM ghara paDI gayAM ne ghaNI jAnahAni paNa thaI. pachI 1821mAM dharatIkaMpa thaye. 1824mAM zaheranI pahelI majaNI thaI ane 1830 mAM phajadArI kacerI jajanA tAbAmAMthI mejisTreTanA tAbAmAM AvI. surata bharUca kheDA naDiyAda ane bIjAM mahatvanAM nAnAM zaheramAM myuni. sipAliTIonI racanA karavAmAM AvI. samagra prAMtamAM saMkhyAbaMdha zALAo kholavAmAM AvI hatI. dezI rAjyomAM paNa zikSaNika pravRtti noMdhapAtra hatI. A uparAMta mArgonAM bAMdhakAma, relave, pisTa ane TeligrAphanI vyavasthA para paNa lakSya apAyuM hatuM, nyAyataMtranA vahIvaTane vikasAvavA prayAsa paNa dhIre dhIre thaI rahyo hate. IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInA zAsane paraMparAgata ane rUDhigata kAyadAmAMthI navA kAyadAsamuccaya ane enI rItarasama dAkhala karyA e eka noMdhapAtra hakIkta che. zarUAtamAM asAdhAraNa jAtanI aDacaNa naDatI hatI, Azcarya upajAve evI rIte e phiTADI devAmAM AvI. gAyakavADa pezavA ane khaMbhAtanA navAbanA tAbAnA mulakanuM briTiza mulaka sAthe cAlatuM seLabheLapaNuM ane kAThiyAvADa tathA mahIkAMThAnAM avyavasthita khaMDiyA saMsthAna, briTiza tAbAnI sImamAM AvelA saMkhyAbaMdha ardhA vazamAM AvelA evA garAsiyA ane mahevAsI, ghaNuM karIne pratyeka gAmamAM pAra vinAnA ane jenAM joIe tevAM valaNa nakkI thayelAM nahi tevA jamInanA bhogavaTAne vahIvaTa, ane lekene ghaNe bhAga joIe te hullaDI tathA luTAru, e sarve vAnAM ekaThAM maLyAM hatAM tethI karIne kaMpanI sarakAranA tAbAnA mulakanA bIjA hara koI bhAga karatAM mahI nadInI pelI merane bhAga vahIvaTa calAvavAne ghaNe kaThaNa thaI paDayo hato, chatAM paNa sarakAranI sAvacetIthI ane judAM judAM ThekANAMnA adhikArIonI vicArazakti ane sAvacetIthI keI acAnaka athavA

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IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInuM zAsana Fe bhAre paDatA pheraphArane lIdhe prajAnAM mana uzkerAyA vinA ane peAtAnI meLe gabharATamAM paDayA sivAya, atizaya salAha zAMtithI, briTiza sattA ane briTiza vahIvaTa sthApavAmAM AvyAM.23 Ama vahIvaTI paristhitimAM parivartana lAvavAnI prakriyA prathama tabakke amuka paristhitine yathAvat jALavI rAkhIne eka prakAranI vahIvaTI nAjukAIthI sabhALI levAmAM AvI hatI. jUnA kheDA jillAnAM paragaNAM jyAre prathama briTiza hAthamAM AvyAM tyAre e sarve kala vAkarane svAdhIna karAyAM ane enA upara enA AsisTanTA vahIvaTa calAvavA lAgyA. badhA kArabhAra enA jUnA dheAraNa pramANe cAlavA dIdhA ane badhI vAtanI kharI hakIkta zI che e vize kAMIka bAtamI meLavavA sivAya khIju kAMI paNa karavAmAM AvyuM nahi. jyAre niyamasara kalekUTara TharAvavAmAM AvyA tyAre paNa lAMbA vakhata sudhI cAlatA vahIvaTa jArI rAkhavAmAM AvyA.24 mahesUlakhAtAmAM ane nyAyakhAtAmAM paNa evI sAvadhAnIpUrvaka pheraphAra ke parivartana karavAnA prayatna thayA hatA.5 gujarAtamAM briTiza sarakAranI sthApanA thavAthI tyAMnA eka bhAganA lokA musIbata nIce AvI paDayA tA paNa ghaNA bhAgane tethI lAbha thayA. garAsiyA nabaLA paDI gayA ane dabAI gayA. desAI ane paTela sahita badhA vatanadAra pAsethI adhikAra ane sattA chInavI levAmAM AvyAM ne ene badale emanA aMganuM ane emanI milakatanuM nirbhayapaNuM emane ApavAmAM AvyuM. mahesUlanI rItimAM pheraphAra karavAmAM AvyA tathA nANAvaTIene emanA lAbhanuM eka meTu kAma maLatuM baMdha thaI gayu. ane ghaNAM badhAM dezI saMsthAna paDI bhAMgyAM, tathA mAlamilakata sarakhI rIte vahecAI gaI, teyA vepAranI paDatI thavAthI paNa eka khIjuM nukasAna thayuM. bhATa leAkAra6 eka vAra gujarAtamA vajanadAra thaI paDayA hatA te have kazA lekhAmAM rahyA nahi ane raiyata je agAu duHkha sahana karatI hatI tene badale ghaNuM dhana sukha tema nirbhayapaNuM pAmI, je vepAranA kAmamAM lAgelA hatA te ane garAsiyAo e be ja varganA lAke kheda jaNAvatA. have vaMzaparaMparAnA ThAkAra rahyA nahi, sthApita lazkarI nAyaka rahyA nahi, ane vidyA athavA dharmane dekhItuM paNa svArpaNu karavAthI pratiSThAne pAtra thAya tevA mANusa paNu rahyA nahi. raiyatanA lAne briTiza rAjya sukhadAyaka thaI paDayuM. e rAjye pIDArAonA hallA thatA baMdha karI nAkhyA, aMdarakhAnenI avyavasthA thatI aTakAvI, sama ane niSpakSapAta nyAya ApavA mAMDayo ane

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briTiza kAha julma tathA baLAtkArathI paisA kheMcI levAnA prakAra ghaNA kharA sApha karI nAkhyA. raiyatanI caDatI emanA raheThANanA sukhe karIne, emanA pizAkanI saphAIe karIne ane emanI dharatInI UMcI khetI karIne jaNAI AvI. puSkaLa jhADe ane vADAnI bAbatamAM, suMdara ane kharekhara sArI bAMdhaNInAM gAmonI bAbatamAM ane lekenA yogya tathA khIlatA dekhAvanI bAbatamAM gujarAta pUrva bhAratanA baMgALa sAthe mukAbale karavAnI paMktimAM mukAyuM. Ama A rAjakIya parivartananI asara sAmAjika ItihAsanA ghaDataranI prakriyA upara paNa paDI hatI. A samaya daramyAna briTizaroe sAmAjika sudhArAo dvArA parivartana lAvavAnA prayatna karyA hatA. 27 1819 mAM pezavAnA mulakanI chellI vyavasthA thaI tenI rUe gujarAtamAMnA enA saghaLA hakka briTiza sarakArane maLyA ne eNe bAjIrAvanA caDelA rUpiyAnA badalAmAM gAyakavADa pAsethI cAra lAkha levAnA te AvyA. bIje varSe kAThiyAvADanI khaMDaNI tathA ghAsadANA saMbaMdhI pezavA tathA gAyakavADanA hissAnI khAsa tapAsa karavAmAM AvI. enA pariNAme briTiza sarakAre sayAjIrAva gAyakavADane pharaja pADI ke khaMDaNInI vasUlAta mATe kAThiyAvADamAM eka briTiza amaladAra rahe ke je jarUra paDe te gAyakavADI savArone paNa kAme lagADe. evI ja goThavaNa mahIkAMThAmAM karavAmAM AvI. e rIte kAThiyAvADanI rAjyavyavasthA saMbaMdhI saghaLI kArabhAra briTiza sarakAranA hAthamAM AvyuM.8 kepTana baeNlenTAIna 1818 thI hara varSa khaMDaNI ugharAvavA kAThiyAvADa jAte hate. 1820mAM kepTana banevAla kAThiyAvADane poliTikala ejanTa nimAI gAyakavADanAM khaMDiyAM rAjyanI tapAsa karavA sAru kAThiyAvADamAM AvyuM. e varSe gAyakavADa sarakAre evI kabUlata lakhI ApI ke kAThiyAvADanA rAjAo pAsethI khaMDaNInI mAgaNI have pachI briTiza sarakAra mAraphata ja karavI. 1820 mAM okhAnA vAghere e baMDa uThAvyuM. karnala sTAnaTane lazkara laI dvArakA hale karIne lIdhuM ne vAgherenuM jora teDavuM. briTiza sarakAre prAMtane saghaLA vahIvaTa 18rara mAM pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhe. jUnAgaDhanA sipAIo ghaNA hullaDakhara hatA ne emaNe dhorAjInA ThAkarane dhADa pADI ghaNe herAna karyo hate; 1824 mAM teone vaza karavAmAM AvyA ne jUnAgaDha saMsthAna pAsethI nukasAnInA badalAmAM 6,85,000 karI levAmAM AvI. evI rIte khumANene paNa vaza karavA prayatna thayo. 1824- 25 mAM gerabaMdobastanuM jaDamULa nIkaLI gayuM. 1829 mAM khumANe zAMta thayA. kacachanA

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ITa IkiyA kaMpanInuM zAsana rAva morabI tathA jhAlAvADamAM savArI karatA te baMdha karAvAIne ke mekamanA prayAsathI lAgatAvaLagatAM saMsthAne rAvanI pAsethI nukasAnI apAvI. 28 jadArI hakumata na dharAvatAM kAThiyAvADanAM saMsthAne mATe briTiza sarakAre kAThiyAvADamAM 1831 mAM eka pheijadArI keTa sthApI. gASThavADI sUbAe jhaTapaTIthI tathA jabarIthI gAyakavADI mulakamAM vadhAro karatA rahyA. poliTikala ejanToe khAsa karIne sara lI grAMDa jekaba tathA kanala lAge, mahemAhenI laDAIne aMta ANu AkhA prAtamAM salAhazAMti pravartAvI ne lokenI bedilI nAbUda karI.30 pAdaTIpa 1. hIrAlAla tribhuvanadAsa pArekha, "arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana, khaMDa 1, pR. 6 2. Rogers, Land Revenue of Bombay, Vol. 1, pp. 168-170 3. IcchArAma I. desAI, "sUrata: senAnI mUrata', pR. 130 4. ejana, pR. 131-133 5. ejana, pR. 134-135 6. ejana, pR. 135-137 7. ejana, pR. 143 8. ejana, pR. 149 Rogers, op. cit., pp. 130 f. 10. Ibid, pp. 12 f. 91. Edalji Dosabbai, History of Gujarat, p. 241 f.n. 92. Rogers, op. cit., pp. 76 f. 23. Edalji Dosabhai, op. cit., pp. 304-ff. 28. B. K. Boman Bebram, The Rise of Municipal Government in the City of Ahmedabad, Intro., p. XI 94. Ibid., p. XIII 95. Ibid., p. XIV 17. Ibid, p. Xv 18. Ibid, p. XVI, f, n. 1 2. Ibid., p. XXV 20. ratnamaNirAva bhImarAva jeTa, gujarAtanuM pATanagara amadAvAda, pR. 174 2. ejana, pR. 169-70 22. ejana, pR. 168

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riTiza kAha 2. elekajhAnDara kinloka phArbasa, rAsamALA'-bhA. 2,(guja. anu.dI.ba, raNachoDabhAI udayarAma), | pR. 274 24-25. ejana, pR. 277 24. Dvijendra Tripathi & M. J. Mehta, Colonialism and Moderni zation, The case of Early British Intervention in a Traditional Indian Society, p. 6. 20. Kenneth Ballhatchet, Social Policy and Social Change in Wes tern India, Preface, p. V 28. narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara dave gujarAta sarvasaMgraha', pR. 379-380 29. narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara dave, "kAThiyAvADa sarvasaMgraha, pR. 229-240 30. ejana, pR. 240

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A prakaraNa 4 gujarAtamAM 1857ne saMgrAma pUrvabhUmikA sAmAnya mAnyatA evI che ke 1857nA saMgrAmamAM gujarAte nahivata bhAga bhajavyA hatA temaja videzI sattA sAmenA kahevAtA baLavAmAM pitAnA dezabAMdhavone eNe koI gaNanApAtra sahakAra Apyo na hato, paraMtu bhinna bhinna prakAranA nakkara purAvA A mAnyatAne taddana bhUlabharelI sAbita kare che. 1857 pahelAM paNa gujarAta sarakAranAM anyAyI kAryo sAme sAmudAyika Adezana karyA hatAM. muMbaI sarakAre 1844mAM muMbaI ilAkAmAM maNa mIThA parane kara ATha AnAthI vadhArIne eka rUpiyAne karyo. AnAthI ene vArSika 22 lAkhanI vadhArAnI Avaka maLe ema hatI, paraMtu AnI sAmAnya ane garIba lekenA jIvana-dhAraNa para ghaNuM ja mAThI asara thAya ema hatuM, AthI suratanA tamAma vargonA tathA tamAma jAtione lekee 1844nA ogasTanA chellA saptAhamAM A vadhArA sAme pracaMDa dekhAva javA, surata zaheramAM chellA traNa divasa sudhI sakhata haDatALa paDI. suratanA Azare 30,000 leke virodhI arajI sAthe zaheranA mulakI adhikArI remiMTana tathA muMbaI garvanaranA suratanA pratinidhi AbuthaneTanI kacerIe kuca karI gayA. lazkara tathA polIsanA emane vikheravAnA prayAsa saphaLa thayA nahi. satata traNa divasa sudhI lokoe A rIte virodhI dekhAva jyA. tamAma varganA lokonA bhAre virodhane kAraNe chevaTe AbuthanaTe 1 lI sapTembara, 1844nA roja mIThA parane vadhArAne kara mokupha rakhAyAnI jAherAta karI, paraMtu AgaLa jatAM sarakAre mIThAverAne vadhAre pharI nAkhavAnI jAherAta karatAM karI lekomAM asaMtoSa phelAye. pratyeka vargane bhAre dabANane lIdhe chevaTe sarakAre mIThA parane vere dara maNe 1 rUpiyAne badale bAra AnA levAnI jAherAta karI. suratamAM A prakAranuM bIju sAmudAyika AMdolana paNa thayuM. sarakAre eprila 1848mAM baMgALI dhAraNanAM tolamApanAM navAM sAdhana dAkhala karyA. AnI sAme leoe ane mahAjanee sakhata haDatALa pADI tathA moTA dekhAva jyA.

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briTiza kAla lekee hajAronI sahIo sAthenI virodhI arajI suratanA kAmacalAu kalekaTara ane mejisTreTa oNlivarane suparata karI. haDatALa eka saptAha sudhI cAlu rahetAM lekIne anAja ane anya cIjo meLavavAnI bhAre musIbata paDI. sarakAre A bAbata karelI vyavasthA niSphaLa nIvaDI. daramyAna mahAjanoe lekene maphata anAja vaheMcatAM lokalaDatamAM ghaNo jusso Avyo. lekene laDatA cAlu rAkhavA tathA kAyadA sAme kAnUnI laData calAvavA moTuM bhaMDoLa (rU. 50,000) ekaThuM karyuM . loka-virodha sAmudAyika laDatamAM palaTAvAne bhaya lAgatAM sarakAre telamApanAM navAM sAdhano amala rada karavAnI jAherAta karI. parabaLo 1857nA utthAna mATe bhAratamAM je saMge ane paribaLo javAbadAra hatAM te te gujarAtamAM mejUda hatAM ja, paraMtu e uparAMta keTalAka khAsa kAraNa paNa gujarAtamAM 1857 nI ghaTanA mATe javAbadAra kahI zakAya. leDa DelhAusIe bina-dastAvejI jamIna japta karavA mATe inAma-kamizananI niyukti karI hatI. bhAratanI A prakAranI kula jamInanI Azare 3 bhAganI jamIna gujarAtamAM hatI. dastAvejI purAvA nahi hovAthI gujarAtanA moTA bhAganA tAlukadAro ane jamInadAranI jamIna japta thatI hatI, AthI teoe gujarAtamAM 1857nA viplavane uttejana ApyuM, eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu emAM sakriya bhAga bhajavyo. 1857mAM rAjAone sAtha meLavavA briTiza sarakAre rAjAe sAmenA tAlukadAronA dAvAonI upekSA karIne rAjAnI rajUAtane maMjUra karI, AthI meTA bhAganA bhAyAte ane tAlukadAre Arthika rIte pAyamAla thaI gayA, AthI mahIkAMThAnA 140 jeTalA bhAyAte pitAnI kharAba Arthika sthitine lIdhe harapaLe viplavane sAtha ApavA taiyAra hatA. gujarAtanA lazkaramAM bahudhA Araba makarANuM pavArI marAThA vagerenI bharatI thatI hatI, paraMtu kAThI kaLI bhIla dhArALA nAyakaDA vagere jevI gujarAtanI laDAyaka kemonA lekenI apavAdarUpe ja bharatI thatI hatI. AthI emAMnA moTA bhAganA bekAra hatA ane teo lUMTaphATane dhaMdho karatA. gujarAtamAM viplava thatAM teoe emAM mahattvane bhAga bhajavyo. gujarAtanA ghaNAkharA rAjAo navAbo ane sAmaMta pitAnAM lazkaramAM Araba makarANI ane siMdhI muslimonI sArA pramANamAM bharatI karatA. emane svAbhAvika rIte ja mughala samrATa pratye kUNI lAgaNI ane briTiza sarakAra pratye

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gujarAtamAM 1857ne saMgrAma napharata hatI, AthI teoe gujarAtamAM 1857nA viplavanA phelAvAmAM agrabhAga bhajavyuM.8 gujarAtamAMthI thelAmAM mIThuM kacchanA raNa mAraphata rAjapUtAnAmAM mekalAtuM hatuM. A thelAmAM agAu siMdUra bharela hovAthI mIThuM lAla banI gayuM hatuM. mahIkAMThAmAMthI pasAra thatA A thelA lekee joyA tyAre temane lAgyuM ke lokone irAdApUrvaka dharmabhraSTa karavA mATe mIThA para gAyanuM lohI chAMTavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A aphavA gujarAtanA anya bhAgomAM phelAtAM viplavane uttejana maLyuM H - 1857 mAM gujarAtanA lazkaramAM gvAliyaranA keTalAka sainika hatA. A samaye vAliyaramAM dolatarAva siMdanI vidhavA rANI baijhAbAI potAnA sagIra putra vatI rAjayane vahIvaTa karatI. ene briTiza zAsana pratye bhAre napharata hatI tethI eNe gujarAtamAM jAsUse mokalIne potAnA sainikone tathA gujarAtanA anya ThAkarane briTiza sarakAra sAme viplava pakAravA uzkeryA.10 gujarAtamAM sAdhue phakIra tathA maulavIoe briTiza sarakAra sAme khullI jehAda jagAvI hatI. sarAjuddIna maulavI amadAvAdanI jummA masijada tathA amadAvAdanI lazkarI TukaDIomAM briTiza sarakAra viruddha khullAM bhASaNa karate, AthI enI dharapakaDa karIne ene sajA karavAmAM AvelI. jemAM bhAratanA anya pradezamAM capATI mAraphata viplavane saMdezo phelAvAte hevAnuM manAtuM tema gujarAtamAM vRkSanI DAMkhaLIo mAraphata Avo saMdeza phelAvAta.12 gujarAtamAM temaja anya pradezomAM kUtarA bhArata paNa viplavane saMdeza phelAvAta.13 bhAratIya bhASAomAM prasiddha thatAM vartamAnapatrae paNa viplavane uttejita karavAmAM mahatvano bhAga bhajavyo. muMbaInA garvanara mAunTa TuarTa elphinsTane muMbaI IlAkAmAM nyAyanI prathA badalI nAkhI. eNe sthAnika adAlatene badale sarakArI adAlatA sthApI, je ghaNuM kharcALa tathA lAMca lenArI hatI. vaLI emAM nyAyanI DhIla paNa khUba thatI. vaLI briTiza sarakAre gujarAta tathA anya bhAgomAM karelA keTalAka sudhArA ane kAyadA bhAratIya rivAjo ane praNAlikAonA virodhI hatA, AthI briTiza zAsana pratyenA lekenA aNagamAmAM vadhAro thaye. gujarAtanI AsapAsanA pradezamAM banelA viplavanA banAvoe paNa gujarAtamAM viplavane uttejita karavAmAM gaNanApAtra phALo Ape. rAjapUtAnA madhyapradeza tathA mahArASTranA amuka bhAganAM baMDee gujarAtanA saMnike leke tathA ThAkoromAM viplava jagAvavAnI vRttine sateja ka.18 bahAdurazAha pahelAnA sIdhA vaMzaja zAhajAdA phIrojazAhe rAjapUtAnAnA amuka bhAgomAM viplava phelAvavAmAM agrabhAga bhaja.

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briTiza kAla pite phakta 20 varSane javAna hovA chatAMya eNe makarANIo aphaghAne ane ArabonI sahAyathI maMdasorane kile ane zahera kabaje karyA tathA tyAM pitAne jUna 1857 mAM rAjA tarIke jAhera karyo. eNe Azare 20,000 nuM lazkara ekatrita karyuM tathA enI madadathI rAjapUtAnA madhyapradeza tathA uttara gujarAta ane madhya gujarAtanA amuka pradeza kabaje karavAnI yojanA karI. A mATe eNe je te pradezanA ThAkorone potAne sahakAra ApavA patro lakhyA, paraMtu ene pUrata. sahakAra nahi maLatAM enI ejanA niSphaLa gaI.15 khAsa karIne iMdora, mahAva tathA dhAranAM baMDoe mahIkAMThA paMcamahAla tathA kheDAnA pradezomAM banelA viplavanA banAve para UMDo prabhAva pADayo hato.11 vaLI nasIrAbAda tathA aMdaranA banAvoe dAveda vaDodarA tathA bharUcanA banAvo paNa sIdhI asara karI hatI.17 bharUcamAM me, 1857mAM muslimo ane pArasIo vacce thayelA komI ramakhANane 1857nA viplavatA banAvo sAthe sAMkaLI levAmAM AvatAM bharUca tathA dakSiNa gujarAtanA amuka pradezamAM viplava vizeSa phelAye. sthAnika polIsa ramakhANa dabAvavAmAM niSphaLa jatAM vaDodarA vAgarA hAMsoTa aMkalezvara vagere zaheromAMthI belAvavAmAM AvelI lazkarI kumakathI ramakhANane dAbI devAmAM AvyuM. rojarsane 13 mI jUna 1857nA roja bharUcanAkAmacalAu mejisTreTa tarIke niyukta karavAmAM AvyuM. enI tapAsamAM bharUcane maulavIne putra tathA bIjA 16 muslima lUMTaphATa tathA pArasI gurunI hatyA mATe mukhya aparAdhI jaNAyA, AthI emAMnA bene phAMsI ApavAmAM AvI. traNane jelavAsa maLyo tathA bAkInAne aparAdhanA pramANamAM vadhatI-ochI sajA karavAmAM AvI.18 A banAvamAM sarakAre pArasIonI tarapheNa karI hatI evA bahAnA taLe pahelAM bharUcanA muslimoe sarakAra sAme baMDa. pikAyuM, tathA emanI preraNAthI aMkalezvara nAM deda rAjapIpaLA hAMsoTa vagere sthaLoe paNa baMDa thayAM. suratamAM muslimonA dharmaguru zekha saiyada husena iksanI asara taLe suratanA muslimoe sarakAra sAme baMDa pokAryuM nahi. pariNAme saiyada Isane rU. 500 nuM varSAsana bAMdhI apAyuM tathA ene " kaspeniyana opha dhI sTAra oNpha inDiyAne khitAba apA.19 gujarAtamAM viplavanA mukhya banAvaH amadAvAdamAM zarUAta gujarAtanA viplavanI zarUAta amadAvAdamAM jUna, 1857mAM banelA banAvathI thaI. Idera ane mahAvanA viplavakArIe jUna, 1857 mAM amadAvAda-iMdara

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gujarAtamAM 1857 ne saMgrAma ratalAmanI sarakArI TapAla rokatA hatA enA anusaMdhAnamAM amadAvAdanA sipAI oe paNa baMDa pokAravAnuM nakkI karyuM. amadAvAdanI sAtamI TukaDInA sUbedAre viplavakArAnI AgevAnI lIdhI. emane IrAde prathama amadAvAda tAbe karIne, bAdamAM vaDodarA kUca karIne gAyakavADanI sahAyathI gujarAtamAMthI briTiza zAsana nAbUda karavAno hato, paraMtu amadAvAdanA mukhya lazkarI adhikArI janarala basane jAsUsa mAraphata A yojanAnI jANa thaI jatAM, baMDa zarU thAya te pahelo ja sUbedAranI dharapakaDa karIne ene sajA karI tathA 7 mI TukaDIne tAtkAlika vikherI nAkhI. 20 madhyapradeza ane mahArASTranA amuka bhAgonA viplavanA samAcAra jANune amadAvAdanA sainike pharI becena banyA. 1857nI julAInI zarUAtamAM marAThI TukaDIne amuka sainikoe baLavo karyo. paraMtu greneDiyara TukaDIe sAthe nahi ApatAM baLa niSphaLa gaye ane baMDakhorone AkarI sajA karavAmAM AvI.21 daramyAnamAM gujarAtanA aniyamita azvadaLanA amuka sainike e amadAvAdamAM 9mI julAI 1857nA roja baMDa pokAryuM. emane IrAde sarakArI zastrAgAra ane zastro kabaje karavAnuM hatuM, paraMtu emanI virodhI TukaDInA sipAIoe emane sAtha nahi ApatAM A irAde bara AvyuM nahi. sajA thavAnI bIke emAMnA sAta ghoDesavAra sainike sarakheja bAju nAsI gayA. upa-lazkarI adhikArI pIma tathA kepTana TeyalaranI lazkarI TukaDIoe emane pIcho karIne emane amadAvAdadhoLakA mArga para tAjapura pAse pakaDI pADavA. thayela saMgharSamAM sAtamAMthI be ghoDesavAra mAryA gayA, bAkInA pAMca tAbe thayA, jemane phAMsI ApavAmAM AvI. teone madada karavAnA Aropasara bIjA 10 sainikane jelanI sajA karavAmAM AvI. 22 uttara bhAratamAM viplava phelAyAnA samAcAra jANIne amadAvAdI greneDiyara saiinikoe 14mI sapTembara, 1857 nA roja baMDa karyuM. teo padaLa kabaje karavA mAgatA hatA, paraMtu marAThA TukaDInA sainike e tathA tepacIoe emane sAtha nahi ApatAM greneDiyara baMDakhomAMnA 21 sainika pitAnI baMdUka mUkI nAsI gayA. emane pachIthI pakaDavAmAM AvyA. emanA pAMca mukhyAne topagoLe uDADI devAmAM AvyA, traNane baMdUkathI vIMdhavAmAM AvyA ane bAkInA 13 ne phAMsI ApavAmAM AvI.23 gujarAtamAMthI briTiza zAsanane aMta lAvavAno ane vaDodarAnA briTiza tarapha mahArAjA khaMDerAva gAyakavADane padabhraSTa karavAno prayAsa sapTembara 1857mAM

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briTiza kAha amadAvAdamAM ghaDAyela eka gupta ejanA mAraphata thaze. zAhIbAgamAM goviMdarAva (bApu) gAyakavADanA raheThANe netAonI maLela beThakamAM nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM ke bApu gAyakavADe amadAvAdanI lazkarI TukaDIomAM bedilI phelAvI emane pitAnI sAthe baMDamAM sAmela thavA samajAvavI, je bApu gAyakavADa karI zakyo nahi. bhoMsale ane vaDodarAnA nihAlacaMda jhaverIne umeTA tathA bhAdaravAnA darabAronI ane kheDA tathA mahIkAMThAnA pradezonA paTelanI A kAryamAM sahAya meLavavAnI kAmagIrI saMpAI, je teoe sArI rIte pAra pADIpATaNane maganalAla vANiyAne gAyakavADanA kaDI pradezamAMthI lazkara ekatrita karavAnuM kArya suparata thayuM. eNe A tAlukAmAMthI 2,000 pAyadaLa tathA 150 haLadaLanA mANase ekatrita karyA.24 A pachI evuM nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM ke viplavakAra netAo ane emanI lazkarI TukaDIoe 16 mI oNkaTobara, 1857ne dhanaterasanA roja vaDodarA para humale kare. vaDodarA kabaje karyA bAda baMDakhora amadAvAda ane gujarAtanA anya bhAge tAbe karavA mAgatA hatA.5 daramyAna dilhInA patananA samAcAra oNkaTobaranA pahelA saptAhamAM amadAvAda ane gujarAtanA anya bhAgomAM phelAyA, AthI briTiza taraphI baLa majabUta banyAM ane briTiza virodhI baLa hatAza thayAM. vaDodarAnA gAyakavADa khaMDerAve dilhInA patananA prasaMganI ujavaNI karavA mATe 10mI kaTobaranA roja eka bhavya bhojana samAraMbha ye. A prasaMge eka baMDakhore gAyakavADa virodhanA kAvatarAnI khaMDerAvane jANa karI, je khabara khaMDerAve turata vaDodarAnA resiDenTa karnala zekasapiyarane ApI. zekasapiyaranA AdezathI tarata ja kheDAnA mejisTreTa Azabanere tathA revAkAMThAnA poliTikala ejanTa bekalee pitAnI lazkarI TukaDIo sAthe, mahI nadI kAMThe paDAva nAkhI paDelA baMDakhora para, ociMte humalo karyo. moTA bhAganA baMDakhere pakaDAI gayA, jyAre bAkInA nAsI chUTyA. dasane tepane gaLe uDAvI devAmAM AvyA ane navane jIvanabhara dezanikAla karavAmAM AvyA. nAsI chUTelA maganalAla vANiyAe lodarAmAM jaIne baLavo pikAryo. ene tathA enA sAthIdArone amadAvAdanA polIsa adhikArI mejara agare pakaDI pADyA. e tamAmane tepane gaLe uDAvI devAmAM AvyA. nihAlacaMda jhaverIne paNa phAMsI ApavAmAM AvI, jyAre gAyakavADanI sUcanAthI geviMdarAva ane bhoMsalene vaDodarAnI jelamAM pUravAmAM AvyA. kheDA jillAnA pratApapura tathA aMgara gAmone kAvatarAmAM agra bhAga levA mATe tathA baMDakhorone Azraya ApavA badala saMpUrNa nAza karavAmAM AvyuM. A banAva pachI amadAvAdanI

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gujarAtamAM 1857ne saMgrAma lazkarI TukaDIomAM noMdhapAtra vadhAre karavAmAM Avyo tathA 14 mI oNkaTobara, 1857nA roja muMbaIthI ghoghA baMdare kimiyAnA yuddhamAM paMkAyelI 89 mI lazkarI TukaDIne utAravAmAM AvI, jene mukAma amadAvAda rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. AthI amadAvAdamAM pachIthI viplavane kaI banAva bane nahi.27 mahIkAMThAnA banAva e samaye mahIkAMThAnA pradezamAM nAnA-moTA 140 jeTalA tAlukAdAra hatA. rAjAo sAmenA pitAnA hakadAvAmAM briTiza sarakAra rAjAonI taraphadArI karatI hevAthI teo mahIkAMThAnA pradezonA baMDane uttejana ApatA hatA tathA sakriya sahAya paNa karatA. AvuM ja uparokta kAraNone lIdhe jillAnA paTela jamInadAre paNa karatA. 28 mahIkAMThAmAM viplavanI zarUAta IDarathI vAyavya bAju Azare 25 ki.mI. ne aMtare AvelA cAMDapa gAma(tA. IDara)thI thaI. e gAmanA keLI vaDAo tarIke nAthAjI ane yAmAjI hatA. gAma prativarSa vaDodarAnA gAyakavADane tathA IDaranA rAjAne nizcita khaMDaNI ApatuM hatuM. sAvacetInA pagalA tarIke gAyakavADe 1857mAM tyAM 10 gheDesavAronuM thANuM sthApyuM. nAthAjI ane yAmAjIe A pagalAne gAmamAM AMtarika daramyAnagIrI gaNIne ene sakhata virodha karyo. nAthAjInI AgevAnI nIce cAMDapanA keLIone gheDosavAre sAthe thayela saMgharSamAM eka ghaDesavAra mAryo gaye ane bAkInA nAsI gayA. gAyakavADa ane IDaranA rAjAe mokalela lazkarI TukaDIne 20 sapTembara, 1857 nA roja nAthAjInI AgevAnI nIce kaLIoe sakhata parAjaya Ape. daramyAna bAjunuM gAma dubArA paNa baLavAmAM sAmela thatAM baMDakharanI sthiti vadhAre majabUta banI.29 AthI briTiza sarakAra, gAyakavADa tathA IDaranA rAjAnA Azare 800 sainikonA banelA saMyukta lazkare 17 okaTobara, 1857 nA roja cAMDapa para AkramaNa karyuM. AnI sAme cAMDapanA lekee TakavuM muzkela lAgatAM teo samasta vastI sahita gAma choDIne pAsenI TekarIomAM jatA rahyA, saMyukta lazkare cAMDapa gAmane saLagAvI mUkayuM. enI sAthe anAjanA meTA jaththAne paNa nAza thaye. nAthAjInI AgevAnI nIce kALIoe TekarIomAMthI briTiza sarakAra, gAyakavADa tathA IDaranA rAjA sAme Azare cArathI cha mAsa sudhI laData cAlu rAkhI. chevaTe nAthAjInA avasAna sAthe keLIonA sAmanAne aMta Avyo.30 briTiza ane gAyakavADI sainikoe cAMDapane nAza karyAnI AsapAsanA vistAranAM gAmane jANa thatAM teoe sarakAra ane gAyakavADa sAme baLave.

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- briTiza kAla pikA. gAyakavADanA tAbA heThaLanA vijApura vaDanagara ane kherALa vistAramAM Azare 2000 kaLI bhIla ane sazastra leke ekaThA thayA. teoe 20mI oNkaTobara, 1857nA roja gAyakavADI gAma lodarA (tA. vijapura) para humalo karyo, paraMtu mejara enDrujhanA netRtva taLe ledarAmAM vadhAre briTiza lazkarI sahAya AvI pahoMcatAM baLavAkhorone pAchA haThI javAnI pharaja paDI. IDaranA rAjAnA briTizataraphI valaNane lIdhe enA sainike ane leke enI sAme game te kSaNe baMDa kare evI sthiti hovAthI, rAjAe briTiza lazkarI rakSaNa mAgatAM e ene ApavAmAM AvyuM. mahIkAMThAnI sphoTaka paristhiti jotAM mejara hAITalake muMbaI sarakArane tAtkAlika mahIkAMThAmAM vadhAre lazkara mokalavA jaNAvyuM. 31 maMDaTInA ThAkara sUrajamalane baLa ane enI asara mahIkAMThAmAM AveluM maMDaTI IDaranA rAjAnA sArvabhaumatva heThaLanuM eka nAnakaDuM rAjya hatuM. ene ThAkara sUrajamala IDaranA rAjAne niyamita khaMDaNI bharI zakate. nahi, AthI 1857ne aMte IDaranA rAjA pratyenuM enuM devuM Azare rU. 42,000nuM thayuM hatuM. jethI IDaranA rAjA javAnasiMhajIe IDara taraphathI ene apAtI jivAI baMdha karI tathA mahIkAMThAnA piliTikala ejanTa mejara vahAITalakane A bAbatamAM daramyAnagIrI karavA vinaMtI karI. AthI mejara vhAITa ke sUrajamalane pitAne maLI javA tathA IDaranA rAjA sAthe A mAmalAnI patAvaTa karavA jaNAvyuM. sUrajamale pitAnA sainike sAthe pAsenI TekarIomAM jatA rahIne 30 mI mAre, 1858 nA roja briTiza sarakAra ane IDaranA rAjA sAme baLavo pikAryo. ene mevADanA rAjA, mahIkAMThAnA moTA bhAganA tAlukadAre ane kene sAtha hatA.32 Ane pariNAme briTiza sarakAra tathA IDaranA rAjAnI saMyukta lazkarI TukaDIoe maMDaTImAM lazkarI thANuM nAkhyuM. zekasapiyaranI sUcanAthI hAiTale ke surajamalane maMDaTI AvavA pharI saMdezo mokalya, jenA pratyuttaramAM sUrajamale maMDaTImAMthI turata lazkarI thANuM haThAvI levA tathA pitAnI jivAI tAtkAlika cAlu karAvI ApavA bAbata vahAITalakane 7mI eprila 1858 nA roja eka patra lakhyo, jene inkAra thatAM sUrajamale briTiza sarakAra tathA IDaranA rAjA sAmenI pitAnI laData AraMbhI, tethI, vahAITaleke amadAvAdathI tapaLa, hiMdI ane yuropiyana pAyadaLa, gujarAtanuM aniyamita azvadaLa vagere maLIne Azare 1000 sainikanI banelI lazkarI TukaDIo maMDaTI belAvI.33 daramyAna sUrajamala ane sarakAra vacce samAdhAna sAdhavA vadhu be asaphaLa prayatna thayA. sUrajamalanA brAhmaNa kArabhArI vajerAma ane hAITaoNka vaccenI

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gujarAtamAM 1857ne saMgrAma 27 eprila 1858 nI vAtacIta niSphaLa gaI tathA 25 mI me 1858 nA roja maMDaTImAM sUrajamala ane hAITalaukanA pratinidhi kepTana enDarsana vaccenI carcA paNa niSphaLa nIvaDI. AthI chevaTe sUrajamale muDeTImAMthI badhAM strI bALakone TekarIomAM mekalI ApyAM ane maMDaTIne kabaje laIne tyAM rAjapUte bhale tathA keLAonuM majabUta lazkara rAkhyuM. eNe AsapAsanA vistAromAMthI makarANIo rajapUte bhale vagerenuM maLIne julAInA aMta sudhImAM bIjuM Azare eka hajAra sainikenuM lazkara UbhuM karyuM. AnA javAbamAM hAiTalokanI sUcanAthI kepTana bleka ane upalazkarI adhikArI lInA netRtva taLe sarakAra tathA IDaranA rAjAnI Azare 800 sainikanI banelI lazkarI TukaDIoe muDeTI para humale karyo, paNa emane sakhata parAjaya tha ane vaLatA humalAthI bacavA emane muDeTIthA 8 ki. mI. dUra AvelA baDolI gAma sudhI pAchA haThI javAnI pharaja paDI.34 A pachI sUrajamale IDara para humale karavAnI yojanA vicAratAM ene khALavA amadAvAda DIsA tathA gujarAtanA anya bhAgomAMthI briTiza lazkarI TukaDIo muDeTI ravAnA karavAmAM AvI. A TukaDIoe sUrajamalane badhI bAjuethI gherI letAM sUrajamale pitAnI zarate briTiza sarakAra sAthe samAdhAnane eka vadhu prayAsa karyo, paraMtu vahAITaleke sUrajamalanI prathama binazaratI zaraNAgatine Agraha rAkhatAM surajamale pitAnI laData cAlu rAkhI. pariNAme gujarAtanA piliTikala kamizanara zekasapiyaranI paravAnagIthI hAITa ke maMDaTIne kabaje levA kepTana bleka, kepTana hakika ane rasAlAdAra hasanakhAnanI TukaDIone mokalI, jemane maMDaTInA makarANI, kALI tathA bhIla lekee sakhata sAmano karyo, paraMtu chevaTe caDiyAtA baLa AgaLa parAjita thaIne teo TekarIomAM nAsI gayA. sUrajamale TekarIomAM vadhAre lazkara ekatrita karIne maMDaTI pAchuM kabaje karavAne makkama nirNaya karyo. maMDaTIne kabaje levAnuM pagaluM DahApaNabharyuM nahi heIne e choDI devA vahAITalokone jaNAvyuM, 35 kepTana rephasa tathA lITe sUrajamalane zaraNe lAvavAnI yojanA ghaDI kADhI. sarakArI daLAe badhI bAjuothI sUrajamala para 7 mI sapTembara, 1858 nA roja AkramaNa karyuM. bhAre laDAIne aMte sUrajamala TekarIomAM nAsI gaye. daramyAna jANutA baMDakhera Daphera yadu kezava potAnA lazkara sahita sUrajamala sAthe joDAtAM sarakArane sUrajamalane mahAta karavA vadhAre lazkaranI jarUra paDI. vadhAre topadaLa, vadhAre azvadaLa, eka vadhArAnI bhIla TukaDI tathA vizeSa pAyadaLa khaMDerI bAju tAtkAlika meLavAtA sUrajamala briTiza daLAthI badhI bAjuthI gherAI gaye. mAtra TekarIonI pAchalI bAjuthI zirohI tarapha nAsI javAne mArga ene mATe khulle

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briTiza kAla. rahyo, jethI eNe pharI 17 oNkaTobare ane 26 okTobare hAITaleka ane lITane patro lakhIne pitAnI zarate zaraNAgati svIkAravAnI taiyArI batAvI, jene pharI sApha InkAra karavAmAM Avyo. A pachI rakRse sUrajamalane zaraNe lAvavA judA prakAranAM pagalAM amalamAM mUkyAM. eNe sUrajamalane sAtha ApatA ThAkarene moTAM moTAM vacana ApIne sarakAra tathA rAjAnA pakSamAM laI lIdhA. Ama gotAno ThAkara tathA sUrajamalane bhatrIje cauhANa hamIrasIMga iDaranA rAjAne zaraNe gaye tathA cuDAlAne ThAkora rAThoDa durjanasIMga sarakArane tAbe the, jyAre mevADA mAlasA khAnapura vagerenA ThAkoroe je sUrajamala IDaranA rAjA ane sarakAra sAthe samAdhAna kare nahi, te ene sAthe cheDo devAnI dhamakI ApI che AthI sUrajamala niHsahAya sthitimAM mukAye, vaLI sarakAre tathA IDaranA rAjAe zaraNe AvelA ThAkare pratye udAra vartana rAkhatAM sUrajamala paNa zaraNe AvavA lalacAye. A sthitimAM sUrajamale IDara jaIne tyAMnA rAjA sAthe potAnI zaraNugatinI zarate nakakI karI tathA pachIthI rephasane maLIne ene AkharI svarUpa ApyuM. Ama Azare dasa mAsa bAda maMDaTIne upadrava zAMta paDyo. paMcamahAla ane kheDA jillAnAM ba3H dAhoda IDara ane mahAvanA baLavAnI asararUpe enI najIka AvelA paMcamahAla jillAnA dAhoda zaheramAM 1lI julAI, 1857nA roja viplavanI zarUAta thaI. sthAnika jamInadAra tIladArakhAnanI AgevAnI nIce baMDakhoroe dAhodane kabaje laIne tyAMnA thANadAra tathA sipAIone killAmAM Azraya levAnI pharaja pADI. dAhoda zahera 6 ThTha thI 11 mI julAI sudhI baLavArene kabaje rahyuM. e daramyAna killAmAMnA sipAIoe sUbedAra hasanakhAnanI AgevAnI nIce killAne bahAdurIpUrvaka bacAva karyo. daramyAna baLa paMcamahAlanAM anya zahera-godharA devagaDhabAriyA vageremAM paNa phelAye. revAkAMThAnA poliTikala ejanTa bakale lazkarI TukaDI sAthe vaDodarAthI 8 mI julAI 1857 nA roja dAhoda javA ravAnA thayo. killAmAMthI sipAIone mukta karyA tathA zaheramAMthI baMDakhorIne nAsI javAnI pharaja pADI.38 dAhodamAMthI 15 kedIone pakaDavAmAM AvyA. navane AjIvana dezanikAlanI sajA karavAmAM AvI, ekane 14 varSanI sajA thaI, jyAre ekane choDI mUkavAmAM Avyo. 39 dAhodanI saMrakSaNa vyavasthA majabUta karavAnA AzayathI dahedamAM vadhAre lazkara rAkhavAne temaja dahedanA kilA pharatI moTI khAI davAne nirNaya

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gujarAtamAM 1857nA sagrAma lIdhe. A anusAra dADhathI be mAsanA gALAmAM dAheAdanA killA pharatI khAI khAdavAmAM AvI. AmAM sakhedAra valIkhAna tathAM bhUkhaNu mistrIe suMdara kAmagIrI bajAvI.40 gAdharAmAM kheDA IMdAra ane nhAvathI baMdUkadhArI khaDakhAra 6 ThThI julAI, 1857 nA rAja gAdharA AvI paheAMcyA. turata ja sthAnika mANase emanI sAthe joDAyA ane teoe gAdharAnI sarakArI kacerIone kabajo laI lIdhA. kaeNpTana bakale mejara TomasanI lazkarI TukaDI, lazkarI adhikArI zepInA tApadaLa tathA gAyakavADe Apela 100nA azvadaLa sAthe 7 mI julAInI rAtrie geAdharA paheAMcyA, AthI khaMDakhArA dAheAda nAsI gayA ane emaNe tyAMnI sarakArI kacerIone kabaje lIdheA. bakale vadhu 300 sainiAnI kumaka sAthe dAheAda paheAMcyA. thayela laDAImAM khaDakhAra parAjita thaI nAsI gayA ane bakalee dAheAda tathA godharAmAM majabUta lazkarI mUkayAM.41 sUrajamalanA rakAsa surajamala DAAranI AsapAsanA pradezAnA jAgIradAra hatA. eNe luNAvADAnI gAdI mATe dAvA karIne 15 mI julAI, 1857nA rAja luNAvADA para humalA karyo, paraMtu tyAMnA rAjAe briTiza lazkaranI sahAyathI ene pAchA haThAvyo. luNAvADAnA rAjanA zatru ane paMcamahAlanA pAla gAmanA jAgIradAsa kAnadAsa cAraNanI temaja anya ThAkArAnI ane kALIAnI sahAyathI surajamale pharI luNAvADA kabaje karavA humalA karyo, parantu enDrUjha ane AkharanI lazkarI TukaDIe ene parAjaya ApyA. kAnadAsa pakaDAI jatAM ene jelamAM pUrIne pachIthI phAMsI ApavAmAM AvI, jyAre sUrajamala mevADa tarapha nAsI gayA ane e epattA banyA. pAla gAmaneA nAza karavAmAM AvyA.42 khAnapura gAmanA nAza mahI nadIne kinAre Avelu. khAnapura gAma luNAvADAnA rAjyanA sA bhaumatva taLe hatuM, paraMtu gAmanA kALAe tathA tenA vaDAe baMDakhAne TakA ApatAM kaeNpTana kalee theADAM pAyadaLa hayaLa ane tapaLa sAthe 6 ThThI DisembaranI rAtre luNAvADAthI kUca karIne 7 mI DisembaranI vahelI savAre eciMtA ja khAnapurane gherI lIdhuM, enA gAmetI (vaDA) ane anya agraNIonI dharapakaDa karI tathA gAmane bALI mUkayu, temaja pachIthI khAnapuranA gAmetIne phrAMsI ApI,43

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briTiza kANa nAyakaDAonuM dhAMdhala paMcamahAla jillAnA nAyakaDA ThAkara tathA leke briTiza sarakArathI ghaNuM nArAja hatA kAraNa ke sarakAra emanI viruddha emanA rAjAone pakSa karatI hatI. sauprathama saMkheDAnA nAyakaDAoe emanA saradAra rUpA nAyaka ane kevaLa nAyakanA netRtva taLe sarakAra sAme baMDa pokAryuM. kepTana leITe jAMbuDA pAsenI laDAImAM emane parAjaya ApatAM teo TekarIomAM nAsI gayA. sIbandIo ane emanA netA meTalakikhAnane sAtha maLatAM teoe cAMpAnera ane nArkeTa vaccene pradeza kabaje karyo tathA cheka godharA sudhInAM briTiza thANu para avAranavAra humalA karyA. teo vAraMvAra ociMtA briTiza lazkarI TukaDIo para hallA karIne pAsenI TekarIo ke jaMgalamAM jatA rahetA. Ama nAyakaDA baMDAroe briTiza sarakArane cheka Disembara, 1858 eTale ke eka varSa sudhI bhAre parezAna karI, jAnyuArI 1859 mAM kepTana hebarDane lazkarI daLa sAthenI nAyakaDAonI laDAImAM hebaDa sakhata rIte ghavAya ane parAjaya pAme. nAyakaDAonAM jaMgale ane raheThANane zodhI kADhI emanA para ricArDa bhIlenI sahAyathI avAranavAra humalA karyA. pariNAme rUpA nAyaka tathA kevaLa nAyaka mArca 1859 mAM sarakArane zaraNe AvyA. Ama Azare 15 mAsa sudhInA nAyakaDA dhAMdhalane aMta Avyo.44 jIvAbhAI ane garabaDadAsanI kAmagIrI ANaMda pAsenA khAnapura gAmanA ThAkora jIvAbhAI tathA ANaMdanA mukhI garabaDadAsa paTele kheDA jillAmAM baLavAnI AgevAnI lIdhI hatI. teoe kaLI bhIla nAyakaDA sIbandI vagere maLIne Azare 2000 jeTalA sazastra leke ekaThA karyA ane emanI sahAyathI kheDA naDiyAda ANaMda vagere pradezanAM briTiza thANuM para humalA karyA. vaDodarAthI baMDakhorone tAbe karavA nIkaLelI briTiza lazkarI TukaDIoe vaDodarA ane ANaMda vaccenAM gAmaDAone lUTayAM, emanA amuka lekene phAMsIe laTakAvyA tathA keTalAkane jelamAM pUryA. teoe baLavAkhorone vikherI nAkhIne ThAra chavAbhAInI dharapakaDa karI ane pachIthI ene phAMsI ApI.45 mukhI garabaDadAsa ane enA sAthIdAra mAlAjI jozI, bApujI paTela, kRSNarAma dave vagere ANaMdanI leTiyA bhAgALe paDelI briTiza lazkarI TukaDIonAM hathiyAra madhyarAtrie laI gayA. briTiza lazkarI TukaDIne A banAvanI jANa thatAM khAnapuramAMthI garabaDadAsanA sAthIdArone pakaDavAmAM AvyA ane emane tepane gaLe uDAvI devAmAM AvyA, jyAre pitAnA lagna mATe Asoja gayela garabaDadAsanI pachIthI dharapakaDa karavAmAM AvI ane ene jIvanabhara AMdAmAna dezanikela karavAmAM AvyA, jyAM pachIthI enuM mRtyu thayuM?

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gujarAtamAM 1857nA sagrAma revAkAMThA ane dakSiNa gujarAtanA banAve madhya gujarAta ane uttara gujarAtanA banAvAnI tulanAmAM dakSiNa gujarAtamAM viplavanA banAva jUja hatA. revAkAMThAnAM gAmeA nAMdoda-rAjapIpaLAmAM viplavanI vizeSa asara thaI hatI. bharUcanA kAmI baMDane viplava sAthe sAMkaLI levAmAM AvatAM bharUca tathA enI AsapAsanA vistAramAM vigraha phelAye. vAgarA Ameda ja busara vagere sthaLAe 12thI 15 jUna, 1857nI vacce Azare 3000thI 4000 jeTalA sazastra muslimA kALI tathA bhIla ekatra thayA. emane irAde bharUca kabaje karavAnA hatA. bharUcanA maeNjisTreTa Devisane AnI jANa thatAM eNe tuM ja vaDAdarA bharUca kheDA vagerenI sarakArI lazkarI TukaDIene tAkIda karI. e TukaDI. ee tAkIdanAM pagalAM letAM baMDakhArAne vIkharAI javAnI pharaja paDI.47 bharUcanA ramakhANanA pratyAghAtarUpe nAMdodamAM oNgasTa, 1857 mAM saiyada murAdaalInA netRtva nIce khaMDa thayuM. rAjapIpaLAnA rAjAe revAkAMThanA poliTikala ejanTa bakale tema ja bharUcanA maeNjisTreTa rAjarsane rAjapIpaLA tathA nAMdodane bacAvavA tAtkAlika madada meAkalavA apIla karI. bakale dAheAdane baLave samAvavAmAM rAkAyela hevAthI rAga pete theADA tApadaLa pAyadaLa tathA azvadaLa sAthe turata nAMdoda paheAMcyA; baLavAkhArA parAjita thatAM nAsI gayA. A pachI rAjapIpaLAmAM sIbandIoe baMDa pAkAratAM bakalee ene sakhata hAthe dAbI dIdho.48 sUcanu` maMDa gujarAtanAM nAnAMmeTAM rAjyoe A samaya daramyAna gujarAtamAM 'vilAyatI' (videzI) tarIke jANItA thayelA Araba kAbulI siMdhI ane makarANIone petAnA lazkaramAM sipAIe tarIke rAkhyA hatA. revAkAMThAmAM pAvelA nAnakaDA rAjya stha(saMta)nA mahArANA bhAvasiMhajI, je briTiza taraphI hatA, temanA lazkaramAMnA vilAyatI sipAIoe peAtAnA caDela pagAra vasUla karavAnA bahAne jamAdAra mustaphAkhAnanA netRtva taLe julAInA aMtamAM baMDa pokAryuM. rAjAe peAtAnAM thADAM ghareNAM baeNnkarane tyAM gIre mUkIne mustaphAne thADI rakama cUkavI tApaNuM eneA gherAve! cAlu rAkhatAM rAjAe kaeNpTana bakalene peAtAne turata ja lazkarI sahAya mokalavA vina MtI karI. khakalenI sUcanAthI lazkarI adhikArI Albana lazkarI TukaDI sAthe 1757 nA oNgasTanA khInna saptAhamAM sUtha paheAMcyo. sustaphAkhAne sazastra sAmanA karyAM, paraMtu AlbananI gALIthI e mArka gaye. enA amuka mANasAne mArI nAkhavAmAM AvyA, jyAre bAkInA nAsI chUTavA,49 chatAMye emanAM khaDA cheka 1958 nA aMta sudhI cAlu rahyAM. Ge

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briTiza kAla vaDodarAmAM gupta Ajana vaDodarAnA gAyakavADa mahArAjA khaMDerAva briTiza sarakAra taraphI hevAthI ene uthalAvavAnAM kAvatarAM thatAM rahyAM. gAyakavADane padabhraSTa karavAnuM ane vaDodarAnA aMgreja adhikArIonI hatyA karavAnuM eka chUpuM kAvataruM keTalAka sipAIo mArakta karavAmAM AvyuM. ene AgevAna rAmanArAyaNa nAme sipAI hate. khAnapura bhAdaravA tathA pratApapuranA ThAkaree A kAvatarAne Teko Ape, paraMtu eka baMDakhere A AjananI sarakArane jANa karI detAM AgevAnone pakaDI levAmAM AvyA. rAmanArAyaNa, bhAdaravA darabAra ane bIjA cheDAekane tepane gaLe uDAvI devAmAM AvyA.51 tAtyAnuM Agamana ane vaDodarAmAM halacala tAtyA Topee 1lI Disembara, 1858 nA roja vaDodarAthI 80 ki.mI.nA aMtare Avela cheTAudepura zahera kabaje karyuM. e pachI tarata ja tAtyA Topee gujarAtamAM viplavakArIone sAtha ApavAnI apIla karate saMdeze gAyakavADane meka. gAyakavADe AnI jANa briTiza adhikArIone karatAM teoe vaDedarAchoTAudepura mArga para tAtkAlika lazkarI TukaDIo goThavI dIdhI. daramyAnamAM tAtyAne choTAudepura pAsenI laDAImAM mArkane hAthe parAjaya thatAM ene prathama paMcamahAla ane bAdamAM rajapUtAnA prati nAsI javuM paDyuM. pariNAme vaDodarAmAM viplavanI halacala baMdha thaI gaI.52 gujarAtamAM niHzasIkaraNa 1857nA varSa daramyAna uttara bhAratanA judA judA vistAromAM viplava jhaDapathI phelAyo. gujarAta ane mahArASTramAM baMDa phelAtAM aTakAvavA sarakAre muMbaI ilAkAnA anya pradeza sAthe gujarAtamAM paNa niHzastrIkaraNane amala karavAnuM vicAryuM. gujarAtanA mukhya adhikArIonA pratikULa abhiprAyo chatAMya muMbaI sarakAre gujarAtamAM paNa niHzastrIkaraNane amala karavAno nirNaya karyo, paraMtu eNe AmAM gAyakavADa kaccha tathA kAThiyAvADanA vistAra sahita gujarAtanA anya pradezonA rAjAo ane ThAranA pradezone paNa samAvI levAnuM TharAvyuM. zekasa piyarane gujarAtanA poliTikala kamizanarane heddo ApIne ene A bAbatanI sarva sattA ApI.pa ( 1 phebruArI, 1858 mAM gujarAtamAM niHzastrIkaraNanA amalane prAraMbha thaye. mArca, 1858 sudhImAM vaDodarA ane enI AsapAsanA gAyakavADane pradeza, dharama

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gujarAtamAM 1857nA sagrAma 72 pura vAMsadA sacIna damaNu vagere sahita surata jillAnA vistArA, bharUca ane enI AsapAsanA tAlukA ane gAmaDAM, amadAvAda dahegAma khIjApura kaDI pATaNa revAkAMThAnu vAzanera khaMbhAta tathA enI AsapAsanAM gAmaDAM vageremAM eka mAsanA samayamAM niHzastrIkaraNanA pagalAnA amala thayA, para Mtu poMcamahAla kheDA ane mahIkAMThAnA keTalAka pradeza ane gAmaDAMonA le ane ThAkAroe sarakAranA A pagalAnA tIvra virAdha karIne potAnAM hathiyAra soMpavAnA inkAra karyA. mahI nadInAM dhRtarAmAM AvelA pratApapurA tathA agara gAmeAnA sarakArI daLAe nAza karIne, emanA rahevAsIone medAnamAM vasAvelAM navAM gAmeAmAM rahevAnI praja pADI. zekasapiyaranI sUcanAthI sarakArI adhikArIee kheDa. jillAnA mevAsI (tAphAnI) gAmemAM paNa sakhtAIthI tathA rAstI (zAMta) gAmemAM pramANamAM naramAzathI niHrAstrokaraNane amala karyA.54 niHzastrIkaraNanA sarakArI pagalAnA sauthI ugra virodha mahIkAMThAnA ThAkAro ane kALIee karyo, AthI zekasapiyare IDaranA lazkaranI sahAyathI kabajo levAnI sAdarAnA rAjAne dhamakI ApatAM e turata ja tAkhe thayA ane peAtAnA vistAramAM rAjAe niHzastrIkaraNanA amala karyo. e pachI tApadaLa pAyadaLa tathA hayadaLanI TuDone mahIkAMThAnA virodha karatA ThAkArAnA pradezAmAM mekalavAmAM AvatAM, teo paNa tAbe thayA ane teoe potAnAM hathiyAra sarakArane suparata karyA.55 Ama kaTAsaNa kaleAla mANasA pethApura varaseADA DAbhA vagerenA DhAkAroe sarakAranA bhAre lazkarI dabANa nIce pAtAnAM gAmaDAMomAM niHzastrIkaraNa karyuM. gAyakavADanA vIjApura vIsanagara kherALu kaleAla ane kaDI tAlukA tathA emanAM gAmaDAMne paNu niHzasrI karavAmAM AvyAM. Ama gujarAtanA judA judA jillAo pradeze tema gAmaDAMo vageremAMthI sarakAre bhAre dhAkadhamakI ane julmathI 160 tApe, 21,036 baMdUkA, 1,18,799 talavArA tathA 3,06,972 anya hathiyAra japta karyAM.56 vijApura tAlukAnA kanAriyA gAme tathA gAyakavADanA tAbAnA dubArA gAme potAnAM zastra soMpavAnA inkAra karyo, AthI zekasapiyara ane vhAiTalAkanI sUcanAthI mejara grAIkAe sarakArI TukaDIe sAthe A gAmeA para AkramaNa karyuM. 4000 jeTalA kALIee sarakArI dAneA sakhata sAmaneA karyAM, paraMtu te parAjita thaine pe!tAnAM strI-bALA sAthe pAsenI TekarIomAM jatA rahyA. mejara grAIkAe ane gAmAne saMpUrNa nAza karyo. A pravRttinI IsTa inDiyA kaMpanInA sacAlaka ma`DaLe sakhata TIkA karI.pa7 briTiza sauMsada sabhya vidhakhIe paNa AvA kRtyanI sakhata TIkA karI ane ene jaMgalI gaNAvyuM.58 A ja kAraNeAsara paMcamahAlanA pAla, kheDA

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briTiza kAha jillAnA khAnapura, vijApura tAlukAnAM aNadiyA agaleda vagere gAmone nAza karavAmAM AvyuM. tyAra bAda khaMbhAtanA navAbane paNa lazkarI dhAkadhamakIthI enA rAjyamAM niHzastrIkaraNane amala karavAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. zekasapiyaranAM A pagalAMnI paNa vidhabIe khUba AkarI TIkA karI.59 tAtyA TopenuM gujarAtamAM Agamana ane enA pratyAghAta tAtyA Topee dakhaNa tathA gujarAtamAM viplava cAlu rAkhavA mATe dakhaNa tathA gujarAtamAM kuca karavAne nirNaya lIdhe. briTiza sarakArane AnI jANa thatAM eNe koIpaNa bhege tAtyAne narmadA nadI oLaMgata tathA dakhaNamAM praveza karate aTakAvavA nizcaya karyo, AthI anubhavI lazkarI senAnIonI TukaDIo cAre bAjuthI tAtyAne gherI vaLI. tAtyA Tope Azare cAra mAsanI kUca pachI 25 mI. eNkaTobara, 1858nA roja heziMgAbAda pAse pahoMcyo ane briTiza lazkaranA badhA ja prayatna niSphaLa banAvIne eNe tyAMnI narmadA nadI oLaMgI. 1deg tyAMthI eNe Azare 8000 thI 10,000nA lazkara sAthe dakhaNa pahoMcavAnA irAdAthI nAgapura prati jhaDapI kuca karI, paraMtu pharI briTiza lazkarothA gherAI jatAM ene pAchA haThavuM paDayuM ane bIjI vakhata narmadA nadI pAra karIne eNe prathama gujarAtamAM pahecavAne ane vigrahamAM gAyakavADanI sahAya meLavavAno nirNaya lIdho. tAtyA Tope rAtadivasa khUba ja jhaDapI AgekUca karIne potAnAM Azare 4000 mANase sAthe narmadA nadI tarI jaIne 30mI navembara, 1858 nA roja gujarAtanA cIkhalI gAme pahoMcyo. tyAMthI 1 lI Disembara, 1858 nA roja vahelI savAre e TAudepura pahoMcyA, tyAMnA rAjAnA sainike enI sAthe joDAI gayA. choTAudepurathI vaDodarA mAtra 50 mAIla dUra hatuM. tAtyAe pitAnAM Azare 4000 mANasa sAthe choTAudepurathI vaDodarA prati kuca karavAnI taiyArI karI tevAmAM ja brigeDiyara pArkanI briTiza senAe ociMtA AvI ene gherI lIdho, baMne vaccenI sakhata laDAIne aMte tAtyAne parAjaya thatAM ene paMcamahAla bAju nAsI javuM paDayuM.11 eNe paMcamahAlanAM gAme godharA kAlela hAlola devagaDhabAriyA dAhoda jhAloda lIMbaDI vageremAMthI sArA pramANamAM mANase paisA ane zastro ekatrita karyA. mahIkAMThA kheDA tathA paMcamahAlanA tAlukAdAroe surata tathA bharUcathI AvatAM briTiza daLone Azare eka saptAha sudhI mahI pAra karatAM rokyA. A daramyAna tAtyA Topee naDiyAdanA bihArIdAsa desAIne tyAM chupAIne e vistAranA leke tathA ThAkorane briTiza sarakAra sAme sArI rIte uttejita karyA. briTiza

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gujarAtamAM 1857 ne saMgrAma daLAe tAtyA Tope para hallo karatAM tAtyAe emane eka saptAha sudhI sakhata sAmane karyo, paraMtu chevaTe parAjita thatAM tAtyA 16 mI DisembaranI AsapAsa pAsenA vAMsavADAnAM jaMgalomAM nAsI gayo. 3 tAtyA Topee gujarAtamAM pharI pravezavA niSphaLa prayAsa karyo. ja galomAM briTiza daLoe ene badhI bAjuethI gherI lIdhe. AmAMthI chaTakIne tAtyA Tope uttara gujarAtanA DIsA zaherathI 80 ki.mI. dUra Avela eka gAmamAM 23 mI. phebruArI, 1859 nA roja pahoMce. briTiza daLAne tAbaDatoba ravAnA karavAmAM AvyAM. tAtyAe briTiza daLone aMtima laDAI ApI temAM parAjita thatAM e perananA jaMgalamAM naravaranA ThAkora mAnasiMhanA Azraye gaye. evuM kahevAya che ke mAnasiMhe dago karIne bharaUMghamAM paDelA tAtyAne 7mI eprila, 1859 nI madhyarAtrie kepTana mIDenI lazkarI TukaDI pAse pakaDAvI dIdhe. sarakArI sAdhane. pachI jaNAve che ke tAtyAne siprI (madhyapradeza) lAvIne enA para lazkarI adAlatamAM mukadame calAvIne ene 18 eprila, 1859 nA roja phAMsI ApavAmAM AvI;4 jo ke A bAbata hajuye vivAdAspada rahI che. okhAmAM vAgherene vigraha dvArakA ane okhA pradezanA vAghere svAtaMtraya-premI hatA. teo gAyakavADa ane briTiza sarakAra sAme cheka 1820 thI baMDa karatA rahyA. emanA netAomAM jodhA mANeka ane ene bhatrIje mULu mANeka mukhya hatA. 1857 ne viplava thatAM peTA jAtionA AgevAne eka thaI gayA ane teoe jodhA mANekanA netRtva taLe gAyakavADa tathA briTiza sarakAra sAme baMDa pokArIne 1858 nA oNgasTa sudhImAM AkhA tema ja dvArakAnI AsapAsanA keTalAka pradezo para pharI pitAne kabajo jamAvI dIdhuM ane oNgasTa 1859 sudhImAM okhA beTa tathA dvArakAne paNa mULu mANeke kabaje lIdhe. vigrahakAree okhA maMDaLamAMthI gAyakavADa tathA briTiza zAsanane nAbUda karI nAkhyuM. paNa | gAyakavADe vAghera pAsethI pitAnA pradeza pAchA meLavavA briTiza lazkarI sahAyanI mAgaNI karI. A anusAra karnala DonevAnanI netAgIrI taLenAM briTiza tathA gAyakavADI daLoe beTa tathA dvArakA para oNkaTobara 1859 mAM jamIna tathA dariyAI mAge AkramaNa karyA. vigrahakAre chevaTe beTa khAlI karIne dvArakA jatA rahyA. DonevAnanA AdezathI enI TukaDIe killAne jamInadosta karIne, beTanAM maMdire teDI nAkhIne Azare tyAMnuM cAra lAkhanuM jhaverAta lUMTI lIdhuM. pachI briTiza ane gAyakavADI senA dvArakA para hale laI gaI. tyAM paNa aMdaranA vigrahakAra - 6,

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" , 8 briTiza kAha chevaTe parAjita thayA ane teo nAsIne gIranAM tathA baraDAnAM jaMgalamAM veravikhera thaI gayA. DonevAnanA AdezathI dvArakAmAM paNa briTiza daLAe maMdire teDI pADyAM tathA tyAMnuM jhaverAta lUMTI lIdhuM che DonevAnanAM AvAM ka sAme okhAmaMDaLa kacha tathA kAThiyAvADanAM rAjAe mahAjane ane lokomAM bhAre roSa phATI nIkaLyA. kacchanA rAva, jAmanagaranA jAma tathA porabaMdaranA rANAe kAThiyAvADanA peliTikala ejanTa e. ke. phensa para DonevAnanAM kRtyo sAme sakhata virodha vyakta karatA patro lakhyA. karacha kAThiyAvADa vagere pradezonAM ghaNAM mahAjanoe paNa AvA prakAranA virodhI patra sarakArane lakhyA.28 phebase paNa potAnI virodha noMdha sAthe patro vaDodarAnA kamizanara mejara velesane mokalyA. eNe DonevAnanA A kRtya pratye sakhata nApasaMdagI vyakta karato tathA rAjAo ane mahAjanenI mAgaNI anusAra maMdire pharI baMdhAvI ApavA bAbatane lAMbe patra hiMda sarakAranA maMtrIne tathA muMbaI sarakAranA maMtrIne lakhe. enA javAbamAM muMbaI sarakAranA saciva enDarsane 22mI sapTembara, 1959 nA roja karachanA upa-peliTikala ejanTa paranA eka patramAM sarakAra vatA rAjAo mahAjane ane leke samakSa dilagIrI vyakta karavAnuM jaNAvyuM tathA tAtkAlika maMdiro pharI baMdhAvavA temaja milakata tathA jhaverAta parata karavA Adeza ApyuM.70 jodhA mANekanA netRtva taLe vAgheroe gIranA jaMgalamAMthI briTiza sarakAra sAmenI laData cAlu rAkhI. thoDA samaya bAda jodhA mANekanuM mRtyu thatAM enA bhatrIjAo mULu mANeka ane devA mANekanI netAgIrI nIce vAgheroe cheka 1867 sudhI briTiza sarakAra ane gAyakavADa sAme vigraha cAlu rAkhyo. chevaTe sarakAre vAgherenA moTA bhAgane emanI jamIne okhAmaMDaLamAM pAchI ApI manAvI lIdhA.71 amuka viplavakAra netAonA gujarAtamAM aMtima divasa 1857nA viplavanA amuka mukhya netAoe-khAsa karIne nAnA sAheba zivA, tAtyA Tope ane liyAkataalI alAhAbAdIe potAnAM aMtima varSa gujarAtamAM pasAra karyA hovAnuM manAya che. alabatta, nAnA sAheba pezavA ane tAtyA TopenA gujarAtanA vasavATa bAbata mAtra sAMgika purAvA che, dastAvejI purAvA nathI, jyAre liyAkataalI sacIna(tA. coryAsI, ji. surata)nA navAbanA Azraye rahyo hate enA dastAvejI purAvA paNa maLe che. netA nAnA sAheba pezavAnA eka maMtrI raMge bApujI paNa narmadA kinAre vasyA hovAnI kavAyakA che.

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gujarAtamAM 1857ne saMgrAma - nAnA sAhebane zihoramAM vasavATa e have atihAsika bAbata manAya che ke nepALanI sarakAre hiMda sarakArane ahevAla mokalyA pramANe nAnA sAheba pezavA 1859 mAM nepAlanA tarAInA jaMgalamAM avasAna pAmyA na hatA. vAstavamAM 1859 mAM tarAInA jaMgalamAM nAnA sAheba pezavAnA bhAI bAlArAva pezavAnuM avasAna thayuM hatuM ane nAnA sAheba tyAMthI chaTakIne anya sthaLe jatA rahyA hatA. hiMda sarakAre 1861 thI 1875 nI vacce nAnA sAheba hovAnI manAtI evI keTalIka vyaktionI dharapakaDa karI hatI. e hakIkata sUcave che ke sarakArane paNa nAnA sAheba jIvita hevAnI zaMkA hatI. nAnA sAhebe pitAnA jIvananAM aMtima varSa gujarAtamAM zihera (saurASTra najIka gALyAM hovAnuM kahevAya che. nAnA sAheba nepAlathI zihera kaI rIte pahoMcyA ene lagatI judI judI hakIkate rajU karAI che.chara nAnA sAheba pezavA dayAnaMda svAmInuM banAvaTI nAma dhAraNa karIne ziherathI Azare 1.5 thI 2 ki. mI. dUra Avela gautamezvara nAmanA sthaLe vasyA hovAnuM kahevAya che. gautame sviranA maMdiranI bAjumAM ja jaMgalamAM AvelI moTI guphAmAM nAnA sAheba rahyA hovAnuM manAya che. dayAnaMda nAnA sAheba havA vizenI hakIkata enI sevA karatI ane enI avAranavAra mulAkAta letI amuka sthAnika vRddha vyaktio taraphathI rajU karavAmAM AvI che. dayAnaMdanI chellAM pAMca varSothI rasoI karatI jaDIbena nAmanI strIe sthAnika mejisTreTa samakSa nivedana karyuM hatuM ke emanA avasAna pahelAM dayAnaMde pote nAnA sAheba pezavA hevAnuM mane jaNAvela, paraMtu A hakIkta dayAnaMde e bAIne chUpI rAkhavA jaNAvela ane hiMdane svAtaMtrya maLyA. bAda bAIe A hakIkata jAheramAM mUkI. dayAnaMdanI rItabhAta rAjavaMzI hatI * nAnA sAhebe nepAlathI chAnAmAnA palAyana thaI gupta veze ane anya nAme naimiSAraNya (u. pra.), gujarAta, mahArASTra vagere pradezamAM zeSa jIvana vItAvyuM hovAnI bhinnabhinna anukRtio pracalita che. gujarAtamAM merabI (ji. rAjakoTa), bhUja, dvArakA-beTa (ji. jAmanagara), zihora (ji. bhAvanagara), cAMdeda (ji. vaDedarA) vagere sthaLe nAnAsAhebanuM aMtima nivAsasthAna havAne dAva kare che. (juo u. pra. zAha, 'nAnAsAheba pezvAnI uttarAvasthA, svAdhyAya." pu. 5, pR. ra92-96; dinakara pI. mahetA, "nAnA sAheba pezvAnuM mRtyusthaLa merabI", "pathika', varSa 8, aMka 12, pR. 50-pa2; viSNu paMDayA, "nAnA sAheba dvArakAmAM rahelA?" "pathika varSa 11, aMka 10, pR. 25-28; mAnasaMgajI bAraDa, "bhUja(kaccha)mAM nAnAsAheba rahyA hatA, pathika', varSa 11, aMka 6, pR. 13 thI 16 vagere.]-saM.

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briTiza kALa ane e pezavAnI praNAlikAne bilakula maLatI hatI. te prativarSa brAhmaNu kanyAne kanyAdAna ApatA ane e samaye sAnAnI maheAra vaheMcatA. emanI guphAmAMnI mukhya beThaka pezavAnA punAnA nivAravADAnA mahelanI beThakane kharekhara maLatI hatI. dayAnaMda pAse avAranavAra janAra vRddha vyaktione Ayurveda tathA pezavA kuTuMbanI guNagAthA gAtAM pustaka gaNezazataka' ane anya sAdhane dayAnaMda pAsethI maLyAM hatAM. pezavA nAnA sAheba AyurvedanA khUba zokhIna hatA e jANItI hakIkata che. 73 yAna(nAnA sAheba)nuM saMvata 1959 zrAvaNa suda 11 nA reAja (I.sa. 1903 mAM) ziheramAM avasAna thayuM he|vAnuM kahevAya che, emanI icchA mujaba emane guphA pAsenA brahmakuMDa najIka dATavAmAM Avela che, jyAM Aje paNa emanI samAdhi che, paraMtu dhyAnada nAnA sAheba haiAvA vizenI uparyukta hakIkatane vadhAre nakkara purAvAnI jarUra rahe che. tAtyA TApenA navasArImAM vasavATa 94 18 mI eprila, 1859 nA rAja siprI mukAme je vyaktine phrAMsI apAI te tAtyA TApe na hatA, paraMtu ene maLato bIjI vyakti hatI evuM keTalAMka sAdhanAnuM kathana che. siprIthI nAsI gyA bAda tAtyA TApe dakSiNa gujarAtamAM navasArImAMnA dUdhiyA taLAvanI vacce nRsiMha TekarI paranA madiranAM vasyA hatA. ta:tyA mAnasi Mhane vizvAsa kare te zakaya na hatuM. vaLo mIDene paNa pakaDAyela mANasa tAtyA haiAva. vizenI zaMkA jatAM enI para lazkarI adAlatamAM tAtkAlika kAma calAvI ene phrAMsI khApI. mAnasiMhane dagA badla je nagIra ApavAnI hatI te sarakAre ene ApI nahi. 1859 pachI sarakAre tAtyA TApenI zeAdha cAlu rAkhI hatI ane eka pakaDAyela vyaktine tAtyA TApe mAnIne phAMsI ApI hatI.74 1862 mAM tAtyAnA bhAIne vaDAdarAnA briTiza resiDenTa tAtyAnA hAlanA vasavATa vize prazno pUchyA hatA, brahmAvartamAM vasatA tAtyAnA sagAM evuM jaNAve che ke 1860 bAda tAtyAe avAranavAra chUpA veze enAM mAbApanI mulAkAta lIdhelI ane tene Arthika sahAya karelI.75 evuM kahevAya che ke tAtyA 2pe 1862nI AsapAsa uparyukta sthaLe TaheladAsa nAma dhAraNa karIne rahyo. e TaheladAsa tAtyA haiAvA vizenI keTalIka klIle rajU karavAmAM AvI che. TaheladAsa potAne mahArASTranA vatanI dezastha brAhmaNa tarIke oLakhAvatA. tAtyA paNa mahArASTrane dezastha brAhmaNa hatA,uM tArIkhe navasArI'mAM TaheladAsa kArakhA(mahArASTranuM eka gAmaDu)nA vatanI heAvAnuM lakhyuM che, je tAtyAne lAgu paDe che. TaheladAsa bhIlavAsanA jaMgala pAsenA gAma ga garolanI

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gujarAtamAM 1857 ne saMgrAma avAranavAra mulAkAta letA ke jyAMthI tAtyA briTiza lazkarI daLane thApa ApIne chaTakI gayo hato. tyAMthI rAmacaraNa nAme brAhmaNane e navasArI pitAnI sAthe lAvyo hato, je tAtyAne aneka laDAIone sAthIdAra rAmabhAu hevAnuM manAya che.77 TaheladAsa khUba sAre ghoDesavAra hato. enuM yuddha ane zastronuM jJAna bahu sAruM hatuM. e marAThI khuba sAruM bolato. hiMdI paNa sAruM jANu tathA gujarAtI bhAMgyuM tUTayuM bolate. e brAhmaNone jamADatA tathA emane sonAnI mahera Apo. vaLI phakta lega nAmanA briTiza lazkarI adhikArIe tAtyA Topene rUbarUmAM joyela. eNe tAtyAnA zArIrika bAMdhA ane varNanuM karela varNana barobara TaheladAsanA bAMdhA ane varNane maLatuM Ave che. A uparathI TaheladAsa tAtyA hovA vizenI hakIkatane samarthana maLe che. gujarAtamAM viplavakArIonA khAsa TekedAra malhArarAva gAyakavADa navasArImAM raheladAsane maLyA tyAre TaheladAsa sAthenI vAtacIta parathI emane TaheladAsa tAtyA hovAnI pratIti thaI hatI. TaheladAsa saMvata 1871(.sa. 1814-15)mAM janmyo hato, je varSe tAtyAne paNa janma thayo hato,08 Ama chatAM TaheladAsa tAtyA hovA vizenI rajU thayela hakIkatane vadhAre nakkara AdhAronI jarUra gaNAya. maulavI liyAkataalIne sacInamAM vasavATa 1857mAM alhAbAdanA viplavane mukhya AgevAna maulavI liyAkataalI sacInanA navAbane Azraye rahyo hato enA dastAvejI purAvA maLe che. alahAbAda para briTiza senAe AkramaNa karatAM ene parAjaya thayo hato ane e pitAnI patnI sAthe nAsI chUTayo hate. judI judI jagyAe chUpA veze pharatAM pharatAM gujarAtamAM prathama e navasArI, bAda tAjapara(ji. surata) ane chevaTe sacIna(ji. surata)mAM sthira thayo hato. navAbe enI pratye khUba sAruM vartana rAkhyuM tathA sacInamAM ene makAna baMdhAvI ApyuM, paraMtu Akhare navAbe briTiza sarakArane maulavI sacInamAM hovA vizenI mAhitI ApI, AthI maulavI turata ja sacIna choDIne vaDodarA Avyo ane tyAMthI makkA haja karavA javAnA irAdAthI muMbaI pahoMcyA, paraMtu sarakAre enI dharapakaDa karI. maulavI sarakAra virodhanI kaI pravRttimAM bhaviSyamAM bhAga nahi le evI e khAtarI Ape te sarakAre ene mukta karavAnI taiyArI batAvI. paNa maulavIe A zarata svIkAravAno InkAra karatAM sarakAre ene AMdAmAna dezanikAla karyo, jyAM pachIthI enuM avasAna thayuM.79 raMgo bApujIne narmadA kinAre vasavATa evuM kahevAya che ke Disembara, 1857 mAM satArAmAM viplava niSphaLa gayA bAda raMge bApujI tyAMthI nAsIne sAdhunA chUpA veze vaDodarA AvyuM. e vaDodarAmAM

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briTiza kAla bApujI vyaMkaTeza cItavale nAmanA marAThI gRhasthane maLyA. raMge bApujIe gAyakavADa khaMDerAvane suparata karavA mATene eka patra cItavalene A 80 paraMtu khaMDerAvA briTiza-taraphI hevAthI eNe e patra vaDodarAnA aMgreja resiDenTane A hevAnuM kahevAya che. AnI raMgejIne jANa thatAM e turata vaDodarAthI nAsIne narmadAkinAre cANodanI AsapAsa sAdhu veze vasyo hovAnI tathA zeSa jIvana eNe tyAM pUruM karyuM hevAnI kavAyakA che. uparyukta hakIkata siddha kare che ke gujarAte 1857 mAM viplavamAM gaNanApAtra phALo Apyo hato tathA mANasa mAla-milakata vagerenI khuvArI moTA pramANamAM veThI hatI, eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu viplavane mukhya AgevAnone paNa gujarAta Azraya Ape hate. pAdaTIpa 9. Political Department (P.D.) Volume, no. 1625 of 1844-45, Bom bay Government, p. 70 2. Bombay Times (Times of India), 7th sept, 1844 3. Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. II, 1877, p. 167 8. Source Material of History of Freedom Movement, Vol. I, pp. 17f. 5. BG, Vol. I, Pt. I, p. 438 6. Ibid, p. 439; Bombay Times, 17th July, 1857 7. Ibid., pp. 440 f; P.D. Vol. no. 41, 1857, p. 42 8. P D, Vol. no. 48 of 1857, p. 573 9. BG., Vol. 1, Part , 1896, p. 433 20. The Revolt in Central India-1857-59, Indian Govt. Publication, p. 68 ?! BG., Vol. I, Part I, p. 433 12 PD, Vol. no. 60 of 1858, pp. 341-42 13. Kaye, A Sepoy War, Vol, I, p. 632 14. P.D., Vol. no. 48 of 1857, p. 162 94. S.N. Sen, Eighteen Fifty-seven, pp. 311-12 16. P.D, Vol. no. 46 of 1857, pp. 137-144 99. Ibid., Letter dated 31st July, 1857 18. P.D, Vol. no. 40 of 1857, pp. 578-79. 19. BG, Vol. II, p. 157

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gujarAtamAM 1857ne saMgrAma 20. P.D., Vol. no. 42 of 1857, pp. 161-62 21. BG., Vol. I, Part 1, p. 438 22. Ibid., p. 439 23-28. Ibid., pp. 440 f. 24. Ibid., pp. 443 f. Re. Thid., PD, Vol. 51 of 1857, pp. 473-479 29. The Times of India, 17th Octoter, 1857 2. P.D., Vol. 135 of 1857, pp. 123 fa Re. P.D., Vol. 51 of 1857, pp. 117-124 30. Ibid., pp. 133-140 39. Ibid., Vol. 50 of 1857, pp. 363-64 32. A Letter from Whitelock to Anderson, no. 72, 7th July, 1858 33. Baroda Residency Records, Vol. no. 418, Letter no. 180 38. Ibid., Vol. no. 418 34. Ibid., Vol. no. 417, letter 30th Aug., 1858 34. Ibid., no. 417., No. 769 of 1858, 8th October, 1858 39. Ibid , no. 417; no. 4382 of 1858, 18th Dec., 1858 36. P.D., Vol. 46 of 1857, p. 474 34. P.D., Vol. 48 of 1857, p. 231 80. Ibid., Vol. no. 144 of 1857, pp. 189-191 89. Ibid., Vol. no. 146 of 1857, p. 139 82. Ibid, Vol. no. 43 of 1857, pp. 201-204 83. Ibid , Vol. no. 52 of 1857, pp. 171-173 XX. BG., Vol. I, part 1, pp. 445 f. 84-8C/ ypaint s. 2116 24 21 sesia 2l16 (3141.) @1az 244deg28deg28,' 4. eccoee 89. P.D., Vol. 41 of 1857, pp. 41-44 re. BG., Vol. II, 1877, p. 477 8EUR. P.D., Vol. 48 of 1857, p. 394 40-49 The Times of India, 5th March, 1858 42. Baroda Residency Records (BRR), no. 460 of 1858, pp. 231 f. 43. Political Correspondence (PC), no. 1219 of 31st Oct., 1857 48. P.D., Vol. 54 of 1858, pp. 165 f. 44. PC., Letter dated 19th April, 1858 45. R.K. Dharaiya, Gujarat in 1857, p. 151 49. Parliamentary Paper, no. 402, letter no. 29, pp. 11 f. 46-46 Ibid., pp. 1-10

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briTiza kAle $o. G.B., Malleson, History of the Indian Mutiny, Vol. III (1880), pp. 341-43 61. B.R. Records, Vol. no. 460 62. BRR; Vol. no. 460 of 1858, pp. 226 ff. 63. pu. cha. zAha ane caMdrakAMta zAha, "caretara sarvasaMgraha, pR. 894-95 64. The Times of India, 20th April, 1859 65. BG, Vol. III, 1884, p. 307, BRR, file no. 163, Aug 1859 66. B.G., Vol. I, part I, 1896, pp. 447 f. 49. BRR., file no. 763 68. Ibid, Letters nos. 385 and 407, of 1859 fe. Ibid., Letters no. 50 of 1859 70, Ibid, Letters no. 989 of 1859 71. BG., Vol. III (1889), p. 582 02. R. K. Dbaraiya, The last days of Nana Saheb Peshwa in Gujarat', Journal of the Gujarat Research Society Vol. XXX, no. 4/120, pp. 252 ff. 93. Ibid., R. K. Dharaiya, Gujarat in 1857 pp. 132 ff. 74-75 esa hArDIkara, aDhAraso sattAvanakI cinagAriyA~, pariziSTa 1 of. Narayan, 1857, pp. 479 ff. 77-78 zerAbajI manarajI desAI, 'tavArIkhe navasArI', pR. 360-62 79. I. I. desAI, sUrata senAnI mUrata', pR. 28 Co. BRR, no. 52, Letter 18th April, 1859; V.G. Khobrekar, Distur bances in Gujarat (1857-1864), p. 87 (Baroda, 1962)

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prakaraNa 5 gujarAtamAMnA briTiza mulakane rAjakIya itihAsa (1859-1914) briTiza hiMdane pazcimI prAMta-muMbaI IlAke cAra mahesUlI vibhAge ane pacIsa jillAomAM vaheMcAyeluM hatuM. muMbaI prAMtanuM mALakhuM 1803 thI 1827 vaccenA samayamAM ghaDAyuM hatuM, je chevaTa sudhI cAlu rahyuM hatuM. emAM je pahele mahesUlI vibhAga rAMgaThana pAme te gujarAtane hatA. gujarAtane keTalAka pradeza 1805 mAM muMbaInI aMgreja kaMpanI sarakAre lIdhe ane 1818 mAM ene pradeza vistAra vadhAravAmAM AvyuM. A samaye vaDodarAnuM gAyakavADanuM rAjya briTiza rakSaNa nIce hatuM. gujarAtamAM puNenA pezavAnA je kaMI pradeza hatA te aMzataH karArathI ane aMzataH laDAIo karIne kampanI sarakAre prApta karI lIdhA. gujarAtanA jillAonI racanA baMgALa prAMtanA jillAonA dhoraNe karavAmAM AvI. kAThiyAvADa(saurASTra)mAM aMgreja sattAne prabhAva sthApavA ane vadhAravAne 1807 mAM AraMbha thaye. kAThiyAvADamAM gAyakavADanI laheNI khaMDaNIo bAbatanI samasyAonuM nirAkaraNa lAvavAnA hetuthI ane arAjaktA dUra karavAnA hetuthI 1807-1808mAM "vakara seTalamenTara karIne ane mahIkAMThA vibhAgamAM praznonuM nirAkaraNa lAvavA 1820 mAM pagalAM levAmAM AvyAM. A saMgaThanakAryamAM muMbaInA gavarnara mAunTa TuarTa elphinsTana(1819-27) ne phALe ghaNe mere hatA. 1827 thI 185ra sudhImAM muMbaI prAMtane vistAra vadhAravAmAM AvyuM.. keTalAMka dezI rAjyo tathA eDana (1839), siMdha (1847) ane siMdhiyA pAsene paMcamahAla pradeza vahIvaTa karavA mATe 1853 mAM dasa varSa mATe levAyo. 1857 pahelAMnA samayamAM prAMtamAM zikSaNa, siMcAI, jAhera Arogya, relave vagere mATe ceDAM pagalAM levAmAM AvyAM. jamInanI mojaNI ane mApaNI karavAmAM AvI. jamIna-mahesUla nakkI karAyuM ane jamIna-mahesUla paddhatine 1847 mAM AkharI svarUpe ApavAmAM AvyuM. khetI-kSetranI bAbatamAM bhADA-muktinA kissA jaNAI AvatAM tapAsa mATe InAma kamizana nImavAmAM AvyuM (1852). enI kAmagIrIthI khetI-udyogamAM ugra pratyAghAta paDyA, hita dharAvatA vargomAM bhAre asaMtoSa phelAye ane enuM ugra svarUpa 1857 mAM dezamAM thayelA udrakamAM jovAmAM AvyuM.

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ha0 briTiza kAla. gujarAtamAM 1857-58ne uka 1857 mAM hiMdI sipAIoe aMgreja sarakAra sAme karelA kahevAtA baLavAnA pratyAghAta uttara bhAratamAM paDayA. ghaNu sthaLoe AMdolana ane baMDa thayAM. AvA kaparA ane kaTokaTIvALA samayamAM gujarAta ghaNe aMze udvekanI asarothI. zAMta rahyuM. aMgreja sarakAra sAme virodha ane sAmane karavAnA keTalAka banAva. banyA hatA. e tephAnene dAbI devA ghaNI kaDakAI dAkhavavAmAM AvI hatI. 1858 mAM gujarAtamAM lekane niHzastra karavA jatAM ghaNI damananIti ane atyAcArone Azraya levAyo hato. A samaye khaMDerAva gAyakavADe briTiza sarakAra pratye vaphAdArI rAkhI resiDenTane madada karI hatI. khaMDerAva gAyakavADanI vaphAdArIne badale briTiza sarakAre emane dattaka levAnI sanada ApIne(mArca 11, 1862) tathA "hIjha hAyanesa dha mahArAjA opha baDaudA" evuM saMbodhana ApIne ane jI. sI. AI. ne khitAba ApIne vALyo hate.pa gujarAtanAM ramakhANonI vizeSatA e hatI ke ahIM prAyaH leka-samudAyanA. amuka vargoe ramakhANe jagADI zAMti ane salAmatI bhayamAM mUkyAM hatAM. 1857 nA sipAIonA kahevAtA baLavAnuM tathA anya sthaLoe thayelAM tephAne ane ramakhANonuM sIdhuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke hiMdane vahIvaTa vepAro. igliza IsTa inDiyA kampanI pAsethI briTiza tAje 1858 mAM eka dhAre pasAra karIne laI lIdhe. e dhArAmAM hiMdane vahIvaTa sudhAravA te mukhya sattA dhAraNa karI che evuM jAheranAmuM rANI vikaToriyAnA nAmathI bahAra pADavAmAM AvyuM. hiMdanA dezI rAjAone salAmatI ane rakSaNanI bAMhedharI ApavAmAM AvI hatI. 1858 pachI : rAjyavahIvaTa 1857-58 nAM bhAre azAMti ane ajapa dUra karIne briTiza tAja heThaLa sthapAyelI navI aMgreja sarakAre kAyado ane vyavasthA sthApavA prayatna AraMbhA, gujarAtanA pradezo para paNa vahIvaTa karavA para dhyAna ApyuM. gujarAtane vahIvaTa be bhAgamAM vaheMcAyela hatA. pahelA bhAgamAM moTI saMkhyAnAM dezI rajavADAMo para haLavA hAthe chatAM majabUta pakaDa rAkhI vahIvaTa karavAnuM hatuM, te bIjA bhAgamAM pitAnA sIdhA vahIvaTa heThaLanI prajA je phaLadrupa jillAomAM vasatI hatI temanI pAsethI emanI dharmazraddhAo ke emanA udyoga-dhaMdhAomAM kAraNa vinA daramiyAnagIrI karyA vagara pUratA pramANamAM mahesUla

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gujarAtamAMnA briTiza mulake rAjakIya ItihAsa vasUla levAnuM kArya aMgreja sarakAre karavAnuM hatuM ane e pramANe e zarU karyuM. sIdhA vahIvaTa heThaLanA briTiza pradeza "khAlasA mulaka' tarIke oLakhAtA. dezI rAjyo : | muMbaI prAMta(ilAkA)nAM dezI rAjya para aMkuza muMbaI sarakAra poliTikala ejanTa dvArA dharAvatI. ejanTanAM sthAna ane pharajo judAM judAM rAjya pramANe judAM judAM rahetAM ene AdhAra AraMbhanA ane pachInA samayamAM thayelA karAre, samajUtIo, saMdhio vagere para tathA 1857 pachI apAyela sanada ke hakkapatrake (patents) para rahe. Ama chatAM ghaNI rIte vaNalakhAyelA ke nirdeza vagaranA adhikArone upaga e pitAnI vivekabuddhithI karato. briTiza pradeza (khAlasA mulake) - muMbaI prAMtane vahIvaTa gavarnara-Ina-kAunsila mAraphate thatA. kAunsilanA pramukha tarIke gavarnara rahetA ane inDiyana sivila sarvisanI be vyaktio enA sabhya tarIke kAma karatI. a. badhAnI nimaNUka pAMca varSa mATe briTiza tAja taraphathI thatI. prAMtanA vahIvaTanAM vividha prakAranAM khAtAM kAunsilanA sabhyo vacce vaheMcavAmAM AvatAM. | muMbaI prAMtanA siMdha, uttarI, madhya ane dakSiNa, evA cAra vibhAga hatA. dareka vibhAga para eka kamizanara nImavAmAM AvatA. uttarI vibhAgamAM gujarAtanA sIdhA briTiza vahIvaTa heThaLanA amadAvAda bharUca kheDA 5 camahAla surata ane thANA jillAone samAveza thato hato. e vibhAganuM vaDuM mathaka amadAvAda khAte rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. gujarAtanA A pAMca jillA briTiza pradeza tarIke oLakhAtA. dareka jillA para kalekaTara(samAhartA)nI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvatI. jillAnA peTA vibhAga eTale ke tAlukAne mAmalatadArane tAbAmAM mUkavAmAM AvatA. kalekaTarane varSamAM cAreka mahinA pitAnA jillAne pravAsa karavo paData. enA uparI tarIke vibhAgIya kamizanare rahetA, je pitAnA vibhAge para sAmAnya prakAranI dekharekha tathA mahesUlI vahIvaTa para aMkuza rAkhatA. gAmanuM svAtaMtrya briTiza zAsana zarU thatAM agAu je hatuM te briTiza vahIvaTa zarU thatAM haNAI gayuM. 1857 pachInA banAva 1857ne kahevAtA lazkarI baLavA vakhate muMbaInA gavarnara tarIke lorDa elphinsTana hate. InAma tapAsa paMcanI kAmagIrInA kAraNe tathA khAlasA siddhAMtanA

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briTiza kATa amalanA kAraNe muMbaI prAMtamAM ghaNuM jamInadAre caMkI UThayA hatA. Ama chatAM Akho prAMta kahevAtA baLavAnI kaTokaTI ane anyatra banelA banAvonA pratyAghAtanI asaramAMthI mukta banI bahAra AvyuM hatuM. suratamAM AvakaverA-virodhI AMdolana, 1860 briTiza sarakAre Avakavera dAkhala karyo enA virodhamAM suratanA burahAnapurI bhAgaLa(je hAla "bhAgaLa" nAmathI oLakhAya che)nA 2,000 thI vadhu saMkhyAnA vepArIoe bhegA thaI AvakaverA-patraka nahi bharavAnI ane jyAM sudhI Avakavero pAchA kheMcI levAmAM Ave nahi tyAMsudhI dukAne baMdha rAkhI haDatAla pADavAnI jAherAta karI hatI. tyArathI AvakaverA-dhArA-virodhI AMdolanane AraMbha thayo. (navembara 29, 1860). dukAne baMdha karI rahelA vepArIonI dharapakaDa karavAmAM AvI ane suratanA mejisTreTa pAse laI javAmAM AvyA. bhegA thayelA ToLA upara chevaTe lAThImAra karI ene vikherI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM. zaheranA anya bhAgomAM paNa virodha thayA hatA. A bAbatamAM 24 vyaktione gunegAra TharAvI sakhata majUrI sAthenI 6 mahinAnI kedanI sajA karavAmAM AvI hatI. vasaImAM AMdolana, 1860 vasaI, je e samaye thANA jillAmAM hatuM, tyAM paNa AvakaverA sAme virodha thayuM hatuM (Disembara 2, 1860). mAmalatadAranI kacerI sAme lagabhaga 2 4,000 leke bhegA thayA hatA ane sarakAre banAvelI neTise ane bharavAnAM patraka pheMkI dIdhAM hatAM. badhAMnI AgevAnI goradhanadAsa zeThe lIdhI hatI. emaNe DepyuTI kalekaTara mi. hanTarane hiMmatabharyA javAba ApI, prajAzaktine pacce karAvI kAnUnabhaMga karavA badala zikSA meLavavAnI taiyArI batAvI hatI. paMcamahAla jillAnI tabadIlI, 1861 gvAliyaranA siMdhiyAnA tAbAmAM paMcamahAla jille tathA pAvAgaDha ane cAMpAnera zahera hatAM. vAliyarathI A pradezane vahIvaTa karavAnuM muzkela hovAthI siMdhiyAe A pradezane vahIvaTa 1853 mAM briTiza sarakArane dasa varSa mATe soM. dasa varSanI mudatane aMta Ave te pahelAM ja siMdhiyAe 1861 mAM A pradezo briTiza sarakArane tabadIla karI ApyA ane enA badalAmAM e pradeza eTale ja vistAra, je jhAMsI pAse AveluM hatuM te, lIdhe. pradezanI AvI adalAbadalIthI paMcamahAlane phAyado thaze. 1861 pachI jillAmAM badhe meTalavALA mArga banAvAyA, briTiza paddhatinI mahesUla ane nyAyavyavasthA sthapAI, zALAo ane davAkhAnAM

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gujarAtamAMnA briTiza ane rAjakIya ItihAsa paNa zarU karAyAM, muMbaI tathA anya sthaLo sAthe godharA-dAhodanA relave-mArgo baMdhAtAM, vyavahAra sthapAye. e pachI ratalAma ane anya sthaLe sAthe paNa relavevyavahAra sthapAye hate. 1857 pachInA samayamAM muMbaI prAMtamAM zikSaNa, relave ane rUnA udyogamAM bhAre pragati thaI hatI. emAM paNa rUne udyoga mahatvapUrNa udyoga banI rahyo. 1860 mAM zrI. raNachoDalAla choTAlAle amadAvAdamAM pahelI kApaDa-sUtaranI mila bAMdhI. muMbaInA gavarnara sara bArTala phere(1862-67) nA samayamAM khetI-kSetramAM vikAsa carama sImAe pahoMcyo hate. amerikAnA AMtaravigrahanI asara 1861 mAM amerikAmAM uttara ane dakSiNanAM rAjya vacce AMtaravigraha zarU thaye. hiMdamAM vepAraudyoga para enI bhAre asara thaI. dakSiNa amerikAnAM rAjyamAMthI rUnA puravaThAnI je nikAsa yuropanA dezamAM thatI hatI te baMdha thaI jatAM, hiMdanA rUnI mAMga yuropamAM vadhI paDI. vaLI mUDI. vadhavAne kAraNe rUnuM vAyadA bajAra paNa bharomAM phAlyuM. vadhumAM, 1860 ane 1864 daramyAna bI. bI. eNnDa sI. AI. e bahodA enDa senTrala inDiyA) relave zarU thatAM mAlanI avarajavaramAM vadhu sugamatA prApta thaI. relave-mAge rUne puravaThe muMbaI pahoMcate ane tyAMthI dariyAI mArge enI nikAsa yuropamAM thatI. rU ugADatA jillAone AnA kAraNe ghaNe phAyado theye. 1864-65 daramyAna zerabajAra khUba garama banyuM, rUnuM utpAdana vadhyuM ane dezamAM samRddhi paNa vadhI. saTTA-bajAro ane anya dhaMdhA paNa pUrabahAramAM khIlI UThayA, paraMtu A kRtrima samRddhi a9pajIvI nIvaDI. AMtaravigraha baMdha paDatAM zeranA bajAramAM bhAre kaDAke belAyo, ghaNuM gujarAtI ucca vepArI kuTuMba emAM tArAja thaI gayAM! vepAramAM dariyAI nikAsa para paNa asara paDI. A samaya daramyAna Aga ane pANInAM pUra jevI kudaratI Aphata AvI chatAM muMbaI prAMtanA jillAomAM vikAsakrama ane samRddhi dhImI gatie cAlu rahyAM. gujarAta para A AMtaravigrahanI sArInarasI asara thaI hatI. kAThiyAvADanA sAta varga 1863 mAM karnala kiTiMje kAThiyAvADanAM dezI rajavADAonA sAta vargo karI eone pitAnA darajajA pramANe dIvAnI ane phejidArI nyAya karavAnA. adhikAra ApyA.

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'briTiza kAla paMcamahAlamAM tekAna, 1868 paMcamahAla jillAmAM jAMbughoDA pAse AvelA vADakanA jeriyA nAmanA eka nAyakaDAe pate Izvara che ane camatkAra karI zake che evo daMbha karyo ane le ke para UMDI chApa pADI, AthI enA anuyAyIonuM eka moTuM jUtha UbhuM thayuM. e jUthamAM dAMDiyApurAne nAne jamInadAra rUpasiMga AgaLa thayo. joriyAe ane rUpasiMge vADakamAM rAjA jevI sattA jamAvI ane AvatA jatA mAla para lAge (mahesUla) levAnuM zarU karyuM. dharmavera paNa levA mAMDyo. zarUAtamAM sthAnika adhikArIoe A bAbatanI avagaNanA karI, AthI A nAyakaDA pratsAhita banyA ane teoe potAnA 500 hathiyAradhArI anuvAyIonI ToLI sAthe bAriyA tAbAnA rAjagaDha gAme pahoMcI enA para humale karyo (phebruArI 2). teoe pilIsacokIe jaI eka hiMdI amaladAranI hatyA karI, rAjagaDha lUMTayuM. rUpasiMge paMcamahAla jaI nAyakaDAonI pheja bhegI karI jAMbuDA para chApe mAryo, tyAMnI sarakArI polIsa emane pAchA haThAvavAmAM niSphaLa gaI. nAyakaDAoe jAMbuDA lyuM ane sarakArI daphatara bALI nAkhyAM. tyAMthI choTAudepura tAbAnA jetapura gAme gayA ane hale karyo. tyAM paNa lUMTaphATa karI hAhAkAra macAvyA. Ama nAyakaDAonAM tephAna vadhatAM ejanTa Tu dha gavarnara-janarala Dabalyu eca. paTela, nedhana DivijhananA kamizanara e. rojarsa ane kepTana mekaliDe amadAvAda, vaDodarA tathA anya sthaLonI lazkarI TukaDIe ekatra karI nAyakaDAo sAme ugra me mAMDyo ane bhAre jahemata bAda thoDI khuvArI veThI, nAyakaDAone sAmane karI emane veravikhera karI nAkhyA (phebruArI 18). e pachI eka mahinAnA samayamAM jeriyo rUpasiMga galAliya(jeriyAnA putra)vagerenI tapAsa karI teone keda karavAmAM AvyA ane kAma calAvI phAMsInI sajA karavAmAM AvI. Ama jeriyAnuM baMDa je dhArmika aMdhazraddhA para AdhArita hatuM tene aMgreja sarakAre sakhatAIthI dAbI dIdhuM ane gunegArone bhAre zikSAo karI. amadAvAdamAM bhAre varasAda, 1868, 1875 - 1868 mAM amadAvAdamAM pAMca divasa daramyAna (ogasTa 11 thI 15) 27 IMca jeTalo varasAda paDyo. enI sAthe bhAre vegavALuM vAvAjhoDuM phUMkAyuM. AnA pariNAme 9,500 jeTalAM makAna, jenI kiMmata 9 lAkha 50 hajAra rUpiyA AMkavAmAM AvI hatI, tene nAza thayo. amadAvAda jillAmAM anyatra paNa ghaNuM nukasAna thayuM. 11

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gujarAtamAMnA briTiza mulakone rAjakIya ItihAsa AvI rIte 1875 mAM amadAvAdamAM muzaLadhAra varasAda paDatAM (sapTembara 23) zahera jaLabaMbAkAra banI gayuM. zaherane moTe bhAga pANImAM DUbe. 3,800 jeTalAM makAna dharAzAyI banyAM, jenI kiMmata 5 lAkha 82 hajAra rUpiyA aMdAjavAmAM AvI hatI. anya milakatane paNa bhAre nukasAna thayuM hatuM, jenI kiMmata 1 lAkha 64 hajAra rUpiyA mUkavAmAM AvI hatI. bAra jeTalA mANasee jAna gumAvyA hatA. amadAvAda zaheranI dIvAla bahAra AsapAsanAM lagabhaga se jeTalAM gAmaDAMone ochuMvatte nukasAna thayuM hatuM. sAbaramatI nadI parane relave pula, je relave kaMpanI taraphathI 3 lAkha rUpiyA karatAM vadhu kharce bAMdhavAmAM AvyA hatA. te, tathA sAbaramatI nadI parane elisa pula, je sarakAra taraphathI 1870 mAM rUpiyA pAMca lAkhanA kharce bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ne jene uttarI vibhAganA kamizanara sara beMre elisanuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM te baMne pANInA pUramAM ghasaDAI gayA hatA. 1868 ane 187pa nI pANIpUranI honAratanA prasaMgoe muMbaI surata ane amadAvAdanI tathA anya sthaLonI sevAbhAvI prajAe udAra hAthe pUrapIDitone madada karI hatI. sarakAre paNa enI rIte madada karI hatI. dilahI darabAra, 1877 briTananI rANI vikToriyAe briTananI saMsade pasAra karelA "dha royala TAITalsa eNkaTa, 1876" anvaye "hiMdanI mahArANI' (kaisare hiMda)nI padavI dhAraNa karI (jAnyuArI 1, 1877) ane enI ujavaNI karavA dilhImAM gavarnara janarala leDa liTane bhavya darabAra yojI hiMdanI prajAne briTiza zAhIvAdanuM darzana karAvyuM ane rANI tarapha bhaktibhAva rAkhavA pakSapaNe anurodha karyo. dukALa, 1977 1877 mAM cotrIsA (saMvata 1934) nAme oLakhAyele dukALa paDyo. e dukALanI asara kAThiyAvADamAM ghaNuM jaNAI hatI. gujarAtanA anya bhAgomAM khAsa dekhAI na hatI. suratamAM lAyasansa Tekasa-virodhI AMdelana, 1878 surata zaheranI prajAne 1844, 1848 ane 1860mAM aMgreja sarakAranuM damana sahana karavuM paDyuM hovA chatAM e prajA pharI eka vAra briTiza sarakArane virodha karavA medAne paDI. sarakAre 1878 mAM lAyasansa Tekasa nAmane navo kara nAkhe. ema kahevAmAM AvyuM ke dezanA moTA bhAgamAM dukALane lIdhe tArAjI sarjAI hatI ane emAM sarakArane thayelA kharcane pahoMcI vaLavA sarakAre A vero

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(3s NiTisa kAha nAkhyuM hatuM. A verAne virodha karavAnI pahela muMbaInI prajAe karI. suratamAM A lAyasansa Teksa-virodhI AMdelanane AraMbha 27 mI mArcathI thaye. suratanA vepArIoe bhegA thaI pAMca divasa(eprila 1 thI 5) sudhI zAMta haDatAla pADI. haDatAlane vadhu joradAra banAvavA leke relave sTezana para gayA ane tyAMnA karmacArIo samakSa mAgaNI karI ke jevI rIte ame dukAne baMdha karI che tevI rIte tamAre paNa gADIo calAvavAnuM baMdha karI haDatAlamAM bhAga levo joIe. 5 mI eprile vAtAvaraNa taMga banyuM. sarakAre sakhatAI batAvI. haDatAlamAM bhAga lenArA tathA anya leka para damananIti AcaravAmAM AvI. goLIbAra karavAmAM AvatAM traNa jaNuM mAryA gayA ane be jaNa ghAyala thayA. Akhare AMdelanane sakhatAIthI dAbI devAyuM. bhAga lenArAone pakaDI, emane para kAma calAvI judA judA prakAranI zikSA karavAmAM AvI.13 zikSAtmaka pagalAM tarIke surata zaheranA lekenA kharce pAMca varSa sudhI tyAM vadhArAne polIsa baMdebasta rAkhavAmAM Ave.14 lAyasansa Tekasane pAchaLathI (1886mAM) AvakaverAmAM pheravavAmAM AvyuM. gaMDaLa-bhAvanagara relave, 1880 kAThiyAvADamAM relave-vyavahAra zarU thayo. 1880mAM geMDaLathI bhAvanagara sudhInI relave-lAina bAMdhavAmAM AvI ane relave zarU thaI. suratamAM pUra, 1883 suratamAM 1883 mAM pANInAM bhAre pUra AvatAM (julAI 3) jAnamAlane nukasAna thayuM. sthAnika svarAjya, 1884 briTiza vahIvaTa nIce 1834 mAM amadAvAdamAM ane ene pagale pagale surata bharUca kheDA naDiyAda ane anya mahattvanAM nagaromAM sudharAIo-sthAnika svarAjya saMsthAo zarU karavAmAM AvI hatI, jAhera Arogya ane anya suvidhAo pUrAM pADavAnI jogavAIo karavAmAM AvI hatI, jAhera bAMdhakAma karavAnAM tathA anya kAmonI marAmata karAvavA jevAM kAryo hAtha levAmAM AvyAM hatAM, sthAnika svarAjya saMsthAo tathA jillA lokala beDanI racanA, jillAmAM rastAo, pANI-puravaTha, ArAmagRhe ane anya kAma mATe karavAmAM AvI hatI. A baMne prakAranI saMsthAomAM lekene matAdhikAra ApavAmAM Avya(1884nA babbe eNphaTa 1 ane 2 anusAra). matAdhikArane amala thaze tyAre gavarnara-janarala tarIke lorDa ripana hate. lekene sthAnika svarAjya calAvavAne anubhava meLavavAnI tathA ene keLavavAnI tAlImane AraMbha ahIMthI thayuM hatuM.

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gujarAtamAMnA briTiza mulakAnA rAjakIya itihAsa bharUcamAM taLAviyAonuM maMDa, 1885 pacamahAlamAM bhIlene maLatA AvatA AdivAsI jAtinA taLAviyA lene sudhAravA ane emane khetIvyavasAyamAM joDavA mATenA prayAsa aMgreja sarakAre karyA hatA. kharAbAnI jamInane vikasAvavA nANAM-kharcI paNa karavAmAM Avye hatA, paraMtu taLAviyAnI mULabhUta prakRtimAM phera na paDayo. emanAmAMnA eka lakhA bhagata ane khInna eka bhagate bhegA maLI evI vAta calAvI ke mAtAe teone alaga rAjya ApavA vacana ApyuM che. emanA leAkeAne tee samajAvavA mAMDayA. pariNAme emanuM jUtha racAyu. Azare sA jeTalA taLAviyA A me bhagatAnI AgevAnI nIce ceAmAsAmAM bharUcanA kalekaTara viliyama elanane maLavA UpaDacA. kalekTara peAtAnA maMgale hAjara na hatA, tethI teo zahera tarapha javA nIkaLyA. rastAmAM khI, bI. eNnDa sI. AI. relavenA polIsa suparinTenDanTa Dabalyu khI, preskATa peAtAnI gADImAM besI zaheramAM pAche! pharatA hatA te ATALA pAchaLa AvI pahoMcyA. potAne javA mATe raste karI ApavA tumAkhIthI game tema khAlatAM TALuM vIryuM ane enA para tUTI paDayuM ane maraNutAla mAra mArI e sthitimAM paDatA mUkI TALuM zahera tarapha gayuM. tyAM jatAM najIkamAM AvelI peAlIsacAkI lUMTI, ceAkInAM hathiyAra chInavI lIdhAM ane bharUcamAM AvelI mubaI baeNMkanI eka zAkhA taraph gayA. maMeMkanA paheregIrI taLAviyAenI sAme thatAM teo zahera bahAra nIkaLI gayA. mAga mAM peAlIsa TukDoe emane sAmanA karyo. nAnI sarakhI athaDAmaNu thaI. emAM polIsaneA eka mANusa marAyA ane traNa jaNA sakhata ghavAyA. karavAmAM AvelA gALIbAramAM pAMca taLAviyA mAryA gayA ane eTalA ja ghavAyA. peAlIse khIjI vAra gALAbAra karatAM taLAviyA gabharAIne nAsI gayA. polIse emanA pIche karI 40 jaNane tarata pakaDI lIdhA ane lakhA temaja khIjA bhagatane pAchaLathI pakaDayA. emanI sAme kesa calAvAyeA. lakhA ane emanA sAgarIta bhagatane phAMsInI sajja gunAvALI jagAe ja ApavAmAM AvI, khIjAAne hadapArI ke kedanI sajA karavAmAM AvI. ema kahevAmAM AvyuM che ke khaDakhAra taLAviyAne rAkavAmAM na AvyA hAta tA bharUca najIka zukalatIrthAMmAM e divase (navembara 22) bharAyelA lekameLAmAM paheAMcI jaI emaNe bhAre nukasAna karyuM. hAta ke lUTaphATa calAvI hAta.15 yeALakAmAM kAmI ta'gaDhIlI, 1887 sarakAre eja oNpha kansenTa bila' dAkhala karyuM` hatu` enA pariNAme hiMduonI lAgaNIe dhavAI hatI. vaLI gArakSAmaMDaLAnI upadezAtmaka pravRttinA kAraNe 7

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briTiza kALa 20 jAheramAM bhAre carcA thatI hatI. pariNAme hiMdu-muslima prajAnA maMba dheAmAM kaDavAza phelAvA pAmI hatI. mu`baI ane anya sthaLAe A be prajA vacce hullaDA phATI nIkaLyAM hatAM. 16 gujarAtamAM dhoLakAmAM AveA banAva banI gayeA. dhALakAnA hiMdu vepArIee bakarI IdanA divase pAtAnI dukAne badha rAkhI hatI. Ane badale levA mATe tyAMnA * musalamAnee e divase (oNgasTa 30, 1887) eka gAyane sAthe rAkhI saraghasa kADhayuM. hiMdu maMdira AgaLa ajAranI madhyamAM sAthe rAkhelI gAyanI katala karI, gAyanA maDadAne e ja sthaLe sApha karI, enAM vividha agA sAthe pAchu saradhasa kADhI musalamAne pharyA. AkhA nagaramAM hiMduonI lAgaNI tIvrapaNe ghavAI hatI. sthAnika ane ucca adhikArIenI samajAvaTathI taMga banelI paristhiti mahAmuzkelIe kAbUmAM rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI. pAchaLathI tapAsa karavAmAM AvatAM A tAkAnamAM saDAvAyelAone zodhI kADhI emanA para kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM ane judA judA prakAranI kedanI zikSAe karavAmAM AvI. keTalAka pAse sArI vartaNuka mATe eka varSanA jAmIna paNa levAmAM AvyA. 17 bIjA keTalAka banAva 1873 mAM suratamAM prArthanA samAja zarU thayA. 1882 mAM vaDAdarAmAM koyaHsAdhaka adhikArIvarga sthapAye 1887 mAM rANI vikaToriyAne gAdI para beThAne 50 varSa pUrAM thatAM enI 'jyukhilI" gujarAtabharamAM paNa UjavavAmAM AvI. be divase (phebruArI 16-17) jAhera tahevAranA pALavAmAM AvyA. briTiza zAhIvAda ane rAjabhakti mATenu darzana ahIMnA briTiza zAsakreAe A rIte karAvyuM. rANIne mAnapatra ApavA ghaNA rAjA-mahArAjAe IMglaeNnDa gayA hatA. 1888-89 nA varSImAM joIe teTalA varasAda na paDavAthI anAjanA bhAva ghaNA caDI gayA hatA, ghAsanI paNa ta`gI UbhI thaI hatI. gujarAtanA badhA bhAgAne A anAvRSTinI asara thaI hatI. A varSImAM TrigAnemeTrikala sarve Ak inDiyAnI TukaDIoe gujarAtamAM mApaNInuM kAma zarU karyuM. hatuM. 1889 nA eprilamAM surata zaheramAM eka meTI Aga lAgI hatI, tethI surata zaheranA ghaNA bhAga baLIne khAkha thaI gayA hatA. amadAvAdamAM lokAne cokhkhuM pIvAnuM pANI maLe e mATe eka pANIpuravaThA yojanA taiyAra karavAmAM AvI hatI. e yeAjanA pAchaLa rAva bahAdura

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gujarAtamAMnA briTiza sulane rAjakIya itihAsa raNachoDalAla choTAlAla, je sudharAInA pramukha hatA, temane ghaNuM maTe phALe hate. A yojanA taiyAra karavA pAchaLa rUpiyA ATha lAkha kharcAyA hatA. janAnA voTara varkasanI uddaghATana-vidhi muMbaInA gavarnara lorDa herisane 1891 mAM 6 ThThI jUne karI hatI. moTA pAyA para Dreneja kAma paNa zarU karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. 1891 mAM julAI AkharamAM bharUcamAM covIsa kalAkamAM tevIsa IMca varasAda paDatAM jAnamAlanuM ghaNuM nukasAna thayuM hatuM. 1893 mAM suratanI sudharAIe rastAo upara vIjaLInA dIvA mUkyA. A bAbatamAM AkhA hiMdamAM surate pahela karI. 1896 mAM tAptI relave baMdhAvA lAgI. vi. saM. 1956 mAM chappaniya kALa paDyo ane leke bhAre vipattimAM mukAyA. zikSaNa ane sthAnika svarAjya 1878 pachInAM varSomAM zikSaNa ane sthAnika svarAjyanA kSetramAM TUMkA samayamAM bhAre pragati thaI. agAunA samayamAM amadAvAda kheDA naDiyAda vagere zaheromAM aMgrejI zALAo zarU karAI hatI hatI. 1855 pachI kanyAzALAo paNa sthApavAmAM AvI zALAo mATe zikSake taiyAra karavA sarakAre 1857 mAM amadAvAdamAM "gujarAta TreiniMga koleja" zarU karI. strI-zikSakenI kheTa pUrI pADavA "kimeila TreIniMga koleja" paNa amadAvAdamAM 1871 mAM zarU karavAmAM AvI. AvI rIte rAjakoTa ane vaDodarAmAM paNa AvI zikSaka tAlIma keleje zarU karavAmAM AvI. ' amadAvAdamAM IjanerI ane kAyadAnuM zikSaNa maLI rahe e mATe 1856 thI 1872 sudhInA samayamAM noMdhapAtra prayAsa karavAmAM AvyA, paNa e saphaLa na thayA. e pachI 1878mAM kaleja zikSaNa pI. I. (prAyamarI Iyara) sudhI maLe e mATe kolejo zarU karAI, je sarakArI hAiskUla sAthe 1884 sudhI saMlagna rahI. e pachInA samayamAM kolejane judI pADavA prayAso thatAM amadAvAdamAM "gujarAta koleja' nAmathI oLakhAyelI saMsthA, jyAM bI. e. padavI sudhInA zikSaNanI jogavAI karavAmAM AvI te, zarU thaI (eprila 1, 1887). kaeNlejanuM makAna paNa taiyAra thatAM enuM uddaghATana muMbaInA gavarnara lorDa senDahaste karyuM hatuM (gasTa 23, 1897). A parathI gujarAtamAM bIjAM moTAM zaheromAM paNa AvI kolejo sthapAI hatI.18 greTa briTana AyalenDa ane amerikAnI ghaNI khristI sosAyaTI' e hiMdamAM mekalelA khristI mizanarI enI kAmagIrInA pariNAme aMgrejI zikSaNano vyApa vadhyuM hatuM. surata ane amadAvAdamAM AvI mizanarIsaMcAlita zALAo zarU thaI hatI. dezI rAjA-mahArAjAonA kuMvarone zikSaNa

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briTiza kALA ApavA rAjakeTamAM "rAjakumAra koleja" sthApavAmAM AvI, jenuM uddaghATana muMbaInA gavarnara sara semera phiTjhaje relve karyuM hatuM (Disembara 16, 1870). garAsiyAonA putrane zikSaNa ApavA vaDhavANamAM garAsiyA skUla sthApavAmAM AvI hatI. tAlukAdAnA dIkarAo mATe sAdarAmAM oNTa kaeNleja sthApavAmAM AvI hatI. - zikSaNane vyApa vadhatAM enA sIdhA pariNAma svarUpe sarakArI nekarIomAM hiMdanA lokone sthAna maLavA lAgyuM. DepyuTI kalekaTara, mejisTreTa, mela kejha kerTanA nyAyAdhIza vagere UMcI jagyAo para zikSita hiMdIonI nimaNUka thavA lAgI. mobhA ane pagAra-dhAraNamAM paNa sudhAro karavAmAM AvyuM. IMglenDamAM sivila sarvisa parIkSA pasAra karanAra mATe mahesUla nyAyataMtra zikSaNa pesTa ane anya vibhAgamAM jagyAo khullI mUkavAmAM AvI. 19 aMgreja sarakAre vahIvaTI taMtramAM sthAnika kakSAne aMkuza meLavavA sudharAIo ane jillA kala beDanI racanA karI hatI. muMbaI prAMtamAM muMbaI zahera sivAya sudharAIne AraMbha 150thI karavAmAM Avyo. 1850 nA eka dhArAthI evuM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM ke nagaranA leke mAgaNI karyothI enI racanA karavA maMjUrI ApavI. 1862 thI sudharAIone vadhu adhikAra ApavAmAM Avyo. 1850 pachInA visa varSomAM 96 jeTalAM nagarane sudharAIo ApavAmAM AvI hatI. 1873 mAM zahera ane nagara sudharAIo vaccenA vibhAga paDAyA hatA. sthAnika prAthamika zikSaNane aMkuza 1882 mAM sudharAIone soMpavAmAM Avyo. 1884 mAM badhI ja sudharAIomAM matAdhikAra dAkhala karavAmAM AvyuM. 1901 mAM sudharAIonA adhikAra vistRta karAyA hatA. zaheranI ke nagaranI sthAnika bAbate mATe sudharAIo dvArA aMkuza rAkhavAmAM Ave tevI rIte jillA ane tAlukA para lela beDa dvArA aMkuza rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. gujarAtamAM briTiza vahIvaTa heThaLanA pAMca jillAomAM sthAnika svarAjya saMsthAo AvI hatI. amadAvAdamAM 1857mAM sudharAI thaI hatI. kheDA jillAmAM kheDA kapaDavaMja mahemadAvAda naDiyAda DAkera borasada ANaMda umareTha eDa ane mahudhAmAM nagara sudharAIo hatI. 1863 mAM jillA kala beDa sthapAyuM ane 7 tAlukA berDa sthapAyAM hatAM. paMcamahAlane pradeza aMgreja sarakArane siMdhiyAe chevaTe 1861 mAM tabadIla karI Ape hato te samaye ene vahIvaTa revAkAMThAnA poliTikala ejanTane soMpa

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gujarAtamAM briTiza mudakene rAjakIya ItihAsa vAmAM Avyo hato. A pradezanuM mahesUla kheDAnA kalekaTara mAraphate 1864 mAM ugharAvAtuM hatuM. eka alaga jillA tarIke paMcamahAlanI racanA 1877 mAM karavAmAM AvI ane e alaga kalekaTaranA tAbA nIce mukavAmAM AvyuM. jillAnuM vaDuM mathaka godharA rakhAyuM. godharA-dAhodane sudharAI ApavAmAM AvI, jyAre e sivAyanA bAkInA vistAra para jillA kala borDanI sattA sthapAI. godharA kAlola ane dAhodanAM traNa tAlukA beDa paNa racAyAM hatAM. bharUca jillAmAM bharUca aMkalezvara jaMbusara hAMsoTa ane AmedamAM nagara sudharAIo sthapAI hatI. jillA beDa ane pAMca tAlukA beDa sthAnika bAbatanI dekhabhALa ane vyavasthA saMbhALatAM hatAM. surata jillAmAM surata rAMdera valasADa ane mAMDavImAM nagara sudharAI hatI. jillA beDa ane ATha tAlukA bAI paNa racAyAM hatAM. 19mI sadInA aMta sudhImAM vahIvaTI kSetre briTiza sarakAre gujarAta paranA pitAnA pradeza para majabUta pakaDa jamAvI dIdhI hatI. dharmabhAvanA ke sAmAjika rivAjonI bAbatamAM sarakAranAM pagalAMothI kamI vAtAvaraNa ugra banatuM. sarakAra sAme paNa prajA medAne paDatI. A samaya sudhImAM akhila bhAratIya koMgresanI sthApanA ane kAmagIrIthI rASTriya jAgRti ane cetanA phelAvA lAgI hatI ane tethI aMgrejonA paradezI zAsana sAme asaMtoSanI lAgaNI phelAvA pAmI hatI. 19mI sadInA chellA dasakAmAM tathA vIsamI sadInA pahelA dasakAmAM temaja prathama, vizvayuddha zarU thatAM sudhInA samayamAM aMgreja sarakArane potAnA pradezamAM rASTriya juvALane khALI rAkhavA sakhatAI ane damananItine ja upayoga karavo paData. dukALanA samayamAM (1895 ane 1898-1900 mAM) tathA plega jevA jIvaleNa cepI roganA samayamAM Apatti-grasta pradezanI prajA mahesUla na bharI zake tevI sthitimAM sarakAranI nIti sAme asaMtoSI prajA hullaDa ke kemI ramakhANo dvArA pitAne aNagamo pradarzita karatI. ogaNIsamI sadInA chellA dasakAmAM uddAmavAdI vicArasaraNIthI rASTriya jAgRtimAM na jhoka Avyo hato ane enA pariNAme krAMtikArI pravRttio ane banAvo banavA lAgyAM hatAM. 20mI sadInA prathama caraNa daramyAna amadAvAda ane surata mukAme maLela koMgresanA adhivezanamAM paNa bhAre jAgRti ANI hatI. I. sa. 1914mAM gAMdhIjI AphrikAthI hiMda AvI amadAvAdamAM vasyA bAda emAM dezavyApI juvALa AvyuM.

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102 * 102 briTiza kAla. pAdaTIpa 1. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. I : Bombay Presidency, p. 32 2. vaDodarAnA aMgreja resiDenTa karnala eNlekajhAMDara vekare kAThiyAvADanA rAjAo ThAkare mukhIo vagere sAthe karelA A nirAkaraNamAM enA riporTamAM jaNAvyA mujaba 192 jeTalAM rAjyonI saMkhyA lakhI che, paraMtu hakIktamAM te eNe 153 rAja sAthe ja H ell wiston 24deg57 31730 $? O (C. U. Aitchison, Treaties, Engagements and Sunnuds, Vol. VI, p.4, f.n.) 3. paMcamahAlamAM godharA, dAhoda (peTA mahAla jhAleda sahita) tathA hAlola (peTA mahAla kAlela sahita), je sidhiyAe 1853mAM aMgreja sarakArane soMpyAM hatAM te, 1861 mAM AkharI rIte aMgreja sarakArane tabadIla karI ApavAmAM AvyAM. enA badalAmAM jhAMsI pAsene aMgreja tAbAne pradeza siMdhiyAe lIdhe hate (Edalji Dosabhai. History of Gujarat, Appendix I, p. 327). 4. A aMgenI rasaprada mAhitI muMbaI sarakAra dvArA prakAzita Source Material for a History of Freedom Movement in India, Vol. I : 18181885 nA prakaraNa 5 (Echoes of 1857 : Rising in Gujarat (pp. 194252)mAM tathA gujarAta sarakAra dvArA prakAzita Historical Selections from Baroda Records, New Series, (Gen. edi. P.M. Joshi), Vol. II : Disturbances in Gujarat (1857-1864) mAM agrejI, marAThI tathA gujarAtI patravyavahAra je ApavAmAM AvyuM che temAMthI maLe che. 4. Colonel, G. Malleson, A Hisorical Sketch of the Native States of India, p. 252 4. Sir W. W. Hunter, Bombay (1885-1890) : A Study in Indian Administration, p. 29 9. Edalji Dosabhai, op. cit., Appendix 1, pp. 327-329 6. Source Material for a History of Freedom Movement in India, Vol. I, pp. 19-21. aMgreja sarakAra virodhI AMdelanemAM suratanI prajA mekhare rahyAnuM jaNAya che. 1844 mAM mIThAre ATha AnAthI vadhArI rU. 1 ne karavAmAM Avyo tyAre oNgasTanI 29 thI 31 sudhI AMdolana thayuM hatuM. suratamAM maeNjisTreTe A vere kAmacalAu mekUpha rAkhyuM hatuM. chevaTe sarakAre A vere rU. 1 thI ghaTADI bAra AnA jeTalA karyo hate (sapTembara 14, 1860). 1848 mAM paNa aMgreja sarakAre baMgALI dheraNanAM vajana-mApa dAkhala karavAno prayAsa karyo (eprilamAM) tyAre suratamAM ene saMgaThita sAmane karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. lagabhaga eka aThavADiyA sudhI (mArca 31 thI eprila 4) AMdelanA

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gujarAtamAM briTiza mulakono rAjakIya ItihAsa cAlyuM hatuM. chevaTe sarakArane navAM vajanamApano prastAva paDatA mUko paDyo hate (Source Material for a History of Freedom Movement in India, Vol. I, pp. -18). 9. Ibid, pp. 23-25 20. Edalji Dosabhai, op. cit., pp. 293-296 11. Ibid, p. 297 12. edalajI barajorajI paTela. "suratanI tavArIkha,' pR. 173 23. Edalji Dosabhai, op. cit., pp. 298 f. 14. Ibid, p. 298 94. Ibid., pp. 299 ff. 16. Ibid., p. 303. 17. Ibid, p. 301 18. goviMdabhAI hAthIbhAI desAI 'gujarAtane arvAcIna ItihAsa', pR. 401-402 96. Edalji Dosabhai, op. cit., p. 309

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- prakaraNa 6 samakAlIna riyAsato. 1. vividha kulanA rAjavaMza (sAmAnya paricaya) briTiza sarakAra vatI IsTa InDiyA kampanIe gujarAtane TalAka vistAra para pitAnuM sIdhuM zAsana pravartAvyuM tyAre ene pAMca ji9lAomAM samAveza thata hataH surata bharUca amadAvAda kheDA ane paMcamahAla. gujarAtanA bAkInA vistAromAM agAuthI zAsana karatA AvelA aneka meTAnAnA rAjavaMzanI sattA pravartatI hatI. emAMnA ghaNA prAcIna ke madhyakAlathI sattArUDha thayelA hiMdu rAjavaMza hatA, te keTalAka madhyakAla daramyAna rAjasattA pAmelA muslima rAjavaMza hatA. A rAjavaMzenI riyAsata (dezI rAjyo')mAM vaDodarAnuM gAyakavADI rAjya agrima sthAna dharAvatuM. eka bAju puNenA pezavAo sAthenI gujarAtamAMnI bhAgIdArImAM gAyakavADa rAjyanuM varcasa vadhatuM gayuM hatuM, te bIjI bAju e be bhAgIdAronI vaccenA vikhavAdamAM briTiza kampanI sarakAranI daramyAnagIrI vadhI gaI hatI. marAThA kAlanA aMtabhAgamAM thayelA karAra mujaba kampanI sarakAra ane gAyakavADa vacce amuka mulakanI adalAbadalI thaI hatI, gujarAtanA pATanagara amadAvAda para kampanI sarakAranI sattA sthapAI hatI ne gAyakavADa rAjyamAM kampanInA resiDenTanI niyukti tathA sahAyaka daLanA jogavAI svIkArAvI e agrima riyAsatamAMya kampanI sarakAranuM varcasa sthapAyuM hatuM, chatAM AMtarika vahIvaTamAM gAyakavADa vaMzanA rAjAo eka dare prajAhitanA pragatizIla vahIvaTanI sArI chApa pADatA hatA. saurASTramAM jADejA tathA jhAlA kulanI meTInAnI aneka riyAsata hatI. jADejA kulanAM rAjyamAM navAnagara jAmanagara )nuM rAjya agrima sthAna dharAvatuM. enA rAjavaMzamAMthI dhroLa rAjakeTa ane gAMDaLanI zAkhAo phaMTAI hato. kacchamAM jADejA vaMza enIya pahelAMthI rAjasattA dharAvatA hatA. saurASTramAM AvelA morabImAMne jADejA vaMza e mULa vaMzanI zAkhArUpe hatA. mALiyA-miyANA (hAla ji. rAjakoTa) ane vIrapura(hAla ji. rAjakoTa)mAM tathA keTalA sAMgANI( ji. rAjakeTa)mAM paNa jADejA kulanI riyAsata hatI.

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samakAlIna riyAsata 105 jhAlA kulanI riyAsatemAM haLavada-dhrAMgadhrAnI riyAsata agrima sthAna dharAvatI. enI rAjadhAnI mughala kAlanA aMtabhAgamAM haLavadamAMthI dhrAMgadhrA khaseDavAmAM AvI hatI. e riyAsata solaMkI kALa daramyAna pATaDI(ji. dasADA)mAM sthapAI hatI, e kulanI eka bIjI zAkhA tyAre jAMbu(ji. lIMbaDI)mAM sthapAI hatI. A riyAsatanI rAjadhAnI mughala kAlanA aMtabhAgamAM lIMbaDImAM rakhAI hatI. haLavadanA jhAlA vaMzamAMthI mughala kAla daramyAna vAMkAnera vaDhavANu cUDA lakhatara ane sAyalAnI zAkhAo alaga paDI hatI. A riyAsatanI sattA saurASTranA uttarapUrva bhAgamAM pravartatI ne e parathI e pradeza "jhAlAvADa' kahevAta. jhAlAvADanI dakSiNe AvelA gohilanADamAM gRhila(gohila) vaMzanI riyAsate hatI. emAM bhAvanagaranI riyAsata agrima sthAna dharAvatI. bhAvanagara vasAvanAra bhAvasiMhajInA bIjA kumAre vaLAmAM zAkhA sthApI hatI. guhilanA Adya puruSa sejakajInA anya putromAMthI lAThI ane pAlItANAnI zAkhAo nIkaLI hatI. sejakajInA pautra mokhaDAjInA nAnA kumAre potAnA mosALa rAjapIpaLA( hAla ji. bharUca)mAM alaga zAkhA sthApI hatI. jUnAgaDhamAM mughalakAla daramyAna bAbI vaMzanI dIvAnazAhI riyAsata sthapAI hatI, je samaya jatAM navAbI riyAsatamAM vikasI hatI. A riyAsata ghaNuM vizALa hato. A bAbI vaMzanI eka zAkhA vADAsinora(hAla ji. kheDA)mAM ane eka bIjI zAkhA rAdhanapura( hAla ji. banAsakAMThA)mAM sthapAI hatI. vaLI emAMthI bAMTavA mANAvadara ane gIdaDa( saradAragaDha)mAM nAnI alaga zAkhAo sthapAI. mAMgaroLamAM zekhamiyAMnA kAjhI vaMzanI riyAsata hatI. seraThanI uttara-pazcime baraDA pradezamAM rAjya karatA jeThavAonI rAjadhAnI marAThAkAlamAM chAyAmAMthI khaseDAI porabaMdaramAM rakhAI hatI. jAlera(rAjasthAna)nA malekenI eka riyAsata pAlaNapuramAM sthapAI hatI. hetANa vaMzanA e navAba jUnAgaDhanA bAbIonI jema dIvAnane heddo dharAvatA. taLa-gujarAtanAM eka bIjI navAbI riyAsata khaMbhAtamAM hatI. e navAba mIrajhA kulanA hatA. bharUca ane suratanI navAbI asta pAmI gaI hatI. sacIna(ji. surata)nA navAba sIdI vaMzanA hatA. jApharAbAda(hAla ji. amarelI) jaMjIrA(kaMkaNa)nA navAbane tAbe hatuM. taLa-gujarAtanI hiMdu riyAsatemAM IDaranuM rAjya gaNanApAtra hatuM. A rAThoDa mAravADathI AvI gujarAtamAM sattArUDha thayA hatA. teo "rAva" nuM birada dharAvatA. mAlapura(hAla. ji. sAbarakAMThA ) rAThoDa vaMza tathA piLa(vijayanagara, ji. sAbarakAMThA)ne rAThoDa vaMza e IDaranA jUnA rAThoDa vaMzanI zAkhAo che.

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briTiza kAla moDI(hAla mAlapura mahAla)mAM mAlapuranA ThAkaranI zAkhA sthapAI hatI. vADhera ke vADhela kulanA raTheDanI eka riyAsata saurASTramAM okhAmaMDaLamAM hatI te asta pAmI cUkI hatI. dAMtA(banAsakAMThA)mAM paramAra vaMzanA mahArANAonI riyAsata hatI. saMta ke stha(tA. saMta-rAmapura ji. paMcamahAla)mAM tathA kaDANA(tA. saMtarAmapura)mAM paNu paramAra vaMzanI riyAsata hatI. paramAra kulanI eka bIjI riyAsata saurASTramAM mULI( jhAlAvADa)mAM hatI. - kAThIonI zAkhAomAM vALAe khumANe ane khAcare 'zAkhAyata' gaNAyA che. e paikI jasadaNa(hAla ji. rAjakeTa)mAMnI khAcara riyAsata khAsa noMdhapAtra che. cittaLa( hAla ji. amarelI) vALAoe AgaLa jatAM jetapura meMdaraDA ane bilakhA meLavIne jetapuramAM pATanagara rAkhyuM. eka kAThI riyAsata bhAyANI vALAonI bagasarA( ji. amarelI mAM hatI. vALA rAjapUtanI ThakarAta DhAMka(hAla tA. rAjakoTa)mAM hatI. seraThamAM bAbariyA rAjapUta kulanA tathA vaDanagarA nAgara kulanA tAlukadAra paNa hatA. mANasA(hAla ji. mahesANuM) ane varaseDA(hAla ji. mahesANuM)mAM cAvaDAonI ThakarAte hatI. sUIgAma ane vAva(banAsakAMThA)mAM tathA devagaDha bAriyA(paMcamahAla) ane choTA udepura(hAla ji. vaDodarA)mAM tathA mAMDavA (tA. DabhoI)mAM cauhANa kulanI riyAsata hatI. sAbarakAMThAmAM mehanapura raNAsaNa rUpAla(tA. prAMtIja ) ane bolUMdarA(tA. iDara) tathA vaDAgAma(tA. moDAsA)mAM rahevara rAjapUta riyAsata dharAvatA hatA. sisodiyA rAjapUte dharamapura(hAla ji. valasADa)mAM riyAsata dharAvatA hatA. sAbarakAMThAmAM dadhAliyA(tA. moDAsA)mAM paNa sisodiyAnI ThakarAta hatI. selaMkIonI riyAsatamAM luNAvADA(paMcamahAla) ane vAMsadA( hAla ji. valasADa)nI riyAsata agrasthAna dharAvatI hatI. vAghelA, je mULamAM solaMkIenI zAkhArUpe uddabhavelA, teonI riyAsata pAlaNapura ejansImAMnA tharAda diyodara ane mAravADAmAM temaja mahIkAMThA ejansImAMnA pethApura(hAla ji. gAMdhInagara)mAM hatI. kAMkarejamAM tharAnA tAlukAdAra paNa vAdhelA kulanA hatA. aNahilavADa pATaNane vAghelA vaMzanA chellA rAjA karNadevanA vaMzanA manAtA vAghelAonI eka zAkhA kalela(ji. mahesANA)mAM ane bIjI zAkhA sANaMda(ji. amadAvAda)mAM sthapAI hatI, sANaMdanI zAkhAnuM vaDuM mathaka AgaLa jatAM kaTha(tA. dhoLakA)mAM khaseDAyuM. kAlanA vAghelAoe AgaLa jatAM keLIo pAsethI anagaDha

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samakAlIna riyAsatA 107 (tA. vaDodarA) jItI laI tyAM rAjadhAnI rAkhI. 18mI sadImAM A vaMzanuM pATanagara mahIkAMThA paranA bhAdaravA( hAla tA. vaDodarA)mAM rakhAyuM hatuM. umeTA(hAla tA. berasada)mAM paDhiyAra( pratihAra)nI ThakarAta hatI, kaTosaNa (tA. mahesANA) tathA khaDAla(tA. kapaDavaMja)mAM makavANAonAM saMsthAna hatAM. pATaDI(tA. dasADA)mAM kaNabI desAI veNIdAsanA vaMzajonI ane viThThalagaDha (tA. lakhatara)mAM mahArASTriya saradAra viThThalarAvanA vaMzajonI riyAsata hato. " dAThA(tA. taLAjA-dAMtA)nI riyAsata cUDAsamA kulanI zAkhArUpa gaNAtA saravaiyA rAjapUtanI hatI. sAbarakAMThA tathA vAtrakakAMThAmAM keLIonI riyAsata hatI. emAMnA keTalAka hiMdu hatA ne keTalAka musalamAna. pAlaNapura ejansInA keTalAka tAlukAo para pAlavI ThAkaraDA sattA dharAvatA. bajANA(jhAlAvADa)mAM tathA vArAhI (tA. sAMtalapura)mAM IslAmadhamI jatA lekenI risAya hatI. gujarAtamAM, khAsa karIne saurASTramAM, bIjI paNa anekAneka nAnI riyAsata AvelI hatI. kampanI sarakAre A moTInAnI riyAsatane caDatA-UtaratA darajajAnA sAta vargomAM vagIkRta karI enA vahIvaTa para dekharekha rAkhavA mATe judA judA prakAranI jogavAI karI. 2. riyAsatenuM vagIkaraNa ane sattAnuM niyatIkaraNa briTiza IsTa inDiyA kampanIe vaDodarAnA gAyakavADa rAjya vatI khaMDaNI udharAvI ApavAnI javAbadArI laIne dhIme dhIme zAMti ane salAmatIne nAme gujarAtanI moTInAnI badhI riyAsata para pitAnuM varcasa jamAvyuM tyAre kAThiyAvADa ane taLa-gujarAtamAM meTInAnI saMkhyAbaMdha riyAsata hatI. vistAra vastI ane vArSika AvakanI bAbatamAM riyAsato vacce ghaNe me taphAvata rahetA hatA. eka bAju AmAMnI keTalIka riyAsato ghaNI vizALa samRddha ane jorAvara hatI, te bIjI bAju keTalIka riyAsata nAnA nAnA tAlukAonI ke ekAda gAmanI banelI jAgIre jevI hatI. kaI kaI ekaladokala gAma vaLI aneka bhAgIdAranI mAlikI nIce hatAM, AthI kampanIe A moTInAnI riyAsata sAthenA rAjakIya saMbaMdha aMge e riyAsatonuM vargIkaraNa karavAnuM jarUrI mAnyuM. emAM eNe gaNanApAtra riyAsatenA sAta varga pADyA ne nagaNya jAgIra mATe alaga vyavasthA karI. ekathI sAta varga nIce AvatI riyAsatanA vattAochA mAnamaratabo temaja dIvAnI tathA phojadArI nyAya taLavAnI vastI ochI sattA niyata karavAmAM AvI. upalaka

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108 briTiza kAha rIte AMtarika vahIvaTamAM riyAsatane svAyatta gaNavAmAM AvatI hatI ne AMtarariyAsata saMbaMdhamAM ja kampanI sarakAranuM sarvoparipaNuM pravartatuM hatuM chatAM riyAsatane resiDensI ane peliTikala ejansIomAM vagIkRta karIne muMbaI ilAkAnA gavarnare nImelA resiDenTa tathA poliTikala ejanTo dvArA teone AMtarika vahIvaTa para paNa cAMpatI najara rAkhavAmAM AvatI hato. adAlatI uparAMta lazkarI tathA AbakArI bAbatamAM paNa kampanI sarakAranuM varcasa pravartatuM hatuM rAjagAdInA vArasAne lagatA vikhavAdamAM temaja gAdIvArasa mATe dattaka putra levAne lagatA hakamAM paNa kampanI sarakAranI daramyAnagIrI tathA sattA pravartatI hatI. riyAsata Arthika vahIvaTamAM niSphaLa jatI, te kampanI sarakArane daramyAnagIrI karavAne moko maLato hato. rAjavArasa sagIra vayane heya to e pukhta vayane thAya tyAM sudhI kampanI sarakAre nImelA eNDaminisTreTarane vahIvaTa cAlatuM hatuM. Ama riyAsatanA rAjyakartAonI sattA aneka rIte ghaTatI jatI hatI ne riyAsata para kampanI sarakAranuM varcasa vadhatuM jatuM hatuM emAM riyAsatenA vagIkaraNe tathA teonI sattAnA niyatIkaraNe e prakriyAne daDha karI. dIvAnI tathA phojadArI sattAnA niyatIkaraNanI sAme mAnamaratabAnAM pralebhana dharAyAM ne riyAsatanA vargIkaraNamAM niyata thatI caDatI-UtaratI pAyarIoe rAjyakartAo vaccenA bhedabhAvane daDha karyA, paraMtu A saghaLI prakriyAne lIdhe kapanI sarakArane meTInAnI riyAsata sAthenA vibhinna vyavahAramAM niyata dhoraNanI saraLatA sAMpaDI. riyAsatanuM vargIkaraNa riyAsatonuM vargIkaraNa karatAM kyA varga mATe kaI kaI ne keTalI keTalI lAyakAta joIe emAM koI ekkasa dhAraNuM nakkI karAyAM nahotAM, paraMtu sAmAnya rIte gujarAtanA judA judA vibhAgamAM je meTInAnI riyAsata sarakhAmaNIe vistAra vastI ane AmadAnImAM jeTaluM varcasa dharAvatI hatI te anusAra ene te te caDatA-UtaratA vargamAM mUkavAmAM AvI hatI. gujarAtanI moTI riyAsatamAM vaDodarAnuM gAyakavADI rAjya sahuthI vadhu sattA ane varcasa dharAvatuM hatuM. vistAra vastI ane AmadAnImAMya e agrima sthAna dharAvatuM, AthI ene svAbhAvika rIte prathama vargamAM mUkavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. vaDodarAmAM kampanI sarakArane resiDenTa rahe. ene sIdho saMbaMdha keTaleka vakhata hiMdanA gavarnara-janarala sAthe rahele. saurASTra tyAre kAThiyAvADa nAme oLakhAtuM. enA cAra prAMta hatA ? jhAlAvADa hAlAra soraTha ane gohilavADa. emAM kula 188 riyAsata hatI.

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samakAlIna riyAsato 19 kAThiyAvADa sTeTsa ejansInuM vaDuM mathaka rAjakoTamAM hatuM. nAnA nAnA tAlukAone thANadAronA tAbAmAM mUkyA hatA. kAThiyAvADanI meTI nAnI nedhapAtra riyAsatenuM vargIkaraNa agAu A pramANe karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ? varga jhAlAvADa hAlAra seraTha gehilavADa. 1 dhrAMgadhrA navAnagara jUnAgaDha bhAvanagara vAMkAnera morabI jApharAbAda pAlItANuM. lIMbaDI dhroLa vaDhavANa rAjakoTa gAMDaLa (thAna) lakhatara porabaMdara vaLA sAyalA bAMTavA jasadaNa cUDA 4 jetapura lAThI mULI bajANu pATaDI vaNoda virapura mALiyA keTaDAsAMgANuM meMgaNI gavarIdaDa 5 vasAvaDa DeDANa pALa gaDhakA. jALiyA-devANI koThAriyA lADavA bagasarA rAjaparA vIMchAvaDa zAhapura : kubApa bheIkA rAjapura vaDoda dasADA ceTIlA saNosarA ANaMdapara rAI-sAMkaLI 'bAbarA keTaDA-pIThA. bhaDalI itariyA vAMkiyA kariyANuM ledhIkA , kamaDhiyA, , vaDAlA . khirasarA

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110 che. briTiza kAha, vIsamI sadInA AraMbhamAM AmAM keTalAka pheraphAra thayA hatA. tyAre kAThiyAvADamAM hakumatavALAM saMsthAne ane tAlukAonI kula saMkhyA 82 hatI ne teonA varga A pramANe hatA : vaga 6 . DeDANA zAhapura mULI bhAIkA vaga 1 - vaga 4 jUnAgaDha lAThI navAnagara bhAvanagara bajANuM porabaMdara vIrapura dhrAMgadhrA mALiyA morabI keTaDA-sAMgANI gaMDaLa jetapura-(14 paikI) jApharAbAda 2 bhAgIdAra vaga 2 vAMkAnera pATaDI pANItANu vaga 5 lIMbaDI jALiyAdevANI rAjakoTa koThAriyA vaDhavANa gavarIdaDa pALa vaga 3 gaDhakA thAna-lakhatara meMgaNI sAyalA jetapura-3 bhAgIdAra cUDI vaNoda vaLA visAvaDa jasadaNa saradAragaDha mANAvadara bAMTavA jetapura-(14 paikI) bagasarA - 2 bhAgIdAra vaDoda rAjapura bhADavA rAjaparA jetapura-6 bhAgIdAra ke bagasarA keTaDApIThA-pabhAgIdAra coTIlA saNosarA. ANaMdapara-5 bhAgIdAra bhaDalI rAIsAMkaLI vIMchAvaDa kUbA itariyA khaMbhALA vaga 7 khirasarA ledhIkA-2 bhAgIdAra vaDALA jetapura-1 bhAgIdAra kariyANu-2 bhAgIdAra

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samakAlIna riyAsata sivila sTezane rAjakoTa vaDhavANa jetalasara senagaDha. thANuM vaDhavANa bina-hakUmatI tAlukA thANuM bina-hakUmatI tAlukA 16 bagasarA: ja viThThalagaDha ceTIlA ha - - - 9 - 2 6 w bheIka - 8 ra ledhIkA dasADA bAbarA sonagaDha pALiyAda camAraDI jhIMjhuvADA dAThA lAkhApAdara ceka karachanuM rAjya prathama varganuM gaNAtuM. taLa-gujarAtamAM khaMbhAtanuM rAjya paNa prathama varganuM hatuM. vaDodarA ane khaMbhAta sivAyanI taLagujarAtanI riyAsata pAlaNapura mahIkAMThA, revAkAMThA ane surata ejansIomAM mukAI hatI.. pAlaNapura ejansImAM moTI nAnI 13 riyAsata hatI. A riyAsatane A pramANe vargIkRta karI hatI : varga 1 pAlaNapura rAdhanapura varga 4 tharAda varga 5 vAva A ejansImAM nAnA jAgIradAranAM pAMca thANu hatAMkAMkareja diyodara vArAhI vAva ane sAMtalapura. kAMkareja thANAmAM 34 tAlukadAra hatA. emAM tharA ane sihorI tAlukA noMdhapAtra che. diyodara thANAnA tAbe 114 gAma ane 43 tAlukadAra hatA. A tAlukAomAM diyodara teravADA ane bhAbhara nedhapAtra che. vArAhI thANAnA tAbe 19 gAma hatAM; emAM vArAhI ane UnaDI neMdhapAtra che. vAva thANAnA tAbe 51 gAma hatAM, jemAM sUIgAma jANItuM che. sAMtalapura thANu tAbe 39 gAma hatAM, jemAM cerADa cADacaTa ane maravADA ullekhanIya che.

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112 briTiza kAha mahIkAMThA ejansImAM sAbarakAMThA tathA vAtrakakAMThAne paNa samAveza thata. enA cha vibhAga hatA-nAnI mAravADa, rahevara jillo, sAbarakAMThe, vAtrakakAMThe, bAvIsI : jillA ane kaTosaNa jile. A ejansImAM AvelI kula para riyAsata hatI. e meTInAnI riyAsatane nIce pramANe vargIkRta karI hatI : 10 varga - magunA tejapurA varaseDA pAlaja delolI kasalapurA mahamadapurA IjapurA rAmapurA rANIpurA gAbaTa TIMbA marI meTA koThAraNa varga 1- IDara varga 5- valAsaNuM varga - piLa-paLA(vijayanagara) DAbhA dAMtA vAsaNa mAlapura rUpAla mANasA, dabAliyA mehanapura mageDI varaseDA vaDAgAma sAThaMbA raNAsaNa varga - ramAMsa punAdarA aDAla derola joDAsara kheDAvADI kaTosaNa kolI Ilola vaktApura AMbaliyArA premapura sudAsaNa dedharoTA tAjapurI hApA satalAsaNa bhAlusaNA lIkhI pethApura revAkAMThA ejansImAM AvelI noMdhapAtra riyAsatanuM vargIkaraNa A pramANe karavAmAM Avela 11 , varga 1- rAjapIpaLA " "

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samakAlIna riyAsato varga 2-choTAudepura bAriyA luNAvADA vADAsinera varga 4-kaDANa bhAdaravA saMjelI A ejansImAM nAnI 55 riyAsata hatI, temAM kaDANa ane saMjelI agrima sthAna dharAvatI. nArkoTa saMsthAna pahelAM paMcamahAla jillAmAM hatuM, tene pachI revAkAMThA ejansI nIce mUkeluM. pAMDumevAsana vibhAga mahInadInA kAMThA para patharAyeluM che. emAM AvelI riyAsatamAM bhAdaravA ane umeThA noMdhapAtra che. e sivAyanI riyAsata ejansI thANadAranI dekharekha nIce hatI. narmadAnA jamaNuM kAMThe AvelA saMkheDAmevAsamAM 26 nAnI riyAsata hatI. A paragaNuM paNa ejansI thANadAranI dekharekha nIce hatuM. surata ejansImAM vAMsadA dharamapura ane sacIna e traNeya bIjA varganI riyAsata hatI. sattAnuM niyatIkaraNa pahelA varganI riyAsatanA rAjAone briTiza mulakanI raiyata sivAya kaI paNa raiyatanA gunegArane phojadArI mukadmAmAM dehAMtadaMDa sudhInI sajA karavAne ane dIvAnI mukadmAmAM game teTalI rakamanA dAvA sAMbhaLavAne pUrNa adhikAra hate. briTiza mulakanI raiyatanA insApha mATe piliTikala ejanTanI paravAnagI jarUrI hatI. bIjA varganI riyAsatanA rAjAone phejadArI mukadmAmAM pitAnI yAtanA gunegArane dehAMtadaMDa sudhInI zikSA karavAno adhikAra hato. kAThiyAvADa ejansImAM dehAMtadaMDa mATe peliTikala ejanTanI maMjUrI jarUrI nahatI. mahIkAMThA jevI keTalIka ejansIomAM dehAMtadaMDa mATe piliTikala ejanTanI maMjUrI levI paDatI. dIvAnI mukadamAmAM amuka ejansImAM kula akhatyAra hato, jyAre bIjI keTalIka ejansIomAM rU. 20,000 sudhInA dAvA sAMbhaLavAno adhikAra ho. trIjA varganI riyAsatanA rAjyaktaone kAThiyAvADa ejansImAM phojadArI mukadmAmAM sAta varasa sudhInI sakhta kedanI sajA tathA rU. 10,000 sudhIne daMDa

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briTiza Aha karavAnuM ane dIvAnI mukadmAmAM rU. 20,000 sudhInA dAvA sAMbhaLavAne hakka hatA, jyAre mahIkAMThA jevI ejansIomAM phejadArI mukadmAmAM be varasanI sakhta kedanI ane rU. 1,000 sudhInA daMDanI sajA karavAnI temaja dIvAnI mukadmAmAM rU. 5,000 sudhInA dAvA sAMbhaLavAnI sattA hatI. pachInA vargonI riyAsatanA tAlukAne nIce pramANenA adhikAra hatA ? phajadArI dIvAnI varga 4 kAThiyAvADa mahIkAMThA kAThiyAvADa mahIkAMThA ejansI ejansI ejansI ejansI 3 varSa sudhInI 1 varSa sudhInI rU. 10,000 rU. 2,500 sakhta keda, sakhta keda, sudhInA dAvA sudhInA dAvA rU. 5,000 rU. 500 sudhIno daMDa sudhIne daMDa varga 5 2 varSa sudhInI 6 mAsa sudhInI rU. 5,000 rU. 1,000 sakhta keda, sakhata keda, sudhInA dAvA sudhInA dAvA rU. 2,000 rU. 250 sudhIne daMDa sudhIne daMDa varga 6 3 mAsa sudhInI 3 mAsa sudhInI rU. 500 rU. 500 sakhta keda, sakhta keda, sudhInA dAvA sudhInA dAvA 2. 200 2. 100 sudhIno daMDa sudhI daMDa varga 7 15 divasa sudhInI 1 mAsa sudhInI keI hakka rU. 250 sakhta keda, sakhta keda, nahi sudhInA dAvA 4 rU. 25 sudhIne rU. 50 sudhIne daMDa pAlaNapura ejansImAM mAtra pahelA cethA ane pAMcamA varganI riyAsate hatI. pahelA varganAM rAjyanA rAjayakartAone briTiza sarakAranI ramata sivAyanAM mANasonAM khUnanA mukadamA calAvavAno adhikAra hatA. cethA varganA rAjyakartAne phojadArI mukadmAmAM be varasa sudhInI sakhta kedanI sajA ane rU. 5,000 sudhIne daMDa karavAne adhikAra hato, ne dIvAnI mukadmAmAM rU. 10,000 sudhInA dAvA sAMbhaLavAno adhikAra hato. pAMcamA vargane tAlukAnA rAjyakartAne phojadArI

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samakAlIna riyAsatA 115 mukaddamAmAM be varasa sudhInI sakhta kedanI sajA tathA rU. 5,000 sudhInA daMDa karavAnA ane dIvAnI mukadmAmAM rU. 5,000 sudhInA dAvA sAMbhaLavAne adhikAra hatA.15 revAkAMThA ejansImAM paNa pahelA varganI riyAsatanA rAjyakartAne briTiza raiyata sivAya kAI paNa gunegArane dehAMtadaMDanI sajA karavAnA adhikAra hatA, e mATe peliTikala ejanTanI maMjUrI jarUrI naheAtI. khInna varganI riyAsatanA rAjyakartAone potAnI raiyatanA hatyA sudhInA gunA tapAsavAnA hakka hatA ne dIvAnI kAmamAM pUrI sattA hatI. ceAthA vanI riyAsatA paikI kaDANAnA ThAkArane rU. 10,000 sudhInA dIvAnI dAvA sAMbhaLavAnA ane phAjadArI mukAmAM 3 varasa sudhInI kedanI sakhta tathA rU. 5,000 sudhIne daMDa karavAnA adhikAra hatA; saMjelInA kArane rU 2,000 sudhInA dAvAnI dAvA sAMbhaLavAno ane phAdArI bAbatamAM pahelA vargonA maeNjisTreTanI sattA hatI; bhAdaravAnA ThAkArane tamAma dIvAnI dAvA sAMbhaLavAnA tathA phojadArI dAvAmAM pahelA varganA maeNjisTreTanA hakka hatA; umeTAnA ThAkArane paNa dIvAnI dAvA sAMbhaLavAne adhikAra hatA, paraMtu pheAjadArI bAbatamAM bIjA varganA maeNjisTreTanI sattA hatI. nArukoTanA DhAkArane AvI kAI sattA naheAtI. saMkheDAmevAsanI amuka riyAsatAnA tAlukadArAne rU. 500 ke 250 ke 200 sudhInA dAvA sAMbhaLavAne temaja phAjadArI bAbatamAM khInna ne trIjA varganA maeNjisTreTane adhikAra hatA; pAMDumevAsanI riyAsatAnA tAlukadArAne rU. 100 sudhInA dIvAnI dAvA sAMbhaLavAnA hakka hatA; e paikI ekanA tAlukadArane pheAjadArI dAvAmAM trIjA vanA maeNjisTreTanI sattA paNa hatI.16 khaMbhAtanA navAbane pAtAnI raiyata para dIvAnI tathA phAjadArI bAbatamAM pUrA akhatyAra hateA.17 surata ejansInAM vAMsadA dharamapura ane sacIna rAjyAnA rAjAone pazu peAtAnI raiyata para evA pUrA akhatyAra hatA. kampanI sarakAre akhatyAra dharAvatI dareka meATI nAnI riyAsatanA rAjyakartA sAthe likhita karAra karyA hatA, vaLI je riyAsatanA rAjyakartAne lazkarI mAna ApavAnuM TharyuM hatuM teone keTakeTalA sipAIonI TukaDIthI e mAna ApavAnuM enI saMkhyA temaja meTAM rAjyAnA rAjyakartAe kampanI sarakAranA mathakamAM Ave tyAre e darekane keTakeTalI tApAnuM mAna ApavuM enI saMkhyA paNu mukarara karavAmAM AvI hatI. dA.ta. vaDedarAnA mahArAjAne 21, kacchanA mahArAjAne 17 ane IDaranA mahArAjane 15 tApAnuM mAna apAtuM. sAmAnya rIte gujarAtamAM prathama varSoMnAM anya rAjayanA rAjAone 11 tApanuM ane dviIya vanAM

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briTiza ka rAjyanA rAjAone huM tenuM mAna ApavAmAM AvatuM. evI rIte te te rAjA sAthe rAjasattAnA vArasA-hakkanA prakAra (jemake jeSThatA, bhAI-bhAga vagere) nakkI karavAmAM AvyA hatA temaja jeone dattaka putra levAne hakaka ApavAmAM Avela teone e aMgenI sanada ApavAmAM AvatI hatI. je riyAsatoe kapanI sarakArane, gAyakavADa sarakArane, ke koI anya rAjyone vArSika khaMDaNa ApavAnI TharAvelI hoya, te enI rakama paNa mukarara karavAmAM AvI hatI. ejansInA amaladAro taraphathI judA judA varganI moTI nAnI riyAsatanA rAjyakartAo, je "mahArAjA" "mahArAva" "rAva" "rAjA" "navAba" "mahArANuM' "raNa" "mahArAvaLa rAvaLa" "hAkAra' vagere tarIke oLakhAtA, teone patravyavahAramAM kevI rIte saMbodhavA enA zabdaprayoga paNa mukarara karavAmAM AvatA. ejansImAM darabAra bharAya tyAre te te riyAsatanA rAjA ke tAlukadArane kayA krame khurazI ApavAmAM Ave enuM paNa vargavArI patraka karavAmAM AvatuM. ejansI-adAlate, maeNnejamenTa thANadAro, sika relave TapAla tAra ityAdi bAbatone lagatA niyama paNa ghaDavAmAM AvelA. 3. resiDensI ane piliTikala ejansIo 1802 mAM velelInI sahAyakArI yojanA svIkArIne tathA vokara seTalamenTa tarIke oLakhAte karAra IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI sAthe 1807mAM karIne vaDodarAnA gAyakavADe samagra gujarAta uparanuM sArvabhaumatva gumAvyuM ane samagra gujarAtamAMthI dezI rAjya pAsethI khaMDaNI ugharAvavAne haka emanA vatI kampanI sarakArane maLe. 1805, 1817 ane 1818nI judI judI saMdhithI A prakriyA saMpUrNa banI. khaDakInI laDAI bAda pezavAnI sattAne gujarAtamAMthI aMta AvatAM aMgreja kampanI gujarAtanI sArvabhauma sattA banI. A sArvabhauma sattAnA nAme gavarnarajanarala, gavarnara, resiDenTa, paliTikala ejanTa, peliTikala khAtuM ane enA adhikArIo dezI rAjya upara abAdhita sattA bhogavatAM hatAM. IsTa InDiyA kampanI sAthe kelakarAra karyo hoya ane emAM keTalIka zarate hovA chatAM sArva bhaumatvanA svIkArane kAraNe kaMI paNa paristhitimAM badhI bAbatamAM IsTa InDiyA kampanI ane enI anugAmI briTiza sattAne hAtha upara rahetA hatA ane enA. nirNaya aphara ane chellA gaNAtA hatA. briTiza hitane sarvopari sthAna ApavAnuM hovAthI keI apIlane avakAza na hatuM. koI rAjya sAthe matabheda Ubho thata tyAre dezI rAjyane namatuM jokhavAnI pharaja paDatI hatI. paradeza-nIti, saMrakSaNa. ane AMtararAjya saMbaMdhe sivAya badhI bAbatamAM dezI rAjya saMpUrNa rIte AMtarika svAtaMtraya bhogavatAM hatAM chatAM sArvabhaumatvane AgaLa dharIne dezI rAjyanI.

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samakAlIna riyAsata AMtarika bAbatamAM paNa sArvabhauma sattA mAthuM mAratI hatI. mAphavisa oNpha heTiM. gsanA A bAbatanA uddagAro sUcaka che : "emanI sAthenI saMdhi pramANe ApaNe emane svataMtra rAjavI tarIke mAnya rAkhIe chIe. emanI kacerImAM resiDenTa mokalIe chIe. e elacI tarIke vartavAne badale saramukhatyAra tarIke varte che. badhI khAnagI bAbatamAM mAthuM mAre che, emanI viruddhanA baMDakhone sahAro Ape che ane emanI sattAnuM nagna pradarzana kare che. ApaNI kAunsila emane daDhatAthI sahakAra Ape che. sarakAra paNa ekAda muddA bAbata nahi, paNa enAM badhAM pagalAMo ne vartanane Teko Ape che. Ama dezI rAjanI lAgaNIo dubhAvavAmAM Ave che. muslima ane hiMdu rAjavIo bAbata emanA putra paikI vArasa pasaMda karavAnI bAbatamAM muslima kAyadA ane hiMdu kAyadA viruddha valaNa apanAvIe chIe." dezI rajavADAMonA zAsana karatAM briTiza zAsana segaNuM sAruM che ane dezI rAjyanI prajAne briTiza zAsana game che evI bhrAmaka mAnyatAne kAraNe sAcI ke beTI rIta-rasamo ajamAvI dezI rAjyone mulaka khAlasA karavAnI nIti 1857nA saMgrAma sudhI apanAvAI hatI. 1857nA saMgrAma bAda rANI vikaToriyAnA DhaMDherA anusAra dezI rAjya taraphanA valaNamAM palaTo Avyo hato ane dattaka levA bAbata saMpUrNa chUTa apAI hatI. gerazAsana ane azAMti sivAya dezI rAjyonA kArebAramAM mAthuM mAravAmAM AvatuM na hatuM. vaDodarA rAjyamAM 1802 pachI suzAsana sthApavA ane udaMDa araba sainikone dabAvavA ane gAyakavADanI gAdI TakAvI rAkhavA IsTa InDiyA kampanIe vaDodarA rAjyane khullI madada karI hatI. gAyakavADanA dIvAna nImavAnI ane rAjyanA bajeTa jevI AMtarika vahIvaTanI bAbatamAM paNa resiDenTanI IcchAne mAna ApavAnI.gAyakavADane pharaja paDAI hatI. gAyakavADanA zarAphene tathA gAyakavADanA briTiza-taraphI amaladAro ane gAyakavADanA sagAone bAMhedharI ApIne briTiza sarakAre gAyakavADanA AMtarika vahIvaTamAM rasa lIdhe hate. khaMDaNI ApavA uparAMta dareka dezI rAjAne sIdhe. gAdI-vArasa na hoya te dattaka-putra levA mATe sArvabhauma sattAnI maMjUrI meLavavI paDatI hatI. gerazAsana ane avyavasthAnA prasaMgamAM rAjAne padabhraSTa karI, rijansI kAunsila nImI briTiza sarakAra hastakSepa karatI hatI. keI rAjAnA akALa avasAnanA prasaMge navA rAjAnI sagIra avasthA daramyAna paNa daramyAnagIrI karavAmAM AvI hatI. gevadha karavA badala bhAvanagaranA mahArAjAe kasUradArane zikSA karatAM kheDAnA kalekaTare bhAvanagara mahArAjAne deSita TharAvI daMDa karyo hate ane keTalAka pradeza khuMcavI

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briTiza kAla lIdhe hate. jAmanagara ane porabaMdara rAjyo vacce karaNanA killAnA kabajA bAbata jhaghaDA prasaMge kampanI sarakAre daramyAnagIrI karI porabaMdarane nyAya ApyA hate. khumANa ane vAgheranA bahAravaTAnA prasaMgamAM bahAravaTiyAne Azraya ApanAra dezI rAjAone aTakamAM laIne ke emane rAjya bahAra cAlyA javA pharaja pADI sArvabhauma sattAe zikSA karI hatI. A rIte jetapuranA kAThI darabArane aTakamAM lIdhela ane ribaMdaranA vikramAjitane rAjakeTa rahevA pharaja pADI hatI. vaDodarAnA malhArarAvane geravahIvaTa tathA karnala pherane jhera ApavAne Aropa mUkIne padabhraSTa karyo hate. sarahadI jhaghaDAonA praznomAM rAjya vacce madhyasthI tarIke kAma karIne takarArI praznonI patAvaTa poliTikala ejanTa ane ene tAbedAra nekaro karatA hatA ane A mATe rAjasthAnika korTanI sthApanA paNa karI hatI. Ama 1802 thI IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI ane 1858 pachI briTiza sarakAra gujarAtamAM sArvabhauma sattA banI hatI. muMbaInA gavarnara DaMkane mejara elekajhAnDara vakarane vaDodarAnA prathama resi. DenTa tarIke nImyA hatA. emaNe 11-7-1802 nA roja cArja lIdhe hate. zarUAtamAM A resiDenTa muMbaInA gavarnara nIce hato, paNa sayAjIrAva bIjAnA samayamAM resiDenTa viliyamsa sAthenA saMbaMdha bagaDatAM resiDensI baMdha karI e amadAvAda rahyo hato ane eNe gujarAtanA paliTikala kamizanara tarIke 1-12-1830thI kAmagIrI saMbhALI hatI. sahAyakArI yojanA nIce vaDodarAmAM agreije taraphathI UbhuM karAyeluM sainya uttara vibhAganA saunya sAthe joDI devAmAM AvyuM hatuM ane vaDodarA rAjya sIdhuM gavarnara-janaralanI sattA nIce mukAyuM hatuM. tyArabAda vahIvaTI muzkelI jaNAtAM ane saMbaMdho sudharavAthI pharIthI vaDodarA rAjya gavarnaranA aMkuza nIce mukAyuM hatuM, resiDenTane dezI ejanTa madada karatuM hatuM. pAchaLathI vaDodarAmAM e.jI.jI. (ejanTa Tu gavarnara janarala) rahete hatA. saurASTramAM 1807 nA kara karArane kAraNe kaMpanI sarakArane gAyakavADa vatI khaMDaNI ugharAvavAne hakka maLatAM 1820 mAM rAjakoTamAM kampanI sarakAre ejansInI sthApanA karI hatI. sane 18rara mAM eliTikala ejanTa tarIke kepTana bArnavelanI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvI hatI. A peliTikala ejanTa sIdhe gavarnarane javAbadAra hatuM ane enA hAtha nIce jhAlAvADa hAlAra soraTha ane gohilavADamAM poliTikala AsisTanTa hatA. bAvAvALAnA bahAravaTAnA prasaMge, maiyAnI katalanA prasaMge, gAMDaLanA pradezamAM jUnAgaDhanA lazkare lUMTa calAvI tyAre tathA khumANe

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samakAlIna riyAsate vagerenA bahAravaTAnA prasaMge pAliTikala ejanTe sakriya daramyAnagIrI karI hatI. vAgheronAM baMDanA prasaMge dezI rAjyonA lazkaranI madadathI emane dabAvI devAmAM AvyA hatA. sagIra avasthA daramyAna ke geravyavasthAne kAraNe porabaMdara lIMbaDI bhAvanagara jevAM rAjyomAM rijansI kAunsila nImIne sArvabhauma sattAe daramyAnagIrI karI hatI. 1902 mAM briTiza sarakAranA sauthI vadhAre zreyAna adhikArIne poliTikala ejanTane badale "ejanTa Tu gavarnaranuM biruda maLyuM hatuM, jyAre emane madadanIza AsisTanTa poliTikala ejanTa banyA hatA. zarUAtamAM rAjakoTa vibhAga nIce karacha hilavADa hAlAra jhAlAvADa seraTha tathA amarelI prAMtane samAveza karAyo hatA. tyAra bAda kara7 jUnAgaDha jAmanagara bhAvanagara pirabaMdara dhrAMgadhrA morabI geMDaLa jApharAbAda vAMkAnera pAlItANuM La lIMbaDI rAjakoTa ane vaDhavANanAM dezI rAjyo "vesTa inDiyA sTeTa ejansI" nIce mukAyAM hatAM. lakhatara sAyalA mULI cUDA vaLa dAThA bajANA pATaDI vagere nAnAM rAjya "IsTarna kAThiyAvADa ejansI" nIce mukAyAM hatAM. jasadaNa mANavadara thANAdevaLI vaDiyA virapura mALiyA koTaDA-sAMgANI jetapura piThaDiyA jetapura bIlakhA khirasarA vagere nAnAM rAjyane "vesTarna kAThiyAvADa ejansImAM samAveza karAyuM hatuM. zarUAtamAM vaDodarA vibhAgamAM khaMbhAta rAjya, mahIkAMThA ejansI, pAlaNapura ejansI, revAkAMThA ejansI, surata ejansI, DAMga ane amarelI prAMta sivAyanA gujarAtamAM Avela vaDedarAnA kaDI(mahesANA) navasArI ane vaDodarA prAMtane samAveza karAyo hato. taLagujarAtanAM dezI rAjya pAlaNapura ejansI, mahIkAMThA ejansI tathA revAkAMThA ejansI nIce mukAyAM hatAM. surata jillAnAM sacIna vAMsadA ane dharamapuranAM dezI rAjya "surata ejansI" tarIke oLakhAtAM hatAM ne ene poliTikala ejanTa suratane kalekaTara hate. khaMbhAtanuM nAnuM dezI rAjya kheDA jillAnA kalekaTaranI hakUmata nIce hatuM. pAlaNapura ejansI 1819 mAM astitvamAM AvI hatA. enI uttare mAravADa ane zirohI, pUrvamAM zirohI dAMtA ane mahesANA jillAne pATaNa tAluke ane kAThiyAvADa ejansInuM jhIMjhuvADA tathA pazcime kacachanuM raNa che. enI vadhAremAM vadhAre laMbAI 160 ki. mI. tathA pahoLAI paNa eTalI che. ene vistAra 16,533 co. ki. mI. hatuM. ane kula gAmonI saMkhyA 12para hatI. e 23.30 thI 24.43 uttara akSAMza ane 71.20 pU ane 7ra.4pa pUrva

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briTiza kALa 110 rekhAMza vacce Avela che. 1901 mAM enI vastI 4,80,410 mANasanI hatI. A ejansImAM pAlaNapura ane rAdhanapuranAM prathama varganAM khe rAjya ane khAkInAM nava dezI rAjya te tenA darajjA pramANe AchI-vadhatI sattA bhAgavatAM hatAM. peAliTikala ejanTa A pradeza upara briTiza zAsananA pratinidhi tarIke hakUmata dharAvatA hatA. mahI ane sAbaramatI vacce AvelAM dezI rAjyAnA samUha mahIkAMThA ejansI' tarIke oLakhAtA hatA. AburoDathI 13 ki. mI. dUra uttare enI sarahada hato. rAjasthAna sarahade kheravADA kaeNnTAnamaeNnTathI 29 ki. mI. dUra sudhI enI sarahada hatI. enI pUrva sarahada saurASTranI sarahadathI 14 ki.mI. dUra rAmapurA sudhI phelAyelI hatI. jUnA muMbaI rAjyanA IzAna khUNe AvelA A vistAranI uttare mevADa ane zirAhInAMgarALa vistAra Avela. pUrva tarapha DuMgarapura revAkAMThA ane kheDA Avela, jyAre dakSiNa sarahade luNAvADA ane vADAsaneranAM dezI rAjya, kheDA jillA, amadAvAda jillA tema vaDAdarA rAjyane dahegAma tAlukA AvyA hatA. pazcime pAlaNapura ane mahesANA jillAnA kherALu tathA vijApura tAlukA ane pAlaNapura rAjya AvelAM hatAM. enI vadhumAM vadhu laMbAI 145 ki. mI. tathA paheALAI 96 ki. mI. hatI. rAjyAnI saMkhyA 64 hatI. nAnI mAravADa ke IDara ane enA tAbAnA pradeza, rahevara ke rahevara rAjapUtAnA tAbAneA pradeza, vAtrakakAMThe, vAsaNA ane sAdarAnA rAjapUtAnAM 22 gAme paTTo ane kaTAsaNanA AmAM samAveza thatA hatA. A pradeza hamezAM tAphAnI te baLavAkhAra pravRti mATe jANItA hatA. 1813 mAM AsisTanTa resiDenTa khelenTAIne gAyakavADa ane A pradezanA DhAkArA sAthe vaoNkara seTalamenTa' jevu tahanAmu karAvela. gAyakavADa sarakAra A pradezamAM vyavasthA na saMbhALI zakavAthI aneA havAlA aMgrejone 1820 mAM eNe soMpyA hatA. ene vistAra 9137 cA. ki. mI. hatA. 1828 mAM je. vilAbI peliTikala ejanTa tarIke nimAyA hatA. 1901 mAM enI vastI 3,61, 545 hatI. ravAkAMThA ejansImAM 61 dezI rAjye AvelAM hatAM te paikI rAjapIpaLA prathama varyAMnu hatu, jyAre choTAudepura bAriyA luNAvADA vADAsinera ane saMtarAmapura khIjA vartanAM rAjya hatAM. bAkInAM 55 rAjya trIja varganAM hatAM. A badhAM rAjya revA ke narmadAnA taTa upara ke enI najIka AvelAM nathI. uttara taraphanAM kaDANA luNAvADA vADAsaneAra pAMDumevAsa mahI upara ke e najIka AvelAM hatAM, paNa vahIvaTI sugamatA khAtara e badhAMne revAkAMThAnA poliTikala ejanTa nIce mUkavAmAM

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samakAlIna riyAsa 11 AvyAM hatAM. paMcamahAlane kalekaTara revAkAMThAnA piliTikala ejanTa tarIke gedharAthI A vahIvaTa saMbhALatA hatA. zarUAtamAM vaDodarAne AsisTanTa resiDenTa je. pI. vilebI A ejansIne poliTikala ejanTa 1825 mAM banyo hate. pAlaNapura ejansI AgaLa jatAM banAsakAMThA ejansI' tarIke oLakhAI. 1933 mAM mahIkAMThA ane banAsakAMThA ejansIone bhegI karI "sAbarakAMThA ejansI racAI. emAM 44 binasalAmI riyAsata ane ATha thANAM hatAM. 1944mAM poliTikala ejanTa bina-salAmI riyAsata sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatA baMdha thatAM sAbarakAMThA ejansI rada karavAmAM AvI. 1924 thI kAThiyAvADa kaccha ane pAlaNapura ejansIo "vesTarna InDiyA sTeTsa ejansI rUpe bhArata sarakAra sAthe sIdhA saMbaMdhamAM mukAI. bIjAM rAjya 1933 mAM baroDA enDa gujarAta sTeTa ejansIrUpe bhArata sarakAranA vahIvaTa nIce mukAyAM. e badhAMne vahIvaTa vaDodarAnA resiDenTane soMpAyo. 1944mAM A baMne ejansIone bhegI karI "vaDodarAnA ane vesTarna InDiyA tathA gujarAtanAM rAjya mATenA resiDenTanI nIce mUkavAmAM AvI. | gujarAtane samagra pradeza uttara vibhAganA kamizanara nIce mukAyo hate. enuM mathaka amadAvAda hatuM ane e badhA poliTikala ejanTAnA vahIvaTa upara dekharekha rAkhate hate.18 4. taLa-gujarAtanI mukhya riyAsate 1802 nA DisembaranI 31 mI tArIkhe aMgrejoe pezavA sAthe vasaInI saMdhi karI ane pezavA ane gAyakavADa vaccenA prazno aMge emanI lavAdI svIkAravA pharaja pADI.19 e pramANe 1805 nI gAyakavADa sarakAra sAthenI aMgrejonI saMdhithI "sahAyakArI yojanAne kabUla rAkhI keI paNa paradezIne nokarImAM na rAkhavAnuM gAyakavADe vacana ApyuM tathA paradezo sAthenA saMbaMdhonI bAbata ane pezavA sAthenA takarArI praznonI patAvaTa aMgrejone gAyakavADe soMpI.20 1807 mAM vakara seTalamenTa' mujaba kAThiyAvADanI khaMDaNI ugharAvavAnuM kArya gAyakavADe kampanIne saMpyuM, te ja pramANe pezavAe paNa emanA vatI khaMDaNI ugharAvavAnuM kAma vinA vetane kampanIne soMpyuM. 21 mahIkAMThAnI khaMDaNuM ugharAvavAnuM kAma 1811-12 mAM IsTa InDiyA kampanIne gAyakavADe seMthuM 22 jUnAgaDha rAjya vatI 1813 mAM joratalabI ugharAvavAnuM kAma kampanIe svIkAryuM. Ama pezavA ane gAyakavADane pagadaMDo kADhIne kampanI sarakAra samagra gujarAtamAM sArvabhauma sattA banI, AthI AgaLa vadhIne dezI

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briTiza kAla rAja vaccenI laDAIo baMdha karAvI sarahadI jhaghaDA patAvavAnuM ane koI paNa dezI rAjyane vahIvaTa maMtaSakAraka na hoya ke julmI heya te briTiza sarakAra vahIvaTadAra nomI ke rAjAnI sagIrAvasthA hoya te rijanTa ane kAunsila nImIne ene vahIvaTa hAthamAM laIne hastakSepa karatI hatI. keI rAjA aputra hoya te dattaka levA mATe sanada paNa e ApatI hatI. A rIte bhAvanagara pirabaMdara TAudepura rAjapIpaLA vagere rAjyamAM hastakSepa karI kampanIe rajavADAMone sajA karI hatI ke rAjAone padabhraSTa karI rijansI kAunsila nImI hatI. khuda vaDodarA rAjayamAM AnaMdarAva, sayAjIrAva bIjA tathA malhArarAvanA zAsana daramyAna kampanIe daramyAnagIrI karI hatI ane dIvAnenI nimaNUka bAbata rasa lIdhe hato, ane malhArarAvane te padabhraSTa paNa karela.4 1858 mAM lorDa keniMga, 1875 mAM hiMdI vajIra selisabarIe, 1909 mAM loDa minToe, 1921 mAM lorDa rIDiMga tathA 1927mAM hiMdI vajIre dezI rAjya game tevAM moTAM hoya te paNa teo tAbedAra rAjya che ane teonI vacce saMdhi ke kelakarAra thayA che te baMne samAna darajajAnAM rAjyo vaccenA nathI ane tethI teone AMtararASTriya kAyadAnusAra svataMtra daraje prApta thatuM nathI ema jAhera karela. saMdhi karAranI uparavaTa jaIne sArvabhauma sattA dezI rAjyanA vahIvaTamAM asAdhAraNa sattA dvArA mAthuM mArI zake che A kAraNe haMmezAM koI paNa takarArI praznamAM piliTikala khAtuM enA nirNaya rAjya upara ThekI besADavA hakkadAra hatuM ane rAjavIo A bAbatamAM lAcAra hatA. dezI rAjyanAM rAjakIya ane Arthika hita briTiza hite AgaLa gauNa gaNAtAM hatAM ane briTiza sarakAranuM mULabhUta dhyeya sArvabhauma sattA tarIke enA bhAratamAMnA hitanI rakSA karavAnuM hatuM. I. sa. 1820mAM pezavAI naSTa thatAM IsTa inDiyA kampanI gujarAtamAM sArvabhauma sattA banI. gavarnara janarala A sArvabhauma sattAne pramukha pratinidhi hatA. 25 vaDodarAmAM 1812 thI resiDenTanI nimaNUka karAI hatI, jyAre rAjakeTamAM piliTikala ejanTanI nimaNUka 1820 mAM karAI hatI. teo samagra gujara tanAM dezI rAjyanA vahIvaTanI dekharekha rAkhatA hatA ane jarUra paDaye hastakSepa karatA hatA. sane 1818mAM gujarAtamAM vaDedarA rAjapIpaLA pAlaNapura rAdhanapura kaccha bhAvanagara junAgaDha jAmanagara dhrAMgadhrA vagere prathama darajajAnAM kahI zakAya tevAM rAjya hatAM. karnala kIrTige 1893 mAM gujarAtanAM rajavADAMone te tenA darajajA tathA rAjyanAM kSetraphaLa vastI Avaka vagere lakSamAM rAkhIne sAta vibhAgamAM vahecyAM hatAM ane e pramANe dilhImAM emanA Agamana vakhate 13-15 tenI salAmI nakkI karI hatI.

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samakAlIna riyAsata 17 vaDodarA sane 1818 mAM vaDodarAnI gAdI upara AnaMdarAva hatA. emanA vatI phatehasiMharAva kArabhAra saMbhALatA hatA. tA. 23-6-18 nA roja phatehasiMharAvanuM mRtyu thatAM 19 varSanA sayAjIrAva rijanTa banyA. tA. 2-10-1819 nA roja AnaMdarAva aputra marI jatAM emanA bhAI sayAjIrAvane gAdI maLI. teo svataMtra mijAjanA ane kuzaLa vahIvaTakAra hatA. emane aMgrejone hastakSepa gamatuM na hatuM ane resiDenTanI salAhanI avagaNanA karatA hatA. A kAraNe kampanI sarakAra sAthe teo gharSaNamAM AvyA hatA. 1820 mAM muMbaInA gavarnara elphinsTane vaDodarAnI mulAkAta laIne nirNaya Ape ke (1) sayAjIrAva AMtarika zAsana pUratI pUrNa sattA dharAve che, paNa kampanI sarakAre je zarAphe tathA anya vyaktione bAMhedharI ApI hoya tenuM pAlana gAyakavADe karavuM joIe, (2) dara sAlanuM bajeTa gAyakavADe resiDenTane batAvavuM, hisAba jevA de ane bajeTa karatAM vadhAre kharca kare che te resiDenTanI salAha levI, (3) gAyakavADe pitAne dIvAna resiDenTanI salAha laIne nImavo ane (4) paradeza sAthenA saMbaMdha aMgrejo hastaka rAkhavA.24 uparyukta sUcanAo hovA chatAM briTiza bAMhedharIvALA zarApha tathA anya prajAjanene trAsa ApavAnA kAraNe tathA niyamita devAnA haptA na bharavAne kAraNe sara jona mAlakame rU. 27 lAkhanI Upaja ApatA peTalAda bahiyala kaDI DabhoI sinera amarelI sonagaDha vagere pradeza kabaje lIdhA ane kAThiyAvADa mahIkAMThA ane revAkAMThAnI khaMDaNuM paNa TAMcamAM lIdhI. A uparAMta gAyakavADe sahAyakArI janAnusAra 3,000nI phoja rAkhavAnI hatI tene badale 2,000 thI ochuM sainya rAkhela, AthI paMdara lAkhanI UpajavALe bIjo mulaka kabaje levAmAM AvyuM. A jhaghaDAone kAraNe 1830 mAM vaDodarAnA resiDenTanI keDI pheravIne e amadAvAdamAM rAkhI ane lazkara paNa khaseDI lIdhuM. A takarAra resiDenTa viliyama sAthe, chatAM, cAlu rahI hatI. 1831 mAM sayAjIrAvane padabhraSTa karavAnuM kAvataruM pakaDAI gayuM. 1832 mAM muMbaInA gavarnara kalere vaDodarAnI mulAkAta lIdhI. bAMhedharIvALA zarAphoe emanuM leNuM sIdhI rIte levAnuM kabUla karatAM briTiza sarakAranI dakhalagIrI baMdha thaI. sayAjIrAve rU. 10 lAkha sahAyakArI yojanAnI phojanA kharca peTe alaga mUkyA, AthI briTiza sarakAre japta karela badhe pradeza gAyakavADane pAcho Apyo. 1838 mAM satArAnA rAjAne padabhraSTa karatAM ane sayAjIrAvanA vartana badala jAheramAM nAkhuzI vyakta karatAM sayAjIrAvanA

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1ra4 briTiza kAha vartanamAM palaTe AvyA ane aMgreja resiDenTa sAthenA gharSaNane aMta Avyo.sTa kharI rIte joIe te briTiza dakhalagIrI binajarUrI ane rAjyanA svAtaMtryamAM dakhalarUpa hatI ane svamAnabhaMga karatI hatI. sayAjIrAve Izvara gaNezanI baeNnka tathA anya zarAphI peDhI khelI emanI Avaka vadhArI hatI, sayAjIrAva 1847 mAM mRtyu pAmyA. sayAjIrAvanA mRtyu bAda emanA putra gaNapatarAva gAdIe AvyA. emaNe leuvA pATIdAromAM pracalita dUdhapItIne rivAja baMdha karAvyuM, bALakane vecANa upara pratibaMdha mUkyo. satIne cAla 1840 mAM sayAjIrAva baMdha karAvyuM hatuM e aMge kaDaka amala karyo. gaNapatarAva abhaNa hatA. emane navA sudhArAothI vAkepha karavA resiDenTa kepTana phrence sTIma eMjina tathA TeligrAphanAM sAdhanA namUnAonI bheTa ApI hatI. 1856 mAM emanA pradezamAM relave nAkhavA gaNapatarAve chUTa ApI hatI. emanuM mRtyu 19mI navembara, 1856 nA roja thayuM hatuM. 29 gaNapatarAvanA mRtyu bAda khaMDerAva gAdIe beThA. 1857nA svAtaMtryasaMgrAma vakhate emaNe aMgrejone sakriya madada karI hatI. 1858 nA niHzastrIkaraNanA kAyadAne amala karavAmAM paNa emaNe sahAya ApI hatI. khaMDerAva bhapakAnA zokhIna hatA. emaNe makarapurAne mahela tathA anya imArate baMdhAvI hatI. zikAranA zekhane kAraNe DabakA najIka zikArakhAnuM kholyuM hatuM. Ane lIdhe kheDUtanA pAkane nAza thavAnI bhIti UbhI thaI hatI. emane kustIne zekha hatA ane pahelavAnanAM daMgala gaThavatA hatA. emaNe AthI dakSiNamAMthI AvelA malene nekarI ApIne protsAhana Apela. miyAMgAmaDaInI relave lAIna emanA vakhatamAM zarU karavAmAM AvI hatI. emaNe leke para khUba karaverA nAkhyA hatA. dalapatarAma kavie emanI mulAkAta laIne zALAo ane pustakAlaye khelavA emane vinaMtI karI hatI. emanA vakhatamAM vaDodarA rAjyamAM Adhunika keLavaNInI zarUAta thaI hatI. 1857-59 daramyAna okhAmaMDaLanA vAgheroe baLa karyo hate te aMgreja sarakAranI madadathI dabAvI devAmAM AvyuM hatuM. emanuM mRtyu 28 navembara, 1870 nA roja thayuM hatuM.30 khaMDerAva aputra hatA ane jamanAbAIe putrIne janma ApatAM malhArarAva vaDodarAnI gAdI upara AvyA. emaNe 1863 mAM khaMDerAva viruddha kAvatarAmAM sAmela thayelI vyaktione chUTI karI ane mahArarAva tarapha kharAba vartana rAkhela tevA senApati bhAu zindane kedamAM nAkhyo ane junA nekarane rUkhasada ApI. zarUAtamAM emaNe pALadAsa gerAlane dIvAna nImIne rAjyane vahIvaTa sArI rIte

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samakAlIna riyAsate 15 calAge, paNa pAchaLathI emaNe leke upara khUba karaverA vadhArI dIdhA. zrImaMta pAsethI baLajabarIthI keTaluMka dhana meLavyuM ane khAnadAna kuTuMbanI strIo sAthe aghaTita vyavahAra karyo. lekenI geravahIvaTa ane geravartananI phariyAdane kAraNe resiDenTa karnala pheranI sUcanAthI muMbaI sarakAre malhArarAva sAmenA AkSepanI tapAsa mATe eka kamizana nImyuM. A kamizananI bhalAmaNa pramANe 25-1-1874 nA roja be varasamAM rAjyane vahIvaTa sudhAravAne naThArA salAhakArone dUra karavA salAha ApavAmAM AvI. malhArarAve dAdAbhAI navarojIne dIvAna nImyA, ane emaNe suvahIvaTa mATe prayAsa karyA ane lAMciyA adhikArIone dUra karyA, paNa dAdAbhAInI nimaNUka aMgreja sarakArane pasaMda nahetI ane khaTapaTathI kaMTALI dAdAbhAIe dIvAnapadanuM rAjInAmuM ApyuM hatuM. dAdAbhAIe gAyakavADa ane resiDenTa vaccenA gharSaNane dUra karavAnA upAya tarIke karnala pheranI badalI karavA sUcana karela ane tethI sara lUInI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvI, paraMtu karnala phera vaDodarAmAMthI vidAya thayA e pahelAM malhArarAvanI zikhAmaNathI resiDenTanA nekare dvArA zarabatamAM jhera bheLavI karnala pherane mArI nAkhavAnuM kAvataruM yojAyuM hatuM e resiDenTa AkSepa mUkyo. A AkSepanI tapAsa mATe ucca kakSAnA traNa aMgreja adhikArIo ne be bhAratIyone nImyA. A tapAsamAM aMgreja sabhyone AkSepamAM jhera ApavA uzkeravA bAbata tathya jaNAyuM, jyAre bhAratIya sabhyone eka be halakI keTIne gunA sivAya keI gaMbhIra AkSepa sAce jaNa nahi. uparyukta kamizananI tapAsanA AdhAre malhArarAvane geravahIvaTa mATe javAbadAra gaNI 22-4-1875 nA roja padabhraSTa karavAmAM AvyA ane emane madrAsamAM najara kedamAM rAkhavAmAM AvyA.31 malhArarAvane padabhraSTa karIne dAmAjIrAva gAyakavADanA bhAI jhagejI gAyakavADanA vaMzaje paikI mAlegAma tAlukAnA kelANA gAmanA ge pAlarAvane pasaMda karIne khaMDerAvanI vidhavA jamanAbAIe dattaka lIdhA ane vaDodarAne kArabhAra sara TI. mAdhavarAvane dIvAna tarIke 10-5-1875 thI soMpavAmAM Avyo. emaNe kuzaLa vahIvaTakAra tarIke keLavaNI nyAyataMtra vaidakakhAtuM bAMdhakAma-khAtuM mahesUla-khAtuM vageremAM sudhArA karyA ne vaDodarA rAjyane karajamukta karyuM. sagIra mahArAja sayAjIrAva trIjAnI keLavaNI mATe epha. e. eca. iliyaTane nIme hate. mahArAjAe pratyakSa vahIvaTanI tAlIma levA uparAMta ghoDesavArI vageremAM prAvINya meLavyuM hatuM. dIvAne mahesUlanA daramAM ghaTADo karI, vAhanavyavahAranI sagavaDa vadhArI, nakAmA, karaverA dUra karI vepAra-udyogane protsAhana ApyuM hatuM. tA. 28-11-1881 nA roja sayAjIrAva gAdInazIna thayA. emaNe 1893 mAM pravega tarIke amarelInAM

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126 briTiza kAla 10 gAmamAM ane tyAra bAda 1906 daramyAna samagra rAjyamAM prAthamika keLavaNI pharajiyAta karI hatI. A uparAMta motIbhAI paTelanA sahakArathI samagra rAjyamAM pustakAlayo sthApI jJAnavistAranuM kArya AraMvyuM hatuM. Ara. sI. datta jevA kuzaLa adhikArInI madadathI mahesUla nyAya tathA vepAra udyoganA kSetre ghaNA pheraphAra karyA ane prAMta paMcAyate tema grAma paMcAyate sthApI sthAnika svarAjyanI bheTa ApI. A uparAMta emaNe lokalAgaNIne mAna ApI dhArAsabhA paNa sthApI, jemAM niyukta tathA cUMTAyelA sabhya hatA. zrImaMta upara Avakavere nAkhe, paNa bIjA keTalAka karaverA ghaTADyA. teo rASTravAdI hatA ane tethI briTiza sarakAranI emanI tarapha karaDI najara rahetI hatI. 1898 mAM vaDodarA rAjayanA be nyAyAdhIzoe keMgresanA adhivezanamAM hAjarI ApI hatI. chU ii caLavaLa calAvatA keTalAka krAMtikArIone vaDodarAmAM Azraya apAtuM hatuM e briTiza sarakArane Aropa hate. araviMda ghoSa jevA prakhara rASTravAdI ane adhyAtmavAdI adhikArI ane netAe gujarAtanA choTubhAI purANI vagere aneka lekasevakanA ghaDataramAM mahatvane phALo Apyo hato. kalAbhavana ane gaMganAtha vidyAlayanI sthApanA keLavaNInA ItihAsamAM krAMtikArI kahI zakAya tevo prayoga hate. sayAjIrAvanI rAhabarI nIce vaDedarA rAjyanI samagra bhAratamAM pragatizIla rAjya tarIke gaNanA thatI hatI. prathama vizvayuddha daramyAna aMgreja sarakArane vaDodarA rAjya taraphathI nANunI ane mANasAnI sahAya sArA pramANamAM maLI hatI. emanA zAsana daramyAna mahesANA jillAnA pilavAInA rAjapUtee tephAna karatAM lazkara mekalI e samAvI devAmAM AvyuM hatuM. ekaMdare prajAne prathama vakhata suzAsana ane zAMtine anubhava thayA hatA.32 rAjapIpaLA A rAjyane vistAra 3830.33 co. ki. mI. ne 1921 mAM vastI 1, 61, 606 ne Upaja rU. 22,68, 000 hatI. A rAjyanA rAjavI gohila vaMzanA hatA. 1819mAM vaDodarAnA resiDenTa vArasanI takarAra patAvIne nArasaMgajIne hakka svIkAryo ane pratApasiMga rAmasiMganI rANIne sAce putra nathI ema TharAvyuM. nArasiMgajI vRddha ane aMdha hovAthI emanA putra verIsAlajI tA. 15-11-1821 ne roja gAdIe beThA. verIsAla sagIra hovAthI rAjyavahIvaTa aMgreja sarakAre nImelA adhikArI karatA hatA. ene aMta 1837 mAM AvyuM. 1857nA svAtaMtrya saMgrAma vakhate rAjapIpaLAmAM tephAna thavAthI briTiza lazkara mokalI vigraha samAvI devAmAM Avyo hate. 1865 sudhI rU. 20, 000 lazkaranA kharca peTe

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samakAlIna riyAsata 120 rAjya pAsethI levAmAM AvatA hatA. 1855 mAM verIsAlajInA aMdhera kArabhArane lIdhe muMbaI sarakAre rAjyavahIvaTa pite saMbhALyuM hatuM. 1860mAM verIsAle enA putrane gAdI soMpI hatI, paNa hastakSepa cAlu rahetAM pitA-putranA matabhedane kAraNe 1867 mAM verIsAlane kArabhAramAMthI mukta karyA hatA. verIsAla 1868 mAM gujarI gayA. verIsAlanA putra gaMbhIrasiMhane kArabhAra asaMtoSakAraka hevAthI 1884-87 daramyAna briTiza amaladAra nImIne rAjyane kArabhAra ene soMpyo hate. gaMbhIrasa ha 1897mAM mRtyu pAmyA tethI cha kuMvare paikI sauthI moTA chatrasiMhajIne 20-5-1897 nA roja gAdInazIna karavAmAM AvyA. 1899mAM 59.5 ki.mI. aMkalezvara-rAjapIpaLA (nAMdeda) relave lAIna rU.14 lAkhane kharce nAMkhavAmAM AvI. A rAjAnA vakhatamAM vasUlAto nyAya keLavaNuM vagere khAtAM paddhatisara kAma karatAM hatAM. 18 varasa rAjya karIne chatrasiMha 54 varSanI vaye 26-9-1915 mAM maraNa pAmyA. emane kArobAra lekacAhanA meLavI zakyo hate.33 pAlaNapura A rAjyane vistAra 4573-71 ce. ki. mI., vastI 2, 22, 27 ane Avaka rU. 7,86,797 hatI. 1818 mAM phatehakhAna navAba hatA. 1817 mAM pAlaNapura jItIne aMgrejoe navAbanA kAkA ane sasarA zamazerakhAnane nImaca nAsI javA pharaja pADI hatI. vaDodarAnA neTiva ejanTane revanyU khAtA bAbata madada karavA mokalavAmAM AvyuM hato. A jagyA 1848 mAM rada karavAmAM AvI hatI. aMgreja amaladAre rAjyanuM kareja ghaTADyuM hatuM. 1819 mAM zamazerakhAnane pAlaNapura pAchA AvatAM rU. 25, 000 nI AvakavALA nava gAmanI jAgIra ApavAmAM AvI hatI. 1834 mAM enuM mRtyu thayuM. 1822 mAM pAlaNapura rAjo corIchUpIthI AvatA aphINane aTakAvyuM hatuM. phatehakhAna 1854mAM maraNa pAmatAM emanA cAra putro paikI sauthI moTA putra jorAvarakhAna gAdIe beThA. 1852 nA aphaghAna-vigraha daramyAna tathA 1857nA svAtaMtrya saMgrAma daramyAna A navAbe aMgrejone sArI madada karI hatI. 28 oNgasTa, 1877 mAM e maraNa pAmatAM zera mahamadakhAna gAdIe AvyA. emaNe aphINanI Avaka jatI karI, sane 1892 mAM viThanI prathA dUra karI ane 1896mAM januM sikkaI calaNa nAbUda karI briTiza calaNa dAkhala karyuM. 1904 mAM emaNe carasa ane gAMjAnA vAvetara upara pratibaMdha mUka. vigheTI prathA dAkhala karI ane ochA dare dhirANa karIne emaNe khetIne uttejana ApyuM. emaNe 68 navAM gAma vasAvyAM. emaNe

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1ra8 briTiza kAha prAthamika zikSaNa maphata karyuM ane pAlaNapuramAM hAIskUla zarU karI. adyatana hospiTala nyAyAlaya vagerenI zarUAta karI navA yugane prAraMbha karyo. emanuM mRtyu 1918 mAM thayuM. 34 rAdhanapura A rAjya 1757 mAM javAMmarda khAne sthApyuM hatuM. ene vistAra 2878.5 se. ki.mI. ane vastI 1921 mAM 67, 789 ane Avaka rU. 8,26,633 hatI. zerakhAnanA samayamAM siMdhanA khosA lekenA humalAthI kaMTALIne emaNe aMgrejonI madada mAgI. 1819 mAM karnala balee emane mArI haThAvyA. mejara mAise rAdhanapura rAjya sAthe paraspara sahakAranA ane duzmana ke luTArAone Azraya na ApavA karAra karyA. tA. 18-2-1822 mAM rU. 17,000 vArSika khaMDaNa ApavA rAjya kabUla karyuM, paNa navAbanI e bharavAnI azaktine kAraNe pAchaLathI e rada karavAmAM AvI. zerakhAna 1825 mAM mRtyu pAmatAM emane traNa varSane putra jorAvarakhAna gAdIe AvyA. 1837 sudhI navAbanI sagIrAvasthA daramyAna briTiza adhikArInuM zAsana rahyuM. navAbe 50 varSa sudhI zAsana karyuM. oNphaTebara 1874 mAM e maraNa pAmatAM bismillAkhAna gAdIe AvyA. mahesUla ane nyAya khAtAmAM emaNe sudhArA dAkhala karyA ane 1857 mAM aMgrejI zALA ane pustakAlaya kholyAM. 1891mAM banAsamAMthI 145 ki.mI. lAMbI keTa kenAla khodI khetIvADIne protsAhana ApyuM. chappaniyA dukALamAM ghaNAM manuSya ane prANIonI hAni thaI. 1895 mAM emaNe kheDUtonuM mahesUla mApha karyuM hatuM. raNanA kAMThe paradezI bAvaLanuM vAvetara karI khArI jamIna navasAdhya karavAne emaNe prathama akhataro karyo hato. 1895 mAM e maraNa pAmatAM hAjI mahamada zerakhAna gAdIe AvyA. sagIrAvasthAne kAraNe 1907 sudhI briTiza adhikArI pAse zAsana rahyuM hatuM. navAba 1910mAM maraNa pAmyA ane emanA pachI emanA nAnA bhAI jalAuddInakhAnajI gAdIe AvyA. emaNe vaDhiyAra baeNnka sthApI sastA dare kheDUtone dhirANanI sagavaDa pUrI pADI.35 IDara 1818 mAM zivaliMgane pautra ane bhAvasiMgane putra gaMbhIrasiMha IDaramAM rAjya karate hate. eNe gAdI pacAvI pADavAnA enA kAkAonA kAvatarAne paTAvatanI madadathI sAmane karyo hate. 1823mAM amarasiMga aputra marI jatAM gaMbhIrasiMha meDIsA ane bAyaDa upara ene hakka karyo hato paNa karnala belenTAIne samajUtI karAvatAM IDare bAyaDa uparane hakka uThAvI lIdho ane kuMtalAbArAne pradeza IDarane pAcho maLe. 1833 mAM IDaranI AkhI jAgIra amarasiMganI vidhavAe

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samakAlIna riyAsatA Re suMvAge emanI putrInA lagnanI vyavasthA karavAnI zarate lakhI ApI hatI. ga MbhIrasihune emanA kuTuMba sAthe banatuM na heAvAthI maraNusamaye akInanI eNe sahAya mAgI ane 1837 mAM enI sAta patnIe sAta rakhAte sahita satI thaI. kaeNpTana AuTarAmanA vakhatamAM IDara 1837 mAM ejansInA vahIvaTa nIce mukAyuM. mahArAja javAnasiMge IDara ane ahamadanagara (hiMmatanagara) vaccenA purANA jhaghaDAnA 1848 mAM aMta ANyo. vaSe IDara ane ahamadanagara rAjyAnuM ekIkaraNa thayuM. gaMbhIrasiMhanA putra umedasiMha patAnI hayAtImAM maraNa pAmavAne kAraNe pautra javAnasaMga 1855 mAM gAdIe AvyA hatA. 38 varasanI vaye (1868) e mRtyu pAmatAM 7 varasanI vaye kesarIsiMha gAdIe AvyA. ane IDara ejansInA vahIvaTa nIce karI mukAyuM. eNe rAjakumAra kaeNlejamAM zikSaNa lIdhu` hatuM. 1882mAM e gAdInazIna thayA. eNe rAjyamAM sudhArA dAkhala karyA. 20-2-1901 nA rAja e maraNa pAmyA. 4-10-1901nA rAja janmela kRSNasaMhanuM bALa vaye 30-11-1901 mAM mRtyu thayuM. have jodhapuranA pratApasiMha IDaranI gAdoe AvyA. jUna 1911 mAM pratApasiMhe emanA dattaka putra dAlasi MhanI tarapheNamAM gAdItyAga karyo ane pete jodhapura-nareza rAmasiMhanI sagIrAvasthA daramyAna rijanTa tarIke rahyA. dolatasiMhajI pratApasi MhanA bhatrIjo hatA. pozInA ane DuMgarapura sAthenA sarahadI jhaghaDAnA nikAla karyA hatA. 1910 mAM mahArAjakumAra dAlasiMhai rAjyanI dhurA 41 varSanI vaye sa MbhALI hatI, enA zAsana daramyAna amadAvAda-prAMtIja relave lAIna hi'matanagara sudhI laMbAvavAmAM AvI. 1878 thI rAjyamAM zikSaNanI suvidhA prApta thaI hatI. 1905 mAM prAthamika zikSaNa maphata karAyuM hatuM iDaramAM aMgrejI zALA zarU karI mAdhyamika zikSaNanI zarUAta karAI hatI. IDara 'khIcaDI' tarIke oLakhAtI khaMDaNI najIkanAM nAnAM rAjyeA pAsethI vasUla karatuM hatuM.36 hiMmatasiMhajI enA vArasa hatA. emanA nAma parathI ahamadanagaranuM nAma badalI 'himatanagara' rakhAyu 5. kaccha-saurASTranI mukhya riyAsatA prastAvanA kaccha ane saurASTranAM rAjyeA upara sIdhA aMkuza ane dekharekha sthApavA mATe I. sa. 1819 mAM kacchamAM briTiza resiDenTanI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvI cha ne I. sa. 1820 mAM rAjakATamAM kAThiyAvADa mATenI poliTikala ejansInI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI.38 I. sa. 1840 nI 1 lI eprilathI kacchanA briTiza resiDenTane poliTikala ejanTanA haddo ApavAmAM AvyA hatA.39

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120 briTiza kAha I. sa. 1857nA svAtaMtryasaMgrAma pachI I. sa. 1857nA svAtaMtraya-saMgrAma pachI aMgrejoe dezI rAjyone khAlasA karavAnI nIti cheDI dIdhI, eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu rAjAone bAhya mobhe tema darajajo jALavIne emanI sAthe mAnabharI rIte vartavAnI zarUAta karI. emanA rAjyanAM vistAra ane vArSika Upaja pramANe emane 1 thI 7 varganAM rAjyamAM vaheMcI emanI dIvAnI ane phojadArI sattAo nizcita karI emanA darajajA pramANe emane tenI salAmI ApavAnuM zarU karyuM. rAjAone emanI vahIvaTI kuzaLatA ane aMgrejo taraphanI emanI vaphAdArInA badalAmAM emane sI. AI. I. (Companion of Indian Empire), sI. esa. I. (Companion of the star of India), ke. sI. AI. I. (Knight Commander of the Indian Empire) ke. sI. esa. AI. (Knight Commander of the star of India) jI. sI. AI. I. (Grand Commander of the Indian Empire) ane jI. sI. esa. AI. (Grand Commander of the Star of India) IlkAba ApavAnuM zarU karyuM. e uparAMta rAjyanA dIvAne kArabhArIo, zrImate tathA agraNe puruSone paNa aMgrejonI sevA ane vaphAdArInA badalAmAM dIvAna bahAdura "rAva bahAdura khAna bahAdura' vagere khitAba ApavA zarU karyA. rAjakumAra kolejanI sthApanA rAjaputra ke je bhaviSyamAM rAjA thavAnA hatA temane nAnapaNathI ja gya zikSaNa saMskAra ane tAlIma ApavA mATe I. sa. 1870 mAM rAjakoTamAM rAjakumAra keleja zarU karavAmAM AvI che jemAM rAjAoe pitAnA kumArone zikSaNa mATe mekalavAnuM lagabhaga pharajiyAta hatuM. ahIM zikSaNa letA rAjakumAronI pragati ane pravRttine vigatavAra ahevAla kAThiyAvADanA poliTikala ejanTane tathA muMbaI prAMtanA gavarnarane mokalavAmAM Avata. A kolejamAM zikSaNa laIne bahAra paDelA keTalAka kumAre jyAre rAjAe banyA tyAre emaNe pitAnAM rAjyamAM Adhunika sudhArA dAkhala karyA. emAMnA keTalAke iMglenDa ane yuropanI musApharI paNa karelI. e pachI rAjakumAra kaeNlejanI Dhaba pramANe I. sa. 1881 mAM vaDhavANamAM 'tAlukadArI garAsiyA skUlanI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI hatI,41 jemAM garAsiyAo athavA nAnA tAlukadAronA putrane zikSaNa ApavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. A baMne prakAranI zikSaNa saMsthAomAM ahIMnA rAjaputromAM briTiza sarakAra pratye vaphAdArI keLavAya enI paNa kALajI rAkhavAmAM AvatI,

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131 samakAlIna riyAsa 1jADejA vaMzanI riyAsata A rAjyane vistAra raNane bAda karatAM 19, 725 co. ki. mI. hato ane 1921 mAM vastI 4, 84,547 ane Avaka rU. 23 lAkha hatI. I. sa. 1813 mAM rAva bhAramalajI karachanI gAdIe AvyA hatA. emanI uMmara 15 varSanI hovAthI phatehamahamadanA putra husenamiyAMne vahIvaTI sattA seMpavAmAM AvI hatI; jo ke sattA mATenA AMtarika saMgharSa cAlu rahyA. I. sa. 1818 nA jAnyuArImAM kepTana jemsa maeNkamarDonI kacchanA prathama briTiza resiDenTa tarIke nimaNUka karavAmAM AvI. e ja varSamAM rAva bhAramalajIne vahIvaTakartA tarIke ayogya gaNune padabhraSTa karavAmAM AvyA ane emanA bALaputra dezaLajIne kacchanA rAva tarIke jAhera karavAmAM AvyA. dezaLajI pukhta uMmaranA thatAM I. sa. 1834 nI 8 mI julAIe emane svataMtra vahIvaTanI sattA soMpavAmAM AvI. rAva dezaLajInA samayamAM bALahatyA satIprathA tathA gulAmIprathA nAbUda karavAnA prayAsa thayA. emanA samayamAM 1819mAM bhayaMkara dharatIkaMpa thayo hate. karacha-vAgaDanA garAsiyAone zAMta pADIne emaNe lUMTaphATa aTakAvI hatI. 1823 nA dukALamAM pAMcamA bhAganI vastI sApha thaI gaI hatI. 1838 mAM aphaghAna-vigraha vakhate karache aMgrejone madada karI hatI. dUdhapItI (1841) tathA gulAmonA vepAra (1836 upara pratibaMdha mUkvAmAM Avyo hate. 1853 mAM rAjya taraphathI prAthamika zikSaNanI zarUAta thaI hatI. 1852 mAM satIprathA para pratibaMdha mukAyA hatA. rAva dezaLajInuM I. sa. 1860mAM avasAna thatAM emanA putra prAgamalajI karachanA rAva banyA. emaNe dIvAnI ane phojadArI nyAyanA navA kAyadA racIne amalamAM mUkyA. vahIvaTI taMtramAM ghaNuM sudhArA karyA. prajAnAM zikSaNa ane Arogya mATe suvidhAo UbhI karI. teo suzikSita siddhAMtapriya temaja pragatizIla vicAro dharAvatA rAjavI hatA. 1861 mAM dukALa vakhate lekene prAgamala taLAva, hamIrasara ane bIja taLAva vagere baMdhAvI rAhata-kAryo khelIne madada karI hatI, paraMtu I. sa. 1876 nI tA. 1lI jAnyuArInA roja 37 varSanI bharajuvAna vaye emanuM avasAna thayuM. emanA pachI emanA putra kheMgArajI 9 varSanI uMmare kacchanA rAva banyA. emanI sagIrAvasthA pUrI thatAM I. sa. 1886 mAM emane svataMtra vahIvaTa karavAnI sattA soMpavAmAM AvI. aMgreja sarakAre emane "savAI bahAdura tathA "jI. sI. AI. I." nA IlkAba ApyA. emanA samayamAM bhUjamAM saMskRta pAThazALA tathA phargyusana myujhiyama ane pustakAlayanI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI hatI. emaNe zikSaNane ghaNuM uttejana ApyuM hatuM. khetIvADI tathA siMcAIne

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briTiza kAu. 132 paNa prAtsAhana ApyuM hatuM. aMjAra-tUNA relave emanA samaya daramyAna astitvamAM AvI hatI. I. sa. 1890 mAM emaNe briTiza sarakAra sAthe karAra karI kacchamAM tAra-vyavasthA dAkhala karI hatI.43 1900-1901 nA chappaniyA dukALa vakhate doDha karoDanA kharce lekhane rAhata ApI hatI. emaNe aphINanA mukta vecANa para pratibadha mUkayo hatA. emanA lAMbA (I. sa. 1942 sudhInA) zAsanakAla daramyAna kacche ghaNI pragati sAdhI hatI. 2. navAnagara A rAjyanu` kSetraphaLa 9,819 cA. ki. mI. hatu`. 1921 mAM vastI 3,45,353 ane vArSika Avaka rU. 66,44,330 hatI. I. sa. 1814mAM jAma satAjI gAdInA vArasa banyA hatA. I. sa. 1820 mAM emanuM avasAna thatAM svastha jAma jasAjInI vidhavA rANI azrubAe dattaka tarIke lIdhelA putra raNamalajI navAnagara(jAmanagara)nI gAdIe AvyA. I. sa. 1834, 1839 ane 1846 mAM paDelA dukALA daramyAna garImAne rAjI ApavA mATe emaNe navAnagaramAM kAThA ane lAkhATA tarIke oLakhAtA mahela tathA pAsenuM taLAva baMdhAvyAM hatAM. emane zikAranA khUba zekha hatA. I. sa. 1852 mAM jAma raNamalajInuM mRtyu thatAM emanI ATha rANIomAMthI sAnIbAInA putra vibhAjI navAnagaranA jAma banyA. emaNe AkhAmAMDaLanA vAgheree karelA baDane samAvavAmAM aMgrejone madada karI, sanadI ane phAdArI adAlateAnI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI tathA pArlasa, jAhera hitanAM kAryo, zikSaNu Arogya vagere khAtAM zarU karavAmAM AvyAM. emaNe mahAleAne ijAre ApavAnI prathA I. sa. 1866 mAM rada karI.rastA baMdhAvI, khaMdarAnI sagavaDa vadhArI vepArane uttejana ApyuM. teo saMgItanA khUba zeAkhIna hatA. emanI salAmI 11 tApAthI vadhArIne 15 tApAnI karavAmAM AvI hatI. e samayamAM aneka prakAranA khane lIdhe rAjya devAmAM hatuM. 44 I.sa. 1895 nI 28mI eprile emanuM aputra nidhana thatAM e ja varSoMnI 10mI mee emanA dattaka sagIra putra jasavaMtasi'hajI urphe jasAjIne aMgreja adhikArI la haeNnDAka dvArA gAdIe besADavAmAM AvyA. emanI sagIrAvasthA daramyAna mejara Dabalyu. pI. kreneDI nAmanA eDiminasTreTare vahIvaTa calAvyA. I.sa. 1897 mAM rAjakATa-jAmanagara ane jAmanagara-kheDI relavee khullI mUkavAmAM AvI, jasavatasiMhajI pukhta uMmaranA thatAM I.sa. 1903mAM emane saMpUrNa vahIvaTI sattA ApavAmAM AvI, paraMtu I.sa. 1906 mAM emanu` ni:saMtAna avasAna thatAM emanA eramAna bhAI (ThAkAra vibhAjInA khInna dattaka putra) raNajitasiMhe

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133 samakAlIna riyAsato gAdI mATe mAgaNI karI. aMgrejoe emane dAvo svIkAryo ane I.sa. 1907 mAM teo gAdIe beThA. emaNe rAjakoTanI rAjakumAra kolejamAM tathA kembrijanI TriniTI kolejamAM zikSaNa lIdhuM hatuM.45 emane krikeTane ghaNe zokha hatuM ane "raNa"nA hulAmaNuM nAme mahAna krikeTara tarIke prasiddha banyA hatA.4 jAmanagara zaherane emaNe Adhunika banAvyuM, relavenuM okhA sudhI vistaraNa karyuM. emaNe rAjyane vahIvaTa cAra sekreTarIo nImI vyavasthita karyo, vepAra udyogane protsAhana ApyuM. 3, dhroLa I.sa. 1803 mAM ThAkora bhUpatasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA hatA. emanA samayamAM navAnagara rAjya pAsethI sarapadaDane pradeza maLe. I.sa. 1845 mAM bhUpatasiMhanA avasAna pachI emanA moTA putra jayasiMhajI emanA anugAmI banyA, ThAkara jayasiMhajIne janma I. sa. 1824 mAM thayo hato. e pote vidvAna hatA temaja vidvAnone Azraya ApatA hatA. emaNe I. sa. 1878 nA duSkALamAM prajAne madada karI hatI. rastA dharmazALAo tathA bagIcA banAvarAvyAM. dhroLamAM suMdara rAjamahela baMdhAvya temaja e zahera pharatI rakSaNAtmaka dIvAla baMdhAvI. navAnagaranA jAma vibhAjI sAthe emane sArA saMbaMdha hatA. I. sa. 1886 mAM jayasiMhajInA mRtyu pachI emanA putra harisiMhajI dhroLane ThAkera banyA.43 emanA samayamAM zikSaNamAM pragati thaI ane I. sa. 1900, 1901, 192 ane 1912 nA duSkALamAM garIba tathA bhAyAne madada karavAmAM AvI. TapAlavyavasthAnI sAthe tAravyavasthA vadhAravAmAM AvI. I. sa. 1914mAM emanuM mRtyu thatAM emanA putra devatasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA.48 4. rAjakeTa I. sa. 1796 mAM lAkhojInA mRtyu pachI emanA pautra (maherAmaNajInA putra) raNamalajI rAjakoTanA ThAkara banyA. I. sa. 1820 mAM kampanIe rAjakoTamAM kAThI" athavA "ejansI' sthApI. rAjakeTanA ThAkore I. sa. 1822 mAM rU. 2,800 nA vArSika bhADAthI ejansIne jamIna ApI hatI. raNamalajInuM I. sa. 1825 mAM avasAna thatAM emanA putra surAjI gAdInA vArasa banyA. I. sa. 1844 mAM emanuM avasAna thayuM. surAjInA samayamAM rAjakoTanA rAjavaMzamAM bALakInI hatyAne prasaMga banatAM aMgrejoe rAjyane rU. 12,000nA AkarA daMDanI sajA karIne pharI A prasaMga nahi bane enI khAtarI emanI pAsethI meLavI hatI.49 e pachI emanA putra maherAmaNajI 4thA rAjakeTanI gAdIe AvyA. emanuM I. sa. 1862 mAM mRtyu thatAM emanA cethA putra bAvAjIrAja emanA anugAmI

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134 briTiza kAla banyA. emanI sagIrAvasthAne lIdhe dAdI nAnIbA temaja kepTana leIDanI rijansI kAunsilanuM zAsana 1876 sudhI cAlyuM. I. sa. 1870 mAM rAjakumAra kolejanI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. I. sa. 1876 mAM bAvAjIrAjane svataMtra vahIvaTanI sattA soMpavAmAM AvI. emanA amala daramyAna mahAtmA gAMdhInA pitA zrI karamacaMda uttamacaMda gAMdhI I. sa. 1881 sudhI rAjakeTanA dIvAna hatA.0 bAvAjIrAje rAjakoTamAM myunisipAliTI ane pustakAlayanI sthApanA karI. I. sa. 1887mAM rANI vikaToriyAnA rAjya- amalane 50 varSa pUrAM thatAM anya rAjyanI mAphaka rAjakoTamAM paNa enI jyubilI'nI ujavaNI karavAmAM AvI. I. sa. 1889 mAM bAvAjIrAjanuM Akasmika avasAna thatAM emanAM putra lAkhAjI uphe lAkhAjIrAja 6 varSanI vaye rAjagAdInA vArasa banyA. emanI sagIra uMmarane lIdhe poliTikala. ejanTanI sIdhI dekharekha nIce kArabhArI zrI motIcaMda tulasI rAjyane vahIvaTI calAvatA hatA.51 1907 mAM lAkhAjIrAjane svataMtra vahIvaTI sattA maLyA pachI emaNe rAjyamAM udyogo ane zikSaNane vikAsa karyo. teo prajAvatsala rAjavI tarIke khyAti pAmyA. 5 5. goLa - I. sa. 1814 mAM nAthajInuM aputra avasAna thatAM emanA bIjA bhAI kAnajI gAdIe AvyA. I. sa. 1821 mAM kAjInuM aputra avasAna thatAM emane trIjA bhAI caMdrasiMhajI ThAkara banyA. emanA amala daramyAna jUnAgaDhanA lazkare dhorAjI vistAramAM lUMTaphATa karatAM aMgreja lazkaranI eka TukaDI junAgaDha mokalavAmAM AvI hatI ane ane e TukaDIe lUMTaphATanI rakama pAchI meLavI, eTaluM ja nahi, paNa A lUMTaphATa badala jUnAgaDhanA navAbane 6,85,000 jAmazAhI karIne daMDa karyo hatA. I. sa1841 mAM caMdrasiMhajInuM paNa aputra avasAna thatAM emanA cothA bhAI bhANAbhAI gaMDaLanA ThAkara banyA. ThAkara devajInA cAreya putra gaMDaLanI rAjagAdI bhegavavA bhAgyazALI banyA hatA. I. sa. 1851 mAM caMdrasiMhajInuM mRtyu thatAM emanA putra sagarAmajI geMDaLanI gAdIe AvyA. I. sa. 1870mAM sagarAmajI mRtyu pAmatAM emanA putra bhagavatasiMhajI goMDaLanI gAdIe AvyA. emanI sagIrAvasthAne lIdhe I. sa. 1883 sudhI goMDaLane vahIvaTa vividha vahIvaTakartAonI dekharekha nIce cAle. bhagavatasiMhajIe I. sa. 1883 temaja 1886 mAM iMglenDa ane yurepane pravAsa karyo hato. teo muMbaI yunivarsiTInA kele hatA ane Dekkana ejyukezana sosAyaTI(puNe)nA upapramukha paNa banyA hatA. I. sa. 1887 mAM eDinabarga yunivarsiTIe emane ela. ela. DI.nI upAdhi ApI hatI. emaNe

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samakAlIna riyAsatA 175 rAjyamAM zALAo haoNspiTale rastAe adAlatA tema tAra ane TapAlanI kacerIe vagere zarU karAvyAM. gAMDaLa dhArAjI upaleTA vageremAM suMdara rastA taiyAra karAvI nagaronuM vyavasthita AyeAjata karyuM.. kanyAkeLavaNI pharajiyAta karI, karamuktine laIne rAjyanI prajA ekadare sukhI banI. A sarvane laIne teo prajAnA khUba prema saMpAdana karI saurASTranA eka agragaNya rAjavI banyA. 53 6. mArathI I. sa. 1790 mAM rAjA jiyAjI meArakhInI gAdIe AvyA. I. sa. 1819-20 mAM kacchanA kALIee rAjyanI uttara sarahadanAM gAmAmAM lUMTaphATa karatAM rAjakoTanA poliTikala ejanTanI madadathI tyAM aMgreja lazkaranI TukaDI mUkavAmAM AvI ane kacchanA rAva pAsethI daMDanI rakama laIne jemane nukasAna thayuM hatuM. temane vaheMcI ApavAmAM AvI. I. sa. 18289 mAM jiyAjInu avasAna thatAM emanA putra pRthIrAjajI gAdIe AvyA. emaNe karakasarathI vahIvaTa calAvyA ane rAjyanu keTaluMka devuM bharapAI karyuM I. sa. 1846 mAM pRthIrAjajInuM mRtyu thatAM emanA putra ravAjI merakhInA ThAkAra banyA. emaNe pahelI ja vakhata dIvAnI ane phAjadArI adAlatAnI sthApanA karI ane jamIna-mahesUla khetIvADI temaja vepArane lagatA sudhArA dAkhala karyA. I. sa. 1870 mAM ravAjInu avasAna thatAM emanA putra vAghajI mArakhInA ThAkeAra banyA. vAghajInI sagIrAvasthAne lIdhe saM 1870 thI 1878 daramyAna rAvakhahAdura zaMbhuprasAda lamIlAle vahIvaTakartA tarIke kAmagIrI jAjAvI ane I. sa. 1879 mAM ThAkara vAghajIne rAjyanI vahIvaTI lagAma seAMpavAmAM AvI. I. sa. 1883mAM emaNe iMglaeNnDa tathA yurepanA pravAsa karyo ane I. sa 1887 nA jUnamAM IMglaeNnDamAM ujavAyela rANI vikaTAriyAnI suvarNa jayaMtInA samAra MbhamAM emaNe utsAhapUrvaka bhAga lIdhA, tethI meArakhI rAjyane khIjA vargoMmAMthI prathama varganA rAjaya tarIke baDhatI ApavAmAM AvI.54 emanA samayamAM maNimaMdira, vI. sI. hAIskUla, grIna TAvara, macchunA pula vagere astitvamAM AvyAM. 2. jeThavA vazanI riyAsata 1. pAramaMdara I. sa. 1812 mAM rANA sulatAnajInA pautra pRthIrAjajI, khImAcha' nAma dhAraNa karIne gAdIe AvyA hatA. emaNe kUDI pAse khomezvara mahAdevanu maMdira peAtAnuM nAma joDIne samarAvyuM. I. sa. 1831 mAM emanA avasAna pachI emanI

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136 briTiza kAka rANI rUpALIbAnA putra bhojarAjajI uphe vikramAtajI 8 varSanI uMmare gAdInA vArasa banyA. bhojarAjajInI sagIra vayane lIdhe I. sa. 1841 sudhI emanI mAtAe emanA vatI kArabhAra calAvyo. rUpALIbAne rAjyavahIvaTa leke mATe kalyANakArI hatuM. I. sa. 1863 thI 1866 daramyAna rANu vikamAtajIe samagra bhAratanAM dhArmika sthaLonI yAtrA karI. emanA mULa nAma bhejarAja' uparathI emaNe bhejezvara mahAdevanuM maMdira baMdhAvyuM. rANA vikamAtajInA putra mAdhavasiMhanuM lakSamaNa khavAsa nAmane kharAba sobatIne kAraNe yuvAvasthAmAM akALa avasAna thayuM. rANuM vikamAtajIe lakSamaNanAM nAka-kAna kApI nAkhavAnI sajA karI, tethI lamaNe jelamAM atmihatyA karI. kAThiyAvADanA liTikala ejanTe Ane gaMbhIra bAbata gaNI vikamAtajIne sajA karavA I. sa. 1869 mAM porabaMdara rAjyane prathama vargamAMthI nIce utArI trIjA vargamAM mUkayuM, rANAne padabhraSTa karI, briTiza eDaminisTrezana mUkI rAjakoTa rahevAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvI.papa I. sa. 1900 mAM vikamAtajInuM avasAna thatAM emanA pautra (mAdhavasiMhanA putra) bhAvasiMhajIne gAdI ApavAmAM AvI. bhAvasiMhajInA samayamAM bhAvanagaravALAM rANuM rAmabA mATe rAjamahela, bhojezvara baMgale, jumA Adama lena, sudAmA maMdira, azmAvatI ghATa, anAthAzrama temaja gAma bahAra vaMDIo thaI.56 bhojezvara pleTa, sekreTariyeTa, travaDA jela, jhaverI baMgale, simenTanuM kArakhAnuM, vAghezvara maMdira, bhAvasiMhajI hospiTala ane hAIskUla tathA bhAvezvara maMdira ane AsapAsanA pleTa thayA. bhAvasiMhajInuM I. sa. 1908 mAM mRtyu thatAM emane sagIra putra naTavarasiMhajI porabaMdaranA rANuM banyA. emanI sagIrAvasthA (I. sa. 1920 sudhI) daramyAna ekathI vadhu vahIvaTadAra eka pachI eka nimAyA hatA.57 3jhAlA vaMzanI riyAsate 1. dhrAMgadhrA I. sa. 1804 mAM amarasiMhajI dhrAMgadhrAnI gAdIe AvI rAjasAheba banyA.paTa emanA samayamAM jata miyANA siMdhIo ane karachanA keLIone upadrava thaye hatuM, paraMtu aMgrejonI madadathI ene nirmiLa karavAmAM Avyo hate. I. sa. 1843 mAM emanuM avasAna thatAM emanA putra raNamalasiMhajI rAjagAdInA vArasadAra banyA. teo saMskRta phArasI urdU vraja ane gujarAtI bhASAonA vidvAna hatA temaja pite paNa kAvyaracanAo karatA hatA. emaNe sIthAmAM caMdrasara ane dhrAMgadhrAmAM raNamalasara nAmanAM taLAva tathA sIthA ane umaraDAnA killA baMdhAvyA; haLavadane mahela baMdhAvya tathA dhrAMgadhrAne kiTale samarAvyAM keTalAka Arthika

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samakAlIna zyAsa 137 sudhArA paNa karyA. I. sa. 1869 mAM emanuM avasAna thatAM emanA moTA putra mAnasiMhajI emanA uttarAdhikArI banyA. rAjA mAnasiMhe I. sa. 1870mAM bhArata AvelA DayUka oNpha eDinabaranI ane I. sa. 1876 mAM bhArata AvelA prinsa oNpha velsanI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI. prinsa oNpha velsa sAthenI mulAkAtanI smRtimAM emaNe dhrAMgadhrAmAM hospiTala baMdhAvI hatI. I. sa. 1877 mAM aMgrejoe emane ke. sI. esa.ne ilakAba ApIne emanI salAmI 11 tethI vadhArIne 15 topanI karI hatI. I. sa. 1880mAM yuvarAja jazavaMtasiMhanuM emanI hayAtImAM ja avasAna thayuM. 1898 mAM dhrAMgadhrAvaDhavANuM relave lAIna khullI mukAI.59 I. sa. 1900 mAM mAnasiMhajInA mRtyu pachI emanA pautra ajitasiMha rAja sAheba banyA. emanA kaDaka amalane laIne gunAonuM pramANa ghaNuM ghaTI gayuM. emaNe miyANuone lazkaramAM dAkhala karyA ne lazkarane Adhunika banAvyuM. I. sa. 1911 mAM zItaLAnA rogane lIdhe emanuM mRtyu thatAM emanA putra ghanazyAmasiMhajI dhrAMgadhrAnI gAdIe AvyA, jemaNe I. sa. 1942 sudhI rAjya karyuM. jhAlAvaMzanAM anya rAjyomAM dhrAMgadhrAnA rAjAne pitAnA vaDIla ane murabbI gaNavAmAM AvatA hatA. 20 2. lIbaDI I. sa. 1786 mAM harisiMhajI lIMbaDInA ThAkara banyA hatA. emaNe kAThIo jata vagere sAme Takkara laIne lIMbaDI rAjyane vistAra karyo. vikara karAra" samaye baravALA paragaNuM lIbaDI rAjya nIce hatuM ane tyAM kArabhArI tarIke ghelAzA hatA. I. sa. 1825 mAM harisiMhanuM avasAna thatAM emanA putra bhejarAjajI 4 thA gAdIe AvyA. I. sa. 1837 mAM bhejarAjajInuM akALa avasAna thatAM emanA bALaputra harabhamajI 2 ja gAdInA vArasa banyA. 1856 mAM 18 varSanI juvAna vaye harabhamajI 2 jAnuM aputra mRtyu thatAM emanA nAnA bhAI phatehasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA. I. sa. 1862 mAM phatehasiMhajInuM paNa yuvAvasthAmAM avasAna thatAM emanA putra jazavaMtasiMhajI lIMbaDInA ThAkera banyA. jazavaMtasiMhajInI sagIrAvasthAne lIdhe zarUAtamAM emanI mAtA haribAIe, e pachI kepTana je. e. laiIDe ane tyAra pachI thoDA samaya mATe prasiddha sudhAraka zrI karasanadAsa mULajIe lIMbaDInA vahIvaTakartA tarIke kAmagIrI bajAvI. jazavaMtasiMhajIe rAjakoTanI rAjakumAra kolejamAM zikSaNa lIdhA pachI enA prinsipAla mi. beMkanATana sAthe iMglenDa ane yuropanI musApharI karI. I. sa. 1877mAM emane svataMtra vahIvaTanI sattAo seMpavAmAM AvI. emanA samayamAM lIMbaDI

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138 briTiza kANa rAjya zikSaNa Arogya khetIvADI vagere kSetramAM ghaNI pragati sAdhI. I. sa. . 1884 mAM muMbaI rAjyanI lejisleTiva kAunsilanA sabhya tarIke be varSa mATe emanI nimaNUka thaI hatI. I. sa. 1887 mAM teo IglenDanI rANInI jyubilI' mAM bhAga levA iMglenDa gayA tyAre emane ke. sI. AI. I. ne IlkAba ApavAmAM Avyo hate. I. sa. 1907mAM emanuM mahAbaLezvara mukAme aputra avasAna thatAM emanI IcchA pramANe emanA eka dUranA sagA delatasiMhajI I. sa. 1908 mAM lIMbaDInI gAdIe AvyA. e daramyAna vacce eka varSa aMgrejone vahIvaTa rahyo hate. delatasiMhajI jAmanagara rAjyamAM azvadaLanA uparI hatA ane emanI zaktio vize aMgreja adhikArIone ghaNo sAro abhiprAya hate. dolatasiMhae prajAkalyANanAM kArya karavAnI nIti cAlu rAkho temAM kArabhArI zrI jhaverabhAI amIne emane ghaNI madada karI hatI. 3 3. vAMkAnera rAjasAheba caMdrasiMhajIne rAjyamAM avAranavAra kAThIo lUMTaphATa karatA tethI emane sajA karavA emaNe kAThIonA gAma sudAmaDA upara humale karIne ene lUMTayuM hatuM. I. sa. 1839 mAM rAjasAheba caMdrasiMhajInuM avasAna thatAM emanA putra vakhatasiMhajI emanA uttarAdhikArI banyA. teo dhArmika prakRtinA hatA ane emaNe somanAtha dvArakA vagerenI yAtrA karIne tyAM meTI rakama dAnamAM ApI hatI. emanA moTA putra jazavaMtasiMhajInuM emanI hayAtImAM avasAna thayuM hatuM, tethI rAjasAheba vakhatasiMhajInA mRtyu (I. sa. 1860) pachI jazavaMtasiMhajInA putra banesiMhajI vAMkAneranI gAdIe AvyA. I. sa. 1881 ne jUnamAM rAjasAheba banesiMhajInuM 39 varSanI uMmare avasAna thatAM emanA be varSanA putra amarasiMhajI gAdInA vArasa banyA. emanI sagIrAvasthA daramyAna kAThiyAvADanA paliTikala ejanTanI dekharekha nIce zrI gaNapatarAva ena. lADe vahIvaTa calAvyA hatA. 24 zrI amarasiMhajIe rAjakoTanI rAjakumAra kelejamAM 9 varSa sudhI abhyAsa karIne I. sa. 1897mAM ramatagamata mATe gArDana silvara meDala meLavyA hatA. 25 I. sa. 1898mAM iMglenDanI mulAkAta lIdhA pachI I. sa. 1889mAM emane saMpUrNa vahIvaTI sattAo suparata karavAmAM AvI. I. sa. 1900-1901 nA chappaniyA dukALamAM emaNe prajAne sArI rAhata ApI, che khetIvADI zikSaNa udyoge vepAra vagerene vikAsa karyo, prajAne rakSaNa tathA salAmatI ApyAM. emanA lAMbA amala daramyAna vAMkAnera rAjya ghaNe vikAsa sAthe.

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samakAlIna riyAsata 4, vaDhavANa ThAkara jAlamasiMhajInI sagIrAvasthA daramyAna emanI mAtA bAIrAjabAe emanA vatI vahIvaTa calAvyo hato. I. sa. 1827 mAM ThAkora jAlamasiMhajInuM bharajuvAnImAM avasAna thatAM emanAM bALaputra rAjasiMhajIne gAdIe besADavAmAM AvyA, paraMtu bALarAja vatI vahIvaTa calAvavAnI sattA mATe rAjasiMhajInI mAtA bAjIrAjabA ane emanA pitAnI mAtA bAIrAjabA (vahu ane sAsu) vacce jhaghaDo thayo, jemAM bAjIrAjabAne vijaya thayo. I. sa. 1875 mAM ThAkara rAjasiMhajInuM avasAna thatAM emanA pautra (caMdrasiMhajInA putra) dAjIrAjajI gAdInA vArasa banyA. I. sa. 1883 mAM emaNe kAThiyAvADanA madadanIza piliTikala ejanTa mi. Dana sAthe iMglenDa tathA yuropanI mulAkAta lIdhI. I. sa. 1885 mAM dAjIrAjajInuM aputra mRtyu thatAM emanA nAnA bhAI kALubhA uphe bAlasiMhajI vaDhavANanI gAdIe AvyA.8 bAlasiMhajIe lagabhaga 25 varSa rAjya karyA pachI I. sa. 1910 mAM emanuM aputra avasAna thayuM. e pachI emanA kAkA becarasiMhajInA putra jazavaMtasiMha gAdInazIna banyA. 29 4 guhila vazanI riyAsato 1. bhAvanagara A rAjyanuM kSetraphaLa 7,407 co. ki. mI., 1921 mAM vastI 426,404 ane vArSika Avaka rU. 86,55,628 hatI. - I. sa. 1816mAM ThAkora vajesiMhajI gAdIe AvyA hatA. I. sa. 1817 mAM saurASTramAM AvelA vaDodarAnA madadanIza resiDenTa kepTana belenTAIna sAthe emaNe jUnAgaDha rAjyane apAtI "joratalabInI rakama nakkI karI hatI. emanA samayamAM khumANa kAThIo sAthenA jhagaDA cAlu rahyA. kuMDalAnA hAdA khumANe 1821 mAM bhAvanagara rAjyanAM be gAma bhAMgIne bahAravaTuM zarU karyuM. jogIdAsa khumANa, ghele khumANu vagere bhAIo sAthamAM hatA. jetapura ane cItaLanA kAThI darabAro A bahAravaTiyAne sAtha ApatA hatA tethI bhAvanagaranI phariyAda uparathI jetapura darabAra mULuvALAne aTakamAM laIne enA rAjya upara japtI mUkavAmAM AvI. keTalAka khumANene jetapura darabAre pakaDI rajU karyA hatA, paNa jogIdAsa vagere gIramAM chaTakI gayA hatA. emanA bahAravaTAne aMta 1829 mAM Avyo. jogIdAsanI nekI ane enA zIlane enI kSAtravRttine ane enI khAnadAnIne saurASTranA lekakavioe bhAre biradAvI che. I. sa. 18para mAM vajesiMhajInuM mRtyu thatAM emanA

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briTiza kALa 140 pautra (mATA putra bhAvasa'hajInA putra) akherAjajI gAdIe AvyA. I. sa. 1854 mAM akherAjajInu` aputra maraNu thatAM emanA nAnA bhAI jazavaMtasi MhajI gAdIe AvyA. emanA samayamAM gaurIzaMkara uddayazaMkara ojhAe bhAvanagara rAjyanA dIvAna tarIke sAru kArya karyuM". I. sa. 1869 mAM jazavaMtasi MhajInu avasAna thatAM I. sa. 1878 sudhI emanA putra takhtasiMhajInI sagIrAvasthA daramyAna gaurIza Mkara ojhA ane I. eca. parsivalanI saMyukta dekharekha nIce vahIvaTa cAlyA. e pachI ThAra takhtasihajInI sagIrAvasthA pUrI thatAM emane saMpUrNa vahIvaTI sattAe sAMpavAmAM AvI. ThAkAra takhtasihajInA samayamAM Adhunika sagavaDA dAkhala karavAmAM AvI. I. sa. 1877 mAM dukALa--rAhatanA pagalA tarIke vaDhavANu-bhAvanagara relavenuM kAma hAtha upara laI I. sa. 1880 mAM relave khullI mUkavAmAM AvI. gaurIza Mkara ojhA rAjyanI 50 varSanI sevA karyA pachI I. sa. 1879 mAM nivRtta thayA. emanA pachI zAmaLadAsa mahetA bhAvanagara rAjyanA dIvAna banyA. I. sa. 1884 mAM zAmaLadAsa kaeNlejanI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. 1893 mAM takhtezvara mahAdevanuM ArasanuM maMdira baMdhAyuM, ijanera sImsanA mArgadana nIce pIpAvAva urphe vikaTara baMdara bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM, I. sa. 1896 nI 29 mI janyuArIe ThAkaeNra takhtasi MhajInuM avasAna thatAM emanA putra bhAvasiMhajI 2 jA emanA uttarAdhikArI banyA. emanA samayamAM I.sa. 1896 nA plegamAM 1900 nA plegamAM ane dukALamAM lekAne sArI rAhata ApavAmAM AvI hatI. I. sa. 1909 mAM emane mahArAjA' nA ilkAba ApavAmAM AvyA tathA prathama vizvayuddhamAM emaNe aMgrejone karelI madada badala emanI salAmI vadhArIne 15 tApAnI karavAmAM AvI hatI. bhAvanagara saurASTranuM eka agraNI rAjya banyuM. I. sa. 1919 nI 17 mI julAIe bhAvasiMhajI 2 jAnuM avasAna thatAM emanA putra kRSNakumArasiMhajI emanA uttarAdhikArI banyA, 70 2. pAlItANA I. sa. 1820 mAM pAlItANAnA ThAra unaDajInA mRtyu pachI emanA putra kAMdhAjI 4 thA gAdIe AvyA. bhAvanagara rAjya sAme bahAravaTe nIkaLanAra jogIdAsa khumANane emaNe mahda karI hatI. emanA samayamAM I. sa. 1836 mAM menapuranA bahAraviTayA sAphUla siyAe enA sAgarIto sAthe zatruMjaya paryaMta paranAM jaina madirA lUMTatAM kAMdhAjIe e samayanA kAThiyAvADanA peliTikala ejanTa mi. blainane jANu karatAM, plaeNne sArdUla khasiyAne pakaDIne ene 10 varSanI sakhata kedanI sajA karI hatI. kAMdheAjI 4thA nuM I. sa. 1840 mAM avasAna thatAM emanA putra nAMdhaNujI

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samakAlIna riyAsatA 11 4 thA gAdInA vArasa thayA. emaNe karakasara karIne hemacaMda vakhatacaMda nAmanA vaipArInuM rAjyanuM devuM bharapAI karyuM . I. sa. 1860 mAM noMdhaNujI 4 thAnuM avasAna thatAM emanA putra pratApasihajI pAlItANAnA ThekAra banyA. pratApasiMhajIe yuvarAja-avasthAmAM sAruM kAma karyuM." hatuM, paraMtu rAjA tarIke e peAtAnA vicArane amalamAM mUke te pahelAM I. sa. 1860 mAM ja emanuM mRtyu thayuM ane emanA putra surasiMhajI 17 varSanI juvAna vaye gAdInA vArasa banyA. emaNe rAjyane samRddha banAvavA bhagoratha prayAsa karyo. I. sa. 1885 mAM emanuM mRtyu thatAM emanA moTA putra mAnasi MhajI pAlItANAnA ThAkAra banyA. emaNe rAjakoTanI rAjakumAra kaoNlejamAM zikSaNa lIdhu hatuM.71 I. sa. 1905 mAM ThAkora mAnasiMhajInuM avasAna thatAM emanA putra bahAdurasa hajI 5 varSanI uMmare gAdIe AvyA. emanI sagIrAvasthA daramyAna vahIvaTI samitinI dekharekha nIce rAjyanA vahIvaTa cAlye,72 5. khAmI vaMzanI riyAsata 1. junAgaDha A rAjyanuM kSetraphaLa 8,643 cA. ki. mI. ane 1921 mAM vastI 4,65,493 ane vArSika Avaka rU. 66,34,127nI hatI. e briTiza sarakArane khaMDaNI peTe rU. 28,394 ane gAyakavADane pezakaza rUpe rU. 37,210 ApatuM hatuM, jyAre ene saurASTranI 137 riyAsatA pAsethI rU. 92,421 'joratalakhI' tarIke maLatAM hatA. I. sa. 1811 mAM navAba banelA bahAdurakhAna 2 jAe I. sa. 1840 sudhI rAjya karyuM. emanA samayamAM jamAdAra umare karelA baLA kampanI sarakAranI madadathI zamAvavAmAM AvyA hatA ane enA badalAmAM navAbe dhAghA dholerA dhaMdhukA ane rANapura tAlukAomAM joratalabI ugharAvavAnA adhikAra I. sa. 1819 mAM IsTa InDiyA kaMpanIne suparata karyA hatA. A navAbanA samaya daramyAna raghunAthajI, suMdarajI zivajI ane gAvi jI jhAlAe dIvAna tarIke kAma karyuM... hatuM. I. sa. 1840 mAM bahAdurakhAna 2 jAnA avasAna pachI emanA putra hamIdakhAna 2 ja navAba banyA. emanA samayamAM mAMgALanA zekhe baLavo karatAM IsTa inDiyA kampanInA kula jaeNkabe mAMgarALa kabaje karIne enA zekha pAse I. sa. 1842 mAM pharIthI jUnAgaDhanI sattAne svIkAra karAvyA hatA. I. sa. 1851 mAM navAba hamIddakhAna 2 jAnu' kSayarAgamAM mRtyu thatAM emanA nAnA bhAI mahAbatakhAna 2 jA rAjagAdInA vArasa anyA.73 emanA amala daramyAna

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142 " briTiza kAla anaMtajI amaracaMda vasAvaDA, zeTha DuMgarazI devazI, gokuLa saMpatarAma jhAlA ane jamAdAra sAleha bina sAleha hindIe divAna tarIke kAmagIrI bajAvI hatI. navAbanA sALA bahAuddInabhAI vajhIra hatA. jUnAgaDha rAjyanI svataMtra sikkA pADavAnI sattAne briTiza sarakAre svIkAra karyo hato ane tethI A navAbanA samayamAM dIvAnazAhI korI, tAMbAnA dokaDAo ane senAna karI jevA sikkA jUnAgaDhanI TaMkazALamAM pADavAmAM AvyA hatA. I. sa. 1873 mAM bahAdurakhAnajI hAIskUla sthapAI.74 I. sa. 1882 mAM mahAbatakhAna 2 ja jannatanazIna thatAM emanA putra bahAdurakhAna 3 jA emanA uttarAdhikArI banyA. emaNe rAjakoTanI rAjakumAra kelejamAM zikSaNa laIne vahIvaTataMtrane anubhava meLavyA hatA. emanA samayamAM saradAra haridAsa bihArIdAsa desAInI dIvAna tarIke ane puruSottamarAyA suMdarajI jhAlAnI nAyaba dIvAna tarIke nimaNUka karavAmAM AvI hatI. A navAbanA samayamAM "IjArA paddhati" tathA "jamAdAra paddhati nAbuda karavAmAM AvI ane bahAravaTiyA kAdu makarANIne jera karavAmAM Avyo. navAbanA mAmA bahAuddInabhAI vajhIra tarIke cAlu hatA. I. sa. 1892 mAM navAba bahAdurakhAna 3 jAnuM avasAna thayuM. emane pAMca patnIe hevA chatAM koI puruSa vArasadAra na hovAthI emanA pachI emanA nAnA bhAI rasulakhAna navAbanI gAdIe AvyA. emanA amala daramyAna cunIlAla sArAbhAI hajharata, haridAsa bihArIdAsa, zyAmajI kRSNa varmA, saradAra becaradAsa desAI, sara abbAsaalI bega ane mi. kurezIe jUnAgaDhanA dIvAna tarIke kAmagIrI bajAvI hatI, jyAre bahAuddInabhAI A samaye paNa vajhIra tarIkenI kAmagIrI saMbhALatA hatA. I. sa. 1897mAM lega tathA I. sa. 1900 mAM duSkALane lIdhe ghaNI khuvArI thaI hatI. I. sa. 1897 mAM bahAuddIna keleja sthapAI.75 33 navAM gAma vasAvavAmAM AvyAM. I. sa. 1911 mAM navAba rasUlakhAnanuM mRtyu thatAM emanA sagIra umaranA putra mahAbatakhAna 3 jI navAba banyA. emanI sagIrAvasthA daramyAna eca. DI. renDAle vahIvaTadAranI kAmagIrI saMbhALI hatI.98 6, anya dhapAtra riyAsate ' taLa-gujarAtanI tathA kaccha-saurASTranI mukhya riyAsatane TUMka vRttAMta upara AlekhAya che tenA anusaMdhAnamAM cethA varga sudhInI anya riyAsatanI mahatvanI ghaTanAonuM vihaMgAvalokana karIe.

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samakAlIna riyAsatA 1. lakhatara-jhAlA kuLanA ThAAra pRthvIrAjajI (1803-35) pachI emanA putra vajerAjajI 2 jA gAdIe AvyA te 1846 mAM vajerAjajInuM avasAna thatAM emanA putra karaNasi'hajI gAdIe AvyA tyAre e traNa mAsanI uMmaranA hatA. emaNe 1907 mAM lakhataramAM miDala skUla sthApI, 77 143 2. cUDA-jhAlA kuLanA DhAkAra haThIsiMhajI 1820mAM avasAna pAmyA. emanA uttarAdhikArIe.mAM abhayasiMhajI 2 jA (1820-29), rAyasiMhujI (1829-44) ane bahecarasaMhujI (1844-1908) nA zAsanakAla daramyAna kaMI noMdhapAtra banAva banyA nathI. bahecarasiMhajI pachI emanA sadgata putra mAdhavasiMhujInA putra jorAvarasaMhajI (1908-20) gAdIe AvyA 78 3. sAyalA--ahIMnA jhAlA kuLanI riyAsta 18mI sadInA madhyamAM sthapAI hatI. sthApaka zekhAjI--zeSAbhAI (mR. 1794) pachI vikramAtajI (mR. 1813), madArasiMhajI (mR. 1837), zeSAbhAI 2 jA--bApajI (mR.1839) ane kezarIsiMhajI kramazaH gAdIe AvyA. kezarIsiMhajInA rAjyakAlamAM khetIvADImAM ghaNA sudhArA thayA ne rAjyanI jamIna-mahesUlamAM ghaNI vRddhi thaI. bahAravaTe caDelA bhAyAta ne jIvatA pakaDavAmAM AvyA ne emane janmakedanI sajA thaI. emanA mRtyu (1882) bAda emanA kuvara vakhatasihajI gAdIe AvyA. emanA samayamAM sAyalA- jorAvaranagara relave lAinanuM kAma zarU thayuM. emane va` 2 nI sattA prApta thaI. 19 mI sadInA AraMbhamAM ahIM lAlajI bhagata nAme vaNika saMta thayA. emanI eTalI khyAti prasarI hatI ke emanA nAma parathI sAyalAne prAyaH bhagatanuM gAma' tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che.79 4. mULI-se!DhA paramAra kuLanA DhAkAra rAmeAbhAI pachI vakhatasi'hajI gAdIe eDA, e aputra mRtyu pAmatAM emane gAdIvAraseA emanA bhAI saratAnajIne maLyA, je 1894mAM mRtyu pAmyA. tyAre emanA pATavI kuMvara hiMmatasiMhajI sagIra vayanA hatA; pukhta vayanA thatAM emaNe 1902 mAM sattA saMbhALI. emanA avasAna (1905) bAda emanA kuvara harizcaMdrasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA. e sagIra vayanA hAI 1918 sudhI riyAsataneA kArabhAra ejansInA maeNnejamenTa saMbhALyo.87 5. dAMtA-ArAsurI aMbAjInA madira tathA kuMbhAriyAnAM derAsarA mATe jANItA A sthaLe paramAra kuLanA mahArANAnI sattA pravata`tI hatI. mAnasiMhajInA mRtyu (1800)pachI emanA bhAI jagatasa`hajI gAdIe AvyA hatA. mahArANA ane emanA bhAyAtA vacce bhAre saMdha rahetA hateA. kampanI sarakAre 1820 mAM dAMtAmAM thANuM besADayuM. jagatasiMhajI aputra hAI potAnA bhAI nArasiMhajInA putrane

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14 briTiza kAra dattaka levA mAgatA hatA, paraMtu nArasiMhajI emAM sahamata na thatAM jagatasiMhajI emanA para zaMkAzIla rahyA. jagatasiMhajInuM mRtyu thatAM nArasiMhajI gAdIe beThA (1823). emaNe dAMtAmAM no mahela baMdhAvya ne pitAnA nAma parathI nAragaDha nAme gAma vasAvyuM. 1836 mAM udepuranA rANA javAnasiMhajI aMbAjInI yAtrAe AvyA tyAre emaNe tyAM nArasiMhajIne mulAkAte belAvelA. nArasiMhajI 1847 mAM mRtyu pAmatAM kuMvara jAlamasiMhajIe emanI chatrI baMdhAvI, jAlamasiMhajI 1848 mAM gAdIe beThA. 1853 mAM jodhapuranA mahArAjA takhtasiMhajI AbunI yAtrA karavA AvyA tyAre emane mulAkAte teDAvelA. 1857nA svAtaMtra saMgrAma vakhate mahArANA jalamasiMhe briTiza sarakArane madada karelI. teo 1859 mAM mRtyu pAmyA. emane gAdIvArase emane sagIra putra saradArasiMhajIne maLyo, paraMtu e cha mAsamAM mRtyu pAmatAM enA kAkA harisiMhajI gAdIe AvyA (1860). harisiMhajIe jAlamasiMhanI chatrI baMdhAvI. vaLI puMjapuramAM 1861 mAM meTuM zivAlaya baMdhAvyuM, 1866mAM mAtAjInA mArga para be vAva karAvI, keTezvara mahAdevanuM maMdira sudharAvyuM ne dAMtAmAM 1876 mAM moTuM maMdira baMdhAvyuM. harisiMhajI 1877mAM mRtyu pAmyA ne pATavI kuMvara jazavaMtasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA (1878). emaNe pitAnI chatrI karAvI. emaNe mahIkAMThAmAM aphINa aMgene baMdebasta karavAmAM briTiza sarakArane sakriya madada karI. 1884 mAM sirohInA mahArAva aMbAjInI yAtrA karavA jatAM dAMtA AvelA. muMbaI sarakAra taraphathI keTalAka vakhatathI emane mATe "rANAjI biruda lakhAtuM te sudharAvI "mahArANAjI' karAvyuM (1886). sAdarAmAM TheTa koleja sthApavAmAM mahArANAe agrima phALe Ape. emaNe dAMtAmAM navI vAva baMdhAvI gabara para caDavAnAM pagathiyAM baMdhAvyAM.81 1896 mAM mahArANAne bIjA varganA rAjavI tarIkenI padavI pAchI maLI. jazavaMtasiMhajI rAjyataMtranI tamAma vigata jAte jotA ne bhale sAthe kaDaka hAthe kAma letA. teo 1908 mAM mRtyu pAmatAM emanA jayeSTha kuMvara hamIrasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA. prathama vizvayuddha vakhate emaNe briTiza sarakArane ghaNuM udAra phALo ApelA. 6. sUtha (saMta, saMtarAmapura)-paramAra kuLanA rAjA kezarIsiMhajI 1819mAM avasAna pAmyA. kalyANasiMhajInA rAjyakAlanA prathama varSe (1819) siMdhiyAnA lazkare saMtha para caDAI karI. sara jona mAlakane vacce paDI e lazkarane pAchuM kADhayuM. 1825 mAM revAkAMThA ejansI sthapAtAM sUthanuM rAjya emAM dAkhala karAyuM. kalyANasiMhajI(1818-35)nA mRtyu (1835) bAda bAlavayanA bhavAnIsiMhajI (1875-54) gAdIe AvyA. IzAnamAM AvelAM gAmanA bhIlanA upadrava sAme rakSaNa karavA sarahada para "phategaDhI' (phatehane killo) nAme kile.

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samakahIna zviAsa 145 baMdhAvya; vaLI briTiza sarakArane tyAM thANuM besADavuM paDeluM. bhavAnIsiMhajI 187ra mAM 40 varSanI vaye akALa mRtyu pAmyA. emanA sagIra vayanA dattaka putra pratApasiMhajIe pukhta vayanA thatAM 1880mAM sattAnAM sUtra saMbhALyAM. emanI hayAtI bAda jorAvarasiMhajI nAme dattaka kuMvarane rAjyAbhiSeka thaye (1896). pukhta vayanA thatAM emaNe 1902 mAM sattA saMbhALI.3 7. lAThI-hila kulanA ThAkaranI A riyAsata 14 gAmanI nAnI bina-salAmatI riyAsata hatI. sAraMgajInI 22 mI peDhIe lAkhAjI thayA. emaNe lAThI pradezanA lekene upadrava karatA kAThIone vaza karyA. lAkhAjI pachI emanA moTA putra dAjIrAja uphe amarasiMha gAdIe AvyA, paraMtu e thaDA vakhatamAM mRtyu pAmyA. emanI gAdI emanA nAnA bhAI takhtasiMhajIne maLI. emanA pATavI kuMvara bhAvasiMhajI abhyAsakALa daramyAna akALa avasAna pAmyA hoI emane uttarAdhikAra bhAvasiMhajInA nAnA bhAI surasiMhajIne maLe (I. sa. 1886) tyAre e 12 varSanI vayanA heI ejansIe rAjyano kArabhAra maeNnejamenTane soMpyo. pukhta vayanA thatAM 1895 mAM emaNe rAjyane kArabhAra pitAnA hastaka lIdhe. ThAkara sUrasiMhajI kavi "kalApI" tarIke gujarAtI sAhityamAM nAmAMkita che. kalApIne kekArava'mAM emanAM aneka hRdayadrAvaka kAvya prakAzita thayAM che, jemAMnA hadayatripuTI'mAM pati kalApI, patnI ramA ane preyasI zobhanA vacce praNayatrikoNa AbehUba nirUpAya che. teo 1900 mAM 26 varSanI vaye akAla mRtyu pAmyA. emanA pachI emanA putra pratApasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA. emanI sagIra vaya daramyAna ejansI taraphathI menejamenTa nimAyuM hatuM. pukhta vayanA thatAM 1911 mAM emaNe sattAnAM sUtra hAthamAM lIdhAM.84 8 jasadaNa-khAcara kAThI kulanA vAjasUra(mR. 1810)nA uttarAdhikArI cele khAcara 2 jAnA mRtyu (185ra) pachI emanA kuMvara AlA khAcara 2 ja rAjA thayA. 1897mAM aMgreja sarakAre emane sI. esa. AI.ne khitAba Ape. kAThIomAM pitAnI milakata sahu putrane sarakhe bhAge ApavAnI prathA hatI tene badale jyeSThAdhikAranI prathA emanA samayathI briTiza sarakAre cAlu karelI. AlA khAcaranA mRtyu pachI emanA pATavI kuMvara oDhA khAcara gAdIe AvyA (1904), ne emanA mRtyu (1912) bAda emanA kuMvara vAjasUra khAcara gAdIe AvyA. ha, choTAudepura-khIcI cauhANa kulanA rAyasiMhajI 1819mAM mRtyu pAmyA ne emanA kuMvara pRtharAjajI 2 ja gAdIe AvyA. 1822 mAM gAyakavADa 10.

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146 briTiza kAha sarakAre choTAudepuranuM potAnuM Adhipatya briTiza sarakArane suparata karyuM ne gAyakavADane apAtI khaMDaNIne AMkaDe mukarara karAvyuM. pRthurAjajI aputra heI emanI gAdI emanA pitarAI bhAI gumAnasiMhajIne maLI (1822). teo paNa aputra mRtyu pAmatAM (1851) emane vArase emanA bhatrIjA jitasiMhajIne prApta thayo. 1858 mAM tAtiyA Topee choTAudepura lUMTayuM; briTiza sarakAranI lazkarI TukaDIe enI lazkarI TukaDIne tyAMthI vikherI nAkhI. mahArAvaLa jitasiMhajIne mRtyu (1881) bAda emanI gAdI emanA pATavI kuMvara metasiMhajIne maLI emanA pachI emanA kuMvara phatesiMhajI gAdIe AvyA (1895). emanI sagIra vaya daramyAna ejansIe eNDaminisTreTara nI. pukhta vaye pahoMcatAM 1903 mAM phatesiMhajIne sattAnAM sUtra sopAyAM. 10. bAriyA-devagaDha bAriyAmAM paNa khIcI cauhANa kulanA rAjavaMzanI sattA pravartatI hatI. mahArAvaLa gaMgadAsajI 2 ja(mRtyu 1819)nA kuMvara pRthurAjajI 2 jA sagIra vayanA heI 1824 thI tyAM ejansIe nImelA kArabhArIne vahIvaTa rahyo. e varSe sAlamazAhInI khaMDaNanI rakama paNa karAvavAmAM AvI. pRthurAjajInA mRtyu (1864) bAda emanA kuMvara mAnasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA. emanI sagIra avasthA daramyAna rAjyakArabhAra barAbara na cAlatAM aMgreja sarakAre 1865 mAM tyAM jatI mUkI, pukhta vayanA thatAM mAnasiMhajIe sattA saMbhALI lIdhI (1876).e 1908mAM mRtyu pAmyA ne emanI gAdI emanA pATavI kuMvara raNajitasiMhajIne maLI. 7 11. luNAvADA-vIrapurA solaMkI kulanA rAjA pratApasiMhanI gAdI emanA bIja kuMvara phatesiMhajIe kabaje karI (1803). aMgreja sarakAranI madhyasthI mAraphata siMdhiyAne bharavAnI khaMDaNI nakkI thaI (1818). 1820mAM A rAjya mahIkAMThA ejansImAM mukAyuM, paNa 1825 mAM ene revAkAMThA ejansImAM dAkhala karAyuM. phatesiMhajInA mRtyu (1849) bAda emanA dattaka putra dalapatasiMhajI gAdIvArasa thayA, paNa e sagIra avasthAmAM 1851 mAM akAla mRtyu pAmyA ne dalasiMhajI nAme bhAyAtane dattaka laI gAdIvArasa tarIke svIkAravAmAM AvyA. teo 1867mAM aputra mRtyu pAmyA. rANuM metIkuMvarabAe sAta varasanA vakhatasiMhajIne dattaka lIdhA ane emane gAdI maLI. emanI sagIra vaya daramyAna briTiza sarakAre rAjyane saghaLo kArabhAra pitAne hastaka lIdhe. 1880mAM pukhta vayanA thatAM vakhatasiMhajIne sattA soMpAI. 1889 mAM briTiza sarakAre emane ke. sI. AI. I.'(nAITa kamAnDara oNpha dhI inDiyana empAyara)ne khitAba Ape. emanA samayamAM arvAcIna luNAvADAne pAye nakhAya. emanI lakavA-avasthA daramyAna emanA pATavI

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samakAlIna riyAsate kuMvara raNajitasiMhajIe vahIvaTa saMbhALe. emanAM mAtA svarUpakuMvarabAe varadharI tAlukAmAM "svarUpa sAgara" nAme sarovara baMdhAvyuM. sajajanakuMvarabAe saMskRta pAThazALA, sajajanakuMvarabA hAIskUla ane satyanArAyaNanuM maMdira baMdhAvyAM.88 12, vAMsadA-selaMkI kulanA rAjA udayasiMhajI 1829mAM avasAna pAmyA. emanI rANIoe pitarAI hamIrasiMhajIne dattaka lIdhA, je tyAre deDha varasanA hatA. emanI sagIra avasthA daramyAna briTiza sarakAre vahIvaTa saMbhALyuM ne 1852 mAM pukhta vayanA thayelA hamIrasiMhajIne saghaLe rAjya kArabhAra soMpe. hamIrasiMhajI 1861 mAM apurA mRtyu pAmyA ne emanA kuTuMbanI zAkhAnA gulAbasiMhane gAdIvArase maLyA. emane vahIvaTa ghaNe lekapraya hatA. emanA mRtyu (1876) bAda 11 varSanA kuMvara pratApasiMhajI gAdIe beThA. emanI sagIra avasthA daramyAna agreja sarakAre vahIvaTa saMbhALe. 1885 mAM pratApasiMhajIne sattAnAM sUtra suparata thayAM. emaNe vAMsadA ane bIjAM sthaLoe moTAM taLAva khodAvyAM hatAM. vaLI prajAhitanAM bIjAM aneka kAma karyA hatAM, jemAM zikSaNanI tathA pharatA davAkhAnAnI savalate khAsa beMdhapAtra che. emanA pachI emanA pATavI kuMvara mahArAvaLa iMdrasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA (1911). pitAnA rAjyakALa daramyAna emaNe zikSaNa khAtAmAM ghaNuM sudhArA karyA hatA.89 13. dharamapura-sisediyA kulanA mahArAjA vijayadevajInA samaya (18071857) daramyAna rAjyane mAthe ghaNuM karaja thaI jatAM muMbaI sarakAre vacce paDI devuM vALavAnI goThavaNa karelI. vijayadevajI pachI emanA kuMvara rAmadevajI 3 jA gAdIe beThA (1857), paNa e 1860mAM mRtyu pAmyA ne kuMvara nAraNadevajI gAdI para beThA. emaNe nyAyanI adAlatamAM sudhAro karyo ne keTalAka julamI kara dUra karyA. vaLI paragaNuM ijAre ApavAne rivAja rada karyo. raiyatanI AbAdI mATe tathA vidyA ane sAhityanA vikAsa mATe emaNe ghaNI kALajI rAkhelI. emanA pachI emane pATavI kuMvara mohanadevajI gAdIe AvyA (1890). emaNe rAnIparaja kemamAM zikSaNane baheLA prasAra karavA mATe ThekaThekANe nizALe sthApI ne navA vidyAthIone kapaDAM tathA cepaDIe mata ApavAno prabaMdha karyo. vaLI mohanagaDhamAM eka hunnara-zALA sthApI. dharamapurathI valasADa javAnI saDaka para Avate valaMDIne pula samarA temaja svargavAhinI nadI para lelI pula karAvya (1994). vaLI dhArmika pae thatI pazuhiMsAnI baMdhI pharamAvI. suratanI prajAe A zubha kArya mATe emanuM jAhera bahumAna karyuM (1894). mohanadevajIe dharamapuramAM darabAra hola tathA mehanavilAsa pelesa temaja DuMgara para mohanagaDha nAme pramoda-bhavana baMdhAvyuM. emanI prazastirUpe "mehana-sudhAkara nAme graMtha racAya hate.*

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briTiza kAya 14. pATaDI--1820 mAM agreja sarakAra ane pATaDI darabAra vacce keTala karAra thayA. darabAre mIThAnA agara uparanA peAtAnA saghaLA hakka cheADI dIdhA. kaDavA pATIdAra desAI kulanA darabAra vakhatasiMha 1829 mAM avasAna pAmyA pachI risa ujI (1829-36), kuberasi'hajI (1836-46), jorAvarasiMhajI (1846-75) ane hiMmatasiMhajI(1875-84)nA amala pravarto. hiMmatasiMhajI aputra mutyu pAmatAM rAjavArasA emanA bhAI sUrajamalajIne maLyA. e thA vanA saradAra gaNAtA. 91 149 15. mAMTavA-mANAvadara-saradAragaDha--jUnAgaDhanA zerakhAna bAbInA bhAI kleirakhAne mANAvadaranA ane zerajamAnakhAne gIdaDa(saradAragaDha)-bAMTavAne vahIvaTa alaga karyAM hatA (1770) ne zerajamAnakhAnanA putra edala khAne bAMTavAne vahIvaTa alaga pADayo hatA (1812), bAMTavAmAM edalakhAnajI pachI mahamadakhAnajI, zeraSula dakhAnajI, zerakhAnajI (1856-89), rustamakhAnajI vagere tAlukadAra thayA. mANAvadaramAM dilerakhAnane vAraso kramazaH saradArakhAnajI, gajanakkhAnajI 1 lo, kamANuddInakhAnajI 1 lA, nevarakhAnajI, gajanapharakhAnajI 2 jA (mR. 1887) ane tehajaMgakhAnajIne maLyA, gIdaDanuM nAma 1898 mAM 'saradAragaDha' rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. tyAM zerajamAnakhAnajInA khIjA sAhebanadA mukhatyArakhAnajI(mR. 1811)nI zAkhA pravataeNlI, emanA pautra nathukhAnajI pachI emanA putra sAhAmatakhAnajI gAdIvArasa thayA (1867). emAM emanA nAnA bhAI anavarakhAnajI bhAgadAra TharyA hatA. 92 16. mAMgarALa--ahIM 1748 mAM zekhamiyAMe peAtAnI sattA sthApI hatI. emanA va'zanA zekha badaruddIna pachI emanA putra khAvAmiyAM (1815-23) takhtanazIna thayA. aputra khAvAmiyAM pachI emanA nAnA bhAI zekha khaDAmiyAM gAdIe AvyA. 1846 mAM makarANIoe mAMgareALa para dhADa pADI rAjamahela lUMTayo. AnuM vaLatara aMgreja ejansIe jUnAgaDha pAsethI apAvyuM, kemake jUnAgaDha rAjye ene madada karavAnA karAra karelA hatA. 1864 mAM mAMgaroLamAM adAlata sthapAI, DAmiyAM gujarI jatAM emanA meATA putra zekha bApumiyAM gAdIe AvyA (1874), emane vArasA emanA nAnA bhAI husemiyAMne maLyA (1879), emanI sagIra avasthAmAM 'greja ejansIe mAMgarALanA vahIvaTa saMbhALelA, husenamiyAMnA samayamAM kArabhArI cheTAlAla zivajIe mAMgarALanu` rAjakIya badhAraNa navI paddhatinuM bAMdhI ApyuM. 1907 mAM husenamiyAM aputra gujarI jatAM emanA nAnA bhAI jahAMgIramiyAMne gAdI maLI. emanA samayamAM kaeNrAnezana hAIskUla sthapAI (1912) 93

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samakAlIna riyAsata 17. khaMbhAtaminakhAna 2 jAnA vakhata(1748-83)thI ahIM navAbI sthira thaI hatI. vasaInI saMdhithI pezavAe khaMbhAtane lagatA pitAnA saghaLA hakka aMgreja sarakArane suparata karI dIdhA hatA (1800). 1818 mAM briTiza sattA gujarAtamAM daDha thatAM khaMbhAtamAM jude resiDenTa rAkhavAnI prathA baMdha thaI ne kheDA jillAnA kalekaTarane khaMbhAta rAjyane poliTikala ejanTa TharAvavAmAM AvyuM. e vakhate phatehaalIkhAna (1780-1823) khaMbhAtanA navAba hatA. phatehaalI khAna aputra gujarI jatAM emanA pachI emanA bhAI baMdaalIkhAna takhtanazIna thayA. emane vArase emanA bhAI yAvaraalIkhAnane maLe, paNa emaNe gAdIne hakaka pitAnA zAhajAdA husena yAvarakhAnane ApI dIdho (1841). 1853 mAM mIThAnI jakAta nAkhI ne rAjyanI hadamAM rahelA mIThAnA agara baMdha karavAmAM AvyA. 1880mAM lAMbuM rAjya karI navAba husenayAvarakhAna jinnatanazIna thayA. emanA pachI emanA vaDA zAhajAdA japharaalIkhAnanavAba (1880-1915) thayA. 1881 mAM mIThA ane aphINa pakavavAnuM kAyama mATe baMdha karavA aMge tathA aphINanA vecANa aMge aMgreja sarakAra sAthe karAra thayA. 1884-85 mAM briTiza hiMdanI jema khaMbhAta rAjyamAM jakAtanA dara nakkI karavAmAM AvyA. 1888mAM khaMbhAta rAjyamAM mukta vepAra-rojagAranI chUTa thaI. 1889 mAM zeparDa mArakITa thaI. 1890 mAM dIvAna zAmarAva nArAyaNa lADa sAme lekae hulaDa macAvyuM, ene dAbavA mATe kheDA jillAnA kalekTaranI madada levI paDelI. aMgreja sarakAre khaMbhAtane vahIvaTa pitAne hastaka lIdhe ne 1894 mAM dIvAna tarIke zrI mAdhavarAya vyAsanI nimaNUka karI rAjyAdhikAra navAbane pAchI soMpyA. 1890 mAM khaMbhAta darabArI gejheTa zarU thayuM. 1892 mAM sudharAI sthapAI. 1893 mAM nyAyamaMdiranuM navuM makAna baMdhAyuM temaja keneDI hospiTala thaI. 1898 mAM jhanAnA hospiTala thaI. 1901 mAM khaMbhAtanI TaMkazALa baMdha thaI. 1901 mAM peTalAda-khaMbhAta relave nAkhI ene ANaMda-peTalAda relave sAthe joDavAmAM AvI. 1908 mAM khaMbhAtamAM kApaDa vaNavAnI mila sthapAI. 1911 mAM khaMbhAtI nANAnuM calaNa baMdha thayuM.94 18 sacIna-sacInanA navAba sIdI musalamAna che. jaMjIrA(kAMkaNu)nI jAgIra emane 15 mI sadImAM maLelI. 1790 mAM briTiza sarakAre emanA vaMzaja bAlumiyAMne jaMjIrAnA badalAmAM sacInanI jAgIra ApI. tyArathI A vaMzanI rAjadhAnI sacInamAM thaI. navAba ibrAhIma mahaMmada yAkutakhAna(182-1853)nA samayamAM rAjyanuM devuM vadhI jatAM aMgreja sarakAre rAjyane vahIvaTa pitAne hastaka lIdhe. navAba abdulakarImakhAna(1853-1869)ne 1859 mAM aMgreja sarakAre rAjya pAchuM sopyuM. pachI ibrAhIma mahaMmada yAkUtakhAna 2 jA takhtanazIna thayA. e

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150 briTiza kANa 1873 mAM gujarI jatAM emanA vaDA zAhajAdA abdulakAdara gAdI para beThA. emaNe pitAnA sagIra zAhajAdA ibrAhImakhAnanI tarapheNamAM gAdItyAga karyo. emanI sagIra avasthA(1889-1907)mAM aMgreja sarakAre rAjyakArabhAra saMbhALe. navAbe zAhajAdA najara alI khAnane navAbapada ApyuM.95 19. piLe (pachIthI vijayanagara)-IDaranA pahelA rAThoDa vaMzanA chellA rAjA caMdrasiMha paDozanA jAgIradAra ThAkaranA satata upadravathI kaMTALI poLe cAlyA gayA tyAre tyAM pratihAra kulanA emanA sasarA rAjya karatA hatA. paLe pAsenA sarasava gAmamAM sasarAne nimaMtraNa ApI dagAthI mArI nAkhyA ne paLenI gAdI, kabaje karI tyAM pitAne vaMza sthApe (1720). emanA vaMzaja pahADasiMhajI pachI emanA putra navalasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA (1859). emanI hayAtI bAda emanA kAkAnA dIkarA hamIrasiMhajI rAjA thayA (1864). piLAnAM havApANuM sArAM rahetAM nahi hovAthI hamIrasiMhajInA vakhatathI rAjyakartA ghoDAdaramAM darabAragaDha bAMdhI tyAM rahetA thayA. emanA mRtyu bAda pATavI kuMvara pRthvIsiMhajI sagIra vaye gAdIe beThA. (1889).16 emaNe pukhta vayanA thatAM 1893 mAM sattAnAM sUtra saMbhALyAM. teo 1905 mAM aputra avasAna pAmyA, AthI emane gAdIvArase emanA nAnA sAvaka bhAI bhUpatasiMhajIne maLyA (1906). bhUpatasiMhajInA moTA bhAI mobatasiMhajIe paLAnI gAdI parane hakka tajI daI IDara tAbAnI verAbara jAgIra saMbhALI. AgaLa jatAM emane e uparAMta paLe riyAsatanI gAdIne vAraso paNa prApta thayo (1913).. mahebatasiMhajI 1914mAM mRtyu pAmyA.97 20mohanapura-mohanapura(hAla tA. prAMtIja)ne ThAra rahevara rAjapUta hatA. e caMdrAvatInA paramAra rAvanA kulanA hatA. emanA pUrvaja jasapALa caMdrAvatIthI 1227mAM haDola AvI vaselA. emanI teramI peDhIe pRthurAja thayA. emaNe dhaDavADAmAM riyAsata sthApI. hAlamAM ThAkara harisiMhe gAdI sthApI. emanA pachI pabAjI, sahAjI, hIMgoLajI, gaMgadAsa ane munadAsa nAme eka pachI eka rAjA thayA. hIMgoLajInA kuMvara rAjasiMhajIe raNusaNamAM judI gAdI sthApI. hIMgoLajInA bhatrIjA gaMgadAsanA putra munidAsajIe mohanapura vasAvI tyAM rAjadhAnI karI. munadAsajI pachI mane haradAsajI, seDhasiMhajI, dalIjI ane jitasiMghajI kramazaH gAdIe AvyA. pachI jAlamasiMhajIne gAdIvArasa maLe (1764), paNa e aputra hAI emanA pachI emanA bhAI abhesiMhajI gAdIe AvyA (1784). e 1793 mAM aputra maraNa pAmyA ne saraDoI(tA. moDAsA)nA ThAkora hidusiMghajI mohanapuranA ThAkora thayA (1795). 1801 mAM emanI hayAtI bAda emanA putra sAlamasiMhajI

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samakAlIna riyAsatA gAdIe AvyA. mahIkAMThA ejansInA samayamAM rAjasiMhajI pachI dAlatasiMhajI (1850) ane emanA pachI umedasiMhajI gAdIvArasa thayA. pachI 1882 mAM hiMmatasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA. emanI sagIra avasthA daramyAna 12 varSa ejansInA vahIvaTa rahela. pukhta vayanA hiMmatasihajInA geravaDIvaTanA kAraNe ejansIe 1905 mAM vahIvaTa peAtAne hastaka lIdhA.98 151 ra1. mAlapura--mAlapuranA ThAkrAra IDaranA jUnA rAThADa rAvanA vaMzanA hatA. e vaMzanA vAsiMhajIe 1466 mAM mAlapuramAM gAdI sthApI hatI. vAghasiMhajI pachI gAviMdasiMhajI, pUjA, udekaraNajI, jagatisaMhajI, jetasiMhajI, aneApasiMhajI ane bhImasiMhajI gAdIe beThA (1601-172 6). bhImasi MhajIe mAlapurane pharatA killA badhAvyA. 1763 thI ahIM. bhImasihajInA putra rAula iMdrasihajI rAjaya karatA hatA. emanA samayamAM mAlapura upara gAyakavADa sarakAranA ghAsadANAnA lAgA zarU thayA. 1781 mAM rAyasiMhajI, pachI emanA bhAI karaNusi hajI, pachI 1787 mAM kizArasiMhajI, pachI jAlamasiMhajI, pachI takhatasiMhajI, pachI khumAnasiMhajI ne pachI zivasi MhajI gAdIe AvyA (1864). 1816 thI IDaranA mahArAjAne! khIcaDIverA lAgu paDayo hatA. zivasiMhajI pachI emanA putra dIsa hajI gAdIe beThA (1882). emanI sagIra avasthAmAM ejansInA vahIvaTa rahelA. dIpasiM'hajI 1914 mAM mRtyu pAmyA ne jasavaMtasiMhajI gAdIe beThA.Ta rara. ahamadanagara-ahamadanagara pahelAM iDara rAjyanA bhAga hatuM. mahArAjA zivasiMhe (1742-91) e peAtAnA khIjA putra saMgrAmasiMhane suparata karyuM, saMgrAmasiMha pachI limisaMha gAdIe AvyA. pachI gAdIvArase emanA dattaka putra pratApasi Mhane maLyA. pachI karIsiMha gAdIe AvyA. e 1835 mAM mRtyu pAyA ne aMgreja adhikArIenI takedArI chatAM emanI rANIe satI thaI. A kuprathA rada karavAnI zarate 1836 mAM pRthvIsiMhajIne gAdI ApavAmAM AvI, emanuM 1839 mAM avasAna thayuM. pRthvIsi MhujInA nAnA bhAI takhtasiMhajInI samajAvaTathI pRthvIsiMhajInI vidhavA satI na thaI. pRthvIsiMhajIne bAla kuMvara akALa mRtyu pAmatAM gAdI takhtasiMhane maLI (1841). 1843 mAM jodhapuranA rAjA aputra mRtyu pAmatAM takhtasiMhane tyAMnI gAdI ApavAmAM AvI, AthI ahamadanagaranI riyAsata IDara rAjyamAM bheLavI devAmAM AvI (1848).100 23. mANasA-cAvaDA vaMzanA sAmaMtasihanA putra ahivatanA vaMzaja sUrisaMhe rAjagAdI aMbAsaNu(hAla tA. mahesANA)mAMthI mANusA (tA. vijApura) khaseDI hatI (1609). A vazanA cAvaDA vanarAja cAvaDAnA vaMzanA chellA

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15ra briTiza kaha rAjA sAmaMtasiMhanA putra ahipatanA vaMzaje hevAnuM manAya che. sUrasiMhajI pachI pratApasiMha, vacharAja, pRthvIrAja, pratApasiMha, parvatasiMha, nahArasiMha, phatesiMha, jerAjI, bhImasiMha ane rAjasiMha (mR. 1886) rAjA thayA pachI emanA bhAI kesarIsiMha (mR. 1889) gAdIe AvyA. emanA putra takhatasiMhajI 1889 mAM gAdIe AvelA. emanI sagIra avasthA daramyAna ejansIe kArabhAra saMbhALela. takhasaMhajIe pukhta vayanA thatAM 1897 mAM vahIvaTa saMbhALI lIdhe.101 24, Ilela-jhAlAonI zAkhA gaNutA makavANuM rAjapUtomAMthI utpanna thaye hevAne dAvo karatA harapALanA bIjA kuMvara vijayapALanA vaMzaja vizALa lIMbodarAnA ThAkora sAthe saMbaMdha bAMdhI keLI gaNAyA. emanA vaMzaja vAghAjIe 1596 mAM ilelamAM pitAnI rAjadhAnI sthApI. AgaLa jatAM ThAkora nAhArasiMhajI pachI dIpasiMhajI ane vakhatasiMhajI rAjA thayA. vakhatasiMhajInI sagIra avasthA daramyAna ejansIe maeNnejamenTa nImeluM. pukhta vayanA thaI kArabhAra saMbhALyA bAda emaNe ghaNuM sudhArA karyA, emane trIjA varganI riyAsatane darajajo maLyA (1887), aputra vakhatasiMhajI pachI emanA pitarAI bhAI mAnasiMhajI ThAkara thayA (1898). teo nirakSara hovAthI adAlatI adhikAra sAbarakAMThA thANadArane hastaka rahyA. mAnasiMhajI pachI emanA putra vajesiMhajI gAdIe AvyA (1902), emanI sagIra avasthA daramyAna ejansInuM maeNnejamenTa rahyuM (1916 sudhI).102 25. raNAsaNa-A saMsthAnanA ThAkora rahevara rAjapUta hatA. emanA pUrvajo caMdrAvatI jAgIranA rAvanA kuTuMbI hatA. A riyAsatanA sthApaka rAjasiMhajI hatA. emaNe IDara rAjyanI sArI sevA karelI. emaNe raNAsaNa vasAvI tyAM rAjadhAnI karI. emanA putra ane uttarAdhikArI sUrasiMhajIe meDAsA ane prAMtIjanA tephAnI bhIlene vaza karelA. emanA pachI saravarasiMhajI, adesiMhajI ane bhAratasiMhajI kramazaH vArasadAra thayA. pachI khumAnasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA (1768). emanA putra makanasiMhajI (1802-28)nA samayamAM briTiza sarakAra sAthenA saMbaMdha baMdhAyA. pachI rAyasiMhajI (1828-38) ane emanA pachI emanA kAkAnA dIkarA lAlasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA. aputra lAlasiMhajI (mR. 1842) pachI emanA pitA nAhArasiMhajI ane emanA pachI emanA kAkAnA dIkarA saratAnasiMhajIne gAdI maLI. pachI emanA kuMvara vajesiMhajI (1845-79) pachI emanA kuMvara hamIrasiMhajI (1879-80), ne pachI emanA kAkAnA dIkarA kizorasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA (1890). emanA mRtyu (1914) bAda pRthvIsiMhajI nAme bhAyAta rAjavArasa TharyA.03

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samakAlIna riyAsato 15 26 varaseDA-tyAMnA ThAkara mANasAnA cAvaDA rAvaLanA bhAyAta hatA. A cAvaDA pitAne vanarAja cAvaDAnA vaMzaja sAmaMtasiMhanA putra ahipatanA vaMzaja gaNAve che. ahipate meragaDha(kaccha)mAM gAdI sthApI. emanA vaMzaja pUjAjIe pahelAM dhArapura(pAlaNapura tAbe)mAM ne pachI aMbAsaNamAM rAjaya sthApyuM. emanA putra mahesAjIe mahesANu vasAvyuM. emanI cothI peDhIe jesiMhajI thayA. emanA putra sUrajamalajIne varasaDAnI jAgIra maLI, paNa e prAyaH mahesANAmAM rahetA hatA. emane pAMcamA vaMzaja gaMgajI thayA. teo aputra hatA. e vi. saM. 1565(I. sa. 1507-08)mAM varasaDA AvI vasyA, jyAM emane AzakaraNacha nAme putra thayA. AzakaraNajInA putra rAmasiMhe rAmapura vasAvyuM. emanI pAMcamI peDhIe bhImasiMha thayA temaNe bhImanAtha mahAdeva sthApyA. pachI badasiMha, ratanasiMha, motIsiMha ane kizorasiMha nAme rAjA thayA. kizorasiMha pachI emanA putra sUrajamalajI gAdIe AvyA (1881). emaNe 1918 sudhI rAjya karyuM. 104 27 pethApura-karNa vAghelAnA putra jetA ane varasiMha hatA temaNe anukrame kalela ane sANaMdamAM pitAnI gAdI sthApI hatI. kalolanI zAkhAmAMthI rUpAlanI peTAzAkhA thaI. tyAMnA sAvaMtasiMhajInA nAnA kuMvara semezvarane kolavaDA vagere 14 gAma maLyAM. semezvaranA pautra cAMdejInA putra himALAjI thayA. emaNe pitAnA mAmA pathujI gehilane mArI emanuM sekhaDA laI lIdhuM. satI thayelI mAmInI sUcanA anusAra emaNe mAmA pithAjInA nAma parathI sekhaDAnuM nAma pethApura" rAkhyuM ne rAjagAdI tyAM rAkhI. himALAjI jenAthI dasamI peDhIe thayA. emanA pachI navamA rAjA pUje 156 mAM gAdIe AvelA. emanA pachI dasamA rAjA hiMmatasiMhajI thayA. emanA sagIra putra gaMbhIrasiMhajI pukhta vayanA thatAM 1892 mAM takhtanazIna thayA. emanA mRtyu bAda ceDA divasamAM emanAM ThakarANune kuMvara ja temanuM nAma phatesiMhajI rakhAyuM. emanI sagIra avasthAmAM ejansInuM menejamenTa raheluM. 105 28. punAdarA-ahIMnA rAjyakartAonA pUrvaja pahelAM makavANA rAjapUta hatA, pachIthI IslAma svIkArI molesalAma thayelA. jhAlA harapALe pATaDImAM gAdI sthApI, emanA vaMzaja dhrAMgadhrAmAM sattArUDha thayA. emanA AThamA kuMvara bApujInA vaMzaja harisiMhajI keLInI kanyA sAthe lagna karI makavANuM koLI thayA. pachI emaNe sulatAna mahamUda begaDAnI nokarImAM rahI, IslAma svIkArI mAMDavAnI jAgIra prApta karI (1473). emAMthI AtarasuMbAnI zAkhA thaI. e zAkhAnA jorAvarasiMhajIjerAmiyAM pAsethI 1804 mAM gAyakavADa sarakAre AtarasuMbA laI lIdhuM tepaNuM

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154 siTiza kAha punAdarA vagere gAma emanA kabajAmAM rahevA devAmAM AvyAM tyArathI A vaMzanI rAjagAdI punAdarAmAM thaI. jorAvarasiMha pachI nahArasiMha-nahAramiyAM (mR. 1840), amarasiMhajI (mR. 1865) ane abhayasiMha gAdIe AvyA. 29 khaDAla-jhAlA kulanA harapALe pATaDImAM gAdI sthApelI. emanA putra bApujInA vaMzaja harisiMhanA putra jamAlamiyAM thayA. emanA samayamAM mAMDavAnI ane AtarasuMbAnI zAkhAo thaI. hAjImiyAMnA nAnA kuMvara vajesiMhajIe khaDAla saMsthAnanI sthApanA karI. pachI sUrasiMhajI, rUpasiMhajI, jagatasiMhajI, saradArasiMhajI, hiMmatasiMhajI ane kezarIsiMhajI rAjA thayA. kezarIsiMhajIe azAMtinA samayamAM aMgreja sarakArano Azraya lIdhe hatuM (1812). emanA mRtyu (1822) bAda emanA kuMvara delatasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA, paNa e che varSa rAjya bhogavI 1828 mAM mRtyu pAmyA. emanA pachI phatehasiMhajI (1828-47), saradArasiMhajI (1847-84) ane surasiMhajI (1884thI) rAjavArasa thayA. 07 30. ghoDAsara-vAtrakakAMThAmAM AvelI A riyAsatanA ThAranA pUrvaja buMdelakhaMDathI gujarAta AvelA. e vaMzanA mayAjIe bharaDAmAM gAdI sthApI hatI. emanA vaMzaja suMdarajIe gherAsaramAM rAjadhAnI karI. AgaLa jatAM dAdAsAheba 1 lA. ThAkora thayA. emanA samayamAM mahIkAMThA ejansI sthapAI (1821). emanA putra jAlamasiMhajIe jAlamapurA vasAvyuM. emanA vakhatamAM A riyAsata mahIkAMThAmAMthI kheDA jillAmAM mukAI. pachI dalapatasiMhajI ane ajabasiMhajI thayA. emaNe be ajabapurA vasAvyAM. emanA pachI emanA pautra sUrajamalajI gAdIe AvyA (1855). 1868 mAM A riyAsata pAchI mahIkAMThAmAM mukAI. emanA kuMvara dAdAsAheba 2 jA 1883 mAM gAdIe AvyA. aputra dAdAsAhebanA avasAna (1912) pachI emanA nAnA bhAI ratanasiMhajI thoDA samayamAM gujarI gayA. A vaMzanA rAjA mULamAM rAjapUta hatA, paNa kALI kanyAone paraNatAM DAbhI thayA hatA" 31, kaTosaNa-tyAMnA ThAra makavANuM kaLI kulanA hatA. kacchanA rAjA dezara makavANAnA maraNottara putra harapALajIe kaNa vAghelAnI hAra thayA bAda pATaDImAM rAjagAdI sthApI. emanA vaMzaja jhAlA makavANuM kahevAyA. harapALajInA vaDA kuMvare kaTosaNa pAsenA sAMthalamAM gAdI sthApI. emanA nAnA bhAInA vaMzaja dhrAMgadhrA, vAMkAnera, lIMbaDI, vaDhavANa, sAyalA, cUDA vagere sthaLoe rAjya karatA thayA. enAthI nAnA bhAIe IlelamAM rAjya sthApyuM. sAMthalamAM khAnAjI nAme pratApI pUrvaja thayA. emaNe mahamUdazAha begaDAnA rAjyamAM upadrava karatA kALA bhIlane mArI nAkhI bAdazAhane prasanna karyo ne kaTosaNunI AjubAjunAM 84 gAma prApta karyA. emaNe

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samakAlIna riyAsatA 155 sAMthalathI gAdI kaTosaNa khaseDI. emanI dasamI peDhIe ThAkora jasavaMtasiMhajI thayA. emanA pachI harapALajI, harakhAjI, nArAyaNajI ane rAyasiMhajI nAme Thakera gAdIe AvyA. pachI ajabasiMhajIe (laga. 1747) kaTosaNanuM rAjya ghaNuM vadhAryuM. emanA vakhatamAM marAThAoe kaTosaNa para caDAI karI khaMDaNI lIdhI. ajabasiMhajIe jodhapuranA mahArAjA vakhatasiMhajI tathA emanA bhAI abhayasiMhajIne madada karI prasanna karelA tethI teoe emane ghaNI bakSisa ApelI, jethI emanI khyAti vadhI hatI. rAdhanapuranA navAbane IDaragaDha paranA AkramaNamAM madada karavA badala ajabasiMhajIe IDaranA mahArAvane rUpiyA sATha hajArano daMDa bharavo paDe. sUrajamalajIe gAyakavADa phatehasiMharAvane prasanna karelA, paraMtu bALa vayanA banesiMhajInA vakhatamAM malhArarAva gAyakavADe kaTosaNa kabaje karyuM ne lUMTAvI dIdhuM. thoDA vakhatamAM gAyakavADa sarakAre malhArarAvane vaza karI banesiMhajI(mR. 1818)ne kaTosaNa pAchuM apAvyuM. ThAkara rANAjInA samayamAM mahIkAMThA ejansI sthapAI (1822). teo lUMTArAone vaza karavAmAM ejansIne sakriya madada karatA hatA. khaMDerAva gAyakavADa pATaNa AvyA tyAre rANAjIe emane kaTosaNa AvavA nimaMtrI emanI sArI AgatA-svAgatA karI hatI. rANajI 51 varSa rAjya bhogavI 1869 mAM mRtyu pAmyA. pachI emanA kuMvara karaNasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA. emaNe 31 varSa rAjya karI pitAnI riyAsatanI AbAdI vadhArI. emanA pachI emanA pATavI kumAra takhtasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA (1901). 1911 mAM A riyAsatane trIjA vargane darajajo maLe 109 3raAMbaliyArA-vAtrakakAMThAmAM AvelA A saMsthAnanA rAjyakartA cauhANa rAjapUta hatA. sAMbharathI AvelA emanA pUrvaja kasanadAsane mughala bAdazAha taraphathI A tAluke 1619 mAM inAmamAM maLelo. pachI sabaLAjI (167389), rUpAjI (1689-1724), mAMdhAjI (1724-73) ane jhAlAjI (17731810) thayA. 198 mAM ahamadanagaranA mahArAva saMgrAmasiMhajI ane moDAsAnA mahArAjA jAlamasiMhajIe AMbaliyArA para humalo karyo tyAre tyAMnA ThAkora jhIlAnA pratApI kuMvara bhAthIjIe ene pAcho haThA vele. 1808mAM emaNe aSAnaMdarAva gAyakavADa sAthe saMdhi karI. jhAlAjI pachI 1810mAM bhAthIjI, 1814 mAM nAthasiMhajI ane 1838 mAM amarasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA. pachI 1876 mAM jAlamasiMhajI ThAkora thayA, paNa e sagIra vayanA hAI ejansIe vahIvaTa saMbhALyo. 1879 mAM ThAra pukhta vayanA thatAM emane pUrNa sattA maLI. emane vahIvaTa lokapriya hate. dukALanA vakhate emaNe prajAne ghaNI madada karelI. 1908 mAM emanA putra kezarIsiMha sattArUDha thayA.110

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briTiza ha. 33 sudAsaNA-dAMtAnA paramAra mahArANuM rAjasiMhajInA bhAI jasAjIne sudAsaNanI jAgIrI maLI hatI. jasa pachI emanA pATavI kuMvara saradArasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA. emanA pautra amarasiMhajIe dAMtAnuM eka paragaNuM jItI lIdheluM ne zeDo vakhata dAMtA upara paNa kabaje karela. pachI phatesiMhajI ane emanA pachI mahebatasiMhajI gAdIe AvyA. emaNe 1804 mAM gAyakavADa saunyane pAchuM haThAvela. emanA trIjA putra parabatasiMhajIne 60 varSanI vaye gAdI maLI (1845) ne emanA pachI emanA kuMvara takhtasiMhajI gAdIe beThA (1885). emane vArase emanA pATavI kuMvara pRthvIsiMhajIne maLyA (1900). tyAre A riyAsata pAMcamA varganI gaNAtI; 1919 mAM A riyAsatane cethA vargane darajajo prApta thaye. 111 34. tharAda-tyAM pahelAM paramAranuM ne pachI cauhANenuM rAjya hatuM. 13 mI sadInA AraMbhamAM e mulatAnI musalamAnenuM paragaNuM thayuM. 18 mI sadInA AraMbhamAM ahIM pahelAM pAlaNapuranI ne pachI rAdhanapuranI ANa pravatI. 1759 mAM A jAgIra meravADAnA khAnajIne maLI. e vAghelA saradharA zAkhAnA hatA. khAnajI pachI emanA pATavI kuMvara AnaMdasIMgajI rAjA thayA (1786). ThAkara harabhamajIe 1819 mAM lUMTArAo sAme aMgreja sarakAranI lazkarI madada mAgI ne enI sAthe karAra karyA. 182 mAM karaNasIMgajI gAdIe AvyA, ne 1859 mAM emanA pautra kheMgArasIMgajIne gAdI maLI. 1892 mAM emanA kuMvara abhesIMgajI gAdIe AvyA.112 abhesIga pachI dalitasiMhajIne gAdI maLI (1910). emanA vakhatamAM tharAdamAM eMglo-varnAkyulara skUla ane zrI dolatasiMhajI lAIbrerI sthapAI. meravADAmAM trIkama jIvarAja davAkhAnuM zarU thayuM (1913-14).113 35. kaDANA-jhAledanA paramAra vaMzanA rAjA jAlamasiMhajI 2 jAnA kuMvara saMte 1255 mAM saMtha(saMta)mAM potAnI gAdI sthApI hatI. emanA bhAI lImadevajIe sUthanI uttare kaDANuM vasAvI tyAM riyAsata sthApI. A mulakamAM bahAdura ane jorAvara bhIla lekenI vastI hovAthI AjubAjunA keAI rAjA enI upara khaMDaNa lAdI zakyA nahi. kaDANane haMmezAM suMtha, DuMgarapura ke vADAzinera sAthe saMgharSa thayA karate. ThAkara parabatasiMhajInA samayamAM sthanA rAjA bhavAnIsiMhajIe kaDANA para pitAnI adhisattA hovAno dAvo karele, paNa piliTikala ejanTe ene alaga ane svataMtra TharAveluM (1871). parabatasiMhajInuM mRtyu thatAM (1889) emanA dattaka kuMvara chatrasAlajI gAdIe beThA. emanI sagIra avasthAmAM ejansIne vahIvaTa rahele. e pukhta vayanA thatAM 1901 mAM emane sattAnAM sUtra soMpAyAM.114

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samakAlIna riyAsatA 10 36. bhAdaravA-karNa vAghelAnA vaMzaja jetAe kalolamAM ane varasiMhe sANaMdamAM riyAsata sthApI. jetAjInA vaMzaja lUNukarajIe anagaDha (vAsada pAse) jItI laI tyAM rAjadhAnI karI. AgaLa jatAM tyAMthI jAsapura (1483), tyAMthI bahIdhara (1677) ane tyAMthI bhAdaravA (vAsada pAse) rAjadhAnI khasI. bhAdaravAnA pahelA ThAkara udayasiMhajI 1772mAM gAdIe AvelA. emane pitAnAM mA sAthe TaMTe thavAthI e bhAdaravA AvI rahyA. emanA pachI 1781 mAM dalapatasiMhajI, 1783 mAM pratApasiMhajI, 1825 mAM jAlamasiMhajI, 1840mAM saradArasiMhajI, 1879 mAM adesiMhajI ne 1888mAM phatesiMhajI gAdIe AvyA. bhAdaravA pAMDa mevAsanI sahuthI moTI riyAsata hatI ne e cethA varganI gaNAtI.115 37, saMjelI--ahIMnA ThAkora sonagaDhA cauhANa kulanA rAjapUta hatA, je ajameranA cauhANa rAjA pRthvIrAjanA vaMzaja gaNAtA. A kulanA chatrasAlajIe. citaDathI AvI rAjapura(pachI bAriyA tAbe)mAM gAdI sthApI. emanA vaMzaja saradArasiMhajIne mArI devagaDha bAriyAnA rAjAe emanA rAjyane keTaloka mulaka lIdhe. saradArasiMhajInA kuMvara bahAdurasiMhajIe pitAnI bApIkI jAgIra pAchI meLavI. teo 1796 mAM gAdIe beThA. bAriyAnA rAjA jazavaMtasiMhajI sAthenI laDAImAM teo marAyA ne emanA putra jagatasiMhajI gAdIe beThA. emaNe pitAnI rAjadhAnI saMjelImAM rAkhI. e "pUMchaDiye rAjA' tarIke oLakhAtA. emanA vakhatamAM aMgreja sarakAre vacamAM paDI saMjelI ane bAriyA vacce samAdhAna karAvyuM hatuM. 1858 mAM jagatasiMhajI apurA maraNa pAmyA ne emanA dattaka putra pratApasiMhajIne gAdI maLI. teo 1901 mAM mRtyu pAmyA. emanA pATavI kuMvara raNajitasiMhane geravartaNUkanA kAraNe gAdInA vArasAmAMthI bAtala karavAmAM AvyA ne bIjA kuMvara puSpasiMhane ThAkAranI padavI prApta thaI (1903). teo 1914mAM pukhta vayanA thaI sattA dharAvatA thayA. A riyAsata agAu cethA vargamAM hatI te AgaLa jatA pAMcamA vargamAM mukAI 116 38 ajANajhAlAvADamAM AvelI A riyAsata jata jAtinA susalamAna rAjAonA tAbe hatI. emanA pUrvajo balucistAna-makarANamAMthI AvIne pahelAM siMdhamAM vaselA ne tyAMthI kaccha thaI jhAlAvADa AvelA. gujarAtanA sulatAna mahamUda begaDAne pAvAgaDha paranI caDAImAM A ja lekae sArI madada karelI tenA badalAmAM teonA saradAra hedajIne bajANu sAthenAM 24 gAma inAmamAM maLelAM. A mulaka "nAnI jatavADa' tarIke oLakhAya che. mughala kAlamAM A tAlukAnA bhAyAte vacce bhAga paDI gayA, emAM bajANu maleka haidarakhAnane

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158 - briTiza kANa bhAga AveluM. jata leke baMDa ane cerI karavA mATe paMkAyelA hatA. 180607 mAM kAThiyAvADamAM karnala vakare khaMDaNInA AMkaDA nakkI karyA tyAre tyAM maleka haidarakhAnanA vaMzaja sujI (sarajamalajI) 3 jA rAjya karatA hatA. dariyAkhAna 2 jAnI hayAtI bAda 1841 mAM malekanasIbakhAnajI takhtanazIna thayA. nasIbakhAna (mR. 1902) pachI maleka jIvaNakhAnajIe 1903 thI 1920 sudhI rAjya karyuM.17 39. vIrapura-hAlAramAM AvelI A riyAsatanA rAjyakta jADejA rAjapUta hatA. navAnagaranA jADejA vaMzanA sthApaka jAma rAvaLanA putra vibhAjI(15631569)ne trIjA kuMvara bhANajIne navAnagara taraphathI keTalAMka gAma maLelAM te bhAroe choDI dIdhAM ne pote khareDInA musalamAna thANadAranA tAbAmAM jaI rahyo. khareDIne mULa jamInadAra kAThIone tyAMthI kADhI mUkyA ne emanI keTalIka jamIna hastagata karI. bhArAjI pachI sAtamI peDhIe makAjI uphe bApajI thayA, emaNe 176 6 mAM tyAMthI musalamAna thANadArane kADhI mUkyA ne khareDI pitAnA tAbAmAM karI lIdhuM. vaLI emaNe kAThI pAsethI vIrapura ane bIjAM be gAma chatI laI 13 gAmone tAluke bAM, ne pitAnI gAdI vIrapuramAM sthApI. mekejI pachI pAMcamI peDhIe surAjI thayA, e 1851 mAM gAdIe beThA.118 40. mALiyA-hAlAramAM macchukAMThAmAM AvelI A riyAsatanA rAjyakartA paNa jADejA rAjapUta hatA. morabInA jADejA vaMzanA mULa puruSa kAMjInA chaThThA kuMvara moDajIne macchukAMThAmAM pAMca ane vAgaDamAM keTalAMka gAma maLelAM. moDajIe morabInuM uparIpaNuM kADhI nAkhavAnA hetuthI siMdhathI miyANAone bolAvI pitAnAM gAmamAM vasAvyA. meDacha pachI nAthojI, bhImejI ane DosojI thayA. DesojIne morabInA rAjA jijIe dagAthI pakaDo keda karyA (18 02-03) tyAre miyANAoe merabI para humale karI emane choDAvyA. miyANIonI bhAre lUMTaphATane kAraNe aMgreja sarakAre 1810 mAM mALiyA para phoja melI, jeNe mALiyAne gaDha jamInadosta karI nAkhe. Deseja pachI emanA kuMvara satAjI gAdIe AvyA. emanA pachI emanA pautrA meDacha gAdIe AvyA (1866). mAthAbhAre tone vaza na karAtAM (1879-80) aMgreja sarakAre ThAra moDajI pAsethI emane cothA vargane ujadArI adhikAra laI lIdhe. kArabhArIoe sarakAramAM laDI e adhikAra pAchuM meLavyuM, paNa aMgreja sarakAre miyANA uparanI phojadArI hakumata pitAnA hAthamAM rAkhI ne miyANAmAM "mejisTreTa'nI nimaNUka karI. 119 kA. keTaDA sAMgANI-hAlAramAM AvelI A riyAsatanA rAjyakta jADejA rAjapUta kulanA hatA. enA mULa puruSa sAMgAjI gaMDaLanI jADejA zAkhA

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samakAlIna riyAsate nA mULa puruSa kuMbheLa 1 lAnA bIjA kuMvara hatA. emanA nAma parathI tAluke sAMgANI nAme oLakhAya. sAMgojI kAThIo sAthenI laDAImAM mAryA gayA (1999). emanA pachI tejojI (mR. 17ra7) thayA ne pachI jasojI. jasojInA vakhatamAM kAThI lokoe koTaDA kabaje kareluM, paNa gAMDaLanA kuMbhejInI madadathI jasAjIe e pAchuM jItI lIdhuM (1750). sAyalAnA rAjA seMsAbhAIe 1755 mAM jasojI para caDAI karI. laDAImAM jasAjI mAryA gayA. pachI emanA bhAI devajI gAdIe beThA. emanA kuMvara hAthIjInA samayamAM karnala vakaranA karAra thayA. hAthIjI lAbo vakhata rAjya karI 1812 mAM mRtyu pAmyA. emanA putra bhejarAjajIe 13 varSa (1812-25) rAjya karyuM. pachI bAmaNiyAjI (1825-38), sabaLajI (1838-40), merejI (1840-62) ane togAjI (1862-79) rAjA thayA. tegAjI dArU ane aphINanA bhAre vyasanI hatA. ne rAjyakArabhAramAM dhyAna ApatA nahi, AthI poliTikala ejanTe emane cothA vargamAMthI pAMcamA vargamAM utArI pADayA. pachI emanA kuMvara mULavojI gAdIe beThA (1878). emanI sagIra avasthA daramyAna ejansIe kArabhAra saMbhALelo. mULoe pukhta vaya prApta thatAM 1895 mAM vahIvaTa saMbhALyo.120 - 42, jetapura-taLa kAThiyAvADanA dakSiNa bhAgamAM AveluM A rAjya meryuM hatuM, paNa vALA zAkhAnI kAThI bhAgIdAremAM vaheMcAI gayuM hatuM. DhAMkanA vALA rAjA dhAna vALAne kuMvara verAvaLa kAThI kanyAne para ne enAmAMthI vALA, khumANa ane khAcara zAkhAo thaI. enA vaMzaja "sakhAvata kAThI (kulIne kAThI) gaNAyA. kAThIo pahelAM bAbariyAone kADhI thAnamAM rahyA. tyAMthI teo pitAnA mulakane vistAra karatA rahyA. 1760nA arasAmAM jUnAgaDhanA navAbe jetapura, bIlakhA ane dedaraDA tAlukA kAThIone ApI dIdhA. kAThIomAM badhA bhAIone sarakhA bhAge garAsa vaheMcavAne cAla paDyo hate. kuMDalA jetapura cItaLa jasadaNa vagerenA kAThIeAe cItaLamAM bhegA thaI bhAvanagara para caDAI karavA taiyArI karI (1792-93), tyAM te bhAvanagaranA rAjA vakhatasiMhe cItaLa para humalo karI e jItI lIdhuM. cItaLanA kaMpA vALA ane bIjA kAThIo jetapura AvatA rahyA. 179798 mAM vakhatasiMhajIe cotaLa kuMpA vALAne pAchuM soMpyuM. daramyAna kAThIoe jetapuramAM kille bAMdhI pitAnuM vaDuM mathaka tyAM rAkhyuM. 1804 mAM gAyakavADanA dIvAna bAbAjIe jetapura para humalo karI khaMDaNI lIdhelI. khumANane Azraya ApavA badala bhAvanagaranA rAjAnI phariyAda parathI kepTana bAvele jetapuranA mULa vALA vagere bhAgIdArone keda karI jetapura tAluko japta karyo.

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160 briTiza koha khumANene pakaDI bhAvanagaranA rAjAne havAle karavA kabUlAta ApatAM jetapuranA vALA bhAgIdAra chUTA thayA ne jetapura parathI japtI UThI gaI. vALA cAMparAjane pitAnI khUbasarata kanyA aMge samasakhAna sAthe saMgharSa thaye. samasakhAne jetapura jItI lIdhuM. kahe che ke jetapura cAMparAjanA bApanA dAdA jetajIe vasAvyuM hatuM. cAMparAjanA vaMzajoe e pAchuM jItI lIdhuM. jetapura rAjyamAM vALA zAkhAnI 15 ke 16 ke 19 tAlukadAra hatA, je badhA vALA nAjA desAnA vaMzanA hatA, emAMnA keTalAkane cethA vargane, keTalAkane pAMcamA vargane, ne keTalAkane chaThThA vargane adhikAra hatA. 21 tArIkhe soraThamAM jaNAvyuM che ke jUnAgaDhanA pahelA navAba bahAdurakhAna 1 lAe vALA vIrAne jetapura ApeluM, jyAre vALAonI anukRti evI che ke cItaLanA vALA vIrAnAe bagasarAnA vALAone madada karelI, tethI teoe vIrAne bagasarA ApeluM. kahe che ke jetapura mULamAM pahelAMnA vALAonA tAbe hatuM. teonA muslima sUbAo pAsethI balee meLaveluM ne baleca pAsethI e bagasarAnA vALAone maLyuM hatuM; ne vALA cAMparAja pAsethI e zarUkhAne jItI lIdheluM. vALA cAMparAjanA prapitAmaha jetejIe jetapura vasAveluM.12 pAdaTIpa 1. mAhitInI vigato mATe jue a. ge. zAha, bhArata rAjyamaMDaLa"; Bombay Gaz etteer, Vols. V, VI, VII, VIII & IX; na lA. dave, gujarAta sarvasagraha" ane "kAThIAvADa sarvasaMgraha; dha. hA. kaDAkA, kAThIAvADa DIrekaTarI'; dA. ra. zAha, "mahIkAMThA DirekaTarI'; ane pha. se. mAstara, pAlaNapura ejansI DIrekaTarI. 2. "kAThIAvADa DIrekaTarI', bhAga 1, pR. 67-69 3. jhAlAvADamAM 17 tAlukA vaDhavANa thANanA, 9 tAlukA ceTIlA thANAnA, 20 tAlukA bheIka thANunA, 4 tAlukA pALiyAda thANanA, 1 tAluko dasADA thANAnA ane 1 tAlukA viThThalagaDha thANAnA tAbe hate. 4. lodhIkA thANanA tAbe 14 ane dhrAphA thANunAM tAbe 4 tAlukA hatA. 5. bagasarA thANunA tAbe 3 ane lAkhApAdara thANAnA tAbe 19 tAlukA hatA. 6. gohilavADamAM 13 tAlukA senagaDha thANunA, 14 tAlukA bAbarA thANAnA, 10 tAlukA camAraDI thANAnA, 1 tAluke dAdA thANAnA ane 22 tAlukA ceka thANAnA tAbe hatA. 7. ratanajI pestanajI, 'kAThIAvADa DIrekaTarI, bhA. 4, pR. 178-151 8. varga 2 ane 3 nI kaI riyAsata na hatI. 9. pha. se. mAstara, pAlaNapura ejansI DIrekaTarI', graMtha 1, pR. 13-210 10. dA. re zAha, "mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI', bhAga 2, pR. 1-294 11, lA. ha. paramAra, revAkAMThA DIrekaTarI', . 1, pR. 5, 128-147

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samakAlIna sviAsa 12. A ejansImAM varga 3 nI kaI riyAsata na hatI. 13. Bombay Gazetteer. Vol.VI, p.1; revAkAMThA DIrekaTarI, bhA. 1, pR. 278-29; dA. re. zAha, "mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI', pR. 112-114 14. dha. hA. kaDAkA, "kAThIAvADa DIrekTarI', bhA. 1, pR. 270-278; dA re. zAha, "mahIkAMThA DirekaTarI', pR. 112-114. * 15. pha. se. mAstara, "pAlaNapura ejansI DIrekaTarI', . 1, pR. 14-15 16, lA. ha. paramAra, revAkAMThA DIrekaTarI', . 1, pR. 106-137 17. BG, Vol. VI, p. 233 18. mAhitInI vigate mATe juo James Campbell (ed.), Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. VII; narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara dave, "kAThIAvADa sarvasaMgraha; S. MasterF. S, 'Palanpur Agency Directory, Vol.IV; lA ha. paramAra, "revAkAMThA DirekaTarI District Gazetteer (DG): Vadodara, Sabarkantha, Surendranagar and Rajkot. 26. G. H. Desai and A. B. Clarke, Gazetteer of Baroda State, Vol. I, p. 494 20. Ibid, p. 500 21. Ibid; p. 504 22. D. G. Sabarkantha pp. 138-139. 23. D. G. Junagadh, pp. 160f. 28. F. A. H, Elliot, The Rulers of Baroda, pp. 96-97 24. R. L. Handa, History of Freedom Struggle in Princely States, pp. 28, 31, 32, 36-38 and 42 26. G. H. Desai and A. B. Clarke, op. cit., p. 534 27. Ibid, pp. 544, 547 28. Ibid, pp. 549, 550 29. Ibid, pp. 578, 581, 584 30. Ibid, pp. 584-585, 588, 594-95 31. Ibid., p. 597, 599-603. malhArarAvanI tapAsasamitinA sabhya baMgALanA cIpha jasTisa ricArDa kuca, ricArDa maDa, pI. esa. melavila, jayapuranA mahArAja, gvAliyaranA mahArAjA tathA sara dinakararAva hatA. 32. Ibid., pp. 604-605, 615. 33. lAdhAbhAI harajIbhAI paramAra, revAkAMThA DIrekaTarI', vai. 1, pR. 82, ve. 2, pR. 25-26 38. The Ruling Princes, Chiefs and Leading Personages in Western India States Agency. pp. 166-167 35. D. G. Banaskantha, pp. 108-109, 116-17; pha. so. mAstara, pAlaNapura ejansI DIrekaTarI), ve. 1. pR. 116-117 39 D. G. Sabarkantha on. 113-14

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briTiza koha 39. Markand N. Mehta and Manu N. Mehta, The Hind Rajasthan or the Annals of the Native states of India, p. 358 36. H. Wilberforce-Bell, The History of Kathiawad, p. 197 36. M. N. Mehta and M. N. Mehta, op.cit., p. 359 80. H. Wilberforce-Bell, op. cit., p. 224 41. Ibid, p 238 8. M. N. Mehta and M. N. Mehta, op. cit., pp. 357ff. 43. Ibid, pp. 360 ff. 44. Ibid, pp. 370 ft. 84. D. G. Jamnagar, pp. 86 f. 46. Aje paNa emanI smRtimAM "raNajI TrophI, krikeTa meca bhAratamAM dara varSe ramAya che. 89. M. N. Mehta and M. N. Mehta, op. cit., pp. 855 f. 8. D. G. Jamnagar, p. 96 49. bhagavAnalAla saMpatarAma, kAThiyAvADa ejansInAM dezI saMsthAne saMbaMdhI kelakarAra, dastAveja ane sanado', pR. 48-49. 50. D. G. Rajkot, p. 59 41. M. N. Mehta and M. N. Mehta, op. cit., pp. 896 ff. para. D. G. Rajkot, p. 60 53. Ibid, p. 61 48. M. N. Mehta and M. N. Mehta, op. cit., pp. 685 ff. 55. Ibid, pp. 113 ff. 50. maNibhAI verA, porabaMdara', pR. 20 57. D. G. Junagadh p. 191 46. C. Mayne, History of the Dhrangadhra State, p. 123 4. M. N. Mehta and M. N. Mehta, op. cit., pp. 323 ff. 4. D. G. Surendranagar, pp. 99 f. 1. mugaTalAla bAvIsI, gujarAta itihAsa saMdarbhasUci, khaMDa 7: gujarAtanA itihAsane lagatI vaMzAvaLIo', pR. 40 82. M. N. Mehta and M. N. Mehta, op, cit., p. 881 43. D. G. Surendranagar, p. 110 48. M. N. Mehta and M. N. Mehta, op. cit., pp. 914 f. 65. jasavaMtasiMha harisiMha TApariyA, "amaracaritra', pR. 44 66. ejana, pR. 50 67. A dukALa vi. saM. 1956 mAM paDelA hovAthI e samayanA loke ene chappaniyA dukALa tarIke oLakhAtA hatA. A dukALa ghaNe bhayaMkara hatuM ane emAM meTI saMkhyAmAM mAna tathA pazuo mRtyu pAmyAM hatAM. 3. M. N. Mehta and M. N. Mehta, op. cit., pp.907 ff.

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samakAlIna riyAsatA 69. mugaTalAla khAvIsI, upapyu kta, pR. 41 70. D. G. Bhavnager, pp. 74, ff. 71. M. N. Mehta and M. N. Mehta, op. cit, pp. 889 ff. 72. D. G. Bhavnagar, p. 87 73. zaMbhuprasAda haraprasAda dezAI, saurASTranA itihAsa", pR. 716 74. D. G. Junagadh, p. 682 75. Ibid., p. 683 76. Ibid, pp. 160 ff. 77. a. gA. zAha, 'bhAratarAjyama'DaLa', bhA, 2, pR. 220; D. G. Surendranagar, pp. 113, P. V. Mewfee, Ruling Princes of India, p. 209 78. bhArAma, bhA, 2, pR. 75; D. G. Surendranagar, p. 120 79, bhArAma, bhA. 2, pR. 260-261; Ibid., pp. 116 f., RPI, P. 251 80. ejana, pR. 202-203; Ibid., p. 112; RPI, p. 231 81. ejana, pR. 128 (51-58); 'mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI', pR. 104-114 82. D. G. Banaskantha, pp. 123 f. 83, bhArAma, bhA. 1, pR. 238-29; RPI, p. 260 84. bhArAma bhA, 2, pR. 222; RPI, p. 211 85. bhAgama, bhA, 2, pR. 83; RPI, p. 191 133 86. bhArAma, bhA. 1, pR. 223-224; RPI, p. 172., D. G. Vadodara, p. 124 87. bhArAma, bhA. 1, pR. 222-223; RPI, p. 160 88. bhArAma', bhA. 1, pR. 230-232, RPI, p. 215; D. G. Panch Mahals; pp. 137 ff. 89. bhArAma, bhA. 1, pR. 293-300; RPI,, p. 155 20. ejana, pR. 283-286 (6) 91. ejana, bhA. 1, pR. 139 .92. bhArAma', pR. 163-164 . 93. ke. kA zAstrI, 'mAMgareALa-sAra', pR. 66-81 . 24. 2. bhI. joTa, khabhAtano itihAsa' pR. 82-90; na. tryaM. bhaTTa, 'khaMbhAtanuM sAMskRtika darzana', pR. 100-115 95, bhArAma', bhA. 1, pR. 302-303; RPI, p. 249 96. bhArAma, bhA, 2, pR. 147-148, 'mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI,' bhA, 2, pR. 26-28 97. D. G. Sabarkantha, p. 137 98. bhArAma, bhA. 2, pR. 207; 'mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI,' bhA. 3, pR. 137-141; D. G. Sabarkantha, pp. 128-129 . 99, bhArAma, bhA. 1, pR. 186; 'mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI' bhA.2. pR. 122-125; Ibid. pp. 131-132 100. Ibid, pp. 118-120

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briTiza kAha 101. bhArAma, bhA. 2, pR. 184-185; "mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI, bhA. 1, pR. 129-134; | RPI, p. 217, D. N. Mehsana, p. 804 102. "mahIkAThA DIrekaTarI', bhA. 2, pR. 19899; D. G. Sabarkantha, p. 129-130 103. bhArAma, pR. 209; mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI), bhA. 2, pR. 159-161; Ibid, pp. 130-131 104. bhArAma, bhA. 2, pR. 22; "mahIkAMThA DIrekaTerI, bhA. 2, pR. 144-146; D. G. Mehsana, p. 127 105. bhArAma, pR. 144-145; "mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI), bhA. 2, pR. 150-156 106. bhArAma, pR. 143; ejana pR. 163-172 107. bhArAma, pR. 60-62; mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI, bhA. 2, pR. 175-176 108. bhArAma, pR. 72, mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI, 'bhA. 2, pR. 179-185; D. G, Kheda, p. 110' 109. bhArAma, pR. 22-33; "mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI, bhA. 2, pR. 188-196; D. G. Mehsana, p. 122 110. bhArAma, bhA. 1, pR. 10; mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI', bhA. 2, pR. 203-212; D. G. Saba rkantha, pp. 134-135 111. bhArAma, bhA. 2, pR. ra6-270; "mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI', bhA. 2, pR. 231; D. G Mehsana, pp. 124 f. 112. pAlaNapura ejansI DIrekaTarI, ve 1, pR. 98-102 113. D. G. Banaskantha, p. 126 114. kA de. paMDyA, gUjarAta rAjasthAna, pR. 202; bhAroma, bhA2, pR. 34; D. G.. Panchmahals, pp. 149 f. 115. "gujarAta rAjasthAna', pR. 203-206; bhArAma, bhA. 2, 5. 176-179; "revAkAMThA. DirekTarI' pR. 43 116. gujarAta rAjasthAna', pR. 208; bhArAma, bhA. 1, pR. 27-274; revAkAMThA DIrekaTarI', pR. 44, D. G. Panchmahals, p. 148 117. "gUjarAta rAjasthAna, pR. 492-93; bhArAma, bhA. 2, pR. 150-151; D. G. Sur endranagar, pp. 117-118 118. "gujarAta rAjasthAna', pR. 494; bhArAma, bhA. 2, pR. 250; na, lA. dave, 'kAThIAvADa'. A pR. 585; kAThIAvADa DIrekaTarI), bhA. 1,pR. 197-198 119. gUjarAta rAjasthAna,' pR. 497-499; bhArAma, bhA. 2, pR. 187-188; "kAThIAvADa DIrekaTarI, bhA. 1 pR. 199-200 120. "gujarAta rAjasthAna, pR. 45-497; bhArAmaM, bhA. 2, pR. 54-57; kAThIAvADa', pR. 330-331; "kAThIAvADa DIrekaTarI', bhA. 1, pR. 200-2001 1ra1. "gUjarAta rAjasthAna', pR. 500-pa05; bhArAmaM, bhA. 2, pR. 92-97; kAThIAvADa: * hIrekaTarI, bhA. 1, pR. ra01-203 122 D. G. Rajkot, p. 614

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prakaraNa 7 rAjyataMtra 1. briTiza hiMdanuM rAjyataMtra A rAjyataMtra spaSTa be bhAgamAM vaheMcAI jAya che. ene pahelo samaya IsTa InDiyA kampanInA rAjyataMtrane I. sa. 1857 sudhI che ne ene bIje samaya briTiza tAjanA rAjyataMtrane I. sa. 1858thI zarU thAya che. (a) IsTa InDiyA kampanInuM rAjyataMtra (1818 thI 1857) 19mI sadInI zarUAta thaI tyAM sudhI muMbaI sarakArane prAdezika vistAra nahivata thayA hatA. 1800 mAM surata zahera ane enI AsapAsanA vistArane jillA tarIke svIkAravAmAM AvyuM. 1803 mAM bharUca briTiza tAbAmAM AvyuM. 1798 mAM rekesa keTenI racanA karavAmAM AvI. enA vistAramAM vasatI badhI ja briTiza prajAone muMbaI sarakAranA hAtha nIce mUkavAmAM AvI ane e sAthe karArathI joDAyelI dezI rAjyanI prajAne paNa ene adhikArakSetramAM AvarI levAmAM AvI. 15 mI me, 1800 mAM surata jillAne mATe kalekaTara, jaja ane maeNjisTreTa nImavAmAM AvyA. e ja samaye suratamAM sadara adAlata sthApavAmAM AvI ane enI sattA nIce gujarAtamAM kampanInA tAbAnA pradeza, mUkavAmAM AvyA. 1818 thI 1858 sudhImAM muMbaI presiDensInA vistAra haju paNa vaLe ane dezI rAjyanA pradeza emAM umerAyA. 1833 mAM kheDA ane amadAvAda ji9lA astitvamAM AvyA ane 18pa3 ane 1861 mAM sidhiyAe paMcamahAlane pradeza kampanIne saMpUrNa paNe ApI dIdhuM. Ama 1818 mAM pezavA pAsethI je vizALa pradeza maLe tenAthI vahIvaTI paddhatine vadhAre vistAravAnI jarUra UbhI thaI. navA meLavelA pradezane jillAomAM vaheMcavAmAM AvyA. nyAyataMtra mATenA niyama dhIme dhIme dAkhala karAyA. jamIna-mahesUla ugharAvavA mATe zarUAtamAM thoDAM varSa marAThAonI paddhati cAlu rAkhavAmAM AvI ane e mujaba jillAomAM desAIone ane gAmo mATe paTelone e kArya soMpavAnuM cAlu rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. I. sa. 1816 pachI dhIme dhIme raiyatavArI paddhati dAkhala karavAmAM AvI, tethI desAI ane paTelanuM sthAna muMbaI sarakAra taraphathI

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briTiza kAja sIdhA nimAyelA talATI(gAmane hisAbanIza)e lIdhuM. mAmalatadAra ke kamAvIsadAranuM sthAna joIe tevuM saMtoSajanaka nahatuM. jo ke e kalekaTaranA hAtha nIce mukhya mANasa hatuM ane jillAnI mahesUla ane polIsa bAbatene e mukhya dezI adhikArI hatA. raiyatavArI paddhatine kAraNe gAme sarakArI adhikArIonA sIdhA. saMparkamAM AvyAM ane sarakAre hisAbanIzenI sIdhI ja nimaNUka karI. kalekaTaranuM yogya nirIkSaNa dAkhala thayuM; e sAthe vahIvaTItaMtramAM kamizanarane tapAsa karavAnuM kArya saMpAyuM.1 mAmalatadAranI pharajomAM jamIna-mahesUla bheguM karavuM, polIsa-vyavasthA upara kAbU dharAva, dIvAnI ane jadArI phariyAde svIkAravI vagere mukhya hatI, ene A pharajomAM madada karavA zirastedAra, hisAbanIsa ane hAtha nIcenA kArakUne hatA. 1837 mAM mIThA upara AbakArI jakAta nAkhavA mATe kAyado pasAra karavAmAM Avyo, mIThAnA utpAdananAM badhAM ja kSetrone kasTamsa ane ekasAIjhanA kalekaTaranA hAtha nIce mUkavAmAM AvyAM. A kalekaTarane DepyuTI kalekaTara ane bIjA pAMca madadanIza kalekaTara ApavAmAM AvyA hatA. A vyavasthA 1854 sudhI cAlu rahI. A varSe samagra muMbaI presiDensInAM samagra samudra ane jamIna uparanI jakAta ane mIThAverAnI vyavasthA mATe kamizanaranI nimaNUka thaI hatI. 1828-29thI eka vyaktimAM nyAyakIya ane maeNjisTreTanI sattAo bhegI hatI tene judI pADavAmAM AvI ane jillAnA kalekaTarane mejisTreTanI sattAo ane pilIsa khAtA upara kAbU rAkhavAnuM kArya saMpavAmAM AvyuM. muMbaImAM suprIma korTa ke kiMgsa keTe hatI, jeNe 1823 mAM rekesa kerTanuM sthAna lIdhuM hatuM ane kampanInI keTe hatI je "sadara dIvAnI adAlata" ane "sadara phojadArI adAlata' tarIke oLakhAtI hatI. A kAryone 1827 mAM suratathI badalIne presiDensInI rAjadhAnImAM khaseDavAmAM AvI. sadara dIvAnI adAlatamAM cAra nyAyAdhIza, rajisTrAra, madadanIza rajisTrAra hatA, paraMtu enI pAse mULa dAvAnI sattA nahatI. phojadArI adAlatamAM kAunsilane juniyara sabhya e ene cIpha jaja ane bIjA traNa UtaratI kakSAnA nyAyAdhIza hatA, jeo jillAonI badhI ja kejadArI ane pelIsa bAbata upara nirIkSaNa karatA. | gujarAtamAM sadara adAlatanA kAryakSetramAM prAMtIya adAlata hatI, je apIla ane sarkiTa keTa hatI. enuM sthAna suratamAM hatuM ane emAM traNa nyAyAdhIza hatA. A keTe dIvAnI adAlata tarIke kAma karatI, jyAre nyAyAdhIzomAMne.

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rAta eka dara cha mahine surata ane bIjA keMdro upara sezansa bhArate. A adAlata mRtyudaMDa, hadapArI ke Ajanma kedanI sajA karI zakatI, paraMtu e mATe sadara phojadArI adAlatanI maMjUrI levI paDatI. I. sa. 1830 mAM A adAlata nAbUda karavAmAM AvI. bharUca surata ane amadAvAda-kheDA jillAonAM mukhya mathakee dIvAnI ane phejadArI kese mATe eka eka nyAyAdhIza nImavAmAM AvyuM. ene madada karavA madadanIza nyAyAdhIza ke rajisTrAra ApavAmAM AvyA. dIvAnI nyAyanI bAbatamAM dareka jillAmAM aneka munsipha hatA temaja dareka mukhya mathakanA nagaramAM eka ke vadhAre sadara amIna hatA. phojadArI kesomAM jillAne nyAyAdhIza che mahinAnI ekAMta kedanI sajA, sAta varSanI sakhata majUrI sAthenI kedanI zikSA, phaTakAnI sajA, jAheramAM apamAnita karavAnI ane vyaktinI aTakAyatanI sajA karI zakatA, paraMtu e mATe sarkiTa adAlatanI paravAnagInI jarUra hatI. amadAvAda kheDA bharUca ane suratanA cAra jillAonA kalekaTarane mejisTreTanI sattAo ApavAmAM AvI hatI ne emane daMDa, be mahinAthI vadhAre nahi tevI sAdI kedanI sajA, tathA vyaktinuM niyaMtraNa karavAnI sattA hatI. kalekaTaronA hAtha nIcenA dezI jillA polIsa adhikArIo ane grAma polIsa adhikArIone nAnA kesomAM aparAdhIne zikSA karavAnI sattA hatI." 1830mAM nyAyavyavasthAmAM pheraphAra thayA. badhA ja mULa dIvAnI dAvA calAvavAnuM kArya bhAratavAsIone soMpAyuM ane gujarAta mATe khAsa nyAyAdhIza kamizanaranI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvI. kalekaTara, madadanIza kalekaTara ane mAmalatadAronI mejisTreTa tarIkenI sattAomAM vadhAre karavAmAM AvyuM. kalekaTarane mukhya mahesUlI jamInane lagatA dAvAo ane mAlikIne lagatI bAbatone nyAya ApavAnuM kArya soMpavAmAM AvyuM, gujarAtamAM samudranI AbakArI jakAtanA vahIvaTItaMtramAM eka kasTama mAsTara ane enA eka DepyuTInI nimaNuka karavAmAM AvI. lorDa DelahAusIe jUnI pisTanI vyavasthA nAbUda karI ane ene sthAne aDadhA AnAnA pisTa-kArDanI ekasarakhI vyavasthA badhe dAkhala karI. baeNbe ejyukezana sosAyaTIe I. sa. 1855 sudhImAM gujarAtamAM prAthamika zALAo zarU karI hatI. I. sa. 1840 mAM barDa oNpha ejyukezananI sthApanA thaI ane ene traNa vibhAgamAM vaheMcavAmAM AvyuM. dareka vibhAga upara eka yuropiyana insapekaTara ane eka bhAratIya madadanIza nImavAmAM AvyA. 18para mAM muMbaI sarakAre zALAo zarU karavA mATe borDanI Arthika madada vadhAro ApI,

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168 briTiza saha kanyAzALAo khAnagI rAhe calAvavAnuM cAlu rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. 1855 mAM DipArTamenTa oNpha pablika insTrakazananI racanA karavAmAM AvI. 181ra mAM pasAra karavAmAM AvelAM niyama mujaba polIsanA traNa mejisTreTone polIsa bAbatone kAbU seMpavAmAM AvyuM. emane madada karavA pelIsadaLanA vaDA DepyuTI oNpha pilIsa ane heDa kensebalanI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvI. samaye samaye polIsadaLanI saMkhyA vadhAravAmAM AvI. 1855 mAM polIsanI aNaAvaData ane lAMcaruzavatanA niyamana mATe 1856 mAM kAyade ghaDavAmAM Avya, ne A mATe eka jillA polIsa ophisarane polIsadaLane suparinTenDenTa tarIke nImavAmAM Avyo. pelIsataMtranA eka bhAga tarIke paTela e pitAnA gAmanA polIsa-kArya mATe javAbadAra hatuM ane bIje gAma-cokIdAra ke rakhevALa hate. gAmamAM cerI thAya te cekIdAre corane zodhI kADhavAnuM hatuM. e ceranuM pageruM zodhate ane je A pagere ene bIjA gAma tarapha laI jAya ane tyAMnA rokIdArane e bAbatamAM saMtoSa thAya athavA te bAjumAM AvelA gAmamAMthI e cerAyelI milakatane pate meLave eTale enI javAbadArI pUrI thatI. je chellA gAmamAM ceranuM pageruM maLe te gAma cerAyelI milakata mATe javAbadAra gaNutuM ane cokIdAranI zakti mujaba verAyelI milakatamAM ene phALo ApavAne rahe, bAkIne phALe gAmane bhogavavAne Avata.10 IsTa inDiyA kampanIe polIsanI badhI ja sattA kalekaTara ane maeNjisTreTane ApI. dareka jillAne nAnAM polIsasarkalemAM vahe ane dareka sarkalanA vaDA tarIke darogA ke heDa kaeNsTebalane rAkhyA.11 kalekaTara ane mejisTreTa dvArA cAlatI pelIsa-vyavasthA 1848 sudhI cAlu rahI. prakIrNa pharajo jillA polIsa ejansIne ApavAmAM AvI. 1834 mAM surata sibaMdhIonI racanA thANAM-lazkara uparathI karavAmAM AvI. 1838 mAM lephaTananTa lekIe gujarAta kUlI kepsanI racanA karI.2 18para mAM navI pelIsa-paddhati siMdhanI jema presiDensInA bIjA bhAgamAM dAkhala karavAmAM AvI. tAlukA suparinTenDenTa pilIsa kalekaTaranA hAtha nIce mUkavAmAM AvyA, revanyu adhikArIo pAsethI polIsa-vahIvaTI kAya laI levAmAM AvyuM. samagra presiDensI mATe eka pilIsa kamizanaranI nimaNuka karavAmAM AvI, sAmAnya jillA pelIsa-nirIkSaNanuM kArya presiDensInA be revanyu kamizanarene seMpavAmAM AvyuM,13

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rAjaya 1855-56 mAM be presiDensIne nyAyataMtranI daSTie ATha jillAomAM vibhakta karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. revanyu bAbata mATe enuM 13 kalekaTaromAM vibhAjana karAyuM. sadara adAlata mATe traNa nyAyAdhIza hatA, jeo dIvAnI ane phojadArI nyAyanuM kArya karatA. vaLI ATha DisTrikTa ane sezansa jaja, traNa sIniyara AsisTanTa jaja, cha AsisTanTa DisTrikaTa ane sezansa jaja, sAta mukhya sadara amIna, tera sadara amIna ane 73 munsika hatA.14 1855 mAM jele upara InsapekaTara-janaralanI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvI. 1856 mAM jemAM sudhArA karavAmAM AvyA ane e sAthe kedIonAM zista ane svAthya aMge pagalAM bharavAmAM AvyAM 15 jAhera kAryo, dhArmika ane meDikala DipArTamenTa mATe khAsa pragati thaI zakI nahetI. 1855-56 mAM babbe DAyasIse 32 kalaIonI nimaNUka karI. bizapa oNpha dha sIna kAbU nIce cepleIne hatA. 1838 mAM muMbaInA prathama bizapa tarIke De. kAranI nimaNuka thaI hatI. Arogya-vyavasthA mATe IsTa inDiyA kampanIe potAnI phekaTarIo ane pUrva tarapha vepAra karatAM vahANenA pitAne karmacArIvarga ane lazkara mATe iMglenDathI sajanene mokalyA hatA, temAMthI InDiyana meDikala sarvisa'nI racanA thaI. 1853 mAM A nekarI bhAratavAsIo mATe spardhAtmaka parIkSAo dvArA khullI mUkavAmAM AvI ane 1855 mAM AvI prathama parIkSA levAmAM AvI.16 (A) tAjanuM vahIvaTItaMtra (1858 thI 1914) kampanIe sajelA vahIvaTItaMtrane mALakhAmAM briTiza tAja dvArA sudhArA karavAmAM AvyA. A samaye kAThiyAvADamAM 193 thI vadhAre nAnAM rAjya hatAM. e badhAmAM muMbaI sarakAre phojadArI adAlate sthApI ane enA upara poliTikala ejanTane rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. 1863 sudhI nyAyataMtranI dRSTie kAThiyAvADane cAra prAtimAM vaheMcavAmAM AvyA ne dareka upara eka AsisTanTa poliTikala ejanTa nImavAmAM Avyo. ene dIvAnI ane phojadArI sattAo ApavAmAM AvI. pachInAM varSomAM cAra AsisTanTa poliTikala ejanTane madada mATe eka eka DepyuTI ApavAmAM AvyuM, jene dareka prAMtanA mukhya mathake mUkavAmAM AvyuM. ene keTalIka dIvAnI ane phojadArI nyAyanI sattA seMpavAmAM AvI. 1903 mAM poliTikala ejanTa ane enA cAra AsisTanTanA hehAonAM nAma badalIne prAMtanA garvanaranA ejanTa ane piliTikala ejanTa' rAkhavAmAM AvyA. 17

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briTiza kAla gujarAtanI sarahade AvelAM rAjyAnA vahIvaTa mATe ke jayAM vizALa saMkhyAmAM jaMgalI jAtie vasatI hatI tyAM 1838 mAM muMbaI sarakAre sarahadI pacAyatA sthApI. 1876 mAM A pacAyatAne niyamita adAlAmAM pheravIne enA upara eka briTiza adhikArI nImavAmAM AvyA. A adAlate| 1914 sudhI cAlu rahI hatI.18 100 raiyatavArI paddhati mujaba jamInamAlika pAsethI mahesUla ugharAvavAmAM AvatuM ane tethI jamInanA kheDANu ane AMtarika vepArane uttejana maLyu hatuM. muMbaI sarakAre sarve DipArTamenTa vyavasthita karyuM hatuM. dareka jamInanA kSetranuM mApa levAmAM AvyuM. AnAvArI pramANe enuM vaNIkaraNa karavAmAM AvyuM. e pachI bujArA, dhArI mArgonuM sAMnidhya ane khIjI Arthika paristhitione jyAnamAM laIne gAmAne jUthamAM vaheMcavavAmAM AvyAM. dareka jUthanI sarAsarI ki Mmata nakkI karavAmAM AvI ane 1840 mAM keTalAka pAyAnA niyama ghaDI kADhavAmAM AvyA, jenA AdhAre jamIna-verAnI paddhati astitvamAM AvI. 18para mAM inAma kamizananI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvI.19 1914 mAM muMbaI sarakAramAM eka gavara ane enI kAunsilamAM traNa sAmAnya sabhya hatA. gavarnarane rAjakIya khAtu, jAhera sevA khAtuM, ane sAmAnya khAtuM, temaja dhArAkIya kAunsilane lagatI bAkhatA seAMpavAmAM AvI. mahesUla-sabhyane mahesala, nANAviSayaka ane relave bAbate soMpavAmAM AvI. kAunsilanA khInna khe sabhyone zaherI ane jillA polIsa, keLavaNI, vahANavaTu ane prakI khAtAM ane sthAnika ane jAhera ArAgya vaheMcI ApavAmAM AvyAM. kAunsilamAM AvatA praznonA ni ya bahumatI dvArA levAmAM AvatA.20 prajAnAM kAmakAjane lagatA badhA ja patra sekreTariyeTa dvArA sarakArane paheAMcatA, sekreTariyeTanI racanA nIce pramANe hatI : mahesUla ane nANAM khAtAe mATe eka sekreTarI ane anDara--sekreTarI, rAjakIya nyAyakIya ane khAsa khAtAM mATe eka sanaMdI sekreTarI ane eka anDara-sekreTarI tathA khe binasanaMdI AsisTanTa sekreTarIe; sAmAnya, keLavaNuM'viSayaka, vahANavaTu' ane prakI' khAtAMe mATe eka sekreTarI (sanadI nAgarika) ane eka sanadI AsisTanTa sekreTarI; kAyadAkhAtA mATe eka sanadI sekreTarI ane eka sadI AsisTanTa tathA AsisTanTa sekreTarI hatA. jAherakAryAMnA khAtA mATe (jemAM relavenA samAveza thatA) eka sekreTarI, joInTa sekreTarI ane me anDara-sekreTarIe hatA. cIpha sekreTarInA tAbAmAM eka alAyaduM khAtuM hatuM ane ene madada karavA pIDha dIvAnI anDara sekreTarIe hatA.21

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2AjyatA - 1865 mAM presiDensInA badhA ja jillAonuM nyAyataMtra hAIkeTane soMpavAmAM AvyuM, jemAM eka cIpha jasTisa ane sAta nyAyAdhIza hatA. hAIkorTanAM badhAM ja kArya jyuDiziyala kamizanara dvArA karavAmAM AvatAM, jeNe 1906 mAM sadara adAlatanuM sthAna lIdhuM hatuM. muMbaI hAIkorTa uparAMta presiDensImAM dIvAnI nyAya mATe cAra darajajAnI adAlate hatI, jemAM jillAnI adAlata ane AsisTanTa nyAyAdhIzo ane prathama ane dvitIya varganA nyAyAdhIzA hatA. 1868-69 thI sadara amIna ane munsiphanAM jUnAM biruda rada karIne hAtha nIcenA jajone emane sthAne nImavAmAM AvyA ane e sAthe nyAyataMtranA jillAonI saMkhyA ane hadamAM pheraphAra karavAmAM AvyA. 1914mAM tAlukA nyAyakhAtAmAM 17 jaje, 3 joInTa jajonI ane 7 AsisTanTa jaje hatA. prathama ane dvitIya varganA hAtha nIcenA jajenI saMkhyA 17 ane 89 anukrame hatI. hAtha nIcenA jajomAMthI cAra jajane AsisTanTa jaje jyAre pitAnA jillAomAM nirIkSaNa mATe hoya tyAre emane madada karavAnI hatI. surata jillAnA jajone pArasI lagna adAlatanuM kAma karavAnuM hatuM. nAnAM devAonI ane mAgaNIonI cukavaNu mATe oNla kojha kerTAne jhaDapI nirNayanI sattAo ApavAmAM AvI hatI. AvI karyo amadAvAda naDiyAda surata ane bharUcamAM hatI. 1879 nA kAyadA pramANe gAmamunsi ane "samajUtI karAvanArAonI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvI. bIjI dIvAnI adAlatamAM kenTonamenTa maeNjisTreTa hatA. 1906 mAM mAmalatadArone sthAvara milaktanI mAlikIne lagatA dAvAo upara sattA sAMpavAmAM AvI hatI.23 1867 mAM "DiriTrakaTa pilIsa eNkaTa' astitvamAM AvyuM, je 1890 sudhI amalamAM rahyo. pelIsa vahIvaTItaMtrane revanyu kamizanaranA nirIkSaNa nIce mUkavAmAM AvyuM. 1885 mAM presiDensInA DisTriTa pelIsanuM vahIvaTItaMtra dha InsapekaTara janarala opha polIsa" jevA eka adhikArIne suparata karavAmAM AvyuM. 23 1885 mAM paMcamahAla jillAne samAveza regyulezana DisTrikTamAM karavAmAM Avya, mevAsI ThAkoranA gAme upara pazcima khAnadezanA kalekaTarane dIvAnI ane jadArI adhikArakSetra ApavAmAM AvyuM 24 1914mAM bombe presiDensInA mahesulI vahIvaTItaMtramAM cAra revanyu kamizanare, 11 sIniyara ane dasa juniyara kalekaTare, 17 prathama ane 18 dvitIya madadanIza kalekaTare, 61 DepyuTI kalekaTare hatA. revanyu vahIvaTItaMtra cAra kalekaTara, be DepyuTI kamizanare, cha madadanIza kalekaTara ane 22 DepyuTI kalekaTara dvArA cAlatuM hatuM.pa

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briTiza kALa jillAmAM khAra tAlukA hatA. dareka tAlukAmAM lagabhaga 100 gAma sarakArI hatAM. dareka gAmamAM niyamita adhikArIe hatA, jeo vArasAgata heAddA bhAgavatA hatA. emAM paTela talATI ane cekIdAranA samAveza thatA. gAmanA mahesUlanA hisAbanA AdhAra sarve-rajisTara upara rahetA. dareka jamona-mAlikane eka paheAMcajIka ApavAmAM AvatI. dareka varSe gAmanI jamAbaMdI nakkI karavAmAM AvatI. madadanIza ke DepyuTI kalekaTara peAtAnA tAbAnA gAmanI varSImAM eka vAra mulAkAta letA.26 172 mAmalatadAranA tAbA nIce tAlukA hatA. enA tAlukAnA kAzanI kArya vAhInI javAbadArI enI hatI. enA hAtha nIcenAM gAmAmAMthI mahela-haptA niyama pramANe ugharAvAya che ke nahi e ene jovAnuM hatuM. e hAtha nIcenA maeNjisTreTa tarIke kAryAM karatA. ene madada karavA mATe keTalIka saMkhyAnAM gAma sarkala-inspekaTarAnA ane mAmalatadAranI kacerInA bIjA sabhyAnA hAtha nIce mUkavAmAM AvyAM. 27 mAmalatadAranI upara AsisTanTa ke DepyuTI kalekaTara hatA tenA tAbA nIce sarerAza traNa tAlukA hatA. varSInA sAta mahinA A tAlukAomAM eNe pravAsa karavAnA hatA.28 AsisTanTa ane DepyuTI kalekaTara)nI upara kalekaTara ane maeNjisTreTa hatA, jenA hAtha nIce samagra jillA AvatA. e A vistAramAM varSoMnA cAra mahinA pravAsa karatA, revanyu ane maeNjisTeTanA kAryanu nirIkSaNu karatA, ekasAIjha ane khIna khAsa karaverAneA ane sTampa-revanyunA vahIvaTa saMbhALatA. chelle, revanyu vahIvaTItaMtra uparanuM sAmAnya narokSaNu traNa kamizanare (presiDensInA uttara madhya ane dakSiNa vibhAgA) karatA ane kAbU rAkhatA.29 jAhera sevA khAtuM (pI, Dabalyu. DI.) dhIme dhIme vyavasthita karavAmAM AvyuM. 1914 mAM relave zAkhA mATe be cIpha enjiniyara nimAyA. sIniyara e sarakArane sekreTarI ane juniyara e joinTa sekreTarI banyA, cha nirIkSaka enjiniyarA, 38 ekjhikarNATava enjiniyara ane 59 AsisTanTa enjiniyarA hatA. ilekiTrakala inspekaTara ane dasa haMgAmI enjiniyara paNa nimAyA.30 1860 mAM mubaImAM jaMgala vahIvaTata MtranI vyavasthA thaI. presiDensIne cAra jaMgala sarkalAmAM vaheMcavAmAM AvI. 1907 ane 1911 mAM enI punarracanA thaI. emAM traNa kAnjhaveTara, 24 DepyuTI ke AsisTanTa kaeNAnsavereMTara, prAMta mATe pAMca vadhArAnA DepyuTI kaeNnjharveTara, ane 23 vadhArAnA AsisTanTa kenjhaveTara rAkhavAmAM AvyA. 1888 mAM jaMgalAnI sarve hAtha dharavAmAM AvI ane 1918 sudhImAM phrAresTa seTalamenTanu` kA` pUrNa thayu.31

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rAyata 17 1865 mAM khAnagI prAthamika ane mAdhyamika zALAonuM saMcAlana beDa opha menejamenTa dvArA thatuM te have jillA ane tela barDa dvArA calAvavAmAM AvatI. sarakAra zALAone grAnTa ApatI. A mATe eka InsapekaTara, DepyuTI inspekaTara ane madadanIzene sTApha rAkhavAmAM AvyuM.32 1884 mAM jamInanI noMdhaNuM ane khetIvADI mATe eka khAtuM zarU thayuM. . e mATe sanaMdI DAyarekaTaranI nimaNUka thaI. 1905 mAM DAyarekaTara opha egrikalcara ane DAyarekaTara oNpha lenDa rekaeNDUsa nImavAmAM AvyA ane e sAthe DepyuTI DAyarekaTara, egrikalcara kemisTa ane eka ikenemika boTanisTanI nimaNUka thaI. 1903 mAM ke-oNpareTiva kreDiTa sosAyaTIjha eNkaTa pasAra karavAmAM AvyuM. AvI sesAyaTIenuM kArya rajisTrArane soMpAyuM. ene madada karavA madadanIza rajisTrAra oDiTare ane bIjA adhikArIo ApavAmAM AvyA.23 prakIrNa khAtAMonA vahIvaTamAM kasTamsa mIThuM aphINa ane AbakArInA cAra kamizanarone madada mATe jarUrI madadanIza kArakune ane majUre ApavAmAM AvyA. mIThAnuM khAtuM alaga karavAmAM AvyuM; e kasTamsanA kamizanaranA hAtha nIce mUkavAmAM AvyuM. khAsa sevAo, jevI ke nahera, rastA ane makAne, khetIvADI udyoga, kArakhAnAM ane sahakArI kreDiTa e badhAM mATe alaga sTApha rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. e mATe dareka khAtA upara eka adhikArI nImavAmAM AvyuM.34 , Ama samagra briTiza hiMdanI nItinA eka bhAga tarIke bombe presiDensI hatI ane enA eka nAnA bhAga tarIke gujarAta upara vahIvaTa cAlatA. 2. riyAsatane rAjyavahIvaTa aMgreja sarakAre dezI rAjyonuM ekathI sAta vargamAM vibhAjana karIne teonI dIvAnI ane phojadArI sattAo nizcita karI ApI hatI ane e sattAonI maryAdAmAM rahIne dezI rAjya pitAne vahIvaTa calAvatAM. A uparAMta aMgreja sarakAre "salAmI rAjyo ane binasalAmI rA" evA be varga paNa pADyA hatA. pahelA ane bIjA varganAM rAjyanA vaDAone tepanI salAmI ApavAmAM AvatI tethI e "salAmI rAjyo' gaNatAM, jyAre trIjAthI sAtamA varganAM rAjyanA vaDAone tenI salAmI ApavAmAM AvatI na hatI tethI e binasalAmI rAja' tarIke oLakhAtAM hatAM. rAjAnAM sthAna ane sattAo rAjyamAM sarvocca vaDA tarIke rAjA hatA, je pitAne "mahArAjA "mahArANA jAmasAheba" "vIrAja' ' "navAba' senAnAsakhela samazerabahAdura" kAra'

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briTiza kAla darabAra' vagere paraMparAgata biruda athavA khitAbathI oLakhAvate. aMgreja adhikArIo ane patra lakhe tyAre ene mATe nizcita thayelA birudathI ja ene saMbodhana karatA. rAjyamAM sauthI UMcA sthAne rAjAnI kacerI ane rAjAnI adAlata hatI, je anukrame "hajura oNphisa" ane "hajUra keTa' tarIke oLakhAtI. rAjyanA adhikArIonI nimaNUka karavAnI ke emane chUTA karavAnI rAjAne saMpUrNa sattA hatI. mahatvanA hukamo ke paripatro rAjAnA nAmathI nIkaLatA ane e "hajara hukama' tarIke oLakhAtA. dIvAnI tathA phojadArI bAbatamAM pahelA ane bIjA varganA rAjAone saMpUrNa sattAo ApavAmAM AvI hatI. emane svataMtra rIte kAyadA ghaDavAnI paNa sattA hatI. dareka rAjyane pitAnuM svataMtra pratIka, sUtra tema gIta hatuM. rAjane aMgata maMtrI enAM kAryomAM ene madada karate. Ama AMtarika rIte rAjAo svataMtra hatA, paraMtu jarUra paDe te keTalAka saMjogemAM aMgreja sarakArane emAM daramyAnagIrI karavAno adhikAra hatA.35 aMgreja sarakAra pitAne 'sarvopari sattA' tarIke oLakhAvatI hatI. dareka rAjA enA janmadivase, rAjyAbhiSekanA divase, nUtana varSanA divase, viziSTa mahemAnanI mulAkAtanA divase ke anya koI utsava ke ujavaNInA prasaMge rAjadarabAra bharate temAM rAjyanA adhikArIo tathA prajAnA AgevAno hAjarI ApatA. cAraNe rAjAnI prazasti ke prasaMgane anurUpa kAvya raju karatA. rAjAnA janmadivase tathA rAjyAbhiSekanA divase rAjyamAM jAhera rajA paNa rAkhavAmAM AvatI. rAjanuM avasAna thAya tyAre e vistAranA paliTikala ejanTa gavarnarane enI jANa karavI paDatI ane e sAthe e rAjaya rAjA tathA enA vArasadAranI tamAma jarUrI vigate jaNAvavI paDatI.36 gavarnara A vigata hiMdI sarakArane jaNAvate. je rAjAnA avasAna pachI gAdInA vArasa aMge vivAda Ubhe thAya te e vivAdane ukela Ave tyAM sudhI vahIvaTadAra(Administrator)nI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvatI. je gAdIe AvanAra nave rAjA sagIra umarane heya te enA vatI rAjya calAvavA mATe enI mAtA dAdI ke kAkA vagere najIkanAM sagAMomAMthI kaI ekanI rijanTa tarIke nimaNUka thatI athavA be ke traNa sagAMonI samiti racavAmAM AvatI, je "rijansI' tarIke oLakhAtI. e uparAMta vahIvaTadAranI nimaNuka paNa thatI. vahIvaTadAranI nimaNuka piliTiksa ejanTa athavA ejanTa Tu dhI gavarnara dvArA thatI. ene piliTiksa ejanTa athavA ejanTa Tu dhI gavarnaranI sUcanA

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gujyata tra 15 ane mAdaCna nIce kAma karavAnuM hatu. temaja enI maMjUrI vagara e rAjayanI nIti athavA kAyadAomAM sudhArA karI zakatA nahi. rAjyamAM kAyado ane vyavasthA jALavavAnI eno pharaja hatI. sagIra uMmaranA rAjA pukhta uMmaranA thAya tyAre prAno hAjarImAM jAhera rAjyArAhaNu-samAraMbha karIne ene vahIvaTI sattAe vidhisara rIte sAMpavAmAM AvatI, rAjyArAhaNunA samAraMbha bhavya rIte UjavavAmAM AvatA.37 dezI riyAsatAnA rAjAe jyAre peliTikala ejanTane maLavA jAya tyAre peAliTikala ejanTa emanA svAgata mATe potAnA pratinidhi ane rAjAnI kakSA pramANe nakkI thayelA gheADesavAre mekalatA. kAThImAM rAjAnuM samAna karIne ene pAna--attara vagere ApavAmAM AvatAM. rAjAnI kakSA pramANe ane tepAnI salAmI ApavAmAM AvatI. prathama vanA rAjane gArDa oNpha oNnara paNa ApavAmAM AvatuM.38 mulAkAta keTalA samaya mATe che ane e mulAkAta daramyAna kANe kayAM besavAnuM che tathA zuM karavAnu che enI vigatavAra sUcanAe rAjAne tathA enA mANasane agAuthI ApI devAmAM AvatI. garane maLavA jatI vakhate pezAkanA bhapakA ane kimatIpaNAmAM bhAre harIphAI thatI. gavarnarane maLatA pahelAM rAjavIone 'riDa la' karAvavAmAM AvatuM ane e vakhate peAzAka, pheTA, talavAranA paTTA ane myAna kevAM ane krama rAkhavAM enI sUcanA apAtI.39 peAliTikala ejanTa ke gavarnIra jyAre dezI rAjyanI mulAkAte jAya tyAre rAjA enA adhikArIo sAthe enA svAgata mATe relavenA sTezane ke gAmane pAdare AvatA. emane tApAnI salAmI tathA gArDa opha onara ApavAmAM AvatAM. e pachI zaheramAM savArI nIkaLatI, emane jyAM utArA ApavAnA hoya tyAM emanI sAthe jaIne rAjA emane pAna, gulAma tathA attara ApatA. keTalIka vAra A adhikArIone khuza karavA rAjA zikAranA kAryakrama paNa yAjatA. rAjA gavana`rane enI pUrva maMjUrI vagara maLI zakatA nahi ane e majurI tathA mulAkAtane divasa peAliTikala ejanTa mAraphata ja nakkI thaI zakate. rAjanI Abu mahAbaLezvara mAtherAna kAzmIra sImalA dilhI ane yurApanI mulAkAtA mATe niyameA nakkI karavAmAM AvyA hatA. dIvAna athavA mukhya kArabhArI rAjAne vahIvaTI khAkhatAmAM salAha ane madada ApavA mATe dIvAna' athavA mukhya kArabhArI' nAmanA adhikArI rahetA. e rAjyanAM badhAM khAtAMo upara

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briTisa kahe dekharekha rAkhatA temaja rAjyanI sAmAnya nIti nakkI karatA. eNe rAjA prajA tathA aMgreja sarakAra vacce samatulA jALavIne vahIvaTa calAvavAnuM rahe . keTalIka vAra rAjakuTuMbanA jhaghaDA paNa ene patAvavA paDatA. e rAjAne mukhya vizvAsa mANasa hatA ane rAjyanI pragati ke pIchehaThane enA para AdhAra rahe. keTalIka vAra aMgreja sarakAramAM vakIla mAmalatadAra ke nyAyAdhIza tarIke saphaLa kAmagIrI karanArane dezI rAjyamAM dIvAna tarIke nImavAmAM AvatA. mukhya khAtAM dareka riyAsatamAM sAmAnya rIte nIce pramANe mukhya khAtAo rahetAM 1. lazkara ane polIsa vekara-karAra" pachI rAjAo vacce AMtarika laDAIone sthAna na hatuM eTale rAjyone moTAM lazkara rAkhavAnI have jarUra na hatI, chatAM prathama varganAM rAjya taraphathI keTalIka "sibaMdhI' rAkhavAmAM AvatI. ane rAjAne mahela, darabAragaDha, - vahIvaTI kacerIo, tijorI vagerenA rakSaNanI javAbadArI soMpavAmAM AvatI. sibaMdIne keTalAka beDAo'(jUtha)mAM vaheMcI nAkhavAmAM AvatI ane dareka beDA'nA. uparI tarIke eka jamAdAra rahe. tenI salAmI vagere kAma mATe te padaLamAM keTalAka mANasa rAkhavAmAM AvatA. e uparAMta palaTaNa' nAmanuM tAlIma pAmeluM ane zistabaddha daLa paNa rAkhavAmAM AvatuM, jene jela mATenA rakSake pUrA pADavAnuM temaja viziSTa prasaMge gArDa oNpha oNnara ApavAnuM kArya karavAnuM hatuM. bIjA varganA rAjyamAM sibaMdhInI saMkhyA ghaNI ochI rahetI. emAM rAjamahela ane darabAragaDhanA rakSaNa mATe keTalAka arabene rokavAmAM AvatA. dareka rAjyamAM pilIsa khAtAnA uparI tarIke pilIsa suparinTenDenTa' nAmane amaladAra rahe. keTalIka vAra rAjAnA keI sagAne, bhAyAtane athavA aMgrejane A hedo soMpavAmAM AvatuM. rAjyanAM kada ane vastI pramANe polIsanI saMkhyA rAkhavAmAM AvatI. jarUriyAta pramANe emAM vadhAro ke ghaTADe paNa thatuM. dareka gAmamAM yuniphorma sAthe eka pilIsa-paTela rahe. saurASTranAM ghaNAkharAM gAmomAM pakkA pagInI vyavasthA hatI, eTale ke koI paNa gAmamAM corI thAya te pakaDavAnI javAbadArI tyAMnA pagInI rahetI ane jo e corI na pakaDI zake te paMcakesa pramANe jeTalI rakamanI corI thaI hoya teTalI rakama pagIe bharapAI karavI paDatI. dezI rAjya taraphathI pitAnI jele paNa rAkhavAmAM AvatI. prathama varganAM rAjyamAM ekathI vadhAre chelo rAkhavAmAM AvatI.41.

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zakyatA dezI riyAsatamAM e niyama hato ke rAja athavA ThAkorane moTA putra gAdIne vArasa bane ane bIjA putrone ekAda-be gAmanI jAgIra maLe. e eka-be gAmane tAlukadAra pitAne tyAMnA ThAkara tarIke oLakhAve, paraMtu enI vArSika Avaka ghaNI ochI hovAne lIdhe e potAnA vistAramAM yogya polIsataMtra tathA jelanI vyavasthA rAkhI zake nahi. pariNAme kAyado ane vyavasthAnA prazna UbhA. thAya, tethI aMgreja sarakAre AvA tAlukAdAronA pradezanI phojadArI sattA pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhI ane e aMgenI vyavasthA goThavI. AvAM AThathI dasa gAmanuM eka jUtha banAvavAmAM AvyuM. e jUtha mATe alaga pilIsathANunI racanA karavAmAM AvI. e thANuM upara thANadAra' nAmane adhikArI aMgreja poliTikala ejanTa dvArA nImavAmAM AvatuM ane e aMgreja adhikArIne javAbadAra hatA. e tAlukAdAra vatI phojadArI kAyadAne amala karavAne hate.42 2. jamIna-mahesUla jamIna mahesUlane AdhAra jamInanI jAta ane pAkanA prakAra upara rahetA. keTalAMka rAjyamAM mahesUla anAjamAM levAmAM AvatuM, jene "bhAgabaTAI' kahevAmAM AvatI, keTalAMka rAjyomAM mahesUla reDa rakamamAM levAmAM AvatuM, jene " viTI' kahevAmAM AvatI. bhAgabaTAInI paddhatimAM sAmAnya rIte utpannane bhAga levAmAM AvatA ane vidheTImAM eka ekara jamIne 3 rUpiye levAmAM Ava.43 - dareka mosamamAM pAka jyAre taiyAra thAya tyAre gAmane badhe pAka eka jagyAe ekaThA karavAmAM AvatuM. e jagyAne "khaLI' ke "khaLAvADa tarIke oLakhavAmAM AvatI. tyAMthI rAjyane bhAga judo pADIne gADAMo mAraphata rAjyanA mukhya mathakamAM laI javAmAM AvatuM. je jamInane pAka jamInanA mAlike khaLI nAkhyA vagara bahAra khaLI karI upADI letA te jamIna bArakhalI" tarIke ane evI jamInanA mAlike bArakhalIdAra" tarIke oLakhAtA. IDara tathA pAlanapura rAjyamAM kaLatara-paddhati pracalita hatI. emAM darabAra ke rAjayanA adhikArI pote khetara upara jaIne Upajane aMdAja paMca AgaLa kaDhAvatA ane je rAjabhAga nakkI thAya te anAjanA rUpamAM levAmAM Avate. dareka rAjyamAM mahesUla ugharAvavA temaja ene lagatA prazna patAvavA mATe mahesUla-khAtuM rAkhavAmAM AvatuM ane enA uparI tarIke revanyu kamizanara athavA "revanyu kArabhArI" nAmane amaladAra nImavAmAM AvatuM. enI nIce vasUlAta-adhikArIo rahetA. duSkALa samaye kheDUtone rAhata ApavAmAM AvatI. 12

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briTiza kaLa 106 navAM gAma vasAvAya tyAre traNa varSoM sudhI mahesUla mApha karIne kheDUtAne jamIna ApavAmAM AvatI.44 3. nyAya dezI risAyatAne rUAjadArI tathA dIvAnI bAbatAmAM saMpUrNa sattA hatI ane emanA cukAdA viruddha kAI paNa briTiza adAlatamAM apIla karI zakAtI nahiM. navAnagara jevA prathama vargonA rAjyamAM phAjadArI bAbatA mATe hajUra adAlata, sara nyAyAdhIza adAlata, pharsTa kalAsa maeNjisTreTanI adAlata, sekanDa kalAsa maeNjisTreTanI adAlata, tharDa kalAsa maeNjisTreTanI adAlata tathA keTalIka mahesUlI adAlatA rAkhavAmAM AvatI,45 jyAre lIMbaDI jevA khInna vanA rAjyamAM hajUra adAlata, sara nyAyAdhIza athavA jyuDiziyala kArabhArInI adAlata ane munsipha athavA nyAyAdhIzanI adAlata rAkhavAmAM AvatI.46 AmAM munsiphranI adAlata upara sara-nyAyAdhIzanI adAlatane ane sara-nyAyAdhIzanI adAlata upara hajUra adAlatane apIla sAMbhaLavAnI sattA hatI. rAjyanI chevaTanI krATa hajUra adAlata" gaNAtI. emAM rAjA pAte athavA rAna vatI enA dIvAna ke vahIvaTadAra nyAya tALavAnuM kArya karatA. dIvAnI kAma mATe navAnagara jevA prathama varganA rAjyamAM hajUra adAlata, sara--nyAyAdhIza adAlata, munsinI adAvata, madadanIza munsinI adAlata, nyAyAdhIzanI adAlata tathA smaoNla kaoNjha kAI rAkhavAmAM AvatI, jyAre lIMbaDI jevA khIjA vargInA rAjyamAM hajUra adAlata, jyuDiziyala kArabhArI athavA sara-nyAyAdhIzanI adAlata, munsik athavA nyAyAdhIzanI adAlata ane smola kAjha kA rAkhavAmAM AvatI. dareka adAlata keTalI rakama sudhInA dAvA calAvI zake e nizcita karavAmAM AvatuM. dIvAnI khAkhAmAM paNa chevaTanI adAlata hajura adAlata hatI. dIvAnI dAvAnI rakama pramANe kAnI levAmAM AvatI. A uparAMta navAnagara rAjyamAM bhAyAtI kATa' ane rajavADI krATa' nAmanI be adAlata hatI. bhAyAtI kATa eka tarapha rAjya ane khIjI tarapha mULa garAsiyA athavA bhAyAta vaccenA jhadhaDA patAvavAnuM kAma karatI. rajavADI kreTa eka taraph rAjya ane bIjI tarapha bhAyAtA ane mULa garAsiyA sivAyanA mANase vaccenA dAvA calAvavAnuM kAma karatI.47 aMgreja sarakAra ane dezI rAjya, eka dezI rAjaya ane khInna dezI rAjya temaja bhAyAtA vaccenA sarahadI jhaghaDA ukelavA mATe aMgreja sarakAre I. sa.

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rAjyataMtra, 1873 mAM briTiza adhikArInA pramukhapade eka "rAjasthAnika keTanI sthApanA. karI hatI, jeNe I. sa. 1890 sudhI kAma karIne tamAma sarahadI jhaghaDAone nikAla karyo hate.48 vakIlane vakIlAta karavA mATe rAjya taraphathI pharsTa kalAsa ane sekanDa kalAsa ema be prakAranI sanada ApavAmAM AvatI. A khAtuM ghaNuMkharAM saMsthAnamAM kamAI karanAruM khAtuM" gaNatuM, kAraNa ke e adAlatanAM lavAjamo ane ApanI puSkaLa kamANI ApatuM.49 4. zikSaNa kAThiyAvADamAM pahelAM zikSaNa khAtuM aMgreja sarakAranA hAthamAM hatuM, paraMtu pachI dezI rAjyonA AgrahathI e khAtuM emane soMpavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. rAjakumAra kelejamAM zikSaNa laIne gAdIe AvelA rAjAoe emanAM rAjyomAM zikSaNanA pracArane mahatva ApyuM hatuM. rAjyamAM gujarAtI tathA aMgrejI zALAo zarU karIne enI saMkhyA tathA vidyArthIonI saMkhyA vadhAravAnA prayAsa karyA hatA. kanyAo mATe alaga kanyAzALAo paNa zarU thaI hatI. keTalIka khAnagI "dhULiyA zALAo" paNa pracalita hatI.50 moTA bhAganAM rAjyamAM maphata athavA najIvI phI laIne zikSaNa ApavAmAM AvatuM. vaDodarA bhAvanagara jUnAgaDha lIMbaDI goMDaLa vagere rAjyoe A bAbatamAM vizeSa nAmanA prApta karI hatI, je ke vastInA pramANamAM dezI rAjyamAM zikSaNane prasAra ghaNo ocho hato ane AvakanI maryAdAmAM rahIne ja zikSaNa pAchaLa khaca karavAmAM AvatA. zikSaNa khAtAnA vaDA tarIke ejyukezanala inspekaTara' nAmane adhikArI rahe che. ghaNI vAra hAIskUlanA heDamAstarane ja A heddo ApavAmAM AvatA. hAIskUlamAM krikeTanI ramatane protsAhana ApavAmAM AvatuM. keTalAMka rAjya taraphathI maeNTrika sudhI abhyAsa pUro karI anya zahera ke videzamAM abhyAsa karavA janAra tejasvI vidyArthIone ziSyavRtti ke Arthika madada ApavAmAM AvatI. meTA bhAganAM rAjyamAM eka athavA enAthI vadhAre vAcanAlaya ke pustakAlaya zarU karavAmAM AvatAM, ne rAjya taraphathI ene kharca ApavAmAM AvatuM. 5. auSadhAlaya ane Arogya meTA bhAganAM rAjyamAM rAjyanA kharce jarUriyAta pramANe auSadhAlaya, calAvavAmAM AvatAM. rAjyanA mukhya mathakamAM hospiTala sthApavAmAM AvatI ane emAM "aMdaranA" tathA "bahAranA dardIonA vibhAga rAkhavAmAM AvatA. emAM

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briTiza maka oparezananI paNa vyavasthA thatI, e uparAMta rAjyanAM meTA gAmamAM davAkhAnAM calAvavAmAM AvatA. meTe bhAge prajAne maphata athavA najIvI phIthI sAravAra ApavAmAM AvatI. A khAtAnA uparI tarIke cIpha meDikala oNphisara" nAmane, adhikArI rAkhavAmAM AvatuM. sAmAnya rIte mukhya mathakanI hospiTalanA mukhya DokaTarane A he ApavAmAM AvatA lekanA Arogya mATe paNa keTalIka jogavAI karavAmAM AvatI. zItaLA. TakAvavA mATe khAsa adhikArI rahe. plega-rogacALAnA samaye rAjya takedArInAM pagalAM letuM tathA ene aMkuzamAM levA prayAsa karatuM. keTalAMka meTAM rAjyamAM pazuonI sAravAra mATe paNa vyavasthA karavAmAM AvatI; joke prajAnI vastInA pramANamAM auSadha-khAtA pAchaLa ochuM kharca karavAmAM AvatuM. keTalAMka gAmomAM khAnagI vaidyo prajAnI sAravAra karatA. keTalIka vAra mukhya hospiTalanA DekaTarane vadhu abhyAsa mATe rAjyanA kharce videza mokalavAmAM AvatA, te keTalIka vAra tabIbI vidyArthIone e mATe Arthika madada karavAmAM AvatI. Avaka ane kharcanAM sAdhana dezI riyAsatanI AvakanuM mukhya sAdhana jamIna-mahesUla hatuM. jakAta keTa-kI ijAra-phI daMDa japtI vageremAMthI paNa rAjyane Avaka thatI. e uparAMta najarANuM lAyasansa phI TrAma-ve relave meLAo vageremAMthI paNa rAjyane nedhapAtra rakama maLatI. rAjya taraphathI audyogika sAhasamAM paisA rokavAmAM AvyA heya. te enI Avaka paNa thatI. keTalAMka rAjyomAM karaverAnuM pramANa vadhAre hatuM. AvAM rAjyamAM rAjakuTuMbamAM janma ke lagnanA prasaMge prajA pAsethI vizeSa karI levAmAM AvatuM. rAjAne tyAM kuMvarane janma thAya tyAre "kuMvarapacheDo' nAmane kara. rAjAnA kuMvaranA lagnaprasaMge "vivAhavadhAvo' nAmane kara, ane kuMvarInA lagna prasaMge kanyALI ' nAmane kara levAmAM Avata.51 keI rAjyamAM gharavero, thI uparane ekaTreI vere, tathA lagna ane chUTAcheDA upara paNa kara levAmAM AvatuM. A uparAMta harijano muslimo kaNabI rabArI mera vagere pAsethI. jJAti pramANe kara levAmAM Ave che, jyAre brAhmaNe emAMthI mukta rahetA.para rAjyane je Avaka thatI temAMthI vahIvaTItaMtra, pilIsa, zikSaNa, auSadhAlaye, Arogya, jAhera hitanAM kAryo, bAMdhakAma tathA rAjakuTuMbanI pAchaLa meTA bhAgane. kharca karavAmAM AvatA. dhArmika tathA dharmAdA saMsthAone paNa madada karavAmAM AvatI. mukhya zaheranI sudharAI pAchaLa noMdhapAtra kharca karavAmAM AvatuM. Avaka karatAM kharcanuM pramANa haMmezAM ochuM rahetuM rogacALo duSkALa ke kudaratI Aphatane

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sabhyata samaye rAjya enI zaktinI maryAdAmAM rahIne rAhatanAM pagalAM bharatuM. aMgrejonA kuMDaphALAmAM paNa dezI saMsthAee paisA ApavA paDatA. kAyadA 191 dezI rAjyone peAtAnuM taMtra calAvavA mATe kAyadA ghaDavAnI sattA hatI, tethI keTalAka kAyadA tee peAte navA ghaDIne amalamAM mUkatAM hatAM, te keTalIka vAra te aMgreja sarakAre ghaDelA kAyadAne svIkArI laIne peAtAnA pradezamAM lAgu pADatAM hatAM. teo je kAyadA navA ghaDe tene amalamAM mUktAM pahelAM aMgreja sarakAranI saMmati levI jarUrI hatI. sikkA TikiTa tathA dastAvejI kAgaLA bhAvanagara navAnagara junAgaDha pArabaMdara kaccha tathA vaDAdarA rAjyAne enI potAnI TaMkazALa hatI, emAMnAM ghaNAMkharAM rAjyamAM cAMdInI kArInu calaNa hatuM. aMgreja sarakAranA eka rUpiyA badala cAMdInI sADA traNathI pAMca ArInuM dheAraNu rAkhavAmAM AvatuM, emAM saMjogA pramANe gheADA pheraphAra thayA karatA.53 I. sa. 1908 sudhImAM aMgrejoe ghaNIkharI TaMkazALA badha karAvI hatI, A uparAMta keTalAMka rAjyAne emanI pAtAnI revanyu- TikiTa, kArTa-phInI TikiTA tathA dastAvejI kAgaLA chApavAnI ane calAvavAnI chUTa hatI. khIna vanAM rAjyAne sikkA pADavAnI sattA na hatI, paraMtu krAphInI TikiTA, dastAvejI kAgaLA vagere chApavAnI chUTa hatI. zahera-sudharAI keTalAMka rAjyoe peAtAnA mukhya zaheramAM sudharAInI zarUAta karI hatI. emAM keTalAka sabhyeA cUMTAyelA ane keTalAka nimAyelA rahetA. dareka krAmanA AgevAnane emAM samAveza thatA. sabhyA enA pramukhanI pasaMdagI karatA, zaheramAM dIvAbattI rastAo svacchatA Arogya agnizamana vagerenI sagavaDa upara te jyAna ApatA. enA kharca mATe rAjya taraphathI rakama ApavAmAM AvatI, zaheranAM taLAva ke hAspiTala mATe phaMDa rAkhavAmAM AvatuM. gAmanA vahIvaTa dareka gAmamAM eka peAlIsa-paTela rahetA hatA; uparAMta eka pagI paNa rahetA, jenuM kArya cAra ke gunegArAne pakaDavAnuM hatuM. keTalAMka rAjyAnAM gAmAmAM eka sAmAnya phaMDa rahetuM, je 'gAma-kharaca' tarIke oLakhAtuM. e kuMDamAM dareka kheDUta

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briTiza kAva 132 peAtAnA phALA ApatA ane e gAmanA sAmAnya hitamAM vaparAtuM. gAmanA mahemAnA sAdhuo tathA phakIrA pAchaLa paNa emAMthI kharcI thatA. anya vigata keTalAMka rAjya taraphathI prajAnA AgevAnene viziSTa sevA ke siddhi badala rAjaratna'nA khitAba apAtA hatA. moTA rAjyamAM eka amIrane 'tAjhimI saradAra'nA khitAba ApavAmAM AvatA. DhasA jevA chaThThA varganA rAjyamAM 'DhasAtUra' 'dIpaka' 'puSpa' 'r'jana' ane 'bhUSaNu' jevA ilkAba apAtA hatA.14 dareka rAjyane peAtAnu rAjyacihna, rAjyasUtra tema rAjyagIta hatuM. dareka rAjya taraphathI peAtAnuM darakhArI gaeNjheTa' bahAra paDatuM, jemAM rAjyanA hukamA tathA paripatrA prasiddha karavAmAM AvatA. rAjyanI pravRttione dara varSe vASirSIka vahIvaTI ahevAla' bahAra paDatA ane emAM dareka khAtAnI kAmagIrInI vigatA tathA viziSTa banAvA ke pheraphAranI taiAMdha ApavAmAM AvatI. dareka rAjyanA peAtAne 'rAjakavi' (meATe bhAge cAraNu ke gaDhavI) rahetA, je zubha prasaMgoe rAjAnI prazasti racIne darabAramAM saMbhaLAvatA athavA AzIvacana kahetA.55 dareka rAjyanA pAtAnA vakIla' paNa rahetA, je ejansI ke prAMtika sarakAra sAthenI kAyadA-viSayakaH bAkhatA patAvavAmAM madada karatA. hiMdu rAjA hiMdu tahevArAnI ujavaNIne ane muslima rAjA muslima tahevArAnI ujavaNIne uttejana ApatA. keTalAMka rAjyAmAM adhikArIoe emane mATe mukarara thayelA pAzAka paheravA paDatA. Ama dezI riyAsatAnuM rAjyataMtra viziSTa prakAranu* temaja vividhatAthI sabhara hatuM. pAdaTIpa 1. H. H. Dodwell (ed.), The Cambridge History of India (CHI), Vol. VI: The Indian Empire (1858-1918), p. 62 1-4. Ibid., pp. 63 f. 6. p. 65 9. Ibid., p. 70 10. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series, Bombay Presidency Vol. I, 119 11. CHI., Vol. VI, p. 70 13. Ibid., pp. 71. 5. lbid., pp. 64 f. 7-8. Ibid., pp. 68 . 12. Ibid., p. 71 14. Ibid., pp. 72 f.

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rAjyataMtra 15-16. Ibid., pp. 73. 17. Ibid, pp. 255f. 2c. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series, Bombay Presidency, Vol. I, pp. 86ff. qe. CHI., Vol. VI, pp. 255-257 20-21. Ibid, pp. 257-259 22-23. Ibid, pp. 259-261 23 a. Ibid, pp. 71 . 24-25. Ibid., p. 261 ra6-27. Ibid, pp. 261 f. 28-29. Ibid, p. 262 30-31. Ibid, pp. 262f. 32-33. Ibid, pp. 264f. 34. Ibid, pp. 265. 34. K. M. Panikkar, Indian States and the Government of India, p. 122 39. ema. je. thAnakI, 'saurASTra ke pahale cAra varga(zreNiyoM)ke purAne rAjyAMkA itihAsa aura unakA briTiza sArvabhauma sattAse sambandha', pR. 367 37. pagana, pR. ddArU 38. na, pR. 227 . 39. kalyANajI viThalajI mahetA, "darabAra zrI gepALadAsa', pR. 70 xo. The Annual Administration Report of Nawanagar State for the year 1895-96, p. 13 41. Ibid, p. 25 82. William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India, p. 37 83. P. L. Chudgar, Indian Princes Under British Protection, p. 46 44. "sAMtI" eTale eka sAMtI athavA haLathI kheDI zakAya teTalI jamIna, e artha karavAmAM AvatuM. 84. The Annual Administration Report of Nawanagar State for the year 1895-96, p. 18 84. The Annual Administration Report of Limbdi State for the year 1910-11, p. 28 89. The Annual Administration Report of Nawanagar State for the year, 1895-96, p. 24 x. H. Wilberforce Bell, The History of Kathiawad, p. 230 49. manasukhalAla ravajIbhAI mahetA, dezI rAjyanA prazno', pR. 159

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briTiza kaha 50. je prAthamika zALAmAM vidyArthIone AMkaDA tathA akSare pATI para nahi, paraMtu retI para lakhIne zIkhavavAmAM AvatA te "dhULiyA nizALa" athavA "dhULiyA zALA tarIke oLakhAtI. 51. manasukhalAla ravajIbhAI mahetA, uparyukta, pR. 238 42. The Annual Administration Report of Porbandar State for the year 1887-88, p. 18 53. zaMbhuprasAda ha. dezAI, saurASTrane ItihAsa, pR. 755 54. kalyANajI viThalajI mahetA, uparyukta, pR. 173 55. A kavie meTe bhAge cAraNI ke DiMgaLI bhASAmAM kA ke gIte racatA.

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pariziSTa sikkA 1818-1914nA kAlapaTa daramyAna gujarAtamAM mukhyatve IsTa inDiyA kampanI tathA anya videzI kampanIo, aMgrejo tathA keTalAMka dezI rAjAonA sikkA pracalita hatA. anya videzI kampanIonA sikkAone A astikALa hato, chatAM tAbuM jasata nikala kathIra vagerenAM mizraNavALI yutinAga nAmanI dhAtunA bajhArukA nAmanA vividha prakAranA inDo-porTugIjha sikkA dIvanI TaMkazALamAMthI I. sa. 1828 sudhI paDatA hatA. bhAratIya-briTiza sikkA I.sa. 1800 mAM suratanA navAbanI sattA nAbUda thatAM muMbaI tathA kalakattAnI TaMkazALAmAMthI suratanA nAme kampanInA sikkA paDatA hatA. muMbaInA sikkA dezI prakAranA tathA kalakattAnA mazInathI pADelA hatA. mukhya bAjue muMbaI TaMkazALanuM cihna (rAjAnuM tAyukta zIrSa) darzAvAtuM. bIjI bAju laMbagoLamAM hijarI varSa darzAvAtuM. game te sAlane sikko hoya, chatAM zAhaAlama bIjAnuM 46muM varSa ja darzAvAtuM. paraMtu 1804 pachI paDelA sikkA upara hijarI ke IsunuM varSa darzAvAtuM nahi. I.sa. 1818mAM kalakattAnI TaMkazALa baMdha thatAM muMbaIthI mazInanA sikkA paDavA lAgyA. 1818-25 vacce mukhyatve mazInathI banelI sIdhI dhAra tathA baMne bAju lITInAM vartalavALA sikkA pracalita hatA, jyAre 182535 varacenA sikkA sAdI dhAra tathA kApAvALI kinArIvALA hatA. I.sa. 1825 mAM mukhya bAjue kampanInuM rAjyacihna tathA bIjI bAju phArasI zabdo tathA romana AMkaDAmAM mUlya tathA 1230 hijarInuM varSa darzAvatA cAra AnA, be AnA tathA eka pAInA sikkA paDyA hatA. I.sa. 1833 thI pAcho pheraphAra thaye. 180 grena vajananA, 85 TakA cAMdI tathA paMdara TakA mizraNavALA mIMDAMnI kinArIvALA rUpiyA zarU thayA. 1834 thI samagra deza mATe saMpUrNa paNe aMgrejI sikko zarU thayA. I.sa. 183pa thI A dezanA briTiza calaNamAM avanavA sudhArA thayA. dareka prakAranA sikkAonA vajana kada tathA gyatAnuM eka cakkasa dheraNuM TharAvavAmAM

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briTiza kAla AvyuM. sikkA pADavA mATe 100 grenanA telAnuM ekama nakkI thayuM ane tethI senAnI mahera, cAMdIne rUpiye tathA tAMbAne paise eka prakAranuM pramANasaranuM vajana-dharaNa jALavatA.4 1835 thI 1947nA gALAmAM bhAratanA sikkAnA ekama evA rUpiyAe AMtararASTriya khyAti prApta karI ane A badhAM varSomAM kAlakrame bhAratathI ghaNuM dUranA dezoe paNa rUpiyAne ekama apanAvyuM. aphaghAnistAna barmA jAvA mombAsA, tibeTa pArTugIjha-InDiyA vagere AvA pradeza hatA.' 1835nI sAlamAM senAnA Dabala mahera, mahera, dasa rUpiyA tathA pAMca rUpiyA tathA cAMdInA aradhA tathA pA rUpiyA e sikko zarU thayA. maheranuM mUlya paMdara rUpiyA tathA Dabala maheranuM trIsa rUpiyA hatuM. A badhA sikkAonI mukhya bAjue viliyama 4 thAnuM khulluM mAthuM enA nAma sAthe darzAvAtuM. bIjI bAjue senAnA sikkA upara tADavRkSanI nIce cAlate siMha, aMgrejImAM kampanInuM nAma tathA agreijI-phArasImAM mUlya darzAvAtAM. cAMdInA sikakAo upara puSpamALAnI vacce mUlya tathA bahAra vartuLAkAre lakhANa tathA varSa darzAvAtAM. tAMbAnA paisA be paisA tathA pAI hatAM. mukhya bAju rAjyacihna tathA varSa ane bIjI bAju puSpamALAmAM aMgrejI tathA phArasImAM mUlya darzAvAtuM. bahAra vartuLAkAre aMgrejI kampanInuM nAma lakhAtuM. 1844 mAM aradho paise zarU thaye. 1840 mAM rANI vikaTAriyAnA senA-cAMdInA sikkA zarU thayA. mukhya bAjue vAmAbhimukha rANInuM DokuM, caherA pAse aMgrejImAM "vikaToriyA" tathA mastaka pAchaLa kavIna" lakhAtuM. bIjI bAju viliyama cethAnA sikkA jevI hatI. senAmAM phakta mahera ja hatI. cAMdImAM 1841 mAM be AnIne sikko umerAye. 1858mAM kampanI pAsethI rAjya-kArabhAra saMbhALatA navA sikkA paDyA. A sikkA cAMdI tathA trAMbAnA hatA. enA upara zAhI tAja tathA pracura bharatavALe jAme dhAraNa karatuM rANInuM uttarAMga heya che. lakhANa tathA bIjI bAju agAunA sikkA jevI hoya che. 1872 sudhI AvA sikkA paDatA rahyA, paraMtu 1862 pachInA sikkA upara paNa varSa 1862 darzAvAtuM, paraMtu dareka varSa mATe eka TapakuM umerAtuM, jema ke 186ra sAthe pAMca TapakAM eTale 1867. 1877 thI kavIna'ne badale "epresa" lakhAvA lAgyuM. 1891 mAM be paisA baMdha thayA. 1901 mAM sAtamA eDavarDa gAdIe AvyA. tyAre sikkAo upara rAjAnuM mastaka darzAvatuM. aMgrejI lakhANamAM nAma sAthe "rAjA" tathA "zahenazAha arthavALA zabda lakhAtA, senAnA sikkA paDyA nathI. cAMdInA sikkAnI bIjI

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pariziSTa (sikkA) bAjue kamaLanI khe DALakhI vacce aMgrejImAM tathA phArasImAM mUlya tathA upara tAja darzAvAtA, paraMtu tAMbAnA sikkAnI khIjI bAju vikaTAriyAnA sikkA jevI ja hatI. 1901 mAM daza karakariyAMvALA nikalane eka Ane zarU thayA tathA badha thayelA e paisA pharI zarU thayA. A sikkA tAja tathA zAhI jAmAvALuM rAjyanuM mastaka darzAvatA. 197 1911 mAM paMcama jyojanA saMpUrNa zAhI pAzAka tathA rAjyamugaTavALA sikkA dilhI darabArane prasaMge zarU thayA. jhabhbhA upara cItarelA hAthInI sUMDha bhUDa jevI lAgatAM, muslimeAe UhApoha karatAM e bhUla sudhAravAmAM AvI. rUpiyA, aradhA tathA be AnAnA cAMdInA sikkA hatA. mukhya bAju para aMgrejImAM rAnanuM nAma tathA hoddo ane khIjI bAju puSpamALA vacce adeggrejI tathA phArasI zabdomAM mUlya tathA aMgrejImAM varSa darzAvAtu. dezI rAjyAnA sikkA 1858 mAM aMgrejoe sattA dhAraNa karI tyAre se uparAMta rAjya sikkA pADavAnA hakka dharAvatAM hatAM. 1857nA svAtaMtrya-saMgrAmathI ghaNAM varSa pahelAM a Mgrejo saOsattAdhIza banyA hatA. vividha suleha-karArA vagerene kAraNe dezI rAjgyA upara sArI vaga paNa dharAvatA hatA, chatAM emanA sikkA pADavAnA hakkanI vacce AvyA nahi. rAjyAe zarUmAM sikkA upara mughala zahenazAhanuM nAma cAlu rAkheluM, paraMtu 1857 mAM bahAdurazAha dezanikAla thatAM enuM nAma cAlu rAkhavuM nira"ka hatuM, iMglaeNnDanA sattAdhIzA IcchatA hatA ke aMgrejonA sarvAparipaNAnuM tathA peAtAnI tAbedArInuM sUcaka rANInuM nAma ke evuM kAMIka rAjyeA apanAve, paraMtu tAjetaranA vigrahane kAraNe AvuM sIdhu` sUcana karavA teo hiMmata dharAvatA naheAtA.8 chevaTe, peAtAnI vaphAdArI darzAvavA rAjAne ja Ama karavuM jarUrI lAgyuM. 1846 mAM kacchanA rAve briTiza sarakAranuM nAma darzAvavA darakhAsta karI ja hatI. 1857 pachI A prakriyA vegIlI banI ne 1872 mAM e saMpUrNa thaI, Ama chatAM rANInuM nAma na darzAvanArAM rAjya paNa hatAM kharAM. khIjI bAju aMgrejoe rAjyAnA sikkA pADavAnA hakkanI cakAsaNI karI phakta cotrIsa rAjAne hakka mAnya rAkhyA te paikI paMdara rAjyAe rANInuM nAma apanAvyuM. 1876 mAM aMgrejoe jAhera karyuM ke je rAjyA peAtAnI TaMkazALa badha karI aMgrejI TakazALamAM peAtAnA sikkA paDAvaze temane e sikkA vinAmUlye pADI ApavAmAM Avaze. A prathA 1893 mAM badha thatAM rAjyAnA sikkAnI kiMmata khAramAM ghaTI gaI ane ghaNAM rAjya briTiza sarakAra khArabhAve emanA

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briTiza kAya 19 sikkA kharIdI le te teo potAnA hakka jatA karavA kabUla thayAM. gujarAtamAM kacche cAMdInA tathA vAdarA ane jUnAgaDha phkta tAMbAnA ja sikkA pADavAnA hakka rAkhyA tathA TaMkazALA paNa rAkhI. kacche IMglaeNnDanA rAjAnA nAmavALA sikkA cAlu rAkhyA, vaDAdarA rAjyanA sikkA : 1818 mAM ANuMdarAva gAyakavADanuM rAjya hatuM. ... enA sikkA upara phArasImAM akabara khInnanuM nAma tathA khitAmA sAthe rAjyakAlasUcaka va mukhya bAjue tathA khIjI bAjue rAjyakartAnA nAmanA prathamAkSara tathA 'gAyakavADa'nA prathamAkSara nAgarImAM eka vadhArAnI UbhI lITI sAthe tema ja rAjyacihna kaTAra sAthe darzAvAtAM. sayAjIrAva 2 jAe. uparyukta prakAranA cAMdInA rUpiyA aradhA tathA khe AnA uparAMta tAMbAnA vividha prakAranA sikkA pADavA. sU, kiraNAtsagI vartula, mATI dhA, khe nizAnavALI dhanna, puSpa, kaTAra, meATu. pAMDu' vagere vividha prakAranAM cihna A sikkAo para jovA maLe che. gAyakavADanA peAtAnA nAmanA nAgarI prathamAkSara paNa darzAvAtA. akabara 2 jAnA nAmavALA enA sikkA upara nAgarI akSarA sAthe daMDe aMkita thatA. rUpiyA 150 thI 177 grena tathA .8 IMcanA, aradhA 88 thI 90 grena tathA 65 iMcanA ane be AnA 22.5 grena tathA .5 iMcanA hatA. eka bAju sAta TapakAM tathA bIjI bAju phArasImAM 'jalusa' lakhelA aradhA paisA paNa hatA. gaNapatarAve tathA enA anugAmI khaMDerAve paNa akabara 2 jA tuM phArasImAM nAma tathA khIjI bAju meTA daDA tathA sAta TapakAMvALA tAMbAnA sikkA pADayA hatA, paraMtu 1857nA svAtaMtrya-sagrAma pachI mughala zahenazAhanA nAmane sthAne gAyakavADAnA kauTu khika khitAba senA khAsakhela zamazera bahAdura' phArasImAM lakhAvA lAgyA. khaDerAve keTalAMka varSa pachI mukhya bAju para peAtAnAM nAma ane khitAkhA tathA marAThImAM mudrAlekhavALA tathA khIjI bAju phArasImAM nAma TaMkazALa tathA varSa darzAvatA yuropIya prakAranA sikkA paDAvyA. 10 khaMDerAvanA rUpiyA aradhA tathA pA rUpiyA upara prathamAkSarA, kaTAra, bAjumAM nAgarImAM 'sAra' tathA vartulAkAre nAma ane kauTu Mbika khitAba darzAvelAM hAya che. khIjI bAju phArasImAM sikke mubAraka khaMDerAva gAyakavADa guLa khaDaudA' che. A sikkA pUrA eka iMca vyAsanA che. vaLI kha'DerAve mukhya bAju akabara 2 jAnuM *ArasImAM nAma tathA khIjI bAju peAtAnA nAgarI prathamAkSarAvALA paisA,11 aradhA paisA; mukhya bAju kaTAra, prathamAkSarA, hijarI varSe, phArasImAM TaMkazALanuM nAma tathA

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pariziSTa sikkA) bIjI bAju phArasImAM kauTuMbika khitAbavALA paisA temaja mukhya bAju prathamAkSaro, ghoDAnI kharI, hijarI varSa tathA bIjI bAju phArasI khitAbavALA paisA ema traNa prakAranA paisAnA sikkA paDAvyA hatA. malhArarAvanA be rUpiyA 10 rUpiye tema ja aradhA para emanA prathamAkSara kaTAra TaMkazALa tathA bIjI bAju phArasImAM kauTuMbika khitAba maLe che. tAMbAmAM emanA be paisA, paisA tathA madhyamAM daDAvALA paisA paDAvyA hatA. sayAjIrAva 3 jAnAM zarUAtanAM varSonA rUpiyA, aradhA, cAra Ane tathA be AnA malhArarAvanA cAMdInA sikkA jevA ja hatAparaMtu pachInAM varSomAM pitAnI ardha chabI tathA nAgarImAM nAma ane bIjI bAju nAgarImAM mUlya kaTAra tathA saMvata darzAvatA vividha prakAranA rUpiyA pADyA hatA. 15 kaccha rAjyanA sikkA : 1818 mAM bhAramala 2 ja sattA para hatA. emanI 65 thI 68 grena vajananI kerI upara phArasImAM gujarAtanA sulatAna ahamadazAha 2 jA(I.sa. 1451 thI 1459)nuM nAma tathA nIce nAgarImAM "rAuthI bhAramalajI' lakhANa daSTigocara thAya che. dezaLajI 2 (1819 thI 1860)nI kerI upara phArasImAM akabara 2 jAnuM nAma tathA nAgarImAM pitAnuM nAma lakhAtuM. bIjI bAju phArasImAM hijarI varSa tathA TaMkazALanuM nAma "bhUja' lakhavAnuM emaNe zarU karyuM. kada tathA vajanamAM A kerIo agAunI kerI jevI ja hatI, paraMtu dezaLajIe aradhI karI paNa pADI hatI.12 bIjA prakAranI kerI tathA aradhI upara mukhya bAju para TaMkazALanuM phArasI nAma tathA bIjI bAju nAgarImAM "rAuzrI dezaLajI sAthe vikrama saMvatanuM varSa lakhAtu. A rAjAnA prathama prakAranI kerI jevA dekaDA, akabara 2 jAnA phArasI nAmavALA dokaDA temaja tAMbiyA paNa maLe che. bahAdurazAhanA nAmavALA dekaDA tAMbiyA tathA DhIMgalA paNa evA hatA. prAgamalajI 2 jAnA samaya(1860-75)mAM mukhya bAju para zahenazAhanA nAmane sthAne phArasImAM rANuM vikaTeriyAnAM nAma tathA khitAbo ane khristI varSa darzAvatA sikkA zarU thayA. senAnI kerI khUba ja AkarSaka hatI. TaMkazALane ulalekha have "bhUjanagara' tarIke thavA lAgyA. bIjI bAju trizala ardhacaMdra tathA kaTAra darzAvAtAM ane nAgarImAM vikrama saMvata tathA "mahArAjezrI prAgamalajI' lakhAtuM.7 senAnI kerI, cAMdInI kerI, aDhI karI ane pAMca kerInA suMdara kalAmaya sikkA hatA, jene saLa suMdara parNonI AlaMkArika kinArI paNa hatI.

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briTiza kALa 10 nAgarImAM mahArAjAdhirAja mirA mahArAzrI prAgamalajI khahAdUra' lakhAtuM. tAMbAnA DhAkaDA traNa prakAranA hatA :- kaTAra, nAgarImAM savata tathA TaMkazALanA nAmavALA; phArasImAM mUlya, khristI varSI tathA TaMkazALanA nAmavALA ane vikaTAriyAnAM nAma tathA khitAmA ane nAgarImAM prAgamalajInA nAmavALA. AvA ja doDha dokaDA tathA tAMkhiyA hatA. 1875 mAM kheMgArajI 3 aa gAdoe AvatAM cAMdImAM pAMca kAro ane aDhI kArI tathA tAMbAmAM dokaDA dADha dokaDA traNa dokaDA tathA tAMbiyA pADayA. pAMca kArInuM phArasI lakhANa 'vikaTAriyA kaisara-hinda jha bhUja', khristI varSI, khIjI bAju trizULa kaTAra aOcaMdra sAthe "mahArAjAdhirAja mirA mahArA zrI kheMgArajI bahAdUra' nAgarImAM lakhAtuM. bIna sikkA lagabhaga prAgamalajInA sikkAo jevA ja hatA, paraMtu aDhI kArI upara kheMgArajInA 'savAI bahAdura' tarIke ullekha che. 18 jUnAgaDha rAjya : jUnAgaDhanA navAkhAnI kArI dIvAnazAhI' tarIke ALakhAya che. 1818 mAM bahAdurakhAna 1 lAnuM rAjya hatuM tenI kArInuM varNana A pUrvenA granthamAM AvI gayuM che. 1840 pachI navAba hamIdakhAne mukhya bAjue phArasImAM akabara 2 jAnuM nAma, nIce nAgarImAM zrI dIvAna', bIjI khAju hijarI varSI, nAgarImAM vaMza-daztaka akSara vA,' tathA jUnAgaDha' nA chellA khe akSarA ', phArasImAM TaMkazALanuM nAma tathA vikrama saMvatavALI aradhI kArI pADI hatI. 19 mahAbatakhAna 2 jAe evA ja prakAranI 70 thI 72 grena vajananI kArInA tathA 28 thI 36 grena vajananI aradhIkArInA sikkA pADavA, emAM mukhya bAjue phArasImAM navAbanA nAmavALI gheADA nAnA kadanI kArIe paNa pADI hatI. 1892 thI rasala mahAbatakhAna 3 jAe peAtAnI kArIo upara seAraTha sarakAra' ane vikrama saMvata tathA khIjI bAju phArasImAM riyAsate jUnAgaDha' lakhANavALA paisA pADavA.20 navAnagara rAjya : A rAjyanI kArI 'jAmazAhI' kahevAya che. enuM vajana 70 thI 74 grena heAya che. 1820nI raNumalajInI kArInI mukhya bAjue phArasImAM gujarAta sulatAna mujhaphpharazAha 3 jAnu nAma, hijarI 878 varSI tathA mujhaphpharanA sikkAnA phArasI lakhANunA avazeSa! mAtra UbhI lITIo jevA dekhAya che. nIce nAgarImAM zrI jAmajI" lakhANu hAya che. khIjI bAju paNa sulatAnanA sikkAnAM lakhANunA kArasI avazeSa dekhAya che. aradhI karI paNa hatI.

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pariziSTa (sikkA) 1852-95 vacce jAma vibhAjIe upara mujabanA lakhANavALI senAnI 99 grena vajananI kArI21 pazu pADelI. emaNe cadiInI kerI tathA aradhI karI ane tAMbAnA DhIMgalA ane dekaDA pADyA hatA. bIjA eka prakAranI kerInI mukhya bAjue be kaTAranI vacce lakhANa jAma vibhAjI' tathA bIjI bAju valamAM kerI' tathA ardhavartulAkAre nAgarI lakhANa navAnagara' sAthe vikrama saMvata hoya che. pAMca kerInA sikkA paNa hatA, jemAM mukhya bAjue mathALe phArasImAM "mujhapharazAha, nIce nAgarImAM vibhAjInuM nAma tathA mUlya ane bIjI bAju sulatAna mujhaphaphara 3 jAnA sikkAonA phArasI lakhANanA avazeSa hatA. traNa dekaDA upara mukhya bAju nAgarImAM "mahArAjAdhirAja jAmazrI vibhAjI' tathA kaTAra ane bIjI bAju kiraNotsarga valamAM lakhANa saMsthAna navAnagara, bIjA prakAramAM mukhya bAju phArasImAM "mujhaphapharazAha nAgarImAM zrI jAma tathA saMvata ane bIjI bAju vartalamAM mUlya tathA kaTAra; be dekaDAmAM mukhya bAju kaTAra sAthe nAgarImAM nAma, bIjI bAju mUlya tathA saMvata darzAvAtAM. jUnI kerInA prakArane dekA tathA tAMbiye paNa calaNamAM hatA. pirabaMdara rAjya: 1831 nI vikamAtajInI rANAzAhI karI paNa jUnI jAmazAhI kerI jevI ja hatI, paraMtu hijarI varSa 978 ne badale 80723 tathA zrI jAmane sthAne zrIrANa' lakhAtuM. cAMdImAM kerI (72 thI 76 grena), aradhI kerI ane pAva kerI temaja tAMbAmAM dekaDe tathA tAMbiyo ema vividha prakAre hatA. rAdhanapura rAjya : bAbI navAba jorAvare rUpiyAthI be AnA sudhInA sikkA pADyA hatA. mukhya bAjue phArasImAM vikaTeriyAnuM nAma tathA khitAba make muAjhame,' TaMkazALanuM nAma tathA khristI varSa, bIjI bAju phArasI zabdamAM mUlya tathA navAbanuM nAma tathA khitAbe darzAvAtAM. rUpiyAnuM vajana Azare 180 grena, ATha AnAnuM Azare 90 grena, cAra AnAnuM Azare 45 grena ane be AnAnuM Azare 22,5 grena vajana hatuM. trAMbAnA sikkA jADA, laMbacorasa tathA aniyamita ghATanA hatA, jenA upara eka bAju prathamAkSara nAgarI je darzAvAta, bIjI bAju lakhANa ke cila vinAnI hatI. A pachInA navAba bisimallAe (1874-95) baMne bAju phArasI lakhANavALA 175 grena vajananA rUpiyA pADyA hatA. mukhya bAju rANInA khitAba kesara- hinda' tathA "make mujhame," khristIvarSa ane TaMkazALa tathA bIjI bAju navAbanuM nAma tathA khitAbo sAthe hijarI varSa darzAvAtuM. tAMbAnA jorAvaranA prakAranA, paraMtu prathamAkSara "bi darzAvatA paisA paNa hatA.

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briTiza kAya luNAvADA rAjyaH mahArANuM vakhtasiMhajInA 1867nA cerasa ke laMbacorasa paisA tathA aradhA paisA maLe che. mukhya bAjue kamaLa tathA traTaka aspaSTa gujarAtI lakhANa tathA bIjI bAjue aspaSTa lakhANa tathA nizAnIonA avazeSa hoya che. paisA 120 thI 128 grenanA ane aradhA paisA 50 thI 75 grenanA hatA. pisAnA eka bIjA rasaprada prakAramAM mukhya bAjue jamaNI bAju jete siMha, talavAra, saMvata tathA gujarAtI lakhANa laNavADI ane bIjI bAju aspaSTa tUTaka lakhANa tathA nizAnIo hoya che.25 khaMbhAta rAjya zIyA navAba jApharakhAnane 1880 ne rUpiye maLe che. mukhya bAju phArasImAM navAbanuM nAma, hijarI varSa, bIjI bAju phArasImAM mAnusa phormyulA tathA TaMkazALanuM nAma hoya che. AvA be AnA paNa hatA. A. rAjyanA paisA aniyamita AkAranA, jADA, mukhya bAju aMtargoLamAM gujarAtImAM "paisA zrI sAla (ke zrI savA ?)" lakhANavALA tathA bIjI bAju lakhANa vagaranA athavA phArasImAM "zAha' lakhelA hoya che. bIjA prakAranA paisA upara mukhya bAju "zrI khaMbhAta baMdara saM. 1948 nI sAla' lakheluM hoya che ane trIjA prakAramAM mukhya bAju phArasImAM "riyAsate kambAyata tathA bIjI bAju gujarAtImAM mUlya tathA saMvatavALA pAtaLA tathA goLa hoya che. 27 choTA udepura rAjya: mahArAvaLa metasiMhajInA be paisA maLe che. mukhya bAju gujarAtImAM AMkaDA tathA zabdamAM mUlya, kaTAra, lakhANa "mahArAvalazrI motIsaMgajI', bIjI bAju 1948 sAthe lakhANa "svasthAna TAudepAra hoya che.28 eka pase paNa maLe che, paNa enAM gujarAtI lakhANa vAMcI zakAtAM nathI. pAdaTIpa 9. P. L. Gupta, Coins, p. 145 2. Ibid, p. 159 3. Ibid., p. 162 4. J. N. S, I, Vol. XXIII, p. 90 5. Ibid., Vol. XIXpp. 59-70 S. P. L. Gupta, op. cit., p. 165 7. Ibid., p. 177, 8. Ibid, p. 170 9. John Allan, Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, - Calcutta, Vol. IV, p. 160 10. Ibid, PIIX-7 11. Ibid, PI, IX-4 12. Ibid, P. IX-5 13. Ibid, PI, IX-6

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pariziSTa sika) 14. Ibid, pp. 167 f. 15. Ibid, p. 169 15 a. bhAramalajI 2 jAnA keTalAka sikkAo upara mujhaphapharazAha 3 jAnuM nAma ane hi.sa. 2284 24'ssa teet (Chester L. Krause and Clifford Mishler, Standard Catalog of World Coins, p. 690-saM). 16. Ibid, Pl. XI-14-16, XI 1 17. Ibid, Pl. X-17 18. Ibid, Pl. X-6 19. Ibid., p. 180 20. Ibid., Pl. X-7. 21. Ibid, PI, XI-13 22. Ibid, Pl. XII-3 23. zaMbhuprasAda dezAI, saurASTrane ItihAsa, pR. 755 28. John Allan, op cit., Vol. III, pp. 203 f. 25. Ibid, p. 197 26. Ibid, P. -3 24 a. varanutaH rAdhanapuranA A sikAo para nI ke je darzAvate, ane ene zAsanA ' nAmanA prathamAkSara sAthe kaI saMbaMdha nahe. juo. Ibid, pp. 202. ane chester L. Kjause and clifford Mishler, op cit., p. 707,-21. 27. Ibid, p. 176 28. Ibid, Pl. X-4

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. prakaraNa-8 rAjakIya jAgRti ane rASTravAdano vikAsa sAMskArika-sAMskRtika nakkara bhUmi upara UbhelA bhAratamAM eka pachI eka yupIya prajAo AvI; AraMbhamAM vepAra nimitte ane pachIthI ahIMnI rAjakIya nirbaLatA joI rAjasattA nimitte. A badhI prajAonI ubhaya nimittanI parasparanI harIphAImAM Akhare aMgreja prajA sarvopari banI. aMgreja prajA Ama to vaizyaprakRtinI hatI, arthAta vepArIvRttine varelI. A prajAne Arthika upArjananI pravRttionI jeTalI nisabata hatI teTalI prajAkalyANanI paDI na hatI, AthI dezanuM arthataMtra kathaLyuM, gRhadyoge nAza pAmyA ane prajAnI Arthika tAkAta kamajora thaI gaI. aMgrejonA saMparkane pariNAme pazcimI saMskRti, tyAMnI vicAradhArA, tyAMnuM rAjakAraNa ane tyAMnI prajAe svAtaMtrya meLavavA ApelAM balidAna-A badhI bAbatonI buniyAdanA paricayamAM bhAratIya prajAne zikSita varga AvavA lAge. aMgrejI keLavaNIne kAraNe A badhA lAbha prApta thayA hatA, tethI enI asara bhAratIya vicAre upara-sAhitya upara thaI, jeNe prajAmAM rAjakIya jAgRti mATenI cinagArI cAMpI. AnI asara samAjajIvana ane dharmajIvana upara thaI ane emAMthI pratyAghAta uddabhavyA, jeNe prajAjIvanane khaLabhaLAvI mUkayuM. vaicArika kAMtine-svAtaMtrya mATenI krAMtine prajA AvakAravA kaTibaddha banI, jemAMthI rASTriya bhAvanAo uddabhavI ane bhAratIya prajA punarutthAna mATe parizramI thavA lAgI. vividha paribaLe aDhAramI sadInA uttarArdhamAM ane ogaNIsamI sadInA AraMbhanA be dAyakA daramyAna gujarAtamAM paNa sAmAjika dhArmika Arthika ane rAjadvArI UthalapAthala cAlyA karatI hatI. chellA sAteka saikA daramyAna gujarAtamAM dhamAM ane saMskRti upara aneka AkramaNa thatAM rahyAM ane samAjajIvana upara enA pratikuLa pratyAghAta paDatA rahyA. samagra pradezamAM trAsa ane bhayanuM vAtAvaraNa prasarI gayuM hatuM, gurjara samAja bhIru ane saMkucita manodazAvALa banI gaye

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rAjakIya jAgRti ane rASTravAdano vikAsa hata, saMskArapravAhe kSINa thatA jatA hatA, jAnamAla ane dharmanI salAmatI jokhamamAM hatI, prajAmAM ajJAna ane vahema vyApaka banyAM hatAM, strIonI Ijajata AbarU jokhamamAM hatI, bALalamonI bolabAlA vadhI hatI, vidhavAvivAha azakaya hato, dIkarIne janma zAparUpa gaNAto hata, maMtrataMtramAM lekenI zraddhA vadhatI jatI hatI, vepAravANijayane vikAsa thaMbhI gayuM hatuM, jJAnaprAptinAM sAdhanene ke vyavasthita keLavaNIne abhAva pravartato hate, kalA sAhitya ane vijJAnano vikAsa rUMdhAI gayuM hatuM, tyAre mAtra dharmane cheDe dhabakAra prajAjIvananI nADamAM caitanyane zeDo raktapravAha prasarAvI prajAne beThI rAkhavAne prayatna karate hate. gujarAtamAM AvI sAMskRtika kaTokaTI hatI tyAre rAjakIya kSetre kaI sthiratA pravartatI na hatI. gujarAta upara tyAre eka tarapha marAThA-zAsanane prabhAva hato, te bIjI tarapha seMkaDo hiMdu-muslima dezI rAjyone prabhAva hate. A badhA rAjyakartAo paraspara satata jhaghaDatA rahetA hatA, AthI AmAM emanAM sAdhane ane zakti veDaphAI jatAM hatAM. vaLI nabaLAI ane nirAzAmAMthI bacavA svarakSaNa athavA aMgata svArtha khAtara A badhA zAsake ekabIjAne cheda uDADavA trAhitane kumake belAvI pitAnI sthitine vizeSa parAdhIna karatA hatA. AvI paristhitimAM trIjo pakSa phAvI gaye ane vepAra arthe AvelI IsTa InDiyA kampanInA cAlakee Ane pUro lAbha uThA. 1802 mAM vasaInI saMdhithI pezavAIne rAjakSaya lAgu paDavo, jene aMjAma pezavAInA astathI 1818 mAM AvyuM. A sAthe gujarAta upara aMgreja sarvopari banyA; joke dezI rAjyonI AMtarika, paraMtu niyaMtrita svataMtratA cAlu rahI. A navI sattAnI sthApanA sAthe gujarAtamAM paNa navajAgRtinAM vamaLa uddabhavyAM. aMgrejonA saMparkanI asara gujarAtanAM samAja dharma sAhitya rAjakAraNa ane itihAsa upara paDI. aMgreja rAjyanI sthApanA pachI gujarAtanI prajAe theDIka zAMti anubhavI ane nirAMtane zvAsa lIdhe, navI vidyA ane keLavaNune prakAza phelAvA lAge. gujarAtanI asmitAne jAgrata karanAra paribaLomAM sAhitya zikSaNa ane samAcArapatrane phALe mahatvane gaNuM zakAya, kAraNa ke A mAdhyama dvArA ja e pachI samAja-dharmasudhArA ane rAjakIya jAgRtinA unmeSa anubhavAya che. A kSetramAM agraNI rahyA mahIpatarAma rUparAma, narmada, karasanadAsa mULajI, zeTha premacaMda rAyacaMda, durgArAma mahetAjI, raNajitarAma vAvAbhAI mahetA vagere.

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s * briTiza koha saMsthAkIya daSTie "mAnava dharmasabhA" "buddhivardhakasabhA pustaka pracAraka maMDaLA' svadeza hitecchu' "gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTI' gujarAta keLavaNI maMDaLa" vanitA vizrAma vagerene nedhapAtra phALo rahyo che. muMbaI samAcAra' "jJAnasAgara vartamAna" "suratasamAcAra" "khabaradarpaNa" "svataMtratA amadAvAda samAcAra" satyaprakAza" "strIbedha" "svadeza-vatsala" "mahAkAla" "prAtaHkAla" "parahejagAra" rAstophatAra' jAmejamazeda' vagere sAmayiAe tathA hepa vAcanamALA' ane sarasvatIcaMdra' jevA graMthoe ane bhUtanibaMdha' bALavivAha nibaMdha' punarvivAha, nibaMdha "kajoDA duHkhadarzaka nATaka' "sAsuvahunI laDAI "vaidhavyacitra" "revAchUTavAnI ghelAI vagere nibaMdhee janasamAjane svataMtratA mATe jAgrata karavAmAM mahatvane phALo Apyo hate. AmAM vizeSa ullekhanIya che gujarAta varnAkayulara sesAyaTInI sthApanA ane enI aneka pAMkhI pravRttio. ene hetu hato "gujarAtI bhASA sAhityane utkarSa kara, upayogI jJAnane pracAra karavo ane sAmAnya rIte keLavaNInI vRddhi karavI." A mATe vartamAnapatranuM prakAzana karavuM, pustakAlaya sthApavuM, hastapratone saMgraha kara, nizALonI sthApanA karavI vagere kArya jAyAM. A saMsthAnA prastuta hetuo ane kAryakramo ja sUcave che ke gujarAtanI asmitAnA ghaDataramAM ane prajAkIya punarutthAnanA parizramamAM ene phALo keTale dAyitvapUrNa hate. A saMsthA dvArA navajAgRtine zaMkha phUMkAyo, "varatamAna" nAmanA sAptAhika prakAzananA prAraMbhathI 1849 mAM e ja varSe neTiva lAyabrerInI sthApanA thaI (1857thI je jANItI thaI "himAbhAI insTiTayUTInA nAmakaraNathI). 1850 mAM harakuMvara zeThANanI sahAyathI kanyAzALAnI sthApanA thaI. e ja varSe buddhi prakAza' nAmanuM pAkSika zarU thayuM, je pachIthI mAsika banyuM. Ama gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTIe e vakhatanI sAMskArika sAmAjika bauddhika ane zaikSaNika pravRttiomAM preraNAdAyI prANa pUryo. AmAM dalapatarAma kavine phALe nAnesane na hato. 1858 mAM hepavAcanamALA'nuM prakAzana thayuM, jeNe UcharatI gujarAtI prajAnA ghaDataramAM dAyitvapUrNa kArya kareluM. nItinA upadeza ane cAritryanA. baMdhAraNa pratye ApeluM dhyAna A vAcanamALAnI mahattA gaNAvI zakAya. dI. bA. aMbAlAla sAkaralAle gujarAtI bhASA dvArA keLavaNIne bahALe. pracAra karavAnuM bhagIratha abhilASa sevIne 1913 mAM gujarAtanA zikSita samAjanI

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rAjakIya jAgRti ane rASTravAdano vikAsa sahAyathI gujarAta keLavaNI maMDaLanI sthApanA karI gujarAtanA navaghaDataramAM vega ANe. bhIru, bhayagrasta ane hatAza banelI gujarAtanI prajAne sAMskArika daSTie beThI karavAnuM abhUtapUrva kArya 19mI sadInA AraMbhanA traNa dAyakAo daramyAna ghanazyAma nAmanA yuvake uttara pradezamAMthI AvI vaiSNavI dIkSA laI sahajAnaMda svAmInA svarUpe karyuM; arAjakatA aMdhAdhUMdhI ane AcAralepanA bhayAnaka bAhuomAM sapaDAyelI gujarAtanI prajAne hAtha pakaDIne emaNe dharmanA pracAra dvArA nItipracAra ane AcAraprasthApananuM alaukika kArya karyuM. - baMgALathI muMbaI pahecelI dharmasudhArAnI pravRttinI asara kavi narmada upara thayelI, AthI 1860 mAM narmade "tatvazAdhaka sabhA" sthApI ane brahAdharma pustaka (1864mAM) paNa A anuSaMge pragaTa karyuM; jo ke A agAu suratamAM mAnavadharmasabhA (1844) nI ane amadAvAdamAM dharma sabhA'(1858-59) nI sthApanA thaI hatI. 1871 mAM amadAvAdanI TreiniMga kolejamAM Izvara pAsanAne AraMbha bhoLAnAthe karyo hate. A ja arasAmAM dayAnaMda sarasvatIe muMbaImAM "AryasamAjanI sthApanA karI, 1875 mAM dayAnaMde aMtyajoddhAra ane vaidika dharmanA uddhAranuM kArya paNa kareluM. amerikA jatAM pUrve svAmI vivekAnaMda gujarAtamAM keTalAka mahinA rahyA hatA ane emanA saMsage paNa gujarAtamAM dharmajAgRtinI havA janmAvelI. zrImannasiMhAcArya (I.sa. 1848 thI 1898) ane zrImannathurAma zarmA (I.sa. 1858 thI 1930)e paNa gujarAtamAM dharma prasthApananuM kArya karyuM hatuM. pazcimI keLavaNI pAmelA zikSita vijJAnavAdane kAraNe dharmaviSayamAM zaMkAzIla banelA. AvI sthitimAM dharma-samAja sudhAraNA prApta karavAnA AzayathI thiyosephikala saMsthAnI sthApanA thaI hatI. Ama vidhamI mizanarIonI vaTALa-pravRttiomAMthI gujarAtanI prajAne saMrakSavAnuM ane hiMdudharma prati prajAnuM lakSya kheMcavAnuM kAma sadhamI sudhArakee kareluM. surata ane naDiyAdanA hiMdu anAthAzrama ane bAlAzrama sthapAyA e AvAM kAraNethI. gujarAtamAM marAThAonA amala daramyAna Arthika sthiti tadana DAmADoLa thaI gaI hatI. dezI rAjyonA zAsake prajAnA Arthika jIvananI sadhdharatA vadhe

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briTiza kAla evA koI prayatna karatA na hatA. marAThAonI keTalIka Arthika nItio, jevI ke kalamabaMdhI IjArApaddhati ane mulakagIrIe gujarAtanA arthataMtrane khADe. besADI dIdhuM hatuM. pezavA ane emanA mAMDalike varacenI hasAtesIthIya artha. vyavasthA kheravAI gaI hatI. aMgrejonA Agamana pachI gRhodyoga lagabhaga nAza. pAmyA hatA. Ama sarva rIte rAjakIya asthiratA ane videzI zAsana daramyAna gujarAtanuM Arthika jIvana chinnavicichanna thayuM hatuM. ATaluM basa na hoya tema agaNetaro dukALa paDayo, 1812-13 mAM. 1819 mAM gujarAtamAM meTA dharatIkaMpa tha. 1837 mAM suratamAM bhayAnaka Aga lAgI. 1896mAM muMbaImAM marakIne. utpAta macyo, jenI asara gujarAta sudhI prasarI. 1900 mAM chappaniyo dukALa. paDayo. Ama rAjakIya ane kudaratI ubhaya prakopane kAraNe gujarAte sArI evI. Arthika pachaDATa khAdhI hatI.' | dukALa-kamizanee dukALanA samaye kheDUtone jamIna-mahesUla bharavA sarakAre pharaja na pADavI ema vAraMvAra jaNAveluM, teya muMbaI sarakAre UlaTI nIti apanAvI, AthI gujarAtamAM samagra prajA akaLAI UThI. ema thavAnuM eka mukhya kAraNa e paNa hatuM ke sarakArI amaladAroe sarvagrAhI tapAsane sthAne vyaktigata tapAsa karAvelI, jemAMthI pakSapAta ane lAgavaganuM jora vadhyuM, AthI gujarAtamAM jamIna mahesUlanI vasUlAta veLAe thayelA atyAcAronI vigate ekatrita karI prajA samakSa rajU karavAnuM kArya karyuM gokaLadAsa kahAnadAsa pArekhe, te dhArAsabhAmAM jamIna-mahesUla kAnUnamAM sudhAre rajU thavAne hato tene virodha karyo hateA sara phIrojazAha mahetAe. prajAkIya sabhya ane sara phirojazAhanI mAgaNI eTalI ja hatI ke prastuta kharaDAne jAhera carcA mATe mUko ane abhiprAya meLavavA. sarakAre mAgaNe na svIkArI ane tethI sabhyae sabhA-tyAga karyo. dhArAsabhAnA itihAsamAM A banAva pahelaprathama hatuM ane tethI gujarAtanI rAjakIya jAgRtine sabaLa pIThikA prApta thaI. 186mAM raNachoDalAla choTAlAle amadAvAdamAM sau prathama sutarAu kApaDanI mila sthApI ane gujarAtanA Arthika jIvanane samRddha karavAne yajJa AraMbhe hatuM. amerikI sivila yuddha zarU thatAM iMglenDane tyAMthI maLatuM rU AvavAnuM baMdha thayuM, AthI 1862 mAM hiMdanA rUnI paradezamAM khAsa karIne iMglenDamAM sArI mAMga. hatI. khetIpradhAna rUnA vAvetaravALe gujarAta vistAra A kAraNe AMtararASTrIya bajAramAM camakyo ane pradeza Arthika rIte samRddha thayA. saTTAne vepAra vadhepremacaMda rAyacaMda zeTha AnA agresara hatA.

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rAjakIya jAgRti ane rASTravAdane vikAsa paraMtu 1865 mAM amerikI yuddha baMdha thatAM muMbaInA nANubajAramAM bhayaMkara maMdInuM moju pharI vaLyuM. rUnA bhAva gagaDayA, zerasaTTAmAM maMdI AvI, tethI sarakArane e ja varSe nAdArIne kAyado pasAra karavo paDyo hato. gujarAtanI Arthika sthitimAM pharIthI gAbaDuM paDyuM, jene narmade Isvarakepa gaNAvyA hatA. "vadezavatsala" (1874-75) mAsikamAM svadezInA pracAranI joradAra himAthata thatI rahetI hatI. aMgreja rAjyanI sthApanA pachI gujarAtanI prajAe zAMtine dama ghUTayo. pazcimI keLavaNInA saMparkathI zikSitAmAM navasaMcAranA umeSa pragaTayA chatAM samAjane moTo varga te junavANuM vicArane varelo rUDhicusta hatA, AthI navazikSita taraphathI prastuta thatA pratyeka sudhArA sAme A rUDhicusta ugra pratyAghAtathI virodha karatA hatA, eTale koI paNa sudhAraka mATe sudhAraNAnuM kArya vikaTa ane kaparuM hatuM. gujarAtamAM saMsArasudhArAnA Adya pravartaka hatA durgArAma maMchArAma mahetAjI (1809 thI 1876) ane enI A saMsthA hatI mAnavadharmasabhA (1844); joke A kSetre pAMca daddAonI kAmagIrI paNa dhyAnapAtra cheH durgArAma, dAdobA pAMDuraMga, dinamaNizaMkara zAstrI, dalapatarAma mAstara ane dAmodaradAsa. A samaya daramyAna saurASTra vistAramAM maNizaMkara kikANuM "supatha pravartaka maMDaLa" calAvatA hatA. gujarAtamAM mAnavadharmasabhA' ane buddhivardhakasabhAnI sthApanAthI tathA "satyaprakAza' jevAM sAmayikAnA prakAzanathI gujarAtI prajAnA manamAM jUnAnavA vicArone jabaro saMgharSa udbhavyuM hatuM. lokomAMthI ajJAna-aMdhazraddhA, vahema ane bhayanuM AvaraNa dUra karavAnA bhagIratha prayatna durgArAma vagerethI zarU thayA. dalapatarAme dhIme dhIme sudhAre karavAne upadeza Ape, te narmade yA homa karIne paDo'nI bulaMda ghoSaNane zaMkha phUMka. tyAre paradezagamana e bhayAnaka sAmAjika gune gaNatuM. paradeza kheDanArane jJAtibahAra mukAI javAne bhaya hate. samudraprayANa keI vicAra karI zake nahi tevA vAtAvaraNamAM naDiyAdanA pATIdAra zAmaLadAsa desAIe 1832 mAM sahu prathama paradezaprayANa kareluM. e pachI 1860mAM mahIpatarAma nIlakaMTha paradeza gayA hatA. dezATananI jema vidhavA punarvivAhane prazna paNa e samaye gujarAtI uca savarNa samAjane-hiMdusamAjane mATe vikaTa hatA, AthI karasanadAse enI carcA "satyaprakAzamAM upADI. gujarAta jJAnaprasAraka maMDaLI' paNa emanI preraNAthI

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200 briTiza kahe astitvamAM AvI hatI. surata-muMbaInA thoDAka vaiSNava mahArAjanI prapaMcalIlA sAme emaNe vyApaka dharmayuddha calAveluM. | gujarAtamAM pahelavaheluM punarlagna uraca savarNomAM karasanadAsanI sahAyathI karyuM dhanakerabA ane mAdhavadAse 1867mAM. vidhavAvivAhane uttejana ApavAmAM lAlazaMkara umiyAzaMkare eka saMsthA amadAvAdamAM sthApI hatI. kavi narmade te vidhavAnA praznane patIke gaNya hate. ApaNA dezamAM nirAdhAra strIone prazna paNa samAjasudhArakone mUMjhavate hata, AthI 1907 mAM zivagaurI gajjara ane bAjIgaurI munazInA saMyukta sAhasathI vanitA vizrAmanI sthApanA suratamAM thaI. gujarAtanI strIkeLavaNI ane vidhavAonA jIvana upara A saMsthAnI prabaLa asara thayelI. Ama 18 mI-19mI sadI daramyAna-khAsa karIne marAThAonA zAsana daramyAna -gujarAtI prajAe je rAjakIya asthiratA anubhavI ane e vaDe je sAmAjikadhArmika-Arthika jokhame. mANyAM temAMthI bedhapATha laIne tathA aMgrejonA saMparkathI prApta thayelI vaicArika-zaikSaNika saMprAtine lAbha laIne gujarAtamAM samAjanAM badhAM kSetramAM halacala macI ane sudhArAnA bhayaMkara vAvAjheDAmAM A badhAM kSetra sapaDAI gayAM. rAjakIya ghaTanAo ogaNasamI sadI daramyAna sAmAjika sudhAraNAnAM mukhya keMdra muMbaI ane surata hatAM, te rAjakIya pravRttionAM mathaka surata (prAraMbhamAM) ane amadAvAda (lAMbe samaya) hatAM. A uparAMta rAjakeTa vaDedarA naDiyAda jevA zaherane phALe paNa dhyAnAkarSaka che. 1818 mAM aMgrejI sattAnAM maMDANa thayAM ane hajI emanI vahIvaTI asarane paricaya thAya tyAM te gujarAtanI prajAe asaMtoSane saLavaLATa AraMbhI dIdho A asaMtoSanAM mULa kyAM che ane enAM kyAM kAraNa che ene abhyAsa karavA mATe kampanI sarakAre kepTana jemsa AuTarAmane gujarAtanA pravAse mekaeNe 14mI sapTembara 1835 mAM pravAsa AraMbhI, Azare eka hajAra mAilane gujarAtavyApI pravAsa kheDIne 14mI navembara 1835 nA roja ahevAla rajU karyoAuTarAmanA ahevAla anusAra gujarAta uparanuM ane khAsa karIne vaDodarA rAjya uparanuM kampanI sarakAranuM prabhutva ghaTatuM jAya che ane yuropa pratyenuM mAna paNa ghaTatuM jAya che. gujarAtanI tapAsa karI ahevAla rajU karavA AuTarAmane

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rAjakIya jAgRti ane rASTravAdanA vikAsa 201 mekalavAnuM kampanI sarakAranuM pagaluM spaSTa sUcave che ke gujarAtamAM bhArelA agni hatA, jenA uparanI rAkha sau prathama khaMkherI suratanI prajAe. mIThAverA-vidhI prajotthAna (1944) kampanI sarakAre 1844mAM muMbaI ilAkAmAM mIThAneA bhAva bamaNA karyAM (ATha AnAne sthAne eka rUpiyA) ane ene amala 1 lI sapTembarathI thavAne hatA. suratanI prajAe A dara-vadhArA sAme oNgasTanA chellA traNa divase| daramyAna mIThAverA-virAdhI zAMta ane ahiMsaka pratIkAra karyA. Azare trIsa hajAra leAkAe trIsamI oNgasTe sAmUhika dekhAva karyo. bajAra saMpUrNa baMdha rahyAM. rAya-raka ane hiMdu-muslima sarvemAM A dara-vadhArAthI asa tASanI ekasarakhI lAgaNI prasarI gaI hatI. sarakAre lazkaraneA upayAga karyAM, paNa prajAe traNa divasa sudhI macaka na ApI. Akhare sattAdhIzeAne prajA-icchAnI sAme namatuM jokhavuM paDayuM. A aMge sthAnika maeNjisTreTa (migTane) samayasUcakatA vAparI ApelA kAmacalAu verA rada karavAnA nirNayane prAe hRdayathI AvakAryAM, paNa sarakAranA ahame ene avagaNyA ane verA-nirNayane cAlu rAkhavA ejanTane hukama karyAM; joke chevaTe tA. 14 mI sapTembara, 1844 nA roja jAheranAmu bahAra pADIne sarakAre mIThAverA ghaTADavo.10 gujarAtanI praznane A pahele rAjakIya vijaya, pahelI lekakrAMti : IsTa inDiyA kampanInA traNa dAyakAnA vahIvaTa daramyAna ja pahelA rAjakIya parAjaya. bhAratamAM A pahelI saphaLa janajAgRti. vidhinI karuNatA tA e ke kampanIe jyAM sauprathama vepArI ADhI nAMkho tyAMnI ja prajAe sauprathama rAjakIya parAjaya ApyA. navAM tAlamApanA virAdha (1948) mIThA verA-virAdhI prajAkIya pratIkAranI saphaLatAe prAnI rASTrIya asmi tAne mULamAMthI prAtsAhita karI. pariNAme cAra varSanA TUMkA gALAmAM suratanI prajAe pharIthI pratIkAranA TaMkArava karyo. sarakAre baMgALI tAlamApa dAkhala karavAnA hukama karyo ane spriMganA uchALAnI jema suratanI prAe navAM vajananA amalanA virodha karyo. eprila 1848 mAM, lekee divaseA sudhI haDatALa cAlu rAkhI, bAra divase. sudhI baMdha rahyAM, mahAjanAe vecANukha dhaneA Adeza ApyA, sarakArI nAkarAne kazu* ja na vecavA sahAjane TharAva karyo, AthI lokone anAja ane rAjabarAjanI cIjonI hADa

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202 briTiza kAla mArI veThavI paDI. mejisTreTa paDozI jillAomAMthI anAja lAvI garIbone vecavA lAgyA, te rASTrapremI mahAjane gADAM bharIne anAja garIbone maphata vahe. cavAnuM zarU karyuM. A delana mATe 50 hajArane janaphALe ekatrita thayA. 5 mI. eprile nAgarikonuM eka pratinidhimaMDaLa mejisTreTane maLyuM tyAre hajAranI saMkhyAmAM leke UmaTI paDyA. mejisTreTa vinaMtI sAMbhaLI ane enA pratibhAvarUpe dukAne TapaTapa khUlI gaI. sarakAre Akhare darakhAsta paDatI mUkI. 1 suratanI prajAe bIjI vAra sAmUhika zAMta satyAgraha dvArA ane sabhA saraghasa vaDe sarakArane namAvI. savinaya zAMta niHzastra pratIkArane gujarAte rASTrane caraNe dharele A bIjo prasaMga. sattAvanane svAtaMtryasaMgrAma suratanI pariNAmadAyI ciraMjIva asara upajAvanArI be ghaTanAo pachI samagra gujarAtamAM 1857nI dezavyApI ghaTanAnI thoDIka asara jarUra thaI; je ke e ghaTanAone baLavAnuM nAma ApI zakAya nahi. hakIkatamAM samAjanA thoDAka-vargoe pitAnA vyaktigata svArtha khAtara emAM takasAdhunI jema bhAga lIdhe hatA, AthI chUTIchavAI keTalIka ghaTanAo parasparanA saMbaMdha vinA jarUra ghaTI, paraMtu netAgIrIne abhAva, vyavasthita kAryakramane abhAva, gAyakavADI rAjyanI A ghaTanA pratyenI niSkriyatA, kAThiyAvADanAM rAjyanI A taraphanI udAsInatA, aMdaroaMdaranI phATaphUTa, saMketa ApavAmAM ane cUhAtmaka saMjJAonA pAlanamAM niSphaLatA, naitika nirbaLatA vagere kAraNone lIdhe gujarAte A ghaTanA pratye khAsa utsAha dAkhavyuM nahi. paraMtu uttara ane madhya bhAratamAMthI rezahilA ane rAjapUtanA Agamanane kAraNe gujarAtanI bhIla keLA ThAkaraDA nAyakaDA jevI kemone thoDIka preraNA maLI. pariNAme samagra gujarAtamAM enI AMzaka asara thaI. nAMdeda(ji. bharUca) dAhoda pAlA jAMbuDA ane godharA(ji. paMcamahAla) stha(revAkAMThA) caMDapa pratApapura ane anagaDa(mahIkAMThA) Anapura(luNAvADA) vagere sattAvananI ghaTanAnAM keMdra hatAM. A badhAM sthaLanuM vAtAvaraNa sarakArane bhayajanaka jaNAtAM sarakAre amAnavIya paddhati akhatyAra karI asaMtoSanI Agane vadhatI aTakAvI dIdhI hatI. vaDodarAnA mahArAjA khaMDerAvanI sakriya sahAyathI sarakAre gujarAtamAM zAMti sthApI ane gerA amaladAroe baMDakhorAne vIjaLIvege pakaDI lIdhA.12 sattAvananA dezavyApI vigrahamAM je ghaTanAo banI tenAthI briTiza sarakAra saveLA jAgrata thaI ane AvI ghaTanAone pharIthI jema nA maLe e mATe briTiza

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rAjakIya jAgRti ane rASTravAdane vikAsa sarakAre bhAratamAM tene nizastra karavAnI yojanAne nirNaya lIdhe. tadanusAra gujarAtamAM paNa e yojanA amalI banAvavAnA yatna thayelA. sarakAranI A gustAkhI sAme gujarAtanI prajA zAMta na rahI ane gujarAta jevA pramANamAM zAMta pradezamAM paNa niHzastrIkaraNanuM kArya aMgreja sarakArane saraLa na jaNAyuM. Ama 185-58 nAM be varSo daramyAna gujarAtanI prajAe briTiza sarakArano zAMta pratIkAra karyo hatoje ke sazastra pratIkAranI ThaMDI tAkAta paNa gujarAtanI prajAmAM suSuptAvasthAmAM bhArelA agni jevI hatI. gujarAtanI A kSAtrazaktinI bhUmikA bhulAya evI nathI. vaDodarA resiDansI rekejha(phAIla na. 460, 1858)nA AdhAre tAtyA Tepe gujarAtamAM AvyAnI vigate prApta thAya che. AvakaverA-vidhI tephAne A tephAne suratamAM thayAM hatAM 29 navembara 1860 mAM. A pUrve 14mI navembare puNemAM AvakaverA virodhI tephAna thayAM hatAM. suratamAM traNa hajAra mANase burahAnapura bhAgeLe ekaThA thayA ane jyAM sudhI AvakaverA aMge pheravicAraNA na thAya tyAMsudhI AvakaverApA nahi bharavA ane dukAne baMdha rAkhavA nirNaya karyo. ghoDesavAra ane pAyadaLa polIsa dvArA sarakAre A tephAnene dAbI devA prayatna karyo. dukAne baMdha karanAranI dharapakaDa thaI. 30 mAMthI pAMcane choDI mUkyA, ekane rU. 50 ne daMDa karyo ane 24 ne cha mAsanI sakhata kedanI sajA thaI. A prasaMge paNa suratanI prajAnA nibhIka valaNanI pratIti anubhavAI.13 svadezI aMge pahela kApaDa ane anya udyogane sthAnika kakSAe uttejana ApavAnA tathA cIjavastunI mUlyarekhAne sthira rAkhavAnA AzayathI amadAvAdamAM 1876 mAM "svadezI udyogavardhaka maMDaLanI sthApanA thaI. jyAre samagra deze A bAbatamAM khAsa karIne rASTrIya laDatanA racanAtmaka svarUpanA hathiyAra tarIke hajI aDhI dAyakA rAha jovAnI hatI tyAre amadAvAdanI prajAnI A pahela bhAvanAmAM laDAyaka hatI, kAryamAM saMpUrNa zAMta prakRtinI hatI ane vicAramAM rASTravAdI hatI. sarvazrI aMbAlAla sAkaralAla, raNachoDalAla choTAlAla, haragoviMda kAMTAvALA, premAbhAI hImAbhAI vagere A pravRttionA agresara hatA.14

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04 briTiza kAla paravAnA saMdarbhamAM ADhAlana AjhAdInI rASTrIya laData mATe akhila hiMda rASTrIya mahAsabhAnI sthApanA thAya te pUrve tA gujarAte, khAsa karIne surata ane amadAvAdanI prajAe, svarAjya mATe briTiza zAsananAM keTalAMka pagalAMAne virodha karIne svAtaMtryanI khumArInAM darzana karAvyAM hatAM. agAu suratanI prajAe traNa vakhata virAdhI dekhAve dvArA sarakArane haMphAvI mUkI hatI. 1878 mAM pharI eka vAra suratanI prajAe paravAnAkaranA saMdarbhaOmAM potAnA zAMta pratIkArane paracA batAvyA hatA. dezamAM dukALanI kudaratI AphtAne paheAMcI vaLavA thatA kharcane nivAravA sAru muMbaI sarakAre paravAnA-kara nAkhyA hatA. rAjadvArI hetuthI prerAIne laDatanuM maMgaLAcaraNa suratamAM 27. phebruArI 1878 thI thayuM. A divase suratanA nagarazeTha narAttamadAsa narasiMhadAsa ane dvArakAdAsa lallubhAInI sahIthI jAhera khabara akhabAromAM prasiddha thaI, jemAM paravAnA-karanA virAdha karavAnA prajAne Adeza hatA ane 28 mInI jAhera sabhAmAM upasthita rahevAnI vAta hatI. paratu laDate kharI khumArI batAvI 1 lI eprila 1878 nA rAja saMpUrNa aAra baMdha rAkhIne, satata pAMca divasa sudhI khAra baMdha rahyAM. daramyAna jillA maeNjisTreTa ane vepArI AlamanA agraNIe vacce vATAghATA thaI. pariNAma zUnyamAM AvyuM. chelle divase polIsa vaDAne gherA dhAlyeA. vAtAvaraNa taMga banyuM. tAphAna thayAM. gALIbAra paNa thayA. e mAryA gayA. e gaMbhIra rIte dhAyala thayA. ghaNAnI dharapakaDa thaI. 'rAsta gAtAra' patre A banAvanI, khAsa karIne rAyaTa eNkaTa' jAhera karyA vinA gALIbAra karyAM enI AkarI TIkA karI, 3 jI julAI 1878 nA roja suratanA cauda nAgarikAe muMbaInI hAIkAImAM phri DeviTa rajU karI ane suratanI ghaTanAnI vigatA varNavI peAlIsa-damananI rajUAta karI. 15 Fr Ama suratanA nAgarikAe ceAthI vAra zAMta . pratIkAra dvArA svataMtratAnI bhAvanA abhivyakta karI hatI. gujarAta sabhAnI sthApanA (1884) amadAvAdamAM thayelI A saMsthAnI sthApanA paNa gujarAtanI prajAnI rAjakIya jAgRti ane saSTravAdanI bhAvanAnA dyotaka udAharaNarUpa tathA gujarAtanA svAta trya-saMgrAmanA ItihAsamAM aneka dRSTie sImAcihna samAna che. A saMsthA

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rAjakIya jAgRti ane rASTravAdanA vikAsa 202 mArate gujarAtamAM eka prakAranuM sabaLa ane sakSama rAjakIya vAtAvaraNuM UbhuM thayuM. 1885 mAM akhila hiMda rASTrIya mahAsabhAnI sthApanA thaI enA eka varSa agAu 1884 mAM 'gujarAta sabhA'nI sthApanA thayelI. Ama, mahAsabhAnI laghu AvRtti jevI A sasthA rASTranI AjhAdInA itihAsamAM pAyAnI saMsthAnu mahattva pAmI. enI sthApanAne ketu hatA, prajAnI muzkelI ane anyAyAne arajIe ane pratinidhitva dvArA sarakAra samakSa rajU karavAnA. AraMbhakAlanAM varSomAM paNu mahAsabhAnA A hetu ja hatA, eTale gujarAta sabhAnI racanA kaoNMgresanI pUrvAvRtti jevI banI rahI. koMgresanI sthApanA pahelAMnI anya ghaTanAe gujarAtamAM keTalIka aitihAsika ghaTanAo thaI teneA kevaLa nAmanirdeza ahI karIe H (1) 1856 mAM veThaprathA nimU`La thaI. (2) 1860 mAM pahelu` vidhavA-punarlagna thayuM. (3) A ja varSe mahIpatarAme samudraprayANu paNa karyuM. (4) 1861mAM bhATAnuM niDayAdamAM baDa thayuM. (5) 1867 mAM kavi narmade 'premazauya'' nA rASTradhvajanI 45nA rajU karI. (6) 1868 mAM narmade 'hiMdI'ne rASTrabhASA karavAnA mata uccAryo. (7) 1869 mAM na`de punama karyuM', (8) 1872 mAM suratamAM pahelavahelI vastIgaNutarI thaI. (9) A ja varSe` gAyakavADa sarakAre Adeza jAhera karyo ke rASTralipirUpe nAgarIlipi raheze. (10) 1873 mAM nAnAbhAI haridAsa muMbaInI variSTha adAlatanA pahelA hiMdI nyAyamUrti nimAyA. (11) 1874mAM amadA vAdamAM strIe mATe mahAlakSmI TreniMga kaoNleja' sthapAI. (12) 1874-75 mAM svadeza vatsala' mAsikamAM svadezIne pracAra thayA. Ama kaeNoNMgresanI sthApanA thaI te pUrve gujarAte rAjakIya kRtinI sAthesAtha sAMskRtika jAgRtinAM ane navAsthAnanAM maMDANu AraMbhI dIdhAM hatAM. rASTravAdane peASaka A badhAM paribaLAthI janajAgRtimAM cetanAnA saMcAra thayA hatA. koMgresanA prAraMbhakALa 1885 mAM 'akhila hiMda rASTrIya mahAsabhA'nuM adhivezana sau prathama muMbaImAM maLyuM hatuM. mu MbaI. Ama tA gujarAtanI rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika jAgRtinu preraNAEdra-prAraMbhakeMdra banI gayuM hatuM, kalakattA(1886) madrAsa(1887) lAheAra, (1893) ane kalakattA(1906) nAM AraMbhakAlanAM adhivezaneAnA pramukhasthAne dAdAbhAI navarAjI (traNa vakhata) ane baThThuddIna taiyabajI (eka vakhata) jevA gujarAtI hatA. tyAre kaeNoNMgresamAM bhAga lenAra agraNI gujarAtI hatAsa zrI /

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briTiza kALa Ket adhi dAdAbhAI navAjI, sara dInazA vAcchA, sara phrIrAjazAha mahetA, DaoN. hara ha da dhruva, dI. ba. aMbAlAla sAkaralAla desAI, tribhAvanadAsa mALavI, DaeNA. tribhuvanadAsa kalyANudAsa gajjara, macerazA pAlavajI kaeNAbAda vagere. A agraNI vezaneAmAM bhAga levA uparAMta bhASaNA karatA, TharAveA rajU karatA, TharAvA paranI carcAmAM bhAga letA, lekhA lakhatA ane prajAkIya jAgRtinA prayatna karatA hatA, amadAvAda dhivezana (1902) keMgresanuM 18 muM ane gujarAtamAM paheluM adhivezana 1902mAM amadAvAdamAM maLyuM hatuM ane pramukhaprasthAne suredranAtha benarajI hatA. svAgata samitinA pramukha tarIke dI, kha. aMbAlAla sAkaralAla desAI hatA. A adhivezananI sAthe ja audyogika pariSadanuM khIjuM adhivezana paNa ceAjAyuM hatuM, jenuM udghATana vaDAdarAnA svataMtra prakRtinA rAjavI mahArAnta sayAjIrAva 3 jAe karyu hatuM. Ama gujarAtamAM kaeNAMgresanI sthApanAnA be dAyakAmAM ja enuM paheluM adhivezana amadAvAdamAM yAAyu e gujarAtanI rAjakIya jAgRtinuM pratibiMba pADe che. A adhivezanamAM 22 jeTalA TharAva thayA hatA, jemAM sarakArI nAkarIejAhera nekarIonA hiMdIkaraNanA, dezamAM utpAdita kApaDa uparanA eksAIjha verA rada karavAnA, janatAne keLavaNInA vizeSa lAbha maLe evI vyavasthA goThavavAnA, dakSiNa AphrikAmAMnA hiMdIonI sthiti aMganA, lazkaramAM UMcI pAyarIe upara hiM...dIone nImavA bAbatane-jevA rAjakIya jAgRtine peSaka TharAveAnA samAveza thatA hatA. 17 svadezI vastusaMrakSaka maMDaLI (1909) agAu nAMdhyuM ke svadezInI bhAvanAne gujarAtanI prAe abhivyakta karI eka 1876 mAM. svadezI pravRttinI yAjanAne eka hetu khArabhAvane sthira karavAne hatA, tA khIje sthAnika utpAdanane prAtsAhita karavAnA hatA, AthI 1903 mAM prastuta maMDaLInI sthApanA karIne gujarAte khIjuM vidhAyaka pagaluM bharyu., 18 A pachI ja bhAratanA zikSita lomAM eka evA abhiprAya jora pakaDatA gayA ke ApaNA vikasatA udyogAne rakSaNa Apavu e ApaNI pharaja che. amadAvAdanI--gujarAtanI A pravRtti paNa sImAcihna banI rahI, jeNe pachInA samaye rASTrIya laDatanA khyAlane eka abhinava vaLAMka ApyA. gujarAte AraMbhelI svadezI-pravRttinI A khe saMsthA eTale prajAkIya jAgRti ane lekAnI kAzIlatA. 1906 mAM oNgasTanI 11 mIe 50 jeTalA vidyArthI enuM eka milana

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200 rAjakIya jAgRti ane zakhavAdane vikAsa amadAvAdamAM yojAyuM hatuM,8 svadezInI pravRttinA kAryane vegIluM banAvavA mATe A milanane jIvaNalAla vrajarAya desAIe saMdhyuM hatuM. dekAvADA ane mAMDala(baMne tA. viramagAma) nA juvAnee amadAvAdanA juvAnenuM anukaraNa karyuM hatuM, anukrame 22-8-1906 ane 23-8-1906 nA rAja sabhAo yojIne. dekAvADAnA lekee dezI khAMDa vAparavAne TharAva karyo, jyAre mAMDalanA milanamAM vaNike moTI saMkhyAmAM upasthita rahyA hatA. 20 Ama svadezInI pravRtti gujarAtamAM baMgabhaMga pUrve pracAramAM AvI cUkI hatI. adhivezanamAM karAve dezamAM asaMtoSa vyApaka banate jato hato. 1900 thI 1906 daramyAna lemAM rAjakIya jAgRti AvatI jatI hatI, te paNa asahAyatAnI lAgaNI vadhatI jatI hatI. e samaye keMgrese enI banArasanI beThakamAM 1905 mAM eka TharAva dvArA sAmayika tapAsanI mAgaNI mUkI. A aMgene TharAva rajU karyo gujarAtanA aMbAlAla sAkaralAla desAIe. bIje ja varSe kalakattA beThakamAM (1906) paNa dasa naMbarane TharAva raju karyo aMbAlAla desAIe, jene vyApaka Teke prApta thaye hatuM. A TharAva dvArA sarakAranI zikSaNanItine virodha, uraca zikSaNanI maryAdita nItine virAdha, mukta zikSaNanI mAgaNI, moTAM anudAnanI mAgaNa, Tekanikala zikSaNanI jogavAInI mAgaNI vagere muddAone samAveza thato hato. dUragAmI asaravALA A baMne TharAva rajU karIne aMbAlAlabhAIe rASTrIya laDatanI prakriyAmAM buniyAdI phALo Ape. surata koMgresa (1907)3 rASTrIya mahAsabhAnuM trevIsamuM adhivezana suratamAM De. rAsabihArI ghoSanA adhyakSasthAne maLyuM hatuM. A adhivezana aitihAsika banI rahyuM, kemake mahAsabhAnA be dAyakAnA itihAsamAM pahelI ja vAra upasthita pratinidhio "jahAla ane "mAla" ema be pakSomAM vibhAjita thayA. saMbhavataH koMgresanA A sahu prathama bhAgalA adhivezana tephAnI svarUpanuM banyuM hatuM. surata adhivezana Akhare mulatavI rahyuM hatuM. mAtra pAMca varSanA TUMkA gALAmAM gujarAte keMgresanA adhivezanane bIjI vakhata notaryuM emAM enI rAjakIya jAgRtine jarUra paDaze paDe che.

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kAMtikArI pravRtti 1 suratanA adhivezanamAM koMgresanA bhAgalA paDayA pachI dezamAM vinIta vaganI sAthe krAMtikArI varga jaDA hatA. svadezI caLavaLanI sAthe ja sarakArane sAmane, sazastra krAMtithI kare hate. sazastra krAMtikArIonI eka nema aMgreja sarakArane pheMkAvI devAnI hatI, te bIjI nema lazkaramAMnA hiMdIomAM krAMtinI bhAvanAne saMcAra karavAnI hatI. gujarAta paNa A asarathI mukta na rahyuM, khAsa karIne bArIMdra gheSa AnA agraNI puraskartA hatA. 24 Ama te sazastra krAMtinI preraNuM adhyAtmanA pAyA upara zrI araviMde gujarAtamAM AraMbhelI ane purANuM baMdhuoe ene vyAyAmanI buniyAda upara pracArelI-prasArelI. dezI vanaspatinI davAo jevI chetarAmaNAM nAmevALI pustikAo navasArIthI pragaTa thaI hatI ane emAM bomba banAvavAnI prakriyA pracchanna svarUpe varNavAI hatI. sarvazrI mohanalAla kAmezvara paMDayA (DuMgaLI), narasiMhabhAI IzvarabhAI paTela, becaradAsa paMDita, puMjAbhAI vakIla, makanajI desAI vagere A pravRttinA agresara hatA. vIsamI sadInA prathama dAyakA daramyAna A pravRti gujarAtamAM ThIka ThIka pramANamAM phelAI hatI. paradezamAM A prakAranI pravRttinA karNadhAra hatA paMDita zyAmajI kRSNavarmA, mAdama kAmA ane saradAra si ghajI revAbhAI rANa. narmadAtaTe gaMganAtha vidyAlaya paNa A pravRttinuM eka keMdra hatuM. bIlImera ane navasArI gAyakavADI tAlukA hAI tyAM kAMtikArI pravRttio saraLatAthI cAlatI hatI. ghaNAbadhA nAmI-anAmI gujarAtI vIroe bomba pravRttimAM gupta phALe ADe hate. leDa minTo upara bemba (1909) A varSe navembaranI 13mIe amadAvAda sAthe samagra deza khaLabhaLI UThayo. A divase amadAvAdanI mahemAnagata mANI rahelAM leI ane leDI minTAnI zaherasavArI upara be vakhata bomba jhIMkAye; joke baMne vakhate A zAhI mahemAna bacI gayAM. eNmba sau prathama rAyapura daravAjA bahAra ane e pachI tarata ja AsToDiyA daravAjA aMdara pheMkAyA hatA. sarakAra tephAnakArI ne pakaDI zakI na hatI. A banAvanA agresara hatA sarvazrI mohanalAla kAmezvara paMDayA ane emanA be sAthI puMjAbhAI vakIla ane vasaMtarAya vyAsa sarakArane ke cheka sudhI A kAMtikArIonI jANa thaI zakI na hatI.

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rAjakIya jAgRti ane rASTravAdane vikAsa 29 gujarAtanI rAjakIya jAgRtinA tathA krAMtikArI pravRttinA saMdarbhamAM A banAvanuM sUcaka mahatva gaNI zakAya. videzamAM gujarAtI krAMtikArIo zyAmajI kRSNa varmA, saradArasiMghajI revAbhAI rANuM tathA mAdAma kAmAnI tripuTIe27 lanDana ane perisamAM rahIne bhAratanI AjhAdI mATe ThIka ThIka prayAsa karyA hatA. zyAmajI kRSNa varmAe "InDiyana selojisTa" dvArA tathA mAdAmAM kAmAe "vaLe mAtarama" sAmayika dvArA videzamAM bhAratanI AjhAdI mATe rAjakIya pracAra karyo hato. teo sabhAo paNa bharatAM hatAM ane saMgaThana dvArA rAjakIya madada ubhAvatAM hatAM. A mATe zyAmajIe "InDiyA hAusa" nAmanI saMsthA lanDanamAM sthApI hatI. Disembara, 1905 mAM "InDiyana selojisTa" mAM zyAmajIe jAherAta karI ke yuropa ke anya dezomAM vyAkhyAna ApavA AvanAra bhAratIya mATe pratyeka rU. 1000 nA puraskAra sAthenI 6 vyAkhyAnenI yojanAne nirNaya lIdhe che. saradArasiMghajIe A mATe rU. 2000nI eka evI pravAsa mATenI traNa phezipanI jAherAta karI hatI.28 TUMkamAM, A baMne jAherAtane Azaya A vize rAjakIya vicAronI Apale karI svAtaMtrya-saMgrAmanI prakriyAne sudaDha karavAno hato. saradArasiMghajI zAhI kuTuMbanA ane lIMbaDI rAjyanA hakadAra hovA chatAMya lagabhaga AjhAdI-prApti sudhI perisa ane lanDanamAM rahIne bhAratanI AjhAdI mATenI pravRttiomAM sadAya saMlagna rahyA hatA. emanI A briTiza sarakAravirodhI pravRttiothI akaLAIne kAThiyAvADanA gavarnaranA ejanTe briTiza sarakAranI sahamatIthI jAheranAmuM bahAra pADIne (okaTobara, 1911) rANAnA badhA rAjakIya hakka chInavI lIdhA hatA ane bIjA hukama dvArA tame, 1912) emanI lIMbaDI rAjyanI tamAma milakata sarakAre japta karI lIdhI hatI; jo ke A jamInA hukamanA amala emanA pitA revAbhAI ratanasiMdha rANunA avasAna pachI karavAne hate.29 Ama A tripuTIe bhAratanI mukti mATe videzamAM rahIne niHsvArthapaNe prAmANika rAjakIya laData calAvI hatI. gujarAtanI rAjakIya jAgRti ane rASTavAdanA saMdarbhamAM emanAM kAryonuM mUlyAMkana noMdhapAtra gaNuM zakAya. sayAjIrAvanI dezadAjha ATha dAyakAonuM (1861 thI 1939) dIrdhAyu bhogavanAra ane briTiza sarakAra pratye haMmezAM rAjakIya hamadardInI himAyata karanAra vaDodarAnA gAyakavADI rAjyanA

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briTiza kALa 1. A zAsaka svabhAve svataMtra miAjanA ane dezadAjhanAM lAgaNI-vicArAthI sabhara hatA. sayAjIrAva vyaktigata ane vahIvaTI ema ubhaya prakAranI AjhAdImAM aMtarathI mAnatA hatA; AthI teA emaNe bahAdurIpUrNAMka aMgreja sarakAra sAme laData calAvI hatI. briTiza sarakAranA adhikArIe jenI avagaNanA karatA hatA tevA potAnA kAyadesaranA hakko mATe teo sadAya jhajhUmyA hatA ane AthI emanI ane briTiza sarakAra vacce petapotAnI hakUmatane AgrahapUrvaka rajU karavA harIphAI cAlatI rahetI hatI, jenI parAkASTA lADa karjhananA samayamAM jovA prApta thaI. sarakArI adhikArIe ane briTiza sarakAra-vidhI emanA TIkAtmaka vanane tathA emanI vahIvaTa bAbatamAM avarodhaka nItine DAmavAnA badhA prakAranA prayAsa karyA, paNa sarakArane niSphaLatA maLI. sayAjIrAva 1904 mAM sarakAranI anicchA haiAvA chatAMya ane prinsa oNphi velsanI bhAratanI zAhI mulAkAta sAme dharAra videza gayA ja gayA, ane potAnI anukULatAe 1906 nA aMtamAM svadeza pAchA pharyAM. AthI gusse thayelI briTiza sarakAre 1911 nA navembaramAM emanI sAme eka lAMbuM taheAmatanAmuM pharamAvyuM hatuM. ATha sarakArI adhikArIonI sahIvALuM A taheAmatanAmuM lA` mA visane sabAdhIne taiyAra thayuM hatu. 30 sayAjIrAvanA leAkAbhimukhI vahIvaTanA ghotaka dAkhalA tA che emaNe 1907 mAM vaDAdarA rAjyamAM vidhAnasabhAnI racanA karIe. A vidhAnasabhAmAM teo 26 oNkaTobara, 1912 nA dine upasthita rahyA, sa` kA`vAhI nihALI ane pachI sabhyAne TUMku sakhAdhana karyuM. 31 kha"gALAnA bhAgalA pachI jUna, 1907mAM sayAjIrAve dIvAnane lakhelA zabda emanA svata Mga mijAjanI khumArInAM darzana karAve che : 'keTalAMka paribaLAnuM A tArkika pariNAma che. bhAratane vadhAre udAramatavAdI sarakAra joIe che. ApaNA rAjyamAM (A saMdarbhe phelAyelA) asaMtASanI lAgaNIne rAkavA ApaNe kAI pagalAM bharavAM jarUrI nathI. ApaNe ApaNA rAjyanA vikAsa tarapha dhyAna ApIe,'32 AthI emaNe emanI prajAne leAkazAhIneA AtmA jivADavA ane lAkazAhI saMsthAe ghaDavA anurodha karyo hatA. A badhuM sayAjIrAvanI rAjakIya jAgRti ane rASTravAda pratyenI khumArI tathA jAgarUkatA darzAve che.33 sayAjIrAvanA A aMgenA prayAsa gujarAtanI prajAnA rAjakIya vicArAnA ja dUThThuM paDadhA pADe che ema kahI zakAya. ema kahI zakAya ke sayAjIrAva emanA pUrvajothI rAjakIya bAbatAmAM judI rIte vartyA hatA

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rAjakIya jAgRti ane rASTravAdane vikAsa ane sAcA arthamAM (rAjavI hovA chatAMya) dezabhakta ane prajApremI zAsaka hatA. lokazAhI rASTravAdane sudaDha karavAnA emanA saghaLA prayAsomAM gujarAtanI prajAnA e aMgenA agAunA prayAsanuM ja pratibiMba paDe che. Ama gujarAtanI prajAe saveLA rAjakIya jAgRtinAM darzana karAvyAM hatAM. keTalIka bAbatamAM te (svadezI pravRtti, gujarAta sabhA, mIThAkara vagere virodhI zAMta dekhAvo vagere) gujarAtanI prajAe netRtva pUruM pADayuM hatuM-preraNA ApI hatI ema khasUsa kahI zakAya. gujarAtanI prajAnI A rAjakIya jAgRtimAM sArasvatAe, dharma samAja-sudhArakoe ane sAmayikee paNa sAre phALo Apyo hato. pAdaTI5 1. kRSNalAla mahArAje kaLikALano garabo (1817)mAM A yuganI paristhitinuM varNana karyuM che. gujarAtanI AvI DAmADoLa paristhitino sAre citAra maganalAla vakhatacaMde paNa emanA "amadAvAdane itihAsa(1851) graMthamAM Apyo che. hIrAlAla tribhuvanadAsa pArekhe paNa "arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana', khaMDa 1 (1935)mAM dezanA saMdarbhamAM gujarAtanI paristhitinuM ThIka ThIka varNana karyuM che. ' 2. A badhAne vigate paricaya meLavavA mATe A ja graMthamAM juo Itara prastuta prakaraNe. 3. gujarAtanAM garIbAI, Arthika jIvanadhoraNa ane Arthika avadazAne sacoTa citAra 241494 ELEIGUS imali 34 Poverty and Un-British Rule in India mAMthI maLe che, 4. kudaratI Aphate aMgenI vigatavAra mAhitI mATe juo "arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana', khaMDa 1, prakaraNa 7 thI 9; khaMDa 2, prakaraNa 9 ane 11. 4. Report on Indian Famine Commission, 1901, p. 99 6. eka pArasI, "mumabaInA zera saTAnI tavArIkha", pR. 26 thI 7. hIrAlAla tri. pArekha, uparyukta, khaMDa 2, prakaraNa 3 8. navalarAma ja. trivedI, "samAjasudhArAnuM rekhAdarzana', pR. 200-201; hIrAlAla vi. pArekha, uparyukta, khaMDa 3, pR. 113-116 & Political Development, Volume No. 37/736 (1836); Source Ma terial for a History of the Freedom Movement in India (SMHFMI). Vol. I, pp. 53ff. 10. SMHFM, Vol. I, pp. 1-16 11. Ibid., pp. 17 f. 12. sattAvananA saMgrAmanA vigatavAra vRttAMta mATe juo A graMthanuM prakaraNa 4. 93. SMHFMI, Vol. I, pp. 19 ff. 14. zAMtilAla desAI, "rASTrane svAtaMtryasaMgrAma ane gujarAta, 5, 39-40 ane 18 24. SMHFMI, Vol. I, pp. 29 ff. 16. N. D. Parikh, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Vol. I, p. 4-47: indulAla

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1ra yAjJika, 'AtmakathA', bhAga 2, pR. 20 17. Annie Besant, How India Wrought for Freedom, pp. 364 ff. zrI maganabhAI za. paTela, gujarAtamAM bharAyelAM kaeNoNMgresa adhivezane', ''gujarAta eka paricaya", pR. 648 para A adhivezana 1903 mAM bharAyAnuM jaNAvyu che, e saratacUka gaNAya.--sa briTiza kAla. 18. 'prajAba'', 18-1-1903 ane 15-2-1903 19. 'vaMde mAtaram',nuM gujarAtI anUdita gIta sauprathama gujarAtI vidyAthI ee A sabhAmAM " gAyuM hatuM. (SMHFMI, Vol. II, p. 613). 20. 'lbid., p. 614 21. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, op. cit, pp. 112-113 22. Annie Besant, How India Wrought for Freedom, p. 453 23. SMHFMI, Vol. II, pp. 143-172 24. arivaMdanA nAnA bhAI khArI dre 'embayuganA brahmA' banavAne nirdhAra paNa narmadAtaTe karyA hatA. krAMtinI yAjanA araviMde AlekhI emanA 'bhavAnImaMdira'nAmanA puratakamAM, jemAM aMgrejI rAjyane vidAya ApavAnI ane bhAratamAM bhAratIya rAjyanA prasthApananI himAyata karAI hatI. 25. SMHFMI, Vol. II, pp. 497-499 26. AnI vigatA mATe jue rAmalAla parIkha (sa'.), 'gujarAta eka paricaya', pR. 631-633. 27. zyAmajI kRSNavarmA kaccha-mAMDavInA vatanI hatA. mAdAma kAmA mubaInA pArasI sudhAraka seArAkhajI pharAmajI paTelanAM putrI ane rustama kAmAnAM patnI hatAM. svarAjyaprApti e mAdAma kAmAno jIvanaddeza hatA. teo satata lanDana ane paeNrisa vacce AvA karatAM hatAM. mAdAma kAmAe 20-2-1909 nI lanDana inDiyana seAsAyaTInI mITiMgamAM pravacana karatAM khissAmAMthI eka rezamI dhvaja bahAra kADhI zrotA samakSa dharyo te emAM 'svadezI' ane 'vaMde mAtaram' ema be zabda lakhelA hatA. saradArasi`ghajI kathAriyAnA vatanI, janme rAjapUta ane lIMbaDI rAjyanI gAdInA hakadAra hatA. muMbaI ane lanDanamAM abhyAsa karI baeNrisTara thayA hatA, ane paeNrisamAM jhaverInI kaMpanImAM joDAyA hatA. AjhAdI pachI ja tee vatanamAM pAchA pharyA hatA. lanDana ane paeNrisamAM A traNeya krAMtikArIe avAranavAra parasparane maLatAM rahetAM ane rAjakIya pravRttio calAvatAM hatAM. 28. SMHFMI, Vol. pp. 518-527 29. Ibid., p. 521 30. Ibid., pp. 570-586 31. Ibid., pp. 566 f. 32. Ibid., pp. 556 f. 33. hiMdanA rAjAonA videzapravAsa aMge niyamana lAdatA karjhana sarkayulara' aMge paNu sacAjIrAva 3 jAe parokSa rIte kacavATanI lAgaNI rajU karI hatI ane pachI e sarkayularanA amala baMdha rahyo hatA.--sa".

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pariziSTa rAjakIya saMsthAo ane maMDaLa ogaNIsamI sadI bhAratamAM sudhArAnI sadI gaNAya che. A sadImAM sauprathama dhArmika ane sAmAjika sudhArAnA zrIgaNeza thayA. A sudhArAnI zarUAta bhAratIya navajAgRtinA janaka ane "hiMdI rASTravAdanA payagaMbara rAjA rAmamohana rAye karI hatI. 1850 sudhImAM lagabhaga saMpUrNa bhArata upara briTiza sattA sthapAI gaI hatI. AzutoSa mukharjI jene "svataMtratAnI bhASA' kahe che tevI aMgrejI bhASAnA zikSaNathI bhAratamAM svataMtratA rASTriyatA ane svarAjyanA bhAva utpanna thayA. lekee mAnasika svataMtratA meLavI. mAnasika svataMtratA vinA sAmAjika svataMtratA ane sAmAjika svataMtratA vinA rAjakIya svataMtratA asaMbhavita che. bhAratanI prajAe mAnasika svataMtratA meLavyA pachI dhArmika ane sAmAjika sudhArA karI sAmAjika svataMtratA meLavI. tyArapachI rAjakIya svataMtratA meLavavAnA prayAsa zarU thayA. jema dhArmika ane sAmAjika svataMtratA meLavavA mATe brahmosamAja prArthanAsamAja ane AryasamAja jevI saMsthAo sthapAI hatI tevI rIte rAjakIya svataMtratA meLavavA mATe gujarAtamAM ke muMbaI prAMtamAM 1850 sudhI kaI rAjakIya saMsthA ke maMDaLa sthapAyAM na hatAM. dha baeNbe eziyezana (muMbaI sabhA), 185ra bhAratanI prathama rAjakIya saMsthA "briTiza InDiyana esoziyezana'nI sthApanA kalakattAmAM 1851 mAM thaI hatI. kalakattAnA pagale pagale muMbaI prAMtanI prathama rAjakIya saMsthA "dha babbe eziyezana (muMbaI sabhA)nI sthApanA 26 ogasTa, 1852 nA roja muMbaImAM thaI hatI. enA pramukha jagannAtha zaMkara zeTa ane maMtrI bhAu dAjI hatA. A saMsthAnuM dhyeya hatuM muMbaI prAMtanA bhAratInI mAgaNIo jANavI ane dezanAM ka9yANa ane pragati mATenAM pagalAM levA mATe sattAdhIze samakSa avAranavAra rajUAta karavI. gujarAtamAM prajAkIya rAjakAraNane udaya 1852 mAM muMbaImAM bombe esoziyezananI sthApanA thaI te pahelAM gujarAtamAM koI rAjakIya saMsthAnI sthApanA thaI na hatI. rAjakIya saMsthA

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14 briTiza kAka sthapAI na hovA chatAM paNa gujarAtamAM 1844 thI prajAkIya rAjakAraNane udaya thaI cUkyo hato ane enI zarUAta karavAnuM zreya suratane phALe jAya che. surata e kalakattA pachI bhAratanI bIjI ane gujarAtanI prathama sudhArAnagarI banyuM hatuM. suratanA pAMca daddA(durgArAma, dabA, dinamaNizaMkara zAstrI, dalapatarAma mAstara ane dAmodaradAsa) e tathA traNa nAnA(narmada, navalarAma ane naMdazaMkara)e sudhArAnA kSetre neMdhapAtra kArya karyuM hatuM. gujarAtanA bhUthara ane gujarAta tathA saurASTranI prajA jene "navA yuganA Adi zikSAguru' kahe che tevA durgArAma mahetAjIe. suratamAM sAmAjika sudhArAnuM ane mAnavadharma sabhA (1844) sthApavAnuM kArya karyuM hatuM. suratamAM sAmAjika pravRttinA udaya sAthe ja prajAkIya rAjakAraNanI. zarUAta thaI hatI, je 1844 thI 1878nA gALAmAM vikAsa pAmyuM hatuM. 1844 mAM briTiza sarakAre mIThA uparane kara maNe 8 AnA hatA te vadhArIne 1 rUpiye karI nAkhatAM A anyAyI vadhArAnA virodhamAM suratanA lekee 28 thI 31 oNgasTanA roja sarvavyApI jaMgI haDatAla pADI hatI. prajAne A hukAra navacetananI sAbitIrUpa hato ane tethI prajAkIya rAjakAraNane udaya mIThAnA karanA virodhanI A haDatAlathI thaye ema kahevAmAM kazuM khoTuM nathI. 29 oNgasTa, 1844 gujarAtanA rASTriya ItihAsanI gauravatithi banI gaI. A AMdolanamAM hiMdu ane muslima tathA pArasI sarvee ektA dAkhavI hatI ane badhA maLIne lagabhaga 30 hajAra lekee emAM bhAga lIdho hato. prajAnA A zAMta pratIkAra sAme namatuM jokhI muMbaInI sarakAre mIThA uparane kara ghaTADIne 12 AnA karI nAkhyA.9 kara-ghaTADo jAhera thayA pachInI mAnavadharma sabhAnI beThakamAM durgArAma mahetAe kaheluM ke "rAjA pote ja prajAne duHkhI karavA Icche te prajAe pitAnA hAthanuM baLa rAjAne batAvavuM. 1848 mAM muMbaI sarakAre gujarAtamAM baMgALI telamApa dAkhala karatAM suratanI prajAe pharIthI jAgRti batAvI ane sabhA saraghasa ane haDatAlanA kAryakrama dvArA ene virodha karyo hate. pharI sarakAre prajAnI mAgaNI sAme namatuM jevuM hatuM. pharI 1860 mAM AvakaverAnA kAyadAne virodha karavA suratamAM burahAnapurI bhAgoLe be hajArathI vadhu loka bhegA thayA hatA. A prasane naDiyAdamAM bhATa ane brAhmaNe e trAguM karyuM hatuM. Ama A kAyadAne paNa Thera Thera virodha thayo hato. Ama gujarAtamAM koI rAjakIya saMsthAnI sthApanA thaI na levA. chatAM surate 1844, 1848 ane 1860mAM prajAkIya rAjakAraNanA udayanI jhAMkhI karAvI hatI.

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pariziSTa (rAjakIya saMsthAo ane maMDaLa) 215 prajAsamAja (1871) samasta pazcima bhAratamAM keTalIka bAbatomAM surate muMbaI karatAM paNa vadhu jAgRti dAkhavI hatI. aMgrejo dvArA bhAratanA karAtA zoSaNane aneka netAoe vAcA ApatAM prajAne AtmabhAna thayuM hatuM ane Atmagaurava meLavavA e kaTibaddha banI hatI. prajAnuM kalyANa karavA mATe tathA enA praznone vAcA ApavAnI dRSTithI 1871 mAM suratamAM "prajAsamAja' nAmanI saMsthAnI sthApanA thaI hatI. ane gujarAtanI prathama rAjakIya saMsthA kahI zakAya. zarUAtamAM te vakIle, anya zikSita ane zrImaMte e paNa enI pravRttimAM rasa laI ene Teke A hatA. pachIthI teo AmAMthI nIkaLI jatAM A saMsthA vizeSa kAma karI zakI nahi ane thoDA samayamAM ja lupta thaI gaI. bharUcamAM paNa suratanI jema 1871mAM "prajAsamAja' saMsthA sthapAI hatI te paNa seMdhapAtra kArya karyA vinA 1874 mAM baMdha thaI gaI. amadAvAdamAM paNa 187ramAM prajAkIya samAjanI sthApanA thaI hatI te paNa turata baMdha thaI gaI. suratanI prajAne mijAja suratanI prajAe pharI eka vAra 1878 mAM briTiza sarakArane pitAnA mijAjanAM darzana karAvyAM hatAM. 1878 mAM muMbaInI sarakAre lAyasansa-Tekasa nAkhavAne nirNaya karyo hato tyAre rAjakIya saMsthAo na hovA chatAM suratanA mahAjananA agraNIoe prajAkIya jAgRtinI netAgIrI lIdhI hatI. suratanA nagarazeTha zrI narottamadAsa narasiMhadAsa ane dvArakAdAsa lalubhAIe 27 phebruArI, 1878 nI jAherakhabara dvArA badhA vepArIone e kAyadAne virodha karavA tathA patAnAM duHkha ane lAgaNIo vaDI sarakArane jAhera karavA mATe ekatra thavA jaNAvyuM hatuM.10 lAyasansa-Tekasa dukALa mATe thatA kharca mATe nAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, paraMtu e aMge prajAnI saMmati levAmAM AvI na hatI.11 A TekesanA virodhamAM suratanI prajAe 1 thI 5 eprila, 1878 nA roja zAMta haDatAla pADI dukAne baMdha rAkhI hatI. muMbaInA gujarAtI sAptAhika rAsta gophatAra' page e aMge lakheluM ke "surate ghaNA divaso sudhI A haDatAla calAvI temAM preraNA konI hatI ?... je A badhuM saMgaThana suratanI prajAe pitAnI meLe karyuM hoya te tenI pAchaLa mULamAM kaI camatkArika rAjakIya baLa hevuM joIe.12

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216 briTiza mA prajAhitavardhaka sabhA (1882) 1878mAM suratanI prajAe je adbhuta rAjakIya jAgRti ane ektA darzAvelI tenAthI protsAhita thaIne De. hari harSada dhruva ane zrI ukAbhAI parabhudAse 1882 mAM suratamAM "prajAhitavardhaka sabhA'nI sthApanA karI hatI. 1882 mAM leDa ripane sthAnika svarAjyane prasiddha kAyade pasAra karI myunisipAliTIe ane lekala beDamAM lekene potAnI pasaMdagInA sabhyonI amuka saMkhyA nImavAne hakka ApyuM hatuM. prajAne maLelA sthAnika svarAjyanA A hakkanA anusaMdhAne prajAhitavardhaka sabhAe pitAnA sthApanA-kAlathI ja rAjakIya kSetre jAgRti dAkhavI keTalIka mahatvanI saphaLatA meLavI hatI, je A pramANe hatIH (1) sarakAramAM lakhANe mekalI sthAnika svarAjyanI saMsthAomAM cUMTAyelA sabhyonI saMkhyA vadhArAvI hatI, (2) rU. 2,000 nI milakatavALAne matAdhikAra apAvyuM hatuM, ane (3) 1878 mAM suratamAM lAyasansa-TeksanA virodhamAM thayela hulAnA bahAnA heThaLa surata zahera upara rU. 18,000ne daMDa thayele te mApha karAvyo hate.13 A sabhAnI kAmagIrImAM sakriya rasa laI ene saphaLatA apAvavAmAM De. hari harSada dhruve khUba ja mahatvane bhAga bhajavyo hato. suratanA tatkAlIna rASTravAdI kAryakara zrI gulAbadAsa bhAIdAsa vakIla ane maMcerazI kekebAda De. dhruvanA sahAdhyAyI hatA. De. dhruve rASTriya mahAsabhA (koMgresa)nI prathama beThaka muMbaImAM maLI temAM paNa hAjarI ApI hatI ane enI khullI beThakamAM TharAva rajU karyA hatA ane bhASaNa karyA hatAM. gujarAta sabhA (1884) rASTriya mahAsabhAnI sthApanA pUrva prAMtamAM rAjakIya ane rASTriya pravRttionA saMcAlana mATe prAMtIya saMsthAo sthApavAmAM AvI hatI. gujarAta mATenI evI prAMtika saMsthA amadAvAdamAM 1884 mAM "gujarAta sabhA' nAmathI sthapAI hatI. e gujarAtanA rAjakIya praznomAM rasa letI hatI. ene hetu arajIo lakhIne ke pratinidhio mokalIne sarakAra pAse prajAnI muzkelIo ane phariyAdo rajU karavAnuM hatuM. Ama A sabhA vinIta vicArasaraNImAM mAnatI hatI. amadAvAdanA jANItA vakIla geviMdarAva pATIla ane zivAbhAI paTela tathA dAktara beMjAmine vArApharatI gujarAta sabhAnuM kAmakAja varSo sudhI enA maMtrI tarIke saMbhALeluM. 1902mAM rASTriya mahAsabhAnuM 18 muM adhivezana amadAvAdamAM bharAyeluM te A sabhAne AbhArI hatuM. 14

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pariziSTa (rAjakIya saMsthAo ane maMDaLe) 210 1916 mAM amadAvAdamAM muMbaI prAMtika rAjakIya pariSada zrI. jhINAnA pramukhapade bharAI hatI e mATe paNa gujarAta sabhA sAdhanarUpa banI hatI. zrI. jhINuM tyAre mAtra koMgresanA eka netA ja nahi, paraMtu hiMdu-muslima ekatAnA prakhara himAyatI hatA.15 amadAvAdanuM muMbaI prAMtika rAjakIya pariSadanuM A adhivezana ghaNuM ja mahatvapUrNa hatuM. A pariSada vakhate ja 1907 pachI prathama vAra vinIta (mavAla) ane ugra (jahAla) daLanA netAo pharI eka maMca upara bhegA thayA hatA. 1917 mAM gAMdhIjIne gujarAta sabhAnA pramukha nImavAmAM AvyA pachI e saMsthAmAM navajIvanane saMcAra thaye hato. gAMdhIjIe gujarAta sabhAnI beThaka dara varSe gujarAtamAM bolAvavAnuM nakkI karyuM hatuM ane tadanusAra AvI pahelI pariSada 1917 mAM godharAmAM bolAvavAmAM AvI hatI. rASTriya mahAsabhA (1885) samasta bhAratanA rAjakIya praznone vAcA ApavA mATe rASTriya mahAsabhA(koMgresa) nI 1885 mAM sthApanA karavAmAM AvI hatI. rASTriya mahAsabhA prathama rASTriya rAjakIya saMsthA ane bhAratamAM jUnAmAM jUnI rAjakIya saMsthA gaNAya che. enI sthApanA ane pravRttiomAM gujarAtanA rAjakArI netAoe khUba ja sakriya ane agragaNya bhAga bhajavyo hate. A saMsthAnI sthApanAnA 11 mahinA pahelAM ja muMbaImAM "muMbaI prAMtika sabhA' nAmanI saMsthAnI paNa sthApanA karavAmAM AvI hatI. e saMsthA muMbaI prAMtanA rAjadvArI praznone vicAra tema prasAra karavA mATe racavAmAM AvI hatI. A prAMtika sabhAnI racanAmAM phIrojazAha mahetA, badaruddIna taiyabajI ane ke. TI. telaMge mahattvane bhAga bhajavyuM hatuM. hiMdI rASTriya mahAsabhAnI sthApanA e Adhunika bhAratanA ItihAsane eka mahAna banAva gaNavAmAM Ave che, tethI ja De. paTTAbhI sItArAmaiyA lakhe che ke "mahAsabhAne itihAsa e sAcI rIte hiMdanI muktinI laDatane ItihAsa che." tethI ja kahevAya che ke rASTriya mahAsabhAnI sthApanA pachI bhAratanI mukhya rAjakIya pravRttio e sabhArUpI mukhya naheramAMthI pasAra thatI hatI ane bAkInAM kSetra sUkAM thaI gayAM hatAM.17 rASTriya mahAsabhAnuM prathama adhivezana muMbaImAM 28 Disembara, 1885nA reja gokuLadAsa tejapALa saMskRta pAThazALAmAM maLyuM hatuM. enA pratinidhionA svAgatanI javAbadArI muMbaI prAMtika sabhAne soMpavAmAM AvI hatI. rASTriya mahAsabhAnI sthApanAmAM aneka pArasIo ane gujarAtIoe bhAga lIdhe hato. emAM mukhya hatA dAdAbhAI navarojI, dInazA vAchA, phIrojazAha mahetA,

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218 briTiza kAla De. hari harSada dhruva, aMbAlAla sAkaralAla desAI, De. tribhuvanadAsa gajajara, tribhuvanadAsa mALavI, maMcerazA kekobAda vagere. A badhA netAo mukhyatve vinIta (vALa) vicArasaraNImAM mAnanArA hatA. muMbaImAM A prathama adhivezanamAM kula 72 pratinidhiomAMthI 36 te muMbaI prAMtanA ja hatA. e 36 mAM muMbaInA 18, puNenA 8, suratanA 6, amadAvAdanA 3 ane viramagAmanA 1 pratinidhine samAveza thato hato. Ama A prathama adhivezanamAM gujarAtanuM pratinidhitva (14 TakA) anya pradezanI sarakhAmaNImAM sAruM hatuM. gujarAtane rASTriya ekatA ane saMgaThana vize prathamathI ja keTale rasa hato tathA e aMge keTalI jAgRti hatI ene khyAla AnA parathI Ave che. 18 rASTriya mahAsabhAnI sthApanAmAM sakriya bhAga lenAra uparyukta netAomAM, dAdAbhAI navarojIne bhAratIya rASTriya caLavaLanA bhISma pitAmaha gaNavAmAM Ave che. teo emanAM kAryone lIdhe hiMdanA dAdA' tarIke oLakhAtA hatA. emaNe aMgrejonI sAmrAjyavAdI nIti ane Arthika zoSaNa karavAnI kuTila nItine pArakhI lIdhI hatI, tethI emaNe bhAratanI prajAne AtmabhAna karAvI Atmagaurava utpanna thAya tevAM pagalAM lIdhAM hatAM. mahAsabhAnA AraMbhakAlathI mAMDIne 1906 nI kalakattAnI beThakamAM emaNe svarAjyane maMtra Ape tyAMsudhInA AkhA samaya daramyAna teo mahAsabhAnI pravRttiomAM mahatvapUrNa bhAga letArahyA hatA. 1886mAM rASTriya mahAsabhAnA kalakattAmAM yojAyelA bIjA ja adhivezanamAM dAdAbhAIne pramukha banAvavAmAM AvyA hatA. pachI to teo briTiza saMsadanA sabhya paNa banyA hatA. 1893 ane 1906 mAM emane pharIthI mahAsabhAnA pramukha banAvavAmAM AvyA hatA. emanAM kAryothI gujarAta ane bhAratanI prajAnA kAryakaro ane netAone preraNA maLI hatI. 1889 mAM mahAsabhAnuM pAMcamuM adhivezana muMbaImAM maLyuM tyAre samitinA pramukha tarIke phIrojazAha mahetA hatA, jemane bIje ja varSe 1890mAM kalakattA adhivezanamAM mahAsabhAnA pramukha banAvavAmAM AvyA hatA. dAdAbhAI navarojI pachI rASTriya mahAsabhAnA mahatvanA netA tarIke phIrojazAha mahetA AgaLa AvyA hatA. 1889nA varSanA muMbaInA adhivezanamAM kula 1,889 pratinidhi hAjara. rahyA hatA teomAM muMbaI ane siMdhanA sauthI vadhAre (21) pratinidhi hatA. 19 rASTriya mahAsabhA evI asarakAraka banI rahI hatI ke bhArata sarakAranA videza vibhAge paNa gujarAtanAM dezI rAjya emAM bhAga le che evI bAtamI uparathI muMbaInI sarakArane sAvadhAna rahevA 7 navembara, 1889nA roja patra

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pariziSTa (rAjakIya saMsthAo ane maMDaLa) 219 lakhyuM hatuM. e patramAM videza vibhAge lakheluM ke amane evI mAhitI maLI che ke muMbaI prAMtamAM karacha jUnAgaDha ane kAThiyAvADanAM rAjya pAsethI mahAsabhAne dAna maLe evI dhAraNuM che. bhArata sarakAre dezI rAjyone jaNAvela ke briTiza bhAratamAM cAlatI prajAnI rAjakIya caLavaLa sAthe kaI paNa prakArane saMbaMdha na rAkhavo. uparyukta patranA javAbamAM muMbaI sarakAre jaNAveluM ke teo dezI rAjAone pitAnA pradeza bahAranI sevAbhAvI ke bina-sevAbhAvI yojanA upara kharca karavA nirutsAhita kare che. mahAsabhAnI svAgata samitine dezI rAjAe lavAjama Ape e te nizcitapaNe IcchanIya nathI. karachanA rAva ke jUnAgaDhanA navAba mahAsabhA sAthe saMbaMdha rAkhavAnuM pite pasaMda karatA nathI. je temanA kArabhArIo A phALo Ape che tene kArobArInI vyaktigata sahAnubhUti tarIke gaNu... je dezI rAjAoe potAnA khAnagI phaMDamAMthI phALe, A haze te prazna khUba ja nAjuka gaNAya ane tene khUba ja sAvacetIthI bhArata sarakAranI irachA jaNAvavI paDaze.20 1898 mAM madrAsamAM bharAyelA mahAsabhAnA adhivezanamAM bharUca ane suratanA pratinidhi tarIke vaDodarA rAjyanA be nyAyAdhIza De. hari harSada dhruva ane rAvabahAdura mAdhavalAla gayA hatA tethI aMgreja zAsako vaDodarAnA sayAjIrAva pratye zaMkAnI najare jatA hatA. 1885 thI 1914nA 30 varSanA gALA daramyAna mahAsabhAnAM be adhivezana paNa gujarAtamAM bharavAmAM AvyAM hatAM, 1902 mAM amadAvAdamAM ane 1907 mAM suratamAM. 1902 nA amadAvAdanA adhivezananI svAgata samitinA pramukha tarIke aMbAlAla sAkaralAla desAIe khUba ja sArI kAmagIrI bajAvI hatI. A adhivezananA pramukhapade surendranAtha benarajI hatA. gorvadhanarAma mA. tripAThI, maganabhAI caturabhAI paTela, kanaiyAlAla yAjJika (IdulAla yAjJikanA pitA) tathA vayaMsevaka tarIke kanaiyAlAla mA. munazIe A adhivezanamAM bhAga lIdhe hato. A adhivezanamAM hiMdanI garIbAI, dukALa, kApaDa uparanI jakAta, paradezamAM bhAratIya pratye darzAvAte bhedabhAva, raMgabhedanI nIti, sarakArI nokarI ane lazkaramAM bhAratIyone vadhu pratinidhitva vagere bAbate aMge 22 TharAva thayA hatA.21 A samaye eka svadezI audyogika pradarzana paNa rakhAyuM hatuM, jenuM uddaghATana vaDodarAnA sayAjIrAva gAyakavADe karyuM hatuM. A adhivezanamAM pramukhasthAnethI belatAM surendranAtha benarajIe svataMtratA prApta karavA mATenI baMdhAraNIya laData calAvavA mATe atUTa dhaurya sahanazakti tathA svArtha tyAga upara bhAra mUkyo hate. 1904 mAM muMbaImAM mahAsabhAnuM adhivezana maLyuM tyAre pharI eka vAra

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rara0 briTiza kAla phIrojazAha mahetA svAgata samitinA pramukha hatA. 1905 mAM karjhane baMgALanA bhAgalA pADyA pachI svarAjya, svadezI vastuone upayoga, videzI vastuone bahiSkAra ane rASTriya zikSaNane cArasUtrI kAryakrama mahAsabhAe 1906 mAM jAhera karyo hato. 1906mAM kalakattAnA mahAsabhAnA adhivezanamAM "svarAjya e hiMdanI muktinI cAvI che e maMtra sauprathama dAdAbhAIe ja Ape. hatuM. A adhivezana pachI bhAratamAM Thera Thera svadezInI caLavaLe ugra svarUpa pakaDayuM hatuM, paraMtu gujarAtamAM te 30 varSa agAu 1876 thI A caLavaLa zarU thaI gayelI. 1876mAM e mATe amadAvAdamAM svadezInI udyogavardhaka maMDaLI sthApavAmAM AvI hatI. surata bharUca rAjakeTa naDiyAda ane bhAvanagaramAM svadezI pravRttine sakriya banAvavAmAM AvI hatI. viramagAma tAlukAnA dekAvADA ane mAMDala gAmamAM tathA vaDodarA ane saMkheDA tAlukAmAM svadezI khAMDa vAparavAno nirNaya levAyo hato. 1906 mAM baMgALamAM videzI vastuonA bahiSkArane ugra banAvavAmAM AvatAM muMbaI ane amadAvAdanI kApaDa milee lagabhaga 1 lAkha gAMsaDIo kalakattAnA vepArIone vecI mAre naphe karyo hato. 1906 mAM suratamAM muMbaI prAMtika pariSadanI sabhA maLI hatI tenI svAgata samitinA pramukha rA. ba. khaMDubhAI desAI hatA. prAMtika pariSadanA pramukha tarIke zrI bhAlacaMdra bhATavaDekara hatA. zrI kAnajIbhAI pratinidhi, zrI bhUlAbhAI svayaMsevaka ane De. dIkSita kaptAna tarIke hatA. suratanuM yAdagAra adhivezana (1907) 1844, 1848, 1860 ane 1878 mAM suratanI prajAe briTiza sarakAranA vividha anyAyI kAyadAone virodha karI prajAkIya jAgRtine briTiza sarakArane paricaya karAvyo hato ane emAM saphaLatA meLavI prasiddhi meLavI hatI. pharI suratanuM 1907nuM mahAsabhAnuM adhivezana yAdagAra banI gayuM hatuM, kAraNa ke A sabhAmAM mahAsabhAnA vinIta(mavALa) daLa ane ugra(jahAlI daLa evA be spaSTa bhAga paDI gayA hatA. 1907 mAM suratamAM mahAsabhAnuM 23 muM adhivezana bharavAmAM AvyuM hatuM temAM kula 1600 pratinidhi AvyA hatA. 1906nA kalakattAnA adhivezana pachI mahAsabhAnuM adhivezana nAgapuramAM bharavAnuM nakkI thayuM hatuM, paraMtu vinIta(mavALa) daLane netAone lAgyuM ke nAgapura te ugra(jahAla)daLane gaDha che tethI ApaNe ApaNuM dhAryuM tyAM karAvI zakIzuM nahi. nAgapurane jokhamabharyuM mathaka mAnI emaNe adhivezananuM sthaLa pheravIne suratamAM rAkhyuM hatuM. suratamAM vinIta (vALa)nuM prabhutva

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pariziSTa (rAjakIya saMsthAo ane maDaLa) 21 hatuM. puNenAM chApAM te suratane vinIta(mavALa) daLanA netA phare jazAhanI khaDakI ke galI" kahetA hatA. 23 A sthaLa emanA mATe salAmata ane sagavaDabharyuM banI raheze ema mAnI A beThaka suratamAM goThavavAmAM AvI hatI. ugra(jahAlI daLane e zaMkA hatI ke vinItA(mavALA) 1906 mAM kalakattAmAM pasAra thayela cArasUtrI kAryakramane amalamAM mUkaze nahi, vizeSa karIne videzI vastuonA bahiSkAranA kAryakramane. kula 1,600 pratinidhiomAMthI 1,000 vinIta(mavALa) daLanA hatA tethI teo utsAhamAM hatA, kAraNa ke teo mAnatA hatA ke ApaNe dhAryuM karAvI zakIzuM. ugra(jahAla) daLanI zaMkA paNa sAcI paDI, kAraNa ke adhivezananA 8 ke 10 divasa agAu bahAra paDelI enI kAryasUcimAM svarAjya, bahiSkAra ke rASTriya zikSaNanA viSaya na hatA.4 26 mI DisembaranA adhivezananI zarUAta svAgata samitinA pramukhanA bhASaNathI thaI. tyAra pachI dI. ba. aMbAlAla sAkaralAla desAIe pramukhapada mATe De. rAsabihArI deSanuM nAma sUcavatAM dekAro macI gayo ane kAmakAja AgaLa calAvavAnuM zakya na lAgatAM e beThaka mulatavI rAkhavAmAM AvI. bIjA divase De. rAsabihArI ghoSanuM nAma pramukha tarIke sUcavAyuM ane anumodana karAyA pachI teo pramukha tarIkenuM bhASaNa karavA UbhA thayA tyAre uma(jahAla) daLanA netA TiLake enA virodhamAM UbhA thaI balavAnI paravAnagI mAgI. e na apAtAM bumarANa ane dhAMdhala thayAM. pachI te khurazIo pheMkAI ane lAThIo paNa UchaLI ane pariNAme e divasanI beThaka paNa vikherI nAkhavAmAM AvI. trIjA divase vinIte (mavALA)e pitAnI beThaka belAvI ane ugra(jahAla) daLanA sabhyone emAM pravezavA ja dIdhA nahi. Ama suratamAM 1907 mAM mahAsabhAnA be bhAga paDI gayA. pariNAme koMgresa nabaLI paDI ane ceDAM varasa sudhI dezamAM ene jhAjhe prabhAva rahelo nahi. raeNzanAlisTa esoziyezana suratamAM rASTriya mahAsabhAnA bhAgalA paDyA pachI suratamAM nezanAlisTa eNseziyezananI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI hatI. ene ApaNe suratanI ugra(jahAla) daLanI saMsthA kahI zakIe, kAraNa ke tyAre ugra(jahAla) daLa dezamAM pitAne nezanAlisTa daLa' tarIke oLakhAtuM hatuM. De. manaMtarAya madanarAya rAyajI ane De. maganalAla motIrAma mahetAnA davAkhAnAmAM A saMsthAnI sabhAo thatI. emaNe eka presa paNa rAkhyuM hatuM ane "zakti' nAmanuM sAptAhika paNa chApatA

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292 briTiza kANa hatA. 20 e chApu deDha varSa cAlyuM hatuM, paraMtu tyArapachI enI jAmInagIrI mAgavAmAM AvatAM e baMdha karI devAyuM hatuM. De. rAyajI ane De. mahetA uparAMta De, mohananAtha dIkSita, karasanajI vakIla, paMDita vakIla, dayALajIbhAI desAI, kalyANajIbhAI mahetA vagere e saMsthAnA mukhya ane mahatvanA kAryakara hatA. Ama suratanuM mahAsabhAnuM adhivezana thaI gayA pachI te jANe ke samasta gujarAtamAM rAjakIya jAgRti khUba ja AvI gaI hoya ema lAge che. abhinava bhArata bhAratanA mahAna krAMtikArI vinAyaka dAmodara sAvarakara ane emanA bhAI gaNeza dAmodara sAvarakare 1900mAM "mitrameLA" nAmanI krAMtikArI saMsthA sthApI hatI. e bombanI ArAdhanAmAM mAnatI hatI. 1904 mAM e saMsthAnuM nAma "abhinava bhArata' rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. gujarAtamAM e saMsthAnI eka mAtra zAkhA vaDodarAmAM sthapAI hatI. enuM sUtra hatuM videzI zAsanamAMthI bhAratane mukta karo'.28 A saMsthA mejhinInI saMsthA "yaMga ITAlInA dhoraNe gupta rIte kAma karatI hatI. abhinava bhArata saMsthA joDesavArI nizAnabAjI sainika zikSaNa ane saMcAlana jevI bAbatonI gupta tAlIma ApatI hatI. gujarAtamAM amadAvAda ane surata vinIta(maLAva) daLanA gaDha hatA tema vaDodarA e gujarAtamAM krAMtikArI ane trAsavAdI pravRttinuM ekamAtra mahatvanuM kedra hatuM. abhinava bhArata uparAMta anya guNa saMsthAo paNa vaDodarAmAM kAma karatI hatI. keTalAka krAMtikArIo vaDodarA kalejanA aMgrejInA prAdhyApaka zrI araviMda ghoSa eka mahAna krAMtikArI hatA. emane bhAI zrI bArIkumAra paNa baMgALanA krAMtikArI jUthanA eka netA hatA, bArIkumAra gheSa 1902mAM vaDodarAmAM AvyA hatA ane gujarAtanA choTubhAI ane aMbubhAI purANI sAthe rahI dakSiNa gujarAtamAM pharI vaLyA hatA. 1902 mAM ja bhAratIya krAMtinI mAtA' gaNatAM maeNDama bhIkhAyajI rustama kAmA yuropamAM gayAM hatAM. emaNe saradArasiMha rANuM sAthe 1907nI TuTagArTamAM jAyelI AMtararASTriya samAjavAdI koMgresamAM hAjarI ApI hatI. gujarAtamAM bomba banAvavAnA sAhityane pracalita karavAnuM kArya narasiMhabhAI paTele karyuM hatuM. emanuM e aMgenuM pustaka dezI vanaspationI davAo' nAmathI chapAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. amadAvAdamAM 1909 mAM loDa ane leDI minTa je gADImAM pharI rahyAM hatAM tene bomba pheMkI uDADI devAne be vAra prayAsa karo

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223 : pariziSTa (rAjakIya saMsthAo ane maMDaLa) hatA. paraMtu e baMne vAra niSphaLa gayo hato. emAM kheDA jillAnA krAMtikArIone hAtha hatuM ema manAya che. udayapura ane jUnAgaDhamAM thoDA samaya mATe davAna rahI cUkelA kacchanA mAMDavI gAmanA sapUta zyAmajI kRSNa varmA 1897 thI lanDanamAM vasI gayA hatA. tyAM emanuM "inDiyA hAusa krAMtikArI pravRttinuM keMdra banyuM hatuM. 1907 pachI teo perisamAM jaIne vasyA hatA ane tyAM paNa krAMtikArI pravRtio cAlu rAkhI hatI. perisamAM emane A bAbatamAM gujarAtanA bIjA sapUta lIMbaDI tAlukAnA eka jAgIradAra saradArasiMgha rANAne sakriya sAtha maLyuM hatuM. geviMda amIna nAmane eka vIrale pistolanA tajajJa tarIke saradArasiMgha rANAnA madadanIza tarIke perisamAM hatuM. maeNDama kAmAne paNa emane sAtha hate. Ama, 1818 thI 1914nA lagabhaga eka sadInA gALA daramyAna gujarAta paNa samasta bhAratamAM AvelI rAjakIya jAgRti ane ene pagale pagale karavAmAM AvelI rASTriya caLavaLamAM mahattvano phALo Apyo hato. prathama dhArmika ane sAmAjika svataMtratA meLavavA upara dhyAna kendrita karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ane tyArapachI rAjakIya svataMtratA meLavavAnA hetu sAthe keTalIka rAjakIya saMsthAo sthApI hatI. e badhImAM rASTriya mahAsabhA agrasthAne rahI hatI. 1914 sudhInI enI kAmagIrImAM gujarAtanA lekasevake ane lokanetAoe mahatvane bhAga bhajavyo hate. pAdaTIpa 1. paTTAbhI sItArAmaiyA, 'mahAsabhAne itihAsa" (guja. anu.), pR. 18 2.* indra vidyAvAcaspati, 'bhAratIya svAdhInatA saMgrAma kA itihAsa,' pR. 29 3. R. C. Majumdar (Ed.), The British Paramountcy and Indian Renaissance, Part II, p. 459 4. bhegIlAla gAMdhI, gujarAta darzana, pR. 272 ane 310 5. I. I. desAI, 'sUrata senAnI mUrata', pR. 141 6. bhogIlAla gAMdhI, uparyukta, pR. 279 9. SMHFMI, Vol. I, pp. 1 and 15 8. I. I. desAI, uparyukta, pR. 208 9. zivaprasAda rAjagera, "arvAcIna gujarAtane rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa', pR. 129 20. SMHFMI, Vol, I, p. 33

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224 11. Ibid., pp. 45-46 12, Ibid., pp. 48-49 13. I. i. desAI, uparyukta, pR. 161 14. zAMtilAla ma. desAI, 'rASTranA svAta'trya sa'grAma ane gujarAta', pR. 116 15. Narhari Parikh, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, p. 41 16. paTTAbhI sItArAmaiyA, upayukta, pR. 4 17. R. C. Majumdar (Ed.), op. cit., p. 516 18. AcAya jAvaDekara, 'Adhunika bhArata', pR. 194 19. manmatharAya gupta, rASTrIya mona ArUtijJAsa, pR. 207 briTiza kaLa 20. SMHFMI, Vol. II, pp. 95-97 21. zivaprasAda rAjagAra, uparyukta, pR. 137 22. hIrAlAla tri, pArekha,''arvAcIna gujarAtanu' rekhAdarzana', pR. 372 23. I. i. desAI, uparyukta, pR. 209 24. Ramgopal, Lokmanya Tilak, p. 267 25. pAMDuraMga gaNeza dezapAMDe, 'lAkamAnya TiLaka', pR. 221 26. javAharalAla naheru, 'jagatanA itihAsanu' rekhAdarzana' (guja, anu.), pR. para3 27. I. i. desAI, uppu'kta, pR. 209 28. R. C. Majumdar (Ed.), Struggle for Freedom, pp. 203-204

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khaMDa 3 sAMskRtika ItihAsa prakaraNa 8 sAmAjika sthiti 1. hiMdu samAja jJAtio ogaNIsamI sadImAM hiMdu samAja aneka nAnI moTI jJAtiomAM vaheMcAI gayA hate. "vimalaprabaMdha'mAM varNavelI aDhAra varNa A samaye paNa gujarAtamAM hiMdusamAjamAM astitvamAM hatI : brAhmaNa, rAjapUta vaizya, zudra tathA nArukAnA nAme oLakhAtI kaMI kAchiyA kuMbhAra mALI mardaniyA sUtradhAra jesAIta taMbaLI, senI (navanAru) ane gAMyajA, ghAMcI, chIpA, luhAra, mocI, camAra (pAMca kAru) vagere. samAjamAM nArukAru "vasavAyAM tarIke oLakhAtA. A samayamAM thayela kavizrI dalapatarAma pitAnA jJAti vizenA nibaMdhamAM gujarAtanI vividha jJAtionI mAhitI Ape che. teo brAhmaNonI 84, kSatriyanI 99, vANiyAonI 84 ane zakomAM dhaMdhA pramANe astitva dharAvatI pa3 jJAtione ullekha kare che. eka aMgreja adhikArI mi. elphinsTananA jaNAvyA pramANe I. sa. 1821 mAM gujarAtanA mahIkAMThA vistAramAM vasatI rAjapUta kema be vibhAgamAM vaheMcAyela hatIH (1) IDara darabAranI sAthe jodhapurathI AvI vaselA te mAravADI rAjapUta ane (2) ghaNA lAMbA samayathI ane gujarAtamAM vasatA rAjapUte. mAravADI rAjapUtAnAM AcAra-vicAra khAnapAna paheraveza vagere jodhapura pradezamAM vasatA rAjapUtane maLatAM hatAM, jyAre ahIM lAMbA samayathI vasatA rAjapUte emanA karatAM vadhAre saMskArI ane keLavAyelA jaNAtA hatA.3 I. sa. 1827 mAM suratamAM beraThela (Borradaile) nAme aMgreje suratanI jJAtionI nedhaNI karAvelI tyAre mAlUma paDayuM hatuM ke e vakhate suratamAM 15

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226 briTiza kAla brAhmaNa vANiyA rAjapUta kaDiyA suthAra bI vALaMda brahmakSatrI bharavADa bhADabhUjA bhATiyA mAchImALI sonI kaMI macI vagerenI badhI maLI 27 jJAti hatI. A samaye judI judI jJAtionA uddabhava vize vividha daMtakathAo pracalita hatI. keTalIka jJAtio dhaMdhA ane sthAna uparathI banI hatI. dareka jJAtimAM varga bheda dekhAtA hatA. dareka jJAtimAM bhojana ane kanyApradAna mATenA niyama alaga alaga hatA. dA.ta. visalanagarA nAgarakamamAM be zAkhAo (1) amadAvAda zAkhA ane (2) surata zAkhA hatI. A baMne zAkhAnA leke ekabIjA sAthe bhojana-vahevAra karatA, paNa kanyAnI Apale karatA nahi. AvI sthiti dareka jJAtimAM pravartatI hatI. dareka jJAtimAM cokkasa prakAranA sparzAsparzanA niyama pracalita hatA. khAsa karIne samAjanA upalA vargamAM A niyamonuM custa rIte pAlana thatuM. nIcalA varganA kArIgara lekemAM A aMgenA niyamamAM keTalIka zithilatA varatAtI hatI. brAhmaNemAM jamatI vakhate rezamI vastra paherIne besavAne rivAja hate. strIo mAnatI ke naveNe sUkavelAM kapaDAne puruSa aDake te abhaDAI jAya, ene palALIne sUkavavAM paDe. mATInAM vAsaNamAM bhejana karavAne niSedha hatA. brAhmaNe brAhmaNe taranA hAthanI rAMdhelI rasoI jamatA nahi. je rasoI dUdhanI banAvelI hoya te ene svIkAravAmAM emane kaI vAMdho na hato. A uparAMta ekabIjAnuM pANI pIvuM, prasUtA strIo sAthe vahevAra, zabane parza vagere bAbatamAM khAsa niyama pracalita hatA. sAmAnya rIte amadAvAda surata jevAM sthaLoe vasatA brAhmaNemAM A aMge ghaNI ja rUDhicustatA dekhAtI hatI. A vakhate samAjamAM sUtakanuM mahatva savizeSa hatuM. maranAra vyaktinAM kuTuMbIoe amuka divasa sudhI samAjathI alaga rahevuM e bAbatamAM dareka jJAtimAM judA judA rivAja pracalita hatA. brAhmaNoe 10 divasa, kSatriyoe 12 divasa ane vasyoe 15 divasa sudhI sUtaka pALavuM joIe ema manAtuM, samAjamAM kArIgara vargamAM A aMgenA niyama bahu kaDaka na hatA. samAjanA upalA varganA lokomAM A rivAjanuM cIvaTathI pAlana karavAmAM AvatuM. Aje paNa gujarAtamAM vasatA audIcya udumbara trivedImevADA vagere brAhmaNe tathA nImA vaNike sUtaka pALavAmAM bahu ja cIvaTa dAkhave che. keTalIka brAhmaNa jJAtiomAM bALakanA janmane lIdhe vRddhi-sUtaka pALavAne paNa rivAja jovA maLe che.

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sAmAjika sthiti 27 samAjamAM prAcIna kAlathI cAlI AvatI praNAlikA mujaba upanayana vivAha ane aMtyeSTi saMskAro thatA. brAhmaNamAM upanayana saMskAranuM mahatva savizeSa hatuM. yajJopavIta dhAraNa karyA vagaranA brAhmaNane samAjamAM rahevuM muzkela banatuM. A saMskAra cokkasa prakAranA vidhi dvArA karavAmAM AvatuM. A sarva saMskAranA vidhi bAbatamAM jJAtinA niyama ghaNA ja sakhta hatA. dareke pitAne jJAtinA rivAja mujaba vidhisara sarva saMskAra karavA paDatA. je AmAM kaMI bhUla thAya te jJAtinA reSane bhoga banavuM paDatuM. keTalIka vAra jJAtibahiSkAra jevA sajA paNa sahana karavI paDatI. "jJAtibahiSkAra' e eka bhayaMkara sA hatI. dareka jJAtinuM e eka amogha zistra hatuM. enA dvArA jJAtina paTele sarva upara aMkuza rAkhI zakatA. I. sa. 1850nA gALAmAM naMdarabAranA nAgezvara ojhA nAmanA eka mobhAdAra zrImALI brAhmaNe pitAnA jJAtibaMdhuone pitAne tyAM zubha prasaMge AmaMcyA. puraskAra ane bhajana dvArA saMmAnyA hatA. emaNe darekane potAne tyAM AvavAjavA mATe thayela kharca paNa ApyuM hatuM, AthI emane pitAnI jJAtinA amuka varganI IrSyAne bhega banavuM paDyuM hatuM. evAmAM evuM banyuM ke eka divasa emane nA chokare eka vANiyAnA pADAne vaLagI taLAvamAM nAhavA paDayo. ramatAM ramatAM pADuM pANImAM marI gayuM, AthI jJAtivALAe emane pADAnI hatyA badala jJAtibahAra mUkyA. nAgezvare A pApamAMthI mukta thavA vidvAnonI salAha anusAra prAyazcitta karyuM hatuM, paNa jJAtivALAoe e mAnya na rAkhyuM ane pitAnI jJAtivALA pAse prAyazcitta karavAno Agraha rAkhe. emAMnA keTalAke to emanI sAthe je bhojanavahevAra karaze tenI sAthe ame vahevAra nahi rAkhIe ema jAhera karyuM. Ane lIdhe AkhA kuTuMbanI dazA ghaNuM ja kharAba thaI. enA pariNAme zukalatIrthanI zrImALI jJAtimAM be taDa paDI gayAM." dezAMtara-pravAsa mATe paNa hiMdu samAjamAM niSedha hate. dariyAnI musApharI karanArane jJAtibahiSkAra jevI kAramI sajA bhogavavI paDatI. A aMge evI mAnyatA pracalita hatI ke ajANyA dezamAM khAnapAna aMgenA niyama jaLavAtA nathI, AthI ogaNIsamI sadI sudhI te samudraprayANa karavAne kAI vicAra paNa karI zatuM nahi. A aMgene nAgarajJAtinA zrI mahIpatarAma rUparAmane kisse noMdhavA jevo che. I. sa. 1856 mAM gujarAtanA keLavaNIkhAtAmAM nokarI karatA zrI naMdazaMkara bhAIne zikSaNanA vikAsa arthe aMgreja sarakAre IMglenDa mokalavA vicAra karyo.

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28 briTiza kA A vAtanI jANa emanAM kuTuMbIone thatAM emaNe rokakaLa karI mUkI ane evI paristhiti saI ke na chUTake naMdazaMkarabhAIne IMglenDa javAne vicAra paData. mUkavo paDyo. A pachI sarakAre mahIpatarAma rUparAmane pasaMda karI IMglenDa mokalavA nirNaya karyo. A vAta nAgara jJAtimAM phelAtAM emane jatA aTakAvavA aneka prayatna thayA. A sarva sAme makkamatAthI Tako rahI mahIpatarAmabhAI chevaTe IMglenDa gayA. jatI vakhate emanI patnIe rastAmAM eka mAsa sudhI cAle teTaluM bhAthuM baMdhAvyuM hatuM. tyAM jamavAnI takalIpha na paDe e mATe emaNe eka brAhmaNa rasoiye sAthe rAkhyo hato. keTalAka samaya bAda tyAMnuM kArya pUrNa karI teo svadeza pAchA. AvyA. pAchA AvyA tyAre emanA mitravarge emane saMmAnyA, paNa jJAtijanoe emane nAtabahAra mUkyA. AnA pariNAme emanA kuTuMbanI sthiti ghaNI ja kapheDI thaI. keTalIka vAra te teo bahAra nIkaLe tyAre "vilAyatI vAMdara" kahI nAtIlAe moM macakeDatA ane pAchaLa avanavI TIkAo karatA. A sarva sahana. karatAM karatAM mahIpatarAma ghaNA ja trAsI gayA hatA. evAmAM emanA pitAnuM avasAna thayuM. A takane lAbha laI nAgara emane vadhAre herAna karavA lAgyA. emaNe jAhera karyuM ke nAgara jJAtinA purohite mahIpatarAmanA pitAnI maraNottara kriyA karAvavI nahi ane A prasaMge je kaI emane tyAM jamavA jaze tene nAtabahAra mUkavAmAM Avaze. ghaNI muzkelIne aMte makakamatAthI sAmano karatAM karatAM teo A kaparI kasoTImAMthI pasAra thayA, paNa chevaTe emane jJAti AgaLa namatuM jokhavuM paDayuM. nAgarajJAtinI IcchA anusAra prAyazcitta karI brAhmaNone dAnamAM paMdarase rUpiyA tathA jJAtibhojana ApI teo jJAtimAM dAkhala thayA samAjasudhArakoe A mATe mahIpatarAmanI khUba TIkA karI. e pachI dhIre dhIre jJAtibaMdhane zithila thatAM paradezagamana sahaja banavA lAgyuM. rUDhio ane sudhArA A samaye samAjamAM kanyAvikraya bALalagna satIprathA, bALakIne dUdhapItI karavAne cAla vagere aneka dUSaNa pracalita hatAM. brAhmaNa vANiyAnI jJAtiomAM jJAtinI anumati vagara sagapaNa teDI zakAtuM nahi. keTalIka--zrImALI udumbara vagere brAhmaNe jevI-AtiomAM je varapakSa sAthe kaMI aNabanAva thAya ane kanyAne hathevALe thayo na hoya te vara teraNe Avele paraNyA vagara pAche. ja. ghaNI jJAtiomAM kanyAviyanI badI phelAyelI hatI. AvuM kArya jJAtinA.

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sAmAjika sthiti 229 gera ke agragaNya vyakti mAraphate thatuM. sAmAnya rIte dareka nAtamAM mobhAdAra kuTuMbane tyAM kanyA ApavA tatpara rahetA. A mATe game teTalI kiMmata cUkavavA paNa keTalAka taiyAra rahetA, jyAre keTalAka te sArA kuTuMbanA game tevA puruSane paNa svIkAravA tatpara rahetA, AthI ghaNuM A takane lAbha laI bahupatnItva paNa jogavatA te keTalIka vAra bALalagna vRddhalagna jevAM aniSTa paNa sarjAtAM. nIcalA vargamAM chUTAcheDAnI prathA pracalita hatI. ahIM paMca samakSa kabUlAta ApIne chUTAcheDA laI zakAtA. gujarAtI kaDavA kaNabI kAmamAM evo rivAja pracalita hato ke kanyAnuM lagna siMhanA gurunA samaye thAya. A samaya lagabhaga bAra varSe eka vAra Avate, AthI siMhanA gunA samayamAM mAbApe potAnI game teTalI uMmaranI apariNIta kanyAnAM lagna game tevA nAtanA pAtra sAthe karI nAkhatAM. keTalIka vAra kanyA ghaNI nAnI heya te paisA ApIne paNa keTalAka enuM lagna karI nAkhatA. keTalIka vAra kanyA bahu nAnI hoya te tAtkAlika anya vyakti sAthe lagna gaThavI uMmaralAyaka thatAM enAthI chUTAcheDA laI anyatra lagna karavAmAM AvatuM. AvI koI vyavasthA na goThavAya te evI kanyAnuM lagna kUlanA daDA ke mATInA ghaDA sAthe karI e daDe ke ghaDe kUvAmAM nAkhI devAmAM AvatA. A pachI kanyA vidhavA kahevAtI. amuka samaya bAda enuM pharIthI lagna karavAmAM AvatuM. bALalagna ogaNIsamI sadI daramyAna marAThAonAM AkramaNone lIdhe gujarAtamAM bALalagnanuM pramANa vadhI gayuM hatuM. samAjane moTe varga kanyAnuM lagna dasa varSanI uMmare karI nAkhavuM joIe e matane hato. kanyAnuM lagna moTI uMmare karAvuM e deSa manAte, dareka mAbApa pitAnI kanyA bAra varSanI thAya e pahelAM te pitAnI jJAtine je muratiye maLe tenI sAthe pitAnI kanyAnuM lagna karI nAkhavA tatpara rahetAM. koI mAbApa potAnI dIkarI uMmaralAyaka thatAM na paraNAve te samAja ene TakavA dete nahi. keIka kamanasIba bApane te A deza mATe jJAtibahiSkAra jevI sajA sahana karavI paDatI. A saMbaMdhamAM potAne tyAM eka prasaMga TAMkatAM leDI vidyAgaurI nIlakaMTha jaNAve che ke "e jamAnAmAM chokarI dasa varSanI thAya eTale lagna karavuM ja joIe evo rivAja hate. zAradA (emanI bahena) bAra varSanI thavA AvI chatAM enuM lagna thayeluM na hovAthI emanI mAtA bALA upara TIkAono varasAda varasatA. bALA A sarvane makkamatAthI sAmano karatI. bahu ja prayatna De. baTukarAmanA putra sumaMtarAya sAthe zAradAnA vivAha nakkI thayA. evAmAM baTukarAme pitAnA putrane amuka sTImaramAM iMglenDa mokalavAno

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briTiza kAza che tethI e samaya pahelAM lagna karI nAkhavAnuM jaNAvyuM. e samaye mInAka cAlatAM hatAM. jyotiSazAstra pramANe monArka eTale ke sUrya mIna rAzimAM hoya te samaya daramyAna lagna karavAno niSedha manAte. Ama chatAM sAro muratiyo gumAva. na paDe ane pitAnI dIkarIne kanyAkAla vahI na jAya e mATe manane majabUta karI, vahemane dUra karI zAradAnAM lagna karI nAkhavAmAM AvyAM. A aMge nAgaranI nAtamAM ghaNI ja TIkA thayelI.8 navalarAme bALalagna aMge potAnA eka padyamAM lakhyuM che : hAM re nAma bALalagnanuM te bALe, bALalagnanuM nAma ja suNatAM Ave mane kaMTALI re, paLilagnanuM duHkha dekhIne deza thaI gayo kALA re." dhIre dhIre samAjasevakenA athAga prayatnothI bALalagna viruddha lekamata jAgrata thatAM sarakArane paNa A aMge vicAra karavo paDyo. I. sa. 1891 mAM hiMdI pInala koDamAM saMmativayane kAyadAmAM sarakArane sudhAre kare paDyoI. sa. 1904 mAM vaDodarA rAjyamAM gAyakavADa sarakAre kAyadA dvArA kanyAnI lagna mATenI laghutama vaya 16 varSanI nakkI karI. I. sa. 1928 mAM sAraDA ekaTa pasAra thatAM lagnavayamAM sAre e sudhAre thayo. A kAryamAM kavizrI dalapatarAma, narmadAzaMkara, navalarAma, baherAmajI malabArI, raNachoDabhAI udayarAma, karasanadAsa mULajI ane mahIpatarAma rUparAma jevA samAjasudhArake e mahatvano bhAga bhajavyuM hatuM. vidhavAvivAha bALalagnanA pariNAme bALamaraNanuM pramANa vadhatAM samAjamAM bALavidhavAene vikaTa prazna upasthita thayA. vidhavA-punarlagna mATe koI vicAra sarakhe paNa karI zakatuM nahi. karasanadAsa mULajI jevA samAja sudhArake A dizAmAM kaMIka karI chUTavA prayatnazIla hatA. emaNe mahAmusIbate samAjamAM dAkhala besADavA divALIbAI nAmanI eka vidhavAnuM gaMDu nAmanA brAhmaNa sAthe lagna goThavyuM. A kAryamAM aMte emane ghaNuM sahana karavuM paDayuM. agya patine lIdhe bAI bIcArI herAna thaI gaI. aMte lagna niSphaLa nIvaDyuM. A pachI keTalIka samajutI bAda karasanadAsanA athAga prayatna eka dhanika kapoLa vaNikanI bALavidhavA thayela dhanakara nAmanI kanyAnuM lagna mAdhavadAsa radhanAtha nAmanA eka vRddha sAthe thayuM. A aMge samAjamAM ghaNI ja TIkA thayelI. I.sa. 1869-70 mAM kavi narmadAzaMkare eka vidhavA sAthe lagna karyuM ene kAraNe

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sAmAjika sthiti 21 emane nAta bahAra mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA, paNa chevaTe dhIre dhIre A virodha zAMta paDavA lAgyA. vidhavAvivAha mATe janamata keLavAvA lAge. dUdhapItIne cAla aDhAramI-ogaNIsamI sadImAM gujarAtamAM hiMdusamAjamAM kanyAne janma AnaMdadAyaka manAtA na hatA. dIkarIne bApa haMmezAM eziyALo manAte hate. ghaNI jJAtiomAM dahejanA kAraNe mAbApane dIkarI paraNAvatAM ghaNo trAsa thate. dahejamAM bhAre rakama ApavI na paDe e mATe ghaNuM mAbApa dIkarIne janmatAMnI sAthe dUdhanA tapelAmAM DubADI mArI nAkhatAM. A prathA khAsa karIne gujarAtanA jADejA rAjapUta, pATIdAro vagere kAmamAM vyApaka pramANamAM vistarela hatI. hiMdu samAja upara A jevuM tevuM kalaMka na hatuM. ogaNIsamI sadInI zarUAtamAM gAyakavADa sarakAranI muzkagIrIne lIdhe karnala vokara nAme eka aMgreja adhikArInI saurASTra khAte nimaNUka thaI. karnala vakare saurASTramAM AvI A prathAnuM darzana karatAM ene AmA kakaLI UThayo. eNe A prathA aTakAvavA ghaNuM rAjavIone samajAvavA mAMDyA. keTalAka upara dabANa paNa karavA mAMDayuM. morabI jevAM ghaNuM rAjyanA rAjavIone te AmAM hatyA thAya che evuM lAgatuM ja na hatuM. chevaTe athAga prayatna bAda I. sa. 1808 mAM karnala vaoNkara saurASTranA jADejA jeThavA vagere rAjapUtone samajAvI A prathA baMdha karavAne karAra karAvI zakyA. rAjapUtane joI pATIdAroe paNa A prathA baMdha karavAne nirNaya karyo. A prathA aMge gejheTiyaranA lekhaka nedhe che ke A prathAne lIdhe bharUca pAsenA eka gAmamAM seMkaDo puruSa vacce pUrI eka Dajhana strIo paNa na hatI.10 I. sa. 1869 mAM pATaDI darabAra jorAvarasiMghae kaNabI jJAtinA samudAyane ekatra karI A prathA aTakAvavA kAyade karyo. gAyakavADa sarakAre paNa vaDodarA rAjyamAM dUdhapItInA rivAjane bALahatyAne gune gaNI enA mATe sajA jAhera karI. satI-prathA A amAnuSI prathA gujarAtamAM ogaNIsamI sadI daramyAna pracalita hatI. samAjamAM satInA bahAne aneka bALavidhavAone pharajiyAta, agnisnAna karAvavAmAM AvatuM. A prathA sAme baMgALamAM rAjA rAmamohana rAye baMDa. jagAvyuM.

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232 briTiza kAta enI asara dhIre dhIre gujarAtamAM paNa vartAvA lAgI hatI. A prathA viruddha dhIre dhIre janamata keLavA jato hate. saM. 1787(I. sa. 1740-41)mAM suratanI nAgarI nAtamAM zivabAI nAme strI satI thaI hatI. A samaye bharUyamAM suMdarabAI ane divALIbAI desAI nAme be strIo satI thaI hatI evuM bharUca zaheranA itihAsamAM seMdhAyela che. gujarAtamAM saurASTra kaccha uttara gujarAta sAbarakAMThA vagere pradezomAM aneka sthaLoe satInA pALiyA maLe che. sAbarakAMThA jillAnA moDAsA gAmamAM gebanAtha mahAdeva pAse satIne eka pALiyo Avela che. jANavA pramANe A pALiyo moDAsAmAM rAmajImaMdiramAM rahetA zrI hariprasAda dalasukharAma jozInA kuTuMbamAM Azare deDhaso-base varSa pUrve kaI strI satI thaI hatI ene che.13 aspRzyatA bhAratanA anya pradezanI jema gujarAtamAM paNa aspRzyatA vizenA cakkasa khyAla vyApaka pramANamAM vistarelA hatA. samAjamAM AbhaDacheTa aMgenA niyama ghaNu sakhta hatA. halakuM kArya karanAra, jevuM ke suvAvaDI strInAM kapaDAM dhanAra, maDadAM upADanAra, jhADu vALanAra, meluM sApha karanAra, marelAnuM gomAMsa khAnAra ane vecanAra, vagere samAjamAM aspRzya manAtA. emanAM raheThANa kUvA vagere savarNonAM raheThANethI dUra rAkhavAmAM AvatAM. samAjamAM sparzAsparzanA cokkasa khyAla pravartatA hovAthI emane jAheramAM paNa AvavA mATe paNa keTalAMka niyaMtraNa hatAM. A dalita vargamAM paNa kAma pramANe heDa vaNakara camAra bhaMgI vagere varga hatA. temAM paNa ucca-nIcanA bheda hatA. temAM paNa khAnapAna, kanyAnI Apale aspRzyatA vagere mATenA khAsa niyamana hatAM. paMcamahAla jillAnA luNAvADA pAsenA bAkera gAme lagabhaga 1940 sudhI DheDanI kUI ane bhaMgInI kuI ema dalita mATe pANI levAnAM be alaga alaga sthaLa hatAM. maMdira praveza mATe emane manAI hatI. ogaNIsamI sadI sudhI gujarAtamAM A varga mATe zikSaNanI kaI vyavasthA na hatI. A aMtyajonI sevA mATe haju sudhI keI samAjasudhAraka bahAra AvyuM na hatuM. sau prathama zrI durgArAma mahetAjIe mAnavadharma sabhAnA upakrame A aMtyaje mATe keTalAka sudhAraka vicAra pragaTa karyA hatA, chatAM A samaye samAjamAM joIe tevI jAgRti AvI na hatI. A dizAmAM sahu prathama sayAjIrAva

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sAmAjika sthiti, gAyakavADe cokkasa kAryane AraMbha karyo. I. sa. 1883 mAM vaDodarA rAjyamAM aMtyajo mATe alaga zALAonI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. zarUAtamAM hiMdu zikSake zikSaNakArya karavA taiyAra na thatAM zikSaNakAryamAM keTalIka muzkelI AvI hatI, paNa dhIre dhIre muslima zikSaka dvArA zikSaNakArya zarU karatAM aspRzyanA zikSaNa mATe sArI evI pragati sAdhI zakAI hatI. aMtyajemAM dharmabhAvanA vikase e mATe emanA purohitone zikSaNa ApavA saMskRta pAThazALAo zarU karavAmAM AvI. emAM bhaNanArane mahine ATha rUpiyAnI oNlarazipa ApavAnuM nakkI karyuM, rAjyanAM judAM judAM khAtAMomAM emane nekarIo ApavAmAM AvI. Ama ogaNIsamI sadI daramyAna zrI sayAjIrAva gAyakavADe aspRzyatAnivAraNanI pravRttine vegavaMtI banAvI.14 samAja-sudhArAnuM preraka baLa gujarAtamAM aMgrejI zAsanano vikAsa thatAM pazcimanI navI keLavaNIne prAraMbha thayo. dhIre dhIre ene pracAra vadhatAM prajAmAM ajJAna ALasa vahema jevA dene dUra karavAnI keTalIka tamannA jAgI. navI keLavaNuthI lekamAM bALalagna, paradezagamana, prAcInakAlathI cAlyA AvatA laukika AcAra-vicAre, vagere jovAnI ane cakAsavAnI dRSTi AvI. prajAmAM strI-saMmAna ane svAtaMtrya-bhAvanAne vikAsa thaye. aMgrejI keLavaNInA pratApe gujarAtanI prajAne pitAnA bhavya saMskAravArasAnuM temaja pitAnI kRpamaMDUkatAnuM bhAna thayuM. Adi kAlathI jaDa jagalI ane vahemI manAtI prajAne maharSi dayAnaMda temaja svAmI sahajAnaMde nUtana dharmadaSTi ApI. ghaNuM juvAne jJAtinAM baMdhana teDIne sudhAro karavA thanaganI rahyA hatA, te keTalAka zrI AnaMdazaMkara ane zrI maNilAla jevA vidvAne dharma nIti ane itihAsanA sanAtana pAyA upara hiMdu samAjane sudhAravAnA AgrahI hatA. gujarAtamAM sAmAjika kSetre krAMti ANavAmAM vartamAnapatroe noMdhapAtra phALe ApyuM hatuM. ogaNIsamI sadInA uttarArdhamAM muMbaIthI cAra dainike gujarAtImAM pragaTa thatAM hatAM, paNa gujarAtamAM eka paNa dainika pragaTa thatuM na hatuM. dhIre dhIre A kSetramAM gujarAte vikAsa sAthe. gujarAtamAMthI pragaTa thatAM sAptAhika "gujarAtamitra' 'dezamitra"gujarAtadarpaNa ane DAMDiye ghaNuM ja noMdhapAtra hatAM. teoe sAmAjika kSetre krAMti ANavAmAM mahatvane bhega bhajavyo hate.

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234 braTiza kAcheH samAja sudhArake (nUtana yuganA ghaDavaiyA) pazcimanI keLavaNIne lIdhe samAjamAM pravartatI AvI durdazA tarapha gujarAtanA ghaNuM juvAnenuM dhyAna derAyuM. jJAti-prathAnAM dUSaNane nAthavA ghaNu narapuMgavA AgaLa AvyA. vAhana-vahevAranI saraLatA thatAM ane vividha prajAnA saMparkamAM AvatAM emanAmAM samAjane jovAnI navI daSTi AvI, samAja sudhArAnI cetanA. pragaTI, pazcimanI saMskRtie gujarAtamAM sudhArAnI jota pragaTAvI. A samayanA sudhArAnA prathama sUtradhAra durgArAma mahetAjI hatA. emane janma I. sa. 1809 mAM thayuM hatuM. emaNe I. sa. 1844 mAM mAnavadharmasabhAnI sthApanA karI. A sabhAne uddeza nAtajAtanA bhedabhAva dUra karI vidhavAvivAhane uttejana ApavAnuM hatuM. emaNe samAjasudhArAnI preraNA raNachoDadAsa giradharabhAI jhaverI (I. sa. 1803-1873) pAsethI meLavI hatI. raNachoDabhAI e jamAnAnA eka samartha keLavaNIkAra hatA. emaNe tAlImabaddha zikSaka tauyAra karI sudhArAne. dIpaka pragaTAve. durgArAma mahetAjI upara raNachoDabhAInI asara vartAtI hatI.. A samaye muMbaI surata ane amadAvAda e sudhArAnAM keMdra hatAM. surata e. durgArAma mahetAjInuM kAryakSetra hatuM. durgArAma mahetAjIe gujarAtamAM sAmAjika kSetre krAMti ANI. teo vaDanagarA. nAgara jJAtinA brAhmaNa hatA. zarUAtanuM prAthamika zikSaNa suratamAM laI teo. muMbaI gayA. tyAMthI abhyAsa karI pAchA surata AvI I. sa. 1826mAM zikSaka banyA. emanA jamAnAnA teo eka saphaLa zikSaka ane uttama vidvAna gaNAtA hatA. teo jaMtaramaMtara ane melI vidyAnA prakhara virodhI hatA. I. sa. 1838 mAM pitAnI prathama patnIne mRtyu bAda teo samAjamAM sudhAraka tarIke bahAra AvyA. emaNe vidhavA-vivAhane pracAra zarU karyo. teo pote vidhavA-vivAhanA himAyatI hevAthI vidhavA sAthe lagna karavA zaktizALI banyA. Ama chatAM samAjanA mahAnubhAvanI paravA karyA vagara rAtadivasa emaNe vidhavA-vivAhanI tarapheNamAM pravacana karavA mAMDyAM. emanAM "mAnavadharma sabhA'mAMnAM bhASaNoe lokazikSaNanI garaja sArI hatI. ahIM punarvivAha paradezagamana dharma karma kAMDa vagere viSaye. upara pravacane thatAM. A uparAMta mUrti pUjA aspRzyatA jAdu vahema vagere viSayo upara carcAo yojAtI. durgArAma ane emanA mitranI banelI parehajagAra maMDaLI' tarIke oLakhAtI maMDaLI sudhArAne pracAra karatI. A samaye durgArAma. dAdabA dalapatarAma dAmodaradAsa ane dinamaNizaMkara jevA sajajane samAjasudhArAmAM noMdhapAtra sthAna dharAvatA hovAthI teo samAjamAM pAMca dA" tarIke

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sAmAjika sthiti 235 - oLakhAtA. durgArAme mitrA sAthe maLIne samAjamAM pravaMtI kurUDhione tADavA mATe pustaka-pracAraka maMDaLa' sthApIne navA vicAra| samAjamAM vahetA karyA hatA. Ama durgArAme zikSaka tarIke varSo sudhI samAjanI sevA karI, emanI kIrti gujarAtamAM cAre bAju phelAI. gujarAtane emaNe ajJAna ane adhazraddhAnI maneAdazAmAMthI jAgrata karyuM". egaNIsamI sadInI adhavacamAM te kAThiyAvADa gayA. I. sa. 1876 mAM emanuM avasAna thatAM suratamAMnI sudhArAnI pravRttimAM keTaleka aMze ATa AvI, paNa theADAka ja samayamAM durgArAmanA kAryane pAMca daddAo pachI traNa nanA nAme oLakhAtA na`dAzaMkara navalarAma ane naMdazaMkaranI tripuTIe AgaLa vadhAryuM ane suratane sudhArAnA itihAsamAM amara karyuM. 15 pAMca ddAmAM sthAna pAmelA kavi klapatarAma (I. sa. 1820 thI 1898) zAMta ane vivekI sudhAraka hatA. sajjanA saMbhaLAvajo re dhIre dhIre sudhArAnA sAra' e emanA 'venacaritra'mAMnI 5kita emanI sudhArAnI bhAvanAne mUrta kare che. praznamAMthI pracalita vahema ane kurUDhio dUra karavA bhUta jJAti bALavivAha punarvivAha vagere upara nibadhA lakhI navA yugane dRSTi ApI emaNe potAnAM kavitA ane nibaMdhomAM bALalagnanI hAMsI uDAvI, maraNu pAchaLa thatA varAnI TIkA karI, srIe paranAM baMdhanAnI jhATakaNI kADhI. paradezagamana karavA praznane anurAdha karyA. kanyA-keLavaNI mATe haThIsiMganAM patnI harakeAra zeThANInA nAmathI temaja zeTha maganabhAI karamacaMdanA nAmathI I.sa. 1850 mAM kanyAzALAo zarU karAvI, gujarAta varnAkayulara se|sAyaTI (pachIthI gujarAta vidyAsabhA) taraphathI pragaTa thatA 'buddhiprakAza' mAsika dvArA emaNe potAnI samAjasudhArAnI pravRttine vikasAvI. gujarAta varnAkyulara seAsAyaTInI sthApanA I. sa. 1848 nI 25 mI Disembare zrI e. ke. phorbsanI sUcanAthI amadAvAdamAM thaI hatI. I. sa. 1848 mAM sthapAyela 'sTuDanTsa'mAMthI 'jJAnaprasAraka sabhA'nA janma thayA hatA. A sabhAmAM pArasI juvAnA sakriya rasa dharAvatA hatA. emaNe I. sa. 1849 mAM dara mahine 'ganeAna-parasAraka' nAmanuM ceApAniyuM. zarU karyuM" hatu.. A sabhAmAM dAdAbhAI navarajIe vijJAna saMbadhe aneka bhASaNa ApyAM hatAM. A samaye samAjasudhArAnA kSetramAM kavi narmadAza MkaranuM nAma mokhare hatuM. emaneA janma, I. sa. 1833 mAM suratamAM thayA hatA. emanA pitAnuM nAma lAlazaMkara ane mAtAnuM nAma rukimaNI hatuM. emaNe suratamAMthI yogya zikSaNa meLavI tyAM ja zikSakanI neAkarI lIdhI hatI, paNa saMyeAgavazAt emane I. sa.

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247 briTiza kAha 1853 mAM surata choDI ucca zikSaNa mATe muMbaI javuM paDyuM. tyAM buddhivardhaka sabhAnA Azraye emaNe samAjasudhAraka banavAnI preraNA meLavI. tyAM emane karasanadAsa ane mahIpatarAma jevA naravIrone sAtha sAMpaDyo. "satyaprakAza' nAmanA sAptAhike emane jAheramAM AvavAnI taka ApI. I. sa. 1860 mAM vaiSNava saMpradAyanA mahArAja jadunAtha sAthe teoe vidhavAvivAhanI zAstrasaMmati upara vAdavivAda karyo. kavie eka vidhavAne Azraya Ape; ane I. sa. 1869-70 mAM narmadAgaurI nAmanI eka vidhavA sAthe lagna paNa karyuM. narmadane AnA mATe jJAtibahiSkAranI sajA bhogavavI paDI hatI.12 I. sa. 1866 mAM emaNe pitAnA hiMduonI paDatI' nAmanA pustakamAM vahema ane kurivAjo sAme baMDa pokAryuM, emaNe jaNAvyuM ke "brAhmaNo jegIo vagere kAma vagaranA raLI khAvAne mUrtio. mAMDI beThelA DhoMgI ane dhutArA che. ajJAnI leke paththara ane pADAne deva tarIke pUje che. kheTA vahemathI leke paradeza jatA nathI." emaNe strIonI durdazA joI bALalagna viruddha jhuMbeza AdarI. emaNe lekene vidhavAvivAha mATe abhigama keLavavA anurodha karyo. 17 pitAnA vicArone vAcA ApavA emaNe DAMDiya' nAme pAkSika zarU karyuM. enA dvArA samAjamAM pracalita daMbha khullA pADavA mAMDayA.18 narmade je sudhArAne dIpaka pragaTAvyo tene prakAza bharUca vaDodarA naDiyAda amadAvAda rAjakoTa junAgaDha lIMbaDI bhAvanagara vagere sthaLoe. phelAye. sarvatra sudhArAnI caLavaLe vega pakaDayo. A pUrve jaNAvyuM che te pramANe mahIpatarAma nIlakaMThane paradezagamana mATe sahana karavuM paDayuM hatuM. e samaye suratamAM cAlatI parahejagAra maMDaLA'nA sabhyapade rahIne emaNe kephI-pINAM bALalagna phaTANuM ane vidhavAnA keza utAravAnI viruddha bhASaNe karyA. emaNe mahArASTramAM sthapAyelA "vidhavAvivAha uttejaka maMDaLa"nA "satyArtha prakAza'nA taMtrI, prArthanA samAjanA kAryavAhaka, amadAvAdanI maganabhAI karamacaMda zALAnA maMtrI, zrI bhoLAnAtha sArAbhAI liTararI insiTaTayUTa phora vimena'nA maMtrI vagere sthAne rahI sudhArAnI vividha pravRttio AdarI hatI. taduparAMta "aMjumane iralAma' nAmanI muslima saMsthA, jyubilI hospiTala, prANadayA maMDaLI, hiMdusaMsArasudhArA samAja, vidhavAvivAha sabhA, ema vividha saMsthAonA pramukhapadethI gujarAtamAM samAja-sudhArAnI caLavaLane vega Apyo hate. emanA avasAna bAda amadAvAdamAM emanA smaraNArthe mahIpatarAma rUparAma anAthAzrama" nAmanI saMsthA sthApavAmAM AvI. A saMsthA Aje amadAvAdamAM rAyapura daravAjA bahAra potAnA makAnamAM sAmAjika kSetre uttama sevAo ApI rahI che.

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sAmAjika sthiti 20 muMbaImAM rahI zrI karasanadAsa mULajI(I. sa. 1833-1871)e tyAMnI buddhivardhaka sabhAnA sabhyapade rahIne sAmAjika kSetre ane keLavaNInA kSetre noMdhapAtra sevAo ApI hatI. satyaprakAza'nA taMtrI tarIke emaNe samAjanA kurivAjo ane pAkhaMDe sAme baLa pakAryo hate. I. sa1855 mAM bhUlezvaramAM chappana bheganA prasaMge vaiSNava ane ziva saMpradAya viruddha lakhANa chApI samAjamAM eka moTo vaLa Ubho karyo, AthI jadunAtha mahArAje karasanadAsa sAme badanakSIno dAvo mAMDayo, je gujarAtamAM "mahArAja lAyabala kesa' tarIke prakhyAta che. A kesamAM karasanadAsane vijaya thayuM. e pachI teo I. sa. 1863 mAM yuropanI saphare jaI AvyA. ghaNA jJAtijanoe emanI sAme pracAra karyo, paNa enuM kAMI pariNAma na AvyuM. teo punarlagnanA himAyatI hatA. emanA avasAna bAda muMbaI yunivarsiTI taraphathI "saMsAra-sudhArA'nA viSayane lagatA nibaMdhane apAtuM karasanadAsa mULajI pAritoSika' Aje paNa emanI sudhArA-pravRttinA yAda kare che.19 A uparAMta bhoLAnAtha sArAbhAI, kekhuzaro navarojajI, baherAmajI malabArI, maNibhAI nabhubhAI, govardhanarAma tripAThI, sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa, ramaNabhAI nIlakaMTha vIei paNa gujarAtamAM samAja-sudhArAnA kSetre mahattvanI kAmagIrI bajAvI hatI. paradezagamana karavAthI nAtabahAra mukAyelA mahIpatarAma sAthe bhojana karavAthI nAgaroe bhoLAnAthabhAIne nAtabahAra mUkyA hatA. teo amadAvAdanI vidhavAvivAha uttejaka maMDaLI'ne sakriya kAryakara hatA. emaNe vidhavAvivAha ane bALalagna upara keTalAka nibaMdha racI lokamata keLavavAno prayatna karyo hate. teo strIsvAtaMtrya ane strIkeLavaNInA prakhara himAyatI hatA. emaNe lAja kADhavAne, revA phUTavAne temaja maraNottara kriyA vakhate thatA anya lekika vagere rivAjo baMdha karAvavA bhagIratha prayatna AdaryA hatA. emane potAnA sudhArAnA kAryamAM jUnAgaDhanA maNizaMkara kikANane suMdara sahakAra maLyo hate.20 A uparAMta bhoLanAthabhAIe samAjamAMthI zarAbanI badIne dUra karavA prayatna karyA. ene mATe madyapAnaniSedhaka sabhA'nI sthApanA karI. I. sa. 1858 mAM nirAkAra IzvaranI upAsanA mATe "dharmasabhAnI sthApanA karI. I. sa. 1871 mAM e sabhAne rUpAMtara ApI "prArthanA samAjanI sthApanA karI.21 pArasI juvAna kekhuzare navarojajI kAbarAe karasanadAsane lAyabala kesa vakhate vaiSNava saMpradAya sAme lakhANe pragaTa karI kesa jItavAmAM sArI evI madada karI hatI. emaNe strIzikSaNa, bALalagna-nAbUdI, vidhavAvivAha, muslima strIonI paDadA-paddhati aMge "strIbodha' mAsikamAM moTI jhuMbeza calAvI hatI.

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238 briTiza kALa A ja rIte bIjA pArasI sudhAraka baherAmajI malabArIe bALalagnanAM pariNAme, kajoDAM, vidhavAne uddhAra vagere viSaya upara kAvya racI samAmAM janamata keLavavA mAMDayo hate. I. sa. 1844 mAM bALalagna aTakAvavA emaNe jAheramAM carcAo AraMbhI. sarakAre ene Teke A hatA. emaNe nirAdhAra strIo mATe muMbaImAM sevAsadananI sthApanA karI hatI. Ama malabArIe pitAnA jIvanamAM samAja-sudhArAnA kSetre mahatvanuM kArya karI gujarAtamAM uttama kIrti saMpAdita karI hatI. - zrI govardhanarAma tripAThIe (I. sa. 1855-1907) pitAnI mahA navala "sarasvatIcaMdra' dvArA strIkeLavaNI, vidhavAvivAha, bALalagna, jJAtiprathAnAM anya dUSaNe vagere vize janamata keLavyuM hatuM, gujarAtamAM sAmAjika kSetre krAMti ANI hatI. vaDodarAnA zrI sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa eka rAjavI hovA chatAM sAcA arthamAM samAjasudhAraka hatA. emaNe pitAnA amala daramyAna gujarAtamAM keLavaNuM harajoddhAra bALalagnaniSedha vidhavAvivAha vagere kAryone ghaNuM ja urojanA ApyuM hatuM. emaNe samagra vaDodarA rAjyamAM prAthamika keLavaNI pharajiyAta ane maphata karI hatI. vividha hAIskUla ane kolejanI sthApanA ane chAtrAlaye zarU karI harijane mATe alaga zALAo ane harijadvAraprattine vega Ape hatA. pitAnA rAjyamAM bALalagna aTakAvavA ane vidhavAvivAhane urojana ApavA kAyadA karyA hatA. zrI ramaNabhAI nIlakaMThe "bhadrabhadra "rAIne parvata' jevI pitAnI kRtio temaja lekha dvArA sAmAjika kSetre nUtana saraNI pragaTAvI hatI. A uparAMta amadAvAdanA raNachoDalAla choTAlAla, navalarAma, narasiMharAva, kezavalAla vakIla, nepALadAsa haridezamukha, 2. ba. khuzAlarAya sArAbhAI, harageviMdadAsa kAMTAvALA, sAMkaLezvara jozI, vyAsa irachAzaMkara amathArAma, gaTubhAI dhu vageree pitAnAM lakhANa dvArA samAjamAM pracalita badIo dUra karavAmAM ghaNuM madada karI hatI. A samaye baLiyA TaMkAvavA bAbatamAM samAjamAM aneka prakAranA vahema pracalita hatA. gAmamAM baLiyA TAMkanAra DokaTaranuM Agamana thatAM mAbApa pitAnAM bALakone saMtADI detAM yA bIje gAma cAlI jatAM. A aMge zrI dalapatarAma rAjavidyAbhyAsamAM lakhe che ke

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sAmAjika sthiti baLiyA kADhe nIsare pharI mAtA mATe kepa ja karI, jene pharI baLiyA nIsare tene dAktara evuM kare. khUba khATalA sAthe ghase, jyAM sudhI jIvathI te jaze.' lekenA manamAMthI AvA kheTA khyAla kADhI nAkhavA mATe gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTIe zrI maganalAla vakhatacaMda pAse baLiyA vize temaja haLI upara ramAtI azlIla ramata jevA jaMgalI rivAjone dUra karavA mATe nibaMdha lakhAvyA hatA. Ama ogaNIsamI sadI daramyAna aneka ugra ane zAMta samAja-sudhArakoe nibaMdhe bhASaNe kAvyo dvArA samAjane jAgrata karyo, "dharmasabhA' "prArthanA samAja maghaniSedha maMDaLa" jevI saMsthAo sthApIne samAjamAMthI kurivAjarUpI rAkSasone haThAvI gujarAtanuM samAja-jIvana ujajavaLa banAvyuM. gujarAtamAM sIjIvanane vikAsa | gujarAtamAM paNa aDhAramI-ogaNIsamI sadI daramyAna hiMdu samAja ajJAna bALalagna dahejaprathA vagere aneka dUSaNothI gherAyela hatA. A samaye gujarAtamAM pazcimanI keLavaNIne prAraMbha thatAM A dUSaNene dUra karavA aneka samAjasudhArake AgaLa AvyA. enA pariNAme gujarAtamAM kanyAkeLavaNIne prAraMbha thayo. gujarAtamAM pahelavahelI kanyAzALA sthApavAne vaza gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTIne phALe jAya che. A pUrvemAM jaNAvyA pramANe A pachI amadAvAdamAM zeThANa harakuMvarabAI kanyAzALA ane rA, ba. maganabhAI karamacaMda kanyAzALAnI zarUAta thaI. Ama dhIre dhIre ogaNIsamI sadInA prAraMbhamAM gujarAtamAM kanyAkeLavaNInAM pagaraNa maMDAyAM.. A samaye ghaNuM leke kanyAne lagnavaya thatAM lagI cAra-pAMca dhoraNa sudhI bhaNAvatA hatA, paNa nAnI vayamAM thatAM lagnane kAraNe kanyAonuM zikSaNa adhakacara rahetuM. zrI lAlazaMkara umiyAzaMkare strIkeLavaNInA vikAsa mATe ghaNuM prayatna karyA hatA. I.sa. 1901 mAM vidyAgaurI nIlakaMTha ane zAradAbahena mahetA gujarAtamAM grejyueTa thanAra prathama sannArIo hatAM.23 lagna pachI paNa emaNe abhyAsa cAlu rAkhyo hato, jene lIdhe ucca varNanI strIomAM zikSaNanI mahattvAkAMkSA jAgI hatI. Ama chatAM ogaNIsamI sadI daramyAna gujarAtamAM strI keLavaNIno vyApa joIe teTalA pramANamAM vistaryo na hate. A samayanuM strI jIvana dhArmika ane aneka prakAranI praNAlita rUDhiothI gherAyeluM hatuM. aneka strIo jJAtinI maryAdAmAM rahI jIvana vitAvatI. jJAtinI

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thriTiza kALa maryAdAmAM mAnanArate aneka rIte sahana karavuM paDatuM, vaDIlavargInA zAsanane adhIna rahevu paDatu. saMsAranI kaThinatAethI te TevAI gayelAM hAI emane jJAtinAM budhanA sAme baLave karavAnI te kalpanA paNa AvatI na hatI. strIe paDayuM pAnuM nibhAvI levAnI vRttivALI hatI. Izvara upara zraddhA rAkhI te peAtAnuM jIvana vyatIta karatI hatI. 40 kanyAvikrayane kAraNe dhaNI jJAtie bhUMsAI javAnI aNI para hatI. guja rAtamAM asaMkhya jJAtio-peTAjJAtione kAraNe varavikraya kulInazAhI ane kanyA vikrayanAM dUSaNa samAjamAM pesI gayAM hatAM. jJAtisaMsthAnI pakaDa khUba dRDha hatI. pretabhejana' 'maraNeAttara laukika AcAra' vagerethI aneka kuTuMba barakhAda thayAM hatAM, aneka vidhavA strIe barabAdInA pathe paDI hatI, aneka kuTuMba jJAtiahiSkAranA bhaya sAMme mUMgAM mUMgAM sAmAjika atyAcArI sahana karI rahyAM hatAM. vidhavAvivAha mATe haju pUratA janamata jAgrata thayA na hatA. alabatta, zikSaNanA kAraNe vidhavAvivAha taraphathI leAkAnI sUga dhIre dhIre ochI thavA lAgI hatI. jema jema samAjamAM keLavaNInA pracAra vadhatA gayA tema tema suzikSita yuvake bhagelI ane saMskArI kanyAonI pasaMdagI karatA thayA. Ane lIdhe ucca krAmAmAM strI-keLavaNIne vizeSa uttejana maLyuM. enI asara anya abhaNa ane pachAta vargInI jJAtie upara dhIme dhIme thavA lAgI. AnA pariNAme samAjamAM khALalagnAnuM pramANa ghaTavA lAgyuM. I.sa. 1891 mAM saMmati-vayaneA kAyadA pasAra karavAmAM AvyA, jenA pariNAme kanyAnI lagnanI vayamAM thoDAka sudhArA thayA. bALalagnAnA pariNAme vidhavAonuM pramANu vadhatAM vidhavA strIonA aneka prazna samAjamAM udbhavatA hatA. emanI sthiti duHkhamaya ane dayApAtra banatI. vidhavA punarlagnanA niSedha hAvAthI aneka strIone nachUTake samAjanA atyAcArAnA bhAga banavuM paDatuM. A mATe aMgreja sarakAre I.sa. 1856 mAM punarlagnane kAyadA pasAra karyA hatA. paNa eneA lAbha levA koI strI AgaLa AvatI na hatI, A sayAgAmAM vidhavAnI sthiti sudhAravA ane emane sukhI ane svAzrayI banAvavA kAI prakAranI vyavahAru ane audyogika keLavaNI apAya evI vyavasthA karavA sudhArAnA keTalAka vaM vicAravA lAgyA hatA. emane mATe upayAgI vAcanasAhitya sulabha thAya e mATe prabaMdha thavA lAgyA hatA. I.sa. 1907mAM A pUrve zrI aMbAlAla sAkaralAlanAMauhitrI khAjIzerIe amadAvAdamAM strIonA hitArthe eka sarasvatI maMdiranI sthApanA karI hatI, je beeka varSa bAda upayu kta bAgaurI tathA zivagaurInA sUcanathI

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sAmAjika sthiti vanitA vizrAma' tarIke oLakhAyuM.24 zrI sulocanAbahene 1914mAM zrImatI zAradAbahena mahetAnA gya sahakArathI "vanitA vizrAmanA aMga tarIke "mahilA vidyAlaya' nAme zALAnI sthApanA karI. A saMsthAe amadAvAdanI strI keLavaNImAM mahavane phALe Ape che. 1908 mAM zrI prANazaMkara lallubhAInAM khaMta ane zramathI amadAvAdamAM "baherAM-mULAMnI zALAne janma thayo. Ama dhIre dhIre keLavaNIne vyApa vadhatAM janasamAja samajate thaye, samAjamAM dhIre dhIre parivartana AvavA lAgyuM, samAjamAMthI bahupatnItvanI prathA adazya thavA lAgI ane eka-patnItvanI bhAvanA vikasavA lAgI. bALalagnanI prathA dhIre dhIre baMdha thavA mAMDI. moTI vaye lagna karavAnI aneka kanyAo hiMmata karavA lAgI. varakanyAnI pasaMdagImAM paNa vaDIle pitAnAM saMtAnonI saMmati pUchavA lAgyA. AMtarajJAtIya temaja AMtaraprAMtIya lagnonI saMkhyA vadhatI gaI. dhIre dhIre AvAM lagna "sivila mereja ekaTa mujaba beMdhAvA lAgyAM ke jethI vArasAhakakane nukasAna na pahoMce. taduparAMta patipatnI vacce saMgharSa thAya ane sahajIvana muzkela bane te chUTAcheDA paNa meLavI zakAya evI paristhiti sarjAvA lAgI. dhIre dhIre strIo sAmAjika ane rAjakIya kSetre jAhera jIvanamAM bhAga levA lAgI. keLavAyelI strIoe zikSaNakSetre jhaMpalAvyuM. samAjamAM strIsaMmAnanI bhAvanA vikasI. A samaye mahArANa cimanAbAI gAyakavADe pazcimanA dezomAM strIonI unnati joI potAnA dezamAM strIone vikAsa thAya e mATe hiMdustAnanA sAmAjika jIvanamAM strInuM sthAna" e viSaya upara aMgrejImAM eka pustaka zrI esa. ena. mitra pAse taiyAra karAvyuM. A pustakanuM bhASAMtara zrImatI vidyAgaurI nIlakaMTha ane zrImatI zAradAbahena mahetAe kareluM. A uparAMta gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTIe "moTI uMmaranI strIonI keLavaNu "strIonI parAdhInatA" strI-pakAra" "saMsAramAM strInI padavI vagere strI-upayogI pustaka lakhAvI strIone sAmAjika darajajo sudhAravAmAM mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo hato. TUMkamAM, samAjasudhArakanA bhagIratha prayatna gujarAtamAM sAmAjika kSetre nedhapAtra pheraphAro thayA. janasamudAya ekatra thaI vicAravinimaya karate the. hoLI vakhate bolAtA apazabda baMdha thayA ane lagna prasaMge gavAtAM phaTANumAM sabhyatA AvI. vidhavAvivAha vize lekamata keLavA, bhojana ane AMtarajJAtIya lagna vagere uparanAM jJAtibaMdhana, DhIlAM paDyAM. strIo sAmAjika ane rAjakIya kSetre nedhapAtra bhAga bhajavavA lAgI. keLavaNI ane sAhityane suMdara vikAsa thayo. 25 16. ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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briTiza kAka 2. muslima samAja gujarAtanA muslimone mATe varga sthAnika hiMduone IsalAma-aMgIkAramAMthI banele heI enI raheNIkaraNa pitAnA prAcIna saMskAramAMthI saMpUrNa mukta rahI zakatI nahi, vaLI AsapAsanA anya saMpradAyanA anuyAyIonI asarathI paNa e pUrI alipta rahI zakatI nahi. AthI ahIMnA muslimomAM janma lagna maraNa tahevAro vagere prasaMgee hiMdu samAjanI theDI asara varatAya e svAbhAvika che. zukana-apazukana vahema tAvIja derA vageremAM muslima samAjamAM mizra mAnyatAo pracalita rahI che. | gujarAtanA muslima samAjamAM janma lagna maraNa ane tahevArone lagatA rItarivAjomAM samaya jatAM khAsa phera paDyo nathI. A graMthane kAlakhaMDa daramyAna e rItarivAja kevA hatA e jANavA mATe e samayanAM be aprasiddha pustaka upayogI nIvaDe che, vaLI e pahelAMnuM eka aprasiddha pustaka marAThAkAlanuM heI briTiza-kAlanA AraMbha pahelAnA najIkanA samayanuM bayAna Ape che, ene paNa A kAlanA muslima samAjanA nirUpaNa mATe lakSamAM laIe te geravAjabI nahi gaNAya. amadAvAdanI hajharata pIra muhamadazAha lAIbrerImAM eka ud hastaprata " jidui muvI nAmanA pustakanI che. marAThA kAla daramyAna hi.sa. 1182 (I.sa. 1768-69)mAM yakIne lakhela A "masanavImAM 600 zera che. enI nakala hi.sa. 1214 (I.sa. 1790-1800) mAM thaI che. A temaja have pachI jemane ullekha thaze e baMne hastaprato kAvyamAM, ane jiuM (IralAmI kAnUna ) upara che, paNa emAM muslima samAja aMgenI addabhuta mAhitI maLe che. yakInanI dRSTie muslima samAjamAM peThelA saDA mATe strIo ane hiMduone prabhAva javAbadAra che. e lakhe che ke strIo brAhmaNe ane zrAvake pAse bhaviSya jANavA jAya che, zAdI vakhate jalavA(sukhadarzana)ne Agraha rAkhe che, kaI mare che te hiMduonI jema phUTe che. jhiyArata (mRtyu pachI trIjA divasanI kriyA) mATe bhAthAM taiyAra kare che, emane birayAna pulAva ane khIra khAvAne zAkha che. leke nathI pahoMcI zaktA te paisA vyAje lAve che ane vyAje paisA nathI maLatA te ghara vecI mAre che. rAte kissA (kathA-vArtA) vaMcAve che, rekhatA (gujarI bhASAnA gIta) gavAya che, Dhola vagADAya che ane AkhI rAta hukko ane bhAMgamAM leke vitAvI de che. lekAmAM zarAba, taMbAku ane bhAMgane rivAja vadhI gayela che.

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siAmAjika sthiti 242 strIo hiMduonI jema satamAso (satavAsasImaMta saMskAra) kare che, meLAmAM nALiyera mUke che. strIoe "sahanakanI prathA zarU karI che. emanI mAnyatA pramANe "sahanakanuM bhajana koI puruSa jamI zake nahIM, balake koIne paDachAye paNa enI upara na paDavo joIe, e vakhate eka chokarAnI hAjarI paNa calAvI levA taiyAra nathI. strIoe maheMdInI prathA kADhI che. dIvAbattI karI saMtAna-prApti mATe ane dhana delata mATe bAdhA rAkhe che. maheMdI rAkhelI lAkaDAnI vastu upara mogarAnA hAra caDAve che, phaLa nALiyera vagere laTakAve che, ane sajadA (namAjha paDhatA ghUMTaNiye paDavAnI kriyA) kare che. - strIoe ja kuMDa bharavAnI prathA zarU karI che. keTalIka strIo putra na mare eTalA mATe kAnamAM vALI pahere che, keTalIka derAmAM bhUtane pUjavA jAya che. keTalIka pitAnA putranuM nAma ceTIpIra rAkhe che. keTalIka leMDo dasAne upavAsa kare che ane keTalIka zetAnanI mAtAnI bAdhA rAkhe che. strIoe kuMja (khUNo) bharavAnI, maMDavA(mAMDavo)nI ane ratijogAnI rasama zarU karI che. maMDavAne nADA bAMdhe che ane pitAnI manokAmanA pUrI karavA apekSA rAkhe che. ene nALiyera bAMdhI nALiyerane pANImAM vahetuM mUkavAnI rasama kare che. leke tADI pIne saMdala (caMdana) ghase che ane pachI e saMdala maMDane ceDe che. aMte oDhaNuo oDhADe che. phUlanA kUDA upara hAra bAMdhavAmAM Ave che. leke ratijogAmAM pakhAvaja (pakhavAja) bajAve che, mAjana (cATaNa) cAkhe che ane rAgamAlA gAya che. A nirlajaja strIo ema mAne che ke hajharata muhammada(ra.a.va.)nI suputrI hajharate phAtimA(ra.ta.a.)e paNa ratigAnI rasama karI hatI. DholanI rasama vagara te jANe lagna zakya ja nathI. sAmAnya mAnavInI vAta te javA de, kAjhI muphatI ane mazAyakha jevA leke paNa emAM mAne che. bALaka janme te pakhAvaja Dhela ane mijhamAra (vAMsaLI) vagADanArA pahoMcI jAya che, ke emane dezAlA (zAla) ane kiMmatI vastuo vaLatara-rUpe Ape che. A na hoya te chIMTanA thAnanI pAghaDIo Ape che. DomanIo(nAcanArIo) nacAve che. meharamanA tAjiyAnI viruddha yakIna lakhe che ke mUrtinI jema tAbUta banAvI ene vAMkAM vaLIne leke salAma kare che, emAM zraddhA rAkhe che, mannata mAne che,

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244 che. briTiza kAra tAbUtane paMkha nAkhe che, leke AganA alAvA (aMgArA) upara kUde che, balama ane sepha paTTI jhAre che, emAM lAkaDAM bALI heLInI jema enI AsapAsa nAce che, ekabIjAne joIne kuTe che, vase phADe che, rAmajaNuone bolAvAya che, marasiyA gavAya che, mIThAI dUdha peMDA ane patAsAM vaheMcAya che, samosA baraphI khAjA magAvI leke jANe pikanika kare che. A svAdiSTa vAnagIomAM nirdhana lekene bhAga letA nathI. aMte tAbUtane lAThIo mArI DubADe che. A rasama yakInanA kahevA pramANe sunnI ke ziyA keIne zebhe evI nathI. A uparAMta lene jAdu zIkhavAne ane melI vidyA jANavAne zokha hate. keTalIka strIo pitAnA zarIra upara bhUta pretane vaLagADI mAthuM dhuNatI ane bhaviSyanI vAta jANavA ke emane gherI vaLatA. fhe mArA nAmanuM eka bIjuM hastalikhita kAvya che, jene lekhaka IraphAna che. A copaDI amadAvAdamAM hi. sa1241 (I.sa. 1825-26)mAM kAlupura pAMcapaTImAM kAjhIalI mATe lakhAI che. iraphAna kahe che ke khoTI rIte ema mAne che ke maDadAne navaDAvavAnuM pANI gharamAMthI na ApavuM, bahArathI bharAvavuM. kAraNa je vAsaNamAM maDadAne navaDAvavAnuM pANI bharAya te nakAmuM thaI jAya che. je luMgI maDadAnAM aMgone DhAMkavA vaparAya tene pharI kaI upaga na karI zake. keTalAMka zaheranA leke maDadAne oDhADavA sapheda luMgIne kaI raMgamAM raMge che. kAraNa ke raMgIna luMgI sapheda karatAM aMgo DhAMkavAnuM kAma vadhAre sArI rIte kare che, je anukaraNIya che. iraphAna kahe che: mRtyunA trIjA divase mahemAnI mijabAnI) karavAne badale maranAranA saMbaMdhIo ane pADozIne emane tyAM potAnA ghare rAMdhela mekale e hitAvaha che. IraphAna kahe che ke mAtama kare che, vastro pADe che, chAtI phuTe che, jAMdhA upara jorathI hAtha mAre che, mahinAo sudhI zeka pALe che, gharamAM rAMdhavA mATe agni nathI saLagAvatA, mayata(zaba)thI Dare che, maDadAne jenI upara navaDAvavAmAM AvyuM hoya tene sparzatAM paNa Dare che. leke maMgaLavAranA matane azubha gaNe che, sapharanA mahinAne azubha gaNe che, mRtyu pachI ochAmAM ochA 40 divasa sudhI koInAM punarlagna nathI karatA. le ke ema mAnatA hatA ke je pIranI mannata pUrI nahIM karIe te e ke amane nukasAna pahoMcADaze. bAdhAo kaMIka A pramANe rAkhatA : "he pIra, huM

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-sAmAjika sthiti 245 mArI murAda pUrI thaze to nagAruM ane bakare lAvI daragAhanA cAkarone khuza karIza; sonuM cAMdI dUdha ane tela lAvIza. jo tame mane saMtAna Apazo to huM enA mAthA upara vALa rAkhIza, lAMbA karAvIza ane hajAmata nahIM karAvuM. phadAlI(tabalacI)ne lAvIza, bALakanA pagamAM beDI ane kAnamAM vALI nAkhIza ane ApanI daragAhanI sIDIne huM mArA vALane jhADu tarIke upayoga karI sApha karIza'. leke maranArane trIje cothe barasI jumerA vagere kare che. e divase nAna bAkarakhAnI kaleja khIra pUrI jalebI lADunI kaLIo vagere khAya che ane vaheMce che. leke dara varSe aneka nAnA moTA pIra oliyAne ursa karatA hatA. kavi kahe che: A ursanI prathA paNa khUba pAchaLathI mazAyakhAe zarU karela che ane ene hetu judo hato. paNa tame nagArA-nAca kabara-pUjA vagere kare che, phUla sAkara caDAve che, bhUsU bharI kapaDAnA ghoDA taiyAra karI laTakAve che e te mUrtipUjA thaI kahevAya, kabaranI tame tavApha parikramA) kare che, enI upara pANI vAra che, hiMduonI jema mUtine badale tame kabara samakSa nALiyera laIne jAo che. pIronA tabaka (thALa) ane mahedInI prathAmAM maheMdI bALIne enI pAchaLa bhojana rAkhavAmAM AvatuM te ajugatuM che. pIronA nAmanI vALI ane hAMsaDIo. jevI vastuo na pahero." leke nAva kADhe che ane nadIe jaIne DubADe che. khijUra (a.sa.) jevA payagaMbara pAse murAda mAge che. mobha upara nIlane doro bAMdhI enI pUjA kare che. leke hathelI pIranA nAmano mara khAya che, rabaja sAlAra pIranA nAmanA kriyAkAMDa kare che ane bhaviSya jANavA mATenA binaIslAmI prayAsa kare che. muslimo paNa hiMduonI jema meharamane badale khAtAvahI ke vahI divALIthI - zarU kare che, copaDApUjana kare che, daravAjA upara rAmapaTTI bAMdhe che, divALI mATe gharane raMgAve che ke cUne karAve che, dUdhamAM sonA ane cAMdInA sikkA dhue che, AtazabAjI karatA, dIvAla upara derA bAMdhatA, copaDAo upara TIle karatA, temaja vevAIne divALInI mUrtio mokale che. iraphAnanA maMtavya pramANe A hiMdu gumAstAone prabhAva che. moharrama mahinAmAM leke nAnAM bALakane lIlA raMganAM vastro paherAvatA, gaLAmAM nADA paherAvatA, je lagabhaga janaI jevA ja hatA. revaDIo vaheMcatA -ane e bALakane ImAma husenane phakIra kahetA, e bALaka mahelAmAM jaIne

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46 bhIkha mAgI amuka divaseA sudhI jamatA hatA. iraphAna kahe muslimAe hiMduenA prabhAva heThaLa apanAvI che. briTiza kA : A badhI prathAe iraphAna eka zeramAM kahe che ke meAharamanI AvI badhI bidaatA (navI bAbatA) ne mAtra traNaseA varSathI zarU thayAM che; jo kaI vidvattAnA dAvA karatA hAya tA kAI. AdhArabhUta graMthane havAlA ApI mArI vAtanuM khaMDana kare. saphara mahinAnA aMtima budhavAre leAkeA taLIne khAvAmAM mAnatA hatA. A prathA Aje paNa cAlu che, paNa echI thaI gaI che ane have kadAca baMdha thaI jaze. chevaTe iraphAne eka zera lakhyA che temAM badhuM AvI jAya che hara kaiAma kI hara mulaka kI hai bidaatAM judI, hara zahera kI hara bastI kI hai bidaatAM judI.' dareka kAma, dareka pradeza,dareka zahera ane dareka vastInA dharmAMthI viruddhanA rIta-rivAjo judA judA che. puruSone zarIate dADhI rAkhavAnA Adeza ApyA che enA badale muslima puruSA dADhI sApha karAve che ane hiMdu-rAjapUtAnI jema mUcheA rAkhe che. ene vaLa Ape che ane ema karavAmAM ga le che. hi, sa. 1251 (I. sa. 1835-36) mAM abdula karIma nAmanA eka kavie pIrAnapATaNa(aNuhilavADa pATaNa)mAM 'muphtAsaja masAja' nAmanA graMtha kAvyamAM lakhyA che te paNa hajI hastalikhita svarUpamAM ja che. abdula karImane muslima strIe sAme sakhata vAMdhA che. emaNe vicitra prakAranI zika (bahutattvavAda) bidaata ane ku(kAra)nA rivAjo islAmamAM pracalita karyA che. keTalIka strIo, emanA kahevA pramANe, aneka prakAranA binaislAmI upavAsa kare che; jema ke khIkhIne! upavAsa, nIlI saiyadane upavAsa, kalabalane upavAsa vagere, islAmanI dRSTie manuSyanA lAbhAlAbha mAtra khudAnA hAthanI vAta che, paNa Aje leAkeA pIra eliyAne lAbhAlAbha mATe sama` gaNutA thaI gayA che. loko vicitra prakAranI khAdhAe pUrI karavA judA judA pIrAnI kakharA upara jAya che;. jema ke he pIra, jo tame mArA A putra jIvatA rAkhaze te ame cAdara ane zIre caDAvIzuM,' kAI phUla chillA (karaDA) ane caDAvA caDAve che. abdula karIma kahe che ke ahI" jalavArAnInI eka kabara lekee taiyAra karI che ane leke ema mAne che ke lagna pachI navazAha ane dulhana e kabbaranA sAta pherA na kare tyAM sudhI

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sAmAjika sthiti 17. lagnasaMbaMdha pavitra na gaNAya. lakree eka pIranuM nAma coTIpIra' rAkhyuM che. leke zukana-apazukanamAM mAnatA thaI gayA che. keTalAka chekarAnuM nAka e mATe vIMdhAve che ke e jIvatA rahe. keTalAka leAkeA satAnAne laIne brAhmaNA ane zrAvakA pAse phUMka marAvavA jAya che ke e jIvatA rahe. zItaLA nIkaLe teA muslimA paNa mAtAnI pUja kare che. Ama gujarAtanA muslima samAjamAM agAunA kAlanI jema briTizakAlanA AraMbhamAM paNa hiMdusamAjanA rIta-rivAjonI keTalIka asara pravartItI hatI. 3, pArasI samAja 18 mI sadI ane 19 mI sadInA AraMbhakAla gujarAtanA ane khAsa karIne suratanA pArasIe mATe samRddhine samaya hateA. I.sa. 1837nI suratanI Aga pachI ghaNAkharA pArasIe surata cheADI muMbaI jaI vasyA. valasADamAM vasatA pArasI dharamapura ane vAMsadAnAM keTalAMka gAmeAmAM khetI karatA ane dArUnAM pIThAM calAvatA. amadAvAda ane kha`bhAtamAM pArasIonI vastI khUba jUja hatI. navasArImAM pArasI desAI kuTubeAmAM ghaNA jamInadArA hatA. suratanA garIba pArasIe vaNATakAma, nAnA pAyA para khetI ane dArU vecavAnA vyavasAya karatA. 27 ekaMdare A samaya daramyAna gujarAtamAM pArasIe jamInadArA, vepArIe ane sarakArI temaja relavenA kAnTrAkaTarA hatA, vakIlA enjiniyara ane DAkaTaronA ucca heAddA dharAvatA. grAmya pArasIe khUba jussAdAra ane tAkAtavAna hatA. dastUra kuTuMbanI keTalIka pArasI strIe kaztI vaNavAnuM kAma paNa karatI ane emAMthI paisA kamAtI.. A samayanA pArasIenA raheNIkaraNI peAzAka vagere gujarAtIe jevAM che. strI ucca varSoMnI hiMdu strIe jevI gujarAtI sADI paheratI. puruSoM mAthe TApI paheratA. samRddha pArasIenAM pAzAka ane ghareNAM tyAre rU. 450 thI rU 2,000 sudhInI kiMmatanAM, madhyama varganA pArasIonAM rU. 120 thI 270 sudhInI. kiMmatanAM ane garIba pArasInAM za. 30 thI rU. 35 nI kiMmatanAM thatAM.28 pArasIonI bhASA gujarAtI hatI; jo ke ahIMnA moTA bhAganA pArasIe hiMdustAnI kheAlI zakatA. amadAvAda ane muMbaInA pArasI juvAne aMgrejI paNa zIkhatA. suratamAMnI pArasI jarathrusrI madaresA ane navasArImAMnI tAtA madaresA pArasI dharmAMpustAnI bhASA zIkhavavA sthapAI hatI. meATA bhAganA pArasI juvAne muMbaI yunivarsiTInI ucca parIkSA mATe parziyana bhASA pasaMda karatA. garIba ane madhyama vaMnI pArasI strIonuM zikSaNa prAthamika kakSAnuM hatuM. te

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briTiza kola gujarAtImAM lakhI vAMcI zakatI. dhanika kuTuMbanI strIomAM ja ucca zikSaNa pracalita hatuM.ra9 248 1853 mAM sara jamazedajIe navasArImAM pahelavahelI cheAkarIAnI nizALa zarU karI. AraMbhamAM mAbApAe A sudhArA tarapha AMcakA anubhavyA ane aNugamA batAvyA. eTale sudhI ke eka chekarI lakhavA-vAMcavAnI keLavaNI laI ghera eThI; enA kuTuMbamAM juvAnanuM mRtyu thayu. tyAre vRddha strIone keLavaNIneA vahema thayeA.30 pArasIomAM keLavaNI pratye ATalA badhA vahema ane sUga hatAM. 1857 mAM khIjI eka pArasI strI-keLavaNInI zALA sthapAI, jene 1872 mAM bAI navAjabAI tAtA navasArI jarayeAstrI cheAkarIonI nizALa' evuM nAma apAyuM. emAM chekarIone lakhavA vAMcavA bharavA gUMthavA rAMdhavA gAvA sIvavA vagere dareka prakAranI tAlIma apAtI. aMgrejI keLavaNI paNu apAtI. 1 1896 mAM hiMdu ane pArasI strIoe 'strIsamAja' nAmanI maMDaLI sthApI, jemAM strIe ja pramukha ane maeNnejarA hatI. Ama A samaye strIe jAhera kSetramAM vadhu AvavA lAgI,32 pArasIonAM makAna zaherAmAM meTAM, ekame mALavALAM ane IMTarI hatAM. gAmaDAMnA pArasInAM dhara mATInI dIvAlAvALAM hatAM. dhanika pArasInA gharamAM rU. 2,000 thI rU. 3,000 nI kiMmatanu pharnIicara, madhyama vargonA gharamAM rU. 100 thI 500 nu ane garIba gharamAM rU. 10 thI rU. 20 sudhInI kiMmatanu pharnicara jovA maLatu.33 pArasIonA makAnaneA pAyA khAdAya tyAre eka trAMbAnI peTImAM pacaratna, seApArI, haLadara, tAju lIlu ghAsa, kaMku, dhANA ane gALa mUkI, e peTI khADAmAM mUkavAmAM AvatI ane enI para bAMdhakAma karavAmAM AvatuM. kaparuM ane geALa vaheMcavAmAM AvatAM. prathama bAraNu besADatI vakhate 'ahuramaAE madada karA' evuM vAkatha khArA para lAla raMgathI lakhavAmAM AvatuM. bAraNAnA uparanA bhAgamAM zipayA phUla ane nALiyera laTakAvavAmAM AvatAM. meAbha bharatI vakhate nikA cAMdInA eka siLayA bharAvatA. makAnanuM bAMdhakAma pUruM thatAM mukhya dvAra para haLadara--kaMku lagAvI phUleneA hAra laTakAvAtA. purAhita vidhi karate. kUvA khAdAvatI vakhate paNa pANInA deva 'avAna aIsUra'nI prAthanAo thatI.34 ucca ane madhyama varganA pArasIe traNa vAra bhAjana letA, jemAM savAre cA, ghauMnI banAvaTa jemAM iMDA mAkhaNa bhAre dALa bhAta mAchalI mAMsa athANAM, sAMje rITI mAMsa mAchalI phaLa zAkabhAjI ane bhAjanane aMte dArU letA.

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sAmAjika sthiti 29 - garIba pArasIonA kherAkamAM juvAranA roTalA bhAta dahIM ane zAka hatAM. dhanika (ke vyaktinA banelA) kuTuMbane bhojanane mAsika kharca rU. 85, madhyama varganAne rU. 50 ane garIbanAne rU. 10thI 20 ne hate. bhajanasamAraMbhamAM patarALAmAM bhejana pIrasAtuM. dhanike khurazI-Tebala para jamaNa ApatA.35 pArasIo nityakramamAM vahelA UThI prArthanA karatA. gomUtra moM para lagADI pANIthI meM joI nAkhatA. savAre strIo AMgaNAmAM sAthiyA pUratI. pAMcamA varSe chokarAne prAthamika zALAmAM mUkavAmAM Avato. chokarIne chaThThA varSe mahilAzALAmAM mUkavAmAM AvatI, jyAM ene gujarAtI bArAkhaDI tathA "jhaMda avestAne amuka bhAga zIkhavavAmAM Avate ane dastUra kuTuMbanI hoya te Una vaNutAM paNa zIkhavavAmAM AvatuM. keTalIka chokarIo ucca keLavaNI meLavatI. dasathI 15 varSanI nAnI uMmare lagna thatAM. lagnamAM grAmINa pArasIomAM janmAkSara meLavavAnI prathA paNa jovA maLatI. keTalAka pArasIomAM bALakanA janma pahelAM be bhinna kuTuMbanI sagarbhA strIo ekabIjAne vijAtIya bALaka janme te lagnasaMbaMdhathI baMdhAze evuM vacana ApatI. hiMduomAM jema chokarA-chokarInAM lagna nAnI * uMmare thatAM tema pArasIoe paNa A rivAja apanAvyo hato. emanA dharma kAnUna anusAra paMdara varSa pahelAM chokarInAM lagna thatAM. kavacita bALalagnanAM udAharaNa paNa maLe che. pArasI dainikamAM bALalagnavidhI UhApoha thayo hato. lagnavidhi paNa je pahelAM be divasa lAMbo cAlato hato te TUMkAvI eka ja divasamAM badhA vidhi patAvavAne sudhAre dAkhala karavAmAM AvyA. . keTalAka pArasIoe lagnanA rItarivAjo tathA paherAmaNInuM beDada kharca dUra karavAnA sudhArA karyA hatA.37 1865 sudhI gujarAtanA badhA bhAgamAM ane gAyakavADI rAjyamAM aMjumana ke pArasI paMcAyate sAmAjika ane dhArmika vivAda patAvatI. A aMjumana garIba pArasIone anAja kapaDAM pUrAM pADavAnuM, pArasI zALAonA nibhAvanuM, vArSika ujANIo temaja agiyArIo ane dekhamAonI dekharekha rAkhavAnuM vagere kAryo karatI.38 dharma ane pArasI rivAja anusAra bahupatnItva mAnya nahetuM, chatAM ghaNuM pArasIo ene bhaMga karatA. pati ke patnInA mRtyu bAda punarlagna thaI zakatuM.39 1865 mAM pArasI lagna ane lagnaviccheda dhAre (The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act) bahAra paDyo temAM bahupatnItvane gerakAnUnI TharAvavAmAM AvyuM,

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25 . Tiza kAza A kAyadA anusAra je prathama patnI sAthe chUTAcheDA lIdhA sivAya puruSa bIjI vAra lagna kare te ene sAta varSanI jelanI sajA thatI. sAta varSa sudhI pati ke patnI eka sthaLe sAthe na rahetAM hoya te evAM lagna rada thaI zakatAM.. pati ke patnI vyabhicArI hoya athavA baMnenI jiMdagI jokhamamAM hoya te lagnaviracheda thaI zakate. patie 16 ane patnIe 14 varSanI uMmara pUrI na karI hoya tyAMsudhI lagnaviSayaka koI paNa prakAranA jhaghaDA kerTamAM laI jaI zakAtA nahIM. korTamAM nyAyAdhIzanI sAthe sarakAre niyukta karelA pArasI pratinidhio paNa besatA.40 1865 mAM pArasI vArasAhaka dhAre (The Parsi succession Act) pasAra karavAmAM AvyuM. A kAyadA anusAra vasiyatanAmuM karIne mRtyu pAmela puruSanI milakta enI vidhavA ane bALako vacce vaheMcAya, jemAM dareka putrane mAtA karatAM bamaNa ane vidhavA mAtAne dareka putrI karatAM bamaNe bhAga maLe. je pArasI strI pati pahelAM mRtyu pAme te enA vidhurane eNe vasiyatanAmuM karela milakatamAM bALako karatAM bamaNo bhAga maLe. pArasI puruSa mRtyu pAme ane pAchaLa vidhavA na hoya te dareka putrane putrI karatAM cAra gaNe bhAga maLe. pArasI vidhavA jo mRtyu pAme te enI milakata dareka bALakamAM sarakhA bhAge vaheMcAya.41 A samaya daramyAna pArasIomAM sudhArakavRtti jAgI. pArasI paMcAyata 1823mAM muMbaImAM dAdAbhAI navasaravAnajI zeThanI agiyArImAM bharAyelI jAhera, sabhAmAM pArasIomAM je keTalAka kurivAjamAMthI UbhI thatI sAmAjika badIo hatI tene dUra karavA amuka niyamo ghaDyA. emAM pArasI purohite vinA nimaM. traNa ArodAda(bheTasogAda) levA javuM nahi ane kaI pArasI gRhastha nimaMtraNa vinAnA keI purohitane bheTa ApavI nahi. kaI paNa pArasIne mRtyu bAda dareka mahinAnA cothA dasamA ane trIsamA divase, pahelA varSe ane pachI dareka varSe mRtyutithi vakhate thatA bhojana samAraMbhe baMdha karavA. mRtyu bAda ravA-phUTavAne rivAja baMdha karAvyo. je kaI A niyamono bhaMga kare tene nAnA-moTA daMDa thatA joke A niyamo bahu amalamAM AvyA nahi. kAraNa ke dhanike gunAmAMthI bacI jatA ane garIbane daMDa bhogavavuM paData.42 garIba pArasIone maphata keLavaNI ApavA mATe dhanika pArasIoe khUba jahemata uThAvI hatI. uThamaNunI kriyAmAM keTalAka pArasIo mRta vyaktinI pAchaLa AMdhaLA-lUlA pArasIonI sevAnA phaMDamAM vAparavA na ApatA.43

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sAmAjika sthiti 251, A samayanA keTalAka gujarAtI pArasIoe ghaNuM lekepagI kArya karyA, jemAM navasArInA jamazedajI jIjIbhAI (I.sa. 1783-1859) nuM nAma vikhyAta, che. emaNe zALAe taLAve dharmazALAo kuvA phuvArA rastA vagere baMdhAvyAM. emaNe mAtra pArasIone ja nahi, paNa badhI komone dAna ApyAM. 1854mAM, emaNe navasArInA garIba leke para sarakAra taraphathI dara sAla rU. 714 ane 7 AnAnI khaMDaNuM levAtI te mApha karAvI. enA badalAmAM gAyakavADa sarakAranA ahIMnA pratinidhi gepAlarAva marAla mAraphate rU. 11,907 ane 4 AnA pitAnA taraphathI bharyA 44 1842 mAM samrAjJI vikaTeriyA taraphathI "sarano khitAba emane maLyo, je meLavanAra teo prathama bhAratIya hatA. dezabhakti mATe briTiza sarakAra taraphathI caMdraka maLyo.ja5 bhAratanA prathama beroneTa thanAra paNa teo hatA.46: 1822 mAM suratanI "mahAjagata rela vakhate pArasI samAjasevaka aradezara. dhanajIzAhe (koTavAle) ghaNAMnI jiMdagI bacAvavA cha divasa ane rAta khUba jahemata uThAvI ane ThekANe ThekANe machavA mokalI hajAro AdamIone DUbI jatA bacAvyA ane emane barAka pahecate karyo. emanI A jahematanI stutimAM suratanA nyAyAdhIza romare emane khUba mAna ApyuM ane suratanA eka jANItA zAyara hApheja dAude keTalAMka phArasI beta paNa joDayAM.4che suratamAM 1837mAM lAgelI moTI Aga vakhate paNa aradezara keTavALe gharabAra vinAnAne tAtkAlika rAhata ApavAnuM paramArtha kArya paNa karyuM. e ja varSe AvelI tApInI rela vakhate paNa emaNe khUba sevA bajAvI.48 A rela vakhate suratanA zeTha ramasajI rustamajI vAlAnAM dIkarI ane zeTha baherAmajI . navasaravAnajI dhAlAnAM patnI zrImatI DosIbAIe pUramAM taNutAM aneka mANasane pitAnA gharanuM chAparuM utArI enA para Azraya Ape ane AtamAM sapaDAyelA mAchImAronAM kuTuMbone madada karI.49 1838 mAM aradezara keTavALe jApharaalIkhAnanA sahakArathI valaMdAvADamAM surata zaheranuM paheluM pustakAlaya zarU karAvyuM, je pAchaLathI eNnkasa lAyabrerI sAthe joDAI gayuM50 1862 mAM gujarAtamAM paDelA dukALa vakhate kharazedajI pharadunajI pArekhe rU.. 80,000 nI kiMmatanA cokhA ane rU. 80,000 rokaDA garIbone vaheMcavA mokalyA hatA. suratanA relave sTezana pAse rU. 25,000 nuM dAna ApI dharmazALA ane pitAnI smRtimAM rU. 50,000 nuM dAna ApI audyogika zALA sthApI.pa1 1864 mAM suratamAM kolerA phATI nIkaLatAM emaNe pArekha rugNAlaya mATe dAna.

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briTiza kAu 52 ApyuM. e ja varSe kAvasajI jahAMgIrajI nAmanA khIjA eka sagRhasthe rU. 71,900 nA khace sivila haoNspiTala bhadhAvI sarakArane apa karI.52 1863 mAM 'suratamitra' nAmanuM sAptAhika zarU karanAra dInazA aradezara tAliyArakhAna hatA.13 suratamAM dastUra khurazeda lachAbrerI ane zeTha hAramasajI AdarajI dalAla vAcanAlaya 1867mAM astitvamAM AvyAM. dastUra khurazedajIe phALA ekaThA karI A saMsthA UbhI karI hatI. enuM mULa nAma 'rustamapurA jarasthAstrI pustakAlaya' hatuM. 1889 mAM dastUranuM nAma A saMsthA sAthe joDAyu. ane 1908 mAM vakIla ejanacha mANekajI aMkalesariyAe phALA ekaThA karI A saMsthAnuM makAna baMdhAvyuM. 54 1905 mAM suratanA zrI baherAmajI pestanajInA nAme jANItA yunAnI takhIbanI smRtimAM emanA putra hakIma barajorajI baherAmajIe baherAmajI pestanajI dharmAdA davAkhAnuM' baMdhAvavA rU. 23,300 nuM dAna ApyuM. 15 1907 mAM vAkhAnAnuM makAna baMdhAvyuM". 1912 mAM pArasA 'eneja'nI sthApanA thaI, jenA gRhapati zrI eravada eraca DAsAbhAI dANu hatA.pa6 1856 mAM navasArImAM pArasI musAphA mATe zeTha kuMvarajI heAmarajI bhAbhAnAM patnI khAI navAjakhAIe eka dharmazALA khullI mukAvI ane e ja makAnamAM emanAM putrI pIrAjabAIe e ja varSoMmAM eka kUvA badhAvyA.pa7 1862 mAM rustamajI jamazedajI jIjIbhAIe pitAnA puNya mATe rU. 75,000 nuM dAna ApI vikaTAriyA DispensarI zarU karAvI, emaNe 1863 nA sapTembaramAM navasArI ane enI AsapAsanA tamAma pradezAmAM mAMdhavArI heAvAthI dareka garIba vyaktine tyAM peAtAne kheMce. anAja pUruM pADayuM.58 1868 mAM kAvasajI sArAbajI bhedavA re sArAba bAga' ane nazaravAnajI kharazedajI kAMgAe nazaravAna bAga' nAme khe dhama zALAo khullI mUkI. 59 dhArmika keLavaNI mATe zeTha nazaravAnajI ratanajI tAtAe 1884mAM jaMda madaresA' sthApI, jemAM kriyAmAne, zuddha uccAraNanA *ane avastA pahelavInA tarajUmA temaja phArasInA abhyAsa karAvAtA.10 amadAvAdamAM salApasa mAryAM upara muMbaInA zeTha sArAbajI jamazedajI jIjIbhAIe pAtAnAM dIkarI gUlamAjInI smRtimAM pArasI musApharI mATe I. sa. 1866 mAM eka dharmazALA baMdhAvI hatI ne e amadAvAdanI jaratheAstrI aMjumanane suparata karI hatI. A dharmazALA sAbaramatI nadImAM AvelI khIjI (prAyaH 1875 mAM) relathI paDI gaI hatI. tyAra bAda 1893 mAM e ja jagyAe navI dharmazALA khAnabahAdura navAjI pestanajI vakIle peAtAnAM patnI cubAInA puNya mATe rU. 25,000 nA

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sAmAjika sthiti 257 khace` khaMdhAvI amadAvAdanI aMjumanane suparata karI ane marAmata tathA cAlu kharcI mATe rU. 10,000 rokaDA amadAvAdanI pArasI paMcAyatane ApyA.1 zeThe navarAjI pezatanajI vakIla (I.sa. 1840-1926) amadAvAdanA pArasIemAM agragaNya udyogapati ane dAnavIra hatA. amadAvAdamAM karAyela sara navarAjI vakIla AMkhanI hospiTala, pArasI vaoN, meniTI vADa,navarejI DispensarI, gujarAtI nasa ga tAlIma kruDa, baherAM-mUMgAMnI zALAne dAna, garIba pArasI vidyAthI kuMDa, aMdhazALA, jImakhAnuM, navarAjI hola vageremAM emanuM nedhapAtra pradAna che. emaNe amadAvAdamAM pArasI samAjanI khUba sevA karI, emanI e dAnavIratAnI kadararUpe agreja sarakAre emane 1888 mAM 'khAna bahAdura'nA ilkAba ApyA hatA.62 Ama A samayanA gujarAtanA pArasIoe pArasI kAmanA kalyANa mATe dAna tathA pUkAryo karavA uparAMta ahIMnA samAjajIvanamAM bhaLI jaI gujarAtanA sAMskRtika vikAsamAM paNa noMdhapAtra phALA ApyA che. 4. khristI samAja briTizakAlIna gujarAtane khristI samAja mukhyatve be vibhAgeAmAM vahe. cAyelA hatA : (1) yurApanA dezamAMthI Avela paradezI khristIo ane (2) anya dharmI tyajIne khristI dharma aMgIkAra karyo heAya tevA gujarAtI khristIo. paradezI khristIo vahIvaTItaMtramAM athavA lazkaramAM kAma karatA hatA. keTalAka vepAra karatA. gujarAtI khristIe emane mAnathI jotA. gujarAtane khristI samAja mATe bhAge dharmAMtarita sthAnika gujarAtI leAkeAneA banelA hatA. meTA bhAganA gujarAtI kheAlatA hatA. gujarAtamAM emanI vasatI amadAvAda kheDA ANuMda karamusada gAmaDI sAmarakhA kAsAra bhAleja khaDANA pAraDA kheArasada jaMbusara khabhAta bharUca aMkalezvara surata mahesANA pATaNa siddhapura pAlanapura prAMtIja DIsA porabaMdara rAjakATa bhAvanagara dheASA ane devANumAM AvelI hatI. A samaya daramyAna je khristI samAjamAM bhaLyA tee mULa hiMdu ane muslima hatA. hiMduomAM amIna kreALI bhIla kaNukhI leAhANA mAravADI rAjapUta gAsAI vaNukara vagere leAkeA dharmAMtara pAmIne khristI samAjamAM bhaLyA hatA. I.sa. 1900 mAM eTale ke vi. sa. 1956 mAM gujarAtamAM bhayaMkara dukALa paDayo, je 'chapaniyA dukALa' tarIke prasiddha che. A samaye gujarAtamAM khristI mizanarIoe sadAvratA calAvIne aneka jiMdagI bacAvI lIdhI hatI. emanI A sevAbhAvI

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briTiza kAla 54 pravRttiothI aneka hiMduoe khristIdhama" aMgIkAra karyo. AnA pariNAme gujarAtamAM khristIonI saMkhyAmAM noMdhapAtra vadhArA thayA. I. sa. 1899 mAM emanI sakhyA 4,321 hatI, je I.sa. 1903 mAM 5,689 nI thaI gai.63 khristI samAjamAM praveza karanArane emanA mULa dharma ane jJAtinA loko taraphathI ghaNI ja kanaDagata veThavI paDatI. I.sa. 1834 mAM suratamAM sau prathama khristI thanAra bhAIcaMda narasaidAsa jAte kaNukhI hatA. suratamAM teo bharatagUMthaNunI phekaTarI dharAvatA hatA. emaNe jayAre khristI dharma apanAvyA tyAre emane emanA jJAtijano taraphathI ghaNI satAmaNI veThavI paDI hatI. emane jJAtinI bahAra mUkavAmAM AvyA.46 evI ja rIte vaDAdarA pAse gAyakavADo gAma sIsavAnA mukhI dezAIbhAI kheAjIbhAI khristI thayAnI vAta emanAM sAsariyAMoe jANI tyAre teo dezAIbhAInI viruddha thayA hatA ane dezAIbhAInI gerahAjarImAM emanAM patnI ane e saMtAneAne vaDAdare potAnI sAthe laI gayA hatA. pAchaLathI resiDenTanI daramyAnagIrIthI teo potAnA parivArane pAche meLavI zakayA. 5 ma TamarI nAmanA khristI mizanarIne gujarAtI zIkhavanAra porabaMdaranA munazI abdula rahemAna jyAre khristI samAjamAM bhaLyA tyAre musalamAna tathA hiMdue--khAsa karIne khavAse ane rAjapUtA--emanI viruddha thayA hatA. 6 Ama khristI samAjamAM bhaLanArane emanA mULa samAjanA loko taraphathI ghaNI satAmaNI veThavI paDatI. zarUAtamAM tA emane gAmanA sArvajanika kUvA vAva taLAva ke havADAnA upayoga karavA devAtA niha. "suthAra darajI luhAra meAcI ke hajAmanI sevAthI paNa emane va Mcita rAkhavAmAM AvatA. zarUAtamAM dharmAMtarane pariNAme hiMduonI jJAtiprathA gujarAtI khristIAmAM paNa pravezI. AvA dharmAMtarita khristIne jJAtinuM vaLagaNa yathAvat vaLagI rahyuM, AthI zarUAtamAM khristI samAjamAM ucca-nIcanI bhAvanA kaMIka aMze rahI hatI; jo ke proTesTanTa mizanarIee khristI samAjamAM jJAtinA astitvane virAdha karyAM hatA.19 nIcalI vahunA hiMdu khristI dharmAM apanAve tApaNu emanA sAmAjika meAbhAmAM bahu moTA phera paDatA na hatA. zaherAmAM emanA pratye kAI bhedabhAva rAkhavAmAM AvatA na hatA, paraMtu gAmaDAMomAM emanA pratye bhedabhAva rAkhavAmAM AvatA. khristI samAjamAM pravezanArane peAtAnA mULa samAjanA AcAra-vicAra tyajI "devA paDatA; jema ke jo kAI savarNa hiMdu khristI samAjamAM bhaLe teA eNe janeAI kADhI nAkhavI paDatI ane mAthethI ceTalI kapAvI nAkhavI paDatI vagere. keTalAka

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sAmAjika sthiti 255 hiMduo te coTalI kapAvyA pachI kahetA ke "amAre mATe khrista pitAne jIva Ape te khristane nAme ceTalI ApavI e zI visAtamAM 28 1 khristIomAM eka pati ane eka panInI prathA hatI. lagna eka pavitra saMskAra gaNAto hovAthI dharma chUTAcheDAne mAnya rAkhatuM na hatA. chUTAcheDA le te - strI-puruSanA ane enAM kuTuMbIjanenA dhArmika saMskAra baMdha karavAmAM AvatAM. vidhura ane vidhavAne ja punarlagnanI chUTa apAtI. apariNIta avasthA IcchavAga na hatI. lagna mA-bApa dvArA gaThavavAmAM AvatAM. emanA sAmAjika rIta-rivAje ane mAnyatAo mULa hiMdu samAjanAM ja rahyAM; jemake emanAmAM saMyukta kuTuMbanI prathA hatI. kuTuMbamAM kAkA-kAkI mAmA-mAmI mAsA-mAsI phAI-kuvA vevAI-vevANa jevI sagAIo cAlu rahI hatI. lagna vakhate kanyAne tyAM varaghoDo kADhIne jAne * jatI. kanyApakSa taraphathI jAnaiyAone bhejana ApavAmAM AvatuM. je devaLa najIka mAM hoya te lagnavidhi devaLamAM karavAmAM AvatI, paraMtu devaLa ja dUra hoya te lagna maMDapa nIce karavAmAM AvatAM. kuTuMbanA prathama lagna vakhate mAmA mAmeruM ApatA. lagna vakhate cAMdale levAne ane ApavAno rivAja hatuM. prathama suvA- vaDa kanyAnAM mAtA-pitAne tyAM karavAmAM AvatI. hiMduomAM pracalita e che bharavAno rivAja emanAmAM na hatA. prathama saMtAnanA baeNTijhama (nAma ApavAne vidhi) vakhate kanyAnAM mAtapitA pitAnI sthiti pramANe kanyAne ane saMtAnane dAgInA ane kiMmatI vastro bheTamAM ApatAM. A rivAja hiMduomAM pracalita bALakane ramADavA javAnA rivAja sAthe maLatA Ave che. gujarAtI khristIo zAkAhAra ane mAMsAhAra karatA hatA. emano khorAka ane paheraveza emanA mULa samAja pramANene ja rahyo; je ke bhaNelA-gaNelAomAM pazcimanI sabhyatAnI raheNu-karaNane Adarza rahe. zarUAtamAM emanAM nAma 'dezI ja rahyA, paraMtu bIjI trIjI peDhIothI khristI nAma rAkhavAnI zarUAta thaI. khAsa karIne bAIbalanAM pAtro parathI nAma pADavAmAM AvatA. keTalAke hiMdu savarNonI aTaka dhAraNa karI hatI. teo navuM varSa, iTa--sanDe, nAtAlanA tahevAro dhAmadhUmathI UjavatA. jAnyuArI mAsanI 1 lI tArIkhe navuM varSa AvatuM. Isu khrista mRtyu pachI -sajIva thayA hatA evI khristIomAM mAnyatA che. A prasaMganI yAdamAM IsTarasaDenI ujavaNI karavAmAM AvatI. A tahevAra mArca ke eprila mahinAmAM haMmezAM ravivAranA divase ja Ave che, hiMduonI heLInI najIkamAM IsTara-sarvenI AgaLane zukravAra guDaphrAyaDe tarIke oLakhAya che. Isu zukravAre mRtyu pAmyA hatA e

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256 briTiza kAze. duHkhada prasaMganI smRtine e tahevAra che. 25mI Disembare nAtAlanI ujavaNuM thatI. nAtAla e Isune janmadivasa che. khristIonI vastIne lIdhe keTalAMka navAM parAM vasyAM, jemane maMTagamarI pIra (ANaMda pAse, beriyAvI najIka), valesapura (ghoghA pAse), Telara (khaMbhAta pAse), brukahila (berasadanI pUrve 11 ki.mI. dUra), kerIpura (DAkoranI pAse, rANIpura (amadAvAdanI pAse, hAlanuM rANIpa) vagere.. pAdaTIpa 1. dhIrajalAla dha. zAha, vimalaprabaMdha : eka adhyayana', pR. 113 2. dalapatarAma DA, kavi, "jJAti vizene nibaMdha', vi. 1, pR. 1 thI 58 1901 mAM prakAzita thayela Bombay GazetteernA va. 7, bhAga 1 mAM dhyuM che ke gujarAtanA hiMduonI jJAtio paikI reTI-vyavahAra tathA beTI-vyavahAra na dharAvatI jJAtionI saMkhyA 315 thI ochI nahIM hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che TIvyavahAranI chUTa hoya paNa beTIvyavahArane niSedha hoya tevI jJAtio umeravAmAM Ave to A saMkhyA ghaNI meTI thAya (prastAvanA pR. 12). A graMthamAM brAhmaNe lekhake vepArIo rajapUte kheDUte kArIgare bhATacAraNe ane naTe sevaka keLIo kAThIo govALe prAcIna janajAtio dalita vargo evA 13 vargomAM jJAtionuM vargIkaraNa karyuM che. * * 9. D.G. Sabarkantha, p. 192 4, dalapatarAma DA. kavi, uparyukta, pra. 19, pR. 54 5. ejana, pR. 133-135 : 6. bhAnusukharAma ni. mahetA, mahipatarAma caritra', pR. 62 7. dalapatarAma DA. kavi uparyukta, pR. 119 8. "leDI vidyAgaurI maNimahatsava graMtha', pR. 197-198 9. pI. tri. pArekha, "arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana', bhA. 3, pR. 316-317 90. Gazettcer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. IX, part I. p. 167 11. sureza dIkSita (saM.), satImAne garabe", "prasthAna", saM. 1987, phAgaNa, hI. tri. pArekha, uparyukta, pR.169 12. hI. tri. pArekha, ejana, pR. 167-168 13. navInacaMdra AcArya, sAbarakAMThA jillAnA pALiyA", svAdhyAya", pu. 14. | pR. 385-397 14. navalarAma ja. trivedI, samAja sudhArAnuM rekhAdarzana', pR. 202 15. ejana, pR. 12-23 16. narmadAzaMkara lA. dave, "mArI hakIkta, bhA. 2, pR. 121; gujarAta eka paricaya", , koMgresane bhAvanagara adhivezana aMka, jAnyu. 1961, pR. 250

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sAmAjika sthiti 17. narmadAzaMkara dave, "narmagadya' (saM. mahIpatarAma rUparAma), pR. 128; "gujarAta eka paricaya', bhAvanagara adhivezana aMka, pR. 250 10, navalarAma ja. trivedI, uparyukta, pR. 42-para 19. ejana, prakaraNa 4 20. gujarAta eka paricaya', pR. 251; narema vALaMda, "saMskRti ane gujarAta', pR. 110-112 21. narottama vALaMda, ejana, 5, 109-110 22. hI. tri. pArekha, uparyukta, pR. 110 23. navalarAma ja. trivedI, uparyukta, pR. 191 24. ejana, pR. 201; hI. tri. pArekha, uparyukta, khaMDa 3, pR. 113-115 25. hI. tri. pArekha, uparyukta, pR. 537-156 26. A paikInI pahelI prata kramAMka 82 ane bIjI 1ra6, che. trIjI pratane kamAMka apAya nathI.. 29. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (BG), Vol. IX, Part II, pp. 198 ft. 28. Ibid., p. 202 29. Ibid, pp. 203-204 30. zarAbajI manaceracha dezAI, 'tavArIkhe navasArI', pR. 267 31. ejana, pR. ra68 32. ejana, pR. 268 33. BG. Vol. IX, Part II, p. 205. 34. Ibid, p. 206 35. Ibid., p. 207 36. Ibid, p. 209 37. bamanajI beharAmajI paTela, "pArasI prakAza', daphatara 1 luM, pR. 167 38. BG, Vol. IX, Part II, pp. 244 f. 39. Ibid., p. 238 80. Dosabhai Framji Karaka, History of the Parsis, Vol. II, Appen: dix B, pp. 300 ff. 41. Ibid., pp. 316 ff. 42. Ibid, vol. I, pp 233 f. 43. "pArasI prakAza, daphatara 1 luM', pR. 163 44. zarAbajI manacerajI desAI, uparyukta, pR. 166 45. Karaka, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 90 46. zarAbajI manarajI dezAI, uparyukta, pR. 170 47. pArasI prakAza". daphatara 1luM, pR. 163, pA.TI. 2 48. I. I. dezAI, "sUrata senAnI mUrata, pR. 132-133 * 49. ejana, vibhAga 4, pR. 23-24 50. ejana, pR. 137 49. Karaka, op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 144 f. 17

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. briTiza kAya 52. I. I. dezAI, uparyukta, pR. 150 53. ejana, pR. 159 54. ejana, 5. 194 55. ejana, pR. 196 56. ejana, pR. 189 57. zarAbajI manaceracha dezAI, uparyukta, pR. 168 58. ejana, pR. 174 59. ejana, pR. 178 60. ejana, pR. 265 61. Do. hariprasAda zAstrI ane De. bhAratI zelata, "amadAvAdanI pArasI dharma zALAnA zilAlekhe', "pathika), varSa 20, aMka 3, pR. 18-19 62. De. hariprasAda zAstrI ane De. bhAtI zelata, "amadAvAdanI pArasI agiyArIonA zilAlekha", "buddhiprakAza", pu. 127, pR. 485-487 63. Robin Boyd, Church History of Gujarat, p. 89 64. lbid, p. 33 65. tejapALa lAjarasa, gujarAtamAM khristI maMDaLane udaya', pR. 18 66. ejana, pR. 47 fu. Robin Boyd, op. cit., p. 142 18, tejapALa lAjarasa, uparyukta, pR. 18

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pariziSTa Adima jAtionI saMskRti saMskRti * mAnavazAstrIo saMskRtine je te samAjanI jIvanarIti tarIke oLakhAvatA hoya che. A samajUtImAM prajAne bhautika temaja caitasika vyApAra samAviSTa thaI jAya che. - Adima samAjanI saMskRti e sAmAnya saMskRti karatAM taddana bhinna evI saMskRti nathI, kharekhara te e sAmAnya saMskRtino eka bhAga ja che. vaLI e kaI nIcI saMskRti paNa nathI, mAtra mAnavajAtanI saMskRtinA sApekSa evA vikAsa-tabakkAnA saMdarbhamAM A saMskRti anekavidha kAraNosara prAraMbhika tabakkAnI rahI che. gujarAtano Adima samAja | gujarAta rAjyamAM Adima jAtionI vastIne lagabhaga samagra vistAra rAjyanA DuMgarALa temaja jagalavALA bhU-bhAgamAM Avela che. rAjyanA uttara pazcime AvelA banAsakAMThA jillAnA uttara taraphanA cheDAnA dAMtA tAlukAthI mAMDIne cheka dakSiNe mahArASTra rAjyanI sarahade AvelA DAMga jillA sudhIne rAjasthAna, madhyapradeza ane mahArASTra rAjyonI sarahadane aDakate je paTTo banI rahe che te gujarAtanI Adima jAtionA raheThANane vistAra che. jillAonI daSTie vAta karIe te ema kahI zakAya ke A paTTAmAM AvI jatA, rAjyanA banAsakAMThA sAbarakAMThA vaDodarA paMcamahAla bharUca surata valasADa ane DAMga e ATha jilA lagabhaga pUrepUrI Adima vastIne vasavATa- vistAra banI rahe che. A sivAyanA junAgaDha kaccha jAmanagara ane amadAvAda jevA jillAomAM vasatI pasaMda karAyelI pachAta kemone paNa Adima jAtio gaNavAmAM AvI che, paNa saMkhyAnI draSTie A jAtio gaNanApAtra nathI. 1971nI vastI gaNatarI mujaba rAjyanI kula Adima jAtionI vastI 37,34,422 nI che. TakAvArInI daSTie e rAjyanI kula vastInA 13.99 TakA thavA jAya che.' jAti pramANe jotAM A vastImAM kula 28 jAtione samAveza thAya che. A badhI jAtionAM nAma temaja emanI vastI nIce mujaba che :

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250 krama 1. 2. " OM OM; 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17, 18. 19. 20. 21. rara. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. jAtinuM nAma bhIla dUbaLA dhADiyA gAmIta nAyaka/nAyakaDA rAThavA caudharA/caudharI kAkaNA/kunabI dhAnakA vAralI paTeliyA kALI kALIDhAra kATavALiyA/viTAliyA paDhAra rabArI vAgharI sIdI kAtheADI pAradhI (kaccha) pAradhI (kaNase) bAvacA/bAmacA cAraNa bhIla (kaccha) bharavADa gAMDa-rAjagAMDa peAmalA baraDA bina-vagI kRta kula briTiza kAra vastI 14,51,760 3,88,589 3,58,773. 2,76,591 2,34,999 1,92,648 1,88,203 1,81,411 1,38,585 1,26,108 48,769 30,361 29,464 12,902 4,758 4,693 4,637 4,482 2,939 2,806 2,677. 2,345 1,700 1,227 131 402 300 53 41,639 37,34,422

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pariziSTa (Adima jAtionI saMskRti 26 A jAtionI vastIne jotAM jaNAya che ke AmAMnI kama 1thI 14 sudhInI jAtiomAM meTA bhAganI Adima jAtionI vastI samAI jAya che. rAjyanI A badhI ja Adima jAtio vize adhikRta abhyAsa nahivata hovAnA kAraNe emanA jIvananAM vividha pAsAMo vize ahIM je kaMI kahevAyuM che tene Adima jAtionA vistAranA abhyAsa pravAsanA AdhAra para lakhAyelI chApamUlaka nedharUpa gaNavAnuM che. Adima jAtionI vastInI A jAtio pArasparika rIte sAMskRtika rekhAnAM bhinna bhinna biMduo para che. AmAMnI keTavALiyA vAralI temaja kADI jevI tiomAM potAnI paraMparAgata rIte jIvana jIvavAnuM pradhAnapaNe mAlUma paDe che. emanuM jIvana bina-Adima samAjanI jIvana-paraMparAothI nahivata asaravALuM hAI emanA jIvana-vyavahAramAM AdimajAtipaNuM savizeSapaNe jaLavAyuM hovAnuM jaNAya che, te AnA bIjA cheDe dhaneDiyA ane caudharI jevI jAtimAM bina-Adima samAjanA saMparkamAM AvIne e samAjanA pachAtavarga jevI banato jatI hoya evuM jovA maLe che. Athika jIvana samagra rIte jotAM A jAtionuM Arthika jIvana vikAsarekhAnA AdimapaNanA biMdu taraphanuM rahyuM hoI hajI paNa kaMgALa dazAmAM che. A jAtione mukhya vyavasAya khetI rahyo che. jemanI pAse khetInI jamIna nathI athavA nahivata che. teo khetamajUrI karIne athavA te kyAreka jaMgalanI pedAzo ekatra karIne paNa jIvatA hoya che. AmAMnI keTavALiyA temaja kAthaDI jevI jAtiomAM anukrame vAMsakAma ane kAtho banAvavAnI paraMparAgata gRhaudyoga paNa pracalita che. saurASTra temaja kacchamAM vasatI Adima jAtiomAMthI bharavADa rabArI ane cAraNa jAtiomAM Dhora-ucherane vyavasAya jaNAya che, to vaLI dakSiNa gujarAtamAM vasatI dUbaLA jevI jAti tyAMnA ujaLiyAtonA gharakAmamAM parovAyelI jovA maLe che. paMcamahAlanA bhIla keI vAra rastAonA bAMdhakAmanA kAryamAM ane bahudhA relamArganA bAMdhakAmanA kAryamAM kAme lAgelA jaNAya che. choTAudepura taraphanI Adima jAtiomAMthI bhIla ane rAThavA jevI jAtionAM kuTuMba banAsakAMThA sAbarakAMThA kheDA Adi jillAomAM khetamajUrI karavA jaIne tyAM A kAma arthe sthira thayelAM paNa jovA maLatAM hoya che. have khAsa karIne joDiyA temaja caudharI jevI jAtiomAM zikSaNanA vyavasAyamAM paDelAonI saMkhyA vadhatI jatI jaNAya che.

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che . briTiza kAza sAmAjika jIvana A jAtiomAM vyakti karatAM samAjanuM mahatva vadhu jovA maLe che. A prajAne vasavATa eka eka evAM chUTAM chUTAM jhUMpaDAMvALA, DAMka gharanAM jhUmakhAMvALe temaja samasta gAma je te jAti ke jAtionA vasavATavALuM hoya te, ema bhinna bhinna prakArane mAlUma paDe che. sAbarakAMThA banAsakAMThA tathA paMcamahAlanA bhIlo ane bhIla garAsiyAonA vasavATamAM pahelA prakAranAM, dakSiNa gujarAtanA caudharI gAmIta temaja keTavALiyA ityAdi jAtionA vasavATamAM bIjA prakAranA ane jUnAgaDha jillAnA talALA tAlukAnA jabUra gAmamAM vasatA sIdIenA vasavATamAM trIjA prakAranAM udAharaNa jovA maLe che. AhAranI bAbatamAM A prajA mAMsAhArI-zAkAhArI che. emanA vasavATa-vistAramAM AvelI jamIne halakA prakAranI patharALa, khADATekarAvALI ane ghaNI vAra TekarIo paranI hAI emAM pedA thatA pAka mukhyatve halakA prakAranAM dhA nA ja hoya che. teo makAI juvAra nAgalI kAdarI vagere jevAM halakAM dhAnya pakave che. e teone mukhya khorAka banI rahe che. vAratahevAre teo mukhyatve bakarAM kUkaDAM temaja upalabdha anya pazupakSIonA mAMsane upayoga karatA hoya che. nadInALAMmAMthI mAchalAM maLI zakatAM heya te kyAreka ene upayoga paNa karavAmAM Avato hoya che. A sivAya ghaNI vAra kizora-kizorIo galela vaDe cakalAM-khisakolIne nAne zikAra karIne tathA jaMgalamAMthI phaLanI vINa karIne paNa rAkamAM pUrti karatAM hoya che. jaMgalamAMthI maLatI aneka prakAranI vanaspationA bhAjIpAlA tathA phUle paNa emanA kherAkamAM zAkabhAjI tarIke vaparAtAM hoya che. u.ta. "kheTa bhAje nAmanI bhAjI caudharIonI atyaMta priya bhAjI che. vAhanavyavahAranI savalate, zikSaNane prasAra ane bina-Adima sAthenA saMbaMdhe, vagere vadhavAne kAraNe medAnI vistAranA AdimAM emanA paDozanA bina-AdimenAM khAnapAnanI asara have zarU thaI gayelI jovA maLe che. paheravezamAM puruSamAM laMgoTathI mAMDI chetI sudhIne zAka judI judI jAtiomAM pracalita che. mAtra laMgoTI te have DAMganA bhIlomAM UMDANavALA vistAromAM ja jovA maLe che, bAkI badhe te bahudhA judI judI rIte paherAtI nAnImeTI chetI jovA maLe che. bhIlemAM mAthe phALiyuM ane kamara uparanA bhAge baMDI

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23 - pariziSTa (Adima jAtionI saMskRti) paheravAmAM Ave che. bhale kALI baMDIthI judA tarI Ave che. AmAMye paMcamahAlanA tathA dakSiNa gujarAtanA caudharI ane gheDiyAomAM AnA badale anukrame. gAMdhITopI ane jhabhbho pracalita thayelAM jaNAya che. alaMkArapriyatA A jAtionuM sarvasAmAnya lakSaNa che. puruSa kAnamAM senAnI ke pittaLanI kaDI paheratA hoya che. keTalAka zokhIna. temaja pahoMcatA hoya teo keDe sAMkaLI tathA hAthe cAMdInAM kaDAM paNa paheratA. heya che. baMDInAM baTanemAM paNa cAMdInI sera jovA maLatI hoya che. keTalAka vIMTI. paNa paheratA hoya che. paraMtu alaMkAranI zekhIna te strIo jaNAya che. pagathI mAthA sudhI AdimajAtinI strI ke Ika ne kaMIka alaMkArathI ladAyelI ke maMDita jovA maLe che. u.ta. bhIla strIe mAthAnA AgaLanA bhAge kapALa upara dAmaNuM, nAkamAM jaDa, hAthamAM judAM judAM bahauyAM, hAthanI AMgaLIo para vIMTIo ane kAbiyAM, gaLAmAM kaDiyAMnA raMgaberaMgI hAra, vALamAM paNa koDiyAMnI seronI gUMthaNI, pagamAM beDI sAMkaLAM kAMbI kaDalAM ityAdi paherela hoya che. A uparAMta keIka vAra mAthAmAM ane kAnamAM judA judA prakAranAM kUla paNa khosavAmAM AvatAM hoya che ane keTalIka vAra ghAsanA suMdara gUthaNIvALA alaMkAra paNa dhAraNa karavAmAM AvatA. heya che. caudharIonI "gaMThI' AnuM udAharaNa che. emanA pratyeka rivAjamAM ghaNe aMze rUDhigata mAnyatAonuM jora bahu prabaLapaNe varatAya che. maMtrataMtra bhUtapreta DAkaNavaMtarI jheDavaLagADa vagere jevAM aneka tatva paNa Aje e samAjamAM vyApakSaNe mAnya che ane enA anusaMdhAnarUpa AvAM tomAMthI chuTakAro meLavI ApanArA bhepAbhagata paNa svAbhAvika rIte ja eTalI ja vyApaka rIte mAnArha bane che. AvuM ja samasta samAjalakSI vyApaka lakSaNa surApAna che. emanAmAM bALaka avatare tyArathI mAMDIne mRtyu parvatanA anekavidha sAmAjika rivAja surAyukta rivAje che. A arthamAM surApAna e emanA sAmAjika jIvanane eka svIkRta bhAga heya ema jaNAya che. bhIla garAsiyAonI belImAM te "sagAI karavA javuM" e ukti mATe "sare pIvA jhAvaNuM" ukti pracalita che. dhArmika jIvana khristI dharmamAM lAvavAnI saraLatA thAya evA udeze A prajAnA dharma vize videzI vidvAnoe visaMvAda upajAvele, paraMtu nIce batAvyuM che te pramANenI

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briTiza mae paristhiti jotAM anekadevavAdI hiMdu dharmamAM A prajAnA samAveza vize zaMkAne kAraNa rahyuM nathI. emanI jIvanarIti jotAM emanuM dhArmika jIvana bhayazakita evI rUDhio ane paraMparAo para AdhArita hoya ema jaNAya che. svamanuM mahatva, zukana-apazukananuM paraMparAgata pAlana, bhUtapretane vaLagADa, DAkaNa-vaMtarInuM ceTavuM, mUTha ane najara lAgavI, deva tathA pitRone vAMkuM paDavuM, ityAdi mAnyatAomAM pragADha vizvAsa e AnAM udAharaNa che. Ama hovAthI emanAM devadevIonI sRSTi bhAre moTI che. dA. ta., caudharIo kudaratanAM paribaLone devadevIo tarIke pUje che. AvA devamAM sUrajadeva cAMdadeva gaganageTa vIjaLI vatadeva meghadeva vagere mukhya che. teonA bharaNapoSaNa mATe mukhya vyavasAya khetI che, AthI khetIne kaMI nukasAna na thAya ane sArI phasala Utare e arthe paNa teo judA judA devane mAnatA heya che. A aMgenA mukhya devomAM nAMdarave sImAyare kaMsarImAtA bheDatalAva baNubha kAlIkAkara vagere che. e ja rIte potAnAM pazuonAM sukha temaja samRddhi arthe teo govAladeva garadeva vAghadeva bhesadharo vagere devone ArAdhatA hoya che. vaLI rega-mAMdagI ane jhoDa-jhapaTa ItyAdi jevAM zArIrika duHkhamAMthI mukti meLavavA mATe te teo asaMkhya devadevIonI pUjA-ArAdhanA karatA hoya che. AmAM kAkAbaLiyA, bhUrI pAMDaNa, marakI mAtA, gavalIgaDha, bagane bhUta, garabaDa devI, peTaphaDI mAtA, DebarI devI ityAdi mukhya mukhya che. AvuM ja anya jAtio vize kahI zakAya. vaLI vyaktigata hita arthenAM, sAmAjika hita athenAM, sArAmAThA sAmAjika prasaMge athenAM, sAmAjika utsavo arthenAM ane kudaratane lagatAM ema pratyeka prasaMga mATenA khAsa devadevIo hAya che. je prasaMga, te deva. A badhAmAM paNa anekavidha bheda, mukhya devathI mAMDIne sAmAnyamAM sAmAnya deva sudhInI anekavidha keTio ! mukhya devanI pAse pahoMcatAM pahelAM ene e aneka hajUriyA devane vInavavA paDe, prasanna paNa karavA paDe! A mATe jevA deva, tevo ene bali. meTA devane bakaruM caDAvavuM paDe, jyAre nAnA devane kUkaDuM nALiyera ane anAja vagerethI rIjhavI zakAya. devone rIjhavavA mATe vidhi paNa jude jude heya. A prakAranA pratyeka vidhi pAchaLa A prajAne dRDha rUDhisaMskAra jovA maLe

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pariziSTa (Adima jAtionI saMskRti) 265 che. je te prasaMge upayogamAM levAtAM khAsa vAjiMtra, je te prakAranAM khAsa nRtya, vidhi karAvavA mATenI niyata vyaktio, AvI vyaktioe temaja samasta jAtie je te prasaMganI ujavaNI vakhate pALavA paDatA vidhiniSeSa, ityAdi jevI bAbatamAM A prajAmAM atyaMta custa prakAranI ekasAI jevA maLe che. Ama gujarAtanI Adima prajAnuM dhArmika jIvana vividharaMgI mAlUma paDe che. sAMskArika jIvana Adima jAtionA leke utsavapriya prA che. AnI pratIti Adima jAtionA keI paNa meLA ke jAtrAne jevAthI thaI zakaze. gujarAtane eka paNa vistAra meLA vagarane hete nathI. Adima lekenA meLA ghaNu kharuM parvate nadIo vagerenA sAmIpyamAM yA te devadevIonAM sthAnakamAM bharAtA hoya che, AdimonA meLA saMkhyAnI daSTie aneka ane prakAranI daSTie vividha heya che. AvA meLAomAM je te vistAranI Adima prajA potAnAM gAmomAMthI raMgaberaMgI vastro paherIne tathA judAM judAM vAjiMtra vagADatI samUhamAM jaI rahI heya te vakhate te tenA kharA raMgamAM dekhAya che. udAharaNarUpe DAMga jillAnA mukhya mathaka AhavAmAM bharAtA DAMga darabAra meLAnA keMdrasthAne Arthika svarUpa paDeluM che. bhIla rAjAone sAliyANAnI vaheMcaNuM ane anyane bahAdurI athavA te A prakAranAM prajAhitanAM kAryo mATe inAma ApavAM e A meLA pAchaLanI mukhya bhUmikA che. A meLe enA AvA svarUpane kAraNe eka viziSTa prakArane meLa banI rahe che. dhArmika prakAranA kahI zakAya tevA meLA paNa aneka hoya che. dA. ta. "cUlanA meLA' tarIke jANItA AvA meLAomAM pite lIdhelI bAdhA-AkhaDI pheDavA mATe athavA AvA ja kaI kAraNasara judAM judAM sthaLoe judI judI pahoLAInI saLagatA aMgAranI cUla para paNa Astika vyaktio ughADA page cAlatI hoya che. A meLA judAM judAM sthaLoe bahudhA phAgaNa vada 1nA roja bharAto hoya che.pa paMcamahAla jillAmAM daheranI AjubAjunAM raNiyAra kaNabI gAMgaraDI abhaLoda ane moTI khArajamAM temaja anAsanI najIkanA rAMcaraDAmAM, vaDodarA jillAmAM navasArInI AjubAjunA ratanapuramAM ane sagapuramAM tathA choTAudepuranI AjubAjunA pAnavaDa ane rumaDiyA gAmamAM bharAte hoya che. - A ja rIte AdinA vistAramAM sAmAjika prakAranA paNa aneka meLA aneka sthaLe bharAtA heya che. udAharaNa tarIke geLa gadheDAnA meLAmAM paNa aneka

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briTiza kALa ra sthaLAe bharAtA hAya che, je sthaLe A meLA bharAtA hAya che tyAM chasAta mITara UMce eka thAMbhalA jamInamAM khADavAmAM Ave che ane enI TAMce ekAda kalA jeTalA goLanI eka pATakI bAMdhavAmAM Ave che. A thAMbhalAnI pharate yuvatIe lIlAM jhADanI pAtaLI seATIe laIne gALanI ceko karatI nAcatI gAtI haiAya che. A cekI vIMdhIne kAI bahAdura juvAna seATIonA cAlu mAra vaccethI pasAra thaIne thAMbhalAnI TAca para rahelI gALanI peTakIne utArI Ave che. pachI gItA gAtAM gAtAM yuvaka-yuvatIo nAce che, A meLA sAmAnya rIte phAgaNa vada 5thI mAMDI amAsa sudhInA divaseAmAM bharAtA hai!ya che. A ane AvA khIjA aneka meLA Adima prajAnA sAmAjika, jIvanamAM khUba agatyanA bhAga bhajavatA hAya che. emAM khAnapAna temaja meAjazAkhanI ane emanI jarUriyAtone poSe tevI anekavidha cIja-vastunI hATaDIe ma`DAyelI hAya che tethI A meLA emanA mATe kharIdInAM hATa banI rahetA heAya che; yuvaka-yuvatIo mATe jIvananI mastIne hele caDAvavA mATenA keAIka vAra jIvanasAthInI pasaMdagI mATenAM paNa milanasthAna banI rahetA hAya che. AvA meLAomAM gItA ane nRtyA e mukhya pravRtti DhAya che. strIpuruSonAM samUhatyA A prajAmAM taddana sAhajika che. bhIlemAM strIpuruSa! ekakhIjAne keDathI pakaDIne geALAkAre kalAkonA kalArkA sudhI gItA gAtAM nAcatAM hAya che. AvAM cAlu nRtyeAmAMthI eka jholu' jAya ane khIjuM Ave. A vaNajhAra meLAnA aMta sudhI satata cAlyA ja kare ! keTalIka vAra AvAM judAM judAM jholAMemAM "gAyaNA"nI harIphAI paNa cAle ane koI vAra te eka pakSa je gAya tenA bIjo pakSa zIghra gAnamAM tarata ja javAba paNa ApI de! Ama "gAyaNuM ane nAcaNu " satata cAlyA ja kare. A rIte meLAemAM gAvuM ane nAcavuM e Adima jAtionA lekeAnA jIvananuM eka mahattvanuM aMga banI rahe che. have joke Adima jAtienA bhaNelA lokeAmAMne amuka varSAM AvAM gItA ane nRtyAmAM bhAga nathI letA, eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu A pravRttie jANe hIna dvAya evA mAnisaka valaNa sAthe e pratye napharatanI najare paNa jovA lAgyA che.

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pariziSTa (Adima jAtionI saMskRti) pAdaTIpa 1. "AdivAsI gujarAta', pu. 2, aMka 1, pR. 87 2, "AdivAsI vartamAna" (sAikalesTAIlDa), pu. 1, aMka 1, pR. 9-10 A saMdarbhanA AMkaDAomAM bhUla jaNAI hatI te bIjA pramANita saMdarbho dvArA cakAsIne ahIM sudhArI laIne AMkaDA rajU karavAmAM AvyA che. 3. zAntibhAI AcArya, caudharI ane caudharI zabdAvali', prastAvanA, pR. 8-9 4. zAntibhAI AcArya, gujarAtI-bhalI vAtacIta, pR. 23 4. R. K. Trivedi (ed.), Fairs and Festivals. (Census of India, 1961),.. Vol. V, Part Vi-B, pp. 132, 135, 136, 152 & 154

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prakaraNa 10 Arthika sthiti gujarAta enI bhaugolika racanA mATe prasiddha che. phaLadrupa jamIna, lAMbe dariyAI paTe temaja nadI ane jamIna-mArgee gujarAtane khetIpradhAna ane vepArapradhAna banAvavAmAM madada karI che. A uparAMta gujarAta enA sAhasika vepArIo, kuzaLa kArIgara tathA udyamI kheDUtanI bAbatamAM UMcI paraMparA dharAve che. A paraMparA nagarazeTha AMgaDiyA ane zarAphI saMsthAomAM, hastakalA ane kArIgaronA utkRSTa namUnAomAM temaja kRSikSetre kapAsa gaLI ane tamAku jevA rokaDiyA pAkaeNnA vAvetaramAM vyakta thatI AvI che. aDhAramA saikAmAM phelAyelI rAjakIya avyavasthAne pariNAme sattA mATe laDAyelAM yuddhonI gujarAta jevA samRddha pradeza upara viparIta asara thAya e dekhItuM che. Ama chatAM paNa - A kAlamAM gujarAte enI ucca paraMparA jALavI rAkhI hatI. 1818 mAM gujarAtanA zAsanane dara marAThAonA hAthamAMthI aMgrejonA hAthamAM game te samaye gujarAta enI kRSi-pedAzo mATe jANItuM hatuM. baLadanI ucca jAta mATe paNa e dezabharamAM mazahUra hatuM. hakIkatamAM te surata bharUca vaDodarA naDiyAda - amadAvAda pelerA rAjakeTa bhAvanagara lakhapata ane mAMDavI jevAM nAnAM-moTAM aneka baMdarone je rIte udaya thayo te ja batAve che ke gujarAtanAM gAmaDAM nagarane poSI zakavAnI kSamatA dharAvatAM hatAM. je kheDUto emanA ane gAmaDAM nA vaparAza pUratuM ja anAja pakavatA hatA te gujarAtamAM nagarane udaya ja - thaye na heta. A paristhiti batAve che ke briTiza zAsana sthapAyuM te pahelAM gujarAtamAM khetI ane vepAra udyoga ekabIjAnA pUraka tarIke sAbita thayAM hatAM. aMgrejoe pazcima bhAratamAM sattA hAMsala karyA bAda Arthika vikAsanA Avazyaka aMgarUpa kAyado ane vyavasthA sthApyAM. A sAthe emaNe evA mULagata pheraphAra dAkhala karyA ke enI asara gujarAtanA arthataMtra upara paDyA vagara rahI nahi nAnAM-meTAM dezI rajavADAMonAM asaMkhya calaNone sthAne samagra hiMdamAM -eka samAna calaNapaddhati dAkhala thavI, vepAranA aMtarAyarUpa saMkhyAbaMdha jakAta-ekaThAMone aMta Ava, tAra TapAla relave ane chApakhAnAM jevAM sAdhananI

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Arthika sthiti zarUAta thavI, gujarAtamAMthI IMglenDamAM kAcA mAlanI nikAsa karavAnA tathA tyAMnAM mazInamAM taiyAra thayelA mAlanI gujarAtamAM AyAta karavAnA AzayathI baMdarane jamIna-mArgo sAthe sAMkaLavAM, A badhI bAbate gujarAtanA Arthika jIvanamAM, parivartana lAvavAnI zakyatAo dharAvatI hatI. gujarAta enA itihAsamAM sauprathama vAra iMglenDanI saMsthAnavAdI rItarasama dharAvatA mUDIvAdI grahamaMDalanI parikramAmAM AvatuM gayuM. gujarAtanA palaTAtA jatA Arthika jIvanane A. saMdarbhamAM samajavAno prayAsa karavAmAM Avyo che. 1. khetI ane jamIna mahesUlaviSayaka bAbatomAM gujarAtamAM je paddhati ane saMsthAo mughala samayamAM pravartatI hatI te paddhati ane saMsthAo marAThA kAlamAM lagabhaga briTiza zAsakene saukAothI cAlI AvelI. vyavasthArUpe vArasAmAM maLI hatI. prAbriTizakAlIna vyavasthAmAM jamIna uparanA sAcA mAlikI-adhikAra na te rAjyanA hatA ke na te vyaktigata kheDUta-kuTuMbanA, A adhikAra sAmUhika hatA, e grAma-samudAya samastanA hatA. purANuM vyavasthAmAM kheDUte na te bhUmihIna thaI zakatA ke na te jamIna vecI zakatA. mughala ke marAThA zAsaka Icche te paNa e kheDUtone bhUmihIna karI zako nahi. vaLI A vyavasthA sAthe je adhikArIo saMkaLAyA hatA te rUDhi-praNAligata rIte vaMzaparaMparAgata heddA ane adhikAra dharAvatA hatA. desAI, paTela amIna majamUdAra kamAvIsadAra talATI ane havAladAra jevA mahesUlI adhikArIo judA judA stara upara emanI pharaja bajAvatA hovA chatAM e . gujarAtanA mahesUla-taMtranA avibhAjya aMga tarIke paraspara saMkaLAyelA hatA. briTiza zAsakee A paraMparAgata vyavasthAmAM vyApaka ane keTaleka aMze mULabhUta pheraphAra dAkhala karyA. emaNe "desAI" ane "majamUdAra" jevI rUDhigata saMsthAone sattAhIna banAvIne kalekaTara mAmalatadAra ane nyAyadhIza jevI vadhAre zaktizALI ane adhikArayukta saMsthAone vikasAvI. kampanI sarakAre vaMzaparaM.. parAgata sevAo-siddhAMtane phagAvI daIne pratyeka adhikArIne sarakAranA sIdhA. aMkuza nIce mUkyo ane ene sarakArane pagAradAra nekara banAvyuM. A nekare enI geravartaNUka mATe baratarapha thaI zake ane emanI badalI paNa thaI zake evI vyavasthA amalI banI. purANuM vyavasthAmAM desAI amIna ane majamUdAra jevA adhikArIe jamIna mahesUla udharAvanAra ThekedAra hatA. briTiza zAsakee A vyavasthAne khatama karIne kheDUto sAthe pratyakSa saMbaMdha bAMdhavAnA AzayathI I. sa. 1826 sudhImAM surata amadAvAda ane kheDA jillAomAM navesarathI

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briTiza kAla jamIna mApaNI zarU karI. emaNe jamIna mahesUlanA dara aMgenA navA siddhAMta 'vikasAvyA. A badhAMne aMte I.sa. 1827ne e regyulezana eNkaTa-naMbara sattara" astitvamAM AvyuM, jeNe gujarAtamAM reyatavArI prathAnI zarUAta karI. A prathA jema jema vikasatI gaI tema tema vaMzaparaMparAgata adhikArIonI ane 'ThekedAra madhyasthIonI sattA ane lAgavaga kSINa thatI gaI. mahesUla ugharANInI bAbatamAM have rAjya ane kheDUte vacceno saMbaMdha pratyakSa banya. A prathA vikasAvavAmAM mAunTa TuarTa eliphansTana jevA muMbaInA gavarnarae tathA kepTana kuzenka, melavIla, nyUrTa ane meniyara viliyamsa jevA saMniSTha ane kAryadakSa adhikArIoe paNa bhAga bhajavyuM. kampanI sarakArane A "mahesUlI akhatarAo" pAchaLanuM mukhya uddeza kheDUta pAsethI jema bane tema vadhAre pramANamAM mahesUla vasUla karavAnuM hatuM, AthI A navI mahesUla- vyavasthAnI gujarAtanA kheDUte upara ghaNI viparIta asara thaI. beDana povela jevA anubhavI mahesUlI adhikArI ane A viSayanA UMDA abhyAsIe nevuM che te mujaba kampanI sarakAre kheDUto pAsethI mahesUla vasUla karavAmAM evI kaDhaMgI rItarasama apanAvI ke briTiza-gujarAtanA ghaNA kheDUte dezI rAjyamAM sthaLAMtara karI gayA.9 ogaNIsamA saikAnA pUrvArdhamAM kampanIe hiMdamAM enI sattA phelAvavA ane sattAnuM taMtra vikasAvavA bhAre nANu kharyA. nANAM prApta karavA eNe ' jamIna-mahesUla vadhAryuM. "InTa riporTa' tarIke oLakhAtA 1847nA mahesUlaviSayaka nIti-niyama astitvamAM AvatAM sarakAranI mahesUla viSayaka nItimAM parivartana AvyuM. A nIti-niyame nIcenA siddhAMta upara racAyA hatA H (1) pratyeka jamInanI AkAraNe vyaktigata rIte karavAmAM Avaze, (2) dara trIsa A varSe jamInanI pharI AkAraNI karavAmAM Avaze, ane (3) AkAraNInuM dhoraNa pAkanI kiMmata upara nahi, paNa jamInanI kiMmata upara bAMdhavuM. A siddhAMtane AdhAre I. sa. 1851 thI I.sa. 1884 daramyAna "mULa jamAbaMdhI" vyavasthA zarU thaI. I. sa. 1888 thI I.sa. 1910 daramyAna "sudhArelI jamAbaMdhIne -amala zarU thayA. A badhAM ja varSo daramyAna jamIna mahesUlanA dara vadhatA gayA. sarakAra kheDUtone ema ThasAvavA mAgatI hatI ke relave jevAM sAdhana vistArIne ane dezamAM kAyamI dhoraNe zAMtinI ane khAnagI milakatanI sahI salAmatInI sthApanA karIne eNe khetIne pahelAMnA karatAM vadhAre AbAda sthitimAM mUkI che. A

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Arthika sthiti 231 uparAMta sarakArane dAvo hato ke amerikana AMtara vigraha (1861-65) daramyAna rUnA zera-saTTAmAM gujarAtanA ghaNu kheDUta mAtabara banyA hatA. joke hakIktamAM "zera-meniyA'ne lAbha kheDUtane nahi, vepArIone maLyuM hatuM ane e paNa alpajIvI sAbita thayuM hatuM. AMtaravigrahane aMta AvatAM ja vepArIo ane saTTAkhoro tArAja thaI gayA hatA. AvAM uparachalAM kAraNone AgaLa dharIne muMbaI sarakAre 1867 pachI enuM mahesUlI taMtra vadhAre zeSaNa khora banAvyuM. gujarAtamAM uparAchAparI dukALa paDavA chatAM eNe jamIna mahesUlanA daramAM vadhAre karyo. briTiza zAsane bhUmine khAnagI milakta tarIke te vikasAvI ja hatI, te vaLI eNe jamIna-mahesUla calaNI nANumAM ja bharavAnI prathA paNa vikasAvI hatI. A kAraNathI bhUmi paNa anya cIjonI jema kharIda ane vecANane pAtra banI hatI. AvI paristhitimAM nirdhana ane devAdAra banatA jatA kheDUte emanI jemIne zAhukAronI peDhImAM gIra mUke athavA te enuM vecANakhata karI Ape e svAbhAvika hatuM. A jhaDapI prakriyA daramyAna ghaNuM svataMtra kheDUte khetamajUromAM palaTAI gayA. A viSama paristhitine dhyAnamAM laIne ja bhUlA "varajabhAIe emanA pustaka kheDUta leke khetI kare che te upara nibaMdhamAM vedhaka ugAre vyakta karyA hatA ke gujarAtanA vANiyA ane zAhukAro kheDUtonA ajJAnano lAbha laIne temaja briTiza adAlatene Azare laIne kheDUtane Thage che ane lUTe che. AvI karuNa paristhitimAM paNa je sarakAre gujarAtamAM nahero ane siMcAIonA bAMdhakAma pAchaLa mUDI rokANa karyuM heta te khetI taddana kaMgALa hAlatamAM na mukAta, paraMtu zAsakAnI nIti gujarAtamAMthI kAcA mAlanI iMglenDamAM nikAsa karavAnI hoI emaNe siMcAIne bhege relavenA pATA vistAravAnI nIti apanAvI. I.sa. 1901 mAM nimAyelA siMcAI-paMce sAbaramatI mahI narmadA ane tApI nadIonI siMcAIjanA zarU karavAnI bhalAmaNa karI hovA chatAM sarakAre "nANAkIya kheMcatANanuM kAraNa AgaLa dharIne ene paDatI mUkI. siMcAInI bAbatamAM gujarAtanI paristhiti mahArASTra ane siMdha karatAM vizeSa dayAjanaka hatI. I.sa. 1910 thI I.sa. 1914 daramyAna gujarAtanI 40,35,000 ekara kheDAyelI jamInamAMthI mAtra 1,46,000 ekara jamIna (eTale ke 4.8 TakA) lAbha meLavI cUkI hatI.10 I. sa. 1914 pahelAM gujarAtanI siMcAI janAomAM sauthI noMdhapAtra hAthamatI ane khArIkaTa yojanAo hatI. uttara gujarAtanI A nadIo upara bAMdhavAmAM AvelA baMdhethI sAbaramatI ane khArI

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202 briTiza kAlA nadI vaccenA 14,000 ekara vistArane pANIne lAbha maLI zakayo. A badhe bAMdhavA pAchaLa sarakArane rU. 13 lAkhane kharca thayo hate. A uparAMta sarakAre dukALa rAhata kAryanA bhAgarUpe paMcamahAla jillAmAM I.sa. 1900 mAM eka taLAva, khodAvyuM. A muvAliyA taLAva khedavAmAM duSkALapIDita bhalene rojI maLI hatI.11, A taLAvathI paMcamahAlanA kheDUtane kAMIka rAhata maLI, paraMtu AvA apavAdane bAda karatAM gujarAtamAM siMcAI ane naheravyavasthA atyaMta pachAta dazAmAM rahevA pAmI hatI. AvA saMjogomAM kheDUtonI paristhiti dinapratidina bagaDatI gaI. jANatA. samAjasudhAraka karasanadAsa mULajIe emanA "khetIvADI sudhArA viSe nibaMdhamAM kheDUta nI dAruNa dazAnuM varNana karatAM lakhyuM che ke zarApha ane vANiyA emane jIvanaparyata devAdAra rAkhe che. 1833, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1872, 1877, 1878, 1899, 1900 vagere varSomAM gujarAtamAM je eka pachI eka dukALa, paDayA13 tene mATe mAtra kudarata ja javAbadAra nahatI; je relavenA pATAo pAchaLa karoDo rUpiyA kharca karavAne badale sarakAre siMcAI ane nahero jevI pramANamAM ghaNI ochI kharcALa yojanAo pAchaLa kharca karyo hota te khetInI, paristhiti ochI vaNasata. paraMtu briTiza zAsana daramyAna kheDUtanI sthiti vadhAre ne vadhAre kharAba thavAne sarjAyelI hatI. 1890 sudhImAM te briTiza-zAsita gujarAtanA kheDUte behAla thaI cUkyA hatA. AvI viSama paristhitimAM amadAvAda paMcamahAla bharUca ane surata jillAomAM temaja sAbarakAMThA ejansInA mANasA vagere pradezonA kheDUtoe sarakAranI mahesUlanItine virodha karavo zarU karyo. mANasAnA kheDUte e bhAgabaTAI ane bIjA verAo sAme jehAda pokArI, paraMtu yogya netA tathA mArgadarzananI UNapane lIdhe temaja kheDUtomAM saMgaThana-baLanA abhAvane lIdhe kheDUtanI A laData niSphaLa gaI. e ja pramANe dezI rAjyanA kheDUtoe paNa rAjAonI cUsaNa-mahesUlI nIti sAme asaMtoSa vyakta karyo hato. udAharaNa tarIke I.sa. 1890 mAM khaMbhAta rAjyanA kheDUtoe rAjyanA vadhatA jatA trAsa sAme AMdolana karyuM. khaMbhAta rAjyamAM A samaye kula vastI 83,494nI hatI, jemAM moTA bhAganI vastI kaNabI kALI musalamAna rAjapUta ane garAsiyA kheDUtanI hatI. emanI paristhiti eTalI badhI dayAjanaka thaI paDI hatI ke jyAre rAjya I.sa. 1889-90 mAM jamIna-mahesUla vadhAryuM tyAre kheDUtoe. mahesUlanI rakama bharavA karatAM laDI levAnuM vadhAre pasaMda karyuM. 1890nA sapTembaramAM

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:adhika sthiti rAjaya sAthe khulleAma baMDa karyuM. ane khaMbhAta zaherane emaNe ghero ghAlya, AthI navAba jApharaalI khAna khaMbhAta cheDIne briTiza vistAramAM nAsI gaye. eNe muMbaI sarakAranI madada vaDe kheDUte sAme goLIbAra karyA. lagabhaga yuddha jevI paristhiti sarjAI gaI, paNa aMte baMdUkanI aNIe khaMbhAtanI rAjya sarakAre kheDUta-vidrohane dAbI dIdhe. A kheDUta-vidroha vyApaka hatA; Ama chatAM paNa ene daravaNa ApanAra koI netAgIrI utpanna thaI na hovAthI e niSphaLa gaye.14 - A paristhiti batAve che ke gujarAtanA kheDUte kevA anyAyI vAtAvaraNa vacce jIvatA hatA. emaNe eka tarapha satata vadhatI jatI sarakArI mahesUla sAthe, bIjI tarapha dukALanI paristhiti sAthe, te trIjI tarapha zeTha-zAhukAronI saMsthA sAthe jhajhUmavAnuM hatuM. AvI trAsadAyaka paristhitine anulakSIne ja amadAvAdanA eka suprasiddha sAptAhike pikAra karyo hato pahelAMnA samayamAM kheDUtanI tarapha je dilasojI rahetI hatI, vakhatovakhata emanI je saMbhALa levAmAM AvatI hatI ane emane banatI madada ApavAmAM AvatI hatI te hAla kyAM che? vAstavika rIte te kheDUte e rAjyanI dUjhaNuM gAya che. e gAyane rAjyakartA taraphathI jeTalI mAyAthI pichavAmAM Avaze teTalA pramANamAM e dUdha ApI zakaze, paraMtu piSaNa nahi heya te dUdha ApavAnA e akhADA ja karaze ane vakhate lAta paNa mAraze. ema chatAM paNa je ene dehavAmAM Avaze te dUdhane badale leAhI nIkaLaze.15 je A paristhiti sAmAnya kheDUtonI heya te bhIla ane dUbaLA jevI Adima "kheDUta prajAnI kevI karaNa sthiti haze e samajI zakAya ema che. A Adima jAtio hakIkatamAM kheDUto nahi, paNa khetamajUrI hatI ane dakSiNa gujarAtamAM e emanA "dhaNiyAmAM'onI vaMzaparaMparAgata gulAma hatI. suratanI rAnIparaja kAma "hALI prathA'mAM saikAothI je rIte sabaDatI ane kacaDAtI AvI hatI te vAta jANItI che. A hALIonI paristhiti vize gujarAtamAM ghera ajJAna hatuM. hiMdI rASTriya mahAsabhAe temaja mahAtmA gAMdhInI doravaNI nIce sthAnika ke gresI kAryakaroe "hALI samasyAmAM rasa levo zarU karyo hato, paraMtu e I.sa. 1919 bAda. e pahelAM te gujarAtanI Adima prajA para, anAvaLA, pATIdAra tathA pArasI jamInadAra dvArA emanA thatA bephAma zoSaNa paratve gujarAtanA agravarga pAse uparachallI mAhitI paNa nahatI. uparyukta carcA uparathI phalita thAya che ke I.sa. 1818 thI I.sa. 1914 daramyAna khetInI paristhiti uttarottara kathaLatI jatI hatI. briTiza zAsakee

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204 briTiza kANa eka tarapha jamInane bajAra cIjonI jema levecane pAtra banAvI, to bIjI tarapha emaNe mahesUlanI AkAraNI rokaDamAM vasUla karavAnI nIti apanAvIne mahesUlanA dara vadhAre ne vadhAre AkarA banAvyA. AvA saMjogomAM kheDUta ane zAhukAro vacce adAlatI jhaghaDAonI lAMbI ane vaNathaMbhI ghaTamALa zarU thaI, jemAM zAhakArae emanI khAtAvahIo ane anya cepaDAonA purAvAone AdhAre abhaNa kheDUtone adAlatamAM mahAta karyA. bIjA zabdomAM kahIe te gujarAtamAM saMkhyAbaMdha khetare evI vyaktionA hAthamAM gayAM ke jemane khetImAM nahi, paNa naphe khAvAmAM rasa hate. AvA zAhukAra-zeThiyA gAmaDAMomAM nahi, paNa zaheramAM vasatA hatA. A badhAM paribaLonI viparIta asara khetI upara thaI ane eka vyavasAya tarIke khetI bina-utpAdaka ane bina-phAyadAkAraka sAbita thaI.. 2. ogaNIsamA saikAnA pUrvAdhamAM gujarAtamAM vepAranA traNa stara hatA ? (1) traNacAra hajArathI theDI vastI dharAvatAM gAmaDAMomAM vepAra kRSijIvana sAthe saMkaLAyeluM hatuM. grAmavistAromAM nAnA dukAnadAro gharanA ja eka bhAgamAM karavAmAM AvelI dukAnamAM kApaDa anAja kariyANuM tathA biyAraNa rAkhatA ane e kheDUte ane kArIgarone (je ghaNu vAra khetI paNa karatA) vecatA ke dhIratA. -sAmAnya rIte nAnA zarAphA kheDUtone ojAro baLada ane biyAraNa kharIdavA emanI sAmAjika jarUriyAta pUrI pADavA nANAM dhIrI sAruM evuM vyAja letA. A prakArane vepAra gAmaDAMonA gharAkane devAdAra rAkhavAmAM ane emanI jamIne. dhIradhAra karanAra dukAnadAra-zarAphanA hAthamAM pheravavA mATe javAbadAra hate. AvA dukAnadAra-zarApha najIkanAM ka dUranAM nAnAM zaheromAMthI AvIne gAmaDAmAM vasyA hatA; Ama chatAM paNa AsapAsanAM zahero sAthe emane saMbaMdha ghaniSTha hatA. jaththAbaMdha ! mAla kharIdavA emane avAranavAra zaheromAM javuM paDatuM. (2) gAmaDAMonI jema nAnAM zaheromAM paNa sAmAnya rIte dukAne gharanA eka bhAgarUpe ja hatI. AvI dukAnamAM jIvana-jarUriyAtanI cIjo vecAtI hovA uparAMta vyAjavaTAne dha dha paNa cAlata.17 A varganA zarApha-vepArIo gAmaDAMonA dukAnadArone jaththAbaMdha mAla vecatA ane ghaNuM vAra nANA paNa dhIratA. teo sastA bajAramAMthI mAla kharIdavA nAnAM-moTAM zaheronI mulAkAta letA. (3) amadAvAda ane surata jevAM eMzInevuM hajAranI vastI dharAvatAM zaheromAM sAmAnya rIte dukAna ane raheThANanI jagA alaga hatI. zAhukAra (meTA zarAphe) "zAhukAra" tarIke oLakhAtA ane meTA vepArIo emanI peDhIomAM gumAstA munIme tathA nekaracAkara rAkhatA.18 vepArIo mAlanAM kharIdI ane vecANa karavA emanA dalAlane hiMdanA judA judA pradezamAM mokalatA. ghaNI vAra zAhukAre nAnA vepArIo tathA zarAphene nANuM dhIratA,

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Arthika sthiti 25 paNu A vanA zAhukArAnA kheDUtA sAthe pratyakSa saMbaMdha nahi jevA hatA. vastutaH meATA zAhukAro ane vepArIe gujarAta ane enI bahAranA pradezo sAthe emanI peDhInI zAkhAo mAraphata satata saMparka rAkhatA ane emanI anekavidha vepArI ane sAMskRtika pravRttie dvArA gujarAtanA nagara-jIvanane dhabakatuM rAkhatA.19 A samayanI jANItI peDhIomAM travADI zrIkRSNe nAthajI, AtmArAma bhUkhaNu, nagarazeTha varajadAsa viThThaladAsa, meAtIbhAI bhagubhAI (suratamAM), haribhakti, zAmaLa khecara, nArAyaNu mairALa (vaDAdarAmAM), tathA nagarazeTha hemAbhAI vakhatacaMda, haThIsiMha, karamacaMda premacaMda, jhaveracaMda lakSmIcaMda ane aMbAIdAsa lazkarI(amadAvAdamAM)nA samAveza thatA.20 hiMdanA vividha pradezAmAM zAkhA dharAvatI A zarAphI-vepArI peDhIe sAmatA rAjA-mahArAjAe ane keTaleka aMze vepArIone vyAje nANAM dhIratI ane sAmAnya rIte aphINune saTTo tathA levaDadevaDa karatI.21 ogaNIsamA saikAnI zarUAtathI aphINane vepAra atyaMta naphAkAraka puravAra thatAM bhAvanagara dhAghA surata ane bharUca jevAM baMdarA (A baMdarA vatteoche aMze nisteja banavA chatAM aphINanA vepAra mATe jANItAM hatAM) mAraphata enI nikAsa cInamAM thavA lAgI hatI. haThImiMha kesarIsiMha, hemAbhAI vakhatacaMda ane haribhakti jevA keTalAya vepArI- zAhukArA aphINanA dhaMdhAmAM mAtabara banyA hatA. tee kaI cIjonA vepAra karatA ane kevI paddhatithI karatA e saMbadhI mAhitI chUTIchavAI rIte ja maLe che, paNa jaina sAdhu kSemavane 1814mAM amadAvAdamAM nagarazeTha kuTuMba vize je rAsa racyA; te gujarAtanA ghaNA kharA 'mATA zeThiyA'ene lAgu pADI zakAya ema heAI atre e udAharaNa-rUpe TAMko che : AdaratI deAkAne dezAvara re, DhAkA baMgALA deza, kapaDa magAve bahu bhAtanAM 2, bhAra alpa mUla vizeSa, surata muMbAI punA vaLI re, jayapura ne nAgAra, dilhI AgrA meDatA re, citrADa kATA buMdI era. dakSiNa sAraTha mevADamAM re, nava khaDe prasiddha, huMDI sakarAya tINe karI re, jarA paDA jaga lIdha vahANavaTI vepAramAM re, kariyANAM bahu kreDa, jalavaTa thalavaTa bhedathI re, vANAMtara bahu joDa,22 gujarAtanA Arthika jIvana ane vepAra-rAjagAramAM muslimAne kALA ghaNA mahattvanA hateA. hiMda uparAMta te dAreyApAranA dezA sAthe niSTha vepArI saMbadhe dharAvatA. muslimeAmAM sahuthI AgaLa paDatI vepArI kAma vaherAonI hatI, jemAM

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206 - briTiza kA. dAudI vahorA mukhya hatA. vepAra arthe teo bhUja mAMDavI bhAvanagara amadAvAda bharUca khaMbhAta gedharA ane surata uparAMta eDana basarA makkA maskata cIna ane raMgUnamAM sthira thayA hatA. gujarAta ane hiMdanA judA judA prAMtomAM teo hArDavera kAgaLa kAca cAmaDuM sAbu ane rezamane vepAra karatA. paradezamAM emanI peDhIo hatI ane dariyApAranA emanA vepAramAM rezama aphINa cAmaDuM kAgaLa raMga kariyANuM rU ane hAthIdAMta mukhya hatAM. 23 khaMbhAtane akIkane vepAra tathA amadAvAda surata ane aMkalezvarane kAgaLane jaththAbaMdha ane chUTaka vepAra vaherAnA hastaka hatA.24 vepAranA kSetramAM vaherAonI jema memaNa ane IsmAIlI khojAnI kema paNa sAhasika ane mahenatu hatI. gujarAta uparAMta bIjAonI vastI hiMdanI phiraMgI vasAhatamAM tathA IrAna-arabastAnamAM hatI. teo rezama rU aphINa hAthIdAMta cAmaDuM ane kariyANAne vepAra dezadezAvaramAM karatA.25 hiMdu ane muslimonI sarakhAmaNImAM gujarAtamAM saMkhyAbaLanI dRSTie pArasI vepArIonI saMkhyA ghaNI ja jUja hatI. enuM eka kAraNa e hatuM ke aDhAra mA saikAmAM muMbaIne baMdarI nagara tarIke jhaDapI vikAsa thatAM teo tyAM UbhI thatI jatI vepArI takane lAbha levA sthaLAMtara karatA gayA. gujarAtamAM pArasIenA vepArane mukhya jheka rU spiriTa dArU rezama aphINa tathA imAratI lAkaDAne hatuM. gujarAtamAM bharUca navasArI gaNadevI bIlImorA ane valasADa pArasIonA vepAranAM mukhya keMdra hatAM. vyavahArakuzaLa gujarAtI vepArIoe sadIothI apanAvelI saMsthA te mahAjanaprathA. saMghabaLanA siddhAMta upara pAMgarelI A saMsthA vize eka itihAsakAre noMdhyuM cheH "atizayoktinA AropanA bhaya vagara ApaNe kahI zakIe ke mahAjanenI khilavaNI gujarAtamAM jeTalI thaI che eTalI hiMdustAnanA bIjA keI bhAgamAM thaI nathI. gujarAtamAM anya prAMtanI sarakhAmaNImAM je saMskAritA ane viziSTa vyaktitva jaNAya che tene moTo bhAga mahAjane e ja paLe che, mahAjanene lIdhe ja TakI rahyo che. mahAjanee gujarAtanA vepArane TakAvI rAkhIne anya prAMtanI peThe paradezIone emAM hAtha ghAlavA dIdho nathI... mahAjanee gujarAtamAM rAjasattAonI sAme bAtha bhIDI che, rAjasattAthI lekasamUhane kacaDavA dIdho nathI."27 hiMdanA anya prAMtanI sarakhAmaNImAM gujarAtamAM mahAjana saMsthA enA zuddha svarUpamAM vikasI enAM mULa gujarAtanA vepArI saMskAra (business culture) mAM rahyAM che. uttara pradeza ane baMgALa temaja gujarAtanI paDozamAM AvelA mahA

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Arthika sthiti rASTra tathA madhyapradeza jevA prAMtamAM rAjAo jamInadAra sAmaMte ane lazkarI senApationuM mahattva hatuM. emane sAmAjika darajajo paNa UMce gaNAta, paNa gujarAtamAM Ama na banyuM ane eka rIte kahIe te A bhUmimAM eka prakAranuM vANiyA-rAja' vikasyuM, gujarAtI samAja-jIvanamAM kadAca brAhmaNa kSatriye ke sAmate nahi, paNa jaina ane vaiSNava vepArIo vadhu vaga dharAvatA.28 vepArI mUDI(Merchant Capital)ne gujarAtanA vepArakSetromAM ja nahi, paNa sAMskArika jIvanamAM paNa prabhAva hate. sthAvara milakatanAM vecANa ane gIre aMgenA maLI AvelA saMkhyAbaMdha dastAvejomAM "zeTha samasta" "mahAjana samasta" tathA nagarazreSTha samasta' zabdonA ulekha uparanI daSTie sUcaka che. 29 ogaNIsamA saikAnA uttarArdhamAM gujarAtamAM kapAsa tamAku rezama ane kariyANAnA vepArIonAM tathA zarAphanAM mahAjana zaktizALI hatAM. zarAphanAM mahAjanomAM jene ane vaiSNava vANiyA mukhya hatA. emAM paNa jenenuM varcasa hatuM. amadAvAdanA kApaDa-mahAjananI viziSTatA e hatI ke emAM jainonuM varcasa hovA chatAM vaDo vaiSNava vANiyA jJAtine hateA.30 amadAvAdanAM mahAjana jJAtine dharaNe nahi, paNa dhaMdhAne dharaNe racAyAM hatAM. udAharaNa tarIke suthAra jevA kArIgaramAM cAra jJAti hovA chatAM enuM paMca (kArIgaronA saMdha "mahAjana' tarIke nahi, paNa paMca tarIke oLakhatA.) eka ja hatuM. e mujaba rezama ane mazarunA -vyavasAyamAM rokAyelA kArIgaranA paMcamAM kaNabI tathA vANiyA hatA. zarApha ane kApaDanAM mahAjanemAM judI judI peTA jJAtio dharAvatA vaiSNava vANiyA, jaina tathA keTaleka aMze brAhmaNa ane pATIdAra paNa hatA. gujarAtanAM nAnAM nagaromAM paNa mahAjana saMsthA pracalita hatI, paNa emAM eka ja dhaMdhAnA vepArIo pUratA pramANamAM na maLI Ave te vividha dhaMdhAomAM rokAyelA vepArIo eka sAmUhika mahAjananI sthApanA karatA. AvAM mahAjana "nagara mahAjana' (Town Mahajans)nA nAmathI oLakhAtAM. dholerA bhAvanagara prAMtIja ane bharUca jevAM zaheromAM AvAM mahAjana pracalita hatAM.32 muslimomAM verA memaNa ane khojA vepArIonAM mahAjana jANatAM hatAM, 33 paNa e emanA kArIgaronAM mahAjane jeTalAM pracalita ane zaktizALI na hatAM. hoSkinsa nAmanA amerikana vidvAne 1896 mAM gujarAtanAM mahAjanene abhyAsa karyo haze ane ene mata mujaba gujarAtI muslimomAM paNa vepArI mahAjanenI prathA vikAsa pAmI na hatI. 34 mahAjananI saMrathA vepArI jIvananA majabUta pAyArUpa hatI, eka paddhati (system) tarIke e vyakti-svAtaMtrayanA siddhAMtane paDakArarUpa hatI ane ghaNuM vAra

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ra78 briTiza kAha eNe hunnara-udyoganA kSetramAM thatA sudhArAo(innovations)ne virodha paNa karyo hato e sAcuM che." Ama chatAM paNa gujarAtanA vepAra ane hunnara-udyogane TakAvI rAkhI ene sadhdhara banAvanAra je kaI saMsthA heya te e mahAjananI saMsthA hatI. sAmAnya rIte mahAjane rajAnA divase, majUrInA dara tathA kAmane samaya nakkI karatAM ane keTalIka vAra cIjonA bhAvanuM paNa niyaMtraNa karatAM. mahAjananA sabhyone je sarakArI amaladAro ke anya vepArIo sAthe koI samasyA UbhI thAya te enuM nirAkaraNa karavAnuM kArya (function of arbitration) mahAjananuM hatuM.37 mahAjane emanA sabhyonuM hita jALavavAnI cIvaTapUrvaka takedArI rAkhatAM, paNa atre e cokhavaTa karavI joIe ke mahAjananA sabhya vyakti tarIke nahi, paNa eka samudAyanA ja akhaMDa bhAgarUpe astitva dharAvatA hatA. gujarAtanA Arthika jIvanamAM gRha-udyoganuM sthAna sadIothI mahatvanuM hatuM, ogaNIsamA saikAnI zarUAtamAM gAmaDAM ane zaheromAM aneka prakAranA kArIgaro utpAdananA kAryamAM rokAyelA hatA. suthAra luhAra vaNakara ghAMcI salATa kuMbhAra kaMsArA chIpA tathA kAca raMga kAgaLa ane sAbu jevI cIjonuM utpAdana karanAra kArIgaronI gujarAtamAM khoTa na hatI,rUTa paNa hiMdanA anya prAMtanI jema kArIgone sAmAjika daraje hala hatA, emanI Arthika sthiti paNa nabaLI hatI. gujarAtanAM keTalAMka zahero enI kArIgarInI nipuNatA mATe jANItAM hatAM. udAharaNa tarIke kheDA jillAmAM Avela kapaDavaMja enA sAbu ane kAcanA udyoga mATe mazahUra hatuM. amadAvAda jillAmAM Avela prAMtIja paNa enA sAbunA udyoga mATe mazahUra hatuM. saMkheDA lAkaDAnA raMgaberaMgI pharnicara mATe ane jAmanagara tALAM mATe mazahUra hatAM.4deg bharUca ane vaDodarA ane sutarAu kApaDanA TakAupaNuM mATe ane pATaNa enAM paToLAM mATe jANItAM hatAM. amadAvAdanA hunaromAM kinakhAba jarIkAma raMgATIkAma, rezamI tathA sutarAu kApaDa ane kAgaLa mukhya hatAM. amadAvAdamAM ghaNI strIo reTiyA upara ja emanuM gujarAna calAvatI. keTalIka strIo rezamanA kUcA sAMdhIne enA tAra banAvavAnuM kAma karatI.41 gujarAta ane hiMdanAM zaheromAM je hunnara-udyoga khIlyA tene mukhya jheka prajAlakSI nahi, paNa rAjA-rajavADAMlakSI hate athavA te e dhanikenA mojazekhane poSata."42 AvI dalIla eka vidvAne karI che. emaNe ema paNa jaNAvyuM che ke AvA hunnara-udyoganuM lakSaNa sthAnika hatuM. mAlanuM utpAdana thayA bAda ene vecANa mATenuM bajAra utpAdananA sthaLanI AsapAsanA vistAra

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Arthika sthiti 279 pUratuM ja maryAdita hatuM, rASTriya nahi, paNa gujarAtamAM hAthabanAvaTanI je je cIjo banatI tene e samayanA vAhanavyavahAranA temaja tenI kharIdazakti ane mAMgane DhAMcA(pattern)nA saMdarbhamAM tapAsavAmAM Ave te uparanuM vidhAna punarvicAraNAne pAtra bane che. agAu noMdhyuM che te mujaba gujarAtamAM anya prAMtanI jema rajavADAM mahattavanAM na hatAM ane bajAra jeTaluM sthAnika mAnavAmAM Ave che teTaluM na hatuM. gujarAtamAM kAMThAnA vepAra(Coastal trade)ne vyApa moTA hatA ane ene nadI kinArAne ane dariyAI vepAra jamInamAgI vepAra sAthe saMkakaLAyela hatA. aDhAramI sadInA aMtamAM jemsa phebsa nAmanA aMgreja sanaMdI adhikArIe vaherAone ulekha "pazcima bhArata ane gujarAtanA pharatA vepArIo" tarIke karIne noMdhyuM hatuM ke teo gujarAtanAM zaheromAM vividha prakArane mAla vecavA bhame che.44 1838 mAM zrImatI pisTAnsa nAmanI aMgreja strIe A ja bAbatanuM punarucAraNa karyuM hatuM. gulAmarasUla nAmane khaMbhAtane eka vahero akIkanA paththaramAMthI banAvela ramakaDAM, mALA, cappAnA hAthA, pepara-kaTara vagere cIje gujarAtamAM ja nahi, paNa madrAsamAM paNa vecate ane ene tamAma mAla khapI jAte.45 amadAvAdanA kAgaLa gujarAtamAM ja nahi, paNa rAjasthAna ane uttara hiMdustAnamAM khapatA.42 voTara hemilTane (1820 mAM) nepyuM hatuM ke surata enA "sastA ane UMcI jAtanA mAlanA utpAdana mATe jANItuM hatuM lekhaMDanAM tALAM, sAbu, tAbA-pittaLanAM vAsaNa, zetaraMjIo kAgaLa zAhI vagere jevI jIvana jarUriyAtanI cIje gujarAtamAM banatI ane ene mATe gujarAtamAM ane enI bahAra paNa bajAra hatuM.kaTa uparyukta purAvAone AdhAre ApaNe kahI zakIe ke gujarAtamAM gRha-udyoga kevaLa rAjAo ane dhanikanA mejazekhane ja piSanAre na hate. gujarAtanA kArIgaro emanA saMghabaLa vagaranA na hatA. emanAM paMca ghaNuM kharuM vyavasAyanA gheraNe nahi, paNa jJAtinA dhoraNe sthapAyAM hatAM. muslimomAM kAgaLa banAvanArAonA ane akIka-udyoga sAthe saMkaLAyelA kArIgaronA saMgha ghaNA zaktizALI hatA, je anukrame kAgadInI jamAta" ane "akAkiyA jamAta tarIke oLakhAtA.4 gujarAtamAM briTiza zAsananI zarUAta bAda Arthika parivartananI prakriyA zarU thaI cUkI hatI. udAharaNa tarIke je varSe (1818) gujarAtamAM yuniyana jeka laherAyo tene bIje ja varSe IMglenDanI kApaDanI milemAM taiyAra thayelAM sUtara ane kApaDanuM amadAvAda jevA sutarAu kApaDanA bhaDamAM vecANa karavA gilDara

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briTiza kAla DIsejhAnI peDhInI sthApanA thaI.50 aMgrejI zAsananI zarUAta thavI ane paradezI mAlanuM vecANa vyavasthita rIte karavA bajAre UbhAM thavAM e kAMI akasmAta na hata; Ama chatAM paNa A prakriyA dhImI hatI, ogaNIsamI sadInA uttarArdhamAM e vadhu gatizIla banI. gujarAtamAM Arthika parirvatananuM sahuthI mahatvanuM vahanavyavahAra tathA saMdezAvyavahAranA sAdhananuM AdhunikIkaraNa hatuM. gujarAtamAM prajAnA upayoga mATe sahu prathama TapAla-vyavasthA 1853 mAM dAkhala thaI. tAra-vyavahAra 1856 mAM zarU thayuM. 1861 thI 1864 daramyAna be baDadA eNnDa senTrala InDiyA relave" dvArA sahu prathama vAra relavemAga zarU thayuM. 11 relave tAra tathA TapAlano dhIme dhIme phelAve thatAM ane enI sAthe sTImara-vyavahAra (je ogaNIsamAM rIkAnI zarUAtathI thaI cUkyo hato) saMkaLAtAM gujarAtanI kAyApalaTa karate na kAla zarU thayo. paNa briTiza zAsanapaddhatinuM saMsthAnavAdI pAruM eTaluM janAbaddha ane vyavasthita hatuM ke A kAyApalaTa kRtrima rIte thaI ane ucca vepArI paraMparA dharAvatuM gujarAta enA Arthika vikAsanA mahatvanA mUDIvAdI tabakkAmAMthI pasAra thavAne badale e kAcA mAlanI nikAsa ane taiyAra mAlanI AyAta karatuM iMglenDanuM mahattavanuM bajAra banI gayuM. navAM krAMtikArI sAdhana(relave vagere)ne pariNAme gujarAtane vepAra-udyoga vadhe, saikAothI prajAsattAka rAjya tarIke alaga astitva dharAvatAM gAmaDAM zahero sAthe saMkaLAyAM, kRSi-utpAdana bajAralakSI banyuM. gujarAta ane gujarAtanI bahAra mAlasAmAna vadhu jhaDape ane pahelAM karatAM sastA dare pharavA lAge ane A badhAne pariNAme vepArI varga tathA prajAnI (pahelAMnA "arAjaktA ane yuddhonI paraMparA dharAvatA samayanI sarakhAmaNImAM) AbAdImAM vRddhi thaI.para A prakAranI vicAradhArA aMgreja ItihAsakAre tathA rAjakAraNIoe hiMdamAM sAmrAjavAdI zAsanane samarthana ApavAnA ane ene biradAvavAnA hetuthI jANye-ajANe phelAvI hatI. A vicArasaraNI Aje paNa ItihAsa-lekhanamAM vatteoche aMze pravarte che. emanA dRSTibiMdumAM keTaleka aMze tathya paNa che. je sa pha aDhAramI sadInA aMtamAM noMdhyuM hatuM ke hiMdanA vepArIo ane kArIgaro emanI saukAo-jUnI vepArI tathA utpAdana- paddhatimAM koI ja pheraphAra karatA nathI ane "mAro bApa Ama karato hato te ja pramANe karavuM joIe'nA siddhAMtane vaLagI rahe che.pa3 phebsa ane tyArabAda gujarAta ane hiMdamAM AvelA aneka musApharonAM AvAM avalokanane asvIkAra

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sarpatha sthiti 201 thaI zake ema nathI 44 Ama chatAM paNa jo ApaNe gujarAtanA Arthika 'vikAsa'ne e samayanI saMsthAnavAdI nItinA saMdarbhamAM tapAsIe tA spaSTa rIte jaNAze ke A vizvAsa chIcharA ane uparachallA hatA, pAyAne nahi. tyAra pachI hakIkatamAM tA gujarAtanA saikAme-jUnA gRhaudyoga eTalI jhaDapathI tArAja thatA gayA ke A prakriyAne aTakAvavA kavi dalapatarAma, kavi na`da, raNacheDalAla TAlAla, haragAviMdadAsa kAMTAvALA, vaDAdarA-nareza sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa, aMbAlAla desAI tathA geApALa hara dezamukha jevA netAoe vyavasthita rIte jhu Mbeza zarU karI.55 1851mAM suratanI enDrusa lAIbrerImAM dalapatarAme rajU karela (hunnarakhAnanI caDAI' gujarAtamAM pravatA asa MtANanuM prathama gIta hatuM.paraM teA dezI kArIgarIne uttejana' (1877) jevAM sa MkhyAbaMdha pusta ane lekhA chapAyAM, jemAM sASu kAgaLa kApaDa hArDavera vAsaNA vagere udyAgA jhaDapathI tArAja thatA jatA hatA enuM sacoTa Alekhana karavAmAM AvyuM. amadAvAdanA 'buddhiprakAze' svadezAbhimAnathI UbharAtA lekha chApavAnI bAbatamAM pahela karI ane eNe briTananAM Arthika AkramaNAne vize phariyAda karavA karatAM kaI rIte navI DhabathI mAla banAvavA ane ene kaI rIte khapAvave enI upara vadhu bhAra mUkayo. 'hiMdue emanI nAta sivAyanI bIjI nAtAnuM khAvAthI vaTalAya che, te ja rIte peAtAnA deza sivAya paradezI mAla vAparatAM eNe vaTalAvu joIe ane paradezI mAla viruddha eTale ja tiraskAra DhAvA joIe.pa7 'buddhiprakAro' AvI dhoSaNAo dvArA praznamAM 'Arthika rASTravAda'ne jussA prakaTAvavAnI rIta zarU karI. dhane nAme karavAmAM Avela AvI apIleAmAM baLa jarUra hatuM, paNa gujarAtamAM hiMduo uparAMta anya kAmA paNu hatI e dRSTie joIe tA enI maryAdA AMkI zakAya ema che; Ama chatAM paNa 1875 bAda gujarAtanA netAoe gRha-udyogAne sajIvana karavA mATe gujarAtamAM Thera Thera svadezI udyoga-maMDaLIe UbhI karI. vilAyatI cazmAMthI duniyAne jotA ane paradezI cIja-vastuonA upayoga karavA TevAyelA madhyama vargonA buddhijIvIe svadezInA kumaLA choDane kApavA prayAsa karaze evI dahezata ghaNA svadezAbhimAnIone hatI. AvA 'mANasAnI 'buddhiprakAze' kaDaka TIkA karI.58 * Ama chatAM paNa hiMda sarakAranI Arthika nIti cheka 1917 sudhI mukta vepAranI nIti (Free Trade Policy)nI hAI eNe prAnAM AMdelAne pAMgaLAM banAvavAnuM kAryAM karyuM". Ama, agresnee dAkhala karelAM bhautika sAdhaneAnA mukhya lAbha sAmAnya rIte iMglaeNnDanA mAletujAra vepArIe ane udyogapatione ja maLyA.

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2 - briTiza kAla pAchaLathI 1904 thI 1908 daramyAna thayelI svadezI caLavaLane pariNAme gujarAtanA gRha-udyogone prajA taraphathI abhUtapUrva pretsAhana maLyuM kharuM59paNa e "pAzerAmAM pahelI pUNa' samAna nIvaDayuM. audyogika krAMtinA etihAsika 'tabakkAmAMthI pasAra thayela IMglenDa gujarAta tathA hiMdamAM rAjakIya sattA paNa dharAvatuM hatuM e hakIkatane ja ApaNe lakSamAM laIe te "pAzerAmAM pahelI paNane khyAla vadhu spaSTa thaze. TUMkamAM, gujarAtanI prajAmAM ane khAsa karIne kArIgara vargamAM, naitika baLanuM ane Arthika rASTravAdanI bhAvanAnuM siMcana karavAmAM svadezI AMdolane e mahatvano bhAga bhajavyo, paNa iMglenDathI AvatA DhagalAbaMdha mAlane khALavAnA eka Arthika hathiyAra tarIke e niSphaLa nIvaDyAM. ogaNIsamA saikAnA uttarArdhamAM gujarAtanuM vahANavaTuM paNa jhaDapathI tUTavA mAMDayuM. yuropanI meTI rAkSasI kadanI zipiMga kampanIonAM yaMtra-saMcAlitA vepArI jahAja hiMda mahAsAgaramAM je khumArIthI pharatAM tenI sarakhAmaNImAM sadIo-jUnuM gujarAtanuM vahANavaTuM vAmaNuM lAgatuM hatuM. A uparAMta muMbaI ane karAMcI jevAM nagarone baMdara tarIke vikAsa thatAM gujarAtanAM baMdare niraghamI banyAM. ogaNIsamA saikAnA uttarArdhamAM dhaMdhAnI zodhamAM surata jillAnA pArasIo ane saurASTra ane kacchanA bhATiyA lehANA beja vaNika tathA khAravA muMbaI sthaLAMtara karatA gayA. relave-pATAnA vistaraNathI gujarAtane kAMThALa vepAra (Coastal trade) tUTate gaye." paNa gujarAta enI vepArI paraMparAne vamaLamAM DubADI de tevuM nirbaLa na hatuM. gujarAte A samaye evI vyaktio utpanna karI ke je raNapradezamAM jharaNuM khodI zake athavA projakIya ItihAsa( entrepreneurial history)nI paribhASAmAM kahIe te samAjamAM suSupta rIte dhUMdhaLI dazAmAM rahelI Arthika takenuM bArIka avalokana karI ene vAcA ApI zake ane jokhama kheDIne paNa navI, vepArI paddhati ane navI Tekane lojIne apanAvI ene amalamAM mUkI zake.1 A kAma saraLa nathI hatuM.. samayakrama ane prajana-zakti (entrepreneurship)nI kakSAnI dRSTie raNachoDalAla choTAlAla sahu prathama hatA. emanA pUrvaje mULa pATaNanA, paNa emanA pitA amadAvAda sthAyI thayA heI raNachoDalAlanI keLavaNI ane saMskAronuM siMcana amadAvAdamAM thayuM hatuM. raNachoDalAla sAhedarA nAgara hatA. nAgare emanI vepArI kuneha mATe nahi, paNa keLavaNa-viSayaka vahIvaTI ane rAjadvArI bAbate mATe

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97 Arthika sthiti jANItA che; Ama chatAM paNa 1861 mAM raNachoDalAle amadAvAdamAM sahuprathama sutarAu kApaDanI mila sthApI ene mATe emanI palaTAtA jatA gujarAtI samAjamAM rahelI takenI jhAMkhI karavAnI kuzAgra dRSTi ane ene amala karavAnuM prabaLa. mane baLa kAraNabhUta hatAM. mila-udyoga zarU karavAne mATe emanI pAse jarUrI mUDI nahi hevAthI emaNe gujarAtanA jaina ane vaiSNava vepArIo pAse 1847 mAM. ane tyAra pachI paNa aneka vAra hAtha laMbAvyA, paNa A samaye sArAye hiMdamAM keIe A bAbatanI pahela karI na hatI ane amadAvAda tathA gujarAtanA zeThiyA emanA cIlAcAlu dhaMdhAmAM eTalA vyasta hatA athavA te emane purA vyavasAya iMglenDanA Arthika AkramaNa sAme eTalI hade TakI zakyo hato ke emane madada karavAnI sahue nA pADI. A samaya daramyAna muMbaImAM mila zarU thatAM ane e vadhAre naphAkAraka sAbita thatAM amadAvAdI vepArIoe ajamAyaza khAtara mila zarU . karavAne raNachoDalAlanI mila kampanImAM mUDI rokANa karyuM. A rIte samagra gujarAtamAM eka hiMdIne hAthe 1861mAM mila-udyogane pAye naMkhAye. amadAvAdanI bIjI mila sthApanAra (1867) becaradAsa lazkarI vANiyA jJAtinA nahi, paNa kaDavA kaNabI hatA. raNachoDalAla ane becaradAsa lazkarIe mile sthApyA bAda amadAvAdamAM bIjI aneka mila robhI thaI ane samaya jatAM vaNika-vepArI jJAtionA sabhyae . emanI jUnI mUDI'ne (zarAphI mUDIne) navo vaLAMka ApI moTI saMkhyAmAM milaudyogamAM jhaMpalAvyuM ane emanuM varcasa paNa jamAvyuM. 1916 mAM amadAvAdanI kula trepana mila kampanIo uparanuM jJAtivAra varcasa A pramANe hatuM? vaiSNava vANiyA: ogaNatrIsa jaine ? bAra; kaNabIoH cAra; nAgara (mArA raNachoDalAlanA kuTuMba dvArA saMcAlita) be; pArasI : eka; muslimaH eka; eka karatAM vadhAre jJAti- kenI bhAgIdArImAM : cAra 63 nIcenA AMkaDAo uparathI amadAvAdanA. mila-udyoganA vikAsa saMbaMdhI vadhAre spaSTa rIte khyAla AvI zakaze?

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ba ha - - 100 80 0 6 $ 2 1 4 284 briTiza kALa varSa milonI saMkhyA trAka zALA majUro 1861. 2,500 '1864-65 10,000 515 1867-68 20,000 228 1875-76 35,000 340 1,309 (1878-78 51,528 184 2,013 1881 1,93,737 2,485 7,451 1894 2,37,553 4,13ra 9,448 "1888 4,50,266 , 5,887 16,134 1889 4,87,246 5,459 16,964 1903 pa,09,344 6,571 13,132 1905 5,77,166 7,197 21,585 1907 6,77,065 9,716 24,473 1908 8,50,887 12,807 29,996 1910 9,17,590 15,526 30,013 1913 49 9,ra9,702 17,703 3ra,789 amadAvAdamAM mila-udyoga vikasya enuM mukhya kAraNa vepAra ane hunnaronI enI lAMbI ane vaNathaMbhI paraMparA hatuM. 1867mAM amadAvAdamAM mAtra be ja mila hatI, paNa enI saMkhyA vadhIne 1899mAM chavIsanI ane 1913 mAM ogaNapacAsanI thaI. amadAvAda sutarAu kApaDanA utpAdana-kSetramAM hidanA mAncesTara' tarIke oLakhAvA lAgyuM. amadAvAda uparAMta surata bhAvanagara vaDodarA vIramagAma ane naDiyAdamAM paNa kApaDanI mile zarU thaI; joke A mile ekalakala hatI. vaDodarAnI bAbatamAM eka hakIkata neMdhapAtra che ke e zaheramAM jyAre udyoga zarU karavA koI vepArI tauyAra na thayo tyAre tyAMnI prajAne khAsa dAkhale besADavA mATe khuda vaDodarAnareza sayAjIrAva gAyakavADe enI sthApanA 1882mAM karI. 25 vaDodarAnI A sahu prathama mila barAjyanA sAhasa tarIke zarU thaI hatI. suratanI sahu prathama mila navAba vaMzanA sabhyae 1863mAM sthApI hatI. suratanI bIjI mila "gulAbabAbA spiniMga eNnDa viviga mila" paNa A ja kuTuMbanA sabhyoe 1865mAM zarU karI hatI.67 .. amadAvAda tathA gujarAtanAM anya nagaramAM thayelA mila-udyoganA vikAsanI sAthe sAthe enA AnuSaMgika udyoga zarU thayA. 1870 pachI kapAsa loDhavAnAM

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Arthika sthiti varALa-saMcAlita kArakhAnAM (cotton-ginning factories) ane rUne dabAvavAnAM kArakhAnAM (cotton-pressing factories) gujarAtanAM ghaNuM zaheromAM astitvamAM AvyAM. milenI saMkhyA vadhatAM 1890 bAda amadAvAdamAM mila-jina sTArsanI vepArI peDhIo zarU thaI. 18 raNachoDalAla tathA emanA anuyAyIoe amadAvAda tathA gujarAtamAM mila, UbhI karI e pahelAM ogaNIsamI sadInA cothA dAyakAmAM hindamAM menejiMga ejansInI prathA zarU thaI cUkI hatI. vepArI saMsthAnA mahatvanA bhAgarUpa gaNAtI A paddhati temaja saMyukta hissAvALI maMDaLIo (joint stock-companies)nI paddhati gujarAtanA vepArI-udyogapatioe apanAvI lIdhI. 19 gujarAtamAM paraMparAgata vepAra-udyoga saMyukta kuTuMbavyavasthA tathA bhAgIdArInA siddhAMta upara cAlatA, paraMtu moTA ane navA udyoga sthApavAmAM jokhamanuM tattva vizeSa hAI ane emAM bhAre mUDIrokANa Avazyaka heI joInTa sToka-kampanIonA siddhAMtane amala anivArya banyo. AvI kampanIonuM saMcAlana karanAra peDhIo menejiMga ejansIo' tarIke jANItI banI. gujarAtanA Arthika ItihAsamAM vepAra-udyoganA saMcAlana mATe navI saMsthAone udaya ane vikAsa, thavo e Arthika parivartananuM mahattvanuM sopAna hatuM. mila-udyogane bAda karatAM bIjA Adhunika udyoga gujarAtamAM vikasyA nahi Ane mATe gujarAtanI vepArI kemanuM rUDhicusta mAnasa javAbadAra hatuM, paraMtu mahad aMze te A paristhiti mATe IglenDanI sAmrAjyavAdI nIti ja javAbadAra hato. hiMdamAM navA Adhunika udyoga vikase evI murAda briTiza zAsakoe kadI sevelI nahi. A ja kAraNathI "mukta vepArInA siddhAMtanA oThA nIce emaNe aneka avarodha pedA karyA. udAharaNa tarIke 1882 mAM raNachoDalAlA choTAlAla, manasukhabhAI bhagubhAI, becaradAsa lazkarI ane pestanajI vakIla jevA amadAvAdI prajAe paMcamahAla jillAmAM lakhaMDa ane kelasAnI khANanuM kAma zarU karavA mATe "dhI gujarAta kela eNnDa Ayarna kampanI, limiTeDa'nI sthApanA karI, A sAhasa atyaMta jokhama-bhareluM ane vaNakheDAyeluM hAI kampanInA saMcAlakoe muMbaI sarakArane khANakAma mATe paMdara varSane ijAra ApavAnI vinaMtI karI, paraMtu muMbaI sarakAre A vinaMtIne asvIkAra karyo, AthI saMcAlakoe pheMdra sarakAra samakSa dhA nAkhI. emaNe emanA AvedanamAM jaNAvyuM ke hiMdane nirdhana, thatuM aTakAvavAmAM AvA pAyAnA udyoga ghaNuM madadarUpa nIvaDaze, paraMtu vAIsaroya, lorDa DapharIne A arajIne phagAvI dIdhI tethI nAchUTake kampanInA saMcAlakone

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286 briTiza kAla emanI A mahAna yojanAne sameTI levI paDI.70 Ama gujarAtamAM eka mahatvane * udyoga zarU thavAnI je zakyatAo UbhI thaI hatI te sAMsthAnika sarakAranA pratikULa valaNane lIdhe paDI bhAMgI. AvA pratikULa vAtAvaraNamAM navA udyoga UbhA thavAnI zakyatAo ghaNuM ochI hatI; Ama chatAM paNa gujarAtamAM vasamA saikAnI zarUAtamAM eka atyaMta mahavane udyoga zarU thaye. atyAra sudhI gujarAtI vepArIo cIlAcAlu mila* udyogamAM ja jhaMpalAvatA hatA, ene badale eka projake navI Dhabane udyoga - sthApavAno saMkalpa karyo. A prayojaka te gujarAtanA mahAna vaijJAnika prophesara 'tribhuvanadAsa kalyANadAsa gajajara (1863-1920). gajajare vaDodarAmAM kemikalsane udyoga sthApIne Adhunika udyoganA itihAsamAM navo cIle pADyo. bI. DI. amIna tathA kaTibhAskara nAmanA emanA bhAgIdArone sahakAra pAmIne emaNe vaDodarAmAM "elembika kemikala vasa'nI 1907 mAM sthApanA karI. gajajara A mahAna udyoganI sthApanA karI e pahelAM e vaDodarAnI sAyansa kolejamAM rasAyaNazAstranA adhyApaka rahI cUkyA hatA (1886-80). vaDodarAnI suprasiddha - Tekanikala koleja "kalAbhavananI sthApanA paNa emane ja AbhArI hatI. AvA bahALA dhaMdhAdArI anubhavane lIdhe ja gajajara "elembika' jevA aparaMparAgata udyoganI sthApanA karI zakyA hatA e noMdhapAtra che. emaNe A udyoga sthApavA mATe vaDodarAne pasaMdagI ApI e paNa sUcaka che. briTiza sarakAra AvA udyoga sAme karaDAInI najare jotI hatI e vAtathI e ajANa nahatA. bIjI tarapha gAyakavADa sarakAranI vepAra-udyogane uttejana ApavAnI nItithI paNa teo supere vAkepha hatA. agAu nepyuM che te mujaba vaDodarAnA mahArAjA sayAjIrAva gAyakavADe prajAne dAkhalo besADavAnA AzayathI 1882 mAM sutarAu kApaDanI mila -sthApI hatI. A uparAMta emaNe emanA rAjyamAM nAnA pAyA upara raMgATIkAma temaja kAca ane ITanAM audyogika ekama sthApyAM hatAM. Arthika vikAsanI nItine mUrta svarUpa ApavAnA uddezathI emaNe 192 mAM mahAna dezabhakta ane arthazAstranA niSNata ramezacaMdra dattanI mahesUlapradhAna tarIke nimaNUka karI hatI. Ama eka tarapha briTiza sarakAranI pratikuLa Arthika nIti ane bIjI tarapha vaDodarA sarakAranI vepAra ane hunnara-udyogane uttejana ApavAnI nItinA saMdarbhamAM gajajare vaDodarAne ja pasaMdagI ApI e e samayanA saMjogo sAthe susaMgata hatuM. - elembika kampanI mukhyatve dArU ane audyogika piTinuM utpAdana karatI. -A uparAMta eNe keTalIka auSadhIya cIjonuM utpAdana tema vecANa paNa karyuM hatuM,

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Arthika sthiti 87 paNa e ghaNuM a9pa pramANamAM. eNe AgaLa jatAM enA mAlanuM noMdhapAtra vizAkhana (diversification) karyuM, paraMtu 1914 pahelAMne enA utpAdanane lagabhaga ekamAtra jheka dArU ane audyogika spiriTa upara ane kAMIka aMze auSadhe upara hatA.73 tribhuvanadAsa gajajare raNachoDalAla cheTAlAlanI jema ja gujarAtanA vepArIoudyogapatione navI dizA batAvI hatI emAM zaMkAne sthAna nathI. A kAma mATe mAtra mUDI-rokANanI ja nahi, paNa rasAyaNazAstranA jJAnane vyavahAra dRSTie amalamAM mUkavAnI asAdhAraNa kunehanI jarUra hatI ane A TekanolojI gujarAta ane hiMdamAM ghaNuM alpa pramANamAM khIlI hatI. suthAra kuTuMbamAMthI AvatA gajajaramAM vijJAnane udyogamAM palaTAvavAnI pratibhA hatI. emaNe carotaranA pATIdAra jJAtimAM janmelA bhAIlAlabhAI amInanI madadathI vaDodarAmAM A kAma karyuM ane ene vikasAvyuM. uparyukta prayojakenI jJAtione atre ullekha eTalA mATe karavAmAM Avyo che ke AvAM dRSTAMta mekasa vebara ane emanA yuropIya anuyAyIoe pracalita karelA "jJAti-AdhArita siddhAMto sAthe sAthe lAlabattInI garaja sAre che. gujarAtamAM je vyaktioe navA udyoga zarU karyA temanI jJAtio tapAsatAM te UlaTAnI evI chApa Upase che ke A pracalita mAnyatAo karatAM aitihAsika vAstavikatA judI hatI. 3. uparyukta vizleSaNamAMthI keTalAMka tAratamya phalita thAya che. Arthika parivartananI daSTie gujarAtanA itihAsamAM briTiza kAla abhUtapUrva hatuM. gujarAta pahelI ja vAra eka evA dezanA zAsana nIce AvyuM ke je audyogika krAMtinA prAthamika tabakkAmAMthI pasAra thaI cUkyo hate. briTiza zAsane keTalAMka pragatizIla paribaLa vikasAvyAM. vAhana-vyavahAra ane saMdezAvyavahArane enA Adhunika svarUpamAM mUkanAra tathA gujarAtanAM gAmaDAMo ane zaherone Arthika dRSTie sAMkaLanAra (vizALa daSTie hiMdanA anya vistAra sAthe paNa) briTiza rAjya hatuM, pachI ene uddeza bhale game te heya. gujarAtamAM briTiza rAjya sthapAyuM te samaye e UMcA vepArI saMskAra dharAvatuM hatuM; Ama chatAM paNa ene saMsthAnavAdI-mUDIvAdI tabakkAmAMthI pasAra thavuM paDayuM tethI enI jUnI vepArI paraMparA tUTatI gaI, jayAre bIjI bAju, je navI Arthika prakriyA zarU thaI te IMglenDanI jarUriyAtane piSavA mATe thaI. khetInuM je vANijyIkaraNa thayuM tene mULa Azaya paNa IMglenDamAM rokaDiyA mAlanI nikAsa karavAne hate. khetInA kSetramAM gujarAta tArAja thaI gayuM ane

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288 - briTiza ae kheDUtanA hAthamAMthI jamIne zAhukAre ane zarAphanA hAthamAM cAlI gaI. agAu nevuM che te pramANe khaMbhAtamAM te kheDUtoe rAjya sAme khulleAma baLave karyo. briTiza vistAromAM paNa kheDUtone asaMtoSa tIvra banyo. briTiza zAsanane pariNAme jevI rIte eka tarapha gujarAtanAM gRhaudyoga tUTayA tevI ja rIte khetIvADI paNa nikRSTa dazAmAM mukAI gaI. Ama vizALa phalakamAM, ArthikadaSTie gujarAtamAM briTiza zAsana parivartanalakSI siddha thayuM, vikAsalakSI nahi. Ama chatAM paNa je rIte IMglenDa ane audyogika mAla utpanna karatuM hatuM ane gujarAtamAM ThAlavatuM hatuM e samagra bAbatane eka vizALa phalaka upara nihALanAra ane enuM vizleSaNa karI emAM suSupta svarUpamAM rahelI takone tAga kADhanAra vyaktio gujarAte A samaya daramyAna utpanna karI. gujarAtanI vividha jJAtiomAMthI AvatI AvI vyaktioe emanI projanazakti vaDe hunnaraudyoganA kSetramAM navo cIle pADo. Arthika parivartananuM A pAsuM sUkSama hovA chatAM UjaLuM hatuM. gujarAtamAM netAgIrInA Ugamane pariNAme mahAjana jevI purANu rItarasamo dharAvatI saMsthAo tUTatI gaI. "jUnI mUDI dharAvatA zarApha ane vepArIoe. jema jema emane mUDI-rokANanI dizA badalavA mAMDI tema tema mahAjananI maryAdA svIkAravAne badale navI DhabanA vepArI-saMgha racavAmAM vadhu vyavahAradakSatA, joI. 1891mAM amadAvAda mAM sthapAyela "mila mAlika maMDaLa" palaTAtI jatI paristhitinA pratIkarUpa hatuM. navAM Arthika paribaLoe janmAvelI navI zakyatAo ane jarUriyAtane saMteSI na zakanAra ane ene kalevaramAM saMjogAnusAra pheraphAra dAkhala karavAnI sthitisthApakatA na dharAvanAra mahAjana-saMsthA ogaNIsamAM rIkAnA aMtamAM mRtaprAya dazAmAM hatI. lagabhaga vIsamI sadInI zarUAtathI gujarAtamAM mUDIvAdI varga dRSTigocara thato gayo. enI sAthe sAthe (yuropanI jema ene pariNAme nahi) majUrane paNa na varga vadhate gaye. amadAvAda enA milaudyogane lIdhe A navAjhoka (trend)nuM keMdra banyuM. berojagAra banatA jatA kArIgarone gujarAtanI milee samAvyA. A prakriyA mahattavanI hatI, paNa bajAramAM le-vecanI anya cIjonI jema majUrI paNa mAMga ane puravaThAnA niyamone adhIna hoya che ne berojagAra kArIgaronI vadhatI jatI saMkhyAne mukAbale milenI saMkhyAnI jhaDapa kIDInI gatinI hatI. bIjI tarapha, mile sivAyanA Adhunika udyoga 1914

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Arthika sthiti pahelAM lagabhaga nahivat hatA. A samagra paristhitinA pratibhAvarUpe gujarAtI samAjanA vividha vargo me ane jJAtiomAMthI AvatA mANasoe (ahI vizleSaNanI dRSTie 'gujarAta' pratibhAva vyakta karyo kahevA karatAM enA vividha 'vargA' ane 'sAmAjika staranI koNI vadhu upayogI banI rahe che.) Arthika rASTravAdanuM hathiyAra ajamAvyu. paradezI zAsananA cAkaThAmAM pAMgaratI jatI A vividhalakSI ane jaTila prakriyA Arthika parivartananA saMdarbhamAM navI ane atyaMta sUcaka hatI. pAdaTIpa 1. Walter H., Geographical, Statistical and Historical Description of Hindostan and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1, pp. 604-725 2. vadhu vigatA mATe jue Tarashankar Banerji, Internal Market of India 1834-1900; James Robertson (Ed.), Western India : Reports Addressed to the Chambers of Commerce of Manchester, Liverpool and Glasgow by their Commissioner the late Alexander Mackay Esq. 3. Government of Bombay, Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, New series, no. CLXX1V, pp. 422-25 4. R. D. Choksey, Economic Life in the Bombay : Gujarat 1800-1939, pp. 65-82 5. BG : Vol. II, Surat and Broach, p. 220 6. vadhu vigata mATe jue Alexander Rogers, Land Revenue of Bombay, Vols. I and II. 7. B.H. Baden Powell, Land System of British India, Vol. III, p. 211 8. G. D. Patel, The Land Revenue Settlements and the British Rule in India, pp. 101-63; 253-57 9. Ibid., p. 13 10. R. D. Choksey, op. cit., p. 93 11. Ibid., pp. 93-95 12. karasanadAsa mULajI, 'nikha'dhamALA : sauMsAra sabaMdhI viSayeA', pR. 176-79 13. tribhASanadAsa ga'. paTela, 'dukALa vize niba'dha' 14. Parliamentary Paper no. 156 of 1890-91 entitled East India : Cambay Disturbances 15. 'prajAbaMdhu', tA. 23-5-1909, pR. 5-6 19

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20 briTiza kALa 16. vadhu mAhitI mATe jue P. G. Shah, The Dublas of Gujarat; Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (BG), Vol. IX, Part I. 17. BG, Vol IX, Part I, pp. 78-79 18. Ibid., pp. 78-87 19. vadhu vigata mATe jue H. G. Briggs, The Cities of Gujarashtra. 20. edalajI kha. paTela, 'suratanI tavArIkha', pR. 253-55, vAdaza rAjya, 'haribhakti gharANAnI hakIkatanuM pustaka', pR. 9-14; maganalAla vakhataca'da, 'amadAvAdanA itihAsa', pR. 254-75 21. ejana 22. 'jaina atihAsika rAsamALA', graMthAMka 24, bhA. 1, pR. 24 23. BG, Vol, IX, Part II, pp. 24-57; Briggs, op. cit., p., 145 24, Augustus Summers, 'An Account of the Agate and Carnelian Trade of Cambay', JBBRAS., Vol. III, Part I, pp. 318-27; Makrand Mehta, 'Indigenous Paper Industry and Muslim Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of Paper Technology and Trade in Ahmedabad with special reference to the 19th century.' Proceedings of the Seminar on Science and Technology in 18th -19th century. Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, 1980, pp. 136-166 25. BG, Vol. IX, Part II, pp. 24-57 26. Ibid., pp. 195-200 27. ratnamaNirAva bhImarAva, 'gUjarAtanu' pATanagara : amadAvAda', rR, 545 28. E. Waghburn Hopkins, India : Old and New, p. 102; Kenneth L. Gillion, Ahmedabad : A Study in Indian Urban History, pp. 10-13 29. 'khatapatra' tarIke eLakhAtA A dastAveja bheA. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAdamAM tathA vAdarAnI ma.sa. yunivarsi'TInA itihAsa vibhAgamAM sacavAyelA che. 31. Ibid., p. 107 30. BG, Vol. IV, p. 14 72. Ibid., p. 107., BG., Vol. II, pp. 441-42 33. BG, Vol. IV, p. 112 34. Hopkins, op. cit., p. 178 35. vadhu vigata mATe jue 2. bhI. joTa, uparyukta, pR. 542-562. 36. ejana, pR. 545-562 37. ejana, 5, 548-549; Hopkins, op. cit., p. 193 38. BG, Vol. IX, Part I, pp. 117-202

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Arthika sthiti 361 36. Hamilton, op. cit., p. 695; BG, Vol. III, p. 76 40. vadhu vigata mATe juo bhavAnIzaMkara joSI, "paradezI mAla ApaNA dezamAM taiyAra thavA eu @414 Qloral MS 22 ? "yre 441 21" (44) Y=. 23, 24*} 92, Y. 284-90. 89. ., y. 21, 24'5 C, 7. 990 8. A, R. Desai, Social Background of Indian Nationalism, pp. 15 f. 83. Ibid., pp. 15 f. 88. James Forbes, Oriental Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 227 f. 84. Mrs. Postans, Western India in 1838, Vol. I, p. 298; Briggs, op. cit., pp. 182 ff. 84. E. G. Fawcett, 'Report on the Collectors of Abmedabad', Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, New series, no. 5, pp. 80-82; Briggs, op. cit., pp. 266-67 89. Hamilton, op. cit., p. 616; Mrs. Postans, op. cit., p. 288 re. William Milburn, Oriental Commerce containing a Geographical Description of the Principal Places in the East Indies, China and Japan with their Produce, Manufactures, and Trade, including the Coasting of Country Trade from Port to Port, Vol. I, pp. 238 ff., Robertson, op. cit., pp. 232-63; Thomas Pennant, The View of Hindostan, Vol. I, pp. 60 ff. xe. Fawcett, op. cit., pp. 80-82; Summers, op. cit., p. 318; Rere Hopia Ath. arte, zeuda sasiri,' 4. 920-939 40. Briggs, op. cit., p. 317 49. Edaljl Dosabhai, History of Gujarat from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, p. 294; Imperial Gazetteer of India: Bombay Presidency, Vol. I, pp. 76 f.; BG, Vol. II, pp. 163, 418-421 52. vadhu vigata mATe juo Morris David, "Towards a Reinterpretation of Nineteenth Century Indian Economic History', The Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol. V, pp. 1ff., Morris David Morris, 'Values as an Obstacle to Economic Growth in South Asia : A Historical Survey', The Journal of Economic History, Vol. XXVII, No. 4, pp. 588 ff. 43. Forbes, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 217 48. Robert Orme, Historical. Fragments of the Mogul Empire, pp. 405 ff.; Briggs, op. cit., p. 134

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292 briTiza kAra 55. vadhu mAhitI mATe juo buka, pu. 22, aMka 11, pR. 20-21; pu. 23, aM. 1, pR. 20-21; 5. 23, aM. 12, pR. 265-270; pu. 25, aM. 6, pR. 137-40; pu. 33, aM. 6, pR. 122-127; pu. 41, aM. 3, pR. 75-76; narahari dvArakAdAsa parIkha, dIvAna bahAdura aMbAlAlabhAI : jIvana darzana'. 59. dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAI, dalapata kAvya', pR. 77-86 57. buka, pu. 23, aMka 12, pR. 265-70 58. buma, 5, 25, aMka 6, pR. 137-40 59. gujarAtamAM 1904thI 1908 daramyAna thayela svadezI AMdolananI pravRttio mATe jue 'prajAbaMdhu', 14-5-1905, pu. 5-7; 4-2-1906, pR. 12-13; 11-8-1907, pR. 19; maganabhAI caturabhAI paTela, svadezI hilacAla', Maharaja Sayajirao, Speeches and Addresses, 1877-1910, Vol. I, Baroda Government, Baroda Administration Report, 1904-05 to 1908-09. 60. zivaprasAda rAjagara, gujarAtanA vahANavaTAne ItihAsa', pR. 146-47 61. A viSacanI saiddhAMtika carcA mATe juo Arthur H. Cole, Business Enter prize in its Social; Setting; J. A. Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development; Dwijendra Tripathi, 'Indian Entrepremeurship in Historical Perspective-A Reinterpretation', Econo nomic and Political Weekly, Vol. VI, pp. M59-M 65 82. Bhagwanlal R. Badshah, The Life of Rao Bahadur Ranchhodlal Chhotalal C.I.E. 83. Makarnd Mehta, The Ahmedabad Cotton Textile Industry : Genesis and Growth, pp. 151-55 64. Ibid, pp. 166 f. 54 Baroda Government, Report on the Administration of the Barcda State for 1882-83, p. 68. . 66. Bombay Government, General Report on the Administration of the Bombay Presidency for the year 1864-65, pp. 212 ff. 67. Ibid, year 1865-66, pp. 520 ft. $6. Somerset Playne, The Bombay Presidency, The United Provinces The Punjab etc. Their History, People, Commerce and Natural Resources, pp. 64-103. 5EURMehta, op. cit., pp. 140 ff. Blair Kling, 'The Origin of the Ma naging Agency System in India', The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XXVI, pp. 37 ff.

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Arthika sthiti 863 Jo. Badshah, op. cit., pp. 34 f. Oz. B. D. Amin, The Rise and Growth of Alemebic Chemical Works 02. ay card H12 oyal Administration Reports of the Baroda State for the years 1882-83 to 1907-08. 193. Dwijendra Tripathi and Makrand Mehta, Business Houses in Western India : A Study in Entrepreneurial Response, 1850-1956, pp. 167 ff.

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pariziSTa-1 gujarAtanAM baMdaronI avanati ane vahANavaTuM 1. gujarAtanAM baMdaranI avanati vepAra ane udyoganA vikAsa mATe haMmezAM zAMtinI jarUra che. marAThA zAsana daramyAna mulkagIrI-paddhatine kAraNe tathA vepArIone bAna tarIke pakaDI paisA, paDAvavAnI nItine kAraNe udyoga vepAra ane khetI upara ghaNuM mAThI asara thaI. hatI. sane 1817 mAM amadAvAda aMgrejonA zAsana nIce AvyuM ane 1818 ane 1820 mAM gAyakavADa sAthe tathA pezavA sAthe 1817 ane 1819 mAM thayelA kalakarArane kAraNe aMgrejonI sattA gujarAtamAM sarvopari banI ane samagra dezamAM zAMti prasarI, AthI vepAra-udyoga mATenuM amuka aMze sAnukuLa vAtAvaraNa ghaDAyuM. 1807nA saurASTranA rAjavIo sAthenA "vokara seTalamenTanI eka kalama mujaba teoe cAMciyAgIrI choDI devAnuM ane emanI hadamAM vAvAjhoDAthI taNAI AvelAM vahANenA bhaMgAra ane mAla uparathI hakka uThAvI levAnuM svIkAryuM. vaLI briTiza naukAsainyanI tAkAtane kAraNe paNa cAMciyAgIrIne aMta Avyo. Ama suvyavasthA sthapAI chatAM khetI ane udyogonI avadazAne kAraNe ane varALathI cAlatI AgaboTa samudra-vyavahAramAM dAkhala thavAthI gujarAtanAM dhIkatAM baMdara, jevAM ke surata bharUca khaMbhAta bhAvanagara vagerenA dariyAI vepAramAM oTa AvI. surata tathA khaMbhAtanAM bArAM kAMpanA jamAvane lIdhe chIcharAM thaI gayAM hatAM. khaMbhAtanA akhAtane mathALAne bhAga kAMpathI purAI gayuM hatuM, AthI A baMdara AgaboTa mATe nakAmAM banI gayAM hatAM. tApImAM avAranavAra AvatI rele tathA Agee suratanI samRddhine nAza karyo hate. aMgrejoe emanI keDI, suratanA navAbanA trAsane kAraNe muMbaI pheravavAthI muMbaInA baMdarane udaya thaye ane suratane vepAra tyAM ghasaDAI gaye. relavenA Agamanane kAraNe muMbaIne enA AMtarapradeza sAthe saMbaMdha baMdhAye tathA 1868mAM suvejhanI nahera khullI thatAM gujarAtanAM baMdara mAThI dazAmAM AvI paDyAM. siMdhanA karAMcI baMdaranA udaya sAthe karachanA mAMDavI ane lakhapata baMdarane vepAra khUba ghaTI gaye. 1819nA kacchanA dharatIkaMpane kAraNe kerI khADI chIcharI banI gaI, tethI surata kaccha ane saurASTranA leke muMbaI ne karAMcI tarapha AkarSAyA ane gujarAtanAM vahANavaTA tathA vepArane

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pariziSTa (gujarAtanAM baMdhanI avanati ane vahANavaTuM) . dhakko lAge. A uparAMta 18 mI sadInA aMtabhAgamAM bhAratanA kApaDanI AyAta karavA upara iMglenDa ane yuropanA bIjA dezoe pratibaMdha mUktAM gujarAtanA kApaDa-udyoga upara mAThI asara thaI. IsTa InDiyA kampanInI dhAkadhamakI-bharI nItithI vaNakaree kaMTALIne A dhaMdhe cheDI dIdhe tethI paNa kApaDa udyoga para mAThI asara thaI. varALamaMtra zedhAtAM hAthazALanuM kApaDa moMghuM thayuM ne 1920 mAM gujarAtamAM iMglenDathI kApaDanI sauthI prathama vAra AyAta thaI ane khaMbhAtathI kApaDanI nikAsa ghaTI gaI. A sivAya bhAratanAM vahANa dvArA vepAra karavA iMglenDe pratibaMdha mUkatAM gujarAtanA vahANa bAMdhavAnA udyogamAM eTa AvI ane Ama aMgrejI zAsana daramyAna yaMtra dvArA banatA sastA mAlanI AyAta vadhI. gujarAtanA udyoga AthI nAmazeSa thayA. vahANavaTuM mAtra saurASTra-kacchanAM dezI rajavADAMonA pratsAhanane kAraNe TakI rahyuM jyAre surata bharUca khaMbhAta vagerenA vepAramAM oTa AvI. 185; pachI relave-lAIna nakhAtAM tathA DelahAusInA zAsana daramyAna tAra-TapAlanI sagavaDa vadhatAM AMtarika vepAramAM sudhAro thaye.1 gujarAtanAM baMdaronI 1818-1914 nA gALAnI vigata nIce pramANe che: surata - I.sa. 1813 ne dukALa, navAbane AMtarakalaha ane tyAra pachI vividha kAraNosara taMgIne kAraNe suratane vepAra ghaTayo. 1818 mAM maMdInI zarUAta thaI. 1821 mAM varADa prAMta sAthe muMbaInA sIdhe vyavahAra thavAthI suratane vepAra kamI thayo. mAtra rUnI gAMsaDIo suratathI muMbaI nikAsa thatI hatI. sane 1826mAM makkA ane jeddAnA keTalAka vepArIoe devALuM kADhatAM vepArIo pAyamAla thaI gayA. suratane dariyAI vepAra 1801 mAM rU. eka karoDane hato te 1830 mAM ghaTIne rU. 80 lAkha thaI gayuM hatuM ane 1875mAM pacAsa lAkha thaI gayA. 1825-37 ne gALa surata mATe kharAba hataH rela ane Age ghaNuM nukasAna karyuM hatuM. 1838 nuM varSa sauthI kharAba hatuM. 1840 pachI kAMIka sudhAre thayo. 1849-50 mAM suratanI AyAta rUA. 31 lAkhanI hatI, jyAre nikAsa rU. 40 lAkhanI hatI. sane 1851-1858 ne gALo vepAra mATe sAre gayA. 1856-58 daramyAna surata relave-mAge muMbaI sAthe joDAyuM. amerikana AMtaravigrahane kAraNe suratathI rUnI nikAsa 1861-65 daramyAna vadhI ane bhAvamAM khUba uchALo AvatAM nANAMnI relamachela thaI. A uparAMta spiniMga mila, kAgaLanuM kArakhAnuM, chana presa vagere sthapAtAM suratanA navajIvananI zarUAta thaI. 1866-81 daramyAna suratamAM aneka kArakhAnAM vadhyAM hatA. suratamAM prathama AgaboTa 1845 mAM AvI hatI. I.sa. 1874 mAM

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raha4 briTiza kahe suratamAM rU. 32,902 nI AyAta ane rU. 24,03,390nI nikAsa thaI hatI. sane 1874-75mAM sarerAza 18.53 Tana vajananAM 1,533 vahANa AvyAM hatAM, jyAre sarerAza 18.75 Tana vajananAM 2,06pa vahANa dvArA nikAsa thaI hatI. suratane paradeza sAthe vepAra nahivata thaI gayo hato. nIcene kaThe suratanA vahANavaTAne khyAla Ape cheH suratanI AyAta nikAsa 1874-75 suratathI tene 228 K 10 128 kramAMka baMdaranuM nAma surata AvelAM vahANu gayelAM vahANa saMkhyA Tana saMkhyA 1. karAMcI 262 2. mAMDavI 1 40 9 116 3. saurASTranAM baMdara 294 5,801 382 5,383 4. gujarAtanAM baMdara 637 10,482 767 9,507 5. muMbaI 299 7,388 184 3,678 6. kAMkaNuM 267 3,220 247 2,907 7. dIva damaNa govA 17 338 223 8. kAlIkaTa 465 kula - 1,533 28,407 1,428 22,280 uparane kaThe spaSTa kare che ke, suratane vepAra gujarAtanAM baMdaro, koMkaNa, malabAra ane siMdha pUratuM maryAdita rahyo hato. suratathI anAja, kaThoLa, mahuDAnAM phUla, imAratI lAkaDuM ane vAMsanI nikAsa thatI hatI, jyAre kekaNathI cekhA, ribaMdarathI paththara, khaMbhAtathI tamAku, bharUcathI rU, muMbaIthI lokhaMDa, govAthI nALiyera ane dIva-damaNathI mAchalInI AyAta thatI hatI. pAke mAla, jevo ke sUtara, kApaDa, rezamI kApaDa, gaLI vagerenI nikAsa sAva baMdha hatI. 1876 ane 1887mAM rele ane 1889 mAM Age suratanI khUba khAnAkharAbI karI hatI, tA. 31-11-1896 nA roja surata tApInI khINa sAthe relave mArge DAyuM hatuM, AthI suratanA vepArane protsAhana maLyuM haze, A pradezanAM anAja ane rUnI nikAsa surata dvArA muMbaI tathA anya pradeza sAthe vadhI haze. milaudyoga ane jarI-udyoga vikasatAM khAsa karIne nikAsane protsAhana maLyuM hatuM, suratanA bArAmAM I.sa. 1855 nA 400-500 khAMDInAM ane 1876 mAM 500 thI 600 khAMDInAM vahANa AvatAM hatAM. 1863mAM AvelI AgabeTa 1,121 khAMDInI

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pariziSTa (gujarAtanAM daranI avanati ane vahANavaTu) A magadallA sudhI AvelI, hAla tApImAM meATI bharatI vakhate surata sudhI 50 Tana -sudhInAM vahANu AvI zake che. khaMbhAta ogaNIsamI sadI daramyAna khaMbhAtaneA vepAra ghaTI gayA hatA. ghI, nALi cera, akIkanI vastue, kapAsa, kapAsiyA, sUtara, sUkreA mevA, raMga, anAja, kariyANu, hAthIdAMta ane enI vastue, mahuDAM, rezama, sAjI, paththara, imAratI lAkaDuM', tamAku, lAkaDAnA cUDA, vagerenI A baMdarethI AyAta-nikAsa thatI hatI. sane 1839-40 mAM kApaDanI AyAta rU. 15,650 nI ane nikAsa rU. 1,58,270nI 'hatI. 1874-75 mAM kApaDanI AyAta rU. 7,120 nI ane nikAsa rU. 1,32,270 nI hatI. sane 1877-78 mAM kApaDanI AyAta rU. 1,91,265 nI ane nikAsa rU. 1910nI hatI. sane 1877-78 mAM kula AyAta rU. 13,17,290 nI ane nikAsa rU. 90,01,70 nI thaI hatI. khaMbhAtane paradezIe 'duniyAnu vajra' kahetA hatA, paraMtu dADha saikAmAM enI sthiti evI thaI ke peAtAnI vaparAzanuM kApaDa paNu paradezathI AyAta karavAnA vakhata AvyA. sane 1878 mAM kula 10,000 TananAM 566 vahANu AvyAM hatAM temAM kacchathI 61, saurASTramAMthI 58, porTugIjha khaMdAethI 25, taLa gujarAtanAM baMdaroethI 248, muMbaIthI 134 ane DhAMkaNathI 40 vahANu AvyAM hatAM. hiMda bahAranAM ane kAMkaNathI dakSiNanAM ane pUrva kinArAnAM baMdarA sAthenA khaMbhAtanA vepAra sAva kapAI gayA hatA. khaMbhAtamAM AvatAM vahANu khatelA' prakAranAM cha TananAM nAnAM hatAM. 1864mAM muMbaI-amadAvAda relave thatAM khaMbhAta uttara gujarAtamAM lazkara meAkalavA upayegamAM levAtuM hatuM. sArI meAsamamAM 50-60 atelA ane paDAva jAtanAM vahANu AvatAM hatAM. relave thatAM kha'bhAta khuNAmAM paDI jatAM enA vepAra ghaTI gayA hatA. 1878 mAM dukALane kAraNe A baMdarethI anAjanI AyAta karavAmAM AvI hatI. I.sa. 1852-1865 sudhI mu`baI surata khAMbhAta ane dheAdhAnI vacce nAnI AgoTA dvArA AvA thatI hatI. A aMdarane khIlavavA navAbe prayatne khAsa karyA na hatA. 1837 mAM kha'bhAtanA akhAtanI dariyAI meAjaNI karavAmAM AvI hatI. 1912 mAM pAkI jeTI AMdhavAmAM AvI hatI ane ane UMDA pANI sudhI laMbAvavAmAM AvI hatI. magaravADI ane khaMbhAta vacce AvelA kheoNka' vahANavaTA mATe bhayajanaka hatA. 1903mAM khaMbhAtane vepAra rU. 6,50,000 neA hateA. A vepAra dinapratidina ghaTatA gayA hatA.pa bhUtakALamAM 300 Tana sudhInAM vahANu khabhAtanA khArAmAM bharatI vakhate AvI zakatAM hatAM.

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va bharUca briTiza kAlA bharUcanA vepAra mukhyatve kacchanA mAMDavI ane dakSiNamAM DhAMkaNu ane muMbaI tathA saurASTranAM badA sAthe rahyo hatA. bharUcanuM rU surata ke muMbaI jatuM hatuM. bharUcathI lAkaDu* saurASTranAM bhAvanagara taLAjA mahuvA verAvaLa mAMgarALa porabaMdara vagere badarIe jatu` hatu`. 1815-16 mAM bharUcanI AyAta-nikAsa rU. 26 lAkhanI hatI, je paikI rU. 14,77,800 nA mAlanI AyAta thaI hatI, jyAre rU. 11,90, 000 nA mAlanI nikAsa thaI hatI. A paikI 8 lAkha rU.nI rU nI ja nikAsa hatI. 1837-47 daramyAna ene sarerAza vaipAra rU. 44,917 jeTalA hatA. 1837- 1875 daramyAna A baMdarethI mahuDAnAM phUla ane ghauMnI nikAsa karAI hatI, jyAre gALa cokhA pAna DeLAM vAMsa ane sAganI AyAta karAI hatI. muMbaI anAja ane rU mAkalAyela, tyAMthI lekhaDa kAlase dAraDAM vagerenI AyAta thaI hatI. malabArathI kAthI nArnALayera pAna marI ane sukhaDanI AyAta karAI hatI. saurASTra ane kaccha mATe anAja kapAsiyA naLiyAM ane baLataNanuM lAkaDu nikAsa karela, jyAre tyAMthI paththaranI AyAta thaI hatI. karAMcI sAthe upara mujaba vepAra hatA. prasaMgApAtta jha'jhIbArathI sapheda khajUranI AyAta karAtI hatI. bhaca mahI ane nadA vaccenA pradeza tathA ratalAma ane mALavA mATenA vepAranuM vitaraNa- keMdra hatuM. relave lAina 1861mAM zarU thatAM bharUcane vepAra ghaTayo hatA. 1874 mAM ene vepAra phakta rU. 2,27,409 nA hatA. sane 1903 mAM bharUcanA kula vepAra rU. 31 lAkhaneA hatA. 80-100 TananAM vahANa bharUca sudhI AvI zakatAM hatAM. dhAghA I.sa. 1817 mAM mAla upara levAtI jakAta kADhI nAkhI gheghA ane dholerAnAM baMdarAne vikasAvavA prayatna thayA hatA. gujarAta ane kacchanA mAla vIramagAma thaIne gADA raste dheAlerA lAvavAmAM AvatA hatA. vAghA baMdaranA vepAra aphINa, kAzmIrI zAla ane rUnA hatA. kapaDavaMja ne luNAvADAne raste mALavAnuM aphINu dheAdhA thaIne cIna jatuM hatuM. 1846 sudhInAM pAMca varaseA daramyAna rU. 14 lAkhanI 1,400 peTInI aphINanI nikAsa dheAdhAthI thaI hatI. rU. 10 lAkhanI kAzmIrI zAlAnI 1834-1846 daramyAna nikAsa thaI hatI. e pramANe 1,760 Tana rU dhAdhAthI paradeza gayuM hatuM. dhe:ghAnA baMdare 50-250 TananAM vahANu baMdhAtAM hatAM. 1860-64 daramyAna amerikana AMtara-vigrahane kAraNe dheAdhAnA vepAra vadhyA hatA. AMtara-vigraha baMdha thatAM A vepAra ghaTI gayA hatA ne bhAvanagaranA dare

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::: parizie (gujarAtamAM baMdhanI avanati ane vahANavaTuM) A vepAra kheMcAI gayA hatA. bhAvaganara rAjaye 1880mAM relave lAina nAkhatAM ghoghAne vepAra tadana ghaTI gayuM hatuM. gheghAnI cAre bAju bhAvanagarane mulaka hato. dholerA dholerAnuM navuM baMdara prathama bAvaLiyAvI khADI upara hatuM. tyArabAda khUna baMdara 1850 mAM vikasAvavAmAM AvyuM. sane 1863 mAM pUrAM thatAM dasa varasa daramyAna rUnI nikAsa rU. 97,56,690 thI vadhIne rU. 4,78,33,260 jeTalI thaI hatI. vIramagAma-vaDhavANa relave lAIna thatAM dholerAne vepAra ghaTI gayuM hatuM. lerAthI anAja ane tela bharUca ane surata keIka vAra jatAM hatAM ane anAja ane rU muMbaI mokalAtAM hatAM. 1878 mAM rU. 1,70,00,000 nA rUnI dholerAthI nikAsa thaI hatI. anya baMdare sane 1874 mAM surata jillAnAM baMdaranI AyAta-nikAsa nIce mujaba hatI : baMdaranuM nAma e AyAta rU. mAM AyAta 3 mAM nikAsa rU. mAM kula bilimorA 2,58,580 9,86,450 12,45,030. valasADa 62,680 7,86,370 8,49,050. umarasADI 16,790 1,27,720 1,44,510. navasArI 25,310 97,880, 1,23, 190. kolaka 12,550 32,320 44,870 . 120 12,290 12,410 AyAta karatAM nikAsanuM pramANa vadhAre rahyuM che. oraMgA upara AvelA valasADanA baMdare 2,65 vahANa AvyAM hatAM,. jyAre 2,028 vahANa kAMThAnA vepAramAM rokAyelAM hatAM. valasADane vepAra suratanI mAphaka gujarAta saurASTra kaccha kekaNanAM baMdaro ane kAlIkaTa ne karAMcI sAthe mukhyatve hato. 38,67ra TananI AyAta hatI, jyAre 40,087 Tana mAlanI valasADathI nikAsa thaI hatI. khullA samudrathI umarasADI 16 kimI, navasArI 22.4 kimI, surata 16 kimI., valasADa 8 ki.mI., bilimerA 18ra ki.mI., maTavADa 14.4 ki.mI. ane bhagavA 4.8 ki.mI. dUra AvyAM che. surata navasArI valasADa ane umarasADI relave dvArA joDAyAM hovAthI ene aMdaranA bhAga sAthe vepAra TakI rahyo hato. A uparAMta jaMbusara TaMkAriyA kAvI kelaka vagerene sthAnika geDe ghaNe vepAra hateA.10: bhagavA

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briTiza kAla saurASTranAM badara saurASTramAM 184ra mAM kara baMdara hatAM. relavenA Agamana pUrve dareka khADI ' uparanuM nAnuM ke moTuM baMdara aMdaranA pradeza sAthe vepAra mATe upayogI hatuM, kAMpathI purAI javAne kAraNe ke mAlanI heraphera baMdha thavAthI dasa baMdara baMdha thaI gayAM hatAM. joDiyA beDI salAyA porabaMdara navIbaMdara mAMgaroLa verAvaLa jApharAbAda mahuvA taLAjA ane bhAvanagarane vepAra sAro hate. etihAsika baMdara kahI zakAya tevAM dIva somanAtha mAMgaroLa ane ghoghA paikI mAMgaroLane ja vepAra TakI rahyo hate. lorDa DelahAusInA zAsana daramyAna bhAratanAM badhAM baMdarone ekahaththu vahIvaTa karavAne ene vicAra AvyuM hatuM. lorDa keniMge A darakhAsta dhapAvIne bhAvanagara tathA vaDodarA rAjya pAse samAna jakAtanI mAgaNI svIkArAvI hatI (1860-1865). bIjA rAjyoe 1863 mAM A darakhAsta nakArI kADhI hatI tethI bhAvanagarane vepAra ghaTI gayA hatA. 1857nA svAtaMtrya-saMgrAma vakhate madada - karavAthI 1860 nI aMgreja sarakAra sAthenI saMdhine kAraNe bhAvanagarane briTiza baMdara jevo darajajo maLatAM ene mAla bhAratanA keI paNa bhAgamAM jakAta bharyA sivAya mukta rIte nikAsa thaI zakato hato. 1903 mAM lorDa karjhane samAna jakAta ane vahIvaTanI darakhAsta saurASTranAM badhAM rAjyone karI hatI, paNa e saurASTranAM rAe na svIkAratAM bhArata sarakAre saurASTramAMthI nikAsa thatA mAla upara jakAta, nAkhI saurASTranAM be daronI pragati rUMdhI hatI, 1910 mAM hiMdI vajIra lorDa molIe A anyAyI pagaluM bhAvanagara pUratuM pAchuM kheMcI lIdhuM hatuM. viramagAma ane dhaMdhukAnI jakAtabArI 1903 pachI astitvamAM AvI hatI. saurASTranAM baMdaronI vigata nIce mujaba che: 11 bhAvanagara: khaMbhAtanA akhAta upara aMdaranA bhAgamAM ATha ki.mI. lAMbI khADI upara A baMdara AveluM che. 10.5 mITara jeTalI meTI bharatIne kAraNe A baMdare moTI bharatI vakhate 54', 27" pANuM rahetuM hatuM ane sTImara mATe dhakkA upara lAMgaravAnuM zakya banatuM. eTa vakhate paNa 22', 10" pANuM rahetuM hatuM. 1760-1810 sudhI rAjasthAna, mALavA, uttara gujarAta ane uttara bhArata sAthe bhAvanagarane vepAra jamInamArge cAlatA hatA. khAMDa anAja molAsIjha rU vagerenI nikAsa thatI hatI. agAu maskata basarA mokhA jeddA jhAMjhIbAra moreziyasa mojhAmbika zrIlaMkA malAkkA penAga cIna ke kaNa ane malabAra sAthe ene vepAra ha. sane 1880 pachI relave-mArga dvArA saurASTranA aMdaranA bhAge tathA - gujarAtanA anya bhAge sAthe joDAtAM ene vepAra khUba vadhe hate. mile jIna

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parizie (gujarAtanAM baMdaranI avanati ane vahANavaTuM) 31, presa vagerene kAraNe kApaDa-udyoga vikasyo hato ane rU nikAsa thatuM hatuM. sane 1832 mAM gheghAne vikAsa hAtha dharAtAM bhAvanagarane vepAra ghaTI gayA hatA, paNa 1846-47 pachI ene vepAra vadhavA lAgyuM hatuM. sane 1879-80 mAM saurASTranA kula dariyAI vepAranI kula Avaka paikI 62 TakA hisse bhAvanagarane hato. 77-78 mAM rU. 77,88,170 mAlanI AyAta thaI hatI, jyAre rU. 90,31,630 nA mAlanI nikAsa thaI hatI. 1880-81 mAM AyAta-nikAsa anukrame rU. 11,96,250 ane rU. 1,16,49,210nI hatI. sane 1903 mAM bhAvanagaranI AyAta-nikAsa rU. 221 lAkhanI hatI. Ama bhAvanagare ene vikAsa cAlu rAkhyuM hatuM. 1879-80 daramyAna saurASTranAM mukhya baMdaronI Avaka ane AyAta-nikAsa nIce mujaba hatI ? baMdaranuM nAma AyAta rU. nikAsa rU. baMdaranI kula Avaka. bhAvanagara 77,91,030 48,82,290) 17,57,487 62 TakA mahuvA 25,81,890 23,23,440 taLAjA 1,51,670 1,18,440). verAvaLa 2798,940 8,35,5301 4,5,338 16.6 TakA, mAMgaroLa 7,34,390 77,035) beDI 13,58,640 4,18,390) joDiyA 7,43,200 6,17,600 3,90,832 14.0 TakA salAyA 4,17,860 3,55,630). porabaMdara 4,70,430 2,88,895 1,04,090 4.0 TakA, merabI (vavANiyA) - 38,143 13 TakA, jApharAbAda, - 65,524 2.1 TakA , navIbaMdara 2,30,050 51,470 saurASTranAM baMdarane pUrva AphrikAnAM baMdara, jhAMjhIbAra, rAtA samudra tathA IrAnI akhAtanAM baMdaro tathA muMbaI kekaNu tathA malabAra zrIlaMkA vagerenAM baMdaro sAthe bahALo vepAra hatA. 1880 bAda bhAvanagara gAMDaLa jUnAgaDha morabI jAmanagara vageree relave lAIna nAkhatAM saurASTranAM baMdarone vepAra khUba vadhyA hatA. 1903 mAM bhAvanagara verAvaLa ane beDIne vepAra anukrame rU. 221, 44 ane 22 lAkhane hateA.13 kacchanA mAMDavI tUNa muMjA jakhau lakhapata rehara chaMjUDA ane keTezvara baMdarane pUrva AphrikA, IrAnI akhAta tathA rAtA samudranA deze tathA malabAra sAthe bahALe. vepAra hatA. kasTama yuniyanamAM na joDAvAne kAraNe kacchane vepAra ghaTI gayuM hate.. karAMcInA udayane kAraNe mAMDavI ane lakhapatanA vepArane phaTako paDyo hato. 1818

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-30ra briTiza kAla AsapAsa kacchane muMbaI sAthe cheDe vepAra cAlato hate. 14 thI 180 TananAM 800 vahANa dvArA je mokhA mastaka basarA heramajha buzAyara vagere baMdaro tema makarANa ane kekaNa malabAra ane zrIlaMkAnAM baMdaro sAthe kacchane vepAra cAlatuM hatuM. kacchamAM vahANa bAMdhavAne udyoga sArI rIte cAlatA hatA. kaTiyA paDAva nAvaDI vagere baMdhAtAM hatAM ane yuropanA deza e vahANe kharIdatA hatA. jhaDapa tathA majabUtAI mATe A vahANa jANatAM hatAM.14 ratnamaNirAvano abhiprAya ogaNIsamI sadInA aMtasamayanA vahANavaTA mATe ratnamaNirAve jaNAvyuM che: "ApaNe moTe kinAre dezI rAjyane hevAthI karacha-saurASTranuM vahANavaTuM akhaMDa rahyuM. dezI kArIgarone hAthe vahANa baMdhAvI arabastAna IrAna AphrikA silena sudhI gujarAtanuM vahANa, sTImaro thavA chatAM paNa, cAlu rahyAM hatAM ane have ene vepAra kevaLa dezIonA hAthamAM vahANe dvArA thatuM hatuM. taLa gujarAtanAM surata Adi baMdaro temaja khaMbhAtanA akhAtanAM baMdarone paNa dezI vahANa dvArA thoDo vepAra cAlu rahyo. A uparAMta muMbaI ane karAMcInA dariyAI vepAramAMthI yuropIya tatva kADhI nAkhIe to bAkIne badhe vepAra hiMdu memaNa pArasI bajA vorA vagere gujarAtIonA hAthamAM ja rahyo che ane muMbaInA AMkaDA sAthe dezI rAjanAM baMdarone AMkaDe meLavavAmAM Ave te gujarAtane dariyAI vepAra ogaNIsamI sadInA hiMdustAnanA anya prAMti sAthe sarakhAvatAM ghaNe ja vadhAre hatA. vahANa bAMdhavAne udyoga moTA pramANamAM saurASTra ane kacchamAM hatA, bIje -badhe baMdha jevo hate.15 vIsamI sadInI zarUAtamAM saurASTra-gujarAtane relave vikAsa cAlu rahyo hate. saurASTranAM baMdaranuM mITarageja dvArA dilhI ane uttara bhArata sAthe joDANa thatAM ene vepAra vadhe hate. 1910 pachI bhAvanagara sivAyanAM bIjAM baMdarane vikAsa viramagAmanI lAInadorIne kAraNe rUMdhAyuM hatuM, paNa bhAvanagaranA baMdarI vepAranI vikAsa-kUca cAlu rahI hatI. 1914nA prathama vizvayuddhane kAraNe gujarAtane baMdarI vepAra rUMdhAyA hatA. sthAnika kAMThAne ja muMbaI kaNa malabAra siMdha ke gujarAtanAM baMdare sAthe paraspara dariyAI vepAra cAlu rahyo hate. jahAjI udyoga gujarAtamAM vahANa bAMdhavAne udyoga ogaNIsamI sadInA pUrvArdha daramyAna dhamadhokAra cAlatuM hatuM. AgaboTa-yuganA Agamanane kAraNe 1850 thI saurASTra

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pariziSTa (gujarAtanAM baMdaronI avanati ane vahANavaTu) 304 karacha sivAyanA vistAramAM A udyogamAM oTa AvI hatI. suratanA prakhyAta -lavajI vADiyAnA vaMzajo jamazedajI nasaravAnajI khurazedajI jahAMgIra jamazedajI aradezara vageree 1792-1884 daramyAna bombe DokayArDanA dhakkAmAM aneka jhaDapI ane majabUta vahANa bAMdhyAM hatAM, je paikI keTalAMka briTana ane bIjA dezanA naukA-kAphalA mATe baMdhAyAM hatAM. vizrAma khImajInAM vahANa salAyAmAM baMdhAyAM hatAM evI noMdha ke. bI. vadhe lIdhI che. motIcaMda amIcaMda(1845-1911)nAM 4. vahANu hatAM, je paikI keTalAMka 600-1000 TananAM hatAM ane pesenjarazipa hatAM. emaNe pitAnI dekharekha nIce 30 vahANa muMbaI ane damaNane jahAjavADAmAM baMdhAvyAM hatAM. mahuvAmAM giranAranA sAgane upayoga karIne vahANa badhAtAM hatAM.16 baeN. ge. va. 8 mAM jaNAvyA pramANe joDiyA beDI ane salAyAne vAMDhA -jJAtinA suthAra 2, 7 thI 4, 2 mITara lAMbI heDIo bAMdhatA hatA. sane 1888nI AsapAsanA gALAmAM bhAvanagaramAM 9, ghaMghAmAM 15, damaNamAM 9, bilimorAmAM 7, navIbaMdaramAM 10, umaragAmamAM 6, bhadelImAM 4, suratamAM 3, porabaMdaramAM 7ra, keLiyAkamAM 4, mahuvAmAM 22, jApharAbAdamAM 5, taLAjAmAM 2, dholerAmAM 2, tArApuramAM 1, verAvaLamAM 70, ane mAMgaroLamAM 17 vahANa baMdhAyAM hatA. 1che. kacchamAM mAMDavI tUNa ane jakhaumAM musalamAna suthAra vahANe bAMdhatA hatA. A uparAMta keTalAka hiMdu ne vAMDhA suthAre paNa vahANe bAMdhatA hatA. karachamAM sAganuM lAkaDuM ThekANu karNATaka ane malabArathI AyAta karAtuM. mAMDavI AsapAsanAM gAmaDAMomAM saDhanuM kApaDa vaNatuM hatuM. karachanA kaTiyA ane suratI banelA vakhANavAlAyaka jahAja hatAM. kaccha ane saurASTramAM dareka baMdare enAM pitAnAM vahANa bAMdhavAnI prathA hatI.18 Ama, briTiza sarakAranuM protsAhana na hovA chatAM sthAnika vepArIo tathA dezI rAjyanA Azrayane kAraNe A udyoga TakI rahyo hate. AyAta-nikAsa | gujarAtamAMthI A gALA daramyAna paththara ghI rU telIbiyAM tela oSadhio ane anAjanI nikAsa thatI hatI, jyAre nALiyera meMgalorI-naLiyAM khAMDa sepArI imAratI lAkaDuM khajUra lokhaMDane sAmAna gyAsatela vagerenI AyAta thatI hatI. gujarAtanAM baMdare paikI bhAvanagara verAvaLa mAMgaroLa porabaMdara ane beDInAM baMdaroe sTImara UbhI rahetI hatI. tyAM sarvatra kinArA najIka pANI pramANamAM chIcharAM hevAne kAraNe kinArA sudhI na AvatAM sTImare 1 kimI. thI laI 1.6 ki.mI. dUra dariyAmAM UbhI rahetI hatI ane bArja ane machavA dvArA mAlanuM vahana thatuM hatuM. vahANene upayoga sArvatrika hatA. bhAvanagara beDI

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briTiza kALa verAvaLa mAMDavI ne pArakha'daranA vepAra kAMThA uparAMta paradeza sAthe hatA, jemAM rAtA samudra ane IrAnI akhAtanAM ane AphrikAnA pUrva kinArAnAM baMdarA ane zrIlaMkA sAthe mukhyatve hateA. bhAvanagara ane kheDInA vepAra iMglaeNnDa tathA yuropanA anya dezA sAthe paNu hatA. saurASTra kaccha ane taLa gujarAtanAM baMdarAnA vepAranI vigata agAu joI gayA chIe tethI enu punarAvartana karavAnI jarUra nathI. 30. pAdaTIpa 1. zivaprasAda rAjagAra, 'gujarAtanA vahANavaTAne itihAsa', pR. 146-147; narmadAzaMkara kavi, 'gujarAta sarvasa'graha,' pR. 264 2. I. i. desAI, 'sUrata seAnAnI mUrata', pR. 142, 143, 145; DG: Surat, pp. 662 ff. 3. ratnamaNirAva bhI. joTa, 'khaMbhAtanA itihAsa', pR. 117 4. BG, Vol. VI, p. 197 5. ratnamaNirAva bhI. joTa, 'gujarAtanA sAMskRtika itihAsa : islAma yuga' (gusAMI) kha`Da 4, pR. 1077-78 6. 'gujarAta sa`sa'graha' (gusasa'), pR. 261 7. DG : Broach, pp. 401 f.; 'gusasa', pR. 479 8. 'gusasa', : pR. 261, 462, 463 BG, Vol. IV, pp. 97 f. . 9. gusasa', pR. 462-463 1. DG : Surat, p. 662 11, je. ema. mahetA, 'saurASTranA dariyAkAMThe', pR. 12, 27-29, 35, 42; BG, Vol. VIII, pp. 236, 240. 12. A. B. Trivedi, Kathiawar Economies, p. 184 13. BG, Vol. VIII, pp. 238-240, 256, 251, 538; gusasa', pR. 265 14. BG, Vol. V, pp. 114, 115, 117 15. gusAMIae islAma yuga, kha'Da 4, pR. 1077-78 16. T.S. Sanjivrao, A Sbort History of Modern IndianShipping. pp. 32 ff. 17. BG, Vol. VIII, pp. 225 f. 18. Ibid., Vol. V, p. 114

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pariziSTa-1 videzamAM tathA bhAratamAM gujarAtIo auraMgajhebanA mRtyu (1707) bAda mughala sattA nabaLI paDI ane marAThI sattAne udaya thayo. sane 1756 thI 1818 sudhI gAyakavADa ane pezavAnI sattA sarvopari banI. A gALA daramyAna aneka duSkALa paDyA ane azAMti pravartatI hatI tethI khetI ane udyoganI khAnAkharAbI thaI hatI. surata ane khaMbhAta jevAM gujarAtanAM pItAM baMdaronI jAhejalAlIne asta thayuM hatuM. A kAraNe gujarAtanA sAhasika lekene vatana akAruM thaI paDayuM hatuM ane tethI paradezagamananI pravRttine vega maLyo hate. "periplasanA kartAthI laI vAda-gAmA sudhImAM gujarAtane vepAra madhyapUrvanA IrAnI akhAtanA deze, arabastAna, tathA AphrikAnA pUrva kinAre AvelA dezo sAthe cAlu rahyo hate. heramajha basarA mata meca eDana barbarA jhelA mombAsA dAresalAma jaMgabAra(jhAMjhIbAra) maliMdI kilavA sephAlA mojhAmbika vagere baMdaramAM gujarAtI vepArIo sadIethI vasatA hatA. 1818 bAda briTiza zAsana gujarAtamAM sthira thatAM A sthaLAMtara ane paradezagamananI pravRttine vepAranA vikAsa sAthe vega maLe. pUrva AphrikAmAM briTiza sattA phelAtAM relave-yuga zarU thaye ane suejhanI nahera baMdhAtAM A pravRtti ogaNIsamI sadInA uttarArdha ane vIsamI sadInA prathama caraNa daramyAna vegavAna banI. pazcimanI sarakhAmaNImAM zrIlaMkA brahmadeza malAyA siMgApara inDoneziyA cIna jApAna tathA prazAMta mahAsAgaranA dvIpamAM gujarAtIone praveza jAtakakAla(supArI ane bharukaraNa jAtaka)thI hevA chatAM A pradezamAM sthaLAMtara karanAra gujarAtIonI saMkhyA ochI hatI, paNa briTiza sattAnA udaya sAthe A paradezagamananI pravRtti vadhI hatI, A pravRttimAM karachanA bhATiyA lahANuM ane bejA, hAlAra ane pirabaMdaranA memaNa khojA lohANA ane brAhmaNa, siddhapura rAMdera ane suratanA vaherA, kheDA jillAnA pATIdAra, suratanA anAvaLA brAhmaNa vagerene phALe mahatvanuM che. chellAM doDhase varasethI A badhA pradezane sAhasika vepArIo ane udyogapatio baeNnka gumAstA zikSake kArakuna, sanadI ane nIcalI zreNInA adhikArIo ane karmacArIo vakIle DokaTaro ijanere bIe PA

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briTiza kANa hajama suthAra, luhAra sanIe darajIo vagere kuzaLa kArIgare ane pragatizIla kheDUte pUrA pADavAnuM kAma gujarAte karyuM che. yuropIya prajAoe jevI rIte saMsthAne sthApI, e dezanI AjhAdI chInavI laI Arthika zoSaNa karyuM che te rIte gujarAte kadI paNa hIna AcaraNa karyuM nathI. dharmapracAra ane vepArane bahAne pagapesAro karIne je te pradezamAM aMgrejo vageree sAmrAjyanI sthApanA karI hatI, jyAre gujarAtIoe vepAramAM ja rasa laIne te te pradezanA Arthika 'vikAsamAM phALo Ape che. aMgrejo mAphaka samagra bhArata ane pRthvInA paDa upara aneka dezomAM teo phelAI gayA che emAM emanA milanasAra svabhAva sAhasikatA ane karakasaranA guNoe mahatvane bhAga bhajavyuM che. - IrAnI akhAtanA deze tathA arabastAna sAthe gujarAtane bhUtakAlamAM surata ane khaMbhAtanA baMdaronI jAherajalAlI hatI tyAre dhIkate vepAra hatA. IrAnathI gulAbajaLa gheDA ane motInI AyAta thatI hatI, jyAre kApaDa kariyANuM ane anAjanI nikAsa thatI hatI. buzAyara baMdara-abbAsa heramajha mezada vageremAM bhAratIya vepArIo hatA, je paikI vaherA memaNa vagere keTalAka gujarAtIo paNa hatA. peTroliyamanI zodha sAthe AbAdAnamAM kuzaLa kArIgaro DokTare vagere tarIke keTalAka lekee sthaLAMtara karyuM hatuM. IrAkamAMthI gheDA tathA khajUranI AyAta thatI hatI. porabaMdara khajUranA AyAtI vepAranuM mathaka hatuM. gujarAtanA ziyA musalamAne paikI vaherAonAM dhArmika sthaLa karabalA najapha samarA kaDhImena (bagadAda) vagere irAkamAM AvelAM che. karabalAmAM ImAma husena tathA hajharata abbAsanI daragAhe che. vepArI ane kuzaLa kArIgara tarIke gujarAtIo tyAM vasyA che. karabalA janArAo paikI keTalAke kAyamI vasavATa karyo che.1 omAnanA kAMThA upara Avela maskata sAthe kacchanA mAMDavI baMdarane tathA saurASTranA bhAvanagara vagere baMdarane dhIkate vepAra hate. maskatamAM kacchIonI vastI sattaramI sadIthI hatI, jemAM mukhyatve bhATiyA lahANuM ane bejA hatA. suratanA vepArIonI mekhA eDana vagere sthaLoe peDhIo hatI. baherInathI metInI AyAta thatI hatI. eDanamAM dhrAMgadhrA taraphanA depALA jJAtinA lekone vasavATa ghaNuM samaya pUrvethI hate. mejara beIlIe eDana lahejanA sulatAna pAsethI I.sa. 1839mAM jItI lIdhuM. e 'pUve deDha varasathI muMbaI ilAkAnA pArasIo vANiyA ane musilama vepArIo 'tyAM hatA. 182 mAM vIracaMda amIcaMdanI peDhIne deDha varasa thayAM hatAM. dInazA vAchA, emanA kAkA ane pitA eDananA agragaNya vepArI, eDanane mIThAne ane anya vepAra gujarAtIonA hAthamAM hato. keTalAka sophTavaksanA mAlika hatA. ahIM

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pariziSTa (videzamAM tathA bhAratamAM gujarAtI) 307 gujarAtI zALA pustakAlaya vagere che. makkA tathA jeddAmAM nAnA vepArIo mukhyatve gujarAtI musalamAna hatA. prathama vizvayuddha pahelAM turkastAnamAM keTalAka gujarAtI vepArIo hatA. bhUtakALamAM suratathI haja karavA jatAM yAtrALuo kApaDa masAlA gaLI vagere laI jatA ne badalAmAM tenuM metI javAhara vagere lAvatA hatA. eDanamAM bhAratIya calaNane kAnane amalamAM hatAM. AphrikAmAM gujarAtIo ebisiniyA saimAlilaeNnDa keniyAyugAnDA TAMgAnikA mejhAmbika heDeziyA moreziyasa ane dakSiNa AphrikAmAM vase che. ijipta tathA sudAnamAM emanI theDI vastI che, je jhaverAta rezamI kApaDa vagerene vepAra kare che. ebisiniyAmAM eDisa abAbA jIbuTI dIredavA ane harAramAM emanI vastI hatI, je paikI 50 TakA mAtra eDisaabAbAmAM hatA. siddhapuranA vaheArA vepArI mahamadaalInI rAjayamAM khUba lAgavaga hatI. eDisa abAbA ane dIdavAmAM guja. rAtI zALA pustakAlaya vagere che. aMgreja elacInI daramyAnagIrIne kAraNe hiMduone zaba bALavAnI chUTa maLI hatI. jI. mahamadaalInI kampanI hastaka kApaDa khAMDa cekhA krokarI sTezanarI gyAsatela moTara ane enA chUTA bhAgane vepAra hato. teo ghI kephI ane cAmaDAMnI nikAsa karatA hatA. eDisaabAbA uparAMta bIja mahattvanAM zaheromAM enI peDhInI zAkhAo hatIH lagabhaga 300 mANasa enI peDhImAM kAma karatAM hatAM. nAthu mULajI, lakSmIcaMda bhagavAnadAsa, indrajita mANekacaMda vagere kephI kApaDa vagerenA dhaMdhAmAM paDayA hatA. emane paNa zAkhAo moTAM zaheramAM hatI. A uparAMta bebI kaDiyA suthAra hajAma jevA kArIgaronI paNa saMkhyA ghaNI hatI. samAlaeNinDa ijiptanA varcasa nIce 1884 sudhI hatuM. e pUrve tyAM jubA nadI ane TANu nadInA pradezamAM jhilA barbarA megAdIzu jevAM baMdaramAM gujarAtIo vasyA hatA. eDana sAthe A pradezane vepAra ane sTImara-vyavahAra dInazA vAcchA eNnDa bradharsa hastaka hato. 1854mAM barTane barbarA baMdaranI mulAkAta lIdhI tyAre eNe gujarAtanAM vahANe ane vepArIone jeyAM hatAM. jA memaNa vaherA ane saurASTranA vaNika vepArIonA hAthamAM A pradezane AyAta-nikAsa vepAra hatA. kAvasajI dInazAnI peDhI zarAphI kAmakAja uparAMta kApaDa khAMDa. dArU moTara vagerene vepAra saMbhALatI hatI. A peDhI 1884 mAM sthapAyelI hatI. hAjIbhAI lAlajanI peDhI 1885 mAM sthapAyelI hatI. alI lAlajanI peDhI ja7 thI guMdara khAMDa loTa ane anAjanA vepAra sAthe saMkaLAyelI hatI. AvI daseka vepArI peDhIo hastaka meTA bhAgane vepAra hatA. A uparAMta senI suthAra dhabI darajI vagere gujarAtamAMthI gayelA hatA. .

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briTiza kAya 1780 mAM maskatanA sulatAne jhAMjhIbAra poTu gIjho pAsethI jItI lIdhA bAda enA zAhajadA sAthe kacchI vepArIone vepAranI khilavaNI mATe mekalyA hatA. jhAMjhIbAranA vepAra mAMDavI maskata ane surata sAthe ghaNA hatA. sane 1804 thI 1856 sudhI jayarAma zivajInI peDhI sulatAna saiyadanA samaya sudhI kasTamane khArA dharAvatI hatI. A peDhInA munIma mudrAvALA ladhA dAmajI sulatAnanA kArabhArI hatA. emanA svargIvAsa pachI abaDAsAnA zeTha ArajI (kuMvarajI) mAdhavajI kArabhAro thayA hatA. kacchI vepArIone rahevA karavAnI, bAgabagIcA banAvavAnI, devamaMdira bAMdha vAnI temaja vepAravaNuja aMge badhI sagavaDA sulatAnee ApI hatI. hiMdu vastInuM mana na dubhAya e mATe ramajAnanA tahevArAmAM paNa jAhera hiMsA karavA sulatAne manAI karI hatI. I.sa. 1840 mAM hiMduonI vastI 1,000 hatI. e vadhIne vIsa varasamAM cha gaNI thaI hatI. 1850 sudhI gujarAtIonuM valaNa vatanaparasta hatuM ne naphA emanA vatanamAM meAkalI ApatA hatA, paNa pAchaLathI kacchI khAjAoe tyAM kAyamI vasavATa karyAM hatA. vepArIomAM khAjAM memaNu bhATiyA vANiyA ane leAhANA mukhyatve hatA. bhAratIya vepArIe laviMganA bagIcAnA mAlikAne gulAmA kharIvA paisA dhIratA hatA. A vepArIe paikI keTalAka laviMganA bagIcAnA mAlika hatA ane samagra TApune vepAra emane hastaka hatA. 1920 sudhI ahIM bhAratIya calaNu pracalita hatuM. sulatAna kharagaze kacchI vepArIonA vasane 1870 pachI zarUAtamAM sAmane karyo hatA, paNa pAchaLathI emanA sabaMdha sudharyA hatA. Araba saoNrI vaNujhArAne paisA dhIrIne emanI pAsethI hAthIdAMta ane gulAmeA gujarAtI vepArIe kharIdatA hatA. khabhAtanuM kApaDa maNukA pittaLa ane lAkhaMDane sAmAna AyAta karAtA hatA. jhAMjhIbArathI AphrikAnA AMtarika pradezamAM sane 1825 mAM praveza karanAra suratI khAjA sayALa ane musAmajhurI uniyamaveMjhI sudhI paheoMcyA hatA. hAthIdAMta meLavavA aneka saphara emaNe aMdaranA pradezamAM kheDI hatI. vikaTAriyA sarAvaranI dakSiNe AvelA pradezanI zeAdhakhALa mATe te yazasvI banyA hatA. 1854 mAM karAbvenA rAjavIne ane TArA tathA bhrugAnDAnA rAjyane rAjya prApta karavAmAM ane anya jAtionA humalA sAme rakSaNa karavAmAM te sahAyabhUta thayA hatA. jhAMjhIbArathI 1846 mAM pecchAmAM 50 gujarAtI vepArIo gayA hatA. sane 1857 mAM TAMgAmAM 20 vANiyA vepArI hatA, hAthIdAMta, geMDAnAM zI'gaDAM, ane gulAmeAnA vepAra emane hastaka hatA. dariyA-kinArAnA vepAra jhAMjhIkhAranA vepArIonA ADatiyA hastaka hatA. kilavAnA gulAmeAnA vepAra mATenI mUDI bhAratIya vepArIoe pUrI pADI hatI. 1879 mAM uchajImAM te hatA. 309

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pariziSTa (videzamAM tathA bhAratamAM gujarAtI) 1822-23 mAM mabAsA hAthIdAMta, geMDAnA zIMgaDAM, cAmaDAM ane gama-kepalane nikAsa karatuM hatuM. enA badalAmAM khaMbhAtanA akIkanA maNakA tema pittaLane sAmAna AvatuM hatuM. 1863 mAM karachanA ke gAmamAM janmela abAdIna vizrAme AkhA pUrva AphrikAmAM enuM vepArI sAmrAjya jamAvyuM hatuM. 1890 mAM jarmana ane aMgreja Adhipatya nIcenA pradeza tathA jhAMjhIbAramAM maLIne enI peDhInI 30 zAkhA hatI. kApaDa ane anAja tathA dhIradhArane ene mukhya dhaMdhe hatA. eNe yugAnDA ane anyatra benka zarU karI hatI, enAM vepArI thANuM khUba UMDANanA bhAgamAM hatAM. penbAmAM ladhA dAmajInA bhatrIjA puruSottamanuM varcasa hatuM. e jakAtane ijAradAra hatA. mombAsAmAM lakSmIdAsa ane bIjA 40 vepArI hatA. paMganI baMdaramAM trIkamadAsanuM varcasa hatuM. 1888 nA abuzIrInA baLavAne kAraNe gujarAtI vepArIone khUba sahana karavuM paDyuM hatuM. jhAMjhIbAramAMthI gulAmI nAbUda karavA mATe karachanA mahArAve kacchI vepArIone pharamAna dvArA anurodha karyo hate. 1902-03 mAM jhAMjhIbAramAM gujarAtIonI dasa hajAranI vastI hatI. emanA -AgevAna vAI. jI. jIvaNajI hatA.' keniyAnA ucca pradezamAM Avela macakesamAM AdamajI alIjI nAmanA bejA vepArI 189ra mAM vasyA hatA. tyArabAda keniyAmAM jubA nadIne kAMThe ane kisamunI pazcime kIbo le kAnA pradezamAM keTalAka bhAratIya kheDUta vasyA hatA ane zeraDI tathA sasalanI khetI karatA hatA. pUrva AphrikAmAMthI 1890mAM tIvra gulAmIne dezavaTa ApavAmAM Avyo tyAre Araba amIro ane laviMganA bagIcAnA mAlike bhAratIya zAhukAronA bhAre devA nIce hatA. amerikana sarahadavAsIonI mAphaka kaccha saurASTra ane suratanA vepArIo 1898 mAM nairobI sudhI pahoMcI gayA hatA ne macakesa ane kIbajhImAM vepAra karatA hatA. keniyAmAM relave bAMdhavAmAM mistrI paramAra gujarAtI hatA, jyAre ThakkarabApA (amRtalAla) ijanera hatA. relave lAInanI sAthe gujarAtI e aMdaranA pradezamAM dAkhala thaI gayA hatA. keniyAne moTA bhAgane vepAra bhArata sAthe hatA eTale 1920 sudhI calaNa ane sivila keDa paNa bhAratIya hatAM. kenetha idhAme emanA pustakamAM jaNAvyuM che ke "A bhAratIya AphrikAnA AMtara-pradezanA sapharIonI vaNajhArone nANAM dhIranAra bhAratIya sAhasika vepArIonA vaMzajo che. teo parApUrvathI ahIM vasyA che. jayAM vahIvaTanuM nAma nizAna na hatuM tevA jaMgalanA pradezamAM dukAne sthApIne emaNe vepAra khIla che. "mAI Aphina janI' nAmanA pustakamAM 1908 mAM carcila jevA haDahaDatA sAmrAjyavAdIe paNa emanA RNane svIkAra karyo che. bhAratIya vepArIoe

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briTiza kola aMdaranAM gADha jaMgalanA bhAgamAM pravezIne vAhanavyavahAra mATenI saraLatA karI ApI hatI. benkara tarIke emaNe pitAnI mUDIthI vepAra-udyogane protsAhana ApyuM hatuM. gerA vasAhatIone paNa emaNe mUDI dhIrI hatI. koI paNa rAjya sarakAra taraphathI prAmANikapaNe e varte te emane dUra karavAnuM zakya nathI." Ama bhAratIyane pUrva AphrikAnA vikAsamAM mahad phALe hevA chatAM 1908 mAM (sekreTarI oNpha sTeTa, leDa elijane keniyAne uraca pradeza gerAo mATe anAmata rAkhavAnI nIti akhatyAra karI hatI. rANI vikaToriyAe 1895 mAM badhI prajA mATe mukta vepAra ane vasavATa mATe samAna hakakanI gheSaNa karI hatI chatAM vacanabhaMga karIne bhAra tIya vepArIone jamIna dharAvavA tathA uraca pradezamAM kAyamI vasavATa karavA upara pratibaMdha mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA. 1913 mAM ArogyanI dRSTie kALA ane gerAo mATenA alaga vasavATa mATe pro. sempasane himAyata karI hatI. 1914 bAda A nIti sarakAre svIta karI hatI. 1909 mAM keniyAnI kAunsilamAM eka bhAratIya sabhya hate. khetI, gumAstAgIrI, dhAtukAma, kaDiyAkAma, darajIkAma, ITa pADavI, kArIgarI tathA relave TrAnsaparTa, zarAphI vagere dhaMdhA, vepAra uparAMta, gujarAtIone hastaka hatA. jAhera bAMdhakAma khAtAmAM, relavemAM tathA sarakArI karmacArIo tarIke paNa emanI saMkhyA ghaNI hatI. membAsA ane nairobI jillAmAM meTe bhAge A vastI hatI. mombAsA nairobI kasamu bAmu phorTahela nakura elaDoreTa vagere sthaLoe emaNe zALAo ane pustakAlaya zarU karyA hatAM. bhAratathI anAja cA kApaDa zaNanI banAvaTa vagerenI AyAta thatI hatI, jyAre rUnI nikAsa thatI hatI. yugAnDAmAM gujarAtIonI vastI mukhya jhAMjhIbAramAMthI phelAyelA khejA ane anya vepArIonI hatI, 1880thI briTiza IsTa AphrikA kampanIne vahIvaTa hate. 1893 mAM briTiza sarakAre A vahIvaTa saMbhALe.. 1896 mAM yugAnDAmAM relave-lAIna zarU karAI ane e leka vikaTeriyA sudhI-IjA sudhI laMbAvavAmAM AvI hatI. jA ane kampAlAmAM emanI vastI ghaNI che, meTA bhAganA nAnA vepArIo tathA rUnA vepArIo, sarakArI kArakuna, gumAstAo vagere mukhyatve gujarAtIo che. zeraDI kapAsa ane kephInA vAvetarane protsAhana ApavAne yaza gujarAtIone phALe jAya che. ahIM gorAo ane bhAratIya varace keniyA jevo saMgharSa na hatuM ane teo saMpIne rahetA hatA. nAnajI kALidAsa tathA mAdhavANuM kuTuMbanuM ahIM vepArI sAmrAjya hatuM. 1911 mAM 1,85ra puruSa ane 364 strIonI kula vastI hatI, je paikI moTA bhAganA gujarAtI hatA. TAMgAnikAne pradeza jhAMjhIbAranA sulatAnanA Adhipatya nIce hatA, paNuM 1884 mAM jarmana saMzodhakee aMdaranA pradezamAM pravezIne sthAnika rAjAo ke

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pariziSTa (videzAmAM tathA bhAratamAM gujazatIo) 11 mukhIo pAsethI vasavATanA hakka meLavIne A pradeza pacAvI pADayo ane 1889 thI prathama vizvayuddha sudhI e jaOna kabA nIce rahyuM. TAMgAnikAmAM zivA harajInI peDhInuM vaMsa hatuM. jana vepArIe enI sAme TakI zakathA na hatA. prinsa bismArkanA anugAmI zrIvIe rathyAMgamAM bhAratIya vepArI vize kheAlatAM jaNAvyu hatuM ke 'ApaNe emanI jarUra che. tene AphrikAmAM AMtarapradeza sAthenA saMparka che. ApaNe emane haThAvI zakIe evI sthitimAM nathI. emanI zaktinA ApaNe upayAga karavA joIe. briTiza kAlAnI karatAM ahI vadhAre karaverA che evI te phariyAda karatA heAya teA emaNe samajavuM joIe ke emanI sthiti emanA dezamAM heta enA karatAM ahIM vadhAre sArI che.' bhATiyA kheAA ane anya vepArIonuM vaCsa ahIM ghaNuM hatuM. 1913 mAM vastI 8,784 bhAratIyeAnI hatI, je paikI moTA bhAganA gujarAtI hatA. khetI vepAra ane baeNnkiMganAM kSetra uparAMta kuzaLa kArIgarI tarIke darajI suthAra dhAbI hajAma vagerenA dhaMdhA emaNe kabaje karyA hatA. kaoNphI rU sIsala kaparuM anAja cA vagerenA vepAra gujarAtIene hastaka hatA, dAresalAma TAMgAnikA TakhArA vageremAM emanI ghaNI vastI hatI. zALAe tathA vartamAna patra te calAvatA hatA. porTugIjha IsTa AphrikAmAM I.sa. 1867thI bhAratIya vepArIe vepAra karatA hatA. sane 1893 mAM mejhAmbikane paracUraNu vepAra gujarAtInA hAthamAM hatA. emAM mukhyatve dIva-damaNanA gujarAtI hatA. A vepArInI samayasara cetavaNIne kAraNe pATuOgIjhoe mAjhAmbikanI uttaranA pradeza gumAvyA tyAre A pradeza khAvA paDe evI sthitimAMthI khacI gayA hatA. ahIMthI bhAratamAM kAjunI nikAsa thAya che. lerenjho mArakasamAM nAnakaDI gujarAtI zALA hatI ane bAkInA gAvAnIjha hatAM. nyAsArlaeNnDamAM hArekanI saMkhyA paikI moTA bhAganA memaNu khAjA ane vANiyA vepArI hatA. ae|DeziyA tarIke oLakhAtA pradeza sesila oNrDa 500 mANusAnI sahAyathI 12-9-1890 nA rAja selisabarI kabaje karI hastagata karyA hatA. 1898 mAM ene A nAma maLyuM. selisabarI khulavAyA vageremAM hAreka bhAratIyeA che, je paikI meATA bhAganA gujarAtIo che, je surata jillA ane saurASTramAMthI gayelA che.9 dakSiNa AphrikAnuM nAtAla saMsthAna 1843 mAM briTiza saMsthAna tarIke jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, tethI Daca vasAhatI sthaLAMtara karIne TrAnsavAlamAM vasyA hatA. bhAratIyeAnI vastI Are ja phrI sTeTamAM nahit che. moTA bhAganI vastI nAtAlamAM che. 1870 pachI AvelA lAmAM surata ane saurASTra-mukhyatve

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briTiza kAla porabaMdaranA musalamAna memaNu khAna vagere vepArIe mukhya hatA. pAchaLathI kheDAnA pATIdArA vasavA AvyA. emanuM valaNu vatanaparasta heAvAthI teo pesenjara InDiyana' tarIke oLakhAtA hatA. sane 1875-85 nA gALAmAM ekamAMthI 40 nI saMkhyA thaI hatI. gArAone bhAratIya majUrA rahe e sAme vAMdhA na hatA, paNu gujarAtI sAme teo vepAramAM TakI zakatA na hatA. vepArI tarIke AphrikI samAjane sudhAravAmAM emaneA mahattvane kALA che, 1885 mAM nimAyelA vega (Wragg) kamizane emanA tarapha anyAya thavA na joIe ema jaNAvyuM hatuM. 'nAtAlanA udyogAmAM saMcAla tarIke emaNe khUba phALA ApyA che. udyogamAM ane kArIgara tarIke emanI hAjarIthI nAtAla samRddha thayuM che.' sane 1885 thI bhedabhAvanI nIti raMgabhedane kAraNe apanAvavAnI zarUAta thaI. 1875 mAM lA` selisabarIe badhA le tarapha samAnatA rAkhavAnI himAyata karI hatI enAthI A viruddha vartIna hatuM, khAara vigrahamAM bhAratIyoe gAMdhIjInI AgevAnI nIce aMgrejone madada karI hatI tethI A dveSamAM vadhArA thayA hatA. giramITiyA majurAnI jarUriyAtA pUrI pADavA bhAratIya vepArIe AvyA hatA. emanI sAthe emanI mUDI laIne nAtAlamAM AvanAra sau prathama mAnavI pArabaMdaranA memaNu vepArI abubakara hatA. A vepArIe paikI theADA mAladAra ne jamIna-mAlika che, moTA bhAganA pheriyA ane nAnA dukAnadAra che. TrAnsavAlamAM bhAratIyA 1884 pUrve lanDana kanvenzana pUrve vasyA hatA. ArAgya rakSavAne bahAne alaga vasavATa karavAnI emane pharaja pADI hatI. gArA je sthaLamAM vepAra karatA heAya tyAM bhAratIyA dukAna dharAvI na zake ane vepAra karI na zake evI mAgaNI gerAoe 1892 mAM karI hatI. TrAnsavAlamAM sthAvara milkata dharAvavA upara pratibaMdha mukAye hatA. priTAriyA tathA heAnisaLaMga'mAM emanA phUTapAtha upara cAlavA upara ane TrAmamAM besavA upara pratibadha hatA. thADAka bhAratIyeA kepa kaeNlAnImAM vasyA hatA. relavenI TrenamAM khAsa DabAmAM musApharI karI zake evI jogavAI hatI. 1895-1913 daramyAna keTalAka bhAra* tIyeAne bhArata dhakelI dIdhA hatA. gAMdhIjIe kALA kAyadA sAme satyAgraha karIne nAmanA meLavI hatI ane dezanA svamAnanu rakSaNa karyuM. hatu. kheA memaNu pATIdAra anAvaLA vagere gujarAtIe kAyamI vasavATa karIne rahyA che. Darabana leDIsmitha pITaramAraTijhabaga nyUkesala kheAkasaba priTAriyA henisabaga vITaveTasa raeNnDa jamisTona kimbaralI pArTa elijhAbetha IsTalanDana kepaTAuna vageremAM emane vasavATa che. keTalAka bhAratIya relavemAM nAkarI karatA hatA. vepArIo uparAMta zikSaka vakIla DAkaTara vagerenA vyavasAyamAM paNa phreTalAka gujarAtI che. gAMdhIjInA putra maNilAla gAMdhI inDiyana opiniyana' vartamAnapatra calAvatA hatA. geArA 312

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pariziSTa videzamAM tathA bhAratamAM gujarAtI) 313 sAthe lagna saMbaMdha bAMdhavA upara paNa pratibaMdha che. gujarAtIonI moTA bhAganI vastI nAtAlamAM che.10, oNsTreliyA nyU jhIlaeNnDa phIjhI tathA pesiphika (prazAMta) mahAsAgaranA TApuomAM gujarAtIonI cheDI vastI che. phIgImAM pATIdAra tathA porabaMdara ane suratanA leke gayA che. teo khetI ane vepAra tathA nekarImAM joDAyelA che. emane samAna adhikAra maLe che. phijhImAM mULa vatanIo karatAM bhAratIyanI vastI vadhAre che, jemAM bihAra paMjAba ne uttara pradezanA vatanIonuM pramANa vadhAre che. sAutha oNsTreliyA-kavInsalenDa uSNa hovAthI A pradezamAM majuro mATe bhArata tarapha najara karavAmAM Avela, paNa enuM maLI AvatAM keTalAka tyAM gayA hatA. raMgabhedanI nIti parokSa rIte amalamAM hoIne DokaTara vepArIo vagere suzikSita varga ahIM rahI zakyo che. nyujhIlenDamAM phIjhImAMthI Avela leke vasyA che, temAM surata jillAnA vatanIonuM pramANa vadhAre che. ailenDa tathA veliMgTanamAM emanI vastI che.11 zrIlaMkAmAM vaherA tathA pArasIo mukhyatve vasyA che. emanI saMkhyA anukrame 500 tathA 200 che. itara gujarAtIo-Azare 2,000 vaheArA AyAta-vepAramAM rasa dharAve che. anAja, jIvana jarUriyAtanI vastuo ane cokhAnI AyAta bhArata ane brahmadezathI karAya che. memaNa vepArIonI cekhAnI AyAtane ekahaththu hajAro hato. A uparAMta kApaDanA TukaDAone vepAra emane hastaka che. nikAsa vepAramAM yuropiyane bAda karatAM bhAratIyono bIjo naMbara che, jemAM pArasIo vaherA vagere vizeSa che. karImabhAI ibrAhImabhAI pa38 lUma ane 21,000 trAkanI eka mila dharAvatA hatA. kAthInA utpAdaka tarIke rustamajI eNnDa ke. jANItI che. gujarAtI sTImara kampanIo paikI siMdhiyA sTIma nevigezana kampanI sAro rasa le che. keTalAka pArasIo sarakArI nokarImAM paNa hatA.12 1819 mAM aMgrejoe siMgApura kabaje karyuM hatuM. 1867 sudhI panAMga ane siMgApurane vahIvaTa bhAratanA gavarnara-janarala hastaka hatuM. vepAra-udyogamAM thoDA - gujarAtIo hatA. malAyAne zetruMjI gAlIcA kApaDa vagerene vepAra emane hastaka hato. sumAtrAmAM meDAna zaheramAM tathA jovAmAM thoDA gujarAtI vepArIo hatA. aMgrejonA Agamana bAda malAyAmAM bhAratIya majUranuM Agamana thayuM che. porTugIjhoe malAkkA jItI lIdhuM tyAre 16mI sadI ane e pahelAM suratanA vepArIo malAkkAmAM hatA. pinAMganA gavarnara sTempharDa reze 1808mAM malAkkA vize lakhatAM bajaNAvela ke "suratathI mAla uparAMta vahANa dvArA gujarAtI vepArIo Ave che."

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354 briTiza kAla benTama ane acInanAM zaheromAM surata ane khaMbhAtanA vepArIo kApaDa ane masAlAmAM vepAramAM AgaLa paDato bhAga letA hatA, inDoneziyA thAIlenDa. hiMdI-cIna vagere dezomAM emaNe vepArI tarIke gayA hatA. I.sa. 1768 (vi. saM. 1814)mAM brahmadezanA AkyAba mAMDale vageremAM emanI vastI hatI.. gujarAta saurASTra ane kacchanA vepArIo cekhA lAkaDuM jhaverAta tathA aphINanA vepAramAM paDayA hatA. pAlanapura ane DIsAnA vepArIo jhaverI hatA. khojAi memaNa ane vANiyA vepArIo cekhA beMkiMga vImo dhIradhAra vagere vyavasAyamAM paDyA hatA. hegakega zAMghAI vagere sthaLoe pArasIo ane vaherA aphINa rU ane kApaDanA dhaMdhAmAM rasa letA hatA. jamazedajI tAtA vagere pArasI vepArIo, jApAna sAthe rU ane sUtaranA nikAsamAM rasa letA hatA. yuropamAM enTavarpa braselsa ene perisamAM pATaNa pAlanapura ane suratanA. jhaverI jhaverAtane dhaMdho karatA hatA. iMglenDamAM vidyAbhyAsa ane vepAra arthe gujarAtIo thoDA pramANamAM vasyA hatA. briTiza sTImara kampanIomAM khalAsI tarIke kAma karanAra gujarAtI khAravAnI saMkhyA paNa ThIka ThIka hatI. yu. esa. e. mAM vepAra ane vidyAbhyAsa mATe gujarAtIo DI saMkhyAmAM hatA.13 paradeze sivAya bhAratanA anya bhAgomAM gujarAtIonI vastI dasa lAkha uparAMta hatI. muMbaImAM vadhAremAM vadhAre vastI Azare cha lAkha gujarAtIonI hatI, je paikI saurASTi karachIo ane suratIonI saMkhyA mukhyatve hatI. surata ane khaMbhAtanA baMdaranI avanati bAda kaccha ane saurASTranA bhATiyA vaherA khejA memaNa tathA vANiyA ane suratIe tema pArasIoe muMbaInI AbAdImAM mahatvane phaLa Ape che. muMbaInA kaNiyA mukhyatve kacchI che. karAMcImAM lagabhaga be lAkha gujarAtIo bhAratanA bhAgalA pUrve vasatA hatA, jemAM kaccha ane saurASTranA leke mukhyatve hatA. memaNa brAhmaNe lohANA kaDiyA suthAra darajI vagere gujarAtanA hatA. thoDA pArasIoe paNa tyAM kAyamI vasavATa karyo hate. A uparAMta dilhI kalakattA jhariyA dhanabAda jamazedapura kaTaka bAlAsara nAgapura pUnA haidrAbAda sikaMdarAbAda beMgalara madrAsa kAlIkaTa kAnAnera kocIna alpAI madurA kolhApura IdAra ujajana ajamera jayapura Abu vagere zaheromAM vepAra arthe ghaNA leke vasyA che. kacchanI vastI jeTalA pAMca lAkha kacachIo bhAratabharamAM phelAyelA che. nakhatrANAnA leke veraNiyA tarIke ane lATInA mAlike tarIke samagra bhAratamAM phelAyelA che. mahArASTramAM geLanA vepAramAM ghaNuM gujarAtIo che, so-deTasa. varSathI mahArASTranAM zaheromAM gujarAtI vANiyAone vasavATa che. nAnA dukAnadAra

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pariziSTa (videzamAM tathA bhAratamAM gujarAtI) 315. tarIke gAmaDAMomAM e phelAyelA che. cAretarane pATIdAra tamAkunA vepArI tarIke bhAratanAM moTAM zaheromAM jovA maLe che. kalakattAne khAMDa cekhA kariyANuM kApaDa sUtara vagerene vepAra gujarAtIonA hAthamAM che. madrAsamAM jUnA vakhatathI vaselA judI judI nAtanA vANiyA laMkAnA vANiyA" tarIke oLakhAya che. saurASTra ane kheDA jillAnA umareTha vagerene ghaNuM leke madrAsamAM ane tAmilanADunA anya bhAgomAM che. keTalAka dhIradhAra kare che. madrAsane tenA cAMdI tathA sUtarane vepAra emane hastaka che. madhyapradezane anAja tamAku ane bIDIne vepAra gujarAtIonA hAthamAM che. gujarAtIonA vasavATavALAM zaheramAM gujarAtI samAja, prAthamika ane mAdhyamika zALAo, pustakAlaya ane sAmAjika saMsthAo astitvamAM AvI che. vasavATanAM sthaLoe keLavaNu-saMsthAone emanA taraphathI dhananI sahAya sArA pramANamAM apAI che.14 Ama gujarAtI saikAothI deza-paradezanA paribhramaNathI TevAyA che. samudra ane dariyApAranA dezonuM AkarSaNa emanA mATe navIna nathI. pAdaTIpa 9. S.A. Waiz, Indians Abroad Directory (IAD), pp. 109-117 2. Ibid, pp. 119-127 3. Ibid, pp. 179-183 4. Ibid, pp, 186-198 5. Ibid, pp. 274-281; DuMgarazI dha. saMpata, bhATiyA vahANavaTAne jUne itihAsa," 4. 20-24; Vincent Harlow, E.M. Chilver and Allison Smith (edi.), History of East Africa, (HEA) pp. 156, 168, 212-218, 57, 26,. 156, 267 and 665 5. HEA., 415, 441 and 267; Kenneth Ingham, History of East - Africa, p. 215; IAD, pp. 201-242 7. HEA, pp. 406-414 and 433; Kenneth Ingham, Ibid, pp. 257-272. 8. HEA, p. 565; IAD, pp. 283-298 ha, zivaprasAda rAjagara, gujarAtanA vahANavaTAne ItihAsa pR. 227; IAD, pp.. 307-319 20. Edward H. Brooks and Colin D. Webb, A History of Natal, pp. 83-82; IAD, pp. 322-383 11, IAD, pp. 128-178 12. Ibid, pp. 7-48 13. zivaprasAda rAjagara, uparyukta, pR. 23-231 14. ejana, pR. 231-232

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prakaraNa 11 keLavaNI 1. junI paripATI (a) gujarAtI zikSaNa aMgrejonA Agamana pahelAM hiMdamAM ghaNA lAMbA samayathI cAlI AvatI keLavaNInI anokhI paddhati pracalita hatI. AvI keLavaNI ApatI saMsthAo gAmaThI zALAo, paMDayAnI zALAo ke dhULiyA nizALa tarIke oLakhAtI. gAmaThI nizALamAM sAmAnya rIte bALaka sAta varSane ke enAthI vadhu uMmarane thAya tyAre ene dAkhala karavAmAM AvatuM. zALAe besADavAnI vidhine "vidyAraMbha- saMskAra" kahetA. sArA muhUrtavALA divase bALakane je zALAmAM mokalavAmAM - AvanAra hoya te zALAnA paMDyA ke gurajI ane badhA vidyArthIo zALAmAM besanAra vidyAthIne ghera AvatA ne zikSaka "sarasvatI, sarasvatI, tuM mArI mAta vagere prArthanA gavaDAvatA, saraghasAkAre gAmamAM pharIne vidyAthI sahita nizALe AvatA. ahIM pahelAM vidyArthI pAse sarasvatInuM pUjana karAvatA. tyArabAda cekhA pUrelA maMDaLa(vartala)mAM AMgaLI pakaDI banI kalamathI ke cAMdInI kalamathI zikSaka zrI bhale" vagere enI pAse lakhAvatA. tyArabAda patAsAM dhANI dALiyA ke mIThAI badhAM bALakone vaheMcavAmAM AvatAM. zikSakane savA zera sAkarane paDe, nALiyera ane zakti pramANe gurudakSiNA ApavAmAM AvatI. zikSaNanI zarUAta sAtame ke navame varSe ekaDAthI thatI. chaeka mahinAmAM - AMka pUrA thatA ne tarata kakko zarU thate, kakko barAbara AvaDyA bAda bArAkhaDInAM pada zIkhavavAmAM AvatAM ne pada pUrAM thayA bAda "ka" thI " sudhI zarU thatAM " udAharaNamaka nAma zIkhavatA hatA. A daramyAna sADA sAtane pADo zarU thato. ane je sADA sAtanA pADAmAM pUrNa thate tene meDhAnA hisAbanI kUMcIo mahetAjI zIkhavatA. ema guNAkAra bhAgAkAra saravALA bAdabAkI paNa zIkhavavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. emAM AzupANa eTale pA rUpiye, Ane ane pA Ane darzAvatI anukrame UbhI ADI ane UbhI rekhAo paNa AvI jatI. ane chellA hisAbamAM 'haDAkAra zIkhyo eTale e paripUrNa thaye kahevAte, haDAkAramAM vargamULa ghanamULa ane

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keLavaNI 31 vasamIkaraNa(kavADreTika ikvezana)nA dAkhalA AAvI jatA hatA. A badhu... & thI 12-13 varSanI uMmara sudhImAM zIkhavavAmAM AvatuM. gujarAtamAM sAmAnya rIte abhyAsa karavAnI muddata 2 thI 3 varSanI hatI.. dararoja zikSakane anAja zAkabhAjI ke rokaDA paisA ApavAnA rivAja hatA, AthI zikSaka vidyArthInI hAjarI mATe vadhAre cekasAI rAkhatA. A uparAMta amuka abhyAsa pUrA karyA bAda haptA pramANe zikSakane puraskAra maLatA eTale abhyAsa pUrA karAvavA tarapha e vadhAre lakSa ApatA. abhyAsa bAda 12 ke 13 varSoMnI uMmara pachI vidyAthI zAhukAranI peDhIe besatA ane tyAM eka-be varSI umedavArI karI e game te dhaMdhe vaLagatA.2 nizALane samaya savAranA sAtathI agiyAra vAgyA sudhIneA ane pachI methI pAMca vAgyA sudhInA rahetA. savAre je chekarA Ave te mahetAjI mATe muThThI lAvatA, arthAt eka kakaDAmAM anAja bAMdhI lAvatA. nizALe AvyA bAda. cheAkarA pATI para dhULa nAkhI peAtAne je pATha lakhavAnA heAya te lakhatA. lakhIne mahetAjIne ke emanA madadanIzane ke vaDA nizALiyAne batAvatA. cheAkarA dhULamAM bhoMya para khesI bhaNutA hatA athavA AgaLapAchaLa ATalA heAya te para besI hAthamAM lakhelAM pAnAM laI udhADe mAthe chAtI ane mAthuM dhuNAvatA dhuNAvatA mATethI bhaNutA. daseka vAgyAnA vakhata thAya eTale mahetAjI je khe chekarAoe. nAma lakhyAM heya temane peAtAnI pAse bhoMya para UbhA rAkhatA. e daramyAna dareka jaNa peAtAnA pATale nizALamAM mUkI detA. darekane hArabaMdha UbhA rAkhI, zikSaka nate hAthamAM sATI laI savAyA' savA aDhI, pANA cAra, pAMca, evI rIte. hAre savA sADI bArase sudhI ghAMTA pADI bhaNAvatA hatA. A savAyA' tA dareka chokarAne mATe hAya. nizALa savAre chUTe ke dareka chokarAe pATI lakhavI joIe. pATI saphedA ke khaDIthI lakhavAmAM AvatI hatI. e pATI upara AMka bhaNanAra 'AMka' kakko bhaNanAra 'kakko' ke 'bArAkhaDInAM pada', nAmuM bhaNanAra 'nAmu' ane hisAba bhaNanAra 'sADA sAtane pA' lakhatA hatA. je chokarI pATI na lakhI lAvyeA hAya tene mahetAjI zikSA karatA.4 vidyArthI e vakhatevakhata gurunI ekadilathI sevA bajAvatA.5 nAma mAlAya ane cheAkarA mahetAjI pAse gayA ke hAtha dhare ne mahetAjI jarA sATI hatheLImAM aDADe eTale cheAkarAne rA maLI kahevAya. rA maLatAM ja chekarA peAbArA gaNI jatA. A nAma je mAlAtAM tene meDA' kahetA. mADA'nA hukama Ape. kAI kAIM divase "hAjarI" mahetAjI krAI divase choDatI vakhate savAre

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briviza kAla 319 * kheAlAve. hAjarI eTale je chekarA sAMje nizALamAM AvyA hAya temanI hAjarI, e mAlavAnI rIta judI hatI. 'karasanadAsa narasIdAsa sAjInA hAjara' A mujaba jenuM nAma vaheMcAyuM ke tarata mahetAjI cheAkarAnI pATI joI rajA ApatA. have * sAMje je hAjara na heAya temanAM nAma laIne ekekane kheAlAvI prema gerahAjara * rahyo'? kahI upara mujaba khecAreka sATI enA para lagAve. chekarA jyAMsudhI ema na kahe ke mahetAjI sAheba, have sAMje gerahAjara nahi rahuM." tyAM sudhI seATI vicata ja paDatI baMdha thatI hatI. gerahAjarI aMge agAuthI mahetAjInI rajA levI paDatI ke gherathI ciThThI lAvavI paDatI. $ cemAsAmAM dhULa maLe niha tethI cheAkarAe reDAM ekaThAM karI ene bhAMgIne "bhUkA karatA tene 'parapeATA' kahetA. e khaDI ke geruthI raMgelA pATalA upara nAkhI chANInA ke dAtaNunA vataraNAthI lakhatA hatA. sAMje pAMca vAge eTale sAmAnya vidyAthIne rajA ApI bAkInA sArA chekarAone zikSaka peAtAnI pAse eTale judA khesADe. chekarA phakta dasa ke paMdara hoya, temAMthI traNacArane ke badhAne nIce UbhA rAkhe ane emAMthI kAIne Da'kApallavI' karapallavI' pUchavA mAMDe. DaMkApallavImAM eka DUmA (nAnu` DhAla) mahetAjI hAthamAM letA ane e ThUmakA * upara eka nAnI lAkaDI vaDe DhAMkatA. eka vagADaeN tA amuka akSara, amuka rIte dAMDA DhAkAya tA kAnA', amuka rIte dAMDA ThekAya teA mAtrA', amuka rIte ThekAya tA bhIDuM', evI gAThavelI sattA pramANe DUmA vagADI game te chekarAne pUche ke e tarata ja javAba Ape. AvI rIte be cAra chekarAone judAM judAM vAkaca ...pUche ke tarata cheAkarA javAba Ape. E 'karapallavI' eTale hAthanA AMgaLAnI saMjJAthI savAlA pUchatA tenA javAba "paNa karA jhaDapathI ApatA. pachI lIlAvatI'nA hisAba cAlatA. temAM jhADa paranAM pAchAM gaNavAnu hatu. e samIkaraNa jevA hisAba hatA. vyAja jevA hisAba mADhe karatAM zIkhavavAnI Teva pADatA.7 evI rIte mahetAjI keTalAka cheAkarAone ekaThA karI mADhAnA hisAba pUchyA pANI pacIsa ane savA traNa Ane khAMDI, tA dADha zera ane savA traNa adheALanu zu?' je chekarAne savAla puchAya te cheAkarA zIkhavelI hisAbanI cAvIthI tarata ja javAba I zakatA hatA. e hisAbamAM ghaNA. kAbela gaNAtA ane evA chokarA garIbanA hAya tApaNu varavApAtra gaNAI enA vivAha thatA. mahetAjI vidyAthI" para khUba bhAva rAkhatA.

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keLavaNI paragAmanA vidyArthIo mATe roja TharAvelA pAMcasAta dhanavAna brAhmaNanA gherathI bhikSA mAgI lAvI khAvAno rivAja hate. mahetAcha cArathI pAMca madadanIza rAkhatA. teo sUryodaya thatAM pahelAM nizALamAM AvatA. sAteka vAge eTale keTalA chokarA nizALamAM AvyA che e tarapha najara karatA ane je na AvyA hoya temane teDavA eka-be jaNa nIkaLI paDatA. kalAkeka teDAM karavAmAM jAya eTale madadanIza mahetAjI pAchA nizALamAM AvI pitAne je chokarA seMpelA hoya temane pATalA para pADo lakhI ApatA, athavA je je zIkhate heya tene navo pATha ApatA hatA. pATha-pADo pite lakhI ApatI -vakhate paNa pita meDhe bolI lakhatA ane mahetAjI bole te mujaba chokarAne paNa bolavuM paDatuM. bolavAmAM bhUla thAya te ekAda sadI paNa lagAvatA. madadanIza mahetAjIeAmAM pahelAne varSe divase rUA. 40 thI 50 sudhI, bIjAne rU. 25 thI 30 sudhI, trIjAne rU. 20 sudhI ane cothAne rU. 15 sudhI pagAra ApatA hatA. -e pagAra uparAMta je muThThI dANu Ave temAM aradhA mukhya mahetAjIne tyAM jatA ane aradhA madadanIze vaheMcI letA hatA. dANo maNa doDha maNuthI kavacita ja -ocho Avato. je chokare anAja lAvyA hoya te tapakhIra ghUMTavA jevA mATInA kuMDAmAM nAkhate hate. dhanaterasanA divase ghaNuM karIne dareka chokarAne pATale maMDAvavAno rivAja hatuM. mahetAjI je chokarAne pATale maMDAve tenA pitA dakSiNa ApatA. chokarAnA eka pUrA thAya tyAre Ubhe pATalo karyo kahevAtuM ane e pATale nizALanI dIvAla UbhuM karI baMdha karavAmAM AvatuM. mahetAjI nizALanA chokarAone pelA chokarAne ghera laI jatA ane tyAM AMka bolAvatA tathA "mahetAjIne pAghaDI paherAvo, chokarAone chuMdI apAve evAM keTalAMka kavitA bolatA. mahetAjIne -A prasaMge eka pAghaDI tathA rUpiyA ane chokarAone patAsAM, sAkariyA caNuM 'vagere maLatAM. mahetAjIone bIjI eka sArI kamAI e hatI ke keIne tyAM chokaro Ave te vakhate ghaNuM karI zaheranA badhA mahetAjIoe chokarAnA bApane tyAM javAne rivAja hato. jene tyAM chokare ja hoya te dareka mahetAjIne rU. 1 dakSiNamAM -ApatA, AnuM nAma chuTTI levA javAnuM kahetA. dareka chokarAne dhANuM sAkara ane gaLa vaheMcatA. e divase sAMje chokarAone nizALamAM rajA rahetI. prAcIna kAlanI zikSaNa paddhatinI eka khAsiyata vaDA nizALiyA mArata zikSaNa ApavAnI hatI. A pahati pramANe vidyArthIone bakhenI joDImAM vaheMcI

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briTiza kAyA nAkhavAmAM AvatA. vidyAthI jyAre zALAmAM dAkhala thate tyAre ene enAthI. jJAnamAM AgaLa evA vidyArthIonI dekharekha nIce rAkhavAmAM AvatuM. e enA pATha tapAsa ane AgaLa navuM zIkhavavAmAM madada karate. sAMje gurakhane e enAM pragati ane vartana aMge hevAla Apate. vidyArthIomAM alaga vargane badale alaga alaga joDI thavAthI zikSake vyaktigata dhyAna ApI zakatA. besavAnI vyavasthA paNa evI rAkhavAmAM AvatI ke hoziyAra ane abhyAsamAM pAchaLa, vidyArthI pAse pAse besatA, jyAre keTalAka moTI uMmaranA vidyArthIone abhyAsa lagabhaga pUro thavA AvatA tyAre emane eka haroLamAM sAthe besADavAmAM AvatA. ne mukhya zikSaka emane zIkhavatA. AvI rIte zikSake dareka vidyAthI tarapha kALajI, ane lakSa ApatA ne abhyAsamAMnI pragatinI tapAsa rAkhatA. A paddhatinA zikSaNamAM sAdhanemAM pATI ane vitaraNA sivAya bIjAM sAdhananI jarUra paDatI na hatI.. lakhavA mATe mATI khaDI geru jevI sastI cIje vaparAtI, vidyArthIomAM mukhyatve hiMdu heya. emAMnA 30 TakA jeTalA brAhmaNa heya; emanI phI levAtI na hatI. A sivAya kaNabI nI vANiyA vagere ujaLiyAta kemanAM bALakenI saMkhyA Azare kula saMkhyAnA 70 TakA jeTalI hoya. vidyArthInI uMmara sAmAnya rIte 6 thI 14 varSa sudhInI rahetI. aspRzya hovAne kAraNe harijanene AvI zALAmAM praveza nahe. emanAM bALakone emanA gara "garuDA bhaNAvatA. 1829 mAM nyAyakhAtAe karelI tapAsanA AMkaDA uparathI mAlUma paDe che ke e samaye surata bharUca kheDA ane amadAvAda jillAomAM gAmaThI zALAonI saMkhyA 282 nI hatI.10 zikSake mukhyatve brAhmaNa hatA; jo ke vANiyA ane brahmakSatriya zikSake paNa kaI zALAmAM kAma karatA jovA maLatA. pAlanapura vaDhavANu vageremAM jaina gerajIo zikSakanuM kAma karatA, brAhamAM zikSakene dhaMdhe peDhI dara peDhI vArasAmAM UtarI Avate hato. zikSake vidyArthIo tarapha khUba prema rAkhatA. gujarAtamAM zikSakane mAsika niyata rakama ApavAmAM AvatI na hatI. abhyAsamAM amuka tabakkA pUrA thAya tyAre ane abhyAsanA aMte rokaDa rakama puraskArarUpe ApavAmAM AvatI. A rokaDa rakama mAbApanAM Arthika sthiti ane sthAna pramANe vividha rahetI. A uparAMta rAja vidyArthIonI saMkhyA 50 ke enAthI vadhu thatI tyAre dara pakhavADiye bazera anAja ane 4 paisAbhAra ghI vArA pramANe dareka vidyAthI gurune Apati. jaMbusaramAM zikSakane dara varSe vidyArthI dITha rU. 2 thI rU. 6 puraskAra

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keLavaNuM maLatuM. kheDA jillAmAM vidyAthI lagna vagere prasaMge sArI sArI sthitinA leke pAsethI gura mATe dakSiNa mAgI lAvatA. surata jillAmAM zikSakane keTalIka jamInanuM utpAdana ApavAmAM AvatuM. amadAvAdamAM paTela taraphathI pasAyatAnI jamIna zikSakane nirvAha mATe ApavAnuM noMdhAyela che. surata jillAnA grAmapradezamAM bakSisa sahita purakAranI rakama mAsika rU. 3 jeTalI hatI. surata zaheramAM pa0 vidyArthIvALI zALAnA zikSakane rU. 5 mAsika maLatA. bharUca jillAmAM gAmanA kada pramANe zikSakane sarerAza vArSika rU. 50 maLatA. bharUca jevA zaheramAM paNa mAsika puraskAra rU. 3.5 maLatuM. kheDAmAM vadhAre saMkhyA dharAvatI zALAnA zikSakanuM vetana vArSika rU. 150thI bhAgyeja vadhAre hatuM. sAmAnya rIte zikSakane vAcana lekhana hisAba nAmuM AMka vagere zIkhavavAnuM hevAthI enuM jJAna parimita hatuM. e suMdara lekhana tarapha vadhu dhyAna ApatA. moTe bhAge zALA mATe hiMduomAM maMdira ane muslimonI madaresA mATe majidane upayoga thato. koI sthaLe gAmanA jamInadAra ke sadgahasthanA makAnane bhAga paNa zALAnA upayoga mATe ApavAmAM AvatuM. vALaMda ghAMcI ke kuMbhAranAM makAna paNa koI sthaLe zALA mATe upayogamAM levAtAM. AvI zALAomAM vidyAthIonI sarerAza saMkhyA 15 rahetI. jyAM sudhI jarUra hoya tyAMsudhI AvI zALAo astitvamAM rahetI ane jarUriyAta pUrI thatAM badha paNa thaI jatI. sAmAnya rIte agiyArasa pUnama amAsa grahaNa divALI heLI ane dazerA jevA tahevAranI rajA rahetI. A uparAMta keI no vidyAthI zALAmAM dAkhala thAya te mIThAI sAkara caNa dhANuM vagere vaheMcAyA bAda rajA apAtI. bALakane zArIrika zikSA karavAne pratibaMdha na hato. sAmAnya rIte aMgUThA pakaDAvavAmAM AvatA ane enI Doka upara ITa ke aMkaNuM ke evI kaI vasta mUkavAmAM AvatI. je bhUlecUke zikSAnI mudata daramyAna e vastu paDI jatI te vidyAthIne netaranI soTIthI mAra mAravAmAM AvatuM. keTalIka vAra vidyAthIne arthe kalAka ke eka kalAka ekapage Ubhe rAkhavAmAM AvatA vidyArthIne enA pagane Doka para rAkhIne jamIna upara besavAnI zikSA paNa pharamAvavAmAM AvatI. keTalIka vAra be ITa para vidyArthIne evI rIte besavAnuM kahevAmAM AvatuM ke jethI be page vacce vidyArthIne enuM mAthuM kAna pakaDIne vedanA thAya evI rIte rAkhavuM paDatuM. kaI zikSAmAM vidyAthIne najIkanA jhADanI DALIe laTakAvavAmAM Avate, te dAImAM enA hAthapaga bAMdhI chAparAnA mobha sAthe ke vaLIe laTakAvavAmAM AvatuM. 21

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3rara briTiza kAha koImAM vaLI vidyAthInA zarIra upara jaLa lagADavAmAM AvatI ane ene caLa Ave tepaNa hAtha aDakADavAnI manA hatI. keI zikSAmAM vidyAthIne jaLa ke bilADI ke kutarAM jevAM prANuo sAthe kethaLAmAM pUravAmAM AvatuM ane pachI ene jamIna para gabaDAvavAmAM AvatuM. keTalIka vAra vidyAthInA hAthanI be AMgaLIo vacce lAkaDI bharAvI ene duHkha thAya evI rIte bAMdhavAmAM Avate. kaI vAra vidyArthIne lAMbA paDIne jamIna mApavI paDatI ane nAka ghasIne keTaluM aMtara thayuM che enI nedha karavAmAM AvatI. cAra vidyAthI jene zikSA karavAnI heya tenA hAthapaga pakaDatA, ene Amatema UMce nIce phaMgoLatA ane jamIna para phekatA keI vAra be vidyAthI jene zikSA karavAnI hoya te vidyAthInA kAna pakaDatA ane ekadama doDatA jethI enA kAna kheMcAya ane e vedanA anubhave. je vidyAthI zALAe moDo Avate tene hAthamAM seTI paDatI. AvI rIte vidyAthIone aneka prakAranI kaDaka zArIrika zikSA karavAmAM AvatI. 11 Ama prAcIna paddhatithI cAlatI zALAomAM ochAmAM ochA kharce saMgIna zikSaNa apAtuM hatuM. (A) saMskRta pAThazALAe prAcIna paddhatithI keLavaNuM ApatI hiMduonI ucca zikSaNanI saMsthAone - saMskRta pAThazALAone rAjAo navAbe jamInadAro dhanika ane dhArmika vRttinA nAgarike taraphathI Arthika sahAya ane protsAhana maLatAM. AvI pAThazALAonA adhyApake vidvAna hatA. ucca zikSaNanA mAdhyama tarIke gujarAtI rAkhI prAcIna ziSTa bhASA saMskRtane abhyAsa karAvavAmAM AvatuM. pAThazALAonA adhyApakone rAjArajavADAM tathA dhanike dvArA jamIna anAja tathA rokaDa rakama kapaDAM vagere puraskArarUpe maLatuM. AnA badalAmAM zikSake maphata zikSaNa ApatA ane vidyAthIone rahevA-jamavAnI mata sagavaDa ApatA. keTalIka vAra sthAnika AzrayadAtAo ke rAjArajavADAM taraphathI khAsa makAna baMdhAvI ApavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. sAmAnya rIte vidyAthIe zALAmAM 12 varSa ke enAthI vadhAre varSa rahI adhyayana karatA hatA. saMskRta pAThazALAomAM adhyayana mATe mukhyatve brAhmaNe AvatA. emAM strIone ane jemane veda vagere bhaNavAne adhikAra nathI tevI jJAtinA vidyArthIone samAveza thate nahi. pAThazALAnA adhyApake brAhmaNa gRhastha hatA ane mukhya uddeza paMDita banAvavAne hate.

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keLavaNI sAmAnya rIte brAhmaNane putra uMmara-lAyaka thAya tyAre e AnikanuM zikSaNa ghera meLavatA. upanayananA saMskAra bAda e guru pAse rahIne vyAkaraNa kAvya nyAya vedAMta jyAtiSa vagere viSayAnA abhyAsa karatA.12 karasa e vakhatanA abhyAsakrama sAmAnya rIte traNa cAra varSanA hatA. vidyArthInA utsAha ne samaya upara talaspazI abhyAsa AdhAra rAkhatA ne pratyeka vidyAthInI zakti pramANe ja gurue viveka vAparI emane rucatuM ne jarUrI jJAna ApatA. vadhu mahattvAkAMkSI ziSyane tA kAzI javuM paDatuM. gujarAtamAM saMskRta vidyAnuM zikSaNu amuka hada sudhInuM maryAdita pramANamAM apAtuM. zarUAta zabdarUpAvalI dhAturUpAvalI ane samAsacakrathI thatI, jenA pachI 'amarakAza' mukhapATha karAvavAmAM AvatA ane chaMda mATe 'zrutakheAdha' bhaNAvAtA. e pachI pAThaya-pustAmAM sArasvata vyAkaraNa mukhya gaNAtuM ne kaumudI'ne abhyAsa vaDeAdarA jevAM meTAM zaherAmAM thatA. pAtaMjala mahAbhASya' jevA bhAre TIkAtrathA kAzImAM ja zIkhavAtA. vedAMtamAM vedAMtasAra vedAMtaparibhASA pa`cadazI zAMkarabhASya zrIbhASya vagere vaDAdarAmAM bhaNAvAtAM. alaMkArazAstramAM sAhityadarpaNu kAvyaprakAza kAvyapradIpa ne rasagaMgAdhara mukhya hatAM. caMdrAkI jAtakacaMdrikA prahalAdhava kezavI ane siddhAMtaziromaNi e yetiSazAstranAM mukhya pArTa-pustaka hatAM. AyurvedanA adhyayanamAM caraka zruta ne zAgadharanA graMtha agrasthAna bhAgavatA, kAvyanA abhyAsamAM medhadUta raghuvaMza ane kumArasaMbhava 'laghutrayI' gaNAtAM, ne kirAtArjunIya zizupAlavadha te naiSadhacaritra e 'bRhattrayI' manAtAM. nATakAmAM abhijJAna-zAkuntala uttararAmacarita veNIsaMhAra anarAdhava prasannarAdhava tathA gadyamAM kAdaMbarI vAsavadattA bhAratacaMpU vagere paricaya karAvavAmAM AvatA. manusmRti mitAkSarIpArAzarasmRti ne vyavahAra-mayUkhanA abhyAsathI smRtisAhityamAM praveza thatA. tasaMgraha nyAyakheAdhinI jAgadIzo mAthurI paMcalakSaNI caturdazalakSaNo ane gadAdharI e nyAyazAstranA mAstaMbha hatA. chaMdaHzAstranA vadhu jJAna mATe vRttaratnAkara cha dAmaMjarI pi gaLasUtra vagere pAThaya-pustA tarIke vaparAtAM. pAtaMjala-yAgadarzIna sAMkhyatattvakaumudI ne sAMkhyasUtra e sAMkhyayoganA abhyAsamAM mukhya hatAM. vizeSamAM vaidanI saMhitA brAhmaNeA sUtro AraNyA ne upaniSadA paNu saMskRta vidyAmAM mahattvanuM sthAna bhAgavatAM. A uparAMta yajJayAgAdinA saskAra-sAhityamAM RgvedanAM saskAra kaustubha te nArAyaNubhaTTI, yajuvedanAM RSibhaTTI ane prayAga Nu, sAmavedanuM prayAgaciMtAmaNi ne athava vedanu prayogabhAnu Avazyaka gra MtheA hatA. zrautakama mAM pAtapotAnA vaidanA zrotasUtranA AdhAre lakhAyelA prayogama tha vaparAtA ne da pUrNimAyiAtra

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324 briTiza kAza tathA nityahama tarapha pUratuM lakSya apAtuM. e uparAMta smArtakarmamAM RgvanuM AzvalAyana gRhyasUtra, yajurvedanuM pAraskara gRhyasUtra ane sAmavedanuM gabhilA gRhyasUtra paNa abhyAsane viSaya banatAM.13 A samaya daramyAna gujarAtamAM aneka pAThazALAo hatI temAMnI mukhya amadAvAda vaDodarA peTalAda DabhoI thANeda dhamaDAchA zinera nAMdela(tA. dahegAma) gerItA-kolavaDA(tA. vijApura) kevaDA(tA. vijApura) visanagara vijApura gaNadevI viramagAma pahegAma valabhIpura bhAvanagara jAmanagara pirabaMdara junAgaDha mAMgaroLa prabhAsa morabI kaccha vageremAM hatI. peTalAdamAM mahArAjA sayAjIrAva gAyakavADe. I.sa. 1890 mAM sthApelI rAjakIya saMskRta pAThazALA hatI, jemAM karmakAMDa, tiSa vyAkaraNa alaMkAra sAhitya jevA viSaya zIkhavAtA.14 amadAvAdamAM becara lazkarInI ane svAminArAyaNanI pAThazALAo pratiSThita gaNAtI. merabImAM saMskRta keleja ane rajIrAva saMskRta pAThazALA hatI. I.sa. 1865 mAM merakhI. saMskRta lojamAM zaMkaralAla mahezvara paMDita AcArya hatA ane e pahelAM rAjIrAva pAThazALAmAM adhyApaka hatA.15 zineranI saMskRta pAThazALAmAM vrajalAla kALidAsa zAstrIe raMgIlAla mahArAja pAse cheDe vakhata nyAyanuM adhyayana karyuM hatuM ane zeDo kegane abhyAsa karyo hato. A sAthe emaNe kaumudI veda vagerenA abhyAsano paNa prAraMbha karyo hate. (I.sa. 1845-50 daramyAna).14 cAMda(ji, vaDodarA)mAM sara viThThaladAsa dAmodara mULajI ThAkarasI saMskRta pAThazALAnI sthApanA sane 1897 mAM thaI hatI. emAM skUlamAM bhaNatAM bALakane trikAlasaMDyA, dvASTAdhyAyI mahimnastetrAdi vagerenuM savAre be kalAka jJAna apAtuM. saMskRtanA abhyAsI vidyArthIne yAjJika viSayanuM jJAna apAtuM vIsamI sadInA AraMbhamAM sarakhejamAM zrI kUlazaMkara caMbakarAma jozIe saMskRta pAThazALAne pitAnuM makAna dAnamAM ApI A pAThazALAne AraMbha karyo. emAM prAraMbhika vyAkaraNa saMdhyA rudrI vagerenuM zikSaNa apAtuM. vaDodarAmAM hiMdu rAjyanA Azrayane lIdhe ane dakSiNIonA vasavATane kAraNe nava pAThazALA hevAnuM manAya che. bharUcamAM narmadA saMskRta vedazALAnI sthApanA saM. 1940(I.sa. 1883)mAM mAdhavarAva yaMbakarAva jege karI. emAM sanAtana dharma, vedavidyA tathA saMskRta vyAkaraNa zIkhavAtAM. AraMbhamAM brAhmaNanA chokarA dAkhala thayA. pachIthI vedazALAnI pratiSThA vadhatAM vANiyAnA chokarA paNa dAkhala thavA lAgyA. dareka veda zIkhavavA mATe dara varSe rU. 100nA pagArathI alaga zikSaka rAkhavAmAM AvyA. I.sa.

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keLavaNuM 3ra 1914nA gALA daramyAna ahIM saMskRta vyAkaraNa Tveda yajuveda tathA tiSa -zIkhavAtAM. emAM lagabhaga 40 jeTalA vidyArthIo bhaNatA. paragAmanA vidyArthIo mATe eka vidyArthI--Azrama kholavAmAM Avyo hate.17 nAMdelanI pAThazALA tiSavidyAnuM khAsa kendra hatI. e yugamAM jAmanagara "cheTI kAzI' kahevAtuM. saurASTrane brAhmaNa vidyArthIo tyAM saMskRtane abhyAsa karavA jatA. kALidAsa zAstrI jevA vidvAne tyAM vidyArthIone bhaNAvatA. tyAMthI bhaNIne nIkaLelA vidyArthIo anyAnya nagaronI pAThazALAonA AcArya tarIke nimAtA. parabaMdaranI rAjakIya pAThazALAmAM jAmanagarathI bhaNIne gayelA prAgajI zAstrI ane emanA pachI emanA jamAI baladeva zarmA AcArya hatA. khAnagI pAThazALAo paNa tyAM hatI, jyAM paDadharInA vikhyAta revAzaMkara zAstrI vedane abhyAsa karAvatA. porabaMdaranI rAjakIya pAThazALAmAMthI zAstrI kAzIrAma karazanajI bAMbhaNiyA mAMgaroLamAM 1901 mAM sthapAyelI pAThazALAmAM AcArya tarIke gayA. 1903 mAM tyAM vaiSNava pAThazALA sthapAI ne vyAkaraNa chaMda kAvya nATake ne vedAMtanuM zikSaNa apAvA lAgyuM. mAMgaroLamAM eka vedazALA paNa sthapAyelI, jayAM svara-sahita mukhyatve yajurvedasaMhitA zIkhavavAmAM AvatI. karmakAMDI brAhmaNe te te te nagaramAM pitRparaMparAthI svarahita pitApitAnA vedanuM adhyayana karatA. briTiza kAlanA AraMbha samaye AvI ghaNI pAThazALAo janasamAjanI "dharmabhAvanA para nibhAva karatI, ne tethI ja popakAra-daSTie ke sevAvRttithI phI vagara ja cAlatI. emAM aneka saMskRta vAcaspatio thaI gayA, jemAM vaDodarAmAM samartha yadhara ne mahAzaMkara zAstrI, amadAvAdanA bhAskara zAstrI, dInAnAtha, nIlakaMTha zAstrI, rAmakRSNa harakhajI zAstrI ne harizaMkara jozI, dhamaDAchAnA kaumudI ne tiSamAM niSNuta gaNAtA bhagavAna zAstrI, gaNadevIne nyAyapAraMgata dayArAma zukala, zinerane raMgIladAsa, naDiyAdanA ravizaMkara zAstrI, nAMdelanA prakhyAta karuNAzaMkara jozI, vIramagAmanA AzAdhara paMDita, pATaNanA acalezvara paMDita ne vaikuMTha jozI, gerItA-kelavaDAnA nArAyaNa zAstrI, kelavADAnA dalasukha zAstrI, vIsanagaranA maganalAla jozI tathA nArAyaNa zAstrI, bhAvanagaranA bhAnuzaMkara dIkSita tathA jagannAtha, mAMDavInA vizvanAtha zAstrI, bhUjane darabArI zAstrI jezaMkara, jAmanagaranA hAthIbhAI zAstrI ne paMDayA narabherAma, jUnAgaDhanA karuNAzaMkara zAstrI, emanA putra haridatta ane haridatanA putra vallabhajI AcArya tathA paMDita gaTulAlajI ane morabInA zIghra kavi zaMkaralAla mahezvara paMDita prasiddha vidvAna hatA.18

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briTiza kAle Ama tatkAlIna saMskRta pAThazALAo hiMduonI ucca zikSaNanI saMsthAo, tarIke kAmagIrI bajAvatI ane emAM vidyArthInAM zakti utsAha ane samayane lakSamAM laI zikSaNa ApavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. (I) madaresAo gujarAtanI bhUmi madaresAothI jANItI rahI che. gujarAtamAM rASTrakUTa ane selaMkI rAjyoe muslimone protsAhana ApyuM. emanA ja kAlamAM madaresAo(madresAo) sthapAI. siddharAjanA kAlamAM ziyA vaherAonI madaresA sthapAI. gujarAtanA sulatAnanA kAlamAM madaresAo sthapAI temAM hiMduoe paNa praveza meLavyo hate. hajarata zekha ahamada khaTTanA mRtyu pachI sulatAna muhammadarazAha 2 jAe. sarakhejamAM emane makabare baMdhAvyuM ane tyAM madaresA sthApI. nahAravAlA pATaNamAM khAnasarovara madaresA, amadAvAdamAM usamAnapurAmAM zekha muhammada usamAna uphe zae burahAnInI madaresA, zAhaAlamanI madaresA, mAMgaroLanI madaresA, zAha vajIhuddInanI madaresA, nahIravAlA-pATaNanI AlamagIrI madaresA, amadAvAdanA hidAyata baSNanI madaresA ane bharUcanI madaresA-e-IsahAka khUba jANItI hatI. nahAvAlApATaNanI AlamagIrI madaresA vacce baMdha thaI gayelI, jenuM jUnuM nAma "phajhe saphA" hatuM. e madaresA have pharI zarU thaI gaI che, jenuM nAma "kanTake magUla" rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. marahUma maulAnA abu jhaphara nadavI sAhebe emanA graMtha "gujarAta kI tamanI, tArIkhamAM 28 meTI madaresAonAM nAma gaNAvyAM che, jemAM audyogika ane saMgItanI madaresAone samAveza thato nathI. Aje paNa moTA bhAge dareka mahollAnI masjidamAM madaresA hoya che ja, jemAM nAnAM bALaka kurAna paDhavAnuM zIkhe che. ene "nAjhiraha kurmAna pyAnI' kahe che. arabInuM akSarajJAna ApI, joDaNI karI paThana karavAnuM nAma che "nAjhirata khvAnI." emAM arabI bhASA ne bhAvArtha zikhavADavAmAM AvatAM nathI temaja arabI lekhanane paNa emAM samAveza thato nathI. cAreka varSanAM chokarAMne sAmAnya rIte madaresAmAM praveza ApavAmAM Ave che ane ATheka varSanuM thatAM sudhImAM bALaka kurAnanA trIsa pAraha saraLatAthI vAMcatAM zIkhI le che. zarUAtamAM je bALapethI bharNavavAmAM Ave che tene "kAyadaha kahe che. AvI madaresAmAM praveza mATe koI tArIkha nakkI hotI nathI, varSa daramyAna game tyAre praveza apAya che temaja madaresAmAM bhaNatAM koI paNa be bALakone sabaka eka hete nathI, darekane stara

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keLavaNI 320 judo hoya che, ane maulavI sAheba darekane eka eka karIne pitAnI pAse belAvI ene sabaka paDhAve che. eka ja stare be bALaka na hovAne lIdhe varganuM prajana kazuM hetuM nathI. kurAna zIkhI rahyA pachI thoDuM prAthamika dhArmika zikSaNa apAyA che. uparAMta sArAM gharanI strIo paNa pitAnAM gharomAM nAjhiraha kurAnanI tAlIma ApatI hoya che, paNa tyAM uccArazuddhi saMtoSakAraka rIte jaLavAtI nathI. A uparAMta je moTI madaresA hoya che te dArula uluma kahevAya che. "dAra' eTale ghara ane ulUma" "Ima (arthAta jJAna)nuM bahuvacana che, tethI dArula ulUma eTale vidyAonuM ghara. chelalA ceDA dAyakAthI dArula uluma sthApavAnI prathAne vega maLe che. amadAvAdamAM dArula uluma zAhaAlama, AsToDiyA paththaravALI marijadamAM madrasAeanavArula ulUma ane rakhiyAlamAM kAlemula ulUma" sthapAyAM che. banAsakAMThAmAM chApI, kheDA jillAmAM ANaMda ane sAbarakAMThAmAM vaDAlImAM AvI madaresAo sthapAI che. bharUca jillAmAM AvI dArula ulUma pratyenuM valaNa khUba prabaLa che. gujarAta rAjyamAM jANItAM dArula ulUmanI saMkhyA 20 thI 25 jeTalI che. surata ane siddhapuramAM dAudI vaherAonI prAcIna madaresA che, je ziyA vaherAo mATe maryAdita che. surata pAse Avela dhAbela ane rAMderanI madaresAone sthapAye lagabhaga 70 varSa thavA AvyAM che. A madaresAomAM ramajAnanA pavitra mahinA daramyAna rajA hoya che ane varSa daramyAna dara zukravAre rajA rahe che. ramajAna pachI navuM satra zarU thAya che ane have e vakhate ja vidyArthIone praveza apAya che. mahollAnI nAnI madaresAonI jema AmAM chokarIone praveza apAtuM nathI. praveza meLavanAra vidyArthIne dArula ulUmamAM ja rahevuM paDe che. keI phI levAmAM AvatI nathI. uparAMta vidyArthIne rahevA-khAvAne kharca ane enA abhyAsakramanAM pustakone kharca dArula ulUma bhogave che. e kharA arthamAM maphata zikSaNa che. dArula ulumanA zikSakanuM rahevA-khAvAnuM paNa maphata heAya che. e uparAMta emane mAsika pagAra apAya che. keTalAMka dArula ulamomAM davAno kharca paNa madaresA bhagave che, AthI kaI paNa sAmAnya dArula ulUmanuM vArSika bajeTa lAkha rUpiyAthI ochuM bhAgyeja heAya che. A mATe sarakAra pAsethI kaI grAnTa levAmAM AvatI nathI, paraMtu dhanika muslima kherAta jakAta tiraha ane sadakaha temaja imadAdanA rUpiyA dara varSe AvI madaresAone Ape che. ramajAna mahinAmAM sAmAnya rIte jakAta kADhavAmAM Ave che ane madaresAomAM rajAo hoya che tethI zAbAna mahinAthI madaresAonI adhikRta vyaktio phALo ugharAvavA nIkaLI paDe che. emane "saphara'

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29 briTiza kANa kahe che. u.pra. bihAra pazcima baMgALa temaja bhAratanAM anya rAjyanI madaresAonA saphara dara varSe zAbAnathI ramajAna sudhI zahera amadAvAdamAM phALo ugharAvatA phare che tema judA sthAnika temaja gujarAta rAjyanI madaresAonA saphIro paNa anya rAjyomAMthI kALA laI Ave che. dezanAM amadAvAda ane muMbaI jevA mahAnagaromAMthI madaresAone moTA phALA maLe che. saphIra pAse pitAnI madaresAne prasiddha thayela cheTalA varSane riporTa hoya che, jemAM madaresAnI pragati uparAMta pAchalA varSe phALo ApanAra vyaktionAM nAma ThekANuM ane emaNe Apela phALAnI rakama noMdhAyelI hoya che. dAnavIra tarIkenI khyAtinI khevanA daMbha ane ADaMbaramAM pheravAI jatI hovAthI temaja khudAne prasanna karavA sivAyanA hetuthI thatA puNyanA kAma ane puNyopArjanane niSedha karate hevAthI moTA bhAge leke e dAna ApatI vakhate pitAnA nAmane badale eka muslima" ke "eka momina' evA zabda lakhAvyA hoya che. sAmAnya rIte 250thI 300 vidyArthI dara varSe keI eka dArula ulumamAM judA judA abhyAsakrama mATe praveza meLavatA hoya che. Alima-phajhilane abhyAsakrama ATha varSane heya che. meTA bhAganA vidyArthIe TUMkA gALAne abhyAsakrama pUro karIne jatA rahe che. satata ATha varSane abhyAsakrama pUro karanAra vidyArthIonI TakAvArI pAtaLI rahe che. AvA jUja vidyArthIo mATe jalasae dastAre phajhIlatIne kAryakrama rAkhavAmAM Ave che, je yunivarsiTInA padavIdAna samAraMbha samAna hoya che. dastAra eTale pAghaDI ane phijhIlata' eTale zreSThatA. uttIrNa thanAra vidyArthIone mAthe zreSThatAnI pAghaDI badhI emane saMmAnavAmAM Ave che. dArUla ulUma zAhaAlama-amadAvAda Ave samAraMbha IzA(rAta)nI namAja pachI rAte jAme masjidamAM jAya che. Alima uparAMta dArula ulUmamAMthI bahAphijha" "kArI' "mussira' "muhasi" ane "muphatI'nI padavI meLavI zakAya che. kurAnane trIse trIsa pAraha jene meDhe yAda heya te "hAphijha" kahevAya. A abhyAsakrama traNa varSane heAya che. thoDAM varSo agAu rAjasthAnamAM Avela jayapura pAsenA TekanA hAphijhe amadAvAdamAM Dagale ne pagale jovA maLatA, paNa have sthAnika temaja rAjyanAM anya sthaLAmAM bahAra paDela hAphijhoe emanuM sthAna lIdhuM che. hAphijha namAja vakhate imAmata karAve che temaja "tarAvIha nAme jANItI mAtra ramajAna mahinA pUratI rAte paDhavAmAM AvatI vadhArAnI namAjamAM AkhuM kurAna ke tilAvata (paThana) kare che. hAphijhanA abhyAsakramamAM kurAna sivAya

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keLavaNI 3raha anya graMthane samAveza thato nathI, jyAre bIjI padavIo mATenA abhyAsakramamAM judAM judAM pAThyapustaka heAya che. Avo abhyAsakrama dase nijhAmInA nAme sadIothI jANItuM che. A abhyAsakrama taiyAra karanAra vidvAna hatA ustAjhula-hinda mullAM nijhAmuddIna phiraMgI mahalI. emanA pitA mulAM kutubuddInane hi. sa. 1103 (I.sa. 1692)mAM u.pra.nA gAmamAM bArAbaMkI jillAnA siMhAlI nAmanA gAmamAM amuka lekee e vakhate zahIda karyA ke jyAre teo madaresAmAM sabaka ApI rahyA hatA. mullAM kutubuddInanI khyAti ane vidvattAthI auraMgajheba aMjA hato. mullAM nijhAmuddIna 14 varSanA hatA tyAre lakhanaumAM AvatA rahyA ane sAta ATha varSa pachI madaresA zarU karI. auraMgajhebe lakhanaumAM eka sanada mArata A vaMzanA lokone rahevA mATe eka keThI ApI, jemAM agAu keI Daca vepArI rahetuM hatuM. A makAna "phiraMgI mahala'nA nAme jANItuM che. e ja phiraMgI mahala islAmI yunivarsiTI samAna thaI gaye. mullAM nijhAmuddIna jyAM rahetA hatA tyAM ja madaresA zarU karI ane ahIM "da nijhAmI" (nijhAmuddIne taiyAra karela abhyAsakrama) ghaDavAmAM AvyuM.19 tyAMnA snAtake "phiraMgI mahalI" kahevAya che. mukelAM nijhAmuddInanuM avasAna hisa. 1161(I.sa. 1748)mAM thayuM. Aje baso aDhIso varSathI emaNe phiraMgI mahalamAM taiyAra karela abhyAsakrama AkhA dezamAM pracalita che. alabatta emAM ceDA sudhArA-vadhArA thayA che, paNa buniyAdI rIte Aje paNa e abhyAsakrama dase nijhAmI' ke "dase nijhAmiyyaha' kahevAya che. dase nijhAmI' apUrva eNthenA saMcayanuM nahi, paNa eka khAsa prakAranI ttAlImanI paddhatinuM nAma che. e eka abhigama che. zarUAtamAM mullAM nijhAmuddIne ke emanA ziSyoe lakhela graMtha emAM bhavAtA. emAMnA amuka graMtha emane jIvanamAM lakhAyA. amuka emanA maraNa bAda emanA ziSyoe lakhelAM pustaka hatAM, paraMtu moTA bhAganA graMtha te e ja hatA ke je prAcIna kAlathI zIkhavAtA hatA. adalAmaha ziblInA maMtavya anusAra jo ke A abhyAsakrama nijhAmuddInanA nAma sAthe joDI devAmAM Avyo che, chatAM eno AraMbha emanA pitA mullAM kutubuddInanA samayathI thayele ane khuda emanA anugAmIoe pitAnI sUjha pramANe emAM pheraphAra karyA hatA. "dase nijhAmI" sAme amuka lekene vAMdhe che ke emAM "mAphalAta upara savizeSa laya apAya che, jyAre "manakUlAta'(paraMparAgata)nI upekSA thAya che.

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330 briTiza kA. enA javAbamAM ema kahevAya che ke dase nijhAmInA abhyAsakramamAM sAmela graMtho sAdhya nathI, paraMtu sAdhana che. eka vakhata enI upara prabhutva prApta karyA pachI vidyAthInI gati mAtra e graMtha pUratI maryAdita rahetI nathI, paNa e samagra rIte je te viSayane AvarI le che, allAmaha ziblIe dase nijhAmIne e samayanA eka atyaMta pragatizIla pagalA tarIke biradAvatAM enI viziSTatAonuM nIce pramANe nirIkSaNa karyuM che: 1. saMkSiptatA, arthAta dareka viSayanA eka ke be saMkSipta paNa sarvagrAhI graMthanI pasaMdagI. 2. A ja saMkSepanA niyamanA anusaMdhAnamAM abhyAsakramamAM sAmela graMthane pUrA bhaNAvavAne badale emAMthI jarUrI lAge teTalA bhAganuM ja adhyayana svIkArAyuM. 3. dareka viSayamAM je te viSayanuM agharuM manAtuM pustaka adhyayana mATe pasaMda karAyuM, jethI karIne vidyArthIomAM je te viSayanA pramANamAM rahelA anya graMthanA svAdhyAyanI kSamatA vikase. zrI velasmitha ene sunnI madaresA kahe che, ema chatAM ene abhyAsakrama evo che ke je sunI ziyA ane bina-muslima mATe sarvasvIkRta che. e sarva ahIMthI snAtaka thatA rahyA che tethI keTalAka ene "binasAMpradAyika abhyAsakrama" gaNe che, jyAre keTalAkane emAM dhArmika vidyAthIonA samAvezane abhAva khUMce che, tethI ja saiyada sulemAna nadavIe "mAsAte subhAnanA bIjA bhAgamAM dase nijhAmuddInanI e mATe AkarI TIkA karI che ke emAM hadIsane abhyAsa apUrate. thAya che, kemake "mizakAta' sivAya hadIsanA keI anya graMthanuM adhyayana thatuM nathI. 20 taphasIramAM mAtra jalAlena ane bedAvI bhaNAvAtA, paraMtu maulAnA ziblIe karela pRthakkaraNamAM A TIkAne javAba AvI ja jAya che. maulAnA hakIma saiyada abdula haI sAhebe dase nijhAmanI khAmIonI savistara carcA karI che tema emAM thaela pheraphAro upara prakAza pheMkyo che. emaNe arabImAM lakhela pustakanuM udUmAM abula jhaphara nadavIe "phurAma varmI kunUna, hindustAna'nA nAme bhASAMtara karyuM che temaja manAjhira hasana golAnIe paNa A viSaya upara "hindustAna mujhamAne che nizAne tAtrImAM tAviyA" nAmane graMtha lakhe che. AkhAya bhAratamAM "dase nijhAmI' najIvA pheraphAro sAthe Aje paNa pracalita che. musalamAnamAM pravartamAna ajJAnane nivAravAnA hetuthI valasADanA hajarata

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33 keLavaNI maulAnA ahamada hasana bhAma sAhebe sImalaka (tA. navasArI) nAmanA gAmanI masjidamAM hi.sa. 1326 (I. sa. 1908) mAM masae tAlImuddIna'nI sthApanA karI. emaNe pahelAM teA kAnapurathI ulamAne teDAvyA. pahelAM chamAsika,. pachI traimAsika ane aMte mAsika parIkSAnI prathA dAkhala karI. tyAM unA mAdhyama vaDe zikSaNa apAya che. musalamAnemAM zaikSaNika ane dhArmika jAgRti ANuvA emaNe 'adrIna' nAmanuM mAsika pragaTa karavAnuM zarU karyuM hatuM, jemAM vidyAkIya aitihAsika dhArmika ane sudhAraka pravRttine peSaka evA lekha pragaTa thatA, A mAsikane pragaTa karavA emaNe 'muInuddIna' nAme eka presa pazu zarU. karyuM" hatuM. AgaLa jatAM maulAnA ahamada hasane sImalaka pAse AvelA DAMbhelanI pazcime gAhanI sAme eka mATI jamIna kharIdI tyAM dArula ulUma sthApavA kroziza karI. hAla e dArula ulUmamAM vidyArthI enI sakhyA 450 thI 500 sudhInI rahe che. videzAnA vidyAthI paNa emAM praveza meLavatA rahe che. 2. navI keLavaNI prAthamika zikSaNa IsTa inDiyA kampanIne 1813 mAM keLavaNI pAchaLa dara varase rU. eka lAkha kharca karavA mATe pharaja pADavAmAM AvI hatI, paNa zarUAtamAM A rakamane upayega saMskRta ane arakhInI pAThazALA khelavA mATe karavAmAM AvyA hatA. ene virodha thatAM pAzcAtya sAhitya ane vijJAnaneA pracAra karavAnu dhyeya ma~kAlenI noMdha pramANe 1835 mAM svIkAravAmAM AvyuM.21 jUnI gAmaThI zALAomAM lekhana vAcana ane gaNitanuM zikSaNu be thI traNa varSAM paryaMta apAtuM hatuM. tene badale navA prakAranu` zikSaNa cArathI sAta varasa sudhI apAvA lAgyuM. jUnI zALAo zikSakanA gharamAM ke kAI devasthAna ke dharmazALAmAM besatI hatI. ene badale A navI zALAo mATe svataMtra makAnanI sagavaDa prApta thaI hatI. abhyAsakramamAM bhUgoLa, itihAsa ane khageALazAstrane prathama vAra sthAna apAyu` hatuM. gaNitamAM khIjagaNitanA ane trikANamitine| abhyAsa aMkagaNita uparAMta karAvAtA hatA. navI keLavaNI. ApatI zALAonA zikSA mATe tAlImanI vyavasthA karAI hatI ane emane dara mAse niyamita pagAra apAtA hatA. agAu pAThaya pustakane abhAva hatA. tene sthAne varNamALA, lipidhArA, mAdhavacana, DeDaslInI vArtAo, IsapanIti,. bAlamitra, zikSAmALA, gaNita vagerenAM pAThaya pustaka taiyAra karAvavAmAM AvyAM

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(332 briTiza kAya "hatAM. zikSaNa khAtAnA janma bAda vAcanamALA ane anya pustaka taiyAra karAvavAmAM AvyAM hatAM, jemAM dalapatarAma, durgArAma mahetA, bhogIlAla prANavallabhadAsa vagerene sahakAra levAyA hatA. sudhArA-vadhArA sAthe A vAcanamALA 1906 sudhI upayogamAM levAI hatI. 22 1855 mAM muMbaI rAjyamAM keLavaNI khAtAne janma thaye e pUrve khristI mizanarIoe garIbanI keLavaNI mATenI saMsthA e neTiva ejayukezana sosAyaTI tathA borDa oNpha ejyukezane navI paddhatinI prAthamika zALAo zarU karI hatI. laMDana mizanarI sesAyaTI tathA Ayariza prembiriyana mizane gujarAtane emanA kSetra tarIke pasaMda karyuM hatuM. emaNe gujarAtI bhASAne abhyAsa karI keTalAMka pAThaya pustaka taiyAra karyA hatAM. gujarAtamAM ghoghA porabaMdara rAjakeTa surata amadAvAda jaMbusara borasada damaNa vaDodarA vagere sthaLoe emaNe zALAo zarU karI hatI, je paikI surata rAjakoTa ane ghoghAmAM kanyAzALAo paNa hatI. A zALAo -zarU karavA mATenuM dhyeya khristI dharmanA pracAranuM hovAthI nIcalA tharane leke sivAya bIjA vargoe ene khAsa lAbha lIdhe na hate. garIbonI keLavaNI mATenI saMsthAnA Azraye surata(1817) bharUca ane kheDA(1820)mAM zALAo zarU karAI hatI. A saMsthAe enI pravRtti baMdha karatAM 1882 thI be neTiva ejyukezana sosAyaTIe suratamAM 3, bharUcamAM 2, amadAvAdamAM 2 ane kheDA naDiyAda ane joLakAmAM ekeka ema kula 10 zALA zarU karI hatI. 1837 mAM A saMkhyA vadhIne 20 nI thaI hatI. 1838 mAM kula 27 zALAomAM 1055 vidyAthI bhaNatA hatA. 1840 mAM borDa opha ejyukezane zikSaNane vahIvaTa saMbhALyo hate. 1846mAM karuNAzaMkara mahetAjIe amadAvAdamAM ane durgArAma mahetAe 185ra mAM suratamAM zALA zarU karI hatI. gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTInA prayAsathI be kanyAzALAo harakuMvarabAI zeThANI ane maganalAla karamacaMdanA dAnathI amadAvAdamAM zarU karAI hatI. saurASTramAM piliTikala ejanTa karnala meTalenA prayAsathI 1846 mAM rAjakoTamAM zALA zarU karAI hatI. 1851 mAM henarI esTane ane tyArabAda karnala leMge rajavADAMone zALAo zarU karavA samajAvyAM hatAM. 1855-56 daramyAna saurASTranA 175 tAlukAo paikI 19 tAlukAomAM 54 zALA zarU karAI hatI. 23 taLa gujarAtamAM I.sa. 1864 daramyAna 41 zALA hatI ane emAM 2,941 vidyAthI bhaNatA hatA. karachamAM I.sa. 1853 mAM eka zALA zarU karAI hatI. 24 A zALAomAM najIvI phI levAtI hatI ane e paikI adhI phInI rakama zikSakone sArA pariNAma mATe, bAkInI phI pAThya pustakonI kharIdI, zALAnI marAmata ane pustakAlaya mATe kharcAtI hatI. zikSakanuM pagAra dheraNa rU. 10-50nuM hatuM.

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keLavaNu 333, 1854-55 mAM sara cArlsa vUDanA kharItAnI bhalAmaNa pramANe keLavaNI khAtAnI sthApanA thaI. A samaya daramyAna kavi dalapatarAme bhAvanagara lIMbaDI vaDhavANu vaDodarA vagere sthaLonI mulAkAta laIne zALAo khelavA laThene samajAvyA hatA. 1865 mAM muMbaI rAjyanA keLavaNI khAtAnA vaDA hAvarDanI sUcanAthI jamIna mahesUlanA rUpiyA dITha eka Ane lokala sesa phaMDa keLavaNInA vikAsa mATe levAnI zarUAta thaI. 1868 mAM A kara dareka vistArane lAgu karyo. A karane trIjo bhAga prAthamika zikSaNa mATe anAmata rakhAyuM hatuM. 1863 thI khAnagI zALAone vidyArthI dITha cAra AnAthI mAMDI rUpiye deNagI ApavAnI prathA zarU karAI hatI. 1865-66 daramyAna gujarAtanA samagra vistAranI nIce pramANe hakIkata hatIH zALA ane vidyArthIonI saMkhyA 1865-66 pradezanuM nAma zALAonI saMkhyA vidyAthIonI saMkhyA taLa gujarAta 303 21,15ra saurASTra 4,189 71 karaze 14 zALAmAM dAkhala thavA lAyaka vidyAthIo pIkI 0.4 TakA bALake ja zALAe, jatAM hatAM. vaDodarA rAjyamAM 1856 mAM navasArImAM pArasIonI eka zALA ane vaDodarA zaheramAM be gujarAtI ane be marAThI zALA zarU karAI hatI. 1857mAM varnAkyulara khAtuM zarU karAyuM ane e varSe be kanyAzALA ane eka urdU zALA zarU karAI hatI. 1888 mAM 180 zALAomAM 7,465 vidyAthI prAthamika keLavaNa letA hatA. 1882 mAM prAthamika zikSaNanI javAbadArI briTiza hakumatanA jillAomAM lakala barDa ane myunisipAliTIne saMpAI ane temane 50 TakA jeTalI grAnTa. prAMtika phaMDamAMthI ApavAmAM AvatI hatI. amadAvAdanI nagarapAlikAe sahu prathama A javAbadArI svIkArI hatI. 1887-88mAM bALavarga dAkhala karAyo hato. 1891 sudhI jillA lokala beDa nAmane ja vahIvaTa karatuM hatuM. borDanI Avaka maryAdita hovAthI zikSaNane vikAsa-dara ghaTI gayA hatA. nirIkSaNa, pAThaya pustakenI pasaMdagI ane abhyAsakrama nakkI karavAnI sattA sarakArI zikSaNa-khAtAne hastaka hatI. sarakAre prAthamika zikSaNanI javAbadArI sthAnika svarAjyanI sattAne

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334 briTiza kALa seMpavAthI zikSaNanA vikAsamAM oTa AvI hatI. 1891-92 thI 1901 daramyAna dukALa plega vagerenI asarane kAraNe paNa zikSaNanA vikAsa-daramAM saheja ghaTADo thayo hate. - vaDodarA rAjyamAM 1891 mAM eka ja dasakAmAM zALAnI saMkhyA 180 thI vadhIne 550 thaI hatI. e pramANe vidyArthIonI saMkhyA paNa vadhI hatI. 1893 mAM mahArAjA sayAjIrAve amarelI jillAnAM 10 gAmamAM pharajiyAta prAthamika zikSaNa dAkhala karavAno prayoga karyo hato. sane 1894 mAM cunIlAla setalavADe nagara. pAlikA vistAramAM prAthamika zikSaNa pharajiyAta karavA sUcana karyuM hatuM. 1899mAM lorDa karjhana vAIsareya banatAM eNe zikSaNanI guNavattA tathA prAthamika zikSaNa aMge rAjyane tathA sthAnika svarAjyanI saMsthAone vadhu kharca karavA sUcanA ApI hatI. zikSakanuM pagAra-dhoraNa enI udAra deNagInItine kAraNe sudharyuM hatuM. zikSaNa paddhati ane kAbhimukha abhyAsakrama aMge eNe AvakAradAyaka sUcane karela, paNa kaDaka aMkuzanItine kAraNe enI zikSaNa nIti apriya banI hatI. 1906-1907 mAM vaDodarA rAjaye enA samagra vistAra mAM prAthamika zikSaNa pharajiyAta karyuM hatuM. baMgabhaMganI caLavaLe lokomAM jAgRti ANI hatI ane zikSaNanI bhUkha UghaDI hatI. 1910-1911 daramyAna zikSaNanI pragati nIcenA koThA uparathI spaSTa thaze? prAthamika zikSaNanI pragati 1900-1011 pradezanuM nAma zALAonI saMkhyA vidyArthIonI saMkhyA 1900-1901, 1911-1912 1900-1901 1911-12 1. mULa gujarAta 2,862 5347 1,88,310 3,94,645 2. saurASTra 1,087 65,375 70,581 3. karacha 110 113 5,378 6,540 kula 3,899 6,547 2,60,063 4,71,766 eka dasakAmAM zALAone vidyArthIonI saMkhyAmAM 75 TakAthI vadhu vadhAre thayuM hatuM. 1906 mAM pharajiyAta prAthamika zikSaNa ane muMbaI sarakAre eka samiti nImI hatI. eNe A prayoga mATe samaya pALyo nathI evI pratyAghAtI bhalAmaNa karI hatI. 1910-11 daramyAna gokhalejIe dilhImAM dhArAsabhAmAM A mATe jhuMbeza uThAvI hatI, paNa e niSphaLa gayA hatA. 1901-1919nA gALA

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335 keLavaNa daramyAna abhyAsakrama bhAre banAvAyo hato. pleina-bhUmiti sRSTi-jJAna bAgakAma ane citrakAmane abhyAsakramamAM sthAna apAyuM hatuM. zikSakane pagAra rU. 4 thI mAMDIne mAsika rU. 60 sudhIno hato. niyata pagAranI jagyAonI prathA paNa cAlu thaI hatI. 1914mAM prathama vizvayuddha zarU thatAM nANAkIya taMgIne kAraNe zikSaNa aMge udAra deNagI ApavAnI bhArata sarakAranI nItimAM parivartana AvyuM hatuM ane tethI prAthamika zikSaNanA vikAsakAryakramamAM kApa Avyo hate. rASTrabhAvanAnA "udayane kAraNe rASTriya zikSaNa mATenI vicAraNAnI zarUAta thaI hatI.27 mAdhyamika zikSaNa gujarAtanI sarva prathama aMgrejI zALA dalapatarAma bhagubhAI nAmanA samAja-sudhArake suratamAM zAhapura musApharakhAnA pAse 1834 mAM zarU karI hatI. bharUcamAM Takala ane TAujoDe aMgrejI zIkhavavAne khAnagI varga zarU karyo hato. AI. pI. mizana hAIskUla suratamAM 1840mAM zarU karavAmAM AvI hatI. paNa vaTALa pravRttinA bhayane kAraNe lokoe A zALAne pUrato lAbha lIdho na hato. rAjakoTamAM revanDa kAra tathA glAsagoe 1843 mAM aMgrejI zIkhavavAne varga khelyo hato. 1840-41 mAM suratamAM sarakArI hAIskUla lekenI mAgaNIthI zarU karavAmAM AvI hatI. enA prathama AcArya dAdAbA pAMDuraMga hatA. 184ra mAM grIna enA AcArya hatA. 1841 ane 1854mAM A zALAmAM 35 ane 38 vidyAthI hatA. 1846 mAM amadAvAdamAM lokonI arajIne kAraNe sarakArI zALA astitvamAM AvI hatI. lekee A mATe rU. 5,000 ne phALo ApyA hatA ane kula vArSika kharcanA 50 TakA hissA paNa ApavA leke kabUla thayA hatA. 1847 mAM bharUcanA nAgarika rU. 2,000 ne lekaphALo ApIne sarakArI zALA zarU karavA madadarU5 thayA hatA. saurASTramAM rAjakoTamAM senTrala iMgliza skUla zarU karavAmAM AvI hatI; bhogIlAla prANavallabhadAsa enA prathama AcArya hatA. 28 A zALAo 1875-76 sudhI aMgrejI zALA' tarIke oLakhAtI hatI, - kAraNa ke emAM aMgrejI bhASAnA abhyAsane khUba mahattvanA viSaya tarIke sthAna ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. mAdhyamika zALAo mATe hAIskUla zabdane prayoga 1855 sudhI thayo na hato. paNa DAyarekaTara hAvaDe A zabda iMglenDanI "grAmarakUla jevI zALAo mATe vAparyo hate. dha. 1-3 mAM gujarAtI bhASAnA mAdhyama dvArA gaNita saMskRta itihAsa bhUgoLa zIkhavAtAM hatAM. mAtRbhASAnA viSayane pAchaLathI sthAna ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. gujarAtanI aMgrejI nizALo suratanI -sarakArI aMgrejI zALAnA AcAryanA nirIkSaNa nIce mUkavAmAM AvI hatI. A

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briTiza kIdha 339 agrejI zALAomAM 4-6 varSanA abhyAsakrama hatAM. 1865-66 sudhI cha dhAraNa hatAM, 1870-71 mAM pIle sAtamuM varSa" umeryuM hatu. sAtamA varSanA aMte maeNTrikayulezananI parIkSA levAtI ane emAM uttINu thanArane pramANapatra apAtuM. 1-5 dhAraNA ane 1-3 dheAraNA zIkhavatI zALAone eNglA varnAkayulara skUla' ke 'e. vI, skUla' evuM nAma maLyuM hatuM. pahelA greDanI e, vI. skUla 'supiriyara e. vI, skUla' kahevAtI hatI ane emAM aMgrejInA mAdhyamathI 1-5 dhAraNAnA abhyAsa karAvAtA hatA. enA mukhya uddeza kArakunA taiyAra karavAne hatA tethI abhyAsakramamAM aMgrejI vAcana-lekhana, vyavahAru gaNita, a MgrejI patra lekhana, aMgrejImAMthI svabhASAmAM bhASAMtara, ane khIjagaNitanA prAthamika abhyAsa, IMglaeNnDa ane bhAratanA itihAsanI ma'ttvanI bAbate tathA bhautika zAstranA sAmAnya jJAnane sthAna apAyela. emAM uttINuM thAya te kArakunanI parIkSAmAM besI zakatA hatA athavA hAIskUlanAM ucca dheAraNeAmAM besI maeNTrikayulezana sudhI bhaNatA hatA. khIjI kakSAnI e. vI. skUlamAM 1-3 dheAraNa sudhI zikSaNa apAtuM hatuM. svataMtra e. vI. zALAo hAIskUla mATenA vidyArthI taiyAra karatI hatI; aMgrejI mukh viSaya hatA. khIjA prakAranI e. vI skUlamAM mAtRbhASA dvArA viSayA zIkhavAtA ane aMgrejInuM zikSaNa marajiyAta hatuM. A prakAranI zALAomAM aMgrejI zALAe karatAM phInuM dhAraNa paNu chu. hatuM. muMbaI rAjyanA DAyarekaTara pIle AvI zALAomAM pUratI saMkhyA ane agrejI sArI rIte zIkhavI zake tevA zikSaka hAya tA ja cAlu rAkhavI ke zarU karavI evI nIti akhatyAra karatAM A zALAonI saMkhyA ghaTI gaI ne A prakAranA lApa thayA hatA. chatAM hAIskUla sAthe 1-3 dhAraNu 'e. vI. skUla' ke 'miDala skUla' tarIke 1947 sudhI astitvamAM rahyAM hatAM29 sane 1865-66 mAM suratamAM 8, bharUcamAM 3, kheDAmAM 10, 5'camahAlamAM 2 ane amadAvAda jillAmAM 11 mAdhyamika zALA hatI. saurASTramAM 11 mAdhyamika zALA A arasAmAM hatI; temAM 1,725 vidyAthI bhaNutA hatA. gujarAtamAM kula 45 zALAomAM 5,514 vidyAthI bhaNutA hatA. vaDAdarA rAjyamAM sahuthI prathama agrejI zALA vaDAdarA zaheramAM 1801 mAM zarU karavAmAM AvI hatI. sAjitrA ane DabhAImAM 1873 mAM e. vI. skUla zarU karAI hatI. 1879 mAM vadhu traNa zALA zarU karavAmAM AAvI hatI. pAlanapura ane rAdhanapuramAM 1878-79 mAM aMgrejI zALA zarU karAI hatI. kacchamAM 1878-79 mAM bhUjanI eka hAIskUla tathA e e. vI. skUla hatI. sane 1876mAM bhAvanagaramAM AlphreDa hAIskUla zarU karAI hatI. jUnAgaDhanI bahAdurakhAnajIH

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keLavaNuM 337 hAIskUla 1873 mAM ane jAmanagaranI hAIskUla 1879 mAM zarU karAI hatI. bhAvanagaramAM 1878 mAM e. vI. skUla zarU karAI hatI. sane 1881-82mAM saurASTramAM kula 15 aMgrejI zALA hatI. temAM 1,583 vivAthI bhaNatA hatA. surata(7) bharUca(2) amadAvAda(6) ane kheDA(6) jillAonI zALAomAM anukrame 768, 268, 561 ane 207 vidyAthI bhaNatA hatA. 1879 mAM mahesANA jillAmAM pATaNa ane kaDImAM aMgrejI zALAo zarU karAI hatI.30 1882 mAM nimAyelA hanTara kamizane jillAvAra eka sarakArI Adarza zALAnI bhalAmaNa karI hatI ane mAdhyamika zikSaNanI javAbadArI khAnagI sAhasa keLavaNI maMDaLa dvArA upADAvI joIe evuM maMtavya vyakta karyuM hatuM. A uparAMta khAnagI zALAone udAratAthI deNagI ApavAnI tathA sarakArI zALAmAM phI vadhAravAnI emaNe bhalAmaNa karI hatI. AthI lekemAM asaMtoSa phelAye. pariNAme surata amadAvAda ane bharUcamAM keTalAka paropakArI ane dezahitaciMtaka gRhasthAe khAnagI mAdhyamika zALAo zarU karI. suratamAM cunIlAla zAhe 1888mAM deNagI lIdhA sivAya zALA zarU karI hatI. bharUcamAM leka hitecchu zALA zarU karAI hatI, jenA zrI ratanarAma thAnakI prathama AcArya hatA. 1880mAM ochI phI laI madhyama varganA vidyArthIone zikSaNa ApavA vrajarAya sAkaralAla desAIe amadAvAdamAM zALA zarU karI hatI. IDara mANasA rAjapIpaLA khaMbhAta lIMbaDI vaDhavANa bhAvanagara kara7 jAmanagara junAgaDha porabaMdara vagere rAjyae emanA rAjyamAM zALAo zarU karI hatI. lorDa karjhana vAIsaraoNyapade AvatAM ene mAdhyamika zikSaNanA phelAvAne aTakAvavA prayatna karyo ane eNe mAnyatA mATe kaDaka dhoraNa apanAvavA sUcana karyuM, chatAM baMgabhaMga ane tyArabAda leka-jAgRtine kAraNe mAdhyamika zikSaNane vikAsa aTakyo naheAte; 1900-1901 nA AMkaDA A bAbata spaSTa kare che : mAdhyamika zikSaNa 1900-11 pradezanuM nAma zALAnI saMkhyA vidyAthIonI saMkhyA 1901 1911 1901 1911 1, taLagujarAta 131 9,720 16,002 2. saurASTra 6,391 9,079 3, kaccha - 5 7 380 731 kula 151 206 16,491 25,812 7.

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briTiza kaha eka ja dAyakAmAM zALAonI saMkhyAmAM 36.4 TakA ane vidyArthIonI saMkhyAmAM 50 TakA vadhAro thayuM hatuM.' esa. ela. sI. (skUla-lIviMga sarTiphikeTa) parIkSA 1889 mAM zarU karAI hatI, paNa leka para maeNTrikanI parIkSAnI pakaDane kAraNe 1904-05 mAM A parIkSA rada karAI hatI, araviMda ghoSanI preraNA nIce narmadA kinAre kezavarAva dezapAMDee gaMganAtha vidyAlaya zarU karyuM hatuM. vidyAlayamAM saMskRta, vaidika dharma, gaNita, citra, bhAratane rASTriya ItihAsa, lazkarI tAlIma, ramatagamata, vaNATakAma, dhArmika zikSaNa jevA viSaye svAmI AnaMda, jugatarAmabhAI, kAkA kAlelakara, bI. bI. jozI, bI. ela. phaDake, nAgeza guNAjI jevA dezasevake dvArA zIkhavAtA hatA. lazkarI tAlImamAM vaDodarAnA senApati ziMde ane bIjA adhikArIo rasa letA hatA, 1911 mAM A saMsthA baMdha karavAnI briTiza sarakAre pharaja pADI hatI. dakSiNamUrti (1910) tathA sArvajanika ejyukezana sosAyaTI (1914) jevI rASTriya keLavaNInI himAyata karatI saMsthAo astitvamAM AvI hatI, tethI hiMdI bhASA zArIrika keLavaNI ane udyoga jevA viSane cicchika dheraNe sthAna maLyuM hatuM. dakSiNAmUrti saMsthAe citra ane saMgItane paNa sthAna ApyuM hatuM. harabhAIe DeTana paddhatithI zikSaNa ApavAnI zarUAta karI hatI. Ama mAdhyamika zikSaNanA kSetre rASTravAdanA udaya sAthe abhyAsakrama tathA parIkSAnI paddhati vagere aMge ThIka ThIka prayoga zarU thayA hatA, chatAM maeNTrikyulezana parIkSAnI pakaDa jevI ne tevI rahI hatI. saurASTranAM dezI rAjyo paikI jAmanagara pAlItANuM dhrAMgadhrA lIMbaDI vageree mAdhyamika zikSaNa maphata karyuM hatuM. chatAM mAdhyamika zikSaNa mATe bhAge zahero ane dezI rAjAonI rAjadhAnI paryata maryAdita rahyuM hatuM.32 ucca zikSaNa arvAcIna ucca zikSaNa mATenI prathama saMsthA gujarAta provizleyala koleja sane 1861 mAM amadAvAdamAM rU. 72,500nI vyAja sahita lokaphALAthI astitvamAM AvI hatI. kolejane mAsika kharca rU. 430 hatA. eka yuropiyana ane bIjA be hiMdIo adhyApaka tarIke kAma karatA hatA. kolejanI vyavasthA sarakArI mAdhyamika zALAnA AcAryane hastaka hatI. kAyade pramANazAstra gaNita ane citranA viSayonuM zikSaNa apAtuM hatuM. kAyadAnA savAranA ane sAMjanA vargomAM mAdhyamika zALAnA vidyArthIo ane sarakArI nokare hAjarI ApatA hatA. 1872 mAM A saMsthA ochI saMkhyAne kAraNe baMdha karavAmAM AvI hatI. 1878 mAM pharI A keleja zarU karavAmAM AvI ane 1857mAM astitvamAM Avela

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keLavaNI 339 muMbaI yunivarsiTI sAthe enuM joDANa karAyuM hatuM ane 1887 mAM kolejanI vyavasthA ucca zikSaNa mATenI saMsthAne soMpavAmAM AvI hatI. A saMsthA pAse pUratuM bhaMDaLa na hovAthI eNe sarakArane koleja oNpI hatI. 1912 mAM cInubhAI beroneTe ArTasa koleja mATe rU. 2 lAkha ane vijJAna vibhAga mATe rU. 6 lAkhanuM dAna ApyuM. tyArabAda kolejanAM hala tathA pustakAlaya mATe paNa emaNe dAna ApyuM hatuM. sane 1900 mAM A kolejamAM kula 214 vighAthI hatA. vaDodarAmAM 1879 mAM koleja zarU karavAmAM AvI hatI. 1882 mAM emAM 30 vidyArthI hatA. 1887 mAM vijJAna vibhAga zarU karavAmAM Avyo hato. 1890mAM Arsa ane sAyansa vibhAga uparAMta lo, sivila enjiniyariMga ane khetIvADInA DiplemA-kesana vibhAga hatA. 1884-85 ane 1894-95 mAM anukrame 4ra ane 164 vidyAthI hatA. kAyade IjanerI ane khetIvADInA abhyAsakrama pAchaLathI rada karAyA hatA. saurASTranI sahuthI prathama kaeNleja zAmaLadAsa koleja 1885 mAM astitvamAM AvI hatI. sane 1900 mAM A kolejamAM 147 vidyAthI hatA. A kolejamAM mahAtmA gAMdhI eka satra bhaNyA hatA. jUnAgaDhanA navAba rasulakhAnajIe emanA dIvAnanA smaraNArthe bahAuddIna koleja zarU karI hatI ane emAM 125 vidyAthae 1901 mAM hatA. saurASTranI baMne kolejomAM mAtra vinayana vibhAga hate. satra dITha vaDodarAnI kolejamAM phInuM dhoraNa rU. 30 ane bhAvanagaramAM rU. 24 hatuM. zikSaNa le eNlopathI khetIvADI vagerenA zikSaNa mATe gujarAtanA vidyAthI pUnA ane muMbaInI saMsthAone lAbha letA hatA. ucca zikSaNane zarUAtamAM pArasIoe tathA ucca jJAtinA hiMduoe lAbha lIdho hato. vidyAbahena nIlakaMTha ane emanAM nAnAM bahena zAradAbahena mahetA gujarAtanAM sahu prathama strI-grejyueTa hatAM. Ama samagra gujarAta mATe cAra koleja hatI, je muMbaI yunivarsiTI sAthe joDAyela hatI.33 adhyApana-tAlIma zikSaNa prAthamika zikSakone tAlIma ApavAnuM zreya ghaNuM vaheluM svIkAravAmAM AvyuM hatuM. 1826 mAM muMbaInI neTiva ejyukezana sosAyaTImAM prAthamika zALAo zarU karI tyAre ene uddeza pazcimanAM vijJAna ane sAhityane phelAvo karavAne hatA. gAmaThI zALAnA zikSake A daSTie nirupayogI hatA. 1824mAM zarU

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briTiza kAha karavAmAM Avela tAlIma-vargamAM aMgrejI saMskRta gujarAtI itihAsa bhUgoLa aMkagaNita bIjagaNita yaMtrazAstra khoLazAstra trikoNamiti saraLa-tatvajJAna ane zikSaNakalAnuM jJAna apAtuM hatuM. zikSaNanI paddhatimAM varga mAM lekesTara ke maeNniTara paddhatithI kevI rIte zikSaNa apAya e zIkhavAtuM hatuM. 1845 mAM gujarAtamAMthI dasa zikSakone tAlIma mATe muMbaI mokalavAmAM AvyA hatA. 1854 mAM suratamAM be tAlIma-varga kholavAmAM AvyA hatA. sAmAnya rIte A tAlIma be varSanI hatI, je badala amuka mudata sudhI kAma karavAnI zuM tAlImIoe bAMhedharI ApavI paDatI hatI. gujarAtamAM rItasaranuM prAthamika zikSaNanuM adhyApana-maMdira amadAvAdamAM 1857 mAM zarU karAyuM hatuM. mAdhyamika zALAnA AcAryanA saMcAlana nIce A normala kalAsa hato. enI sAthe Adarza prakuTisiMga zALA ane chAtrAlaya saMlagna hatAM. zarUAtamAM 35 tAlImArthIone praveza apAyuM hatuM. A tAlImanI mudata traNa varSanI hatI ane khAnagI tAlImArthI mATe mAsika cAra AnA (25 paisA) phi rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI. "tAlIma zALA' nAma badalIne 1864 mAM enuM nAma varnAkayulara koleja' rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. zeTha premacaMda rAyacaMde rU. 34,000 nuM A koleja mATe dAna ApatAM tA. 24-7-1868mAM A kolejanuM makAna astitvamAM AvyuM. sane 1867 mAM A kelejamAM 267 tAlImAthI hatA, mahIpatarAma, kamaLAzaMkara prANazaMkara ane mAdhavalAla haribhAI jevA vidvAna enA AcArya hatA. 1865 bAda be varSanI ane eka varSanI tAlImavALA zikSakone meTI ane nAnI zALAomAM nImavAnI nIti svIkArAtAM lekhana vAMcana gaNita ane zikSaNanI paddhationA jJAna tarapha vizeSa lakSa apAvuM zarU thayuM. sane 1870mAM bahene mATenI tAlImI saMsthA mahAlakSmI TreniMga keleja amadAvAdamAM narmala kalAsarUpe zarU karAI hatI. becaradAsa lazkarIe emanI putrInA maraNArthe kelejanA makAna mATe dAna ApavAthI emanuM nAma A saMsthA sAthe joDAyuM hatuM. zarUAtamAM A keleja sAthe mAdhyamika zALA paNa hatI ane zikSakanI patnIone A saMsthAmAM praveza apAyuM hatuM, jethI bIjA leke emanI kanyAone bhaNavA moklavA prerAya. saurASTramAM rAjakeTamAM 1867 mAM normala kalAsa kholavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. praveza mATe varga baMdha karIne be varSane abhyAsakrama rakhAyo hate. trIjA varSa mATe 60 thI 70 TakA mArka meLavanAra tAlImArthIone vadhu abhyAsa mATe amadAvAda mokalavAmAM AvatA hatA. 1876-77mAM A saMsthAmAM pa7 tAlImArthI hatA. vaDodarAmAM 1872 mAM adhyApana maMdira zarU karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM

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keLavaNuM 1885 thI A saMsthA kAyamI banI ane ene kalAbhavana sAthe joDavAmAM AvI hatI. 1891 mAM emAM 74 tAlImAthI hatA. A koleja sAthe prekaTisiMga skUla joDAyelI na hatI. bahene mATenuM adhyApana-maMdira mahetA paLamAM lalla bahAduranI havelImAM zarU karavAmAM Avela. 1891 mAM A saMsthAmAM 9 tAlImAthI bahene hatI. 1895-96 mAM ene surasAgara upara pheravavAmAM AvI hatI. bArTana phimela TreniMga koleja rAjakeTamAM 30-12-1855 nA divase zarU karAI hatI. 191116 nA gALAmAM Divijhana dITha eka adhyApana-maMdirane badale jillAvAra tAlImazALA kholavAnuM vicArAyuM hatuM. A zALAmAM mAtra eka varSane abhyAsakrama rakhA ho, bAkInAM be varSo mATe tAlImArthIone rAjakeTa amadAvAda ke vaDodarA mokalavAmAM AvatA hatA. vaDodarA rAjyamAM amarelI pATaNa ane navasArImAM AvA varga zarU karAyA hatA. Ama samagra gujarAta mATe cha adhyApana-maMdira hatAM. mAdhyamika zALAnA zikSake mATe tAlImanI jarUriyAta jaNAI na hatI e muMbaI rAjyanA keLavaNI khAtAnA vaDAo hAvaDa ane grAnTane mata hatA, chatAM "1898 mAM esa. TI. sI. parIkSA anDara-grejyueTa zikSake mATe zarU karAI hatI, enuM saMcAlana zikSaNa-niyAmaka dvArA thatuM hatuM. lorDa karjhana tAlIma mATe khUba AgrahI hatA, tethI 1906mAM muMbaImAM AvI tAlImI saMsthA kholavAmAM AvI hatI. gujarAtamAMthI theDA ja zikSakone emAM praveza maLatuM hovAthI keTalAke madrAsa ane kolhApurathI bI. TI. kolejamAM praveza meLavyuM hatuM. zarUAtamAM A koleja esa. TI. sI. DI. nI padavI ApatI hatI.34 dhaMdhAdArI zikSaNa sane 1854 pUrve gujarAtamAM dhaMdhAdArI zikSaNa ApatI saMsthAo astitvamAM na hatI. dhaMdhAo vaMzaparaMparAgata hevAthI bALaka e aMgenuM jJAna dhIre rahIne pitA pAsethI meLavatA hatA. aMgrejone vaidakIya ane Ijanera khAtAmAM nIcalI kakSAnA nekare, jevA ke kampAunDara vasiyara mojaNIdAra vagerenI jarUra hevAthI emaNe e mATe prabaMdha karyo hato. muMbaImAM 1845 mAM grAnDa meDikala koleja ane eliphansaTana koleja sAthe joDAyelA vargomAM keTalAka pArasI vivAthIo joDAyA hatA. gujarAta sarvasaMgrahamAM jaNAvyA pramANe gujarAta provinziyala koleja sAthe kAyadAne varga joDAyelA hatA ane hAIskUlanA vidyArthI tathA sarakArI neko A vargane lAbha letA hatA. vaDodarAnI koleja sAthe paNa kAyadAne varga joDAyela hatA. pAchaLathI apUratI saMkhyAne kAraNe A varga baMdha paDI gayA hatA.

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342 briTiza kAla mila-udyoganI zarUAta gujarAtamAM 1857 mAM thaI hatI. amadAvAda A udyoganuM kendra hatuM, tethI 1901-1923 daramyAna keTalIka Tekanikala saMsthAo, amadAvAdamAM astitvamAM AvI hatI, 1901-02 daramyAna amadAvAdanI traNa Tekanikala saMsthAomAM 137 vidyAthI abhyAsa karatA hatA. 1911-12 daramyAna cAra saMsthAomAM badhA maLIne 205 vidyArthI hatA. raNachoDalAla choTAlAlanA, dAnathI Ara. sI. Tekanikala insTiTyUTa astitvamAM AvyuM hatuM. vaDodarAmAM mahArAjA sayAjIrAve sane 1890mAM tribhuvanadAsa gajajaranA AcAryapada nIce kalAbhavana kholyuM hatuM. emAM kalA, sthApatyavidyA, sivila ane mikenikala enjiniyariMga, kemikala TekanolejI, vaNATakAma, ghaDiyALa-durastI vagerenuM jJAna apAtuM hatuM. A uparAMta navasArI amarelI ane pATaNamAM hunnarazALAo kholavAmAM AvI hatI, jemAM gujarAtI dhoraNa 6 nA abhyAsa uparAMta raMgATIkAma vaNATakAma tathA suthArIkAma vagere tathA bhASAnuM zikSaNa apAtuM hatuM. vaDodarAmAM kArIgaro mATe sAMjanA vaga paNa calAvavAmAM AvatA hatA. peTalAdamAM raMgazALA zarU karavAmAM AvI hatI, jyAM keTalAka raMga banAvavAnI ne raMgATIkAmanI tAlIma apAtI hatI. suratamAM pharaduna pArekhanI rU. 50,000 nI sakhAvatathI eka audyogika zALA, sane 1883 mAM zarU karavAmAM AvI hatI. 1883-84 mAM emAM 20 vighAthI bhaNatA hatA. citrakAma, bhUmiti ane udyoganA sArA zikSake nImavA ane traNa kalAkanuM vargazikSaNa tathA traNa kalAka varkazopane anubhava ApavA zrI liTala nAmanA uttara vibhAganA ijanere bhalAmaNa karI hatI. rAjakoTamAM paNa eka audyogika zALA hatI, paNa vidyArthIonA abhAve A zALA baMdha karAI hatI evo ullekha 1913 ne "zALApatra'mAM che. elepathInuM gujarAtI bhASA dvArA zikSaNa ApatI bI. je. meDikala skUla 1879 mAM zarU karAI hatI. emAM hospiTala AsisTanTane traNa varSane abhyAsakrama hato. 1912 agAu che. 10 (jUnuM dhoraNa 6) urtINa thanArane praveza apAta. hatuM. tyArabAda ela.sI.pI.esa. ne meTrika pachI cAra varSane abhyAsakrama A saMsthAmAM zarU karAyuM hatuM. vedharAja sAthe rahIne AyurvedanuM pratyakSa zikSaNa paNa maLatuM hatuM. lalita kalAnuM zikSaNa kalAnA zikSaNa mATe jamazedajI jIjIbhAInA rU. eka lAkhanA dAnathI 1857 mAM

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keLavaNI muMbaImAM kalAzALA (sara jamazedajI jIjIbhAI skUla opha ArTa) zarU karAI hatI. A saMsthA zarUAtathI greDa 1, 2, 3 nI citranI parIkSA letI hatI. A saMsthAe zarUAtamAM citrazikSako mATe be kalAka aMzakAlIna abhyAsakrama zarU karyo hato. tyArabAda DijhAIna tathA eNngaviMganA varga eNe zarU karyA hatA. 1871 mAM enuM saMcAlana sarakAre saMbhALyuM hatuM. 1887 mAM citrazikSake mATe varga zarU karAyo hato. 1901 pachI emAM ghaNA vibhAga umerAyA hatA. piITiMga maeNDeliMga ane sthApatyanA DiplemA-kersa A saMsthAe zarU karyA hatA. bhAratIya citrakalAne paNa sthAna apAyuM hatuM. gujarAtanA prakhyAta kalAguru ravizaMkara rAvaLe A saMsthAmAM tAlIma lIdhI hatI. gujarAta rAjyanI sthApanA paryata kalAzikSaNa mATe A eka ja saMsthA hatI, eNmbe gejheTiyara, graM. mAM jaNAvyA pramANe kacchanA mahArAva prAgamalajIe bhUjamAM 1877-78 mAM eka kalAzALA zarU karI hatI. saMgIta mATe vaDodarA sivAya koI paNa sthaLe zikSaNanI vyavasthA astitvamAM na hatI. 1886mAM vaDodarAmAM sthapAyelI saMsthA kaMThaya ane vAdya saMgItanI suMdara tAlIma ApatI hatI. vaDodarA rAjyanA navasArI, amarelI tathA pATaNamAM saMgItazALAo hatI. rajavADAMomAM saMgItakArone protsAhana apAtuM hatuM. teo ziSya paraMparA pramANe tAlIma ApatA hatA. gujarAtamAM bhojaka ke nAyakanI samagra jJAti abhinayakalAne varelI hatI. emaNe urdU tathA gujarAtI raMgabhUmine kuzaLa adAkArI pUrI pADIne gujarAtamAM lekanATaya tathA dhaMdhAdArI raMgabhUmine jIvatI rAkhI. Ama dhaMdhAdArI tathA lalita kaLAnA zikSaNa mATe 1914 sudhImAM chUTAchavAyA prayAsa thayA hatA.35 kanyA-keLavaNI I.sa. 1813 mAM IsTa InDiyA kaMpanIe pitAnI sattA nIcenA pradezamAM keLavaNI mATe kharca karavAnI jogavAI karI, paNa strI-keLavaNu vize eNe upekSA sevI. I.sa. 1813nA cArTaramAM hiMdI strIonI keLavaNuM arthe nANuM kharcavAnI kaI jogavAI na hatI. I.sa. 1822 thI I.sa. 1838 sudhImAM madrAsa muMbaI ane baMgALamAM keTalIka zaikSaNika tapAso hAtha dharavAmAM AvI, paraMtu e tapAsamAM chekarIone bhaNavA mATe koI khAsa jogavAI hovAnuM jaNAtuM nathI. I.sa. 1823-25mAM zaikSaNika tapAsamAM evuM noMdhAyuM che ke muMbaI rAjyamAM

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briTiza kahe - e samayanI zALAo bahudhA chokarAo mATe hatI ane chokarIo je zikSaNa meLavatI te te ghera rahIne ja meLavatI.37 Ama arvAcIna kAlanA zALA-prakAranA zikSaNamAM kanyA-keLavaNInI vAta karavAmAM Ave te I.sa. 1818 mAM mizanarIoe suratamAM sauprathama zALA sthApI tathA saurASTramAM paNa emaNe be kanyAzALA kholIne gujarAtamAM kanyAkeLavaNI mATenA prathama prayAsanuM mAna meLavyuM. A uparAMta kanyAo zALAmAM AvavA AkarSAya e mATe mizanarIo taraphathI je pejanA karavAmAM AvI hatI te anusAra AjathI lagabhaga 125-150 varSa pUrve 3, 45 nI vastu ene daheja rUpe zALA choDayA pachI paraNe tyAre ApavAmAM AvatI. A gALA daramyAna strIzikSaNane uttejana ApavA mATe mizanarIo uparAMta khAnagI rAhe je prayatna karavAmAM AvyA temAM gujarAta varnAkayulara sesAyaTI (sthApanA I.sa. 1848) mukhya che. A sosAyaTIne mukhya hetu chokarA ane chokarIonI mizra zALAo sthApavAne hate, A saMsAyaTIne mi. eNlekajhAnDara kinloka phorbsa ane kavIzvara dalapatarAma tathA bIjI aneka vyaktionI sahAyatA sAMpaDI. sosAyaTInA strI-zikSaNanA vikAsane vega ApavAnA kAryanI noMdha letAM De. keliyAre lakhyuM hatuM ke cheDIone vidyAbhyAsa karAve e je uttama cAle che te upara Akhare kenuM citta devuM ane A mulakanA vidvAna dezIone sAcI vAta mAlUma thatI gaI ke je tame nItinI keLavaNu mAMgatA he te putranI mAne vidyAnI keLavaNI Apaje ke jemAMthI bALakanA manamAM pahelavahelI ja vAta Utare che.38 A gALA daramyAna karuNAzaMkara mahetA eka zALAnuM saMcAlana karatA hatA; emaNe madada mATe varnAkyulara sosAyaTIne saMparka sAthe ane sosAyaTIe tarata ja I.sa1849 mAM A zALAnI javAbadArI laI lIdhI. e vakhate zALAnI Avaka rU. 21, AnA 12 ane pAI 6 hatI ane kharca rU. 70ne hate. sosAyaTIe jyAre zALAnI javAbadArI saMbhALI tyAre zALAmAM 47 chokarAo ane 1 chokarInI saMkhyA hatI, je varSanA aMte vadhIne anukrame 80 ane 5 thaI. I. sa. 1851 nA ahevAla pramANe e nizALanuM kAma dahADe dahADe sudharatuM jatuM hatuM, chokarA tathA chokarIonI saMkhyA vadhatI jatI hatI ne e nizALamAM tyAre 92 chokarA tathA 18 chokarIo hatAM,39 A ja arasAmAM zrImatI harakuMvarabA zeThANI taraphathI chokarIonI eka kanyAzALA zarU karavAmAM AvI. A saMdarbhamAM sesAyaTIe "buddhiprakAzanA 15 jUna, I.sa. 1850ne aMkamAM eka jAherAta ApI hatI.40 harakuMvarabA zeThANuM taraphathI Arthika sahAya

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keLavaNI maLatAM sosAyaTIe I. sa. 1850 mAM pitAnI mizra zALAmAMnI kanyAone vibhAga A navI zarU thayelI kanyAzALAmAM bheLavI dIdhe. Ama I. sa. 1850 mAM e kanyAzALAmAM kanyAonI saMkhyA 42 nI thaI. tyArapachI e kanyAzALA I. sa. 1858mAM vyavasthita svarUpe zarU thaI. jene ulekha kavIzvara dalapatarAmabhAInI eka kAvyaracanAmAM jovA maLe che. A uparAMta amadAvAdamAM rA. ba. maganabhAI karamacaMda kanyAkeLavaNI kSetramAM Adya pravartaka nIvaDyA. emaNe kanyA-zALAo zarU karavA mATe rU. 20,000nuM dAna ApyuM. I.sa. 1850 mAM emanA dAnathI be kanyAzALA sthapAI.42 I.sa. 185ra mAM suratamAM durgArAma mahetAjIe kanyAzALAnI zarUAta karI.43 | gujarAtanA vividha pradezamAM (eTale ke e vakhatanAM rajavADAM tathA kaccha -sahitanA pradezomAM zikSaNanI vAta karIe te I.sa. 182 6mAM traNa varnAkyulara zALA kheDA naDiyAda ane bharUcamAM astitvamAM AvI. I. sa. 1827 mAM be zALAone umero thayo ane 1830mAM bIjI pAMca zALA umerAI. tyArapachI I. sa. 1831 thI 1846nA sudIrgha gALA daramyAna eka paNa zALA zarU thaI hevAnuM nedhAyuM nathI, jyAre I. sa. 1847 thI I. sa. 1853nA cha varSanA gALAmAM bIjI bAra zALA eka pachI eka zarU thatI gaI ane I. sa. 1853 nA aMte kula 22 zALA gujarAtanA vividha grAma vistAromAM kAma karatI hatI. A zALAomAM kanyAonI saMkhyAnI tapAsa karatAM jANavA maLe che ke I. sa. 1826 mAM kheDAmAM kula 160 mAMthI 27, naDiyAdamAM kula 4ra7 mAMthI 36 tathA bharUcamAM kula 158 mAMthI 27 kanyAoe zALAmAM javAnuM zarU karyuM hatuM. I. sa. 1853mAM gujarAtanI kula 22 zALAomAM 2,154 vidyArthIo sAme zikSaNa letI kanyAonI saMkhyA 734 hevAnuM noMdhAyuM che. A 734 kanyAomAMthI sauthI vadhu eTale ke 696 kanyA hiMdu tathA 17 ane 21 kanyA anukrame musalamAna ane pArasI hevAnuM nedhAyuM che.44 (A) I. sa. 1854 thI I. sa. 1982 sudhI I. sa. 1854nA cArlsa vUDanA kharatA pachI ApaNuM AkhA dezamAM zikSaNanI eka vyavasthita paripATI zarU thaI. cArlsa vUDe kharItAmAM bhAratIya prajAmAM strI-zikSaNane vadhu uttejana maLe tevAM pagalAM bharavAnuM gavarnara-janaralane -sUcana karyuM. kharItAe sUcavela "grAnTa-ina-eIDa' paddhatimAM chokarIo mATenI zikSaNa-saMsthAone samAveza karavAmAM Avyo.45

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briTiza kAha hiMdustAnanA e vakhatanA gavarnara-janarala DelahAusInuM strI-keLavaNI paratvanuM, valaNa kuNuM hatuM. zikSaNanI samiti-akAunsila phora ejyukezanane mArgadarzana ApatAM emaNe jAhera karyuM hatuM ke "I. sa. 1854 nA kharItAmAM zikSaNanI je javAbadArI che te sarakAre svIkAravI joIe. Ama vUDanA kharatAthI strIkeLavaNInA kSetramAM bhAre kharca karavAne anurodha karyo. pariNAme I. sa. 1854 thI 186ra. ne ATha ja varSanA gALAmAM 31 navI kanyAzALA zarU thaI ane emAM paNa 1856-57nA eka ja varSamAM pAMca thaI. A eka evuM varSa hatuM ke jyAre bhAratanI prajA briTiza saltanatane ukhADI pheMkavAnA mijAjamAM hatI. tyArapachI I. sa. 1859 mAM pAMca zALA ane I. sa. 1862 mAM AzcaryakAraka rIte 11 zALA zarU thatAM zALAonI saMkhyA 62 nI thaI, je AgaLa joyuM te pramANe I. sa. 1853 nA aMte mAtra 22 nI ja hatI. tyArapachI I. sa. 1866 mAM ATha ane I. sa. 1867 mAM 10 zALA umerAI. Ama zALAonI saMkhyAnI vRddhi sAthe zALAe jatI kanyAonI saMkhyA paNa AzcaryakAraka rIte vadhI, eTale ke I. sa. 1854 thI I. sa. 1860 nA gALAmAM zALAe jatI kanyAonI saMkhyA lagabhaga 2,000 nA AMkaDA sudhI pahoMcI eTale ke vidyAthIonI kula 4,669 nI saMkhyAmAMthI 1,839 strIonI saMkhyA noMdhAI che, jemAMthI 1,405. kanyA hiMduonI, 141 musalamAnonI, 29ra pArasIonI ane eka kanyA anya jatinI hatI. I. sa. 1854nA kharItAmAM strI zikSaNa vizenI bhalAmaNo ane chokarIonI keLavaNI mATenI je AzA janmAvI hatI te vastutaH siddha thaI nahi. I. sa. 1857nA viplavathI sarakAre mizanarIonI zikSaNapravRttine kuMThita karI nAMkhI. A gALA daramyAna strIzikSaNanA kSetre hajI mAdhyamika zikSaNanI zarUAta thaI na hatI, paraMtu strI zikSakone taiyAra karavAno prayatna I. sa. 1870 thI zarU thayo. ku. kApenTare amadAvAdamAM narmala skUlanI sthApanA karI, je I. sa. 1874 thI mahAlakSmI TreIniMga kaeNlejanA nAme oLakhAI. (I) I. sa. 1882 thI I. sa. 1914 sudhI A gALA daramyAna strI-zikSaNanA vistaraNanuM kArya vadhu jhaDapI banyuM ane gujarAte sarva prathama mAdhyamika zikSaNakSetre padArpaNa karyuM e A gALAnI pramukha vizeSatA gaNAya. I.sa. 1882mAM nimAyelA hanTara zikSaNapaMce strIkeLavaNune prazna jhINavaTapUrvaka tapAsya. eNe darzAvyuM hatuM ke AgaLa paDatA hoya evA ghaNAkharA prAMtamAM 99 TakA jeTalI zALA-vayakakSAnI chokarIo haju zALAnA zikSaNathI vaMcita hatI. zikSaNapaMcanI tapAsamAM strIonI kula vastImAMthI 987

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keLavaNI TakAne AvarI levAmAM AvI hatI ane emAM 99.5 TakA nirakSara mAlUma paDI hatI. strI-zikSaNapaMce strI-keLavaNIne lagabhaga badhAM ja pAsAMne AvarI letI bhalAmaNa karI hatI.47 A gALA daramyAna kanyAone prAthamika zikSaNa ApatI zALAonI saMkhyA I. sa. 1880mAM mAtra 127 nI hatI, je I. sa. 189192mAM 365 thaI. e saMkhyA uttarottara vadhatAM I. sa. 1911-12 mAM sarakArI jillA kalabeDa, myunisipala anudAna letI ane anudAna na letI zALAonI saMkhyA vadhIne 890 thaI ane I. sa. 1916-17mAM e saMkhyA vadhIne 1,110 thaI temaja zALAe jatI kanyAonI saMkhyA I. sa. 1911-12 mAM 63,009 hatI te vadhIne I. sa. 1816-17 mAM 82,264 thaI. mAdhyamika stare amadAvAdamAM maganabhAI karamacaMda zALAne kanyAonI mAdhyamika zALAmAM vikasAvI zakAta, paraMtu ene mAdhyamika zALAnI zailImAM rUpAMtarita karatAM pahelAM nikha mAdhyamika zALAsvarUpe zarU karavAnuM DahApaNabharyuM lAgyuM. I. sa. 1892 mAM kanyAone mAdhyamika zikSaNa ApatI zALAonI saMkhyA ka hatI, jemAM hAIskUla kakSAe 31 ane miDala skUla kakSAe 140 maLIne kula 180 vidyArthinI hatI. A saMkhyA I. sa. 1911-12 mAM vadhI ane zALAonI saMkhyA 53 tathA mAdhyamika zikSaNa letI kanyAonI saMkhyA 876thaI, jyAre e ja saMkhyA I. sa. 1916-17mAM vadhIne anukrame 58 ane 6,667 thaI. uraca zikSaNanI vAta karIe te I. sa. 1911-12 sudhI mAtra kanyAo mATenI ucca zikSaNa ApatI koI saMsthA na hatI. muMbaI rAjyanuM pUnAmAM kAma karatuM karve (pachIthI esa. ena. DI. TI.) mahilA vizvavidyAlaya I. sa. 192122 sudhI sarakAra dvArA mAnya thayuM na hatuM. uccazikSaNa kSetre A gALAmAM koI noMdhapAtra banAva hoya te e I. sa. 1901 mAM gujarAtanI be mahAna sannArIo leDI vidyAgaurI nIlakaMTha (ramaNabhAI nIlakaMThanAM dharmapatnI) tathA zrImatI zAradAbahena mahetA (De. sumaMta mahetAnAM dharmapatnI) snAtaka thanAra prathama bahene hatAM.48 jJAtinAM baMdhana, peTAjJAtinA rivAja, dahejanI prathA, bALalagna, punarlagnanI. manAI, dhArmika aMdhazraddhA vagere dUSaNonI beDIomAMthI strIo zikSaNanA abhAve. bahAra ja na nIkaLI zake evI paristhitimAMthI strIone bahAra lAvI emanuM vyaktitva samAja samakSa pragaTAvavA kavIzvara dalapatarAma, vIra kavi narmada temaja zrI mahIpatarAma, ane emanA putra ramaNabhAI nIlakaMTha jevA aneka mahAnubhAvoe pAyAnA paththara banI. samAjanA aneka avarodha ane jaDa mAnyatA sAme laData ApI ane strI-udhAranI.

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briTiza kALa pravRttinA Arabha karI ene vikasAvI. emanA jevAnA aneka prazasya prayAsAne pariNAme gujarAtanA nArIsamAjane upakAraka zikSaNa ApavAnAM cakra gatimAna thayAM. -348 pAThayapustakA sane 1820 mAM khAkhe ejyukezana sAsAyaTI' dvArA arvAcIna paddhatinI zarUAta thaI tyAre pAThayapustakonA prAthamika zikSaNakakSAe abhAva hatA. aMgrejI zALA mATe iMglaeNnDathI pAThayapustaka AyAta karAtAM hatAM. A pustaka bhArata ke gujarAta mATe bahu anukULa na hatAM, chatAM enA upayAga thatA hatA. uparyukta * saMsthAe dezI bhASAomAM pustakA racAvavA ane dezI zALAo khAlavA sabaMdhI riporTa karavA eka samiti nImI hatI. pAchaLathI khristIo pUratu* sAsAyaTIe kAryakSetra maryAdita banAvyuM hatuM. sane 1823mAM bombe neTiva skUla buka ane skUla sAsAyaTI' nAmanI saMsthA astitvamAM AvI hatI. 1827 pachI khosme neTiva ejyukezana sAsAyaTIe pAThayapustaka mATenAM dhArAdheAraNa nakkI karyAM " hatAM ane navA graMtha racanArAo ane bhASAMtarakArA mATe bakSisa ApavAnI jAherAta karI hatI. A mATe muMbaI hiMdu skUla buka seAsAyaTI sane 1825 mAM * sthapAI hatI. sane 1825 mAM raNacheADabhAI jhaverIne gujarAtI dezI nizALA mATenAM pustaka racavAnuM kAma soMpavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. prathama varNamALA taiyAra karavAmAM AvI. gaNitakAma sAru tathA rakameA tathA sAdA saravALA bAdabAkI -guNAkAra bhAgAkAra bhAMjaNI vagerenA jJAna mATe cArTa taiyAra karavAmAM AvyA * hatAM. A sivAya lipidhArA kheAdhavacana, DADaslInI vAtA, IsapanItikathA, bALamitra, pacApAkhyAna, bhUMgALa, khagoLavidyAnA uddeza, lAbha ane saMtASa * vagere pustaka vAcanakALa sAru racAyAM hatAM. gaNita mATe haTanakRta pUrNAMka ane apUrNAMkanuM pustaka, zikSAmAlA bhAga 1 ane 2, kabhya bhUmiti vagere pustaka "zALA pustaka maMDaLI taraphathI taiyAra karAyAM hatAM.49 motIlAla jhaverIe A pustaka aMge karelI sUcaka TIkA noMdhapAtra che : borDa (khA` Aphaejyukezane, 1840-1855) keTalAka sAkSara gRhasthA ane zAstrIonI pAse zALAmAM bhaNAvavA mATenAM yogya pustaka taiyAra karAvyAM hatAM. AmAMnAM ghaNAkharAM pustaka mULa aMgrejI ke phreMcamAMthI pahelAM marAThImAM lakhAyAM hatAM ane pachI ene gujarAtImAM * anuvAda marAThI zAstrIone hAthe thayA hatA. tethI emAM vyAkaraNa rUDhiprayogA ane zailInA doSa ajANatAM paNa rahI gayA hatA. marAThI vyAkaraNane gujarAtI anuvAda karIne emaNe kAma calAvyuM hatuM.' mahIpatarAme A aMge asataiASa vyakta karyo hatA. lAlaza kara, umiyAza kare A saMbaMdhamAM lakhyuM che ke e pustakA

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keLavaNI 349 zIkhIne taiyAra thayelA mANaso rAjabhakta, kartavyaparAyaNa, dezabhakta, lekasevAmAM tatpara ane sadAcaraNamAM caDiyAtA thayA e vAta prasiddha che uparyukta pustake aMge evI TIkA paNa thaI hatI ke "rojanA vyavahAramAM upayogI thaI paDe evA dezI hisAba zIkhavAtA nathI ane vAcanagraMthamAMthI sAmAnya jJAna maLatuM nathI. mATe bIjo krama goThavavuM joIe ane vAcanamALA navI tayAra karavI joIe.50. A pustake kramika paNa na hatAM ane gokhaNapaTTIne uttejana Ape tevAM hatAM evI paNa TIkA thaI che. vUDa DispecanA pariNAme muMbaI rAjyamAM keLavaNIkhAtAne janma sane 1855 mAM thaye. sane 18pa7 mAM keLavaNIkhAtAnA niyAmaka hAvaDe marAThI pustakane. anuvAda karIne vAparavA jaNAvela, paNa uttara vibhAganA zikSaNAdhikArI TI. sI.. hepane A sUcana egya lAgyuM na hatuM ane tethI sAta dhoraNa mATe sAta vAcanamALA taiyAra karavAnI cejanA eNe rajU karI. durgAzaMkara mahetAjI, kavi, dalapatarAma, bhogIlAla prANavallabhadAsa vagerenA prayAsathI A vAcanamALA taiyAra karAI hatI. emAM viSayanirUpaNa zailI temaja pAnAMnI saMkhyA e badhAMnI kramikatA sacavAya enI kALajI emaNe rAkhI hatI. pahelI be copaDI prAthamika kakSAnI, pachInI bemAM saraLa vAcana-sAmagrI ane chellI traNamAM kaThina viSa Ave evI emaNe pejanA karI hatI. emAM vijJAnane AvarI letA pATha bALakanI vayane. dhyAnamAM rAkhIne gya sthAne goThavavAmAM AvyA hatA. kavitA-vibhAga, dalapatarAmane soMpavAmAM Avela. A vAcanamALA sane 1858 mAM pragaTa thaI hatI. A vAcanamALAmAM 1,200 pRSTha aMdAje hatAM. AkhI vAcanamALAnI racanA "Look and Say-juo ane kahe" evI ane lakhANu rasa paDe tevuM pasaMda karAyuM hatuM. A vAcanamALAnI keTalIka kavitAo khUba lokapriya banI hatI. ane ene saMgraha judo chapAvAyo hato. "vAcanamALAmAM jarUrI jJAna ApavAne prayatna thayeluM che, paNa tenI racanA ane saMkalanAmAM nItine upadeza ane cAritryanA baMdhAraNa prati vizeSa lakSa ApeluM che. kavitA TUMkI, muddAsara, bALajijJAsAne ruce ane saMtoSe evI dhATInI, sAdI paNa manoraMjaka, chatAM jIvana upara prabaLa asara kare evI prabodhaka hatI." navIna gujarAtanA ghaDataramAM hepa vAcanamALAne moTo hisso hatA.51 sane 1877 mAM hiMda sarakAranI pAThyapustaka mATenI samitie A vAcanamALAne AdarzarUpa gaNI badhAne ene anusaravA sUcana karyuM hatuM. sane 1865 thI 1905 daramyAna A vAcanamALAmAM sudhArA-vadhArA thayA hatA. AnaMdazaMkara dhruvane A vAcanamALAmAM cAra gaMbhIra

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350 briTiza kAla 'UNapa jaNAI hatIH dharmane lagatA pATha nirmAlya hatA svadezAbhimAna ane svadeza bhASAnA pATha virala hatA, parAkrama, utsAha Adi vIryavAna saddaguNanAM dRSTAMtarUpa caritrono emAM abhAva hatA, sahRdayatA keLave evAM kAvya tathA kAvyalakSaNanA niyamo batAvatA pAThe paNa emAM na hatA. je. jI. kevaTananA mata mujaba A vAcanamALAne hetu rasa sAthe bodha ApavAnuM hatuM ane pitAnA dezanA rItarivAjomAM rasa letA karavAne hatA; A uparAMta pazcimanA deze, enA leke ane emanI saMskRtithI vidyArthIone paricita karavAne A vAcanamALAno hetu hato. "arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzananA lekhaka A vAcanamALA mATe gujarAtI prajA hepa sAhebanA ahesAna nIce che ema jaNAve che. A vAcanamALA 1907 sudhI pracalita hatI. tyArabAda varnaTana-saMpAdita vAcanamALA zarU thaI hatI. pAThyapustake uparAMta vyAkaraNa zabdakoza vagerenI racanA A kAla daramyAna thaI hatI. De. maMDe zikhAu aMgrejo mATe gujarAtI vyAkaraNanI racanA ane 1808 mAM karI hatI. sane 1822 mAM marekRta vyAkaraNa uparathI aradezara baherAmajIe kezayukta vyAkaraNanI racanA karI hatI. viliyama pheMrbase sane 1829 mAM DramaMDa jevuM vyAkaraNa taiyAra karyuM hatuM. enI sudhArelI-vadhArelI bIjI AvRtti sane 1845 mAM bahAra paDI hatI. khaMbhAtanA mirajhA mahamada kAjhIe 1846 mAM gujarAtI-aMgrejI keza navarojajInI sahAyathI bahAra pADyo hato. sane 1847 mAM viliyama kalArkasane gujarAtI bhASAnuM vyavasthita moTuM vyAkaraNa bahAra pADayuM hatuM. rUstamajI rANInAe 1851 mAM zarU karele aMgrejI-gujarAtI koza 1857 mAM bahAra pADyo hato. kavi narmadAzaMkara ane dalapatarAme piMgaLa vyAkaraNa ane kezanA graMtha abhyAsanAM Avazyaka aMga tarIke gaNuM taiyAra karyA hatA. gujarAtI varnAkayulara sosAyaTIe gujarAtI keza ane vyAkaraNa taiyAra karAvavAnuM kAma AraMbhathI hAtha dharyuM hatuM. vyAkaraNa josepha vena Telare zAstrI vrajalAlanI sahAyatAthI taiyAra karyuM hatuM. vrajalAla zAstrIe "utsargamALA' dvArA bhASAzAstrane pAyo nAkhyuM hatuM. narmadAzaMkara kavie keza taiyAra karyo hato.para sane 1873 mAM pAThayapustaka-sudhAraNa mATe pUnAmAM maLelI samitie pAThayapustakamAMthI dharmanI khoTI mAnyatAo, devadevAdimAM aMdhazraddhA ane ajJAnamUlaka ane bhramajanaka rItinItinA varNane ane vivecane kADhI nAkhavA bhalAmaNa karI hatI. gujarAtanAM pAThayapustake A deSathI mukta hatAM ane tethI ja bhArata sarakAre ene AdarzarU5 gaNune 1877 mAM badhAne anusaravA bhalAmaNa karI hatI. lorDa karjhane vIsamI sadInI zarUAtamAM pAThayapustaka-sudhAraNuM upara bhAra mUkyo

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keLavaNI 351 hatuM. A kAraNe uttara vibhAganA (gujarAta-thANu sahita) zikSaNAdhikArI je.jI. kevana/nanA adhyakSapaNuM nIce eka samiti nImI hatI teNe hepa vAcanamALAmAM sudhArA-vadhArA karI, navA pATha umerI navI vAcanamALA taiyAra karAvI hatI. che. 3, 4 ane 5 mATe khetIvADInI vAcanamALA ane prAthamika kanyAzALAnI bALAo mATe prathama traNa dhoraNenI alaga vAcanamALA taiyAra karAvI hatI. ItihAsa bhUgoLa vyAkaraNa nakazA vagere keLavaNI khAtAe taiyAra karI prasiddha karyA hatAM. mAdhyamika (aMgrejI) zALAmAM TheTa rIDara cAlatI hatI. muMbaInA zikSaNa khAtAnA hAvarDane A rIDaronAM Ayojana ane lakhAvaTa (Plan and Execution) khAmIyukta jaNAtAM eNe navI aMgrejI vAcanamALA taiyAra karAvI ane enA prakAzana ane vecANanuM kArya mekamilana enDa kuM.ne soMpyuM tethI A rIDara -"mekamilana rIDara' tarIke prasiddha thaI hatI. eNe bIjA viSayanAM pustaka paNa taiyAra karAvyAM hatAM, paraMtu mAdhyamika zALAnAM pAThaThyapustaka khAnagI prakAzake dvArA paNa prasiddha karAyAM hatAM ane ene sthAna maLatAM sarakArI rIDarone upaga 1925 pachI baMdha thaI gayA hatA kevarnaTane taiyAra karAvelI aMgrejI rIDara anya prAMtamAM paNa upayogamAM levAtI hatI. 1903 thI maMjUra karAyelAM pustaka zALAmAM 53 vAparI zakAtAM hatAM. Ama hepa, hevarDa, kervina, dalapatarAma, durgArAma mahetAjI, bhogIlAla prANavallabhadAsa tathA anya keLavaNukAranI sahAyathI sArAM ane sastAM pAyapustaka A kALa daramyAna sarakArI taMtra dvArA prasiddha karAyAM hatAM. briTiza jillAo ejansIomAM tathA vaDodarA ane gAMDaLa sivAyanAM dezI rAjyomAM sarakArI vAcanamALA cAlatI hatI. vaDodarA rAjya "sayAjI sAhityamALA' ane "sayAjI bAlajJAnamaMjuSA" nAmanI graMthamALA zarU karI hatI. vaDodarA tathA goMDaLanI vAcanamALAmAM svadeza ane svadezInI bhAvanAne piSaka rASTraprema jAgrata kare tevA pATha Ameja karavAmAM AvyA hatA. A uparAMta sAmAnya jJAna, 'vijJAna ane khetIvADIne lagatA pATha ane navI kavitAne sthAna ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. revAbAI nIti vAcanamALA" ane sastA sAhitya prakAzana gRhanA "saguNa bALake vagere graMtha bAla-sAhitya tarIke ane nItinA zikSaNa mATenA pATha dharAvatA heIne cAsTiya-ghaDatara mATe khUba ja mahatvanA hatA. sayAjI sAhityamALA'mAM uttama graMthanAM bhASAMtare tathA lekopayogI mULa graMthanuM prakAzana thayuM che.

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para briTiza kAra graMthAlaya-pravRtti I.sa. 1818 mAM marAThI sattAne! aMta AvyA ane gujarAtamAM kampanI sarakAranuM rAjya daDha ane sthAyI thayuM. gujarAtamAM pravartI rahela rAjakIya asthira tA sAme jJAtisaMsthA ane grAmasaMsthAe praznane eka rAkhIne kudaratI ane sultAnI AphtA sAme TakAvI rAkhI hatI. A prajA ajJAnI hatI. tene jIvananirvAha. athe sAmAnya jJAna upayogI hoya che e sAru evA prabaMdha hatA ke bALaka cha sAta varSanuM thAya ke paMDayAne tyAM bhaNavA jAya. saMsAra-vyavahAranuM jJAna meLavI e potAnA bApI dhaMdhe-rAjagAre lAgI jatuM ne gAmaThI nizALe ene akSarajJAna AMka gaNita nAmuM ane lekhanapaddhatinuM vyavahAru jJAna uparAMta nItinuM zikSaNa pazu apAtuM hatuM. 54 keLavaNI ApavAnI A jUnI rItamAM pustaka naheAtAM.. jIvanavyavahAranuM zikSaNa lakhatAM vAMcatAM ane gaNatAM zIkhIne vidyArthI e peAtAne dhaMdhe lAgI jatA. brAhmaNanA dIkarA kAzIe jaI saMskRta bhaNI AvatA, kAyastha ane vANiyAnA dIkarA gharanA vepAramAM paDatA, khajI UtaratI jJAtie te| abhaNu ja rahetI.. A pramANe bhaLelAone sAhitya paratvene rasa zAmaLa premAnanda Adi *vionAM lahiyAoe utArelAM kAvyAnA vAcanamAM ja viramatA ane abhaNuva vyAsa ke mANabhaTAnI zerIe zerIe kahevAtI zAsrapurANanI kathA zravaNu karI saMtASa mAnatA. papa Ama 19 mI sadInAM prArabhigna varSomAM gujarAtamAM zikSaNa meLavavAnuM valaNa nahatuM, samAja aMdhazraddhA ane sAmAjika rUDhi ane kurivAjonA ochAyA heThaLa hatA, e saMjogAmAM gujarAtanI prajane adhazraddhA vahema ane sAmAjika ane Arthika pAyamAlImAMthI bacAvavA mATe gujarAtamAM sudhArAnA agresarAmAM durgArAma mahetAjI, mahIpatarAma nIlakaMTha, karasanadAsa mULajI, kavIzvara dalapatarAma, kavi na dAza Mkara, ramaNubhAI nIlakaTha, gA.mA. tripAThI vagere sudhArakoe samAjasudhAraNAnA yuga zarU karyAM. A sudhArAe jJAtisudhAraNA ane samAjasudhAraNAnI himAyata karI, aMdhazraddhA ane kurivAjo sAme jehAda jagAvI, lokeAmAM zikSaNanA prasAra karavA bhaNataranA lAbhA vize samajaNa ApI ane zALAe zarU karI. strI-zikSaNa mATe kanyAzALAo zarU karI. sudhArAnI pravRttithI gujarAtamAM navajAgaraNanA prAraMbha thayo ema kahI zakAya. A pUrve muMbaImAM rAyala eziyATika sAsAyaTInI zAkhA I.sa. 1804 mAM sthapAI. pachI 53 varSa" mubaI yunivarsiTInI sthApanA I.sa. 1857mAM thaI. Ama dezamAM temaja gujarAtamAM agrejI zikSaNanA lAbhathI svadezaprema dvArA samAjasudhArAne ane bhaNelA buddhijIvI va lokakalyANa ane sAMskRtika pravRttio mATe bahAra paDayo.

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353 keLavaNa 19mA saikAnA madhya bhAgamAM kalakattA madrAsa ane muMbaImAM paradezI hekamatanI sevAmAM mulakI adhikArIo ane nyAyAdhIzanA heddA upara briTizaro AvatA hatA. teo sthAnika kakSAe adhyayana ane abhyAsa arthe maMDaLe racatA hatA ane nAnAM nAnAM pustakAlaya zarU karatA hatA. 19 mA saukAmAM IMglenDamAM graMthAlaya-dhAre astitvamAM Avyo hato tenI asara IsTa inDiyA kampanI heThaLanA traNa prAMte kalakattA madrAsa ane muMbaImAM jhilAI hatI. A asara heThaLa ja amadAvAdamAM sane 1848 nA aMtamAM phArbasa sAhebe gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTInI sthApanA karI. A samaye gujarAtamAM neTiva lAIbrerI' nAmanI pravRtti zarU thaI hatI. gu. va. sosAyaTIe 1849 nA AraMbhamAM neTiva lAibrerI sthApI. e ATha varSa pachI "himAbhAI InsTiTyuTamAM pheravAI gaI. Ama svataMtra pustakAlaya tarIke gujarAtamAM je koI sauthI paheluM hoya te e A neTiva lAIbrerI ja. A pachI (1857 thI) gu. va. saMsAyaTIe navesarathI pitAnuM je pustakAlaya zarU karyuM te uttarottara vikasAvyuM; e pustakAlayanI Aje paNuM gujarAtanA samRddha pustakAlaya tarIke gaNanA thAya che. daramyAna e.ke. phorbsa sthAnika nAgarike sAthe maLI bhaMDoLa bheguM karIne suratamAM I.sa. 1850 mAM pustakAlaya zarU karyuM, jenI sAthe mi. ekjha-mAjI jajanuM nAma joDavAmAM AvyuM. suratanuM A pustakAlaya "ejha lAIbrerI" tarIke oLakhAya che. A pachI briTiza gujarAta tathA kAThiyAvADa sahitanA dezI rAjyomAM 1857 thI 1911 sudhInA gALAmAM 48 jeTalAM pustakAlaya sthapAyAM hatAM temAMthI bharUcanI rAyacaMda dIpacaMda lAIbrerI (1857), naDiyAdanuM DAhIlakSmI pustakAlaya" (1892), rAjakeTamAM "leMga lAIbrerI' (1865), bhAvanagaranI bArTana lAibrerI (1895) ane amadAvAdamAM "ApArAva bhoLAnAtha lAIbrerI' (1870) e ulalekhanIya pustakAlaya Aje paNa sevA ApI rahyAM che. A pustakAlaya kharekhara sArvajanika pustakAlaya na hatAM, enI vyavasthA ke nibhAva vagerenA haka ane javAbadArIo vyaktionAM ke saMsthAnAM hatAM ane lavAjama letAM pustakAlaya hatAM, ema chatAM gujarAtanI pustakAlaya-pravRttinA itihAsamAM prAraMbhakAlanAM A pustakAlane phALe kadI paNa ocho AMkI zakAze nahi, kAraNa ke pustakAlaya tarIke prajAne vAcanasevA pUrI pADavA mATe A neTiva lAIbrerIoe kharekhara sAra kAma karyuM che. ka 1885 mAM InDiyana nezanala keMgresanI sthApanA pachI jema samagra dezamAM banyuM tema rASTriyatAne juvALa heThaLa bhaNelA buddhizALI varSe gujarAtamAM A pravRttinuM

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briTiza kALa 14 kAma upADI lIdhuM. sevAmUrti meAtIbhAI amIne 1890 mAM vaseAnA vidyArthI samAjanA upakrame eka nAnuM pustakAlaya zarU karyu hatuM. tyArabAda "vaseAnA vagadAra gRhasthAnI eka samiti racAI hatI. gAma samastane mATe eka sAjanika pustakAlaya zarU karavAnuM nakkI thayuM. sabhAsade nedhAyA ane vase gAmamAM eprila 1894 mAM 'vase:-sArvajanika pustakAlaya' tarIke khulluM mukAyuM"18 meAtIbhAI amInanI A sevApravRttine guNu pArakhIne zrImaMta sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa ke jeoe peAtAnA rAjayanI prajAne zikSaNa ApavA mATe 1906 mAM vaDAdarA rAjyamAM prAthamika keLavaNI maphata ane pharajiyAta karI dIdhI hatI temaNe prajAne sAme cAlIne pustake paheAMcatAM karavA mATe sakaryuleTiMga lAMbrerI'nI zarUAta karI hatI. amerikAnA emanA bIjA pravAsamAM amerikAnI jAhera pustakAlaya-pravRttithI AkarSAine, vaDAdarA rAjyamAM sArvajanika pustakAlayeA ughADavAnu kAma soMpIne mi. viliyama eNlensana oInane vaDAdara mekalyA.pa9 sau prathama kAma mi. khAne paeNlesa lAibrerIne AkhA rAjyanI senTrala lAibrerI' banAvavAnuM karyuM. Ama zrImata sayAjIrAvanA 'sarasa khAnagI pustakAlayane vaDAdarA rAjyanu mukhya sArvajanika pustakAlaya banAvyuM'19 emAM AsaMga-paddhatinA upayoga karyo tethI vaDAdarA rAjyanI pustakAlaya-pravRttine dhaNa vega maLyA. tyAra pachI mi. khAnane rAjyamAM senTrala lAibrerI DipArTamenTa nAmanuM pustakAlaya khAtuM khAlavAnI ane AkhA rAjyamAM sAOjanika pustakAlayeA ughADavAnAM dhArAdheAraNa ghaDavAnI rajA maLI, e pramANe emaNe vaDAdarAnI senTrala lAibrerIne vaDAdarA rAjyanI temaja prAMtanI senTrala lAibrerI gaNI khInna traNu prAMtA mATe dareka prAMtamAM eka eka nAnI senTrala lAibrerI sthApavAnI yojanA karI. enAthI AgaLa vadhIne rAjyanA bAkInA 38 kasabAemAM ekreka' pustakAlaya ane moTA gAmamAM lagabhaga badhe ja pustakAlaya sthApyAM, nAnAM gAmAmAM paNa pustakAlaya sthApavA ane badhe vAcanAlaye kheAlavA pharatAM pustakAlayeA tA badhe ja meAkalyAM'. 61 A kAmagIrI upara dekharekha rAkhavAnuM kAma senTrala lAibrerI DipArTamenTanuM rahetuM. Ama gujarAtamAM vaDAdarAnI dezI hakUmate AkhA rAjyane sArvajanika pustakAlayacejanA heThaLa mUkI Ine khUba ja uttama kAma karyuM hatuM. vaDAdarA rAjyamAM pustakAlaya pravRttinI yAjanAnA amala thAya te pahelAM meAtIbhAI amInanI rAhabarI heThaLa mitramaMDaLa pustakAlayeAnI pravRtti zarU thaI hatI. "prajA-keLavaNI tarapha sahAnubhUti darzAvanArA keTalAka suzikSita gRhasthA ane zikSazvanAM sthAnika maMDaLA sthApIne teo janasamAjamAM jJAnane phelAvA karatA hatA. A maDaLAe amuka gAmAmAM vAcanAlayeA upADIne sane 1906 mAM A pravRttinI zarUAta karI, je 19 mA rIkAnA madhyabhAgamAM neTiva lAIbrerI' nI

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keLavaNI pravRttine maLatI hatI ema kahI zakAya. AvAM pustakAlaya ekalA vaDodarA rAjyamAM ja nahIM, paraMtu paDezamAM aMgrejI rAjyanA pradezamAM paNa zarU karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM."62 emanI A janA A prakAranI hatIH dUra dUranAM gAmaDAMmAM jJAnane prakAza phelAvavA mATenuM eka mAtra upAya pustakAlaye che, ane e mATe je e mitre pitApitAnA gAmamAMthI dasa paMdara rUpiyA ekatra karI mokalaze te pote rUpiyA "vIsathI trIsanAM vartamAnapatro ane sAmayiko maLe tevI goThavaNa karaze." A ja arasAmAM vaDodarA rAjyanA zikSaNa khAtA taraphathI gAmaDAM mATe "pharatAM pustakAlayanI cejanA I.sa. 1907 mAM zarU thaI. mitramaMDaLa-pravRtti ane pharatAM pustakAlayanI janAnA paraspara sahakArathI vaDodarA rAjayamAM ekaMdare 100 vAcanagrahe ane pustakAlaye sarakArI sthAnika ane paMcAyatanI madada maLatAM astitvamAM AvyAM. vaDodarA rAjyamAM mi. borDananI kAmagIrI zarU thAya e pahelAM ne enA aMte rAjyamAM pustakAlayanI sthiti A pramANe hatI 4 yojanAnA amala pahelA yojanAnA amalanA aMte (1910-11) (1914-15) kasabA-pustakAlayo 24 38 grAma-pustakAlaya 385 vAcanAlaya svataMtra makAne 19 49 pustaka-saMkhyA 55,586 1,55,206 vAcake 12,310 vaMcAyelAM pustaka 1,64,331 kharca rU. 97,990 rU. 1,22,798 Ama pustakAlayonA vikAsa mATe vaDodarA rAjya alaga pustakAlaya khAtuM sthApyA pachI pustakAlaya-pravRttine vikAsa thayo che tethI ema kahI zakAya ke A pravRttinA vikAsa mATe rAjyanuM pIThabaLa, prajAkIya pravRtti mATe bhekhadhArI kAryakaro ane enAM saMcAlana tathA dekharekha mATe svataMtra evuM pustakAlaya mATenuM khAtuM, A traNa hevAM jarUrI che. hajI Aje paNa A traNanI jarUriyAta che ja che bhAratamAM jAhera pustakAlaya-pravRttine prAraMbha karavAnuM mAna Ama vaDodarA-nareza zrImaMta sayAjIrAva gAyakavADane zire jAya che. emanA zAsana-kAla daramyAna gujarAtamAM paddhatisaranI pustakAlaya-pravRtti ane graMthAlaya sevAne vikAsa thaye. uparyukta pravRtti ane saMlagna evI pravRttiomAM I.sa 1911 mAM sArvajanika pustakAlaya yojanA 223

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briTiza kAu vaDodarA rAjyamAM dAkhala karI. e sAthe I.sa 1911-12 mAM pharatAM pustakAlayenI janAne amala zarU karyo hato. I. sa. 1913 ane I.sa. 1914mAM vaDodarA senTrala lAIbrerI khAte anukrame bALapustakAlaya ane strIvAcanAlaya vibhAga zarU karavAmAM AvyA hatA. Ama pustakAlaya-pravRttinI yojanAthI rAjyamAM gAme gAma pustakAlaya zarU karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. sArI graMthAlaya-sevA ApavI hoya te tAlIma lIdhelA graMthapAle joIe e daSTie vaDodarA rAjya graMthapAlane tAlIma ApavA mATe viliyama e. beDananI doravaNuM heThaLa graMthAlaya vijJAnanA tAlImavarga I. sa. 1911 mAM zarU karyA, je bhAratamAM prathama pustakAlaya zikSaNa varga tarIke etihAsika sthAna bhogave che, eTaluM ja nahi, tAlIma bAda graMthapAlane vizeSa jJAna maLe ane vyavasAya vizenI jANakArI ane pharajo pratye sajAgatA keLavAya e mATe "graMthAlaya miselinI' e nAmanuM tramAsika gujarAtI marAThI ane hiMdI bhASAmAM pragaTa karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM, je I. sa. 1912-1919 sudhI prakAzita thayuM hatuM. pAdaTIpa 1. gaNapatarAma hiM. desAI, "bharUca zaherane ItihAsa, pR. 217 2. zivaprasAda rAjagara, gujarAtane keLavaNIne ItihAsa' (guI) pR. 39-40 3. zarAbajI manaceracha dezAI, "tavArIkhe navasArI, pR. 254 4. gaNapatarAma hiM. desAI uparyukta, pR. 219 5, zarAbajI dezAI uparyukta pR. 254 6. gaNapatarAma desAI, uparyukta, pR. 221-rarara 7. zerabajI dezAI. uparyukta, pR. 255 8. ejana pR. 254 0 ejana pR. 255 10. zivaprasAda rAjagara, gujarAtane keLavaNIne ItihAsa, pR. 48 11. ejana, 5, 45-47. 12. ejana, pR. 36 13. zakaralAla ga. zAstrI, "rasagaMgA" (le. vrajalAla kA. zAstrI), pariziSTa, pR. 47-48 14. 'saskRta saurabha unazatAbdI mahotsava aGka,' rAjakIya saMskRta pAThazAlA; pedAra, 9, 6-7 15 hai. hIrA je, "mAdhunija saMskRta sAhi' pR. 240 16. zakaralAla gaM. zAstrI, uparyukta, prastAvanA, pR. 5 17. gaNapatalAla hiM. desAI, uparyukta, pR. 248-250 8. zaMkaralAla gaM. zAstrI, uparyukta, pR. 46-47

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keLavaNI 19. muhammad rakSA anasArIpti'nI mahI, vAnI6 se" nizAnI, pR. 67 20. W.K. Wellsmith, The Ulema in Indian Politics, p. 47 21. Syed Nurullah and J.P. Naik, History of Education in India, (HEI.) pp. 80, 86, 135-136 22. hIrAlAla tri. pArekha, 'arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana' (aguMre.), khaMDa 1, pR. 239, 247, 250-251; HEI., pp. 365-369 23. S.B. Rajyagor, Education of Gujarat, I854-1954 (Typed thesis), pp. 34-36, 39-40, 62-63 24. Gujarat District Gazetteer : Kutch, p. 501 25. zivaprasAda rAjagAra, uparyukta, pR. 55-59 26. ejana, pR. 59-61, 104 28. ejana, pR. 134-135 27. ejana, pR. 63 2. Government of Bombay, A Review of Education in Bombay State, pp. 156-157 30. zivaprasAda rAjagAra, uparyu'kta, pR. 136-137 31. ejana, pR. 137-139 32. zivaprasAda rAjagAra, arvAcIna gujarAtanA rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa (anurAsAMi), pR. 152, 154-155 33. zivaprasAda rAjageAra, gujarAtanA keLavaNInA itihAsa,' pR. 172-174 74. ejana, pR. 231-236, 242-243 35. ejana, pR. 184-187; 'agurAsAMI,' pR. 172, 180-181 340 36. Lakshmi Misra, Education of Women in India, p. 29 37. R.V. Parulekar, A Source Book of History of Education in the Province of Bombay, Para I 38. hIrAlAla tri. pArekha, 'gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTInA itihAsa', (guvaseAi) bhA. 1, pR. 27 39-40. ejana, pR. 28 42. ejana, pR. 31 41. ejana, pR. 27 43. I. i. desAI, 'sUrata seAnAnI sUrata', pR. 158 44. Jayendra Dave, A Study of Evolution of Female Education in Gujarat till Independence (Typed thesis), pp. 106-109 45. pravINA Thakkara, 'gujarAtanA strIkeLavaNInA itihAsa,' pR. 6 46. ejana, pR. 6 47. Report of the Indian Education Commission, 1882, pp. 545-548 48. pravINA Thakakara, uparyukta, pR. 8 49. azure., khaMDa 1, pR. 236-239 50. gukei, pR. 53; 'zALApatra jayukhilI aMka,' 1911, pR. 56, 67

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briTiza sAha 51. are, pR. 250-251; guke, pR. 11; guvaI, bhA1, pR. 106 thI 52. agure, pR. 241-246, guvasei., bhA. 1, pR. 107 13. A Review of Education in Bombay State, pp. 513 ff. 54, agare, pR. 125 55. kRSNalAla meM. jhaverI, gujarAtI sAhityanA mArga sUcaka ane vadhu mArga sUcaka staMbhe, 56. vijayarAya ka. vaidya, arvAcIna sArvajanika pustakAlaye,' pR. 11 57. ejana, pR. 13 58. IzvarabhAI paTela, "sevAmUti metIbhAI amIna, pR. 22 59. "vaDedarA rAjyanI pustakAlaya pravRtti, pR. 3 60. ejana, pR. 3 61. ejana, pR. 3-4 ejana, pR. 44-45 63. ejana, kama (6), pR. 62 64. "vaDodarA rAjyanI pustakAlaya pravRtti, pariziSTa 7, pR. 87

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prakaraNa 12 gujarAtI bhASA, bolIo ane lipi 1. bhASA a. ziSTa gujarAtInuM ghaDatara IsavI sana 1818 mAM gujarAtI bhASA pradeza upara aMgreja sattAnuM sArvabhaumatva thapAyA pachInA thoDAka dasakAomAM A pradezanAM jIvana ane saMskRtimAM keTalAMka bhAre parivartana thayAM. aMgrejI keLavaNI tathA e dvArA pazcimanAM sAhitya ane vicArasRSTinA saMparkane pariNAme pragaTelAM navIna parivartana-baLee atratya sAhitya ane vicArasaraNInI navIna paraMparAo UbhI karI. ApaNe abhyAsapAtra kAlakhaMDamAM madhyakAlIna gujarAtI sAhitya-paraMparAnA chellA tejasvI pratinidhi kavi dayArAma(177-1853)nA sakriya jIvanane moTe bhAga vyatIta thayuM hatuM. svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanA sthApaka ane gujarAtI gadyanA eka sImAcihna jevA "vacanAmRta'ne vaktA svAmI sahajAnaMda(1781-1830)nuM jIvanakArya ane emanA aneka sAdhu-kavionI gujarAtI vraja ane saMskRtanI lekhana-pravRtti mukhyatve A kAlakhaMDamAM thayAM hatAM. kavi dayArAma emanA jIvananA uttara kAlamAM muMbaI gayA hovAnI eka kiMvadaMtI che; svAmI sahajAnaMda bizapa Telara jevA aMgreja pAdarI ane muMbaInA gavarnara sara jahona mAlakama jevA meTA aMgreja amaladAronA saMparkamAM AvyA hatA, paraMtu A baMnenA temaja emanA anuyAyI athavA ziSyavarganA sAhityalekhana ke vicArasaraNI upara pAzcAtya vicAre ke paribaLonI kazI asara jaNAtI nathI. hA, kavi dalapatarAma (18201898) jevA jUnI ane navI sAhitya-paraMparAne joDanArA tathA kavitA sAhitya ane keLavaNI dvArA samAja sudhArA mATe prayatna karanAra ane AkAMkSA sevanAra vyaktivizeSa svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanA anuyAyI hatA e kharuM, paNa emanI A dizAmAMnI pravRttio vizeSa te phArbasa sAheba sAthenA emanA gADha saMparkane AbhArI hatI. bIjI bAju, agreija amaladAronI salAhathI muMbaInA dhanika gRhasthAe zikSaNa prasAra mATe eka phaMDa bheguM karyuM ane 1820 ne oNgasTa mAsamAM neTiva kula buka eNnDa neTiva skUla sesAyaTInI sthApanA karI. muMbaInA vidyArasika

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briTiza kAha gavarnara mAunTa TuarTa elphinsTana dezI bhASAonI khilavaNI karavAnA matanA hatA; emaNe A saMsthAne nANunI madada karavA mAMDI. e saMsthA "be ejyukezana sosAyaTI' nAmathI oLakhAI ane emAMthI 1825 mAM neTiva ejyukezana sesAyaTI' uddabhavI. e maMDaLI pitAnI pravRtti gujarAta khAte vistAravA IcchatI hatI. bharUcanA eka utsAhI juvAna raNachoDadAsa giradharabhAIe (1803-1873) apaMga thayele eka aMgreja spiAhI, je bharUcanA khristI devaLanA cekIdAra tarIke kAma karatA hatA ane gujarAtI bhASAthI lagabhaga anabhijJa hatuM, tenI pAsethI aMgrejI bhASAnuM prAthamika jJAna muzkelIthI meLavI lIdhuM hatuM. muMbaInA vaDA pAdarI kAra 1825 mAM gujarAtanA pravAse AvyA temane A juvAnane bheTa thayo. emanI bhalAmaNathI baneTiva ejyukezana sosAyaTI taraphathI gujarAtamAM navI keLavaNIne pracAra karavA mATe, e sAruM mANase zodhI kADhavA mATe tathA vyAkaraNa itihAsa bhUgoLa gaNita ane vijJAna-sameta vividha vinA pAThya-pustaka taiyAra karavA-karAvavA mATe raNachoDabhAInI nimaNUka thaI ane e kAma emaNe saphaLatAthI pAra pADayuM. AthI raNachoDabhAI gujarAtI keLavaNInA pitA tarIke oLakhAya che. uparyukta sosAyaTInI kAryanItinuM mahatvanuM lakSaNa e hatuM ke tamAma viSaya dezI bhASAmAM ja zIkhavAtA. e mATenAM pustaka moTe bhAge aMgrejI ke marAThInAM bhASAMtara hatAM. keI pustaka gujarAtImAM svataMtra lakhAyelAM paNa haze, paraMtu supariNAma e AvyuM ke gujarAtI bhASAnA, navIna yugane anurUpa, kheDANane maTe vega maLe. 1855mAM e samayanA muMbaI ilAkAmAM "DirekaTara oNpha pablika insTrakzana("zikSaNa niyAmaka)nI jagyA kADhavAmAM AvI ane zikSaNanI vyavasthA emanI dekharekha nIce mUkavAmAM AvI tyArathI e paddhati baMdha paDI ane mAdhyamika zALAmAM vijJAnAdi viSayasaMskRtAdi bhASAo paNa-aMgrejI dvArA zIkhavavAnuM zarU thayuM, je pahati nidAna paNa sadI sudhI cAlI. paNa prAcIna sAthe navIna paraMparAnA samAMtara cAlelA vicArapravAha ane sAhityapravAhanI vAta upara pharI vAra AvIe. 1822 mAM muMbaI samAcAra sAptAhikane AraMbha thayo, je keTalAMka varSa bAda dainika thayuM. sudhAraka mahetAjI durgArAma maMchArAme (1809-1878) suratamAM 1840mAM mAnava dharma sabhA'nI sthApanA karI, jenI mahetAjIe lakhelI kAryanedhane mahavane bhAga mahIpatarAma nIlakaMTha-skRta durgArAmacaritramAM sacavAya che. laDana khAte 1856 mAM gujarAta pradezane agreijI bhASAmAM prathama itihAsa "rAsamALA' pragaTa karanAra "savAI

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gujarAtI bhASA, belIo ane lipi 31 gujarAtI aMgreja amaladAra elekajhAnDara kinloka phorbsa athavA phArbasa sAhebanAM preraNA ane prayatnathI amadAvAdamAM gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTInI (je saMsthAnuM pAchaLathI "gujarAta vidyAsabhA' nAmakaraNa thayuM tenI) sthApanA thaI. A saMsthAe gujarAtamAM zikSaNa ane sAhityanA prasAra mATe agravAlInuM kAma karyuM che" gujarAtI bhASA ane sAhityanAM vividha kSetre navIna kArya karanAra, "arvAcInemAM Adya' narmada athavA narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara kavie (1833-1886) 1851 mAM aDhAra varSanI vaye e ja varSe sthapAyelI buddhivardhaka sabhA samakSa "maMDaLI maLavAthI thatA phAyadA" e vize nibaMdha vAM, je navI keLavaNIthI vikasatA vicAro sAthe arvAcIna gujarAtI gadyanA saMyojanane paNa eka namane che. e sabhA samakSa 1856 mAM sudhAraka karasanadAsa mULajIe dezATana' vize nibaMdha vAMcyo hato. karasanadAse pAchaLathI mahIpatarAmanI jema, IglenDanI musApharI aneka vire tathA avarodhanI vacce karI hatI ane e vize pustaka paNa lakhyuM hatuM. 1857mAM muMbaI yunivarsiTInI sthApanA thaI, jenA padavIroe jIvana ane sAhityanAM vividha kSetromAM pAyArUpa mahattavanuM kAma karyuM. vizeSa te arvAcIna sAhityanAM preraka baLa bhAratanA anya pradezAnI jema gujarAtamAM paNa pAsyAtya saMskAravALI A navI keLavaNIne pariNAme uddabhavyAM. ApaNu abhyAsaviSaya-kAlakhaMDathI lagabhaga eka zatAbdI pUrve gujarAtI bhASA baMdhAraNanI dRSTie siha rUpa pAmI cUkI hatI. jUnA gujarAtI sAhityamAM gadyasAhitya puSkaLa hatuM ane enAM keTalAMka nizcita svarUpa hatAM, paNa navI keLavaNIne pariNAme vikaselA gadya-sAhityathI svabhAva rU5 ane viSayanI dRSTie e sarvathA bhinna hatuM e svayaMspaSTa che. A gujarAtI bhASA svarUpane vikAsa ahIM gujarAtI bhASA uttarottara ziSTatA dhAraNa karavA lAgI ane prathama khyAla ApI enA prAdezika uparAMta jJAtigata bhedane namUnAo dvArA khyAla "ApavAne prayatna che. 1818 AsapAsa arvAcIna gujarAtI bhASAnuM A svarUpa hajI cAlu hatuM. gujarAtI bIbAMothI tema zilAchApakhAnAMonI madadathI gujarAtI gadyavarUpe bhASA AkAra letI jatI hatI. sana 1824mAM muMbaInA "muMbaI samAcAra" chApakhAnAmAM paMcepAkhyAna' chapAyeluM, jenI bhASA dhyAnamAM levA jevI che; jevI ke

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ra briTiza kATa eka vanamAM aMhI ane baladane mAhe mAhe ghaNu mItrAI paDI te eka zIAle pitAnA zavAratha zArUM AghuM pAchuM zamAvIne teDI nAkhI rAjaputro puchavA lAgA he mAhArAja te kema thau haze vIzabhuzaramA kehe. che zAMbhale" (pR. 5) " kepTana jyorja jarvisanA eka graMthane vidyAnA uddeza, lAbha ane saMtoSa mathALe muMbaInA keI jagannAtha zAstrI kramavaMtanI sahAyathI sana 1830nA AraMbhamAM devanAgarI lipimAM lithe-chApakhAnAmAM chapAyele anuvAda vadhu suzliSTa: svarUpa dharAve che; jevuM ke kaI paNa eka vidyAnA jJAna thakI je lAbha ane saMtoSa thAya che, te jANavA sAru te ja vidyAmAM mAhita thAvuM joIye ane e mATe. pUrvenA vidyAvAneye je vidyAo prasiddha karI che. teonA abhyAse karIne je lAbha thAya che, te saghaLA lAbha vidyAnA judA judA bhAga zikhavyA vagara dhyAnamAM ANu apAtA nathI." (pR. 1) joDaNI ekadhArI rAkhavAne ziSTa prayatna che, chatAM emAM karIne badale belIgata bahuvacana karI jovA maLe che: "cAla zI che' jevA ziSTa prayoga A namUnAmAM sulabha che. A pUrve sana 1826mAM ke. jarvise zrI jagannAtha zAstrI kramavaMta pAse kartavyabhUmiti' zIrSakathI karnala pAralInA graMthane anuvAda evI ja rIte devanAgarI lipimAM lithe-chApakhAnAmAM chapAvele te paNa ziSTa rUpa rajU kare che; jema ke "e AjJA ApyA pachi zikhavanAre pite kartavyabhUmitI e zabda bhoTA akSare pATI upara lakhe-te pATI baddhA zikhanArAonI najara pagaze ne te baddhA te pATI uparanA akSaro joIne te akSara paramANe akSare lakhavA sakaze ene uMce ThekANe rAkhavI. tathA te pATI A kAma mATenA keTalAka zabda tathA biju lakhavuM lakhavAnuM purI thAze evI bhroTI joIe." (pR. 1). AmAM paNa belIgata pugaze' jevuM kriyArUpa jovA maLe che. A bhASAsvarUpa muMbaImAM pracalita hatuM ema joI zakAya che. jagannAtha zAstrI saMskRtane, jJAtA he I saMskRta zabdanI joDaNamAM sAvadhAna jovA maLe che. sana 1838 mAM kaI gaMgAdhara zAstrI phaDakenuM lakheluM gujarAtI bhASAnuM

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yujarAtI bhASA, belIo ane lipi vyAkaraNuM" paNa devanAgarI lipimAM lithe chApakhAnAmAM chapAyeluM jANavAmAM AvyuM che. AmAM paNa bhASAzuddhi jALavavAno prayatna che. A arasAmAM DAlInI vAtanuM bhASAMtara e nAmanI eka pustikA lithAmAM chapAyelI che. enI viziSTatA e che ke devanAgarI lipimAM ziSTa svarUpa ApavAmAM AvyuM che, jyAre sAme samAMtara kaTAramAM mAthe saLaMga lITI AMkI lakhelI gujarAtI lipimAM vANiyAzAhI lakhANa ApavAmAM AvyuM che, jema ke "vAta 1 vAta 1 DhoTa draDhanAra tathA teno chokaro tathA loTa dalanAra tathA tehane chokare tehano gadheDo. tathA tehane gadheDe. ___eka loTa daLanAra, tathA tehano eka leTa dalanAra tathA tehane vImo, potAnA jAnai, vevavA sAta dIkara, pitAnA gadheDAne vecavA sArU vajJAnanI zere stra hatA? meM tene bajAranI kore laI jatA hatA, ne mArAmAM ve Tuve dAMtA dutA, tehane mAragamAM halave have hAMkatA. para rAja je te zA na rAya, ne hatA. eTalA sArU ke te thAkI na jAe. sAro mAto ......." ne sArA mATe pahece...." AmAM zuddha svarUpamAM stra che, vANiyAzAhImAM "la che; dakSiNa gujarAtanA uccAraNane A taphAvata zakya che. uparAMta A phakarAomAM "maTayU-malIuM" "haryuM-kahIuM "dhyAnamAM-dhIAnamAM "jAlyo -cAlIo' prakAranAM belInAM rU5 jovA maLe che. sana 1848 mAM muMbaImAM muMbaI samAcAra presamAMthI "aMgarejI tathA. gujarAtI kAbIulerI' chapAI hatI, enI bhASA jotAM emAM pArasIbelInI asara varatAya che; jemake Ae - puzatakamAM keTalAeka * aMgarejI - zabada - hevAnuM che ke te daraeka - zabadanA * ekathI * vadhAre * aratha * thAo che * te * judA * judA - zara * 2Saratha * tamane * Ae * puzatakamo * eka * ThekANe * malaze * nahI . tehene * kaze * vicAra * rAkhavo * nahI * kAMe je * Ae * puzataka * madhe. je * bAbata * haze. * te * bAbata * pitAne * lagate - IgarejI ~ zabadana - eka ja * jAtano * aratha * batAvaze - te * aratha * tame * te * bAbata - saMbaMdhI * mukarara * jANa." (pR. 4).

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briTiza kALa sRSTijanya IzvarajJAna' (a'grejInA anuvAda) 1849 mAM prasiddha thayela te graMthamAM bhASAsvarUpa saskAra pAmelu' che. prakAra AkhA zrI jagannAtha zAstrI kramavaMtane maLatA che. muMbaImAM mahArASTriya vidvAnanI dekharekhamAM bhASA saMskAravALI jovA maLe che e zeADu' vAIbhareluM tA kharuM ja. FA kavi na dAza kare sana 1850 mAM ma`DaLI maLavAthI thatA lAbha' e mathALe 'buddhivardhaka sabhA'mAM bhASaNa karelu. te thADA ghaNA pheraphAra sAthe nibaMdhanA A -kAramAM sana 1851 mAM suratanI svadeza hitecchu maMDaLI'mAM vAMcyuM hatuM. kavi potAnI 18 varSoMnI uMmare lakhelA A nibaMdhane saMskArI bhASAsvarUpa Ape che; jevu ke "A bhASaNathI mukhyatve karIne traNa vAta mAre tamane batalAvavI Avazyaka che. temAM peDelI e ke A dezamAM AvI maDaLI maLavAnA cAla nahI mATe zuM zuM nukasAne thayAM tathA ata: para AvI maMDaLa maLavAnA cAla nahI jevA thAya te zuM zuM anarthA thAya. khIjI vAta e ke AvI maMDaLI maLavAthI zA lAbha thAya che te batAvavuM. ane trIjI vAta e ke ApaNA dezI lokoe kriye prakAre maDaLI kAhADavI tathA tadanusAra bhASagu tathA nibadha kema ane kiye uddeza karavA." (sana 1865 : pR. 1-2) AmAM 'batalAvavuM' e suratI asara, jyAre batAvavu" ziSya. narmadAzaMkaranA gadyamAM suratI lAkSaNikatA emanAM aneka lakhANAmAM jovA maLe che, chaiye' 'chau'' jevAM suratI rUpa e pracuratAthI vAparatA, tA 'rAkhIe cha' 'meAlIye cha' jevAM pazu. zuM zuM anarthA' ne 'zA lAbha' ema eu paNa jovA maLe che. sana 1848 nA DisembaranI 26 mI tArIkhe amadAvAdamAM sthapAyelI gujarAta varnAkayulara sAsAyaTI'(pachIthI have gujarAta vidyAsabhA')ne mATe enA rasahAyaka maMtrI zrI. maganalAla vakhatacaMde 'amadAvAdanA itihAsa' lakhI ApI, 1851 mAM lithAmAM chapAvI prasiddha karele che temAM amadAvAdamAM bhASAsvarUpa jhevu... pracalita hatu. e jovA maLe che; jevu' ke e bAbata je amadAvAda seheranA itihAsa: sehera vasu te dIvasathI te Aja dIna sudhI tathA hAlanI avasthA tathA purAM tathA pALAnuM varaNAna" evI rItaneA TharAva amArA jANavAmAM AvA uparathI huM A ItihAsa racavAne UThThama karavA lAgyA. A ItihAsa meM kevI rIte ne tenI khInA krIye chIye ThekANethI leIne' race che teneA vIstAra lakhuM chuM je..." (pR. 1)

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gujarAtI bhASA belIo ane lipi 34 bhaktakavi dayArAme enI uttarAvasthAmAM lakhyuM hoya tevuM gadya maLe che tenA karatAM zrI maganalAlanA gadyamAM saMskAra cheDe vadhu che. enA karatAM kavi narmadAzaMkaramAM, paNa majhA e che ke amadAvAdamAM khIlatA AvatA gadyamAM naDi-- yAdanA nAgaravADAnA ke amadAvAdanI AkA zeTha kuvAnI-vAghezvaranI-havelInI-. lAkhA paTelanI paLAnA nAgaromAM bolAtI ane hajI paNa vRddha birAM praje, che tevI nAgarI belIne aNusAra tatkAlIna lekhanamAM te jovA maLatuM ja nathI, gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTI taraphathI "varatamAna" nAmanuM sAmayika prasiddha thayA pachI tA. 7mI mArca, 1854nA divase buddhiprakAza' mAsikane 1 le, aMka prasiddha thayo tyAre limAM AkhI lITI nIce gujarAtI akSaramAM e aMka chapAyela. taMtrI tarIke zrI maganalAla vakhatacaMda hatA. enI prastAvanAmAM emanA "amadAvAdane ItihAsane maLatuM vANiyAzAhI lakhANa kahI zakAya. sana 1855 ne julAInA aMkathI "buddhiprakAza'nA saMpAdaka tarIke vaDhavANa (saurASTra)nA zrImALI brAhmaNa kavIzvara dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAI AvyA. emanA, gadyane namUne e aMkamAM nIcenA prakArane jovA maLe che? "huM dalapatarAma DAAbhAI sAdarAnA maherabAna puleTIkala sAhebanI. hajura kacerImAM mulakagIrI daphattaranA heDakArakunanuM kAma karatA hatA tyAMhAMthI varanAkyulara sosAITInA meMbara meherabAna vAlIza sAheba vigerenA abhiprAya leI sosAITInA sekreTarI TI.bI. mIstara karaTIsa sAhebe mahIkAMThAnA paleTIkAla sAhebane keTalIeka tarethI sIpAraza karI ghaNuM AgrahathI mane sosAITI khAtAmAM bolAvI lIdhe." (pR. 97) kavIzvara dalapatarAmanA A gadyamAM zrI. maganalAla vakhatacaMdanA gadyanI laDhaNa che baMnenAM lakhANa lithenAM che ane baMnenAM lakhANa sIdhAM AdhArarUpa heI tethI, linA lahiyAe junavANI rUpa ApI dIdhuM kahI zakAya nahi. sarakArI gujarAtI nizALane sAru muMbaI ilAkAnA keLavaNI-khAtAnA gujarAta vibhAganA inspekaTara zrI. TI. sI, hepe "gujarAtI bhASAnuM vyAkaraNa" 1858 mAM suratanA "AIriza mizana chApakhAnAmAM chapAvI prasiddha karyuM hatuM.. AraMbhamAM je sucanA chApI che te emaNe taiyAra karAvelI "junI sarakArI vAcanamALA'nA gadyanA prakAranI lagabhaga kahI zakAya:

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3}} briTiza kALa vyAkaraNa bhaNAvavA viSe metAjIAne sUcanA TekarAMne vyAkaraNa bhaNAvavAne Aja lagaNu evA dhAre cAlyA Ave che, ke pehelAM ceApaDImAM lakhelA niyama temane pADe karAvavA; tyArapachI te niyamane thADAdhaNA a" samajAvI vAkathomAMthI nAma, saOnAma, vagere AlakhatAM zikhavI, chelle vAkayonuM vyAkaraNa karatAM zikhavavuM, " . eka vastu spaSTa dekhAze ke A bhASAsvarUpamAM surata khAjunA kAI raNakA anubhavAtA nathI. mAnya gujarAtI bhASAnI aitihAsika mAMDaNIne Arbha e vyAkaraNanA gadyamAM jovA maLe che sana 1859 mAM sarakAre eka 'pAThAvaLI' chapAvI hatI tenuM gadya vadhu ziSTatA "tarapha vaLeluM joI zakAya che. hakIkate jUnI sarakArI vAcanamALA'--lekamAM 'dvApa vAcanamALA' tarIke naz2ItI vAcanamALAnA gadyamAM tatkAlIna svIkRta joDaNInI ekavAkayatA jovA maLe che ane bhASAmAM paNa prauDhi jovA maLe che AnA pATha aneka vidvAne1 pAse lakhAvavAmAM AvelA ane paddo te mATe bhAge 'ka. da. DA.'(kavi dalapatarAma DAhAbhAI)nAM racelAM chapAyAM hatAM. heApa vAcanamALAnA sapAdanamAM kavIzvaranA sIdhA hissA haiAvAnI saMbhAvanA nathI, paraMtu 'buddhiprakAza'nA tA e -sa`pAdaka hatA ane enI bhASAnu dhoraNa vikasatuM jatuM hatuM e noMdhapAtra che. ahIM' e nAMdhavA jevu che ke zrI. heApanA vyAkaraNanI pUrve sana 1857 mAM Principles of Goojaratee Grammar (gujarAtI vyAkaraNanA siddhAMta) e vyAkaraNa zrI eDavarDa lekIe aMgrejI mAdhyamathI racI prasiddha karyuM hatu. bezaka, suvizada A vyAkaraNamAM bhASAne DhAMcA hajI vANiyAzAhI che. e vidvAne pAtAnuM vyAkaraNa lakhatAM pUrve premanDa, phaoNrbsa', gaMgAdhara phaDake, rAmase, kalArkasana ane phekanaranAM gujarAtI vyAkaraNa joyAnuM lakhyuM che, bhASAne vyAkaraNabaddha karavAnA paNa prayatna sArI rIte zarU thaI cUkayo hatA. kiva na dAzaMkare paNa vyAkaraNa lakhyAnu jANItu che. sana 1862 mAM amadAvAdanI zikSaka tAlIma zALA taraphthI 'gujarAta zALApatra' zarU thayuM, jemAM 'buddhiprakAza'nI lekhana-paddhatine samAdara karavAmAM AvyA hatA. A tAlIma zALAmAMthI abhyAsa karIne nIkaLelA meDaTA bhAganA zikSA jhAlAvADanA hatA. zALApatra'nI bhASAneA namUne pazu jovA jevA che: A ceApAnyuM gujarAtI nizALAnA medretAjIone sArUM pragaTa karyu" che, paraMtu khIjA mANasAne pazu upayAgI paDaze, emAM kAMI rsa nathI.

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gujarAta bhASA, belIo ane lipi 60 kemake emAM bhAtabhAtanA viSaye lakhAze, tathApi keLavaNI saMbaMdhI ghaNuM Avaze." (pR. 1) joDaNI'ne vyavasthita vicAra paNa "zALApatra'nA A 1862 nA julAIogasTa-sapTembaranA joDiyA aMkamAM zarU karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. projana bahu spaSTa hatuM: navI sAta copaDIomAM chApanAranI eTalI badhI bhUle che ke teo parathI phalANu zabdanI nakI A joDaNI che ema kahI zakAtuM nathI. tenA te ja zabdanI jude jude ThekANe judI judI joDaNI karI che. e bhUlene A cAMpAnyAmAM cheDe theDe prasiddha karIzuM." (pR. 45-46) joDaNaviSayaka lekha pachI e varSanA pAMcamA aMkamAM joDaNIAMka 1 mathALe apAyelA, jemAM 9 niyama ApavAmAM AvelA. A niyama nIce "tA. 28 mI jAnevArI sane 1859 mu amadAvAda" ema divasa karI (1) "zrI mehanalAla raNachoDadAsa dipyuTI ejyukezanala inspekaTara surata jIllAnA," (2) "prANalAla mathurAdAsa di. e IprA. dhoLakA,"(3) "mahIpatarAma rUparAma pro. di..e iprArA gogA."() mayArAma zaMbhunAtha di e I. kheDA jIlAnA" (5) dolatarAma uttamarAma di e I. bharUca jIlAna," ane (6) "dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAI gu. va se sAITInA AsisTeTa sekreTarI" A rIte (pR. 80) sahIo karavAmAM AvI che. hakIkate gujarAtI joDaNInA viSayamAM A pahele atihAsika prayatna che e naioMdhavuM joIe. e pachI 186ra nA RA aMkathI ceDAM DAM pAnAMmAM joDaNI keza ApavAmAM AvatA hatA. kavIzvara dalapatarAma ane kavi narmadAzaMkaranA uttara samakAlIna gujarAtI vidvAnee lakhavA mAMDelA vividha prakAranA sAhitye have bhASAne ziSTatA ane prauDhi ApI dIdhI hatI. ( zaikSaNika sAhityika ane vyAvahArika upayoga mATe svIkAravAmAM AvelA likhita prakAranA bhASAsvarUpane "ziSTa' ke "mAnya" evI saMjJA ApavAmAM AvI che. ziSTa ane ene sArvatrika upaga karatA hoya che. eka vAta spaSTa che ke . ziSTa jenA uccAraNamAM paNa evI paristhiti che ke mukhyatve balAtmaka svara-bhArane kAraNe svarenAM cokkasa prakAranAM uracAraNa thatAM hoya che te uccAraNa : lekhanamAM ravIkAravAmAM AvelI vyavahAru joDaNamAM badhA ja saMyogomAM batAvI zakAtAM. nathI, anusvAra ane anunAsika svaroccAraNa vacce, mUrdhanya ane mUrdhanyatara -8 ..

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39 briTiza kAla vacce temaja e-onAM saMskRta ane vikRta hrasva-dIrgha uccAraNamAM spaSTa bheda hevA / chatAM ApaNe lekhanamAM e bheda nathI batAvatAM, vaLI pUrvanA svara upara bhAra hevAne kAraNe pachInI kRtimAM lakhAte "a" uccarita thatuM nathI chatAM joDaNImAM ApaNe anivArya rIte lakhIe chIe; yakRti vakRti ane mamaroccAraNa kiMvA hazruti A vagere paNa joDaNIne vyavahAru niyamo pramANe lekhanamAM batAvIe chIe. athavA te kyAMka batAvatAM nathI. AvI paristhitimAM lekhanamAM bhASAnuM eka svarUpa ApaNe "mAnya" karyuM che te ApaNI ziSTa gujarAtI bhASA" che. A saMdarbhamAM eka vAta samajI levI joIe ke kavIzvara dalapatarAma dvArA buddhiprakAza'mAM, hopa vAcana mALA lakhanArAo dvArA vAcanamALAmAM ane amadAvAdanI zikSaka tAlIma zALA(pachIthI "premacaMda rAyacaMda TreiniMga koleja) dvArA gujarAta zALApatramAM bhASAne je DhAMce zarU thaye te A ApaNI mAnya bhASA ane enuM najIkamAM najIkanuM uccarita svarUpa hoya te e vaDhavANune dramAM rAkhI jhAlAvADa (AjanA surendranagara jillA)nuM. ane eka noMdhapAtra sthiti e paNa hatI ke amadAvAdanI zikSaka tAlIma zALAmAM tAlIma pAmelA zikSakemAM jhAlAvADanA brAhmaNa ane vaNika zikSakonI saMkhyA sArI rahetI ane sarakArI temaja dezI rAjyanI tAlukA zALAomAM mahetAjIo ane zikSaka tarIke A jhAlAvADI zikSake pramANamAM ThIkaThIka saMkhyAmAM hatA. Ane kAraNe paNa mAnya bhASAnuM svarUpa jhAlAvADanI belIne vadhu najIka rahyuM. 2. bolI a. belA-varUpe bhASA ane belI vacce eka mahatvane bheda e che ke kaI paNa ekabelIne keMdramAM rakhAye mAnya banelA rUpamAM vibhinnabelIomAMthI paNa zabdonI temaja rUDhiprayoganI AyAta thatI hoya che ane tethI bhASAmAM eka ja arthanA ekathI vadhu zabda vaparAtA hoya che, jyAre te bolImAM eka ja arthane eka ja zabda vaparAte heya che. Ane kAraNe te te bolI tAravavAnI saraLatA thAya che. prAdezika bolIonA kaachI' "sorASTrI" "uttara gujarAtI" "madhya gujarAtI" dakSiNa gujarAtI" ane "Adima jAtionA vistAranI evA bhedanA zabdagata svarUpa vize ApaNane svalpa paricaya have pachI maLaze; A viSayamAM joIe ke Adima jAtionI gujarAtInI belIonA jAtigata daSTie ema cAra prakAra che te pramANe gujarAta-saurASTra-kacchamAMnI vibhinna jJAtivAra paNa belIo pracAramAM hatI ane hajI paNa pakaDI zakAya che.

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360 gujarAtI bhASA belIo ane lipi 1. kachI belI hakIkatamAM te siMdhamAMthI lagabhaga dasamI sadIthI samA rAjapUta ane bIjI jJAtio paNa AvatI thaI tyArathI siMdhamAM jema vAcaDa apabhraMzamAMthI siMdhIne bhASA tarIke vikAsa thaye te pramANe samAMtara rIte kacchIne paNa vikAsa thaze. karachanA vAgaDa bhUbhAgane apavAde karachanI taLabhUmimAM bolIbhede kacchI ja vaparAya che. rAjavaMza jADejA rAjapUta hevAne kAraNe karachanI pradhAna bolI "jADejI" che. enuM sAhitya maukhika paraMparAmAM rahevAne kAraNe ene "bhASAne darajajo na maLyo, Ama chatAM e "rAjabhASA' tarIke karachanI mukhya bolI rahI ane enA saMskAramAM vikaselI bIjI seLa jeTalI bolI pracAramAM AvI. AmAM mAMDavInA osavALAmAM be prakAra che ane uttara bhAratamAMthI AvelA kAyasthAnI uttaranA saMsakAravALI kAyasthI karachI paNa vikasI AvI. mukhyatve saurASTramAMthI rAjyanI sevAmAM nAgara brAhmaNa (gRhastha ane emanA purohite) AvatA thayA ne mukhyatve bhUja aMjAra mAMDavI muMdrA vageremAM sthira thayA ene kAraNe gharamAM saurASTriya nAgarI gujarAtI belInuM calaNa rahyuM, chatAM jADejI belIne paTa lAge ne eNe paNa eka belInuM sthAna lIdhuM. vAgaDa(27)mAM te mukhyatve AhIranI ane uttara gujarAtamAMthI AvelA rAjapUtonI vastI hovAthI tyAM uttara gujarAtanI belI" vyApaka banI ane hajI paNa che. kacchamAMthI mukhya bhATiyA memaNa khajA miyANA muslima-siMdhI sAchImAra vAghera vagera saurASTrane hAlAra ane soraTha(atyAranA jAmanagara rAjakeTa ane jUnAgaDha ji9lAo)mAM AgaLa vadhyA, jeo karachI pitAnA AMtarika vyavahAramAM prayoje che. karachanI mukhya ane vividha jJAtigata peTA bolIene "gujarAtI" sAthe sIdhe saMbaMdha nahi hevAthI enA uccAraNa temaja bhASAkIya namUnAo vize ahIM kazuM ApavAmAM AvyuM nathI. ahIM prAdezika bolIonI prathama uccAraNagata viziSTatAo tAravavAne prayatna che. 2. uttara gujarAtanI belIo a. savAre cAraNamAM aMtya ekAranuM ati harava uracAraNa; jemake "Avazi - "khAzi" "thAzi vagere A. anaMtya dizAmAM ekAranuM vivRtapaNuM: "beMsi pesiddhi i. dIrgha I-UnAM prAyaH hasva uccAraNa 24

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briTiza kALa 31. I. zabdAMta anunAsika svaraccAraNa nahivat (narasi'harAvanuM Amalatama") u. anunAsika vyaMjane Nu-ma'nI pUrvenA 'A'nuM ': pANi' gaeNoNma' evuM vidyuta uccAraNa U. iMkAra jALavatA zabdomAM 'laeNbaDe' 'pe'pA' 'naeNzAra', i'ne sthAne eN' R. vyaMjaneAmAM tAlavya svaranA yAgamAM 'sa'nA tAlavya 'za', paraMtu anyatra kaca'sa' adheSa uccAraNa : jemake 'nAzi jyA', paraMtu 'sAru' e. LakArane sthAne vyApaka 'ra' jevuM uccAraNa; jemake 'naLa'ne sthAne 'nara' vagere ai yazrutine vyApaka prayogaH jemake 'Avya' 'nAca' 'vAvya' vagere e. mA~ra dhvani kivA hazrutinA Adeza prayAga : mAru' tAH u' 'maiMnuM' au. ca-cha' ne sthAne 'sa' ane 'ja-jha'ne sthAne ja (2) jevuM uccAraNa : jemake 'che' nuM 'sa', 'sAcu'nuM 'sAsa' jevu a', kakArane sthAne ca' ane gakArane sthAne 'ja': jgyA' jyA' -:, 'nathI'nuM 'nahi', kavacit 'nakhe'. paNa saMbhaLAya che, ane vartamAna puruSa ekavacanamAM chuM" karuM chu' vagere 3. madhya gujarAtanI kheAlIo - e--e'nAM caturvidha uccAraNu hasvadI avidyuta ane saMpUrNa vidyuta A. dI I-UkAranAM prAyaH hasva uccAraNu izabdAMte anunAsika svAccAraNane prAyaH abhAva; jemake 'Avavu' 'javu'vagere I. uttara gujarAtanI jema anunAsika vyaMjanA 'Nu-ma'nI pUrve A'nuM '' .uccAraNa ahIM paNu 'laeN baDe' paeN'parI' 'naeNzAra' jevAM uccAraNa U. vya'janeAmAM tAlavya svaranA yAgamAM 'sa'ne sthAne 'za' : jemake 'peza' 'bheMza' paeNzi' eNzi' nAze' nAzi' vagere . La'nA satra nirapavAda 'ra', uttara gujarAtanI jema :: e. yazrutine vyApaka prayAga : 'Avya' 'karava' 'a~sya' 'matya' gatya' 'vAvya' vagere a. mammUradhvani kivA hazrutinI sa`pUrNa vyApakatA jemake 'mAruM' amAru' 'taHmaeN' ama~' 'tAru" 'jyAre' 'tyAre' tenu' anu'' vagere

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gujarAtI bhASA bolIe ane lipi A. 'ca--cha--ja-jha' nAM tatsametara zabdomAM marAThI prakAranAM uccAraNa (narasiMharAve mAMdhyAM che.) au. vamAna khIjA puruSa ekavacanamAM 'bru'; jemake 'tu Avu chu'. 'nathI'nuM nahi. 4, dakSiNa gujarAtanI kheAlIe 801 . badhA ja svarAnuM madhyama uccAraNa, atya svarone saheja tANIne kheAlavAnI rIta, 'e-e'nAM vidyuta uccAraNAne sadaMtara abhAva . I-zakAranAM sarvAMga hasva uccAraNa i. tAlavya zakAranA sarvathA abhAva, sarvAMga kaiMca adheASa 'sa' vyApaka; jemake 'sAru" 'bese''sa" vagere I. LakArane sthAne 'la'nI bahulatA (mu`baIgarAomAM A sAmAnya che te dakSiNa gujarAtanI laDhaNu che.) : 'nala' 'malyA' vagere zabdAraMbhe 'na'ne sthAne 'la' prayeAjavAnI Adata (saurASTramAM samudrakAMThAnA khAravA-bhAI vagerenI khelIemAM A jovA maLe che.): jemake 'nAkhe'nuM 'lAkhe' U. yazrutinuM prAbalya, bhUtakRdaMtamAM tA 'i"nA rUpamAM vaTAvIne AgaLa AvI javAnuM; jemake 'AivA' 'cAleA' vagere R. mara kivA hazrutinA abhAva; jemake mAtra mAru" "tAru" "tenu" vagere . e. dvitIya bhUtakRdaMtanA rUpamAM 'a--A' pachI 'e'-'ye'nA sthAne 'ya' uccAraNa; jemake 'gayalu" 'Ayalu" 'chapAyaluM" vagere e. kriyAtipatyanAM rUpAmAM 'karate' khAte' jate' jevAM rUponI pracuratA au, sanAmAmAM 'e'ne badale 'te'nA ja sA"trika prayAga 5. saurASTriya khelIA a. uccAraNanI dRSTie jhAlAvADa (hAlane sureMdranagara jillA) vadhu ziSTa, e-A'nAM adha vistRta ane vidyuta uccAraNu khUba svAbhAvika rIte, hAlAra ane seAraThamAM anaMtya dazAmAM vidyuta uccAraNa sarvathA nathI. jyAre zabdAMte avidyuta kivA hasva vidyuta barAbara saMbhaLAya che. A. I-zanAM paNu e anunAsika DhAya ke ananunAsika, uccAraNu sathA hastra ja thAya che; mAtra 'ja' ane 'ya' pUrve ja svarabhArane kAraNe tANIne uccarita karAya che.

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kriTiza kAla I. anunAsika saMpUrNa svarecAraNa samagra saurASTramAM vyApakatAthI thAya che. ane hasavuM" jevA zabdamAM OsavuM jevuM uccAraNa, I. za Sa sa vacce saurASTramAM kaI bheda nathI, zaherI uccAraNamAM daMtya "sa" ane kaMThaya aghela "sa" beu, jyAre grAmINa uracAraNamAM kaMThaya aghoSa "sa ja vyApaka che; jemake "huM" ane "" bese ane "bese vagere. grAmINa uccAraNamAM 'ca-cha ne sthAne daMtya "sa" ane "ja-jha ne sthAne ja" (2) vyApaka U. jhAlAvADamAM ane sthAne kavacita ja : " " "nAsi - besi ' tema baje" "nA" "jADa" "sAMja" vagere . zranuM anAdi dazAmAM paNa zuddha mUrdhanya uracAraNa, jyAre anAdi dazAmAM saMskRtanA ta- vagere parathI AvelA zabdomAM ' nuM mUrdhanyatara, paraMtu prAkRta bhUmikAmAMthI bevaDA uparathI UtarI AvelA uccAraNamAM zuddha mUrdhanyaH "pADo' (saM. varane kAraNe) madhanyatara, paraMtu pADo' (bheMsa ne nara, prA. vahune kAraNe) zuddha mUrdhanya-e rIte "gADI' "hADa lADa" lADo' vageremAM zuddha mUrdhanya, e ja rIte vaDe" (me) . e yakRti sarvatra vyApakaH "Avya" "hAya" "marya" vAvya "satya" "gatya" vagere e. marmara kivA hazrutine sarvathA abhAvaH "mAruM" "tAruM" "enuM "jyAM kayAM vagere e. La-kAranA viSayamAM prAdezika bhedaH sera ane hAlAramAM nAgarane apavAde "ra" uccAraNuM. arthabhrama thatuM hoya tyAM "la" uccAraNa (AMgarIthI : gara kADhI cATa, garo lAge ca ke moro? paraMtu mAnuM ke "nala, nuM "ma" ke "nala, suratI jema) o. vyAkaraNanI dRSTie vicAra karatAM vartamAna bIjA puruSanA ekavacanamAM jhAlAvADanA apavAde "a" pratyayaH tuM kara ca" ("tuM kare che ne sthAne). "cha" dhAtune mukhya kriyApada na hoya tyAre mAtra "cha" "ca" tarIke ja prayoga AvuM cha (ca), ame AviyaeN cha (ca), tuM Ave che (ca), tame AvI che (ca), e Ave che (ca), eo Ave che (ca). bIjA bhUtakRdaMtanAM evALAM rUpa "ela" ema avikArI aMganA rUpamAM vyApaka, ane kriyAtipasyarthamAM karata vagere rUpa prajatAM grAmINemAM karata' e prakAranAM rUpe prayojAya che.

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gujarAtI bhASA belIo ane lipi jhAlAvADamAM vartamAna bIjA puruSa ekavacanamAM vyApaka rIte pahelA puruSanA ekavacana jevuM rUpa prayojAya cheH tuM AvuM chuM" vagere. pazcima saurASTramAM mera vagerenI bolImAM vartamAna pahelA puruSamAM aMte anunAsika uccAraNa nathI; jemake "Aviye" "kariye vagere, bAkI samagra saurASTramAM tyAM anunAsika a bhyAraNa cheH "Avi kariye" vagere. trIjI vibhaktinA ekavacanamAM anunAsika "e" pratyaya che, je akArAMta nAmone lAgatAM aMtargata thAya che, e sivAyamAM bahAra vaLagelo hoya te "yaM" rUpa dhAraNa kare che. aMte "o'--uM" AvatAM vikAraka nAma-vizeSaNAmAM aMtargata thAya te "e" anunAsika hoya che; jema ke De, paraMtu alaga rahe te "anunAsika heya che; jemake "dheDAye" vagere pahelI vibhaktinA bahuvacanamAM saurASTramAM vyApaka rIte "u" pratyaya sAMbhaLavAmAM Ave che. jyAre strIliMga I-IkArAta' zabdone lAge che tyAre seraTha ane hAlAramAM e "u" ananunAsika hoya che; jemake "bAIDiyuM ghoDiyuM vagere, paNa bAkInA pradezamAM anunAsika uccAraNa che; jemake "bAIDiyuM ghaDiyuM" "kariyuM" dikariyuM vagere. saurASTramAM te sarvanAma mAtra tathA nA arthamAM "ti' tarIke prajAya che, bAkI ene upaga thatuM ja nathI, ene badale sarvatra "e" vaparAya che. jenI sAme paNa "e ja H "je karaze e bhogavaze.' grAmINa belImAM sarvanAmamAM "ami' "tami' "tI' "i" "ImaNuM "kimaNuM jimaNuM' "Ima" "jima" "kima vagere sAmAnya. eTaluM-eTale-keTaluM-jeTaluM" ne sthAne "aTaluM-aTale-kaTaluM-jaTacaluM vyApaka rIte saMbhaLAya che. "jyAre- tyAre kyAre ne sthAne "jaheM-ta-paeN," te "tyAMne sthAne madhya vibhAgamAM nyAM ane kaMThALanA pradezamAM karachInI asare "vAM' khUba sAmAnya prAdezika temaja jJAtigata belIone Acho khyAla Ave e daSTie thoDA namUnA ThIka thaI paDaze. ahIM pArasIonI balIne jema bAkAta rAkhavAmAM nathI AvI tema hAla gujarAtanA rAjakIya ekamamAMthI bhAgalA pADatI vakhate rAjasthAnamAM cAlyA gayelA DuMgarapura ane vAMsavADA ji9lAonI "vAgaDI" bolIne paNa samAveza karavAmAM Ave che, kAraNa ke e gujarAtInI ja bolIo che, chellIne namUne sulabha nathI. pAkistAnamAM gayelA tharapArakaranI paNa bolI gujarAtI che, paNa namUno sulabha nathI.

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A A. melIgata zabda trI have ApaNe A saMdarbhamAM prathama zabdataMtrathI bhedaka evI gujarAtI bhASAnuM mAlIgata zakhvataMtra oIe, je pachI namUnA ThIka thaI paDaze. kacchI meAlI gujarAta rAjyanI pazcimettara dizAmAM kaccha pradeza AvelA che te pradezamAM je vAsvarUpa pracalita che tene A pUrve'kacchI'nA nAme eLakhavAmAM AvI che. kacchI enA kulakramanI dRSTie aneka bhASAvidenA mate yogya rIte ja sidhI bhASAnu samAMtara kheAlIrUpa heAvA chatAM ghaNA lAMbA samayathI 'kacchI' rUpanA saMsaga" gujarAtI bhASArUpa sAthe ghaniSTha rahyo heAvAnA pariNAme AmAMthI have eka navuM ja svarUpa AkAra letuM heAya ema lAge che. A svarUpane eTale ke AjanI 'kacchI'ne bhaugolika temaja sAmAjika e bane STithI jotAM gujarAtInA saMlagna svarUpe paNa zabdagata dRSTie tapAsI levuM joIe. iiTaza kALa A svarUpanI gujarAtIthI bhedaka evI zabdagata vAbhedanI rekhAonAM dRSTAMta A pramANe che : andhIcIcI (strI.) garoLI AkhA (vi.) muzkela kAse (vi.) garama kha' (pu.) hugaNa jarakalI (strI.) cakalI parAlI (strI.) samasyA phaeNA (pu.) rUAba bhAMgA (pu.) jhU MpaDuM rAdhIkA (pu.) ramakaDu lAr3I (strI.) cIMtharu veja (pu.) kAMNuM sI (strI) ThaMDI hAbar3a (vi.) aDakhAu mAthe (nAma.) upara kharakavuM (kri.) kheAlAvavuM rAvu" (kri.) raDavu" DhagA (3.) baLada dhI (strI.) dIkarI nindarA (pu.) chekarA vAMsa (a.) pAchaLa garavuM (kri.) pravezavu Alyu. (sa') pelu saurASTriya khAlI gujarAta rAjyanA pazcima taraphane bhU-bhAga te saurASTra. A pradezamAM pracalita gujarAtI bhASAnA svarUpane A pUrve ApaNe saurASTriya khAlI' tarIke oLakhI che. A svarUpanI gujarAtIthI bheka evI zabdagata vAgbhaTTanI rekhAne ja

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gujarAtI bhASA belIo ane lipi ahIM nedhIzuM. AnAM daSTAMta A mujaba cheH aDAyuM (na.) prAkRtika chANuM nimANuM (vi.) zUnyamanaska teDI (strI) eka jaMtu pAMsaruM (vi) sIdhuM gage (5) dIkaro bhArADI(vi.)pahecI vaLe tevI zaktivALuM ghAMghu (vi.) bahAvaruM maeNvALA (pu.) vALa jAsala (vi.) takalAdI ravada (5) zarata TherI (strI) lakheTI vadAra (pu.) zarata Dholiye (pu.) eka UMcA prakArane khATale sIMdarI (strI).kAthI dedAra (puM, ba. va.) hAlahavAla lAM (na, ba. va.) gappAM uttara gujarAtanI belI gujarAta rAjyane uttara taraphano bhAga te uttara gujarAta. A vistAramAM je vAsvarUpa pracalita che tene A pahelAM uttara gujarAtanI belI' e nAme oLakhI che. A svarUpanI gujarAtIthI bhedaka evI zabdagata vAbhedanI rekhAe A pramANe che : aMbAra (5) bAjarIne kUMDAne Dhagale peNeTha (strI.) juvAranA choDanAM lIlAM garadheNa (strI.) mAdA gIdha : pAMdaDAM ghaTuke () haiDiye pAse (a.) pAse jera (pu.) gAyanuM ghaNuM bakhA (pu.) ghoMghATa DaberavuM (kri.) baLavuM rAmesaDA (, ba. va.) coLA vo (kuM.) peMza ane chAzanuM mizraNa sarAjama (, ba. va.) khetIne badhe DathuM (na.) bhamara De ke (pu.) juvArane lIle choDa sejhavaNa (strI.) kuTuMba peravuM (kri) vAvavuM hADiye (5) kAgaDe sAmAna madhya gujarAtanI belI gujarAta rAjyanI madhyamAM AvelA vistArane madhya gujarAta tarIke oLakhAvyo che. A vistAramAM pracalita bhASAsvarUpane A pUrve madhya gujarAtanI bolI' tarIke oLakhAvI che. AmAMthI kheDA jillAmAM belAtuM rUpa "carotarI belI tarIke jANItuM che, bAkInA be jillAnA svarUpa vize adhikRta bhASAmAM

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briTiza maha upalabdha nahi hevAthI ahIM mArA cAtarInI ja zabdagata vAbhedanI rekhAo - ApIzuM. AnAM daSTAMta A pramANe che: ucchediyuM (vi.) nahyuiM he sakuM (na) pANInI nAnI mATalI ma (a) ahIM * daI (pu.) daiva ThaMDuM (vi) tephAnI hera dara (pu.) reta kensiyAraya (strI) eka jaMtu gheNuM (na) kapaDAM dhevAne che ke khAvA karavuM (ji.) rAMdhavuM khera (pu.) kaNakInI pApaDI nesAro () caTaNI vATavAne paththara cArase (pu.) oDhavA mATenI cAdara, bayaDe (5) vAMse corasa makatuM (vi) paheluM DozI (trI.) eka jad hAMDavo (5) eka khAdya vAnagI dakSiNa gujarAtanI belI gujarAta rAjyane dakSiNa taraphane vistAra te dakSiNa gujarAta. A vistAramAM balAtA vAsvarUpane A pUrve dakSiNa gujarAtanI belI' tarIke oLakhAvI che. ahIM "suratI belI" tarIke oLakhAtA vAjhapanA vAbhedanI rekhAo ApavAmAM AvI che. AnAM dRSTAMta A pramANe che: ArabiyA (puM, ba. va.) baTAkA Acha (trI.) mAnI mA UMghAI javuM (ki.) UMghI javuM ochaMDavuM (kri.) teDavuM karamaka (5) kobIja DakhucekhA (pu. ba. va.) dALabhAta tamakhI (trI.) chIkaNuM, tapakhIra tIphA (a.) e tarapha deriye pu.) mATaluM paravalI (strI) garoLI pAye (!) kapaDAM dhovAne ke perI (strI.) chokarI bhusuM (na, ba. va.) cavANuM leTAvavuM (zi) gabaDAvavuM sAratiya (pu) nAtamAM pIrasanAra puruSa sAMbhe (a) sAme Adima jAtionA vistAranI belIo gujarAta rAjyanI uttare AbuthI mAMDI dakSiNe DAMga sudhInA uttara-pUrva sarahada paranA paTTAmAM rAjayanI lagabhaga samasta Adima prajAne vasavATa samAI jAya che. 1941nI vastIgaNatarInA AMkaDA mujaba gujarAtamAM vanavAsIoe kula 37

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gujarAtI bhASA bAlIe ane lipi TG. bhASAone peAtAnI mAtRbhASA gaNAvI hatI.10 AmAMnI lagabhaga 90 TakA vastI -A ja saMdarbhanA jaNAvavA mujaba gujarAtIne peAtAnI mAtRbhASA jaNAvatI mAlUma paDI hatI. A sivAyanI mAtRbhASAone vicAra karIe te Adima 'tionI mukhya mukhya kheAlIonI saMkhyA lagabhaga bAra jeTalI thavA jAya che. AnAM nAma A pramANe ApI zakAya: DAMgI' bhIlI' 'bhileADI' caudharI' 'gAmIta' 'k'kaNI' 'vAralI' 'gheDiyA' mAvacI' 'vasAvI' koTavALiyA' ane "nAyakaDI,' AmAMnI pratyeka kheAlI anya karatAM bhinna che, ahI tA vistArabhayathI mAtra bhIlI'nI zabdagata vAgbhadanI rekhAe ApI che. zAmaLAjI-vistAranI bhIlInAM dRSTAMta A mujaba che : adAru' (na.) aMdhAru isUsa (a.) Ama ja kaIka (vi.) ghaNuM kharADavu (kri.) khAvuM jere (a.) jyAre nyAsI (strI.) gAya Du MgaruM (na.) cIbhaDu... DhakelI pADavuM (kri.) dhakelI devuM tara (strI.) taraza puThe (a.) pachI bhAThA (pu.) paththara mUDa (na.) mAthuM lakharAM (na., ba. va.) kapaDAM varasAM (na., ba. va.) varasA sapavu (kri.) chupAI javu, chapavuM Ama taddana achaDatI rIte jotAM gujarAtI bhASAnI prAdezika temaja Adima jAtiAnI kheAlIenA AvA cha meATA vistAra pADI zakAya.11 A cha meATA vistArAmAM kIne pAchA e ja paddhati vaDe peTA vistArA pADI zakAya ane pratyeka peTA vistAramAM paNa 'jJAtikheAlI' 'atikhelI' varga khelI' dha dhAmeAlI' 'pArasImeAlI' ityAdi jevA bhedAnI paNa tapAsa karI -zakAya. A prakAranA bheda jo vyApaka pramANamAM pracalita hAya tA teone pazu je te kheAlIbheda tarIke oLakhAvI zakAya.

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38 ziTi kaha gujarAtanI bolIenA namUnA 1. uttara gujarAtanI paTaNI belI | devakaraNa paTola ne mATayama bAroTa] bhATayama-(paTio pADIne) e devakaNadA, Avo te kharA. devakaraNa-(pAchuM joIne) ohohohe bAreTa, tame AMhi AthI mA-hiM Aye be dADA thA. jANe se te kaza phiri ne meM, nakara bhATa bharAmaNane desAvara te siMda javuM paDe? tama sarakhA bApA pAsa AIne zakana nAsate kamAla jai jatA. haiva te majurI kari karine tuM maliA duTi jAya se. InuM satyAnA jAya muMbaImAM mAtA kAlyakAnuM khapara sAle haiM. inuM sAruM thaye ka mAragamAM pAranA jevuM dakha nasi. 2. amadAvAdI gAmaDiyA bolI eka mANasane be diyara hatA. ne emenA tenAe bApane kidhu ke bApA, mAlamatAne bhAre bhAga mAne Ale. ne bApe mAlamatanI caNi kari ne thoDA di kaDaye ne haiye sagharuM bhejuM kari paradesa, nyo ne tyAM mejamajA paze parasi ne. ne e pachi desa moTo kAra paDyo ne eNe teya paDavA lAga. 3madhya gujarAtanI catarI bolI eka vANita, enA sAra sekarAtA, ne ene bApa mede paDayo. eNe vasyAra karayo ke mareza tAre sekarA vaDhi bharaze. tethI te pase jivatA jive meTA taiNane ba baNe rUpiyA AlyA, sauthi nenAne pAMoM rUpiyA AlyA. bhaganane karavuM ke emane bApa sAjo thayo. 4. dakSiNa gujarAtanI pUrva bharUcanI belI revAzi ami harabhANanA. ami harabhANuM rakhetakanA ti Asa 15-20 varasa rakhe kayo. te ja rakhA rUpiyA amAna pAMca varasa lagi ni AyAna. tAMH amaiH rUpiyA mAgyAna. tAM ne kahyo ke AvatA varasa ami rUpiyA ApusuM. tAH ame pAse rAkhe. paNa Avata varasa paNa rUpiyA ni ApyAna.

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gujarAto bhASA bolIo ane lipi pU. suratI kheAlI eka jaNane e pAMyarA utA. TemAMnA nAllAe bApane karyuM ke bApA, je milakata mAre bhAge ? mane Api lAkheA. bApe milakaTanA be bhAga pADA. TheDA DADAmAM nAhne pAyare sagaluM ekaThuM karane dura mulakha cAile te TAM peTAni dAlaTanA vaTANA vavaDAivA. jAre TeNe sagaluM uDAvi gi te vakhaTe Te mulakhamAM mATe ThukAla paptA te TaeNneTa MgI paDavA lAga. FOL 6. pArasI mAlI eka sakhasane e chokarA utA. temAnA nAHllA karAe pAtAnA khAvAne kaiyuM, khAvA, tamAri delatamAMthi je hissA mArA thAya te mune Ape, tethi tene pAtAni dolata tevanamA vaici Api. dhanA ghADhA thayA nai eTalAmAM nAHllA karAe petAni puji ekathi karine dura desAvara giyA ne tAM kharAba hAlatani aMdara khaddhi jhumAvi didhi. 7. saurASTranI jhAlAvADI eka jaNAne e sAkarA hatA. mAMthA nAnAme inA bApane dhuM, bApA, ApaNA jhiyArAmAMthA mane mArA bhAga ApeA. aTacale bApAye adhi dharavakhari veci didhi. thADA di dhyeDe nAnAye te pAtAnA bhAganuM badhu veci sATi inA je paisA AvyA i haine paradesamAM jiyA ne irSyA kaNe pAtAnu badhuM mana paDe ma uDADavA mAMDyuM. 8. saurASTra-hAlAranI nAgarI elI eka hatAM DesimAM. I rAja kacAvAratA sAMbhaLe te devadarzane jAya.. rAja pAdaramAM Avela mAdevane madire jAya. vAM jai darzana kare, cAkhA ke jAranI vATayakI hai AvyAM hAya ! ubare Thelave ne seApArI ne paisA. yukene pAchAM gheya Ave; dheratha Avine mALA pherave. gharamAM nAnAMmoTAM chekarAMnI kheAnya hatI. chekarAMne thyu ke ameya, DArikhAne hArye darzane jaiye teA kevI majA! 'DA, DAsmi' ekada orAMce kidhu, tameM darzane jAva tame amane bhegAM Di jAngeA unAM su ya che.' 'amAre jovuM che. kAlya te tamAri meLa

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, briTiza kala ami badhAM haDi kADhatAMkane paci jANyuM.' DesimAM kaheH "be di paddhi zavarAMtya che taye tami Avo ." 9. seraThI belI ' eka hatAM DosimAM. I natya kathAvAratA sAMbhare nai devadarasane jAya, natya pAdaramAM Avyala mAdevane maMdharaya jAya. jyAM ja darasana kare, cekhA 'ne kula uMbare Thalave meM sopAri - dokaDo muke, meM pAchAM ghera Ave. ghera Avine mArA pherave. gharamAM nAnAM chokarAMuMti bera5 hati. karAMuM DyuM ke ameya DADimAni hAre darasane jAyeM te kivi majA! "DimAM, eka di chokarAMuMcaeN kayuM: "tameM darasaneM jAva taryo amane hAra teDi jA , ke? nyAM zuM thAya cha cha amAre jevuM che. kAlya te tamAri moraya moraya ame sau haDiyu kADhatAMkane pugi jAmyuM! simAM kayeH "be di pache. savarAMtya che taye tame Avaje. te di mA pujA che." 10. sarakI grAmINa belI eka hatAM DesimAM. I natyAna kathAvAratA sAMbhare ne devadara jAya. nityAna pAdarathamAMnA mAdevane maMdaraya jAya. tyAM je darasana kare. sakhA meM kula uMbare Thalave ne pArine reTho ne dokaDo mele, pAsAM ghera Ave. gheraya Avine mArA pherave. gharamAM nAnAMmoTAM sekarAMuMni berayapa hati. sekarAMuM hyuM ke ameMya DADimAni hAra ja te kivi majA! "DADimAM, DADimAM, ekadi sAkarala karyuM. 'tame darasana jAva te amane bhera teDi jA . ho! cAM zuM thAya che amAre jovuM. kAlya te tamAri meraya moraya amiM se hathui kADhatAMka pugi jAmyuM." simAM kaye be di parse savarAMtya se -taryo tamiM Avajo. te di bApujI seM. 11. meranI belI eka huMtAM simAM. I vare nitanima ne varata kare. nita pAdaranA mAdevane Dere jAya. mAlikera gare meM DuM kare. pANina karasiye paDAve, kula paDAve neM pASA ghera maraDe. ghera AveneM mArA pheravavA bese jAya.'

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gujarAtI bhASA eTalIe ane lipi : dharamAM nAnAM nAnAM jeAyuAM jAjA hatAM. SAkaDAMne thAya ke amIya DADiyAni hAre hAre Dere jAye to kavi majA paDe ! '* DArDamAM, DArDamAM ', eka di SAkaDAM khele uThAM, * tuM vare Dere aa taye amaNeya berAM letti z2a te ! tyAM vare joye te kharAM ke kAMU je. kAla tA tAri mAra mAra ja ami bhaththAM tagatagatAM Avasa.' DesimAM ke: 'e di paNe savarAMta Ave ja. tedu meTi pujA thAse taye tamaNe jaNa jovAnuM malame.'" 12. sAraDI khAravAnI melI eka mAnasane e phikarA huTA. meM bApA, saMpaTanA bhAga hune Apa. te jIMmAMnA nAnAye bApane kiTTu, ye puji veci DiDhi. TheArA DArA kare i nAnA DikarA baDhi bahu bheruM karaTAkane pura pura DesAvara cAliyA giyA. paMce vAM raMgabhAge pATAni sa MpaTa uDAra lAMkha. ne iye. aDhiDha . bahuya khaDica lAkhiyuM. 13. siddhapuriyA vaheArAonI kheAlI 30. sakInA---kAkAjI, dasa rupiyAnA chuTA hase? bApa--DikarI, Tane kAe mekali cha? sakInA--mArI mAye. khApa--jo, sAme laMgarA mullAMnI DukAne pU. mAri kane naDe, ne tA meM paTa. sakInA---- jaI ne ) dani neTanuM paracuTana hase ? mullAM--A nATa kAMsi lAvi? TArA bAvAjInu nAma suM? sakInA--abdulahusena miThAivAlA. (kakaiADI saDelI joi) kAkA, Avi kakaiAri kAMsi lAvA? TaTTuna sari ge lAge che. mullAM--DikarI, e kakaiArimAM TA kirA parA che. sakinAAja buDhA apanAvAlA bhegA kema yiA che. 2 mullAM--mAja apanAvAlA alihusena bAlagviAlAnI maiyaTa thai chaka 14. sAmAnya bhIlI amAM bila kevAM te DuMgarAmAMya rahyAM. asala amAre bApadAdA AvelA sai, tivA DuMgarA amArA phevA te amAre vivA evA thAya ke

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382 briTiza mA vorane gerahA mAbApa bhAI ne kAkA bhegA thaine jovA nikale. jaNe gAma lADi game taNe gera jAIne puse, "tamAre surine mArA sArA hAra sagAI karavI se" ne lADine mAbApa game te hAM, sagAI karavI se." ema ke pase kalAlane gerase ho eka rUpiyAne bhagAvi sagaLAM pAine vora ne mAbApa pAsAM aNAne gera Ave ne vivA kare. 15, DuMgarapura-vAMsavADAnI vAgaDI ameM bhila kevuM che. ne DoMgarameM ra. asala amArA bApadAdA Avela se tAra thaki DoMgarA amArA kanvayaM ne amAro vivA thAya ke varane ghereyaM mAbApa bhAIne kAkA bhega ene lADi jovA nare. e gAma lADi game eNe ghere jAIne puse ke tamAri sorini mArA sArA sAte sagAI karavi se?' ema ke. pase lAlane ghera-o dAra eka rUpiyAno maMgAvi saMgaLane pAIne vara naM mAbApa pAse eNane ghere Ave ne vivA kareM. 3. lipi jUnA gujarAtI sAhityanA graMtha gujarAtamAM pracalita hatI te prakAranI devanAgarI athavA bALabedha lipimAM-jaina hastaprate bAbatamAM devanAgarI lipinA jaina mareDamAM-lakhAtA hatA. saMskRta prAkRtAdi bhASAnA abhyAsa mATenA ke vida bhogya graMthanI pratanI lipi ane gujarAtI bhASAnI vividha kRtionI lipi vacce kazo bheda na hatuM. hA, eTaluM kharuM ke IsavI sananA soLamA sattaramAM aDhAramAM saikAmAM ane ogaNIsamA saikAnA AraMbhamAM keTalIka gujarAtI kRtio saLaMga dorelI lITIo nIce lakhelI gujarAtI lipimAM maLe che. e lipi vepArIonA cepaDAmAM lakhAtI hatI ane e gurjara lipi, vANiyAzAhI ke mahAjana-lipi tarIke oLakhAtI hatI. graMthastha gujarAtI lipine sauthI jUne upalabdha namUne bhe. je. vidyAbhavananA saMgrahamAM sacavAyelI gujarAtI "AdiparvanI saM. 1648 (I. sa. 1591-92)nI hastapratane che.12 A batAve che ke graMthalekhana mATe gujarAtI lipine upayoga, bhale apavAdarUpe paNa, ThIka jUnA samayamAM thata hatA; A karatAM jUnA enA namUnA nahi maLe ema mAnavAne kAraNa nathI, devanAgarI lipi zAstrIya chatAM aTapaTA khAMcA-khacakAvALI hevAthI tathA pratyeka akSara upara mAthuM bAMdhavAne kAraNe tvarita lekhanamAM agavaDabharI hevAthI

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33 gujarAtI bhASA belIo ane lipi bIjA keTalAka pradezonI jema ahIM paNa khAsa karIne vepArIvargamAM enuM lekhanasulabha rUpa vikasAvAyuM13 ane emAMthI gujarAtI lipine janma thaye. aMgrejI varNamALAnA likhita svarUpanI jema tvarAthI ane saraLatAthI kalama uThAvyA vinA thatA devanAgarInA lekhanane-aMgrejImAM jene cursive writing kahe che tene pariNAme moTA bhAganA gujarAtI varNInuM svarUpa soLamAM sattaramA saikAmAM ghaDAyuM, bAkInA varNa arvAcIna kALamAM mudraNane AraMbha thayA pachI gujarAtI svarUpa pAmyA.14 devanAgarImAMthI vikaselI prAdezika lipiomAM gujarAtI e devanAgarInuM sauthI vadhu najIkanuM, vaphAdAra, sauthI saraLa ane chatAM suMdara rUpa che ema prAdezikatAnA abhimAna sivAya kahI zakAya.15 graMthalekhana mATe gujarAtI lipi sarvathA gya hatI; saMskRta graMtha baMgALI lipimAM lakhAyA ane chapAyA che ema ahIM paNa thaI zakayuM hatuM, paraMtu jema lokabhASA sAme hatA tema gujarAtI lipi sAme paNa vidvAne vageremAM eka prakArane pUrvagraha pravartate heya ema bane, nahi te saLamA-sattaramA saikA pachI gujarAtamAM lakhAyelI hajAre hastaprate (jemAMnI ghaNuM moTI saMkhyA gujarAtI bhASAnI che) devanAgarI lipimAM ja heya ema bane nahi, samAjanA ajJAna gaNAtA varganI e lipi che e paNa khyAla pravartate heAya. gujarAtI mudraNakalAne prAraMbha mukhyatve pArasIo ane anya dhaMdhAdArIoe karele hAI emaNe e mATe lekabhogya lipi pasaMda karI ane ethI gujarAtI lipi zikSaNa uparAMta sAhityalekhana mATe paNa svIkRta ane pracalita thaI. -gujarAtI lipi jema devanAgarInuM svarUpAMtara che tema mahArASTranI moDI lipi paNa che. pezavAone ane vaDodarA jevAM marAThI rAjyone agAune vahIvaTa meDI lipimAM lakhAtI marAThI bhASAmAM cAlatA hatA. mahArASTramAM vidyAkSetre e samaye brAhmaNonuM varcasa hAI, zrI priyaLakara kahe che tema, prAdezika lipimAM graMthanA lekhana sAme zAstrIoe ghaNe UhApoha karyo hato, AthI meDI lipi vyavahAramAMthI dhIre dhIre ghasAI gaI ane enA jANakAra have mahArASTramAM paNa virala thaI gayA che. gujarAtI lipine sarva prathama upalabdha mudita namUne tA. 29-1-1797nA khe kuriyaramAM eka jAherAtarUpe chapAye che. bhAratanI bIjI koI prAdezika lipimAM A pahelAM lakhANa chapAyuM heya ema jANavAmAM nathI. pahelAM zilAchApa ane pachI bIbAM-mudraNanA AraMbha sAthe gujarAtI pustake gujarAtI lipimAM ja '

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briTiza kALa 364 moTe bhAge chapAvA lAgyAM. keTalAka vidvAna lekhakoe tA peAtAnAM gujarAtI lakhANAmAM saMskRtanAM avataraNuM paNu gujarAtI lipimAM ApyAM che ! hastapratonI gujarAtI lipinA ane zilAchApamAM mudrita graMthAnI gujarAtI lipinA moDamAM tathA e pachI prArabhakAlanA khImAM-mudraNanA gujarAtI lipi-maroDamAM mULabhUta ekatA chatAM keTalAka noMdhapAtra taphAvata varatAya che. gujarAtI bIbAMnA marADanAM sauMdaya saphAI ane AkarSakatA uttarAttara vadhyAM che emAM zaMkA nathI.. pATIpa 1. DAhyAbhAI derAsarI, 'sAThInA sAhityanu' digdarAna', pR. 11 1. kRSNalAla me. jhaverI, 'gujarAtI sAhityanA vadhu mA'sUcaka sta MbhA', pR. 7 3. ejana, pR. 6. rADadAsa giradharabhAI te kRSNalAla mehanalAla jhaverInA pitAmaha thAya,. 4. ejana, pR. 7. 5. jIe prakaraNa 13, pariziSTa 2. phAsanA avasAnanA thADAMka mAsa pahelAM mubaImAM mA` sane 1865 mAM gujarAtI sabhAnI sthApanA thaI. e sabhAnI sthApanAmAM mukhya preraNArUpa phA`sanuM e pachI gheADAka mAsamAM avasAna thatAM emanA smaraNamAM enu 'phAsa gujarAtI sabhA' evu' nAma rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. e sabhA Aja sudhI itihAsa ane sAhityanA kSetramAM vividha rIte kArata che. 6-7. hIrAlAla tri. pArekha, 'arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana' bhA. 2, pR. 32 8. juo gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada-prakAzita 'gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa', graMtha 1 mAM 'gadya' vize prakaraNa 8 mu' (le. bhogIlAla sAMDesarA) tathA graMtha 2 mAM 'gadyasAhitya" vize prakaraNa 21 mu (le. harivallabha bhAyANI). 9. ke. kA. zAstrI, 'gujarAtI bhASAnA vikAsa ane arvAcIna gujarAtI bhASAnuM svarUpa. 10. vimala zAha, 'gujarAtanA AdivAsIe', rR, 72-73 11. A badhA namUnA lekhakanA pratyakSa kSetrakAnA AdhAre ApavAmAM AvyA che. 12. pravINacandra ci. parIkha, 'gujarAtamAM brAhmIthI nAgarI sudhInA lipivikAsa", pR. 257. gujarAtI lipimAM lakhAyelI bIjI keTalIka ha.pra. mATe jue ejana, pR. 260-61, 13, bacubhAI rAvata, 'lipinA vikAsa', "kumAra" pu. 14, aM. 4 (saLaMga a'ka 400), pR. 164 14, pravINacaMdra ci. parIkha, uparyu*kta, pR. 266 15. bacubhAI rAvata, uparyukta 16. ana'ta kAbA priyeALakaranuM vyAkhyAna 'gujarAtI mudraNakalAnuM Adipava', "phA sa gujarAtI sabhA trimAsika" pu. 13, aka 4, pR. 155, mADI lipimAM rU ane 3 ne hrasva-dI bheda darzAvatAM cihna temaja halaMta cihno. nathI, e paNa enI sAme virodhanuM kAraNa heAya. bIjI khAju gujarAtI liSi graMthalekhana mATe devanAgarI jeTalI ja saMpUrNa che, 17. A phoTogrApha mATe jue baculAI rAvata, uparyukta, pR. 168.

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prakaraNa 13 sAhitya A madhyaHlIna paraparAnuM sAhitya 1. mukhya pravAha I.sa. 1818 thI aMgrejI kampanI sarakAre gujarAta para varcasa jamAvavAne AraMbha karyo e sAthe navI paddhatinI gujarAtI zALAo vadhatI cAlI ane arvAcIna keLavaNIne yuga zarU thaye, ema chatAM madhyakAlIna sAhityaprakAra lupta thayA nahatA. jUnI paraMparAmAM TevAyelA AvA sAhityasvAmIo emanA prasiddha tema hastalikhita saMgrahamAM paDelI aprasiddha kRtio dvArA jANavAmAM AvyA che. cheka 19mI sadInI chelI pacIsInA AraMbha sudhI A asara jovA maLe che. ahIM evA nAmAMkita sAhityasvAmIonI TUMkI mAhitI ApI che. . raNachoDajI divAna (I.sa. 1764-1841) jUnAgaDhanI bAbI riyAsatanA staMbha dIvAna amarajIne eka putra raNachoDajI jUnAgaDhane vaDanagarA nAgara hatuM ane jUnAgaDhanA navAbane dIvAna hatA. e pitAnI jema eka zUravIra yoddhA uparAMta sAhityakAra paNa hato. "tArIkhe-seraDavA hAlAra" (ItihAsa) ane rukAte gunA guna" (phArasI patrone saMgraha) enI be utama phArasI gadyanI racanA che. uparAMta enI gujarAtI padyabaddha racanA "caMDIpAThanA garabA (I.sa. 1822), rAmAyaNanA rAmAvaLA" (sana 1823 aprasiddha) ane "zivagItA' (phArasI TippaNu sAthe aprasiddha) jANavAmAM AvI che, jemAMnI pahelI kRti te aneka vAra chapAyelI che. A uparAMta eka cepaDAmAM kAmadahana zivavivAha zaMkhacUDa tripurAkhyAna kAlakhaMja mahinAchaLa, brahmanAM 84 nAma, aMdhakAkhyAna nAgaravivAha ane bUDhezvara bAvanI jANavAmAM AvyAM che. dayArAma (dayAzaMkara) prabhurAma bhaTTa (I.sa. 177-1853) - kavi samrATa nAnAlAle jene 'baMsIelane kavi' kahyo che te bhaktakavi dayArAma jJAtie sAThodara nAgara brAhmaNa hatA ane I.sa. 1803-04 mAM nAthadvArAmAM AvelA vanamALIjInA maMdiranA ge. zrIvallabhajI mahArAja pAse vaiSNavI dIkSA pAmyA . DAkoramAM jaI vaselA vallabha saMpradAyanA ucca koTinA dArzanika vidvAna IrachArAma bhaTTajInA saMparkane lIdhe e A4 marajAdI vaiSNava banyo hate. 1813 mAM cAMda cheDI DabhoImAM jaIne eNe nivAsa karyo hato. eNe AkhyAne, anekavidha pade, aneka prakAranA garabA, saMkhyAbaMdha madhura garabIo, uparAMta vaja

Page #417
.* 1. ke 38v/ briTiza saha temaja gujarAtI bhASAmAM aneka siddhAMtanI racanA karI che. geya padyasAhityanA aneka prakAra kheDanAro e ekamAtra kavi kahI zakAya. enAM garabA ane garabIo Aje paNa gujarAtamAM khUba jANItAM che. enA garabA jema garabA-sAhityamAM AgavI bhAta pADe che tema enI garabIone te'madhyakAlIna gujarAtI sAhityamAM paNa maLato nathI. ' , ' ' . ! ! eNe "anubhavamaMjarI' zIrSaka graMtha vraja bhASAmAM racyo che, jemAM jIvananA aMta sudhI pite anubhavelA svAkhika prasaMgonuM nirUpaNa karyuM che. enA satasaiyA paNa vraja bhASAnI ucca racanA che, jenuM vivaraNa eNe svAbhAvika gujarAtI gadyamAM karyuM che. enI praznottaramAlikA" eka vistRta gujarAtI gadyagraMtha che. siMhajAnaMda svAmInAM vacanAmRtanI tulanAe dayArAmanuM gadya vadhAre prauDha che. arvAcIna gujarAtI gadyanA samAMtara sahajAnaMda svAmI ane dayArAmanuM gadya vikasyuM che, jenA para navA vikAsanI khAsa koI asara jovA maLatI nathI. :: enA AkhyAna te vRtrAsuranuM AkhyAna, ajAmilanuM AkhyAna (1877), * bhagavadgItAmAhAtamya (18ra3), rukRmiNIvivAha, satyabhAmAvivAha, nAgna' nitIvivAha ane rukamiNIsImaMta che, jyAre siddhAMtakALe te bhaktipoSaNa ' rasikaraMjana(vraja). puSTipatharahasya ane rasikavallabha(1928) vagere che. enuM , vaDatuvarNana. e paNa eka sArI kRti che... . . . . ' ', ' A kavine vadhAre mere banAvavA enA dhavala dhanAzrI rAmanA 60-6pa ThaMDIthI laI seMkaDo kaDIonA 100 jeTalA padyagraMtha racAyA che, eka guruziSyasaMvAda, te patralIlA vagere traNa lIlA racAyela che, paNa zailI AdithI e judAM tarI Ave che : ' . A kavinI garabIo ja eTalI upRSTa che ke eTalI mAtrathI e gujarAtI - kaviomAM AdaraNIya mAna meLavI le... mathArAma mevADI (dayArAma samakAlIna) , " - AnI zivavivAha(aprasiddha) ane saMkaTacatuthI mahimA(aprasiddha) e e racanI jANavAmAM AvI che.' . . . . . sahujana svAmI (I. sa1781-1926) : - zrIsvAminArAyaNa saMpradAya kivA uddhasaMpradAyanA saMsthApaka zrIharikRSNa uphe ghanazyAma I.sa. 178 tA. 21 mI oNgasTamAM mAMgareLa (soraTha) pAse AvelA eja gAme nIlakaMTha brahmacArI tarIke AvyA ne rAmAnaMdI saMpradAyanA * * * : '''

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sAhitya ? 39 rAmAnaMda svAmInA ziSyone maLyA ane e ja varSanI kArtikanI devaUThI ekAdazIne divase najIkanA pipalANA gAme rAmAnaMda svAmI pAsethI dIkSA pAmI sahajAnaMda svAmI" "kiMvA "nArAyaNamuninI saMjJA pAmyA, vaLate viSe jetapuramAM eo gurunI gAdIe pratiSThita thayA. ane tyArathI svataMtra kahI zakAya tevA navA saMpradAyanA sthApaka thayA. emanI gujarAtI sAhityakSetre meTI sevA te emanA vizALa ziSyasamudAyane udezI ApelAM gadya-vacanAmRta che. A vacanAmRtone AraMbha sana 18ra mAM thayuM ane 18ra4 sudhInAM saMgrahAyelAM che. e vacanAmRta saraLa gujarAtI gadyane uttama namUna che. * niSkulAnaMda (I.sa. 1764-1848). sahajAnaMda svAmInA ziSyomAMnuM eka mULa vatana kaccha ane jJAtie vizvakarmA brAhmaNa. enuM dIkSA pahelAMnuM nAma lAlajI. enI racanAo dhIrajAkhyAna (64 kaDavAM, I. sa. 1843), puruSottamaprakAza, yamadaMDa, vehanA 12 mahinA ane jJAnavairAgyanAM keTalAMka pada. ene sahajAnaMda svAmIne pragaTa puruSottamanArAyaNa mAnI racelo puruSottamaprakAza e "bhaktaciMtAmaNi nAmathI jANuM che. " brahmAnaMda (I.sa. 1772-1832). DuMgarapura(hAla rAjasthAna)nA cAraNa lADu bAroTane janma I.sa. 177ra mAM thayela ane I.sa. 1804 mAM bhUjamAM sahajAnaMdasvAmInA saMparkamAM AvyA ane I.sa. 1805 mAM sahajAnaMda svAmInA ziSya banyA. e samaye nAma zrIraMgadAsa hatuM, paNa pachI brahmAnaMda' nAmathI prasiddha thayA. svAminArAyaNasaMpradAyanA je ATha bhaktakavi thaI gayA che temAM pratibhAnI dRSTie prathama keTinA kavi tarIke emanI gaNanA thAya che. jJAtie cAraNa hoI emanI pAse janmajAta pratibhA hatI ane sahajAnaMda svAmInA saMparkathI e khUba khIlI hatI. "brahmAnaMda kAvya" zIrSaka emanAM anekavidha padane saMgraha prasiddha thayela che. emaNe kRSNalIlAnAM temaja sahajAnaMda svAmIne pragaTa puruSottama tarIke kahI emanI lIlAnAM anekavidha pada emaNe gAyAM che. ' muktAnaMda svAmI (I.sa. 1781-182), sahajAnaMda svAmInA bhaktakavi ziSyomAM pahelA mukuMda urphe muktAnaMda svAmI dhrAMgadhrAnA rAmAnaMda sAdhu hatA. emaNe ziSya thayA pahelAM muda' nAmathI kavitA racanA karelI. ziSya thayA pachI aneka pada uparAMta mukha siddhAMta, rUphaNivivAha (aprasiddha), vivekaciMtAmaNi (hi), satI sItA (1ra) ane

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M briTiza kAya hanumAna aSTaka (hi) jANavAmAM AvI che. emanI "uddhavagItA' (1924) saMpradAyamAM khUba jANItI racanA che. premAnaMda premasakhI (I.sa. 1784-1855) sahajAnaMda svAmI pAse A gaya koTinA bhaktakavie I.sa. 1814-15nA arasAmAM dIkSA lIdhI hatI. A kavie kRSNanI lIlA vizenAM tema sahajAnaMda svAmInA Adhidaivika svarUpane lagatAM seMkaDe padonI racanA ApI che. e sarAnaMda svAmInA aMtaraMgabhakta kaTinA hevAthI svAmIjI ene "premasakhI kahIne bolAvatA. premalakSaNA bhaktinAM nirUpaka A ucca koTinA kavinAM padone sAra saMgraha mudrita thayela chatAM hajI sAro padasaMgraha aprasiddha che. mane hara svAmI (I. sa. 188-1845) jUnAgaDhanA vaDanagarA nAgara gRhastha saMnyAsI thayA tyAre "saccidAnaMda' nAma pAmelA. pAchaLathI ghoghAmAM ane pachI bhAvanagaramAM suprasiddha gagA ojhA sAthe rahelA. vasAvaDanA dhruvAkhyAnavALA kAlidAsanA e bhANeja hatA. A AdhyAtmika kavine "manaharakAvya" e ekamAtra kavitAsaMgraha prasiddha thayo che. je bhakta (I.sa. 1785-1850) jJAtie leuA pATIdAra. vatana mULa gujarAtamAM sAvalI gAma (bIjA mate jetapura pAsenA devakIgAloLa gAmamAM janma), pAchaLathI eka yogI pAsethI dIkSA lIdhA pachI jetapura najIkanA vIrapura(jalArAmavALuM)mAM AvI rahele virata saMtakavi. e enA 43 cAbakhAothI jANItA che. e AkhAbela ane samAjanAM dUSaNene pratIkAraka kavi hatA. enI racanAomAM kAlagaNadevIne garabA, dhUnya 2, prabhAtiyAM 12, bAvaLAkSara (kakko, I. sa. 1826), brahmabodha (3 kaDavAM), mahinA ke bAramAsa, bhaktamALa ( kaDavAM), saravaDAM, sAtavAra ane celaiyAnuM AkhyAna (5 kaDavAM) uparAMta nAnI saMkhyAmAM pado paNa maLe che. giradhara (I.sa 1786-1852) vaDodarA najIkanA sAsarane dasA lADa vaNika, ge. zrI puruSetamajIne ziSya, pachI vaDodarAmAM bahenane tyAM AvI vaselo e enA rAmAyaNa(I.sa. 1837)thI khUba jANItuM che. evuM ja mahatvanuM bhAgavata dazamaskaMdhanI kula lIlA ane mathurAlIlAne mUrta karatuM 78 kaDavAonuM "kRSNalIlA' zIrSaka AkhyAnakAvya che. A uparAMta muktAcaritra (aprasiddha) rAjasUyayana (para kaDavAM, I.sa. 1831), ane prakIrNa kavitA jANavAmAM Avela che.

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sAhitya bhUmAnaMda (I.sa. 17896-1868) A paNa sahajAnaMda svAmInA ziSya hatA ane emaNe sahajAnaMda svAmInu "dhanasyAma lIlAmRta--bhAga 1-2' e kAvya dehA-ceApAImAM raceluM che. uparAMta tithi ane virahanAM padeAnI paNa racanA karelI jALuvAmAM AvI che. devAnaMda (Isa. 1803-1854) cy devAnaMda sahajAnaMda svAmInA ziSyAmAMnA eka pratibhAzALI bhakatakavi hatA. kRSNabhajananAM 20 pada ane prabhu sAthe prIta karavAnAM 20 pada chapAyelAM che, uparAMta hajI seMkaDAnI saMkhyAmAM emanAM pada aprasiddha che, emaNe paNa kRSNa ane sahajAnaMda svAmIne lagatAM padma banAvyAM che. upadezanI paNa A kavinI garabIA khUba jANItI che. maMjIkezAnaMda (janma ?--avasAna I,sa, 1863) sahajAnaMda svAmInA ziSya maMjukezAnaMda svAmInI mAnavadehanI durlabhatA, saMsAranI asAratA, strI dhana dhAma ane kItinI anityatA Adi viSayAne kedramAM rAkhI aneka padonI racanA karelI jANavAmAM AvI che. "nazaravAnajI TehumUlajI durabIna (I.sa. 1812-1881 pahelAM) muMbaImAM thaI gayelA A pArasI kavinAM kAvyone eka saMgraha zilAchApamAM 'gulAre nazIhata' zIrSakathI prasiddha thayelA che. pArasI kheAlImAM racAyelA A graMthanI bhASA kheAlInI dRSTie noMdhapAtra che. cheTama kavi (I.sa. 1812-1885) peTalAda tAlukAnA malAtajanA vatanI sAThodarA nAgara brAhmaNa cheTAlAla kAlidAsa trivedI arvAcIna gujarAtInA pahelA bhASAzAstrI vrajalAla kALidAsanA meATA bhAI hatA, AdhyAtmika sAhityanA UMDA vicAraka hatA ane enA pariNAme e anubhavI ArUDha jJAnI kavi hatA. bhALA bhImanI vArtA, akSaramALA, bhaktibhAskara, cheATamakRta kIrtanamALA tikalpataru, TamakRta kAvyasaMgraha (I.sa. 1922), cheATamanI vANI bhAga 1 thI 4 (I.sa. 1926), praznottaramALA, sAMkhyasAra--yogasAra (1952) sumukha ane nRsiMhakuMvara AkhyAna, ekAdazImAhAtmya, ane dharma siddhi' e chapAyAM che, jyAre keTalIka kRti sAmayikAmAM prasiddha thaI che, paNa graMtharUpe hajI aprasiddha che. emaNe vrajabhASAmAM racelA dharmamahAprArA graMtha taddana aprakAzita rahyo che. satakavi cheATame cArasAeka pade, pAMtrIseka jJAnakAvyA ane vIseka AkhyAnA dvArA tatkAlIna sAhityamAM gaNanApAtra prAna karyuM che. madhyakAlIna gujarAtI jJAnI kavionA A chellA pratinidhi che.

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briTiza karaNa vrajalAla kAlidAsa zAlI (1925-1892) , , arvAcIna gujarAtanA pahelA bhASAzAstrI ane gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTI(AjanI gujarAta vidyAsabhA)nA I.sa. 1865 thI sahAyaka maMtrI paNa thaI cUkelo. zAstrIjI vrajalAla kAlidAsa peTalAda tAlukAnA malAtajanA vatanI hatA. emaNe jUnA paddhatie caMdrahAsa AkhyAna (I.sa. 1858) ane muktAmALA racyAM che. vaizeSika. tarkasAra, rasagaMgA, nAgara-purAvRtta (aprasiddha) ityAdi graMtha paNa lakhyA che. avinAzAnaMda (I.sa. 1934-1883) sahajAnaMda svAmInA A ziSya bhaktakavie saMtanAM lakSaNa, satsaMgIkusaMgInAM lakSaNa, sahajAnaMda svAmInI anekavidha lIlAnAM pada, ane saMkara gaNapati. hanumAnajI vagerenI AratIo paNa racela che. sevakarAma rUparAma (I.sa. 1934-1868mAM hayAta) amadAvAda (rAyapura)mAM thayela bhaTTa mevaDA sevakarAmanI be racanA baMsI" (prasiddha) ane "vyAjanuM AkhyAna (I.sa. 1868 ?) (aprasiddha) jANavAmAM AvI che. e I.sa. 1834 mAM hayAta hato evuM paNa jANavAmAM AvyuM che.. kRSNa ke kRSNArAma (I.sa. 1818 mAM hayAta) A kavi dayArAmane samakAlIna hatA ane kapiladevahUtisaMvAda, kaliyugane garabe (I.sa. 1818), nArIne garabo uparAMta aneka padone racanA enA mudrita kRSNArAma mahArAjane kAvyasaMgrahathI jANavAmAM AvyA che. govardhana (I.sa. 1825 mAM hayAta) AmadanA eka haridAsa nAmanA vaNika mATe racelI enI ekamAtra racanA, 10 kaDavAMnI kapilagItA' (1825), jANavAmAM AvI che. e hajI aprasiddha che. bApu (I.sa. 1934 mAM hayAta, 1843mAM avasAna) miyAgAmane vatanI ane dhIrAbhaktane ziSya. enA jJAnane dvAdaza mAsa chapAyA che, thaDa pada paNa chapAyAM che. bApu gAyakavADa (Azare I.sa. 1778-1843) - vaDodarAnA gAyakavADane bhAyAta. pitAnuM nAma yazavaMtarAva gAyakavADa. e paNa dhIrA bhaktane ziSya kahevAya che. ene padapraha prAcIna kAvyamALA (saMbe mAM chapAye che, paNa e racanAonuM kartavya saMdigdha che. " " , I .

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hAya jeArAma ke jeDA bhaTTa (I. sa. 1842 mAM hayAta) amadAvAdanA audIcya brAhmaNuM, pitAnu nAma mULajI vyAsa, avaTaMka derAsarI. enI ekamAtra racanA zItaLAdevInu AkhyAna (I. sa. 1842, aprasiddha) jANavAmAM AvI che. yadurAma (i,sa. 1844 mAM hayAta) amadAvAdanA vatanI. A garabAkAranI ekamAtra racanA akhAjIne parace (I. sa. 1843) jANavAmAM AvI che. (A garabAmAM amadAvAdanA zrI hemAbhAI ane huThIbhAI nAmanA zeThonAM nAma ApavAmAM AvyAM che.) uttamarAma (I.sa. 1844 mAM hayAta) saMbhavata: DAkAranA vatanI. A kavinA be graMtha DaMkapuramAhAtmya' (I.sa. 1844) ane 'revAjInA cha' (aprasiddha) jANavAmAM AvyA che. hamIra (I.sa. 1849mAM hayAta) A bAroTanu ekamAtra kAvya : bhAvanagaranA TAMkAra vijayasihajInI dazerAnI savArInuM varNana ApatuM 'dazarA banAva' (I.sa. 1839) jANavAmAM Avyu che. dastUra dorAkhajI rustamajI (I.sa. 1252mAM hayAta) bhAThA gAmanA vatanI dastUra dArAkhajInI ekamAtra pArasI kheAlIne sAcavatI racanA 'khAne-teAmata' (I.sa. 1952) jANavAmAM AvI che. hajI aprasiddha che. prabhAzakara (I. sa. 1862-63 mAM hayAta) amadAvAdanA A khaDAyatA brAhmaNanI peAtAnA hAthanI karelI nakalamAM enAM jJAnaviSayaka dhALa (I.sa, 1863, aprasiddha), tulasIvivAha (I.sa. 1862), pade (aprasiddha), paMdaratithi (aprasiddha), bAramAsa (aprasiddha) ane brahmatattva (gadya, aprasiddha) sacavAI rahyAM che. bhavAnIzaMkara (I. sa. 1872mAM hayAta) lithAmAM chapAIne prasiddha thayelA 'bhavAnIkAvya' e zIrSakanA graMtha (I. sa. -1272) thI jANavAmAM AvyA che. e tAraMgA pAsenA hAla gAmanA vatanI ane jJAtie audIcya sahasra brAhmaNa hatA. -magaLaza krura paMDita (I.sa. 1868mAM hayAta) jaya amadAvAdanA nAgara brAhmaNa. A kavinI ekamAtra racanA 'gurugItA' (I.sa. 1862) bhaNavAmAM AvI che (aprasiddha), jazavata (I.sa. 1881mAM hayAta) te . bahucarAjInA chaMda'. (aprasiddha) e kAvya sa`grahathI A kavinuM astitva jANavAmAM AvyuM che,

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briTiza ni 2. janapravAha jainetara kavione pravAhu je pramANe cAlu hatA enAthI vadhu saMkhyAmAM jaina vistR sAdhue temaja kArya koI gRhasthAne dhArmika racanAo racatA pravAha . vegapUrvaka cAlu hatA. jainetara kavie 19 mI sadInI ceAthI pacIsIne kavacat vaTAve che, paNa jaina sAdhue te 20mI sadInA AraMbhane AMbavA mathe che. saMbhava che ke e pravAha tyAMthI paNa AgaLa vadhatA hAya, paNa have e peAthIomAM hastalikhita svarUpamAM na saMgrahAtAM sIdhe mudraNasthitimAM mukAye jatA hAya. A jaina sAhityakArAmAM samRddha racanAo ApanArA bhAgye ja evA maLe che, 50 jeTalA jANavAmAM AvelAmAMthI moTA bhAganA virakta sAdhue che, jyAre thADA yati, tA thADA jaina zrAvaka paNa che. rAsa jevI racanAo gheADI ja che. bAkInI stavanA ane thoDI sajjhAyA che. dhyAna khe'canArA bAlAvabAdha jovA maLatA nathI. 3. phArasI pravAha 209 A graMthamALAnA 7 mA graMthamAM apAyelA phArasI-graMthakArAnI paraMparA hajI cAlu rahevA pAmI che ane emAM hiMdu temaja muslima phArasI-lekhakAe potAnA mahattvane phALA ApyA che. AmAMnA mahattvanA pahelA graMthakAra raNucheADajI dIvAna (I.sa. 1768-1841) vize A pUrve gujarAtI pravAhamAM nirdeza thaI gayA che, tyAM nirdezailI be kRti uparAMta 'paM' ane 'azvamedhapava'nA anuvAda ane jaMganAma- e--heAlI'noMdhapAtra che. revAzaMkara (jUnAgaDhaH 19mI sadIne! pUrvA, trIkamadAsa majamUdAranA 7meA putra),raMgIladAsa (jUnAgaDhaH avasAna 1832), sArAbhAI bApAbhAI diveTiyA (amadAvAda-vAdarA : 19 mI sadInA pUrvArdha), cheATAbhAI bApAbhAI diveTiyA (sArAbhAInA nAnA bhAI), bhoLAnAtha sArAbhAI diveTiyA (I. sa. 1822-1886), gulAbarAya bAburAya (surata H 19 mI ne pUrvArdha), suMdaralAla (amadAvAda ane uddepura : 19 mI sadIneA pUrvArdha), hariprasAda zivaprasAda (vanagara-vIramagAma : I.sa. 1825 mAM hayAta), AtmArAmajI (surataH I.sa. 1848mAM hayAta), dastUra rabAThI (muMbaI I.sa. 1835 mAM hayAta), eravada mAhiyAra navarojI kutAra (I.sa. 1914 mAM hayAta), zekha ahamada rajhiyuddIna (surata : I.sa. 1803- 1848), zekha bahAdura (surataH I,sa, 1830-1890), mAhammada jhahIuddIna (I.sa. 1848 mAM hayAta), saiyada ahamadullAha bina zAha pIrameAhammada (surata H . avasAna I.sa. 1851), kavi bAlAzaMkara ullAsarAma kaMthAriyA (naDiyAda : I.sa. . 1858-1898), AtmArAma meAtIrAma dIvAnajI (surata : I.sa. 1873-1936), dastUra khuraze jamazedajI jhumAsya AsAnA (avasAna H 1912), maherabhAI nasaravAnajI sUkA (I.sa. 1914mAM hayAta), uparAMta khIjA daseka pArasI 'thakArA tema. bhASAMtarakAra jANavAmAM AvyA che.

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A. arvAcIna paraMparAnuM gujarAtI sAhitya 1. arvAcIna sAhityane AraMbha tathA vikAsa : navIna sAhitya svarUpo muMbaI yunivarsiTInI sthApanA ane e pachI zarU thayeluM zikSaNa e arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhitya mATe preraka baLa banavA uparAMta enA svarUpanirmANa upara bhAre prabhAva pADanArI ghaTanA che. yuropanI yunivarsiTIomAM grIka ane leTinane prAcIna praziSTa bhASAo tarIke jevuM sthAna hatuM tevuM ahIM saMskRta ane phArasInA abhyAsane maLyuM, AthI aMgrejI sAthe saMskRta ane phArasIne. vidyApITha-paddhatie abhyAsa AraMbhAtAM ApaNA prAcIna sAhitya ane saMskAranA vArasAnuM navamUlyAMkana thayuM ane traNeyanI asara arvAcIna sAhityanA. nirmANa para thaI. saMskRta kAvyanATakAdinI praziSTa kRtionA judA judA lekhakane haste eka karatAM vadhu bhASAMtara thayAM, hAphija ane umara khayyAmanI kRtio ane bIjI keTalIka phArasI kRtio gujarAtImAM utArAI; bAlAzaMkara maNilAla derAsarI kalApI "sAgara'(jagannAtha tripAThI) vageree gajhalane kAvyaprakAra, gujarAtImAM utAryo. aMgrejhanA praziSTa sAhityakArenA abhyAsa sAthe pAlagrevanI golDana TrejharI' jevA manahara urmikAvyasaMcayanuM parizIlana thatAM yunivarsiTInuM zikSaNa lenAra padavIdhAnI pahelI peDhIe jUnA sAhityanA prakArone sthAne UrmikAvya "khaMDakAvya" "mahAkAvya "seneTa' "karuNa prazasti' jevA prakAra gujarAtImAM utAryA. jUnA gadyanA paricita prakArone sthAne nATaka vArtA navalakathA nibaMdha carita pravAsavarNana Adi gadya-sAhityane navA prakAra AvyA. saMskRtamAM nATaka tathA nATakanuM zAstra baMne hatAM, prAcIna ane madhyakAlIna gujarAtImAM nATaka mahetuM, paNa arvAcIna gujarAtI nATake saMskRta nATaka, zekasapiyara moliyera vagerenAM pAzcAtya nATake tathA bhavAInA atratya nATaprakAranA prabhAva nIce navA jamAnAmAM navajIvana prApta karyuM. prAcIna kALamAM saMskRtinuM sAhityazAstra hatuM tathA kAvyavivecananA vividha saMpradAya (schools) vikasyA hatA, paraMtu pAzcAtya sAhityaprakArone ahIMnI bhUmimAM ra5 tathA vikAsa thatAM sAhityane tatvavicAra ane graMthAvalokana e vivecananAM ubhaya 25

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786 briTiza kAla kSetramAM pAzcAtya vivecana-siddhAMta ane paddhatinI bhAre asara thaI tathA ApaNA abhyAsapAtra kAlakhaMDamAM navalarAma paMDayA(1836-1888), maNilAla nabhubhAI dvivedI(1858-1898), govardhanarAma mAdhavarAma tripAThI(1855-1907), ramaNabhAI mahIpatarAma nIlakaMTha(1898-1928), narasiMharAva bhoLAnAtha diveTiyA (1858-1937) ane AnaMdazaMkara bApubhAI dhruva(1869-1942) vagerenAM lakhANomAM enAM zreSTha pariNAma jaNAya che. arvAcIna sarjanAtmaka sAhitya mAnavInI pratiSThA karI. "eka vAra sAhitya maMdiramAM mAnavInI mUrti pratiSThA karI eTale mAnava-vyavahArane A pradeza sAhitya mATe khule thaI gayo. ane mAnavAmAM rasa paDyo te poteya eka mAnavI che, vadhu saMvedanazIla mAnavI che, e bhAna sAthe arvAcIna kavi pitAnAM Urmi vicAra kalpanA ane darzanane, jIvana ane jagatanA pitA para thatA anubhAvone ane pratibhAvone e game teTalA mAnuSI hoya te paNa vagara zaramAye gAte thaye. aMgrejI kavitAe A zIkhavyuM." Ane pariNAme kavitAmAM AtmalakSitA AvI tathA praNaya e arvAcIna gujarAtI kavitAne eka mukhya viSaya bane. narmade aMgrejInI asarathI praNayakavitAnI vipula racanA karI che, paNa enI kRtiomAM vilakSaNa pUlatA che. "bhAvanAM UMDANa ane nirmaLatAvALAM manahara AtmalakSI praNayakAvya narasiMharAva (1858-1898), 'kAnta', bAlAzaMkara(1867-1923), "kalApI" (1874- 1900), nAnAlAla(1877-1946) AdimAM maLe che. arvAcIna gujarAtI kavitA upara aMgrejInI bIjI mahattvanI asara e prakRti-kavitA che. saMskRta sAhityamAM prakRti-varNane uddIpana vibhAva lekhe athavA alaMkArAtmaka hoya che. jUnA gujarAtI sAhityamAM e ghaNuM kharuM vanarAjivarNana tarIke dekhAya che, je paNa prAcInatara paraMparAne vArase che. varDajhavartha Adi aMgrejI kavionI kavitAmAM prakRti-sauMdarya pratyenI lAgaNInuM pRthakkaraNa karIne nirUpaNa heya evo anubhava thAya che. gujarAtImAM A prakAranI kavitAracanAmAM sauthI pahele narmada che. e pachI prakRtivarNanamAM hadayaMgama kAvya narasiMharAve ApyAM (UrmikAvyone narasiMharAvane prathama saMgraha "kusumamALA" 1887mAM pragaTa thaye hate) ane e paraMparA pachI cAlu rahI che. "prakRti sauMdaryanAM ane prAkRtika ghaTanAonAM tAdaza zabdacitro ApavAM, prakRtidarzane pitAne thatAM harSAkAdinuM saMvedanA nedhavuM, prakRtidarzane anubhavAtuM vicAradIpana laMbAvI tatvaciMtanamAM sarI javuM, prakRtinI ramya-raudra zobhA varNavI tene sarjanahAranuM stotra lalakAravuM, manahara

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sAhitya kalpanA-lIlA vaDe prakRtine kavitAmAM alaMkArAdimAM prajavI, prakRtine mAnavapAtrAnA sthAyI bhAvanA uddIpana arthe athavA mAnava-lIlAnI pazcAdabhUmikA tarIke niyojavI, vivecake jene asatyabhAvAropaNanA deraSadaza nAmathI varNave che, paNa kharI rIte jagatanI kavitAne jenA vinA cAlyuM nathI evA sarala vyApAranI bhAvotkaTatA sAru mAnavabhavo sAthe samabhAva, udAsInatA ke virodha dAkhavatI tene batAvavI-A badhI rIte prakRtinuM nirUpaNa kavijana karatA AvyA che ane arvAcIna gujarAtI kavitAmAM paNa e pramANe thayuM che." dezAbhimAnane viSaya gujarAtI kavitAne maLe e ItihAsane abhyAsa, rAjakIya jAgRti ane aMgrejI kavitAnA saMskAra e traNeyanuM yugapata pariNAma dieda 2$1201 Breathes there the man with soul so dead e 5 ktithI zarU thatA kAvyanAM nidAna traNa bhASAMtara gujarAtI padyamAM thayAM che. saMsArasudhArAnAM khyAla ane pravRtti e baMne dezAbhimAnano prakArAMtare AvibhaMva che. aMgrejI peTriaTijhamanA paryAyarUpe "svadezAbhimAna' zabda narmade ghaDela manAya che. dezanI pravartamAna dIna dazAthI pitAne thatI vyathA narmade hinduonI paDatI'(1864) e sudIrgha kAvyamAM vyakta karI, "narmadezanuM arpaNa "jaya jaya garavI gujarAta' e kAvya dvArA samagra gujarAtane karyuM tathA premazauryanAM aneka jussAdAra pada racyAM, dalapatarAme "hunarakhAnanI caDhAI (1860)mAM hunnaronA vikAsa dvArA dezanI caDatIne racanAtmaka mArga batAvyuM. bhImarAva bheLAnAtha diveTiyAe(1851-1890) pRthurAja rAso(1898)mAM mahAkAvyanI racanAne prayatna karavA sAthe bhAratanI prAcIna gaurava-gAthAne lAgaNIpUrvaka saMbhArI ane harilAla harSadarAya dhruve(1856-1896) dezAbhimAna ane bhAratabhaktinAM jussAdAra kAvya racyAM. baMgabhaMga prasaMge samasta bhAratamAM dezabhaktinA taraMga UchaLyA ane ziSTa kavioe racelAM dezabhaktinAM kAvyanA keTalAka saMcaya pragaTa thayA. hiMmatalAla aMjAriyA saMpAdita dezabhaktinAM kAvya'(1905) ane "vasaMta vinodI (caMdulAla desAI), harilAla dhruva, kezavalAla dhruva ane anya kavionI racanAonI saMkalanArUpa "svadeza gIta'(1908) enAM udAharaNarUpa che. saMsAra-sudhAro ane svadezaprIti lalita vAlmayanAM navalakathA ane nATaka jevAM svarUpamAM svAbhAvika rIte ekarUpa banI gayAM jaNAya che. thoDAka udAharaNa mAtra laIe. dalapatarAma-kRta venacaritra'(1868), "narmakavitA'nAM bahusaMkhya kAvya navalarAma paMDayA-kRta "bALalagnabatrIzI'(1876), govardhanarAma-kRta snehamudra. (1889), narasiMharAvanAM vidhavAkAvyo' vagerene A rIte joI zakAya.

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briTiza kAla BL O mahIpatarAma nIlaka'(1829-1891)-kRta sAmAjika navalakathA 'sAsu-vahunI laDAI(1866) sudhArAlakSI che ane emanI aitihAsika navalakathAe sudharA jesaMga'(1882) ane vanarAja cAvaDA'(1888)mAM paNa emanI arvAcIna sudhAraka-vRtti aneka sthaLe DAkAya che. 'bhavAI-saMgraha'nI saMkalanA pAchaLa bhavAInAM azlIla tattva dUra karI leAkazikSaNa mATe ene viniyoga karavAne emane uddeza jaNAya che. ApaNI prathama praziSTa navalakathA naMdazaMkara(1835--1905)-kRta 'karaNaghelA'(1866) gujarAtanA ejyukezanala inspekaTara raselanI sUcanAthI skoTa vagere aMgreja aitihAsika navalakathAkArInA prabhAva nIce racAI hatI. emAMye potAnA dezabAMdhavA samakSa navIna jJAnanI jayAti dharavAne lekhakane! lebha ahaMtA rahetA nathI. haragoviMdadAsa kAMTAvALA(1849-1933)-kRta 'aMdherI nagarInAga vasena (1869), jenA kartAe pAte ja eka_uTaMga vArtA' tarIke nirdeza karyo che ane jemAM bane teTalA taLapadA zabda prayAjavAnI lekhakanI pratijJA che te, spaSTa rIte rAjakIya ane sAMsArika sudhArAnA uddezathI lakhAyelI che. emanI khIjI navalakathA e bahenA'(1891)nuM preraka baLa paNu saMsArasudhArI che. gAva narAmanI mahAnavala 'sarasvatIcaMdra' paNa (bhAga 1, 1887; bhAga 2, 1892; bhAga 3, 1898; bhAga 4, 1901) prAcIna pU, arvAcIna pUrva ane arvAcIna pazcimanA saMskAra-samanvaya dvArA dezeAnnati vAMke che. govardhanarAmanA laghuvayaska samakAlIna bhAgIdrarAva diveTiyA(1875-1917)nI sAmAjika navalakathAo paNa sa MsAra-sudhArAnA sUra kADhe che. muMbaInA 'gujarAtI' sAptAhikanA taMtrI zrI icchArAma sUryarAma desAI(1853-1912)nI navalakathA 'gagA--eka gujara vArtA'(1888)mAM strI-vargInI tatkAlIna sthitinuM citraNa ApI emAM thavA joItA sudhArAnI jarUra pratye iMgita che. hindu ane briTAniyA' (1886) navalakathA che, paNa emAM atihAsika saMdarbhamAM bhArata ane briTana vaccenA rAjakIya saMbadhAnA svAtaMtryapUrNa vimarza che. enA prakAzanane pariNAme gujarAtI' patra ane enA taMtrIne rAjadrohanA ArApa nIce kacaDI nAkhavAnA prayatna thayA hatA. dalapatarAma--kRta 'lakSmI nATaka' (1851) e grIka nATakakAra erisTAphenisanI kAmeDI 'pluTasa' nuM gujarAtI rUpAMtara che. grIka purANakathAmAM pluTasa dhanane deva hAI dalapatarAme ene sthAne lakSamIdevI mUkI che. dalapatarAma pote te kAI videzI bhASA jANatA naheAtA, eTale mULa nATakaneA sAra phrAIsa sAhebe dalapatarAmane samajAvyo haze ane e uparathI emaNe A nATaka racyu haze.

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sAhitya la bhavAInI bharapUra asaravALA hAsyarasa dvArA AmAM lekhake khAdha ApavA prayatna karyo che. ene sArAMza e che ke anyAya adharmI ane cADiyApaNAthI dhana pedA karavuM nahi. dalapatarAmanuM khIjuM nATaka 'mithyAbhimAna'(1869) saMskRta nATacarIti ane bhavAInA leAkanATayaneA AkarSIka samanvaya sAdhe che ane jIvarAma 'bhaTTanA pAtra dvArA mithyAbhimAnanI viphaLatAnA kheAdha Ape che. ramaNabhAI nIlaka'ThanA 'bhadraM bhadra' (1900)nI jema jIvarAma bhaTTanu pAtra cira MjIva raheze. 1922 sudhImAM e nATakanAM ATha punarmudraNu thayAM e enI asAdhAraNa lokapriyatA batAve che. gujarAtanA samartha Adi nATayakAra gaNAyelA raNacheADabhAI udayarAma dave (1837-1923)kRta 'jayAkumArInA vijaya'(1862), 'lalitAdu:khada ka' (1866) Adi nATakAneA sudhAraka hetu spaSTa che. 'vidyAvijaya' 'kajoDAMduHkhada'ka' 'kanyAvikrayakhaMDana' sudhArA digdarzaka' trAsadAyaka teramAM duHkhadarzIka' 'madyapAna duHkhadarzIka' 'svayaMvara svaradaya' Adi prAraMbha-kAlanAM saMkhyAbaMdha nATakAe lokazikSaNa ne sudhArAnA yugadharmanI ja pAte enuM vAhana ke pracArasAdhana banI sevA karI che.ke ApaNA abhyAsaviSaya kAlakhaMDanA lagabhaga aMte racAyelu ramaNubhAI nIlaka'-kRta 'rAInA paryaMta'(1913) virala sAhityika guNavattA ane viziSTa takhtAlAyakI4 dharAvatuM DhuvA sAthe enA kartAnI dRDha IzvarazraddhA sAthe samAjasudhAraka tarIkenI U'DI dAjha vyakta kare che, lalitatara vADmaya ane enA mukhya viSaya navI keLavaNInA paribaLane pariNAme-e keLavaNInA sAdhanarUpe temaja enI preraNAthI vividha viSaye mAM je lalitetara vADmaya vikasyuM tenuM, bane tyAMsudhI kAlAnukramika, vihaMgAvaleAkana ahI karIe, emAM je graMthArdine nirdeza thAya te e viSayenI krAI sa`grAhI sUci tarIke nahi,pa paNa prastuta nirUpaNunI puSTi mATe kevaLa udAharaNarUpa ullekha tarIke gaNavAneA che. navI keLavaNInA vitaraNa mATe sau pahelAM tA kAcAM-pAkAM pAThaca-pustaka pragaTa thayAM. marainA aMgrejI vyAkaraNane gujarAtI tarajUmeA aradezara baherAmajI lazkarIe muMbaImAM 1822 mAM chapAvyA hatA. amadAvAdanI pustaka vRddhi karanAra ma`DaLI'e 1847 mAM chApelI 'saMsAra vahevAra' nAme cApaDImAMthI e samayanI keLavaNI ane enA viSayAne sAmAnya khyAla Ave che. gaNapatarAma rAjArAma bhaTTa--kRta bharUca jillAnI keLavaNInA ItihAsa' (1877) padyamAM racAyeka che ane e A prakAranI mAhitI mATe rasaprada che.

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briTiza kAla bAlagI vAcanasAmagrI tarIke vArtAonAM keTalAMka pustaka pragaTa thayelAM che. meMdhapAtra e che ke e vArtAonAM svarUpa ane kathanarIti jUnA gujarAtI bAlAvabemAMnI kathAo jevAM nahi, paNa pramANamAM arvAcIna rItinAM che. A pustakamAM9 bApuzAstrI paMDayA-kRta "IsapanItikathA'(1870), ajJAtakartaka gujarAtI paMcopAkhyAna'(1440) ane "IsapanI vAta'(1847), bhogIlAla nAnAlAla-kRta nItibedha' bhAga 1-2(1852), raNachoDadAsa giradharabhAIkRta Isapa-nItinI vAta (1854) ane "nItibodhakathA'(1856), aradezara pharAmajI mUsakRta nItibedhaka nibaMdha (1858), manamohanadAsa raNachoDadAsakRta nItibaMdha kathA' bhAga 1-2 (1862) Adine nirdeza karI zakAya. kekhuzaru heramasajI alapAIvAlA-kRta muMbaImAM dezIonI keLavaNI(1855) e kAle pracalita thayelI navI keLavaNInuM siMhAvalokana kare che. e samaye pragaTa thayelAM vividha viSayanAM keTalAMka pAThayapustakomAM che. Ara. jaravIsanI kartavyabhUmiti'(1826), bhUmiti (1856) ane bIjagaNita'(1856), naMdazaMkara tuLajAzaMkara mahetA-kRta "bhUmitinAM mULatanA pahelA cha skaMdha (1859), goviMda nArAyaNa-kRta ubhija padArtha (1858), vikAcha kekhuzaru rustamajIkRta "siddha padArthavijJAna'(1871), mahIpatarAma rUparAma nIlaka ThaskRta 'padArthavijJAna'(1873) Adi ullekhanIya che. ApaNu abhyAsapAtra kAlakhaMDamAM zikSaNanAM ItihAsa ane philasUphInA keTalAka nedhapAtra graMtha che. maNizaMkara ratnajI bhaTTa kAnta)-kRta "zikSaNano ItihAsa (1895) e samartha kRti emAM agrasthAne che. prAcIna-bhArata grIsa rAma cIna ijipta ijharAyela arabastAna ane yuropanA dezomAM zikSaNa je prakAre udbhavyuM tathA prava', zikSaNazAstrIoe e mATe je hetuo ane udeze sUcavelA ane ene vyavahAramAM je rIte prayoga thaye temaja enI je pariNAma AvyAM tenuM viSayane anurUpa sAdI paNa gaMbhIra arthavAhI zailIe emAM vivecana thayuM che.. strIkeLavaNa' (1868) ane keLavaNu viSe'(1869) e be narmadanI pustikA che. harbarTa spensaranA zikSaNa-viSayaka suprasiddha aMgrejI graMthanuM "keLavaNI (1886) nAmathI bhASAMtara bulAkhIdAsa gaMgAdAse karyuM che. aMgrejI bhaNIne zuM karavuM?'(1889) e nAmanuM pustaka caturbhuja mANekezvara bhaTTe lakhyuM che. haragoviMdadAsa kAMTAvALA, jeo gujarAtanA tAlIma pAmelA zikSakenI pahelI peDhInI AgalI haroLamAM hatA, temaNe keLavaNInuM zAstra ane kaLA' bhAga 1- (1903) ApyA che. maganabhAI caturabhAI paTele "zikSakanuM kartavya'(1907)

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sAhitya lakhyuM ane atisukhazaMkara kamaLAzaMkara trivedIe zApanA aMgrejI pustakanuM jApAnanI keLavaNInI paddhati(1910) e nAme bhASAMtara karyuM che. zikSaNapaddhatinA eka anubhavI jANakAra jagajIvana dayALajI modIe "moTI uMmaranI strIonI keLavaNI'(1908) e pustakamAM prauDha zikSaNanI agatya ane kArya paddhatinI jANe ke AgAhI karI che. arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityamAM prAraMbhanI gadyaracanAo udbodhaka lerUpe thaI ane samaya jatAM emAMthI nibaMdhanuM svarUpa vikasyuM. gujarAtI bhASAne vikAsa ane e dvArA jJAnane prasAra e "gujarAta varnAkayulara sesAyaTIne eka uddeza hato. taddana sAdhAraNa mANasa ke nizALe jatuM bALaka paNa kharIdI zake e dRSTie eka pAIthI mAMDI eka AnA jevI najIvI kiMmate sosAyaTIe aneka copaDIo bahAra pADI hatI. emAM maganalAla vakhatacaMdaskRta ALasu chokarInI vAta'(1852) ane "ALasu chokaro (1852) jevI bALabedhaka kathAo sAthe "rezama viSe kapAsano choDa vIjaLI viSe kolejanA phAyadA" noTonA calaNa viSe lAMca viSe "bAlavivAha-niSedhaka' "kAnaDA deza viSe barasAyanazAstra" "zILI viSe' vagere vividha viSayonI pustikAo ke patrikAo che.8 inAmI spardhA jAhera karIne sosAyaTI keTalAka nibaMdha lakhAvI pragaTa karatI. kavi dalapatarAmanAM keTalAMka uddabodhaka gadya-lakhANa A rIte bahAra paDyAM che. bhUta-preta ane DAkaNa vizenA vahemanuM khaMDana karato emane "bhUta nibaMdha (1848) emAM kAlAnukrame pahele che. phArbasa sAhebe enuM aMgrejI bhASAMtara karyuM hatuM. mahIpatarAmano vilAyatamAM javA viSe nibaMdha (1860), jJAtione ItihAsa ApI enI pravartamAna sthitimAM sudhAro sucavata "ti nibaMdha (1861), bALalagnanAM aniSTa samajAvate bALavivAha nibaMdha'(1862), punarvivAha nibaMdha' (varSa nathI) vagere A kaTimAM Ave. "aMgaudhArane jhagaDo' (1862), rAjakumAre mATe zikSaNanI AvazyakatA darzAvatI pustikA "rAjavidyAbhyAsa'(1862), kephanA garabAnI copaDI (varSa nathI) jevI kRtio padyamAM hevA chatAM vastutaH uddha ka lekhe che. - sanIonI dhaMdhAdArI yuktio upara prakAza pADate sAMkaLezvara jezI-kRta senI nibaMdha (1850), DosAbhAI pharAmajI-kRta "buddhiprakAza nibaMdha (1857), nagInadAsa puruSottama saMghavIkRta "udyogathI thatA lAbha ane AlasyathI thatI hAni (1886), gaNapatarAma rAjArAma bhaTTa-kRta bALalagnathI thatI hAni (1890)

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39ra briTiza kAvya ane nAgezvara jyeSThArAma jezI-kata bALalagna saMbaMdhamAM ApaNuM kartavya (1890) -e baMne kavitAmAM lakhAyelI kRtio, chaganalAla ThAkaradAsa modI-kRta bAlavivAha saMbaMdhI lAbhAlAbhane vicAra (1893), kezavalAla meMtIlAla parIkha-kRta bhojanavyavahAra tyAM kanyAvyavahAra', bhavAnIzaMkara rAmezvara jezI-kRta 'paradezI mAla ApaNA dezamAM taiyAra karavA zA upAya javA ??(1890) ityAdi ubedhaka lakhANonA pratinidhirUpa namUnA che. aMgrejImAM lIdhelA nibaMdhanA prakArane sahu prathama suspaSTa rUpa narmade ApyuM. e pachI ApaNuM kAlakhaMDamAM navalarAma paMDyA, maNilAla dvivedI, narasiMharAva diveTiyA, ramaNabhAI nIlakaMTha, AnaMdazaMkara dhruva, uttamalAla kezavalAla trivedI (1870-1924) Adie e prakArane vikAsa karI uttama nibaMdha tathA pari mArjita gadya sAthesAtha ApyAM che. ApaNA jUnA sAhityamAM kumArapAlacarita' "vastupAlacarita' 'jagaDucarita' Adi ardha-etihAsika prabaMdhAtmaka kRtio ke triSaSTizalAkApuraSacarita' jevI paurANika paddhatinI racanAo saMskRtamAM che tema "sudAmAcarita' "mIrAMcaritra' Adi gujarAtI AkhyAne che, paNa ene arvAcIna arthamAM carita" kahI zakAze nahi. madhyakAlIna gujarAtamAM jaina AcArya somasuMdarasUrinuM ane hIravijayasUrinuM carita anukrame samasaubhAgya" ane "hIrasaubhAgya'mAM tathA bhAnucaMdragaNinuM jIvana "bhAnucaMdragaNicarita'mAM atihAsika tathya sAcavIne paNa saMskRtanAM alaMkRta kAvyonI rItie varNavAyuM che, Ama chatAM atihAsika ke samakAlIna vyakti-vizeSanA vRttAMta dezakAlanA pariprekSyamAM, pramANapata rItie, AlekhavA e arvAcIna caritakArane uddeza ane Adarza che, je jUnAM caritAmAM jaNAtuM nathI. e ja rIte vyakti pitAnuM carita kahe athavA anubhavo varNave e Atmacarita ke AtmakathA, carita ane Atmacarita e baMne prakAra ApaNane pazcimamAMthI maLyA che. sAmAnyataH A prakAra lalitetara gaNatA hovA chatAM aneka vAra emAM sarjanAtmaka lAlitya praveze che ane jIvanacaritanI kRtio paNa lalita vADmaya bane che. ApaNuM kAlakhaMDanI A prakAranI pratinidhirUpa kRtione ahIM nirdeza karIzuM. ' mehanabhAI haridAsa ane mahIpatarAma rUparAma nIlakaMTha mahApuruSonA caritanA cembarsanA aMgrejI pustakanA bhASAMtararUpe "caritranirUpaNa'(1854) pragaTa karyuM che. pharAmajI heramasajI zeThanAe "mahApuruSanA janmArAne ahevAla (1857) taiyAra karyo che ane baherAmajI kharazedajIe Biography of Eminent

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sAhitya Women ne bhASAMtaranuM pustaka "saguNa strI (1860) ApyuM che, paNa saMzodhana ane jAtatapAsa karIne caritalekhana karanAra gujarAtamAM narmada pahele che ane enuM kavicaritra' (1860) e rIte navI keDI pADe che. DAhyAbhAI ghelAbhAI paMDitanuM "kavicaritra' (1869) paNa e daSTie noMdhapAtra che. mahIpatarAma-kRta karasanadAsa mULajInuM caritra'(1878) ApaNuM sAhityanuM samaya-daSTie paheluM ane guNa-daSTie noMdhapAtra vistRta carita che. emanuM A prakAranuM bIju pustaka "mahetAjI durgArAma maMchArAmanuM caritra'(1893) che, paNa emAM carita-nAyakanA aMgata jIvana vize pUratI zodha thaI nathI ema vivecaka navalarAmane lAgyuM che. govardhanarAme "navalarAmanuM jIvanacaritra (1891) lakhyuM che ane pitAnI putrInA smaraNamAM lIlAvatI jIvanakalA'(1905) AlekhI che, e baMnemAM jemanuM carita AlekhAyuM che temanA AMtara-jIvananuM paNa subhaga darzana thAya che. - cunIlAla bApujI dIkRta "AgheDa dha greTa (1888), jagajIvanadAsa kApaDiyA-kRta hindanAM mahArASTra ane temanuM kuTuMba(1893), DAhyAbhAI derAsarIkRta "raNajItasiMha (1895), cunIlAla mANeklAla gAMdhIkRta "mAunTa TuArTa eliphansTananuM jIvanacaritra'(1895), geviMdabhAI hAthIbhAI desAIkRta benjAmina phAMkalInanuM jIvanacaritra'(1895), vizvanAtha prabhurAma vaidya-kRta lorDa lorensa (1895), paramAnaMdadAsa bhoLAbhAI pArekhaskRta DemosthinIsanuM caritra (1898), zAradAbahena mahetAkRta 'misa pharensa nAiTiMgelanuM jIvanacaritra'(1907), mahebUbamiyAM kAdarI-kata "sara saiyada ahemadanuM jIvanacaritra' (1913) vagere aMgrejIne AdhAre lakhAyelAM che. kRpAzaMkara dolatarAma travADIe "IzvaracaMdra vidyAsAgara (1898) ane "rAjA rAmamohanarAya"(1898)nAM carita baMgALIne AdhAre lakhyAM che. muMbaInA nirNayasAgara presanA sthApaka ane bhAratamAM saMskRta mudraNa ane graMtha-prakAzananA viziSTa Ayojaka "jAvajI dAdAjI caudharInuM jIvanacaritra'(1897). marAThIne AdhAre chaganalAla vidyArAma rAvaLe lakhyuM che. anya svataMtra jIvanacaritamAM kRSNarAva bhoLAnAtha diveTiyAnuM potAnA pitAnI jIvanakathA AlekhatuM "bheLAnAtha sArAbhAInuM jIvanacaritra'(1888) A sAhityaprakAramAM mahatvanuM arpaNa che. dharmasudhAre saMsAra-sudhArI dezadvAra Adi kSetromAM kAma karanAra vyaktivizeSanA jIvanakAryanA AdhArabhUta nirUpaNa sAthe rasaprada samayacitra paNa emAM che. manasukharAma sUryarAma tripAThIe "phArbasa

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304 briTiza kAha jIvanacaritra'(1889) ApyuM che, je pAchaLathI "rAsamALA'nA bhASAMtaramAM paNa chapAyuM che. e samaye graMthaprakAzana mATe gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTIne meTI rakama ApanAra zeTha harivallabhadAsa bALageviMdadAsanuM jIvanacaritra (1889) paNa manasukharAme lakhyuM che. lallubhAI prANavallabhadAsa pArekhe saMskRta vara4maddhivinayane. AdhAra laI puSTimArganA pravartaka vallabhAcAryanuM lokabhogya jIvanavRtta "valabhacaritra" (1907)mAM ApyuM che. sudhAraka mahIpatarAmane jIvanamAM karsaTInA prasaMgee preraNuM ane protsAhana, ApanAra emanAM patnInuM carita gaNapatarAma rAjArAma bhaTTe "pArvatIkuMvaracaritra" (1890) e nAmathI, padyamAM AkhyAna zailIe, racyuM che, paNa samakAlIna vRttAMta emAM vaNAye hoI e rasaprada ane mAhitIpUrNa che. nagInadAsa maMchArAme, gujarAta ane saurASTranA seLa dezI rAjAone jIvanaparicaya Apata, meMghAM. mudraNa ane bAMdhaNIne graMtha "caritramALA', bhAga 1(1890) pragaTa karyo che. teramA saikAmAM thayelA karachanA dAnezvarI jagaDUzAhanuM atihAsika "jagaDUcaritra" (1896) maganalAla khakhkhare ApyuM che tathA lagabhaga arvAcIna yuganA AraMbhe thayelA sAhasika karachI vepArI vIra ane mutsadI suMdarajI zivajInuM caritra suMdara sodAgara'(1908)mAM rajU karyuM che. prAcIna ane praziSTa aitihAsika graMtha tarIke vikhyAta luTArkanuM jIvanacaritra'(1916)nuM bhASAMtara itihAsanA adhyApake baLavaMtarAya ka. ThAkora ane harilAla mAdhavajI bhaTTe ApyuM che. mahAna manISI ane sarjaka govardhanarAmanuM suvAya ane AdhArabhUta carita "zrIyuta govardhanarAma'(1910) emanA bhANeja kAMtilAla chaganalAla paMDayAe lakhyuM che. jayasukharAya puruSottamarAyA jozIpurAe "bhaktakavi narasiMha mahetAnuM jIvana ane kavana (1908) ane bhaktakavi bhojalara(1911)mAM ApaNA be jUnA kavionAM carita AlekhyAM che tathA "sAkSaramALA'(1912)mAM arvAcIna gujarAtanA viziSTa sarjake ane vidvAnene paricaya Apyo che. bhAratIya-Arya bhASAonA jUnA sAhityamAM Atmacarita nahetuM, e pAzcAtya sAhityanI sIdhI deNa che. ApaNuM kAlakhaMDamAM ramAtmacarita jhAjhA nathI, paNa je che te AMtarika vitavALAM che. vAyanAM bIjAM aneka kSetronI jema AmAM paNa narmada ajhayAyI che enuM pramANa "mArI hakIkta'(1866) che. emAM juvAna narmadanuM jIvana temaja enI mAnasaruSTi pratyakSa thAya che, paNa 1865 thI 1875nA gALAne udhamati kaDakheda narmada sthira dRSTivALA

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sAhitya 395. vicAraka banI zeDAMka varSa bAda "dharmavicAra (1888) pragaTAve che. ene vaicArika daSTie enA AtmavRttAMtane uttara bhAga gaNI zakAya. maNilAla nabhubhAI dvivedInA "Atmacaritra'mAM emanA TUMkA jIvananAM pahelAM aThThAvIsa varSane ahevAla saLaMga kathanarUpe ane chellAM ATheka varSonI hakIkata chUTaka noMdhape che.11 eka samartha vidvAna ciMtaka ane gadya-svAmI Atmacarita enA lekhakanuM bAhyAvyaMtara darzana karAve che e sAthe samAjazAstra ane manovijJAnanA abhyAsI mATe paNa mUlyavAna sAmagrI pUrI pADe che. nArAyaNa hemacaMdranI AtmakathA "huM pote (1900)mAM lekhaka pitAnA jIvananAM 34 varSa sudhInI chabI saMyama ane nikhAlasatAthI Alekhe che e daSTie dhyAnapAtra che. nArAyaNa hemacaMdranAM uchera ane vyaktitva e prakAranAM hatAM ke teo lekhanamAM bhASAzuddhi ke kathanamAM vinayavivekanI jhAjhI paravA karatA nathI. bhAI zaMkara, nAnAbhAI bhaTTa vyavasAye selisiTara hatA ane keTalAMka varSa "gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTInA pramukha tarIke rahyA hatA; emanI AtmakathanAtmaka kRti mArA anubhavanI noMdha' (1912) ApaNuM eka agrima vyavahAra-puruSanI anubhavakathA che. ApaNuM saMskRta-prAkRta prAcIna subhASitemAM pravAsanA lAbha varNavyA che, kathAsAhityamAM kaThina ane lAMbA pravAsanI vAta Ave che, rAjakIya azAMti ane arAjaktAnA samayamAM paNa AsetuhimAcala tIrthayAtrAo cAlu hatI, Ama chatAM ApaNuM junA sAhityamAM eka svarUpa tarIke pravAsavarNana nathI, e te. arvAcIna sAhityamAM ja maLe che. gujarAtI sAhityane pahele nedhapAtra pravAsa graMtha mahIpatarAma-kRta "IMglenDanI musApharInuM varNana (1864) che. briTananI zikSaNavyavasthAmAM abhyAsa ane avalokana mATe mahIpatarAmane mekalavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. emaNe pravAsanI vigate uparAMta IMglenDanAM jovAlAyaka sthaLono, tyAMnAM samAjajIvana ane gRhajIvanano tathA aMgrejonI rAjakIya ane zaikSaNika sthitine citAra Ape che. sudhAraka karasanadAsa mULajInuM "iMgleMDamAM pravAsa (1866) e pustaka sAhityaka dRSTie paNa spaSNIya che. sADA cAra pAnAMne e daLadAra sacitra graMtha che ane enA cha grAhaka prakAzana pUrve ja nedhAI gayA hatA ! vilAyata jevAthI mana para thayelI asarathI mAMDI tyAMnA jIvananAM vividha pAsAMnuM emAM sAdI ane svAbhAvika zailImAM varNana che. enuM marAThI bhASAMtara thayuM hatuM. dAmodara, IzvaradAsakRta "cInanI musApharI (1868) emAM varNavAyelA dezane kAraNe rasaprada che. hAi sulemAna zAha muhammada ledhiyAkRta pRthvInI pradakSiNA, bhAga 1 (1895)ane pRthvInI pradakSiNuM, bhAga 2H uttara dhruvathI khATuMma2 A5NuM a5dhana.

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-396 briTiza kAla pravAsa-sAhityamAM vividha daSTie yAdagAra che. enA lekhaka gherAjInA memaNa hatA. ane dakSiNa AphrikAmAM kepaTAunamAM vepAra arthe sthAyI thayelA hatA, 1887 thI 1895 sudhImAM emaNe traNa lAMbA pravAsa karyA; pahelA pravAsamAM teo AphrikA arabastAna misara sIriyA jerusalema ane tu pharyA; bIjA pravAsamAM osTreliyA nyUjhIlenDa cIna jApAna, tyAMthI yunAiTeDa sTeTsa, tyAMthI helaeNinDa beljiyama phAnsa jarmanI ne svIDana thaI yuropIya raziyA, tyAM jatAM palenDa oNsTriyA haMgarI, tyAMthI svilbaralenDa iTalI pena phrAnsa ane iMglenDa thaI mAtRbhUmi bhArata AvyA. A pachI trIjI sapharamAM muMbaIthI maskata, tyAMthI basarA bagadAda mosala, prAcInanagara nineha thaI AkhuM IrAna pharI, bebilonanAM khaMDera jaI, bhArata pAchI AvI, Akho svadeza khUMdI vaLI kepaTAuna gayA, A saghaLI musApharIne vRttAMta "pRthvInI pradakSiNa bhAga-1 mAM che. e pachI sAta varSa 1902 mAM lekhaka rakhaDapaTTIe nIkaLyA. emAM piTuMgAla pAsenA madirA-TApuo, skoTalenDa hemaraphesTa ane uttara dhruva najIkanAM anya sthaLo, tyAMthI moDhe thaI eziyAI raziyA, ' tAtkaMda13 ane kaMda, bepharasanI sAmudradhunImAM thaI turkastAna eziyA-mAInara aMkArA smana grIsa ane misaranA purAtana avazeSa joI, eDana thaI mAtRbhUmi hiMdanA kinAre muMbaI, tyAMthI amadAvAdamAM 1902 mAM surendranAtha benarajInA pramukhapade maLelA koMgresa-adhivezanamAM hAjarI ApI, Abu jaI, pAchA vaLatAM siddhapura rokAI, tA. 25 me, 1903 nA roja bhAre haiye muMbaIthI mAtRbhUmine kinArA choDI, jhAMjhIbAra rokAI tA. 25 navembara 1903 nA roja kepaTAuna pahoMcyA. A badhe vRttAMta "pRthvInI pradakSiNA, bhAga 2' : uttara dhruvathI khATuMma'mAM maLe che. lekhakanI avalokanazakti ane jJAnapipAsA sateja che ane ghaNAM varSa paradeza rahevA chatAM emane gujarAtI bhASA upara kAbU sAro che. baMne bhAgomAM puSkaLa citra che. AvuM bRhad pravAsa-pustaka gujarAtI bhASAmAM virala che. kavi kalApa"-kRta kAzmIrane pravAsa (1912) gujarAtI pravAsasAhityamAM sImAcihyuM che ane mAtra sattara varSanI taruNa vaye thayeluM eka kavi prakRtipremI svadezabhakta sahRdaya mugdha praNayanuM e lekhana, kahe ke, sarjana che. "kalApI'nuM atargata rasavizva kAzmIranA prakRtisauMdarya sAthe eTaluM tAdAmya anubhave che ke A pravAsavarNananuM bIjuM nAma teo "svarganuM svapna" evuM Ape che. emAM gaMbhIratA sAthe vida, suSTilIlAnAM varNane sAthe dezabhakti ane samAja- jIvananA keTalAye AnuSagika viyene lagatA vicAra otaprota che. bALAzaMkara ullAsarAma kaMthAriyA-kRta "mA palene pravAsa' (1898) ane

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sAhitya maNilAla chabArAma bhaTTa-kRta "baniyarane pravAsa (1898) aMgrejI uparathI lakhAyelA che ane pravAsa uparAMta ItihAsanA abhyAsa mATe paNa rasaprada che. jANatA pArasI lekhaka jahAMgIra baherAmajI marjhabAna pravAsanA zokhIna hatA; emaNe muMbaIthI kAzmIra'(1887) pustaka lakhyuM che. vaLI emaNe yuropane pravAsa traNa vAra karyo hato, enuM varNana "modIkhAnAthI mArsesa (1906). vilAyatI vahejA(1912) ane "goruM vilAyata" (1915) e traNa pustakamAM che. A samayagALAnAM ItihAsamAM noMdhapAtra pustakamAM gujarAta varnAkayulara se.sAyaTI'ne eka vAranA AsisTeTa sekreTarI maganalAla vakhatacaMdane amadAvAdane itihAsa (1851) kAlAnukrame pahele hevA sAthe guNadaSTie samRddha che. amadAvAdamAM briTiza amala sthapAyA pahelAMne rasamaya sAmAjika ane Arthika vRttAMta emAMthI maLe che. mohanalAla raNachoDadAsakRta "iMglenDano itihAsa' (1939) enI agAu pragaTa thayuM che, paNa enuM prayojana zALAnA pAThayapustaka tarIkenuM che. bhagavAnalAla saMpatarAma-kRta 'saurASTra dezane itihAsa(1868) eka mutsaddI kuTuMbanA nabIrAne hAthe lakhAye hAI prAcIna itihAsa uparAMta saurASTranAM dezI rAjyanA AMtarika bakheDAo vacce marAThAonI mulakagIrI cAlu hatI ane briTiza sArvabhaumatva hajI thapAyuM nahotuM e samayane saurASTrane AdhArabhUta arvAcIna ItihAsa Ape che. phArbasanI aMgrejI "rAsamALA'nuM raNachoDabhAI udayarAma davee kareluM gujarAtI bhASAMtara phArbasa sabhAe pragaTa karyuM hatuM (1869) ane bhASAMtarakAre karelA umerA ane nedha sAthenI enI bIjI AvRtti (1899) gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTI'e bahAra pADI hatI.14 navalarAma-kRta "Igreja lekane saMkSipta itihAsa' kamabhAgye adhUro rahyo che. itihAsane kSetre paNa narmade gaNanApAtra navIne kAma karyuM che; "rAjyaraMga" (1874) nAmathI jagatane ItihAsa eNe Ape che ane "mahAdarzana-jagatanA itihAsanuM samagradarzana'(1874) lakhyuM che. A baMne graMtha taiyAra karavA mATe eNe Azare basa pustakane upayoga karyo hato. pitAnA vatana suratane ItihAsa namade "sUratanI mukhtasara hakIkata'(1865) e nAmathI Alekhe che ane hiMduonA gauravasthAna mevADane ItihAsa mevADanI hakIkata'(1867) e nAme lakhyo che. rahemAnakhAM kAlekhAM paThANa ane vajezaMkara prANazaMkara upAdhyAya-kRta "sUrata mAMDavInuM dezI rAjya'(1883) upalabdha daphataranI tapAsa karIne lakhAyeluM AdhArabhUta pustaka che. cunIlAla bApujI modI-kRta phe revolyuzana' (1883), mahIpatarAmakRta akabara caritra'(1884) ane "grIsa dezane ItihAsa (1893) aMgrejIne

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358 briTiza kAla AdhAre lakhAyAM che. edalajI jamazedajI kheArInA duSkALa viSe niSNa dha'(1884) gujarAta varnAkayulara se|sAyaTI' mATe lakhAyele inAmI nibaMdha heAvA chatAM pUratA AMkaDA ane aitihAsika pramANA sAthenuM AdhArabhUta pustaka che. chaganalAla ThAkAradAsa medIkRta kille DabhAInAM purAtana kAmeA'(1891) baje`sanA aMgrejI -graMthanuM bhASAMtara che, paNu mULa graMthamAMnAM tamAma citra AmAM paNa apAyAM hoI abhyAsa-dRSTie mUlyavAna che. paramAnaMdadAsa bheLAbhAI pArekha-kRta laMkAnA itihAsa'(1893) aMgrejIne AdhAre lakhAyA che ane lakSmIzaMkara mArArajI bhaTTa--kRta 'prAcIna bhArata'(1898) ramezacaMdra datta-kRta 'eziyanTa inDiyA' anuvAda che. seArAbajI maMcerajI desAIe pArasI aTA ane nAme'(1891) vize rasaprada pustaka lakhyuM che ane 'ttArIkhe navasArI'(1897) nAmathI peAtAnA vatana navasArInA itihAsa AlekhyA che. kamaLAzaMkara trivedI-kRta iMglaeNnDamAM sudhArAne itihAsa'' (1897) bakalakRta hisTarI oNpha sivilAijhezana ina iMglaeNnDa'ne AdhAre taiyAra thayA hatA. 'gujarAtaneA prAcIna itihAsa'(1898) ane 'gujarAtane arvAcIna itihAsa (1898) vidabhAI hAthIbhAI desAIe bombe gaeNjheTiyayara, graMtha 1, bhAga 1' ne AdhAre lakhyA hatA. jamiyatarAma zAstrI-kRta 'jagatanA arvAcIna itihAsa' (1896), mahebUmiyAM imAmaLakSa kAdarI-kRta 'musalamAnAnI caDatIpaDatIneA tihAsa'(1906), nanA miyAM ramiyAM-kRta islAmanA bharatI-eTa'(1907) ane karImaalI nAnajIANI-kRta 'marAThI sattAneA udaya' (1908) aMgrejIne AdhAre lakhAyA che. navanItarAya nArAyaNabhAI mahetAe devadatta bhAMDArakara-kRta alI hisTarI oNpha Dekkana'nuM bhASAMtara 'dakSiNanA pUrvI samayanA itihAsa' (1908) e nAmathI karyuM che ane atisukhazAMkara trivedIe yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa" (1913) gIjhAnA aMgrejI pustakane AdhAre ApyA che. samAjavidyAomAM muMbaInA agraNI takhIba samAjasevaka ane DaoN, bhagavAnalAla IMdrajIne emanA aitihAsika sa zeAdhanakAryamAM sahAya ane uttejana ApanAra DaoN. bhAu dAjI lADanuM 'strIbALahatyA'(1848) pustaka dIkarIne dUdhapItI karavAnA duSTa rivAjanA itihAsa ApI ene dUra karavAnAM AvazyakatA ane upAyA sUcave che. uttamarAma puruSAttamane kaDavA nibaMdha'(1859) kaDavA pATIdAra jJAtinA itihAsa ane tatkAlIna sthiti tathA rItarivAja vave che. vyArAma DAhyAbhAInuM gujarAtInI sthiti'(1884) vizenuM pustaka samAjazAstrIya agatyanuM

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sAhitya che. 'navasArI prAMtanI kAlI paraja'(1901) e pustakamAM premAnada dheALIdAsa paTela dakSiNa gujarAtanA AdivAsIe vize rasaprada sAmAjika adhyayana rajU kare che. 39: aMbAlAla sAkaralAla desAIe mIlanA aMgrejI pustaka uparathI 'azAstranA siddhAntA'(1875) e pustaka 'gujarAta varnAkayulara seAsAyaTI'ne ApyuM che ane cimanalAla harilAla setalavADanuM 'arthazAstranAM mULa tattvA'(1886) pustaka paNa e saMsthAe pragaTa karyuM che. baLavatarAma mahAdevarAma mahetA kRta "hindanI rAjayavyavasthA ane leAkasthiti'(1889), jagajIvanadAsa bhavAnIzaMkara kApaDiyA--kRta 'pratinidhi rAjya viSe vivecana'(1893), kRpAzaMkara dolatarAma travADI-kRta 'rUziyA'(1898) ane 'kezavalAla meAtIlAla parIkha-kRta 'hindanI udyogasthiti'(1907) e ja saMsthAnAM prakAzana che. maNilAla nabhubhAIne cetanazAsra'(1896) ane harasiddhabhAI vajubhAI diveTiyAnA 'mAnasazAstra'(1914) e a MgrejIne AdhAre lakhAyelA mane vijJAnanA graMtha che. hAramasajI pharAmajI cinAI-kRta 'cIna ane iMglaeNMDa khAtenA vepAranuM gaNita pustaka'(1860) pazcima bhAratanA pararASTriya vepAra temaja vyavahAru arthazAstranI dRSTie jovA jevuM che. vyAkaraNa ane bhASAzAstrane viSaya ApaNI bhASAmAM arvAcIna kAlamAM ja kheDAyeA che. jUnI gujarAtImAM teramA saikAnA saMgrAmasiMhakRta 'bAlazikSAthI mAMDI aneka auktika racAyAM che te leAkabhASA dvArA saMskRta zIkhavA mATenAM vyAkaraNa che, leAkabhASAnAM vyAkaraNa nathI. vaLI keLavaNIne! AraMbha thayA pachI, prathama pustaka 'gujarAtI bhASAnuM vyAkaraNa'(1840) gaMgAdharazAstrI phaDakee lakhyuM, paNu e emanA marAThI vyAkaraNanuM lagabhaga bhASAMtara heAI atizaya khAmIbhareluM che,15 e pachI mahIpatarAma(1862), haragAviMdadAsa kAMTAvALA, lAlaza kara umiyAzaMkara ane bIjA keTalAke zALApayeAgI vyAkaraNa lakhyAM che. narmadAzaMkaranuM 'narma vyAkaraNa'(1865) agrayAyInI kRti tarIke dhyAnapAtra che, paNa A kSetre -agrima sImAcihnarUpa, joseph vAna semarena Telara-kRta 'gujarAtI bhASAnuM vyAkaraNa' "nAnuM ane mAruM baMne-1867 mAM pragaTa thayAM che. ApaNA samayagALAmAM thayeluM bhASAzAstra vizenu` kA` kevaLa prAthamika -svarUpanuM che, mahIpatarAme vyutpattiprakAza'(1882) taiyAra karyo che, paNa emane -athavA vyutpattipATha'(1872)nA kartA navalarAma jevA vivecaka vidvAnane kramika

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briTiza kAla vyutpatti vize spaSTa khyAla ja nahotuM. choTAlAla sevakarAma-kRta gujarAtI zabdamULadarzakakAza'(1879) ane prabhAkara rAmacaMdra paMDita-kRta "apabhraSTa zabdaprakAza" (1880) nAnakaDA vyutpatiza che. zabdonAM mULa zodhavAnA puruSArtha lekhe A be kRtionuM atihAsika mahatva che. A kSetramAM zAstrIya abhigamane sapaSTa aNasAra ApaNane vrajalAla kAlidAsa zAstrInI pustikAomAM maLe che; "gujarAtI bhASAne ItihAsa (1866) ane "utsargamALA (1870) e baMne A daSTie mahatvanI che. pahelI pustikA gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTIe lakhAyela InAmI, nibaMdha che. emAM jUnI hastapratomAMthI namUnA ApI bhASAnI kamika utkrAMti darzAvI che ane bIjImAM saMskRtamAMthI prAkRta dvArA gujarAtI zabda vyutpanna thAya enA utsarga arthAta niyama udAharaNa sAthe batAvyA che. vrajalAla zAstrIne je sAdhuone saMparka hAI emane prAkRta bhASAone paricaya thayo hato ane ethI bhASAvikAsamAM e kAle virala tevI aitihAsika daSTi emaNe dAkhavI che. emanI A be kRti have kAlagrasta thaI hovA chatAM A viSayanA abhyAsIe avazya jovA jevI che. arvAcIna bhAratIya bhASAomAM vijJAnanuM sAhitya e pazcimanA saMparkanuM pratyakSa pariNAma che ane gujarAtI bhASA emAM apavAda nathI. vijJAnanI vividha zAkhAonA bahusaMkhya pustaka gujarAtImAM lakhAyAM ane pragaTa thayAM che. e prAraMbhakAlanAM prakAzana prAthamika svarUpamAM hatAM ane vaijJAnika saMzodhamAM thaye jatI jhaDapI pragatine kAraNe bIjAM ghaNAM prakAzana kayAranAthe kAlagrasta thaI gayAM haze, te paNa saMkhyA ane viSayavaividhya e baMne daSTie jotAM prastuta layagALAmAM pedA thayelA prabe dhanI ghAtaka e lekhana-prakAzana pravRtti che. emAMnAM keTalAMka pustaya aMgrejInA anuvAda che, jyAre bIjAM keTalAMka svataMtra kRtio gaNI zakAya tevAM saMkalana ke adhyayana che. ahIM enuM kevaLa udAharaNAtmaka digdarzana zakya che. - vijJAnaviSayaka prAraMbhika prakAzamAM neTiva ejyukezana sosAyaTImAM pragaTa karela pAThyapustaka "bhUgoLa ane khoLa (1839), goviMda nArAyaNa-kRta "udda bhijaja padArtha (1859), kekhuzaru rustamajI vikAcha-kRta siddha padArthavijJAna" (1871), mahIpatarAma rUparAmanuM "padArthavijJAna (1873), harilAla mohanalAla kRta bhUgoLane upayoga'(1867), bhAlacaMdra kRSNa bhATavaDekara-kuta vanaspatizAstranAM mULa to'(1881) Adine gaNI zakAya. AmAMnAM ceDAMkano nirdeza A prakaraNamAM agAu prAraMbhika pAThayapustakonA anulakSamAM AvyuM che.

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sAhitya : e pachI vizeSa abhyAsapradhAna ane, kaMIka vyApaka daSTie lakhAyelAM pustakane yuga Ave che; jeka emAMye guNavattAnuM vaividhya svAbhAvika rIte meTuM che. ceDAMka zIrSaka joIe : baLavaMtarAma mahAdevarAma mahetAkRta prANu varNana bhAga 1 thI 3(1885), vanaspatizAstranAM mULatara (1889) tathA "aneka vidyA-mULatatvasaMgraha (1893), bApAlAla bhAIzaMkara bhaTTa-kRta "khetIvADImAM sudhAraNA viSe nibaMdha (1884), maNilAla dalapatarAma saMta-kRta jIvajaMtu ane duniyAnI ajAyabIo'(1893) ane duniyAnI bAlyAvasthA (1896), maNilAla harage viMda bhaTTa-skRta "prakRtizAstranAM mULatatta'(1896), bhAnukharAma niNarAma mahetAkRta "sAmAnya padArthavijJAna (1894) ane hindanAM AMcaLavALAM prANIo (1896), DAhyAbhAI derAsarIvRta "saraLa padArthavijJAna (1896), dAmubhAI DAhyAbhAI mahetAkRta indriyavijJAnazAstra'(1899) Adi ullekhapAtra che. ' prastuta samayagALAmAM keTalAMka pustaka lekabhogya zailIe niSNAtoe lakhelAM che e emanI lokasevAvRtti temaja bhASAbhakti baMne darzAve che. De. nIlakaMTharAya DAhyAbhAI chatrapatinAM 17 pustaka-ArogyanAM mULa to (1882), "sAdhAraNa padArthonuM rasAyaNa'(1892), "hindustAnanAM gAmaDAMnI ArogyatA' (1897), dharamAM vaparAtI cIjonuM rasAyaNa (1897), "akasamAta vakhate madada ane IlAja (1900), "mAMdAnI sAravAra'(1905), "lepagI zArIravivA' (1908) Adi; De. tribhuvanadAsa metIcaMda zAhanAM pustakamAne zikhAmaNa (1885), "AregyatA ane svacchatA' (1890), gRhavyavasthA ane ArogyavidyA' (1898), garamI ane TAMkInA rAga' (1900) Adi, De. ravizaMkara gaNezajI aMchariyA-kRta pustaka-vahune zikhAmaNa' (1891) ane "marakInI hakIkata' (1906); . josepha benjAminaskRta 'taMbAku ane bhAMganAM mAdaka to (1894), ane hindustAnamAM ArogyatAne sudhAro (1899) Adi, De. cunIlAla baherAvALAkRta "zaheranI ArogyatA', De. dhanajIbhAI haramasajI mahetAkRta "garbhapoSaNa ane suvAvaDa (1906), marakI viSe bhASaNa(1908) Adi dulerAya cheTAlAla aMjAriyAskRta khAtara'(1897), khetIvADI ane bagIcAnI Upaja vadhAranArAM khAtara'(1903) Adi; mohanalAla kAmezvara paMDayA-kRta "DheranuM khAtara'(1901) vagere A dRSTie viziSTa nedha mAgI le che. vanaspatividda jayakRSNa indrajIe karacha svasthAnanI vanaspatio ane tenI upayogitA (1870) tathA vanaspatizAstraH baraDA DuMgaranI jaDIbuTTI (1910) e pramANabhUta bRhad graMthe ApyA che. 19 homiyopathIsameta tabIbIvidyAnA sarvasaMgraha je sacitra graMtha vaidyakavijJAnacaka che. jamanAdAsa premacaMda nANAvaTIe tauyAra karyo che.20

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briTiza kSaNa bIja ullekhapAtra pustakamAM gaNapatarAya gepAlarAva bakRta anAdi kALathI cAlI AvelI prANija sRSTi'(1897) ane "hindanI khanija saMpatti (1893), viSaNa geviMda cipalekara kRta hindustAnanA sapa, bhAga 1 (1889), trIkamalAla dAmodaradAsakRta ilekaTropleTiMgane hunara'(1903), "sImenTa banAva vAne hunara(1903), "vArniza (1905) ane vividha prakAranA hunnarapagI tejAbe (1905), AtmArAma motIrAma dIvAnajI kRta pazunA auSadhanuM zAstra (1905), "azvaparIkSA (1905), "zarIra ane indriyavijJAna (1905), "khagoLa saMbaMdhI vyAkhyAnamALA'(1908) ane "khaLavidyA'(1910), gaMgAzaMkara maNizaMkara vaiSNavakRta "padArthavijJAna(1908) Adi gaNAvI zakAya, - ogaNIsamI sadInI chellI pacIsImAM vaDodarA rAjyanA Azraya ane uttejanathI vijJAna-viSayaka keTalAMka mahatvanAM gujarAtI prakAzana thayAM hatAM; enI nadhi A prakaraNanA pariziSTamAM vaDodarA rAjyanI sAhityapravRtti sAthe laIza. pAlIpa 1. anaMtarAya rAvaLa, bhUtapUrva vaDodarA rAjyanA upakrame jAnyuArI 1948 mAM yojAyelA - gujarAtI graMthakAra saMmelanamAM apAyeluM vyAkhyAna "arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanAM prerakabaLe" (graMthastha thayuM vyAkhyAtAnA lekhasaMgraha "gadhAkSata', pR. 245-30 7mAM) 2. anaMtarAya rAvaLa, gandhAkSata', pR. 264-65 3. ejana, pR. 279. 4. "rAIne parvata' vAcakane sAmAnyata: TADhuM nATaka lAge ane A lekhakane, pAThya-purataka tarIke aneka vAra vAMcyA pachI paNa e evuM ja lAgatuM hatuM, paNa 1948mAM gujarAta vidyAsabhAnI zatAbdI prasaMge zrI jayazaMkara suMdarI'nA digdarzana nIce e bhajavAyuM tyAre sAhityika guNavattA sAthe enI asAmAnya takhtAlAyakI pragaTa thaI hatI. 5. gujarAtI bhASAmAM pragaTa thayelA tamAma graMthanI zAstrIya sUci ApaNAM abhyAsa ane saMzodhananuM eka Avazyaka sAghana hovuM joIe. (enI pUrtirUpe sAmacikanI lekhasaci paNa hoya). AvI sUcine abhAve abhyAsIone keTale badhe parizrama ane samaya kevaLa sAmagrI ane e paNa chUTaka varUpe ekatra karavAmAM jAya che! thavI joItI graMthasUcinI rUparekhA mATe juo gujarAtI sAhitya pariSadanA mukhapatra "paraba', jAnyuArI 1979 mAM bhegIlAla sAMDesarA lekha "gujarAtI graMthasUci'. " ka, zilAchApamAM pragaTa thayelA A puratakanA TAITala-pejane bleka hIrAlAla pArekha-kRta gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTIne ItihAsa , bhAga-1, pR. 38 upara chapAya che. zrI pArekha lakhe che: "ATaluM jUnuM chApeluM pustaka bIjuM koI amAre jovAmAM AvyuM nathI (pR. 37), paNa manDa-kta "glasarI" 1808mAM chapAyelI hAI ene upalabdha prathama prakAzana gaNavI joIe jue prakaraNa 12 nuM pariziSTa).

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sAhitya : 7. mudrita gujarAtI pustakonI yAdIo muMbaI sarakAranA hukamathI sane 1867 ane 1860mAM pragaTa thaI hatI, te uparathI vaDodarA yunivarsiTInI zrImatI haMsA mahetAM lAIbrerI(yunivarsiTI lAIbrerI)nA keTaloga vibhAganA adhIkSaka (suparinTenDenTa) zrI ke. jI. vaidya pitAnA upayoga mATe karelI temAMthI keTalAMka alabhya pustakone ahIM meM ulekha - karyo che, e badala emane AbhAra mAnuM chuM. 8. sane 1878 sudhImAM AvI 81 pustikA pragaTa thaI hatI. e paikI keTalIkanI yAdI tathA vizeSa vigate mATe juo hIrAlAla pArekha, gujarAta varnAkyulara sesAyaTIne ItihAsa', bhAga-1, pR. 59-62. 9. emAM eka apavAda gaNavo hoya te gaNuM zAya. sattaramA saukAmAM thayelA hiMdI kavi . banArasIdAse pacAsa varSanI vaya sudhIne pitAne jIvanavRttAMta AlekhatuM "ardhakathAnaka' nAme kAvya raceluM che. 10. "mArI hakIkta" 1886mAM lakhAI hatI, paNa enuM prakAzana narmadanA janma zatAbdI varSamAM, 1933mAM thayuM ! 11. maNilAlanA "Atmacaritra ne mATe bhAga apragaTa hatuM te dhIrubhAI ThAkare TheTha 1979 mAM saMpAdita karIne bahAra pADatho che. 12. A bIjo bhAga saMjogavazAta ghaNAM varSa sudhI apragaTa rahyo. enI prastAvanA lekhake, A lAMbI musApharI pUrI karyA pachI turata 10 okTobara, 1907nA roja lakhelI che, paNa purata nA prakAzananI TUMkI prastAvanA nIce kepaTAuna tA. ra9 jUna, 1929 nirdeza che. DAka mAsa bAda pustaka pragaTa thayuM tyAra pahelAM ja lekhaka avasAna pAmyA hatA. ene prakAzanamAM sahAya karanAra emanA mitra ane zubhecchaka rustamajI pestanajI masANIe AraMbhamAM emanuM TUMkuM jIvanacarita AlekhyuM che ane pustakanA mahatvane paricaya Ape che. 13. tAzkedamAM magana hakIma nAme eka siMdhI hiMdu vaidyanI dhIktI preTisanI neMdha lekhake 14. e ja graMthanI trIjI AvRtti pAchI phArbasa sabhAe prasiddha karI hatI (pahele bhAga 1922, bIjo bhAga 1925). "15. DAhyAbhAI derAsarI, 'sAThInA sAhityanuM digdarzana', pR. 53-54 16. sane 1963mAM dilhI khAte inDiyana sAyansa koMgresanuM pacAsamuM adhivezana maLyuM te samaye prAdezika bhASAomAM pragaTa thayelA vijJAnaviSayaka sAhityanI sUci taiyAra karavAnI vinaMtI koMgresanA kAryavAhako taraphathI karavAmAM AvI hatI. enA pratibhAvarUpe vaDodarA yunivarsiTInA gujarAtI vibhAge yunivarsiTI lAIbrerInA sahakArathI tyAra sudhImAM chapAyelAM gujarAtI pustakanI vyavasthita sUci karI hatI. vaDodarAmAM upalabdha hatAM te ja purata, keTaloga Adi uparathI e sUci thaI hovA chatAM emAM sAtase karatAM vadhu kRti hatI. gujarAtImAM pragaTa thayelAM tamAma pustaka gujarAta ke muMbaInA koI puratakAlayamAM nathI ane bhUtapUrva dezI rAjayomAM bahAra paDelAM pustaka kopIrAiTalAibrerImAM mekalavAnuM pharajiyAta nahatuM, e jotAM vijJAnaviSayaka gujarAtI pustakonI kharekhara sUci A karatAM ThIka ThIka meTI thavI joIe.

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briTiza kATa 17. Do. nIlakaMTharAya chatrapati tathA uparanA lakhANamAM emanI pachI turata jemane nirdeza che te DaoN. tribhuvanadAsa zAha amadAvAdanI bI. je. meDikla skUlamAM adhyApaka hatA. De. chatrapatine akALe aMdhatva sAMpaDayuM hatuM, paNa teo daryavAna vicakSaNa ane parA AzAvAdI hatA. nirAzAmAM nahi DUbI jatAM emaNe aMdhazikSaNane mArga che ane aMdhajane mATe gujarAtI breila lipi yojavAmAM agrayAyI banyA. muMbaImAM aMdhazALA sthApavAmAM emanuM meTuM yogadAna hatuM ane mRtyu sudhI teo e zALAnA AcAryapade rahyA hatA (Do. chatrapatinA jIvana-cati mATe juo "kumAra", eprila, 1978 mAM azoka ThAkorane lekha). 18. De. tribhuvanadAsa zAha pachIthI jUnAgaDha rAjyanA cIpha meDikala ophisara nimAyA hatA. 19. jyakRSNa drajI ucca koTinA vanarapatizAstrI hatA. emanA jIvana ane kArya mATe juo bApAlAla ga. vaidyanuM pustaka vanaspati-zAstrI jayakRSNabhAI." 20. De. jamanAdAsanA avasAna pachI emanA putra bAlAbhAI nANAvaTIe 1917 mAM be bhAgamAM A graMtha chapAvyuM che.

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pariziSTa 1 gujarAtamAM mudraNane Ugama ane vikAsa A mudraNa e eka kaLA te che ja, paNa vadhumAM ene kaLAone sAcavanArI kaLA tarIke paNa oLakhavAmAM Ave che. Ama e ItihAsane saMgharavAnuM sAdhana paNa banI rahe che. e kAraNe koI paNa kALa yA prajAnA sAMskRtika itihAsamAM enA mudraNane RtihAsa e eka nekhuM prakaraNa banI jAya che. mudraNanI zodha paMdaramI sadImAM thaI eTale e kaLA cAra TIkA karatAM jUnI nathI. cAra saikA pahelAM mudraNa jevuM kaMI hatuM ja nahi evuM paNa nathI, dunithAnA jUnAmAM jUnA pustaka tarIke jene oLakhavAmAM Ave che tenI para maLI AvatI mudraNanI chApane abhyAsa karI e I.sa. 868nI sAlamAM chapAyAnuM nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM che. cInamAM chapAyeluM A prAcInatama pustaka e Aje ApaNe vyApaka arthamAM jene pustaka kahIe tevuM pustaka nathI. mudraNanI zodha cInamAM thaI ane kAgaLanI zodha mATe paNa ApaNe cInanA RNa chIe. kAgaLanI zedhane varasa sudhI gupta rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI, paNa pAchaLathI e samarakaMda thaI Araba gulAma dvArA pazcimamAM pahoMcI. mudraNanuM paNa evuM ja thayuM. e kaLA cInAoe zeAdhI kADhI. koriyAe ene ThIka ThIka pramANamAM vikasAvI ane tyAMthI madhya eziyA thaI e pazcimamAM pahoMcI. ' mudraNanI zodhanA zarUAtanA tabakkAmAM lAkaDAnA pATiyA para lakhANane kotarI kADhI e rIte taiyAra thatA katarelA pATiyA parathI chApakAma karavAmAM AvatuM. A paddhati atyaMta dhImI hatI ane ene mATe khUba mANasone kAme lagADavA paDatA. e kAraNe A rIte taiyAra thatAM pustakonI saMkhyA tathA prata khUba ochAM hatAM ane ene upayoga maMdira ane rAjamahele pUrato maryAdita hate. mudraNane vyApaka ane saraLa banAvavA mATe cInAoe 11 mI sadImAM mATInAM chUTAM chUTAM bIbAM banAvI, ene pakavI e parathI chApakAma karI joyuM hatuM. keriyanee mATInAM bIbAM pakavI enA parathI chApakAma karavAnI kaLA vikasAvI hatI ane haju paNa koriyAnA saMgrahasthAnamAM mATInAM prAcIna bIbAM saMgharAyelAM paDyAnuM noMdhAyeluM che. ziyAne dAvo te e paNa che ke pazcimamAM dhAtunAM bIbAM zedhAyAM. te pahelAM

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briTiza kAla ' keriyane e chApakAma mATe dhAtunAM bIbAM DhALavAnuM zedhI kADhyuM hatuM ane evAM bIbAM parathI rAjyapatronuM chApakAma karyuM hatuM. mudraNanI zodhanA mULamAM cIna ane keriyA baMne dezanI prajAone puruSArtha che e vize vivAda nathI; paraMtu A dezonI citralipine kAraNe dhAtunAM bIbAM banAvavAnuM emane mATe saraLa nahetuM, eTaluM ja nahi, e lipiomAM varNAkSaronI pracuratAne kAraNe mudraNa mATenAM dhAtunAM bIbAM vikasAvavAnuM emane mATe muzkela hatuM. haju Aje paNa varNAkSaronI pracuratA e cInI, koriyana tathA jApAnI lipinuM evuM lakSaNa gaNAya che je ke saraLa mudraNa mATe bAdhArUpa lekhAya che. A saMjogomAM cInathI pazcimanA dezamAM pahecelI mudraNakaLAne vyApaka banAvavAmAM jarmanInA jahona guTanabargane saphaLatA maLI(1440). eNe pahelavahelI vAra ekabIjA sAthe gaThavI zakAya tevAM ane enA parathI chApakAma karI lIdhA bAda pharI pAchAM chUTAM pADI zakAya tevAM ane pharI kAmamAM laI zakAya tevAM dhAtunAM bIbAMonI zodha karI. A kAraNe jahena guTanabargane mudraNane pitA gaNavAmAM Ave che. tyArabAda lagabhaga ekase dasa varase mudraNakaLAnuM hiMdamAM avataraNa thayuM. tA. 6 navembara 1556 nA roja je sUITa pAdarIo govAnA baMdara para eka chApakhAnuM ane muka laI UtaryA. A mudrakanuM nAma juAnada bustAmAMte (Juan de Bustamante) hatuM. A AdamI speniza hate. govAmAMnA chApakhAnAmAMnAM bIbAM romana hatAM. e chApakhAnAmAM leTina ke parTugIjha bhASAmAM graMtha chapAtA. 1616 nI sAlamAM gAvAmAM marAThI evIbaddha khristapurANa mudrita thayuM, alabatta e romana lipimAM hatuM. A purANane kartA phAdhara Tomasa sTiphansa e hiMdanI bhUmi . para paga mUkanAra pahele aMgreja hatA. ema manAya che ke eNe pitAnA vaDIlone iMglenDamAM vakhatovakhata je patra mokalyA hatA te IsTa InDiyA kampanInI sthApanAmAM preraka banyA hatA. gAvAmAM remana lipimAM chApelA bIjA keTalAka marAThI graMtha upalabdha che. hiMdustAnamAMnI mudraNakalAnA pahelA pravezanI dRSTie ja kevaLa govAmAMnA A mudraNAlayane mahatva apAya che. porTugIjha mizanarIoe chApakhAnAne lihitamaMDapa' evuM nAma ApyuM che. 1 hiMdustAnanA dezI mudraNanA Agha AcAryanuM mAna sara cArlsa vilphinsa(Charles Wilkins)ne ApavuM joIe, kAraNa ke enA prayatna dezI mudraNanA

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gujarAtamAM mudraNane ugama ane vikAsa upattisthAne che. eNe pete baMgALAmAM hevAthI baMgALI akSaranAM bIbAM pADayAM ane e bIbAMonI sahAyatAthI mi. laeNTabeniyala hebeDe (Mr. Natbe. niel Halbed) pitAnuM baMgALI vyAkaraNa 1778 nI sAlamAM chApyuM1795nI sAlamAM emaNe devanAgarI lipinAM bIbAM taiyAra karyA ane pitAnuM saMskRta bhASAnuM vyAkaraNa chApavAnI zarUAta karI, paNa du vavazAta enA kAryAlayane ekAeka Aga lAgI ne badhAM bIbAM bagaDI gayAM. A AgamAMthI bacAvelAM bIbAMnAM meTrise ane paMca e iMglenDamAM sAthe laI gayA ane 1808 nI sAlamAM eNe pitAnuM saMskRta bhASAnuM vyAkaraNa mudrita karyuM. 1823nI sAlamAM muMbaImAM je marAThI pustaka-viduranIti'-chapAyuM te A ja TAIpathI. kuriyara prese A TAIpa tyAMthI ApyA hatA, paraMtu e patranI marAThI jAherakhabare moDI bIbAMmAM ja chapAtI. muMbaI kuriyara'nA tA. 17 julAI, 1802 (aM512)nA aMkamAM pahelI marAThI moDI jAherakhabara jovAmAM Ave che. A ja sAlamAM tA. 24 julAInA aMkamAM kAnaDI jAherakhabara che. mAnDa kRta "glosarI' nAmanI gujarAtI-aMgrejInI-marAThI DikzanarI 1808 mAM prasiddha karI. tyArabAda gujarAtI-aMgrejI DiphazanerI mirajhA mahamada kAsIme tauyAra karelI ane enI navarojI pharadunajIe sudhArA-vadhArA karelI AvRtti 1846nI sAlamAM prasiddha thaI che. emAM zabdanAM mULa tarIke saMskRta kiMvA marAThI zabda batAvavA mATe je nAgarI bIbAM vAparyA che te vikinsanAM ja che. vikisse bIbAM taiyAra karatI veLA je luhAronI madada lIdhI hatI te kArIgaronI madadathI pAchaLathI De. viliyama kere, je 1793 nI sAlamAM hiMdustAnamAM zubhavartamAnane pracAra karavA AvyuM hatuM teNe, baMgALamAM zrI rAmapuramAM mudraNane virATa udyoga jamAvyuM. baMgALI nAgarI meDI urdU gujarAtI kAnaDI vagere aneka bhASAomAM eNe bAIbala ane itara pustake chApyAM. eNe gujarAtI bhASAmAM bAIbala prasiddha karyuM. alabatta, gujarAtI bIbAM muMbaImAM A pUrve ja taiyAra thayAM hatAM. A bIbAM baherAmajI jIjIbhAIe "kuriyara' patranI jAherakhabara mATe taiyAra karyA hovAnuM kahevAya che. "kuriyara patra 1791nI sAlamAM zarU thayuM. A patranI 1797nI sAlanI phAile muMbaI sarakAranA daphatarakhAnAmAM saMgraha karI rAkhelI che. A patranA 1797nI sAlanA jAnyuArInI tA. 7, 14, ane 21 nA (223, 224 ane ra05) akemAM gujarAtI jAherajAbara dekhAtI nathI, paraMtu tA. 28 jAnyuArI 19 saMraraka)thI gujarAtI lipimAM paNa jAherakhabare dekhAya che. A parathI e varSe gujarAtI bIbAM prathama cAlu thayAM ema kahI zakAya. T * * *

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briTiza kahe | ' pharadunajI marjhabAnanA chApakhAnA (1812) pachIthI amerikana mizana (1817), cAbuka (1822), jAme jamazeda(1858), gaNapata kRSNAjI(1831) vagere chApakhAnAM nIkaLyAM ane emAM gujarAtI mudraNa paNa zarU thayuM. gujarAtIoe zarU karelAM chApakhAnAM zilAchApanAM jaNAya che. emAM paNa cheka paheluM zilAchApakhAnuM mahetAjI durgArAma maMchArAme zarU kareluM. 184ra nI sAlamAM suratamAM "dAdebA durgArAma dalapatarAma dAmodaradAsa dinamaNizaMkara' A pAMca dakArAdi nAmanA gRhastha hatA. emaNe eka gujarAtI pustaka prasAraka maMDaLI sthApI hatI ane e mATe chApakhAnuM khelyuM hatuM, jene virodha thayo hato. e sajajane e zilAchApayaMtra muMbaIthI ApyuM hatuM. hiMdamAM chApakhAnAM sthApavAnI chUTa kAyade gavarnara janarale sane 1835mAM maMjUra karyo hato, chatAM sane 184ra mAM A maMDaLIne surata zaheramAM mukhya mejisTreTe A chApakhAnuM kADhavA dIdhuM nahatuM. A aTakAva kAyadAviruddha hate. durgArAmane ane enA sAthIone zaheramAM chApakhAnuM lAvavAnI rajA na maLI tethI teo nAumeda thayA nahi. adhikArI kAyadA viruddha harakata kare che e joI emaNe zaheranA koTanI bahAra katAragAmanA daravAjA pAse makAna bhADe lIdhuM ane emAM chApayaMtro ApyAM. keTaleka vakhata gayA pachI chApakhAnuM zaheramAM lAvavAmAM AvyuM | hiduratAnamAM agrejonA Agamana pachI bAIbala vagere chApelAM pustaka AvavA lAgyAM tyAre hiMdavAsIone e kaLAne paricaya thayuM. e chApela pustakamAM joIne bhImajIbhAI pArekha nAmanA gujarAtIne dharmagraMthe devanAgarI lipimAM chApavAnI preraNA thaI. bhImajI pArekha isTa inDiyA kampanInA ADatiyA hAI emaNe kaMpanInA DAyarekaTarone lakhyuM ke chApavAnI kalAmAM pravINa hoya evA kArIgarane vilAyatathI ahIM mokalAve, kaMpanInA DAyarekTaroe hetrI hIla nAmanA eka kArIgarane I. sa. 1674 mAM muMbaI mokale. hevI hIla pitAnI sAthe chApavAnuM yaMtra, bIbAM ane kAgaLa paNa lAvyuM hatuM, paraMtu ene bIbAM DhALavAnuM kAma AvaDatuM na hovAthI je hetu mATe ene belA hatA te hetu pAra paDyo nahi, eTale bhImajIe pharI vilAyata lakhIne I. sa. 1978mAM bIjo kArIgara bolAvI magA. bhImajI pArekhe suratamAM ja dezI chApagara tauyAra karyA ane sAthe sAthe emane bIbAM ketaravAnA kAme lagADayA. - bhImajI pArekhane hAthe suratamAM mudraNakaLAnAM bIja ropAyA bAda sa dharasane gALo vItI gaye. e kALa daramyAna e kaLA gujarAtamAM kevI rIte vikasI enI kaDIbaddha vigata maLatI nathI. I. sa. 1777 mAM rustamajI kharazedajI nAmanA eka sAhasika pArasIe muMbaInA koTa vistAramAM bajArageTamAM eka chApakhAnuM

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gujarAtamAM mudraNane ugama ane vikAsa kholyuM, A chApakhAnAmAM I. sa. 1780 mAM pahelI ja vAra, romana aMgrejI paMcAMga(kelenDara)nI aneka nakale chApI. hiMdamAM paMcAMganA chApakAmanAM pagaraNa tyArathI thayAM ema gaNI zakAya. vastutaH atyAre je gujarAtI bIbAM chApakAmamAM vaparAya che tenuM mULa svarUpe baherAmajI jIjIbhAI nAmanA pArasIe pracalita karyuM hoIne emanI aTaka paNa "chApagaraNa" tarIkenI lokajIbhe vasI gaI. bIbAkasabI baherAmajI jIjIbhAInuM I. sa. 1804 mAM avasAna thayuM. e vakhate emanA putra jIjIbhAI baherAmajInI vaya ghaNI nAnI, paNa bacapaNa vaTAvIne kizora vayamAM AvatAM ja teo paNa dha baeNnme kuriara' chApakhAnAmAM ja kAma zIkhavA rahyA ane AkhI jiMdagI emaNe e ja chApakhAnAmAM gujArI. I. sa. 1855 thI emaNe pahelavahelI "kheradeha avatA'nI copaDI chApI -gujarAtI bIbAMmAM pragaTa karelI. jene vyavasthita kahI zakAya tevuM ane gujarAtI bhASAmAM badhA prakAranuM mudraNakArya hAtha dhare tevuM sau prathama gujarAtI chApakhAnuM - zarU karavAnI hiMmata ane pahela te karI pharadunajI marjhabAnajIe lAgavaga lagADI emaNe lAkaDAne eka dAbakhesa meLave, jematema karIne chApavAne bIjo saraMjAma Ubho karyo ane pitAne hAthe gujarAtI bIbAne eka seTa tIkhA leDhA para kAtaryo. pote ja tAMbAnI takhatIo ThokI ane pote ja ene sIsAmAM otI TAIpa pADyA. A bIbAM pADavAM ghasavAM sApha karavA vagere mATe pharadunajIe gharanAM bairAM-chokarAMne kAme lagADyAM. 1812 mAM emaNe muMbaImAM "gujarAtI chApakhAnA'nA zrIgaNeza mAMDyA. kiMmata bhAre hevA chatAM emAM chapAIne bahAra paDatAM pustakone sAro upADa thavA lAgyA. - muMbaImAM pahelavahelAM aMgrejI bIbAM pADanAra rustamajI kharazedajIe I. sa. 1780mAM aMgrejI paMcAMga pragaTa kareluM. pharadunajIe paNa I. sa. 1814mAM saMvata 1871nuM prathama gujarAtI paMcAga bahAra pADyuM. Aje rUpiyAnI kiMmata anekagaNuM ghaTI che tyAre, rUpiye ke be rUpiyAnI kiMmate paMcAMga maLe che, paNa e jamAnAmAM, eTale ke AjathI 158 varasa pahelAM, pharadUnachanA chApakhAnAmAMthI prasiddha thayelA e paMcAMganI kiMmata paNa be rUpiyA hovA chatAM enI puSkaLa nakale khapI gaI. Aja dina sudhI, dara varase ekadhArI niyamitatAthI paMcAMga chApavAnI e praNAlikA "muMbaI samAcAra chApakhAna mAraphata jaLavAtI rahI che. bIje varase phArasI ktiAba dAstAnane gujarAtI tarajUme rU. 15nI kiMmata bahAra paDo tarajU karanAra ane chApanAra baMne pharadunajI pate hatA. I. sa.

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, briTiza kANa 1818 mAM kheradeha avastA bA mAenI'nuM eka moTuM pustaka bahAra pADayuM. pArasIonA dharmapustaka boradeha avastAranA gujarAtI tarajUmA sAthenuM e sarvathI paheluM pustaka che. e ja varasamAM zekha sAdInA "karImAne anuvAda ane nasihatanI phArasI copaDIonA tarajumA pragaTa thayA. I.sa. 1819 mAM "bunadehaza" nuM pustaka chApyuM ane keTalAMka nAnAM copAniyAM bahAra pADyAM. I. sa. 1822 mAM emaNe marenA aMgrejI vyAkaraNane gujarAtI tarajUme pragaTa karyo. - I. sa. 1826mAM emaNe gAzItaLAnI samajaNane lagatuM pustaka chApyuM, je sarakAre pitAne kharace prajAmAM maphata vaheMcyuM hatuM ke gujarAtI ane nAgarI akSaranAM bIbAMnI banAvaTanI kaLAmAM sudhAre, karanAra ane divase divase enA mareDa AkarSaka karavAmAM saMpUrNa sahAya karanAra Tomasa grehAma ane suratane jIvaNa luhAra che. Tomasa grehAme lekhaMDanA khIlA upara akSare kema ke taravA enI kaLA chavaNa luhArane batAvI (1835). amerikana mizana presamAM chavaNa luhAranI banAvaTanAM nAgarI ane gujarAtI bIbAMne upayoga thayuM hatuM. jAvajI dAdAjInI tathA bIjI phAunDarIomAM je sAdA paikA eTale 12 poITanAM bIbAM bane che te mULa jIvaNa luhAranAM, paNa pAchaLathI sudhArelAM ja che. 1845-48 mAM "daphatara AzakArA'mAM kAma karatA eka pArasIe hAlamAM "rAsta gestAramAM chapAtAM 14 poITanAM bIbAM banAvelAM ane e ja pArasIe. 18 poinTanAM "eNlageTeDa" gujarAtI bIbAM paNa banAvelAM che. Tomasa grehAme keLavI taiyAra karelA betraNa marAThAoe judI judI jAtanA gujarAtI ane nAgarI akSara banAvelA che, je Aje sAmAnyataH saghaLA gujarAtI nAgarI chApakhAnAomAM vaparAya che. nAnAbhAI rustamajI rANInAnA 14 poInTanA ne bIjA akSaranA teoe jAteja paMca karelA che. ejyukezana sosAyaTInA gujarAtI ane marAThI. akSaronA khIlA banAvavAnuM mAna IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInA jemsa vili nAmanA eka nekarone phALe jAya che. paga ane mAthA vagaranA akSara "jAme jamazeda'mAM vaparAya che. gujarAtImAM vAMkaDA akSaro banAvavAnI rUDhi "gujarAtI TAIpa phAunDarIe karI che. e vANanA banI zake tevA maroDadAra akSaro banAvavAnI kalpanA InDiyana spereTara' nAmanA vArikanA eka sabaeNDiTara mebejIe 1886 mAM karI hatI ane enI keTalIka mudrAo paNa banAvI hatI. Aje grehAmanAM paMce nAnAbhAI rANInAnAM paMce ane maMtrIse, gaNapatanAM paMce (khIlA) tathA kALu, luhAranAM khIlA ane maMtrIse IcchArAma sUryarAma desAInI ane maganalAla ThAkaradAsa medInI mULa malikInI gujarAtI TAIpa phAunDarInA kabajAmAM che. vaLI

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gujarAtamAM mudraNane ugama ane vikAsa enI pAse hAthathI bIbAM aTavAnA jUnA molDa paNa che, ane "gujarAtI" presamAM jUnA chApakhAnAmAM chapAvelI copaDIo, asala kevuM chapAtuM hatuM tenA namUnAo tarIke saMgraha karelI che. sauthI moTI ane jUnI TAIpa phAunDarI svajAvajI dAdAjInI che. sva. jAvajI Temasa grehAmane tyAM nekarIe hatA, temane nirNayasAgara' nAmanI TAIpa phAunDarI 1861 mAM kADhavAnI sagavaDa maLI hatI, jemAM molDa jIvaNa luhAranA hatA. e pachI 1885 mAM suratanA mesarsa ghelAbhAI. ane kIkAbhAIe bIbAM banAvavAnuM kArakhAnuM kADhayuM, gujarAtI TAIpa phAunDarIne janma 1900mAM thayo ane e amerikana poITa sisTama para ane trAMbAmizrita, dhAtumAM bIbAM pADanAra hiMdamAM pahelI phAunDarI che. A pUrve suratamAM 184ramAM rustamajI nAmanA eka pArasI rustamaparAmAM sIsAnAM bIbAMnuM chApakhAnuM kADhayuM hatuM ane jadurAmanuM zilAchApanuM chApakhAnuM hatuM. amadAvAdamAM bAjIbhAI amIcaMdanuM zilAchApanuM chApakhAnuM 184ra mAM sthapAyuM hatuM ane 1864 mAM yunAITeDa prinTiMga presa' sthapAyuM. surata mizana presa 1845 mAM sthapAyuM.' zilAchApa-paddhati mukhyatve meTAM pisTa temaja sacitra graMtha chApavAmAM prayojAtI hatI. bleka banAvavAnI temaja eNphaseTa mudraNanI paddhatine vyApaka pracAra thatAM have zilAchApa-paddhati baMdha thavA AvI che. pAdaTIpa 1. anaMta kAkabA priyeLakAra, gujarAtI mudraNakalAnuM Adiparva', "phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA maimAsika", pR. 13, aMka 4, pR. 32 2. ejana, pR. 37-38 3. ejana, pR. 49 4. "muMbaI samAcAra : doDha varSanI tavArIkha, 1822-1972', pR. 9-13 5. "gujarAtI mudraNanI zatavaSa, 1812-1912', "gujarAtI, divALI aMka, 1912

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paziSTa 2 gujarAtI graMthAnAM lekhana tathA prakAzanAnA vikAsa zabdakoza prAcIna saMskRta ane prAkRta sAhityamAM padyAtmaka zabdAza hatA, jenuM sauthI prasiddha udAharaNa amarakeAza' che. jUnI gujarAtImAM ekeya kreza nathI. pratyeka auktikane aMte dhaNuMkharuM ekAda gujarAtI-saMskRta zabdasUci heAya che kharI, paNa e varNAnukrame na heAI ene arvAcIna kAzanI kreTimAM mUkI zakAya * nahi. jemAM zabdasa'caya varNAnukrame gAThavAyA tevA ekabhASI dvibhASI ke bahubhASI * zabdakoza, aMgrejI zAnA prabhAvathI, ApaNA abhyAsapAtra samayagALAmAM gujarAtImAM racAyA che. jhumanDakRta 'glAsarI'(1808) samayaSTie sauthI pahele keza athavA -zabdAvali che, jemAM 463 gujarAtI zabdAnI vistRta a'grejI samajUtI apAI che. AvuM khIjuM noMdhapAtra pustaka seArAkha DAsAbhAIkRta aMgrejI ane gujarAtI bhASA khelavAnI rItIenAM kAekAnAM tathA tevAnI banAMvaTanAM dAkhalAnI vAkeAvalI'(1841) e vilsananI Idiomatic ExercisesnuM mULa sAthe gujarAtI nmASAMtara ja che, emAM Azare 2,500 mahattvanA zabdonA aMgrejI-gujarAtI kAza Ape!Apa maLI jAya che. gujarAtI bhASAnA rItasaranA kAza tyAra pachI pAMca varSa pragaTe che ane e che mirajhA mahaMmada kAsIma ane navarALa kudUnajInA 'gujarAtI-aMgrejI kAza' (1846). emAM Azare 15,000 zabda che. aradezara pharAmajI -prUsa ane nAnAbhAI rustamajI rANInA-kRta 'aMgrejI ane gujarAtI keza' ATha *bhAgamAM pUrA thayA hatA ane enA pahelA bhAga 1857 mAM chapAyelA che; emAM Azare 50,000 zabda che. A bane kAzakAroe e moTA kezane sakSepa kavi "na dAzaMkaranI sahAyathI 'aMgrejI tathA gujarAtI nhAneA Aza'(1862) e e nAmathI chapAvyA che. A kAmamAM joDAvAne pariNAme narmadAza Mkarane kAzanA -kAryAMnI vizeSa tAlIma maLI DhAya ane gujarAtI bhASAnA krAza pragaTa karavAne -ene saMkalpa dRDhIbhUta thayA haiAya e saMbhavita che. karasanadAsa mULajIne 'gujarAtI ane agre kAza' 1862 mAM pragaTa thayA hatA.

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gujarAtI thAnAM lekhana tathA prakAzane vikAsa 13, ane emAM Azare 10,000 zabda che. zApurajI edalajI-kRta "gujarAtI ane aMgrejI, keza(1863)mAM Azare 27,000 zabda che. enA prastAvanArUpa aMgrejI . lekhamAM kartAe pahelI ja vAra gujarAtI bhASAne itihAsa ApavAno prayatna karyo. che. bAbArAva tAtyArAvajI raNajita ane zAstrI zaMkaralAla mAhezvarakRta "saMskRta tathA gujarAtI keza'(1871) Azare 12000 zabdAne uttama zALApagI koza che. jAmAspajI darasUra mInecehera-kRta "pahelavI-gujarAtI ane aMgrejI zabda-- keza' (1877) eka virala deza che. emAM mAhitI pUrNa aMgrejI prastAvanA uparAMta e ja gujarAtI dibA" che. A pahele ane kadAca atyAra sudhI, chello pahelavI-gujarAtI zabdaza che. kavi narmadAzaMkarane "name keza e gujarAtI deza-sAhityanA itihAsamAM sauthI moTuM sImAcihna che. enI pahelAMnA keza "gujarAtI-aMgrejI' arthAta ghaNuM.. kharuM dvibhASI hatA, paraMtu gujarAtI zabdano artha gujarAtImAM Ape ane ene sAhityanAM pramANothI puSTa kare, uracArAnusArI joDaNInI kaMIka vyavasthA goThave ane. bhASAno ItihAsa khyAlamAM rAkhI, zakaya hoya te zabdanA mULane nirdeza kare evA kezanI apekSA prathama vAra eka sAcA bhASApremI vidvAna ane kavine haste, pUrI thaI e gujarAtI bhASAnuM sadbhAgya che. jaya jaya garavI gujarAtanuM amara gIta racIne kaparA Arthika saMjogomAM paNa jeNe A mahAgraMtha koI vyaktine. nahi, paNa samasta gujarAtI prajAne arpaNa karyo enuM daurya, vedhaka dRSTi ane UMDe dezaprema cirasmaraNIya che. saMpUrNa "narma keza' 1873 mAM pragaTa thaye; emAM 25,000 thI vadhu zabda che. narmada pachInA tamAma kozakAroe anivAryapaNe. nama kezane AdhAra lIdhe che. nama deza'nA prakAzana pachI enI preraNAthI tathA enI pUrtirUpe keTalAka nAnAmoTA zabdakeza racAyA teomAM nIcenA noMdhapAtra che. kAlidAsa brijabhUkhaNa dAsa ane bAlakisanadAsa brijabhUkhaNadAsakRta gujarAtIne gujarAtI ane aMgrejI koza"(1885)mAM vizeSataH saurASTramAM vaparAtA zabda ApyA che. motIlAla manasukharAma zAha(patrakAra-philasUpha vADIlAla motIlAla zAhanA pitA)ne gujarAtI zabdakoza (1886) mukhyatve gharagathu tathA kheDUte kArIgaro ane vepArI. emAM vaparAtA zabda Ape che. paTela jesaMga trIkamadAsa ane tribhavana gaMgAdAsane gujarAtI zabdArtha saMgraha bhAga-1(1895) mukhyatve mahInadInI uttare bolAtA zabdone saMgraha che. goviMdabhAI hAthIbhAI desAIkRta prAMtika zabdasaMgraha"

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14 . briTiza kaha (1900) bhUtapUrva vaDodarA rAjyanA kaDI prAMtanA(have mahesANA jillAnA) taLapadA - zabda sarakArI amaladAronA kAmanI sagavaDa mATe ekatra kare che. - "nirmakoza' pachI gujarAtI deza-sAhityanAM sImAcihna te lallubhAI rokaLadAsa paTelata "nama kezanI paddhatie cAyela gujarAtI zabdakeza(1908) ane gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTIne gujarAtI zabdakeza" che, paNa varacenA -samayanA noMdhapAtra kezomAM nIcenAne ulalekha karavo joIe: ukaraDAbhAI zivajI neNazIne gujarAtI-aMgrejI zabdakoza (1874) aMgrejo sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatA muMbaInA vepArI varga mATe taiyAra thayeluM jaNAya che. zivazaMkara kazanajIsaMpAdita gujarAtI iTu gujarAtI enDa iMglIza DiphazanarI'(1874)mAM Azare 24,000 -zabda che ane emAM gujarAtI zabadanA gujarAtI temaja aMgrejI paryAya ApyA che. robarTa monTagemarI, aMbAlAla sAkaralAla desAI ane maNidharaprasAda tApIprasAde racele "aMgrejI-gujarAtI keza'(1877) muMbaI sarakAranA keLavaNu khAtAnI - sUcanAthI taiyAra thayA hatA. aMbAlAla sAkaralAla desAIe sudhArelI enI bIjI AvRtti 1910 mAM pragaTa thaI hatI ane pramANabhUta koza tarIke kapriya thaI * hatI tyArathI e "aMbAlAlana koza' tarIke oLakhAya che. vaDodarAnA kalAbhavana - taraphathI tribhuvanadAsa kalyANadAsa gajajare 1891 nA arasAmAM vesTaranA aMgrejI dezanA zabdonA gujarAtI marAThI hiMdI baMgALI ane saMskRta (phavacita phArasI ane arabI) paryAya Apate eka mahAkeza tauyAra karAvela. enA Azare 80 * hastalikhita graMtha vaDedarA yunivasiTI lAibrerImAM sacavAyelA che. A uparAMta lalubhAI gokaLadAsa paTelane pitAne Azare 40,000 zabdone "aMgrejIgujarAtI zabdakoza (1892), vyAsa ane paTelane sTAnDarDa aMgrejI-gujarAtI zabdakoza (1884), viThThala rAjArAma dalAlakRta "zabdArthasidhu-gujarAtI zabdArtha saMgraha'(1895), mahAra bhImajI belasarene "gujarAtI-aMgrejI keza'(1895), - harageviMdadAsa ga. marcanTane saMskRta-gujarAtI laghukoza "zabdArtha sidhu (1895), " bhagubhAI eka kArabhArInI IglIza-gujarAtI DikSanerI" (1889) ane savAI lAla choTamalAla rAkRta saMskRta-gujarAtI kazi zabdacintAmaNi'(1900) ne nirdeza kare joIe bhASAzuddhine prAdhAnya ApIne racAyelA gujarAta-varnAkayulara sosAyaTInA - gujarAtI zabdakozane pahela "svaravibhAga" 1908 mAM sesAyaTInA hIraka mahotsava prasaMge pragaTa thayA hatA.3

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gujarAtI graMthanAM lekhana tathA prakAzane vikAsa viSaya-keza - hiMdu purANakathAnA pAtrane akArAdikrame paricaya ApatA "narmasthAkeza (1870) racavAnI pahela narmade karI che. vepAravaNajamAM AvatI vastuonAM nAmone aMgrejI-gujarAtI ane gujarAtI-aMgrejI vepArakeza'(1872) heramasajI dAdAbhAIe taiyAra karela che. rAjyavahIvaTamAM pracalita Azare 1,200 zabdone "rAjyakArya zabdArNava (1876): ghaNe rasaprada che, paNa enuM mukhapRSTha phATI gayuM hevAthI kartAnuM nAma jaNa zakAtuM nathI. bhogIlAla bhIkhAbhAI gAMdhInA rUDhiprayoga keza(1898)mAM gujarAtI rUDhiprayogenI samajUtI akArAdikane jarUra jaNAya tyAM sAhityika avataraNenAM udAharaNa saha ApI che. cimanarAya zivazaMkara vaiSNavanA oSadhiza' (1889) mAM oSadhionA saMskRta gujarAtI marAThI hiMdI baMgALI aMgrejI ane leTina paryAye teonA mukhya guNadharma sahita ApyA che. jJAnakeza nAdeza athavA aMgrejImAM jene "ensAIkapIDiyA" kahe che tenuM prakAzana gujarAtImAM thayuM che, ane e che ratanajI pharAmajI zeThanAe saMkalita karela "jJAnacaka. enA nava graMtha che ane e 1899thI 1912 sudhImAM pragaTa thayA che tathA prakAzanasthAna muMbaI che. emAM badhA maLI Azare 15,000 viSayanuM vivaraNa che. A graMthane inAma maLelAM che enI AbhAranedha emAM che tathA parAmarza kenA ahevAla paNa keTalAkamAM che. A jJAnakeza have jUne thayo hovA chatAM ane emAMnA keTalAka lekhonAM vidhAna vidvAnomAM carcAspada thayAM hovA chatAM ratanajI zeThanAe ekale hAthe karelI enI AjanA ane e pAchaLa lIdhelI jahemata prazaMsanIya che. prastuta samayagALAmAM bIjo koI jJAnakeza racAya nathI." sarvasaMgraha babbe gejheTiyarsanI graMthamALAmAM pragaTa thayelA aMgrejI graMthane AdhAre kavi narmadAzaMkare "gujarAta sarvasaMgraha' (1888) ane kAThiyAvADa sarva saMgraha (1889) e be graMtha taiyAra karyA hatA te baMne 1886mAM narmadAzaMkaranA avasAna pachI prasiddha thayA hatA. vaDodarA rAjyasarvasaMgrahanA cAra bhAga (rAjyanA cAra prAMta-kaDI vaDodarA navasArI ane amarelI vize) geviMdabhAI hAthIbhAI desAInI rAhadArI nIce taiyAra thayelA. teonuM prakAzane prastuta kAlakhaMDa pachI turata 1917-18 mAM thayuM hatuM.

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16 . . briTiza kA. gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTI prakaraNa 12-13 mAMnA nirUpaNathI spaSTa thaze ke gujarAtamAM zikSaNa bhASAvikAsa ane sAhityaprakAzanakSetre navajAgRti lAvavAmAM gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTInuM pradAna mahatvanuM che ane prastuta samayagALAmAM lalitetara vA mane. ThIka moTo ane mahattvano aMza saMsthAe pragaTa karelo che. phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA A saMrathAnI 1865 mAM sthApanA thayA pachI prastuta kAlakhaMDamAM enuM mahatvanuM prakAzana "rAsamALA'nuM gujarAtI bhASAMtara che. bhUtapUrva vaDodarA rAjya kavIzvara dalapatarAme vaDodarA khAte khaMDerAva gAyakavADanA darabAramAM rUDI gujarAtI vANIrANInA vakIla tarIke kavitAmAM gurjarI vANIvilApa'(1864), rajU karyo tathA gujarAtIne rAjyavyavasthAmAM ucita sthAna ApI zALAo, sthApavAnI himAyata karI ane khaMDerAva mahArAjAe e mATe banatuM karavAnI khAtarI, ApI, paNa e khAtarI amalamAM mukAya tyAra pahelAM mahArAjanuM avasAna thayuM.. e pachI keTalAka samaya malhArarAva gAyakavADanuM avyavasthita taMtra cAlyuM. e pachI sayAjIrAva trIjA(1875-1939)ne rAjyakAlanAM cesaTha varSamAM jIvananAM vividha kSetramAM vaDodarA rAjyanI pragati thaI temAM mahArAjAnA vidyApremane kAraNe gujarAtI sAhityane paNa meTA vega maLe. ApaNuM samayagALAmAM e kSetre viziSTa ane vividha viSamAM thayelAM prakAzanAdinI saMkSipta noMdha ahIM laIzuM.. rAjyAzrayane kAraNe vaDodarA saMgItanuM kendra paNa hatuM ane vaDodarAmAM prathama gAyanazALA mahArAjA sayAjIrAve sthApI. vaLI rAjyanAM bIjAM keTalAMka nagaramAM paNa saMgItazALAo sthapAI ane zALAonA upayoga mATe bhAratamAM sau prathama saMgItanI svaralipi (neTezana) paddhati ustAda maulAbakSe dAkhala karI tathA emaNe ane emanA putrae e vizenAM keTalAMka pustaka taiyAra karyA. emAM maulAbakSakRta, gAyananuM pustaka bhAga 1 ane 2', "gAyana-zALAmAM cAlatI gAyananI cIjonuM pustaka, bhAga 2 thI 6" tathA "saMgItAnubhava" ane "saMgItAnusAra IdemaMjarI', mUrta jAkhAM maulAbakSakRta "jUnI gujarAtI vAcanamALAnI kavitAnuM noTezana, alAuddIna ghIrekhAMskRta "navI gujarAtI vAcanamALA nezana" ane "sitArazikSaNa', usmAnakhAM sulatAnakhAMskRta 'tAlapaddhati' Adi noMdhapAtra che. gujarAtI

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gujarAtI graMthanAM lekhana tathA prakAzanene vikAsa ane marAThImAM kanyAo mATe bALAsaMgItamALA' nAme gAyanagraMthane ane "zahanAIvAdana pAThamALA" nAme vAdananA pustakane paNa A graMthamALAmAM samAveza thAya che. "saMgIta-ratnAkara" ane "saMgIta-pArijAta' be saMgIta-viSayaka saMskRta graMthonuM, bhASAMtara kRSNazAstrI yajJezvarazAstrI pAse karAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. kalAbhavana dvArA vijJAna ane hunnara-udyoganuM zikSaNa gujarAtImAM ApavAne sayAjIrAva gAyakavADane mane bhAva hatA ane e kAma emaNe tribhuvanadAsa kalyANadAsa gajarane eNpyuM hatuM. gajajare taiyAra karAvelA ATha bhASAonA kezane ulekha upara AvI gayo che. zikSaNa mATe graMtha hovA joIe e sAru zrI sayAjI jJAnamaMjUSA" ane "zrI sayAjI laghujJAnamaMjUSAnuM11 prakAzana gujarAtI ane marAThImAM AraMbhAyuM. emAMnA keTalAka gujarAtI graMtha nIce mujaba cheH hIrAlAla DAhyAbhAI nANAvaTI-kRta "sRSTizAstrane abhyAsakrama' (1895), rAjArAma rAmazaMkara bhaTTane marAThImAMthI anuvAda "rekhAtmaka yathAdarzana citravidyA (1895), gajAnana bhAskara vaidyakRta "zrI sayAjI vijJAnamaMjUSA, prathama bhAga (1885), dayALajI lallubhAI desAIe karele grIvanA aMgrejI pustakane anuvAda yaMtrazAstranAM mUlataH(1895), kezavalAla viThThaladAsa desAIkRta "aMkagaNita zAstrIya ane vyAvahArika' (1897), mUlajI rAmanArAyaNa vyAsakRta "kriyAmaka bhUmiti (1889), zivarAma gaMgAdhara saMta-kRta 'kriyAtmaka rasAyaNa'(1896), dhanurdhArIta vyApArI bhUgala'. tribhuvanadAsa gaja-kRta "rekhA upara raMganirNaya', maNizaMkara ratnajI bhaTTa 'kAnta'-kRta zikSaNane itihAsa (1895)-je gujarAtI gadyasAhityane paNa eka praziSTa graMtha che ane jene ulekha prakaraNa 13 mAM thayela che te jJAnamaMjUSAmAM pragaTa thayela che. vaDodarA rAjyanA eka ucca adhikArI haragoviMdadAsa kAMTAvALAe pitAne kharce 1885 mAM prAcIna kAvya mAsika zarU karyuM hatuM ane e keTalAMka varSa cAlyuM hatuM. jUnAM gujarAtI kAvya emAM kramazaH chapAtAM hatAM. khAsa karIne vaDodarA rAjyamAM thayelA gujarAtI kavionI racanAo pragaTa karavA mATe gAyakavADa sarakAre eka mAtabara rakama 1888mAM maMjUra karI tyAre prAcIna kAvya maimAsika baMdha karIne haragoviMdadAsa kAMTAvALA ane nAthAzaMkara zAstrIe prAcIna kAvyamALAzarU karI, jemAM kula 35 graMtha pragaTa thayA che.13 hastalikhita graMthabhaMDAra mATe prasiddha gujarAtanuM aitihAsika pATanagara pATaNa vaDodarA rAjyamAM hatuM. e graMthabhaMDAro tapAsavA mATe maNilAla nabhubhAI 27

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18 briTiza kAla dvivedIne mokalavAmAM AvyA hatA ane tyAMthI maLelAM pustakamAMthI "bhojaprabaMdha (1892), "vikramacaritra'(1892), dayAzraya mahAkAvya'(1893), "Sadarzanasamuccaya'(1884), "anekAntavAdapraveza'(1889) AdinAM gujarAtI bhASAMtara rAjya taraphathI pragaTa thayAM, je saMskRta vidyA ane tatsaMbaddha viSayamAM gaNanApAtra pradAna che. ApaNuM abhyAsapAtra kAlakhaMDanA chellA varSa 1914mAM sayAjIrAva gAyakavADe vaDodarA senTrala lAibrerInA saMskRta lAibreriyana cimanalAla DAhyAbhAI dalAlane (1881-1918) pATaNanA bhaMDAronI tapAsa mATe mokalyA hatA. dalAle e bhaMDArAnI lagabhaga saMpUrNa tapAsa munizrI kAMtivijayajI ane emanA ziSyamaMDaLanI sahAyathI karI hatI tathA ene pariNAme dalAle rajU karela ahevAla eTale mahatva jaNAye ke e uparathI jagavikhyAta gAyakavADjha oriyenTala sirIjhane AraMbha karavAmAM Ave. maNilAlanI jema dalAlanuM avasAna paNa nAnI vaye thayuM hatuM, paNa A sirIjhanA zarUAtanA vIseka bahumUlya graMtha emanI dRSTipUrNa AyojanAnuM pariNAma che.14 vaDodarA rAjyamAM dharmAdhikArIne odho hata; dharmAdhikArI rAjyamAM pravAsa karI dharma ane nIti vize vyAkhyAne ApatA. ane A pravRttinA sAtatyarUpe hiMdudharmazAstra graMthamALA' pragaTa karavAnuM nakkI thayuM hatuM. emAM AnaMdazaMkara dhruva karele zrI rAmAnujAcAryanA "zrIbhASyane anuvAda, bhAga 1-2(1913), jagatanA dharmone sarala ane samabhAvapUrNa paricaya ApatuM pustaka "dharmavarNana' (1931) ane dRSTAMta tathA kathAo dvArA vidyArthIono hRdayaMgama bodha ApatuM "nItizikSaNa" (1914) e ApaNuM samayagALAmAM pragaTa thayelAM pustaka che.15 dezI ramatonA punarjajIvana mATe dezI ramata graMthamALA' zarU karavAmAM AvI hatI. ane emAM chaganalAla ThAkoradAsa modI-kRta "sacitra dezI ramato (1893), kamAna-daDAne khela" "geDI daDAne khela" "jALajaDAne khela' daDImAranI ramata, krikeTa" "pAnAMnI ramata, bijhika' vagere dezI-videzI ramate vizenAM pustaka ane geviMdabhAI hAthIbhAI desAIkRta "gharamAM ramavAnI ramata' (1903) e pustaka bahAra paDyAM hatAM. ArogyanI jALavaNI mATe prajAne jANakArI ane sUcanAo maLe e sAru Arogya graMthamALA', Arogya khAtA dvArA cAlatI hatI ane emAMDe. bAlAbhAI maganalAla nANuMvaTIskRta "kharAka, geviMdabhAI desAIkRta "dIrdhAyuSI zI rIte thavAya, De. kUpara-kRta bALa saMrakSaNa', De. dhuraMdharaskRta "macchara-vidhvaMsa ane svarachatA saMbaMdhI bhASaNa" ane kartAnA nAma vinAnI rekhuM pANI vAparavAnI

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gujarAtI graMthanAM lekhana tathA prakAzane vikAsa 419 jarUra ane sUcanAo" ane "himavarapratibaMdhaka bedha' e kRtio ullekhapAtra che. vaDodarA rAjyane vahIvaTa gujarAtImAM cAlatA hAI kAyadAne lagatAM ghaNuM prakAzana rAjya taraphathI thayelAM che. cethI gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada vaDodarAmAM raNachoDabhAI udayarAma davenA pramukhapade 1912mAM maLI te samaye mAtRbhASAnA sAhityanI abhivRddhi karavAnA saduddezathI sayAjIrAva gAyakavADe khAnagI khAtAmAMthI be lAkha rUpiyAnI deNagI jAhera karI hatI, jenA vyAjamAMthI "zrI sayAjI sAhityamALA" ane "zrI sayAjI bAlajJAnamALAe be pustakoNIo zarU thaI. keTalIka pUrvataiyArI pachI e zreNIonuM kAma vidyAdhikArI kacerInI bhASAMtara zAkhA dvArA 1917 mAM zarU thayuM he I ApaNA samayagALAmAM e AvatuM nathI. 16 gujarAtI presa IcchArAma sUryarAma desAIe muMbaImAM 1880mAM zarU karelA "gujarAtI sAptAhikanI vividha katAroe, agralekhae, dIpotsavI aMkoe, vArSika bheTa pustakoe tathA prAcIna kAvya, aitihAsika-sAmAjika navalakathAo ane vividha viSayanAM svataMtra pustakoe, saMskRta sAhityanI dhArmika ane sAhityika vividha kRtionAM bhASAMtaroe tathA caMdrakAnta jevA vedAMtaviSayaka lekapriya graMthAe 1880 thI pahelA vizvayuddhanA prAraMbha (1914) sudhInA gujarAtanI vicArasRSTi sAhityaruci ane bhASA ghaDavAmAM tathA vidyArasa keLavavAmAM agatyanuM pradAna karyuM che. gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada - amadAvAdamAM sthapAyelI gujarAta sAhitya sabhA (1903)nA prANabhUta raNajitarAma vAvAbhAI mahetAnA svapnanI siddhirUpe gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada 1905 mAM astitvamAM AvI ane enuM prathama adhivezana e varSamAM amadAvAda khAte "sarasvatIcaMdra'kAra gevardhanarAma tripAThInA pramukhapade maLyuM; bIju adhivezana 1907 mAM muMbaImAM kezavalAla harSadarAya dhruvanA pramukhapade, trIju 1909 mAM rAjakoTa khAte aMbAlAla sAkaralAla desAInA pramukhapade ane cothuM 1912 mAM vaDodarA khAte, upara kahyuM tema. raNachoDabhAI udayarAmanA pramukhapade maLyuM hatuM. vIsamI sadInA AraMbhane samaya evo hato ke "gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTI ane "phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA' e be saMsthAone bAda karatAM, samasta gujarAtIbhASI prajAne sAhitya ane vidyAnA rasathI AMdalita karI ene sAhitya prItyarthe saMmelana samAjarUpe ekatrita karanAra ekeye saMsthA ke saMgaThananuM

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briTiza kAla astitva nahetuM. e prajAkIya AvazyakatA sAhitya pariSade pUrI karI, samelane, kalA sAhitya purAtattva hastapratAnAM pradazanA, vyAkhyAnA, kavisamelanA ane pAdapUtio, nATayaprayogA ane leAkasa'gIta AdinA kAryakramA dvArA zikSita prajAmAM eka prakAranA navajIvananA sa'cAra pariSade karyAM. ApaNu abhyAsapAtra samaya-gALAmAM pariSade pustakaprakAzananI pravRtti Ara'bhI naheAtI, paNa pahelAM cAra adhivezanamAM pariSada-pramukhAnAM vicArapreraka ane vidvattApUrNa vyAkhyAne ane cAreya ahevAlamAM chapAyelA vividha viSayanA niSyA ane sazodhanAtmaka lekhA jotAM ja vicAra Ave che ke A mUlyavAna pradAna bIjA kAI mAdhyama dvArA e samaye bhAgyeja thaI zakayu` heta. 420 jaina sthA prAcInatama upalabdha gujarAtI sAhitya e jaina sAhitya che. ApaNA abhyAsapAtra kAlakhaMDamAM zrAvaka bhImazI mANeka, jeoe kacchathI mubaI AvI graMtha-prakAzana AraMbhyuM hatuM, temaNe ghaNA jaina graMtha pragaTa karyA che temAM aneka gujarAtI rAsAo paNu che. 17 amadAvAdanA zAha savAIbhAI rAyacaMde paNa lagabhaga 40 rAsA chApyA che.18 bhAvanagaranI 'zrI jainadha`prasAraka sabhA' munizrI vRddhicachanA upadezathI 1874mAM sthapAI hatI teNe aneka jainamrathA ane enAM bhASAMtara pragaTa karyA, jemAM AcAryaM hemacaMdrakRta triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra' ane pariziSTa pava' dha premI vAcA temaja itara abhyAsIone paNu vividha rIte upayAgI che, jaina zvetAMbara kaeNAnsa; muMbaI taraphathI pragaTa-apragaTa prAcIna jaina sAhityanI sUci 'jaina graMthAvali'(1909) nAme chapAI che te hajI paNa saMzodhakeAne kAmanI che. zeTha devacaMda lAlabhAI jainaustAhAra phaMDa taraphathI jaina gujarAtI kAvyAnI jIvaNacaMda sAkaracaMda jhaverIe saMpAdita karelI graMthamALA Ana kAvyamaheAdaSi'nA ATha bhAga rUpe prasiddha thaI che; emAMnA pahelA khe bhAga ApaNA samayagALAmAM che. pahelA bhAga(1913)mAM 'zAlibhadrarAsa' 'kusuma zrIrAsa' azAkaca saMgrahaNI rAsa' ane premalAlamI rAsa' che. khIjA bhAga (1914)mAM jaina paraMparA anusAra rAmAyaNukathA varNavatA kezarAja muni-kRta "rAmayazArasAyana rAsa' chapAyA che. pATIpa 1. gujarAtI kAzaracanA pravruttinAM vRttAnta ane samAleAcanA mATe jue bheAgIlAla sAMDesarA, gujarAtI keArA'-"sa"skRti" jAnyu.-phebruArI, 1962, pR. 17 thI 24, pR. 51 thI 56; bheA, ja. sAMDesarA, itihAsa ane sAhitya', pR. 50-79; ke. kA. zAstrI, 'A Survey

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411 gujarAtI graMthAnAM lekhana tathA prakAzananA vikAsa of Published Uni-Lingual and Bi-Lingual Dictionaries Pertaining to Gujarati Journal of the Oriental Institute Baroda, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, pp. 23, ff. zrI mudrita thayA, 'svAdhyAya ane sa'zeAdhana' zrI ke, kA. zAstrI amRtamahatsava graMtha, 2o pR. 372-37, 2. 'zabdacintAmaNi' Azare 70,000 zabdone saMskRta-gujarAtI keza che ane aMgrejI nahI" jANanAra gujarAtIonI betraNa peDhIoe ene pUro upayoga karelA hoI yAgya sudhAraNA sAthe enuM punarmudraNa Aje paNa AvakArapAtra che. 3. A rIte se(sAyaTInA kAzanA pachInA keTalAka bhAga 1912 thI 1923 sudhImAM bahAra paDaghA, pramANabhUta bRhad kAza taiyAra karavAnI seAsAyaTInI cAjanA prasaMgavazAt adhUrI rahI, paNa evA keAza racavAmAM upayegI thAya e dRSTie vyutpatti artha ane prayAgAnAM udAha Nu sAthe eka namUnArUpe seAsAyaTInA pramukha kezavalAla dhruve taiyAra karelA '7 varNanA kAza' e sasthA taraphathI 1944 mAM pragaTa thayA che e A pravRttinA sAtatyanI tapasIlamAM ahIM' neAMdhavuM joIe, 4. rAjyavahIvaTanA phArasI-arabI zabdonA paryAya Apate 'rAjavyavahArakAza' chatrapati zivAjInI AjJAthI saMskRta padyamAM racAyeA hateA, (jue bhAgIlAla sAMDesarA, 'rAjavyavahArakAza : eka paricaya', ''buddhiprakAza'". pu. 127, pR. 119-122. vAdarAmAM 1875 mAM sayAjIrAva gAyakavADanA rAjyArehaNa pachI gheADAMka varSImAM rAjabhASA gujarAtI thaI. nibaMdha-niyamomAM je zabdo vaparAyA ane vyavahAramAM prayeAjAyA enuM saMkalana 'zrI sacAjIzAsana zabda-kalpataru' e vahIvaTI kezamAM thayuM che, e kAzanuM prakAzana 1931 mAM thayuM, paNa emAM je gujarAtI zabda sagRhIta thayA che tenAM prayAga ane prasAra ApaNA abhyAsapAtra samayagALAmAM thayAM hatAM enI noMdha levI joI e. (A sabaMdhamAM juo, bhogIlAla sAMDesarA 'vahIvaTI zabda-koza'nI racanAnA keTalAka prazno' 'rAjabhASA' traimAsika, aM. 6, pR. 1 thI 13, pu. 1, prastuta kAlakhaMDa pachI pragaDha thayelA ketakaranA marAThI jJAnakozanA gujarAtI rUpAMtaranA be bhAga pragaTa thayA bAda e kAma aTakavuM hatuM. pahelA bhAga 1929 mAM prasiddha thayA. hamaNAM, keTalAMka varSoM thayAM gujarAta yunirvasiTInA upakrame gujarAtI jJAnakAza mATenuM kAma zarU thayuM hatuM. 6. e graMtha aMgrejImAM gheADAMka varSoM khAda Gazetteers of the Baroda State nAmathI prakAzita thayA che. 7, sane 1848 mAM thayelI e saMsthAnI sthApanAthI 1936 sudhInA enA AdhAra ane vigatavAra vRttAnta mATe jue hIrAlAla pArekha, 'gujarAta varnAkayulara se|sAyaTIne itihAsa', bhAga 1 thI 3. 8. jue prakaraNa 13mAM itihAsa vizenAM 4 pustakonI noMdha tathA e prakaraNanI pAdaTIpa 28. 'rAsamALA' pachInuM phAOsa sabhAnuM prathama prakAzana 'bAdazAha mArkasa eliyasa enTAninasanA vicAra' paNa eka anUdita kRti che ane e DaeNDa 1922 mAM pragaTa thaI che. khAsa karIne itihAsa ane bhASAsAhitya viSayamAM phAsa sabhAnI sadhana prakArAna pravRtti 1930 pachI zarU thaI ema kahI zakAya.

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briTiza kAla: 9. 1949 mAM vAdarA rAjyanuM vilInIkaraNa thatAM tathA mahArAjA sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTInI sthApanA thatAM e saMgItazALAnuM sa'gIta-nRtya-nATaca mahAvidyAlaya tarIke rUpAMtara ane vikAsa thayAM. 422 10. ma. sa. yunivarsi TInI phakalTI oNpha enjiniyariMga enDa TekanolojI e kalAbhavananA vistAra che. 11. A baMne graMthamALAnAM badhAM pustake ke emanI pUrI yAdI kayAMya upalabdha nathI e khedanI vAta che. 12. premAna'dAdinAM AkhyAne ane zAmaLa AdinI padyavArtAe zilAchApamAM chapAyAM che.. paNa jUnA kavionI kRtie saMpAdita karI vyavasthita rIte chApavAno cA sa`prathama kavi narmaCdAzaMkarane ghaTe che. dayArAmakRta 'kAvyasaMgraha'(1860) ane premAnadRSkRta dazama kandha'(1872) A rIte emaNe saMpAdita karyA' hatAM. e pahelAM muMbaI sarakAranA Azraye jUnA kavionI racanAmAMthI phUlagUthaNI karIne dalapatarAme 'kAvyadohana' bhAga 1 (1861) ane bhAga ra(1865) taiyAra karyA hatA ane te leAkapriya thayA hatA. miNalAla dvivedInAM mAsikA 'sudarzana' ane 'priya'vadA'nA vyavasthApaka caturabhAI zaMkarabhAI paTele 'aprasiddha gujarAtI kavitA' nAme eka mAsika kADhayuM hatu. ane te be-eka va cAlyu' hatu. 13. 'prAcIna kAvyamALA' baMdha thayA pachI enA mukhya soMpAdaka kAMTAvALAe bIjA hastalikhita jUnA gujarAtI graMthA pragaTa karavA mATe 1894 mAM gujarAta varnAkaculara seAsAyaTIne patra lakhyA hatA tathA sAsAyaTInA maMtrI lAlazakara umiyAza kare ene uttara ApyA hatA, paNa sogeAvatu e yojanA amalamAM AvI zakI nahatI. (A patravyavahAra tathA kAMTAvALAe ApelI tra'thAnI yAdI mATe jue hIrAlAla pArekha, uparyukata, bhAga-2, pR. 140-44; vaLI jue 'buddhimakArA lekhasa'graha', bhAga-2, pR. 42-44.) Ama chatAM kAMTAvALA ane nAthAkare sa pAdita kareluM, bhAlasuta udhdha(?)va-kRta 'rAmAyaNa' sesAyaTIe mahArAjA sayAjIrAva phaMDamAMthI 1893 mAM prasiddha karyuM che. vaLI vaDAdarAthI prAcIna kAvyamALAnuM prakAzana zarU thayuM te arasAmAM muMbaInA 'gujarAtI' prese 'bRhatkAvyadohana'nA dasa graMthAnI yAjanA karI, jemAMthI ATha graMtha pragaTa thayA che (pahelA graMtha 1880, AThamo graMtha 1913). narasiMha mahetA-kRta 'kAvyasa'graha'(1916), jemAM narasiM hanI dhaNI kRtione samAveza thAya che, te pragaTa karavAne cA paNa 'gujarAtI presa'ne phALe jAya che. jUnA gujarAtI sAhityanAM be vikhyAta aitihAsika kAvyo padmanAbha-kRta 'kanhaDadeprabandha' ane lAvaNyasamaya-kRta 'vimalaprabandha', kanhaDadeprabandha'nu' pustakarUpe prathama vAra saMpAdana, vAdarA rAjyanA uttojanathI DAhyAbhAI derAsarIe karyu che(1913) tathA 'vimalaprakhaA'nu arvAcIna gujarAtI anuvAda saha saMpAdana maNilAla khakArabhAI vyAse karyu che(1914).. gujarAta varnAkayulara se|sAyaTIne jUnI hastapratAnA sagraDamAM prathamathI rasa hatA, pa

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gujarAtI graMthAnAM lekhana tathA prakAzanonA vikAsa va 1902 mAM kezavalAla dhruva sesAyaTInA pramukha thayA e pachI ja A kSetre gaNanApAtra prakAzana-kAya e sasthAe karyuM" che. 14, A "thamALAnA pahelA graMtha, rAjazekhara-kRta 'kAvyamImAMsA' 1916 mAM pragaTa thayA hAI ApaNA abhyAsanI samayamaryAdA pachIne che. paNa aitihAsika sAtatyanI dRSTie e noMdhavu' ucita thaze ke pachI keTaleka varSe senTrala lAibrerInA saMskRta vibhAgane oriyenTala insTiTyUTa (prAcyavidyAmaMdira) nAme alaga saMsthAno darajjo ApavAmAM AnyA. rAjyanA vilInIkaraNa vakhate e saMsthA vAdarA yunivarsiTI sAthe joDAI; uparyukata graMthamALA Aja sudhI cAlu rahI che, tathA emAM Azare 170 graMthA (sarakRta prAkRta, apabhraMza, jUnI gujarAtI, phArasI, arakhI tathA enAM aMgrejI bhASAMtara ane prAcya vidyAnA keTalAka saMdarbhagraMtha) pragaTa thayA che. 15. AnaMdazaMkara dhruvanAM bIjAM be suMdara pustaka 'hindu dharmanI bALAthI' (1918) ane 'hindu vedadharma'(1919) A ja graMthamALAmAM e pachI TUMka samayamAM chapAyAM che. 16. eTaluM noMdhavuM prastuta thaze ke e mane zreNIo prAcya vidyAmaMdira dvArA Aja sudhI pragaTa thAya che. vilInIkaraNa sudhInAM vAdarA rAjyanAM prakAzanAnI vigatA mATe jue bharatarAma mahetA ane ramaNikAya desAI, 'vaDAdarA rAjyanI sAhityapravruttio,' 17. DAhyAbhAI derAsarI, 'sADInA sAhityanu' digdarzana', pR. 25759 18. ejana, pR. 264-65.

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prakaraNa 14 patrakAratva 1. vRttapatro gujarAtI patrakAratvane prAraMbha muMbaImAM thayuM ane ene vikAsa e ja mahAnagaramAM thaye. zarUnAM gujarAtI vRttapane ghare moTe bhAge muMbaImAMthI pragaTa thayele. muMbaImAM gujarAtIonI sArI saMkhyA. pArasI samAjane ghaNe moTo bhAga muMbaImAM vase. pArasIoe A kSetramAM mahatvanuM prAraMbhika kArya karyuM. ema karatAM tyAranA saMjogomAM emaNe sAmAjika ane dhArmika carcAne mahatva ApyuM. tyAre samAcAra meLavavAnAM AjanA jevAM sAdhana nahatAM. tema samAcAra jANavAnI Aja jevI tAlAvelI paNa nahatI, eTale patronI katAre ghaNe moTe bhAga . sAmAjika ane dhArmika carcAthI bharAte. emAM "rAsta gophatAra' jevA gaNatarInA apavAda bAda karatAM, je samAjamAM patrane phelA hoya, je nyAta-jAtane patrano pravartaka heya, te ja samAjane lagatI carcA mAM AvatI. gujarAtanAM ja gujarAtI patra lakSamAM levAnAM heya te emAM muMbaImAM nIkaLelAM vartamAnapatrone vicAra karavAne na thAya, paNa AvA vicAranI gerahAjarImAM gujarAtI patrakAratva vize sAce khyAla na bAMdhI zakAya. e hakIkatanA saMdarbhamAM gujarAta bahAra ane emAMya muMbaImAM pragaTa thayelAM, khAsa karIne prAraMbhanAM, gujarAtI pa vize UDate ullekha karavo Avazyaka bane che. suratamAM janmelA, paNa muMbaImAM nAnI vayathI TharIThAma thayelA phanajI marjhabAne sana 1812 mAM sau prathama gujarAtI bhASAnuM chApakhAnuM zarU karyuM. emAMthI I.sa. 1814mAM . 1871 nuM prathama gujarAtI paMcAMga pragaTa karyuM. e pachI ceDAM pustaka chApI bahAra pADyAM ane 1822 nI 1lI julAIe emAMthI gujarAtI bhASAnuM sauthI paheluM vartamAnapatra zrI mumabaInA samAcAra" zarU karyuM. e vartamAnapatra (AjanuM "muMbaI samAcAra') Ajeya dainika ane sAptAhika svarUpe nIkaLe che. gujarAtI vRttapatronI vikAsagAthAmAM A patrane ati agatyanuM sthAna che. e ghaNI samRddha dazAne pAmyuM che. gujarAtI vartamAnapatro vAMcatA muMbaInA gujarAtIonA vizALa varganuM ane gujarAtI vepArI varganuM e vAjiMtra che. muMbaI bahAra paNa ene sAre phelAve tema vagavasIle che.

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patrakAratva 425 lagabhaga doDha sadIne Are AvIne Ubhelu' khIjuM gujarAtI vamAnapatra te muMbaIthI tA. 12 mI mArca, 1932 ne dine zarU thayeluM zrI mumabaInA jAme jamazeda' ghaNAM varSothI 'jAme jamazeda'nA nAme dainika ane sAptAhika svarUpe pragaTa thatuM. A vRttapatra mukhyatve pArasIomAM vaMcAtuM patra che. junavANI ke sthitirakSaka vicArasaraNI dharAvanAra pArasImAM enA sArA vagavasIle che ane e va nu A patra pracAravAhana che. sana 1850 mAM muMbaImAM pAMca gujarAtI vRttapatra nIkaLatAM te saghaLAM ja pArasI-mAlikInAM hatAM. meoTe bhAge e saghaLAM ja jUnA vicAranAM pracAraka hatAM, sudhArAnA vicArane prasAra emAM thaI zakatA nahi, jeA meTe bhAge pArasI hatA tevA sudhArakeAne A sthiti akaLAvatI. emAM mukhya hatA dAdAbhAI navarAjI. emanI samajAvaTathI kharazedajI nasaravAnajI kAmAe Arthika sahAya ApavA svIkAryuM. yeAjanA evI hatI ke dAdAbhAIe sevAbhAve patra calAvavu' ane praznane maphta vaheMcavuM. pariNAme tA. 15 mI navembara, 1851 ne dine 'rAsta gAphatAra'(satya vaktA)nA pahelA aMka bahAra paDayo. 1855 mAM dAdAbhAI vilAyata vasavA jatAM enuM saMcAlana, vakhatanA vahevA sAthe, kekhuzaru navareAjI jevA saMsArasudhArakanA hAthamAM AvyuM. emanI dAravaNI heThaLa eNe AgevAna sudhAraka patra tarIke agatyanuM sthAna jhaDapyu'. kevaLa pArasI ja nahi, paNa judA judA samAjanA, savizeSa hiMdu samAjanA, prazna emAM ThIka vigate carcAtA. patre sAtamA varSomAM praveza karyo tyAre tamAma dezI lekeAnA lAbhane mATe putra pravartAvavAmAM Avaze' evI mahattvanI jaherAta karatAM tatrIe lakhelA zabda nAMdhavA jevA cheH 'dezI varatamAna patara'mAM nAma rAkhIne Ae patarane phakta pArazIonAM ja phAedAne zArU kAme lagADavuM temAM hame| cuka samajIeca. hInaduzathAnanA dezomAM judI judI kAma hAvAthI temAM ekakhInna vace je mamatA AchI cAle che te hAlata kharekhara dalagIrI bharelI che. paNa judI judI AmanA lokeAne sAru judAM judAM patarA paravaratAvIne te pharaka vadhAravA ane ApaNe eka dezanAM le| jeAe hamezAM ekakhIjAnAM sukhaduHkhamAM sAmela thavuM joIe tathA baMne tAMhAM sudhI ekakhInamAM dhaNuM vItarAvavuM joIe tene ThekANe peAtAnA lAbha ekabIjAthI halAedya samajavA ane te vegalAI kAMI parakAre jIAdA karatAM jAvuM te vAta DahApaNunI nathI ane teTalA mATe rAste gAMphatAranA lakhanArAe potAnAM pataranI kaTAra sadhalI kIzamanA dezIonA lAbhane sAru' khAllI mukavAnI agata vicAre che,'1

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briTiza kAla lagabhaga savA sadI pUrve lakhAyelA A zabda patranA saMcAlakenI daSTi ane dezaprema tathA dezAbhimAnane spaSTa khyAla Ape che. 1852 mAM karasanadAsa mULajIe zarU kareluM "satya prakAza" 1861 mAM "rAsta gophatAra'mAM bhaLI jatAM te A patra zikSita ane sudhAraka gujarAtI samAjanuM paNa AgevAna akhabAra banyuM. Azcaryajanaka lAge tevI vAta e che ke sAmAjika ane dhArmika dizAmAM ghaNuM. AgaLa vadhelA vicAra darzAvanAruM A patra, khAsa karI enA taMtrI kekhuzaru, kAbrAjInI vicArasaraNIne kAraNe, rAjakAraNanI dizAmAM aMgrejI rAjyanuM moTuM himAyatI hatuM. prajAnI rAjakIya AkAMkSAne paDaze emAM saheje na paDyo je enA sthApaka dAdAbhAInI rAjakIya nIti karatAM judI ja vAta hatI. A dizAmAM dAdAbhAI ane kekhuzarunA vicAromAM moTuM aMtara hatuM, julAI, 1918 mAM A patra "prajAmitra ane pArasI' sAthe joDAI jaI, kharI rIte, adazya thayuM. muMbaImAMthI pragaTa thayeluM eka bIjuM gujarAtI vRttapatra ullekhanIya che te sAptAhika "gujarAtI'. 1880nA arasAmAM pragaTa thatAM vRttapatra lagabhaga badhAM ja pArasI mAlikonAM hatAM. emAM "zista gophatAra' sivAya bIjuM kaI patromAM rAjakIya viSayenI vizada carcA bhAgyeja thatI. rAjakAraNa uparAMta hiMdu samAjane sparzatA. viSayanI carcA vigate kare evA eka patranI AvazyaktA sara maMgaLadAsa nathubhAIne samajAI. e ja samaye "surata rAyaTa kesathI IcchArAma sUryarAma desAI lekaprasiddhimAM AvyA hatA. IcchArAmane suratathI bolAvAyA. kavi narmade patranuM nAma gujarAtI' sUcavyuM. tyAranA gujarAtI sajajanenA mArgadarzana ane sara maMgaLadAsanI Arthika sahAya vaDe, IcchArAma desAInA taMtrIpade, 1880nA jUnanI 6 ThThI tArIkhe sAptAhika "gujarAtIne prathama aMka pragaTa thaye. 1880-81 nA arasAmAM dhArmika kSetre carcA jagADanAre eka banAva banyo. jAmanagaravALA mahArAja vajekezajInA beMgI kese lekamAM khaLabhaLATa macAvyuM. e vize gujarAtImAM prasiddha thayelAM lakhANa vAMcavAne samAja utsuka rahetA. dezI rAjyanI aMdhAdhUMdhI ane ApakhudI vize paNa emAM nIDaratAthI carcA karavAmAM AvI. ene laI kAThiyAvADamAM gujarAtIne sAro pagapesAre thayosamaya saMjoga ane prajAmAnasa, pArakhIne enA kuzaLa taMtrIe patranuM saMcAlana karyuM ane ene janapriya banAvyuM.. IrachArAma suratanA svataMtratA sAmayikamAM pragaTa thayelA lekhene laI "surata rAyaTa kesamAM saMDovAyA tyAre emane bacAva karavAne muMbaIthI aMgreja baeNrisTara bhegA phIrojazAha mahetA surata gayelA ane ramaNIya mukadde laDI IcchArAmane nirdoSa TharAvelA. A prasaMgathI icchArAme phIrojazAhane pitAnA rAjakIya guru

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patrakAratva mAnyA. phIrojazAha hiMdI rASTriya mahAsabhA yAne keMgresanA AtmA banyA tyAre muMbaImAM vasatA thayelA irachArAme pitAnI kalama tema vRttapatra dvArA emane sabaLa sAtha Ape. koMgresanI pravRttinAM prAraMbhanAM varSomAM enI paDakhe UbhuM rahenAruM gujarAtI bhASAnuM ekamAtra AgevAna akhabAra gujarAtI" hatuM. ene Take A rASTriya saMsthAne ghaNe upayogI bane. rAjakAraNane kSetre gujarAtInuM apaNa mUlyavAna che, paNa sAmAjika sudhArAne kSetre enI kAmagIrI mAyakAMgalI che. A dizAmAMnI enI nIti sthitirakSaka hatI. munazIjInA zabdomAM irachArAma sUryarAmanA "gujarAtI' page rAjakAraNamAM pragati ane sAmAjika bAbatamAM rUDhine baradAsta karI.3 "rAsta gophatAra' sAmAjika sudhArAne kSetre pragatizALI vicArene prasAra jorazorathI karI rAjakAraNane kSetra, saMkucita vicAra darzAvyA, te gujarAtI e enAthI UlaTI ja rIte rAjakAraNane. kSetre pragativaMta ane saMsArasudhArAne kSetre saMkucita vicArasaraNuM darzAvI. rAjakIya pracArakAryanI jema gujarAtI sAhitya ane gujarAtI bhASAnI. gujarAtI'e bajAvelI sevA ApaNuM vRtta-vivecananI vikAsagAthAmAM smaraNIya, raheze. gujarAtI'nI sthApanA ane e pachInAM keTalAMka varSo daramyAna ghaNuMkharAM. gujarAtI patronA pravarte che ane chApakhAnAMonA mAlika pArasIo heI,. kAbrAjInA rAsta tArIne bAda karatAM emAMnA koI patramAM bhASAnI zuddhi para lakSya nahetuM apAtuM. gujarAtI'nA zarUnA aMkamAM paNa bhASA azuddha hatI enuM kAraNa paNa e ja e patra tyAre pArasI mAlikInA chApakhAnAmAM chapAtuM. patranuM potAnuM chApakhAnuM thatAM A sthitimAM sudhAro thaze. sau. sahelAIthI samajI zake tevuM taLapaduM sAduM ane saraLa lakhavAnI icchArAmamAM cIvaTa hatI. pAchaLathI A dizAmAM gAMdhIjIe je arpaNa karyuM tenI himAyata, IrachArAme 1880 mAM karI hatI. dareka bhASAnI khUbI tenI sAdAImAM che, jyAre zabda nAnA nAnA sAdA. ane sAdhAraNa leke samajI zake evA hoya tyAre ja kharekharI khUbI mAlUma paDe. che. ane belanAra athavA lakhanAranA vicAronI asara sAMbhaLanAra tathA vAMcanAra upara barAbara rIte thaI zake che. saMskRta bhASAnA mAhitagAre moTA. gajagajanA ane ajANyA zabda vAparI ema dhAratA hoya ke Ama vAparavAthI, te gujarAtI bhASAmAM dAkhala thaI gayA, te temAM temanI bhUla che." icchArAme sAptAhika patrane viziSTa ghATa Ape. e ghATanuM bIjA

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briTiza kAha patroe anusaraNa karyuM. prAsaMgika ane haLavA vinaMdanuM aMga paNa emaNe vikasAvyuM. eka AkhI pacIsI daramyAna gujarAtI' sAptAhika dvArA IrachArAme rAjadvArI sAmAjika ane sAhityanAM kSetromAM dezanI ane prajAnI asAdhAraNa sevA karI, emanuM vRtta-vivecana avanavuM, kudaratI zaktinA paripAkarUpa, dIdhuM. daSTivALuM ane sarvagrAhI hatuM. IcchArAma tA. 5-12-1912ne dine 58 varSanI vaye svargavAsa pAmyA. emanA pachI emanA moTA putra maNilAla ane emanA pachI bIjA putra naTavaralAla enA taMtrI thayA. patranuM mahatvanuM sthAna vakhatanA vahevA sAthe naSTa thayuM. gujarAtI" junavANI daSTivALAnuM vakIla banIne rahyuM. sanAtanI hiMduomAM enuM AkarSaNa rahyuM, paNa pragativAdI juvAna vargamAM enI kazI asara na rahI. navA jamAnAne no pravAha enA lekhamAM ke enA uThAvamAM kyAMye najare na Avyo. eka veLA rAjakAraNane kSetre garjanA karanAra ane prajAne pAne caDAvanAra A patra vaheluM AthamI gayuM, paNa eTaluM avazya naMdhIe ke eka kAle gujarAtI vAcakemAM eNe marAThI kesarI' jevuM ucca pada bhogaveluM ane gujarAtI vRtta-vivecanamAM bIjA yugane AraMbha enAthI thayelo. taLa gujarAtanA gujarAtI vRttavivecana vize vicAratAM sthApanAnI daSTie prathama krame Ave che 'varatamAna'. eNe gujarAtamAM vRtta-vivecananuM bIje 1849 mAM vAvyuM. ene prathama aMka prApta na hAI ene lagatI vistRta vigata jANavI zakya nathI, paraMtu maganalAla vakhatacaMde 1851 mAM pragaTa karela "amadAvAdane ItihAsa, nAnAlAla dalapatarAma-racita "kavIzvara dalapatarAma, buddhiprakAza' ane gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTIne itihAsamAMthI gujarAtanA e sau prathama gujarAtI vartamAnapatra vize ThIka mAhitI maLe che. | gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTIe A patra pragaTa karavAnuM mAthe lIdhuM tyAre paristhiti Aja karatAM ghaNI judI hatI. eka bAju prajAne samAcAra vAMca'vAna mahAvaro nahi jevo ane bIjI bAju samAcAra meLavavAnA sattAvAra sAdhana paNa nahi. Ama A pragaTAvavuM e tyAre sAhasa hatuM ane e saMsthAnA sthApaka eNlekajhAnDara kinloka phorbsane AbhArI hatuM. ene prathama aMka tA. 2-5-1849 ne dine bahAra paDayo hato. nAnAlAla dalapatarAmanA jaNAvyA mujaba e tA. 4-4-1849ne dine pragaTa thayo hato. A tArIkhe vacce mAMDa eka mAsane phera che. budhavAre e pragaTa thatuM eTale ke ene "budhavAriyuM" kahetA. e pachIthI zarU thayelAM bIjAM chApAMone paNa leke keTaloka samaya

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patrakAratva 49budhavAriyuM ja kahetA. "buddhiprakAza"nA mate "leke(e) budhavArIuM eTale ghaNuM halakuM nAma pADuM che.' patranA saMcAlana mATe prAraMbhamAM thayelI gaThavaNa Aje vicitra lAge. patrane pagAradAra taMtrI khare, paraMtu patrane vahIvaTa, enI nItirIti vagerene lagatI saghaLI javAbadArI sosAyaTInA maMtrIne saMpAyelI. tyAranA saMjogomAM ema karavuM sosAyaTIne jarUrI lAgyuM haze. kavizrI nAnAlAla gujarAtanA A prathama gujarAtI vartamAnapatra vize keTalIka agatyanI mAhitI Ape che. saM. 1902-03(I.sa. 1846-47) nA arasAmAM bAjIbhAI amIcaMda amadAvAdamAM sauthI paheluM zilA chApakhAnuM laI AvyA. "varatamAna" emAM chapAvuM zarU thayeluM. saMsAyaTInA eka kArakuna amarezvara kuberadAsa enA prathama taMtrI nimAyelA, bhogIlAla bhoLAnAtha ane phebsanA zirastedAra choTamalAla emAM mukhyatve lakhatA. dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAI vidyA-vistaraNa ane prajAkeLavaNu vize je vicAratA te emAM ApatA. bajAra-bhAva ane zaherasamAcArane emAM sthAna maLatuM. enuM vArSika lavAjama rUpiyA cha hatuM ane grAhaka-saMkhyA savAse jeTalI hatI. patranA AraMbhakAle cAlatA hIrAlAla ujadAranA mukaddamA vize emAM lakhANa AvatAM, sarakArI pharamAna nIkaLyuM ke kaI paNa sarakArI amaladAre jAherachApAmAM lakhANa karavAM nahi. pariNAme phanI kalama ane buddhine lAbha patrane ane e dvArA prajAne maLatuM baMdha thaI gayela varatamAnanA mukhapRSTha namUno gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTInA itihAsanA trIjA bhAganA 102 me pAne prasiddha thayela che. eka sadI ane traNa dasaka pUve zarU thayelA A page prajA para kevI chApa pADelI ane prajAmAnasa ghaDavAmAM eNe ke phALo Ape e vagere jANavAne keI AdhArapAtra sAdhana nathI, paraMtu "amadAvAdane ItihAsa'nA lekhakanA jaNAvyA pramANe prajAne vAMcavAno zokha vadhe e mATe jaza A patrane phALe jAya che. 10 A patrane lagate eka kisse avazya neAMdhavA jevo che, kAraNa ke emAM apakSapAtI aMgreja aphasaroe prajAlAbhArthe ane chApAMnA svAtaMtrya aMge bhajavela bhAga emane gaurava ApanAra che. patranA tA. 2-7-1858 nA aMkamAM amadAvAdanI tyAranI turaMganA vahIvaTa vize evI TIkA thaI ke "kedakhAnAne mukhya kArabhArI kevI. rIte cekazI rAkhe che. kedamAM paDelA mANasane jALIe hIne enAM sagAM-sAMgavA ane pichAnavALA leke sAthe vagara hukame vAta karavAnI rajA maLe che.' amadAvAdanA gujarAtI vartamAnapatramAM pragaTa thayela A TIkA vize muMbaInA aMgrejI patra TeligrApha eNnDa kuriyare" tA. 11-7-1851 nA aMkamAM evI carcA

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briTiza kAla karI ke jelane nAjara enI pharajamAM cUka kare che. e mATe e zikSAne pAtra Thare. A nAjarane uparI herisana nAmane aMgreja hatA. e saMsAyaTInI kAryavAhaka samitine sabhya paNa hatuM. eNe "varatamAnamAM apAyelI mAhitI khoTI che evI vigata patranA bIjA aMkamAM pragaTa thAya e mATe sIdhI ke ADakatarI rIte khaTapaTa zarU karI. saMsAyaTInA aMgreja sabhyone mata hata ke patramAM chapAyelI vigata asatya che ema spaSTa na thAya tyAMsudhI AvI matalabanuM lakhANa ApavuM ayogya gaNAya, Ama dabANane vaza thaI khulAsA chapAya te patra svataMtrapaNe kAma na karI zake ane enI sthApanAne uddeza ja mAryo jAya. pitAnA sUcanane asvIkAra thatAM gusse thayelA herisane samitine patra lakhI jaNAvyuM ke AvI bAbata patramAM prasiddha karavAnuM pagaluM ayogya hatuM. samitie herisanane ene A AkSepa kheMcI levA jaNAvyuM, eNe ema na karatAM samitie A bAbatane lagatAM patra vagere prasiddha karyA. enI prastAvanAne aMte teNe jaNAvyuM: "........e bAbatanA saghaLA kAgaLa para chapAyA che ane gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTInI kamiTIe mI, hArIsananA kahIA mujaba kahI e nIdhA vizenI dAda saMbhaLAvavAnI nA pADI che ke mI. hArIsane je leke upara kazI rIte ne phAvatAM halle karyo hato te lekenI noMdha karI khazI gaye. ehavI je cAla cAlyA temAM pitAnI akkala tathA vIcAra kAMIja nahIM calAvI. ehane vicAra karavAnI bAbatoe sosAyaTInA memabara tathA dunIAnA leke AgaLa melI che." A upara sahI karanAra samitinA saghaLA pAMca sabhya aMgreja hatA, (emAM phorbsane samAveza thAya che.) emaNe pitAnA bhAIbaMdha ane jAtabhAInI saheje taraphadArI na karI. carcAspada lakhANa "varatamAna'nI svIkArAyela nIti anusAra hovAnuM jaNAvyuM ane samagra carcAnI vigato prajAnI mAhitI mATe prasiddha karI, patrakAratvanA svAtaMtrya ane prajAlAbhanA viSaya jAheramAM chaNavAnA adhikAra mATe A aMgreja sajajanee dAkhavela hiMmata makkamatA ane apakSapAtI valaNe ApaNuM vRttavivecanane yogya dizAmAM AgaLa vadhavA saraLatA karI ApI. samitie akhatyAra karela valaNa muMbaI sarakArane na gamyuM. pharsanI badalI amadAvAdathI surata thaI ane "varatamAna" paNa sosAyaTInA hAthamAMthI sarakI gayuM. buddhiprakAza'nA eprila, 1878 nA aMkamAM kavi dalapatarAmane amadAvAdanA tyAranA nagarazeTha himAbhAI vakhatacaMda sAthe saMvAda pragaTa thaye che

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patrakAratva 431 te parathI jaNAya che ke 1878 mAM e patra bAjIbhAI amIcaMda taraphathI pragaTa thatu hatu. tyAre khabaradAra da' ane 'zamazera khaDAdura' (sthApanA julAI, 1854) nAmanAM putra pragaTa thatAM hatAM, jenI sAthe 'varatamAna'ne avAranavAra takarAramAM UtaravuM paDatuM. 'khabaradAra daNu' teA zAMta thai gayuM, paNa 'zamazera bahAdura' enA nAma pramANe zamazera vIMjhatuM ja rahyuM. ene mudrAlekha paNa eve! ja hatA : nita kalama hamArI, cAlaze ekadhArI, vagara taraphadArI, lekane lAbhakArI, paNa rasama naThArI, dekhaze jo tamArI, kalama citArI, deI deze utArI.' caTa maNilAla nabhubhAI dvivedIe emanA mAsika 'sudarzana'nA mArca, 1896 nA aMkamAM zamazera vIMjhavAmAM racyApacyA rahetA A patranu` mUlyAMkana karatAM lakhyu 'hatuM': ekatAlIza varSanu thayA chatAM vadhatI jatI vayathI teNe kAMI DahApaNu prApta karyuM" jaNAtuM nathI. jyAre prasiddha thayuM haze tyAre eka navAI tarIke sAruM lAgyuM haze, paNa cAlu samayamAM e patranI kazI viziSTatA jaNAtI nathI,11 'zamazera bahAdura'ne enI zamazera myAna karavAneA samaya paNa AvyA. rA.ba. maganabhAI karamacaMdanA gumAstA dharamacaMda phUlacaMda ane bhAu vizvanAtha vize emAM viruddha lakhANa chapAtAM, baMnee pAtAnI badanakSI thayelI hAvAnuM jaNAvI badalA meLavavA adAlatamAM dAda mAMgI. A mukaddamAe 'zamazera bahAdura'nu' pANI utArI nAkhyu. ane e 1855mAM baMdha paDayuM, paNa e pachI e pharI vaheluM sajIvana thayeluM ane lAMbI mudata cAleluM ema 'sudarzana'mAMnA uparanA avataraNa parathI samajAya che. 'varatamAna' taLa-gujarAtanuM paheluM gujarAtI vRttapatra heAI ene lagatI mAhitI thADI vigate ApI che. enu' AyuSa pramANamAM alpa hatuM. enA pachI gujarAtamAM bIna vamAnapatra, khAsa karI sAptAhika, nIkaLyAM, jemAM eka noMdhapAtra ane lAMkhA samaya TakI rahela patra te kheDA vartamAna'. enI sthApanA sana 1851 mAM zeTha pAnAcaMda ane kahAnadAse e samayamAM zakaya evuM zilApresa sapAdana karI karelI. kheDA vartamAna' nA uddabhava samaye traNeka meTAM zahera bAda karatAM khIje chApAvAcana jevuM kazuM' naheAtuM. prazna chApAvAcanathI TevAyelI ke raMgAyelI naDeAtI eve samaye pAnAcaMda zeThe kheDA jevA pramANamAM nAnA sthaLethI sAptAhika

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kara briTiza kAla pragaTAvavAnuM sAhasa karyuM. kheDAnI janatAmAM vAcanane ane navuM navuM jANavA zIkhavAne zekha eNe pragaTAvyo, paNa prajAmAM cetanane saMcAra e khAsa na karI, zakyuM. e lAMbuM AvyuM ane eNe sAdhAraNa pragati karI, pAnAcaMda ane kahAna dAsa pachI emanA vArasa somacaMda ane maNilAle A akhabAra pAchaLa jahemata. uThAvI. vArSika lavAjama jeTalI kiMmatanuM bheTapustaka dara sAla grAhakone ApavAnI, prathA emaNe zarU karI. dezanA ane samAjanA prazno para, sAdhana-saMjoga-samayanA pramANamAM, page ThIka ThIka sevA karI. e vize enA taMtrI semacaMda pAnAcaMde lakhyuM cheH "samAja-kalyANa ane samAja-rakSAnA Adarzo ame akhaMDita amArA samakSa rAkhyA che. dezahitanI rASTriya pravRttione amAre haMmezAM Teke che. sthApita sarakAra viruddha vAhiyAta krAMtikArI kahevAtA vicAro ame dharAvatA nathI. raziyA jevI sthiti ahIM kheDUta prajAmAM ane kAmadAra vargamAM lAvavI e vicAra ke, Adarza sAthe kadI sahamata thaI zakatA nathI. dharmanA viSayamAM A dezane pazcima pAsethI zIkhavAnuM ke anukaraNa karavA jevuM che ema kadI ame mAnI zaktA nathI. 12 A patranI Arthika rAjakIya ane sAmAjika ke dhArmika kSetre kevI nIti hatI e A avataraNa spaSTa kare che. kheDAnI bAjumAM Avela, je eka veLA samagra bhAratanuM AgevAna dezI rAjya hatuM ke, vaDodarAnAM vRttapatrono ullekha sAthesAthe karI laIe. pUrve jaNAvyuM che ke, A rAjyanI pragati mahArAjA sayAjIrAva gAyakavADane AbhArI che. teo 1884 mAM gAdIe AvyA tyAre rAjyamAM eke vartamAnapatra nIkaLatuM nahotuM. mahArAjAnI irachAthI rAmajI saMtuSTa AvaTe muMbaIthI vaDodarA AvyA ane vaDodarA vatsala" nAmanuM marAThI sAptAhika zarU karyuM. pAchaLathI emanI sAthe dAmodara sAMvaLArAma vaMde bhAgIdAra banyA. A yaMdee vaDodarAmAM vRttavivecana ane mudraNakAmane vikAsa sAdhavAmAM agatyanuM arpaNa karyuM che. thoDAM varSo pachI baMne bhAgIdAromAM matabheda paDatAM teo chUTA paDyA ane prajAnA TekAne abhAve vaDodarA vatsala" baMdha paDayuM. ema thatAM vaDodarAthI eka navA patrane udaya thaye. zrImaMtanI sahAnubhUtithI yaMdee sAptAhika "sayAjIvijaya zarU. karyuM. emAM marAThI gujarAtI ane aMgrejI ema traNa vibhAga AvatA. e sAptAhika banatAM emAM marAThI ane gujarAtI bhASAnA be chUTA chUTA vibhAga, pragaTa thatA. 1889 mAM "IMdu prakAzanuM saMcAlana saMbhALI levA vaMde vaDodarA, choDI muMbaI gayA ane "sayAjIvijayanAgujarAtI vibhAganA saMpAdaka mANekalAla. aMbArAma DokTare patrane kArobAra saMbhALI lIdhe. e patra emanI mAlikInuM banyuM ane AkhuM gujarAtImAM nIkaLatuM thayuM.

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patrakAratva sayAjIvijayanI sthApanA ane pragati vaDodarAnareza ane emanI sarakAranA samarthanane AbhArI hAI enI nIti sattAdhIzonI taraphadArI karanArI rahI. prajAlAgaNIne prasaMge pAtta e thAbaDe kharuM, paNa ene vega ne Ape, daravaNa na Ape. khabara vagerenI vipulatAthI e vaDodarA rAjyanuM AgevAna akhabAra banyuM. rAjyanA gAme gAma ene phelAvo thaye, paNa vRttapatra tarIke enuM kaI aMga vikasyuM nahi ke AkarSaka banyuM nahi. upara kahyuM tema "sayAjIvijayanuM koI AkarSaka aMga nahatuM. enuM sAhityasthAna paNa UMcuM na lekhAya, paraMtu gujarAtI sAhityanA AkAzamAM eka jhaLahaLate sitAro camakAvavAnuM zreya ene che. ramaNalAla vasaMtalAla desAI lekhaka tarIke AgaLa nahetA AvyA tyAre "sayAjIvijaya'nA taMtrIe emane khALI kADhayA. emanI navalakathAo bheTa-rUpe "sayAjIvijayanA grAhakone maLatI thaI. ramaNalAla desAInI kalamakalAne gujarAta samakSa prathama vAra dharanAra "sayAjIvijaya" che. kheDA vartamAna" pachI keTaloka samaya rahIne suratamAM zarU thayelA patre gujarAtanAM vartamAnapatranA vikAsamAM mahatvanuM pradAna karyuM che. dInazA aradezara tAleyArakhAne tA. 13-9-1863 ne dine suratathI "suratamitra' nAmanuM dara ravivAre bahAra paDatuM paga zarU karyuM. patrane sAre Take maLatAM tA. 11-9-1864thI patranuM nAma pheravI gujarAtamitra' rakhAyuM ane surata bahAranA praznone paNa emAM sAruM sthAna apAyuM. dInazA kaI paNa sthaLe gerarIti ke apakhudI cAlatI jaNAtAM garama thaI jatA ane pitAnI kalama dvArA e dUra karAvavA khaMtIlA prayAsa karatA. ema karavAmAM game tevA meTA mAnavInI e paravA karatA nahi. aMgreja hodedAro ane dezI rAjAonI ApakhudI sAme gajavAmAM emaNe pAchaLa vaLI joyuM nahotuM. emanI sauthI yAdagAra laData e samayanA vaDodarAnareza mahArarAva gAyakavADa sAme hatI. e rAjavInI rAjanIti sAme emaNe hiMmatathI lakhe rAkhyuM tethI bhAre sanasanATI macI gaI ane sarakArane e pratye dhyAna ApavAnI pharaja paDI. pariNAme mahArarAva aMge tapAsa thaI ane emaNe pharajiyAta gAdItyAga karavo paDayo. eka sadI pUrve zaktizALI dezI rAjavIonAM nAma daI jAheramAM emanI khAmI dekhADanAra ane khabara laI nAMkhanAra "gujarAtamitra'nA taMtrI keTalA nIDara haze ! emanI nIDaratAnI stuti "dhI bombe rivyu' mAM paNa karavAmAM AvI hatI.13 28

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434 briTiza kahe 1870 mAM "gujarAtamitra' maMchArAma ghelAbhAI, kIkAbhAI parabhudAsa vagere cauda jaNanI banelI kaMpanIne vecAyuM. dInazAne patra sAthe lekhaka tarIke saMbaMdha 1900 sudhI cAlu rahyo. prajA hakka mATe laDatAM A akhabAra eka veLA meTI muzkelImAM mukAyuM. "1878 mAM sudharAIe karaverA vadhAravA vicAra karyo tyAre gujarAtamitra' ene sakhata virodha karyo. e ja arasAmAM lAyasansa Tephasa Adine laI janatAmAM ugra asaMtoSa phelAyo hato. eprilamAM suratamAM apUrva haDatAla paDI, zaheramAM huliDa phATI nIkaLyuM, aMgrejo para humalA thayA. AvA kAryamAM "gujarAtamitra' dezImitra ane svataMtratA" nA saMcAlakone hAtha hevAne sattAdhIzone vahema gaye. tA. 11moe maMchArAma, kIkAbhAI ane bIjAonI dharapakaDa thaI. ema thatAM yAdagAra "surata rAvaTa kesa" laDA. phirojazA mahetA ane gIla baeNrisTara AropIonA bacAvamAM laDelA. tA 23 mI sapTembare sarva AropIone nidorSa TharAvI choDI mUkyA. A mukaddamAe A patrone bhAre prasiddhi apAvI. horamasajI sekreTarIe tA. 1-4-1888 thI jekizanadAsa lallubhAI aThThAvALA ane harilAla harSadarAya dhruvanI madadathI saptAhamAM be veLA prasiddha thatuM gujarAtadarpaNa" nAme patra zarU kareluM ane e cha varSa calAvyA pachI gujarAtamitra' kharIdI tA. 19-8-1894 thI ene enI sAthe joDI dIdhuM, tyArathI Aja paryata e "gujarAtamitra ane gujarAtadarpaNane nAme prasiddha thAya che. upara "surata rAyaTa kesane ullekha karatAM dezI mitra saMbaMdhI nirdeza karyo che. maMchArAma ghelAbhAIe 1873nA me mAsamAM adanA AdamIne gamI jAya tevuM haLavuM vAcana ApatuM ochA daranuM e aThavADika kIkAbhAI prabhudAsanI bhAgIdArImAM pragaTa karavA TharAvyuM. jUnamAM prathama aMka pragaTa thaye. e aMkanuM kada kevaLa eka pAnAnuM ane patranuM lavAjame vArSika eka rUpiye. pAchaLathI lavAjama deDha rUpiye karyuM ane kadeya vadhAyuM. 1889mAM maMchArAme taMtrI-sthAna pitAnA putra nagInadAsane soMpyuM.14 dezI mitra' mukhyatve ramUjI vAcana ApavA zarU karAyeluM. A nItine e eTaluM vaphAdArIthI vaLagI raheluM ke akasmAta Aga roga khUna vagerene lagatA samAcAra paNa e ja rIte ApatuM. tyAre e vAMcavAmAM prajAne rasa paDyo haze, paNa Aje te e kRtrima lAge che. emAM pIrasAtI ramUja grAmya hatI, emAM

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patrakAratva 431 pragaTa thatAM joDakaNAM ane TucakAoe tyAranA laherI suratIone AnaMda ApelA taMtrIe racelA rANInA bAganA garabA-rAnI vikaTAriyAnA bAga, TAMTA jovAnA che lAga'--para vAcakA phidA thaI gayelA.15 dezI mitra' prajAnuM patra hatu.. e leka-pravRttine samaOna ApatuM, heAmarUla caLavaLane eNe TakA ApelA. upara 'surata rAyaTa kresa' vize lakhatAM svataMtratA'nA paNa ullekha karyo che. ''svata'gatA' mAsika-svarUpe pragaTa thayeluM heAI ene vamAnapatro vizenA lekhamAM svAbhAvika sthAna na heAya, paraMtu e vAtane atre ullekha karavA Avazyaka che ke vRttapatranA hakka-adhikAra mATe eNe khelela jagane ApaNA vRttavivecananA itihAsamAM sthAna che. icchArAma sUryarAma desAI svataMtratA ane svarAjane maga "svataMgatA"mAM bhaNyA. e dvArA emaNe potAnI pakAra-kArakirdInA zrIgaNeza karyA. A anubhave pAchaLathI e muMbaI jaI 'gujarAtI' sAptAhikanA taMtrI banyA tyAre svAta MtryadevInI satata ane utkaTa pUja karavA emane preraNA ApI ane gujarAtI vRttavivecananA itihAsamAM emane AdarapAtra sthAna apAvyuM. DDAnAM mhATAM nAra nara, sarave thAya suANu' e mATe kavi nadAza kare suratathI zarU karela 'DAMDiyeA' pAkSika hAI eneya atre UDatA ullekha Avazyaka bane che, paNa emAM je vAnagI pirasAyelI tene laI e vRttapatra nahi, paNu spaSTapaNe vicArapatra hatuM ane e kAraNe enA vize enuM a`Nu agatyanu hovA chatAM atre vistRta vicAraNAne sthAna nathI. atre eTale ullekha karavA khasa thaze ke 'DAMDiyeA'nI ochAmAM ochI TANu zreNI thaI hatI : (1) tA. 1 lI sapTembara, 1864 thI tA. 15 mI Disembara, 1865 sudhInA 32 aMkAnI zreNI, te pahelI (2) tA. 15 mI mArca, 1866 thI tA. 15 mI eprila, 1867 sudhInA 27 adha-A bIjI zreNI, ane (3) trIjI te tA. 1 lI oNgasTa, 1867 thI 16. nada mAMDI ghaNuM karI tA. 15 mI Disembara, 1899 sudhInA 58 aAnI.1 ane enA pAkSika 'DAMDiyAe cA dekhAtA gujarAtIemAM svamAnabhAvanA, svadezAbhimAna ane samAjasudhAraNA mATe jossA' pragaTAvyo. 'DAMDiyA'nuM jIvana alpa DAvA chatAMye eNe karela kA A viSayanA itihAsamAM ane mahattvanuM sthAna apAve che. ogaNIsamA zatakanI Akhara sudhImAM muMbaImAM gujarAtI vRttavivecana spaSTa ghATadAra svarUpa pAmI cUkayuM hatuM, paraMtu taLa-gujarAtamAM e dizA jhAjhI kheDAI naheAtI. nAnAM nAnAM vartamAnapatro-vizeSa sAptAhikA-e arasAmAM zarU

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briTiza kAla thayelAM ane baMdha paDelAM. amadAvAdamAM traNa patre "hitecchuM, zamazera bahAdura ane "amadAvAda samAcAra' prasiddha thatAM hatAM. emAM hitecchuM" prajA mATe vizeSa upayogI hatuM. samakAlIna savAlanI e svataMtrapaNe sArI carcA karatuM. e prasiddha karatA hatA pItAMbaradAsa tribhuvanadAsa mahetA. tyAranAM patromAM AvatI aMgrejI kaTAranuM mahatva hatuM, paraMtu pItAMbaradAse aMgrejIne abhyAsa na karela heI aMgrejI lekhe emAM niyamita pragaTe nahetA thatA ane tyAre A bAbata patranI UNapa banI jatI. zamazera bahAdurane ulekha AgaLa AvI gayo che. e ane amadAvAda samAcAra" niyamita prasiddha mahetAM thatAM. ghaNI veLA najIvA kAraNe ke mulatavI rAkhI pAchaLathI bhegA aMka kADhatA. vizeSa, e akhabAra prajAprIti paNa nahotAM pAmyAM. A saMjogomAM bhagubhAI phatehacaMda kArabhArIe jIvanalAla vajarAya desAI baeNrisTaranA sahakArathI aMgrejI vibhAgavALuM gujarAtI sAptAhika zarU karavA nirdhAra karyo. pariNAme 1898 nI 6 ThThI mAce "prajAbaMdhu' sAptAhikanI majala zarU thaI.. bhagubhAIe deDha varSa enuM saMcAlana karyuM. te daramyAna lekha lakhavA, prapha sudhAravA ane aMke TapAlapeTImAM nAMkhI AvavA sudhInuM lagabhaga badhuM ja kAma emane jAte karavuM paDatuM. ( patra kevA uddezathI zarU karAyuM e bhagubhAIe "prajAbaMdhu'nA prathama aMkamAM "prAraMbha -zIrSaka heThaLa karelA nivedanamAM jaNAvatAM prazna karyo : "kahe janma dharI zI karI dezanI sevA ?" A sevA kAje pite patra sAthe AgaLa AvyA che ema spaSTatA karatAM temaNe lakhyuM: "A patra nUtana che, te nUtana lehInuM che, paNa uchedaka vicAranuM nathI. te nutana paddhatinuM che, paNa gyAyegya vicAranirNayane eTale vivekavRttine kadI tyAga karanAra nathI; te nUtana prAraMbhanuM che, paNa "Ara bhe zara banI pachIthI nUra gumAvavA mATe kAMI niryuM nathI.17 ' niruttama ane ALasa, kusaMpa ane kuthalI, anIti ane bhUkhamare, ajJAna ane parAdhInatA ApaNe tyAM bhArobhAra che, e mATe duHkha ane aphsosa vyakta karI taMtrIe jaNAvyuM ke "karavAnuM bahu che, paNa karanArA cheDA che. "rAjakIya sudhAraNuM thayA vinA bIjI badhI sudhAraNuM thavI mithyA che,' evo abhiprAya jema A patra pravartAvanArAne nathI tema jeo sAMskArika sudhAraNA karI zaktA nathI, teo rAjakIya sudhAraNa karavAne lAyaka nathI' evA abhiprAyane paNa teo ravIkAratA nathI. sAcI vAta to e che ke saMskAra vyavahAra ane rAjya Adi

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patrakAratva pratyeka prakAranI sudhAraNAne AdhAra nizcaya prayatna jJAna ane zubuddhi para rahe che. AthI pitAnA dezabaMdhuo sarve bAbatanuM jJAna meLavatA thAya, e meLavIne nizcayavALA ne nIDara banI prayatnazIla thAya e prakAranA lekha A nutana patramAM enA jaka pragaTa karatA raheze. prajAbaMdhu' enA nAma pramANe prajAne bAMdhava banyuM ane vakhatanA vahevA sAthe gujarAtI vRttavivecananA sAptAhika vibhAgamAM eNe prathama paMktinuM sthAna meLavyuM. enA AraMbhe amadAvAdane sthAnika svarAjyane hakka maLI cUkayo hato, paraMtu prajAnAM hitenuM rakSaNa kare ane racanAtmaka kAryo kare tevA sabhyonI saMkhyA sudharAImAM maryAdita hatI. madhyama sthitinA niSThAvAna samAjasevakone sthAne emAM mAletujAra ane milamAlikanA mitro ghUsI jatA. cUMTaNInuM tyAranuM khAmI-bhareluM dhoraNu e mATe kAraNabhUta hatuM, "prajAbaMdhue A sAme zarUthI merA mAMDyo ane samasta prajAne pitAne sAro pratinidhi cUMTI mokalavAno hakaka maLe e mATe khaMtIluM pracArakArya karyuM. prajA jJAnI bane che te ene pradhAna uddeza hato ja, eTale keLavaNuMnA kSetramAM tyAranA keLavaNI khAtAnA adhikArIenI khaphagI vaherIne paNa eNe racanAtmaka carcA karI. abhyAsakrama, pAThayapustake, zikSake, emanA vaDAo ane emanuM vartana vagere vize eNe vicArazIla lakhANuM karyA ane keLavaNIkhAtA tathA keLavaNI kSetranI keTalIka khAmI dUra karAvavAmAM saphaLatA prApta karI. bhagubhAI kArabhArIe deDha varSa "prajAbaMdhu'nuM saMcAlana karI e ThAkoralAla paramodarAya ThAkorane soMpyuM. emanA hAthe A sAptAhikane sAro vikAsa thayo. 1905 mAM emaNe "prajAbaMdhu prinTiMga varkasa' sthApI emAMthI "prajAbaMdhu' chApI bahAra pADayuM. dhIme dhIme "prajAbaMdhu'nI pratiSThA vadhI. 1910 thI grAhakane bheTapustaka ApavAnI prathA zarU thatAM patranI lekapriyatA tema phelAvAmAM vadhAro thayo. prajAbaMdhu" prajA-kalyANanI dizAmAM noMdhapAtra arpaNa karI zakyuM enuM pradhAna kAraNa ene sadbhAgya sAMpaDelA nIDara ane vidvAna sAthe sAthe kartavyaparAyaNa lekhakamitro hatA. jIvanalAla vrajarAya desAI, vaidya jaTAzaMkara lIlAdhara, giradharalAla pramodarAya, kRSNalAla narasiMhalAla desAI, kRSNalAla zeviMdarAma devAzrayI, prANalAla kirapArAma desAI vagere emAM mukhya hatA. emAM e pAnI aMgrejI katAro dvArA tyAranA vividha dizAne sparzatA savAlanI nikhAlasa ane vicArazIla carcA karI prajA ane sarakAra baMnenuM bahu sAruM lakSa kheMcanAra dI. ba. aMbAlAla sAkaralAla desAIe Apela phALe anupama hate.

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paTa briTiza kAvya bhagubhAI kArabhArI pAsethI ThAkoralAla ThAre A vRttaparA kharIdI enuM taMtrIpada pite svIkAryuM kharuM, paraMtu pachIthI pite saMcAlaka tarIkenI vyavasthAnuM kAma upADI taMtrI sthAna jeThAlAla umedarAma mevADAne saMpyuM, jemanA taMtrI-pade e Azare ATha varSa rahyuM. e pachI eka varSa aMbAzaMkara kezavajI zukala e. sthAne AvI gayA, emanA pachI lagabhaga agiyAra varSa jagajIvanadAsa zivazaMkara trivedI taMtrIpade AvyA. 1908nA tyAranI aMgreja sarakAranA ahevAla mujaba, muMbaInA gujarAtI bheguM bevaphA patranuM biruda pAmanAra sAptAhika "gujarAtI paMca" amadAvAdathI somAlAla maMgaLadAsa zAhe tA. 20-5-1901thI zarU kareluM. zarUmAM emAM vyaMgacitra paNa apAtAM; e baMdha paDatAM ene sthAne emAM ramUjI lekha AvavA lAgyA. evA lekha lakhavAmAM gujarAtInA bIrabala' yAne kharazedajI bamanajI pharAmareja mukhya hatA. tyAranI prathAne anusarI emAM aMgrejI vibhAga hato. ene gujarAtI vibhAgamAM bIrabala uparAMta caturbhuja bhaTTa, DAhyAbhAI lakSamaNabhAI paTela, cunIlAla vardhamAna zAha, sItArAma je. zarmA, kezava ha. zeTha, dhanazaMkara hIrAzaMkara tripAThI, cimanalAla motIlAla munazI vagere jANItA lekhaka mukhyatve lakhatA. dara samavAre pragaTa thatA. A page gujarAtamAM cAlu vArtA ApavAnI prathA ('gujarAtI'ne muMbaInuM parA, gaNatAM) zarU karI. grAhakene bheTa-pustaka prativarSa ApavAnI zarUAta gujarAtamAM eNe ja karelI ane sauthI pahele dipotsavI aMka paNa gujarAtane e ja paLe Apela. hiMdI raMghanuM anukaraNa karIne prAraMbhanAM be-aDhI varSa ThaThThAcitra-vyaMgacitra, paNa prathama vAra gujarAtamAM eNe ApelAM. patranA rajata mahatsava prasaMge jaNAvAyeluM ke ene prAraMbha traNa uddezathI thayuM hatuM ? (1) hiMdanI rAjakIya pravRttiomAM sAyanI najIka prajAsamUhane javAmAM kiMcita paNa sAdhanabhUta thavuM, (2) amadAvAda ane gujarAtane e pravRttiomAM enuM sthAna apAvavuM, ane (3) sAMsArika kurivAjo dUra karavA, janatAne dharmamAge pravRtta rAkhavA. ane ApaNuM naitika dhArmika ane AdhyAtmika zreya sAdhavAmAM lekasamUhane sastuM vAcana pUruM pADIne kiMcita paNa sahAyabhUta thavuM.19:

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patrakAratva : gujarAtI paMce A uddeza keTale aMze amalamAM mUkyo hate e praznanA pratyuttaramAM kahevuM rahe che ke vIsamI sadInI zarUAte gujarAtanI prajAne rAjadvArI viSayomAM jAgrata karavA je prayAsa thayA temAM A patro sAthe sahakAra Apela. keMgresanA eka zubhecchaka ane enuM samarthana karanAra patra tarIke ja ene janma thayela. keMgresanA adhivezana gujarAtamAM paNa bharAvAM joIe evo pikAra eNe pADatAM mahAsabhAnuM sana 1902nuM adhivezana gujarAtamAM bharavA kalakattA keMgresamAM phIrojazAha mahetAe sUcanA karI e anusAra amadAvAdamAM enuM adhivezana bharAyuM paNa kharuM, paraMtu e ja kAraNe sarakAranI khaphagI enA para UtarI ane ene maLatI sarakArI jAherakhabaro baMdha thaI gaI. sarakAranI itarAjI, nANAkIya muzkelI, chApakhAnAmAM Aga, mAMdagInI musIbate, bIja patronI harIphAI vagere muzkelIoe semAlAla para hale karyo, paraMtu e sAme tyAre e TakI rahyA. pramANamAM ochA mahatvanAM ane alpa samaya cAlI AthamI gayelAM gujarAtanAM keTalAMka patro vize UDate ullekha karIe. 1850mAM e. phaoNrbsanI amadAvAdathI surata badalI thatAM e varSamAM keTalAka vargone sahakAra meLavI emaNe "sUrata samAcAra" nAme patra zarU karyuM.20 enA vize "pArasI prakAzamAM evo ullekha che ke "bejanajIe (suratanA tyAranA koTavALa bejanajI pAlaNajIe) suratavAlA jANItA mahetAjI duragArAma maMchArAmanI sAthe maLI "surata samAcAra' nAme aThavADiyAmAM be vAra nIkaLatuM eka vartamAnapatra sthApavAnI goThavaNa kIdhI hatI, ane tene pahelo aMka tA. 10 mI akabara, 1850 ne dine nIkaLyuM hatuM, paNa te patra zaiDuMka cAlI baMdha paDayuM hatuM." bIje varSe kavi narmadAzaMkare "svadeza hiteSu' nAmanI maMDaLI sthApI ane enA Azraye ekAda varSa "jJAnasAgara' sAptAhika prasiddhi pAmyuM. ene lagatI vigata kavinA ja zabdomAM TAMkavI rasika banazeH "meM mArI gamatane sAruM eka maMDaLI UbhI karavI dhArI, te pachI te vAta meM mArA sagA delatarAmane kahI. eNe maMDaLInI sAthe eka chApakhAnuM kahADavAnuM kahyuM. ane pachI ame bhAgIdArI karI "svadeza-hitera" e nAmanI maMDaLI UbhI karI. eka mAsathI chApakhAnAmAM "jJAnasAgara" nAmanuM nyusa pepara aThavADiye eka vAra nIkaLavA mAMDayuM ne bIjI pAsethI bhASaNa thavA mAMDyAM. jJAnasAgara kahADavAnI latarAmanI matalaba durgArAma mahetAjInI keTalIka narasI cAla jAheramAM ANavAnI hatI. paNa te mArA jANavAmAM pachavADethI AvI. paheluM bhASaNa "maMDaLI maLavAthI thatA lAbha" vize lakhIne tA. 4thI

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440 briTiza kAha julAIe karyuM hatuM. e jJAnasAgara Azare eka varSa cAlyuM. pachI te maMDaLI bhAMgI gaI ne saghaLuM astavyasta thaI gayuM.. "jJAnasAgara'mAM meM kaMI ja lakhyuM nathI, te latarAma lakhatA.22 - 1861 mAM pestanajI rustamajI bharUcAe zilApresa para chapAtuM "bharUca vartamAna nAme sAptAhika bharUcamAM zarU karyuM. enA taMtrI sthAne lAMbe samaya serAbazAha dAdAbhAI munasapha hatA. pestanajIe covIseka varSa A parA calAvI, vRddhAvasthAne laI eka hiMdu sajajanane e vecI nAkhyuM. 1885 sudhI e cAlyuM. 23 tA. 7-11-1864thI rAjakoTathI "kAThiyAvADa samAcAra' nAmanuM samavAre prasiddha thatuM aThavADika bahAra paDayuM hatuM. emAM mukhyatve kAThiyAvADanA samAcAra AvatA. e uparAMta carcApatro, kAvyo, ejansI gejheTanA TharAva vagere paNa prasiddha thatAM. tA. 6-1-1886thI bejanajI rustamajI darogAe bharUcathI "bharUca-mitra nAmanuM budhavAre pragaTa thatuM sAptAhika zarU kareluM. pAchalAM varSomAM enuM saMcAlana gAMdhI kuTuMbane hastaka AvyuM. sAdhana-sthaLa-saMganI maryAdA dhyAnamAM letAM A patro bharUca zahera ane jillAnI sArI sevA karI. enI mAlikI gAMdhI kuTuMbanA hAthamAMthI gaI, paNa e parA pragaTa thatuM rahyuM. rAjakoTathI 1888mAM aMgrejI nAma dharAvatuM gujarAtI para "kAThiyAvADa TAImsa zarU thayuM. TI. e. vajhIrANInA taMtrIpade e budhavAre ane ravivAre bahAra paDatuM. tA. 16-9-188ra thI suratathI edalajI derAbajI talATIe pArasI mahinA pahelA divase prasiddha thatuM "talATI samAcAra' nAme parA zarU karyuM, Ama e mAsika hatuM, paNa samAcArapatranI kakSAmAM mukAya tevuM hatuM. ene vize atre ullekha karavo e kAraNe paNa Avazyaka mAne che ke A parI talATI kuTuMbanA sabhyo sAru pragaTa thatuM. eka ja kuTuMbanA sabhyanI vAkephI mATe khAsa samAcArapatra prakaTa thAya e jema navAI jevuM che tema nedhapAtra paNa che.24 rustamajI jAmApajI dastura maherajI rANAe tA. 14-2-1897thI navasArIthI dara ravivAre pragaTa thatuM "navasArI prakAza" nAme patra zarU karyuM, je navasArInuM sauprathama bina-sarakArI (tyAre tyAM gAyakavADanuM rAjya hatuM.) patra hatuM. rustamajI 1911 sudhI e patranA mAlikane taMtrI rahelA. e pachI emanA putra derAbajIe emanuM sthAna saMbhALyuM, paNa e vaheluM ja AthamI gayuM. rustamajI taMtrI sthAne hatA te daramyAna emanI sAme badanakSInA daseka mukadamAM noMdhAyelA ane lagabhaga darekamAM kAMIne kAMI prakAranI samajUtI thayelI.

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patrakAratva A uparAMta gujarAtamAM keTalAMka patra nakaLelAM ane pramANamAM TUMka mudata cAlI viramI gayelAM. e badhAMne vize pUrI temaja AdhArapArA mAhitI meLavavAnuM kaI sAdhana rahyuM nathI. ahIM tahIM badhAM vize thayelA ullekha para AdhAra rAkhI, je mAhitI maLI che te, A viSayanuM citra bane teTale aMze pUrNa bane e vicAre, pariziSTa rUpe ApI che. gujarAtI patrakAratvanA pahelA be yuga daramyAna (pahele 1822 thI 1880 sudhIne, bIje 1880 thI 1919 sudhI) AkhuM aMgrejImAM chapAtuM kaI vRttaparA gujarAtamAM nIkaLyuM hoya evI mAhitI maLatI nathI. urdUmAM koI patra kadAca pragaTa thayAM hoya. vaDodarA jevA rAjyamAM marAThI para pragaTa thayeluM kharuM, jene ulalekha "sayAjI vijaya' vize lakhatAM karyo che. aMgrejI bhASAnAM saLaMga vartamAnapatra gujarAtamAM nahotAM, paNa gujarAtI vartamAnapatromAM ane emAMye savizeSa sAptAhikamAM taMtrI taraphathI aMgrejI ne lAMbo samaya pragaTa thayelI. prAMtika bhASAthI ajANa sarakArI amaladAro e vAMce ane prajA-avAja pArakhe eve e pAchaLa Azaya hate. AvI katAro tyAranA vidvAne lakhatA ane pariNAme e sArI rIte lakhAvA uparAMta zikSita samAja ane sarakArI amaladAronuM sAruM laya kheMcatI. gujarAtI vRttapatromAM aMgrejImAM AvI ne pragaTa thAya e sAme gAMdhIjIe aNagamo darzAvatAM trIjA yugamAM muMbaImAM ane gujarAtamAM ema thatuM baMdha thaI gayuM, paNa muMbaInAM keTalAMka pArasI patromAM aMgrejI vibhAga -hajIye pragaTa thAya che. gujarAtanA patrakAratvanA pahelA yuga daramyAna bhASAnuM kheDANa ghaNuM ochuM, nahi jevuM thayuM, tyAre patromAM bhASAzuddhi ke sAhityane bhAgyeja khyAla hatA. emAM tyAre je carcA thaI te paNa moTe bhAge dharmane nAme ane keTalAka apavAda bAda karatAM emAM saMkucita vicArasaraNI pragaTa thaI. sudhArakAne avAja dabAvI devA patronI katArene sAre je upaga thaye. rAjakIya viSayanI carcA karatAM AgaLa vadhelA vicAra darzAvanAra patromAM paNa sAmAjika sudhArAne kSetre sAmAnya rIte sthitirakSaka vicAra pragaTa karyA. tyAranI prajAne paNa e ekaMdare gamyuM. sAcI rIte dezane rAjakIya sudhArA ane saMsArasudhArA baMnenI AvazyaktA hatI, paNa tyAre e dizAmAMnA prANavAna pracArane samaya pAkyo nahoto. e sthiti keTaleka aMze bIjA yugamAM ane pUre aMze gAMdhIyugamAM AvI. samAcAranuM sthAna pahelA yugamAM gauNa hatuM. bIjA yugamAM sthiti palaTAI. prajAne mAnasika vikAsa sAthe samAcAra mATenI enI bhUkha vadhI. relave ane

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briTiza kANa vAhanavyavahAranI khilavaNane kAraNe bahAragAmanA samAcAra meLavavAnuM keTaleka aMze sulabha thayuM hatuM. bhAratamAM jema keme che, nyAta ane peTA nyAta che, tema kemI patrI paNa che. gujarAtanAM ghaNAMkharAM vartamAnapatra mATe e garva laI zakAya ke e badhAe bhAratanA hitane prAdhAnya ApyuM che. 25 ApaNe tyAM vartamAnapatra kamAvAnAM sAdhana banyAM che kharAM, paNa ema karatAM e badhAMe prajAnuM nakheda vALyAnA dAkhalA jhAjhA jaDI zake ema nathI, UlaTuM eNe prajAnI sArI sevA karyAnA dAkhalA vadhu maLI rahe che. keTalAMka patronI Arthika sthiti sArI banI ane enI vAcaka-saMkhyA vadhI e mATenuM mukhya kAraNa emanuM sAcuM sevAkArya ja che. uparanA samayagALAmAM ApaNuM patra ane patrakAro mATe, emanI keTalIka dizAmAMnI apUrNatAo chatAM, ApaNe ekaMdare garva le rahe che. TUMka samaya khAsa beMdhapAtra nahi evuM jIvana jIvIne baMdha thaI gayelAM gujarAtanAM gujarAtI vRttapatro vize mAtra enAM nAma yA e zarU thayAnAM varSo vize ulekha maLe che, ene lagatI vigata nIce ApI che. ema karatAM 1914 sudhInI hada rAkhavA prayatna karyo che, paNa AdhArapAtra mAhitIne abhAve koI patro tyArapachI pragaTa thayuM hoya e zakaya che. keTalAMka nAma sAmayikanAM hoya evAM lAge che ane ema havA paNuM saMbhava che. patranuM nAma sthaLa sthApanA sAla- noMdha ne aDasaTTo aMkuza surata 1908 karacha vartamAna kAThiyAvADa himAyatI kAThiyAvADa samAcAra amadAvAda khabaradarpaNa amadAvAda kheDA nItiprakAza kheDA 1857 gujarAta gejheTa amadAvAda 1886 gujarAta vartamAna amadAvAda gujarAta samAcAra vaDedarA amadAvAda

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patrakAratva 1906 caMDikA caMdrodaya surata amadAvAda jenA bhAvanagara 1902 dInabaMdhu 1891-92nA arasA--- mAM pragaTa thatuM hatuM, vaDodarA surata amadAvAda amadAvAda 1863 amadAvAda amadAvAda amadAvAda amadAvAda 1894 moDAsA dezabhakta navayuga nyAyadarzaka piliTikala bhomi. prajA-abhilASa prajAmata pratinidhi rAjanagara patrikA rAja patrikA rAjasthAna mitra lahANu mitra vartamAnapatra valasADa patrikA vidyodaya vIrazAsana zakti zaMkhanAda surata akhabAra surata vartamAna darpaNa surata sedAgara sUrya prakAza saurASTra mitra svadeza vatsala vaDodarA rAjakeTa yA jUnAgaDha 1864 valasADa jUnAgaDha amadAvAda surata 1904 surata surata surata 1864 surata 1862 surata 1920mAM baMdha thayuM, rANapura amadAvAda 1875 1875mAM ja baMdha paDayuM. svadeza hite svarAjya hindustAna amadAvAda pAchaLathI muMbaI jaI baMdha paDayuM

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briTiza kAla 2. sAmayike sAmayikanA janmane vividha viSayaka jJAnanI utkaMThAnuM pariNAma darzAvavAmAM AvyuM che. gujarAtI sAmayikone mATe paNa A vAta sAcI che. ogaNIsamI sadInA ughADa sAthe je na pravAha tharU thayo hato. teNe vividha mAdhyamothI jJAna prApta karavAnA manorathane paNa baLa ApyuM. jJAnanI badhI bArIo khullI rAkhavAnA hetusara arvAcIna zikSaNanI AvazyakatA samajAvA lAgI, paraspara carcA ane vimarza mATe vividha sthAnee "maMDaLIo" racAI ane A jJAnavArtAo vadhu leke sudhI pahece e mATe copAniyAM ane sAmayika zarU thayAM. eka rIte jema vRttapatra tema sAmayika paNa pazcimanI bheTa che. aMgrejI vRttapatra sattaramI sadInAM chellAM pacAsa varSomAM nyUjhazITa tarIke vikasita thayAM, te sAmayika e pachInA najIkanA gALAmAM AkAra letAM thayAM. pazcimanAM sAmayika sAhitya uparAMta itara viSaya paranI sAmagrI ApatAM. pachIthI emAM zuddha - sAhityika sAmayika, cokakasa viSaya paranAM sAmayika, evuM vargIkaraNa thatuM rahyuM. | gujarAtI sAmayika, agAu kahyuM tema, vRttapatranI jema, navI keLavaNInI AbohavAnuM pariNAma hatAM. lorDa kenavalise 179ra mAM jenAthana jhaMkananA sAthe saMskRta keleja sthApI. briTiza prajA bhAratamAM enI keLavaNu-prathA dAkhala karavAnA prayatna karI rahI hatI. vibara phese prAthamika zALAo kholavAnI mAgaNIne jhuMbezanuM svarUpa ApI dIdhuM. daramyAna kalakattA muMbaI tAjera vagere sthAe IsAI pAdarIoe zALAo cAlu karI. rAjA rAmamohanarAye DeviDa heranI sAthe maLIne 1816 mAM hiMdu keleja' sthApI ane 1833 nA eka bilathI briTiza zAsane sarakArI nokarInA daravAjA badhAne mATe khullA mUkyA. Ama cotaraphI ghaTanAoe jJAnaprasAra mATe AbehavA pedA karI. mudrakaLA gavA thaIne bhAratamAM pravezI cUkI hatI. gujarAtI bhASAmAM mudraNane puruSArtha kheDA. jIjIbhAI chApagare pahelavahelAM gujarAtI bIbAmAM babbe kurIara'mAM jAherAta chApI. rustamajI kerasAspajIe chApakhAnuM zarU karyuM ane nAnameTAM pustaka bajAramAM AvyAM. pharadunajI marjhabAne chApakhAnuM nAkhyA pachI gujarAtI akhabAra mATe parizrama Adaryo ane pahelAM sAptAhika pachI dainika svarUpe "muMbaI samAcAra' julAI, 18rara nA pahelA ja divase AvyuM te gujarAtI dainika patrakAratvanuM paheluM sopAna. gujarAtamAM A varSomAM samAjasudhArA-pravRttine vaMToLa zarU thayuM hatuM teNe paNa navA janmatA sAmayika patrakAratvane vega Ape. pAMca daddA

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patrakAratva 445. (dinaNazaMkara, durgArAma, dalapatarAma, dAdAkhA ane deolatarAma) temaja traNa 'nannA' (naMdazaMkara, navalarAma ane narmada) A navAM dvAra kheAlavAnA utsAhI agraNI hatA. durgArAme mAnava dharmasabhA' sthApI e pUrve 'pustaka prakAzana maMDaLI sthapAI cUkI hatI(1844), phraoNbse amadAvAdamAM 'gujarAta varnAkayulara seAsAyaTI' sthApavA keTalAka mahAnubhAvAne preryA ane A saMsthA 1848 nA aMtabhAgamAM sthapAI. muMbaImAM 1851 mAM buddhivardhaka sabhA'nI sthApanA thaI 'phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA', 'jJAna pracAraka maMDaLI', 'sapatha pravartIka maMDaLa', 'vidyAguNuprakAza', 'bALa jJAneya', 'maneAraMjaka maMDaLI' vagere ma`DaLIe vividha sthAnee AkAra letI. gaI. A maMDaLAe jJAnapracAranA dhyeya mATe keTalAMka patra zarU karyA. temanuM svarUpa sAptAhikAnuM hatuM ane temAM vividha viSayAnAM lakhANa AvatAM hatAM. gujarAta varnAkayulara seAsAyaTIe 1849 mAM varatamAna' zarU karyuM, tA muMbaImAM rAsta gophatAra', 'name jamazeda' ane 1852 mAM 'satyaprakAza' zarU thayAM. A badhAM sAptAhika hatAM. keTalAMke pachIthI enA prakAzanagALAmAM pheraphAra karyo. dainika ane enAM pUrvarUpa jevAM sAptAhika temaja svataMtrapaNe prakAzita thatAM sAptAhika badhI daSTie vRttapatranA patrakAratvanA khyAla ApatAM hatAM; sAmayikAnI keDI enAthI theADIka judI paDe che. enI vyAkhyAmAMthI ATalAM lakSaNu alaga tAravI zakAya : (1) meTe bhAge e mahine, paNa ghaNI vAra enAthI ochA samayagALAmAM ke vadhu samayAMtare (mAsika traimAsika vArSika) ane aniyatakAlIna prakAzanamAM baMdhAyeluM heAya che, (2) e be pUThAM vacce baMdhAyeluM, vRttapatra karatAM mahadaMze nAnA kadanuM hAya che, ane (3) emAM jJAnanI vividha sAmagrI. ApavAmAM AvatI hAya che. A STie ApaNuM pahelu gaNanApAtra sAmayika 'buddhiprakAza' che. 1850 mAM ene prArabha thaye. e pahelAM sAmayika-prakAzananA prayatna paNa thayelA. muMbaInI elphinsTana insTiTyUTanA adhyApaka zrI rIDha potAnA vidyArthI enI samakSa jJAnaprasAraNa mATe maDaLInI sthApanAnA maneAratha prastuta karatA. emAMthI preraNA laIne keTalAka vidyArthI ee sTuDanTsa seAsAyaTI' sthApI. A maMDaLInI eka zAkhAnuM nAma 'gujarAtI jJAnaprasAraka maMDaLI' hatu.... eNe 1849 mAM eka mAsika * zarU karyuM. te ganeAna parasAraka eTale je elama tathA hAnarInA phelAvA karanAra ceApAnIuM.' dAdAbhAI navarAjI paNa A prayatnamAM sAmela hatA. A sAmayika ApaNA prArabhika gadya ane bhASAneA pazu paricaya Ape

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briTiza kAla che. eka udAharaNa: jAre. ganena parasAraka. cepanIuM. Ae. TApumAM. pahela. vaheluM. paravaratAvIuM tAre. evI. hamane, ItijArI hatI. ke. keAre. e. Ae. TApumAM phelA. pAme. paNa, zukara khudAnA ke hamane, e. vIze, kahetAM ghaNI. khuzI upaje. ke. je. hamArI. umeda. hatI. te. IjidAMe. purI pADI. ane. ApaNAM. dezIoe. hamane. sArI. madada-ApIca.26 samaya jatAM enA adhipatine zudha jeDanInI jarUra lAgI. mAsikanuM nAma jJAna prasArakI rAkhyuM ane trIjA varSanA AraMbhe prakAzita aMkamAM spaSTa karAyuM ke zarUAtamAM zuddha joDaNIne bahu Agraha rAkhavAmAM AvyuM nahotuM, kAraNa ke muMbAInA ghaNuMkharA pArasI rahevAsIone zudha jaDanIthI lakhelI gujarAtI bhASA vAMcavAne mahAvaro nathI tethI koIne cepAnIuM pasaMda Ave nahIM." 1850 ane enI AsapAsanAM varSa A dRSTie gujarAtI sAmayikanA prakAzanamAM mahatvanAM hatAM. saurASTra ane gujarAtamAM vividha sthaLoe je maMDaLIo sthapAI hatI teonAM pitAnAM sAmayika zarU thayAM. rAjakoTamAM vijJAna vilAsa ane gujarAta zALApatrInI zarUAta thaI, te jUnAgaDhathI "saurASTra darpaNa prakAzana - samiti"e AcArya vallabhajI haridattanA taMtrI-pade saurASTra darpaNa" zarU karyuM. bhAvanagarathI mane raMjaka ratna' traNa bhASAmAM nIkaLatuM. A uparAMta "subedhaprakAza" dharmadarpaNa" "vivecaka dharma prakAza" "mAsika sArasaMgraha "trimAsika TIkAkAra jagatamitra "mAnavadharma vagere saurASTramAMthI prakAzita thatAM sAmayika hatAM. paraMtu gujarAtI sAmayikanphage mahatvanI rekhA aMkita thaI buddhiprakAzanA prAraMbhathI. 1850nI paMdaramI mee ene prathamAMka bahAra paDyo tyAre enuM prakAzana pAkSikavarUpanuM hatuM. soLa pAnAM ane deDha AnAnI kiMmatanA A sAmayikane hetu pahelA aMkamAM jaNAvAyuM hatuM te pramANe "tAre teTalA mATe - A cepAnIUM chapAvanArAone e IrAde che ke e cepanIAmAM evI vidyAnI, ItihAsanI, rasAena zAstranI, lekenA vahepAra vize, lekenA cAladhArA vize, je je heTA mahe:TA mAnI lIdhelA vicAramAM pheraphAra thA, ne hAlamAM je je amula vastuo che tene, jema kukaDAne mana ratna, tema dhIkArIne

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patrakAratva nAkhI dIe che, te te vastuone elakhIne* levI ne... jema hIrA, mAtI, mANekane mAna Ape che ne sahAsa prANa rAkhe che, tenA kadApI karADamA hIsAnu ke temane mAna Ape evI rItanI chapAvanArAonA manamAM IcchA che. pachI tA Iva IcchA je thAe te kharU'27 vra A pAkSika doDha varSI cAlyu. ane baMdha paDayuM. gujarAtI sAmayikanA zrIgaNeza enAthI thayA. A daramyAna 1851mAM vidyAbhyAsa maDaLI' sthapAI hatI. -aMgrejI zALAnA AcAryaM rAvabahAdura bhAgIlAla prANavallabhadAsanA parizramathI 'buddhiprakAza' pharI zarU tA thayu. (eprila, 1854), pazu A maMDaLI ja dhIme dhIme vikherAI gaI. doDheka varSI eNe calAveluM. A mAsika bAra pAnAMnuM hatuM ane varSoMnuM lavAjama eka rUpiyA hatuM. A vyavasthA paNa bahu vakhata cAlI nahi. Akhare gujarAta varnAkayulara 'sAsAyaTI'e ene hAthamAM lIdhuM, phorbsanI preraNAthI 1848 mAM sthapAyelI A maMDaLInA uddeza gujarAtI bhASA sAhityane utkarSI karavA, upayogI jJAnaneA pracAra karavA ane sAmAnya rIte keLavaNInI vRddhi karavI' evA hatA. zarUAtamAM seAsAyaTInA maMtrI harilAla meAhanalAla ane pachI maganalAla vakhatacaMde 'buddhiprakAza'nuM saMcAlana saMbhALyuM. 1855 mAM sAdarAmAM sarakArI neAkarI karatA kavi dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAI naikarI cheADI seAsAyaTImAM joDAyA. 'buddhiprakAza'nu taMtrI-pada dhAraNa karatAM emaNe lakhyuM (julAI, 1855) : 'je je sajjana jagatamAM, paDhaze khruddhiprakAza, tA tenI, dalapata kahe, prabhu pUrI kara Aza.'28 buddhiprakAzanA itihAsa eka rIte gujarAtanA samAjajIvanane saMketa ApatuM prakaraNa paNu che. dalapatarAma emAM mukhya lekhaka hatA. pahelAM pakhavADika ane pachI mAsika banyuM. 600 jeTalA grAhaka e magAvatA, bakkIne kha se|sAyaTI pUrA pADatI, zilAchApamAM chapAtuM e 1864thI TAipamAM chapAvuM zarU thayu... ane ene mATe mudraNAlaya paNa sthApavAmAM AvyuM. 1868 thI zAsrI vrajalAla enA taMtrI banyA hatA. emaNe mAsikanAM thADAMka pAnAM bALabodhamAM ApavAnA prayoga karyA. prAraMbhanA laeNkhAmAM maganalAla vakhatacaMda, mahIpatarAma rUparAma, bhogIlAla prANavallabhadAsa, vrajalAla zAstrI, haragAviMdadAsa kAMTAvALA, lAlazaMkara umiyAzaMkara, gApALa hari dezamukha vagere hatA. itihAsa kavitA caritra tattvajJAna vArtA keLavaNI bhASAviSayaka nibadhA ane

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briTiza kAla sAmAnya jJAnanA viSayavaividhyathI A mAsike gujarAtamAM AdaranuM sthAna meLavyuM. zrI vizvanAtha bhaTTanA zabdomAM prAcInatAnI dRSTie prathama sthAna "buddhiprakAza"ne maLaze. te gujarAtI bhASAnuM jUnAmAM jUnuM mAsika patra che. ApaNA prajAjIvananA jUnA ane navA jamAnAne eNe sAkaLyA che ane AjanA vAcakane pAzcAtya vidyAsaMskRtinA prAraMbhanI asaranA utsAhamaya divase sudhI dorI javAnuM enAmAM sAhasa che.'29 re 1851 mAM mahine be vAra prakAzita thatuM eka sAmayika zarU thayu te dAdAbhAI navarAjInuM... 'rAsta gAtAra'. A gALAmAM baherAmajI gAMdhInA 'citrajJAnadarpaNa"nA lekhA para hullaDanu durbhAgya AvyuM hatuM. evI sthitimAM svataMtra pArasI patranI jarUriyAta keTalAka pArasI sajjanAne lAgo. rahanumAe majayA sanana sabhA muMbaImAM hatI ja, eNe 15 navembara, 1851thI 'rAsta gephatAra' zarU karyuM... zeTha khurazejI kAmA ene madada karavAmAM AgaLa hatA. prAraMbhanA traNa aAmAM dAdAbhAIe pArasI samAja paranA AkramaNane citAra ApelA. zarUAtamAM e pAkSika hatuM, pachIthI 18para thI sAptAhika banyuM. karasanadAsa mULajIe 'satyaprakAza' enI sAthe joDI detAM 1862 mAM e 'rAsta gephatAra ane satyaprakAza' banyuM. dAdAbhAI, karasanadAsa mULajI, kekhuzaru kALarAjI, kAvasajI khaMbhAtA jevA ghaNA mahAnubhAvonA taMtrI tarIkenA lAbha A patrane maLyA. 1851 mAM 'buddhivarSIka graMtha' zarU thayuM. na`danI eka vArtA enA zarUAtanA aMkamAM vhevA maLe che : hAnapaNamAM lagna thavAthI thatAM mAThAM pariNAma'. alabatta, vArtAonuM svarUpa ghaDavAnI zarUAta 'buddhiprakAze' karI hatI ane khInna sAmayiAe enuM anukaraNa kareluM', 'AdhaprakAza' (jenuM pUrvanAma 'hRdayacakSu' hatu.) e aMge (kAttuiMka, saM. 1891) lakhe che, 'hAlamAM buddhiprakAza vagere je ceApAniyAM nIkaLe che te darekamAM ekAda nItibAdhaka vArtA lakhavAmAM Ave che te pramANe ame paNa ApIzuM.' 1862 mAM 'gujarAta zALApatra' AvyuM. prAraMbhe enA ta MtrI mahIpatarAma. hatA. 'buddhiprakAza' sAme keTalAka viSayA para (jema ke premAnandva zreSTha ke zAmaLa ?) eNe carcAyuddha cheDeluM. 1872 mAM navalarAme A sAmayikanuM taMtrI-pada sa MbhALyuM. navalarAme emAM graMthAvalAkana sAthe saiddhAMtika ane atihAsika vivecana-dRSTinA samanvaya karIne ene UMcI koTie paheAMcADayuM. navalarAmanA mRtyu bAda enu` sthaLAMtara: rAjakoTathI amadAvAda yuM. kamaLAzakara trivedI paNa A sAmayikanA taMtrI rahelA..

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pArala 1864mAM "arvAcInomAM Adya' narmadanuM DAMDiyo' prakAzita thayuM. mAMDa pAMca varSa cAleluM A patra pAkSika hatuM. sudhArAvAdanA AkAMkSIonI maDaLI "sAkSara maMDaLanA sabhyoe ene prAraMbha karyo. narmadanI sAthe giradharalAla dayALadAsa ane nagInadAsa tuLasIdAsa paNa hatA. "jema morabIyA megha mATe Atura heya. che tema garIba, tavaMgara, murakha, bhaNelI strI ane puruSa pahelI-paMdaramInA DAMDiyA mATe vATa jotAM." A daSTie enuM svarUpa gaMbhIra viSaye ApanArA sAmayikanuM na gaNAya, paNa, 1864 thI 1868 sudhI 'DAMDi'nuM prakAzana cAlu rahyuM. pachI e serAbajI IjaneranA "sanDe rivyu' sAthe 1869 mAM bhaLI gayuM. ATalA samayamAM A page vividha kSetromAM, narmadanA jesAne anurUpa vilakSaNa sthAna prApta karI lIdhuM hatuM. suratamAM mIThAne kara dAkhala thaye tenA virodhamAM paNa Di' AgaLa rahyuM hatuM. 1871 mAM bhoLAnAtha diveTiyA ane mahIpatarAme prArthanA samAja' upAsanA-saMsthA gujarAtamAM zarU karI. e samaye prakAzita thatA "gujarAta gejheTa nAmanA aMgrejI sAmayikanI jema gujarAtImAM paNa eka sAmayika hevuM joIe evA vicAranA amalarUpe "jJAnasudhA' zarU karAyuM. prAraMbhe e pAkSika hatuM, devanAgarI lipimAM chapAtuM, aMgrejI vibhAga paNa emAM AvatA ane e vibhAganI sAmagrI ramaNabhAI nIlakaMTha saMbhALatA. 1892 thI e pAkSika maTIne mAsika banyuM. sAmAjika rUDhionI sAme A sAmayikamAM sAmagrI AvatI. "bhadraMbhadra e sAmAjika kaTAkSakathA A mAsikamAM kramaza: prakAzita thatI. dhanasukhalAla mahetAe noMdhyuM che ke e samaye te, mAtra "jJAnasudhA'e ja hAsyarasane jhaMDe UMce rAkhele." 1873 mAM "jJAnaprasArakane anusaravA eka sAmayikane janma thayA te "jJAnavardhaka'. A pArasI-gujarAtI sAmayikano itihAsa bhAtIgaLa che. lagabhaga ka7 varSa sudhI prakAzita thayA karelA A sAmayikanI pAchaLa zeTha zApUrajI bhImajIbhAI tArAparavALAnI jahemata hatI. 1873 mAM "jJAnaprasArakane prathama aMka bahAra paDaze temAM "vidyA, hunnara, tavArIkha, keLavaNI, saMsAranIti, ramUja tathA bIjI ghaNI lekepagI bAbate samAviSTa karavAne taMtrIe irAde vyakta karyo hata; bIjA vizvayuddha sudhI A sAmayikanuM prakAzana cAlu rahyuM hatuM. gujarAtI' sAptAhikanA purogAmI "svataMtratA' mAsikanI zarUAta "zAradApUjaka maMDaLa" dvArA 1878 mAM thaI. IrachArAma desAI enA taMtrI hatA. prathama aMkamAM emaNe "svataMtratAne marma samajAvyuM. A sAmayika rAjakIya cetanAnuM pratinidhi banI rahyuM. 1878 mAM suratamAM hulaDa pachI sarakArI adhikArIonI ra9

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50. briTiza kAha enA para karaDI najara rahI. "svataMtratAnuM Dekalerezana na jaNAtAM sAmayika para jaDatI thaI, taMtrInI dharapakaDa thaI. "svataMtratA thaDe samaya baMdha rahyuM ane nyAyAlaye enI tarapheNamAM cukAdo ApatAM pharI zarU thayuM tyAre ene agralekha hate. sattA ane svataMtratA'. 1879mAM A sAmayika baMdha paDayuM ane eka varSa bAda "gujarAtI' sAptAhika tarIke muMbaImAM no avatAra pAmyuM 1881mAM "AryajJAnavardhaka sabhAe zarU kareluM "AryajJAnavardhaka eka dasakAthI vadhu samaya cAlu rahyuM hatuM. daramyAna maNilAla nabhubhAI dvivedI dvArA saMpAdita be sAmayika gujarAtI sAmayika-sAhityamAM mahatvanuM pradAna karatAM thAya che te che priyaMvadA' ane "sudarzana. priyavaMdA" 1885nA ogaSTamAM zarU thayuM. trIsa varSa upara kekhuzare kAbarAjI, serAbajI beMgAlI, nAnAbhAI haridAsa, sorAbajI tAliyArakhAna, zIrIna kAbarAjI vagerenA prayatnathI "strIbodha' zarU thayeluM, e pachI svataMtra strI sAmayika-prakAzanane A mahatvane prayAsa hate. maNibhAI dvivedInA zabdomAM "priyaMvadA' pitAnI priya vadavAnI rItathI sarvane raMjana karaze, paNa pitAnI sakhIo tarapha enI dRSTi vizeSa raheze kharI; temanA kalyANamAM, temanAM hRdaya samajavAmAM, temane samajAvavAmAM mukhya prayatna karaze 30 pAMca varSa sudhI A sAmayikamAM strIviSayaka sAmagrInuM prabhutva rahyuM, pachI nAmAMtara karIne 1890 nA ekabarathI e "sudarzana banyuM. 1885 thI 1898 sudhI A sAmayikenuM saMpAdana maNilAla dvivedIe karyuM. 1898nA oNkaTobaranA pahelA divase, jyAre "sudarzana'nuM caudamuM varSa zarU thatuM hatuM tyAre, maNilAlanuM dehAvasAna thayuM. e pachI A sAmayika AcArya AnaMdazaMkara dhruve saMbhALyuM. cAra varSa pachI AnaMdazaMkara dhruve "vasaMta' zarU karyuM tyAre zeDo samaya mAdhavalAla dvivedI "sudarzana'nA taMtrI thayA ane TUMkA gALAmAM e sAmayika baMdha paDayuM. aMbArAma bulAkhIrAma jAnI ane caMdrazaMkara paMDayAe 1896mAM "samAcaka zarU karyuM. pahelAM e gaumAsika hatuM, pachIthI mAsika banyuM. rAjakAraNa vijJAna ane sAhityanuM vivecana karavAne ene uddeza hatA, vizvanAtha bhaTTanA zabdamAM "maNilAla-govardhanarAmanA vicAraka yuganuM te pratinidhi" hatuM. "samAcaka' pachI prakAzita thAya che "vasaMta', tamAgha, saM. 1958(I.sa. 192) thI e zarU thayuM. narmadanI paMkita "hadayadravya UkaLAze jyAre parvata te UMcakAzane yAda karAvIne AcArya AnaMdazaMkarabhAIe saMpAdakIyamAM lakhyuM: "je kAlaniyamane anusarIne AjathI pacAseka varSa para "buddhiprakAza' ane "buddhivardhakane janma

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451 patrakAratva thayeA hateA, vIseka varSoM para 'priyaMvadA'-'sudarzaOna' astitvamAM AvyAM hatAM, e ja niyamAnusAra Aje vasaMta'nA prAdurbhAva thAya che.' 'samayanu yogya pratibimbaM jhIlIne tenA jIva-vakAsamAM sahAyaka thAya,' yathAzakti gujarAtI sAhityanA vadhArA thAya ane te gujarAtI bhASAmAM'31 evA uddeza sAthe A sAmayikaneA prAraMbha thayA. 'vasanta' gujarAtI sAhityanI eka vizeSa ghaTanA tarIke pramANita thayuM. zrI hIrAlAla pArekhe A sAmayika vize tethyu' che; 'vasanta pragaTa thayu... e pUrve aMgrejImAM keLavAyelA varga gujarAtI lekhana ane gujarAtI sAhityanA abhyAsa prati bahu khedarakAra ane ekadara rahetA. sAmAnya vAtacIta ane patravyavahAramAM paNa rAjabhASAne upayoga thatA. A paristhiti viparIta ane aniSTa hatI. aMgrejI keLavaNInI zarUAta thaI tyAre sara cArlsa vaDe tenA kharItAmAM cembu` mAMgI lIdheluM ke A navIna keLavAyelA va, petAne prApta thayela pAzcAtya jJAna ane vidyAneA lAbha potAnA anya ene mAtRbhASAmAM utArI Apaze. paNa e AzA niSphaLa nIvaDelI ane tethI sara jemsa pIle e viSe ullekha karatAM mAtRbhASAnI e avagaNanAne vadezAbhimAnanI khAmI' che evuM jaNAveluM. prinsipAla dhruve, e 'hRdayavedhaka' zabdo kharA che ema vasanta'nA prathama aMkamAM, tenAM uddeza, nAma ane sUtramAM lakhatAM, svIkAreluM. paNu te pachI paristhiti sudharI gaI che ane atyAre saMkhyAbaMdha graeNjyueTA judI judI rIte judAM judAM kSetromAM peAtAnAM abhyAsa ane jJAnanA lAbha gujarAtI dvArA ApI rahyA che. tene uttejana ApI bahAra ANI, ene poSavAnA yaza kharuM kahIe tA 'vasanta'nA taMtrIne dhaTe che. gujarAtI mAsiAmAM A sAmayike vidvattAbhayu"," sa dezI ane saMskArI vAtAvaraNa UbhuM karyuM che.'32 - 1913 mAM haragoviMdadAsa kAMTAvALAnuM 'sAhitya" AvyuM. A sAmayika ane emanA ja hAthe prakAzita thayeluM 'prAcIna kAvya' trimAsika(1885), khaMnenuM gujarAtI sAhityanI sevAmAM mahattvanuM pradAna rahyuM che. sAhitya' dvArA ghaNAM prAcIna kAvya prakAzamAM AvyAM. e uparAMta sAhityacarcA, graMthAvaleAkana, vividha svarUpeAnI sAmagrI vagere sAhitya'mAM prakAzita thatI. baLavaMtarAya ThAkAre A sAmayika vize 1933mAM nAMkhyu hatuM ke rA. maTubhAInA taMtrI-pade cAlatA sAhitya' vIsa varSamAM bajAvelI sevAmAM pragaTa thatI cApaDIonAM emaNe tatkALa lakhelAM lakhAvelAM ane maLe tevAM chApelAM avaleAkaneAnI sevA ghaNI meATI che ... sAhitya' mAsike enA vyasanI va` varSothI upajavI lIdhA che.33 1914 nA varSa sudhInAM A mahattvanAM sAmayikeA. A uparAMta vividha

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briTiza kAla kSetromAM sAmayiko paNa cheka zarUAtathI bahAra paDyA karyA che. AmAMnAM moTA bhAganAM vividha rasanA viSayone AvarI letAM hatAM, keTalAMka jJAtivizeSanAM mukhapatra jevAM hatAM, to keTalAMka bALake ane strIvarga mATenAM. AmAMnAM jeTalAMnAM nAma upalabdha thAya che temAM AryajJAnavardhaka(1881), ItihAsamAlA-taMtrI, bAlAzaMkara kaMthAriyA(1896), udIcyahiteccha(1889), kapALamitra(1901), keLavaNa-taMtrIH nAthAzaMkara zAstrI(1889), gapasapa(1887), gurjaravijya(1895), gurjara brAhmaNa(1909), gulazana(1910), caMdraprakAza(1976), cirAga(1900), jagatapremI(1851), jagatamitra(1850), jainadharmaprakAza(1885), jaina zvetAbaMra herAlDa(1901), ti(1906), trimAsika(1905), navarasa(1899), nare elAna(1871), phiradeza(1976), phurasada(1881), bAlazikSaka(1911), madhura vacana(1886), mAsika mitra(1911), mAsika majAha(1890), meLAvaDo (1873), lakSamI(1894), vivAmitra(1874), vivecaka-taMtrIH dhanazaMkara tripAThI (1913), satya-taMtrIH metalAla dalAla(1911), strIbodha(1857), strImitra (1889), jJAnadIpa(1883), AryadharmaprakAza(1876), AryaprakAza(1887), bhAvaprakAza(1886), mahAkAla(1888), rAherozana(1895), vidyAmitra(1874), vikalpatara(1895), sadaya(1873) sarasvatI zaMgAra(1898), subodhaprakAza (1882), tiprakAza(1885), jJAnendiIvara(1897), jJAnadaya(1884) vagerene samAveza thAya che. prathama vizvayuddhanA oLA jagata para UtaryA enI aneka kSetra para asara thaI. gujarAtI sAmayika-jagate paNa ghaNA AMcakA anubhavyA. pAdaTIpa 1. "rAsta gAtAra, tA. 3-1-1858 2. "pAraso prakAza', daphatara 4, bhA. 1, pR. 46 3. K. M. Munshi, Gujarat and Its Literature, p. 305 4. "gujarAtI, tA. 10-10-1880 5. gujarAtImAMnI "bhara kaTorA raMga nAme bIrabalanI haLavI kaTAre bahu. kapriya banI, hatI, bIrabala" e kharazedajI bamanajI pharAmareja. "mata phakIrane zabdomAM "bhara kaTerA raMganI emanI haLavI lekhamALA vAMcavA "gujarAtI' patranA grAhake dara aThavADiye khaDe page taiyAra rahetA ane eka pArasI keTaluM suMdara, zuddha gujarAtI lakhe che ane samakAlIna gabhIra prazno para kevI vakra draSTithI kaTAkSe pheMkI zake che e jaI viramaya pAmatA. emanA jamAnAmAM bIrabala haLavI kaTarane kSetramAM te lagabhaga

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patrakAratva . 43 binaharIpha hatA." ('hindustAna-prajAmitra rajata mahotsava aMka' (1938), pR. 53 ane 62). 6. maganalAla vakhatacaMda, "amadAvAdane itihAsa', pR. 187 7. nAnAlAla dalapatarAma kavi, kavIzvara dalapatarAma', bhA. 2, pUrvArdha, pR. 84 8. buddhiprakAza' prathamAMka (1950) 9. nAnAlAla dalapatarAma kavi, uparyukta, pR. 85-86 10. maganalAla vakhatacaMda, uparyukta, prastAvanA, pR. 4 11. maNilAla na. dvivedI, "sudarzana gadyAvali, pR. 933 12. kheDA vartamAna), tA. 25-12-1940 13. The Bombay Review, 15-10-1897. 14. ratana mArzala, gujarAtI patrakAritvane itihAsa', pR. 155-156 : 15. DAhyAbhAI pItAMbaradAsa derAsarI, "sADInA sAhityanuM digdarzana', pR. 23 16. vijayarAya ka. vaidya, lIlAMsUkAM pAna', pR. 18 17-18 "prajAbaMdhu', tA. 6-3-1898 19. "gujarAtI paMca rajata mahotsava khAsa aMka,' . 1 20. hIrAlAla tri, pArekha, "arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana, khaMDa 2, pR. 196 21. "pArasI prakAza', datara 1, bhA. 6, pR. 539 22. narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara, "mArI hakIkata', bhA. 1, pR. 35 ane 39 23-24" "pArasI prakAza, datara 3, pR. 191 25. mahAdeva haribhAI desAI, "vRttavivecana ane vRttavivecaka", "gujarAtI sAhitya pariSadanuM 12 muM adhivezana" (patrakAratva vibhAganA pramukhanuM vyAkhyAna), pR. 5-6 26. ganeAna parasAraka', jUna, 1849, pR. 3 27. buddhiprakAza', prathamAMka (me, 1850), pR. 3 28. hIrAlAla tri. pArekha, gujarAta varnAkyulara sesAyaTIne itihAsa, pR. 151 29. vasaMta', varSa 21, a. 10, pR. 392 30. "priyaMvadA', oNgaSTa, 1885, pR. 4 31. "vasaMta', varSa 1, aMka 1, pR. 7 32. "ejana, varSa 26, aM. 11, pR. 407-08 33. "kaumudI', navuM pustaka 7, aM. 2 (phebru, 1933), pR. 186 ,

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prakaraNa 15 dhArmika sthiti gujarAtamAM I.sa. 1818 mAM briTiza sattA sarvopari banI tyArathI gujarAtanA sAmAjika jIvanamAM navA sAMskRtika pravAhanI zarUAta thaI. lekee gujarAtamAM hakumatanI sthApanAne AvakArI, kAraNa ke e pahelAM marAThA-tatra daramyAna gujarAtamAM briTiza rAjakIya sthiratAne abhAva hate. rAjakIya asthiratAnI asara ArthikasAmAjika tathA sAMskRtika jIvana para paNa khUba paDI hatI. satata yuddhanA vAtAvaraNamAM vepAra-vANijya paDI bhAgyAM, luTArAo tathA asAmAjika tarAnuM varcasa. vaLyuM ane ene pariNAme samAjanI mAnasika kSitija paNa maryAdita banI. sAmAjika saMbaMdhamAM ajJAna tathA vahemanuM prAdhAnya vadhyuM. ra dharmasaMpradAye para paNa yuga paribaLanI asara khUba hatI. A saMjogomAM svAmI sahajAnaMde hiMdu samAjanA praNAlIgata mALakhAmAM rahIne dharmasudhArAnuM AMdolana zarU karyuM. aMgrejI hakumate navuM vahIvaTI Arthika tathA zaikSaNika mALakhuM UbhuM karavAnI zarUAta karI. navA zikSita madhyama varge gujarAtamAM junavANuM valaNe sAme jehAda upADI ane pAzcAtya saMskRtinAM mUlya ane jIvanapaddhatine bhAratanI sAMskRtika praNAlImAM maryAdita rIte paNa joDavA prayAsa karyo. Ama gujarAtamAM dhArmika sudhArAnuM AMdolana zarU thayuM. bIjI bAju, navA zikSita vargamAMthI ja keTalAke bhAratanI sAMskRtika amitA jALavI rAkhavA mATe dhArmika kSetre navA. sudhArake sAme AMdolana zarU karyuM. 19mI sadInA aMte ane 20 mI sadInI zarUAtamAM gujarAtanA samAjamAM sAMskRtika kSetro navA samanvayIkaraNanI bhAvanA uddabhavI, jo ke A prakAranI bhAvanA jyAM navA zikSaNane phelAvo thaye hatuM te vistAramAM vizeSa jovA maLe che. 1. dharmasaMpradAyanI sAmAnya samIkSA 19mI sadInA aMta pahelAM eTale ke I.sa. 1891 nI vastI gaNatarI mujaba dezI rAjya sahita gujarAtanI kula vastI 1,10,36,706 jeTalI hatI, jemAMthI 98,87,810 eTale ke 89.58 TakA jeTalI vastI jene sahita hiMduonI hatI, muslima vastI 11,13,474 eTale ke 10.09 TakA jeTalI ane pArasIonI.

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4 dhArmika sthiti 455 vastI 27,712 eTale ra5 TakA jeTalI hatI, jyAre khristIonI vastI 7,044 jeTalI ane anya vastI 666 jeTalI hatI. hiMdu dharma-saMpradAya jainene bAda karatAM hiMduo sAmAnya rIte brAhmaNadharmanI praNAlImAM mAnanArA hatA. judAM judAM deva-devIonI upAsanA temaja zaktinI upAsanA hiMdu nA rojiMdA dhArmika vyavahAramAM jovA maLatI hatI. e samayane hiMdu samAja mukhyatve vaiSNava ane smArta saMpradAyamAM vaheMcAyelo hato. I.sa.1872 nI vastI-gaNatarI mujaba smAta saMpradAyanA anuyAyIonI saMkhyA 6,90,124nI hatI. A saMpradAyamAM mAnanArAone moTA bhAgane varga brAhmaNone hatA. I.sa. 1891 nI vastI-gaNatarI mujaba samagra gujarAtamAM brAhmaNanI saMkhyA kula vastInA 5.75 TakA eTale ke 5,68,868 jeTalI hatI, jyAre rAma ke kRSNamAM mAnanArA judA judA paMthane AvarI letA vaiSNava saMpradAyanA anuyAyIonI saMkhyA I.sa. 1872 nI gaNatarI mujaba lagabhaga 28,07,424 jeTalI hatI.' e paikI lagabhaga 11 lAkha rAmAnujI vaSNava nedhAyA che. brAhmaNa ane vaiSNava vaNiyAo bAda karatAM gujarAtanA hiMdu samAjamAM judA judA paDe che ke saMpradAyanA anuyAyIonI saMkhyA paNa sArA pramANamAM hatI. A saMpradAyamAM rAmAnaMdI, svAminArAyaNa ane kabIrapaMthI saMpradAya mukhya hatA. e uparAMta nAnA paMthamAM bIjamAgI, praNAmI ke nijAnaMdI, rAmasanehI, dAdupathI, zAkta ke vAmamAga, ravipaMthI, udAsI, pIrANApaMthI, rAdhAvallabhapaMthI, saMtarAmapaMthI jevA nAnA saMpradAyone paNa samAveza thato hate. rAmAnaMdI paMthaH vaiSNava saMpradAyamAM rAmanA upAsakemAM mukhyatve rAmanaMdI ane rAmasanehI jevA paMthane samAveza thato hato. rAmAnaMdI paMthanA sthApaka rAmAnaMda (Azare I.sa. 1300-1400) hatA. emanA anuyAyIo avadhUta tarIke paNa oLakhAtA. rAmAnaMdI paMthanA sAdhuo bhabhUta eLanArA nAgA sAdhuo tarIke paNa oLakhAtA. A sAdhuo sivAyanA anuyAyIo saMjogI tarIke oLakhAtA. teo lagna karI zakatA hatA. A paMthanA anuyAyIo dayA dAna ane saguNa jIvana para vizeSa bhAra mUktA. gujarAtamAM rAmAnaMdI paMthanA anuyAyIomAM brAhmaNa tathA vANiyA sivAyanA lekene samAveza thato hato. saurASTramAM aneka gAmamAM rAmAnaMdI maMdira hatAM. gujarAtamAM kaNabI luhAra kaDiyA darajI vagere kemamAM A paMthane pracAra sArA pramANamAM thaye hato.

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briTiza kA rAmasanehI 5tha : A paMthanI sthApanA jodhapuranA sAdhu sa MtadAsa athavA rAmadAse I.sa. 1742 mAM karI hatI, A paMthanA anuyAyIenI saMkhyA mAravADamAM vizeSa hatI, jyAre gujarAtamAM IDara prAMtIja amadAvAda vaDAdarA elapADa rAMdera surata valasADa vagere sthaLAmAM rAmasanehI-pa'thIe jovA maLatA hatA, A pRthanA anuyAyIomAM brAhmaNa seAnI rAjapUta vagerene samAveza thatuM! hatA. te rAmanI mUrtinI pUjA karavAne badale nAmasmaraNa para vadhAre bhAra mUkatA. 453 puSTimArga : A saMpradAyanA sthApaka vallabhAcA (I. sa 1473-1131) hatA. bhagavAnanI kevaLa kRpA ja niyAmaka hAI A saMpradAya puSTimArga tarIke oLakhAtA. I. sa. 1872 nI vastIgaNatarI mujaba A saMpradAyanA anuyAyInI saMkhyA 6,47,256 jeTalI hatI. zrIkRSNane iSTadeva tarIke svIkArIne gepIbhAvathI bhakti karavI ane e rIte kRSNane ja tana mana dhana vagere badhuM' ja samarpIta karavuM' e A saMpradAyanI viziSTatA che.10 A saMpradAyanI mukhya sAta gAdIe paikI chaThThI gAdInAM be svarUpa vaDAdarA ane suratamAM che.11 A keMdronI gAdI para AcA tarIke mahArAja ke- gAsvAmI tarIke eLakhAtA vallabhAcAryanA vaMzajo hatA. gujarAta-saurASTra-kacchanAM khIjAM zaherA temaja kasakhAomAM paNa vallabha-saMpradAyanAM keMdra hatAM,12 A sa'pradAyanA anuyAyIomAM mukhyatve vANiyA bhATiyA lohANA brahmakSatriya kAryastha pATIdAra kaNabI vagere mukhyatve uccavargAnA samAveza thatA hatA. brAhmaNA tema nAgarAmAM paNa keTalAka A sapradAyanA anuyAyI hatA. svAminArAyaNa sapradAya : sahajAnaMda svAmI (I. sa. 1781-1830) dvArA sthapAyelA svAminArAyaNu-saMpradAyanA anuyAyIonI saMkhyA I.sa. 1872nI vastI-gaNatarI mujaba 2,87,687 jeTalI hatI. hiMdu samAjamAM phelAyelAM keTalAMya aniSTone sahajAnaMda svAmIe dUra karavA prayAsa karyA hatA. A saMpradAyamAM cAritryazuddhi temaja vyasanemAMthI mukti meLavavA para khAsa bhAra mUkavAmAM AvyA. enA anuyAyIomAM pATIdAra bhAvasAra cAraNu darajI ghAMcI kaNabI kAThI kALI luhAra rAjapUta salATa senI suthAra vagerenA samAveza thayA hatA. svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanA vicAra 'zikSa!patrI' temaja 'vacanAmRta'mAM rajU karavAmAM AvyA hatA.13 19 mI sadInI zarUAtamAM dharmAMsudhArAnA AMdolanamAM sahajAnaMda svAmIne phALA mahattvanA hatA. kabIra sapradAyaH A saMpradAyane vikAsa rAmAnadI saMpradAyanI zAkhArUpe thayA hatA. kabIra(I.sa. 1398-1518) dvArA zarU karavAmAM AvelA A saMpradAyamAM hiMdu-muslima vacce keAI bhedabhAva rAkhavAmAM AvyA na hatA. bAhya

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dhArmika sthiti karmakAMDa ke kriyAo karatAM jIvanazuddhi ane AMtaracetanAnA vikAsa sAthe vizvabaMdhutvanI bhAvanAne A saMpradAyamAM vizeSa mahattava ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. I.sa.187ra nI vastI-gaNatarI mujaba A saMpradAyanA anuyAyIonI saMkhyA 12,00,758 jeTalI hatI, jemAM lohANA kaNabI senI khatrI kAchiyA ghAMcI bhAvasAra vALaMda bebI kaDiyA kALI vagere samAveza thato hate.14 samAta saMpradAya smAta saMpradAyamAM bhagavAna zivanI bhakti mukhya gaNAya che. gujarAtamAM prAcIna kALathI zivanI upAsanA thatI AvI che. gujarAtamAM bhAgye ja koI evuM gAma haze ke jayAM corAmAM rAma ke kRSNanI pUjA tathA gAmanI bahAra zivanI pUjA thatI na hoya. gujarAtamAM nAthasaMpradAya paNa smAta saMpradAyane ja eka phaTa hate. kacchamAM dhINodhara gAmamAM nAthasaMpradAyane eka maTha Avela che. A zAkhAnA sAdhue "kAnaphaTTA' tarIke oLakhAtA. smAta saMpradAyamAM gera khapaMthI kAnaphaTTA" sAdhuo uparAMta daMDI, saMnyAsI, yogI, jaMgama, paramahaMsa, adherI, UrvabAhu, AkAzamukhI vagerene samAveza thato hato. smAta saMpradAyamAM AsthA dharAvanArAomAM mukhyatve brAhmaNane samAveza thata hato. e uparAMta rAjapUte vANiyA kaNabI bhATa suthAra salATa tenI cAraNa taragALA vagere e saMpradAyanA anuyAyIo hatA15 bIjapaMthI athavA bIjamA ? pAMcase varSa pahelAM kAzImAM sthapAyelA A saMpradAyanA anuyAyIo ghoDAnI chabInI pUjA karatA hatA. jesalameranA ugamasI, mAravADanA rAjA mAladeva, enI rANI rUpAMde, rAmadeva pIra vagerene A paMthamAM saMta tarIke mAnavAmAM Ave che. saurASTramAM sUro rabArI ane satI tarIke oLakhAtI tolArANI vageree A paMthane phelAvo karyo hate. A paMthanA anuyAyIomAM brAhmaNa vANiyA lahANuM rAjapUta sathavArA mALI luhAra darajI bhAvasAra gelA khAravA AhIra bAbariyA keLI kAThI cAraNa vagereno -samAveza thato hato.12 praNAmI saMpradAya : praNamI athavA nijAnaMda saMpradAyanA sthApaka AcArya devacaMdrajI(I.sa. 1582-1655)ne janma umarakoTa(siMdha)mAM thayo hato. nAnI vaye AtmajJAnanI khojamAM e siMdha cheDIne karachamAM AvyA. kacchamAM dazeka varSa sudhI rahIne tyAMthI jAmanagara AvyA. jAmanagaramAM kAnajI bhaTTa nAmanA vidvAna pAsethI bhAgavatanuM rahasya prApta karyuM ane "nijAnaMda saMpradAyanI sthApanA karI, paraMtu gujarAta bahAra-samagra uttara bhAratamAM A saMpradAyane phelA karavAmAM -jAmanagaramAM janmelA ane devacaMdranA mukhya ziSya evA saMta prANanAtha- bALapaNanuM

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458 briTiza kA. nAma maharAja(I.sa. 1618-1984)-ne phALe khUba mahatva rahyo hato. emaNe hiMdu dharma ane islAmanA tAvika siddhAMtanI ekatA darzAvIne auraMgajhebanI dharmAdha nItine paDakArI hatI. emanI vANI "kulajama svarUpa-sAheba nAme oLakhAtA saMpradAyanA graMthamAM saMgRhIta karavAmAM AvI hatI. emaNe hiMdu-muslima ekatA uparAMta aspRzyatAnivAraNa mATe khAsa prayAsa karyA hatA. praNAmI saMpradAyamAM mUrti pUjAne niSedha karavAmAM AvyA hatA. mUrtine sthAne saMpradAyanA graMtha kulajama svarUpasAhebanI pratiSThA karIne enuM pUjana-paThana karavAmAM AvatuM. A paddhati adyApiparyata cAlu che. pATIdAra kAyastha maDhavANiyA rAjapUta bhATa suthAra darajI golA kaDiyA keLI vagere A saMpradAyanA anuyAyIo hatA. saurASTra-gujarAtamAM A saMpradAyanAM lagabhaga 92 jeTalAM maMdira AvelAM che. 17 devI-zAkata paMtha : ghaNA prAcIna kALathI gujarAtamAM zAkatasaMpradAya pracalita hatuM. gujarAtanI mahattavanI zAkatapIThomAM ArAsuramAM aMbikApITha, giranAra ane pAvAgaDhamAM kAlikApITha, cuMvALamAM bahucarAjInuM sthAnaka, porabaMdara pAse harasiddhi devIpITha, kacchamAM AzApurA mAtA, okhAbaMdaramAM abhayA mAtApITha, dvArakAmAM rukRmiNa caMdrabhAgA bhadrakAlIpITha, haLavadamAM suMdarIpITha, narmadAtaTe. anasUyAkSetra, vagere noMdhapAtra devasthAna AvelAM che. A uparAMta gujarAta ane kaccha-saurASTramAM ghaNI gAmadevIonI paNa pUjA thatI. zItaLA melaDI vagerenuM mahattava samAjanA nIcalA staramAM khUba hatuM. zAktapaMthamAM dakSiNAcArI ane vAmAcArI ema be alaga alaga phAMTA hatA. 19mI sadI pahelAM dakSiNacArI pazuvadha karIne yajJamAM lehI hematA, paraMtu pAchaLathI pazune sthAne yajJamAM anAja dUdha vagere he mAtAM thayAM. vAmAcArI paMthamAM mAnanArA bhairava svarUpanA zivanI pUjA karatA. e uparAMta teo DAkaNI ane sAkaNanI pUjA paNa karatA. vAmamAgI zAktapaMthIomAM kaula aghorI paramahaMsa avaghaDa ane zarabhaMgI ema pAMca prakAranA anuyAyI hatA. melI vidyA ke taMtra anusAra kaulaprakAranA vAmamAgI lehI mAMsa mAchalI madirA maithuna vagerenI kriyAo dvArA pUjA karatA. uttara gujarAta tathA saurASTramAM A kaula vAmamAgI "kAMcakiyA paMthI' tarIke paNa oLakhAtA 18 mAdhavagara paMthaH I.sa. 1824 mAM naDiyAdanA mAdhavagara dvArA A paMtha sthApavAmAM AvyA hatA. A paMthamAM mUrtipUjAne niSedha karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. upavAsa dehadamana ke yajJamAM pazuhiMsAne A paMthamAM sthAna na hatuM. A paMthanA. anuyAyIomAM brAhmaNa pATIdAra saMghADiyA vALaMda vagerene samAveza thato hate.59

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dhArmika sthiti 459. pIrANa paMtha : A paMthanA sthApaka imAmazAha hatA. emaNe I.sa. 1449 mAM IrAnamAMthI gujarAtamAM AvIne enI sthApanA karI hatI. ImAmazAhanA camakArothI prabhAvita thaIne ghaNA brAhmaNa kAchiyA matiyA kaNabI vagere A paMthamAM joDAyA hatA. A paMthamAM mUrtipUjAne niSedha karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. enA anuyAyIo hiMdu temaja muslima tahevAra UjavatA. hiMdu anuyAyIo emanI jJAtinA niyamonuM pAlana karatA ane hiMdu dharma pustakanuM adhyayana karatA. phakta.. imAmazAha taraphanA pUjyabhAvane lIdhe e mRtyu pAmelAnA agnisaMskAra karyA pachI, enI bhasmane amadAvAda najIka AvelA pIrANu mukAme daphanAvatA. 20 rava patha : jUnAgaDha najIkanA zAhapuranA vatanI ravi sAhebe I.sa. 1750 mAM A paMthanI sthApanA karI hatI, A paMthanA anuyAyIo vaDodarA vistAramAM paNa hatA. emAM mukhyatve lehANA kAchiyA suthAra gaDhavI cAraNa vagereno samAveza thata hatA. ravipaMthIo hakIkatamAM vaiSNava-dharmanI upAsanA karatA.21 saMtarAma paMthaH aDhAramI sadI daramyAna naDiyAdamAM saMtarAma mahArAje A paMthanI sthApanA karI hatI. A paMthamAM dareka jAti ke jJAtinA leka hatA. sadguNI jIvana tathA naitikatA para saMtarAma mahArAje khAsa bhAra mUkyo hato. 22 udAsI paMthaH cAra varSa pahelAM bAraDolInA udA kaNabIomAM gopALadAsa nAmanI vyaktie A paMthanI zarUAta karI hatI. akhADAomAM rahetA. nAnakapaMthI udAsI karatAM A paMtha judo hato.23 dAdu paMtha : I.sa. 1600 mAM dAdarAma athavA dayALajI dvArA dAdupaMthanI, sthApanA karavAmAM AvI hatI. upAsanA ane siddhAMtanI dRSTie dAdupaMtha kabIrapaMthane ghaNe maLato hato. kabIra tathA dAdunAM vacanAnuM ane lakhANonuM adhyayana A paMthanA anuyAyIo karatA. mukhyatve anAvaLA-brAhmaNa vANiyA kaNabI. suthAra luhAra kAchiyA vALaMda vagere A paMthanA anuyAyI hatA.24 A uparAMta I.sa. 1585 mAM vRMdAvanane harivaMza dvArA sthapAyela rAdhAvallabhapaMtha have tenA anuyAyIomAM nIcalI jJAtinA lokone samAveza thato hate. gosAI lakSmaNagara dvArA sthapAyela lakSamaNugara-paMthanA anuyAyIomAM vALaMda kuMbhAra kaNabI keLI vagere hatA. ANaMda pAse AvelA sArasAnA kuberadAsa nAmanA saMtanA anuyAyIo "sata kevalI paMthanA tarIke oLakhAtA hatA. emAM mukhyatve luhAra, hatA. A uparAMta I.sa. 1724mAM raNachoDajI nAmanA vANiyA dvArA raNachoDa. bhagata-paMthanI zarUAta thaI hatI."

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briTiza kAla hiMdudharmanA A judA judA saMpradAyA uparAMta gujarAta ane saurASTramAM ghaNA saMtAe janasevA dvArA ane peAtAnA nirmaLa jIvana dvArA prajAjIvanane naitika stara U Mce lAvavA mahattvanA prayAsa karyA hatA. emaNe abhyAgatA mATe annadAna-sadAvratta sthApyAM ane duSkALa daramyAna garIbAnA peTanA khADA pUryA hatA. AvAM 'sevAma`dirA'mAM raktapItiyA-kADhiyAonI sevA paNa thatI. A saMtAe jIvana ane kavananA akhUTa bhaMDAra khAlI batAvyA ane dharmanAM zreSTha aMga-upAMga emaNe peAtAnAM bhajanamAM batAvyAM. AvA ghaNA saMtA tA AhIra rabArI kreALI jevA samAjanA nIcalA staromAMthI AvyA hatA. mahIdAsa, luNeAmera, gAMgAjI mahArAja, mIThA DhaDhI, ANudAbAvA, jalArAma bApA, sAyalAnA lAlajI bhagata, satadhAranA saMta ApA gIgA, vIrajI bhagata, vAlamarAma, mArAra sAheba, mIThA mA'rAja, bhImasA heba, DhAthIjI, devIdAsa uparAMta svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanA aneka saMtAe saurASTranA samAjajIvanamAM dharma-prANa pUryA hatA.25ma zrAvaka vANiyA : 19 mI sadInA aMta pahelAM gujarAtamAM vANiyAnI kula vastInA lagabhaga 61 TakA jeTalI eTale ke 3,34,645 jeTalI vastI zrAvaka vANiyAe nI hatI. emAM mukhyatve digaMbara ane zvetAMbara ema be jaina saMpradAyAnA anuyAyIenI vastI hatI, digaMbara saMpradAyanA anuyAyIenI tulanAmAM gujarAtamAM zvetAMbara pathanA anuyAyIonI vastI vadhAre hatI. vaLI zvetAMbara saMpradAyanA anuyAyIe 84 jeTalA vADA ke gAmAM vahe cAyelA hatA. ogaNIsamI sadI daramyAna lagabhaga 15 thI 20 jeTalA ja pravata mAna gacchAmAM lAMkAgacchanA jene, jIvajaMtunI hiMsA na thAya e mATe vizeSa kALajI rAkhatA. A gacchanA anuyAyIo mUrtipUjAmAM mAnatA nahi. Azare se varSa pahelAM lAMkAgacchamAM paDelo taDane pariNAme DhUMDhiyA kivA sthAnakavAsI nAmane navA gaccha astitvamAM AvyA hatA. A gacchanAM sAdhue vastro ke zarIrane pANIne sparzI karavA detA nahi saurASTramAM DhUMDhiyAnuM pramANa vizeSa hatuM. 2 islAma dharmanA anuyAyIo : gujarAtamAM gaNatarI mujaba muslimeAnI vasto 11,13,000 10.07 TakA jeTalI hatI. 830 I.sa.1891 nI vastIjeTalI eTale ke kula vastInA gujarAtanA muslimeAne khe bhAgamAM vaheMcI zakAya : eka, jemanA vaDavA bahArathI AvIne hiMdamAM vasyA hatA ane khIjA, je hiMdumAMthI muslima thayelAnA vaMzaja hatA. khAsa karIne saiyada zekha megala ane paThANu bahArathI * AvIne ahIM sthira thayelA muslimAnA vaMzaja hatA. A uparAMta aMzataH bahArathI AvIne vaselA muslimAmAM sIdI vahAkhI kAbulI nAyatA agarA khaltiyA

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dhArmika sthiti bhUtA caMgI kismatI khAtiyA khilajI kurezI kAradiyA araba balUcI makavANA ane miraghAno samAveza thato hate.27 sUphI-saMtoH gujarAtamAM mubhima sUphI-saMtanA kula dasa prakAra hatA, jemAM abdAlI nakazabaMdI banavA malAmatiyA huseInI brAhmaNa kalaMdara, madArI tarIke oLakhAtA zAhamadAranA anuyAyIo musA suhAga rApheI ane rasUlazAhI vagerene samAveza thato hate.28 nakazabaMdI saMtanI saMkhyA gujarAtamAM nAnI hatI. teo khvAjA bahAudda dIna nakazabaMdanA anuyAyI hatA. huseInI brAhmaNa atharvavedamAM mAnatA hatA. mahammada payagaMbara sAhebanA dauhitra husenanA nAma parathI teo huseInI brAhmaNa tarIke oLakhAtA. teo hiMdu dharmanI mAnyatAnI sAthe sAthe islAma dharmanA siddhAMtanuM paNa pAlana karatA. emanuM vaDuM mathaka ajameramAM hatuM. teo ajameranA saMta khvAjA muIna-uddInamAM zraddhA dharAvatA. emanI vastI vaDodarA tathA amadAvAdamAM jovA maLatI. 29 15 mI sadInA aMta daramyAna thaI gayelA saMta musAnA anuyAyIo "musA suhAga" tarIke oLakhAtA. teo paraNelI strIne paheraveza dhAraNa karatA. e sunnI saMpradAyanA hatA ane emanuM mukhya mathaka amadAvAdamAM hatuM. saiyada ahamada kabIranA anuyAyIo "raphAIo' tarIke oLakhAtA.30 islAma dharma mAM sunnI ane ziyA ema be mukhya saMpradAya hatA. gujarAtamAM I.sa. 1872 nI vastI gaNatarI mujaba murilamanI kula vastI 9,93,324 hatI, temAMthI 5,07,440 jeTalA sunnI muslima ane 4,22,793 jeTalA ziyA muslima hatA. gujarAtamAM muslima zAsake dhArA sunnI saMpradAyane phelAvo thaye hatuM, jyAre ziyA saMpradAyanA phelAvAmAM muslima saMtane phALe mahavane hate. A muslima saMtamAM mustAlI ismAIlI athavA dAudI vaherAnA saMta abdullAha (Azare I. sa. 1130) kutuba-ud-dIna (I.sa. 1400) ane pIrANuM saMta jevA emanA anuje temaja seLamI sadInI zarUAtanAM varSo daramyAna thaI gayelA. zAha tAhira jevA IsmAIlI mizanarIne phALo mahattvane hatA.31 vaherAH gujarAtamAM vaheArA IsamAIliyA mustAlI zAkhAnA ziyA anuyAyIo hatA. ghaNe aMze A kema vepAra-vANijya sAthe saMkaLAyelI hatI, jyAre khetI karatA ane gAmaDAmAM rahetA vaherA sunnI saMpradAyamAM mAnatA hatA. ziyA saMpradAyanA dAudI vahorA samAjamAM paNa cAra phAMTA paDyA hatA, je "jApharI

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briTiza kAla 'sulemAno' 'aliyA' ane 'nAgezI' tarIke oLakhAyA. dAudI vaheArA muslima AkhA gujarAtamAM phelAyelA hatA. I.sa. 1872 nI vastI-gaNatarI mujaba emano saMkhyA 1,30,000 jeTalI hatI. emanA mukhya dharmaguru dAI-mullA sAheba tarIke oLakhAtA. mukhya mathaka suratamAM hatuM, mukhya dharmaguru dAI uparAMta emanI heThaLa bIjA cAra kakSAnA dharmAM guru hatA, jemAM anukrame 'mArguna' 'mukAsIra' 'mazAikha' ane 'mullAnA samAveza thatA hatA. suratamAM dharmaguruene tAlIma ApatI eka dhArmika saMsthA paNa I.sa. 1809mAM sthApavAmAM AvI hatI.32 AR jApharI vaheArA sunnI muslima hatA. te saiyada mahammada jAphara zIrAjhI(Azare I. sa. 1535)nA anuyAyI hatA. sulemAnI vaheArAnAM kuTuMba mukhyatve surata bharUca temaja khAMbhAtamAM hatAM. dAudI vaheArA ane sulemAnI vaheArA vacce lagna vyavahAranA saMbaMdha na hatA. sulemAnI vaheArAnA mukhya dharmaguru yamana khAte hatA. aliyA vaheArA paMthanA sthApaka alIe I. sa. 1324 mAM enI sthApanA karI hatI. sulemAnI vaheArAnI jema aliyA vaheArA paNa dAudI vaheArA sAthe lagnavyavahAra bAMdhatA nahi. nAgAzI vaheArA e aliyA vaheArA pathathI Azare I.sa. 1789mAM alaga thayelA eka peTA phirakA hatA. nagAzI vaheArAmAM pazunuM mAMsa khArAka tarIke varjya heAvAthI tee nAgAzI' tarIke oLakhAyA. 19mI sadInA aMtamAM nAgAzI vaheArAnAM phakta cAra jeTalAM ja kuTuMba vaDAdarAmAM vaselAM hatAM.93 khAnna : ziyA ismAiliyA sa`pradAyanA anuyAyIomAM khAjAone paNa samAveza thatA hatA. te AkhA gujarAtamAM phelAyelA hatA. khAAmAM sAta vibhAga hatA, jemAM 'kheDavAyA memA' 'gujaraguptI' 'multAnI' 'alaI-khurAsAnI' 'mecI mAmA' 'senI-luhAra' 'kAkhulI' ane khadakhkhAnI' vagerenA samAveza thatA hatA. sAmAnya rIte sunnI muslima mAnyatA mujaba allAha eka mAtra Izvara che * ane hajarata mahammada enA payagaMbara che, jyAre ziyA anuyAyIo hajarata mahammada pachI hajarata alIne sauthI UMcI kakSAnA gaNe che. sunnI muslima mATe makkA tathA madInAnI haja emanI pavitra pharaja che, jyAre ziyA A baMne pavitra sthaLe uparAMta hajarata alI ane hajarata husenanI daragAhanI yAtrAe pazu jAya che.34 satpaMthI : ismAiliyAsa...pradAyanI mizanarIee gujarAtamAM zaktisaMpradAyamAM mAnatA lahANAone AkarSavA mATe emanA dharma siddhAMtAmAM paNa keTalAka pheraphAra karyA hatA, je mujaba prathama ismAiliyA mizanarI nurasataguru(Azare

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dhArmika sthiti I.sa. 1163)ne brahmAnA avatAra tarIke gaNAvavAmAM AvyA hatA. mAtApaMthI anuyAyIonI mAnyatA mujaba cAra yugamAMthI pahelA yugamAM bhakta tarIke pradUlAda, bIjA yugamAM harizcaMdra, trIjA yugamAM yudhiSThira ane cothA yugane bhakta balabhadrane sthAne trIjA ja mizanarI pIra sadara-ud-dIne pitAne bhakta tarIke jAhera karyA ane pitAnA navA anuyAyIone "zaktipaMthI'ne badale "satpathI' tarIke oLakhAvyA.35 memaNaH kacha temaja saurASTramAM lehANa tathA kAchiyAmAMthI keTalAke islAma dharmane svIkAra karyo hato. I.sa. 1421mAM saiyada yusuphuddIna kAdarIe siMdhamAM 700 jeTalAM lahANuM kuTuMbane muslima dharma aMgIkAra karAvyo hato. A le ke "memaNa" tarIke oLakhAyA. matiyA kaNabI : e amadAvAda najIkanA pIrANunA saMta ImAma sAhebanA anuyAyIo hatA. paMdaramI sadInA madhyamAM emaNe aMzataH islAma dharmane aMgIkAra karyo hato, matiyA kaNabI nUrasatagurumAM paNa AsthA dharAvatA hatA.37 zekhaDA H emanI vastI bharUca tathA amadAvAda vistAramAM jovA maLatI hatI. zekhaDA leke bAla mahamadazAha nAmanA eka pIrANuM saMtanA anuyAyI hatA. emanA dhArmika rItarivAja ghaNe aMze matiyA kaNabInA rItarivAjane maLatA hatA. -emAMnA ghaNuM svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyamAM paNa mAnatA thayA hatA.38 pArasI : I. sa. 1891nI vastI-gaNatarI mujaba gujarAtamAM pArasIonI vastI 34,411 jeTalI hatI, jyAre gujarAta bahAra muMbaImAM emanI vastI 47,458 jeTalI thatI hatI. AkhA muMbaI ilAkAmAM emanI vastI 91,361 jeTalI hatI. pArasIo saMta jarathusse sthApelA jarathustradharmanA anuyAyIo che. emane dharma mAjhudayaznI dharma" tarIke paNa oLakhAya che. pArasI dharmanI mAnyatA mujaba vizvane sarjanahAra Izvara-ahUramajhUda hatuM, jemAM badhAM zubha tavone samAveza thato hato, jyAre aniSTa tattanuM pratIka aThTharimAna tarIke oLakhAtuM. pArasI dharmanI mAnyatA mujaba dareka vyaktine AtmA hatA. zubha kAryo badala vyaktine phaLa prApta thatAM ane kharAba kArya badala ene sahana karavuM paDatuM. pArasI agni jaLa sUrya tArA vagerene pUjatA. dareka pArasInI daSTie. pavitra mana, pavitra vANI ane pavitra AcAra svarga prApta karavA mATe Avazyaka hatAM. A dharmamAM agnine IzvaranA pratIka tarIke gaNavAmAM AvatuM hovAthI agnipUjA para bhAra mUkavAmAM

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briTiza kAla AvyuM hatuM ane A kAraNasara agiyArIo (saM. ajArizA prA. garimA) paNa bAMdhavAmAM AvI uMDI.39 I.sa. 1851 mAM dAdAbhAI navarojI, je. pI. vAchA, navarojI pharadUna jevA sudhArakee pArasI dharmamAM sudhAro lAvavA ane enuM zuddha svarUpa jALavavA mATe "rAdUnumAva mAjhudayasnAna sabhA' nAmanI saMsthAnI sthApanA paNa karI hatI.40 . yahudI : A arasAmAM gujarAtamAM yahUdIo paNa AvI vasyA hatA. yahUdIo yahe vAhanA upAsaka che. bhAratamAM tenuM eka jUtha keralamAM vasyuM hatuM ne bIju mahArASTramAM. gujarAtamAM vaselA yahUdIo mahArASTrathI AvelA bene IjharAela' che. amadAvAda vaDodarA, DIsA rAjakeTa bhUja vagere sthaLoe teonAM kabarastAna AvelAM che. amadAvAdamAM teonuM kabarastAna pahelAM kenTonamenTa vistAramAM hatuM, hAlanuM kabarastAna dUdhezvara mArga para AveluM che. emAM I.sa. 1887 ane e. pachInAM varSonI aneka kabara AvelI che.41 khristI mizana : gujarAtamAM khristI mizanarIoe I.sa. 1804 thI pracArakAryanI zarUAta karI hatI. lanDana mizanarI sosAyaTI dvArA surata khAte be mizanarI mokalavAmAM AvyA hatA, paraMtu emane saphaLatA na maLI. I.sa. 1817 mAM suratamAM lanDana mizanarI sesAyaTI dvArA eka zALAnI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI ane I.sa. 1823 sudhImAM cha jeTalI prAthamika zALA sthapAI. A zALAo pAchaLathI AIriza praaiTeriyana mizanane suparata karavAmAM AvI. AIriza prembiriyana mizane I.sa. 1840 mAM suratamAM eka hAIskUlanI paNa sthApanA karI.42 prabiTeriyana carca dvArA I.sa. 1843 mAM cAra mizanarIoe rAjakoTa khAte mizananI pravRttinI zarUAta karI. emaNe rAjakeTa uparAMta porabaMdara ane ghoghAmAM keMdra sthApyAM. I. sa. 1871 sudhImAM gujarAtanA judA judA bhAgomAM khristI mizana-keMdra sthApavAmAM AvyAM, jemAM gheghA uparAMta berasada amadAvAda ANaMda bharUca DIsA vaDhavANa(5) khaMbhAta bhAvanagara vagerene samAveza thata hatA.43 19 mI sadI daramyAna gujarAtamAM khristI dharmanA anuyAyIonI saMkhyA 7,044 thI vadhu na hatI 44 moTA bhAganA A khristIo praTesTanTa saMpradAyanA anuyAyI hatA. A samaya daramyAna gujarAtamAM kethalika saMpradAyane khAsa phelAvo ke pravRtti jovA maLatAM nathI. proTesTanTa saMpradAyanA khristI dharma guruoe sAbara kAMThAnA lusaDiyA gAme, paMcamahAla jillAmAM jhAleda pAse temaja choTA udepura devagaDhabAriyAnI Adima prajAnA vasavATanA sthaLee dharmane pracAra karyo hate.

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dhArmika rithati 2. sahajAnaMda svAmI hiMdu samAjamAM gharmasudhAraNA-AMdolana bhAratIya samAjamAM dhArmika saMbaMdhone sAmAjika saMbadhathI taddana alaga pADI zakAya ema nathI. bhAratIya sAMskRtika praNAlI mujaba jIvanane enA akhila svarUpamAM jevA prayAsa karavAmAM Avyo hato. vaLI sAmAjika saMbaMdhonA pAyAmAM dharmanA zAsanano svIkAra karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. pariNAme samaya jatAM sAmAjika saMbaMdhamAM ja aniSTa pedA thatAM gayAM enI pAchaLa dharma vizenI saMkucita ane ghaNuM vAra vikRta daSTi paNa kAma karatI hatI. dharmane nAme je kaMI aniSTa pedA thayAM tenI asara sAmAjika saMbaMdha para paNa paDI, tethI dharmasudhArakoe dhArmika aniSTonI sAthe sAthe sAmAjika aniSTa dUra karavAne paNa prayAsa karyo. 18mI sadInI zarUAtamAM gujarAtamAM briTiza hakUmatanI sthApanA thaI te vakhate praNAlIgata mALakhAmAM rahIne dhArmika sudhArAnuM AMdolana karanAra svAmI sahajAnaMda (I.sa. 1781-1830) hatA. svAmI sahajAnaMda pahelAM paNa gujarAtanA samAjamAM narasiMha mahetA (Azare I.sa. 1414-1481), akhe bhagata(I.sa. 16151674) ane bhaje bhagata(1785-1830) jevA ghaNuM saMta-bhaktoe dhArmika temaja sAmAjika kSetre phelAyelAM dUSaNe tarapha samAjanuM dhyAna kheMcyuM hatuM, paraMtu vyApaka ane vyasthita rIte dharma-sudhAraNanuM AMdolana e sahajAnaMda svAmInuM viziSTa pradAna hatuM. * ayodhyA najIka AvelA chapaiyA gAmamAM brAhmaNa kuTuMbamAM janmelA ghanazyAme nAnI vaye ja virakti laIne AkhA hiMdanuM bhramaNa karyuM, judA judA prakAranI sAdhanA tathA tapazcaryAmAMthI pasAra thayelA ane nIlakaMTha tarIke oLakhAtA A juvAna brahmacArI dareka prakAranAM dhArmika jUtha ane sAdhuonA saMparkamAM AvyA ane nAnA vaye mAnavasvabhAvane paricaya keLavyo.45 I.sa. 1800 mAM e dakSiNa saurASTramAM mAMgaroLathI ATheka ki.mI.ne aMtare Avela laheja gAmamAM AvyA ane svAmI rAmAnaMdanA ziSya banyA. jIvananAM bAkInA 30 varSa have "sahajAnaMda svAmI tarIke oLakhAtA A sudhArake gujarAtamAM gALyAM. rAmAnaMde sthApelA A saMpradAyamAM sahajAnaMda svAmIe keTalAka pheraphAra karyA ane e "svAminArAyaNa saMpradAya" tarIke jANItA thaye.4 A samaye gujarAtamAM dharmane nAme ghaNuM aniSTa phelAyAM hatAM. keI kaI saMpradAyamAM dharmane nAme anIti paNa kyAMka kyAMka cAlatI hatI. judA judA dharma 30

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briTiza kA saMpradAya ke pathenA verAgIo lekamAM trAsa phelAvatA hatA. bhUta-pretanA vahema uparAMta deva-devIone bhega ApavA mATe jIva-hiMsA karavAmAM AvatI.47 sahajAnaMda svAmIe cAritryazuddhi para vizeSa bhAra mUkyo hato, tethI sau prathama emaNe saMpradAyanI satsaMga-sabhAmAM strI-puruSonI sabhAo alaga pADI. enuM eka pariNAma e AvyuM ke strI anuyAyIo ke sAdhvIoe pitAnI AdhyAtmika jarUriyAta saMtoSavA mATe svataMtra rIte zAstrone abhyAsa zarU karyo. e rIte strIzikSaNanA kAryamAM temaja emanI AdhyAtmika unnatinI dizAmAM vega maLe.48 sahajAnaMda svAmIe saMpradAyanA sAdhuone gujarAtamAM jude jude sthaLe lekamAM sadAcArano phelAvo karavA mokalyA. emane leke temaja verAgIonA virodhane sAmane karavo paDato. ghaNI vAra A sAdhuo mAra khAIne paNa AzIrvAda ApatA. sahajAnaMde emanA virakta temaja gRhasthI anuyAyIomAM je tyAganI bhAvanA pedA karI hatI tenI asara samAja para UMDI paDI. saurASTranA garAsiyA temaja kAThI darabAro emanA ziSya banyA, eTaluM ja nahi, balake sahajAnaMdanA pArSada ane aMgarakSaka tarIke paNa emaNe kAma karyuM. gaDhaDAnA ebhala khAcara ane emanA putra dAdA khAcare te sahajAnaMdane pitAnuM sarvasva arpaNa karyuM.49 kalakattAnA bizapa reva. rejinAlDa hebara jyAre sahajAnaMdane naDiyAdamAM maLyA (2mI mArca, 1825) te vakhate nepyuM ke emanA pitAnA aMgarakSaka te sarakArI pagAradAra sipAIo hatA, jyAre sahajAnaMdanA aMgarakSaka te svAmInA upadezathI raMgAyelA tathA svecchAe emanuM rakSaNa karavAnuM gaurava letA ane emanA mATe prANa pAtharanAra anuyAyI hatA.50 | svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanA anuyAyIonA be prakAra hatAH eka gRhasthI, je satsaMgI' tarIke oLakhAtA ane bIjA tyAgI. tyAgI brahmacArI, sAdhu ane pArSada ema traNa prakAramAM vaheMcAyelA hatA.51 dareka satsaMgIne (1) cerI, (2) vyabhicAra, (3) mAMsAhAra, (4) dArU vagerethI dUra rahevuM ane (5) pitAnAthI UtaratI kaTinI nAta-jAtanI vyaktinuM bhojana na levuM-evAM pAMca vratanuM pAlana karavAnuM hatuM.para saMpradAyanAM mukhya dharmapustakamAM rara1 anuSyapa ane upajAtivRttanuM nAnakaDuM pustaka "zikSApatrIuparAMta tyAgIo mATe dharmAmRta" ane "niSkAmazuddhi jevAM pustaka hatAM, paraMtu saMpradAyanuM adhyAtmazAstra te sahajAnaMdanAM vacanAmRtane saMgraha che. A saMgraha muktAnaMda gopALAnaMda nityAnaMda ane zukAnaMde karyo hateA.13

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dhArmika sthiti WO sahajAnaMdai hiMsAyukta yAne baMdha karAvavA ahiMsAmaya yajJAnI zarUAta jhurI, AvA prasaMgA vakhate mATI sakhyAmAM lAke hAjara rahetA. sa`pradAyanA siddhAMtAthI emane vAkeph karavAnI A sArI taka rahetI.54 sahajAnaMde kaccha-saurASTranA rAjapUtAmAM che.karIone dUdhapItI karavAnA aniSTane baMdha karAvavAnA ane stInI prathA paNa dUra karAvavAnA prayAsa AdaryA hatA. vaLI emaNe leAkAne vahema, maMtra-jaMtra ke malina deva-devIonI khIka na rAkhavAnA upadeza ApyA.papa paraMtu sahajAnaMda svAmInuM sauthI mahattvanuM kAryaM teA hAronI sa MkhyAmAM gujarAtanI kahevAtI UtaratI jAtine UMce lAvavAnuM hatuM. emaNe kaDiyA darajI suthAra khAravA meAcI uparAMta harijana ane kALI-kAThI jevI jAtine sudhArIne saMskArI banAvI.56 emanI vizALa dhArmika dRSTine lIdhe suratanA prakhyAta pArasI kATavAla aradezara emanA ziSya banyA hatA. vaLI emanA prayAsathI keTalAka khAjA muslimAe paNa svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanA siddhAMtane svIkAra karyo hatA.pa7 kacchanA kromavela' tarIke vikhyAta banelA jamAdAra phatehamahammada paNu sahajAnaMdathI khUba prabhAvita thayA hatA.pa8 peAte eka aThaMga vyavasthApaka hAvAthI sahAna"? samaiyA athavA va mAM jude jude samaye bharAtI dharmAM pariSada dvArA tyAgIe ane satsaMgIomAM birAdarInI bhAvanA pedA karI, AvA samaiyAmAM gujarAtanA judA judA bhAgAmAMthI AvatA brAhmaNuthI mAMDIne kALI ke harijana jevA emanA anuyAyIonI hAjarIthI saMpradAyamAM ekatA ane baMdhutAnI bhAvanA pedA thaI zakI. AvA prasaMge sahAna hai samAja upayogI pravRtti paNa AdarI hatI. samaiyAnA sthaLe emaNe taLAva khAdavAnI ke rastA samAravAnI pravRttimAM tyAgI ane satsaMgIone sAmela karyA. Ama svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyamAM dhArmika pravRttinI sAthe sAthe samAjasevA tathA zramanuM mahattva paNa AMkavAmAM AvyuM 59 sahajAnaMda svAmIe emanA jIvanakAlanA chellA dAyakA daramyAna ma' diza baMdhAvavAnI pravRtti hAtha dharI, brahmAnaMda tathA niSkuLAnada jevA emanA ziSya dvArA amadAvAda vaDatAla gaDhaDA bhUja dheAlerA vagere sthaLAe madirA baMdhAvavAnI cejanA thaI. A suMdara madirA bAMdhavAmAM majUra tarIkenuM kAryAM tyAgI ane satsaMgIoe karyuM, jemAMnA ghaNA kaDiyA ane suthAra hatA.10 svAmI sahajAna Mde samAjanA nIcalA varSoMnA kacaDAyelA krene saMskArI banAvI emane vyasane ane cerI-lUTaphATa jevI pravRttithI mukta karAvavAnI AdarelI kukhezathI tAjetaramAM sthapAyelI briTiza sattAnA a adhikArIA khUba

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briTiza kAha prabhAvita thayA hatA. I.sa. 1828 mAM jyAre muMbaInA gavarnara sara jahona mAlkame rAjakeTanI mulAkAta lIdhI te vakhate emaNe sahajAnaMdane maLavAnI khAsa icchA vyakta karI hatI. A batAve che ke saurASTranA vistAramAM kAyado-vyavasthA sthApavAmAM parokSa rIte sahajAnaMdane phALe mahatvane hati. 1 | sahajAnaMda svargavAsa pahelAM emanA badhA ziSyone be AcAryonA alaga alaga netRtva heThaLa mUkyA. uttara vistAranA AcArya tarIke sahajAnaMde potAnA moTA bhAInA putra ayodhyAprasAdane amadAvAdamAM naranArAyaNa devanI gAdI ApI. jyAre dakSiNa vistAranA AcArya tarIke pitAnA nAnA bhAInA putra raghuvIrajIne. vaDatAlamAM lakSmInArAyaNa devanI gAdI ApI, paraMtu A bane AcAryonA vaMzajemAM sahajAnaMdanI tejasvitA ke netRtvane abhAva hovAthI svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanA AdelanamAM eka prakAranI sthagitatA AvI gaI. ema chatAM 19mI sadI darayAna svAmI gopALAnaMda, guNutItAnaMda, prAgajI bhakta, jagA bhakta, zAstrI yajJapuruSadAsa vagere sAdhuoe sahajAnaMdanI paraMparA jALavI rAkhI ane svAmi nArAyaNa saMpradAyanA anuyAyIonI saMkhyAmAM vadhAre karyo. I.sa. 187ranI vasatI-gaNatarI mujaba AkhA gujarAtamAM A saMpradAyanA anuyAyIonI saMkhyA e samaye 287,687 jeTalI hatI.3 3. navA dharmasudhArAnuM AMdolana : svarUpa, netRtva ane saMsthAo gujarAtamAM I.sa. 1818 mAM briTiza hakumata sthapAtAM sAmAjika tathA sAMskR tika jIvanamAM navA parivartananI zarUAta thaI. briTiza vahIvaTI taMtra pAchaLa kaMIka aMze udAramatavAdI vicAradhArA kAma karatI hatI. A vicAradhArAnA prabhAva heThaLa briTiza vahIvaTIkAroe bauddhika abhigamathI pravartamAna jaDa mAnya tAone sthAne vahIvaTI kSetre prayogAtmaka nIti ane sAmAjika kSetre mAnavatAvAdI tathA nyAyanI nIti apanAvI. pariNAme saurASTra-kaccha ane taLa gujarAtanA keTalAka vistAromAM chokarIne dUdhapItI karavAnA rivAjane ane satInA rivAjane nAbUda karavAmAM AvyA. 4 briTiza sarakAranI navI vahIvaTI temaja Arthika nItine lIdhe gujarAtamAM paNa navI madhyama varga astitvamAM AvyuM. bIjI bAju saMdezAvyavahAranI sagavaDane lIdhe sAmAjika gatizIlatA vadhI. navA zaherIkaraNanI prakriyAne lIdhe cekasa nAta-jAta sAthe saMkaLAyelA vyavasAyanI praNAlI paNa tUTavA lAgI. navA madhyama varga pAzcAtya keLavaNI levAnI zarUAta karI. bauddhika abhigama para AdhArita ane vyaktivAda samAnatA tathA sAmAjika nyAyanAM mUlyone vaNI

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dhArmika sthiti letI navI keLavaNIe praNAlIgata samAjavyavasthA tathA enAM mUlyone AMcake Ape. dharmane nAme phelAyelAM aniSTo vahema vagerene sthAne vaijJAnika draSTi apanAvavAno Agraha navA zikSita varga rAkhyo. pariNAme gujarAtamAM navA dharmasudhArAnuM AMdolana zarU thayuM. mAnavadharmasabhA ane durgArAma mahetA muMbaI pazcima hiMdanuM rAjakIya vahIvaTI vepArI tathA zaikSaNika kendra hevAthI gujarAta svAbhAvika rIte muMbaInA sAMskRtika vartuLamAM ApuM. 19 mI sadI daramyAna gujarAtanA prathama dharmasudhAraka tarIke vikhyAta thayelA nAgara durgArAma maMchArAma mahetAjIe (I.sa. 1809-1876) lagabhaga doDheka varSa sudhI muMbaImAM neTiva ejyukezana sosAyaTI dvArA zarU thayela narmala kalAsamAM tAlIma laIne suratamAM I.sa. 1826mAM sthapAyela sarakArI gujarAtI zALAmAM zikSaka tarIke kAma karavAnI zarUAta karI. muMbaInA vasavATa daramyAna durgArAma para navA vicAronI UMDI asara paDI hatI. zarUAtamAM emaNe suratamAM vidhavAvivAhanI tarapheNamAM jhuMbeza zarU karI, paraMtu I.sa. 1838mAM emanI prathama patnInA avasAna pachI pote ja vidhavA sAthe lagna karavA taiyAra nahatA. bIjI vAranAM lagna vakhate emane vidhavAvivAhanI tarapheNamAM jAheramAM vicAro vyakta na karavAnI emanAM sAsu-sasarAe pharaja pADI, joke vidhavAvivAha aMgenA emanA pitAnA vicAromAMthI kaMI phera nahete paDayo. have durgArAme dharma sudhAraNAnA AMdolana pratye pitAnuM dhyAna kendrita karyuM. durgArAme saMskRtane abhyAsa karela hovAthI teo upaniSada gItA purANa vagerene sArI rIte samajatA thayA. I.sa. 184ra mAM e suratamAM sthapAyela prathama sarakArI aMgrejI zALAnA mukhya zikSaka dAdobA pAMDuraMgane saMparkamAM AvyA. durgArAme aMgrejI zikSaNa lIdheluM na hovA chatAM emanA dharma aMgenA krAMtikArI vicArothI dAdabA khUba prabhAvita thayA. A "vakhate suratamAM sudhArAnI pravRttimAM pAMca dA'-dAdAbA, durgArAma, dalapatarAma mAstara, dAmodaradAsa ane dinamaNizaMkara zAstrIe mahatvano bhAga bhajavyo hate; jeke A pravRttine mokhare te durgArAma ane dAdAbA ja hatA.5 A samaye leke dharma aMge vicitra khyAla dharAvatA hatA. emaNe ema ja mAnI lIdhuM ke vasaMta-paMcamI(4thI phebruArI, 1843)ne divase duniyAne aMta AvavAne che. durgArAme AvA prakAranAM vahema ane bIkanI khUba TIkA karI. lekene dharmanuM zuddha svarUpa samajAvavA mATe durgArAma tathA emanA sAthIoe

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briTiza kAha eka maMDaLa zarU karavA nirNaya lIdho ane I.sa. 1844mAM emaNe "mAnava dharmasabhA'nI sthApanA karI. mAnavadharma sabhAnA mukhya hetuomAM spaSTa karavAmAM AvyuM ke (1) sarva sRSTine sarjanahAra Izvara eka ja che, (2) manuSyamAtranI jAti eka che, (3) manuSyamAtrane dharma eka che, paraMtu jemaNe pitapatAnA bhinna bhinna dharma mAnelA che te emane abhigama che, (4) manuSyanI oLakha enA guNathI jANI zakAya, kuLa parathI nahi, (5) vivekane anusarIne karma karavA, (6) IzvaranA anugraha mATe bhakti karavI, ane (7) sanmArganI zikSA sarvane kahevI. mAnavadharmasabhAnI prathama beThaka 22 mI jUna, 1844ne divase maLI temAM evo nirNaya levAmAM AvyuM ke ajJAnane lIdhe mANasamAM dharmasaMbaMdhI aneka prakAranA pedA thayelA khyAlane sthAne mekSa prApta karavA jJAnapUrvaka vicAra karavo ane e mATe dara zanivAre rAtre nakkI karela sthaLe beThaka rAkhavI. AvA prakAranI sabhA bharavA mATe lagabhaga 13 jeTalA sabhyoe sahI karI. sAmAnya rIte AvI sabhAmAM hAjara rahenArAonI saMkhyA 20 thI 25 jeTalI rahetI. emAM dharmanuM sAcuM svarUpa jANavA, mUrtipUjAne rivAja baMdha karavA, jJAtibheda dUra karavA, mUA pachI jamaNavAra baMdha karavA, vagere bAbate para carcA thatI. dAdabA pote sArA vaktA na hovAthI moTA bhAge AvI sabhAmAM durgArAma ja bolatA, durgArAme, vivekazaktine upayoga karavA ane paramahaMsa thavA mATe Agraha rAkhe. emaNe AcAryonA svAMgamAM pAkhaMDa calAvanArAo tathA vedaupaniSadanuM vikRta arthaghaTana karanArAonI TIkA karI, emaNe aspRzyatA tathA uca-nIcanA bhedabhAva dUra karIne vADAbaMdhIne tyAga karavA para bhAra mUkyo. durgArAme e Agraha paNa rAkhyo che. zAstro IzvarakRta nathI, paraMtu jJAnI manuSya dvArA taiyAra karavAmAM AvyAM che, mATe mANasane paramezvara banAvavAthI nukasAna thAya che. 67 Ama mAnavadharmasabhAe hiMdudharmanI jaDa mAnyatAone khullI rIte virodha karyo tethI enI evI paNa TIkA karavAmAM AvI ke A sabhA lekene khristI banAvavA mAge che, paraMtu durgArAme spaSTatA karI ke emanI pravRti eka yA bIjA dharmanA pracAra mATenI nahetAM phakta vahema dharmane veza na le e jovAno prayAsa hatA, mAnavadharma sabhAe camatkAro vahema bhUta jAdu vagere sAme paNa jhuMbeza AdarI, bhavA tathA jAdugaronAM juThANuM khullA pADavA mATe durgArAme jAherakhabara dvArA emane paDakAryA ane je kaI jAdugara ke maMtrazAstrI potAnI vidyAne satya puravAra kare te ene 20 rUpiyAnuM inAma ApavAnI paNa jAherAta karI. durgArAmanI

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dhArmika sthiti A jhuMbezane khUba prasiddhi maLI ane lokomAM paNa kutUhalavRtti jAgI. AvI jAherAtanA aThavADiyA pachI nakkI karela ravivAre sabhAo bharavAmAM AvatI. AvI kula pAMca sabhA bharavAmAM AvI (Disembara, 1844 mAM). dareka sabhAmAM hAjara rahenArAonI saMkhyA lagabhaga be thI traNa hajAra jeTalI thatI, paraMtu koI maMtrazAstrI ke jAdugara pitAnI zaktine para karAvavA taiyAra thayA nahi. chevaTe vajerAma gokaLadAsa nAmanA eka maMtrazAstrIe A paDakAra jhIlya, paraMtu e kaMI puravAra karI zakyo nahi tethI takarAra thaI ane suratamAM e vakhate kAyadovyavasthAne prazna upasthita thaye, durgArAma para paNa humale thaye, paraMtu AvA prakAranI sabhAonuM e pariNAma AvyuM ke kemAM have jAgRti AvI ane bhUta vagere vahemamAM lekene vizvAsa ghaTavA lAgyA.8 mAnavadharmasabhAnI pravRti suratamAM vadhu samaya cAlI na zakI, kAraNa ke I. sa. 1846mAM dAdabAnI badalI muMbaI khAte thaI, jyAre durgArAmanI badalI I. sa. 1852 mAM zALAonA saba-DepyuTI ejyukezanala inspekaTara tarIke rAjakoTa thaI. durgArAme rAjakeTamAM saurASTranA e samayane sudhAraka maNizaMkara kIkANu sAthe rahIne dharmasudhAraNa aMgenA pitAnA vicAra vyakta karyA. I. sa. 1860 mAM nivRtta thaIne e surata pAchA AvyA. suratamAM emaNe iMglenDa jaI AvelA mahIpatarAma rUparAmane Teke Ayo ane pite nAta bahAra rahyA. 19 suratamAM emaNe pArasI paMcAyata phaMDanA maMtrI tarIke paNa kAma karyuM. dara aThavADiye gujarAta mitra'mAM judA judA viSaya para emaNe lekha paNa lakhyA. I. sa. 1876 mAM emanuM mRtyu thayuM. gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTI ane kavi dalapatarAma samAjasudhArAnI jema dharmasudhAraNuM adelanamAM "mAnavadharmasabhA' jevAM navAM sthapAyelAM maMDaLe ke saMsthAoe mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo hate. AvAM maMDaLanI e viziSTatA hatI ke emAM joDAnAra zikSita varga jJAti ke nAtane dhera na joDAtAM navAM sAmAjika mUlyonI samAna paripATI para emAM joDAyA hatA. surata muMbaInI najIka hovAthI navA sAMskRtika pravAhanI asara gujarAtamAM sau-prathama surata para thaI, paraMtu navA zikSaNanA phelAvA sAthe amadAvAda sahita gujarAtanA bIjA bhAga paNa dhIre dhIre navA pravAhanI asara heThaLa AvyA. suratanI jema amadAvAdamAM paNa I. sa. 1826mAM prathama skula sthapAI ane navA zikSaNanI zarUAta thaI. Disembara, 1848 mAM amadAvAdanA AsisTanTa jaja eNlekjhAnDara kinloca phorbsa (I.sa. 1821-1865)nA prayAsathI amadAvAdamAM gujarAta varnAkayulara sesAyaTInI

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briTiza kAha sthApanA karavAmAM AvI, nagarazeTha hImAbhAI haThIsiMga temaja nagarazeTha premAbhAI jevA dhanADhaya sajajanenA prayAsathI gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTInI zaikSaNika sAhityika temaja sAMskRtika pravRttine uttejana maLyuM. gu. va. sosAyaTIe eprila, 1854 thI buddhiprakAza' nAmanuM mAsika pragaTa karavAnI javAbadArI lIdhI 71 19mI sadI daramyAna gujarAtamAM zaikSaNika temaja sAMskRtika vicArone phelA karavAmAM "buddhiprakAzane phALe khUba mahattva rahyo che, paraMtu gu. va. sosAyaTInI sthApanA tathA enA vikAsamAM kavi dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAI(I.sa. 18ra0-1898)ne phALA paNa khUba mahattvane hate. kavi dalapatarAma jUna, 1855 mAM gu.vasosAyaTInA madadanIza maMtrI tarIke joDAyA ane (DA samayane bAda karatAM) I. sa. 1879nI zarUAtamAM gu. va. sosAyaTImAMthI nivRtta thayA tyAM sudhI e buddhiprakAza'nA taMtrI tarIke rahyA hatA.73 gu. va. sesAyaTI dvArA sAmAjika tathA dhArmika dUSaNo dUra karavA mATe inAmI nibaMdha lejanA paNa zarU karavAmAM AvI hatI. kavi dalapatarAme AvI yojanA heThaLa keTalAMka le ane kavitA lakhyAM, uparAMta "satyaprakAza'nA taMtrI ane sudhAraka karasanadAsa mULajI dvArA guru-ziSya dharma" para inAmI nibaMdha spardhAmAM bhAga laIne dalapatarAme inAma prApta karyuM. emaNe vidhavAvivAhanI tarapheNamAM lekhe tathA kAvya lakhyAM. emanuM 'venacaritra kAvya "sudhArAnA purANa" tarIke prakhyAta thayuM.74 A uparAMta dalapatarAme dharmanAM judAM judAM pAsAMne AvarI letAM, IzvaranI ekatA para bhAra mUkatAM ane gurune zikhAmaNa ApatAM evAM kAvya paNa lakhyAM hatAM.7pa Ama kavi dalapatarAme emanI sAdI sIdhI zailI dvArA dhArmika kSetre lekenuM mAnasa jAgrata karavAmAM mahatvano phALo Ape hate. emanI e viziSTatA hatI ke emaNe krAMtikArI sudhArAne badale lekamAnasane rUce e rIte dhIre dhIre sudhAro dAkhala karavAne bodha Ape. kavi narmada, karasanadAsa mULajI ane sudhAranuM AMdolana navA daSTikoNathI durgArAma mahetAjIne cIle dharmasudhAraNa AMdolanamAM AgaLa paDato bhAga levAmAM nAgara brAhmaNa narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara (I.sa. 18331886) ane kapoLa vANiyA karasanadAsa mULajI(I. sa. 183ra-1871)ne phALA mahatvane rahyo hato. baMne sudhAraka muMbaInI elphinsTana insTiTayUTanA vivAthI hatA ane navAM mUlyothI khUba prabhAvita thayA hatA. emaNe hiMdu samAjamAM dhArmika kSetre phelAyelAM dUSaNa para prahAra karatA lekha lakhyA ane AMdolana calAvyuM. teo muMbaInI "buddhivardhaka sabhA' sAthe gADha rIte saMkaLAyelA

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dhArmika sthiti hatA. nItimattAne dharaNe mAnavamUlyanI pratiSThA karavI e emanA dharmasudhArAnA Adelanane keMdra-sUra hate. - kavi narmade vallabha-saMpradAyanA suMbaImAMnA dharmaguruonAM aniSTane anulakSIne guru ane strI viSayI gura vize" "gurusattA vize' jevA keTalAka lekha lakhyA.9 ogasTa, 1860 mAM emaNe suratanA vaiSNava mahArAja gesvAmI jadunAthajIne paNa vidhavAvivAha ane hiMduzAstro IzvarapraNIta che e vize paDakAryA.77 mahIpatarAma rUparAma IMglenDathI AvyA pachI nAgara jJAtie emane nAta bahAra mUkyA te vakhate narmade mahIpatarAmane Teke Ape ane A saMdarbhamAM emaNe "DAMDi" (eprila, 1861)mAM badhA sudhArakanA sahakArathI navo dharma tema jAti racavAnI paNa kalpanA karI. narmade muMbaInI "paramahaMsa sabhA" tathA "buddhivardhaka sabhAnI niSkriyatAnI paNa TIkA karI. julAI, 1860 mAM narmade dharmanA zuddha svarUpa aMge lekene vAkepha karAvavA muMbaImAM "tatvabedhaka sabhA" sthApI, paraMtu enuM kArya AgaLa na vadhyuM. I. sa. 1864mAM kezavacaMdra sena muMbaI AvyA te vakhate narmada emane maLyA hatA ane kalakattAnA brAhmasamAja dvArA prakAzita "brAhmadharma pustakanI hiMdI AvRtti parathI enuM gujarAtImAM bhASAMtara paNa karAvyuM.8 je ke I. sa. 1869 pachI narmadanA sudhArA aMgene daSTikoNamAM mULabhUta parivartana AvavAnI zarUAta thaI. nIDara sudhAraka tarIke narmadanI jema karasanadAsa mULajIe paNa dhArmika kSetre phelAyelI badIone dUra karavA jhuMbeza calAvI, vidyAthI--kAlamAM karasanadAse vidhavAvivAhanI tarapheNamAM nibaMdha lakhe ane e mATe emane gharamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA. karasanadAse "rAsta gophatAra' ane bIjA pAniyAomAM sudhArA aMge lekha lakhyA 79 ane I. sa. 1855mAM emaNe "satyaprakAza' nAmanuM pitAnuM copAniyuM zarU karyuM. "satyaprakAzamAM sAmAjika temaja dhArmika viSayone lagatA lekha lakhyA. evA lekhemAM emaNe muMbaInA vaiSNava mahArAjanA emanA anuyAyIo paranA julama vize Akroza vyakta karyo. karasanadAse valabha-saMpradAyanA mahArAjenA kRSNanA avatAra hovAnA dAvAne ane emanI vyabhicAranI "lIlAne chatI karI. A vakhate eka vaiSNava mahArAje adAlatamAM pitAnA bacAva mATe vaiSNa pAsethI baLajabarIthI phaMDa UbhuM karavA ane vaiSNava anuyAyIone emanI viruddha kaI paNa saMjogomAM adAlatamAM dAva na mAMDavA, jubAnI na ApavA temaja akhabAre ke copAniyAmAM emanI viruddha lekha na lakhavA aMge eka Adeza bahAra pADayo. karasanadAse A Adezane gulAmI khata' tarIke gaNAvIne

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44 briTiza kAlA, e sAme AMdolana calAvyuM tathA lekha lakhyA ane sAthe sAthe sAcI salAha. paNa ApI, paraMtu mahArAjane vikRta mAnasane e gya na lAgyuM. karasanadAse vaiSNava mahArAje viruddha calAvelA adalanathI mahArAjenI pratiSThA * emanA samAjamAM jhAMkhI paDI. A saMjogemAM I.sa. 1860mAM suratanA vaiSNava maMdiranA vaDA svAmI jadunAthajI mahArAja muMbaI AvyA. emaNe sudhArakene nAstika gaNAvavAnA prayAsarUpe "svadharmavardhaka ane saMzayachedaka' nAmanuM mAsika zarU karyuM. uparAMta emaNe viSNu patha" ane "cAbUkamAM paNa sudhArake viruddha lekha lakhyA. karasanadAse "satyaprakAzanA (21 mI okaTobara, 1860) aMkamAM vaLatA javAba-rUpe lakhelA lekhamAM valabhasaMpradAya ane ene evA mahArAjanI jhaTakaNI kADhI, ane mahArAjanA emanA strI-anuyAyIo sAthenA taddana vikRta prakAranA saMbaMdhone ullekha karyo, sAthe sAthe e mahArAjene sanmArge jIvana gALavAnI vinaMtI paNa karI. karasanadAse A lekhamAM jadunAthajInA nAmane paNa ullekha karyo hato, enuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke me, 1861mAM jadunAthajIe muMbaInI suprIma kerTamAM karasanadAsa sAme badanakSIne dA mAMDyo. 25mI jAnyu. 1862 ne divase zarU thayelA ane 40 divasa sudhI cAlelA A prakhyAta mahArAja lAyabala kesa'mAM muMbaInA vaiSNava mahArAje ane jadunAthajInuM khAnagI vikRta cAritrya vadhAre khulluM paDayuM.81 sudhArake ane rUDhicusta vaccenA gajagrAhanI ahIM carama sImA hatI. sudhArAnI tarapheNamAM e vakhate AgaLa AvanAra vyaktio bahu ochI hatI. karasanadAsanI tarapheNamAM jubAnI ApanArAomAM De. jena vilsana, mathurAdAsa lavajI, gekuLadAsa tejapALa, De. bhAudAjI, De. dhIrajarAma dalapatarAma, vizvanAtha nArAyaNa maMDaLIka, kavi narmada, jhaverIlAla umiyAzaMkara varane samAveza thato hate. adAlatane cukAda karasanadAsanI tarapheNamAM AvyuM. nyAyAdhIza sara josepha ADe enA cukAdAmAM e samayanA valabhasaMpradAya jevA saMpradAyamAM poSAtAM anItinAM dhAmonI sakhata TIkA karI ane sudhArakenI prazaMsA karI. hiMdanAM e vakhatanAM mukhya akhabAroe karasanadAsane hiMdanA eka agragaNya sudhAraka tarIke navAjyA. silenathI laIne kalakattA sudhInA vistAranAM 21 jeTalAM aMgrejI akhabAroe kerTanA cukAdAne pragaTa karyo. prAdezika bhASAmAM pragaTa thatAM akhabAroe paNa karasanadAsanI nIDaratAnI prazaMsA karI. De. jana vilsane karasanadAsane mAnamAM jAhera sabhA che. beja kemanA sudhArakee paNa karasanadAsane mAnapatra ApyuM, paraMtu muMbaInA vaiSNava samAjamAM karasanadAsanI khUba TIkA karavAmAM AvI. koLI jJAtinA leke te saMpUrNa rIte karasanadAsa

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dhArmika sthiti 475 virodhI banI gayA,83 paraMtu bIjI bAju muMbaI temaja gujarAtanA sudhArake karasanadAsanA vijayane phAyado uThAvI na zakyA. De. bhAu dAjI, zeTha lakSmIdAsa, khImajI, Thakkara mathurAdAsa lavajI ane kavi narmada jevA sudhArake e korTamAM kara. sanadAsane Teko Apyo hovA chatAM cukAdA pachI jAheramAM teo karasanadAsanI prazaMsA karavA paNa taiyAra na hatA. muMbaInI "buddhivardhaka sabhA paNa mauna rahI.** karasanadAse I.sa. 1863 mAM temaja I.sa. 1867mAM ema be vakhata iglenDanI mulAkAta lIdhI. I.sa. 1867nA aMtamAM e rAjakoTamAM kAThiyAvADa liTikala ejanTanA madadanIza tarIke nimAyA. ahIM emaNe saurASTranA e samayanA sudhArakamaNizaMkara kIkANI (I.sa. 1822-1884) dvArA zarU thayela vidyAguNaprakAzaka sabhAmAM sakriya bhAga lIdho. eprila, 1870mAM emanI badalI lIMbaDI thaI. ogasTa, 1871 mAM karasanadAsanuM mRtyu thayuM, paraMtu e pahelAM emaNe muMbaI jaIne pitAnA mitra mAdhavadAsa rUganAthadAsanuM lagna dhanakera nAmanI zikSita vidhavA sAthe karAvavAmAM mahatvane bhAga bhajavyuM.85 prArthanAsamAja gujarAtamAM pAzcAtya daSTideNathI dharmazuddhinuM AMdolana calAvavAmAM bhoLAnAthasArAbhAI(I.sa.1822-1886)nuM sthAna paNa viziSTa rahyuM che. bhoLAnAthe briTiza taMtra heThaLa pharsTa kalAsa sarDineTa jaja tarIke sthAna prApta karyuM hatuM. sAmAjika temaja dhArmika sudhArAnI pravRtti aMge e pUrvamAM kalakattAthI pazcimamAM mulatAna ane karAMcI sudhInA temaja uttaramAM dilhI-AgrAthI laIne dakSiNamAM madrAsa sudhInA vistAranI agragaNya vyaktionA saMparkamAM AvyA hatA.' rUDhicusta nAgara kuTuMbamAM emane uchera thayela hovA chatAM I.sa. 1858-59 thI emanA dharma-saMbaMdhI vicAromAM parivartana AvyuM ane mUrtipUjA temaja bAhya karmakAMDa tarapha emane aNagamo pedA thaye. I. sa. 1855 mAM De. bleranAM vyAkhyAnanI asara emanA upara UMDI paDI hatI. I.sa. 1858-59 daramyAna emaNe amadAvAdamAM dharmasabhA' nAmanuM maMDaLa zarU karyuM. A pravRtimAM emane gujarAtamAM prathama kApaDa mila zarU karanAra ane sudhAraka evA raNachoDalAla choTAlAlane paNa sahakAra maLe. I.sa. 1870 mAM "dharmasabhAnuM nAma "bhaktisabhA' rAkhavAmAM AvyuM ane emaNe keTalAMka jUnAM-navAM bhakti-padane saMgraha pragaTa karyo; ke bheLAnAthane "dharmasabhA'mAM vyakta thatA vicAro junavANI lAgyA hatA. dharmane vahema tathA karmakAMDathI mukta rAkhavAnA emanA vicAramaMthanane pariNAme emaNe. kalakattAnA brAhmasamAja taraphathI pragaTa thatAM pustaka vAMcyAM. emaNe I.sa.

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briTiza kAha 1869 mAM muMbaImAM AtmArAma pAMDuraMgane ghera prArthanAsabhAmAM hAjarI ApI hatI.88 Ama bheLAnAthe baMgALa tathA muMbaInA dharmasudhArakenA pratyakSa athavA pakSa saMparkane pariNAme amadAvAdamAM 17mI Disembara, 1871 ne divase "prArthanAsamAjanI sthApanA karI. amadAvAda prArthanAsamAjanI sthApanAmAM emane raNachoDalAla chaTAlAla tathA mahIpatarAma rUparAma jevA sudhArAne paNa sAtha maLyo, kalakattAnA brAhmasamAja karatAM amadAvAdane prArthanAsamAja e rIte jude paDate hato ke e jJAti-jAtinAM baMdhana teDavA mAgatuM na hatuM. prArthanAsamAjanA kAryakramamAM dara ravivAre prArthanA tathA stotra vaMcAtAM ke gavAtAM. pAchaLathI emAM upadezane aMza paNa dAkhala karavAmAM AvyuM. I.sa. 1872 nA DisembaramAM kalakattA brAhmasamAjanA bAbu pratApacaMdra majumadAre amadAvAda prArthanAsamAjanI mulAkAta lIdhI. I.sa. 1876 nA me mahinAmAM prArthanAsamAjanuM svataMtra makAna paNa taiyAra thayuM. I.sa. 1876 mAM maharSi devedranAtha TAgoranA dvitIya putra satyendranAtha TAgora amadAvAdamAM jillA nyAyAdhIza tarIke niyukta thayA. bhoLAnAtha ane satyendranAtha vacce maitrIsaMbaMdha baMdhAye, pariNAme, prArthanAsamAjanI pravRttine vega maLe. jAnyuArI, 1877 mAM bhoLAnAtha kalakattA gayA tyAM emaNe Adi brahmasamAja temaja bhAratavarSIya brAhmasamAjanA kAryakramamAM hAjarI ApI. e rIte e maharSi deveMdranAtha TAgora uparAMta kezavacaMdrasena ane zivanAtha zAstrInA sIdhA saMparkamAM AvyA. kalakattAthI AvyA pachI bheLAnAthe amadAvAda prArthanAsamAjamAM keTalAka pheraphAra karyA. amadAvAda prArthanAsamAjanA ghaNuM sabhya hajI mUrtipUjAmAM mAnatA - hatA tethI bheLAnAthe mahIpatarAma rUparAma (I.sa. 1830-1891) tathA lAlazaMkara umiyAzaMkara (I.sa. 1845-1912) jevA sahakAryakaronI madadathI prArthanAsamAjamAM joDAyelA sabhya mATe pratijJApatra taiyAra karyuM, jemAM nAta-jAtanAM baMdhana ane mUrtipUjAnA niSedha para bhAra mUkavAmAM Avyo hato, paraMtu A prakAranuM baMdhana jAheramAM svIkAravA ghaNuM sabhya taiyAra na hovAthI prArthanA-samAjanI pravRti para enI asara pahoMcI, 89 bhoLAnAthe surata kheDA peTalAda mAtara bharUca vagere sthaLoe prArthanAsamAjanI zAkhAo sthApI hatI ane vakhatevakhata A - zAkhAomAM upadeza ApatA. jAnyuArI, 1886 mAM paMjAbathI brahmavAdI satyAnaMda agnihotrI amadAvAda AvyA te vakhate bheLAnAthane maLyA hatA. e ja arasAmAM maharSi deveMdranAtha TAgere paNa amadAvAdanI mulAkAta lIdhI ane prArthanAsamAjanI sabhAmAM vyAkhyAna

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dhArmika sthiti ApyuM.90 A agAu (mArca, 1879) bheALAnAtha muMbaImAM thiyeAsAkila sAsAyaTInAM sthApaka meDama blevevskI tathA kanala oNlkATane maLyA hatA, paraMtu baMne taraphanuM bhALAnAthanuM valaNa TIkAtmaka rahyuM hatuM, kAraNa ke bheALAnAthanA maMtavya mujaba emaNe kahelI camatkArAnI vAtA peAkaLa hatI.91 477 Disembara, 1874 mAM maharSi dayAnaMda sarasvatI amadAvAdamAM AvyA hatA. ahIM emaNe ghaNAM vyAkhyAna ApyAM ane dharmAMsaMbaMdhI vAdavivAda paNa karyo.. dhyAna bheALAnAthane paNa maLyA hatA. emanA vicArA ane prArthanAsamAja vacce keTalIka bAbateA aMge sAmya heAvAthI dayAnaMde bheALAnAthane prArthanAsamAjanu nAma badalAvIne A`samAja rAkhavA sUcana karyuM.. bhALAnAthe ene! svIkAra na karyA tethI dayAna de amadAvAdamAM alaga A samAja sthApyA, paraMtu A samAjanu kAma vadhAre na cAlyuM.92 bhALAnAthanuM avasAna thayuM(I.sa. 1886) tyAM sudhI e amadAvAda prArthanAsamAjanA pramukha rahyA. tyArapachI prArthanAsamAjanI javAbadArI mahIpatarAma rUparAma para AvI. emaNe 'jJAnasudhA' nAmanuM cepa niyuM zarU karyuM, je zarUAtamAM sAptAhika ane pAchaLathI mAsika banyuM. agAu ullekha thayA che te rIte prArthanAsamAjanI pravRttimAM lAlaza'kara umiyAzaMkara, satyendranAtha TAgAra, raNacheADalAla cheTAlAla vagere paNa sAmela hatA. raNacheADalAla gheADA samaya mATe prArthanAsamAjanA upapramukha tarIke paNa rahyA hatA. para Mtu e mUrtipujAnI tarapheNamAM hAvAthI emaNe prArthanAsamAjanI pravruttimAM rasa ochA karI nAkhyA.93 A uparAMta amadAvAdamAM I.sa. 1863 thI 1865 sudhI ane pharI vAra I. sa. 1868 thI 1877 sudhI smola kaeNAjha kAmAM nyAyAdhIza tarIke rahelA prakhyAta sudhAraka geApAla hira dezamukha(I.sa. 1823-1892) paNa prArthanAsamAjanA upapramukha tarIke rahyA. hatA.94 agAu ullekha karavAmAM Avye! tema gujarAtamAM prArthanAsamAjanI pravRtti amadAvAda uparAMta kheDA mAtara peTalAda bharUca surata vaDeAdarA seAjitrA aMkalezvara vagere sthaLAe maryAdita pramANamAM phelAI hatI. 20 mI sadInI zarUAtamAM mahIpatarAma(mRtyu I. sa. 1891)nA putra ane sudhAraka ramaNubhAI nIlakaMThe A pravRtinA sUtradhAra hatA. baMgALanA brAhmasamAjanI jema gujarAtamAM prArthanAsamAjane eka alaga dharma tarIke svIkAravAmAM AvyA na hatA, ema chatAM I. sa. 1911 nA vastIpatraka mujaba brAhmavibhAga heThaLa gujarAtamAM prAnAsamAjanA 13 jeTalA sabhyAnA ullekha karavAmAM AvyA hatA.5

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briTiza kAla -saurASTramAM dharmasudhArAnuM svarUpa saurASTramAM sudhArAnI pravRttimAM maNizaMkara jaTAzaMkara kIkANI(I. sa. '1822-1884)ne phALe mahattvane hate. maNizaMkara kIkANuM rAjakoTamAM kAThiyAvADa piliTikala ejansImAM nekarI karatA hatA. saMskRta bhASAnA vidvAna tarIke ane tatvajJAnanA UMDA abhyAsI tarIke emaNe nAmanA meLavI hatI. itihAsa-saMzodhanamAM UDe rasa dAkhavIne bhagavAnalAla iMdrajI jevA saMzodhakene emaNe preraNA ApI. e durgArAma mahetA, bhoLAnAtha sArAbhAI, kavi narmada, mahIpatarAma rUparAma, kavi dalapatarAma, vrajalAla zAstrI jevA sudhArakonA saMparkamAM hatA. emaNe * jUnAgaDhamAM I. sa. 1865 mAM "saurASTradarpaNa" nAmanuM mAsika zarU karyuM. punarlagna, mUrtipUjA, karma vagere viSaya para emANe lekha lakhyA. kAThiyAvADamAM navA vicAra phelAvavAmAM saurASTradapaNane phALo mahatvane hate. e agAu maNizaMkara kIkANIe I. sa. 1854 mAM samAjasudhArAne anulakSIne "supaMtha pravartaka maMDaLa" ane I. sa. 1864 mAM "jJAnagrAhaka sabhA'nI sthApanA karI hatI. "jJAnagrAhaka sabhA sAthe gokuLacha jhAlA, maNibhAI jazabhAI, kalyANarAya caturbhuja vagere paNa - saMkaLAyelA hatA.96 maNizaMkara kIkANI, gekulajI jhAlA tathA bhAvanagaranA gaurIzaMkara ojhA, jevA saurASTranA dharma-sudhArakenI viziSTatA e hatI ke teo gujarAtanA sudhArakanI jema pAzcAtya jIvanamUlyanI asara heThaLa AvyA na hatA. teo hiMdu dharmanI praNAlIne ja anusarIne sudhAro karavAnI tarapheNamAM hatA. pariNAme saurASTramAM dharmasudhAraNAnA AMdalane gujarAtanI jema pratyAghAta pedA karyA na hatA. maNizaMkara paNa dayAnaMda sarasvatI jema vedane ja pramANabhUta zAstra mAnatA hatA. ema chatAM teo dayAnaMdanI jema mUrtipUjAnI viruddha na hatA. emaNe te svAmI dayAnaMdane mUrtipUjA aMge carcA karavA rAjakoTa AvavA nimaMtraNa ApyuM, paraMtu dayAnaMde ene asvIkAra karyo. ema chatAM maNizaMkare muMbaInA ropAniyA jJAnadIpakamAM A carcA cAlu rAkhI ane dayAnaMdane mUrtipUjA aMge 24 jeTalA prazna pUchyuM, jenA uttara dayAnaMde pote nahi paraMtu emanA vatI pUrNAnaMde ApyA na hatA, je muMbaInA nirNayasAgara presa dvArA prakAzita karavAmAM AvyA. bhoLAnAtha sAthe paNa A bAbata aMge maNizaMkare patra-vyavahAra dvArA carcA karI hatI, paraMtu baMne sudhArake A aMge saMmata na hatA.7 Ama saurASTranA sudhArakanuM valaNa ekaMdare rUDhicusta sudhArAvAdI tarIkenuM rahyuM hatuM.

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dhArmika sthiti 4. navA dharma sudhArA sAme Ajelana baMgALamAM lagabhaga I.sa. 1870 pachI ane gujarAtamAM lagabhaga I. sa. '1880 thI dharmasudhAraNanA adelanamAM navo vaLAMka Avyo. bhAratIya saMskRtinA bhavya bhUtakALa para bhAratIya ane videzI vidvAnenAM saMzodhana dvArA pADavAmAM AvelA prakAzane lIdhe sAMskRtika kSetre "asmitAnI khoja' mATenI pravRtti zarU thaI. rASTriya cetanAe paNa ene puSTi ApI, pariNAme navA zikSitanA eka vargamAM dharmasudhAraNAnA AMdolanamAM rUDhicustatA karatAM saMrakSaNavAdI vRtti taraphane jheka vaLyo. navA saMrakSaNavAdIonI daSTie hamaNAM sudhI sudhArake e bhAratIya ke saMskRtinA pAyAnA siddhAMtane tapAsyA ke samajyA vagara je navA vicAra lekamAnasa para ThasAvavAnA prayAsa karyA tene pariNAme samAjamAM ucchakhala manedazA pedA thaI hatI. saMrakSaNavAdIo pAzcAtya dRSTikoNane badale bhAratIya dRSTikoNathI dharmanuM svarUpa rajU karavA mAgatA hatA. kavi narmada (emanI uttarAvasthAmAM), manasukharAma sUryarAma tripAThI (I.sa. 1840-1907), zrImannasiMhAcArya (I.sa. 1853-1897) ane maNilAla nabhubhAI dvivedI(I.sa. 1858-1898) vageree gujarAtamAM pAzcAtya saMskRtinAM mUlyone phelAtAM aTakAvavA mATe bhAratIya saMskRtinI praNAlIne vadhAre mahatva ApyuM, jyAre ramaNabhAI nIlakaMTha(I.sa. 1868-1928) jevA sudhArake e navA sudhArAnI pravRtti jArI rAkhI. pariNAme sudhArAvAdIo ane saMrakSaNavAdIo vacce gajagrAha zarU thayuM. ema chatAM kavi dalapatarAma temaja govardhanarAma mAdhavarAma tripAThI(I.sa. 1855-1907) ane AcArya AnaMdazaMkara dhruva (I.sa. 1869-1942) jevA vidvAnoe dharmapraNAlI ane AdhunikatA vacce samanvaya sAdhavAno prayAsa karyo. manaHsukharAma tripAThInI saMrakSaNavAdI vicArasaraNInI asara govardhanarAma tripAThI tathA maNilAla dvivedI para vizeSa paDI hatI.8 manaHsukharAme sAMskRtika kaTokaTImAMthI pasAra thaI rahela bhAratane pharI ucca zikhare mUkvA mATe teone pitAne dharma jALavavAne tathA sadAcArI banIne jJAnane kSetre saMgaThita thavAne anurodha karyo hato.99 bIjI bAju karasanadAsa maLajInA avasAna pachI kavi narmadanA sudhArAne lagatA krAMtikArI vicAromAM I.sa. 1879 thI spaSTa rIte parivartana AvyuM. have, narmadanI daSTie navA sudhArAe samAjamAM sAcA parivartanane badale vikRti -ANI hatI. emaNe A uparachalA sudhArAnuM visarjana karavAnI himAyata karI. sAthe sAthe emaNe svadharma pAlana para bhAra mUkyo.100 narmade pitAnA vicAro

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480 briTiza kAla I.sa. 1880 pachI gujarAtI' nAmanA aThavADikamAM lakhelA lekhe dvArA rajU karyA. A lekhene saMgraha I.sa. 1885 mAM dharmavicAranA zIrSaka heThaLa pragaTa thaye hatA. narmade pAzcAtya abhigamavALA pravRttidharma ke rAgadharmane sthAne nivRtti dharma para bhAra mUkyo.101 narmade te mUrtipUjAne lagatA dayAnaMda sarasvatInA vicAronI paNa TIkA karI hatI. emanA maMtavya mujaba AryajAtine sAMskRtika kokaTImAMthI bahAra lAvavA mATe sudhArAvAdIonI zuSka buddhine badale brAhmaNanI, prajJA ane kSatriyanI AtmabhoganI vRttinI vizeSa jarUra hatI.102 Ama narmadane pite agAu sudhArAnA AMdolana mATe je pravRtti AdarI hatI tenI bhUla samajAI.. zreyasAdhaka adhikArI varga nAgara kuTuMbamAM janmelA ane zreya sAdhaka adhikArI varga (I.sa. 1882)ne sthApaka zrImanRsiMhAcArya paNa Arya dharmanA himAyatI hatA. suratanA prArthanAsamAjanA AcArya tarIke emaNe prArthanAsamAjamAM Aryadharma para vizeSa bhAra mUkyo hato. hiMdanA lekene nisteja banAvatI ane kRtrima sudhArAne urojane ApatI navI keLavaNI ane sudhArAnI pravRttinI emaNe TIkA karI ane AryadharmanI praNAlIne puSTi ApavA mATe prAcIna zikSaNaprathAne anumodana ApyuM. emaNe pitAnA vicAra "mahAkAla nAmanA mAsika dvArA vyakta karyA. vaDodarAmAM sthApelA zreya sAdhaka adhikArI varga jevA maMDaLa dvArA emaNe tyAganI bhAvanAne anulakSIne sAMsArika pravRtti karavA para bhAra mUkyo.103 "zreyasAdhaka adhikArI varga phakta hiMduo pUrato maryAdita na hatA, emAM jaina bauddha pArasI khristI tathA muslimone paNa AvakAravAmAM AvyA hatA. siMhAcAryanA jIvanakALa daramyAna ane emanA mRtyu pachI emanI pravRtti calAvavAmAM emanA sAthI-ziSya choTAlAla jIvaNalAla mAstara(I. sa. 1862-1912)ne phALe mahatvane hate. emaNe I. sa. 1888mAM mahAkAla ane I.sa. 1902 mAM "prAtaHkAla' nAmanAM mAsika zarU karyA. A pravRtti sAthe saMkaLAyela nagInadAsa saMghavIe paNa I. sa. 1901 mAM vidyArthI-jIvana' nAmanuM mAsika zarU karyuM. "vidyAthI-jIvana" mAM vizeSa karIne Arya saMskRti para AdhArita evI zaikSaNika pravRttine lagatA vicAra ane juvAnI pravRttine lagatA lekha rajU karavAmAM AvatA hatA. 104 nathurAma zarmA : A samaye saurASTramAM zrImannathurAma zarmA(I.sa. 1858-1931)e paNa yoga ane vedAMtanA UMDA abhyAsa dvArA prajAmAM dhArmika cetanA phelAvavAnA prayAsa karyA. emaNe pitAnI kArakirdInI zarUAta zikSaka tarIke karI hatI. marAThI baMgALI tathA saMskRta bhASAne paNa UMDe abhyAsa karyo,

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481 dhArmika sthiti yogakaustubha' "svarodaya "gaprabhAkara' "pAtaMjala yogadarzana vagere graMze uparAMta upaniSado tathA gItA para TIkA lakhIne emaNe Aryadharmane pracAra karyo 105 ane gujarAtanA dhArmika sAhityane samRddha karyuM. bhAvanagaramAM nAnAbhAI bhaTTa jevA samartha zikSaNakAra para emanI asara khUba hatI. maNilAla dvivedI : paraMtu navA sudhArake sAme vadhAre vyApaka AMdolana calAvanAra naDiyAdanA nAgara brAhmaNa ane muMbaI yunivarsiTInA grejyueTa maNilAla nabhubhAI dvivedI mukhya hatA. emanA para zaMkarAcAryanA advaitavAdanI khUba asara hatI. maNilAle thiyesephikala sosAyaTImAM paNa rasa lIdho ane e I. sa. 1882 mAM emAM joDAyA. muMbaInI thiyesephikala sosAyaTImAM emaNe Logic of Common sense(sAmAnya samajanuM tarkazAstra) para vyAkhyAna ApyuM 10 A uparAMta emaNe thiyosephI para ghaNuM lekha lakhyA. gujarAta tathA saurASTramAM emanA prayAsathI thisephikala sosAyaTInI keTalIka zAkhAo sthapAI.107 bhAvanagaranI kolejamAM emaNe saMskRtanA adhyApaka tarIke I.sa. 1885 thI phebruArI, 1889 sudhI kAma karyuM. I.sa. 1885 mAM emaNe priyaMvadA' nAmanuM mAsika zarU karyuM. emane "rAjayoga paNa I.sa. 1885 mAM pragaTa thayA. A pustake maNilAlane yuropa tathA amerikAmAM prasiddhi ApI. kolejanI nekarImAMthI nivRtta thayA pachI emaNe naDiyAdamAM "adhyAtmamaMDaLa" sthApyuM ane priyaMvadA'ne sthAne "sudarzana' nAmanuM mAsika zarU karyuM. emane "advaitavAda para nibaMdha zikAgomAM bharAyelI sarvadharmapariSada(I.sa. 1893) para mokalavAmAM AvyA hatA.08 maNilAla Arya saMskRtinA prakhara himAyatI hatA. maNilAle emanA mAsikamAM pUrva ane pazcima' zIrSaka heThaLa lekhamALA zarU karI. A lekhamAM emaNe hiMdanA leke para paDelI pAzcAtya zikSaNanI viparIta asaranI carcA karI. emanI daSTie pazcimanAM mUlyoe vyaktinI samAnatA tathA svataMtratA para vadhAre paDatA bhAra mUkyo hato. pariNAme ahama-keMdrI vyaktitva bhautikavAda tathA svachaMdatAne ja vadhAre mahatva ApavAmAM AvyuM. maNilAlanA maMtavya mujaba bhAratIya saMskRtie bAya samAnatAne sthAne AMtarika ekatA para bhAra mUkyo hato. emaNe navIna ane prAcInanA zIrSaka heThaLanI lekhamALAmAM paNa prAcInane bhoge navIna apanAvavA sAme cetavaNI ApI hatI. Ama chatAM emaNe phakta praNAlInuM AMdhaLuM pUjana karanAranI paNa TIkA karI hatI.109 maNilAla sudhArAnA virodhI na hatA, paraMtu emanI daSTie e sudhArA sAMskRtika ane rASTriya Adarzone susaMgata che 31

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182 briTiza kAla jarUrI hatA. emaNe dharmanA pAyA para sarva pravRttione mUkavAne prayAsa karyo. 'abhedamAgI maNilAle pakSabhAvanAthI para evA eka ja satyanI upAsanA para bhAra mUkyo.110 ramaNabhAI nIlakaMThaH maNilAle jyAre navA sudhArakenI pravRttinI jhATakaNI kADhI tyAre bIjI bAju vikhyAta sudhAraka mahIpatarAma rUparAmanA putra ramaNabhAI nIlakaMThe gujarAtamAM sudhArAvAdIonI praNAlI cAlu rAkhI. ramaNabhAI nIlakaMTha I.sa. 1890thI gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTInI vyavasthApaka samitinA sabhya hatA ane I.sa. 191ra thI enA maMtrI thayA hatA. amadAvAdanA prArthanA samAjanuM saMcAlana paNa emanI pAse hatuM. ramaNabhAIe navA saMrakSaNavAdIonI AkarI TIkA karI. emanI dRSTie saMskRtinA kahevAtA A rakSaka mizlAdezAbhimAnamAM rAcanArA hatA. maNilAla ane ramaNabhAI vacce sudhArA aMgenA dRSTibhedane lIdhe vivAda pedA thayuM. I.sa. 1888 pachI maNilAle emanA "sudarzanamAM ane ramaNabhAIe "jJAnasudhA'mAM A aMge lekho lakhyA, "jJAnasudhA'(eMgasTa ane okaTobara, 1895)mAM ramaNabhAIe "sanAtana hiMdudharma para lekha lakhyA temAM emaNe praNAlIvAdIo dvArA rajU karavAmAM AvelA hiMdudharmanA svarUpa aMgenI dalIle ne paDakArI. emanA maMtavya mujaba hiMdudharmanA svarUpamAM vakhate vakhata parivartana AvyAM hatAM. dharmazAstramAM paNa AtmavidhI vidhAne karavAmAM AvyAM hevAthI sanAtana hiMdudharma enA mULa svarUpamAM rahI zakyo ja na hato. e saMjogomAM, ramaNabhAInI daSTie, leke e dharmanAM bAhya svarUpane dUra karIne naitikatA sadAcAra ane bhaktine anusaravuM joIe.111 ramaNabhAIe I.sa. 1900 mAM "bhadraMbhadra' nAmanI eka hAsyarasika navalakathA pragaTa karI temAM emaNe prAcIna praNAlIvAdIonI rUDhicustatAne upahAsa karyo hato. vizeSa karIne manaHsukharAma tripAThI tathA maNilAla dvivedIne anulakSIne emanA vicAronI ThekaDI karavAne emAM prayAsa hatA. AcArya AnaMdazaMkara dhruvanA maMtavya mujaba A navalakathAmAM sudhArA aMgenuM dRSTibiMdu sabaLa banAvavAne badale enA mArgamAM vina pedA karyuM hatuM.112 5, samanvayavAdI abhigama 19mI sadInA chellA be dAyakA daramyAna jyAre sudhArAvAdIo ane praNAlIvAdIo vacce gajagrAha cAlatuM hatuM. te samaye temaja 20 mI sadInA prathama dAyakA daramyAna dharmasudhAraNuM aMge samavayIkaraNane abhigama apanAvavAne

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dhArmika sthiti 480 prayAsa karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A abhigamanA samarthakomAM govardhanarAma tripAThI tathA AcArya AnaMdazaMkara bApubhAI dhruva mukhya hatA; joke emanI pahelAM praNAlI ane navA sudhArAnA samanvayane prayAsa kavi dalapatarAme emanAM kAvyo 'tathA lekho dvArA karyo hate. dalapatarAmanA maMtavya mujaba dharmasudhArA sAMskRtika mALakhAne anurUpa rahIne dAkhala karavo jarUrI hate.113 govardhanarAma tripAThI govardhanarAma mAdhavarAma tripAThIe I.sa. 1887thI 1901 daramyAna cAra bhAgamAM lakhAyelI "sarasvatIcaMdra' jevI amara sAhityakati dvArA bhAratIya samAjamAM navAM ane praNAlIgata jIvanamUnA saMgharSanuM suMdara vivecana karyuM hatuM. "sarasvatIcaMdramAM zikSita varganA AMtara jagatane vividha rIte nirUpavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. saMkrAMtikAlanI A navalakathAne nAyaka sekreTisanI jema svataMtratAne nAme saMskRtinA AdarzonuM ullaMghana karavA mAgatuM na hatuM. AryasadAcAra para nirbhara evI svArpaNanI bhAvanA e A navavakathAno pradhAna sUra hatuM. sAthe sAthe govardhanarAma A navalakathA dvArA pAzcAtya tathA bhAratIya mUlyanuM samanvayIkaraNa karavA mAgatA hatA. emaNe prAcIna bhArata, arvAcIna bhArata ane pazcimanA triveNI saMgama'mAM janasamAjanA netAonA AcAra vicAra tathA upadeze kevA hovA joIe ene khyAla Ape. emaNe navA zikSita varga pAsethI evI apekSA rAkhI hatI ke e varga pUrva ane pazcimanI saMskRti vacce temaja sarakAra ane sAmAnya janatA vacce kaDIrUpa banI rahe. gujarAtanA zikSita samAjanA mAnasa para "sarasvatIcaMdrane prabhAva khUba ghere paDayo hato.114 AnaMdazaMkara dhruvaH gevardhanarAmanI jema AcArya AnaMdazaMkara dhruve paNa dharmasudhArAnA adelana pratye ekaMdare taTasthatA jALavI rAkhI hatI. AnaMdazaMkara maNilAla dvivedInA "siddhAMtasArathI khUba prabhAvita thayA hatA ane sudhArAvAdIonI sAme emaNe sudarzana'mAM lekha lakhIne maNilAlanI vicArasaraNIne samarthana ApyuM hatuM. maNilAlanA avasAna pachI AnaMdazakare "sudarzana calAvyuM hatuM. maNilAlanI jema teo paNa zAMkara vedAMtanA himAyatI hatA, paraMtu AnaMdazaMkara maNilAla karatAM vadhAre saumya ane taTastha hatA. emaNe sudhArAvAdI ane enuM khaMDana karanAra ema baMne pakSane najIka lAvavAno prayAsa karyo hate. De. dhIrubhAI ThAkaranA zabdomAM "narmade AraMbhelA dharmaze dhana-kAryane maNilAle majabUta pAyA para mUkIne vyavasthita karyuM, te AnaMdazaMkare maNilAlanI dharmatatva vicAraNane sarvata parizuddha karIne saMpUrNa banAvI. narmadanA samayamAM ajJAna ane jaDatAnI tAmasI bhUmikA upara agatika rahelA dharmatatvane maNilAle

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484 briTiza kAkA svarakSaNa ane abhedalakSI kartavyanI dIptimaMta bhAvanA vaDe rAjasI bhUmikA upara lAvIne mUkayuM hatuM, tene AnaMdazaMkare pitAnI udAra tarkazuddha nirNAyaka buddhi vaDe vizALa sAtvika bhUmikA upara sthApIne eka pAyarI UMcuM caDAvyuM ema kahI zakAya.115 pAdaTIpa 2. Gazetteer of the Bambay Preisdency (BG.), Vol. IV, p. 260 2. hIrAlAla tri. pArekha, gujarAta varnAkyulara sesAyaTIne ItihAsa', bhA. 1, pR.3 3. BG, Vol. IX, Part I, p. vii 8. Ibid., p. XXXV 5. Ibid, pp. 1 and 530 4. Ibid., p. xxxvi 7. Ibid., pp. 530, 534; navInacaMdra A. AcArya gujarAtanA gharma saMpradAya' pR. 61, 62; khArAvALA amaradAsajI, "rAmAnujane vaDale sAdhusaMpradAya', "UrminavaracanA dIpillavI vizeSAMka: saurASTranI dharmasAdhanA, aMka 7-8, pR. 572-576 8. BG, Vol. IX, Part I, pp. 534 f, 9. Ibid, p. 530 10. hIrAlAla tri. pArekha, "arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana', khaMDa 2, pR. 5-47 11. ke. kA. zAstrI, "mahAprabhu zrIvallabhAcAryajI', pR. 63 98. BG, Vol. IX, Part I, p. 536 mahAprabhujInI 84 beThakomAMnI 20 beThaka A pradezamAM AvelI che (vigata mATe juo ke. ke. zAstrI, uparyukta, pR. 77-80.). gujarAtamAM ArAsuranAM aMbAjI, cuMvALanAM bahucarAjI ane pAvAgaDhanAM kAlikA, saurASTramAM giranAra paranAM aMbAjI ane kacchamAM AzApurA mAtAne ghaNe mahimA manAya che. - saM. 13. BG, Vol. 1X, Pt. 1, pp. 536. 537 14. Ibid, pp. 539-540. vigate mATe juo "catara sarvasaMgraha, vibhAga 1, pR. 820-822- saM. 15. Ibid, p. 541, 544; harilAla dAnI "saurASTramAM nAtha saMpradAya', "Urmi navaracanA" varSa 44, pR. 530-pa05; navInacaMdra AcArya, gujarAtanA dharmasaMpradAya', pR. 14-36 16. Ibid, pp. 545 . 17. Ibid, pp. 545 f, pravINacaMdra parIkha, 'talasparza' pR. 104-14 18. Ibid, p. 545; na. A. AcArya, uparyukta, pR. 74, 77-80 kheDIdAsa paramAra, devIpUjA ane saurASTranA devI-devalA, nA. ke. bhaTTI, vAmamArga', 'Urmi navaracanA', varSa 44, pR. 460-46, 560-568 19-21, Ibid, p. 547 22. vigata mATe juo "catara sarvasaMgraha', vibhAga 1, pR. 961-962. - saM. 23-25 BG,Vol, IX, pp. 1, p. 548

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dhArmika sthiti 25 a. juo devendra paMDita, saurASTranA saMta." 26. Ibid, pp. 96-98, 105, 106 27. BG, Vol. IX, Part II, pp. 1, 6, 11. vadhu vigato mATe juo karIma mahaMmada " mAstara, 'mahAgujarAtanA musalamAna", "caretara sarvasaMgraha, vibhAga 1, pR. 830-84 ane gujarAtanA rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa, graMtha 5: "saltanata kAla', pR. 374-382. - saM. 28. Ibid, p. 20 29. Ibid, p. 22, 23 30 Ibid, pp. 23-24 31. Ibid, p. 125 32. Ibid, pp. 24, 27-32 33. Ibid, pp. 33, 34 34. Ibid, pp. 36, 46, 47 35, Ibid., p. 48 36. Ibid, pp. 50, 51, 56 37. Ibid, p. 66. 38. Ibid, pp. 69, 71 39. Ibid., pp. 183, 211, 213 40. bahamanajI baherAmajI paTela (saM.) "pArasI prakAza, bhA. 1, pR. 568. amadAvAdamAM khamAsA cokI pAse zeTha navarojI pezatanajI vakIle tathA jahAMgIrajI pezatanajI vakIle I.sa. 1884 mAM jUnI dadagAhanI jagyAe navI dAdagAha baMdhAvI hatI (hariprasAda zAstrI ane bhAratI zelata, amadAvAdanI pArasI agiyArInA zilAlekha, "buddhiprakAza", pu. 127, pR. 485-487). amadAvAdamAM zrI sorAbajI jamazedajIe 1866 mAM dharmazALA baMdhAvelI te relamAM paDI jatAM navajI pezatanacha vakIle 1893 mAM tyAM navI dharmazALA baMdhAvI hatI (hariprasAda zAstrI ane bhAratI zelata, "amadAvAdanI pArasI dharmazALAnA zilAlekha", "pathika', varSa 20, aM. 3, pR. 18-20).-saM. 41. bhAratI zelata, "amadAvAdane yahUdI tribhASI lekha ane tyAMnuM yahUdI kabarastAna," vidyApITha, aMka 110, pR. 7-8 42. D., Surat, p. 909 83, R. H. Boyd, The Prevailing Word, pp. 13, 57, 58 vadhu vigate mATe juo lAjarasa tejapALa, 'gujarAtamAM khristImaMDaLane itihAsa ane na. A. AcArya, gujarAtanA dharmasaMpradAya', pR. 11. 88. BG, Vol. IX, Part I, p. vii 84. Manilal C. Parekh. Shri Swaminarayan, pp. 16 f. 85. K. M. Munshi, Gujarat and Its Literature; From Early Times to 1857, p. 267; Manilal C. Parekh, op. cit., p. 23 47. kizoralAla gha. mazarUvALA "sahajAnaMda svAmI', pR. 6, 7, 8 . 8. Manilal C. Parekh, op. cit., pp. 26 f.. 49. kizoralAla dha. mazarUvALA, uparyukta, pU. 35-37, 41, 42 40. Heber Reginald, Narrative of a Journey through Upper Provinces of India, Vol. II, pp. 146-148

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briTiza kAu 51. kizoralAla mazarUvALA, uparyukta, pR 113 42. Manilal C. Parekh, op. cit., p. 91 53. kizoralAla mazarUvALA, uparyukta pR. 108, 115 54. maganalAla vakhatacaMda, amadAvAdane ItihAsa', pR. 251; kizoralAla mazarUvALA, uparyukta, pR. 55-57 55. kizoralAla mazarUvALA, uparyukta, pR. 57, 58, 60-62 45. H. G. Briggs, The Cities of Gujarashtra, p. 238 57. kizoralAla mazarUvALA, uparyukta, pR. 63, 64 58. narittama DI. mahetA, "svAmIzrI sahajAnaMda bhagavAnanI kaccha pradezamAM AnaMda ane, jIvanalIlA', "kacchamitra", divALI aMka, 1971, pR. 30 . Manilal C. Parekh, op. cit., pp. 109 f. 60. kizoralAla mazarUvALA, uparyukta, pR. 71, 72 11. mUlacaMda AzArAma zAha, "AzArAma dalIcaMda zAha ane temane samaya', pR. 13, 14 62. kizoralAla mazarUvALA, uparyukta, pR. 178-142; Ramesh M. Dave, Life. and Work of Shree Swaminarayan, pp. 16-19. zAstrI yajJapuruSadAse bocAsaNamAM alaga zAkhA sthApI 1907 mAM maMdira baMdhAvyuM. A zAkhAmAM akSara arthAta svAmI guNAtItAnaMda tathA "puruSottama' arthAta svAminArAyaNa baMnene mahimA manAya che. - saM. 63. BG, Vol. IX, Part I, pp. 536 f. 64. John Wilson, History of the Suppression of Infanticide in Western India, p. 6; Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. XXXIX, New Series, Part II; R. L. Raval, 'Some Aspect of the British Impact on Religion, Culture and Litera. ture in Gujarat during the Nineteenth Century', Vidya, Vol., XX, p. 99. 65. mahIpatarAma rUparAma, durgArAmacaritra', pR. 3, 5, 8, 10, 11 66. ejana, pR. 10, 11 27. ejana, pR. 36, 37, 49-56, 59, 70-81, 83, 125, 135 68. ejana, pR. 54, 142-144, 146-151, 155. 163-168 69. navalarAma jagannAtha trivedI, samAja sudhArAnuM rekhAdarzana', pR. 26, 27 70. maganalAla narottamadAsa paTela, "mahAjana maMDaLa', bhA. 1, pR. 1137, 1138 71-72 gujarAta varnAkyulara senseTIne itihAsa", "buddhiprakAza", pu. 25, pR. 3, 76, 8973. kavi nhAnAlAla dalapatarAma, kavIzvara dalapatarAma), bhA. 1, pR. 409 74. ejana, pR. 86, 88, 270 75. dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAI dalapatakAvya', bhA. 1, pR. 135-138. 423, 424 76. narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara, jUnuM narmagadya', bhA. 1, pR. 101-116, 143-185

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dhArmika sthiti 77. mahIpatarAma rUparAma, uttama kapALa karasanadAsa mULajI caritra', pR. 29, 30 78, na`dArAkara lAlAzaMkara, uparyukta, pR. 435-438, 440-445 79, mahIpatarAma rUparAma, uppu kta, pR. 3, 7 80. karasanadAsa mULajI, 'nibaMdhamALA', pu. 1, pR. 8087, 93-95, 133-142. res 144-151 81. mahIpatarAma rUparAma, uparyukta, pR. 29-38 82. ejana, pR. 52-67, 91, 92 83. B. N. Motivala, Karsandas Mulji : A Biographical Study, pp. 136, 137 84. mahIpatarAma rUparAma, uparyukta, pR. 92, 93 85. ejana, pR. 121, 122, 135, 136 <. Krishnarao Bholanath, 'A Brief Sketch of the Life and Character of Bholanath Sarabhai', Life of Bholanath Sarabhai, p. 1 87. kRSNarAva bhALAnAtha, bheALAnAtha sArAbhAInuM jIvanacarita', pR. 131 88, Krishnarao Bholanath, op.cit., p. 6 89. kRSNarAva bheALAnAtha, uparyukta, pR. 114-116, 119-122, 124 20. ejana, pR. 201, 202 91. ejana, pR. 52-58 2. ejana, rR, 116-118 93. navalarAma ja. trivedI, uparyukta, pR. 101-104; Bhagvanlal R. Badshah, The Life of Rao Bahadur Ranchodalal Chhotalal, p. 129 94. rA, khA. geApALarAva harinuM janmavRttAMta", "buddhiprakAza", pu, 40, pR. 231, 232. navalarAma trivedIe geApALarAva hara dezamukha 1867 thI 1876 sudhI amadAvAdanI smola kaiMjhra kaeNmAM nyAyAdhIza tarIke Ama karyu" ema jaNAvyuM che ('samAjasudhArAnuM rekhAdarzana', pR. 112.) 5. navalarAma ja. trivedI, uparyukta, pR. 105 96. jayasukharAya puruSAttamarAya jozIpurA, 'maNizaMkara kIkANI,'pR. 22, 25, 31-40, 43, 44, 50 97, ejana, pR. 64-67, 72-77, 133-138 98. K. C. Pandya, R. P. Bakshi and S. J. Pandya (ed.), Govardhanram Madhavram Tripathi's Scrap Book; dhIrubhAI ThAkara (sa".), 'maNilAla nabhubhAI dvivedInuM AtmavRttAMta' 9. mana:sukhAma sUryarAma tripAThI, asteya tathA svAzraya', pR. 73, 74, 78, 86, 87, 118, 182 100. narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara 'dharmavicAra', pR. 23 101. vizvanAtha maganalAla bhaTTa (saM.), 'narmadanuM mandira,' pR. 508-510 102. narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara, uparyukta, rR. 66, 67, 98

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briTiza kahe 103. mahendrakumAra ema. desAI. zrImana nRsiMhAcArya, pR. 97, 100 104. ejana, pR. 314-316, 322, 347, 367 105. maganalAla narottamadAsa paTela, uparyukta, pR. 888-891 101, aMbAlAla bAlakRSNa purANI, "maNilAla nabhubhAI dvivedInuM jIvanacaritra', pR. 43. 44, 50 107. maNilAla nabhubhAI dvivedI. "sudarzana gAvalI', pR. 81-118 108, aMbAlAla bAlakRSNa purANa, uparyukta, pR. 78 109 maNilAla nabhubhAI dvivedI, uparyukta, pR. 376-378, 465-514 110. rAmaprasAda bakSI ane ramaNalAla jozI (saM.), uttamalAla trivedInI gariddhi, 111. ramaNabhAI mahIpatarAma, "dharma ane samAja', bhA. 1, pR. 204, 206 112. dhIrubhAI ThAkara, "arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanI vikAsarekhA" pR. 120, 121 113. dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAI, uparyukta, pR. 389 998. K. M. Munshi, Gujaart and Its Literature, p. 256 115. dhIrubhAI ThAkara, "arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanI vikAsarekhA', pR. 128-130

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puravaNI khristI dharma A samaya daramyAna gujarAtamAM khristI dharmanA baMne paMthe remana kethelika ane proTesTanTa pracalita hatA. TesTanTa paMthanA aneka peTA-paMtha paNa pracalita hatA. mana kethelika romana kethalika saMpradAye agAu je dharma pravRttio AdarI hatI te A kAla daramyAna paNa cAlu rahI. A paMthanA pAdarIo emanI dhama pravRtti ANaMda, vaDodarA bharUca surata amadAvAda rAjakeTa bhUja jAmanagara ane bhAvanagaramAM karatA hatA. suratamAM I.sa. 1858 sudhI kAmelAITa saMghanA, I. sa. 1858 thI I.sa. 1869 sudhI jesUITa saMghanA ane I.sa. 1868 pachI koIpaNa saMdha sAthe saMkaLAyela na hoya tevA sekyulara pAdarIe dharma pravRttio karatA hatA. I.sa. 1830mAM bharUca ane vaDodarA mATe eka nivAsI pAdarInI niyukti karavAmAM AvI, je vaDodarAmAM rahIne A baMne nagaramAM dharma pravRtti karatA. I.sa. 1836 mAM bhUjamAM ane I.sa. 1854mAM rAjakoTamAM nivAsI pAdarInI niyukti thaI. I.sa. 1893 pachI ema. esa. gemsa nAmanA pAdarI aANaMda pAse gAmaDI gAmamAM sthira thayA. vaDatAlamAM romana kethelikenI I.sa. 1897thI gasTisa mArTina nAmanA pAdarIe dharmakArya zarU karyuM hatuM. phAdhara upriTe I.sa. 1905 mAM karamasadamAM dharma pravRtti zarU karI. naDiyAdamAM I.sa. 1911 mAM dharma pravRtti zarU thaI. romana kethalika pAdarIe. Arkabizapa dvArA maLatI grAnTa dvArA dharma pravRtti karatA athavA kyAreka potAnI rIte yuropanA dezomAMthI dAna meLavIne dharma pravRtti calAvatA hatA. proTesTanTa proTesTanTa saMpradAyanAM aneka mizana A samaya daramyAna gujarAtamAM dharmapravRttio calAvatAM hatAM. gujarAtamAM lanDana mizanarI sosAyaTInI pravRttio I.sa. 1860 sudhI cAlu rahI hatI. I.sa. 1847 mAM suratamAMthI ane I.sa. 1860 mAM amadAvAdamAMthI A mizane pitAnuM dharmakArya sameTI lIdhuM hatuM ne e suratamAM AI. pI. mizanane soMpI dIdhuM.

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briTiza kALa. esa. pI. jI. (Society for the Propagation of the Gospel) nAmanA mizananI dha pravRttie gujarAtamAM I.sa. 1830 mAM TI. DI. peTTinjara nAmanA mizanarI dvArA zarU thaI. * AIriza presjiTeriyana mizana, je TUMkamAM AI.pI.mizana tarIke ALakhAya che, tenA kAryanI zarUAta gujarAtamAM I,sa, 1841 thI thaI. lanDana mizana skUla ane esa.pI.jI. mizaneAe peAtAnu' dharmakAryAM gujarAtamAMthI sameTI lIdhuM tyAre e mizanAnA dhama prAMta AI.pI. mizanane soMpavAmAM AvyA hatA. gujarAtamAM metheDasTa carcanI zarUAta I.sa. 1872thI mahI nadInA dakSiNa bhAgamAM thaI. A mizananA Azraye gujarAtamAM sau prathama khristI meLA ANaMda pAsenA bhAlejamAM I.sa. 1895 mAM bharAyA hatA. A pachI I.sa. 1903 mAM ane I.sa. 1906 mAM paNa A prakAranA meLAenuM AyeAjana: thayuM hatuM. sI. ema. esa.(The Church Missonary Society)e gujarAtamAM enI pravRttio I.sa. 1880 mAM zarU karI, A mizane vizeSa karIne bhIla praznamAM dha pracAranuM kAma karyuM che. sAlvezana ArmI (je hAla gujarAtImAM 'mukti-phAja' tarIke oLakhAya che) nAmanA mizananI zarUAta gujarAtamAM I.sa. 1882 thI thaI. A mizane zarU-AtamAM khristI dharmAMnA prasArAthe bhAratIyIkaraNane mA` apanAvyA hatA. enA adhikArI Ayuropiyana heya tApaNa--bhagavAM vastra dhAraNa karatA, ughADA page pharatA, mAthe muMDana karAvata!, kapALe tilaka karatA. kathAreka kapALe krAsanI AkRti sidUra vaDe dAratA, bhAratIya nAma dhAraNa karatA. bhAratIyIkaraNa bAbate zrImatI Tathukara kahetAM; "bhAratane jItavAnA A ja mArga che." gujarAtamAM alAyansa mizananI zarUAta I.sa. 1883 mAM ane ca oNpha prenanI zarUAta I.sa. 1895 mAM thaI. gujarAtamAM bhIla praznamAM khristI dhamanA prasAra karayA AI. pI. mizane I.sa. 1889 mAM jaMgala TrAimsa mizananI sthApanA karI. I.sa. 1906 mAM bhIla prajA vacce sI.ema.esa., jagala TrAibsa mizana, metheADisTa episkrapala carca, sAlvezana ArmI ane carca k brana ema judAM judAM pAMca mizana kAma karatAM hatAM.

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dhArmika sthiti paDadAmAM rahetI strIomAM dharma pracAra karavA mATe jhanAnA mizana zarU karavAmAM AvyuM. I.sa. 1908 mAM gujarAta ane kAThiyAvADanI preriTeriyana suvArtA pracAraka mizananI sthApanA thaI. A mizana hema mizana" ke "kaccha mizana" tarIke, paNa oLakhAya che.* dhAmika pariSada uparyukta judAM judAM mizana ekabIjAnA sahakArathI kArya karI zake e mATe I.sa. 1904 mAM dhI gujarAta eNnDa kAThiyAvADa mizanarI konpharansanI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. enI pariSadamAM ema nakakI thayuM ke dareka mizane anya mizananA. dharmaprAMtanI maryAdA jALavavI. gujarAtamAM AvatA paradezI mizanarIone gujarAtI bhASAnuM jJAna maLI rahe e mATe gujarAtI bhASAnI parIkSA levAnuM TharAvyuM (I.sa. 1911). dhamaparivartane A samaya daramyAna je dharma parivartana thayAM temAM khUba ja nedhapAtra ane cakacArabharyuM dharma parivartana kavi "kAMta'nuM gaNAvI zakAya. svIDananA tatvajJAnI imaeNnyuela svIDanabaeNrganAM lakhANa vAMcavAthI teo khristI dharma pratye AkarSAyA, hatA. kAMte khristI dharma apanAvyuM. dhamaprasAranI paddhati khristI mizanarIoe khristI dharmanA prasArArthe judI judI paddhatio apanAvI.. hatI. bAIbalanA chApakAma mATe gujarAtamAM sau prathama chApakhAnuM suratamAM lanDana mizana sosAyaTI dvArA I.sa. 1820mAM kholavAmAM AvyuM. A ja varSe no karAra (New Testament) "navIna baMdobasta" nAme prasiddha thaye. I.sa. 1823 mAM jUnA karAra(Old Testament)nuM bhASAMtara pragaTa thayuM. I.sa. 1829 mAM saMpUrNa bAIbala cAra bhAgamAM gujarAtImAM bahAra paDayuM. I.sa. 1857 thI 1861nA samaya daramyAna bAIbalanA bhASAMtaramAM saMpUrNa sudhArA-vadhArA thayA. mizanarIone gujarAtI bhASAmAM dharmopadeza kare paData. gujarAtI bhASAnuM paddhatisaranuM jJAna maLI rahe e mATe emane gujarAtI vyAkaraNa graMthanI jarUra paDI. I.sa. 1819 mAM skInara ane phAivIe gujarAtI vyAkaraNa ane keza taiyAra karyA hatAM, paraMtu e pragaTa thayAM na hatAM. I.sa. 1847 mAM lanDana mizana se-- sAyaTInA mizanarI viliyama kalArka sanaskRta gujarAtI bhASAnuM vyAkaraNuM prasiddha thayuM..

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briTiza kahe mizanarIo dvArA racita gujarAtI vyAkaraNanA sarva graMthamAM jevI.esa. TelarakRta gujarAtI bhASAnuM vyAkaraNa" zreSTha che. A graMtha I.sa. 1867mAM prasiddha thaye hatA. je.vI.esa, Telara gujarAtI vyAkaraNanA pitA gaNAya che. emanA putra jI.vI. Telare I.sa. 1893 mAM aMgrejI bhASAmAM "dhI TuDanTasa gujarAtI grAmara' nAmano graMtha lakhe. sI.ema.esa. nA mizanarI thomasane bhIla-aMgrejI vyAkaraNa lakhyuM hatuM. I.sa. 1877 mAM barTa maeNnTagomarIe aMgrejI-gujarAtI bhASAne keza taiyAra karyo. khristI dharmazikSaNa mATe mizana-zALAe khelavAmAM AvI. gujarAtamAM AvI prathama mizana-zALA lanDana mizana sosAyaTI tarapha suratamAM I.sa. 1840mAM pharIthI zarU karavAmAM AvI. AI.pI. mizane I.sa. 1875 mAM amadAvAda khAte eka zALA kholI hatI, je Aje paNa AI. pI. mizana skUla tarIke cAlu che. ANaMda ane berasadamAM anukrame I.sa. 1887 mAM ane I.sa. 1892 mAM eMglevarnAkayulara zALAo kholavAmAM AvI. suratanI "dhI surata garlsa hAIskUla I.sa. 1876 mAM zarU thaI hatI. mana kethalika mizane amadAvAdamAM I.sa. 1885 mAM eka zALA zarU karI hatI. mizanarIoe zALAo mATe pAThayapustaka paNa taiyAra karyA. I.sa. 1848mAM glAsagoe vidyAbhyAsanI pithI'ne 1 le bhAga prasiddha karyo. aMgrejI bhASA -zIkhavA mATe TI.ela. vese I.sa. 1870 mAM "pAThamAlAnI racanA karI. | gujarAtamAM dezI mizanarIo taiyAra karavA ane emane khristI dharmanI adhyAtmavidyAnuM jJAna maLI rahe e mATe keTalIka zaikSaNika saMsthAo sthApavAmAM AvI. khristI adhyAtmavidyAnI tAlIma mATenA prathama varganuM saMcAlana jemsa vAlese I.sa. 1864 mAM dhAmAM karyuM hatuM. I.sa. 1892 mAM amadAvAdamAM strIvansana DiviniTI kolejanI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. I.sa. 1895 mAM metheDisTa carcA mizane amadAvAdamAM AvI kaeNleja zarU karI hatI. A mizane vaDodarAmAM I.sa. 1906 mAM pharensa bI. nikelsana skUla oNpha thijInI sthApanA karI. A pachI amadAvAdanI meDiTa mizananI uparyukta koleja A saMsthA sAthe bhaLI gaI. alAyansa ca I.sa. 1901mAM mahemadAvAda khAte bAIbala TreIniMga skUla zarU karI. dhoLakAmAM I.sa. 1903 mAM senTrala bAIbala TreniMga skUla zarU thaI. I.sa. 1913 mAM carca opha bradhane balasAra bAIbala skUlanI rathApanA karI. khristI adhyAtmavidyAne lagatAM pustaka gujarAtImAM lakhAyAM. vaLI keTalAka khristI bhajana saMgraha tataiyAra thayA, jemAMnA keTalAka A pramANe che: kalArkasana

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dhArmika sthiti kata dharma gIta (I.sa. 1851), TelarakRta kAvyarpaNa (I.sa. 1863), vahAlajI becara-kRta "Atmabedha' (I.sa. 1864), garabAvali (I.sa. 1873), sAlvezana AmIne bhajanasaMgraha(I.sa. 1887), metheDisTane "gItasaMgraha (I.sa. 1903) khristAkhyAna (I.sa. 1904) vagere. A samaya daramyAna khristI sAmayika zarU thayAMH "jJAnadIpaka (1856-60), AI.pI. mizananuM "satyadaye", meDisTanuM harSAnaMda', carca oNpha bradhananuM "prakAza patra', sAlvezana AmInuM "jaMgI pakAra', alAyansa carcanuM "harSavartamAna', remanA kethalikanuM "IsunA pUjya aMtaHkaraNane dUta' vagere. gujarAtanA tabIbI kSetre khristI mizanarIonI sevA yAdagAra che. I.sa., 1874 mAM suratamAM misa susAna brAune lekene tabIbI sevA ApavAnuM zarU karyuM. e pachI I.sa. 1890 mAM borasadamAM misa e. maeNnTagomarIe zarUAta karI.. AI.pI. mizana ane meDisTa carce I.sa. 1905 mAM ANaMda khAte hospiTale khelI. e ja varSe sI.ema.esa, e paMcamahAlamAM luNADiyA khAte hospiTala zarU karI. I.sa. 1906 mAM bharUcamAM hospiTala zarU karavAmAM AvI, meDisTa ca I.sa. 1910 mAM vaDodarA khAte misisa viliyama baTalara meriyala hospiTala, ane naDiyAdamAM badhI naDiyAda maeNDisTa hospiTala" zarU karI hatI. A samaya daramyAna mizanarIoe anAthAzramo ane chAtrAlayo paNa khelyAM hatAM. A prathama khristI anAthAzrama I.sa. 1868 mAM suratamAM bolavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. chappaniyA dukALamAM AvA anAthAzramanI saMkhyA ghaNI ja vadhI , gaI hatI. pAdaTIpo 1. romana kethalika saMpradAyanI dharmapravRttio mATe juo Boyd, Robin Church History of Gujarat', pp. 27-29 2. proTesTaMTa mizananI dharma pravRttio mATe juo ejana, pR. 30 thI 79. 3. reva. lAjarasa tejapALabhAI, gujarAtamAM khristI maMDaLIne udaya', pR. 116 thI 124 4. ejana, pR. 129 thI 132 4. Robin Boyd, op. cit, pp. 153 to 155 6. Ibid, p. 131 7. kAntamAlA" pR. 346-349 6. Robin Boyd, op. cit., pp. 91-116

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khaDa 4 purAtattva prakaraNa 16 sthApatya 1. sAmAnya samIkSA I.sa. 1818 thI 1914 nA samayane sAMsthAnika yuga kahevA e yeAgya che, kAraNa ke e samayanA bhArata para briTiza amalanI saMpUNuM asara jaNAya che, A sAthe gujarAtanA sthApatya para yupIya sthApatyanI asara jovA maLe che. bRhad briTiza sAmrAjyanI vadhu mahattvanI eka asara e paDI ke AMtarika saMrakSaNanI bhAvanAnA prasAranI zarUAta thaI. briTiza vahIvaTa pUve navAkhA, manasabadArI ane marAThAonA zAsana daramyAna harIpha rAjakIya samUhe| vacce satata AMtarika * saMgharSI cAlatA, AthI zahera ane gAmaDAM vAraMvAra lUTAtAM ane nAza pAmatAM. AnuM eka udAharaNu maganalAla vakhatacaMda Ape che. emaNe Azare I.sa. 1851 nA - amadAvAda vize lakhyuM che ke "hevI hevI pIDAthI zeheranA leAkeA zehera mukIne nAzI gaA e pramANe zehera UjaDa thayuM hatuM ne mareThAna! sarasubAe purU karavuM. jAhAre aMgreja sarakAraneA amala saMvata 1874 nI zAlamAM AvyA tAre Azare aDadhu zehera UjaDa hatuM ne daravAjA baMdha heAe paNa gADAM zeheramAM cAlyAM Ave hevAM te kATamAM chIDAM paDelAM hatAM. . .1 ... maganalAla vakhatacaMda A pAyamAla sthitinA najarAnajara sAkSI hatA ane amadAvAdanA briTiza vahIvaTa zaheramAM devAM rAhata ane saMrakSaNa ApyAM hatAM e emaNe joyuM hatuM. 'have aMgreja sarakAranuM rAmarAjya AvyuM ... ... ... '2 ane nagarajaneAe makAnAnA punanirmANanuM kAryaM cAlu karyuM". A kathanamAM mukhya muddo e darzAvavAne che ke saMrakSaNanI sthApanA pachI ja gujarAtamAM pharIthI sthApatya samRddha thavA mAMDayu, ane moTA bhAganuM raheNAka sthApatya, je hAla ApaNe joIe chIe te, "A sAMsthAnika kAla daramyAna nirmANa pAmyuM hatuM.

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45 dhArmika sthiti nAgarika saMrakSaNa ane sthApatya vaccenA A saMbaMdhane bIjo purAvo surata ane bharUcanA gejheTiyara(I.sa. 1877)mAMthI maLe che. "muslimenA zAsana heThaLa...samRddha hiMduo paNa jorajulama ane lUMTaphATanI bIke, kaMgALa dekhAtAM nAnAM gharamAM rahetA, paraMtu suratamAM I.sa. 1759 mAM briTiza sattAnI sthApanA thatAM surakSA AvI. hiMduoe vizALa ane suMdara makAna bAMdhavAnI zarUAta karI, eTaluM ja nahi, paNa teo emanAM gharonI AgaLanA bhAgane lAkaDAMnI kataraNIvALA staMbhe ane kAranisa vaDe alaMkRta karavAmAM puSkaLa nANuM vAparatA hatA.3 A5NI aneka jANItI havelIo, havelI-maMdira ane darabAragaDha Aja dina sudhI kema UbhAM che e uparyukta lakhANa parathI samajI zakAya che. briTiza sattAnI sthApanA thatAM gathika renesAM tathA nIo-gothika zailInAM tathI sabhara evA yuropIya sthApatyanI asara gujarAtI sthApatyamAM sAkAra thavA lAgI. prajAne je vargo mATe pAye yuropIya sthApatyanI nakala karI teo sthAnika uparIo(ThAkore navAbe vagere) hatA. A uparIone have briTiza rakSaNa maLyuM ane emaNe samagra gujarAtamAM sAMsthAnika zailIe kharcALa darabAragaDha bAMdhavAnuM zarU karyuM. zrImaMta vepArIoe ane zarAphae A zilInuM anukaraNa karyuM ane tyAra bAda thoDA ja vakhatamAM sAmAnya nagarajane mATe A zailI Adarza banI gaI, paraMtu e dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke A zailInAM tatva alaMkaraNa pUratAM ja maryAdita rahyAM, paraMparAgata gujarAtI makAnanA plenane kaI ja asara thaI na hatI. siddhapura kapaDavaMja ane suratamAM rahetA vaherAonAM makAnane AmAM apavAda tarIke gaNavAM joIe. emanAM makAne ane galIonI racanAmAM yuropIya asara jovA maLe che. AnuM kAraNa e che ke muMbaI sAthe emane gADha saMparka hata ane videzI khyAlane svIkAravAnI emanI taiyArI hatI. sAMsthAnika asara hovA chatAM baheLA pramANamAM lAkaDAnA upayoganI bAbatamAM gujarAtI sthApatya paraMparAgata ja rahyuM. gujarAta lAkaDAnA upayoganI bAbatamAM ajoDa che. lAkaDAnA vaparAzanI paraMparA madhyakAla sudhI pAchaLa jAya che. sauthI asAdhAraNa bAbata te e che ke lAkaDAnI sthAnika prAptinI achata rahI hatI chatAM ene vaparAza cAlu rahyo hate. gujarAtamAM sakriya vepArI jAti hovAthI aneka deze sAthenA gADha saMpAne

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briTiza kAla. lIdhe malabAra jeTalA dUranA prAMtamAMthI paNa sthAnika mAMgane saMtoSavA imAratI lAkaDAMnI AyAta karavAmAM AvatI. bAMdhakAmamAM ImAratI paddhatino upayoga havA, chatAM prabhAvazALI makAnanA bAMdhakAmamAM lAkaDAMnI kataraNa vadhu karavAmAM AvatI. ApaNe joI zakIe chIe ke saurASTramAM bAMdhakAma mATe sAmAnya rIte paththarane ja vaparAza che. ema chatAM haLavada jAmanagara ane rAjakoTanA mahelemAM suzobhanAtmaka asare nipajAvavAmAM lAkaDAne upaga vadhu thaye che. A kAlanA sthApatya vizenuM sAmAnya avalokana ApyA bAda have ApaNe e samayanAM nagara, rAjamahela, dhArmika imArate, bajAro, havelIo vagerenuM avelekana karIzuM. (ka) nagare amadAvAda : moTA pAyA paranA punanirmANanA Ayojanane lIdhe amadAvAde moTe bhAge enuM madhyakAlIna svarUpa gumAvyuM hatuM. Ama chatAM je kaMI bacavA pAmyuM che temAM khaDakIo ane paLe che. 1817 mAM amadAvAdamAM briTiza sattA sthapAI tyAre e bhagna sthitimAM hatuM, jenuM upara varNana karavAmAM AvyuM che. 1833 mAM zaheranA badhA ja vepArIo para eka khAsa verI nAkhavAmAM Avyo hato ane e rakamamAMthI zaheranA keTanuM samArakAma karAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. roja rAtre nagaravAsIone lUMTavA ToLImAM AvatA upadravI keLIone pratIkAra karavA AnI tAtkAlika jarUra hatI. saMrakSaNanI bhAvanAne lIdhe punanirmANanI pravRttine vega maLyo. maganalAla vakhatacaMda lakhe che ke "bIjI ujaDa. jamIna musalamAna jema jema vecatA jAe che tema tema leke laIne ghara bAMdhI. bhADe Ape che."4 amadAvAdanI vastI jema jema vadhatI gaI ane samRddhi pharI sthApAtI gaI tema tema aneka vADI baMdhAI. AmAMnI keTalIka vADIo te hajAra vyaktionI sagavaDa. sAcavI zake tevI hatI. 1870 mAM AvI lagabhaga 64 vADI hatI. A etihAsika vADIo lagabhaga nAza pAmI che. te samayanI havelIo(moTAM ghara) agragaNya nAgarika dvArA baMdhAI hatI, je Aje paNa hayAta che. A havelIo, te samayanA raheNAka sthApatyanA uttama namUnA che, jenuM varNana AgaLa karavAmAM AvyuM che. AmAMnI keTalIka havelIone ullekha pUratuM che, jema ke, zAhapuramAM, lallu bahAduranI havelI, dezIvADAnI paLa ane tAzA paLamAM haThIsiMha kuTuMbanI, havelI, hAjApaTelanI piLamAM TaMkazALanI havelI, sAMkaDIzerImAM dIveTiyAnI havelI..

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sthApatya 490 A samayanAM maMdironuM varNana paNa AgaLa karavAmAM Avaze. A samayanAM prasiddha be maMdira cheH haThIsiMhanuM maMdira ane enA thoDA samaya pachI dariyApuramAM baMdhAyeluM svAminArAyaNanuM maMdira. A samaye moTI saMkhyAmAM hiMdu tathA jaina maMdiranuM punarnirmANa thayuM ane teone chaddhAra karavAmAM Avyo. A maMdire Aje paNa pUjA mATe vaparAya che. surata : 1837nI AgamAM lagabhaga samagra surata nAza pAmyuM hatuM. A pachI mULa sthitie pahoMcatAM suratane dazakA lAgyA. A Aga pachI baMdhAyelAM makAnanA bAMdhakAmanI zailI muMbaI-zailI hatI. A zailInAM lakSaNa A pramANe hatAM: lAkaDAnI sIDIne badale caNelI sIDI, moTI bArIo, cerasa staMbhene badale goLa staMbho ane sAmAnya rIte ochI kASTha-taraNa. ahIMnI aneka imArate saMpUrNa rIte nIo-gathika zailInI nakalamAM bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI, jema ke gopIpurA vairDanI ImArate. Aga vakhate prasiddha mughala sarAI ane jUnI briTiza koThIne koI nukasAna thayuM na hatuM. pAchaLathI ceDAM varSo agAu kamanasIbe A baMne imArate teDI pADavAmAM AvI, 1837 pUrvenI samRddha imAratamAM vaheArAonI imAratonI gaNanA karavI joIe. emaNe have muMbaIne pitAnuM vaDuM mathaka banAvyuM hatuM. emanA lattA (varDa) jhAMpA' tarIke oLakhAya che. A jhAMpA Aje paNa UbhA che. ghaNuM pArasI kuTuMbee paNa suMdara raheThANo ane dharmAdA makAne baMdhAvyAM. emanI mukhya agiyArI 1823 ne samayanI che. vaDodarA : gAyakavADanI rAjadhAnI hovAthI e marAThAonI lUMTaphATane bhoga banyuM nahi tethI nukasAnamAMthI e bacI gayuM. vikAsanA abhAve zaheranA AMtarika vibhAga teonA mULa svarUpe rahyA. gAyakavADI zAsane jANatA zarApha, vepArIo ane lazkarI saradArane emanI rIte vizALa imArate bAMdhavA mATe AkarSyA. ene pariNAme je imArato baMdhAI temAMnI keTalIka Aje paNa UbhI che. zAhI ImAratamAM janA sarakArI vADA cAlu rahyA, paraMtu zAMti ane samRddhine lIdhe sAMsthAnika zailImAM moTA kadanA ane prabhAvazALI aneka navA mahela baMdhAyA. A rIte makarapurAne mahela 1856-70 mAM khaMDerAva baMdhAvyuM. hatuM. pAchaLathI malhArarAve e teDI nakhAvyuM hatuM. ene badale eNe 1870-75mAM najharabAga mahela baMdhAvyuM. A mahelanuM bAMdhakAma renesAM zailInuM hatuM, 32

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098 briTiza kAla jo ke sayAjIrAvanA samayamAM A vizALa mahelane upaga baMdha thayuM ane enAthI vadhu bhavya e lamIvilAsa mahela(1878-90) bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM. aMgrejI enjiniyaranA mArgadarzana heThaLa e bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. enA bAMdhakAmamAM inDo-sArasenika zailI vaparAI che. makarapurAne na mahela paNa A ja samaye(1880) mi. cizalpa dvArA baMdhAyo. emaNe ja prasiddha vaDodarA kelejanI DijhAIna taiyAra karI hatI. 1910 mAM emAM nyAyamaMdira(keTa) ane baroDA myujhiyama (pikacara gelerI) umeravAmAM AvyuM. khaMDerAva mArkeTa A samaye ja baMdhAI. marAThA amIrAInAM moTAM bhava(vADA) maTe bhAge vADInA vistAramAM dakSiNa-pUrvamAM baMdhAyAM. emAMnA nedhapAtra vADAo merAda, phaDanIsa ane ojha kuTuMbanA che. gaNapatinuM moTuM maMdira gepAlarAva merAde baMdhAvyuM, je Aje paNa UbhuM che. bIjo jANata vaDe rAvapurAmAM Avele bhAu tAMbekarane vADe che, je 1849-54 vacce baMdhAye. enAM bhitticitro ane raMgIna lAkaDakAmane lIdhe Aje e rakSita ImArata che. ahIMnI prasiddha havelIomAM surezvara desAInI havelI, haribhaktinI havelI ane laluM bahAduranI havelInI gaNanA thAya che; joke A havelIonuM varNana ahIM aprastuta che, kAraNa ke teonuM bAMdhakAma 1818 pUrvenuM che. aMtamAM 1833-34 mAM baMdhAyela briTiza presiDensInA makAnane paNa ullekha karavo joIe. A makAna Aje paNa UbhuM che. (kha) rAjamahela A kAla daramiyAna samagra gujarAtamAM aneka mahelanuM nirmANa thayuM. saurASTramAM vizeSa baMdhAyA. A mahelanI mukhya be lakSaNa hatAM : (1) upayogamAM laI zakAya tevA darabAragaDha hovA chatAM A mahela bAMdhavAmAM AvyA hatA. (2) badhA ja mahela sAMsthAnika zailImAM bAMdhavAmAM AvyA hatA. A baMne lakSaNothI ema nakkI thAya che ke briTiza saMrakSaNane lIdhe A mahela baMdhAyA hatA. navA rAjamahela jUnA rAjamahele karatAM vizALa ane bhavya hatA. saurASTranA keTalAka jANItA mahela A samaye baMdhAyA hatA, jema ke rAjakeTa, dhrAMgadhrA, jAmanagara(lAlakeTa sahita 1838-45), ribaMdara, bhAvanagara, morabI, vaDhavANa vagere sthaLanA mahele. bhUjamAM Avela prAgamalajIne. mahela karnala vilkinsa dvArA 1865 mAM bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM. jUnAgaDhane rAjamahela 1858-82 samayane che.

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sthApatya jAmanagaramAM taLAvanI madhye bAMdhela lakheTA-koThe eka rasaprada ImArata che. 1838-45 mAM dukALanA samayamAM rAhata-kArya mATe te bAMdhavAmAM AvyA hatA. sorASTranA A badhA rAjamahelanA bAMdhakAmamAM paththara vaparAya che. temAM kataraNI khUba ja ochI che. kAraNa ke ahIMne sthAnika paththara sUkama kataraNa mATe egya nathI. keTalAka mahelamAM lAkaDuM mUkIne temAM suzobhana karavAmAM AvyuM che. khAsa karIne rAjakoTa, jAmanagara ane haLavadanA jIrNoddhAra karAyelA mahelamAM AvuM jovA maLe che. AmAM haLavadanA mahelanI kASTha-taraNa samagra saurASTramAM suMdara che. vaDodarAmAM gAyakavADanA mahelane ulekha AgaLa AvI gayuM che. (ga) dhAmika ImArato A kAla daramiyAna je sauthI moTAM hiMdu maMdira baMdhAyAM te vallabhAcArya saMpradAya puSTimArga) ane svAminArAyaNa saMpradAya sAthe saMkaLAyelAM che. A maMdira khUba ja meTA kadanAM che. tenuM eka kAraNa e che ke A saMpradAya navA sthapAyelA hevAthI zarUAtamAM maMdira ghaNuM ja ochAM hatAM. AthI eka maMdiramAM AjubAjunA bhakto bhajanakIrtana mATe AvatA. bIjuM kAraNa e che ke A prasaMgopAtta mATe samudAya ekatra thatA. samudAyanI sagavaDa sAcavavA mATe A maMdira khullA moTA eka sAthe bAMdhavAmAM AvatAM. DhaMkAyelA khaMDomAM yAtrALuo rahI zakatA. | svAminArAyaNa maMdiromAM zikharothI yukta garbhagRha sAmAnya hiMdu maMdironI jema cekanI madhye rAkhavAmAM AvatuM. paraMtu vahelabha saMpradAyamAM AnAthI juduM jovA maLe che. A saMpradAyamAM AdhyAtmika gurunuM sthAna ghaNuM UMcuM hatuM. badhI pUjA temanI hAjarImAM thatI. AthI A saMpradAyanAM maMdira ane gurunA raheThANanI imAratane saMyukta samUha rahevAnA makAna(havelI) jevo lAgate, AthI te "havelI maMdira tarIke oLakhAya che. keTalIka vakhate raheThANa mukhya maMdiranI sAthe rAkhavAmAM AvatuM; jema ke jAmanagaranA giridhara maMdiramAM, vaDodarAnA narasiMhajInA maMdiramAM ane suratanA moTA maMdiramAM A prakAranI racanA jovA maLe che. havelI-maMdiramAM devanA nivAsane rAjAnA nivAsa jevo mAnavAmAM AvatuM. AthI rAjA bhogavato hoya tevI sarva sevAo devane arpavAmAM AvatI. A mATe AvI keTalIka dharmavidhio hatI; jema ke, saMgItavAdana dvArA devane jagADavA, snAna karAvavuM, bhojana dharAvavuM, bhAvike sAthe prekSaka-gaNa, vagere. keTalAMka maMdiromAM jalakrIDA mATe pANInA kuMDa hatA, pazuo mATe tabelA hatA. mukhya pravezadvArane zAhI mahelanI jema gaMjAvara daravAjA hatA. A badhI judI judI jarUriyAtane lIdhe havelI-maMdiranI racanAmAM aneka aMgopAMga umerAyAM.

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500. briTiza kAla. jANItAM havelI-maMdira jAmanagara, bhAvanagara, vaDodarA ane suratamAM baMdhAyAM, jyAre svAminArAyaNa maMdira vaDatAla, amadAvAda, dhULakA ane vaDodarAmAM baMdhAyAM. A kAla daramiyAna jenee khAsa karIne jUnAM maMdiranA jIrNoddhAra aMge dhyAna kendrita karyuM. lAkaDAmAM baMdhAyelAM maMdirone pharIthI paththaramAM bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM. giranAra ane pAlitANAnAM paththaramAM baMdhAyelA jUnAM maMdirone. ArasamAM jIrNoddhAra karavAmAM Ave. amadAvAdamAM haThIsiMha kuTuMba dvArA 1848 mAM eka agatyanuM maMdira bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM, je haThIsiMhanA maMdira tarIke prasiddha che.. bhUtakALamAM je bhavya, vizALa ane samRddha kataraNa-yukta maMdira banAvavAnI paraMparA hatI tene ahIM aMtima prayatna jaNAya che. jo ke prAcIna kALamAM zipIe je kauzalya dharAvatA hatA tenuM patana thaI gayuM hatuM. A samaya daramyAna svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanAM je maMdira baMdhAyAM temAM gaDhaDA, vaDatAla ane amadAvAdanAM maMdira neMdhapAtra che. A samaya daramyAna jAmanagaramAM zIkhanuM gurudvArA baMdhAyuM. suratamAM vaherAonA jhAMpAmAM AvelI masjida 1840mAM baMdhAI hatI. enA lAkaDAnA UMcA minArA dhyAna kheMce tevA che. jAmazrI vibhAjI 2 jA(I. sa. 185rathI I. sa. 1895)nA rAjyakAla daramyAna emanAM rANI moTAM dhanabAIe jAmanagaranI jUnI jumA majidane moTuM rUpa ApyuM. tyAM emane roje paNa che, je ArasapahANane banAvela che ane jemAM jhINI kotaraNa paNa karavAmAM AvI che. vibhAjInAM bIjAM rANuM ratanabAInI masijada zaheranI madhyamAM AvelI che ne e meTI masjida tarIke jANItI che. ene minArAmAM 120 pagathiyAM che. A samaya daramyAna gujarAtamAM vasatA pArasIoe keTalIka agiyArIe paNa baMdhAvI hatI. dA. ta. suratamAM be agiyArI(Ataza beharAma) 1823mAM baMdhAI-eka zahenazAhI pArasIonI ane bIjI kadamI pArasIonI. khaMbhAtamAM I. sa. 1844 mAM eka agiyArI baMdhAI hatI. amadAvAdamAM khamAsA cekI pAsenA bukhArA mahellAmAM zeTha kharazedajI baherAmajI nANAvaTIe 1846mAM eka dAdagAha baMdhAvI - je I. sa. 1884 mAM AdariyAnamAM vikAsa pAmI. A uparAMta amadAvAdamAM pArasI dharmazALAo paNuM baMdhAI hatI, jemAMnI jUnI dharmazALA I. sa. 1866mAM baMdhAI hatI. A dharmazALA relathI paDI jatAM tenA sthAne navI dharmazALA I. sa. 1892mAM baMdhAI hatI. 10 jAmanagaramAM I. sa. 1895 mAM TahemulajI mIrajhAe daremahera(agiyArI)nI sthApanA karI.11

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sthApatya A samaya daramyAna gujarAtamAM vasatA bene IsarAela kemanA yahUdIoe * jUnA DIsA(ji. banAsakAMThA)mAM kenTonamenTa vistAramAM eka kabarastAna baMdhAvyuM, jyAMnI sahuthI jUnI kabara I. sa. 1886 nI che. amadAvAdamAM dUdhezvara roDa para eDavAnsa milanI pAchaLanA bhAgamAM yahUdIonuM kabarastAna AveluM che, jemAMnI sahuthI jUnI kabara I. sa. 1887nI che.13 (9) bajAre A samaya daramiyAna gujarAtanA ghaNuM rAjAoe yuropanI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI. tyAM emaNe suMdara bajAra jayAM hatAM. emane AvAM bajAra pitAnAM nagaramAM paNa bAMdhavAnI IcchA jAgI. pariNAme A samaye gujarAtanAM keTalAMka zaheromAM bajAra bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM. morabInuM bajAra Ane sauthI suMdara namUna che. vaDodarAnI khaMDerAva mArkeTa paNa AnuM bIju udAharaNa che. (ca) havelIo havelI eTale zrImaMta nAgarikone rahevAnuM makAna. pitAnAM samRddhi ane darajajo pradarzita karavA A makAna khUba kharca karIne bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. AmAMnI keTalIka bhavya havelIo nagarazeThanI, zarAphenI ane mahesUlI kheDUta(desAIo)nI che. havelIo haMmezAM khaDakI ke piLanI aMdara rAkhavAmAM AvatI. AthI mukhya mArgathI e ghaNI dUra rahetI. enA AyojananI paddhati paraMparAgata rahI. -enI Ajanapaddhati A pramANe hatI : keMdranA cokanI baMne bAjue AvelA be vibhAgamAM AkhIye imArata tahecAI jatI. imAratane pAchaLa bhAga traNa -gauNa vibhAgamAM vaheMcAI jataH razI, razI sAthe parasALa ane e pachI enI sAthe saMkaLAyelA be oraDA rAkhavAmAM AvatA. AgaLanA bhAge eka bIjI ravezI rAkhavAmAM AvatI, je mArganI sAme rAkhavAmAM AvatI. A pachI eka moTA khaMDa (athavA be nAnA khaMDa) rAkhavAmAM AvatA, je khaDakI tarIke oLakhAya de che. keTalIka vAra aMdaranI ravezI cekane pharatI rAkhavAmAM AvatI ane e badhA ja bhAgane joDatI hatI. ekanI eka bAjue nAnakaDI oraDIo rAkhavAmAM AvatI. tyAM rasa , pANiyAruM ane keTalIka vAra pUjA mATenI oraDI rAkhavAmAM AvatI. makAnano pAchale bhAga kuTuMbanA vyaktigata upayoga mATe khAnagI rAkhavAmAM AvatuM. tyAM najIkanA saMbaMdhIo tathA mitrone ja praveza ApavAmAM AvatuM.

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502 briTiza kAla AgaLane bhAga lagabhaga jAhera makAna jevuM hatuM, e bhAga dhaMdhA ke vepAra mATenI dukAna tathA kArIgaro mATenA kArakhAnA tarIke upayogamAM levAte. khAsa grAhakone alaMkRta dIvAnakhAnAmAM AvakAravAmAM AvatA hatA. vipula meTI havelIomAM staMbhe jharUkhA TekAo ane chate para vipula pramANamAM kASTha-ketaraNa karavAmAM AvatI. havelIone AkarSaka banAvavA mATe, spardhA thatI. samagra gujarAtamAM kASThakAma para raMga karavAmAM AvatA hatA, jyAre amadAvAdamAM bela-tela lagAvavAmAM AvatuM. moTA bhAganI kataraNImAM phUlapattAMnI bhAta AlekhavAmAM AvI che. ghaNuM makAnamAM apsarA ane gaMdharvonI AkRtio paNa AlekhavAmAM AvI che. gujarAtanI noMdhapAtra havelIomAM nIcenI havelIo khAsa ullekhanIya che? (1) vaDodarAmAM surezvara desAInI havelI. surezvara desAI gAyakavADI zAsana pUrvethI mahesUlI-kheDUta(desAI) hatA. anuzruti anusAra emaNe surasAgara taLAva baMdhAvyuM hatuM. jUnAM makAnane samaya 18 mI sadI che, je bahu jUne na kahevAya, ene bhavya kacerIvALA bhAga(vahIvaTa mATe ceka) haju paNa hayAta che. Ane rakSita smAraka tarIke jAhera karavAnI vicAraNuM cAle che. (2) vaDodarAmAM AvelI haribhakti kuTuMbanI havelI. haribhaktinA pUrvaja gAyakavADane tyAM sarakArI zarApha(pitadAra) hatA. emanI jUnI havelI keTalIka vakhata rAjyanI tijorI tarIke vaparAtI hatI. gheDA samaya pUrve A ImAratanA ghaNuM bhAgane jIrNoddhAra karavAmAM Avyo hato. enI sAthe aDIne AvelI havelI kuTuMbanA sabhya mATenI che. enuM bAMdhakAma pAchaLanA samayanuM che. - (3) lalla bahAdura(maMgala pArekha)nI havelI vaDodarAmAM che. teo paNa gAyakavADanA bIjA prasiddha zarApha hatA. emanI havelI tathA enI sAthenI kacerI haju paNa che. A ja kuTuMbanI eka jUnI havelI amadAvAdamAM zAhapuramAM che, je gujarAtanI zreSTha kesaraNI dharAve che. (4) amadAvAdamAM zAMtidAsa jhaverInuM kuTuMba ghaNuM ja prasiddha che. teo nagarazeTha hatA. emanI havelIo jhaverIvADamAM AvelI hatI. kamanasIbe e. AgamAM naSTa thaI gaI. (5) amadAvAdamAM bIjuM prasiddha kuTuMba haThIsiMhanuM hatuM. emanI be havelI Aje paNa UbhI cheH (1) dozIvADAnI piLamAM AvelI havelI, A havelI ene.. mULa svarUpe che. (2) phatAzAnI poLamAM AvelI havelI. A havelIne ghaNuM

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503 sthApatya bhAganA chaIddhAra karavAmAM AvyA che. emAM ghaNAM sAMsthAnika zailInAM lakSaNa jovA maLe che, tethI enuM bAMdhakAma pAchaLanA samayanu` hAvAnuM manAya che. A baMne havelIonu kA-keAtarakAma ghaNuM ja suMdara che, (6) amadAvAdanA muslima samAjamAM kAjhI kuTuMba ghaNuM ja prasiddha che. teo Aje paNa emanAM dhArmika kAryaM khAve che. emanu makAna AsTADiyAmAM hatuM. Aje paNa enI kacerIvALA bhAga UbhA che, gujarAtanI bhavya kAtaraNIyukta chatAmAM enI chatanI gaNanA thAya che. (7) amadAvAdamAM gAyakavADanI havelI kharekhara tA nAza pAmI che tethI enI mULa sthiti vize ghaNuM ja ochuM jANavA maLe che. (8) amadAvAdamAM hAnta paTelanI poLamAM AvelI TaMkazALanI havelI. hAna paTela briTiza kAla daramyAna TaMkazALanA uparI hatA, AthI A pALane ane havelIne AvuM nAma maLyuM. (9) amadAvAdamAM khADiyAmAM AvelI sArAbhAI kuTuMbanI havelI amadAvAda zaheranI suMdara havelIemAMnI eka che. kamanasIbe eneA AgaLanA bhAga briTiza kAla daramyAna rastA paheALA karatI vakhate teADI nAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA. pAchaLathI A havelImAM je parivartana karavAmAM AvyAM tethI enuM AkhuM svarUpa badalAI gayuM che. (10) bharUcamAM Aje nagarazeThanI jUnI havelI nathI paraMtu khIjI khe havelI Aje UbhI che : (1) lallubhAInI havelI, lallubhAIne jemsa phrAnksa sAthe gADha saMbaMdha hatA, (2) bhikhArIdAsanI havelo. lallubhAI ane bhikhArIdAse e samayanA gujarAtanA rAjakIya jIvanamAM AgaLa paDatA bhAga bhajavyA hatA. cunAravADamAM Avela bhikhArIdAsa havelInu makAna Aje desAI havelI' tarIke oLakhAya che. lallubhAInI havelInI kacerInA bhAga Aje paNa jovA maLe che. (11) muslima kuTu kheAnAM keTalAMka suMdara makAna pATaNanA keTalAka bhAge, jevA ke rakhtavADa ane pAMca-pADAmAM joI zakAya che. siddhapura kapaDavaMja ane suratamAM AvelAM vaheArAenAM makAna paNa suMdara che. suratamAM vaheArA saiyada sAhebanuM suMdara makAna AveluM che. vaheArAnAM makAneAnI vizeSatA e che ke emanAM makAnAnI aMdarane dareka bhAga khUba ja alaMkRta heAya che. bhIMtAnAM - tAkAM AyAta karelAM kAcanAM vAsaNAthI bharelAM heAya che. (12) pArasIonAM suMdara makAna suratamAM AvelAM che. emAM meharajI rANAnuM makAna ullekhanIya che. meharajI rANAe akabaranI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI. jamazecha

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504 briTiza kAka tAtA ane dAdAbhAI navarojInA kuTuMbanAM makAnone paNa ahIM ullekha kare. joIe. suratanA prasiddha aradezara keTavALanuM makAna nAza pAmyuM che. (13) aMtamAM, be jANItI havelIone ulekha svataMtra rIte karavuM joIe. kAraNa ke A baMne havelIo Aje rakSita smArake che: eka vaDodarAmAM AvelI tAMbeDakaravADAnI havelI (jene ulekha upara thaI gayo cheane bIjI vasenI havelI. vasomAM bAjIzAha ane veNIzAhanA vaMzajonI ja be zAkhAo sAthe saMkaLAyelI ekasarakhI havelIo AvelI che. gujarAtanA samRddha kheDA jillAmAM A kuTuMba desAIgIrI dhAraNa karatuM hatuM. A baMne havelI 1815-1820mAM baMdhAI hatI. hAla emAMnI eka havelIne darabAra sAhebanI havelI tarIke ane bIjI havelI viThThaladAsanI havelI tarIke oLakhAya che. A havelImAM bhavya kATha-taraNa che. ene judA judA bhAgomAM vaiSNava purANakathAmAMnAM dazya AlekhAyAM che, jyAre enA dIvAnakhAnAmAM rAsalIlAnuM dazya che. enI kataraNI ane citro saMpUrNa surakSita che. A vibhAganuM samApana karatAM kahI zakAya ke A havelIonuM bAMdhakAma e. kAlanA gujarAtanA sthApatyanuM viziSTa lakSaNa kahI zakAya. kamanasIbe purAvAonA abhAve A badhAM ja bAMdhakAmane cokkasa samaya Apavo azakya che, paraMtu khAtarIpUrvaka ema kahI zakAya ke A bAMdhakAma 1800 thI 1880nA samaya daramyAnanAM che. (7) prakIrNa A kAla daramyAna baMdhAyelI keTalIka beMdhapAtra prakIrNa ImAratane paNa ulalekha karavo joIe. emAM be makAna noMdhapAtra che. AmAMnuM eka makAna amarelImAM AveluM che. te 1817-18 mAM kepTana belenTAIna dvArA baMdhAyuM hatuM. enuM bAMdhakAma yuropIya zailImAM che. bIjuM makAna aMjAramAM AveluM che. A makAna 1818mAM kepTana mekamurdo dvArA baMdhAyeluM che. enuM bAMdhakAma Adhunika zailImAM che. A kAla daramyAna saMgrahAlayonAM makAna baMdhAyAM ene paNa ullekha kara joIe. rAjakeTanA voTasana myujhiyamanuM 1858 mAM baMdhAyuM, bhUja myujhiyamanuM 1877 mAM ane bhAvanagaranA bArTana myujhiyamanuM 1890 mAM baMdhAyuM hatuM. vaDodarA myujhiyamane ulalekha AgaLa thaI cUkyo che.

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thApatya 2. hiMdu ane jaina maMdire A kAla daramyAna hiMdu ane jaina maMdiro moTI saMkhyAmAM nirmANa pAmyAM. AnI pUrve baMdhAyelAM keTalAMka maMdirone jIrNoddhAra karavAmAM Avyo. A kAlanAM maMdiromAM paraMparAgata sthApatya-zailI jovA maLe che. A kAla daramyAna baMdhAyelAM maMdira amadAvAda jetalapura vaDatAla ghelerA dhoLakA vaDodarA bharUca surata khaMbhAta UMjhA pATaNa dUdhareja gaDhaDA jUnAgaDha zatruMjaya dvArakA aMjAra vagere sthaLoe AvelAM che. prApta sAdhanane AdhAre A kAlanAM maMdira vizenI keTalIka chUTIchavAI mAhitI nIce pramANe rajU karI zakAya. amadAvAdamAM elisapulanI nIce gaNezabArIthI uttara dizAe jatAM jamaNuM " hAthe paMcamukhI mahAdevanuM maMdira Ave che. A maMdira I. sa. 1834 mAM baMdhAyuM hovAnuM jaNAya che. mULa maMdira uttarAbhimukha hatuM, paraMtu I.sa. 1968nA 'jIrNoddhAra vakhate ene pazcimAbhimukha karAyuM. maMdiranA talamAnamAM garbhagRha, -aMtarAla ane maMDapanI racanA che. garbhagRhamAM paMcamukhI zivaliMga sthApeluM che.14 haThIsiMhanuM jaina maMdira (AkRti 17) I.sa. 1848 mAM baMdhAyuM. A maMdiranA salATa premacaMda hatA. A maMdira mAtra amadAvAdanA ja nahi, paraMtu A kAlanA -gujarAtanA maMdira sthApatyane paNa Adarza kahIe te emAM atyukti nathI. paMdaramA tIrthakara dharmanAthane samarpita A maMdira bAvana jinAlaya prakAranuM che. A maMdira garbhagRha gUDhamaMDapa trikamaMDapa sabhAmaMDapa zRMgArakI ane devakulikAonuM baneluM che. e pazcimAbhimukha che. garbhagRha upara traNa zikhara che. maMdiranuM zikhara kula 99 aMDakanuM baneluM che. gUDhamaMDapa be majalAne che. gUDhamaMDapanI uttara ane dakSiNa taraphanI zaMgAra-cAkIe paNa be majalAnI che. trikamaMDapanI nIce bheMyaruM che, jemAM uttara ane dakSiNa tarapha be nAnAM maMdira che. sabhAmaMDapanI uttara dakSiNa ane pazcima dizAe zaMgArakIo AvelI che. sabhAmaMDapanuM vitAna saMvarNa vaDe alaMkRta che.15 A maMdirane zilpa-vaibhava paNa AkarSaka che. staMbhenA TekAonA svarUpe pUtaLIonAM zilpa mane rama che. maMDovaranI jaMghAmAM paNa A prakAranAM zilpa jovA maLe che. strI-sahaja vividha pravRttiomAM rata A pUtaLIonI aMgabhaMgImAM vaividhya varatAya che. sAdA retiyA paththaramAM sughaDa ane sUma zilpakAma jovA maLe che. AnaMdakumAra svAmI A maMdiranI bAMdhaNIne nAgara-bAMdhaNI kahe che.16 amadAvAdamAM jhaverIvADamAM mahAvIra svAmInuM maMdira zeTha premAbhAI hemAbhAIe I.sa. 1849 mAM baMdhAvyuM.17 dezIvADAnI piLamAM AveluM aSTApadajInuM maMdira

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briTiza kola. zeTha maganabhAI karamacaMde I.sa. 1856mAM baMdhAvyuM.8 jhaverIvADamAM AvelA bhagavAna AdIzvaranA maMdirane jIrNoddhAra zeTha lalubhAI pAnAcaMde I.sa. 1859 mAM karAvyA hatA. 19 mukhajInI poLamAM cAmukhajInuM maMdira I.sa. 1866 mAM zeTha maganabhAI hakamacaMde baMdhAveluM. 20 phatAzAnI paLamAM AvelA mahAvIra svAmInA maMdiranuM punaHnirmANa A ja samaye zeTha umAbhAI rUpacada karAvyuM. amadAvAdamAM rAyakhaDamAM AveluM prArthanAsamAjanuM maMdira A kAlanuM che. enuM bAMdhakAma I,sa, 1876 mAM pUruM thayuM hatuM. uttara dizAnA khaMDanI upara, zikharanI racanA che. khristI devaLanI jema A maMdiranuM talamAna sAkAre che. Ama talamAna khriratI devaLa pramANe che, paraMtu UrvamAnamAM zikhara che. A maMdiranI AvI vicitra bAMdhaNI aMge ratanamaNirAva joTa kahe che: "Ama khristI bAMdhaNI upara hiMdu zikhara besADavAthI keTa-pATaluna ane TAI paherelA mANase bhAvanagarI ke evI koI bIjI pAghaDI paherI heya evuM dekhAya che." vaDodarAmAM AveluM rAdhAvallabha maMdira I.sa. 1835 mAM baMdhAyuM.3 rAvapurAmAM AveluM zrI bhairavezvara nAmanuM maMdira sayAjIrAva mahArAja 2 jAnA samayanuM che.. A maMdira hiMmatabahAdura veNIrAma AtmArAme I.sa. 1836 mAM baMdhAvyuM hatuM.24 sarvezvara mahAdevanuM maMdira sayAjIrAva rajAnA smaraNArthe emanA putra gaNapatarAma gAyakavADe I.sa. 1911 mAM baMdhAvyuM hatuM. 25 sayAjIrAvanA dahana-sthAne ja A maMdira bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM che. A maMdira UMcA oTalA upara bAMdheluM che. ene praveza pUrvamAM che. garbhagRhamAM kALA ArasanuM liMga pratiSThita che. sabhAmaMDapanI pUrva uttara ane dakSiNa dizAe zRMgAracokIo AvelI che. bharUcanA meTAgaNapatinuM maMdira amaratalAla vakIle I.sa. 1860mAM baMdhAvyuM. nArAyaNadevanI khaDakImAM AveluM zrInaranArAyaNanuM maMdira I.sa. 1867nA. samayanuM che. A maMdira ghelAbhAI valavabhAIe baMdhAvyuM hatuM. cakalAmAM javAnA. mArge dakSiNa bAjue AvelA zrIjImaMdiranA keTalAka bhAganuM bAMdhakAma I.sa 1874 mAM karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. bahAranI unAI tarapha AveluM premanAtha mahAdevanuM maMdira I.sa. 1884nA samayanuM che. gulAbabhAI narottama nAmanA eka kalamIe e baMdhAvyuM hatuM. acAravADamAM AvelA duHkhabhaMjanezvara mahAdevanA maMdiranI sthApanA A ja samaye karavAmAM AvI. maNinAgezvara, mahAna kAlezvara, amarakaMThezvara mahAdeva vagerenAM maMdira kSatriyoe baMdhAvyAM che, jene nirmANa kAla lagabhaga I.sa. 1885ne che. mahArudranI jagyAe be maMdira UbhAM che, jemAMnuM eka maMdira vAyaDA vANiyA mathuradAsa bhUkhaNadAse I.sa. 1890 mAM baMdhAvyuM

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sthApatya 507" hatuM. sebasAIjInuM maMdira I.sa. 1907 mAM baMdhAyuM. dAMDiyA bajAra tarapha nadI bAjue AvelA rokaDiyA hanumAna tathA kAzIvizvanAtha mahAdevanAM maMdirone jIrNoddhAra vAyaDA vANiyA tApIdAsa mohanabhAI dalAle I.sa. 1910 mAM karAvyA hatA. 24 suratamAM vaDAcauTAmAM nagarazeThanI poLamAM AveluM geDI pArzvanAthanuM maMdira zeTha lAlabhAI navalakhAbhAI zAjIvAlAe baMdhAvyuM hatuM. A maMdiranI pratiSThA I.sa. 1826mAM karavAmAM AvI hatI. bAlakRSNa lAlajInuM mULa maMdira I.sa. 1995 mAM baMdhAyuM hatuM. I.sa. 1837nI bhayaMkara AgamAM A maMdirane ghaNe khare bhAga khaMDita thaI gayuM hovAthI ene navesarathI bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM. 28 khaMbhAtamAM mAdalA taLAva pAsenuM zrI aMbAjInuM maMdira I.sa. 1835 nA samayanuM che. 29 ciMtAmaNi pArzvanAthanA maMdiranI jagyAe mULa sAta daherAM hatAM. I.sa. 1900 mAM ahIM navuM maMdira bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM.30 A maMdiramAM mUlanAyakanI pratiSThA I.sa. 1907 mAM karavAmAM AvI hatI. UMjhAnuM kaDavA pATIdAronAM mAtA (umiyA)nuM maMdira I.sa. 1858 nA samayanuM che. A maMdirane ghATa jaina maMdirane maLatA Ave che.31 pATaNathI 1.6 ki. mI. dUra mAtaravADI nAmanA gAmanI bhAgoLe satI mAtAnI daherI UbhI che. amadAvAdanA prasiddha beroneTa cInubhAInA kuTuMbamAM thaI gayelA choTAlAlanA pitAnAM mAtA I.sa. 1895 mAM satI thatAM emanI smRtimAM A dorI bAMdhavAmAM AvI che.32 sureMdranagara najIka Avela dudharejanuM zrI vaDavALA maMdira (A. 18-19) ogaNIsamI sadInA aMtanuM jaNAya che. garbhagRhanI upara traNa zikhara che. sabhAmaMDapanI pUrva uttara ane dakSiNa dizAe zRMgAracokIo che. pUrvanI zuMgArakInA AgalA be staMbha para dvArapAla tarIke mAnavakadanA be sAdhuonAM zilpa che. sabhAmaMDapanA staMbhamAM Ayanika ane Darika zailInI asara jovA maLe che. staMbhanA. madhyadaMDanA suzobhanamAM vaividhya jaNAya che. zatruMjaya para A kAla daramyAna keTalIka navI ke UbhI karavAmAM AvI ane enI para keTalAMka maMdira bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM. kharataravasahinI TUMka I.sa. 1836 mAM zeTha sAkaracaMda premacaMde UbhI karAvI hatI. A Treka ene baMdhAvanAranA nAme paNa oLakhAya che. A TUMkamAM pravezatAM jamaNu bAjue narasI kezavajI nAyakanuM maMdira jovA maLe che. A maMdiranA malanAyaka cothA tIrtha kara abhinaMdananAtha.

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(508 briTiza kAla che. maMdiranuM bAMdhakAma I.sa. 1832 mAM thayeluM che. pUrvAbhimukhI A maMdira che. majalAnuM che. sabhAmaMDapanI pUrva, uttara ane dakSiNa dizAe zRMgArakIo AvelI che. ahIMthI AgaLa jatAM aMdaranA daravAjAnA mArga pazcima bAjue pAMca maMdirone samUha che. emAMnuM bIjuM maMdira padmaprabhunuM che, jenuM bAMdhakAma narasI zeThe I.sa. 1848 mAM karAvyuM hatuM. A sivAya bIjAM maMdiranuM nirmANakAla I.sa. 1831thI 1937 sudhIne che. A pAMca maMdiranI DAbI bAjue bIjA pAMca maMdirono samUha Avela che, jemAMnAM traNa maMdira I.sa. 1828 thI 1831 daramyAna baMdhAyelA che. A Treka upara A uparAMta I. sa. 1834 thI I. sa. 1885 thI daramyAna baMdhAyelAM maMdira paNa che. amadAvAdanA zeTha hImAbhAI vakhatacaMde I. sa. 1840 mAM baMdhAvelI TUMka emanA nAme oLakhAya che. A Treka paranuM prasiddha maMdira naMdIzvaradIpanuM che. A Treka uparanuM eka nAnuM maMdira amadAvAdanA zeTha DAhyAbhAI ane pacaMde I.sa. 1841 mAM baMdhAveluM che. naMdIzvaradIpanA daravAjAmAMthI nIkaLatAM saheja UMce hemAbhAInI bIjI Treka AvelI che. A Treka hemAbhAInA putra premAbhAI hemAbhAInA nAme oLakhAya che. A Treka upara hemAbhAInA pitA zAha vakhatacaMde I sa. 1826mAM eka maMdiranuM nirmANa karAvyuM hatuM, je A TUMkanuM mukhya -maMdira che. garbhagRha upara traNa zikhara che. sabhAmaMDapanI traNa dizAe traNa zaMgAracokIo AvelI che. A maMdiranI pUrve AvelAM keTalAMka nAnAM maMdira I.sa. 1829 thI I. sa. 183ra daramyAna baMdhAyelAM che.33 dvArakAmAM jAmaparAnuM pradyumnajInuM maMdira I. sa. 1860mAM baMdhAyeluM che. jAmanagaranA jANItA jAmasAheba raNamalajIe I. sa. 1847 mAM dvArakAnI yAtrA karI tyAre emaNe ahIM eka maMdira bAMdhavAne saMkalpa karyo hato. emaNe ahIM jAmaparuM vasAvyuM ane tyAM I.sa. 1860 mAM pradyumnajInuM maMdira baMdhAvyuM hatuM. -A maMdiranA bAMdhakAmamAM rAjamahelanA jevI bhavyatAnAM darzana thAya che. 34 kaccha pradezamAM paNa A kAla daramyAna keTalAMka maMdira baMdhAyelAM hatAM. aMjAramAM Avela mAdhavarAyanA vaiSNava maMdiranA dvAre vi. saM. 1869(I. sa. 1813)nI sAlane eka lekha che. agAunA gejheTiyara pramANe A maMdira I.sa. 1814 thI 1824 daramyAna pharIthI baMdhAyuM hatuM.35 lakhapatathI 43 ki.mi. dUra AvelA maDha nAmanA sthAnakamAM kacchanA rAvanI kuLadevI AzApurAnuM maMdira AveluM che. IsunI 14mI sadImAM baMdhAyeluM A maMdira - I.sa. 1819 nA dharatIkaMpamAM nAza pAmyuM hatuM, AthI I.sa. 1823 mAM brahmakSatrI -suMdarajI zivajI ane valabhajIe A maMdiranuM punanirmANa karAvyuM.

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sthApatya 509. A kAla daramyAna gujarAtanI bhUmimAM udbhavelA svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanA Azraye keTalAMka maMdironuM sarjana thayuM. zrI svAminArAyaNanI preraNAthI nava sthaLe nava maMdira baMdhAyAM jema ke amadAvAda mULI bhuja vaDatAla jetalapura dholerA dhoLakA jUnAgaDha ane gaDhaDA. svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyamAM A nava maMdira mahAmaMdira tarIke oLakhAya che. amadAvAdanA maMdiranI sthApanA I.sa. 1822 mAM thaI hatI, jyAre mULI bhUja ane vaDatAlanAM maMdiranI sthApanA I.sa. 1823-24 mAM, jetalapura ane paeNlerAnAM maMdironI sthApanA I. sa. 1826 mAM, dhULakAnA maMdiranI sthApanA I.sa. 1827 mAM tema ja jUnAgaDha ane gaDhaDAnAM maMdironI sthApanA I.sa. 182829mAM thaI hatI.37 3. svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanAM maMdira 19mI sadInA prathama be dAyakA sudhI sahajAnaMda svAmIe saMpradAyanA pracAra ane prasAra mATe sAdhu-saMtonAM maMDaLe sAthe saurASTra kaccha ane gujarAtanAM gAma ane nagaramAM ghUmIne "rAdhAkRSNanI upAsanA ane ekAMtika bhaktine upadeza Ape ane lAkha lokene saMpradAyanA bhaktimArgamAM joDI dIdhA. gharagharamAM kRSNabhakti ane upAsanAnuM tathA saMskAranuM vAtAvaraNa UbhuM thaI zake te mATe zrIkRSNanI citrapratimAnI nityapUjAnI paddhati paNa dAkhala karI, ene kAraNe saMpradAyanI viziSTa citrakalAzailIne paNa vikAsa tha.38 tyArabAda sahajAnaMda svAmIe pitAnI hayAtI pachI paNa saMpradAyanI bhakti-paraMparA avirata vahetI rahe ane saMpradAyanI vyavasthA akSuNa TakI rahe e mATe gujarAta saurASTra ane kacchanAM vividha sthaLoe hiMdu sthApatya paraMparAne anurUpa evAM vizALa maMdira bAMdhavAne, dharmavaMzamAM AcArya padanI sthApanAne ane saMpradAyanA zAstrIya graMtha nirmANa karavAne ema traNa saMka9pa karyA. e anusAra teoe bhAratIya zilpazAstrAnusAra adbhuta zilpakRtiothI suzobhita traNa zikharavALuM saMpradAyanuM prathama maMdira amadAvAdamAM kALupuramAM baMdhAvyuM (A. 20) ane emAM vi. saM. 1878 ne phAgaNa sudi trIja ne somavAra(tA. 24-12-1822)nA roja vedavidhipUrvaka uttarAbhimukha madhya garbhagRhamAM zrInaranArAyaNa devanI mUrtionI sthApanA karI. enI pUrva taraphanA garbhagRhamAM rAdhAkRSNanI tathA pazcima taraphanA , garbhagRhamAM pitAnAM mAtApitA dharmabhaktinI ane pitAnI-harikRSNanI mUrtionI pratiSThA karI.40 A uparAMta maMdiranI pazcima taraphanI zaMgArakInI baMne tarapha hanumAna ane gaNezanI tathA zivaliMganI paNa sthApanA karI. tyArabAda maMdiranA

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-510. briTiza kAla vizALa prAMgaNamAM sAdhu-saMte ane AcAryane nivAsa mATe kASThakalAthI samRddha bahumALI havelInI paNa racanA karI. samagra maMdira ane AvAsone pharate keTa taiyAra karAvI kalAtmaka daravAje paNa taiyAra karavAmAM Avyo. tyArabAda sahajAnaMda svAmIe mULA(ji. surendranagara)mAM paNa maMdira baMdhAvI zrIrAdhAkRSNa harikRSNa mahArAja ityAdinI mUrtionI pratiSThA karAvI (vi. saM. 1878); bhUjamAM maMdira baMdhAvI zrInaranArAyaNadeva vagerenI mUrtionI pratiSThA karI(vi.saM. 1879); vaDatAlamAM maMdira baMdhAvI (A. 21), zrIlakSmInArAyaNa vagere devanI mUrti padharAvI(vi. saM. 1881); jetalapuramAM maMdira baMdhAvI zrI revatI baladevajI rAdhAkRSNa ItyAdi devanI mUrtio padharAvI (vi. saM. 1882); pelerA(ji. amadAvAda)mAM maMdira baMdhAvI zrImadanamohanajI ane rAdhikAjInI mUrti onI pratiSThA karAvI(vi. saM. 1882); dhoLakA(ji. amadAvAda)mAM maMdira baMdhAvI zrImuralI-manahara ane rAdhikAjI tathA zrIharikRSNa mahArAja vagerenI mUrtionI pratiSThA karAvI(vi. saM. 1883), jUnAgaDhamAM maMdira baMdhAvI zrI raNachoDajI trIkamajI vagere devanI pratiSThA karI(vi. saM. 1884); gaDhaDAmAM chelluM maMdira baMdhAvI zrIgopInAthajI ane rAdhikAjI tathA zrI harikRSNa mahArAja ityAdinI mUrtionI pratiSThA karAvI(vi. saM. 1885).41 A maMdiramAM sthApatyanI dRSTie nIce pramANenI vizeSatAo najare paDe che? (1) A maMdire 25 thI 3 mITara UMcI jagatI para racavAmAM AvelAM traNa zikharavALAM sAdAM maMdira che. enA maMDovara zilpothI alaMkRta nathI, paraMtu sAdAM projekazanethI yukta che. (2) saMpradAyanA anuyAyIo ane darzanArthIonI vizALa saMkhyAne dhyAnamAM rAkhI aMtarAla maMDapa vagere vizALa banAvavAmAM AvyA che. maMdiranI traNa taraphathI zaMgArakIo sAda teraNAthI suzobhita karavAmAM AvelI che, jyAre bahAranA staMbhe ane maMDapane pharatA staMbhane judAM-judAM lekavAdyo ane lekavezathI yukta vAghadhArIo vAdyadhAriNIo tema rAsa ramatAM kahAna-ge pIo vagerenAM madala- zilpathI suzobhita karelA che. A zipane ahIM bevaDo upayoga jovA maLe che - maMdiranAM suzobhana zilpa tarIke tathA maMdiranAM tAraNa chata vagerenA TekA mATe eTale ke agatyanAM sthApatyakIya aMga tarIke

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sthApatya 51 (3) svAminArAyaNa maMdiranA sthApatyanI eka vizeSatA e che ke maMdiranAM traNa garbhagRhanI bahAra aMtarAlamAM eka oraDe taiyAra karI emAM "sukhazayA'nI racanA karavAmAM Ave che, jemAM eka kalAtmaka palaMga para gAdalAM vagere pAtharI tenA para zrI sahajAnaMda svAmInI citrapratimA, cAkhaDIo tathA che tathA temanI prasAdInI cIjavastuo padharAvavAmAM Ave che. A uparAMta maMdiranI vizALa jagatI upara ke maMdiranA prAMgaNamAM zrI sahajAnaMda svAmInAM pagalAMthI yukta paththaranI kalAtmaka chatrInI paNa racanA karelI jovA maLe che. Ama sukhazayA ane pagalAMnI chatrI e svAminArAyaNa maMdiranA sthApatyanAM agatyanAM aMga che. (4) vizeSa, svAminArAyaNa saMpradAya e sAdhuone saMpradAya hevAthI emAM sAdhuonA nivAsanI paNa racanA karavAmAM AvelI che. saMpradAyamAM traNa kakSAnA sAdhuo-brahmacArI, sAdhu ane pArSada(pALA)nI paraMparA jovA maLe che ane traNeya prakAranA sAdhuo mATe tathA sAMkhyayegI bAIe mATe prAMgaNamAM ja rahevAnI ane jamavAnI vyavasthA judI judI karavAmAM AvelI che. saMpradAyanA AcArya mATe paNa saparivAra rahevAnI vyavasthA maMdiranA prAMgaNamAM ja karavAmAM AvelI che. ene mATe bethI cAra mALa sudhInI vizALa, uttama kASThaketaraNIthI yuta havelInI racanA uparanAM badhAM ja maMdiramAM jovA maLe che. A maMdiranuM - havelI-sthApatya e svataMtra abhyAsane viSaya che. (5) A samagra maMdira saMkula - mukhya maMdira ane AvAsone AvarI letA pharate vizALa keTa paNa maMdiranA sthApatyanuM aMga che. maMdiranI vyavasthA ane - samRddhinI surakSAnI dRSTie A keTa bahu agatyanuM che. keTanAM mukhya pravezadvArane - suMdara zilpa ane ardhazithI tathA bhaumitika ane phUlavelanI AkRtiothI alaMkRta karelAM jovA maLe che, jemAM amadAvAda gaDhaDA ane mULInAM maMdironA daravAjA kalAnI dRSTie darzanIya che. enA paranI zilpakRtio paraMparita kalA uparAMta mughala rAjasthAnI marAThA ane briTiza kalA tathA sthAnika lokakalAne abhivyakta kare che. (6) maMdiranA ghUmaTa ane koTanI dIvAle paNa suMdara bhIMtacitrothI alaMkRta karelI jovA maLe che. emAM paNa gujarAtanA rItarivAje utsavo mAnyatAo lekonA paheraveza ane alaMkAro, ema lokajIvananAM vividha pAsAMonI jhAMkhI thAya che. A daSTie gaDhaDA amadAvAda ane vaDatAlanAM maMdiranAM bhIMtacitra atyaMta mahatvanAM che.

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pAra briTiza kAla Ama svAminArAyaNa saMpradAye gujarAtanI zilpa-sthApatyakalA kASThakalA, ane citrakalAnA vikAsamAM mahatvanuM pradAna karyuM che, enA sAkSIrUpa upara jaNAvelAM zikharabaMdha maMdira, e pachI paNa baMdhAyelAM aneka zikharamaMdira tathA harimaMdire Aje paNa UbhAM che. khristI devaLe A kAla daramyAna khristI dharmanA romana kethalika ane proTesTaMTa ema baMne saMpradAyanAM devaLa gujarAtamAM baMdhAyAM hatAM. romana kethalika saMpradAyanuM A kAlanuM sau prathama devaLa bhUjanuM "avara leDI oNpha mAunTa kArmela' nAmanuM devaLa che. ene nirmANakAla I.sa. 1836 che. A devaLanA bAMdhakAmamAM pI. e. kelIe ghaNI moTI sakhAvata karI hatI. amadAvAdamAM mIrajApura roDa para AveluM (hAla jyAM senTa jheviyarsa skUla che ejagyAe) "avara leDI oNpha mAunTa kArmela nAmanuM devaLa I.sa. 184ra mAM baMdhAyuM hatuM. I.sa. 1864 mAM ene vistAra vadhAravAmAM AvyA. A devaLanuM mULa svarUpa I.sa. 1970 sudhI astitvamAM hatuM. A mULa devaLa teDIne e jagyAe hAlanuM vartamAna devaLa bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM che. "madrAsa kethalika DirekaTarI" pramANe I.sa 1851mAM suratamAM eka devaLa hatuM. amadAvAdanA kempa vistAramAM I.sa. 1856 mAM eka nAnuM devaLa zarU karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. I.sa. 1866 mAM tyAM "carca oNpha imaiyuliTa kansezana" nAmanuM devaLa bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM. A devaLa. hAla paNa e jagyAe enA mULa svarUpe UbhuM che. devaLanA mukhabhAgamAM pravezacakIne abhAva che. enI chata trikeNAkAre che. devaLanuM bAMdhakAma staMbharahita che. praveza pazcima dizAe che. pravezanI sAme devaLane cheDo cApAkAra che. ahIM (Tara jyAM dhArmika vidhi karavAmAM Ave che te vibhAga) Avela che. mayamaMDa5mAM bhaktajanene besavA lAkaDAnI pATalIo goThavelI che. rAjakoTamAM I.sa. 1859mAM nAnuM devaLa zarU karavAmAM AvyuM ane I.sa. 1863 mAM "carca oNpha imekeliTa kansepzana' nAmanuM devaLa nirmANa pAmyuM. bharUcanuM "avara leDI epha helpa' nAmanuM devaLa I.sa. 1814mAM baMdhAyuM hatuM, je I.sa. 1860mAM nAza pAmyuM. I.sa. 1861 mAM enuM punaHnirmANa karavAmAM AvyuM. I.sa. 1887 mAM ene jIrNoddhAra karavAmAM AvyuM. jAmanagaranuM devaLa I.sa. 187 mAM rAjyanA kharce baMdhAyuM hatuM. amadAvAdamAM sAbaramatImAM I.sa. 1882mAM nAnuM devaLa zarU karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. vartamAna devaLa I.sa. 1904 mAM bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. ANaMdamAM

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517 sthApatya godharA relave lAina para AveluM devaLa I.sa. 1898 mAM badhAyu` heAvAnu` enA lekha parathI nakkI thAya che. A devaLa enA mULa svarUpe Aje paNa hayAta che.45 A kAla daramyAna gujarAtamAM baMdhAyelAM proTesTanTa sa`pradAyanAM devaLAmAM sauthI jUnAM devaLa I. sa. 1825 nI sAlanAM che. vaDAdarAnuM senTa jemsanuM devaLa, kheDAnu senTa jyA nuM devaLa ane suratanu krAisTa ca| nAmanuM devaLa, I.sa. 1825 nI sAlamAM baMdhAyAM che. A traNe devaLAnI pratiSThA bizapa Debare e varSamAM karI hatI. AmAMthI kheDA ane suratanAM devaLAnuM bAMdhakAma jyorjiyana zailIne anusare che, jyAre vaDAdarAnuM senTa jemsanuM devaLa 19 mI sadInI zarUAtanI gAthika zailIe badhAyeluM che. I.sa. 1832 mAM DIsAmAM rAmana kaeNthelika ane eNplikana devaLA badhAyAM hatAM, paraMtu I.sa. 1840 mAM lazkarI sattAe e baMne devaLa baMdha karyA hatAM. suratamAM mughalasarAI vistAramAM AveluM devaLa lanDana mizana seAsAyaTIe I.sa. 1840 mAM baMdhAvyuM hatu;46 jyAyana zailInuM A uttama udAharaNa che. amadAvAdamAM mirajApura rADa para reTiyAvADI pAse AvelA 'krAisTa ca' (A. 22) nAmanA devaLanA nirmANukAla I.sa. 1848 che. 6 jAnyuArI. 1848 nA rAja bizapa kaeNre A devaLanI pratiSThA karI hatI. amadAvAdamAM astitva dharAvatAM badhAM ja devaLAmAM jUnAmAM jUnuM A devaLa che. rAjakoTanA 'krAisTa carca'nI pratiSThA I.sa. 1848 mAM thaI hatI. bharUcanuM I.sa. 1856 mAM baMdhAyeluM 'senTa mAthiyAsa'tuM devaLa gAthika zailInuM che.47 I.sa 1860 mAM lanDana mizana seAsAyaTIe bArasadamAM eka devaLa badhAvyuM hatuM. I.sa. 1907mAM A devaLanA vistAra vadhAravAmAM Avyo tyAre enuM bAMdhakAma gothika zailIe karavAmAM Avyu hatuM; mULa devaLa jyorjiyana zailImAM hatuM. I.sa. 1878 mAM ANaMdamAM AI. pI. mizananuM devaLa baMdhAyuM. kheravADAnA devaLanA bAMdhakAmanA samaya I.sa. 1880 nai che.48 amadAvAdanA phaeNnTonamenTa vistAranA khristI lekAnI jarUriyAtane anulakSIne e vistAramAM I.sa. 1882mAM senTa jyA nuM devaLa khAMdhavAmAM AvyuM hatu;4 A devaLa enA mULa svarUpe Aje paNa Ubhu` che. devaLanA mukhabhAganI saMmukha pravezaceAkI AvelI che. pravezadvAranI DAkhI bAjue ma~pTisTrI(jyAM eNplijhamanA vidhi karavAmAM Ave che te jagyA) AvelI che; enA paranu zilpakAma suMdara che. praveza pazcima dizAe che, jyAre AlTara pUrva dizAmAM che. AlTaranI pAchaLanI dIvAla cApAkAre che ane e dIvAlamAM raMgIna kAcanI bArInI racanA karI che. bArInA kAcamAM IsunI AkRti rajU karavAmAM AvI che. bahAranA prakAza A raMgIna kAcamAMthI gaLAIne devaLanI aMdara Ave che tyAre khUba ja suMdara lAge che. 33

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briTiza kA. pAchIpa 1. maganalAla vakhatacaMda, "amadAvAdane ItihAsa', pR. 60 . 2. ejana, pR. 65 3. Bombay Gazctteer, Vol 11: Surat and Broach, p. 321 4. maganalAla vakhatacaMda, uparyukta, pR. 61 5. DaoNlararAya 2. mAMkaDa, jAmanagarane itihAsa', pR. 111 6. ejana, pR. 111-112 7. narmadAzaMkara bhaTTa, khaMbhAtanuM sAMskRtika darzana', pR. 389 8. amadAvAda pArasI paMcAyata, "pArasI rASTrIana rahevAsIo vizenI majaNI prakAzana DirekaTarI', pR. 7. 9. ha. gaM. zAstrI ane bhAratI zelata, "amadAvAdanI agiyArIonA zilAlekha", "buddhi prakAza", pu. 128, pR. 485-487 10, juo upara prakaraNa 9, pA.TI. 61. 11. DelararAya mAMkaDa, uparyukta, pR. 107 12. ha. ga. zAstrI ane bhAratI zelata, gujarAtamAM yahUdIo, "pathika', varSa 20, aM. 7, pR. 13 13. bhAratI zelata, 'amadAvAdane tribhASI yahUdI zilAlekha ane tyAMnuM yahudI kabaratAnI, "vidyApITha", saLaMga aMka 110, pR. 7 14. pravINacaMdra parIkha, "amadAvAdanA bhadranA killAmAMnAM maMdiranI sthaLatapAsa", "buddhi prakAza, pu. 126, pR. 375; pravINacaMdra parIkha, 'talasparza, pR. 77-85. 94. K. F. Sompura, 'Architectural Treatment of the Hathisinha's Temple, Ahmedabad', Bulletin of the Chunilal Gandhi Vidya Bhavan nos. 5, 16, 17. pp. 77 ff. 16. ratnamaNirAva bhI. jeTa, gujarAtanuM pATanagara : amadAvAda, pR. 664 17-18 ejana, pR. 666 19. ejana, pR. 665 20-21 ejana, pR. 666 22. ejana, pR. 668 23. goviMdabhAI hA. desAI 'vaDodarA prAMta sarvasaMgraha', pR. 594 24. ejana, pR. 598 24. Talumati Gupte, Gaekwad Cenotaphs, pp. 15-16 26. bharUca zaheranAM maMdiranA paricaya mATe juo gaNapatarAma hi. desAI, bharUca zaherane itihAsa', pR. 50-56. 27. ema. TI. bI. ArTsa koleja (prakAzaka), "sUratanAM etihAsika sthaLe', pR. 46 28. ejana, pR. 39 29. narmadAzaMkara caM. bhaTTa, uparyukta, pa. ra90 30, ejana, pR. 327. 31. geviMdabhAI ha. desAI, kaDI prAMtane sarvasaMgraha, 5. 467

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sthApatya 32. ejana, pR. 446 33. zatruMjaya paranAM A kAlanAM maMdiranA paricaya mATe juo James Burgess, The Temples of Shatrunjaya-Palitana in Kathiawad ; golikiba zAstrI, 'etihAsika saMzAdhana'. 34. kalyANarAya na. joSI, dvArakA-vasaInA purANA avaze', pR. 27 34. District Gazetteer : Kutch, p. 608 - 36. Ibid., p. 583 . 37. svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanAM mahAmaMdiranA paricaya mATe juo zrI svAminArAyaNa dvizatAbdI smRtigraMtha, pR. 229-267. 38. kirITa je. dave, "svAminArAyaNa citrakalA', prakaraNa 2 39. satiSIvana, 2/28/-22 40. 12-20, zrI haricaritrAmRtasAra, tA-16 41. svAmI ghanazyAmasvarUpadAsajI, "bhagavAna svAminArAyaNasthApita nava mahAmaMdira, "zrIravAminArAyaNa dvizatAbdI smRtigraMtha", pR. 265-270 42. pravINacaMdra parIkha ane kirITa je. dave, "svAminArAyaNa zilpa-sthApatyakalA prakaraNa 2 43. kizoralAla mazarUvALA, sahajAnaMda svAmI athavA svAminArAyaNa saMpradAya', pR. 71-72 88. Robin Boyd, Church History of Gujarat, pp. 27-29 5. svanirIkSaNa parathI 46. Robin Boyd, op-cit; p. 144 47. Ibid., p. 26 48. Ibid, p. 145 49. Ibid., p. 26

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- prakaraNa 17 - zilpakRtio gujarAtanI zilpakalAe madhyayuga sudhI bhAratIya citrakalAnA itihAsamAM "pazcima bhAratIya zilpakalA zailI' tarIke satanata kAlathI je vyApaka ane utkRSTa svarUpa jALavI rAkhyuM hatuM tenI kakSA saltanata kAlathI UtaratI jatI hatI. zilpakalAmAM mUrtione badale muslima rUpAMkanee sthAna lIdhuM hatuM. mughala ane marAThA kAla daramyAna sthAnika ane AsapAsanA pradezanAM paribaLonA. prabhAvamAM zilpakalAne paridhi gujarAtanI prAdezika sImAomAM maryAdita banI gayA hatA. Ama chatAM gujarAtanI e praziSTa zilpakalA A samayamAM eka prAdezika kalA tarIke pitAnI AgavI chApa upasAvI zakI hatI, jemAM tatkAlIna samAja-jIvana, dhArmika paraMparA, utsavo ane rivAjo, vezabhUSA ane alaMkAra. vagere lakasaMskRti ane samAjanAM judAM judAM pAsAM abhivyakta thatAM jovA maLe che, marAThI mughala rAjasthAnI vagere anya prAdezika taranI asara paNa emAM bhaLelI jovA maLe che. briTiza kAla daramyAna have emAM pAzcAtya asara paNa bhaLavI zarU thaI. A kAlanAM zilpanAM keTalAMka sAmAnya lakSaNa A pramANe tAravI zakAya? (1) paththara dhAtu kASTha uparAMta cUnA-retInA mizraNamAMthI bIbA vaDe DhALIne ke kalAkAre hAthathI ghaDelI zilpakRtio (stucco sculpture) jevA maLe che. AvI zilpakRtio taiyAra karavAnI rIta viziSTa che, varace AdhAra mATe AkRtinA AkAra mujaba ADA-UbhA saLiyA ke tAranuM mALakhuM gaThavIne cUnAretInA mizraNamAMthI AvI zilpakRtio taiyAra karavAmAM AvatI. dIvAla paranI cUnA-retInI (plAsTara)mAM paNa judI judI mAnava-AkRtio ke caherA, bhaumitika AkRtio, phUla-vela vagere AkAro upasAvavAmAM AvatA. (2) praziSTa ane paraMparita zilpanuM anukaraNa A samayanI zilpakRtiomAM jovA maLe che. (3) anya tatkAlIna mughala marAThA tathA rAjasthAnI kalAnI asara paNa A samayanI zilpakRtio para joI zakAya che.

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517 zilpakRtie (4) sthAnika lokakalAnAM tattvaH gujarAta-saurASTranI vezabhUSA, alakArA, vALa ALavAnI judI judI rIteA vagerenI UMDI chApa spaSTa najare paDe che. (5) tatkAlIna sAmAjika-dhArmi ka rItarivAjo, savArI, vAjitrA, lekanRtyanA prakAra vagerenuM darzana paNa A samayanI zilpakRtiomAM thAya che. (6) sauthI mahattvanI bAbata che gujarAtanI kalA para paDelI yurApIya ke bhArata-yuropIya ke vikaTAriyana kalAnI asarathI gujarAtanAM aneka madire, mahelA-havelIo, nAnA-meTAM makAna vagerenAM sthApatyA ane Abhana-zilpe AtaprAta thayelAM jaNAya che. sAmAnya rIte makAneAnA bAMdhakAmamAM IMTa-cUnAnA upayega vadhyeA heI emAMthI upara jaNAvyA mujaba sTakeA' zilpA taiyAra karIne kacAreka sAmAnya mAneAne paNa alaMkRta karavAmAM AvatAM. makAnamAM pravezadvAranI kamAnA, staMbhA, jharUkhA, agAsInI `ikA(railing ke paeNpiTa) vagere bhAgA A rIte suMdara zilpe ke ardhazilpothI sathebhita karavAmAM AvatAM. AvAM zilpAthI suzeAbhita aneka makAna Aje paNu gujarAtanAM gAmA ane nagarImAM jovA maLe che. meTA bhAganAM A zilpa vikaTAriyana kalA-zailInAM heAvAnuM jovA maLe che. vyaktinA caherA, zarIranAM aMga, vezabhUSA, alakArA, vALa oLavAnI rIta, hathiyAra, vAjiMtrA vagere spaSTata: videzI DhabanAM jovA maLe che. paththara ane kASThanI zilpakRtie paNa vikaTAriyana kalAnI asarathI yukta jaNAya che. (7) kalAtattvanI STie A samayanI zilpakRtione mUlavIe tA jaNAya che ke mughala ane marAThA kAlamAM zilpAnI kakSA je dhaNI nIce UtarI jaI khalahIna ane sauMdavihIna banI gaI hatI tene A kAlamAM pharIthI utkarSa thatA daSTigocara thAya che. AkRtie sapramANa ane sauMdaryAMyukta jovA maLe che. kalAnAM Adhunika tattvane AviSkAra thatAM kalAkRti vadhu vAstavika ane jIvaMta banatI jovA maLe che. mAnava AkRtie ke pazu-pakSIonAM zieAmAM AMkhA, zarIranAM agA vagere vadhu AkhedUma kudaratI ane mAMsala thavA lAgyAM che. yupIya kalAnI asaranuM e pariNAma che. briTiza kAla daramyAna duniyAnA deza ane prajAe vaccenAM aMtara ghaNAM ghaTI gayAM ane saMparko paNa ghaNA vadhI gayA, jethI enI vaccenA sAMskRtika ane kalAnA vinimaya vadhu jhaDapI ane saraLa banyA, AthI A samayanI zilpakRti para sthAnika tavA uparAMta anya prAdezika ane videzI kalAtattvonI mizrita asarA paNa joI zakAya che. khIjA arthamAM kahIe tA bhAratamAM bhASA sAhitya ane kalAnA punarutthAnaneA tathA AdhunikI-karaNanA A yuga hatA. A

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218 briTiza kAha samayanI keTalIka zilpakRtione namUnAonI carcA (citra sAthe) ahIM prastuta karI che. vana saMgrahAlaya, rAjakoTamAM pradarzita kareluM mahArANI vikaTeriyAnuM veta ArasamAMthI kaMDAreluM zilpa zuddha yuropIya ke vikaToriyana kalAne namUna che. iMglenDanI A mahArANune zAsananA prAraMbhathI briTanamAM ane briTiza tAja nIcenA bhArata sahitanA dezomAM Adhunika aMgrejI zAsanane prAraMbha thayo. sAhitya ane kalAnA kSetre paNa vikaTeriyana kalAzailIne yuga tarIke A samaya oLakhAye. vikaTeriyAnA A zi9pamAM caherA paranA hAvabhAva, vAstavika AMkhe, rAjasI. aMgrejI zikSaka vagere mahArANInI jAjaramAna pratibhAnI jhAMkhI karAvI jAya che. vikaTeriyAnuM AvuM ja uttama zilpa amadAvAdanA rANIbAgamAM goThaveluM hatuM, paraMtu thoDAM varSo pahelAM enA caherAne keI kalAvivaMsaka vikRta karI detAM amadA-- vAda myunisipala korporezane ene anyatra khaseDela che. amadAvAdamAM haThIsiMganAM jaina maMdira A samayanI zilpa-sthApatya kalAnA uttama namUnArUpe che. enA mukhya maMdiranI uttara dizA taraphanI pravezacekIne. zi95khacita bhAga ahIM rajU karyo che (A. 23). A yuganI zilpakalA para sthAnika ke videzI kalAnI asara paDI hovA chatAM gujarAtanI prAcIna praziSTa ane paraMparita kalAne paNa kalAkAroe sAcavI rAkhI hatI, jenAM haThIsiMganAM maMdironAM zobhana-zilpa uttama udAharaNa che. maMdiranAM maMDovara, pravezacokIo, prathama majalAnA jharUkhA, staMbho vagerene vividha bhAvabhaMgimAvALI vAghadhAriNIo, yakSe kinnara dipAle pakSIo vagerenAM aneka prakAranAM zilpothI suzobhita karavAmAM AvelAM che. kalAkAroe prAcIna zilpakRtionuM anukaraNa karyuM hovA chatAM mAnava-AkRtiemAM aMgenuM pramANa barAbara jALavI zakAyuM nathI; jema ke vAghadhAriNIonA. paga vadhu paDatA lAMbA jovA maLe che. emanA hAthamAMnAM vAjiMtra tatkAlIna lakavAdyonA namUnA che. ahIM prastuta karelA zaMgArakInA vividha bhAgo para judAM judAM zilpa joI zakAya che temAM dekhAtI judI judI bhaumitika AkRtie. ane phulavelanI bhAtethI yukta jALIo mughala kalAnI asarathI yukta jaNAya che. haThIsiMganA jaina maMdiranA eka staMbha paranuM dvArapAlikAnuM ardhazilpa ahIM rajU karyuM che (A. 24). hAthamAM aMkuza gadA kamaMDaLa daMDa vagere Ayudho dhAraNa karelAM che. nIce hAthInuM zilpa kaMDAreluM che. staMbha para goThavelAM zilpA karatAM A ardhazilpanuM kaMDArakAma kaMIka UtaratI kakSAnuM che. maMdiranA maMDapanA staMbha. A rIte dvArapAla deve vyAla bhaumitika bhAta vagerethI alaMkRta karelA che.

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zikRtio 12 A samayanI kalAne uttama rIte jALavI rAkhatAM madirAmAM I.sa. 1820 thI 1830 nA gALAmAM baMdhAyelAM svAminArAyaNuma`dira zilpa-sthApatya kalAnI ane kASTha--sthApatyakalAnI dRSTie bahu mahattvanAM che. A bhavya madiramAM svAmI sahAnaMde zrIkRSNanAM vibhinna svarUponI mUrtio sthApI. saMpradAyanA sAhityane abhyAsa karatAM jaNAya che ke A mazinI mUrti A DuMgarapura(rAjasthAna)mAM taiyAra karAvavAmAM AvatI hatI, jyAre maMdiranuM bAMdhakAma ane enAM zAbhana=zilpa gujarAtanA sthAnika zilpIoe taiyAra karyAM hatAM. citra (A. 25) jotAM jaNAze ke kASThakalAnI uttama ke|taraNIvALA siMhAsana para smRti e pratiSThita karavAmAM AvelI che. siMhAsaneAnI DhAtaraNIne seAnA-cAMdInAM patarAMthI maDhavAmAM Ave che. saMpradAyanAM mazinI sevya pratimAonuM kaMDArakAma cAre taraphathI evI rIte karavAmAM AvyuM che ke jethI devane vastrAla'kArA vyavasthita rIte paherAvI zakAya. amadAvAdanA * kALupuranA svAminArAyaNama diranI zrInaranArAyaNadevanI pASa!Nu-pratimA tathA zrIdhanazyAma mahArAjanI mAnavakathI paNa moTI pratimA temaja gaDhaDAnA svAminArAyaNumaMdiranI zrIgApInAthajInI ane rAdhikAjInI mUrtie bhAvavAhI ane kalAnA utkRSTa namUnArUpa che. dhoLakAnA svAminArAyaNamaMdiramAM pratiSThita karavAmAM AvelI ziva-pArvatInI pratimAnuM citra ahIM rajU karyu che (A. 26). apa kAsanamAM birAjelA zivanA kheALAmAM kheThelAM pArvatInuM laghuzilpa ArasamAM ghaDavAmAM AveluM che. lAMkhI AMkaDAvALI mUchAmAM zivanuM vyaktitva kAI kAThI darabAra jevuM UpasI AvyuM che, pAchaLa bhUmikAmAM meTA paNa kanAvALI vikaTAriyana DhabanI phUlavela . kaDAyelI jovA maLe che. dholerA (ji. amadAvAda)nA svAminArAyaNama`diranA prAMgaNamAM zrIjImahArAjanA caraNAnI meATI chatrI AvelI che enI pravezaceAkInA baMne taraphanA oTalA para e madamasta hAthIonAM azilpa kaDArela che. ahI prastuta citramAM hAthInI abADI para aMgreja ke kiraMgI asara ane eneA cAkara beThelA jaNAya che. mahAvatanA vALa paNa videzI Dhabe ALelA che (A. 27). svAminArAyaNuma Mdira, amadAvAdanA maMDapanA ghuMmaTanA sta Mbho para su Mdara vAghadhAriNIonAM zilpa goThavelAM che temAMthI e zilpAnAM citra ahIM prastuta karyAM che. mRdaMga bajAvatI vAdyadhAriNInI Akhema AMkho, sapramANu dehayaSTi, valayAkAra kuMDala, stanapradeza sudhInI adhI bAMyavALI ceLI, TimekhalA vagere khUba ja AkarSaka

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para0 briTiza kAha che (A. 28). bIjI vAghadhAriNe hAthamAM Dhola laIne nRtyanI gatimAM pharatI jaNAya che tenA mAthA paranI marAThI DhabanI pAgha, coLI, sADIne karacha vagere marAThI nRtyAMganAne khyAla Ape che (citra ra9). svAminArAyaNamaMdira, amadAvAdanuM zi95khacita bhavya pravezadvAra paNa A samayanI zilpa-sthApatyakalAne zreSTha namUne che. enA paranAM vividha zilpa sthAnika marAThI ane rAjasthAnI lokakalAne ane lekazane abhivyakta kare che. enA ardhastaMbhanuM kaMDArakAma paNa korinthiyana prakAranuM che. A daravAjA paranAM marAThI vezabhUSA dharAvatA bane dvArapAlanAM zinuM citra rajU karyuM che. eka hAthamAM talavAra ane bIjA hAthamAM baMdUka, mAthe marAThI DhabanI cakarI pAgha, nIce suMdara bhAtavALAM suravAla ane acakana, sAdA alaMkAra vagere enI bahAdura sainika tarIkenI pratibhAnI pratIti karAve che (A. 30). Avo ja kalAtmaka ane bhavya daravAjo suratanA svAminArAyaNamaMdirane che. enA para kaMDAreluM viSNunuM zilpa (A. 31) khAsa noMdhapAtra che. mastaka para mukuTane badale AMTAvALI kalAtmaka pAgha, kasavALo lAMbe keTa, kamara para phALiyAne kamarabaMdha, dupaTTo, bharAvadAra aNuvALI mUche vagerene laIne viSNu gujarAtanA kaI vaNika zreSThI jevA lAge che. hAthamAM ghUgharA jevAM gadA ane cakra tathA nALiyeranI jema pakaDelAM zaMkha ane padma paNa darzanIya che. samagra daravAjA paranI phUlavelanI bhAta, vikaTeriyana zailInAM staMbho kamAna vagere gujarAtanI kalA para paDelI briTiza kalAnI jhAMkhI karAvI jAya che. gaDhaDAnA svAminArAyaNamaMdirane mukhya daravAjo paNa Avo ja bhavya ane vividha zailIonA saMyojanathI yukta che. jUnAgaDha jillAnA guptaprayAgamAM AvelI mahAprabhujInI beThakanI havelInA prAMgaNanuM mukhya pravezadvAra paNa hiMdu maMdironAM illikA taraNa, mughala kamAna, gathika sta, marAThI-gujarAtI vezabhUSAvALAM strIpuruSanI AkRtio, mughala phUlavelanI bhAta vagere kalAonA saMyojanathI suzobhita che (A. 32). - suredranagara jillAnA dUdhareja gAmamAM rAmAvata vaiSNava saMpradAyanuM zrIvaTapati bhagavAna(vaDavALA)nuM prasiddha maMdira AveluM che, je gujarAtanI rabArI kemanuM tIrthasthAna che. emane Adyadeva bhagavAna zrIrAmacaMdrajI che. A maMdira bhAratayuropIya kalAne ajoDa namUne che. dhrAMgadhrAnA somapurA zrI lIlAdhare e bAMdhyuM hatuM. maMdiranuM sthApatya ane enAM suzobhana zi95 paraMparAgata hiMdu zilpa sthApatyakalAnAM paricAyaka hovA chatAM enA staMbha vividha jAtanI vikaToriyana kalAnA namUnArUpa che. maMdiranI traNeya pravezacokIo para eTalAnI baMne tarapha mUkela

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zilpakRtio siMha vRSabha ane hAthInAM zilpa enI vAstavikatAmAM grIke-romana zilpane bhAsa karAvI jAya che. hAthIe sUMDhamAM pakaDelA ane paga nIce dabAvelA be puruSa yoddhAnAM mAMsala zarIramAM emanA vAMkaDiyA vALa vagere kaI mana ddhAnI yAda ApI jAya che; enI sUMDhamAM ane paga nIce dabAvelA vAghanuM zilpa paNa jIvaMta ane AbehUba lAge che (A. 33). maMdiranA uttara dizA taraphanA eka uzaMga pAse ghaDI para hAtha TekavIne paga para paga caDAvelI palAMThImAM dADhI ane jaTAdhArI nAgAbAvAnuM zi95 goThaveluM che tenI mAMsala dehayaSTi paNa romana AkRti jevI jaNAya che. khAsa ullekhanIya che ke maMdiranI mukhya pravezacekInA staMbhonA bhAgarUpe goThavelA be nAgAbAvAonAM dvArapAla-zi95. lAMbI, UbhI rekhAmAM oLelI kALI-sapheda dADhI, moTA DoLAvALI vAstavadarzI AMkhe, DhIMcaNathI nIce sudhI laTakatI jaTAnI be laTa, eka hAthamAM kotaraNIvALI chaDI ane bIjA hAthamAM cAmara vagere enI vikarALatAmAM vadhAre kare che, paraMtu dvArapAla bAvAonAM A zilpa(A.-34)mAM vadhu dhyAna kheMce tevI bAbata che te pAchaLa mAthAthI paganA paMjA sudhI laTakate, gUMthela ane laTAne banelo emane lAMbe jaTAjUTa ane emanA liMgane DhAMkate sAMkaLanI kaDIothI gUMthele khAsa prakArane banele laMgoTa. I. sa. pUrve pAMcamI sadImAM baMdhAyelA grIsanA DephIne eNpole-maMdiranI pravezacokInI vaccenA be sta para AvAM ja vizALakAya staMbhazilpa jovA maLe che. - pALiyAda (tA. lIMbaDI, ji. surendranagara) gAmanA eka maMdiramAM vAyudevanuM eka chUTuM zilpa paDeluM che. vAMkI AMkaDA caDAvelI mUchovALa vAyudeva emanA vAhana bakarA para lalitAsanamAM beThelA che. emaNe pitAnA cAra hAthamAM gadA kamaLadaMDa mALA tathA kamaMDaLa dhAraNa karela che. zilpanuM kaMDArakAma lekakalAnA namUnArUpa che (A, 35). caMDIsara (tA. dasakroI, ji. amadAvAda) gAmamAM brahmANInA TekarAmAMthI brahmANI devInI mUrti maLI AvI che. devIe kamara para chetI, gaLAmAM khetIne hAra, hAthamAM kamaLa zaMkha kamaMDaLa ane rikA (2) vagere Ayudha dhAraNa karelAM che. A mUrtinuM kaMDArakAma paNa pramANasara nathI. keI gAmaThI kalAkAre banAvele e lekakalAne eka namUne (A 36) hovAnuM jaNAya che. rAjulA (ji. amarelI)ne mULanAtha mahAdevamAM caturbhuja kuberanuM eka viziSTa prakAranuM zilpa paDeluM che. gujarAtanA keI vaNika zreSThI jevA paheravezamAM mAthe cakarI pAghaDI, jhabe, dhatI, baMne khabhA para laTakato kinArIvALA khesa, TUMkI mUche vagere vALuM A zilpa kaMDAreluM che. emaNe nIcenA be hAthamAM kamaMDaLa ane kalama

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briTiza kANa tathA uparanA be hAthamAM mAthA para UMce pakaDelI paraMparAgata dhananI kathaLI vagere dhAraNa karelAM che. emanI bAjumAM khAnAvALI tijorI-peTI paNa paDelI che. Ama dhanapati kuberadevane lekena dhanapati vaNika zeThanA rUpamAM ahIM kalAkAre rajU karyA che (A. 17). khristIdhama kenAM kabarastAnamAM pitAnAM divaMgata priyajanene daphanAvyA. pachI emanI puNyasmRtimAM kalAtmaka kabare ane nAnI moTI vyaktine anurUpa suMdara zilpa kaMDAravAnI prathA paNa jovA maLe che. gujarAtanAM jUnAM kabrastAnuM sarvekSaNa karatAM AvI aneka kalAtmaka kabare ane zilpa jovA maLyAM. A daSTie amadAvAdanA kempa vistAramAM AveluM proTesTanTa khristIonuM kabrastAna sauthI jUnuM ane kalAtmaka kabaro ane zithI chavAyeluM che. nAnA bALakathI mAMDI moTI vyaktionI kabara paranAM zilpa ane emanI smRtimAM lakhAyelAM upadezAtmaka ane zraddhAMjaliyukta vAkya ApaNane mAnavajIvananI kSaNabhaMguratAnI. anubhUti karAvI jAya che ane saMsAranI dunyavI cIjothI dUra IzvaranA sAmrAjyanI najIka laI jAya che. AvI kabara paranAM zveta ArasamAM kaMDArelAM be zi95, hAthamAM valayAkAra phUlamALA dhAraNa karI, ghUMTaNa para besI nata mastake zraddhAMjali arpaNa karatA vAMkaDiyA vALavALA bALakanuM zilpa tathA divya AtmAne svargamAM laI javAne jANe ke Agamana thayuM hoya tevI zveta vastro dhAraNa karIne kalAtmaka krosa pAse UbhelI parInuM zilpa kevAM jIvaMta ane vAstavika lAge che !! baMne zilpakRtiomAM vALa ane paheraveza tathA caherA saMpUrNapaNe yuropIya DhabanA lAge che. yuropIya kalAne A ahIM vALanA viziSTa namUnA che (A. 38-39).. makAnanA sazebhana mATe retI-cUnA ke retI-simenTanA mizraNamAMthI banAvelAM ke upasAvelAM Take zilpanA paNa keTalAka namUnA ahIM prastuta karyA che. sattaramI sadI sudhI mAtra maMdirone ja AvI zipakRtiothI alaMkRta karavAmAM AvatAM, paraMtu briTiza kALa daramyAna lekenA nAnA-moTA AvAse, havelIo mahela vagerene paNa AvI zilpakRtiothI suzobhita karavAnI prathA jovA maLe che. A zilpakRtionuM viSayavastu mukhya sAmAjika ane paurANika rahyuM che, jemake kRSNa ane gepIe, vAjiMtra vagADatI ane kUlamAlA dhAraNa karIne UbhelI suMdara lalanAo vagere. emanAM caherA-maherA, dehayaSTi, vALanI chaTA, vagere bhArata-yuropIya kalAne paricaya karAvI jAya che. amadAvAdanA AsToDiyA cakalAmAM AvelI DhALanI paLamAM eka makAnanI agAsInI perApiTa para goThavelAM keTalAMka zilpamAMthI eka suMdara yuvatinuM zilpa

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zilpakRtio para (A. 40) ahIM rajU karyuM che. vAMkaDiyA vALanI chaTA, phakanI suMdara bhAta, AMkhe ane caherAnuM vAstavadazI kaMDArakAma vagere kaI aMgreja kanyAne khyAla Ape che. tyAM ja AvelA eka makAnamAM chomAM kotarIne upasAvelA nAnA bALakanuM suMdara zilpa paNa cittAkarSaka che. vAMkaDiyA vALanI laTa upara moTI heTa, videzI Dhabe sIvela phUla ane jhAlaravALuM lAtmaka phoka, nirdoSa bhAvamudrAmAM ghaDele cahero vagere khAsa ullekhanIya che (A. 41). amadAvAdanA kALupura vistAranI dhanAsuthAranI paLamAM AvelA eka jaina upAzrayanA makAnanuM pravezadvAra be suMdara videzI vAdyadhAriNIonAM zilpathI suzobhita che. moTA kadanA caherAmAM jhINI AMkhe, khabhA sudhI pahoMcatA kalAtmaka rIte oLelA vALa, jAMgha sudhI kalAtmaka rIte lapeTaluM vastra, paganAM mojAM, pramANasara upasAvelI lAlityapUrNa dehadRSTi ane hAthamAM dhAraNa kareluM videzI taMtuvAdya vagere yuropIya DhabanAM jaNAya che (A. 42). amadAvAdamAM mANekacekamAM nAnI zAkamArkeTa sAme pazcime AveluM kezava bhavana A prakAranI aneka sTeke zilpakRtiothI alaMkRta thayeluM che. videzI vastraparidhAnamAM UbhelI ane beThelI snAna karatI suMdarIo tathA svAgatikAonAM aneka zilpothI, alaMkRta jharUkhAnuM pravezadvAra paNa kalAtmaka videzI bhAtathI suzobhita che. cAra majalAnA A makAnanI bahAranI dIvAle, jharUkhA, agAsI vagere kalAtmaka rIte. sTake zipa ane kASThazithI maDhI dIdhelAM che. bhArata-yuropIya sthApatya ane zilpakalAnA eka namUnA tarIke A makAnanuM ghaNuM mahatva che (A. 43). amadAvAdane kALapura vistAranI hajIrAnI poLa sAme rastA para AvelA traNa majalAnA makAnanI agAsInI pairApiTa kalAtmaka aMgrejI bhAtanI kamAnathI.. suzobhita che. kamAnanI Toca para muralI dhAraNa karI beThelA zrIkRSNa, nIce kamAnanI baMne bAju beThelI vAdya vagADatI gopIo tathA bIjA paNa aneka zilpa emanAM caherA, vastraparidhAnanI rIta ane besavAnI chaTAne kAraNe yuropIya bhUmi para pedA thayela keI kAnagopIone paricaya karAvI jAya che (A. 44). amadAvAdamAM sAraMgapura vistAramAM AvelI sarakIvADanI paLamAM eka: AvA bhArata-yuropIya zilpa-sthApatyathI suzobhita thayeluM makAna che. enAM. korinthiyana bhAtavALI zirAvaTIothI yukta staMbhe ane kamAne, hAthamAM kUlamALA. dhAraNa karI svAgata karavA UDatA gAMdharvo temaja videzI mAtA ane bALakanuM, zilpa ullekhanIya che (A. 45).

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* 124 briTiza kAla amadAvAdamAM zAhIbAga vistAramAM Avela vIsamI sadInA prathama dasakAmAM baMdhAvele zrI cInubhAI beroneTane zAMtikuMja' nAmane baMgale vikaTAriyana yuganI zilpa-sthApatya kalAne ajoDa namUno che. baMgalAnuM mukhadarzana, aMdaranA rika-kerinthiyana zailInA vividha bhAtanA UMcA goLAkAra staMbha, yuropIya DhabanI kamAne, videzI caherAmahArAMvALAM zilpa enI bhavyatA ane suMdaratAmAM vadhAro kare che (A. 46). A sivAya gujarAtamAM dezI rAjAonA A samayamAM baMdhAyelA keTalAka mahelenuM sthApatya ane enAM zobhana-zilpa paNa bhArata-yuropIya kalAnAM uttama udAharaNa pUrAM pADe che. emAM vaDodarA rAjyane lakSamIvilAsa mahela, bhUjane vijayavilAsa mahela temaja Daca-AkRtiothI alaMkRta mAMDavI(karacha)ne mahela, morabIne vAghajI mahela, vAMkAnerane raNajitavilAsa mahela tathA jAmanagarane mahela vagere A daSTie khAsa ullekhanIya che. enA gethika-kerinthiyana zailInA UbhI rekhAvALA goLa staMbha, enA judA judA sthApatyakIya bhAge para goThavelA videzI caherA ane vezabhUSAvALAM nAnAM-moTAM zilpa, enA prAMgaNanA kalAtmaka phuvArA, mahelanA dIvAnakhaMDa zayanakhaMDa vageremAM bhAratIya, bhArata-yuropIya ane yuropIya kalAnA namUnArUpa mane hara naranArIonAM zilpa A mahelanI bhavyatA samRddhi - ane suMdaratAmAM vadhAro kare che. muMdrA(kaccha)ne navalakha mahela enI kASTha-kalAkArIgarI mATe prasiddha che. enA eka kalAtmaka staMbha ane zirAvaTInuM citra ahIM prastuta karyuM che. mebhane TekavI rAkhatA ane zirAvaTInA alaMkAra-pracura vividha bhAga-bharaNuM kuMbhI phAlanA nibRha, madala vagerethI suzobhita staMbhanuM samagra kaMDArakAma kamanIya che. staMbhanI - zobhA baMne bAju nIkaLatI phAlanAothI vadhatI jaNAya che. phAlanAonuM taLiyuM temaja paDakhAM paNa samRddha phUla-velathI kaMDArelAM che. mayUranI Doka jevAM madala ane Doka nIce laTakAvelI ghaMTAkAra tuM DikAo enI zobhAmAM abhivRddhi kare che. staMbhanI zirAvaTInA vividha bhAgo ane madalanI racanAmAM gujarAtane kASThakalAkArIgaro pitAnA samagra kalAkauzalane ThAlavI detA enuM A uttama udAharaNa che (A. 47). svAminArAyaNamaMdira, dhoLakAnA prAMgaNamAM AvelI havelInI paDALI ane sabhAmaMDapanA staMbha paranAM madala-zi95 vividha prakAranI vyAla AkRtio, phala-velanI bhAte, surasuMdarIo tathA mAnava-AkRtiothI suzobhita che. ahIM marAThI lebAsamAM sajaja evA dvArapAlanA madala-zipane rajU karyuM che. enuM - sapramANa dehasauSThava vAstavadarzI AMkho tathA vezabhUSAne anurUpa madalanuM raMgakAma

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55. zilpakRtio vagere noMdhapAtra che, sta MbhanI zirAvatI, enI phAlanAe, uparanI chata vagere pazu nAnI-moTI AkRti ane bhaumitika bhAtethI sAbhita dekhAya che (A. 48), A samayanAM makAneAnAM pravezadrAra paNa videzI ardhazilpakRti ane videzI phUla-velanI bhAtAthI suzAbhita karavAmAM AvatAM. ahIM amadAvAdanI DhALanI pALanA eka makAnanuM AvuM kalAtmaka kASThakAtarIthI yukta e bAraNAMvALuM pravezadvAra tathA dhanAsuthAranI pALanA eka makAnanA pravezadvAranA AttaraMgane UtaraNIvALA bhAga citrA dvArA prastuta karyo che. vikaTAriyana zailInI strIAkRtinAM zilpA ane aziA tathA vilAyatI phUla-velanI bhAtAthI A pravezadvArA ane enI dvArazAkha zaeNAbhita che, AvAM kalAtmaka pravezadrArAthI yukta makAna gujarAtanAM gAmeA ane nagarAmAM Thera Thera AvelAM che. gharanAM kabATa Tebala khurazI vagere rAcaracIlAM paNa AvI videzI bhAtA ane saMracanAothI suzAbhita karavAmAM AvatAM. gharamAM upayegamAM levAtAM lAkaDAMnAM anya rAcaracIlAM-paTArA, majabUta maMjUSA-(peTI), pANiyArAM, ghaMTInAM thALAM, DAmaciyA plaga kabATa vagere paNa videzI bhAtAvALI ane gujarAtano paraMparAgata bhAtAvALI kAtaraNIthI suzAbhita karavAmAM AvatAM. ahIM judA judA ceArasamAM vividha bhaumitika ane phUlapattInI bhAtAnI kalAtmaka ke|taraNIvALA majUsanuM citra rajU karavAmAM AvyuM che tenI nAnI padalIo ane rADalIe tathA pAyA paNa suMdara rIte kAtarelAM che. majUsane! upayAga gharanI nAnI-moTI gharavakharI tema ghI dUdha goLa khAMDa vagere sAcavavA mATe karavAmAM AvatA. uparanA bhAgamAM rAjabarAjanA vaparAzanAM gAdalAMrajAIA-AzikAM geAThavI enA DAmaciyA tarIke upayAga karavAmAM AvatA (A. 49). makAnanA vividha sthApatyakIya bhAgAmAM bArIAnuM sthAna ghaNuM agatyanuM hAI ene paNa aMdara ane bahArathI uttama prakAranI krAMtaraNIthI sarjAvavAmAM . AvatI. havA ane prakAzanA AyeAjananeA bArInI racanAmAM khyAla rAkhavAmAM AvatA. ahI amadAvAdanA prasiddha citrakAra zrI parAjI sAgarAnA sagrahamAMnI eka kalAtmaka bArInuM citra prastuta karavAmAM Avyu` che. bArInI phrema, enA TADalA vagere judI judI bhaumitika bhAtAthI suAbhita che. bArInI AtaraganI madhyamAM pUrNa kalaza ka DArelA che. keTalIka vAra tyAM zubha cihna tarIke lakSmIjI gajalakSmI ke gaNezanAM azilpa paNu kaMDAravAmAM Ave che. videzI DhabanI kAtaraNImAM AtaraMganI vaccenA bhAgamAM vilAyatI mudrA ke sIlanI kAtaraNI karavAmAM Ave che (A. 10).

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-56 briTiza kAla vase(ji. kheDA) nA rAmajI maMdiramAM hanumAnajInI suMdara kASTha-pratimA AvelI che. mastaka para kamalapatranI bhAtane mukuTa, kAnamAM goLa kuMDaLa, gaLAmAM hAra, eka hAthamAM TUMkI gadA, bIjA hAthamAM paga nIce dabAvelI patInI ceTI vagere tema kamara bAMdhelI ane be paga vacce laTakatI kaTimekhalAnI vikToriyana DhabanI patrAvali vagere ullekhanIya che (A. 51). amadAvAdanA kALapura svAminArAyaNanA maMdiranA prAMgaNamAM cAra mALanI UMcI uttama prakAranI kASThakalAkArIgarIthI yukta havelI AvelI che, je kadAca uMcAImAM ane vizALatAmAM gujarAtanI ekamAtra viziSTa prakAranI havelI che. havelInA sabhAmaMDapanA UMcA rekhAvita staMbha para goThavelA vizALa madala mAnavakadanI ane nAnI moTI aneka prakAranI AkRtiothI suzobhita che. emAM dAMtanI batrIsI darzAvatA hanumAnajI, lAla cakarI dakSiNI pAgha dhAraNa karelA gaNeza, siMhavyAla, gajavyAla, patrAvali, phUlavelanI aneka bhAte, vAnarasamUha, ddhA vagere mukhya che. staMbhenA uparanA bhAga judI judI corasa bhaumitika bhAtenI bArIka kotaraNIthI kaMDArelA che. dareka staMbhanA madala, bharaNu luMbikA phAlanA ane nibRhanI kotaraNImAM vividhatA ane alaMkArapracUratA che. A staMbhonI - hAramALAnuM eka citra ahIM rajU karyuM che (A. para). A maMdiranI bAIonI * havelI paNa gujarAtanA paraMparAgata havelI-sthApatyane sAro namUno che. - mULI(ji. surendranagara)nA svAminArAyaNamaMdiramAM paNa bAIonA AvAsa mATe kASTha-kalAkArIgarIthI khacita ane samRddha kalAtmaka havelI Avelo che. A * uparAMta dholerA jetalapura vaDatAla vagere sthaLoe AvelAM svAminArAyaNanAM maMdiranI havelIo, sabhAmaMDapa, sAdhu-saMtanA AvAso vagere A prakAranA vividha - kASThasthApatyanAM kalAtmaka aMgathI suzobhita che. AgaLa jatAM ogaNIsamI sadInA uttarArdhamAM vilAyatI bAMdhaNInAM makAne, mahelo, bAMdhakAma vadhatAM kalAtmaka madale ane zirAvaTIothI yukta paraMparAgata staMbhane upayoga ocho thavA lAge ane enuM sthAna kerinthiyana Darika gethika ema vividha prakAranAM vikaTAriyana zailIne staMbhanuM calaNa vadhavA lAgyuM, gujarAtanA AdivAsIomAM paNa kASThakalAnAM aneka ramakaDAM, deva-devIonI mUrtio vagere pracalita che. ahIM devahATa(choTAudepura) vistAranA AdivAsIonA lAkaDAmAMthI banAvelA babalA devanuM citra (A. 53) prastuta karyuM che. bAbalA devanA vALanI Dhaba, vastra-paridhAna vagere jotAM kaI Ijiziyana deva - jevA lAge che.

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- zilpakRtio 52. A samayagALA daramyAna dhAtuzilpanA kSetro gujarAtanuM kaI viziSTa pradAna jovA maLatuM nathI. paraMparAgata prakAranAM dIpa-zi95 tathA jaina dhAtu-pratimAo, pazu-paMkhIonAM zilpothI alaMkRta hIMcakAnI sAMkaLa vagere rAcaracIlAMnAM banAvaTa ane utpAdana paNa ochAM thaI jatAM jaNAya che. alabatta dhAtupAtra ke vAsaNa "udyoga A samayamAM vadhu khIlele jaNAya che. gRha-upayogI ane suzobhana mATenAM aneka prakAranA ghATavALAM nAnAM-moTAM vAsaNa A samayamAM gujarAtamAM aneka sthaLe banatAM hatAM, jemAM saurASTramAM zihera ane vaDhavANa tathA gujarAtamAM - DabhoI naDiyAda visanagara vagere mukhya sthaLe hatAM. A samayamAM gujarAtanI kalA para videzI kalAnI paDelI UMDI asara aMge vistRta abhyAsa ane saMzodhana hAtha dharI zakAya teTalI vipula sAmagrI hajI upalabdha che. alabatta chellAM pacAsa sATha varSomAM AdhuniktAnA pUramAM aneka maMdiro havelIe mahela makAnanI kASThakalA ane vikaTeriyana zailInA sthApatyane ghaNuM sahana karavuM paDayuM che. kudaratI ane mAnavanirmita paribaLAnA - hAthe vinAzanI gartAmAM A samayanAM uttama sthApatya ane zilpa hemAI rahyAM che. jUnI cIjavastuo ane kalAkRtionA vepArIo dANacerI ane gerakAyade vepAra dvArA gujarAtanA A kalAvArasAne teDI pheDI kalAnA uttama namUnAone -anya pradezamAM ane videzamAM DhasaDI rahyA che. lm pAdaTIpa 1. juo, gujarAtane rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsa, graMtha 6: "mughalakAla', pR. 462 -482; graMtha 7 "marAThAkAla', pR. 358-376. 2. jorAvarasiMha jAdava, "gujarAtanI saMskRtio, pR. 41 3. H. Goezt, 'The Post Mediaeval Sculpture of Gujarat', BBMPG., Vol V. pts. I & II, p. 31 4. ratnamaNirAva bhI. joTa, gujarAtanuM pATanagara : amadAvAda), pR. 65Da-672 pa. pravINacaMdra parIkha ane kirITa ja. dave, "svAminArAyaNa zilpa-sthApatyakalA' (prakaraNa 2-3) 6. saravinam, turtha prajaLa, . 24/10-11 7. zAstrI ghanazyAmasvarUpadAsa svAmI, bhagavAna zrI svAminArAyaNasthApita nava mahA maMdira" "ravAminArAyaNa dvizatAbdI smRti graMtha, pR, 265-270 8. magnIrAma kAzIrAma dUdharejiyA, 'gurupITha prakAzacaMdrikA: dudhareja', pR. 128-133 2. H.W. Janson, History of Art, pt. I!I, The Renaissance, pp. 284-434

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528 briTiza kAlA, 20. Fattesinghrao Gaekwad, "The palaces of India', p. 148-170 11. H. Goetz, 'A Monument of Old Gujarati Wood Sculpture :: The Jain Mandap in the Baroda Museum'. BBMPG., Vol. VI pts. I & II 12. R. K. Trivedi, Wood Carving of Gujarat (WCG), pp. 1-106 13. jayendra nANAvaTI ane madhusUdana DhAMkI "gujarAtanuM kASThasthApatya", "kumAra", saLaMga aMka 489, pR. 351-360 18. WCG, plates XII, XXIV 24. Jyotindra Jain, Utensils, pp. 7-13.

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prakaraNa 18 citra nRtya nATaya ane saMgIta 1. citrakalA kalA ane saMskRtinA vikAsa mATe rAjakIya zAMti ane salAmatI e eka Avazyaka paribaLa gaNAya che. A samayagALAmAM gujarAtamAM briTiza sattAnI sthApanA thatAM prajAe zAMti ane salAmatIne dama lUMTayo. trIjI jUna, 1818 nA reja pezavAInuM patana thayuM ane gujarAtamAM marAThI satAnAM ajavALAM asta thayAM, gujarAtamAM kampanI sarakAranI sattA daDha banI. aMgrejI sattAnA pariNAme zikSaNa vAhanavyavahAra tAra-TapAla vagere kSetromAM nedhapAtra parivartana AvyuM. dezanA judA judA pratinI prajAo vaccenuM aMtara ghaTayuM, jenI asara kalAnAM judAM judAM kSetromAM spaSTa dekhAya che. vijJAnanI avanavI zodhane kAraNe lekamAM jijJAsAvRtti jagI, vahema aMdhazraddhA rUDhio jaMtaramaMtara ItyAdinuM baLa ghaTayuM. pazcimanAM sAhitya vijJAna ane sabhyatAnI asara nIce lekamAM sAmAjika ane dhArmika kSetre navajAgRti AvI. navajAgRtinI asara kalAnAM kSetramAM paNa dekhAya che. Aja dina sudhI je kalA dharmAbhimukha hatI te have samAjAbhimukha bane che. zikSaNane prasAra thatAM lekemAM kalA pratye no abhigama keLavAya che.. gujarAta saurASTra ane kacchamAM je dezI rAjya hatAM teomAM dezanA ane videzanA kalAkArone rAjyAzraya ApavAmAM Avato hato. saMgItakAro vAghakAre naTa-nata ane citrakAre rAjavIonA ekabIjAnA darabAramAM jatAAvatA ane pitAnI kalAnuM nidarzana karAvatA hatA. eka mahArASTrI AsisTanTa poliTikala ejanTa kezavarAvanI bhalAmaNathI zyAmarAva nAmanA mahArASTrI citrakAre rAjakoTanA keTalAka agraNI nAgarikanI tasavIro cItarI ApI hatI. A mATe ene citradITha rU. 75 cUkavavAmAM AvyA hatA. rAjakoTanA jyubilI bAganA saMgrahAlaya mATe sAtamA eDavarDanA rAjyArohaNanA pojhUiMTa mATe iMglenDanA khyAtanAma kalAkAra sara lUka phIjhane bhAvanagara rAjya eka hajAra pAunDa cUkavelA rAjakoTamAM I. sa. 189ra mAM karnala eliphanTe rANI vikaTeriyAnA jyubilI prasaMgane smaraNAMkita karavA jyubilI makAna ane keneTa holanI yojanA karelI, e hola mATe e vakhatanA kAThiyAvADanA rAjAonI tasavIra cItaravA iMglenDathI phAMka 34

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50 briTiza kAha brakasa nAmane eka bAhoza citrakAra Avelo. eNe e samayanA kAThiyAvADanA rAjAo ane ThAkaranI tasavIro AlekhelI, jemAM emanI viziSTa vezabhUSA ane sajAvaTane tAdaza khyAla Ave che. A samayamAM jUnAgaDhanA navAba mahebatakhAnajI ra AnA amala daramyAna jarmana citrakAra vAna ratha jUnAgaDhamAM Avela ane emanI AkRti banAvelI, jUnAgaDhanA lekajIvananAM paNa keTalAMka citra eNe taiyAra karyA hatAM. A samayamAM pazcimanI saMskRtine prabhAva eTale badho hato ke rAjavIo ane sukhI nAgarikonA gharamAM videzI citra rAkhavAmAM AvatAM hatAMbIjI bAju gAmaDAMomAM gharanI zobhA mATe dIvAlamAM geruthI citra AlekhavAnI prathA jaLavAI rahI hatI. A citramAM rAmAyaNa mahAbhArata ane purANomAMthI kathA-prasaMgo ane pAtra laIne Alekhana karavAmAM AveluM che. A samayamAM hastalikhita jaina ane jainetara pothIomAM citro AlekhavAnI pazcima bhAratanI paraMparA jaLavAI rahI hatI. vijJaptipatro, rAsa--AkhyAnI hastaprato, janmapatrikAo, pethInA rakSaNa mATenI lAkaDAnI paTTIo, vaiSNava saMpradAyanI pichavAIo, jaina ane jainetara jJAna-capaTo ityAdimAM citranuM Alekhana jovA maLe che. A samayanI dhapAtra bAbata e che ke briTiza sarakAre navI keLavaNImAM kalAzikSaNane mahatva ApyuM ane muMbaImAM sara jamazedajI jIjIbhAIe moTuM dAna ApIne potAnuM nAma joDI sara je, je, skUla oNpha ArTanI sthApanA I. sa. 1858mAM karI. A zALAmAM je vidyArthIo taiyAra thayA temaNe gujarAta saurASTra ane kacchamAM citrakalAnA zikSaNa dvArA kalAnI pratiSThA vadhArI. zarUAtamAM A citrazALAnuM saMcAlana aMgreja niSNAtonA hAthe thayuM hovAthI emAM pazcimanI kalAone vizeSa mahatva ApavAmAM AvyuM. pariNAme A citrazALAmAM taiyAra thatA vidyArthIo pazcimanA kalAvArasAthI prabhAvita thatA hatA ane bhAratanA kalAvArasA vize teone bahu ochI jANakArI hatI! A zALAmAM AcArya tarIke glaeNDasTana salemana AvatAM eNe bhAratIya kalA paraMparAne punaHjIvita karavA prayatna karyo, kAraNa ke teo bhAratIya kalAnA ananya cAhaka hatA. I. sa. 1890 mAM vaDodarAmAM kalAbhavananI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. A saMsthAmAM paNa kalAzikSaNa pazcimanI Dhabe ApavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. vidyArthIone romana grIka ane iTAlInI kalAne abhyAsa karAvavAmAM Avato. citrakalA jaina-jainetara hastapratamAM, vijJaptipatromAM, janmapatrikAomAM, dhArmika paTomAM, rAjamahele ane havelIo temaja dharmazALAonI

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citra nRtya nATaya ane saMgIta bhItimAM AlekhAyelI jovA maLe che. gujarAtanA jenabhaMDAro ane vyaktionA aMgata saMgrahamAM je thiIo sacavAyelI che temAM citro jovA maLe che. A badhI citrita pothIo te ghaNI che, paraMtu A samayanI citrakalA aMge je kaMI lekho ane pustako prasiddha thayAM che temAMthI temaja amadAvAdanA bhaMDAranI mulAkAta laIne zakya teTalI mAhitI ApavAne ahIM prayatna karyo che. A samayanI hastaprata hemacaMdra jJAnamaMdira-pATaNa, zAMtinAtha jainamaMdirakhaMbhAta, DahelAne jaina upAzraya-amadAvAda, devazAnA pADAne upAzraya-amadAvAda, AtmAnaMda sabhA-bhAvanagara, zeTha lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira-amadAvAda ityAdi sthaLoe saMgRhIta karavAmAM AvI che. A hastapratamAM kalpasUtra, dhannAzAlibhadra rAsa, zrIpAlarAsa, caMdarAjAne rAsa, mAnatuMga mAnavatI rAsa ityAdi mukhya che. A uparAMta vijJaptipatro, dhArmika paTo, janmapatrikAo, pothIo sAcavavA mATenI lAkaDAnI paTTIo, ItyAdimAM paNa citro jovA maLe che. jainetara racanAomAM madhyakAlIna kavionAM AkhyAne, khAsa karIne mahAkavi premAnaMdanI kRtiomAM citronuM Alekhana jovA maLe che. A samayamAM gAmaDAMomAM svarganarakanA paTTonuM darzana karAvanAra gareDAonA copaDAmAMthI paNa citronuM Alekhana prApta thAya che. A samayamAM gujarAtI raMgabhUmine janma thayo ane enI nATakamaMDaLIomAM nATako mATe paDadA cItaravA mATe citrakAro rAkhavAmAM AvatA hatA. raMgabhUminI citrakalAnI paNa eka ane khI vizeSatA hatI. hastapratonI citrakalA vi. saM. 1878(I. sa. 1821-22)mAM AjanA gAMdhInagara jillAnA pethApura gAmamAM citrita karavAmAM AvelI zrIpAlarAsanI hastaprata amadAvAdamAM DahelAnA upAzrayamAM che. A pathInAM citra uttara gujarAtanI viziSTa grAmINa zilImAM AlekhAyelAM che. pethApuranA grAmajananAM makAnanI dIvAla upara je citra jovA maLe che tevI ja zailInAM citra A pothImAM AlekhAyelAM jovA maLe che. puruSa-pAnAM pAghaDI, lAMbI bAMyanAM agarakhAM, paTAdAra dhotiyAM ane khesanuM Alekhana AkarSaka che. strI-pAtro gherA vAdaLI raMganI oDhaNuM ane lAla raMgano caNiye dhAraNa karelAM AlekhavAmAM AvyAM che. citromAM pazupaMkhI ane vanazrInuM Alekhana AkarSaka che. vi. saM. 1885(I. sa. 1828)mAM saurASTranA paDadharI gAme citrita

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532 briTiza kAla karavAmAM AvelI zrI pAlarAsanI hastaprata amadAvAdamAM zeTha lA. da. bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdiramAM che, jenA prathama patramAM citro che. te amadAvAdanA devazAnA pADA bhaMDAramAM zrIpAlarAsanI citrita hastaprata che, jenAM citra suratamAM vi. saM. 1886(I. sa. 1829) mAM deravAmAM AvyAM hatAM, A pathImAM keTalAMka vahANanAM Alekhana che. e samaye surata pazcima bhAratanuM dhatuM baMdara hatuM. IsTa InDiyA kampanIe potAnI koThI sthApI hatI. vepAra mATe je jahAja surata AvatAM hatAM tenuM Alekhana ahIM karavAmAM AvyuM che. A hastapratanA keTalAMka citra pAnane saMpUrNa kadanAM che, AkRtionA alekhanamAM mughala asara spaSTa dekhAya che. vRkSo vanarAji ane vananuM Alekhana citrakArane prakRtiprema darzAve che. keTalAMka citramAM gIta-saMgIta-nRtyanuM Alekhana karavAmAM AvyuM che. puruSonA hAthamAM vINAnuM Alekhana dhapAtra che. puruSo jAme chetI ane pAghaDI dhAraNa karatA alekhAyA che ane strIo coLI caNi ane oDhaNI dhAraNa karatI AlekhAyelI che. strIonA nAkamAM nathaNI nedhapAtra che. De. motIcaMdra ane DA. umAkAMta zAhanA maMtavya pramANe A citra zirohI-zailInAM che.* vi. saM. 1889(I.sa. 183ra-33)mAM suratamAM citrita karavAmAM AvelI zrIpAlarAsanI hastaprata amadAvAdamAM lA.da. bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdiramAM che. A hastapratamAM rAsanA kathAprasaMga AlekhatAM suMdara citra che. A citro paikInuM eka citra dhavalazeThanI kathAne lagatuM che. dhavalazeTha zrIpAlane vahANamAMthI bahAra pheke che. vahANanAM A citromAM briTizarone yuniyana jeka spaSTa dekhAya che (A, 54), amadAvAdamAM vi.saM. 1895(I.sa. 1838-39)mAM citrita karelI zrIpAlarAsanI hastaprata zrI sArAbhAI navAbanA aMgata saMgrahamAM che. A hastapratamAMnAM citro paikInAM vahANanAM citra e samayanA gujarAtanA vahANavaTAnI mAhitI pUrI pADe che. gujarAtanAM baMdare upara e samaye kevAM vahANa lAMgaratAM haze ene khyAla A citro parathI Ave che, zrIpAlarAjAnI kathAnI jema jainamAM caMdarAjAnI kathA paNa ghaNI le kapriya banI hatI, caMdarAjAnA rAsanI keTalIka hastapratomAM citra jovA maLe che. vi.saM. 1869(I.sa1812-13)mAM puNemAM citrita karavAmAM AvelI A rAsanI hastaprata amadAvAdanA lAda, bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdiramAM che. A pithImAM rAsanI kathAnusAra citra AlekhavAmAM AvyAM che. A citromAM pAtronI vezabhUSAmAM dakSiNa ane gujarAtInuM mizraNa spaSTa jovA maLe che. A kathAnI

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citra nRtya nATaca ane saMgIta 53 bIjI citrita hastaprata bhAvanagaramAM DosAbhAI abhecaMdanA saMgrahamAMthI prApta thaI che, jenAM citra paNa ullekhapAtra che. A hastapratanI nakala nikuzala nAmanA lahiyAe bhAvanagaramAM vi.saM. 1855(I.sa. 1798-98)mAM karI hatI. A hastapratanAM citromAM je pAtronuM Alekhana karavAmAM AvyuM che temanI vezabhUSA nedhapAtra che. puruSapAtro kalagIvALI pAghaDI ane AkhI bAMyavALA paga sudhIne jAme paherela jovA maLe che. strI pAtro saurASTrI DhabanAM coLI caNiye ane ghAgharo dhAraNa karela jovA maLe che. pAtronI AMkhanuM Alekhana ekacakSmI che, je pazcima bhAratanI laghucitrazailInI asara sUcave che. puruSa ane strI pAtronA alaMkAra citranI samRddhimAM vadhAro kare che. pAtronI samagra AkRti ghATIlI sapramANa ane suMdara che. A hastapratanAM citromAM karavAmAM Avela pazupaMkhInuM Alekhana vAstavika che. A samayamAM citrita karavAmAM AvelI saMgrahaNI sUtranI hastapratomAM paNa kathAnusAra citra jovA maLe che. vi. saM. 1811(I.sa. 1854-55)mAM A sUtranI eka hastapratanI nakala amadAvAdamAM hAjA paTelanI poLanA eka makAnamAM besIne karavAmAM AvI che. A hastapratamAM cakravatInAM 14 ratna, meruparvata, ane dvIpanuM Alekhana karavAmAM AvyuM che. saM. 1886(I.sa. 1829-30)mAM vaDodarAmAM cItaravAmAM AvelI madhumAlatI padyavArtAnI hastapratamAM je citra AlekhavAmAM AvyAM che teomAM marAThI asara spaSTa dekhAya che. A samayanI hastapratonAM pAnAMonA hAMsiyAone paNa citrakAroe AkarSaka suzobhanothI sajAvela che, jemAM haMsapaMkti velabuTTI hAthI haraNa ghaDA popaTa mera ane bhaumitika AkRtio AkarSaka che. janmapatrikA ane citrakalA A samayagALAmAM taiyAra karavAmAM AvatI janmapatrikAomAM nava grahanAM citra jovA maLe che. emAM sUryane sAta ghoDAnA rathamAM, caMdrane haraNanI gADImAM, maMgaLa ane budhane vRSabha para, gurune airAvata para, zukane ghoDA para, zanine mahiSA para, rAhune vAgha para, ane ketune macchanA mukhamAM AlekhavAmAM Avela che. A uparAMta janmapatrikAomAM kuMDaLIo mATe kalAtmaka bhaumitika AkRtio taiyAra karI emAM raMga pUravAmAM AvatA.

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534 briTiza ke vijJaptipatronI citrakalA jaina paraMparAmAM eka rivAja evo che ke jena AcAryo ane munione judAM judAM zahero ke nagaronA jainasaMdha pitAne tyAM paryuSaNa karavA tathA cAturmAsa gALavA mATe nimaMtraNa ApatA. A nimaMtraNapatra vyavasthita rIte taiyAra karavAmAM AvatAM ane emAM cinuM Alekhana paNa karavAmAM AvatuM, citramAM dhArmika ane nagarane mahimA batAvatAM citra AlekhavAmAM AvatAM nagarajane jaina sAdhuonAM darzana karavA ane emanAM vyAkhyAna sAMbhaLavA mATe keTalAM utsuka che enuM varNana karavAmAM AvatuM. pitAne zahera ke nagaramAM kevA prakAranI sagavaDo ane suvidhAo che enuM varNana paNa karavAmAM AvatuM. nagaranI bhautika ane kudaratI. samRddhinuM sacitra varNana karavAmAM AvatuM. A prakAranA nimaMtraNane jaina paribhASAmAM "vijJaptipatra' tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. A vijJaptipatro ane emAMnAM citra uparathI ApaNane e samayanI sAmAjika dhArmika Arthika ane sAMskRtika paristhitine khyAla Ave che. lekinAM paheraveza alaMkAre vAhanavyavahAra upakaraNa vagerenI mAhitI emAMthI prApta thAya che. A rIte vijJaptipAnuM mUlya ghaNuM moTuM che. A vijJaptipamAM sAla ane tithi hovAthI enuM etihAsika mahatva ghaNuM che. jJAnapATanAM citra A samayamAM hiMdu ane jaina paraMparAmAM sAdhuo ane saMsArIo mATe je jJAnopATa taiyAra karavAmAM AvatI teomAM paNa citronuM Alekhana karavAmAM AvatuM. A epATamAM devakanuM sarponuM sIDIonuM tathA navagrahanuM temaja jIvanionuM Alekhana karavAmAM Avela che. vi.saM 1909(1852-53)mAM citrita thayelI jaina jJAnopATa amadAvAdanA lAda, bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdiramAM che. jaina sAdhuo zrAvakane A jJAnapATa dekhADI judI judI vanio, vividha prakAranA devaka, svarga ane naraka temaja mokSane khyAla ApatA hatA. AvI. jJAnapATa hiMdu paraMparAmAM paNa taiyAra karavAmAM AvatI hatI. jJAnacopATamAM 84 koThAonuM Alekhana e 84 lAkha jIvayonionuM pratIka che. Aje A jJAnacopATathI sApabAjI tarIke ramavAmAM Ave che. sApabAjI ramatI vakhate pAsAnA AMka pramANe kAThAmAM kUkarI mUkavAnI hoya che. je te koThAnA citramAM batAvela. sApa ke sIDI pramANe tamAruM patana ke ArahaNa thatuM hovAnuM manAya che. hiMdu paTonI citrakalA amadAvAdanA lAda, bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdiramAM zivavaMdra jI zAthI"

Page #574
citra nRtya nATaya ane saMgIta nAmano hiMdupaTa che. A paTamAM rAjA gopIcaMdanA jIvanane lagatAM citra che. A citrono samaya Azare 18 mA saikAne manAya che. citronI zilI mAru-gurjara zailI lAge che. citramAnuM sthApatya rAjasthAnI che. pAtronI vezabhUSA paNa rAjasthAnI che. gujarAta-rAjasthAnanA lokasAhityamAM gopIcaMdanI kathA ghaNuM kapriya banI che. rAvaNahaththA sAthe bharatharIo gAmegAma A kathAnuM gAna karatA jovA maLe che. A saMsthAmAM eka bIje hiMdupaTa che, jemAM kaI hiMdu dharmagurunA bhaMDArAnA prasaMganuM eTale ke gAdIvArasA vakhatanA prasaMgenuM judAM judAM dazyomAM Alekhana karavAmAM AvyuM che. A paTanAM citra saurASTranA koI bhAgamAM AlekhAyAM hovAnI aTakaLa karavAmAM Ave che. paTamAM je lakhANa che te parathI ene samaya vi.saM 1884(I.sa.1827) nakkI karI zakAya che. kapaDAnA A lAMbA paTamAM judA judA khaMDa pADIne prasaMganI ujavaNanAM danuM Alekhana karavAmAM AvyuM che. A paTanA eka dazyamAM naTanartakI UMdhA mAthe nRtya karatAM karatAM paganI madadathI tIra cheDatI batAvAI che. enA mAthAnA ane hAthapaganA alaMkAra dhyAna kheMce tevA che. enI bAjumAM ene madada karanAra bIjI naTanartakI UbhI che. aMgakasaratanA dAva sAthe nRtya darzAvatuM A citra e samayanI nRtyakalAnI jhAMkhI karAve che (A. pa5). A paTanA eka bIjA citramAM nRtyakAra strI eka hAthamAM kapaDAnuM banAveluM kamaLanuM phUla rAkhI nRtya karatI jovA maLe che. enA mAthA upara pAMca gAgaranuM beDuM che. enI pAchaLa hAthamAM gharAnI paTTI laIne be vAdaka strI nRtya karI rahI che, cothuM puruSapAtra be hAthamAM maMjIrAM vagADe che. pAMcamuM strIpAtra mRdaMga vagADe che ane chelluM puruSapAtra sAraMgI jevuM vAdya vagADe che (A, pa6). A samagra citra uparathI gujarAta-saurASTramAM lokapriya evA beDAnRtyane khyAla Ave che. pAtronI vezabhUSA saurASTrI che. nRtya karatI strIne gheradAra ghAgharo nRtyanA layane kAraNe phUlele batAvAya che. bIjAM pAtra paNa mukhya pAtra sAthe saMgItanA sUra ane tAla milAvatAM dekhAya che. atre noMdhavuM joIe ke gujarAtanA lokanATya-bhavAIvezamAM mahiyArIne veza bhajavavAmAM Ave che tenI sAthe A citranuM kaMIka sAmya jaNAya che. mahiyArInA vezamAM mahiyArI nRtya karatAM pitAnA mAthA upara eka pachI eka pAMca ke sAta gAgara mukAve che. chellI gAgara upara mAtAjInI ta mUkavAmAM Ave che. nRtyakAra nRtyanAM pagalAM evI rIte bhare che ke mAthA upara mUkeluM beDuM gatimAM goLagoLa phare ane sauthI upara mUkelI ta paNa pharyA kare! mAthA upara beDA sAthe A kalAkAra lAla pAghaDImAMthI nRtya karatAM kamaLanA phUlanI gUMthaNI paNa karate heya che. bhUMgaLa tabalAM ane

Page #575
536 briTiza kAha kAMsIjoDAnI raMgata sAthe karavAmAM AvatuM A mahiyArI-nRtya khUba AkarSaka hoya che. rAjasthAnamAM paNa Avo nRtyaprakAra pracAramAM che. AkhyAne ane citrakalA A samayamAM gujarAtI bhASAmAM lakhAyelAM AkhyAnI pothIomAM paNa citronuM Alekhana karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. vizeSa karIne madhyakAlanA kavi premAnaMdanAM AkhyAnanI hastapratomAM citro jovA maLe che. kuMvarabAInuM mAmerAnI 10 mA sikAmAM citrita hastaprata amadAvAdanA lA.da, bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdiramAM che. A hastapratamAM je citra che teomAMthI e samayanAM vezabhUSA alaMkAra vAhanavyavahAra rItarivAja ityAdine khyAla Ave che. eka citramAM vahelamAM besIne jatAM zeThazeThANInuM Alekhana bhAvavAhI che. pAtronI veSabhUSA saurASTrI che. vahela lAkaDAnI banAvelI che. enAM kotarakAma ane citrakAma AkarSaka che. zaNagArelA baLadathI haMkArAtI A velanAM paiDAM gatimAna darzAvAyAM che. baLadanAM aNIdAra zIMgaDAM, enI pITha upara oDhADavAmAM Avela cAkaDe, enA gaLA para paherAvavAmAM Avela ghUgharamALa vagere citranI zobhAmAM vadhAro kare che. vahela hAMkanAra puruSapAtranI pAghaDI, enuM aMgarakhuM ane enA khabhAne khesa neMdhapAtra che, premAnaMdanA dazamaskaMdhanI AvI eka bIjI citrita hastaprata gujarAta rAjyanA daphatara vibhAgamAM che. A hastaprata zodhavAnuM mAna enA adhikArI zrI caMdrakAMta paMDyAne maLe che. A hastaprata vaDodarA pAsenA mAMDavImAM lakhavAmAM AvI hatI, enAM citrone samaya 18mI sadInA uttarArdha ane 19mI sadInA pUrvArdhane lAge che. A hastapratamAM kula 36pa citra che. premAnaMde lakhelAM kaDavAonA prasaMgane anurUpa A pothImAM citronuM Alekhana karavAmAM AveluM che. pAtronI AMkha visphArita-ecazma che. citramAM bakAsuravadha pUtanAvadha aghAsuravadha kRSNanI bALalIlAM nAgadamana vagere mukhya che. pAtronI AkRti ghATIlI ane sapramANa che. pAtronI vezabhUSA paraMparAgata gujarAtI che. eka citramAM bALakane sUvAnuM pAraNAnuM Alekhana saMpUrNa gujarAtI jaNAya che. vaDodarA najIka saMkheDAnI kASThakalAnI asara ahIM spaSTa jaNAya che. pAraNanI AkRtimAM saMkheDAnI kASThakalA dekhAya che. citronI AsapAsa hAMsiyAnI velabuTTAnI bhAta kalAtmaka lAge che. citrane uThAva ApavAmAM hAMsiyAnI A bhAta agatyano bhAga bhajave che. beMdhapAtra bAbata e che ke premAnaMde je bhAva kavitAmAM vyakta karyA che tene ja citrakAre raMga ane rekhAmAM abhivyakta karela che.

Page #576
Icatra nRtya nATaya ane saMgIta svarga-narakanA paTa | sAmAjika nItinuM mULa zodhavA jaIe te e ja sUtra nIkaLe ke mANasa Darane mAryo ja sudhare. satkamane svarga sukha maLe ane duSkarmane narakanI yAtanA bhogavavI paDe. nIti-niyamanuM bhAna kone karAvavA mATe svarga-narakanA paTanuM Alekhana karavAmAM AvatuM. duSkarma karanArane narakamAM kevAM duHkha bhegavavAM paDe enA TIpaNuM-AkAramAM paTa laIne garoDA agAu gAmegAma pharatA ane cokakasa layakArIthI e pratyeka prasaMganuM emAM cItarela varNana gAtA ane lokone paTacitra batAvatA-A citronI kalama gAmaThI zailInI che. svAminArAyaNanAM maMdiranAM citra A samayagALAmAM gujarAtamAM je svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanAM maMdira bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM teomAM zilpanAM kotaraNa ane citrakAma uttama kArIgarIvALAM che. A maMdiranA nirmANamAM moTA bhAganA salATo ane citrakAre e saMpradAyanA havAthI emaNe pitAne kasaba vyavasAyI dharaNe nahi, paNa bhaktibhAvapUrvaka Alekhe che. A maMdiranA sabhAmaMDapamAM ane kathAmaMDapamAM lAkaDAnuM kotarakAma vaividhyapUrNa ane sUkSma che. amadAvAda jetalapura gaDhaDA mULI vaDatAla jUnAgaDha vaDhavANa bhUja vagere sthaLonAM maMdiranuM kASThakAma ane citrakAma noMdhapAtra che. maMdironA ghUmaTamAM rAmalIlA dANalIlA ane lokajIvananA prasaMga AlekhavAmAM AvyA che. A badhAM maMdiranI citrakalA vize mAhitI ApavI zakya nathI, paraMtu amadAvAdanA kALupura maMdiramAMnA zrIjI mahArAjanA eka prabhAvaka citrane paricaya sAdhIe. svAminArAyaNa maMdiramAM zrImahArAja potAnI mANakI ghoDI upara besIne jetalapura padhAryA e prasaMganuM suMdara citra che. A citramAM zrIjI mahArAjanI alaMkRta pAghaDI ane gaLAmAM ane hAthamAM dhAraNa karela alaMkAro dhyAna kheMce che. hAthamAM paherelAM kaDAM ane pagamAM paherelA teDA, sAMkaLAM ane mojaDI paNa AkarSaka lAge che. emanI AgaLa hAthamAM chaDI laIne eka sAdhu rastAnuM mArgadarzana ApI rahyo hoya ema lAge che, e potAnI Deka vakhatovakhata pheravI zrIjInuM darzana karato hoya ema jaNAya che. pAchaLanA be sAdhuo paikI ekanA hAthamAM cAmara che ane bIjA hAthamAM chatra che. A traNeya svAminArAyaNa sAdhuonI vezabhUSA paraMparAgata che. mANakI ghoDI ke jenA upara zrIjI mahArAja beThA che tenuM Alekhana paNa gatimaya darzAvAyuM che. enA mAthAnI kezavALI ane kalagI temaja enA AgaLanA be pagamAM paherAvAyelAM jhAMjhara enI suMdaratAmAM vadhAro kare che. enI pITha upara lAdavAmAM AveluM jIna paNa atyaMta kalAtmaka che. jInanI kinArImAM

Page #577
538 briTiza kA kUlapattInI bhAta nedhapAtra che. A Akhuye citra bhAvavAhI ane gatimAna che. seMdhapAtra hakIkta e che ke AlekhAyelAM pAtronI AMkha ekacakSmI che, jemAM pazcima bhAratanI laghucitrazailInI paraMparA jaLavAyelI dekhAya che (A. pa7). bhitticitra bhIte para citro AlekhavAnI paraMparA A samayamAM gujarAta saurASTra ane kacchamAM cAlu rahI hatI. rAjamahele havelIo devAlayo dharmazALAo ane sukhI temaja sAmAnya nAgarikonAM nivAsasthAnanI bhI temAM citra AlekhavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. cinA viSayamAM paNa vividhya jovA maLe che. rAmAyaNa mahAbhArata bhAgavatapurANa zivapurANa ane DholA-mAnI laukika vArtAmAMnA prasaMge temaja rAjasavArInAM dazyo, devadevIo ane rAjavIonAM vyaktigata citronuM Alekhana A bhitticitromAM jovA maLe che. A samayamAM bhitticitro bhAvanagara pAse ziheranA rAjamahelamAM ane rAmajI maMdiramAM, jAmanagaranA lAkhoTA koThAmAM (bhUcaramorInA yuddhanAM dazya), bhUjanA AyanAmahelamAM, kacchanA terA gAmamAM, vaDodarAnA tAMbekaravADAmAM ane pATaNa kherALu vaDanagara visanagara amadAvAda vagere nagaromAM temaja kaccha saurASTranA kUbAomAM jovA maLe che. saurASTra ane kacchamAM ghera ghera citrakalAnA namUnA eka yA bIjA svarUpamAM jovA maLe che. ghara ane jIvana zuSka na bane e mATe ene raMgIna banAvavA grAmajanoe suzobhana zaNagAra citrakalA bharataguMthaNa ane lIMpaNanuM zaraNuM lIdhuM.. che. keTalIya komoe pitAnA kUbAmAM gAra-mATIthI banAvelA eraDAmAM kAThalo majusa kAMdhI pANiyArAM vagere upara lIMpaNa dvArA ke citarAmaNomAM velabuTTIo pazupakSIo devadevIo ane prakRtinAM dazyonuM Alekhana karI jIvanane ramaNIya. banAvavA prayatna karyA che, lIMpaNanAM citra e A baMne pradezanI vizeSatA che. A mATe khAsa gArabanAvavAmAM Ave che. chANa lAda ane mATInuM mizraNa karI bhIMta upara thApA devAmAM Ave che. mora popaTa gaNapati kRSNa lakSmI vRkSo hAthI ghoDA ane bIjI aneka AkRtio doravAmAM Ave che. divALI tema lagna ke anya zubha prasaMge bha te para vizeSa karavAmAM Ave che. A badhAM bhitticitrone vigatavAra paricaya karAvo zakya na hoI keTalAMka neMdhapAtra citro vize vigate joIe.

Page #578
5 : civa nRtya nATaya ane saMgIta ziheranAM bhitticitro bhAvanagaranI sthApanA thaI te agAu zihora gohilavADanI rAjadhAnI hatuM, zihoranA rAjamahelanI bhIMtamAM amarelI pAsenA citaLa gAme khelAyelA yuddhanAM dazya che. A citromAM yuddha mATe taiyAra thatA ddhAonAM hUbahU Alekhana che. ddhAonA hAthamAM bhAlA barachI talavAra jamaiyA DhAla vagere jovA maLe che. A citromAM kyAMya tIra-kAmaThAM nathI e hakIkata neMdhapAtra che. yuddhamAM baMdUkaane tene upayoga karavAmAM Avato hato ema A citro uparathI spaSTa thAya. che. topanA golaMdAje phiraMgIo hatA. senAnA mokhare nAgara vANiyA brAhmaNa rAjapUta vagere kAmanA zUravIra ddhA cAlatA hatA. A badhAM citramAM saurASTrI paheraveza dhyAna kheMce tevo che, vizeSa karIne mAthAnI pAghaDIone laMbagoLa ghATa, A citro paikInuM eka citra yuddha mATe savAra thayelA AtAbhAI gohilanuM che. emanA eka hAthamAM bhAle che ane bIjA hAthamAM ghoDAnI lagAma pakaDelI che. emanI kamare talavAra laTake che. eka sainika emane cAmara DhALe che, te bIje rAjadaMDa laIne mokhare cAle che. bIjI be vyakti yuddhanA vAtAvaraNane uttejita karavA mATe zaraNAI-vAdana karatI batAvAI che, AtAbhAI gohilanI pAchaLa paNa zastradhArI ghoDesavAre che. A citramAM ghaDAnuM Alekhana jIvaMta ane gatimAna che. ghaDAonI kezavALI ane taravarATavALI tejIlI AMkhonuM Alekhana kalAtmaka che. emanI pITha upara mUkavAmAM AvelAM chananI bhAta paNa spaSTa joI zakAya che. AtAbhAI gohilanI lAMbI mUche ane dADhI paranA thobhA emanA prabhAvazALI vyaktitvamAM umero kare che. A citra uparathI bhAvanagaranA mahArAjAe nAne gaMjIphe iMglenDamAM chapAvyo hato.' rAjamahela uparAMta ahIMnA rAmajI maMdiranI bhIMta upara paNa citro che.. A citro so varSa upara AlekhavAmAM AvyAM hoI teonA upara marAThI. prabhAva jovA maLe che. strIpAtronA AlekhanamAM saurASTra paheraveza jovA maLe che. strIo coLI caNiye ane saurASTrI oDhaNuM dhAraNa karelI dekhAya che. emanA hAthapaganA alaMkAromAM paNa saurASTranI paraMparA jovA maLe che. citrone viSaya nAgadamana dANalIlA rAma--rAvaNa-yuddha gajendramokSa, nizALe vidyA prApta karavA mATe jatA prahalAda vagere che. A citronI vigatavAra mAhitI zrI DIdAsa, paramArepa "zihoranA rAmajI maMdiranAM bhIMtacitro" vizenA lekhamAM ApelI che. A samayagALAmAM hAla gAMdhInagara jillAmAM Avela vAsaNa gAmanA mahAdevanA maMdiranI chatamAM ane bhI te upara paurANika citronuM Alekhana thayeluM jovA maLe che, paraMtu citro sAva bhUMsAI gayAM hovAthI vigato ApI zakAtI nathI,

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540 briTiza kALa karachanA terA gAmanA devamaMdiranI osarImAM citro che, jemAM gopIonA vastraharaNane prasaMga ullekhapAtra che. kacchanAM anya nagara ane gAmaDAonAM makAnenI bhIMtomAM citro AlekhavAnI paraMparA jaLavAI rahelI jovA maLe che. bhIMta upara citra AlekhavAnI lekacAhanA evI tIvra hatI ke bhIMta taiyAra thaI gayA pachI emAM citronuM Alekhana karavAmAM na Ave te caNatarakAma adhUruM lekhAtuM. A citromAM rAmAyaNa mahAbhArata ane purANomAMthI prasaMge laIne Alekhana karavAmAM AvatuM. kyAreka pracalita lokavArtAmAMthI ke lokasaMtonAM jIvanamAMthI prasaMgo laIne Alekhana karavAmAM AvatuM. A bhIMtacitromAM vanaspati ane pazupaMkhInuM Alekhana paNa paraMparAgata rIte karavAmAM AvatuM. zrI rAmasiMhajI rAThoDe kacchanAM bhIMtacitrone vigate paricaya kumAra'nA 1967nA kalAkamAM karAvyo che. | gujarAta-saurASTramAM anya nagaro ane gAmonAM makAnanI bhIMtomAM suzobhana mATe citrakAma karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. utsava tahevAra ke zubha prasaMge makAna dhaLAvIne pharIthI citronuM Alekhana karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. moTAM nagaro karatAM paNa gAmaDAMomAM sAmAnya grAmajanone kalAprema kevo hato enI sAkSI A bhIMtacitro pUre che. gujarAtanA leDakajIvanane ullAsamaya banAvavAmAM citrakalAe seMdhapAtra pradAna karyuM che ema kahI zakAya. raMgabhUmi ane citrakalA A samayamAM pArasI gujarAtI ane urdU nATaka maMDaLIone pitAnA citrakAra hatA. A citrakAra pAse aitihAsika paurANika dhArmika ane sAmAjika nATakanAM judAM judAM danuM Alekhana karAvavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. rAjamahela darabAra havelIo, rAcaracIlA sAthenA beThakakhaMDo, tapovane vana upavane bAga-bagIcA vagerenuM Alekhana bhapakAdAra rIte nATakanI jarUriyAta dhyAnamAM rAkhIne karAvavAmAM AvatuM. A citronI eka vizeSatA e hatI ke kavi eTale ke nATayalekhaka digdarzaka, nATaka kaMpanInA mAlika ane naTo sAthe besIne nATakanA dazyanI jarUriyAto dhyAnamAM rAkhIne citrakAra pAse paDadA taiyAra karAvatA hatA. paDadA uparAMta,jhAlara ane viMgenuM Alekhana paNa jarUriyAta pramANe karAvavAmAM AvatuM. naDiyAdanA kavi nATyakAra ane citrakAra phUlacaMda mAstaranuM nAma jANItuM che. 2. nRtyakalA briTiza sattAnI sthApanAnA samaye gujarAtanuM rAjakIya ane sAmAjika jIvana chinnabhinna thaI gayuM hatuM, paraMtu prajAnA saMskArajIvananA dhabakArA citra

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citra kRtya nATaya ane saMgIta nRtya nArya saMgIta vagere kalAonA kheDANa dvArA cAlu rahyA hatA. A samaye gujarAta saurASTra ane kacchamAM je dezI rAjya hatAM teomAM citrakAre nRtyakAra gAyaka ane vAdakone temaja bhATa-cAraNene rAjyAzraya ApavAmAM Avato hato, jethI kalAne protsAhana maLatuM hatuM. keTalAka kalApremI rAjavIoe saMgIta nRtya ane nATaya jevI kalAne rAjadarabAramAMthI prajAnI vacamAM jAheramAM mUkI dIdhI hatI. pariNAme kalAnA sparza dvArA sAmAnya janatAnI saMskAranI bhUkha saMtoSAtI hatI. rAjadarabAramAM ane zreSThIonI havelIomAM tavAyaphA ane vArAMganAonA nRtyanA jalasA zubha prasaMgoe yojavAmAM AvatA hatA. A nRtya moTe bhAge kathakazelInuM rahetuM. 'gujarAtanA gAmegAma bhavAI maMDaLIo pharatI hatI ane lekanRtya-nATaya , dvArA manoraMjana karI prajane saMskAra ane zikSaNa ApavAnuM kArya karatI hatI.. bhavAI ramanArAomAM keTalAkamAM vikRtio pravezI gaI hovAthI bhavAI pratye zikSita vargamAM eka prakAranI sUga pedA thaI hatI. A samayagALAmAM je bhavAIo bhajavAtI hatI temAM nRtya ane saMgItanI avanati thaI hatI ane abhinayamAM amalIlapaNuM praveNyuM hatuM. nATaya ane raMgasUminA vibhAgamAM A aMge vigate carcA karI che. bhavAI nRtya uparAMta nagaromAM ane gAmaDAomAM garabA garabI ane rAsane nRtyaprakAra kapriya hato. gujarAtanI Adima jAtio paNa Rtuo ane utsava pramANe nRtya karatI hatI. A jAtionAM nRtyamAM lAkaDInRtya DholanRtya hamalInRtya bhAlAnRtya ityAdi pracAramAM hatAM. surata bharUca rAjapIpaLA ane paMcamahAlanI Adima jAtione pitAnAM AvAM viziSTa lekanRtya che. gujarAtane vizALa sAgarakAMThe hovAthI tyAM vasatA mAchImAro paNa pitAnI viziSTa zailImAM nRtya kare che ane AbavANI gAya che. saurASTramAM bhAlakAMThAnA paDhArenuM paDhAranRtya paNa ullekhapAtra che. gIranA jaMgalamAM je sIdIo vase che temanA sIdInRtyane paNa ullekha karavo joIe. sIdIonI vastI giranAranA jaMbura gAme che. teo dhArmika ane sAmAjika utsava prasaMge A prakAranuM nRtya kare che. A sIdIe muslima hovA chatAM hiMdu devadevIonI upAsanA kare che ane nRtya karatI vakhate emanAM nAmonuM uccAraNa paNa kare che! nRtya karatI, vakhate sIdIo vartulAkAre ekatra thAya che ane emanI vacamAM eka sIdI kUdakA sAthe nRtya karato hoya che. emanuM nAnuM Dhalaka ane tuMbaDAvALuM aMtara A vakhate satata vagADavAmAM Ave che. saurASTranAM atyaMta lokapriya evAM TIpaNa geguMthana dAMDiyArAsa vagerene : paNa ghaNe pracAra A samayamAM hatuM,

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* 5ra briTiza kAla A samayagALAmAM gujarAtI raMgabhUmine janma thayo. gujarAtI nATakanI . eka vizeSatA ene garabA hatI. nATakamAM gavAtA ane nRtyamAM rajU thatA garabAe prekSakanI lekacAhanA meLavI hatI. nAnA kizoravayanA chokarA kanyAone * veza dhAraNa karatA hatA ane gujarAtaNanA jevI halakathI garabA rajU karatA hatA. A samayamAM je hastaprato ane dhArmika paTonuM Alekhana karavAmAM AvyuM : teomAM paNa nRtyanA prasaMga jovA maLe che. jaina ane jainetara hastapratomAM dhArmika ane sAmAjika prasaMgoe rajU thatAM nRtya vaiyaktika ane sAmUhika jevA maLe che. vaiyaktika nRtyamAM khAsa karIne nRtyakAra tarIke vArAMganAnuM Alekhana jovA maLe che, jyAre samUhanRtyamAM kyAreka ekalI strIonuM te kyAreka strI-puruSonuM Alekhana jovA maLe che. A samayanA saurASTramAM citrita karAyelA eka hiMdu - dhArmika paTamAM naTanartakInuM dRzya AlekhavAmAM AvyuM che, A dazyamAM nRtya karatAM karatAM nartakI hAtha ane mAthuM nIcuM rAkhI pagathI tIra choDatI batAvAI che (A. 55). eka bIjA citramAM nartakIne mAthA upara beDuM mUkIne gatimAM - nRtya karatI batAvAI che. tenI pAchaLa vAdyakAre che (A. pa6). A baMne citromAM gujarAta-saurASTranI viziSTa kRtyakalAnAM darzana thAya che. A samayagALAmAM je jaina ane hiMdu maMdira bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM teomAM paNa maMdiranAM jaMdhA maMDovara ane thAMbhalAomAM nRtya karatI nRtyAMganAo asarAo ane vAdya vagADatA gAMdharvonAM kalAtmaka zilpa che. amadAvAdamAM Avela haThIsiMhanAM daherAnI kalAtmaka nRtyAMganAo vizeSa ullekhapAtra che. A maMdiranA pratyeka vibhAgamAM nRtyamAM rata evI apsarAo ane nartakIo jevA maLe che. nartakIonI aMgabhaMgI ane mukhanA bhAva atyaMta kalAtmaka che. pagamAM ghUgharA bAMdhatI ke aLato lagADatI nartakIonAM zilpa ghaNuM mohaka che. ahIM kaMDArAyelI ekeeka nRtyAMganAnI aMgabhaMgI kalAtmaka ane layabaddha che. A samayagALAmAM bAMdhavAmAM Avela amadAvAda jetalapura mULI jUnAgaDha vaDhavANa gaDhaDA bocAsaNa vaDatAla ityAdi sthaLonAM svAminArAyaNa maMdiramAM paNa gAyana vAdana ane nartananAM kalAtmaka zilpa lAkaDAmAM ane paththaramAM kaMDArelAM jovA maLe che. A samayamAM gujarAtamAM bAMdhavAmAM AvelI havelIonI kASTakalAmAM paNa kalAtmaka . nRtyAMganAo jovA maLe che. amadAvAda pAlanapura siddhapura pATaNa surata bharUca khaMbhAta ityAdi sthaLonI havelIonAM kASThazilpa A vAtanI sAkSI pUre che. A badhA ullekha parathI kahI zakAya ke A samayamAM lekajIvanane dhabakAravaMtuM - karAkhavAmAM nRtyakalAe agatyane bhAga bhajavyo hato.

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citra kRtya nATaya ane saMgIta 543 3 nAdhyakSA ane pagabhUmi ogaNIsamI sadImAM gujarAtanA sAmAjika ane sAMskRtika jIvananA ghaDataramAM raMgabhUmie agatyano bhAga bhajavyo che. gujarAtanI raMgabhUmino ItihAsa bhAtIgaLa che. ene janma kyAre kyAM ane kayA saMgamAM thayo enI carcA eka yA bIjA svarUpamAM nATasaMmelane ane zatAbdI temaja savA zatAbdInI ujavaNI prasaMge karavAmAM AvI che. eka hakIkata spaSTa che ke bAMdhelI nATakazALAo na * hatI te agAu gujarAtanAM gAmaDAMomAM bhavAI maMDaLIo pharatI hatI ane mane raMjana dvArA sAmAnya janatAmAM zikSaNa ApavAnuM kAma karatI hatI. bhavAI enA asala svarUpamAM Adya zaktinuM bhAvI hatI ane e maMdiranA AMgaNAmAM - ramAtI hatI. samaya jatAM bhajavanArAomAM vikRti AvI ane emAM saMgItanRtyane badale abhinayamAM azlIlapaNuM pravezya. pariNAme zikSita varga mAM bhavAI pratye eka prakAranI sUga UbhI thaI. zrI raNachoDabhAI udayarAma jevA sAkSarane pitAnA vatana mahudhAmAM kajoDAno veza joIne bhAre kheda thayo hato, A veza joyA pachI teo pote jANe bharatamuni hoya evI lAgaNI uzkerAI AvI hatI. bhavaiyAonI sthiti sudhAravA mATe emaNe prayatna karyA ane nATayapravRttine AraMbha karyo. bhavAI pratye sUga hovA chatAM mahIpatarAma rUparAma nIlakaMTha jevAne e saMgraha karavA jevI lAgI hatI. ghaNA nATayalekhake ane kalAvivecako mAne che ke bhavAImAMthI arvAcIna gujarAtI nATakane janma thayo. A hakIkata sAva pAyA vinAnI che. bhavAI ane arvAcIna gujarAtI nATakane snAna-mRtakane paNa saMbaMdho nathI. A bAbatamAM zrI caMdravadana mahetA zrI narasiMharAva diveTiyAnA matane - samarthana ApatAM kahe cheH "zrI narasiMharAva diveTiyA lakhI gayA che ke ApaNuM - nATaka bhavAImAMthI AvyA nathI. vidvAna guruvarya sAthe sahamata chuM. bhavAIo svataMtra rIte vikasI hatI, vaMThI paNa hatI. bhavAImAMthI thoDA naTe nATakamAM sAmela thayA hatA, nATakonuM mULa bhavAI ja che e vAta barAbara besatI nathI." zrI caMdravadana mahetAnA A vidhAnamAMthI eka vAta spaSTa thAya che ke bhavAI karanAra trAgALAnAyaka bhejaka kAmamAMthI thoDAka naTe gujarAtanI raMgabhUmine maLyA. ogaNIsamA saikAmAM je nATaka maMDaLIo muMbaI surata amadAvAda ane kacchasaurASTramAM janmI tene ItihAsa tapAsatAM jaNAya che ke thoDAka nahi paNa vadhAre pramANamAM naTo nAyaka-bhojaka kamamAMthI raMgabhUmine maLyA che. abhinaya saMgIta -ane nRtyanA kSetramAM A naTae neMdhapAtra pradAna karyuM che. emaNe zikSaNa ochuM lIdhuM hovA chatAM emanI samaja ane tarkazaktine kAraNe abhinaya dvArA bhajavAtAM

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briTiza kAkA nATakane ghaNI siddhi ane prasiddhi apAvI zaktA hatA. zarUAtanA divasomAM jyAre strIo raMgabhUmi upara bhUmikA bhajavatI na hatI tyAre A kemanA naToe strI pAtronI bhUmikA saphaLa rIte bhajavI hatI, je bhUmikAo emanAM nAma sAthe joDAI gaI hatI. dA. ta., jayazaMkara "suMdarI," trIkama "kumuda," somanAtha. "kalyANa,prabhAzaMkara "ramaNI," bhogIlAla "mAlatI" ItyAdi. A hakIkata samajAvatAM sane 1937 mAM amadAvAdamAM bharAyelI raMgabhUmi pariSadanA prathama adhivezananA pramukha sva. ramaNalAla vasaMtalAla desAIe pitAnA vyAkhyAnamAM jaNAveluM: "bhavAI e gujarAte ja UbhI karelI nATayaracanA che. ene ApaNe bhale hasI kADhIe. kaI paNa asabhya ke aNagamatA prasaMgane tiraskAravA mATe tene bhavAI sAthe bhale sarakhAvIe, paraMtu gujarAtanI raMgabhUminA itihAsakArathI bhavAIne, bAjue mukAya ema nathI. emAMthI ja navIna raMgabhUmie moTe bhAge pitAne. naTavarga meLavyo che, emAMthI navIna raMgabhUmine keTaluMka suMdara saMgIta ane keTalAka suMdara saMgItakAra maLyA che. navIna raMgabhUmi A bhavAIne lIdhe ghaNAM taiiyAra sAdhanono upayoga karI zakI."9 gujarAtanI raMgabhUmine nAyaka-bhojaka, kema uparAMta pArasI brAhmaNa brahmabhaTa muslima mIra vagere kAmamAMthI paNa uttama naTa maLyA che. noMdhavA lAyaka eka bAbata e che ke uttara bhArata ane mahArASTramAMthI keTalAka naToe gujarAtI raMgabhUmi upara kAma karIne ujajvaLa khyAti meLavI hatI. I.sa. 1875 pahelAM muMbaImAM takhatA upara utaranAra sau prathama yuropIya. sannArI ku.merInTana hatI. pArasaNa uparAMta vANiyaNanI bhUmikA bhajavIne e vAhavAha pokArAvI hatI. vANiyaNa tarIke eNe takhatA upara kUTavAne AbAda abhinaya karyo hato.10 A pachI gauhara motIjana AgAkhAna munnIbAI motIbAI vagere nIoe gujarAtI raMgabhUmine pitAnAM abhinaya ane saMgIta, vaDe samRddha karI. raMgabhUminI zarUAtanI kArakirdInA naTa-naTonI ATalI vigate pachI A samayamAM muMbaI ane amadAvAdamAM bAMdhavAmAM AvelAM pAka thiyeTaranI vigato tapAsIe. thiyeTaro-nATayagrahAna bAMdhakAma | gujarAtI nATaka ane raMgabhUmine vikAsa bhavAImAMthI nahi, paraMtu pazcimanI keLavaNI ane sabhyatAnA prabhAva heThaLa thayo che. A samayagALAmAM baMdara tarIke suratanI paDatI thaI hatI ane muMbaIne vikAsa thaye hatA. muMbaImAM aMgrejonI vastI ThIka ThIka hatI. muMbaImAM pahelavaheluM nATyagRha bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM tene itihAsa che. muMbaImAM aMgrejo mATe thiyeTara hovuM joIe ema.

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545 civa nRtya nATaya ane saMgIta ema briTiza sarakArane lAgatuM hatuM. A mATe 80 aMgrejone phALe ekatrita karI rU. 14,025 UbhA karyA. sarakAre jamIna ApI. thiyeTara bAMdhavAnI javAbadArI mesarsa phArbasa kaMpanIe lIdhI ane I.sa. 1770 mAM muMbaImAM eliphansTana sarkala para thiyeTara bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM, jenuM nAma "khe thiyeTaramAM rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. ahIM aMgrejI nATako bhajavAtAM hatAM, paraMtu kAryakramanA AyojanamAM bhAre. beTa AvavAthI A thiyeTaranI pravRttio aTakI gaI. A thiyeTara zrI jamazedajI jIjIbhAIe rUpiyA pacAsa hajAramAM kharIdI lIdhuM, je pAchaLathI rU bharavAnI vakhAra banI gayuM! A thiyeTaramAM je aMgrejI nATako ane prahasane bhajavAtAM teomAMthI preraNA laIne pArasIoe pArasI-gujarAtI thiyeTarane vyavasthita svarUpa ApyuM pArasI prakAzamAM zrI ba. be. paTela nedhe che ke "muMbaI madhya gujarAtI bhASAmAM nATaka karanArI eke ya TALI na hovAthI keTalAka keLavaNu pAmelA pArasI gRhasthonI AgevAnI heThaLa A sAlamAM pahelavahelI eka pArasI nATaka maMDaLI sthApavAmAM AvI hatI. te maMDaLIe Aje rAtre grAnTa roDanI nATakazALAmAM "rUstama ane serAbane nATaka tathA dhanajI garakane phArasa karI batAvyuM hatuM. pArasIomAM nATakanuM kAma A pahelavaheluM hovAthI nATakazALA tamAmagIrathI UbharAI gUI hatI."12 pArasI nATakano A prathama saphaLa prayuga 29 ogasTa, 1853 nA roja karavAmAM Avyo hato. I.sa. 184ramAM raMgabhUminA cAhaka zrI jagannAtha zaMkarazeTha nAmanA mahArASTrIe muMbaImAM grAnTa roDa upara potAnI mAlikInuM thiyeTara baMdhAvyuM hatuM. I.sa. 1870 mAM vikaToriyA thiyeTaranA pAyA muMbaImAM nakhAyA. e samayanAM suMdara thiyeTaromAM kuMvarajI nAjharanA geITInI paNa gaNanA karavAmAM AvatI. ene uddaghATana vidhi muMbaInA gavarnara sara ricarDa Tempale karyo hato. e pachI khurazedajI bAlIvAlAe pitAnI nevelTI nATakazALA mATe "ekaselaziyara UbhuM karyuM. 13 geITI thiyeTaramAM muMbaI gujarAtI nATakamaMDaLI pitAnAM nAka bhajavatI hatI. bhAMgavADInuM prinsesa thiyeTara pUruM baMdhAyuM na hatuM. A pachI muMbaImAM bIje aneka thiyeTara bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM. A samayagALAmAM amadAvAdamAM jyAre pAkuM thiyeTara na hatuM tyAre nATake jJAtinAM paMcanI vADImAM vAMsanA kAcA mAMDavA bAMdhIne bhajavavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. vIjaLI na hatI tethI nATakanAM dazyo mATe prakAza--Ayojana mazAle ke kapAsiyAnA dIvA pragaTAvI karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM, jemAM Aga lAgavAnuM moTuM jokhama rahetuM ! amadAvAdanI AvI vADIomAM nAgarIzALAnI vADI, mAnAbhAInI 35

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'briTiza kA. vADI, maganabhAInI vADI, DAhyAbhAInI vADI, brahmacArInI vADI ane gesAMIjInI vADI mukhya hatI, nATaka jovA mATe prekSakone besavA mATe khADe davAmAM AvatA ane khADAnI mATI upara nATaka bhajavavA mATe lAkaDAnuM kAmacalAu pITha UbhuM karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. AvA mAMDavAnA thiyeTaranI dIvAla kaMtAna ke patarAMthI taiyAra karavAmAM AvatI. amadAvAdanI AvI eka nagarazeThanA vaMDAnI vADImAM zrI kezavalAla adhyApakanuM "saMgIta lIlAvatI' nATaka I,sa, 1888mAM bhajavAyuM hatuM. maLatI mAhitI pramANe I.sa. 1884 mAM ghIkAMTA reDa upara "AnaMdabhavana thiyeTara bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM. A thiyeTaramAM amadAvAdanA dezI nATaka samAjanA upakrame sva. DAhyAbhAI dhoLazAjI jhaverIe "saMgIta lIlAvatI' nATaka bhajavyuM hatuM. A sthaLe Aje novelTI sinemAnuM thiyeTara che. A pachI I.sa. 1888mAM brahmacArI vADImAM 'zAMtibhuvana thiyeTara' bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM. ahIM paNa gujarAtI maMDaLIo nATaka bhajavatI hatI. A sthaLe Aje azoka TokIjhanuM thiyeTara AveluM che. A pachI ghIkAMTA upara bhAratabhuvana thiyeTara" ane "mAstara thiyeTara bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM. calacitronuM Agamana thayuM te pahelAM A thiyeTaromAM aneka nATakamaMDaLI AvatI ane pitAnAM jUnanavAM nATaka rajU karatI hatI, atyAre mAnyAmAM na Ave ke A thiyeTare nATayarasika prekSakothI UbharAtAM hatAM ane pitAnAM managamatAM gItanA aneka "vansa mora" mANe prekSake moDI rAtre ghera pAchAM pharatAM hatAM. A samayagALAmAM gujarAta-saurASTramAM anya sthaLoe mAMDavA bAMdhI nATaka rajU karavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. - saurASTra ane kacchamAM je dezI rAjya hatAM teonA rAjavIo nATakanA zekhIna hatA. keTalAka rAjavIonA mahelamAM pitAnI nAnI nATakazALA ane saMgItazALA hatI. A rAjavIo muMbaI surata ane amadAvAdanI nATaka maMDaLIonA naTane pitAnA rAjadarabAramAM bolAvI emanuM AdarapUrvaka svAgata karatA hatA ane emanAM badhapradhAna nATaka mANatA hatA. lIMbaDInA ThAkorane pitAnI AgavI nATakazALA hatI. A nATakazALA Aje hAIskUlamAM pheravAI gaI che. jUnAgaDhanA chellA navAba mahAbatakhAnajI trIjA paNa raMgabhUminA bhAre rasiyA hatA. prApta thatI vizvasanIya mAhitI pramANe teo jAte nATakamAM UtaratA hatA ane nAnI moTI bhUmikA bhajavatA hatA. A nATaka jovAnI mAtra rAjakuTuMbanA sabhyone ja chUTa hatI! emanA darabAramAM nATaka ane saMgItane ghaNuM kalAkArane Azraya ApavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. bhajavAtAM nATakomAM abhinaya ane saMgItathI khuza thaIne kalAkAronuM teo potAnA darabAramAM jAhera saMmAna paNa karatA hatA,

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'citra nutya nATaya ane saMgIta raMgabhUminA ItihAsanuM eka seMdhAyela udAharaNa ApuM. bhAvanagaramAM dezI nATaka samAja laIne zrI DAhyAbhAI dhoLazAjI nATako bhajavavA gayA hatA. koI Akasmika kAraNasara mAMDavAmAM Aga lAgI, nATaka kaMpanIne badhe sarasAmAna baLIne khAkha thaI gayo hato, kampanInA mAlika zrI DAhyAbhAI ghaNuM hatAza thaI gayA. vaDodarAnA mahArAjA sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa DAhyAbhAInAM nATakonA ananya cAhaka ane prazaMsaka hatA. emaNe DAhyAbhAInI kampanIne beThI karavA moTI rakama udAra bhAve ApI. pariNAme dezI nATaka samAja jIvaMta bane. raMgamaMcanI uparanI jhAlara upara lakhavAmAM AvatuM "senAnAsakhela samazera bahAdura mahArAjA sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa Azrita." nATakamaMDaLIo ApaNe joyuM ke gujarAtI raMgabhUminI zarUAtanI kArakirdI mAM pArasIoe beMdhapAtra pradAna karyuM che. muMbaImAM I.sa. 1853 mAM pArasI nATaka maMDaLInI sthApanAmAM dAdAbhAI navarojI, khurazedajI nazaravAnI kAmA, dhanajIbhAI nasaravAnajI kAmAM, aradezara pharAmajI musa, sorAbazAha pharAmajI musa, jahAMgIrajI barajorajI vAcchA, DokaTara bhAu dAjI vagere agragaNya nAgarike hatA. I.sa. 1861 mAM kuMvarajI sorAbajI nAjhare elphinsTana DrAmeTika kalabanI sthApanA karI. De. dhanajI bhAI paTelanA jaNAvyA pramANe A maMDaLamAM muMbaInA pArasI jaje, baeNrisTara, InkamaTekasa kalekaTara, DirekaTara opha pablika insTrakazana vagere hatA. 14 emaNe muMbaImAM berIbaMdara sTezana pAse jagyA meLavI "geITI" thiyeTara baMdhAvyuM hatuM. zarUAtamAM emAM aMgrejI nATakonA anuvAda gujarAtImAM karI bhajavAtA hatA. "alAdIna ane jAduI phAnasa" tathA "InkasabhA" nATakamAM ghaNI yAMtrika karAmata rajU karIne prekSakone AMjI dIdhA hatA. e pachI dAdAbhAI ratanajI yUthIe nATaka maMDaLI sthApI hatI, je kalakattAmAM gujarAtI ane urdU nATake rajU karatI hatI. A samayagALAmAM muMbaImAM sthApavAmAM Avela elphinsTaniyana maMDaLa ane TuDanTa emecyora kalaba dvArA aMgrejImAM zekasapiyaranAM nATaka rajU karavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. I.sa. 1853 thI 1860nA gALAmAM 20 thI 25 jeTalI gujarAtI nATaka maMDaLI astitvamAM AvI, jenA mAlika pArasI hatA. AvA mAlikomAM dAdAbhAI ratanajI thUthI, sorAbajI ogarA, kAvasajI khaTAu,khurazedajI bAlIvAlA vagere mukhya hatA. A pachI Arya subodha nATaka maMDaLI, marabI Arya subodha nATaka maMDaLI, vAMkAnera Arya hitavardhaka nATaka maMDaLa, muMbaI gujarAtI nATaka maMDaLI, subedha gujarAtI nATaka maMDaLI, vAMkAnera

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pa48 briTiza kA vidyAvardhaka nATaka maMDaLI, zrI amadAvAda gujarAtI nATaka maMDaLI, zrI dezI nATaka samAja, zrI rAjanagara nATaka samAja, zrI Aryanaitika nATaka samAja vagere pracAramAM AvI. I.sa. 1860 thI I.sa. 1914 sudhInA gALAmAM gujarAd -saurASTramAM lagabhaga savA base jeTalI nATaka maMDaLI hatI, je moTAM nagaromAM paurANika etihAsika ane sAmAjika nATaka bhajavIne prajAnuM manoraMjana dvArA saMskAra-siMcana karatI hatI, A nATaka maMDaLIone vyavasAyI ke dhaMdhAdArI TheravIne eonuM mUlyAMkana gujarAtanI raMgabhUminA ItihAsamAM ochuM AMkavuM e vAta barAbara nathI. zarUAtamAM A nATaka maMDaLIonA mAlikenA raMgabhUmi aMgenA khyAla ghaNA ucca ane AdarzavAdI hatA. emanI nATaka maMDaLImAM dAkhala thanAra naTanI ghaNI kALajI levAtI. naTone abhinaya nRtya ane saMgItanI paddhatisaranI tAlIma. ApavAmAM AvatI. emanI taMdurastInI paNa ghaNI kALajI levAtI. maMDaLIomAM naTane kevI tAlIma ApavAmAM AvatI hatI enI vigato zrI jayazaMkara suMdarIe gujarAtI sAhitya pariSadanA 22 mA vilepArale adhivezana vakhate kalAvibhAganA pramukha tarIkenA bhASaNamAM ApI che. A uparAMta emanI AtmakathA "DAMka AMsu : theDAMka phUla"mAM paNa vigata ApI che. zrI amRta jAnIe potAnA "abhinayapaMthe" mAM paNa vigata ApI che. rasakavi raghunAtha brahmabhaTe pitAnI AtmakathA "smaraNamajarI"mAM paNa A aMge keTalIka rasika vigato noMdhI che. zrI prAgajI DosAe "takhata bole che, bhAga 1 ane 2"mAM paNa nATaka kampanInA mAliMkA digdarzaka ane kalAkAranI vigato ApI che. A samayagALAnI nATaka maMDaLIone keTalAka ItihAsa gujarAtI nATayanA judA judA aMkAmAM zrI jayaMtIlAla trivedIe "ItihAsanI daSTie" vibhAgamAM ApavA prayatna karyo che. - A nATaka maMDaLIo gujarAta bahAra kalakattA haidarAbAda karAMcI dilhI ane raMgUna sudhI pitAnAM nATaka bhajavatI ane ajaba lokacAhanA meLavatI hatI. zrI caMdravadana mahetA "nakkara hakIkatonA TUMkasAra"mAM nedhe cheH 1885 mAM bAlI vAlAe hiMda bahAra barmA jAvA ane siyAma sudhI nATaka karI nAmanA meLavI hatI, Akhare birANe khuza thatAM, eNe pitAne hisAbe sTImara cArTara karI bAlIvAlAne lanDanamAM nATaka karavA IMglenDa mokalyA hatA. pAchA pharatAM kensTanTinepala eDana vagere sthaLoe nATaka karyA hatAM, jemAM "harizcaMdranuM gujarAtI ane harizcaMdrane hiMdustAnI anuvAda khAsa nATaka hatuM, 15 prApta thatI vigato parathI. kahI zakAya ke gujarAtI raMgabhUmine A samaya enI samRddhinI parAkASThAne hato.'

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citra nutya nATaca ane saMgIta khyAtanAma nATayalekhake digdarzaka ane naTa gujarAtI raMgabhUminuM eka sabhAgya ke A samayagALAmAM ene je nATayalekhake kavio digdarzaka ane na maLyA temaNe raMgabhUmine samRddha karavAmAM mahatvanuM pradAna karyuM. zarUAtamAM to aMgrejI ane saMskRta nATakonuM kathAvastu laIne ja nATaka bhajavAtAM hatAM, paraMtu aMgrejI zikSaNanA prabhAvathI je navajAgRti AvI tene kAraNe ApaNuM potAnA itihAsanAM pAtronI kathAvastu laIne, paurANika kathAprasaMge laIne rAmAyaNa ane mahAbhAratanA kathAprasaMge laIne vizeSa karI bedhapradhAna nATaka lakhAtAM ane bhajavAtAM. harizcaMdra, satI draupadI, satI anasUyA, bhakta pralAda, kRSNa-sudAmA, naLadamayaMtI, bhakta dhruva ityAdi nATaka khUba lakAdara pAmyAM. aitihAsika kathAvastuvALAM nATaka, jevAM ke samrATa caMdragupta, vIra kuNAla, samrATa harSa, buddhadeva, sadharA jesaMga, pRthvIrAja cauhANa, zAlivAhana, cAMparAja vADo, vanarAja cAvaDA, mAlavapati muMja vagere nATakoe paNa prekSakonAM mana upara sArI asara upajAvI hatI. gujarAtI nATacanA ane gujarAtI raMgabhUminA pitA raNachoDabhAI udayarAme sAmAjika nATaka lakhavAnI pahela karI. emanAM "lalitAduHkhadarzaka" ane "jayakumArI vijaya" nATakoe samAja upara dhAryo prabhAva pADyo, emaNe "damayaMtI" ane "bANAsura madamana" nAmanAM nATaka paNa lakhyAM, je bhajavAyAM hatAM. zrI raNachoDabhAInA nATaka "lalitAduHkhadarzakanI paripATImAM A samayamAM sudhArAlakSI bIja nATaka lakhAyAM. A nATakamAM zrI bhAIzaMkara kAzIrAmanuM "vyavahAropayogI nATaka", zrI pAnAcaMda AnaMdajInuM "vyabhicAra-khaMDana", zrI kezavalAla motIlAlanuM "kajoDA duHkhadarzaka nATaka, zrI rUpazaMkara gaMgAzaMkaranuM "vidhavA duHkhadarzaka", zrI bApAlAla bhAIzaMkaranuM kesara vijaya", zrI choTAlAla munazInuM "vidyAvijaya", zrI narabherAma kAzIrAma davenuM "bALavidhavA rUpavaMtI duHkhadarzaka," zrI AtmArAma nAraNajInuM "vasaMtanI vedanA", zrI A, pA. rAjagaranuM "kajoDA vize saMbhASaNa" zrI kezavalAla hariviThThaladAsanuM "kanyAvikraya khaMDana nATaka" zrI ke. vI. travADInuM "kanyAvikya niSedha darzaka" ityAdi gaNAvI zakAya. A nATakamAM keTalAMka takhatA upara rajU thayAM hatAM. gujarAtamAM rUDhio sAme baMDa uThAvavAmAM ane samAjasudhArAnA prasaraNamAM A nATakoe yatkiMcita phALo Apyo hato. kavi dalapatarAme lakSmI nATaka lakhyuM. A nATaka grIka kavi erisTophensanA "lUTasa (Plutas) anuvAda hato. emaNe "strI saMbhASaNa" ane "mithyAbhimAna" nATakamAM sAmAjika vastu laIne samAjasudhArAne sUra rajU karyo. dalapatarAmanI jema navalarAme paNa mAliyaranA Dumb

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paha briTiza kA Wife uparathI "bhaTanuM bhopALuM" rUpAMtarita karyuM. emanuM bIjuM aitihAsika nATaka "vIramatI" maulika che. krAMtikAra sudhAraka kavi narmade paNa "kRSNakumArI" "kaupadI darzana" "rAmajanaka darzana" ane "sAra zAkuMtala" e cAreya nATaka saMskRta paraMparAmAM lakhyAM hatAM, je muMbaImAM bhajavAyAM hatAM. A samayamAM lakhAyeluM maNilAla nabhubhAInuM "kAnA" nATaka paNa ullekhanIya gaNAya. A pachI paMDitayuganA sAhityakAree nATaka lakhyAM, paNa e bhajavavA mATe naTone ghaNI muzkelI paDatI hatI. sva. ramaNabhAI nIlakaMThanuM "rAIne parvata" AnuM udAharaNa che. gujarAtI raMgabhUminI eka kamanasIbI e rahI ke sAhityika nATakone. bahu saphaLatA maLI nahi ane pariNAme bhajavanArA naTa ane sAhityakAra varace keI sumeLa sAdhI zakAya nahi. bIjI bAju nATaka maMDaLIonA mAlike kavione nokarImAM rAkhIne pitAnA naTone dhyAnamAM rAkhIne nATaka lakhAvatA. hatA, je moTAbhAge raMgabhUmi upara saphaLa thatAM hatAM ! AvA nATayalekhakekaviomAM vAghajI AzArAma ojhA, DAhyAbhAI dhoLazAjI, nathurAma suMdarajI, mULazaMkara mulANI, kavicitrakAra kUlacaMda jhaveracaMda zAha, choTAlAla jhakhadeva zarmA, nArAyaNa vasanajI Thakakara, harihara dIvAnA, rasakavi raghunAtha brahmabhaTTa, maNilAla pAgala, prabhulAla dvivedI, baeNrisTara vibhAkara, gaurIzaMkara vairATI. ityAdinAM nAma ullekhapAtra che. A kavionAM paurANika aitihAsika ane sAmAjika nATakoe prekSakavarganuM ghaNuM AkarSaNa jamAvyuM hatuM. A samayanA digdarzake paNa nATakanI rajUAta aMge UMDI sUjha dharAvatA hatA. nATakanuM riharsala karAvatI vakhate abhinaya: vAcika, AMgika ane AhAryane pUrepUro khyAla rAkhatA hatA. sAtvika abhinayane khyAla kuzaLa. naTone ja ApavAmAM AvatA hatA. saMgIta-makyAM gItanI kaI asara prekSako upara pADI zakAze ene teone spaSTa khyAla hatA. saMgItamAstara pAse nATakanA dazyane anurUpa gItanI tarajo baMdhAvatA hatA. vezabhUSA ane sinasinerInI. sajAvaTa karavAmAM nATakampanInA mAlike kharca karavAmAM pAchuM vaLIne jotA na hatA. A samayanA nAmAMkita digdarzakomAM sarva zrI dAdAbhAI ratanajI thUthI, sorAbajI egarA, kezavalAla zivarAma adhyApaka, vAghajI AzArAma ojhA, amRta kezava nAyaka, mULacaMda (mAmA), bApulAla bhabhaladAsa nAyaka, jayazaMkara, "suMdarI," cunIlAla durgAdAsa, rAmalAla vallabha nAyaka ityAdi nAmo noMdhapAtra che. A samayagALAnI Azare savA baso nATaka maMDaLIomAM je nae. nAnI-moTI bhUmikAo bhajavIne khyAti meLavI temanI yAdI ApavI azakya che,

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ziva nRtya nATaya ane saMgIta 5% Ama chatAM sAta-ATha varSanI kumaLI vaye nATakamaMDaLIomAM praveza karI uttama digdarzaka ane anubhavI naTo pAsethI tAlIma laI emaNe je siddhio ane ane kAti prApta karI che tenAthI gujarAtI raMgabhUmine ItihAsa ujamALA bane che. AvA naTomAM sorAbajI egarA, sorAbajI kAtraka, mULajI AzArAma ojhA, amRta kezava nAyaka, vallabha kezava nAyaka, jayazaMkara "suMdarI," bApulAla bhabhaladAsa nAyaka, mULacaMda (mAmA), viThThaladAsa nAyaka, mAsTara zani, mULajI khuzAla, mohana lAlA, mAsTara azaraphakhAna, lAla naMdA, motIrAma bahecara, prANasukha eDIle, prabhAzaMkara ramaNa, trIkama (surabhi) trIkama (kumuda), mAsTara bhagavAnadAsa, sUrajarAma (spezyala suMdarI) vagere no ullekha karavo ghaTe. A rAyanI naTIomAM ka. misa maeNrI phenTana, munnIbAI, kamaLAbAI, sthAmA, ku, maNi, motIbAI vagerenAM nAma paNa raMgabhUminA rasiyAone Aje paNa moDhe che. gujarAtI raMgabhUminuM AkarSaka aMga te enuM kAmika ane saMgIta che. raMgabhUmi upara bhajavAtA paurANika aitihAsika ke sAmAjika nATakanA kathAvastu sAthe prekSakone peTa pakaDIne hasAvatuM komika goThavavAmAM AvatuM. mULa nATaknA lAMbA kathApaTane anukULa AgaLanA paDadA para je upaDyA komikanA rUpamAM bhajavAtI tenuM paNa prekSakone bhAre AkarSaNa hatuM. be pravezanI vacamAM mukhya paDadA para aMdaranA pIThamAM dazyasajAvaTa mATe pUratI vyavasthA karavA mATe temaja prekSakonuM AkarSaNa TakAvI rAkhavA mATe kAmikanAM dRzya TukaDe TukaDe bhajavAtAM hatAM. komikanAM dazyo mATe paNa naTe nakkI karelA hatA. emanA hAvabhAva ane lahekAne dhyAnamAM rAkhIne ja kemika rajU karavAmAM AvatuM. kemika pAtranA praveza vakhate ja rasika prekSako tALIo ane sITIothI vadhAvatA. komikanAM gIta paNa kathAvastune anurUpa racavAmAM AvatAM, je prekSakonA ghaNA vansa mora jhIlatAM hatAM. A prakaraNanA saMgIta-vibhAgamAM raMgabhUminAM gIto ane saMgIta vize carcA karI hovAthI ahIM enI vigato ApI nathI. A samayagALAnI gujarAtI raMgabhUminuM saravaiyuM jemAM jaNAya che ke enuM jamApAsuM ghaNuM samRddha che. AjanA ghaNuM vivecake ane sAhityakAre A samRddha raMgabhUmine dhaMdhAdArI ke vyavasAyI kahIne enuM avamUlyana kare che. ItihAsanI hakIkato tapAsatAM jaNAya che ke nATaka maMDaLIonA mAlike kevaLa dhana kamAvAnI vRttithI nATake rajU karatA na hatA, paraMtu prajanI saMskArabhUkha manaraMjana dvArA saMtoSAya enI paNa kALajI rAkhatA hatA. keI nATakamAM Avaka sArI thatI

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para briTiza kAle hatI, te kaImAM meTI kheTa paNa veThavI paDatI hatI ! raMgabhUmimAM je kaMI vikRtio pravezI te I. sa. 1914 pachInA gALAnI che. A maMDaLIonA digdarzake ane na paNa pitAnA vyavasAyane vaphAdAra rahIne, gIta saMgIta ane abhinayanA kSetramAM naipuNya dAkhavIne raMgabhUmine saMskAramaMdira banAvavA prayatna karatA hatA. gujarAtI hiMdI ane urdU bhASAmAM A nATaka kampanIo je vastu bhajavatI hatI te jotAM kahI zakAya ke gujarAtanI raMgabhUmi prAMtIya ke prAdezika na rahetAM eNe rASTriya svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. mahArASTra ke baMgALanI raMgabhUmi karatAM e koI paNa rIte UtaratI kakSAnI na hatI. saMgItakalA marAThAkAta daramyAna gujarAtamAM pravartamAna vaiSNava zAkta ane jaina dharma bhaktisaMgItane samRddha karavAmAM je phALe ADe have tenI paraMparA briTiza kAlamAM paNa jaLavAI rahI hatI. A samayagALAmAM gujarAtanI vaiSNava havelIemAM paraMparAgata bhaktisaMgIta gavAtuM hatuM. jenamadiromAM bhojake "bhAvanA" ane rAsAonuM gAna karatA hatA. A samayamAM sahabhanaMda svAmIe svAminArAyaNa- saMpradAyanI sthApanA karI ane gujarAta-saurASTramAM maMdira baMdhAvyAM teomAM paNa bhaktisaMgIta vaiSNava paraMparA pramANe gavAtuM hatuM. svAminArAyaNa-saMpradAyamAM je sAdhusaMto thayA te paikInA keTalAka uttama saMgItakAra ane vAdaka hatA. A saMtamAM zrI devAnaMda svAmIne ullekha karavo ghaTe. emane janma I.sa. 1858 mAM dhoLakA najIka baLola gAmamAM gaDhavI jIjIbhAIne tyAM thayeluM. sahajAnaMda svAmInI jyAre emanA gAmamAM padharAmaNI thaI tyAre teo emanA vyaktitvathI prabhAvita thaI gayA ane zrIjI mahArAja pAse dIkSA lIdhI. emanuM asala nAma devIdAna" hatuM, paraMtu dIkSA lIdhA pachI "devAnaMda svAmI banyA. ema kahevAya che ke teo eka samartha gayA hatA. uttara hiMdustAnI saMgItanA rAgarAgiNIone mUrtimaMta karavAnuM emanAmAM apUrva sAmarthya hatuM. zrIjI mahArAjanI sAthe rahIne gAmegAma pharIne teo zAstrIya rAgomAM kIrtana karatA hatA, emanAM racelAM kIrtana gujarAta-saurASTranA bharatharIo Aje paNa rAvaNahaththA sAthe gAya che. devAnaMda svAmI acchA sitAravAdaka paNa hatA. emanuM tAla ane mAtrAnuM jJAna paNa sAruM hatuM. padanI baMdiza teo jAte bAMdhatA hatA, jemAM malhAra khamAja kAphI deza seraTha dhanAzrI kalyANa vagere rogo mukhya hatA. gujarAtanAM nAnAM moTAM nagaramAM kathAkAro mANabhaTTo bhajanike bharatharIo TaheliyA potapotAnI rIte lekamAM saMgIta dvArA dharma ane nItine upadeza ApatA hatA.

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ziva nRtyanAtha ane saMgIta saMgIta ane rAjyAzraya gujarAta saurASTra ane kacchamAM je nAnAM moTAM dezI rAjaya hatAM teomAM gAyako ane vAdakene rAjayAzraya ApavAmAM AvatA hatA. A rAjyamAM vaDodarA ane bhAvanagarane phALA saMgItakalAnA kSetramAM ghaNo moTo hate. maLatI mAhitI pramANe vaDodarAmAM khaMDesara mahArAjanA samayamAM ane bhAvanagaramAM bhAvasiMhajInA samayamAM meTI saMkhyAmAM naTa-naka gAya ane vAdake AvatA ane rAjya -taraphathI emanuM saMmAna karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. I. sa. 1886mAM sayAjIrAva gAyakavADe vaDodarAmAM sarakArI gAyanazALAnI sthApanA karI ane prajA mATe saMgItazikSaNanI vyavasthA karI. samaya jatAM A gAyanazALAmAMthI AjanI "myujhika DAnsa ane DrAmA skUlane vikAsa thayo che. A gAyana-zALAnuM saMcAlana khAnasAheba maulAba nAmanA bInakArane seMpavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. saMgItazikSaNa mATe emaNe sau prathama vAra svaralekhana-paddhati zarU karI. neMdhapAtra bAbata e che ke emaNe gujarAtanA saMta ane kavionAM bhajana-padone svaralipimAM nibaddha karyA ane saMgItazikSaNane kapriya banAvyuM. emaNe I. sa. 1888mAM "saMgItAnubhava", 1891 mAM "bAlasaMgItamAlA", 1892 mAM "IdemaMjarI", 1893-94 mAM narasiMha mahetAnuM mAmeruM tathA bhAgavata garabAvalI ane gAyanazALAmAM cAlatI cIjonAM ekathI cha bhAgomAM kRmika pustaka pragaTa karyA. A pustakone e samaye bahoLo pracAra hato ane emAMnAM keTalAMka gujarAtI ane marAThI baMne bhASAomAM hatAM, A samayagALAmAM lakhAyela "saMgIta kalAdhara" nAmano graMtha atyAra sudhI pragaTa thayelA saMgItanA zAstrIya graMthamAM AgavI bhAta pADe che. bhAvanagaranA mahArAjA bhAvasiMhajInA darabAramAM rAjya gAyaka tarIke sevA ApanAra saMgItakAra paMDita DAhyAlAla zivarAme enI racanA karI che. prathama AvRttinI prastAvanAmAM jaNAvyA pramANe A graMtha prAcIna zilIne anusarI navIna zilI pasaMda karatA grAhakone anukULa paDe tevI yojanAthI lakhAya che. AraMbhamAM iMgliza myujhika tathA AryasaMgItarItithI avAjanI utpatti, avAjanI khUbI, avAjanI gati tathA tIvratA , kamaLatA vagere savistara varNavela che. e pachI saMgItarIti pramANe avAjanI goThavaNa tathA zarIranA je bhAgomAMthI avAja utpanna thAya che tenuM samajAya tevI rIte varNana karyuM che. e pachI iMgliza naTezana saMbaMdhI varNana vistArathI lakhela che te mujaba AryasaMgItazAstranI paribhASA yathAsthata jaNAvI che ane -saMgItAcAryone ItihAsa jaNAvela che.17 bhAvanagara rAjyamAM DAhyAlAla zivarAma

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554 briTiza kAka uparAMta rAjyAzraya meLavanAra dalasukharAma, rahImakhAna, caMdraprabhA, tabalAvAdaka nArAyaNadAsa dalasukharAma, hAramoniyamavAdaka maNilAla, sitAravAdaka amirakhAnA ityAdi mukhya hatA. vaDodarAmAM gAyanazALA uparAMta kalAvaMta kArakhAnuM (Department of Amusement) hatuM jemAM ghaNI uttama koTinA gAyake-vAdakone sthAna ApavAmAM AveluM. nAsarakhAM ane gaMgArAmajI jevA mRdaMgAcAryo, karImabakSa tathA gulAbasiMha. ne emanA putra kuberasiMha ane goviMdasiMha jevA tabalAvAdaka, alIhusena ane jamAluddIna bInakAra tathA inAyatahusena temaja ghasITakhAM sitAriyA, zahanAIvAdamAM vasaIkara ne gAyakavADa, jalataraMgapravINa gulAbasAgara jevA sAjanavAjho. A khAtAne zobhAvatA hatA. tadupaurAMta bhArakarabuvA bakhale jevA gurunA ziSya phijamahaMmadakhAM, gulAmarasUlakhAna, ustAda AlamagIra, tasaduka gulAma abbAsakhAna ne emanI pAse taiyAra thayela AphatAbe mausikI khAnasAheba phaiyAjhakhAna jevAM gAyakaratna paNa hatAM.18 dharamapura rAjayanA mahArAjA mohanadevajInA bhAI rAjakumArazrI prabhAdevajI saMgItanA bhAre zokhIna hatA. emaNe potAnA rAjyamAM saMgItazALAnI sthApanA karI hatI ane "saMgItaprakAza" nAmane saMgItanA rAgonI samIkSA karatA graMtha. paNa prakAzita karyo hato. emanA kAkA mahArAja zrIvijayadevajIe "saMgItabhAva" nAmane eka ghaNo mahattvAkAMkSI graMtha be bhAgomAM pragaTa karyo. A graMtha kenya aMgrejI hiMdI tathA gujarAtI ema saMyukta cAra bhASAmAM sTAphanTezanamAM prasiddha thayo che te duniyAnAM moTAM graMthAlayomAM paNa hiMdI saMgIta upara eka AkaragraMtha tarIke vaparAya che. dharamapura pAse vAMsadA rAjyamAM mahArAjA caMdrasiMhajInA vakhatamAM rahImakhAna nAmane khyAtanAma vAdaka hato, je sitAra bIna ane jalataraMga sArI rIte vagADI zakato hato. uparanAM moTAM rAja uparAMta nAnAM rajavADAM paNa gAyaka-vAdakene rAjyAzraya ApatAM hatAM. A rajavADAMo paikI luNAvADA saMtarAmapura pAlanapura bAlAzinora IDara devagaDhabAriyA vaDhavANa jAmanagara junAgaDha mAMgaroLa sANaMda(amadAvAda jille). ullekhapAtra che. gujarAtanA saMgItakAro gujarAta bahAranAM rAjyamAM paNa potAnI kalA pradarzita karavA jatA hatA. uttaramAM udepura-jayapurathI mAMDIne pUrvamAM darabhaMgAnA rAjavIonA darabAramAM gujarAtanA saMgItakAree rAjyAzraya meLavyAnA purAvA maLe che. nedhapAtra bAbata e che ke A rAjya taraphathI khyAtanAma gAyaka ane vAdakenA jAhera jalasA goThavAtA hatA ane prajA emanuM saMgIta mANatI.

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citra nRtya nATaya ane saMgIta hatI. madhyakAlamAM je saMgItajyA maMdiranI cAra dIvAlamAM purAyelI hatI te have khullA darabAramAM-prajAnA cokamAM AvI hatI, pariNAme zAstrIya saMgItanI kalabo sthApavAmAM AvI, jemAM saMgItanuM paddhatisaranuM zikSaNa ApavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. dhanika kuTuMbamAM khAnagI Tayuzana dvArA utsAhI saMtAnone saMgItanI tAlIma ApavAmAM AvatI hatI. raMgabhUminuM saMgIta A samayamAM vikAsa pAmelI gujarAtI raMgabhUminu eka atyaMta lokapriya pAsuM te enuM saMgIta hatuM. nATakanI zarUAta sUtradhAra ane bALAonA prArthanAgItathI karavAmAM AvatI, je moTe bhAge kalyANa rAgamAM gavAtuM. nATaka maMDaLIo pAse pitAnA AgavA saMgIta mAstaro hatA, jeo kavioe racelAM gItanI taraje saMgItamAM nibaddha karatA hatA. nATaka maMDaLImAM dAkhala thanAra naTane vahelI savArathI svarA bhaNAvavAmAM AvatA hatA ane tAlabaddha ane layabaddha paddhatithI kevI rIte gAvuM enI vyavasthita tAlIma ApavAmAM AvatI hatI. nATakanA kathAvastune anurUpa ane kyAreka gAnAra naTane dhyAnamAM rAkhIne gItanI racanA karavAmAM AvatI hatI. nATaka paurANika hoya ke etihAsika dhArmika hoya ke sAmAjika, paraMtu emAM prasaMgane anurUpa saMgIta Avazyaka gaNAtuM. A vAta.. samajAvatAM rasakavi raghunAtha brahmabhaTTa kahe che ke "raMgabhUmi sAthe saMgIta, dehanI. sAthe AtmAnI mAphaka, saMlagna che. saMgIta vagara raMgabhUmi jarUra nIrasa ane. zuSka lAge. saMgIta pragenI aneka UNapa pUrI pADe che.20 seMdhapAtra bAbata e che ke gujarAtI raMgabhUminAM nATakanA saMvAda karatAM paNa gItA vadhAre lekAdara, pAmatAM hatAM. nATaka kampanIne sangItAcAryo zAstrIya ane lekaDhALone upayoga karIne gItaracanAne jIvaMta banAvatA hatA. AvA saMgItAcAryomAM paMDita vADIlAla zivarAma nAyakanuM nAma gaurava sAthe ullekhapAtra gaNAya. emaNe vikhyAta saMgItazAstrI paMDita viSNu nArAyaNa bhAtakhaMDe pAse tAlIma lIdhI hatI. muMbaI gujarAtI nATaka maMDaLInAM aneka gItane emaNe saMgItanibaddha karyA hatAM. emanI saMgIta, zIkhavavAnI paddhati ane gItone saMgItamAM nibaddha karavAnI paddhati vize sva. rasikalAla cho. parIkhe suMdara caritracitraNa karyuM che. 21 A sivAyanA nAmAMkita saMgItadigdarzakomAM vADIlAla ustAda, haribhAI jAmanagaravALA, hIrAlAla ustAda, mULacaMda vallabha(mAmA), amRta kezava nAyaka, rAmalAla nAyaka, mAsTara lallubhAI nAyaka, mAsTara chelAjI, mAsTara mehana lAlA, hamIrajI ustAda, mAsTara nAraNadAsa ustAda vagerenAM nAma gaNAvI zakAya. sva. DAhyAbhAI dhoLazAjI, prabhulAla dvivedI,

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briTiza kATa rasakavi raghunAtha brahmabhaTTa, kavi verATI vagerenAM gIta khUba lokapriya banyAM hatAM. A gItanI keTalIka paMktio ahIM TAMkavA jevI che - "re zuM mAnavanuM abhimAna palakamAM TaLI jaze re | (vINAvelI) huM mastAna premanI, mane kaI nA cheDo re.." ja (umAdevaDI) re zuM naTavara vasaMta che the nAcI rahyo" (azrumatI) "jhINA jharamara varase meha, bIje mArI cUMdalaDI" (jagatasiMha) "AMkha vinA aMdhAruM re, sadAya mAre AMkha vinA aMdhAruM | (sUradAsa). hadayanA zuddha premIne nigamanAM jJAna ochAM che" (mAlavapati muMja) 'A gItanA rAga paNa saMgItazAstramAM jaNAvyA pramANe samayAnusAra gAvAmAM AvatA. rAtanA bAra vAgyA sudhI pUrva-rAgo ane e pachI uttara rAga-rAgiNIomAM gItanI baMdiza bAMdhavAmAM AvatI hatI. deza sAraMga mADha vasaMta pUvI hiMDoLa mAlakaMsaA badhA rAga nATakanA be aMka sudhImAM AvI jatA ane tyAra pachI rAta jamatAM rAgiNI ToDI mAlazrI haMsakIMkaNuM khaMbhAvatI auravI AzAvarI vagere gAvAmAM AvatI. A gItanI kavitA ane tarajoe prekSakone maMtramugdha banAvyA hatA. Aje paNa je peDhIe A nATaka joyAM che ane mANyAM che te gujarAtI raMgabhUminAM gIta vAgoLatAM AnaMda ane ullAsa anubhave che. A gItanI lekajIvana upara evI bhUrakI hatI ke muMbaIthI mAMDavI sudhI baeNnDavALA enI taraja bajAvatA hatA ane lekene khuza rAkhatA hatA. citra ane zilpamAM vAghonuM Alekhana A samayamAM je hiMdu ane jaina maMdira bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM teonAM zimAM gaMdharvo ane natikAo judAM judAM vAdyo sAthe jovA maLe che. amadAvAdamAM dilhI daravAjA bahAra AvelA haThIsiMhanA daherAmAM vividha aMga-bhaMgIo sAthe vAdhAriNuo kaMDAravAmAM AvI che. A vAdyomAM mRdaMga vAMsaLI Dhola saroda maMjIrAM sAraMgI mukhya che. A samayagALAmAM gujarAta

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citra nRtya nATaya ane saMgIta : saurASTramAM je svAminArAyaNa maMdira bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM teonAM zilpamAM ane citromAM nartake ane vAdakanuM Alekhane jovA maLe che jena ane jainetara, dhArmika paTamAM paNa judAM judAM vAghonuM Alekhana jovA maLe che. rAjavIonA mahelanAM bhitticitromAM paNa nRtya ane saMgItanA jalasAnA AlekhanamAM temaja rAjasavArI ke yuddhanA AlekhanamAM vAdyonuM nirUpaNa jovA maLe che. A vAdyomAM mRdaMga Dhola nagAruM Damaru vINuM saroda ekatAre taMbura vAMsaLI, zaMkha zaraNAI bhUMgaLa raNazIMgu ityAdinuM Alekhana A samayamAM saMgItanAM pracalita vAdyone khyAla Ape che. gujarAta-saurASTranI lekakalAmAM paNa deva-devIonuM Alekhana vAdyo sAthe jovA maLe che, jemake sarasvatI vINA sAthe, ziva Damaru sAthe, kRSNa baMsarI sAthe, ityAdi. A samayagALAmAM rajU thatAM gujarAtanAM lekanRtya ane lokasaMgItamAM ektAro jaMtara rAvaNahaththo Dhola maMjIrAM bhUMgaLa ane vAMsaLIne upayoga karavAmAM AvatA. AdivAsI prajA paNa pitAnAM nRtyamAM caMga, zaraNAI, jaMtara, tADapuM, Daba, narahila, dhAMgaLI, malaMgI nAmanAM vAghane upayoga, karatI hatI, gujarAtamAM citra nRtya nATaya saMgItane ghaNe vikAsa A samayagALAmAM thayo hato ema nizaMka kahI zakAya. gujarAtanI prajAne saMskAritAne Apa ApavAmAM A kalAonA kheDANe neMdhapAtra pradAna karyuM che. pAdaTIpa 1. hIrAlAla tri. pArekha, "arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana', pR. 43 2. ravizaMkara ma. rAvaLa, gujarAtanI sAMprata citrakalAnuM vihaMgAvalokana', kalAaMka, "kumAra" saLaMga aMka 528, pR. 36 3. ravizaMkara ma. rAvaLa, ejana pR. 37 8. U. P Shah, 'Treasures of Jain Bhandaras", p. 40 5. kheDIdAsa paramAra, ziheranA rAmajI maMdiranAM bhIMtacitro', "kumAra", saLaMga aMka 565, pR. 18-20 6. rAmasiMhajI rAThoDa, kacchanAM bhIMtacitro', "kumArane kalA aMka pa28, pR. 97-103 7. sva. sAkSara dIvAna bahAdura raNachoDabhAI udayarAma zatAbdI graMtha, nATakane "prAraMbha' 8. dhanasukhalAla mahetA, "nATakanI bhajavaNI', "gujarAtanI nATatha zatAbdI mahatsava smAraka graMtha", pR. 19 9. ramaNalAla vasaMtalAla desAI, "raMgabhUmi', "raMgabhUmi pariSadanuM paheluM adhivezana", pR34 10. caMdravadana mahetA, "nakkara hakIktane TUMka sAra", "gujarAta nATathazatAbdI mahotsava smAraka graMtha", pR. 16

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briTiza kahe 11. prAgajI DosA, takhate bole che-bhAga 1 le, pR. 3 2. bahamanajI baherAmajI paTela, "pArasI prakAza phatara 1 luM, bhAga-7, pR. 24-25 13. prabhulAla da. dvivedI, "nATaka ane lekaruci', "gujarAtI nATaya zatAbdI mahotsava smAraka graMtha, pR. 13 14. dhanajIbhAI paTela, pArasI nATaka takhtAnI tavArIkha', pR. 7 15. caMdravadana mahetA, upayukata, pR. 18 16. ramaNalAla choTAlAla mahetA, "saMgItacarcA, 5, 7 17. DAhyAlAla zivarAma paMDita, saMgItakalAdhara-prastAvanA, 5. 1 18. ramaNalAla choTAlAla mahetA, uparyukta, pR. 9 19 ejana, 5. 10 20. raghunAtha bahAbhaTTa, raMgabhUmi ane saMgIta", "gujarAtI nATaya zatAbdI mahotsava smAraka graMtha", 5, 41 . . 21. rasikalAla cho. parIkha, "saMgItAcArya vADIlAla zivarAma nAyaka, AkAzabhASita, 5. 259 -

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pariziSTa hunnarakalAo "1, raMgATI ane chApakAma - raMgATIkAma ane kApaDa chApavAnuM kAma moTA bhAge milemAM thAya che, paNa emAM DijhAInanI vividhatA hotI nathI tethI gRhaudyoga ane laghuudyoga tarIke A udyoga gujarAtanAM meTAM bhAganAM zaheromAM TakI rahyo che. gujarAta sarvasaMgrahamAM raMgATIkAma aMge jaNAvAyuM cheH "mukhya raMga gAmamAM gaLI ne zaheramAM gherA AsamAnI kALI ne AchA raMge caDAvavAmAM Ave che. zaheramAM thoDA musalamAna raMgATI che, bAkInA bIjA badhA raMgareja hiMdu bhAvasAra che. pAghaDI vagere raMganArane raMgareja tathA gaLIthI raMganArAne gaLIArA kahe che." chApakAma karanAra "chIpA kahevAya che. saurASTramAM ane kacchamAM hiMdu ane musalamAna khatrI A kAma kare che, gujarAtamAM mAravADI musalamAne tathA khatrI A kAma kare che. - bhUtakALamAM gaLI haraDe vagere vanaspatijanya raMga vaparAtA hatA, paNa rAsAyaNika raMgonI zodha thatAM, raMgATI-udyoga mila hastaka jatAM A udyoga mRtaprAya thavAmAM hato, paNa grAmavistAranI jADA baranAM raMgaberaMgI vastronI mAMgane kAraNe A udyoga TakI rahyo che. narmadA sAbaramatI vAtraka bhAdara AjI vagere nadIonAM pANInA viziSTa guNone kAraNe bharUca amadAvAda kheDA jetapura ane rAjakeTa raMgATI tathA chApakAmanA mahatvanAM keMdra hatAM. bharUca A udyogamAM mokharAnuM sthAna dharAvatuM hatuM. 1878 mAM kheDA jillAmAM keliko prinTiMga tathA raMgavAnuM kAma naDiyAda kheDA DAkora umareTha mahemadAvAda sANaMda zAstApura kaDalAla mAha ane kapaDavaMjamAM thatuM hatuM. ogaNIsamI sadInA aMta sudhI A udyoga sArI sthitimAM hato. lAkaDAnAM ke dhAtunAM bIbAMne chApakAma mATe upayoga thato hato. gAMdhInagara jillAmAM peithApura ane mahesANA jillAmAM vaDanagaramAM chApakAma sAruM thatuM hatuM, pethApuranI sADIo tathA kheDAnuM raMgATI kApaDa siyAmamAM jatuM hatuM. bhAvanagara jillAnA ziheramAM tathA amarelI jillAnAM dAmanagara amarelI tathA bagasarAmAM kheDUto tathA : grAmajanone anukULa paDe tevuM jADA kApaDa uparanuM chApakAma tathA raMgATI kAma thatuM hatuM. gavane kasuM madharAsiyA baMgALA jevI raMgIna sADIo vaparAtI hatI.

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50 briTiza kA sADInAM nAma raMgasUcaka ane sthaLasUcaka che e noMdhapAtra che. vaDodarA jillAmAM vaDodarA tathA DabhoI raMgATIkAma mATe jANatAM hatAM. surata-valasADa jillAomAM surata uparAMta navasArI valasADa bAraDolI jalAlapora cIkhalI ane gaNadevI raMgATIkAma mATenAM mahattvanAM keMdra hatA.4 bAMdhaNIne udyoga rAjasthAna ane kaccha dvArA saurASTramAM jAmanagaramAM lagabhaga 450 varasothI astitvamAM che. malamala jeTa vayala ane hAthazALanuM jhINuM kApaDa A mATe vaparAya che. agAu vanaspati-janya raMge vaparAtA hatA, paNa have tela ane brenthala raMga vaparAya che. bAMdhaNImAM pILA lAla ane lIlA raMga mukhyatve vaparAya che. jAmanagara uparAMta kacchanAM bhUja mAMDavI aMjAra muMdrA ane naLiyA bAMdhaNI mATenAM keMdra che. A kAma, musalamAna ane hiMdu khatrIo kare che. kacchamAM bAMdhaNa uparAMta rezamI kApaDa vaNavAnuM tathA raMgavAnuM kAma mAMDavInA khatrIo kahe che. mAMDavInI rukamAvatI nadInuM pANI gherA gADha raMga mATe vadhAre anukULa che. saurASTra ane kacchanI praja raMgaberaMgI gADha vastra vizeSa pasaMda kare che. bAMdhaNI upara kapaDAne gAMTha mArIne TIkaDAnI DijhAIna upasAvavAmAM Ave che. A sivAya hAthathI ke bIbAne upayoga. karI vividhalakSI phUla vela vagerenI DijhAina utAravAmAM Ave che. bAra bAga, bAvana bAga, mora pUtaLI vagere rezamI kApaDa uparanI kacchI DijhAIna dharAvatI viziSTa nAmavALI sADIo jANItI che. A uparAMta bATika Ajarakha ane rogana prakAranI viziSTa hAthachApakalA kacchanI viziSTatA che. kacchanAM kAMThAnAM gAmomAM bhabhakAdAra raMgeyukta bATika tarIke oLakhAtI hasta chApakalA ghaNA samayathI pracalita che. aDhAramI ane ogaNIsamI sadI daramyAna bATika-kalAvALAM vastronI, inDoneziyAmAM nikAsa thatI hatI. hAla e kalA InDoneziyAmAM paNa pracalita che. siMdhamAMthI "Ajarakha" prakAranI hasta chApakalA kacchamAM dAkhala thaI che. khAsa karIne rAjasthAna siMdha ane kacchanA musalamAna A prakAranAM raMgATIvastra pasaMda kare che. kSAra-rahita sakhata pANu na hoya tyAM A raMgATIkAma thAya che. DijhAIne hAthathI deravAmAM Ave che. sikkAonAM nAma uparathI keTalIka DijhAIne AlekhAya che. dA. ta. kerI" "aDhiyA" "pAMciyA' vagere. sADInI kinAranI DijhAIna buddo. tAvIja gInI kulaDA jevAM vividha nAma dharAve che. TebalakalaMtha ane paDadAnAM suzobhane mATe "rogana" prakAranuM hasta chApakAma pracalita che. aLazI ke divelamAM raMge meLavIne sapheda kApaDane raMgavAmAM Ave che. A prakAranA raMgATI-kApaDa upara bhaumitika AkRtio tathA phUla vela vagerenI DijhAIne mukhya hoya che. skrIna prinTiMga tathA rolara prinTiMgane kAraNe milemAM thatA chApakAmane lIdhe raMgATI-kAma ane chApakAma jaththAbaMdha thatAM gRhaudyoganI avanati thaI che.

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pariziSTha (hunarakathAo) pATaNamAM varasothI paToLAMnuM kAma thAya che. sADInI baMne bAju ekasarakhI DijhAIna hoya che ane vastranA vaNATa sAthe DijhAina UpasatI jAya che. hAla eka-e kArIgara paTeLAM vaNe che. kiMmata khUba vadhI che.. 2. bharatagUMthaNa bharatagUMthaNa mATe kaccha saurASTra ane surata jille jANItA che. suratanA gejheTiyaramAM jaNAvyA pramANe bharatakAma mATe surate enI khyAti jALavI rAkhI hatI. rezamI kApaDa upara sonA-rUpAnA ane jarInA tAravALA bharatakAmanI mAgaNI khUba rahetI hatI. jarI-kAma karanAra moTA bhAganA kArIgara musalamAna hatA. A uparAMta brAhmaNa, vANiyA vagere ucca kemanI strIo ghera rahIne rezamI bharata bharavAnuM kAma karatI hatI. muMbaI ane suratanA pArasIo emanA mukhya grAhaka hatA.9 kacchamAM bharatakAma 270 varSa pUrve siMdhamAMthI AvelA "thAthAthI" nAmanA phakIre pracalita karyuM hatuM. enI pAsethI bhUja ane mAMDavInA mocI kArIgaroe A kaLA apanAvI hatI. sUyAnI madadathI A kArIgaro ArI-bharatanuM kAma kare che ane keI jAtanI DijhAIna taiyAra karyA sivAya sIdhesIdhA akSare phUla vela pakSIo pazuo ane manuSyonI AkRtio bharatanA TAMkAo dvArA upasAve che. saurASTranAM rajavADAMmAM tathA jhAMjhIbAramAM ArI-bharatavALA kApaDanI mAMga rahetI hatI. bulabula mora pUtaLI vagerenI AkRti coLI, sADIne pAlava, TopI paDado toraNa pichavAI vagere upara TAMkAonI madadathI upasAvAya che. kaNabI kAmanI strIonAM caNiyA coLI upara ane toraNa cAkaLA vagere upara sAMkaLI-bharata bhare che. kaTAI ane laDAI vistAranA AhIre tathA ratanAlanA rabArIo AbhalA-bharatamAM kuzaLa che. sAmAnya rIte teo kALA raMganuM jADA baranuM kApaDa pasaMda kare che. bannInA jata ane matiyA tathA khAvaDAnA lohANA ezikAnAM kavara coLI vagere upara AbhalAM sAthenuM khUba ja khIcakhIca bharata bhare che. jAta leke "kajarI' tarIke oLakhAtAM kapaDAM upara bharata bhare che. bannInuM bharata khUba samaya mAgI le che ane eka cerasa iMcanI kiMmata ekathI savA rUpiyA jeTalI hoya che. vAgaDa(kaccha)nA ane bhUja ane mAMDavIne osavALa vaNike cekaDI hIrA (diamond) vagere bhaumitika AkRtivALuM bharata bharavAmAM kuzaLa che. saurASTramAM cAkaLA toraNa, baLada mATenI kUla, thelI ghAgharA vagere upara AbhalAM sAthenuM bharata bharavAmAM Ave che. kaccha ane saurASTranA kaNabIonuM bharatakAma sAmya dharAve che. "phUlakarI" tarIke oLakhAtuM bharatakAma kacchanA

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briTiza kAra meAcIAnA bharatakAmathI alaga paDe che. kacchamAM gaccha makhamala ane jADI khAdI upara bharatakAma thAya che, saurASTramAM lAla ke bhUrA raMganA jADA caNiyAnA kApaDa upara bharatakAma AbhalAM sAthe thAya che, AbhalAM pharatI buTTI uparAMta meAra pApaTa vagere AkRti bharatanA TAMkAo dvArA upasAvAya che, saurASTramAM zubI uparAMta kAThI kAmamAM lagnane prasaMge dIkarIne ANAmAM bharata bharelAM ghAgharA cAkaLA tAraNa, dIvAla upara laTakAvI zakAya tevA paDadA vagere apAya che, jemAM hIranA dArAthI bharatakAma karavAmAM Ave che. lAla raganA kApaDa upara bharata bharavAmAM Ave che. A prakAra kAThI-bharata tarIke jANItA che, amarelI jillAmAM bagasarA cADiyA iMgorALA khAkharA viDayA calALA vagere kAThInI vastI dharAvatAM gAmAmAM bharatakAma strIo navarAzanA samayamAM kare che, A kAma hIranA dorA mAMghA thaI jatAM have AchuM thavA lAgyuM che. sara zrI rAmasiMhajI rAThoDe kacchanA bharatakAma aMge abhiprAya vyakta karyA cheH 'kacchanu` bharatakAma paNa jANe citrakAmanI leAkaLAnu joDiyuM heAya evA lAlityapUrvIka vikasyuM che. Aje paNa kacchamAM vastrAbhUSA ane te dhAraNa karavAnI rIta kAmavAra alaga ane vividha rahelI che, temAM kacchanI raMgIlI leAkakaLAnAM uttama tattva! sacavAyelAM che, temanI paheravezanI rItane anurUpa kAmavAra te para bharatakAmanI lAkSaNikatA paNa khAsa alaga tarI Ave che......temanuM bharatakAma temanI peAtAnI AgavI rIte rUpamAM ane raMge prANavAna che, bharatakAmamAM vaparAtAM rUpalakSaNa para parAgata peDhIutAra vazarjAne maLyAM karyAM che, chatAMya A kAmamAM mAtra rUDhigata jaDa anukaraNa nahIM thatAM e sAMskArika vArasAnA maulika mukta vaparAza thatA jovA maLe che. ekaMdare jotAM temAM sAMkaLI ane AMTIvALA lapeTA, TAMkA tathA AbhalAMnuM bharata ekasarakhuM jovA maLe che. kacchanA bharatakAmanA keTalAka namUnAomAM te jANe citramAM heAya evI ekasarakhI bharaNI, bharatakAmanI saphAI ane AkRtinI bArIkI jovA maLe che. A bharatakAma TApIthI tAraNa sudhI--jhUla ghAgharA kApaDAM pAlavapaTTI caMdaravA cAkaLA ArA vagere jevAM rAjiMdA vaparAzanAM ghaNI jAtanAM vastra upara karavAmAM Ave che. zramabharyuM sAmUhika jIvana jIvatAM A leAnA jIvananI pratikRti te raMgathI dekhADe che. ghaNuMkharuM kasuMbala rAtA kALA nIlA kesarI ke dheALA paTa upara te rAtA lIlA jAMbalI nAraMgI ke sapheda raMganA dorAthI A bharatakAma upasAve che, kacchanA bharatakAmanI AkRtiomAM saDA mera ane pAMDiyA kamaLaphUlano cakara tenI lAkSaNiktA che. kAme jatI kaNabaNu, vAgaDamAM bheMsA cAratI rAjapUta cheDI, bhAta laI jatI bhaNasAlaNa, vAMDhI upADI UMTa pAchaLa cAlatI

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pariziSTa (hunarakalAe) rabAraNa ke jhIla upara bhUMgAnI TADhakamAM baniyArI AvuM bharatakAma te vAto karatAM karatI jAya che. cokasAIbharI hatheTIthI thatA A suMdara bharatakAmanI kalApraNAlI eka sajIva saMskAra-vAraso banI rahe che."10 3. metIkAma motInAM tAraNa, I DhoNuM nALiyera paMkhA capATa DhIMgalI cAkaLA caMdaravA vagere bharavAnuM kAma amarelI jillAnA kAThI vastIvALAM gAmomAM thAya che. bagasarA enuM keMdra che. anya kemomAM paNa dIkarIne motI-bharelAM I DhANI tathA paMkho apAya che, jayAre kAThI komamAM cAkaLA caMdaravA vagere A uparAMta apAya che. saurASTranAM grAmavistAra ane zaheramAM A gRhaudyoga pracalita che. motIgUMthaNInA ekamotI ane traNa motIgUMthaNa evA be prakAra che.11 saurASTranAM meTA bhAganAM zaheromAM motInAM teraNa ane IDhaNuM dIkarIne aNumAM ApavA mATe navarAzanA samayamAM strIo banAvatI hatI. 4. dhAtukAma dhAtukAmanA kArIgara mukhyatve luhAra ane kaMsArA che. yaMtrayuganA Agamana pUrve luhAro kodALI kuhADI dAtaraDuM karavata kAtara sANasI cIpi tavethA vagere sthAnika jarUriyAta pramANe banAvatA hatA. A sivAya bAMdhakAma mATe upayogI khIlA khIlIo ane kaDachI capu sUDI vagere banAvatA hatA. A uparAMta khetInAM ojAronI marAmata paNa karatA hatA. yaMtrayuganA Agamana pachI zaheramAM vasatAM teo bAladI Trenka abharAI tijorI kabATa ane yaMtranA bhAga vagere banAve che. paradezanAM zastra-khaMDanI vastuo upalabdha thatAM luhAronA dhaMdhAmAM oTa AvI hatI, ema chatAM astrA cappa sUDI tALAM vagere banAvavAne gRhaudyoga jIvaMta rahyo hato. vaDanagara ane umareThamAM astrA banatA hatA ane sthAnika vaparAza uparAMta I dera ratalAma vagere sthaLAe enI nikAsa thatI hatI. sUDI banAvavAno udyoga lImaDI pATaNa olapADa moTI pAnelI (rAjakoTa jillo) ane jAmanagaramAM tathA kaccha jillAnA aMjAramAM cAlato hato. jApAna tathA jarmanIthI A vastuonI AyAtane kAraNe A udyogamAM oTa AvavA chatAM A udyoga TakI rahyA che. kacchamAM 1860 pachI cappa ane sUDI banAvavAne udyoga juNasa" nAmanI vyaktie karyo hato. bhUja mAMDavI aMjAra rehA vageremAM enA vaMzajo koThArAnA ajANI sAthe rahIne sArI jAtanAM capuo ane sUDIo hAla banAve che. teo kAtara paNa banAve che. taLa-gujarAtamAM Amoda ane luNAvADAmAM

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briTiza kAla sArAM cappa banatAM hatAM. jAmanagaramAM pittaLanAM tALAM ane baTane banAvavAne udyoga hAla cAle che. meTAM zaheromAM Dranka beladI kabATa, yaMtronA bhAga vagere luhAra tathA verAo banAve che. amadAvAda rAjakoTa surata bhAvanagara emAM. mukhya che. 12 kaMsArAne mukhya vyavasAya trAMbA pittaLa tathA kAMsAnAM vAsaNa banAvavAne che. agAu lagna prasaMge kanyAne pitRpakSa taraphathI ghaNuM vAsaNa apAtAM hatAM. carotaranI pATIdAra kAmamAM A rivAja vadhAre pracalita hatuM. A udyoganAM naDiyAda DabhoI surata Amoda khaMbhAta navasArI vIsanagara dhrAMgadhrA vaDhavANa jorAvaranagara zihera mukhya kendra che. beDAM goLI leTA pyAlA kapa dIvI kaDAM rakAbI thALI, tapelAM vATakA trAsaka pavAlo chAliyAM vagere trAMbA-pittaLanAM patarAMmAMthI banAve che. A patarAnI paradezathI AyAta karAya che. moTA bhAge agAu ghaDataranAM vAsaNa kaMsArA ghera rahIne banAvatA hatA. koI sthaLe kArakhAnAmAM polizavALo mAla paNa banatA hatA. ziheramAM pittaLanI hIMcakAnI sAMkaLa tathA ghaDataranAM vAsaNa sArAM bane che. amadAvAda navasArI. bIlImorA ane ziheramAM hAla yaMtrasaMcAlita kArakhAnAM astitvamAM AvyAM che. kAMsAne vaparAza ghaTI gayo che. elyuminiyamanAM vAsaNa grAmavistAramAM vaparAya. che, paNa enI banAvaTa gujarAtamAM thatI nathI. A sivAya jarmana silvaranAM vAsaNa paNa pracalita hatA.13 senArUpAnAM ghareNAM sane leka banAve che. gAmaDAM tathA zaheramAM sonI jJAtinA lekA A dhaMdho kare che. amadAvAda vaDodarA surata naDiyAda pATaNa IDara rAjapIpaLA rAdhanapura valasADa bharUca pAlanapura ane borasada A udyoganA mahatvanAM mathaka che. tenI leke potAnI dukAna ke gharamAM kAma kare che. strIone ghareNAMne, meha hoIne tenI lekane dhaMdho bAre mAsa cAle che. kacchanuM rUpAnuM kArIgarIkAma tathA mInAkAma khUba ja jANItuM che. mULa A dhaMdhe rAmasiMhajI mAlame Daca. kArIgaro pAsethI zIkhIne dAkhala karyo hato. 14 pa, akIkanA udyoga khaMbhAtane akIkanI vastuo banAvavAne udyoga prAcIna samayathI jANIne che. mughala samaya daramyAna AvelA paradezI pravAsIoe A udyogane ulekha karyo che ane varNana karela che. akIkanA paththara narmadA para AvelA jhaghaDiyA tAlukAnA ratanapara ke aMkalezvara tAlukAnA aDAdarAmAM, kheDA jillAmAM kapaDavaMja ane saurASTramAM merakhI ane rANapura pAsethI nIkaLe che.

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pariziSTa (hunarakalAe) zera paththaranI kiMmata enA kada ane guNa pramANe rU. 3 thI 50 sudhI bese che. maNa paththara heya temAMthI sAphasUpha karI upagamAM 3 thI pa zera ja Ave che. paththaranAM raMga ane guNa pramANe cazmadAra jAmo sUvA bhAjI khAriye Agiyo rAtaDiyo dezIdAra pIroja mAI mariyama vagere judAM judAM nAma hoya che. akIkanA paththarone chANanI garamIthI pakavavAmAM Ave che, jethI vividha raMge khIlI nIkaLe che. ghareNAM tarIke akIkanAM mALA mAdaLiyAM pATiyAM kheMcI bAjubaMdha aMgUThIo beriyA bane che. pyAlA rakAbI, cappanA hAthA, zetaraMjanAM mahorAM, pena khaDiyo, talavAranI mUTha, peparaveITa peparakaTara vagere bane che. kALA paththaramAMthI eriMga vIMTIo ane baTa bane che. akIkanuM kAma moTe bhAge kaNabI kArIgare kare che. DeLiyA paththarane poliza kare che, ghasiyA ghase che, vadhArA vadhe che ane paTImAra lAkaDA upara ghasI poliza kare che. A udyoga mATe sAmAnya rIte sonInA upayoganAM sAdhana vaparAya che. mAtra hIrAne kANuM pADavAnI khAsa Drila Ave che tevI Drila viziSTa sAdhana che ane maNakA vagere banAvavAnuM kAma enAthI saraLa paDe che. khaMbhAtamAMthI akIkanI vastuo cIna arabastAna yuropa, AphrikAnAM golDasTa, ane nAIjIriyAmAM jAya che, "gujarAta sarvasaMgrahamAM jaNAvyA pramANe khaMbhAtamAM bethI traNa lAkha rUpiyAnI akIkanI vastuo banatI hatI ane khaMbhAtanA navAbanI enA upara paTakA nikAsa-jakAta hatI. haDappAkAlIna sthaLomAMthI akIkanA maNako maLI Ave che ane madhyapUrvanA dezo tathA AphrikAmAM prAcIna sthaLAmAMthI ukhanane daramyAna maLI AvyA che.15 6. jarIsaba udyoga kinakhAba ane makhamalanA kAmamAM sonerI ane rUperI tArakasabanI jarUra paDe che. gujarAta sarvasaMgrahamAM jaNAvyA pramANe tArakasaba banAvavAnuM kAma surata amadAvAda ane navAnagaramAM thatuM hatuM. amadAvAda ane suratamAM 1,500 thI 2,000 kArIgara A kAmamAM rokAyelA hatA. navAnagara(jAmanagara)mAM emanI saMkhyA 50 hatI. have surata sivAya anyatra A udyoga keI sthaLe cAlatA nathI. A udyogane kA mAla rezamI derAo, cAMdI sonuM vagerenI jarmanI phAnsa ane sviljharalaeNnDathI AyAta thatI hatI. eka tolA cAMdImAMthI 1,600 thI 3,000 vAra laMbAInA tAra nIkaLI zake che. khUba jhINuM tAra banArasamAMthI maMgAvAtA hatA. cAMdIne pATale tema mekaNa tAranI majUrI ApIne paNa jarInA tAra sthAnika

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briTiza kAka rIte taiyAra karAvAtA hatA. tAra banAvatAM cAMdInI eka Take ghaTa paDe che. eka tolA sonAmAMthI sAmAnya rIte 600-800 tAra kheMcAya che. keTalAka leko. 2,000 vAra eTale bArIka tAra paNa kheMce che. cAMdIne ogALyA bAda pAvaThIvALA eka tolA cAMdImAMthI 10 thI 12 phUTane cAMdIne tAra jaMtara ke pAvaThAnI madadathI hAtha ane pagane upayoga karI kADhatA hatA. tyArabAda tANiyA tAramAMthI jhINI tAra kADhatA hatA. rezama upara jarInA tAra vIMTanArane "asAro kahe che. rUpa upara sonAne DhoLa caDAvavA rUpAne garama karIne sonAnuM pataruM caDAvAtuM hatuM. AyarlenDanI jarI kALI paDI jatI hatI, jyAre suratanI jarIne caLakATa evo ne e raheto hato. 1850 pachI phAnsanI mazInathI banelI jarInI harIphAI thoDA vakhata rahI hatI. bhAratamAM madrAsa maiisUra rAjasthAna dilhI uttarapradeza tathA kalakattA ane muMbaI jarIne mAla kharIde che. vepAranAM keMdro tarIke beMglora sAlema, madurAI kAMjIvarama kuMbhakoNama jayapura dilhI amRtasara vArANasI ane kalakattA. mukhya che. dakSiNamAM vepArIo hAthasALa kApaDamAM gUthavA mATe sonArUpAne kasaba kharIde che. aphaghAnistAna silona brahmadeza inDoneziyA keneDA ane madhyapUrvanA dezomAM jarIka sabavALA kApaDanI nikAsa thatI hatI. jarIkasabanAM kapaDAM rAjA-- mahArAjAe dhaniko ane memaNakAmamAM lagnaprasaMge ApavAM paDatAM hatAM.' 7, mATIkAma vizALa arthamAM mATInA udyogamAM mATInAM vAsaNo, ghUmapAipa, TAIlsa, naLiyAM, cinAI mATInAM vAsaNa vagere banAvaTone samAveza thAya che. bIlImorA ane gaNadevImAM meMgalerI naLiyAM banAvAya che. saurASTramAM bhAvanagara najIka varateja AsapAsa, amadAvAda najIka sarakhejamAM tathA anya zaheronI najIkanAM sthaLomAM ITa banAvAya che. dezI naLiyAM mATInAM goLA keThI mATalI keDiyA vagere mATInI vastuo kuMbhAre jarUra pramANe sArI cIkaNI mATI jyAM maLI Ave tyAM banAve che. kapa-rakAbI mATe 1200 se. garamI joIe che. AnAthI vadhAre garamIthI vikRta AkAra thaI na jAya tevI phAyara kalene upayoga ITa naLiyAM ne vAsaNa banAvavA thAya che. uttara gujarAtamAM pATaNamAM mATInAM ramakaDAM banAvavAne udyoga vikasyo che. teo rASTriya netAo ane devadevIonAM pUtaLAM DhIMgalIo. kUtarA haraNa gheDA sApa dhUpiyAM vagere mATImAMthI banAvatA hatA. deDake kAcabo ane mAchalInAM pANImAM tare tevAM ramakaDAM paNa teo banAvatA hatA. pATaNanAM. A ramakaDAM amadAvAda muMbaI vaDodarA ane surata jatAM hatAM. 1919 pachI ramakaDAnI kiMmata ghaTI jatAM ane plAsTikanAM sastAM ramakaDAMnI AyAtane kAraNe. A udyogamAM maMdI AvI che.17

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pariziSTa (hunarakalAo) 8. kharAdIkAma palaMga ghaDiyAM ramakaDAM vagere banAvavAne udyoga gujarAtamAM ghaNuM vakhatathI cAlyo Ave che. ramakaDAM haMgara velaNa vagere banAvanAra kharAdI ke saMgheDiyA tarIke oLakhAya che. godharA IDara amadAvAda surata luNAvADA pAlanapura bAlAzinora moDAsA saMtarAmapura saMkheDA pATaNa mahuvA junAgaDha bhAvanagara vagere A udyoganAM mahatvanAM keMdra che. godharAmAM jaMgalanuM lAkaDuM sastu ane sahelAIthI maLI zakavAne lIdhe tathA majarI sastI hovAthI palaMga gheDiyAM khurazI vagere banAvAya che. A udyoga mATe joItuM sAga TAMca kalamabI ane dUdhInuM lAkaDuM paMcamahAla rAjapIpaLA ane DAMganA jaMgalamAMthI maLe che. e uparAMta lAkha ane raMgo sthAnika bajAramAMthI kharIdavAmAM Ave che. mahuvAmAM tathA IDaramAM lAkaDAnAM ramakaDAM bane che. mahuvAnA kArIgare lAkaDAnAM judAM judAM phaLa AbehUba banAve che. lAkhanA raMga vAparI pAradarzaka pharnicara, ghaDiyAM sophAseTa velaNa pATalI bAjoTha vagere saMkheDAmAM bane che. ahIM kalAI ane lAkhanA raMga vaparAya che. A prakArane maLatuM lAkhanA raMgone upaga karI jUnAgaDhamAM paNa pharnicara banAvAya che. lAkaDAnAM bayAM banAvavAne udyoga luNAvADA ane saMtarAmapuramAM cAle che. lAkaDAnA kAtarakAma mATe 18mI sadI daramyAna amadAvAda khUba prasiddha hatuM. suratamAM caMdananI vividha da ne AkRtiothI kaMDArela peTIo maLe che. A mATe caMdana blekavUDa haLadaro sAga ane haraNanAM zIMgaDAM vagere sthAnika bajAramAMthI kharIdavAmAM Ave che. keTalAka kArIgara rAmAyaNanAM dazya tema samudramaMthananAM dazya caMdana ke hAthIdAMta upara ketare che. A kArIgare ghareNunI kalAtmaka peTI, sigAreTa kesa, bAskeTa vagere banAve che. lAkaDAnI pUtaLIo banAvavAnuM kAma jaina ane vaiSNava maMdirone lIdhe jIvaMta rahyuM che. dvArakA vaDatAla ane amadAvAda A mATe jANItAM che. visanagara ane vAMsadAmAM UMTa magara bheMsa vagere prANIonI AkRti AbehUba banAve che. kheDAnI davajInI havelI tathA vasonI darabAra gopAladAsanI havelI ogaNIsamI sadImAM thatA kASTakotarakAmanA utkRSTa namUnA che. meTAM zahero tathA kasbAmAM vasatA suthAra makAnanAM bAMdhakAma uparAMta pharnicara banAvavAnuM kAma karatA hoya che.18 pAdaTIpa 1. narmadAzaMkara lA. kavi, 'gujarAta sarvasaMgraha, pR. 271-172 2. zAha, caM. phU. ane zAha, pu. cha,, "caretara sarvasaMgraha, pR. 600 3. Gujarat State Gazetteer-Amreli District, pp. 241-242

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Coulcre fla 8. Ibid.-Surat District, p. 436. 4. Gujarat State Gazetteer-Jamnagar District, pp. 233 f. $. Ibid.-Kutch District, pp. 244, 248-249 9. Ibid.-Surat District, p. 441 c. Ibid.-Kutch District, pp. 244 f. . Ibid.-Amreli District, pp. 242 ff. 20. Rull Boy 21313, fregade 217 la stiert, . 28-29 99. Gujarat State Gazetteer-Amreli District, p. 248 28. Royald 29deg3'318', 4. 203; A. B. Trivedi, Post war Gujarat, pp. . 152-153, 162-163 93. No, 4. 293; A. B. Trivedi, op. cit., pp. 165 ff. 98. Zorat. 202; A. B. Trivedi op. cit., pp. 168 f.; Gujarat State Gazetteer-Kutch District, pp. 246 f. 24. A. B. Trivedi, op. cit., pp. 204 ff. 28. A. B. Trivedi, op. cit., pp. 111-115; Gujarat State Gazetteer Surat, District, pp. 441 f; Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. II, Surat, Broach-District, pp. 179 f. 90. A. B. Trivedi, op. cit., pp. 192 ff. 96. A. B. Trivedi, op. cit., pp. 132 ff; Gujarat State Gazetteer Baroda, pp. 350 ff; fjorald Haa28', 4. 298

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pariziSTa-1 gujarAtamAM purAtattvanuM pagaraNa 1 purAtattva: vyAkhyA kAryakSetra ane anya zAstra saMbaMdha purAtatva eTale prAcIna saMskRti sabhyatA ane purAvazeSane enA nirmAtA-- ene ane nirmANanAM kalA takanIkI ane vijJAnane tatkAlIna mAnava-samAjajIvananA saMdarbhamAM abhyAsa purAtatvamAM prAcIna mAnava-nirmita tamAma cIjavastuonI nirmANakalAnAM Adi vikAsa dvArA upayoga sthAna Adine samAveza thaI jAya cheH paraMtu emAMye nIcenI bAbatone khAsa samAveza thAya che: paththara ane asthimAMthI banAvelAM sAdhana, mATIkAma, lipi abhilekha mudrA mudrAMkana sikkA vAstu sthApatya zi95 mati bhASA vyutpatti Adi. A uparAMta lekamane vijJAna, prANIonI sahaja vRttio, tarka zAstra udyAnakalA vanaspati-vijJAna rekhAkArI arthaghaTanakSamatA lekhanacAturya prakAzana-kalA, purAtatvIya kAyadA-kAnUna ane purArakSaNavijJAna AdinuM jJAna paNa parama Avazyaka gaNAya che. sAMpratakAlIna navapurAtatvavijJAnamAM uparyukta tamAma bAbatone samAveza thAya che, paraMtu samakSita samayagALA (I.sa. 1818 thI 1914) daramyAna A tamAma bAbatonAM pagaraNa na thayo hoya e sahaja che. 2, gujarAtanA saMbaMdhamAM varSavAra kAmagIrI bhAratamAM purAtatvIya kSetrAnveSaNo (aM. ekasaplorezansa) zarU karavAne vicAra mAtra sane 1774 mAM Avela hato. tyAra pachI eka dAyakA bAda kAmagIrI zarU thayelI hatI. emAMthI keTalIka kAmagIrI sAthe pratyakSa yA parokSa rIte gujarAta ane samIkSita samayagALe saMkaLAyelAM hatAM. varSavAra enuM vihaMgAvalokana karI joIe : 1784 jAnyuArInI 15mI tArIkhe kalakattAmAM "royala eziyATika sosAyaTI' nI sthApanA thaI. 1788 thI ukta saMsthAe "eziyATika risacIjha nAmanA sAmayikanI zarU Ata karI. cArlsa vikise gupta ane kuTila lipi ukelavAnI cAvI zodhI kADhI.

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briTiza kai 1814 kalakattA mukAme saMgrahAlayanI sthApanA thaI. 1825 jemsa ToDanI pazcima bhAratanI mulAkAta. 1829 thI 1847 jesa phargyusane bhAratanAM prAcIna sthApatyakIya smArakenuM sarvekSaNa karyuM. 1833-38 jemsa prinsepa vageree brAhmI ane kharAThI lipine ghaNe bheda ukelya.. 1848 DisembaranI 26 mI tArIkhe phense "gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTInI" sthApanA karI. 1849 AsapAsa "buddhiprakAza' nAmanuM maMDaLa astitvamAM AvyuM. 1850 ukta maMDaLe buddhiprakAza' nAmanA pAkSika mukhapatranI zarUAta karI A ja samayagALAnI AsapAsa kavi dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAIe phebsanI rAsamALA' mATe prAcIna sAhityanI zodhamAM sahAyatA karI. 1861 muMbaInA De. bhAudAjInA sahAyaka tarIke zrI bhagavAnalAla iMdrajInI kAmagIrI zarU, 186ra eNlekajhAMDara kaniMghamanI bhAratanA prathama purAtatvIya sarvekSaka tarIke nimaNUka, kAryakSetra uttara bhArata. 1863 nA 20 mA kAyadAthI sthApatyakIya smArakonA saMrakSaNanI jogavAI karavAmAM AvI. 1866 purAtatvIya sarvekSakanI jagyA nAbUda thaI. 1871 kaniMghamanI bhAratIya purAtatva sarvekSaNanA mahAnidezaka tarIke nimaNUka emaNe pitAnA kAryakSetramAMthI purArakSaNane bAda karyuM. 187ra InDiyana enTikavarI' nAme purAtatva-sAmayikanI zarUAta. 1873 pazcima bhAratIya purAtattva-sarvekSaNa nAmanA khAtAnI zarUAta. purA tatvIya sarvekSaka tarIke jemsa barjesanI nimaNUka. 1873 briTiza sarakAre Adeza bahAra pADIne sthApatyakIya mahattvanI tamAma imAratonAM saMrakSaNanI kALajI rAkhavA prAMtika sarakArone jaNAvyuM. 1874-7pa jemsa bajese karacha-saurASTranAM sthApatyakIya smArakanuM sarvekSaNa karyuM. 1874-88 purAtatvakSetre paM. bhagavAnalAla iMdrajInI svataMtra kAmagIrI. prAcIna smArakanA saMrakSaNanI javAbadArI keMdra sarakAre lIdhI.

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gujarAtamAM puratAnAM pagaraNa 1878 briTiza sarakAre bhAratIya bhUmigata bhaMDAraprApti adhiniyama bahAra pADyo 1881 thI traNa varSa mATe mejara kaeNlinI purArakSaNane khAsa adhikArI tarIke nimaNUka thaI. 1881 vainanA AgrahathI bhAvanagaranA mahArAjAe pitAnA rAjya mATe purAtatva khAtAnI sthApanA karI. 1882-83 mejara kele smArakone traNa vargomAM vaheMcyAM. emanuM kareluM vargIkaraNa 1919 sudhI amalamAM rahyuM. 1883 abhilekhavi tarIke phalITanI nimaNUka 1883-84 bajese cAMpAnera joLakA tathA amadAvAdanAM muslima sthApatyanuM rakSaNa-sarvekSaNa karyuM. 1886 mArcanI 15 mI tArIkhane sarakArI TharAvaH uttara pazcima ane dakSiNa bhAratanAM svataMtra purAtatvIya sarvekSaNa khAtAM mahAnirdezakanI dekharekha heThaLa mukAyAM. 1886 mArcanI 15 mI tArIkhane ja bIjo sarakArI TharAva sarakArI nokarane malyo ke teothI saMpAdita karAtA purAvazeSone nikAla sattAvAra maMjUrI meLavyA vinA na thaI zake. 1886 mArcanI 25 mI tArIkhe bajesa mahAnirdezaka banyA. 1886 nA jUnanI pahelI tArIkhe je. eca. lITa sarakArI abhilekhavinA padethI nivRtta thayA tyAM sudhI abhilekhIya sarvekSaNa-viSayaka kAmagIrI purAtatvIya sarvekSaNanA eka bhAga rUpe nahatI. 1886 ogasTanI AThamI tArIkhe sarakArI hukamaH pUrvamaMjUrI meLavyA vinA, koI paNa prakAranA purAvazeSa khodavA upara pratibaMdha. 1886-87 hetrI kAusense sthApatyakIya smArakanuM sarvekSaNa karyuM. 1888 jemsa bajese "epijhAphiyA inDikA' nAmanA saimAsikanI zarUAta karI.. 1888 sudhImAM phalITanAM kArya prasiddha thayAM. . 1888 nAtAlamAM giranAra pAsenA beriyA stUpanuM kempabele ukhanana karyuM. 1888-89 phargyusane uttara gujarAtamAM sthApatyakIya samArakanuM sarvekSaNa karyuM.

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572 briTiza kAla 1889 bajese mahAnidezakanA padethI rAjInAmuM ApyuM. pariNAme judAM judAM vibhAgIya purAtatvIya sarvekSaNe pharIne astitvamAM AvyAM. pazcima vartuLanA vaDAne purAtatva-adhIkSaka nAma apAyuM. sarvekSaNa ane purA rakSaNanI kAmagIrI prAMtika sarakArane soMpAI. 1888 jUna pachI briTiza sarakAre mAnI lIdhuM ke sthApatyonAM sarvekSaNa ane purArakSaNanI kAmagIrI pAMca varSamAM pUrI thaI jaze ane 1894 mAM bhAratabharamAM purAtatva sarvekSaNa khAtAM baMdha karI daI zakAze. 11888 oNkaTobaranI pahelI tArIkhathI sarvekSaNanI ane purArakSaNanI kAmagIrI prAMtika sarakArane soMpAI ane pAMca varSamAM e baMne kAmagIrI pUrI karavAnA briTiza sarakAranA hukama thayA. 1889-90 hevI kAusensa bAkInAM sthApatyonuM sarvekSaNa karyuM, 1891 barTa bruza phUTa vaDodarA rAjyanA bhUstarazAstrI thayA. teo 1858 thI 1891 sudhI bhAratIya bhUstarIya sarvekSaNane mahAnirdezaka hatA. 1885 briTiza sarakAranI pUrvokta 1888 vALI mAnyatA khoTI TharI. sarakAra coMkI UThI. bAkInAM kAma pUrAM karI ApavA mATe eziyATika sosAyaTIne vinaMtI karI. e saMsthAe spaSTa nA pADI. sarakArane e kaDavuM satya svIkAravAnI pharaja paDI ke purAtatvIya kAmagIrI khAnagI saMsthAne soMpI zakAya nahi. kAma cAluM rAkhavuM hoya te sarakAre ja karavuM paDe. jemsa basa ane hetrI kAusensakRta muMbaI ilAkAnA purAvazeSonI sudhArelI yAdI pustakAkAre prasiddha thaI. 1898 prAcyavidonA 11 mA adhivezanane TharAva: "InDiyana ekasaplorezana phaMDanI sthApanA karavA bhalAmaNa, vicAraNAne aMte 1904 ne prAcIna smAraka-saMrakSaNane kAyade. 1898 me mAsanI 18mI tArIkhe briTiza sarakAre samasta bhAratamAM purAtatvIya kAmagIrI mATe pAMca vartuLa banAvavAnuM svIkAryuM temAMnuM eka muMbaI vartuLa. emAM kaccha saurASTra ane gujarAtane paNa samAveza thayela. 1898 lorDa karjhananA prayatnothI briTiza sarakAre bhAratIya purAtatva sarvekSaNanA mahAnidezakanuM pada pharIne cAlu karavA, e pada upara samartha purAveSaka purAtatvavidda ane vAstuvidranI nimaNUka karavA ane dezanA tamAma purAtatvIya kAmakAja upara teo dekharekha rAkhe evuM dabANa IglenDanA mAMdhAtAo upara mUkayuM.

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gujarAtamAM purAtatvanAM pagaraNa 5 1901 navembaranI 28mI tArIkhe sekreTarI oNpha sTeTa taraphathI pAMca varSa mATe pUrvokta darakhAstane maMjUrI ane jahena mArzalanI mahAnirdezaka tarIke nimaNUka karavA nirNaya. 1902 AjanuM bhAratIya purAtatva sarvekSaNa nAmanuM khAtuM astitvamAM AvyuM.. mArzala phebruArInI 22 mI tArIkhe bhAratamAM AvI gayA ane 1861 thI zarU thayela suSupta pravRttiomAM navA prANane saMcAra thaye. 1904 mArzale neMdhela hatuM ke purArakSaNakAryo sarakArathI na te baMdha karAyA ke na jAhera bAMdhakAma khAtAne saipAya. purAtatvIya adhikArIonAM kAma anya mAdhyamathI thaI zake ja nahi. 1904 prAcIna smArakanA saMrakSaNa adhiniyama ghaDAyo. 1906 eprilanI 28mI tArIkhanA sarakArI TharAvathI "muMbaI vartuLanuM nAma badalIne pharIthI pazcima vartuLa" rAkhyuM. va6 mathaka zarUAtamAM muMbaI, pAchaLathI puNe ane 1951 ane 1960 vacce vaDodarA khaseDAyela, je hAla paNa tyAM che. 1914-16 hiMdI mUrtividhAna upara gopInAtha rAvanAM prakAzana prasiddha thayAM. 3. vividha purAtatvIya kAmagIrI (ka) prAgaitihAsika purAtatva bhArata ane gujarAtamAM prAgaitihAsika AdimAnavasarjita prastara-upaskare prathama vAra zodhI kADhavAnuM mAna bhUstarazAstrIone phALe jAya che. AdimAnava- nirmita paththaranAM ojAra bahudhA nadItaTethI maLatAM. hAI purAnI talavedikAnA racanAkAlanA saMdarbhamAM paththaranAM ojAronuM samayAMkana thAya che. samIkSita samayagALAmAM bhUstarIya tRtIyaka kalpanA aMtima zvAsIna yuga, ane cartuthaka kalpanA prathama plAsTAlina yuga vaccenI bhedarekhA susthApita thaIna, hovAthI purA prastayugIya avazeSone cartuthaka kalpanA mAnavAmAM AvatA hatA, pariNAme bleka phorDa nAmanA vidvAne, godAvarI-narmadA-nadItalavedika uparathI maLelA prastara upaskaronA saMdarbhamAM 1867 mAM jAhera paNa karI dIdhela ke amAre ema kahevuM paDe ema che ke yuropa karatAM bhAratamAM mAnavanuM astitva ghaNuM vaheluM zarU thayuM hovAnA purAvA amArI pAse che. 1893 mAM . busa phaTe jAheraka reluM ke sAbaramatInA uttara pradezamAM prAgaitihAsika mAnavanAM banAvelAM paththaranAM ojAra maLe che. Ama chatAM 1940 sudhI ema manAtuM hatuM ke gujarAtane prAgaitihAsika bhUtakAla nathI.

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briTiza kAle A be samayagALAmAM pASANayuganA be ja peTAyuga mAnavAmAM AvatA hatAH purA-pASANayuga ane nava-pASANayuga. baMne peTA yugo vacce yuropamAM moTe gALe hevAnuM manAtuM. pariNAme bhAratamAM paNa evo gALe haze evI mAnyatAne robarTa brusa phUTe karelA sAbaramatInA bhAThAnA UrvakAlanA dekhAtA staranA abhyAsa uparathI phUTe nakakI kareluM ke sAbaramatIe cha talavedikAonuM nirmANa kareluM ane pachI ene kApeluM. e paikI trIjI vedikAnA samayanA purA prastara upaskara, paththaranI hAthakuhADI, dhovAIne jalasapATInI tarata upara AvelI prathama talavedika uparathI maLI Avela. prathama talavedikA upara 50 phUTa (15 mITara)thI vadhu kAMpa ThalavAyela hato. e kAMpa upara 200 phUTa (90 mITara) jeTalI UMcAInI retI pavanane kAraNe TekarIonA AkAre ekatrita thaI hatI. AvI retALa TekarIonA sapATa mathALA upara - navapASANakAlIna mAnava pitAnAM banAvelAM paththaranAM ojAro sAthe vasatA hatA. matalaba ke purApASANayuga ane navapASANayuga vacce samayane moTo gALo patharAyeluM hatuM ema bhUstarazAstrIya pramANo uparathI siddha thatuM hatuM. A samayagALAmAM purA prastara(peliyolithika) yuga ane navaprastara(niyolithika) yuga vacce madhyaprastara(meselithika) yuganuM astitva dhyAnamAM AvyuM nahotuM, eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu purA prastayuganA bhUstarazAstrIya stara-vijJAnAdhArita pUrvapurA prastara(loara peliyolithika), madhya parAprastara (miDala peliyalithika) ane uttara purAgrastara(apara piliyolithika) jevA peTAyugabheda ke samasta paththarayuga (sTana eja)nA Adya paththarayuga (alI sTona eIja), madhya paththarayuga (miDala sTena eIja) ane aMtya paththarayuga (leiTa sTona eIja) jevA traNa bhAga paNa paDelA nahatA. laghupASANa ojAre madhyapurA prastarayuga ka madhya paththarayugamAM zarU thaI uttara purA prastayuga ke aMtya paththarayugamAM vadhu phelAyelAM e hakIkata paNa A kAle dhyAnamAM AvI nahotI. pariNAme gujarAtamAMthI maLI - AvelAM laghupASANa ejarane phUTe navA pASANayuganAM mAnelAM. hakIkatamAM gujarAtamAM navA pASANayuga havAnA niHzaMka purAvA adyAvadhi prApta thayelA nathI. (kha) Agha-aitihAsika ane tAmrAmakalIne purAtattva samakSita samayagALAmAM haDappAnI zodha thaI gayelI, paraMtu ukhanana 1921 mAM thavAnuM bAkI hatuM. moheM-daDonI zodha paNa 1922 mAM thavAnI bAkI hatI. siMdhu ghATInI sabhyatA ane haDappIya saMskRti paththara ane dhAtu yuganI saMskRtionI paribhASAmAM tAmrAsmasaMskRti hatI, paraMtu emAMthI maLelA abhilekhenI vAcanA (hajI sudhI) thaI na zakatAM e yugane na te prAgaitihAsika ke

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gujarAtamAM purAtattvanAM pagaraNa na aitihAsika kahI zakAya. ethI ApaNe ene Agha-etihAsika yuga tarIke oLakhIe chIe. brusa phUTe A ja yukti evAM etihAsika sthaLanA yugavibhAjana mATe apanAvI, jene pite pitAne jJAta kAraNosara prAgaitihAsika ke aitihAsika yugamAM na mUkI zakyA ! pariNAme evA aneka pUrva-madhya-uttara aitihAsika purAvazeSone phUTe -AdyaaitihAsika yugamAM ane lohayugane AdyaatihAsika yuga pahelAM mUkelA che.* sane 1905 sudhI evI mAnyatA pravartatI hatI ke bhAratane kAMsyayuga nahoto." phUTane saMkheDA tAlukAnA vaDelI gAma pAse orasaMga nadInA kAMpanA bhAThAnA taTapradeza uparathI kAMsAnI baMgaDIne eka TukaDe maLele, jene teo prAgaitihAsika gaNAvI navapASANakAlIna mAne che, nahi ke kAMsyayugIya! emanI ekasAI kema thApa khAI gaI ? bAkI emane ja saMkheDA tAlukAmAM Avela hiraNa nadInA jamaNA taTe, uttara tarapha AvelA sigama nAmanA jUnA sthaLethI, emanA mate prAgaitihAsika samayanA, navapASANayuganA, purAvazeSo sAthe cAMpAnera yuganA gherA bhUkharA raMganA senagIra retiyA paththaramAMthI banAvelA hukAnA nALacAne TukaDe maLI Avyo tethI te mUMjhavaNamAM paDI gayelA ke vAke -DI-gAmAnA anuyAyIoe IsunI 15 mI sadImAM tamAku dAkhala karI e samayane hukako bahu ja prAcIna yuganA ThIkarA sAthe zI rIte Avya! emanA mitra robarTa sevelle emanA mananuM samAdhAna kareluM ke tamAku pahelA gAje pivA enI "pAIpIne e TukaDo haze! etihAsika yuganA purAvazeSone prAgaitihAsika mAnavAnAM A pariNAma! paraMtu pagaraNane kAla Ave ja hoya. (ga) aitihAsika purAtattva robarTa brusa phUTa jene "lohayuga' tarIke oLakhAve che te hakIkate aMtihAsika yuga ja che. emane tatkAlIna vaDodarA rAjyanAM sAteka sthaLoethI maLI AvelA lehanA avazeSone "lohayuga" sAthe kazo saMbaMdha nathI, evo yuga te Aje paNa cAlu che ! kempabele sane 1896 mAM prasiddha karela bombe gejheTiyara, volyuma-1, pArTa-1" mAM samAviSTa thatA "I.sa. pUrve 300 thI I.sa. 1300 sudhIne gujarAtane ItihAsa taiyAra karavAmAM purAtatva vize kazuM lakhavAne Azaya nahotuM, paraMtu paM. bhagavAnalAla iMdrajIe ane jekasane taiyAra karI Apela naMdhonA AdhAre e ItihAsa lakhAye hoI purAtatvIya sAdhanono upayoga thayo hato ema kahI zakAya. rAjakoTanA vaeNTUsana saMgrahAlayanA A gALAnA vArSika ahevAlo paikI

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briTiza kA sane 1912-13nA ahevAlamAM jaNAvela che ke zrI gi. va. AcArya ziyALA beTanuM purAtatvIya kSetrAnveSaNa kareluM hatuM, paraMtu anveSaNanA vRttAMtamAM mahadaze. sthAnika kathAonuM varNana ApeluM che. () sthApatyakIya smAraka sane 1838 pahelAM ja jemsa ToDe bhAvI sake ane purAveSake mATe keDI kaMDAravAnuM kAma karI rAkheluM hatuM. "TrAvelsa ina vesTa InDiyA' nAmanuM emanuM pustaka sane 1838mAM laMDanathI prasiddha thayuM hatuM. jemsa ToDe IsunI 18mI sadInA prathama caraNamAM pazcima bhAratane pravAsa kheDela hatA. 1822 mAM emaNe jUnAgaDhanI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI ane giranAranI taLeTImAMnA azoka-zailalekhe tarapha dhyAna doryuM hatuM. jUnAgaDhanI keTalIka zailenkIrNa guphAomAM azakIyA brAhmI lipinA akSara kotarAyelA hovAnuM emaNe joyeluM ema neMdhatAM jemsa baje , "kaIva Tempalsa oNpha InDiyA"mAM jaNAve che ke pAchaLathI e akSarAMkitA bhAga naSTa thaI gayelA hatA. rAjakoTanA vasana saMgrahAlayanA sane 1912-13nA vArSika ahevAlamAM noMdhavAmAM AvyuM che ke bhAvanagara jillAnA kaLasAra gAme Avela "vazInuM devaLa" be khaMDanuM che. hakIkatamAM A prAlaMkIkAlIna maMdiranuM phakta garbhagRha ja avaziSTa che.) purAtattvanAM pagaraNanA saMdarbhamAM eTaluM kahevuM jarUrI che ke jemsa bajese saurASTranI zailakI guphAone abhyAsa sthAnika nukalAtattvane dhyAnamAM rAkhIne karavAnuM sUcana te karyuM che, paraMtu pote Arya Adi jAti ane bIjenA -brAhmaNadi dharmonA saMdarbhamAM ja carcA karI che. samakSita samayagALA sthApatyakIya mAraka sarvekSaNane yuga hato e paNa dhyAnamAM rAkhIe. (ca) mUrtikalA zilpakalAnAM traNa aMgaH deva-manuSya-pazu-paMkhInI AkRtio, prAkRtika AkRtio ane bhaumitika AkRtio. A traNenI carcA sthApatya sarvekSaNamAM vatteoche aMze thatI hoya che, paraMtu emAMthI mUrtikalA judI mAvajata mAgI le che. - paM bhagavAnalAla iMdrajIe mUrti kalA upara paNa pradAna karela che. muMbaInI royala eziyATika sesAyaTI' ne mukhapatramAM emanA e aMge lekha prasiddha thatA hatA.

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gujarAtamAM purAtattvanAM pagaraNa gopInAtha rAve sane 1914 pahelAM hiMdu mUrtikalAne abhyAsa karyo. emanA "elimenTsa oNpha hindu AIkenegrAphI"nA prathama graMthanA baMne bhAga sane 1914 mAM pragaTa thayA. enA bIjA bhAgamAM, jUnAgaDha saMgrahAlayamAM pradarzita, sUrya parikarane sacitra u9lekha thayelo che, paraMtu parikarane oLakhAvela che "raNa" tarIke, pariNAme ene sUryamaMdiranuM pravezadvAra mAnI levAmAM AvyuM che. (cha) abhilekho giranAranI taLeTImAMnA azokanA zailalekhanA astitvanI prathama naMdha levAnuM mAna upara yathAsthAna batAvyuM che tema jemsa TeDa khATI jAya che. e kevaLa yogAnuyoga che ke abhilekhIya pravRttiomAM jUnAgaDha bIjI be bAbatomAM paNa khare cheH (1) paM, bhagavAnalAla idrajI jevA vidvAna abhilekhavidanI janmabhUmi ane (2) azoka zailalekhanI pUrvamAM enAthI thoDe dUra AvelA eka anya zaila para sane 1906-07 mAM thayela pratilipinuM kAma. jemsa prinsepa, nyUlara, kalahana, engaliMga, kUlITa, phegala Adi purAlipivide ane abhilekhavidezanI pravRttione lAbha gujarAtane paNa maLe che. ' kaniMghame "pasa Iskripzanama InDikeramanA prathama graMthanuM saMpAdana kareluM. e graMtha 1877 mAM prasiddha thayela. phUlITa dvArA saMpAdita trIjo graMtha 1888 mAM prasiddha thayele. jesa bajese "InDiyana eNnTikavarI'nA saMpAdana-kArya uparAMta "epijhAphiyA InDikA' nAmanA mAsikanI zarUAta, upara yathAsthAna kahyA pramANe, 1884 thI karI hatI. bhAvanagara rAjayanA purAtatvakhAtAe keTalAMka gaNanApAtra abhilekhIye prakAzana karyA. (ja) sikkA - abhilekhakSetre kArya karatA vidvAnoe mahadaze sikkA aMge paNa kArya karela hAI sikkA bAbata judI samIkSA karavI jarUrI nathI. eTaluM nedhavuM aMjalirUpa thaze ke paM, bhagavAnalAla iMdrajI 21 varSanI vaye kSatrapa-mudrAnA vAcananI zakti dharAvatA hatA. sane 1914 pahelAM sikkA upara ja graMthAkAre kai prakAzana thayuM hevAnuM dhyAnamAM nathI. gujarAtamAMthI maLelA sikkAo aMgenA chUTaka lekha tatkAlIna sAmayikemAM prasiddha thatA rahyA hatA. 37

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58 briTiza mae (4) ukhanana vaijJAnika Dhabe purAtatvIya utkhanane karavAne A samaya nahotA. saMprahAlayone zaNagAravA mATe purAvazeSo meLavavA ukhanana A vakhate thatAM hatAM, staravijJAnane dhyAnamAM levAmAM AvatuM ja nahi. ukhananamAMthI maLatA purAvazeSane tatkAlIna lekajIvana sAtheno saMbaMdha paNa vahuvicAryo rahI jato hato. giranAranI taLeTImAM AvelA bAriyA kivA lAkhAmeDI nAmanA stUpanuM 1888nI nAtAlamAM kempabele ukhanana karyuM hatuM. ukhananane vRttAMta kempabele nahi, paraMtu kAunse prasiddha karyo hato ! kembabele ukhanana karIne stUpane TIMbAmAMthI bahAra nahete kADhayo, paraMtu jamInanI sapATI upara UbhelA stUpa upara eka sAMkaDI sIdhI UMDI khAI khAdIne emAMthI nIkaLelA avazeSa prApta karyA hatA. lAkhAmeDI tUpanI bAjumAM Avela baDI lAkhAmeDI nAmanA stUpanA ke baMnenI bAjumAM AvelA vihAranA avazeSo tarapha tatkAlIna ukhanakanuM dhyAna gayuM nahotuM. lAkhAmeDImAMthI maLelA sthApatyakIya avazeSa sane 1900 bAda agocara thaI gayA hatA, jyAre anya avazeSa jUnAgaDhanA saMgrahAlayamAM surakSita rAkhavAmAM AvyA che. (2) puMrArakSaNa samakSita samayagALAmAM gujarAtanA koI prAcIna sthApatyakIya smArakanA purArakSaNanuM kArya thayuM hatuM ke kema e jANavAnAM sAdhana hoya to paNa hAla sulabha nathI, tatkAlIna gujarAtanAM jUnAgaDha jevAM keTalAMka rAjyoe 1904 nA smAraka saMrakSaNanA kAyadA heThaLa keTalAMka smArakone rakSita jAhera karyA hatAM eTale purArakSaNakArya paNa yatkiMcita thayAM haze ema aTakaLa karI zakAya. pAdaTIpa 9. Sourindranath Roy, 'Indian Archaeology from Jones to Mar shall,' Ancient India (A. I.), No. 9, 1953, p. 4, n. 2 2. V.D. Krishnaswami, 'Progress in Prehistory', A. I, No. 9, pp. 53 f.. 3. Ibid., p. 54 8. Robert Bruce Foote, The Foote Collection of Indian Prehistoric and Protohistoric Antiquities (1916) 4. V.A. Smith, 'Tbe Copper Age and Prehistoric Bronze Imple ments of India', Indian Antiquary, Vol. XXXIX (1905), p. 229 4-9. Bruce Foote, op. cit.

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pariziSTa 2 gujarAtamAM myujhiyamanAM pagaraNa myujhiyamanI vibhAvanA bhAratamAM pazcimamAMthI AvI che. prAcIna grIsamAM Mouseion' eTale Muses(vidyAdevIo)nuM rAjya - pavitra maMdira ane vidyAnuM dhAma gaNAtuM. "myujhiyama" zabda 15 mI sadI pachI saMkhyAbaMdha khAnagI saMgrahane lAgu paDyo. vartamAna sArvajanika myujhiyamanI pravRtti pazcimamAM 18mI sadImAM vikasI. iMglenDamAM evA myujhiyamanI sthApanA pahelavahelI e sadInA madhyamAM thaI. briTiza myujhiyamanI sthApanA pachI mAtra 40 varSa I.sa. 1786 mAM bhAratamAM myujhiyamanA saMgrahane prAraMbha thayo. 1784 mAM sthapAyelI baMgALanI eziyATika sosAyaTIe 1786 mAM nakkI karyuM ke kalakattAmAM egya sthaLe pitAno e saMgraha kAyamI dhoraNe pradarzita karavo. 1814 mAM e 'inDiyana myujhiyama tarIke vikasyuM. A pachI 63 varSe gujarAtamAM prathama myujhiyama bhUjamAM "kaccha myujhiyama' nAmathI astitvamAM AvyuM. bIjA dezanI mAphaka bhAratamAM paNa tyAre myujhiyama e store-house of curios (ajAyabIone koThAra) tarIke gaNAtuM hatuM, paraMtu myujhiyamanAM dhyeya ane kSetra enA karatAM ghaNuM vizALa che, je enI adyatana vyAkhyAmAM paNa pratibiMbita thAya che- myujhiyama e samAja ane enA lekanI sevA karatI binanaphAkArI kAyamI saMsthA che, je adhyayana saMzodhana ane pramodanA prayojana mATe, mAnava ane paryAvaraNanA pAdArthika purAvAnAM saMpAdana saMrakSaNa saMzodhana pradarzana ane saMvedana sAdhe che." have gujarAtanAM myujhiyamamAM 1914 sudhI ke abhigama rahyo enI samIkSA karIe. 1911 mAM Do. je. pI. phegale sau prathama bhAratIya myujhiyamonI DirekaTarI taiyAra karI. e DirekaTarImAM 38 myujhiyamanA astitvane ullekha karavAmAM AvyuM che. e pachI 1936 mAM zrI esa. epha. mArgAma ane zrI eca. haragIsa dvArA bhAratIya myujhiyamanuM sarvekSaNa (prathama bhAga) ane bhAratIya myujhiyamonI DirekaTarI (dvitIya bhAga) taiyAra karavAmAM AvyAM. e DirekaTarImAM ApaNA dezamAM 105 myujhiyama astitvamAM hatAM ema jaNAvyuM che. A

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180 briTiza kAu DirekaTarImAM gujarAtanA jUnAmAM jUnA myujhiyamakaccha myujhiyamavize kaze ja. ullekha karavAmAM Avyo nathI ! paNa e vakhate A myujhiyama jAhera janatA mATe nAgapaMcamI ane divALI jevA agatyanA tahevAra hoya tyAre ja khelavAmAM AvatuM hovAthI 1936 mAM prakAzita thayelI DirekaTarImAM ene ullekha na hoya. e svAbhAvika che. , 1958 mAM zrI zivarAmamUrtie taiyAra karelI bhAratIya myujhiyamonI. DirekaTarImAM A myujhiyamanI sthApanA 1877 mAM thaI evo ullekha che, jyAre, janarala oNpha inDiyana myujhiyamanA vai, 11 mAM sva zrI. amRta paMDayA A myujhiyamanI sthApanA 1870 mAM thayelI jaNAve che. A myujhiyamanI zatAbdI 1877 nA sthApanA-varSa pramANe 1977 mAM UjavAI hatI. veMTsana myujhiyama rAjakeTamAM AvyuM che tenI sthApanA 1888mAM thaI, 1894 mAM baroDA myujhiyamanuM makAna taiyAra thayuM, jeno zilAropaNavidhi 1887 mAM mahArAjA sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa trIjAnA haste thaye hato. suratamAM AvelA saradAra vallabhabhAI paTela myujhiyamanI sthApanA 1891 mAM thaI hatI, bhAvanagaramAM bArTana myujhiyamanI sthApanA 1895 mAM thaI hatI. 1958 mAM zrI zivarAmamUtie taiyAra karelI bhAratIya myujhiyamanI DirekaTarImAM jUnAgaDha myujhiyamanI sthApanA 1901 mAM thaI hatI ema jaNAvyuM che, jyAre 1936 mAM prakAzita thayelI bhAratIya myujhiyamanI DirekaTarImAM A myujhiyamanI sthApanAnuM varSa lagabhaga 19rapa ApyuM che." A myujhiyama vize have ApaNe saMkSipta paricaya meLavIe: 1, phargyusana myujhiyama, bhUja gujarAtanA A sauthI prAcIna myujhiyamanI sthApanA kevI rIte thaI e aMgenI mAhitI 1884 nA kaccha darabAranA gejheTamAMthI maLe che. mahArAja mahArAozrI kheMgArajI trIjAnA zAsanakAla daramyAna A myujhiyamanI sthApanA thaI. bhUjamAM mahArAjA mATe mahela baMdhAI rahyo hato tyAre najIkamAM ArkiTekTanI oNphisa mATe eka nAnuM makAna bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. mahela pUrepUro baMdhAI gayA pachI ArkiTekTanI ophisanI jarUra na rahI, AthI A makAnamAM pustakAlaya zarU karavAmAM AvyuM. A makAnanA upalA mALe mahArAvazrIne bheTa maLelI kalAkRtio rAkhavAmAM AvI. A ja makAnamAM pahelI julAI, 1877 thI zrI. je. DI. ekjhAnsanI AcArya tarIke nimaNuka karI eka lalitakaLAnI skUla(ArTa skUla)nI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. A skUlanA A utsAhI AcArya kalAkRtionA saMgrahane vargIkRta karI vyavasthita goThavyA. 30mI navembara,

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gujarAtamAM thayujhiyamanAM pagaraNa 581 1878nA roja muMbaInA gavarnara zrI ricarDa Tempale A cIje joI hatI. dhIre dhIre saMgraha mATe jagyA ochI paDavA lAgI. 1884nA phebruArI mahinAmAM mahArAvazrI kheMgArajI trIjAnA lagnaprasaMge sthAnika pedAza ane banAvaTanI vastuonuM eka pradarzana yeryuM hatuM. kacchamAM sau prathama vAra yojAyela A pradarzana eTaluM badhuM kapriya thayuM ke pradarzana mATe eka alaga imArata UbhI thavI joIe ema prajAne tathA rAjyA~ne lAgyuM, AthI pustakAlaya ane saMgrahAlaya mATe eka sArI ImAratanI khoTa dUra karavA kaccha rAjyanA e vakhatanA Ijanera meklIlenDe AphreDa hAIskUlanI ImAratanI hAramAM eka navI imArata UbhI karavAnI salAha ApI. A ImAratane zilAropaNa vidhi e vakhatanA muMbaInA garvanara sara jemsa phargyusananA haste kacchanA mahArAva kheMgArajI trIjI vinaMtIthI thaI, tethI A garvanaranA nAma parathI A myujhiyamanuM nAma "phargyusana myujhiyama apAyuM. mahArAva kheMgArajI trIjAe 14mI navembara, 1884 nA roja zilAropaNa vidhinA prasaMge kahyuM: "amAruM evuM sArI peThe mAnavuM che ke koI paNa prajAnI sudhArAmAM vRddhi thavA mATe keLavaNI e eka prabaLa sAdhana che ane amArI prajAmAM jethI karI sAmAnya temaja hunnara saMbaMdhI keLavaNIne phelAvo thAya evI yojanAo karIzuM. je vidhi mATe ApaNe atre ekaThA thayA chIe te vidhi vidyAvRddhi temaja udyogonI vRddhi sAthe saMbaMdha rAkhanArI che. e vakhatanA gavarnara sara jemsa phargyusane "phargyusana saMgrahasthAna ane pustakAlayane pAyo vidhipUrvaka nAkhI pachI je bhASaNa karyuM temAM emaNe jaNAvyuM ke "A myujhiyama tathA lAIbrerIne pAye nAkhavAnI bIne uparathI evuM amane jaNAI Ave che ke je keLavaNane Ape saMpUrNa rIte lAbha lIdho che te keLavaNImAM ApanI prajAne bhAga Apavo evI ApanI utkaMThA che ne A dezanA agresara gRhastha teo A lAbha athe Apa ATalI rUDI utkaMThA dharAve che te vizenI kadara teonA kalyANa athe ApanA parizramane teothI banI zake tevI puSTi ApIne darzAvaze, ema amArI pUrepUrI umeda che, kAraNa ke Apa jevA pratiSThita rAjA AvA prajA-upayogI kAmane AraMbha kare che. Ama gujarAtamAM myujhiyama-pravRtti(movement)nA zarUAtanA tabakkAnA abhyAsamAM, gujarAtanA sauthI jUnA myujhiyama-phargyusana myujhiyamanI sthApanA jAhera janatAnA lAbhAthe karavAmAM AvI e hakIkatanI khAsa nedha levAvI joIe, paNa jAhera janatAne e myujhiyama jevAne lAbha nAgapaMcamI divALI

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para briTiza kAra tathA evA mahatvanA bIjA tahevAro daramyAna ja maLato hato ane varSanA AvA tahevAro sivAyanA divasoe rAjyanI agragaNya vyaktio tathA rAjyanA mAnavaMtA mahemAnane ja saMgraha banAvavA myujhiyama kholavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. Ama haMgAmI pradarzanane sthAyI makAnamAM kAyamI dhoraNe rAkhavAne ane pustakAlayanI jema saMgrahAlayane sthAyI svarUpa ApavAne A je vicAra sAkAra bane te A dizAmAM eka neMdhapAtra prasthAna gaNAya. A myujhiyamane saMgraha mukhyataH kacchanA rAjyakartAone deza-videzamAMthI bheTamAM maLelI kalAkArIgIrInI vastuo tathA kacchanA hunnarakalAnA kArIgare. pAsethI teoe bheTamAM meLavelI ane kharIdelI vastuo, ane karachanI bhautika saMpatti-khAsa karIne khanIje che. A myujhiyama hAla "kaccha myujhiyama tarIke oLakhAya che. 2. sana myujhiyama, rAjakoTa karnala jahona sana 1878 thI 1887 daramyAna kAThiyAvADanA rAjadvArI pratinidhi (poliTikala ejanTa) tarIke hatA. emaNe kAThiyAvADanA ItihAsa para eka pustaka lakhyuM che. teo kAThiyAvADanA rAja-pratinidhi tarIke nivRtta thayA e pachI emanA mitro ane prazaMsakoe kAThiyAvADanA rAjyakartAo tathA prajAjanone karnala jahona veTsane kAThiyAvADane bhinna bhinna kSetromAM ApelI sevAnA saMdarbhamAM emanA nAma para eka ImArata karavA nANAkIya sahAya karI rU. 50,000 -ne phaMDaphALo ekatrita karyo. A phaMDamAMthI imArata karavA mATe eka samitinI racanA thaI hatI. kayA prakAranI imArata karavI e aMge vividha rasaprada prastAva mukAyA hatA, jemAM eka prasUti-gRha bAMdhavAne paNa hatA, paNa karnala Trasanane kAThiyAvADanAM ItihAsa ane purAtatvamAM khUba rasa hato tethI sarvAnumate emanI yAdamAM myujhiyama mATenI imArata karavAnuM nakkI thayuM. A myujhiyamanA saMcAlanamAM kAThiyAvADanAM je dezI rajavADAoe phaMDaphALo Apyo hato teonA pratinidhionI samitinA sabhya tarIke ane kAThiyAvADanA liTikala ejanTanI samitinA pramukha tarIke varaNI thaI hatI. karnala vaeNTsane bheTa ApelI purAtatvIya vastuo ane kalAkRtio, rabarTa brusa phUTe ApelA bhUstarazAstranA namUnA ane kAThiyAvADanA dezI rAjavIo taraphathI maLelI hunnara-udyogonA kArIgaroe banAvelI vastuo myujhiyamane agatyane saMgraha gaNAya che.

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gujarAtamAM myujhiyamanAM pagaraNa 587 A rIte vaTasana myujhiyama 1888mAM sthapAyuM. A myujhiyamanA prathama kayureTara tarIke kAThiyAvADanAM purAtatva tathA prAcIna imArato vize UMDuM jJAna dharAvatA sva. zrI vallabhajI haridatta AcArya hatA. emanI A myujhiyamamAM dasa varSanI nokarI daramyAna emaNe kAThiyAvADamAM dUra dUranA bhAge sudhI AvelA prAcIna maMdiro vAvo arijada vagere ImAratanI rUbarU mulAkAta laI enAM zipane ane e sthaLoe pitAne maLelA abhilekhenI chApa laI ene jhINavaTathI abhyAsa karyo hato. AvAM prAcIna sthaLonI emanI mulAkAtane ullekha ane e aMgenI vigatavAra mAhitI A myujhiyamanA vArSika ahevAlamAM prApya che. teo kayureTara tarIke 1909 sudhI hatA. A myujhiyamanA bIjA kayureTara tarIke emanA putra zrI gi. va. AcAryanI nimaNuka 1-2-1910 nA roja thaI. teo paNa emanA pitAzrInI mAphaka prAcIna sthaLonI rUbarU mulAkAta laI te te sthaLane jhINavaTathI abhyAsa karatA hatA ane abhilekhenI chApa ekaThI karatA hatA.8 emaNe prAcIna sikko vagerene myujhiyamanA saMgrahamAM sAro e umero karyo ane myujhiyamanA keTalAka tAmrapatra-lekhe ane zilAlekhene saMzodhana-sAmayikomAM prakAzita karyA. emaNe A myujhiyama 1918 sudhI saMbhALyuM. myujhiyamanA 1914 sudhInA saMgrahamAM mukhyatve kSatrapAla guptakAla ane maitrakakAlathI laIne prAcIna pASANapratimAo sikkAo zilAlekha tAmrapatro hastaprata khanIjo khaDake ane azmIbhUta avazeSo temaja kAThiyAvADanA rAjavIo ane anya mahAnubhAvonAM tailacitro, sthAnika hunnarenA namUnAo vagerene samAveza thato hato.10 3. vincesTara myujhiyama, surata A myujhiyamanuM nAma, sva. zrI. vincesTara ke jeo surata jillAnA kalekaTara ane surata bara nagarapAlikAnA pramukha hatA, temanI yAdamAM pADavAmAM AvyuM che. A myujhiyama suratamAM rANI vikaToriyAne bAga, je have "gAMdhIbAga" tarIke oLakhAya che, tenA eka khUNAmAM nAnA makAnamAM hatuM, ene vahIvaTa nagarapAlikAnA ijanerane hastaka hatuM. A myujhiyamanA sTAphamAM phakta eka ja cokIdAra hato. 1959 mAM prakAzita thayelI zrI zivarAmatie taiyAra karelI DirekaTarImAM A myujhiyamanuM sthApanA varSa 1880 batAvyuM che, jyAre 1977mAM zrImatI uSA agravAle taiyAra karelI bhAratIya myujhiyamanI adyatana saMkSipta DirekaTarImAM

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briTiza kALa 54 A myujhiyamanuM sthApanA-va 1891 batAvyuM che.12 A myujhiyamanI sthApanA pAchaLano hetu maoNDala nakazAo tathA kalAkArIgIrInA namUnAothI bALakone zikSaNa ApavAnA hatA. A myujhiyamamAM 1914 sudhImAM kevA prakAranA saMgraha hatA enI mAhitI hAla upalabdha nathI. A myujhiyama hAla saradAra vallabhabhAI paTela myujhiyama' tarIke oLakhAya che, 4. mareDA myujhiyama anDa pikcara gaeNlarI, vAdarA A myujhiyamanI sthApanA 1894 mAM thaI. kamATI bAga(hAlanA sayAjIbAga)mAM AveluM. myujhiyamanuM A khe-mALI makAna bAMdhavAnA eTalAM varSo pahelAM kharcI lagabhaga traNa lAkha jeTalA thayA hatA. A makAna myujhiyamanI sthApanA karavAnA hetuthI ja bAMdhavAmAM AveluM. bhAratamAM myujhiyama-pravRttinA e tabakkAnA abhyAsa karatAM e spaSTa thAya che ke e samayamAM ghaNuM karIne rAjAnA mahela athavA mahelanA amuka bhAge te myujhiyamanI sthApanA karavAnA hetuthI pradarzana--kha`DAmAM pheravavAmAM AvatA hatA. gujarAta mATe gaurava levA jevI bAbata e che ke e vakhatanA zAsanakartAemAMnA keTalAka zAsaka myujhiyama-pravRttimAM eTalI UMDI sUjha dharAvatA hatA ane mAnatA hatA ke myujhiyama mATe alaga makAna bAMdhavuM ane jUnA mahela ityAdinA AvAsanA khaDAne pradarzanakhaMDamAM pheravavA e be paristhiti vacce ghaNA taphAvata che, myujhiyamanA saMgrahanI vAtAvaraNanAM paribaLA sAme sAcavaNI, pradarzanamAM saMgrahamAMnI vastu mUkavA mATe khaDAnI racanA tathA myujhiyamamAM zaikSaNika pravRtti calAvavA mATe makAnanA bAMdhakAma vakhate, myujhiyama mATe ja alaga makAna taiyAra thAya e atya ta Avazyaka rahe che, game teTalA meATA mahelAnA khaDAne pradarzana khaMDAmAM pheravavAmAM Ave tyAre upara jaNAvelAM kAryomAM keTalIka maryAdA naDe che, baroDA myujhiyamanA zilAropaNavidhi 1887 mAM mahArAjA sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa trIjA(1875-1939)nA haste thayA hatA. makAna baMdhAvavAnuM 1890 mAM zarU thayuM te 1894mAM pUruM thayuM. myujhiyamanA vahIvaTa tathA zaikSaNika pravRttinuM saMcAlana myujhiyamanI zarUAtathI zikSaNa khAtA dvArA thayAM hatAM. mahArAjA sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa trIjanA 64 varSanA zAsanakAla praznanAM kalyANa tathA keLavaNInI dRSTie vaDAdarA rAjyanA suvarNa kAla kahevAya che. emaNe deza-paradezamAMthI ekatrita karelA kalAkArIgIrInA namUnA myujhiyamane bheTa ApyA. myujhiyamanuM asala makAna

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585 gujarAtamAM myujhiyamanAM pagaraNa 150 phUTa (4pa mITara) lAMbuM ane 40 phUTa (12 mITara) paheluM hatuM. emAM holanI AjubAju ane ATha TAvara vacce be mALavALI gaeNlarIo AvelI che. A ImArata paNa myujhiyamanA saMgrahanI jema vividhatAvALI che. myujhiyamanI imAratane bhoyataLiyAne bhAga taddana yuropIya sthApatya-svarUpa dharAve che, jyAre UMcI sIDI para Avela dakSiNAbhimukha parcane bhAga, mughala sthApatya-svarUpa rajU kare che ne I TerI dIvAlanuM caNatara tathA bAraNAnAM lAkaDAnAM ekaThAM paraMparAgata sthAnika marAThA sthApatyakalAnAM darzana karAve che. 1895 mAM zrI je. epha. bleka A myujhiyamanA sauprathama niyAmaka tarIke nimAyA. emaNe mahArAjA sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa trAjA taraphathI bheTamAM maLelA saMgrahane vagI kata karI pradarzita karyA. 1896mAM baroDA kalejanA zrI e. ema. masANa, jeo jIvazAstranA adhyApaka hatA, temanI baroDA myujhiyamanA niyAmaka tarIke nimaNUka thaI. 1906 mAM De. ema. ke. kAMgA, jeo paNa baroDA kolejamAM jIvazAstranA adhyApaka hatA, teo beDA myujhiyamanA niyAmaka tarIke nimAyA. emaNe A kAmagIrI 19ra0 sudhI saMbhALI. baroDA myujhiyamanI imAratanI sAthe hAla joDAyelI pikacara-gelarInI ImAratanuM bAMdhakAma 1908 mAM zarU thayuM ane 1914mAM pUruM thayuM, paNa pahelA vizvayuddhane kAraNe pikacara-gelarI jAhera janatA mATe cheka 19ra1 mAM khullI mukAI. myujhiyamane bhUratarazAstrane saMgraha vaDodarA rAjyanA purAtattva-khAtAnA vaDA zrI robarTa brusa phUTa pAsethI maLyo hato. A saMgrahamAM ghaNuM karIne paradezamAMthI maLatAM khanIjonA, khaDakonA tathA azmIbhUta avazeSonA namUnA che, paNa A saMgrahane lokabhogya banAvavA bhUstarazAstranA viSayanA tajajJo ane abhyAsIo sivAya bIjA mulAkAtIone rasa paDe tevAM lebala banAvavAne tyAre prayatna thaye na hato. A myujhiyamamAM bhUstarazAstranA saMgraha uparAMta prANI-zAstra vanaspatizAstra mAnavazAstra ane kalI tathA purAtattvavidyAnA viSayono samAveza 1914 sudhInA samayanA gALAmAM paNa thayo hato. joyataLiye AvelA keTalAka khaMDomAM tathA upale majale AvelA ghaNuM khaMDomAM yuropIya kalA pradarzita karavAmAM AvI che. mukhya makAnanI eka gelarImAM thAilenDa barmA zrIlaMkA inDoneziyA ane maleziyAnI kalAkRtio che. bIjI gelarImAM jApAnanI kalAkRtio che, trIjI gelarImAM tibeTa ane nepALanI kalAkRtio che ane ethI gelarImAM ijipta ane bebilenanI kalAkRtio che. e uparAMta cInanI ane islAma dharma pALatA dezonI gelarIo paNa che. 1914 sudhInI myujhiyamanA saMgrahanI racanAmAM sikakAone saMgraha makAnanA bhoMyataLiye

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584 briTiza ka7 eka nAnA khaMDamAM rAkhavAmAM Avyo hato ane ghaNuM karIne A khaMDane tALuM mAreluM rAkhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. joyataLiyAnA madhyastha bhAga (1449 mITara)mAM bhAratIya kalA ane saMrakRtinA namUnA kAlakrame vargIkRta karI rAkhavAmAM AvatA hatA. enA eka cheDAnI gelerImAM bhAratIya praaitihAsika ane Adya aitihAsika saMskRti ane bIjA cheDAnI gelerImAM gujarAtI ane marAThA kalA rajU karAtI. bhAratIya laghucitronA tathA bhAratIya Adhunika kalAnAM citronA paNa saMgraha che. uparanA mALe pazcima dizAvALA bhAgamAM prANIzAstrane lagatA namUnA. tathA pUrva dizAvALA bhAgamAM bhUstarazAstra vagerene lagatA namUnA goThavavAmAM AvyA hatA. e uparAMta, emAM mAnavazAstrane anulakSI vastro vAdyo, khetIne lagatAM sAdhana, mAchalIne pakaDavAnA sAdhano, hoDI ane sTImara tathA varALathI cAlatA enjinanA namUnA mUkyA hatA.13 5. bArTana myujhiyama, bhAvanagara A myujhiyamanI sthApanA 1895 mAM thaI hatI. A myujhiyama bATana pustakAlayanA makAnamAM hatuM ane ene vahIvaTa bArTana pustakAlaya samiti karatI hatI. myujhiyamanA saMgrahanI zarUAta prAcIna vastuo, jevI ke hastaprata. hathiyAra ane hAthakArIgIrIthI taiyAra karelI kalAkRtiothI thaI hatI. sikakAone lagatA TAIpa karelA keTalegamAM lagabhaga 10,000 sikakAone ullekha che. A myujhiyamanAM prakAzane mAM saMskRta ane prAkRta abhilekhane saMgraha, parziyana abhilekhane saMgraha ane prAcIna dhasaMgraha ullekhanIya che.14 6. rasUlakhAnajI myujhiyama jUnAgaDha 1897 mAM zaheranA madhyabhAgamAM bahAdUrakhAnajI lAIbrerI ane rasUlakhAnajI myujhiyamanAM makAna bAMdhavAne jUnAgaDha rAjya nirNaya lIdho ane e varSanA Disembara mAsanI 2 jI tArIkhe muMbaInA gavarnara lorDa senTa haTe enuM zilAropaNa karyuM. emanA anugAmI lorDa northa koTe 1901nA Disembara mAsanI pAMcamI tArIkhe A baMne makAnanuM uddaghATana karyuM.15-myujhiyamane navAbasAhebanA nAma uparathI "rasUlakhAnajI myujhiyama" evuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM. AgaLa. jatAM ene rAjakoTa mArga upara AvelA sakkarabAgamAM khaseDavAmAM AvyuM, jenI aMdara prANI-saMgrahasthAna (sthApanA-1863) paNa AveluM che.11 myujhiyamamAM sthAnika kArIgarInA namUnAo uparAMta aitihAsika ukhanane dvArA prApta thayelI ane anya upayogI vastuo mUkavAmAM AvI. enA prathama

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gujarAtamAM myujhiyamanAM pagaraNa 18 kapureTara tarIke suratanA zrI sArAbhAI tulasIdAsane nImavAmAM AvyA. 17 A myujhiyama vize e samayanI AnAthI vizeSa mAhitI upalabdha thaI nathI. hAla. A myujhiyama jUnAgaDha myujhiyama' tarIke oLakhAya che.18 pAdaTIpa 1. S. F. Markham & H. Hargreaves, The Museums of India (1936). 2. C. Sivaramamurti, Directory of Museums in India, p. 26; quil yzul Swarna Kamal, Museums in Gujarat, pp. 2, 10 3. A. V. Pandya, 'The Museums at Vallabh Vidyanagar,' Journal of Indian Museums, Vol XI, p. 51. 8. C. Sivaramamurti, cp. cit., p. 34 4. S. F. Markham & H. Hargreaves, op. cit., p. 161 6. DI. ke. vagha, kaccha myujhiyama', pR. 1. ha-8. "kaccha darabArI gejheTa." pu. 12, aMka 11, pR. 99 (zrI dilIpa vaidya dvArA maLelA mAhitI parathI) 9. emanA pachInA kayureTara zrI da. bA. DisakaLa kare ( 19-1929) A be puragAmI. yureTaree lIdhelI chAponA AdhAre ascriptions of Kathiawad nAme saMgraha, taiyAra karele 10. V. L. Devkar, Souvenir-cum-Guide Book of the Watson Museum, Rajkot, pp. 3 ff. 11. C. Sivaramamurti, op. cit., p. 40 22. Usha Agrawal, Brief Directory of Museums in India, p. 38; quil gali Swarna Kamal, op. cit., p. 19. 13. (audi mi? ER H. Goetz, Handbook of the Colleciions of the Museum and Picture Gallery, Vol, VIII, pt, I(1950-52); mudrikA jAnI, gujarAtamAM myujhiyama pravRtti', pR. 34-40. 28. C. Sivaramamurti, op. cit., pp. 25 f. 15. zaM. ha. dezAI, "jUnAgaDha ane giranAra', pR. 191 16, ejana, pR. 192, 325 17. ejana, pR. 192 ?C. C. Sivaramamurti, op. cit., p. 34.

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pariziSTa 3. pAzcAtya saMskRti : prasAra prabhAva ane pratyAghAta aMgrejonI rAjasattA gujarAtamAM sthapAI tyAMthI arvAcIna yuga gaNavAnuM : aucitya e che ke ItihAsane e eka asAdhAraNa vaLAMka hatA, pUrva ane pazcimanI be atyaMta bhinna kahI zakAya tevI saMskRtionuM milana tyAMthI AraMbhAyuM ane e moTAM parivartananuM nimitta banyuM. be saMskRtionuM milana haMmezAM anukULa hoya ema mAnI levAnI jarUra nathI. prajAo ekabIjAnA saMparkamAM Ave enuM eka projana vyavahAra-vinimaya hoI zake, te bIju pitAnI sattAnuM kSetra vistAravAnuM ke kaI vadhu sukhada paristhitimAM sthAyI thavAnuM hoI zake, aMgreja prajA sAthe bhAratIya prajA saMparkamAM AvI jemAM pahelAM be prayajana nimitta banyAM hatAM. A dezamAM sthAyI vAsa karavAnuM aMgrejone abhimata nahotuM, jevuM pUrvenA vijetAone ' hatuM. aMgrejo AvyA vepAra karavA, paNa rahI paDyA rAjya karavA, bhAratIya prajA sAthe aMgrejone je saMbaMdha baMdhAye te parAjita prajA sAthe vijetAone hAI zake tevo hato, alabata, e pahelAM mughala darabAramAM vepAra karavAne paravAne meLavavA mATe aMgreje pUratI garaja ane namratA dAkhavI cUkyA hatA. plAsInA yuddha pahelAM aMgrejo bhAratanI prajA sAthe samAna darajajAthI ane chUTathI haLatA maLatA hatA, eTaluM ja nahi, taLa bhAratIya saMskRtinI keTalIka vizeSatAone vakhANatA paNa hatA, paNa plAsInA yuddhamAM maLelA vijayane pariNAme baMgALane kabajo meLavyA pachI, eTale ke aDhAramA zatakane uttarArdha pUrI thayA pachI hAkemIne mijAja emaNe parakhAvavA mAMDe. haLavA-maLavAnuM paNa teo TALatA rahyA. pariNAme aMgreje kAyama ahIMnI prajAne pArakA ja lAgelA. 1757thI mAMDI 1857 sudhImAM lagabhaga Akho bhArata deza aMgrejonI ANa heThaLa AvI cUkyo hato ane je seMkaDo nAnAMmoTAM dezI rAjyone emaNe AMtarika svAyattatA bhogavavA dIdhelI te kevaLa rAjanItinI eka zailI hatI. e rAjyano darajajo Azrita ke khaMDiyA rAjya karatAM vizeSa na hato. A AMtarika svAyattatAne suMdara upayoga karanArAM keTalAMka dezI rAjyoe pitAnI kapriyatA hAMsala karI hatI, paNa moTe bhAge dezI rAjyone bhAge bevaDI parAdhInatA AvI hatI e paNa seMdhavuM joIze, aMgrejo pArakA rahyA tethI emanA prabhAvanuM kSetra emanI zAsanapaddhatio, emaNe sthApelI navI rAjakIya saMsthAo, tAraTapAla relave jevAM emaNe dAkhalA

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pAzcAtya saMskRti : prasAra prabhAva ane pratyAghAta 58 karelAM navAM sAdhane, emaNe sthApelI zikSaNasa MsthAe ane bhAratIya praznanA ujaLiyAtA pUratuM aMgrejI sAhitya eTalAmAM sImita rahevA pAmyuM, paNa yuropanI prajAmAM aMgreja prajA je guNeA vaDe teAkhI tarI Ave che te guNAnA lAbha bhAratIya prajAne paNa maLyA, eTale ke aMgrejonuM rAjatva vizeSe . kAyadAnuM rAjya banI rahyu kArla mAse 'bhArata' vize je nibaMdho lakhyA che temAM aMgrejone eNe itihAsanA sAdhana tarIke oLakhAvyA che. mAsanA mata pramANe aMgrejo umadA zAtmaka na hatA. umadA zAsakeA emane kahevAya ke je prajAnI Arthika samRddhi vadhAravAmAM nimittabhUta bane ane praznane surakSita rAkhe. madhyayuganI garAsadArI prathA pravatatI hatI te kALamAM bhAratamAM videzI AkramaNeA aneka vAra thayAM hatAM ane videzIonuM zAsana paNa sthapAyuM hatuM, videzI zAsakAe julama paNa e gujAryo na hatA, paNa prajAnA Arthika jIvananI nADa emaNe surakSita rAkhI hatI. emanA mukAbale aMgreja zAsakAnI nyUnatA e ke prajAnA mukhya nirvAhasAdhanarUpa kRSijIvanane emaNe cUMthI nAkhyuM, kAyadAnA rAjyane lIdhe lAMkAne amuka AsAyeza zAsanamAM avazya maLI, paNa ema kahI zakAya ke enAthI julamane prakAra badalAye!. kRSijIvana barabAda thayu, aneka dezI udyoga maravA paDayA ane prajAnuM ane enI sAdhanasapattinuM vyavasthita zASaNa cAlyuM. ema chatAM aMgrejo anAyAse, te paNa jANe nahi tema, pazcimanI audyogika saMskRti ane vaijJAnika dRSTi bhAratamAM avatAravAmAM nimitta banyA. kArla mAsa ane jIvanavikAsanA sata gaNe che, eTale ke garAsadArI prathAmAMthI mUDIvAdI prathAmAM rASTrajIvana mukAya ane vikAsanA saMketa gaNe che e arthamAM aMgrejonA upakAra mAnavAnA rahe, paNa vikAsanA teo asaMprajJAta vAhaka hatA. aMgrejo asaMprajJAta rIte yurApIya navajAgRtinA paNa vArasadAra hAvAthI pazcimanI saMskRtinAM navatara mUlyAnA lAbha bhAratane aMgreja zAsana vATe maLyA. yuropamAM aMdhArayuga pravatatA hatA te daramyAna prAcIna grIka ane laeNTina vidyA vIsarAI gaI hatI, paNa enA Akasmika rIte ArabhAyelA navatara abhyAsathI prAcIna vidyAnI chAlaka yurApanI prajAone vAgI ane emAMthI navuM darzana lAdhyuM, ane sa MzAdhaneAthI e dRDhatara banIne vikasyuM tethI yurApanI prajAmAM navI cetanA, navuM sAmarthya AvyAM. yurApamAM je jJAnavijJAna khIlyAM ne enAthI AMdolita thayelA sAhasikeA duniyAnI saphare nIkaLyA, teo navA hetu ane navA manAbhAveAnA vADhukA banyA. aMgreja zAsana dvArA yuropanA A navatara

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briTiza kAya - jJAnanuM Acamana karavAnuM bhAratane mATe zakya banyuM. yuddhamAM jItI zakAya tevAM vikasita zastrAe ja nahi, paNa caDiyAtI vyavasthAzakti ane baMdhAraNIya abhigamo paNa aMgrejonA digvijonI pAchaLanuM rahasya che. eka muslima itihAsakAre 1788 mAM kheMcyuM hatuM ke "insApha karavA mATenA kAyadAomAM, riyatanI salAmatI jALavavAmAM, julamagArI dUra karavAmAM ane nirbaLane rakSavAmAM aMgrejonI tole Ave tevuM koI zAsana thayuM nathI. alabatta, A pUrNa satya nathI, paNa AvI chApa UbhI karavAmAM aMgreja zAsana saphaLa thayuM hatuM emAM zaMkA nathI. dezIo karatAM paNa videzI zAsake prajAne vadhu svIkArya banyA hatA e hakIkata che. bhAratamAM ane gujarAtamAM briTiza zAsana sthapAyuM te pahelAM je dezavyApI aMdhAdhUMdhI hatI temAM paNa keTalIka sAMskRtika paraMparAo jaLavAI rahI hatI e nedhavuM jarUranuM che, jemake samAjavyavasthA jaLavAI rahI hatA. jyAM sudhI eka - AkhuM gAma nAza pAmyuM na hoya tyAM sudhI grAmajIvananI saMsthAo TakI rahetI * hatI. khetIvADIne nAza thato na hato, paNa kRSivyavasthA vAraMvAra hacamacI UThatI, ema chatAM jevo sAro samaya Avyo ke kheDUto potAnI jamIna saMbhALI letA hatA ane jUnA hakadAvAnA nAme takAdA paNa karatA rahetA hatA. Arthika - vyavahAramAM besumAra vise AvatA, paNa cIjavastuonuM utpAdana vaNathaMbhya cAlu rahetuM. yuropathI AvelA vepArIone je lAbha maLato hato te A kAraNe. paraMparAgata vidyAdhAme paNa jaLavAI rahyAM hatAM, vidvAne kavio saMto bhakto citrakAra saMgItakAra ane dharmanetAo pitApitAnuM kAma karye jatA hatA ane e rIte sAMskRtika paraMparAone jivADatA hatA. jyAre aMdhAdhUdhImAMthI deza bahAra Avyo tyAre bAhya jIvanamAM eka prakAranI svasthatA ene jarUra prApta thaI, paNa vyavasthA prasArIne svasthatA anubhavAvanAra briTiza hakUmate prajAnA AMtarika jIvanamAM sUkSma paDakAre paNa pedA karyA. paraMparAgata saMskAra rivAjo ane saMsthAo sAthe pazcimanA saMskAra ane saMsthAo vacce eka sUma saMgharSa pedA thayo. nyAya vahIvaTa tatvadaSTi dharmabhAva samAjanIti zAsana e sarva taLe upara thaI jAya eve e saMgharSa hatA, joke enuM svarUpa sUkSma hatuM. auraMgajhebanA avasAna pachI vizALa mughala sAmrAjya, jemAM vyaktikedI zAsana hatuM te, khUba ja nabaLuM paDayuM ane marAThA sattAne udaya thayo. mughala sattA nabaLI paDyA pachI zivAjI mahArAjanA je vaMzajo rAjyakartAo hatA te paNa nabaLA paDavA maMDayA ane emanA zAsanakAlamAM pezavA sattA upara AvyA.

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pAzcAtya saMskRti prasAra prabhAva ane pratyAghAta jotajotAmAM bhAratamAM marAThA saradAranI sattA phelAI gaI. barAbara e ja samaye A vizALa dezamAM IsTa inDiyA kaMpanInI sattA paNa jAmatI jatI hatI ane marAThAo ane aMgrejo vacce gharSaNanA prasaMga UbhA thayA ja karatA, ane vakhatovakhata saMdhio ane kolakarAro paNa thatAM rahetAM. 1761 mAM pANIpatanA yuddhamAM marAThA hAryA ane AMtarika rIte nabaLA paDyA paNa emanI ANa cAlu rahI hatI, ema chatAM bhAratIya prajAne jema anyatra tema gujarAtamAM paNa marAThA zAsana ane aMgreja zAsana vacce tulanA karavAnuM phAvI rahyuM hatuM. aMgrejo mULe vepAra karavA AvelA, paNa dezamAM pravartatI aMdhAdhUMdhI vacce TakI rahelA ane svarakSaNa karavA emane pitAnAM sainya nabhAvyA vinA chUTake na hato. pote dUranA mulakamAMthI AvelA hoIne sainya paNa taLa vastImAMthI ja UbhuM karavuM paDe ema hatuM. AvA bhADUtI sainyane paNa aMgrejoe kavAyata zista ane vyavasthAthI namUnedAra banAvyuM hatuM. IsTa InDiyA kampanInA adhikArIone prAraMbhamAM valaMdAo, pheMce ane porTugIjhonI harIphAIne paNa mukAbalo karavAne hato, paNa nepaliyana sAthenA yuropI yuddhamAM nepoliyananA parAbhava pachI A harIphAI kSINa thaI gaI ane saghaLA videzIomAM aMgreja sarvopari banI rahyA. ahIMnI aMdhAdhUMdhIe emane AtmarakSaNamAMthI rAjasattA sthApavAnA mArge mUkI ApyA ane vepAra TakAvI rAkhavA mATe rAjasattA kabaje karavAnuM emane anivArya lAgavA mAMDayuM. A prakriyA pUrI thavAne lagabhaga eka saikA jeTale vakhata lAge. rAjyakartAo tarIke aMgreje paNa julamI zAsake ja hatA, paNa dUra dezathI AvelA mUThIbhara zAsakee be vAta barAbara samajI lIdhI hatI. eka to bhAratanI vividha prajAonAM sAmAjika mALakhAMo upara kuThArAghAta karavAmAM raheluM jokhama, tethI prajAnA AMtarika jIvanamAM dakhalagIrI nahi karavAnuM zANapaNa emaNe dAkhavyuM ane bIju nyUhAtmaka sthAne upara emaNe barAbara najara mAMDI. dezamAM tyAre je madhyakAlIna garAsadArIne maLatI zAsanapraNAli pravartatI hatI tenuM svarUpa paNa aMgrejoe jALavI rAkhyuM, paNa pazcimanI je navI audyogika saMskRtine vAraso laIne teo AvelA tene kAraNe bhAratamAM audyogika parivartana lAvavAmAM teo nimitta banyA. kArla mApha se A arthamAM emane "ItihAsanuM sAdhana" kahIne oLakhAvyA hatA. aMgrejo paradezI ane paradhama hovA chatAM ane e kAraNe satata parAyApaNane anubhava karAvatA rahyA hovA chatAM vyavasthA prasAravAnI emanI viziSTa AvaDatane kAraNe emanuM zAsana ekaMdare kAyadAnuM zAsana banI rahyuM ane

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592 briTiza kola prajAne AsAyezane anubhava thato rahyo. aDhAramA saikAnA aMtabhAgamAM gujarAtamAM pravartatuM gAyakavADanuM zAsana kevuM hatuM e "vaDodarAnA rAjakartAoe pustakamAMthI sva. hIrAlAla pArekhe uddhata karelA nIcenA avataraNa parathI samajAze : "te vakhate rAjayanI sthiti kevI adhama ane dayAjanaka hatI tenuM saMpUrNa dhyAna thavuM asaMbhavita che. rAjyane khajAne taddana khAlI hato, ghaNAkharAM paragaNa mAganArAone sAnamAM ApelAM hatAM, ane bAkI rahelAM zeSanI Upaja vasUla karavAnuM kAma niHzaMka mananA, koI paNa tadabIrathI dhanasaMcaya karI levAnI icchAvALA manuSyane sepeluM hatuM. sainyanAM darzana karIne ja khaMDaNI ApanArA mAMDalika rAjAoe uddhata thaI jaIne caDhelI khaMDaNa aTakAvI rAkhI hatI; gAyakavADe mAMhomAMhe jhaghaDe macAvI rahyA hatA. svakuTuMbanI unnati athe dhanasaMcaya karI levAnI icchAvALA paradezI dIvAnanA hAthamAM rAjayanI ghaNIkharI sattA hatI. ekalA sainyane kharaca ja rAjyanI kula Upaja karatAM vadhAre hato; nyAya ApavA tarapha, janasamUhanA rakSaNa tarapha, ane tevI ja bIjI sAmAjika bAbate tarapha kAMI paNa lakSya apAtuM nahatuM; ane satya rIte kahIe. te te veLAe vaDodarAmAM koInuM paNa rAjya nahetuM, kAraNa ke saghaLI sattA uddhata ane dhanalobhI ArabanA hAthamAM hatI. jAhera temaja khAnagI dareka bAbatamAM dareka mANasa sAthe AzcaryakAraka avizvAsathI kAma pADavAmAM AvatuM hatuM, ane rAjyakartA pratye to bilakula vizvAsa ja nahoto. A vakhate svArthaparAyaNatAne vaza thayelA pesvA ane siMdhiyA, ane kadAca helakara paNa temAM sAmela heI, rAjyanA thatA vinAzane taTastha rahI nihALatA hatA; tathA A mahAna saMkaTamAMthI sahIsalAmata nIkaLavAne eka ja mArga dRSTie paDato hato, ane te mArga te aMgreja sarakAranI madada mAgavAne hato." eka bIjo paNa lAkSaNika prasaMga neMdhavA jevo che. I.sa. 177ra mAM aMgrejoe bharUca zahera tyAMnA navAba pAsethI jItI lIdhuM hatuM ane tyAM pitAne vahIvaTa sthApyo hato, paNa I.sa. 1779 mAM thayelA kelakarAra mujaba bharUca, zahera siMdhiyAne soMpavAnuM TharyuM. "bharUca zaherane ItihAsa"nA lekhake nedha karyA, mujaba "A zahera marAThAonA tAbAmAM jAya che, e hakIkata lokoe jANa eTale bharUca prajA ghaNI dilagIra thaI. IzvaranI prArthanA karavA lAgI ke aMgrejI amala amArA upara haMmezA rahe. rAjya aMgrejonuM kAyama rahe mATe yA, hema, balidAna vagere zarU thayAM. keTalAka lekee amuka amuka bAdhAo paNa lIdhI. A vAtamAM DhIla thaI eTale prajAe jANyuM ke Izvare sAmuM joyuM, tethI loke khuza thayA."

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pAzcAtya saMskRti : prasAra prabhAva ane pratyAdhAta sA marAThAonA rAjaamala daramyAna cAtha saradezamukhI inarApaddhati ane lAMcaruzavatathI prazna trAhi trAhi pAkArI gaI hatI. upara bharUca zaheranA je prasaMga TAMkayo che te zuddha dezAbhimAnanI dRSTie khetAM AtmaglAni pedA kare tevA gaNAya, paNa svarAjya surAjya na heAya teA e TarkI zakatu nathI, 1818 mAM pezavA bAjIrAva khInne padabhraSTa thavAnI sAthe gujarAta upara aMgrejonI sattA sthapAI rahetAM je sArvatrika zAMti prasarI te sAMskRti vikAsanI dRSTie khUba upakAraka hatI. parAyA sAmenA avizvAsa mApha, paNu marAThAonA julamanI smRti gujarAtanI prajAmAM evI sateja hatI ke 1857 mAM aMgreja sattA sAme je khaMDa jAgyuM temAM gujarAta eka Mdare taTastha rahyuM hatuM. tattvataH 1857 nA baLavA videzI sattAne hAMkI kADhavAnA dezIoneA puruSArtha hatA ane e eka prakAranuM svAtaMtryayuddha ja hatuM, ema chatAM je tattva sAmasAme khADAyAM hatAM tenI upara Aje dRSTipAta karatAM samajAya che ke para parApremI bhAratIya samAja ane AdhunikIkaraNanA utsAhavALA briTiza vijetAo vaccene e saMgrAma hatA. buddhisaMgata ane kArya kSama vahIvaTa sthApavAnI dhagazavALA vijetAAnA mukhya hallA rAjAe ane jamInadArA uparanA hatA, eTale ke sAmatazAhI upara mUDIvAdanuM e AkramaNa hatuM, baLavA bhAratanA itihAsanuM eka bheda paribaLa che emAM zaMkA ja nathI, eka pakSe atItamAMthI ja preraNA meLavatuM ane videzIonAM navatara pravartatA sAme avizvAsa ane ghRNAthI nihALatu, veravikhera, aniNuyI, ApasamAM jhadhaDatu ane pirabaLAnuM mApa kADhavAne asamartha evuM dezIonu` vyavasthAtaMtra hatuM, tA sAme kampanA sarakAranuM niSThura matathI dhIra vyavasthita ane AdhunikatAnAM upakaraNAthI sajja evu vyavasthAtaMtra hatuM, paNa A baMne taMtra maraNeAnmukha hatAM. baLaveA niSphaLa gayA ane aMgrejonuM rA ya TakI rahyuM, paNa sAthe kampanI sarakAra paNa gaI ane bhArata briTiza sAmrAjyanA bhAga banyuM, khIjI bAjue, bhAratamAM sAmaMtazAhInA avasAnanI prakriyA paNa zarU thaI gaI, je hajI sudhI pUrI thaI nathI, tApaNu pUrI thavAne paMthe che evAM cihna avazya varatAya che. upara kahevAI gayuM ke pazcimI saMskRtine prabhAva bhAratIya jIvana upara paDayo emAM briTiza nimitta banyA hatA, paNa briTiza sa pa emAM pratyakSa nimitta hatA ema nahi kahI zakAya, briTiza amala daramyAna je zAstrana-- paddhati ane saMsthAo nIpajI teone phALA paNa pramANamAM A rahyo, paNuM. mukhya phALA aMgreee keLavaNInI navI sasthAo sthApI tenA temaja 38

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briTiza ha mudraNayaMtrone rahyo. sara cArlsa vUDane 1854 ne zikSaNa aMgene kharIte evuM avazya sthApe che ke bhAratavAsIonI keLavaNInI javAbadArI aMgreja zAsane svIkAravI, paNa tethI kaMI emaNe pharajiyAta prAthamika keLavaNI sudhdhAMnI javAbadArI svIkArI hatI ema nahi kahI zakAya. mAtra jyAM jyAM sAmAjika mAMga UThI tyAM tyAM aMgreja zAsakee yatkiMcit madada karI. aMgrejI bhASA zIkhavAne utsAha dezanA jAgrata vargomAM ApoApa pedA thayo. jema muslima rAjaamala daramyAna rAjadarabAra sAthe prasaMga pADavA mATe jAgrata vargo phArasIne khapa karatA hatA te ja pramANe aMgrejIne have mahimA thavA mAMDayo. paNa aMgrejonI bhASA ane aMgrejonI vidyA e be judI vastu hatI. rAjA rAmamohana rAya ane bIjA bhAratIya agresarone A vidyAnI garaja hatI, kemake e vidyA vATe aMgrejo vijayI banyA hatA ane e vidyA vATe ja navA saMdarbhamAM bhAratIya pitAnuM sarva prasthApita karI zake ema hatuM. vAIsareya leDa viliyama benTikanA amala daramyAna rAjA rAmamohana rAye bhAra daIne bhAratIyonI A vikAsakAMkSAnI jikara karI ene ItihAsa suvidita che. leDa beMkelenI miniTUsa paNa have sukhyAta che. maeNkaeNlenI mAnyatA hatI ke bhAratIya pustakanA game teTalA gaMja khaDakIe te paNa pazcimI vidyAnA becAra graMthanI tele e na Ave. vaLI, ene Agraha jeo dehanA varNathI ane lohIthI bhAratIya hatA teo pitAnAM ruci ane vyavahAro pUratA aMgreja bane e mATe hatuM. A aMge jAgele vivAda ahIM prastuta nathI tepaNa meMkelene Agraha ApaNuM keLavaNuM pUrato phaLe che ema ItihAsa bole che. paNa aMgrejonI vidyA aMgrejI vATe prApta thAya emAM aMgrejone svArtha hatuM tethI zikSaNanuM mAdhyama aMgrejI banyuM. aMgrejonI ethI sagavaDa sacavAtI hatI, kemake rAjyavahIvaTanAM ane bIjAM nimna staranAM kAma bhAratavAsIonA sahakArathI ja thaI zake ema hatuM. pariNAme aMgrejI bhASA dvArA mAdhyamika ane ucca keLavaNI ApavI ema TharyuM. Ama bhAratavAsIone keLavaNI vATe aMgrejI bhASAne ane e bhASA dvArA aMgrejI ane pazcimI sAhityane ane e sAhitya dvArA pazcimI sAMskRtika mUlya ane abhigamane paricaya thaye. Ama 18 mA zatakamAM bhAratIya jIvanamAM parivartana ANanAruM mahAna paribaLa te aMgrejI sAhitya che. e parivartana jhIlavAne je utsAha bhAratIyoe dAkhavyuM tenAthI parivartanamAM vega paNa AvI zakyo. parivartananI prakriyA prAraMbhe pratikArUkSI nahi teTalI mAnasika anumodananI rahI, tethI enuM bAhya svarUpa kAMtinuM na rahyuM, paNa zikSita

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pAzcAtya saMskRtiH prasAra prabhAva ane pratyAghAta bhAratavAsIonA vicArajIvana upara ene je prabhAva paDyo tenAthI AMtara jIvananI sUkSama sAMskRtika krAMtinA zrIgaNeza maMDAyA ema kahevAmAM atyukti nathI. gujarAtamAM aMgrejonuM zAsana sthapAyA pachInAM pahelAM pacAsa varSomAM parivartana ANanArI je ghaTanAo banI temAMnI keTalIka lAkSaNika ghaTanAo, beMdhIe. AzcaryanI vAta che ke ahIMnI bhUmi ane bhASA pratye prema rAkhanArA evA keTalAka aMgrejoe emAM pahela karelI; jemake 1808 mAM De. DumaMDa nAmanA sarjane gujarAtI bhASAne nAne zabdasaMgraha tema nAnuM vyAkaraNa taiyAra karelo temAM gujarAtI bIbAM pahelavahelAM vaparAyelAM. e pustaka upayogI hatuM gujarAta zIkhavA mAgatA aMgejo mATe, paNa taiyAra thayeluM eka bhASApremIne hAthe, 1804 mAM muMbaImAM royala eziyATika sosAyaTInI sthApanA thayelI ane 1806 mAM muMbaInI liTararI sosAyaTIe bhASAonI tulanAtmaka abhyAsa mATe vividha bhASAone zabdasaMgraha tauyAra karavAnI yojanA ghaDelI. A badhAM UMcAM kAma mATe vyApaka bhUmikAo joIe tevI racAI nahotI, paNa bhAratIya buddhimattAne A prakAranAM kAma cheka aparicita ke duHsAdhya naheAtAM. AvAM kAmone paDagho maryAdita vartuLamAM ja UThato, paNa enAM pariNAma jhamatAM jhamatAM sAMskRtika punarutthAna mATenI bheya te taiyAra karatAM ja hatAM. 18rara mAM gujarAtanI sAhasika pArasI komanA eka nabIrAe "mumabaI samAcAra" nAme aThavADika kADhavA mAMDayuM. mudraNayaMtra ane vartamAnapatra ubhaya pazcimI saMskRtinI deNa hatAM. bhale muMbaIthI zarU thayeluM, paNa A gujarAtI bhASAnuM sAhasa hatuM ane arvAcInatAne e eka saMketa hatA. e ja sAlamAM eka bIja pArasI aradezara baherAmajIe taiyAra kareluM ane pharadunajI marjhana banajIe chApeluM marenA aMgrejI vyAkaraNa parathI taiyAra kareluM gujarAtI vyAkaraNanuM pustaka prasiddha thayeluM, jemAM "aMgarejI tathA gujarAtI vAkAbIulArI paNa hatI ane e "gujarAtI lekene aMgarejI bolI zIkhavA sArUM" tauyAra thayeluM. eka pacIsI vItyA pachI 1848 mAM sthapAyelI gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTIe 1848 mAM amadAvAdamAM "varatamAMna" nAmanuM vartamAnapatra zarU kareluM, je ke e lAMbuM cAlyuM nahi. pharI vAra 1860 mAM "amadAvAda samAcAra" pragaTa thavA mAMDayuM. dara aThavADiye budhavAre pragaTa thatA sAptAhikanuM leka-dIdhuM nAma "budhavAriyuM hatuM. 1863 mAM suratamAM "gujarAtamitra zarU thayuM. Ama pitAnA nAnakaDA jUtha ke pradezanA kezeTAmAMthI bahAra AvIne bahAranA vizALatara jaMgatA sAthe anusaMdhAna sAdhavAnI bhUkha jagADanArA AvA nAnA nAnA upakAe

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briTiza kAha sAdhanenI bhASAnI mAhitInI ane vicAranI apAra maryAdAo chatAM janajIvanane mahatvane vaLAMka Ape che. 1826mAM suratamAM pahelavahelI gujarAtI nizALa sthapAI. 1835 mAM muMbaImAM elphinsTana InsTiTayUTanI sthApanA thaI tenI sAthe ene sarakhAvI nahi zakAya, paNa bahujanasamAjane akSarajJAna pUruM pADavAnA AraMbha lekhe enuM mUlya ochuM nathI, kemake tarata pachI 184ra mAM suratamAM aMgrejI skUlanI sthApanA thAya che ane 1844 mAM amadAvAdamAM paNa aMgrejI zALA zarU thAya che. amadAvAdamAM 1846 mAM mukAyelA aMgreja nyAyAdhIza elekajhAnDara kinloka phonsane pitAnI nimaNUkanAM be ja varSamAM gujarAta varnAkayulara sesAyaTI sthApavAne manasUbo jAge enA mULamAM dezIo pratyenI vatsalatA uparAMta pitAne sAhitya ane itihAsane rasa paNa hatuM. gujarAtanA AdhunikIkaraNamAM ja nahi, paNa enI paraMparAonA saMrakSaNamAM paNa A saMskRti premI aMgrejane rasa hatuM tethI gujarAtanA abhyasthAnanuM e pote ane emaNe sthApelI sosAyaTI, mukhya paribaLa banI gayela che. 1824 mAM suratamAM ane 1848 mAM amadAvAdamAM pustakAlaya paNa sthapAyAM. akSarajJAnanI navI UghaDelI bhUkha evI hatI ke leke je maLe te dhyAnathI vAMcatA, eTaluM ja nahi, jAte vAMcI nahi zakanArAne bhegA karIne akSarajJAnavALA vAMcI paNa saMbhaLAvatA. buddhine prakarSa anubhavavA mathI rahelA utsAhI gujarAtIoe buddhine- tarkazakti, vaijJAnika mane dazA ane jIvananI bauddhika AlecanAne jANe ke saMpradAya racave heya tema 1850 mAM amadAvAdamAM zarU thayelA sAmayikanuM "buddhiprakAza" evuM nAmakaraNa thayuM, buddhi, tarka zaktine, vaijJAnika samajaNane prakAza vikAsaka paribaLa che evI zraddhA enI pAchaLa hatI. 1851 mAM muMbaImAM "buddhivardhaka sabhA" sthapAI ane 1856 mAM eka bIjuM sAmayika nIkaLyuM tenuM nAma "buddhivardhaka' hatuM. kavi narmadAzaMkare "tatvazodhaka" nAmanI eka judI sabhA buddhivardhaka sabhAnI sAme kADhI hatI, kemake buddhivardhaka sabhAmAM keTalIka carcA upara pratibaMdha hato ane kavi narmadane nibaMdha carcA ISTa hatI. pAchaLathI buddhivardhaka sabhAe e pratibaMdha uThAvI lIdho tyAre narmade emAM Apela be vyAkhyAnanA viSaya khUba lAkSaNika hatAH "Izvare avatAra lIdhe nathI" e eka viSaya ane bIjo te "punarvivAha". aMgreja zAsanane cAra dAyakA pUrA thAya te pahelAM AvA sAhasika viSaya upara narmadanI najara TharI hatI. tatvazedhaka sabhA sthApavAnuM

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pAzcAtya saMskRti: prasAra prabhAva ane pratyAghAta projana samajAvatAM narmade je udgAro kADhelA temAMthI sarvAmukhI parivartananI nAnakaDI chabI UpasI rahe cheH vahemarUpI agAsuranA maheDAmAM ajJAna ane bhoLA thaI gayela dezIo paDelA che teone temAMthI jIvatA kAhADI ThekANAsara ANanAra koI dharma sabhArUpI kRSNa (AkarSaNa karanArI) zakti jovAmAM AvatI nathI mATe e zaktine zodhavI-eka dharma sabhA ubhI karavI, ne tene udeza evo hovo ke dharmarUpI gaLImAM AjakAla gharagharanuM jamAveluM vAsI dahIM ekaThuM thayeluM che tene vivekabuddhi rUpI ravaiye ekasaMpI udyogarUpI netru bAMdhI khUba ja vavavuM ane zuddha mAkhaNa kAhADavuM athavA dharmanIti saMbaMdhI prakaraNamAM je kAMI sAra hoya te yathAzakti zodhavo ..."4 1844 mAM suratamAM pAMca daddAoe mAnavadharmasabhAnI sthApanA karI. emAMne "mAnava" zabda manuSyane-buddhiyukta manuSyane-keMdramAM sthApe che. sAhityanA keMdramAM Izvara uparAMta mAnavane sthApavAnA valaNane paNa A eka saMketa che. 1855 mAM karasanadAsa mULajIe "satyaprakAza" sAmayika pragaTa karyuM ane dharmane nAme AcarAtA pAkhaMDa sAme tIkhA prahAra karavA mAMDayA. baLavAnA varSamAM eTale ke 1857mAM muMbaI yunivarsiTInI sthApanA thaI teno prabhAva gujarAtI jIvana ane gujarAtI sAhitya upara kevaDo moTo che enuM mApa kADhavuM muzkela che. samasta muMbaI ilAkA mATenI eka mAtra A yunivarsiTI ucca vidyAo sAthe gujarAtanA jIvanane yoga karAvavAnuM prabaLa nimitta banI. AdhunikIkaraNanI UrjAnuM e mukhya prabhavasthAna banI rahI. 1857ne baLavo mAMDa varaseka pahoMcyA ane rANI vikaToriyAnA DhaDherAnA varSamAM "hepa vAcanamALA" taiyAra karIne bhaNatAM thayelAM gujarAtI strI-puruSane suyogya pAThyapustako pUrAM pADavAne prAraMbha thayo. kavi dalapatarAma emAM jotarAyA. A vAcanamALAe gujarAtanA nUtana bhAvajagatanuM varSo sudhI dhAtrAkarma karyuM hatuM, 1860 mAM rUDha dharmasaMpradAya sAme saMgharSa jadunAthajI mahArAja sAthe vidhavAvivAha aMge jAhera vivAda jagavavA sudhI pahoMcyo. buddhi ane rUDhi -vaccene A saMgrAma bhAre kautukane viSaya banyo hato. enAthI rUDhivazatA osarI ema nahi kahI zakAya, paNa ene AghAta ApanArAM apakava, paNa utsAhI paribaLane gujarAtanA saMskArajIvanane vikasAvavAmAM che phALA nathI. e ja

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briTiza kAya zraddha varSImAM phiDhanI pALA ThekIne mahIpatarAme iMglaeNnDanA pravAsa karyo, traNa varSa pachI karasanadAsa mULajIe paNa dariyA ALagyA. enAthI AsamAna tUTI paDayuM nahi, paNa navI duniyAne najIkathI oLakhavAnA maneArathanA mAM meAkaLA thayA. 1894mAM premacaMda rAyacaMda TreniMga phaeNAlejanI sthApanA thaI ane prAthamika zikSakAne tAlIma ApIne taiyAra karavAnI prakriyAno AraMbha thayA. navuM jJAna sugrathita rUpe AtmasAt karanArA prAthamika zikSakAe gujarAtamAM zikSaNaprasAra mATe je phALA ApyA tenI kathA hajI sudhI vaNukathI rahI che. A ja varSe gujarAta zALApatra" zarU thayuM, jeNe jJAna mATenA puruSArtha mAM vaijJAnika dRSTi ane UMDANa lAvavAnA uttama prayAsa karyA hatA, 1866 mAM "narmakavitA" prasiddha thaI ane madhyakAlIna kavitAthI mArga phaMTAvanArA kavitApravAha leAkasulabha banyA, e ja varSamAM narmadanI "mArI hakIkata' pragaTa thaI, je gujarAtanA AtmakathA--sAhityanu` gaNanApAtra sImAcihna che. sAhityanAM navAM svarUpAnI upAsanA lekhe paNa enuM mAthuM mUlya che, 1868 mAM naMdazaMkarakRta 'karaNa gheleA" itihAsamUlaka navalakathA pragaTa thaI, je gujarAtanI pahelI maulika navalakathA-rUpe rUpagata sarjananA viziSTa AviSkAra che, aMgreja-zAsananAM pahelAM pacAsa varSanI A ghaTanAe gujarAtanA jIvanapravAhamAM AvelAM parivata nAnu` nidarzana karAvavA mATe kevaLa dRSTAMtarUpe ullekhI che. aMgreja--zAsana dvArA AvelA parivartananI asaro jhIlavAmAM gujarAtanI pArasI kAma agresara hatI. ApaNe upara joyu ke pahelu chApakhAnuM nAkhavAnA, paheluM vartamAnapatra prasiddha karavAnA ane paheluM. gujarAtI-aMgrejI vyAkaraNa ApavAne yaza pArasIone phALe jAya che, e ja pramANe vahANavaTAmAM ane khInna udyogAmAM paNa teo agresara thayA hatA. aMgrejo sAthe haLavA-maLavAmAM paNa emane kAI sAMskRtika aMtarAya nahAtA. eka aMgreja hAkeme svadezamAM lakhelA patramAM nAMdhyuM hatuM ke "pArasIe ApaNA jevA ja che." A nAnakaDI kAmanAM utsAha, sphUrti ane nUtana bhAve vizenI grahaNatatparatAno jeTA maLe ema nathI, aMgrejI jevuM sAhitya sarajavAnI ane e pragaTa karavAnI hAMsa paNa emaNe dAkhavI hatI. gujarAtanI pahelI maulika navalakathA "karaNa ghelA" pragaTa thaI enAM cAra varSa agAu sArAbazA nAmanA pArasI lekhakanI "hiMdusthAna madhyenuM eka jhuMpaDu" nAmanI laghu navala prasiddha thaI hatI te mULa phreMca kathAnA aMgrejI anuvAdanI gujarAtI chAyA hatI, paNa emAM aspRzyatAnA prazna carcAyA hatA e noMdhapAtra che. pArasIoe rUpAMtara karelI ke anUdita karelI navalakathAone eka alAyade pravAha arvAcIna gujarAtanI bhASAkIya abhivyaktimAM tarI Ave che, e ja pramANe

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pazcAtya saMskRti : prasAra prabhAva ane pratyAghAta 18para mAM gujarAtanI vyavasAyI raMgabhUminA zrIgaNeza paNa sAhasika pArasI kamane hAthe ja maMDAyA. paNa gujarAtano vyApaka samAja hiMduone baneluM che. pArasIo pachI nUtana bhAvanuM svAgata karavAmAM hiMdu samAjane ullekhavo paDe. muslimo eka samaye rAjyakartAo hatA tathApi navI asare jhIlavAmAM teo pAchaLa rahyA hatA. harijana ane AdivAsIo te eTalA badhA pachAta hatA ke emanA sudhI navI asara pahoMce e azakya hatuM. pazcimI saMskRtie jIvanavikAsanAM je sAdhana bhAratamAM khaDakayAM, pazcimI sAhitye je navI manodazA pragaTAvI ane pazcimI saMparka jIvanavyavahAro upara je asara karI tenI gati dhImI lAge, ene prabhAva mukhyatve ujaLiyAta pUrato sImita hoya ema lAge ane chatAM parivartananI prakriyAne bIjanikSepa thayA pachI enuM AMtarika satva pragaTa thavAne talasyA ja karatuM hoya che. aMgrejee sthApelI zAMtimAM e sarvane pragaTavAnI mokaLAza maLI ane eNe aneka svarUpa dhAraNa karyA. samAjavyavahAramAM keLavaNImAM ane sAhityamAM enI je asara paDI tene sAmaTe saravALe "saMsArasudhAro" e nAme oLakhavAmAM Ave che. gujarAtI sAhityanuM, khAsa karIne arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanuM, e mukhya paribaLa che. emAM aparicita ane navInanuM AkarSaNa, mugdhatAne utsAha, anukaraNavRtti ane apakavatA paNa bhaLyAM hatAM, paraMtu paraMparAgata jIvanane AghAta ApavAnuM baLa paNa emAMthI ja pragaTI rahyuM hatuM. vijetA aMgrejo bhAratanI parAjita prajAthI ataDA ja rahyA ane bhAratanI prajA jANe gulAma rahevAne sarajAI hoya e rIte enI sAthe varyA enA keTalAka ADatarA lAbha avazya jovA maLyA che. prajA paNa aMgrejothI vegaLI ja rahI ane emane sadaiva pArakA ja gaNyA tethI e svatvarakSA karI zakI. prajAnA AMtara jIvanamAM dakhalagIrI karavAnI aMgrejone na te haoNsa hatI ke na te e mATe emanI pAse joItuM saMkhyAbaLa hatuM. 1858 nA DhaMDherAmAM te vikToriyA rANIe bhAratavAsIonA AMtarika vyavahAromAM ane dharmamAM dakhalagIrI nahi karavAnI rAjanIti uccArelI hatI, tethI paNa aMgrejo sAthe saMparka gADha na banI zakyo. saMparka aMgrejI bhASA vATe aMgrejI ane pazcimI sAhityane ane emAMnI bhAvanAo sAthe thayo e paNa eka AnuSaMgika lAbha che. aMgrejI sAhityamAM svAtaMtryanA ane vyakti svAtaMtranA bhAva ghUMTAyA hatA. manuSya prema ane prakRtipremanuM e sAhitya hAM, mukta nyAyI samatAyukta jIvananI emAM

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briTiza kALa ev jhaMkhanA hatI, bauddhikatA ane vaijJAniktA emAM bhArAbhAra hatI. viTAriyana yuganA udAramatavAdanA e paDadhA pADatuM hatuM. A saghaLA bhAveAthI navI keLavaNI pAmanArAnuM citta dhrulita thayA vinA rahI zake ja kevI rIte? paNa A badhAM mUlyA ane bhAve| bhAratIya saMskRtinI ragamAM paNa paDelAM hatAM, tethI svAbhAvika krame ene anukULa paDadhA paDayo. alabatta, A mUlyeA videzI ane vidhamI AkramaNNA ane paracakranA pravana daramyAna temaja trAsa ane bhaya prasarAvanAra anavasthA daramyAna visAre paDayAM hatAM, jIvana kuMThita thayuM hatu., rUDhiee lagabhaga prAkRtika niyamAnuM sthAna lIdhuM hatuM ane vyavahArA sImita banI gayA hatA. bALamaraNu, bALalagnA, vidhavAnI asahAyatA, rUDhijaDatA, vahema, dUdhapItInA rivAja, strInuM dAsatva, satI thavAnA rivAja, nirakSaratA, pramAda, vidhivazatA, dAridya AdinA abhizApathI bhAratIya jIvana ThIMgarAI gayuM hatuM. acAnaka pazcimanu je sAMskRtika krimaNa thayuM. teNe muktinAM dvAra khAlI ApyAM, prajA, naMde noMdhyuM che tema, "bahAvaruM bahAvaruM jovA lAgI." paNa eka saikAnI avadhamAM tA eNe peAtAnI sAMskRtika bhUmikAethI A navatara sa MskRtinAM lakSaNu DAMsabhera AtmasAt karavA mAMDayAM. parivartananA saMdarbha" paracakranA hatA, paraMtu aMgrejo bhAratIyeAnA sahakArathI ja rAjya calAvI zake ema hatuM tethI udAramatavAdI saMsthAe ane praNAlIenI keLavaNI prajAne anAyAse maLavA mAMDI, je bhAratIya saMsthAo ane praNAlIo jIvaMta hatI teoe paNa karavaTa badalavA mAMDI, paracakra heThaLa je nizcitatA ane nizciMtatA prApta thaI tenAthI jIvanane sa MskArAbhimukha thavAnA AratA jAgyA. parivartananuM Arthika rUpa mUDIvAda ane udyogavAda tarapha jhUkatuM hatuM. lapatarAme ene cAgya rIte hunnarakhAnanI caDAI"nuM nAma ApyuM hatuM, jIvananA saMtAmukhI utkarSI mATe narmadane paNa udyoganuM ja netaruM khapatuM hatuM. pU dha vize Theka pADavAmAM AvatA hatA, paNa samAjane iSTa evI Arthika samAnatA ke "hiMda svarAjamAM gAMdhIjIe pragaTa karyA hatA tevA krAMtikArI vicArane AvavAne hajI vAra hatI. enuM sAmAjika rUpa saMsArasudhArA hatA, bALalamane virAdha, kanyAkeLavaNI, paradezagamana, khATI rUDhio sAme prahArA, vahema, maMtara, TucakA dine buddhivAdanA paDakAra vagere enAM khAla rUpa hatAM. vyaktisvAta Mtrya ane bhAvAzivyaktinI

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pAzcAtya saMskRti prasAra prabhAva ane pratyAghAta mokaLAza enI AMtara zreraNA hatAM. adITha rIte strI-puruSa saMbaMdha mitrI tarapha DhaLe evI bhUmikA racAtI AvatI hatI. parivartananuM sAhityika rUpa kharekharuM krAMtikArI hatuM. pazcimI sAhityanAM rUpane gujarAtImAM siddha karavAne puruSArtha zarU thaye tethI kAvyanA viSaya ja nahi, paNa sAro e abhigama badalAI gaye. abhivyaktimAM ja navatA AvI. nibaMdha navalakathA caritra nATaka Adi gadyAzrita sAhityarUpe te navAM ja umerAyAM, arvAcIna samayanA prAraMbhe gadya ane padyane viveka nahato. Aje je kAMI gadyamAM vyakta karIe tene padyamAM vyakta karavAmAM koI rokaTokane avakAza naheAte, kemake padyAzrita sAhityanI cAlu paraMparAmAM goThavAvAnuM saheje sUjhI rahe tevuM hatuM. rAga kADhIne gAI zakAya te kavitA' e dalapatarAmanI kAvyasamaja hatI ane "bharUca jillAnI keLavaNune ItihAsa" sudhdhAM padyamAM racI zakAyo hatA, paNa narmadanI kAvyasamaja vadhAre UMDI hatI ane "kusumamALA" sudhImAM AvatAM samaja vadhAre UMDI gaI hatI. sAhityika gadyanuM ane vaicArika gadyanuM kheDANa zarU thayuM e eka navatara ghaTanA hatI. madhyakAlIna sAhityamAM gadyAzrita sAhitya hatuM ja nahi ema nathI, paNa sAhityasarjana mATe padya adhikAze anukULa vAhana rahyuM hatuM. paNa je navatara rUpa AvyAM te gadyane takAjo karatAM AvyAM. preraNAstrota aMgrejImAM hato. e gadyAzrita hatAM tethI nibaMdha navalakathA ane caritra mATe to gadya ja joIe e khyAla dRDha thato cAlyo. padyamAM paNa aneka prayoga thavA mAMDyA. chaMdanA prayoga, dezI DhALamAMthI chUTavA mATe saMskRta vRttone Azraya zodhavAnuM valaNa, sudIrgha racanAo mATe ucita "mahAchaMda" ajamAvI jovAnI mathAmaNa Adine AraMbha paNa ogaNIsamA saikAmAM thaye. sAhitya navatara bhAvone piSaNa pUruM pADayuM ane navatara mAnavasaMbaMdho ane mUlya bhaNI daSTi vALI. parivartanane sAhityetara kalArUpe je AviSkAra thaye te sthApatya ane citrakalAne kSetre vahele thayele jyAre zi95 saMgIta ane nRtyane kSetre e meDa thayela ane ene prabhAva maryAdita rahela. aMgrejoe anya kSetronI jema bhAratIya kalA mATe paNa abhiruci dAkhavI tene laIne vastutaH A kAla daramyAna bhAratIya kalAne punaruddhAra thayo. ajaMTA elorA eliphaMTA mahAbalipuram jevAM kalAdhAmo ane mughala, rAjapUta zailIonI temaja pazcima bhAratIya graMthastha citrakalAnA saMpuTanI hevela tathA kumAra svAmI, phargyusana, mArzala, sTelA kremariza vageree jagatane jANa karI. bhAratIya vidvAne paNa A viSayamAM abhiruci

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102 briTiza kAla dAkhavatA thayA. AnI sAthe pazcimI kalAne paNa paricaya keLavAte gayo. potAnI sthApatyakalA dvArA aMgrejoe pazcimI kalAne ahIM praveza karAvyuM. pariNAme bhAratIya kalAomAM aneka navIna pravRttio pAMgarI temaja bhAratIya kalAnA arvAcIna svarUpa para vibhinna valaNe pragaTayAM. alabatta, A prakriyA mukhyatve vIsamI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM vizeSa pAMgarI, paNa ene prAraMbha te muMbaImAM sane 1856 mAM sara je.je. skUla oNpha ArTanI sthApanA thavAnI sAthe zarU thayo he joIe. - yurepiyanoe hiMdamAM pazcimI Dhabe madrAsa kalakattA dilhI govA paMDIcerI vagere rathAnoe ImArato bAMdhI. tatkAlIna vahIvaTI makAne, uparAMta devaLA, mizanarI davAkhAnAM temaja zALAonAM e makAna pazcimanI ramana tathA gothika ane IMglenDanI viTiriyana kalAzailInA mizraNarUpa che. gujarAtamAM amadAvAda surata bharUca kheDA berasada vaDodarA rAjakoTa bhUja vagere sthaLoe A zailInI imArato daSTigocara thAya che. aMgrejoe ahIM potAnAM nivAsasthAna paNa pazcimI zailIe bAMdhelAM. emanI e bhavana-nirmANa-paddhatinuM anukaraNa karIne keTalAMka rajavADAMoe potAnA darabAragaDha ane mahela baMdhAvyA. vaDodarAnA malhArarAve baMdhAvela najharabAga mahela, sayAjIrAve baMdhAvela lakSmIvilAsa mahela, bhUjane vijayavilAsa mahela, morabIna vAghajI mahela, vAMkAnerane raNajitavilAsa mahela temaja jAmanagarane saradArabAga mahela AnAM dRSTAMta gaNAvI zakAya. keTalAka zrImaMtoe paNa pitAnAM makAna e zailIe bAMdhyAM, jemAM amadAvAdamAM zAhIbAgamAM Avela sara cinubhAI baeNneTane "zAMtikuja' nAmane baMgalo (AkRti 46) namUnArUpa che. A videzI zailInA mahelanI sajAvaTamAM mAnavaAkRtio pazupakSIo temaja puSpalatAonAM rUpAMkana paNa videzI DhabanAM daSTigocara thAya che. A mahele uparAMta A kAlanI havelIo ane raheNAka makAnanI sajAvaTamAM paNa videzI, khAsa karIne viTAriyana kalAzailInI asara najare paDe che (juo AkRtio 41 thI 45). alabatta, A videzI prabhAva alaMkaraNe pUrato sImita rahyo hato ne paraMparAgata gujarAtI makAnonA plenamAM briTiza kAlanA aMta sudhI enI koI khAsa asara varatAI nathI. citrakalAkSetre pazcimI kalAnA prabhAvathI chAyA-prakAzavALAM citra karavAnI pravRtti vadhI. trAvaNakoranA rAjA ravivarmAe tailaraMgI videzI zelIne bhAratamAM pracAramAM AvyuM. emaNe bhAratIya paurANika viSayo pasaMda karI e videzI Dhabe rajU karyA. pariNAme emanAM citra dIvAla para laTakAvavAnA kelenDare jevAM

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pAzcAtya saMskRti prasAra prabhAva ane pratyAghAta 103 banI gayAM ne enI nakale bhAratanA anya bhAgonI jema gujarAtamAM paNa bhAvika lekonA dIvAnakhAnAnI dIvAlane zobhAvavA lAgI. baMgALamAM zAMtiniketanamAM avanIMdranAtha TAgere bhAratIya kalA ane pazcimI kalAne samanvaya karavAnuM Adelana upADayuM. samaya jatAM emAM bhAratIyatAnuM tatva vadhatuM gayuM. naMdalAla bojha, asitakumAra haladhara ane bIjAo e paMthe vaLyA. gujarAtamAM ravizaMkara rAvaLa emAM agresara rahyA. bIjI bAju bhAratIya kalAmAM pazcimI anukaraNamAM jalaraMge ane tailaraMgenA prayoga temaja zIdhra rekhAMkanakalAne vikAsa thato gayo. pazcimI prabhAva heThaLa bhAratIya citrakalAmAM prayogo karavAnuM valaNa pragaTayuM ane pazcimamAM pragaTelA Ijhezanijhama ekasaprezanijhama bhautikavAda svaravAda DADAvAda amUtavAda e sarvanI asara thavA lAgI. alabatta, Ane vizeSa uka vIsamI sadInA pahelA caraNa daramyAna thayo samajAya che. gujarAtamAM A gALAmAM rAjavIoe videzI citrakArone belAvIne yuropIya paddhatie pitAnAM vyakticitro karAvavAmAM rasa dAkhavela. zrImaMta nAgarikonAM gharomAM, paNa videzI citrakAronAM citra najare caDatAM. A uparAMta jhINI kalAkArIgarIomAM videzI prabhAva jovA maLe che. cIja. vastuonA ghATa upara teNe asara karI jaNAya che. paNa ekaMdare AmAM anukaraNanI. pravRtti jora karatI dekhAya che. kadAca sarva sAhityetara kalAo mATe sudhdhAM AvuM vyApaka vidhAna karI zakAze. alabatta, citra saMgIta AdimAM bhAratIyatAne Agraha jaLavAI rahyo che, paNa sthApatya vize eka ema nahi karI zakAya. parivartananuM zaikSaNika rUpa bhAvanAonuM saMvardhana karanAruM hatuM, eTaluM ja nahi, pUrva ane pazcimanAM jIvanamUlyane samanvaya karavAnI javAbadArI ApaApa bhaNelAne zire AvatI jatI hatI. bhaNele varga ghaNuM nAnuM hatuM tethI Ama thavuM svAbhAvika hatuM. vaLI prAthamikathI AgaLanuM zikSaNa aMgrejI bhArata ApavAnI paddhati zikSaNazAstranI dRSTie ghaNI vAdhAbharelI gaNIe tathApi ene eka AnuSaMgika lAbha e thayo ke vadhu abhyAsa karavAthI aMgrejI bhASAnuM saghana. zikSaNa maLavA mAMDayuM. pariNAme bhAratIya cetanAne aMgrejI sAhityane gADha. saMsparza thayo, acarajanI vAta to e che ke aMgrejI bhASAnA mahimAthI prAdezika bhASAnuM sAhitya kuMThita thavAne badale mahorI UThayuM. bhAratabharamAM Ama. banavA pAmyuM. muMbaI yunivarsiTInA snAtake je prAraMbhane phAla gujarAtamAM Utaryo. tene kevaDo mATe upakAra gujarAtI bhASAsAhityanA kheDaNa aMge thaye che!

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briTiza kAla govardhanarAma maNilAla ramaNabhAI balavaMtarAya AnaMdazaMkara narasiMharAva maNizaMkara vagere paMDitayuganA sAkSare yunivarsiTI-zikSaNane paripAka hatA. 1880 thI 1915 sudhInA gALAne "paMDitayuga" kahevAnI paraMparA che e tAvika daSTie samucita nathI, kemake kazIka ne kazIka vyutpatti vinA sAhityakAra thaI zakAtuM nathI. e arthamAM pratyeka yuga paMDitayuga che. paNa ko mA. munazI "gujarAta eNnDa ITsa liTarecara"mAM jene saMskRtanA punarabhudayanA gALA tarIke oLakhAve che ane sAmAnya rIte je paMDitayuga kahevAya che tenI vizeSatA e hatI ke aMgrejImAMthI ene navA daSTikoNane ane mUlyodhaka zabdone paricaya thato rahyo. saMskRta sAthe enI sarakhAmaNI thatI ane saMskRta tatsama zabdone Azraya laIne gujarAtI paryAya yojAtA thayA. arvAcIna gujarAtI ciMtanAtmaka gadyanA kheDANanI A prakiyA Aja sudhI cAlu che, joke have tadbhava ane dezya zabdanI guMjAyaza paNa vaicArika abhivyaktinA mAdhyamamAM bhaLavA mAMDI che. vividha vidyAonA navA navA viSayonA zikSaNa paratve ja nahi, paNa aMgrejI ane saMskRtanA saghana zikSaNa dvArA gujarAtI bhASAnA vikAsamAM muMbaI yunivarsiTInA zikSaNe je phALo Apyo hato te sAMskRtika vikAsane paNa che upakAraka nIvaDyo hato. rUparacanAnI daSTie aMgrejI jevI atyaMta bhinna evI videzI bhASA gujarAtIne khAI gaI nahi paNa gujarAtIne ucheranArI banI gaI. vaLI aMgrejI dvArA bIjI yuropIya bhASAonA temaja vidyAonA graMze gujarAtanA suzikSitane sulabha thayA e paNa eka AnuSaMgika lAbha hatA. gujarAtI gadyanI ibAratane paNa aMgrejInA saMsparzathI eka navuM ja parimANa maLyuM. aMgreja pAdarIoe dharmapracAra mATe gujarAtI bhASA zIkhavA mAMDI ane navA AvatA pAdarIone gujarAtI zIkhavavA mATe gujarAtI vyAkaraNa ane zabdasaMgrahe taiyAra karavA mAMDyA enI pAchaLa rahele hetu game te hoya, paNa gujarAtI bhASAnA zAstrIya vyAkaraNane pAyo aMgrejone hAthe nakhAyo. josepha vina TelaranuM 1867 mAM prasiddha thayela nAnuM ane meTuM gujarAtI vyAkaraNa ene uttama namUne che. dharmapracAra mATe jIvana sAthe bhaLyA vinA chUTake nahote. khistI dharmapracAra samAjanA haDadhUta thayela ane caMpAyelA stara sudhI ' ja adhikAze sImita rahyo, paNa rUDha dharmajIvana ethI sAvadhAna banI gayuM. aMgrejone rAjavahIvaTa sAro, emanAM sAdhana navAM, emanuM sAhitya UMcuM, tethI yuropathI je kaMI AyAta thAya tene mahimA karavAnI phezana thaI paDI hatI.

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paribaLa hoi ja aparicita melA virodha pAzcAtya saMskRti prasAra prabhAva ane pratyAghAta vidhavA-punarvivAhanI himAyata karavA mATe narmade "jhaTTa nAtarAM kare evI zIkha ApI te to samAjasudhArAmAM paNa khapI, paNa jyAre e ema lalakAre ke "cale cale, zuM vAra lagADe, calo pIvA mAMDe, cAMdanI A te khUba khIlI che, masta banI lADe." tyAre e navI AyAta thayelI jIvanazailI pratye khUba khUkI gayuM che evo vahema paDyA vinA rahetA nathI. paraMparAgata saMskRtimAMthI Ane pratikAra UThayo.. aparicita vizenA Adaramizrita kutUhalanI sAme aparicita vizenA dveSa ane avizvAsa e paNa eka paribaLa hoI zake. "sudhArA'nAM bAhyAbhaMtara lakSa sAme ethI virodha paNa pragaTI rahyo. dezadezanA ItihAsane abhyAsa karIne "rAnyaraMga" lakhanAra narmada ane vizeSa karIne "dharmavicArane narmada sudhArAnA sAthIonA kAyarapaNAthI hatAza thaIne sAme cheDe jaIne besavAnuM ane bhAratIya saMskRtinI vigate vigatane-emAM bhaLelA vahemone, sudhdhAM puraskAravAnuM valaNa dAkhave ane aMtakAle juvAna maNilAla dvivedIne teDAvIne saMskRtirakSAnuM adhUruM raheluM kArya pUruM karavAnuM sepe e sUcaka che. "sudhArA"ne utsAha tema avasAda Ama eka ja vyakti dvArA mUrta thAya che, paNa prajAkIya cetanA para A parivartana vividha svarUpe dAkhave che. - ogaNIsamA saikAnA AraMbhe ayodhyA pAsenA chapaiyAnA mULa vatanI. svAmI sahajAnaMde saddharmapracArArthe gujarAtamAM vAsa karyo. emanI potAnI bhASA gujarAtI na hatI chatAM lekasamAgamathI je gujarAtI emaNe AtmasAta karI hatI temAM ugArAyelAM emanAM "vacanAmRta" aMgrejInI asara pUrvenuM tatvacarcAnuM uttama gadya pUruM pADe che. emaNe prabodhela dharma Ama te paraMparAgata bhAgavatadharma hato tathApi sAdAI saMyama viveka sadAcaraNa ane IzvarazraddhA upara emaNe sthApelA svAminArAyaNa saMpradAye je bhAra mUkyo tenI asara gujarAta-saurASTranA nIcalA staranA leke upara gherI paDI. dharmajIvananI zuddhine e prabaLa saMketa hatA. niSkuLAnaMda premAnaMda(premasakhI) ane devAnaMda, jevA saMpradAyanA kavio uparAMta kavi dalapatarAmane paNa e saMpradAyanA kavi tarIke sthApyA. 1860 pachI tarata ja sAMskRtika AtmarakSaNa paratvenI sAvadhAnatA jovA maLe che. 1868 mAM pragaTa thayelA karaNa ghelamAM AvatI dharmacarcAomAMthI enuM nidarzana maLI rahe che, paNa 1880 sudhImAM te dharma samanvaya dharmajijJAsA ane .

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briTiza kAla rUDha dharmanI abhirakSAnAM jUjavAM svarUpa jovA maLe che. AryasamAja brahmosamAja prArthanAsamAja ane thiyosophIne ogaNIsamA saikAnA AThamA dAyakAmAM prAdurbhAva thaye ene kaI Akasmika ghaTanA tarIke bhAgye ja ghaMTAvI zakAze. rUDha hiMdu dharmane paNa nave avatAre AvyA vinA chUTako nahoto. sudhArAne grAhya aMzone dharmasaMmata ane zAstrasaMmata tarIke khapAvavAne paNa dArzanika udyama tha. maNilAlanAM lakhaNi enI sAkSI pUraze. paraMparAnA anumodanavALo saMsArasudhAre e svAminArAyaNa-saMpradAyanI meTI deNa che. pazcimI saMskRtinA AghAte jagavelA dharma maMthane ane "parasaMskAre gALavAnI bhaThThI" tarIkenI bhAratIya saMskRtinI paraMparAo pratyeka dharmanAM urAma lakSaNone samanvaya karavAnI zailI vikasAvI che. preraNA vedamAMthI meLavelI hoya, paNa pazcimanA sAMskRtika AkramaNane khALavAnI eka prakriyArUpe ene abhyAsa karIe te e hiMdu dharmane zAstrasaMmata chatAM vaijJAnika opa Ape che. brahmosamAjane udbhava baMgALamAM ane prArthanAsamAjane mahArASTramAM thAya che. baMne samAja ekamekamAM bhaLI jAya e mATe prastAva paNa mukAya che. ekezvaravAda prArthanA tema naitika jIvana Adi lakSaNe hiMdudharmane abhimata hovA chatAM enA upara mukAyelo bhAra khristI dharmajIvananI asara avazya sUcave che. dharmasamanvayanAM A svarUpa dharmajIvanane saMskAravAne parokSa upakrama banI rahe che. Arya samAjanA draSTA ane praNetA dayAnaMda sarasvatI gujarAtanA hovA chatAM gujarAta upara AryasamAjanI asara prabaLa na banI zakI ane brahmosamAja te vegaLA ja rahyo, paNa gujarAtanA saMskArajIvana upara prabhAva nAkhanAra keTalAka agraNI kuTuMboe prArthanAsamAjane je mahimA karyo tenAthI prArthanAsamAjanI yatkiMcita asara gujarAta upara paDI. paNa prArthanAsamAjanuM mukhya dhyeya sAhitya upara ene je prabhAva paDyo te che. bhoLAnAtha sArAbhAI, narasiMharAva diveTiyA ane ramaNabhAI nIlakaMThe racelA sAhityamAM prArthanAsamAjanI dhArmika zraddhAo pratyakSa ane parokSa rUpe mUrta thaI che. paNa dharmamaMthanano vizuddha paripAka govardhanarAmamAM dekhAya che. maNilAla je rUDha dharma vize emane abhiniveza nathI ane nUtanatA vize narmada jevo apakava utsAha paNa nathI; emanAmAM abhyAsa ane viveke prerelI samudAratA ane samatulA che ane emanA dharmaciMtanamAM pUrva ane pazcimanI dhArmika zraddhAonuM aMtastattva samarUpatA sAdhe che. 1885 mAM be aMgrejonA sahakArathI hiMdI rASTriya mahAsabhAnI racanA thaI enI asara dezavyApI gaNI zakAya. gujarAta upara enI sIdhI asara keTalI

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pAzcAtya saMskRti : prasAra prabhAva ane pratyAghAta 100 paDI enuM mApa kADhavuM muzkela che, paNa je rAjakIya AkAMkSAo sateja thaI, je rAjakIya saMcAlana zarU thayAM, tene pariNAme aMte jatAM svarAjyanI bhAvanA piSAvI zarU thaI. paracaka jemane savizeSa khUMcatuM hoya ane svarAjya meLavavAnA jeo himAyatI hoya te eka rAjakIya netAvarga te briTiza zAsake sAthe meLa pADIne krame krame svarAjyanuM dhyeya siddha karavA mAgatA hoya tevo bIjo rAjakIya netAvarga beu kSitija upara dekhAvA mAMDyA. "sarasvatI caMdra"nA trIjA ane cothA bhAgamAM govardhanarAme je rAjakIya parAmarza saMvAdarUpe Ape che temAM rASTriya svAtaMyanI AkAMkSA sAthe saMkaLAyelA vividha praznonI chAyA paDI che. AvI rAjakIya sabhAnatA "hinda ane briTAniyAmAM paNa dekhAya che. ATale sudhI AvatAM gujarAtane suzikSita varga jANe ke yugonuM aMtara vaTAvIne navI phALa bharavA mAMDe che, sAMskRtika anusaMdhAno ane anumodane zodhe che, eTaluM ja nahi, bhAva ane bhASA ubhayamAM UMDANa sAdhavAnI dizAmAM pagalAM bharate jaNAya che." pAdaTIpa 9. Michael Edwardes, British India, p. 8 2. "arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana', khaMDa 1, pR. 8 3. ejana, pR. 10 4. "arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana' (saMkSipta AvRtti), pR. 327-28 5. cazavaMta zukla, "bhUmikA', gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa", gaM. 3, 5. 1-10

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saMdarbhasUci 1. sAmAnya (?) 40 HEQI (a) sarakArI daphataro patravyahAra ahevAla vagere : 'The Appual Administration Report of Limbdi State for the year 1910-11," Limbdi, 1911 "The Annual Administration Report of Nawapagar State for the year 1895-96," Nawanagar, 1896 'The Annual Administration Report of Porbandar State for the year 1887-88, Porbandar, 1888Baroda Government : Report on the Admini stration of the Baroda State for 1882-83," Baroda, 1884 Baroda Government : 'Baroda Admimstration Report', 1904-05 to 1908-09 'Baroda Residency Records'; Vol. No 418, Letter No. 180 'Baroda Resideney Records', No. 460 of 1858. Baroda State: 'Baroda Administration Report 1905-06,' Baroda, 1907 Baroda State : Jamabandhi Revision Settle ment of the Siddhpur Taluka of the Kadi Division,' Bombay, 1911 Bellasis, A.F. "Report of the Civil Cases adjudged by the Court of the Sadar Udalat for the Province of Bombay between the years A.D. 1800 and A.D. 1824 with an appendix and index of the reports', 2 Vols, Bombay, 1825 Bombay Government : General Report on the Administration of the Bombay Presidency for the year 1864-65', Bombay, 1866

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d'euros Bombay Government : 'Political Department Volume No. 1625 of 1844-45', Bombay Bombay Government : 'Bombay Sudder Diwanni Adaulutt Dicisions : 1840-48' Farnandes, T.R. 'Papers Relating to the Revision Survey Settlement of the Bardoli of the Surat Collectorate', Bombay, 1877 Fawcelt, E.G. 'Report of the Collected Abmedabad Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, New Series, No. 5, Bombay, 1954 Forrest, 0.w. 'Selections from the Letters, Despetches and Other State Papers Preserved in the the Bombay Secretariat', Maratha Series, Vol. I. Bombay, 1885 Khobrekar, V.G. 'Disturbances in Gujarat (Gen. Ed. Joshi, P. M.), Historical Selections from Baroda Records', New Series, Vol. II, Baroda, 1962 -A Letter from Whitelock to Anderson, No. 72, 7th July, 1858 - Maharashtra State Archives, Revenue Department, Vol. 1313 of 1821, Bombay -Parliamentary Paper No. 156 of 1890-91 entitled East India: Cambay Disturbances. -Parliamentary Paper, H.C. No. 156 of 1891, Retorn dated 13-2-1891 - Parliamentary Paper, No 402, Letter No. 29 - Parliamentary paper H. C. No. 6150, 1852-53, Retorn dated 15-6-1853 Pattani, Prabhashankar 'Report on Famine Operations in the Bhava nagar State in 1899-1900', Bhavanagar, 1900 Political Correspondence, No. 1219 of 31st Oct, 1851

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S briTiza kAM bhagavAnalAla saMpatarAma, Political Development, Volume No. 37/736 (1836) Reports of Civil Cases Determined in the Court of Civil Dewanoy Adawlutt of Bombay, 1840-1848 Report on Indian Education Commission, 1882 Report on Indian Famine Commission, 1901 Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. CLXXIV, Bombay, 1895 Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. XXXIX, New Series, Part II kAThiyAvADa ejansInAM dezI saMsthAne saMbadhI kalakarAra, dastAveja ane sada, rAjakoTa, 1865 (241.) 13 uat Bombay Gazetteers (ed. by Campbell, James), Vol. I, Part 1 : History of Gujarat, Bombay, 1896 Vol. II: Surat and Broach Districts, Bombay, 1877 Vol. III : Kaira and Panchmahals Districts Bombay, 1879 Vol. IV : Ahmedabad District, Bombay, 1879 Vol. V : Kutch, Palanpur, Mahikantha Districts, Bombay, 1880 Vol. VI : Revakantha, Narukot, Cambay and Surat States, Bombay, 1880 Vol. VII : Baroda State, Bombay, 1883 Vol. VIII: Kathiawar, Bombay, 1884.. Vol. IX, Part I : Gujarat Population, : Hindus, Bombay, 1899 Part II : Gujarat Population : Musa Imaps and Parsis, Bombay, 1901

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saMdarbhasUci Desai, Govindbhai & - Gazetteer of the Baroda State, Vol. I, Clarke, A.B. Bombay, 1923 Gazetteer of the Baroda State, Vol. II : Administration, Ahmedabad, 1979 District Gazetteers : Banaskantha (ed. by Rojyagor, S. B.); Ahmedabad, 1981 Bhavangar (ed. by. Trivedi, R.K.), Ahmedabad, 1969 Jamnagar (ed. by. Patel, G. D.), Ahmedabad, 1970 Junagadh (ed. by. Rajyagor, S. B.), Ahmedabad, 1975 Kheda (ed. by. Rajyagor, S. B.), Ahmedabad, 1977 Kutch (ed. by. Patel, G. D.), Ahmedabad, 1971 Mehsana (ed. by. Rajyagor, S. B.), Ahmedabad, 1975 Panch Manals (ed. by. Patel, G. D.), Ahmedabad, 1972 Rajkot (ed. by. Trivedi, R. K.), Ahmedabad, 1965 Sabarkantha (ed. by. Patel. G. D.), Ahmedabad, 1974 Surat (ed. by. Palande M. R.), Ahmedabad, 1962 Surendranagar ((ed. by Patel, G. D.), Ahmedabad, 1977 Vadodara (ed. by Rajyagor, S. B.), Ahmedadad, 1979 Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series, Bombay Presidency, Vol. I, Calcutta, 1909 kavi, narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara, "kAThiyAvADa sarvasaMgrahI, muMbaI, 1886 -'ajaxild 240x28", 748, 9220 , Sti. Gl. 3sl xid, a31E21, 9220-27 2a3ler zid', adical, 9629..

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briTiza kAra (I) DirekaTarIo Master, F.S. Mahikantha Directory, Rajkot, 1922 - Palanpur Agency Directory. Vol. IV, Rajkot, 1919 kaDAkA, dha, he. kAThiyAvADa DirekaTarI', rAjakoTa, 1886 paramAra, lA. ha. "revAkAMThA ejansInI DirekTarI', . 2, rAjakeTa, 1922 zAha, dA. re.. mahIkAMThA DirekTarI, amadAvAda, 1905 zAha, puruSotama che. ane caretara sarvasaMgraha', bhAga-1 ane 2, naDiyAda, zAha, caMdrakAMta-saMpA.) 1954 (I) abhilekha: sAmayiko, saMgraha ane sUcio Collection of Prakrit and Sanskrit Inscri ptions, Archeological Dept., Bhavanagar Desai, S. H. (Ed.) 'Arabic and Persian Inscriptions of Saura shtra', Junagadh, 1980 Diskalkar, D.B. (Ed.) 'Inscriptions of Kathiawad' (New Indian Antiquary, Vols. 1, 2, 3), Poona, 1938-4 Khakhar, D. P. (Ed.) 'Report on the Architectural and Archaeo logical Remains in the Province of Kachchh, Bombay, 1879 Pandya, A.V. (Ed.) 'Some Newly Discovered Inscriptions from Gujarat', "Vallabh Vidyanagar Research Bulletin", Vol. I, Issue 2, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 1957-58 jhA, vajezaMkara (saM.) bhAvanagara prAcIna zodhasaMgraha', bhAvanagara, 1885 muni, vizAlavijayajI (saM.) "rAdhanapura pratimAlekha saMgraha', bhAvanagara, 1960 muni jinavijayajI (saM.) "prAcIna jaina lekhasaMgraha', bhAga-ra, bhAvanagara, 19ra1 - (u) siddhA sAmayike saMgraha ane sUcio Allan, John 'Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta', New Delhi, 1976 Krause, C. L. & 'Standard Catalog of World Coins', WisconMishler, C. sin, 1976)

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saMdarbhasUci Lahiri, A.N. "Rupee Coins Abroad', Journal of Numismatics Society of India, Vol. XIX, Varanasi 1957 - 'Indo-British Coins, since 1835,' Journal of Numismatics Society of India, Vol. XXIII, Varanasi, 1961 () samakAlIna gujarAtI sAhitya kavi dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAI dalapatakAvya', bhA. 1, muMbaI, 1878 dave, narmadAzaMkara lA. "mArI hakIkata', muMbaI, 1933 padmanAbha kAnhaDade prabaMdha' (saMpA. DAhyAbhAI derAsarI), vaDodarA, 1913 mahArAja, kRSNalAla kaLikALane garabe", 1817 mahIpatarAma rUparAma durgArAma caritra', amadAvAda, 1878 lAvAya samaya vimalaprabandha' (saMpA, maNibhAI bakorabhAI vyAsa), sUrata, 1914 2. arvAcIna graMtho (aMgrejI) Apnie Besant 'How India Wrought for Freedom', Madras, | 1915. Bell, H. Wilberforce 'The History of Kathiawad', London, 1916 Briggs, H: G. 'The Cities of Gujarashtra', Bombay, 1849 Commissariat, M.S. "History of Gujarat', Vol. III, Ahmedabad, 1980 Dadabhai, Navroji 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India', London, 1901 . Dodwell, H.H. (ed.) 'The Cambridge History of India', Vol. VI : The Indian Empire' (1858-1918), New Delhi, 1958. Edalji, Dosabhai 'History of Gujarat from the Earliest Period to the Present Time', Ahmedabad, 1894 (Elliot, F, A. H, 'The Rulers of Baroda', Baroda, 1934 Forbes, A. K. "Rasmala (Guj. Tra. Ranchhodbhai Udayaram, Third ed.), Vols. I-II, Bombay, 1922-1927

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briTiza kATa Hopkins, C. Waghburn 'India : Old and New', New York, 1902 Joshi, H.M. (ed.) 'Source Material For a History of the: Freedom Movement in India, Vol. I 1818-1885, Bombay, 1957 Karaka, Dosabhai 'History of Parsis', Vol. II, London, 1884 Framji Kenneth L. Gillion 'Ahmedabad : A Study in Indian Urban History', California, 1968 Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) 'The British Paramountcy and Indian Renaissance', Part II, Bombay, 1965 'Struggle for Freedom', Bombay, 1969 Malleson, Colonel, G. "A Historical Sketch of the Native States. of India', London, 1875 Mayne, C. 'History of the Dhrangadra State', Calcutta,. 1921 Mehta, Markand N. & Mehta, Manu N. Mewfee, P. V. Munsbi, K.M. Orme, Robert Parikh, Narahari Pattabhi, Sitaramaiya 'The Hind Rajasthan or the Annals of the Native States of the India', Bhadarwa, 1896 *Ruling Princes of India', Bombay, 1911 'Gujarat and its Literature', Bombay, 1954 'Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire', London, 1805 'Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel'.Ahmedabad, 1953 'The History of the Indian National Con gress (1885 to 1935)', Allahabad, 1935 'Lokmanya Tilak', New York, 1965 . 'Narrative of a Journey through the Upper Provinces of India from Calcutta to Bombay, 1825, Vol. III, London, 1828 'The Ruling Princes, Chiefs and Leading Personages in Western India State Agency (II ed.), Rajkot, 1928 New History of Marathas', Vol. III, Bombay, 1948 'The Native States of India', London, 1909 Ramgopal Rejinald, Heber Sardesai, G. S. Warner, William Lee

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saMdarbha sUci gula, hIrAlAla, gAMdhI, bhAgIlAla jAvaDekara, AcAya joTa, ratnamaNirAva bhI. jhaverI, kRSNalAla meA. TApariyA, jasava'tasiMha hirisaMha dave, nadAza kara derAsarI, DAhyAbhAI dezapAMDe, pAMDara ga gaNeza (hindI) Adhunika saMskRta sAhitya, ilAhAbAda, 1971 (gujarAtI) gujarAta dana', vaDAdarA, 1960 Adhunika--bhArata', amadAvAda, 1946 khaMbhAtanA itihAsa', amadAvAda, 1935 --gujarAtanA sAMskRtika itihAsaH IslAmayuga', khaMDa 4, amadAvAda, 1959 !gujarAtanuM pATanagara : amadAvAda', amadAvAda, 1929 ' amadAvAda, 1930 amara-carita', vAMkAnera, 1979 15 'gujarAtI sAhityanA mArgasUcaka staMbha', amadAvAda 1923 . --gujarAtI sAhityanA vadhu mA sUcaka sta MbhA', na gadya', muMbaI, 1868 sAThInA sAhityanuM digdarzana', amadAvAda, 1911 leAkamAnya TiLaka', amadAvAda, 1956 'saurASTranA itihAsa', jUnAgaDha, 1968 'sUrata seAnAnI mUrata', sUrata, 1958 'bharUca zaheranA itihAsa', bharUca, 1914 'gujarAtanA arvAcIna itihAsa', amadAvAda, 1918 dezAI, zaMbhuprasAda ha. desAI, IzvaralAla che. desAI, gaNapatarAma hi. desAI, gAviMdabhAI hAthIbhAI desAI, zArAbajI manacerajI 'tavArIkhe navasArI', navasArI, 1897 'jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana' naheru, javAharalAla (guja, anu. maNibhAI bha. desAI), bIjI AvRtti, amadAvAda, 1956 paTela, elajI bajorajI 'suratanI tavArIkha', surata, 1890 paTela, bahumanajI baherAmajI 'pArasIprakAza', daphatara 1luM, muMbaI, 1878

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}} paTTAbhI, sItArAmaiyA parIkha, ra. che ane zAstrI, 'gujarAtanA rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa', graMtha 5: saltanatakAla', amadAvAda, 1977; graMtha : 'mughalakAla', amadAvAda, 1979; graMtha 7: 'marAThAkAla', amadAvAda, 1981 ha. gaM. (saMpA.) parIkha, rAmalAla (saMpA.) paDaDayA, kA. de. pArekha, hIrAlAla tri. bAvIsI, mugaTalAla bhaTTa, na dAza Mkara trya, maganalAla vakhatacaMda mahetA, bhAnuprasAda ni, yAjJika, indulAla rAjagAra, zivaprasAda lIlAdhara harakhacaMda briTiza sara mahAsabhAnA itihAsa' (guja. anu.) amadAvAda, 1935 vALaMda, narAtama zAstrI, ke. kA. zAstrI, durgAzaMkara zAha, a. gA. zukala, nathurAma suMdarajI 'gujarAta eka paricaya (oNMgresanA bhAvanagara adhive zana aMka H jAnyu, 1961)', bhAvanagara, 1961 'gujarAta-rAjasthAna', amadAvAda, 1884 arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana', khaMDa 1 (1935), khaMDa 2(1936) khaMDa 3 (1937), amadAvAda --'gujarAta varnAkayulara seAsAyaTInA itihAsa' bhAga-1, 2, amadAvAda, 1932, 33 'gujarAta itihAsa saMdarbha sUci', khaMDa 7 : 'gujarAtanA itihAsane lagatI vaMzAvaLIe', amadAvAda, 1980 khaMbhAtanu` sAMskRtika darzana', kha'bhAta, 1976 amadAvAdanA itihAsa', amadAvAda, 1851 'mahipatarAmacaritra', vaDedarA, 1930 'AtmakathA', bhAga 2, mahemadAvAda, 1955 arvAcIna gujarAtaneA rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa', amadAvAda, 1974 *gujarAta tAlukadArI prAcIna-arvAcIna saMgraha', bhAga 1, vaDhavANa, 1891 'saMskRti ane gujarAta', 'bharUca, 1979 mAMgarALa, seAra', pArabaMdara, 1967 aitihAsika saMzAdhana', muMbaI, 1941 bhArata rAjyama`DaLa', DAkAra, 1902 zrI jhAlAvaMzavAridhi', vAMkAnera, 1916

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saMdarbhasUci Q. 45201012 (sAmAnya saMdarbha sUcimAM jaNAvelA graMtha sivAyanI) prakaraNa 1 'Catalogue of Books (and Periodicals in the Bombay Presidency during the Qurters ending 31st. March, 30th June, 30th Septmbcr and 31st December', Bombay, 1914 Cormack, John 'Abolition of Female Infanticide in Gujarat', London, 1815 Ingham, K. 'An Account of Work of Christian Mis sionaries on Behalf of School Reform (1793-1833)', London, 1856 Mangaldas Borrodaile's Gujarat Caste Rules', Bombay, Nathubai (Ed.) 1887 Moore, Edward "Hindu Infanticide', London, 1811 Pigs, James 'India Cries to British Humanity', London, 1834 Postans, Mrs 'Western India in 18 London, 1839 Tod, James 'Travels in Western India Embracing Visit to the Secred Mounts of the Jains and the Most Celebrated Shrines of Hindu Faith Between Rajputana and the Indus With an Account of the Ancient City of Nebrwala', London, 1839 Walter, Hamilton 'Geographical Statistical and Historical Description of Hindostan and Adjacent Countries', Vol. II, London, 1820 Wilson, John 'History of the Suppression Infanticide in Western India', Bombay, 1855 sla, EA4A21H SIELLGLIES 'EL4d8|c4', 6l. 2, 24HELGIE, 9628 kavi, narmadAzaMkara "narmakavitA', muMbaI, 1888 lAlazaMkara

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18 briTiza kAha gaudAna, haribhAI gujarAtanI pALiyA-suSTi', "UrminavaracanA", dIpotsavI vizeSAMka (saM. 2031), rAjakoTa, 1975. jADejA, dilAvarasiMha "gujarAtI kavitAmAM pratibiMbita rASTrIya asmitA',. vallabha vidyAnagara, 1974 nAyaka, choTubhAI gujarAtamAM nAgaranuM phArasI bhASA ane sAhityanuM kheDANa", amadAvAda, 1950 bAreTa, zaM. A. bAroTanA copaDAmAM, pALiyAnI dha', "UrminavaracanA', dIpatsavI vizeSAMka (saM. 2031), rAjakoTa, 1975 bhaTTI, nAgajIbhAI ke, amAro kaccha pravAsa", "paMthika", varSa 7, aMka 8, amadAvAda, 1968 - kacachanAM chellAM satI rUpALI bA", "Urminava racanA", saLaMga aMka 544, rAjakoTa, 1975 -samRticine ane kacchanA khAMbhI-pALiyAnuM sarvekSaNaH eka abhyAsa", "UrminavaracanA, saLaMga aMka 545, rAjakoTa, 1975 mahetA, kapilarAya vRttapatro', "gujarAta eka paricaya" (saMpA. rAmalAlA parIkha), bhAvanagara, 1961 mahetA, praphullI narmada yuganAM anya kavio", "gujarAtI sAhityano. ItihAsa (saMpA. jezI, umAzaMkara, rAvaLa, anaMtarAya ane zukala, yazavaMta), graMtha 3, amadAvAda, 1978 mArzala, ratana rUstamajI "gujarAtI patrakAritvane itihAsa, surata, 1950 zAstrI, hariprasAda kacchanA abhilekha", pathika," varSa 8, aM. 12, - amadAvAda, 1970 zAstrI, hagaM, ane "bhAratIya sikakAzAstra', amadAvAda, 1974 parIkha, pra. ci. prakaraNa 2 dIkSita, yatIndra gujarAtamAM aMgrejonuM jAmatuM prabhutva', "gujarAtane rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa (saMpA. parIkha, 2. che. ane zAstrI, ha. gaM.), graMtha 7: marAThAkAla, amadAvAda, 1981

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saMdarbhasUci 69 parIkha, ramezakAMta akabarathI auraMgajheba', "gujarAtane rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsa graMtha : mughalakAla amadAvAda, 1978 -"pezavAI amala, pra. 3, "gujarAtane rAjakIya, ane sAMskRtika itihAsa", graMtha 7: marAThAkAla, amadAvAda, 1981 - pezavAI sattAnI paDatI", "gujarAtane rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa", graMtha 7: marAThAkAla,. amadAvAda 1981 zAha, sumanAbahena za. gujarAtamAM videzI vasAhata', pra. 5, pari. 1, "gujarAtane rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsa",. graMtha : mughalakAla, amadAvAda, 1978 prakaraNa 3 Ballhatchet, Kenneth 'Social Policy and Social Change in Western: India', London, 1957 Boman Behram, B.K. 'The Rise of Municipal Government in : the City of Ahmedabad', Ahmedabad, 1937 Rogers, Alexander 'Land Revenue of Bombay', Vol. I, London, 1892 Tripathi, Dvijendra 'Colonialism and Modernization : The Case :: & Mehta, M. J. of Early British Intervention in a Tradi. tional Indian Society', prakaraNa 4 Dharaiya, R.K. 'The Last days of Napasaheb Peshwa in Gujarat', Journal of the Gujarat Research Society', Vol. XXX, No. 4/120, Bombay 1968 -'Gujarat in 1857', Ahmedabad, 1970 Kaye, John W. 'A History of the Sepoy War in India', Vol. LI, London, 1880 Malleson, G. B. 'History of Indian Mutiny', Vol. III, London, 1880

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* 1ra0 briTiza kAha Malleson Lt. Col. W. 'The Revolt in Central India', Simla, 1908 Narayan, A. X. 1857', - - * Sen, S. N. "Eighteen Fifty Seven', New Delhi, 1957 hA , ga. aTAra sattAvana jinAriyo pariziSTa -- prakaraNa 5 Huoter, W.W. 'Bombay (1885-1890) : A Study in Indian Administration', Bombay, 1892. prakaraNa 6 Handa, R. L. 'History of Freedom Struggle in Princely States', New Delbi, 1968 vorA, maNibhAI "porabaMdara, porabaMdara, 1977 Chudgar, P. L. 'Indian Princes under British Projection', London, 1929 Panjkkar, K.M. 'Indian States and the Government of India', London, 1927 zAna, ena. je. 'saurASTrake pahale cAra vargo (zreNiyoM) ke purAne rAjyoMkA itihAsa aura unakA briTiza sArvabhauma sattAse sambandha', vallabha vidyAnagara, 1972 (TAipa) mahetA, manasukhalAla 'dezI rAjyonA prazno', rAjakoTa, 1920 ravajIbhAI mahetA, kalyANajI viThThalajI darabAra zrI gopALadAsa', rANapura, 19ra3 pariziSTa - * Gupta, P. L. 'Coins,' New Delhi, 1969 prakaraNa 8 eka pArasI "mumabaInA zerasaTTAnI tavArIkha, muMbaI, 1867 trivedI, navalarAma ja. "samAjasudhArAnuM rekhAdarzana', amadAvAda, 1934 desAI, zAMtilAla "rASTrane svAtaMtrya saMgrAma ane gujarAta', amadAvAda 1972 paTela, maganabhAI zaM. gujarAtamAM bharAyelAM kegresa adhivezane", "gujarAta eka paricaya" (saMpA. rAmalAla parIkha), bhAvanagara, 1961

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SR. saMdarbhasUci pariziSTa gupta, manmatharAya 'rASTrIya AMdolanakA itihAsa', AgarA, 1962 vidyAvAcaspati, indra 'bhAratIya svAdhInatA saMgrAma kA itihAsa', naI dilhI - 1960 prakaraNa 9 Boyd, Robin 'Church History of Gujarat', Madras, 1981 AcArya, navInacaMdra sAbarakAMThA jillAnA pALiyA", svAdhyAya", pu.. 14, amadAvAda, 1976-77 kavi dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAI jJAti vize nibaMdha (4thI AvRtti), amadAvAda, : 1887 dIkSita, sureza satImAne garabe", "prasthAna, pu. 11, aMka 5, . amadAvAda, 1931 pArekha, hIrAlAla tri. leDI vidyAgaurI maNimahatsava-abhinaMdana graMtha', . (saMpA.) amadAvAda, 1936, lAjarasa, tejapALa "gujarAtamAM khristI maMDaLIne udaya', amadAvAda, 1982 zAstrI, hariprasAda ane amadAvAdanI, agiyArIonA zilAlekha, "buddhizelata, bhAratI prakAza', pu. 127, amadAvAda, 1980 -amadAvAdanI pArasI dharma zALAnA zilAlekho'. pathika" varSa20, aMka 3, amadAvAda, 1980 zAha, dhIrajalAla dha. vimala prabaMdhaH eka adhyayana', amadAvAda, 1965 . pariziSTa AcArya, zAMtibhAI "cerIo ane dharI zabdAvali', prastAvanA, amadAvAda, 1968 - gujarAtI-bhIlI vAtacIta', amadAvAda, 1967. AdivAsI gujarAta', 5, 2, aM, 2, amadAvAda, 1979 AdivAsI vartamAna', pu. 1, aMka 2, amadAvAda, 1974

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-122 briTiza kAha prakaraNa 10 Amin, B.D. 'The Rise and Growth of Alembic Chemical Works', Baroda, 1939 Baden Powell, B. H.' 'Land System of British India', Vol. III, Oxford, 1892 Badshah, Bhagwanlal R. 'The Life of Rao Bahadur Ranchhodlal Chhotalal', Bombay, 1899 Banerji, Tarashankar 'Internal Market of India (1834-1900)', Calcutta, 1966 Blair, Kling 'The Origin of the Managing Agency System in India', The Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. XXVI, 1966 Choksey, R. D. 'Economic Life in the Bombay : Gujarat (1800-1939)', Bombay, 1965 Cole, Arthur H. 'Bussiness Enterprise in its Social Setting'. Cambridge, 1959 Desai, A. R. 'Social Background of Indian Nationalism', Bombay, 1966 Forbes, James 'Oriental Memoirs', Vol. II, London, 1813 Mabaraja Sayaji Rao 'Speeches and Addresses', (1877-1910), Vol. I, Cambridge, 1927 Mehta, Makrand 'Indigenous Paper Industry and Muslim Enterpreneurship : A Case Study of Paper Technology and Trade in Ahmedabad with Special Reference to the 19th Century', "Proceedings of the Seminar on Science and Technology in 18th-19th Century Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, 1980 -'The Ahmedabad. Cotton Textile Industry; Genesis and Growth', Ahmedabad, 1982 Milburn, William Oriental Commerce Containion a Geogra. phical Description of the Principal Places in the East Indies, China and Japan With Their Produce Manufactures and Trade including the Coasting of Country Trade from Port to Port', Vol. I, London, 1813

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23 saMdarbhasUci Morris, David Patel, G.D. Pendant, Thomes Robertson, James (Ed.) Rogers, Alexander "Towards a Reinterpretation of the Nine teenth Century Indian Economic History', The Indian Economic and Social Hisiory Review, Vol. V, 1968 'Values as an obstacle to Economic Growth in South Asia : A Historical Survey', The Journal of Economic History, Vol. XXVII, 1967 'The Land Revenue Settlement and the British Rule in India', Ahmedabad, 1969 'The View of Hindostan', Vol. I, London, 1798 'Western India : Reports Addressed to the Chambers of Commerce of Manchester, Liverpool and Glasgow by their Commissioner, the late Alexander Mackay Esq', London, 1853 'Land Roveuue of Bombay', Vol. I & II, London, 1892 'The Theory of Economic Development', Cambridge, 1949 "The Dublas of Gujarat', Delhi, 1958 'The Bombay Presidency, the United Provi nces, the Punjab etc. Their History, People, Commerce and Natural Resources', London, 1920 'An Account of the Agate and Carnelian Trade of Cambay', Journal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. III, Part I, Bombay, 1849 'Indian Enterpreneurship in Historical Perspective, A Reinterpretation', Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. VI, 1971 "Business Houses in Western India : A Study in Enterpreneurial Response 1850+ 1956,' IIM Memeograph, Ahmedabad, 1981 Schumpeter, J. A. Shah, P.G. Somerset, Playne Summers, Augustus *Tripathi, Dwijendra Tripathi, Dwijendra & Mehta Makrand

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ra4 briTiza kAla Walter, H. * 'Geographical, Statistical and Historical, Description of Hindostan and Adjacent Countries', Vol. I, London, 1820 karasanadAsa mULajI nibaMdhamALA: saMsAra saMbaMdhI viSayo', muMbaI, niza 1870 jozI, bhavAnIzaMkara paradezI mAla ApaNA dezamAM taiyAra thavA zA upAya yojavA joIe ?, "buddhiprakAza", pu. 23, amadAvAda, 1876 paTela, tribhuvanadAsa gaM. dukALa vize nibaMdha', amadAvAda, 1880 paTela, maganabhAI caturabhAI "svadezI hilacAla', amadAvAda, 1907 parIkha, narahari dvArakAdAsa dIvAna bahAdura aMbAlAlabhAI jIvanadarzana, ama-- dAvAda, 1943 rAjagara, zivaprasAda "gujarAtanA vahANavaTAne itihAsa, amadAvAda, - 1976 Sanjivrao, T.S. haribhakti gharANAnI hakIktanuM pustaka, vaDodarA. rAjya', vaDodarA, 1944 pariziSTa 1 'A Short History of Modern Indian Ship ping', Popular Prakashan, 1965 'Kathiawad Economies', Bombay, 1943 "saurASTrane dariyAkAMTho,' bhAvanagara, 1935 pariziSTa 2 Trivedi, A. B. mahetA, je. ema. 'A History of Natal', University of Natali Press, Durban, 1965 'History of East Africa', Oxford, 1965 Brooks, Edgar H. & Webbe, Colin De B. Harlow, Vincent, Chilver, E.M. & Smith, Allison Ingham, Kenneth Waiz, S. A. pata,DuMgarazI che. 'History of East Africa', London, 1965 'Indians Abroad Directory', Bombay, 1933 bhATiyA vahANavaTAne jUne itihAsa', muMbaI, 1928

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sa`da sUci Dave Jayendra Government of Bombay Misra, Lakshmi Parulekar, R. V. Rajyagor, S. B. Syed, Nurullah and Naik, J. P. Wellsmith, W. K. anasArI, muhammada rajhA phiraMgI mahalI 9 pavAlI, DAhyAmArdra (sa.) Thakkara, pravINA paTela, IzvarabhAI rAjagAra, zivaprasAda vaidya, vijayarAya ka. zAstrI, vrajalAla kALIdAsa parIkha, pravINacaMdra 40 RA prakaraNa 11 'A Study of Evolution of Female Education in Gujarat till Independence', Vallabh Vidyanagar, 1971 'A Review of Education in Bombay State', Poona, 1958 Education of Women in India (1921-1966)', Bombay, 1966 'A Source Book of History of Education in the Province of Bombay', Bombay, 1950 Education of Gujarat (1854-1954)', (typed Thesis), Rajkot, 1971 'History of Education in India', London, 1943 The Ulema in Indian Politics', politics & History in India,-, 'vAnIe se' nizAmI', vanau, 1973 saMskRta sauma unAtAdrI mahezasatra aja', rAjakIya pAThazAlA, peTalAda, 1980 'gujarAtanA strIkeLavaNInA itihAsa', amadAvAda, 1979 'sevAmUrti meAtIbhAI amIna', vAdarA, 1961 'gujarAtanA keLavaNIneA itihAsa', amadAvAda, 1966 arvAcIna gujarAtI pustakAlayeA', vaDeAdarA, 1927 'rasaga'gA' (sapA, zAstrI zaMkaralAla ga), amadAvAda, 1934 vaDAdarA rAjyanI pustakAlaya pravRtti', vaDAdarA, 1927 prakaraNa 12 'gujarAtamAM brAhmIthI nAgarI sudhInA lipi vikAsa (I. sa. 1500 sudhI)', amadAvAda, 1974

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123 bhAyANI, harivallabha rAvata, bacubhAI zAha, vimala zAstrI, ke. DA. sAMDesarA, bhogIlAla jozI, umAzaMkara, rAvaLa, anaMtarAya ane zukala, yazavaMta jhaverI, kRSNalAla meA, ThAkAra, azAka nAyaka, cheTubhAI ra. rAvaLa, anaMtarAya zAstrI, hariprasAda ga -zAha (vaidya), bApAlAla ga. sAMDesarA, bhAgIlAla briTiza kALa gadyasAhitya', gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa (saMpA jozI umAzaMkara, rAvaLa anaMtarAya ane zuddha yazava'ta), graMtha 2, amadAvAda, 1976 lipinA vikAsa', '"kumAra", saLaMga aMka 400, amadAvAda, 1957 'gujarAtanA AdivAsIo', amadAvAda, 1966 *gujarAtI bhASAnA vikAsa ane arvAcIna gujarAtI bhASAnuM svarUpa', amadAvAda, 1965 'gadya', "gujarAtI sAhityano itihAsa", (24deg41. umAza`kara jozI, ana`tarAya rAvaLa ane yazavaMta zukala), graMtha 1, amadAvAda, 1973 prakaraNa 13 gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa', graMtha 2 jo, amadAvAda, 198} gujarAtIoe lakhelA phArasI graMtheA', amadAvAda, 1945 'nIlaka'TharAya chatrapati", "kumAra", saLaMga aMka 6para, amadAvAda, 1978 'gujarAtanA nAgarAnu phArasI bhASA ane sAhityanuM kheDANa', amadAvAda, 1950 arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanAM preraka khaLA', "gandhAkSata", muMbaI, 1949 'saMta-kavi cheTama : eka paricaya, gujarAta sAhitya sabhA", amadAvAda, 1963 'vanaspatizAstrI jayakRSNabhAI", vaDodarA, 1931 'gujarAtI graMthasUci', "paraba", varSa 20, aMka 1, amadAvAda, 1979 pariziSTa 1 va --'gujarAtI mudraNanI zatavaNI', 1812-1912', "gujarAtI", divALI aMka, 1912

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saMdarbhasUci 6 priyeLakara, anaMta kAkabA "gujarAtI mudraNakalAnuM Adiparva', "phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA saimAsika", pu. 13, aM. 4, muMbaI, 1948 - muMbaI samAcAraH deDhaso varSanI tavArIkha : 1822-1972" pariziSTa 2 Shastri, K. K. 'A Survey of Published Uni-Lingual and Bi-Lingual Dictionaries Pertaining to Gujarati', Journal of the Oriental Institute Vol. XXVIII, Baroda, no. 2, Baroda, 1975-76 dhruva, AnaMdazaMkara hindu dharmanI bALapothI" amadAvAda, 1918 - hindu vedadharma', amadAvAda, 1919 muva, kezavalAla varNane keza, amadAvAda, 1944 zAstrI, ke. kA. "svAdhyAya ane saMzodhana", "kekA. zAstrI amRta mahatsava abhinaMdana graMtha," graMtha 2, amadAvAda, 1983 sAMDesarA, bhe. ja. ItihAsa ane sAhitya', amadAvAda, 1966 - gujarAtI keza", "saMskRti," jAnyu phebru; 196ra, amadAvAda, 1962 - rAjavyavahArakezaH eka paricaya, buddhiprakAza", pu. 127, amadAvAda, 1980 -vahIvaTI zabdakezanI racanAnA keTalAka prazno', rAjabhASA" zaimAsika, varSa : 1, aMka 3, gAMdhInagara, 1979 - kavi, nAnAlAla da. prakaraNa 14 "kavIzvara dalapatarAma, amadAvAda, 1934. gujarAtI paMca rajata mahatsava : khAsa aMka', amadAvAda, 1926 'ekavIsamI sAlagIrI mubAraka", "kaumudI, navuM pustaka 7, aM, 2, vaDodarA, 1933 "mArI hakIkta', bhA. 1, muMbaI, 1933 sAkara, ba. ka. - narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara

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ka28 desAI, mahAdevabhAI haribhAI dvivedI, maNilAla dhruva, AnaMdazaMkara briTiza kee vRtta ane vRttavivecake, "gujarAtI sAhitya paribaLuM 12muM adhivezana," amadAvAda, 1937 "sudarzana gadyAvali', amadAvAda, 1000 uddeza, nAma tathA sUtra", "vasanta": varSa 1, amadAvAda, saM. 1958 vasanta rajata mahatsava smAraka graMtha', "vasanta" varSa : 26, amadAvAda, saM. 1984 gujarAtI bhASAnAM cAlu mAsike', "vasanta" varSa : 21, amadAvAda, saM. 1971 gujarAtI patrakAritvane ItihAsa', surata, 1950 hindustAna prajAmitra rajatamahatsava aMka', pArekha, hI. tri. bhaTTa, vizvanAtha ma. mArzala, ratana 1938 prakaraNa 15 Badshah, Bhagvaplal R. 'The Life of Rao Bahadur Ranchodlal Chhotalal', Bombay, 1899 Boyd, R. D. 'The Prevailing Word', Belfast, 1953 Dave, Ramesh, M. "Life and Works of Shree Swaminarayan', Bombay, 1966 Krishnarao Bholanath 'A Brief Sketch of the Life and Character of Bholanath Sarabhai', Life of Bholanath Sarabhai, Bombay, 1888 Motiwala, B. N. "Karsandas Mulji : A Biographical Study', Bombay, 1935 Pandya, K.C., 'Govardhanram Madhavram Tripathi's Scrap Bakshi, R. P. and Book', Bombay, 1957-1959 Pandya, S. J. (ed) Parekh, Manilal C. 'Shree Swaminarayan' (2nd edi.), Rajkot, 1960 Raval, R. L. "Some Aspects of the Brittsh Impect on Religion, Culture and Literature in Gujarat during the Nineteenth Century', Vidya, Vol. XX, Ahmedabad, 1977 Reginald, Heber Narrative of a Journey through Upper Provinces of India', Vol II, London, 1828

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sadarbhasUci Wilson, John AcArya, navInacaMdra karasanadAsa mULajI kavi, nhAnAlAla lapatarAma kRSNarAva bhALAnAtha khArAvAlA, amaradAsajI gaudAnI, harilAla jozIpurA, jayasukharAya puraSAttamarAya -DAkara, dhIrubhAI ThAkara, dhIrubhAI (saMpA.) tripAThI, manasukharAma sUryarAma dave, na`dAzaMkara lAlazaMkara FE 'History of Suppression infanticide in Western India', Bombay, 1855 'gujarAtanA dharma saMpradAya', amadAvAda, 1983 'nibaMdhamALA', pu. 1 muMbaI, 1870 'kavIzvara dalapatarAma', bhAga. 2, amadAvAda, 1940 bhALAnAtha sArAbhAInuM jIvanacaritra', mu`baI, 188 gujarAta varnAkayulara sAauTInA itihAsa', "buddhi prakAza" pu. 25, amadAvAda, 1878 rAmAnujane vaDale sAdhu saMpradAyA', "Urmi'navaracanA", dIpAtsavI vizeSAMka, "saura:STranI dharma sAdhanA",aM. 7.8, rAjakATa, 1973 'saurASTramAM nAtha saMprAya', "UrminavaracanA", va 44, rAjakATa, 1973 'maNiza'kara kikANI', vaDodarA, 1920 arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanI vikAsarekhA', pAMcamI AvRtti, amadAvAda, 1972 maNilAla nabhubhAI dvivedInuM AtmavRttAMta', amadAvAda, 1979 'astAya tathA svAzraya' (pAMcamI AvRtti), muMbaI, 1905 'jUnuM narmagadya', bhAga. 1, (bIjI AvRtti), muMbaI, 1912 desAI, mahendrakumAra ema. zrIman nRsiMhAcArya', vaDeAdarA, 1935 paTela, bahumanajI baherAmajI paramAra, khADIdAsa 'pArasI prakAza', bhAga. 1, muMbaI, 1878 1888 devIpUjA ane saurASTranAM devI devalAM', "Urmi - navaracanA", varSa 44, rAjakATa, 1973 'mahAjanamaMDaLa", bhA. 1, amadAvAda, 1896 paTela, maganalAla nAttamadAsa parIkha, pravINacaMdra, citalasparza', amadAvAda, 1984

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630 briTiza kAha paMDita, devendra kALidAsa "saurASTranA saMto', amadAvAda 1961 purANI, aMbAlAla maNilAla nabhubhAI dvivedInuM jIvanacaritra', bAlakRSNa amadAvAda, 1951 bakSI, rAmaprasAda ane jozI, 'uttamalAla trivedInI gadyariddhi, amadAvAda, 1971 ramaNalAla (saMpA.) bhaTTa, vizvanAtha maganalAla "narmadanuM maMdira, amadAvAda, 1917 bhaTTI, nAgajIbhAI "saurASTranA saMta ane bhakto', "pathika', varSa : 9 aMka 8, 9 amadAvAda, 1970 mazarUvAlA, kizoralAla dha. "svAminArAyaNa saMpradAya athavA sahajAnaMda svAmI'. amadAvAda, 1940 mAstara, karImahaMmada mahAgujarAtanA musalamAne', vaDodarA, 1968 mahIpatarAma rUparAma utama kapoLa karasanadAsa mULajI carita', amadAvAda, 1977 mahetA, narotama DI. "svAmIzrI sahajAnaMda bhagavAnanI kaccha pradezamAM AnaMda ane jIvanalIlA', "karacha mitra", divALI aMka, bhUja, 1971 ramaNabhAI mahIpatarAma "dharma ane samAja), bhA. 1, amadAvAda, 1932 rA. bA. gopALarAva harinuM janma vRttAMta', buddhiprakAza', pu. 40, amadAvAda, 1893 lAjarasa, tejapALa "gujarAtanA khristI maMDaLane ItihAsa', amadAvAda, 1982 zAha, mUlacaMda AzArAma "AzArAma dalIcaMda zAha ane temane samya', amadAvAda, 1934 zAstrI, ke. kA. mahAprabhuvallabhAcAryajI', muMbaI, 1977 zelata, bhAratI amadAvAdane yahUdI tribhASI lekha ane tyAMnuM yahUdI kabarastAna', "vidyApITha", saLaMga aMka 110, amadAvAda, 1981 prakaraNa 16 Burgess, James "The Temples of Shatrunjaya Palitana in Kathiawad', Gandhinagar, 1976 Gupte, Taramati 'Gaekwad Cenotaphs', Baroda, 1947

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saMdarbhasUci Sompura, K. F. Architctural Treatment of the Hathisinha's Temple Ahmedabad, Bulletin of the Chunilal Gandhi-Vidya Bhavan, Nos. 16,17.: Surat, 1973 amadAvAda pArasI paMcAyata, "pArasI rASTra ana rahevAsIo vizenI majaNuM prakAzana Dire kaTarI amadAvAda, 1975 joSI, kalyANarAya na. dvArakA vasaInA purANa avazeSo', rAjakoTa, 1974 dave, kirITa je. svAminArAyaNa citrakalA', prakaraNa 2, "ravAmi nArAyaNa zilpa-sthApatyakalA, amadAvAda, 1984 parIkha, pravINacaMdra "amadAvAdanA bhadranA killAmAMnAM maMdiranI sthaLa tapAsa", buddhiprakAza", pu. 126, amadAvAda, 1978 mAMkaDa, DolararAya. 2. jAmanagarane ItihAsa', jAmanagara, 197ra zAstrI, ghanazyAma, bhagavAna zrI svAminArAyaNa sthApita nava mahAmaMdiro', svarUpadAsajI ena. zrI svAminArAyaNa dvizatAbdI smRtigraMtha, (saMpA. svAmI ghanazyAmasvarUpadAsajI naMdakizora dAsajI), amadAvAda, 1981 zAstrI, ha. gaM ane gujarAtamAM yahUdIo", "pathika), varSa :20, aMka 7, zelata, bhAratI amadAvAda, 1981 sUratanAM aitihAsika sthaLo', sUrata, 1980 prakaraNa 17 Fatesinghrao, Gaekwad 'The Palaces of India', New york, 1980 Goetz, H. A Monument of Old Gujarati Word Sculpture ; "The Jain Mandap in the Baroda Museum", Bulletin of the Baroda Museum Picture Gallery, Vol. VI, Part I, II, Baroda. 1950 -The Post Mediaeval Sculpture of Gujarat Bulletin of the Baroda Museum Picture Gallery, Vol. V, Part I, II Baroda, 1947-48 Jain, Jyotindra 'Utensils', Ahmedabad, 1981

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632 briTiza kALa Janson, H. W. Trivedi, R.K. jAdava, jorAvarasiMha dave, kirITakumAra je. 'History of Art', Part III, 'The Renaissance', New York, 1969 'Wood Carving of Gujarat, Delhi, 1965 "gujarAtanI lokasaMskRti', gAMdhInagara, 1976 zilpakRtio', pra. 14, "gujarAtane rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsa, graMtha 6, mughalakAla, amadAvAda, 1979 -zilpa pra. 11, "gujarAtane rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsa, graMtha 7, marAThAkAla amadAvAda, 1981 "guru pITha prakAza caMdrikA dUdhareja', camAraja, 1969 dUdharejiyA, magnIrAma kAzIrAmajI nANAvaTI, jayendra ane DhAMkI madhusUdana parIkha, pravINacaMdra ane dave, kirITakumAra gujarAtanuM kASTha sthApatya", "kumAra", saLaMga aMka 489, amadAvAda, 1964 "svAminArAyaNazipasthApatya kalA', amadAvAda, 1984 prakaraNa 18 Shah, U.P. 'Treasures of Jain Bhandars', Ahmedabad, _1978 DosA, prAgajI takhate bole che, bhAga 1 , muMbaI, 1978 desAI, ramaNalAla raMgabhUmi, "raMgabhUmi pariSadanuM paheluM adhivezana, vasaMtalAla amadAvAda, 1945 dvivedI, prabhulAla da. nATaka ane lokaci', "gujarAtI nATayazatAbdI mahatsava smAraka graMtha', muMbaI, 1952 paTela, dhanajIbhAI "pArasI nATaka takhtAnI tavArIkha, muMbaI, 1968 paTela, bahamanajI pArasI prakAza, daphatara 1luM, bhAga 7, muMbaI, 1882 baherAmajI paramAra, kheDIdAsa "ziheranA rAmajI maMdiranAM bhIMtacitra', "kumAra" saLaMga aMka pa5, amadAvAda, 1971 parIkha, rasikalAla che. "saMgItAcArya vADIlAla zivarAma nAyaka', "AkAza bhASita", amadAvAda, 1974

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saMdarbhasUci paMDita, DAhyAlAla zivarAma brahmabhaTTa, raghunAtha "saMgIta kalAdhara', prastAvanA, bhAvanagara, 1938 mahetA, caMdravadana raMgabhUmi ane saMgIta "gujarAtI nATayazatAbdI mahatsava smAraka graMtha", muMbaI, 185ra "nakkara hakIkatone TUMkasAra", "gujarAtI nATaya zatAbdI mahotsava smArakagraMtha", muMbaI, 19para nATakanI bhajavaNI", "gujarAtI nATaya zatAbdI * mahotsava smArakagratha", muMbaI, 19para saMgIta carcA, amadAvAda, 1963 mahetA, dhanasukhalAla mahetA, ramaNalAla choTAlAla rAThoDa, rAmasiMhajI rAvala, ravizaMkara ma. Trivedi, A. B. rAThoDa, rAmasiMhajI nATakane prAraMbha, "sva. sAkSara dIvAna bahAdura raNachoDabhAI udayarAma zatAbdI graMtha", muMbaI, 19para kacchanAM bhIMtacitro", "kumAra", saLaMga aMka para8, amadAvAda, 1967 gujarAtanI sAMprata citrakalAnuM vihaMgAvalokana', kalAaMkaH "kumAra", saLaMga aMka para8, amadAvAda, 1967 pariziSTa 'Post War Gujarat, Bombay, 1949 . "kacchanuM saMskRti darzana', amadAvAda, 1959 pariziSTa 1 'The Foote Collection of Indian Prehistoric and Protobistoric Antiquities', 1917 'Fifty Years of the Archaeological Survey of India', Ancient India (Bulletin of the Archaeological Survey of India), No. 9, New Delhi, 1943 'Progress in Preservation of Monuments', Ancient India, No. 9, New Delhi, 1953 Preservation of Monuments', Ancient India, No. 9, New Delhi, 1953 Foote, Robert Bruce Ghosh, A. Krisbpaswami, V.D. Ramchandran, T.N.

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134 Roy, Souarindranath Smith, V. A. briTiza kAkA 'Indian Archcology from Jones to Marshall (1784-1902), Ancient India No. 9, New: Delhi, 1953 'The Copper Age and Prehistoric Bronze Implement of India, Indian Antiquary, Vol. XXXIX, Bombay, 1909 pariziSTa 2 'Brief Directory of Museums in India', (3rd ed.), New Delhi, 1910 'Souvenir-Cum Guide book of the Watson Museum, Rajkot 'Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery', Hand book of the Collection, Vol VIII, Part 1, Baroda, 1950-52 'Museums of India, London, 1936 Agrawal, Usha Devkar, V.L. Goetz, H. Markham, S.F. & Hargreaves, H. Pandya, A. V. Sivaramamurti, C. Swarnkamal jAnI, mudrikA dezAI zaMbhuprasAda ha. vaidya, DI. ke. "The Museum at Vallabh Vidyanagar', Journal of Indian Museum, Vol. XI, 1955; 'Directory of Museums in India', New Delhi. 1959 'Museums in Gujarat : An Outline', Baroda, 1979 "kaccha darabArI gejheTa, pu. 12, aM. 11 bhUja, 1884 gujarAtamAM myujhiyama pravRtti, vaDodarA, 1975. jUnAgaDha ane giranAra', jUnAgaDha, 1975 kaccha myujhiyama', bhUja, 1975 pariziSTa 3 British India' 1772-1946, London, 1976 gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa', . 3, amadAvAda, 1978 Edwardes, Michael jozI umAzaMkara, rAvaLa anaMtarAya ane zukla yazavaMta (saMpA.)

Page #674
zabdasUci akabara 503 akabara 2 je 24, 148, 149, 190 "akhabAre sodAgara" 28 akherAjajI 140 akho bhagata 465 agara, mejara 70 agaleda 80 agnihotrI, satyAnaMda 476 agravAla, uSA 583 acIna 314 achUbA 132 ajabapurA 154 ajabasiMhajI 154, 1papa ajamera 157, 314, 461 ajitasiMha 137 aDAdarA 564 aDAsa 44 aNahilavADa pATaNa 14, 106 aNediyA 80 adesiMhajI (bhAdaravA) 157 - adesiMhajI (raNasaNa) 15ra anagaDha 157 202 anaI rAghava" 3ra3 anavarakhAnajI 148 anaMtajI 142 anAsa 265 ane pasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 abaDAsA 22 abubakara 312 abujhaphara nadavI 326, 339 abuzarI 308 abdulakarIma 246 abdulakarImakhAna 149 abdulakAdara 150 abdullAha 461 abbAsaalI bega sara 142 abbAsakhAna 154 abhayasiMha (punAdarA) 154 abhayasiMhajI 2 jA (cUDA) 143 abhaLAda 265 abhijJAna-zAkuntala' 3ra3 abhesiMhajI (mehanapura) 150 abhesIMgajI (tharAda) 156 amathArAma 238 amadAvAda : 2, 6, 7, 10, 11... 14, 17, 18, 27-31, 34,. 39, 45, 46, 48, 50-para, 54, 6-60, 67-71, 73,. 70, 81, 93-96, 08-101, 104, 118, 120, 121, 123,. 128, 165, 167, 171, 197, 108, 200, 203-208, 215,.. 21220, 222, 22, 234 237240, 242, 244, 247,. 2pa2, 253, 256,259, 261, 268, 269, 272, 274-279,

Page #675
briTiza kAha 281-245,288, 294, 297, 320, 3ra1, 3ra4-328, 332, 333, 335-338, 340-342, 345-347, 323, 363, 364368, 388, 396, 411, 419, 4ra0, 429 430, 436-439, 442, 443, 448, 456, 461, 463, 464, 467, 468, 471, 475-477,482, 485, 487, 489, 492, 494, 496, 500, 501, 502, 503, 505-513, 518-para1, para3-para6,531- pa34, 536-pa38, 54ra-pa46, 556,558, pa64-5 67, pa71, pa85, pa96, 602 "amadAvAdane itihAsa" 11 'amadAvAda samAcAra" 4, 28, 585 amarakeza 323 amaracaMda vasAvaDA 141 -amarajI 20 amaratalAla vakIla pa06 amarasiMga (IDara) 128 amarasiMha (lAThI) 145 amarasiMhajI (AMbaliyArA) 155. amarasiMhajI (dhrAMgadhrA) 136, 138 amarasiMhajI (punAdarA) 154 amarasiMhajI (vAMkAnera) 138 amarasiMhajI (sudAsaNA) 156 -amarelI 24, 34, 119, 123, 125, 334, 341-343, 415, para1, 558, pa63 amarezvara kuberadAsa 428 amIna, jhaverabhAI 138 amIna, bI.DI. 286 amIna, motIbhAI 354 amIrakhAna pa54 ayodhyA 465 adhyAprasAda 468 aradezara dhanajI zAha (koTavALa) 33, 55, 251 aradezara pharAmajI mUsa 390, 42, 547 aradezaracha baherAmajI lazkarI 350, 384, pa05 arala 22 araviMda ghoSa 126, 212, 222, 338 arsa, kepTana 45, 46 akIna 128 alAuddIna ghImAM 416 alIkhAna 150 alInavAjhakhAna 40 alIlAlajI 307 alIhusena 154 apAI 314 alAmaha zillI 3ra4, 330 alhAbAda 85 avinAzAnaMda 384/6 ahamadakhAna 40 ahamadanagara 128, 151, 155 ahamadazAha 188 ahipata 153

Page #676
zabdasUci aMkalezvara 41, 44, 45, 48, 56, 68, 101, 127, 256, 276, 477, 564 agara 70 aMjAra 21, 22, 132, 369,505, 108, 560, 563 aMbariyA, dulerAya che.TAlAla 401 aMjAriyA, ravizaMkara gaNezajI 401 aMjAriyA, hiMmatalAla 387 abAIdAsa lazkarI 275 abAjI 143 aMbAlAla sAkaralAla desAI 196, 203, 206, 207, 218, 219, 221, 240, 281, 399, 414, 419, 437 aMbAsaNa 151, 153 AI. pi. mIzana 464, 489, 490, 492, 493, 513 AuTarAma, jemsa 129, 200 AgAAna 544 AcArya, gi.va. 576, 582 AjhamakhAna 40, ANu 6 21, 76, 10, 149, 253, 256, 327, 45, 464, 489, 490, 492, 493, 512, 513 ANu para 109, 110 ANu -meAgarI 43 Atara subA 153, 154 AtAbhAI geAhila 539 AtmArAma nAraNajI 549 AtmArAma bhUkhaNu 275 AtmArAma meAtIrAma dIvAnajI 38408, 402 AdamajI alIjI 307 AnaMdarAva 47, 48, 50, 122, 123, 155, 188 AnaMdazaMkara 233, 604 AnasiMgajI (tharAda) 156 AnaMda, svAmI 338 ApArAva bhoLAnAtha lAIbrerI, amadAvAda 353 Abu 120, 144, 175, 314,. 376, 396 AmeAda 45, 48, 51, 56, 77,101, 563, 564 Ara. sI. TaeNkanikala insTiTayuTa, amadAvAda 342 ArnolDa, josa 474 AthanoTa pa Albana 77 AlamagIra 554 AvaTe, rAmajI saMtujI 432 AzakaraNujI (varasoDA) 153. Azakhara 70, 75 AzAdhara paMDita 325 AzvalAyana gRhyasUtra' 3ra4 324 Asoja 76 AhavA 265 338 AMbaliyArA 155 Dama`Da IrAnasAIDa 57 tariyA 109, 110

Page #677
briTiza mAM baInAyatahusena pa54 indrajita mANekacaMda 37 idhAma, kenetha 309 ibrAhImakhAna 150 - ibrAhIma mahaMmada yAtakhAna 1 le (sacIna) 14 - ibrAhIma mahaMmada yAkutakhAna 2 jo (sacIna) 149 ImAmazAha 4pa8 ImAmahusena 245, 306 IraphAna 244-246 -IliyaTa, epha. e. eca. 12, 125 Ilela 112, 152, 154 isTana, karnala pa1 islAmI yunivarsiTI, lakhanau 329 IMgahAma 14 IMdara 68, 75, 314, 53 IMdrajI, bhagavAnalAla 388, 478, pa70, pa75, 277 IdrasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 IdrasiMhajI (vAMsadA) 147 - IjapurA 112 - IDara 12, 31, 33, 71-74, 105, 112, 115, 10, 128, 128, 150, 151, 15ra, 155, 177, 225, 337, 456, 554, 567 IDara stuti 33 "IzaradAsajI 33 "IzvaragaNeza 124 ukAbhAI parabhudAsa 216 ugamazI 457 uchaLa 308 ujajana 314 uttamarAma 384/7 udayasiMhajI (bhAdaravA) 157 udayasiMhajI (vAMsadA) 147 udekaraNa 151 udepura 143, 223, 554 unaDajI 140 uparakoTa 13 upaleTA 135 umara 141 umarakeTa 457 umara khayyAma 385 umaragAma 303 umaraDA 136 umarasADI 298 umarALA 14 umareTha 21,52, 100, papa8, para umeTA 10-113, 115 umedasiMha (IDara) 128 umedasiMhajI (mehanapura) 151 ubriTe 488 "usmAnakhAM sulatAnakhAM 416 'UnaDI 111 UmarI 112 UMjhA 505, 507 eMggaliMga pa77 eNTakinsana 5 - eDavarDa cha mA 23, 186 eDavarga mi. 12 : -

Page #678
zadari dilakhAna 148 eglikana paddha -eNnDarsana, kepTana 73, 8ra eNnDru Danalepa 57 eNnDrusa, mejara 72,75, 353 eNnDrasa lAibrerI, surata 251, 281, 353 ebhala khAcara 466 eravada, eca DosAbhAI para eravada mAhiyAra navarojI kutArA 384/8 erisTophenisa 388, 149 -eNlana, viliyama 97 elisabara, sara 85 eMjina, lorDa 310 -eNlDavartha, Tomasa, 39 elphinsTana, lorDa 50, 81, 123, 225, 472 elphinsTana InsTiTyuTa, muMbaI- 445, 596 elphinsTana koleja, muMbaI 341- eprAnsa, je. DI. 580 okhA 81 okhAmaMDaLa 2, para, 2, 124 ojhA, nAgezvara 132 226 ojhA, mULajI AzArAma 551 ojhA, vAghajI AzArAma pa50 oDa 100 oDhA khAcara 145 -olapADa 44, 48, 51, 456, 53 AliphanTa, karnala para olivanTa 66 oskeTa, karnala 477 auraMgajheba 305, 3ra4, 458, 590 karacha 2, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 20-22, 24, 25, 31, 3ra, 48, 1, 78, 82, 104, 111, 115, 11, 121, 122, 128, 131, 132, 135, 136, 142, 153, 154, 157, 181, 188, 18, 212, 219, 223, 23, 259, 282, 294, 295, 2929, 301-305, 308, 314, 324, 332-334, 336, 337, 343, 345,367, 374, kara0, 456-458, 463, 467, 484,504, pa04, para9, 530, pa38-541, 543,546,550, papa3, papa0-53, 570, pare, 581, 582 kaccha dezane ItihAsa" 12 kacchabhUpatikavitA' 32 kacchabhUpativivAhavarNana" 31 kaca7-vRtAMta 12 kaTaka 314 kaTosaNa 107, 112, 12, 154, 155 . kaThalAla 550 kaDAkA, dhanajIzAha heramajhajI 401 kaDANuM 113, 115, 12, 156

Page #679
31. kaDI 17, 34, 47, 48, 52, 70, 79, 119, 337, 414, 415 DeAda para DAlI 112 kaNabI 265 *nAriyA 78 kanidhama, eNlekjhAnDara 170, 577 kapaDavaMja para, pa7, 100, 277, 298, 495, 503, 55, 54 zmIra 456, 459 kramaDhiyA 109, 110 kamaLAbAI 551 kramaLAzaMkara prANazaMkara 340 kramAluddInakhAnajI 1 lA 148 kamI-kaThodarA 48 karaNasiMhajI (kaTAsaNu) 155 karaNasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 raNasiMhajI (lakhatara) 143 karaNasIMgajI (tharAda) 156 karamacaMda . premacaMda 275 karamasada 253, 489 karasanajI vakIla 222 karasanadAsa mULajI 26, 33, 195, 199, 200, 230, 236, 237, 272, 352, 361, 395, 412, 426, 448, 472-475, 479, 197, 198 karAMcI 294, 296, 28, 299, 302 kariyANA 109 karImaalI nAnajIANI 398 briTiza kALA karImabakSa 554 karImabhAI ibrAhImabhAI 313 karIsiMha (ahamadanagara) 151 karjhana, lAI 210, 220, 300,. 334, 337, 341, 350 572,. kaNu deva 106 kaI vAghelA (pethApura) 153, 157 karnAka, kaeNpTana 4-51 kalakattA 314, 353, 444, 170,, 57 kalApI 396 kaleAla 79, 107, 112, 120, 153, 157 kalyANarAya caturbhuja 478 kalyANasiMhajI 144 kavitArUpe gujarAtanA itihAsa' kura kasanadAsa 155 kasalapurA 112 kahAnadAse 431, 432 kaMDAraNA 118 kaMthAriyA, bALAzaMkara ullAsarAma 384/8, 396, 45ra kaMthAriyA, saradArasiMghajI 212 kAusansa, henrI 571, 572, 578 kAkA kAlelakara 338 kAjhamaalI 244 kAThiyAvADa 2, 7, 10, 11, 12, 15, 30, 61, 63, 78, 82, 89, 93,. 95, 26, 109, 110, 113, 114, 119, 121, 129, 130, 136, 138, 140, 158, 119,

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zabdasRzi 169, 179, 202, 209, 214, 21, 235, 353, 426, 440, 478, 491, para9, 530, 582, 583. kAThiyAvADa TAimsa' 28 kAThiyAvADa-DirekaTarI' 15 kAThiyAvADa-samAcAra' 28 kAdarI, mahebubamiyAM 393,398 kAdu barI' 323 kAnajI bhaTTa 457 kAnajIbhAI 220 kAnAnAra 314 kAnAjI 134 kAnhAjIrAva 47, 49 kApaDiyA, jagajIvanadAsa 393, 399 kAmA, kharazedajI nasaravAnajI 425, 448, 247 kAmA, dhanajIbhAI nazaravAnajI 547 kAmA, bhIkhAyajI rustama 208, 209, 222, 223 kAmA, rustama 212 kAra, DaeNA. 169, 335 kArabAjI 84 kArabhArI, bhagubhAI epha. 414, 43-438 kArpenTara, ku, 346 kArla mAsa 589, 51 kAlIkaTa 299, 314 ! kAleAla 80, 101 kAvasajI jahAMgIrajI 25ra 41 kAvasajI dInI 307 kAvI 299 kAvya-prakAza' 3ra3 'kAvya-pradIpa'323 kAzI 323, 3para kAsAra 253 gre kALIdAsa brIjabhUkhaNudAsa 413 kALIdAsa zAstrI 3rapa kALubhA 139 kALu luhAra 41-0 kAMkareja 106, 111, DhAMgA, ema. ke. 585 kAMTAvALA haragAviMda 203, 238, 281, 388, 390, 399, 422, 447, 451 krAMtivijayajI 418 kAMdhAjI 4 thA 140 kAMyeAjI 158 kikANI, maNizaMkara 604 1karAtArjunIya'323 kizArasiMha (varaseADA) 153 kizorasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 kizArasiMhajI (raNAsaNa) 152 kIkAbhAI 411 kIkAbhAI parabhudAsa 434 kITiM'ga, kala 122 kIyahAna 577 kuca, ricArDa 161 kutbuddIna 329, 461 kuberadAsa 459 kumerisaMha 554

Page #681
12 briTiza baha * kuberasiMhajI 148 "kumArapAlacarita' 392 kumArasaMbhava" 3ra3 kumArasvAmI 601 - kurAna 3ra8 kurezI, mi. 142 kuMDalA 139 kutalabArA 128 kuMbhAjI 1lA 158 kuMvarajI nAjhara 545, 547 kuMvarabAI pa36 kuchaDI 135 kUpara, De, 418 kUbA 10 9, 110 helA 45, 46 kRSNa 384/6 kRSNakumArasiMhajI 140 kRSNarAma juo kRSNa kRSNalAla mahArAja 211 kRSNazAstrI varezvarazAstrI 417 kRSNasiMha (IDara) 128 keke bAda 206 kekhuzarU kAbarAjI kara6, 448, 450 kekhuzaru rustamajI vikAcha 400 kekhuzare navarojajI 237,425 kekhuzaro haramasajI alapAIvAlA 300 keniMga, lorDa 122 keneDI, Dabalyu. pI. 13ra kempabela, jemsa 7, 575, 578 keprIvI 312 kerA 30 kerIpura 256 kezarAja, muni kara0 kezarIsiMha (AMbaliyArA) 155 kezarIsiMhajI (khaDAla) 154 kezarIsiMhajI (dAMtA) 143 kezarIsiMhajI (sUtha) 144 kezavacaMdra sena 403, 476 kezavajI 19 kezavarAva para kezavalAla adhyApaka pa46, 550 kezavalAla motIlAla 548 kezavalAla vakIla 238 kezavalAla hariviThThaladAsa 549 kezavarAva para kezavI 3ra3 kesarIsiMha (IDara) 33, 128 kesarIsiMha (mANasA) 15ra kocIna 314 koTaDApIThA 109, 110 koTaDA-sAMgANuM 104, 109, 110, 110, 158 koTaDI 22 kaTI bhAskara 286 koTezvara 301 koThArA 21 kAThAriyA 109, 110 keDInAra 14 kenelisa, leI 46 korajI mAdhavajI 308 kerameka, jana 14 kerala 44.

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a sadasUci kela, mejara pa71 kolaka 299 kAlavaDA 153, 324, 3rapa kilANa 125 koliyAra, DaeN. 344 philI, pI.e. 51ra kolhApura 314 kevarnaTana, je.jI. 350, 351 kALiyAka 303 kaMkaNuM 28-299, 301, 302 "kaumudI 3ra3, 325 mukazenka, kaeNpTana 270 kova, mi. 6 kalArkasana 350, 491, 492 kSemavardhana ra75 khakhara maganalAla 394 khaTAu, kAvasajI 547 khaDANa 253 khaDAla 107, 112, 154 kharazedajI bamanajI pharAmareja 438 khareDI 158 khaMDerAva gAyakavADa 32, 69, 70 78, 86, 90, 124, 125, 155, 188, 22, 416, 497, papa3 khaMbhAta 57, 11, 12, 14, 24, 25, 30, 42,45, 47,48, 60, 8, 105, 111, 115, 119, 149, 192, 247,253, 256, 22, 273,276,288, 294- 297,300, 302, 305, 306, 308,314, 337, 350, 462, 464, 500, 505, 507, 531, 542, 564, 565 khaMbhAtA kAvasajI 448 khaMbhALA 110 khAcara 2 ja 145 khAnajI 156 khAnapura 74-76, 78, 80 khAnAjI (kaTosaNa) 154 khijhara 245 khirasarA 108, 110 119 khumAnasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 khumAnasiMhajI (raNAsaNa) 15ra khurazedajI 303 khurazedajI bAbIvAlA 545, 547 khuzAlarAya sArAbhAI 238 kheDA 2, 6, 7, 14, 21, 28, 47, 48,50,54,57, 58,60, 61, 68, 70, 76, 77, 70, 80, 81, 96, 99-101, 104, 149, 1pa4, 15, 167, 223, 2pa3, 261, 269, 305, 312, 315, 30, 3ra1, 327, 332, 336, (337, 345, 367, 375 431, - 432, 442, 476, 513, para 6, 559, 564, 567, 602 kheDA-vartamAna" 28 kheDAvADI 112 kheravADA 513 kherALu 72, 79, 120, 538kheMgArajI 3 jA (karacha) 20, 24, 31 131, 180,580, 581 kheMgArasIMgajI(tharAda) 156 * kherI, edalajI jamazedajI 398 :

Page #683
briTiza kaha khvAjA, bahA-uddIna nakazabaMda461 khvAjA, muIna--uddIna 461 gajajara, tribhovanadAsa kalyANadAsa 206, 218,286, 287, 34ra, 414, 417 gajajara, zivagaurI 200, 240 gajanapharakhAnajI 1 lA 148 gajAnana bhAskara 417 gaDhakA 108, 110 gaDhaDA 466, 467,500, 505, 500511, 537, 54ra gaNadevI 276, 3ra4, 3rapa, pada gaNapatarAma kRSNa 408 gaNapatarAma rAjArAma 389, 391 gaNapatarAva 188, pa06 gaNezazataka' 84 garabaDadAsa 76 galAliyA 94 gavarIdaDa 109, 110 gaMgadAsajI 150 gaMgadAsajI 2 jA 146 gaMgarela 84 gaMgAdhara zAstrI 49,pa0, 3ra, 366, 398 gaMgArAmajI papa4 gaMgAzaMkara maNizaMkara vaiSaNava ja gaMDu 230 gaMbhIrasiMha (IDara) 12-129 gaMbhIrasiMhajI (pethApura) 1pa3 gAbaTa 112 gAmaDI ra53, 9 gAriyAdhara 14 gAMgaraDI 265 gAMdhI, karamacaMda uttamacaMda 134 gAMdhI, cunIlAla mANekalAla 383 gAMdhIjI 33, 217, 273, 312 339, 4ra7, 441, 600 gAMdhInagara 5,531, pa39, 559 - gAMdhI, baherAmajI 448 gAMdhI, bhogIlAla bhIkhAbhAI 415 gAMdhI, maNilAla 312 giradhara 384/4 giradharalAla dayALadAsa 449 giradharalAla pramodarAya 437 giranAra 13, 14,4pa8, 500, 541 pa71, 577, 578 gIdaDa 148 gIra 82 gujarAta gejheTa' 28. gujarAta tathA kAThiyAvADa dezanI vArtAo' 14 gujarAta-darpaNa" 4,28 gujarAta dezane ItihAsa 9 gujarAtanA hiMduonI sthiti 33 "gujarAtano ItihAsa 10. gujarAtI paMca" 28 gujarAta provinzayala keleja, , amadAvAda 338 gujarAta-mitra' 4, 28, 471, pa05 "gujarAta-rAjasthAna" 10 .. gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTI, amadAvAda 17, 235, 239,

Page #684
sadasUri 241, 332, 344, 350, 353, 361, 364, 365, 31, 394, 385, 307, 399,400, 414, 416, 419,422, 4ra8, 430, 447, 47ra, 482,585, 586 gujarAta vidyAsabhA, amadAvAda-juo gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTI, "gujarAta-zALApatra' 28 "gujarAtasarvasaMgraha 8 guTanabarga, jaoNna 406 guNAtItAnaMda 468 gumAnasiMhajI 146 gulAbadAsa bhAIdAsa vakIla 216 gulAbabAI narottama pa06 gulAbarAya bAburAya 384/8 gulAbasAgara pa54 gulAbasiMha 147, 554 gulAma rasUla ra78, papa4 gUlamALa para guMdarAsaNa 17 geDI 21 gerItA-kolavaDA 324, 325 gokuLadAsa tejapALa 217, 474 gokhalejI 334 goDArDa 45, 46 godharA 74-76, 80, 93, 101, 102, 121, 22, 276,513, 567 gopALadAsa 458, pa67 gapALarAva merAda 388 nepALarAva mairAla 124, 125, 251 gopALa hari dezamukha 238, 281, 447, 477, 487 gapALAnaMda 466, 468 gopIcaMda pa35 gopInAtha rAva pa77 gomsa, ema. ekasa. 488 goradhanadAsa kara garDana, robarTa 43 govardhana 384/6 govardhanadAsa lahamIdAsa 32 govardhanarAma 33, 604, 607 govA 406 goviMda amIna 223 goviMdajI jhAlA 141 goviMdanArAyaNa 390, 400 goviMdarAma gAyakavADa 17 goviMdarAva 41, 44, 46, 47, 49, 70 goviMdarAva pATIla 216 goviMdasiMha 554 goviMdasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 gosAI lakSmaNagara 450 * gosAI hIrAgara 21 gohila biradAvalI" 32 gohilavADa 2, 108, 108, 119, 160. goMDaLa 3ra,86,104, 108, 110, 119, 134, 135, 158, 158, 301, 351

Page #685
1% briTiza che DaLane ItihAsa ane mahArAjA zrI bhagavatasiMhajI jIvanacaritra 12 gautamezvara 83 gaurIzaMkara ojhA 140, 478 gaurIzaMkara verATI 550 gauhara 544 prahalAghava" 3ra3 graMthAlaya miselinI' 356 grAIka, mejara 79 grAnTa 341 grAnTa maeNDikala kaeNleja, muMbaI 341 grIna 335 grIva 417 grehAma, Tomasa 410, 411 glAsa 335 glaeNDasTana solomana pa30 gvAliyara 46, 67, 161 ghanazyAma 197, 465 ghanazyAmasiMhajI 137 .. ghasITakhAM sitAriyA pa54 ghumalI 14 gheDa 20 ghelAbhAI 411 ghelAbhAI valavabhAI pa06 ghele khumANa 138 ghoghA 14, 48,50, 56, 57, 71, 141, 253, 256, 29-301 303, 332, 384/4, 464 ghaDavADA 150 gheDAdara 150 ghoDAsara 112 ghoSa, rAsabihArI ra07, 211 camAraDI 111, 160 caraka 323 caMDIsara para caMdarAjI pa3ra. caMdraprabhA pa54 caMdrasiMha (paLo) 150 caMdrasiMhajI (Dala) 134 caMdrasiMhajI (dhrAMgadhrA) 20 caMdrasiMhajI (vaDhavANa) 138 caMdrasiMhajI (vAMkAnera) 138 caMdrasiMhajI (vAMsadA) 554 caMdrAka' 323 caMdrAvatI 14, 150, 15ra. caMdrAsara 20 cADacaTa 111 cANoda 86, 324 cArlsa vilkinsa pa68 cArlsa vUDa 333, 345, 346, 4pa pa94 cAMDapa 71,202 cAMdajI (pethApura) 153 cAMdeda 3ra4 cAMparAja 160 cAMpAnera 76, 8ra,pa02, 505 citoDa 157 cinAI, horamasajI pharAmajI 399 cipaleNakara, viSNu goviMda 402. cimanAbAI gAyakavADa 241. cizalpa, mi. 488

Page #686
cIkhalI 44,47,48,54, 89,560 cInubhAI beroneTa 339, 507, para4, cImanalAla narasIdAsa 3ra cuDAlA 74 cunIlAla durgAdAsa papa0 cunIlAla bApujI 323, 307 cUDA 109, 110, 118, 143, 154 cuMvALa 458. cepamena, mi. 7 ceka 111, 160 coTIlA 109, 111, 160 coravADa 14 carADa 111 cauhANa, hamIrazIMga 74 chatrapati zivAjI kara1. chatrasAlajI (kaDANA) 156 chatrasAlajI (saMjelI) 157 chatrasiMhajI (rAjapIpaLA) 127 chapaiyA 465, 605 chasarA 22 chelAjI, mAsTara papapa cheTama kavi 384/5 choTamalAla 4ra8 choTAudepura 78, 80, 84, 106, 113, 120, 122, 145, 146, 192, 261, 265, 464, para6 choTAlAla kAlidAsa trivedI-juo choTama kavi. choTAlAla jIvaNalAla mAstara 480 choTAlAla munazI 549 choTAlAla zivajI 148 - choTAlAla sevakarAma 400 jakhau 301, 303 jagaDucarita' 38ra jagaDuzAha 384 jagatasiMhajI (khaDAla) 154 jagatasiMhajI (dAMtA) 143, 144 jagatasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 jagatasiMhajI (saMjelI) 157, jagannAtha 325 jagannAtha zaMkara zeTha 213, 545 jagannAtha zAstrI 462 jagAbhakta 468 jaDIbena 83 jadunAthajI 236, 237,473, 474, 57. jamaNavAra vizene nibaMdha'.33 jamanAbAI 124, 125 jamazedajI 248, 303, 503 jamazedajI jIjIbhAI 251, 342, 530, 54pa jamazedajI tAtA 314, pa03 jamazedapura 314 jamAlamiyAM 154 jamAluddIna bInakAra 554 jamiyatarAya zAstrI 388 jabUra 22, 541 jayakRSNa indrajI 401 jayapura 11, 314, 328, 554 jayarAma zivajI, 307 - jayazaMkara dalapatarAma 3ra :

Page #687
19 briTiza jayazaMkara ("suMdarI) 544, 548, 550 jayasiMhajI 133 jarathustra 463 . . jaravIsa, jI. Ara. 390 jalAlapora 560 jalAluddInakhAnajI 128 javAnasiMga 128 javAMmardakhAna 128 jazavaMta 384/7. jasadaNa 106, 108, 110, 119, 145 jasapAla 150 jasavaMtasiMhajI (kaTosaNa) 155 jasavaMtasiMhajI (dAMtA) 144 jasavaMtasiMhajI (bhAvanagara) 132, 13-140 jasavaMtasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 jasavaMtasiMhajI (lIMbaDI) 31 jasAjI 156 jasojI 150 jahAMgIra 39 jahAMgIrajI 303, jahAMgIra baherAmajI marjhabAna 397 jahAMgIramiyAM 148 jaMjIrA 105 jaMjUDA 301 jaMbusara 41, 43,48, 51, 56, 77, 101, 253, 298, 33ra "jAgadIzI" 3ra3 jAgIradAsa kAnadAsa cAraNa 75 jAtakacaMdrikA' 323 jAnI, amRta 548 jApharaalIkhAna (khaMbhAta) 149 273 jApharaalIkhAna (surata) 251 jApharakhAna 192 jApharAbAda 105,109, 110, 119, 300, 301, 303, japharI vaherA 46ra jAma jasAjI 13ra. jAmanagara 20, 31, 38, 49, 83, 118, 114, 132, 133, 138, 259, 278, 301, 3ra4, 3rapa, 337, 338, 369,426, 457, 488, 406, 498-500, 512, para4, 554, pa60, 563,564, 602 jAma rAvaLa 158 jAma vibhAjI 20, 25, 191 jAma satAjI 13ra jAmAspajI dastUra 413 jame jamazeda 29, 408 jAlamapurA 154 jAlamasiMhajI (AMbaliyArA) 155 jAlamasiMhajI (DAsara) 154 jAlamasiMhajI (dAMtA) 144 jAlamasiMhajI (bhAdaravA) 157 jAlamasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 jAlamasiMhajI (mehanapura) 150 jAlamasiMhajI (vaDhavANa) 139 jAlamasiMhajI rAjA (kaDANA) 156 jAlimasiMha (ahamadanagara) 151 jAlera 105

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zaruci 69 jAvajI dAdAjI 410, 411 jAsapura 157 jaliyA-devANa 109, 110 * jAMbu 105 jAMbughoDA 76, 94, 202 jitasiMghajI 150 kajitasiMhajI 146 jinakuzala pa33 jiyojI 135, 158 jIjIbhAI gaDhavI papara jIjIbhAI baherAmajI 409 jIvaNakhAnajI 158 jIvaNa luhAra 410, 411 jIvarAma gAra 3ra jIvarAma bhaTTa 389 jIvAbhAI 76 che ja 310 juAna da bustAmAM te 406 jugatarAma 338 jUnAgaDha 10, 12-14, 20,21, 24, 25,28, 3ra-34, 49, 61, 105, 108, 110, 119, 121, 134, 138, 143, 143, 148, 158, 160, 179, 181, 188 190, 219, 223, 236, 237, 259, 242, 301, 3ra4, 336, 337, 339, 369, 384/1, 443, 446, 458, 478, 498, 505, 504, 510,pa0,530, 537, 542, 546, 554, 57, 576, 578,586 juvAnasiMhajI 30, 7ra jeka, karnala 141 jekasana 575 jekisana lallubhAI aThThAvAlA 434 jeThA khuzAla 59 jeThArAma 384/7 jeThA zivajI 20, 21 jeTha bhaTTa-juo jeThArAma. jetajI 160 jetapura 94, 106, 109, 110, 118, 118, 139, 159, 160,. 550 jetalapura 505,509, pa10, parada, pa37, 542 jetalasara 111 jetasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 jetAjI 160 jesalamera 457 ga, mAdhavarAva cuMbakarAva 314 jogIdAsa khumANa 138, 140 joDiyA 300, 301, 303 jodhapura 22, 129, 144, 151, 225, 456 jodhA mANeka 81, 82 jenAthana DaMkana 47, 444 jorAvarakhAna 25, 128, 191 rAjI (mANasA) 25ra jorAvaranagara 143, 564 jorAvarasiMghajI (pATaDI) 231 jorAvarasiMhajI-jerAmiyAM (AtarasUbA) 153, 154

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650 briTiza kAra jorAvarasiMhajI (pATaDI) 148 jorAvarasiMhajI (sUtha) 145 jeriyA 94 jozI, karuNazaMkara 325 jozI, nAgezvara jayeSThArAma 38ra jozI, kUlazaMkara laMbakarAma 3ra4 jozI, bI.bI. 338 jozI, bhavAnIzaMkara rAmezvara 38ra jozI, maganalAla 325 jozI, vaikuMTha 325 jozI, sAMkaLezvara 238, 301 jozI, hariprasAda dalasukharAma 23ra jJAtinibaMdha' 33 jJAnacakra 16 "jJAnadIpaka' 28 jJAnavardhaka 28 jJAnasudhA' 28 rja 5 mA (paMcama rja) 23, jarja jarvisa 36ra jhaghaDiyA 564 jhariyA 314 jhaveracaMda lakSmIcaMda ra75 jhaverI, kRSNalAla mohanalAla 384 jhaverI, jIvaNacaMda sAkaracaMda kara0 jhaverI, DAhyAbhAI dhoLazAjI 546, 547, 550, 555 jhaverI, metIlAla 348 jhaverI, mehanalAla 33 jhaverI, raNachoDajasa giradharabhAI 234, 348, 360, 384, 390, jhaverIlAla umiyAzaMkara ka74 jhaverI, zAMtidAsa para jhAlAjI 155 jhAlA, puruSottamarAya suMdarajI 14ra 'jhAlAvaMzavAridhi" 12 jhAlAvADa 2, 63, 108, 108, 118. 157, 160, 366, 368, 371 373 jhAloda 80, 156, 464 jhAMjhIbAra pa61 jhAMpA 22 jhINuM 217 jhIMgAjI gAyakavADa 125 jhIMjhuvADA 111, 119 Takala 335 TahemulajI mirajhA pa00 TaheladAsa 84, 85 TaMkAriyA 298 TAunsenDa 335 TAgora, avanIndranAtha 603 TAgora, devendranAtha 476 Teyalara, kepTana 69 Telara (khaMbhAta pAse) 256 Telara, jI. vI. 492, 604 Telara, josepha vAna semarena (Talara, je. vI. esa.) 399, 42, 493 Telara (bizapa) 359 TeMbA 41 TeDa, jemsa 14, 500, 576, 577

Page #690
sadasUci Temara, mejara 75 Tomasa re, sara 30 Tayukara, zrImatI 490 Thakkara, nArAyaNa vasanajI 550 ThakkarabApA (amRtalAla) 379, Thakkara, mathurAdAsa lavajI 475 ThAkara, dhIrubhAI 483 ThAkora, ThAkaralAla pramodarAya 437 438 ThAkara, baLavaMtarAya ka. 394 Danalepa, je.e. pa8 DapharIna, lorDa 285 DabhoI 45, 46, 48, 51, para, 123, 124, para7, 564 DaMkana 47, para DAkora 6, 100, 256, papa8 DAbhA 112 DAhIlakSamI pustakAlaya, naDiyAda 353 DAhyAbhAI ane pacaMda 508 DAhyAbhAI ghelAbhAI 383 DAhyAbhAI derAsarI 383, 406, 42 DAhyAlAla zivarAma 553 DAMga 118, 25, 262 376, 567 DAMDiyo 4, 28, 233, 236, 435, 448, 473 DAbhela 331 DisakaLakara, da. bA. 587 DisojhA, gilDara 279 DIsA 73, 81, 253, 314, 464, 501, pa13 DuMgarapura 120, 128, 156, 373, 510 DeDANa 109, 110 DelahAusI, lorDa 66, 167, 295. 300 DeviDa, hera 444 Devisa 77 DenavAna, karnala 81, 82 DosAbhAI abhecaMda pa33 DosAbhAI pharAmajI 391 DesIbAI 251 Doseja 158 DramaMDa, De. 350, 366,412, 585. DhAMka 106, 159 takhtayazatriveNikA" 32 takhtayazabAvanI' 3ra takhtayazasaMgItasumana" 32 takhtavirahabAvanI' 32 takhtasiMhajI (ahamadanagara) 151 takhtasiMhajI (kaTosaNa) 155 takhtasiMhajI (dAMtA) 144 takhtasiMhajI (bhAvanagara) 32, 140 takhtasiMhajI (mANasA) upara takhtasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 takhtasiMhajI (lAThI) 145 takhtasiMhajI (sudAsaNA) 156 talALA 26ra. taLAja 21, 298, 300, 301, 303 tAjapurI 112 tAjapora 85 tAtyA Tope 78, 80-82, 84, 85. 146, 203 tArApura 303

Page #691
*upara briTiza kahe tArAparivALA, zApurajI bhImajIbhAI 449 tAjera 444 . tIladArakhAna 74 * tUNa 132, 301, 303 tejapurA 112 tejojI 150 telaMga, ke. TI. 21 tegAjI 150 telIrANuM 4pa7 travADI, kRpAzaMkara delatarAma 393, 399 travADI, ke. vI. pa48 travADI, zrIkRSNanAthajI ra75 trikamadAsa 300 trikamalAla dAmodaradAsa 402 tripAThI, govardhanarAma mA. 218, 237, 238, 35ra, 386-388, 394, 419,431, 478,483 tripAThI, jagannAtha ("sAgara") 385 tripAThI, dhanazaMkara hIrAzaMkara 438, 45ra tripAThI, manaHsukharAma sUryarAma 383, 394, 478, 482 tribhovanadAsa gaMgAdAsa 413 tribhovanadAsa mALavI 206, 218 tribhovanadAsa motIcaMda zAha 401 trivedI, atisukhazaMkara kamaLAzaMkara 391, 398 trivedI, uttamalAla kezavalAla 382 trivedI, kamaLAzaMkara 388, 448 trivedI, jagajIvanadAsa zivazaMkara 438 trivedI, jayaMtIlAla 548 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita' 392, 4ra0 trakima (kumuda) papa1 trIkama (surabhi) 551 cuMbakajI DuMgaLe 50, 51 tharA 111 tharAda 106, 111, 156 thANA 91, 92 thANu-devaLI 119 thAnakI, ratanarAma 337 thAna--lakhatara 110 datta, Ara. sI. 126 dabAliyA 106, 112 dimaNa 79, 303, 33ra dayAnaMda svAmI (nAnA sAheba) 83, 84 diyAnaMda sarasvatI 197,478, 480 dayArAma 358, 365, 384/1, 384/2, 422 dayArAma DAhyAbhAI 398 dayArAma zukala 325 dayAzaMkara zAmajI 3ra dariyAkhAna 2 ja 158 daregA, bejanajI rustamajI 440 dalapatarAma kavi 15, 30, 31, 124, 196, 199, 230, 235, 281, 332, 333, 344, 345, 347, 348-35ra, 359, 365368, 387-389, 391,408, 4ra8, 445, 447,472, 47- 478, 483,549, 570,pa97, 600, 601

Page #692
dadhi 653 dalapatarAma bhagubhAI 335 dalapatarAma mAstara 199, 214, 234, 468 dalapatasiMhajI 146 dalapatasiMhajI (dhoDAsara) 154 dalapatasiMhajI (bhAdaravA) 157 dalasukharAma pa54 dalAla, cImanalAla DAhyAbhAI 418 dalAla, tApIdAsa mehanabhAI pa07 dalAla, motIbhAI 45ra dalAla, viThThala rAjArAma 414 dalIjI 150 dalelasiMhajI 146 dave, kRSNarAma 76 dave, narabherAma kAzIrAma 549 dasADA 109, 111, 160 dastUra, khurazedajI 2para 3848 dastUra, derAbajI rustamajI 384/7 dastUra, rabAThI 3848, dahegAma 78, 120, 3ra4 dahejabArA 48, 51 dAImullA sAheba kadara dAdAsAheba 1 lA (vADAsara) 154 dAjIrAja (lAThI) 145 dAjIrAjajI (vaDhavANuM) 139 dAThA 107, 111, 119 dAdA (thANuM) 160 dAdA khAcara 466 dAdAbhAI navarojI 33,125, 205, 206, 211, 217, 218, 220, 235, 45, 445, 448, 464, 504, 547 ' . . . : : : dAdAbhAI ratanajI bhUthI 550 dAdAsAheba 1 lA (DAsara) 154 dAdurAma (dayALajI) 450 dAdebA pAMDuraMga 199, 214, 234, 408, 445, 468, 470 dAmanagara papa9 dAmAjIrAva gAyakavADa 125 dAmodara IzvaradAsa 395 dAmodaradAsa 199, 214, 234, 408, 468 dAmodara sAvarakara rarara dAmodara sAvaLArAma caMde 43ra dAhoda 48, 74, 75, 80, 83 101, 102, 202, 265 dAMDiyApurA 94 dAMtA 106, 112, 118, 143, 144, 156, 259 digvijayasiMhajI 33 dinakararAva 161 dinamaNizaMkara zAstrI 199, 214,. 234, 408, 445, 469 diyodara 106, 111 . . . dilerakhAna 148 divALIbAI 230, 232 diveTiyA, kRSNarAva bhoLAnAtha 383. diveTiyA, choTAbhAI bApAbhAI ! ( 384/8 diveTiyA narasiMharAva bhoLAnAtha 238, 386, 387, 392, 543,- 604 . . diveTiyA, bhImarAva bhoLAnAtha 387 diveTiyA, bhagIrAva 388 .

Page #693
564 diveTiyA, bheALAnAtha 384/8, 449, 06 diveTiyA, sArAbhAI khApAbhAI 384/8 diveTiyA, harasiddhabhAI vajubhAI 399 dInAnAtha 325 -dIpasiMhajI (IlAla) 1para dIpasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 dIkSita, bhAnuzaMkara 325 dIkSita, DaoN. meAhananAtha 222 dIva 300 dIvAnarAvajI 47 dubArA 79 durabIna, nazaravAnajI TelamUlajI 384/5 durgArAma mahetAjI 33, 56, 195, 199, 214, 232, 234, 235, 332, 345, 349, 351, 352, 360, 408, 43, 445, 469, 47, 472, 478 dudhaI 22 dUdhareja 505, 507, para0 dekAvADA 207, 220 dedaraDA 159 devarATA 112 derAsarI, khAlAza Mkara maNilAla 385 dezala 112 delavADA 21 dalAlI 112 daivagaDha bAriyA 74, 80, 106, 146, 157, 444, 554 daiva cha 457 briTiza kA devahATa para ka devaLajI 20 devANu 253 devAna'da svAmI 384/5, 552, 605 devA mANeka 82 devAzrayI, kRSNalAla gAviMdarAya 437 devAjI 1346 159 dezapAMDe, kezavarAva 338 dezamukha, geApALadAsa 238, 447 dezaLajI 2 jA (kaccha) 21, 24 dezAIbhAI kheAjAbhAI 253 dezAI, zaMbhuprasAda ha. 35, para dezImitra' 28, 233 desAI, IcchArAma sUryarAma 388, 41.0, 419, 423-428, 435, 449 desAI, kRSNalAla narasiMhalAla 437 desAI, kezavalAla viThThaladAsa 417 desAI, khaMDubhAI 220 desAI, gaNapatarAma hi'matarAya 13 desAI, geAviMdabhAI hAthIbhAI 9, 11, 103, 393, 388, 413, 415, 418 desAI, caMdulAla 387 desAi, jIvaNalAla vrajarAya 436, 437 desAI, dhyALajI lallubhAI 417 desAI, prANalAla kirapArAma 437 desAI, bihArIdAsa 80 desAi, saradAra becaradAsa 142 desAI, makanajI 208 desAI, ramaNalAla vasaMtalAla 433, 144

Page #694
saradamuci S desAI, ramaNIkalAla 4ra3 desAI, veNadAsa 107 desAI, vrajarAya sAkaralAla 337 desAI, zAmaLadAsa 108 desAI, sAkaralAla 337 desAI, surezvara 488, pa02 desAI, sorAbajI manaceracha 13,388 desAI, haridAsa bihArIdAsa 142 delatarAma 445 delatarAma uttamarAma 367, 430, 445 delatasiMha (dhrALa) 30, 129, 133 litasiMha (lIMbaDI) 33, 138 litasiMhajI (khaDAla) 154 badalatasiMhajI (tharAda), 156 dolatasiMhajI (mehanapura) 151 dalatasiMhajI lAIbrerI tharAda, 156 dvArakA 14, 81-83, 138, 458, pa05, 504, pa67 dvArakAdAsa lallubhAI 204, 215 dvivedI, AtmArAma kezavajI 12 dvivedI, prabhulAla 550, 555, dvivedI, maNilAla nabhubhAI 237, 386, 392, 395, 399, 417, . 418, 422, 431, 450, 478, 481-483, 550, 605 dvivedI, mAdhavalAla 450 - "dhanakarabA 200, 230, 475 dhanabAI 500 dhanabAda 314. dhamachADA 324-25 dharamapura 55, 78, 115, 119, 147, 247,554 dharmanAtha 19 dhavala zeTha pa32 dhaMdhukA 50,pa6,57, 141, 307 dhAbela 37 dhAra 68 dhArapura 153 dhAlA, baherAmajI nasaravAnajI 251 dhAlA, horamasajI rustamajI 251 dhINodhara 22, 457 dhIrajarAma dalapatarAma 474 dhUraMdhara, De, 418 dhUMsarI 45 dhorAjI 61, 135, 369 dholerA pa6, 141, 268, 277, 298, 303, 467, 505, 506, pa10, 519, para? dhoLakA 2, 47-48, 49, 57, 69, 7, 98 papara, 571 dhrAphA 111, 160 dhrAMgadhrA 20, 32, 105, 108, 110, 118, 136, 137, 153, 306, 338, 468, para0, 564 dhu, gaTubhAI 238 dhruva, AnaMdazaMkara 349, 386, 302, 450, 4pa1, 47, 482-284. dhruva, kezavalAla 387, 418, 4ra1, 4ra3, 431 dhruva, hari harSada 206,216, 218 219, 387, 434 dhrALa 30, 104, 109, 110, . 119, 103

Page #695
nakhatrANA 30, nagInadAsa tulAdAsa 449 nagInadAsa machArAma 394, 434 naTavaralAla icchArAma 428 niDayAda 2, 13, 47-49, 57, 60,76, 20, 9, 99, 100, 171, 197, 199,200,214, 220, 236,268, 284, 325 332, 345, 353, 458, 45, 466, 481, 489, 496, 527, 540, 559, 54 nathukhAnajI 148 nanAmiyAM rasulamiyAM 398 naravara 81 narasiMha mahetA 422, 45, 553 narAttamadAsa narasiMhadAsa 2 04, 215 na dAgaurI 236 na dAzaMkara lAlazaMkara (kavi narmada) 31, 195, 197, 1929, 200, 205,214,220, 230, 235, 236,281, 347, 350, 352, 361, 364, 367, 386, 387, 390, 393, 394, 397, 399, 412, 413, 415, 422, 42 6, 435, 445, 448-450, 472475, 478-480,483, 596598, 600 601, 605, 606 . navanItarAya nArAyaNabhAI mahetA 398 navarAjajI pharadunajI 350, 407, 412, 464 navarALa pestanajI vakIla 285,.253, 485 briTiza maLa navalarAma paMDayA 214, 230, 235, 238, 386, 387, 392, 445,. 448, 487, 543, 149 navalasiMhajI 150 navasArI 11, 13, 34, 84, 81, 208 247, 248, 251, 2para, 276, 299, 331, 333, 341343, 415, 440, 560, 564 navasArI prakAza' 28 navAjabAI 25ra navAnagara 24, 25, 104, 109, 110, 132, 133, 158, 178, 181, 198, 565 navIbaMdara 252, 300, 301, 303 nazaravAnajI ratana tAtA 2para, 303, nasIrAbAda 68 nahArisaMha (punAdarA) 154 nahArasiMha (mANusA) 1para naheravAlA 14 taLiyA 560 na darabAra 226 naMdazaMkara tuLajAzaMkara mahetA 214,227, 228, 235, 390, 445 paTa nAgeza guNAjI 338 nAjA desA 160 nANAvaTI, kharaze baherAmajI 100 nANAvaTI, jamanAdAsa premacaMda 401 nANAvaTI, bAlAbhAI maganalAla 418 nAthAjI 71 nAthAza`kara zAstrI 417, 422, 452

Page #696
ja che. " 6 47. nAthIbAI rara nAMdeda 32, 68, 77, 127, 202 nAthu mULajI 307 nAMdela 3ra4, 325 nAthasiMhajI (AMbaliyArA) 155 nijhAmudIna phiraMgI mahalI 329 nAthajI 134, 158 nityAnaMda 466 nAnajI kALIdAsa 310 nirmaLadAsa 55 nAnA phaDanavIsa 45 niSkuLAnaMda 384/3, 467, 605 nAnAbhAI bhaTTa 481 nihAlacaMda jhaverI 70 nAnAbhAI rustamajI rANInA 410, nIlakaMTharAya DAhyAbhAI chatrapati 412 401, 465 nAnAbhAI haridAsa 205, 450 nIlakaMTha, vidyAgaurI ra29, 239, nAnAlAla dalapatarAma 386, 410,4ra9. 241, 339, 347 nAnAsAheba 82, 83 nIlakaMTha zAstrI 325 nAnIbA jhAlI 20 , nRsiMhAcArya 478, 480 nApADa 48, 57 neTabeniyala hebeDa 407 nAyaka, amRta kezava papa0, 551, neTiva lAIbrerI, amadAvAda 353 555 neNazI, ukaraDAbhAI zivajI 414 nAyaka, bApulAla bhabhaladAsa 550 northakeTa, lorDa 586 , nAyaka, vallabha kezava 551 nevarakhAnajI 148 nAyaka, viThThaladAsa 551 neghaNucha 4 thA 140, 141 nAragaDha 144 nyUpoTa 270 nAraNadAsa ustAda 555 pahegAma 3ra4 nAraNadevajI 147 paTela, edalajI barajorajI 11, 103 nArasiMgajI 126 paTela, caturabhAI zaMkarabhAI 4rara nArAyaNajI (kaTosaNa) 155 - paTela, jesaMga trikamadAsa 413 nArAyaNadAsa dalasukharAma 554 paTela, DAhyAbhAI lakSamaNabhAI 438 nArAyaNa mirALa 275 paTela, dhanajIbhAI (Da.) 547, nArAyaNa hemacaMdra 395 paTela, narasiMhabhAI IzvarabhAI ' "nArIzikSaNa 33 208, rarara nArukoTa 7, 12, 76, 113, 115 paTela, premAnaMda gheALIdAsa 399 nAsarakhAM 554 paTela, bahamanajI baherAmajI... nAsika 50 : " 8, 16, 545 . nAhIrasiMhajI (ilela) 15ra paTela, bApujI 76 Yra

Page #697
briTiza kahe paTela, maganabhAI caturabhAI 218,300 paTela, maganabhAI zaM. 212 paTela, motIbhAI 126 paTela, lallubhAI gokaLadAsa 414 paTela. zivAbhAI 216 paTela, serAbajI pharAmajI 212 paDhiyAra 107 pabAjI 150 parabatasiMhajI (kaDANuM) 156 parabatasiMhajI (sudAsaNA) 156 paramAra, kheDIdAsa pa39 parIkha, kezavalAla motIlAla 39ra, 30 ' parIkha, ramezakAMta, para parIkha, rasikalAla cho. 555 parvatasiMha (mANasA) 15ra pavila, I. eca. 140 pahADasiMhajI (pa) 150 paMcadazI 3ra3 paMcamahAla 6, 7, 10, 54, 57; 68, 74, 76, 78-80, 89, 81, 2, 94, 17, 100-102, 104, 113,121,165, 171, 202, 232, 259, 261-263, : 25, 285, 366, 464, 493, 54, 567 paMcalakSaNa 3ra3 paMDita, acalezvara 325 paDi gaTulAlajI 325 paMDita, prabhAkara rAmacaMdra 400 paMDita, becaradAsa 208 paMDita maMgaLazaMkara 384 7 paMDita, zaMkaralAla mahezvara (zAstrI) 30,34,413 paMDita vakIla 222 paMDayA amRta-580 paMDayA, kALIdAsa devazaMkara 10 paMDayA, kAMtilAla chaganalAla 394 paMDayA, caMdrakAMta 536 paMDayA, caMdrazaMkara 450 paMDayA, narabherAma 325 paMDyA, bApuzAstrI 390 , paMDyA, mehanalAla kAmezvara 401 pATaDI, 105, 107, 109, 110 119, 148, 153, 154, 231 pATaNa 79, 119, 2pa3, 278, 282, 314, 325, 3ra4, 337, 341, 34, 503, 505,507, pa38,542, 51,53,566, * 567 pATIdAra sudhasaMgraha' 33 pANIpata 41 "pAtaMjala mahAbhASya" 3ra3 pAtaMjala-gadarzana 323 pAdarA 40 pAdaliptapura 10 pAnavaDa 25 pAnAcaMda 431, 43ra, 548 pAraDI 54 pArAzarasmRti 323 pArasI ra8 pArasIpaMca 28 pArasIprakAza 16 pArekha, aradezarajI pharadunajI 251 garadAsa 208 :

Page #698
' ', ' ' pArekha, gokaLadAsa kahAnadAsa. 188 pArekha, paramAnaMdadAsa bheLAbhAI 393, 398 pArekha, pharadunajI 342 pArekha, bhImajIbhAI 408 pArekha, lalubhAI prANavallabhadAsa 394 pArekha, hIrAlAla tribhuvanadAsa 211, 422, 451, 59ra, pArka, brigeDiyare 80 pAla 78 pAlaja 112 pAlaNapura 2, 6, 7, 12, 105107, 111, 114, 11, 120- 122, 127, 128, 153,15, 177, 253, 272, 314, 3ra0, 336, 54ra, 554, 564, pa67 pAlitANuM 14, 19, 105, 108, 110, 119, 147, 141, 338, 500 pAvAgaDha 48, 92, 157 pApI, karnala 362 pALa 109, 110 pALiyAda 111, 160, para1 pAMDumevAsa 113, 115, 120, 157 pAMDuraMga 199 piThaDiyA 118 pipalANa 3843 pirAja sAgarA para5 pirAjazAha dhanajI zAha papa ? pilavAI,024 : , piMgaLasUtra 323 , ) pItAMbara tribhuvanadAsa 436 , pIrAna pATaNa-(aNahilavADa pATaNa) 246 . : pIrojabAI 2para pIla, jesa 441 pIle 336 punarvivAhaprabaMdha 33e - punAdaro 110, 153, 154 puradhAra 44, 46 purANI, choTubhAI 12 6 . puruSottama 300 puruSottama sarasvatI 24 . puSpasiMha (saMjelI) 157 puMjapura 144 . . . . . . pRthIrAjajI (morabI) 17pa pRthurAja (mehanapura) 150 pRthurAjajI 2 ja (TAudepura) 145, 146 pRthurAjajI 2 jA (devagaDhabAriyA) 146 "pRthurAjarAso" 387 pRthvIrAja (mANasA) 152 pRthvIrAja (saMjelI) 157 pRthvIrAjajI (lakhatara) 143 pRthvIsiMhajI (ahamadanagara) 151pRthvIsiMhajI (paLA) 150 . pRthvIsiMhajI (raNAsaNa) 15ra , pRthvIsiMhajI (sudAsaNA) 156 pUjA (mAlapura) 151 pUjA (varasADA) 153, pUnA (pUNe) 43, 48 51, 218, 314, 339, 347 : pUrNAnaMda 478 :S: pUMjAbhAI vakIla 208. . *

Page #699
briTiza kee pUcha (pethApura) 153 peTalAda, 21, para, pa7, 123 pethAi pethApura) 153. pethApura 79, 106, 112, 153, 531, 559 pesmA 309 pestanajI rusmatajI vakIla 285 porabaMdara 3ra, 82, 108, 110, 118, 118, 122,136, 181, 191, 253, 254, 296, 298, 300, 301, 303-306, 312, 313, 324, 325, 332, 337, 458, 464, 498 piraDA, 253 pizI 128 pisTAnsa, misisa 184 piLo, 105,11,150 prajAbaMdhu' 28 pratApapura, 202 pratApasiMga rAmasiMga 126 pratApasiMha (ahamadanagara) 151 pratApasiMha (pAlItANA) 128, 141 pratApasiMha (mANasA) 15ra pratApasiMha (luNAvADA) 146 pratApasiMhajI (bhAdaravA) 157 pratApasiMhajI (lAThI) 14pa pratApasiMhajI (vAMsadA) 147, pratApasiMhajI (saMjelI) 157 pratApasiMhajI (seMtha) 14pa prabhAdevajI papa4 prabhAzaMkara 384/7 * prabhAzaMkara ramaNI 544, papa1 prabhAsapATaNa juo somanAthapATaNa. pragaciMtAmaNi' 323 . prayoga-darpaNa" 3ra3 pravAsa-varNana' 32 prasanna rAghava 3ra3 prahalAda 463, pa39 prAgajI DosA 548 prAgajI bhagata 468 prAgamalajI 2 jA, 12, 21, 24, 131, 189, 190, 343,488 prANanAtha saMta 4pa7, prANalAla mathurAdAsa 337 prANazaMkara lalubhAI 241 prANasukha eDIle papa1 prAMtIja pa7, 106, 129, 150, 15ra, 253, 278, 456 prinsa oNpha velsa 137, 210 prinsa bismArka 311 prinsepa, jemsa 570, 577 priyaLakara 383 premacaMda rAyacaMda 340 premacaMda rAyacaMda TreIniMga keleja. amadAvAda 368, 598 premapura 112 premAnaMda 35ra, kara2, 531,536, 605 premAnaMda prema sakhI 384/4 : premAbhAI hImAbhAI nagarazeTha 203, 471, 505 - proparTa, Dabalyu. eca. 84, 7 : phajhalaalI 34 phajhalullAha luhUllAha pharIdI 8

Page #700
. suci phaDake, bI. ela, 338 phaDake, haripaMta 43, 44 phateha alIkhAna 149 phatehakhAna 127 phatehajaMgakhAna 148 phatehamahaMmada 131, 467 phatehamAmada 50 phatehasiMha (mANasA) 15ra phatehasiMhajI (khaDAla) 154 phatehasiMhajI (choTAudepura) 146 phatehasiMhajI (bhAdaravA) 157 phatehasiMhajI (lIMbaDI) 137 phatehasiMhajI (lUNAvADA) 146 phatehasiMhajI (sudAsaNA) 156 phittesiMharAva gAyakavADa 41, 42, 44-46, 49-11, 123, 155 phatesiMha 2 jA 48 phiradunajI marjhabAna 408, 409, 424, 444, 595 pharAmajI bamanajI 14 pharAmajI horamasajI zeThanA 392 phargyusana, jemsa pa70, 571, 581 phargyusana myujhiyama, bhUja 131, 581 phArbasaviraha 30 phArbasavilAsa" 30 phiTjha jeralDa 99 - phirojazAha 67 phirojazAha mahetA 108, 206, 217,220, 406, 4ra7,439, philUjha, lyuka para phUlacaMda mAstara 540 phenTana, merI (ku) 544, 551 phaira, karnala 125 phija mahaMmadakhAM 554 ' phayAjhakhAna papa4 phokanara 366 phegala pa77, 578 phojadAra, hIrAlAla 428 phorbsa, e. ke. 10,30, 45, 46, 82, 235, 279, 280, 344, 350, 323, 361, 366, 384, 388, 391, 307, 428, 430, 439, 447, 471, 503, pa00, 596 phAMka, bukasa para9, 103 phejhara 12 phere, bArTala 93 phrenca, kepTana 124 philaTa, je. eca. pa71, pa77 bakala, kaeNpTana 74, 75, 77, 398 bagasarA 106, 108-111, 160, papa9, 53 bacubAI 2para bajaNa 107, 108, 110, 119, 157 baTukarAma, DaeN. 228 baDAmiyAM zekha 148 baDelI 73 badasiMha (varaseDA) 153 baduddIna tauyabajI 205, 217 banAsa 128 banAsakAMThA 121, 228, 261, 242, 327, 501

Page #701
! ' kara banesiMhajI (DAsara) 155 . banesiMhajI (vAMkAnera) 138 baraDe 2,82 baka le, karnala 128 baragaza, sulatAna 308 bajesa 388, pa70-pa72, pa76, pa77 barTana 307 bathe, gaNapatarAya gopALarAva 402 baladeva zarmA 325 balabhadra 463 balavaMtarAya 17, 604 baloca 160 basarA 396 bahAuddIna koleja, jUnAgaDha 338 bahAuddInabhAI vajhIra 14ra bahAdurakhAna 1 lA 20, 160, 190 bahAdurakhAna 2 ja 141 bihAdUrakhAna 3 jA 142 bahAdurapura 47, 51 bahAdurazAha 67, 147, 148 bahAdurasiMhajI (pAlitANA) 141 bahAdurasiMhajI (saMjelI) 157 bahAdharapura para bahiyala 123 bahIdhara 157 bahecaradAsa 283 bahecarasiMhajI (cUDA) 143 baherAmajI kharazedajI 39ra baherAmajI jIjIbhAI 407, 409 baherAvALA, cunIlAla DI. 401 baMdaalIkhAna 149 briTiza kA 0 bAIrAjabA, 138 bAkAra 232 bAjIbhAI amIcaMda411, 4ra8, 43 bAjIrAjabA 139 bAjIrAva ra je 47, 50, 583 bAjIzAha 504 bApAlAla bhAIzaMkara 549 bApu 384 bApu gAyakavADa 384/6 bApujI (paDANa) 154 bApujI (punAdarA) 153 bAbarA 109, 111, 160 bAmaNijI 150 bAyaDa 128 bAraDolI 4pa9, 560 bArA baMkI 328 bAriyA 113, 120 bArIMdra gheSa 208, 212, rarara bArTana myujhiyama, bhAvanagara 504, 580, 586 bATana lAIbrerI, bhAvanagara 353 bAvala, kepTana 159 bAlakisanadAsa brijabhUkhaNadAsa 413H bAlasiMhajI 138 bAlAjI 47 bAlAjI bAjIrAva 41 bAlArAva pezvA 83 bAlAzinera papa4, 567 bAlAsora 314 bAlamiyAM 149 bAlesara 41 bAvaLiyAvI ra89 bAvAjIrAja 133, 134

Page #702
: bombe gejheTiyara" 9, 11, 34, bAvAmiyAM zekha 148 bAvIsI (ji.) 112 bAMTavA 105, 108, 110, 148 bAMbhaNiyA, kAzIrAma karasanajI 325 bilakhA 106, 114, 159 bisamillAkhAna 25, 128, 191 bIjapura 78 bIlImorA 208, 276, 298 303, 564 "buddhiprakAza' 235, 281, 344, 365, 366, 368, 428, 430, 446-448, 450,, , 47ra, pa70, 586 burahAnapurI 203, 2014 bulAkhIdAsa gaMgAdAsa 300 buMdelakhaMDa 154 beIlI, mejara 306 becarasiMhajI 138 bejanajI pAlaNajI 439 beTa 81 beTa dvArakA 31 beDana pivela 270 beDI 300, 301, 303, 403 benarajI, surendranAtha 206, 219, 396 berIkalejha, karnala 48 belasare, malhAra bhImajI 414 - belenTAIna, kepTana 120, 128, 139, 504 beMjAmina, josepha 216, 401 bajhabAI 67 bocAsaNa 486, 54ra : bAjha, naMdalAla 603 borasada 100, 253, 256, 33ra, 492, 493, 513, 564, 602 beriyAthI 256 boDela 14, 225 oNrDana, viliyama e. 354-356 banevAla, kepTana, 61 boluMdarA 106, 112 khUlara pa77 brahmAnaMda 384/3, 467 brAuna, susAna (misa) 493 brigsa, eca. jI. 14 brukahila 255 bleka, kepTana 73 oNka, phorDa pa73, 585 blena 140 oNra, . 475 bleskI 477 bhagavatasiMhajI (gaMDala) 134 bhagavA 299 bhagavAnadAsa pa51, bhagavAnalAla saMpatarAma 307 bhaTTa, caturbhuja 438 bhaTTa, bApAlAla bhAIzaMkara 401 bhaTTa, bhAIzaMkara nAnAbhAI. 395 . bhaTTa, maNilAla chabArAma 397 - bhaTTa, maNilAla haragoviMda 401 bhaTTa, maNizaMkara ana9 390, 417 bhA, mahAzaMkara 36 bhada, mANekezvara 390 .

Page #703
briTisa ha bhaTTa, rAjArAma rAmazaMkara 384, 417 bhaTTa, lakSmIzaMkara morArajI 388 bhaTTa, vizvanAtha 448, 4pa0 bhaTTa, harilAla mAdhavajI 394 bhaDalI 109, 110 bhadra bhadra" 238, 389, 449,482 bhadelI 303 bhadrezvara 21 bharakuDA 154 bharatamuni 543 bharukaccha 305 bharUca 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 28, 39,42-46,48, para, 54, pada, 60, 77,79, 80, 81, 96- 98, 101, 104, 15, 167, 171, 202, 215, 219, 220, 231, 232, 236, 253, 25, 268, 273, 275-278, 294-286, 298, 299, 30, 3ra3, 328, 332, 33pa-337, 345, 3pa3, 360, 367, 440, 42-464, 476, 477, 89, 43, 495,503, pa05,56, 512, 541, 559, 564, 592, 593, 602 bharUca-mitra' 28 bharUca vartamAna 28 bharUca zaherane itihAsa 13 bhavAnIzaMkara 3847 bhavAnIsiMhajI (kaDANuM) 156 bhavAnIsiMhajI (seMtha) 144, 145 bhAIcaMda narasIdAsa 254 bhAIlAlabhAI 287 bhAIzaMkara kAzIrAma 549 bhAu, dAjI 213, 398, 474, 475, 547, 570 bhAu, vizvanAtha 431 bhAu, zide 124 bhATavaDekara, bhAlacaMdra rara0, 400 bhADavA 109, 110 bhANajI (vIrapura) 158 bhANAbhAI 134 bhAthIjI 155 bhAdaravA 78, 107, 113, 115, 157 bhAnucaMdragaNi 38ra bhAbhA, kuMvarajI hemarajI upara bhAratacaMpU" 3ra3 bhArata rAjyamaMDaLa" 12 bhAratasiMhajI (raNusaNa) 15ra bhAramalajI 2 jA 21, 24 131, 189, 193 bhArocha (vIrapura) 158 bhAlusaNa 112 bhAleja para, 57 bhAvanagara 2, 14, 21, 24, 25, 30-32, 43, 49, 50, 96, 105, 108, 110, 117, 119, 1rara, 136, 139, 140, 159, 160, 179, 181, 220, 236, 268, 276, 277, 284, 294, 298-304, 306, 324, 3rapa, 333, 336, 337, 339,

Page #704
sAmaNi 353, 384/4, 420, 443, 446, 464, 478, 481, 489, 488, 500, 529, 533, 539, 547, 553, 559, 564, - pada6, pa67, 571, 576 577, 580, 586 bhAvasiMga 128 bhAvasiMhajI (porabaMdara) 136 bhAvasiMhajI 1 lA (bhAvanagara) 105 bhAvasiMhajI 2 ja (bhAvanagara) 33, 140, papa3 bhAvasiMhajI (lAThI) 145 bhAvasiMhajI (sUtha) 77 bhAskarabuvA bakhale papa4 bhAskara zAstrI 325 bhIkhArIdAsa 503 bhImasiMha (mANasA) 15ra bhImasiMha (varaseDA) 153 bhImasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 bhIkhAbhAI kirapArAma 8 bhImAjI 158 bhUja 2, 14, 21, 22, 83, 131, 276, 325, 336, 343, 366, 384/3,464,467,489,408, pa9, 510, para4, 537,560, pa61, 563, pa04, 580, 602 bhUpatasiMhajI 133, 150 bhUmAnaMda 384/5 bhUlAbhAI 220 bhUlezvara 237 bhedavAra, kAvasajI sorAbajI 2para bhoIka 109-111, 160 bhogIlAla ("mAlatI") 544 bhogIlAla nAnAlAla 300 bhegIlAla prANavallabhadAsa 332, 349, 351, 447 bhogIlAla bhoLAnAtha kara8 bhojarAja (kaccha) 31 bhojarAjajI (koTaDA-sAMgANuM) 136 bhejarAjajI (porabaMdara) 136 bhojarAjajI 4thA (lIMbaDI) 137 bhojo bhagata 384/4, 465 bheLAnAtha sArAbhAI 237, 475, 476-478, 606 makanasiMhajI (raNusaNa) 15ra makaradhvajavaMzI mahIpamAlA" 12 makarapurA 124 maganabhAI karamacaMda 332, 345, 431, 506 maganabhAI karamacaMda kanyAzALA, amadAvAda 236, 239, 347 maganabhAI hakamacaMda 506 maganalAla vakhatacaMda 9, 11, 19 maganalAla vANiyA 70 magaravADI 297 magunA 112 moDI 106, 112 marachu kAMThA 2, 158 majamudAra, pratApacaMdra 406 maTavADa 299 maTubhAI 451 maDha 508 maNi, ku. 551 maNidharaprasAda tApIprasAda 414 maNibhAI jazabhAI 468

Page #705
maNilAla IcchArAma kara4, 4jara maNilAla (kheDA) 43ra maNilAla dalapatarAma saMta 401 maNilAla nabhubhAI 233, 604, 606 maNilAla pAgala 550 maNilAla (vAdaka) 554, mathuradAsa bhUkhaNadAsa pa06 . mathurAdAsa lavajI 474 madArasiMhajI 143 manamehanadAsa raNachoDadAsa 390, 397. manasukhabhAI bhagubhAI 285 "manusmRti" 3ra3 manaharadAsajI 150 sahara svAmI 384/4 mayAjI 154 mayArAma mevADI 384/ra mayArAma zaMbhunAtha 367 malabAra 296, 302 malAtaja 384/5 malabArI, baherAmajI 33 maleka, nasIbakhAna 158 malhArarAva (vaDodarA) 3ra, 47, 85, 124,125, 155, 161, 189, 416, 533, 467, 62 malhAravirahazataka 32 mazarUvALA, IzvaradAsa icchArAma 12 mahamadakhAna (pAlaNapura) 127 mahamadakhAnajI (bAMTavA) 148 mahamadapurA 112 mahamUda begaDe 153, 154, 157 mahammada alI 307 mahaMmadazAha 463 mahAkAla' 28 briTiza kA mahAdaLa siMdhiyA 4pa, para, pa6 mahAdevapurI 21 mahAbatakhAna ra jo 141,142, 190 mahAbatakhAna 3 je 142, 190, 546 mahAbaLezvara 32, 138, 175 mahAlakSmI TreiniMga koleja, amadAvAda 346 mahIkAMThA 6, 7, 10, 30, 71, 78, 80, 89, 106, 111, 114, 118, 121, 144, 146, 151, 154, 155, 22, 365 mahIkAMThA DIrekaTarI" 14 mahIpatarAma rUparAma 195, 199, 205, 227, 28, 230, 236, 340, 347, 348, 35ra, 360, 361, 367, 388, 380-395, 307,400, 447-448, 471, 473, 476, 477,482, 543 mahIpatarAma rUparAma anAthAzrama, amadAvAda 236 mahudhA 48, 49, 57, 100, 543, mahuvA 300, 301, 303, 567 mahuvAkara, vallabhadAsa popaTabhAI 16 mahetA, karuNAzaMkara 332, 344 mahetA, kalyANajIbhAI rarara mahetA, girajAzaMkara dalasukharAma 3ra mahetA, caturbhuja zivajI 12 mahetA, caMdravadana 543 148 mahetA, jeThAlAla bAvAbhAI 15 mahetA, dAmubhAI DAhyAbhAI 401 mahetA, dhanajIbhAI he. 13, 401

Page #706
66. sAsuci mahetA, dhanasukhalAla 449 . mahetA, balavaMtarAya mahAdevarAma 30, 401 mahetA, bharatarAma 4ra6 mahetA, bhAnusukharAma nirguNadAsa 441 mahetA maganalAla motIrAma . 221, 222 mahetA, raNajitarAma vAvAbhAI 195, 419 mahetA, zAmaLadAsa 140 mahetA, zAradAbahena ra29, 230, 239, 241, 338, 347, 303 mahemadAvAda 2, 100, 492, 559 maherAje 458 maherAmaNajI 133 mahesAjI (varasADA) 153 mahesANA 11, 120, 126, 1pa3, 253, 337, 558 mahAbatakhAna pa30 mahebatasiMhajI (paLo) 150 mahebatasiMhajI (sudAsaNA) 156 maMgaLadAsa nathubhAI 4ra6 maMcerazA pAlavajI 206, 216, mANAvadara 15, 110, 119 148 mANekalAla aMbAzama 432 . mAtara 48, 49, 57, 476, 47 mAtaravADI para7 , mAthurI 3ra3 mAtherAna 175 mAdhavajI prAgajI 3ra - mAdhavadAsa raghunAtha 230 mAdhavadAsa ruganAthadAsa 47pa mAdhavapura 20 mAdhavarAyajI 20 mAdhavarAva, TI, 125 mAdhavarAva 1 lA 41 mAdhavalAla, rAvabahAdura 218 mAdhavalAla haribhAI 340 mAdhavasiMha (porabaMdara) 136 mAdhavasiMhajI (cUDA) 143 mAnasiMha (dhrAMgadhrA) 137 mAnasiMha (naravara) 81, 84 mAnavadharma sabhA', surata 360 mAnasiMhajI (ilela) 15ra mAnasiMhajI (dAMtA) 143 mAnasiMhajI (devagaDha bAriyA) 146mAnasiMhajI (pAlitANA) 141 mAnAjIrAva 46 mAyasAra 45 mAravADa 119 mArkevisa oNpha veleslI 48. mArnAma, esaepha. pa79nA mArzala, jahona 573 - - mAlakama, jahona 148, 359, 468 mAladeva 457 218 2. maMchArAma ghelAbhAI 434 maMjukezAnaMda 384/5 maMDaTI 72, 73 mAIlsa, mejara 128 mAunTa TuarTa elphinsTana 67, 270 mANasA 79, 106, 112, 151, - 276, 337

Page #707
mAlapura 15, 106, 112, 151 mAlAjI jozI 76 mAlasA 74 mAlegAma 125 mAstara, TI. bI. 365 mAha 550 mALavA 298 mALiyA 104, 109, 110, 119 mAMgaroLa 13, 105, 141, 148 298, 300, 301, 303, 324-3ra6, 465, papa4 mAMDala 207, 20 mAMDavA 106, 154 mAMDavI 2,14, 55, 110, 212, 268, 276, 296, 298, 301, 303, 304, 308, 3ra3, 369, para4, papa6,pa60, pa61, pa63 miglAsa 40 mitra, esa. ena. 241 "mitAkSarI 3ra3 mi, lorDa 122 mirajhA, mahaMmada kAjhI 350 mirajhA, mahaMmada kAsIna 407, 412 miyAgAma 124 ' miyANA 136 mistrI, bhUkhaNa 75 mIDa, ricArDa 84, 161 muAjhijhakhAna kara mukarajI AzuteSa 213 mukatAnaMda 384/3 466 mukhatyArakhAnajI 148 mugaTarAma 20 briTiza kAha mujhaphapharazAha 3 e 24, 25, 190, 191, 193 - munadAsa 150 munasapha, sorAbazAha dAdAbhAI 440 munnIbAI 544, papa1 munazI, abdula rahemAna 254 munazI, kanaiyAlAla mA. 218, 604 munazI, cimanalAla motIlAla 438 munazI, bAjIgaurI 200,240 musANa, e. ema. pa85 mustaphakhAna 77 mustAlI IsmAIlI 461 muhammada payagaMbara 465, 462 muhammada zAha 2 ja 3ra6 muMdrA 301, 369, para4, 560 muMbaI 1, 2, 4-8, 10-13, 15, 19, 23, 26-28, 40- kara, 44, 47, 49, 54, 55, 59, 5, 67, 71, 78, 85, 88, 81, 93, 95, 9-100, 108, 118, 120, 123, 125, 127, 130, 134, 138, 147, 165-167, 169-172, 185, 197-201, 204,205,212215, 217-220, 234, 236, 237, 238, 247, 2pa0, 2para, 271, 276, 282, 283, 284-299, 301-303, 314, 328, 332-334, 336, 384, 388, 389, 394, 396, 40-409, 414, 415, 419, 420, 3ra3, 4ra4-4ra7, kara,

Page #708
zadaSi 43ra, 435, 438, 441, 444, 445, 448, 450, 463, 468, 468, 472, 473, 475-478, 481, 497, 530,544-547, 550, 556, 561,566, 70, pa7ra, pa73, pa76,581, 586, 595-pa97, 602 : " muMbaI samAcAra" 29, 360, 361, mUra, eNDavarDa 14 . . . . . mULacaMda-(mAmA) papa0, 555 mULajI khuzAla. pa51 . . mULajI giradhara 59 . mULajI 150 mULazaMkara mulANuM papa0 mULI 109, 110, 119, 143, pa09 510, 511, para6.537, 54ra. mULu mANeka 81, 2, 3 9 mULavALA 139 . . . mekamanDe, jemsa 22, 3,16,540 mekanATana, mi137 maeNkaliyoDa 94, mekalIlenDa 581 maeNkasa vebara 287 . bheMkele 331, 594 : eNTalakikhAna 76 . eNTale, karnala 33ra meDAna 313 meghadUta" 323 meDisTa 493 merejI 158 . melavIla, 270 meleTana 45 mevADa 72,75, 120 mevADA 74 mevADA, jeThAlAla udayarAma 438meharajI rANuM 503 meMgaNuM 109,110 meMdaraDA 106 mekajI (bApajI) 158 mekhaDejI 105 moTA koThAraNuM 112 moTI khAraja 265 moTI pAnelI pa63 moDajI 158 moDavadara 22 moDAsA 22,57,128 15ra, 155,. 232, 443. 567 motIkuMvarabA 146 metIcaMda amIcaMda 303 motIcaMda tulasI 134.. motIcaMdra, De. pa3ra motI jAna 544 motIbAI 544, 551 metIbhAI bhagubhAI 275 motIrAma bahecarA 551. metIsiMha (varaseDA) 153 , motIsiMhajI (choTAudepura) 146,. 19ra medI, chaganalAla ThAkaradAsa 39ra, . - 388, 418 medI, maganalAla ThAkaradAsa 41 mAnapura 140 moniyara, viliyamsa 270

Page #709
briTiza kahe monTagemarI, e. (misa) 483 menTagemarI, robarTa 414 bedajI 410 mInakhAna ra je (khaMbhAta) 42, 149 meragaDha 153 morabI 30,63, 83, 104, 110, 119, 135, 158, 231, 324, 325, 488, 501, pare4, pa64, 602 moravADA 111, 156 mola, jesa 43 maeNliyera 385, 549 mosala 396 mohanagaDha 147 mohanadevajI 147, pa54 mohanapura 106, 112, 150 mohanabhAI haridAsa 38ra mehanalAla raNachoDadAsa 367 mohana lAlA papa1, 555 mohammada jhahIuddIna 384 8 moMghAjI 155 maulAnA Ahamada hasana 331 maulAbakSa 416 maulI, loDa 300 mahAva 68, 75 -cakIna ra42 yajurveda 3ra3 yadurAma 3847 yadukezava 73 yaMduvaMzaprakAza ane jAmanagarane ItihAsa 1ra: camana 42 . -yAjJika, kanaiyAlAla 218 yAmA 71 yAvara alIkhAna 149 yudhiSThira 463 raghunAthajI 141 raghunAtha brahmabhaTTa 548, 550, - 555, 556 raghunAtharAva (rAbA) 41, 43, 5 raghuvaMzI 323 raghuvIrajI 468 raNachoDajI 450 raNachoDajI amaracha dIvAna 10, 33, 34, 384/1 raNachoDabhAI udayarAma 10, 230, 389, 307, 410, 543, 549 raNachoDalAla choTAlAla 33, 93, 98, 190, 23, 238, 281-283 ' 285, 287, 45-477 raNajitasiMhajI (devagaDhabAriyA) 146 'raNajitasiMha (navAnagara) 132 raNajitasiMhache (lUNAvADA) 147 raNamalajI (navAnagara) 13ra, 100, 508 raNamalajI (rAjakoTa) 133 raNamalasiMghajI - raNamalasiMhajI (dhrAMgadhrA) 20, 136 raNasaNa 106, 112, 150, upara raziyAra rapa ratanapura 265 ratanapora pa64 ratanasiMha (varaseDA): 153 ratanasiMhajI (ghoDAsara) 154 ratalAma 68, 93, 288, pa63 -

Page #710
475, 474 48, 406, 559, 563,564, 575, 576, 580, zabdasUci ratnamaNirAva 302 rabaja sAlAra pIra 245 -ramaNabhAI nIlakaMTha 237, 238, 347, 35ra, 386, 389, 39ra, 448, 477, 478, 482, papa0, 604, 606 ramAMsa 112 ramezacaMdra datta 398 20 21 ravajI 22 ravivarmA 602 ravisAheba 4pa9 2jI 2 jA 30 rAjIrAva saMskRta pAThazALA, morabI - 324. rasagaMgAdhara" 323 rasAlAdAra, hasanakhAna 73 rasulakhAnajI 142, 338 rahImakhAna pa54 - rahevara 120 raMgIladAsa (junAgaDha) 3848 -raMgIladAsa (zinera) 325 - raMgIlAla mahArAja 3ra4 raMgo bApajI 82, 85, 86 rAIne parvata" 238, 389 - rAIsAMkaLI 109, 110 -rAjakoTa 28, 99, 100, 104, 109-111, 118, 118, 122, 129, 130, 133-138, 141, 14ra, 200, 220, 236, 2pa3, 268 33ra, 335, 340, 341, 353, 368, 419; 440, 443, 446, 448, 464, 468, 471, rAjagaDha 94 rAjagara, A. pA. 549 rAjapara 108 rAjaparA 109, 110 rAjapIpaLA 68, 77, 112, 120, 122, 12, 127, 337, 541, pa64, 567 rAjapura 110, 157 rAjapUtAnA 67, 68 rAjazekhara kara3 rAjasiMha (mANasA) upara rAjasiMhajI (mehanapura) 151 rAjasiMhajI (raNusaNa) 15ra rAjasiMhajI (vaDhavANa) 139 rAjasiMhajI (sudAsaNA) 156 - rAjasItApura 20 rAjasthAna 120, 373, 535 pa60, 566 " rAjA ravivarmA 602, rAjArAma mohanarAya 213, 231, 444, 584 rAjulA para 1 rAThoDa, dujanasiMga 74 : rAThoDa, rAmasiMhajI 540 para . rANapura 48, 50, pa64 rANapura 14, 25, 443. rANIpurA 112 ( ' ' rANeka (kaTosaNa) 15 : " rAdhanapura 15, 19, 24, 25, 105,

Page #711
briTiza sara 111, 120,122, 128,155, 156, 191, 193, 336 "rAdhanapura DirekaTarI" 15 rAmacaraNa 85 rAmadAsa 456 rAmadevajI (dharamapura) 147 rAmadevapIra 457 rAmanArAyaNa 78 rAmapura 153, 407 rAmapurA 112, 120 rAmabAI 21 rAmalAla vallabha nAyaka pa50, papapa rAmasiMha (jodhapura) 128 rAmasiMha (varasoDA) 153 rAmasiMhajI mAlama 564 rAmase 366 rAmAnaMda svAmI 3843 rAmabhAI 143 * rAmsa, elekjhAnDara 54 rAyacaMda dIpacaMda lAyabrerI, bharUca 353 yajI, manaMtarAya madanarAya ra21, 222 rAyasiMhajI (kaTosaNa) 155 rAyasiMhajI (cUDA) 143 rAyasiMhajI (choTAudepura) 15 rAyasiMhajI (mehanapura) 151 rAyasiMhajI (raNAsaNuM) 15ra, rAvajI 47, 48 rAvajIrAva 30, 38 rAvaLa, ravizaMkara 342, 603 rAsamAlA" 10 11, pa70 rAMcaraDA 256 rAMdera, 101, 305 ricarDa, Tempala 581 ricADe 76 ripana, loDa 96, 216 riyANa 21, 216 rIDa, De. 445 rIDiMga, lerDa 112 rUphamaNI 235 maDiyA 265 rustamakhAnajI 148 rustamajI 411 rustamajI karasAspajI 444 rustamajI kharazeda 408, 408 rustamajI jamazedajI jIjIbhAI para rustamajI jAmAspaka dastUra maherajI rANa 440 rUstamapurA 411 rUstamapurA jarathostrI pustakAlaya,. surata 2para rustamajI rANInA 350 rUpabAI rara rUpazaMkara gaMgAzaMkara 349 rUpasiMga 94 rUpasiMhajI (khaDAla) 154 rUpAjI 155 rUpA nAyaka 76 rUpAla 106, 112 rUpALIbA 20, 21, 136 rUpAMde 4pa7 re, kaptAna 22 rekasa, kepTana 73, 74 rejinAlDa, hebara 13, 46. rabarDa, kepTana 76

Page #712
673 zadasUci remiMTana 65, 200 ! ' revAkAMThA 6, 7, 12,74, 100, 111, 113, 115, 119-, 121 revAbhAI rANuM 208, 200 revAzaMkara 384/8 rehA pa63 rojarsa 68, 77, 94 : robarTa, brusa phUTa. pa7ra-papa para, robarTa, sevella 575, 585 robarsa, janarala 68 , robarsa 82 ramara 251 ramezacaMdra 286 rahara 301 lakSmaNa khavAsa 136 lakSmIcaMda bhagavAnadAsa 307 lakSmIdAsa 309 lakhatara 105, 108, 118, 143 lakhapata 268, 301, 508. lakhA bhagata 97 ladhA dAmajI 308, 309 ladhA bAroTa 32 lalla bahAdura 341, 488, para lallubhAI 503 lallubhAI nAyaka papapa lallubhAI pAnAcaMda 506 lazkarI, becaradAsa 3ra4, 340 lAkhAjI 145 lAkhApAdara 111, 160+ , lAkhojI 133, 134 lAThI 105, 108, 110, 145 lADa, gaNapatarAva ena. 138 lAlazaMkara 235 lAlazaMkara umiyAzaMkara 200, 235, 238, 348, 399,422, 447, 476, 477 lAlasiMhajI (raNusaNa) upara lAvaNyasamaya 4rara lAge, karnala 63 liTana, leI 95 liTala, zrI. 34ra liyAktaalI alAhAbAdI 82, 85 lIkhI 112 lIgrAMDa, jekaba 63 lIjITa 73, 74 lImAdevajI (tharAda) 156 lIlAcaMda hemacaMda 33 lIlAdhara para lIlAdhara merArajI 32 lIlAdhara harakhacaMda 15 lIMgaDA 21 lIMbaDI 31-33, 80, 105, 108, 110, 118, 137, 154, 178, 179, 209, 212, 223, 236, 333, 337, 338, 475, para1, 563 luNAvADA 32, 75, 10, 113, 120, 192, 202, 23, 298, - papa4, pa63, pa67 lusaDiyA 464, 403 lUNukaraNa 157 leITa, kepTana 76 lekI, lephaTananTa 168 43

Page #713
For laeNMga lAibrerI, rAjakoTa 353 oNiDa, kaeNpTana 134, 137 yAdarA 72 ledhiyA, sulemAnazAha muhammadra hAjI 395 lAdhIkA 109-111, 160 leheja 465 vaktApura 112 vakhatasiMha (jetapura) 159 vakhatasiMha (pATaDI) 148 vakhatasiMhajI (IlAla) 152 vakhatasiMhajI (kaTAsaNu) 155 vakhatasiMhajI (mULI) 138, 143 vakhatasiMhajI ( lUNAvADA) 146, 192 vaccharAja (mANasA) 1para vajamAla parabatajI meTeDa 31 vajerAjajI 143 vajerAma 72 vajerAma geAkaLadAsa 471 vajesiMhajI (ilAla) 1para vajesiMhajI (khaDAla) 154 vajesi'hajI (bhAvanagara) 30, 139 vasiMha (rajIsaNu) 152 vajhIrANI, TI. e. 440 vaDagAMva 46 56 vaDatAla 467, 468, 48, 500, 505 109511, 126, 537, 542, 567 vaDanagara 72 538, 563 vaDAgAma 106, 112 vaDAlI 109, 327 DAnsa 110 viDayA 119 vaDelI 575 briTiza vaDAda 109, 110 vAdarA 2, 3. 6. 7, 9-12, 14, - 17, 24, 28, 32, 39, 42, 44, 4650, 12, 57 68-01, 74, 76, 78 20 82, 25, 26, 89, 94, 98, 99, 102, 104, 107, 108, 111, 115, -123, 139,179,181 188, 200, 202, 203,206, 209, 210 219,220, 222, 230, 231, 233, 236, 268, 254, 259, 265,269 275 278, 281, 224,286, 300, 323 325, 332-334, 336, 338, 418, 419, 422, 423 432, 433, 441, 442, 443, 456, 45, 461,464, 477, 480, 489, 492, 43 497502, 504-506, 513 524 530, 533, 536, 538, 547, 553, 554, 5, 6, 173, 184, 585, 12, 602 vaDAdarAnA rAjyakartA' para 'vaDodarA vatsala' 28 vaDhavANa 100, 105, 109-111, 119 130, 137, 139, 140, 154 160, 299, 320, 333, 337, 365, 368 464, 48, para7, 537, 542, 554, 164,

Page #714
zabdasUci vaDhiyAra 12 vada 109, 110 vanitAvizrAma 241 varajadAsa viThThaladAsa 275 varateja pa66 varasiMha (pethApura) 153. varasiMha (bhAdaravA) 157 varasoDA 79, 106, 11ra, 153 varADa 295 variyAva 41, 44 ' ' vaDDajhavartha 386 : valabhI 14 valabhIpura 324 valasADa 44, 101, 147, 247, 259, 276, 299, 330, 443, 56, 560, 564, . : valAsaNa 112 valIkhAna 75 vallabha kezava nAyaka 551 valabhajI pa08 vallabhajI haridatta AcArya 325, 446, 583 ' ' . . valabhAcArya 4pa6 ! vasaI 43, 46, 8ra . vasaIkara papa4 vasAvaDa 109, 110 vAgarA 68, 77 vAghajI (merakhI) 135 vAghasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 vAghAjI (ilela) 15ra '' vAchA, je. pI. 464 vArachI, jahAMgIrajI barajorajI 547* vAchA, dInazA 206, 217, 306 vAjasUra 145 * * '' vADaka 94 : : : vADAzinara 32, 8, 113, 120 156 - - - - - vADIlAla ustAda 555 vADIlAla zivarAma nAyaka 554 - vADhera 106 vAtraka kAMTha 107, 111, 112, 120 vAnaratha pa30 : vArAhI 111 ! ' vAlesapura re. vAva 106, 111 vAsaNa 112, 120 vAsavadattA" 323 vAske-gAmAM 305 vALA vIrA 160' ,' vAMkAnera 105, 10, 110, 119 138 154, 524, 602 : vAMkiyA 108 , , vAMsadA papa, 78, 106, 113, 115, 119, 147, 147, 554, 560, vAMsavADA 8. 73 vikaToriyA 24, 90, 95, 98, 117, 134, 135, 18, 18,* vase para6 vastupAlacarita 39 : vahAlajI becara 493 vahorA sauyada 103 vaLA 109, 110, 119 :. vAgaDa 130, 158, 369, 561

Page #715
677 briTiza kAya 181, 251, 300, 58, pa29 597, pa98 :. " vikAcha kekhuzarU rustamajI 390 vikamAtajI 20, 136. ' ' vijayadevajI (dharamapura) 147, 554. vijayapALa (IlelI 15ra , vijayarAma 20 . vijayavinodI 30 : . . vijayasiMhajI (bhAvanagara) 30 vijApura 17, 47,48, 7, 7, 78, 80, 120, 3ra4 . viThThalagaDha 111, 160 viThThaladArA dAmodara mULajI 3ra4 viThThalarAva 107 viThThalarAva devAjI kahe : vidyA-vilAsa' 28 vincesTara pa63 ' vibhAkara (berisTara papa0 . vibhAjI 2 jA (navAnagara) 21, 31, 132, 133, 190, 500 vibhojI 158 vimalaprabaMdha' 225 . vili, jesa 410 viliyama 4 thI 186 viliyama baeNnTika 594 viliyamsa 118 , , vilebI, je. 1ra0, 121 vikisana, karnala 407 408. vilabara phesa 444 . vilsana, jaoNna 14, 12, 574 . vizALa (Ilela) 15ra . . vijJAnavilAsa' 28 . " vizvanAtha nArAyaNa maMDaLIka 474 vizrAma khImajI 303 viSNunArAyaNa bhAtakhaMDe 555 vabhAvilAsa' 32. vIracaMda amIcaMda 306 vIrapura 104, 108, 110, 119, 158 vIramagAma 17, 27, 78, 218, 220,284, 288-300, 302, 324, 325 visanagara 3ra4, 3rapa, pa7, 538, pa64, 567 vIMchAvaDa 108, 110 vUDa 348 vRddhicaMdajI kara0 veDanabarna 43 veNa zAha 504 veNusaMhAra' 3ra3 vedAMtaparibhASA" 33 vedAMtasAra' 3ra3 venacaritra' 235 vesTara 414 verAvaLa 13 verIsAlajI 1ra6, 127 velasmitha 330 veleslI, mArka visa oNpha 48, pa7, 116 vedya, ke. bI. 303 vaidya, jaTAzaMkara lIlAdhara 437 vedya, vizvanAtha prabhurAma 393 verATI, kavi 556 vaiSNava, cimanarAya zivazaMkara 415

Page #716
zisUci vikara, karnala 47, 4, pa, 61 102, 118 virsana pa71, 182 visana myujhiyama, rAjakoTa pa04, 518, 575, 576, 580, 583 rina hesTiMgsa 44 veIna 138 vorA, savAIlAla choTamalAla 414 vilesa 82 lTira hemilTana 13 vyaMkaTeza cItavale 86 vyAsa, icchIzaMkara 238 vyAsa, maNilAla bArabhAI karaze vyAsa, mAdhavarAya 148 vyAsa, mUlajI nArAyaNa 417 vyAsa, vasaMtarAya 208 vrajakezajI kare 6 vhAITalaka, mejara 72-74, 78 zatruMjaya 14, 14, pa05. pa07 zani, mAsTara papa1 zamazerakhAna 127 zamsakhAna 160 zarmA, choTAlAla Rkhadeva papa0 zarmA, nathurAma 480 zarmA, sItArAma 44, 438 zaMkaranAthajI 21 zaMkarAcArya 481 zaMkhoddhAra beTa 14, 20, para zaMbhuprasAda lakSmIlAla 134 zAjIvAlA, lAlabhAI navalakhAbhAI 507 zApurajI edalajI 413 zAmarAva nArAyaNa lADa 149 zAmaLa 35ra rarara zAmaLadAsa koleja, bhAvanagara 338 zAmaLa becara 275 zAmaLAjI 377 zAgadhara 323 zA5 39 : zAstApura papa9 zAstrI, karuNAzaMkara 325 zAstrI, jezaMkara 325 zAstrI, dalasukha 325 zAstrI, bhagavAna 325 zAstrI, mahAzaMkara 325 zAstrI, yajJapuruSadA 468, 486 zAstrI, revAzaMkara 325 zAstrI, zivanAtha 476 zAstrI, vizvanAtha 325 zAstrI, vrajalAla kAlidAsa 3ra4. . 350, 400, 447,478 zAstrI, harakhajI 3rapa : zAstrI, hAthIbhAI 325 zAhaAlama 2je 23, 185 zAha, umAkAMta pa3ra zAha, cunIlAla 337, 438 zAha, tribhovanadAsa motIcaMda 401 zAha, dAmodaradAsa revAdAsa 15 zAha, phulacaMda jhaveracaMda 550 . zAha, motIlAla manasukharAma 413 zAha, vakhatacaMda 508 zAha, vajIruddIna 326 . zAha, vADIlAla motIlAla 413 zAha, savAIbhAI rAyacaMda kara0, .

Page #717
briTiza mA zAha, somAbhAI maMgaLadAsa 438 zAhapura 108, 11.0, 325, 450 zAMtisAgarasUri 18 ziNola 22 , zira 45, 46, 3ra4, 325 zimalI 20 zirehI 73, 118, 120 zivajI 141 zivabAI 232 zivarAma gaMgAdhara 417 zivarAma mUrti pa80, 543 zivazaMkara kasanajI 414 zivasiMga (IDara) 128 zivasiMha (ahamadanagara) 151 zivasiMhajI (mAlapura) 151 zivAjI 40, 500 zivA harajI 311. zizupAlavadha 323 zihera 20, 3, 8, para7, pa39, 559, pa64, ziMde 338 ' zIrIna, kAbarAjI 450 ,, zukala, nathurAma suMdarajI 3ra,250. zukala, hIrAlAla 37 zukAnaMda 46 6 zukalatIrtha 97, 226 zeksapiyara 70, 73, 34-40, 385, 547 , zekha, ahamada khaTe 325 zekha, ahamada rajhiyuddIna.3848 zekha, badaruddIna 148 zekha, bahAdura 384 zekha, bApamiyAM 148 zekha, miyAM 105, 148 zekha, saiyada husena isa 68 zekhapATa 20 zekhojI (zeSAbhAI) 143 zeTha, kezavalAla ha. 438 zeTha, kharazedajI baherAmajI nANAvaTI 500 zeTha, DuMgarazI devazI 142 zeTha, dAdIbhAI nasaravAnajI 250 zeTha, devacaMda lAlacaMda kara0 zeTha, premacaMda rAyacaMda 185, 188 zeTha, lakSmIdAsa khImajI 477 zeThanA, ratanajI pharAmajI 415 zeThANuM harakuMvarabAI kanyAzALA, amadAvAda 238 zepI 75 zerakhAna (rAdhanapura) 17 zerakhAna bAbI (jUnAgaDha) 148 zelakara, AbA 46 zyAmajI kRSNa varmA 142, 208, 209 212, 223zyAmarAva para zyAmA papa1 zrIkRSNa arjuna travADI papa zrIpAla para sacIna 79, 82, 85, 105, 113, 115, 118, 149 sajajana kuMvarabA 147 soMsarA 109, 110 satalAsaNa 112 satArA 85, 123

Page #718
679 zarusuci sojI 158 "satyaprakAza 226, karaka, 45, 47-474, 597 satyamitra (satiamItara) 28 satyendranAtha 476, 477 "satyodaya' 28 saphadarakhAna 40 sabaLajI (keTaDA-sAMgANI) 158 sabaLAjI (AMbaliyArA) 11pa samazerabahAdura 2 samasakhAna 160 sayAjIrAva ra ja 46, 2, 118, 122-124, 148, 506, 547 553 sayAjIrAva 3 jA 24, 125, 12 6, 189, 206, 210, 212, 218, ra32, 233, 237, 238, 281 284, 286, 324, 334, 342, 354, 355, 416, 418, 418, 43ra, 488, 580, 584, 585, 602 sayAjIvijaya 28 saraDoI 150 saratAnajI 21, 143 saratAnasiMhajI (raNusaNa) upara saradArakhAnajI 148 saradAragaDha 110 saradArasiMghajI 208, 209 - saradArasiMha rANuM 222, 23 saradArasiMhajI (khaDAla) 154 saradArasiMhajI (dAMtA) 144 . saradArasiMhajI bhAdaravA) 157,679 saradArasiMhajI (sudAsaNA) 156 saravarasiMhajI (raNAsaNa) 15ra sarasava 150 "sarasvatIcaMdra" 238, 388, 19, 483 sarAjuddIna maulavI 67 salAyA 300, 301, 33 sahajAnaMda svAmI 13, 55, 197, 358, 3842, 384/3, 454, 456, 465-467, 511, 511, 55, 605 saMkheDA 47, 76, 220, 278, pa36, 567, pa75 saMkheDA mevAsa 113, 115 "saMgItatakhtavida 32 saMgrAmasiMha (ahamadanagara) 151 saMgrAmasiMhajI (AMbaliyArA) 155 saMghavI, nagInadAsa puruSottama 391, 434 saMjelI 113, 115, 157 saMtadAsa 456 saMtarAma mahArAja 450 saMtarAmapura 120, 554, pa67 sAkaracaMda premacaMda pa07 sAThaMbA 112 sANaMda 106, 153 sAdarA 100, 120, 144 sAdulakhasiyA 140 sAbarakAMThA 106, 107, 11ra, 11 sAmarakhA 253 sAmaveda 3ra3, 3ra4

Page #719
sco sAma'siMha (mANusA) 151 sAmasiMha (varasADA) 153 sAyalA 105, 109, 110, 119, 143, 154 sArasA 459 'sArasvata vyAkaraNa' 323 sAra jI 149 sArAbhAI 503 sArAbhAI navAba 532 sAlamasiMhajI (meAhanapura) 150 sAlaseTa 41, 43 sAleha bIna sAleha hiMdI 14ra sAvarakara, gaNeza dAmeAdara 222 sAvalI 51, para sAvasiMhajI (varasADA) 153 sAhAmatakhAnajI 148 'sAhitya' 29 'sAhityadarpaNa'323 sAMkhyatattvakaumudI'323 sAMkhyayeAga' 323 'sAMkhyasUtra'323 sAMgAjI 158, 159 'sAMja vamAna" 29 sAMtalapura 111 sAMthala 154, 155 sikaMdarAbAda 314 siddhapura para siddharAja 326 'siddhAMtatizANi' 32.3 siprI 81, 84 sarAhI 144 sidha 157, 158, 218, 294, 296, 302, 369, 360 briTiza kALa sidhiyA 45, 48, 57, 89, 92, 102, 144, 146, 165 si'hAthI 329 sItArAma 48, 51 sItArAmaiyA, paTTAbhI 217 sImalaka 331 sImsa 140 sIravAI, kharaze nasaravAnajI 8 sIsavA 254 sIMhAjI 150 sujojI 3 o (sUrajamalajI) 158 sutrApADA 14 'sudarzana'28 sudAsaNA 112, 156 supAraga 305 suma'tarAya 229, 347 surata 6, 7, 10-12, 14, 28, 30, 39, 48-50 55, 56, 58, 6, 65, 66,, 68, 20, 91, 92, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 111, 113, 115, 119, 147, 165-167, 171, 197, 198, 200205, 207,208, 214-216,218222, 225, 226, 232, 234-236, 247, 251254, 259, 272275, 291, 282, 294-299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 309, 311, 714, 321, 327, 332, 335-337, 340, 344, 353, 365, 367,

Page #720
zabdaci 397, 410, 411, 424, 432, 434, 439, 440, 442, 443, 44, 456, 42, 464, 469, 473, 474, 476 477, 48, 489, 491- 493, 495, 497, 500, 105, 507, 512, 513, 527, 532, 541, 542, 546, 560, 561, 464, 563-567, 580, 187, 595-597, 602 'suratanI tavArIkha' 11 'surata samAcAra'28 surasAgara 341 surasiMhajI 19 surAjI 133, 158 sulatAna saiyada 308 sulatAnajI 135 suleAcanAbahena 141 suzruta 323 suMdarajI 21, 508 suMdarajI (gheADAsara) 154 suMdarajI zivajI 141 suMdarabAI 229 suMdaralAla 384/8 'suMdarI sukhAdha'29 sUIgAma 106, 111 stha 77, 106, 113, 144, 156, 202 sammedAra hasanakhAna 74 sUrajamala (maMDeTI) 72-75 sUrajamalajI (kaTAsaNu) 155 sUrajamalajI (gheADAsara) 154 sUrajamalajI (varasADA) 153 surajarAma 551 sUrisaMha (ahamadanagara) 151 sUrasiMhajI (khaDAla) 154 sUrasiMhajI (pAlitANA) 141 sUrijI (raNAsaNa) 1para surasiMhajI (lAThI) 145 sureza rabArI 457 sUryaprakAza' 2 sejakajI 32, 105 setalavADa, cunIlAla 333, 399 senTrala lAIbrerI, vaDAdarA 418 saeNnDahasTa, laoNrDa 99, 586.. saeNmpasana, pro. 310 sailisabarI 122 sevakarAja rUparAma 384/8 se sAbhAI 159 saiyada, accana 40, 41 saiyada, abdula huI 330 saiyada, ahamada kazmIra 461 Ayada, ahamadullAha 384/8 sauyada, maha mada jAphara zIrAjhI 642 sauyada, murAdaalI 77 sAyada, sulemAna nadavI 330 sAkreTisa 483 61 sAkhaDA 153 seAjapAla 22 seAjitrA 21, 477 seAsiMhajI 150 seAnagaDha 111, 123, 160 sAnabAI 22 sAnIbAI 132.

Page #721
62 briTiza zA somacaMda 43ra seminAtha kalyANa 544 seminAthapATaNa (prabhAsa pATaNa) 13, 14, 300, 3ra4 somanAtha maMdira 13, 138, somasuMdarasUri 38ra somezvara (varasoDA) 153 soraTha 2, 10, 105, 106, 108, 108, 118, 114, 338, 371, 37ra sorAbajI Ijanera 449 sorAbajI garA pa47, papa0,551 sorAbajI kAtraka 551 sorAbajI jamazedajI jIjIbhAI para, 485 sorAbajI tAliyAkhAna 4pa0 sorAbajI beMgalI 450 sorAbazA DosAbhAI 41ra, paTa8 sorAbazAha dhanajIbhAI mUsa 547 saurASTra 15, 16, 22, 49, 51, para, 104-108, 114, 120, 128, 135, 138-14ra, 176, 231, 23ra, 28, 294, 285, 29-304, 306-309, 311, 317-315, 325, 33ra, 334 340, 342, 344, 345, 360, 369, 372, 373, 384, 413, 446, 455-458, 463, 466-468, 471, 475, 478, 4 0 481, 484, 406, 498, 409, pa09, 517, para-pa31, 535, pa38 543,pa46, 548, 2para, 553, 557, 550-pa4,56, 570, pa72, 576, 605 saurASTraciMtAmaNi 16 saurASTradarpaNa" 28 keTa, voTara 387 sTAnarTa, karnala 61 sTiphansa, Tomasa 406 TuarTa, elphinsTana 88 sTampharDa rephaTsa 313 Tela mariza 601 spensara, harTa 40, 380 svataMtratA 28 svarUpakuMvarabA 147 svAmI, guNAtItAnaMda 486 svAmI, rAmAnaMda 465 svAmI, vivekAnaMda 107 hakIma, barajorajI baherAmajI para hajarataalI 46ra hajarata muhammada 243 hajarata pIra mahammadazAha lAIbrerI, amadAvAda ra4ra haThIsiMha kesarIsiMha 19, 235, 275, 50 haThIsiMhajI (cUDA) 143 haDola 112, 150 hanTara, mi. Tara hamIdakhAne rajA 141, 190 hamIrajI ustAda papapa hamIrasiMhajI (dAMtA) 154 hamIrasiMhajI (paLA) 150 hamIrasiMhajI (raNAsaNa) upara

Page #722
hamIrasiMhajI (vAMsadA) 147 harakuMvara (harakara) zeThANa 19, 106, 235, 332, 344 harakhAjI (kaTosaNa) 155 harInsa, eca. pa79 haradhoLajI 1 lA 30 harapALajI (kaTosaNa) 154, 155 harabhamajI (tharAda) 156 harabhamajI 2 jA (lIMbaDI) 137 harabhAI 338 harasola pa7 haridatta 325 haribAI 137 haribaMkti 275, pa02 haribhAI jAmanagaravALA 555 harie 463 harisiMhajI 143 harisiMha (khaDAla) 154 harisiMha mehanapura) 150 harisiMhajI (dAMtA) 144 harisiMhajI (dhrAMgadhrA) 137 harisiMhajI (pATaDI) 148 harisiMhajI (punAdarA) 153 harilAla mehanalAla 400 harivaMza 458 harihara dIvAnA papa0 haladhara, asitakumAra 603 hasarata, cunIlAla sArAbhAI 142 haLavada 105, 106, 458, 496, 489 hAjIbhAI lAlajI 307 hAtharola 150 hAthIrAma puruSottama 31 hApA 112 hApheja dAuda 251 hArija 385 hAlAra 2, 10, 50, 108, 19, 118, 114, 158, 368, 371, 372 hAla 80, 102 hAvarDa 333, 335, 341, 349, 351 hAMsoTa 45, 48, pa6, 68, 101 hidAyatabaSNa 3ra6 himAbhAI InsTiTayUTa, amadAvAda, 353 himeLacha (pethApura) 153 hiMdasiMghajI (mehanapura) 150 hiMdustAna 28 hiMmatanagara 128 hiMmata bahAdura veNurAma AtmArAma pa06 hiMmatasiMhajI (IDara) 129 hiMmatasiMhajI (pATaDI) 148 hiMmatasiMhajI (pethApura) 153 hiMmatasiMhajI (mULI) 143 hiMmatasiMhajI (mehanapura) 15ra hakeka, kepTana 73 hImAbhAI haThIsiMga 472 hIravijayasUri 40ra hIrAlAla ustAda 555 hIMgaLajI 150 husena 461 husenamiyAM (kaccha) 131

Page #723
Y husenamiyAM (mAMgarALa) 148 husena yAvarakhAna 149 haidAjI 157 haeNnkeAka, karnala 132 haeNnarI, esTana 332 hemacaMda vakhatacaMda 141, 275, 430, 108 haeNmacaMdra 420 haeNmilTana vaoNlTara 13 haeNrisana, lA 99, 430, briTiza kALa haeNla 6 01 haidarakhAna 157, 158 haidrAbAda 314, 548 hAthIjI 159 haiApa, TI. sI. 349, 351, 365, 356 hopakinsa 277 hA khAya, viliyama 42 hAzi*gAbAda 80

Page #724
citro

Page #725

Page #726
. nagarapAcAparanArapurA soparAITarInAH bhA-nairakArezarurupatarAmazarakAvA pA rerinnonInIrATanAmahetAlAparalapAtAlI ghasanemAta bhapiranjarakoTamATene poTa vApasa bhAra parenatImat garImana dInAnIralAbhAppIla karepIcara staera manobhAyAdA samAnuzatamanatAmitrapArI-unnupIralAnApaparAmAkA payAmAnApIcheneTamArInITappanuhAzAbhAradRSTenA zannadRsTapaTArAmatyaSTAera mAtrAmAmAzAeponarodha nInAkarIronItarIsuktAnIkaramArAmAune pIsonorAmAnanbhApapInArabhATa bhenetarA , jAgAjamArAlAhAlA/ gumasonmekosImI A. 1H tatkAlIna gujarAtI lakhANune namUne

Page #727
kharatAmoi kharadeza-dadIkhAtu zveta khabaraDImAMthI khAmItreyane satranI aa geramala nava gayA tA 11 mI paTekhara khAvatIe zaMkhavAratedIne baporanAM,babAma '' naM.sI 12931 pUI4nI sapatI nI spardhA saranAvanI prIta zrIsunata khoTa to jAja* lIlA rIte nIce aneLo khADo paramANe vicAro * 125 tathA 2 bakha! * oNra 2 bArTa 1 gera 1. mAtara ba!DabaTTIna mArA lunAM pakSe paNa e tu jA3-3pI te 110 upaje tevu che marInakhetamo naMbara,10 nu tevu takamAM are.. ~ dhakhAra 1 naMbara.2 nI carama baeNna malenI te bakhAramale 3jUnI plI*gADo 450 sAme e bakharanuM bhADuM sArA 1 nAM kaMpI 100 pane tebIno * khAra 3 vakhAra 1 naMbara, nIcane mathanI elappuramathe munIzakI kA 200 220 tubhamAza 1 nAM pIkha 10panatano mAna . + khATa 4 32 1 naMbara 8 nu pAkho zAMtarItanu je phoTo batAna mAgatI.tenuM bhAJAA 1 noM raSnA 70 anache tathA te geranIAthe khAtI bakhAra| ke tenuM jANuM mA 1 noMdhyupokhA 100 pane to mAlane bATa para 1 tathA tenI zAye taneno tathA yamadozatarItabaMdhanu tabara 31 tu to khIzata 20Da tenujAvuM.mA 1 nAM.grupomA 110 rRkha kha> ** 200 gujArU phna tevosA nabara 11 gumAlo DhAMtarota manu tAraJadhe toMtaraDIya2luM tenu* jaOM* bhA A. 2 : jAme jamazeda'mAM tA. 27mI ogasTa, 1811 nA dine pAyelI nahera khabaranA haeNnDakhIlane namUne bAi 6 ka * * n

Page #728
AkRti 3-9 paTTa 1 43 3, viliyama 4 thAnA rUpiyAnI mukhya bAju; 4. rANI vikaTAriyAnA rUpiyAnI AgalI bAju; 5. gAyakavADa sayAjIrAva 2 jAna paise; 6. khaMDerAva gAyakavADanA sikkAnI AgalI bAju; 7. gAyakavADa sayAjIrAva 3 jAnA tAMbAnA sikkAnI AgalI bAja; 8. prAgamalajI 2 jAnA tAMbAnA sikkAnI AgalI bAju; 9. prAgamalajI ra jAnI pAMca--kArInI pAchalI bAju

Page #729
paTTa 2 AkRti 10-16 10 13 14 15 16 10, khaMbhAtanA navAbanA paise, mukhya bAju; 11. choTA udepuranA mahArAvala metIsiMhajInA be paisA, mukhya bAju; 12. khaMbhAtane phArasI lakhANavALA paiso, pAchalI bAju; 13. navAnagarano traNa dokaDAne sikako, mukhya bAju; 14. luNIvADAne paise, mukhya bAju; 15-16. rAdhanapura navAba bismilAnA rUpiyAnI agra ane pRSTha bAju

Page #730
paTTa 3 : Ben A. 17 : haThIsiha maMdira, amadAvAda

Page #731
& Bh ka - // che A kAraka kAraNa darekadeo moTo rAjakAraNI 7 TH Tii I thI bAjI tha ** PiX*XX*X*XedegdegdegdegY] T] | A. 18 : vaDavALA maMdira, dUdhareja : sanmukha darzana A. 19 : vaDavALA maMdiranA maMDovaranI dIvAlanuM dRzya

Page #732
Il nivyanazaktapa ii svAmi nArAyaNa maMdira A. 20 : svAminArAyaNa maMdira, kAlupura, amadAvAda paTTa 5

Page #733
paTTa A, 21 ka svAminArAyaNa madira, vaDatAla

Page #734
pa7 A. 22 : krAIsTa carca, mirajApura, amadAvAda

Page #735
paTTa 8 A. 23 : haThIsiMha maMdirano zilpita mahAre A. 24 : dvArapAlikA, haThIsiha maMdira, amadAvAda

Page #736
paTTa 9 A. 25 : kASTha kotaraNIvALA siMhAsana para pratiSThita deva pratimAo svAminArAyaNa maMdira, kAlupura, amadAvAda A. 27 : hAthInI aMbADI para beThela videzI aphasara svAminArAyaNa maMdira, dholerA

Page #737
paTTa 10 A. 26 : ziva-pArvatI, svAminArAyaNa maMdira, dhoLakA

Page #738
paTTa 11 A, 28 A, 29 vAdyadhAriNIo, svAminArAyaNa maMdira, kAlupura, amadAvAda

Page #739
paTTa 12 CCESS A. 30 : dvArapAla svAminArAyaNa maMdira, kAlupura, amadAvAda A. 31 : viSNu svAminArAyaNa maMdira, surata A. 3ra : mahAprabhujInI beThakanI havelIne mahoro,[guptaprayAga (ji. jUnAgaDha)

Page #740
paTTa 13 A. 33 : hAthInuM zi95, vaDavALA maMdira, dUdhareja A. 34 : dvArapAla sAdhunuM zi95, vaDavALA maMdira, dUdhareja

Page #741
paTTa 14 A 35 : vAyudeva, pALiyAda A. 36 : brahmANI, caMDIsara A. 37 : kubera, rAjulA

Page #742
"FOR OF SUCH IS THE KINGDOM OF WEAVIN A, 38 : zraddhAMjali arpatuM bALaka preATesTanTa kabarastAna, amadAvAda A. 39 : parI, preATesTanTa kabarastAna, amadAvAda paTTa 15

Page #743
paTTa 16, A, 40 : agreja kanyA, DhALanI pALa, amadAvAda A. 41 : bALakI, DhALanI pALa, amadAvAda A. 4ra : videzI vAdyadhAriNA, jaina upAzraya, dhanAsuthAranI pALa, amadAvAda

Page #744
paTTa 17 A. 43 : pravezadvAra, kezavabhavana, mANekacoka, amadAvAda A. 44 : kAna-gopIonA zilpavALI kamAna hajIrAnI piALa, kALupura, amadAvAda

Page #745
paTTa 18 A. 45 : kerinthiyana zipayukta mahAro, sarakIvADa, sAraMgapura, amadAvAda A. 46 H cInubhAI baeNroneTano baMgalo, zAhIbAga, amadAvAda

Page #746
paTTa 19 A. 47 : staMbha zirAvaTI, navalakhA mahela, muMdrA a. 48 : staMbha zirAvaTI, phAlanA ane chata havelI, svAminArAyaNa maMdira, dhoLakA

Page #747
paTTa 20 che kema ke A . A. 48 : majUsa, pirAjI sAgarA saMgraha, amadAvAda makara : A. 20 : kalAtmaka bArI, pirAjI sAgarA saMgraha, amadAvAda

Page #748
paTTa 21. A. 51 H hanumAnajI rAmajI maMdira, vase A. para : madala, svAminArAyaNa maMdira, kALupura, amadAvAda A. pa3 : bAbalA deva, devahATa (choTA udepura)

Page #749
7 9 0 A. pa5 : pagathI tIra choDatI nartakI, paTacitra, lA. da. vidyAmaMdira, amadAvAda A. 54 : zrIpAla rAsasthAnuM eka dazya, lAM, da, vidyAmaMdira, amadAvAda ATT

Page #750
paTTa 23 A. 26 : nRtya dazya, paTacitra, lA. da. vidyAmaMdira, amadAvAda

Page #751
paTTa 24 k yaatrii yaa khlaat ar saalmukh khuy'aai hy'e | ja che kaDI vA. hinalAlanAI AtmArAma tathAtemanAM dharmavRtni sInAbApe sva kuTumbanA mokSArtha AmanI karAno: A. pa7 : mANakI ghoDI para beThelA sahajAnaMda svAmI, svAminArAyaNa maMdira-saMgraha, kALupura, amadAvAda

Page #752
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